cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective survival and expression of B-lymphocyte memory cells during long-term serial transplantation

Abstract The expression of individual clonal products during long-term in vivo culture was investigated using a rabbit model system of bone marrow transplantation. RLA (MHC) matched rabbits were deliberately mismatched for k light chain immunoglobulin allotype to facilitate identification of antibodies as being of donor or recipient origin. Recipients of cells from antigen-primed donors responded to antigen stimulation with antibody of donor origin, showing that cells were effectively triggered for antibody production in the recipient. Isoelectric focusing followed by affinity immunoblotting of the expressed antibodies showed that the responding B-cell clonotype repertoire remained virtually unchanged throughout the extensive cell transfer protocol used. These results suggest that B-memory-cell stimulation, rather than stem cell differentiation, was responsible for the observed response patterns. There was no detectable increase in the heterogeneity of the donor-derived antibody response with time and no new clonotypes appeared which were not present in the cell donor. Unlike previous studies, early stimulation with antigen was not required for successful engraftment and memory cell establishment. However, our data suggest that the timing of antigenic challenge may determine which of the donor-derived clones will dominate a response after antigen challenge of the recipient.
Blood Values of Hens Fed a Yeast-Fermented Mash Supplemented Adequate Diet

Abstract ARTICLES in the literature related to the feeding of yeast to chickens are numerous but only a few are concerned with the feeding of yeast-fermented mash as a supplement to otherwise adequate diets. Bice (1936, 1939–1940), Dearstyne (1937a, 1937b), Dearstyne and Bollinger (1933 Dearstyne and Bollinger (1938), Dearstyne, Dearing, and Bollinger (1937), Hale (1935), and Hanes (1934) have reported conflicting results regarding the value of feeding of yeast-fermented mash supplements in promoting growth, increasing egg production, decreasing mortality, and producing earlier maturity of chickens. To the knowledge of the writers, articles reporting on the influence of fermented mash supplemented diets on blood values of chickens have not appeared in the literature. According to advertisements advocating the feeding of yeast-fermented mash, the beneficial results of that feeding practice are an increase in the number of red blood cells and an increase in resistance to disease. Direct evidence of these benefits appears to be . . .
Ethical considerations in alleged dermatologic malpractice

Although dermatology does not lead the list of specialties most commonly sued for malpractice, anyone who has been the recipient of a malpractice claim is often traumatized both personally and professionally. Every day dermatologists must address various ethical concerns that have legal implications. Herein, we chose to discuss the following such issues: (1) the ethical and legal necessity of submitting a clinically benign appearing lesion for dermatopathologic review; (2) the ethical and legal considerations regarding frequency of screening after a patient has been diagnosed with melanoma; (3) the multiple ethical and legal considerations involved with the misdiagnosis of a melanoma; (4) the complex ethical and legal considerations of a dermatologist making a clinical diagnosis in a nonprofessional social and public setting; and (5) the ethical and legal implications of sharing care of patients with other dermatologists and specialists.
Mesenchymal and Neuronal Cell Expression of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Gene Occur by Different Mechanisms

Abstract The p75 neurotrophin receptor serves as a receptor for all known neurotrophins, including NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4/5. The expression pattern of p75 is known to be widespread and extends outside the nervous system, suggesting that neurotrophins may have functions beyond neuronal cell survival and differentiation. To investigate the expression of p75, a human minigene was constructed that contained the full-length receptor cDNA directed by its own promoter and 4 kb of 5′ upstream sequence. This minigene was used to generate transgenic mice and was found to be expressed in selective neuronal populations such as the cerebellar external granular layer. Expression of the transgene was not observed in sensory or sympathetic ganglia or in the basal forebrain. Transection of the sciatic nerve revealed that the human transgene was appropriately upregulated after nerve injury, indicating that sequences responsible for proper induction during nerve regeneration reside in the minigene construct. In contrast, the p75 transgene was found to be extensively expressed in mesenchymal cells during development, closely mimicking the in vivo pattern of expression. The detection of p75 receptors in the mesenchyme implies that neurotrophins are likely to exert effects during morphogenesis of mesodermal tissues and that separate signals are likely to direct neuronal versus nonneuronal expression of the p75 gene.
Oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in normal, quaking and shiverer brains are enriched in iron

Early studies employing iron histochemical techniques found a spatially restricted distribution of oligodendrocytes and myelin enriched in iron. In particular, oligodendrocytes and myelin positively stained for iron were found in sparsely myelinated brain regions but not in densely myelinated tracts. Subsequent studies modified the iron histochemical technique and demonstrated that oligodendrocytes and myelin were stained in densely myelinated brain regions but the staining occurred in patches rather than uniformly throughout densely myelinated tracts. This study further modified the iron histochemistry technique to establish that oligodendrocytes and myelin are enriched in iron throughout densely myelinated tracts. This finding supports biochemical studies that detected high levels of iron in white matter (Hallgren and Sourander, J Neurochem 3:41-51, 1958) and myelin fractions of brain homogenates (Rajan et al., Life Sci 18:423-432, 1976). Thus, this histochemical study and earlier biochemical studies indicate that white matter is a major site of iron concentration within the brain. The present study also examined the distribution of iron in oligodendrocytes and myelin from the dysmyelinating mutant mice quaking and shiverer. Results from these studies demonstrate that oligodendrocytes and myelin are enriched in iron in both quaking and shiverer brains. An unexpected finding was an intense staining of oval structures within the oligodendrocyte cytoplasm. This result indicates a concentration of iron in these structures and may be important for understanding how high concentrations of iron are processed by oligodendrocytes.
Synthesis and structures of helical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bearing aryl substituents at the most sterically hindered positions

A three-step synthetic sequence starting from condensation between a benzannulated enediyne and an aryl tert-butyl ketone was established to provide easy access to angularly fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bearing one or two aryl substituents at the most sterically hindered positions to cause helical twists. The dynamic behaviors involving the helix inversion and the restricted rotation of the aryl substituents were investigated by temperature-dependent NMR studies. The X-ray structure of an indeno-fused 1-phenylpentahelicene derivative showed severe distortion of the [5]helicene system from planarity.
Studies on fuel spray characteristics in high-pressure environment

The present study deals with several issues involving the improvement of physical submodels and the computational efficiency in modeling dense fuel sprays. To improve the computational efficiency, a parcel PDF approach is implemented which can account for turbulent dispersion within each computational parcel. The advantage of a parcel PDF tracking method is to reduce the number of computational parcels representing the spray dynamics as well as to obtain grid-independent solutions for two-phase flows. To account for the dense spray effects, an existing drop collision and coalescence model, two breakup models, and a Reitz's wave instability model were used. These models were incorporated into a state-of-the-art multiphase all-speed transient flow solution procedure. Comparative performance for two breakup models as well as the turbulence modulation effects are also studied. Validation cases include the nonevaporating and evaporating solid-cone dense sprays. The predictions show a reasonably good agreement with available experimental results in terms of spray penetration, drop sizes, gas and drop mean velocities, and gas and drop rms velocities. The numerical results indicate that the present parcel PDF model has the capability of accurately representing drop dispersion in dense sprays with manageable number of computational parcels.
Bobby Sands, MP: IRA Volunteer and Revolutionary Icon:

tion" (p. 42). Although they stand against bending to the will of global capitalism, fem inists from a range of perspectives do present proposals for action. Yet the multiple voices and nuanced positions of feminist political economy and post colonial literatures are lumped together and pushed aside. To their credit, Bahramitash emphasizes the role of women organizations and their in fluence on the state for guaranteeing wom en's rights and Jaquette and Staudt devote the last section of their volume to women's mo bilization and power. That both volumes are compelled to address women's activism is the signature of a wide and strong network of women's organizations around the world-the congealing of a global women's and feminist movement (that includes all sorts of feminist and women-centered posi tions). In the closing chapter, "Empowerment Just Happened: The Unexpected Expansion of Women's Organizations" Tinker claims that the "leap from disparate organizations to a diverse global women's movement" relied on funding by international development agencies (p. 299). Several feminist sociolo gists have approached what drives the glob al women's movement. While we know re sources are important for all social move ments, that "gender makes the world go around" may matter more in explaining the rise of transnational feminist networks. Searching the internet to see if my em bellished refrain taken from the movie musi cal Cabaret (1972) had been used elsewhere, I found it as the title of the first chapter of Cynthia Enloe's book, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of Interna tional Politics (1989). This is probably where I sourced the title, cranially filing it whilst in graduate school. I was also encouraged to re member Enloe's book, an exemplary volume that bridges feminisms and in which gender and the global economy are envisioned as a single process.
Full three-dimensional measurements of the cross-flow separation region of a 6:1 prolate spheroid

The flow in the cross-flow separation region of a 1.37 m long, 6:1 prolate spheroid at 10° angle of attack was investigated with a novel 3-D fiber-optic Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). The probe was used to measure three simultaneous, orthogonal velocity components from within the model. The design and operation of this LDV probe is described and velocity, Reynolds stress, and velocity triple-product measurements are presented from the inner boundary layer through the boundary-layer edge.
A note on irreducible, infinite Coxeter groups

Abstract A new proof is given for the statement: For an irreducible, infinite Coxeter group ( W , S ) and w ∈ W , if wSw - 1 = S , then w = 1 (the identity element of W).
5‐fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin‐C (FAM) chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the lung

Twenty-five patients with advanced measurable adenocarcinoma of the lung were treated with combination chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and mitomycin-C (FAM). Objective response (1CR, 8PR) was obtained in 36% of patients. The median duration of response was 7.0 months and the median survival for responders is greater than 8.5 months. Five responders are alive 5.5 to 23.5 months after starting therapy. Three of four patients evidencing stabilization of disease are alive at 10-23 months. Non-responding patients had a median survival of 2.5 months and none lived beyond seven months. Tumor response and survival suggested correlation with initial performance status and limited disease. The FAM regimen was tolerated well, with moderate bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal symptoms being the only clinically significant toxicities. These results indicate that patients with advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma can obtain objective tumor regression with FAM chemotherapy.
Effectiveness of the Revised Denver Developmental Screening Test in Identifying Children at Risk for Learning Problems

AbstractThe kindergarten population of a school district was followed for 5 years to determine the efficacy of the Revised Denver Developmental Screening Test (RDDST) as a prekindergarten screening measure. Results show significant relationships between RDDST performance and special class placement, remedial reading program assignments, Otis-Lennon IQ, Stanford Reading Achievement Test scores, and classroom grades. When classification information (i.e., specificity and sensitivity) was used, however, the RDDST consistently misclassified as normal the performance of a significant number of children requiring special help in their early elementary school years. The implications of these findings for the use of the RDDST as a screening test are discussed.
Effect of NO on PPS by a New Durability Testing Method for Filter Media

The durability research on the filter media is of great significance. It is necessary to establish a laboratory test method on it in practical use. A new testing method is provided for filter media durability under corrosive gas condition in the paper. PPS is selected as standard testing sample and it is tested in SO2 gas. Under 1000ppm SO2 and 200°C condition, both warp strength and weft strength of PPS increase at the beginning and then gradually decrease with duration. And the decrease of weft elongation is obviously higher than warp elongation for PPS.
When Do the Ends Justify the Means? Evaluating Procedural Fairness

How do people decide whether a political process is fair or unfair? Concerned about principles of justice, people might carefully evaluate procedural fairness based on the facts of the case. Alternately, people could be guided by their prior preferences, endorsing the procedures that produce favored policy outcomes as fair and rating those that generate disliked outcomes as unfair. Using an experimental design, we consider the conditions under which people use accuracy goals versus directional goals in evaluating political processes. We find that when procedures are clearly fair or unfair, people make unbiased assessments of procedural justice. When the fairness of a process is ambiguous, people are more likely to use their prior attitudes as a guide.
Release of dissolved organic matter during oxic and anoxic decomposition of salt marsh cordgrass

Abstract Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), as the light absorbing fraction of bulk dissolved organic matter (DOM), plays a number of important roles in the global and local biogeochemical cycling of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and in controlling the optical properties of estuarine and coastal waters. Intertidal areas such as salt marshes can contribute significant amounts of the CDOM that is exported to the ocean, but the processes controlling this CDOM source are not well understood. In this study, we investigate the production of DOM and CDOM from the decomposition of two salt marsh cordgrasses, Spartina patens , a C 4 grass, and Typha latifolia , a C 3 grass, in well-controlled laboratory experiments. During the seven-week incubation period of the salt marsh grasses in oxic and anoxic seawater, changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, dissolved nitrogen (DN) concentrations, stable carbon isotopic composition of DOC (DOC- δ 13 C), and CDOM fluorescence demonstrate a significant contribution of DOC and CDOM to estuarine waters from salt marsh plants, such as Spartina and Typha species. In the natural environment, however, the release processes of CDOM from different cordgrass species could be controlled largely by the in situ oxic and anoxic conditions present during degradation which affects both the production and decomposition of DOC and CDOM, as well as the optical properties of CDOM in estuarine and coastal waters.
Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey.

Background. Survey data are presented on the associations between retrospectively reported childhood adversities and subsequent onset and persistence of DSM-III-R disorders. Methods. Data come from the US National Comorbidity Survey, a large survey of the US household population. Results. Twenty-six adversities were considered, including loss events (e.g. parental divorce), parental psychopathologies (e.g. maternal depression), interpersonal traumas (e.g. rape) and other adversities (e.g. natural disaster). These adversities were consistently associated with onset, but not persistence, of DSM-III-R mood disorders, anxiety disorders, addictive disorders and acting out disorders. Most bivariate associations with onset attenuated in models that controlled for clustering of adversities and for lifetime co-morbidities among psychiatric disorders. Multivariate effects of adversities in logistic models were additive, which means that they have multiplicative effects on probability of disorder onset. Adversities showed little specificity. An analysis of time decay showed that the effects of childhood adversities on disorder onset persist beyond childhood. Conclusions. The existence of strong clustering among childhood adversities and lifetime co-morbidity among adult disorders means that caution is needed in interpreting the results of previous single-adversity single-disorder studies as documenting unique effects of specific childhood adversities on specific adult disorders. Future studies need to assess a broader range of adversities and disorders and to explore the existence and effects of commonly occurring adversity clusters. Replication is needed to verify that the effects of childhood adversities are mostly on first onset rather than on the creation of vulnerabilities that lead to increased risk of persistence.
Lactate Acidosis as a Cause of Mortality in Captured Sharks: An Hypothesis

(1971). Lactate Acidosis as a Cause of Mortality in Captured Sharks: An Hypothesis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society: Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 139-140.
Performance of the VTL PEPR vertex guidance system

Abstract A PEPR vertex guidance system requiring no operator intervention has been operating at the University of Washington's Visual Techniques Laboratory since 1972. The measurement of 140 000 events consisting of 3, 4, 5, and 6-prong interactions of a 15 GeV/ c π − beam with deuterium was recently completed. The system employs global transformations that reduce circular tracks to a point in a two-dimensional angle-curvature space. Noise reduction techniques are used to improve position and angle accuracy and thereby the system resolution and efficiency. Monitoring criteria were developed to ensure continous peak performance over long production periods.
Theoretical analysis of the inter-ligand overhauser effect: a new approach for mapping structural relationships of macromolecular ligands.

Abstract A theoretical framework has been developed for the evaluation of inter-ligand Overhauser effects (ILOE), predicted when pairs of ligands are observed in the presence of a macromolecular receptor which can form a ternary complex such that some of the protons on the two ligands are in close proximity with each other (generally less than ∼ 5 A). Simulations for a pair of ligands with three spins each have been performed for a variety of geometric and rate parameters. Analogous to previously described calculations of TRNOE behavior, theoretical behavior of each of the nine cross peaks, A ij , in a NOESY experiment involving ligands which can exist in the free, binary, or ternary complex states can be calculated. However, for exchange which is sufficiently rapid on the relaxation and chemical shift time scales, use of a collapsed matrix, C , corresponding to sums of sets of nine elements, will often be appropriate and generally simplifies the analysis. In order to generate inter-ligand Overhauser effects, it is optimal for the fraction of receptor involved in the ternary complex to be reasonably large; i.e., concentrations of both ligands should be near saturation. Based on a model assuming random binding order of the ligands, the dependence of ILOE resonance intensities on kinetic rate constants roughly parallels the dependence of transferred NOE (TRNOE) intensities. For diffusion controlled binding, i.e., k on ∼ 10 8 M −1 s −1 , the method is best suited for equilibrium dissociation constants in the micromolar–millimolar range ( k off ∼ 10 2 –10 5 s −1 ). Toward the slower dissociation rate constant end of this range, TRNOE and ILOE effects are still predicted, but the initial build-up curves become markedly nonlinear. For a kinetic binding scheme which assumes ordered binding of the ligands, the inherent asymmetry of the ligand binding process leads to more complex kinetics and alters the dependence of the ILOE on the kinetic parameters. In this case, the binding of the second ligand effectively reduces the exchange rate of the first ligand, reducing the transfer of NOE and ILOE information. The reduction in TRNOE and ILOE information which is prediced for the ordered ligand binding model is overcome at larger dissociation rate constants for either ligand 1 or ligand 2. In addition to the structural information available from ILOE data, the strong dependence of TRNOE and ILOE curves on ordered ligand binding suggests that such measurements could be useful for the characterization of ligand binding kinetics.
Interaction of nitrite with proteins at gastric pH.

THE discovery of volatile N-nitroso compounds1 in certain foodstuffs2 treated with nitrite and/or nitrate has prompted investigation into the conditions likely to give rise to them in food processing and also during digestion. Although other reactions of food components with nitrate and nitrite under physiological conditions are known3, the fate of the total nitrate and nitrite added to foodstuffs as preservatives and that ingested with food has not been established. Our current investigations concern the possibility that interactions of nitrite with certain food components could result in the formation of C-nitroso compounds whose biological behaviour is largely unknown but from the few reports in the literature4–7 are much weaker carcinogens than the corresponding N-nitroso derivatives. The nitrophenols, however, produced by oxidation of the corresponding nitrosophenol, could affect the energy-yielding processes of the cell by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation6.
6Li Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR Study of Electron Correlations, Magnetic Ordering, and Stability of Lithium Manganese(III) Oxides

Three different lithium manganese(III) oxides (the orthorhombic LiMnO2 phase, monoclinic layered LiMnO2 and tetragonal Li2Mn2O4) were studied with 6Li magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy. M...
Reaction of 4,5-diaminopyrimidine and ethyl acetoacetate: Synthesis and chemistry of isomeric dihydropyrimido[4,5-b][1,4] diazepinones

Depending upon reaction conditions, 4,5-diaminopyrimidine and acetoacetic ester gave a variety of condensation products, including the two isomeric dihydropyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]-diazepinones. Under conditions leading to bicyclic products, the formation of 1,5-dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyrimido[4,5-b][1,4]diazepin-2-one (2) was strongly favored. The isomeric 3,5-dihydro-2-methyl-4H-4-one compound (4) was best obtained by cyclization of ethyl 3-(4-amino-5-pyrimidylamino)crotonate (3) under base catalysis. Thermal rearrangement of 2 and 4 proceeded, in each instance, with loss of the isopropenyl moiety and gave 8-purinone. Compound 4 underwent ring contraction under the influence of alkoxide to yield a product which was shown to be the 7-isopropenyl-8-purinone (6).
Supply Chain Management and its Route to Normal Science: a Kuhnian Analysis

The evolution of science has intrigued countless scientists. Many philosophers hold that scientific evolution is linear and constantly adding to the overall body of knowledge. Thomas Kuhn changed this view. In his famous work, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , he proposes a route to normal science. He explains that paradigm shifts are arduous and require long time periods to occur. Using qualitative research combined with a Kuhnian model, we explain the evolution of Supply Chain Management (SCM) from its origins. Some authors have traced SCM evolution with a focus on chronological and linear order. This paper brings a new approach using Kuhnian elements to explain how SCM has matured to its present form. This broad picture manifests the strenuous path of SCM’s evolution and helps to explain how it is close to becoming a normal science. DOI: 10.12660/joscmv7n2p59-74 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/joscmv7n2p59-74
Optimized structures and ring strain energies of isoelectronic homo- and heterogermiranes c-AX2GeH2GeH2q (A/q = Ga/−1, Ge/0, As/+1): Variable trends across triads

Ring strain energies (RSEs) estimated for a series of isoelectronic three-membered ring homo- and heterogermiranes c-AX2GeH2GeH2q (A/q = Ga/–1, Ge/0, As/+1; X = H, Me, F, t-Bu) fall into three categories. Those where the X substituent is small, and neutral or an electron donor (H, Me), show v-shaped trends in RSE. Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules (QTAIM) calculations suggest this arises because the charged rings have the greatest difference between bond lengths and bond path distances, the latter being the paths of most significant electron density. However, when X is large (t-Bu), the trend is to decreasing RSEs across the triad. This arises because of the behavior of the chain molecules used in the RSE calculation. When X is electron withdrawing (F), the trend is to increasing RSEs across the triad. This arises because the chain molecules used to calculate RSE exhibit extremely large Ge–A–Ge angles.
Stochastic Modeling of Lightweight Floating Objects

We propose a stochastic modeling framework for light-weight objects floating in flows. Realistic and turbulent motions are conveniently provided for real-time animation or gaming environment, which is achieved by utilizing a stochastic differential equation (SDE) to model the momentum change of the objects. The model incorporates adaptive random fluctuation by adopting physical turbulence models computed from a pre-generated flow field. This base flow defines the major route of a light-weight object. Meanwhile, the jiggling behavior is implemented as a SDE-modeled random process on-the-fly, which enables very fast computation and easy control. These features are critical to integrate such natural phenomena into interactive 3D animation applications, which was previously hindered due to the conflict between limited computational resources and high-cost numerical simulation.
5-Hydroxytryptamine 1A/7 and 4α Receptors Differentially Prevent Opioid-Induced Inhibition of Brain Stem Cardiorespiratory Function

Opioids evoke respiratory depression, bradycardia, and reduced respiratory sinus arrhythmia, whereas serotonin (5-HT) agonists stimulate respiration and cardiorespiratory interactions. This study tested whether serotonin agonists can prevent the inhibitory effects of opioids on cardiorespiratory function. Spontaneous and rhythmic inspiratory-related activity and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission to premotor parasympathetic cardioinhibitory neurons in the nucleus ambiguus were recorded simultaneously in an in vitro thick slice preparation. The μ-opioid agonist fentanyl inhibited respiratory frequency. The 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A/7 receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin increased respiratory frequency by itself and also prevented the fentanyl-induced respiratory depression. The 5-hydroxytryptamine 4α agonist BIMU-8 did not by itself change inspiratory activity but prevented the μ-opioid–mediated respiratory depression. Both spontaneous and inspiratory-evoked GABAergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons were inhibited by fentanyl. 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin inhibited spontaneous but not inspiratory-evoked GABAergic activity to parasympathetic cardiac neurons. However, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin differentially altered the opioid-mediated depression of inspiratory-evoked GABAergic activity but did not change the opioid-induced reduction in spontaneous GABAergic neurotransmission. In contrast, BIMU-8 did not alter GABAergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons by itself but prevented the fentanyl depression of both spontaneous and inspiratory-elicited GABAergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons. In the presence of tetrodotoxin, the inhibition of GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents with fentanyl is prevented by coapplication of BIMU-8, indicating that BIMU-8 acts at presynaptic GABAergic terminals to prevent fentanyl-induced depression. These results suggest that activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, particularly 5-hydroxytryptamine 4α agonists, may be a useful therapeutic approach in preventing opioid-evoked cardiorespiratory depression.
NineML – a description language for spiking neuron network modeling: the user layer

With an increasing number of studies related to largescale neuronal network modeling, the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) has identified a need for standards and guidelines to ease model sharing and facilitate the replication of results across different simulators. To create such standards, the INCF formed a program on Multiscale Modeling with a goal to develop a common standardized description language for neuronal network models. The first version of the proposed standard - the Network Interchange for Neuroscience Modeling Language (NineML) - is designed for the description of large networks of spiking neurons. NineML consists of two layers: an abstraction layer that provides the core concepts, mathematics and syntax with which model variables and state update rules are explicitly described and a user layer that provides syntax to specify the instantiation and parameterization of a network model in biological terms. Here we describe the details of the user layer from the first draft proposal of NineML. The user layer provides the syntax for specifying the model and parameters to be used to instantiate the key elements of a spiking neuron network. This includes descriptions of individual elements (cells, synapses, inputs) and the constructs for describing the grouping of these entities into networks. In addition the user layer defines the syntax for specifying a range of connectivity patterns. The user layer is intended to be primarily machine-readable and uses XML syntax. It is designed with a focus on ease of parsing, verification, and automatic model construction. This does not prevent advanced users from editing the user layer XML descriptions by hand, but the primary means for creation of these descriptions is expected to be software tools that will convert GUI- or script-based representations of objects and properties into valid XML. NineML aims to provide a tool to explicitly define a spiking neuron network model both conceptually and mathematically in a simulator independent manner. In addition, NineML is designed to be self-consistent and highly flexible, allowing addition of new models and mathematical descriptions without modification of the previous structure and organization of the language. To achieve these goals, the language is being iteratively designed using several representative models with various levels of complexity [1-6] as test cases.
Folding and assembly kinetics of procaspase-3

Caspases are vital to apoptosis and exist in the cell as inactive zymogens. Dimerization is central to procaspase activation because the active sites are comprised of loops from both monomers. Although initiator procaspases are stable monomers until activated on cell death scaffolds, the effector caspases, such as procaspase-3, are stable dimers. The activation mechanisms are reasonably well understood in terms of polypeptide chain cleavage and subsequent active site rearrangements in the dimer, but the mechanisms that govern dimer assembly are not known. To further understand procaspase dimerization, we examined the folding and assembly of procaspase-3 by fluorescence emission, circular dichroism, differential quenching by acrylamide, anisotropy, and enzyme activity assays. Single-mixing stopped-flow refolding studies showed a complex burst phase in which multiple monomeric species form rapidly. At longer times, the monomer folds through several intermediates, some of which appear to be off-pathway or misfolded, before eventually forming a dimerization-competent species. Enzyme activity studies demonstrated a slow rate of dimerization (∼70 M−1 s−1). In addition, single-mixing stopped-flow unfolding studies revealed a complex unfolding process with a slow rate of dimer dissociation. Interestingly, multiple dimeric species were observed in the burst phase for unfolding, suggesting that the native ensemble consists of at least two major conformations. Collectively, these results demonstrate complex folding and unfolding behavior for procaspase-3 and suggest that slow dimerization results from the lack of stabilizing native contacts in the initial encounter complex.
Understanding, Mathematics, and Scientific Education

The purpose of this paper is to state what the author believes is a good way to develop the powers of understanding of talented college science students. After making a careful and somewhat novel distinction between knowledge and understanding, the paper closely defines the main problem in terms of the new interpretation of "understanding." A short discussion follows which concludes that what is needed is more and better schooling in the central ideas of mathematics. At this point, the tenor of the paper is changed and a semipopular discussion is given on the fundamental type of mathematics the author has in mind. Finally, a proposal is made which is general enough to be adapted to a wide variety of situations.
Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century

To say it at once, Jerome Blum's new book of this title is a most impressive piece of work.' Here is the history of one thousand years of Russian agrarian relations, presented with a knowledge of the subject and a lucidity in the narration that will make this book a standard work in the field for many years to come. It was a bold enterprise indeed to embark upon the study of an immense body of literature, replete with uncertain and changeable technical terms and dealing with economic matters which are inextricably connected with the whole flow of the political history of the country and which at the same time reach into the very depths of its social history. It is truly amazing how well the author has acquitted himself of his task. The ten centuries encompassed the protracted and complex process of enserfment and virtual enslavement of huge segments of Russian peasantry. It continued until the great reversal of Emancipation in 1861, which is the terminal point in Blum's presentation. To a very large extent, the process is an integral part of Russian legal history, and, again, one cannot but admire the clarity with which the author interpreted the long series of juridical enactments, many of which have been controversial in intent, meaning, and effect. Since it is impossible within the confines of this review to do even approximate justice to the richness of the contents of the book, and since in all likelihood subsequent editions will follow, it may be best to devote what follows primarily to a number of critical comments in the hope that some of them may be accepted, or at least dealt with, by the author in later revisions. In this way, it should be possible to convey an idea of some of Blum's crucial interpretations and his distribution of emphasis among the causal factors involved. No more than passing mention should be made of a few trifling lapses. The interested reader will have no difficulty in recognizing that the captions of a couple of maps are switched, as is their location in the book. Here and there, the author failed to penetrate the deeper mysteries of Russian morphology, so that a plural noun is mistaken for a collective singular, or a genitive case, either singular or plural, for the nominative. Some translations into English of Russian technical terms appear to be either wrong or at least infelicitous. Incidentally, the very useful glossary appended to the book could be improved by equipping the translitera-
Li7 self diffusion in LiAl—An NMR study

Abstract The self diffusion of Li 7 in near stoichiometric LiAl has been investigated by observing the Li 7 and Al 27 NMR relaxation rates. The diffusivity for a Li 7 atom is determined to be D = 9 × 10 −6 exp (−0.12 eV/kT) cm 2 /sec. Both the Li 7 and Al 27 rates show the effects of quadrupole relaxation. The electric field gradients from the moving defects in LiAl are a factor of 37 ± 5 stronger at the Al nuclei suggesting covalent character to the bonding.
Creating video-annotated discussions: An asynchronous alternative

In this article the authors illustrate the design and development of a pedagogical intervention using video annotations in a pre-service teacher education courrse. An annotation platform was selected and video was shot to create a video backdrop on which asynchronous discussions would take place. The article addresses design considerations in the selection of video, the editing process, and the development of a tutorial to lead learners through their first experience with this form of discussion. Learner participation samples were collected, and an analysis of the design process concludes the article. Keywords Video annotation, instructional design, discussion, computer-mediated discourse
Optimizing the performance of polynomial adaptive filters: making quadratic filters converge like linear filters

The correlation properties of the input vector determine the rate of convergence of the LMS algorithm for Volterra adaptive filters and are optimal when the nonlinear input terms are uncorrelated. This correspondence presents new results on the correlation properties for second-order Volterra filters and shows that when the input signal is whitened, the nonlinear terms automatically become uncorrelated.
An exploratory technique for coherent visualization of time-varying volume data

The selection of an appropriate global transfer function is essential for visualizing time-varying simulation data. This is especially challenging when the global data range is not known in advance, as is often the case in remote and in-situ visualization settings. Since the data range may vary dramatically as the simulation progresses, volume rendering using local transfer functions may not be coherent for all time steps. We present an exploratory technique that enables coherent classification of time-varying volume data. Unlike previous approaches, which require pre-processing of all time steps, our approach lets the user explore the transfer function space without accessing the original 3D data. This is useful for interactive visualization, and absolutely essential for in-situ visualization, where the entire simulation data range is not known in advance. Our approach generates a compact representation of each time step at rendering time in the form of ray attenuation functions, which are used for subsequent operations on the opacity and color mappings. The presented approach offers interactive exploration of time-varying simulation data that alleviates the cost associated with reloading and caching large data sets.
SELECTIVE INDUCTION OF ANERGY TO COCCIDIOIDIN OR TUBERCULIN WITH ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM

Specific anergy to coccidioidin or tuberculin was affected in coccidioidin- and tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs by repeated skin-testing the animals with either antigen followed by antilymphocyte serum administration at six-hour intervals. This anergic state to either antigen was lost in about ten days. Further skin-testing of these animals with either antigen followed by ALS injection resulted in a temporary unresponsiveness to the respective antigen lasting for about ten days.
Developing a domain-general framework for cognition: What is the best approach?

153 words Main Text: 4005 words References: 824 words Total Text: 5332 words (includes above plus footnotes) Developing a domain-general framework for cognition: What is the best approach? James L. McClelland Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition Carnegie Mellon University 115 Mellon Institute Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA +1-412-268-3157 (for correspondence) jlm@cnbc.cmu.edu http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~jlm David C. Plaut Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 USA plaut@cmu.edu http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~plaut Stephen J. Gotts Department of Psychology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition Carnegie Mellon University and Laboratory of Neuropsychology NIMH/NIH Building 49, Suite 1B-80 49 Convent Drive Bethesda, MD 20892 USA gotts@nih.gov http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~gotts Tiago V. Maia Department of Psychology Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA Page 1 of 11 Developing a domain-general framework for cognition: What is the best approach? 7/21/2003 http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~jlm/papers/bbsrep_final.html tmaia@andrew.cmu.edu http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~tmaia
RegA proteins from phage T4 and RB69 have conserved helix–loop groove RNA binding motifs but different RNA binding specificities

The RegA proteins from the bacteriophage T4 and RB69 are translational repressors that control the expression of multiple phage mRNAs. RegA proteins from the two phages share 78% sequence identity; however, in vivo expression studies have suggested that the RB69 RegA protein binds target RNAs with a higher affinity than T4 RegA protein. To study the RNA binding properties of T4 and RB69 RegA proteins more directly, the binding sites of RB69 RegA protein on synthetic RNAs corresponding to the translation initiation region of two RB69 target genes were mapped by RNase protection assays. These assays revealed that RB69 RegA protein protects nucleotides -9 to -3 (relative to the start codon) on RB69 gene 44, which contains the sequence GAAAAUU. On RB69 gene 45, the protected site (nucleotides -8 to -3) contains a similar purine-rich sequence: GAAAUA. Interestingly, T4 RegA protein protected the same nucleotides on these RNAs. To examine the specificity of RNA binding, quantitative RNA gel shift assays were performed with synthetic RNAs corresponding to recognition elements (REs) in three T4 and three RB69 mRNAs. Comparative gel shift assays demonstrated that RB69 RegA protein has an approximately 7-fold higher affinity for T4 gene 44 RE RNA than T4 RegA protein. RB69 RegA protein also binds RB69 gene 44 RE RNA with a 4-fold higher affinity than T4 RegA protein. On the other hand, T4 RegA exhibited a higher affinity than RB69 RegA protein for RB69 gene 45 RE RNA. With respect to their affinities for cognate RNAs, both RegA proteins exhibited the following hierarchy of affinities: gene 44 > gene 45 > regA. Interestingly, T4 RegA exhibited the highest affinity towards RB69 gene 45 RE RNA, whereas RB69 RegA protein had the highest affinity for T4 gene 44 RE RNA. The helix-loop groove RNA binding motif of T4 RegA protein is fully conserved in RB69 RegA protein. However, homology modeling of the structure of RB69 RegA protein reveals that the divergent residues are clustered in two areas of the surface, and that there are two large areas of high conservation near the helix-loop groove, which may also play a role in RNA binding.
Use of nasal potential difference and sweat chloride as outcome measures in multicenter clinical trials in subjects with cystic fibrosis.

One of the goals of current research in cystic fibrosis (CF) is to develop treatments that correct or compensate for defects in function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene. The use of outcome measures that assess CFTR function such as nasal potential difference (NPD) measurements and sweat chloride determinations will be required to evaluate the efficacy of such treatments in multicenter clinical trials. The purpose of this work was to identify the sources and magnitude of variability in NPD and sweat chloride measurements when performed at multiple centers. For the variance component analysis presented here, we used NPD and sweat chloride measurements from 37 subjects with CF participating in a phase I, four-center clinical trial of CPX (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine), a drug intended to enhance trafficking of Delta F508 CFTR to the cell membrane. The specific techniques used to measure these outcomes were not standardized, and varied between the four sites. Variability of both NPD measurements (baseline potential difference during infusion with Ringer's solution; change in response to addition of 0.1 mM amiloride; and subsequent change in response to perfusion with low chloride solution containing 0.1 mM amiloride and 0.01 mM isoproterenol) and sweat chloride measurements differed significantly between study sites. For change in NPD, one study site had significantly greater variability (lower reproducibility) of measurement than the other three sites. For sweat chloride measurements, reproducibility was lower at two of the sites relative to the other two sites. Sample size calculations showed that lower reproducibility at one or more sites can substantially reduce the power of studies using NPD or sweat chloride determinations as outcome measures. Standardization of measurement protocols, careful operator training and certification, and ongoing monitoring of individual operator performance may help to improve reliability in multicenter trials.
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of prostaglandin E1 in liver transplantation

A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of intravenous prostaglandin PGE1 (40 micrograms/h) was conducted in adult orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Infusion was started intraoperatively and continued for up to 21 days. Patients were followed up for 180 days postoperatively. Among 172 patients eligible for treatment in the study, 160 could be evaluated (78 PGE1; 82 placebo). Patient and graft survival were similar (PGE1: 16 deaths, 9 retransplantations [7 survivors]; controls: 15 deaths, 6 retransplantations [3 survivors]). In patients with surviving grafts, however, PGE1 administration resulted in a 23% shorter mean duration of hospitalization following transplantation (PGE1: 24.4 days; controls: 31.8 days; P = .02) and a 40% shorter length of time postoperatively in the intensive care unit (PGE1: 8.2 days; controls 13.7 days; P = .05). Reduced needs for renal support (P = .03) or surgical intervention other than retransplantation (P = .02) were also noted with PGE1 use. Further, PGE1 administration resulted in a trend toward improved survival rates in patients with mild renal impairment (preoperative serum creatinine 1.5 mg percent or greater; P = .08). Neither the incidence of acute cellular rejection nor of primary nonfunction was significantly different in the two groups. Phlebitis was the only complication that was more common during PGE1 administration, (PGE1: 9; controls: 4). These results suggest that PGE1 use in hepatic allograft recipients reduces morbidity and may result in sizable cost reductions.