cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Level-rank duality of knot and link invariants

A number of results for the level-rank duality of $G(N)_K$ $\leftrightarrow$ $G(K)_N$ Chern-Simons theory are summarized, with emphasis on the applications to knot and link invariants. Explicit examples for $SU(2)_K$ $\leftrightarrow$ $SU(K)_2$ illustrate general results. A criterion to distinguish torus knots and links from hyperbolic knots and links, based on tables constructed by Kaul for one and two strand invariants, is presented. Possible symmetries of hyperbolic knot and link invariants are discussed
Habitual Glucosamine Use is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, a Prospective Study in the UK Biobank

Background: Glucosamine is a common supplement for treating osteoarthritis, while its effectiveness on osteoarthritis and joint pain continues to be debated. Recently emerging evidence from animal studies and cross-sectional studies in humans suggest that glucosamine may have potential benefits on reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality; however, evidence from prospective studies is lacking. Methods: In the UK biobank cohort study, a total of 466,039 participants without CVD at baseline completed the questionnaire on supplement use, including glucosamine, were analyzed in this study. These participants were enrolled from 2006 to 2010 and followed up to 2016. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident CVD events in participants who did and did not use glucosamine. Findings: During a median of 7·0 years of follow-up, we documented 10,204 incident cases of CVD events, 3,060 cases of CVD death, 5,745 cases of CHD and 3,263 cases of stroke. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, race, lifestyle factors, dietary intakes, medication use and other supplements use, glucosamine use was associated with significantly reduced risks of total CVD events (HR: 0·85: 95% confidence interval [CI], 0·80-0·90), CVD death (HR: 0·78: 95% [CI], 0·70-0·87), CHD (HR: 0·82: 95% [CI], 0·76-0·88) and stroke (HR: 0·91: 95% [CI], 0·83-1·00). In addition, the associations of glucosamine use with risks of total CVD events and CHD were more pronounced in smokers than non-smokers (P-interaction=0·018 and 0·004, respectively). Interpretation: Beyond its original use for treating osteoarthritis, habitual use of glucosamine supplement was associated with significantly reduced risks of CVD events, especially among smokers. Further investigations in both prospective cohorts and clinical trials are warranted to verify our findings. Funding: The study was supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL071981, HL034594, HL126024), the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK115679, DK091718, DK100383, DK078616). Declaration of Interest: We declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: All participants provided written informed consent and the study was approved by the NHS National Research Ethics Service. The present analysis was approved by the Tulane University (New Orleans, Louisiana) Institutional Review Board. Data from 502, 616 participants were available for our study.
Mapping functions: A physics-guided, data-driven and algorithm-agnostic machine learning approach to discover causal and descriptive expressions of engineering phenomena

Abstract This paper presents; mapping functions, a machine learning (ML) and simulation-free approach to enable physics-guided and data-driven derivation of expressions that describe engineering phenomena. In this approach, a series of ML models are first developed to examine a given phenomenon, and insights from their analysis, together with those obtained from physics principles, are then used to identify key features governing the noted phenomenon while satisfying the Law of Parsimony of Occam’s Razor. The identified features are subsequently explored via a search space to map the causality of the problem on hand into compact descriptive expressions which can be applied directly to examine such phenomenon, thereby negating the need for subsequent modeling. The proposed approach overcomes some limitations associated with traditional means of arriving at descriptive expressions as examined against structural and fire engineering problems. This approach offers an alternative method that is cognitive, instantaneous, and affordable.
Ophthalmic Virtual Visit Utilization and Patient Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a surge in synchronous ophthalmic telehealth visits. The purpose of this study is to analyze the utilization and patient satisfaction of synchronous ophthalmic video visits over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this retrospective, single-center cross-sectional study, 1,756 patients seen through synchronous video visits between March 1, 2020, and March 31, 2021, were identified using billing codes. E-mails containing a validated, 11-item, telehealth satisfaction scale were sent to patients who had at least one video visit within the study period. Questions were scored on a 1-4 scale, corresponding to poor, fair, good, and excellent. Main outcome measures included patient satisfaction scores, frequency of repeat video visits, and primary visit diagnoses. Results: The top 3 subspecialties by virtual visit volume were oculoplastic surgery (999 visits, 42.9%), neuro-ophthalmology (331 visits, 17.0%), and cornea (254 visits, 14.2%). The top 3 diagnoses seen were chalazion/hordeolum, dry eye, and meibomian gland dysfunction. The overall survey response rate was 14.3% (252 participants). The mean patient satisfaction score was 3.67 ± 0.63, with no significant difference in scores between specialties. A total of 380 (21%) patients had repeat virtual visits. Mean survey response scores were significantly higher for patients with repeat visits than those without (3.82 ± 0.42 vs. 3.62 ± 0.68, p = 0.03). Patients undergoing oculoplastic services were more likely to have repeat visits (odds ratio 2.58, 95% confidence interval 2.18-3.06, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis found that provider thoroughness/skillfulness was the most predictive feature of the patient returning to a telehealth encounter (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our study suggests that synchronous videoconferencing for ophthalmology is a highly satisfactory delivery method and will likely find continued success in select subspecialties as the pandemic fades.
Convective heat transfer enhancement versus disenhancement: Impact of fluid-mover characteristics

Abstract Methods of enhancing heat transfer rates have primarily been based on geometrical modifications and supplementations of basic heat transfer devices. To evaluate the extent of the enhancement (or of a possible disenhancement), it has been traditional to compare the heat transfer performance of the basic and the enhanced devices under certain constraints. Seemingly, the most popular among the constraints is that both the compared devices be operated at the same pumping power. Other popular conditions of constraint include operation at the same pressure drop, mass flow rate, device volume, heat transfer area, temperature difference, and many others. Noteworthy by its absence from consideration as a major factor in affecting the degree of enhancement is the fluid mover that serves to deliver fluid flow to the heat transfer device. The characteristic operating curve of a fluid mover relates its pressure rise to the volumetric flow rate that it provides. The shape of the curve that represents this relationship varies widely among individual fluid movers as well as among different generic types of fluid movers. In the present investigation, the essential role of fluid-mover operating characteristics in affecting heat transfer enhancement is presented and implemented. A case study involving surface geometry enhancement by means of louvered fins is considered along with its unenhanced plain-fin counterpart. For generality, two distinctly different fluid movers are utilized as means of fluid delivery to both the enhanced and unenhanced heat transfer devices. For both of the fluid movers, it was found that the enhanced geometry actually led to a reduction in the rate of heat transfer while giving rise to an increase in pressure drop. It was also shown that enhancement (or disenhancement) depends as much on the characteristics of the fluid mover as it does on the geometry of the heat transfer device in question.
Antitrust Law: Antitrust and the State

I follow the standard practice by taking up the current topic, antitrust and the state, after presenting a substantial part of Section 1 and Section 2 doctrines. There is no good defense for this other than convenience. The extent to which the antitrust laws apply to private actors who seek the state's aid in erecting competitive barriers is a subject of the highest priority. It is worthy of a course on its own. This is an important topic for a simple reason: the market takes care of itself in the long run. In the absence of entry barriers, successful pricefixing conspiracies attract entrants. Competition from entrants drives economic profits to zero in the long run. Similarly, the operations of the market tend to foil efforts to corner the supply of a key production input. Attempts to corner an input lead to increases in its price. As the input becomes more scarce, competing bidders will offer higher prices to get access to it. A would-be monopolist who tries to achieve dominance through this route would have to beat the bids of competitors, and the bid that has the highest likelihood of winning equals the expected profits of the monopoly. But it would be absurd to call it success when a monopoly is achieved in this fashion. The state is potentially the best friend of the would-be monopolist. The state can erect and enforce entry barriers.
Signal processing for detectors: selected topics

Simulation tools and the designers' expertise in advanced monolithic circuits have achieved a high level of success in accurately predicting the behavior of analog and digital designs, as will be demonstrated by several very sophisticated and successful ASIC projects that will be presented at this conference. The goal of this presentation is to review and clarify some critical circuit and detector related issues in an attempt to aid the designers in exploiting the advantages of new technologies, and in optimizing the performance of detector systems. The following topics will be discussed: 1) Signals and signal return in multielement (pixel and pad) detectors; 2) Induced gate noise: Is it significant in detector preamplifiers? 3) Noise from dielectrics in detector amplifier connections 4) Second stage noise in monolithic amplifiers 5) kTC noise and its transient behavior in switched and sampled circuits 6) Correlated and uncorrelated sampling, and baseline restoration 7) Dynamic range and precision vs technology 8) Supplying power to monolithics in large detector systems.
Trade diversion from tomato suspension agreements

Trade barriers can cause output to be diverted to other countries and into other products. We study the effect of a voluntary price restraint (VPR) on Mexican tomatoes entering the United States. The diversion caused by the VPR is statistically and economically significant – representing over four-fifths of the direct effects of the trade barrier. When the VPR was binding, Mexico exported more tomatoes to Canada, the United States cut back on exports while Canada increased their exports to the United States. The VPR also diverted fresh tomatoes in Mexico into paste production, which was then exported to the United States. Des barrieres commerciales peuvent entrainer la diversion de l'output vers d'autres pays ou d'autres productions. On etudie la diversion causee par les accords de restriction volontaire des prix (ARVP) des tomates mexicaines entrant sur le marche americain. La diversion causee par les ARVP a ete statistiquement et economiquement significative – representant plus des quatre cinquiemes des effets directs de la barriere tarifaire. Quand les ARVP ont ete contraignants, le Mexique a exporte plus de tomates au Canada, les Etats-Unis ont reduit leurs exportations alors que le Canada augmentait ses exportations vers les Etats-Unis. Les ARVP ont aussi entraine une diversion des tomates fraiches au Mexique vers la production de puree de tomate, un produit qui a alors ete exporte vers les Etats-Unis.
Biochemistry and Metabolism of the Squid Giant Axon

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information about the biochemistry and metabolism of the squid giant axon system. It is noteworthy that virtually all information about the molecular composition of axoplasm is derived from studies on axoplasm isolated from the giant axon of the squid. Approximately 73-88% of the total weight of the squid giant fiber is occupied by axoplasm. About 86-89% of the axoplasm (by weight) is water. The intraaxonal pH is reported to range between 7.0 and 7.3. The chapter discusses the specific molecules, such as, ions, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, found in squid axoplasm and some of their metabolic properties. It examines the synthesis of lipids by intact giant axons and extruded axoplasm using a host of potential lipid precursors. It is found that the precursor's choline, ethanolamine, serine, myo-inositol, phosphate, and glycerol are incorporated into phospholipids by extruded axoplasm. The chapter also discusses functional metabolic studies using the giant axon system.
Defect tolerance for gracefully-degradable microfluidics-based biochips

Defect tolerance is an important design consideration for microfluidics-based biochips that are used for safety-critical applications. We propose a defect tolerance methodology based on graceful degradation and dynamic reconfiguration. We first introduce tile-based biochip architecture, which is scalable for large-scale bioassays. A clustered defect model is used to evaluate the graceful degradation method for tile-based biochips. The proposed schemes ensure that the bioassays mapped to a droplet-based microfluidic array during design can be executed on a defective biochip through operation rescheduling and/or resource rebinding. Real-life biochemical procedures, namely polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplexed in-vitro diagnostics on human physiological fluids, are used to evaluate the proposed defect tolerance schemes.
Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation: The primary validation Vehicle for next generation Intel® Processor Graphics FPU

Formal Verification (FV) is widely acknowledged for improving validation effectiveness. Usually formal verification has been used to supplement more traditional coverage oriented testing activities. Arithmetic Data-path FV has matured over the time to completely replace traditional dynamic validation methodologies. Moreover, it gives an additional promise of 100% data-space coverage. Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation (STE) is the best proven method of FV on Intel® data-path designs. The Floating Point Units (FPUs) are generally very data-path intensive. In the next generation Intel Processor Graphics design, the FPU was completely re-architected and this necessitated a methodology which could guarantee complete verification in a tight verification schedule. STE was brought in to meet this formidable target. This paper discusses the efficient application of this methodology to achieve convincing results. More than 201 bugs were caught in a very short verification cycle using STE.
A Critical Assessment of Ministerial Formation in Roman Catholic Seminaries in Nigeria in the Light of the Pastores Dabo Vobis: A Case Study of Claretian Institute, Owerri

Since the last few decades, spiritual formation has been receiving attention in theological education literature. An increasing number of theological educators have observed how easily this important objective of ministerial formation gets crowded out by the academic and ministry emphases. Others have called attention to the problem of fragmentation pointing to the need for integration in the work theological institutions do. Thus, it has become common to hear institutions boast of how integrated their programmes are and how much emphasis they place on spiritual formation. It is, however, not that common to see studies dedicated to finding out how these claims are actually realized in practice. The purpose of this paper is to assess to what extent Roman Catholic Seminaries in Nigeria comply with the emphasis in the Pastores Dabo Vobis (PDV) on spiritual formation. The PDV is the dominant Roman Catholic document on ministerial formation since Vatican II. The PDV has been influential in highlighting the importance of spiritual formation in theological education globally. The paper gives a brief overview of the PDV’s portrayal of ministerial formation and then examines one Roman Catholic Seminary in Nigeria (the Claretian Institute, Nekede, Owerri) to see to what extent spiritual formation is carried out amongst other objectives. The paper concludes with salient lessons other theological institutions can learn from Claretian Institute’s effort at provision of holistic and relevant theological preparation for ministers.
Localized subclasses of quadratic time-frequency representations

We discuss the existence of classes of quadratic time-frequency representations (QTFRs), e.g. Cohen, power, and generalized time-shift covariant, that satisfy a time-frequency (TF) concentration property. This important property yields perfect QTFR concentration along group delay curves. It also (1) simplifies the QTFR formulation and property kernel constraints as the kernel reduces from 2-D to 1-D, (2) reduces the QTFR computational complexity, and (3) yields simplified design algorithms. We derive the intersection of Cohen's class with the new power exponential class, and show that it belongs to Cohen's localized-kernel subclass. In addition to the TF shift covariance and concentration properties, these intersection QTFRs preserve power exponential time shifts, important for analyzing signals passing through exponentially dispersive systems.
Annealing of “intrinsic” and photo-induced defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Electronic defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films, deposited from the glow discharge decomposition of silane in the temperature range between about 225 °C and 325 °C and having approximately 10–15 at.% hydrogen, undergo a thermally activated relaxation during film deposition. We determine the kinetics of this relaxation process in films with similar hydrogen concentrations deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering at a substrate temperature of about 40 °C, and annealed at temperatures greater than 150 °C. We compare the kinetics of this process with the annealing of photo-induced defects in low defect density (less than 1016 cm−3) films. We also present a quantitative relationship between the relaxation time and the deposition and/or annealing conditions required to produce low defect density material.
Yttrium-90 radioembolization as a bridge to liver transplantation: a single-institution experience.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate our experience with the use of yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) radioembolization in maintaining potential candidacy and, in some instances, downstaging hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that does not meet Milan criteria for liver transplantation. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of 20 consecutive patients with HCC who were listed to receive a liver transplant and were treated with 90 Y radioembolization as a sole modality for locoregional "bridge" therapy was performed. Demographics, radiographic and pathologic response, survival, and recurrences were examined. Results Twenty-two 90 Y treatments were performed in 20 patients before transplantation. Median time from first treatment to transplantation was 3.5 months. HCC in 14 patients met the Milan criteria at the time of the first 90 Y treatment, and HCC in six did not. All cases that originally met the Milan criteria remained within the criteria before transplantation, and two of six patients whose disease did not meet the criteria (33%) had their disease successfully downstaged to meet the criteria. Overall, nine patients (45%) had complete or partial radiologic response to 90 Y radioembolization according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors. Complete necrosis of tumor with no evidence of viable tumor on pathologic examination was observed in five patients (36%) whose disease met the Milan criteria. Conclusions Particularly in regions with long wait list times, 90 Y treatment is effective in maintaining tumor size in potential liver transplantation candidates with HCC. In addition, it can also be considered as a downstaging therapy in select patients before transplantation.
Comparative toxicity and distribution of endrin and dieldrin after intravenous administration in mice.

Abstract Acute iv LD50 values and median survival times (ST50) of endrin and dieldrin were determined in male mice. The duration of components of the seizures induced by an LD90 of endrin (5 mg/kg) or dieldrin (15 mg/kg) were timed. Brain, liver, fat, blood and bile were analyzed by gas chromatography at intervals corresponding to the appearance of seizure components. In addition, brain tissue was analyzed 5 min after equimolar doses and 15 min after equitoxic doses (dose producing ataxia in 90% of the population). The seizure patterns produced by either insecticide were similar, except for the shorter duration of seizure components induced by dieldrin. The LD50 of dieldrin was five times that of endrin, and its ST50 was less at equilethal doses. At equimolar doses, however, the ST50 of dieldrin was greater than that of endrin. The concentrations of the insecticides in the brain reached equilibrium before the appearance of the seizure components. Ratios of brain concentration to dose were the same for both compounds after equipotent, equilethal or equimolar doses. No insecticide was detected in the bile. Thus, the rate and extent of distribution into whole brain and other tissues cannot account for differences in LD50 between endrin and dieldrin, but may explain differences in ST50 values obtained from equilethal doses. The results suggest the presence of time dependent events in the mechanism of action of the cyclodienes.
STUDIES OF THE FEW-BODY PROBLEM IN ATOMIC BREAK-UP PROCESSES

Fully differential studies of single ionization of neutral atoms by charged particle impact have proven to be extremely powerful to advance our understanding of the few-body dynamics in atomic processes. Until a few years ago, such data were only available for electron impact and were mostly limited to electrons ejected into the scattering plane. When fully differential data were finally obtained for ion impact covering the entire three-dimensional space, very surprising features were observed. It then became clear that our understanding of ionization processes in atomic collisions is not nearly as complete as previously assumed. Here, we review the development of experimental and theoretical studies of three-dimensional fully differential single ionization cross-sections since then.
A pilot study to determine the feasibility of the low glycemic index diet as a treatment for overweight children in primary care practice.

Background.— The prevalence of overweight children is increasing. Experimental evidence and specialty clinic trials suggest that a low glycemic index (LGI) diet could be an effective primary care–based treatment for overweight children. Objective.— Conduct a pilot study to determine whether parents of overweight children can lower the glycemic index (GI) of their child's diet after receiving brief instructions and a handout from their pediatrician; and the diet's impact on body mass index (BMI). Patients.— Children 5–12 years with BMIs greater than the 95th percentile. Intervention.— Brief description of the LGI diet and a handout categorizing foods based on their GI and sample meals. Design.— Nonrandomized, 12-week pilot study. Measures.— BMI, 24-hour recall, and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at entry; 3-day food records at 3, 6, and 9 weeks; BMI, FFQ, and questionnaire at 12 weeks. A GI score derived from standard GI tables. Results.— Of 34 children initially enrolled, 15 completed the study. Of these, 14 lowered their GI score (mean initial score=26.6; mean score at 12 weeks 15.6; P P P Conclusion.— This pilot study suggests that implementing the LGI diet is feasible in primary care for some patients. Further study is warranted with larger study and comparison groups.
Impulsivity, neuroticism, and caffeine: Do they have additive effects on arousal?

Abstract The personality dimensions of impulsivity and neuroticism have been linked to differences in basal arousal. The hypothesis tested was whether these personality variables and caffeine have additive effects on arousal. All subjects received three paired-associate trials on each of two neutral control lists, two lists with semantically similar stimuli, and two lists with acoustically similar stimuli. Half of the subjects received caffeine and half placebo. Although significant interactions with personality and drug condition were obtained, the ordering of the conditions was inconsistent with the assumption that the arousal performance curve is single peaked. Further, S. Schwartz's ( Journal of Research in Personality , 1975 , 9 , 217–225) hypothesis that in paired-associate learning high arousal and low arousal subjects process semantic and physical information differentially was not supported. The general issue of how to determine whether individual differences in performance are caused by differences in arousal is discussed.
The Rosenberg video: testimonio, theatricality and baroque politics in contemporary Guatemala

This article focuses on the assassination of Guatemalan lawyer, Rodrigo Rosenberg, on 10 May 2009 and his videotaped accusation of the Colom administration, broadcast after his death. Rosenberg’s self-produced video testimony, and the ‘staging’ of his own death, opens up questions about the role of testimonio and theatricality as modes of political address. I argue that the spectacular politics of the Rosenberg video, while drawing from the testimonio genre and incorporating electronic media, mark a return to a baroque conception of politics.
Ionospheric electron content at temperate latitudes during the declining phase of the sunspot cycle

Ionospheric electron content at temperature latitudes during declining phase of sunspot cycle determined by observation of Faraday effect
PLANS FOR INTEGRATING DISPERSANT USE IN CALIFORNIA

ABSTRACT Since the early 1970s both the effectiveness and efficiency of oil spill dispersants have been improved while the toxicity of these chemicals has been reduced. Although a large body of research has been published in the last five years which supports these claims, there has been little experience with the use of dispersants in the United States. This lack of experience has been created, in part, by a cumbersome dispersant approval process and the reluctance of spill responders to invest in dispersants and related application equipment. The Region IX Regional Response Team has identified four prerequisites for effective use of dispersants: informed decision-makers; a functional decision-making process; coordinated contingency plans; and effective, region-specific application capabilities. This paper explores the approach taken by government and industry to fulfill these prerequisites. The goal of these efforts, which include sponsoring workshops, implementing a dispersant application test program,...
On the Eulerian source-receptor relationship

A new approach is proposed to delineate the source-receptor relationship in an Eulerian model. A small, unique oscillatory signal is superimposed on each emission source in the airshed. At receptor sites the concentration time series are analyzed by a Fourier transform to give the amplitudefrequency spectrum. Distinct peaks found in the spectrum are identified at the emission frequencies. The amplitude of the spectrum at the source frequency represents the individual contribution from that emitter. Various atmospheric transport and diffusion models are solved to show the effects of different physical and chemical processes on the oscillatory signals. Both analytical and numerical solutions are used to demonstrate the performance of the method.
Pars plana vitrectomy for severe penetrating injury with posterior segment involvement.

We studied 50 consecutive cases of severe penetrating ocular trauma with posterior segment involvement for which vitreous surgery and scleral buckling were performed as secondary reparative procedures. Eyes with a better prognosis, such as those with anterior segment injuries alone and intraocular foreign bodies, were excluded. of 50 eyes, 31 (62%) had a successful outcome. There was a significant difference in visual outcome between those eyes that had received blunt and sharp penetrating trauma. Visual acuity of 20/50 or better was more frequently attained in eyes with sharp penetrating trauma (P = .002). Thirty-three eyes had initial retinal detachment; 17 (52%) were successfully repaired. Blunt penetrating trauma produced retinal detachment more frequently than sharp penetrating trauma (22 of 29 vs 11 of 21). Retinal detachment was more often successfully repaired after sharp penetrating trauma (8 of 11 vs 9 of 22). Contusive damage to the choroid and retina limited final visual and anatomic results after blunt rupture of the globe.
Masslessness of ghosts in equivariantly gauge-fixed Yang-Mills theories

We show that the one-loop ghost self-energy in an equivariantly gauge-fixed Yang-Mills theory vanishes at zero momentum. A ghost mass is forbidden by equivariant BRST symmetry, and our calculation confirms this explicitly. The four-ghost self interaction which appears in the equivariantly gauge-fixed Yang-Mills theory is needed in order to obtain this result.
Status epilepticus due to paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic encephalitides.

There is increasing recognition of immune-mediated encephalitides resulting in seizures and status epilepticus. These disorders can be divided into limbic and cortical extralimbic encephalitides and may have a paraneoplastic or nonparaneoplastic etiology (Tuzun & Dalmau, 2007; Dalmau & Rosenfeld, 2008). Table 1 shows the most frequent antibodies identified in autoimmune encephalitides that may result in seizures and status epilepticus. In addition, there are other encephalitides that are likely immune mediated, but at the present time the associated syndrome or antibody specificity is unclear. These disorders are often defined with descriptive terms (e.g., steroid-responsive limbic encephalitis).
Channels, visualization, and topology editor

This paper presents our effort in designing pedagogical tools for teaching message passing using channels. These tools include a class library that supports channels, a visualization system that helps students see the execution behavior of threads and message passing, and a topology editor that provides an environment for students to design network topologies. Moreover, since we have made sure the uniformity of the channel de.nition across the thread, parallel and distributed environments, porting a threaded program to a parallel/distributed environment is easy.
A Constant-Temperature Raman Cell for the Study of Supersaturated Aqueous Solutions

In order that the phenomena of crystal nucleation and growth from solution can be fully understood, the current knowledge of supersaturated solution structure must be extended. Previous studies on Raman spectroscopy of aqueous metal nitrate solutions indicated the presence of solvated ions, solvent separated ion pairs, contact ion pairs, and ion agglomerates as a function of concentration. Unfortunately, the concentration range of these studies did not include supersaturated solutions. It is the purpose of this work to describe an experimental technique which allows the study of supersaturated solutions.
Ultraviolet bleaching of polymers and polymeric directional couplers for optical interconnects

UV bleaching of side-chain polymer PMMA/DR1 has been characterized at different temperatures and different UV bands. Broadband mid-UV bleaching at elevated temperature has been found to be most efficient and has been used to fabricate polymeric directional couplers. A fabricated passive directional coupler has achieved 26 dB extinction ratio in the cross state. The simulated output power ratios of various interaction lengths agreed with the measurements of the fabricated devices.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electronic Structures and Spectra of Triatomic Oxide Molecules

Existing knowledge of the forms and the electronic spectra of a series of triatomic oxide and similar molecules BAB are briefly reviewed. The evidence (mostly from infra-red data) which establishes the acute-angled model of ozone as very probably correct is reviewed, one or two new points being added. New conclusions concerning the probable electronic structure of ozone are given. A new diagram is introduced showing the ionization energies of the various normal and excited valence-shell molecular orbitals as a function of the apex angle BAB. It is shown that this diagram, or a similar diagram, may be very useful in understanding the electronic structures and spectra of the molecules considered. The diagram makes possible a number of predictions which may be tested experimentally. The forms of the molecular orbitals of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ are reviewed, with some interesting new modifications.
Concanavalin A Agglutination of Intestinal Cells from the Human Fetus

Concanavalin A markedly agglutinated isolated epithelial cells from the intestine of the human fetus but not from the intestine of the adult. Wheat germ agglutinin only moderately agglutinated cells from the intestine of an adult. These results extend the studies of concanavalin A agglutination of embryonic cells to human tissue, and they suggest that concanavalin A may be reacting with a common antigen on the fetal cell membrane.
The characterization of chlorobium vesicles and membranes isolated from green bacteria

The particulate fraction in cell-free extracts of three Chlorobium strains was examined. It contains two structural components: membrane fragments and chlorobium vesicles. These two components have been separated, and certain of their properties compared. Both consist largely of lipid and protein. The lipids of the membrane fraction are predominantly phospholipids, but include a glycolipid which contains galactose, rhamnose and an unidentified sugar. The vesicles are highly enriched in bacteriochlorophyll, and contain large amounts of a monogalactosyl diglyceride; their content of phospholipid is low. All the succinic and malic dehydrogenase activity of the particulate fraction is located in the membranes, whereas NADH- and NADPH-linked dye reductases occur in both membranes and vesicles. The vesicles in crude extracts are unstable upon storage; they rapidly lose their characteristic structure, accompanied by a destruction of bacteriochlorophyll. These changes can be prevented by brief treatment of extracts with glutaraldehyde. Many of the isolated vesicles contain from 10 to 25 regular intravesicular structures, which are about 10 nm wide and circular, with a central hole 3 nm in diameter.
Single electrospun regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanofiber field-effect transistor

We report on a single nanofiber field-effect transistor made from electrospun regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). Nanofibers, with diameters of 100–500 nm, were deposited by electrospinning from chloroform solution onto electrodes on a SiO2∕Si substrate. The transistor exhibited a hole field-effect mobility of 0.03cm2∕Vs in the saturation regime, and a current on/off ratio of 103 in the accumulation mode. Electrospinning offers a simple means of fabricating one-dimensional polymer transistors.
Phenanthrene bound to a protein by biosynthesis

Abstract Phenanthrene was bound to β-galactosidase by protein biosynthesis in a system of E. coli incubated with labeled dihydrohydroxyphenanthrylcysteine (DHP-cysteine). The amino acid analogue penetrated the cells but less readily than the natural amino acids. In the presence of an inducer, the hydrocarbon-cysteine conjugate was incorporated into protein, principally β-galactosidase. The enzyme was isolated in purified form, radioactive peptides were isolated from the tryptic digest, and DHP-cysteine was recovered from Pronase digests of the peptides. This demonstrates unequivocally that the newly synthesized protein carried a phenanthrene group attached to the cysteine sulfur by a sulfide linkage.
Income inequality within the U.S.A.: with emphasis on the ‘South’

This is an empirical descriptive study of income distribution within the U.S.A., with a special detailed focus on the Southern states. Income inequality and distribution are quantified with Gini coefficient, quantile income distribution, and income polarization ratio. The overall results conclusively demonstrate that income of households in the South is less equally distributed than that of the U.S.A. as a whole.
The ERK and PI3K signaling pathways mediate inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor mRNA expression by somatostatin.

Abstract Somatostatins (SSs) are a structurally diverse family of peptide hormones that regulate various aspects of growth, development, and metabolism in vertebrates. Previously, we showed that SSs inhibit mRNA and functional expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors (IGFR1) in gill filaments of rainbow trout. In this study, we used trout gill filaments, which express in high abundance two distinct IGFR1s, IGFR1A and IGFR1B, to examine the mechanism(s) through which SSs exert their inhibitory effects on IGFR1 expression. SS-14, a predominat SS isoform, directly stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (Akt), a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), in filaments incubated in vitro. Activation of ERK and Akt by SS-14 was rapid, occuring within 5–10 min, and was concentration-dependent. The ERK pathway inhibitor, U0126, retarded SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, whereas the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, blocked SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. SS-14-inhibited expression of IGFR1 mRNAs was blocked by both U0126 and LY294002. These data indicate that SS-14 inhibition of IGFR1 mRNA expression is mediated through the ERK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.
Design of a perfectly 'effective' boiling fin

Perfectly effective boiling fin design in horizontal right circular cylinder shape, deriving formulas at peak heat flux operation
Predictors of breast cancer development in a high-risk population.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the strongest predictors of breast cancer in a high-risk population and to increase our understanding of the possible interactions between risk factors. Methods The Women At Risk High-Risk Registry provided the study population. The variables of interest included age at enrollment, presence of lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), atypical lobular hyperplasia, family history of breast cancer, body mass index, and Gail scores (5-year high-risk ≥1.7%). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted with the Cox proportional hazards regression model and years of follow-up evaluation as the time scale. Results Out of 1553 high-risk women, 79 (5%) developed breast cancer during a median follow-up period of 5 years. Results from the multivariate Cox model demonstrated that FHBC (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–2.97), ADH (HR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.16–3.13), LCIS (HR = 1.71; 95% CI, .99–2.95), and a body mass index ≥30 (HR = 2.22; 95% CI, 1.14–4.35) were statistically significant predictors of breast cancer within this high-risk population. Conclusions These results support current literature showing the synergistic increase in risk for patients with ADH, LCIS, and a positive family history of breast cancer. Obesity was also a strong predictor of breast cancer risk, which suggests that there may be a potentiating effect of obesity on other risk factors. Obesity may represent a modifiable risk factor, providing women with an opportunity to reduce their risk with lifestyle modification. Women with a strong family history of breast cancer or a diagnosis of ADH or LCIS may benefit most from risk-reduction strategies, chemoprevention, and surveillance.
A New Pulse Magnet Design Utilizing Tape Wound Cores

Pulse magnets were built utilizing tape wound cores in order to lower magnet power requirements at high pulse repetition rates and high gap flux densities. The primary reason this project was undertaken was to bend higher energy beams with existing power supplies. A decrease in the amount of electrical steel from 2720 kg for the original laminated core pulse magnet design to 260 kg and the elimination of the ceramic vacuum chamber resulted in substantial savings. Two new magnets are now operational with the capability of deflecting 40 to 50 GeV/c beams through ± 0.35° (6.13 mrad) at a PRR = 360 pps. The old magnets with the same power supplies could only bend 21 GeV/c beams through the same angle. Principal features of this design, including test data, are presented.
Cost-Sensitive Active Visual Category Learning

We present an active learning framework that predicts the tradeoff between the effort and information gain associated with a candidate image annotation, thereby ranking unlabeled and partially labeled images according to their expected "net worth" to an object recognition system. We develop a multi-label multiple-instance approach that accommodates realistic images containing multiple objects and allows the category-learner to strategically choose what annotations it receives from a mixture of strong and weak labels. Since the annotation cost can vary depending on an image's complexity, we show how to improve the active selection by directly predicting the time required to segment an unlabeled image. Our approach accounts for the fact that the optimal use of manual effort may call for a combination of labels at multiple levels of granularity, as well as accurate prediction of manual effort. As a result, it is possible to learn more accurate category models with a lower total expenditure of annotation effort. Given a small initial pool of labeled data, the proposed method actively improves the category models with minimal manual intervention.
Observations of downward moving O+ in the polar topside ionosphere

New investigations of the core ion motion within the high-latitude topside ionosphere and near-Earth magnetosphere, using data from the Dynamics Explorer retarding ion mass spectrometer (RIMS), reveal the existence of significant regions of downward moving O+. The occurrences of downgoing versus upgoing O+ are not clearly separable in terms of either solar zenith angle or Kp but are well distinguished by the direction of the z component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). On average, downflow dominates when IMF Bz 0. Combining cross-field convection velocities derived from an empirical convection electric field model with the observed parallel velocities yields a two-dimensional ion velocity field. This velocity field is consistent with a scenario which has O+ of cusp/cleft and auroral zone origin convecting into the polar cap and, because of the dominance of gravitational energy over the upward kinetic energy, falling back into the ionosphere. This provides additional confirmation of the results of studies of the cleft ion fountain. Estimates of the flux of O+ in the upflowing and downflowing regions for Λ ≥ 60° give a total upflow of ∼6 × 1025 ions s−1 for IMF Bz > 0 and total upflow and downflow of ∼4 × 1025 ions s−1 and 1 × 1025 ions s−1, respectively, for IMF Bz < 0. In all cases the magnitude of the dayside outflow is consistent with previous work on upwelling ions. While the magnitudes vary for high and low Kp the ratios of upward to downward flow are roughly the same at ∼1.7. The downflowing O+ shows a correlation with the magnitude of the outflow of light ions in the same region but the cause and effect of this relationship is not distinguishable.
A study of the synthesis of naphthaquinone pigments by the larvae of two species of sea urchins and their reciprocal hybrids

Abstract The synthesis of naphthaquinone pigments by the larvae of S. purpuratus (PP), S. drobachiensis (DD) and their reciprocal hybrids (PD and DP) has been investigated. The plutei of PP contain two pigments, designated A and B, very similar to the two pigments of purpuratus adult urchins, having absorption spectra in ether with maxima at 338 mμ and 463 mμ for A, and 349 mμ and 473 mμ for B. The plutei of DD contain two pigments designated X and Y, completely different from the adult drobachiensis pigments. X has an absorption spectrum with maxima at 245 mμ, 280 mμ, and 414 mμ; and Y one with maxima at 270 mμ, 320 mμ, and 422 mμ. The maxima in the visible part of the spectrum are at wavelengths 40–50 mμ shorter than those of the adult pigments. It is suggested that X and Y are purely larval pigments, constituting the temporary end products of a biosynthetic chain that will later develop the remaining enzymes required to synthesize the adult pigments. The two hybrids have identical pigments. Both PD and DP contain as major constituents the two pigments A and B of PP, and in addition a lesser amount of pigment C and traces of pigment D, neither of which occurs in either parental type. They have no X or Y. Possible explanations for the apparent dominance of the purpuratus pattern of pigment synthesis, and for the presence of C and D in the hybrids have been presented. The results show that the nature of the cytoplasm has no apparent effect upon the kinds of pigments synthesized by the hybrid. It has also been found that it has no effect on the rate of synthesis of pigment, which was the same for the two hybrids.
Critical periods for noradrenergic regeneration in rat brain regions following neonatal subcutaneous 6-hydroxydopamine.

Abstract The critical period for 60HDA-induced noradrenergic hypertrophy was assessed in several subregions of the cerebellum by treating rat pups at various ages over the first postnatal week. Noradrenergic recovery was greatest closest to birth and declined gradually over this period. Within the cerebellum recovery appeared to decline most rapidly in the middle region. In contrast, in the cerebral cortex noradrenergic fibers apparently increased their resistance and survivability over the first postnatal week. The results are discussed in terms of a hypothesized target-elicited retrograde control of locus coeruleus growth.
Solution Structure of the MAPK Phosphatase PAC-1 Catalytic Domain: Insights into Substrate-Induced Enzymatic Activation of MKP

Inactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) is accomplished via substrate-induced activation of the latter enzymes; however, the structural basis for the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report the three-dimensional solution structure of the C-terminal phosphatase domain of the prototypical MKP PAC-1, determined when bound to phosphate. Structural and biochemical analyses reveal unique active site geometry of the enzyme important for binding to phosphorylated threonine and tyrosine of MAPK ERK2. Our study further demonstrates that the dynamic interaction between the N-terminal kinase binding domain and the C-terminal phosphatase domain of an MKP is directly coupled to MAPK-induced conformational change of the phosphatase active site, which is essential for eliciting its full enzymatic activity.