cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis

These studies provide new insight into the complex mechanisms wherby hyperlipidemia causes progressive atherosclerosis. It has been shown that physical injury to the endothelial lining of arteries sets off a process which probably is an attempt at healing the injury but which can lead to atherosclerosis. It has also been found that chemical agents such as homocystine can produce a similar series of events leading to atherosclerosis. These events include focal loss of endothelium, exposure of subendothelial connective tissue, and adherence of platelets followed by release of factors that stimulate intimal smooth muscle proliferation. The present studies indicate that the effects of chronic hyperlipidemia are complex in that the condition results not only in the deposition of lipids in the atheromatous lesions but that it may produce the primary endothelial injury that initiates the process of atherosclerosis as well.
An exponential model equation for thiamin loss in irradiated ground pork as a function of dose and temperature of irradiation

Abstract The effect of low dose γ-irradiation on the thiamin content of ground pork was studied in the range of 0–14 kGy at 2°C and at radiation doses from 0.5 to 7 kGy at temperatures -20, 10, 0, 10 and 20°C. The detailed study at 2°C showed that loss of thiamin was exponential down to 0kGy. An exponential expression was derived for the effect of radiation dose and temperature of irradiation on thiamin loss, and compared with a previously derived general linear expression. Both models were accurate depictions of the data, but the exponential expression showed a significant decrease in the rate of loss between 0 and -10°C. This is the range over which water in meat freezes, the decrease being due to the immobolization of reactive radiolytic products of water in ice crystals.
A Nucleosome Surface Formed by Histone H4, H2A, and H3 Residues Is Needed for Proper Histone H3 Lys36 Methylation, Histone Acetylation, and Repression of Cryptic Transcription

Set2-mediated H3 Lys36 methylation is a histone modification that has been demonstrated to function in transcriptional elongation by recruiting the Rpd3S histone deacetylase complex to repress intragenic cryptic transcription. Recently, we identified a trans-histone pathway in which the interaction between the N terminus of Set2 and histone H4 Lys44 is needed to mediate trans-histone H3 Lys36 di- and trimethylation. In the current study, we demonstrate that mutation of the lysine 44 residue in histone H4 or the Set2 mutant lacking the histone H4 interaction motif leads to intragenic cryptic transcripts, indicating that the Set2 and histone H4 interaction is important to repress intragenic cryptic transcription. We also determine that histone H2A residues (Leu116 and Leu117), which are in close proximity to histone H4 Lys44, are needed for proper trans-histone H3 Lys36 methylation. Similar to H4 Lys44 mutants, histone H2A Leu116 and Leu117 mutations exhibited decreased H3 Lys36 di- and trimethylation, increased histone H4 acetylation, increased resistance to 6-azauracil, and cryptic transcription. Interestingly, the combined histone H4 Lys44 and H2A mutations have more severe methylation defects and increased H4 acetylation levels. Furthermore, we identify that additional histone H2A and H3 core residues are also needed for H3 Lys36 di- and trimethylation. Overall, our results show and suggest that multiple H4, H2A, and H3 residues contribute to and form a Set2 docking/recognition site on the nucleosomal surface so that proper Set2-mediated H3 Lys36 di- and trimethylation, histone acetylation, and transcriptional elongation can occur.
On the use of heat pumps in total site heat integration

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of heat pumps in total site heat integration. It will be shown how heat pumps can help de-bottleneck heat transfer so that maximum energy savings are attained. Non-linear targeting models to get maximum cost savings and optimum heat pumping temperature levels are presented. Finally, the paper describes optimal solutions with heat pumps that do not cross the pinch, contradicting an old result from pinch technology.
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cystatin C: expression in Escherichia coli and properties of the recombinant protease inhibitor

Abstract Cystatins are a superfamily of low K i cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in both plants and animals. Cystatin C, a secreted molecule of this family, is of interest from biochemical and evolutionary points of view, and also has biotechnological applications. Recently we cloned and sequenced the cDNA for rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) cystatin C [Li et al., 1998. Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and expression distribution of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) cystatin C. Comp. Biochem. Phys. B 121, 135–143]. To explore the relationship between protein structure and function of trout cystatin C, we established a bacterial system for expression of the protein. Trout cystatin C expressed in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells did not have detectable protease inhibitory activity. Activity was regained by Ni–NTA chromatography under denaturing conditions followed by dialysis-based refolding. Titration of purified cystatin C preparations with papain indicated that ∼20% of the total protein had been converted to the active form after one refolding cycle. Expression levels were 3–5 mg/l. The protease-inhibitory properties of recombinant trout cystatin C were similar to those of human and chicken cystatin C derived from biological sources and recombinant cystatin C derived from rat and mouse genes. The K i for papain was 1.2×10 −15 M, exhibiting the high affinity binding unique to this family of protease inhibitors.
Failed States in Education: Chomsky on Dissent, Propaganda, and Reclaiming Democracy in the Media Spectacle.

This paper discusses the work of Noam Chomsky in the context of democracy, the media, and education. Through the analysis of selected works, a critical perspective emerges. This view demands that educators at all levels understand and confront the often deleterious effects the media can have on students' social and political views and further how the media can undermine democratic action in schools and society.
Temperature-Dependent Refractive Index of Cleartran® ZnS to Cryogenic Temperatures

First, let's talk about the CHARMS facility at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center: Cryogenic, High-Accuracy Refraction Measuring System (CHARMS); design features for highest accuracy and precision; technologies we rely on; data products and examples; optical materials for which we've measured cryogenic refractive index.
Neurocognitive Function in Pediatric Stem Cell Transplant Recipients Following Low Dose Single Fraction Total Body Radiation and Cyclophosphamide

s / Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 19 (2013) S211eS232 S217 glucocorticoid steroid use, hypercholesterolemia, 25 hydroxy-vitamin D deficiency, total body irradiation, and growth hormone deficiencies. This report is a single institutions retrospective analysis of bone density evaluation and incidence of OP/ON following pediatric SCT. Method: From 2003 to 2012, 17 patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (5 AML, 8 ALL, 1 CML, 1 NHL, 2 aplastic anemia) received lipid profile evaluation performed at Loma Linda University Medical Center by a Roche Modular System Photometric Assay and 25-OH vitamin D analysis at Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota. 15 of these patients also had bone density testing by a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan. With osteoporosis and osteopenia defined as Z score 3.5%) in 12/15 tested. Stratification of patients by history of chronic GVHD or moderate to severe acute GVHD showed that while metabolic abnormality was present in both groups, symptomatic OP/ON were confined to the chronic GVHD group. Among 4 patients with no history of GVHD, 2/4 had normal bone density, 2/4 had normal lipids, and none had symptomatic OP/ON. In contrast, among 13 patients with GVHD all 10/10 tested had diminished bone density, 9/10 tested had elevated lipid ratios, and 5/13 had symptomatic OP/ON with 4 requiring surgery. Symptomatic OP/ON events resulted in the need for joint replacement of the knees, hips and shoulders. In addition, patients had fractures of the long bones needing internal fixation devices to help with the repair. Conclusion: These results suggest that lipid metabolism abnormalities and low Vit D levels are common after SCT and interventions to normalize these abnormalities may have the greatest impact on symptomatic ON/OP in patients with GVHD.
Temperature and redox responsive hydrogels from ABA triblock copolymers prepared by RAFT polymerization

Triblock copolymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization were capable of forming hydrogels that were both temperature- and redox-responsive, as a result of thiol-disulfide chemistry provided by aminolysis of an internal trithiocarbonate linkage.
Expectations for oral case presentations for clinical clerks: opinions of internal medicine clerkship directors.

Little is known about the expectations of undergraduate internal medicine educators for oral case presentations (OCPs). We surveyed undergraduate internal medicine educational leaders to determine the degree to which they share the same expectations for oral case presentations. Participants were institutional members of the Clerkship Directors of Internal Medicine (CDIM). We included 20 questions relating to the OCP within the CDIM annual survey of its institutional members. We asked about the relative importance of specific attributes in a third-year medical student OCP of a new patient as well as its expected length. Percentage of respondents rating attributes as “very important” were compared using chi-squared analysis. Survey response rate was 82/110 (75%). Some attributes were more often considered very important than others (p 50% of respondents. Respondents expected the OCP to last a median of 7 minutes. Undergraduate internal medicine education leaders from a geographically diverse group of North American medical schools share common expectations for OCPs which can guide instruction and evaluation of this skill.
Symmetry properties, tests, and reduction of the crossing matrix

We derive symmetry properties of the crossing matrix from general symmetry arguments. These properties can be used 1. (a) To test the known crossing matrices. We find that the crossing matrix of C-TMN [1] satisfies these conditions only if its overall phase factor is modified. We also show that the crossing matrix of Trueman and Wick [2], as we interpret it, is equivalent to that of C-TMN if one takes into account the different continuation paths. 2. (b) To reduce the crossing matrix into two or more submatrices, such that one submatrix connects “symmetry-conserving” amplitudes of the s and t channels with each other, whereas the other submatrix connects only the “symmetry-breaking” amplitudes of the two channels with each other. This fact may be useful for bootstrap calculation. In addition, we derive in a simple way the crossing matrices for the crossing of any two particles in terms of that for particles 1 and 4. Furthermore, we derive in the appendices the exact symmetry relations of the c.m. helicity amplitudes under T, CPT, E12, E34, and E for general reactions using consistent intrinsic phases, as these relations are not available in the literature. Our method is simpler than that of Jacob and Wick [3], since it doesn't involve any partial wave amplitudes.
On: ``Geomagnetic Effects of Sloping. and Shelving Discontinuities of Earth Conductivity,'' by F. Walter Jones and Albert T. Price (GEOPHYSICS, February 1971 p. 58 66)

In this recent paper, Jones and Price describe the application of finite difference methods to determining the electromagnetic fields near a vertical or inclined contact between materials having different resistivities. In the case of H polarization (the only case discussed in the following comments) they observed that as one approaches the contact from its conductive side the apparent resistivity decreases, which is to say that E horizontal decreases since H horizontal is constant. This behavior has previously been pointed out by d’Erceville and Kunetz (1962) for an analytical calculation. Jones and Price interpret this phenomenon as the effect of surface charges concentrating at the interface due to the impinging current.
Preparation of 0.5–103 Ω-cm GaAs by acceptor precipation during heat treatment of oxygen grown crystals

Abstract Smiconducting single crystals of GaAs with resistivities ranging between 0.5. and 10 3 Ω-cm have been obtained by heat treating high purity, semi-insulating GaAs grown in the presence of Ga 2 O in a quartz system. The presence of Ga 2 O vapor during growth reduces Si contamination, and the subsequent heat treatment apparently removes unidentified acceptors from the lattice.
A tree LAN with collision avoidance: photonic switch design and simulated performance

Abstract In order to solve a performance bottleneck due to collisions and their resolution in random access LANs, a new network architecture called CAMB (Collision Avoidance Multiple Broadcast) Tree Network is proposed in a companion paper. It is based on collision avoidance switches, which allow the implementation of random access protocols without the penalty of collisions among packets. After briefly describing the CAMB Tree, we discuss the suitability of this network for high-speed, lightwave communications, and we propose a possible implementation of a collision avoidance switch using current photonic technology. We then present simulation results and show how the CAMB Tree performance depends on network traffic conditions.
Promoting vibrations in human purine nucleoside phosphorylase. A molecular dynamics and hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical study.

Crystallographic studies of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (hPNP) with several transition-state (TS) analogues in the immucillin family showed an unusual geometric arrangement of the atoms O-5‘, O-4‘, and OP, the nucleophilic phosphate oxygen, lying in a close three-oxygen stack. These observations were corroborated by extensive experimental kinetic isotope effect analysis. We propose that protein-facilitated dynamic modes in hPNP cause this stack, centered on the ribosyl O-4‘ oxygen, to squeeze together and push electrons toward the purine ring, stabilizing the oxacarbenium character of the TS. As the N-ribosidic bond is cleaved during the reaction, the pKa values of N-7 and O-6 increase by the electron density expelled by the oxygen-stack compression toward the purine ring. Increased electron density in the purine ring improves electrostatic interactions with nearby residues and facilitates the abstraction of a proton from a solvent proton or an unidentified general acid, making the purine a bett...
Development of Vascular Substitutes

A long-term objective of many involved in blood vessel research is the development of a small diameter vascular substitute which can be used in coronary bypass graft surgery. If these efforts are to be successful, there are critical functional characteristics which must be achieved. In recent years many of those interested have turned their attention to tissue engineering, and over the past decade some progress has been reported. The results of some of these efforts are briefly reviewed here. Included is the strategy of the Georgia Tech team and recent results which demonstrate that in vitro mechanical stimulation of smooth muscle cell-seeded tubular collagen constructs induces a remodeling with the result that the associated material properties are considerably enhanced.
A K-Band nMOS SPDT Switch and Phase Shifter Implemented in 130nm SiGe BiCMOS Technology

The design and performance of optimized K-band nMOS SPDT switches and a switched-line 180 ◦ single-bit phase shifter are presented. The design demonstrates the use of low insertion loss nMOSFET switches in 130nm silicon-germanium (SiGe) BiCMOS technology. Design and layout optimization approaches for MOSFET based series-shunt, single-pole double- throw (SPDT) switches have been investigated. The designed switches use deep trench substrate isolation and have an insertion loss of 2 dB and isolation better than 15 dB up to 20 GHz. The 180 ◦ 1-bit phase shifter, built from these switches and delay lines shows an insertion loss of 4.5±0.5 dB at 20 GHz while maintaining input and output reflection coefficients better than -15 dB. I. INTRODUCTION
Constructing Overview + Detail Dendrogram-Matrix Views

A dendrogram that visualizes a clustering hierarchy is often integrated with a re-orderable matrix for pattern identification. The method is widely used in many research fields including biology, geography, statistics, and data mining. However, most dendrograms do not scale up well, particularly with respect to problems of graphical and cognitive information overload. This research proposes a strategy that links an overview dendrogram and a detail-view dendrogram, each integrated with a re-orderable matrix. The overview displays only a user-controlled, limited number of nodes that represent the ldquoskeletonrdquo of a hierarchy. The detail view displays the sub-tree represented by a selected meta-node in the overview. The research presented here focuses on constructing a concise overview dendrogram and its coordination with a detail view. The proposed method has the following benefits: dramatic alleviation of information overload, enhanced scalability and data abstraction quality on the dendrogram, and the support of data exploration at arbitrary levels of detail. The contribution of the paper includes a new metric to measure the ldquoimportancerdquo of nodes in a dendrogram; the method to construct the concise overview dendrogram from the dynamically-identified, important nodes; and measure for evaluating the data abstraction quality for dendrograms. We evaluate and compare the proposed method to some related existing methods, and demonstrating how the proposed method can help users find interesting patterns through a case study on county-level U.S. cervical cancer mortality and demographic data.
New Snapshot Generation Protocol for Travel Time Estimation in a Connected Vehicle Environment

Connected vehicle technology offers great potential to improve the safety and the mobility of a transportation system. Probe data collection is one feature of connected vehicle technology in which vehicles collect information such as their location and speed. Probe data could be used to support various traffic management and traveler information applications. This paper presents the novel R2 protocol, used to collect probe data in a connected vehicle environment. The core principle of R2 protocol is to collect only vehicle snapshots when a significant change occurs in vehicle speed. Data from a connected vehicle simulation test bed in Boise, Idaho, and a real-world test bed in Oakland County, Michigan, were used to evaluate the proposed protocol. An average speed method and a method with its basis in the reconstruction of vehicle time-speed plots were used to estimate link travel time. Linear regression, cubic spline, and piecewise cubic Hermite interpolation were applied to reconstruct time-speed plots. ...
Real Options in Capital Investment Decision -Making: Data Link Case Study

The traditional approach to valuation at th e FAA, other government agencies, and businesses understates the true value of proposed projects. By ignoring the inherent flexibility in these projects, a discounted cash flow analysis may lead to erroneous investment decisions. The real options approach to project valuation, derived from well established financial options pricing theory, can be used to supplement a traditional discounted cash flow analysis. The real options approach, which is beginning to see widespread use in private sector project valua tion, can help managers to design their projects so as to maximize managerial flexibility. Real options can also provide a more realistic estimate of a project’s value and thus lead to improved investment decision -making. This paper describes the real opti ons methodology using a data link case study based on the FAA’s recently postponed Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) project. We will show that there might have been significantly more value in the project than was realized by a naive Net P resent Value (NPV) analysis, had the program been structured to increase managerial flexibility. While our example demonstrates an increase in project present value, it is still insufficient to justify the investment. But we present only one such possible program structure, which is certainly not the optimum. By using real options analysis as a planning tool one could possibly have designed a program that was economically defensible, maximizing flexibility and thereby reducing risk.
Appendix B—Report of the subcommittee on subsurface flow

Because of war programs, no attempt has been made to expand the membership or the activities of this subcommittee during the past year. A statement of research-needs,to comprehend subsurface stormflow better, was presented at the last Annual Meeting and appears in Part V, Transactions of 1944, pages 743–746. Exchange of correspondence has brought to light a growing interest in the phenomena of dynamic subsurface water-movements during storm periods. During the year a valuable paper by Parsons [see 1 of “References” at end of report] has emphasized the importance of interpreting the flood hydrographs in terms of “the various elements of basin storage” which he recognizes as outflows from surface, subsurface, and ground-water storage. Following the general method of Barnes [2], he has presented a graphical recession analysis indicating that storm runoff appears as three approximately straight lines when plotted on semiloganthmic paper—representing the surface, the subsurface, and the ground-water fractions. This concept is then used in the calculation flood hydrographs from precipitation records. Stafford and Troxell [3] have likewise recognized runoff an being of three types: (a) surface storm-runoff; (b) subsurface storm-runoff; and (c) ground-water seepage, and have associated these throe types with basin characteristics in the San Bernardino and Eastern San Gabriel mountain drainages in southern California.
Effect of synthetic somatotropin release inhibiting factor on the increase in plasma growth hormone elicited by L-dopa in the dog.

Synthetic somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF, GIF, somatostatin) was given to 6 adult male mongrel dogs in an intravenous loading dose of 500 fig followed by a 1-hr infusion(30 µig/kg); 15 min after the start of the infusion L-dopa was injected intravenously. SRIF completely suppressed the increase in plasma growth hormone evoked by L-dopa. In 3 dogs, simultaneous administration of SRIF and L-dopa also caused no increase in plasma growth hormone. Plasma growth hormone levels increased within 30 min after discontinuation of the SRIF and L-dopa infusion, but failed to rise 45 min after termination of an infusion of SRIF alone. (Endocrinology 95: 943, 1974)
INFAUNAL MARSH FORAMINIFERA FROM THE OUTER BANKS, NORTH CAROLINA, U.S.A.

The distribution and abundance patterns of live (rose Bengal stained) and dead, shallow infaunal (0–1 cm depth) and deep infaunal (1 cm depth) benthic foraminifera have been documented at three locations representing different salinity settings on the fringing marshes along the Pamlico Sound and Currituck Sound coasts of North Carolina’s Outer Banks. Two cores taken at each site represent the lower and higher marsh. Twenty-two taxa were recorded as live. Of these, eight taxa were found only at shallow infaunal depths; the other 14 taxa occur at deep infaunal depths in one or more cores. Only Jadammina macrescens and Tiphotrocha comprimata were recorded as living in all six cores. The distributions of the other taxa were restricted by combinations of the criteria of infaunal depth, salinity regime and location on the marsh. The tests of infaunal foraminifera were generally more likely to be preserved in the lower marsh than the higher marsh at low- and intermediate-salinity sites. The opposite pattern was evident at the high-salinity site but this may be due to the low numbers of deep infaunal specimens recovered. Arenoparrella mexicana, Haplophragmoides wilberti, Jadammina macrescens and Trochammina inflata are the most resistant taxa, whereas Miliammina fusca is the species whose tests are most likely to be lost to post-mortem degradation. In five of six cores, foraminiferal assemblages and populations do not differ significantly with depth which suggests that the foraminifera of the 0–1 cm depth interval provide an adequate model upon which paleoenvironmental (including former sea level) reconstructions can be based.
Geology and timing of dextral strike-slip shear zones in Danmarkshavn, North-East Greenland Caledonides

The North-East Greenland eclogite province is divided into a western, central and eastern block by the sinistral Storstrommen shear zone in the west and the dextral Germania Land deformation zone in the east. A family of steep, NNW-striking dextral mylonite zones in the Danmarkshavn area are geometrically and kinematically similar to the ductile Germania Land deformation zone, located 25 km to the east. Amphibolite facies deformation at Danmarkshavn is characterized by boudinage of eclogite bodies within quartzofeldspathic host gneisses, pegmatite emplacement into the boudin necks and subsequent deformation of pegmatites parallel to gneissosity, a widespread component of dextral shear within the gneisses, and localization of strain into 10–50 m thick dextral mylonite zones. The gneisses and concordant mylonite zones are cut by a swarm of weakly to undeformed, steeply dipping, E–W-striking pegmatitic dykes. Oscillatory-zoned zircon cores from two boudin neck pegmatites give weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U sensitive, high mass resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) ages of 376 ± 5 Ma and 343 ± 7 Ma. Cathodoluminescence images of these zircons reveal complex additional rims, with ages from ranging from c. 360 to 320 Ma. Oscillatory-zoned, prismatic zircons from two late, cross-cutting pegmatites yield weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U SHRIMP ages of 343 ± 5 Ma and 332 ± 3 Ma. Zircons from the boudin neck pegmatites record a prolonged growth history, marked by fluid influx, during amphibolite facies metamorphism beginning at c. 375 Ma. The cross-cutting pegmatites show that dextral deformation in the gneisses and ductile mylonite zones had stopped by c. 340 Ma. Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the eastern block at 360 Ma requires that the Greenland Caledonides were in an overall contractional plate tectonic regime. This, combined with 20 % steep amphibolite facies lineations in the eclogites, gneisses and mylonites suggests that dextral transpression may have been responsible for a first stage of eclogite exhumation between 370 and 340 Ma.
Flash imprint lithography using a mask aligner: a method for printing nanostructures in photosensitive hydrogels

In this paper, we report a general method for imprinting nanometer-scale features in low-viscosity photosensitive hydrogels using conventional optical mask aligner technology. We call this method flash imprint lithography using a mask aligner (FILM). The FILM process makes it possible to fabricate nanometer-scale features in ultraviolet (UV)-curable hydrogels quickly, inexpensively and reproducibly. We believe that the FILM process will be useful in many areas of research but is particularly applicable to tissue engineering. Accordingly, we demonstrate the FILM process by imprinting dense arrays of nanostructures in polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), a material commonly utilized as a substrate in micro-and nanoscale tissue scaffolds; finite element modeling and contact angle analysis are employed to characterize pattern transfer of low-viscosity polymers (e.g. PEGDMA) in the FILM process.
Survival of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) on wheat treated with diatomaceous earth: impact of biological and environmental parameters on product efficacy

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, relative humidity (r.h.), population density, concentration, exposure interval, and residual aging on susceptibility of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), the rice weevil, to diatomaceous earth (DE). In the first experiment, hard red winter wheat was treated with 300 ppm of the Protect-It™ formulation of DE, and 10, 20, or 30 1–2 week-old mixed-sex adult weevils were exposed on 35 g of wheat for 1 week at combinations of 22°C, 27°C, or 32°C; 40%, 57%, or 75% r.h. No weevils survived when exposed at 40% or 57% r.h., but at 75% r.h. survival was related to both population density and temperature. A higher percentage of adults survived when 30 were exposed compared to 10 and 20, and within each density, survival decreased with increasing temperature. No F 1 s were produced at any r.h. on wheat held at 22°C. At 27°C and 32°C, the maximum number of F 1 s was produced on wheat held at 75% r.h. In the second experiment, wheat was treated with 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the label rate of 300 ppm, and 10 mixed-sex adult S. oryzae were exposed on 35 g of wheat for either 1, 2, or 3 weeks at 27°C, 57% and 75% r.h. Survival decreased with increasing exposure interval and concentration, but within exposure interval and concentration, survival was usually greater at 75% versus 57% r.h. In the final experiment, wheat was treated with 300 ppm, held at 22°C and 27°C, 57% r.h., and bioassayed at monthly intervals for 3 months by exposing 20 adult mixed-sex S. oryzae on 35 g of wheat for 1 or 2 weeks. At each month, survival of S. oryzae was greater when exposed at 22°C compared to 27°C and when exposed for 1 week compared with 2 weeks. Survival gradually increased with each monthly bioassay, except for those conducted at 3 months. Results of these studies show that S. oryzae is susceptible to DE, but survival of exposed insects will depend in part on the temperature and r.h. humidity (or grain moisture content) at which they are exposed. Survival is directly related to temperature, and as r.h. increases either higher concentrations or longer exposure intervals will be necessary to maintain a certain level of mortality. There may also be a loss of efficacy with residual aging.
Localized solutions in parametrically driven pattern formation.

The Mathieu partial differential equation (PDE) is analyzed as a prototypical model for pattern formation due to parametric resonance. After averaging and scaling, it is shown to be a perturbed nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLS). Adiabatic perturbation theory for solitons is applied to determine which solitons of the NLS survive the perturbation due to damping and parametric forcing. Numerical simulations compare the perturbation results to the dynamics of the Mathieu PDE. Stable and weakly unstable soliton solutions are identified. They are shown to be closely related to oscillons found in parametrically driven sand experiments.
Detecting protein-protein interactions with GFP-fragment reassembly.

The detection of protein-protein interactions in vivo is of critical importance to our understanding of biological processes. The classic library approach has been to use the yeast two-hybrid screen, where an interaction between known bait and unknown prey proteins leads to restoration of transcription factor activity 1 . However, its use is limited by host organism and nuclear localization requirements, and a tendency to detect indirect interactions (false positives). Bacterial two-hybrid screens have eliminated localization requirements and simplified many technical aspects of the procedure 2 . An innovative approach has been the reassembly of protein fragments, which then directly report interactions. A suitable reporter protein is dissected at the genetic level, and the fragments are fused to bait and prey, which are then coexpressed in vivo. Bait and prey interaction brings the reporter fragments together, facilitating reassembly of the active reporter protein, giving a direct readout of the association. This method has been demonstrated for dihydrofolate reductase 3,4 , ubiquitin 5 and the green fluorescent protein6 (GFP) from Aequorea victoria. We recently described improvements to the original screen based on the reassembly of the GFP enhancedstability mutant sg100 in Escherichia coli 7 . Our system, presented in the protocol that follows, consists of two plasmid vectors for the independent expression of fusions with N- and C-terminal fragments of GFP, and allows for simple visual detection of protein-protein interactions with a K D as weak as 1 mM.
Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow: current treatment options.

In the elbow, as in other joints, primary osteoarthritis is characterized by pain, stiffness, mechanical symptoms, and weakness. But primary osteoarthritis of the elbow is unique in that there is relative preservation of articular cartilage and maintenance of joint space, with hypertrophic osteophyte formation and capsular contracture. Medical treatment and physical therapy may be initiated in the early stages of the disease process. Surgical treatment options include arthroscopic osteocapsular debridement, open ulnohumeral arthroplasty, distraction interposition arthroplasty, and total elbow arthroplasty. The potential for instability and loosening following total elbow arthroplasty in the setting of primary osteoarthritis limits the clinical application of this procedure. This patient population is generally younger than that recommended for total elbow arthroplasty, and their higher functional demands have limited the long-term success of this treatment option. The improvement in arthroscopic debridement techniques is perhaps the greatest advancement in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the elbow in recent years.
Peptide retention time prediction yields improved tandem mass spectrum identification for diverse chromatography conditions

Most tandem mass spectrum identification algorithms use information only from the final spectrum, ignoring precursor information such as peptide retention time (RT). Efforts to exploit peptide RT for peptide identification can be frustrated by its variability across liquid chromatography analyses. We show that peptide RT can be reliably predicted by training a support vector regressor on a single chromatography run. This dynamically trained model outperforms a published statically trained model of peptide RT across diverse chromatography conditions. In addition, the model can be used to filter peptide identifications that produce large discrepancies between observed and predicted RT. After filtering, estimated true positive peptide identifications increase by as much as 50% at a false discovery rate of 3%, with the largest increase for non-specific cleavage with elastase.
Determination of gravity data spacing required for inertial navigation

Many modern navigation systems use an inertial navigation system (INS), often integrated with GPS. The largest uncompensated source of error in an INS is the unknown horizontal components of the gravity vector. Thus, it is critical to know where and at what spacing (resolution) additional gravity data should be collected to support INS operation to within specifications. This paper details a method for determining gravity spacing requirements. The technique is based on the total error variance equation of least-squares collocation and uses a Gaussian covariance function that is valid over the survey grid area. The resulting matrix equation is inverted symbolically and then solved for the gravity grid spacing.
An exact method for determining local solid fractions in discrete element method simulations

A novel solid fraction algorithm is presented which accounts for the partial volume of a sphere straddling cuboidal bin boundaries. The algorithm accounts for spheres intersecting a single plane (face), two perpendicular planes (edge), or three perpendicular planes (corner). Comparisons are made against the more common algorithm in which the solid fraction is determined by assigning the sphere's total volume to the bin in which the sphere's center of volume (COV) is located. Bin size-to-sphere diameter ratios >30 must be used to give errors <5% when using the traditional method when applied to simple cubic (SC) and hexagonal packing assemblies. Bin size-to-sphere diameter ratios larger than five are required for random sphere packings. Although time averaged solid fraction measurements are similar using either the exact or COV solid fraction schemes, the scatter in the COV method is much larger than for the exact method. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Invasive Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension Time for a More Fluid Approach

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a significant public health problem that may develop from abnormalities in the pulmonary vasculature, with left-sided heart failure (HF), high cardiac output states, or any combination of these.1,2 The commonest cause is HF (group 2 PH),3 although many clinicians continue to associate the term PH with the much smaller cohort of patients with isolated pulmonary vascular disease (group 1 PH). A host of efficacious therapies improve outcome in group 1 PH, and when on appropriate treatment, this subgroup enjoys the highest survival rates. In contrast, group 2 PH is associated with the worst outcomes.3 Although trials are underway, there is currently no established treatment for group 2 PH, and some pulmonary vasodilators may even worsen outcome in patients with HF.1 Thus, distinction of these entities is of paramount importance. Article see p 116 Groups 1 and 2 are distinguished by the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), which is elevated (>15 mm Hg) in the latter and normal in the former.1,2 Accurate noninvasive assessment of PCWP is difficult,4 but if there is a low ejection fraction (EF) or significant left-sided valve disease, the diagnosis of group 2 PH is generally rendered with confidence.1,2 The more difficult distinction is between group 1 PH and PH caused by HF with preserved EF (HFpEF).5 Diagnosis of HFpEF is problematic because of the difficulty in noninvasively assessing PCWP and because PCWP is often normal at rest and elevated only during physiological stresses such as exercise6 or volume expansion.7 As such, current guidelines recommend provocative testing (exercise or saline loading) to distinguish HFpEF from group 1 PH among individuals with normal PCWP and typical HFpEF risk factors,2 although there has been little data to support …
CAMPYLOBACTER ENTERITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CANINE INFECTION

Abstract Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni has recently been recognised as a human enteric pathogen. Five cases of campylobacter enteritis are described. All five patients had abdominal pain and diarrhœa. Two of the five patients had bloody diarrhœa and relapses. All the patients had been in contact with young dogs which had had diarrhœa. Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni was isolated from these dogs or from their litter-mates. Canine infection with Campylobacter fetus ss. jejuni may be an important source of infection causing diarrhœa in man.
Multiple congenital malformations in an infant prenatally diagnosed with mosaicism for dup(1q) and del(Xq)

After ultrasound diagnosis of a fetus with severe hydrocephalus and Dandy-Walker malformation, amniocentesis revealed chromosomal mosaicism for dup(lq) and del(Xq). The neonate had dysmorphic facial features, vertebral abnormalities, and pulmonary hypoplasia, and expired shortly after birth. This report confirms the poor prognosis reported for partial trisomies involving the long arm of chromosome number 1.
DISC1 regulates primary cilia that display specific dopamine receptors.

Background Mutations in the DISC1 gene are strongly associated with major psychiatric syndromes such as schizophrenia. DISC1 encodes a cytoplasmic protein with many potential interaction partners, but its cellular functions remain poorly understood. We identified a role of DISC1 in the cell biology of primary cilia that display disease-relevant dopamine receptors. Methodology/Principal Findings A GFP-tagged DISC1 construct expressed in NIH3T3 cells and rat striatal neurons localized near the base of primary cilia. RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous DISC1 resulted in a marked reduction in the number of cells expressing a primary cilium. FLAG-tagged versions of the cloned human D1, D2 and D5 dopamine receptors concentrated highly on the ciliary surface, and this reflects a specific targeting mechanism specific because D3 and D4 receptors localized to the plasma membrane but were not concentrated on cilia. Conclusions/Significance These results identify a role of DISC1 in regulating the formation and/or maintenance of primary cilia, and establish subtype-specific targeting of dopamine receptors to the ciliary surface. Our findings provide new insight to receptor cell biology and suggest a relationship between DISC1 and neural dopamine signaling.
Hyperosmolar urea for elective midtrimester abortion: Experience in 1,913 cases

Abstract Intra-amniotic hyperosmolar urea (59.7 per cent) augmented by intravenous oxytocin (332 mμ per minute), prostaglandin F 2α (20 mg.), prostaglandin F 2α (10 mg.), or prostaglandin F 2α (5 mg.) was utilized for 1,913 patients requesting elective midtrimester abortion. Injection-abortion intervals ranging from 13.70 to 21.49 hours were achieved with failure rates of 0.7 to 6.7 per cent. Despite frequent pre-existing medical conditions, the complication rate compared favorably with those of other methods for terminating midtrimester pregnancy such as saline amnioinfusion or dilatation and evacuation.
Abstract 154: Heritability of Ischemic White Matter Lesions in a Family Population with Increased Susceptibility of Vascular Disease

Introduction: Ischemic strokes are more likely to occur in the subcortical region of the brain, and also cluster strongly in families. However, the extent to which ischemic white matter lesions (WML) are heritable in a high risk healthy population remains unknown. We thus examined the heritability of ischemic WML volumes in both the periventricular (PV) and subcortical (SC) brain regions in apparently healthy European American (EA) and African American (AA) families with increased susceptibility for vascular disease . Methods: We measured traditional risk factors, and imaged the brains of 579 healthy first degree relatives of probands with early onset CAD prior to 60 years of age. PV and SC WML volumes were directly measured using 3T cranial MRI. The location and volume of lesions were characterized using standard automated software. Maximum-likelihood estimates of polygenic heritability were performed on the unadjusted and adjusted transformed WML traits with the use of variance components models in the ...
Challenges for water sector reform in transition economies

This paper discusses the practical problems of implementing water policy and pricing reforms in transition economies by looking at the case of Odessa, Ukraine. Chief among the policy advice for the water and sanitation (W&S) sector in less developed countries is greater cost-sharing by customers through increased service prices, with the goals of encouraging more efficient water use by users, promoting a greater perceived stake among customers in the health of their W&S systems and enabling service providers to maintain and expand their networks as needed. While appropriate for much of the developing world, this policy advice has had limited applicability for many communities in transition economies. The complex existing water supply infrastructure in much of Central and Eastern Europe, along with residents’ low effective demand for high-quality service, create an environment in which typical price reform strategies will initially be a minor component in sector reform efforts. We use the case of Odessa, Ukraine, to discuss the reasons why traditional advice on water pricing has been of limited use in the region.
DNA damage is a feature of feline injection-site sarcoma.

Feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) is commonly treated with surgery and radiation therapy. Despite aggressive therapy, FISS has a high recurrence rate. The true benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy is not known. DNA damage response mechanisms help protect against genomic instability but can also promote chemoresistance. In order to determine whether DNA damage is a feature of FISS, we evaluated tumour tissues with γH2AX immunohistochemistry. H2AX is phosphorylated to form γH2AX following DNA double strand breaks. Seventeen FISS specimens were evaluated prospectively. DNA damage ranged from 2.18 to33.7%, with a median of 16.2%. Significant differences were noted between cats (P < 0.0001). Mitotic index ranged from 0 to 57 with a median of 13 and did not correlate with γH2AX positivity (P = 0.2). Further studies are needed to determine if γH2AX expression may predict chemosensitivity and have independent value as a prognostic factor.
Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in and targeted therapy for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

14045 Background: Penile carcinoma is highly fatal when associated with bulky regional or distant metastases, despite chemotherapy and surgery. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a potentia...
Silver-tin alloys and amalgams: electrochemical considerations.

The corrosion potential and anodic polarization profiles of a representative number of silver-tin alloys and their corresponding amalgams in a physiological solution were determined and compared to their microstructures. For the alloys with tin-content greater than 27%(wt) and for all amalgams, the corrosion process is related to the attack of free tin for the alloys and to the gamma-2 tin for the amalgams. The gamma-2 concentration in the amalgams increases with an increase in tin-content. For alloys with tin-content less than 27%, the corrosion process is even more restricted than for the process observed with pure silver. From a developed theory based upon the potential-time and polarization results, association of the O2 reduction process on a SnO cathodic film to an intermediate specie of H2O2 is made. The rate of H2O2 decomposition on a SnO surface in a four electron process is thought to control the O2 reduction overvoltage. The O2 reduction overvoltage decreases with increases in the silver-conten...
Mediterranean Diet and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cognitive decline, dementia, Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) disease are age-related conditions that affect mature adults worldwide. Risk factors include hypercholesterolemia, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular factors, such as hypertension, and inflammation.
Hephaestus: Data reuse for accelerating scientific discovery

Data-intensive science, wherein domain experts use big data analytics in the course of their research, is becoming increasingly common in the physical and social sciences. Moreover, data reuse is becoming the new normal, owing to the open data movement [15] and arrival of big science experiments such as the Large Hadron Collider. Here, a small group of researchers with exotic equipment produce a dataset that is shared by thousands. Unfortunately, weak and spurious correlations are also on the rise in research [5, 27]. For example, Google Flu Trends published their algorithms in 2008 [19] for use in public health, and in the intervening time its accuracy has plummeted. In the 2011-2012 flu season, this system produced estimates more than 50% higher than the number of cases reported by the U.S. Center for Disease Control [32]. This work first examines common pitfalls associated with data-intensive science and how they contribute to irreproducible results. We then propose a system for conducting virtual experiments over existing data. It simulates randomized controlled trials by reframing the principles of empirical research. These virtual experiments underpin a larger platform we call Hephaestus. This framework accumulates virtual experiments in a visualization to help scientists identify consistencies and anomalies in an area of research. We then highlight a set of research challenges associated with this platform. We argue that by using this approach, dataintensive science may come to achieve accuracy on par with its causality-driven predecessors.