cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adverse childhood experiences contribute to race/ethnic differences in post-secondary academic performance among college students.

OBJECTIVE This study explores how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) relate to race/ethnicity and academic achievement among a sample of college students. PARTICIPANTS Participants were students attending a large public university in the Southwest (n = 404). Methods: Online surveys captured ACE scores, demographics, and self-reported GPA. RESULTS Students of Color had higher ACE scores and lower GPAs than White students. Regression analyses also revealed that an ACE score of 4 or higher is associated with lower GPAs, but only for Students of Color (Black and Hispanic students), not for White students. CONCLUSIONS There are race/ethnic differences in the incidence and impact of adverse childhood experiences on post-secondary academic achievement. Thus, it is important for colleges and universities to create a trauma-informed campus culture and holistic mental health support system, particularly for Students of Color, who may not have had access to high quality care before attending college.
Hobby Lobby and Galloway: The Expansion of the Role of Religion in American Governance

The Pilgrims who departed from Harwich England on the Mayflower in September 1619 were fleeing persecution and religious wars. The colonial government that they established at Plymouth would co-exist with their church. The Framers, almost two centuries later, fashioned the First Amendment which protected the free exercise of religion against government intrusion, and prohibited government regulation or support of religions. The Supreme Court has engaged in the difficult task of drawing boundaries between religion and civil authority ever since. In the 2013 Term the Court favored religion over civil authority in two significant cases: in the Galloway case the Court allowed a town-sponsored Christian prayer at the beginning of a town meeting; in the Hobby Lobby case the Court decided that a federal mandate to provide insurance that paid for contraception could not prevail over certain individual religious objections. The article reviews the opinions in these two 5-4 cases. It also briefly reviews: the opinions of the Framers; the case law under the two clauses of the First Amendment; the intrusion of Congress into the arena and finally thoughts about the implications of these two important decisions.Hobby Lobby is also noteworthy for its enthusiastic embrace of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act which effectively preempts Supreme Court interpretation of Free Exercise with the effect of taking a whole body of constitutional law which for 200 years had been the exclusive domain of the Supreme Court and of subjecting it to Congressional control with an ill-considered and poorly written statute.A majority of Americans continue to believe that Engel v. Vitale, prohibiting prayer in public schools, was wrongly decided and that children should be allowed to pray in schools. Galloway refused to extend the Engel principle to the town meeting. RFRA was enacted by a nearly unanimous Congress. We are clearly a country that takes religion seriously. Galloway and Hobby Lobby follow the trend: the Establishment Clause is weakened by Galloway which will allow for more public prayer and perhaps more subsidies for religious schools; and RFRA will expand the claims for exemption which will most likely be enthusiastically embraced. Washington, Jefferson and Madison would not be happy with these developments. Washington would remind us that religious controversies are always productive of more acrimony and irreconcilable hatreds than those which spring from any other cause. Jefferson wanted to insure the law protected every religion equally. Madison feared that laws favoring religion would undermine respect for government generally.
Plant-Derived Bioactive Lipids Impact Glucose Homeostasis and Energy Metabolism in Mice

There is a crucial need to identify and test sustainable alternatives to fish oil as a means to supplement dietary omega (n-3) fatty acids which have demonstrated health benefits to humans with metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases. Echium oil has a high content of the n-3 fatty acid stearidonic acid (SDA), a precursor of the bioactive lipids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in fatty cold-water fish, with known or possible functions to improve metabolism and delay the onset of or prevent diabetes. To characterize the effects of dietary Echium oil (EO) vs. fish oil (FO), the oils were formulated into either a low-fat (10% kcal; LF) or high fat (60% kcal; HF) diabetogenic diet and fed to male C57BL/6 Tac mice for 12 weeks. Compared to the low-fat or high-fat controls without the supplementation of EO or FO, EO and FO diets had no effect on blood glucose concentrations or plasma insulin levels throughout the study. The EO-enriched HF diet improved glucose tolerance by week 12 compared to the HF-CON (p
Steady turning of two-wheeled vehicles

Steady turning of two-wheeled vehicles is examined in terms of a theory accommodating large lean angles and a realistic representation of wheel-roadway interaction. Quantitative and qualitative relationships between rider and vehicle behavior are explored in detail, and a parameter study is performed with a view to facilitating design. Paper No. 790187.
The effect of lactate on nitrite in a cured meat system

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sodium lactate on nitrite during meat curing. In a model system, 8 reaction components were used to assess the effect of each on metmyoglobin reducing activity by excluding one component at a time. Excluding lactate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) or phenazine methosulfate (PMS) resulted in no reducing activity. A second experiment utilizing a meat mixture, lactate was added to ground beef at concentrations ranging from 2% to 6%, with or without nitrite, packaged in oxygen-permeable and impermeable materials, and stored for up to 96 hours. There was less residual nitrite when sodium lactate was added to the mixture. Results from both experiments supported the hypothesis that lactate generated NADH which reduced metmyoglobin to deoxymyoglobin, with the resulting greater concentration of reduced myoglobin reacting with nitrite to produce more nitric oxide, reducing nitrite concentration and accelerating the curing reaction.
Method for estimating fracture strength of specially orthotropic composite laminates.

A method is presented for estimating the stress intensity factor characteristic of crack extension in a specially orthotropic advanced fiber composite laminate, based on the elastic properties and ultimate principal strengths of a lamina, the laminate construction, and the experimentally determined value of the characteristic stress intensity factor of an arbitrary angle-plied, midplane symmetric laminate. A comparison of the results obtained from this method with limited experimental data for graphite/epoxy laminates indicates that the method is quite accurate for this particular material system. The predictive method is also used, in conjunction with experimental data, to estimate the size of a damage zone surrounding the crack tip.
Radar Cross Section Lectures

Abstract : These notes were developed while the author was on Sabbatical at NASA Ames Research Center during FY 1982. The lectures were presented to engineers and scientists at NASA Ames in March-April 1982. In August 1982, the RCS lectures were presented at General Dynamics Fort Worth Division. To thoroughly cover the content the following time schedule is required: LECTURE: I, II, III, and IV HOURS LECTURE TIME: 1.5, 3.0, 1.5, and 1.0.
Mariner mission to Encke 1980

Experimental design for the Mariner mission to Comet Encke is considered, examining the following experiments: volatile and nonvolatile chemical analysis, an imaging system for the comet nucleus, the ultraviolet spectrometer, and magnetic field and plasma experiments. Mission design is discussed, emphasizing the mission profile, trajectory and targeting and the spacecraft design.
Frequency and Severity of Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous CT-guided Transthoracic Lung Biopsy: Single-Institution Experience of 1175 Cases.

Higher-grade pulmonary hemorrhage commonly occurs after transthoracic lung biopsy, rarely requires intervention, and may not be associated with enlarged main pulmonary artery diameter at CT.
The relationship of CCR5 antagonists to CD4+ T-cell gain: a meta-regression of recent clinical trials in treatment-experienced HIV-infected patients.

AbstractPurpose: Lower CD4+ T-cell counts are related to increased morbidity and mortality despite virologic suppression. CCR5 antagonists are associated with robust CD4+ T-cell responses. We examined the relationship of CCR5 antagonists to CD4+ T-cell gains. Design: Meta-regression of recent phase 2–3 trials evaluating new antiretroviral agents in treatment-experienced subjects. Methods: We analyzed the relationship of CCR5 antagonists to CD4+ T-cell count increase 24 weeks after initiating the new regimen using a linear model with generalized estimating equations controlling for differing rates of virologic suppression. Each treatment group was treated as a data point weighted by sample size. Results: We included 46 treatment groups from 17 trials (11 groups from 5 trials used CCR5 antagonists). Controlling for average baseline HIV-1 RNA and proportion of subjects achieving HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL, use of a CCR5 antagonist was associated with an additional significant CD4+ T-cell gain of +30/μL (95% CI,...
Storm-induced shifts in optimal nesting sites: a potential effect of climate change

Extreme storm events encountered during any stage of the annual cycle can result in increased mortality and influence population dynamics. Storms during the reproductive season, when birds are tied to fixed nesting locations, can be particularly problematic. Given predicted changes in the frequency and intensity of storms in a changing climate, studies examining the impacts of storms on reproductive success in model systems are important. Island-nesting seabirds may be particularly vulnerable to changes in storm frequency and intensity. Here, we report on the effects of an extreme storm in June 2012 on Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) reproduction on an island in the Gulf of Maine, USA. More than 22 % of monitored nests were lost in this single event leading to a seasonal shift in the optimal nesting locations for birds in our population. Nests closer to water and nests located at low elevations were disproportionately affected by the unusual weather, reversing trends in optimal nesting sites recorded in previous seasons. Spatiotemporal shifts in optimal nesting locations, therefore, may be one result of climate-induced changes in storm frequency and intensity. Although some birds with nests destroyed in the storm attempted to renest, these attempts experienced low success, and overall reproductive success in the storm-affected season was lower than in the previous three nesting seasons.
Majority selection of one alternative from a binary agenda

Abstract There are two feasible alternatives. We impose a weak version of anonymity on an arbitrary social choice function, which selects a single alternative at each profile. It implies majority rule in the presence of neutrality and monotonicity.
Lead particle size and its association with firing conditions and range maintenance: implications for treatment

Six firing range soils were analyzed, representing different environments, firing conditions, and maintenance practices. The particle size distribution and lead (Pb) concentration in each soil fraction were determined for samples obtained from the backstop berms. The main factors that were found to influence Pb fragment size were the type of soil used to construct the berms and the type of weapon fired. The firing of high velocity weapons, i.e., rifles, onto highly angular soils induced significant fragmentation of the bullets and/or pulverization of the soil itself. This resulted in the accumulation of Pb in the finer soil fractions and the spread of Pb contamination beyond the vicinity of the backstop berm. Conversely, the use of clay as backstop and the use of low velocity pistols proved to be favorable for soil clean-up and range maintenance, since Pb was mainly present as large metallic fragments that can be recovered by a simple screening process. Other factors that played important roles in Pb particle size distribution were soil chemistry, firing distance, and maintenance practices, such as the use of water spray for dust suppression and deflectors prior to impact. Overall, coarse Pb particles provide much easier and more cost-effective maintenance, soil clean-up, and remediation via physical separation. Fine Pb particles release Pb more easily, pose an airborne Pb hazard, and require the application of stabilization/solidification treatment methods. Thus, to ensure sustainable firing range operations by means of cost-effective design, maintenance, and clean-up, especially when high velocity weapons are used, the above mentioned factors should be carefully considered.
An introduction to signal extraction in interferometric gravitational wave detectors

In the very near future gravitational wave astronomy is expected to become a reality, giving us a completely new tool for exploring the universe around us. We provide an introduction to how interferometric gravitational wave detectors work, suitable for students entering the field and teachers who wish to cover the subject matter in an advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate level course.
A Novel Assay System Implicates PtdIns(3,4)P2, PtdIns(3)P, and PKCδ in Intracellular Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by the NADPH Oxidase

Activated neutrophils assemble an NADPH oxidase enzyme complex to produce superoxide for microbial killing. Much of the initial oxidase assembly occurs on intracellular granules, followed by movement of the oxidase to phagolysosomes and the plasma membrane. We have developed a novel assay system using Streptolysin-O permeabilized neutrophils that recapitulates the initial intracellular activation process while maintaining the ultrastructural features of this granulocytic cell type. Using this system, we biochemically dissect molecular events and signaling pathways involved in NADPH oxidase assembly and demonstrate specific roles for PKC delta, PI(3,4)P(2)/PI(3,4,5)P(3), and PI(3)P in the PMA-dependent intracellular activation process. This system should be of great utility for the study of cell signaling events that regulate the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils.
Peyronie Disease: Plication or Grafting

Peyronie disease (PD) is an incurable, sexually debilitating disease resulting in penile deformity, coital failure, and significant psychological stress for patients and their partners. Appropriate treatment should be individualized and tailored to the patient's goals and expectations, disease history, physical examination findings, and erectile function. After medical therapy is considered and the disease has stabilized, surgical correction, including tunical shortening or lengthening procedures, is an excellent option for patients with functional impairment caused by PD. Outcomes are satisfactory when proper treatment decisions are made, with the goal being expected return to normal sexual function following PD treatment.
Sociological Aspects of Farm Size: Ideological and Social Consequences of Scale in Agriculture

The issues of farm size and the wide range of institutional arrangements relating to the scale of agricultural production are among the most interesting areas of interchange between agricultural economists and their colleagues in rural sociology and associated disciplines. The renewal of debate over the structure of agriculture during the past decade raises such broad questions about alternative futures for agricultural organization in this society that representatives from no single discipline-agricultural economics, rural sociology, for example-can provide all the necessary guidance. The purpose of this paper will be to take some necessary interdisciplinary steps by setting forth several sociological observations on the issues of scale and structure of agriculture which are informed by agricultural economics research. The first portion of the paper discusses a number of ideological and value aspects of farm size. The second section consists of an abbreviated summary of research on the social consequences of farm size and mechanization for farm families, nonfarm people, and rural communities, while the final section advances several observations about political-economic aspects of farm size and their implications for the debate over agricultural structure.
Structure of the extended solar magnetic field and the sunspot cycle variation in cosmic ray intensity

It is proposed that a relation exists between the extent of interplanetary-magnetic-field sectors and observed variations in cosmic-ray intensity at earth. Changes that take place in the sector magnetic fields and solar polar fields during a sunspot cycle are described. It is argued that a geometrical effect arising from changes in sector-field and polar-field extent during sunspot cycles may be the principal cause of the 11-yr modulation of cosmic-ray intensity observed at earth. The fraction of the heliosphere occupied by sector fields is estimated as a function of time through an average sunspot cycle, the solid angle of the heliosphere occupied by the extended solar polar fields is plotted through the same cycle, and monthly averages of observed absolute intensities of primary cosmic rays with a rigidity greater than 0.5 GV are compared with the plot of polar-field extent. It is found that the average sunspot-cycle variation of the solid angle of the extended polar fields is rather similar to the observed variation in the flux of the cosmic rays considered.
Thought Disorder in Childhood Schizophrenia: Replication and Update of Concept

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine whether measures of thought disorder differentiated schizophrenic from normal children and to examine the relationship of these measures with developmental and cognitive factors. Method The speech samples of 88 schizophrenic and 190 normal children, aged 9 to 13 years, were coded with the Kiddie Formal Thought Disorder Rating Scale and Halliday and Hassan's analysis of cohesion. Results Above and beyond differences in mental age, gender, and neuroleptic status, the patients had significantly more formal thought disorder (FTD) and cohesive deficits than the normal children matched by mental age. The younger schizophrenic and normal children had significantly more thought disorder than the older children with these diagnoses. Combined FTD and cohesion scores correctly identified 76% of schizophrenic and 88% of normal children with little variability across mental age. The thought disorder measures generated 2 independent components: FTD and cohesion. Conclusions Thought disorder measures that include both FTD and cohesion provide a quantitative diagnostic tool of childhood-onset schizophrenia.
A vegetation productivity equation for reclaiming surface mines in Clay County, Minnesota

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the development of a vegetation productivity equation for predicting plant growth potential in Clay County, Minnesota on reconstructed soils (neo-sols) created during surface mine reclamation. Soil factors examined in the study include percent organic matter, percent slope, percent rock fragments, hydraulic conductivity, electrical conductivity, pH, topographic position, available water holding capacity, bulk density and percent clay. Squared terms and two-factor interaction terms were also examined as possible regressors. A best equation was selected that has a multiple coefficient of determination of 0·7952 and has six significant regressors and intercept with p<.0101. The regressors are hydraulic conductivity, percent slope times topographic position, electrical conductivity times percent rock fragments, electrical conductivity times percent clay, electrical conductivity times bulk density and percent organic matter times percent rock fragments. The regressors predict soil...
Expression and characterization of Flag-epitope- and hexahistidine-tagged derivatives of saxiphilin for use in detection and assay of saxitoxin

Saxiphilin is a plasma protein from the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) that binds saxitoxin (STX), a causative agent of paralytic shellfish poisoning. Saxiphilin is homologous to transferrin and consists of two internally homologous domains called the N-lobe and the C-lobe. STX binds to a single site in the C-lobe of saxiphilin. In this study, cloned genes coding for recombinant saxiphilin and C-lobe saxiphilin were modified to contain two tandemly located affinity tags, Flag epitope (DYKDDDDK) and His,, (HHHHHH). at the protein C-terminus and were expressed in cultured insect cells using baculovirus vectors. Both tagged proteins are readily detected on immunoblots by anti-Flag monoclonal antibody. Flag-His 6 -tagged saxiphilin was purified to homogeneity using Ni 2+ -chelate affinity chromatography and Heparin Sepharose chromatography. Equilibrium analysis of [ 3 H]STX binding to tagged saxiphilin and tagged C-lobe saxiphilin gave K D values of 0.75 and 2.7 nM, respectively. FlagHis 6 -tagged saxiphilin was also utilized in a microtiter well solid-phase assay with Reacti-bind metal chelate plates to measure [ 3 H]STX binding and binding competition by unlabeled STX. Such Flag-His 6 -tagged derivatives of saxiphilin have many possible applications in the assay of STX and related toxinological research.
The effect of caffeine on the reactions of the excited singlet state of pyrene in micellar sodium lauryl sulfate

Abstract The effect of caffeine on a few photo-induced reactions of pyrene in micellar sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS) has been studied. In these systems caffeine complexes with the pyrene (K asso = 85 ± 10 M −1 and also with the other reactants, e.g. Cu 2+ or TI + . The efficiencies of reactions which involve contact, i.e. pyrene excimer formation, and quenching by TI + ions to give the triplet state of pyrene, are significantly reduced in the presence of caffeine, due to geometric inhibitions formed by the complexation processes. The kinetics of photo-induced electron transfer, e.g. between excited pyrene and Cu 2+ , are not affected. However, the subsequent reactions of the products are modified and the yield of ionic products is markedly increased.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN ROUS SARCOMA WITH VIRUS, TUMOR CELLS, AND CHICK EMBRYO CELLS TRANSFORMED IN VITRO BY VIRUS : II. RESPONSE OF NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED CHICKS

Chick embryo fibroblasts infected in vitro with Rous sarcoma virus have properties similar to tumor cells when injected into virus-immune chickens. When such virus-transformed fibroblasts are injected into normal chickens, they apparently participate in the production of tumors independent of their release of virus and are thus apparently malignant in vivo.
Amoral Abolitionism: Frederick Douglass and the Environmental Case against Slavery

Ellis's essay reconstructs the history of environmental crisis-the crisis of Southern soil exhaustion-at the heart of the antebellum slavery debates. Through readings of landscape in My Bondage and My Freedom, the essay argues that in the 1850s, Douglass displaces the moral and sentimental antislavery rhetorics for which he is known in favor of a newly pragmatic antislavery logic focused on slavery's unsustainability-its tendency to exhaust the soil. This argument has two main aims: to explore Douglass's engagement with ecological and economic antislavery rhetorics, and, more broadly, to consider the relevance of his pragmatic turn to modern ecocriticism as it reexamines the role of ethical sentiment in its project going forward.
Hernia After Dorsal Incision Into Lumbar Region: A Case Report and Review of Pathogenesis and Treatment

Because of few associated complications and rapid recovery, dorsal incision into lumbar region has experienced a resurgence in popularity for the treatment of a variety of renal and upper ureteral disorders. We report a case of pyelolithotomy via the dorsal approach in which a symptomatic lumbar incisional hernia subsequently developed, which to our knowledge is a previously unreported complication of this approach. Reconstruction of this lumbar hernia defect necessitated the application of synthetic mesh graft sandwiched by mobilized muscle flaps. The entire repair was then sutured inferiorly to the iliac crest using drill holes. Outcome was durable and successful. The pathogenesis and treatment of this complication are discussed.
Increased transcription of ubiquitin-proteasome system components: molecular responses associated with muscle atrophy.

Abstract Muscle atrophy is a common consequence of catabolic conditions like kidney failure, cancer, sepsis, and acute diabetes. Loss of muscle protein is due primarily to activation of the ubiquitin–proteasome proteolytic system. The proteolytic responses to catabolic signals include increased levels of mRNA that encode various components of the system. In the case of two genes, the proteasome C3 subunit and ubiquitin UbC, the higher levels of mRNA result from increased transcription but the mechanisms of transactivation differ between them. This review summaries the evidence that cachectic signals activate a program of selective transcriptional responses in muscle that frequently occurs coordinately with increased protein destruction.
The magnetic field in the dust ring at the center of the Galaxy

Measurements of the polarization of the far-infrared thermal emission from six points in the dust ring at Sgr A are presented. The position angles are approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the ring as projected on the sky. The inferred magnetic field is therefore approximately in the plane of the ring. The pattern traced by the polarization vectors resembles that expected for a magnetic accretion disk. The measurements indicate a field in which the outward radial component is much greater than the axial component at the surface of the disk. The field thus appears to satisfy the condition proposed by Blandford and Payne (1982) for removing energy and angular momentum through centrifugal acceleration of surface material moving along the field lines.
Magnitude and duration of the effects of cocaine on conditioned and adjunctive behaviors in the chimpanzee.

Abstract Characteristic patterns of conditioned key-pressing were maintained in the chimpanzee under a multiple 30-response fixed-ratio, 10-minute fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Adjunctive drinking occurred with regularity during the fixed-interval schedule and, with less frequency, during 1-minute timeout periods that followed each food presentation; drinking seldom occurred during the fixed-ratio schedule. Cocaine increased key pressing under the fixed-interval schedule at doses between .1 and 3.0 mg/kg, but adjunctive drinking and key pressing under the fixed-ratio schedule did not increase at any dose. Conditioned and adjunctive behaviors were disrupted and suppressed for different durations at 10,0 mg/kg, a dose which induced convulsive seizures within 10 minutes after intramuscular injection. A time-course analysis showed the magnitude and duration of the effects of cocaine on key pressing under the fixed-interval schedule and on adjunctive drinking to be dose-related. Moreover, a given dose of cocaine had diverse effects, depending on the behavior and the time since drug administration.
A rapid and sensitive method for measuring the binding of radioactive ligands to proteins.

Abstract A new method is described for measuring the binding of radioactive ligands to proteins. The procedure involves the filtering of a solution of the protein and radioactive ligand through a Diaflo ultrafiltration membrane in a specially designed ultrafiltration cell. The membrane, on which the complex of protein and bound ligand is deposited, is then counted in a liquid scintillation spectrometer to yield directly the amounts of ligand bound. The ultrafiltration method of measuring ligand binding is sensitive and rapid. Binding studies can be carried out with microgram quantities of protein and at ligand concentrations exceeding the concentration of protein by several orders of magnitude. With the ultrafiltration cell described, eight samples can be processed simultaneously in less than an hour.
Contact dermatitis caused by diphenhydramine hydrochloride

Three cases of contact dermatitis caused by an ethanolamine antihistamine, diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl), are described. Patients who develop contact dermatitis from it should avoid its oral or parenteral administration because they may develop a localized or generalized flare of dermatitis. Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine), clemastine fumarate (Tavist), carbinoxamine maleate (Clistin-D), and doxylamine succinate (Decapryn) are also ethanolamine antihistamines. Since they may cross-react with diphenhydramine hydrochloride, they should be avoided in sensitive patients.
From clothing to skin: Identity work of student teachers in culminatingfield experiences

Abstract What constitutes a good teacher is construed as one who knows content, pedagogy, and student cognitive and emotional development sufficiently. Such role discourse pervades talk about effective teaching among policymakers, the lay public, and to some degree, institutions of teacher education that abide by NCATE-like formulations of program and candidate evaluation. Student teaching is a critical period for identity development of beginning teachers, yet it often lacks the space to work through this process with their peers. We engaged a semester length phenomenological narrative study of ten student teachers in an onsite student teaching seminar. Participants’ stories revealed that a more complete sense of self arose through conflicts encountered and the disjuncture of perceptions and realities of beginning to teach. Based on our analysis of the data, we argue that field-based, reflexive, and situational discourse space has merit as part of the larger teacher education curriculum.
Lengthened affricates as a test case for the phonetics–phonology interface

Many phonetic and phonological processes resemble one another, which has led some researchers to suggest that phonetics and phonology are essentially the same. This study compares phonetic and phonological processes of consonant lengthening by analyzing duration measurements collected from Hungarian speakers (n = 14). Affricates, which crucially possess a two-part structure, were placed in target positions. Results show that affricates regularly undergo phonetic lengthening at phrase boundaries, and the affected portion of the affricate is always that which lies closer to the boundary. Affricates also regularly undergo phonological lengthening when next to a geminating suffix, but the affected portion of the affricate is always the stop closure. Thus, while phonetic lengthening observes a strict respect for locality, phonological lengthening does not, and we conclude that the two processes are in fact quite different from one another.
FC05-06 - Comparison of two-year outcomes for children with autism receiving high versus low-intensity behavioral intervention

Introduction Behavioral intervention is an evidence-based treatment for children with autism but there still exists some disagreement regarding how intensive the treatment needs to be. Little previous research has directly compared the effects of high to low-intensity behavioral intervention. Objectives To compare the effects of high versus low-intensity behavioral intervention. Aims Compare outcomes in the area of diagnostic classification, intellectual functioning, executive functions, challenging behavior, language, socialization, and independent living skills after two years of treatment. Methods 60 children with autism, under five years old, comprised two groups who received behavioral intervention services. The high-intensity group received 25–35 hours per week for two years and the low-intensity group received 8–15 hours per week of treatment. For all participants, a comprehensive battery of assessments was conducted prior to treatment and at annual intervals. Results The high-intensity group outperformed the low-intensity group on all measures after two years of treatment. Conclusions This study provides further evidence that high intensity behavioral intervention produces greater gains than low-intensity treatment and the results suggest that children with autism under the age of five years should receive access to high-intensity treatment
Contingent Weighting in Self-Other Decision Making

Abstract Three studies are presented that examine the decision-making processes that lead advisors to have preferences distinct from personal decision makers (Kray & Gonzalez, 1999). Advising and personal decision making were hypothesized to invoke different interpersonal frames, which lead to different weighting of decision attributes. Alternatively, advisors might simply exert less effort in decision making for others than do personal decision makers. In Study 1, the contingent weighting of attributes was examined in two decision-making tasks (choice vs. matching). Advisors were more likely to choose in a manner consistent with “what most people would prefer” than personal decision makers, but no differences in preferences were observed in the matching task. Advisors subsequently reported experiencing less regret and blame and more strongly preferred the chosen alternative than did personal decision makers. In Study 2, advisors considered more decision attributes to be important in the abstract compared to personal decision makers, and the choice pattern of Study 1 was replicated. In Study 3, advisors and personal decision makers generated more considerations when making a decision compared to individuals making decisions in the abstract. Finally, the preferences of personal decision makers were more consistent with their reported attribute importance judgments than were those of advisors. In total, the results suggest advisors incorrectly infer others' preferences, rather than suffer from a deficit of motivation, when giving advice.
Plasma levels of active extracellular matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in patients with essential hypertension before and after antihypertensive treatment.

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that plasma concentrations of matrix metallo-proteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), two enzymes that share similar substrate specificity (collagen type IV and V), possibly related to vascular remodelling, are altered in essential hypertension. The second aim of the study was to assess whether chronic antihypertensive treatment with the calcium channel blocker amlodipine would normalize these alterations. To test this hypothesis, we measured plasma concentrations of active MMP-2 and MMP-9 in 42 patients with never-treated essential hypertension and in 25 normotensive control subjects. Measurements were repeated after 6 months of treatment with the calcium channel blocker amlodipine. Baseline values of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were decreased (P=0.01 and 0.002, respectively) in hypertensive patients compared with normotensives. Hypertensive patients with systemic vascular resistances 1440 dyn s/cm(5). Treated patients attained a nonsignificant increase in MMP-2 plasma concentrations, but a significant increase in MMP-9 plasma concentrations (P=0.01) compared to respective values before treatment. In conclusion, these findings suggest that plasma concentrations of active MMP-2 and MMP-9, mainly related to vascular extracellular matrix metabolism, are depressed in patients with essential hypertension. A 6 month treatment with amlodipine can normalize MMP-9 but not MMP-2 plasma concentrations. The hypothesis that antihypertensive treatment may modulate collagen metabolism remains to be determined by further studies.
Multiple Steady States in Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation

In this article we study multiple steady states in ternary homogeneous azeotropic distillation. We show that in the case of infinite reflux and an infinite number of trays, multiple steady states exist when the distillate flow varies non-monotonically along the continuation path of the bifurcation diagram with the distillate flow as the bifurcation parameter. We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of these multiple steady states based on the geometry of the distillation region boundaries. We also locate in the composition triangle the feed compositions that lead to these multiple steady states. We show that the prediction of the existence of multiple steady states in the case of infinite reflux and an infinite number of trays has relevant implications for columns operating at finite reflux and with a finite number of trays. Using numerically constructed bifurcation diagrams for specific examples, we show that these multiplicities tend to vanish for small columns and/or for low reflux flows.
Modeling seasonal detection patterns for burrowing owl surveys

To guide monitoring of burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) in the Coachella Valley, California, USA, we analyzed survey-method-specific seasonal variation in detectability. Point-based call-broadcast surveys yielded high early season detectability that then declined through time, whereas detectability on driving surveys increased through the season. Point surveys without call-broadcasts yielded the lowest detectability rates overall. To maximize detectability, we recommend coupling early season point-based call-broadcast surveys with late-season driving surveys. Occupancy models proved useful for integrating data from multiple methods to analyze distributional patterns while accounting for variation in detectability. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Engineered, thermoresponsive, magnetic nanocarriers of oligo(ethylene glycol)-methacrylate-based biopolymers

Engineered magnetic nanocarriers offer attractive options for implementing novel therapeutic solutions in biomedical research; however lack of biocompatibility and external tunability have prevented a biomedical breakthrough. Here we report multifunctional, magnetic nanospheres with tailored size, volumetric transition range, and magnetic properties based on biocompatible, thermo-responsive oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate biopolymers. Precise control of the nanosphere size in the range 100–300 nm, coupled with a higher and broader volumetric transition range (32–42 °C), is ideal for various biomedical applications. More importantly, super-paramagnetic behavior of the nanocarriers, even after polymer shell shrinkage, indicates stable and easily controllable loss mechanisms under exposure to an ac magnetic field.
The Artin conjecture for three diagonal cubic forms

Abstract Let p be a prime, p ≠ 3or 7. Then any three diagonal cubic forms over the p-adics in at least 28 variables possess a common nontrivial p-adic zero. This verifies the Artin conjecture for three diagonal cubic forms over all p-adic fields with the possible exception of Q 3 and Q 1.
Program risk reduction through HWIL GPS/INS testing: an example

This paper illustrates how risk for the Navy Lightweight Exo-Atmospheric Projectile (LEAP) Technology Demonstration program was reduced using hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) testing of the GPS/INS function in JHU/APL's Navigation and Guidance System Integration Laboratory (NAVSIL) facility. Under LEAP, a new STANDARD Missile based interceptor and a shipboard weapon system was built to demonstrate the potential of integrating the required technologies to defend against tactical ballistic missiles in outerspace (prior to atmospheric reentry). The LEAP system used an integrated GPS/INS package to provide accurate knowledge of interceptor attitude as well as position and velocity, which were critical to pointing the Kinetic Kill Vehicle at the target. The mission contained both high acceleration and high velocity while demanding high accuracy attitude estimates at the end of the short flight. The NAVSIL facility provided a high-fidelity HWIL approach to testing missile guidance systems that utilize GPS/INS guidance. Precise control and repeatability were provided for the two primary sensor inputs: GPS RF and the inertial measurements with instrument errors. HWIL tests were driven by high-fidelity all-digital 6-DOF missile motion simulations that accurately generated the translational and attitude dynamics in all phases of the mission from pre-launch through to the target. Real-time antenna pattern simulation was implemented to assess impact of signal level effects on GPS receiver performance. An innovative real-time technique was employed to simulate the frequency shift induced in the GPS receiver oscillator due to high-g forces, thus allowing accurate laboratory assessment of the receiver's ability to track, reacquire,a nd accurately navigate under g load. The resulting responsive high-fidelity HWIL testing capability provided critical support to development of the GPS/INS package and an independent assessment of expected GPS/INS performance during the mission.
On strawson: Sounds, skepticism, and necessity

In Chapter II of Individuals, l Strawson undertakes to examine the question of whether there could exist "a conceptual scheme which was like ours in that it provided for a system of objective and identifiable particulars, but unlike ours in that material bodies were not the basic particulars of the system". (51) By "objective particulars, Strawson intends "particulars distinguished by the thinker from himself and from his own experiences or states of mind, and regarded as actual or possible objects of those experiences." (53) And by "iden ifiable" particulars Strawson intends diachronicaUy re-identifia!fle particulars, particulars reidentifiable from time to time not merely as qualitatively identical but as numerically one and the same. His strategy is to begin with a wholly non-spatial experience. Specifically, Strawson envisages a world he calls it (54) the No-Space world in which all experience is auditory:
Student Labor and Evolution of Education

The evolution of teaching is examined in three stages: apprenticeship, classical schooling, and mass schooling. All three stages use different social technologies to operate. The mass schooling is analyzed from the point of view of economic anthropology developed by Karl Polanyi, as a non-market economic system. Mass schooling uses the forms of motivation found in archaic, tribal economies: students do their homework and attend school out of considerations of reciprocity. Schools must be treated differently with respect to their improvement. School improvement should be based on perfecting existing non-market economic mechanisms, not on plunging schools into market economy.
Computational fluid dynamic-current capabilities and directions for the future

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has made great strides in the detailed simulation of complex fluid flows, including some of those not before understood. It is now being routinely applied to some rather complicated problems, and starting to impact the design cycle of aerospace flight vehicles and their components. It is being used to complement and is being complemented by experimental studies. Several examples are presented in the paper to illustrate the current state-of-the-art. Included in this paper is a discussion of the barriers to accomplishing the basic objective of numerical simulation. In addition, the directions for the future in the discipline of computational fluid dynamics are addressed.
Invasive ticks: introduction of Amblyomma kraneveldi (Anastos) and other exotic ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) into Florida on imported reptiles

Abstract Seven species of exotic ticks, Amblyomma flavomaculatum (Lucas), A. kraneveldi (Anastos), A. latum (Koch), A. nuttalli Donitz, A. scutatum Neumann, A. trimaculatum (Lucas) and A. varanense (Supino), were identified on reptiles imported into Florida in 2005. The report of the introduction of the Indonesian tick A. kraneveldi on an imported reticulated python (Python reticulatus) is the first recording of this exotic tick species in the United States. Information on the host range and geographical distribution of A. kraneveldi is described. The invasive tick species that have been introduced into the United States on imported reptiles since 1946 are reviewed.
Positronium lifetime in an ellipsoidal free-volume hole of polymers

Abstract A new relationship between the ortho-positronium lifetime and the anisotropic dimension in an ellipsoidal free-volume hole is developed. The positronium wave function is solved in a model of the particle-in-an-ellipsoid and the lifetime is obtained by a numerical integration method. The obtained positronium lifetime in an ellipsoidal hole is found to be shorter than that in a sphere with the same volume. The positronium lifetime in a stretched PEEK semi-crystalline polymer is measured to demonstrate the application of this new relationship to probe the anisotropic hole properties in polymers.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING OF POLITICAL PREFERENCES

This paper describes results of a study in which multidimensional scaling was used to identify dimensions of political appeal. The results of the multidimensional scaling were then used in predicting expressions of preference for political personalities. Political practitioners and theoreticians alike have long been interested in determining what elements are involved in the popularity of a political personality. The most sophisticated empirical work on this topic has been done by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan (Campbell, Converse, Miller, & Stokes, 1960) and by the late V. 0. Key ( 1966; Converse, Miller, Rusk, & Wolfe, 1969). The Survey Research Center studies seem to indicate that most voters do not base their votes on rational or ideological notions, while Key's ( 1966) work appears to indicate the opposite. Our purpose was to assess multidimensional scaling as a method for further exploring the question of how voters make their preferences. The technique used was Kruskal's method for nonmetric multidimensional scaling ( 1964). METHOD
A unique solution to solve the pending medical school tuition crisis.

The increasing cost of undergraduate medical education and the decreasing availability of financial aid have resulted in the accumulation of a large debt for medical students that requires a reasonable solution. After reviewing suggested solutions to alleviate medical student debt, we have developed a unique proposal. The Strategic Alternative for Funding Education (SAFE) has the practicing physician pay for his or her medical school education after completion of residency/fellowship over a 10-year time interval when income will likely be rising. The amount paid yearly is calculated as a percent of the physician's professional income. A strategic alternative for funding education has the potential to alleviate the pending crisis in medical student debt, allows medical schools compete for students based on the educational experience offered, and allows a student of any socioeconomic status to attend medical school and choose a medical specialty based solely on ability and desire.