cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optical cavity vs. electron beam requirements for the operation of a 1.5 Å LCLS in a regenerative amplifier mode

Current conceptual designs for Linac Coherent Light Sources (LCLSs) in the 100-1 {angstrom} wavelength range are based on Free Electron Lasers (FELs) that are designed to saturate in a single pass of the electron beam through the undulator. This, in practice, leads to insertion devices several tens of meters in length, which greatly dominates the component costs of the overall LCLS system. Although it is well known that amplification within a cavity would enable much shorter and more economical undulators to be employed, two major practical problems are currently adduced to discount the use of such configurations in the sub-100 {angstrom} wavelength regime: (1) the temporal jitter of the (sub-picosecond) electron bunches required for such FELs can be comparable to or larger that the durations of the bunches themselves, rendering reliable synchronization extremely difficult, and (2) the lack of optical elements of sufficient reflectivity and bandwidth out of which adequately efficient optical cavities can be constructed. In this paper we reasssess the requirements associated with these two aspects of x-ray optics as a possible approach to resolving or making more tractable the resolution of some of the basic problems involved.
Fate of 36C1-toxaphene in rats.

In the rat, 52.6%, of an oral dose of36Cl-toxaphene was excreted within 9 days. Approximately 37% was found in the feces and 15%, in the urine. Upon extraction, most of the radioactivity occurred in the water fractions of urine and feces as ionic chloride. Animals given a second dose on the 9th day excreted toxaphene in a similar manner except36Cl excretion in feces was reduced. Less than 10% of the dose was found in selected tissues and organs 1 day following the treatment.
Bait shyness: Tests of CS-US mediation ☆

Abstract When rats consume a distinctive flavor (CS) and become ill (US) hours later, they will avoid that flavor in subsequent tests. Two hypotheses to account for this prolonged CS-US interval were tested. First, physical remnants of the meal may linger in the gastrointestinal system bridging the long interval. However, rats learned to discriminate wet food from dry food plus water, although presumably the stomach contents would be similar hours later when illness was induced by toxic injections. Second, the gustatory system handles a paucity of changing sensory information, thus the flavor CS may be protected from subsequent interfering stimuli. However, when foot shock was substituted for illness in a flavor-shock avoidance paradigm, learning was obtained with immediate shock but delays of 33 sec disrupted learning. Thus, the unique characteristics of the gustatory system per se , cannot account for the long-delay learning.
Imaging in acquired immune deficiency syndrome dementia complex (AIDS dementia complex) : A review

1. Since 1986, the AIDS dementia complex has been recognized increasingly as a significant sequela of HIV infection. Though the pathogenesis remains poorly characterized and the diagnosis is one of exclusion, research utilizing various imaging techniques has resulted in greater understanding of the progressive character of ADC. 2. CT and MR studies have revealed general atrophy, atrophy of the basal ganglia, and white matter lesions that appear to increase in severity with progression of HIV infection. 3. CT and MR are relatively insensitive to the presence of clinical dementia, neurological signs, or positive findings on neuropsychological tests. In addition, they show poor correlation with histopathologic findings. 4. PET, SPECT, and MRS show the greatest sensitivity to changes wrought by primary HIV infection of the CNS and thus the greatest potential for early diagnosis of ADC. 5. PET, SPECT, and MRS show involvement of the basal ganglia, bloodflow abnormalities, and metabolite disturbances in HIV-seropositive subjects without findings on examination or neuropsychological tests.
A study on the finite-time near-optimality properties of sampling-based motion planners

Sampling-based algorithms have proven practical in solving motion planning challenges in relatively high-dimensional instances in geometrically complex workspaces. Early work focused on quickly returning feasible solutions. Only recently was it shown under which conditions these algorithms asymptotically return optimal or near-optimal solutions. These methods yield desired properties only in an asymptotic fashion, i.e., the properties are attained after infinite computation time. This work studies the finite-time properties of sampling-based planners in terms of path quality. The focus is on roadmap-based methods, due to their simplicity. This work illustrates that existing sampling-based planners which construct roadmaps in an asymptotically (near-)optimal manner exhibit a “probably near-optimal” property in finite time. This means that it is possible to compute a confidence value, i.e. a probability, regarding the existence of upper bounds for the length of the path returned by the roadmap as a function of the number of configuration space samples. This property can result in useful tools for determining existence of solutions and a probabilistic stopping criterion for PRM-like methods. These properties are validated through experimental trials.
Alkylaluminum-Induced Diamide Transfer from Group 6 Imido Diamido Complexes

Reaction of AlMe3 with the imido compounds Mo(NPh)(o-(SiMe3N)2C6H4)(CH2)4 (1) and Mo(NPh)(o-(SiMe3N)2C6H4)L (2; L = diphenylacetylene) results in the transfer of the diamide ligand to the Al, giving the unusual arene complexes 3 and 4.
Cholinergic blockade and tonic immobility in chickens

To investigate the effects of cholinergic blockade on duration of tonic immobility (TI) and habituation to handling and the TI testing procedure, two groups of cockerel chicks were tested following injection with scopolamine or saline. One week later half of each group was given a second test for TI following injection with saline or scopolamine. Results indicated that scopolamine significantly reduces the duration of TI and suggested some interference with the process of habituation, although the evidence for the latter was not conclusive.
Correlation functions of the one-dimensional random-field Ising model at zero temperature.

We consider the one-dimensional random-field Ising model, where the spin-spin coupling [ital J] is ferromagnetic and the external field is chosen to be +[ital h] with probability [ital p] and [minus][ital h] with probability 1[minus][ital p]. At zero temperature, we calculate an exact expression for the correlation length of the quenched average of the correlation function [l angle][ital s][sub 0][ital s[ital n]][r angle][minus][l angle][ital s][sub 0][r angle][l angle][ital s][sub [ital n]][r angle] in the case that 2[ital J]/[ital h] is not an integer. The result is a discontinuous function of 2[ital J]/[ital h]. When [ital p]=1/2, we also place a bound on the correlation length of the quenched average of the correlation function [l angle][ital s][sub 0][ital s[ital n]][r angle].
THE MANUFACTURE of LIME and ITS USES IN the WESTERN ROMAN PROVINCES

Summary: The widespread use of hydraulic lime mortars and concretes was chiefly a Roman development, but, in addition, lime produced by burning calcium carbonate at temperatures between 900°-1100° C was used in agriculture, tanning and medicine. Cato has described the construction and operation of a periodic lime-kiln and with the evidence from excavated sites the original process can be reconstructed. For most farming purposes, however, lime was produced in less substantial pits and in above-ground stacks or clamps.
Measurement of Adhesion Force To Determine Surface Composition in an Electrochemical Environment

Adhesion force measurements are used to determine potential dependence of the force of adhesion between a Si3N4 cantilever and an Au surface in basic solution. At both positive and negative potentials, the force curve is dominated by van der Waals contributions, indicating that there is little specific interaction between the tip and the sample. However, at intermediate potentials (between 0.4 and 0.6 V vs SHE) the tip−sample interaction is dominated by an adhesive component, the magnitude of which is approximately 2 kJ/mol; this corresponds to the expected strength of a hydrogen bond between O- groups on the tip and AuOH on the surface.
MODELING SPRAY DRYER PERFORMANCE IN FLUE GAS SCRUBBING

ABSTRACT The simultaneous removal of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride from flue gas generated by municipal waste incineration is a process that is now receiving considerable attention. A dry scrubbing process using a spray dryer absorber (SDA) has recently become an attractive alternative to wet scrubbing. In this operation flue gas is introduced at the top of the SDA and flows downward concurrently with the injected lime-water slurry. This study presents a mathematical model describing the various processes which occur in the SDA system and compares model predictions with experimental results from a 2.3 m diameter pilot plant SDA. The process model in the wet stage is a three phase, gas-liquid-solid, reaction system The limiting conditions for SO2 removal may be gas film resistance, solid dissolution rate, or combined resistances. Limiting conditions for HC1 removal are similar. The liquid phase reactions are considered instantaneous. The process is modeled by an adiabatic two phase system.
Molecular modeling in food research: applications

Abstract This review examines selected applications of molecular modeling in solving structure-function relationships. Examples are shown from areas of relevance to food science. Simulation of the binding of sulfamethazine to β-cyclodextrin and energy-minimization techniques are used to demonstrate the influence of steric factors on encapsulation. Secondary structure sequence-based prediction techniques, secondary structure analysis by vibrational spectroscopy, and molecular modeling have been used to build unrefined model structures of two non-crystallizable proteins, κ-casein and α S1 -casein B, which are important to the diary industry. An introductory review of the technology and techniques of molecular modeling in food research was published in the May 1991 issue of Trends in Food Science & Technology .
Renormalization group fixed points and the Higgs boson spectrum

Abstract We study numerically the renormalization group equations for the Higgs potential of the two-doublet model assuming perturbative unification and sufficiently large initial quartic and Higgs-Yukawa couplings such that the full nonlinearities interplay. We obtain predictions for the physical Higgs boson spectrum in the two-doublet model up to systematic differences in fermion coupling schemes. Unambiguous predictions emerge only when there exists a heavy generation in which quarks couple to both doublets. In other cases we find that the potential can become quartically unstable at low energies for arbitrary initial stable values of the coupling constants.
Using Peer Coaching in Preservice Practica

Providing effective supervision to preservice students enrolled in field-based practica continues to be a major challenge for university faculty. Fiscal and time constraints have necessitated the need to explore alternative models for providing feedback to students while they are placed in public school settings. Recently, researchers have begun to examine the appropriateness of infusing peer coaching procedures into teacher education programs. The results have been promising. The purpose of this particular study was to compare traditional university supervision to peer coaching procedures that were used to promote the acquisition of effective teacher behaviors. The firtdings of this investigation suggest that traditional university supervision and peer coaching procedures were equally effective for increasing desired teacher behaviors and decreasing undesired teacher behaviors. Moreover, students and their cooperating teachers both responded favorably to the peer coaching process.
Role of MeCP2, DNA methylation, and HDACs in regulating synapse function

Over the past several years there has been intense effort to delineate the role of epigenetic factors, including methyl-CpG-binding protein 2, histone deacetylases, and DNA methyltransferases, in synaptic function. Studies from our group as well as others have shown that these key epigenetic mechanisms are critical regulators of synapse formation, maturation, as well as function. Although most studies have identified selective deficits in excitatory neurotransmission, the latest work has also uncovered deficits in inhibitory neurotransmission as well. Despite the rapid pace of advances, the exact synaptic mechanisms and gene targets that mediate these effects on neurotransmission remain unclear. Nevertheless, these findings not only open new avenues for understanding neuronal circuit abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders but also elucidate potential targets for addressing the pathophysiology of several intractable neuropsychiatric disorders.
Use of the fluorescence activated cell sorter to enrich dendritic cells from mouse spleen

Abstract Dendritic cells are a specialized but trace population of antigen presenting cells that always have been enriched by multi-step procedures over a period of 1 or more days in tissue culture. Here we describe the isolation of dendritic cells from fresh mouse spleen suspensions using the FACS and a monoclonal antibody, N418, to the p150/90 member of the leukocyte integrin family (Metlay et al., 1990). By two color fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses, the trace N418 + subset expressed most of the surface markers, including the 33D1 antigen, that are characteristic of dendritic cells isolated by other methods. An exception was that small amounts of Fc receptors, CD4 and F4/80 antigen were detected initially, but these diminished upon culture. In functional assays, sorted N418 + cells from fresh spleen were at least 30 times more active than N418 − cells in presenting antigen to T cells. The assays were stimulation of the primary mixed leukocyte reaction and presentation of exogenous protein antigens to sensitized populations of lymph node T cells. The viability and MLR stimulating function of the sorted populations both were increased upon exposure to the cytokine, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These results indicate that dendritic cells can be enriched from fresh isolates of mouse spleen using the FACS, and that when this is done, many of the distinctive features of dendritic cells - phenotype, APC function, and sensitivity to appropriate cytokines - are apparent.
Distribution of cytochrome oxidase in rat brain: studies with diaminobenzidine histochemistry in vitro and [14C]cyanide tissue labeling in vivo.

Studies in experimental animals and postmortem studies in humans have indicated that the level of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase within brain anatomical pathways is regulated by the long-term functional use of those pathways. To study this relationship, we have measured cytochrome oxidase spectropho-tometrically in punch biopsies from different brain regions of rat. We compared these assays against results from the diaminobenzidine histochemical technique. We found a high degree of correlation (r = 0.90) between the density of diaminobenzidine reaction product and enzyme activity. This validates the usefulness of the diaminobenzidine technique for anatomical localization and measurement of this enzyme. To study the feasibility of using radioactive cyanide as an in vivo ligand of cytochrome oxidase, we performed quantitative autoradiographic analysis of rat brains of animals given an intravenous bolus injection of [14C]cyanide. Analysis of the arterial blood curve indicated a complex redistrib...
Signal-regulated ADF/cofilin activity and growth cone motility

It is becoming increasingly evident that proteins of the actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin family are essential regulators of actin turnover required for many actin-based cellular processes, including motility. ADF can increase actin turnover by either increasing the rate of actin filament treadmilling or by severing actin filaments. In neurons ADF is highly expressed in neuronal growth cones and its activity is regulated by many signals that affect growth cone motility. In addition, increased activity of ADF causes an increase in neurite extension. ADF activity is inhibited upon phosphorylation by LIM kinases (LIMK), kinases activated by members of the Rho family of small GTPases. ADF become dephosphorylated downstream of signal pathways that activate PI-3 kinase or increase levels of intracellular calcium. The growth-regulating effects of ADF together with its ability to be regulated by a wide variety of guidance cues, suggest that ADF may regulate growth cone advance and navigation.
Molecular Mechanisms of Peptide Translocation Across Micelles: A Case Study of Cell-Penetrating Peptide and Antimicrobial Peptide

We investigated the molecular mechanisms of short peptides across plasma membranes by studying their varying ability in permeating through membrane-mimetic systems. Three short peptides are selected for this study: penetratin is a cell-penetrating peptide and temporin A and KSL are antimicrobials (AMP). Their detailed interactions with SDS and DPC micelles, sometimes associated with their conformational changes, which govern their ability in translocation, are revealed by all-atomistic molecular simulations with explicit solvent models and free energy calculation of peptide insertion. We found that penetratin undergoes conformational changes upon binding and insertion and it causes less structural disturbance in the self-assembly of lipid molecules in micelles, which is in accordance with its macroscopic non-invasive behavior when it passes through membranes of mammalian cells. In contrast, temporin A and KSL peptides tend to destroy the self-assembly of lipid micelles through strong hydrophobic interaction in the former and electrostatic interactions in the latter. Our investigation addresses some of the speculation regarding the molecular mechanisms of the toxicity in short peptides.
Application of a distributed network in computational fluid dynamic simulations

A general-purpose 3-D, incompressible Navier-Stokes algorithm is implemented on a network of concur rently operating workstations using PVM and com pared with its performance on a CRAY Y-MP and on an Intel iPSC/860. The problem is relatively computa tionally intensive, and has a communication structure based primarily on nearest-neighbor communication, making it ideally suited to message passing. Such problems are frequently encountered in CFD, and their solution is increasingly in demand. The communica tion structure is explicitly coded in the implementation to fully exploit the regularity in message passing in order to produce a near-optimal solution. Results are presented for various grid sizes using up to eight pro cessors.
Antiferroelectric-to-ferroelectric phase-switching lead lanthanum zirconite stannate titanate (PLZST) ceramics

Electric field induced antiferroelectric (AFE) to ferroelectric (FE) phase transformations are accompanied by large strain and significant hysteresis. The properties of these materials can be tailored to fit specific applications such as high strain actuators and charge capacitors. As an attempt to reduced hysteresis, Barium and Strontium A-site substitution of the phase transformation behavior of (Pb0.98-(delta )La0.02A(delta )) (ZrxSnyTiz)O3 (A equals Ba, Sr) ceramics have been investigated. The ceramic samples in this study produced 0.2% to 0.3% strain level. Barium proved to be a strong FE stabilizer with decreasing both switching field and hysteresis, while Strontium proved to be a strong AFE stabilizer. Some practical data, including temperature stability and current requirements, are also to be discussed.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Estrogen treatment changes the cellular distribution of apolipoprotein E in the liver.

Abstract The cellular localization of apolipoprotein E (apo-E) in normal and estrogen-treated perfused rabbit livers was studied using monospecific antibodies against purified apo-E. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed intense linear deposits along the hepatic plasma membrane of normal animals and this pattern was unchanged when the livers were perfused with very low density (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), or buffer alone. Surprisingly, estrogen-treated animals revealed granular apo-E immunoreactive sites within the hepatocytes, suggesting rapid internalization of these proteins. These results raise the possibility that estrogen selectively stimulates the internalization of apo-E.
Reflections on the energy problem as a whole

Abstract The energy crisis has been and is still being regarded as an aggregate of discrete economic and technological problems confronting the economic and political leadership of individual nations. The forecasting of the evolution of these problems is generally confined to the time frame of two decades or so, typically to the end of the century. It is argued in this address that this approach is both too short-sighted and far too narrow. It is necessary to look much farther into the future, because policies and options adopted now will affect further generations.
Multilevel Selection and Political Evolution in the Valley of Oaxaca, 500–100 B.C.

Abstract Although Monte Alban I in the Valley of Oaxaca (500–100 B.C.) is widely recognized as a period of major political change, researchers have found it difficult to establish whether the key institutions of the Zapotec state emerged during this or the succeeding Monte Alban II period (100 B.C.–A.D. 200). Also unresolved has been the issue of when the three major subregions of the Oaxaca Valley (Etla, Tlacolula, Ocotlan/Zimatlan) all became integrated into a single polity under the rule of Monte Alban, the state capital. This paper presents recent theoretical and empirical contributions that have not yet been brought to bear on the problem of Monte Alban I. Concepts drawn from multilevel selection theory and evolutionary trend theory are utilized in an analysis of Oaxaca Valley regional settlement pattern data. The analysis provides a multilevel context for a discussion of recent survey and excavations at San Martin Tilcajete, the results of which are clarifying the sequence of institutional development in Oaxaca. Taken together, the regional analysis and the discoveries at Tilcajete indicate that: (1) the Zapotec state emerged during Late Monte Alban I (300–100 B.C.) in a context of intensifying competition—including violent conflict—among rival polities within the Oaxaca Valley; and (2) even though the early Zapotec state began a campaign of territorial expansion during Late Monte Alban I, political unification of all three major subregions of the Valley was not achieved until Monte Alban II.
The relationship between tumor MSLN methylation and serum mesothelin (SMRP) in mesothelioma.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remains a cancer of poor prognosis. It is hoped that implementation of effective screening biomarkers will lead to earlier diagnoses and improved outcomes. Serum-measured soluble mesothelin-related peptide (SMRP) has been demonstrated to have excellent specificity for MPM, but poor sensitivity precludes its use as a screening biomarker. Using a case series of MPM patients from the International Mesothelioma Program at the Brigham and Women's hospital, we sought to determine whether epigenetic change at the MSLN gene in patient tumors is responsible for the poor sensitivity of SMRP. We identified three potential target regions for CpG methylation silencing in the MSLN promoter, one of which was amenable to bisulfite pyrosequencing and located 214 bp upstream of the transcription start site. MSLN promoter methylation was significantly higher in normal pleura than tumor tissue (p < 6.0 × 10−9). Next, we compared cases according to serum SMRP status and observed that MSLN methylation was significantly higher among tumors from patients testing negative for SMRP (<1.5 nM) versus those that were SMRP positive (p < 0.03). These results demonstrate that MSLN is normally methylated in the pleura, and that methylation is lost in most tumors. However, in a subset of tumors methylation is retained, and this mechanism explains the poor sensitivity of the SMRP assay. These results may lead to additional biomarker targets that will resolve the poor sensitivity of the SMRP assay and allow implementation of screening among exposed populations.
Trends in the operative management of renal tumours over a 14-year period

OBJECTIVE To review the trends in the operative management of renal tumours over a 14-year period at a university hospital, as the therapeutic options available for treating renal tumours have increased over the past decade. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was a retrospective chart review of 1621 consecutive patients undergoing treatment for renal tumours from January 1991 to March 2005. The characteristics assessed included patient demographics, tumour size, operative duration and treatment. RESULTS During the study period, 624 (38.6%) open, 883 (54.6%) laparoscopic and 111 (6.7%) percutaneous approaches were performed. The number of renal tumours treated increased annually, as did the use of minimally invasive techniques (93.4% in 2005). Conversely, the number of open surgical treatments used declined both absolutely and proportionally. Over the study period, for tumours of ≤ 4 cm, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was the most common approach (41.0%). Percutaneous ablation has also made an impact as a treatment method for small tumours (13.8% in 2005). For tumours of >7 cm, open radical nephrectomy (ORN) was the most common method of treatment over all years. However, since 2002, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN) surgery has been increasingly used over ORN for treating this tumour group (73% LRN vs 19.2% ORN in 2004). CONCLUSION The available treatment options for renal tumours have increased significantly since the early 1990s. At a university hospital in which there are physicians with a specific interest in minimally invasive surgery and ablative treatments, minimally invasive approaches have become the standard treatment.
Holographic optical interconnect elements in an FFT processor

This paper discusses the use of diffractive optical elements for optical interconnection in digital computers. The demonstration of these elements, called holographic optical interconnect elements (HOIEs), in an FFT processor is described from three perspectives: system architecture, major enabling technology (smart pixel arrays and HOIEs), and component and system packaging. The FFT processor is based on free-space optical interconnects between a pair of smart pixel arrays, thereby using the advantages of free-space optics to realize the global connectivity requirements of the FFT algorithm. An emphasis is placed on the computer generated holographic elements that establish the free-space paths between the smart pixel arrays.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Heterospecific courtship and sequential mate choice in sister species of field crickets

During mate selection, females of most species encounter males sequentially and may use a variety of decision rules whereby the attractiveness of a current potential mate is affected by sampling of previous individuals. The perceived distribution of male quality might therefore affect female mate choice. Mate choice among closely related taxa may additionally be affected by a perceived rarity of conspecifics. Here we tested whether female mate choice in the field crickets Gryllus rubens and G. texensis is affected by prior experience with either conspecific or heterospecific males. Specifically, we tested whether female acceptance of conspecific or heterospecific males is influenced by prior exposure to a conspecific or heterospecific male. Our results indicate that there is a clear previous-male effect, but that it differs across species. When ‘high-quality’ (i.e. conspecific) males are common, females are predicted to prefer them. Gryllus texensis females matched this prediction by showing clear preferences for conspecific males after prior experience with them, but G. rubens females showed the opposite effect: they preferred heterospecific males after prior experience with conspecific males. When prior experience is manipulated such that ‘low-quality’ (i.e. heterospecific) males are encountered first, female choosiness should be relaxed. Females of both species fit this prediction and showed no preference for conspecific or heterospecific males after prior experience with a heterospecific male.
Risk of adult acute and chronic myeloid leukemia with cigarette smoking and cessation

Abstract Background Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for adult myeloid leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but less is known about the nature of this association and effects of smoking cessation on risk. Methods In a large population-based case–control study of myeloid leukemia that included 414 AML and 185 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cases and 692 controls ages 20–79 years, we evaluated risk associated with cigarette smoking and smoking cessation using unconditional logistic regression methods and cubic spline modeling. Results AML and CML risk increased with increasing cigarette smoking intensity in men and women. A monotonic decrease in AML risk was observed with increasing time since quitting, whereas for CML, the risk reduction was more gradual. For both AML and CML, among long-term quitters (≥30 years), risk was comparable to non-smokers. Conclusions Our study confirms the increased risk of myeloid leukemia with cigarette smoking and provides encouraging evidence of risk attenuation following cessation.
A dynamic network of transcription in LPS-treated human subjects.

Understanding the transcriptional regulatory networks that map out the coordinated dynamic responses of signaling proteins, transcription factors and target genes over time would represent a significant advance in the application of genome wide expression analysis. The primary challenge is monitoring transcription factor activities over time, which is not yet available at the large scale. Instead, there have been several developments to estimate activities computationally. For example, Network Component Analysis (NCA) is an approach that can predict transcription factor activities over time as well as the relative regulatory influence of factors on each target gene. In this study, we analyzed a gene expression data set in blood leukocytes from human subjects administered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a prototypical inflammatory challenge, in the context of a reconstructed regulatory network including 10 transcription factors, 99 target genes and 149 regulatory interactions. We found that the computationally estimated activities were well correlated to their coordinated action. Furthermore, we found that clustering the genes in the context of regulatory influences greatly facilitated interpretation of the expression data, as clusters of gene expression corresponded to the activity of specific factors or more interestingly, factor combinations which suggest coordinated regulation of gene expression. The resulting clusters were therefore more biologically meaningful, and also led to identification of additional genes under the same regulation. Using NCA, we were able to build a network that accounted for between 8–11% genes in the known transcriptional response to LPS in humans. The dynamic network illustrated changes of transcription factor activities and gene expressions as well as interactions of signaling proteins, transcription factors and target genes.
Women's patterns of exercise following cardiac rehabilitation.

Background Studies of long-term exercise maintenance after an acute cardiac event have been conducted almost exclusively with men, and the findings cannot be generalized to women. Objectives The aim of this study was to identify women's exercise patterns and adherence to recommended exercise maintenance after a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program. Method Forty women who had a myocardial infarction or had undergone coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery were recruited through convenience sampling immediately after completion of a phase II CR program. Exercise frequency, duration, and intensity were measured using wristwatch heart rate (HR) monitors during exercise for 3 months. Results Results indicated that 12 of 40 (30%) women exercised five times or fewer during the 3-month study period. Only 11 women (27.5%) exercised three or more times per week. Women exercised an average of 5.2 sessions within their target HR during the entire study period. Maintenance of exercise dropped consistently during the course of the study. Although 83% of the participating women started exercising during the first month, after 1 month one third of the participants had stopped exercising. During the last week of the study, only 50% of the women were still exercising. Conclusions These findings indicate the women are exercising well below the recommended guidelines for exercise after acute cardiac events.
The Elementary Science Teaching Rationale (STR): Analysis via a Preservice Teacher Self-Report Instrument.

This paper represents Part I* of a two-part study examining preservice teachers’ development of a personalized, research-based Science Teaching Rationale (STR). Researchers have historically documented the application of the “rationale paper” (Clough, 1992; Veronesi, 1998) using qualitative methodologies. Since the rationale paper continues to receive attention at conferences (e.g., at the annual conference of the Association for the Education of Teachers in Science) and grow in popularity as a term assignment among science educators, further study was warranted. This quantitatively dominant study, using the “Self-Report Instrument for the STR,” is the first work of its kind on the STR. It adds to the body of understanding regarding its impact on the thinking and dispositions toward science teaching of preservice elementary teachers. Discussion on development, implications, and elements of instrument reliability and validity are included.
Drug Diffusion through Cystic Fibrotic Mucus: Steady-State Permeation, Rheologic Properties, and Glycoprotein Morphology

One manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF) is the presence of a viscid mucus secretion in the lungs. The clearance of this mucus is significantly slower than in “normals” due to uncoordinated beating of the cilia and the increased viscosity of the mucus. In these studies, the permeabilities of p-aminosalicylic acid, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide through unpurified CF respiratory mucus and through purified pig gastric mucus solutions were compared in order to evaluate the relative barrier properties of these mucus solutions. These model compounds, while not often used clinically in CF, are used in other pulmonary diseases and have the potential to be administered by inhalation delivery systems. Permeability studies were carried out in Side-Bi-Side diffusion cells fitted with a custom membrane holder capable of retaining the mucus solutions. Permeabilities through CF mucus solution and its fractions were compared to those measured through buffer and reconstituted purified pig gastric mucus. There were 28–75% decreases in drug permeability when pig gastric mucus was replaced by different CF mucus solutions. This indicates that optimal drug delivery directly to the lungs must take into account the decreased drug transport rate across diseased mucus in addition to drug loss due to drug binding to the glycoproteins or inefficient delivery via aerosolization. Transmission electron microscopy revealed minor differences in the glycoprotein strand structure between reconstituted pig gastric mucus and CF mucus primarily with regard to glycoprotein chain length and extent of branching. Similar viscoelastic behaviors between the CF gel fraction and synthetic CF mucus were observed. This model CF mucus system can simulate diseased mucus and can be utilized for in vitro studies to optimize drug permeability.
Agronomic and Quality Attributes of Winter Durum Wheat in the Central Great Plains

Most durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) in the USA is spring type grown in North Dakota, Montana, and Arizona. Winter durums are becoming available, and they are expected to have a major advantage because of their inherently higher yield potential than spring wheats. Our objectives were to evaluate adaptation of winter durum wheat to Kansas in the central Great Plains, identify agronomic traits that needed improvement, and determine the quality of the grain for pasta. Experimental lines (28) were compared with Maier, a spring durum cultivar, and Jagger, a popular hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar, at three Kansas locations during the 2000-2001 growing season. Severe winter injury occurred at one location; at the other locations, yields of winter durums ranged from 2.97 to 5.25 and 0.50 to 6.24 Mg ha -1 compared with 0.65 and 5.18 Mg ha -1 for Maier and 6.35 and 6.33 Mg ha -1 for Jagger. Agronomic characteristics (plant height, lodging, biomass, and harvest index), yield components (spike density, kernels per spike, kernel weight), and quality traits (SDS sedimentation, protein concentration, hardness index) were generally favorable and indicated potential for high yields of high quality grain by the winter durums. The major deficiencies of the winter durums were inadequate winter hardiness, which ranged widely and could be remedied by breeding, and late maturity, which might be more difficult to redress because of lack of variability among the lines. We concluded that winter durum wheat is a promising crop for the central Great Plains, but some deficiencies must be corrected for it to be adapted to the region.
Charged F-aggregate centers in NaCl

Abstract Data is presented for NaCl which identifies the absorption and emission bands of the M+, R+ and M1 centers. The transitions for the M+ and R+ centers differ from those formerly attributed to these defects.
125 I-labeled anti-2, 4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-antibodies: A universal reagent for solid phase radioimmunoassays

Abstract Solid phase radioimmunoassays (RIA) were developed in which 125 I-labeled antibodies to individual antigens were replaced by dinitrophenylated antibodies. The antigen-bound antibodies were quantitated by measuring the subseguent attachment of 125 I-labeled anti-DNP. The described RIA has the following advantages: (1) A single radiolabeled antibody is used in all tests; (2) introduction of DNP groups into the primary antibodies leads to amplified radioactive tracer binding and (3) the necessity to purify each antibody immunochemically is eliminated.
From Every Tongue a Several Tale

Book reviewed in this article: Satya P. Mohanty, Literary Theory and the Claims of History: Postmodernism, Objectivity, Multicultural Politics
Joint Role of Industry, Technology and Society in Modal Shift

Over 150 years ago engineers dealt with the technological development of heavy industry and its organization to meet society needs. During the past 25 years the issue of reducing environmental impact from technology has opened new engineering challenges. One is the modal shift from trucks on roads to trucks being loaded on coastal ships. Industry, technology and society has created a number of possibilities for realizing the modal shift. The pressure of economics is forcing the industry to seek cost reduction while the technology of high speed marine transport is developing to the point where a number of high speed ships can be utilized. Finally the social concerns of the environment and air pollution is impacting the expansion of current truck operations. The presentation shows the modal shift offers both economic benefits as well as reduction of the environmental impact.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Cleft Palate in a Mouse Model of SOX2 Haploinsufficiency.

Objective: While SEX-determining region Y-Box 2 (SOX2) mutations are typically recognized as yielding ocular and central nervous system abnormalities, they have also been associated with other craniofacial defects. To elucidate the genesis of the latter, Sox2 hypomorphic (Sox2HYP) mice were examined, with particular attention to secondary palatal development. Results: Clefts of the secondary palate were found to be highly penetrant in Sox2HYP mice. The palatal clefting occurred in the absence of mandibular hypoplasia and resulted from delayed or failed shelf elevation. Conclusions: Sox2 hypomorphism can result in clefting of the secondary palate, an effect that appears to be independent of mandibular hypoplasia and is thus expected to result from an abnormality that is inherent to the palatal shelves and/or their progenitor tissues. Further clinical attention relative to SOX2 mutations as a basis for secondary palatal clefts appears warranted.
A Study of the Velocities of H + Ions Formed in Hydrogen by Dissociation Following Electron Impact

An apparatus is described which is suitable for a study of the velocity distribution of ions formed by single electron impact Electrons, confined to a narrow beam by a magnetic field, pass along the axis of two coaxial cylinders, ionize the gas, and are collected by a trap. The thick, inner cylinder, which is slotted, serves to allow only ions moving perpendicularly to the electron beam to pass to the outer collecting cylinder. A retarding voltage is applied between the cylinders. A study of the positive ion current collected as a function of the retarding voltage permits a determination of the velocity distribution of the ions. The above method is employed in a study of hydrogen.Velocity distribution of ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions formed by electron impact in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. Theory shows that when the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule is ionized by electron impact, it may prove unstable and dissociate into ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+H (or H\ensuremath{'}) or into ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ if two electrons have been removed. The ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions thus formed possess kinetic energy. The ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions coming from dissociation into ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+H should occur at minimum electron velocities of about 27 to 40 volts, possessing roughly 5 to 11 volts velocity; while the ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions resulting from removal of two electrons occur at minimum electron velocities of 46 to 56 volts, possessing 7.5 to 12.5 volts velocity. In agreement with the predictions of the theory it was found that the velocities of those ions resulting from dissociation into ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+H and ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$+${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ together with the minimum velocities necessary to produce them satisfy linear relationships.
Global optimization of a MINLP process synthesis model for thermochemical based conversion of hybrid coal, biomass, and natural gas to liquid fuels

Abstract A global optimization framework is proposed for a thermochemical based process superstructure to produce a novel hybrid energy refinery which will convert carbon-based feedstocks (i.e., coal, biomass, and natural gas) to liquid transportation fuels. The mathematical model for process synthesis includes simultaneous heat, power, and water integration and is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization (MINLP) problem with nonconvex functions. The MINLP model is large-scale and includes 15,439 continuous variables, 30 binary variables, 15,406 equality constraints, 230 inequality constraints, and 335 nonconvex terms. The nonconvex terms arise from 274 bilinear terms, 1 quadrilinear term, and 60 concave cost functions. The proposed framework utilizes piecewise linear underestimators for the nonconvex terms to provide tight relaxations when calculating the lower bound. The bilinear terms are relaxed using a partitioning scheme that depends logarithmically on the number of binary variables, while the concave functions are relaxed using a linear partitioning scheme. The framework was tested on twelve case studies featuring three different plant capacities and four different feedstock-carbon conversion percentages and is able to solve each study to within a 3.22–8.56% optimality gap after 100 CPU hours. For 50% feedstock carbon conversion, the proposed global optimization framework shows that the break-even oil prices for liquid fuels production are $61.36/bbl for the small case study, $60.45/bbl for the medium case study, and $55.43/bbl for the large case study, while the corresponding efficiencies are 73.9%, 70.5%, and 70.1%, respectively.
Phase separation in In0.3Ga0.7As epitaxial layers

Abstract The cross sections of (001) superlattices consisting of five periods of In 0.3 Ga 0.7 As and GaAs layers 10 nm thick and grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. Results indicate that In 0.3 Ga 0.7 As layers are phase separated, but not atomically ordered. It is argued that the enhanced performance and reliability of GaAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum-well lasers could be due to the presence of phase-separated regions in the quantum well.
Age-dependent rate of anaplastic transformation in low-grade astrocytoma

Article abstract Age and histologic grade are interrelated characteristics of diffuse fibrillary astrocytomas, because the peak age incidence rises with increasing grade. The relationship between age and grade may be explained if age determines the rate of anaplastic progression in astrocytomas. The authors tested this hypothesis by determining the interval between diagnosis of low-grade astrocytoma and progression to high-grade astrocytoma in patients of various ages. A two-way scatterplot of age at initial diagnosis versus interval to anaplastic progression demonstrated a strong negative correlation (n = 24; Pearson correlation coefficient = −0.83; Spearman correlation coefficient = −0.79; p
Bacteriuria in elderly female subjects

Bacteriuria in elderly female subjects is diagnosed by the finding of ⩾105 CFU/ml of the same organism in a pure growth in two consecutive voided urine samples. Recent work has shown that screening tests for bacteriuria can be accurately used in elderly subjects. The prevalence of bacteriuria in elderly subjects is much higher than that in younger subjects, a finding which is due to a number of factors including changes in immunity, a higher prevalence of structural abnormalities of the genitourinary tract and changes in periurethral bacterial colonization. The presence of bacteriuria in elderly subjects correlates poorly with the presence of urinary symptoms but is associated with increased functional dependence. The mangement of bacteriuria in elderly subjects remains controversial and is discussed on the basis of balancing the potential benefits of treatment against the possible adverse effects of such treatment. Possible treatment regimes are discussed.
Casey Perin’s The Demands of Reason

The Demands of Reason: An Essay on Pyrrhonian Scepticism. By Casey Perin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Pp. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-955790-5.