cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatial structure of genetic variation within populations of forest trees

The spatial pattern and structure of genetic variation are important aspects of the population genetics of forest stands. Combined with limits to seed and pollen dispersal, spatial structure affects the level of inbreeding and the action of natural selection. The genetic constitution of stand regeneration, following different forestry practices, is also influenced by spatial structure. For example, natural regeneration with seed trees involves sampling seed trees from a stand that may be genetically nonhomogeneous. This paper reviews theoretical and empirical results on spatial patterns of genetic variation, produced under limited gene flow and selection, in terms of recently developed spatial statistics (e.g., spatial autocorrelation). Genetic correlations in samples from spatially structured populations are also described, as well as how spatial samples can be used to characterize the structure of genetic variation, and how inferences can be made about (spatially distributed) components of fitness and yield.
Volt/Var Control on Distribution Systems with Lateral Branches Using Shunt Capacitors and Voltage Regulators Part II: The Solution Method

In this paper the optimal solutions of the following two decoupled problems are given on the basis of the model presented in Part I:(i) The capacitor (var) problem: determination of the locations, sizes and the real-time control of n ON/OFF switched and fixed shunt capacitors, (ii) The regulator (volt) problem: determination of the locations and real-time control of minimum number of voltage regulators. The objective in both problems is to minimize the peak power and the energy losses and to provide smooth voltage profile along the distribution system with lateral branches. For the first time, the nonlinear costs of installation of the capacitors are incorporated into the capacitor problem.
Sea Water Intrusion by Sea-Level Rise: Scenarios for the 21st Century

This study presents a method to assess the contributions of 21st-century sea-level rise and groundwater extraction to sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers. Sea water intrusion is represented by the landward advance of the 10,000 mg/L iso-salinity line, a concentration of dissolved salts that renders groundwater unsuitable for human use. A mathematical formulation of the resolution of sea water intrusion among its causes was quantified via numerical simulation under scenarios of change in groundwater extraction and sea-level rise in the 21st century. The developed method is illustrated with simulations of sea water intrusion in the Seaside Area sub-basin near the City of Monterey, California (USA), where predictions of mean sea-level rise through the early 21st century range from 0.10 to 0.90 m due to increasing global mean surface temperature. The modeling simulation was carried out with a state-of-the-art numerical model that accounts for the effects of salinity on groundwater density and can approximate hydrostratigraphic geometry closely. Simulations of sea water intrusion corresponding to various combinations of groundwater extraction and sea-level rise established that groundwater extraction is the predominant driver of sea water intrusion in the study aquifer. The method presented in this work is applicable to coastal aquifers under a variety of other scenarios of change not considered in this work. For example, one could resolve what changes in groundwater extraction and/or sea level would cause specified levels of groundwater salinization at strategic locations and times.
Comparison of functional outcome after volar plate fixation with 2.4-mm titanium versus 3.5-mm stainless-steel plate for extra-articular fracture of distal radius.

Purpose Open reduction and locked volar plate and screw fixation is a popular treatment method for extra-articular distal radius fractures with dorsal metaphyseal comminution. In this study, we compared the use of a titanium 2.4-mm precontoured plate with that of a stainless-steel oblique 3.5-mm T-shaped plate to test the null hypothesis that there would be no difference in wrist function or upper extremity–specific health status in the internal fixation of AO-type A3.2 distal radius fractures. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 24 patients treated with a 2.4-mm titanium plate and 38 patients treated with a 3.5-mm stainless-steel plate for an extra-articular and dorsally angulated distal radius fracture, from data gathered in a prospective cohort study of plate and screw fixation of distal radius fractures. The 2 cohorts were analyzed for differences in motion, grip strength, pain, Gartland and Werley score, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand score, and Short Form-36 score at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up. Group differences and their change over time were determined using regression analysis and the likelihood ratio test. Results There were no significant differences in wrist function and arm-specific health status between patients treated with a 2.4-mm plate and those treated with a 3.5-mm plate at 6, 12, or 24 months of follow-up. However, we observed a trend toward greater wrist flexion at 1 year (66° vs 55°; p=.07) and greater flexion–extension arc (137° vs 123°; p=.08) and pronation–supination arc (172° vs 160°; p=.07) at 24 months after surgery in patients treated with a 2.4-mm plate. Conclusions Patients with a dorsally angulated extra-articular distal radius facture can expect similar results when treated with either a precontoured 2.4-mm titanium plate or a 3.5-mm stainless-steel T-shaped plate. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Power and thermal monitoring for the IBM system z10

In May 2007, IBM announced Project Big Green, an initiative M. R. Vanderwiel designed to accelerate the adoption of green technologies and services in order to make data centers more energy efficient. An integral part of this strategy is to enable power and thermal monitoring on all IBM server platforms. The IBM System z10e server delivers these capabilities and is the first system in its class on the market to provide this functionality. This paper introduces the z10e power and thermal monitoring architecture and provides an end-to-end view of the underlying technology, from reading voltage and current to visualizing trending information in the Active Energy Manager extension to IBM Director.
An initial assessment of the biocompatibility of crab shell for bone tissue engineering

Abstract There is a kinship that exists among biologically derived hard tissues. This inter-relatedness is expressed via comparable mechanisms for organic matrix organization and biomineralization processes. The ability to use biogenic hard tissues such as coral and nacre in augmentation of damaged bone tissue further attests to the unique bonds which are shared by hard tissues in nature. Crab shell cuticle is another candidate material for enhancing the healing and remodeling of bone. A comparison of the unique chemical and physical characteristics of bone and crab shell with a focus on the respective organic matrices and mineral phases serves as the focus for this study of crushed crab shell as an osteogenic material. L929 murine fibroblasts were used to assess the initial biocompatibility of crab shell granules. Short term subcutaneous implantation of demineralized crab shell granules in the abdominal region of 28 day old Sprague–Dawley rats resulted in a high level of localized monocyte and macrophage like cells that digested the shell granules in a manner reminiscent of osteoclasts. The presence of early stage collagen fiber bundles with interspersed mineral crystals within the first week suggests that crab shell exhibits osteogenic properties.
Reinventing the Past: Mendelssohn's Antigone and the Creation of an Ancient Greek Musical Language

ABSTRACT In 1841, Sophocles9s Antigone was performed at the Prussian court theater with staging by Ludwig Tieck and music by Felix Mendelssohn. Commissioned by King Friedrich Wilhelm IV, this production aimed to re-create aspects of Greek tragedy by, among other things, using J. J. Donner9s 1839 metrical translation and having an all-male chorus sing the odes. Mendelssohn initially experimented with imitating the purported sound of ancient music by composing primarily unison choral recitative and limiting the accompaniment to flutes, tubas, and harps; but he quickly abandoned this approach in favor of a more traditional one. Yet despite his overall adherence to modern convention, he did employ several strategies to evoke ancient Greek practice and thus to meet the unique demands of the Prussian court production. Highlighting important distinctions between verse-types in the original poetry, Mendelssohn retained a vestige of his initial approach by composing unison choral recitative to indicate the presence of anapestic verse while turning to melodrama for the lyric verse of the play9s two main characters. In addition, he reproduced the poetic meter by shaping the rhythm of the vocal line to reflect both the accentual pattern of Donner9s translation and, in some cases, the long and short syllables of Sophocles9s Greek verse. Owing largely to the irregular line lengths characteristic of Donner9s text, the music is marked by conspicuously asymmetrical phrases, which serve to defamiliarize the otherwise straightforward choral styles being employed to convey the various moods of Sophocles9s choruses. In the opening chorus, Mendelssohn alludes to the familiar sound of a Maannerchor accompanied by a wind band, thereby suggesting the ode9s celebratory and martial associations while recalling his own Festgesang written for the 1840 Leipzig festival commemorating the 400th anniversary of Gutenberg9s printing press. The listener is thus presented with a thoroughly recognizable musical idiom and yet simultaneously distanced from it in a way that underscores the historical remoteness of ancient Greek tragedy.
Data-logging and supervisory control in wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are being increasingly used in a multitude of applications such as environmental and structural health monitoring, and condition-based maintenance. Even though the sensors collect a vast amount of data, only a tiny fraction of this data may be useful. This paper proposes a Data-Logging and Supervisory Control (DSC) architecture to manage the information gathered by the WSN and make decisions based on this information. We present an application module which would be able to effectively manipulate the sensor data and to support a Discrete Event Controller (DEC). The DEC is responsible for generating rule-based tasks in order to address information-centric issues such as data-logging, alarm and event reporting and security. A combined DSC framework is proposed to address data pre-processing challenges such as acquiring and recording signals, online analysis, offline analysis, report generation and data sharing.
Recent Improvements in Portraying Acts in Symbolic Interaction Behavioral Specimens

Behavioral specimens are slices of ongoing interaction that take particular behavioral observations from beginning to end and report the temporal sequence of the behaviors under investigation. This article takes the position that behavioral specimens as a symbolic interaction tool preserve the context of natural interaction in interpersonal relationships. Whereas this technique of data collection was first used by Barker and Wright in 1954, over 30 years ago, the format of the specimen presented here is new, because nonverbal behaviors are now recorded in a fashion that reflects the timing of the behaviors in relation to verbalizations. The intent of the new specimen format is to enhance the ecological validity of recordings through a more accurate representation of the contemporaneous nature of nonverbal behaviors and to convey a working knowledge of the actors under analysis.
The Cranberry Rootworm: Adult Seasonal History, and Factors Affecting Its Status as a Pest of Woody Ornamentals in Louisiana

During the past 5 yr, Rhadopterus picipes (Olivier) has caused substantial losses in sales of plants in the largest nursery area of Louisiana. Some ornamentals in home lawns also have been heavily damaged. Most adults emerge from the soil during late Apr. through the middle of May. Soon after emergence, beetles begin feeding on new foliage. A few beetles emerge as late as Sept. After feeding for ca. 2 wk, the beetles mate and females move under leaf litter to oviposit. Females deposit an average of 150 eggs in clusters of 12–102. Larvae eclose in 9–11 days and burrow in the soil where they feed on roots. Injury caused by larvae has not been observed. Reduced shade, removal of leaf litter, and delay in time of outplanting significantly reduced feeding activity of beetles.
Calorimetric investigation of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptide ligand binding to the human Grb7-SH2 domain

Grb7 is a member of the Grb7 family of proteins, which also includes Grb10 and Grb14. All three proteins have been found to be overexpressed in certain cancers and cancer cell lines. In particular, Grb7 (along with the receptor tyrosine kinase erbB2) is overexpressed in 20-30% of breast cancers. In general, growth factor receptor bound (Grb) proteins bind to activated membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; e.g., the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) through their Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. In particular, Grb7 binds to erbB2 (a.k.a. EGFR2) and may be involved in cell signaling pathways that promote the formation of metastases and inflammatory responses. In previous studies, we reported the solution structure and the backbone relaxation behavior of the Grb7-SH2/erbB2 peptide complex. In this study, isothermal titration calorimetry studies have been completed by measuring the thermodynamic binding parameters of several phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptides representative of natural Grb7 receptor ligands as well as ligands developed through combinatorial peptide screening methods. The entirety of these calorimetric studies is interpreted in an effort to describe the specific ligand binding characteristics of the Grb7 protein.
Adult female rats' altered diurnal locomotor activity pattern following chronic methylphenidate treatment.

Methylphenidate (MPD) is one of the most prescribed pharmacological agents, which is also used for cognitive enhancement and recreational purposes. The objective of this study was to investigate the repetitive dose–response effects of MPD on circadian rhythm of locomotor activity pattern of female WKY rats. The hypothesis is that a change in the circadian activity pattern indicates a long-lasting effect of the drug. Four animal groups (saline control, 0.6, 2.5, and 10.0 mg/kg MPD dose groups) were housed in a sound-controlled room at 12:12 light/dark cycle. All received saline injections on experimental day 1 (ED 1). On EDs 2–7, the control group received saline injection; the other groups received 0.6, 2.5, or 10.0 mg/kg MPD, respectively. On ED 8–10, injections were withheld. On ED 11, each group received the same dose as EDs 2–7. Hourly histograms and cosine statistical analyses calculating the acrophase (ϕ), amplitude (A), and MESOR (M) were applied to assess the 24-h circadian activity pattern. The 0.6 and 2.5 mg/kg MPD groups exhibited significant (p < 0.05) change in their circadian activity pattern on ED 11. The 10.0 mg/kg MPD group exhibited tolerance on ED 11 and also a significant change in activity pattern on ED 8 compared to ED 1, consistent with withdrawal behavior (p < 0.007). In conclusion, chronic MPD administration alters circadian locomotor activity of adult female WKY rats and confirms that chronic MPD use elicits long-lasting effects.
An empirical Bayes approach to analyzing earnings functions for various occupations and industries

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to introduce some statistical methods for examining and comparing the coefficients from earnings functions across industries and occupations. The econometric methods introduced here have not, to our knowledge, been used to explore this question before. One technique offered here, the Lindley-Smith hyperparameter model, takes an empirical Bayes approach to estimating the parameters in a set of Mincer-type earnings equations used in the study. Since we are interested in comparing (say) the marginal return to education across occupations, the comparisons will be more meaningful if the distributions of the coefficient estimates are presumed to be from a common distribution. Once these parameters have been estimated, an appropriate technique should be used to perform the comparisons. The method used here to do this is a cluster analysis. The cluster analysis provides new information on the relative closeness of characteristics of individuals in various jobs and industries that may shed light on why differentials in estimated returns arise.
The Δv = 0 and +1 sequence bands of the CN violet system observed during the flash photolysis of BrCN

Abstract The low J rotational lines of the (v′=v″; v″=0, 1, …, 7) and (v′=v″+1; v″=0, 1, …, 6) bands of the B2Σ+ → X2Σ+ transition in the CN free radical have been measured from absorption spectra obtained during the flash photolysis of low pressure BrCN in excess argon. Rotational analysis has yielded accurate molecular constants for these states. A perturbation between the B2Σ+ (v′ = 5) and A 2 Π 1 2 (v′ = 17) states has been found and analyzed.
Deposition of fine‐grained sediments in the abyssal environment of the Algéro‐Balearic Basin, Western Mediterranean Sea

Two depositional processes control the mud accumulation on the southern Balearic Abyssal Plain: pelagic settling at a rate of 10 cm/1000 years, and turbidity currents at an average frequency of > 3 per 2000 years. Thermo-haline bottom flow has little effect on the abyssal sediment distribution. Just over half of the Late Quaternary section is made up of turbidite mud. Distinctive properties of turbidite mud are: structural, textural, and compositional continuity from the underlying turbidite sand-silt layer into the overlying mud, grading within the mud layer, a ratio of carbonate percent with the underlying turbidite sand-silt layer of about 0.5, and a proportion of sand of > 1%. Those of (hemi)pelagic mud are: bioturbation, an average of 8% of sand consisting largely of remains of foraminifera and pteropods, a grain size distribution which is virtually normal with a median around 9 φ, and very poor sorting; in general, the properties of (hemi)pelagic muds are the same in widely separated localities and depths in cores. In some instances the clay mineral ratios of the turbidite mud layer are markedly different from those of the overlying (hemi)pelagic mud layer.
Combined Effect of Moving Wheel Loading and Three-Dimensional Contact Stresses on Perpetual Pavement Responses

Tire-pavement interaction was analyzed with measured three-dimensional (3-D) tire contact stresses at various load levels (35, 44, and 53 kN) and constant tire pressure (720 kPa). The combined effect of moving wheel load and 3-D contact stresses on flexible pavement response was evaluated with a developed 3-D finite element (FE) model, which incorporated the measured 3-D tire contact stresses, hot-mix asphalt (HMA) viscoelasticity, and continuous moving load by using implicit dynamic analysis. In FE modeling, a perpetual pavement design with 254-mm HMA placed on 305-mm lime-modified subgrade was exposed to dual tire loading. The critical pavement responses under two loading conditions (uniform contact stresses and measured 3-D contact stresses) at various load levels were calculated and compared. The 3-D tire contact stresses induced greater pavement stresses and strains at the pavement near surface (shear strains and octahedral shear stresses) and at deeper depths (transverse tensile strains and compress...
Effects of high-density lipoprotein particles containing apo A-I, with or without apo A-II, on intracellular cholesterol efflux.

Abstract Previous reports have shown a differential effect of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles which contain apolipoprotein (apo) A-I without apo A-II (Lp A-I) and particles containing both apo A-I and apo A-II (Lp A-I/A-II) on cholesterol efflux from the mouse adipocyte cell line Obl771, with Lp A-I and Lp A-I/A-II being active and inactive cholesterol efflux promotors, respectively. The present study was conducted to examine the roles of these two populations of apo-specific HDL particles on reverse cholesterol transport from cholesterol-loaded human skin fibroblasts and bovine aortic endothelial cells. The ability of HDL particles to remove intracellular cholesterol was tested by measuring depletion of the substrate pool for acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) and efflux of newly synthesized cholesterol, while removal of plasma membrane cholesterol was assessed by measuring efflux of [3H]cholesterol from prelabeled cells. Lp A-I and Lp A-I/A-II isolated from HDL2, HDL3 or plasma by immunoaffinity techniques each decreased esterification of cholesterol by both fibroblasts and endothelial cells. A mixture of Lp A-I and Lp A-I/A-II isolated from HDL3 decreased cholesterol esterification by fibroblasts in an additive manner, thus demonstrating that Lp A-I/A-II did not inhibit Lp A-I-mediated cholesterol efflux. Both Lp A-I and Lp A-I/A-II promoted efflux of sterol newly synthesized by fibroblasts, and no significant differences were observed between the apo-specific particles. Apo-specific particles were also similarly effective at preventing the accumulation of LDL-derived cholesterol in cholesterol-depleted fibroblasts. Efflux of [3H]cholesterol from plasma membranes was stimulated to similar extents by Lp A-I and Lp A-I/A-II isolated from either HDL2, HDL3 or plasma. Thus, the apo-specific HDL particles Lp A-I and Lp A-I/A-II are both effective promoters of cholesterol efflux from fibroblasts and aortic endothelial cells.
A Beginner's Guide to the Solow Model

The Solow model is widely regarded as the workhorse model of the theory of economic growth. Although at one point this model was first encountered in graduate school, it has since filtered down to the intermediate and, occasionally, to the principles of macroeconomics course. Many have commented on how difficult it is to teach the Solow model to undergraduates, especially to students in the principles of macroeconomics course. The author demonstrates that under the assumption that the level of savings is autonomous, the essence of the stockflow adjustment of the Solow model becomes much easier to comprehend.
Characterization of sulfur-containing functional groups in sedimentary humic substances by X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy

Humic substances, which are randomly cross-linked heterogeneous organic materials of high molecular weight, comprise a major fraction of the organic matter in soils and sediments. Because humic substances have a variety of functional groups, they play a major role in controlling the physical and chemical characteristics of natural waters, soils, and sediments. Sedimentary humic substances are considered to be the precursors of petroleum-forming kerogens. Sulfur is thought to play a major role in forming humic substances in anoxic marine sediments. Because of their structural heterogeneity, humic substances are not easily amenable to biochemical degradation and, thus, are generally considered to be biologically refractory. The complexity and heterogeneity of humic substances render the elucidation of their chemical structure a major analytical challenge. Degradative techniques, such as pyrolysis GC−MS, can change a sample's structure during preparation and analysis and, thus, may give inaccurate informatio...
Sociolinguistic theory and non-native varieties of English

Abstract A careful study of second language varieties of English shows that they are qualitatively different from the categories recognized in current sociolinguistic typology. They also provide some of the clearest evidence of socio-cultural determination of language variation, both on the micro- and macro-levels. An adequate account of these varieties calls for the descriptive techniques and explanatory power of the variationist, interactionist, and sociology of language paradigms within sociolinguistic theory. The circumstances of their acquisition and their viability as modes of communication argue for a reevaluation of some of the traditional assumptions about second language acquisition and teaching.
The Evolution of Commercial Credit Reporting Agencies in Nineteenth-Century America

Professor Madison examines the formative decades of an important new industry in the nineteenth-century American economy. Overcoming a wide range of problems and challenges, firms such as the Bradstreet and the Dun agencies became established enterprises by the end of the century primarily because they effectively met new needs in a changing business environment.
Topical levofloxacin 1.5% Is effective in reducing levofloxacin-resistant MRSA and FQ-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa in keratitis models

Purpose We compared topical levofloxacin 1.5% (LEV) to standard therapies in reducing levofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and FQ-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) in keratitis models. Methods Both corneas of 32 NZW rabbits were intrastromally injected with 1000 CFU of MRSA (LV MIC=32 μg/ml; van MIC=2 μg/ml). After 4 hours (onset), 8 rabbits were sacrificed and the corneas were homogenized for colony counts. 24 rabbits were divided into 3 topical treatment groups: 1) LEV, 2) vancomycin 5%, and 3) saline. Treatment consisted of drops every 15 minutes/5 hours (21 drops). One hour after treatment, the rabbits were sacrificed and the corneas were homogenized for colony counts. Similar to MRSA, 32 NZW rabbits were intrastromally injected with 1000 CFU of PA (LV MIC=32 μg/ml, tob=0.75 μg/ml). After 16 hours (onset), 8 rabbits were sacrificed and the corneas were homogenized for colony counts. 24 rabbits were divided into 3 topical treatment groups: 1) LEV, 2) tobramycin 1.4%, and 3) saline. Treatment consisted of drops every 15 minutes/1 hour and every 30 minutes/7 hours (19 drops). One hour after treatment, the rabbits were sacrificed and the corneas were homogenized for colony counts. The CFU data were analyzed non-parametrically. Results LEV significantly reduced more MRSA than vancomycin 5%, and both significantly reduced more MRSA than the onset and saline control (p<0.05). LEV was as effective as tobramycin 1.4% in reducing PA, and both significantly reduced more PA than the onset and saline control (p<0.05). Conclusion LEV was more effective for reducing MRSA and as effective for reducing PA as standard therapies in rabbit keratitis models. Commercial interest
Pulsed laser interferometry (PLI) in the analytical ultracentrifuge. I. System design.

Abstract A description is given of a pulsed argon ion laser light source that is synchronized with rotor orientation in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The system described provides improved fringe contrast and resolution. In addition the light intensity passed by the optical system is several orders of magnitude greater than the usual high-resolution Rayleigh system so that either exposure times may be reduced to single flashes of 6 μsec on the usual photographic plates or, alternatively, slower emulsions of much higher resolution may be utilized in a practical manner.
Routine immediate direct bronchial artery revascularization for single-lung transplantation☆

Ischemia of the donor airway remains a significant cause of morbidity after single-lung transplantation; serious manifestations may occur early (anastomotic dehiscence) or late (stricture). Direct, immediate revascularization of the donor bronchial arteries, using the recipient internal thoracic artery, was performed in 10 consecutive recipients of single-lung transplants for whom we procured the organs. Mean recipient age was 52.6 years (range, 43 to 59 years); 6 were male and 4 female. Recipient diagnoses were emphysema (6), obliterative bronchiolitis (2), pulmonary fibrosis (1), and primary pulmonary hypertension (1). Bronchial artery revascularization initially prolonged the ischemic time by only 15 to 20 minutes; this improved with experience. There was one early death and two late deaths in the series. Internal thoracic arteriography was performed 7 to 10 days postoperatively in all 9 surviving patients. There was excellent perfusion of the donor bronchial arteries in 7 of these 9 patients. Bronchoscopy was performed when clinically indicated. No patient had early or late airway healing complications at a median follow-up of 13 months (range, 6 to 16 months). We conclude that direct, immediate bronchial artery revascularization is feasible on a routine basis for single-lung transplantation, and airway healing has been excellent.
Are Stressful Developmental Processes of Youths Leading to Health Problems Amplified by Genetic Polymorphisms? The Case of Body Mass Index

Although previous research has documented the adverse influence of early socioeconomic disadvantage on youths’ physical health outcomes and the increase in health inequalities over the early life course, little is known about genetically informed sequential life course developmental processes leading to health outcomes. Consistent with the life course-stress process perspective, we hypothesized that early socioeconomic adversity initiates a stress process over the early life course. This process involves the disrupted transition from adolescence to young adulthood, which increases the risk of health problems during young adulthood. Behavioral, psychosocial, and genetic data were collected from 12,424 adolescents (53 % female) over a period of 13 years participating in the nationally representative National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Early cumulative socioeconomic adversity and the polygenic influence were measured using composite indices. The study provided evidence for stressful developmental processes of adolescents, involving parental rejection, depressive symptoms, and adolescents’ precocious transition. This longitudinal process was initiated by early cumulative socioeconomic adversity and eventuated with young adults’ increased body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, the study provided evidence for the influence of life context–gene interactions (G × E) on adolescents’ precocious development and young adult BMI (after controlling for the lagged measure) amplifying the stress process over the early life course. These findings emphasize the need for incorporating individual genetic characteristics in a longitudinal context into life course stress research. Furthermore, policies focused on eradicating childhood/adolescent adversities are necessary as well as youth programs and policies that promote youth competencies that aid in their successful transition to young adulthood.
Jc enhancement of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8/Ag thick films melt-grown under an elevated magnetic field (0–10 T)

Abstract Superconductor films (25–125 μm thick) were melt-grown under an elevated magnetic field (0–10 T). The degree of texture and transport critical current ( J c ) of these films were enhanced by the application of a magnetic field. J c increases with increasing magnetic field and the measured saturation magnetic field decreases with decreasing thickness of the film. This method provides for relatively rapid processing of highly textured Bi-2212/Ag thick film or tape.
Understanding the mental health of youth living with perinatal HIV infection: lessons learned and current challenges

Introduction: Across the globe, children born with perinatal HIV infection (PHIV) are reaching adolescence and young adulthood in large numbers. The majority of research has focused on biomedical outcomes yet there is increasing awareness that long-term survivors with PHIV are at high risk for mental health problems, given genetic, biomedical, familial and environmental risk. This article presents a review of the literature on the mental health functioning of perinatally HIV-infected (PHIV+) adolescents, corresponding risk and protective factors, treatment modalities and critical needs for future interventions and research. Methods: An extensive review of online databases was conducted. Articles including: (1) PHIV + youth; (2) age 10 and older; (3) mental health outcomes; and (4) mental health treatment were reviewed. Of 93 articles identified, 38 met inclusion criteria, the vast majority from the United States and Europe. Results: These studies suggest that PHIV + youth experience emotional and behavioural problems, including psychiatric disorders, at higher than expected rates, often exceeding those of the general population and other high-risk groups. Yet, the specific role of HIV per se remains unclear, as uninfected youth with HIV exposure or those living in HIV-affected households displayed similar prevalence rates in some studies, higher rates in others and lower rates in still others. Although studies are limited with mixed findings, this review indicates that child-health status, cognitive function, parental health and mental health, stressful life events and neighbourhood disorder have been associated with worse mental health outcomes, while parentchild involvement and communication, and peer, parent and teacher social support have been associated with better function. Few evidence-based interventions exist; CHAMP+, a mental health programme for PHIV+ youth, shows promise across cultures. Conclusions: This review highlights research limitations that preclude both conclusions and full understanding of aetiology. Conversely, these limitations present opportunities for future research. Many PHIV+ youth experience adequate mental health despite vulnerabilities. However, the focus of research to date highlights the identification of risks rather than positive attributes, which could inform preventive interventions. Development and evaluation of mental health interventions and preventions are urgently needed to optimize mental health, particularly for PHIV youth growing up in low-and-middle income countries. Keywords: mental health; psychiatric disorders; emotional and behavioural problems; perinatal HIV infection; adolescence; paediatric HIV. (Published: 18 June 2013) This article is part of the special issue Perinatally HIV-infected adolescents - more articles from this issue can be found here . Citation: Mellins CA and Malee KM. Journal of the International AIDS Society 2013, 16 :18593 http://www.jiasociety.org/index.php/jias/article/view/18593 | http://dx.doi.org/10.7448/IAS.16.1.18593
Desulfurization of Transportation Fuels by Adsorption

Abstract This paper is a review on sorbents for desulfurization of transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel). Since the π‐complexation sorbents are the most promising, they are the focus of the discussion. During π‐complexation, the thiophenic compounds can bind selectively to the sorbents, especially the substituted ones. The later remain highly unreacted in hydrodesulfurization (HDS) (i.e., “refractory” sulfur). Molecular orbital (MO) calculations and experiments have shown that these refractory compounds [(e.g., 4‐methyldibenzothiophene and 4,6‐dimethyldibenzothiophene (DMDBT)] bind strongly with the π‐complexation sorbents because of a better electron donation/back‐donation ability. The sorbents reviewed include Ag‐Y, Cu(I)‐Y, Ni(II)‐Y, and Ni(II)‐X zeolites prepared using various ion‐exchange techniques. The techniques included vapor and solid‐state ion exchanges, which are suitable for obtaining high loadings of transition metals. The best sorbent, Cu(I)‐Y [vapor‐phase ion‐exchanged (VPI...
Inhibition by cupric ions of the hydration of CO2 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase II

The inhibition by cupric ions of the hydration of CO2 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase II is interesting because of the results of Tuet al. obtained at chemical equilibrium, indicating that Cu2+ inhibits specifically a proton transfer in the catalytic pathway. We have measured this inhibition at steady state, using stopped-flow methods. The inhibition by Cu2+ of the hydration of CO2 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase II had aK I near 1×10−6 M atpH 7.0 and gave inhibition that is noncompetitive atpH 6.0 and mixed, but close to uncompetitive, atpH 6.8. ThepH dependence of this binding is consistent with a binding site for Cu2+ on the enzyme with apK a near 7. The binding interaction between Cu2+ and the fluorescent inhibitor 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-l-sulfonamide on carbonic anhydrase II was noncompetitive, indicating that the binding site for Cu2+ is distinct from the coordination sphere of zinc in which the actual interconversion of CO2 and HCO 3 − and the binding of sulfonamides takes place.
Processes of care in cervical and breast cancer screening and follow-up--the importance of communication.

Abstract Background . Given limited research, we investigated patient reports of processes of care related to screening follow-up, timing of result notification, communication issues, and adherence following an abnormal mammogram or Pap test. Methods . Women age 50 and over with an abnormal screening mammogram and women age 18 and above with an abnormal Pap test result completed surveys. The mammogram and Pap survey instruments had similar items except pertaining to measures specific to mammography or Pap tests. Bivariate associations between processes of care variables (test results, result receipt, recommendation adherence, receipt of confusing/conflicting information) and global satisfaction were explored using chi-square contingency table analysis. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was conducted. Results . One thousand one hundred thirty-four women (79.1%) completed the mammogram survey and 1087 women (69.7%) completed the Pap survey. The majority of women received test results quickly. High compliance was reported with recommendations for short-term follow-up. Conflicting/confusing information was reported by a minority of women, but was significantly and positively related to reporting that “care could be better”. Patient's lack of understanding about equivocal findings was evident. Conclusions . This study confirms that patients need clear messages about recommendations, especially when findings are equivocal and where multiple providers are involved in the process of making clinical decisions.
Development of a microbial toxicity monitor

In context of the current state of microbial toxicity monitoring systems, a need was recognized for further work on dissolved oxygen (DO) monitoring technique to establish the concept's validity and to improve upon both sensitivity and design using the experience of existing variations covered in the literature. Higher flow velocity, no moving parts, removal of the DO probe from direct contact with the aeration chamber, and a packed bed biofilter were the design features incorporated into the microbial toxicity monitor (MTM) described herein. Results obtained from testing five heavy metals, four organics and pH indicated that there was a direct relationship between concentration of contaminants and MTM response. The MTM can be useful as a primary tier monitoring system because of its continuous flow operation, automation, low cost, and ease of maintenance.
Magnetic moment measurements of picosecond states: New results and open problems

The temperature dependence of the precession of the angular correlation of decay gamma rays from swift150Sm (21+) ions traversing a gadolinium foil has been found to be proportional to the foil magnetization, supporting the assertion that the transient hyperfine magnetic field acting on these ions is proportional to the magnetization of the hosts (iron or gadolinium). Similar experiments on194Pt (21+) ions traversing iron and gadolinium foils are consistent with both the magnetic moment obtained from Rutgers experiments on iron and with a hyperfine field at Pt ions larger for gadolinium than for iron foils, in agreement with the Chalk River parametrization for heavy nuclei traversing gadolinium foils. Finally, the magnetic moments of the 21+ states in144–150Nd,145,150Sm and152Gd have been measured. These data support the evidence of shell closure atZ=64 forN≤88 andZ=50 forN>90.
Histocytological study on the possible mechanism of acetaminophen cataractogenesis in mouse eye.

Abstract Ocular toxicity of acetaminophen was investigated in cytochrome P450 inducer-responsive and nonresponsive strains of mice by light and electron microscopy. Acetaminophen injected into C57BL6 mice (responsive strain) that had been pretreated with β-naphthoflavone produced cataract. The drug did not induce cataract in C57BL6 mice without the pretreatment or in DBA2 mice (nonresponsive strain) similarly pretreated with β-naphthoflavone. Therefore, induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolically activate acetaminophen is essential for cataractogenesis. Following acetaminophen injection, tissue damage became noticeable first in the ciliary epithelium and then spread to the iris, corneal endothelium, and lens. The neural retina, retinal pigmented epithelium, and choroid remained unaffected. A close examination of tissues revealed that mitochondria are the primary target of acetaminophen cytotoxicity in ocular tissues affected. The nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and other subcellular structures appeared normal. The course of propagation of tissue damage and the almost exclusive damage to mitochondria suggest that the cytotoxic metabolite of acetaminophen is secreted with the aqueous humor by the ciliary epithelium and transported to the lens and that inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism, together with other effects of the metabolic, contributes to acetaminophen-induced cataract.
Biological control of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean with Sporidesmium sclerotivorum

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum to control Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean (SSR) at Ames, Humboldt, and Kanawha, IA, between 1996 and 1998. Experimental plots (3 × 3 m) were infested with S. sclerotivorum macroconidia once at a rate of 0, 2, or 20 spores per cm2 in the fall of 1995 or the spring of 1996, under two crop rotation schemes. A randomized complete block design with four replications in each location was used. Plots infested with 20 spores per cm2 had 62% less SSR (P = 0.05) than control plots at Humboldt in 1996. No differences were detected between fall and spring applications. In 1998, plots treated with either 2 or 20 spores per cm2 had 51 to 63% less SSR (P = 0.05) than control plots at Ames and Kanawha. In 1998, SSR was completely suppressed in all plots at Humboldt, while the commercial field surrounding the experimental plots had 17% SSR. S. sclerotivorum was retrieved from all infested plots at all locations 2 years after infestation with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum as bait. At Humboldt, S. sclerotivorum was also retrieved from control plots. Two larger plots (10 × 10 m) were infested with 20 or 100 spores per cm2 in the fall of 1996 or spring of 1997 in six commercial fields. SSR incidence, which was measured in transects up to 20 m from the infested area at 5-m intervals, was reduced 56 to 100% (P = 0.05) in four fields compared with the surrounding uninfested areas in the commercial fields. Dispersal of the control agent was evident by the fact that SSR incidence gradually increased from the edge of the infested macroplots up to about 10 m into noninoculated areas of the commercial field. This paper constitutes the first report describing the biocontrol of a disease on field crops that may be employed economically.
Nuclear Laundry Using Supercritical Fluid Solutions

Cobalt and other metals, spiked onto lab coats, can be removed by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) containing mixed chelating agents Cyanex 302 and dithiocarbamate, as well as by a water-in-CO2 microemulsion. The extraction efficiencies for both methods can exceed 90%. The mixed-ligand approach suggests that effective metal extraction can be developed using two different ligands contributing to the solubility and stability of the resulting metal chelates in SC-CO2. The water-in-CO2 microemulsion method does not require chelating agents. This approach significantly reduces the amount of liquid waste generation. Dynamic extraction time, flow rate, temperature of outlet restrictor, and collection solvent must be taken into consideration for the recovery efficiency. The potential of utilizing supercritical fluid solutions for cleaning 60Co-contaminated protective coats used by nuclear power plant workers is discussed.
Current densities from electrocatalytic oxygen reduction in laccase/ABTS solutions

Abstract Biocatalysts are an attractive alternative to conventional noble metal catalysts for fuel cell cathodes. In principle, they combine the possibility of more efficient operation (lower intrinsic overpotential) with the benefits of renewability and low temperature operation. In this paper we discuss some fundamental biochemistry and electrochemistry of one cathode system that has attracted some interest in the biofuel cell community, laccase as catalyst with 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) as mediator. We focus on one laccase preparation from Trametes versicolor , and demonstrate that steady state electrocatalytic oxygen reduction currents can be modeled using the measured intrinsic properties of the enzyme ( k cat , K M ) and mediator ( D M ). We then discuss some of the implications of this modeling for practical electrode design.
Scarless integumentary wound healing in the mammalian fetus: Molecular basis and therapeutic implications

Adult mammals respond to injury of their skin/integument by forming scar tissue. Scar is useful in rapidly sealing an injured area, but can also lead to significant morbidity. Mammals in fetal life retain the ability to heal integumentary wounds regeneratively, without scar. The critical molecular mechanisms governing this remarkable phenomenon have been a subject of great interest, in the hopes that these could be dissected and recapitulated in the healing adult wound, with the goal of inducing scarless healing in injured patients. Multiple lines of investigation spanning decades have implicated a number of factors in distinguishing scarless from fibrotic wound healing, including most prominently transforming growth factor-β and interleukin-10, among others. Therapeutic interventions to try to mitigate scarring in adult wounds have been developed out of these studies, and have reached the level of clinical trials in humans, although as yet no FDA-approved treatment exists. More recent expressomic studies have revealed many more genes that are differentially expressed in scarlessly healing fetal wounds compared with adult, and microRNAs have also been identified as participating in the fetal wound healing response. These represent an even greater range of potential therapeutics (or targets for therapy) to translate the promise of scarless fetal wound healing to the injured adult patient. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 96:223–236, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Promoting the Geosciences Among Grades 8–12 Minority Students in the Urban Coastal Environment of New York City

ABSTRACT All across the nation, Earth science knowledge among both students and their teachers in middle and high schools has been substandard, and particularly so for underrepresented minorities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. In New York City, a geoscience program was, therefore, developed to assist in ameliorating this problem. For middle and high school students and teachers, the program (1) provided pedagogical, research, and inquiry-oriented geoscience experiences; (2) offered pedagogical and research standards-based professional development in Earth science for teachers; (3) promoted geoscience inquiry and engagement via a three-dimensional, online virtual environment in which geoscience concepts were demonstrated, taught, and explored; (4) afforded students and teachers exposure to the geosciences through geoscience events and seminars; and (5) sponsored community-based geoscience outreach activities. Results from the program have shown noteworthy increases i...