cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Possible Superfluidity of a System of Strongly Interacting Fermions

The possible superfluidity of a system interacting fermions in investigated on the assumption that an adequate description of the system in its normal'' state is griven by independent fermions in a momentum-dependent potential. On the basis of this assumption we have investigated whether a correlated wave function of the form used by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer minimizes the ground-state energy. The nonzero terms in the expectation value of the Hamiltonian contain the modified kinetic energy and the full two-body potential between the fermion pairs. An integral equation is obtained in configuration space for the correlation function between pairs. This integral equation is meaningful even for potentials with hard cores and a nonzero solution implies the existence of a superfluid state. A variational method is devised which provides a criterion for superfluidity and a lower bound for the transition temperature into the superfluid state. It is found that a repulsive hard core does not in principle forbid the existence of a superfiuid state, but whereas in the absence of a hard core an attractive two-body potential always leads to a superfiuid state at sufficiently low temperatures, in the presence of a repulsive core there appears to be a critical strength ofmore » attraction needed to form a superfluid state. When the variational principle is applied to liquid He/sup 3/ or to nuclear matter, it ia found for a wide class of trial functions that the system does not become a superfluid. (auth)« less
Idaho Explosives Detection System

The Idaho Explosives Detection System was developed at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to respond to threats imposed by delivery trucks potentially carrying explosives into military bases. A full-scale prototype system has been built and is currently undergoing testing. The system consists of two racks, one on each side of a subject vehicle. Each rack includes a neutron generator and an array of NaI detectors. The two neutron generators are pulsed and synchronized. A laptop computer controls the entire system. The control software is easily operable by minimally trained staff. The system was developed to detect explosives in a medium size truck within a 5-min measurement time. System performance was successfully demonstrated with explosives at the INL in June 2004 and at Andrews Air Force Base in July 2004.
Anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Part I: general considerations and spinal anesthesia.

According to Greek mythology, the first legendary cesarean section was the delivery of Asklepios, the physician, by his father, Apollo, from the womb of the dead Koronis.’ Numa Pompilius, the second legendary king of Rome in the 8th century BC established a law of postmortem sections.’ In 715 BC the Lex Regis de Inferendo Mortus mandated that ‘if a pregnant woman dies, the offspring be cut out as quickly as possible.” Therefore the birth of Julius Caesar in 100 BC is unrelated to the origin of this practice. as it is known from Caesar’s own writings that his mother was still alive when he was 48 years old.’ It is written that Pope Gregory XIV, and possibly King Edward VI were born by postmortem cesarean section.3 The term ‘Cesarean’ is derived from the latin verb, caedere, ‘to cut’ and its derivative, cuesuru, a cut or pause in a line or verse. The word ‘section’ is also derived from the latin word secare, ‘to cut.’ Therefore the term ‘cesarean section’ is a tautology.4 The appropriate nomenclature for this procedure is ‘cesarean delivery’. The first documented successful cesarean delivery on a living woman occurred in 1500. It was performed by a Swiss swine gelder, Jacob Nufer, on his own wife.‘,’ The mother survived and subsequently gave birth to four other children and a set of twins vaginally.’ On November 27, 1793, James Barlow6*’ a Lancashire surgeon, performed the first successful cesarean delivery in the UK. Cause for cesarean delivery was failure to progress in a parturient who had previously sustained a crush injury to her pelvis. The parturient was described as a woman of great fortitude whom received no anesthesia for the pro-
Using concept maps in a nurse internship program.

Concept maps are visual representations of how information is interrelated. This innovative educational tool encourages participants to focus on the whole picture and not just on limited parts. This article provides an example of how concept maps were used for assessing knowledge and critical thinki
SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CODEINE AND ITS METABOLITE IN URINE AND PLASMA BY LC/UV AND LC/MS USING MIXED-MODE CATION EXCHANGE FOR SAMPLE PREPARATION

Novel mixed-mode cation exchange (MCX) and HPLC methods were developed to determine codeine and its metabolite from human urine and porcine plasma. For sample cleanup, spiked sample solutions were acidified followed by a well-thought-out MCX method using 3 cc, 60 mg Oasis® MCX cartridges. In this MCX method, there is no need to condition and to equilibrate the sorbent; the sample is loaded directly onto the sorbent. Recoveries from human urine and porcine plasma matrices were greater than 87% with RSDs less than 5.4%. For the HPLC analysis, the separation was obtained using a Symmetry® C18 column with a simple mobile phase of 0.05% TFA/acetonitrile/methanol at 90:5:5. Good peak shapes were obtained without the need of addition of any competing reagent to the mobile phase.
The potential role of tissue factor in regulating haemostasis, thrombosis and angiogenesis in human endometrium

Decidual cells prevent peri-implantational endometrical bleedingDuring the menstrual cycle, the concerted effects of estradiol (E2) and progesterone induce human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) to undergo decidualization, the collection of morphological, proliferative and biochemical changes that transforms stromal cells to decidual cells. In the luteal phase, progesterone initiates E2-primed HESCs to decidualize around blood vessels. Under continued progesterone stimulation, decidualization spreads throughout the late luteal phase and gestational endometrium. Among species with a haemochorial placenta, human trophoblasts are the most intrinsically invasive and human endometrium undergoes the most extensive decidualization reaction. Implanting blastocyst-derived syncytiotrophoblasts breach endometrial blood vessels embedded in a matrix of decidual cells. This invasive process institutes the primordial uteroplacental circulation, and provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients. That it risks bleeding is clear from the phenomenon of chemical pregnancy, in which trophoblast-derived human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) appears transiently in the maternal blood followed by localized decidual bleeding. After endovascular invasion by syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous cytotrophoblasts penetrate uterine spiral arteries and initiate the morphological changes that lead to increased intervillous blood flow. The occurrence of decidual haemorrhage during this period is associated with spontaneous abortion, abruption and preterm birth. Ectopic pregnancies are most frequently complicated by haemorrhage in primate species lacking a true decidua, thus underscoring the importance of decidual cells in preventing uterine bleeding.
Sarcoidal alopecia as a mimic of discoid lupus erythematosus

Cicatricial alopecia presents a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. In particular, lesions of cutaneous sarcoidosis of the scalp may resemble discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE). We report two cases of sarcoidal alopecia originally thought to represent DLE scarring plaques of the scalp. A subsequent histopathologic diagnosis of sarcoidal alopecia was made. These cases highlight the importance of making the correct diagnosis of sarcoidal alopecia versus DLE so that a patient can receive the correct work-up and definitive treatment. These cases illustrate the fact that there should be a low threshold for biopsy of cicatricial plaques on the scalp.
A new formation process for calcic pendants from Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, USA, and implication for dating Quaternary landforms

It has been assumed that soil pendants form in a similar manner as stalactites, in which innermost laminae are the oldest and outer laminae are the youngest. This study presents a new interpretation for soil pendant development. Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, pendants contain features indicating continued precipitation through time at the clast–pendant contact, implying that the oldest deposits are not always found at the pendant–clast contact, as other studies have assumed. These features include a void at the clast–pendant contact where minerals such as calcium carbonate, silica, and/or fibrous silicate clays precipitate. In addition, fragments of the parent clast and detrital grains are incorporated into the pendant and are displaced and/or dissolved and result in the formation of sepiolite. This study indicates that pendants are complex, open systems that during and after their formation undergo chemical changes that complicate their usefulness for dating and paleoenvironmental analyses.
A floating-body charge monitoring technique for partially depleted SOI technology

This paper presents a floating-body charge monitoring technique, which does not require the use of body contacts on the device being monitored. A charge monitor is placed along side with the circuit that is susceptible to the floating-body effects in partially depleted (PD) SOI CMOS circuits. It mimics the circuit topology and operating history of a concerned circuit, specifically the worst-case body voltage of the critical device(s) under consideration. The monitoring is achieved by intentionally triggering a parasitic bipolar current pulse and setting the a state recording latch, which subsequently activates the speed recovering circuitry that compensates the loss of performance at critical circuit nets due to the presence of parasitic bipolar current. Implementation examples are given and described. This technique restores performance and improves timing robustness of the MUX-type and SRAM bit line circuits by minimizing the delay degradation or variation from parasitic bipolar currents.
The scintillation process in three-component systems: The luminescence minimum revisited

The scintillation yield from the three-component system C + B + T, where T is the scintillation solute, is studied as a function of the electron fraction of component B for both β--particle excitation and for optical excitation of C both below and above its ionization threshold. When C = cyclohexane and T = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine, deep minima (20–40%) are observed when B = benzene under all excitation conditions, and much shallower minima (⋍5%) are observed when B = toluene and then only for β--particle excitation and excitation above the ionization threshold of C. Analysis of these results indicates that the production of S1 states of B (i.e. B∗) via either energy transfer from electronically excited C or via charge transfer from C+ followed by B+ + e- → B∗ is intrinsically inefficient in dilute cyclohexane solutions. For B = benzene this inefficiency resides mainly in the electronic energy-transfer process and for toluene in the ion recombination process. When C = benzene (or toluene) and B = toluene (or p-xylene) with T = diphenyloxazole (10-3 M), very shallow minima (<3%) are observed under β--particle excitation. The analysis of these results illustrates the inadequacy of previous theories of the luminescence minima.
Fluorescence lifetime tomography of turbid media based on an oxygen-sensitive dye

We present for the first time experimental images of fluorescence lifetime distribution using model-based reconstruction. The lifetime distribution in our phantom experiments was realized through using an oxygen-sensitive dye [Sn(IV)Chlorin-e6-Cl2-3Na (SCCN)] whose lifetime varied with the oxygen concentration provided in the target and background media. The fluorescence tomographic data was obtained using our multi-channel frequency-domain system. Spatial maps of fluorescence lifetime were achieved with a finite element based reconstruction algorithm.
Fast patient‐specific Monte Carlo brachytherapy dose calculations via the correlated sampling variance reduction technique

Purpose: To demonstrate potential of correlated sampling Monte Carlo (CMC) simulation to improve the calculation efficiency for permanent seed brachytherapy (PSB) implants without loss of accuracy. Methods: CMC was implemented within an in-house MC code family (PTRAN) and used to compute 3D dose distributions for two patient cases: a clinical PSB postimplant prostate CT imaging study and a simulated post lumpectomy breast PSB implant planned on a screening dedicated breast cone-beam CT patient exam. CMC tallies the dose difference, {Delta}D, between highly correlated histories in homogeneous and heterogeneous geometries. The heterogeneous geometry histories were derived from photon collisions sampled in a geometrically identical but purely homogeneous medium geometry, by altering their particle weights to correct for bias. The prostate case consisted of 78 Model-6711 {sup 125}I seeds. The breast case consisted of 87 Model-200 {sup 103}Pd seeds embedded around a simulated lumpectomy cavity. Systematic and random errors in CMC were unfolded using low-uncertainty uncorrelated MC (UMC) as the benchmark. CMC efficiency gains, relative to UMC, were computed for all voxels, and the mean was classified in regions that received minimum doses greater than 20%, 50%, and 90% of D{sub 90}, as well as for various anatomical regions. Results: Systematic errorsmore » in CMC relative to UMC were less than 0.6% for 99% of the voxels and 0.04% for 100% of the voxels for the prostate and breast cases, respectively. For a 1 x 1 x 1 mm{sup 3} dose grid, efficiency gains were realized in all structures with 38.1- and 59.8-fold average gains within the prostate and breast clinical target volumes (CTVs), respectively. Greater than 99% of the voxels within the prostate and breast CTVs experienced an efficiency gain. Additionally, it was shown that efficiency losses were confined to low dose regions while the largest gains were located where little difference exists between the homogeneous and heterogeneous doses. On an AMD 1090T processor, computing times of 38 and 21 sec were required to achieve an average statistical uncertainty of 2% within the prostate (1 x 1 x 1 mm{sup 3}) and breast (0.67 x 0.67 x 0.8 mm{sup 3}) CTVs, respectively. Conclusions: CMC supports an additional average 38-60 fold improvement in average efficiency relative to conventional uncorrelated MC techniques, although some voxels experience no gain or even efficiency losses. However, for the two investigated case studies, the maximum variance within clinically significant structures was always reduced (on average by a factor of 6) in the therapeutic dose range generally. CMC takes only seconds to produce an accurate, high-resolution, low-uncertainly dose distribution for the low-energy PSB implants investigated in this study.« less
Loss of rhythmic activity in female ants caused by mating.

Abstract 1. 1. Females of Veromessor pergandei , which fly at a certain time each day, had previously been shown to be rhythmic also in the laboratory, but relatively arrhythmic and inactive after mating flight and wing shedding. Which factor causes these changes? 2. 2. Unmated females of Pogonomyrmex californicus were allowed to fly, others had their wings removed and others were allowed to fly and mate. Only the last became arrhythmic and less active like control wingless females from the field. 3. 3. The changes were obvious only in groups of females proved by dissection to have actually mated. 4. 4. This rhythmic-arrhythmic system, with its abrupt transition, could prove of value in elucidating a mechanism or pathway involved in rhythmicity.
The complement system in rheumatoid synovitis. II. Intracytoplasmic inclusions of immunoglobulins and complement.

Synovial fluid leukocytes from patients with seropositive and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative joint disease were examined by immunofluorescence for deposition of γG, γA, γM, γG1, γG2, γG3, γG4, C1q, C4, C3, rheumatoid factor, and albumin. The pattern of immunoglobulin and complement deposition, particularly in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis fluids with low complement levels, was consistent with activation of the complement system and phagocytosis of immune complexes.
First Onset of Depressive or Anxiety Disorders Predicted by the Longitudinal Course of Internalizing Symptoms and Parent-Adolescent Disagreements

Background Growing evidence indicates that anxiety and depressive disorder onset may involve a prodromal buildup of symptoms. Also, stressful life events may precipitate gradual symptom increase, leading to the development of full-blown disorders. This study used prospective longitudinal data to examine the theory that, over time, stressful events, such as parent-adolescent disagreements, influence the longitudinal course of adolescents' internalizing symptoms, which in turn predict first onset of a depressive or anxiety disorder. Methods A community sample of 303 families with an adolescent aged 12 or 13 years in year 1 provided repeated measures of parent-adolescent disagreements and adolescents' internalizing symptoms over 3 and 4 years, respectively. At age 19 or 20 years, the adolescents were assessed for anxiety and depressive disorders using structured interviews based on DSM-III-R criteria. The hypothesized associations were estimated using latent growth curve modeling procedures. Results Year 1 parent-adolescent disagreements predicted year 1 adolescents' internalizing symptoms, and changes in disagreements from year 1 to year 3 predicted changes in internalizing symptoms from year 1 to year 4. Both the year 1 level and changes in symptoms predicted internalizing disorder onset in years 4 through 7, and both the year 1 level and changes in disagreements indirectly predicted disorder onset. Conclusions Among adolescents, persistent or escalating stressful events, such as disagreements with parents, indirectly increase the risk for internalizing disorder onset through their direct association with high or increasing symptom levels. Chronically high or increasing symptom levels directly increase risk for internalizing disorder.
What happened at the first American writers’ congress? Kenneth Burke's “revolutionary symbolism in America”

Abstract Burke's famous performance at the First American Writers’ Congress in 1935 should be understood in relation to its occasion. The Congress was held to enlist the services of writers in creating a broad Popular Front, or People's Front, to encourage social change, so Burke's recommendation that “the people”; ought to be substituted for “the worker”; in Communist Party symbolism—that “propaganda by inclusion”; ought to succeed “propaganda by exclusion “—was actually in moderate keeping with the Congress’ broad aim. Though his recommendation was resisted by some, Burke was actually not so much marginalized by the Congress as identified with its controversies.
Crash injury loss: The effect of speed, weight and crash configuration

Crash injury prediction models are developed for major crash configurations using data from in depth crash investigations. Analysis of these models demonstrates the positive contribution of higher impact velocity to crash injury, especially for head on and side impact crashes. An increase of the proportion of smaller cars is not predicted to substantially increase overall crash injury. The other injury predictor variables are crash configuration, occupant age, seating position, and restraint usage.
Infection in ventricular assist devices: the role of biofilm ☆

Ventricular assist devices improve hemodynamics in patients with heart failure, but like most implantable medical devices, they are prone to infection; organisms that are adept at forming biofilm cause most of these. Biofilm confers many advantages to the organisms, including protecting them against natural host defenses and antimicrobial therapies. This review will focus on the mechanisms of biofilm formation, including quorum sensing and subsequent changes in microbial gene and protein expression. Novel therapies targeting these processes, as well as improvements in device design and clinical management, have begun to emerge and will aid in the management of these recalcitrant infections.
Towards a better understanding of life

A grasshopper finds itself constantly bumping into other grasshoppers. Consequently, when she lays her eggs, she puts a chemical in the egg foam that induces the developing brood to be sociable and to develop a bright warning coloration. They brood will grow up to be quite distinct and unlike their unfriendly, cryptically-colored parents. Inchworm caterpillars that feed on oak catkins take on the appearance of oak catkins, in contrast to their oak-leaf eating, oak-leaf mimicking siblings. These remarkable examples of phenotypic plasticity in insects are two of the myriad case studies used in this volume to present the significance of the potential for a single genotype to exhibit a range of phenotypes in response to environmental variation.
Application of radiation sources to simulate the radiation environment in low earth orbit: results on optoelectronic devices for International Space Station

Abstract There is a trend toward evaluating the space worthiness of electronic devices under conditions that simulate the intended operating environment of the spacecraft as much as possible. We briefly discuss simulation of space radiation environments using various ground based radiation sources. As a specific example, we present the radiation evaluation of two optoelectronic devices to be used on the International Space Station under proton irradiation designed to simulate the low earth orbit environment.
Frequency shaping compensation for backstepping sliding mode control

Abstract In this paper, dynamic sliding surface design combined with recursive backstepping algorithm is introduced. The high frequency, high amplitude chattering effects associated with high gain properties of the backstepping algorithm are eliminated by using compensator dynamics introduced in sliding mode through a class of switching surfaces which has the interpretation of linear operators.
The Influence of P. A. Florensky on N. N. Luzin

Abstract The study of the early history of the Moscow school of the theory of functions has been greatly enhanced by the discovery of correspondence between one of its founders, N. N. Luzin, and the priest, theologian, philosopher, and scientist P. A. Florensky. The correspondence reveals that Luzin experienced a profound spiritual crisis in 1905 when his materialist worldview collapsed. This crisis continued for three years and was finally resolved when Luzin had a decisive encounter with the religious philosophy of Florensky. After this, Luzin's interest in mathematics gradually revived until he was able, by 1909, to commit himself to a career in mathematics. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. Les etudes concernant l'histoire des debuts de l'ecole moscovite de la theorie des functions ont ete grandement eclairees par la decouverte d'une correspondance entre l'un de ses fondateurs, N. N. Luzin, et P. A. Florenski, un pretre, theologien, philosophe, et savant. Cette correspondance revele que Luzin a traverse une crise spirituelle profonde a partir de 1905, lorsque sa perspective materialiste du monde s'est effondree. Cette crise a dure trois ans, et a trouve sa resolution dans la rencontre decisive de Luzin avec la philosophie religieuse de Florenski. Par la suite, l'interet de Luzin pour les mathematiques s'est progressivement ravive, jusqu'a ce qu'il soit en mesure de decider, en 1909, de consacrer sa vie aux mathematiques. Copyright 1998 Academic Press. [formula] Copyright 1998 Academic Press. MSC 1991 subject classification: 01A30, 01A60, 01A80, 03-03
The searchlight problem with isotropic scattering

Abstract A solution to Chandrasekhar's searchlight problem with isotropic scattering is presented for semi-infinite and finite geometries. The scattering and transmission functions for the Fourier components of intensity are given by expressions analogous to those of the plane-parallel case, except that the physical domain of the variable ζ, which replaces the usual direction cosine, is now the circular region |ζ 1 2 | ≤ 1 2 in the complex plane, and also that the corresponding H-, X-, and Y-functions now depend on a scalar wave number. Nonlinear integral equations for H, X and Y are derived, and numerical methods for computing these functions are given by means of the kernel approximation method.
The Effect of Carbamazepine on Cocaine Use

Thirty-five chronic cocaine users were offered carbamazepine in an open clinical trial as an adjunct to outpatient treatment for cocaine dependence. Nine patients refused ongoing carbamazepine treatment, 23 decreased their cocaine use from 65/100 days pretreatment to 2.8/100 days with treatment (2,562 days at risk, and 13 had a reduction from 78.1/200 days pretreatment to 35.2/100 days with treatment (2,790 total days at risk). The 9 carbamazepine refusers had virtually no change in their cocaine use. me degree of patient compliance with carbamazepine intake correlated directly with decreased cocaine use and with lowered craving intensity, frequency, and duration.
The Experience of High-Risk Pregnancy

Objective To describe the experience of high-risk pregnancy from the perspectives of mothers and fathers. Design A naturalistic inquiry using selected grounded-theory techniques. Setting Interviews occurred within the hospital. Participants A sample of 21 parents who experienced high-risk pregnancy and the birth of a preterm infant. Main Outcome Measures Responses and management of responses to high-risk pregnancy. Results Emotional responses to high-risk pregnancy were (a)vulnerability—the realization that pregnancy outcome was at risk, (b)heightened anxiety—the transition from normal activities to bed rest and hospitalization, and (c)inevitability—the imminent premature delivery of an infant with a guarded prognosis. Conclusions These findings have relevance for perinatal nurses. Nurses who have knowledge of the emotional responses parents experience during high-risk pregnancy can provide supportive care to these individuals.
Identification of novel sources of resistance to Pea enation mosaic virus in chickpea germplasm

Chickpea can be seriously affected by Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA and other areas of the world. Use of pesticides to manage PEMV vector transmission is ineffective and PEMV-resistant chickpeas have not been identified. Therefore, the Cicer core collection consisting of 499 wild Plant Introduction (PI) accessions and improved cultivars representing 25 countries and two chickpea phenotypes (Desi and Kabuli) was evaluated for resistance to PEMV based on a1t o 5s cale where 1 =s ymptomless and 5 =s evere mosaic and stunting. Eight accessions were considered resistant to PEMV based on mean disease severity values equal to or less than 1AE 9i n repeated greenhouse tests. All of the resistant accessions to PEMV were of the Desi type and all originated from Iran or India. PI 450763 was the only Kabuli accession that demonstrated tolerance to PEMV. PEMV resistance was not detected in commercial chickpea cultivars or advanced breeding lines currently grown in the USA and Canada. This is the first report of chickpea germplasm with resistance to PEMV.
Measurement of the porous microstructure of hydrogels by nuclear magnetic resonance

Abstract A method is described for using measurements of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation times in hydrogels to obtain pore radius distribution profiles in a rapid and noninvasive fashion. Data for spin-lattice relaxation times of the water in the gel are interpreted by using the "magnetization-diffusion" equation that has been used previously for similar measurements in porous glass, sandstones and wood pulp. To account for the fibrous microstructure of hydrogels, a fiber-cell model is introduced and used to demonstrate the existence of a "fast-diffusion" limit, in which NMR relaxation is exponential with a single time constant. It is demonstrated that agar, agarose, and polyacrylamide gels easily satisfy the criterion for fast diffusion, and the model is used to calculate pore-size distributions for those materials. This technique will prove very valuable for real-time, noninvasive monitoring of variations in microstructure occurring over length scales of approximately 100 μm in both synthetic gels and many foods.
Basic theory of the isochronous storage ring laser

Abstract The use of an isochronous storage ring as the electron source for a higher power, high efficiency free electron laser is proposed. Electrons can be trapped in the optical potential wells in such a system, where they couple energy directly from the radio frequency accelerating cavity into the optical frequency laser beam with negligible losses. The conditions for the existence of such traps are derived, as well as the dependence of their size and shape on the laser parameters and the deviations from isochronism in the arc of the storage ring. The results of a numerical stimulation extend the analytic results to the general case of large phase advance. The optimization of the laser parameters is discussed with the aid of a numerical example of the performance assuming a design which can be realized in practice.
Study of the application of atomic fluorescence spectrometry to the direct determination of mercury and cadmium in the atmosphere.

Abstract An attempt was made to use atomic fluorescence as a technique for the direct determination of mercury and cadmium in the ambient atmosphere. A hot carbon bed was used for the reduction of metals to free atoms. Results showed that carbon monoxide formed in the bed acted as a severe quenching agent and that nitrogen also was a quenching agent, although less severe. This changed the sensitivity of the technique to concentration levels above that normally encountered for these metals in air. The technique is unsuitable for the direct determination of metals in air.
An improved synthesis and selective coupling of a hydroxy based photolabile linker for solid phase organic synthesis

Abstract Photolabile linkers have become an important orthogonal technique for substrate cleavage off the resin in solid-phase organic synthesis. Herein, we report an improved synthesis and selective coupling of a hydroxy based photolinker to a hydroxy based solid-phase resin, thereby removing the necessity for protection or on-resin manipulation.
Structure–function relationship of reduced cytochrome c probed by complete solution structure determination in 30% acetonitrile/water solution

The complete solution structure of ferrocytochrome c in 30% acetonitrile/70% water has been determined using high-field 1D and 2D 1H NMR methods and deposited in the Protein Data Bank with codes 1LC1 and 1LC2. This is the first time a complete solution protein structure has been determined for a protein in nonaqueous media. Ferrocyt c retains a native protein secondary structure (five α-helices and two omega loops) in 30% acetonitrile. H18 and M80 residues are the axial heme ligands, as in aqueous solution. Residues believed to be axial heme ligands in the alkaline-like conformers of ferricyt c, specifically H33 and K72, are positioned close to the heme iron. The orientations of both heme propionates are markedly different in 30% acetonitrile/70% water. Comparative structural analysis of reduced cyt c in 30% acetonitrile/70% water solution with cyt c in different environments has given new insight into the cyt c folding mechanism, the electron transfer pathway, and cell apoptosis.
Using Standard-Setting Data to Establish Cutoff Scores.

Is it enough to run the standard-setting panel and to stop? Once a panel has met or a contrasting group experiment has been conducted, do we have a cutoff score? On what basis might a proposed cutoff score be adjusted? Who should make the adjustment decision?
Party Organization at the Local Level: The Norfolk Sheriff'S Subscription of 1676

Organized political parties emerged in England in the latter half of the seventeenth century, and this development has drawn historians' attention for more than twenty years. Party structure and behaviour in parliament and party contests in the constituencies, especially as they existed in the reigns of William and Mary and Queen Anne, have received close scrutiny.1 Signs of party growth, of 'court' and 'opposition' in the house of commons, in fact appear quite early during the long tenure of Charles II's cavalier parliament.2 Evidence for parallel development in the localities, however, only emerges in the course of the exclusion crisis of i679-i68i, when a series of elections fought over issues of national importance mobilized voters as tories and whigs.3 Moreover, even at this time, party affiliations were fluid and often brief, a circumstance exacerbated by the first whig party's collapse after I6834 and perhaps accountable for historians' general neglect of local party in this period. The slow identification by historians of local party can partly be attributed to the complex interaction of personal rivalries and overtly political issues in local affairs from i66o through the i68os. This interpenetration has perhaps discouraged attempts to decipher in the counties the electoral contests and struggles for office, but H. S. Reinmuth's recent study of the Fletcher-Howard quarrel in Cumberland5 demonstrates how such effort illuminates the seventeenth century as a whole. He
Localization of hepatocyte growth factor in human and rat tissues: An immunohistochemical study

Hepatocyte growth factor is a protein growth factor with a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes. Recently, hepatocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor messenger RNA have been extracted from several organs of humans, rats and rabbits. This study was undertaken to comprehensively define and compare the cellular localization of hepatocyte growth factor in human and rat tissues in detail. Paraffin-embedded sections and frozen sections were examined by immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antiserum to hepatocyte growth factor. The distribution of hepatocyte growth factor was almost identical in humans and rats. Strong or moderate cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for hepatocyte growth factor was present in most surface epithelia, distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, large neurons, megakaryocytes, granulocytes, exocrine pancreas, salivary glands, prostate, epididymis and trophoblast. Varying degrees of immunoreactivity were observed in endothelial cells, chondrocytes and macrophages. We conclude that hepatocyte growth factor is widely distributed in numerous tissues and cell types independent of their regenerative activity. This suggests that hepatocyte growth factor may have mitogenic and/or trophic effects on multiple cell types in addition to hepatocytes.
Feeding melatonin enhances the phase shifting response to triazolam in both young and old golden hamsters

Aging alters many aspects of circadian rhythmicity, including responsivity to phase-shifting stimuli and the amplitude of the rhythm of melatonin secretion. As melatonin is both an output from and an input to the circadian clock, we hypothesized that the decreased melatonin levels exhibited by old hamsters may adversely impact the circadian system as a whole. We enhanced the diurnal rhythm of melatonin by feeding melatonin to young and old hamsters. Animals of both age groups on the melatonin diet showed larger phase shifts than control-fed animals in response to an injection with the benzodiazepine triazolam at a circadian time known to induce phase advances in the activity rhythm of young animals. Thus melatonin treatment can increase the sensitivity of the circadian timing system of young animals to a nonphotic stimulus, and the ability to increase this sensitivity persists into old age, indicating exogenous melatonin might be useful in reversing at least some age-related changes in circadian clock function.
Design and parameter effect analysis of dual-rotor, radial-flux, toroidally wound, permanent-magnet machines

A novel machine family-the dual-rotor, radial-flux, toroidally wound, permanent-magnet (RFTPM) machine-has been proven in a previous paper to be able to improve the machine efficiency and boost the torque density. This paper will present the key design equations and design procedure of the RFTPM machines, analyze parameter effects on machine performance, and give design guidelines to achieve specific design objectives. In addition, finite-element analysis is employed to prove the effectiveness of the design equations and find the machine overload capability. Experimental measurements of a prototype, which match the design specifications well, verify the effectiveness of the design equations.
On the discretization of Newton-like methods

In this paper we show that when Newton-like methods are applied to operator equations in Banach space as well as to finite-dimensional discretizations of these equations then there is at most a difference of one between the number of steps required by the two iterations to converge within a given tolerance.
Sacral metastases in an endometrial cancer patient after treatment with sequential chemo-radiotherapy: a case report

SUMMARY The incidence of bone metastases in endometrial cancer is reported to occur in less than 15% of patients with metastatic disease. The medical literature is limited to only case reports, although none describing a sacral recurrence after adjuvant chemo-radiation therapy. We present the case of a 64-year-old woman who underwent surgery for endometrial adenocarcinoma followed by “sandwich” chemoradiation therapy at our institution, July 2006 (FIGO stage IB grade 3). In spite of adjuvant therapy, which was delivered in August 2008 the patient, developed an isolated sacral recurrence. The optimal therapeutic modality for endometrial cancer patients with high-risk disease remains controversial. The increasing use of combined modality therapy for early stage, high-risk patients may produce different recurrence patterns than described in historical controls.
Optimal design of power system stabilizers using a small population based PSO

Power system stabilizers (PSSs) are used to generate supplementary control signals to excitation systems in order to damp out local and inter-area oscillations. In this paper, a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with a small population is presented for the design of optimal PSSs. The small population based PSO (SPPSO) is used to determine the optimal parameters of several PSSs simultaneously in a multi-machine power system. In order to maintain a dynamic search process, the idea of particle regeneration in the population is also proposed. Optimal PSS parameters are determined for the power system subjected to small and large disturbances. The effectiveness of the PSSs parameters determined by the SPPSO algorithm is observed in damping out the power system oscillations fast after a disturbance. The advantage of the proposed approach is its convergence in fewer evaluations and lesser computations are required per evaluation. Results obtained with the SPPSO optimized PSSs parameters are compared against published PSS parameters for the Kundur's two area power system.
Immortalized and tumorigenic adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines: Characteristics and applications part 2. Tumorigenic cell lines

This is Part 2 of a three-part review and deals with tumorigenic cell lines. Several immortalized and malignant adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines have been recently developed. The three most widely used carcinoma cell lines-DU-145, PC-3, and LNCaP-developed between 1977 and 1980, have greatly contributed to our current understanding of prostate cancer. Before a cell line can be accepted as having prostatic epithelial origin, some basic characteristics must be established. Expression of specific cytokeratins but absence of desmin and factor VIII should be first determined to establish epithelial origin. Responsiveness to androgens and expression of androgen receptor and prostate-specific antigen should be examined under stringent culture conditions to establish prostatic epithelial origin. Response to growth factors and expression of their receptors facilitates further characterization of cell behavior. Cell lines immortalized by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are of special interest because HPVs are involved in a variety of anogenital cancers and may also play a role in prostate carcinogenesis. Malignant transformation of HPV-18 immortalized cells with the ras oncogene provides cell systems for investigating the multistep process of carcinogenesis. Each cell line has some unique characteristics, whether it arose directly from a carcinoma or resulted from immortalization with Simian virus 40 (SV40) or HPV, or was transformed in vitro by oncogenes. Comparisons of these characteristics should facilitate elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the initiation, promotion, and progression of prostate cancer. These cell lines will further serve as useful models for investigating tumor progression, invasion, metastasis, new therapeutic strategies, drug resistance, and its reversal and chemoprevention. The nontumorigenic cell lines were discussed in Part 1 [1]. This review summarizes the characteristics of several currently available tumorigenic, adult human prostatic epithelial cell lines.
Premating, Not Postmating, Barriers Drive Genetic Dynamics in Experimental Hybrid Populations of the Endangered Sonoran Topminnow

The timing and pattern of reproductive barrier formation in allopatric populations has received much less attention than the accumulation of reproductive barriers in sympatry. The theory of allopatric speciation suggests that reproductive barriers evolve simply as by-products of overall genetic divergence. However, observations of enhanced premating barriers in allopatric populations suggest that sexual selection driven by intraspecific competition for mates may enhance species-specific signals and accelerate the speciation process. In a previous series of laboratory trials, we examined the strength of premating and postmating barriers in an allopatric species pair of the endangered Sonoran topminnow, Poeciliopsis occidentalis and P. sonoriensis. Behavioral observations provided evidence of asymmetrical assortative mating, while reduced brood sizes and male-biased F1 sex ratios suggest postmating incompatibilities. Here we examine the combined effects of premating and postmating barriers on the genetic makeup of mixed populations, using cytonuclear genotype frequencies of first- and second-generation offspring. Observed genotype frequencies strongly reflect the directional assortative mating observed in behavioral trials, illustrating how isolating barriers that act earlier in the reproductive cycle will have a greater effect on total reproductive isolation and may be more important to speciation than subsequent postmating reproductive barriers.
Grey-scale ultrasound findings of lower extremity entheses in healthy children

To describe grey-scale sonographic findings in lower extremity entheses in healthy children. Healthy patients referred to Orthopedic Surgery or Adolescent Medicine outpatient clinics or their siblings ages 5-18 years were recruited. Grey-scale ultrasound was performed on 3 entheseal sites bilaterally, the proximal patellar ligament insertion (PPL), distal patellar ligament insertion (DPL), and Achilles tendon insertion (AT). Entheseal thickness and quality were recorded. Comparison of thickness between contralateral sites was evaluated to determine within subject site variability. 702 entheses were examined in 117 children. Age had a weak positive correlation with thickness with large variability. Weight had the strongest correlation to thickness. Contralateral sites are comparable in thickness; a difference of 28%, 26%, and 18% between bilateral PPL, DPL, and AT, respectively, falls within the 95th percentile of the healthy pediatric population in this study. The patellar ligament contour evolved with age from a curved to linear contour. Weight is the best predictor of entheseal thickness in children although there is a large degree of variability. Contralateral entheses are comparable in thickness. A difference below 28%, 26%, and 18% between bilateral PPL, DPL, and AT, respectively, falls within the 95th percentile.
Depression and hemoglobin A1c in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: the role of self-efficacy.

Aims: To examine a self-efficacy explanation of the finding that depression is related to hemoglobin A1c (A1c) level in people with type 1 but not type 2 diabetes. Methods: Cross-sectional design involving 124 participants with type 1 (n = 32) and type 2 (n = 92) diabetes. Participants completed measures of depression and diabetes-related selfefficacy. A1c was obtained from medical records. Results: Replicating prior findings, A1c was significantly correlated with depression in type 1 participants (r = .51, p < .01), but not in type 2 participants (r = .11, ns). As hypothesized, A1c was significantly correlated with self-efficacy among type 1 participants (r = .42, p < .05) but not among type 2 participants (r = .01, ns). Self-efficacy also mediated the effect of A1c on depression among the type 1 participants (Z = 2.21, p < .05). Conclusion: In people with type 1, but not type 2 diabetes, A1c levels are related to diabetes adherence mastery (self-efficacy), which mediates the link between A1c and depression. Results are discussed with regard to the proposal that perceptions of ineffective control over one’s health play a role in the development of depression (a consequence model of
The Effectiveness of Self-Managing Teams: A Quasi-Experiment

This study used a quasi-experimental design to assess the effectiveness of self-managing teams in a telecommunications company. These teams performed customer service, technical support, administrative support, and managerial functions in a variety of locations. The balance of evidence indicates that self-managing teams were more effective than comparable traditionally-managed groups that performed the same type of work. The study illustrates the value of a collaborative research project in which researchers and clients jointly define the research questions, study design, and methods.
Epithelial adhesive junctions

Epithelial adhesive cell-to-cell contacts contain large, plasma membrane-spanning multiprotein aggregates that perform vital structural and signaling functions. Three prominent adhesive contacts are the tight junction, adherens junction, and the desmosome. Each junction type has unique cellular functions and a complex molecular composition. In this review, we comment on recent and exciting advances in our understanding of junction composition and function.
Cerebellar TMS in Treatment of a Patient with Cerebellar Ataxia: Evidence from Clinical, Biomechanics and Neurophysiological Assessments

We describe a patient with a probable diagnosis of idiopathic late-onset cerebellar atrophy who shows improvement of limb coordination, speech, and gait following 21 days of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to scalp regions presumably corresponding to the cerebellum. This case study provides, for the first time, a quantitative assessment of gait improvement in response to TMS therapy in ataxia, as well as neurophysiological evidence in support of modification of cerebellar-cortical interaction that may underlie some of the improvements.