cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Children Presenting with Limp, Fever, or Abdominal Pain

An erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is commonly ordered as part of the evaluation of patients with nonspecific but potentially serious symptoms. To investigate the performance of ESR in this setting, we used a computerized database and medical chart review to identify children (n=299) with ESR done for a previously undiagnosed condition. Medical records were reviewed to determine symptoms at presentation, referral status, and subsequent diagnoses, which were classified as serious (n=93) or benign (n=206). We found that serious underlying disease was about 7 times as likely in patients with ESR>50 mm/hr (57/102) than in patients with ESR<20 mm/hr (7/89). Although the prevalence of serious disease was higher among referral patients, the likelihood ratios were similar for referral and primary-care patients. An erythrocyte sedimentation rate greater than 50 mm/hr was most informative in patients presenting with limp (likelihood ratio [LR] =8.2) and abdominal pain (LR=6.0) and least informative in patients presenting with fever (LR=2.5). On the other hand, an ESR<20 mm/hr is reassuring in patients presenting with fever (LR=0) or limp (LR=0.3), but not in patients presenting with abdominal pain (LR=0.8). An ESR between 20 and 50 mm/hr (23% of the patients) provided little information (LR 1.2-1.5) in each of the three groups. These results suggest that the ESR often provides useful information about the likelihood of serious illness among children presenting with worrisome but nonspecific symptoms, in particular in patients presenting with limp.
HThe Insulin Receptor: Characterization and Regulation Using Insulin-Antiinsulin Antibody Complexes as a Probe for Flow Cytometry

The primary approach for the characterization of the insulin receptor has been through the study of its interaction with 125I-labeled insulin. Recently, we demonstrated that insulin receptors can also be identified by flow cytometry using antibodies to the receptor. In the present study, we characterized the insulin receptor on human lymphoblastoid cells (IM-9) and studied its regulation using insulin and antiinsulin antibodies as a probe for flow cytometry. The mean peak fluorescence of the cells treated with insulin followed by antiinsulin serum was 30-50 U above the control value. There was a close correlation between [125I]insulin binding and peak fluorescence. Fish insulin, which has about 50% the affinity of porcine insulin for the insulin receptor but does not bind to antiinsulin antibodies, did not enhance antiinsulin antibody binding, but competed for the pork insulin-antiinsulin antibody complexes in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure of IM-9 cells to insulin or antireceptor antibodies resulted in reduction in the number of insulin receptors. Cells down-regulated with 10(-6) M insulin or a monoclonal antibody to the insulin receptor had 40% of the [125I]insulin binding of the control cells and 40-50% of the peak fluorescence when insulin-antiinsulin was the probe for the immunofluorescence studies. Cells down-regulated with human autoantibodies to the receptor had 4% [125I]insulin binding and 10% peak fluorescence. In all cases, receptors were lost proportionally from all cells, yielding a single symmetrical fluorescent peak. These date indicate that flow cytometry with insulin-antiinsulin antibody complexes provides a new approach to the measurement of insulin receptors, since it provides direct measurement of the occupied receptor.
Measurement of resonant strengths for dielectronic recombination in heliumlike Ar 1 6

We have measured resonant strengths for $\ensuremath{\Delta}ng~1$ dielectronic recombinaton in heliumlike ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{16+}.$ The measurements were performed with an electron beam ion trap and include the $\mathrm{KLM}$ through $\mathrm{KLP}$ resonances contributing to $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}1 \mathrm{K}$-shell x-ray emission with $n=2\ensuremath{-}6.$ The measured values agree within a few percent with relativistic multiconfiguration calculations.
Synthesis of sulphatide-containing lipoproteins in rat brain.

— 1 Puromycin inhibits [14C]leucine Hincorporation into brain proteins, but has no effect on the incorporation of [35S]sulphate into sulphatide. These effects of puromycin are observed not only with the proteins and sulphatide of whole brain, but also with the protein and sulphatide portion of water-soluble lipoprotein complexes. 2 Microsomes can be separated into three subfractions which differ chemically, morphologically and metabolically. Protein synthesis and sulphatide synthesis are located in different submicrosomal fractions. 3 The addition of water-soluble brain proteins to the incubation medium causes release of newly synthesized [35S]sulphatide and formation of soluble sulphatide protein complexes. One acceptor protein is identified as the lipoprotein previously shown to bind [35S]sulphatide in vivo (Herschkowitz, McKhann, Saxena and Shooter, 1968b). 4 These results suggest that protein and sulphatide synthesis can function independently and that association of newly synthesized lipid to preformed protein is possible.
IN-VEHICLE AUDITORY DISPLAY OF SYMBOLIC INFORMATION

Using the Federal Highway Administration Sign simulation laboratory, 24 participants were presented with roadway sign information using either computer-controlled graphic images or audio recordings. The road signs selected for display contained either symbolic or text-based messages. Following visual or auditory presentation of the information, participants were asked to identify if the displayed message matched a projected sign image. Performance accuracy and recognition times for projected signs were measured.Overall, driver response time was found to be longer for text-based messages than for symbolic messages but this difference was not affected by the type of display used to present the message. Matching tasks that paired auditory display of sign names with symbolic sign images did not result in longer recognition times or increased errors. Presenting drivers with verbal information to inform them of symbolic road signs was as effective as presenting them with graphic visual images of the signs.
The determination of the nuclear charge distribution of 208Pb from elastic electron scattering and muonic X-rays

Abstract An iterative procedure is presented for determining a static nuclear charge distribution from experimental electron scattering cross sections and muonie atom X-ray transition energies. The errors and error correlations implied by the independent statistical errors in the experimental data are expressed in coordinate space, and kernels are derived which specify the linear constraints imposed on the charge density by the experimental data. Pseudo-experimental data for 208Pb, generated from a known charge distribution, are used to demonstrate the validity of the procedure. A detailed analysis of experimental data for 208Pb is presented, utilizing electron scattering data at five different energies and six muonic energy levels. The theoretical implications of this work concerning quantum density fluctuations and the possible existence of a central depression are discussed.
Ferromagnets with weak random anisotropy

We consider a continuous-symmetry ferromagnet for d=3 with random anisotropy which is weak compared to exchange (${H}_{r}$\ensuremath{\ll}${H}_{\mathrm{ex}}$), in the presence of an external field H. At low fields the system is macroscopically disordered (the Imry-Ma or correlated spin-glass regime), and the external field may be treated as a perturbation for H\ensuremath{\ll}${H}_{r}^{4}$/${H}_{\mathrm{ex}{}^{3}}$. For large fields the system is basically aligned, and the random anisotropy may be treated as a perturbation, thus leading to a unique state with a large but wandering magnetic moment (ferromagnet with wandering axis, or FWA). We show that the system retains its alignment only for H\ensuremath{\gg}${H}_{r}^{2}$/${H}_{\mathrm{ex}}$. Thus we deduce that there is an intermediate field regime which is well aligned but not accessible to perturbation theory. In addition, we consider a number of questions pertaining to the macroscopic collective modes of this system. We point out that the prediction of a longitudinal resonance depends upon a perturbation approach which may not be valid. Also, we observe that, even in H=0, samples small compared to the correlation length will have a spontaneous moment, therefore defeating the disordering effect of the random anisotropy. For well-aligned systems with random anisotropy (with the alignment produced either by an external field or by the fine particle effect, or both), the predicted longitudinal resonance, assumed to be valid, can be obtained solely in terms of the transverse resonance shift, the magnetization, and the differential susceptibility. For the FWA we explicitly calculate the anisotropy constants for uniform rotations, and we apply them to electron spin resonance.
Quasichemical approximation in binary alloys.

In this theoretical study, the quasichemical approximation for an ${A}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${B}_{x}$ alloy is formulated for an arbitrary lattice and choice of cluster. The statistical problem of the average number of each class of clusters is collapsed into a polynomial equation. An n-atom cluster of type j is characterized by an excess energy ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{j}$, the number of B atoms ${n}_{j}$(B) and a degeneracy ${g}_{j}$. If ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{j}$ is a linear function of ${n}_{j}$(B) and ${g}_{j}$ is a binomial coefficient of n and ${n}_{j}$(B), then the cluster populations are random. Strains due to lattice-size mismatches, chemical (electron-ion interaction) differences, and differences between the electron-electron Coulomb interactions of the alloy constituents drive nonlinear variations of ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{j}$ on ${n}_{j}$(B). The ${g}_{j}$ is modified by coherent, externally applied stresses and temperature gradients present during crystal growth. We derive the conditions under which compounds are formed or spinodal decomposition occurs. We also discuss the possibility of materials consisting of arrays of two kinds of domains: one a random alloy and the other an ordered compound. The theory is specialized to semiconductor alloys ${A}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}x}$${B}_{x}$C in a distorted zinc-blende structure; numerical results are presented for ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As and ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sb}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ alloys. A major conclusion is that semiconductor alloys are almost never truly random.
Influence of calcium/sulfate molar ratio on the growth rate of calcium sulfate dihydrate at constant supersaturation

The growth kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD) has been investigated using the constant composition method over a range of calcium/sulfate molar ratios, r, in supersaturated solutions (0.17<r<5.0, at ionic strength, I=0.500m with potassium chloride as the supporting electrolyte and 0.08<r<10.0 at I=1.00m in sodium chloride medium). In spite of constancy of ion activity product, the rate increases with decreasing Ca/SO4 molar ratio, indicating that the rate of crystal growth is not merely a function of the thermodynamic driving forces but also depends upon the relative concentrations and characteristics of individual lattice ions.
Assessing the Impacts of High Speed Rail Development in China’s Yangtze River Delta Megaregion

This paper assesses the impacts of high speed rail (HSR) development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) Megaregion, China. After giving an introduction and conducting a literature review, the paper proposes a pole-axis-network system (PANS) model guiding the entire study. On the one hand, the HSR projects in the YRD Megaregion are expected to generate significant efficiency-related transportation and non-transportation benefits. As a result, the spillover effects from Shanghai and other major cities (poles) will greatly promote the urban and regional developments along the major HSR corridors (axes), and the entire megaregion will become more integrated economically, socially, and culturally. But, on the other hand, the HSR projects will also create serious social and geographic inequity issues, which need to be addressed as soon as possible in a proper way. This empirical study confirms the PANS model proposed.
Correlates of vocational recovery for persons with schizophrenia

The correlates of vocational recovery and vocational success among persons with schizophrenia were examined to identify prospective attributes that might be malleable and accessible to intervention. A national, non-representative sample of 109 individuals with a selfreported diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder that met criteria for vocational recovery completed a survey on sustained employment of people with serious mental illness. Eighty-two participants (75%) had uninterrupted employment during the two years prior to entering the study while the rest sustained employment for at least 12 months during the same period of time. Respondents worked from 10 to 64 hours per week in jobs ranging from unskilled to professional and managerial positions. In multivariate analyses, previous work history and current receipt of Supplemental Security Income (SSI)/Social Security Disability Income (SSDI) were correlated with current work hours per week; educational level and employment in consumer self-help/a...
Hyaluronidase removal of the cumulus oophorus increases in vitro fertilization.

The effect of hyaluronidase removal of the cumulus oophorus on the in vitro fertilization rate of oocytes obtained from patients with poor oocyte fertilizability has been evaluated. Eighty-eight oocytes were obtained from 13 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) for indications of male-factor, immunological, and idiopathic infertility. In addition, patients in whom fertilization did not occur on previous IVF cycles were evaluated in the study. The occytes of each individual patient were randomly assigned into a treatment (removal of the cumulus;N=40 oocytes) or nontreatment group (control;N=48 oocytes). Hyaluronidase was used to remove the cumulus immediately following oocyte retrieval, and insemination was performed 6–8 hr later. The overall oocyte fertilization rate (both treated and untreated) was 42%. The treatment group demonstrated a higher rate of fertilization compared to the nontreatment group (55% vs 31%;P<0.05). Examination of various patient groups revealed a statistically significant difference in fertilization rates between the treated and the untreated oocytes only in the “no previous fertilization” group (60% vs 28%;P<0.05). A higher rate of fertilization of the treated oocytes was also seen in the immunologic infertility group, however, statistical significance was not achieved (50% vs 25%;P=0.07). Only one clinical pregnancy was achieved in this group of 13 patients. We conclude that in this group of patients, removal of the cumulus prior to insemination may, in some cases, increase the fertilization potential of the oocyte.
Data analysis tools for sensor-based science

Science is increasingly driven by data collected automatically from arrays of inexpensive sensors. The collected data volumes require a different approach from the scientists' current Excel spreadsheet storage and analysis model. Spreadsheets work well for small data sets; but scientists want high level summaries of their data for various statistical analyses without sacrificing the ability to drill down to every bit of the raw data. This demonstration describes our prototype data analysis system that is suitable for browsing and visualization - like a spreadsheet - but scalable to much larger data sets.
Mechanism of the carrier-mediated transport of potassium ion across water-nitrobenzene interface by valinomycin

Abstract The reaction mechanism of the potassium ion transfer from aqueous to nitrobenzene phases, which is facilitated by valinomycin present in the organic phase, was elucidated by polarography at the ascending water electrode and chronopotentiometry at the stationary water electrode. The complex ion is formed in the aqueous phase reaction between potassium ion and valinomycin that migrated from the organic phase. The accumulation of the complex ion in the aqueous phase is controlled by the diffusion of valinomycin from the bulk organic phase to the water-nitrobenzene interface. The distribution of the complex ion accumulated in the aqueous phase is not entirely uniform, but concentrated in a rather narrow layer near the interface. In the presence of the anions having high tendency to ion pair formation, e.g., thiocyanate or iodide ions, in the aqueous phase, the complex ion does not accumulate because of the spontaneous extraction of the ion pair between the complex cation and such anions into the organic phase.
Isobutane/2-butene alkylation using large-pore zeolites: Influence of pore structure on activity and selectivity

Abstract The alkylation of isobutane with 2-butene was performed in the liquid phase at 80°C and 300 psi. This study constitutes a detailed comparison under identical conditions of 12-membered pore zeolites with different dimensionalities, namely USY, mordenite, beta, LTL, and ZSM-12 zeolite. Particular attention was paid to the role of the structural characteristics of the catalysts. In the mechanism studies, very-low-olefin feed (i/o molar ratio of 1000, olefin WHSV of 0.01 h −1 ) was used to keep real alkylation without undesirable oligomerizations. For selectivity toward the individual TMP and DMH compounds, pore structure plays a significant role. At the initial stage (5 min on stream), it was found that the relative value for TMP selectivities described by the configurational ratio of 2,2,4-/2,2,3-TMP to 2,3,3-/2,3,4-TMP decreased in the following order: beta ≥ ZSM-12 > mordenite > USY ≥ LTL. Beta and ZSM-12 showed higher values due to their specific pore structure (the absence of large expansions at either the channel intersections or within the channel itself), in which bulky TMPs could diffuse out without structural restriction. In order to support this, the ratio of diffusivity for selected TMP isomers (2,2,4- to 2,3,4-TMP) was obtained. The value of diffusivity ratio of 2,2,4-TMP to 2,3,4-TMP decreased in the sequence beta > USY > LTL. This difference was reflected clearly in the different distribution of TMP isomers. The comparable trends were also observed for the selectivity of DMHs, ratio of 2,5-/2,4-/2,3-DMH to 3,4-DMH. Most of cracking products, 2-methyl butane, 2,3-dimethyl butane, and 2,3- and 2,4-dimethly pentane, were formed by type A β-scissions from [C 12 H 25 ] + and [C 16 H 33 ] + . For other studies with different feed conditions (i/o molar ratio of 98, olefin WHSV of 0.1 h −1 ), it was also observed that the pore structure of zeolites plays a significant role in the activity of olefin conversion. Beta and ZSM-12 were shown to outperform other zeolites because their favorable pore structures limited the accumulation of carbonaceous compounds that lead to pore plugging. This is in contrast to the common belief that three-dimensional zeolites are less susceptible to pore plugging than one-dimensional zeolites; we observed dramatically better coke tolerance over ZSM-12 (one dimensional) than USY (three dimensional). It was observed that samples synthesized with low Si/Al ratios resulted in higher activity and selectivity to the desired products. This was mainly because of the high hydrogen transfer (HT) capability of the low Si/Al samples. However, the dealumination procedure used strongly affected the catalyst performance; samples dealuminated with ammonium hexafluorosilicate were significantly less active and selective to TMPs than samples either dealuminated with HCl or synthesized directly. This was primarily because of the ability of the latter dealuminating agent to remove surface aluminum as well as partial pore blocking by the silicate salts deposited.
Parallel computing structures capable of flexible associations and recognition of fuzzy inputs

We experimentally show that computing with attractors leads to fast adaptive behavior in which dynamical associations can be made between different inputs which initially produce sharply distinct outputs. We do so by first defining a set of simple local procedures which allow a computing array to change its state in time so as to produce classical Pavlovian conditioning. We then examine the dynamics of coalescence and dissociation of attractors with a number of quantitative experiments. We also show how such arrays exhibit generalization and differentiation of inputs in their behavior.
Two Models of Syllogistic Reasoning: An Empirical Comparison.

Two theories of logical processing are compared in this study. The Atmosphere Effect, originating in the psychology of reasoning, predicts errors in deductive reasoning based on matching certain features of the premises with features of the conclusion. The Logical Ambiguity Hypothesis, originating in communication theory, predicts reasoning errors on the basis of internal set representations of the relationships implied by the premises. In a series of eight separate tests of the two theories, the Atmosphere Effect was significantly more successful than the Ambiguity Hypothesis in predicting the most likely responses to premise pairs.
Elderly Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients Have Profound Impairments in Physical Function

Female 35 (70.0%) 45 (76.3%) 0.460 Age (years) 71.4611.7 65.7615.4 0.036* Diabetes mellitus 23 (46.0%) 18 (30.5%) 0.096 Hypertension 35 (70.0%) 34 (57.6%) 0.182 History of CAD 7 (14.0%) 7 (11.9%) 0.740 Preceding stressors 33 (66.0%) 52 (88.1%) 0.005* Stressors, physical:emotional 33:0 (100%:0%) 49:3 (94.2%:5.8%) 0.008* ST-segment elevation 17 (34.7%) 19 (32.8%) 0.833 T-wave inversion 37 (75.5%) 44 (75.9%) 0.966 Congestive heart failure 25 (50.0%) 24 (40.7%) 0.330 Chest pain 22 (44.0%) 20 (33.9%) 0.280 Shock 11 (22.0%) 19 (28.8%) 0.417 LV EF, initial (%) 43.169.8 41.0610.4 0.297 LV EF, follow-up (%) 48.669.4 54.468.0 0.003* Hemoglobin (g/dL) 10.9762.07 12.2562.05 0.002* Hs-CRP (mg/dL) 61.6667.5 68.9679.2 0.626 Troponin I (ng/mL), peak 5.72610.03 5.10610.86 0.771 NT-pro-BNP (pg/mL), peak 15,287612,342 11,386611,411 0.368
An Experimental Study of Children's Behavior in a Spatial Complex

* Accepted for publication by Harold E. Jones of the Editorial Board and received in the Editorial Office, May 1, 1933.
A three-dimensional analysis of the sigmoid notch

Fractures of the distal radius are among the most common injuries of the upper extremity, though treatment has traditionally focused on restoration of the radiocarpal joint and late sequelae may persist. X-ray imaging underestimates sigmoid notch involvement following distal radius fractures. No classification system exists for disruption patterns of the sigmoid notch of the radius associated with distal radius fractures. This study quantifies the anatomy of the sigmoid notch and identifies the landmarks of the articular surface and proximal boundaries of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) capsule. Computed tomography scans of freshly frozen cadaveric hands were used - followed by dissection, and three-dimensional reconstruction of the distal radius and sigmoid notch. The sigmoid notch surface was divided into two surfaces and measured. The Anterior Posterior (AP) and Proximal Distal (PD) widths of the articulating surface were reviewed, along with the radius of curvature, version angle and depth. The study showed that the sigmoid notch is flatter than previously believed - and only the distal 69% of its surface is covered by cartilage. On average, it has about nine degrees of retroversion, and its average inclination is almost parallel to the anatomical axis of the radius. Clinical implications exist for evaluation of the DRUJ involvement in distal radius fractures or degenerative diseases and for future development and evaluation of hemiarthroplasty replacement of the distal radius.
Simultaneous Measurement of Free and Total Concentrations of Hydrophobic Compounds

Hydrophobic contaminants partition between water and sorbent phases such as dissolved organic matter (DOM) in environmental matrices. Consideration of bioavailability increasingly requires the measurement of freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) in addition to the total chemical concentration (Ctotal). However, current practices require the use of separate methods and samples to derive Cfee and Ctotal, and no method affords simultaneous measurementof both concentrations. We employed a method by coupling solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with the use of an isotope-labeled internal standard and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for detection. The method was demonstrated using 8 pyrethroids as model compounds and 13C-cis-permethrin as the labeled internal standard. Analysis of 4 spiked sediment porewater and 4 field-contaminated samples showed that Ctotal obtained by this method was in close agreementwith the spiked concentrations or the total concentrations measured after whole-sample solvent extraction, while Cfree was only a small fraction of Ctotal, suggesting pronounced association of these compounds with DOM. The method displayed good reproducibility with average relative standard deviation <20%, and high sensitivity with method detection limits in the range of 1-5 ng L(-1). The method uses a small sample volume (<20 mL, as opposed to 1 L for conventional analysis), and is solventless and fast. The concurrent measurements also allow for estimation of K(DOC), a key parameter that is difficult to derive otherwise. The simultaneous determination of Cfree and Ctotal provides information for better relating chemical concentrations with potential ecotoxicological effects.
Requirements elicitation through storyboarding NextGen operational improvements

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has defined several operational improvements, based upon emerging technologies and aircraft equipage, which largely comprise air traffic operations expected at the end of the mid-term time frame, 2018. These operational improvements are intended to not only enable user and system-wide benefits, but also serve as the foundation for transforming the National Airspace System (NAS) into the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen). To plan for and better understand operational improvement implementation issues, the MITRE Corporation's Center for Advanced Aviation System Development (CAASD) has been formulating scenarios, derived from identified sets of related operational improvements, that provide a snapshot of future operations and detail key aspects. Development of the scenarios was largely based on the utilization of a visually motivated technique referred to as ‘storyboarding’. The nature of storyboarding allows for new concepts to take a ‘shape’ that can be commonly understood. This affords consensus building and promotes feedback acquisition in the early stages of the design phase, both which were prominent goals of this effort. These goals are accomplished because the scenarios developed provide a vehicle for conceptualizing interactions between the operational improvements described in the NextGen Implementation Plan on a more tangible level while also communicating their impact to various aviation and industry stakeholders. Scenarios can also facilitate cross-FAA and industry-FAA discussions for the purpose of identifying implementation gaps and, in turn, stimulate collaborative solutions which will serve to define implementation requirements. The compilation of these scenarios will help clarify the impact of operational improvements and their utilization. More importantly, the collaboration among key stakeholders as the by-product of this process will serve as the basis for successful partnerships in the FAA's progress towards NextGen.
A Content Analysis of Kindergarten-12th Grade School-Based Nutrition Interventions: Taking Advantage of Past Learning.

Abstract Objective To review the literature, identifying proposed recommendations for school-based nutrition interventions, and evaluate kindergarten through 12th grade school-based nutrition interventions conducted from 2000-2008. Design Proposed recommendations from school-based intervention reviews were developed and used in conducting a content analysis of 26 interventions. Participants Twenty-six school-based nutrition interventions in the United States first published in peer-reviewed journals from 2000-2008. Variable Measured Ten proposed recommendations based on prior analyses of school-based nutrition interventions: (1) behaviorally focused, (2) multicomponents, (3) healthful food/school environment, (4) family involvement, (5) self-assessments, (6) quantitative evaluation, (7) community involvement, (8) ethnic/heterogeneous groups, (9) multimedia technology, and (10) sequential and sufficient duration. Analysis Descriptive statistics. Results The most frequent recommendations used were: (1) behaviorally focused components (100%) and (2) quantitative evaluation of food behaviors (96%). Only 15% of the interventions included community involvement or ethnic/heterogeneous groups, whereas 31% included anthropometric measures. Five of the 10 proposed recommendations were included in over 50% of the interventions. Conclusions and Implications Rising trend of overweight children warrants the need to synthesize findings from previous studies to inform research and program development and assist in identification of high-impact strategies and tactics.
Phospholipid dependence of calcium ion effects on electrophoretic mobilities of liposomes

Abstract Electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and depolarization of fluorescence have been used to determine the effect of membrane fluidity on the binding of Ca 2+ to liposomes. ELS was used to measure the electrophoretic mobilities of the liposomes. Fluoroscence depolarization was used to determine membrane fluidity. Zero to 30 mol% phosphatidylserine (PS) was incorporated into liposomes containing, as bulk phospholipids, one of the following: dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), or hydrogenated egg phosphatidylcholine (H egg PC). The binding of Ca 2+ to the liposomes appears to be influenced by membrane fluidity. Liposomes containing bulk phospholipids whose phase transition temperature is higher than the experimental temperature exhibit enhanced binding of Ca 2+ .
The Technology of Neutral Beam Injection Based on Positive Ion Sources

Injection of energetic neutrals of hydrogen and deuterium has been used effectively to heat plasma in several fusion experiments. All applications to date have used neutral beams with pulse lengths in the subsecond range. The injected power extends into the megawatt level, approaching 10 MW in the case of PDX and D-III, with beam energies in the range of 20 to 80 keV. Key tokamak experiments are planned in which neutral beam injection will be applied at power levels extending toward the 25-MW range. A major difference in the injectors being planned for the future from those operating today lies in their need for longer pulse lengths. Extending the pulse lengths at higher power levels and a high beam brightness is the major goal of the neutral beam development laboratories. Other development areas include improving the atomic fraction in the beam to nearly 100%, increasing the beam brightness, and reducing the impurity content in the beam. Lifetime and reliability are also important considerations. This paper summarizes the advances made in each of these areas and elaborates on the work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Neutral injection parameters for a variety of fusion devices are also presented.
Beta blockers, Lp(a), hypertension and reduced basal fibrinolytic activity

ABSTRACT To assess the hypothesis that beta blocker use and hypertension are associated with high lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] or with reduced basal fibrinolytic activity, the authors studied relationships of hypertension and beta blockers to Lp(a), lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and basal fibrinolytic activity in 385 patients consecutively referred for diagnosis and therapy of hyperlipidemia. A second aim was to determine possible gender differences in fibrinolytic activity among patients with hypertension. Ninety-nine patients (58 women [88% post-menopausal] and 41 men) had drug-treated hypertension. In women, hypertension was a positive, independent predictor of the major inhibitors of fibrinolysis, plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen (p = 0,017), and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (p = 0.004). In men and women, major risk factors for atherosclerosis were significant, independent predictors of reduced basal fibrinolysis. Median Lp(a) in the 99 patients with hypertension (16 mg/dL) did not differ from Lp(a) (18 mg/dL) in normotensive patients (p > 0.1). Of the 385 patients, the 39 beta blocker users had higher plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (p = 0.01), higher triglyceride (p = 0.02) levels, and higher Quetelet Indices (p = 0.01) than non-users (n = 346). After covariance adjusting for age, Quetelet Indices, sex, and triglycerides, plasminogen activator inhibitor activity was not higher in beta blocker users than in non-users (p > 0.1). Median Lp(a) did not differ in beta blocker users (16 mg/dL) and in non-users (17 mg/dL), p greater than 0.1. Hypertensive, predominantly post-menopausal women are likely to have high plasminogen activator inhibitor activity and plasminogen activator inhibitor antigen with concurrent reduced fibrinolytic activity, as well as high fibrinogen levels. These independent coronary heart disease risk factors, along with their hypertension, may put hypertensive, post-menopausal women at increased risk for coronary heart disease.
Evaluation of a Tuberculosis Screening and Prophylaxis Program for International Students

In many parts of the world, tuberculosis (TB) is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Because of the high rate of worldwide TB infection, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), requires nonimmigrant foreign students to have a tuberculin skin test before completing registration for classes. Out of 589 students tested, 57.6% were positive (n = 339) at the level of 5 mm induration or greater. All positive reactors with no contraindications to isoniazid (INH) were urged to take INH chemoprophylaxis (n = 290). Several strategies designed to improve compliance were used with all students. In addition, some students attended a lecture and discussion prior to initiation of therapy. Completion rates were low for all students, including those who attended the lecture-discussion session. Implications of the results for future screening activities are discussed.
Vicrostatin – An Anti-Invasive Multi-Integrin Targeting Chimeric Disintegrin with Tumor Anti-Angiogenic and Pro-Apoptotic Activities

Similar to other integrin-targeting strategies, disintegrins have previously shown good efficacy in animal cancer models with favorable pharmacological attributes and translational potential. Nonetheless, these polypeptides are notoriously difficult to produce recombinantly due to their particular structure requiring the correct pairing of multiple disulfide bonds for biological activity. Here, we show that a sequence-engineered disintegrin (called vicrostatin or VCN) can be reliably produced in large scale amounts directly in the oxidative cytoplasm of Origami B E. coli. Through multiple integrin ligation (i.e., αvβ3, αvβ5, and α5β1), VCN targets both endothelial and cancer cells significantly inhibiting their motility through a reconstituted basement membrane. Interestingly, in a manner distinct from other integrin ligands but reminiscent of some ECM-derived endogenous anti-angiogenic fragments previously described in the literature, VCN profoundly disrupts the actin cytoskeleton of endothelial cells (EC) inducing a rapid disassembly of stress fibers and actin reorganization, ultimately interfering with EC's ability to invade and form tubes (tubulogenesis). Moreover, here we show for the first time that the addition of a disintegrin to tubulogenic EC sandwiched in vitro between two Matrigel layers negatively impacts their survival despite the presence of abundant haptotactic cues. A liposomal formulation of VCN (LVCN) was further evaluated in vivo in two animal cancer models with different growth characteristics. Our data demonstrate that LVCN is well tolerated while exerting a significant delay in tumor growth and an increase in the survival of treated animals. These results can be partially explained by potent tumor anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic effects induced by LVCN.
Effects of anti-promoters and strain of mouse on tumor promoter-induced oxidants in murine epidermal cells

The induction of oxidant production in mouse epidermal cells by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) can be suppressed by many, but not all, known inhibitors of mouse skin tumor promotion. Members of the anti-oxidant category that were tested were ranked in the following order, 7,8-benzoflavone greater than butylated hydroxyanisole greater than ascorbic acid. In the retinoid category, retinoic acid was only moderately effective, while the trimethoxymethylphenyl analog had at least twice the inhibitory activity. Among the six protease inhibitors examined, tosylphenylalanine chloromethylketone and tosyllysine chloromethylketone were effective in diminishing the response while tosylarginine methylester, antipain, leupeptin and soybean trypsin inhibitor were ineffective, suggesting that proteases are probably not involved in the oxidant response. Several agents, trifluoperazine, trisialoganglioside and diolein, that have been shown to suppress TPA activity in other cell systems were also found to suppress the oxidant response. Finally, the extent of the oxidant response was found to correlate with sensitivity to TPA tumor promotion among the three strains of mice tested: SSIn greater than SENCAR greater than C57BL/6J.
Relationship of Enzyme Polymorphism to Species Diversity

SUCCESSFUL adaption by a species to a particular portion of diverse environment depends not only upon the physical characteristics of that environment, but also upon the reliability with which a particular set of characteristics is encountered. A high degree of specialization might be more advantageous when environmental factors occur predictably than when they do not.
Airway smooth muscle in airway reactivity and remodeling: what have we learned?

It is now established that airway smooth muscle (ASM) has roles in determining airway structure and function, well beyond that as the major contractile element. Indeed, changes in ASM function are ...
Facile identification of photocleavable reactive metabolites and oxidative stress biomarkers in proteins via mass spectrometry

Described herein is a method which combines bond selective fragmentation by photodissociation with online liquid chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric analysis. Photoexcitation of proteins or peptides with 266-nm light does not normally yield abundant fragmentation; however, incorporation of a suitable carbon–sulfur or carbon–halogen bond that is proximal to a chromophore allows access to direct dissociation pathways, resulting in homolytic cleavage of these bonds. Radicals generated through this process can cause further dissociation of the peptide backbone, which is useful for site specifically identifying the point of modification. Two specific applications of this technique for peptide analysis in model systems are presented: (1) identification of reactive metabolites which covalently modify cysteine residues, and (2) characterization of halogenated tyrosine residues which are biomarkers related to oxidative stress. In both cases, these naturally occurring post translational modifications create photocleavable bonds which can be fragmented by 266-nm light. The selectivity offered by photodissociation allows facile identification of the peptides of interest even in complex mixtures, and subsequent selective radical directed backbone fragmentation pinpoints the site of modification. This combination greatly simplifies data analysis and provides more confident assignments.
Electrodeposited Cu–ZnO and Mn–Cu–ZnO nanowire/tube catalysts for higher alcohols from syngas

Abstract Cu–ZnO and Mn–Cu–ZnO catalysts have been prepared by electrodeposition and tested for the synthesis of higher alcohols via CO hydrogenation. The catalysts were prepared in the form of nanowires and nanotubes using a nanoporous polycarbonate membrane, which served as a template for the electrodeposition of the precursor metals from an aqueous electrolyte solution. Electrodeposition was carried out using variable amounts of Zn(NO 3 ) 2 , Cu(NO 3 ) 2 , Mn(NO 3 ) 2 and NH 4 NO 3 at different galvanostatic conditions. A fixed bed reactor was used to study the reaction of CO and H 2 to produce alcohols at 270 °C, 10–20 bar, H 2 /CO = 2/1, and 10,000–33,000 scc/h g cat . In addition to methane and CO 2 , methanol was the main alcohol product. The addition of manganese to the Cu–ZnO catalyst increased the selectivity toward higher alcohols by reducing methane formation; however, CO 2 selectivity remained high. Maximum ethanol selectivity was 5.5%, measured as carbon efficiency.
Is behavior analysis undergoing selection by consequences

The legacy of B. F. Skinner's life is a natural science of behavior. The generality of its basic functional relations has led, by induction, to the unifying principle of selection by consequences, which accounts for morphological, behavioral, and cultural evolution. This principle both predicts and explains the observation that the science itself is becoming the object of differential selection in our culture. Public policy is increasingly being framed in terms of the effects of consequences on behavior, as illustrated by examples from education, economics, and politics. Survival of our culture may depend on our skill in managing this process.
Circular Loop Antenna In Unbounded Chiral Medium: A Moment Method Solution

This paper addresses the problem of a thin loop antenna of arbitrary radius radiating in an infinitely extending chiral medium. The integral equation for the problem has been formulated and solved using Numerical Electromagnetics Code modified accordingly. It is found that with the additional parameter of chirality one can control the radiation characteristics. It is observed that for a typical case of a loop of radius equal to a half wavelength the radiation resistance increases from about 140 ohms to 310 ohms when the chirality parameter changes from 0.0 (achiral) to 0.003. Also, the patterns become more directive with chirality than in the achiral case for the same electrical size of the loop. The current on the loop decays very quickly with large chirality. Some details of the numerical exercise associated with the moment solution in the chiral NEC code are discussed.
Mixed power flow analysis using AC and DC models

Steady-state power flow analysis for large-scale networks requires substantial computation because of the extensive interconnections among power systems. Traditionally, network equivalent techniques have been used to reduce computational demand by eliminating the external system. These techniques, then, cannot reflect changes in the external system. This study presents a mixed approach with ac and dc power flow models for power flow analysis to decrease computational complexity and capture variations in the external system. A high level of accuracy in the targeted central part of the system is achieved using the detailed ac model. The less detailed dc model is used to reduce computational requirements and still reflect changes in the external system. Case studies with the IEEE 118-bus system are provided to compare performance among the proposed, the ac and the dc models.
Utility of ALK-1 protein expression and ALK rearrangements in distinguishing inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor from malignant spindle cell lesions of the urinary bladder

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the urinary bladder is an unusual spindle cell neoplasm that displays cytologic atypia, infiltrative growth and mitotic activity mimicking malignant tumors, such as leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma. The objective of this study was to determine if anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK-1) protein expression detected by immunohistochemistry and ALK rearrangements detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were useful in distinguishing inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor from malignant spindle cell tumors of the urinary bladder. In inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, ALK-1 expression was identified in 13 of 21 cases (62%) and ALK rearrangements in 14 of 21 cases (67%). All cases of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor demonstrating ALK-1 expression, carried ALK rearrangements. One case negative for ALK-1 expression exhibited ALK rearrangement. ALK rearrangements were more common in women (P=0.0032). Leiomyosarcoma, sarcomatoid carcinoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and reactive myofibroblastic proliferations were negative for ALK-1 protein and ALK rearrangements. Immunohistochemistry using markers of muscle, epithelial, neural, and follicular dendritic cell differentiation showed overlap between inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with and without ALK gene rearrangements, and between inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor and spindle cell malignancies. However, coexpression of cytokeratin and muscle-specific antigens was unique to inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, observed in approximately half the tumors. This study indicates that detection of ALK protein and ALK gene rearrangements are useful in distinguishing inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor from spindle cell malignancies in the urinary bladder. Additionally, our findings suggest that ALK rearrangement is the primary mechanism for ALK activation and that inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor likely represents a heterogeneous group of spindle cell proliferations with the majority associated with ALK translocations, and the remaining associated with other etiologies.
The α-Glucosidase I Inhibitor Castanospermine Alters Endothelial Cell Glycosylation, Prevents Angiogenesis, and Inhibits Tumor Growth

The development of drugs that target the tumor neovasculature may hold promise in inhibiting tumor growth. Experiments in vivo with castanospermine, an inhibitor of the glucosidases that convert protein N-linked high mannose carbohydrates to complex oligosaccharides, resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in nude mice. Angiogenesis to basic fibroblast growth factor in castanospermine-treated C57/BL mice was similarly reduced. Endothelial cell proliferation, invasion of basement membrane, and differentiation are crucial steps during neovascularization. In vitro differentiation models using Matrigel and postconfluent cultures of endothelial cells were used to study the effects of glycosidase inhibitors on endothelial cell behavior. FACS analysis of cell surface oligosaccharides using either Concanavalin A or L-phytohemagglutinin lectins confirmed an increase in high mannose groups and a decrease in tri- and tetra antennary beta-linked galactose-N-acetylglucosamine on mannose residues of Asn-linked oligosaccharides upon drug treatment. Castanospermine and the glucosidase inhibitor N-methyldeoxynojirimycin prevented the morphological differentiation of endothelial cells in vitro. These compounds did not alter the proliferation of cultured endothelial cells or their ability to attach to various extracellular matrix molecules. However, the cells showed a reduced ability to migrate and to invade basement membrane gels in vitro and an increased tendency to form aggregates that was inhibitable by D-mannose. These studies suggest that certain cell surface oligosaccharides are required for angiogenesis and that glucosidase inhibitors that alter these structures on endothelial cells are able to inhibit tumor growth.