cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanical studies of irradiation-induced defects in Cu and W

Measurements of internal friction and Young's elastic modulus in the kilohertz range are reported on single-crystal and polycrystalline Cu and W samples after irradiation by 10- to 14-MeV protons and deuterons, primarily at temperatures near 4 K. Stress-induced ordering studies in Cu identify stage I/subB/ as responsible for the 10-K anelastic process; a shape factor ..delta..lambda = 0.20 +- 0.02 was found for this defect. W shows anelastic peaks near 10, 14, 30, 42, and 53 K. The 10- and 30-K peaks are removed by a 40-K anneal, the 14-K peak is created by this same anneal. Attempt frequencies and activation energies for reorientation are reported for these defects. Dielastic effects seem unaffected by cold work, but the 10-K peaks are totally suppressed in both Cu and W by a plastic compression of 10 to 20%. Dielastic effects anneal out in stage I in Cu, while only about 1/3 of the effect anneals out in W by an anneal to 50 K. Cold work has a large effect upon the amount and rate of pinning, especially in Cu. Cold work also seems to reduce the role of thermally activated defect motion in the pinning process. (AIP)
Spindle structure and the mechanisms of chromosome movement.

The mitotic spindle is a dynamic and transient structure; it forms to segregate the duplicate chromosomes and disappears at the completion of its task. This dynamism is complex because spindle formation includes both the polymerization of fibrous components, such as microtubules, and the organization of these components into the familiar metaphase structure. The actions of the spindle fibers on chromosomes may conveniently be divided into 2 parts: an organizational phase that precedes metaphase and a segregational phase thereafter. To discuss either of these dynamic stages with clarity, it is important to have a good view of metaphase in mind. We therefore begin our discussion of chromosome movement with a description of the metaphase spindle.
Does Collingwood's Principles of Art Contain a Theory of Dance?

Abstract In the general field of Philosophy only Susanne Langer in her aesthetic theories and Nelson Goodman in his Languages of Art (only briefly mention in this paper) consider dance equally among the other arts. Langer's philosophical legitimatization of dance is of major importance to dance theorists; in fact, Langer is often referred to as the “Dancer's Philosopher”. Her contribution, essentially, aims at “defining” dance from the spectator's point of view. In a preliminary study, I have shown that R.G. Colling wood, in his Principles of Art (1936) has a complete theory of dance. To my knowledge, no one has explored the value for dance of his work nor given it the attention it deserves. He examines what dance is not, how “not-dance” is so construed, what art-dance is and why, how it is created and evaluated, and the process by which it is communicated to audiences. These features are fundamental to his general philosophy of art. In fact, these aesthetic criteria and distinctions seem to have strongly influenced John Martin, the first dance critic of the New York Times. His pivotal book, Introduction to the Dance (1939) parallels Collingwood's analysis, and his thinking has exerted considerable influence in dance theory and philosophy. This paper will include discussions of (1) how, in general, dancers assume that dance is a language, (2) Collingwood's Philosophy of Dance, and (3) how John Martin's aesthetic analysis of dance parallels Collingwood's theory.
Effects of text and visual element integration schemes on online reading behaviors of typical and struggling readers

This study evaluates the effect of different design schemes for integrating text and visual elements on student reading behaviors. Sixty three fourth and seventh grade students were eye tracked during online reading of middle school science passages embedded with pedagogically relevant visuals in the form of diagrams and photographs. Results show that students' viewing of visuals can be influenced by both how the visuals are positioned and referred to in text, and that this effect is most pronounced for struggling readers. These results have strong implications for the design of online learning materials for diverse students, and in informing adaptive approaches toward multimedia presentation.
A theory of contextual propositions for indicatives

A theory of contextual propositions for indicative conditionals is presented. The main challenge is to give a precise account of how the dynamics of possible worlds depends on epistemic context. Robert Stalnaker suggested in [Stalnaker 84] that even when selection functions for evaluating indicatives cannot be defined in terms of epistemic context, they can be importantly constrained by a principle of context dependency that we adopt here. In addition, we show how to define a gradation of possibilities for each point in an epistemic context by taking into account a proposal first introduced byWolfgang Spohn in [Spohn 87] and later refined by Darwiche and Pearl in [Darwiche & Pearl 97]. The resulting theory of contextual propositions (unlike some alternative views) is shown to be compatible with basic qualitative consequences of the Bayesian principle of conditionalization (which is frequently used in probabilistic semantics for indicative conditionals).
Effects of daily and overnight wear of a novel hyper oxygen-transmissible soft contact lens on bacterial binding and corneal epithelium: A 13-month clinical trial

Abstract Objective To test prospectively a new biologic rationale for an advanced hyper oxygen-transmissible lens (HOTL) providing prospects for safer daily (DW) or extended (EW) contact lens wear. Design Prospective, randomized, double-masked, single-center, 13-month clinical trial. Participants One hundred sixty-eight patients completed the DW study (1 month): control lens (n = 70); HOTL (n = 98). One hundred thirty-six patients finished 1 year of EW: controls (n = 56), HOTL (n = 25, 6 nights; n=55, 30 nights). Testing Irrigation chamber to collect corneal surface cells, confocal microscopy, tear collection at baseline, 2, and 4, weeks of DW, and 24 hours, 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of EW. Main outcome measures (1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) binding to exfoliated corneal surface cells; (2) central epithelial thickness (CET); (3) superficial cell area (SCA); (4) epithelial surface cell exfoliation (DESQ); and (5) tear lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Results Daily wear with control lens increased PA binding from 5.90 ± 2.60 to 7.81 ± 3.04 bacteria per cell ( P P P = 0.0017), but not after 1 month of subsequent EW ( P = 0.533). One to 3 months of EW with control lens showed significantly higher PA binding than HOTL wear ( P P Conclusions Hyper oxygen-transmissible lens wear (DW or EW) produced significantly decreased PA binding compared with control lens wear, with no significant difference in wearing schedule (6 nights vs. 30 nights); additionally, there was a remarkable and unexpected adaptive recovery in the first 6 months of all soft lens wear, with a return to baseline PA binding levels and partial recovery for the other outcomes except SCA at 1 year. These results suggest that HOTL use should result in a decrease in the incidence of and risk(s) for lens-related microbial keratitis and that further epidemiologic studies should consider time in adapted EW in future risk and incidence analyses.
Six-membered Rings with One Selenium or Tellurium Atom

This article deals with the chemistry of 6-membered ring heterocycles containing one selenium or tellurium atom. The heterocyclic systems discussed include selenanes, telluranes, dihydroselenins, dihydrotellurins, selenins, selenabenzenes, selenanones, tellurinones, seleninium cations and tellurinium cations, as well as benzo-fused derivatives of these compounds. Theoretical studies of a number of these classes of compounds are summarized. The theoretical basis for the formation of a number of these heterocycles is also discussed. The techniques used to confirm the structures of many of these heterocyclic compounds – in particular X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy – are highlighted. The conformational properties of a number of the non-rigid representatives of this class of molecules are also described. The nature of aromaticity in selenabenzene derivatives is discussed. The detailed chemical properties, reactions and preparations of these 6-membered ring heterocycles are reviewed. When possible, comparisons between the selenium and tellurium compounds and their sulfur analogues are made. The biological effects of a number of selenium- and tellurium-analogues of biologically interesting molecules are also reported. The potential technical utility of a number of these compounds with interesting electronic and optical properties is discussed. The use of these selenium and tellurium-containing heterocycles as catalysts is also outlined.
Envelopes, Conjugate Points, and Optimal Bang-Bang Extremals

The theory of envelopes and conjugate points constitutes an important chapter of the classical Calculus of Variations. In Optimal Control theory, it is often desirable to get better information about optimal trajectories than that provided by the Pontryagin Maximum Principle. To do this, it is useful to have necessary conditions for optimality that exclude, for instance, bang-bang trajectories that have too many switchings, even if those trajectories satisfy the Maximum Principle. It turns out that, in a number of cases, this can be done by means of a suitable generalization of envelope theory. The purpose of this note is to outline one such generalization and to illustrate its use by proving theorems on the structure of optimal bang-bang trajectories for certain problems in two and three dimensions.
Determination of Plant Organs and Cells

In the development of a multicellular organism there occurs a progressive loss of developmental potential in each part as it differentiates, and it is a requirement that this occur for development to proceed normally. There must be mechanisms to suppress the expression of inappropriate developmental programs in each part of the organism. Biologists studying this phenomenon in animals have come to the conclusion that the restriction of developmental potential seen at the organ level occurred also at the cellular level. The concepts that emerged from a long series of studies over many years, first in experimental embryology, then in regeneration, and most recently in studies of cultured cells, were those of competence and determination. It was demonstrated that early in development organ initials and cells had multiple developmental potential, but that at some particular time and site cells or groups of cells became “competent” to react to a specific signal that would cause them to become “determined”. Their subsequent development and differentiation was then independent of further exogenous signals. The fact that competence was site specific could be demonstrated by grafting cells from another region into a developmental site and showing that the grafted cells acquired the ability to develop in accordance with their new position, and determination could be demonstrated by removing the organ or cells to a new environment, either a new graft site or into sterile culture, where it continued to develop as it would have in the original site (1).
Neurons vs. Silicon: Regression Analysis and P values

Regression analysis is everywhere in medical statistical inference, and so are its p values. Its omnipresence comes as no real surprise. At their core, regression analysis and health care research are about relationship examination (e.g., does a new therapy for hypertension improve clinical outcomes?) In medicine we want to understand what either causes or cures diseases and we learn about these causes through exploring relationships. Regression analysis is the statistical tool that allows us a quantitative view of these relationships. This chapter’s purpose is not to teach regression analysis’ but, after a brief review, to develop a disciplined approach to p value incorporation and interpretation in its use.
Altered resting-state functional connectivity of the putamen and internal globus pallidus is related to speech impairment in Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION Speech impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is pervasive, with life-impacting consequences. Yet, little is known about how functional connections between the basal ganglia and cortex relate to PD speech impairment (PDSI). Whole-brain resting-state connectivity analyses of basal ganglia nuclei can expand the understanding of PDSI pathophysiology. METHODS Resting-state data from 89 right-handed subjects were downloaded from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database. Subjects included 12 older healthy controls ("OHC"), 42 PD patients without speech impairment ("PDN"), and 35 PD subjects with speech impairment ("PDSI"). Subjects were assigned to PDN and PDSI groups based on the Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part III speech item scores ("0" vs. "1-4"). Whole-brain functional connectivity was calculated for four basal ganglia seeds in each hemisphere: putamen, caudate, external globus pallidus (GPe), and internal globus pallidus (GPi). For each seed region, group-averaged connectivity maps were compared among OHC, PDN, and PDSI groups using a multivariate ANCOVA controlling for the effects of age and sex. Subsequent planned pairwise t-tests were performed to determine differences between the three groups using a voxel-wise threshold of p < 0.001 and cluster-extent threshold of 272 mm3 (FWE<0.05). RESULTS In comparison with OHCs, both PDN and PDSI groups demonstrated significant differences in cortical connectivity with bilateral putamen, bilateral GPe, and right caudate. Compared to the PDN group, the PDSI subjects demonstrated significant differences in cortical connectivity with left putamen and left GPi. PDSI subjects had lower connectivity between the left putamen and left superior temporal gyrus compared to PDN. In addition, PDSI subjects had greater connectivity between left GPi and three cortical regions: left dorsal premotor/laryngeal motor cortex, left angular gyrus, and right angular gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that speech impairment in PD is associated with altered cortical connectivity with left putamen and left GPi.
Private Collection as Collective Operation: Art Dealers’ Impacts on the Formation of the Van Horne Japanese Ceramic Collection

This article examines the ways how the formation of the Japanese ceramic collection of Sir William Van Horne (1843-1915) in Montreal was informed by art dealers and the global market of Japanese ceramics in the late 19 th to early 20 th century. Van Horne’s dealers, based in Japan and the US, played a significant role in the way Van Horne collected and perceived Japanese ceramics, because Van Horne never went to Japan and acquired objects only from them. Van Horne’s decisions about what to collect were not simply determined by his own judgment, but were also affected by external factors such as the availability of Japanese objects in the Western market at the time, and the intellectual landscape and the broad trends within the Euro-American circle of collecting Japanese ceramics. Furthermore, these currents in “collecting Japan” themselves did not occur naturally: they were in fact informed by the intentions, concerns and desires of influential dealers, collectors, and scholars. When looking at the establishment of a collection not only from the collector’s taste, but also from these external factors, a collection can be understood as a complex space in which multiple subjectivities and economies are intertwined.
Elucidating the mechanism of the UiO-66-catalyzed sulfide oxidation: activity and selectivity enhancements through changes in the node coordination environment and solvent

Benzoic acid modulators that “cap” the Zr6-oxo-hydroxo cluster nodes in UiO-66 metal–organic frameworks can be removed to increase the number of “open” sites (i.e., those that are terminated with [μ1-OH + μ1-OH2]) up to 5 per node, enabling the “decapped” materials to exhibit enhanced catalytic activity in the oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide. Computational modeling reveals that the labile Zr-μ1-OH groups on these open sites are likely converted into Zr-μ1-OOH species that are active in oxidizing the sulfide as well as its sulfoxide product. In solvents such as CH3CN and CH2Cl2, the sulfoxide product can additionally replace the aquo ligands of the Zr-μ1-OH2 moieties to increase the concentration of the sulfoxide adjacent to the active Zr-μ1-OOH species, resulting in overoxidation to the sulfone. However, the use of CH3OH, a solvent that can compete with the sulfoxide and suppress this binding mode, can retard the overoxidation and lead to higher selectivities for the sulfoxide product.
Signal reconstruction approach for map inference from crowd-sourced GPS traces

Thanks to the increased popularity of Global Position System (GPS) devices (such as smartphones and GPS navigators), the amount of GPS data that can be collected is increasing tremendously. This paper aims to develop novel methods of inferring and updating road topology maps from a large amount of crowd-sourced GPS data. We explore map inference using a three-stage approach, which incorporates a novel Multi-Source Variable Rate (MSVR) signal reconstruction mechanism. Unlike conventional map inference methods based on map graph theory, our approach, to the best of our knowledge, is the first estimation theory method used for map inference. In particular, our approach explicitly leverages the nature of GPS error models, and addresses the unique challenges of vehicular GPS data (asynchronous, varying sampling rate, and under-sampled); as a result, our MSVR approach can better handle inherent GPS errors, reconstruct road shapes more accurately, and better deal with variable GPS data density in empirical environments. The maps inferred from this data are compared to Open Street Map (OSM) maps as ground truth. We evaluate our method using the Tsinghua University's Beijing Taxi Dataset and Shanghai Jiao Tong University's SUVnet Dataset.
The Association Between Hunter-Killed Deer and Lyme Disease in New Jersey, 2000-2014.

Years when the deer population is robust during the autumn hunting season may point toward an elevated risk of Lyme disease (LD) in the human population two summers later. We applied overdispersed Poisson regression models to county-specific data from New Jersey for each year from 2000 to 2014. The average relative risk of LD for each additional hunter-killed deer per square mile was 1.12 (1.10, 1.14) for 2000–2007 and 1.11 (1.09, 1.13) for 2008–2014. The hunting data already collected for conservation and wildlife management purposes may be a relevant component of LD surveillance activities.
On the requirement of minimum number of four versus eight quanta of light for the evolution of one molecule of oxygen in photosynthesis: A historical note

A bitter controversy had existed as to the minimum number of quanta required for the evolution of one molecule of oxygen in photosynthesis: Otto Warburg had insisted since 1923 that this value was 3–4, whereas Robert Emerson and others continued to obtain a value of 8–12 since the 1940s. It is shown in this letter that the 1931 Nobel-laureate of Physiology & Medicine Otto Warburg published, in his last and final paper, just before his death in 1970, a measured minimum quantum requirement of oxygen evolution of 12 at the lowest intensities of light he used. Although using his theory on photolyte, Warburg calculated a value of 3–4 for the quantum requirement, this is the first confirmation by Warburg of the higher measured quantum requirement. However, it has remained unknown to most investigators. It is expected that this information will be of general interest not only to those interested in the history and research on photosynthesis, but to the entire sci entific community, especially the writers of text books in biology, biochemistry and biophysics.
Cefepime challenge after piperacillin/tazobactam-induced thrombocytopenia.

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia (DITP) has been described as a sudden and severe hematologic complication of piperacillin/tazobactam. The proposed mechanism by which piperacillin/tazobactam causes DITP involves the formation of a covalent bond to platelet membrane protein thereby inducing a humoral immune response. Given the immunogenic nature of this adverse event and the structural similarities across beta-lactam antibiotics, the potential for cross-reactivity between agents within the class should be considered. However, the structural moiety of piperacillin/tazobactam responsible for this immunogenic response has not been identified—the relationship between structure and activity for this phenomenon remains unknown. Data on the safety and cross-reactivity of other beta-lactam agents in this setting is lacking. We report the first case of piperacillin/tazobactam DITP successfully challenged by the use of cefepime for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia. Further studies are needed to determine the structural moiety of piperacillin/tazobactam responsible for this immunogenic response and evaluate the safety of other beta-lactam antibiotics in this clinical setting.
Social Class and the Stubbornness of Family Myths: How Nonbeliever and Pagan Parents Cope with Intrusions on Parenting by Proselytizing Christian Family Members in the U.S. Bible Belt

Family scholars have documented how powerful institutions intrude upon marginalized parents. Yet, few have examined the effect that intrusion on parenting takes on a more intimate level. Guided by insights from theories of emotion management and family inequality, I compare how two religiously marginalized groups in the Bible Belt cope with a ubiquitous experience they face as parents—unwelcomed proselytizing by Christian family members. Based on participant-observation and forty in-depth interviews, I document nonbeliever and Pagan parents’ experiences with proselytizing by Christian family members to be common, intrusive, and often perceived as potentially harmful to children. Failing to enforce desired boundaries between children and proselytizers, many parents resort to constructing narratives of equality to describe a condition of inequality. They do so by claiming a “we just don’t talk about religion” arrangement. This narrative, though seemingly equitable, serves as a family myth, obscuring painful truths about power and inequality. Nonbeliever and Pagan parents differ in their reliance on this rhetoric. While nonbeliever parents cling to the family myth as an emotion management device, Pagans more readily acknowledge the “we just don’t talk about religion” strategy as more fiction than fact. I analyze how differences in social class explain nonbelievers’ and Pagans’ differing levels of commitment to this family myth. I place this phenomenon within the culture of Christian hegemony in the Bible Belt, where proselytizing is normative and prevailing norms of privatization within parenting are overridden by a culture of evangelism.
The Consequences to Directors for Deploying Poison Pills

We examine the labor market consequences for directors who adopt poison pills. These directors experience a decrease in shareholder votes, an increase in termination rates across all their directorships, and a decrease in the likelihood of new board appointments. These adverse consequences accrue especially when pill adoption is costly for the firm and are not attributable to firm-specific events that can motivate pill adoptions. Firms have positive stock price reactions when pill-associated directors die or depart from their boards, compared to zero returns for other directors. We conclude that pill-adopting directors experience a decrease in the value of their services.
Identifying optimal level-of-care placement decisions for adolescent substance use treatment.

Abstract Background Adolescents respond differentially to substance use treatment based on their individual needs and goals. Providers may benefit from guidance (via decision rules) for personalizing aspects of treatment, such as level-of-care (LOC) placements, like choosing between outpatient or inpatient care. The field lacks an empirically-supported foundation to inform the development of an adaptive LOC-placement protocol. This work begins to build the evidence base for adaptive protocols by estimating them from a large observational dataset. Methods We estimated two-stage LOC-placement protocols adapted to individual adolescent characteristics collected from the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs assessment tool (n = 10,131 adolescents). We used a modified version of Q-learning, a regression-based method for estimating personalized treatment rules over time, to estimate four protocols, each targeting a potentially distinct treatment goal: one primary outcome (a composite of ten positive treatment outcomes) and three secondary (substance frequency, substance problems, and emotional problems). We compared the adaptive protocols to non-adaptive protocols using an independent dataset. Results Intensive outpatient was recommended for all adolescents at intake for the primary outcome, while low-risk adolescents were recommended for no further treatment at followup while higher-risk patients were recommended to inpatient. Our adaptive protocols outperformed static protocols by an average of 0.4 standard deviations (95 % confidence interval 0.2−0.6) of the primary outcome. Conclusions Adaptive protocols provide a simple one-to-one guide between adolescents’ needs and recommended treatment which can be used as decision support for clinicians making LOC-placement decisions.
Structural and electronic switching of a single crystal 2D metal-organic framework prepared by chemical vapor deposition.

The incorporation of metal-organic frameworks into advanced devices remains a desirable goal, but progress is hindered by difficulties in preparing large crystalline metal-organic framework films with suitable electronic performance. We demonstrate the direct growth of large-area, high quality, and phase pure single metal-organic framework crystals through chemical vapor deposition of a dimolybdenum paddlewheel precursor, Mo2(INA)4. These exceptionally uniform, high quality crystals cover areas up to 8600 µm2 and can be grown down to thicknesses of 30 nm. Moreover, scanning tunneling microscopy indicates that the Mo2(INA)4 clusters assemble into a two-dimensional, single-layer framework. Devices are readily fabricated from single vapor-phase grown crystals and exhibit reversible 8-fold changes in conductivity upon illumination at modest powers. Moreover, we identify vapor-induced single crystal transitions that are reversible and responsible for 30-fold changes in conductivity of the metal-organic framework as monitored by in situ device measurements. Gas-phase methods, including chemical vapor deposition, show broader promise for the preparation of high-quality molecular frameworks, and may enable their integration into devices, including detectors and actuators. The realization of advanced devices from metal-organic frameworks requires the preparation of uniform and crystalline thin-films of these materials. Here the authors use chemical vapor deposition to grow single-crystal frameworks that exhibit a reversible structural transition and large conductivity response.
Learning to Disclose: Disclosure Dynamics in the 1890s Streetcar Industry

We study the descriptiveness of the “unravelling” prediction in the 1890s streetcar industry. In this historical setting, capital-intensive streetcar companies gain the opportunity to disclose their earnings to dispersed investors via a new, quarterly newspaper supplement. We document that a quarter of the companies withhold their earnings from the ﬁrst supplement, inconsistent with the “unravelling” prediction. However, almost all these companies start disclosing within the next couple of supplements, with the relatively-better companies among the remaining non-disclosers initiating disclosure and leaving the pool of non-disclosers each quarter. We interpret these stylized facts through the lens of a disclosure model featuring level-k thinking. Our model estimates that a substantial share of the companies employs a lower level of strategic thinking in the ﬁrst supplement. This deviation from rational expectations appears to explain the initial failure of the “unravelling” prediction. Over time, companies appear to adopt higher levels of thinking, contributing to the rapid convergence to an (almost) full disclosure equilibrium. Collectively, our evidence is consistent with market forces yielding an (almost) full disclosure equilibrium in the medium to long run through repetition and learning.
Kv1.1 deficiency alters repetitive and social behaviors in mice and rescues autistic-like behaviors due to Scn2a haploinsufficiency

Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and epilepsy are highly comorbid, suggesting potential overlap in genetic etiology, pathophysiology, and neurodevelopmental abnormalities; however, the nature of this relationship remains unclear. This work investigated how two ion channel mutations, one associated with autism (Scn2a-null) and one with epilepsy (Kcna1-null), interact to modify genotype-phenotype relationships in the context of autism. Previous studies have shown that Scn2a+/- ameliorates epilepsy in Kcna1-/- mice, improving survival, seizure characteristics, and brain-heart dynamics. Here, we tested the converse, whether Kcna1 deletion modifies ASD-like repetitive and social behaviors in Scn2a+/- mice. Methods Mice were bred with various combinations of Kcna1 and Scn2a knockout alleles. Animals were assessed for repetitive behaviors using marble burying, grooming, and nestlet shredding tests and for social behaviors using sociability and social novelty preference tests. Results Behavioral testing revealed drastic reductions in all repetitive behaviors in epileptic Kcna1-/- mice, but relatively normal social interactions. In contrast, mice with partial Kcna1 deletion (Kcna1+/- ) exhibited increased self-grooming and decreased sociability suggestive of ASD-like features similar to those observed in Scn2a+/- mice. In double-mutant Scn2a+/- ; Kcna1+/- mice, the two mutations interacted to partially normalize ASD-like behaviors associated with each mutation independently. Conclusions Taken together, these findings suggest that Kv1.1 subunits are important in pathways and neural networks underlying ASD and that Kcna1 may be a therapeutic target for treatment of Scn2a-associated ASD.
Examining the Reciprocal Relation Between Academic Motivation and Substance Use: Effects of Family Relationships, Self-Esteem, and General Deviance

The present study examined the reciprocal relation between academic motivation and cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use across four annual assessments during adolescence. Data were obtained from 435 adolescents, 13 to 17 years of age at the first assessment, and their mothers. The results of generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis suggested inverse reciprocal relations across time between academic motivation and both cigarette and marijuana use. Reciprocal relations between academic motivation and alcohol use were not found, possibly due to the normative use of this substance. The examination of mediational mechanisms, including general deviance, self-esteem and family relationships, suggested that the relation between marijuana use and, for younger adolescents, cigarette use and academic motivation is not direct but is indirect, mediated through the general deviance of the adolescent. Deviance, self-esteem, and, for the youngest adolescents, family relationships mediated the relation between academic motivation and subsequent marijuana use.
Online Data Collection

Online data collection is becoming an essential and efficient tool for evaluators, researchers, and other educators. This paper touches on elements of the rather short, but eventful history of online data collection. A brief review of the current literature is presented, followed by a list of pros and cons to be considered when stepping into online surveying. Finally there is a brief look at what makes the online survey run—a database connected to the Internet. For those who would prefer, alternatives to creating or hosting your own online surveys are offered. The paper closes with contemplation toward the future of online data gathering.
Improving compliance with prednisone therapy in pediatric patients with rheumatic disease

Compliance with regimens for pediatric rheumatic diseases is often poor, and few studies have evaluated strategies for improving compliance. This study utilized relatively simple behavioral and educational strategies to improve compliance with prednisone for three patients with pediatric rheumatic diseases (systemic lupus erthematosus and dermatomyositis). These strategies were implemented in a pediatric rheumatology setting and resulted in improved compliance that was maintained at 6- and 12-month follow up. During baseline, patients were found to be overmedicating as well as undermedicating. This study is a systematic replication of an earlier study that demonstrated that behavioral and educational strategies can improve compliance with medications for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. It also raises the possibility of overmedicating as a compliance problem to be managed.
Acetic Anhydride Hydrolysis at High Acetic Anhydride to Water Ratios

The hydrolysis of acetic anhydride in the presence of water is an exothermic reaction that produces acetic acid. Most of the research has focused on low ratios of acetic anhydride to water. The major concern in the industry is the accidental addition of a small amount of water to large quantities of acetic anhydride stored in tanks, or as handled in a manufacturing process. This paper focuses on isothermal and adiabatic experiments that were conducted to understand the effect and rate of hydrolysis at high ratios of acetic anhydride to water. The acetic acid produced in the reaction also affects the rate of reaction. Detailed calorimetric data and specific rate expressions that have been developed are presented in this paper.
The Evolution Of Financial Institutions And The Performance Of The Economy

Jack Gurley punctured the pretensions of Friedmanian monetary theory some twenty-five years ago when he characterized it as holding that "6money is a veil, but when the veil flutters, real output sputters."' Gurley's words exposed the contradiction of monetarism-that money is neutral but that monetary changes are the main causal factors in the real income and employment changes of business cycles. The proposition that money is neutral and the axiom of reals that underlie neoclassical theory are inconsistent with the view that money matters in anything besides the determination of the nominal price level.2 Gurley's paradox was the inspiration for Robert E. Lucas's key neutrality-of-money paper. As is well known, the fundamental construct of the neoclassical tradition is a labor market represented by supply and demand curves in which the quantities supplied or demanded are functions of the real wage and employment. Lucas, and Milton Friedman before him, construct mechanisms by which those who supply and those who demand, interpret, or perceive nominal price and wage changes (which to both Lucas and Friedman are due to changes in the money supply) in different ways. Because of these "imperfections," changes in the money supply will lead to changes in real output. In Lu
IO-Cop: Managing Concurrent Accesses to Shared Parallel File System

A parallel file system (PFS) is often used to store intermediate results and checkpoint/restart files in a high performance computing (HPC) system. Multiple applications running on an HPC system often access PFSs concurrently resulting in degraded and variable I/O performance. By managing PFS accesses, these sharing induced inefficiencies can be controlled and reduced. To this end, we are exploring access control mechanisms to manage the shared PFS, so that the PFS can change its runtime behavior when it serves I/O requests from applications, e.g., provide exclusive access to a single application at a time and for a time window. In this paper, we discuss our design space exploration and also present some initial experimental results collected during the exploration. This workenables deeper exploration of our ongoing research in managing inter-application interference in a PFS.
Simplifying emotion classification through emotion distillation

Many state-of-the-art emotion classification systems are computationally complex. In this paper we present an emotion distillation framework that decreases the need for computational complex algorithms while maintaining rich, and interpretable, emotional descriptors. These representations are important for emotionally-aware interfaces, which we will increasingly see in technologies such as mobile devices with personalized interaction paradigms and in behavioral informatics. In both cases these technologies require the rapid distillation of vast amounts of data to identify emotionally salient portions. We demonstrate that emotion distillation can produce rich emotional descriptors that serve as an input to simple classification techniques. This system obtains results that match state-of-the-art classification results on the USC IEMOCAP data.
Luminescence enhancement of nanocrystal quantum wells by bandgap and strain engineering

CdSe-based nanocrystal quantum wells (QWs) were synthesized around CdS nanocrystal quantum dots and were bandgap- and strain-engineered to achieve high-efficiency short-wavelength luminescence. Tuning the CdSe QW width in the range of 1.05 to 1.58 nm has led to blue-green light emission, whose quantum yield was improved up to 48% through strain compensation by an optimized ZnS outer shell. The luminescence spectrum can be modified by adding a ZnS inner barrier layer to block charge and exciton transfer between the QW and CdS core. Strain management by adjusting the well and barrier thickness has proven critical in such a complex multilayer quantum system for obtaining high-quality nanocrystals and light emission.
Helen of Sparta

Laney Beck came to stay with us the autumn that my older brother, Darren, turned sixteen and insufferable. It had been a torrid sum mer?the second hottest on record along Florida's Gulf Coast?so dry that the freshwater pond behind our motel withered into caked, cracking earth. Carcasses of alligators and armadillos lined the parched drainage ditches along the roadbeds. Sea grapes shriveled in black clusters. But Darren's fixation that August was the shape of his ears, how one curved up gently like the sheath of a fig shell, while the other rose to an elfin point. He studied his reflection at every opportunity: in shop windows, swimming pools, the Plexiglas faces of vending machines. He tried to "cure" the deviant ear with a convex brace fashioned from pipe cleaners. My brother's other obsession was driving, and he was all too willing to chauffeur me to junior tango practice and oboe lessons as a pretext to borrow Mama's Taurus. Or, if it meant extra time behind the wheel, to pick up Laney Beck from the airport in Fort Myers. So that's how it happened. Darren volunteered and I went with him. Not by choice, of course. But the day after Columbus Day was Superintendent's Conference Day in the Lee County schools, which meant that big brothers all over Cormorant Island were saddled babysitting their twelve-year-old sisters. Mama had wanted to drive out to the airport herself?Laney Beck was her oldest friend, after all, her only real friend?yet with Papa still up in St. Petersburg, tending to Aunt Pricilla, she didn't trust my brother to man the motel office solo. Especially not on a Tuesday, when the linens went out. Darren drove for speed, not accuracy. At the traffic lights, he flipped down the ceiling mirror and scoured his face for blemishes. At the longer lights on Nautilus Boulevard, he filed his fingernails. I've always felt a twinge of terror crossing bridges, and cruising over the causeway to the mainland at twice the posted limit, I dug my fingernails deep into the vinyl upholstery. But I knew not to beg Darren to be careful. That was a guaranteed way to make him hit the gas.
Mammalian stress proteins HSP70 and HSP28 coinduced by nicotine and either ethanol or heat.

Abstract Cells exposed to a variety of stresses such as heat or ethanol respond by increasing their rate of synthesis of a set of proteins termed heat shock proteins (HSP). These proteins then appear to offer protection against the stressor and many other insults. The HSP also play important roles in unstressed cells. They are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and during specific stages in the development of organisms. Exposure to stress during development (e.g., in pupal stages of insects or during gestation in mammals) leads to birth defects that are specific to the timing of the stress. It has been hypothesized that the ill-timed induction of HSP is responsible for this phenomenon. Epidemiological studies in humans have related teratogenic events to maternal exposures to hyperthermia or ethanol during pregnancy. The rate of alcohol-induced birth defects is greatly enhanced by smoking, suggesting a role for nicotine. Nicotine by itself, however, is said not to induce HSP. We hypothesized that nicotine may act as a coinducer (or facilitator) of stress responses. This possibility we tested on three levels: protection against heat (thermotolerance), induction of specific HSP, and binding of the heat shock transcription factor to the heat shock element. Each of these tests showed clearly that nicotine does indeed play such a role. This places nicotine in a novel position; to date, no other coinducers of stress responses have been reported. Our results may offer an explanation for the epidemiological data cited earlier.
Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Before the introduction of the serotonin receptor antagonists (5-HT3 receptor antagonists) in the early 1990s, limited effective options were available to prevent and treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). In 1985, the FDA approved 2 cannabinoid derivatives, dronabinol and nabilone, for the treatment of CINV not effectively treated by other agents. Today, the standard of care for prevention of CINV for highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy is a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, with or without aprepitant or fosaprepitant. With the approval of safer and more effective agents, cannabinoids are not recommended as first-line treatment for the prevention of CINV and are reserved for patients with breakthrough nausea and vomiting. Because of medical and legal concerns, the use of marijuana is not recommended for management of CINV and is not part of the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Antiemesis. Although patients may like to pursue this treatment option in states that have approved the use of marijuana for medical purposes, its use remains legally and therapeutically controversial.
Endorphins, Locus Coeruleus, Clonidine, and Lofexidine:

We review the rodent, primate, and human data which have supported an endorphin-locus coeruleus (LC) disinhibition hypothesis and noradrenergic neuroanatomy for opiate withdrawal. This norepinephrine (NE) hyperactivity hypothesis can explain a large body of clinical and preclinical data and newer and more effective nonopiate treatments. Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurobehavioral data which supported this norepinephrine (NE) hypothesis led to our demonstrationof potent antiwithdrawal efficancy for clonidine and lofexidine in with drawal and naturally occurring panic an danxiety states. WE tested the efficacy of clonidine and lofexidine in opiate withdrawal not only to demonstrate that these medicaitons might be new and important treatments for addicts but also to see which physilogical and affective variables would be completely reversible and thereby attributable to specific agonistic effects on presynaptic alpha-2 receptors on the LC. Near complete opiate withdrawal reversal or opiate substituti...
Analysis of the turbulent boundary layer on a rotating disk

An order of magnitude analysis of the equations of motion governing the turbulent boundary layer on a rotating disk was performed in a stationary coordinate system located at the center of the disk. The governing equations in the wall layer were derived. Using the log law for the tangential velocity, a relation between the tangential friction velocity and the Reynolds number was derived. The forms of the three components of mean velocity in the viscous sublayer were derived. Analysis of the radial momentum equation indicated the existence of two velocity scales that are both dependent on the Reynolds number. This is the reason for the lack of inner scaling observed for the mean radial velocity. The far-wall behavior of the mean tangential and vertical velocity was documented. The analysis, along with measurements, indicated that the mean downward vertical velocity induced at the edge of the boundary layer is on the order of 15% of the tangential shear velocity.
Picosecond fluorescence kinetics in spinach chloroplasts at room temperature. Effects of phosphorylation

Abstract We have used single-photon timing with picosecond resolution to investigate the effect of phosphorylation on the fluorescence decay from broken spinach chloroplasts. Phosphorylation of spinach thylakoids causes a quenching of the slow decay phase (equivalent to a quenching of variable fluorescence) and an increase in the yield of the middle phase decay component. In addition, phosphorylation alters the intensity dependence of fluorescence in a manner which indicates a decreased antenna size of Photosystem II. The observed changes are indicative of a State 1-State 2 transition and show a clear reversal when the membranes are dephosphorylated.
Efficacy of Standard Doses of Ibuprofen Alone, Alternating, and Combined With Acetaminophen for the Treatment of Febrile Children

Abstract Background Many pediatricians recommend, and many parents administer, alternating or combined doses of ibuprofen and acetaminophen for fever. Limited data support this practice with standard US doses. Objective This study compared the antipyretic effect of 3 different treatment regimens in children, using either ibuprofen alone, ibuprofen combined with acetaminophen, or ibuprofen followed by acetaminophen over a single 6-hour observation period. Methods Febrile episodes from children aged 6 to 84 months were randomized into the 3 treatment groups: a single dose of ibuprofen at the beginning of the observation period; a single dose of ibuprofen plus a single dose of acetaminophen at the beginning of the observation period; or ibuprofen followed by acetaminophen 3 hours later. Ibuprofen was administered at 10 mg/kg; acetaminophen at 15 mg/kg. Temperatures were measured hourly for 6 hours using a temporal artery thermometer. The primary outcome was temperature difference between treatment groups. Adverse-event data were not collected in this single treatment period study. Results Sixty febrile episodes in 46 children were assessed. The mean (SD) age of the children was 3.4 (2.2) years, and 31 (51.7%) were girls. Differences among temperature curves were significant ( P P P 38.0°C at hours 4, 5, and 6, respectively (hour 4, P = 0.002; hours 5 and 6, P Conclusion During a single 6-hour observation period for these participating children, combined and alternating doses of ibuprofen and acetaminophen provided greater antipyresis than ibuprofen alone at 4 to 6 hours. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00267293.