cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurophilosophy at Work

Churchland explores the unfolding impact of the several empirical sciences of the mind, especially cognitive neurobiology and computational neuroscience on a variety of traditional issues central to the discipline of philosophy. Representing Churchland's most recent research, they continue his research program, launched over thirty years ago which has evolved into the field of neurophilosophy. Topics such as the nature of Consciousness, the nature of cognition and intelligence, the nature of moral knowledge and moral reasoning, neurosemantics or world-representation in the brain, the nature of our subjective sensory qualia and their relation to objective science, and the future of philosophy itself are here addressed in a lively, graphical, and accessible manner. Throughout the volume, Churchland's view that science is as important as philosophy is emphasised. Several of the color figures in the volume will allow the reader to perform some novel phenomenological experiments on his/her own visual system.
Herpes Simplex Virus Products in Productive and Abortive Infection II. Electron Microscopic and Immunological Evidence for Failure of Virus Envelopment as a Cause of Abortive Infection

Herpes simplex virus strain MPdk(-) multiplies in HEp-2 cells, but not in dog kidney (DK) cells. Strain MPdk(+)sp, a multistep mutant of MPdk(-), multiplies in both HEp-2 and DK cells. Stabilized lysates of productively infected cells yield three macromolecular aggregates of viral deoxyribonucleic acid and protein banding in CsCl gradients at densities of 1.285 g/cm(3) (alpha), 1.325 g/cm(3) (beta), and 1.37 to 1.45 g/cm(3) (gamma). Similar lysates from abortively infected cells yield only the beta and gamma bands. Electron microscopic examination revealed that (i) the alpha band contained enveloped nucleocapsids, whereas the beta band contained naked nucleocapsids and particles tentatively identified as internal components of the nucleocapsids, and that (ii) the enveloped virions and reduplication of cellular membranes observed in thin sections of productively infected cells were absent from abortively infected cells. Studies of the surface antigens of infected cells in a cytolytic system described previously revealed that abortively infected cells contained approximately 10-fold less virus-induced surface antigen than did productively infected cells. From these and other data published previously, we concluded that infectious MPdk(-) virions are not made in DK cells because (i) functional viral products necessary for the envelopment of the nucleocapsid are not made, and (ii) capsid proteins and some nonstructural products specified by the virus malfunction.
Incorporating Powerful Excel Tools into Finance Teaching

Data Table, Charts, Scenario Manager, Goal Seek, and Solver are powerful Excel tools in solving financial problems. Incorporating these tools into finance teaching can help students understand finance concepts intuitively, and bridge the gap between financial theories and real-world applications. The learning goals defined for an Excel-integrated finance course have all been achieved. Students who took this course are more confident on their Excel skills and financial knowledge. This paper demonstrates how to effectively use Excel tools to teach key finance concepts, such as financial statement analysis, time value of money, stock and bond valuation, capital budgeting, portfolio theory, and financial derivatives. To prepare business students with Excel skills needed in the job market, business schools should promote to integrate Excel into other business core and major courses when appropriate.
Calculation of aftershock accumulation from observed postseismic deformation: M6 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake

[1] The postseismic stress accumulation τ(t) over the interval 0.004 to 880 days following the 2004 Parkfield earthquake (M6) can be inferred from GPS measurements of postseismic deformation. The stress relaxation τ(t) − τ′lt, where τ′l is the interseismic loading rate and t is the time after the earthquake, plotted as a function of the number of M > 1.5 aftershocks Na(t) that have occurred by time t is bilinear with the slope of the fit to the first half of the aftershock sequence less than the slope of the fit to the second half. Thus, the aftershock seismicity rate is not proportional to the stress relaxation rate τ′(t) − τ′l over the entire sequence, but rather exhibits two distinct proportionalities. The observed postearthquake accumulation of M > 1.5 earthquakes in the aftershock zone as a function of time can be explained with the rate-and-state friction relation proposed by Dieterich (1994) between the cumulative number of earthquakes and τ(t).
Beyond Interstate Recognition in the Same-Sex Marriage Debate

The national same-sex marriage debate has been dominated for the past decade by the interstate recognition issue. This article seeks to shift the focus of the debate to same-sex marriage prohibitions themselves and their incompatibility with several limitations of federal constitutional law. After showing the legal irrelevance of the Defense of Marriage Act to the interstate recognition issue, the article addresses the proper resolution of that choice-of-law issue through the lens of a well-known New York Court of Appeals decision. In that case, despite New York's ban on uncle-niece marriage, the New York high court - one of the most respected state supreme courts over the years in choice-of-law matters - applied Rhode Island law to uphold the validity of an uncle-niece marriage in Rhode Island between two New Yorkers. On its face, the case appears to offer powerful support for recognizing an out-of-state same-sex marriage that is valid where formed, but as the article demonstrates, the court's choice of law is so difficult to defend that it actually militates against interstate recognition of same-sex marriage. However, as the article's juxtaposition of the uncle-niece and same-sex marriage recognition issues highlights, same-sex marriage recognition is not simply a matter of choice of law. While the Constitution leaves states free to allow or ban uncle-niece marriage, states do not have such latitude in legislating about same-sex marriage. The article maintains that prohibitions on same-sex marriage violate the Due Process, Equal Protection, and Establishment Clauses.
Prior classical cesarean delivery—counseling and management

A look at what needs to be considered when working with a woman with prior classical cesarean delivery.
Sparse mutual coupling matrix and sensor gain/phase estimation for array auto-calibration

This paper develops a method for estimating the sparse array mutual coupling matrix and sensor gains/phases using a signal source at unknown directions. The sparsity of the mutual coupling matrix results from the recognition that the mutual coupling between array elements is inversely related to their separation and may be negligible for elements separated by a few wavelengths. We remove the restriction that the signal test source directions must be known, as required in an earlier recent work by the author (see Jaffer, A.G., Proc. 35th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 2001). A fast converging iterative method is developed which estimates the directions and the sparse mutual coupling matrix and sensor gains/phases. Computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the utility of the method.
Ultrafast Electron Diffraction

Diffraction techniques have allowed determination of three-dimensional equi­librium structures with atomic resolution in systems ranging from diatoms (NaC1) to DNA, proteins and complex assemblies such as viruses. For dy­namics, the time resolution has similarly reached the fundamental atomic scale of motion. With the advent of femtosecond time resolution nearly two decades ago, it has become possible to study the dynamics of non-equilibrium molecular systems, also from the very small (NaI) to the very large (DNA, proteins and their complexes) [1]. A tantalizing goal is the potential to map out, in real time, the coordinates of all individual atoms in complex chemical and biological reactions.
Directions in Scholarship on American Women and Protestant Foreign Mission: Debates Over “Cultural Imperialism”

This essay argues that scholarship on American women missionaries is at the forefront of reconceptualized visions of U.S. women’s history, the history of U.S. foreign relations and the boundaries of U.S. history. In the heyday of Protestant foreign mission in the 19th and early 20th century, women missionaries usually could not preach, and so were heavily involved in spreading Western education, Western medicine, and ideas about “domesticity.” American women missionaries therefore were central actors in American cultural expansion, and in the spread of specific ideas about the empowerment of women abroad. Some scholars have therefore seen women missionaries as especially complicit in American cultural imperialism, while others have protested the portrayal of American women missionaries as cultural imperialists. Particularly in the last decade, however, scholars have focused on how people in the host cultures have interpreted and adapted the messages of American women missionaries. This has challenged the idea that American women missionaries unilaterally imposed American culture on the people among whom they worked, while still taking seriously the ways in which American women missionaries both contributed to and benefitted from American imperialism. The essay argues for the importance of embracing the complexity of American women missionaries – their simultaneous opposition to imperialism and racism and complicity with imperialist structures and drawing on ideologies of race. Ultimately, the essay argues, scholarship on American women missionaries makes an important contribution to our understanding contradictions inherent in American cultural outreach more broadly.
Spectrophotometric determination of scandium with arsenazo

Abstract Arsenazo is used for the spectrophotometric determination of scandium in the range 10 to 50 μg. The absorbance is measured at 570 mμ and pH 6.1. A method is proposed for the successive determination of scandium and thorium. Scandium is separated from magnesium, calcium, rare earths, zirconium, fluoride, phosphate, and some other metals by extraction with TTA in xylene. Copper, aluminum, and iron(III) are removed by 8-quinolinol-chloroform extraction. Uranium(VI) is removed by anion exchange using hydrochloric acid. Thorium is separated from scandium by anion exchange using nitric acid.
Spitzer observations of CO2 ice toward field stars in the taurus molecular cloud

We present the first Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph observations of the 15.2 μm bending mode of CO2 ice toward field stars behind a quiescent dark cloud. CO2 ice is detected toward two field stars (Elias 16 and Elias 3) and a single protostar (HL Tau) with an abundance of ~15%-20% relative to water ice. CO2 ice is not detected toward the source with lowest extinction in our sample, Tamura 17 (AV = 3.9 mag). A comparison of the Elias 16 spectrum with laboratory data demonstrates that the majority of CO2 ice is embedded in a polar, H2O-rich ice component, with ~15% of CO2 residing in an apolar, H2O-poor mantle. This is the first detection of apolar CO2 toward a field star. We find that the CO2 extinction threshold is AV = 4 ± 1 mag, comparable to the threshold for water ice, but significantly less than the threshold for CO ice, the likely precursor of CO2. Our results confirm that CO2 ice forms in tandem with H2O ice along quiescent lines of sight. This argues for CO2 ice formation by means of a mechanism similar to that responsible for H2O ice formation, viz., simple catalytic reactions on grain surfaces.
EMISSIONS MEASUREMENTS FROM A LOBED FUEL INJECTOR/BURNER

The present experimental study examines NO(x) and CO emissions associated with alternative fuel injector geometries. These injectors mix fuel and air to differing extents and thus create different local equivalence ratios upstream of flame ignition and stabilization. Two of the devices studied are lobed fuel injectors, in which mixing of reactants is associated with stream wise vorticity generation and straining of fuel-air interfaces, while the third is a non-lobed fuel injector which creates relatively little fuel-air mixing prior to ignition.Results show that one lobed injector geometry appears to produce locally lean premixed flame structures, resulting in low NO. emissions when compared with non-lobed injector emissions. The other lobed injector geometry appears to produce a local fuel-air mixture which is closer to stoichiometric conditions, with NO(x) emissions that are actually higher than for the non-lobed injector. For both lobed injector geometries examined here, CO emissions become high for over-all lean operating conditions, consistent with premixed combustion behavior. The present study demonstrates the importance of control of the local equivalence ratio in minimizing burner emissions.
Comment on “Developing and Implementing an Effective Public Outreach Program”

J. A. Harrison et al. (Eos, 90(38), 333–334, 22 September 2009) provide a laudable overview of scientific outreach and the steps required to support a robust public outreach effort. However, it is unfortunate that issues related to energy were absent from the profiled list of outreach resources. Energy issues unite geoscience disciplines ranging from rock mechanics to atmospheric kinetics. Furthermore, energy issues make up a large and important part of the public discourse about economic recovery, security, and environmental protection.
Aggregating evidence using quantified statements

Abstract Starting with a collection of experts' opinions as to the value of some unknown variable in the form of fuzzy subsets, we are concerned with the problem of aggregating the opinions with regard to what values for the unknown variable are possible, certain, or probable. We first show that linguistically quantified propositions provide a framework in which to aggregate the opinions. We provide two methodologies for implementing the aggregation in terms of quantified statements. The first method involves a consensory aggregation and is based upon an algebraic interpretation of a quantified statement. The second involves a competitive type aggregation and is based upon substitution interpretation of a quantified statement. We also provide for the ability to include differing importances to the experts as well as differing degrees of confidence in an opinion.
A Theory of DNA Dissociation from the Nucleosome

Abstract Previous analysis of an elastic model of the nucleosome indicated that 10 bp end segments of DNA can exist in a continuum of mechanically stable trajectories ranging from complete winding on the histone octamer to complete unwinding. Stable states of 20 bp and 40 bp end segments, however, are grouped in bands separated by gaps where DNA trajectories are unstable. We extend these results to cover the entire range up to a complete nucleosomal turn, 80 bp. We find that 10 to 60 bp segments have states intermediate between fully wound and fully unwound that are mechanically stable. In striking contrast, there is no stable intermediate trajectory for 70 bp or 80 bp segments. Segments of these lengths constitute a two-state system. A 70 or 80 bp segment is either fully wound or fully unwound, and the population of these states is governed by Boltzmann's thermal distribution. We have found a plausible dissociation pathway from the fully wound to the fully unwound state for the 80 bp segment. In a ponderous breathing motion that breaks all contacts with the histone surface, the segment climbs to an activation peak of about 12 kcal/mol, then rapidly straightens away from the histone core to complete dissociation.
Trace metal and essential fatty acid deficiency during total parenteral nutrition.

While deficiencies of trace metals and essential fatty acids are rare in humans fed orally, the widespread use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) has increased the likelihood of encountering these deficiencies. A 14-year-old boy, with total villous atrophy of the small intestine, suffered from severe malnutrition and was placed on a conventional TPN regimen. Although not immediately recognized, he rapidly developed deficiencies of zinc, copper and essential fatty acids. Careful monitoring of the course of the illness and the responses to sequential treatments with zinc, lipid, and copper given intravenously allowed examination of the effects of the deficiencies on skin, intestine, liver, and hemopoietic systems and helped to establish normal requirements for the metals. The progress of the illness suggested that patients with intestinal malabsorption may be especially at risk of developing some of these lesser known complications of TPN.
Clinical Applications of BCR-ABL Molecular Testing in Acute Leukemia

Recent advances in molecular genetics impact the health care and outcome of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). BCR-ABL, a common molecular defect in adult ALL, is a valuable tumor marker whose detection influences prognosis and clinical management decisions. Molecular methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR), and real-time quantitative rtPCR can be used to detect the chimeric BCR-ABL gene or its transcripts. These molecular assays improve our ability to measure residual disease and to estimate risk of relapse. On the horizon are gene expression profiles that will likely provide additional information beyond what is obtainable with current clinical and laboratory approaches.
Phonon dispersion in He II at long wavelengths and low temperatures

Phonon dispersion in liquid He II at long wavelengths and low temperatures is calculated using a generalized polarization potential approach and shown to yield results in good agreement with both superthermal phonon propagation and neutron scattering experiments at pressures up to 24 bar. It is shown that the long-wavelength dispersion relation is of the form ω q =s 0 q(1+ω2 q 2+ω3 q 3+...) suggested by Feenberg and by Kemoklidze and Pitaevskii, but that the validity of such an expansion is restricted to wave vectorsq≲0.1A −1. For larger values ofq, one can force a polynomial fit, containing only odd powers ofq, to the dispersion curve and other parameters of interest, but the number of terms which must be kept is so large as to render such an approach unwieldy.
Room temperature Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio of Ce0.9Fe3.5Co0.5Sb12 and Co0.95Pd0.05Te0.05Sb3 skutterudite materials

Abstract Room temperature Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio were measured by Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) for a total of 29 skutterudite specimens cut from four hot pressed billets: (i) two p-type (Ce 0.9 Fe 3.5 Co 0.5 Sb 12 ) billets, (ii) one n-type (Co 0.95 Pd 0.05 Te 0.05 Sb 3 ) billet with 0.1 atomic% Ce addition and (iii) one n-type billet without Ce addition. Within a given hot pressed billet, the elastic moduli were very uniform from specimen to specimen. Also, Ce-doping of the n-type specimens did not result in a significant shift in the elastic modulus. For n-type specimens with 98% relative density, the mean Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson's ratio were 140.6 ± 0.2 GPa, 57.34 ± 0.05 and 0.226 ± 0.001 GPa, respectively. For the p-type specimens of similar relative density, the mean Young's and shear moduli were approximately 7% lower than the n-type, while there was no significant difference between the mean Poisson's ratio values of the n-type and p-type 98% dense specimens. The measured elastic moduli agreed relatively well with the literature values for other Sb-based skutterudite compositions. In addition, nanoindentation measurements on three mutually orthogonal specimen faces showed no appreciable anisotropy in Young's modulus.
10 A multi‐component model can predict outcome of restrictive surgery for obesity at baseline and 3 months

Introduction: We previously reported that a multi-component model of autonomic and enteric factors may correlate with ultimate weight loss or gain after restrictive obesity surgery (NGM 2005; 17:472). Patients: We report on 39 patients, 4 male, 35 female, mean age 37.2 years, followed for up to 16 years post-operatively after vertical banded gastroplasty. Methods: Two autonomic measures (adrenergic: PAR and VC and cholinergic: RRI) and one enteric measure (electrogastrogram: EGG) were recorded at baseline as previously described (DDS 44: 74s–78s, 1999). We performed a discriminant function analysis to investigate whether a patient's EGG, PAR, RRI, and VC values could be used to classify that patient as a loser or gainer following weight control surgery. The patients were divided into two categories (10 gainers, 29 losers), depending on the latest weight compared to baseline; discriminant criterion derived from the patient's data was applied to each patient's autonomic and enteric values to determine whether these measurements separated the patients into their true weight category. Results: A discriminate model based on baseline measures successfully predicted ultimate weight gain in 8/10 (80%) of patients who subsequently gained weight and weight loss in 24/29 (83%) of patients who in subsequently lost weight for a total correct classification rate of 32/39 (82%). The same model with data at 3 months post-operatively predicted weight gain in 9 of 10 (90%) of patients and weight loss in 24 of 29 (83%) of patients, for a total correct classification rate of 34/39 pts (87%) (See table). Conclusions: A multi-component model demonstrates that baseline and 3 months post-operative measures can predict ultimate weight outcome from restrictive obesity surgery. Time Predicted Baseline Outcome Lose Total 3 Month Predicted Outcome Lose Total Result Gain Lose Total Gain Lose Total Gain 8 (80%) 2 10 9 (90%) 1 10 Lose 5 24 (83%) 29 5 24 (83%) 29
Nerve endings in the venom gland of the spider Latrodectus mactans.

Abstract Venom glands of the black widow spider were examined in the electron microscope. The venom-producing epithelial cells were found to be innervated by small axons from larger nerve trunks, penetrating the collagenous sheath surrounding the gland. The axons, which possess no glial sheath, are inserted between the epithelial cells, or occasionally invaginated into the cells in mesaxon-like folds. Axoplasmic contents showed a variety of neurosecretory products and electron-lucent vesicles. Regions of axoplasm with the structural characteristics of synapses were noted adjoining the epithelial cell membrane. The possible function of this nerve supply is discussed.
The Origins of Sociology as a Discipline

My general argument in this presentation will be that the origin of sociology as a discipline was a bad thing, in that it led us systematically away from the study of humans acting in society. Obviously this means that I think the subject matter of sociology is important and interesting. I will argue that the internal prestige system of sociology as a discipline, however, diverts us from studying the people involved in a social system, and leads us to study instead abstractions of people, people who are culturally shaped by our sociological mental operation into the sorts of things that fit better with our prestige system. So the basic argument is that the higher prestige of a piece of sociological work, the less people in it are sweaty, laughing, ugly or pretty, dull at parties, or have warts on their noses. Field work is the lowest status in methodology, because surprising humans keep popping out and bewildering us by doing things we do not understand; much better to have people answering closed ended questions so that they fall neatly into cross classifications to be analyzed by loglinear methods. Similarly, the highest prestige theory for many years, that of Talcott Parsons, started off with its people and their actions reduced to a cross-classification of five pattern variables (or perhaps different numbers at different times). No room for laughter or embarassing burps in the middle of a lecture here. If we range theories from the prolix fashion of Herbert Blumer who knows how people will define the situation and consequently what they will do to the lean and spare rational actors models that allow us to use maximization mathematical methods to specify at least one feature of the behavior exactly (e.g. what the net
Learning Expectations in Environmental Planning Predictions and Interpretations

Most graduate planning programs offer a specialization in environmental planning, yet there has been little recent discussion of environmental planning pedagogy. This article draws on the results of a survey of planning educators to determine trends and patterns in environmental planning curricula. It develops an explanatory model for predicting the learning expectations for various types of knowledge that are part of environmental planning education in U.S. and Canadian planning programs. This model uses individual, organizational, and curricular characteristics to predict the substantive environmental planning topics taught in graduate planning programs.
The potential of biotechnology in temperate agroforestry practices

Technologies in forest molecular biology and tissue culture could play an increasing role in the choice of genotypes for successful establishment of agroforestry practices. Research areas such as micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis, genetic engineering, marker-aided selection, and molecular diagnostics are merging with traditional forest biological studies to help identify and produce better-suited trees for agroforestry plantings. A combination of classical and molecular biological research could be used to improve pest and stress resistance of selected genotypes, modify structure and function, and monitor pests of trees. This merger of approaches, as well as continued technological development, could accelerate the production and selection of suitable tree genotypes for agroforestry plantings.
Microanalytical method for the characterization of fiber components and morphology of woody plants.

Microanalytical techniques were developed which allow the rapid characterization of fiber components and morphology of loblolly pine in a large number of samples. These techniques consist of extractives removal, holocellulose preparation, α-cellulose and lignin content determination, and fiber length and coarseness analyses. Greater than 95% of the nonvolatile extractives from an increment core sample of loblolly pine was removed by four successive two-day acetone extractions. Fiber morphology and α-cellulose content was determined from holocellulose prepared from only 100 mg of wood. Similarly, a microanalytical acetyl bromide method was developed that enabled the accurate determination of lignin content from less than 50 mg of wood. Through the development of these microanlytical methods, it is possible to accurately and rapidly analyze fiber morphology and chemical components in a large number of increment core samples. Keywords: Loblolly pine; extraction; holocellulose preparation; α-cellulose prepara...
Metastasising porocarcinoma following exposure to poison gas

33 Kisa A, Dziegielewski SF. Sexual harassment of female nurses in a hospital in Turkey. Health Serv Manage Res 1996; 9: 243–53. 34 Murray SF. Relation between private health insurance and high rates of caesarean section in Chile: qualitative and quantitative study. BMJ 2000; 321: 1501–05. 35 Belizan JM, Althabe F, Barros FC, Alexander S. Rates and implications of caesarean sections in Latin America: ecological study. BMJ 1999; 319: 1397–402. 36 Fayad M. Female genital mutilation (female circumcision). Cairo: Star Press, 2000. 37 Latin American and Caribbean Committee for the Defense of Women’s Rights (CLADEM). Nada personal reporte de derechos humanos sobre la aplicacion de la anticoncepcion quirurgica en el Peru 1996–1998. Lima: CLADEM, 1999. 38 Frank M, Bauer WHM, Arican N, Fincacini SK, Iacopino V. Virginity examinations in Turkey—role of forensic physicians in controlling female sexuality. JAMA 1999; 282: 485–90. 39 Kitzinger S. Authoritative touch in childbirth: a cross cultural approach. In: Davis-Ployd RED, Sargent CF, eds. Childbirth and authoritative knowledge: cross cultural perspectives. Berkley and Los Angeles: London University of California Press, 1997: 209–32. VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN VI
Did Einstein Stumble? The Debate Over General Covariance

The objection that Einstein's principle of general covariance is not a relativity principle and has no physical content is reviewed. The principal escapes offered for Einstein's viewpoint are evaluated.
Serving the homeless and low-income communities through Business & Society/Business Ethics class projects: The University of Wisconsin-Madison plan

For several years, MBA students enrolled in a Business & Society/Business Ethics class at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have been volunteering their services at homeless shelters and in low-income communities. Students also work with low-income residents and relevant stakeholders on evolutionary team projects aimed at improving living conditions in low-income communities. These projects include starting a grocery co-op, credit union, day-care center, job training center and a transportation business. In addition, student groups develop service networks that link low-income communities with student organizations, other university professors and United Way volunteers. This article provides an evolutionary summary of these projects with the hope that other professors will adopt them for their classes.
Shadow Prices as Member Returns for a Marketing Cooperative

Many marketing cooperatives handle several types or grades of membersupplied products. These cooperatives have to determine the returns to be alloted to each product. Helmberger, Hoos, and Nicholls have solved this problem for a cooperative with a single homogeneous product. However, their models do not extend readily to the multiple product case. This article describes how returns can be simultaneously calculated for each member-supplied product handled by a multiple product marketing cooperative. A linear programming model is first introduced to compute the returns under a set of rather restrictive assumptions. When these assumptions are relaxed, another method of deriving the values is required. Such a method-called the "pooling constraint" method-is presented in the latter part of the article. N 1941, Nicholls developed a theory for a marketing cooperative based on a derived demand and factor supply analysis [16]. His theory gave an answer to two of the fundamental questions about marketing cooperatives, namely, "What return should a member receive?" and "How well will the cooperative perform in the market?" However, Nicholls' supplydemand approach was not generally accepted until 1962, when Helmberger and Hoos used it to answer the same two questions in one of the most successful characterizations of a marketing cooperative to date [12, 9]. Helmberger and Hoos were limited by the derived demand construct to the case of a single homogeneous member-supplied product. But many marketing cooperatives receive several different member products and even single product cooperatives receive various grades of raw product with different profit potentials. A model based on homogeneous member products should therefore allow for different types and grades of raw material. The purpose of this article is to replace the single product derived demand construct with a multiproduct construct based on a linear programming model. For any given quantities of member products, the shadow prices of the multiproduct model will be comparable to the member returns of the Helmberger-Hoos model. However, the two models will not be completely comparable because of the absence of heterogeneity in the one product case and because of the disparate production assumptions underlying the models. These points will be made more clear in the next section where the * Scientific Contribution, No. 321, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Special citations are due to Stanley R. Johnson, who helped formulate the "pooling" constraint, to T. C. Lee, and to George N. Raney. Citations are also due Peter G. Helmberger and John Doll for their reviews of earlier drafts of this article.
Ganciclovir Inhibits Human Adenovirus Replication and Pathogenicity in Permissive Immunosuppressed Syrian Hamsters

Adenovirus infections of immunocompromised patients can develop into deadly multiorgan or systemic disease. The virus is especially threatening for pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients; according to some studies, 10% or more of these patients succumb to disease resulting from adenovirus infection. At present, there is no drug approved for the treatment or prevention of adenovirus infections. Compounds that are approved to treat other virus infections are used off-label to combat adenovirus, but only anecdotal evidence of the efficacy of these drugs exists. Ganciclovir, a drug approved for the treatment of herpesvirus infection, was previously reported to be effective against human adenoviruses in vitro. To model adenovirus infections in immunocompromised humans, we examined ganciclovir's efficacy in immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters intravenously infected with type 5 human adenovirus (Ad5). This animal model is permissive for Ad5 replication, and the animals develop symptoms similar to those seen in humans. We demonstrate that ganciclovir suppresses Ad5 replication in the liver of infected hamsters and that it mitigates the consequences of Ad5 infections in these animals when administered prophylactically or therapeutically. We show that ganciclovir inhibits Ad5 DNA synthesis and late gene expression. The mechanism of action for the drug is not clear; preliminary data suggest that it exerts its antiadenoviral effect by directly inhibiting the adenoviral DNA polymerase. While more extensive studies are required, we believe that ganciclovir is a promising drug candidate to treat adenovirus infections. Brincidofovir, a drug with proven activity against Ad5, was used as a positive control in the prophylactic experiment.
Use of Ketamine in a Pain Management Protocol for Repetitive Procedures

Ketamine has been the focus of recent attention in the literature for its use as an anesthetic and analgesic agent for pediatric procedures.1-3 Its safety profile and adverse effects have been noted. Although current interest in ketamine has been in its use for painful procedures and much of the original human studies were done on children,4 there are a few reports of repeated ketamine administration to pediatric patients. Some of the reports are for radiotherapy5-7 and brief painful procedures associated with chemotherapy such as lumbar punctures.8-11 One early report documents using ketamine for burn care procedures that were painful, repetitive, and hours in duration.12 This report stressed the use of ketamine … Address correspondence to Daniel A. Rauch, MD, Jacobi Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Room 803H, 1400 Pelham Pkwy South, Bronx, NY 10461.
A Taxonomy for Teaching Second Language Listening

ABSTRACT This article describes a taxonomy of real-world listening tasks as a conceptual framework for teaching listening. The key elements of the taxonomy are listener function and listener response. In listening, function is defined as “the aspects of the message the listener attempts to process.” The six functions significant to second language teaching are identification, orientation, main idea comprehension, detail comprehension, full comprehension, and replication. Listener response is also a key feature of any listening task. Nine categories are described. Function and response can be selected independently of each other, as suggested by the function-response matrix, allowing for wide variation in task difficulty for any given text. The implications of the taxonomy for the design of listening instruction and the selection of authentic texts are discussed. The taxonomy suggests that growth in listening proficiency is a process of expanding to new function and response categories in familiar contexts. The many options in the taxonomy enable one to structure effective listening tasks involving authentic texts at even novice levels.
The Impact of Public Law 480 Imports on Prices and Domestic Supply of Cereals in India

This article quantifies the impact of imports of cereals under Public Law 480 on the prices and domestic supply of cereals in India. An econometric model encompassing six simultaneous equations is set up. An analytical framework for measuring the impact of P.L. 480 imports on prices and domestic supply is constructed. The statistical analysis supports the belief that the importation of cereals under P.L. 480 leads to lower prices and a decline in domestic supply but that the decrease in domestic supply is less than the quantity imported. Thus, there is a net addition to the quantity available for consumption, which is a significant contribution in a shortage economy. INDIA has figured prominently in the operations of U.S. Public Law 480. Of the total market value of $9,401 million programmed under Title I for all countries during the period July 1, 1955, to December 31, 1964, $2,486 million (26 percent) was for India. Of all the cereals available for human consumption in India during the period 1957-1963, some 5 percent were from imports under P.L. 480 Title I. In an economy which is unable to meet its food needs from domestic production, this is a significant contribution. This article measures the impact of the imports of P.L. 480 cereals on the prices and the domestic supply of cereals in India. Background No attempt so far has been made to study the impact of P.L. 480 imports on Indian agriculture in a systematic and analytical way. In 1960, T. W. Schultz [9] put forth an "admittedly speculative" argument that the effects of P.L. 480 imports upon agriculture of the recipient country were likely to be adverse through a fall in the prices of agricultural products. The cultivators in India would be faced with a decline in the prices of farm products, and the incentive to maintain or expand agricultural production would be thwarted. Professor Schultz has recently repeated the same argu
Generalized self-consistent integral equations for magnetic impurities

The simplest system of integral equations resulting from self-consistent perturbation techniques applied to a generalized Anderson-model is known to give rise to certain mathematical pathologies. In the local moment limit, it is shown that the system improperly takes account of the physical situation of two competing scattering channels. A generalized system, free of this defect, is derived. It differs from dispersion relations by unusual nonlinear terms, and also from parquet-equations.
Abnormal Phagocyte Chemotaxis: Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Management of Patients

A. Abnormal Neutrophil Adherence ......... 1202 B. Abnormal Deformability 1203 C. Abnormal Nondirected Locomotion ...... 1203 1. The microfilament system 1203 2. Abnormalities of the microtubule system 1203 3. Degranulation and neutrophil locomotion 1205 D. Abnormal Directed Migration (Chemotaxis) 1205 1. The hyper-IgE syndrome and leukocyte dysfunction 1206 2. Abnormal chemotaxis in malnourished patients 1208 3. Abnormal chemotaxis in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia 1209 E. Abnormal Monocyte Chemotaxis ......... 1209
How to build optimal subsets of hyperspherical harmonics

After a short revue of the resolution of few body problems with the hyperspherical harmonics formalism, we develop a method to generate an “optimal subset” of basis functions that approximate the exact wavefunction up to third order of perturbations. Examples are given for three-body systems, with emphasis on the hypertriton. In this latter case, numerical results show that our optimal subset gives an energy some 40 keV higher than that found using a complete set of hyperspherical harmonics.
Optimal Selection of the Most Probable Multinomial Alternative

Abstract Multinomial selection is concerned with selecting the most probable (best) multinomial alternative. The alternatives compete in a number of independent trials. In each trial, each alternative wins with an unknown probability specific to that alternative. A long-standing research goal has been to find a procedure that minimizes the expected number of trials subject to a lower bound on the probability of correct selection ( (CS)). Numerous procedures have been proposed over the past 55 years, all of them suboptimal, for the version where the number of trials is bounded. We achieve the goal in the following sense: For a given multinomial probability vector, lower bound on (CS), and upper bound on trials, we use linear programming (LP) to construct a procedure that is guaranteed to minimize the expected number of trials. This optimal procedure may necessarily be randomized. We also present a mixed-integer linear program (MIP) that produces an optimal deterministic procedure. In our computational stud...
Characterization of an expressed CDS-associated Ti γ-chain reveals C γ domain polymorphism

The majority of human T cells express an antigen receptor consisting of a disulphide-linked heterodimer (Ti) of relative molecular mass 80,000–90,000 (Mr 80–90K) which is noncovalently associated with a set of at least three proteins of Mr 20–28K termed CD3 (Leu4, T3)1–3. Whereas both chains of Ti, an acidic α-chain of Afr 48–54K and a more basic β-chain of Mr 40–44 K, contain variable and constant region domains, the component peptides of CD3 are invariant4–8. Several laboratories have more recently reported the expression of CD3 in association with a novel protein9–12. On the surface of long-term T-cell lines and one thymocyte clone this novel structure consists of a 40K protein noncovalently linked to a 55 or 62K protein9,10 identified as the protein product of the Ti γ-chain gene, a T-cell specific gene which like the Ti α-and Ti β-chain genes undergoes rearrangement of variable (V) and joining (J) region gene segments13–16. On the human T-cell leukaemic line PEER we have detected only a single 55K gly-coprotein associated with CD311. We here demonstrate that an anti-Ti γ-peptide antiserum reacts with the 55K CD3-associated protein on PEER. Most previously described human Ti γ-chain complementary DNA clones encode the products of non-functional rearrangements17,18. One of the Ti γ cDNAs isolated from PEER, however, represents a functional rearrangement reported for the first time in a cell which expresses a Ti γ-chain protein product on the cell surface. Interestingly, a 48-base-pair (bp) sequence in the constant (C) region domain of this functional Ti γ-chain cDNA is triplicated in PEER and duplicated in other cDNAs isolated from PEER and other cell lines.
Efficiently generating test vectors with state pruning

This paper extends the depth first search (DFS) used in the previously proposed witness string method for generating efficient test vectors. A state pruning method is added that exploits different search heuristics in simultaneous searches. Using an IBM Power4 multiprocessor system with the Berkeley Active Message library, we show that this new method of state pruning is efficient and produces quantitatively better witness strings compared to both pure and guided DFS.
Understanding Einverständnis: Ideology in Brecht's Der Jasager and Der Neinsager

This essay examines Bertolt Brecht's Der Jasager (He Who Says Yes) and Der Neinsager (He Who Says No), a trio of Lehrstucke (teaching pieces) based on the fifteenth-century Japanese Nō play Taniko, which were written and performed between 1930 and 1931. Despite the fact that these plays were written for and influenced by children, it is clear that the lens through which scholars view these plays is not one specific to children's theatre. I offer here a process-oriented reading and view these plays as an example of children's theatre that served to empower students.
SiC based current source rectifier paralleling and circulating current suppression

This paper develops a liquid cooled high efficiency three-phase current source rectifier (CSR) for data center power supplies based on 400 Vdc architecture, using SiC MOSFETs and Schottky diodes. The 98.54% efficiency is achieved at full load. The rectifiers are paralleled to achieve high power ratings and system redundancy. The current balance and hot-swap of paralleled CSRs are realized in simulation using master-slave control. Moreover, an improved modulation scheme through adjustment of the freewheeling state is proposed and verified to effectively suppress the circulating current.
Finite clusters in high-density continuous percolation: Compression and sphericality

A percolation process inRd is considered in which the sites are a Poisson process with intensity ρ and the bond between each pair of sites is open if and only if the sites are within a fixed distancer of each other. The distribution of the number of sites in the clusterC of the origin is examined, and related to the geometry ofC. It is shown that when ρ andk are large, there is a characteristic radius λ such that conditionally on |C|=k, the convex hull ofC closely approximates a ball of radius λ, with high probability. When the normal volumek/ρ thatk points would occupy is small, the cluster is compressed, in that the number of points per unit volume in this λ-ball is much greater than the ambient density ρ. For larger normal volumes there is less compression. This can be compared to Bernoulli bond percolation on the square lattice in two dimensions, where an analog of this compression is known not to occur.
Double Direct Templated Hollow ZnS Microspheres Formed on Chemically Modified Silica Colloids

The effect of surface chemistry of SiO2 colloids dispersed in a nonionic surfactant based lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) on the double direct templating of hollow mesostructured ZnS capsules was investigated. In double direct templating, a LLC templates the mineralization of ZnS on the surface of a colloidal particle. Removal of the colloid results in a periodically mesostructured hollow capsule. After ZnS mineralization and a subsequent etching of the sacrificial SiO2 core, the ZnS mesostructure was imaged using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The highest quality mesostructure was observed for poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) functionalized colloids, while other surface chemistries, including bare silica, poly(ethylene glycol), amine, and thiol surface chemistries yielded much less favorable results. In the PAA system, the order of the hexagonally arranged 3 nm mesopores in the ZnS shell closely matched that of the lyotropic liquid crystal template. Detailed TEM revealed the presence of regions where the...
Report of Colloquium I: The Future of Pediatric Health Care Delivery and Education—Pondering Imponderables to Create an Ideal Residency in a World of Critical Uncertainties

Participants of the first colloquium of the Residency Review and Redesign in Pediatrics (R3P) Project considered possible scenarios affecting pediatric practice over the next 15 to 20 years and speculated about the knowledge and skills that pediatricians would need to care for children, adolescents, and young adults in the future. They concluded that the imponderables and complexity of that undertaking fell into the category of a “wicked problem” with no unique solutions. The specifics of the future cannot be predicted, but the themes important to thinking about the future are clear and must be incorporated into thinking about pediatric residency education.