cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Na/H Exchanger Regulatory Factor Stabilizes Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors at the Cell Surface

Ligand binding to cell surface receptors initiates both signal transduction and endocytosis. Although signaling may continue within the endocytic compartment, down-regulation is the major mechanism that controls the concentration of cell surface receptors, their ability to receive environmental signals, and the ultimate strength of biological signaling. Internalization, recycling, and trafficking of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) within the endosome compartment are each regulated to control the overall process of down-regulation. We have identified the Na/H exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) as an important molecular component that stabilizes epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) at the cell surface to restrict receptor down-regulation. The NH2-terminal PDZ domain (PDZ 1) of NHERF specifically binds to an internal peptide motif located within the COOH-terminal regulatory domain of EGFR. Expression of NHERF slows the rate of EGF-induced receptor degradation. A point mutation that abolishes the PDZ 1 recognition sequence of EGFR enhances the rate of ligand-induced endocytosis and down-regulation of EGFR. Similarly, expression of a dominant negative mutant of NHERF enhances EGF-induced receptor down-regulation. In contrast to -adrenergic receptors where NHERF enhances recycling of internalized receptors, NHERF stabilizes EGFR at the cell surface and slows the rate of endocytosis without affecting recycling. Although the mechanisms differ, for both RTKs and G protein-coupled receptors, the overall effect of NHERF is to enhance the fraction of receptors present at the cell surface.
Adaptive routing in irregular networks using cut-through switches

Many cut-through switches, which can greatly reduce network latency, are commercially available for the construction of high-speed local area networks. The interconnection of cut-through switches provides an excellent network platform for high-performance workstation clusters. A novel deadlock-free adaptive routing algorithm is proposed to allow irregular interconnection of cut-through switches. The adaptive routing algorithm is based on two unidirectional adaptive trails constructed from two opposite unidirectional Eulerian trails. Some heuristics are suggested in terms of the selection of Eulerian trails, the avoidance of long routing paths, and the degree of adaptivity. Extensive simulation experiments based on a more realistic finite input source model are conducted to evaluate the network performance under different network parameters and traffic conditions. Both bimodal and bursty messages are considered. Such switch-based irregular networks are truly incrementally scalable and have potential to be reconfigured to adapt to the dynamics of network traffic conditions.
Variations in early outcomes of endovascular aneurysm repair with alternate endograft configurations.

Background Most endovascular abdomincal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repairs (EVARs) performed in the United States utilize a bifurcated configuration. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of alternate graft configurations on early outcomes during EVAR. Methods Patients in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) participant use file who underwent elective EVAR for AAA from 2005 to 2007 were stratified by configuration using CPT codes. Bifurcated configurations (CPT 34802, 34803, 34804) were compared to straight configurations such as tube or aortouni-iliac grafts (CPT 34800, 34805). Preoperative risk factors, intraoperative variables, 30-day outcome measures, and length of stay were compared. Composite morbidity included patients experiencing one or more of 21 complications defined by NSQIP protocol. Student's t -test and analyses of variance were used to compare variables. Results There were 3,264 patients who underwent EVAR, including 2,864 bifurcated endografts and 400 straight endografts. Composite morbidity was greater in patients receiving straight endografts compared to those receiving bifurcated endografts (15.2% vs. 9.3%, p p p = 0.054). After controlling for the top 11 NSQIP predictors of mortality in vascular patients, graft configuration remained significant in the multivariable analysis for morbidity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% confidence interval [CI[ 1.13-2.12, p = 0.006) and length of stay but not mortality (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 0.70-3.80, p = 0.263). Conclusion EVAR using a tube or aortouni configuration is associated with increased complications and length of stay. These poorer outcomes may be related to factors that lead surgeons to choose these approaches.
Salvage logging after windthrow alters microsite diversity, abundance and environment, but not vegetation

Summary An increasing number of researchers propose that disturbance effects in forests are mediated through ‘ legacies ’ , which are organisms or organically derived structures that persist after a disturbance. Much controversy currently surrounds the potential impact of post-disturbance salvage logging, in part, because of the potential for such actions to alter post-disturbance legacies and thus forest regeneration. Microsites (e.g. downed tree crowns, boles, stumps, treefall pits and mounds) created by natural disturbances are a subset of the broader concept of legacies, but the effect of windthrow + salvage logging on microsites and their environment and vegetation has not been previously examined. In a wind-damaged forest in western Tennessee, USA, we documented microsite diversity and abundance, environmental conditions, and initial vegetation regeneration in salvaged and unsalvaged areas. We found that salvaged areas had signifi cantly greater variety of microsites, altered microsite abundance, higher soil temperature and greater canopy openness relative to unsalvaged areas. However, 2 years after the storm, herbaceous cover and species richness and tree seedling density and species richness did not differ between salvaged and unsalvaged areas. Soil moisture also was unaffected by salvaging. In contrast, environmental conditions and vegetation characteristics differed signifi cantly among microsite types, with treefall mounds being warmer and drier than other microsites. This intermediateseverity wind disturbance, followed by moderate intensity of salvaging, created microsites that differed in environment and vegetation, and although the salvaging altered microsite diversity, abundances and conditions, the initial vegetation did not show detrimental effects of the salvage operations. We suggest that primary determinants of the consequences of salvaging after natural disturbance are the severity of the natural disturbance, and intensity of salvage operations. Detrimental effects of salvaging may accrue only if some combined severity threshold is exceeded.
Longitudinal study of the National Kidney Foundation's (NKF) Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)

In 2000, the National Kidney Foundation implemented the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP 2.0) to increase awareness of kidney disease among those at highest risk, and improve outcomes through early detection and referral for care. The KEEP 2.0 screening program identified significant numbers of persons with reduced kidney function, with previously undetected kidney disease risk factors, and with inadequate risk factor control. These data support the evolution to KEEP 3.0, which will continue to identify individuals at high risk for kidney disease, and will address the educational needs of health care providers and consumers, given that preventing and managing kidney disease requires their joint effort. Consumers need to embrace lifestyle behaviors that reduce risk, and adhere to medical recommendations in managing their existing conditions. At the same time, providers need to ensure that the latest evidence-based guidelines in diagnosis and treatment are being implemented in their clinical practice. KEEP 3.0 participants will be randomly assigned to one of several educational programs that vary on whether they provide individually tailored or nontailored information, with long-term follow-up for evaluation of clinical outcomes. Tailored programs may be more successful in supporting behavioral change as these consider the individuals' "readiness to change." In addition, participant-identified providers will be randomly assigned to one of several educational protocols designed to provide evidence-based recommendations for clinical and pharmaceutical management of kidney disease and risk factors; these programs vary on whether they require active or passive participation of providers. Analytic evaluations will examine changes from baseline in participant kidney disease and risk factor status during follow-up, and estimate the influence of the various educational protocols on both process of care measures and clinical outcomes.
Prevalence of fever in patients undergoing left atrial ablation of atrial fibrillation guided by barium esophagraphy.

Background Real-time esophageal imaging is critical in avoiding esophageal injury. However, the safety of esophageal imaging with barium has not been specifically explored. Methods Three hundred seventy consecutive patients underwent left atrial (LA) ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) under conscious sedation. One hundred eighty-five patients (50%) underwent the ablation procedure with, and 185 patients (50%) underwent the procedure without administration of barium. Fever, as a surrogate for aspiration, was defined as a maximal temperature >or=100 degrees F within the first 24 hours following the ablation procedure. Results Thirty of the 370 patients (8%) developed fever within 24 hours after LA ablation. The prevalence of fever was 9% (17/185) among patients who received barium and 7% (13/185) among those who did not receive barium (P = 0.6). Evaluation revealed the following causes of fever in 14 of the 30 patients (47%) with no difference in prevalence between the 2 groups: pericarditis, venous thromboembolism, hematoma, and infiltrate on chest radiography. Multivariate analysis failed to reveal any factors associated with development of fever. None of the patients experienced serious complications such as respiratory failure or atrioesophageal fistula. Conclusions Fever may occur in approximately 10% of patients undergoing LA ablation of AF. Administration of barium is not associated with fever or other complications such as aspiration pneumonia. Real-time imaging of the esophagus with barium administration in conjunction with conscious sedation appears to be safe.
Increased cerebral blood flow but no reversal or prevention of vasospasm in response to L-arginine infusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Object. The reduction in the level of nitric oxide (NO) is a purported mechanism of delayed vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Evidence in support of a causative role for NO includes the disappearance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from the adventitia of vessels in spasm, the destruction of NO by hemoglobin released from the clot into the subarachnoid space, and reversal of vasospasm by intracarotid NO. The authors sought to establish whether administration of l-arginine, the substrate of the NO-producing enzyme NOS, would reverse and/or prevent vasospasm in a primate model of SAH. Methods. The study was composed of two sets of experiments: one in which l-arginine was infused over a brief period into the carotid artery of monkeys with vasospasm, and the other in which l-arginine was intravenously infused into monkeys over a longer period of time starting at onset of SAH. In the short-term infusion experiment, the effect of a 3-minute intracarotid infusion of l-arginine (intracarotid concentrat...
Information quality work organization in wikipedia

The classic problem within the information quality (IQ) research and practice community has been the problem of defining IQ. It has been found repeatedly that IQ is context sensitive and cannot be described, measured, and assured with a single model. There is a need for empirical case studies of IQ work in different systems to develop a systematic knowledge that can then inform and guide the construction of context-specific IQ models. This article analyzes the organization of IQ assurance work in a large-scale, open, collaborative encyclopedia—Wikipedia. What is special about Wikipedia as a resource is that the quality discussions and processes are strongly connected to the data itself and are accessible to the general public. This openness makes it particularly easy for researchers to study a particular kind of collaborative work that is highly distributed and that has a particularly substantial focus, not just on error detection but also on error correction. We believe that the study of those evolving debates and processes and of the IQ assurance model as a whole has useful implications for the improvement of quality in other more conventional databases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) is required for LPS-mediated macrophage activation through CD14

Lipid rafts, composed of sphingolipids, are critical to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) assembly during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, as a result of protein kinase C (PKC)-zeta activation. However, the mechanism responsible for this remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine if LPS-induced TLR4 assembly and activation are dependent on the sphingolipid metabolite ceramide produced by phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) or CD14. To study this, THP-1 cells were stimulated with LPS. Selected cells were pretreated with the PC-PLC inhibitor D609, exogenous C2 ceramide, CD14 neutralizing antibody, or TLR4 neutralizing antibody. LPS led to production of ceramide, phosphorylation of PKC-zeta, and assembly of the TLR4 within lipid rafts. This was followed by activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family and the liberation of cytokines. Pretreatment with D609 or CD14 blockade was associated with attenuated LPS-induced ceramide production, TLR4 assembly on lipid rafts, and cytokine production. Pretreatment with TLR4 blockade did not affect LPS-induced ceramide production but was associated with significant attenuation in cytokine production. Treatment with C2 ceramide prior to LPS reversed the inhibitory effects induced by D609 but not of CD14 or TLR4 blockade. C2 ceramide alone induced the activation of PKC-zeta and the assembly of TLR4 but was not associated with cytokine liberation. This study demonstrates that TLR4 assembly and activation following LPS exposure require the production of ceramide by PC-PLC, which appears to be CD14-dependent.
Percutaneous Insertion of Silastic Central Venous Catheters in Newborn Infants

Percutaneous insertion of a very narrow (0.635-nm outside diameter) Silastic catheter for delivery of central hyperalimentation was performed on infants in the Newborn Intensive Care Center. Insertion of the catheter into the external jugular or basilic vein was successful in 15/17 (88%) infants, including four weighing less than 1,000 gm. Catheters remained in place for 446 patient-days (mean 24.8 +/- 15.9 days). Culture-proven infection, thrombophlebitis, or caval obstruction did not occur. Percutaneously placed central Silastic catheters proved to be a safe and effective alternative to surgically placed catheters.
The Dicke radiometer and cosmic radiation

R.H. Dicke's work in the field of microwave radiometry and in connection with the cosmic background radiation is briefly described. Modern methods for conducting cosmic background measurements are also discussed. >
NWS/OHRFC operational experience with the Ohio River Community HEC-RAS Model

In this paper we describe the Ohio River Community HEC-RAS Model and include results from real-time operations for an approximate 6-month period. The Model is a cooperative effort involving the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), Ohio River Forecast Center (OHRFC) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Great Lakes and Ohio River Division (LRD), Water Management Division. The scope of the modeling effort includes 20 locks and dams on the Ohio River, with storage areas and lateral structures such as levees, as well as bridges. The Model is comprised of over 2800 cross-sections, spanning approximately 1400 miles of modeled reach. The downstream boundaries are Chester, IL for the upstream portion on the Mississippi River and Carruthersville, MO for the downstream portion on the Mississippi River. We also include in the model the Kanawha River from the confluence with the Ohio River to Charleston, WV. The upstream boundaries include Braddock Lock and Dam, WV on the Monongahela River and Natrona, PA on the Allegheny River. The Model requires lateral and tributary inflows and is run in real-time; for the OHRFC the lateral and tributary inflows result from runoff produced by both observed and forecasted precipitation. Laterally, Model cross-sections extend to the 500year floodplain limits, except for Mississippi River reaches that only extend to the USACE levees. We describe operational complications such as problems related to adequately handling real-time gate operations on the Ohio River mainstem and quantifying ungaged lateral inflows.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Effects of Aesthetic Treatments and Implications for the Dermatologist and Cosmetic Surgeon

The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is higher among patients seeking dermatologic care than in the population at large. Patients with BDD frequently seek treatment in both general and cosmetic dermatology settings for perceived imperfections in their appearance. Dermatologists should therefore be aware of the condition and of potential consequences of treatment. This chapter reviews the literature concerning nonpsychiatric treatment of patients with BDD as well as other ramifications for treating physicians. Overall, patients with BDD are dissatisfied when they receive nonpsychiatric treatment. Even when satisfied with the treatment of a particular issue, their concerns about appearance shift to other body parts and overall BDD symptoms usually do not improve. Besides providing ineffective treatment, physicians who treat patients with BDD potentially expose themselves to harassment, litigation, and even violence. For this reason, nonpsychiatric treatment of manifestations of BDD is increasingly viewed as contraindicated. Dermatologists should therefore develop ways to screen patients with BDD and to appropriately refer psychiatric or multidisciplinary treatment.
Strengthening information literacy in a writing-designated course in the mathematics major

ABSTRACTWhen a campus has not integrated information literacy education into the curriculum, many students will not have the opportunity to learn these necessary skills before they embark on their career paths. This pilot study explores the possibility of teaching information literacy skills to students enrolled in a writing-designated course offered to mathematics majors who are about to complete their undergraduate studies. Outcome-based objective evaluations were used to guide teaching strategies as well as to gauge student progress. Embedded one-on-one consultations were found to be critical in strengthening these students’ information literacy abilities.
Combined constrained and error control coding in suppression of intrachannel fiber nonlinearities

A combined constrained-iterative FEC scheme for high-speed long-haul transmission is proposed. It can operate in the presence of strong intrachannel nonlinearities when even advanced FEC schemes would be overwhelmed with errors, and provides the coding gain of 12 dB at BER of 10-9. (2 pages)
A genetic and physical analysis of the MAL1 and MAL3 standard strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Naumov (1971, 1972, 1976) characterized two complementing functions required for maltose fermentation: MALp and MALg. The presence of either function alone is not sufficient to allow for the fermentation of maltose but diploids heterozygous for these loci were able to ferment. Using MALp, MALg and mal0 tester strains obtained from Naumov (a mal0 strain is a non-fermenting strain which does not complement either MALp or MALg strains), we have performed a genetic analysis on the maltose fermenting strains 4059 (MAL1) and 1412-4D (MAL3). These strains were shown to contain both the dominant MAL1 or MAL3 locus and an additional cryptic MALg. The presence of the dominant MAL1 or MAL3 locus alone is sufficient to enable the strain to ferment maltose and thus must contain both the MALp and MALg functions. The expression of the cryptic MALg in each strain must therefore be dependent upon the MALp function linked to the dominant locus. In 4059, the cryptic MALg locus is linked to the MAL3 locus and is thus denoted MAL3g. In 1412-4D, the cryptic MALg locus is linked to the MAL1 locus and is thus denoted MAL1g. Gel transfer analysis of these strains was able to detect genomic HindIII fragment linked to both the dominant MAL loci and the MALg loci using a probe derived from the MAL6 locus of the Saccharomyces strain CB11. The significance of this result with regard to the genome organization of the MAL loci is discussed.
Measuring Greenhouse Gases from Aircraft and Spacecraft Using Lidar

This presentation will discuss the application of lidar approaches to remotely measure the column abundance of CO2 and other atmospheric greenhouse gases from space. It will discuss recent airborne campaigns, ongoing work and plans for future space missions.
The politics of framing risk: Minding the vulnerability gap in climate change research

Much of the literature on climate change has focused on the physical science basis – the biophysical elements of exposure, probability and impacts of climate hazards on people and places. In 1995, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its Second Assessment Report, which moved the climate discussion beyond the analytical focus on impacts to emphasize the properties of a social system (the assets, protections, institutions, and relationships) that mediate the outcome of a hazard and influence the capacity to adapt in the face of climate events. Since then the literature on the social dimensions of climate change has burgeoned. These studies have largely been global and national in scope, but there has also been a recent expansion of literature centering on the local and regional scales spearheaded by high-profile global urban resilience initiatives, such as the United Nation’s International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Resilient Cities Campaign and the Rockefeller Foundation’s 100 Resilient Cities. While these studies have made important contributions to knowledge about how climate change may affect cities and regions by measuring vulnerability and articulating impacts, there is substantial room for new engagement. There is a clear need for more textured analyses of vulnerability to understand how risk is framed and how the framing articulates with rationale for risk reduction solutions. This paper examines two main approaches to vulnerability. It aims to generate insight on how risk is conceptualized and framed in order to open up discussions on the politics of framing risk and the possibilities for more integrative and equitable risk reduction solutions.
Costs and Benefits of Maternal Care in Earwigs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses Costs and Benefits of Maternal Care in Earwigs through a lab experiment. In some species, the period of maternal care extends past hatching, and females may even provision their young hatchlings with food. Maternal care is uncommon in insects and most other invertebrates. One plausible hypothesis is that natural selection in the past favored females that tended to remain with their clutch and guard their eggs. Such females may have reduced the loss of eggs to predators or pathogens and thus produced more surviving offspring than females that abandoned their eggs and left them to hatch without the benefit of maternal care. Maternal care, however, is not without its potential costs. Females that guard eggs may expose themselves to increased risk of predation. In addition, because egg guarding may prevent females from feeding or otherwise interfere with the production of a new clutch of eggs, maternal care may entail a cost to the female's future fecundity.
Where Do Genres Come From

This introductory chapter examines the nature of “emergence” as an explanatory concept for understanding genre innovation, contrasting it with the associated concept of “evolution,” which has also been used widely. In asking the question “Where do genres come from?” the author seeks to understand not only where they come from (that is, their antecedent conditions and causes), but also how they come about (that is, the social and material promoters of and motives for change), and why they “emerge” (that is, why their reception is seen as something new and different). A review of prior studies examines how genre has been conceived, how transformation is understood and documented, how causes and motives and conditions are characterized, and how the role of technological medium has been implicated.
Sharp-Crested Breaking Surface Waves Observed from a Ship-Based Stereo Video System

AbstractA new ship-based stereo video system is used to observe breaking ocean waves (i.e., whitecaps) as three-dimensional surfaces evolving in time. First, the stereo video measurements of all waves (breaking and nonbreaking) are shown to compare well with statistical parameters from traditional buoy measurements. Next, the breaking waves are detected based on the presence of whitecap foam, and the geometry of these waves is investigated. The stereo measurements show that the whitecaps are characterized by local extremes of surface slope, though the larger-scale, crest-to-trough steepness of these waves is unremarkable. Examination of 103 breaking wave profiles further demonstrates the pronounced increase in the local wave steepness near the breaking crest, as estimated using a Hilbert transform. These crests are found to closely resemble the sharp corner of the theoretical Stokes limiting wave. Results suggest that nonlinear wave group dynamics are a key mechanism for breaking, as the phase speed of th...
Case report of hypothyroidism presenting with myxedema ascites

Abstract Primary hypothyroidism rarely presents with ascites. This clinical finding in a patient with history suggestive of hypothyroidism should prompt thyroid testing. Diagnostic workup should include a paracentesis and determination of the SAAG. Review of the literature revealed sixty three well documented cases of myxedema ascites. A majority of these had SAAGs of >1.1g/dL and total proteins of >2.5 g/dL. Myxedema as a cause of ascites should be considered and ruled in by exclusion. Treatment with thyroid replacement remains an effective solution with an excellent prognosis.
Building a Telemedicine Framework to Improve the Interactions between Cancer Patients and Oncology Triage Nurses

As healthcare becomes more complex and data driven, the need and use of telemedicine continues to grow. Cancer patients require substantial amount of assistance and guidance through the chemotherapy process. The traditional telephone interaction between patients and providers shows major limitations such as inaccurate assessments and patient dissatisfaction. For that reason, his paper investigates a novel informatics intervention, which is the utilization of telemedicine to improve patient-provider interaction through videoconferencing technologies. The anticipated outcomes include higher accuracy in triage nursing decisions, higher patient and provider satisfaction rates. The ultimate goal of this research is to provide a study design of a telemedicine framework that aims at improving cancer patient management.
Do student service members/veterans experience worse mental health stigma than their peers? A comparative study in a national sample.

ABSTRACTObjectives: Examine differences in mental health treatment-related stigma in student service members and veterans (SSM/Vs) and peers from 57 post-secondary institutions across the United St...
Modeling of biaxial magnetic tunneling junction for multi-level cell STT-RAM realization

In recent years, spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) has been widely studied as a promising candidate to replace DRAM because of its fast access time, high endurance, and good CMOS compatibility. The improvement of tunneling magneto-resistance ratio (TMR) of magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ) also makes it possible to store more than one bit in a STT-RAM cell, namely, a multi-level cell (MLC) STT-RAM cell. One example is connecting two MTJs with different sizes in series to form four different resistance states that represent two bits in a memory cell. Very recently, Biaxial MTJ was proposed to realize four stable resistance states in a single MTJ. This technology greatly relaxes the driving capability requirement of select transistor and hence, increases the integration density of the MLC STT-RAM cells by reducing the size of the select transistor. In this paper, we developed the first device model of biaxial MTJ that can capture the switching transience between its four different states. We also validated our developed model against a manufactured biaxial MTJ device.
Gendered livelihoods and social change in post-apartheid South Africa

This article employs gendered livelihoods analysis and participatory methods to examine the politics of development among small-scale rooibos tea farmers in a rural coloured area of southwestern So...
Profit Maximizing Storage Integration in AC Power Networks

This work demonstrates that there is an analytical relationship between nodal price signals and the optimal allocation and operation of distributed energy storage systems (ESSs) in alternating current (AC) power networks. The results are based on a semidefinite relaxation of a multi-period optimal power flow (OPF) with storage problem in which the ESSs provide both real and reactive power to the grid. Strong duality is exploited to define a storage operator subproblem that is used to elucidate the natural duality between minimizing system costs and maximizing the profits of the storage operator in purely competitive markets. We illustrate these theoretical relationships, which require strong duality to hold, and discuss their impact on siting decisions using case studies based on an augmented IEEE benchmark system. We focus on how the provision of reactive power in combination with traditional grid services changes both the ESS allocation strategy and the overall performance of the simulated power network. Our results highlight the tight connections between market design and the financial viability of large-scale storage integration in AC power systems.
Unsteadiness of Shock-Wave Induced Turbulent Boundary-Layer Separation. A Review

This paper presents a brief review of the unsteadiness of shock-induced turbulent boundary layer separation. A large fraction of what is known about the unsteadiness comes from measurements of wall pressure fluctuations and, consequently, these data are the focus of the review. In the final discussion and conclusions, some suggestions are offered for experiments which would help improve our understanding of this phenomenon.
Patient Willingness to Pay for Reductions in Chronic Low Back Pain and Chronic Neck Pain.

Abstract Many recommended nonpharmacologic therapies for patients with chronic spinal pain require visits to providers such as acupuncturists and chiropractors. Little information is available to inform third-party payers’ coverage policies regarding ongoing use of these therapies. This study offers contingent valuation-based estimates of patient willingness to pay (WTP) for pain reductions from a large (n = 1,583) sample of patients using ongoing chiropractic care to manage their chronic low back and neck pain. Average WTP estimates were $45.98 (45.8) per month per 1-point reduction in current pain for chronic low back pain and $37.32 (38.0) for chronic neck pain. These estimates met a variety of validity checks including that individuals’ values define a downward-sloping demand curve for these services. Comparing these WTP estimates with patients’ actual use of chiropractic care over the next 3 months indicates that these patients are likely “buying” perceived pain reductions from what they believe their pain would have been if they didn't see their chiropractor—that is, they value maintenance of their current mild pain levels. These results provide some evidence for copay levels and their relationship to patient demand, but call into question ongoing coverage policies that require the documentation of continued improvement or of experienced clinical deterioration with treatment withdrawal. Perspective This study provides estimates of reported WTP for pain reduction from a large sample of patients using chiropractic care to manage their chronic spinal pain and compares these estimates to what these patients do for care over the next 3 months, to inform coverage policies for ongoing care.
Implicit Large-Eddy Simulations of Hot and Cold Supersonic Jets in Loci-CHEM

This paper introduces a 4th-order accurate low-dissipation flux scheme for use on un- structured CFD codes, and compares this flux scheme with two others for LES calculations of hot and cold supersonic jets. The flux schemes are compared with experimental profiles of jet centerline Mach number, total temperature and total pressure, with jet spreading rate data, and with near- field acoustic measurements. The influence of grid resolution on these solution accuracy is also evaluated. The new low-dissipation flux scheme is shown to be stable on a high-speed compressible turbulent ow problem, and to be significantly more accurate than the existing baseline flux approach.
Which path to follow? Utilizing proteomics to improve therapy choices for breast cancer patients

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and while mortality has dropped over the past 30 years due to improved early detection, better understanding of disease subtypes, and advances in t...
OMPS LP Observations of PSC Variability During the NH 2019‐2020 Season

Seasonal ozone depletion in the polar regions (during late winter and early spring) depends on the presence and distribution of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). In this paper, we present new sate...
Interventional Radiology Therapies for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Most patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma are diagnosed at an advanced stage with a poor prognosis. Although surgical resection and liver transplant are potentially curative treatment options, only a minority of patients have resectable disease at the time of diagnosis. Additional palliative treatments for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, including systemic chemotherapy, have limited efficacy. Interventional radiology offers several minimally invasive locoregional treatment options for liver-confined and liver-dominant metastatic disease, including percutaneous thermal ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and transarterial radioembolization. These interventions are important additions to therapy that are generally well-tolerated by patients. This chapter provides an overview of the different interventional radiology treatments for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and summarizes the available clinical data.
An overview of lurbinectedin as a new second-line treatment option for small cell lung cancer.

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly proliferative, aggressive form of lung cancer that carries a poor prognosis. Recent approvals with new therapeutic options represent the first in more than...
Performance Counters and DWT Enabled Control Flow Integrity

Control flow integrity (CFI) attacks resulting from buffer overflow and return-oriented programming are common. The problem is particularly acute for legacy systems and IoT devices. Legacy industrial control systems are not supported with periodic security patches leaving them susceptible to attack vectors published over the system life span. IoT devices, on the other hand, are thin devices with limited resources. This rules out many of the traditional heavy-duty software countermeasures for the IoT world. In this research, we deploy hardware/software solutions to detect CFI attacks. Many IoT devices are based on Raspberry Pi boards. These boards include ARM Cortex A-53 (Pi 3) or Cortex A-73 (Pi 4) processors. These ARM Cortex processors contain hardware counters that can be programmed to count microarchitecture level events such as branch mispredictions. Since control flow anomalies resulting from buffer overflow or return oriented programming (ROP) modify the program execution, the microarchitecture level events counts diverge. For instance, number of instructions issued per cycle could differ due to different instruction level parallelism. Hence, a vector of most discriminating hardware counters can flag control flow anomalies. This paper focuses on embedded programs. Embedded program behavior is dominated by the main event loops and task/event handlers, which can be measured with performance counters. Lighter weight IoT devices, based on ARM Cortex M4 or M7, include DWT (Debug, Watch and Trace) module, but not performance counters. DWT contains a much more limited set of counters. We show that DWT counters can also detect CFI anomalies with somewhat lower accuracy. For legacy software, we insert the performance counters instrumentation hooks with direct binary editing of ELF files. The proposed anomaly detection mechanism is evaluated on ArduPilot Team (2016)—a popular autopilot software on a Raspberry Pi 3 with PMU and DWT. A self-navigation program is evaluated on an iCreate Roomba platform with an ARM Cortex M4 processor which contains a DWT but not performance counters. We are able to achieve 97–99%+ accuracy with 1–10 $$\upmu$$ s time overhead per control flow anomaly check.
Generalizations of Nilpotent and Soluble Groups

In Chapter 5 we found numerous properties of finite groups which are equivalent nilpotence—see especially 5.2.4. For example, normality of all the Sylow subgroups is such a property. When applied to infinite groups, these properties are usually much weaker, giving rise to a series of wide generalizations of nilpotence. For soluble groups the situation is similar. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the main types of generalized nilpotent and soluble groups and their interrelations.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homology Among the Fruiting Myxobacteria

Deoxyribonucleic acid similarities were determined by competition experiments. The several strains of fruiting myxobacteria tested showed from 23 to 89% homology with the reference strains Myxococcus xanthus (FB) and M. fulvus (M6).
Graphitic Carbon in Urban Environments and the Arctic

The application of the Raman scattering, photoacoustic, optical attenuation, opticothermal analysis, and solvent extraction techniques to the characterization of the graphitic component of urban and remote aerosols will be described. These analyses allow unambiguous identification and quantification of the optically absorbing component of the aerosol. Recent observations in the Arctic show graphitic carbon concentrations which are comparable to those found in urban environments. The possible effects of these highly absorbing species on the heat balance will be discussed.
Acquiring and Assessing Knowledge From Multiple Experts Using Graphical Representations

Publisher Summary The integrity of the process of eliciting and representing human expertise is fundamental to any knowledge-based system. This process is referred to as “knowledge acquisition.” Human expertise can be found in documents and databases that store records of past transactions as well as the guidelines and procedures used to process those transactions. An active area of current research involves “mining” these data to capture knowledge to develop rules for incorporation into knowledge-based systems. This chapter presents a thorough review of current practice in eliciting, representing, and amalgamating knowledge from multiple experts with a focus on the use of graphical representations to support the process. The important points of the discussion are illustrated by presenting a specific methodology for eliciting and combining knowledge from multiple experts. This methodology provides a statistically defensive summarization for assessment. The results of a pilot test of its implementation over the Internet are also presented in the chapter. This chapter concludes with a discussion on the need for knowledge acquisition techniques that permit the quality of the rules developed based on the acquired knowledge to be quantitatively assessed and subsequently embedded into decision support systems.
Endonuclease I of Proteus mirabilis II. PROPERTIES OF THE NONCOMPLEXED AND TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID-COMPLEXED FORMS OF THE ENZYME

Abstract The purified form of endonuclease I of Proteus mirabilis sediments as a 3 S molecule, requires Mg2+ for activity, and degrades double and single stranded DNA to acid-soluble products. This activity has an alkaline pH optimum and is inhibited by Escherichia coli tRNA and high concentrations of sodium chloride. The two faster sedimenting forms of the enzyme, 7.2 and 6 S, that can be generated by the addition of tRNA to the purified enzyme and also are found in a dihydrostreptomycin sulfate precipitate of a P. mirabilis crude extract, degrade the covalently closed circular duplex form of DNA of colicinogenic factor E1, φ X-174, and SV40 DNA to 8 S DNA fragments that are indistinguishable by sucrose gradient centrifugation analysis. Degradation of the supercoiled circular DNA to the 8 S product is independent of substrate concentration over a wide range and is not caused by inactivation of the enzyme under the reaction conditions used. The 8 S DNA product is double stranded, free of a substantial amount of nicks, and, once formed, is resistant to further endonuclease attack over a relatively long period of time under the conditions used. Evidence is presented for a single strand cleavage as the initial endonucleolytic event in the degradation of the native DNA substrate to the 8 S product.
Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of methotrexate and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in hepatoma cells. The modulating effect of purines.

Abstract A 4-hr pretreatment with methotrexate antagonized the cytotoxic effect of subsequent arabinosylcytosine treatment in rat hepatoma cells of lines N 1 S 1 and 3924A, but in the hepatoma line 8999R and the fibroblast line BF5, MTX pretreatment was synergistic with the arabinosylcytosine treatment. Measurement of cellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate concentrations showed that in those lines in which antagonism was found the dCTP increased, whereas in the lines where the drugs were synergistic the dCTP pool was decreased. Conversely, dATP levels were high when the drugs were synergistic and low when antagonism was obtained. Although methotrexate pretreatment antagonized arabinosylcytosine in N 1 S 1 and 3924A cells, pretreatment of these cells with the combination of methotrexate plus a purine (either hypoxanthine or 2′-deoxyadenosine) resulted in synergism with arabinosylcytosine. Deoxynucleotide pool measurements showed that methotrexate in combination with either hypoxanthine or 2′-deoxyadenosine increased dATP and decreased dCTP in the N 1 S 1 and 3924A hepatoma cells. In N 1 S 1 cells, pretreatment with 2′-deoxyadenosine alone for 4 hr was synergistic with arabinosylcytosine. It was concluded that elevated dATP pools enhanced arabinosylcytosine cytotoxicity by depleting the dCTP pool, through feedback inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, thus causing greater inhibition of DNA biosynthesis and greater incorporation of AraCTP into nucleic acid. Methotrexate was synergistic in those cell lines where dATP accumulated and dCTP was decreased, but when methotrexate had a potent antipurine effect dCTP pools increased and arabinosylcytosine was antagonized. The synergistic interaction was more marked at cytocidal drug concentrations than it was at growth-inhibitory doses.
Measurement of the W + jets and Z + jets Cross Section with the ATLAS detector

The study of W or Z boson with accompanying hadronic jets in final states is of high importance at hadron colliders both to understand Standard Model processes and to measure background to Beyond Standard Model physics searches. The presence of one or more jets in the final state increases the complexity for the reconstruction of leptons and of missing transverse energy. The ATLAS prospects for the cross section measurement of W/Z + jets events at 14 TeV center of mass energy and integrated luminosity of 1 fb^{-1} using fully simulated data are discussed. The statistical and systematic limitations are discussed in terms of probing perturbative QCD predictions and Monte Carlo generators.
Negative autoregulation of c-myc gene expression is inactivated in transformed cells.

Abstract Negative feedback regulation of c-myc gene expression has been observed in some, but not all, cell types. In order to demonstrate conclusively the existence of this mechanism and gain insight into the cause of its inactivation, we have directly examined its function in B cells and then investigated its activity in a number of cell types. We demonstrate the existence of negative c-myc autoregulation by showing the rapid, dose dependent and reversible suppression of endogenous c-myc expression in EBV-immortalized B lymphoblastoid cells transfected with a c-myc gene expressed under the control of a heavy metal inducible promoter. Autoregulation occurs at the level of transcriptional initiation and is mediated by at least one stable intermediate or cofactor molecule. The c-myc autoregulatory mechanism was found operative in all (11 of 11) non-tumorigenic cells tested, including normal and immortalized lymphocytes and fibroblasts. However, this mechanism was found to be inactive in all (10 of 10) tumor cell lines derived from a variety of tissues including those carrying normal and oncogenically activated c-myc genes. These data establish the existence of an important regulatory circuit modulating c-myc expression in normal cells and suggest that its inactivation may represent a general regulatory disturbance of transformed cells.
The Space Density of Z>4 Quasars from the Second Palomar Sky Survey

In recent years, several groups have undertaken searches for quasars at very high redshifts with the aim of computing quasar space densities as well as providing quasars for studies of intervening material. Schmidt et al. (1995; SSG) have computed densities at 2.7 4.