cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Core Correctional Practices in Community Supervision: An Evaluation of a Policy Mandate to Increase Probation Officer Use of Skills:

Community supervision officer training programs aim to translate core correctional practices into routine practice. These training programs emphasize skill-building designed to shift supervision strategies from law enforcement/compliance-oriented to a focus on promoting and supporting behavior change. Despite evidence of their effectiveness, research finds trained officers use newly learned skills infrequently. The current study examined the impact of a policy, implemented post-training, designed to encourage trained officers to use skills emphasized by the Staff Training Aimed at Reducing Rearrest (STARR) training program more frequently. The current study examined the effectiveness of this policy on the frequency and type of skills used by officers in their interactions with individuals on their caseload. Analyses suggested the policy mandate was effective in increasing skill use, however officers still used trained skills in less than half of their interactions. Implications and considerations for increasing the use of skills are discussed.
Solid-state cladding on thin automotive sheet metals enabled by additive friction stir deposition

Abstract Additive friction stir deposition is an innovative solid-state additive manufacturing process that creates near-net-shape 3D components based on deformation bonding rather than melting and solidification. Here, we employ this process for selective cladding on thin Al-Mg-Si sheet metals and evaluate its feasibility for automotive manufacturing based on the cladding quality and substrate distortion. We show that under optimal conditions, additive friction stir deposition can produce high-quality cladding without surface or interface porosity even if the substrate is as thin as 1.4 mm. In addition, the high strength and good formability of the original Al-Mg-Si substrate are preserved in the post-cladding reinforced structure, which exhibits an ultimate tensile strength of 250 MPa and an elongation of 30 %. Despite the mechanical forces imposed by the tool during deposition, no local buckling or wrinkling is observed in the thin substrate. During cooling, however, in situ monitoring shows that mild, global substrate distortion gradually develops. Upon unclamping, the cladding-on-plate system reconfigures itself to minimize the potential energy, leading to an anticlastic curvature. Based on the curvature measurement and classical lamination theory, this work provides the first quantification of the residual stress caused by this newly-developed additive technology, in which the maximum tensile stress is estimated to be around 40 MPa in the rectangular reinforced structure and the interface mismatch strain is 7.37 × 10−4. Both values are low thanks to the solid-state nature of the process.
Chapter 30 Governing Social-Ecological Systems

Abstract Social-ecological systems are complex adaptive systems where social and biophysical agents are interacting at multiple temporal and spatial scales. The main challenge for the study of governance of social-ecological systems is improving our understanding of the conditions under which cooperative solutions are sustained, how social actors can make robust decisions in the face of uncertainty and how the topology of interactions between social and biophysical actors affect governance. We review the contributions of agent-based modeling to these challenges for theoretical studies, studies which combines models with laboratory experiments and applications of practical case studies. Empirical studies from laboratory experiments and field work have challenged the predictions of the conventional model of the selfish rational agent for common pool resources and public-good games. Agent-based models have been used to test alternative models of decision-making which are more in line with the empirical record. Those models include bounded rationality, other regarding preferences and heterogeneity among the attributes of agents. Uncertainty and incomplete knowledge are directly related to the study of governance of social-ecological systems. Agent-based models have been developed to explore the consequences of incomplete knowledge and to identify adaptive responses that limited the undesirable consequences of uncertainties. Finally, the studies on the topology of agent interactions mainly focus on land use change, in which models of decision-making are combined with geographical information systems. Conventional approaches in environmental economics do not explicitly include non-convex dynamics of ecosystems, non-random interactions of agents, incomplete understanding, and empirically based models of behavior in collective action. Although agent-based modeling for social-ecological systems is in its infancy, it addresses the above features explicitly and is therefore potentially useful to address the current challenges in the study of governance of social-ecological systems.
Mitigating Bias in Session-based Cyberbullying Detection: A Non-Compromising Approach

The element of repetition in cyberbullying behavior has directed recent computational studies toward detecting cyberbullying based on a social media session. In contrast to a single text, a session may consist of an initial post and an associated sequence of comments. Yet, emerging efforts to enhance the performance of session-based cyberbullying detection have largely overlooked unintended social biases in existing cyberbullying datasets. For example, a session containing certain demographic-identity terms (e.g., “gay” or “black”) is more likely to be classified as an instance of cyberbullying. In this paper, we first show evidence of such bias in models trained on sessions collected from different social media platforms (e.g., Instagram). We then propose a context-aware and model-agnostic debiasing strategy that leverages a reinforcement learning technique, without requiring any extra resources or annotations apart from a pre-defined set of sensitive triggers commonly used for identifying cyberbullying instances. Empirical evaluations show that the proposed strategy can simultaneously alleviate the impacts of the unintended biases and improve the detection performance.
A descriptive evaluation of causes of death in venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) has become an important support modality for patients with acute respiratory failure refractory to optimal medical therapy, such as low tid...
Doctors and management--why bother?

In November the chief executive of St Christopher's, Mr Vincent, announced that the oncology ward would be closed for five months from the following week, for redecoration. Medical staff were outraged: this ward provided specialist oncology care for children from all over the region, and their parents gained a good deal of support from each other and from the medical staff. The oncology service had been built up over many years and provided specialist training courses for nursing and other staff. Patients were to be dispersed around the general wards and thus put at considerable risk of infection. Staff were also sure that the specialist nurses would find work in other oncology units so the hospital would lose its oncology nursing expertise. The consultants' anger was further fuelled by the fact that, on the face of things, doctors were being encouraged to take part in management, an involvement vociferously endorsed by the general manager. The hospital had a clinical directorate structure, but very little in the way of significant decisions seemed to be discussed at the clinical directors' meetings. The atmosphere had become increasingly sour over the previous two years, and several highly respected clinicians had left for posts in the pharmaceutical industry and abroad. The following week several consultants challenged Mr Vincent about his decision. He explained that he had taken advice from some senior key clinicians, but he refused to name them. This resulted in much speculation, suspicion, and ill feeling among the consultants. The nurses were also furious and felt that they had been betrayed by trusted colleagues. The atmosphere was extremely tense, and at the end of the week Dr Roberts called a meeting of the medical staff. At the meeting it transpired that no one had, in fact, advised Mr Vincent about the subject of …
7.3 Stress, Deformation, Conservation, and Rheology: A Survey of Key Concepts in Continuum Mechanics

This chapter provides a brief survey of key concepts in continuum mechanics. It focuses on the fundamental physical concepts that underlie derivations of the mathematical formulations of stress, strain, hydraulic head, pore-fluid pressure, and conservation equations. It then shows how stresses are linked to strain and rates of distortion through some special cases of idealized material behaviors. The goal is to equip the reader with a physical understanding of key mathematical formulations that anchor continuum mechanics in order to better understand theoretical studies published in geomorphology.
Channel Surfing, Brand Loyalty and Risk Propensity: A Segmentation Approach to Modelling Consumer Switching Behaviours in the USA

This study explores North Americans' propensity for change in the context of consumer switching behaviours: channel surfing, brand loyalty and political loyalty. A proposed framework based on an adoption/diffusion explanation suggests that there is an inverse relationship between age and risk propensity, a positive relationship between males and risk propensity, and a positive relationship between risk propensity and the three switching behaviours mentioned above. A structural equation test of the adoption/diffusion model indicates that the framework is an acceptable basis for understanding the dynamics of demographics, risk and switching behaviours. A subsequent cluster analysis suggested that consumers may be categorized into four segments which we label Hotdoggers, Clamdiggers, Ho-Daddies and Gremlins. A surprising finding was that young women appear to exhibit greater risk propensity and less brand loyalty than young males, though males tend to channel surf more. Several implications for marketers are...
Evolving Geometries in General Relativity

The problem of collisions of shockwaves in gravity is well known and has been studied extensively in the literature. Recently, the interest in this area has been revived trough the anti-de-Sitter space/Conformal Field Theory correspondence (AdS/CFT) with the difference that in this case the background geometry is Anti de Sitter in five dimensions. In a recent project that we have completed in the context of AdS/CFT, we have gained insight in the problem of shockwaves and our goal in this work is to apply the technique we have developed there in the case of ordinary gravity. In the current project, each of the shockwaves correspond to a point-like Stress-Energy tensor that moves with the speed of light while the collision is asymmetric and involves an impact parameter (b). Our method is to expand the metric $(g_{\mu \nu})$ in the background of flat space-time in the presence of the two shockwaves and compute corrections that satisfy causal boundary conditions taking into account back-reactions of the Stress-Energy tensor of the two point-like particles. Our solution respects causality as expected but this casual dependence takes place in an intuitive way. In particular, $g_{\mu \nu}$ at any given point $\vec{r}$ on the transverse plane at fixed $\tau$ evolves according from whether the propagation from the center of each of the shockwaves or from both shockwaves has enough proper time ($\tau$) to reach the point under consideration or not. Simultaneously around the center of each shockwave, the future metric develops a $\delta$-function profile with radius $\tau$; therefore this profile expands outwards from the centers (of the shockwaves) with the speed of light. Finally, we discuss the case of the zero impact parameter collision which results to the violation of conservation and we argue that this might be a signal for the formation of a black hole.
Prototype front end for a petawatt laser system using optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification

A highly efficient, prototype optical parametric chirped-pulse-amplification (OPCPA) system has been built as the front end for a petawatt laser system operating at 1053 nm. The design details and measured performance will be presented.
Essential fatty acid deficiency, prostaglandin synthesis and humoral immunity in Lewis rats.

Essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency is known to alter the immune response in several experimental systems. To further evaluate the effects of EFAs on immunity Lewis rats were fed diets either adequate or deficient in EFAs for 70-80 days. EFA-adequate rats responded to an i.v. injection of 5 X 10(8) sheep erythrocytes with a sharp, short-lived rise in splenic levels of PGE and PGF within 2 minutes after injection. EFA deficiency resulted in a diminution of this PG response. PG production in liver homogenates was also depressed in EFA-deficient liver. An i.v. injection of sheep erythrocytes resulted in a humoral response against this antigen, measured as hemolytic plaque-forming cells in the spleen. EFA deficiency, as well as pretreatment of EFA-adequate rats with indomethacin, an inhibitor of PG synthesis, resulted in a stimulation of the plaque-forming cell response over that observed in control, EFA-adequate rats. The alterations in immune response resulting from changes in PG synthetic capacity may be important in the etiology of certain immunodeficiency syndromes such as the lupus-erythematosus-like autoimmune disease in NZB/W mice.
Computational stochastic dynamic programming problems: groundwater quality remediation

The general objective is the development of supercomputing algorithms for the optimal feedback control of larger scale, continuous time, nonlinear, Markov stochastic dynamical systems. The numerical procedures are based on PDE methods such as the finite element or difference methods for stochastic dynamic programming, as well as other advanced numerical methods. The algorithms have been implemented on the Cray vector multiprocessors and massively parallel Connection Machines. These implementations have utilized advanced supercomputing techniques such as parallelization, vectorization and data structures and decompositions. Problems in 5 state space dimensions have been solved. Large dimensions are required by some applications, such as groundwater remediation and resource management. The principal application focus here is the remediation for groundwater quality through the control of pumping policies when the groundwater is subject to uncertain introduction of contaminants. >
El camino a la Epifanía del Señor: El Modelo de Desarrollo de Clientes

This article is focused on presenting a fast road to the main Lean Startup method principles. It also establishes a 14 norms manifesto that suggests possible questions to take into account in order to be successful by acquiring viability and scalability in technology based business models.
Building Code Magnet Labs for Tablets and Other Devices (Abstract Only)

Code magnet labs are 5-10 minute activities where students are asked to construct a method, function or rule to complete a specific task. The programming languages Java, C/C++, Python and Prolog are supported. In a code magnet lab the student is presented with a sequence of possible code magnets that can be arranged using drag-and-drop to create the desired method. Magnets for control statements can nest other magnets, including nested control statements. The completed method is compiled and subject to unit testing. Test results guide students towards a correct solution; multiple submissions are allowed. Since there is no keyboard entry when using code magnet labs, the labs can be completed using laptops, desktops, tablets and other mobile devices. This workshop is a shorter version of the half-day workshop presented with support from three NSF grants. Participants will experience using existing labs and learn to build their own code magnet lab for Java, Python, C or Prolog (participant's choice). Significant stipends averaging about $1000 will be available for after-workshop activities where the participant develops and tests multiple code magnet labs for his/her own courses in the 2014-2015 academic year. All participants will need a laptop to complete lab activities; teams will only require one laptop per team.
Hydrotropic properties of a novel alkylnaphthalene sulfonate

Alkylbenzenesulfonates based on toluene, xylene, as well as cumene, and alkylnaphthalenesulfonates, act as hydrotropes in surfactant systems. A novel sodium diisopropyl-naphthalene sulfonate (SDIPNS) has been devepoped that contains about 92% diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate, compared to other diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate preparations that contain less than 50% diisopropylnaphthalene sulfonate. This material is both a hydrotrope and a surfactant. The color of a 35% solution is light yellow, Gardner 3, significantly lighter than comparable materials. Draves wetting time for a 0.5% solution is about 30 s. The Ross-Miles foam test (1% solution) indicates a significant level of initial foam, but the foam is unstable. The solubilites of toluene and limonene in SDIPNS are much higher than in other hydrotropes tested. Hydrotropes raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactants; SDIPNS is the most efficient hydrotrope found for this application. Another measure of hydrotropicity is the amount of hydrotrope required to clear a cloudy detergent formulation; this hydrotrope is quite effective. Another measure is the modification of surfactant formulation viscosity; SDIPNS is quite effective. Additionally, SDIPNS changes the solubility of nonionic surfactants in water. SDIPNS is a surfactant as well as a hydrotrope, demonstrating a critical micelle concentration at about 1%.
Rejoinder: Hypermnesia: The importance of recall time and asymptotic level of recall

The points raised by Erdelyi are briefly discussed. He argues that some experiments failing to find level of recall on a first test related to gains across tests provide exceptions to our claims. Most of these alleged exceptions are unrelated to our proposal, since our assertion that level of recall and hypermnesia were correlated specified that recall level referred to asymptotic recall, not that on a first test. The importance of considering recall time as well as recall level in accounting for gains across tests is discussed. The second point, the difficulty in distinguishing between imaginal and other coding factors in accounts of hypermnesia, is not inconsistent with our proposal, as we did not favor a levels of processing account. Consideration of coding factors without regard to retrieval factors will not provide an adequate account of hypermnesia.
Study on Preparation of Nanocarbon Black-Polypropylene Electric Conduction Composite Materials

The paper has learned on the preparation of nanometer carbon black and polypropylene nanocarbon black-polypropylene composite material by using the small extrusion blending mixer which has been designed by our team. The results show that: Resistance of nanometer carbon black - polypropylene composites decreases with increasing carbon black content and extrusion mixing times. Through single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment to determine the optimum process conditions are at 260°C, nanocarbon black content 60%, extrusion mixing times 5. Under these conditions the resistance of nanometer carbon black-get polypropylene composites is 12.73 ohms.
Budgeting and profit variance analysis using a financial planning language

Abstract This note describes an alternative to typical budgeting and variance analysis exercises. As a term project, students use financial planning software to prepare budgets and then use “what-if” techniques to facilitate profit variance analysis. The method enhances understanding of the relationships among budgets, eliminates formula-driven variance analysis, and elucidates the relationship between budgeting and variance analysis.
Hepatic lipid metabolism in experimental diabetes: III. Synthesis and utilization of triglycerides.

Livers removed from normal rats, from alloxan diabetic rats maintained on insulin for two weeks (ADI+), and from insulin-treated diabetic rats from which insulin had been withdrawn two days before use (AD) were perfused in vitro with 120 mg (468 μmoles) palmitic acid-1-C14. Under these conditions, output of TG (triglyceride) was depressed in livers from ADI+ rats and was negligible with livers from AD animals. The total incorporation of C14 into perfusate TG paralleled the chemical measurments of TG output. The concentration of hepatic TG increased during perfusion of livers from normal or ADI+ rats but decreased during perfusion of livers from AD animals.
A New Biological Marker Layer in the Sediments of the Great Lakes: Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Schödler) Spines

The European cladoceran, Bythotrephes cederstroemi (Schodler), recently invaded the Laurentian Great Lakes. Based on recent zooplankton records, it most likely appeared first in 1984 in Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron, and in 1985 in Lake Michigan. It has yet to be reported from Lake Superior. This species is a relatively large-bodied predatory form that possesses a long, caudal, latterally barbed spine. B. cederstroemi spines and spine fragments were found in the upper fractions (predominantly 0–4 cm) of 35 sediment cores collected from seven areas of deposition in the eastern basin of Lake Erie. All remains were well preserved and easy to identify. Very few to 0 spines were found in core depths greater than 4 cm suggesting that the invasion of this species has resulted in a new, readily distinguishable time horizon marker.
Sperm capacitation in the fallopian tube of the hamster and its suppression by endocrine factors

Evidence obtained in the rabbit, an induced ovulator, has created a general view that the sperm capacitation ability of the oviduct cannot be modified significantly by ovarian steroids. The possibility that this may not be so in the reproductive tract of cyclic species has been investigated by timed transfer of eggs and spermatozoa into female hamsters maintained in different endocrine states. In estrous females, few native eggs were penetrated by 5 hours, but a majority were penetrated 6--6.5 hours after insemination of fresh epididymal spermatozoa directly into the ovarian bursa. This indicates that a time of approximately 5--6 hours is required for capacitation in the hamster oviduct alone. Up to 2 hours were needed for most eggs to be penetrated after their transfer to oviducts containing fully capacitated spermatozoa. Subsequent experiments using these criteria showed that the ability of the oviduct to support fertilization was affected significantly by the endocrine state of the female. It was not influenced noticeably by ovariectomy. However, whereas maximal levels were seen on days 1, 3, and 4, fertilization was reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) on day 2 of the estrous cycle when progesterone levels had been elevated for approximately 48 hours. Fertilization of eggs transferred to inseminated oviducts was also reduced comparable in ovariectomized hamsters injected with 3 mg of progesterone twice per day for 9--12 days, and in those that were 8--10 days pregnant. The prospects for complete suppression of capacitation in species with more prolonged cycles and the relevance of this for contraception and analysis of the factors responsible for capacitation are discussed.
Ultrasonic attenuation measurements on Er1−xHoxRh4B4

Abstract Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have been performed in the superconducting, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic states of polycrystalline samples of Er 1− x Ho x Rh 4 B 4 with x =0.6, 0.813 and 0.912, as a function of temperature at constant applied magnetic fields and at constant temperatures up to fields of 7 kOe. For the two samples that exhibit superconductivity, the temperature dependent attenuation curve showed a relative minimum at the superconducting transition temperature T c1 , then increased in the superconducting state with a step decrease at T m . The sample, with x =0.912 ferromagnetically ordered without passing through the superconducting state, had a relative minimum in attenuation at T m , then its attenuation increased as the temperature was lowered. It may be possible that the crystalline electric field (CEF) suppresses that interaction between the spin fluctuations which are associated with the ferromagnetic transition and the phonons. Superconducting currents may screen the effect of the CEF and allow the interaction to appear in the superconducting state.
Local duration-bandwidth product of propagating pulses

In linear wave propagation, the duration of a pulse must ultimately increase with propagation in a dispersive medium. However, it is shown that the local duration, defined in terms of the conditional standard deviation in phase space, does not increase. Similarly, while the duration-bandwidth product increases as the pulse propagates, the local duration-bandwidth product decreases. Moreover, the local duration-bandwidth product is upper bounded by the (global) duration-bandwidth product of the wave.
Fault zone architecture of the San Jacinto fault zone in Horse Canyon, southern California: A model for focused post-seismic fluid flow and heat transfer in the shallow crust

Abstract We report results of a new study of the architecture of the San Jacinto fault zone in Horse Canyon, California, where stream incision has exposed a nearly continuous outcrop of the fault zone at ~ 0.4 km depth. The fault zone at this location consists of a fault core, transition zone, damage zone, and tonalitic wall rocks. We collected and analyzed samples for their bulk and grain density, geochemical data, clay mineralogy, and textural and modal mineralogy. Progressive deformation within the fault zone is characterized by mode I cracking, subsequent shearing of already fractured rock, and cataclastic flow. Grain comminution advances towards the strongly indurated cataclasite fault core. Damage progression towards the core is accompanied by a decrease in bulk and grain density, and an increase in porosity and dilational volumetric strain. Palygorskite and mixed-layer illite/smectite clay minerals are present in the damage and transition zones and are the result of hydrolysis reactions. The estimated percentage of illite in illite/smectite increases towards the fault core where the illite/smectite to illite conversion is complete, suggesting elevated temperatures that may have reached 150 °C. Chemical alteration and elemental mass changes are observed throughout the fault zone and are most pronounced in the fault core. We conclude that the observed chemical and mineralogical changes can only be produced by the interaction of fractured wall rocks and chemically active fluids that are mobilized through the fault zone by thermo-pressurization during and after seismic events. Based on the high element mobility and absence of illite/smectite in the fault core, we expect that the greatest water/rock ratios occur within the fault core. These results indicate that hot pore fluids circulate upwards through the fractured fault core and into the surrounding damage zone. Though difficult to constrain, we speculate that the site studied during this investigation may represent the top of a narrow, ephemeral hydrothermal circulation cell that dissipates heat generated from rupture events at deeper levels (> 4 km).
Teaching Retarded Women a Clothing Selection Skill Using Community Norms.

Five institutionalized retarded women were taught a clothing selection skill to coincide with popular fashion. Normative data concerning popular styles of color-coordinated clothing were collected through observations of women's apparel in a local community. Using a puzzle simulation of a woman with alternative pieces of colored clothing, color coordination training was conducted using modelling, instructions, practice, praise, and feedback to teach popular selections of color combinations. A generalization training component with actual clothing was also included. Training was accompanied by large increases in percentage of popular color selections with the puzzle and actual clothing. The increases maintained over a seven- to 14-week followup period. Time efficiency measures supported the use of the simulation procedure as opposed to total reliance on actual clothing. The results underscore the utility of local norms in community preparation programs and the efficacy of instructional procedures for severely and profoundly retarded persons as part of their participation in the deinstitutionalization movement.
I Can't Wait to Get Married: Gender Differences in Drive to Marry

In this study we examined a new construct—the Drive to Marry (DTM). Young single men and women (149 men and 246 women) rated their desire to get married and completed measures of their valuing of marital, parental, and occupational roles; concern about others' views of them; and feminist attitudes. We found that women had a higher DTM than did men. In both genders, DTM was predicted by the value of parental role and by concern about others' views of them. In women, DTM was also predicted by traditional attitudes toward gender roles, and there was a trend for women who valued the occupational role to have a lower DTM. Conservative women, women who valued the parental role, and women with a higher DTM were also more likely to want to use the title “Mrs.” and to adopt their husband's surname.
The response of the local immunoglobulin system to malignant lesions of the stomach. A new diagnostic test.

The response of the local secretory immunoglobulin system to tumor antigens was studied in 71 patients suspected of harboring a gastric malignancy. Gastric aspirates were obtained by fiberoptic endoscopy and measured on single radial immunodiffusion plates (Behring Diagnostics). Patients with malignant neoplasms of the stomach were divided into Type I and Type II lesions, based on the extent and stage of the disease. Secretory IgA titers were elevated in all patients with a Type I malignant tumor confirmed by histologic examination; mean 43.8 mg/100 (SD ± 40.6 mg/100). Patients with Type II malignant tumors, benign lesions or normal controls had significantly lower IgA titers; mean 6.1 mg/100 (SD ± 3.7 mg/100). This leads us to believe that the host's response to malignant cells of the gastrointestinal system is an altered and elevated secretion of IgA. Evaluation of local immunoglobulin titers may be of value when used in conjunction with other diagnostic modalities in determining the nature of gastrointestinal lesions, particularly when the lesion is not metastatic or massively involving the gastric wall.
Turbulent entrainment across stable density step structures

This paper is a summary of a research on the properties of the turbulent entrainment across stable density-stratified layers, a phenomenon commonly observed in geophysical fluid dynamics. A turbulent environment is created by oscillating grids in quasi-homogeneous layers of slightly different density separated by thin sheets of fluid containing a strong density gradient. The buoyancy flux across thin stable layers is found to be a function of the Richardson and Prandtl numbers. Theoretical and experimental studies are made, leading to a determination of the order of magnitude of the four terms expressing the balance of energy in physical space. It is shown that the turbulent energy flux is of the same order of magnitude as the viscous dissipation of kinetic energy in the quasi-homogeneous layers where the slight density gradient is not altogether negligible because a small but measurable fraction of the turbulent energy flux goes into maintaining the buoyancy flux. Data taken in the stable layer show the simultaneous existence of large internal waves and patchy turbulence. Some properties of these waves as functions of the Richardson number are determined. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1975.tb01677.x
Preparing Future Math Teachers

The U.S. President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology recommends that the federal government provide support over the next decade to recruit and train at least 100,000 new science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) teachers of middle school (ages 11 to 13) and high school. Their strong academic backgrounds should include both “deep content knowledge in STEM subjects and mastery of the pedagogical skills required to teach these subjects well” ( 1 ).
In Situ Analysis of Third Body Contributions to Sliding Friction of a Pb–Mo–S Coating in Dry and Humid Air

Reciprocating sliding tests of ion-beam deposited (IBD) Pb–Mo–S coatings were performed with an in situ tribometer that allows real-time visualization and Raman analysis of the sliding contact through a transparent hemisphere. Experiments were performed in dry air, ambient air (∼50% RH) and mixtures of dry and humid air cycled between low and high humidity. Third bodies formed in the sliding contact were monitored through an optical microscope and analyzed by Raman Spectroscopy. Third body velocity accommodation modes were identified and correlated with friction behavior in dry and ambient air. The dominant velocity accommodation mode in both dry and humid air was interfacial sliding between the outer surface of the transfer film and the wear track; this interface, based on present and earlier studies, is crystalline MoS2. Therefore, the friction coefficient was controlled by the interfacial shear strength of MoS2 sliding against MoS2. Humid air sliding was accompanied by a rise in the friction coefficient and a small but observable second velocity accommodation mode: shear/extrusion of the transfer film. It is concluded that the friction rise in humid air was due to an increase in the interfacial shear strength, and that the rise in friction caused the third body to deform rather than the deformation causing the friction to rise.
SOFTWARE PACKAGES FOR STUDYING DIFFUSION PATHWAYS OF GASES IN PROTEINS

Mapping entry and exit pathways of gases in proteins is now carried out using a combination of crystallographic, spectroscopic and computational techniques. Recent technological advances have brought about a broad range of software packages that can map diffusion pathways in several different classes of proteins, the results of which can be verified experimentally. We review some of the software packages used to study diffusion pathways in different proteins and discuss some common applications. It is anticipated that this review will serve as a useful resource in choosing the software package best suited to one's need to study a problem on diffusion pathways for diatomic molecules while providing the necessary background for this purpose.
Selective A3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: Water-Soluble 3,5-Diacyl-1,2,4-trialkylpyridinium Salts and Their Oxidative Generation from Dihydropyridine Precursors

A3 adenosine receptor antagonists are sought for their potential antiinflammatory, antiasthmatic, and antiischemic properties. We have found that 3,5-diacyl-1,2,4-trialkyl-6-phenylpyridinium deriva...
Beyond adoption: sustaining online shopping

The purpose of this research was (1) to determine whether beliefs (relative advantage, enjoyment, and risk) about using the online channel that influence the channel's initial adoption similarly impact sustained use of the channel, (2) to identify the most salient factor(s) influencing each type of sustained usage, and (3) to examine effects of e-tail attributes (functional performance and shopping incentive) on sustained online channel usage among consumers who have adopted the channel. A research model explaining sustained use of the online channel was developed, and research hypotheses were proposed. A national sample of online consumers was surveyed to obtain data. Structural equation modeling was applied to test the proposed model and hypotheses. Findings show that beliefs about the channel do impact continued use of the online channel differently. E-tail attributes indirectly impact continued usage as mediated through beliefs about using the channel. Theoretical and practical implications are provided.
Bicycle Stress Echocardiography

Bicycle stress echocardiography involves the recording and interpretation of two-dimensional echocardiographic information before, during, and after bicycle exercise. The exercise test can be performed in the supine or upright posture. While there are important physiological differences between these two positions, they appear to provide similar diagnostic information on the presence or absence of coronary artery disease. A major advantage of bicycle stress echocardiography compared to treadmill exercise is the ability to image at peak exercise, rather than relying solely on pre- and postexercise imaging. This contributes to the greater sensitivity of the test for the detection of ischemia. The recent application of digital processing techniques may also improve sensitivity by permitting side-by-side comparison of rest and stress images. In summary, bicycle stress echocardiography is a useful tool in the management of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. It is a versatile and accurate technique, which competes favorably with other imaging modalities and provides information on regional and global left ventricular function.
Carotid artery reconstruction for infected carotid patches.

Abstract Objectives Infected carotid prosthetic patches (ICPP) are a rare but catastrophic complication of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Prevention and appropriate surgical management is essential. We report our experience of carotid artery reconstruction for ICPP. Design Single-center retrospective study. Methods 10-year review of the surgical treatment of ICPP. Results Twelve patients presented with patch infection following CEA. Three patients presented acutely with an expanding hematoma, eight with chronic complications (abscess/discharging sinus n = 5, carotid pseudoaneurysm n = 3). Mean age was 75 years. Replacement conduits included superficial femoral artery ( n = 6), cadaveric homograft ( n = 3), long saphenous vein ( n = 2) and one patient had primary closure. Five patients had muscle flaps fashioned for carotid artery protection. Operative complications included hypoglossal nerve injury (1 patient), superficial skin infection (2 patients) and one patient was returned to the operating room for a neck haematoma. Five surgical specimens were culture positive for: Staphylococcus aureus ( n = 3), Corynebacterium propionibacterium ( n = 1) and Streptococcus anginous ( n = 1). There were no 30-day mortalities. Mean hospital stay was 6 days. Median follow-up was 16 months (range 3–108 months). Conclusion Carotid artery reconstruction in a contaminated wound represents a significant surgical challenge. Unlike previous reports that used venous conduits, this is the first series where cadaveric or autologous arterial conduits were preferred. Arterial conduits achieved durable short term follow-up.
Silicon-on-insulator photoconductors for noncontact ultrasound vibration measurement using laser speckle

The motion of a vibrating specular surface can be measured by monitoring the change in speckle pattern of a reflected laser beam. Smaller speckles allow for a more sensitive measurement, but provide a weaker signal when monitored with a correspondingly sized photodiode. The signal of a photoconductor, on the other hand, scales with the ratio of its dimensions, and so can be resized without loss of signal. Here we present a prototype detector made from micron-scale, isolated mesas of intrinsic silicon, fabricated lithographically from a commercial silicon-on-insulator wafer. The prototype has a frequency response extending into the megahertz regime, making it suitable for ultrasound testing applications. Only a single laser beam, with no separate interferometer or optical reference, is required for displacement measurement with laser speckle monitoring, so such a system provides a robust and simple alternative to other optical detection methods. Initial tests have captured ultrasound Lamb wave vibrations and standing waves induced by optical excitation in thin copper and aluminum strips.
An unusual presentation of nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma of the nose.

Objectives Case report of a male with a rare nasal type NK/T cell lymphoma that presented as an aggressive nasal infection superimposed with squamous and basal cell carcinoma. A review of the diagnosis, management, and prognosis nasal type NK/T cell lymphoma will be presented. Study design Case report and literature review. Methods Review of the literature for cases of nasal type NK/T cell lymphoma, with particular attention to its presentations. Results Differential diagnosis includes aggressive infection of the nasal skin, carcinoma, and lymphoma. Conclusion No cases in the literature of NK/T cell lymphoma have been reported that presented with an aggressive infection with initial biopsies that revealed squamous cell and basal cell carcinoma, which led to surgical management and a definitive diagnosis of Nasal type NK/T cell lymphoma.
Dissociation of skeletal muscle ribosomes from normal and diabetic animals by initiation factor EIF-3

Summary 80S ribosomes from skeletal muscle of diabetic rats were more susceptible than normal to dissociation by the initiation factor EIF-3; the increased sensitivity to dissociation was a property of the 60S subunit. Increased dissociation may be a reflection of the instability of diabetic 80S couples resulting from a change in the structure of the large subunit.
Modeling the determinants of Medicaid home care payments for children with special health care needs: A structural equation model approach.

Abstract Background The management of children with special needs can be very challenging and expensive. Objective To examine direct and indirect cost drivers of home care expenditures for this vulnerable and expensive population. Methods We retrospectively assessed secondary data on children, ages 4–20, receiving Medicaid Personal Care Services (PCS) (n = 2760). A structural equation model assessed direct and indirect effects of several child characteristics, clinical conditions and functional measures on Medicaid home care payments. Results The mean age of children was 12.1 years and approximately 60% were female. Almost half of all subjects reported mild, moderate or severe ID diagnosis. The mean ADL score was 5.27 and about 60% of subjects received some type of rehabilitation services. Caseworkers authorized an average of 25.5 h of PCS support per week. The SEM revealed three groups of costs drivers: indirect, direct and direct + indirect. Cognitive problems, health impairments, and age affect expenditures, but they operate completely through other variables. Other elements accumulate effects (externalizing behaviors, PCS hours, and rehabilitation) and send them on a single path to the dependent variable. A few elements exhibit a relatively complex position in the model by having both significant direct and indirect effects on home care expenditures – medical conditions, intellectual disability, region, and ADL function. Conclusions The most important drivers of home care expenditures are variables that have both meaningful direct and indirect effects. The only one of these factors that may be within the sphere of policy change is the difference among costs in different regions.
Quantitative localization of biogenic amines in the spinal cord.

Summary Recently developed highly sensitive radiometric assays for biogenic amines have been combined with microdissection techniques to localize and quantify these amines in different structures, and at various levels of rabbit and rat spinal cords. Assays were performed for serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and epinephrine. It was generally found that the highest concentrations of those biogenic amines were found in the lateral and ventral horns, slightly lesser concentrations were found around the central canal, and still lower concentrations were found in the dorsal horns. Relatively low amine concentrations were found in the white matter. These biochemical measurements correlate well with localizations indicated by histofluorescence methods but provide precise quantification. Comparisons with previously available, less sensitive biochemical measurements are discussed.
Characterization of drug interactions with soluble β-cyclodextrin by high-performance affinity chromatography

Abstract This study examined the use of an immobilized human serum albumin (HSA) column to study solution-phase reactions between drugs and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Chromatographic equations were developed to characterize the binding of chemicals to a soluble ligand (β-CD) in the presence of an independent immobilized ligand (HSA). Situations considered included the presence of both a homogeneous and heterogeneous immobilized ligand, as well as complex interactions between the chemical of interest and soluble ligand. Three drugs (warfarin, tamoxifen, and phenytoin) were examined by this approach. This method involved injecting a small amount of each drug onto an HSA column in the presence of various concentrations of β-CD in the mobile phase. By measuring the change in the drug’s retention factor as the concentration of β-CD was varied, it was possible to determine the stability constant between the injected drug and β-CD. With this approach, warfarin and β-CD were found to have 1:1 interactions with a stability constant of 5.2×102 M−1 at 37 °C and pH 7.4, a result in close agreement with previous literature values. Tamoxifen and phenytoin were also found to have 1:1 interactions with β-CD and had stability constants of 0.9–1.2×104 and 6–9×102 M−1, respectively. With these latter solutes, the effects of secondary binding to the chromatographic support had to be considered. The theory and methods described in this report are not limited to these drugs and β-CD but can be applied to other analytes and soluble ligands.
Effectiveness of ecallantide in treating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor–induced angioedema in the emergency department

Abstract Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor–induced angioedema (ACEI-AE) is mediated by bradykinin. There remains an unmet treatment need because these patients, when presenting to the emergency department (ED), do not respond to conventional therapies, such as antihistamines and corticosteroids. Objective To estimate the treatment effect of ecallantide, a recombinant plasma kallikrein inhibitor, in ED patients with ACEI-AE in whom conventional therapy fails. Methods This was a triple-blind (patient, physician, and statistician), randomized, controlled, phase 2 study to estimate the magnitude of safety and efficacy signals for designing a definitive phase 3 trial comparing conventional therapy with ecallantide to conventional therapy with placebo. Patients were enrolled from April 1, 2010, through January 31, 2013. The primary efficacy study end point was achieving discharge criteria from the ED within 4 hours after initiating study-related treatment. Results Discharge criteria from the ED was met in 4 hours or less for 8 (31%) of 26 patients receiving ecallantide vs 5 of (21%) 24 patients receiving placebo (difference in proportions, 10%; 95% confidence interval, −14% to 34%). Ecallantide was well tolerated in both groups. Conclusion The results from this preliminary study reveal that ecallantide is safe to use and may increase the proportion of patients who meet early discharge criteria by approximately10%. A larger phase 3 study is necessary to confirm the efficacy and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of ecallantide use for ACEI-AE in the ED setting. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01036659