cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of β-catenin association with obesity in African Americans with premalignant and malignant colorectal lesions

African Americans (AA) are at high risk for Colorectal Cancer (CRC). Studies report a 30–60% increase in CRC risk with physical inactivity, obesity and metabolic syndrome. Activation of the WNT/β-catenin (CTNNB1) signaling pathway plays a critical role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Accumulating evidence also indicates a role of WNT-CTNNB1 signaling in obesity and metabolic diseases. To examine the association between obesity, β-Catenin expression and colonic lesions in African Americans. We reviewed the pathology records of 152 colorectal specimens from 2010 to 2012 (46 CRCs, 74 advanced adenomas and 32 normal colon tissues). Tissue Microarrays (TMA) were constructed from these samples. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CTNNB1 (β-Catenin; clone β-Catenin-1) was performed on the constructed TMAs. The IHC results were evaluated by 2 pathologists and the nuclear intensity staining was scored from 0 to 4. BMI, sex, age, location of the lesion and other demographic data were obtained. Positive nuclear staining in normal, advanced adenoma and CRC was 0, 24 and 41%, respectively (P 25) did not show a significant difference in (p = 0.3) nuclear CTNNB1 staining (17% positive in normal weight vs. 27% positive in overweight/obese). The association between nuclear intensity and CRC was not different between normal and overweight patients (P for interaction = 0.6). The positive nuclear CTNNB1status in CRC stage III and IV (35% of all CRC) was not different from stage I and II (50% vs. 36%, respectively, P = 0.4). In our study, advanced adenoma and CRC were associated with activation of β-catenin in physically fit, overweight and obese patients. Thus, obesity and WNT/β-Catenin pathway seem to be independent in African American patients. WNT/β-Catenin signaling pathway has a potential to be used as an effector in colon carcinogenic transformation. Whether or not BMI is a modifier of this pathway needs to be investigated further.
Variability within rare cell states enables multiple paths towards drug resistance

Molecular differences between individual cells can lead to dramatic differences in cell fate, such as the difference between death versus survival of cancer cells upon treatment with anti-cancer drugs. These originating differences have remained hidden, however, due to our inability to precisely determine what variable molecular features lead to what cellular fates. Here, we trace drug-resistant cell fates back to differences in the molecular profiles of their drug-naive melanoma precursors, revealing a rich substructure of variability underlying a number of resistant phenotypes at the single cell level. We make these connections using Rewind, a methodology that combines genetic barcoding with an RNA-based readout to directly capture rare cells that give rise to cellular behaviors of interest. We performed extensive single cell analysis to identify differences in gene expression and MAP-kinase signaling that mark a rare population of drug-naive cells (initial frequency of ~1:1000-1:10,000 cells) that ultimately gives rise to drug resistant clones. We demonstrate that this rare subpopulation has rich substructure and is composed of several distinct subpopulations, and the molecular differences between these subpopulations predict future differences in phenotypic behavior, such as the ultimate proliferative capacity of drug resistant cells. Similarly, we show that treatments that modify the frequency of resistance can allow otherwise non-resistant cells in the drug-naive population to become resistant, and that these new populations are marked by the variable expression of distinct genes. Together, our results reveal the presence of hidden, rare-cell variability that can underlie a range of latent phenotypic outcomes upon drug exposure.
Adaptive and Maladaptive Bodily Awareness: Distinguishing Interoceptive Sensibility and Interoceptive Attention from Anxiety‐Induced Somatization in Autism and Alexithymia

There is growing interest in "interoception" (i.e., detection and interpretation of internal body signals) as a relevant mechanism contributing to certain symptoms and features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and alexithymia. However, inconsistent measurement and operationalization of interoception has led to confusion and inconsistent findings in the literature. In this commentary, we present alternative interpretations of findings from existing studies to demonstrate that ASD and alexithymia are conditions associated with reduced adaptive forms of interoceptive attention (i.e., attention toward bodily signals) but heightened maladaptive forms of interoceptive attention related to anxiety-induced somatization. Differentiating adaptive and maladaptive forms of interoceptive attention reveals a clearer pattern of findings in the research literature for further investigation of interoceptive processes that are involved in the neurobiology of ASD. However, interoception is a complex and multi-faceted construct that requires continual refinement in conceptualization and operationalization. Interoception research may benefit from self-report measures that clearly differentiate adaptive and maladaptive forms of bodily awareness. LAY SUMMARY: Some research suggests that autistic people have difficulty understanding bodily feelings such as hunger, illness, or emotions, whereas some studies have reported the opposite pattern of findings. We argue that this latter subset of studies reached false conclusions from using measures of bodily awareness that largely measure physical symptoms of anxiety. While attention to unpleasant bodily signals is an important ability necessary for maintaining healthy bodily functioning, excessive attention, and worry toward bodily signals can increase anxiety and be harmful.
When I Believe, I Can: Success STEMs from My Perceptions

The increasing concern in North America regarding the workforce’s ability to maintain a competitive position in the global economy has led to an increased interest in effective science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of engaging in STEM project-based learning (PBL) activities on students’ mathematical problem-solving beliefs (PSB) and their perceptions towards SEM subjects and STEM careers. The data were collected using mathematical problem-solving belief and STEM semantics surveys. Participants (n = 68) were secondary students who participated in a STEM summer camp in which STEM PBL activities were utilized. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired-sample t tests, 95% confidence intervals, Cohen’s d effect sizes, and linear regression. Results showed that students increased their mathematical PSB (p < .001, d = .50) and perceptions towards science (p < .001, d = .68), engineering (p = .002, d = .56), mathematics (p = .015, d = .42), and STEM careers (p < .001, d = .86). Additionally, the linear regression analysis revealed that students’ mathematical PSB predicted their STEM career perceptions positively and statistically significantly (p < .05). These results support providing students with STEM PBL activities to increase their PSB and perceptions towards SEM subjects and STEM careers. Educators should utilize the results to provide opportunities for students to experience STEM PBL activities.
Technical Change, Moral Hazard, and the Decentralization Penalty

In a moral-hazard setting, we consider two modes of organizing a firm --- a Centralized mode and a Decentralized mode. In the Centralized mode, perfect monitoring ensures that the welfare-maximizing effort is chosen. In the Decentralized mode, monitoring is imperfect and a profit-driven Principal induces her favorite effort by appropriately rewarding the Agent. The loss in welfare due to decentralization is called the Decentralization Penalty..For certain common contract types, we study the behavior of the Decentralization Penalty in response to changes in the production technology. We find that as production technology improves, the Decentralization Penalty oscillates. The Penalty rises in all intervals where the Penalty changes continuously. After such an interval, there may be a sudden change in the Penalty, and, under reasonable assumptions on costs and expected revenues, the sudden change is a drop. While an improvement in monitoring technology always strengthens the case for the Centralized mode, advances in production technology may do the opposite.
Comparing mechanisms of scatter in breast tumor tissues using sub-diffuse light scatter imaging and micro-computed tomography

We examine the relative merits of wide-field, sub-diffuse light scatter imaging and micro-computed tomography for visualizing breast tumor heterogeneity. A large dataset of breast tumor slices was imaged using both modalities, and image data were spatially co-registered with histopathological images to facilitate direct comparisons in feature visualization between tissue types, including normal, benign, and malignant tissues, and microcalcifications. Mechanisms of scatter for the two modalities are discussed and related to the features detected by each modality.
Frequency of First Generic Drug Approvals With "Skinny Labels" in the United States

This cohort study assessed the frequency of approvals of first generic drugs with skinny labels in the US.
AI technologies for education: Recent research & future directions

Abstract From unique educational perspectives, this article reports a comprehensive review of selected empirical studies on artificial intelligence in education (AIEd) published in 1993–2020, as collected in the Web of Sciences database and selected AIEd-specialized journals. A total of 40 empirical studies met all selection criteria, and were fully reviewed using multiple methods, including selected bibliometrics, content analysis and categorical meta-trends analysis. This article reports the current state of AIEd research, highlights selected AIEd technologies and applications, reviews their proven and potential benefits for education, bridges the gaps between AI technological innovations and their educational applications, and generates practical examples and inspirations for both technological experts that create AIEd technologies and educators who spearhead AI innovations in education. It also provides rich discussions on practical implications and future research directions from multiple perspectives. The advancement of AIEd calls for critical initiatives to address AI ethics and privacy concerns, and requires interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary collaborations in large-scaled, longitudinal research and development efforts.
Methods of Histocompatibility Testing

Tissue and organ transplantation has two main aspects: surgical, concerned with the performance of technically successful transplants, and genetic, concerned with the inherited factors determining the fate of the transplants. Accordingly, this chapter is divided into two parts, each dealing with one of the two aspects.
Computer Technology in Higher Education: An Experiment, Not a Solution.

One of the major issues in higher education today is incorporating computer technology into our programs and delivery systems. As is often the case with science and technology, many people assume that technology should be incorporated, and they move right into implementation without asking whether the technology should be incorporated and, if so, under what conditions and for what purposes. This paper raises some of those questions, with a particular concern for issues surrounding social responsibility, community, and alienation. Utilizing material from both sociology and the philosophy of technology, questions are presented with a particular concern for distance education. The paper concludes with a suggestion that we treat technology as an experiment rather than as a solution.
Application of light field camera in diabetes intake management

Diabetes is a group of diseases in which the body has trouble regulating blood glucose. As concern for diabetes grows, the need for automated and accurate methods to monitor nutrient intake becomes essential for managing dietary. The challenging problem of the image-based dietary assessment is how to estimate food volume from a photograph taken with a camera. We present a design with aspherical surface of micro lens array approach for the novel digital imaging system using commercial optical software ZEMAX combined algorithm by using standard mathematical software MATLAB for the joint design process.
Online tuning of wave impedance in telerobotics

Wave variable based controllers ensure the stability of force-reflecting teleoperators with arbitrary and unknown communication delays. The wave impedance provides a fundamental tuning parameter that allows the designer to trade off performance aspects. We suggest and explore automatically tuning this parameter online to capture the best behavior under varying task configurations. In particular, this strategy adjusts force feedback in order to lower resistance during free space motions and strengthen feedback when in contact. Examining the effects of a variable wave impedance, we develop a generalized wave transformation better suited to online changes and propose a tuning rule to maintain system passivity. Our results are illustrated and confirmed in simulation.
Outlook for Obamacare

Universal health coverage is increasingly recognized as a global social norm and moral imperative. With the passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), the United States looks to join an ever-growing number of countries with universal health coverage and embraces the potential for improved access to adequate and affordable health care. Yet, because the ACA adopts America’s existing federalist framework, states and the federal government have much to do to prepare for 2014, when the ACA’s most significant reforms take effect. In this article, we identify the changes that states and the federal government must make to comply with the ACA and their progress to date in doing so. We also discuss the law’s significance in the global movement for universal health coverage and conclude that the law brings the United States one step closer to the global ethic of universal health coverage, despite uncertainty at the domestic level.
Theoretical Perspectives Introduction: The Global Politics of Food

In May 2010, the Universidad Interamericana in Mexico City hosted an international conference on The Global Politics of Food: Sustainability and Subordination. Sponsored by Latina and Latino Critical Legal Theory, Inc. and by Seattle University School of Law, the conference took place under the auspices of the South-North Exchange on Theory, Culture and Law (SNX), a yearly gathering of scholars in the Americas that seeks to foster transnational, cross-disciplinary and inter-cultural dialogue on current issues in law, theory and culture. Published in the University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, the conference papers examine the complex ways in which the global food system reinforces hierarchies of power and privilege. This Introduction situates the essays collected in the theoretical perspectives cluster within the parameters of LatCrit and outsider jurisprudence, and explains how these essays contribute to our understanding of the role of food policy in perpetuating the subordination of marginalized populations on a global scale. The Introduction also discusses the growing food sovereignty and food justice movements, and the importance of integrating the insights of these movements into the broader critique of neoliberal globalization.
Multimodal imaging measures predict rearrest

Rearrest has been predicted by hemodynamic activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during error-processing (Aharoni et al., 2013). Here, we evaluate the predictive power after adding an additional imaging modality in a subsample of 45 incarcerated males from Aharoni et al. (2013). Event-related potentials (ERPs) and hemodynamic activity were collected during a Go/NoGo response inhibition task. Neural measures of error-processing were obtained from the ACC and two ERP components, the error-related negativity (ERN/Ne) and the error positivity (Pe). Measures from the Pe and ACC differentiated individuals who were and were not subsequently rearrested. Cox regression, logistic regression, and support vector machine (SVM) neuroprediction models were calculated. Each of these models proved successful in predicting rearrest and SVM provided the strongest results. Multimodal neuroprediction SVM models with out of sample cross-validating accurately predicted rearrest (83.33%). Offenders with increased Pe amplitude and decreased ACC activation, suggesting abnormal error-processing, were at greatest risk of rearrest.
Does Psychotherapy Research Influence the Clinical Practice of Researcher–Clinicians?

[Clin Psychol Sci Prac 18: 357–371, 2011] This survey evaluated the impact of empirical research findings on the clinical practice of a sample of psychotherapists who are also actively engaged in the consumption, critical evaluation, and production of psychotherapy research. On the one hand, we found that even this sample of researcher–clinicians perceives empirical research to be less helpful to them as clinicians than a variety of other sources of information, including their ongoing experience working with clients. On the other, we found that they do value empirical research, but consider it as one source of information among others to be incorporated into the clinical decision-making process. Implications of the findings are discussed with respect to a number of dimensions, including the nature of professional expertise.
Function follows form: how fibronectin matrix architecture controls cell behaviour

Introduction Fibronectin (FN) matrix assembly is a tightly regulated stepwise process that is initiated by interactions between FN and cell-surface integrin receptors. Assembly is affected by extracellular factors including availability of FN and the presence of other matrix molecules. In turn, FN matrix activates intracellular signalling pathways via integrin receptors, and these signals regulate cell adhesion, migration and survival. Two kinases immediately downstream of integrins are focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and pp60-Src. Our results show that activation of these kinases regulates accumulation of FN matrix fibrils and that this process is affected by tenascin-C, an ECM protein that modulates cell interactions with FN. Methods FN assembly was monitored by indirect immunofluorescence and by immunoblotting of deoxycholate (DOC)-insoluble matrix material with anti-FN antibodies. Wild-type mouse fibroblasts and cells lacking FAKs or Src family kinases (SYF cells) were used. Kinase and phosphatase inhibitors were used to regulate enzyme activities. Results Mouse fibroblasts lacking FAK assemble significantly reduced amounts of FN fibrils and DOC-insoluble matrix. FAK is phosphorylated by Src family kinases and fibroblasts lacking Src family kinases (SYF cells) or cells treated with PP1, an inhibitor of SYF kinases, also lack FN matrix. The effects of Src activity are most dramatic during the early stages of de novo assembly by fibroblasts implicating this kinase in the initiation process. While FN stimulates FAK, tenascin-C, an ECM protein that is expressed at sites of cell movement, has the opposite effect on FAK activity. In fibroblasts on a 3D FN matrix, FAK is constitutively phosphorylated. In contrast, FAK is only transiently activated in the presence of tenascin-C. Concomitant with the absence of FAK phosphorylation is an inability to assemble FN matrix fibrils. Conclusion Our results show that FAKs and Src kinases, which lie downstream of integrins, are essential for efficient initiation of FN matrix assembly. The effects of tenascin-C on FN matrix and FAK phosphorylation suggest that this protein limits the extent of matrix deposition by regulating FAK activity. Thus, extracellular and intracellular events co-operate to control FN matrix assembly.
Targeting drugs to combinations of receptors: a modeling analysis of potential specificity.

Targeting drugs to specific cells by conjugating the drug to an antibody or ligand for a cell surface receptor currently requires that the receptor be uniquely over-expressed by the target cell (the target cell over-expresses a particular receptor in comparison with untargeted cells, which do display this receptor type but a lesser number of them). Here we develop a mathematical model to predict the behavior of multivalent ligand–drug constructs containing two different ligands for two different receptors, which would allow targeting cells that do not uniquely over-express any receptor. In this model, target cells express both receptors at a high level; whereas, untargeted cells express one receptor type at the high level but the other at a lower level. The model predicts that these heterovalent conjugates (containing two different types of ligands) can achieve specificity even when the target cell does not uniquely over-express any one receptor type. Using the current approach, constructs in which only one ligand type is used will bind as much to untargeted cells as to the target cells. Therefore, this combination strategy can enormously expand the number of applications for which cell surface receptor targeting of drugs is an appropriate option.
THE RELATION OF DIET AND SERUM-CALCIUM TO TETANY IN THE PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RAT

It is well known that the response of the albino rat to parathyroidectomy varies more than that of other mammals. Dogs and cats, for instance, almost invariably die of tetania parathyropriva unless therepeutic means are used to preserve them; but most reports on rats show that some of these animals may survive for weeks or months after they have been deprived of their parathyroids. This fact makes the rat an excellent animal for the study of the underlying causes of the syndrome, since it affords the opportunity for a comparative study of tetany and no-tetany cases. The two explanations most frequently given for the failure of some animals to develop tetany are these: First, that accessory parathyroids are present in all those which do not show symptoms of tetany; second, that the calcium-intake in the diet of surviving animals is sufficient to offset the loss of this element from the blood stream which is the usual result of the operation. The second explanation has been widely accepted among biochemists...
Effects of experience on palatability hierarchies of novel plants in the polyphagous grasshopperSchistocerca americana

We studied the influence of diet composition and breadth on the subsequent acceptability of three novel plants to sixth instarSchistocerca americana. Rearing diets of equal breadth differing in composition, and diets differing in breadth, significantly altered first meal length on some but not all of the test plants. These effects on palatability altered and at times reversed the palatability hierarchy of insects reared on different diets. The effects of rearing insects on broad diets were not produced by exposure to the plant odors alone, but apparently required contact with a diversity of plants while feeding. Switching diets for 24 h prior to testing did not alter preferences induced by rearing diets. The relationship of these patterns to induced preferences in other insects, and some possible mechanisms for generating induced preferences, are discussed.
Observation of a boat and its wake with a Dual-Beam along-track interferometric sar

The Dual-Beam Interferometer is an airborne instrument that combines two along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radars observing the surface below at different squints. This configuration allows retrieving vector velocities of surface flows in a single aircraft pass. The system was designed by the University of Massachusetts and saw several deployments in the early 2000s. An imagery of a boat with a rather pronounced wake system captured during one of these flights is the subject of this paper. The velocity of the vessel is estimated based on the “train off the tracks” displacement in one of the looks. This estimate, which will be affected by uncertainty in target position due to smearing, is then used to remove unknown phase biases in the interferometric channels. Retrieved velocity variations are examined along cuts traversing the wake, with the focus on its narrow “turbulent” part. We find that the reconstructed velocities 150 m behind the boat are intuitively satisfying, but we are unable to fully account for the cross-wake component of velocity at 400 m behind the vessel.
Mathematical modeling and stability analysis of macrophage activation in left ventricular remodeling post-myocardial infarction

About 6 million Americans suffer from heart failure and 70% of heart failure cases are caused by myocardial infarction (MI). Following myocardial infarction, increased cytokines induce two major types of macrophages: classically activated macrophages which contribute to extracellular matrix destruction and alternatively activated macrophages which contribute to extracellular matrix construction. Though experimental results have shown the transitions between these two types of macrophages, little is known about the dynamic progression of macrophages activation. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze macrophage activation patterns post-MI. We have collected experimental data from adult C57 mice and built a framework to represent the regulatory relationships among cytokines and macrophages. A set of differential equations were established to characterize the regulatory relationships for macrophage activation in the left ventricle post-MI based on the physical chemistry laws. We further validated the mathematical model by comparing our computational results with experimental results reported in the literature. By applying Lyaponuv stability analysis, the established mathematical model demonstrated global stability in homeostasis situation and bounded response to myocardial infarction. We have established and validated a mathematical model for macrophage activation post-MI. The stability analysis provided a possible strategy to intervene the balance of classically and alternatively activated macrophages in this study. The results will lay a strong foundation to understand the mechanisms of left ventricular remodelling post-MI.
Tissue nitrogen and potassium variation in trauma, starvation, and realimentation.

Total body or exchangeable potassium is used as an important indicator of body cell mass in the study of body composition. Body composition studies have been used extensively in the study of nutrition but recent work has questioned the validity of using changes in total body potassium as a measure of protein or nitrogen variation. To investigate the relationship between tissue nitrogen and potassium during nutritional manipulation 382 tissue samples from 100 surgical patients were analyzed by Kjeldahl analysis for nitrogen content and flame photometric analysis for potassium content. Nitrogen was related to potassium in parenchymous or cellular tissues by the relationship N (mg/g) = 14.7 + 0.17 K (μEq/g). The tissue content of the two elements was highly correlated (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.001). For skeletal muscle a similar relationship existed N (mg/g) = 16.6 + 0.15 K (μEq/g) (r = 0.76, p ≤ 0.001). These relationships held for all nutritional states and degrees of trauma and nutritional manipulation. In sequent...
Middle school students' beliefs about matter

The objective of this study was to examine middle school students' developing understanding of the nature of matter and to compare middle school students' ideas to those of elementary schools students, as was done by Nakhleh and Samarapungavan [J Res Sci Teach 36(7):777–805, 1999]. Nine middle school students were interviewed using a scripted, semistructured interview. The interview probed students' understanding of the composition and particulate (atomic/molecular) structure of a variety of material substances; the relationship between particulate structure and macroscopic properties such as fluidity and malleability; as well as understanding of processes such as phase transition and dissolving. The results indicate that most of the middle school students interviewed knew that matter was composed of atoms and molecules and some of them were able to use this knowledge to explain some processes such as phase transitions of water. In contrast, almost no elementary students knew that matter was composed of atoms and molecules. However, the middle school students were unable to consistently explain material properties or processes based on their knowledge of material composition. In contrast to elementary school students, who had scientifically inaccurate but relatively consistent (macrocontinuous or macroparticulate) knowledge frameworks, the middle school students could not be classified as having consistent knowledge frameworks because their ideas were very fragmented. The fragmentation of middle school students' ideas about matter probably reflects the difficulty of assimilating the microscopic level scientific knowledge acquired through formal instruction into students' initial macroscopic knowledge frameworks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors.

The sixth volume in the Metal Ions in Life Sciences series, “Metal-Carbon Bonds in Enzymes and Cofactors”, is a comprehensive and authoritative reference covering the current understanding of naturally occurring metal-carbon bonds. The book includes 12 chapters, all authored by experts in their particular area. The volume describes ways that nature uses the organometallic bond to house a latent radical, to stabilize the catalytically active electronic state of a metal ion, and to activate a substrate in an enzymatic reaction. It also describes systems in which the metal-carbon bond represents an inhibited state of an enzyme and ways that chemists use the organometallic bond to probe the active site of an enzyme. The book is recommended for researchers studying any subject relating to transition metal and organometallic chemistry and to the roles of metals in biology.
Crystal Structure of a Cocaine binding Antibody

Murine monoclonal antibody GNC92H2 was elicited by active immunization with a cocaine immunoconjugate and binds free cocaine with excellent specificity and moderate affinity. Improvement of affinity, as well as humanization of GNC92H2, would be advantageous in immunopharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction, and for emergency cases of drug overdose. Toward this end, the crystal structure of an engineered murine-human chimeric Fab of GNC92H2 complexed with cocaine was determined at 2.3 A resolution. Structural analysis reveals a binding pocket with high shape and charge complementarity to the cocaine framework, which explains the specificity for cocaine, as opposed to the pharmacologically inactive cocaine metabolites. Importantly, the structure provides a foundation for mutagenesis to enhance the binding affinity for cocaine and potent cocaine derivatives, such as cocaethylene, and for additional humanization of the antibody.
Enkephalin reduces quantal content at the frog neuromuscular junction

Opiate peptides, particularly Met-enkephalin, have been shown to block or reduce Ca2+-dependent events in a variety of neurones. Our own observations on the effect of enkephalin on developing Rohon-Beard neurones in Xenopus spinal cord suggested that enkephalin might interact directly with Ca2+ channels in vertebrate neurones. This possibility prompted us to look for an effect of enkephalin on another population of neuronal Ca2+ channels--those in the presynaptic terminals at the frog neuromuscular junction. We were encouraged to try this preparation by an early report that morphine, in rather high concentrations, reduced the amount of acetylcholine (ACh) released from frog muscle by nerve stimulation. Our present results indicate that Met-enkephalin reversibly and specifically reduces the quantal content of transmitter release from nerve terminals in the frog cutaneous pectoris muscle, probably by means of an effect on inward Ca2+ current.
Lipid A induction of cytotoxic antibody to cultured syngeneic rat kidney tubular cells

Lipid A induction of cytotoxic antibody to cultured syngeneic rat kidney tubular cells. Syngeneic Fischer rat kidneys repeatedly injected with lipid A induced a cytotoxic antibody to cultured syngeneic rat kidney tubular cells. To test for antibodies in the serum of immunized animals, we disaggregated syngeneic rat kidney tubular cells with collagenase and trypsin and established them in short-term culture. Cultured kidney tubule cells were then radiolabeled 24 hours later with chromium 51 and cultured for an additional 24 hours. Rabbit antirat kidney tubule cell antibody served as the positive control antisera in a complement-dependent antibody cytotoxicity assay. Serum samples from animals whose kidneys were innoculated with Re glycolipid were then tested for antibody cytotoxicity. Autoantibody to syngeneic cultured kidney tubule cells was present in the serum from these animals (P Salmonella minnesota stimulates a crossreactive antibody to cultured rat kidney tubular cells. The methodology used in these experiments provides an in vitro model for investigating the importance of the immune system in the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis. Induction par le lipide A d'un anticorps cytotoxique contre les cellules tubulaires renales en culture. Les reins de rats syngeniques Fischer injectes avec du lipide A induisent un anticorps cytotoxique contre les cellules tubulaires cultivees de rats syngeniques. Pour evaluer les anticorps dans le serum des animaux immunises, des cellules tubulaires renales de rats syngeniques ont ete desagregees par la collagenase et la trypsine et placees en culture a court terme. Les cellules cultivees ont ete marquees 24 heures apres par chromium 51 et cultivees pendant encore 24 heures. De l'anticorps de lapin anticellules tubulaires renales de rat a servi d'antiserum de controle positif dans un test d'anticorps cytotoxique dependant du complement. Les serums des animaux dont les reins avaient ete inocules avec du glycolipide Re ont alors ete testes pour la cytotoxicite par anticorps. Des auto-anticorps diriges contre les cellules tubulaires renales syngeniques en culture existaient dans le serum de ces animaux (P Salmonella minnesota Re 595 stimule un anticorps croise contre les cellules tubulaires de rat en culture. La methodologie employee dans ces experiences fournit un modele in vitro qui permet l'etude de l'importance du systeme immun dans la pathogenie de la pyelonephrite.
A 71–76GHz low noise amplifier with integrated image reject filter and single balanced down converter mixer

An RF receiver front end for EBAND communication in the lower band 71–76GHz frequency range was designed and fabricated in IBM 0.12μm SiGe technology. The LNA composed of four amplification stages, exhibits more than 15dB gain and a NF of less than 6dB in the entire frequency band. A steep two chain stop band filter is used to reject image noise with better than 18dB image rejection. The LNA is followed by a single balanced active down converting mixer used to convert the received signal to the 8.5GHz IF frequency. The measured mixer conversion gain is around 4.5dB with a NF of 14dB. The above performance enables a super-heterodyne realization of a complete EBAND receiver with excellent image rejection.
The performance of a circulation control airfoil at transonic speeds

A two-dimensional wind tunnel test has been performed on a small circulation control airfoil section equipped with trailing edge blowing. The model was mounted in the NASA-Ames 2 x 2 ft transonic wind tunnel and tested at speeds up to free-stream Mach equals 0.75 for a range of incidences. Jet pressure ratios up to 3 (relative to tunnel static conditions) were evaluated together with the effects of Reynolds number. Normal force and pitching moment coefficients were calculated from surface pressures using a Scanivalve pressure measuring system. Drag force coefficients were calculated from wake rake pressures. The results obtained indicated that this airfoil was capable of producing useful lift at high subsonic Mach numbers. Some changes in the stall characteristics were apparent at above free-stream Mach equals 0.4 and some dependence between lift augmentation and incidence was observed. There also appeared to be a significant Reynolds number effect on the airfoil drag performance.
The Role of National Culture in Systems Analysis and Design

The development of information systems is no longer limited to a few locations throughout the world. They are developed in countries whose business environment and culture are very different. Culture, we suggest, is therefore an important variable in the development process and may introduce its own set of problems, the consequences of which may range from project failure to delayed delivery of working systems. But cultureâ€™s influence may be indirect, difficult to isolate, and difficult to measure. For these reasons, perhaps, there has been no research that directly addresses cultureâ€™s role in the systems analysis and design process. This paper is an attempt to fill that void. It identifies the stages in the systems analysis and design process likely to be influenced by culture and the pattern which these influences are likely to take. The benefit of such a framework is that it draws attention to the issue of culture at the beginning of the development cycle and may reduce the chances of failure or costly delays.
Large internal waves in Massachusetts Bay transport sediments offshore

Abstract A field experiment was carried out in Massachusetts Bay in August 1998 to assess the role of large-amplitude internal waves (LIWs) in resuspending bottom sediments. The field experiment consisted of a four-element moored array extending from just west of Stellwagen Bank (90-m water depth) across Stellwagen Basin (85- and 50-m water depth) to the coast (24-m water depth). The LIWs were observed in packets of 5–10 waves, had periods of 5–10 min and wavelengths of 200–400 m, and caused downward excursions of the thermocline of as much as 30 m. At the 85-m site, the current measured 1 m above bottom (mab) typically increased from near 0 to 0.2 m/s offshore in a few minutes upon arrival of the LIWs. At the 50-m site, the near-bottom offshore flow measured 6 mab increased from about 0.1 to 0.4–0.6 m/s upon arrival of the LIWs and remained offshore in the bottom layer for 1–2 h. The near-bottom currents associated with the LIWs, in concert with the tidal currents, were directed offshore and sufficient to resuspend the bottom sediments at both the 50- and 85-m sites. When LIWs are present, they may resuspend sediments for as long as 5 hours each tidal cycle as they travel westward across Stellwagen Basin. At 85-m water depth, resuspension associated with LIWs is estimated to occur for about 0.4 days each summer, about the same amount of time as caused by surface waves.
The fine structure of tissues in the amputated-regenerating limb of the adult newt, Diemictylus viridescens.

We have examined the fine structure of injured, repairing and regenerating tissues of the amputated forelimbs of the adult newt: observations were made on wound epithelium, nerves, striated muscle, the regeneration blastema, connective tissues and cartilage. The wound epithelium shows little modulation from the adjacent epidermis: a subjacent glycocalyx and hemidesmosomes are initially absent. Some cells reveal phagocytic activity. As regeneration progresses, a glycocalyx, hemidesmosomes, and an adepidermal reticulum of fibers develop. Nerve fiber degeneration and regeneration lie side by side in the same nerve bundle. Myelin degeneration is evident within 24 hours; neural connective tissues loosen and fibers appear to spread apart. Striated muscle fibers display a nonuniform response to trauma, due to unequal degree of injury inflicted by amputation. The moderately and greatly injured fibers lose their distal fibril organization. There is a numerical increase in mitochondria, and occasionally a pyknotic nucleus is present. The myofiber glycocalyx appears to resist destruction, even when cell degeneration is extensive. Satellite cells have been observed intimately in contact with injured myofibers. Myogenesis is accompanied by an increase in collagen fibrillogenesis associated with adjacent fibroblasts. Many of these latter cells appear to contain intracellular fibrils: the significance of these observations are discussed, and a basis for intracellular fibrillogenesis and tropocollagen accretion is proposed. The fine structure of the regeneration blastema cell agrees with the description offered by others for the adult newt limb regeneration. Early prochondral condensation of blastema cells is described briefly.
Viscous effects on the capillary instabilities of a hollow liquid cylinder

In a microgravity environment, a hollow cylinder of fluid is unstable to axisymmetric disturbances and breaks up to form hollow spheres. These instabilities are due to the surface tension of the fluid. The linear stability analysis presented in this paper shows that the viscosity of the fluid reduces the instability of the configuration, but that, regardless of its magnitude, it can never completely eliminate the instability.
A new procedure for fundus photography and fluorescein angiography in small laboratory animal eyes

Increasing interest in retinal research demands continuous improvement of experimental techniques and interpretation. Thus, the purpose of our research was to devise a new method for funduscopic ph...
Electromagnetic response of an Anisotropic half-space model when the medium striations are tilted relative to the vertical

The analysis deals with the formulation of a boundary value problem where the complex immitivity has a principal axis tilted to the interface between the regions. An example is a half-space model of the earth where the fine layering or striations are not parallel to the air interface. The objective is to obtain expressions for effective surface impedance when the source is an obliquely incident plane wave from the upper (air) region. The case treated in detail is when the magnetic field direction is parallel to the strike of the structure which is a purely 2D problem. The more difficult case is when the incidence is arbitrary which leads to coupled wave equations for the E and H fields parallel to the srike of the structure. We also deal with the simplification achieved when the conductivity of the structure is sufficiently high. The general layered case is also treated where the analogy with the layered isotropic media problem is exploited.
Risk stratification in endoscopic airway surgery: is inpatient observation necessary?

Abstract Purpose To compare post-operative complication rates between inpatient and outpatient endoscopic airway surgery in patients with laryngotracheal stenosis. Secondary objectives included characterization of a cohort of patients with this disease. Methods Retrospective review of patients with laryngotracheal stenosis in a tertiary care laryngology practice over a 5-year period. Results Ninety-one patients underwent 223 endoscopic airway surgeries. Of 114 outpatient interventions, 1 patient (0.8%) sought emergent medical care following discharge for respiratory distress. Of 109 procedures resulting in admission, no patients required transfer to a higher level of care, endotracheal intubation or placement of a surgical airway. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between patients treated as outpatients or inpatients (p = 0.33, chi square). There were no cardiopulmonary events. There were no pneumothoraces despite frequent use of jet ventilation. The most common etiologic category was idiopathic (58%), followed by granulomatosis with polyangiitis (16%) and history of tracheotomy (12%). Most patients with idiopathic disease were female (p Conclusion Patients undergoing endoscopic surgery for airway stenosis rarely have post-operative complications, and outpatient surgery appears to be a safe alternative to post-operative admission and observation.
Art and Modernity in Porfirian Mexico: Julia Escalante's Graziella and the Lechero

This essay examines Julia Escalante's Graziella and the 1881 El Lechero (The Milkman) as a case study of the ways in which the art of a Mexican woman artist instantiates aspects of Porfirian modernity. In the context of the academic hierarchy that existed through much of the nineteenth century, these scenes of everyday life, that is, genre scenes, done by a woman artist, would have been seemingly unremarkable. Different from most works by a woman artist, these paintings were exhibited in two very different spaces in downtown Mexico City: the National Academy in 1879 and 1881, and later in the Hotel del Jardin in 1888. I will suggest that these exhibition spaces define an architecture of legibility for the paintings inflecting the critical reception of the painting, opening onto the process of Porfirian modernity.
Enrolled nurse conversion: a review of the literature.

Aim The aim of this literature review was to examine the policies and professional literature from the last 50 years about the introduction, the role and subsequent plight of the enrolled nurse (also known as second level nurses), and the need to convert to the first level of the UKCC nursing register. Background Nurse shortages within the NHS have been cyclical since its inception in 1948. The policy decision to cease the training of enrolled nurses within the frame of modernizing the education and training of the nursing workforce had two distinct implications for enrolled nurses. Firstly, they could choose to stay as enrolled nurses or convert to first level nursing. Nevertheless, enrolled nurses have cited the lack of funded conversion course places, and managerial support for non-conversion. Methods A critical review of the national policies and professional literature concerned with the evaluation of enrolled nurses’ contribution to the NHS. Findings It was argued that national policy needs to be supported on the ground, whereby enrolled nurses are proactively supported to come forward for conversion and/or meaningful roles are created and sustained where enrolled nurses continue to make a valuable contribution to the NHS agenda. Finally, the paper challenges all NHS organizations to consider the profile and value of enrolled nurses and become proactive in their recruitment and retention of this nursing group.
Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Litter Decomposition in California Annual Grasslands: Which Mechanisms Matter?

To date, most research that has examined the effect of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) on litter decomposition has focused on changes in the leaf litter quality of individual species. Results from California grasslands indicate that other CO2 responses may have greater consequences for decomposition rates. For instance, CO2-driven changes in either species dominance or patterns of biomass allocation would alter both the quality and the position of grassland litter. We review the results from studies in California grasslands to identify the mechanisms that affect grassland litter decomposition. We use a simple calculation that integrates the results of two studies to identify three mechanisms that have the potential to substantially alter decomposition rates as the atmospheric [CO2] rises.
An instance of reverse heaping of ages

This note reports on an interesting example of reverse heaping of ages for data from the Saudi Arabian social insurance system. Peaks occur for the number of workers at ages corresponding to years of birth ending in zeroes and fives, while there are troughs at such ages for the average monthly wages. Such troughs almost certainly are the result of workers with less education using a rounded year of birth, and, correspondingly, such workers would tend to have lower earnings.