cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimizing pulsar searches against propagation effects

Propagation effects are well known to limit the sensitivity of pulsar searches based onperiodicity detections. I define several regimes for pulsar searches that are based on whether thesearch sensitivity is luminosity limited, dispersion limited or scattering limited. Consideration ofthese regimes allows general statements to be made about pulsar searches in and out of the Galacticplane. Telescope size matters, but only to a point. Once scattering becomes important it is better tosearch more sky (in a blind survey) than to integrate longer on a given sky position. Example surveysare described.
Lane Recognition Using On-vehicle LIDAR

This paper presents an approach to the lane recognition using on-vehicle LIDAR. It detests the objects by 2-dimensional scanning and collects the range and reflectivity data in each scanning direction. We developed the lane recognition algorithm with these data, in which the lane curvature, yaw angle and offset are calculated by using the Hough transformation, and the lane width is calculated by statistical procedure. Next the lane marks are tracked by the Extended Kalman Filter. Then we test the performance of the lane recognition and the good results are achieved. Finally we show the result of the road environment recognition applying the lane recognition by LIDAR.
Evolutionary Processes in Multiple Systems

There are several ways in which triple stars can evolve in somewhat unusual ways. We discuss two: situations where Case A Roche-lobe overflow, followed by a merger, can produce anomalous wide binaries such as γ Per; and Kozai cycles in triples with non-parallel orbits, which can produce merged rapidly-rotating stars like (we suggest) AB Dor, and which can also lead to the delayed ejection of one component of a multiple, as may have been observed in T Tau in 1998.
Large-scale inverse modeling with an application in hydraulic tomography

[1] Inverse modeling has been widely used in subsurface problems, where direct measurements of parameters are expensive and sometimes impossible. Subsurface media are inherently heterogeneous in complex ways, which implies that the number of unknowns is usually large. Furthermore, technologies such as hydraulic tomography and electric resistivity tomography allow the collection of more indirect measurements, and at the same time, there is an increased appreciation of the value of detailed characterization of the subsurface media in, for example, remediation projects. Hence, we need efficient inverse methods that can assimilate a large volume of measurements to estimate even larger numbers of parameters, i.e., large-scale inverse modeling. In this paper, we present a Bayesian method that employs a sparse formulation, and we applied this method to a laboratory hydraulic tomography problem, where we successfully estimated half a million unknowns that represent the hydraulic conductivity field of the sandbox at a fine scale. The inversion took about 2 h with a single core.
Risks and Wrongs

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Part I. The Market Paradigm: 1. Rationality and cooperation 2. Competition and cooperation 3. Law and markets 4. Efficiency and market failure Part II. Safeguard and Risks: 5. The rational agreement 6. Safeguarding 7. Calculus and contexts 8. Filling in the gaps 9. From contracts to torts Part III. Rectifiable Wrongs: 10. The goals of tort law 11. Fault and strict liability 12. The ecomomic analysis of torts 13. Reciprocity of risk 14. Causation, responsibility, and strict liability 15. Liability and recovery 16. The mixed conception of corrective justice 17. Wrongfulness 18. Corrective justice and tort law 19. Justifiable departures from corrective justice 20. Product liability 21. Liberalism revisited Notes Index.
Smoothing Methods in Epidemiology

Standard statistical methods (such as regression analysis) presume the data are generated by an identifiable random process, and attempt to model that process in a parsimonious fashion. In contrast, observational data in the health sciences are generated by complex, nonidentified, and largely nonrandom mechanisms, and are analyzed to form inferences on latent structures. Despite this gap between the methods and reality, most observational data analysis comprises application of standard methods, followed by narrative discussion of the problems entailed by doing so. Alternative approaches employ latent-structure models that include components for nonidentified mechanisms. Standard methods can still be useful, however, provided their modeling philosophy is modified to encourage preservation of structure, rather than achieving parsimonious description. With this modification they can be viewed as smoothing or filtering methods for separating noise from signal before the task of latent-structure modeling begins. A hierarchical-modeling implementation can be carried out with popular software. Keywords: bias; empirical Bayes; epidemiologic methods; hierarchical regression; penalized likelihood; sensitivity analysis; smoothing
Strontium and oxygen isotopic profiles through 3 km of hydrothermally altered oceanic crust in the Reykjanes Geothermal System, Iceland

Abstract The Iceland Deep Drilling Program well RN-17 was drilled 3 km into a section of hydrothermally altered basaltic crust in the Reykjanes geothermal system in Iceland. The system is located on the landward extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and the circulating hydrothermal fluid is modified seawater, making Reykjanes a useful analog for mid-oceanic ridge hydrothermal systems. We have determined whole-rock Sr and O isotope compositions, and Sr isotope compositions of epidote grains from the RN-17 cuttings and RN-17B core. Whole rock oxygen isotope ratios range from − 0.13 to 3.61‰ V-SMOW, and are isotopically lighter than fresh MORB (5.8 ± 0.2‰). The concentrations of Sr in the altered basalt range from well below to well above concentrations in fresh rock, and appear to be strongly correlated with the dominant alteration mineralogy. Whole rock Sr isotope ratios ranged from 0.70329 in the least altered crystalline basalt, to 0.70609 in the most altered hyaloclastite samples; there is no correlation with depth. Sr isotope ratios in epidote grains measured by laser ablation MC-ICP-MS ranged from 0.70360 to 0.70731. Three depth intervals, at 1000 m, 1350 m, and 1650 m depth, have distinctive isotopic signatures, where 87Sr/86Sr ratios are elevated (mean value > 0.7050) relative to background levels (mean altered basalt value ~ 0.7042). These areas are proximal to geothermal feed zones, and the 1350 m interval directly overlies the transition from dominantly extrusive to dominantly intrusive lithologies. Oxygen isotope measurements yield integrated water/rock ratios of 0.4 to 4.3, and suggest that hydrothermal fluids must have formerly had a component of meteoric water. Strontium isotopic measurements provide a more sensitive indication of seawater interaction and require significant exchange with seawater strontium. Both isotopic systems indicate that the greenschist-altered basalts were in equilibrium with hydrothermal fluids at a relatively high mean water/rock (Wt.) ratio ranging from about 0.5 to 4. These ratios are higher than estimates from ODP Hole 504B and IODP Hole 1256D, but are consistent with values inferred from vent fluids from 21° and 13°N on the East Pacific Rise (Albarede et al., 1981; Michard et al., 1984; Alt et al., 1996; Harris et al., 2015).
The Contribution of African Women to Economic Growth and Development in Post-Colonial Africa : Historical Perspectives and Policy Implications

This paper draws on history, anthropology, and economics to examine the dynamics and extent of women's contribution to growth and economic development in post-colonial Africa. The paper investigates the paradox of increased female enrollment in education and the persistence of gender discrimination in labor force participation; it also considers the overwhelming importance of the informal economy in female economic activity. The first axis the paper studies is whether reducing educational gender gaps enhances growth in per capita gross domestic product and reduces female fertility rates and infant mortality. The question is, why would some African countries resist this pattern? The second axis examines agriculture and home production. Women's economic activities in the informal economy largely represent the commercialization of domestic skills and dependence on social networks. The shunting of female production to the informal sector in the male-dominated colonial economy is easy to understand, but why has the informal economy persisted where female production is concerned well beyond the colonial period? The paper attempts to explain these trajectories by using country case studies on Senegal, Botswana, and Kenya. Although women's contribution to growth and economic development seems to be positive and significant in predominantly Christian and mineral-rich economies, it is more constrained in pronounced Muslim dominated countries and agrarian economies. At the same time, impressive uniform growth in informal sector production in recent years suggests that occupational job segregation and gender inequality remain strong across the region, despite the apparent loosening of traditional norms and cultural beliefs, most notably illustrated by the reduction in educational gender gaps and increased female labor force participation rates.
The Agricultural Productivity Gap in Developing Countries

According to national accounts data for developing countries, value added per worker is on average four times higher in the non-agriculture sector than in agriculture. Taken at face value this ``agricultural productivity gap'' suggests that labor is greatly misallocated across sectors in the developing world. In this paper we draw on new micro evidence to ask to what extent the gap is still present when better measures of inputs and outputs are taken into consideration. We find that even after considering sector differences in hours worked and human capital per worker, urban-rural cost-of-living differences, and alternative measures of sector income from household survey data, a puzzlingly large agricultural productivity gap remains.
The effects of the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on national fiscal sustainability

This paper presents a methodology to analyze the responsiveness of fiscal sustainability to the “endogenous fiscal discipline” that will be strengthened by the EMU. This discipline arises in response to the harmonization of tax systems, the loss of control of current and prospective money financing, and the deepening of financial market-based discipline. The model developed in this paper is a generalization of Blanchard's 1984 model, in which the interest rate is determined endogenously. This provides the framework to analyze more features of the linkage between sustainability and endogenous fiscal discipline. This paper also presents a new intratemporal fiscal sustainability index.
ENDF/B-VI Nuclear Data Evaluations for Fusion Applications

The next release of the ENDF/B data library planned for 1989 contains improved data evaluations of interest to the fusion neutronics community. New data formats permit inclusion of energy-angle correlated particle emission spectra and recoil nucleus energy spectra. Enhanced formats for covariance information have been developed. Many new isotopic evaluations will lead to improved energy conservation and model kerma factor calculations. Improved nuclear model calculations will provide reliable particle emission data where experimental information is sparse. Improved Bayesian fitting codes will provide more accurate evaluations for data rich reactions such as evaluations for data rich reactions such as Li(n,nt)..cap alpha... All of the most important fusion material evaluations contain these new features.
Turning a Blind Eye: Costly Enforcement, Credible Commitment and Minimum Wage Laws*

In many countries, non-compliance with minimum wage legislation is widespread, and authorities may be seen as having turned a blind eye to a legislation that they have themselves passed. But if enforcement is imperfect, how effective can a minimum wage be? And if non-compliance is widespread, why not revise the minimum wage? This paper examines a minimum wage policy in a model with imperfect competition, imperfect enforcement and imperfect commitment, and argues that it is the combination of all three that produces results which are consistent with a wide range of stylized facts that would otherwise be difficult to explain within a single framework. We demonstrate that turning a blind eye can indeed be an equilibrium phenomenon with rational expectations subject to an ex post credibility constraint. Since credible enforcement requires in effect a credible promise to execute ex post a costly transfer of income from employers to workers, a government with an objective function giving full weight to efficiency but none to distribution is shown, paradoxically, to be unable to credibly elicit efficiency improvements via a minimum wage reform.
Impossibility of succinct quantum proofs for collision-freeness

We show that any quantum algorithm to decide whether a function f : [n] → [n] is a permutation or far from a permutation must make Ω (n1/3/w) queries to f, even if the algorithm is given a w-qubit quantum witness in support of f being a permutation. This implies that there exists an oracle A such that SZKA ⊄ QMAA, answering an eight-year-old open question of the author. Indeed, we show that relative to some oracle, SZK is not in the counting class A0PP defined by Vyalyi. The proof is a fairly simple extension of the quantum lower bound for the collision problem.
Incremental probabilistic inference

Propositional representation services such as truth maintenance systems offer powerful support for incremental, interleaved, problem-model construction and evaluation. Probabilistic inference systems, in contrast, have lagged behind in supporting this incrementality typically demanded by problem-solvers. The problem, we argue, is that the basic task of probabilistic inference is typically formulated at too large a grain-size. We show how a system built around a smaller grain-size inference task can have the desired incrementality and serve as the basis for a low-level (propositional) probabilistic representation service.
Estimating Jones polynomials is a complete problem for one clean qubit

It is known that evaluating a certain approximation to the Jones polynomial for the plat closure of a braid is a BQP-complete problem. That is, this problem exactly captures the power of the quantum circuit model[13, 3, 1]. The one clean qubit model is a model of quantum computation in which all but one qubit starts in the maximally mixed state. One clean qubit computers are believed to be strictly weaker than standard quantum computers, but still capable of solving some classically intractable problems [21]. Here we show that evaluating a certain approximation to the Jones polynomial at a fifth root of unity for the trace closure of a braid is a complete problem for the one clean qubit complexity class. That is, a one clean qubit computer can approximate these Jones polynomials in time polynomial in both the number of strands and number of crossings, and the problem of simulating a one clean qubit computer is reducible to approximating the Jones polynomial of the trace closure of a braid.
Demonstrating the error budget for the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory through solar irradiance measurements

The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) mission addresses the need to observe highaccuracy, long-term climate change trends and to use decadal change observations as a method to determine the accuracy of climate change. A CLARREO objective is to improve the accuracy of SI-traceable, absolute calibration at infrared and reflected solar wavelengths to reach on-orbit accuracies required to allow climate change observations to survive data gaps and observe climate change at the limit of natural variability. Such an effort will also demonstrate National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) approaches for use in future spaceborne instruments. The current work describes the results of laboratory and field measurements with the Solar, Lunar for Absolute Reflectance Imaging Spectroradiometer (SOLARIS) which is the calibration demonstration system (CDS) for the reflected solar portion of CLARREO. SOLARIS allows testing and evaluation of calibration approaches, alternate design and/or implementation approaches and components for the CLARREO mission. SOLARIS also provides a testbed for detector technologies, non-linearity determination and uncertainties, and application of future technology developments and suggested spacecraft instrument design modifications. Results of laboratory calibration measurements are provided to demonstrate key assumptions about instrument behavior that are needed to achieve CLARREO’s climate measurement requirements. Absolute radiometric response is determined using laser-based calibration sources and applied to direct solar views for comparison with accepted solar irradiance models to demonstrate accuracy values giving confidence in the error budget for the CLARREO reflectance retrieval.
A priori Probability That Two Qubits Are Unentangled

In a previous study (P. B. Slater, Eur. Phys. J. B. 17, 471 (2000)), several remarkably simple exact results were found, in certain specialized m-dimensional scenarios (m ≤ 4), for the a priori probability that a pair of qubits is unentangled/separable. The measure used was the volume element of the Bures metric (identically one-fourth the statistical distinguishability [SD] metric). Here, making use of a newly-developed (Euler angle) parameterization of the 4 × 4 density matrices of Tilma, Byrd and Sudarshan, we extend the analysis to the complete 15-dimensional convex set (C) of arbitrarily paired qubits—the total SD volume of which is known to be π8 / 1680 = π8/24 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 a 5.64794. Using advanced quasi-Monte Carlo procedures (scrambled Halton sequences) for numerical integration in this high-dimensional space, we approximately (5.64851) reproduce that value, while obtaining an estimate of 0.416302 for the SD volume of separable states. We conjecture that this is but an approximation to π6/2310 = π6 / (2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 11) a 0.416186. The ratio of the two volumes, 8/11π22 a .0736881, would then constitute the exact Bures/SD probability of separability. The SD area of the 14-dimensional boundary of C is 142π7/12285 = 2 ⋅ 71π7/33 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ 13 a 34.911, while we obtain a numerical estimate of 1.75414 for the SD area of the boundary of separable states. PACS: 03.67.-; 03.65.Ud; 02.60.Jh; 02.40.Ky
Viscosity convex functions on carnot groups

We prove that any upper semicontinuous v-convex function in any Carnot group is h-convex. ?
Economic Impact of Florida's Environmental Horticulture Industry

Abstract The economic impact of Florida's environmental horticulture industry in 1997 was estimated based on a telephone survey of wholesale plant nurseries, horticultural retailers, and landscape service firms. Sales of ornamental plants and related horticultural goods and services by the production, retail, and service sectors were estimated at $1.46 billion (B), $1.75B, and $2.70B, respectively. Domestic and international exports of horticultural products and services from Florida amounted to $659 million (M). Economic multiplier effects of commercial activity associated with purchased inputs from other industries and personal consumption expenditures by employees were estimated with an input-output model. Regional impacts of the wholesale nursery sector were also estimated separately for seven areas of the state. Economic impacts of Florida's environmental horticulture industry included total value added of $5.42B and employment of 187,000 people. These impacts are greater than for any other sector of...
Hyperbolic cone-manifolds, short geodesics, and Schwarzian derivatives

Given a geometrically finite hyperbolic cone-manifold, with the cone-singularity sufficiently short, we construct a one-parameter family of cone-manifolds decreasing the cone-angle to zero. We also control the geometry of this one-parameter family via the Schwarzian derivative of the projective boundary and the length of closed geodesics.
Spectral saturation: inverting the spectral Turan theorem

Let µ(G) be the largest eigenvalue of a graph G and Tr (n) be the r-partite Turan graph of order n. We prove that if G is a graph of order n with µ(G) > µ(Tr (n)), then G contains various large supergraphs of the complete graph of order r + 1, e.g., the complete r-partite graph with all parts of size logn with an edge added to the first part. We also give corresponding stability results.
Bilattices and modal operators

A bilattice is a set equipped with two partial orders and a negation operation that inverts one of them while leaving the other unchanged; it has been suggested that the truth values used by inference systems should be chosen from such a structure instead of the two-point set {t, f}. Given such a choice, we redefine a modal operator to be a function on the bilattice selected, and show that this definition generalizes both Kripke's possible worlds approach and Moore's autoepistemic logic. Extensions to causal and temporal reasoning are also discussed.
Program analysis and machine learning: a win-win deal

We give an account of our experiences working at the intersection of two fields: program analysis and machine learning. In particular, we show that machine learning can be used to infer annotations for program analysis tools, and that program analysis techniques can be used to improve the efficiency of machine learning tools.
Who remained in poverty, who moved up, and who fell down ? an investigation of poverty dynamics in Senegal in the late 2000s

Poverty estimates based on cross-section data provide static snapshots of poverty rates. Although a time series of cross-section data can offer some insights into poverty trends, it does not allow for an assessment of dynamics at the household level. Such a dynamic perspective on poverty generally calls for panel data and this kind of analysis can usefully inform poverty reduction policy, notably the design of social protection interventions. Absent actual panel data for Senegal, this paper applies new statistical methods to construct synthetic panel data from two rounds of cross-section household surveys in 2005 and 2011. These data are used to study poverty transitions. The results suggest that, in marked contrast to the picture obtained from cross-section data, there exists a great deal of mobility in and out of poverty during this period. More than half the population experiences changes in its poverty status and more than two-thirds of the extreme (food) poor move up one or two welfare categories. Factors such as rural residence, disability, exposure to some kind of natural disaster, and informality in the labor market are associated with a heightened risk of falling into poverty. Belonging to certain ethnicities and factors such as migration, working in the non-agriculture sector, and having access to social capital are associated with a lower risk of falling into poverty.
Should we expect a race to the bottom in welfare benefits? Evidence from a multistate panel, 1979-1995

Evidence exists that welfare recipients migrate between states to seek more generous benefits, potentially leading states to lower AFDC benefits to avoid such welfare migration. Taken further, this raises the specter of states competitively lowering benefits in reaction to similar moves by other states. The naive model of policymaking assumes that benefits are solely a function of state characteristics. If benefits depend on the threat of welfare migration or other interstate competition, however, one must account for possible spillovers. This paper presents tests for the presence of welfare-policy spillovers in a panel of 47 states over the period 1979-1995. I find weak evidence of spillovers even in the presence of state fixed effects and political and budgetary-control variables.
Activity and attention in zinc-deprived adolescent monkeys

Lethargy is characteristic of malnourished pop- ulations, but little is known about the biologic mechanism or consequences for cognitive performance. In the current experi- ment, 24-h activity patterns and performance of an attention task were studied in adolescent female monkeys ( 18-33 mo of age, n = 10/group) under conditions of moderate dietary zinc depriva- tion (2 � Zn/g diet) and adequate dietary zinc (50 �g Zn/g). There were progressive decreases in daytime activity levels in the zinc- deprived group followed by slowing of growth around the time of the growth spurt. Attention performance was also impaired before the onset of growth retardation. Zinc-deprived monkeys failed to show the shift to later initiation of the rest phase of the diurnal cycle seen in controls in late adolescence. These data support previous findings that activity and attention can be affected during early stages of zinc deprivation before the onset of growth retar- dation. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:908-l5.
The comparative advantage of government : a review

Why should governments be involved in the provision of any good whatsoever? In theory, market failures are necessary but not sufficient conditions for justifying government intervention in the production of goods and services. Even without market failures, there might be a case for government intervention on the grounds of poverty reduction or merit goods (for example, mandatory elementary education and mandatory use of seatbelts in cars and of helmets on motorbikes). In every case, contends Belli, a case for government intervention must first identify the particular market failure that prevents the private sector from producing the socially optimal quantity of the good or service. Second, it must select the intervention that will most improve welfare. Third, it must show that society will be better off as a result of government involvement - show that the benefits will outweigh the costs. It is impossible to judge a priori whether or what type of government intervention is appropriate to a particular circumstance or even to a class of situations. Such judgments are both country - and situation -specific and must be made on a case-by-case basis. To be sure, it is easier to make such judgments about market failures based on externalities, public goods, and so on, than about the market failures based on imperfect information. Market failures rooted in incomplete markets and imperfect information are pervasive: Markets are almost always incomplete, and information is always imperfect. This does not mean that there is always a case for government intervention and that further analysis is unnecessary. On the contrary, there is a keener need for analysis. The welfare consequences of the new market failures are more difficult to measure so government intervention's contribution to welfare is likely to be more difficult to assess and the case for intervention (especially the provision of goods and services) is more difficult to make. One must also keep in mind that government interventions are often poorly designed and overcostly. Poorly designed interventions may create market failures of their own. Governments concerned about low private investment in high-risk projects, for example, may guarantee them against risk but in the process create problems of moral hazard and induce investors to take no actions to mitigate such risks. And some interventions may turn out to be too costly relative to the posited benefits. In seeking to provide extension services, for example, governments may incur costs that are higher than the benefits farmers receive. This paper - product of the Operational Services Team, Operational Core Services Network - part of a larger effort in the Bank to improve economic analysis.
Sub-Microarcsecond Astrometry and New Horizons in Relativistic Gravitational Physics

Abstract : Attaining the limit of sub-microarcsecond optical resolution will completely revolutionize fundamental astrometry by merging it with relativistic gravitational physics. Beyond the sub-microarcsecond threshold, one will meet in the sky a new population of physical phenomena caused by primordial gravitational waves from the early universe and/or different localized astronomical sources, space-time topological defects, moving gravitational lenses, time variability of gravitational fields of the solar system and binary stars, and many others. Adequate physical interpretation of these yet undetectable sub-microarcsecond phenomena cannot be achieved on the ground of the "standard" post-Newtonian approach (PNA), which is valid only in the near-zone of astronomical objects having a time-dependent gravitational field. The authors describe a new, post-Minkowskian relativistic approach for modeling astrometric observations having sub-microarcsecond precision, and briefly discuss the light propagation effects caused by gravitational waves and other phenomena related to time-dependent gravitational fields. The domain of applicability of the PNA in relativistic space astrometry is outlined explicitly.
Developmental trajectories of writing skills in first grade: Examining the effects of SES and language and/or speech impairments.

AbstractWe examined growth trajectories of writing and the relation of children’s socioeconomic status and language and/or speech impairment to the growth trajectories. First-grade children (N = 304) were assessed on their written composition in the fall, winter, and spring, and their vocabulary and literacy skills in the fall. Children’s SES had a negative effect on writing quality and productivity. Children with language and/or speech impairment had lower scores than typically developing children in the quality and productivity of writing. Even after accounting for their vocabulary and literacy skills, students with language and/or speech impairment had lower scores in the quality and organization of writing. Growth rates in writing were not different as a function of children’s SES and language/speech impairment status. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Driving safely in smart cars

Addresses the following question: how does one know a proposed design for an automated vehicle/highway system (AVHS) is safe? In particular, can one prove that there can be no high relative velocity collision on the AVHS? The authors show that if the controllers in the vehicles satisfy a set of constraints, then the AVHS is safe. The problem of checking whether the controllers satisfy the constraints is equivalent to solving an optimal control problem.
A Counterexample to the Generalized Linial-Nisan Conjecture

In earlier work [1], we gave an oracle separating the relational versions of BQP and the polynomial hierarchy, and showed that an oracle separating the decision versions would follow from what we called the Generalized Linial-Nisan (GLN) Conjecture: that “almost k-wise independent” distributions are indistinguishable from the uniform distribution by constant-depth circuits. The original Linial-Nisan Conjecture was recently proved by Braverman [7]; we offered a $200 prize for the generalized version. In this paper, we save ourselves $200 by showing that the GLN Conjecture is false, at least for circuits of depth 3 and higher. As a byproduct, our counterexample also implies that Πp 2 6⊂ P relative to a random oracle with probability 1. It has been conjectured since the 1980s that PH is infinite relative to a random oracle, but the highest levels of PH previously proved separate were NP and coNP. Finally, our counterexample implies that the famous results of Linial, Mansour, and Nisan [12], on the structure of AC functions, cannot be improved in several interesting respects.
HPM investigation of gas breakdown

Summary form only given. One of the fundamental parameters of HPM technology in question is the relationship between the electric field pulse, gas pressure, and pulse length. As HPM sources have increased in power this relationship is crucial to properly design antennas and radomes to remove the generated microwave pulse. To investigate this relationship we are in the process of reassembling the Injection-Locked Relativistic Klystron Oscillator. The initial experiments focus on techniques to reduce the rate of change of the emitted beam current. Recall we have previously published that the microwave pulse length was experimentally observed to be limited to a finite change in the beam current. We will be presenting results of these experiments and the experimental changes employed to control the rate of change of the current. Once the current ramp is within acceptable limits, we will transition to the gas breakdown experiments. We have designed and assembled double belljar system with a Vlasov antenna to allow adjustment of the gas pressure between the belljars. This pressure control allows determination of the Paschen breakdown curve in a microwave only environment. Because the microwave radiating structure is more than 25 feet from electron beam source, we know there are no X-ray sources beyond the background level. Also, the antenna does not contain any field distortion features to initiate the breakdown. We intend to investigate several gases for the E/p versus pt relationship; where E is the microwave electric field in the gas region between the belljar (<30 kV/cm calculated with 1.5 GW of power generated), p is the neutral gas pressure prior to breakdown (10 Torr - 760 Torr), and t is full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) microwave pulse width (< 500 nsec) limited by the pulsed power system available.
The Economics of Teacher Supply in Indonesia

This paper examines the phenomenon of the over-supply of teachers but shortage of qualified teachers in Indonesia. Using a theoretical framework of government-dominated market with government-set wage rate and demand for teachers, the analysis explores how teacher supply, particularly the composition of the teaching force with low or high qualification, would be determined by current and future public policies. Using 2001 to 2008 Indonesian Labor Force Survey data, the paper further estimates the potential effect of the most recent teacher law, which could give college educated teachers a significant pay increase, on the composition of the Indonesian teaching force with differentiated education backgrounds. Using a sample of workers with college education, the author finds that the relative wage rate of teachers and that of alternative occupations significantly influence the decision of college educated workers to become teachers. It is also found that the wage rate set by the most recent teacher law would increase the share of teachers approximately from 16 to 30 percent of the college-educated labor force. This increase that is due to the new government-set wage rate, would result in a pupil-teacher ratio of 24 to 25 pupils per teacher with college education, but will require a more than 31 percent increase in the wage bill for teacher salaries. The empirical approach of this paper is derived from a structural model that takes into account the endogeneity of the wage rate and corrects for sample-selection bias due to occupational choice.
Incomplete, slow, and asymmetric price transmission in ten product markets of Bolivia

With food prices on the rise, understanding the transmission of price shocks, both internationally and domestically, is central for trade policy analysis. This paper examines spatial market integration and its determinants for ten key food products in Bolivia, across the four most important cities, and with the world, over the period 1991-2008. Within Bolivia, markets for onions, chicken, sugar, and to a lower extent for potatoes, cooking oil, wheat flour, and rice are integrated. However, only chicken, sugar, cooking oil, and rice are integrated with world markets, with incomplete and slow transmission. The perennial result of asymmetric price adjustment to foreign shocks also holds for Bolivia: domestic prices respond faster when the world price increases than when it decreases. This points to a perennial recommendation: the importance of stimulating competitive practices to avoid welfare redistribution due to imperfect competition. Infrastructure improvements will also contribute to accessible food prices for the poor.
Infrastructure gap in South Asia : inequality of access to infrastructure services

The South Asia region is home to the largest pool of individuals living under the poverty line, coupled with a fast-growing population. The importance of access to basic infrastructure services on welfare and the quality of life is clear. Yet the South Asia region's rates of access to infrastructure (sanitation, electricity, telecom, and transport) are closer to those of Sub-Saharan Africa, the one exception being water, where the South Asia region is comparable to East Asia and the pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. The challenge of increasing access to these services across the South Asia region is compounded by the unequal distribution of existing access for households. This study improves understanding of this inequality by evaluating access across the region's physical (location), poverty, and income considerations. The paper also analyzes inequality of access across time, that is, across generations. It finds that while the regressivity of infrastructure services is clearly present in South Asia, the story that emerges is heterogeneous and complex. There is no simple explanation for these inequalities, although certainly geography matters, some household characteristics matter (like living in a rural area with a head of household who lacks education), and policy intent matters. If a poorer country or a poorer state can have better access to a given infrastructure service than in a richer country or a richer state, then there is hope that policy makers can adopt measures that will improve access in a manner in which prosperity is more widely shared.
Industrial/Organizational Psychology†

Industrial and organizational (IO) psychologists utilize a variety of statistical techniques in their research. A nine-year review of two leading journals (Journal of Applied Psychology and Personnel Psychology) in the field reveals that correlational techniques appear in the largest percentage of studies. More complex methods such as structural equation modeling (SEM) and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) appear in proportionally fewer studies. Representative examples of how various statistical techniques are used in IO research are provided, and possible reasons for the observed results are presented. In addition, IO psychologists' contributions to statistics and the role of statistics in IO theory development are discussed. Keywords: Industrial Organizational Psychology
The role of the vitamins in antibody production.

Publisher Summary The search for dietary factors which could influence the resistance-susceptibility of a host to infectious disease has been prosecuted vigorously for many years. These researches have been motivated by the hope that suitable manipulation of diet might influence the incidence and course of the infection for the benefit of the host. Antibodies have been identified as important determinants of immunity, particularly, acquired immunity. Investigations on diet and resistance to infection have, therefore, been logically extended to include studies on the relationship between dietary components and antibody production. Interest in this field stems also from certain other considerations. The mechanisms of antibody synthesis are, at present, obscure. It is shown in this chapter that the dietary intake of certain vitamins can markedly affect the extent of antibody synthesis. This ability to regulate antibody production offers possibilities as a powerful tool for unraveling some of the mysteries of antibody synthesis. The reason that antibodies are considered to be highly specialized proteins, the studies are essentially probing into the mechanisms of protein synthesis. The extent of antibody synthesis may, under certain conditions, represent a very sensitive criterion of dietary adequacy. Thus, the nutritionist may be able to include the magnitude of antibody response to an antigenic stimulus among his measurements for the evaluation of nutritional status.
A software tool for creating simulated outbreaks to benchmark surveillance systems

Background Evaluating surveillance systems for the early detection of bioterrorism is particularly challenging when systems are designed to detect events for which there are few or no historical examples. One approach to benchmarking outbreak detection performance is to create semi-synthetic datasets containing authentic baseline patient data (noise) and injected artificial patient clusters, as signal.
Stealing is Stealing: A Cross-Cultural Analysis on the Perception of Criminality for Physical Theft Versus Illegal Downloading

In our technology-driven world, consumers have access to a wealth of product options, but this access also allows consumers the opportunity to obtain purchasable content through illegal means. Past studies have addressed the perceptions of the criminality of online versus face-to-face theft, but limitations have been consistent across studies with the frequent use of collegiate sample pools. It was important for this experiment to gather data from a broader world population to make results more generalizable. Therefore, we examined a total of 589 participants from a global participant pool to evaluate their perceptions of the criminality of online piracy or physical theft of music or software. This experiment hypothesized that (1) the perception of the criminality of illegal downloading of media would be assessed higher ratings by South Asian participants than North American participants, and (2) criminality ratings would be assessed higher ratings by females than males. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four vignettes. They were then asked a series of questions using semantic differential and Likert scales to assess their perception of the criminal act committed in the randomly selected vignette. A one-way ANCOVA and a multiple regression test were performed to test the hypotheses.
TCGA data and patient-derived orthotopic xenografts highlight pancreatic cancer-associated angiogenesis

// Jesse Gore 1, 5 , Kelly E. Craven 1, 2 , Julie L. Wilson 1 , Gregory A. Cote 1, 5, 6 , Monica Cheng 1 , Hai V. Nguyen 3 , Harvey M. Cramer 4 , Stuart Sherman 1, 5 , Murray Korc 1, 2, 5 1 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA 3 Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA 4 Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA 5 The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, and the Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA 6 Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA Correspondence to: Murray Korc, e-mail: mkorc@iu.edu Jesse Gore, e-mail: ajgore@iu.edu Keywords: Pancreatic cancer, Angiogenesis, TGF-β, STAT3, mouse model Received: January 24, 2015 Accepted: January 28, 2015 Published: February 25, 2015 ABSTRACT Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) overexpress pro-angiogenic factors but are not viewed as vascular. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas we demonstrate that a subset of PDACs exhibits a strong pro-angiogenic signature that includes 37 genes, such as HDAC9, that are overexpressed in PDAC arising in KRC mice, which express mutated Kras and lack RB. Moreover, patient-derived orthotopic xenografts can exhibit tumor angiogenesis, whereas conditioned media (CM) from KRC-derived pancreatic cancer cells (PCCs) enhance endothelial cell (EC) growth and migration, and activate canonical TGF-β signaling and STAT3. Inhibition of the type I TGF-β receptor with SB505124 does not alter endothelial activation in vitro , but decreases pro-angiogenic gene expression and suppresses angiogenesis in vivo . Conversely, STAT3 silencing or JAK1–2 inhibition with ruxolitinib blocks CM-enhanced EC proliferation. STAT3 disruption also suppresses endothelial HDAC9 and blocks CM-induced HDAC9 expression, whereas HDAC9 re-expression restores CM-enhanced endothelial proliferation. Moreover, ruxolitinib blocks mitogenic EC/PCC cross-talk, and suppresses endothelial p-STAT3 and HDAC9, and PDAC progression and angiogenesis in vivo , while markedly prolonging survival of KRC mice. Thus, targeting JAK1–2 with ruxolitinib blocks a final pathway that is common to multiple pro-angiogenic factors, suppresses EC-mediated PCC proliferation, and may be useful in PDACs with a strong pro-angiogenic signature.
Attachment-based growth: building architecturally defined metal nanocolloids particle by particle

Recent mechanistic insight into the synthesis of metal nanostructures by attachment-based growth is highlighted in this review. From quasi-spherical particles to nanowires, nanodendrites, and heterostructures built from nanoparticles as primary building blocks, the principles of oriented and misoriented attachment of metal nanoparticles are discussed within the context of diverse synthetic conditions. From this survey, a greater understanding of this growth mechanism emerges to provide general, and potentially greener, principles for the synthesis of advanced metal nanostructures, including those with applications in catalysis.
Unexploited Gains From International Diversification: Patterns Of Portfolio Holdings Around The World

Using unique data on mutual fund portfolios with different investment scopes, the author study the extent of international diversification. Mutual funds invest in a surprisingly limited number of stocks, about 100. The number of holdings from a given region declines as the investment scope broadens. Moreover, unexploited gains exist from international diversification. Funds that invest globally could achieve better risk-adjusted returns by adding stocks held by more specialized funds within the same family. These findings are not driven by different sectoral allocations, lack of information or instruments, transaction costs, or different tail risks. Instead, organizational factors might play an important role.
HYTECH: A Model Checker for Hybrid Systems

A hybrid system consists of a collection of digital programs that interact with each other and with an analog environment. Examples of hybrid systems include medical equipment, manufacturing controllers, automotive controllers, and robots. The formal analysis of the mixed digital-analog nature of these systems requires a model that incorporates the discrete behavior of computer programs with the continuous behavior of environment variables, such as temperature and pressure. Hybrid automata capture both types of behavior by combining finite automata with differential inclusions (i.e. differential inequalities). HyTech is a symbolic model checker for linear hybrid automata, an expressive, yet automatically analyzable, subclass of hybrid automata. A key feature of HyTech is its ability to perform parametric analysis, i.e. to determine the values of design parameters for which a linear hybrid automaton satisfies a temporal requirement.
The Implications of Heterogeneous Preferences for Environmental Zoning

This paper examines the effects of environmental zoning policies on lakefront land development, sorting, and economic welfare in a model where agents are heterogeneous in preferences and income. Agents consume lakefront amenities that are endogenous to development and the sorting process yields lakes which differ by amenities and frontage prices. Our findings include the following: i) lakes become more homogeneous with a collapsing price premium as incomes grow, ii) zoning can preserve the sorting process and be welfare improving, and iii) land prices may not capture all welfare effects from zoning.