cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms improve with school-based ADHD interventions? Outcomes and predictors of change.

Background Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a construct that includes symptoms of slowness, excessive daydreaming, and drowsiness. SCT is often comorbid with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and SCT symptoms are associated with significant academic impairment above the influence of ADHD. Despite the overlap between ADHD and SCT and associated impairments, no studies have evaluated how evidence-based psychosocial interventions for adolescents with ADHD impact symptoms of SCT. Methods This study examined whether SCT symptoms improved in a sample of 274 young adolescents with ADHD who were randomly assigned to an organizational skills intervention, homework completion intervention, or to a waitlist control. SCT intervention response was evaluated broadly in all participants and, specifically, for participants in the clinical range for SCT symptom severity at baseline. Change in ADHD symptoms of inattention, executive functioning, and motivation were examined as potential predictors of improvement in SCT. Results The two intervention groups were collapsed together for analyses because there were no significant differences in change in SCT symptoms. Multilevel modeling results indicate that parent-reported SCT symptoms significantly decreased when comparing the intervention group to waitlist control (d = .410). For adolescents with parent-reported clinical levels of SCT, the decrease in symptoms was more pronounced (d = .517). Self-reported SCT symptoms produced null results, though effect size calculations showed small improvement for the full sample (d = .313) and for the high-SCT group (d = .384). Change in behavior regulation executive functioning (d = .247), metacognitive executive functioning (d = .346), and inattention (d = .230) predicted change in parent-reported SCT symptoms. Conclusions Although not specifically designed to decrease SCT symptoms, the ADHD interventions evaluated in this study resulted in significant improvements in parent-reported SCT with small to moderate effect sizes. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed, including development of interventions for adolescents with high levels of SCT.
Cost-effective detection of genome-wide signatures for 2,4-D herbicide resistance adaptation in red clover.

Herbicide resistance is a recurrent evolutionary event that has been reported across many species and for all major herbicide modes of action. The synthetic auxinic herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used since the 1940s, however the genetic variation underlying naturally evolving resistance remains largely unknown. In this study, we used populations of the forage legume crop red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) that were recurrently selected for 2,4-D resistance to detect genome-wide signatures of adaptation. Four susceptible and six derived resistant populations were sequenced using a less costly approach by combining targeted sequencing (Capture-Seq) with pooled individuals (Pool-Seq). Genomic signatures of selection were identified using: (i) pairwise allele frequency differences; (ii) genome scan for overly differentiated loci; and (iii) genome‐wide association. Fifty significant SNPs were consistently detected, most located in a single chromosome, which can be useful for marker assisted selection. Additionally, we searched for candidate genes at these genomic regions to gain insights into potential molecular mechanisms underlying 2,4-D resistance. Among the predicted functions of candidate genes, we found some related to the auxin metabolism, response to oxidative stress, and detoxification, which are also promising for further functional validation studies.
19 – COMPARATIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of comparative economic systems. The institutions and organizations of an economy influence economic outcomes. The chapter focuses primarily on private property and market-directed economies. The economies of the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, and most of Western Europe fall into this category. These economies do not always rely on market forces. The government regulates many private industries. Government ownership and operation of utilities, transportation, communication, and educational facilities are not uncommon, even in Western countries. In addition, taxes and government subsidies are sometimes used to alter market outcomes. At present, one-third of the world's population lives in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China. The economies of these countries are organized along socialist lines. They are characterized by central planning and government ownership. Market-directed capitalism and centrally planned socialism are two systems of economic organization. However, there are many variations of each. For example, the economic organization of Yugoslavia differs substantially from that of the Soviet Union. The Japanese economy differs from the capitalistic organization of the United States and western European countries. After examining the general institutional arrangements of both socialist and capitalist systems, the chapter focuses on the economic organization and performance of three interesting economies—those of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Japan.
2.15 – Hydrogeophysics

Developing a predictive understanding of subsurface flow and transport is complicated by the disparity of scales across which controlling hydrological properties and processes span. Conventional techniques for characterizing hydrogeological properties (such as pumping, slug, and flowmeter tests) typically rely on borehole access to the subsurface. Because their spatial extent is commonly limited to the vicinity near the wellbores, these methods often cannot provide sufficient information to describe key controls on subsurface flow and transport. The field of hydrogeophysics has evolved in recent years to explore the potential that geophysical methods hold for improving the quantification of subsurface properties and processes relevant for hydrological investigations. This chapter is intended to familiarize hydrogeologists and water-resource professionals with the state of the art as well as existing challenges associated with hydrogeophysics. We provide a review of the key components of hydrogeophysical studies, which include: geophysical methods commonly used for shallow subsurface characterization; petrophysical relationships used to link the geophysical properties to hydrological properties and state variables; and estimation or inversion methods used to integrate hydrological and geophysical measurements in a consistent manner. We demonstrate the use of these different geophysical methods, petrophysical relationships, and estimation approaches through several field-scale case studies. Among other applications, the case studies illustrate the use of hydrogeophysical approaches to quantify subsurface architecture that influence flow (such as hydrostratigraphy and preferential pathways); delineate anomalous subsurface fluid bodies (such as contaminant plumes); monitor hydrological processes (such as infiltration, freshwater–seawater interface dynamics, and flow through fractures); and estimate hydrological properties (such as hydraulic conductivity) and state variables (such as water content). The case studies have been chosen to illustrate how hydrogeophysical approaches can yield insights about complex subsurface hydrological processes, provide input that improves flow and transport predictions, and provide quantitative information over field-relevant spatial scales. The chapter concludes by describing existing hydrogeophysical challenges and associated research needs. In particular, we identify the area of quantitative watershed hydrogeophysics as a frontier area, where significant effort is required to advance the estimation of hydrological properties and processes (and their uncertainties) over spatial scales relevant to the management of water resources and contaminants.
The role of statins in the prevention of preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a common hypertensive disorder of pregnancy associated with considerable neonatal and maternal morbidities and mortalities. However, the exact cause of preeclampsia remains unknown; it is generally accepted that abnormal placentation resulting in the release of soluble antiangiogenic factors, coupled with increased oxidative stress and inflammation, leads to systemic endothelial dysfunction and the clinical manifestations of the disease. Statins have been found to correct similar pathophysiological pathways that underlie the development of preeclampsia. Pravastatin, specifically, has been reported in various preclinical and clinical studies to reverse the pregnancy-specific angiogenic imbalance associated with preeclampsia, to restore global endothelial health, and to prevent oxidative and inflammatory injury. Human studies have found a favorable safety profile for pravastatin, and more recent evidence does not support the previous teratogenic concerns surrounding statins in pregnancy. With reassuring and positive findings from pilot studies and strong biological plausibility, statins should be investigated in large clinical randomized-controlled trials for the prevention of preeclampsia.
Understanding Use of Real-World Data and Real-World Evidence to Support Regulatory Decisions on Medical Product Effectiveness

RWE has potential to provide efficient and relevant information on the effectiveness of medical products, complementing the data generated in clinical trials; however, how RWE can support regulatory decision-making is unclear, potentially limiting its use. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize instances where RWE was included in the evidence package to support the effectiveness of a medical product regulated by U.S. Food and Drug Administration. A retrospective landscape analysis was conducted to identify instances where RWE was submitted to support effectiveness through targeted review of white and gray literature and publicly available FDA reviews of medical products. Trained evaluators examined FDA reviews to determine if and how RWE contributed to regulatory decision-making regarding effectiveness. Evaluators identified 34 instances of RWE submitted between 1954 and 2020, where 26% of instances were for oncology, 18% for hematology, and 12% for neurology. Over 50% of the products were indicated for use in rare disease or pediatric populations. 82% of products where RWE was submitted received an orphan designation. RWE was included in the product label in 59% of instances. Stated reasons indicating why submitted RWE did not significantly contribute to regulatory decision-making included lack of pre-specification of study design and analysis as well as data reliability and relevancy concerns. While there is historical use of RWE to support medical product effectiveness for oncology and rare diseases, potential exists to leverage the strengths of RWE to support other therapeutic areas and capture outcomes that are most relevant to patients.
Prevalence of U = U Awareness and Its Association with Anticipated HIV Stigma Among Low-Income Heterosexually Active Black and Latino Adults in New York City, 2019.

The fact that people with HIV (PWH) who have an undetectable viral load cannot sexually transmit HIV has been disseminated under the messaging “Undetectable = Untransmittable” (U = U). U = U messag...
Bakdrive: Identifying the Minimum Set of Bacterial Driver Species across Multiple Microbial Communities

Interactions among microbes within microbial communities have been shown to play crucial roles in human health. In spite of recent progress, low-level knowledge of bacteria driving microbial interactions within microbiomes remains unknown, limiting our ability to fully understand and control microbial communities. In this study, we present a novel approach for identifying driver species within microbiomes. Bakdrive infers ecological networks of given metagenomic sequencing samples and identifies minimum sets of driver species using control theory. Bakdrive has three key innovations in this space: (i) it leverages inherent information from metagenomic sequencing samples to identify driver species, (ii) it explicitly takes host-specific variation into consideration, and (iii) it does not require a known ecological network. In extensive simulated data, we demonstrate identifying driver species identified from healthy donor samples and introducing them to the disease samples, we can restore the gut microbiome in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection patients to a healthy state. We also applied Bakdrive to two real datasets, rCDI and Crohn9s disease patients, uncovering driver species consistent with previous work. In summary, Bakdrive provides a novel approach for teasing apart microbial interactions. Bakdrive is open-source and available at https://gitlab.com/treangenlab/bakdrive
Teaching Ethics in a Forensic Science Curriculum

Higher education programs in forensic science seldom devote attention to issues of professional ethics in their curricula. This paper describes the results of a pilot study inquiring into the attitudes of undergraduate students before and after exposure to forensic science ethical standards and problems. Recommendations are offered concerning those terms and concepts with which students should be familiar and the skills they need to acquire.
Diabetes Is Predicted by the β Cell Level of Autoantigen

Two novel transgenic (Tg) strains were created expressing hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) in a pancreas-specific fashion. RmHP.111 mice had levels of HEL per cell similar to that of the established ILK-3 strain, while RmHP.117 mice had 10-fold lower levels (50,000 molecules per cell). When bred to 3A9 TCR Tg mice, negative selection occurred equally in all three double-Tg combinations, yet only ILK-3 × 3A9 and RmHP.111 × 3A9 mice became diabetic. Additionally, activated 3A9 cells readily transferred diabetes into ILK-3 or RmHP.111 mice, but only marginally into the RmHP.117 strain. In the peripancreatic lymph node, division of naive 3A9 cells was similar between RmHP.111 and RmHP.117 strains, but pancreatic APCs from RmHP.111 × 3A9 mice stimulated HEL-reactive cells to a much greater degree than those from RmHP.117 × 3A9 mice. In this model, diabetes was dependent upon both initial priming in the peripancreatic lymph node and subsequent presentation in the pancreas, with disease incidence predicted by the β cell level of autoantigen.
Context-driven semantic enrichment of italian news archive

Semantic enrichment of textual data is the operation of linking mentions with the entities they refer to, and the subsequent enrichment of such entities with the background knowledge about them available in one or more knowledge bases (or in the entire web). Information about the context in which a mention occurs, (e.g., information about the time, the topic, and the space, which the text is relative to) constitutes a critical resource for a correct semantic enrichment for two reasons. First, without context, mentions are “too little text” to unambiguously refer to a single entity. Second, knowledge about entities is also context dependent (e.g., speaking about political life of Illinois during 1996, Obama is a Senator, while since 2009, Obama is the US president). In this paper, we describe a concrete approach to context-driven semantic enrichment, built upon four core sub-tasks: detection of mentions in text (i.e., finding references to people, locations and organizations); determination of the context of discourses of the text, identification of the referred entities in the knowledge base, and enrichment of the entity with the knowledge relevant to the context. In such approach, context-driven semantic enrichment needs also to have contextualized background knowledge. To cope with this aspect, we propose a customization of Sesame, one of state-of-the-art knowledge repositories, to support representation and reasoning with contextualized knowledge. The approach has been fully implemented in a system, which has been practically deployed and applied to the textual archive of the local Italian newspaper “L'Adige”, covering the decade of years from 1999 to 2009.
A method for subpart decomposition for overlapped object identification

A number of computer vision systems have been devised to deal with overlapped object identification. Objects can be considered as built by subparts. A special technique of decomposing objects in subparts is used for building object models as lists of above subparts. The subparts are obtained by applying a decomposition algorithm on the edge representation of the object subject to identification. Examples are used to illustrate the approach. >
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON GERMINAL EPITHELIUM OF RAT TESTES.

A quantitative study of changes in the germinal epithelium of rat testes exposed to 43°C for 15 minutes was performed. Testicular tissue was studied at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 26 days after exposure to heat. The frequency distribution of the various stages of spermatogenesis, the resting spermatocytes, spermatogonia and Sertoli cells were not affected by the exposure to heat. On the other hand, primary spermatocytes in stage IX (leptotene), to and including dividing spermatocytes in stage XIV, were injured, excepting for pachytene spermatocytes in stages V and VI of spermatogenesis. The spermatids were affected by heat only in step 1 and the early part of step 2 of spermiogenesis. Those beyond step 2 continued to mature and form adult spermatozoa. The data indicate that heat produces selective damage to the germinal epithelium affecting only specific types of germinal epithelium cells.
An investigation of mating and population maintenance strategies in hybrid genetic heuristics for product line designs

This research builds on prior work on developing near optimal solutions to the product line design problems within the conjoint analysis framework. In this research, we investigate and compare different genetic algorithm operators; in particular, we examine systematically the impact of employing alternative population maintenance strategies and mutation techniques within our problem context. Two alternative population maintenance methods, that we term ''Emigration'' and ''Malthusian'' strategies, are deployed to govern how individual product lines in one generation are carried over to the next generation. We also allow for two different types of reproduction methods termed ''Equal Opportunity'' in which the parents to be paired for mating are selected with equal opportunity and a second based on always choosing the best string in the current generation as one of the parents which is referred to as the ''Queen bee'', while the other parent is randomly selected from the set of parent strings. We also look at the impact of integrating the artificial intelligence approach with a traditional optimization approach by seeding the GA with solutions obtained from a Dynamic Programming heuristic proposed by others. A detailed statistical analysis is also carried out to determine the impact of various problem and technique aspects on multiple measures of performance through means of a Monte Carlo simulation study. Our results indicate that such proposed procedures are able to provide multiple ''good'' solutions. This provides more flexibility for the decision makers as they now have the opportunity to select from a number of very good product lines. The results obtained using our approaches are encouraging, with statistically significant improvements averaging 5% or more, when compared to the traditional benchmark of the heuristic dynamic programming technique.
Effect of annealing cold-drawn polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate below Tg

Abstract Annealing of both cold-drawn atactic polystyrene and cold-drawn poly-methylmethacrylate at temperatures ranging from 50°C to their respective Tg's and for times ranging from 1 to 6 days gradually but completely eliminates the orientation arcing from the wide-angle X-ray diffraction pattern but induces only ∼25% recovery of the cold-drawn deformation (as calculated from dimensional shrinkage). Analogous studies show that the birefringence of cold-drawn polystyrene is reduced by 57% during the annealing treatment. The results are evidence for segmental molecular motion below Tg and suggest that the molecular alignment responsible for the wide-angle X-ray diffraction arcing is not necessarily the same molecular orientation required for dimensional recovery. We have tentatively interpreted these results in terms of our recently proposed structural model consisting of both ordered domains and connecting disordered regions in the amorphous polymeric solid state. Annealing below Tg can produce chain bac...
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANISMS BY WHICH HYPERVENTILATION DECREASES PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE IN THE NEWBORN LAMB

We have previously reported that hyperventilation decreases pulmonary vascular pressures in the newborn lamb. The following study examined whether these pulmonary vascular effects are due to mechanical effects of hyperventilation or due to the respiratory alkalosis, and whether the effects of hyperventilation are mediated by prostaglandin production. Six newborn lambs were anesthetized and appropriate vascular catheters were placed. Each lamb was studied during three baseline periods separated by two periods of hyperventilation, one with hypocarbia and one with normocarbia. Arterial blood gases were normal during the baseline periods and were unchanged during the hyperventilation with normocarbia. During hyperventilation with hypocarbia, marked respiratory alkalosis was produced. During hyperventilation with hypocarbia, pulmonary artery pressure decreased significantly from 25.8±5.53SD to 17.7±2.66SD (p≤.01) and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased significantly from 0.99±.037 to 0.07±.029 (p≤.03). There was no change in these values during hyperventilation with normocarbia. In preliminary studies on 4 newborn lambs pretreated with indomethacin, pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased during hyperventilation with hypocarbia. In newborn lambs, the pulmonary vascular effects of hyperventilation are not due to mechanical factors and may not be due to prostaglandin production.
Critical Thermal Maxima of Two Geographic Strains of Channel and Hybrid Catfish

AbstractCritical thermal maxima have been used extensively to provide physiologically and ecologically valuable reference points that identify early signs of thermal stress. In catfish pond culture, daily temperature maxima up to 36°C and daily fluctuations of as much as 6°C are observed. These extreme conditions will probably be exacerbated by the effects of global climate change. Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus have a broad natural distribution from southern Canada to northern Mexico. If regional genetic differences could cause strains with a southern distribution to have greater thermal tolerance than strains with a northern distribution, and consequently a greater critical thermal maximum, then hybrid catfish (Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish I. furcatus) strains might be expected to have greater critical thermal maxima than their respective Channel Catfish strains because Blue Catfish have a more southern range of distribution. To examine this, we quantified differences of acute thermal tolerance i...
Strategies for Constructing Reaction Networks of Lubricant Degradation

Automated mechanism generation is an essential tool to be able to create mechanistic models of lubricant degradation chemistry. To date, modeling of lubricant degradation has been accomplished only through the use of lumped or pathways-style approaches. These methods have yielded important insights into major degradation pathways but lack predictive power and fail to produce some key trends in the product distribution, even qualitatively. Mechanistic models of lubricant degradation include reactivity of individual species as well as the role of secondary reactions. Such models have much to offer in terms of fundamental understanding of degradation chemistry. Furthermore, they may be exploited to directly study the effect of radical stabilizers and additives. Key results obtained include a quantitative description of the degradation of a model lubricant as well as detailed kinetic correlations for estimating rate constants. This poster presents our efforts to construct detailed reaction mechanisms of lubricant degradation. The underlying theories of automated network generation and preliminary results are presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An evaluation of back-propagation neural networks for the optimal design of structural systems: Part I. Training procedures

Design optimization using approximations based on feed-forward back-propagation neural network is the topic of much recent research. The neural network schemes that have been proposed in the literature for optimal design of structural systems differ in their architecture and training procedures. Furthermore, their utility vis-a-vis classical optimization techniques is not always clear. A systematic comparison of the efficiency and accuracy of the neural network-based solution schemes to classical structural optimization techniques is the aim of this and the companion paper. In this paper, the neural network training procedures used in the present evaluation are described in detail. When using first-order nonlinear programming algorithms with neural networks, the ability to approximate derivatives is important. Therefore, mainly for completeness of evaluation, two new training methods that use the derivative information are proposed in addition to the now common function-based training method. The first method uses the derivatives to create additional training points in the vicinity of the original points, based on Taylor's series expansion. The second method attempts to minimize the error in derivatives while imposing the error in output functions as constraint. Expressions for analytical derivatives are derived for both function-based and derivative-based training. Significant savings in computational time are reported when calculating derivatives using built-in analytical derivatives instead of using finite difference derivatives. In the companion paper the proposed methods are applied to solve five optimization problems with varying degree of complexity. Approximately 1100 test cases are executed in the companion paper to compare the accuracy and efficiency of neural network-based optimization with the classical approaches.
Solubilizing efficiency and in vitro cytotoxicity of peptoad G.

Abstract A novel non‐ionic surfactant, Peptoad G , is evaluated for its solubilizing capacity and cytotoxicity in order to explore its possible use in aqueous formulation of hydrophobic drugs. Solubility studies were carried out using ten model hydrophobic drugs, and cytotoxicity of the surfactant was evaluated in three different cell lines using the MTT assay. It was shown that peptoad G enhances the solubility of the ten model drugs to different extents, ranging from 20‐ to 1100‐fold, which correlated with the number of hydrogen‐bonding sites on the drug molecules. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed comparable cytotoxicity of peptoad G to that of cremophor EL. The results suggest peptoad G possesses potential as an alternative to conventional solubilizers in hydrophobic drug formulations. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99: 2196–2198, 2010
Increasing Cell Phone Usage Among Hispanics: Implications for Telephone Surveys

Objectives. We examined whether the widespread assumption that Hispanics are subject to greater noncoverage bias in landline telephone surveys because they are more likely than other ethnic groups to use cell phones exclusively was supported by data.Methods. Data came from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey and the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. We considered estimates derived from surveys of adults with landline telephones biased and compared them with findings for all adults. Noncoverage bias was the difference between them, examined separately for Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites.Results. Differences in demographic and health characteristics between cell-only and landline users were larger for non-Hispanic Whites than Hispanics; cell usage was much higher for Hispanics than non-Hispanic Whites. The existence, pattern, and magnitude of noncoverage bias were comparable between the groups.Conclusions. We found no evidence to support a larger noncoverage bias for Hispanics than non-Hispan...
Spatial Assessment of Water Quality in Peripheral Rivers of Dhaka City for Optimal Relocation of Water Intake Point

In order to meet the ever increasing demand of drinking water, Dhaka Water Supply Authority (DWASA) of Bangladesh has installed a number of deep tube wells that tap the upper aquifers. However, in most parts of the city, the current groundwater abstraction exceeds the recharge rate, causing the groundwater to be mined systematically and be depleted of its reserve. Thus, there is an urgent need to alleviate the demand on the upper aquifers and explore more sustainable sources to augment the present water supply. This implies a conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water in order to maintain the balance between anthropogenic demand and water’s natural availability. However, the surface water along these peripheral rivers is known to be highly polluted due to municipal and industrial untreated wastewaters that are discharged. This study analyzes the present water quality scenario along the surrounding rivers of Dhaka City pertaining to a 2-day field survey during the dry season of 2005. It uses a Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool to arrive at a solution for relocation of the current intake point for surface water withdrawal. Derivation of water quality profiles (as a function of distance) along the downstream and upstream reaches of the current intake location indicated that a new location 12 km upstream of the present intake point could potentially be ideal for withdrawing surface water during the monsoon season. Such a proposed location was considered optimal due to the anticipated moderate construction costs of the transmission system that would be necessary to draw water to the current treatment plant. The study lays the foundations for the Dhaka City planners and designers to make a qualitative resource assessment of surface water. Such an assessment can eventually evolve to a long-term monitoring system of water supply sources for any city using GIS tools.
Isolation of two DNA-binding proteins from the intracellular replication complex of vaccinia virus.

Abstract Two DNA-binding proteins, designated FP11 and FP14, have been purified from the viral replication complex which forms in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells during productive infection with vaccina virus. Polypeptide FP11 has an apparent molecular weight of 34,000 (by SDS-PAGE) and binds strongly to denatured DNA-cellulose columns, eluting as a narrow peak centered at 0.25 M NaCl. This polypeptide represents 30–40% of the [3H]lysine but only 17% of the [3H]methionine which can be incorporated into the complex. Polypeptide FP14 has an apparent molecular weight of 28,000 (by SDS-PAGE) and elutes from denatured DNA-cellulose as a relatively broad peak over the range 0.45–0.80 M NaCl. FP14 accounts for approximately 10% of incorporated radioactivity, regardless of whether lysine or methionine is employed as the radioactive precursor.
Prototypicality norms for 28 semantic categories

The extent to which an item is a prototypical exemplar of a category has been found to predict several experimental results (e.g., reaction times in category classification, free and cued recall of lists, release from proactive inhibition in recall). We present prototypicality ratings for 840 words, equally distributed over 28 categories. The categories were taken from Battig and Montague's (1969) normative tables; only those categories that contained "concrete" items in common usage were employed in the study. Intragroup reliability correlations were high for all categories tested, as were the correlations for prototypicality ratings between the present study and that of Rosch (1975). In addition, correlations between prototypicality ratings, production frequencies, and word frequencies of the items are given. Rosch (1975) has provided support for the theoret­ ical and empirical utility of prototypes. Prototypes, according to Rosch, are abstract cognitive representa­ tions of concepts. In her 1975 study, Rosch collected norms on 10 categories (bird, tool, fruit, furniture, sport, vegetable, toy, vehicle, clothing, and weapon). In that study, it was shown that subjects regard the task of rating exemplars (instances) of a category in terms of prototypicality (i.e., goodness of example) as a reasonable one and that they are also quite reliable in their prototypicality ratings. These findings were repli­ cated by Rosch and Mervis (1975), even though the stimulus materials were changed from words to pictures of the exemplars. In a categorization task, Rosch (1975) found reaction time differences between words that are high in prototypicality and words that are low in proto­ typicality (i.e., atypical words). Specifically, when subjects are required to determine whether or not two words belong to the same category, shorter reaction times are generated for prototypical pairs than for atypical pairs if the subjects are primed with the cate­ gory label. Subjects also have been found to produce prototypical items before atypical ones even when frequency of experience with the items is controlled (Rosch, 1975). Kellar and Kellas (1978) found differ­ ences in the encoding of (proto )typicai vs. atypical items. They showed that a shift in level of (proto )typi­ cality produced a significant release from proactive inhibition, whereas a shift in level of production frequency did not. However, it was suggested that both (proto )typicality and production frequency reflected category structure, since high-frequency items were
Electron attraction and the chemical bond

Abstract Using electron attraction, we produce three sets of initial conditions for the ground state H 2 molecule which yield, over one complete period, bond lengths and vibrational frequencies which are correct to within 1%.
Superarming of Glycosyl Donors by Combined Neighboring and Conformational Effects

A novel glycosyl donor that combines the concepts of both conformational and electronic superarming has been synthesized. The reactivity and selectivity of the donor have been tested in competition experiments.
All-trans retinoic acid corrects gm-csf hypersensitivity in NF-1 −/− Knock-out hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro

Abstract Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare aggressive form of leukemia in children. JMML is refractory to conventional therapy with most survivors undergoing stem cell transplantation. 13-cis retinoic acid has been used therapeutically to control the disease but is not curative. The phenotypic hallmark of JMML is a hypersensitivity to GM-CSF and is likely mediated through alterations in the Ras signaling pathway. Ras gene mutations occur in 15–30% of JMML patients with another 10–15% having mutations in the neurofibromatosis type 1 tumor suppressor gene encoding for the neuofiromin protein. Homozygous deletion of Nf-1 in mice is lethal, however hematopoietic liver cells from d13.5 embryos exhibit the same GM-CSF hypersensitivity as JMML cells. Moreover, transplantation of Nf-1 −/− cells into irradiated mice will reconstitute hematopoiesis and results in a myeloproliferative syndrome similar to JMML. To investigate whether these cells might serve as a model for JMML for examining the action of retinoic acid, we utilized low density fetal liver cells from Nf-1 −/− knock-out mice and their wild type littermates. Methylcellulose progenitor assays performed with varying concentrations of GM-CSF and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) resulted in correction of the GM-CSF hypersensitivity phenotype. Additionally, low density bone marrow mononuclear cells were obtained from irradiated recipient mice transplanted with Nf-1 −/− or +/+ hematopoietic liver cells. ATRA in a concentration dependent manner inhibited long term culture initiating cell growth to a significantly greater extent in Nf-1 −/− compared to wildtype. Thus Nf-1 −/− knock-out cells may be useful in mechanistic studies of ATRA in JMML.
Morphochemical analysis of mucous cells in the skin and slime glands of hagfishes.

The mucous cells of the epidermis and slime glands in three species of Pacific hagfishes were studied histochemically to determine the presence or absence of acidic and neutral mucosubstances. Most mucous cells contained diastase-resistant PAS reactivity that varied in intensity. A few mucous cells contained diastase-labile substances exclusively.
Clarifying the Construct of Perfectionism

The construct of perfectionism is related to many important outcome variables. However, the term perfectionism has been defined in many different ways, and items comprising the different existing scales appear to be very different in content. The overarching aim of the present set of studies was to help clarify the specific unidimensional personality constructs that contribute to perfectionistic behavior. First, trained raters reliably sorted items from existing measures of perfectionism into nine dimensions. An exploratory factor analysis, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis on an independent sample, resulted in a 9-scale, 61-item measure, called the Measure of Constructs Underlying Perfectionism. The nine scales were internally consistent and stable across time, and they were differentially associated with relevant measures of personality in theoretically meaningful ways.
Scanning Laser Polarimetry with Variable Corneal Compensation: Identification and Correction for Corneal Birefringence in Eyes with Macular Disease

PURPOSE In scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (SLP-VCC), the macula is used as an intraocular polarimeter to calculate and neutralize corneal birefringence based on an intact Henle's layer. The purpose of this investigation was to validate this strategy in eyes with macular structural disease. METHODS A nerve fiber analyzer was modified to enable the measurement of corneal polarization axis and magnitude so that compensation for corneal birefringence was eye specific. Normal subjects and patients with a variety of pathologic macular conditions underwent complete ocular examination, SLP-VCC, and direct measurement of the corneal polarization axis (CPA), with a slit-lamp-mounted corneal polarimeter. Macular birefringence patterns were classified as well defined, weak, or indeterminate bow ties. A new "screen" method is described that determines the anterior segment birefringence without relying on the presence of macular bow-tie patterns. RESULTS Forty-seven eyes (20 normal, 27 with maculopathy) of 47 patients (mean age, 59.0 +/- 19.0 years; range, 24-88) were enrolled. The correlation between CPA measured with corneal polarimetry (CPA by P(IV) [fourth Purkinje image]) and SLP-VCC was less in eyes with macular disease (R(2) = 0.22, P = 0.024) compared with normal eyes (R(2) = 0.72, P 0.05), eyes with macular disease showed a significant association between CPA and average thickness (R(2) = 0.27, P = 0.005), ellipse average (R(2) = 0.24, P = 0.0085), superior average (R(2) = 0.24, P = 0.009), inferior average (R(2) = 0.28, P = 0.004), and superior integral (R(2) = 0.37, P = 0.0008), suggesting incomplete corneal compensation. Greater correlation between CPA by P(IV) and CPA derived by SLP-VCC was found by using the screen method (R(2) = 0.83, P < 0.0001) compared with the bow-tie method (R(2) = 0.22, P = 0.024) in eyes with maculopathy. CONCLUSIONS Macular strategies for neutralization of corneal birefringence using SLP-VCC can fail if Henle's layer is disrupted by macular disease. The screen method provides a more robust measure of the anterior segment birefringence in some eyes with macular disease.
Modeling the effect of alcohol on smoking lapse behavior

The primary aim of this project was to examine the role of alcohol use in smoking lapse behavior, as alcohol consumption is a known risk factor for poor smoking cessation outcomes. We have developed a novel human laboratory model to examine two primary aspects of alcohol-mediated tobacco relapse: (1) Does alcohol facilitate the initiation of the first cigarette? (2) Once the first cigarette is initiated, does alcohol facilitate subsequent smoking? Using a within-subject design, 16 daily smokers who were also heavy social drinkers received a priming drink (0.03 g/dl or taste-masked placebo) and then had the option of initiating a tobacco self-administration session or delaying initiation by 5-min increments for up to 50 min in exchange for monetary reinforcement. Subsequently, the tobacco self-administration session consisted of a 1-h period in which subjects could choose to smoke their preferred brand of cigarettes using a smoking topography system or receive monetary reinforcement for cigarettes not smoked. Alcohol craving, tobacco craving, subjective reactivity to alcohol, and nicotine withdrawal were assessed as secondary outcomes. Results demonstrated that after consuming the alcohol beverage, subjects were less able to resist the first cigarette and initiated their smoking sessions sooner, and smoked more cigarettes compared to the placebo beverage. These findings have implications for smoking cessation in alcohol drinkers and model development to assess smoking lapse behavior.
Cholecystectomy in situs inversus totalis: a laparoscopic approach.

Purpose To report and describe a safe approach to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with situs inversus totalis. Methods We present the case of a 61-year-old male who was diagnosed with gallstones and situs inversus totalis during work-up for epigastric pain. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed in mirror-image to the standard approach, with the surgeon standing on the patient's right side. In order to maintain orientation and safety during the operation, anatomical structures were spatially related to each other in a "medial" and "lateral" manner, which are preserved in situs inversus; rather than "left" and "right" which are reversed. Results The duration of the operation was 85 minutes, which is slightly longer than our standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Nonetheless, the patient was discharged on the morning following surgery, which is comparable to other patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He was seen in follow-up on postoperative day 14 and was doing very well. There were no postoperative complications. Conclusion Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed safely in patients with situs inversus totalis. Careful attention to unfamiliar anatomic relationships is important. Approaching the anatomy in terms of medial and lateral structures, a relationship that is preserved, is helpful to complete the procedure safely.
Detectability and choice during visual search: joint effects of sequential priming and discriminability

Pigeons searched for symbolic targets among heterogeneous distractor items displayed on a video monitor. Phase 1 varied target identity and overall display size, thus establishing differential discriminabilities of three target symbols. Phase 2 varied the relative probability of these targets within sessions. The findings showed that reaction time was lower not only when targets were more discriminable, but also when they were relatively frequent; these effects did not depend on the discriminability of the less frequent targets. Phase 3 was similar in design but provided occasional choice trials on which two targets appeared. The birds were more likely to respond to the more frequent target on such trials only if it was also the most discriminable. The data are not consistent with certain predictions from Guilford and Dawkins’ (1987) reinterpretation of effects attributed to search images. The data indicate that detection and choice are modified jointly by priming-induced expectancies and stimulus-driven perceptual processes.
Perceiving the lengths of rods wielded in differentmedia

In two experiments, we investigated the ability of participants to report the lengths of rods wielded in air or water. Homogeneous aluminum rods were employed in Experiment 1. The inertia of the rods was manipulated in Experiment 2 through the use of attached masses. Although the torques required in order to wield rods in water are substantially greater than those required to wield rods in air, the perceived lengths of rods wielded in the two media were very similar. Perceived length was found to be a function primarily of inertia in both media. The experiments also revealed a small influence of resistance due to the denser medium of water. The results demonstrate the ability of perceivers to extract a physical invariant from a complex array of forces. The discussion is focused on the role of invariants in dynamic touch.
Comparison of Isoelectronic Cyclopentadienyl, Indenyl, and Hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate Complexes of Osmium(VI)

Osmium(VI) complexes with cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, and hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate ligands result from the reaction between [Os(N)Ph2(py)2][BF4] and sodium cyclopentadienide, potassium indenide, or potassium hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate. The molecular structures of the resulting complexes, CpOs(N)Ph2 (1), InOs(N)Ph2 (2), and Tp*Os(N)Ph2 (3), have been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cyclopentadienyl-type ligand in each complex is distorted due to the strong trans effect of the nitrido group.
Redundancies in the Hilbert-Bernays Derivability Conditions for Godel's Second Incompleteness Theorem

This paper presents three generalizations of the Second Incompleteness Theorem of Godel (see [2]) which apply to a broader class of formal systems than previous generalizations (as, e.g., the generalization in [1]).The content of all three of our results is that it is versions of the third derivability condition of Hilbert and Bernays (see p. 286 of [3]) which are crucial to Godel's theorem. The second derivability condition plays some role in certain logics, but even there, only in the far weaker form of a definability condition (see Theorem 2).The elimination of the first derivability condition allows the application of the Consistency Theorem to cut-free logics which cannot prove that they are closed under cut.It is Theorem 1 which will probably have primary interest for readers who are not concerned with technical proof theory or with foundations, for it treats logics with quantifiers, and in that case one can dispose entirely of the first and second derivability conditions. The derivation of this result requires a “new twist” on old arguments. Specifically, we use a new variation on the standard self-referential lemma (this is Lemma 5.1 of [l]) to obtain a somewhat different self-referential construction than has previously been employed (this is our lemma in §2 below). With this new construction, we consider the sentence φ which “expresses” the fact: “My negation is provable.” Then, using hypotheses associated with Godel's First Incompleteness Theorem, one shows that ⊢¬φ is impossible in a consistent logic. Finally, using only a version of the third Hilbert-Bernays derivability condition, one shows that the provability of the consistency statement implies ⊢¬φ, and hence that consistency is unprovable.