cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the Receptor Oriented Approach in Mesoscale Dispersion Modeling

A traditional source oriented approach in dispersion modeling consists in solving model equations forward in time for given sources of pollutant (Figure 1). As a result time and space dependent concentration fields C are obtained. In order to investigate another variant of emission Q, the solution of the model equations must be repeated. In many practical applications, air pollution at a given receptor is of primary interest and an alternative receptor oriented modeling should be considered as a more effective approach. In this case, air quality at the receptor is characterized by an integral of pollution concentration over the modeling domain and time of simulation Φ[C]. The integral can be defined in accordance to the aim of the study using a receptor function R. Instead of concentration, an influence function C* is calculated which provides information on contributions from different sources to air pollution at the receptor.
The cooperative roles of PHO80-like cyclins in regulating the G1/S transition and posterior cytoskeletal morphogenesis in Trypanosoma brucei.

Summary Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) represent the fundamental, crucial regulators of the cell division cycle in eukaryotes. Trypanosoma brucei expresses a large number of cyclins and Cdc2-related kinases (CRKs). However, how these cyclins and CRKs cooperate to regulate cell cycle progression remains poorly understood. Here, we carry out directional yeast two-hybrid assays to identify the interactions between the 10 cyclins and the 11 CRKs and detect a total of 26 cyclin–CRK pairs, among which 20 pairs are new. Our current efforts are focused on four PHO80-like cyclins, CYC2, CYC4, CYC5 and CYC7, and their physical and functional interactions with CRK1. Silencing of the four cyclins and CRK1 leads to the increase of G1 cells and defective DNA replication, suggesting their important roles in promoting the G1/S transition. Additionally, CYC2-, CYC7- and CRK1-deficient cells possess an elongated posterior that is filled with newly assembled microtubules. Further, we show that the four cyclins display distinct subcellular localizations and half-lives, suggesting that they likely undergo distinct regulation. Altogether, our results demonstrate the involvement of four CRK1-associated cyclins, CYC2, CYC4, CYC5 and CYC7, in promoting the G1/S transition and the requirement of CYC2 and CYC7 in maintaining posterior cytoskeletal morphogenesis during the G1/S transition.
Discrete Bernoulli convolutions: An algorithmic approach toward bound improvement

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Impact of lean tools selection: a simulation study of two assessment approaches

As lean becomes more popular in various industries, the amount of available lean tools also increases. Selecting appropriate tools to be implemented to the right place at the right time becomes a challenge. Several methods have been developed to help, including some assessment-based approaches and value stream mapping. Creating a good ‘future state’ map requires solid knowledge and experiences. While assessment tools are available for inexperienced users, they often rely on static models or roadmaps that may not suit a variety of systems. This paper investigates the impact of using different selection methods of lean tools in improvement projects. A simulation study based on a real manufacturing system has been conducted for the comparison of effectiveness of two assessment-based approaches. The results show that when lean tools are selected by an adaptive assessment approach, the improvement progresses better than using a static roadmap approach.
Studies on the synergetic effects of mineral and steam on the composition changes of heavy oils

The synergetic effects of minerals and steam on the hydrocarbon group, viscosity, and element distribution of the heavy oils were studied in this paper. The results have shown that the mineral has a catalytic effect in the aquathermolysis of the heavy oils. When 10 wt % of mineral was added to the reaction system, the saturate and aromatic increase, the resin and asphaltene decrease. The VPO results show that the average molecular weight of heavy oil and asphaltene reduced after treatment, and the content of sulfur decreased. The viscosity of heavy oils used in our study was decreased to 23.4−25.6%, and decreased to 84.2−86.3% when the mineral and catalyst coexist in the reaction system under the steam.
The Effects of Music and Group Stage on Group Leader and Member Behavior in Psychoeducational Groups for Children of Divorce

This study examined the effects of music and group stage on group process and group leader and member behavior within 8-week psychoeducational groups for children of divorce. Audiotapes of group sessions were rated using the Interactional Process Analysis and the Group Sessions Ratings Scale. Both treatment groups were very similar in terms of group leader and member behavior. Significant differences were noted between time periods. Over time, group leaders were consistent in giving directions and suggestions and asking questions. During later sessions, there was more of a focus on problem solving, expression and exploration of feelings, roleplaying, and interpersonal learning.
Value function approximation and model predictive control

Both global methods and on-line trajectory optimization methods are powerful techniques for solving optimal control problems; however, each has limitations. In order to mitigate the undesirable properties of each, we explore the possibility of combining the two. We explore two methods of deriving a descriptive final cost function to assist model predictive control (MPC) in selecting a good policy without having to plan as far into the future or having to fine-tune delicate cost functions. First, we exploit the large amount of data which is generated in MPC simulations (based on the receding horizon iterative LQG method) to learn, off-line, the global optimal value function for use as a final cost. We demonstrate that, while the global function approximation matches the value function well on some problems, there is relatively little improvement to the original MPC. Alternatively, we solve the Bellman equation directly using aggregation methods for linearly-solvable Markov Decision Processes to obtain an approximation to the value function and the optimal policy. Using both pieces of information in the MPC framework, we find controller performance of similar quality to MPC alone with long horizon, but now we may drastically shorten the horizon. Implementation of these methods shows that Bellman equation-based methods and on-line trajectory methods can be combined in real applications to the benefit of both.
Ecosystem health concepts as a management tool

Arguably, no ecosystems on the planet are unaffected by human society. Airborne contaminants are circulated globally; trash is left even on Everest; and the world's oceans contain oil and plastic, not to mention a variety of other wastes from human society. However, ecosystems are more than depositories for the waste of human society. Ecosystems furnish a variety of services that benefit human society, such as maintaining the atmospheric gas balance and water quality. As the human population approaches 10 billion, the amount of space available for occupancy by non-domesticated species will be greatly diminished per capita. If ecosystem services are to be maintained, the areas occupied by non-human, non-domesticated species will have to be managed so that, at the very least, services necessary to maintain the quality of human life will not diminish and, optimally, little additional biotic impoverishment (extinction of species) occurs. From the anthropocentric viewpoint, ecosystem health could be viewed as the maintenance of biological integrity necessary for the delivery of ecosystem services necessary for human society. This manuscript discusses the barriers to the use of ecosystem health concepts, which diminish risks to natural systems and the ways in which the integrity of these systems can be maintained. Maintenance of integrity will ensure the sustainable use of these ecosystems as sources of services upon which human society is dependent.
The effect of cost sharing on the use of antibiotics in ambulatory care: Results from a population-based randomized controlled trial,

Little is known about how generosity of insurance and population characteristics affect quantity or appropriateness of antibiotic use. Using insurance claims for antibiotics from 5765 non-elderly people who lived in six sites in the United States and were randomly assigned to insurance plans varying by level of cost-sharing, we describe how antibiotic use varies by insurance plan, diagnosis and health status, geographic area, and demographic characteristics. People with free medical care used 85% more antibiotics than those required to pay some portion of their medical bills (controlling for all other variables). Antibiotic use was significantly more common among women, the very young, patients with poorer health, and persons with higher income. Use of antibiotics for viral, viral-bacterial, and bacterial conditions did not differ between free and cost-sharing insurance plans, given antibiotics were the treatment of choice. Cost sharing reduced inappropriate and appropriate antibiotic use to a similar degree.
Copper(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Chelation in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Using Fluorinated β-Diketones

Copper removal from aqueous solutions by chelation in supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The chelating agents were 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetone (TFA) and 2,2-dimethyl-6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-3,5-octanedione (FOD). Extraction efficiencies were determined for a single equilibrium stage in the temperature range 308−328 K and the pressure range 9.9−24.0 MPa and ranged from 4% to 84%. The extraction efficiencies increased with increasing the initial amount of chelating agent and with decreasing the initial copper concentration. No significant changes in extraction efficiencies were observed with temperature and pressure at a fixed initial amount of chelating agent. A thermodynamic model based on combined reaction and phase equilibria was also developed for prediction of extraction efficiencies.
Cancellation of coherent artifacts in OCT imaging

Coherent sidelobes of a source can severely degrade OCT image quality by introducing false targets if no targets are present at the sidelobe locations. Sidelobes can also add constructively or destructively to the targets that are present at the sidelobe locations. This constructive or destructive interference will result in cancellation of the true targets or display of incorrect echo amplitudes of the targets. We introduce the use of CLEAN, a nonlinear deconvolution algorithm, to cancel coherent sidelobes in OCT images of extracted human teeth. The results show that CLEAN can reduce the coherent artifacts to the noise background, sharpen the air-enamel and enamel-dentin interfaces and improve the image contrast.
Thyroid hormone action at the cellular level

A large body of circumstantial evidence suggests that the basic unit of thyroid hormone action is the triiodothyronine nuclear receptor complex. This complex stimulates the formation, directly or indirectly, of a diversity of messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences. A generalized increase in mRNA as well as a disproportionate increase in a limited number of RNA sequences have been demonstrated. Regulation of thyroid hormone effects may be carried out largely at a local cellular level. Highly selective alterations in sensitivity to the triiodothyronine nuclear receptor complex may occur at specific target genes. Metabolic factors and hormones participate in such regulation. In a given tissue, alterations in the total number of receptor sites has not been shown to be useful as an index of thyroid hormone response, and local modulation of the response to the triiodothyronine receptor complex by a variety of factors other than triiodothyronine may be carried out at a postreceptor level.
A new finite element formulation for computational fluid dynamics: V. Circumventing the Babuscka-Brezzi condition: A stable Petrov-Galerkin formulation of

Abstract A new Petrov-Galerkin formulation of the Stokes problem is proposed. The new formulation possesses better stability properties than the classical Galerkin/variational method. An error analysis is performed for the case in which both the velocity and pressure are approximated by C0 interpolations. Combinations of C0 interpolations which are unstable according to the Babuska-Brezzi condition (e.g., equal-order interpolations) are shown to be stable and convergent within the present framework. Calculations exhibiting the good behavior of the methodology are presented.
Terrestrial dormancy in the turtle Kinosternon flavescens: Respiratory metabolism and dehydration

Experimentally induced terrestrial dormancy resulted in reduced rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide release by the turtle, Kinosternon flavescens. 1. 2. An unusually low respiratory quotient for dormant turtles indicates retention of carbon dioxide. 2. 3. Sharply elevated levels of oxygen consumption upon emergence from dormancy suggest payment of an oxygen debt and support previous suspicion of increased anaerobic metabolism. 3. 4. Most of the weight lost by dormant turtles is attributed to dehydration rather than metabolism. 4. 5. Suppressed gas exchange apparently reduces water loss from the respiratory tract, an adjustment which may be essential in avoiding severe dehydration.
Work functions of pristine and alkali-metal intercalated carbon nanotubes and bundles

The work functions (WF's) of single-walled carbon nanotubes and bundles are studied using first-principles methods. For individual metallic tubes, the WF is independent of the chirality and increase slightly with tube diameter. For semiconducting tubes, the WF (as defined by the HOMO energy) decreases rapidly. The WF of nanotube bundles $(\ensuremath{\sim}5 \mathrm{eV})$ shows no clear dependence on the tube size and chirality, slightly higher than individual tubes. For both metallic and semiconducting nanotubes, the WF decreases dramatically upon alkali-metal intercalation. The electronic states near the Fermi level are significantly modified and the metallic and semiconducting tube bundles become indistinguishable.
Endocrine-skin interactions: Cutaneous manifestations of pituitary disease, thyroid disease, calcium disorders, and diabetes

Endocrinologic disorders occasionally manifest themselves by their associated or induced cutaneous abnormalities. In some instances the initial and most prominent complaints of the patient are related to alterations in the skin, and thus the dermatologist will at times be the first physician consulted. In this article we describe the cutaneous lesions that occur in patients with acromegaly, hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, glucagonomas, hypercalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, and fibrous dysplasia. In addition, we also discuss the role of the skin in vitamin D metabolism. Whenever possible and where known, we have attempted to point out the pathophysiologic mechanisms that account for the cutaneous changes.
New crested specimens of the Late Cretaceous pterosaur Nyctosaurus

Two recently collected specimens of the Late Cretaceous pterosaurNyctosaurus differ from all previously known specimens in the possession of a large branching cranial crest. The crest extends upward and backward from the posterior skull roof and is nearly three times the length of the skull proper. Despite the large crest, the specimens do not differ significantly in morphology from previously known specimens ofNyctosaurus, and do not seem to represent a new species ofNyctosaurus. The specimens suggest that the cranial crest was developed late in ontogeny, which is consistent with the interpretation of pterosaur cranial crests as intraspecific display structures.
Electron paramagnetic resonance signal II in spinach chloroplasts. I. Kinetic analysis for untreated chloroplasts.

An analysis of electron paramagnetic resonance Signal II in spinach chloroplasts has been made using both continuous and flashing light techniques. In order to perform the experiments we developed a method which allows us to obtain fresh, untreated chloroplasts with low dark levels of Signal II. Under these conditions a single 10-μs flash is sufficient to generate greater than 80% of the possible light-induced increase in Signal II spin concentration. The risetime for this flash-induced increase in Signal II is approx. 1 s. The close association of Signal II with Photo-system II is confirmed by the observations that red light is more effective than is far red light in generating Signal II, and that 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) does not inhibit the formation of the radical. Single flash saturation curves for the flash-induced increase in Signal I and Signal II indicate that the quantum efficiency for Signal II formation is close to that for Signal I. While one or two flashes (spaced 10 ms apart) are quite efficient in generating Signal II, three or four flashes are much less effective. However, if this spacing is decreased to 100 μs, three or four flashes become as efficient as one or two flashes. From observations of a deficiency of O2 evolved during the initial flashes of dark-adapted chloroplasts, we conclude that the species which gives rise to Signal II is able to compete with water for oxidizing equivalents generated by Photosystem II. On the basis of these results we postulate a model in which Signal II arises from an oxidized radical which is produced by a slow electron transfer to the specific states S2 and S3 on the water side of Photo-system II.
Polyols and polyurethanes prepared from epoxidized soybean oil ring-opened by polyhydroxy fatty acids with varying OH numbers

Bio-based polyols from epoxidized soybean oil and different fatty acids were successfully prepared using a solvent-free method in order to investigate the effect of the polyols' OH numbers on the thermal and mechanical properties of the polyurethanes prepared using them. Epoxidized soybean oil/epoxidized linseed oil was ring-opened by methanol/glycol followed by saponification to prepare polyhydroxy fatty acids. These fatty acids and epoxidized soybean oil were then used for further solvent-free ring-opening reactions with DBU as catalyst, which facilitated the carboxylic ring-opening. Gel permeation chromatography revealed that a molar ratio of carboxylic acid from polyhydroxy fatty aicds and epoxy group of 0.5 : 1 resulted in optimized polyols containing the smallest amounts of residual starting materials. The obtained polyols had varying OH numbers and the acquired polyurethane films were comprehensively characterized. With increasing OH number of the polyols the PUs displayed an increase in crosslinking density, glass transition temperature (Tg), tensile strength and Young's modulus, and a decrease in elongation and toughness. This work provides Supporting Information on the effect of OH number of polyols obtained via a solvent-free ring-opening method on the mechanical and thermal properties of polyurethanes, of particular interest when designing PU products for specific purposes. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41213.
Incorporating auxiliary information for improved prediction using combination of kernel machines

With evolving genomic technologies, it is possible to get different measures of the same underlying biological phenomenon using different technologies. The goal of this paper is to build a prediction model for an outcome variable Y from covariates X. Besides X, we have surrogate covariates W which are related to X. We want to utilize the information in W to boost the prediction for Y using X. In this paper, we propose a kernel machine-based method to improve prediction of Y by X by incorporating auxiliary information W. By combining single kernel machines, we also propose a hybrid kernel machine predictor, which can yield a smaller prediction error than its constituents. The prediction error of our kernel machine predictors is evaluated using simulations. We also apply our method to a lung cancer dataset and an Alzheimer’s disease dataset.
Alternative Representation of Planetary Perturbations

An attempt is made to find a representation of planetary perturbations which does not require a Fourier expansion. For the planetary type three body problem a sequence of canonical transformations is given based on Landen transformations coupled with a rescaling of the time. The expansion is carried out to the order 2 in the Hamiltonian.
Effect of Onset and Rhyme Primes in Preschoolers With Typical Development and Specific Language Impairment

Purpose In this study, the authors used cued shadowing to examine children’s phonological word-form representations by studying the effects of onset and rhyme primes on lexical access. Method Twenty-five preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI; hereafter known as the SLI group), 24 age- and gender-matched children (AM group), and 20 vocabulary- and gender-matched children (VM group) participated. Children listened to pairs of words and repeated the second word as quickly as they could. Primes included words with overlapping onsets, words with overlapping rimes, and identical or unrelated words. Results As expected, unrelated words inhibited production in the AM and VM groups. Overlapping rimes primed production in the AM group. No inhibitory or priming effects were found for the SLI group. Conclusion Phonological priming may be used to study the phonological representations of preschool-age children. Results suggest that none of the groups accessed words incrementally. Priming for overlapping ...
Exchange rate movements and the profitability of U.S. multinationals

Abstract This paper studies the effects of unexpected exchange rate movements on the stock returns of U.S. multinationals. Unlike most previous studies of exchange rate exposure, we explicitly consider the time variability of exchange rate exposure by taking into account firms' foreign sales and foreign production information in our tests. Empirical results based on a sample of eighty U.S. multinationals from seven 3-digit SIC manufacturing industries show that the stock market correctly reveals the profitability effects of exchange rate news predicted by theory. A depreciation shock to the U.S. dollar, for example, has significant positive effects on the abnormal returns on the stocks of the multinationals through foreign sales and significant negative effects through foreign production.
Oral contraceptive steroids as promoters or complete carcinogens for liver in female Sprague-Dawley rats

Published reports have described an increased incidence of adenomas and of hepatocellular carcinomas in livers of women with a history of long-term oral contraceptive use. Evidence derived from hum...
A new type of double-focusing magnetic spectrometer☆

Abstract A double-focusing magnetic spectrometer was built for beta-gamma angular correlation studies. The magnetic field was obtained by double wedge shaped iron polefaces. The resulting electron trajectories are trochoidal in nature, and the central trajectory covers an angular range of approximately π √ 2 rad. Numerical calculations of the focusing properties indicate that the magnetic field gives first-order double-focusing that is very similar to the π √2 first-order double-focusing principle.
The pathogenesis of septic shock

A new age of treating patients with septic shock is rapidly approaching. A multidrug approach will likely be used to interrupt the systemic inflammatory response to infection, with use of new immune and inflammatory modulating therapies. In this article are reviewed the advances made in understanding the cellular events that cause septic shock. Critical care nurses need to update themselves on this new information to provide optimal care that patients with septic shock demand. Symptoms of septic shock, its hemodynamic characteristics, and the actions of principal inflammatory mediators that cause vasodilation and capillary leak are discussed.
The Physical Properties of a Cold H I Feature Observed Transitioning from Absorption to Emission

Large-scale surveys of neutral hydrogen (H I) 21 cm line emission from the Galactic plane at ~1' resolution have revealed an extensive population of H I self-absorption (HISA) features, i.e., presumably cold H I seen in absorption against warmer background H I. These observations provide previously unknown information regarding the morphology and distribution of cold H I gas in our Galaxy, but determining the physical properties of such features primarily depends on some sort of radiative transfer modeling that only loosely constrains various model parameters. We present here observations and analysis of one HISA feature that is seen to move from absorption into emission and show how observations made at the transition point allow the physical properties of the HISA feature to be tightly constrained. The derived physical properties are consistent with a diffuse, cold H I cloud with minimal molecular gas content. Identification of objects like this is currently uncommon in the interferometer-based Galactic plane surveys, which have necessarily focused on lower Galactic latitudes. As high-resolution Galactic surveys are extended to higher latitudes, we expect that many additional H I features will be seen transitioning from absorption to emission and will thus be amenable to the analysis techniques presented here.
Preparation and measurement of few-atom number states with a double-well atom interferometer

We use a double-well optical lattice as an atom interferometer to load and measure atomic number-squeezed states with N = 1 or 2 and Poissonian states with ?N? ? 1 into the lattice ground state.
Glycoprotein analysis using mass spectrometry: unraveling the layers of complexity

A glycoprotein exists as a heterogeneous mixture of forms due to differential glycosylation, each of which may confer different functionality and/or serve as a biochemical marker for disease. The complex structure of glycans make them a bioanalytical challenge requiring multiple mass spectrometry based approaches to gain different types of information. The following article will briefly describe recently utilized mass spectrometry methods to identify glycosylation sites and measure glycan composition, sequence, branching, and relative quantities. Potential metrological developments are discussed in light of current trends toward complete, reliable glycoanalytical characterization in a high-throughput manner.
Wave Equation for a Massless Particle with Arbitrary Spin

A wave equation for a noninteracting particle with zero mass and arbitrary spin $s$ is given in this paper. The Hamiltonian is proportional to the inner product of the momentum and spin operators so that the wave function has $2s+1$ components. As an auxiliary condition, solutions with spins not parallel or anti-parallel to the momentum are discarded. With this condition the theory is Lorentz-covariant. The energy, momentum, and angular momentum are defined in terms of expected values of the usual type of displacement operator. The specialization $s=\frac{1}{2}$ is the two-component neutrino theory and $s=1$ gives Maxwell's equations for the photon.
Effect of apple pomace-based Trichoderma inoculants on seedling vigour in pea (Pisum sativum) germinated in potting soil

Abstract Three Trichoderma inoculants were produced by growing T. viride , T. harzianum and T. pseudokoningii on apple pomace-based medium at 20°C for 7 days. The Trichoderma inoculants were mixed with potting soil at a ratio of 1:5 (v/v) and the mixture was used for germination tests of pea ( Pisum sativum ) seeds. When T. viride , T. harzianum and T. pseudokoningii inoculants were applied to the soil, the germination rate of pea seeds increased by 20, 40 and 15%, respectively, compared to the potting soil control. After 5 days the average plant height increased by 52, 67 and 48%, respectively, while the average fresh weight of seedlings increased by 26, 63 and 25%, respectively. The average total phenolic content of pea seedlings increased by 14, 18, and 12% respectively. Among those three Trichoderma inoculants, however, only T. harzianum inoculant increased plant height and fresh weight significantly, while both T. harzianum and T. viride inoculants increased phenolic content of seedlings significantly. The apple pomace control increased the germination rate, plant height and fresh weight slightly, but did not increase the phenolic content of pea seedlings. These results suggest that Trichoderma species grown on apple pomace-based medium can enhance seed performance of peas according to some criteria of seedling vigour and thus have potential for use as seed treatment.
SIGNED INPUT OF HEARING MOTHERS TO DEAF CHILDREN

Hearing parents of deaf children are often encouraged to learn a signed code for English and to sign and speak simultaneously with them. The present study sought to determine how consistently a sample of mothers using simultaneous communication signed what they said. Though only one of the mothers had a spoken M LU of more than four morphemes, there were deletions of a mean 69 morphemes per 100-utterance sample.* A mean 40.5 utterances per sample were signed fully. The majority of elements deleted were functors, and a set of 13 of these was examined to investigate possible variability of deletion rates within the category. Prepositions and noncontracted forms of the verb to be were signed most consistently, and bound morphemes as a group were signed about 50% of the time. Suggested factors affecting deletion rates are categorized as characteristics of (1) the sign codes, (2) the mothers, (3) the linguistic and communicative situation, and (4) the child. The results are discussed with respect to simplification and foreigner talk.
Renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis. Review of the literature.

Abstract A case of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma associated with tuberous sclerosis is presented. Although in our patient right renal biopsy specimen demonstrated angiomyoma, we believe that the lipomatous element could be found in a larger specimen. Roentgenographic and therapeutic considerations are presented and the different lesions of tuberous sclerosis reviewed. Unlike most patients exhibiting stigmata of tuberous sclerosis, our patient had normal mentality and seizures preceded skin lesions. Fundoscopic examination revealed retinal arteriolitis with an occlusive phenomenon which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously.
Conformally invariant wave equations for non-linear and interacting fields

Non-linear conformally invariant wave equations for spinors of arbitrary rank are obtained. These include an equation recently proposed byGursey. In addition, conformally invariant equations for interacting rields are given.
The Euler Maclaurin expansion for the Cauchy Principal Value integral

The classical Euler Maclaurin Summation Formula expresses the difference between a definite integral over [0, 1] and its approximation using the trapezoidal rule with step lengthh=1/m as an asymptotic expansion in powers ofh together with a remainder term. Many variants of this exist some of which form the basis of extrapolation methods such as Romberg Integration. in this paper a variant in which the integral is a Cauchy Principal Value integral is derived. The corresponding variant of the Fourier Coefficient Asymptotic Expansion is also derived. The possible role of the former in numerical quadrature is discussed.
Insights into the genetics of severe congenital neutropenia

HAX1 deficiency causes autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia (Kostmann disease) Klein et al. (2007) Nature Genetics 39: 86–92
A Second Look at T-Unit Analysis: Reconsidering the Sentence

I Although originally designed to assess syntactic development in the written work of children learning their first language, the T unit has been widely used in second language research and is particularly useful for oral production (see, for example, Beebe, 1983; Gaies, 1980; Larsen-Freeman, 1983). A variety of measures of complexity have been based on the T unit, e.g., words per T unit, words per error-free T unit, and clauses per T unit (Gaies, 1980; Hunt, 1965; Larsen-Freeman, 1983). Nevertheless, for the description of syntactic complexity in the writing of adult second language learners, sentence-based analyses may be superior. Hunt (1965) introduced the T unit, or minimal terminable unit, to measure development of sentences in the writing of grade-school children. Each T unit contains one independent clause and its dependent clauses. Hunt (1970) described T units as "the shortest units into which a piece of discourse can be cut without leaving any sentence fragments as residue" (p. 189). A sentence has two (or more) T units when independent clauses (with subjects and finite verbs) are conjoined as in Example 1, but a single T unit when one or more clauses are embedded in an independent clause as in Example 2:
Capillary electrophoretic separation of cationic porphyrins.

Abstract Cationic porphyrins have a wide variety of uses including those as nucleic acid binding and cleaving agents, as potential pharmacological agents, as electron donor/acceptors in intramolecular electron transfer processes and as analytical reagents. Herein, we report the separation of cationic porphyrins by capillary electrophoresis on fused silica in phosphate buffer at pH 2–5. The porphyrins studied in this work were synthesized from alkylation of the parent tetrapyridylporphyrin (TPyP) to give various pyridinium porphyrins. For example, methylation of TPyP gives a mixture of the mono-, cis-di-, trans-di-, tri- and tetramethylated porphyrins [e.g., 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridiniumyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin, TMPyP(4)]. Capillary electrophoresis on a synthetic mixture showed separation of four of these compounds. Mixtures after alkylation with iodopropionic acid and bromopropylamine were also separated. The cis-di- and trimethylated TMPyP derivatives were separated on a small preparative scale by centrifugal partition chromatography. Capillary electrophoresis was also used to separate metallo TMPyP(4) complexes including those of cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, palladium, tin, vanadium and zinc. The conformational isomers (atropisomers) of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-2-pyridiniumyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin, TMPyP(2), were also separated. Net charge, molecular mass and molecular shape all contribute to the differential retention of cationic porphyrins under capillary electrophoresis conditions. Additional factors affecting the separations, including aggregation and protonation of the porphyrins, were probed by evaluating the separation of TMPyP(4) and its butyl and octyl analogs as a function of solution conditions. Cationic porphyrins are difficult to separate using traditional chromatographic methods; capillary electrophoresis and centrifugal partition chromatography provide excellent new techniques for separation of this class of compounds.
Underspecification in phonetics

It is often assumed in work on the phonological underspecification of segments that while representations may at first be underspecified, they end up fully specified. Various kinds of rules are posited to ensure that in output forms all features have values for all segments. In this paper I will consider an alternative view: that underspecification may persist into phonetic representations. I begin by reviewing some of the relevant phonological phenomena and mechanisms, and some of the history of underspecification in phonetic studies. I then show how phonetic data may be taken to reflect the presence or absence of feature values in surface forms. Finally, the extent to which surface specification depends on segmental contrasts is examined. The aim of this paper is to present some phonetic phenomena that are potentially relevant to any theory of underspecification. I Underspecification in phonological representations i.I Phonological behaviour of underspecified segments Two types of arguments are often offered in support of phonological underspecification: what I will call arguments from variability and arguments from transparency. It is worthwhile to characterise these types of arguments as they are used in phonology, so that their use with respect to phonetic data can be considered later. An example of a phonological argument from variability is that a vowel undergoes vowel harmony, where a vowel's value for a certain feature depends on values of other vowels in the word. Because the vowel that varies seems to have no particular original value of its own, it may be analysed as being unspecified for that feature, and subject to a rule of harmony. That is, the segment is analysed as being underspecified because it takes on more than one value for a feature, as a result of some kind of feature assigning rule. Steriade (I987) dismisses this kind of argument because a segment could be originally specified, but undergo a delinking rule before subsequent feature assignment. However, Clements (i 987) and others are more willing to argue from such cases. By contrast, Steriade stresses the value of arguments from transparency. In these cases, a segment is analysed as being unspecified for a feature because it seems to have no value at all. An
Self-processing and the default mode network: interactions with the mirror neuron system.

Recent evidence for the fractionation of the default mode network (DMN) into functionally distinguishable subdivisions with unique patterns of connectivity calls for a reconceptualization of the relationship between this network and self-referential processing. Advances in resting-state functional connectivity analyses are beginning to reveal increasingly complex patterns of organization within the key nodes of the DMN - medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) – as well as between these nodes and other brain systems. Here we review recent examinations of the relationships between the DMN and various aspects of self-relevant and social-cognitive processing in light of emerging evidence for heterogeneity within this network. Drawing from a rapidly evolving social cognitive neuroscience literature, we propose that embodied simulation and mentalizing are processes which allow us to gain insight into another's physical and mental state by providing privileged access to our own physical and mental states. Embodiment implies that the same neural systems are engaged for self- and other-understanding through a simulation mechanism, while mentalizing refers to the use of high-level conceptual information to make inferences about the mental states of self and others. These mechanisms work together to provide a coherent representation of the self and by extension, of others. Nodes of the DMN selectively interact with brain systems for embodiment and mentalizing, including the mirror neuron system, to produce appropriate mappings in the service of social cognitive demands.
Renal cell carcinoma presenting as a perineal mass: Case report and review of the literature

Perineal involvement in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been reported. Vaginal metastases of RCC are also rare. We present a case of metastatic RCC, initially presenting as a perineal cyst. A 53-year-old woman presented with a perineal cyst, which was excised and diagnosed as clear cell carcinoma. A workup further revealed a vaginal mass and a renal tumor. A nephrectomy and local vaginal excision were performed, leading to the diagnosis of metastatic RCC. This case illustrates the variability in RCC presentation. Also, because vaginal clear cell carcinoma is rare, all such lesions should be considered potentially renal in origin.
The mapping and ordering of fragments of SV40 DNA produced by restriction endonucleases

Abstract SV40 DNA is cleaved by the Eco RII and Hae restriction endonucleases to give rise to two different sets of 16 fragments each. These fragments have been ordered by analysis of the products of redigestion of one set of fragments with another restriction enzyme. The cleavage sites have been precisely mapped based on length measurements of the products of each cleavage. This provides a convenient group of small DNA fragments suitable for sequence analysis investigation of the transcripts present in infected cells, or construction of deletion substitution variants of the virus.
Preretrieval predictors of pregnancy in IVF.

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the predictive value of preretrieval parameters of ovarian stimulation in patients undergoing IVF-ET. Methods: Women diagnosed with infertility due to tubal factor were compared to women with other and/or multiple diagnoses. Stepwise logistic regression evaluated 389 cycles to identify the best predictors of pregnancy among the following variables: age, primary or secondary infertility, cycle number, type and dose of gonadotropin, duration of gonadotropin administration, serum estradiol level, and number and size of follicles. Results: In the tubal disease group, probability of pregnancy was greater in cycles with serum estradiol levels below 1100 pg/ml on the day of hCG (odds ratio, 4.7) and with administration of gonadotropins for less than 10 days (odds ratio, 3.7). In contrast, in the other/mixed diagnoses group, a serum estradiol below 1100 pg/ml was associated with a decreased probability of pregnancy (odds ratio, 0.6). Conclusions: Optimal parameters of ovarian stimulation may vary according to the etiology of infertility. In patients with tubal disease, the beneficial effects of greater stimulation, and thus the greater number of available oocytes, may be offset by adverse effects on the endometrium and on the quality of oocytes and embryos. In contrast, in other diagnostic groups, the advantage of an increased number of oocytes may outweigh the potential adverse effects of prolonged stimulation and higher estradiol levels.
Design and implementation of intelligent mesh nodes for wireless video stream sharing

The gateways are the performance bottleneck of wireless mesh access networks. Using proxy servers or wireless peer-to-peer streaming techniques can help reduce the gateway load. However, these techniques, as a data caching method, do not save wireless resources. We consider a communication sharing approach in this paper. More specifically, we introduce a robust and scalable wireless mesh access network prototype that can reduce both the gateway load and wireless traffic for video applications. It has the intelligence to handle sudden spike in demand for certain videos due to specific events preventing it from adversely effecting other daily wireless traffic. It can also leverage the 80:20 data access pattern, common for many video applications, to substantially increase the service throughput. We explain the Dynamic Stream Merging technique, present the system prototype, and discuss the experimental results.
Temperate origins of long-distance seasonal migration in New World songbirds

Migratory species exhibit seasonal variation in their geographic ranges, often inhabiting geographically and ecologically distinct breeding and nonbreeding areas. The complicated geography of seasonal migration has long posed a challenge for inferring the geographic origins of migratory species as well as evolutionary sequences of change in migratory behavior. To address this challenge, we developed a phylogenetic model of the joint evolution of breeding and nonbreeding (winter) ranges and applied it to the inference of biogeographic history in the emberizoid passerine birds. We found that seasonal migration between breeding ranges in North America and winter ranges in the Neotropics evolved primarily via shifts of winter ranges toward the tropics from ancestral ranges in North America. This result contrasts with a dominant paradigm that hypothesized migration evolving out of the tropics via shifts of the breeding ranges. We also show that major lineages of tropical, sedentary emberizoids are derived from northern, migratory ancestors. In these lineages, the winter ranges served as a biogeographic conduit for temperate-to-tropical colonization: winter-range shifts toward the tropics during the evolution of long-distance migration often preceded southward shifts of breeding ranges, the loss of migration, and in situ tropical diversification. Meanwhile, the evolution of long-distance migration enabled the persistence of old lineages in North America. These results illuminate how the evolution of seasonal migration has contributed to greater niche conservatism among tropical members of this diverse avian radiation.
Male Sex Roles and Epithets for Ethnic Women in American Slang.

The historical inventory of derogatory names for women of ethnic outgroups displays, in intensified form, the strains of traditional male sex roles—and subsequent aggression—both in ethnic and gender relations. Epithets for ethnic women derogate both sex and ethnic roles. The words are aimed disproportionately at women of racial minorities; stereotype physical differences between ethnic groups; and make derogatory sexual allusions, often using food and animal metaphors.
An overview on MEMS-based storage, its research issues and open problems

A disruptive new storage technology based on Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS) is emerging as an exciting complement to the memory hierarchy. This study reviews and summarizes the current research about integrating this new technology into computer systems from four levels: device, architecture, system and application. In addition, several potential research issues in MEMS storage are identified, including (1) exploiting idle read/write tips to perform prefetching, (2) reversal access to save seek time, (3) fault-tolerance design inside storage devices, (4) power consumption modeling, (5) reevaluation of existing disk-type I/O optimization algorithms.
Role of inflammation in the evolution of bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease of very immature infants, is characterized by a progressive sequence of lung injury and aberrant wound healing. Pre- and postnatal factors have been shown to induce an injurious inflammatory response in the immature airways and the pulmonary interstitium of preterm infants, which may subsequently affect normal alveolarization and pulmonary vascular development with possible lifelong consequences for the infants.
Kinetic energy dependence of Al++O2→AlO++O

The endothermic reaction of Al+ with O2 is studied using a guided ion‐beam apparatus. The reaction cross section is measured as a function of kinetic energy from 0 to 20 eV. The threshold energy for the reaction, E0, is determined from an empirical model to be 3.64±0.04 eV. Phase space calculations of the cross section performed with E0 as the only adjustable parameter yield a similar result, E0=3.60±0.02 eV, and predict the absolute magnitude of the reaction cross section within experimental error. We conservatively quote the threshold energy as 3.62±0.12 eV which is somewhat higher than the thermodynamic threshold calculated using literature thermochemistry, 3.40±0.16 eV. This may indicate that a slight barrier to the reaction exists, or that AlO+ is produced in an excited state, or that the literature thermochemistry needs revision. Our results suggest D00 (AlO+)≥1.50±0.12 eV and I.P.(AlO)≤9.75±0.13 eV.
Thalamic hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy-induced labile blood pressure: Controlling the lability with clonidine - A case report

Carotid endarterectomy can lead to alterations in baroreceptor sensitivity. Impairment of this sensitivity can in turn lead to volatility of blood pressure (baroreflex failure syndrome--BFS). Rapid elevations in blood pressure can cause hypertensive encephalopathy in a patient with BFS. A patient is presented with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage associated with BFS.