cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulated effects of sample size and grain neighborhood on the modeling of extreme value fatigue response

Abstract Assessing the size of representative volume elements (RVEs) for fatigue-related applications is challenging. A RVE relevant to random microstructure requires a volume of material that is sufficiently large to capture the grain/phase heterogeneity that captures all statistical moments of the distribution of the driving force for fatigue crack formation at “hot spot” grains. Consequently, the large size of a microstructure RVE required to study fatigue phenomena is largely computationally intractable and difficult to explore. A more realistic objective in this work is to systematically study, as a function of the size of a statistical sample of microstructure, trends towards convergence of the simulated distribution of driving force for fatigue crack formation. The present work accordingly leverages the recently developed open-source PRISMS-Fatigue framework [Yaghoobi et al., npj Comput. Mater., 7, 38 (2021)] to examine the trends in convergence of extreme value distributions (EVD) of Fatigue Indicator Parameters (FIPs) in progressively larger polycrystalline microstructure realizations of FCC Al alloy 7075-T6 using crystal plasticity finite element method simulations. The results are compared to the traditional method in which ensembles of statistical volume elements (SVEs) are simulated to build up statistics intended to approximate those associated with a larger volume of material. The convergence of EVDs with increase of size of a SVE of microstructure is closely related to the extent of grain nearest neighbor (NN) interactions. Accordingly, the sensitivity of the local micromechanical response at hot spot grains is quantitatively investigated by systematically varying the orientations of NN grains. Results indicate that SVEs with cubic crystallographic texture tend towards convergence of the EVD of FIPs with tens of thousands of grains while the random and rolled textures require larger volumes. Simple relationships based on microstructure parameters (e.g., Schmid Factor, grain size, NN misorientation) do not completely correlate to fatigue hot spot grains. Finally, the sensitivity of the extreme value fatigue response at hot spot grains extends to the 3rd NN when a single neighborhood grain orientation is altered.
Caregiver Expectations of Family-based Pediatric Obesity Treatment.

OBJECTIVE To explore caregivers' expectations of pediatric weight management prior to starting treatment. METHODS Interviews conducted with 25 purposefully selected caregivers of children, ages 8-12 years, waiting to begin 4 different weight management programs. Interviews were conducted and recorded via telephone and coded using a multistage inductive approach. RESULTS Caregivers listed specific motivators for seeking treatment that did not often align with clinical measures of success: caregivers perceived child's socio-emotional health improvement to be an important success measure. Caregivers understood the program's approach, but were unsure of the commitment required. Caregivers were confident they would complete treatment but not in being successful. CONCLUSIONS Caregivers' expectations of treatment success and their role in treatment may be a hindrance to adherence.
The Status of Seals in the Gulf of Mexico with A Record of Feral Otariid Seals Off the United States Gulf Coast

The only seal native to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean area is the West Indian seal (family Phocidae). It is tan on the upper surface and a yellowish white underneath. It is now extinct or nearly so. Two seals were reported in Louisiana near the mouth of the Mississippi in January 1966. Photographs of one animal taken from a helicopter showed an otariid seal. In late June a light colored otariid seal began to reside on the buoys of the ship channel leading into Mobile Bay. It stayed there about two and a half weeks. The animal was a light tan in color and was a female, with a large healing scar on the right side. It was formerly reported from buoys off Cedar Key, Florida, and a newspaper photo verified that account. The animal was similar in all respects to the California sea lion. It washed up on the beach of the Chandeleur Islands of Louisiana with a bullet hole in it and badly decomposed on 11 August 1966. On 3 April 1967 another sea lion, possibly the second Louisiana specimen, was photographed off Pensacola. Five verifiable records of the California sea lion in the Atlantic have been reported ranging from Louisiana to Newfoundland. Probably man was always involved in their transportation. The California sea lion can probably establish self-sustaining populations in the Atlantic Ocean.
Opera Acts: Singers and Performance in the Late Nineteenth Century

Opera Acts explores a wealth of new historical material about singers in the late nineteenth century and challenges the idea that this was a period of decline for the opera singer. In detailed case studies of four figures - the late Verdi baritone Victor Maurel; Bizet's first Carmen, Celestine Galli-Marie; Massenet's muse of the 1880s and 1890s, Sibyl Sanderson; and the early Wagner star Jean de Reszke - Karen Henson argues that singers in the late nineteenth century continued to be important, but in ways that were not conventionally 'vocal'. Instead they enjoyed a freedom and creativity based on their ability to express text, act and communicate physically, and exploit the era's media. By these and other means, singers played a crucial role in the creation of opera up to the end of the nineteenth century.
Diagnostic Evaluation of Ataxic Patients

Publisher Summary Ataxia is a neurologic symptom, defined as a lack of accuracy or coordination of movement It is the predominant symptom of cerebellar disease, but inaccuracy of movement may also be caused by muscle weakness or alterations in tone, intrusion of involuntary movements, large-fiber/posterior column sensory loss, central or peripheral vestibular problems, visual changes, or any combination of them, and so may be an accompanying symptom of other noncerebellar, neurologic conditions. The spectrum of cerebellar disease extends from the pure or predominantly cerebellar syndromes through complex conditions that affect many parts of the neuraxis. Molecular genetic research in the past decade has identified a growing number of gene mutations that result in inherited ataxia, which has greatly improved efforts to classify these disorders, explain their pathophysiology, and develop gene-specific therapies. It has also simplified and reduced the cost of the diagnostic work-up and improved the accuracy of prognostication and genetic counseling for patients and families. However, even in a family with a genetically defined ataxia, specific individuals may also have acquired factors or a second genetic condition that contributes to the primary disease, or is responsible for all the symptoms, in someone who may not carry the defective gene at all.
Understanding the evolution of users' personal information management practices

Information is being disseminated much faster than we can assimilate it, leading to information overload. In addition to desktop computers, users use a vast array of other devices to manage their information, which leads to information fragmentation. It has not yet been studied how users adapt their information management practices in response to the introduction of new devices into their personal information ecosystem. As part of my doctoral research, I plan to study this evolution, which is important for the design of next-generation devices and to establish future research directions in personal information management.
Rotating DC Homopolar Machines

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Principle Configuration Design Challenges Prototypes Summary References
Abstract 19177: Effect of Aging on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Patients

Background: The role of patient age on the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is controversial, with some data suggesting a decline in responsiveness with age. We hypothesized that the therapeutic effect of culture expanded MSCs persists even in older subjects. Methods: We divided ICM patients from the TAC-HFT and POSEIDON trials who received MSCs via transendocardial stem cell injection (TESI) into two age groups: <60 yrs vs. ≥ 60 yrs. Functional capacity measures: Six Minute Walking Distance (6MWD) and quality of life measures: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) score were compared at baseline, at 6 months and 1 year post-TESI. Cardiac imaging parameters including absolute scar size, ejection fraction (EF), end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), and sphericity index (SI) were compared at baseline and 1-year post-TESI. Results: Median age of the 49 patients was 63.2 years (range, 32.5-79.0 yrs) with 47% being <60 and 53%...
Space-Time Tradeoffs for Oblivious Interger Multiplications

An extension of a result by Grigoryev is used to derive a lower bound on the space-time product required for integer multiplication when realized by straight-line algorithms. If S is the number of temporary storage locations used by a straight-line algorithm on a random-access machine and T is the number of computation steps, then we show that (S+1)T ⩾ Ω(n2) for binary integer multiplication when the basis for the straight-line algorithm is a set of Boolean functions.
High Resolution Methods

In the previous chapter, we observed that monotone methods for scalar conservation laws are TVD and satisfy a discrete entropy condition. Hence they converge in a nonoscillatory manner to the unique entropy solution. However, monotone methods are at most first order accurate, giving poor accuracy in smooth regions of the flow. Moreover, shocks tend to be heavily smeared and poorly resolved on the grid. These effects are due to the large amount of numerical dissipation in monotone methods. Some dissipation is obviously needed to give nonoscillatory shocks and to ensure that we converge to the vanishing viscosity solution, but monotone methods go overboard in this direction.
The aeronautical data link: taxonomy, architectural analysis, and optimization

The future Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) System will rely on global satellite navigation, and ground-based and satellite based communications via Multi-Protocol Networks (e.g. combined Aeronautical Telecommunications Network (ATN)/Internet Protocol (IP)) to bring about needed improvements in efficiency and safety of operations to meet increasing levels of air traffic. This paper will discuss the development of an approach that completely describes optimal data link architecture configuration and behavior to meet the multiple conflicting objectives of concurrent and different operations functions. The practical application of the approach enables the design and assessment of configurations relative to airspace operations phases. The approach includes a formal taxonomic classification, an architectural analysis methodology, and optimization techniques. The formal taxonomic classification provides a multidimensional correlation of data link performance with data link service, information protocol, spectrum, and technology mode; and to flight operations phase and environment. The architectural analysis methodology assesses the impact of a specific architecture configuration and behavior on the local ATM system performance. Deterministic and stochastic optimization techniques maximize architectural design effectiveness while addressing operational, technology, and policy constraints.
Do the ends justify the means? A test of alternatives to the FDA proposed cigarette warning labels.

Three studies provide empirical, social scientific tests of alternatives to the originally proposed U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cigarette package warning labels on health risk beliefs, perceived fear, and effectiveness. Our research addresses questions at the root of the legal disputes surrounding FDA regulation of cigarette package warning labels. Specifically, we describe results from three studies that investigate the mediating role of health beliefs and perceived fear in shaping message effectiveness and intentions to quit. The first study featured nonsmoking young adults, while the second and third studies sampled adult daily smokers. Each study was a randomized experiment with five warning-label image conditions: full-color graphic warning labels, black-and-white graphic warning labels, warning text (no graphic image), Surgeon General’s warning labels, and no warning. Results consistently indicate that graphic warning labels (in both color and black-and-white) promote increased perceptio...
AAEE case report #20: hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, type I

A case study is reported regarding a 32-year-old man with classic clinical and electrophysiologic features of hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, type I (HMSN I), a slowly progressive autosomal dominant condition marked by slow motor and sensory velocities and generalized segmental demyelination. Another clinically similar autosomal dominant neuropathy (HMSN II) is distinguished from HMSN I by nearly normal nerve conduction velocity. Acquired demyelinating neuropathy may occasionally resemble HMSN I clinically, but the former demonstrates electrophysiologic features not seen in the latter such as conduction block, dispersed compound muscle action potentials, and differential slowing of conduction velocity. Neuropathologic studies of HMSN I suggest that both neuronal and Schwann cell distrubances play a role in pathogenesis.
92% pump depletion in a continuous-wave one-pump fiber optical parametric amplifier.

Theory shows that near-complete pump depletion can be obtained in uniform fiber-optic parametric amplifiers (OPA’s) for a particular phase-matching condition. We have demonstrated 92% pump depletion in a cw fiber OPA, with a 200-mW pump at 1560 nm in an 11-km-long dispersion-shifted fiber.
Review Article: Structure and Function of the Epididymis

Testicular spermatozoa are functionally immature in that they cannot fertilize ova. It was first demonstrated by Young [171, 172] that spermatozoa undergo certain changes as they migrate through the epididymis. He proposed that spermatozoa ripen during epididymal transit. It is now known that specific maturational changes occur in spermatozoa during epididymal transit which result in their developing the ability to fertilize ova. Concomitant with this functional maturity are changes in spermatozoal morphology, motility, chemistry, permeability, density and metabolism. It is apparent that in some way not understood these changes are necessary for sperm to achieve the ability to complete the fertilization process. When these mechanisms are understood, we may be able to effectively treat conditions such as necrospermia or abnormally low sperm motility. Furthermore, with the development of the hamster-egg penetration test a “new” type of male infertility has become evident in recent years; the inability of otherwise normal sperm to penetrate an ovum. It is during epididymal transit that this ability is normally acquired. Thus, any insight into how sperm attain the capacity to penetrate an ovum could lead to an effective treatment of patients whose sperm do not have this ability. In addition, the epididymis holds significant promise as the site of action for a male contraceptive. Thus, it is the purpose of this review to describe the structure and function of the mammalian epididymis with particular emphasis on the factors regulating sperm maturation.
An autoradiographic study of the generation cycle in the ten-day mouse embryo neural tube☆

Abstract An autoradiographic study of the generation cycle in the 10-day-old mouse embryo neural tube shows a total generation time of 8.5 hr, and a DNA synthetic period of approximately 4.0 hr. Though growth appears to be almost exponential over the early part of the time studied, increasing migration and differentiation of labeled cells becomes evident towards the end of the observation period. Between day 10 and day 11, the mean Ts increases by approximately 1 hr. This increase in the S period appears to correlate with the transition between the phase of predominate cell proliferation in the 10 day neural tube and accelerated migration and differentiation of the 11 day neural tube.
INFORMATION AGGREGATION IN COMMON VALUE AUCTIONS

A key question in information economics and finance is whether prices aggregate information in a competitive environment. That is, when agents are endowed with private information, does competition lead in the limit to prices which would occur if all information were public?. This paper examines the asymptotic properties of prices in common value auctions when the number of bidders becomes large. The main idea in this paper is to separate the issue of information aggregation from the issue of revenue efficiency. We also distinguish between the amount of information prices contain, and the degree to which prices approximate the asset’s value. Using this approach we get a simple characterization of the limiting distribution of prices. We are not only able to answer whether prices converge to the asset’s value, but also get an explicit form for the limiting distribution. Prices converge to the expected value of the asset conditional on the information possessed by what we call the “pivotal bidder.” This provides insights on how the auction format and the information structure influence the limiting behavior of prices. It shows that the limiting distribution of prices can be derived from the statistical properties of certain order statistics. This lets us abstract from the specific equilibrium bidding strategies. For example, we show that while the first and second price auction have different equilibrium strategies they share a similar limiting distribution of prices. These auctions yield different limiting distributions from auctions such as the English auction or kn auction. Our
Selective photothermal interaction using an 805-nm diode laser and indocyanine green in gel phantom and chicken breast tissue.

. Laser immunotherapy, a novel therapy for breast cancer, utilises selective photothermal interaction to raise the temperature of tumour tissue above the cell damage threshold. Photothermal interaction is achieved with intratumoral injection of a laser-absorbing dye followed by non-invasive laser irradiation. When tumour heating is used in combination with immunoadjuvant to stimulate an immune response, antitumour immunity can be achieved. In this study, the selective photothermal effect was investigated using gel phantom and chicken breast tissue. An 805-nm diode laser and indocyanine green (ICG) were used. An ICG-containing gelatin phantom was constructed to simulate targeted tumour tissue. The target gel was buried inside chicken breast tissue and the tissue–gel construct was irradiated by the laser. Temperatures at different locations in the construct were measured during the laser irradiation. For comparison, the thermal effect of an Nd:YAG laser on the tissue–gel construct was also investigated. Selective heating of target gel containing 0.27% ICG and buried 1 cm below the chicken tissue surface was achieved with the 805-nm diode laser using a power of 0.85 W and beam radius of 1 cm. The target gel experienced a temperature increase of more then 6°C whereas the surrounding chicken breast tissue experienced only a minor temperature increase. The feasibility of this experimental set-up has been shown. It will be used in the future to optimise treatment parameters such as laser power, laser beam radius, and dye concentration.
Verifying the hedonic vs. utilitarian consumer attitudes categorization: the case of spas and salons

The marketing and consumer behavior literature has long used the categorizations of ‘hedonic’ and ‘utilitarian’ to distinguish among various types of goods and services. Previous research has shown that consumers perceive these two categories of goods and services differently and that consumer behavior can vary depending upon which category a product or service falls into. The present study attempts to shed light on consumer perceptions of spa and salon experiences, in an effort to gain an understanding of how women define their visits to these establishments. Our study employs a qualitative methodology, using semi-structured interviews and grounded theory to explicate the ways in which women perceive their spa and salon visits. Our findings indicate that women experience their spa visits as hedonic, while they view their salon visits as utilitarian experiences. Managerial implications are discussed.
Effect of Health Care Financing Administration Regulation on Radiology Fellowship Training

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) regulations on radiology fellowship training. Materials and Methods. Surveys were sent to 157 fellowship program directors in body imaging and vascular/interventional radiology. Questions addressed program accreditation status, faculty supervision of fellows, and any change in faculty supervision of fellows in response to HCFA's revised plan for Medicare Part B reimbursement. Results. Eighty of 157 (51%) surveys were returned. Thirty (37%) respondents indicated supervision of fellows had changed after institution of the new HCFA rules in July 1996. Vascular/interventional program directors (n = 25, 49%) were more likely to have changed their practice than body imaging program directors (n = 5, 17%). Nearly all respondents (29 of 30, 97%) indicating a change stated supervision had increased. Twenty-seven (33%) respondents also indicated faculty supervision was beyond that necessary for patient care and house staff education; most of these respondents (21 of 27, 78%) stated the new HCFA regulations were responsible. Many program directors also expressed concern the HCFA regulations might prevent fellows from obtaining sufficient experience to effectively learn independent clinical decision-making. Conclusion. HCFA regulations intended to address attending physician billing practices at teaching institutions may have had the unintended effect of substantively altering the training of radiology fellows.
Albuterol and insulin for treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients

Albuterol and insulin for treatment of hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients. We evaluated in maintenance hemodialysis patients the potassium lowering effects of intravenous insulin with glucose, nebulized albuterol, and a regimen combining both modalities. There was a similar decrease in plasma potassium following, either insulin with glucose (0.65 ± 0.09 mmol/liter) or albuterol (0.66 ± 0.12 mmol/liter), and a substantially greater fall with the combined regimen (1.21 ± 0.19 mmol/liter, P
Fault-tolerant quantum repeaters for long-distance quantum communication based on quantum dots

We present a proposal for a quantum repeater which uses fault-tolerant quantum error correction to overcome decoherence limitations to creating long-distance entanglement between quantum dot spin qubits.
Primacy or Recency? A Study of Order Effects When Nonprofessional Investors are Provided a Long Series of Disclosures

ABSTRACT: Firms have the incentive to aggregate multiple pieces of good and bad news together in a consistent direction (i.e., all positive news or all negative news) and disclose it either sequentially or all together (simultaneously) in order to reduce the risk of stock price volatility or large stock price declines. Unfortunately for investors, disclosure patterns such as these may result in order effects, which reduce decision quality. My paper examines the results of three experiments in order to determine: (1) which order effect, if any, results when long series of consistent direction voluntary disclosures are made, and (2) if the sequential or simultaneous nature of the disclosures exacerbates any order effect found. The first two experiments use undergraduates as participants, while the third experiment uses actual nonprofessional investors to try and tease out explanations for the experimental findings. I find recency effects for all conditions in all experiments, and significantly greater recen...
Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Metadata Scheme: An Analysis of Use of the EAD Headers

An exploratory study was designed to gain a perspective on the current state of Encoded Archival Description (EAD) metadata use and quality. This article examines the implementation of EAD metadata at 6 digital archival repositories. It identifies EAD metadata elements that evince the most frequent inconsistent and incomplete usage. For this, the header areas of a collection of 150 randomly collected EAD metadata records were analyzed in terms of frequency, completeness, and consistency. In addition to these criteria, 3 best practices guidelines for EAD were consulted to determine how EAD metadata tags are used in local repositories vis-a-vis the guidelines. Analysis focuses on patterns of usage of certain aspects of EAD metadata within each repository as well as comparison across all 6 repositories. Implications and issues drawn from the evaluation are also discussed in relation to the issue of semantic interoperability across EAD digital repositories.
Implications of warping restraint on statics and dynamics of elastically tailored thin-walled composite beams

Abstract Static response and free vibration of elastically tailored thin-walled beams accounting for the warping restraint effect are investigated via an exact solution methodology within the context of a refined beam model. Analytical results obtained from the restrained warping model are compared with those based on its Saint–Venant model counterpart. It is revealed that the beam slenderness and thickness ratio, as well as the elastic anisotropy, considered in conjunction with the warping restraint have profound effects on the static and dynamic response characteristics. It is also shown that even for anisotropic composite thin-walled beams with high slenderness ratios, warping restraint can still be significant, implying the inadequacy of merely considering the geometric aspects in the modeling of anisotropic composite thin-walled beams.
What time reversal invariance is and why it matters

David Albert's Time and Chance (2000) provides a fresh and interesting perspective on the problem of the direction of time. Unfortunately, the book opens with a highly non-standard exposition of time reversal invariance that distorts the subsequent discussion. The present article not only has the remedial goal of setting the record straight about the meaning of time reversal invariance, but it also aims to show how the niceties of this symmetry concept matter to the problem of the direction of time and to related foundation issues in physics.
Plasma injected into an illuminated photoconductor

Abstract A new mode of photoconductivity is suggested based on the mechanism of double injection in the injected plasma mode. It predicts a photoconductivity that is always superlinear in voltage and can be sublinear in intensity. In particular, it admits an (intensity) 1 3 dependence.
Pseudoentrapment of ointment in the cornea.

A previously unrecognized characteristic clinical entity, "pseudoentrapment of ointment in the cornea" may occur in corneal lesions that have (1) topical application of ointments to the corneal lesion, (2) application of a firm pressure dressing, and (3) stromal loss or distortion of its normal architecture that allows for ointment globules to lie below the corneal surface. The clinical picture is that of a cluster of large ointment globules lodged within the corneal defect. Experimental data suggest that the ointment globules are entrapped within the wound exudates and lodged below the plane of the corneal surface. No treatment is necessary since the globules are extruded within the next 24 to 48 hours even if the pressure dressing is continued. Pseudoentrapment of ointment in the cornea is compared with and differentiated from corneal ointment entrapment and corneal spheroidal degeneration.
Evaluating Large-Scale Studies to Accurately Appraise Children's Performance

Educational policy is often developed using a top-down approach. Recently, there has been a concerted shift in policy for educators to develop programs and research proposals that evolve from “scientific” studies and focus less on their intuition, aided by professional wisdom. This article analyzes several national and international educational studies that have recently been made available to the public. Recommendations for teachers, personnel preparation professionals, and policymakers are based upon selected aggregate and disaggregated data. Results challenge the negative public perception of U.S. education, question the current trend to spend more class and homework time on informational literacy, and advocate for a more balanced approach to early childhood preparation across the content areas.
Effects of Moisture, Temperature, and Time on Seed Germination of Five Wetland Carices: Implications for Restoration

Successful restoration of sedge meadow wetlands is limited by lack of information regarding reintroduction of sedge (Carex) propagules. While restoration from seed is common for prairie restorations, little is known about the germination characteristics of many wetland plants, including sedges. We present the results of a 2.5-year study on seed germination and viability for five species of Carex common to sedge meadow and prairie pothole wetlands in temperate North America. Seed storage and germination conditions were investigated to determine the optimum combination for maintaining seed viability and stimulating germination rates over time. Seeds were germinated under seven different temperature and three moisture regimes after storage for 4, 10, and 14 months under one of four different storage regimes (dry-warm, dry-cold, moist-cold, and wet-cold). The efficacy of short-term wet-cold stratification to stimulate germination of 2.5-year-old seed after long-term dry storage was also investigated. Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex lacustris showed the greatest germination response after wet-cold or moist-cold storage, while Carex lasiocarpa and Carex rostrata showed similar rates of germination after either wet-cold or dry-warm storage. Wet-cold long-term storage was associated with a high level of viability in all five species after 2.5 years. Viability and germination rates were reduced in Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex lasiocarpa after long-term dry-cold storage. Germination rates of seeds stored dry for 2.5 years are not improved by short-term wet-cold treatment in any species tested. Carex seeds should be stored under wet-cold conditions to maintain seed viability over time, thus increasing the likelihood of seeding success for sedge meadow restoration.
Graphing in depth: Perspectives on the use of three-dimensional graphs to represent lower-dimensional data.

Abstract Embellishing simple graphs by adding perspective, 'the 3D look, has become increasingly commonplace with the ready availability of graphics software. However, the effect of adding such decorative depth on the comprehension and recall of the graph's message has received little attention. The present study evaluated performance on such common graphical formats as line graphs, bar charts and pie charts constructed with and without the 3D look. When subjects were asked to make relative magnitude estimations, only the 3D line graphs resulted in reliable performance decrements. Likewise, information presented in 3D line graphs was remembered less accurately than information presented in 2D line graphs. For the estimation of global trends, both 3D line graphs and bar charts were used more quickly than 2D formats, but this speed was obtained at the expense of accuracy. For a trend classification task involving more focused processing, 3D line graphs and bar charts were associated with an overall performa...
High Technology and Education: Educating Educators in the Use of Microcomputers

(1985). High Technology and Education: Educating Educators in the Use of Microcomputers. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 197-198.
Transport coefficients of hard-sphere mixtures: Theory and Monte Carlo molecular-dynamics calculations for an isotopic mixture

The thermal transport properties of mixtures can be formulated in a number of ways, depending on the choice of driving forces for the transport of heat and matter, without violating the Onsager conditions. Here we treat transport in mixtures based on the driving forces -del ln T and -T del(..mu../sub a//T), with T the temperature and ..mu../sub a/ the specific chemical potential, to obtain the Green-Kubo expressions and the Enskog theory for the corresponding transport coefficients which seem most amenable to molecular-dynamics evaluation. The transport properties of a hard-sphere mixture (mass ratio of 0.1, diameter ratio of 1.0, at a volume of three times close-packed volume), calculated by a Monte Carlo, molecular-dynamics method based on the Green-Kubo formulas, are compared with the predictions of the Enskog theory. The long-time behavior of the Green-Kubo time-correlation functions for shear viscosity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusion, and mutual diffusion are found to be in good agreement with the predictions of mode-coupling theory. Except for viscosity, the contribution of the long-time tails to the transport coefficients is found to be significant. We obtain values, relative to Enskog, of 1.016 +- 0.007 for shear viscosity, 1.218 +- 0.009 for thermal conductivity, 1.267 +- 0.026 for thermalmore » diffusion, and 1.117 +- 0.008 for mutual diffusion.« less
Phylogenetic relationships of Chaetomium and similar genera based on ribosomal DNA sequences

The 30 taxa sampled for this study were chosen based on their taxonomic position or partic- ular morphological characters, which are related to those of Chaetomium. The 15 fungal isolates se- quenced herein were obtained during a fungal bio- diversity survey of tropical soils or from the collec- tions of R.T. Hanlin. Fifteen species were selected from the published data. The aligned sequences of the 5' portion of the 18S ribosomal DNA were ana- lyzed to infer the phylogenetic relationships among Chaetomium and related genera. The sequence data confirmed the generic entity of Achaetomium and placed Ascotricha within the Xylariaceae. The analyses also defined the monophyletic lineage of the Mi- croascaceae and the evolutionary linkages between the families Sordariaceae and Chaetomiaceae. The placement of Coniochaeta in the Coniochaetaceae and Chaetomium and Achaetomium in the Chaetomi- aceae, under the order Sordariales, is supported by
Brief report: The protective effects of school engagement for African American adolescent males

This study examined whether school engagement was protective with regard to externalizing behaviors, gang involvement, sexual debut, and unsafe sexual behaviors among African American adolescent males. Self-administered surveys were administered to 219 male students from an urban Chicago high school. Controlling for age and socioeconomic status, higher school engagement levels were associated with lower rates of aggressive behaviors, lower levels of gang involvement, delay of sexual debut, and lower levels of unsafe sexual behaviors. Findings support the development of school-based interventions designed to promote student–teacher bonds, academic performance, and after-school activities for African American youth.
BIODIVERSITY CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATIVE FUTURE LAND USE SCENARIOS IN GREATER YELLOWSTONE

Land use is rapidly expanding in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, primarily from growth in the number of rural homes. There is a need to project possible future land use and assess impacts on nature reserves as a guide to future management. We assessed the potential biodiversity impacts of alternative future land use scenarios in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. An existing regression-based simulation model was used to project three alternative scenarios of future rural home development. The spatial patterns of forecasted development were then compared to several biodiversity response variables that included cover types, species habitats, and biodiversity indices. We identified the four biodiversity responses most at risk of exurban development, designed growth management policies to protect these areas, and tested their effectiveness in two alternative future scenarios. We found that the measured biodiversity responses, including riparian habitat, elk winter range, migration corridors, and eight other land cover, habitat, and biodiversity indices, are likely to undergo substantial conversion (between 5% and 40%) to exurban development by 2020. Future habitat conversion to exurban development outside the region's nature reserves is likely to impact wildlife populations within the reserves. Existing growth management policies will provide minimal protection to biodiversity in this region. We identified specific growth management policies, including incentives to cluster future growth near towns, that can protect ''at risk'' habitat types without limiting overall growth in housing.
Mark on the globe: a quest for scientific bases of geographic information and its international influence

David M. Mark published his first journal article in 1970. Since then, he has written or coauthored more than 220 publications over a period of 40 years as of 28 May 2012. Based on data from Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar, Mark’s publications have been cited over 7410 times by researchers in more than 80 countries or regions as of 28 May 2012, when this paper was first prepared. The geographic extent of Mark’s scholarly influence is truly global. An examination of his 20 most cited articles reveals that his work in diverse areas as digital elevation models, geomorphology, geographic cognition, and ontology of the geospatial domain enjoyed a lasting impact worldwide.
In vivo and in vitro cell-mediated immunity to tetanus toxoid in adults☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate tetanus toxoid (TT) as an indicator of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity (CDH) in adults. Fifty-two normal subjects, aged 25 to 64 yr, were skin tested with TT and streptokinase-streptodornase (SK/SD). Lymphocyte transformation was studied in seven normal TT reactors, four normal TT nonreactors, and seven hospitalized anergic patients. CDH was common with both TT and SK/SD; 90% of the adults, aged 25 to 39 yr, had CDH reactions to TT and 79% had CDH reactions to SK/SD. In adults aged 40 to 64 yr, 75% had CDH reactions to TT and 59% had CDH reactions to SK/SD. Lymphocyte transformation to TT correlated well with TT skin-test results. Punch biopsy specimens of TT reactions 48 hr after skin testing demonstrated CDH. We conclude that TT is an excellent antigen for assessing the presence or absence of CDH in adults aged 25 to 64 yr.
Histochemical studies of an inclusion body and P-protein in phloem ofXylosma congestum

Histochemical studies revealed that both the P-protein and a spheroidal inclusion body in sieve tubes ofXylosma congestum are acidic proteins. This protein may be conjugated to phosphate moieties. Trypsin, pepsin, and trypsin followed by pepsin extractions did not completely break down the P-protein and there was only a partial effect on the inclusion body. This body is considered not to be an “extrusion nucleolus”. Tests for DNA, RNA, and lipids were negative for mature sieve elements. Immature sieve elements contained a basic protein fraction.
On some small cardinals for Boolean algebras

Assume that all algebras are atomless. (1) Spind( A × B ) = Spind( A ) ∪ Spind( B ). (2) Spind( A i ). Now suppose that κ and λ are infinite cardinals, with κ uncountable and regular and with κ λ . (3) There is an atomless Boolean algebra A such that u( A ) = κ and i ( A ) = λ . (4) If λ is also regular, then there is an atomless Boolean algebra A such that t( A ) = s ( A ) = κ and α ( A ) = λ . All results are in ZFC, and answer some problems posed in Monk [01] and Monk [∞].
γ-amino butyric acid and glutamic acid in Manduca sexta: Proposed roles in insect development

Abstract 1. In the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, the haemolymph titres of γ-amino butyruc acid (GABA) and glutamic acid range from 0.03–0.40 × 10−3 M and 0.1–7.8 × 10−3 M, respectively, during the last larval instar. 2. Glutamic acid in hemolymph does not appear to be derived from haemocytes. 3. Increases in GABA and glutamate haemolymph titres occur sequentially and independently of changes in the titres of ecdysone and juvenile hormone. 4. A single injection of GABA sufficient to initially raise the haemolymph titre to 4 mM on each day of the larval-pupal transformation causes a 12–18 hr delay in the time of the larval-pupal ecdysis. 5. A single injection of glutamate sufficient to initially raise the haemolymph titre by 2 mM on each day of the larval-pupal transformation was without apparent effect on co-ordinated body movements or on the time of the larval-pupil ecdysis. 6. When GABAase is injected into hornworms whose GABA titres are rising (pink stripe + 1 day, through pink stripe + 3 days), haemolymph GABA titres decline, rates of haemolymph GABA turnover increase and the time of the larval-pupil ecdysis is advanced significantly. 7. When hornworms are administered GABAase at the pink stripe stage in development, a time when the titre of haemolymph GABA is minimal, the time of ecdysis is normal. 8. A possible role for GABA during the larval-pupal transformation may be in preventing premature initiation of pre-ecdysial behavior, while a proposed role for glutamic acid is to potentiate those coordinated neuro-muscular activities necessary for successful ecdysis which had been inhibited by GABA.
Cleveland’s Hough riots of 1966: ghettoisation and egalitarian (re)inscription

This article is concerned with Cleveland's Hough riots of 1966. The Hough neighbourhood experienced rapid racial transition and ghettoisation as a result of urban renewal, suburbanisation and freew...
The Appropriate Bargaining Unit Question Under the Railway Labor Act

Historical background, 250.— The 1934 Amendments, 252.—-The meaning of "craft or class," 253. — The meaning of "carrier," 256. — The race question and the bargaining unit, 260. — The foremen and the bargaining unit, 263. — The bargaining unit in the air transport industry, 265. — Conclusions, 266.
Beyond the Binaries: Depolarizing the Categories of Sex, Sexuality, and Gender*

Most sociological research designs assume that each person has one sex. one sexuality, and one gender, congruent with each other and fixed for life. Postmodern feminists and queer theorists have been interrogating bodies, desires, and genders, but sociology has not. Deconstructing sex, sexuality, and gender reveals many possible categories embedded in social experiences and social practices. As researchers, as theorists, and as activists, sociologists have to go beyond paying lip service to the diversity of bodies, sexualities, genders. The sociologist's task should be to deconstruct the conventional categories of sex, sexuality, and gender and build new complex, cross-cutting constructs into research designs. There are revolutionary possibilities inherent in rethinking the categories of gender, sexuality, and physiological sex. Sociological data that challenge conventional knowledge by reframing the questions could provide legitimacy for new ways of thinking. Data that undermine the supposed natural dichotomies on which the social orders of most modern societies are still based could radically alter political discourses that valorize biological causes, essential heterosexuality, and traditional gender roles in families and workplaces.
Derivation of some frequency distributions using the principle of maximum entropy (POME)

Abstract The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was employed to develop a procedure for derivation of a number of frequency distributions used in hydrology. The procedure required specification of constraints and maximization of entropy, and is thus a solution of the classical optimization problem. The POME led to a unique technique for parameter estimation. For six selected river gaging stations, parameters of the gamma distribution, the log-Pearson type III distribution and extreme value type I distribution fitted to annual maximum discharges, were evaluated by this technique and compared with those obtained by using the methods of moments and maximum likelihood estimation. The concept of entropy, used as a measured of uncertainty associated with a specified distribution, facilitated this comparison.
Topological and Algebraic Properties of the Subgroup Generated by the Involutions in a Compact Ring

ABSTRACT: An analogue, W, of the Weyl group for a compact ring A is defined. A description of the topological and algebraic properties of W is given, as well as an indication of how the structure of A reflects that of W.
What nurse practitioners should know about direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medications.

Purpose To describe the marketing strategies of direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising and the risks, benefits, and potential influence on the prescribing practices of nurse practitioners (NPs). Data Sources Journal articles, media sources, and clinical experience. Conclusions The effect of DTC advertising of prescription medications on NPs has not been well studied. Although there are studies that examine the effects of DTC advertising on physician prescribing as well as the effects of this practice on the consumer, opinions on the benefits of DTC advertising are varied. Implications for Practice NPs need to recognize the potential influence of DTC advertising and to be prepared to guide patients toward appropriate medication choices by participating in a partnership with patients. Health care providers, including NPs, need to work with the pharmaceutical industry to encourage accountability of DTC advertising, thus improving dissemination of correct information and promoting positive outcomes for health consumers and patients.
Register file caching for energy efficiency

With the use of faster clocks and larger instruction windows in high-end superscalar processors, the physical register files (RFs) can no longer be accessed in a single cycle. To combat the consequential performance penalty, the RFs employ multiple levels of bypassing. Register file caching, which caches a small subset of the registers in a faster, smaller structure called the register file cache (RFC) has also been proposed as a remedy for this problem. We introduce a relatively simple RFC design that partitions the RFC into two separate components: a FIFO queue for holding register values that are used over a short duration following their writeback and another small set-associative cache holding values that are likely to be used over a longer duration. Results written to the RFC are easily classified into these categories and the classification bit is also used to predict the nature of the result for the next execution of the same instruction. We show that significant energy savings - about 38% on the average - occurs in accessing register operands when a 28-entry RFC is used, together with a 96-entry RF with no additional bypassing when compared with a base case design that has 128 registers with a 2 cycle access time and having one additional level of bypassing. The performance drop compared against the base case is also negligible (0.3% drop).