cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying novel radiotracers for PET imaging of the brain: application of LC-MS/MS to tracer identification.

Nuclear medicine imaging biomarker applications are limited by the radiotracers available. Radiotracers enable the measurement of target engagement, or occupancy in relation to plasma exposure. These tracers can also be used as pharmacodynamic biomarkers to demonstrate functional consequences of binding a target. More recently, radiotracers have also been used for patient tailoring in Alzheimer’s disease seen with amyloid imaging. Radiotracers for the central nervous system (CNS) are challenging to identify, as they require a unique intersection of multiple properties. Recent advances in tangential technologies, along with the use of iterative learning for the purposes of deriving in silico models, have opened up additional opportunities to identify radiotracers. Mass spectral technologies and in silico modeling have made it possible to measure and predict in vivo characteristics of molecules to indicate potential tracer performance. By analyzing these data alongside other measures, it is possible to deli...
A Review of the Role of Excess si in SIO2 at the Growing Oxide Interface.

This paper discusses the issues that arise when ab excess of Si or SiO flux is used to adjust the Deal -Grove model to match the observed growth in the early stages of oxidation. The author uses the insight gained from the modeling of the oxidation of Si-Ge alloys as a background to the discussion. A recent simulation of the thin oxide problem by M. Uematsu et.al. invokes the role of “excess Si” near the interface to adjust the D&G reaction coefficient and also add additional flux to the growing oxide.This paper assesses some of the points in this model as well as the relation with sub bonded Si and/or the reaction barrier layer to oxidationmechanism. A recent proposal by Pasquarello et.al opens new insight into the way the interface may adjust to the growing oxide which challenges our previous mechanistic notions.
Microscopy and microRaman study of periodically poled domains in deeply thinned lithium niobate wafers

Abstract The domain structure of poled deeply thinned lithium niobate is investigated as a function of sample thickness. Free-standing samples of thickness from 25 to 500 μm are prepared by a multiple-cycle polish and annealing procedure and then periodically poled. Using these samples and employing micro-Raman scattering and scanning electron, atomic force, and optical microscopy together, the domain broadening and poling voltage are found to vary in a regular and significant manner. The poled domains show a reduction in width spreading of 38% as the sample thickness is reduced from 500 to 25 μm. Micro-Raman probe measurements verify the quality and the uniformity of the poled domains and provide insight into their thickness-dependent poling contrast.
Epidemiological analysis for 1105 cases bitten by animals in Jianhe county,Guizhou province

Objective To understand the epidemic pattern of 1105cases bitten by animals in Jianhe county during 2007～2012,and to provide a scientific basis for preventive and control of rabies.Methods A descriptive research was made with 1105cases data of animals attacking human in Jianhe county during 2007～2012.Results The rate of animals attacking was 8.99/10000.The cases with highest injuries occurred between April and August.The rate of animals attacking of males was higher than females(χ2=59.63,P0.01).The rate of animals attacking children aged under 10 years was the highest(24.70/10000).Right upper extremity was the easiest to attack(26.52%).Dogs(81.99%)and cats(7.33%)were the main animals which attacked human beings in Jianhe county.Conclusions Animals such as dogs and cats should be managed strictly.Popularizing rabies-preventing knowledge and timely vaccine and passive immune preparation injection are the main measures to prevent and conrol rabies.
Hemodynamic change in patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure undergoing low-dose of oral administration of beta-blocker

Objective To evaluate the hemodynamic effect of oral administration of beta-blocker in patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure. Methods Acutely decompensated chronic heart failure patients who had Swan-Ganz catheter were divided into beta-blocker group and no-beta-blocker group according to whether beta-blocker was used. The data,including hospital mortality,length of hospital stay,length of intensive care unit stay and hemodynamic parameters,were compared between the two groups. Results Totally 152 patients (127 males,25 females) were included. There were 131 patients in beta-blocker group and 21 patients in no-beta-blocker group. There was no significant difference between two groups in baseline data,such as sex,age,NYHA functional class,heart rate,blood pressure,etiology of heart failure,medical history and medications,and so on. Oral administration of beta-blockers did not prolong total length of hospital stay (P=0.54),length of intensive care unit stay(P=0.716)or increase hospital mortality(P=0.14). Beta-blockers decreased pulmonary artery systolic pressure(P=0.018),pulmonary artery diastolic pressure(P=0.031),mean pulmonary arterial pressure(P=0.042),pulmonary vascular resistance (P=0.044) and central venous pressure(P=0.000). Conclusion Oral administration of low dose of beta-blockers does not exacerbate the hemodynamic parameters in patients with acutely decompensated chronic heart failure,which may not be forbidden in case with tolerable blood pressure and faster heart rate.
Knowledge engineering for unsupervised canine posture detection from IMU data

Training animals is a process that requires a significant investment of time and energy on the part of the trainer. One of the most basic training tasks is to train dogs to perform postures on cue. While it might be easy for a human trainer to see when an animal has performed the desired posture, it is much more difficult for a computer to determine this. Most work in this area uses accelerometer and/or gyroscopic data to produce data from an animal's current state, but this has limitations. Take for example a normal standing posture. From an accelerometer's perspective, it closely resembles the "laying down" posture, but the posture can look very different if the animal is standing still, versus walking, versus running, and might look completely different from a "standing on incline" posture. A human trainer can instantly tell the difference between these postures and behaviors, but the process is much more difficult for a computer. This paper demonstrates several algorithms for recognizing canine postures, as well as a system for building a computational model of a canine's potential postures, based solely on skeletal measurements. Existing techniques use labeled data, which can be difficult to acquire. We contribute a new technique for unsupervised posture detection, and compare the supervised technique to our new, unsupervised technique. Results indicate that the supervised technique performs with a mean 82.06% accuracy, while our unsupervised approach achieves a mean 74.25% accuracy, indicating that in some cases, our new unsupervised technique is capable of achieving comparable performance.
Axonal Regeneration in the Sensory Dorsal Column Pathway

Abstract This review provides a short historical background to the field of axonal regeneration and discusses the advances made in over 100 studies between 2007 and 2012 in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the conditioning lesion and regeneration of primary sensory axons in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord. Treatment strategies to stimulate axon growth and reinnervation of the spinal cord through the dorsal root entry zone and of the dorsal column nuclei in the medulla are highlighted. Major breakthroughs have been made, e.g., reinnervating the nucleus gracilis in the medulla using neurotrophic factor gradients and grafts as relays and identifying chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan receptors. The experimental accessibility of the dorsal column axons has also resulted in new technological advances, including live imaging. Last, future directions are discussed, including some challenges of translation to humans.
What is clearance worth? Patients’ stated risk tolerance for psoriasis treatments

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide quantitative evidence of patients’ tolerance for therapeutic risks associated with psoriasis treatments that could offer psoriasis improvements bey...
Submesoscale Dynamics in the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Part II: Temperature–Salinity Relations and Cross-Shelf Transport Processes

AbstractThis paper, the second of three, investigates submesoscale dynamics in the northern Gulf of Mexico under the influence of the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River system, using numerical simulations at 500-m horizontal resolution with climatological atmospheric forcing. The Turner angle Tu, a measure of the relative effect of temperature and salinity on density, is examined with respect to submesoscale current generation in runs with and without riverine forcing. Surface Tu probability density functions in solutions including rivers show a temperature-dominated signal offshore, associated with Loop Current water, and a nearshore salinity-dominated signal, associated with fresh river water, without a clear compensating signal, as often found instead in the ocean’s mixed layer. The corresponding probability distribution functions in the absence of rivers differ, illustrating the key role played by the freshwater output in determining temperature–salinity distributions in the northern Gulf of Mexico during ...
Developing a Consistent Database for Regional Geologic CO2 Storage Capacity Worldwide

Abstract Assessments of the geologic storage capacity of carbon dioxide in the current literature are incomplete and inconsistent, complicating efforts to assess the worldwide potential for carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). We developed a method for generating first-order estimates of storage capacity requiring minimal data to characterize a geologic formation. We show this simplified method accounts for the majority of the variance in storage capacity found in more detailed studies conducted in the United States. We apply our method to create a worldwide database of storage capacity, disaggregated into 18 regions, and compare this storage capacity to CCS deployment in the MIT Economic Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model. Globally, we estimate there are between 8,000 and 55,000 gigatonnes (Gt) of practically accessible geologic storage capacity for carbon dioxide. For most of the regions, our results indicate storage capacity is not a limiting factor for CCS deployment through the rest of this century even if stringent emissions reductions are required.
Keystone mutualism strengthens top-down effects by recruiting large-bodied ants.

Determining the impacts of mutualistic interactions and predator diversity on food webs are two important goals in community ecology. In this study, we examined how predator community variation mediates the strength of top–down effects in the presence and absence of mutualistic interactions. We examined the impacts of predatory ant species that simultaneously prey on leaf-chewing herbivores (Lepidoptera) and engage in food-for-protection mutualisms with sap-feeding herbivores (Hemiptera) in the lower canopy of Connecticut forests. In this 2-year study, we examined three hypothetical mechanisms by which mutualisms can alter the top–down effects of ants: (1) sap feeders increase ant abundance, thus strengthening predatory effects; (2) sap feeders increase the relative abundance of a species that has stronger predatory effects; and (3) changes to predator diversity (species richness) are caused by sap feeders mediating top–down effects of the ant community. Experiments revealed that host plants occupied by sap feeders favored large-bodied ant species in the genus Camponotus, but there were no changes to community-wide ant abundance or ant species richness. Fitting predictions of predation strength based on the functional trait of body size, large-bodied Camponotus suppressed caterpillars and reduced leaf herbivory. This work shows that the ant–hemipteran mutualism, which has been characterized as a keystone interaction, can generate strong top–down effects on leaf-chewing herbivores and herbivory via increasing the relative abundance of species with functional traits relevant to predation, such as body size. Therefore, the emergence of specific ants as keystone predators in a community can be contingent upon their mutualism with sap-feeding Hemiptera.
The Nuts and Bolts of Food Immunotherapy: The Future of Food Allergy

Food allergies are on the rise and have a major impact on the quality of life of the food allergic child and their family. Currently, the mainstream treatment for food allergies is strict avoidance and elimination of the allergenic food(s) from the patient’s diet in order to prevent an allergic reaction. However, recent advances in research have presented new therapeutic options for food allergic patients that are potentially becoming promising alternatives to traditional treatment. Food immunotherapy is the most popular of these new emerging interventions and has been studied intensively over the last decade for various foods. In this review, we discuss this exciting new development that is aspiring to become part of the mainstream therapy for food allergy.
Credit Policy and the Balance of Payments in Developing Countries

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a relatively simple macroeconomic model that is relevant to developing countries. It is designed to capture the short-run relationship between the excess demand or supply of money and key economic variables. Specifically, the model attempts to analyze both the relationship between changes in the foreign sector and the monetary variables in the economy, as well as the relationship between changes in these monetary variables and the domestic demand for goods which induces further changes in the foreign sector. It further makes a distinction between money of domestic origin and money of foreign origin, and attempts to determine the effect of monetary policy, defined in terms of variations in domestic credit, on changes in the stock of international reserves. The chapter discusses the individual equations that make up the model and also how the model operates.
Nonlinearity: Historical and Technological View

The title of this conference causes us to ask about the meaning of Condensed Matter Physics and of nonlinearity. The ambiguities in Condensed Matter Physics are trivial, and need no belaboring. Every highly developed branch of science has borderline subjects which can be excluded, or included, according to taste. The ambiguity in nonlinear is deeper, and reflects the mode of description. We tend to consider classical motion in a constant, linear, or quadratic potential as linear and refer to anharmonicity when we go beyond that. But the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, even for a free particle, is already nonlinear. On the other hand the Schrodinger equation is always linear, no matter how complex the potential, and as a limiting case can always describe the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The classical Liouville equation is also linear and represents the universal trick for making things look linear, in the case of deterministic problems. We populate the space, in which the solutions evolve, with a density, and all the real complexities are shifted to the description of the motion of a point in this solution space. The kind of linearity obtained via the Liouville equation does not require deterministic behavior, the master equation is also linear, and treats stochastic problems. The low field Hall current, in crossed electric and magnetic fields, represents a linear conductance, if we consider the magnetic field to be a parameter. If, however, we consider electric and magnetic fields as simultaneous components of a total electromagnetic field, then it is clearly nonlinear. Chaos is taken as a symptom of nonlinearity. We can, however, ask about the deviations from a given chaotic solution and return to linearity [1]. It is possible that there is some kind of rational path through this perplexity, and that there is a broadly applicable definition of nonlinearity. I do not know about it, and interpret nonlinear in a more phenomenological sense. Nonlinearity has to do with thresholds, with multi-stability, with hysteresis, with phenomena which change qualitatively as we change excitation.
Impacts of early powered mobility provision on disability identity: A case study.

Background/purpose Providing powered mobility technology to people with disabilities is a common rehabilitation practice. However, the relationship between powered mobility introduction and identity development, when considered in the context of lived experiences of children with disabilities and their families, is not well understood. Investigating this relationship is timely given the emergence of alternative, community-based early mobility opportunities using adapted mobility toys whose impact may contrast experiences using powered wheelchairs typically provided in rehabilitation settings. Method Using a qualitative, ethnographic case study approach, in-depth interview and field observation data were collected with 2 children and families, 1 who received a traditional powered wheelchair and the other who received an adapted mobility toy. A grounded theory approach guided the data analysis, and emerging themes were discussed until consensus was reached between Heather Feldner and families. Results Findings revealed four themes: (1) dys/function of mobility technology; (2) daily Life, play, and participation; (3) emerging self/advocacy; and (4) complex family/industry interplay. Conclusion Similarities and differences were present within the situated experiences of each family. Experiences were foregrounded by instances of emerging identity development throughout provision processes that were influenced by caregiver perceptions of disability (positive vs. negative), aesthetics and function (medical vs. adventure), and perceived intent of the devices (an opportunity for freedom vs. prolonging need for undesired mobility equipment). These findings highlight the varied dynamics and spheres of influence this transaction may have on the developing identity of children with disabilities, which may ultimately help inform future models of provision and rehabilitation practices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Osteoblast differentiation during orthodontic tooth movement

Objectives To analyse the expression of osteoblast differentiation markers and osteoclast activity in the periodontal ligament (PDL) following 2, 4 and 7 days of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in an animal model. Setting and sample population Eighteen C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Material and methods For the OTM model, orthodontic force was applied to the maxillary right first molar using a closed-coil NiTi spring activated between the molar and incisors. The left side served as the control. Following OTM, the dissected tissues were scanned for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis and processed for histology. Histological stains included tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining for osteoclasts and immunohistochemistry for osteoblast markers alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), osteopontin (OP) and osteocalcin (OC). Results Micro-CT analysis showed increasing OTM on days 2, 4 and 7 days as well as decrease in bone volume and per cent bone volume at 4 and 7 days. Statistically significant increases in osteoblast marker expression were seen in all groups when compared to the control. TRAP expression was highest at 4 and 7 days, α-SMA was highest at 2 days and OP/OC was highest at 4 days. Conclusion During OTM, proliferation of pre-osteoblasts peaks at 2 days while mineralization of the osteoid peaks at 4 days. The osteoclast response is delayed.
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclic thiosulfinates are accelerated by hyperconjugative interactions

Cyclic thiosulfinates are a class of biocompatible molecules, currently expanding our in vivo toolkit. Agar and co-workers have shown that they are capable of efficient cross-linking reactions. While strain energy has been shown to promote the nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclic disulfides, the reactivities of cyclic thiosulfinate nucleophilic substitution is unexplored. We used density functional theory calculations [M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p)] to determine the activation and reaction free energies for the reactions of 3–10-membered cyclic thiosulfinates and cyclic disulfides with methyl thiolate. The nucleophilic substitution reaction of cyclic thiosulfinates was found to be strain-promoted, similar to the strain-promoted nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclic disulfides. The origin of the nearly 100-fold rate enhancement of cyclic thiosulfinates over cyclic disulfides was understood using the distortion/interaction model and natural bond order analysis. The cyclic thiosulfinates benefit from a hyperconjugative interaction between an oxygen lone pair and the orbital . This interaction generally lengthens the reactant S1–S2 bond, which pre-distorts cyclic thiosulfinates to resemble their corresponding transition structures. The inductive effect of the oxygen in cyclic thiosulfinates lowers the orbital energies relative to cyclic disulfides and results in more stabiliizing transition state frontier molecular orbital interactions with methyl thiolate.
Scale-dependent effects of geography, host ecology, and host genetics, on species composition and co-occurrence in a stickleback parasite metacommunity

ABSTRACT A core goal of ecology is to understand the abiotic and biotic variables that regulate species distributions and community composition. A major obstacle is that the rules governing species distribution can change with spatial scale. Here, we illustrate this point using data from a spatially nested metacommunity of parasites infecting a metapopulation of threespine stickleback fish from 34 lakes on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Parasite communities differ among host individuals within each host population and between host populations. The distribution of each parasite taxon depends, to varying degrees, on individual host traits (e.g., mass, diet) and on host population characteristics (e.g., lake size, mean diet). However, in most cases, a given parasite was regulated by different factors at the host-individual and host-population scales, contributing to scale-dependent patterns of parasite-species co-occurrence.
The Role of the Jury (and the Fact/Law Distinction) in the Interpretation of Written Contracts

The interpretation of a written contract term is commonly considered a question of law and not left to the jury. This article examines that proposition from the perspective of principle, policy and empirical reality. The usual basis ascribed for drawing the fact/law distinction references the difference between particular and general decisions. If the decision impacts just the particular case, and does not set a precedent for future cases, then it is normally a question of fact. That would suggest that many interpretation questions raises issues of fact and should be sent to the jury. Yet the black letter law is to the contrary, unless the interpretation issues involve consideration of contested "extrinsic" evidence, such as evidence about pre-contract negotiations or usages of trade. The parole evidence rule (PER) determines when such evidence is relevant to interpretation issues, but the PER is very conflicted, with courts and commentators divided whether to follow a "hard" or "soft" parole evidence rule. The article then turns to grand policy considerations, such as respect for party autonomy, efficiency, and redistribution (or fairness) for guidance. It concludes that there are many arguments for treating interpretation issues as factual, unless one fears that jury decisions are based on factors other than those reflected in the judge's instructions. Jury scepticism probably accounts for many of the rules we have today, including advocacy for a "hard" PER and a plain meaning approach to the interpretation of written texts. Yet we no little empirically about how juries behave in contract cases, though we do know that a reasonably high percentage of contract cases go to the jury (commonly on issues other than interpretation). The article concludes with a discussion of Judge Richard Posner's proposed compromise solution to the hard v. soft debate about the PER (see AM International v. Graphic Management), distinguishing between objective and subjective extrinsic evidence. Arguing that this solution, though a reasonable one, is unlikely to have legs, the author concludes that we are destined for continued chaos or unpredictability in this area of the law.
Socioeconomic disparities in prehospital cardiac arrest outcomes: An analysis of the NEMSIS database.

Abstract Background Socioeconomic disparities are engrained in the US healthcare system and may extend to the prehospital cardiac arrest setting where mortality is high. Methods Using the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) database, 150,003 cases were analyzed comparing socioeconomic status and cardiac arrest outcomes. Cardiac arrest outcomes were measured by the percent of cases that achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and the percent of cases in which ROSC occurred in the Emergency Department (ED) as opposed to a prehospital setting which was a proxy for the length of time spent in cardiac arrest. Chi-square tests checked for statistical significance and effect size was measured using Pearson's r values and linear regression coefficients. Results Comparing neighborhood poverty level and the percent of cardiac arrest cases that achieved ROSC resulted in a Pearson's r value of 0.9424 (R2 = 0.8881, p Conclusions Low income individuals in cardiac arrest have a statistically significant lower probability of achieving ROSC and a higher chance of delayed ROSC.
Development of a quality measures tool for the utilization of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: An integrated specialty pharmacy initiative.

BackgroundTyrosine kinase inhibitors, commonly prescribed for non-small cell lung cancer, are efficacious but pose safety risks that can diminish quality of life. Quality measures to ensure appropr...
DFS3: automated distributed file system storage state reconstruction

Distributed file systems present distinctive forensic challenges in comparison to traditional locally mounted file system volume. Storage device media can number in the thousands, and forensic investigations in this setting necessitate a tailored approach to data collection. The Hadoop Distributed File System (HFDS) produces and maintains partially persistent metadata that is pursuant with a logical volume, a file system, and file addresses on the centralized server. Hence, this research investigates the viability of using a residual central server digital artifact to generate a history model of the distributed file system. The history model affords an investigator a high-level perspective of low-level events to narrow investigative process obligations. The model is generated through set-theoretic relations of the file system essential data structure. Graph-theoretic ordering is applied to the events to provide a history model. The research contribution is a rapid reconstruction of the HDFS storage state transitions generating timelines for system events to forensically assess HDFS properties with conceptual similarity to traditional low-level file system forensic tool output. The results of this research provide a prototype tool, DFS3, for rapid and noninvasive data storage state timeline reconstruction in a big data distributed file system.
Foreword to the Symposium on Brunei’s New Islamic Criminal Code

In this inaugural issue of Harvard Law School’s Journal in Islamic Law, we use the new Forum, designed for scholarly debate on recent developments and scholarship in the field, to feature a Symposium on the passage of a new 'Islamic Criminal Code' in Brunei. This new criminal code has generated extensive international media attention but little close analysis. In this Forum, four scholars offer scholarly essays that examine the contours of this new legislation and the extent to which it intersects with antecedents in Islamic history and with precedents in modern criminal law and procedure, comparatively. With a foreword by Intisar A. Rabb, Mansurah Izzul Mohamed, Dominik M. Muller, and Adnan A. Zulfiqar assess the history, workings, and critiques surrounding Brunei’s new code. Accompanying their essays is the SHARIAsource Online Companion to the Forum on Islamic Criminal Law in Brunei, which provides the text of each law, and of its antecedents, at beta.shariasource.com.
Learning Intrinsic Symbolic Rewards in Reinforcement Learning

Learning effective policies for sparse objectives is a key challenge in Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL). A common approach is to design task-related dense rewards to improve task learnability. While such rewards are easily interpreted, they rely on heuristics and domain expertise. Alternate approaches that train neural networks to discover dense surrogate rewards avoid heuristics, but are high-dimensional, black-box solutions offering little interpretability. In this paper, we present a method that discovers dense rewards in the form of low-dimensional symbolic trees - thus making them more tractable for analysis. The trees use simple functional operators to map an agent's observations to a scalar reward, which then supervises the policy gradient learning of a neural network policy. We test our method on continuous action spaces in Mujoco and discrete action spaces in Atari and Pygames environments. We show that the discovered dense rewards are an effective signal for an RL policy to solve the benchmark tasks. Notably, we significantly outperform a widely used, contemporary neural-network based reward-discovery algorithm in all environments considered.
Biopsychosocial Risk Profiles among African American and Non-Hispanic White Adults: Findings from The Health and Retirement Study.

Background Compared to Whites, African Americans have elevated risk for earlier onset fatal and non-fatal chronic conditions and accelerated aging. Despite these persistent race disparities, the causes remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to define a biopsychosocial risk typology that might explain accelerated aging in African Americans. Methods Analyses were based on the African American and White subsample of the Health and Retirement Study (N=8,269). Latent class analysis was used to identify risk types. Chronic health conditions, salivary telomere length (STL), emotional support from family, negative interaction with family, early life adversities, and discrimination were used as class indicators. Latent class multinomial logistic regression was used to identify racial and demographic differences in risk type membership. Results Three distinct risk types were identified: high risk, health risk, and psychosocial risk. African Americans were more likely than Whites to be assigned to the high risk type characterized by chronic health conditions, shorter STL, strained social relationships and high psychosocial stress. African Americans were less likely than Whites to be assigned to the health risk type characterized by chronic health conditions, shorter STL, optimal social relationships and low psychosocial stress. Conclusions The biopsychosocial risk typology accounted for population heterogeneity, identified high-risk profiles and modifiable factors within risk types that can inform current clinical interventions. The risk types also revealed different patterns of risk and resilience factors and shed light on the interplay between telomere length, stress exposure, chronic disease and accelerated aging in African Americans.
Translation of Array-Based Loops to Spark SQL

Many programs written to analyze data are expressed in terms of array operations in an imperative programming language with loops. However, for data analysts who need to analyze vast volumes of data, large-scale data-intensive processing is becoming a necessity. Hence, they want to convert their programs, originally written to run on a single computer, to work on current Big Data systems, such as Map-Reduce and Spark, so that they can process larger amounts of data. We present a novel framework, called SQLgen, that automatically translates imperative programs with loops and array operations to distributed data-parallel programs. Unlike related work, SQL- gen translates these programs to SQL, which can be translated to more efficient code since it can be optimized using a relational database optimizer. SQLgen has been implemented on Spark SQL. We compare the performance of SQLgen with DIABLO, hand-written RDD-based, and Spark SQL programs on real- world problems. SQLgen is up to 78× faster than DIABLO and up to 25× faster than hand-written RDD-based programs, giving performance close to that of hand-written programs in Spark SQL.
A circuit basis for morphogenesis

Morphogenesis is the generation of structural patterns through a dynamic process. The mathematical basis of morphogenesis has long been studied with the key initial work by Alan Turing. This paper explores the consequences of a circuit basis for reaction-diffusion systems on morphogenesis, including the reachability of patterns and the logical basis of pattern stability. We consider how morphological patterns can arise through iterative computation and produce robust forms. Through an exhaustive analysis of reaction-diffusion dynamics in a minimal model of morphogenesis, we show how the stability and reachability of morphologies are influenced by their circuit basis. We show that this model exhibits similar behavior to the recently experimentally observed dynamics not accounted for by Turing's original model. We conclude by presenting an additional class of metastable patterns exhibited in this model.
Documentation of Complete Response in Metastatic Breast Cancer to Liver and Bone Achieved with Trastuzumab and Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin

We present a case report of a complete response to a combination of trastuzumab and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in a female patient with recurrent metastatic HER-2 positive breast cancer after anthracy-cline-based adjuvant primary chemotherapy. To our knowledge this sequence of events has not previ-ously been reported.In September 2003, after routine mammographic detection, this 59-year-old business executive mother of two underwent right mastectomy and axillary node dissection with immediate reconstruction. Pathologic diagnosis included a T1N0M0 poorly differentiated in ﬁ ltrating ductal carcinoma and further characterized by high proliferative fraction, negative hormone receptors, 3 + Her2 expression by immu-nohistochemistry, and 8-fold ampliﬁ cation of Her2 by FISH. Entry into Intergroup Study N9831 (1) was precluded by presumed pressure related brachial paresis during her postoperative recovery. Her adjuvant chemotherapy consisted of four cycles of doxorubicin (60 mg/m
Degenerative and Regenerative Events in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System

The ability of xenobiotics and numerous disease conditions to produce cell death in the nervous system is well established with examples involving all cell types. In contrast to the varied nature of primary initiating events responsible for cell death, there is a smaller group of prevalent secondary processes including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, energy deprivation, and dysregulation of Ca 2 + homeostasis that commonly interact to bring about a cell’s demise and determine which death pathway is followed. For both neurons and glial cells, necrosis and a group of closely related programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms including apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis are well-recognized pathways leading to cell death. Individual cells within a given population may follow different pathways as a result of temporal effects and the nature of the insult. Moreover, the PCD pathways utilize some of the same mechanisms to carry out the process of cell death and thus, some cells exhibit characteristics inherent to more than one pathway. While there are sufficiently established biochemical and morphological characteristics to distinguish the prevailing mechanisms of necrosis from PCD, distinguishing the PCD pathway activated in a particular cell or tissue is not always readily accomplished. Necrosis is most typically a pathological event associated with a more severe and acute insult involving an entire population of localized cells and PCD is associated with more moderate stress or injury commonly exhibited by individual cells within an otherwise unaffected population of cells. Neural networks also can be disrupted and functional deficits incurred in the absence of neuronal loss through axonal degeneration. Whether or not normal function of the nervous system is maintained or regained following pathological loss of cells is dependent on the capacity of the nervous system to compensate. This compensation may be achieved either through regenerative processes that replace lost cells and axons or through compensatory plasticity by remaining components that adapt and assume the function of the lost cells or structures. The peripheral nervous system is considerably more efficient at repair than the central nervous system. Relatively recent studies on neurogenesis have provided a credible challenge to the previously held dogma that in the fully developed nervous system there is a cumulative loss of neurons throughout life and that in the absence of an ability to replace lost neurons leads to an inevitable decline of function with age. Although there are considerable challenges, these discoveries have generated interest in neurogenesis and transplantation of neural stem cells as potential therapeutic approaches for neurological injury. The first part of this article will discuss the most prevalent secondary processes and final pathways that execute degenerative events within the nervous system and the second part will describe and contrast regenerative processes within the central and peripheral nervous system.
Relative contributions of aleatory and epistemic uncertainty sources in time series prediction

Abstract This paper develops a novel computational framework to compute the Sobol indices that quantify the relative contributions of various uncertainty sources towards the system response prediction uncertainty. In the presence of both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty, two challenges are addressed in this paper for the model-based computation of the Sobol indices: due to data uncertainty, input distributions are not precisely known; and due to model uncertainty, the model output is uncertain even for a fixed realization of the input. An auxiliary variable method based on the probability integral transform is introduced to distinguish and represent each uncertainty source explicitly, whether aleatory or epistemic. The auxiliary variables facilitate building a deterministic relationship between the uncertainty sources and the output, which is needed in the Sobol indices computation. The proposed framework is developed for two types of model inputs: random variable input and time series input. A Bayesian autoregressive moving average (ARMA) approach is chosen to model the time series input due to its capability to represent both natural variability and epistemic uncertainty due to limited data. A novel controlled-seed computational technique based on pseudo-random number generation is proposed to efficiently represent the natural variability in the time series input. This controlled-seed method significantly accelerates the Sobol indices computation under time series input, and makes it computationally affordable.
Conceptualizing Behavior Disorders in Terms of Resistance to Intervention

Behavior disorders are conceptualized from the perspective of resistance to intervention. A child might be considered to have a behavioral disorder if behavioral excesses, deficits, and/or situatio...
Recent Progress on Man-Made Inorganic Nanomachines

The successful development of nanoscale machinery, which can operate with high controllability, high precision, long lifetimes, and tunable driving powers, is pivotal for the realization of future intelligent nanorobots, nanofactories, and advanced biomedical devices. However, the development of nanomachines remains one of the most difficult research areas, largely due to the grand challenges in fabrication of devices with complex components and actuation with desired efficiency, precision, lifetime, and/or environmental friendliness. In this work, the cutting-edge efforts toward fabricating and actuating various types of nanomachines and their applications are reviewed, with a special focus on nanomotors made from inorganic nanoscale building blocks, which are introduced according to the employed actuation mechanism. The unique characteristics and obstacles for each type of nanomachine are discussed, and perspectives and challenges of this exciting field are presented.
Optimization of cost subject to uncertainty constraints in experimental fluid flow and heat transfer

Uncertainty analysis in the initial stages of any experimental work is essential in obtaining high-quality data. It insures that the proposed experiment has been thoroughly planned, and that the quantities to be calculated from the experimental measurements will be known with reasonable accuracy and precision. While an uncertainty analysis helps insure reliable results, there is another equally significant aspect in the experimental planning stage: minimization of experimental equipment expenses. A method is presented here in which these two essential experimental elements are combined and viewed as an optimization problem for systematic examination. The analysis allows a systematic search for the least expensive combination of experimental equipment that will give the desired accuracy of results. For the numerical solution the Sequential Gradient Restoration Algorithm (SGRA) is selected. A typical experimental fluid flow and heat transfer problem is given, demonstrating the analysis and numerical solution.
Alternatives to lecture: revealing the power of peer instruction and cooperative learning

This session will demonstrate best practices for integrating a variety of student engagement pedagogies into the classroom. Presenters play the role of instructors on the first day of class. Audience members play the role of students as they collaborate on a variety of sample activities. By providing models of active learning in computing contexts, we seek to motivate instructors to adopt these pedagogies in their classrooms. Attendees will be invited to join a growing community of faculty who share resources and best practices. Sufficient time will be reserved for questions and discussion.
Eye movements and decrement in the Oppel-Kundt illusion

Two groups of 15 Ss each observed the Oppel-Kundt illusion, in which a divided extent appears longer than an undivided extent. The group which made saccadic eye movements over the figure showed significant decrement of the illusion, while the group which maintained steady fixation showed no decrement. These results support an interpretation which maintains that information from eye-movement errors provides data as to the nature and extent of the illusion, thus leading to decrement.
The Iodine Requirements of the Breeding Hen 2. Hens Reared on a Diet Deficient in Iodine

Abstract AN INVESTIGATION of the literature reveals a great lack of information on the iodine requirements for egg production and hatchability. Unfortunately, the extensive studies of Wilgus et al. (1953) were conducted prior to the discovery of vitamin B12 and the poor hatchability obtained on a “goitrogenic” diet (22 p.p.b.) could not be corrected with supplemental iodine, probably due to a vitamin B12 deficiency, and the results could not be interpreted. However, the authors found that the lowest level of iodine obtainable with a “practical-type” ration (220 p.p.b.) supported egg production and hatchability as well as any higher levels. Creek et al. (1955) observed a decrease in hatchability and a prolongation of hatching time when hens were maintained on a basal diet containing approximately 15–30 p.p.b. iodine. A level of 75 p.p.b. iodine supported hatchability comparable to higher levels. Egg production was not affected by the iodine content of the diet.…
Biomolecular motors at the intersection of nanotechnology and polymer science

The dynamic cytoskeletal components, biomolecular motors and their associated filaments, can be integrated in vitro with synthetic components to enable nanoscale transport systems. These “molecular shuttles” have generated significant scientific interest over the past decade, resulting in over 200 publications. This review focuses on the contributions involving the use of linear biomolecular motors, kinesin and myosin, and their associated filaments, microtubule and actin, in device applications. Exploiting the naturally occurring motion between the motors and their associated filaments requires an interdisciplinary understanding of the underlying challenges. Three basic topics that most of the experimental contributions have sought to address are: the guiding of shuttle movement, the loading and unloading of cargo onto the shuttles, and the control of motor activity. The physical properties of motors and filaments determine the engineering solutions to the design challenges. The applications, which center on the basic capability of nanoscale motion, and the roadblocks to their widespread implementation will be discussed in detail.
Use of thoracic spine manipulation in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis: a case report

Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common and disabling shoulder condition seen in physical therapy, and there is no clear consensus as to the best treatment approach. Recently there has been emerging evidence that manual therapy directed at the thoracic spine may be beneficial for patients with shoulder pain; however, this has not been examined specifically in patients with AC. The purpose of this paper is to present the case of 59-year-old female referred to physical therapy with a diagnosis of AC. The patient presented with complaints of left shoulder pain and significant limitations in range of motion (ROM) and upper extremity function. The initial treatment included exercises and manual therapy directed at the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints, and after 10 visits only minimal progress had been made. Further examination revealed mobility and ROM deficits in the thoracic spine, and manual therapy directed at this region was incorporated into her treatment. After the first session of thoracic spine manual therapy (TSMT) a 25 degree improvement was noted in active shoulder flexion. After four total visits of TSMT substantial improvements in pain, ROM, and function were noted compared to those made during the first 10 visits. This case adds to the emerging evidence that manual therapy directed at the thoracic spine should be considered for patients with shoulder pain.