cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RUN-UP DUE TO BREAKING AND NON-BREAKING WAVES

This study was conducted to Investigate the effect of incident wave parameters on run-up for both a smooth-faced structure and a structure armored with quarry-stone. The ratio of the depth-to-wave length (the relative depth) was found to be important in defining wave run-up for both cases. The relative run-up (expressed as the ratio of the run-up elevation above still water level to the incident wave height) for waves which break at the toe of the structure was less than the maximum relative run-up for non-breaking waves for the same relative depth. For both structures, the maximum relative run-up for experiments with long waves occurred at a value of the modified Ursell number, (1/2IT) (HL2/h3) , of order unity which indicates that the nonlinear and linear effects are approximately equal in the incident wave.
Ouabain induced primary coronary vasoconstriction. 1.

SummaryGiven intravenously, ouabain decreased heart rate and cardiac output and increased mean aortic pressure, stroke volume, total systemic resistance, and mean and late diastolic coronary resistance. Given directly into the coronary circulation, it decreased coronary blood flow and stroke coronary blood flow, increased mean and late diastolic coronary resistance, and produced no systemic effects. This indicated a direct effect on the coronary vasculature. This direct action on the coronary vessels implies possible intensified myocardial damage if administered to an already ischemic heart.
Extrahepatic Manifestations of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide with an increased prevalence of metabolic, macro- and microvascular complications. The primary causes of mortality in NAFLD are cardiovascular disease (CVD), malignancy and liver disease. NAFLD is a multisystem disease that affects a variety of extra-hepatic organ systems. The main focus of this review is to summarize the reported extra-hepatic associations, which include CVD, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, osteoporosis, psoriasis, colorectal cancer, iron overload and various endocrinopathies (e.g. type 2 diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian syndrome). Due to the systemic manifestations of NAFLD patients require a multidisciplinary assessment and may benefit from more rigorous surveillance and early treatment interventions to decrease mortality related to malignancy or cardiometabolic diseases.
Impact of Glands in Cotton Anthers on Feeding Behavior of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Larvae

The number of “gossypol” glands in cotton anthers and chemical composition of these glands vary among different cotton lines. The glands contain mostly gossypol but also contain other terpenoid aldehydes, and each gland is enveloped by tissues containing an anthocyanin. Although young Heliothis virescens (F.) larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) avoid feeding on the glands of anthers, their ability to penetrate the mass of anthers and feed on female reproductive structures of cotton does not appear to be affected by the presence of glands.
Same day discharge protocol implementation trends in laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pediatric patients

Abstract Purpose After investigating barriers for same day discharge (SDD) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC), we employed a protocol which we have followed with a prospective, observational study. Methods A single institution, prospective observational study was performed from July 2014 to 2015 (2nd period). These data were compared to our initial experience with an SDD protocol from January 2013 to July 2014 (1st period). Results A total of 191 LCs were analyzed, 116 in the 1st period and 75 in the second period. In the 1st period, 47% were discharged the same day compared to 78% in the 2nd period (P Conclusion SDD after LC is safe and effective and implementing and revising a standardized clinical protocol can substantially improve the success of SDD. Level of evidence Retrospective comparative study, level III.
Fast, hot electron production and ion acceleration in a helicon inductive plasma

A large, time-averaged, double layer-like plasma potential drop of 80 V over several hundred Debye lengths has been observed in the magnetic expansion region on the Madison Helicon eXperiment. It is operated in an inductive mode at 900 W and low argon operating pressures (0.12–0.20 mTorr) in the collisionless regime. The plasma space potential drop is due to the formation of a double layer-like structure in the magnetic expansion region and is much higher than the potential drop caused by a Boltzmann expansion. With the plasma potential drop, a locally negative potential ion hole region at lower pressures with a higher electron density than ion density has been observed just the downstream of the potential drop region. Two-temperature Maxwellian electron distributions with a warm ( Te≈15 eV) and bulk ( Te≈5 eV) components are observed just upstream of the double layer validated through a RF compensated Langmuir probe and an optical emission spectroscopy (OES) diagnostics. In the expansion chamber downstre...
Clinical perspective: creating an effective practice peer review process—a primer

Peer review serves as an important adjunct to other hospital quality and safety programs. Despite its importance, the available literature contains virtually no guidance regarding the structure and function of effective peer review committees. This Clinical Perspective provides a summary of the purposes, structure, and functioning of effective peer review committees. We also discuss important legal considerations that are a necessary component of such processes. This discussion includes useful templates for case selection and review. Proper committee structure, membership, work flow, and leadership as well as close cooperation with the hospital medical executive committee and legal representatives are essential to any effective peer review process. A thoughtful, fair, systematic, and organized approach to creating a peer review process will lead to confidence in the committee by providers, hospital leadership, and patients. If properly constructed, such committees may also assist in monitoring and enforcing compliance with departmental protocols, thus reducing harm and promoting high-quality practice.
Collision or Collaboration? Archaeology Encounters Economic Development: An Introduction

Economic development activities globally have increasingly severe consequences for the practice of archaeology. Archaeologists’ ambivalent views on engaging with development, however, affect the prospects for improvement of living standards the communities in which we work, and for the ability of the discipline to influence the powerful corporate, financial, and political forces behind development efforts. This volume explores, through theoretical, ethical, and case study analysis, the challenging choices facing the discipline in a fast-developing world: Is it better to collaborate with development forces in order to preserve heritage and the archaeological record and, perhaps to support local communities? Or is it better to contend with demands for economic growth and so collide with potentially irresistible demands. This chapter presents the context in which these issues must be considered, and reviews the themes arising from the chapters in this volume, which in the aggregate evaluate the question of Collision or Collaboration from a global perspective.
Abstract A42: H-Ras regulates the dynamics of TRAIL death receptors

Multiple clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate the potential antitumor activity of recombinant human TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (rhTRAIL) and its agonistic antibodies. These protein therapies act through death receptors (DRs) 4 and/or 5 on the cell surface, followed by activation of a caspase cascade and apoptotic cell death. We have previously shown that DR4 and/or DR5 are mislocalized in nucleus and/or cytoplasm in some cancer cells thereby rendering cellular resistance to the targeted therapies. In this study, we have found a correlation between H-Ras expression and TRAIL resistance in the NCI60 panel of human cancer cell lines. The elevated expression of H-Ras is also generally associated with a deficiency of TRAIL death receptors on cell surface. Blockade of H-Ras activity in TRAIL-resistant cells upregulated the surface expression of both DR4 and DR5 without changing their total protein expressions. Subsequently, the cells were sensitized to apoptosis induction by the targeted therapies. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that oncogenic H-Ras is involved in the regulation of subcellular localization of TRAIL death receptors. H-Ras, along with other Ras GTPases, is known to stimulate outgrowth of cancer cells. Our data suggest that H-Ras may elicit its oncogenic activity at least partly by blocking cytokine-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of combinational therapies to simultaneously target H-Ras and TRAIL receptors. Citation Format: Jun-jie Chen, Xu Di, Yaqin Zhang, William Bozza, Baolin Zhang. H-Ras regulates the dynamics of TRAIL death receptors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A42. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-A42
Expansion of the classification of FTLD-TDP: distinct pathology associated with rapidly progressive frontotemporal degeneration

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions (FTLD-TDP) can typically be categorized into one of four distinct histopathologic patterns of TDP-43 pathology, types A to D. The strength of this histopathologic classification lies in the association between FTLD-TDP subtypes and various clinical and genetic features of disease. Seven cases of FTLD-TDP were identified here which were difficult to classify based on existing pathologic criteria. Distinct features common to these cases included TDP-43 aggregates over a wide neuroanatomic distribution comprised of granulofilamentous neuronal inclusions, abundant grains, and oligodendroglial inclusions. TDP-43 aggregates were phosphorylated and associated with loss of normal nuclear TDP-43 protein (nuclear clearance) but were negative for ubiquitin. Biochemical analysis confirmed the presence of insoluble and phosphorylated TDP-43 and also revealed a distinct pattern of TDP-43 C-terminal fragments relative to other FTLD-TDP subtypes. Finally, these cases were uniformly associated with a very rapid clinical course culminating in death within ~3 years of disease onset. We suggest that these cases may represent a unique clinicopathologic subtype of FTLD-TDP which we provisionally call “type E.” The immature appearance of TDP-43 aggregates, widespread distribution, uniform biochemical profile and rapid clinical course highlights the clinical and pathologic variability within FTLD-TDP, and raises the possibility that type E neuropathology is the sequelae of a particularly virulent strain of TDP-43 proteinopathy.
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma

In the current 2004 WHO Classification of Lung Tumors, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is listed as one of the four variants of large cell carcinoma. The other three are basaloid carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. In this chapter, we discuss large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.
Risk Assessment of Juveniles Adjudicated for Possession of Child Sexual Exploitation Material

ABSTRACTAdolescents with sexual behavior problems are a heterogeneous group of individuals, each with unique assessment and treatment needs. Recently, increased attention has been given to risk assessment of adolescents adjudicated for possession of child sexual exploitation material (CSEM), though relatively little is known about their risk for reoffending or specific assessment considerations. The current case study assesses the utility of three evidence-informed risk assessment measures for a 15-year-old boy adjudicated for possession of CSEM, with considerations given to the importance of individualized case formulation and risk assessment with youth adjudicated for CSEM possession.
Precedent and Doctrine in a Complicated World

Courts resolve individual disputes and create principles of law to justify their decisions and guide the resolution of future cases. Those tasks present informational challenges that affect the whole judicial process. Judges must simultaneously learn about (1) the particular facts and legal implications of any dispute; (2) discover the doctrine that appropriately resolves the dispute; and (3) attempt to articulate those rules in the context of a single case so that future courts may reason from past cases. We propose a model of judicial learning and decision making in which there is a complicated relationship between facts and legal outcomes. The model has implications for many of the important questions in the judicial process, including the dynamics of common law development, the path-dependent nature of the law, and optimal case selection by supervisory courts.
Chiasm and hyperdialectic: re-conceptualizing sensory deprivation in infancy

The literature on sensory processing disorders in institutionalized infants highlights the impact of early deprivation on infant perception. Through a Merleau-Pontian, hyperdialectic analysis of the extraordinary development of infant perception under circumstances of severe deprivation the intimate link between environmental affordances and perceptual systems becomes apparent. This paper offers an updated reading of Merleau-Ponty’s late work as a philosophy of systems (“structures”, “forms”, “gestalts”, as he called them) and outlines some fertile philosophical concepts and methods developed by Merleau-Ponty in The visible and the Invisible. Merleau-Ponty’s concept of the chiasm, understood from a systems perspective, and his method of the hyperdialectic are applied in a child case study of an infant who suffered severe neglect in a Romanian orphanage.
Brüche als Anteile von einem Ganzen

Doch was soll man sich nun unter einem Bruch oder unter einer Bruchzahl vorstellen? Bei gewohnlichen Bruchen denkt man meist als an Anteile von Stuckgrosen oder von anderen Grosen. Aufgefordert Anteile von Stuckgrosen darzustellen konnte man zu Skizzen wie in Abb. 3.1.
Jeux sans frontières

The Biotechnology Revolution: An International Perspective. By Alan M. Russell. Wheatsheaf, Brighton, UK/St Martin's Press, New York: 1988. Pp. 266. £35, $45.
Understanding the Miscibility and Morphology of Poly(methyl methacrylate) and Styrenic Copolymer Blends of Tunable Domain Sizes

In the present study, we have investigated the miscibility, morphology and mechanical behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends with a series of poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA) copolymers containing varying amounts of maleic anhydride (MA) content (from 8 to 26%). The experimental findings have been substantiated by the modeling studies to gain fundamental understanding of the observed phenomena with respect to the miscibility of the PMMA and SMA blends of a given MA content. The morphological differences, molecular weights, domain sizes and mechanical behavior of the blends at a given ratio of PMMA and copolymers have been investigated and a correlation has been made between the morphological understanding to the molecular weights and mechanical properties. The results indicate that the PMMA/SMA blends are miscible only at a certain MA content providing transparent PMMA/SMA blends without affecting any of the enabling properties of PMMA that are of commercial interest through a facile melt mixing process. The surface hardness and % recovery (nano-indentation) of these blends were evaluated as well to gain fundamental understanding of the surface characteristics and mechanicals of the blends.
Angiogenesis in Atherosclerosis: An Overview

Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessels, involves a complex interplay of various growth signals and cellular milieu. It plays an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. The study of angiogenesis has gained momentum from two different perspectives. On the one hand, angiogenesis is essential for physiologic processes such as menstrual bleeding, wound healing, and embryonic development; on the other hand, histopathologic studies suggest that angiogenesis has an important role in the growth of the atherosclerotic plaque and several tumors. From a clinical perspective, drugs that inhibit angiogenesis seem to increase the incidence of thromboembolic events. Recent data suggests that endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) constitutes only a small proportion of total body VEGF and does not contribute significantly to the overall angiogenic response. However, such autocrine VEGF signaling is required for endothelial cell survival and maintenance of vascular homeostasis. In parallel, the discovery of VEGF has guided us to therapeutic angiogenesis as a possible treatment for ischemic heart and peripheral disease. Results of numerous preclinical studies have provided evidence that angiogenic growth factors can promote collateral channel development which can reduce ischemia. Nonetheless, clinical trials on therapeutic angiogenesis have not been very impressive as expected. Bench and bedside research continues to bring insight into the mechanisms of tissue ischemia and tumor growth. Further understanding of different facets of angiogenesis may help in the development of novel and specific therapies.
A Multi-level Analysis of the Impact of Health Information Technology on Hospital Performance

This paper examines the impact of health information technology (HIT) implementation and meaningful use on hospital productivity and financial performance. Focusing specifically on the healthcare sector allows us to examine at a more granular level the manner in which hospitals and other healthcare organizations adopt, implement and use their HIT systems and how such use impacts their performance. We propose hypotheses predicting a hospital’s operating and financial performance as a function of HIT capital, meaningful use of HIT, and the complementary effect of health information exchange (HIE) coordination with HIT use. Secondary survey data over a three-year period (2008-2010) on various HIT and hospital performance measures collected from 2,557 U.S. hospitals were analyzed by hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) approach. We find reasonably good support for our hypotheses linking HIT capital and meaningful use of HIT to productivity metrics and to financial performance, after controlling for a number of key factors. These findings show that it is important to track and measure meaningful use over and beyond simply looking at HIT adoption statistics.
Robust Alcohol Policy in Russia: Some Aspirational Measures

Alcohol consumption is associated with severe externalities as well as negative effects suffered by drinkers themselves. The usual economics prescription for promoting social well-being in the face of externalities is to apply regulations, including taxes, to force decision makers to confront the full social costs of their choices. Self-harms suffered by rational and informed adult alcohol drinkers, alternatively, offer little rationale (by the lights of traditional economics) for coercive policies aimed at stemming alcohol consumption. The inherent unknowability of the extent of rationality in drinking decisions suggests that the “first best” policy of leaving rational drinking unfettered, while attempting to adjust potentially irrational choices, is not available in practice. The contention of this paper is that a second-best approach should be robust, in the sense that the policy regime will work fairly well when drinkers are fully rational, and also will do a creditable job of serving social well-being when alcohol-related choices are marked by substantial rationality shortfalls. In the case of the Russian Federation, some policies that mark rather severe departures from the current alcohol system, but are consistent with robustness, include: voluntary self-exclusion from either alcohol purchases or consumption; mandatory exclusion for those who produce external alcohol-related harms; and, a buyer licensing scheme that relies on a “double default” system to reduce both alcohol prevalence and the harms that stem from the drinking that does take place. This paper explicates these “aspirational” alcohol control policies.
Selective Maintenance Optimization for Multi-State Systems Operating in Dynamic Environments

This paper deals with selective maintenance of a multistate series system working under time-varying environmental (or operational) conditions. The environmental conditions are evolving dynamically during the mission and influence the degradation rate of each component and the whole system. We assume that the environmental conditions vary as a continuous-time Markov chain. The components are maintained during the maintenance break between two consecutive missions performing maintenance actions: do-nothing, imperfect, and perfect maintenance. The selective maintenance optimization problem is used to find the optimal maintenance strategy in order to maximize the expected system reliability in the next mission subjected to maintenance time and budget limitations. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the reliability of the system at the end of the next mission considering variable environmental/operational conditions. An example is provided to demonstrate the importance of considering the uncertainty in environmental (or operational) conditions.
Development of 40 μm thin flexible silicon heterojunction solar cells

Large-scale production of flexible solar cells is paving the way to portable, low cost power devices. Whereas energy conversion of commercial devices is in the range of 5-15 %, our goal is to manufacture low cost, flexible solar cells with efficiencies over 20%. In this paper we present our latest development on flexible silicon heterojunction solar cells using 40 $\mu$m thin silicon wafers. Currently, sputtering induces surface damage which leads to an open circuit voltage drop of 15-20 mV when compared to implied open circuit voltages. The degradation of minority carrier lifetime after sputtering can be mitigated, from a maximum of 38% down to 17%, through a 70% reduction in the DC plasma power, thereby increasing the reliability of the process. We experimentally demonstrate average minority carrier lifetimes over 1300 $\mu$s and ${\mathrm {iV}}_{{\mathrm {OC}}}$ over 760 mV for 40 $\mu$m thin wafers.
Anisotropic Thermoelectric Performance and Sustainable Thermal Stability in Textured Ca3Co4O9/Ag Nanocomposites

The Ca3Co4O9 (CCO) with layered structure has been considered as a potential candidate for high-temperature thermal energy harvesting application. However, CCO’s layered structure imparts anisotropy in transport properties, which results in anisotropic thermoelectric performance. So far, limited attempt has been made to understand the anisotropic thermoelectric performance of CCO, which often results in erroneous estimation of the thermoelectric response. Here, we fabricated highly textured CCO/x wt % Ag (x = 0, 1, 3, 5) nanoinclusion composites using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique and systematically investigated correlation between microstructure and anisotropic thermoelectric properties. The thermoelectric response was measured along both in-plane and out-of-plane directions (perpendicular and parallel to the pressure axis). We developed a two-step SPS method to achieve enhanced degree of texturing and increased electrical conductivity along ab-planes. The addition of Ag nanoinclusions was f...
USETL: Unikernels for Serverless Extract Transform and Load Why should you settle for less?

Growing popularity of serverless functions is driving the need to optimize the execution platform to reduce resource usage and increase the number of functions that can be executed concurrently. This reduces the provider's costs and increases profit. While current serverless solutions use containers and/or virtual machines, we propose a unikernel based design called USETL which is specialized for serverless extract, transform, load (ETL) workloads. Our design is motivated by a number of key observations: serverless functions are stateless, ephemeral and event-driven. Further, each function's specific purpose is known at invocation time. Unikernels are a natural fit for execution contexts with these properties: they are minimal kernels packaged with a single application in a single address space, which makes them incredibly lightweight. Our design removes network and storage components entirely, replacing them with high level APIs tailored to the needs of serverless ETL functions. Virtualizing I/O at the runtime library interface reduces memory and CPU overheads, yielding higher consolidation density.
Analysis of the Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Response of Metal Matrix Composite Laminates with Interfacial Normal and Shear Failure

In this study, an analysis of the thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) behavior of titanium-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) is accomplished by employing a modified method of cells micromechanics model coupled with a fiber/matrix interfacial failure scheme and the Bodner-Partom unified constitutive theory. Interfacial failure is based on a probabilistic failure criterion which considers the equivalent interfacial compliance to be a function of the interfacial stress. In this approach, the effects of both normal and shear failure of the interface have been included. MMC laminates with angle-ply and quasi-isotropic layups are analyzed for monotonic, cyclic, and thermo-mechanical fatigue loads, and where it is appropriate, comparisons with experimental data are made.
Cereulide synthetase acquisition and loss events within the evolutionary history of Group III Bacillus cereus sensu lato facilitate the transition between emetic and diarrheal foodborne pathogen

Abstract Cereulide-producing members of Bacillus cereus sensu lato (B. cereus s.l.) Group III, also known as “emetic B. cereus”, possess cereulide synthetase, a plasmid-encoded, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase encoded by the ces gene cluster. Despite the documented risks that cereulide-producing strains pose to public health, the level of genomic diversity encompassed by “emetic B. cereus” has never been evaluated at a whole-genome scale. Here, we employ a phylogenomic approach to characterize Group III B. cereus s.l. genomes which possess ces (ces-positive) alongside their closely related ces-negative counterparts to (i) assess the genomic diversity encompassed by “emetic B. cereus”, and (ii) identify potential ces loss and/or gain events within the evolutionary history of the high-risk and medically relevant sequence type (ST) 26 lineage often associated with emetic foodborne illness. Using all publicly available ces-positive Group III B. cereus s.l. genomes and the ces-negative genomes interspersed among them (n = 150), we show that “emetic B. cereus” is not clonal; rather, multiple lineages within Group III harbor cereulide-producing strains, all of which share a common ancestor incapable of producing cereulide (posterior probability [PP] 0.86-0.89). The ST 26 common ancestor was predicted to have emerged as ces-negative (PP 0.60-0.93) circa 1904 (95% highest posterior density [HPD] interval 1837.1-1957.8) and first acquired the ability to produce cereulide before 1931 (95% HPD 1893.2-1959.0). Three subsequent ces loss events within ST 26 were observed, including among isolates responsible for B. cereus s.l. toxicoinfection (i.e., “diarrheal” illness). Importance “B. cereus” is responsible for thousands of cases of foodborne disease each year worldwide, causing two distinct forms of illness: (i) intoxication via cereulide (i.e., “emetic” syndrome) or (ii) toxicoinfection via multiple enterotoxins (i.e., “diarrheal” syndrome). Here, we show that “emetic B. cereus” is not a clonal, homogenous unit that resulted from a single cereulide synthetase gain event followed by subsequent proliferation; rather, cereulide synthetase acquisition and loss is a dynamic, ongoing process that occurs across lineages, allowing some Group III B. cereus s.l. populations to oscillate between diarrheal and emetic foodborne pathogen over the course of their evolutionary histories. We also highlight the care that must be taken when selecting a reference genome for whole-genome sequencing-based investigation of emetic B. cereus s.l. outbreaks, as some reference genome selections can lead to a confounding loss of resolution and potentially hinder epidemiological investigations.
Lifting the secrets of stardust

The cosmic origin of the heaviest elements in the periodic table remains a mystery. Estimates of the physical locations of element-producing events within small galaxies that formed in the early Universe are now providing new clues.
TraceQC: An R package for quality control of CRISPR lineage tracing data

Motivation: The CRISPR-based lineage tracing system is emerging as a powerful new sequencing tool to track cell lineages by marking cells with irreversible genetic mutations. Accurate reconstruction of cell lineages from CRISPR-based data is sensitive to noise. Quality control is critical for filtering out low-quality data points. Yet, existing quality control tools for RNA-seq and DNA-seq do not measure features specific for the CRISPR-linear tracing system. Results: We introduce TraceQC, a quality control package to overcome challenges with measuring the quality of CRISPR-based lineage tracing data and help in interpreting and constructing lineage trees. Availability: The R package is available at https://github.com/LiuzLab/TraceQC.
Forgoing earned incentives to signal pure motives

Policy makers, employers, and insurers often provide financial incentives to encourage citizens, employees, and customers to take actions that are good for them or for society (e.g., energy conservation, healthy living, safe driving). Although financial incentives are often effective at inducing good behavior, they’ve been shown to have self-image costs: Those who receive incentives view their actions less positively due to the perceived incompatibility between financial incentives and intrinsic motives. We test an intervention that allows organizations and individuals to resolve this tension: We use financial rewards to kick-start good behavior and then offer individuals the opportunity to give up some or all of their earned financial rewards in order to boost their self-image. Two preregistered studies—an incentivized online experiment (n = 763) on prosocial behavior and a large field experiment (n = 17,968) on exercise—provide evidence that emphasizing the intrinsic rewards of a past action leads individuals to forgo or donate earned financial rewards. Our intervention allows individuals to retroactively signal that they acted for the right reason, which we call “motivation laundering.” We discuss the implications of motivation laundering for the design of incentive systems and behavioral change.
Multifunctional zeolite nanorods as wax carriers and acid scavengers in asphalt binder

Abstract This paper investigates a dual role of wax-impregnated zeolite when used as an additive in warm-mix asphalt (WMA) technology. The dual role is reflected in the zeolite’s gradually releasing wax at high temperature and adsorbing dissolved organic acids at the locations vacated by wax. The latter role is referred to as acid scavenger. The study includes molecular-level approaches using density functional theory and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Images collected by AFM show that wax molecules are released from the zeolite and crystallize in the bitumen. The zeolite nanorods in bitumen are shown to adsorb part of the acidic content in the bitumen, as evidenced by a reduction of acid accumulation at the glass-bitumen interface. This was also confirmed by our computational modeling showing the surface adsorption energy of acid-zeolite is much higher than the energy of wax-zeolite; as shown by ΔE(wax-acid) = 5.1 kcal/mol for the adsorptions of wax on the broken sodalite cage, and ΔE(wax-acid) = 20.3 kcal/mol for the adsorptions of acid in the entrance supercage-window location. However, the penetration of acid into zeolite channels is not as easy as wax penetration. This is attributed to the electrostatic forces of zeolite’s sodium cations on polar acid molecules, which limit the free motion of acid molecules into the zeolite channels. The study outcomes show the merits of exploiting the dual role of wax-impregnated zeolite to enhance sustainability in construction.
Firearm Legislation and Advocacy

In the wake of the recent growth in firearm markets and relaxation of firearm laws in the US, it is increasingly important to assess how pediatric clinicians and healthcare workers can effectively engage in firearm injury prevention advocacy as a strategy for combatting the public health crisis of firearm-related deaths. This chapter first explores recent changes in firearm commerce, legislation, and culture that render the need for more urgent advocacy. It then discusses how health care professionals have advocated for measures that reduce firearm violence and injury thus far. Finally, this chapter describes various advocacy opportunities that might be uniquely effective for pediatric clinicians, including counseling parents and patients about firearm safety and safe storage, collaborating with community organizations and coalitions, and engaging in legislative advocacy. This chapter concludes by suggesting that such advocacy efforts are urgently needed in both a practical and ethical sense.
Do You See What I See? The Science Behind Utah Rule of Evidence 617

Eyewitness identifications play a key role in many investigations and are often central to a prosecutor’s case. At the same time, eyewitness identifications can be tainted, accidentally or purposely, thus tainting the justice system as well. There are myriad reasons for this phenomenon, but the primary responsibility lies not with the witness, but rather a system that fails to recognize, and often amplifies, mistakes and assumptions in the identification process.
Flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow drift tube ion mobility spectrometry

Abstract In this work, the flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) ambient desorption/ionization source has been coupled with stand-alone Drift Tube Ion Mobility Spectrometry (DTIMS) for the first time. A tip repeller electrode, modified to allow higher bias potential still below the Townsend’s breakdown, was implemented at the FAPA/DTIMS interface to overcome the opposing potentials and facilitate ion transmission. The effect of the lab-built DTIMS and FAPA’s operating conditions (such as plasma voltage, current, gas flow rate, repeller’s potential and positioning, FAPA orientation, etc.) on the signal of selected analytes was studied, for both gas-phase injection and desorption. The FAPA reactant ion peak (RIP) reduced mobility coefficient (K0) corresponds to protonated water clusters (H2O)nH+. The FAPA-DTIMS spectra of several selected compounds showed that their K0 agrees with literature values. Moreover, quantitative characterization of acetaminophen and 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (2,6-DTBP) based on desorption or gas-phase injection yield limits of detection (LODs) of 0.03 μg and 18 ppb, respectively.
ATP interactions of the tau and gamma subunits of DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli.

The tau and gamma subunits of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli were each isolated in large quantities as oligomers from overproducing cells in which their genes (dnaZ and X) were under the control of a T7 phage promoter. The 52-kDa gamma subunit (encoded by the dnaZ sequence) contains three-forths of the N-terminal residues of the 71-kDa tau subunit (encoded by the dnaX sequence). Both gamma and tau share a binding site for ATP (or dATP). A DNA-dependent ATPase activity (Lee, S.H., and Walker, J.R. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 84, 2713-2717) exhibited only by the tau subunit, presumably requires a DNA-binding site in the C-terminal domain lacking in the gamma subunit. Among ATPases dependent on single-stranded DNA, the tau activity is remarkable in the failure of homopolymers (e.g. poly(dA) or poly(dT)) to replace natural DNAs. The presumed need for certain secondary structures may reflect a feature of template binding in the crucial contribution that tau makes to the high processivity of polymerase III holoenzyme. Limited tryptic digestion of tau generates a fragment that resembles gamma in: (i) size, (ii) binding of ATP without ATPase activity, and (iii) a level of complementing holoenzyme activity in extracts of dnaZ-mutant cells that is higher than that of tau.
Two measures of risk importance and their application

Risk importance measures are developed to quantify the worths of design features and human actions in both controlling and reducing risk. The quantification of worths can be used to help focus and prioritize efforts in backfitting programs, reliability assurance programs, inspection programs, and general risk management programs. The risk importance measures described are straightforward mathematically and have a natural physical interpretation. As a demonstration of their utility, the measures are applied to the probabilistic risk analyses (PRA) performed in the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Reactor Safety Study Methodology Applications Program. The results greatly enhance the information provided by the PRA and show extremely intereting behaviors. Within a plant and across plants, worths vary by orders of magnitude. Systems, components, and human actions that are important in reducing risk are not necessarily those that are important in controlling or assuring risk. The worths are graphically portrayed to more effectively communicate the messages to managers and decisionmakers. The applications indicate that the described importance evaluations should be an intimate part of any PRA.
Gallium-rich CaGaαSβ:Ce as a new blue electroluminescent phosphor

Ga-rich CaGa α S β :Ce thin films, of which the Ga/Ca ratio was 2.5-4, were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. After post-annealing at 650°C, a new substance, different from the ordinary CaGa 2 S 4 , grew. This was confirmed by XRD and by a spectral shift of the Ce 3+ emission. This phosphor was found not only to emit a deeper blue, (x, y) = (0.15, 0.16), than CaGa 2 S 4 :Ce, (x, y) = (0.15, 0.19), but also to be electroluminescent. Its luminance was 2 cd/m 2 at 40 V above threshold at a frame frequency of 120 Hz.
Gene expression analysis reveals that histone deacetylation sites may serve as partitions of chromatin gene expression domains

It has been a long-term puzzle whether chromatin can be further divided into distinct gene expression domains. Because histone deacetylation affects chromatin structure, that in turn may affect the expression of nearby genes, histone deacetylation sites may act to partition chromatin into different gene expression domains. In this article, we explore the relationship between histone deacetylation sites and gene expression patterns on the genome scale using different data sources, including microarray data measuring gene expression levels, microarray data measuring histone deacetylation sites, and information on regulatory targets of transcription factors. Using 269 Saccharomyces cerevisiae microarray datasets, histone deacetylation datasets, and regulatory targets of transcription factors assembled from the Yeast Proteome Database and ChIP-chip data, we found that histone deacetylation sites can reduce the level of co-expression of neighboring genes. Histone deacetylation sites may serve as possible partition sites for chromatin domains and affect gene expression.
Large third-order nonlinearities for the excited states of diphenylhexatriene and quaterphenyl measured through time resolved degenerate four-wave mixing

The results demonstrate that time resolved degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) techniques offers an exceptional method for probing the dynamics of the molecular conformation and orientation after photoexcitation. We have also confirmed the observation large excited-state nonlinear enhancement in DPH of Rodenberger et al. and have extended observation of this phenomenon to a new and potentially important class of materials, p-oligophenylenes. >
The reaction of dichlorocarbene with amines

Abstract Dichlorocarbene reacts with secondary amines to give the derived formamide. With tertiary amines, amides are obtained which are the result of rearrangements and Hofmann eliminations in an intermediate nitrogen ylid. In one case, trimethylamine, a compound was obtained whose analysis and properties are consistent with those expected for α,α,β-trichloroethyldimethylamine, V.
Physiological levels of salt and polyamines favor writhe and limit twist in DNA

Quantitative analysis of single molecule experiments show that adding either of two natural polyamines, spermine or spermidine, produced more compact plectonemes in DNA in physiological concentrations of monovalent salt. They also promoted plectoneme formation at lower values of torsion in measurements of extension versus twist. Quantifying changes in the plectonemic DNA using some results from simple rod models suggested that exposure to polyamines reduced the radii and increased the densities of plectonemes. Thus, polyamines may limit the twist density by favoring writhe which maintains the B-form. Although polymerases may significantly stretch the double helix, denature DNA, and produce twist instead of writhe, natural polyamines stabilize base-pairing, limit twist to maintain the B-form, and promote supercoiling, which is conducive to replication and transcription and essential for DNA packaging.
Application of Foundation &#174; Fieldbus Communications for Level Measurement

The purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion of the use of Foundation ® Fieldbus data communications for level measurement in a control system for a new chemical facility. A Freelance 2000 ® Distributive Control System (DCS) as manufactured by Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. (ABB) was provided for the control system. The ABB Freelance 2000 ® is a scaleable control system that utilizes open fieldbuses such as Foundation ® Fieldbus. Foundation ® Fieldbus is an open interoperable fieldbus governed by the International Standards Organization's Open System Interconnect (OSI) model. The OSI model provides standards that define open data communications systems. Design features of Foundation ® Fieldbus that were considered for its use on this project were reduced wiring costs, provisions for future expansion with minimal costs, flexibility of software and hardware use by different suppliers, and increased accuracy of the level measurement.
Efficiently learning linear-linear exponential family predictive representations of state

Exponential Family PSR (EFPSR) models capture stochastic dynamical systems by representing state as the parameters of an exponential family distribution over a shortterm window of future observations. They are appealing from a learning perspective because they are fully observed (meaning expressions for maximum likelihood do not involve hidden quantities), but are still expressive enough to both capture existing models and predict new models. While maximum-likelihood learning algorithms for EFPSRs exist, they are not computationally feasible. We present a new, computationally efficient, learning algorithm based on an approximate likelihood function. The algorithm can be interpreted as attempting to induce stationary distributions of observations, features and states which match their empirically observed counterparts. The approximate likelihood, and the idea of matching stationary distributions, may apply to other models.
Effect of polarization screening length on electron-pump cotunneling errors.

We have calculated cotunneling errors occurring in the electron pump, including the effects of polarization screening length as determined by the gate-to-junction capacitance ratio. Previous analyses have been done in the limit of very large screening length, or equivalently in the limit of a very small ratio of gate-to-junction capacitance, where cotunneling errors are at most of order (N-1) for an N-junction pump for a restricted range of end-to-end bias. Within this same range, we find that the calculated cotunneling errors can increase significantly with increasing capacitance ratios 0.15--0.3, which encompass those reported for several experimental pumps in the literature. With realistic parameters, the calculated first-, second-, third-, and fourth-order cotunneling errors increase the error of a five-junction pump by factors of between 2 and 10 over much of the range of end-to-end bias and by up to a factor of 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{3}$ toward the negative end of the bias range. We discuss the implications of these results for recent experimental observations which are at least two orders of magnitude larger than calculations based on very small capacitance ratios.
The revolutionary pacifism of A.J. Muste: On the backgrounds of the Pacific War

Introductory Comment: The title and subtitle of this essay may seem unrelated; hence a word of explanation may be useful. The essay was written for a memorial number of Liberation which, as the edi...
Why so much stability? The impact of agency determined stability

In this article, I have shown that institutionally induced stability models can be expanded to incorporate the role of implementing agencies acting in conjunction with the legislature. By so extending stability models, inferences can be made on agency behavior as well as on legislative behavior. In particular, the expanded model can be used to show how the two actors together determine the ultimate location of stable policies. Coalition building considerations, jurisdictional limitations, and the other customs and institutional considerations that restrict the legislature's policy space, make it possible for committees to produce a stable policy mandate. But, these stability inducing arrangements do not directly apply to agencies. The policy mandate constrains but does not completely restrict the area of the policy space open to the agency. Thus, legislative structures do not, in and of themselves, induce stable policy outcomes. Legislative policy mandates are changed and defined by the acts of the implementing agency in its role as a non-voting, decision making actor in the policy process. Endless cycling by the agency among possible implementation points is prevented by the agency's organizational goal of a stable environment. I suggest, then, that legislative arrangements acting in conjunction with an agency executive's need to create a certain, regular, and predictable environment, lead to the creation of an agency determined stability.