cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of Synthesis of Functional mRNA Coding for Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase from Rhodosporidium toruloides

The regulation of functional mRNA coding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from Rhodosporidium toruloides was investigated. Polyadenylic acid [poly(A)]-containing RNA was an efficient template for in vitro translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. Non-poly(A)-containing RNA did not stimulate in vitro protein synthesis. Several lines of experimental evidence indicate that mRNA from R. toruloides directs PAL synthesis in reticulocyte lysate: (i) the major radioactive product in immunoprecipitates when lysates, incubated with yeast poly(A)-containing RNA, were reacted with PAL-antiserum had the same molecular weight as native PAL (75,000); (ii) this major radioactive product competes with authentic PAL for binding to PAL-antiserum; and (iii) partial proteolytic peptide maps of the in vitro translation product were very similar to those of native PAL. The levels of functional mRNA coding for PAL, when R. toruloides was grown in different physiological conditions, were determined by quantitation of PAL synthesized in vitro when RNA was added to reticulocyte lysate. Functional PAL mRNA was six times higher in yeast grown on phenylalanine compared with glucose-phenylalanine minimal medium. No functional PAL mRNA was detected in yeast grown on glucose-ammonia minimal medium in the presence or absence of phenylalanine. These observed changes in functional PAL mRNA were similar to levels of PAL catalytic and antigenic activity. The kinetics of functional PAL mRNA synthesis and degradation were studied. Maximum levels of functional PAL mRNA were observed within 60 min of transfer to PAL-inducing growth conditions. Poly(A)-containing RNA and functional PAL mRNA were rapidly degraded when cells were transferred from phenylalanine to glucose-ammonia minimal medium, with half-lives of 25 and 10 min, respectively. Thus, it is suggested that the alterations in the amount of PAL in cells of R. toruloides grown in different physiological conditions primarily result from alteration in the amount of functional mRNA coding for the enzyme.
Developmental Toxicity Evaluations of Whole Mixtures of Disinfection By-products using Concentrated Drinking Water in Rats: Gestational and Lactational Effects of Sulfate and Sodium

A developmental toxicity bioassay was used in three experiments to evaluate water concentrates for suitability in multigenerational studies. First, chlorinated water was concentrated 135-fold by reverse osmosis; select lost disinfection by-products were spiked back. Concentrate was provided as drinking water to Sprague-Dawley and F344 rats from gestation day 6 to postnatal day 6. Maternal serum levels of luteinizing hormone on gestation day 10 were unaffected by treatment for both strains. Treated dams had increased water consumption, and increased incidences of polyuria, diarrhea, and (in Sprague-Dawley rats) red perinasal staining. Pup weights were reduced. An increased incidence of eye defects was seen in F344 litters. Chemical analysis of the concentrate revealed high sodium (6.6 g/l) and sulfate (10.4 g/l) levels. To confirm that these chemicals caused polyuria and osmotic diarrhea, respectively, Na₂SO₄ (5-20 g/l) or NaCl (16.5 g/l) was provided to rats in drinking water. Water consumption was increased at 5- and 10-g Na₂SO₄/l and with NaCl. Pup weights were reduced at 20-g Na₂SO₄/l. Dose-related incidences and severity of polyuria and diarrhea occurred in Na₂SO₄-treated rats; perinasal staining was seen at 20 g/l. NaCl caused polyuria and perinasal staining, but not diarrhea. Subsequently, water was concentrated ∼120-fold and sulfate levels were reduced by barium hydroxide before chlorination, yielding lower sodium (≤1.5 g/l) and sulfate (≤2.1 g/l) levels. Treatment resulted in increased water consumption, but pup weight and survival were unaffected. There were no treatment-related clinical findings, indicating that mixtures produced by the second method are suitable for multigenerational testing.
Novel CD control of HTPSM by advanced process for sub-20nm tech

As the design rule of the semiconductor shrinks, the CD MTT (Critical Dimension Mean-to-Target) specification for photomask becomes tighter. So, more precise control of CD MTT is required. We have investigated the CD MTT control and applied it to the attenuated PSM (Phase Shift Mask) successfully for several years. We can control the CD MTT of MoSi pattern by measuring Cr/MoSi pattern to estimate MoSi pattern CD and additional etch to shrink MoSi pattern as reported in previous study. At first, the MoSi pattern CD can be estimated with the Cr/MoSi pattern CD because the CD gap between MoSi pattern and Cr/MoSi pattern is relatively constant. Additional MoSi etch is performed to shrink the MoSi pattern CD after then. The CD gap alwasys exists and the variation of the CD gap is enough small to be not considered in conventional photomask production until now. However, the variation of the CD gap is not ignorable in case of sub-20 nm tech. In this study, we investigated new method to measure MoSi pattern CD before Cr strip process to eliminate the CD gap between MoSi pattern and Cr/MoSi pattern. To eliminate the CD gap, we attempt three solutions – 1) Optimize etch process to perform perfect Cr/MoSi pattern profile without the CD gap, 2) Improve CD measurement accuracy by developing new SEM measuring mechanism, 3) Develop of new process to modify Cr/MoSi pattern profile to be measured without the CD gap. It was found that the CD gap can be eliminated and MoSi pattern CD can be measured perfectly. Finally, MoSi pattern CD control was improved because of CD gap elimination.
Examining the Direct and Indirect Effects of Fear and Anger on Criminal Decision Making Among Known Offenders

Deterrence represents the central theoretical core of the American criminal justice system, yet relatively little attention has been paid to how emotions like fear and anger may relate to deterrence. Psychological research has debated whether negative emotions each have similar impacts on decision making (valence approaches) or if distinct emotions have unique impacts (appraisal tendency approaches). This study explores the direct and indirect influences of fear and anger on hypothetical drunk driving likelihood, including their impact on cost perceptions. Surveys were administered to 1,013 male and female incarcerated felony offenders in the Southwestern United States. Using a multivariate path model and controlling for a number of other individual factors, current fear related to increased cost perceptions and anger to decreased costs. Anger also maintained a direct influence on drunk driving, whereas fear did not. Despite their shared negative valence, fear and anger appear to have dissimilar influence...
Probing spin currents in semiconductors

A novel device for spin-current detection in semiconductors, based on the extraordinary Hall effect, is proposed. When a spin current is injected into a nonmagnetic semiconductor, it is found that a transverse electric field, or Hall voltage, is generated. The Hall voltage is proportional to the spin current in the nonmagnetic semiconductor. The proposed device can be used as a tool to investigate the fundamental spin-diffusion length and spin-dependent Hall coefficients in a semiconductor.
The Role of Dynamic Material Properties in the Performance of Ceramic Armor

The penetration of ceramic armor by a kinetic energy penetrator is complex, involving a continual process of material damage, micro-crack nucleation, growth and coalescence, and multiaxial failure, all under conditions of high loading rate and inertial confinement. It will be shown that at sufficiently high stress, which usually requires either high loading rates or confinement (these conditions are known to prevail in the region just beneath a penetrator dwelling at the surface of an armor), plastic deformation occurs in ceramics. This deformation appears to limit the strength of most ceramics, since micro-cracks are subsequently nucleated at the sites of the deformation defects and these immediately begin to coalesce into fragments. The constraint/rate-limited flow of these fragments is the physical event that permits the penetration of ceramic armor. This paper considers the implications for modeling armor penetration of laboratory experiments involving both intact and fragmented ceramics tested under compressive loading at high strain rates and under confining pressure.
Nonaqueous Synthesis of a Highly Photochromic Tungstic Acid

Abstract A photochromic tungstic acid has been synthesized in nonaqueous media for the first time. The action of bromine on powdered tungsten metal, in methanol, produced a highly photochromic tungstic acid, WO3·0.75 H2O, in 93% yield. The material was much more photochromic than the previously known WO3·0.5 H2O, reversibly passing from white to dark blue by the action of ultraviolet light. The mechanism of the synthesis involves the solvent, methanol, producing by-products of methyl formate and organic bromides. An adsorbed organic compound, such as a normal alcohol, appears necessary for photochromism, and the material may be dispersed in thin films of plastic without loss of activity.
Response of wheat (Tritium aestivum) to low rates of glyphosate and glufosinate

Abstract Field studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Hamilton Farms near Lonoke, Arkansas, USA to evaluate the potential impact of sub-lethal doses of glyphosate and glufosinate on winter wheat ( Tritium aestivum ). Three wheat cultivars were seeded, and glyphosate and glufosinate were applied at 1/10 and 1/20 times the labeled dose at the 3- to 4-leaf, panicle initiation, and boot stages. Both herbicides caused significant injury to wheat; however, wheat response to both herbicides was different. Glufosinate injury occurred rapidly and consisted of mainly leaf necrosis. Glyphosate injury to wheat was minimal and manifested in the form of leaf yellowing. Glyphosate caused shortened flag leaf when applied at PI and reduced canopy height when applied at boot. Injury was minimal to wheat across all treatments, with the highest level of injury being 34% following glufosinate applied at boot. Conversely, wheat was most sensitive to glyphosate at the 3- to 4-leaf stage. Flag leaf length was reduced the greatest by glyphosate at PI, whereas glufosinate reduced flag leaf length minimally. Even though glyphosate injury was lower than that of glufosinate, yield was reduced more by glyphosate. Wheat seed weight and germination were not affected by either herbicide. Wheat appears to be slightly more sensitive to glyphosate with respect to yield; however, it is slightly more sensitive to glufosinate with respect to foliar injury.
IMPROVEMENTS TO STEADY-STATE COMBUSTION MODELING OF CYCLOTRIMETHYLENETRINITRAMINE

Many improvements have been made to models of cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine combustion in the past few years. The one-dimensional model presented in this paper models the solid, two-phase, and gas regions using complex kinetics and concentrationand temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. Calculated values agree well with experimentally determined burning rate sp, melt layer thickness, surface temperature, and species concentration pro les. When including laser-assisted burning in the model, a dark zone appeared that was similar to that seen experimentally. With the laser-assisted case, the chemistry controlling the burning rate is signi cantly different from cases without the laser heat  ux. Calculations show that the melt-layer thickness is determined primarily by the liquid thermal conductivity and the surface temperature is controlled by the vapor pressure correlation. All other model predictions are relatively insensitive to these parameters. The condensed-phase decomposition and evaporation/condensation submodel are the weakest areas of the model.
Identification of Sulfated Metabolites of 4-Chlorobiphenyl (PCB3) in the Serum and Urine of Male Rats

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are legacy pollutants that exert toxicities through various mechanisms. In recent years exposure to PCBs via inhalation has been recognized as a hazard. Those PCBs with lower numbers of chlorine atoms (LC-PCBs) are semivolatile and have been reported in urban air, as well as in the indoor air of older buildings. LC-PCBs are bioactivated to phenols and further to quinone electrophiles with genotoxic/carcinogenic potential. We hypothesized that phenolic LC-PCBs are subject to conjugation and excretion in the urine. PCB3, often present in high concentrations in air, is a prototypical congener for the study of the metabolism and toxicity of LC-PCBs. Our objective was to identify metabolites of PCB3 in urine that could be potentially employed in the estimation of exposure to LC-PCBs. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (150-175 g) were housed in metabolism cages and received a single intraperitoneal injection of 600 μmol/kg body weight of PCB3. Urine was collected every 4 h; rats were euthanized at 36 h; and serum was collected. LC/MS analysis of urine before and after incubation with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase showed that sulfate conjugates were in higher concentrations than glucuronide conjugates and free phenolic forms. At least two major metabolites and two minor metabolites were identified in urine that could be attributed to mercapturic acid metabolites of PCB3. Quantitation by authentic standards confirmed that approximately 3% of the dose was excreted in the urine as sulfates over 36 h, with peak excretion occurring at 10-20 h after exposure. The major metabolites were 4'PCB3sulfate, 3'PCB3 sulfate, 2'PCB3 sulfate, and presumably a catechol sulfate. The serum concentration of 4'PCB3 sulfate was 6.18 ± 2.16 μg/mL. This is the first report that sulfated metabolites of PCBs are formed in vivo. These findings suggest a prospective approach for exposure assessment of LC-PCBs by analysis of phase II metabolites in urine.
Bag-model electromagnetic form factors

The electromagnetic form factors of the proton and neutron are calculated using the MIT-bag-model wave functions and parameters. The calculated form factors are in good agreement with experiment. In particular, the first zero of the calculated form factor is at a surprisingly large value of q/sup 2/. The calculation shows how to restore momentum conservation to bag-model matrix elements.
A comparison of hemispheric asymmetries in speech-related brain potentials of autistic and dysphasic children

Abstract In a previous study ( G. Dawson, C. Finley, S. Phillips, & L. Galpert, 1986, Child Development , 57, 1440–1453 ) it was found that measures of hemispheric asymmetry during speech processing were predictive of level of language ability in autistic children. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether a similar relationship between pattern of hemispheric asymmetry and language ability exists for language-impaired children without autism. Ten autistic children (8–13 years), 10 dysphasic children (6–15 years), and 10 normal children (8–13 years) were compared in terms of their patterns of hemispheric asymmetry in the averaged cortical evoked response to a simple speech stimulus, and the relationship between pattern of hemispheric asymmetry and language ability was assessed for each clinical group. It was found that, for both the autistic and dysphasic groups, the majority of subjects showed a reversed direction of hemispheric asymmetry from that characteristic of the normal group. A strong relationship between pattern of asymmetry and level of language ability was found for autistic subjects; autistic subjects with more severe language impairments were more likely to show reversed asymmetry than subjects with less severe language impairments. In contrast, no relationship between language ability and direction of hemispheric asymmetry in the evoked response was found for dysphasic subjects. Separate analyses of right and left hemisphere evoked responses indicated that language ability was related to right hemisphere activity for autistic subjects, and to left hemisphere activity for dysphasic subjects.
Kidney Transplantation: The Evolving Challenges

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation not only improves the quality of life but also prolongs life. Over the last decade, the short-term allograft survival rate has been improved dramatically. Chronic allograft nephropathy and death from cardiovascular diseases become predominant causes of later graft loss. Prevention and treatment of these disease processes require a comprehensive approach. The ever-increasing shortage of organ supply becomes the greatest challenge for the transplant community and modern medicine. More and more patients are waiting for organs; many of them are dying while waiting. Xenotransplantation and organ engineering and cloning are promising techniques and can potentially provide organs for transplantation in the future.
A 3.1-GHz Class-F Power Amplifier With 82% Power-Added-Efficiency

This letter presents the first high-frequency, multi-harmonic-controlled (> 3), Class-F power amplifier (PA) implemented with a packaged GaN transistor. For PA design at high frequencies, parasitics of a packaged transistor significantly increase the difficulty of harmonic manipulation, compared to low-frequency cases. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel design methodology based on a three-stage, low-pass, output matching network, which is realized with transmission lines. This network provides optimal fundamental impedance and allows harmonic control up to the fourth order to enable an efficient Class-F behavior. The implemented PA exhibits a state-of-the-art performance at 3.1 GHz with a 82% PAE, 15 dB gain, and 10 W output power, indicating a clear advantage of this method over the conventional ones with extra parasitic compensators.
Reliability and validity of the Sexual Pressure Scale for Women-Revised.

Sexual pressure among young urban women represents adherence to gender stereotypical expectations to engage in sex. Revision of the original five-factor Sexual Pressure Scale was undertaken in two studies to improve reliabilities in two of the five factors. In Study 1 the reliability of the Sexual Pressure Scale for Women-Revised (SPSW-R) was tested, and principal components analysis was performed in a sample of 325 young, urban women. A parsimonious 18-item, four-factor model explained 61% of the variance. In Study 2 the theory underlying sexual pressure was supported by confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling in a sample of 181 women. Reliabilities of the SPSW-R total and subscales were very satisfactory, suggesting it may be used in intervention research. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 32:71–85, 2009
Finding BCH error locator polynomials in one step

Syndrome polynomials produced in a BCH decoder span an ideal in a multivariate polynomial ring. Because the error locators satisfy every member of the ideal, polynomial ideal theory is used to find another, more easily solvable system of equations having the same roots. One such equation is the (univariate) error locator polynomial. The Letter shows how to write this polynomial in one mathematical step from the syndrome polynomials.
The analyst, the transference, and the representational world.

Viewing the phenomenon of transference within the metapsychological context of the representational world, and the shapes of the important past and present object representations in it, has a clarifying value. Any new approach to what Freud characterized as “the almost inexhaustible topic of transference”1 is justified because of the central position it holds in the analytic treatment process. The basic idea presented in this paper is that transference can be viewed in terms of the changing shapes of the object representation of the analyst as he is formed and transformed in the representational world during the course of the analysis. These changes are affected by the regression during analysis, the influences of the patient's important past object and self representations which are laid down in his representational world (particularly in the unconscious part of it), the interventions of the analyst, and other occurrences during the course of the analysis. The term “transference” has been defined in a variety of ways. I will use the definition of Sandler et al.2—“a special illusion which develops in regard to the other person, one which, unbeknown to the subject, represents, in some of its features, a repetition of a relationship towards an important figure in the person's past … this is felt by the subject, not as a repetition of the past, but as strictly appropriate to the present and to the particular person involved.” The term transference has also been described in terms of the transference neurosis, the externalization of the superego, projections of the id or aspects of the patient's own self-representation onto the analyst, “character” transferences, the “basic” or “primary” transference of the working alliance, “ready-made” transferences, acting-out of transference, and so on. Some of these will be dealt with in this paper.
A mesh-free convex approximation scheme for Kohn-Sham density functional theory

Density functional theory developed by Hohenberg, Kohn and Sham is a widely accepted, reliable ab initio method. We present a non-periodic, real space, mesh-free convex approximation scheme for Kohn-Sham density functional theory. We rewrite the original variational problem as a saddle point problem and discretize it using basis functions which form the Pareto optimum between competing objectives of maximizing entropy and minimizing the total width of the approximation scheme. We show the utility of the approximation scheme in performing both all-electron and pseudopotential calculations, the results of which are in good agreement with literature.
Effect of Oxygen on Growth and Food Conversion Efficiency of Northern Pike

(1970). Effect of Oxygen on Growth and Food Conversion Efficiency of Northern Pike. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 93-96.
Diagnostic value of the left atrial pressure pulse in mitral valvular disease.

Abstract Fifty-four left atrial pressure pulses from 43 patients, all but one of whom had rheumatic mitral valvular disease, were analyzed for features which might be of aid in distinguishing among “pure” mitral stenosis, “pure” mitral insufficiency, or combined significant lesions. All except 5 patients, who presented as classic cases of mitral insufficiency, underwent surgical exploration of the mitral valve. Thirty-six tracings were recorded at surgery and 18 at left heart catheterization. Eleven sets of tracings were obtained under both circumstances in the same patient. These were subjected to additional analysis. Although an end-diastolic gradient across the mitral valve was present in all patients with proved mitral stenosis, such a gradient was also found in half of the patients who clinically or at surgery had pure mitral insufficiency. Numerous features of the contour or pressure level of the left atrial pulse effected poor or no separation of the patients in terms of findings at palpation of the valve. Formulae involving the rate of y descent throughout its entire length were inapplicable because of technical difficulties involved in the accurate measurement of this feature. The most useful feature of the left atrial pulse was the rate of y descent in its initial 0.1 second, related to pressure at the v point (0.1 Ry v ) or to mean left atrial pressure. This resulted in a good separation of patients with mitral stenosis from those without, with the exception of a group of patients with mitral stenosis who had aortic valvular disease in addition. It was found, however, that a degree of mitral stenosis sufficient to significantly slow the rate of the y descent in its initial portion might coexist with a marked degree of mitral insufficiency. The “catheter washout” phenomenon observed during left heart catheterization was of value. This was present in 5 of 8 patients who had mitral insufficiency, with or without mitral stenosis, and in none of 10 patients with mitral stenosis alone. In the 11 patients in whom catheterization and surgical curves from the same individual could be compared, 0.1 Ry v was remarkably constant in 8, despite changes in pressure level, and some alterations in pulse contour. It is concluded that 0.1 Ry v is easily determined and is reproducible. Within its limitations, it is worthy of consideration along with the total picture in evaluating patients for mitral valve surgery.
The crystal structure of 2‐hydroxymethylpyridine N‐oxide

The structure of 2-hydroxymethylpyridine N-oxide was determined from X-ray diffractometer data by a direct method. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell dimensions a = 7.079, b = 8.046, c = 10.599 A, cosβ = −0.2252. A total of 1241 independent reflections were refined to an R value of 0.06. The N-O dative bond has a length of 1.321 A and the dative oxygen is bonded to a hydroxyl group on a symmetry related molecule by an inter-molecular hydrogen bond. The structure corroborates recent findings concerning the relationship between the strength of hydrogen bonding to a dative oxygen and the length of the NO dative bond.
The sum of many small changes: MicroRNAs are specifically and potentially globally altered by vitamin D3 metabolites

Vitamin D3 deficiency is rampant which may contribute to increased risk of many diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease and autoimmune disorders. Genomic activity of the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D) mediates most vitamin D3's actions and many gene targets of 1,25D have been characterized. As the importance of non-coding RNAs has emerged, the ability of vitamin D3 via 1,25D to regulate microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated in several cancer cell lines, patient tissue and sera. In vitamin D3 intervention patient trials, significant differences in miRNAs are observed between treatment groups and/or between baseline and followup. In patient sera from population studies, specific miRNA differences associate with serum levels of 25D. The findings thus far indicate that dietary vitamin D3 in patients and 1,25D in vitro not only regulate specific miRNA(s), but may also globally upregulate miRNA levels. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Vitamin D Workshop’.
Nuclear data sheets for 181Au

Nuclear structure data pertaining to 181Au have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. This evaluation of 181Au supersedes the previous publication (R. B. Firestone, Nuclear Data Sheets 62, 101 (1991) (literature cutoff date October 1990)), and includes literature available by 2 July 1999. The newly incorporated references are: 1999Mu05, 1999So01, 1995Au04, 1995Bi01, 1991Ry01, 1979Ha10, 1970Ha18.
Turbulent spray combustion using finite elements

A finite element model for the prediction of spray flame field is presented. A Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is employed to model the reacting flow field of a spray chamber. Turbulence is represented by the k-epsilon model, and the reaction rate is determined by the modified eddy-break-up model. The vaporization phenomena is modeled by Ranz and Marshall formula. Numerical results for the droplet trajectories, the evaporation, and the recirculation characteristics are discussed. 10 refs.
Rare earth elements in sedimentary phosphate deposits: Solution to the global REE crisis?

Abstract The critical role of rare earth elements (REEs), particularly heavy REEs (HREEs), in high-tech industries has created a surge in demand that is quickly outstripping known global supply and has triggered a worldwide scramble to discover new sources. The chemical analysis of 23 sedimentary phosphate deposits (phosphorites) in the United States demonstrates that they are significantly enriched in REEs. Leaching experiments using dilute H2SO4 and HCl, extracted nearly 100% of their total REE content and show that the extraction of REEs from phosphorites is not subject to the many technological and environmental challenges that vex the exploitation of many identified REE deposits. Our data suggest that phosphate rock currently mined in the United States has the potential to produce a significant proportion of the world's REE demand as a byproduct. Importantly, the size and concentration of HREEs in some unmined phosphorites dwarf the world's richest REE deposits. Secular variation in phosphate REE contents identifies geologic time periods favorable for the formation of currently unrecognized high-REE phosphates. The extraordinary endowment, combined with the ease of REE extraction, indicates that such phosphorites might be considered as a primary source of REEs with the potential to resolve the global REE (particularly for HREE) supply shortage.
Pressure dependence of harmonic and anharmonic lattice dynamics in MgO: A first-principles calculation and implications for lattice thermal conductivity

Abstract We report a recent first-principles calculation of harmonic and anharmonic lattice dynamics of MgO. The 2nd order harmonic and 3rd order anharmonic interatomic interaction terms are computed explicitly, and their pressure dependences are discussed. The phonon mode Gruneisen parameters derived based on our calculated 3rd order lattice anharmonicity are in good agreement with those estimated using the finite difference method. The implications for lattice thermal conductivity at high pressure are discussed based on a simple kinetic transport theory.
Developmental patterns of cytoplasmic transcript prevalence in sea urchin embryos

Several hundred two-cell stage, gastrula stage, and pluteus stage sea urchin embryo cDNA clones were screened with [^(32)P]cDNA transcribed from a developmental series of cytoplasmic and polysomal poly(A) RNAs. Transcript prevalence was estimated by reference to the reaction of a series of standard clones complementary to RNAs of known abundance. We describe the dominant pattern of prevalence change during development for abundant sequences, i.e., those present in the range 5 × 10^4–10^6 molecules/embryo. These transcripts are most often about equally abundant in egg and pluteus stage embryos, and are severalfold less prevalent at gastrula stage. Less than 10% of the sequences displaying this pattern undergo >10-fold changes in prevalence during development. A search for later embryo sequences not represented detectably in egg or cleavage stage embryo poly(A) RNA yielded a number of examples. These were confirmed by the RNA gel blot method. Sequences regulated in this manner all belonged to lower abundance classes, and are present at about 40 copies/cell or less at the gastrula stage.
The impact of clinical social franchising on health services in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

Background The private sector plays a large role in health services delivery in low- and middle-income countries; yet significant gaps remain in the quality and accessibility of private sector services. Clinical social franchising, which applies the commercial franchising model to achieve social goals and improve health care, is increasingly used in developing countries to respond to these limitations. Despite the growth of this approach, limited evidence documents the effect of social franchising on improving health care quality and access. Objectives and Methods We examined peer-reviewed and grey literature to evaluate the effect of social franchising on health care quality, equity, cost-effectiveness, and health outcomes. We included all studies of clinical social franchise programs located in low- and middle-income countries. We assessed study bias using the WHO-Johns Hopkins Rigour Scale and used narrative synthesis to evaluate the findings. Results Of 113 identified articles, 23 were included in this review; these evaluated a small sample of franchises globally and focused on reproductive health franchises. Results varied widely across outcomes and programs. Social franchising was positively associated with increased client volume and client satisfaction. The findings on health care utilization and health impact were mixed; some studies find that franchises significantly outperform other models of health care, while others show franchises are equivalent to or worse than other private or public clinics. In two areas, cost-effectiveness and equity, social franchises were generally found to have poorer outcomes. Conclusions Our review indicates that social franchising may strengthen some elements of private sector health care. However, gaps in the evidence remain. Additional research should include: further documentation of the effect of social franchising, evaluating the equity and cost-effectiveness of this intervention, and assessing the role of franchising within the context of the greater healthcare delivery system.
Emotions and angina pectoris: an historical review.

Abstract A review of the relevant historic literature indicates that, from the time of Heberden, “the passions of the mind” were accorded an important place among the predisposing and precipitating causes of angina. The bulk of the clinicians selected rage as the most important emotional state connected with angina pectoris, although the elated state of joy was not neglected. Furthermore, as the nineteenth century continued, and the characteristic pathologic alterations of the coronary vessels and the heart became widely known and accepted, the conviction arose in the minds of many of the clinicians that, despite the obvious morphologic changes, the clinical pattern of the disease fulfilled their definition of an emotional disturbance that somehow affected the heart; that it was somehow connected with the activities, or as it could be called today, the omnipotent strivings of the professional and upper classes; and that anger was the most dangerous precipitating factor of the symptoms and sudden death.
Curvaceous female bodies activate neural reward centers in men

Facial symmetry, masculinity and shoulder-to-hip ratios in men convey information to mates about reproductive/genetic quality, the so-called "good genes" hypothesis. On the other hand waist-to-hip ratio conveys important reproductive information about women to men. Here using fMRI, men showed activation in neural reward centers when they viewed and rated the attractiveness of surgically optimally configured female bodies.
Ruling the Country in Accordance with Law: Reflections on the Rule and Role of Law in Contemporary China

This article examines rule of law in China. Part 1 distinguishes between (i) substantive or thick theories of rule of law that incorporate elements of political morality, such as particular economic arrangements, forms of government, or conceptions of human rights; and (ii) formal or thin theories of rule of law that focus on features that any legal system must possess to function effectively as a system of laws. Although China does not endorse liberal democracy or a liberal conception of human rights, nevertheless the legal system is intended to serve many of the same general purposes as legal systems elsewhere. Accordingly, thin versions of rule of law are applicable to China. Part 2 then measures the performance of China’s legal system against the benchmark of certain features generally accepted by advocates of a thin theory of rule of law.
Promoting effect of concanavalin A on transport of sodium cefoxitin and phenol red from rat rectal compartment.

Abstract Concanavalin A enhanced the rat rectal absorption of phenol red and cefoxitin at pH 7.4 and the uptake of cefoxitin into brush border membrane vesicles prepared from rat rectal membrane. The enhancing action of concanavalin A demonstrated a sodium ion dependency and was inhibited by the presence of 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonate stilbene and phlorizin. This inhibition suggests the involvement of the membrane protein fraction.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the egg of a Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) from Perthshire

(1962). Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in the egg of a Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) from Perthshire. Bird Study: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 242-244.
Nitric acid oxidation of vapor grown carbon nanofibers

Abstract Vapor grown carbon nanofibers (Pyrograf III™) with 100–300 nm diameters and ∼10–100 μm lengths were oxidized in 69–71 wt.% nitric acid (115 °C) for various times (10 min to 24 h). These fibers were remarkably oxidation-resistant. XPS (O 1s ) showed that the surface atomic oxygen percent increased from 6.3 to 18.3–22.5% for 10–90 min oxidations followed by a drop to 14–15% after 10–24 h oxidations. No damage was observed by TEM. Little change in surface area was observed by N 2 BET but CO 2 -DR measurements exhibited an increase from 20–25 m 2 /g to 41–73 m 2 /g after 10–90 min of oxidation followed by a decrease to 35–22 m 2 /g after 10 h, consistent with the XPS findings. Shallow ultramicropore formation could account for the surface area increase. NaOH titrations showed ∼3-fold increase in surface acidic functions (∼27 to 76 μmol/g) occurring after 10 min of oxidation. Then this level remained constant through 24 h of oxidation. XPS (C 1s ), O 1s ) confirmed that carboxyl groups were removed and ester, anhydride, quinoid and phenolic hydroxyls appeared upon HNO 3 oxidation. Oxidized fibers dispersed when shaken in water, demonstrating wettability had increased. A model for this oxidation behavior is proposed.
Cholinergic Blockade Reduces Theta-Gamma Phase Amplitude Coupling and Speed Modulation of Theta Frequency Consistent with Behavioral Effects on Encoding

Large-scale neural activation dynamics in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit local field potential, observable as theta and gamma rhythms and coupling between these rhythms, is predictive of encoding success. Behavioral studies show that systemic administration of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists selectively impairs encoding, suggesting that they may also disrupt the coupling between the theta and gamma bands. Here, we tested the hypothesis that muscarinic antagonists selectively disrupt coupling between theta and gamma. Specifically, we characterized the effects of systemically administered scopolamine on movement-induced theta and gamma rhythms recorded in the superficial layers of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) of freely moving rats. We report the novel result that gamma power at the peak of theta was most reduced following muscarinic blockade, significantly shifting the phase of maximal gamma power to occur at later phases of theta. We also characterize the existence of multiple distinct gamma bands in the superficial layers of the MEC. Further, we observed that theta frequency was significantly less modulated by movement speed following muscarinic blockade. Finally, the slope relating speed to theta frequency, a correlate of familiarity with a testing enclosure, increased significantly less between the preinjection and recovery trials when scopolamine was administered during the intervening injection session than when saline was administered, suggesting that scopolamine reduced encoding of the testing enclosure. These data are consistent with computational models suggesting that encoding and retrieval occur during the peak and trough of theta, respectively, and support the theory that acetylcholine regulates the balance between encoding versus retrieval.
Temperature and insolation trends in Hawaii

Surface data for the Hawaiian Islands indicate a reciprocal relationship between measured air temperature and solar radiation. This may indicate a negative feedback relation between these elements for the large maritime region of the north central Pacific Ocean.
Our disappearing past: a GIS analysis of the vulnerability of coastal archaeological resources in California’s Santa Barbara Channel region

Coastal archaeological resources around the world often coincide with dense contemporary human populations and a rapidly changing physical environment. Projected sea level rise and urban expansion during the 21st century threaten to destroy much of our global coastal archaeological heritage. In this study, we adapt an environmental vulnerability analysis to quantify the threats of modern development and sea level rise on archaeological sites in California’s Santa Barbara Channel region. Using spatial and statistical techniques, we create a Cultural Resource Vulnerability Index that combines environmental factors, current and projected urban footprints, and archaeological site positioning. We illustrate the importance of this method for targeting threatened archaeological sites for mitigation and salvage research. In the process, we highlight the significance of coastal archaeological sites for helping better understand contemporary environmental and cultural issues, underscoring the need to preserve or salvage these sites for their significant research value.
Cooperation through threats: The northern ireland case

On February 9, 1996, after a seventeen-month cease-fire, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) set off a bomb in East London. Less than a week later, the London police found and destroyed a bomb that the IRA had left in a telephone booth in the West End. A few days later, another IRA bomb went off on a doubledecker bus. The British government, under the leadership of John Major, asserted that it would have no official contact with Sinn Fein, the political arm of the IRA, until the paramilitary activities stopped. The government also deployed 500 additional troops in Northern Ireland. In October 1996, the IRA detonated two bombs at the British Army's headquarters in Lisburn, bringing the violent conflict back to Northern Ireland for the first time since the cease-fire.On May 1, 1997, Tony Blair was elected Great Britain's prime minister. His election brought a renewed sense of optimism and good will to the conflict in Northern Ireland. Responding to Blair's overtures, including his warning that “the settlement train is leaving, with or without them” (Hoge 1997a, A7), the IRA announced on July 19, 1997, that they had “ordered the unequivocal restoration of the cease-fire” (Clarity 1997c, 1). Soon thereafter, Sinn Fein was invited to participate in the peace talks, which reconvened on September 15, 1997.
Detection of Synthetic Protein Isomers and Conformers by Electrospray Mass Spectrometry

Electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) has been used to investigate the structural properties of a protein prepared by total chemical synthesis. Construction of an analog of the tenth type III module from fibronectin (10F3) by chemical ligation of the unprotected synthetic peptides 10F3(1-40) alpha COSH and BrAc (42-94) 10F3 was found to give two major products, both of which possessed a mass corresponding to the expected product, [(COS)40-41]10F3. Comparisons of the ESMS charge distributions obtained for these two synthetic products with that obtained for recombinant 10F3 suggested that one of the synthetic 10F3 analogs was correctly folded and the other was somehow misfolded. This was further confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR analysis. Exposure of the misfolded synthetic [(COS)40-41]10F3 to high pH and elevated temperature followed by analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a beta-ester linkage between residues Asn42 and Ser43, produced by an N-->O acyl shift rearrangement at Ser43, as the origin of the misfolding. ESMS was also used to measure the H-D exchange rates of labile protons within the synthetic and recombinant 10F3s. This application, which allows the number of slow exchanging backbone amides within a protein to be calculated, revealed clear differences in the H-bonding networks of the folded and unfolded synthetic protein modules. Replacement of Ser43 by an alanine was found to circumvent the N-->O acyl shift, and the resulting synthetic protein analogue, [Ala43, (COS)40-41]10F3, possessed identical structural properties to recombinant 10F3.
A note on the SSOR convergence domain due to Neumaier and Varga

In a recent paper A. Neumaier and R. S. Varga show that if A is an n ×ncomplex H-matrix with 12 < ϱ(∣JA∣) < 1, then ϱ(SAω) < 1 for all 0 < ω < gw:=2/ (1 + √2ϱ(∣JA∣) − 1), where SAω and JA are, respectively, the symmetric successive overrelaxation (SSOR) iteration matrix and the Jacobi iteration matrix associated with A. We show that ϱ(SAgw) < 1. This allows us to also sharpen further results on the SSOR method for H-matrices due to Varga, Niethammer, and Cai.
Field Treatment of Electric Shock Cases-I

This paper deals with the effects of electric shocks on the circulation and respiration. It points out that electric shocks of the order of 0.1 ampere may interrupt the normal rhythm of the heart and throw it into a twitching state called ventricular fibrillation. A shock of several amperes will, on the other hand, simply contract the heart and hold it in that state until the circuit is opened. Currents of this magnitude will often temporarily paralyze the breathing, but the heart will usually resume beating when the circuit is broken. Artificial respiration, if promptly applied, will often give nature time to overcome the respiratory paralysis, but is of no assistance in stopping the fibrillation of the heart. Ventricular fibrillation can be terminated by sending sufficient current through the heart to arrest it completely. Then, when the circuit is opened, the heart will generally resume beating. This defibrillating current may be sent through the heart by electrodes on the skin of the chest. The results of 248 experiments with electrodes on the skin of the chest are presented. The importance of promptness in defibrillating the heart and in starting artificial respiration in electric shock cases is emphasized. A description of a simple apparatus for treating ventricular fibrillation is also given.
Antitussive Effect of the GABA-Agonist Baclofen

Background γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a central inhibitory neurotransmitter that also exists in peripheral tissues, including the lung. The GABA-agonist baclofen has been shown, in animal studies, to inhibit cough via a central mechanism, but has not been investigated in humans (to our knowledge). Study objective To evaluate the antitussive effect of baclofen in normal human subjects. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Setting Academic medical center. Participants Twenty healthy, adult volunteers. Interventions Subjects underwent cough challenge with inhaled capsaicin before and after a 14-day course of baclofen, 10 mg three times daily, or placebo. Capsaicin cough threshold (C 5 ) was defined as the concentration of inhaled capsaicin inducing five or more coughs. Results Subjects receiving baclofen (n=10) demonstrated a significant elevation of capsaicin cough threshold compared with placebo subjects (n=10). Mean Δlog C 5 after treatment was 0.48±0.19 (SEM) for the baclofen group, and −0.06±0.12 for the placebo group (p=0.024). Six of 10 subjects receiving baclofen, but none of the 10 subjects receiving placebo, demonstrated a fourfold or greater increase in capsaicin cough threshold (p=0.0054). Conclusion The antitussive activity of low-dose, oral baclofen demonstrated in this study supports further investigation of this drug, or other GABA-agonists, for a potential therapeutic role in the treatment of pathologic cough.
Contribution of γ-globulin subunits to electrophoretic heterogeneity: Identification of a distinctive group of 6·6S γ-myeloma proteins

Abstract The electrophoretic heterogeneity of 6.6 S γ-globulins was investigated by studying the subunits obtained by reduction and alkylation and by papain digestion of normal γ-globulins and 15 γ-myeloma proteins. Studies of normal γ-globulin fractions and 12 γ-myeloma proteins revealed that the relative electrophoretic mobility of the H chains (reduction and alkylation) and the S pieces (papain treatment) corresponded to that of intact proteins. Evidence was obtained that the part of the H chain present in the S piece (termed the A piece by Porter) is largely responsible for the electrophoretic differences between γ-globulins. A group of 6.6 S γ-myeloma proteins were distinguished from other γ-myeloma proteins and from the bulk of normal γ-globulins on the basis of the response to papain digestion. Evidence is reviewed which indicated that these γ-myeloma proteins have distinctive H chain properties.