cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How much can SNAREs flex their muscles

The high stability of SNARE complexes is probably crucial for their role in membrane fusion, but it has been difficult to measure. A surface-forces apparatus has now been used to measure the stabilization energy of a partially assembled SNARE complex, and the result (35 kBT) is among the highest protein-folding free energies ever observed. Moreover, this approach offers a bright future for further structural and energetic studies of membrane fusion machineries.
Alkyl and Aromatic Amines as Digestive Ripening/Size Focusing Agents for Gold Nanoparticles.

Both long chain alkyl thiols and alkyl amines behave as size focusing agents for gold nanoparticles, a process that is under thermodynamic control. However, amines do not oxidize surface gold atoms while thiols do oxidize surface gold to gold(I) with evolution of hydrogen gas. Therefore, alkyl amines participate in digestive ripening by a different mechanism. The efficiency of alkyl amines for this process is described and compared, and ultimate gold particle size differences are discussed. Reported herein is a detailed investigation of alkyl chain lengths for alkyl amines, aromatic amines (aniline), and unusually reactive amines (2-phenylethyl amine). Also, two methods of preparation of the crude gold nanoparticles were employed: gold ion reduction/inverse micelle vs. metal vaporization (Solvated Metal Atom Dispersion—SMAD).
Structural Effects of C6 Substitution in 6-(4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl)fulvenes

The single-crystal X-ray structures of 6-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-6-methylfulvene (2) and of two polymorphs of 6-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-6-phenylfulvene (3(P21/c) and 3(Pca21)) have been determined and the structures of a series of 6-arylfulvenes (1−8) have been optimized at the HF/6-31G level. Analysis of these structures reveals how resonance and crystal lattice effects influence the degree of coplanarity between the aryl and fulvene rings. The torsional angles at the aryl−fulvene bonds are significantly larger in the optimized structures than in the X-ray structures. Natural bond orbital π charges and dipole moments calculated for the X-ray and optimized structures show that the crystalline environment enhances molecular polarization. Qualitative responses for second harmonic generation in powder samples have been observed in 2, 3(Pca21), and 5. Compounds 2 and 3(Pca21) have similar packing motifs despite packing in different space groups.
Recent developments in quantum cosmology

A review of the current status of quantum cosmology is given. Recent research in a few selected areas is described, including second-quantized hadronic fields in Friedmann cosmologies that ''bounce'' to avoid a cosmological singularity. 32 references (BJG)
Pathophysiologic, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Aspects of the Metabolic Syndrome

The metabolic syndrome, characterized by increases in waist circumference, blood pressure, and triglyceride concentrations combined with reduced high-density lipoprotein and evidence of glucose intolerance, results from the interaction of visceral or central obesity with insulin resistance. This syndrome presents a clinical situation of systemic inflammation and increased cardiovascular risk. Blood pressure, even if only in the "prehypertensive" range, plays an important role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recognition and treatment of each individual component of the metabolic syndrome is critical in reducing cardiovascular risk. Treatment should begin with lifestyle changes, including diet, exercise, and weight reduction. Antihypertensive therapy should be directed toward reduction of blood pressure to levels as close to optimal (<120/80 mm Hg) as feasible, and treatment protocols that do not cause worsening of glucose intolerance should be selected. Therapy for dyslipidemia should be directed at reducing triglycerides and increasing high-density lipoprotein. Glucose-lowering agents may be indicated, and drugs such as metformin and thiazolidinediones, which reduce insulin resistance, should form the basis of therapy. Carefully chosen therapy will effectively improve cardiovascular outcomes.
EFFECT OF SEASON AND STAGE OF LACTATION ON CERTAIN POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS OF MILK FAT.

Abstract Milk samples from individual cows selected to represent various stages of lactation were analyzed monthly over a year by the alkali isonlerization speetrophotometrie and lipoxidase procedures for their polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Linoleate was found to decrease during the first few months oflactation. Other polyunsaturated fatty acids did not vary with stage of lactation. Linoleate decreased when the cows were put on pasture. Nonconjugated trienoate and conjugated dienoate increased when the cows were on pasture.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Technique for the Extraction of Interface Trap Density in SiC MOSFETs from Subthreshold Characteristics.

A method for extracting interface trap density (DIT) from subthreshold I-V characteristics is used to analyze data on a SiC MOSFET stressed for thirty minutes at 175°C with a gate bias of -20 V. Without knowing the channel doping, the change in D IT can be calculated when referenced to an energy level correlated with the threshold voltage.
Vorticity intensification and transition to turbulence in the three-dimensional Euler equations

The evolution of a perturbed vortex tube is studied by means of a second-order projection method for the incompressible Euler equations. We observe, to the limits of grid resolution, a nonintegrable blowup in vorticity. The onset of the intensification is accompanied by a decay in the mean kinetic energy. Locally, the intensification is characterized by tightly curved regions of alternating-sign vorticity in a 2n-pole structure. After the firstL ∞ peak, the enstrophy and entropy continue to increase, and we observe reconnection events, continued decay of the mean kinetic energy, and the emergence of a Kolmogorov (k −5/3) range in the energy spectrum.
Ionizing radiation-induced mutation of human cells with different DNA repair capacities.

Abstract We have observed significant differences in the response to ionizing radiation of two closely related human cell lines, and now compare the effects on these lines of both low and intermediate LET radiation. Compared to TK6, WTK1 has an enhanced X-ray survival, and is also more resistant to cell killing by α-particles. The hprt locus is more mutable in WTK1 than in TK6 by both X-rays and α-particles. WTK1 is also more mutable by α-particles than by X-rays at the hprt locus. X-ray-induced mutation at the heterozygous tk locus in WTK1 is about 25 fold higher than in TK6, while α-particle-induced mutation is nearly 50 fold higher at this locus. Also, the slowly growing tk - mutants, which comprise the majority of spontaneous and X-ray-induced tk - mutants of TK6, were not induced significantly by α-particles. Previously, we showed that TK6 has a reduced capacity for recombination compared with WTK1, and therefore, these results indicate that recombinational repair may contribute to both cell survival and mutation-induction following exposure to ionizing radiation. Such a mechanism may aid cell survival, but could also result in increased deleterious effects such as the unmasking of recessive mutations in cancer suppresser genes.
Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid conjugate: natural occurrence and demonstration of probenecid-induced accumulation in rat striatum, olfactory tubercles and frontal cortex.

Abstract Methods for the synthesis of 14 C-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) conjuate and for the fluorometric determination of both free and conjugated DOPAC in the same tissue sample are described. Both free and conjugated DOPAC were demonstrated to occur endogenously in the rat corpus striatum, olfactory tubercles and frontal cortical area, and the ratio of conjugated DOPAC to free DOPAC was 2–3 times greater in the olfactory tubercles and frontal cortical area than in the striatum. Probenecid administration (200 mg/kg, i.p., 4 and 2 h before sacrificing) significantly increased the levels of DOPAC conjugate in all 3 brain areas studied. The levels of free DOPAC were also increased in the olfactory tubercles and frontal cortex byb the probenecid treatment, but this increase was much less than that seen for DOPAC conjugate in these regions. Free DOPAC levels in the striatum were unaffected by the probenecid treatment. In all 3 brain areas studied, therefore, probenecid treatment resulted in a significant accumulation of conjugated DOPAC relative to free DOPAC. The magnitude of this effect varied, and was mos marked in the frontal cortex. These results suggest that, in order for DOPAC to be transported from the central nervous system via probenecid-sensitive transport system, it must first be conjugated. Additionally, it appears that the rates of synthesis, metabolism, and transport for both free and conjugated DOPAC may vary greatly among different dopamine-containing brain regions.
Uptake and metabolism of glutamate by isolated toad brains containing different levels of endogenous amino acids.

—The uptake of [U-14C]glutamate into the amphibian brain was studied in vitro using brains from toads (Bufo boreas) adapted either to a fresh water (FWA) or an hyperosmotic saline (HOA) environment. Initial rates of 14C-glutamate uptake showed a single apparent Km of about 0·2 mm. Uptake by HOA brains was slower than that by FWA brains, reflecting perhaps a non-competitive type of inhibition by the higher content of glutamate in the HOA brains. Although the glutamate content of HOA brains was maintained during prolonged incubation at twice the level found in FWA toads, other metabolic parameters measured in the two types of brain preparations were surprisingly similar. Tissue to medium concentration ratios of greater than 3000:1 were generated by both FWA and HOA brains. In both brain systems the clearance of glutamate from the medium was accompanied by a rapid conversion of the amino acid to glutamine and its release into the medium. In both the FWA and HOA toad brain systems some [U-14C]glutamate was metabolized to aspartate and GABA; in both systems the specific radioactivity (SA) of glutamine in the tissue was from two to four times greater than that of glutamate; also the SA of glutamine released into the medium was higher by several orders of magnitude than the SA of glutamine in brain tissues. These and other findings support the concept that, in both the FWA and HOA toad brains, transport processes are instrumental in preserving low extracellular levels of glutamate but that mechanisms other than transport are responsible for the maintenance of different levels of glutamate in the FWA and HOA toad brains.
Arboviral infections and rabies.

Abstract Active surveillance for dengue and yellow fever is needed because of a potential risk of introduction into the southern United States. Research on the biology and vector competence of Aedes aegypti and a contingency plan should dengue and yellow fever appear in epidemic form, is recommended. Surveillance and mosquito control remain as basic strategy to check arbovirus encephalitis. Rabies in man is rare in the United States; wildlife rabies constitutes the major exposure. Studies of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of rabies infection in wildlife, and development of effective vaccines for man and better seroprophylaxis are needed.
Determinants of physician use of an ambulatory prescription expert system.

Summary Purpose: To determine whether physician experience with and attitude towards computers is associated with adoption of a voluntary ambulatory prescription writing expert system. Methods: A prescription expert system was implemented in an academic internal medicine residency training clinic and physician utilization was tracked electronically. A physician attitude and behavior survey (response rate = 89%) was conducted six months after implementation. Results: There was wide variability in system adoption and degree of usage, though 72% of physicians reported predominant usage (≥50% of prescriptions) of the expert system six months after implementation. Self-reported and measured technology usage were strongly correlated (r = 0.70, p Conclusion: A voluntary electronic prescription system was readily adopted by a majority of physicians who believed it would have a positive impact on the quality and efficiency of care. However, dissatisfaction with system capabilities among both adopters and non-adopters suggests the importance of user education and expectation management following system selection.
Experimental Observations of the Two-Dimensional Power Augmented Ram Wing Operated Statically Over Water.

Abstract : Experiments were performed in a rectangular tank, partially filled with water and spanned by a flat-bottomed airfoil section, derived from an NACA 0015 thickness distribution. Upstream of the airfoil was placed a two-dimensional air jet, also spanning the tank. One side of the tank was transparent, to permit flow visualization. Two-dimensional turbulent jet theory was used to establish the relationship between the jet exit dynamic pressure and the pressure recovery under the wing, which was supported by experimental evidence. It was found that the recovery of pressure was not highly sensitive to jet geometry; however, the formation of spray was. For minimum spray formation, a jet impingement angle of about 25 deg was established. Several interesting wind-wave flow instabilities were observed. A thrust-reversal phenomenon, predicted by inviscid theory, could not be duplicated in the present experiment. (Author)
Corporate governance and market valuation of capital and R&D investments

Abstract In this study, we examine how corporate governance structure affects market valuation of capital and R&D investments. We employ three empirical proxies of corporate governance—analyst following, board composition, and institutional holdings, and study whether market valuation of corporate investments varies with governance structure. Our results show that the market valuation of the firm's capital and R&D investments depends critically on analyst following and board composition, but not on institutional holdings.
Hydrologic Variability and Its Control of Phytoplankton Community Structure and Function in Two Shallow, Coastal, Lagoonal Ecosystems: The Neuse and New River Estuaries, North Carolina, USA

Hydrologic conditions, especially changes in freshwater input, play an important, and at times dominant, role in determining the structure and function of phytoplankton communities and resultant water quality of estuaries. This is particularly true for microtidal, shallow water, lagoonal estuaries, where water flushing and residence times show large variations in response to changes in freshwater inputs. In coastal North Carolina, there has been an increase in frequency and intensity of extreme climatic (hydrologic) events over the past 15 years, including eight hurricanes, six tropical storms, and several record droughts; these events are forecast to continue in the foreseeable future. Each of the past storms exhibited unique hydrologic and nutrient loading scenarios for two representative and proximate coastal plain lagoonal estuaries, the Neuse and New River estuaries. In this synthesis, we used a 13-year (1998–2011) data set from the Neuse River Estuary, and more recent 4-year (2007–2011) data set from the nearby New River Estuary to examine the effects of these hydrologic events on phytoplankton community biomass and composition. We focused on the ability of specific taxonomic groups to optimize growth under hydrologically variable conditions, including seasonal wet/dry periods, episodic storms, and droughts. Changes in phytoplankton community composition and biomass were strongly modulated by the amounts, duration, and seasonality of freshwater discharge. In both estuaries, phytoplankton total and specific taxonomic group biomass exhibited a distinctive unimodal response to varying flushing rates resulting from both event-scale (i.e., major storms, hurricanes) and more chronic seasonal changes in freshwater input. However, unlike the net negative growth seen at long flushing times for nano-/microphytoplankton, the pigments specific to picophytoplankton (zeaxanthin) still showed positive net growth due to their competitive advantage under nutrient-limited conditions. Along with considerations of seasonality (temperature regimes), these relationships can be used to predict relative changes in phytoplankton community composition in response to hydrologic events and changes therein. Freshwater inputs and droughts, while not manageable in the short term, must be incorporated in water quality management strategies for these and other estuarine and coastal ecosystems faced with increasing frequencies and intensities of tropical cyclones, flooding, and droughts.
Species as historical individuals

The species category is defined as thesmallest historical individual within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent. The use of historical individual in this definition is consistent with the prevailing notion that speciesper se are not involved in processes — they are effects, not effectors. Reproductive isolation distinguishes biparental historical species from their parts, and it provides a basis for understanding the nature of the evidence used to discover historical individuals.
Stimulation of phospholipase D by epidermal growth factor requires protein kinase C activation in Swiss 3T3 cells.

The proposal that epidermal growth factor (EGF) activates phospholipase D (PLD) by a mechanism(s) not involving phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) hydrolysis was examined in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. EGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), bombesin, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activated PLD as measured by transphosphatidylation of butanol to phosphatidylbutanol. The increase in inositol phosphates induced by bFGF, EGF, or bombesin was significantly enhanced by Ro-31-8220, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), suggesting that PtdIns(4,5)P2-hydrolyzing phospholipase is coupled to the receptors for these agonists but that the response is down-regulated by PKC. Activation of PLD by EGF was inhibited dose dependently by the PKC inhibitors bis-indolylmaleimide and Ro-31-8220, which also inhibited the effects of bFGF, bombesin, and PDGF. Down-regulation of PKC by prolonged treatment with 4β-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate also abolished EGF- and PDGF-stimulated phosphatidylbutanol formation. EGF and bombesin induced biphasic translocations of PKCδ and e to the membrane that were detectable at 15 s. In the presence of Ro-31-8220, translocation of PKCα became evident, and membrane association of the δ- and e-isozymes was enhanced and/or sustained in response to the two agonists. The inhibitor also enhanced EGF-stimulated [3H]diacylglycerol formation in cells preincubated with [3H]arachidonic acid, which labeled predominantly phosphatidylinositol, but inhibited [3H]diacyl-glycerol production in cells preincubated with [3H]myristic acid, which labeled mainly phosphatidylcholine. These data support the conclusion that EGF can stimulate diacylglycerol formation from PtdIns(4,5)P2 and that PKC performs the dual role of down-regulating this response as well as mediating phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis. In summary, all of the results of the study indicate that PLD activation by EGF is downstream of PtdIns(4,5)P2-hydrolyzing phospholipase and is dependent upon subsequent PKC activation.
Roentgenographic manifestations of esophageal and intestinal involvement in Behcet's disease in children.

Gastrointestinal involvement by Behcet's disease is described in two teenage girls. Esophageal ulceration and/or esophageal stricture were prominent features leading to dysphagia in both patients. Ileocolitis with fistula formation occurred on one patient, and ileal inflammation without perforation or colitis in the second. Gastrointestinal findings in Behcet's disease may simulate the roentgenographic findings of Crohn's disease in children.
Mechanism of Inhibition of HIV-1 Integrase by G-tetrad-forming Oligonucleotides in Vitro

The G-tetrad-forming oligonucleotides and have been identified as potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (HIV-1 IN) activity (Rando, R. F., Ojwang, J., Elbaggari, A., Reyes, G. R., Tinder, R., McGrath, M. S., and Hogan, M. E. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1754-1760; Mazumder, A., Neamati, N., Ojwang, J. O., Sunder, S., Rando, R. F., and Pommier, Y. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 13762-13771; Jing, N., and Hogan, M. E. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 34992-34999). To understand the inhibition of HIV-1 IN activity by the G-quartet inhibitors, we have designed the oligonucleotides and, composed of three and four G-quartets with stem lengths of 19 and 24 A, respectively. The fact that increasing the G-quartet stem length from 15 to 24 A kept inhibition of HIV-1 IN activity unchanged suggests that the binding interaction occurs between a GTGT loop domain of the G-quartet inhibitors and a catalytic site of HIV-1 IN, referred to as a face-to-face interaction. Docking the NMR structure of (Jing and Hogan (1998)) into the x-ray structure of the core domain of HIV-1 IN, HIV-1 IN-(51-209) (Maignan, S., Guilloteau, J.-P. , Qing, Z.-L., Clement-Mella, C., and Mikol, V. (1998) J. Mol. Biol. 282, 359-368), was performed using the GRAMM program. The statistical distributions of hydrogen bonding between HIV-1 IN and were obtained from the analyses of 1000 random docking structures. The docking results show a high probability of interaction between the GTGT loop residues of the G-quartet inhibitors and the catalytic site of HIV-1 IN, in agreement with the experimental observation.
Digital pressure-flow relationships in subjects with Raynaud's phenomenon.

In order to determine whether subjects with Raynaud's phenomenon have altered digital hemodynamics in the warm basal condition, we characterized the digital pressure-flow relationships in seven subjects with Raynaud's phenome non and compared the results with age and sex matched control subjects. Digital pressure-flow relationships were measured by the use of a plethysmographic technique during passive elevation of the arm. Normal subjects demonstrated a positive finger systolic pressure at zero flow (48.3 mmHg), indicative of a criti cal closing pressure, however, the closing pressure was significantly higher in the subjects who had a history of Raynaud's phenomenon (64.7 mmHg, p < .001). In contrast, there was no significant difference found in the conduc tance measured as the slope of the pressure-flow relationship. Subjects with Raynaud's phenomenon demonstrated a correlation between finger systolic pressure and critical closing pressure suggesting that these subjects may regu late arterial pressure t...
Teaching a service learning introductory engineering course — Lessons learned and improvements made

This paper describes the format of an introductory engineering course that applies service learning teaching pedagogy. The semester-long service learning project consists of mentoring elementary and middle school students during an eight week long LEGO robotics competition that is annually held at Texas Tech University in Lubbock, Texas. The service learning section is currently being offered for the second time by the same instructor and this paper describes adjustments that were made resulting out of the experiences during the first year.
Wind loads on parapets

Abstract A wind-tunnel study has been carried out to assess wind loads on parapets of two buildings. Local pressure coefficients were measured on models with a length to height ratio ( L / H ) of 1:1 and 2:1. Most of the results were obtained for full-scale equivalent parapet heights of 1 and 2 m and for wind directions of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°. The local wind load on the parapet was found to be approximately 30% larger at the windward corner of the building than at the mid-span location. Maximum parapet loads for the low building model were approximately 30% larger than those for the cubical model; however, the parapet height does not influence the critical design parapet loads.
Arteriovenous Fistula of the Splenic Vessels Producing Ascites

Arteriovenous fistula involving the portal vein or its tributaries is a rare condition that in some cases can be treated successfully by surgery if it is recognized. The clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria are presented.
Separation of natural pyrethrum extracts using micellar electrokinetic chromatography

The separation of the six pyrethrin esters in a technical pyrethrum extract (Riedel-de-Haen, Cresent Chemical Co. Inc. Hauppauge, NY, USA) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using both sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a polymerized surfactant as pseudo-stationary phases has been investigated and optimized. Parameters such as pH, SDS and polymerized sodium N-undecyl sulfate (poly-SUS) concentration, type and concentration of background electrolyte and organic modifier, as well as the acetonitrile/water ratio in the sample were studied to optimize the resolution, efficiency, and analysis time. An optimized separation of the six pyrethrin esters was achieved in 25 min with 25 mM Tris, buffered at pH 9, containing 30 mM SDS, 25% (v/v) acetonitrile, and an equal volume ratio of acetonitrile/water sample matrix at a voltage of 25 kV. The use of 0.5% (w/v) poly-SUS enhanced resolution of the pyrethrin esters and shortened the total analysis time from 25 to 20 min, compared to the SDS mediated separation. The optimized MEKC results are compared to the HPLC separation of these esters and show an improvement in efficiency and total analysis time.
Selective acute arterial endothelial injury and repair. I. Methodology and surface characteristics.

Abstract This study describes surface changes occurring during rapid repair of the luminal lining of the rabbit aorta in which endothelial confluence was reestablished in less than 96 h after selective mechanical injury. An experimental method was developed to induce 1–4 longitudinal injury tracts simultaneously or at predetermined time intervals. The procedure allows evaluation of the entire sequence of arterial endothelial repair and direct comparison with normal tissue in the same vascular segment. This first report describes sequential stages of the reparative process from zero time to 8 days after induction of a single tract. Morphological and functional characteristics of the aortic luminal surface were evaluated by cytochemical and ultrastructural techniques, and results were compared with those previously obtained using less selective experimental methods to induce arterial surface. Aortic endothelial repair progressed in stages, beginning with small numbers of platelet aggregates, single platelets, and leukocytes adhering to the deendothelialized surface. This was followed by the scattered appearance of randomly oriented, large, “plump” endothelial cells extending from the edges of the injury tract into the deendothelialized zone. Confluence of these cells was completed 72–96 h after injury. Silver nitrate staining of subendothelial structures and Evans blue uptake persisted for short periods in reendothelialized areas. In contrast to previous experimental studies, utilizing ballooning or other mechanical methods to induce arterial injury, complete endothelial repair was observed routinely in less than 1 week without residual ultrastructural changes of the vascular wall.
Fabrication of thin NaI(TI) scintillation layers for low energy X-ray detection☆

Abstract The preparation and performance of thin homogeneous NaI(Tl) scintillation layers with large surface areas are described. Scintillators with thicknesses ranging from 0.2 to 20 mg/cm2 and a circular surface area up to 5 cm2 were produced by vacuum deposition. The scintillation efficiency and uniformity of light output of the layers was investigated with 6- and 22-keV radiation and found to be comparable with commercially available, thicker NaI(Tl) scintillators.
Zinc and autophagy

Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative process through which cells overcome stressful conditions. Inasmuch as faulty autophagy has been associated with aging, neuronal degeneration disorders, diabetes, and fatty liver, autophagy is regarded as a potential therapeutic target. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge concerning the role of zinc in the regulation of autophagy, the role of autophagy in zinc metabolism, and the potential role of autophagy as a mediator of the protective effects of zinc. Data from in vitro studies consistently support the notion that zinc is critical for early and late autophagy. Studies have shown inhibition of early and late autophagy in cells cultured in medium treated with zinc chelators. Conversely, excess zinc added to the medium has shown to potentiate the stimulation of autophagy by tamoxifen, H2O2, ethanol and dopamine. The potential role of autophagy in zinc homeostasis has just begun to be investigated. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy dysregulation causes significant changes in cellular zinc homeostasis. Autophagy may mediate the protective effect of zinc against lipid accumulation, apoptosis and inflammation by promoting degradation of lipid droplets, inflammasomes, p62/SQSTM1 and damaged mitochondria. Studies with humans and animal models are necessary to determine whether autophagy is influenced by zinc intake.
Willard Hurst and the Administrative State: From Williams to Wisconsin

Perhaps because Willard Hurst did not publish his first book, The Growth of American Law, until 1950, more than a decade after he entered law teaching, his readers have often found it hard to imagine him as other than a fully formed scholar. The pluralist politics of his major writings, their functionalist sociology, and their attentiveness to consensus in history have made Hurst seem so much a product of the 1950s that one can easily overlook the ways in which developments in law and politics in the preceding decades shaped his perspective on the American past.' No development more engaged Hurst than "the overshadowing rise of the administrative process" since the Civil War. Without neglecting the continuing role of the judiciary in American governance, Hurst wanted to create a legal curriculum and jurisprudence to supplant the court-centered paradigms of his day. The curricular innovation came first, in the form of the
A review of primary care vision screening.

Introduction and BackgroundPreschool vision screening (PVS) is an essential component of detecting treatable vision loss in young children. Many state screening programs are struggling to cope with unfunded mandates. Neither school nor community screenings are standardized, and often result in both under- and over-referrals.MethodCompared to hearing and dental screenings, PVS is not being performed in the primary care office. Why is this, and what could be done to change the situation?ResultsTo be effective, PVS relies on the participation of the primary care office that already has a rapport with the child and a relationship with the child's family within the medical home. Vision screening can be included as part of wellness testing strategies.ConclusionThe current state of PVS as evidenced by the literature points to a lack of education and training in the primary care arena. Orthoptists are ideally trained to perform accurate PVS and to emphasize its importance. Because of time constraints however, the...
Successful mobilization with AMD3100 and filgrastim with engraftment of autologous peripheral blood stem cells in a heavily pretreated pediatric patient with recurrent Burkitt lymphoma.

The authors report a case of a 13-year-old female with recurrent Burkitt lymphoma who was heavily pretreated with chemotherapy. During chemotherapy for relapse, she developed serious aspergillus infection of the palate and sinuses. Despite 10 μg/kg of filgrastim for 5 days, peripheral blood CD34+ cells remained ≤1/μL. Hematopoietic progenitor cells were subsequently successfully mobilized with a combination of AMD3100 and filgrastim without tumor or fungus contamination. After transplantation, the patient achieved complete engraftment without exacerbation of fungal infection. This is the first case report of a pediatric patient with relapsed Burkitt lymphoma with mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells by AMD3100 without any adverse reactions.
Effects of caffeine withdrawal on isoproterenol‐stimuiated cyclic adenosine monophosphate

The effect of short-term caffeine withdrawal on lymphocyte beta-adrenoceptor sensitivity was studied in seven men who had been drinking coffee daily for at least 3 mo before the study. The ratio of cyclic adenosine monophosphate production after in vitro incubation with isoproterenol and a blank was used to assess receptor sensitivity. There was a reduction in sensitivity to isoproterenol but not to prostaglandin E1 3 days after caffeine withdrawal. The mechanism of this effect is not clear, but may represent a biochemical correlate of caffeine-withdrawal syndrome.
Tracking Stem Cell Function with Computers Via Live Cell Imaging: Identifying Donor Variability in Human Stem Cells

Stem cell therapy and tissue engineering offer great potential for the treatment of a variety of musculoskeletal disorders. However, the study of stem cells is challenged to identify the most robust cells and control the fate of those cells. Live cell imaging is a tool that offers a high-throughput approach to studying a number of cell types and conditions to help elucidate cells and reagents, which are most functional for treating injuries of bone, cartilage, muscle, or tendon/ligaments. In vitro time-lapsed microscopic imaging of living cells is an efficient approach to generating large datasets on dynamic stem cell behavior. This report describes the live cell imaging tools and their use to observe and track unique stem cell activities. The novel aspect of these systems include automation of imaging by robotic movement of cell culture flasks, which enables selection of a large number of regions of interest for data collection. Standard to most such systems is an environmentally controlled chamber to maintain experimental conditions, including temperature, gas levels, and humidity, so that stem cells can be tracked by visible and epifluorescence imaging over extended periods. These systems offer the capability to overcome limitations associated with scarcity of stem cells, or frequency of events, such as myotube contraction. They can be used to examine fluxes in mitochondrial membrane potential, or create dynamic coculture environments where individual subpopulations can be identified. In this report, we provide an example of the system's use to identify donor cell variability using human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. We describe automation in time-lapsed microscopic imaging and how this technology is providing new insights into stem cell biology.
SYNTHESIS OF TWO TANTALUM COMPLEXES BEARING CYCLOPENTADIENYL ANALOGS

Abstract Reaction of Li[C 5 H 5 B-NMe 2 ] with (TBM)TaMe 2 Cl (TBM = tribenzylidenemethane) gives (TBM)[C 5 H 5 B-NMe 2 ]TaMe 2 ( 1 ). A single crystal diffraction study revealed a metallocene-like environment with the metal binding more strongly to the boratabenzene ring carbons furthest from the boron atom. Cp ∗ [ C 4 H 4 B - N ( CHMe 2 ) 2 ] Ta (η 4 - C 4 H 6 ) ( 2 ) (Cp ∗ = C 5 Me 5 ) is obtained from the reaction of Cp ∗ [C 4 H 4 B-N(CHMe 2 ) 2 ]TaCl 2 and (C 4 H 6 Mg)(THF) 2 . The diene fragment binds in a trans configuration. The oxidation state of tantalum in 2 can be considered as I, III or V if all resonance contributions are taken into account.
Swathmap: Long range sidescan sonar mapping of the deep seafloor

Abstract Long range sidescan sonar is a technique for reconnaissance of seafloor morphology. The continuity of morphologic data to ranges of 20 nautical miles makes possible regional tectonic assessments and structural analyses. Swathmap, an application of a U.S. Navy sonar system to sidescan mapping, provides mapping rates of 30–60,000 km2/day. It has identified terraces and calderas on seamounts, changes in seafloor spreading regimes from interpretation of hill lineations, and locations of major relief features. Systems such as Swathmap are becoming increasingly important for detailed seafloor mapping.
Social desirability bias in self-monitoring data

This study examined effects of social desirability responding on self-monitoring data in the context of assertion training. Subjects were thirty women and men who were enrolled in assertion training. Measures included the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C), the Assertion Inventory, the Assertion Self-Statement Test (ASST), assertion diaries, and behavioral ratings of assertion and anxiety made by the group leaders. As predicted, high M-C scorers described themselves as more assertive than low M-C scorers. In addition, high M-C scorers identified fewer assertion-related goals, and they submitted fewer diaries with fewer entries describing their assertive behavior. Furthermore, they related the outcomes of their attempts at assertive behavior as more positive than low M-C scorers. High M-C scorers also endorsed more positive than negative self-statements on the ASST, while the reverse was true of the low scorers. In contrast to the more positive self-descriptions of high M-C scorers, the trainers rated this group as significantly less assertive than low scorers. Predicted differences in anxiety were not significant. Implications for the validity of self-monitoring data are discussed.
Teaching the power of randomization using a simple game

Any deterministic algorithm can be viewed as a game between the algorithm player and the input player. A randomized algorithm can be viewed as a mixed strategy for the first player, used to minimize the disadvantage of being the first to reveal its move. We suggest a simple and accessible guessing game that can serve as both a way to explain notions in algorithms (like worst case input) to students and also to illustrate the power of randomization, presented in an intuitive way.
Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Dural and Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas

Dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) are arteriovenous shunts from a dural arterial supply to a dural venous channel, typically supplied by pachymeningeal arteries and located near a major venous sinus. Pial arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) are composed of one or more arterial feeders draining into a single vein in the absence of an intervening nidus. Fistulas manifesting features of high risk for rupture should be treated aggressively, the spectrum of treatment varies from endovascular, surgical resection, and stereotactic radiosurgery. This article describes the natural history, clinical presentation, and treatment of dural and pial fistulas, with emphasis on endovascular treatment.
Use of recombinant inbred strains to map genes of aging

Recombinant inbred strains have been used in a number of organisms for segregation and linkage analysis of quantitative traits. One major advantage of the recombinant inbred (RI) methodology is that the genetic identity of individuals within a strain permits replicate measures of the same recombinant genotype. Such replicability is important for traits such as aging in Drosophila, where phenotypic expression is highly influenced by different environmental conditions. RI strain methodology has an added advantage for DNA marker-based linkage analysis of traits measured over the lifespan of the organism. The DNA can be extracted from individuals of the same genotype as those measured in a longevity study. In this paper an argument is presented for the use of a set of recombinant inbred strains to map the quantitative trait loci involved in the aging process in Drosophila. A unique use of a set of stable, transposable molecular markers to trace the quantitative trait loci involved is suggested.
Average-value modeling of hysteresis current controlled brushless DC motor drives

Current-regulated brushless dc motors have been widely used in electric vehicles. It is important to have accurate and numerically efficient models for system analysis and design. Hysteresis current control has significant advantages, such as fast dynamic response and robustness. This paper presents two new average-value models of motor drives for brushless dc machines under hysteresis current control. The new models are compared with a detailed model in terms of simulation runtime and rms error under a variety scenarios. The proposed average-value models accurately represent the behavior of the drive and can be used in modeling and design.
Augmentation of keratinocyte differentiation by the epidermal mitogen, 8-bromo-cAMP

Abstract The effect of the epidermal mitogen, 8-bromo-cAMP, on keratinocyte differentiation was studied. A 3 × 10 −4 M dose of 8-bromo-cAMP was added to primary neonatal mouse epidermal keratinocyte cultures that slowly proliferate, stratify and differentiate over 2–3 weeks time. [ 3 H]Thymidine autoradiography coupled with an NH 4 Cl plus reducing agent technic which separates basal and differentiating keratinocytes was used to determine the target cell for the 8-bromo-cAMP mitogenic effect. A histologic stain and a four buffer protein extraction protocol, in conjunction with PAGE and fluorographic technics, were used to assess the differentiation of the cultures. The data indicated that 8-bromo-cAMP primarily stimulated the proliferation of the basal cell monolayer. Simultaneous with the mitogenic effect was an increase in the production of keratohyalin granule, keratin and cell envelope proteins, which are specific markers of epidermal differentiation. The results indicate that keratinocytes stimulated by the epidermal mitogen 8-bromo-cAMP simultaneously express differentiation-related processes.
Considerations in psychometric modeling of response time

Semiparametric models express a set of distributions of event times in terms of (a) a single parameter which varies across distributions and (b) a single function which does not vary across distributions and which has an unspecified form. These models appear to be attractive alternatives to parametric models of response times in psychometrics. However, our use of such models may require incorporating additional functions which do not vary across distributions and may require expressing the models in terms of the joint distribution of response class and response time.
Effects of ‘pristine’ and ‘industrial’ simulated acidic precipitation on greenhouse-grown radishes

Abstract To test the effects of industrial rain on radish growth, two simulated rain solutions, at pH 4.8 and pH 4.0, were used. The solutions had ionic concentrations similar to average rainfall in Katherine, Australia and the Eastern United States, respectively, and were labeled ‘pristine’ and ‘industrial’. These solutions were applied to greenhouse-grown radish every other day for 1 hr at the rate of 1 cm/hr, and the plants were harvested on day 30 after germination. In two trials, the major effect of the industrial rain treatment was to decrease root dry weight. Such a growth change could have major effects upon plant vigor, including decreased drought resistance and structural stability.
Onset superconductivity in ultrathin DyBa2Cu3O7 films

The superconductor-insulator transition has been explored in the low temperature limit using ultra thin DyBa2Cu3O7 c-axis oriented films prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. The results are remarkably similar to those obtained for amorphous Bi films deposited onto amorphous Ge at low temperatures.
Separation and preconcentration of cadmium by biological organisms and analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption

Abstract A pure strain of algae ( Stichococcus bacillaris ) is utilized to preconcentrate Cd ions from dilute solutions. Cd uptake curves for several concentrations of Cd and algae mass are presented. To assess the analytical utility of this algae, the concentrations of Cd in two dilute solutions (0.288 and 0.576 μg l ) are determined using preconcentration techniques. The calculated results are within 5% of the nominal concentrations. Stichococcus bacillaris is most useful at low concentrations of analyte with nearly quantitative uptake. At higher concentrations changes in either the analyte amount, or volume of the solution drastically affect the Cd uptake by this organism
Surprises and secrets: Lessons from the 1990 Nicaraguan election

This article analyzes one of the first surveys of Nicaraguan electoral opinion prior to the 1990 election in which Daniel Ortega was defeated by Violeta Chamorro. Although this survey, like many others, predicted an Ortega victory, the analysis reveals that the impending FSLN loss was in fact evident had this survey and others been scrutinized more carefully. Moreover, the nature of both FSLN and Chamorro support departs from the traditional division of political loyalties in Nicaragua and shows surprising similarities with electoral trends in more advanced, industrial democracies. The essay suggests that in tense political situations, such as preelectoral Nicaragua, particular survey problems may arise and special tactics may be necessary, including earlier rather than later opinion polls.
WHO RECEIVES ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND WHAT IMPACT DO THEY HAVE? AN ACUTE-CARE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to examine characteristics associated with prescribing antidepressants in major depression and the utility of such antidepressants in an acute-care, inpatient setting. Demographic and clinical (self-report and clinician-rated scales) were obtained for 111 inpatients diagnosed with major depression. Three comparison sets were made: (1) all patients prescribed antidepressants versus those who were not; (2) those in the top quartile for length of stay (LOS) versus those in the bottom quartile; and (3) patients discharged in less than one week who were prescribed versus not prescribed, antidepressants. Overall, minimal differences were found in the three comparison sets. Those prescribed antidepressants had higher admission BDI scores, longer LOS, more previous episodes, higher education levels, and were more likely to be admitted voluntarily. At admission, there were no clear predictors of LOS. Regardless of differences between groups at admission or discharge (antidepressant versus no antidepressant, short versus long LOS), no differences were found in the length of time before patients were readmitted. These findings suggest that the traditional practice of avoiding immediate medication at hospitalization appears to have some validity.
Translating keyword commands into executable code

Modern applications provide interfaces for scripting, but many users do not know how to write script commands. However, many users are familiar with the idea of entering keywords into a web search engine. Hence, if a user is familiar with the vocabulary of an application domain, we anticipate that they could write a set of keywords expressing a command in that domain. For instance, in the web browsing domain, a user might enter click search button. We call expressions of this form keyword commands, and we present a novel approach for translating keyword commands directly into executable code. Our prototype of this system in the web browsing domain translates click search button into the Chickenfoot code click(findButton("search")). This code is then executed in the context of a web browser to carry out the effect. We also present an implementation of this system in the domain of Microsoft Word. A user study revealed that subjects could use keyword commands to successfully complete 90% of the web browsing tasks in our study without instructions or training. Conversely, we would expect users to complete close to 0% of the tasks if they had to guess the underlying JavaScript commands with no instructions or training.