cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parents Will Be Parents: Conceptualizing and Measuring Nonoffending Parent and Other Caregiver Support Following Disclosure of Sexual Abuse

A gap exists in the literature with regard to the theoretical conceptualization of nonoffending parental and other caregiver (NOC) support of sexually abused children. Measures need to be developed that appropriately capture this construct. The purpose of this article is to present a qualitative study that asked 17 NOCs in different ways how they supported their sexually abused children after the disclosure of the sexual abuse. The multiple different types of support were coded and, using grounded theory, the structure of NOC support emerged from the data. The final structure of NOC support had 8 dimensions, including basic needs, safety and protection, decision making, active parenting, instrumental support, availability, sensitivity to child, and affirmation.
Responses of rat trigeminal ganglion neurons to movements of vibrissae in different directions.

The response properties of 123 trigeminal ganglion neurons were studied, using controlled whisker deflections in different directions. When the distal end of the whisker was initially displaced 5.7° (1 mm) from its neutral position, 81% of the cells responded with statistically more spikes/ stimulus to movements in one to three of eight cardinal (45° increment) directions than to the others. The more directionally selective the cell, the more vigorous was its response. On the basis of statistical criteria, 75% of the cells were classified as slowly adapting, 25% as rapidly adapting. A number of quantitative analyses indicated that slowly adapting units respond more selectively than rapidly adapting cells to the direction of whisker movement. Differences in directional sensitivities of rapidly and slowly adapting cells appear to parallel differences between their putative mechanoreceptive endings and the relationships between those endings and the vibrissa follicle's structure. Comparisons between the resp...
Enhanced medical rehabilitation increases therapy intensity and engagement and improves functional outcomes in postacute rehabilitation of older adults: a randomized-controlled trial.

Abstract Objectives For millions of disabled older adults each year, postacute care in skilled nursing facilities is a brief window of opportunity to regain enough function to return home and live independently. Too often this goal is not achieved, possibly because of therapy that is inadequately intense or engaging. This study tested Enhanced Medical Rehabilitation, an intervention designed to increase patient engagement in, and intensity of, daily physical and occupational therapy sessions in postacute-care rehabilitation. Design Randomized controlled trial of Enhanced Medical Rehabilitation versus standard-of-care rehabilitation. Setting Postacute care unit of a skilled nursing facility in St Louis, MO. Participants Twenty-six older adults admitted from a hospital for postacute rehabilitation. Intervention Based on models of motivation and behavior change, Enhanced Medical Rehabilitation is a set of behavioral skills for physical and occupational therapists that increase patient engagement and intensity, with the goal of improving functional outcome, through (1) a patient-directed, interactive approach, (2) increased rehabilitation intensity, and (3) frequent feedback to patients on their effort and progress. Measurements Therapy intensity: assessment of patient active time in therapy sessions. Therapy engagement: Rehabilitation Participation Scale. Functional and performance outcomes: Barthel Index, gait speed, and 6-minute walk. Results Participants randomized to Enhanced Medical Rehabilitation had higher intensity therapy and were more engaged in their rehabilitation sessions; they had more improvement in gait speed (improving from 0.08 to 0.38 m/s versus 0.08 to 0.22 in standard of care, P = .003) and 6-minute walk (from 73 to 266 feet versus 40 to 94 feet in standard of care, P = .026), with a trend for better improvement of Barthel Index (+43 points versus 26 points in standard of care, P = .087), compared with participants randomized to standard-of-care rehabilitation. Conclusion Higher intensity and patient engagement in the postacute rehabilitation setting is achievable, with resultant better functional outcomes for older adults. Findings should be confirmed in a larger randomized controlled trial.
Radiation force modeling for the Topex/Poseidon spacecraft

The largest nongravitational forces that will be acting on the Topex satellite will be those due to incident and emitted radiation on the spacecraft surfaces. In order to minimize the effects of these forces on orbit determination, a detailed model is being developed so that they may be accurately predicted. This model requires a precise description of the spacecraft shape and orientation, evaluation of the solar and earth radiation impinging on the surfaces, and a determination of the radiation being emitted from the surfaces as they heat and cool throughout the orbit. The TRASYS software system is used to evaluate the solar and earth radiation striking each surface of the spacecrat. This software has been modified to include an earth radiation model which follows the seasonal variations in albedo and IR radiation. The SINDA software system is then used to determine the transient temperatures of the spacecraft surfaces.
A 4‐year intervention to increase adoption of safer dairy farming work practices

BACKGROUND: Traumatic and musculoskeletal injury rates have been high in dairy farming compared to other industries. Previous work has shown that social marketing efforts can persuade farm managers to adopt practices that reduce injury hazards compared to traditional practices if the new practices maintain profits. METHODS: The intervention disseminated information to 4,300 Northeast Wisconsin dairy farm managers about three safer and more profitable production practices (barn lights, silage bags, and calf feed mixing sites) using information channels that these managers were known to rely on. We evaluated rolling, independent, community-based samples, at baseline and then again after each of four intervention years. We also evaluated samples from Maryland's 1,200 dairy farms after the second through the fourth year of the intervention. Maryland dairy managers read many of the same nationally distributed print mass media that we used in the intervention and so were a "partially exposed" comparison group. RESULTS: The intervention to disseminate information about the innovations was successful. In comparisons before and after the intervention, Wisconsin managers reported getting more information about calf sites from public events and equipment dealers, about silage bags from other farmers and equipment dealers, and about barn lights from public events, other farmers, equipment dealers, consultants, and electrical suppliers. Wisconsin managers also reported getting more information than Maryland managers from public events for barn lights and silage bags. During years three and four, the intervention managed to sustain, but not improve, earlier increases in adoption and awareness from the first 2 years. After adjusting for farm manager and operation variables, intervention years was associated with increased Wisconsin manager adoption of two of three practices in comparisons between the baseline and the fourth intervention year: barn lights (odds ratio = 5.58, 95% confidence interval = 3.39-9.17) and silage bags (OR = 2.94, CI = 1.84-4.70). There were similar results for awareness of barn lights and the calf feeding sites. Compared to Maryland managers, Wisconsin managers reported greater awareness of barn lights. CONCLUSIONS: Disseminating information to managers through information channels that they usually consulted was associated with increased reports of getting information and with greater adoption and awareness of safer, profit-enhancing work practices in a high hazard industry. Am. J. Ind. Med. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
COMPARISON OF OILS PRODUCED FROM KENTUCKY OIL SHALES BY FLUID BED AND FISCHER ASSAY RETORTING

Physical properties and chemical composition of oils produced from a master sample of the Ohio Shale by bench scale fluid bed and Fischer Assay retorting are compared. The fluid bed oil was found to have a higher nitrogen content, lower H/C ratio, more heteroaromatic and heavy hydrocarbons, higher alkene/alkane ratios, a higher naphthalene/(C/sub 11/ + C/sub 12/) ratio and a higher aromatic carbon content than the Fischer Assay oil. Since vapor phase cracking is the major source of oil loss during fluid bed retorting with coking being near zero, these results are in agreement with correlations developed for western U.S. shales. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that under fluid bed conditions, raw shale aromatic carbon is converted to oil.
Mechanical properties and deformation of polycrystalline lithium orthosilicate

Room-temperature strength, fracture toughness, Young's modulus, and thermal-shock resistance were determined for 68 to 98% dense lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) specimens. In the low-density regime, both strength and fracture thoughness were controlled by the density of the specimen. At high density, the strength depends on grain size. Young's modulus values ranged from 30 to 103 GPa at densities between 68 and 98% TD. A critical quenching temperature difference in the range of 150–170 °C was observed in thermal-shock tests of bar specimens. Steady-state creep tests indicated that 90% dense Li4SiO4 fractures at T ≤ 800 °C before reaching steady state and deforms plastically at 900 °C. It is more creep-resistant at 900 °C than Li2O, about equal to Li2ZrO3, and less than LiAlO2.
Motion estimation from scaled orthographic projections without correspondences

Abstract This paper presents two new eigenstructure-based algorithms for estimating the motion parameters of a rigid object from scaled orthographic projections. The approach requires neither point correspondences between time frames nor between projections at each time. 2D statistics from projections are utilized to recover 3D statistics, which are used for motion estimation. This results in significant speed-up compared to the approach where point correspondences need to be found. The first algorithm is suitable for general point configuration and requires three scaled orthographic projections at each time frame. The second algorithm is suitable for plamar configuration of data points and requires only two orthographic projections at each time instant. Results of simulated and real image experiments demonstrate the performance and efficiency of the algorithms, as well as showing their limitations.
Fundamentals And Applications Of Signal Detection Theory In Medical Imaging

We present here a concise survey of the major themes running through the contemporary literature on the assessment of diagnostic imaging systems. These include the concept of the ROC curve, the ideal observer, the ideal observer signal-to-noise ratio constructed from the laboratory measurements, and complications arising from the application of the ideal observer approach to clinical diagnostic systems and expert systems.
The effect of therapeutic drugs and other pharmacologic agents on activity of porphobilinogen deaminase, the enzyme that is deficient in intermittent acute porphyria.

Drugs and toxins precipitate life-threatening acute attacks in patients with intermittent acute porphyria. These materials may act by directly inhibiting enzyme activity, thus further reducing porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase activity below the ca. 50% level that results from the gene defect. To test this, we studied the effects of drugs that precipitate acute attacks (lead, phenobarbital, griseofulvin, phenytoin, sulfanilamide, sulfisoxazole, 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol, 5beta-pregnan-3alpha-ol-20-one), drugs that are safe (lithium, magnesium, chlorpromazine, promethazine), and those with uncertain effects (ethyl alcohol, imipramine, diazepam, haloperidol) on activity of PBG deaminase in vitro and in vivo. In the in vitro studies, of PBG deaminase from human erythrocytes from normals and individuals with IAP, only lead (> or = .01 mM) inhibited enzyme activity. Chlorpromazine (> or = .01 mM), promethazine (> or = .01 mM) and imipramine (1 mM) seemed to increase enzyme activity. In most in vivo experiments, male rats were injected intraperitoneally with test material twice daily for 3 days and once on day four; and erythrocyte and hepatic PBG deaminase activity was assayed thereafter. Effects on enzyme activity were observed only with 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol (0.05 microg/kg/day; reduction of 11% in erythrocyte enzyme [NS], and of 20% in liver enzyme [P=.02]), and imipramine (12.5 mg/kg/day; reduction in erythrocyte enzyme activity of 13% [P<.001]). Rats given lead acetate in their drinking water (10 mg/ml) for the first 60 days of life, resulting in high blood and liver lead levels, had increased erythrocyte PBG deaminase (167% of control; P=.004). Thus, enzyme inhibition by lead in vitro was not reflected in a similar in vivo inhibition. The only inhibitory effects in vivo, with ethinyl estradiol and imipramine, appear to be mild and biologically inconsequential. We conclude that inhibition of PBG deaminase activity by materials that precipitate acute attacks is an unlikely mechanism by which these materials exert their harmful effects in patients with IAP.
Mad and glad: Musically induced emotions have divergent impact on morals

Moral judgments can be positive or negative: we can judge action as good or wrong. Here we show that good judgments and wrong judgments are influenced by incidental emotions. Using instrumental music as an induction method, we show that anger, but not happiness, increases the tendency to judge actions as wrong (Experiment 1). We also show that happiness increases the tendency to praise actions as both good and obligatory, while anger reduces these judgments (Experiment 2). These findings extend the literature on emotions and moral judgment by demonstrating impact of anger and happiness, and by contrasting goodness and wrongness in their emotional valence. The findings also show that music can have a significant impact on moral judgment. This is important because music is a highly prevalent situational variable. The use of instrumental music may have advantages over other induction techniques because it does not carry specific semantic cues that might encourage people to think about morality.
Electron transport reactions in immobilized liquid membranes: A comparison of the carriers vitamin K3 and 2-tert-butylanthraquinone

Electron transport in immobilized liquid membranes was studied in the reagent concentration-dependent regime. The velocity dependence of cells utilizing Vitamin K3 (VK3) and 2-tert-butylanthraquinone (TBAQ) as carriers was determined. The velocity for the VK3 cell was proportional to the product [MV+]0.5[VK3]0.9 [Fe(phen33+]0.5 exp 40 kJ/RT; that of the TBAQ cell was proportional to the product [MV+]1.3 [TBAQ]1.5 [Fe(phen)33+]0.9 exp 10 kJ/RT. The velocity of electron transport was kinetically controlled at the oxidant interface as verified by independent rate measurements. The rate constant for the reaction of MV+ with TBAQ was 8.4 x 108 M−1-sec−1 (reductant interface); for the reaction of H2TBAQ with Fe(phen)33+, it was 34 M−1-sec−1(oxidant interface). The velocity dependence reduced to the following in the concentration independent regime: for the TBAQ cell, v ∞ exp 10 kJ/RT ([MV+] >0.6 mM, [TBAQ] >0.2 M, [Fe(phen)33+] > 5 mM, [Ru(bpy)32+] > 0.2 mM); for the VK3 cell, v ∞ [VK3] exp 40 kJ/RT ([MV+] > 0.4 mM, [Fe(phen)33+] > 5 mM, [Ru(bpy)33+] > 0.2 mM). The mechanism of electron transport in the TBAQ cell is best interpreted to involve formation of semiquinone and hydroquinone in the membrane which then react with Fe(phen)33+ in the rate-limiting electron transfer step.
Comparison of the Solubility of PVF and PVDF in Supercritical CH2F2 and CO2 and in CO2 with Acetone, Dimethyl Ether, and Ethanol

Cloud-point data are reported at temperatures to 245 C and pressures to 2700 bar for poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 2}F{sub 2}, dimethyl ether (DME), acetone, and ethanol and in mixtures of CO{sub 2} with acetone, DME, and ethanol. PVF does not dissolve in CO{sub 2} even at 245 C and 2700 bar, but, PVF does dissolve in CH{sub 2}F{sub 2} at 180 C and pressures in excess of 1500 bar. To dissolve PVF in DME, pressures in excess of 550 bar and temperatures in excess of 130 C are needed although it only takes {approximately}100 bar to maintain a single phase to temperatures of {approximately}220 C with ethanol and acetone. Compared to the conditions needed to dissolve PVF, it takes hundreds of bar less pressure to dissolve PVDF in CO{sub 2}, CH{sub 2}F{sub 2}, and DME and {approximately}60 bar less pressure to dissolve it in acetone, but it does take {approximately}60 bar more pressure to dissolve it in ethanol. With CO{sub 2}, ethanol is a better cosolvent than acetone for both fluoropolymers at high temperatures and at low ethanol concentrations. However, when the temperature is decreased or the ethanol concentration is increased, itmore » acts as an antisolvent probably due to ethanol self-association. Compared to ethanol and acetone, DME is not as good a cosolvent more than likely as a result of its lower density and smaller dipole moment. For all three cosolvents, their impact on the reduction of the cloud-point pressure diminishes with increasing cosolvent concentration. It is also evident that CO{sub 2} is an effective antisolvent since small amounts of it added to the polymer-cosolvent mixtures greatly increase the pressures needed to obtain a single phase.« less
Bathymetric prediction from Seasat altimeter data

The linear response function technique is used to analyze two 1300 km tracks of Seasat altimeter data and corresponding bathymetry in the Musician Seamounts region north of Hawaii. A predictive filter is developed which can operate on Seasat altimetry in poorly surveyed oceanic regions to indicate the presence of major bathymetric anomalies. Modelling of the bathymetry-geoid correlation in the Musician region is attempted using the elastic plate model. The flexural rigidity of the plate is not well constrained by the data but appears to be in the range 5 x 10 to the 21st N m up to 5 x 10 to the 22nd N m at the time of loading. Since the Musician Seamounts and the crust on which they lie are both Late Cretaceous in age, this value represents the effective flexural rigidity of very young lithosphere that was 'frozen in' at the time of volcanism. The modelling indicates that the general form of a predictive filter will strongly depend on various geologic parameters, especially the effective flexural rigidity.
Deciding to major in computer science: a grounded theory of students' self-assessment of ability

There is great interest in understanding and influencing students' attraction to computing-related majors. This qualitative study is based on interviews with 31 students enrolled in introductory programming courses at two public universities in the United States. This paper presents a model of five factors that influence student decisions to major in CS and elaborates on our grounded theory analysis of one of these factors: how students assess their CS-related ability. We describe how students measure their ability in terms of speed, grades, and previous experience and how students make interpretations and decisions based upon these measurements. We found that students' interpretations were influenced by experiences in their environments and beliefs about ability as being fixed or malleable.
Taxon size predicts rates of rarity in vascular plants

We surveyed rarity in the vascular plants of the continental U.S.A. and Canada and the vascular plants of Hawaii to test the hypothesis that rates of rarity are independent of taxonomic group size. We demonstrated that taxonomic groups of plants with few species consistently contained fewer than the expected numbers of rare species. This pattern was apparent at the levels of genus, family, order and class. We also found that the pattern remained when we examined rates of rarity by comparing sister taxa that share a common ancestor. This pattern may arise from either differential speciation and extinction patterns or taxonomic bias in species designations (lumping and splitting). The pattern of lineages with few species demonstrating reduced rates of rarity is opposite to that previously observed in mammals and birds. If the protection of representatives from a diversity of lineages is a conservation objective, plant conservation is facilitated by the fact that relatively few species-poor lineages contain rare species.
Spontaneous tibioperoneal trunk and anterior tibial artery pseudoaneurysms

Aneurysms of the tibioperoneal trunk and anterior tibial artery are extremely rare. There are only a few case reports of this entity, for which the majority are secondary to prior trauma or bacteremia and endocarditis. We describe a case of spontaneous pseudoaneurysms of the right anterior tibial artery and tibioperoneal trunk. The pseudoaneurysms were thrombosed on follow-up computed tomography angiography and the patient has been asymptomatic. The patient is being treated conservatively and remains asymptomatic at 1 year of follow-up.
A faster implementation of APlace

APlace is a high quality, scalable analytical placer. This paper describes our recent efforts to improve APlace for speed and scalability. We explore various wirelength and density approximation functions. We speed up the placer using a hybrid usage of wirelength and density approximaions during he course of multi-level placement, and obtain 2-2.5 imes speedup of global placement on the IBM ISPD04 and ISPD05 benchmarks. Recent applications of the APlace framework to supply voltage degradation-aware placement and lens aberration-aware timing-driven placement are also briefly described.
Making African American Homeplaces in Rural Virginia

Abstract In this article, I propose that anthropologists of Christianity broaden their understanding of emotion to include intense attachments to home and kin as central to cultivating faith. I use examples from my research with African Americans who continue to live on land purchased by their emancipated ancestors and attend a United Methodist church established by those same ancestors in rural Western Virginia. I suggest that theoretical attention to this worldly home, as well as to God, is key to understanding the process of belief. It opens up the possibility of seeing emotional connection as a catalyst for political awareness and change, and it also brings gender and generational relations into sharp focus. Ultimately, I argue that the maintenance of such African American religious and secular homeplaces works to challenge the legacies of racism in the rural South.
Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields

Selective control of cell function by applying specifically configured, weak, time-varying magnetic fields has added a new, exciting dimension to biology and medicine. Field parameters for therapeutic, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMFs) were designed to induce voltages similar to those produced, normally, during dynamic mechanical deformation of connective tissues. As a result, a wide variety of challenging musculoskeletal disorders have been treated successfully over the past two decades. More than a quarter million patients with chronically ununited fractures have benefitted, worldwide, from this surgically non-invasive method, without risk, discomfort, or the high costs of operative repair. Many of the athermal bioresponses, at the cellular and subcellular levels, have been identified and found appropriate to correct or modify the pathologic processes for which PEMFs have been used. Not only is efficacy supported by these basic studies but by a number of double-blind trials. As understanding of mechanisms expands, specific requirements for field energetics are being defined and the range of treatable ills broadened. These include nerve regeneration, wound healing, graft behavior, diabetes, and myocardial and cerebral ischemia (heart attack and stroke), among other conditions. Preliminary data even suggest possible benefits in controlling malignancy.
Enhanced Centroid-Flow Algorithm for Computing the Centroid of General Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

Recently, a centroid-flow (CF) algorithm has been proposed to compute the centroid of a type-2 fuzzy set A. This algorithm utilizes the Karnik-Mendel (KM) or the enhanced KM (EKM) algorithm only at the α = 0 α-level of A and then lets its result “flow” upward to the α = 1 α-level of A. It avoids having to apply the KM/EKM algorithms at every α-level, which significantly improves its computational efficiency; however, the CF algorithm approximation errors will gradually accumulate as the algorithm “flows” upward, and in some cases, this can cause the centroid of the α = 1 α-level of A to differ from its theoretical value. This paper introduces an improved version of the CF algorithm, which is called enhanced CF algorithm, that reduces such accumulative errors by half and, therefore, greatly improves the computational accuracy.
Oxidative mechanisms of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes.

Chemically or genetically altered cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) has been developed as an oxygen carrying therapeutic. Site-directed modifications are introduced and serve to stabilize the protein molecules in a tetrameric and/or a polymeric functional form. Direct cytotoxic effects associated with cell-free Hb have been ascribed to redox reactions (involving either 1 or 2 electron steps) between the heme group and peroxides. These interactions are the basis of the pseudoperoxidase activity of Hb and can be cytotoxic when reactive species are formed at relatively high concentrations during inflammation and typically lead to cell death. Peroxides relevant to biological systems include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), and peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Reactions between Hb and peroxides form the ferryl oxidation state of the protein, analogous to compounds I and II formed in the catalytic cycle of many peroxidase enzymes. This higher oxidation state of the protein is a potent oxidant capable of pro...
Hybrid Page Layout Analysis via Tab-Stop Detection

A new hybrid page layout analysis algorithm is proposed, which uses bottom-up methods to form an initial data-type hypothesis and locate the tab-stops that were used when the page was formatted. The detected tab-stops, are used to deduce the column layout of the page. The column layout is then applied in a top-down manner to impose structure and reading-order on the detected regions. The complete C++ source code implementation is available as part of the Tesseract open source OCR engine at http://code.google.com/p/tesseract-ocr.
Modeling and Managing Collaborative Sessions for a Virtual Organization

We propose a system that allows users to engage in collaborative sessions through a variety of communication tools running simultaneously. In this paper we use description logic to model a broad range of features of a proposed session and we validate it before it is invoked, by checking for consistency with constraints arising from three main areas. We ensure (a) that it will not exceed the capacity of the network given the bandwidth consumed by sessions that are currently running, (b) that it does not violate any of the physical limitations of the resources to be invoked, and (c) that the participants possess the expertise required to contribute to the session.
Conflict Between Major Life Roles: Women and Men in Dual Career Couples

An investigation of the newly emerging pattern of career aspirations in women, in which both a demanding profession and family life are assumed, was conducted within a framework of interrole conflict among major life roles and its correlates. Subjects were 28 dual career couples who responded to an anonymous questionnaire. Of specific interest were the areas and degree of interrole conflict, in addition to their relationship to gender, parent hood, level of career aspirations, spouse's emotional support of career pursuit, and attitudes toward the roles of women. Surprisingly, the prediction of gender differences in regard to areas and correlates of interrole conflict were not supported. The one exception was level of career aspiration, where high aspirations were negatively related to role conflict for men but positively related to role conflict for women. Strikingly different patterns of conflict, however, were found as a function of the presence or absence of children.
Near-Field Microwave Imaging Techniques for Object Detection and Shape Reconstruction

A near Held, frequency-synthesized microwave pulse method for the detection, imaging and reconstruction of an object has been analyzed. The procedure describes a detection technique called the single-probe detection (SPD) method, where a single probe is used to reconstruct an object's shape and determine its location in two dimensions. For a complete image mapping and reconstruction, a cylindrical scan method involving a rotational and a planar scan is used. A planar scanning alone cannot provide image reconstruction.
Diabetic macular edema: Current management 2013

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss of working-age adults, and diabetic macular edema (DME) is the most frequent cause of vision loss related to diabetes. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy found the 14-year incidence of DME in type 1 diabetics to be 26%. Similarly the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial reported that 27% of type 1 diabetic patients develop DME within 9 years of onset. The most common type of diabetes, type 2, is strongly associated with obesity and a sedentary lifestyle. An even higher incidence of macular edema has been reported in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Within the last 5 years, the use of intravitreal corticosteroids and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents have come into clinical practice for the management of DME and several recent randomized clinical trials have shown improved effectiveness of ranibizumab compared to focal/grid laser. In this theme issue, we discuss the classification of DR and the treatment options currently available for the treatment of DME including corticosteroids, anti-VEGF agents, combined therapy, enzymatic vitrectomy (vitreolysis), and new therapies.
Temperament and Psychopathy A Dual-Pathway Model

The concept of psychopathy refers to a pattern of chronic antisocial behavior and personality features, such as emotional detachment, lovelessness, and guiltlessness, attributable in part to a temperament deficit. Historically, that deficit has been seen as a low reactivity to fear, but recent research has documented a second temperament deficit in adults that involves poor emotional and behavioral control. Both pathways are found in the child psychopathology literature, pointing to multifactorial developmental pathways from childhood to adult psychopathy.
Federalist Nos. 67–77 How Would Publius Envision the Civil Service Today?

Federalist Nos. 67–77 offer a strong defense of the “energetic executive” embedded in the new constitution, which is perhaps best captured in Alexander Hamilton’s famous conclusion that “the true test of a good government is its aptitude and tendency to produce a good administration.” This essay places this basic definition into historical context by reviewing the erosion of the national government’s emphasis on public duty as a prerequisite for effectiveness. Reading widely across the Federalist Papers, the author argues that the founders would be taken aback by the national government’s sheer scale and complexity and would strongly restate their basic principles of a government well executed.
The lee-wave régime for a slender body in a rotating flow

The uniform motion of a closed, axisymmetric body along the axis of an unbounded, rotating, inviscid, incompressible fluid is considered on Long's hypotheses that: the flow is steady; the flow is uniform far upstream of the body; the inertial waves excited by the body cannot propagate upstream. The appropriate similarity parameters are k, an inverse Rossby number based on the body length, and δ, the slenderness ratio of the body. It is conjectured that an upper bound to the parametric regime in which the solution implied by Long's hypotheses remains valid, say kδ ≡ k < kc, is determined by the first occurrence, with increasing k, of a local reversal of the flow.A general solution for the stream function is established in terms of an assumed distribution of dipoles along the axis of the body. The disturbance upstream of the body is found to be proportional to the product of k2 and the dipole moment (total dipole strength) and to fall off only as the inverse distance, as compared with the inverse cube of the distance for a potential flow. The corresponding wave drag is found to depend on the power spectrum of the dipole distribution in the axial wave-number interval (0, k) and to be a monotonically decreasing function of the axial velocity for fixed angular velocity. Asymptotic solutions for prescribed bodies are established in the following limits: (i) K → 0 with δ fixed; (ii) δ → 0 with k fixed; (iii) k → ∞ with kδ fixed. Both the upstream disturbance and the wave drag in the limit (i) depend essentially on the dipole moment of the body with respect to a uniform, potential flow. The limit (ii) is analogous to conventional slender-body theory and yields a dipole density that is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the body. The limit (iii) leads to a singular integral equation that is solved to determine kc and the dipole moment for a slender body.The results are applied to a sphere and a slender ellipsoid. The upstream axial velocity and the drag coefficient based on Stewartson's results for a sphere are found to differ significantly from Maxworthy's (1969) measurements, presumably in consequence of viscous separation effects. Maxworthy's measured values of upstream axial velocity are found to agree with the theoretical values for an equivalent ellipsoid, based on the sphere plus its upstream wake, for k [lsim ] kc.
A Systematically Designed Binary Array Processor

A class of binary array processors (BAP) have evolved over the past 20 years primarily intended for image-processing applications. The advent of large-scale integrated-circuit technology makes the construction of these processors feasible. In this paper three basic instruction types that characterize a BAP are defined and the systematic design of a processor called BASE is described in detail. Two forms of BASE are discussed, a fully parallel version and an add-on unit for a conventional computer. The systematic design has enabled an assembly language with a simple, APL-like syntax to be developed. Several program examples to illustrate features of the processor are given.
Building Sense of Community at a Distance

This article challenges the belief that strong sense of community is limited to the traditional classroom and proposes that the virtual classroom has the potential of building and sustaining sense of community at levels that are comparable to the traditional classroom. Drawing on research literature, the concept of learning community is applied to the virtual classroom by taking on the issue of how best to design and conduct an online course that fosters community among learners who are physically separated from each other. Course design principles are described that facilitate dialogue and decrease psychological distance, thereby increasing a sense of community among learners.
IDENTIFICATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF DIROFILARIA URSI (NEMATODA: FILARIOIDEA) FROM WISCONSIN BLACK BEARS (URSUS AMERICANUS) AND ITS WOLBACHIA ENDOSYMBIONT

Dirofilaria ursi is a filarial nematode of American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas, 1780) that is vectored by black flies (Simuliidae) in many parts of the United States. In northwestern Wisconsin, the prevalence of microfilaremic bears during the fall hunting season was 21% (n 5 47). Unsheathed blood microfilariae from Wisconsin bears possess characters consistent with the original description of D. ursi, as do adult worms observed histologically and grossly. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the Wolbachia endosymbiont in the hypodermis and lateral cords of an adult female D. ursi. Amplification of wsp, gatB, coxA, fbpA, and ftsZ bacterial sequences from parasite DNA confirmed the presence of Wolbachia, and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Wolbachia ftsZ gene groups the endosymbiont with Wolbachia from D. immitis and D. repens. Phylogenetic analysis of D. ursi 5s rDNA sequence confirms the morphological observations grouping this parasite as a member of Dirofilaria, and within the Dirofilaria- Onchocerca clade of filarial nematodes. This is the first report of Wolbachia characterization and molecular phylogeny information for D. ursi.
The Human Nasal Microbiota and Staphylococcus aureus Carriage

Background Colonization of humans with Staphylococcus aureus is a critical prerequisite of subsequent clinical infection of the skin, blood, lung, heart and other deep tissues. S. aureus persistently or intermittently colonizes the nares of ∼50% of healthy adults, whereas ∼50% of the general population is rarely or never colonized by this pathogen. Because microbial consortia within the nasal cavity may be an important determinant of S. aureus colonization we determined the composition and dynamics of the nasal microbiota and correlated specific microorganisms with S. aureus colonization.
B-Cell Infiltration in the Respiratory Mucosa of Turkeys Exposed to Subtype C Avian Metapneumovirus

Abstract Turkeys exposed to avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype C showed extensive lymphoid cell infiltrations in the nasal turbinates of the upper respiratory tract. The cellular infiltration occurred after the first virus exposure but not after re-exposure. Quantitation of the relative proportions of mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig)A+, IgG+, and IgM+ cells in controls and virus-exposed turkeys revealed that at 7 days after the first virus exposure, when mucosal infiltration was well pronounced, there was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the numbers of infiltrating IgA+ but not of IgG+ and IgM+ cells. After the second virus exposure, although the overall numbers of mucosal lymphoid cells were similar in the virus-exposed and control turkeys, the relative proportions of IgA+ and IgG+ cells were significantly higher in the virus-exposed turkeys (P < 0.05) than in controls. Furthermore, elevated levels of aMPV-specific IgA were detected in the nasal secretions and the bile of virus-exposed birds after the s...
Review of Representing Justice: Invention, Controversy, and Rights in City-States and Democratic Courtrooms by Judith Resnik and Dennis Curtis (Yale University Press, New Haven, 2011)

“Monumental” is the best way to describe Judith Resnik and Dennis Curtis’s tome, Representing Justice, which features over 250 images depicting the rich, complex, and often fraught relationship between art and adjudication. The reader is invited to join the authors through their inquisitive meanderings through cities, palaces, museums and courtrooms to uncover how cultures and societies have translated ideas about justice into art. Far from simply being a paean to justice-themed art, however, the book uses the plasticity of justice as a visual symbol to critique our single-minded focus on justice as a “first virtue.” By fixing our gaze too tightly on justice, we have lost sight of the other virtues required of institutions that govern complex, diverse societies that aspire to democratic self-rule. Despite their worries about justice’s ultimate inadequacy, however the authors’ tone is nostalgic and reverential. They ultimately lament the disappearance of traditional courtrooms in favor of alternative modes of dispute resolution. Critics may ask whether the two main lines of critique in the book — of our overreliance on the idea of justice on the one hand, and of the gradual obsolescence of the public ideal of justice as a result of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, on the other — pull in separate directions, but no critic can fail to be dazzled by the artistic and philosophical scope of the book.
Maxillofacial Gunshot Injuries: A Comparison of Civilian and Military Data.

Purpose To compare military with civilian gunshot wounds (GSWs) in the maxillofacial region in order to establish differences in presentation, morbidity, and surgical management. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study design was used. The University of Florida at Jacksonville oral and maxillofacial surgery operating room census and hospital trauma registry were both reviewed to identify maxillofacial GSW cases from 2005 through 2011. Military GSW data (2005 through 2011) were obtained from the US Department of Defense (DOD). The predictor variables were civilian versus military GSW events. The outcome variables of interest included the region of the face involved, race, gender, death during admission, hospital length of stay, and number of days in the intensive care unit (ICU). Descriptive statistics were computed. Results The sample was divided into military maxillofacial GSWs (n = 412) and civilian maxillofacial GSWs (n = 287 treated of 2,478 presented). A significant difference was measured between study groups regarding the region of the face involved (P = .0451), gender (P ≤ .0001), and race (P ≤ .0001). No significant relationship was measured regarding deaths during admission (P = .6510) for either study group. No standard deviation values for hospital length of stay or number of ICU days were provided by the DOD. The mean hospital length of stay for the military group was within the 95% confidence interval of the civilian group findings (6.0-7.6). The mean number of ICU days for the military group was not within the civilian group's 95% confidence interval (1.9-2.9). Conclusions These data showed important differences in anatomic location, gender, and race distribution of maxillofacial GSWs between military and civilian populations. Limited analysis of hospital length of stay and number of ICU days might indicate no meaningful difference in hospital length of stay, although there was a statistical difference in the number of ICU days between the 2 populations. Future research comparing surgical strategies in these 2 environments could assist maxillofacial surgeons in providing optimal care to their patients.
The FCC’s Efficient–Firm Standard — TELRIC

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 has a distinctly pro-competitive bent—relying upon the marketplace rather than regulation to unleash the full potential of the high-growth telecommunications industry. As stated in the introductory passage of the Act, the express purpose of this legislation is:
Faculty-student interactions and the student-perceived climate for caring

The identification of caring as a core value for nursing practice elaborates the need to investigate the educational processes through which caring can be learned by those who will assume primary caregiver roles. Using qualitative inquiry, this study was conducted to describe a climate for caring as perceived by 10 junior nursing students and to identify faculty behaviors and faculty-student interactional episodes through which these students experience a climate for caring. Consistent with one researcher's conceptualization of the components of a moral education, the findings from this study suggest that modeling, dialogue, practice, and confirmation are the faculty-student interactional processes through which these students experienced a climate for caring.
Environment, System and Output: The Consideration of a Model

United States municipalities are used as the unit of analysis to test a numiiber of hypotheses drawn from a variation of David Easton's model of the political system. Two categories of independent variables, the political system and its environment, are used to explain outputs. Variables in the environment of the political system have a much greater impact on outputs than those taken from the political system itself. While the model proved useful, there is a need to develop additional measures of the political system and of outputs before it can be fully evaluated. he purpose of the research reported in this paper is twofold: (1) to test a number of specific hypotheses drawn from a general model concerned with determinants of governmental outputs in cities, and (2) by testing these hypotheses, to make possible a consideration of the model from which they are derived. The analysis is based on data for all United States' cities with a population of 25,000 or more. The model specifies three sets of variables for consideration: the political system, its environment, and its outputs. According to it, the determinants of city government outputs or policies can be found either in the political system or its environment. Like all models it is a simplification of reality and thus omits some factors;I but it does provide a framework for developing hypotheses about policy deter-
ORGANIZATIONAL ROUTINES AS ALLIANCE CAPABILITIES: THE MISSING LINK.

The article discusses the extent to which routine-based alliance capabilities of companies improve their chances of successful strategic alliances. It is noted that many such alliances do not live up to expectations. Research into organizational variables which mediate the relationship of corporate experience and structures to organizational performance is discussed, focusing on management routines which foster alliance capabilities. The results of a study of over 300 corporations involved in research and development alliances are discussed.
39 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE 4 RECEPTOR IN THE ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is an important neurotransmitter that regulates multiple events in the central nervous system (CNS). We have recently demonstrated that 5-HT4 receptor couples to G13 protein to induce RhoA-dependent gene transcription, neurite retraction, and neuronal cell rounding (Ponimaskin et al, 2002). Although multiple studies were focused on the function of the 5-HT4 receptor in the CNS, none of the studies showed its expression and function in the endothelial cells. In the present study, we provide evidence for the first time that 5-HT4 receptor is expressed in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We demonstrate the transcription of 5-HT4 mRNA in the HUVECs using reverse transcription polimerase chain reaction. Additionally, we show 5-HT4 receptor expression in HUVECs by immunoblotting and immunofluorescent analysis with 5-HT4 specific antibody. Importantly, we determine that overexpression of 5-HT4 receptor leads to a pronounced cell rounding and intercellular gap formation in HUVECs. We are currently investigating the mechanism underlying 5-HT4 receptor-induced actin cytoskeleton changes in the endothelial cells. These data suggest that by activating 5-HT4 receptor, serotonin could be involved in regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in the endothelial cells that may affect the endothelial barrier integrity.