cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceptability of Electronic Visits for Return of Research Results in the Mayo Clinic Biobank.

Abstract Objective To understand patient characteristics related to acceptability of returning individual research results via various modalities, focusing on electronic visits (e-visits). Patients and Methods Twelve hundred participants from the Mayo Clinic Biobank were selected using a stratified random sampling approach based on sex, age, and education level. Mailed surveys ascertained return of results preferences for 2 disease vignettes (cystic fibrosis and hereditary breast cancer) and a pharmacogenomics vignette. The study was conducted from October 1, 2013, through March 31, 2014. Results In all, 685 patients (57%) responded, and 60% reported liking e-visits, although the option of receiving results in an office visit was liked most frequently. Multivariable logistic models showed that the odds of liking the use of e-visits for returning results for cystic fibrosis and hereditary breast cancer were higher among those with higher education and better genetic knowledge and among those not living in proximity to the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota). Level of genetic knowledge was not considerably associated with accepting e-visits, whereas education level remained important. For all vignettes, those who are divorced were less likely to accept e-visits. Conclusion Researchers are faced with a difficult challenge of returning results with a method that is both acceptable to recipients and logistically feasible. This study implies that the use of e-visits may be a viable option for return of results to stratify the chasm between in-person genetic counseling and online portal receipt of results.
Concomitant dysregulation of the estrogen receptor and BRAF/MEK signaling pathways is common in colorectal cancer and predicts a worse prognosis.

Recurrence is a major cause of colorectal cancer (CRC)-related death. As yet, the accurate identification of CRC patients at high risk of recurrence is still a major clinical challenge. Previously, we found that an estrogen receptor (ER) pathway gene signature may predict disease recurrence in CRC patients. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential application of additional pathway-specific gene signatures in the prediction of CRC recurrence. The activities of 26 cancer-related pathways in CRC were semi-quantified using gene signature-based Bayesian binary regression analysis, and putative associations of the pathways with cancer recurrence risk were assessed using survival analysis. Among the 26 pathways tested, inactivation of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway was found to be one of the most common events in CRC. Inactivation of this pathway was found to be frequently accompanied by over-activation of the BRAF/MEK pathway, and these two pathways were found to be associated with opposite effects on several clinicopathological CRC features, including microsatellite instability, subsite location, advanced stage and recurrence. Survival analysis of four independent CRC patient cohorts revealed that while the BRAF/MEK pathway was more strongly associated with recurrence than the ER pathway in mixed-stage CRCs, the ER pathway was a better predictor of recurrence than the BRAF/MEK pathway in stage II CRC. A combined use of these two pathways improved the prediction of CRC recurrence in both mixed stage CRC (n = 1122; overall HR: 2.518, 95% CI: 1.570–4.038, p < 0.001) and stage II CRC (n = 535; overall HR: 1.976, 95% CI: 1.306–2.989, p = 0.001). Combined activity of the ER and BRAF/MEK pathways may represent a novel biomarker for CRC prognosis and clinical management.
Flexibility Estimation and Control of Thermostatically Controlled Loads With Lock Time for Regulation Service

A virtual battery model is a simple and general method to quantify aggregate flexibility from thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), enabling grid operators to effectively coordinate a large number of flexible building loads with supply-side resources in power systems. Lockout controls are designed to avoid wear and tear resulting from short-cycling of hardware. The lock on/off time could significantly affect aggregate flexibility from TCLs to provide ancillary services and may even fail control algorithms designed without considering the lock time constraints. This paper focuses on flexibility estimation and control design for TCLs with lock time constraints to provide frequency regulation service. We first investigate the potential impacts of lock time on TCLs’ aggregate flexibility and control performance. Both control-dependent and control-independent power bounds are then derived, based on previous TCL switching operations and regulation signals, respectively. While the control-dependent method provides aggregate flexibility for a given control method, the control-independent method calculates the theoretical maximum of power bounds. Finally, two control algorithms are proposed to better distribute flexibility over time and thereby improve signal tracking performance. The proposed methods are illustrated and validated through simulations.
Energy savings of retrofitting residential buildings with variable air volume systems across different climates

Abstract Residential buildings account for 20% of total energy consumption in the United States, with single family detached houses accounting for 77% of residential site energy consumption. A multizone variable air volume (VAV) system can save energy by directing conditioned air to different occupied zones in the home as needed. While multizone VAV systems in single family houses have been economically inaccessible in the past, recent technological developments in building automation controls and the Internet of Things (IoT) can enable homeowners to retrofit their existing HVAC systems into VAV systems, warranting further investigation into the energy savings potential of such systems. Past residential VAV system research mostly involved simulations and measurements of singular case study houses over short periods of time. In this study, representative energy models of two different house sizes, with estimates of individual room sizes, were developed to expand on those case studies and examine energy savings for single family homes across seven US climate zones over an entire year. Average size house models report 24%–42% source energy savings while large house size models report 18%–35% source energy savings, with houses in cooling dominant climate saving relatively more. Annual energy cost savings range from 24% to 42% for average size house models and 18%–35% for large size house models. These results indicate greater energy savings potential for single family homeowners considering VAV retrofits in cooling climates and areas with higher cost of electricity. Projected present value of energy cost savings over a typical home ownership period similarly yielded favorability for houses in cooling dominant climates, but were impacted by energy price changes over time. Future research should focus on the payback analyses of single family VAV system implementations and its sensitivity to occupant behavior. The details of the representative energy models, with estimates of room sizes and occupancy schedules, are provided for future studies that focus on multizone energy saving strategies.
Regression and Projection

It is a familiar scheme to show least-squares linear regression as resolving sample vectors of dependent variables into two orthogonal components, a regressional component lying in a space spanned by sample vectors of the independent variables, and a residual component lying in the orthogonal complement of that space. This scheme was probably first introduced by Kolmogorov (1946). But the step from this to considering the linear transformations which obtain these orthogonal components of sample vectors, these being the complementary pair of symmetric idempotents which are the orthogonal projectors on the space and its orthogonal complement, and then to analysis of relations between variables directly in terms of these projectors, is one that does not appear to have been explored. The advantage of this step apart from its showing the way to some possibly new concepts is that it makes an enlargement of didactic methods in a natural formalism for handling some familiar theory with a direct display of its algebraical-geometrical meaning, and it gives the framework for simple proofs and formulae. Proofs of some relevant algebraical propositions have already been given elsewhere (Afriat, 1957 and 1956). The view taken of regression analysis is one that does not depend on distribution concepts. Orthogonal projection is presented as the fundamental principle and the least-squares principle is derived as a property of it. The association of a distribution with a sample is a method that yields
Chapter 15 – Gastrointestinal Function

Publisher Summary The digestive system is composed of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or alimentary canal, the salivary glands, the liver, and the exocrine pancreas. The principal functions of the gastrointestinal tract are the digestion and absorption of ingested nutrients and the excretion of waste products of digestion. Most nutrients are ingested in a form that is too complex for absorption, is insoluble and, therefore, indigestible or is incapable of being digested. Within the GI tract, many of these substances are solubilized and further degraded enzymatically to simple molecules whose form and small size permits their absorption across the mucosal epithelium. This chapter describes the normal biochemical processes of intestinal secretion, digestion, and absorption and, with these in perspective, the pathogenesis of the important gastrointestinal diseases of domestic animals and the biochemical basis for their diagnosis and treatment.
The Unavoidable Intentionality of Affect: The History of Emotions and the Neurosciences of the Present Day:

The “problem of emotions,” that is, that many of them are both meaningful and corporeal, has yet to be resolved. Western thinkers, from Augustine to Descartes to Zajonc, have handled this problem b...
On Moral Architecture

The metaethical debate between particularists and generalists concerning moral principles has proven to have legs. Those whose normative theories are principle-driven must now get down to the business of justifying their reliance on such principles, clarifying not merely their content but also their nature. Here, Diana Heney argues that what is at stake in this dispute are our deeply embedded practices of codification—our shared moral architecture. The practice-first case for generalism is made by considering the shared quality of moral life; and within a shared life, the importance of prediction, adjudication, and education. We have to get along to go along, and we simply cannot do that when we never know what the other will do next. Principles facilitate social living by giving actions some predictability. Adjudication can involve assessing compliance with principles taken as binding, as well as assessing the principled distribution of goods and resources. And for shared life to go well, education is critical. Thus from a practice-first standpoint, the generalist can offer a compelling vindicatory account of such architecture, while the particularist cannot.
Comparison of ante-mortem and post-mortem diagnosis of ovarian follicular dysplasia in Florida beef herds

Studies commissioned by the Florida Cattleman's Association in 2007 and 2016 found ovarian follicular dysplasia (OFD) as a primary cause of infertility in Florida beef cows. Ovarian follicular dysplasia (OFD) is a slowly progressive bilateral abnormal growth and/ or development of ovarian follicles eventually transforming into Sertoli-form Granulosa Cell Tumor. Later stages OFD, grades III and IV, seem to be able to be reliably detected via ultrasound examination of the ovaries using a 7 MHz probe. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in ante-mortem and post-mortem ultrasound examination when compared to histologic findings utilizing a 7 and 8.5 MHz ultrasound probe. Our hypothesis was that a 7 or 8.5 MHz ultrasound could be utilized for detection of earlier stages of OFD.
Representing Tuberculosis Transmission with Complex Contagion: An Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Approach.

ObjectiveA recent study reported a tuberculosis (TB) outbreak in which, among newly infected individuals, exposure to additional active infections was associated with a higher probability of develo...
Do Patients Feel Comfortable Asking Healthcare Workers to Wash Their Hands

More than 1.7 million hospitalized patients develop healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) each year in the United States. Appropriate hand hygiene by healthcare workers (HCWs) is associated with reduced rates of HAI, but it is challenging to sustain.
Top Ten Pearls for Successful Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement

Hip arthroscopy is an increasingly popular procedure used to treat femoroacetabular impingement. However, the procedure is technically challenging with a steep learning curve. To prevent complications and to optimize patient outcomes, proper patient positioning, correct portal placement, and adequate capsular closure are necessary. For central compartment procedures, creation of a minimal interportal capsulotomy, placement of traction stitches, adequate rim trimming, and balanced labral repair are recommended. For peripheral compartment procedures, adequate osteochondroplasty should be performed and assessed intraoperatively. The purpose of this technical note is to describe the senior author's top 10 pearls for a successful hip arthroscopy procedure to treat femoroacetabular impingement.
Library of Congress Transcripts of Slave Narratives

The slave narratives created by the Library of Congress shed light on the institution of slavery and its effects. Shocking revelations shared by the former enslaved help readers to understand the paradoxes and nuances of slavery. The lives of a slave were not monolithic. Not every slave wished to see slavery end. Not every slave experienced extreme cruelty. Writers who were employed during the Depression to complete the assignment to memorialize their experience may have come with certain biases, and the former enslaved may have been apprehensive about answering certain questions truthfully during a time of racial unrest. However, as one reads the slave narratives certain themes emerge from the transcripts and the slaves certainly managed to overcome a life of adversity.
Mission Rediscovered: Transforming Discipleship; A Commentary on the Arusha Call to Discipleship:

This review locates Kenneth Ross’s book Mission Rediscovered in the context of the history of World Mission Conferences of the World Council of Churches’ Commission on World Mission and Evangelism,...
Fatty acid metabolism and colon cancer protection by dietary methyl donor restriction.

A methyl donor depleted (MDD) diet dramatically suppresses intestinal tumor development in Apc-mutant mice, but the mechanism of this prevention is not entirely clear. We sought to gain insight into the mechanisms of cancer suppression by the MDD diet and to identify biomarkers of cancer risk reduction. A plasma metabolomic analysis was performed on ApcΔ14/+ mice maintained on either a methyl donor sufficient (MDS) diet or the protective MDD diet. A group of MDS animals was also pair-fed with the MDD mice to normalize caloric intake, and another group was shifted from an MDD to MDS diet to determine the durability of the metabolic changes. In addition to the anticipated changes in folate one-carbon metabolites, plasma metabolites related to fatty acid metabolism were generally decreased by the MDD diet, including carnitine, acylcarnitines, and fatty acids. Some fatty acid selectivity was observed; the levels of cancer-promoting arachidonic acid and 2-hydroxyglutarate were decreased by the MDD diet, whereas eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels were increased. Machine-learning elastic net analysis revealed a positive association between the fatty acid-related compounds azelate and 7-hydroxycholesterol and tumor development, and a negative correlation with succinate and β-sitosterol. Methyl donor restriction causes dramatic changes in systemic fatty acid metabolism. Regulating fatty acid metabolism through methyl donor restriction favorably effects fatty acid profiles to achieve cancer protection.
Anti-Müllerian Hormone: Current Understanding and Clinical Use

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is secreted by ovarian granulosa cells and has become a surrogate marker for ovarian reserve. We review anticipated AMH levels throughout the reproductive lifespan and how AMH levels can be used in assisted reproductive technology. While AMH is a surrogate marker for ovarian reserve, values do not predict fertility. Patients with low versus normal AMH have similar fertility. AMH levels are helpful in guiding treatment for infertility, including medication dosing for IVF and anticipated cycle outcomes. AMH levels are positively correlated with ovarian response in IVF cycles. For cancer patients with planned gonadotoxic chemotherapy, AMH levels are useful in counseling patients prior to treatment, recommending fertility preservation options, and monitoring ovarian function following treatment. New studies have shown a possible protective effect of AMH injection on the ovaries for women undergoing gonadotoxic chemotherapy treatment. AMH levels are a useful adjunct to follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels when diagnosing menopause and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can be used to estimate the menopausal transition in women above the age of 40 but have limited clinical utility in predicting menopause for women at risk for POI. AMH is a useful tool to assess ovarian reserve and response to ovarian stimulation, but levels are not correlated with rates of conception and should not be used to counsel on spontaneous fertility. While AMH can be used as a quantitative measure of ovarian reserve, AMH level is not a qualitative marker for oocytes. AMH injection may be a therapeutic option for fertility preservation in the future.
Magnitude and prevention of college drinking and related problems

In 2002, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) issued a report entitled A Call to Action: Changing the Culture of Drinking at U.S. Colleges. Data on the magnitude of college drinking problems in 1998 to 1999 were reported. From 1999 to 2005, the proportion of college students aged 18–24 who drank five or more drinks on a single occasion in the past month increased from 41.7 percent to 45.2 percent. The proportion who drove under the influence of alcohol increased from 26.1 percent to 29.2 percent. Higher percentages of 21- to 24-year-olds engaged in those behaviors than 18- to 20-year-olds, and between 1999 and 2005 the percentage increased among 21- to 24-year-olds but not among those aged 18–20. From 1998 to 2005, unintentional alcohol-related injury deaths increased 3 percent (from 1,442 to 1,825) per 100,000 college students aged 18–24. Alcohol misuse by college students often harms other people through traffic crashes and sexual/other assaults. Research regarding ways to reduce college drinking problems has shown that individual-oriented interventions, particularly screening and brief motivational counseling interventions, social norms interventions, environmental policy changes such as the minimum legal drinking age of 21 and drinking-and-driving laws, and comprehensive college–community programs, can reduce college drinking and related morbidity and mortality. There is a growing need for colleges and surrounding communities to implement interventions shown through research to reduce alcohol misuse among college-aged people.
Prehistoric Aboriginal land and resource use in southeast Cape York Peninsula: A technological view

This research for a BA (Hons) thesis was concerned with two issues of current debate in Australian prehistory. These were: the nature and timing of Pleistocene occupation of inland areas of the continent, and the nature and behavioural implications of mid- to late Holocene changes in the archaeological record. To address these issues, a model of land and resource use throughout the period of Aboriginal occupation of a study area in southeast Cape York Peninsula was constructed. This was tested and refined using a technological analysis of Aboriginal stone artefacts from Sandy Creek 1, a rockshelter providing a dated occupation sequence from the early Pleistocene to European contact. Other, previously excavated, sites in the area provided comparative data. In constructing a model of behavioural change during the occupation of the study area, an historical model was derived from ethnographic and ethno-historic studies of the area and from surveys of resource distribution in the area. Changes to this model in prehistory were hypothesized from discussions of climatic and environmental change in the area during the period of human occupation. The issues concern behavioural change in patterns of land and resource use. It is well known that different patterns of land and resource use produce different spatial and temporal patterns of artefacts in the archaeological record. These patterns are particularly evident in prehistoric stone artefact flaking strategies. It is also well established that behavioural change in stone flaking strategies (eg efficiency of reduction, raw material use) may be reconstructed from technological analysis of the artefacts. The study area is noted for a resident Aboriginal population throughout the arid phase of the last glaciation, and for a mid-to late-Holocene increase in the intensity of exploitation of land and resources, visible simultaneously in a number of archaeological media. Aspects of mid- to late Holocene economic and demographic change in the study area differ from those described for other parts of the continent. This demonstrates that prehistoric behavioural change is best examined in a regional context.
Cross cultural communication: A review essay

(1972). Cross cultural communication: A review essay. Today's Speech: Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 66-71.
Determinants of Product Value-Expressiveness: Another Look at Conspicuousness, Differentiation, and Common Usage

This paper reports a study that examined the effects of product conspicuousness, product differentiation, and product common usage on product value-expressiveness.As expected, the results showed that product conspicuousness and product differentiation are positively related to product value-expressiveness, and that product common usage is negatively related to product value–expressiveness.
Redemptive anti-Americanism and the death of Captain America

Abstract The comic book character of Captain America was assassinated during a superhero “ Civil War ” occurring in the pages of Marvel comics. His death occurred because of his opposition to measures enacted by the U.S. government that denied due process to citizens and the government's faulty justification for military aggression. This essay serves as an exploration of Captain America's redemptive anti-Americanism and how the narrative of “the pure nation corrupted by an illegitimate government” serves as the basis for ostensibly pro-American anti-American rhetoric. A content analysis framework was employed to build an empirical model that demonstrates the presence of redemptive anti-Americanism in the specific texts analyzed (the Civil War and Fallen Son comic book series). Results of the analysis demonstrate correlation between the character, his role in the narrative, and the emergence of redemptive anti-American sentiment. Implications of the analysis are considered.
Formalism to deal with Reichenbach's special theory of relativity

The objective of this article is to provide a formalism to deal with the special theory of relativity (STR, in short) as riewed by Reichenbach, according to which STR involves an ineradicableconventionality of simultaneity. One of the two postulates of STR asserts that, in empty space, the one-way speed of light relative to inertial frames is constant. Experimental evidence, however, is related to the constancy of the round-trip speed of light and has no bearing on one-way speeds. Following Reichenbach's viewpoint, we relax the second postulate of STR, abandoning the constancy of the one-way speed of light to the more realistic one asserting the constancy of the round-trip speed of light. This, in turn, results in a formalism to deal with Reichenbach's special theory of relativity (RSTR, in short) in which the two one-way speeds of light in empty space, C±, in the two senses of a round-trip are arbitrarily selected in such a way that their harmonic mean is the measurable round-trip speed of light, c. Experimentally, RSTR and STR are indistinguishable and, hence, represent the same physical theory. It is only the formalism that we use to deal with STR which is extended in RSTR to accommodate the immeasurability of one-way velocities. The usefulness of the proposed formalism to study special relativity is demonstrated.
Bethe–Salpeter treatment of X-ray absorption including core-hole multiplet effects

Abstract We present a method to include multiplet effects and band structure effects simultaneously in an X-ray absorption spectrum. Theoretical results are presented and compared to experiment for the Ca 2p edge in calcium fluoride and the Ti 2p edge in rutile and strontium titanate.
Time-gated confocal Raman microscopy: system design and its applications

The design of confocal Raman microscope, which achieves efficient temporal discrimination of Raman signal against fluorescence, is proposed and experimentally realized using TiO 2 as a material for Kerr-gating. The new instrument is tested for the variety of biological systems. The possible applications are outlined together with the routes for further improvement.
Prevention of Severe Behavior Problems in Children with Developmental Disorders

The potential for using functional communication training (FCT) as a means of preventing minor problem behaviors from escalating to more serious ones was investigated. Eight children who exhibited minor problem behaviors at home or at school participated in small learning groups focused on teaching language skills. Four of these children participated in groups in which the teacher employed FCT (i.e., functional communication skills to gain attention were taught and reinforced). The other four children participated in a control group receiving expressive language training (ELT; i.e., children were taught to answer wh questions). Children in the ELT group were subsequently switched to FCT in an extended intervention phase. The children who participated in the FCT group generally did not exhibit increases in either the intensity or frequency of problem behaviors over time. The level of their problem behavior remained low. However, children in the ELT group exhibited increases in both intensity and frequency ...
Bass–Serre Theory for Groupoids and the Structure of Full Regular Semigroup Amalgams

T. E. Hall proved in 1978 that if [S1, S2; U] is an amalgam of regular semigroups in whichS1∩S2=Uis a full regular subsemigroup ofS1andS2(i.e.,S1,S2, andUhave the same set of idempotents), then the amalgam is strongly embeddable in a regular semigroupSthat containsS1,S2, andUas full regular subsemigroups. In this case the inductive structure of the amalgamated free produceS1∗US2was studied by Nambooripad and Pastijn in 1989, using Ordman's results from 1971 on amalgams of groupoids. In the present paper we show how these results may be combined with techniques from Bass–Serre theory to elucidate the structure of the maximal subgroups ofS1∗US2. This is accomplished by first studying the appropriate analogue of the Bass–Serre theory for groupoids and applying this to the study of the maximal subgroups ofS1∗US2. The resulting graphs of groups are arbitrary bipartite graphs of groups. This has several interesting consequences. For example ifS1andS2are combinatorial, then the maximal subgroups ofS1∗US2are free groups. Finite inverse semigroups may be decomposed in non-trivial ways as amalgams of inverse semigroups.
Characterization of cocaine-sensitive dopamine uptake in PC12 cells.

Abstract Dopamine uptake in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells is a carrier-mediated process which follows Michaelis Menten kinetics. Uptake was saturable with an apparent K m of 0.71 μM for dopamine and a V max of 3.2 pmol/2 × 10 5 cells/min. The rank order of potency for various amines was norepinephrine ⩾ copamine > epinephrine. Uptake increased with increasing temperature and showed a sharp break in the Arrhenius plot at 27.5 C. The Q 10 was 1.39 above and 2.95 below 27.5 C. Cocaine inhibited uptake in a dose-dependent manner with a K 1 of 0.97 μM. The presence of cocaine lowered the apparent K m but did not affect the V max , indicating competitive inhibition. Tunicamycin inhibited [ 3 H]dopamine accumulation in a dose- and time-dependent fashion suggesting the dopamine uptake site in PC12 cells is an asparagine-linked glycoprotein. Kinetic analysis showed a decrease in V max but not in the apparent K m after tunicamycin treatment, consistent with the notion that tunicamycin treatment results in the loss of a substantial amount of active carrier molecules.
Two economical directory schemes for large-scale cache coherent multiprocessors

Cache coherence problem is a major issue in the design of shared-memory multiprocessors. As the number of processors grows, traditional bus-based snoopy schemes for cache coherence are no longer adequate. Instead, the directory-based scheme is a promising alternative for the large-scale cache coherence problem. However, the storage overhead of (full-map) directory scheme may become too prohibitive as the system size goes up. This paper presents two distributed directory schemes, the tree directory and the hierarchical full-map directory, to deal with the storage overhead problem. Preliminary trace-driven evaluations show that the performance of our schemes compares favorably to the full-map directory scheme, while reducing the storage overhead by over 90%. These two schemes should lend themselves to the design and implementation of large-scale cache coherent multiprocessors.
Current Expectations for Fusion Power from Toroidal Machines

The rapidly increasing effort to solve the problems of the controlled release of nuclear fusion energy has been stimulated by recent maturation of the science of plasma physics, especially in one area -- the confinement of plasma in closed magnetic fields. At the same time, significant experimental progress has been achieved with magnetic mirror machines, and a large toroidal theta pinch is under construction at Los Alamos. Enthusiasm is running high in groups working on laser-ignited fusion. Perhaps all of these approaches will lead to viable power systems. It seems to be generally accepted, however, that toroidal magnetic machines have the greatest probabilit-y of being first if not the only approach to succeed, and this paper restricts its attention to that category. Current theories correspond to experimental results in the laboratory, and predictions of these theories imply the possibility of successful thermonuclear reactors. At the same time increasingly more realistic studies of hypothetical fusion power stations carried out by laboratory, university, utility, and manufacturing personnel make them appear to be potentially of great economic interest. Serious problems still remain, but increasing government support leads many to expect a scientific feasibility experiment and a demonstration of thermonuclear burning of deuterium-tritium fuel before 1980.
Calibration of micro-encapsulated liquid crystals using hue angle and a dimensionless temperature

Abstract Three samples of micro-encapsulated thermochromic liquid crystals with different active temperature ranges were calibrated using a hue-based color decomposition system. A dimensionless temperature was defined that collapsed data from all three samples to a single calibration curve. For one sample, this dimensionless temperature also collapsed calibrations taken under significantly different lighting conditions. Severely off-axis primary lighting produced a hue-temperature curve that was quite linear. All calibration tests were performed using commercially available liquid crystals and imaging equipment.
Ideological Orientation and the PRC Academic Migration: A Theoretical and Longitudinal Analysis*

Since the end of the Cold War era, Western capitalist countries have experienced increased immigration of highly trained professionals from former socialist Eastern European countries and from socialist countries such as China and Cuba. In studies of the determinants of international migration, the focus has repeatedly been on demographic, economic, social network, and political explanations. This study addresses the migration of highly trained professionals from the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the United States of America (USA). Logistic regression analyses of longitudinal data collected between mid-1988 and the beginning of 1992 show that, in addition to the explanatory power of the above predictors, transvaluation—the shift emphases from the socialist collectivist and interdependent ideological orientations to individualistic, independent, and competitive ideological orientations contribute to the migration decisions of the Chinese intellectuals. The results of field interviews and longitudinal comparisons suggest that the academics who come from an oppressed bourgeois-class origin, and who experience more independent and competitive lifestyles in China, are more likely to acquire individualistic and independent ideologies than those who come from privileged and working-class origins in China. The transvaluation is thus argued as a determinant of international migration, rather than as the post facto justification or the assimilation effect that was argued in previous migration studies. The modest erosion of the socialist-collectivist and interdependent orientations among Chinese academics in the 1988 to 1992 three-and-half-year time frame further enhanced their migration decisions. The longitudinal analyses suggest that the modifications of the individual ideological orientations among the Chinese academics may have occurred before the migration movement, rather than after. This finding thus challenges previous research regarding the determinants of international migration.
Distribution and Activity of Microorganisms in Subsurface Sediments of a Pristine Study Site in Oklahoma

Distribution and activity of microorganisms in surface soil and subsurface sediments were studied in depth profiles of six different microbial biomass and activity indicators (total direct counts, number of cells capable of electron transport system activity, viable cell plate counts, most Probable numbers of protozoa, and 4-hydroxybenzoate-degrading microorganisms, and ATP content). The profiles showed the same general trends on two different dates (January and June 1985). Seasonal variations were noted, but they were not extreme. Biomass and activity values declined sharply with depth in the unsaturated zone, reaching minima in a clay confining layer in the interface zone between 3 and 4 m. Contiguous 10-cm samples from the interface zone showed significant textural and microbiological variability. Higher and more stable biomass and activity values were detected in the saturated zone, the highest being a very permeable gravelly loamy sand layer at approximately 7.5 m. In this layer, viable counts were nearly equal to total counts and they approached the viable counts in surface soil. Surface-type protozoa and cyanobacteria also were detected in this layer, suggesting that it was connected hydrologically to a nearby river. Lowest values were detected in an underlying bedrock clay layer at 8 m, which, despite its impermeability and low viable counts, did contain measurable total counts, 4-hydroxybenzoate-degrading microorganisms, and ATP. Correlations were noted between sediment texture and microbial activity (i.e., sandy texture=high activity, clayey texture=low activity), but other hydrogeological and geochemical factors probably also influenced microbial distribution and activity in the profile.
Precipitation of grain boundary α in a laser deposited compositionally graded Ti–8Al–xV alloy – an orientation microscopy study

Abstract A graded ternary Ti–8Al– x V alloy (all compositions in wt%) has been deposited using the laser engineered net-shaping (LENS TM ) process. A compositional gradient in the alloy, from binary Ti–8Al to Ti–8Al–20V, has been achieved within a length of ∼25 mm. The feedstock used for depositing the graded alloy consisted of elemental Ti, Al, and V powders. Due to the columnar growth morphology of the β grains in these LENS TM deposited Ti alloys, the same prior β grain boundary often extends across lengths ∼10 mm. Using orientation microscopy techniques in a scanning electron microscope, the crystallography of precipitation of grain boundary α across the same boundary with changing composition has been investigated in detail. It was observed that while most grain boundary α precipitates maintain a Burgers or near-Burgers orientation relationship with only one of the β grains, a few of these precipitates develop a Burgers orientation relationship with the other β grain. In some rare instances, the grain boundary α did not develop a Burgers or near-Burgers orientation relationship with either β grains. Interestingly, in many cases while the grain boundary α maintained Burgers relationship with one of the β grains, precipitates of two different variants decorated the boundary, in a near-alternate fashion.
Development of flow cytometric procedures for the efficient isolation of improved lipid accumulation mutants in a Chlorella sp. microalga

The successful development of microalgae-based biofuel production will rely on improvements in the amount and rate of fuel molecule precursor accumulation. Mutagenesis and selection is an attractive approach to improve fuel molecule productivity. Previous screening methods have been laborious, the numbers of mutants isolated have been small, and overall performance of mutants may have been compromised by the presence of deleterious secondary mutations generated by random mutagenesis that affect other cellular processes and growth. We report an improved method of isolating high triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulating mutants of a Chlorella sp., KAS603, using flow cytometric-based selection. In addition to selection for high TAG accumulating strains, the method requires that growth of mutants be competitive with other cells in the population. Not only is growth competitive, but there is improved performance in TAG accumulation with repeated selection, suggesting purification from deleterious secondary mutations. The procedure resulted in the isolation of mutants with far higher efficiency (thousands of fold) that outperformed wild type substantially better (1.8–2.5-fold) than with previous methods. This opens the door to new approaches to the characterization of genes involved in TAG accumulation and other cellular processes.
The Issue Life-Cycle: Implications for Reputation for Social Performance and Organizational Legitimacy

Drawing on the issue life-cycle, corporate reputation, and organizational legitimacy literatures, this paper develops a theoretical model of how the evolution of the firm's performance in relation to an issue impacts the firm's reputation and legitimacy. It is argued that firms gain or lose in their reputation for social performance by respectively leading or lagging behind in the evolution of societal expectations concerning given issue. Also, that if firms lead or lag behind in the evolution of an issue beyond certain critical point, they lose organizational legitimacy. The paper concludes with a discussion of its research and managerial implications.
Glucose action and adrenocortical biosynthesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Abstract Objective To determine if insulin or glucose action plays a role in adrenocortical steroidogenesis in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Nine reproductive-aged patients with PCOS and nine age-, race-, and body mass index–matched controls. Main outcome measure(s) Insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing and an acute 60-minute ACTH-(1-24) stimulation test. From the glucose tolerance test, glucose and insulin were measured and the insulin sensitivity index, glucose effectiveness, and acute insulin response to glucose were determined. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) basally and 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, DHEA, androstenedione, and cortisol during ACTH testing at 0 and 60 minute (steroid 0 and steroid 60 ) were determined. The net change in steroid during the ACTH test was calculated. Result(s) The insulin sensitivity index had limited correlation with adrenocortical variables in both groups. In patients with PCOS, glucose effectiveness was positively associated with DHEAS, cortisol 0 , cortisol 60 , change in cortisol, DHEA 0 , DHEA 60 , change in DHEA, 17-hydroxyprenenolone 60 , change in 17-hydroxypregnenolone, DHEA 0 , androstenedione 0 , 17-hydroxyprenenolone 0 , 17-hydroxyprogesterone 0 , 17-hydroxyprenenolone 60 , and 17-hydroxyprogesterone 60 . Conclusion(s) Adrenocortical biosynthesis, basally and in response to ACTH, appears to be closely associated with glucose effectiveness in PCOS. A common factor determining both the effectiveness of glucose to control its own production or uptake and adrenocortical biosynthesis may be aberrant in PCOS.
The Occurrence of Plaque Forming Cells in Normal and Immunized Conventional and Germfree Mice

SummaryThe level of normal PFC to SRC and the immune response to 4 × 108 SRC was determined in germfree mice and compared to that of CFW conventional mice. All three strains of germfree mice had normal PFC in the spleen but the CFW mice had fewer than either the Balb/c or ICR mice. The normal PFC in germfree CFW mice was approximately one half the level determined in conventional CFW mice. There was however no correlation between the level of normal PFC and the immune response to SRC. The direct and indirect technique for detecting cells producing antibody to SRC demonstrated no difference in the immune response of germfree and conventional mice. The number of PFC detected by the direct technique on any day after the injection of SRC was slightly lower in the germfree mice but otherwise the kinetics of the immune response were the same as those observed in conventional mice. The indirect technique demonstrates that the PFC synthesizing antibody other than IgM may occur sooner in germfree but otherwise is ...
Conformational effects in the high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins Further studies of the reversed-phase chromatographic behavior of ribonuclease A

This paper is a continuation of an examination of the conformational effects of ribonuclease A (RNase A) in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. RNase A is a particularly good example of reversible conformational refolding during chromatographic elution. Absorbance ratio measurements with a photodiode-array detector are consistent with a two-state model in which an early eluted broad band is associated with the folded or native state and a late eluted sharp band is associated with an unfolded state. By varying the mobile phase flow-rate while maintaining the mean capacity factor (k') of the protein in gradient elution constant, the apparent rate constant of refolding in the mobile phase was measured and found to be comparable with that reported in the literature. It has been further shown that, as the gradient steepness parameter b or mean k' value is altered, the apparent rate constant also changes, as a result of variation in mobile phase composition. The apparent rate constant as a function of temperature was also found to reach a maximum at 20 degrees C. Based on the results of this model system, it is possible to predict optimum conditions for elution of species with sharp elution peaks when reversible refolding takes place in the column.
Thermal-mechanical modeling of the role of thermal stresses and stoping in magma contamination

Mantle-derived magmas emplaced in the upper crust (depth < 10 km) are in thermal disequilibrium with the surrounding country rock. As a consequence of the large temperature contrasts not only will the magma cool quite rapidly, but the surrounding country rock will be heated and affected by large thermal stresses. Using coupled time dependent thermal-mechanical models, we find that: (a) a single-stage 3 km radius magma body has an eruptive life of on the order of 104 years; (b) near the magma—wall-rock boundary large thermal stresses develop over short time spans (10 years); and (c) material stoped into the chamber as a result of these thermal stresses will be assimilated either in the upper reaches of the chamber or at its base leaving a relatively uncontaminated central core. These results indicate that contamination of a primary magma by stoped crustal blocks is an efficient mechanism for producing hybrid lava sequences.
In-flight performance of the Viking 75 Orbiter propulsion system

The configuration of the Viking 75 Spacecraft, which was used in two missions related to the exploration of the planet Mars, is examined and a description of the orbiter propulsion subsystem is provided. The propellants utilized were nitrogen tetroxide and monomethylhydrazine. Gaseous helium was used for pressurization. Orbiter maneuver durations ranged from the 39.4 minute Mars orbit insertion on VO-2, the longest engine firing in space to date, to the 1.7-second station keeping trim on VO-1. Total engine operating time was 2748.2 seconds for VO-1 and 2814.5 seconds for VO-2.
Suppression of surface barriers in superconductors by columnar defects

We investigate the influence of columnar defects in layered superconductors on the thermally activated penetration of pancake vortices through the surface barrier. Columnar defects, located near the surface, facilitate penetration of vortices through the surface barrier, by creating ''weak spots,'' through which pancakes can penetrate into the superconductor. Penetration of a pancake mediated by an isolated column, located near the surface, is a two-stage process involving hopping from the surface to the column and the detachment from the column into the bulk; each stage is controlled by its own activation barrier. The resulting effective energy is equal to the maximum of those two barriers. For a given external field there exists an optimum location of the column for which the barriers for the both processes are equal and the reduction of the effective penetration barrier is maximal. At high fields the effective penetration field is approximately 2 times smaller than in unirradiated samples. We also estimate the suppression of the effective penetration field by column clusters. This mechanism provides further reduction of the penetration field at low temperatures.