cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model study of pure katabatic flows

A time-dependent 2-dimensional model of pure katabatic flow over a simple finite-length slope is described. This numerical model, based on a turbulent kinetic energy closure, accounts for the effects of radiative cooling and turbulent friction at the surface, and entrainment of air aloft from a quiescent stably stratified ambient atmosphere. The model provides information on the temporal and spatial evolution and structure of katabatic flows. Numerical solution of the governing equations facilitates explicit determination of the coefficient of entrainment, slope Richardson number, profile-shape factors, and depth, velocity, and buoyancy-deficit scales of the flow. The steady-state results of the model, showing the variations of these parameters as functions of downslope distance, slope angle, and ambient stratification, are presented and discussed. For near-neutral stratification, the calculated entrainment coefficient varies as a function only of the slope Richardson number, in agreement with laboratory data. As ambient stratification increases, it profoundly affects the structure of the flow by reducing its depth, speed and entrainment rate. The results and parameterizations presented here can be used as inputs to hydraulic models of drainage flow and pollutant transport. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00289.x
Variability of the reverse-flow concentration technique of measuring plankton respiration

Results from the reverse-flow concentration method used to determine community plankton respiration vary significantly because of metabolic inactivation or losses of a portion of the concentrated sample during the filtering process. These losses seem to be nearly constant at concentrations greater than 150X. The within sample coefficient of variation is 20–40% and is primarily a result of clumping and inadequate mixing before subsampling. A rapid processing of the samples is critical for best results.
Importance of the interaction between sodium silicate and organic materials to astrobiology: Alcohol-based organo-silicates as potential biosignatures

We have found that alcohols catalyze a rapid polymerization of silicic acid to silica gel upon the addition of alcohols. Like amino acids, alcohols could be preserved in the silica gel by two mechanisms. In the first mechanism, the alcohols become entombed in the silica gel. In this case, only Si-O-Si bonds would be observed in the infrared (IR) spectra. In the second mechanism, the alcohols make chemical bonds with the silicic acid, to create organo-silicates. In this case, Si-O-C bonds would be observed in the IR. We have found that steric hindrance plays a major role in the volume of an alcohol required. Amino alcohols are more effective in creating a viscous gel than the alcohols, and appeared to form covalent Si-O-C bonds in some cases. Characteristic shifts in the Si-O-Si bands of over 50 cm-1 towards lower IR frequencies can be observed in the alcohol gels. The hydrolysis of known organo-silicates has led to the identification of the Si-O-C band in the region of 1225-1150 cm-1, and the Si-O-Si band in the region of 1125-1000 cm-1. Alcohols play an important role in many biological pathways, and could serve as biosignatures in extreme environments including meteorites and other planets.© (2007) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The uninvited guest: mother/daughter conflict in feminist gerontology

Abstract In this paper, I argue that the tensions between generations of women—particularly mothers and daughters—can be used to initiate change and growth for both generations. I introduce the subject of developmental conflict between women through fictional images from a Scottish film called The Winter Guest and then show how these conflicts have occurred in my own ethnographic research on older women. I argue that feminist gerontologists need to be working—always on the personal and professional levels—to recognize, explore, understand, critique, and theorize generational differences among women. Otherwise, we are at risk of promoting the very sexist and ageist attitudes that we are ostensibly working against. My aim is to alert readers to the generational conflicts that can occur in empirical research, as well as in the politics and theorizing of academic feminism, when women act unconsciously from generational positions or “age identities” that precondition them to challenge and resist each other. I conclude that mothers and daughters need alternative models for relating to one another outside the “family plot” and suggest that life story groups might help us develop these collaboratively.
Meteorological Characteristics and Overland Precipitation Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers Affecting the West Coast of North America Based on Eight Years of SSM/I Satellite Observations

Abstract The pre-cold-frontal low-level jet within oceanic extratropical cyclones represents the lower-tropospheric component of a deeper corridor of concentrated water vapor transport in the cyclone warm sector. These corridors are referred to as atmospheric rivers (ARs) because they are narrow relative to their length scale and are responsible for most of the poleward water vapor transport at midlatitudes. This paper investigates landfalling ARs along adjacent north- and south-coast regions of western North America. Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite observations of long, narrow plumes of enhanced integrated water vapor (IWV) were used to detect ARs just offshore over the eastern Pacific from 1997 to 2005. The north coast experienced 301 AR days, while the south coast had only 115. Most ARs occurred during the warm season in the north and cool season in the south, despite the fact that the cool season is climatologically wettest for both regions. Composite SSM/I IWV analyses showed landfa...
A Conservative Approach to Placing Posterior Composite Resin Restorations

Composite resins have changed the nature of dental restorations. However, many dentists have not altered their cavity preparation process, relying largely on the same procedure used for amalgam restorations. The author proposes a more conservative procedure, retaining more sound tooth structure, for placing posterior composite resin restorations.
Arachidonic acid, bradykinin and phospholipase A2 modify both prolactin binding capacity and fluidity of mouse hepatic membranes

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandin synthesis, bradykinin, a decapeptide known to stimulate membrane phospholipid methylation, arachidonic acid release and prostacyclin synthesis, and enzyme phospholipase A2, capable of liberating arachidonic acid, alter the fluidity of hepatic membranes which could in turn modify the functionality of prolactin receptors. Liver homogenates of adult C3H female mice incubated at 28°C for various times with 1–20 μg/ml arachidonic acid, 1–100 μg/ml bradykinin or 0.26–0.00026 U/ml phospholipase A2 provided the 100,000 × g membrane pellets for subsequent ovine prolactin binding and membrane fluidity studies. Membrane microviscosity was determined by fluorescence polarization techniques using the lipid probe 1,6 diphenylhexatriene. Arachidonic acid, bradykinin and phospholipase A2 stimulated specific oPRL binding, in a dose-related fashion, with maximum increases of 73%, 21% and 46%, at 4 μg/ml arachidonic acid, 5 μg/ml bradykinin and 0.026 U/ml PLA2, respectively. This induction, occurring within 30 min of incubation, was found to be due to an increase in the number of receptor sites. Under the same conditions, arachidonic acid, bradykinin and PLA2 induced 22%, 16%, and 18% decreases in membrane microviscosity, respectively. These data suggest that prostaglandin synthesis modifying agents may modulate the number of prolactin receptors in vivo by changing the lipid fluidity of the target cell membranes by either of their known effects: arachidonic acid release from the phospholipid matrix, synthesizing appropriate prostaglandins at correct concentration or methylation of membrane phospholipids.
Laser induced florescence and continuous wave ring down spectroscopy: Measurements of argon ion velocity distribution functions in a helicon plasma

In this work we compare measurements of argon ion velocity distribution functions (IVDFs) in a helicon plasma using two spectroscopic techniques: laser induced florescence (LIF) and continuous wave cavity ring down spectroscopy (CW-CRDS). LIF is an established and powerful technique, but suffers from the requirement that the initial state of the LIF sequence have a substantial density. This usually limits LIF to ions and atoms with large metastable state densities for the given plasma conditions. CRDS is a proven, ultra-sensitive, cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy technique and when combined with a CW diode laser that has a sufficiently narrow line width, the Doppler broadened absorption line, i.e., the VDFs, can be measured. CW-CRDS is more sensitive than LIF and can potentially be applied to much lower density populations of ion and atom states. However, being a line integrated technique CW-CRDS lacks the spatial resolution of LIF. We present CW-CRDS and LIF measurements of the IVDFs in an argon plasma using the 668.614 nm (in vacuum) line of Ar II.
A rapid startle response in larval lampreys

Abstract Electromyography (EMG) and cinematography revealed a rapid, vibration-evoked startle response in intact larval lampreys. Vibratory stimuli produce simultaneous contraction of both sides of the body, and the response is lost after labyrinthectomy. Midbody EMGs exhibit a stimulus-response latency of 26.5 ± 4.2ms. Direct stimulation of the otic capsules, using an electrically driven probe applied to a semi-intact preparation, first evokes a volley of giant axon spikes in the spinal cord followed by the bilateral trunk response.
Voltage-gated Na(+) channels in chemoreceptor afferent neurons--potential roles and changes with development

Carotid body chemoreceptors increase their action potential (AP) activity in response to a decrease in arterial oxygen tension and this response increases in the post-natal period. The initial transduction site is likely the glomus cell which responds to hypoxia with an increase in intracellular calcium and secretion of multiple neurotransmitters. Translation of this secretion to AP spiking levels is determined by the excitability of the afferent nerve terminals that is largely determined by the voltage-dependence of activation of Na(+) channels. In this review, we examine the biophysical characteristics of Na(+) channels present at the soma of chemoreceptor afferent neurons with the assumption that similar channels are present at nerve terminals. The voltage dependence of this current is consistent with a single Na(+) channel isoform with activation around the resting potential and with about 60-70% of channels in the inactive state around the resting potential. Channel openings, due to transitions from inactive/open or closed/open states, may serve to amplify external depolarizing events or generate, by themselves, APs. Over the first two post-natal weeks, the Na(+) channel activation voltage shifts to more negative potentials, thus enhancing the amplifying action of Na(+) channels on depolarization events and increasing membrane noise generated by channel transitions. This may be a significant contributor to maturation of chemoreceptor activity in the post-natal period.
A case of inaccurate prognostication after the ARCTIC protocol.

Abstract Therapeutic hypothermia (ARCTIC, or Advanced Resuscitation Cooling Therapeutics and Intensive Care protocol) is a widely recommended intervention to improve mortality and neurologic outcomes after cardiac arrest. However, neurologic outcomes are difficult to predict soon after cardiac arrest in the setting of hypothermia, as illustrated by this case report. A 60-year-old man had witnessed cardiac arrest at home. He was defibrillated twice, with return of spontaneous circulation, and cooled to 33°C for 24 hours. Neurologic exam on Day 6 revealed limited brainstem reflexes, and the intensive care unit team discussed with the patient's family that his prognosis for neurologic recovery was poor. Palliative care was consulted to participate in a goals-of-care meeting. Just prior to the meeting on Day 7, the patient awoke. He fully recovered and walked out of the hospital on Day 18. Prior to induced hypothermia, indicators of poor outcome included lack of one or more brainstem reflexes (pupillary or corneal reflex), absence of motor response at 72 hours, myoclonus, status epilepticus, electroencephalogram with generalized suppression, and absent bilateral cortical N20 response to somatosensory-evoked potentials. However, several studies have found these indicators to be unreliable after hypothermia. This may be the result of sedatives, which can affect physical examination and electroencephalogram results, and delayed clearance. Because of the unreliability of prognostication tests within the first 72 hours of hypothermic protocols in the setting of sedation, it appears prudent in some cases to delay final prognosis discussions until at least six days postcardiac arrest and after neurologic evaluation is done with patients sedative-free.
From Being to Ontogenetic Becoming: Commentary on Analytics of the Aging Body

52 Here I would like to discuss the potential limits of two popularly adopted theoretics of the body that are applied in the study of aging—Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Margaret Lock’s three bodies and the mindful body and Donna Haraway’s cyborg model (Scheper-Hughes and Lock 1987 and Haraway 1991).1 The three bodies and cyborg models focus on ontologies that blur, mix, hybridize, or bridge dualisms, specifically Western dualisms. An unintended result of this focus is that in detailing what is being blurred, these authors inadvertently both lend legitimacy to the characteristic features of the very dualisms that they purportedly deny and proceed to limit their own analysis to these same categories.
Accurate Uncertainty Quantification Using Inaccurate Computational Models

This paper proposes a novel uncertainty quantification framework for computationally demanding systems characterized by a large vector of non-Gaussian uncertainties. It combines state-of-the-art techniques in advanced Monte Carlo sampling with Bayesian formulations. The key departure from existing works is the use of inexpensive, approximate computational models in a rigorous manner. Such models can readily be derived by coarsening the discretization size in the solution of the governing PDEs, increasing the time step when integration of ODEs is performed, using fewer iterations if a nonlinear solver is employed or making use of lower-order models. It is shown that even in cases where the inaccurate models provide very poor approximations of the high-fidelity response, statistics of the latter can be quantified accurately with significant reductions in the computational effort. Multiple approximate models can be used, and rigorous confidence bounds of the estimates produced are provided at all stages.
Computer-assisted analysis of time-lapse cinemicrographs of cultured cells

Abstract An interactive system has been developed to facilitate acquisition and analysis of data from time-lapse cinemicrographs of cultured cells growing normally or responding to treatment with toxic agents. The developed films are examined in a film viewer whose frame-counter is coupled to a shaft-angle digitizer connected via a special interface either to a minicomputer or to a Teletype. As the life history of each cell is traced, observable cellular events of interest, such as division, death, or fusion, are coded and recorded as single characters, with automatic input of the frame numbers at which the events occur. Data are entered via either the computer or the Teletype. Editing and analysis are performed by a series of BASIC routines. The analysis routines permit construction of time-proportional family trees for each cell, calculation of the incidence of cell death or cell fusion among all the cells in a specified generation, and determination of the distribution of intervals between specified events. The entire system can be used by a computer-naive operator.
Algorithms for Determining the Demand-Based Load of a Sporadic Task System

The load parameter of a sporadic task system is defined to be the largest possible cumulative execution requirement that can be generated by jobs of the task system over any time interval, normalized by the length of the interval. This parameter is known to play a very important role in the uniprocessor feasibility analysis of sporadic task systems. In this paper, it is shown that the load of a sporadic task system may be used as an accurate indicator of its feasibility upon preemptive multiprocessors as well. Exact algorithms, and approximate ones that can be guaranteed to be accurate to within an arbitrary additive error gt 0, for computing a task systems load are presented and proven correct. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated by simulation over randomly generated task systems.
Developmental characteristics of AMPA receptors in chick lumbar motoneurons

Ca2+ fluxes through ionotropic glutamate receptors regulate a variety of developmental processes, including neurite outgrowth and naturally occurring cell death. In the CNS, NMDA receptors were originally thought to be the sole source of Ca2+ influx through glutamate receptors; however, AMPA receptors also allow a significant influx of Ca2+ ions. The Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors is regulated by the insertion of one or more edited GluR2 subunits. In this study, we tested the possibility that changes in GluR2 expression regulate the Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors during a critical period of neuronal development in chick lumbar motoneurons. GluR2 expression is absent between embryonic day (E) 5 and E7, but increases significantly by E8 in the chick ventral spinal cord. Increased GluR2 protein expression is correlated with parallel changes in GluR2 mRNA in the motoneuron pool. Electrophysiological recordings of kainate-evoked currents indicate a significant reduction in the Ca2+-permeability of AMPA receptors between E6 and E11. Kainate-evoked currents were sensitive to the AMPA receptor blocker GYKI 52466. Application of AMPA or kainate generates a significant increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in E6 spinal motoneurons, but generates a small response in older neurons. Changes in the Ca2+-permeability of AMPA receptors are not mediated by age-dependent changes in the editing pattern of GluR2 subunits. These findings raise the possibility that Ca2+ influx through Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors plays an important role during early embryonic development in chick spinal motoneurons. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007
Antiphospholipid syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the most common disease associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). We, therefore, evaluated 46 patients with refractory SLE treated by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for a history of APS prior to transplantation. The prevalence of SLE-related APS in our patient population was 61% (28 of 46 patients with refractory SLE). Nineteen of 28 patients with APS had lupus anticoagulant (LA) or high titers of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLAs), either immunoglobulin (Ig)G or IgM, when evaluated at study entry. Six of 8 evaluable LA patients became and remained LA; 5 of 7 initially ACLA IgG patients and 9 of 11 ACLA IgM patients demonstrated normalization of ACLA titers when followed after HSCT. Eighteen of 22 patients refractory to chronic anticoagulation discontinued anticoagulation therapy a median of 4 months after transplantation; 78% of them remained free of thrombotic events and in complete SLE remission for up to 78 months (median, 15 months) after HSCT.Therewasnotreatment-relatedmortality. Autologous HSCT may be performed safely in patients withAPS and appears to be effective therapy for eliminating ALPAs and preventing thrombotic complications in patients with SLE. (Blood. 2005;106:2700-2709)
In vitro and in vivo assessment of pulmonary risk associated with exposure to combustion generated fine particles

Strong correlations exist between exposure to PM2.5 and adverse pulmonary effects. PM2.5 consists of fine (≤2.5 μm) and ultrafine (≤0.1 μm) particles with ultrafine particles accounting for >70% of the total particles. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have recently been identified in airborne PM2.5. To determine the adverse pulmonary effects of EPFRs associated with exposure to elevated levels of PM2.5, we engineered 2.5 μm surrogate EPFR-particle systems. We demonstrated that EPFRs generated greater oxidative stress in vitro, which was partly responsible for the enhanced cytotoxicity following exposure. In vivo studies using rats exposed to EPFRs containing particles demonstrated minimal adverse pulmonary effects. Additional studies revealed that fine particles failed to reach the alveolar region. Overall, our study implies qualitative differences between the health effects of PM size fractions.
Using a secure permutational covert channel to detect local and wide area interposition attacks

In this paper, we present new techniques to detect interposition attacks on stream-based connections in local and wide area networks. The approach developed here is general enough to apply uniformly to all circumstances where the man-in-the-middle attacker achieves interposition by corrupting higher-layer to low-layer address mappings. Thus, both the problem of local area network interposition through ARP poisoning, and the problem wide area interposition through DNS poisoning are addressed as special cases of our work. Like other solutions that reside between Layers 3 and 4 (e.g. IPSEC), our techniques enjoy the property that they do not require redesigning legacy software, as is the case for approaches that reside above Layer 4 (e.g. SSL/TLS). Unlike IPSEC, however, the developed system is tailored only to the detection of interposition attacks, and thus circumvents the overhead and complexity introduced in guaranteeing stream confidentiality and integrity. We describe the design of the system, demonstrate its efficacy, and provide a publicly accessible prototype implementation.
A descriptive evaluation of warfarin use in patients receiving hospice or palliative care services.

Purpose To describe and compare warfarin therapy use and outcomes between warfarin-receiving patients in hospice or palliative care (HPC) and not in HPC. Methods This retrospective, matched analysis examined warfarin-receiving patients who did (study cohort) and did not receive (control cohort) HPC services between 2002 and 2005. The matched cohorts were compared on rates of international normalized ratio (INR) measurements, INR control, and warfarin-related adverse events. Results Included were 101 and 484 study and matched control patients, respectively. Study patients had a higher mean rate of INR measurements per 30 days (2.2 ± 1.7 vs. 1.7 ± 1.4, P = 0.001) and were more likely to be above and below target INR range (P 0.05). Conclusions Patients in HPC required more frequent INR monitoring but had similar risks for warfarin-related adverse events.
On the stability of the operating voltages of AC plasma display panel

It is shown that doping MgO films with a transition metal, such as nickel, results in a statistically significant improvement in the stability of the operating voltages of an ac plasma display panel. Experimental results can be explained in terms of the effect of excess oxygen in the films on their surface properties, and the changes in the surface properties produced by ion bombardment during the discharge.
Chemical and physical analyses of wax ester properties

Wax esters are major constituents of the surface lipids in many terrestrial arthropods, but their study is complicated by their diversity. We developed a procedure for quantifying isomers in mixtures of straight-chain saturated and unsaturated wax esters having the same molecular weights, using single-ion monitoring of the total ion current data from gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We examined the biological consequences of structural differences by measuring the melting temperatures, Tm, of >60 synthetic wax esters, containing 26–48 carbon atoms. Compounds containing saturated alcohol and acid moieties melted at 38–73°C. The main factor affecting Tm was the total chain length of the wax ester, but the placement of the ester bond also affected Tm. Insertion of a double bond into either the alcohol or acid moiety decreased Tm by ∼30°C. Simple mixtures of wax esters with n-alkanes melted several °C lower than predicted from the melting points of the component lipids. Our results indicate that the wax esters of primary alcohols that are most typically found on the cuticle of terrestrial arthropods occur in a solid state under physiological conditions, thereby conferring greater waterproofing. Wax esters of secondary alcohols, which occur on melanopline grasshoppers, melted >60°C below primary esters of the same molecular weight and reduced Tm of the total surface lipids to environmental values.
Use of Anatomical dolls by Boston-area professionals☆☆☆

Abstract Anatomical dolls are a widely used but controversial tool for interviewing child victims of sexual abuse. The present research examines how a representative sample of professionals who evaluate children actually use the dolls. Contrary to past reports, the results revealed that 96.6% of professionals who use the dolls had received training in anatomical doll use, 77.8% followed some standard protocol for interviewing, and 97.3% had at least 1 year of experience with anatomical dolls. The results also revealed that the majority of professionals did not engage in the “leading” behaviors of presenting unclothed dolls to children or undressing the dolls for the child, again contrary to past reports. The present research indicates that the professionals in this sample are more experienced and better trained than is typically thought.
Transformation optics collimating lenses for multi-beam antenna applications

Transformation optics (TO) is a flexible design process for electromagnetic and optical devices with a wide range of applications including cloaking, waveguides, and antenna enhancement. Many TO designs for antennas have been proposed, such as invisibility-cloaking radomes and collimating lenses; however, these designs all require inhomogeneous and anisotropic material parameters with extreme values that do not promote a practical implementation. Thus, the choice of transformation is a critical part of the TO design process and determines whether the device can ultimately be fabricated. In this paper, we review two transformation designs with simple material parameters for the conversion of radiation from an embedded isotropic source into multiple highly-directive radiating beams.
A south in the north: emplacing the south in the American national myth

As part of a larger project concerning the men's World Cup of soccer in American culture, I examine media coverage of a single player on the US national team: Georgia – born forward Clint Mathis. Texts constructed this player's persona through a discussion of his unique style and southern identity. I analyze the construction of American national and southern regional identity within this coverage underscoring how the formation took place on both an internal (national) and external (global) scale.
Correlation between complication rate and tissue resection volume in inferior pedicle reduction mammaplasty: a retrospective study.

Background: The inferior pedicle technique is the most common breast reduction procedure performed in the United States today. Traditionally, it has been recommended that pedicle techniques not be used for large volume breast reduction (>1000 gm/breast), as the complication rate may be unacceptably high. Objective: We conducted a retrospective study to determine whether any correlation could be found between complication rate and tissue resection volume in breast reduction procedures when the inferior pedicle technique was used. Methods: One hundred twenty-two patients underwent inferior-pedicle reduction mammaplasty by a single surgeon between January 1998 and December 2001. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the average quantity of tissue resection: 500- to 1000-gm breast reduction, and >1000-gm breast reduction. Complications were analyzed. Rates in each group were determined and assessed for statistical significance. Results: The average reduction was 673 gm/breast (range, 502–964 gm) in the small volume group (n = 73), and 1326 gm/breast (range, 1005–2175 gm) in the large-volume group (n = 49). Twenty-nine complications occurred. No patient experienced more than 1 complication. Eight different complications were identified. Hypertrophic scarring was most common, occurring in 11 patients. One major complication, an expanding hematoma, occurred. There were no cases of nipple-areolar complex or skin flap necrosis. The overall complication rate was 23.7%. There were 18 complications in the >1000-gm group (24.6%) and 11 complications in the <1000-gm group (22.4%). This difference was not statistically significant ( P = .77). Conclusions: The inferior pedicle technique can be safely used in reduction mammaplasty for resection volume exceeding 1000 gm/breast, without added complications.
Effect of ileal oleate on interdigestive intestinal motility of the dog

To determine the effect of ileal oleate on fasting intestinal motility, pairs of duodenal and ileal catheters and bipolar duodenal and jejunal seromuscular electrodes were surgically implanted in six dogs. The ileum was perfused with either normal saline (154 mM NaCl) or oleic acid emulsion (152 mM), while intestinal myoelectric activity was continuously monitored. For transit studies, a bolus of [3H]PEG was injected into the duodenum, and jejunal and ileal alliquots were collected every 15 min for a 6-hr study period. Plasma samples were collected for radioimmunoassays of peptide YY and enteroglucagon. Ileal oleate infusion increased the MMC cycle length and decreased the number of MMCs (P<0.001) and the myoelectric spike-burst frequency/10 min in the duodenum (P<0.05). Both duodenal-jejunal (P<0.05) and duodenal-ileal transit (P<0.01) were delayed markedly by ileal perfusion with oleic acid emulsion as compared to control studies. Ileal oleate increased plasma levels of peptide YY (P<0.01) and enteroglucagon (P<0.01). Ileal perfusion with oleate therefore activated the so-called “ileal brake,” diminishing duodenal myoelectric spike bursts and slowing intestinal transit while concurrently increasing plasma levels of peptide YY and enteroglucagon.
Geriatric Care as an Introductory Pharmacy Practice Experience

Objective. To describe the design, delivery, and impact of a geriatric introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE) to develop students’ skills related to consultant pharmacists’ roles and pati...
Effect of temperature on mitochondrial respiration in a hibernator (Myotis Austroriparius) and a non-hibernator (Rattus rattus)

Abstract 1. 1. Respiratory rates of wasged and unwashed liver mitochondria from torpid and aroused bats as well as control and cold-acclimated rats were measured at five incubation temperatures. 2. 2. The effects of washing suggest the influence of at least three extramitochondrial factors on succinate oxidation. 3. 3. Although species differences occur at the higher incubation temperatures (37, 29°C), the data do not indicate any differential effects of cold exposure on the metabolic capacity of the mitochondria per se . Rather, the differences observed seem to reflect the influence of extramitochondrial substance which themselves may have been by the animal's trophic response to cold.
Planning for School Change: School-Community Collaboration in a Full-Service Elementary School.

Contemporary school reform strategies require extensive school-community collaboration, yet the actualization of this goal is very difficult to achieve. Social class and cultural barriers often imp...
Antagonism of the actions of estrogens, androgens and progesterone by anordrin (2α,17α-diethynyl-A-nor-5α-androstane-2β, 17β-diol dipropionate)

Anordrin, an antifertility agent that is an antiestrogen with weak estrogenic activity, has been studied to further characterize its hormonal activities. A dose of 2.0 micrograms/mouse X day for 7 days did not increase the uterine content of protein, but it did inhibit to a small extent the effect of administered estradiol-17 beta on uterine protein content and more significantly the effect of estradiol-17 beta on the uterine content of progesterone receptors. Anordrin also decreased serum corticosteroid-binding globulin levels. Administration of an average daily dose of 160 micrograms/day of anordrin to intact male mice had no effect on weights of kidney, testis, or seminal vesicle after 10 days, but seminal vesicle weight was significantly decreased after 30 days at a slightly lower dose. Similarly, anordrin inhibited the increase in seminal vesicle weight induced by testosterone propionate treatment of castrated mice. In female mice anordrin failed to maintain deciduomata and blocked the ability of progesterone (2.0 mg/mouse X day) to do so. However, anordrin did not compete with the androgen [3H]R1881 for binding in kidney cytosol or with the progestin [3H]R5020 for uterine receptor sites. Anordrin also did not compete with [3H]corticosterone for binding to serum proteins.
Fabrication of Polymeric Microfluidic Device for On-Chip Isolation of Nucleic Acids

A microfluidic chip-based solid phase extraction method for isolation of nucleic acids is demonstrated. The chip was fabricated in a cyclic polyolefin by hot embossing with a master. The solid phase was made by in-situ UV polymerization of a monolithic column impregnated with silica particles, and separation was achieved due to irreversible binding of the nucleic acids to the silica particles in the monolith. The porous monolithic column was formed within the channels of the device by photoinitiated polymerization of a mixture of methacrylate and dimethacrylate monomers, UV sensitive free radical initiator and porogenic solvent. The channel surface was photografted with a thin interlayer polymer prior to preparation of the monolith in the channel. The grafted layer covalently attached the monolith and prevented the formation of voids between the monolith and the channel surface. The solid-phase prepared by this method allowed for successful extraction and elution of nucleic acids.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Reflection, refraction, and multislit interference

We show how the description of multislit interference can easily be extended from grating diffraction to include reflection and refraction when the spacing between ruled lines becomes smaller than half the light wavelength. This extended description, presentable to an undergraduate audience, brings out the unity of geometrical and physical optics in a traditional optics course.
THE USE OF INTERPOPULATION HYBRIDIZATION IN DEVELOPMENT OF COHO SALMON STOCKS FOR AQUACULTURE

Three separate and apparently genetically distinct coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) stocks managed and reared by the Washington Department of Fisheries were crossed in a 3 times 3 factorial design. Data on early life history traits, such as mortality, time to 50% and 100% hatch, growth rate, and food conversion efficiency were taken for each of the nine possible crosses. Statistical analyses of the data demonstrated few significant differences among the crosses for traits expressed prior to the free feeding stage. After the fish started actively feeding, significant differences were found in growth rate and food conversion efficiency. These results could be explained in some instances by “hybrid vigor” and in other instances by the genes contained in one population. The data indicate that judicious use of in-terpopulation crosses could provide significant gains in the early rearing of coho salmon for aquaculture.
Equilibrium adsorption of chemical vapors on surface soils, landfills and landfarms — a review

Abstract The equilibrium adsorption of Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) onto soils, such as occurring in surface soils, landfills and landfarms, is reviewed. On the basis of moisture content, soils can be classified into the “dryrd, “damp” and “wet” categories. Increasing moisture content in dry soils is known to lead to displacement of adsorbed nonpolar VOCs. This review addresses adsorption models for the three soil moisture regimes. An extended Brauner, Emmet, Teller (BET) adsorption theory is used and simplified isotherms are developed from it that enable the estimation of partial pressures of VOCs above soils. Available experimental data on VOC adsorption in the present context are also reviewed.
Managing unpredictable resources: Traditional policies applied to chaotic populations

Abstract Conventional theory for the management of living ocean resources assumes a predictable link between current management actions and the future state of managed populations. As a practical matter, however, it is very hard to establish this kind of predictable relationship. It is possible that the dynamics of these populations exhibit chaotic variation. This paper addresses the question of appropriate management policies in a regime characterized by chaotic population dynamics. The problem is approached through a bioeconomic simulator that has chaotic properties. With light fishing, policies that alter the conditions of fishing perform better than policies dependent upon population predictions.
Effects of extracts of rat brain on the digitalis receptor

There is a possibility that an endogenous substance exists which interacts with a ouabain binding site on Na+, K+-ATPase. Recently, several reports have appeared suggesting the presence of an endogenous digitalis-like substance in acid-acetone extracts of brain. We have demonstrated that in preparing an acid-acetone extract, peroxidized lipids and lysophospholipids are produced, both of which inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase, thereby complicating interpretation. Preliminary evidence suggests, however, that when rat brains are extracted with an aqueous-acetone mixture under nitrogen, a principle is obtained which specifically inhibits Na+, K+-ATPase.
Reirradiation and stereotactic body radiotherapy for recurrent or second primary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Recurrent or second primary squamous cell cancer of the head and neck in a previously irradiated field presents a therapeutic challenge in which outcomes are suboptimal and treatment is associated with significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Resection followed by risk-adapted adjuvant reirradiation, definitive reirradiation, and stereotactic body radiotherapy, all with the potential for concurrent systemic therapy, represent viable treatment strategies and can offer long-term disease control with acceptable quality of life for some of these patients. Careful patient selection based on patient-, disease-, and treatment-related factors that are considered in a multidisciplinary fashion is crucial to maximizing the therapeutic ratio of reirradiation.
Optimization of surface condition during reactive ion etching of GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs

Abstract In this study, SiCl 4 , CCl 2 F 2 and argon were used for etching GaAs and Al x Ga 1− x As. A GaAs/Al x Ga 1− x As/GaAs structure grown by metal-organic chemical vapour deposition was used as the Al x Ga 1− x As samples. Our principal findings are as follows. 1. (1) Native surface oxides should be thoroughly removed prior to reactive etching to assure well-controlled etch rates and smoother surfaces. 2. (2) Surface roughness could be reduced by employing an additional higher r.f. power step following regular reactive ion etching (RIE). 3. (3) The effects of energetic-ion and charged-radical induced redeposition could be drastically reduced by covering the lower electrode with either a graphite or a quartz plate. 4. (4) A multistep technique is a feasible approach for the complicated RIE process. These steps include argon plasma sputtering (a regular RIE process), followed by a higher r.f. power step to reduce surface roughness. Finally, a brief high pressure and low power etch can be used to eliminate the possible radiation damage. 5. (5) RIE of Al x Ga 1− x As is much more complicated because of the more diverse chemistries of the ternary system. The as-etched Al x Ga 1− x As surface was very rough, because either the oxides or the etch products of Al x Ga 1− x As have a low volatility and the micromasking effect is more significant than for GaAs.
Bipolar Changes in Atmospheric Circulation During the Little Ice Age

Annually dated ice cores from Siple Dome, West Antarctica, and central Greenland indicate that meridional atmospheric circulation intensity increased in the polar South Pacific and North Atlantic at the beginning (∼1400 A.D.) of the most recent Holocene rapid climate change event, the Little Ice Age (LIA). As deduced from chemical concentrations at these core sites, the LIA was characterized by substantial meridional circulation strength variability, and this variability persists today despite strong evidence for an end to LIA cooling. Thus, increased late 20th century storm variability may be in part a result of the continuation of these climatic fluctuations.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of occludin attenuates its interactions with ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3

Occludin, the transmembrane integral protein of the tight junction, plays a crucial role in the molecular organization and function of tight junction. While the homotypic interaction of extracellular loops of occludin appears to determine the barrier function of tight junction, the intracellular C-terminal tail, C-occludin, interacts with other tight junction proteins such as ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3 and with the actin filaments of cytoskeleton. In the present study we phosphorylated GST-fused C-occludin on tyrosine residues, in TKX1 Epicurian coli or by active c-Src in vitro. c-Src binds to occludin and phosphorylates it on tyrosine residues. The effect of tyrosine phosphorylation of C-occludin on its ability to bind ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, and F-actin was evaluated. Results show that the amounts of ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3 bound to tyrosine phosphorylated C-occludin were several fold less than the amounts bound to non-phosphorylated C-occludin. However, the amount of tyrosine phosphorylated C-occludin bound to F-actin was not significantly different from the amount of non-phosphorylated C-occludin bound to F-actin. These results demonstrate that tyrosine phosphorylation of occludin reduces its ability to bind ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3, but not F-actin. Results also suggest that c-Src-mediated disruption of tight junction may involve tyrosine phosphorylation of occludin.
Sol-gel-encapsulated alcohol dehydrogenase as a versatile, environmentally stabilized sensor for alcohols and aldehydes

Silicate-encapsulated yeast alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) can be employed as a sensor for short-chained alcohols in standard aqueous, harsh nonaqueous, and gas-phase environments. Specifically, the implementation of sensing schemes based on encapsulated ADH/NAD+ or ADH/NADH, and utilization of changes in fluorescence from the soluble, reduced cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) upon exposure to alcohols or aldehydes, allows for semiquantitative determination of both substrates. Additionally, by using fluorescence from NADH, we find that cycling of the enzymatic probe can be accomplished via successive exposure to alcohol and aldehyde substrates, thus converting the system into a multiple-use sensor. Finally, we find that the gel matrix provides sufficient enzyme stabilization to permit the assemblies to be used analytically in hostile and inherently denaturing sample environments, including vapor-phase and nonpolar liquid (e.g., hexane) environments.
Anomaly detection in dynamic networks: a survey

Anomaly detection is an important problem with multiple applications, and thus has been studied for decades in various research domains. In the past decade there has been a growing interest in anomaly detection in data represented as networks, or graphs, largely because of their robust expressiveness and their natural ability to represent complex relationships. Originally, techniques focused on anomaly detection in static graphs, which do not change and are capable of representing only a single snapshot of data. As real-world networks are constantly changing, there has been a shift in focus to dynamic graphs, which evolve over time.
Presidential address our feminist future: Women affirming sexuality research in the late twentieth century

Building upon Vern Bullough's historical study of the feminist foremothers of sexology, my presidential plenary, originally presented at the November 1995 meeting of The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, examines contemporary feminist research. Here I provide an inclusive definition of feminist sexology, give a brief overview of late 20th century feminist sexual scholars’ contributions and insights, and cite my undergraduates’ expectations for feminist science in the 21st century. Ending in the democratic spirit of my plenary, which involved the audience in an animated discussion, I conclude by asking you, the reader, to draw conclusions about the current status and likely future of feminist sexology.
Nitrogen supply as a limiting factor determining the sensitivity of Populus tremuloides Michx. to ozone stress

summary Seedlings of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) were grown at six rates of supplemental nitrogen (N). Five of the N rates were sub-optimal to optimal for growth, whilst the sixth provided an excess of N with no additional growth benefit. The biomass of plants stressed by ozone (O3) in open-top chambers was significantly reduced at optimal rates of N. Plants which received sub-optimal or excess N showed no significant effects of O3 on biomass accumulation. Ozone induced two compensatory responses; increased shoot/root ratio and accelerated senescence, at all N rates. Growth rate was strongly influenced by the amount of N supplied, and O3-induced reductions in total biomass were highly correlated with growth rate. We concluded that when growth rate was small as a result of N limitation, compensatory responses to O3 stress were sufficient to prevent detectable losses in biomass.
Temperature-independent thin-film optical waveguide.

The concept of having the effective refractive index of an optical waveguide mode be independent of temperature is introduced. It is shown that this concept should be realizable with a Corning 7059 glass thin-film waveguide supported on a SiO2-Si substrate for a waveguide thickness of 0.37 μm. Measurements of effective refractive index as a function of temperature confirm this prediction of temperature independence in that they show a very small variation with temperature for a 0.35-μm thick waveguide in comparison with that for a 0.98-μm thick waveguide.