cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘What Time Is It? . . . . Eternity’: Kierkegaard’s Socratic Use of Hegel’s Insights on Romantic Humor

Kierkegaard’s avowed role as a Socratic gadfly to Danish Christendom can be viewed as an instantiation of Hegel’s idea of the romantic humorist. Comparing Kierkegaard’s manner of “awakening the Christians of Christendom to Christianity” with pertinent sections of Hegel’s Aesthetics, Lectures on Fine Art makes this apparent. It shows that Kierkegaard’s running critique of leading Danish Hegelians was not only of the speculative nature and conventional content of their positions, albeit ethical and religious, but also of their aesthetic form, namely, Hegelian classicism. In challenging the neat, refined and comprehensive form of their thought in a manner befitting Hegel’s romantic humorist, Kierkegaard maintained that such classicism no more led to authentic living than did romanticism’s morally-vacuous aesthetic individualism. Kierkegaard used Hegel’s romantic humor, then, as an anti-aesthetic aesthetics in order to call for a suspension of Hegelian classicism so that a truer form of existential art, namely, the ongoing creation of human being in “co-operation with God,” might emerge.
Bilateral locked facets of the cervical spine

Bilateral locked facets (BLF) is a relatively common, unstable injury of the cervical spine. Severe neurologic deficit often is present due to marked narrowing of the spinal canal. Occasionally, BLF may be associated with ring-disrupting posterior element fractures. It has been suggested in the literature that associated ring-disrupting fractures decompress the spinal canal, preserving neurologic function. To evaluate this assertion, we reviewed the medical records and radiologic studies of 31 patients with BLF, collected at our institution over the past 15 years. Complete (Frankel A) or incomplete (Frankel B, C) neurologic deficit was present in 24 (77%) patients and minimal or no neurologic deficit (Frankel D, E) in the remaining 7 patients. Radiologically detected fractures associated with BLF were noted in 11 (35%) patients, of which 9 (29%) involved either bilateral laminar or pedicle fractures (ring-disrupting) at the level of dislocation, theoretically allowing decompression of the spinal canal. However, no statistically significant association between the presence of ring-disrupting fracture and minimal or no neurologic deficit was found. Our study suggests that ring-disrupting posterior element fractures associated with BLF do not necessarily offer protection to the spinal cord and that dynamic factors at the time of injury are primarily responsible for eventual neurologic outcome.
On Stability of Nonlinear Slowly Time-Varying and Switched Systems

In this paper, we apply a total variation approach to bridge the stability criteria for nonlinear time-varying systems and nonlinear switched systems. In particular, we derive a set of stability conditions applying to both nonlinear time-varying systems and nonlinear switched systems. We show that the derived stability conditions, when applied to nonlinear time-varying systems and nonlinear switched systems, recover the existing stability results in the literature. We also show that the derived stability conditions can be applied to qualitatively recover a unified stability criterion for slowly time-varying linear systems and switched linear systems proposed in our recent work.
The Food Assistance Landscape: FY 2013 Annual Report

In this report, the Economic Research Service uses preliminary data from USDA's Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) to examine trends in U.S. food and nutrition assistance programs through fiscal 2013 (October 1, 2012 to September 30, 2013) and ERS data to examine trends in the prevalence and severity of household food insecurity in the United States through 2012.
Surface passivation of perovskite thin films by phosphonium halides for efficient and stable solar cells

Surface passivation of metal halide perovskite thin films has proved to be critical for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs), i.e. suppressing charge recombination at the interfaces between perovskite and charge transport layers for high device efficiency and preventing the penetration of degrading agents into the perovskite layer for high device stability. Here, we report the use of a new class of materials, phosphonium halide salts, i.e. triphenyl(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)-phosphonium bromide (TCPBr) and iodide (TCPI), as surface passivation agents for efficient and stable PSCs. Suppressed nonradiative recombination and enhanced interfacial hole extraction, enabled by this facile phosphonium halide passivation, resulted in PSCs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of >20.1% (∼18.5% for pristine MAPbI3 devices). Phosphonium halide passivation also reduced the hysteresis index from 11.2% (pristine device) to 5.4% (TCPBr passivated device). Moreover, the hydrophobic phosphonium halide passivation layers significantly suppressed moisture penetration and ion migration, greatly enhancing the device stability. It was found that unencapsulated solar cells based on TCPBr treated MAPbI3 thin layers retained more than 90% of the initial PCEs after more than 1000 hours storage under ambient conditions. Our work established the potential of phosphonium-based materials for surface passivation of metal halide perovskites, providing a new route towards efficient and stable perovskite optoelectronic devices.
Single-day Postnatal Alcohol Exposure Induces Apoptotic Cell Death and Causes long-term Neuron Loss in Rodent Thalamic Nucleus Reuniens.

Abstract Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) constitute a prevalent, yet preventable, developmental disorder worldwide. While a wealth of research demonstrates that altered function of hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex may underlie behavioral impairments in FASD, only one published paper to date has examined the impact of developmental alcohol exposure (AE) on the region responsible for coordinated prefrontal–hippocampal activity: thalamic nucleus reuniens (Re). In the current study, we used a rodent model of human third trimester AE to examine both the acute and lasting impact of a single-day AE on Re. We administered 5.25 g/kg of ethanol to male and female Long Evans rat pups on postnatal day (PD) 7. We used unbiased stereological estimation to evaluate cell death or cell loss at three time points: 12 h after alcohol administration; 4 days after alcohol administration (i.e., PD11); in adulthood (i.e.,PD 72). AE on PD7 increased apoptotic cell death in Re on PD7, and caused short-term cell loss on PD11. This relationship between short-term cell death versus cell number suggests that alcohol-related cell loss is driven by induction of apoptosis. In adulthood, alcohol-exposed animals displayed permanent cell loss (mediating volume loss in the Re), which included a reduction in neuron number (relative to procedural controls). Both procedural controls and alcohol exposed animals displayed a deficit in non-neuronal cell number relative to typically-developing controls, suggesting that Re cell populations may be vulnerable to early life stress as well as AE in an insult- and cell type-dependent manner.
Plasmonic physically unclonable function devices for hardware security

Physical and side channel attacks on Internet of Things (IoT) devices employing cryptographic software are an increasing threat to the security of the Internet. Preventing these attacks may require new, hardware-based approaches to encryption. Here, we present a possible solution, consisting of a multimodal metal-insulator-metal (MIM) plasmonic ring resonator-based Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). Device-specific field distribution patterns with strong sub-wavelength confinement act as a device-specific cryptographic identifier to ensure private communications. This is possible because our MIM structures are ultra-responsive to fabrication variations, such as sidewall roughness, metal/insulator thicknesses, coupling lengths, ring diameters, and material impurities.
Making Space for Freedom: The situationist Guide to Protesting = Crear espacio para la libertad: la guía situacionista para protestar

Usando como punto de partida la reaccion de Guy Debord a la Rebelion de Watts en el ano 1965, este articulo considera el situacionismo como un modelo agonistico al poder. El enfoque primario es, como deberia ser, el espectaculo: al conectar cada fuerza de produccion con cada producto del capitalismo, Debord representa el espectaculo como monopolio de produccion espacial, incluso en aquellos espacios que parecerian rechazarlo. Desenfocados, relegados a la sombra, y afuera de camara y de la escena, los que se oponen al espectaculo estan construyendo un modelo social alternativo como deberian estarlo haciendo, donde la libertad y la economia se construyen y se logran de manera colectiva. Ilustro esta dialectica con las revueltas y protestas de la primavera de 2020, que han reclamado libertad desde dentro del espectaculo. Abstract Using Guy Debord’s reaction to the Watts Rebellion of 1965 as a starting point, this article considers Situationism as an agonistic approach to power. The prime focus is on the spectacle, as it should be: by collating every force of production with every product of capitalism, Debord depicts the spectacle as a monopoly of spatial production, even in those spaces that ostensibly reject it. Out-of-focus, in the background and off-camera, those opposed to the spectacle are building an alternative social model as they ought to be, where freedom and economics are cooperatively achieved. I illustrate this dialectic with riots and protests that have occurred in the Spring of 2020, both claiming freedom from within the spectacle.
A Comparison of NCAA FBS Head Coaches Salary Determination From New and Modified Contracts

Previous research examines head football coaches’ salary only using aggregate athletic department revenues. Using detailed football program fixed and variable revenues provided in the NCAA Membersh...
Asymptotic posterior normality of the generalized extreme value distribution

The univariate generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution is the most commonly used tool for analysing the properties of rare events. The ever greater utilization of Bayesian methods for extreme value analysis warrants detailed theoretical investigation, which has thus far been underdeveloped. Even the most basic asymptotic results are difficult to obtain because the GEV fails to satisfy standard regularity conditions. Here, we prove that the posterior distribution of the GEV parameter vector, given an independent and identically distributed sequence of observations, converges to a normal distribution centred at the true parameter. The proof necessitates analysing integrals of the GEV likelihood function over the entire parameter space, which requires considerable care because the support of the GEV density depends on the parameters in complicated ways.
Recent Advances in Gene Therapy for Cancer Theranostics.

Abstract There is great interest in developing gene therapies for many disease indications, including cancer. However, successful delivery of nucleic acids to tumor cells is a major challenge, and in vivo efficacy is difficult to predict. Cancer theranostics is an approach combining antitumor therapy with imaging or diagnostic capabilities, with the goal of monitoring successful delivery and efficacy of a therapeutic agent in a tumor. Successful theranostics must maintain a high degree of anticancer targeting and efficacy while incorporating high-contrast imaging agents that are nontoxic and compatible with clinical imaging modalities. This review highlights recent advancements in theranostic strategies, including imaging technologies and genetic engineering approaches.
Wnt5a influences the directional displacement of ovarian cancer cells

Objectives: The noncanonical Wnt ligand Wnt5a is found in high concentrations in ovarian cancer ascites. This microenvironmental Wnt5a has recently been shown to potentiate ovarian cancer metastasis. We sought to identify whether Wnt5a modulates ovarian cancer cell motility. Methods: We engineered and validated a microfluidic device that establishes stable gradients of soluble ligands. After a Wnt5a gradient was established, ovarian cancer cells (ES2 or OVCAR5) were introduced and allowed to adhere to a 2-dimensional fibronectin substrate. Real time imaging was carried out over 7 hours and cellular migration was analyzed with respect to speed, displacement, and directionality. In a subset of experiments, ROR2, a noncanonical Wnt5a receptor involved in planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, was depleted with siRNA to assess contribution of ROR2-dependent PCP to Wnt5a mediated behaviors. Results: In the presence of Wnt5a, ES2 and OVCAR5 ovarian cancer cells demonstrated an increase in both mean and instantaneous velocity of migration when compared to absence of ligand (P Conclusions: Wnt5a promotes the motility of ovarian cancer cells by influencing both directionality of motion as well as degree of displacement. Furthermore, the Wnt5a receptor ROR2 was shown to be critical in mediating these behaviors, suggesting a role for planar cell polarity pathways in ovarian cancer metastasis. As Wnt5a is produced at high levels by peritoneal mesothelial cells and omental adipose tissue in the metastatic microenvironment of ovarian cancer, these data suggest a potential mechanism by which ovarian cancer cells ‘home’ to their metastatic niche. ROR2 represents an attractive target for disrupting this tumor cell/microenvironment interaction and represents a possible new therapeutic target.
Broadband Ultra-Sensitive Adiabatic Magnetometer

We introduce a new ultra-sensitive adiabatic magnetometer that has a broad bandwidth and can operate in the presence of magnetic fields and gradients. It follows conceptually typical implementations of atomic magnetometers based on alkali-metal vapor cells and lasers for optical pumping and optical Faraday effect detection, while its unique feature is a measurement of an oscillating magnetic field along the probe beam direction at frequencies lower than the resonant frequency, proportional to a static magnetic field along the pump beam direction. The bandwidth of the adiabatic magnetometer scales as the strength of the field along the pump beam. From our theoretical studies it is expected that the adiabatic magnetometer can reach 1 fT sensitivity with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, which any type of atomic magnetometers cannot achieve. Among anticipated various applications of this adiabatic magnetometer are biomagnetic sensing, nuclear magnetic resonance detection, and alkali-metal density measurements. We experimentally conducted alkali-metal density measurements, as an example of applications.
Lesion2Vec: Deep Meta Learning for Few-Shot Lesion Recognition in Capsule Endoscopy Video

Effective and rapid detection of lesions in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in how fast gastroenterologist can respond to life-threatening diseases. Capsule Endoscopy (CE) has revolutionized traditional endoscopy procedure by allowing gastroenterologists visualize the entire GI tract non-invasively. Once the tiny capsule is swallowed, it captures sequence of images as it is propelled down the GI tract. A single video can last up to 8 h producing between 30,000 and 100,000 images. Automating the detection of frames containing specific lesion in CE video would relieve gastroenterologists of the arduous task of reviewing the entire video before making diagnosis. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based models have been very successful in various image classification tasks. However, they suffer excessive parameters, are sample inefficient and rely on very large amount of training data. Deploying a CNN classifier for lesion detection task will require time-to-time fine-tuning to generalize to any unforeseen category. In this paper, we propose a meta-learning framework followed by a few-shot lesion recognition in CE video. Meta-learning framework is designed to establish similarity or dissimilarity between concepts while few-shot learning (FSL) aims to identify new concepts from only a small number of examples. We train a feature extractor to learn a representation for different small bowel lesions using meta-learning. At the testing stage, the category of an unseen sample is predicted from only a few support examples, thereby allowing the model to generalize to a new category that has never been seen before. We demonstrated the efficacy of this method on real patient CE images. We conducted experiments to evaluate the impact of the number of support samples and compared performance across multiple CNN networks. Our experiment showed that this approach performs competitively with baseline models and is effective in few-shot lesion recognition in CE images.
The Forest for the Trees: Evaluating Molecular Phylogenies with an Emphasis on Higher-Level Decapoda

Since the late 1800s, several infraordinal relationships have been proposed for Decapoda; however, reaching a consensus among higher-level relationships is proving difficult. Molecular methods were first applied to higher-level decapod phylogenetics in the 1990s and have significantly contributed to our understanding of the group: sampling is becoming more thorough, a greater number of phylogenetically informative characters are being sequenced, and analysis procedures are becoming more consistent between studies. However, relationships among the deep lineages of Decapoda remain unclear. Several phylogenetic hypotheses have been suggested, and while there is some agreement among studies, an ultimate consensus among higher-level relationships has yet to be reached. This is largely the result of differences in sampling effort, marker selection, data-recycling, and analysis. Because most studies have generated conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses, the foundation on which the trees were built (data and analysis procedures) must be considered and evaluated. In this review, we summarize the early morphological decapod studies, address common problems that are causing a lack of consensus in molecular studies, present a means of evaluating molecular trees, offer suggestions for good phylogenetic practice, review the previous molecular studies of infraordinal decapod phylogeny, and discuss the future directions of the field, with special attention paid to next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques.
Guiding Social Work Doctoral Graduates Through Scholarly Publications and Presentations

Disseminating the work of social work doctoral graduates aligns with the Council on Social Work Education’s National Statement on Research Integrity in Social Work publication practices and the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics. Publications and presentations are essential to their future success, yet little support is provided to social work doctoral graduates by programs that are not affiliated with research universities. This article fills a gap in the literature by offering faculty a clear guide on how to engage graduates in the scholarly dissemination of their advanced practice skills and dissertation research through publications and presentations.
Quantitative studies on Rous sarcoma virus. III Virus multiplication and cellular response following infection of the chorioallantoic membrane of the chick embryo.

Abstract The process of infection of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo by Rous sarcoma virus has been followed by quantitative bioassay methods for virus, dry-weight determination of cellular growth rate, and sequential histological examination, using inocula of differing high virus concentrations. Virus was found to disappear from the membrane at a rapid rate following inoculation. At high initial virus concentrations, virus multiplication was first detected 15–16 hours after inoculation. The initial stage of multiplication took place concurrent with extreme ectodermal hyperplasia followed by ectodermal necrosis. Virus multiplication during this phase was exponential and relatively rapid; the rate furthermore increased with increasing potency of inoculum. Following histologic evidence of mesodermal hyperplasia, virus began to accumulate at a slower exponential rate. The latter was similar to the concurrent exponential rate of increase in dry weight of the inoculated portion of the membrane. The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
Stimulation in Hippocampal Region CA1 in Behaving Rats Yields Long-Term Potentiation when Delivered to the Peak of Theta and Long-Term Depression when Delivered to the Trough

Experimental evidence suggests that the hippocampal theta rhythm plays a critical role in learning. Previous studies have shown long-term potentiation (LTP) to be preferentially induced with stimulation on the peak of local theta rhythm in region CA1 in anesthetized rats and with stimulation of the perforant path at the peak of theta in both anesthetized and behaving animals. We set out to determine the effects of tetanic burst stimulation in stratum radiatum of region CA1 in awake behaving animals, delivered during either the peak or the trough of the theta rhythm in the EEG. Bursts delivered to the peak resulted in an increase of 17.9 ± 0.94% in potential slope. When identical stimulation bursts were delivered to the trough of local theta waves, the potential slope decreased 12.9 ± 1.03%. This is the first report of LTP being preferentially induced at the peak of local theta rhythm in behaving animals in region CA1 and that LTD was found in response to tetanic stimulation at the trough of the local theta wave. The results are discussed within the framework of a recent theory that proposes that the theta rhythm sets the dynamics for alternating phases of encoding and retrieval (Hasselmo et al., 20021).
Mechanical Versus Chemical Retention for Restoring Complex Restorations: What Is the Evidence?

This article reports the findings from a study conducted to answer this research question: can adhesive resin liners provide retention that is the same as dentinal pins or pots and slots when restoring complex amalgam restorations? The study methodology consisted of two components: a review of the literature and a survey to assess methods and materials that general practitioners use in their clinical practice for restoring complex amalgam restorations. Even though a vast majority of the general practitioners surveyed reported using dentinal pins or pots and slots, the occurrence or frequency of use was under 50 percent. It was also reported from the survey that over half the respondents are using adhesive resin liners exclusively when restoring complex restorations. New and improved materials allow general practitioners to restore complex restorations without the risks associated with the placement of pins or pots and slots. A review of the available literature indicates that adhesive resin liners may be used as an alternative or adjunct to mechanical retention. Because of the improvements of bonding strength of adhesive resin liners, dentinal pins and pots and slots should not be the only methods considered when faculty assist students in the development of treatment plans for patients who need complex amalgam restorations.
Toremifene: pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic basis of reversing multidrug resistance.

Triphenylethylene compounds, such as tamoxifen, have shown chemosensitizing activity independent of estrogen receptor status in doxorubicin-resistant cells. We examined the chemosensitizing activity of a new triphenylethylene, toremifene, and its major metabolites in a doxorubicin-resistant human breast cell line, MCF-7/DOX. In addition, we examined the chemosensitizing activity of unbound plasma toremifene and its metabolites isolated from patients treated with toremifene doses of 20 to 400 mg/d. MCF-7/DOX cells were exposed to ultrafiltrate plasma specimens in the absence and presence of doxorubicin. These latter studies were single-blinded. Toremifene and its major metabolites were capable of sensitizing multidrug-resistant cells to doxorubicin. The degree of chemosensitizing activity in vitro correlated with the plasma concentrations of toremifene and its metabolites (P less than .05). Plasma samples isolated from patients receiving high-dose toremifene (400 mg/d) had the greatest chemosensitizing activity. We present evidence that toremifene and its metabolites can sensitize resistant MCF-7/DOX cells to doxorubicin, that this effect is concentration-dependent, and that sensitizing activity can be detected at clinically achieved concentrations.
Pseudoprolapse of the anterior leaflet in chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation: Identification and repair

Objective Recurrence rates as high as 30% have been observed 6 months after treatment of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (CIMR) with isolated annuloplasty. We postulated that the high early recurrence rates resulted from the presence of untreated pseudoprolapse of the anterior leaflet. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of all mitral valve repairs for CIMR performed by a single surgeon (S.W.H.) from 1995 to 2011. After annuloplasty, Gore-Tex neochordae were added if the high-pressure saline test indicated the presence of pseudoprolapse of the anterior leaflet. Results A total of 47 patients underwent mitral valve repair for CIMR. Of the 47 patients, 24 (51%) were found to have pseudoprolapse requiring the addition of neochordae. For all patients, the average age was 65.1 years, and 65.2% were men. Fourteen (30%) had had a preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump placed by cardiologists. Fourteen (30%) had severe pulmonary hypertension. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 40 patients, with an average of 2.2 grafts; 7 had previously undergone coronary artery bypass grafting. Mitral Carpentier-Edwards physio annuloplasty rings were used in all patients with a mean size of 29 mm. One patient died postoperatively. Follow-up data were available for all 47 patients at an average of 4.9 years. The 5-year survival rate was 82.5%. The mean pre- and postoperative New York Heart Association class, ejection fraction, and mitral regurgitation grade were 3 and 1.52 (P Conclusions Effective repair of CIMR should include surgical techniques to correct pseudoprolapse of the anterior leaflet, when present. The selective addition of Gore-Tex neochordae to an undersized annuloplasty nearly eliminates recurrent regurgitation after mitral valve repair for CIMR.
Hydroxypropylcellulose, a thermotropic liquid crystal: Characteristics and structure development in continuous extrusion and melt spinning

Hot-stage polarized light microscopy suggests that bulk hydroxypropylcellulose (Hercules Klucel E) is a cholesteric liquid crystal. Rheological measurements indicate this system exhibits shear viscosities similar to those of polyolefin melts except that it has a yield value comparable to suspensions. Birefringent characteristics were observed in shear flow between glass slides. No relaxation of birefringence is observed following flow. Extruded filaments (without applied take-up tensions) show high levels of birefringence and significant orientations from WAXS measurements. These have skin-core structure with highly oriented outer layers which are caused by the flow patterns in the reservior and die preceding the extrudate. In the case of melt-spun filaments, where tensile elongation occurs, a highly oriented structure of uniform cross section is found.
The reduction of cytochrome c by reduced vitamin K1.

Abstract The mitochondrial fraction of rat liver catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by reduced vitamin K1. This activity, which has been partially solubilized, is inhibited to only a slight extent by the anticoagulants. The reduction of cytochrome c accompanied by the oxidation of reduced vitamin K1.
Mislocalization of eNOS and Upregulation of Cerebral Vascular Ca2+ Channel Activity in Angiotensin-Hypertension

We tested the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction induced by angiotensin II (Ang-hypertension) would impair regulatory control of vascular smooth muscle L-type Ca2+ channels by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). We studied cerebral lenticulostriate arterioles (LSAs) from control rats, from rats infused with Ang (240 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) SQ x4 days), which were normotensive, and from Ang-hypertensive rats (AHR; 240 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1) x28 days). Patch-clamp measurements on isolated LSA smooth muscle cells (SMCs) showed a significant increase in Ca2+ channel availability with 4- and 28-day infusions versus controls (0.47+/-0.03 and 0.66+/-0.05 vs 0.36+/-0.03 pS/pF, respectively; P<0.01), with Western blots showing no change in channel protein expression, consistent with altered channel regulation. In LSAs from 28-day AHR, 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate imaging showed diminished NO production in response to acetylcholine stimulation in vivo, and inhibition of eNOS with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester failed to increase Ca2+ channel availability in isolated SMCs, indicating an abnormality with the eNOS/NO-signaling pathway regulating the channel. Immunofluorescence imaging showed that in 1 of 53, 33 of 109, and 53 of 62 LSAs from controls and from rats with 4- and 28-day infusions, respectively, eNOS was absent from its normal location at the abluminal border and was mislocalized to perinuclear Golgi. Ca2+ channel availability in LSA SMCs from controls and from rats with 4- and 28-day infusions was proportional to the fraction of LSAs showing eNOS mislocalization, but not blood pressure. These data provide the first evidence linking Ang-induced eNOS mislocalization, eNOS dysfunction, and Ca2+ channel upregulation, and they provide novel mechanistic insights into pathological changes in LSAs associated with stroke.
Correction to: “The Gaussian Multiple Access Wire-Tap Channel” and “The General Gaussian Multiple Access and Two-Way Wire-Tap Channels: Achievable Rates and Cooperative Jamming” [Dec 08 5747-5755 and Jun 08 2735-2751]

The authors used superposition coding as opposed to the more standard random binning approach to wire-tap channels.
A neuroradiology self-assessment module for use in emergency radiology

Radiologists interpreting imaging studies of the central nervous system are well acquainted with the findings of various common neuroradiological disorders. This self-assessment module is intended to test the knowledge base of radiologists working in the emergency room setting.
Pressurization with Nitrogen as an Extinguishant for Fires in Confined Spaces

Abstract Pressurization with nitrogen has been studied as a technique for suppressing fires in confined spaces. Liquid hydrocarbon-air fires of various sizes in a gastight experimental chamber were extinguished in approximately 30 seconds by increasing the total pressure of the enclosure from l atm. to 1.35 ± 0.03 atm. The post-fire atmospheres were found to contain sufficient oxygen for support of normal human activity, while the buildup of hazardous combustion products was well below established safety levels.
A simple sleep stage detector for the rat

A simple sleep stage detector for the rat is described, which uses as its sources of input the signal from a single hippocampal recording electrode and the signal generated by a motion indicator. The device is suitable for use in sleep studies and in experiments on REM sleep deprivation.
Total synthesis of two photoactivatable analogues of the growth-factor-like mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate: differential interaction with protein targets.

The first synthesis of two photoreactive analogues of the lipid mediator and second messenger sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), [32P]-labeled (2S,3R)-14-O-(4‘-benzoylphenyl)- and (2S,3R)-14-O-((4‘-trifluoromethyldiazirinyl)phenyl)-(4E)-tetradecenyl-2-amino-3-hydroxy-1-phosphate, is described. The interactions of these probes with the S1P type-1 receptor (S1P1) transfected into membranes of rat hepatoma cells and with plasma proteins were analyzed. The S1P1 receptor interacted in a specific manner with the benzophenone-containing ligand (KD = 84 ± 10 nM vs KD for S1P = 36 ± 2 nM); in contrast, no saturable specific binding was found with the diazirine-containing ligand. However, the same pattern was found for labeling of plasma proteins by both probes, indicating that different parts of the S1P pharmacophore underlie the interaction of S1P with its receptor and plasma carrier proteins.
Contribution of malformations and genetic disorders to mortality in a children's hospital

Malformations and genetic disorders are the leading cause of infant mortality in the US. Many malformations have a genetic basis due to genic, chromosomal, or multifactorial causation. We have studied the proportion of pediatric cases in a university-affiliated children's hospital that died of malformations and genetic disorders. We reviewed, retrospectively, deaths over a 4 year period (1994-1998) at Primary Children's Medical Center (PCMC), a university-affiliated tertiary children's referral hospital in Utah. The age at death and the cause of death were recorded for each case. We analyzed 523 cases; 180 (34.4%) deaths were due to malformations and genetic disorders. Of those 180, 30 (16.7%) had chromosome anomalies, 21 (11.7%) had a recognizable malformation syndrome, 118 (65.6%) had a malformation of unknown cause, and 11 (6.1%) had some other genetic disorder. One hundred and twenty-two (23.3%) deaths were due to trauma (accidental and non-accidental). Seventy-nine (15.1%) deaths were due to short gestation or perinatal complications. Forty-five (8.6%) deaths were due to an infectious disease and 45 (8.6%) from neoplasms. Thirteen (2.5%) were diagnosed for sudden infant death "syndrome." Twelve (2.3%) patients with malformations and/or genetic disorders died of an acquired condition not clearly related to the underlying disorder. Seven (1.3%) patients died of an unknown cause and 20 (3.8%) patients died of other specified conditions. In addition, 51.0% patients (age <1 year) died of a malformation and/or genetic disorder. Genetic disorders and malformations are a substantial cause of mortality in a referral pediatric hospital. Knowledge of the impact of genetic diseases on mortality is important for the integration of preventive measures and health care strategies to care effectively for patients and their families. This information emphasizes the importance of further study of whether or not early recognition influences mortality rate and management.
Retrofitting Active Control into Passive Vibration Isolation Systems

Active vibration control uses sensing and power actuators to attenuate vibrational energy due to external disturbances. Many of these systems are retrofitted into already existing passive ones. As a result allowable relative motions are prescribed, and this influences the performance of the active system. This paper exposes these limitations and shows realistic expectations for two excellent control strategies.
Roseolovirus molecular biology: recent advances

Human herpesviruses 6A, 6B, and 7 (HHV-6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7) are classified within the roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily. Most humans likely harbor at least two of these large DNA viruses, and 1% of humans harbor germline chromosomally integrated (ci) HHV-6A or HHV-6B genomes. Differences at the genetic level manifest as distinct biologic properties during infection and disease. We provide a brief synopsis of roseolovirus replication and highlight the unique properties of their lifecycle and what is known about the viral gene products that mediate these functions. In the nearly 30 years since their discovery, we have only begun to unlock the molecular strategies these highly evolved pathogens employ to establish and maintain chronic infections in humans.
Angular correlations and nuclear polarization from the inelastic scattering of alpha particles

Abstract When alpha particles are inelastically scattered from an even nucleus, all particles in the interaction except the excited nucleus are spinless, with the results that the angular momentum relationships of the interaction are greatly simplified and that the polarization of the excited nucleus and the angular distribution of the decay radiation from this nucleus are related in a straight forward manner. For this situation, the functional dependence of the angular correlation between the decay radiation and the scattered alpha particle is calculated in terms of parameters describing the polarization of the excited nucleus, assuming either gamma-ray or alpha-particle decay of this nucleus. The angular dependence of the gamma-ray circular polarization is also calculated and related to the nuclear polarization. Experiments are outlined for measuring nuclear polarization with particle-gamma or particle-particle correlation studies, and the kinematical problems inherent in the latter are discussed.
Decorrelating a compressible turbulent flow: An experiment

Floating particles that are initially distributed uniformly on the surface of a turbulent fluid, subsequently coagulate, until finally a steady state is reached. This being so, they manifestly form a compressible system. In this experiment, the information dimension ${D}_{1}$, and the Lyapunov exponents of the coagulated floaters, is measured. The trajectories and the velocity fields of the particles are captured in a sequence of rapidly acquired images. Then the velocity sequence is randomly shuffled in time to generate new trajectories. This analysis mimics the Kraichnan ensemble and yields properties of a velocity correlation function that is delta correlated in time (but not in space). The measurements are compared with theoretical expectations and with simulations of Boffetta et al., that closely mimic the laboratory experiment reported here.
Manufacturing system cell formation and evaluation using a new inter-cell flow reduction heuristic

The initial stage in the implementation of cellular manufacturing involves the determination of part families and machine cell (PF/MC). We developed a new heuristic for PF/MC formation that provides a variety of PF/MC alternatives. In addition, we developed a simulation model of a group technology (GT) system using the new heuristic and compared this to that of a traditional process layout (TPL) system. We used performance criteria such as: machine utilization, queue length, flow time, etc. The simulation experiment included a TPL shop, an original GT shop, and an alternative GT shop, each with different part demand distributions.
Probing the Structural Origins of Unusually Strong Target Membrane Affinity of Synaptotagmin 7 C2A and C2Ab Domains

Synaptotagmin (Syt) proteins serve as Ca2+ sensitive triggers in many exocytotic pathways, with the seventeen different human isoforms active in various cell types. Syt proteins contain two C2 domains, C2A and C2B, which bind membranes in response to Ca2+ to drive vesicle fusion. Much is known about the biophysical mechanism of function for Syt1, which triggers fusion for rapid neurotransmitter secretion, but less mechanistic information is available for other isoforms. Syt7 typically operates in slower pathways requiring smaller peak Ca2+ concentrations, and its C2 domains are known to bind membranes with a much higher Ca2+ sensitivity compared to Syt1. using kinetic and equilibrium fluorescence measurements of C2A domain docking to synthetic liposomes approximating the lipid composition of physiological membranes, we report that the differences between the two isoforms include kinetic and solute effects consistent with much greater hydrophobic membrane contact for Syt7 C2A. A strong hydrophobic contribution to the membrane docking mechanism of Syt7 C2A stands in contrast to the known electrostatic membrane interaction of Syt1 C2A, and is somewhat surprising given the 90% conserved amino acid polarity between the two domains. In order to test our proposed hydrophobic docking model for Syt7 C2A and probe its structural origins, we use a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, equilibrium and kinetic protein-membrane docking assays, and electron paramagnetic resonance-based depth measurements. In addition, single-molecule measurement of protein lateral diffusion on supported lipid bilayers is used to report on contributions of intra- and intermolecular protein-protein contact to the membrane-docked states of individual C2 domains and C2AB tandems. The results are interpreted to provide information on the structural origins of differences in function between these two isoforms.
Stretching skin: The physiological limit and beyond☆

The goal of this manuscript is to establish a novel computational model for skin to characterize its constitutive behavior when stretched within and beyond its physiological limits. Within the physiological regime, skin displays a reversible, highly nonlinear, stretch locking, and anisotropic behavior. We model these characteristics using a transversely isotropic chain network model composed of eight wormlike chains. Beyond the physiological limit, skin undergoes an irreversible area growth triggered through mechanical stretch. We model skin growth as a transversely isotropic process characterized through a single internal variable, the scalar-valued growth multiplier. To discretize the evolution of growth in time, we apply an unconditionally stable, implicit Euler backward scheme. To discretize it in space, we utilize the finite element method. For maximum algorithmic efficiency and optimal convergence, we suggest an inner Newton iteration to locally update the growth multiplier at each integration point. This iteration is embedded within an outer Newton iteration to globally update the deformation at each finite element node. To illustrate the characteristic features of skin growth, we first compare the two simple model problems of displacement- and force-driven growth. Then, we model the process of stretch-induced skin growth during tissue expansion. In particular, we compare the spatio-temporal evolution of stress, strain, and area gain for four commonly available tissue expander geometries. We believe that the proposed model has the potential to open new avenues in reconstructive surgery and rationalize critical process parameters in tissue expansion, such as expander geometry, expander size, expander placement, and inflation timing.
Detection-Correction Decoding for System Reliability

Error-correcting codes can be used in digital communication and storage for error control. A two-step decoding procedure is proposed for improving system performance when error correction is used. When applicable it should reduce the average decoding time or logic required for realization. Possible applications to faulty memory arrays and unit-to-unit data transmission are given.
The virtual reality modeling language and Java

The Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) and Java provide a standardized, portable and platform- independent way to render dynamic, interactive 3D scenes across the Internet. Integrating two powerful and portable software languages provides interactive 3D graphics plus complete programming capabilities plus network access. Intended for programmers and scene authors, this paper provides a VRML overview, synopsizes the open development history of the specification, provides a condensed summary of VRML 3D graphics nodes and scene graph topology, describes how Java interacts with VRML through detailed examples, and examines a variety of VRML/Java future developments. Overview. The Web is being extended to three spatial dimensions thanks to VRML, a dynamic 3D scene description language that can include embedded behaviors and camera animation. A rich set of graphics primitives provides a common-denominator file format which can be used to describe a wide variety of 3D scenes and objects. The VRML specification is now an International Standards Organization (ISO) specification (VRML 97). Why VRML and Java together? Over twenty million VRML browsers have shipped with Web browsers, making interactive 3D graphics suddenly available for any desktop. Java adds complete programming capabilities plus network access, making VRML fully functional and portable. This is a powerful new combination, especially as ongoing research shows that VRML plus Java provide extensive support for building large-scale virtual environments (LSVEs). This paper provides historical background, a detailed overview of VRML 3D graphics, example VRML-Java test programs, and a look ahead at future work.
5 An experimental and theoretical investigation of ethylene oxidation on supported platinum in an adiabatic fixed-bed reactor

Abstract The experimental oxidation of ethylene over supported Pt in an adiabatic fixed-bed reactor is mathematically modeled by a two phase cell model, including axial dispersion and axial bed thermal conduction. Correlations are developed relating the average rates of heat and mass transport to the physical properties of the reactor feed. Comparison of the transport phenomena measured under reaction conditions are made with literature values obtained in the absence of reaction.
Interspecies Conversion of Kinetically Equivalent Doses1

A framework is presented within which to organize consideration of appropriate measures of delivered dose and selection of an appropriate procedure for interspecies conversion of kinetically equivalent doses. Systematic species dependencies of simple kinetic relationships between administered and delivered dose are developed. Interspecies scaling of kinetic parameters, including firstorder rate constants and maximum rates of capacity-limited processes, is discussed, and the effects of conventional scaling procedures on initial and steady-state concentrations and on areas under the blood concentration curve are shown. Particular attention is given to production of reactive metabolites. It is shown that interspecies dose or dose rate conversion on the basis of the 3/4 power of body weight is consistently either realistic or conservative when the conversion is carried out from smaller to larger species, except when first-order elimination and capacity-limited production of an active metabolite coexist. In this case, the 3/4 power of body weight conversion procedure may be either overpredictive or underpredictive, depending on the relative dependence of the efficiency of metabolite production and elimination on species body weight. Interspecies dose conversion on a direct mg/kg body weight basis is consistently much less conservative than the 3/4 power of body weight procedure, resulting when scaling from smaller to larger species in underestimation of delivered dose or of steady-state concentration of both parent and metabolite for all of the kinetic relationships considered. Applicability and limitations of these procedures are also discussed.