cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Double Conductors for Transmission Lines

When two overhead conductors a few inches apart are used for each phase of a transmission line circuit, instead of one larger conductor, the reactance is reduced-20 per cent or more. Where voltage drop determines the maximum power load, as it does in many cases, reduced reactance is advantageous and increases the allowable power rating. Current-carrying capacity and corona voltage are increased. The advantages are to be balanced against the extra cost due to mechanical features, including hangers, increased cost of stringing and additional wind and ice load. Since increase in ice load is possibly the greatest disadvantage, the use of double conductors is of most interest for southern districts, where ice load is not encountered.
Vacuum Methods For Layer Deposition And Application To Device Structures

This paper reviews the deposition methode of single element metallic films, refractory films, silicides, vacuum epitaxy of metallic films, silicon and GaAs. The vacuum deposition techniques are: rf sputtering, magnetron sputtering, e-beam deposition, vacuum epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy. Finally, the application of these films to microwave devices and integrated circuits is reviewed.
Experimental characterization of methanol-acetic acid fixative sessile drop dynamics in dry and humid air by video imaging and interference analysis

Abstract Dynamics of methanol and acetic acid (3:1, v/v) fixative sessile drop is important for metaphase chromosomal spreads in cytogenetic assays. However, it has not been well characterized by biologists from a physical science point of view. In this work, a simple optical setup was built to record the fixative drop spreading and evaporation process. Drop film thickness, cross-sectional profile and surface thinning speed were constructed from the observed interference patterns to show evolution of the process in both dry and humid air. Surface thinning speed analysis at the drop center suggested different evaporation regimes. The ability of characterizing fluid behavior at a scale comparable to the size of cells by interference fringes is expected to facilitate further understanding of the metaphase spreading process at micro- and nano-scale.
ORAL CIMETIDINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF GENITAL AND PERIGENITAL WARTS IN CHILDREN

Purpose: It is believed that most warts are self-limiting and generally require little or no treatment. When numerous or almost complete infestation of the perineum, genital area and groin is encountered it can be distressing and a difficult problem to treat in children. Multiple treatments with caustic agents are sometimes necessary, and treatment of perigenital warts may require use of anesthesia for multiple procedures. Cimetidine is a histamine receptor antagonist that has been used mainly to treat peptic ulcer disease. Recently it has been reported to be useful for the treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster and verruca because of its immunomodulatory effects. Several studies have been published indicating its effectiveness in the treatment of warts.Materials and Methods: We treated 4 children with extensive condylomata acuminata of the genital and perigenital areas with high doses of cimetidine in an attempt to eradicate the condyloma and avoid recurrence in 2 and as pr...
A perspective on ellipsometry

Abstract Two distinct and general definitions of ellipsometry and polarimetry are stated ab initio that account for the existing duality in usage of both terms. Ellipsometers and polarimeters are next defined accordingly. The definitions contrast these commonly used similar terms against one another. Viewed within the framework established by these general definitions, optical ellipsometry of interfaces and films (the main topic of this conference) is recognized as a narrow particularization of a broad scheme. Examples of ellipsometry (polarimetry) in different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum provide important perspective on the considerable extent of the field. Another perspective (in a different dimension) is gained when the application of ellipsometry (polarimetry) to different samples is considered. This relates ellipsometry of interfaces and films to polarimetry of bulk anisotropic samples and light scattering by systems of particles. Three individual procedures (namely, polarization measurement, application of electromagnetic theory, and computation) are identified as essential to the complete utilization of ellipsometry (polarimetry).
Monoterpene biosynthesis in marine algae

Abstract Marine algae produce a variety of secondary metabolites, including monoterpenes, which present several highly unusual characteristics. The algal monoterpenes are nearly always halogenated and they possess ring structures quite unlike those in monoterpenes originating from terrestrial plants, suggesting novel biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms. Although limited in scope and number, field studies suggest that these compounds play a role in the defence of marine algae, similar to the role played by the more extensively studied terrestrial monoterpenes. This review examines the biogenetic pathways proposed for marine algal halogenated monoterpenes and compares them with the more thoroughly defined biosynthetic mechanisms of monoterpenes in terrestrial plants. A detailed characterization of monoterpene biosynthesis in cultured Ochtodes secundiramea (Rhodophyta) is also presented as a model for studying the biosynthesis of these unusual metabolites and evaluating their ecological functions.
Negative affect, alcohol expectancies and alcohol‐related problems

Using data from the first epidemiological study of mainland Puerto Rican drinking, the authors explore the relationships between negative affect, alcohol expectancies and drinking problems. Results revealed that the co-occurrence of depressed mood and drinking problems was strongly moderated by alcohol expectancies. More specifically, the co-occurrence was strongest among those Puerto Ricans who most expected alcohol to elevate their mood. Findings are discussed in terms of their explication of the co-morbidity of depressive symptomatology and alcohol abuse.
On the spectrum and scattering of W3 strings

We present a detailed investigation of scattering processes in W3-string theory. We discover further physical states with continuous momentum, which involve excitations of the ghosts as well as the matter, and use them to gain a better understanding of the interacting theory. The scattering amplitudes display factorisation properties, with states from the different sectors of the theory being exchanged in the various intermediate channels. We find strong evidence for the unitarity of the theory, despite the unusual ghost structure of some of the physical states. Finally, we show that by performing a transformation of the quantum fields that involves mixing the ghost fields with one of the matter fields, the structure of the physical states is dramatically simplified. The new formalism provides a concise framework within which to study the W3 string.
Intracranial Endovascular Balloon Test Occlusion—Indications, Methods, and Predictive Value

The balloon test occlusion is one method by which surgeons evaluate whether a patient will be able to tolerate permanent occlusion of an extracranial or intracranial vessel. This article discusses the indications, methods, predictive value, and complications of the balloon test occlusion. It also briefly describes the Wada test in the context of preoperative evaluation of patients who are candidates for temporal lobectomy.
Oral Testing for First‐Year Language Classes

The acquisition of speaking skills has recently received increased attention among foreign language teachers. Yet the testing of speaking skills remains a time-consuming task and rarely takes place at the elementary level. While numerous publications describe testing for intermediate and advanced language students, others in the profession are considering the adaptation of the Foreign Service Institute Interview for beginning students. The author outlines a format and scoring system for interviewing students during the first and second semesters of language study.
Prognostic implications of the J wave ECG patterns

Recent studies concerning the J wave/slur pattern have caused confusion among those recommending ECG screening to prevent sudden cardiac death in young athletes in whom “early repolarization” is frequently observed. This is of major importance since we know that 50% of sudden death in young people occurs despite morphologically normal hearts. The available prognostic studies of this and similar ECG patterns have demonstrated differing results, but some suggest that end QRS notching and slurring, particularly in the inferior leads and when accompanied by downward sloping ST segments, have associated risk of sudden death. The differences in the studies appear to be due to terminology and methodological issues as well as design shortcomings. A total of 8 prognostic studies, summarized in Table 1, are available as of February 2013. The major methodological issue in these studies is that each defined early repolarization (ER) and the J point differently. Some defined ER as the presence of ST elevation (classic ER) while others defined it as the presence of J waves or slurs (new ER). Early repolarization was originally recognized in the US because of the higher prevalence of persons of African descent. Because of the unique US experience and the fact that most guidelines are international, an early repolarization definition was never established. Guidelines have addressed however, where the ST level for recognizing ischemia or pericarditis is measured and considered the J-point (or J-junction) to be the beginning of the ST segment. Many subtle but important questions regarding appropriate use of the terminology have since arisen: Is the J point the beginning of the ST segment (the classic J point, as in the guidelines) or is it the top of the J wave or slur (the new J point)? How is the QRS duration measured and are conduction delays included? Does the QRS duration include the J waves/slurs when they are present? Table 2 lists the definitions and measurements made by the eight studies. Even close reading of these studies often
Flow-guided file layout for out-of-core pathline computation

As CPU processing power becomes more powerful and storage capacity increases, performing data-intensive visualization computations involving large data on a desktop computer becomes an increasingly viable option. Desktops, though, usually lack the memory capacity required to load such large data at once, and thus the cost of I/O becomes a major bottleneck for the necessary out-of-core computation. Among techniques that reduce runtime I/O cost, reordering the file layout to increase data locality has become popular in recent years. However, file layout techniques for time-varying scientific data, especially for time-varying flow fields, have been rarely discussed. In this paper, we evaluate the performance impact of utilizing a file layout method for out-of-core time-varying flow visualization. We extend a graph-based representation of flow fields, originally developed for static vector fields, to time-varying flow fields, and apply a graph layout algorithm to order data blocks to be written to disk. Benefits from the generated file layouts are evaluated using various parameters and seeding scenarios.
Steady-State Nuclear Double Resonance: An Application to the Study of the Quadrupole Resonances of K 39 , K 40 , and K 41 in KCl O 3

A steady-state nuclear-double-resonance technique for the detection of low-abundance nuclear-spin resonances has been developed and applied to the detection of quadrupole resonances from ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$ (93% abundant), ${\mathrm{K}}^{40}$ (0.01% abundant), and ${\mathrm{K}}^{41}$ (7% abundant) in KCl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. From the observed resonances, the ratios of the potassium-nuclei quadrupole moments $\frac{{Q}_{40}}{{Q}_{39}}$ and $\frac{{Q}_{41}}{{Q}_{39}}$ were found to be 1.244 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.002 and 1.2175 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.001, respectively. Also, the electric field gradient and asymmetry parameter at the potassium sites were measured. In addition, rotary saturation involving the Cl nuclei was observed and studied in very large effective fields corresponding to frequencies up to 600 kHz where the energy absorbed from the saturating fields is extremely small. The steady-state nuclear-double-resonance technique represents a marked improvement over related transient double-resonance techniques. With the steady-state technique, one can gather data at a rate roughly $\frac{{T}_{1}}{{T}_{2}}$ times greater than that for transient techniques, thereby not only significantly reducing the time required for the measurement of a particular signal, but also lifting very stringent conditons on apparatus stability when ${T}_{1}$ is long.
Attitude and behavior regarding pleasure travel among mature consumers: a socialization perspective.

Abstract Socialization Theory guides this study's examination of factors that influence mature consumers' attitudes and behavior regarding pleasure travel. The study examines the extent to which social structural variables are related to mature travelers' interaction with socialization agents, and how social structural and developmental variables are related to their attitudes, past travel behavior, and future travel intentions. Data (n = 182) were collected via mailed questionnaires. A series of multiple regression analyses were used to test hypotheses. The findings reveal that socialization theory serves well in explaining attitude, behavior, and intentions regarding pleasure travel. Socialization agents, social structural variables, and attitudinal components are identified and their relationships with past travel behavior and future travel intentions are assessed.
Multisensor fusion for decision-based control cues

Data acquired form multiple sensors provides a means for defining a knowledge base and a current situation scenario. The data is accepted and integrated as intelligence with the use of signal- and symbol-level fusion to translate the raw data into intelligence information that can be used to baseline the knowledge of a control system. An application of this technique is applied to a robotic inspection and dismantlement system. This system is used to dismantle material sin a potentially hazardous environment that involves nuclear waste. The objective is to gather information about the environment using a suite of sensors to include range, electro-optical and proximity sensors to develop a current situation and initiate cues to the control system. By including evidential reasoning in the fusion process, all of the data that is gathered can be used to build the knowledge base where lower belief factors are attributed to things with significant uncertainty. Logical inferences are also incorporated to develop certainty measures and truth values. The results suggest an approach to multisensor fusion for decision-based control using a knowledge base and current situation scenario framework.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Growth in Chronic Kidney Disease

Poor growth is a common sequela of CKD in childhood. It not only affects the psychosocial development of a child but also has significant effects even in the adult life. The multifactorial etiology and severe consequences of growth failure in CKD warrant evaluation of all the modifiable and nonmodifiable causes. Treatment strategies must be directed toward the specific factors for each child with CKD. Among the various metabolic, nutritional, and hormonal disturbances complicating CKD, disordered growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 axis are important contributors toward poor growth in children with CKD. CKD is recognized as a state of GH resistance rather than GH deficiency, with multiple mechanisms contributing to this GH resistance. Recombinant GH (rGH) therapy can be used in this population to accelerate growth velocity. Although its use has been shown to be effective and safe in children with CKD, there continues to be some uncertainty and reluctance among practitioners and families regarding its usage, thereby resulting in a surprisingly low use in children with CKD. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of growth failure, its effect, and management strategies in children with CKD.
Interdisciplinary discussions of hydrology and river linking take place in India

Considerable investment has been made in the development, construction, and management of water resources projects in the past 150 years. Many of these projects have caused deleterious environmental consequences, such as erosion and sedimentation of reservoirs, water logging, and alkalinization and salinization of irrigated lands. With the rising demand worldwide for quality water, the increasing call for preservation of environmental quality and sustenance of biodiversity, and the simultaneous and growing acceptance that the water use and management strategies of the past have often been unsustainable, there is an urgent need for wide-ranging discussions of past water resources policies and practices. Scientists, engineers, planners, managers, administrators, and policy makers recently met in Bhopal, India, to discuss problems and exchange ideas pertaining to water, water use, and the environment in arid, semi-arid, subhumid, humid, and tropical regions. More than 400 participants representing 30 countries, including Australia, Canada, India, Germany, France, Italy the United States, and the United Kingdom, among others attended Water and Environment (WE)-2003.
Relapse and risk perception among members of a smoking cessation clinic.

Assessed perceptions of the health risks associated with smoking in comparison with not smoking among members of smoking cessation clinics. We measured these perceptions at three different time periods during the clinic, and then again at a 6-month follow-up. Results indicated that members who were abstinent at the follow-up had lowered their perceptions of the likelihood of contracting smoking-related illnesses (e.g., emphysema) if they were not smoking. In contrast, those who had relapsed lowered their perceptions of the health risks associated with smoking, but not their perceptions of nonsmoking disease vulnerability. The implications of these changes in risk perception for therapy involvement are discussed.
Genes affecting phenotypic plasticity in Arabidopsis : pleiotropic effects and reproductive fitness of photomorphogenic mutants

Many plants exhibit characteristic photomorphogenic shade ’avoidance’ responses to crowding and vegetation shade; this plasticity is often hypothesized to be adaptive. We examined the contribution of specific photomorphogenic loci to plastic shade avoidance responses in the annual crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana by comparing single-gene mutants defective at those loci with wild type plants exhibiting normal photomorphogenesis. The hy1 and hy2 mutants, deficient in all functional phytochromes, were less plastic than the wild type in response to a nearby grass canopy or to a low-red/far-red light ratio characteristic of vegetation shade. These mutants displayed constitutively shade-avoiding phenotypes throughout the life cycle regardless of the treatment: they bolted at an earlier developmental stage and were characterized by reduced branching. In contrast, the hy4 mutant, deficient in blue light reception, exhibited greater plasticity than the wild type in response to vegetation shade after the seedling stage. This mutant produced more leaves before bolting and more basal branches under normal light conditions when compared to the wild type. These results indicate that specific photomorphogenic loci have different and sometimes antagonistic pleiotropic effects on the plastic response to vegetation shade throughout the life cycle of the plant. The fitness of the constitutively shade-avoiding phytochrome-deficient mutants was lower than that of the plastic wild type under normal light, but was not different in the vegetation shade treatments, where all genotypes converged toward similar shade avoidance phenotypes. This outcome supports one key prediction of the adaptive plasticity hypothesis: that inappropriate expression of shade avoidance traits is maladaptive.
Topcolor: top quark condensation in a gauge extension of the standard model

Abstract We describe a color embedding, SU(3) c →SU(3) 1 ×SU(3) 2 , that is designed to break electroweak symmetries through top quark condensation. The minimal scheme of Bardeen, Hill and Lindner can be recovered by taking the scale of embedding large and fine-tunning the ratio of coupling constants. Models of this kind allow computation of the strength of higher dimension operators which are found to be small. Perhaps fine-tunning can ultimately be avoided in this scheme.
Hydrogen trapping, diffusion and recombination in austenitic stainless steels

Trapping, diffusion, and recombination of hydrogen in austenitic stainless steels are reviewed. It is suggested that since all of these processes are strongly interdependent and since the measured recombination rates are found to vary four orders of magnitude at any temperature, the data analysis techniques used to date are insufficient. A two-region diffusion model with surface recombination is proposed in which the surface layer is characterized by a smaller diffusion coefficient than the bulk.
Pacific Tracker 2 - expert system (PacTrac2-ES) behavioural assessment and intervention tool for the Pacific Kids DASH for Health (PacDASH) study

The Pacific Tracker (PacTrac) is a computer program designed to analyse food intakes of individuals from the Pacific Region. PacTrac's original output included servings of daily intake of food groups according to the United States Food Guide Pyramid, nutrient intake recommendations, and a comparison to other national nutrition recommendations. PacTrac was made available for public use through the Hawaii Foods website (hawaiifoods.hawaii.edu). PacTrac2 is an updated and expanded version of PacTrac that uses the United States MyPyramid/MyPlate food groups in household units of daily intake, rather than servings. In addition, the PacTrac2 includes a physical activity analysis tool which quantifies minutes of physical activities and their intensities based on energy estimates from the compendium of physical activity and research on children. An Expert System (ES) - a computerised decision tree to guide behaviour change - was developed using information on self-efficacy and stage of readiness to change, and the fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity information from PacTrac2. The ES produces reports for the child, the parent/guardian, and the child's physician with child-specific strategies, targeted behavioural information, and feedback tailored to the child. PacTrac2-ES was designed for the Pacific Kids DASH for Health (PacDASH) intervention study, conducted in the Kaiser Permanente health care system in Hawaii. The intervention is based on the child's self-efficacy and stage of readiness to change intake of fruits and vegetables and physical activity, with a goal of maintaining body weight to prevent obesity. The intervention is complemented with stage-based mailers addressing the environment for physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake and newsletters that address related behaviours (sedentary activity and a DASH eating approach). This project is the first to expand the PacTrac to contain children's foods and physical activities from the Pacific Region and to use current US MyPyramid/MyPlate food and physical activity analysis and guidance systems, and to develop and implement an Expert System for fruits, vegetables and physical activity of 5-8-year-old children. The PacTrac2-ES was used in the PacDASH study and will be used for other programs to promote healthy eating and physical activity of children in the Pacific Region.
A Single Amphetamine Infusion Reverses Deficits in Dopamine Nerve-Terminal Function Caused by a History of Cocaine Self-Administration

There are ∼1.6 million people who meet the criteria for cocaine addiction in the United States, and there are currently no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies. Amphetamine-based dopamine-releasing drugs have shown efficacy in reducing the motivation to self-administer cocaine and reducing intake in animals and humans. It is hypothesized that amphetamine acts as a replacement therapy for cocaine through elevation of extracellular dopamine levels. Using voltammetry in brain slices, we tested the ability of a single amphetamine infusion in vivo to modulate dopamine release, uptake kinetics, and cocaine potency in cocaine-naive animals and after a history of cocaine self-administration (1.5 mg/kg/infusion, fixed-ratio 1, 40 injections/day × 5 days). Dopamine kinetics were measured 1 and 24 h after amphetamine infusion (0.56 mg/kg, i.v.). Following cocaine self-administration, dopamine release, maximal rate of uptake (Vmax), and membrane-associated dopamine transporter (DAT) levels were reduced, and the DAT was less sensitive to cocaine. A single amphetamine infusion reduced Vmax and membrane DAT levels in cocaine-naive animals, but fully restored all aspects of dopamine terminal function in cocaine self-administering animals. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate pharmacologically induced, immediate rescue of deficits in dopamine nerve-terminal function in animals with a history of high-dose cocaine self-administration. This observation supports the notion that the DAT expression and function can be modulated on a rapid timescale and also suggests that the pharmacotherapeutic actions of amphetamine for cocaine addiction go beyond that of replacement therapy.
Hearing loss prevention education using adopt-a-band: changes in self-reported earplug use in two high school marching bands.

Purpose Hearing loss prevention has always been an important issue for audiologists. The importance of hearing loss prevention education for young musicians is now recognized by the National Associ...
Hierarchical Krylov subspace based reduction of large interconnects

In this paper, we propose a new model order reduction approach for large interconnect circuits using hierarchical decomposition and the Krylov subspace projection-based model order reduction methods. The new approach, called hiePrimor, first partitions a large interconnect circuit into a number of smaller subcircuits and then performs the projection-based model order reduction on each of subcircuits in isolation and on the top-level circuit thereafter. The new approach is very amenable for exploiting the multi-core based parallel computing platforms to significantly speed up the reduction process. Theoretically we show that hiePrimor can deliver the same accuracy as the flat reduction method given the same reduction order and it can also preserve the passivity of the reduced models as well. We also show that partitioning has large impacts on the performance of hierarchical reduction and the minimum-span objective should be required to attain the best performance for hierarchical reduction. The proposed method is suitable for reducing large global interconnects like coupled bus, transmission lines, large clock nets in the post-layout stage. Experimental results demonstrate that hiePrimor can be significantly faster and more scalable than the flat projection methods like PRIMA and be order of magnitude faster than PRIMA with parallel computing without loss of accuracy. Interconnect circuits with up to 4 million nodes can be analyzed in a few minutes even in Matlab by the new method.
Targeting Misperceptions of Descriptive Drinking Norms: Efficacy of a Computer-Delivered Personalized Normative Feedback Intervention

The authors evaluated the efficacy of a computer-delivered personalized normative feedback intervention in reducing alcohol consumption among heavy-drinking college students. Participants included 252 students who were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group following a baseline assessment. Immediately after completing measures of reasons for drinking, perceived norms, and drinking behavior, participants in the intervention condition were provided with computerized information detailing their own drinking behavior, their perceptions of typical student drinking, and actual typical student drinking. Results indicated that normative feedback was effective in changing perceived norms and alcohol consumption at 3- and 6-month follow-up assessments. In addition, the intervention was somewhat more effective at 3-month follow-up among participants who drank more for social reasons.
In Situ Poling and Imidization of Amorphous Piezoelectric Polyimides

An amorphous piezoelectric polyimide containing polar functional groups has been developed using a combination of experimental and molecular modeling for potential use in high temperature applications. This amorphous polyimide, (Beta-CN)APB/ODPA, has exhibited good thermal stability and piezoelectric response at temperatures up to 150C. Density functional calculations predicted that a partially cured amic acid (open imide ring) possesses a dipole moment four times larger than the fully imidized closed ring. In situ poling and imidization of the partially cured (Beta-CN)APB/ODPA, was studied in an attempt to maximize the degree of dipolar orientation and the resultant piezoelectric response. A positive corona poling was used to minimize localized arcing during poling and to allow use of higher poling fields without dielectric breakdown. The dielectric relaxation strength, remanent polarization, and piezoelectric response were evaluated as a function of the poling profile. The partially cured, corona poled polymers exhibited higher dielectric relaxation strength (delta varepsilon), remanent polarization (Pr) and piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33) than the fully cured, conventionally poled ones.
Author-team diversity and the impact of scientific publications: Evidence from physics research at a national science lab

Abstract In the second half of the 20th century, scientific research in physics, chemistry, and engineering began to focus on the use of large government-funded laboratories. This shift toward so-called big science also brought about a concomitant change in scientific work itself, with a sustained trend toward the use of highly specialized scientific teams, elevating the role of team characteristics on scientific outputs. The actual impact of scientific knowledge is commonly measured by how often peer-reviewed publications are, in turn, cited by other researchers. Therefore, how characteristics such as author team seniority, affiliation diversity, and size affect the overall impact of team publications was examined. Citation information and author demographics were reviewed for 123 articles published in Physical Review Letters from 2004 to 2006 and written by 476 scientists who used the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory's facilities. Correlation analysis indicated that author teams that were more multi-institutional and had homogeneous seniority tended to have more senior scientists. In addition, the analysis suggests that more mixed seniority author teams were likely to be less institutionally dispersed. Quantile regression was used to examine the relationships between author-team characteristics and publication impact. The analysis indicated that both weighted average seniority and average seniority had a negative relationship with the number of citations the publication received. Furthermore, the analysis also showed a positive relationship between first-author seniority and the number of citations, and a negative relationship between the number of authors and the number of citations.
A geometric approach to collective motion

We introduce the total s-energy of a multiagent system and bound its maximum asymptotic value. This gives us a new analytical device to study the convergence rate of bidirectional agreement dynamics. We use it to bound the convergence rate of dynamical systems for synchronization, flocking, opinion dynamics, and social epistemology.
Redistribution of cardiac output after hypothalamic lesions and hemorrhage

The effects of ablation of the anteroventral portion of the third cerebral ventricle (AV3V) on cardiac output and distribution of regional blood flows were determined in conscious rats using 15 μm radiolabelled microspheres before, and 2 min and 15 min after hemorrhage (n=11 for each group). Prior to hemorrhage, cerebral blood flow was significantly greater (216±30 ml/min/100 g), and cerebral vascular resistance was lower (0.60±0.09 mm Hg/ml/min/ 100 g) in rats with AV3V lesions than in controloperated animals (132 ±16 ml/min/100 g; 0.92+0.1 mm Hg/ml/min/100 g, respectively), while mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and regional blood flow to other organs were similar. Less blood was withdrawn from animals with AV3V lesions (4.4 ±0.6 ml) than from control-operated rats (6.0±0.5 ml) to reduce blood pressure to approximately 65 mm Hg. Hemorrhage decreased cerebral vascular resistance in control-operated animals (0.52±0.07 mm Hg/ml/min/100 g), but not in rats with AV3V lesions (0.48±0.1 mm Hg/ml/min/100 g). Cardiac output and regional blood flow to other organs were similar between rats with AV3V lesions and controloperated animals following hemorrhage. These data demonstrate that electrolytic ablation of the AV3V region results in a selective increase in cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebral vascular resistance, but does not alter the reflex changes in regional blood flow evoked by hemorrhage.
Micro‐topography creates biogeochemical hot spots in wetlands

Interventions in wetlands could improve water quality, as wetlands regulate not only nutrients such as nitrogen and sulfur but also pollutants in the waters that flow through them. Biological and chemical processes maintain conditions for redox reactions in the wetlands that control the concentration of certain solutes, including nutrients and pollutants. But such biogeochemical processes are not evenly distributed and often are localized in “hot spots” or take place in bouts known as “hot moments.” How these hot spots or hot moments arise remains poorly understood and is often explained by simply evoking variations in soil properties in the wetlands.
Geology of the Lick Observatory Quadrangle, California

The Lick Observatory 7.5-minute quadrangle exposes evidence of geologic events that range from subduction of Mesozoic Franciscan Complex, through accumulation of marine Miocene porcellanite and clastics, to the development of the San Andreas fault system and deformation within it. The active Calaveras fault zone, with its linear valleys and subparallel strike-slip strands, transects the quadrangle and, northwest of San Filipe Valley, joins and incorporates the older Madrone Springs fault. The topography has formed in the past 1 to 2 million years and rises northeastward from the East Evergreen range-front thrust, across the Calaveras and several inferred mountain-building faults, to the 1280 m crest of Mt. Hamilton. The stratigraphy includes coherent, variously schistose metagraywacke of the late Mesozoic Franciscan Complex; discordant zones of melange of sheared shale and blocks that include blueschist and eclogite; serpentine that may represent the Coast Range Ophiolite; relatively undeformed sandstone,...
Bottom-up growth of carbon nanotube multilayers: unprecedented growth.

An unusual growth phenomenon, with no precedent in vapor-phase thin film growth, is described here, for the case of the growth of stacked multiple layers of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes1-6 on solid substrates. As multiple layers of ordered nanotubes are sequentially deposited from the vapor onto the substrate, each layer nucleates and grows from the original substrate surface at the bottom of the existing multiple stacks of nanotubes. In contrast to conventional understanding of thin film deposition,7 the mechanism here has similarities to porous oxide film formation on surfaces.8 The stacked layers of aligned nanotubes act as fully permeable membranes for the downward diffusion of growth precursor vapors, allowing growth to occur at the buried solid interface. The preexisting multiple nanotube stacks lift up to accommodate the vertical growth of fresh layers, allowing the formation of nanotube towers extending in millimeter lengths. Our results provide evidence for a new growth phenomenon, charact...
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Of Proteins Of Newborn Rat Skin II. Keratohyalin and Stratum Corneum Proteins

Keratohyalin extracts from newborn rat epidermis were prepared by potassium phosphate and citric acid-detergent extraction procedures. These preparations were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The major band of the potassium phosphate extract has a molecular weight of 48,000. The major bands of the citric acid-detergent preparation have molecular weights of 64,000, 61,500, 57,000 and 54,000. Electrophoresis of S-carboxylmethylated (SCM)-fibrous protein results in two major bands of approximately 57,000 and 64,000. SDS gels of the two preparations of keratohyalin and the SCM-fibrous protein were compared with gels of the insoluble proteins of granular and eluted cornified cells. All of the major bands in the preparations of keratohyalin can be seen in gels of the granular preparation. The two SCM-fibrous protein hands correspond with two prominent bands in gels of the cornified cell preparation. Two bands of the Citric acid-extracted keratohyalin sample also have the same mobility. The major band of the potassium phosphate-extracted preparation of keratohyalin corresponds with a third prominent band of the cornified cell preparation. These results suggest that biochemical components of the preparations of keratohyalin are present in both the granular and the cornified layers of newborn rat epidermis.
The Impact of Community Computer Networks on Social Capital and Community Involvement

This article adds to the debate over whether easy access to the Internet is the only outcome of community computer network projects or if there are tangible impacts to these initiatives. Building from Putnam's links between quality of life, community involvement, and social capital, the authors provide evidence as to the quality-of-life implications of the community computer network known as the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV). The results of the longitudinal study indicate frequent and increasing use of the BEV and the Internet for local, social-capital-building activities. However, there is no trend toward an increase in community involvement or attachment except in a subset of the population that scores high on measures of preexisting community involvement. The results offer Putnam justification for his claims about the Internet's role in social capital formation.
Static Var Compensator for power oscillation damping

The first Static Var Compensator (SVC) for utility purpose in Finland has been installed to Finnish electricity transmission network. The primary purpose of the SVC is to detect and damp electromechanical interarea oscillations in the network. This paper presents the planning and design aspects of the SVC, the structure of the power oscillation damping control, and the test results of the control system.
Prognosis for a mid-infrared magnetic rotation spectrometer for the in situ detection of atmospheric free radicals

Mid-infrared magnetic rotation spectroscopy (MRS) experiments on nitric oxide (NO) are quantitatively modeled by theoretical calculations. The verified theory is used to specify an instrument that can make in situ measurements on NO and NO2 in the Earth’s atmosphere at a sensitivity level of a few parts in 1012 by volume per second. The prototype instrument used in the experiments has an extrapolated detection limit for NO of 30 parts in 109 for a 1-s integration time over a 12-cm path length. The detection limit is an extrapolation of experimental results to a signal-to-noise ratio of one, where the noise is considered to be one-half the peak-to-peak baseline noise. Also discussed are the various factors that can limit the sensitivity of a MRS spectrometer that uses liquid-nitrogen-cooled lead-salt diode lasers and photovoltaic detectors.
Race, sex, slavery: reading Fanon with Aucassin et Nicolette

In Black Skin, White Masks, Frantz Fanon suggests that the history of slavery, and indeed the history of the construction of race itself, continues to enslave those constructed as black in the present. While much contemporary race theory identifies the construction of race as a phenomenon coextensive with modernity, medieval texts like Aucassin et Nicolette suggest a much deeper historical sedimentation of racial constructions, as well as their imbrication with class and gender. An examination of Aucassin et Nicolette in terms of these imbrications reveals the constructedness of these categories in the distant past, and allows them a more thorough historicization: the historical continuity from the Middle Ages to post-Hegelian phenomenology challenges traditional periodizations and extends Fanon’s understanding of the relations among race, class, gender and history.
Requirements Engineering for Industrial Systems: No Easy Answers

Requirements engineering (RE) for complex industrial systems can defy traditional processes and tooling. Some topics, such as managing requirements for contract based and regulated systems are rarely mentioned in the literature. Market forces such as increased staff turnover and reduced development times are changing the way products and services are defined. Other issues, such as eliciting, analyzing, and managing tens or hundreds of thousands of requirements effectively and efficiently, remain, to a large extent, intractable. Some RE activities, such as the tracing of cross-cutting requirements are a conundrum looking for a solution. In some cases, the techniques that do work have evolved over time through trial and error. In general, however, RE processes and tooling on large industrial projects, such as major infrastructure works, have a ways to go before they can be considered standard practices. Described below are some of the more intractable problems in the engineering of industrial systems.
ATP Activates cAMP Production via Multiple Purinergic Receptors in MDCK-D1 Epithelial Cells BLOCKADE OF AN AUTOCRINE/PARACRINE PATHWAY TO DEFINE RECEPTOR PREFERENCE OF AN AGONIST

Extracellular nucleotides regulate function in many cell types via activation of multiple P2-purinergic receptor subtypes. However, it has been difficult to define which individual subtypes mediate responses to the physiological agonist ATP. We report a novel means to determine this by exploiting the differential activation of an autocrine/paracrine signaling pathway. We used Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK-D1) and assessed the regulation of cAMP formation by nucleotides. We found that ATP, 2-methylthio-ATP (MT-ATP) and UTP increase cAMP production. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin completely inhibited UTP-stimulated, did not inhibit MT-ATP-stimulated, and only partially blocked ATP-stimulated cAMP formation. In parallel studies, ATP and UTP but not MT-ATP stimulated prostaglandin production. By pretreating cells with indomethacin to eliminate the P2Y2/prostaglandin component of cAMP formation, we could assess the indomethacin-insensitive P2 receptor component. Under these conditions, ATP displayed a ten-fold lower potency for stimulation of cAMP formation compared with untreated cells. These data indicate that ATP preferentially activates P2Y2 relative to other P2 receptors in MDCK-D1 cells (P2Y1 and P2Y11, as shown by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) and that P2Y2 receptor activation is the principal means by which ATP increases cAMP formation in these cells. Blockade of autocrine/paracrine signaling can aid in dissecting the contribution of multiple receptor subtypes activated by an agonist.
Canada, South Korea, Netherlands and Sweden: regulatory implications of the convergence of telecommunications, broadcasting and Internet services

Abstract Canada, South Korea, Netherlands, and Sweden, are four of the five leading broadband markets in the world. For these four countries, this article reviews the status of telephony, video, and Internet service markets, and identifies the major issues related to government mandates, network access, ownership, and content issues. All four countries seek to create a regulatory environment that allows for effective competition in communications. All four countries have competition among different broadband platforms, whether these are wireline telecom network, cable network, wireless, or local area networks (LANS). Furthermore, several near-term policy challenges arise such as the scope and authority of regulatory and policymaking bodies, unresolved questions on network access, and content policy. However, debates on ownership issues, as related to convergence, appear to be deferred.
Hereditary Kidney Cancer Syndromes

Inherited susceptibility to kidney cancer is a fascinating and complex topic. Our knowledge about types of genetic syndromes associated with an increased risk of disease is continually expanding. Currently, there are 10 syndromes associated with an increased risk of all types of kidney cancer, which are reviewed herein. Clear cell kidney cancer is associated with von Hippel Lindau disease, chromosome 3 translocations, PTEN hamartomatous syndrome, and mutations in the BAP1 gene as well as several of the genes encoding the proteins comprising the succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHB/C/D). Type 1 papillary kidney cancers arise in conjunction with germline mutations in MET and type 2 as part of hereditary leiomyomatosis and kidney cell cancer (fumarate hydratase [FH] mutations). Chromophone and oncocytic kidney cancers are predominantly associated with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) commonly have angiomyolipomas and rarely their malignant counterpart epithelioid angiomyolipomas. The targeted therapeutic options for the kidney cancer associated with these diseases are just starting to expand and are an area of active clinical research.
Self-generated optical modulation in a high-Q SOI microdisk resonator

Self-generated periodic modulation of the optical properties of a silicon-on-insulator microdisk is described. A mechanism explaining the modulation, involving competing thermooptic and free carrier effects, is proposed and discussed.
Semiconducting hexagonal boron nitride for deep ultraviolet photonics

Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has been recognized as an important material for various device applications and as a template for graphene electronics. Low-dimensional hBN is expected to possess rich physical properties, similar to graphene. The synthesis of wafer-scale semiconducting hBN epitaxial layers with high crystalline quality and electrical conductivity control is highly desirable. We report the successful synthesis of large area hBN epitaxial layers (up to 2-inch in diameter) by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Ptype conductivity control was also attained by in-situ Mg doping. Compared to Mg doped wurtzite AlN, which possesses a comparable energy band gap (~6 eV), dramatic reductions in Mg acceptor energy level and p-type resistivity have been realized in hBN epilayers. Our results indicate that (a) hBN epitaxial layers exhibit outstanding semiconducting properties and (b) hBN is the material of choice for DUV optoelectronic devices. The ability of conductivity control and wafer-scale production of hBN opens up tremendous opportunities for emerging applications, ranging from revolutionizing p-layer approach in III-nitride deep ultraviolet optoelectronics to graphene electronics.