cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
QoS-Aware Parallel Sensing/Probing Architecture and Adaptive Cross-Layer Protocol Design for Opportunistic Networks

The opening of the ultrahigh frequency (UHF) TV band by the Federal Communications Commission for opportunistic operation promises to relieve the demand on the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands. However, supporting bandwidth-intensive applications over TV white spaces can be quite challenging, due to the unpredictable nature of spectrum availability and the fluctuations in channel quality. The realization of this Herculean feat through unlicensed usage, while providing protection to licensed primary users, requires intelligent and adaptive protocol design. In this paper, we propose a quality-of-service-aware parallel sensing/probing architecture (QASPA), which exploits inherent channel and user diversity exhibited by the wireless system. Aiming at maximizing the sensing efficiency while achieving high detection accuracy, QASPA incorporates an optimal adaptive double-threshold-based sensing mechanism. It also embodies a cross-layer protocol, which uses an adaptive framing structure to minimize the control overhead, as well as a novel spectrum assignment strategy targeted at improving the spatial reuse of the network. The proposed spectrum assignment strategy supports both channel bonding and aggregation. Our simulations validate the ability of QASPA in guaranteeing the demands of high-bandwidth opportunistic flows while supporting low-bandwidth flows. They also show the superior performance of QASPA compared with the scheme used in the ECMA-392 standard for opportunistic indoor streaming.
Effect of prolonged oral administration of reserpine (reserpoid) on gastric secretion.

Conclusions1. Basal gastric analyses were nade in 20 patients with various gastrointestinal disorders, including peptic ulcer, before and during therapy with reserpine. 2. No consistent change in volume, free hydrochloric acid concentration or output of hydrochloric acid was observed after prolonged oral administration of 0.25 mg of reserpine 4 times daily.
Forensic Anthropology: What Bones Can Tell Us

The discovery of skeletal remains poses numerous questions that are best answered by those trained in forensic anthropology. Forensic anthropologists not only are able to determine at the site whether skeletal remains are human, but they also employ various methods to determine the gender, age at death, race, and height of the deceased. With advances in DNA techniques, forensic anthropologists will soon be able to derive information from older and older skeletal remains.
Interference-aware multicast trees and meshes for wireless multihop networks

The objective of this paper is to re-evaluate multicast structures for wireless multihop networks by taking interference into account. We group nodes in multicast routing structures into different classes based on their roles in the multicast routing. Through mathematical analyses of these different node classes under an accurate interference model, we derive optimal routing strategies for the different classes in the presence of interference. These analyses inform the design of four interference-aware multicast routing algorithms. We evaluate the performances of our proposed algorithms using wireless network simulations, where we have implemented a detailed model of wireless communication. We show that, by taking interference into account when building the multicast routing structures, our proposed algorithms are able to significantly improve throughput, delay, and robustness compared to existing multicast routing algorithms, which do not consider interference.
Adjusting Educational Decisions to the Housing Bust

This paper mainly utilizes short-run housing wealth changes during the recent housing bust to identify the effect of parental wealth on post-secondary educational decisions. I find that an increase in family wealth didn’t significantly affect young adults’ college enrollment, which is not quite consistent with previous literature’s prediction. For those already enrolled in college before the unexpected movement in housing price, the early dropout rate was hardly affected as the home value dramatically declined. In response to possible discontinued monetary support from parents during the housing bust, college students significantly increase the amount of debts taken on under their own names. Moreover, they chose to work more hours to finance educational expenses. According to the estimation in this paper, the decline in home value during the housing market crash from 2007 to 2009 contributed to more loans taken on by $113, and 14 more hours worked each year on average. I also examine whether parents cashed out money from a pension or an IRA to support their children. Having kids enrolled in college and under the age of 21 increases the likelihood of withdrawing money from pension or IRA by 3 percentage points.
The Smith Case: Is the Glass Half Full?

In re Cody W. Smith, the judge disallowed the bankruptcy trustee’s appointment of a mediator and sparked a debate about mediator appointment. This column views that decision as an opportunity to re-visit two important issues with ethical underpinnings: the appointment of neutrals and the referral of cases to mediators.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Electronic Cigarette Use and Reasons for Use among Current and Former Smokers: Findings from a Community-Based Sample

The prevalence of e-cigarette use is increasing, yet few studies have focused on its use in racial/ethnic minority populations. We examined associations between race/ethnicity and e-cigarette use, plans to continue using e-cigarettes, and reasons for use among current/former smokers. Participants (285 in total; 29% non-Hispanic White, 42% African American/Black, and 29% Hispanic) were recruited between June and November 2014. Telephone-administered surveys assessed demographics, cigarette smoking, e-cigarette use, plans to continue using, and reasons for use. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted. African Americans/Blacks were significantly less likely to report ever-use compared to Whites and Hispanics (50% vs. 71% and 71%, respectively; p < 0.001). However, African American/Black ever users were more likely to report plans to continue using e-cigarettes compared to Whites and Hispanics (72% vs. 53% and 47%, respectively, p = 0.01). African American/Black participants were more likely to use e-cigarettes as a cessation aid compared to both Whites (p = 0.03) and Hispanics (p = 0.48). White participants were more likely to use e-cigarettes to save money compared to Hispanics (p = 0.02). In conclusion, racial/ethnic differences in e-cigarette use, intentions, and reasons for use emerged in our study. African American ever users may be particularly vulnerable to maintaining their use, particularly to try to quit smoking. These findings have implications for cigarette smoking and e-cigarette dual use, continued e-cigarette use, and potentially for smoking-related disparities.
Software architecture for a miniature radio system

The software design methods used in the Spectrum 2000 radio system are described. This software system is designed to adapt automatically to any hardware configuration and provide a high degree of reusability. Additional features of the software system that were helpful during development or have the potential to reduce costs are discussed. Benefits resulting from the use of object-oriented analysis and object-oriented design methodologies in both the short-term development phase and the long-term maintenance phase are identified. >
Src Family Kinases Contribute to GI and Gq-Mediated Platelet Activation

Abstract 5263 The Src family kinases (SFKs) play an essential role in collagen- and von Willebrand factor (vWF)-mediated platelet activation. However, the role of SFKs in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated platelet activation is not fully understood, and little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which SFKs are activated by GPCR stimulation. Here we demonstrate that SFKs are activated by the G q and G i pathways, respectively and SFKs play important roles in G q - and G i -dependent secretion and activation. ADP induced SFK phosphorylation in wild type and G q −/− platelets, and ADP-induced SFK phosphorylation was inhibited by the P2Y 12 antagonist AR-C69931MX or P2Y 12 knockout but was not affected by the P2Y 1 antagonist MRS-2179. Lyn and Fyn were co-immunoprecipitated with G i2 in platelets, and ADP-induced SFK phosphorylation was diminished in Lyn −/− platelets. These results demonstrate that ADP induces SFK activation mainly depending on the G i pathway activated via its receptor P2Y 12 . Furthermore, epinephrine also dose-dependently induced SFK phosphorylation in mouse platelets. A selective inhibitor of Src family kinase PP2 inhibited ADP-induced Akt phosphorylation, fibrinogen binding, and platelet aggregation. Thus, activation of G i is sufficient to induce SFK activation, which plays an important role in Gi-dependent platelet activation. We further show that the thrombin receptor PAR4 peptide AYPGKF elicited SFK phosphorylation in P2Y 12 −/− , but not in G q −/− platelets, and AYPGKF-induced SFK phosphorylation was inhibited by the calcium chelator dimethyl-BAPTA, suggesting that G q -dependent SFK phosphorylation is downstream from the Ca 2+ signaling. The calcium ionophore, A23187-induced TXA 2 synthesis, platelet aggregation and secretion were inhibited by pre-incubation of platelets with PP2. PAR4-induced TXA 2 synthesis was also abolished by PP2. Moreover, PAR4-mediated granule secretion, integrin a IIb b 3 activation, and aggregation of P2Y 12 deficient platelets were partially inhibited by PP2 or a PKC inhibitor Ro-31-8220, but were completely abolished by Ro-31-8220 plus PP2 or dimethyl-BAPTA, suggesting that Ca 2+ /SFKs and PKC represent two parallel signaling pathways mediating G q -dependent platelet activation. In summary, SFKs can be activated by G q /Ca 2+ -dependent mechanisms and by G i -dependent mechanisms, and SFKS play important roles in G q - and G i -dependent platelet activation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Clinical impact of a prediction score for drug-resistance in community-onset pneumonia

Introduction Use of HCAP criteria for predicting drug-resistance in community-onset pneumonia results in overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. We derived and validated an alternative prediction tool (DRIP) (Webb AAC 2016) and integrated it into an electronic decision support tool used in 4 U.S. hospitals. Aims Compare DRIP to HCAP for prediction of drug-resistance and evaluate antibiotic usage and outcomes in a prospective implementation study. Methods Physician use of the electronic tool and calculation of DRIP was optional. For DRIP ≥4 anti-pseudomonal, vancomycin and azithromycin therapy was recommended. We identified two concurrent cohorts from 11/2014 to 10/2015: 1) cases where DRIP was calculated and 2) usual care. We compared observed rates of antibiotic use between groups and used logistic regression to severity adjust outcomes. Results DRIP and usual care comprised 894 and 324 inpatients. Drug resistance incidence was 2.4% and 4%. Severity was higher for usual care. Compared to HCAP, DRIP demonstrated equivalent sensitivity but better specificity. Inadequate therapy was p p = 0.063). Conclusion DRIP use was associated with reduced unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic use and LOS, without increased inadequate therapy or mortality.
Free China; Cold War Fortress 1951–1971

The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 made Formosa a vital geopolitical piece and gave Chinese Nationalists a reprieve from a near-death experience. Formosa was soon joined in an interlocking network of US security treaties’ interests throughout the Far East, including Japan and South Korea. The Truman Administration would now openly and forcefully support Formosa in the wider battle against communism.
A Comparison of Estimates of Consumer Expenditure on Foodgrains by National Sample Survey and Aggregate Supply Data

The National Sample Survey (hereafter referred to as NSS) sorted collecting data on consumer expenditure as a part of a country-wide multi-purpose survey in 1949-50. Since then, they have conducted several rounds of the survey of which the results of seven remands are readily available in published from. These seven rounds cover a time period of about five to six years. This paper is concerned with NSS estimates of foodgrains expenditure. It seeks to compare these with official figures of output of foodgrains as published by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
Types of Simple $\alpha$-Recursively Enumerable Sets

Let α be an admissible ordinal, and let (α) denote the lattice of α-r.e. sets, ordered by set inclusion. An α-r.e. set A is α*- finite if it is α-finite and has ordertype less than α* (the Σ 1 projectum of α). An a-r.e. set S is simple if (the complement of S ) is not α*-finite, but all the α-r.e. subsets of are α*-finite. Fixing a first-order language ℒ suitable for lattice theory (see [2, §1] for such a language), and noting that the α*-finite sets are exactly those elements of (α), all of whose α-r.e. subsets have complements in (α) (see [4, p. 356]), we see that the class of simple α-r.e. sets is definable in ℒ over (α). In [4, §6, (Q22)], we asked whether an admissible ordinal α exists for which all simple α-r.e. sets have the same 1-type. We were particularly interested in this question for α = ℵ 1 L ( L is Godel's universe of constructible sets). We will show that for all α which are regular cardinals of L (ℵ 1 L is, of course, such an α), there are simple α-r.e. sets with different 1-types. The sentence exhibited which differentiates between simple α-r.e. sets is not the first one which comes to mind. Using α = ω for intuition, one would expect any of the sentences “ S is a maximal α-r.e. set”, “ S is an r -maximal α-r.e. set”, or “ S is a hyperhypersimple α-r.e. set” to differentiate between simple α-r.e. sets. However, if α > ω is a regular cardinal of L , there are no maximal, r -maximal, or hyperhypersimple α-r.e. sets (see [4, Theorem 4.11], [5, Theorem 5.1] and [1,Theorem 5.21] respectively). But another theorem of (ω) points the way.
Finite-Element Boundary Integral Simulation of Transient Electromagnetic Scattering From Multiple Cavities

Interactions between 2-D cavities embedded in a ground plane are investigated using a numerical model. The problem is first discretized in time using the Newmark method, and then a variational formulation is used for numerical implementation. Numerical experiments are conducted for one, two, and three cavity environments considering both continuous and Gaussian incident fields. Finally, crosstalk between cavities of different depths and at different distances is investigated. Influence of additional cavities on aperture fields is shown to decrease exponentially as a function of separation between cavities.
Validation of Fermentation and Processing Procedures for the Commercial-Scale Production of a Live, Attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri Vaccine for Use in Channel Catfish Aquaculture.

AbstractMortality associated with Edwardsiella ictaluri infection is a serious impediment to the commercial production of fingerling Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus. A patented, live, attenuated, orally delivered vaccine has been developed that offers exceptional protection against E. ictaluri infection in both laboratory and small-scale pond trials. Further vaccine development is contingent on the successful completion of large-scale field trials that accurately reflect industry conditions. This current work focuses on the validation of fermentation protocols and the optimization of downstream processing procedures to produce sufficient quantities of vaccine to conduct commercial-scale field trials. Eight vaccine serials were produced from a master seed stock (S97-773-340X2) in a 50-L floor model fermenter over two consecutive years. Following fermentation, cells were harvested, concentrated 10-fold, and cryogenically stored (−74°C). To assess processing protocols and determine shelf life of cryogeni...
For Richer or Poorer: The Politics of Redistribution in Bad Economic Times:

This paper examines the consequences of economic downturns for states’ redistributive politics. We track state policies from 1980 through 2010 and illustrate how economic downturns led states to ad...
The effectiveness of surrogate taxa to conserve freshwater biodiversity

Establishing protected areas has long been an effective conservation strategy, and is often based on more readily surveyed species. The potential of any freshwater taxa to be a surrogate of other aquatic groups has not been fully explored. We compiled occurrence data on 72 species of freshwater fish, amphibians, mussels, and aquatic reptiles for the Great Plains, Wyoming. We used hierarchical Bayesian multi-species mixture models and MaxEnt models to describe species distributions, and program Zonation to identify conservation priority areas for each aquatic group. The landscape-scale factors that best characterized aquatic species distributions differed among groups. There was low agreement and congruence among taxa-specific conservation priorities (<20%), meaning that no surrogate priority areas would include or protect the best habitats of other aquatic taxa. We found that common, wide-ranging aquatic species were included in taxa-specific priority areas, but rare freshwater species were not included. Thus, the development of conservation priorities based on a single freshwater aquatic group would not protect all species in the other aquatic groups. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
OSCILLATION IN A NON-LINEAR PARABOLIC MODEL OF SEPARATED, COOPERATIVELY COUPLED ENZYMES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses oscillation in a nonlinear parabolic model of separated, cooperatively coupled enzymes. It discusses a metabolic pathway in which the synthesis of an unstable enzyme within the pathway is controlled by one of its ultimate products. In this case, the product (“effector” molecule) inhibits the synthesis of mRNA coding for the unstable enzyme. To the extent that the latter is translated from available messenger, it activates the synthesis of the effector molecule. Because the responses are of positive–negative character, it is natural to inquire whether oscillations in the levels of the components can occur. Periodic enzyme synthesis is observed in proliferating cells. While total cell mass increases roughly linearly in time, the synthesis of particular enzymes occurs at discrete times in the cell cycle. The chapter presents a model of a localized, two-component feedback circuit that possesses stable periodic solutions. It also discusses its application to cellular circadian rhythm.
Cathodic Corrosion at the Bismuth–Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Interface under Conditions for CO2 Reduction

Bismuth electrodes undergo distinctive electrochemically induced structural changes in nonaqueous imidazolium ([Im]+)-based ionic liquid solutions under cathodic polarization. In situ X-ray reflectivity (XR) studies have been undertaken to probe well-ordered Bi (001) films which originally contain a native Bi2O3 layer. This oxide layer gets reduced to Bi0 during the first cyclic voltammetry (CV) scan in acetonitrile solutions containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ([BMIM]+) electrolytes. Approximately 60% of the Bi (001) Bragg peak reflectivity is lost during a potential sweep between −1.5 and −1.9 V vs Ag/AgCl due to a ∼ 4–10% thinning and a ∼40% decrease in lateral size of Bi (001) domains, which are mostly reversed during the anodic scan. Repeated potential cycling enhances the thinning and roughening of the films, suggesting that partial dissolution of Bi ensues during negative polarization. The mechanism of this behavior is understood through molecular dynamics simulations using ReaxFF and density fu...
Fragmented Ties: The Poor and the Homeless

Poverty and homelessness are a part of the history of mankind. Attitudes toward the poor have deep philosophical and religious roots. Aristotle argued that the good of the community should set the direction for the lives of individuals, for it is a higher or more divine good than the particular goods of private persons. St. Thomas Aquinas argued that a right relationship to God requires commitment to the common good of our neighbors and of all creation (Hollenbach, America 180(20):8–11, 1999). In the early sixteenth century before the Reformation, Martin Luther described the customs surrounding the giving of alms. [See AQ: Footnote text with complete references has now been included in Abstract. Kindly confirm if this is appropriate. Martin and Hotten (eds and trans) (The book of vagabonds and beggars. The Penguin Press, London, 1932). The liber vagatorum: Der betler orden first appeared in 1509. After 18 editions, Martin Luther wrote a Preface for the book in 1528, and in 1860 it was published as The book of vagabonds and beggars with a vocabulary of their language and a preface by Martin Luther. The book describes the manners and customs of vagabonds of Central Europe before the Reformation. It is estimated that toward the end of the Middle Ages, a town like Augsburg contained 3,000 poor. In 1531, it was customary that those receiving alms be registered. The parish priest read from the pulpit a list of worthy alms seekers so that the congregation might know which of the poor were worthy of alms. Luther explains that he wrote a Preface, “so that men may see and understand how the devil rules in the world; every town and village should know their own paupers and assist them. Outlandish and strange beggars should not be bourne
Boy exile turned saint: Elián Gonzalez as a contested religio-ideological symbol among cuban- american catholics

OF THE THESIS BOY EXILE TURNED SAINT: ELIAN GONZALEZ AS A CONTESTED RELIGIOIDEOLOGICAL SYMBOL AMONG CUBAN-AMERICAN CATHOLICS by Ikam Acosta Florida International University, 2001 Miami, Florida Professor Terry Rey, Major Professor This Master's thesis explores the hypothesis that Eliin Gonzalez functions as a religious and ideological symbol for Cuban-Americans similarly to La Virgen de la Caridad del Cobre. Both La Caridad and Eliin are contested symbols among most Cuban and Cuban-American individuals, meaning both groups appropriate them toward their religious and ideological ends. The Virgin aids in the formulation of a collective identity for members of the Cuban exile community. Her shrine in Miami bridges the spatial and temporal gap between the exile community and the homeland of Cuba and represents the exile's hope for a return to a free Cuba. Elian functions as a metaphor of the Cuban exile experience, and thus a multi-leveled, transnational, religious and ideological symbol. In order to assess this, theoretical and journalistic materials are used, along with personal interviews and participant observation. This methodology is used to determine the function Eliin serves for this community.
Finite-State Markov Chains

Applied probability and statistics thrive on models. Markov chains are one of the richest sources of good models for capturing dynamical behavior with a large stochastic component [2, 3, 7, 9, 13, 18, 19, 21]. Certainly, every research statistician should be comfortable formulating and manipulating Markov chains. In this chapter we give a quick overview of some of the relevant theory of Markov chains in the simple context of finite-state chains. We cover both discrete-time and continuous-time chains in what we hope is a lively blend of applied probability, graph theory, linear algebra, and differential equations. Since this may be a first account for many readers, we stress intuitive explanations and computational techniques rather than mathematical rigor.
Quantifying magnitudes of shear heating in metamorphic systems

Abstract Estimated magnitudes of stress and strain rate in crustal rocks suggest that shear heating should contribute significantly to the thermal budget of deforming metamorphic systems. A simple one-dimensional thermal model is used to calculate magnitudes of shear heating in ductile shear zones based primarily on quartz flow laws, with consideration of additional models for wet feldspar and biotite. We calculate shear heating for likely ranges of key parameters, so that constraints can be placed on particular natural systems based on inferred stresses, durations of deformation, shear zone widths and metamorphic temperatures. By exploring large parameter spaces, our results should be appropriate for estimating shear heating experienced by a wide range of shear zones. Heating due to ductile deformation is highly dependent on these parameters and ranges from negligible to tens of degrees for most plausible deformation scenarios, and up to 200 °C in extreme cases. Results also predict that wet feldspar rheologies should produce significantly less shear heating than quartz and biotite schist rheologies. The width of a shear heating thermal anomaly can greatly exceed the width of the shear zone itself. For example, in a 0.5 km wide shear zone that experiences a maximum temperature increase of 100 °C in its core after approximately 1 Myr of deformation, a region ~1.0 km wide heats by at least 90 °C. Thermal weakening in our quartz rheology models is very rapid, so differential stresses on the order of 100 MPa should be short lived. These results can be used to better constrain magnitudes of shear heating in natural systems and can be extrapolated to infer the contribution of shear heating to evolving orogenic systems. We apply our results to the strike-slip Davenport and Norumbega shear zones (Australia and USA, respectively), also making tentative predictions for the thrust-sense Himalayan Main Central Thrust.
NMR Studies of Encapsulated Macromolecules

Encapsulation of proteins with reverse micelles has recently been identified as an important new biological NMR application. Encapsulation involves transfer of a hydrated protein into the interior chamber formed within an inverted shell of surfactant (usually dioctyl sulfosuccinate), forming a particle that is dissolved in a low-viscosity solvent, most commonly a short chain alkane. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that macromolecules of significant size and complexity can be encapsulated, and that under appropriate conditions encapsulated molecules retain native structure and biological activity. The tumbling rate of an encapsulated protein is roughly proportional to the bulk viscosity of the solvent, and by selecting an appropriately low viscosity liquid the tumbling rate of an encapsulated molecule may be significantly over that that measured for the free protein in aqueous solution. Such samples may exhibit spectroscopic properties that are superior to those of the free molecules in aqueous solution, and encapsulation thus promises to provide an important enhancement to the resolution and sensitivity of solution NMR experiments. In addition to thebenefits associated with increases in the rate of tumbling, encapsulation has also been shown to be an important biophysical technique that can be used to investigate the influence of environment on proteins. The function of proteins depends not only on the physiochemical attributes of the molecules themselves but also on the local environment in which the molecules are active. Reverse micelle based encapsulation is capable of producing novel environments that serve as a platform for studying the influence of confinement, hydration, ionic strength, and temperature in limits that are beyond the scope of other experimental approaches.
Control of Growth Cone Polarity, Microtubule Accumulation, and Protrusion by UNC-6/Netrin and Its Receptors in Caenorhabditis elegans

UNC-6/Netrin has a conserved role in dorsal-ventral axon guidance, but the cellular events in the growth cone regulated by UNC-6/Netrin signaling during outgrowth are incompletely understood. Previous studies showed that, in growth cones migrating away from UNC-6/Netrin, the receptor UNC-5 regulates growth cone polarity, as observed by polarized F-actin, and limits the extent of growth cone protrusion. It is unclear how UNC-5 inhibits protrusion, and how UNC-40 acts in concert with UNC-5 to regulate polarity and protrusion. New results reported here indicate that UNC-5 normally restricts microtubule (MT) + end accumulation in the growth cone. Tubulin mutant analysis and colchicine treatment suggest that stable MTs are necessary for robust growth cone protrusion. Thus, UNC-5 might inhibit protrusion in part by restricting growth cone MT accumulation. Previous studies showed that the UNC-73/Trio Rac GEF and UNC-33/CRMP act downstream of UNC-5 in protrusion. Here, we show that UNC-33/CRMP regulates both growth cone dorsal asymmetric F-actin accumulation and MT accumulation, whereas UNC-73/Trio Rac GEF activity only affects F-actin accumulation. This suggests an MT-independent mechanism used by UNC-5 to inhibit protrusion, possibly by regulating lamellipodial and filopodial actin. Furthermore, we show that UNC-6/Netrin and the receptor UNC-40/DCC are required for excess protrusion in unc-5 mutants, but not for loss of F-actin asymmetry or MT + end accumulation, indicating that UNC-6/Netrin and UNC-40/DCC are required for protrusion downstream of, or in parallel to, F-actin asymmetry and MT + end entry. F-actin accumulation might represent a polarity mark in the growth cone where protrusion will occur, and not protrusive lamellipodial and filopodial actin per se. Our data suggest a model in which UNC-6/Netrin first polarizes the growth cone via UNC-5, and then regulates protrusion based upon this polarity (the polarity/protrusion model). UNC-6/Netrin inhibits protrusion ventrally via UNC-5, and stimulates protrusion dorsally via UNC-40, resulting in dorsally-directed migration. The polarity/protrusion model represents a novel conceptual paradigm in which to understand axon guidance and growth cone migration away from UNC-6/Netrin.
The Politics of Authenticity

McCool provides an overview of the political style and theory known as “the politics of authenticity.” He defines this politics as one in which the inward intentions of political actors correspond with their outward appearances, actions, and speech. The main representative of this politics is Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who disdained the theatrical, artificial culture of hypocrisy in bourgeois Paris. McCool relies on the analysis of political theorist Marshall Berman to detail how Rousseau, then later Marx, sought to collapse the private and public self to create an intimate, transparent community in which individuals expressed themselves openly, and governed themselves directly. This politics was employed by democratic and social movements in Jacksonian America and into the twentieth century.
Comments on ‘Some methodological issues in biosurveillance’

I would first like to compliment Dr Fricker on the outreaching, cross-disciplinary nature of this work. Underlying his discussion of several important methodological issues in biosurveillance is an important theme: successful methods and approaches from other fields of endeavor have much to offer for the analysis and exploitation of public health data. Dr Fricker focuses on three topics from which applied public health surveillance and biosurveillance can certainly benefit: techniques for measuring change from the field of statistical process control, examples from perception and cognition theory (e.g. the ‘looking for everything’ analogy to sydromic surveillance), and the value of using simulation for substantiating new methodological applications. His development of concepts remains rooted in the goals of early disease event detection in a population and extends to the less rigorously defined but more intuitive goal of acquiring and maintaining situational awareness. Dr Fricker also clearly acknowledges various disciplines and problem areas of research necessary for more successfully addressing these goals. In addition to adding my emphasis to the value of using simulation for knowledge discovery in public health, I will comment on three areas of considerable importance that affect biosurveillance, (1) the use of multiple sources and types of data and other information, (2) activities surrounding the implementation of electronic medical records (EMRS) and clinical information exchange as it pertains to biosurveillance, and (3) locating the biosurveillance operations focus within the public health structure and organization. Practical necessities and current operational status are large determinants of priorities for biosurveillance and how it may reasonably be implemented.
Probing lithiation and delithiation of thick sintered lithium-ion battery electrodes with neutron imaging

Abstract As lithium-on (Li-ion) batteries increase in their prevalence and the range of applications expands, there is a need to understand and exploit the limits of electrochemical performance. Probing the internal processes in Li-ion batteries provides insights into the electrochemical characteristics of the cells as well as information necessary for rational cell design. In this manuscript an in situ method, neutron imaging, is applied to Li-ion full cells to track the lithiation/delithiation processes in the electrodes during discharge. The electrodes comprise thick sintered films of only active material, which improves the number of discrete points that are mapped for net changes in neutron intensity through the electrode. The lithiation/delithiation processes are qualitatively consistent with calculations of the Li + concentration and discharge profiles of the cells. These results illustrate that neutron imaging can experimentally probe and confirm limitations in the electrochemical performance of Li-ion full cells, particularly those with thick electrodes.
Prediction of microbial communities for urban metagenomics using neural network approach

Microbes are greatly associated with human health and disease, especially in densely populated cities. It is essential to understand the microbial ecosystem in an urban environment for cities to monitor the transmission of infectious diseases and detect potentially urgent threats. To achieve this goal, the DNA sample collection and analysis have been conducted at subway stations in major cities. However, city-scale sampling with the fine-grained geo-spatial resolution is expensive and laborious. In this paper, we introduce MetaMLAnn, a neural network based approach to infer microbial communities at unsampled locations given information reflecting different factors, including subway line networks, sampling material types, and microbial composition patterns. We evaluate the effectiveness of MetaMLAnn based on the public metagenomics dataset collected from multiple locations in the New York and Boston subway systems. The experimental results suggest that MetaMLAnn consistently performs better than other five conventional classifiers under different taxonomic ranks. At genus level, MetaMLAnn can achieve F1 scores of 0.63 and 0.72 on the New York and the Boston datasets, respectively. By exploiting heterogeneous features, MetaMLAnn captures the hidden interactions between microbial compositions and the urban environment, which enables precise predictions of microbial communities at unmeasured locations.
The Southern Side of Chicago: Arnold R. Hirsch and the Renewal of Southern Urban History:

This essay maintains that Arnold R. Hirsch’s Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago must be viewed as critical to the evolution of Southern history. The author shows how Hirsch’s han...
The new hybrids: Continuing debates on social perception

I evaluate several attempts to integrate standard theories of social cognition, either theory theory or simulation theory, with aspects of interaction theory, and especially with the concept of direct social perception. I refer to these as new hybrid theories of social cognition. One of the new hybrids accomplishes the integration only by weakening the concept of mindreading or by understanding mindreading as targeting the shared situation rather than the other's mental states. Hybrids that attempt to accommodate the idea of direct perception of mental states grant a phenomenological directness only by maintaining tacit (theory-based) inferences on the subpersonal level. If such inferential processes are thought to be extra-perceptual, then perception is neither sufficient nor direct for an understanding of intentions and emotions. Moreover, insistence on top-down inferential processes trades off against the possibility of plasticity in the perceptual system itself. I suggest that a better model than a hybrid theory would be a pluralist one. A pluralist approach to social cognition would treat theoretical inference, simulation, direct perception, interactive skills, etc. as different strategies. The real challenge is to work out a pluralist account of subpersonal processes.
An experience sampling study of the momentary dynamics of moral, autonomous, competent, and related need satisfactions, moral enactments, and psychological thriving

Do people really have a psychological need to be moral? We present results from an experience sampling study of momentary moral need satisfaction, moral behaviors, and psychological thriving, which also provided an opportunity to test whether the moral need functions differently in people of high vs. low moral character. Results were that moral need satisfaction correlated with psychological thriving cross-sectionally and concurrently in everyday life as much as, and in some cases more than, the other psychological needs recognized as basic in self-determination theory. Further, of all the needs, moral need satisfaction was most tightly linked to moral behavior, demonstrating the specificity of content for the need. Based on these and previous results on the moral need, we present a theoretical analysis of morality as a basic psychological need against the criteria recently outlined by Ryan and Deci (in: Ryan, Deci (eds), Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness, Guilford Publishing, New York, 2017) and by which researchers measure the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. In summary, the present research provides empirical evidence to add depth and breadth to the case for morality as an entrant to the list of basic psychological needs.
Pediatric respiratory distress: California out‐of‐hospital protocols and evidence‐based recommendations

Objectives Prehospital protocols vary across local emergency medical service (EMS) agencies in California. We sought to develop evidence-based recommendations for the out-of-hospital evaluation and treatment of pediatric respiratory distress, and we evaluated the protocols for pediatric respiratory distress used by the 33 California local EMS agencies. Methods Evidence-based recommendations were developed through an extensive literature review of the current evidence regarding out-of-hospital treatment of pediatric patients with respiratory distress. The authors compared the pediatric respiratory distress protocols of each of the 33 California local EMS agencies with the evidence-based recommendations. Our focus was on the treatment of 3 main pediatric respiratory complaints by presentation: stridor (croup), wheezing 24 months (asthma). Results Protocols across the 33 California local EMS agencies varied widely. Stridor (croup) had the highest protocol variability of the 3 presentations we evaluated, with no treatment having uniform use among all agencies. Only 3 (9.1%) of the local EMS agencies differentiated wheezing in children < 24 months of age, referencing this as possible bronchiolitis. All local EMS agencies included albuterol and epinephrine (intravenous/intramuscular) in their pediatric wheezing (asthma) treatment protocols. The least common treatments for wheezing (asthma) included nebulized epinephrine (3/33) and magnesium (2/33). No agencies included steroids in their treatment protocols (0/33). Conclusion Protocols for pediatric respiratory distress vary widely across the state of California, especially among those for stridor (croup) and wheezing in < 24 months (bronchiolitis). The evidence-based recommendations that we present for the prehospital treatment of these conditions may be useful for EMS medical directors tasked with creating and revising these protocols.
MISSIONARIES AND COLONIALISM: The Nineteenth Century British and Contemporary Korean Missionaries in Zambia

There are about ten Korean missionaries in Zambia, which is Christianized since experiencing colonial era under Western Christians. This situation brings a question regarding to their uniqueness compare to the nineteenth-century-British missionaries: how are these Korean missionaries distinct from Western evangelists and what has shaped this difference? To answer the question, this article compares several groups of missionaries by consulting historical records, established literature, and interviews produced by author. Especially, voices from the Korean missionaries in Zambia reveal the distinctiveness of themselves as the people who share the experience of living under colonial rule, and suggest their role within Zambian Christianity and society.
Assessing Health-Related Outcomes of Medical Cannabis Use among Older Persons: Findings from Colorado and Illinois

To assess health-related outcomes associated with medical cannabis use among older patients in Colorado and Illinois enrolled in their home state’s medical cannabis program. Cross-sectional data fr...
To treat or not to treat: perceptions of the initial American Society for Reproductive Medicine COVID-19 recommendations among women's health providers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of the initial ASRM COVID-19 recommendations for infertility treatment held by women’s health providers within varying subspecialties, as well as their attitudes toward pregnancy and fertility during this time. An electronic survey was sent to all women’s healthcare providers, including physicians, mid-level providers and nurses, in all subspecialties of obstetrics and gynaecology (Ob/Gyn) at a large tertiary care university-affiliated hospital. Of the 278 eligible providers, the survey response rate was 45% (n = 127). Participants represented 8 Ob/Gyn subspecialties and all professional levels. Participants age 18–30 years were significantly more likely to feel that women should have access to infertility treatment despite the burden level of COVID-19 in respective community/states (p = 0.0058). Participants within the subspecialties of general Ob/Gyn, maternal foetal medicine and gynecologic oncology were significantly more likely to disagree that all women should refrain from planned conception during the COVID-19 pandemic, in comparison to those in urogynecology and reproductive endocrinology and infertility (p = 0.0003). Considering the immediate and unknown long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fertility care delivery, a better understanding of perceptions regarding infertility management during this time is important. Our study shows overall support for the initial ASRM recommendations, representing a wide spectrum of women’s health providers.
COVID-19 Spreading Dynamics in an Age-Structured Population with Selective Relaxation of Restrictions for Vaccinated Individuals : a Mathematical Modeling Study

Abstract Background COVID-19 vaccination of healthcare and other essential workers is underway in many countries while immunization of the general public is expected to begin in the next several weeks. We consider the question of whether people who have received the vaccine can be selectively and immediately permitted to return to normal activities. Methods We use a delay differential equation model to calculate the effects of vaccinee “immunity passports” on the epidemic spreading trajectories. The model incorporates age-structuring to account for children who are ineligible for vaccination, and senior citizens who are especially vulnerable to the disease. We consider consensus strains of virus as well as high-transmissibility variants such as B1.1.7 and B1.351 in our analysis. Results We find that with high vaccine efficacy of 80 percent or greater, unrestricted vaccinee—vaccinee interactions do not derail the epidemic from a path towards elimination. Vaccinee—non-vaccinee interactions should however be treated with far more caution. At current vaccine administration rates, it may be the better part of a year before COVID-19 transmission is significantly reduced or ceased. With lower vaccine efficacy of approximately 60 percent, restrictions for vaccinees may need to remain in place until the elimination of the disease is achieved. In all cases, the death tolls can be reduced by vaccinating the vulnerable population first. Conclusions Designing high-efficacy vaccines with easily scalable manufacturing and distribution capacity should remain on the priority list in academic as well as industrial circles. Performance of all vaccines should continue to be monitored in real time during vaccination drives with a view to analysing socio-demographic determinants of efficacy, if any, and optimizing distribution accordingly. A speedy and efficacious vaccination drive augmented with selective relaxations for vaccinees will provide the smoothest path out of the pandemic with the least additional caseloads, death tolls and socio-economic cost.
Multi-stakeholder perspectives on managing insomnia in cancer survivors: recommendations to reduce barriers and translate patient-centered research into practice

Insomnia is a debilitating symptom experienced by nearly 60% of cancer survivors. Building on our prior research showing the clinical benefit of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) and acupuncture, we organized a workshop of patient advocates and clinician stakeholders to understand the barriers and develop recommendations for the dissemination and implementation of these interventions. Participants completed a pre-workshop survey assessing their experiences with insomnia and barriers to insomnia treatment and participated in a workshop facilitated by professionals and patient experts. Responses from the survey were tabulated and the discussions from the workshop were content-analyzed to extract relevant factors that may influence dissemination and implementation. Multidisciplinary and stakeholder workshop participants (N = 51) identified barriers and proposed solutions and future recommendations for dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions to improve sleep health in cancer survivors. Barriers were identified in four categories: patient (e.g., knowledge, time, cost), clinician (e.g., education, time, capacity), institutional (e.g., space, insurance reimbursement, referrals), and societal (e.g., lack of prioritization for sleep issues). Based on these categories, we made six recommendations for dissemination and implementation of research findings to improve clinical sleep management in oncology. Dissemination and implementation efforts are necessary to translate research into clinical practice to improve patient care. Sleep needs to be prioritized in cancer care, but patient, provider, and institutional/societal barriers remain. Dedicated effort and resources at each of these levels are needed to help millions of people affected by cancer manage their insomnia and improve their quality of life.