cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization and characterization of stannin: Relationship to cellular sensitivity to organotin compounds

The cDNA encoding the protein stannin was isolated previously via subtractive hybridization, using differential expression after trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication, as a basis for isolating mRNA which may be expressed in TMT-sensitive cells. Initial characterization revealed a novel gene product which was differentially expressed in several tissues sensitive to TMT. In the current study, biochemical and molecular techniques were used to quantitate stannin expression at the cellular and subcellular levels. Northern blot analysis showed that the stannin 3.0 kb mRNA transcript was present, in decreasing amounts, in: spleen, hippocampus, neocortex, cerebellum, striatum, midbrain, kidney and lung. Liver, heart, skeletal muscle and testis showed no detectable expression of stannin mRNA. Immunoblot analysis using antipeptide antisera raised against stannin indicated a high level of expression in spleen, followed by brain and kidney. Stannin mRNA was present during early brain development and consolidated by post-natal day (PND) 20 to patterns and levels seen in adults. In situ hybridization studies showed widespread neuronal expression of stannin mRNA at PND 1, which shifted to a restricted pattern of expression in specific regions by PND 20. Stannin was partially purified from rodent brain and spleen using cation exchange, sizing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. It behaved as a monomer throughout purification. Stannin was also expressed in a baculovirus system, using a series of constructs containing the entire cDNA, 1.0 kb of DNA flanking the open reading frame, and a 400 bp open reading frame minimal construct. While all constructs expressed stannin, the best expression was seen with the entire cDNA. Based on current findings, we suggest that stannin expression is necessary but not sufficient for TMT toxicity.
Electrodisintegration of the Deuteron. I. Connection between the n − p − d Vertex Function and the Deuteron Wave Function

Higher-order relativistic corrections to the Durand theory for the electrodisintegration of the deuteron are considered, based on the Mandelstam representation for the transition matrix element. The analysis concentrates on the kinematical region corresponding to the broad quasi-elastic peak in the cross section $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{e}d{{e}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$, where ${{e}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the final electron energy. The presence of anomalous thresholds and the close connection between the nonrelativistic wave functions and the spectral functions in the anomalous region allow the relativistic expression to be recast in terms of ostensibly nonrelativistic wave functions. The calculation is facilitated by separating the neutron-proton-deuteron vertex function into angular momentum components corresponding to momentum-space wave functions. The result clarifies the role of certain off-mass-shell effects, particuarly those contributions which involve antiparticles in the intermediate state. The antiparticle contributions are found to be small for ${q}^{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.8 {(\frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c})}^{2}$. The cross sections $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{e}d{{e}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ and $\frac{{d}^{3}\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{e}d{{e}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{'}}d(cos\ensuremath{\theta})}$ are presented in first Born approximation but the detailed inclusion of the effects of final-state interactions on the cross sections is reserved for a subsequent paper.
MEDICAL SUPPORT FOR MASS GATHERINGS

Fairs, concerts, parades, and rallies are some of the many events that cause large numbers of people to gather in one place. Whether the event lasts a day or a week, it is evident that the people attending may require organized medical care. Most of the medical needs are minor, but cardiac arrests and other serious medical problems, including trauma, must be dealt with by the medical team. Careful planning and integration of emergency physician efforts with local hospitals and the emergency medical services system allow for an optimal delivery of health care, from the routine incident to a mass-casualty event. Language: en
Heat and mass transfer in wooden dowels during a simulated fire: an experimental and analytical study

An experimental and analytical study of heat and mass transfer in wooden dowels during a simulated fire is presented in this paper. The goal of this study is to understand the processes of heat and mass transfer in wood during wildland fires. A mathematical model is developed to describe the processes of heating, drying and pyrolysis of wood until ignition occurs. The governing equations of the model consist of a set of mass conservation equations for each species present (wood, water, air and released hydrocarbons), a momentum equation (Darcy's Law), and an overall energy conservation equation. The equations of the model were solved numerically for the temperature, mass loss, moisture content, gas densities and pressure histories. The results of the mathematical model were verified experimentally using wooden dowels made of birch. The experiments were conducted in a specially designed wind tunnel equipped with radiant heating panels to simulate a fire flame. Air with a velocity of 2.2 m s−1, simulating a typical wind during a real fire situation, was allowed to flow across the dowel. Time to ignition, temperature history and mass loss of the wooden dowels were measured in the experiments. A comparison between the experimental and analytical results showed good agreement.
Evidence of bandgap-narrowing in the space-charge layer of heavily doped silicon diodes

The gradient voltage has been measured for seven heavily doped, graded-junction silicon diodes at 300 K. Experimental values up to nearly 0.5 V lower than conventional theoretical predictions have been observed. The lowering is attributed to bandgap-narrowing in the space-charge region. This narrowing is expected to be much larger than in neutral material of the same doping density because of the absence of free-carrier screening.
Multiple memristor read and write circuit for neuromorphic applications

A memristor based write circuit is presented that can update multiple memristors using a neuron spike generated by the Izhikevich model. A memristor read circuit is also presented that is capable of quantizing the resistance into 5 discrete values that could be digitally decoded. Together, these circuits provide the basic block for a memristor based neuromorphic architecture. The memristors were modeled using published device characterization data.
Customized JPEG compression for grayscale printing

Describes a procedure by which JPEG compression may be customized for grayscale images that are to be compressed, halftoned, and printed. The technique maintains 100% compatibility with the JPEG standard, and is applicable with any halftoning algorithm. The JPEG quantization table is designed using frequency-domain characteristics of the halftoning patterns and the human visual system, and the Huffman tables are optimized for low-rate coding. The authors present experimental results demonstrating that the customized JPEG encoder offers a significant performance advantage over a coder that uses the default quantization and Huffman tables. The results also show that the customized encoder typically achieves rates in the range 0.13-0.25 bits per pixel (image dependent) with practically no visible compression artifacts in the printed images. >
Subjecting canine semen to the hypo-osmotic test

Abstract The hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOS-test) was evaluated in 8 postpubertal dogs, ranging in age from 10 months to 3 years, to determine the response of canine spermatozoa to the HOS-test and the association between the sperm response to the test and semen parameters as well as to assess the effects of heating and storing semen on the response of the spermatozoa to the HOS-test. As in the human and bovine species, the canine spermatozoa curled (‘swelled’) under hypo-osmotic conditions, due to influx of water and expansion of the sperm membrane. Both fructose and sodium citrate solutions induced easily identifiable curling of spermatozoa, but with significant variations in sperm response to the 2 solutions. A maximal number of curled spermatozoa was observed in 60 mosmol fructose, at 45 minutes of incubation. Using the 60 mosmol fructose solution, a high correlation (r=0.94 P 0.32), and between curling and tail abnormality (4=0.38 P>0.08) were low. Storage of semen adversely influenced the sperm response to the HOS-test. The results of this study indicate the possible predictive value of the HOS-test in selecting individual ejaculates from stored canine semen samples for insemination. In conclusion, the HOS-test may be a useful addition to standard semen analysis for the identification of males that may be subfertile despite a normal spermiogram. Further evaluation of the test is needed to assess its diagnostic significance in this species.
Xanthogranuloma of the Choroid Plexus in the Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemur (Cheirogaleus medius)

This report documents the death of two fat-tailed dwarf lemurs (Cheirogaleus medius) maintained over 6 years each in our laboratory. Postmortem studies revealed xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus, a mass replete with stored lipids, including cholesterol crystals. Six months prior to their deaths, both animals developed a peculiar head tilt and signs suggestive of neurological dysfunction. At autopsy, each had masses projecting into the lateral and IVth ventricles and an associated obstructive hydrocephalus. Cryostat sections of the brains of both lemurs showed histological features consistent with xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus, a histologically benign and usually asymptomatic lesion found in up to 7% of human autopsies. This case is of special interest because of the unique feeding strategies in the fat-tailed dwarf lemur. Since C. medius remains in torpor for 6 months out of the year during the time of food scarcity in the forests of Madagascar, the animal must accumulate large reserves of fat during its active period. In the laboratory, however, dwarf lemurs do not normally go into torpor, and the accumulated fat is not used. The finding of this tumor, therefore, suggests that the combination of a captive high-fat diet and the unusual fat-storage mechanisms utilized by C. medius contributed to the buildup of lipids and might be etiologically related to the development of those lesions. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relating entropy theory to test data compression

The entropy of a set of data is related to the amount of information that it contains and provides a theoretical bound on the amount of compression that can be achieved. While calculating entropy is well understood for fully specified data, this paper explores the use of entropy for incompletely specified test data and shows how theoretical bounds on the maximum amount of test data compression can be calculated. An algorithm for specifying don't cares to minimize entropy for fixed length symbols is presented, and it is proven to provide the lowest entropy among all ways of specifying the don't cares. The impact of different ways of partitioning the test data into symbols on entropy is studied. Different test data compression techniques are analyzed with respect to their entropy bounds. Entropy theory is used to show the limitations and advantages of certain types of test data encoding strategies.
Discovering Sequential Association Rules with Constraints and Time Lags in Multiple Sequences

We present MOWCATL, an efficient method for mining frequent sequential association rules from multiple sequential data sets with a time lag between the occurrence of an antecedent sequence and the corresponding consequent sequence. This approach finds patterns in one or more sequences that precede the occurrence of patterns in other sequences, with respect to user-specified constraints. In addition to the traditional frequency and support constraints in sequential data mining, this approach uses separate antecedent and consequent inclusion constraints. Moreover, separate antecedent and consequent maximum window widths are used to specify the antecedent and consequent patterns that are separated by the maximum time lag.We use multiple time series drought risk management data to show that our approach can be effectively employed in real-life problems. The experimental results validate the superior performance of our method for efficiently finding relationships between global climatic episodes and local drought conditions. We also compare our new approach to existing methods and show how they complement each other to discover associations in a drought risk management decision support system.
The Changing Face of Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Past, Present, and Future Challenges

It is with great excitement that we are assuming our roles as co-editors of the journal, Augmentative and Alternative Communication. As we embark on this new journey, we would like to take a moment...
Neurochemical correlates of behavioral processes

Cumulative developments in the experimental analysis of behavior and behavioral pharmacology, together with relatively recent technical advances in the field of neuroscience, have provided a strong impetus to build on previous research and combine these disciplines into an integrated approach focusing on behavioral neurochemistry. Neither behavioral nor neurochemical changes are static independent processes but interact in dynamic and complex ways. Neurotransmitter activity can be conditioned using both classical Pavlovian and operant conditioning procedures. Neurochemical changes also occur when behavior is brought under the control of its environmental consequences. Behavioral variables such as the schedule-controlled rate of responding, prior history, and environmental context have been shown repeatedly to determine the effects of drugs and appear to have definable and distinctive neurochemical correlates. These variables may modify neurochemical substrates involved in drug action. Ongoing changes in behavior and neurochemistry are now concurrently accessible for experimental analysis. The synthesis of these two fields permits the exploration of behavioral and neurochemical interactions that were not easily accessible only a short time ago and promises to yield considerable information about both behavioral and neurochemical processes. This article summarizes the development of research in behavioral neurochemistry and attempts to show how a continuation of these endeavors can provide a better understanding of the interrelationships between behavior and neurochemistry as determinants of drug action.
Effect of LV pressure on deformation in the mitral valve

Experimental measurements of mitral valve deformation were performed in isolated pig hearts. Markers placed on the anterior and posterior leaflets were imaged, and biaxial stretch calculated. Results show that the leaflets undergo large deformation, most of which occurs in the low pressure range. Differences in the deformation pattern from previous biaxial data may be attributed to the additional structural tethering of the chordae tendineae.
An Accurate Method for the Determination of Carboxyhemoglobin in Postmortem Blood Using GC-TCD

During the investigation of aviation accidents, postmortem samples from accident victims are submitted to the FAA's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute for toxicological analysis. In order to determine if an accident victim was exposed to an in-flight/postcrash fire or faulty heating/exhaust system, the analysis of carbon monoxide (CO) is conducted. Although our laboratory predominantly uses a spectrophotometric method for the determination of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), we consider it essential to confirm with a second technique based on a different analytical principle. Our laboratory encountered difficulties with many of our postmortem samples while employing a commonly used GC method. We believed these problems were due to elevated methemoglobin (MetHb) concentration in our specimens. MetHb does not bind CO; therefore, elevated MetHb levels will result in a loss of CO-binding capacity. Because most commonly employed GC methods determine %COHb from a ratio of unsaturated blood to CO-saturated blood, a loss of CO-binding capacity will result in an erroneously high %COHb value. Our laboratory has developed a new GC method for the determination of %COHb that incorporates sodium dithionite, which will reduce any MetHb present to Hb. Using blood controls ranging from 1% to 67% COHb, we found no statistically significant differences between %COHb results from our new GC method and our spectrophotometric method. To validate the new GC method, postmortem samples were analyzed with our existing spectrophotometric method, a GC method commonly used without reducing agent, and our new GC method with the addition of sodium dithionite. As expected, we saw errors up to and exceeding 50% when comparing the unreduced GC results with our spectrophotometric method. With our new GC procedure, the error was virtually eliminated.
Signs and Sight in Southern Uganda Representing Perception in Ordinary Conversation

Conversations in Luganda, a widely-spoken language in the East African nation of Uganda, frequently include discussions and evaluations of signs — readily observable phe- nomena that are understood to predict events that will soon take place. A corpus of material on this topic is examined, consisting of twenty signs and of four conversations in which these signs are discussed. Certain links are noted between specific sensory modes and these signs. The cultural significance of these sensory modes supports the cultural understanding that these signs are publicly available, rather than being restricted to certain individuals or conditions. It also supports the active discussion, rather than passive acceptance, of claims that individuals make to observing and interpreting signs. In this way, the cultural dimensions of sensory modes influence human perception and experience, and also support the public sphere of debates about the significance of events and about courses of action.
A role for the DP subunit of the E2F transcription factor in axis determination during Drosophila oogenesis.

The E2F family of transcription factors contributes to cell cycle control by regulating the transcription of DNA replication factors. Functional ‘E2F’ is a DNA-binding heterodimer composed of E2F and DP proteins. Drosophila contains two E2F genes (dE2F, dE2F2) and one DP gene (dDP). Mutation of either dE2F or dDP eliminates G(1)-S transcription of known replication factors during embryogenesis and compromises DNA replication. However, the analysis of these mutant phenotypes is complicated by the perdurance of maternally supplied gene function. To address this and to further analyze the role of E2F transcription factors in development we have phenotypically characterized mitotic clones of dDP mutant cells in the female germline. Our analysis indicates that dDP is required for several essential processes during oogenesis. In a fraction of the mutant egg chambers the germ cells execute one extra round of mitosis, suggesting that in this tissue dDP is uniquely utilized for cell cycle arrest rather than cell cycle progression. Mutation of dDP in the germline also prevents nurse cell cytoplasm transfer to the oocyte, resulting in a ‘dumpless’ phenotype that blocks oocyte development. This phenotype likely results from both disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and a failure of nurse cell apoptosis, each of which are required for normal cytoplasmic transfer. Lastly, we found that dDP is required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis, as loss of dDP function prevents the localized expression of the EGFR ligand Gurken in the oocyte, which initiates dorsal-ventral polarity in the egg chamber. Thus we have uncovered new functions for E2F transcription factors during development, including an unexpected role in pattern formation.
RENAL EXCRETION OF TETRACYCLINE IN THE AGLOMERULAR TOADFISH, OPSANUS TAU.

SummaryTritiated tetracycline, after injection into the aglomerular toadfish appears to be excreted by a diffusion process. It has been shown that the aglomerular renal tubule is permeable to a highly complex molecule such as tetracycline.
Research and Development of Examination Question Database System Based on ASP. NET and B/S Mode

Design platform of management system of examination question database based on ASP.NET and B/S mode has been set up by using the technology of ASP.net、ADO.net and ODBC under the Visual Studio environment,and its implementation method is elaborated.This system is divided into three levels including database,function and application.It is realized about constructing database,building examination question database,and inputting,querying,managing examination questions,manual and automatic builder of papers,and building,printing and managing examination papers.The system has well openness,security,stability and currency,and it already comes into operation and runs well currently.
Hyperbaric Medicine: An Integral Part of Trauma Care

HBO constitutes an important therapeutic tool in managing a variety of syndromes associated with trauma and is thought to possess potential benefits for the management of others. Because its therapeutic efficacy and limitations are as yet understood and appreciated incompletely, continuing research is warranted. This article provides a discussion of these conditions and applications, as well as descriptions of the basic physics of gas behavior, the principle of the physiologic basis of hyperbaric medicine, the general manner of clinical application of pressure and oxygen, and the special set of problems encountered when providing sophisticated medical care in the hyperbaric environment.
[A case-control study on the effect of immunoprophylaxis for rabies in Zhejiang province].

Objective This research was to evaluate the effect of pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies and to analyze the reasons of invalidation. Methods A case-control study was conducted in 132rabies patients and 73 subjects exposed to homologous rabies in Zhejiang province.All the subjects were investigated face to face by using the same questionnaires at home.Non-conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of measures and the reasons of invalidation. Results 14.4%(19/132) of cases and 93.2%(68/73) of controls had post-exposure,which resulted in an OR (95% CI) of 0.012 (0.004-0.035).However,72.2%(13/18) of cases and 7.7%(5/65)of controls had not finished their postexposure,and thus had an OR (95% CI) of 15.60 (3.85-63.26).Stratified analysis stated that postexposure prophylaxis was a protective factor,with an OR(95% CI) of 0.01 (0.002-0.047).Poor financial condition and poor knowledge of rabies were the causes of nonvaccination. Conclusion Post-exposure prophylaxis could protect the people exposed to rabies well and unfinished post-exposure prophylaxis was the main reason for its invalidation. Key words: Rabies; Immunity; Prognosis; Case-control studies
Calculation of the Grading Wheel Rotor’s Critical Speed and the Analysis of its Structure Parameters

In a hierarchical system, grading wheel plays a very important role in material scattering and classifying. This article calculates the critical speed of the grading wheel rotor, a small part of the SZ spin flash dryer, based on finite element analysis software ANSYS. Meanwhile, in order to provide a theoretical evidence for the design of the grading wheel’s dynamic performance, analyze the influence of the bearing’s radial stiffness and some geometry parameters of the structure on the critical speed, including bearing stiffness, bearing span, cantilever length and wheel’s weigth. The result indicates that bearing span is approximately proportional to the critical speed, the cantilever length and runner quality are inversely proportional to the critical speed and the bearing span and the cantilever length have a greater impact on the critical speed.The final purpose of this paper is to find a set of proper parameters on the basis of the analysis result and optimize the rotor’s structure.
Detection of the propagating direction of electrical wavefront in atrial fibrillation

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is one of the most common sustained arrhythmia, which can increase the risk of heart failure and stroke. Understanding the complex electrical dynamics of AF and correctly targeting AF sources for ablation therapies remain challenging in clinical practice. This is due to the incapability to reconstruct the electrical dynamic of AF, and lack of efficient approach for AF source identification. This paper builds a multi-sale framework for modeling of the abnormal electrical propagation in AF initiated by triggers from Pulmonary Veins (PVs). A new algorithm is developed to detect the propagating direction of electrical wavefronts. The detection algorithm is further validated using modeling results. The developed multi-scale framework and the detection algorithm will contribute to AF diagnosis and potentially improve the treatment outcomes of AF ablations.
Simplicial sets and topological spaces

The purpose of this chapter is (i) to review some of the basic notions of simplicial homotopy theory, and (ii) to convince (or at least try to convince) the reader that this simplicial homotopy theory is equivalent to the usual topological homotopy theory.
Racial discrimination, racial identity, and impostor phenomenon: A profile approach.

OBJECTIVES This study examined the association between racial discrimination and the impostor phenomenon (IP) and the moderating influence of racial identity on this relationship. METHOD One hundred fifty-seven African American college students (68% female; mean age = 18.63) completed measures of racial discrimination, racial identity, and IP during 2 waves of data collection. RESULTS Utilizing latent profile analyses, 4 patterns of racial identity were identified: Undifferentiated, Multiculturalist, Race-Focused, and Humanist. Racial discrimination predicted higher subsequent levels of IP. Racial identity did not moderate the impact of racial discrimination; however, students in the Multiculturalist and Humanist groups reported the lowest and highest levels of IP at Wave 2, respectively. CONCLUSION IP is influenced by racial discrimination experiences as well as by the significance and meaning that individuals ascribe to being African American. (PsycINFO Database Record
Big data collaborative filtering-based framework for improving education policies

The development of educational policies that improve educational systems needs intelligent automated tools for decision making. This need has motivated the development of a new system which can help teachers, schools, and decision makers in enhancing students' performance. The primary concern here is to monitor the students and help the teachers in building action plans that improve students' performance and solve their problems. In this paper, we propose a novel system using collaborative filtering based technology with students' medical history, economic situation, and the concept of ‘neighbors’ in order to solve the students' performance related problems. The system combines collaborative filtering with clustering techniques to predict students' root factors (or causes) that may affect their future performance. We present experimental results from a large dataset that includes more than 10,000 students from 250 different schools. We deployed the new system for a period of 6 months and compared the results with the traditional approach. The system showed improvements in teachers' performance which reflected positively on students' performance.
Equation of Motion for Correlation Function of Strongly-Coupled Plasma

The spatial correlation function for a one-component plasma (OCP)1,2,3,4 may be constructed within two different formalisms. These involve: (a) derivation from the partition function for the system5,6,7 and (b) construction of an equation of motion for the correlation function8,9,10,11 stemming from the BBKGY12,13,14 sequence. In the present work, a new linear, second-order differential equation for strongly-coupled plasmas is constructed from a generic form obtained previously11 within the scheme (b). The new equation incorporates fundamental statistical mechanical properties of the correlation function and is further augmented to give results in accord with previous numerical studies.15,16
Examining the Ways To Bend and Break Reaction Pathways Using Mechanochemistry

Mechanical forces can lead to qualitative changes in reaction mechanism, which depend on the specific mode of force induction and inherent chemistries of the mechanophore. To demonstrate these effects at an atomistic level, three challenging mechanochemical transformations of recent interest are herein studied: spiropyran ring opening, flex-activated small molecule release, and cyclopropane ring opening. These examples show that mechanical load can eliminate intermediates and transition states along a reaction path, preactivate reactions where the force is not parallel to the reaction path, and modulate force conveyance to the mechanophore in a polymer-dependent fashion. Two different merocyanin products were identified—cis and trans isomers—from the spiropyran ring-opening reaction, and tuning the magnitude of the force allows for selection of one over the other. The reaction involving oxanorbornadiene where bonds perpendicular to the force are flexed through angular distortions has the interesting prope...
Hallermann–Streiff Syndrome: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of a Rare Disorder

Hallermann–Streiff syndrome (HSS) is a rare disorder characterized by dyscephalia, facial, and dental abnormalities. We report the brain magnetic resonance imaging features of a 26-year-old male patient who has a past medical history significant for spastic paraplegia, vision problems, and epilepsy.
Forward to Festschrift Honoring Chief Judge Rader

This Forward discusses papers that highlight the judicial work of Chief Judge Rader in the field of patent law.
Grasshoppers and their Relatives

Orthoptera is the order of insects that includes grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, katydids, and their relatives. Members of several lineages of this order produce sounds using a mechanism known as stridulation. Most orthopterans are large- or medium-sized insects. Body lengths of less than 10 mm are uncommon, whereas many exceed 50 mm in length, with some having bodies more than 100 mm long and a wingspan of 200 mm or more. Orthopterans occur in most terrestrial habitats and a few species are semiaquatic. The highest diversity of orthopterans is found in the tropical regions of the globe.
The Southern mind and the savage ideal: deconstructing identities of place in the Cracker State

This qualitative study discusses one Southern college of education and its engagement with White supremacy. This research stemmed from the Institution’s publication of an offensive catalog cover an...
A Route to Renewable Energy Triggered by the Haber-Bosch Process

Using renewable energy to facilitate the Haber-Bosch process is of significant importance. In this issue of Chem, Wang et al. report an ingenious approach for the design of an electrode-solution-reactant interface for efficient, light-assisted N2 reduction in aqueous solution.
The potential contribution to long wavelength magnetic anomalies from the lithospheric mantle

Abstract Long-wavelength magnetic anomalies (LWMA) are broad scale variations of the magnetic field that are usually observed at high altitudes with amplitudes ranging up to about 20 nT. The source of these anomalies has typically been assumed to reside within the crust with negligible contributions from the lithospheric mantle. Recent work on the magnetization of mantle xenoliths suggests a possible lithospheric mantle contribution to LWMA, depending on tectonic setting and local geotherm. Here, we investigate the potential contribution of the lithospheric mantle to LWMA across two contrasting lithospheric geotherms: cratons and hotspots. To constrain the range of possible mantle contributions to satellite-observable LWMA in these settings, we develop a Monte Carlo suite of forward models of magnetic anomalies patterned after the mantle portions of the Siberian craton, the Hawai'i hotspot, and the French Massif Central plume. The models incorporate the current geotherms, the pressure dependence of the Curie temperature of magnetite, and the statistical distributions of rock magnetic data from mantle xenoliths in the specific regions. The Siberian craton shows the highest potential contribution of the mantle to LWMA with amplitudes of a few nT over wavelengths scaling to the long-axis of the craton. The Hawai'i hotspot region displays a potential contribution from the lithospheric mantle to satellite-measured magnetic anomalies on the order of 1 nT, while the Massif Central plume regions shows an insignificant contribution to satellite magnetic anomalies from lithospheric mantle. When compared with observed lithospheric total field anomalies derived from Swarm satellite data, the results show that the lithospheric mantle may contribute a few tens of percent to LWMA observed at satellite altitudes in specific regions depending on the average remanent magnetization in mantle minerals, the thickness of magnetized mantle (which depends on the geotherm), and the spatial extent of the region under consideration.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Risk of Childhood Delays in Children Ages 1–5

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to be important contributors to negative health outcomes throughout the lifespan. Birth to 5 years represent a critical period for brain development impacting cognitive, emotional, and social competencies. This study aims to determine the association between overall ACE score and risk of developmental, social, or behavioral delay in a sample of children ages 1–5 years from the National Survey of Children’s Health (N = 21,139). Approximately 1 in 4 (27.3%) children were found to have moderate to high risk of developmental, social, or behavioral delays. A dose–response relationship was found between ACEs and risk of delay with results ranging from 24.2% among children with 0 ACEs to 42.2% among those with 4 or more ACEs. Additional ACEs increased risk of delay by 17%. (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.09–1.25). The data currently supports a strong correlation between ACE score and risk of delay among children ages 1–5.
Chemo- and regioselectivity in the reactions between highly electrophilic fluorine containing dicarbonyl compounds and amines. Improved synthesis of the corresponding imines/enamines

Chemo- and regioselectivity in the reactions between highly electrophilic fluorine containing dicarbonyl compounds (ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate, 3,3,3-trifluoropyruvate and 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoropentane-2,4-dione) and various benzylamines were systematically studied. The results obtained lead to the development of a generalized and practical method for large-scale synthesis of the corresponding imines/enamines, useful starting materials for preparation fluorinated amines and amino acid.
THE DOCUMENTS OF THE SYNOD OF DORT (1618–1619)—A NEW EDITION

Abstract: A new project is underway to produce a ten-volume critical edition of all the documents of the Synod of Dort in their original languages (Latin [eighty percent of them], Dutch, German, English, and French) as close as possible to the anniversary years 2018 and 2019. It is published by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Gottingen) and includes documents already published and those available only in manuscript. In contrast to the originally published Acta, the new edition contains the documents produced by the synod and its delegates and fully incorporates all the Remonstrant documents. KEYWORDS:
Understanding the anomalous thermal behavior of Σ3 grain boundaries in a variety of FCC metals

Abstract We present a case study of the complex temperature dependence of grain boundary mobility. The same general incoherent twin boundary in different FCC metals is found to display antithermal, thermal, and mixed mobility during molecular dynamics synthetic driving force simulations. A recently developed energy metric known as the generalized interfacial fault energy (GIFE) surface is used to show that twin boundaries moving in an antithermal manner have a lower energetic barrier to motion than twin boundaries moving in a thermally activated manner. Predicting the temperature dependence of grain boundary motion with GIFE curves stands to accelerate research in grain boundary science.
Interventional Radiologic Therapies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Where We Began to Where We Are Going

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is dominantly supplied by arterial blood flow, whereas the normal underlying liver parenchyma is supplied by both the portal vein (75%) and hepatic artery (25%). This distinction in blood supply of tumor tissue relative to liver tissue led to the exploration of targeting the arterial blood supply as a means of therapeutic intervention. This chapter overviews the evolution of transarterial therapies for HCC from the initial attempts of hepatic artery ligation/infusion to the current standard care treatments, including variants of transarterial chemoembolization and radioembolization. Emerging therapeutic approaches, including biologic and biomimetic injection, are discussed as potential future strategies with improved tumor targeting and specificity for the treatment of HCC.
Molybdenum Oxide, Oxycarbide, and Carbide: Controlling the Dynamic Composition, Size, and Catalytic Activity of Zeolite-Supported Nanostructures

Molybdenum nanostructures are promising catalysts for a single-step methane conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons and for multiple other hydrocarbon reactions. Dynamic transformations of catalytic ...
Incidental fetal imaging with CT: a pictorial essay

Although CT is not the first choice for abdominal imaging of pregnant patients, it can be indicated for pregnant patients with emergent life-threatening conditions. It is prudent in these cases for the radiologist to be familiar with the normal appearance of the pregnant uterus on CT and to evaluate the female pelvis for potential maternal and fetal abnormalities. We aim to provide examples of the normal CT appearance of the female pelvis related to different gestational ages and to demonstrate variant and abnormal conditions of pregnancy which may be identified by CT.
Response of PE films to low energy electron beam irradiation

Abstract In the past few years low energy electron beam units with energies in the range from 80 to 300 keV have been developed as a convenient and non-expensive alternative to high-energy electron accelerators. Some of these applications like surface decontamination or sterilization of medical supplies need the measurement of the dose in order to be in compliance with regulatory agencies. The demand to have dosimetry systems capable to deliver the irradiation dose using a simple procedure and having an appropriate calibration procedure will grow as these applications increase. Having a dosimeter with a response independent of the energy of the incident radiation would allow to calibrate it using high energy radiation sources and then use it at low-energy electron irradiations. In this paper the response of polyethylene (PE) thin films irradiated with low-energy electrons in the interval from 100 to 200 keV has been investigated with the main purpose of using them as dosimeters in low-energy electron irradiations. The response of the films was obtained from their infrared spectrum measured at their surface using the attenuated total reflectance technique (ATR). Analysis of the data obtained using the statistical technique ANOVA was performed to determine whether the energy of the radiation affects the response of the film. The results show that the response of the films depends on the energy of the electron beam used. The conclusion of this research points out that in order to use the PE film in low-energy electron irradiations the films need to be calibrated under the same conditions in which they will be used.
Use of Machine Learning with Temporal Photoluminescence Signals from CdTe Quantum Dots for Temperature Measurement in Microfluidic Devices.

Because of the vital role of temperature in many biological processes studied in microfluidic devices, there is a need to develop improved temperature sensors and data analysis algorithms. The phot...
The effects of social adversity, discrimination, and health risk behaviors on the accelerated aging of African Americans: Further support for the weathering hypothesis

Abstract Background The weathering hypothesis views the elevated rates of illness, disability, and mortality seen among Black Americans as a physiological response to the structural barriers, material hardships, and identity threats that comprise the Black experience. While granting that lifestyle may have some significance, the fundamental explanation for heath inequalities is seen as race-related stressors that accelerate biological aging. Objective The present study tests the weathering hypothesis by examining the impact on accelerated aging of four types of adversity frequently experienced by Black Americans. Further, we investigate whether health risk behaviors mediate the effect of these conditions. Method Our analyses utilize data from 494 middle-age, African American men and women participating in the Family and Community Healthy Study. The newly developed GrimAge index of accelerated aging is used as an indicator of weathering. Education, income, neighborhood disadvantage, and discrimination serve as the independent variables. Three health risk behaviors - diet, exercise, and alcohol consumption - are included as potential mediators of the four types of adversity. Marital status and gender are entered as controls. Results Multivariate analyses indicated that the four types of adversity predicted acceleration whereas marriage predicted deceleration in speed of aging. Males showed greater accelerated aging than females, but there was no evidence that gender conditioned the effect of adversity. The health risk behaviors were unrelated to accelerated aging and did not mediate the effect of the stressors. Conclusion Modern medicine's emphasis on life style as the primary explanation for race-based health disparities ignores the way race-related adversity rooted in structural and cultural conditions serves to accelerate biological decline, thereby increasing risk of early onset of illness and death. Importantly, these social conditions can only be addressed through social policies and programs that target institutional racism and promote economic equity.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity: A Qualitative Study of Women's Experiences of Peripartum Care.

Abstract Introduction Racial and ethnic disparities in rates of maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States are striking and persistent. Despite evidence that variation in the quality of care contributes substantially to these disparities, we do not sufficiently understand how experiences of perinatal care differ by race and ethnicity among women with severe maternal morbidity. Methods We conducted focus groups with women who experienced a severe maternal morbidity event in a New York City hospital during their most recent pregnancy (n = 20). We organized three focus groups by self-identified race/ethnicity ([1] Black, [2] Latina, and [3] White or Asian) to detect any within- and between-group differences. Discussions were audiotaped and transcribed. The research team coded the transcripts and used content analysis to identify key themes and to compare findings across racial and ethnic groups. Results Participants reported distressing experiences and lasting emotional consequences after having a severe childbirth complication. Many women appreciated the life-saving care they received. However, poor continuity of care, communication gaps, and a perceived lack of attentiveness to participants’ physical and emotional needs led to substantial concern and disappointment in care. Black and Latina women in particular emphasized these themes. Conclusions This study highlights missed opportunities for improved clinician communication and continuity of care to address emotional trauma when severe obstetric complications occur, particularly for Black and Latina women. Enhancing communication to ensure that women feel heard and informed throughout the birth process and addressing implicit bias, as a part of the more systemic issue of institutionalized racism, could both decrease disparities in obstetric care quality and improve the patient experience for women of all races and ethnicities.
Teaching critical performance theory in today’s theatre classroom, studio, and communities: Edited by Jeanmarie Higgins, Oxam, UK, Routledge, Routledge, 2020, 245 pp., $38.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-367-40930-2

In the United States, it has long been customary to suggest that we are teaching actors a “toolbox.” While true and always meant with the best intent, it also may be a bit of a cop-out. Give me a t...
Using information theory to optimize a diagnostic threshold to match physician-ordering practice

Abstract Objective Clinicians order laboratory tests in an effort to reduce diagnostic or therapeutic uncertainty. Information theory provides the opportunity to quantify the degree to which a test result is expected to reduce diagnostic uncertainty. We sought to apply information theory toward the evaluation and optimization of a diagnostic test threshold and to determine if the results would differ from those of conventional methodologies. We used a heparin/PF4 immunoassay (PF4 ELISA) as a case study. Materials and Methods The laboratory database was queried for PF4 ELISA and serotonin release assay (SRA) results during the study period, with the latter serving as the gold standard for the disease heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The optimized diagnostic threshold of the PF4 ELISA test was compared using conventional versus information theoretic approaches under idealized (pretest probability = 50%) and realistic (pretest probability = 2.4%) testing conditions. Results Under ideal testing conditions, both analyses yielded a similar optimized optical density (OD) threshold of OD > 0.79. Under realistic testing conditions, information theory suggested a higher threshold, OD > 1.5 versus OD > 0.6. Increasing the diagnostic threshold improved the global information value, the value of a positive test and the noise content with only a minute change in the negative test value. Discussion Our information theoretic approach suggested that the current FDA approved cutoff (OD > 0.4) is overly permissive leading to loss of test value and injection of noise into an already complex diagnostic dilemma. Because our approach is purely statistical and takes as input data that are readily accessible in the clinical laboratory it offers a scalable and data-driven strategy for optimizing test value that may be widely applicable in the domain of laboratory medicine. Conclusion Information theory provides more meaningful measures of test value than the widely used accuracy-based metrics.