cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Release and uptake of dissolved silica in seawater by marine sediments

Abstract Natural marine sediments can release dissolved silica to silica-poor seawater and can remove silica from seawater enriched with dissolved silica. These are fast reactions, with sufficient reaction occurring within the first 48 hours to indicate clearly the direction of the reaction. The relative importance of these two processes varies with the ratio of clays to biogenic silica in the sediment. Both the release and the uptake reactions approach the interstitial water concentration of dissolved silica as an end point, which suggests that these reactions may influence this concentration. No change in sediment reactivity with respect to silica uptake or release reactions was observed with increasing depth in core for the three sediment cores investigated; this indicates that uptake sites are not saturated, and silica is available for dissolution for a long time after deposition.
A multicomponent behavioural and drug intervention for nocturia in elderly men: rationale and pilot results.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the number of medical and urological conditions associated with nocturia in a cohort of older men who were primary-care enrolees, and to assess the feasibility and efficacy of using a multicomponent intervention to reduce nocturia and its bother. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Men aged ≥50 years and with two or more episodes of nocturia were recruited from the primary-care clinics at one Veterans Affairs Medical Center to participate in a 4-week, open-label, prospective pilot study. A multicomponent intervention composed of behavioural therapy and targeted drug therapy was administered according to a specified protocol based upon identified risk factors for nocturia. Outcome measures included self-reported nocturia and bother on the American Urological Association (AUA)-7 Symptom Index, 3-day bladder diaries and self-reported sleep-related measures recorded using 7-day sleep diaries. RESULTS Fifty-five men completed the protocol (mean age 67 years, sd 8.3); they had a mean of 4.5 of nine defined conditions potentially related to nocturia. Highly prevalent conditions included moderate-to-severe benign prostatic hyperplasia (87%), hypertension (86%) and urinary frequency (71%). The mean diary-recorded nocturia decreased from 2.6 to 1.9 (P < 0.001), and bother score reduced from 3.1 to 1.1, representing a change from a ‘medium’ to a ‘very small’ problem (on a 5-point scale). Sleep diary-derived measures also improved significantly (time to initiate sleep, time to return to sleep after awakening, quality of sleep). CONCLUSIONS Given that individual older patients often have multiple coexistent risk factors for nocturia, identifying a principal cause of nocturia, a concept emphasized in treatment guidelines, proved to be difficult. Implementing a multicomponent behavioural intervention combined with drug(s) was feasible in older men and reduced nocturia frequency, bother from nocturia, and time to initiate sleep, within 4 weeks. These promising results merit repeating using a randomized, controlled trial.
Phase coherence of P-wave single pion production amplitudes

Abstract Recently it has been claimed that the coherent phase hypothesis of the P-wave amplitudes in ϱ° production is wrong. We show that this conclusion is not valid.
Reference books on Abrahamic religions, and Lincoln unmasked

Historical dictionary of Islam, by Ludwig W. Adamec, Lanham, MD, Scarecrow Press, 2001, $82.00 (hardcover), ISBN 0-8108-3962-8 A concise encyclopedia of Islam, by Gordon D. Newby, Oxford, UK, Onewo...
Issues related to mineralized tissue biology in human evolutionary research

This comunication has two primary aims concerned with mineralized tissue biology (e.g. hard tissue biology of bone and tooth) research in human evolutionary studies: First, to introduce the literature and the methods (at the time of this symposium) so that one has an idea of the nature of this research and where one can go for details of the methodologies, etc; Second — and of primary concern here — to discuss issues that have come to light as a result of these studies mainly because of its recent beginnings as a subfield within paleoanthropology.
Human hepatocyte and kidney cell metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene and comparison to the respective rat cells

The metabolism and mutagenic activation of 2-acetylaminofluorene by human and rat hepatocytes and kidney cells were measured. High performance liquid chromatography was used to separate the 2-acetylaminofluorene metabolites, and a cell-mediated Salmonella typhimurium mutagenesis assay was used to detect mutagenic intermediates. Rat and human differences were observed with cells from both organs and levels of metabolism and mutagenesis were higher in human cells. Within a species, liver and kidney cell differences were also evident, with levels of hepatocyte-mediated metabolism and mutagenesis being greater than kidney cells. Human inter-individual variation was apparent with cells from both organs, but the variation observed was significantly greater in hepatocytes than kidney cells. A knowledge of such differences, including an understanding that they may vary with the chemical being studied, should be useful in the extrapolation of rodent carcinogenesis data to humans.
Entropy-temperature phase diagram for 3He

Summary An entropy-temperature phase diagram for 3He has been constructed from the available published thermodynamic data together with a considerable amount of unpublished P-V-T data from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. In regions where direct information is lacking, reasonable extrapolations from known data have been made.
Immunocytochemical localization of contractile and contraction associated proteins in the spiral ligament of the cochlea

Most of the extracellular fibers of the spiral ligament are associated with a distinct band of ‘anchoring’ cells which occur at the boundary between the spiral ligament and the otic capsule. These cells are characterized by parallel arrays of intracellular filaments which, along with the extracellular fibers, insert into electron dense, conical adhesion plaques. The intracellular filaments show a close morphological resemblance to the ‘stress fibers’ of cultured fibroblasts (Henson et al., 1984). In the present study we have demonstrated by immunofluorescence techniques that the anchoring cells, unlike adjacent cells of the spiral ligament, contain a complement of proteins that is typically associated with stress fibers and with contractile systems. In addition to actin, the cells contain myosin, tropomyosin, α-actinin and talin. These results lend further support to the hypothesis that the anchoring cells have the capacity to create and/or maintain tension on the spiral ligament-basilar membrane complex and to influence the mechanical properties of the basilar membrane.
Waning of repetitive hopping in the blowfly Phormia regina meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Wingless blowflies (Phormia reginaMeigen)released on a flat uniform substrate hop repeatedly. The rate of hopping decreases with time. Decremental responsiveness resembles behavioral habituation. It can be reestablished by tactile stimulation and is due neither to muscle fatigue nor to sensory receptor adaptation. No effects of age or circadian rhythms were observed. The initial rate of hopping increases with increasing food deprivation, as does the time for waning to be completed. Decapitated flies and isolated wingless thoraxes hop almost as well as control flies and wane at the same rates.
Surgical therapy for urethral prolapse in young girls

Abstract Twenty black girls with urethral prolapse, aged 1½–8 years, were admitted over a 2-year period to the Pediatric Surgical Service that serves a predominantly black community. The most common finding consisted of a painless mass prolapsing through the urethral meatus, associated with bloody staining. Only four of these patients were referred to the Pediatric Surgical Service with the correct diagnosis. Incorrect diagnoses included sarcoma botryoides, hemangioma, urethral caruncle, ureterocele, trauma, alleged rape, or vaginal bleeding of unknown origin. History, physical findings and radiological work-up failed to reveal any identifiable cause for the urethral prolapse. Awareness of the common occurrence of urethral prolapse in black girls, prompt diagnosis, and operative treatment should limit hospitalization to 1 day without significant postoperative complications.
Comparison between target margins derived from 4DCT scans and real-time tumor motion tracking: insights from lung tumor patients treated with robotic radiosurgery.

Purpose: A unique capability of the CyberKnife system is dynamic target tracking. However, not all patients are eligible for this approach. Rather, their tumors are tracked statically using the vertebral column for alignment. When using static tracking, the internal target volume (ITV) is delineated on the four-dimensional (4D) CT scan and an additional margin is added to account for setup uncertainty [planning target volume (PTV)]. Treatment margins are difficult to estimate due to unpredictable variations in tumor motion and respiratory pattern during the course of treatment. The inability to track the target and detect changes in respiratory characteristics might result in geographic misses and local tumor recurrences. The purpose of this study is to develop a method to evaluate the adequacy of ITV-to-PTV margins for patients treated in this manner. Methods: Data from 24 patients with lesions in the upper lobe (n = 12), middle lobe (n = 3), and lower lobe (n = 9) were included in this study. Each patient was treated with dynamic tracking and underwent 4DCT scanning at the time of simulation. Data including the 3D coordinates of the target over the course of treatment were extracted from the treatment log files and used to determine actual target motion in the superior–inferior (S–I), anterior–posterior (A–P), and left–right (L–R) directions. Different approaches were used to calculate anisotropic and isotropic margins, assuming that the tumor moves as a rigid body. Anisotropic margins were calculated by separating target motion in the three anatomical directions, and a uniform margin was calculated by shifting the gross tumor volume contours in the 3D space and by computing the percentage of overlap with the PTV. The analysis was validated by means of a theoretical formulation. Results: The three methods provided consistent results. A uniform margin of 4.5 mm around the ITV was necessary to assure 95% target coverage for 95% of the fractions included in the analysis. In the case of anisotropic margins, the expansion required in the S–I direction was larger (8.1 mm) than those in the L–R (4.9 mm) and A–P (4.5 mm) directions. This margin accounts for variations of target position within the same treatment fraction. Conclusions: The use of bony alignment for CyberKnife lung stereotactic body radiation therapy requires careful considerations, in terms of the potential for increased toxicity or local miss. Our method could be used by other centers to determine the adequacy of ITV-to-PTV margins for their patients.
Heavy-ion irradiation induced diamond formation in carbonaceous materials.

The basic mechanisms of metastable phase formation produced under highly non-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions within high-energy particle tracks are investigated. In particular, the possible formation of diamond by heavy-ion irradiation of graphite at ambient temperature is examined. This work was motivated, in part, by earlier studies which discovered nanometer-grain polycrystalline diamond aggregates of submicron-size in uranium-rich carbonaceous mineral assemblages of Precambrian age. It was proposed that the radioactive decay of uranium formed diamond in the fission particle tracks produced in the carbonaceous minerals. To test the hypothesis that nanodiamonds can form by ion irradiation, fine-grain polycrystalline graphite sheets were irradiated with 400 MeV Kr ions. The ion irradiated graphite (and unirradiated graphite control) were then subjected to acid dissolution treatments to remove the graphite and isolate any diamonds that were produced. The acid residues were then characterized by analytical and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The acid residues of the ion-irradiated graphite were found to contain ppm concentrations of nanodiamonds, suggesting that ion irradiation of bulk graphite at ambient temperature can produce diamond.
Forced Convective Cooling Enhancement Through a Double Layer Design

Numerical simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer during the cooling of electronic modules mounted on printed circuit boards are performed to examine the feasibility of a proposed double layer design. Conjugate solution of the two-dimensional energy equation is obtained for the incompressible flow over a number of uniformly heated blocks and the double layer board. Enhancement in heat convected from the modules along with the drop in maximum temperature of each module, obtained without increase in pressure head loss, characterizes the cooling improvement by the proposed design. Systematic calculations also provide sufficient data of the flow and temperature distributions for analyzing the cooling mechanism.
Improved genetic algorithm for resource-constrained scheduling of large projects

The generalized model of the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) is valuable because it can be incorporated into the advanced computational methods of commercial project managem...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat Quasispecies Differ in Basal Transcription and Nuclear Factor Recruitment in Human Glial Cells and Lymphocytes

The generation of genomic diversity during the course of infection has the potential to affect all aspects of HIV-1 replication, including expression of the proviral genome. To gain a better understanding of the impact of long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence diversity on LTR-directed gene expression in cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and immune system, we amplified and cloned LTRs from proviral DNA in HIV-1-infected peripheral blood. Sequence analysis of nineteen LTRs cloned from 2 adult and 3 pediatric patients revealed an average of 33 nucleotide changes (with respect to the sequence of the LAI LTR) within the 455-bp U3 region. Transient expression analyses in cells of neuroglial and lymphocytic origin demonstrated that some of these LTRs had activities which varied significantly from the LAI LTR in U-373 MG cells (an astrocytoma cell line) as well as in Jurkat cells (a CD4-positive lymphocyte cell line). While LTRs which demonstrated the highest activities in U-373 MG cells also yielded high activities in Jurkat cells, the LTRs were generally more active in Jurkat cells when compared to the LAI LTR. Differences in LTR sequence also resulted in differences in transcription factor recruitment tocis-acting sites within the U3 region of the LTR, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In particular, naturally occurring sequence variation impacted transcription factor binding to an activating transcription factor/cAMP response element binding (ATF/CREB) binding site (located between the LEF-1 and distal NF-κB transcription factor binding sites) that we identified in previous studies of the HIV-1 LTR. These findings suggest that LTR sequence changes can significantly affect basal LTR function and transcription factor recruitment, which may, in turn, alter the course of viral replication in cells of CNS and immune system origin.
A reflection on moral distress in nursing together with a current application of the concept.

The concept of moral distress can be extended from clinical settings to larger environmental concerns affecting health care. Moral distress—a common experience in complex societies—arises when individuals have clear moral judgments about societal practices, but have difficulty in finding a venue in which to express concerns. Since health care is large in scale and climate change is proving to be a major environmental problem, scaling down health care is inevitably a necessary element for mitigating climate change. Because it is extremely challenging to discuss these concerns in health care settings, those concerned about climate change and health care experience distress. This article outlines some philosophical concepts and perspectives that may be useful in mitigating this distress.
Capabilities of direct sample introduction--comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography--time-of-flight mass spectrometry to analyze organic chemicals of interest in fish oils

Most analytical methods for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) focus on individual groups of targeted analytes. Therefore, analysis of multiple classes of POPs typically entails several sample preparations, fractionations, and injections, whereas other chemicals of possible interest are neglected or lost. To analyze a wider scope of organic contaminants in fish oil, we developed an approach to combine the analysis of targeted and untargeted chemicals using an automated direct sample introduction (DSI) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC/ToF-MS). DSI-GC×GC/ToF-MS is a powerful tool that attains high quality separations to achieve high selectivity while still providing a wide analytical scope with minimal sample preparation, especially in conjunction with DSI’s high tolerance to dirty extracts. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) was used for initial separation of lipids from POPs and other GC-amenable organic compounds from dietary cod liver o...
Agricultural chemicals in alluvial aquifers in Missouri after the 1993 flood

Intense rains produced flooding during the spring and summer of 1993 over much of the midwestern USA including many agricultural areas of Missouri. Because of potential contamination from floodwater, an investigation was conducted to determine the changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water samples from alluvial wells in Missouri after the flood. Water samples from 80 alluvial wells with historical data were collected in March, July, and November 1994, and analyzed for dissolved herbicides, herbicide metabolites, and nitrate (NO 3 ). There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of alachlor ((2,chloro-2'-6'-diethyl-N-[methoxymethyl]-acetanilide), atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5 triazine), and nitrate concentrations between pre- and postflood samples (α = 0.05). The detection frequency of alachlor and atrazine in postflood samples was generally lower than the frequency in preflood samples. Analyses of agricultural chemicals in water samples from an intensely sampled well field indicate significant differences between the distribution of dissolved P concentrations in pre- and postflood samples (α = 0.05). However, no significant differences were detected between the pre- and postflood distributions of NO 3 or ammonia concentrations. Because of the numerous sources of temporal variability and the relatively short record of water-quality data for the study wells, a cause-and-effect relation between changes in agricultural chemical concentrations and a single factor of the 1993 flood is difficult to determine. Based on the results of this study, the 1993 flood did not cause widespread or long-term significant changes in concentrations of agricultural chemicals in water from alluvial aquifers in Missouri.
Polyglycol-templated synthesis of poly( N -isopropyl acrylamide) microgels with improved biocompatibility

We report on the synthesis and characterization of thermally responsive poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) nanoparticle hydrogels (i.e., microgels). Microgels with narrow size distributions were synthesized after optimizing the concentrations of monomer, surfactant, and initiator. Polyglycol block copolymers (trade name Pluronic) and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) surfactants were compared. In all cases, the particles' size decreased with increasing surfactant concentration, and comparable sizes could be produced with any of the surfactants. The choice of surfactant, however, had a significant influence on the biocompatibility of the PNIPAM microgels. The copolymer-stabilized microgels were less cytotoxic than those stabilized by SDS, as measured using 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt assays. Even after dialysis (for 3 days) to remove most surfactant, the SDS-based microgels remained more cytotoxic than particles prepared with Pluronics. After exposing cells to polyglycol surfactant solutions, it was found that the polyglycol with highest fraction of polyethylene oxide (Pluronic F127) showed the lowest level of cytotoxicity over the studied range of concentrations. Similarly, PNIPAM microgels synthesized with this surfactant had the lowest level of cytotoxicity. Finally, drug loading and release studies were performed using doxorubicin as a model drug.
Genetic-Nutritional Relationships in Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Abstract Body weights of broiler populations were lighter at 28 days of age when fed a low nutrient density starting diet than when fed a diet with a higher nutrient density. When placed on the same finishing diet from 28 to 56 days of age, the broilers previously fed the low-nutrient density diet grew at a more rapid rate and were more efficient in feed utilization than their counterparts previously fed the higher density starting diet. However, compensatory growth varied among populations, with the faster growing lines exhibiting little and the relatively slower growing ones exhibiting considerable compensatory growth. The influence of feeding regimes on the deposition of abdominal fat varied among populations with the low nutrient density starting diet either significantly increasing, significantly decreasing, or having no effect on the amount of abdominal fat. Furthermore, the amount of abdominal fat did not appear to be related to an ability to exhibit compensatory growth or to the relative growth rates of the populations. Feeding the low nutrient density starting diet did not significantly influence dressing percentage, weight or length of the gastrointestinal tract, or breast angle.
Pyroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties of β‐BaB2O4 single crystal

Dielectric and pyroelectric properties of single‐crystal β‐barium metaborate (β‐BaB2O4) are measured in the temperature range from 50 °C down to −190 °C. Thermal expansion and piezoelectric properties are measured at room temperature. Piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients in β‐BaB2O4 are low where as pyroelectric figure of merit p/K is quite attractive for some device applications.
The Activation Domains, the Proline-rich Domain, and the C-terminal Basic Domain in p53 Are Necessary for Acetylation of Histones on the Proximal p21 Promoter and Interaction with p300/CREB-binding Protein

The p53 transcription factor contains two separate tandem activation domains (AD1 and AD2), a proline-rich domain (PRD), and a C-terminal basic domain (BD). Previously, we have shown that these domains are necessary for transcriptional activity. To further characterize the role of these domains in transactivation, we analyzed the regulation of p21, a well characterized p53 target gene, by various p53 mutants deficient in one or more of these domains. We found that the induction of endogenous p21 is compromised by AD1-deficient p53 (p53(AD1−)), AD2-deficient p53 (p53(AD2−)), both AD1- and AD2-deficient p53 (p53(AD1−AD2−)), p53(ΔPRD), which lacks PRD, and p53(ΔBD), which lacks BD. However, p53(AD2−), p53(ΔPRD), and p53(ΔBD) are still capable of activating exogenous p21 promoter to an extent comparable with that by wild-type p53. Thus, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation assay to measure the DNA binding ability of various p53 mutants in vivo. We found that like wild-type p53, these p53 mutants are capable of binding to the p53 response elements in the p21 promoter. In contrast, we found that the extent of acetylated histones on the p21 promoter, especially the proximal promoter, and the amount of interaction with p300/CREB-binding protein, which contain histone acetyltransferase activity, directly correlate with the activity of p53 to induce endogenous p21. Furthermore, we showed that down-regulation of p300/CBP by short interference RNA markedly decreases the ability of p53 to induce endogenous p21. These data lead us to hypothesize that when p53 binds to the responsive element(s) of a target gene, its ability to interact with histone acetyltransferase-containing proteins and subsequently the acetylation of histones bound to the proximal promoter dictate the induction level of a target gene.
T-lymphocyte interactions in cardiac transplant rejection.

Abstract Transplant rejection is a complex cascade of cellular and molecular inflammatory events triggered by the recognition of donor antigens by the recipient immune system. The interaction between T-cell receptors on “helper” T cells and donor antigen confers specificity of the response, whereas accessory cell interactions and growth factor (lymphokine) secretion regulate the variety of cellular responses. An understanding of these cellular and molecular interactions may promote new therapeutic strategies.
Complexes of yeast RNA polymerase II and RNA are substrates for TFIIS-induced RNA cleavage

Abstract In the absence of DNA, purified yeast RNA polymerase II can bind RNA to form a binary complex. RNA in such RNA-RNA polymerase complexes undergoes reactions previously thought to be unique to nascent RNA in ternary complexes with DNA, including TFIIS-dependent cleavage and elongation by 3′-terminal addition of NMP from NTP. Both of these reactions are inhibited by α-amanitin. Hence, by several criteria the RNA in binary complexes is bound to the polymerase in a manner quite similar to that in ternary complexes in which the catalytic site for nucleotide addition is positioned at or near the 3′-OH terminus of the RNA. These findings are consistent with a model for the RNA polymerase ternary complex in which the RNA is bound at the 3′ terminus through two protein-binding sites located up to 10 nt apart.
Distribution functions for spherical galaxies

On a obtenu une famille de fonctions de distribution qui correspond exactement a la loi de densite spherique q(r)αr −2 (1+r) −2 , suggeree par Jaffe pour decrire les galaxies elliptiques Geantes. La famille est caracterisee par un unique parametre libre qui specifie le degre d'anisotropie de la vitesse, d'isotrope a completement radiale
Holo-Retinol–Binding Protein and Its Receptor STRA6 Drive Oncogenic Transformation

Vitamin A, retinol, circulates in blood bound to retinol-binding protein (RBP). At some tissues, RBP is recognized by STRA6, a plasma membrane protein that serves a dual role: it transports retinol from extracellular RBP into cells and it transduces a signaling cascade mediated by the Janus kinase JAK2 and the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT5. We show here that expression of RBP and STRA6 is markedly upregulated in human breast and colon tumors, that holo-RBP/STRA6 signaling promotes oncogenic properties, and that STRA6 expression is critical for tumor formation by colon carcinoma cells in vivo. The holo-RBP/STRA6 pathway also efficiently induces fibroblasts to undergo oncogenic transformation rendering them highly tumorigenic. The data establish that holo-RBP and its receptor STRA6 are potent oncogenes and suggest that the pathway is a novel target for therapy of some human cancers.
Cardiac arrest from tension pneumopericardium in a premature infant.

IMPLICATIONS This case report describes a rare and potentially fatal anesthetic complication. It occurred during the care of a small premature infant as a result of improper use of medical equipment.
Resistance of A-431 epidermoid carcinoma cells to early membrane changes induced by tumour promoters

The A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cell line was resistant to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) inhibition of epidermal growth factor binding, enhanced incorporation of [3H]choline into phospholipids and uptake of 86Rb an [3H]2-deoxyglucose. The cells were also resistant to TPA-stimulated release of radioactive choline derivatives and arachidonic acid from cells prelabelled with [3H]choline or [14C]arachidonic acid, respectively. The A-431 cells did not metabolise [3H]TPA. Despite their TPA-unresponsiveness, A-431 cells contained specific, high affinity binding sites for [3H]phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate with characteristics similar to other cultured cell lines.
Importance Driven Automatic Color Design for Direct Volume Rendering

This paper introduces an automatic color design method that is driven by an importance function of the objects within a volumetric dataset. Our method allows the user to intuitively modify the object classification and the importance distribution function in the 2D rendered image. It automatically computes the transfer function, especially the color distribution, to convey the importance of the objects. In our approach, the importance of an object is represented as the attentiveness of a color. In addition, we preserve the color harmony in the rendered image in order to provide a visually pleasing result. In this paper, we propose a set of computational measurements to compute the color attentiveness and color harmony. Our color assignment algorithm supports arbitrary-dimensional transfer functions and obtains interactive frame rates. Our method involves three color spaces, namely Coloroid system, CIE LChuv, and Adobe RGB color space. It calculates the color attentiveness in CIE LChuv space, and the color harmony in Coloroid system. It, then, assigns the transfer function in a dual space of Adobe RGB space and renders the resulting image in Adobe RGB space. We conducted a detailed user study, which proves that our method successfully conveys the importance distributions. Our contribution in this paper is not only our importance driven approach, but also our computational measurements and our color assignment algorithm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mobility-aware cost-efficient job scheduling for single-class grid jobs in a generic mobile grid architecture

In this paper, we present a node mobility prediction framework based on a generic mobile grid architecture. We show how this framework can be used to formulate a cost effective job scheduling scheme based on a predetermined fair pricing strategy at the wireless access point. The pricing strategy formulates an incomplete information, alternating-offers bargaining game on two variables, such as price per unit resource and percentage of bandwidth allocated. The proposed cost-optimal job allocation scheme is for distributing grid computing jobs to the mobile nodes and considers the bandwidth constraints, the internal job (e.g., call processing) arrival rate at the nodes along with issues pertaining to node mobility. The simulation results point to the efficacy of our algorithm.
Tobacco use in Florida: Comparisons between adults living with and without disabilities

Abstract Background Florida has the third largest population in the U.S. of persons living with disabilities, making optimizing health outcomes for this population paramount. Though the state has a long-standing and robust program to reduce tobacco use, prevention efforts do not specifically target persons with disabilities. Objective To compare rates of tobacco use behaviors and second hand smoke exposure between adults living with and without disabilities. Methods Secondary analysis of 2007–2009 Florida BRFSS data. The proportions of persons with disabilities who were cigar or cigarette smokers, quit smoking, were exposed to secondhand smoke, or had an interest in calling a Quit Line were compared for persons with and without disabilities. Weighted proportions and accompanying 95% confidence intervals were calculated, with proportions adjusted for age, gender, race, and education. Results Adult Floridians with a disability were more likely to report being a current cigarette smoker and being exposed to secondhand smoke, yet were also more likely to report quitting smoking for at least one day than were persons without a disability. No differences were found for cigar smoking, age at smoking initiation, or interest in the Quit Line. Conclusions Findings suggest persons with disability are disproportionately burdened by tobacco use, yet are more likely to attempt to quit, suggesting a need for targeted interventions to assist persons with a disability in smoking cessation and reducing tobacco use and exposure. This has important implications for the future health of a group at greater risk of chronic disease.
An analysis of lymphocytes with both T-cell marker and IgG or complement receptors in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Abstract By a mixed rosette technique, a small population of lymphocytes possessing both the T-cell characteristic of spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and B-cell membrane receptors for IgG or complement was found in the peripheral blood of all four patients with X-linked infantile agammaglobulinemia. The relative proportions of these lymphocytes, tentatively called D-lymphocytes, are comparable to those of healthy persons. Both the surface receptor features of D-lymphocytes and the presence of these cells in patients lacking B-lymphocytes suggest that these lymphocytes may be independent of the B-lymphocyte population.
Stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer by bovine testicular 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

The stereospecificity of hydrogen transfer between steroid (17-hydroxyprogesterone) and both natural cofactors by bovine testicular 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha-HSD) has been determined. Cofactors used in these studies, [4-pro-S-3H]NADH ([4B-3H]NADH) and [4-pro-S-3H]NADPH ([4B-3H]NADPH) were generated with human placental estradiol 17 beta-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.62) utilizing [17 alpha-3H]estradiol-17 beta and NAD+ or NADP+, respectively. The resulting [4B-3H]NADH and [4B-3H]NADPH were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and separately incubated with molar excess of 17-hydroxyprogesterone as substrate in the presence of 20 alpha-HSD. Following incubation, steroid reactant and product were extracted, separated by HPLC and quantitated as to mass and content of tritium. The oxidized and reduced cofactors were separated by ion-exchange chromatography and quantitated as to mass and tritium content. In all incubations, equimolar amounts of 17,20 alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one and oxidized cofactor were obtained. Further, all recovered radioactivity remained with cofactor and none was found in the steroid product. In additional experiments, both reduced cofactors were separately incubated with glutamate dehydrogenase, an enzyme known to transfer from the B-side of the nicotinamide ring. Here radioactivity was present only in the unreacted cofactor fractions and in the product, glutamic acid. The results indicate that bovine testicular 20 alpha-HSD catalyzes transfer of the 4A-hydrogen from the dihydronicotinamide moiety of the reduced cofactor. Finally, this work described modifications that represent considerable improvement in the purification and assay of bovine 20 alpha-HSD as originally described.
The Sixteen-Trillion-Dollar Mistake: How the U.S. Bungled Its National Priorities from the New Deal to the Present

Preface 1. Failed National Priorities from FDR to Clinton 2. Roosevelt as Magician 3. Roosevelt's Dilemma 4. The Conservatives' Revenge 5. Truman's Nightmare 6. Truman's Bombshells 7. Eisenhower's Ambivalence and Kennedy's Obsession 8. Johnson's Policy Gluttony 9. Nixon's Megalomania 10. Reagan's Fantasies 11. Reagan's Gordian Knot 12. Bush's Myopia 13. Clinton as Backpedaler and Counterpuncher 14. Clinton Boxes with Reagan's Shadow 15. On the Magnitude of Failed National Priorities Notes Collections, Oral Histories, Interviews Bibliography Index
Do current outcomes justify more liberal use of revascularization for vasculogenic claudication? A single center experience of 1,000 consecutively treated limbs.

Background The purpose of this study was to reconsider current recommended treatment guidelines for vasculogenic claudication by examining the contemporary results of surgical intervention. Study Design We performed a retrospective review of 1,000 consecutive limbs in 669 patients treated for medically refractory vasculogenic claudication and prospectively followed. Outcomes measured included procedural complication rates, reconstruction patency, limb salvage, maintenance of ambulatory status, maintenance of independent living status, survival, symptom resolution, and symptom recurrence. Results Of the 1,000 limbs treated, endovascular therapy was used in 64.3% and open surgery in 35.7% of patients; aortoiliac occlusive disease was treated in 70.1% and infrainguinal disease in 29.9% of patients. The overall 30-day periprocedural complication rate was 7.5%, with no notable difference in complication rates when comparing types of treatment or levels of disease. Overall reconstruction primary patency rates were 87.7% and 70.8%; secondary patencies were 97.8% and 93.9%; limb salvage, 100% and 98.8%; and survivals, 95.4% and 76.9%, at 1 and 5 years, respectively. More than 96% of patients maintained independence and ambulatory ability at 5 years. Overall symptom resolution occurred in 78.8%, and symptom recurrence occurred in 18.1% of limbs treated, with slightly higher resolution and recurrence noted in patients treated with endovascular therapy. Conclusions Contemporary treatment of vasculogenic claudication is safe, effective, and predominantly endovascular. These data support a more liberal use of revascularization for patients with claudication and suggest that current nonoperative treatment guidelines may be based more on surgical dogma than on achievable outcomes.
Novel Tubulin Polymerization Inhibitors Overcome Multidrug Resistance and Reduce Melanoma Lung Metastasis

Purpose To evaluate abilities of 2-aryl-4-benzoyl-imidazoles (ABI) to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR), define their cellular target, and assess in vivo antimelanoma efficacy.
Characterization and evaluation of wood strand composite load capacity with near infrared spectroscopy

This study looked at the ability to use near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to non-destructively assess the load capacity and deflection of oriented strand construction board in the presence of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin variation. The influence of PF resin on both mechanical properties was significant. Principal components regression was used to determine and rank statistically important principal components. For prediction of load capacity, the following associated wavelengths were important and in the following order: urea > lignin > cellulose > PF. Likewise, for prediction of deflection within the elastic region, the following associated wavelengths were important: urea > cellulose > lignin > PF. Models for prediction of load capacity (R 2 = 0.69) were stronger than those for deflection (R 2 = 0.59). It was determined that the predictive capability of the multivariate models were strong enough to characterize population parameters and for interpretation purposes but may not be precise enough for the accurate screening of individual panels.
An ecological niche theory approach to the measurement of brand competition

Marketers have long advocated the use of ecological theory to study markets, but the abstract definitions of key constructs have hampered empirical applications. We take a first step in applying ecological theory to product markets by quantifying concepts such as niches, niche breadth, and niche overlap. We propose a new approach for measuring competitive intensity and identifying competitive submarkets. This measure defines competition between brands as the extent to which brands compete for the same customers. The approach is suitable for both durable and nondurable goods, for markets with many brands, and it can be used to assess competition between existing and hypothetical brands. We illustrate our approach using data on the magazine market and offer suggestions for future research.
Image Feature Set for Correspondence Mappings

We present a method to automatically construct features capable of putting images in correspondence with each other i.e., registration without requiring control points or landmarks on the images in question. Our method is based primarily on Principal Component Analysis PCA and a suitable image representation. The feature set is a collection of weight vectors and the correspondence mapping is done using the distances between those vectors. Only a small number of vectors is needed. While we illustrate the approach in the context of image registration, other applications of this method are possible, like distributed sensor networks, specifically when a sensor network is built up from observing devices, like camcorders, CCDs, etc. Most notably, the method could be used for image matching and retrieval, being insensitive to rotation.
TRIPLET EXCITATION TRANSFER INVOLVING β-IONONE. A KINETIC STUDY BY LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS

— Employing nanosecond laser flash photolysis, β-ionone (BI) has been examined as an acceptor and as a donor of triplet excitation. In the limit of diffusion-control as well as below it, the rate constants for the quenching of a series of sensitizer triplets by BI are2–3 times smaller than those by 2,4-hexadienal (HD), although the triplet energies (spectroscopic) of the two carbonyl-containing dienes are estimated to be the same (∼55 kcal mol-1). We attribute the difference to a steric effect arising from ground-state geometric distortion and heavy alkyl-substitution in BI. In spite of possible exothermic energy transfer, BI triplet is nearly nonquenchable by azulene and ferrocene; this is explainable by torsional relaxation to an equilibrium geometry at which the vertical energy gap is smaller than 40 kcal mol-1. The singlet oxygen yield from the interaction of BI triplet with oxygen in benzene is estimated to be 0.5, suggesting that spin-exchange and energy-transfer may be involved to the same extent in the oxygen quenching process.
Trace metals and sulfur in soils and forage of a chronic wasting disease locus

Environmental context. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) and other ‘prion’ diseases tend to cluster geographically, a characteristic that may indicate environmental risk factors, yet the biogeochemical features of regions with high prion disease incidence have rarely been investigated. This study, presenting soil, water and forage trace element analyses for a CWD cluster in Wisconsin, suggests that trace metal toxicity is unlikely to be a disease factor, but further indicates that willow browse could present a risk for copper deficiency in deer owing to high foliar sulfur concentrations. As copper deficiency leads to impaired immune function, it is hypothesised that the risk for CWD could be increased in environments where deer browse willow heavily. Abstract. In an effort to determine whether incidence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in wild cervids is linked to biogeochemical risk factors of affected regions, soils, plants and surface waters in the Mt Horeb, Wisconsin CWD cluster were sampled and analysed for trace metals as well as major elements. The results revealed normal (relatively low) levels of trace metals in the soils, water and most plants, with no evidence of widespread heavy metal contamination in this region. It was concluded that incidence of CWD in Mt Horeb is unlikely to be linked to abnormally high concentrations of potentially zootoxic metals, including Pb, Zn, Cd or Mn, in soils waters or forages of the region. However, shrub willow, a common browse plant in the area, had high S levels in its leaves compared with other potential forage plants. Bioaccumulation of S was species-specific, with one willow species in particular (Salix exigua) having high foliar S in comparison with other species both in controlled greenhouse experiments as well as in the field near Mt Horeb. The willow S concentrations in the Mt Horeb CWD locus, averaging in excess of 4500 mg kg–1 in 2003 and remaining high in 2004, were high enough to have contributed to hypocuprosis in deer, and possibly to have caused polioencephalomalacia (PEM). It is hypothesised that conditions favourable to intensive deer browsing on shrub willow may exist periodically in Mt Horeb, leading to hypocuprosis and increased susceptibility to CWD.
Orexin-1 receptor antagonism does not reduce the rewarding potency of cocaine in Swiss-Webster mice

The orexin family of hypothalamic neuropeptides has been implicated in reinforcement mechanisms relevant to both food and drug reward. Previous behavioral studies with antagonists at the orexin A-selective receptor, OX(1), have demonstrated its involvement in behavioral sensitization, conditioned place-preference, and self-administration of drugs of abuse. Adult male Swiss-Webster mice were implanted with stimulating electrodes to the lateral hypothalamus and trained to perform intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). The effects of the OX(1)-selective antagonist SB 334867 on brain stimulation-reward (BSR) and cocaine potentiation of BSR were measured. SB 334867 (10-30mg/kg, i.p.) alone had no effect on ICSS performance or BSR threshold. Cocaine (1.0-30mg/kgi.p.) dose-dependently potentiated BSR, measured as lowering of BSR threshold. This effect was not blocked by 30mg/kg SB 334867 at any cocaine dose tested. In agreement with previous reports, SB 334867 resulted in a reduction of body weight 24h after acute administration. Based on these data, it is concluded that orexins acting at OX(1) do not contribute to BSR; and are not involved in the reward-potentiating actions of cocaine on BSR. The data are discussed in the context of prior findings of SB 334867 effects on drug-seeking and drug-consuming behaviors.
Decelerating and Demystifying the Path Toward Global Social Studies Education

Sparke, Matthew. (2013). Introducing Globalization: Ties, Tensions, and Uneven Integration. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 508 pp., $34.00, Wiley E-Text, ISBN: 978-1-118-24106-6; $46.95, paperback, I...
Interaction in teratogenesis: Actinomycin D, puromycin and deoxyguanosine.

Abnormal development of the embryonic axis is one consequence of injection into the yolk sacs of 48-hour chick embryos of each of the following teratogens: actinomycin D, puromycin, deoxyguanosine. Rumplessness and trunklessness are consequences of treatment with actinomycin D or puromycin; thoracic constrictions are consequences of treatment with deoxyguanosine. Treatment with both actinomycin D and deoxyguanosine, under certain conditions of dosage and developmental timing, results in an increase in the frequency of rumplessness and trunklessness; the same is true for combined treatment with puromycin and deoxyguanosine. Although deoxyguanosine treatment of 72-hour embryos is also associated with rumplessness, evidence is presented that deoxyguanosine-induced rumplessness does not contribute to the effects obtained with embryos treated at 48 hours incubation age with these combinations of teratogens. Treatment with both actinomycin D and deoxyguanosine can result in an increase in the frequency of thoracic constrictions; treatment with both puromycin and deoxyguanosine, in a decrease. These interactions in teratogenesis between deoxyguanosine and actinomycin D and between deoxyguanosine and puromycin indicate that the distribution in the embryo of each teratogen is more widespread than suggested by the morphological consequences associated with each individually.