cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced-step Multistage Nonlinear Model Predictive Control

Abstract We present a real-time implementable robust Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) framework that simultaneously addresses model uncertainty and unmeasured disturbances based on a multistage scenario tree to describe the evolution of uncertainties. The multistage scenario tree computes a control action that hedges against all possible uncertainty realizations and optimizes expected performance. However, the scenario tree structure inevitably increases the optimization problem size, as robust horizons become longer. This presents a challenge to solve large-scale problems in real-time. We propose a parallelizable advanced-step multistage NMPC (as-msNMPC) that precomputes a set of solutions in background so that the online computation effort is negligible. We apply an as-msNMPC framework to a CSTR example to show the controller’s robustness and improved online performance over competing robust NMPC methods.
Effects of self-applied topical fluoride preparations in orthodontic patients.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of toothbrushing followed by fluoride rinsing, fluoride gel brushing, or fluoride gel dentifrice brushing alone in controlling the demineralization that often follows orthodontic treatment. Seventy-eight consecutive adolescent patients undergoing orthodontic care were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (control) used a low-potency, high-frequency fluoride rinse; group 2 used a high-potency, high-frequency fluoride brush-on gel; and group 3 used a high-potency, high-frequency fluoride gel dentifrice. When pretreatment levels of demineralization were subtracted from posttreatment values, both gel groups displayed a significant difference (P < .05) in smooth surface demineralization sites when compared to controls. Reversal of white-spot lesions occurred in 15% of sites that exhibited pathology as a result of the fluoride and preventive regimen. These results indicate that a daily use of a 5000-ppm fluoride gel along with toothbrushing with a fluoride paste or brushing twice daily with a 5000-ppm fluoride dentifrice alone provides greater protection beyond that of tooth-brushing with a fluoride paste (1000 ppm) and rinsing with a 0.05% sodium fluoride rinse.
S1P Tightens the Endothelial Barrier via a Cell Spreading Process Involving Rho Kinase

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) induces a myriad of cellular events including an increase in endothelial barrier function. Previously, we demonstrated that S1P rapidly increases endothelial electrica...
Evidence for K * Spin Alignment and Possible Exchange Mechanism in the Reaction π - p-->Σ 0 K *

Angular distributions from exposure of a liquid-hydrogen bubble chamber to a pi - beam are measured in a study of the spin assignment for K* in the reaction pi /sup -/ + p yields SIGMA /sup 0/ + K*. An exchange mechanism model is shown to produce a good fit to the data when the K* spin is taken as 1-.
Morphological and nanomechanical changes in tungsten in high heat flux conditions

Morphological and nanomechanical alteration of tungsten in extreme environments, like those in edge localized modes in nuclear fusion environments, up to 46.3 GWm−2 heat fluxes were experimentally simulated using electrothermal plasma. Surface and subsurface damage to the tungsten is seen mainly in the form of pore formation, cracks, and resolidified melt instabilities. Mirco voids, rosette-type microfeatures, core-shell structure, particle enrichment, and submicron channels all manifest in the damaged subsurface. The formation of voids in the subsurface was determined to originate from the ductile fracture of hot tungsten by plastic flow but not developed to cracking. The voids were preferentially settled in grain boundaries, interfaces. The directionality of elongated voids and grains is biased to the heat flow vector or plasma pathway, which is the likely consequence of the thermally driven grain growth and sliding in the high-temperature conditions. The presence of a border between the transient layer and heat-affected zone is observed and attributed to plasma shock and thermal spallation of fractural tungsten at high temperature. Plasma peening-like hardening effects in tungsten were observed in the range of 22.7–46.3 GWm−2 but least in the case of the lowest heat flux, 12.5 GWm−2.
Chemistry of Cannabis: An Interdisciplinary Course.

Cannabis sativa is a species of plant with a rich, yet controversial history. Although the utility of cannabis has been documented for thousands of years; during the last century, research has led to a more advanced understanding of its mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Accordingly, there has been an explosion of interest and attention; particularly from researchers, investors, academics, and those in the medical field. The relevance of cannabis spans many educational disciplines; sociology, economics, pharmacology, biology, and especially chemistry. There was a need in the undergraduate science curricula to include and reflect this revolution in cannabis’ perception and application by providing a knowledge base to students. Therefore, in an effort to contextualize cannabis’ inextricable connection to chemistry, the interdisciplinary undergraduate course “Chemistry of Cannabis” was developed and implemented. The goal was to increase student awareness, enhance the scope of their general education, and present a scientific foundation for potential further study. Due to the 2020 pandemic-related school closures, the second half of the course was presented online. The successful transition from in-person to remote learning illustrates the versatility of the course content and structure. Assessment of student feedback revealed that the course was well received and that students finished the semester with a greater interest and appreciation for both chemistry and cannabis. This article presents the design and delivery for the course “Chemistry of Cannabis.”
Malunion of an In Utero Metacarpal Fracture in a Standardbred Mare Presenting for Dystocia.

In utero fracture and malunion of long bones is a rare condition in horses. Most foals with in utero fractures are aborted, and the identification of a fetal in utero fracture in a mare with dystocia has not been reported. A 7-year-old multiparous Standardbred mare presented to a referral center for correction of dystocia. Assisted vaginal delivery and controlled vaginal delivery attempts were unsuccessful mainly because of contracted tendons impeding mutation. As the foal was alive, a cesarean section was elected. The foal was delivered but ultimately euthanized because of the congenital abnormalities. Computed tomography of the right forelimb of the foal along with gross examination and histologic evaluation of the right metacarpus revealed the malunion of a previous in utero fracture. While a few cases have been reported of in utero fracture, many of these were in abortuses and not in fetuses at term, making this case a new presentation and potential etiology for dystocia.
Assessing the Mental Health of Emerging Adults Through a Mental Health App: Protocol for a Prospective Pilot Study.

Background: Individuals can experience different manifestations of the same psychological disorder. This underscores the need for a personalized model approach in the study of psychopathology. Emerging adulthood is a developmental phase wherein individuals are especially vulnerable to psychopathology. Given their exposure to repeated stressors and disruptions in routine, the emerging adult population is worthy of investigation. Objective: In our prospective study, we aim to conduct multimodal assessments to determine the feasibility of an individualized approach for understanding the contextual factors of changes in daily affect, sleep, physiology, and activity. In other words, we aim to use event mining to predict changes in mental health. Methods: We expect to have a final sample size of 20 participants. Recruited participants will be monitored for a period of time (ie, between 3 and 12 months). Participants will download the Personicle app on their smartphone to track their activities (eg, home events and cycling). They will also be given wearable sensor devices (ie, devices that monitor sleep, physiology, and physical activity), which are to be worn continuously. Participants will be asked to report on their daily moods and provide open-ended text responses on a weekly basis. Participants will be given a battery of questionnaires every 3 months. Results: Our study has been approved by an institutional review board. The study is currently in the data collection phase. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the study was adjusted to allow for remote data collection and COVID-19–related stress assessments. Conclusions: Our study will help advance research on individualized approaches to understanding health and well-being through multimodal systems. Our study will also demonstrate the benefit of using individualized approaches to study interrelations among stress, social relationships, technology, and mental health.
Diminished ketone interconversion, hepatic TCA cycle flux, and glucose production in D-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase hepatocyte-deficient mice.

Abstract Objective Throughout the last decade, interest has intensified in intermittent fasting, ketogenic diets, and exogenous ketone therapies as prospective health-promoting, therapeutic, and performance-enhancing agents. However, the regulatory roles of ketogenesis and ketone metabolism on liver homeostasis remain unclear. Therefore, we sought to develop a better understanding of the metabolic consequences of hepatic ketone body metabolism by focusing on the redox-dependent interconversion of acetoacetate (AcAc) and D-β-hydroxybutyrate (D-βOHB). Methods Using targeted and isotope tracing high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, dual stable isotope tracer nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabolic flux modeling, and complementary physiological approaches in novel cell type-specific knockout mice, we quantified the roles of hepatocyte D-β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH1), a mitochondrial enzyme required for NAD+/NADH-dependent oxidation/reduction of ketone bodies. Results Exogenously administered AcAc is reduced to D-βOHB, which increases hepatic NAD+/NADH ratio and reflects hepatic BDH1 activity. Livers of hepatocyte-specific BDH1-deficient mice did not produce D-βOHB, but owing to extrahepatic BDH1, these mice nonetheless remained capable of AcAc/D-βOHB interconversion. Compared to littermate controls, hepatocyte-specific BDH1 deficient mice exhibited diminished liver tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux and impaired gluconeogenesis, but normal hepatic energy charge overall. Glycemic recovery after acute insulin challenge was impaired in knockout mice, but they were not more susceptible to starvation-induced hypoglycemia. Conclusions Ketone bodies influence liver homeostasis. While liver BDH1 is not required for whole body equilibration of AcAc and D-βOHB, loss of the ability to interconvert these ketone bodies in hepatocytes results in impaired TCA cycle flux and glucose production. Therefore, through oxidation/reduction of ketone bodies, BDH1 is a significant contributor to hepatic mitochondrial redox, liver physiology, and organism-wide ketone body homeostasis.
Strain Effects in Superconducting Compounds

A stress dependence of the critical current in thin films of Nb3Sn and V3Ga was found by Muller and Saurl in 1963, and in monofilamentary Nb3Sn wires by Beuheler and Levinstein2 in 1964. Later, several others reported a stress dependence of Jc and Tc in thin films,3 monofilaments, and single-crystal superconductors 4,5 However, the reversible nonhydrostatic strain effect was not measured in practical filamentary conductors until 1975 when the first measurements were reported by Ekin, Fickett, and Clark6 on commercial multifilamentary NbTi conductor. The interaction could not be explained simply by filament breakage, heating, or cross-sectional area reduction,7 but appeared to be intrinsic to the superconducting material itself. About a year later, a much larger effect was found in the critical current of multifilamentary Nb3Sn conductors by Ekin,8 Easton and Schwall,9 and McDougall.10 An accompanying strain dependence of Tc in multifilamentary Nb3Sn was reported by Luhman and Suenaga11 and Hillman,12 and a strain effect was observed in the upper critical field by Rupp13 and Ekin.14 Since then, the effect has also been observed in the critical current of most potentially useful conductors having the A15 crystal structure, including in-situ cast Nb3Sn,14,15 Nb3Sn with third and fourth element additions,16 V3Ga,17,18 chemically vapor deposited Nb3Ge,19 V3Si20 and Nb3Al.21
Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy and the Internet

BACKGROUND The objective of the current study was to evaluate the content and quality of patient-oriented information regarding intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on the Internet. METHODS IMRT websites were identified by reviewing the first 50 uniform resource locators on 5 search engines using the search terms IMRT and intensity modulated radiation therapy. Each site was evaluated by three observers for informational content, presentation, accuracy, and balance. A score of low, moderate, or high was assigned to each category based on a predefined scoring system. An overall score was assigned to each site, ranging from −35 to 100 points. RESULTS Seventy-seven patient-oriented IMRT websites were identified (45% private, 21% academic, and 18% commercial). Most sites (58%) had a low level of informational content, with information on fundamental aspects of IMRT planning (target delineation and inverse planning) appearing on < 50% of sites. The most commonly discussed tumors were genitourinary (65%) and head and neck (53%) lesions. Few sites, however, described the potential benefits of IMRT (toxicity and tumor control). Most sites (82%) used patient-appropriate language. False and/or misleading information was seen on 42% of sites and was equally common on academic, private, and commercial sites. Balance statements were present on 24% of sites (most of which were commercial). The median overall score was 20 points (range, −25 to 70 points). The median overall scores for academic, private, commercial, and other sites were 10, 20, 25, and 20 points, respectively (P = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS In general, the content and quality of patient-oriented information regarding IMRT on the Internet were poor. Patients and their physicians need to be aware of these problems when selecting treatment courses. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Development of an electrically actuated exercise system

In order to evaluate control strategies for smart exercise systems, an electrically actuated exercise environment is developed. Specifically, a bicep/tricep exercise machine is augmented with a high torque/low speed DC motor for active resistance generation. A QNX based PC platform running the QMotor software serves as the control implementation environment. Details of the various sensors and power electronics are included.
Effects of uninephrectomy and mercuric chloride on renal glutathione homeostasis.

The effects of uninephrectomy and i.v. injections of inorganic Hg on renal glutathione(GSH) homeostasis were studied in rats. Compensatory renal growth occurred in all uninephrectomized (NPX) rats 12 days after surgery. The weights of, and the amounts of total protein in, the remnant left kidneys from the NPX rats were significantly greater than those of the corresponding left kidneys from sham-operated (SHAM) rats. The concentration of GSH in samples of whole kidney, cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla increased after uninephrectomy, with the most striking changes occurring in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. The concentration of GSH in all samples from the SHAM and NPX rats was greater after the administration of a low, nontoxic dose of HgCl2 (0.5-mumol/kg). As with uninephrectomy alone, the increases due to inorganic Hg in both SHAM and NPX rats were greatest in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. The concentration of GSH increased further with a higher, toxic dose of HgCl2 (2.0-mumol/kg). Increasing the dose of HgCl2 to 3.0-mumol/kg resulted in more severe damage to the kidneys of all rats and in decreased concentration of renal GSH. The concentration of Hg under the same conditions as above was also measured, and closely paralleled that of GSH, with the greatest differences occurring in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. To explain these results, we hypothesize that both during compensatory renal growth and after administration of low, nontoxic to mildly toxic doses of Hg, GSH synthesis is induced. At higher, more toxic doses of Hg, GSH depletion becomes more prominent.
Health Communication Inquiry and Health Promotion: A State of the Art Review

Health communication is a young, relevant, and promising applied field of study that examines the influences of human and mediated communication on the delivery of health care and the promotion of health. Health communication inquiry is typically problem-based, identifying serious communication issues that threaten the quality of health care and health promotion, as well as suggesting evidence-based health communication interventions, programs, policies, and practices for improving health outcomes. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, group, organizational, and societal levels of communication perform central roles in promoting health across the continuum of care: prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, survivorship, and end of life care. Health communication scholars have developed a rich body of research and theory that identifies critical communication factors that influence health care and health promotion, suggesting key communication strategies for improving health outcomes. This article reviews the development of the field of health communication, examines relevant health communication research and theory, identifies important topics for health communication research, describes implications of the best health communication research findings, evaluates the applications of health communication research, and suggests fruitful directions for expanding future health communication scholarship to enhance the delivery of care and the promotion of public health. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(2):e 35 , 2015.
High throughput reconstruction of Huffman-coded images

The Huffman code is an efficient noiseless coding method for images, video, and other applications. For applications in graphic computers, high-definition televisions (HDTV), and optical fiber networks, Huffman-coded images need to be reconstructed at a high throughput rate. Due to the recursion within the reconstruction algorithm, the achievable throughput rate in a given IC technology is limited by the iteration bound. Methods of relaxing the iteration bound of the reconstruction process, thus increasing the concurrency in the decoding process, are proposed. These methods are simple, effective, and flexible. Unlimited concurrency can be achieved at the expense of additional latency. The incurred overhead is very low, and the complexity increases only linearly with the achieved throughput improvement. >
The effect of crystal structure on nucleation

Abstract New kinetic Monte Carlo computer simulations of the liquid to crystal transition which include structural relationships are presented. The structure of the nucleating phase is incorporated on an atomic scale in the simulation of cluster dynamics. It is shown that the consideration of these geometric factors requires extensions to the concepts of criticality from that conventionally encountered in classical nucleation theory with the use of the capillarity approximation. The implications of these findings on the analysis of homogeneous nucleation are discussed.
An Automated Testing Tool for Java Application Using Symbolic Execution Based Test Case Generation

We are developing a test case generation service that uses symbolic execution technique, to support testing of Java programs. In addition to program under test, we need drivers and stubs to execute the service. However, preparing drivers and stubs manually is a time-consuming and sometimes difficult task. In order to reduce the cost of such manual effort, we developed a tool that automates not only driver and stub preparation, but also other necessary processes of our test case generation service. The tool eliminates all manual routine work so that testers can perform the test with only one click. In this paper, we give a description of this tool which includes its implementation details and the techniques developed to automate its internal processes. We also report on its application to real project to evaluate the efficacy of the tool. Our results demonstrate that the tool reduces the amount of manual effort from several minutes to just a few seconds, while preserving a high level of test coverage.
Cosmetics and skin care products. A historical perspective.

Cosmetics and skin care products have played many varied and important roles in human history. Colored cosmetics have been used to prepare for entry into battle, to heighten the excitement surrounding courtship, and to adorn the dead before burial. Skin care products have influenced everything from religious practices to the health of the general population. A brief look at the history of these products is important in understanding their present use and the many advancements that have been made in formulation. This article discusses a few cosmetics and skin care products that have had the most interesting histories.
Development of a thermal energy storage model for EnergyPlus

Abstract A module for ice-based thermal energy storage (TES) systems has been developed and integrated within EnergyPlus. The TES module uses building load and system thermodynamics (BLAST) models for two direct ice systems (ice-on-coil external melt and ice harvester) and one indirect ice system (ice-on-coil internal melt). The TES systems are integrated as part of the EnergyPlus cooling plant components and are able to operate for any charge/discharge rates provided as input data. In this paper, the structure of the TES module as implemented in EnergyPlus is described. In addition, typical input–output variables from the added TES module are illustrated. Moreover, the operation of the TES systems is discussed for various conventional control strategies.
Ion transport by viscous gas flow through capillaries.

The effects of a number of experimental parameters on the efficiency of ion transport by viscous gas flow through narrow capillaries have been studied. Both electrospray and corona ion sources were used. The experimental data are consistent with ions loss to the walls of the capillary, which initially is caused mainly by space-charge expansion, but later is caused by diffusion. These processes can result in severe discrimination against low mass ions. The extent of ion loss may be calculated by using a simple model for radial diffusional loss in long cylinders, with an exponential decay of the ion density along the transport capillary. However, such a simple model underestimates ion loss by ignoring the effects of space-charge, turbulent flow, and rapid decay of higher radial diffusion modes (enhanced loss of ions that enter the capillary close to the wall). In contrast, Monte Carlo simulations showed that the effect of the parabolic velocity profile, under laminar flow conditions, is to increase the transmitted ion current, sometimes by several orders of magnitude, relative to the predictions of the simple diffusion model. After considering all these factors, the transmitted current from a corona was well reproduced by using mobility values for ions formed in such discharges. However, the measured transmitted current from an electrospray source was much too high. To explain this, it was necessary to assume that about 2% of the electrospray current is carried by aerosol particles with radii in the 10-25-A range. Finally, it is argued that in glass capillaries wall charging may explain why the transmitted ion current is observed to be very similar to that in metal capillaries.
THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS IN NEONATAL SEPSIS

Phase reactants were evaluated prospectively in babies suspected of having sepsis. Among 318 babies, there were 22 proven and 10 "very probable" cases of neonatal sepsis. Of the proven cases 14 survived and 8 died. The survivors had a positive latex C-reactive protein (CRP) in 11 cases and an alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) level greater than 0.5 g/l in 12 cases. Among those who died, one had a positive latex CRP and none had AGP greater than 0.5 g/l. These findings were supported by positive CRP and elevated AGP in almost all "very probable" cases, all of whom survived. These data in newborn infants support the hypothesis that acute phase reactants have a functional role in combating infection.
Brain enzyme and clinical alterations induced in rats and mice by nitroaliphatic toxicants.

Abstract The effects of a single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of the nitroaliphatic toxicants 3-nitropropanol (NPOH) and 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA) dissolved in physiological saline solution were studied in mice and rats, respectively. Clinical signs observed in both NPOH-treated mice and NPA-treated rats included depression, abnormal motor activity, and recumbency. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, demonstrated histochemically in frozen brain sections, was markedly reduced in intoxicated mice and rats. The SDH activity of mitochondrial preparations from brains of intoxicated mice and rats was diminished to 18–24% of control values, although the activity of another mitochondrial flavoprotein enzyme, a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (a-GPDH), was not altered.
Scattering from slot near conducting wedge using hybrid method of moments/geometrical theory of diffraction: TE case

An efficient solution for the scattering of a transverse electric plane wave from a slot near a wedge has been implemented using the hybrid method of moments/geometrical theory of diffraction. Comparisons with the complete Green function solution show that the hybrid technique is accurate even for small spacings.
Degenerative processes after punctate intracerebral administration of 6-hydroxydopamine

Various doses of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) were infused into the substantia nigra-ventromedial tegmental area, caudateputamen nucleus, and red nucleus. A maximum of four successively occurring zones of neuropathology could be detected at all injection sites: (1) A zone of complete absence of neural, glial, and vascular elements due to tissue displacement by the cannula, (2) an area of glial cells, developing over time, which surrounded the cannula tract, (3) a region exhibiting virtually complete loss of neuronal elements, and (4) a zone of selective neuropathological reaction or cellular loss in which some neurons were affected and others were not. All investigators who have histochemically and/or histologically evaluated the effects of intracerebrally administered 6-OHDA agree on the existence and genesis, some non-selective process, of the first three zones. Although some scientists maintain that the fourth zone is where 6-OHDA operates selectively, data are presented in this report that other, well-established processes can account for neuropathology beyond zone 3. Prominent among these are retrograde and anterograde degeneration, ischemia as a function of interruption of blood supply, and nonselective traumatization. In addition, the topography of the injected site (e.g., morphology of affected neurons, degree of myelination) was found to be as important a determinant of the locus of tissue damage as the presumed selectivity of 6-OHDA's action. Furthermore, monoamine oxidase inhibition by nialamide did not appear to increase the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA. Similarly, 1-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane was not a more potent cytotoxin than 6-OHDA even though this new neurotoxin has a propane side chain which renders it immune to monoamine oxidase.
Reproductive behavior of donkeys (Equus asinus)

Abstract This article briefly reviews the social organization, reproductive patterns, and sexual behavior of free-ranging donkeys. Brief comments are also included on hand-breeding of donkeys and crossbreeding of horses and donkeys to produce mules.
A 5-day dialectical behavior therapy partial hospital program for women with borderline personality disorder: predictors of outcome from a 3-month follow-up study.

Objective—This study describes naturalistic 3-month follow-up after discharge from a 5-day partial hospitalization dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) program for women diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD). We also examined individual BPD criteria as predictors of treatment response. Methods—Fifty women diagnosed with BPD were consecutively recruited from a partial hospital DBT program, 47 of whom (94%) completed all assessments including baseline (prior to discharge) and 3-months post-discharge assessments. Most continued with some combination of individual psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, and all had the option of continuing with weekly DBT skills classes. Baseline scores were compared to 3-month scores using paired two-tailed non-parametric (sign) tests. Regression analyses were conducted to identify predictors of outcome. Results—Depression, hopelessness, anger expression, dissociation, and general psychopathology scores significantly decreased over the 3-month follow-up interval, although scores on several measures remained in the clinical range. Those who endorsed emptiness, impulsivity, and relationship disturbance demonstrated improvement on a number of outcomes, while those who endorsed identity disturbance and fear of abandonment had less improvement on some outcomes. Conclusion—These findings illustrate 1) that improvement occurred over a 3-month interval on a number of measures in patients receiving treatment as usual following discharge from a partial hospitalization program, and 2) that BPD is a complex, heterogeneous disorder for which there is no single pathognomonic criterion, so that each criterion should be considered individually in determining its potential effect on treatment outcomes.
Occlusive hyperemia versus normal perfusion pressure breakthrough after treatment of cranial arteriovenous malformations.

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular lesions characterized by direct connections between feeding arteries and draining veins without an intervening capillary network. Two hypotheses, normal perfusion pressure breakthrough (NPPB) and occlusive hyperemia, prevail in the literature regarding the occasional development of hemorrhage and edema following AVM resection. The NPPB hypothesis was introduced in 1978. Since the occlusive hyperemia hypothesis was first postulated in 1993, however, a debate has persisted within the cerebrovascular community concerning which hypothesis better explains the complications of edema and hemorrhage seen after AVM resection. Recent advances in cerebrovascular imaging and hemodynamic analysis have allowed a better evaluation of intracerebral changes following AVM resection. It is likely that these 2 hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and perhaps exist in a spectrum of hemodynamic alteration following AVM resection.
Effects of Contingent Payment on Compliance with a Naltrexone Regimen

The effects of several schedules of payment on duration and patterns of compliance with a naltrexone regimen were examined. Patients were paid under contingencies based on either number of doses ingested or on a fixed time schedule. Reinforcement schedules based on number of doses ingested produced more consistent treatment-oriented behavior than a time-based schedule. Covariation between behavior and alternating contingencies (A-B-A) indicated that the schedules served as one determinant of the pattern of attendance. Both types of schedules contributed to increased duration of treatment compared to previous noncontingent payment. The issue of using extrinsic reinforcers such as monetary payment to enhance compliance is discussed and additional procedures are suggested.
Immunohistochemical localization of LDH-x during spermatogenesis in mouse testes.

Abstract Testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase, LDH-X, was localized spatially and temporally in the germinal epithelium of the mouse by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. The enzyme was first detected in midpachytene primary spermatocytes and appeared to increase in concentration as spermatogenesis progressed to the spermatid. LDH-X synthesis, therefore, is initiated in the primary spermatocyte and continues at least until sometime during spermiogenesis. The uniform fluorescence of the cells containing LDH-X suggests that it is distributed throughout the cytoplasm rather than restricted to organelles such as mitochondria.
Mechanism of quinidine and chlorpromazine inhibition of sarcotubular ATPase activity.

Abstract Quinidine and chlorpromazine in concentrations ranging from 0–25 to 1–2 mM inhibited sarcotubular ATPase activity by distinctly different mechanisms. The noncompetitive inhibition produced by quinidine was entirely due to its effects on hydrolysis of the phosphorylated intermediate. Formation of the phosphorylated intermediate from γ-AT 32 P was unaffected by quinidine. In contrast to these results, chlorpromazine was found to have no effect on the hydrolysis of phosphorylated intermediate but to depress its levels. Using the β,γ-methylene analogue of ATP. it was possible to show that chlorpromazine lowers the phosphorylated intermediate levels by depressing the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate. Chlorpromazine inhibition of substrate binding was non-competitive.
Triplet-state spin coherence in photoexcited benzil crystals at 77 K: optically detected transient nutation and adiabatic rapid passage

Abstract The spin coherence in triplet-state traps in neat benzil crystals at 77 K was observed by optically detected transient nutation and adiabatic rapid passage experiments. The latter produced as much as 97% inversion of the populations in the τ y and τ z spin states and showed that T 2 xxx 400 ns.
Formation and Thermal Stability of Ni+ Cationic Sites in Ni−ZSM-5

Ni−ZSM-5 zeolite reduced in CO was characterized by DRIFTS measurements of adsorbed CO, N2, and H2 molecules and EPR spectroscopy. The results indicate that N2 and H2 molecules adsorbed on Ni+ ions are strongly perturbed, resulting in large bathochromic shifts of their vibration frequencies. Ni+ sites in Ni−ZSM-5 are stable up to moderately high temperatures (550−600 K). At higher temperatures, the Ni+ sites are converted to Ni0 and Ni2+ according to the following disproportionation reaction: 2Ni+ → Ni2+ + Ni0.
Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes in Ovarian Cancer of the Hen: Support for Oviductal Origin?

Ovarian cancer has a high mortality rate due, in part, to the lack of early detection and incomplete understanding of the origin of the disease. The hen is the only spontaneous model of ovarian cancer and can therefore aid in the identification and testing of early detection strategies and therapeutics. Our aim was to combine the use of the hen animal model and microarray technology to identify differentially expressed genes in ovarian tissue from normal hens compared with hens with ovarian cancer. We found that the transcripts up-regulated in chicken ovarian tumors were enriched for oviduct-related genes. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry confirmed expression of oviduct-related genes in normal oviduct and in ovaries from hens with early- and late-stage ovarian tumors, but not in normal ovarian surface epithelium. In addition, one of the oviduct-related genes identified in our analysis, paired box 2 has been implicated in human ovarian cancer and may serve as a marker of the disease. Furthermore, estrogen receptor 1 mRNA is over-expressed in early-stage tumors, suggesting that expression of the oviduct-related genes may be regulated by estrogen. We have also identified oviduct-related genes that encode secreted proteins that could represent putative serum biomarkers. The expression of oviduct-related genes in early-stage tumors is similar to what is seen in human ovarian cancer, with tumors resembling normal Mullerian epithelium. These data suggest that chicken ovarian tumors may arise from alternative sites, including the oviduct.
Affective Social Competence.

A theoretical model for affective social competence is described. Affective social competence (ASC) is comprised of three integrated and dynamic components: sending affective messages, receiving affective messages, and experiencing affect. Central and interconnected abilities within each component include awareness and identification of affect, working within a complex and constantly changing social context, and management and regulation. The dynamic integration of the components is emphasized and potential mediating factors are outlined. The model is placed within the context of previous research and theory related to affective social competence; how the model advances future research is also explicated for each component. Research with special populations of children is described to highlight the importance of affective social competence in social relationships and the promise of the ASC model for future research and practice.
Importance of meaning-making for patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Purpose/objectives The purpose of this integrative literature review of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for hematologic malignancies was to determine whether meaning-making might be helpful to improve coping and psychological adaptation as patients navigate HSCT. Data sources CINAHL®, MEDLINE®, and PsychINFO databases, and ancestry searches. Search terms included bone marrow transplant, hematopoietic stem cell transplant, hematologic malignancy, quality of life, lived experience, psychosocial, psychological, isolation, and social support. Data synthesis Twenty-four research articles published from 1989-2012 were included. Five major themes emerged: (a) lived experience, (b) coping style, (c) quality of life, (d) psychological morbidity, and (e) potential for post-traumatic growth. Meaning-making was a thread that ran through each of the key areas of the HSCT experience. Conclusions Physical, psychosocial, and spiritual issues arise during HSCT that are unique among patients diagnosed with cancer. Meaning-making is key to adaptive coping and helps to reduce physical, psychosocial, and spiritual challenges, as well as assists patients in experiencing positive personal growth. Interventions focused on meaning-making should be tested in this population. Implications for nursing Nurses are positioned to develop and deliver meaning-making interventions for patients undergoing HSCT and to assess patient-oriented outcomes.
A comparison of the annual production and biomass in three monospecific stands of the seagrass Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) aschers.

Annual production and biomass data were collected in three seagrass communities of Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenb.) Aschers. from Papua New Guinea. Leaf growth rates, determined by the marking technique, resulted in a growth rate of 8.3 mm day−1 for the youngest leaves. Production of above-ground plant parts was assessed by the plastochrone interval. The annual mean values were 9.3, 10.0 and 9.9 days for Sites 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Annual mean total above-ground production amounted to 2.1 mg ADW shoot−1 day−1 at Site 1, and 5.5 and 4.5 mg ADW shoot−1 day−1 for Sites 2 and 3, respectively; 73–89% of the total net production was contributed by the leaves. Rhizome production was correlated to the plastochrone interval of the leaves. Annual mean biomass of leaves amounted to 16–27% of the total biomass. The mean biomass of the other plant parts remained constant during the year. The annual mean turnover time of the different plant parts (above- and below-ground) varied considerably between the sites.
Middle paleolithic scraper reduction: Background, clarification, and review of the evidence to date

The hypothesis that the principal varieties of Middle Paleolithic scrapers reflect varying degrees of resharpening and rejuvenation, rather than discrete emic types, has generated considerably controversy over the past decade. While there have been certain misunderstandings surrounding the proposed models of scraper reduction, this controversy also reflects different approaches taken by prehistorians in interpreting lithic artifacts. Placing the notion of scraper reduction in the context of lithic processes generally known as the Frison Effect, this article presents the background and intellectual context of this interpretation and attempts to clarify the models themselves and their test implications. It also reviews and summarizes data generated by several independent tests of the hypothesis and presents new data bearing on this question.
Microform calibrations in surface metrology

Abstract Microform calibrations include the measurement of complex profile forms and position errors of micrometer scale in combination with the measurement of deviations from a specified profile and surface texture of profile segments. Tolerances on the profile form are specified and may correspond geometrically to surface texture parameters. One example of microform calibration is the calibration of Rockwell diamond indenters used for hardness testing of materials. Previously reported measurement techniques do not meet the stringent microfonn calibration requirements for Rockwell diamond indenters. Inadequate microform calibration of hardness indenters may be one factor resulting in significant interlaboratory differences in results from Rockwell hardness tests. By using a stylus instrument, in combination with a series of calibration and check standards and calibration and measurement uncertainty calculation procedures, we have calibrated Rockwell diamond indenters in accordance with the definitions specified in ISO and ASTM standards. Our procedures for conducting microform calibration yield total measurement uncertainties less than ten percent of the tolerance values specified in ISO and ASTM standards. In this paper, the general calibration requirements, calibration and check standards, and calibration and uncertainty procedures that we use in performing microform calibrations are introduced. Some general considerations on stylus radius correction, data fitting, calibration traceability, uncertainty and reproducibility are also discussed.
An upper bound on the performance of plane strain mixers

Consideration of the basic equation for mixing in plane strain laminar flow shows that mixing can proceed much more rapidly than has been commonly accepted. While linear rates of mixing have been predicted previously, exponential rates of mixing are possible. An upper bound for, the rate of mixing in plane strain laminar flow is shown to be an exponential. The geometry of the flow which produces this most rapid mixing is shown to be plane strain extensional flow, sometimes called pure shear flow, with all interfaces aligned normally to the smallest principle axis of the deformation.
A system approach to developing staff training

This chapter shows how concepts from organizational psychology can be used to design a comprehensive staff training model for a statewide mental health service system, and emphasizes the importance of competency identification in this model.
Numerical study of a billiard in a gravitational field

Abstract Billiards have always been used as models for mechanical systems. In this paper we describe a very simple billiard which, over a range of one continous parameter only, exhibits the characteristics of Hamiltonian systems having two degrees of freedom and a discontinuity. The relationship between this billiard and the well-known one-dimensional self-gravitating system (with N = 3) is given. This billiard consists of a mass point moving in a symmetric wedge of angle 2θ under the influence of a constant gravitational field. For θ ;45°, complete chaos is obtained, suggesting K -system behavior. The general properties of the mapping and some numerical results obtained are discussed. Of special interest are invariant curves which cross a line of discontinuity, and a new “universality” class for Lyapunov numbers.
Minimizing binary functions with simulated annealing algorithm with applications to binary tomography

Abstract The minimization of binary functions finds many applications in practice, and can be solved by the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. However, the SA algorithm is designed for general combinatorial problems, not specifically for binary problems. Consequently, a direct application of the SA algorithm might not provide optimal performance and efficiency. Therefore, this study specifically investigated the performance of various implementations of the SA algorithm when applied to binary functions. Results obtained in this investigation demonstrated that 1) the SA algorithm can reliably minimize difficult binary functions, 2) a simple technique, analogous to the local search technique used in minimizing continuous functions, can exploit the special structure of binary problems and significantly improve the solution with negligible computational cost, and 3) this technique effectively reduces computational cost while maintaining reconstruction fidelity in binary tomography problems. This study also developed two classes of binary functions to represent the typical challenges encountered in minimization.
Q-space analysis of scattering by particles: a review

Abstract This review describes and demonstrates the Q-space analysis of light scattering by particles. This analysis involves plotting the scattered intensity versus the scattering wave vector q=(4π/λ)sin(θ/2) on a double log plot. The analysis uncovers power law descriptions of the scattering with length scale dependent crossovers between the power laws. It also systematically describes the magnitude of the scattering and the interference ripple structure that often underlies the power laws. It applies to scattering from dielectric spheres of arbitrary size and refractive index (Mie scattering), fractal aggregates and irregularly shaped particles such as dusts. The benefits of Q-space analysis are that it provides a simple and comprehensive description of scattering in terms of power laws with quantifiable exponents; it can be used to differentiate scattering by particles of different shapes, and it yields a physical understanding of scattering based on diffraction.
Bursting and calcium oscillations in pancreatic β-cells: specific pacemakers for specific mechanisms

Oscillatory phenomenon in electrical activity and cytoplasmic calcium concentration in response to glucose are intimately connected to multiple key aspects of pancreatic β-cell physiology. However,...