cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and Formalization of LMS Instructional Design Languages: Moodle Case Study

Many universities have adopted Learning Management Systems (LMSs) to offer teachers a range of pedagogical and administrative tools for supporting teaching and learning activities. However, many teachers have difficulty using these LMSs; they have to encompass the LMS technical features and services in order to understand the underlying way of designing. Despite the use of external editors, instructional engineers don’t see the relationship between “how they design a learning scenario” and “how the learning session can be set up within the target LMS”. If LMSs could be able to make explicit their intrinsic and implicit learning design model, it can be exploited as a proprietary format to build tools and facilities dedicated to this LMS. The research presented in this paper aims to present our method in terms of necessary analysis and steps for the identification and the formalization of such LMSs’ instructional design languages. The method takes into account three different viewpoints: a viewpoint centred on the LMS macro-HMIs (Human-Machine Interfaces), a functional viewpoint and a micro viewpoint. We validate the proposed method by applying this formalization on two versions of Moodle.
Frozen section analysis in the post-Bethesda era

Abstract Background The utility of frozen section (FS) for indeterminate thyroid nodules is controversial. In 2009, the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology was established to further subcategorize indeterminate fine-needle aspiration results (follicular lesions, FL) into Bethesda category 3 (BC3) and Bethesda category 4 (BC4). We hypothesize that FS will have less utility in the evaluation of BC3 lesions when compared to BC4. Materials and methods A total of 479 patients who underwent thyroid lobectomy from January 2008 to July 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients without appropriate Bethesda categorization were excluded. A total of 135 patients (65 FL, 45 BC3, 25 BC4) comprised the study groups. The sensitivity and specificity of FS within these three categories were determined. Results In the FL group, 6 of 65 patients were found to have thyroid cancer. Three were identified on frozen section (FS) resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 100%, respectively. Thus, FS changed the operation in 3 of 65 cases (4.6%). In the BC3 group, 5 of 45 patients were found to have cancer. One was identified on FS resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 20% and 100%, respectively. Thus, FS changed the operation in 1 of 45 patients (2.2%). In the BC4 group, 4 of 25 patients were found to have cancer. Two were identified on FS resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 100% respectively. Thus, FS changed the operation in 2 of 25 patients (8%). Conclusions There is improved utility of FS in BC 4 patients as 8% avoided reoperation. However, this benefit hinges on surgeon practice regarding the management of differentiated thyroid cancer >1 cm and
Psychological Acculturation and Parenting Behaviors in Mexican Immigrant Families.

This study examined the relation between mothers’ and fathers’ psychological acculturation and parenting behaviors in two samples of Mexican-immigrant families. The middle childhood sample included...
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of the Pancreas Arising in the Setting of an Intermixed Acinar Cell Cystadenoma of the Pancreas: Report of a Rare Case.

Abstract Background: Synchronous cystic lesions of the pancreas with different pathophysiology in the same patient are a rare occurrence.. Case Presentation: We report the incidental finding of a m...
Scott’s Momentaneousness: Bad Timing in The Bride of Lammermoor

Luke Terlaak Poot, “Scott’s Momentaneousness: Bad Timing in The Bride of Lammermoor” (pp. 283–310) This essay takes up the debate at the beginning of Walter Scott’s The Bride of Lammermoor (1819), noting that critics have generally treated one figure in this debate—Dick Tinto, the painter who advises our narrator to use less dialogue and more descriptive language—as a strawman. Critics have mostly overlooked the extent to which Tinto articulates the dynamics of “momentaneousness,” an aesthetic principle drawn from Scott’s contemporary, Henry Fuseli. Fuseli defined a momentaneous painting as one that represents a moment with a clear past and future. For Fuseli, paintings ought to select pregnant moments for representation, moments from which whole narrative sequences can be intuited. Implicit in this notion is the belief that some moments are particularly suited to representation because they are qualitatively different from others—more fully narrative, because more indicative of larger processes of change. Turning to Scott’s novel, I show how this assumption features prominently in The Bride of Lammermoor, where it repeatedly produces unforeseen, calamitous consequences. The moment’s disruptive potential culminates in an aptly novelistic take on momentaneousness: the cliffhanger. The cliffhanger draws the act of reading into a circuit of temporal interruption and delay, reproducing the bad timing endemic to the novel’s plot. When read as an instance of momentaneous representation, The Bride’s climactic cliffhanger can be said to incorporate the reader’s own interpretive activity into the bewildering experience of historical time that the novel depicts. This technique, I argue, helps to account for The Bride’s peculiar place in the Waverley canon—its pessimistic historical vision and fatalistic narrative logic.
Abstract 18333: Association Between Leukocyte Telomere Length and Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results From NHANES

Introduction: Leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular senescence, may predict susceptibility to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with an i...
To control and build trust: How managers use organizational controls and trust-building activities to motivate subordinate cooperation

Abstract This paper describes how managers attempt to motivate subordinate cooperation through the actions they take to apply controls and build trust. Results obtained from interviews and a survey of practicing managers detail how managers work to motivate particular types of subordinate cooperation using specific forms of control and demonstrations of their trustworthiness. These results also indicate that relationships between the forms of cooperation managers seek to promote and their demonstrations of trustworthiness are mediated by the controls they apply. Three relationships are identified in this study. Managers' applications of results controls mediate the relationship between their desires to motivate superior-subordinate work coordination and their demonstrations of reliability; 2. Managers' applications of action controls mediate the relationship between their desires to motivate subordinate job engagement and their demonstrations of competence; 3. Managers' applications of personnel controls mediate the relationship between their desires to motivate positive interpersonal relationships with their subordinates and their demonstrations of benevolence. These findings advance our knowledge of fundamental relationships in control-trust dynamics by presenting observations of managers' trust-building activities, displaying how managers' trust-building activities are related to the controls they apply, and delineating how managers attempt to motivate subordinate cooperation through applications of particular forms of controls and demonstrations of their trustworthiness.
Regenerative Medicine: The Past, the Present, and the Future

The modern era of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine only began a quarter century ago; however, the basic concept of using a more biologic approach to treat tissue and organ disease goes back to the first half of the 20th century. The term tissue engineering was created in 1987 and the first meeting with the name tissue engineering was held in 1988. The initial focus of this field was on replacement tissues, i.e. developing substitute tissues outside of the body for implantation into the body, Skin substitutes were some of the first targets. In the 1990s these had moved into commercial development, and at the turn of the century there were beginning to be products on the market.
Our Mad Rush to Measure: How Did We Get into this Mess?

In our quest to describe, analyze, understand, know, and make decisions, we moderns, it seems, attempt to measure everything. The pages of our popular newspapers and magazines are full of measures. So are our scholarly journals. We measure the physical world. We measure our society, our economy, our polity, our culture, and ourselves. Give us a problem and our impulse — almost reflex — is to measure all we can think of that relates to it. We evaluate performance by measurement. We attempt to understand our quality of life in terms of measurement. We analyze and define government policy in the context of measurement. What is not measurable we strive to render measurable, and when we cannot, we dismiss it from our thoughts and justify our neglect by assigning it the status of the “less important.” Lord Kelvin’s dictum [56, p. 80] appears to reign supreme: “... when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers you know something about it; but when you cannot measue it, when you cannot express it in number, your knowledge is of a meager and unsatisfactory kind: it may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of science, whatever the matter may be.”
σ1 Receptor ligand binding: an open-and-shut case.

The σ1 receptor, an endoplasmic reticulum–resident transmembrane protein, modulates many physiological and pathological processes and binds multiple drugs, but is nonetheless poorly understood. In a recent issue, Kruse and colleagues illustrate structural differences between agonist- and antagonist-bound receptor and propose that agonist binding may impair oligomerization, making a major step in understanding σ1 function. They also use a combination of kinetic and molecular dynamic modeling to explain how ligands access the binding pocket.
Kick Em When They’re Down: An Investigation Of Targeted Incivility

Drawing on theories in sociology and organizational behavior, the authors test the premise that individuals who are disadvantaged and vulnerable due to organizational, structural and personal facto...
Magnetic braking and damping of differential rotation in massive stars

Fragmentation of highly differentially rotating massive stars that undergo collapse has been suggested as a possible channel for binary black hole formation. Such a scenario could explain the formation of the new population of massive black holes detected by the LIGO/VIRGO gravitational wave laser interferometers. We probe that scenario by performing general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of differentially rotating massive stars supported by thermal radiation pressure plus a gas pressure perturbation. The stars are initially threaded by a dynamically weak, poloidal magnetic field confined to the stellar interior. We find that magnetic braking and turbulent viscous damping via magnetic winding and the magnetorotational instability in the bulk of the star redistribute angular momentum, damp differential rotation and induce the formation of a massive and nearly uniformly rotating inner core surrounded by a Keplerian envelope. The core + disk configuration evolves on a secular timescale and remains in quasi-stationary equilibrium until the termination of our simulations. Our results suggest that the high degree of differential rotation required for $m=2$ seed density perturbations to trigger gas fragmentation and binary black hole formation is likely to be suppressed during the normal lifetime of the star prior to evolving to the point of dynamical instability to collapse. Other cataclysmic events, such as stellar mergers leading to collapse, may therefore be necessary to reestablish sufficient differential rotation and density perturbations to drive nonaxisymmetric modes leading to binary black hole formation.
Messages About Contraception and Condoms in Mother-Adolescent Dyadic Conversations: Knowledge, Risks, and Effectiveness.

Abstract Study Objective Little is known about the content of parental discussions with young adolescents about reproductive health topics. We sought to characterize the messages mothers share about contraception and condoms. Design Recruitment occurred between January 2012 and May 2013. Mothers and their 12- to 14-year-old adolescent son or daughter were invited to participate in a semistructured conversation about everyday issues and health topics, including reproductive health topics. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and a grounded theory approach to content analysis was performed. Content analysis was performed to characterize maternal messages regarding contraception and condoms. Setting Urban city in western Pennsylvania. Participants Twenty-five dyads; 14 mother–daughter dyads and 11 mother–son dyads. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Maternal reproductive health messages during conversations with early adolescent children. Results Four key themes emerged. Theme 1 focused on general facts about condoms and contraceptive methods, how each works, and how to obtain them. Theme 2 emphasized the consequences of sexual behaviors and the advantages of safe sex. Theme 3 conveyed the effectiveness of condoms and contraceptive methods for preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Theme 4 described where adolescents could get more information about condoms and contraception. Conclusion Mothers convey a broad range of information about contraceptives and condoms to young adolescents.
Compact steady-state tokamak performance dependence on magnet and core physics limits

Compact tokamak fusion reactors using advanced high-temperature superconducting magnets for the toroidal field coils have received considerable recent attention due to the promise of more compact d...
A short synthesis of bicyclic dipeptides corresponding to Xxx-L-Pro Xxx-D-Pro having constrained trans-proline amides.

A short synthesis that generates two isomeric bicyclic dipeptides having constrained, trans-proline amide bonds has been developed. One of these bicyclic dipeptides corresponds to an Xxx-l-Pro dipeptide (4), while the other isomer corresponds to an Xxx-d-Pro dipeptide (5). The two isomers are readily distinguished by their 1H NMR spectra.
Closed and Open Reduction of Displaced Pediatric Lateral Condyle Humeral Fractures, a Study of Short-Term Complications and Postoperative Protocols.

BACKGROUND Displaced lateral condyle humeral fractures in children are treated operatively to maximize function and growth of the elbow. Traditionally an open approach is used for reduction of the fracture, but recent series have shown promising results with closed reduction. Percutaneous pins are typically used for fixation, no matter the reduction method. This retrospective review compares our experience with early complications after open and closed reduction of these fractures. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed charts and radiographs of operatively treated lateral condyle fractures. The Song and Jakob classification systems were utilized to determine fracture severity. High-grade displacement was defined as Song stage 4 and 5, or Jakob type 3. Data was analyzed by fracture type (high-grade or low-grade) and by treatment method to look for differences in complication rates and treatment differences. Complications were defined as delayed union and infection. RESULTS 172 fractures were analyzed, 141 were treated open, and 31 were treated closed. There were no statistically significant differences in pin duration, total cast time, additional procedures, or short term complications between the open and closed treatment groups, or the high and low-grade fracture groups. High-grade fractures were more likely to be treated with open reduction (p<0.0001). Pin duration prior to removal was not associated with increased incidence of infection or delayed union. CONCLUSIONS Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of lateral condyle fractures amenable to this treatment does not seem to require any changes in postoperative treatment or alter the incidence of early complications when compared to open procedures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV.
Brain and Cognition for Addiction Medicine: From Prevention to Recovery Neural Substrates for Treatment of Psychostimulant-Induced Cognitive Deficits

Addiction to psychostimulants like cocaine, methamphetamine, and nicotine poses a continuing medical and social challenge both in the United States and all over the world. Despite a desire to quit drug use, return to drug use after a period of abstinence is a common problem among individuals dependent on psychostimulants. Recovery for psychostimulant drug-dependent individuals is particularly challenging because psychostimulant drugs induce significant changes in brain regions associated with cognitive functions leading to cognitive deficits. These cognitive deficits include impairments in learning/memory, poor decision making, and impaired control of behavioral output. Importantly, these drug-induced cognitive deficits often impact adherence to addiction treatment programs and predispose abstinent addicts to drug use relapse. Additionally, these cognitive deficits impact effective social and professional rehabilitation of abstinent addicts. The goal of this paper is to review neural substrates based on animal studies that could be pharmacologically targeted to reverse psychostimulant-induced cognitive deficits such as impulsivity and impairment in learning and memory. Further, the review will discuss neural substrates that could be used to facilitate extinction learning and thus reduce emotional and behavioral responses to drug-associated cues. Moreover, the review will discuss some non-pharmacological approaches that could be used either alone or in combination with pharmacological compounds to treat the above-mentioned cognitive deficits. Psychostimulant addiction treatment, which includes treatment for cognitive deficits, will help promote abstinence and allow for better rehabilitation and integration of abstinent individuals into society.
Molecular dynamics study of membrane permeabilization by wild-type and mutant lytic peptides from the non-enveloped Flock House virus.

Abstract Flock House virus (FHV) serves as a model system for understanding infection mechanisms utilized by non-enveloped viruses to transport across cellular membranes. During the infection cycle of FHV, a fundamental stage involves disruption of the endosomal membrane by membrane active peptides, following externalization of the peptides from the capsid interior. The FHV lytic agents are the 44 C-terminal amino acids residues of the capsid protein, which are auto-catalytically cleaved during the capsid maturation process. The cleaved peptides are termed γ peptides. In this study, we perform multi-scale molecular dynamics simulations including 40 μs all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to study the behavior of pre-inserted transmembrane lytic peptides at a high concentration in a neutral membrane. We study the dynamical organization among peptides to form oligomeric bundles in four systems including the wild-type γ peptide and three mutant forms; namely, a truncation mutant in which the 23 C-terminal residues are deleted (γ1), a construct where the 8 C-terminal residues of γ are fused to γ1 (Δ385–399 γ) and a single-point mutant (F402A γ), all of which have been experimentally shown to drastically affect infectivity and lytic activity compared to the wild-type γ. Our results shed light on the actions of varied forms of the FHV lytic peptide including membrane insertion, trans-membrane stability, peptide oligomerization, water permeation activity and dynamic pore formation. Findings from this study provide detailed structural information and rationale for the differences in lytic activity among variants of FHV γ.
Association Between Dissatisfaction With Care and Diabetes Self-Care Behaviors, Glycemic Management, and Quality of Life of Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine the associations between patient dissatisfaction and diabetes outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsPrimary data from 615 adults with ty...
DNAzymes for amine and peptide lysine acylation

DNAzymes were previously identified by in vitro selection for a variety of chemical reactions, including several biologically relevant peptide modifications. However, finding DNAzymes for peptide lysine acylation is a substantial challenge. By using suitably reactive aryl ester acyl donors as the electrophiles, here we used in vitro selection to identify DNAzymes that acylate amines, including lysine side chains of DNA-anchored peptides. Some of the DNAzymes can transfer a small glutaryl group to an amino group. These results expand the scope of DNAzyme catalysis and suggest the future broader applicability of DNAzymes for sequence-selective lysine acylation of peptide and protein substrates.
Expression of putative leukemia stem cell targets in genetically-defined acute myeloid leukemia subtypes

Although most acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients achieve complete remissions, the majority still eventually relapse and die of their disease. Rare primitive leukemia cells, so-called leukemia stem cells (LSCs), represent one potential type of resistant cell subpopulation responsible for this dissociation between response and cure. Several LSC targets have been described, but there is limited evidence about their relative utility or that targeting any can prevent relapse. LSCs not only appear to be biologically heterogeneous, but the classic immunocompromised mouse transplantation model also has serious shortcomings as an LSC assay. Out data suggest that the most immature cell phenotype that can be identified within a patient's leukemia may be clinically relevant and represent the de facto LSC. Moreover, although phenotypically heterogeneous, these putative LSCs show consistent phenotypes within individual genetically defined groups. Using this LSC definition, we studied several previously described putative LSC targets, CD25, CD26, CD47, CD96, CD123, and CLL-1, and all were expressed across heterogeneous LSC phenotypes. In addition, with the exception of CD47, there was at most low expression of these targets on normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). CD123 and CLL-1 demonstrated the greatest expression differences between putative LSCs and normal HSCs. Importantly, CD123 monoclonal antibodies were cytotoxic in vitro to putative LSCs from all AML subtypes, while showing limited to no toxicity against normal HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors. Since minimal residual disease appears to be a more homogeneous population of cells responsible for relapse, targeting CD123 in this setting may be most effective.
State-Level Variations in Healthcare Financing in the United States

Healthcare spending (total) in the United States (US) is the highest in the world. As state governments are a vital driver of healthcare implementation and as healthcare policy responses in containing healthcare expenses vary among states based on the underlying state-level factors, it is critical to examine state-level variations in healthcare funding. The aim of the study was to evaluate the state-level variations in healthcare financing and the factors that affect financing of healthcare. This research used publicly available data from 2001 to 2009. Fixed effect analysis reported that state-level variations in public financing of health care (Medicare and Medicaid) are associated with demographic composition (proportion of the female population, percentage of individuals over age 65, percentage of Hispanic population), economic factors (unemployment rate, per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of the state, per capita state tax revenue, FMAP rate), political climate (percentage of individuals enrolled in Medicare or Medicaid, rate of enrollment in HMO), healthcare supply factors (active physicians per 100,000 population, number of hospitals and beds) and healthcare needs (obesity rate). Additionally, variations in state-level private insurance financing was proportional to the economic factors (rate of federal funding, per capita state GDP), a supply side factor (active physicians per 100,000 population), political climate (percentage of individuals enrolled in Medicare or Medicaid) and healthcare needs (obesity rate). Lastly, state-level variations in out of pocket expenditures were associated with economic factors (per capita state tax revenue, per capita state GDP), demographic factors (percentage of African-Americans, percentage of female population, percentage of elderly population (aged 65 and above), percentage of Hispanic individuals, proportion of the population below age 17), a supply side factor (active physicians per 100,000 population), political characteristics (percentage of individuals enrolled in Medicare or Medicaid) and healthcare needs (obesity rate). Therefore’ findings of the study specified the need for convergence of the two sectors: communities and health. Promoting health with synergistic efforts from the economic, social and health sectors of the economy at the state-level can lead to improved health outcomes and lower healthcare expenditures and financing.
Quantification of SV2A Binding in Rodent Brain Using [ 18 F]SynVesT-1 and PET Imaging

Synapse loss is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and correlates with cognitive decline. The validation of a noninvasive in vivo imaging approach to quantify synapse would greatly facilitate our understanding of AD pathogenesis and assist drug developments for AD. As animal models of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders play a critical role in the drug discovery and development process, a robust, objective, and translational method for quantifying therapeutic drug efficacy in animal models will facilitate the drug development process. In this study, we tested the quantification reliability of the SV2A PET tracer, [18F]SynVesT-1, in a mouse model of AD (APP/PS1) and wild-type controls, and developed a simplified quantification method to facilitate large cohort preclinical imaging studies. We generated nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) and distribution volume ratio (DVR) values using the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) on the 90-min dynamic PET imaging data, with brain stem and cerebellum as the reference region, respectively. Then, we correlated the standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR)-1 and SUVR averaged from different imaging windows with BPND and DVR, using brain stem and cerebellum as the reference region, respectively. We performed homologous competitive binding assay and autoradiographic saturation binding assay using [18F]SynVesT-1 to calculate the Bmax and Kd. Using brain stem as the reference region, the averaged SUVR-1 from 30 to 60 min postinjection correlated well with the BPND calculated using SRTM. Using cerebellum as the reference region, the averaged SUVR from 30 to 60 min postinjection correlated well with the SRTM DVR. From the homologous competitive binding assay and autoradiographic saturation binding assay, the calculated the Bmax and Kd were 4.5–18 pmol/mg protein and 9.8–19.6 nM, respectively, for rodent brain tissue. This simplified SUVR method provides reasonable SV2A measures in APP/PS1 mice and their littermate controls. Our data indicate that, in lieu of a full 90-min dynamic scan, a 30-min static PET scan (from 30 to 60 min postinjection) would be sufficient to provide quantification data on SV2A expression, equivalent to the data generated from kinetic modeling. The methods developed here are readily applicable to the evaluation of therapeutic effects of novel drugs in this rodent model using [18F]SynVesT-1 and small animal PET.
Comparing NOMINATE and IDEAL: Points of Difference and Monte Carlo Tests

Empirical models of spatial voting allow us to infer legislators' locations in an abstract policy or ideological space using their roll-call votes. Over the past 25 years, these models have provided new insights about the U.S. Congress, and legislative behavior more generally. There are now a number of alternative models, estimators, and software packages that researchers can use to recover latent issue or ideological spaces from voting data. These different tools usually produce substantively similar estimates, but important differences also arise. We investigated the sources of observed differences between two leading methods, NOMINATE and IDEAL. Using data from the 1994 to 1997 Supreme Court and the 109th Senate, we determined that while some observed differences in the estimates produced by each model stem from fundamental differences in the models' underlying behavioral assumptions, others arise from arbitrary differences in implementation. Our Monte Carlo experiments revealed that neither model has a clear advantage over the other in the recovery of legislator locations or roll-call midpoints in either large or small legislatures.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OSGOOD-SCHLATTER DISEASE IN ADOLESCENT ATHLETES

Background:Osgood-Schlatter disease is an apophysitis of the tibial tubercle causing pain and difficulty kneeling. A majority of cases resolve spontaneously at skeletal maturity when the tibial tub...
The interaction of experience and neuroendocrine factors in determining behavioral adaptations to aggression.

Publisher Summary During the past 50 years, interest has been expressed in a large amount of experimental attention devoted to what are now called the agonistic behaviors, which include both aggressive and submissive groups of responses. The central question seems to have remained “why do individuals fight?”, and a variety of theories has been proposed to account for fighting. These theories have focused on the internal impetus to aggression, the environmental conditions that elicit the behavior, and the consequences to the animal of behaving in an aggressive manner. The issue of why animals fight has not been resolved, and the debate continues. In the process of asking that general question, however, much has been learned about agonistic responding. Included in the information accumulated has been the important fact that an individual's experiences in an agonistic encounter have major consequences for its behavior in future competitive situations, and some of those experiential effects are the topic of this discussion. In any instance of competition, there is both a winner and a loser. To date, most investigators have focused on the consequences of fighting for the winner. In contrast, most of authors' recent work has been directed towards the case of the loser. This research is concerned with the factors that determine behavioral adaptations to being aggressed upon, in particular the quality of submissiveness, or the readiness to surrender following an attack by an opponent animal. These studies focus on the interaction between experiential and physiological factors in determining submissiveness in mice.
Hydrographs of a Martian flood from a breached crater lake, with insights about flow calculations, channel erosion rates, and chasma growth

[1] The Elaver Vallis channels provide a unique opportunity to develop calibrated hydrographs for a Martian flood. Groundwater filled Morella Crater until the enclosed lake overtopped the rim, confirming that the groundwater potentiometric surface exceeded 1771 m. The overtopping flow rapidly breached the crater wall, catastrophically drained the lake, and eroded a broad scabland and two main channels. Laser altimeter data were used to calculate a preflood lake volume of 2.216 × 1012 m3. Dam breach methods were used to develop hydrographs of discharge and lake stage over time. The peak discharge was in the range of 1.94 × 107 to 3.51 × 107 m3 s–1, depending on the underlying breach erosion scenario. Approximately 95% of the drainable lake volume discharged in 6.4 to 7.5 days. The 240 m deep southern channel entirely formed in 1 to 1.7 days, indicating a mean erosion rate of 0.10 to 0.17 m min–1. The volume of material eroded from the channels was 0.45 of the flood volume, but the actual eroded fraction was probably greater because distant channel reaches were obliterated by the postflood growth of Ganges Chasma. For comparison, flow calculations were performed using open-channel methods. Channel energy slopes had to be corrected for a postflood tectonic tilt in the regional surface. Comparing the hydrographs to the open-channel calculations reveals that the northern Elaver Vallis channel as seen today never flowed bank full or even at half its maximum depth because the implied flows would have exceeded the peak discharges.
Proprioceptive Information from the Pinna Provides Somatosensory Input to Cat Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus

The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is a second-order auditory structure that also receives nonauditory information, including somatosensory inputs from the dorsal column and spinal trigeminal nuclei. Here we investigate the peripheral sources of the somatosensory inputs to DCN. Electrical stimulation was applied to cervical nerves C1–C8, branches of C2, branches of the trigeminal nerve, and hindlimb nerves. The largest evoked potentials in the DCN were produced by C2 stimulation and by stimulation of its branches that innervate the pinna. Electrical stimulation of C2 produced a pattern of inhibition and excitation of DCN principal cells comparable with that seen in previous studies with stimulation of the primary somatosensory nuclei, suggesting that the same pathway was activated. Because C2 contains both proprioceptive and cutaneous fibers, we applied peripheral somatosensory stimulation to identify the effective somatosensory modalities. Only stimuli that activate pinna muscle receptors, such as stretch or vibration of the muscles connected to the pinna, were effective in driving DCN units, whereas cutaneous stimuli such as light touch, brushing of hairs, and stretching of skin were ineffective. These results suggest that the largest somatosensory inputs to the DCN originate from muscle receptors associated with the pinna. They support the hypothesis that a role of the DCN in hearing is to coordinate pinna orientation to sounds or to support correction for the effects of pinna orientation on sound-localization cues.
Cortical–striatal gene expression in neonatal hippocampal lesion (NVHL)‐amplified cocaine sensitization

Cortical–striatal circuit dysfunction in mental illness may enhance addiction vulnerability. Neonatal ventral hippocampal lesions (NVHL) model this dual diagnosis causality by producing a schizophrenia syndrome with enhanced responsiveness to addictive drugs. Rat genome-wide microarrays containing >24 000 probesets were used to examine separate and co-occurring effects of NVHLs and cocaine sensitization (15 mg/kg/day × 5 days) on gene expression within medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAC), and caudate-putamen (CAPU). Two weeks after NVHLs robustly amplified cocaine behavioral sensitization, brains were harvested for genes of interest defined as those altered at P < 0.001 by NVHL or cocaine effects or interactions. Among 135 genes so impacted, NVHLs altered twofold more than cocaine, with half of all changes in the NAC. Although no genes were changed in the same direction by both NVHL and cocaine history, the anatomy and directionality of significant changes suggested synergy on the neural circuit level generative of compounded behavioral phenotypes: NVHL predominantly downregulated expression in MPFC and NAC while NVHL and cocaine history mostly upregulated CAPU expression. From 75 named genes altered by NVHL or cocaine, 27 had expression levels that correlated significantly with degree of behavioral sensitization, including 11 downregulated by NVHL in MPFC/NAC, and 10 upregulated by NVHL or cocaine in CAPU. These findings suggest that structural and functional impoverishment of prefrontal-cortical-accumbens circuits in mental illness is associated with abnormal striatal plasticity compounding with that in addictive disease. Polygenetic interactions impacting neuronal signaling and morphology within these networks likely contribute to addiction vulnerability in mental illness.
Temporal database bibliography update

This is the seventh bibliography concerning temporal databases. In this bibliography, we collect 331 new temporal databases papers. Most of these papers were published in 1996-1997, some in 1995 and some will appear in 1997 or 1998.
Dosimetry for ultraviolet radiation exposure of the eye

The eye is exposed daily to UVR from skylight and ground reflections when outdoors in sunlight. Additional exposure occurs daily from artificial sources such as fluorescent lamps. Some workers, notably welders, are exposed to industrial sources of UVR. The geometry of exposure critically influences the actual UVR dose to the cornea and lens. When exposed to bright light, squinting reduces UVR exposure. the optical properties of the eye and behavioral responses to bright light both contribute to limiting actual UVR exposure. The actual daily dos of UVR is considerably less than what many previous investigators have assumed. The geometrical, as well as temporal and spectral, aspects of ocular dosimetry will be reviewed in order to allow participants a better insight into the practical impact of many laboratory studies of UVR effects upon ocular tissues.
The Role of the CPNKEKEC Sequence in the β2 Subunit I Domain in Regulation of Integrin αLβ2 (LFA-1)

The alpha(L) I (inserted or interactive) domain of integrin alpha(L)beta(2) undergoes conformational changes upon activation. Recent studies show that the isolated, activated alpha(L) I domain is sufficient for strong ligand binding, suggesting the beta(2) subunit to be only indirectly involved. It has been unclear whether the activity of the alpha(L) I domain is regulated by the beta(2) subunit. In this study, we demonstrate that swapping the disulfide-linked CPNKEKEC sequence (residues 169-176) in the beta(2) I domain with a corresponding beta(3) sequence, or mutating Lys(174) to Thr, constitutively activates alpha(L)beta(2) binding to ICAM-1. These mutants do not require Mn(2+) for ICAM-1 binding and are insensitive to the inhibitory effect of Ca(2+). We have also localized a component of the mAb 24 epitope (a reporter of beta(2) integrin activation) in the CPNKEKEC sequence. Glu(173) and Glu(175) of the beta(2) I domain are identified as critical for mAb 24 binding. Because the epitope is highly expressed upon beta(2) integrin activation, it is likely that the CPNKEKEC sequence is exposed or undergoes conformational changes upon activation. Deletion of the alpha(L) I domain did not eliminate the mAb 24 epitope. This confirms that the alpha(L) I domain is not critical for mAb 24 binding, and indicates that mAb 24 detects a change expressed in part in the beta(2) subunit I domain. These results suggest that the CPNKEKEC sequence of the beta(2) I domain is involved in regulating the alpha(L) I domain.
Expression of aquaporins-1 and -2 during nephrogenesis and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), located in proximal tubules (PT) and descending thin limbs of Henle (DTL), and aquaporin-2 (AQP2), located in collecting ducts (CD), are channels involved in water transport across renal tubule epithelia. Using antibodies against AQP1 and AQP2, we here show expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in normal human developing and adult kidneys and in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Unlike in rats, AQP1 and AQP2 are expressed early during human nephrogenesis (12-wk gestation). AQP1 was first seen in developing PT epithelia, predominantly in apical cell membranes, and, at 15 wk, was also detected in DTL. AQP2 was seen in apical cell membranes of the branching ureteric bud and CD system from 12 wk and throughout development. In adult normal kidneys, AQP1 was localized to apical and basolateral membrane domains of PT and DTL, whereas AQP2 was restricted to principal cells of CD. This distribution of AQP1 and AQP2 was also seen in early stage ADPKD, except that AQP1 was mostly located in the apical membrane region of expanded PT. In end-stage ADPKD, two-thirds of the cysts expressed either AQP1 or AQP2, but these two water channels were never colocalized in the same cyst. Western blot analysis showed maximal expression of AQP1 and AQP2 in normal adult kidneys, lower levels in fetal kidneys, and decreases associated with degree of cystic progression in ADPKD. These data 1) demonstrate specific, mutually exclusive localization of AQP1 and AQP2 in human fetal and adult kidneys; 2) show that both channels are expressed early during nephrogenesis; and 3) show that the mutual exclusivity of localization is maintained even into end-stage ADPKD.
Ovarian gene database.

Objective The entire human genome will be sequenced in September 2000. Facing the exponential increase of data in the GenBank at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, reproductive biologists are being bombarded with massive amounts of information on diverse genes. It is becoming increasingly difficult for individual investigators to sort out the diverse genetic and physiologic information on the localization and function of different genes in the ovary. To alleviate the present situation, we have taken advantage of the accessibility of the Internet and initiated a project that serves the entire ovarian research community. Results and discussion The Ovarian Kaleidoscope database provides information regarding biologic function, expression pattern, and regulation of genes that are expressed in the ovary. In addition, it serves as a gateway to other online information resources relevant to ovarian research by offering results from original papers and data about nucleotide and amino acid sequences, and human and murine mutation phenotypes. All references are linked by hypertext to PubMed and additional links to sequence databases are also included. This information is accessible online and searchable not only by gene name but also by criteria such as the cellular and ovarian function of the gene product, the expression of genes in different ovarian cell types, or their association with specific ovarian phenotypes.
Giorgio Agamben’s Analysis of the Mechanism of Exclusion or the Logic of Sovereign Power

In Homo sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Giorgio Agamben extends Michel Foucault’s notion of biopolitics to include life, stripped bare, that is placed completely at the mercy of the powers that be. For him, the biopolitical paradigm is no longer the asylum but the concentration camp. Agamben drew the inspiration for this shift from Walter Benjamin, who decades ago had observed that the state of exception favored by the Nazi jurist Carl Schmitt had become the rule. Certain strata of the population, in this case the Jewish citizens in Germany, were abandoned by the law while continuing to fall under its control. Agamben examines the extent to which Aristotle gave support to this murderous logic with his considerations on “potentiality to be” and “potentiality not to be.” It is by suspending its “potentiality not to be” (that is, all elements that thwart its selfaffirmation) that absolute Being founds itself. In addition, Agamben dwells on Pompeius Festus’s definition of the outlaw (homo sacer): the one who cannot be sacrificed but who can be killed with impunity. The article concludes with a sketch of the figure of the Messiah (equally borrowed from Benjamin) who is expected to reverse the logic of the law.
A Paradigm Shift is Required for the Risk Assessment of Potential Human Health After Exposure to Low Level Chemical Exposures: A Response to the Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century Report

Chemicals are known to be associated with birth defects, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, immunological, reproductive, and neurological disorders. In response to recent reviews of limitations of current concepts and techniques for toxicity testing, this commentary challenges the paradigm that chemicals are directly responsible for DNA damage in the genomic-nuclear DNA in relevant cells of the human body. This challenge is not that mutations do not play roles in human-inherited or somatic diseases but that chemical exposures bring about disease end points by epigenetic mechanisms or by alterations in adult stem cell numbers in utero (ie, the Barker hypothesis) or postnatally, by selecting preexisting mutated cells. Classic concepts, that is, multistage, multimechanism process of carcinogenesis, stem cell theory of cancer, and newer and ignored concepts, such as cancer stem cells and cell-cell communication, will be used to support the view that the toxic effect of chemicals is mediated by nonmutagenic mechanisms at human relevant exposures.
Using multiple contacts with texture-enhanced graphics

We present a multi-finger 2-D haptic display device to potentially provide the opportunity of parallel processing of coarse haptic information, with the intended benefit of improving performance in 2-D haptic object recognition. Combined with a novel method for producing “texture” image representations, we found that multiple contacts does improve performance compared to a single contact in terms of both time and accuracy. However, we also found no benefit for additional contacts with only raised-line representations of objects. This suggests that the use of texture made a key contribution in improving performance from one to multiple fingers.
Present Challenges, Critical Needs, and Future Technological Directions for NASA's GN and C Engineering Discipline

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is currently undergoing a substantial redirection. Notable among the changes occurring within NASA is the stated emphasis on technology development, integration, and demonstration. These new changes within the Agency should have a positive impact on the GN&C discipline given the potential for sizeable investments for technology development and in-space demonstrations of both Autonomous Rendezvous & Docking (AR&D) systems and Autonomous Precision Landing (APL) systems. In this paper the NASA Technical Fellow for Guidance, Navigation and Control (GN&C) provides a summary of the present technical challenges, critical needs, and future technological directions for NASA s GN&C engineering discipline. A brief overview of the changes occurring within NASA that are driving a renewed emphasis on technology development will be presented as background. The potential benefits of the planned GN&C technology developments will be highlighted. This paper will provide a GN&C State-of-the-Discipline assessment. The discipline s readiness to support the goals & objectives of each of the four NASA Mission Directorates is evaluated and the technical challenges and barriers currently faced by the discipline are summarized. This paper will also discuss the need for sustained investments to sufficiently mature the several classes of GN&C technologies required to implement NASA crewed exploration and robotic science missions.
Strontium-90 in the 1959 United States Wheat Crop

A broad sampling of the 1959 United States wheat crop has been analyzed for the presence of strontium-90. The level of strontium-90 found in these samples is in general agreement with the findings of other investigators, with the exception that the highest levels of strontium-90 in wheat were found in samples from Oklahoma.
Response of European starlings to menthone derivatives: evidence for stereochemical differences in repellency

The present experiments were designed to identify inexpensive substitutes for d-pulegone, an effective vertebrate repellent. In experiment 1, European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were presented with d-pulegone and 12 additional menthone derivatives in one-cup tests. No derivative was as effective as d-pulegone. In experiment 2, starlings were presented with dl-pulegone, d-pulegone and l-pulegone in onecup tests. dl-pulegone was as aversive as d-pulegone, and both dl-pulegone and d-pulegone were more aversive than l-pulegone. More extensive evaluation of dl-pulegone as a vertebrate repellent appears warranted.