cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of internally reflected Cherenkov light, results from the BELLE DIRC prototype

Abstract The DIRC (Detector of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light) is a new type of ring imaging Cherenkov detector which utilizes precisely machined quartz bars as Cherenkov radiators. Bar quality is determined by both laser and cosmic ray measurements. The Cherenkov photons are transported several meters along the bar until they reach the detector cavity where they are proximity focussed on an array of conventional photomultiplier tubes. Results from a prototype device comprising a 2 × 4 × 240 cm 3 quartz bar read by an array of 480 PMTs are presented. Sample images, which are the first observed in this type of detector, are also shown. Measurements of the light yield (approximately 20 photoelectrons per image) and the angular resolution, which are both in good agreement with Monte Carlo predictions, are shown to lie well within the expected operating tolerances of the DIRC.
Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of HFO-1234yf With and Without Microporous-Enhanced Surfaces

This fundamental study characterizes the pool boiling performance of a new refrigerant, HFO-1234yf (hydrofluoroolefin 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene). The similarities in thermophysical properties with HFC-134a and low global warming potential make HFO-1234yf the prospective next generation refrigerant in automotive air-conditioning systems. This study examines the possibility of using this refrigerant for two-phase cooling of hybrid and electric vehicle power electronic components. Pool boiling experiments were conducted with HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a at system pressures ranging from 0.7 to 1.7 MPa using horizontally oriented 1 cm2 heat sources. Results show that the boiling heat transfer coefficients of HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a are nearly identical at lower heat fluxes. HFO-1234yf yielded lower heat transfer coefficients at higher heat fluxes and lower critical heat flux (CHF) as compared with HFC-134a. To enhance boiling heat transfer, a copper microporous coating was applied to the test surfaces. The coating provided enhancement to both the boiling heat transfer coefficients and CHF, for both refrigerants, at all tested pressures. Increasing pressure decreases the level of heat transfer coefficient enhancements while increasing the level of CHF enhancements.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Demand for rent-to-own contracts: a behavioral economic explanation

Abstract Rental purchase contracts for consumer durables, often described as `renting-to-own,' typically require total payments two to four times greater than retail prices. Under such conditions, why do lower income consumers ever select this option? Within several low-income samples we consider liquidity constraints, time preferences and risk attitudes as possible explanations for this demand. Use of these services appears to be a risk-averse response to the income and expense shocks faced by low-income households and a financial management tool to address myopic time preferences.
Preliminary Characterization of Thermal Diffusivity for Carbon-Carbon Composites Through Pulsed Video Thermal Imaging

Many times complete knowledge of thermal transport properties is needed before a material can be employed in a thermal application. One property of primary concern is thermal diffusivity. What is desirable is not only the magnitude of thermal diffusivity, but also the determination of its non-uniformity. The currently used standard test method by industry is the (ASTM) Standard Test Method for Thermal Diffusivity of Solids by the Flash Method, which measures diffusivity at one point. This method also requires the destructive removal of a small sample for examination, special ad hoc machinery for surface scanning, and is not suitable for quality assessment in a manufacturing environment. There is substantial industrial demand for the nondestructive, rapid, on-line evaluation of the thermal diffusivity of an entire part's surface. Pulsed Video Thermography (PVT) is an emerging thermal wave imaging technique that shows promise for meeting those demands. In this work a brief description of the theory behind PVT and a sample application are given. Preliminary results show that the PVT thermal diffusivity values for a carbon-carbon composite plate compare favorably with those obtained by the widely used laser flash diffusivity method.
Congenital megacolon observation by Frederick Ruysch--1691.

Abstract Although the classical description of congenital megacolon is reported by Hirschsprung in 1886, the first recorded instance of this disorder is attributed to F. Ruysch, a Dutch anatomist. This first case report appears in his work, "Observationum Anatomici-Chirurgicarum Centuria", in 1691.
ENGAGE: A Blueprint for Incorporating Social Skills Training Into Daily Academic Instruction

Student success in school depends, in part, on adequate social-interpersonal skills. Yet, in a time when all students are expected to reach specified academic goals, school personnel are hard-pressed to find ways to address the social-interpersonal behavior needs of their students. In this article, the authors discuss practical ways for teachers to infuse social skills into academic instruction. The authors begin with a vignette to establish a rationale for merging academic and social skills instruction. Next, the authors briefly review the social skills research, highlight several studies, encapsulate the common overlapping assumptions, and describe the steps required to deliver quality social skills instruction. The authors describe the ENGAGE blueprint as a practical way to incorporate social skills into daily academic instruction. Last, the authors revisit the vignette to illustrate classroom application of the ENGAGE blueprint.
Decision making under uncertainty using imprecise probabilities

Various ways for decision making with imprecise probabilities-admissibility, maximal expected utility, maximality, E-admissibility, @C-maximax, @C-maximin, all of which are well known from the literature-are discussed and compared. We generalise a well-known sufficient condition for existence of optimal decisions. A simple numerical example shows how these criteria can work in practice, and demonstrates their differences. Finally, we suggest an efficient approach to calculate optimal decisions under these decision criteria.
The hydrides of TmCo3

Abstract Hydrogen desorption isotherms were measured in the system DyCo 3 H x for 0⩽ x ⩽ 4.25 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 °C. Pressure plateaus on the isotherms indicate the existence of two hydride phases in addition to the terminal hydrogen-saturated metal α phase. Both hydrides exhibit a wide range of solid solution. The β phase runs from x = 1 to x = 1.83, whilst the γ phase runs from x = 3.1 to at least x = 4.25. The α phase is very narrow. At 20 °C the plateau pressures are 3 and 54 Torr and the heats of absorption are −11.43 and −9.75 kcal (mol H 2 ) −1 respectively. From the temperature dependence of the isotherms, the partial molar heats and entropies of absorption and the heats and entropies of formation were calculated as functions of x .
Applications of detection and estimation theory to large array seismology

The statistical theory of signal detection and estimation has been applied to problems in large array seismology. Using this theory the structure of the optimum detector for a known signal and long observation time in additive Gaussian noise is derived. The array processing filter employed by the optimum detector is known as the maximum-likelihood filter. This filter also has the property that it provides a minimum-variance unbiased estimate for the input signal when it is not known, which is the same as the maximum-likelihood estimate of the signal if the noise is a multidimensional Gaussian process. A series of experiments was performed using data from the large aperture seismic array to determine the effectiveness of the maximum-likelihood method relative to simpler methods such as beam-forming. These results provide significant conclusions regarding the design and processing of data from large seismic arrays. The conventional and high-resolution estimation of the frequency-wavenumber spectrum of the background microseismic noise is also presented. The diffuse structure of this spectrum is shown to aid in explaining the relative performance of array processing methods.
Probability of continued Soviet mineral self-sufficiency

Abstract The USSR ranks as a major producer of virtually all energy and non-fuel minerals. Soviet minerals policy, a key component of national economic development, is based primarily on an unprecedented level of self-sufficiency. The author explains how recent changes in historical export-import patterns, decreasing ore grades, rising consumption, limitations imposed by the Soviet economic system, and depletion of easily accessible deposits could signify a future inability to sustain its supply independence. The apparent existence of vast, remote mineralized areas in Asia suggests self-sufficiency could remain an option available to Soviet leaders, but it would be even more expensive to maintain.
On-line adaptive digital correction of dual-quantisation delta-sigma modulators

The authors describe the digital adaptive correction of nonidealities in dual-quantisation delta-sigma modulators. The sources and effects of nonidealities in a delta-sigma loop are discussed, and a simple on-line correction scheme is presented. The theoretical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement is calculated and simulation results are given which illustrate the effectiveness of the technique.< >
β‐Sheet coil transitions in a simple polypeptide model

A simplified model of a polypeptide chain is used to study the dynamics of the beta-sheet-coil transition. Each amino acid residue is treated as a single quasiparticle in an effective potential that approximates the potential of mean force in solution. The model is used to study the equilibrium and dynamic aspects of the sheet-coil transition. Systems studied include ones with both strands free to move (two-strand sheet), and ones with either strand fixed in position (multistrand sheet). The equilibrium properties examined include sheet-coil equilibrium constants and their dependence on chain position. Dynamic properties are investigated by a stochastic simulation of the Brownian motion of the chain in its solvent surroundings. Time histories of the dihedral angles and residue-residue cross-strand distances are used to study the behavior of the sheet structure. Auto- and cross-correlation functions are calculated from the time histories with relaxation times of tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Sheet-coil rate constants of tens of ns-1 were found for the fixed strand cases.
Neonicotinoid Metabolism: Compounds, Substituents, Pathways, Enzymes, Organisms, and Relevance

Neonicotinoids are one of the three principal insecticide chemotypes. The seven major commercial neonicotinoids are readily biodegraded by metabolic attack at their N-heterocyclylmethyl moiety, heterocyclic or acyclic spacer, and N-nitroimine, nitromethylene, or N-cyanoimine tip. Phase I metabolism is largely dependent on microsomal CYP450 isozymes with situ selectivity in hydroxylation, desaturation, dealkylation, sulfoxidation, and nitro reduction. Cytosolic aldehyde oxidase is a nitroreductase for some neonicotinoids. Phase II metabolism involves methylation, acetylation, and formation of glucuronide, glucoside, amino acid, and sulfate- and glutathione-derived conjugates. Some neonicotinoids act as proinsecticides with metabolism to more potent nicotinic agonists. Pest resistance is more commonly due to synergist-reversible CYP450 detoxification than to nAChR mutants or variants. Metabolites in some cases contribute to mammalian hepatotoxicity and carcinogenesis and in others to enhanced plant vigor and stress shields. These relationships explain much of neonicotinoid comparative toxicology and provide the basis for continued and improved safety and effectiveness of this chemotype.
The Insulin/IGF Signaling Regulators Cytohesin/GRP-1 and PIP5K/PPK-1 Modulate Susceptibility to Excitotoxicity in C. elegans

During ischemic stroke, malfunction of excitatory amino acid transporters and reduced synaptic clearance causes accumulation of Glutamate (Glu) and excessive stimulation of postsynaptic neurons, which can lead to their degeneration by excitotoxicity. The balance between cell death-promoting (neurotoxic) and survival-promoting (neuroprotective) signaling cascades determines the fate of neurons exposed to the excitotoxic insult. The evolutionary conserved Insulin/IGF Signaling (IIS) cascade can participate in this balance, as it controls cell stress resistance in nematodes and mammals. Blocking the IIS cascade allows the transcription factor FoxO3/DAF-16 to accumulate in the nucleus and activate a transcriptional program that protects cells from a range of insults. We study the effect of IIS cascade on neurodegeneration in a C. elegans model of excitotoxicity, where a mutation in a central Glu transporter (glt-3) in a sensitizing background causes Glu-Receptor –dependent neuronal necrosis. We expand our studies on the role of the IIS cascade in determining susceptibility to excitotoxic necrosis by either blocking IIS at the level of PI3K/AGE-1 or stimulating it by removing the inhibitory effect of ZFP-1 on the expression of PDK-1. We further show that the components of the Cytohesin/GRP-1, Arf, and PIP5K/PPK-1 complex, known to regulate PIP2 production and the IIS cascade, modulate nematode excitotoxicity: mutations that are expected to reduce the complex's ability to produce PIP2 and inhibit the IIS cascade protect from excitotoxicity, while overstimulation of PIP2 production enhances neurodegeneration. Our observations therefore affirm the importance of the IIS cascade in determining the susceptibility to necrotic neurodegeneration in nematode excitotoxicity, and demonstrate the ability of Cytohesin/GRP-1, Arf, and PIP5K/PPK-1 complex to modulate neuroprotection.
Searching through the hierarchy: How level of target categorization affects visual search

Does the same basic-level advantage commonly observed in the categorization literature also hold for targets in a search task? We answered this question by first conducting a category verification task to define a set of categories showing a standard basic-level advantage, which we then used as stimuli in a search experiment. Participants were cued with a picture preview of the target or its category name at either superordinate, basic, or subordinate levels, then shown a target-present/absent search display. Although search guidance and target verification was best using pictorial cues, the effectiveness of the categorical cues depended on the hierarchical level. Search guidance was best for the specific subordinate-level cues, whereas target verification showed a standard basic-level advantage. These findings demonstrate different hierarchical advantages for guidance and verification in categorical search. We interpret these results as evidence for a common target representation underlying categorical s...
Interleukin-10 Is Not a Critical Regulator of Infarct Healing and Left Ventricular Remodeling

Objective : Interleukin-10 (IL-10) exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions and modulates matrix metalloproteinase expression. We hypothesized that endogenous IL-10 may regulate infarct healing and left ventricular remodeling by promoting resolution of the post-infarction inflammatory response and by modulating extracellular matrix metabolism. Methods : IL-10 null and wildtype (WT) mice underwent reperfused infarction protocols. We compared the healing response and remodeling-associated parameters between IL-10 −/− and WT infarcts. In addition, we studied the effects of IL-10 on inflammatory gene synthesis by stimulated murine cardiac fibroblasts. Results : Infarcted IL-10 −/− mice exhibited comparable mortality rates with WT animals. Although IL-10 −/− mice had higher peak tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCL2 mRNA levels in the infarcted heart than WT mice, both groups demonstrated timely repression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA synthesis after 24 h of reperfusion and exhibited a similar time course of resolution of the neutrophil infiltrate. IL-10 gene disruption did not alter fibrous tissue deposition and dilative remodeling of the infarcted heart. Pre-incubation with IL-10 did not modulate the pro-inflammatory phenotype of TNF-α-stimulated cardiac fibroblasts, failing to inhibit chemokine mRNA synthesis. In contrast, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 pre-incubation suppressed interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10/CXCL10 synthesis by cardiac fibroblasts exposed to TNF-α. Conclusions : IL-10 signaling plays a non-critical role in suppression of inflammatory mediators, resolution of the inflammatory response, and fibrous tissue deposition following myocardial infarction. This may be due to the relative selectivity of IL-10-mediated anti-inflammatory actions, with respect to cell type and stimulus. Resolution of post-infarction inflammation is likely to involve multiple overlapping regulatory mechanisms controlling various pro-inflammatory pathways activated in the infarcted myocardium.
Responses to Peer Stress Predict Academic Outcomes Across the Transition to Middle School

This study examined physiological and coping responses to peer-evaluative challenges in early adolescence as predictors of academic outcomes. The sample included 123 young adolescents (X¯age = 12.0...
Genome-wide antagonism between 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and DNA methylation in the adult mouse brain.

Mounting evidence points to critical roles for DNA modifications, including 5-methylcytosine (5mC) and its oxidized forms, in the development, plasticity and disorders of the mammalian nervous system. The novel DNA base 5- hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is known to be capable of initiating passive or active DNA demethylation, but whether and how extensively 5hmC functions in shaping the post-mitotic neuronal DNA methylome is unclear. Here we report the genome-wide distribution of 5hmC in dentate granule neurons from adult mouse hippocampus in vivo. 5hmC in the neuronal genome is highly enriched in gene bodies, especially in exons, and correlates with gene expression. Direct genome-wide comparison of 5hmC distribution between embryonic stem cells and neurons reveals extensive differences, reflecting the functional disparity between these two cell types. Importantly, integrative analysis of 5hmC, overall DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of dentate granule neurons in vivo reveals the genome-wide antagonism between these two states of cytosine modifications, supporting a role for 5hmC in shaping the neuronal DNA methylome by promoting active DNA demethylation.
Effects of methylphenidate on cardiovascular responses in attention deficit hyperactivity disordered adolescents

The short-term dose effects of methylphenidate were examined on cardiovascular measures in 11 black male adolescents diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In a double-blind, cross-over design with randomized order, the subjects received placebo and each of three methylphenidate doses (0.15, 0.3, and 0.5 mg/kg) for a period of 2 weeks per medication dosage. Significant main effects were found for diastolic and systolic blood pressure; however, pairwise comparisons revealed a significant linear increase in diastolic blood pressure only. Because of the unexpected increase in diastolic blood pressure, careful monitoring of black adolescents who are receiving methylphenidate is recommended.
Chronic toxicity of di-n-butyl and di-n-octyl phthalate to Daphnia magna and the fathead minnow

The toxicities of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP) were assessed by measuring the effect of exposure to these compounds on the fecundity of Daphnia magna and on the hatching and survival of the early life stages of the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas. For D. magna, exposure to 1.8 mg/L DBP or 1.0 mg/L DOP caused a significant reduction in reproduction. Doses of 0.56 mg/L DBP or 0.32 mg/L DOP had no significant effect in decreasing reproduction. Survival of fathead minnow embryos was decreased by exposure to 1.8 mg/L DBP; none of the embryos exposed to this dose hatched successfully. Hatching and larval survival were affected by exposure to 1.0 mg/L DBP, but not to 0.56 mg/L. Exposure to DOP did not affect survival of either early embryos or larvae of the fathead minnow at doses up to 10 mg/L (the highest dose tested). Hatching of the embryos was significantly decreased at 10 mg/L, but not at 3.2 mg/L DOP.
Univariant approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function

Abstract Every function of bounded variation can be approximated by a linear combination of a fixed sigmoidal function of n terms to an error 0(1/ n ) in the uniform norm.
The Origin of Aortic Phospholipid in Rabbit Atheromatosis

Radioactive phosphorus (P32) was injected into normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits. A marked derangement of aortic phospholipid metabolism was found in the cholesterol-fed animals. The phospholipid found in the atheromatous aortas appeared to have been synthesized by the aorta itself rather than to have been deposited there from the plasma.
Membrane-Induced Dimerization of Coagulation Factor VIII

Coagulation Factor VIII (FVIII) is a blood plasma protein expressed as five domains denoted as A1, A2, A3, C1 and C2 that exist as a non-covalently bound heterodimer of a light (A3, C1, C2) and heavy (A1, A2) chain with a combined molecular mass of ∼170 kDa. FVIII is activated by thrombin to FVIIIa, which is the cofactor to the serine protease Factor IXa (FIXa) within the membrane-bound Tenase complex that assembles on the activated platelets’ surface during the propagation phase of coagulation. FVIIIa is a heterotrimer, due to an additional cleavage between the A1 and A2 domains.Although the function of FVIII has been well characterized, little is known about its membrane-bound structure and mechanism of the Tenase complex assembly. To fill this knowledge gap, we have engineered negatively charged lipid nanotubes (LNT) that resemble the activated platelet surface and on which FVIII and FVIIIa can be helically organized. The helically organized FVIII-LNT and FVIIIa-LNT were further subjected to structural analysis by Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) to elucidate the structural basis of FVIII activation and function. To achieve this, we carried out helical reconstruction with the iterative real space helical reconstruction algorithm (IHRSR). Our results show that membrane-bound FVIII forms dimers that associate tightly through heavy chain - heavy chain interactions. These interactions involve the A1 and A2 domains surface that don’t overlap with the A2-A3 interface containing the FVIIIa binding sites to FIXa. We therefore propose that membrane-induced dimerization of FVIII is required to stabilize its membrane-bound conformation and facilitate its interaction with FIXa. The resulting model of a binary Tenase complex would therefore consist of two molecules of FIXa and two molecules of FVIIIa, which fits its function in coagulation: increasing of more than a 100,000 fold the FIXa proteolytic activity.
An abstraction layer for controlling heterogeneous mobile cyber-physical systems

Mobile Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) widely vary in the underlying hardware technologies and capabilities of their mobile devices (e.g., robots). This makes the problem of developing portable high-level Mobile CPS applications difficult, since applications are typically written for specific devices. To this end, this paper present a framework that relies on abstracting the representation of the mobile devices in a manner that allows the system to fully utilize the capabilities of the hardware while providing a simplified interface to the enduser that can work across different devices. This framework incorporates a physics engine to handle different physical models of different mobile devices to ensure better control. We assess the behavior of our proposed framework through real experiments conducted in our Mobile CPS lab with various iRobot Creates. We show that we can achieve better control accuracy through exploiting the physical characteristics of the mobile devices, rather than relying solely on the driver interface of the devices.
Study of the applicability of C* for correlating crack growth rates at elevated temperature in alloy 800H

Abstract Crack growth in Alloy 800H in a temperature range of 650 to 900°C for various loading conditions was examined in this study. Creep and hold time crack growth rates were shown to be correlated satisfactorily by C ∗ even for the hold period as short as 1 minute at 650°C. The fatigue loading portion of the cycle in hold time tests apparently has little effect on crack growth mechanisms at 650°C. This conclusion can be verified by 1.) load-line deflection versus crack length plots, 2.) microhardness profiles ahead of the crack tip, and 3.) examination of the fracture surfaces. At higher temperatures, C ∗ still provides adequate correlation of creep crack growth rates in this alloy.
Relation of Magnesium to Calcium in Human Blood Serum

ACCURATE methods for measuring the magnesium in human blood serum have been developed and used to establish the range of values for normal individuals1–15. Differences in normal mean values have been reported13,14. None of these investigators has compared the concentration of magnesium and calcium in the serum of the same individuals. In the present investigation we have determined the concentrations of magnesium and calcium in the blood serum of a series of 133 randomly selected patients and healthy members of the hospital staff and have found a correlation between the two ions in individuals with normal serum calcium values.
Evolution of Mexican Bursera (Burseraceae) inferred from ITS, ETS, and 5S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences

I reconstructed a phylogeny of 66 species and varieties of Bursera and 9 outgroup species using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the 5S non-transcribed region (5S-NTS), and the external transcribed region (ETS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. This study extends a previously proposed parsimony-based phylogenetic study that used the ITS sequences of 57 Bursera species and five outgroups. Parsimony and maximum likelihood methods were used to infer the phylogeny in this new study. Analyses of the combined data sets largely confirmed the phylogenetic relationships proposed by the previous molecular study but generated a considerably more robust topology. The new phylogenies corroborate the monophyly of the genus, and its division into the two monophyletic subgenera or sections, Bursera and Bullockia. The current analyses also identify four main groups of species in section Bursera, and two in section Bullockia, confirming some of the previously proposed groups based on fruit, flower, and leaf morphology. One previously problematic species B. sarcopoda, which has sometimes been placed in Commiphora, is shown to belong in Bursera. Another controversial species, Commiphora leptophloeos, which was thought to belong to Bursera, falls within Commiphora.
Phanerozoic burial and unroofing history of the western Slave craton and Wopmay orogen from apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronometry

Abstract Low temperature thermochronometry of cratonic regions can illuminate relationships among burial and unroofing patterns, surface subsidence and uplift, and lithosphere–asthenosphere interactions. The Slave craton, initially stabilized by the development of a thick lithospheric mantle root in late Archean time, is an excellent location in which to examine these connections. Although the Slave craton currently lacks Phanerozoic cover, Phanerozoic sedimentary xenoliths entrained in ca. 610 to 45 Ma kimberlites indicate that the region underwent a more dynamic history of burial and unroofing than widely recognized. We report new apatite (U–Th)/He thermochronometry data along a southeast to northwest transect from the interior of the Slave craton into the adjacent Paleoproterozoic Wopmay orogen to resolve the region's depositional and denudational history. Six samples from the western Slave craton and three samples from Wopmay orogen yield mean dates from 296 ± 41 Ma to 212 ± 39 Ma. Individual apatite dates are broadly uniform over a wide span of apatite [eU], and this pattern can be used to more tightly restrict the spectrum of viable temperature–time paths that can explain the dataset. When coupled with geologic and stratigraphic information, temperature–time simulations of the thermochronometry results suggest complete He loss from the apatites at minimum peak temperatures of ~ 88 °C in Devonian–Pennsylvanian time, cooling to near-surface conditions by the Early Cretaceous, followed by reheating to ≤ 72 °C during Cretaceous–Early Tertiary time. Consideration of modern and ancient geotherm constraints implies ≥ 3.3 km of burial during the first Phanerozoic heating phase, with an ancillary phase of reburial in late Mesozoic–Cenozoic time. The uniformity of the apatite (U–Th)/He dates indicates that the rocks encompassed by our > 250 km-long sample transect experienced similar Phanerozoic thermal histories. Despite the distinctly different lithospheric architecture on either side of the Paleoproterozoic suture between the Slave craton and Wopmay orogen, the region behaved as a single, broadly coherent cratonic unit since at least ca. 250 Ma. The Phanerozoic burial and unroofing patterns across the craton may be a response to far-field convergent activity at the northern and western margins of North America and processes associated with episodic kimberlite emplacement.
A functional method for establishing vertical and tentative centric maxillomandibular relations.

Abstract The position of the mandible during the swallowing act is suggested as a guide for the establishment of the vertical maxillomandibular relation and tentative centric relation. The plane of occlusion is established on the lower occlusion rim before the tentative centric and vertical relation records are made.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the GABA Type A Receptor

The type A GABA-receptors (GABARs) are chloride ion channels found in the brain and are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors. Upon binding of an agonist, the GABAR opens and increases the intraneuronal concentration of chloride ions, thus hyperpolarizing the cell and inhibiting the transmission of the nerve action potential. GABARs can also be modulated by a variety of pharmacologically important drugs, such as diazepam and also other regularly abused drugs such as ethanol. Here, we present homology models (based upon the 4 A resolution EM acetylcholine receptor structure) and simulations of the most abundant GABAR subtype (γ2α1β2), and also the alcohol-sensitive subtype (δα6β3). As well as GABA itself, a variety of ligands were docked to the proteins to assess the potential binding sites, and also the affect of ligand binding on the properties of the structure. Through the modeling and simulation of the two different receptor subtypes, and comparison of the ligand effects upon each one, we are able to gain greater insight into the specific residues important in binding, and also details of the different behavior of the subtypes. This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Release number LLNL-ABS-417208.
Alar batten grafting for management of the collapsed nasal valve.

Objective The purpose of the study is to describe a commonly overlooked etiology of nasal airway obstruction. Collapse of the nasal valve can be corrected with precise placement of cartilage grafts. This study demonstrates the surgical technique, rarely described in the literature, of placing a contoured cartilage graft in the nasal valve region for the improvement of the nasal airway. Study Design Retrospective review of surgical results of the 21 patients who underwent alar batten grafting performed over a 3-year period at the Geisinger Medical Center (Danville, PA). Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 21 patients surgically treated with alar batten grafts for nasal valvular collapse between the 1997 and 1999. The surgical technique is described, and our results are analyzed including for both functional and aesthetic outcome. Results All patients treated with alar batten grafting at the nasal valve improved with regard to their airway obstruction. There were no complications, and there was only minor aesthetic fullness in six cases. Conclusions Alar batten cartilage grafting is an easy, highly effective therapeutic measure in the treatment of nasal valve collapse. The surgical technique is demonstrated.
Crystal structures of CsCu2Cl2I and CsCu2ClI2

Abstract Crystals of CsCu 2 Cl 2 I belong to the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / m (C 2 2 h ) with a = 8.27, b = 5.76, c = 7.62 (all ± 0.01)A˚, β = 108.4 ± 0.2°, Z = 2. Crystals of CsCu 2 ClI 2 belong to the orthorhombic space group Cmcm ( D 17 2 h ) with a = 10.04(±0.02), b = 13.05(±0.03) c = 5.92(±0.01) A˚, Z = 4, and are isostructural with CsCu 2 I 3 . In CsCu 2 ClI 2 , there are, on the average, (3.7 Cl − + 4.3 I − ) ions in the g sites and (0.3 Cl − + 3.7 I − ) ions in the c sites. In the structures of CsCu 2 Cl 3 , CsCu 2 Cl 2 I, CsCu 2 ClI 2 , and CsCu 2 I 3 , the Cs + ion lies within a trigonal prism formed by halogenide ions; there are also two more halogenide ions within the coordination sphere giving the Cs + ion 8-coordination. However, the detailed coordination geometry of the Cs + ion in CsCu 2 Cl 2 I is different from that of the Cs + ion in the other crystals. In all the crystals, the Cu + ions are tetrahedrally coordinated to the halogenide ions and the tetrahedra form double chains parallel to the short axis.
Interplanetary Trajectory Optimization with Application to Galileo

A procedure for minimizing total impulsive AK for constrained multiple-flyby trajectories, which was originally developed for application to satellite tours, has been modified for application to interplanetary trajectories. The modification includes adding to the cost function the A V required to escape from a parking orbit about the launch plant and the A V required for insertion into orbit about the arrival planet. The hyperbolic excess velocity vector with respect to the launch planet and the launch date have been added to the set of independent variables for the optimization. Each trajectory originates at departure from the parking orbit rather than at a fixed position in space, as is the case for the satellite tour application. The multiconic trajectory propagation techniques and the Newton optimization algorithm of the original method have been retained. Examples of the application of this new method are given for several types of Galileo interplanetary trajectory options, including Mars powered flyby, broken plane, Venus-Earth gravity assist, and A V Earth gravity assist trajectories.
Juvenile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (JNCL) and the Eye

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, or Batten disease, is the most common type of NCL in the United States and Europe. This devastating disorder presents with vision failure and progresses to include seizures, motor dysfunction, and dementia. Death usually occurs in the third decade, but some patients die before age twenty. Though the mechanism of visual failure remains poorly understood, recent advances in molecular genetics have improved diagnostic testing and suggested possible therapeutic strategies. The ophthalmologist plays a crucial role in both early diagnosis and documentation of progression of juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. We update Batten disease research, particularly as it relates to the eye, and present various theories on the pathophysiology of retinal degeneration.
A knowledge-based search framework for designing composite structures

In this paper, a search framework is presented that makes a genetic algorithm (GA) a practical engineering tool for searching discrete and nonconvex design spaces. It is shown that “near optimal” designs can be relatively quickly found if three problems are addressed: (i) the dimensionality of a design space is reasonably reduced, (ii) fast function evaluations are available, and (iii) genetic operators are tailored to the application at hand. In our work, the number of active design variables is reduced by using a rule-based fuzzy logic inference engine to process knowledge about the structure's behaviour. The use of a parallel computing environment for structural analysis in conjunction with data retrieval from binary-like trees effectively reduces the time required to perform genetic searching. Three different selection operators along with a permutation-like operator for the reduced problem are evaluated for their effectiveness in locating the global optimum. As an example, the stacking sequence for maximizing a buckling load for a stiffened square panel with a circular cut-out and subject to thermal and shear loading is designed.
The mRNA Export Factor Human Gle1 Interacts with the Nuclear Pore Complex Protein Nup155

The protein Gle1 is required for export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in both lower and higher eukaryotic cells. In human (h) cells, shuttling of hGle1 between the nucleus and cytoplasm is essential for bulk mRNA export. To date, no hGle1-interacting proteins have been reported and the mechanism by which hGle1 interacts with the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and mediates export is unknown. To identify proteins that can interact with hGle1, a genome-wide yeast two-hybrid screen was performed. Three potential hGle1-interacting partners were isolated, including clones encoding the C-terminal region of the NPC protein hNup155. This interaction between hGle1 and full-length hNup155 was confirmed in vitro, and deletion analysis identified the N-terminal 29 residues of hGle1 as the hNup155-binding domain. Experiments in HeLa cells confirmed that the nuclear rim localization of the major hGle1 protein variant (hGle1B) was dependent on the presence of these 29 N-terminal residues. This suggests that this domain of hGle1 is necessary for targeting to the NPC. This work also characterizes the first domain in hNup155, a 177 C-terminal amino acid span that binds to hGle1. The mutual interaction between hGle1 and the symmetrically distributed nuclear pore protein Nup155 suggests a model in which hGle1's association with hNup155 may represent a step in the Gle1-mediated mRNA export pathway.
Alternate Test of RF Front Ends with IP Constraints: Frequency Domain Test Generation and Validation

This paper summarizes an alternate test methodology that enables significant reduction in testing time and tester complexity for RF circuits without the need for low-level simulation models. Traditionally, alternate test makes use of circuit and process-level models to analyze the sensitivity of datasheet specifications to the variations in process parameters. In this paper, we demonstrate a "gray-box" approach by creating a high-level simulation model from datasheet information and simple hardware measurements. This model is used together with a customized behavioral simulator to enable efficient search of an alternate test stimulus that is optimal in terms of tester constraints, test time and specification prediction accuracy. The specific example is a third party RF front-end chip, for which 13 specifications including S-parameters, intermodulation products and noise figures are measured with both conventional and alternate methods. The results are compared in terms of testing time, tester cost and accuracy.
Preservation or degradation? Communal management and ecological change in a southeast Michigan forest

Local communities play an increasingly important role in the management and conservation of forests at local and global scales. Conventional analyses of community forest management tend to view the outcomes of these efforts, as with common pool resources (CPRs) more generally, as contingent on the ability of local institutions to control collective levels of extractive use and enforce group rules. This paper provides a case study of a community forest in southern Michigan, in the Midwestern United States, that challenges these assumptions about community-based forest management. The factors driving change in this forest are not tied to excessive extraction or disturbance by human agents but rather the proliferation of shade-tolerant invasive species. The community institutions and values that made it possible for the forest to grow and mature now threaten its very existence. By discouraging any form of active management, the forest has become susceptible to the growing pressures of human-induced environmental change such as the introduction of exotic plant species. Biodiversity conservation in such contexts consequently relies not only on restraining local forest utilization practices or the preservation of land from development, but on active management interventions by local forest users. Understanding the impact of community management on CPRs in human-dominated ecosystems will require broadening the scope of analysis to account for the importance of active management and the potentially deleterious effects of preservationist approaches on native biota.
Microstructural Characterization of Cofired Tungsten‐Metallized High‐Alumina Electronic Substrates

Microstructural characterization of a high-Al2O3 substrate containing cofired thick-film tungsten metallization, with particular emphasis on the metal/ceramic interface, was conducted. The substrate contained tabular Al2O3 grains surrounded by a continuous calcium magnesium aluminum silicate glass containing particles of monoclinic ZrO2 and reduced rutile (TiO2-x). The metal/ceramic adhesion was caused by mechanical interlocking between the W and Al2O3 grains by the glass phase which penetrated the porous W layers during sintering; there was no interfacial reaction or diffusion zone. The mechanical properties of the W metallization did not limit interfacial strength. Heat treatments of the substrate at 1400 K in air and under vacuum resulted in the devitrification of the intergranular glass. The most abundant devitrification product was anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), accompanied by magnesium aluminate titanate, magnesium aluminate spinel, α-cristobalite (SiO2), and α-cordierite (Mg2Al4Si5O18). In addition, small rutile particles precipitated within the Al2O3 grains.
Adaptive multiuser CDMA detector for asynchronous AWGN channels

A multiuser detector in an additive white Gaussian noise, code division multiple access channel is proposed and analyzed. The detector utilizes the decorrelated tentative decisions obtained in the first stage to estimate and subtract multiple access interference in the second stage. The novel feature of the detector is the adaptive manner in which the multiple access interference estimates are formed, which renders prior estimation of the received signal amplitudes unnecessary. The detector is near-far resistant, and is shown to provide substantial performance improvement over the conventional and decorrelating detector, particularly in the presence of strong interfering signals.
A duplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of California serogroup and Cache Valley viruses.

A duplex TaqMan real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the detection of California (CAL) serogroup viruses and Cache Valley virus (CVV), for use in human surveillance. The targets selected for the assay were the sequences encoding the nucleocapsid protein of CAL and the G1 glycoprotein of CVV. Conserved regions were selected by aligning genetic sequences from various strains available in the GenBank database. Primers and probes were selected in conserved regions. The assay sensitivity was 75 gene copies (gc)/reaction for CAL serogroup viruses and 30 gc/reaction for CVV. The performance of the assay was linear over at least 6 log10 gc. The assay was specific, given that it did not cross-react with a variety of pathogens. It did, however, detect 11 viruses within the CAL serogroup and 12 CVV isolates. The use of an internal control ensured that possible inefficiency in nucleic acid extraction or PCR inhibition would be detected.
Prey-Capture by Marbled Murrelets in Southeast Alaska

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Do the Markets Care about the $2.4 Trillion U.S. Deficit?

If the U.S. federal government properly accounted for its explicit and promised liabilities, it would record a national debt of $64 trillion and a national deficit of $2.4 trillion in 2006. Although capital markets seem to care about the officially reported budget deficit—a metric that is backward looking and quite misleading—the markets have done little more than yawn at the federal government’s mammoth, and growing, forward-looking budget imbalance. Are investors uninformed? They should remember that the common belief that capital markets cannot fail is precisely the reason why they can.