cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Curative radiotherapy in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung.

Abstract Recent reports suggest radiotherapy administered to the 5000–6000 cGy level can result in significant long-term survival in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. This is particularly true for many cases that are technically operable but for medical or other reasons thoracotomy cannot be performed. Such patients drawn from Southern Appalachia where the principal industry is coal mining are the subject of this report. In this region coal miners pneumoconiosis (black lung) is common as well as other chronic respiratory disorders resulting in poor tolerance for surgery. Three hundred and eleven cases of non-small cell carcinoma were irradiated during the 4 years of 1980 through 1983. This group consisted of 77 patients with clinical Stage Tl, T2, T3 all NO, MO tumors, the majority of which were technically operable but upon whom no thoracotomy was performed because of medical reasons or patient refusal. All are available for 5-year study. Each of these patients was uniformly irradiated to 6000 cGy target dose in 30 fractions over 6 weeks using standard techniques. Absolute or crude survival in these 77 patients is as follows: 1 year, 57%; 2 year, 36%; 3 year, 21%; 4 year, 17%; and 5 year, 17%. Comparison with reported surgical series treated for cure show little difference in survival up to 2 years. Thereafter, the survival curves diverge with radiotherapy patients dying at a somewhat higher rate although by 4 years both survival curves slope similarly. A possible explanation for this difference is the advantage thoracotomy offers in early case selection allowing exclusion of advance cases from surgical reports whereas radiotherapy must include patients with occult local metastasis not identifiable on clinical grounds. This experience, among other reports include evidence that radiotherapy can result in long-term survival or cure with minimal morbidity in lung cancer patients in whom surgery carries excessive risk.
Production and Storage of Multiple, Photochemical Redox Equivalents on a Soluble Polymer

Soluble polymers have been prepared that contain high loadings of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) visible-light absorbers based on polypyridyl complexes of Ru{sup II} or Os{sup II}. The complexes have been attached to a styrene/chloromethylstyrene copolymer by nucleophilic displacement of the chloro groups. By using excesses of the complexes, complete substitution at the available {approximately} 30 chloro-methylated sites was achieved. A series of mixed-valence polymers with controlled M{sup III}/M{sup II} ratios has been prepared in acetonitrile or acidic aqueous solution by oxidation with Ce(IV). For the Os{sup II}-containing polymers, Os{sup II}*-based MLCT excited-state lifetimes and emission quantum yields are relatively unaffected by the Os{sup III}/Os{sup II} ratio. This shows that intramolecular oxidative quenching of Os{sup II*} by Os{sup III} is slow. The slow rate of electron-transfer quenching is a manifestation of the inverted region. Because excited-state properties are relatively unaffected in the mixed-valence polymers, it is possible to build up and store {approximately} 30 oxidative equivalents on individual polymeric strands by photochemical oxidation.
VITAMIN B1 OR ITS INTERMEDIATES AND GROWTH OF CERTAIN FUNGI

SCHOPFER (1934a, 1934b) reported that Phycomyces Blakesleeanus Burgeff does not grow upon a medium of mineral salts, pure dextrose, asparagine, and water, but grows normally on the same medium to which a minute quantitv of crystalline vitamin B, is added. Schopfer's discovery resulted from a suggestion made to him by Burgeff (Schopfer, 1934c) based on the latter's observation of the effect of crystalline vitamin B1 on the growth of Phycomyces. Other fungi found by Schopfer (1935) to require vitamin B1 include Absidia ranosa, Parasitella simplex, Mucor Ramanmnianus, Dicranophora fulva, Chaetocladium Brefeldi, Choanephora cucurbita, Choan,ephora persicaria, and Pilaria anomala. Earlier reports on the importance of vitamin B1 as a growth factor for the lower plants have been published by various investigators including R. J. Williams (1920, 1930), Lepeschkin (19'24), and others. The conclusive evidence of the importance of vitamin B, (aneurin or thiamin) for the growth of plants depended upon a supply of the pure vitamin, which became available in 1934. We have confirmed Schopfer's report of the effect of vitamin B1 on the growth of Phycomyces BRakcesleeanus, and since there are many organisms which do not grow, or grow poorly, on the common synthetic media (those lacking some natural organic supplement), we have determined the effect of vitamin B1 on a number of fungi. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-In addition to Ph ycomyces Blakesleeanus, a plus strain kindly furnished by A. F. Blakeslee, we have used other organisms secured through the courtesy of W. E. Maneval, J. T. Middleton, or C. M. Tucker. Those furnished by Maneval were Absidia glauca Hagem, Basidiobolus ranarum Eidam, Mortierella sp. no. 11, Mortierella candelabrum v. Tiegham and le Monnier, Mucor circinelloides v. Tiegham, Mucor griseolilacinus Povah, Mucor sp. no. 103, Mucor sp. no. 115, Circinella aspera Lendner, Cunninghamella sp. no. 102, Thamnidium elegans Link, Zygorhynchus Moelleri Vuill, Zygorhynchus sp. no. 111, Rhizopus nigricans Ehrenberg, + and -, Phycomyces nitens (Agardh) Kunze and Schmidt, +, Sphaerulina trifolii Rostr. From Tucker we secured cultures of Phytophthora Boehmeriae Saw., P. cactoram (L. and C.) Schwet, P. cambivora (Petri) Buis, P. capsici Leon., P. cinnamoni Rands, P. colocasiae Racib., P. cryptogea Pethyb. and Laff., P. Drechsleri Tuck., P. palmivora Butler, P. parasitica Dast., P. fagopyri Takimoto; Agaricus campestris Linn., Schizophyllum commune Fr., Sclerotium delphinii Welch, and S. Rolfsii Sac. Middleton furnished cultures of Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler, P. polycladon Sideris, P.
Stimulus-naming effects at different stages of motor paired-associate learning

In a combined verbal and motor paired-associate task, nonsense names and button-pushing responses were learned for three random shapes, with verbal training beginning after 3, 12, or 24 motor learning trials. Earlier studies indicated that concurrent verbal and motor learning produce a strong tendency for the naming and button-pushing responses to be learned in “consistent” pairs. According to the theoretical analysis presented, the verbal-motor consistency is explained by the development of name-button associations. It was predicted that these associations affect both motor errors and correct responses, that their effects are greater for correct responses, and that attenuation of the effects due to delay in verbal training is gr, eater for motor errors. The results are in good agreement with the predictions, and they suggest that name-button associations develop rapidly even under delayed verbal training.
Diaminopimelic Acid and Lysine: Biosynthetic Interrelations of Lysine, Diaminopimelic Acid, and Threonine in Mutants of Escherichia coli

Diaminopimelic Acid and Lysine: Biosynthetic Interrelations of Lysine, Diaminopimelic Acid, and Threonine in Mutants of Escherichia coli
Determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract To determine the ability of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to assess left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF), we studied 24 patients within 48 hours of single-plane LV angiography. In all patients, a transverse, single-plane NMR acquisition technique was employed with LV end-diastolic (ED) and end-systolic (ES) volumes (V) calculated by a modified area-length algorithm. In nine patients, a multialice acquisition technique was employed with LVEDV and LVESV calculated by a Simpson's rule algorithm. NMR-determined LVV and EF correlated reasonably well with angiographic values (LVEDV: r = 0.75; LVE8V: r = 0.90; and LVEF: r = 0.76). The singie-plane NMR technique significantly underestimated LVEDV ( p p
Cement-Composition Discontinuity in the Cambrian of Texas and its Stratigraphic Implications

Cement in the Lion Mountain Sandstone Member is principally quartz, whereas cement in the overlying Welge Sandstone Member is principally calcite. More important, microprobe analysis shows an abrupt discontinuity in the minor-element composition of calcite cements on either side of the contact. This discontinuity can best be explained by a hiatus.
Understanding the Impact of Collaboration Software on Product Design and Development

Prior research suggests that supply chain collaboration has enabled companies to compete more efficiently in a global economy. We investigate a class of collaboration software for product design and development called collaborative product commerce (CPC). Drawing on prior research in media richness theory and organizational science, we develop a theoretical framework to study the impact of CPC on product development. Based on data collected from 71 firms, we test our research hypotheses on the impact of CPC on product design quality, design cycle time, and development cost. We find that CPC implementation is associated with greater collaboration among product design teams. This collaboration has a significant, positive impact on product quality and reduces cycle time and product development cost. Further analyses reveal that CPC implementation is associated with substantial cost savings that can be attributed to improvements in product design quality, design turnaround time, greater design reuse, and lower product design documentation and rework costs.
Victory through Harmony: The BBC and Popular Music in World War II

The title of Christina L. Baade's remarkable debut book Victory through Harmony: The BBC and Popular Music in World War II reveals much about the BBC's contentious relationship with popular music a...
On the existence of maximum likelihood estimates in random effects models for clustered multivariate binary data

We consider a class of random effects models for clustered multivariate binary data based on the threshold crossing technique of a latent random vector. Components of this latent vector are assumed to have a Laird–Ware structure. However, in place of their Gaussian assumptions, any specified class of multivariate distribution is allowed for the random effects, and the error vector is allowed to have any strictly positive pdf. A well known member of this class of models is the multivariate probit model with random effects. We investigate sufficient and necessary conditions for the existence of maximum likelihood estimates for the location and the association parameters. Implications of our results are illustrated through some hypothetical examples.
The Gt/GI/st+GI many-server fluid queue

This paper introduces a deterministic fluid model that approximates the many-server G t /GI/s t +GI queueing model, and determines the time-dependent performance functions. The fluid model has time-varying arrival rate and service capacity, abandonment from queue, and non-exponential service and patience distributions. Two key assumptions are that: (i) the system alternates between overloaded and underloaded intervals, and (ii) the functions specifying the fluid model are suitably smooth. An algorithm is developed to calculate all performance functions. It involves the iterative solution of a fixed-point equation for the time-varying rate that fluid enters service and the solution of an ordinary differential equation for the time-varying head-of-line waiting time, during each overloaded interval. Simulations are conducted to confirm that the algorithm and the approximation are effective.
Laser irradiation of human atherosclerotic obstructive disease: simultaneous visualization and vaporization achieved by a dual fiberoptic catheter.

Received for publication Apr. 2, 1982; accepted May 4, 1982. Reprint requests: Garrett Lee, M.D., Cardiovascular Medicine, Suite 202. UCD Professional Bldg., 4301 X St., Sacramento, CA 95817. The use of laser energy to produce controlled thermal injury to coronary atherosclerotic obstructive plaques, thereby widening vascular luminal diameter, has been demonstrated histologically.‘,’ The application of fiberoptic bundles to view internally the blood vessels of living dogs has been described.‘,” To illustrate the practicality and potential of using the laser to enhance vessel patency, a flexible catheter equipped with both fiberoptic viewing capabilities and a quartz fiber for laser delivery (Trimedyne, Inc., Arlington Heights, Ill.) was inserted into normal aorto-iliac arteries in living dogs (Fig. 1, left) and into human cadavers with diseased arteries (Fig. 1, right, and Fig. 2). A fatty hyalinized diseased area adjacent to the lumen was viewed and targeted for laser irradiation (Fig. 2, left). Following a 3-second 7 W burst from an argon ion laser source, a vaporized patent area was produced which can be visualized through the fiberoptic
Chemical-Biological Generator of Step Increases in Calmodulin Reveals Dual Modulation of L-Type Ca2+ Channels

Voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels are prominent Ca2+ entry portals into many cells. Proper functioning of these channels requires Ca2+-dependent inhibition (CDI) of channel opening by calmodulin (CaM). CDI requires that Ca2+-free CaM (apoCaM) first bind to channels (preassociate), even before Ca2+ elevation. Subsequent Ca2+ binding to this 'resident' CaM then induces CDI; channels lacking preassociated apoCaM cannot undergo CDI. Here, using a novel generator of step increases in apoCaM, we find that apoCaM binding has another powerful effect. As shown below, apoCaM elevation not only heightens CDI as expected, but strongly boosts peak Ca2+ current (confirmed to increase PO in single-channel assays). This latter effect could result from the binding of a second CaM to channels, atop the CaM required for CDI. However, plotting normalized peak current as a function of CDI strength invariably resolves a single relationship, over multiple experiments and conditions. This invariance furnishes compelling evidence that the binding of one and the same apoCaM imparts increases in both CDI and opening. This newly recognized apoCaM effect to increase PO opens new dimensions through which Ca2+ homeostasis can be tuned.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
The quest to understand heterotrimeric G protein signaling

Over the past fifteen years, great strides have been made to understand how heterotrimeric G proteins control their downstream targets. However, the mechanism by which heterotrimeric G proteins are activated by their upstream G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) remains obscure. Recent structural data support the idea that GPCRs, despite their small size, are sophisticated allosteric machines with multiple signaling outputs.
Supporting Collaborative Efforts in Implementing Evidence-Based Reading Interventions: The Role of Online Databases

The purpose of this article is to provide an explanation of how effective reading interventions are identified. Through a review of the National Reading Panel's general findings, along with a review of systems currently used to evaluate and disseminate specific reading interventions, a discussion of what works in reading is presented. The Evidence-Based Intervention Network is presented as a resource for facilitating collaboration across disciplines. Finally, a framework to guide collaborating professionals in the implementation of evidence-based reading interventions is proposed.
Do Psychologically Autonomous Individuals Behave as if they Have Free Will

One-hundred research subjects completed a standardized test measuring moral autonomy, a game-theory exercise measuring belief in the predictability of decisions, a previously published scale measuring belief in free will, and a previously unpublished survey measuring the conceptual structure of evil. Greater moral autonomy was positively correlated with game-theory postulations of predictable decision-making, rather than freely willed decision-making, and was negatively correlated with a factor-analysis theme suggesting that “the nature of evil is revealed by God.” Belief in free will was positively correlated with the theme suggesting that “the nature of evil is revealed by God” and was negatively correlated with themes suggesting that “the potential for evil is within everyone,” that “the reality of others prevents harm to others,” and that “good will prevail over evil.” These results support the conclusion that morally autonomous individuals do not behave as if they have free will. Instead, they behave...
ACCURACY OF SELF-REPORTED DATA FOR ESTIMATING CRASH SEVERITY

Estimated traveling speed and speed limit have typically been used in population-based surveillance data to estimate crash severity. The accuracy of these measures in predicting crash severity is unknown. The Partners for Child Passenger Safety (PCPS) surveillance system offers a unique opportunity to compare these measures, as well as a novel measure of crash severity, "self-report" delta-V, to the accepted measure of delta-V estimated during detailed crash-investigations in 118 crashes. This "self-report" delta-V was computed from the estimated traveling speeds and direction of impact obtained from telephone interviews with drivers. These "self-reported" delta-V estimates are modestly associated with crash-investigation delta-V estimates, with the degree of association a function of the direction of impact: when the respondent was struck from the rear, the degree of association is strong; frontal, side, and single-vehicle crashes yield weaker associations. This "self-reported" delta-V measure, however, is a substantial improvement over use of estimated traveling speed or speed limit only.
Early-onset severe preeclampsia: induction of labor vs elective cesarean delivery and neonatal outcomes.

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the success rate of and analyze differences in neonatal outcomes with labor induction, compared with elective cesarean delivery in women with early-onset severe preeclampsia. Study Design We conducted a cross-sectional study of women with severe preeclampsia who required delivery between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to determine factors that were associated with assignment to, success of, and odds of neonatal outcomes after induction of labor. Results Fifty-seven and four-tenths percent of 491 women underwent induction of labor. Vaginal delivery occurred in 6.7%, 47.5%, and 68.8% of women who underwent labor induction between 24 and 28, 28 and 32, and 32 and 34 weeks of gestation, respectively. Induction of labor was not associated with an increase in neonatal morbidity or mortality rate after we controlled for gestational age and other confounders. Conclusion Neonatal outcomes are not worsened by induction of labor in women with early-onset severe preeclampsia, although it is rarely successful at
Digital Dissonances: Structuring Absences in National Discourses on Equity and Educational Technologies.

This study traces discursive formations surrounding educational technology, equity, and inclusion that have emerged or have been amplified through national policies and initiatives in the U.S., including the Preparing Tomorrow's Teachers to Use Technology (PT3) research grant program, the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), the Ed Tech state funding program, the Partnership for 21st Century Skills, and the 2005 National Educational Technology Plan. Using critical discourse analysis and symptomatic readings, we examine language embedded in national initiatives in relation to educational technology to explore how these policies and initiatives address technology equity. Our analysis underscores the ongoing tendency of national discourses about educational technology to support universal and undifferentiated approaches to educational technology integration. In contrast to these national perspectives we advocate for sustaining interventions that promote contextual definitions of success and achievement rooted in...
Nitrogen sparing effect of a branched-chain amino acid infusion during an acute fast in guinea pigs.

Abstract Thirty male guinea pigs (350–600 g) were fasted for 48–72 hours while receiving lactated Ringers solution through a catheter in the internal jugular vein which had been implanted just before the start of the experiment under halothane anesthesia. Ten of the animals also received leucine, isoleucine, and valine in their infusions at a level approximating their usual daily requirement for these amino acids. Eight of the animals received glucose in their infusion at a level which was isocaloric to the branched-chain amino acid infusion. There was a 37% improvement (p
In situ hybridization with single-stranded RNA probes to demonstrate infrequently elevated gli mRNA and no increased ras mRNA levels in meningiomas and astrocytomas.

Abstract Using computer-assisted digitial imageanalysis, the level of ras and gli messenger RNA (mRNA) in neoplasms of meningial and glial origin was determined in an attempt to correlate these parameters with histological tumor severity. We used single-stranded, asymmetric, radiolabelled RNA probes to detect the amount of ras and gli mRNA present in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor material. Such archival material can provide an immediate, larger sample base than with fresh samples. The extent of rat mRNA expression in 25 brain tumors was not significantly different than normal cerebellum. However, five of 74 astrocytomas of relatively high malignant potential demonstrated gli mRNA levels above normal cerebellum.
Anodic oxidation of cobalt in potassium hydroxide electrolytes

Summary The anodic oxidation of cobalt in 0.2–8.0 N potassium hydroxide solutions was studied by cyclic voltammetry. These studies were carried out at stationary and rotating cobalt disc and at rotating cobalt ring-disc electrodes. The equilibrium potentials for several electrode reactions were calculated from the thermodynamic data and combined with the experimental results to postulate an overall mechanism for the electrooxidation of cobalt in potassium hydroxide solutions. It was shown that the anodic oxidation of cobalt occurred only in the solid phase to produce a Co (OH) 2 film which is subsequently oxidized to Co 3 O 4 and CoOOH. The ring-disc experiments also showed that only Co 2+ species were predominantly produced in KOH solutions due to the dissolution of Co(OH) 2 only. The passivation of the electrode was atrtbuted to the formation of a thin layer of CoO next to the metal surface. The reactivation of the cobalt electrode occurred in 5.0 and 8.0 N KOH solutions under stationary as well as hydrodynamic conditions at all scan rates studied wheareas in 1.0 and 2.5 N K OH solutions, the reactivation was observed only at very slow scan rates (5–10 mV s −1 ).
Unmixing hyperspectral skin data using non-negative matrix factorization

The ability to accurately detect a target of interest in a hyperspectral imagery (HSI) is largely dependent on the spatial and spectral resolution. While hyperspectral imaging provides high spectral resolution, the spatial resolution is mostly dependent on the optics and distance from the target. Many times the target of interest does not occupy a full pixel and thus is concealed within a pixel, i.e. the target signature is mixed with other constituent material signatures within the field of view of that pixel. Extraction of spectral signatures of constituent materials from a mixed pixel can assist in the detection of the target of interest. Hyperspectral unmixing is a process to identify the constituent materials and estimate the corresponding abundances from the mixture. In this paper, a framework based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is presented, which is utilized to extract the spectral signature and fractional abundance of human skin in a scene. The NMF technique is employed in a supervised manner such that the spectral bases of each constituent are computed first, and then these bases are applied to the mixed pixel. Experiments using synthetic and real data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides an effective supervised technique for hyperspectral unmixing of skin signatures.
Two or three thoughts on ?use of an expression?

WITTGENSTEIN challenges us to say "It's cold here" and mean "It's warm here" (Philosophical Investigations, S 510). Suppose a hypnotist says to his patient the former, to get him to say it also and to act as if it were cold, while actually it is quite warm where both of them are. I agree with what Wittgenstein would say about this, namely, that the hypnotist wouldn't mean what he says. But still he would be using it, as a hypnotist, to get a certain result. And all this with a clear view of the meaning of the sentence as its use in the language. 33
What Makes Consumers Willing to Pay for Online Services? Discovering Consumer Opinions and Determinant Factors on Charged Online Services

ABSTRACT Recently, more and more service e-businesses began to charge their consumers on the services provided to assure revenues for their survival. An understanding of consumer opinions on and behaviors toward the charged online services is critical to successful business models for service e-business. Through survey data analyses, the exploratory study reported herein attempts to discover consumer opinions and behaviors regarding charged online services. The findings of this study would contribute effectively to the formulation and implementation of sustainable business models for e-businesses in the service sector.
Experimental Study of Ionized Matter Projected across a Magnetic Field

A plasma gun has been developed which projects ionized matter (metallic and deuterium ions) at speeds up to 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{7}$ cm per second. There is some evidence to support the hypothesis that the plasma projected by this gun comes off in an expanding torus which is shaped by its own magnetic field. When the plasma gun is fired into a dc magnetic field, the plasma forms a compact geometrical configuration (a plasma-magnetic entity called a plasmoid) which proceeds across the magnetic field. Plasmoids appear to be plasma cylinders elongated in the direction of the magnetic field. Plasmoids possess a measurable magnetic moment, a measurable translational speed, a transverse electric field, and a measurable size. Plasmoids can interact with each other, seemingly by reflecting off one another. Their orbits can also be made to curve toward one another. Plasmoids can be made to spiral to a stop if projected into a gas at about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ mm Hg pressure. Plasmoids can also be made to smash each other into fragments. There is some scant evidence to support the hypothesis that they undergo fission and possess spin.
How is your sleep: a neglected topic for health care screening.

Purpose: Inadequate sleep, whether it is caused by voluntary sleep curtailment or specific sleep disorders, is highly prevalent, has wide-ranging negative consequences for human health and well-being, and is greatly under-diagnosed. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of inquiry by family medicine clinics about unhealthy sleep patterns and symptoms in their health history database questionnaires. Methods: This study surveyed health history database forms used by family medicine clinics in the 7-county Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area for questions related to sleep disorders. Fourteen distinct database batteries that are used in 121 primary care clinics and employ 935 family medicine doctors (roughly 75% of physicians practicing in this region) were analyzed. Results: Direct questions about sleep health are often not included in health history questionnaires. Eight of 14 (57%) database batteries reviewed in this study featured no sleep-related questions. Other lifestyle issues were screened with much greater frequency. For example, questions about healthy eating patterns and regular physical activity were present in 13 and 12 of the 14 batteries (93% and 86%), respectively. Conclusions: Despite the significant burden that sleep disorders place on human health, this study found that family medicine clinics do not screen for them as frequently as they do for other lifestyle/behavioral issues when they establish a health history database for new patients.
Wide-band analog frequency modulation of optic signals using indirect techniques

The wideband frequency modulation (FM) of an optical carrier by a radio frequency (RF) or microwave signal can be accomplished independent of laser type when indirect modulation is employed. Indirect modulators exploit the integral relation of phase to frequency so that phase modulators can be used to impress frequency modulation on an optical carrier. The use of integrated optics phase modulators, which are highly linear, enables the generation of optical wideband FM signals with very low intermodulation distortion. This modulator can be used as part of an optical wideband FM link for RF and microwave signals. Experimental results from the test of an indirect frequency modulator for an optical carrier are discussed.
Mouse germ cell mutation tests in genetic risk evaluation of chemical mutagens

That certain environmental chemicals can induce transmissible mutations in germ cells of experimental mammal is clear. The assumption that under certain conditions these chemicals are also likely to be mutagenic to human germ cells is not detectable. However, it is a difficult challenge to determine the level of human exposure at which such chemicals can be produced and used economically without significantly harming human health. Data on transmitted genetic effects in mice are necessary, not only as a measure of endpoints that are considered directly in genetic risk assessment, but also as the standard for evaluating the usefulness of non-germ-cell effects as predictors in genetic risk assessment. To carry out a “real world” genetic risk assessment exercise, in vivo mouse data are being obtained for two model chemicals-ethylene oxide and acrylamide. Both chemicals are capable of inducing transmissible genetic effects in mice; their production and use involve measurable human exposures, and, because they are socially and economically important, they are not likely to be banned altogether despite their mutagenicity. For both chemicals, data are not sufficient for accurate low-dose and low-dose-rate extrapolations.
Numerical Simulation of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings

Abstract A mechanistic, quasi-geostrophic, semi-spectral model with a self-consistent calculation of the mean zonal flow fields is used to numerically simulate sudden stratospheric warmings generated by a single zonal harmonic (m) planetary wave. The development of a warming depends critically on the two factors which govern the transmission of planetary waves to the upper stratosphere: 1) the strength of the westerly winds in the lower stratosphere and 2) the magnitude of wave damping in the same region. Major warmings can only develop when the prewarming lower stratospheric winds and tropospheric forcing are strong but insufficient to trap the wave at low altitudes. Damping controls the maximum amplitude that a warming can attain and the time constant for its growth rate. The growth rate of a m = 2 warming is accelerated during the westerly zonal wind phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation, but the maximum amplitude of the warming is independent of QBO phase. The evolution of m = 1 and m = 2 warmings a...
Corn Hybrid Response to Starter Fertilizer Combinations

ABSTRACT Research has shown that some corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids grown under reduced tillage conditions respond to starter fertilizer containing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), while others do not. This research studied variability of responsiveness among corn hybrids to starter fertilizer containing a more complete complement of nutrients. The experiment was conducted from 1996 to 1998 on a producer's field near Scandia, KS, on a Carr sandy-loam soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive calcareous, mesic Typic Udifluvents). The response of four corn hybrids (Pioneer 3563, Pioneer 3346, DeKalb 591, and DeKalb 646) to starter fertilizer combinations containing N, P, potassium (K), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) was evaluated. In all three years of the experiment, starter fertilizer containing N and P consistently increased grain yield, reduced the number of thermal units needed from emergence to maturity, decreased grain-moisture content at harvest, and increased total P uptake (grain plus stover at maturity) of ...
Blindness in patients with treated open-angle glaucoma

Abstract Purpose To investigate blindness in patients with treated open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and risk factors for blindness. Design Retrospective observational case series. Participants One hundred eighty-six patients seen between April and November 2000 at the University of Washington Medical Center Eye Clinic, diagnosed in 1975 or later, and treated for at least 2 years for OAG. Methods Chart review with evaluation of visual acuity and visual field. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to estimate the risk of blindness in one and both eyes. Variables considered to be possible risk factors for blindness were evaluated using chi-square test, t test, and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Main outcome measures Blindness, defined as visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, and/or continuous constriction of the visual field to 20° or less in all four quadrants with a size III4e Goldmann stimulus or the equivalent on automated perimetry, allowing a higher threshold level on one point in one quadrant on automated perimetry. Results The mean duration of disease was 10.2 ± 4.9 years. Twelve patients were blind in at least one eye from OAG at diagnosis. Nineteen other patients became blind in at least one eye from OAG, and three patients became bilaterally blind from OAG. The Kaplan-Meier estimate for blindness at 15 years in one eye was 14.6%, and in both eyes was 6.4%. Noncompliance with the treatment regimen ( P = 0.016) and worse initial visual field loss ( P P = 0.014) when all blindness, including that found at diagnosis, was considered in the analysis. Conclusions Bilateral blindness from chronic OAG was uncommon in this population of treated patients diagnosed in 1975 or later. Of patients with a blind eye, 39% were blind at diagnosis, and worse visual field loss at diagnosis and noncompliance were associated with development of blindness.
Plasma source ion trap mass spectrometry: Enhanced abundance sensitivity by resonant ejection of atomic ions.

An experimental study of resonant ion excitation in an rf quadrupole ion trap is reported. Atomic ions are generated in an inductively coupled plasma and injected into the ion trap where, after collisional cooling, they are irradiated by a low-voltage, dipole coupled waveform. Single frequency, narrowband, and broadband excitation pulses have been used. Absorption lineshapes (plots of observed ion signal versus excitation frequency) are shown for variations in buffer gas pressure and the amplitude and duration of the single frequency pulses. The absorption lineshapes are usually asymmetric and tail toward lower frequencies. At sufficiently low buffer gas pressure or potential well depth, the lineshapes broaden and become more asymmetric to the point that absorption by ions with adjacent mass-to-charge ratios overlaps. This overlapping absorption reduces the selectivity with which a single mass-to-charge ratio ion can be excited and ejected relative to nearby mass-to-charge ratio ions. The rate of ion ejection is different on the low versus high frequency edges of the absorption lines. This difference in ejection rates provides an important key to understanding the shape of the absorption lines. All of these observations are explained in terms of the known kinematic behavior of ions in real traps, that is, traps with substantial higher order symmetry components in the trapping field (“nonlinear” fields). The importance of the nonlinearity of the trapping field in understanding the observed lineshapes and their time dependencies is discussed. We also report resonant ejection results obtained using multiple frequency (narrow or broad bandwidth) excitation. Multiple frequency excitation allows ions with different mass-to-charge ratio values to be ejected from the trap using one excitation waveform. The finite ion storage capacity of the ion trap is thereby reserved for the ion(s) of interest. We show that ejection of 89Y ions can be ∼ 105 times more efficient than ejection of ions at either m/z 88 or 90.
Dairy herd reproductive management programs with or without synchronization of estrus.

Abstract Reproductive efficiencies were compared among herds with (treated, n=25) or without (visited control, n=25) routine synchronization of estrus and herds without investigator visits (unvisited control, n=22). Treatment groups were subdivided based on participation in veterinary herd health programs. Reproductive tracts were palpated rectally at 21-d intervals for 6 mo in two sets of treated and visited control herds. Data were collected during the visitation period and from the 6-mo period before visits. In treated herds, cows more than 40 d postpartum with a corpus luteum received prostaglandin F 2 α . In visited control herds, cows received prostaglandin F 2 α after 82 d postpartum if they were not observed in estrus. Routine synchronization of estrus did not enhance herd reproductive efficiency compared with no synchronization of estrus in visited herds. Small changes in reproductive efficiency occurred during visits in herds with an established reproductive health program. However, herds not using a health program had 15.2 fewer d from calving to insemination, and the pregnancy rate at 120 d postpartum was 13.0 percentage units higher than before herd visits. Consequently, reproductive performance of those herds during visits was similar to that of contemporaries under a herd health program.
Rabbit liver class III alcohol dehydrogenase: a cathodic isoform with formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity.

Electrophoresis of rabbit liver homogenate on starch gel followed by activity staining revealed multiple forms of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which, based on their electrophoretic mobilities, had been tentatively labeled as class “I,” class “II,” and dass “III” ADHs. The class II enzyme has now been purified to homogeneity by ion exchange and affinity chromatography and, except for an isoelectric point of 7.7, close: resembles human class III ADH. It is a homodimer of molecular weight near 80,000 with a similar amino acid composition and comparable kinetic parameter for the oxidation of primary alcohols. Like the rat, human, and Escherichia coli class III ADHs, the rabbit enzyme is a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, and catalyzes the oxidation of S-hydroxymethylglutathione and the hemithiolacetal of 8-thiooctenolc acid. Ethanol up to 3 M does not saturate the enzyme, whereas longer chain primary alcohols exhibit Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Key Words: XX-ADH, FDH.
Excited state populations for equilibrium and preequilibrium emission

Abstract Populations of excited 5 Li and 6 Li fragments have been measured for the 3 He + Ag reaction at 200 MeV. At forward angles, fragments emitted via preequilibrium mechanisms display population probabilities that are consistent with emission temperatures of about 4 MeV, comparable to other measurements of preequilibrium processes. In contrasts, fragments emitted to backward angles display much smaller population probabilities consistent with emission temperatures of about 1 MeV. Such low temperatures are consistent with residue excitation energies predicted by molecular dynamics calculations.
Corticosterone suppression of ACTH secretion: actinomycin D sensitive and insensitive components of the response.

Summary Corticosterone suppresses ACTH secretion by isolated pituitary cells. Actinomycin D (Act D) added simultaneously with, or slightly prior to, the steroid prevents the suppressive action on cells from adrenalectomized animals but not on cells from intact animals. A working hypothesis encompassing these findings is proposed: corticosterone induces the formation of a cellular factor with which it subsequently interacts to suppress ACTH secretion. The formation of the factor is sensitive to Act D, the subsequent interaction with corticosterone is not. The factor is present in the pituitary cells of intact animals owing to their previous in vivo exposure to endogenous steroid; it is absent from the pituitary cells of adrenalectomized animals.
The linear programming alternative to policy capturing for eliciting criteria weights in the performance appraisal process

An important aspect of management is the periodic performance appraisal (PA) of subordinates. This paper focuses on inferring the criteria employed and weights attached to them by an assessor in any PA process. Linear programming (LP) is proposed as an alternative to policy capturing (PC) as the inference mechanism. The LP approach is illustrated and contrasted with regression-based PC approaches. We show that, at a minimum, LP provides facilitating inputs to complement PC.
Electrically Active Polymers

In the years since the discovery of conductivity in polyacetylene, a tremendous amount of research has been devoted to the synthesis, characterization, and application development of electrically active polymers. This article reviews the theory of conduction in these materials and discusses the syntheses of the major types of electrically active polymers. Electrical conductivities of these polymers are presented along with stability and mechanical and optical properties. The unique combinations of properties in these materials have led to a wide range of practical applications, which are also discussed. Keywords: conducting polymer; electroactive polymer; polyacetylene; polyheterocycle; polythiophene; polypyrrole; polyfuran; polyaniline; polyphenylenevinylene; poly(p-phenylene); electrochromic; photovoltaic; electroluminescent; LED; corrosion control; EMI shielding; field effect transistor; nonlinear optical; sensor; drug delivery; gas separation; ion exchange; batteries; supercapacitor; static dissipation; actuator; band gap; conductivity
Energy Expenditure in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants Near Time of Hospital Discharge

Objective To test the hypothesis that total energy expenditure is significantly higher in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants compared with healthy term infants near the time of discharge. Study design This study was designed to determine total energy expenditure and body composition in a group of ELBW infants nearing discharge receiving full-volume enteral feedings of fortified breast milk or postdischarge formula (Neosure) (n = 10; mean birth weight, 0.8 ± 0.1 kg; mean gestational age, 26 ± 0.8 weeks; mean age at study, 68 ± 9 days; mean postconceptional age, 36 ± 1 weeks) and compare them with healthy term newborns all receiving breast milk (n = 14; mean birth weight, 3.5 ± 0.5 kg; mean gestational age, 39.0 ± 1.4 weeks; mean age at study, 2.3 ± 1 days). Body composition and total energy expenditure were measured using the doubly labeled water method over a 7-day period. Results Mean total energy expenditure was significantly higher in the ELBW infants compared with the term infants (89 ± 22 kcal/kg/day vs 58 ± 19 kcal/kg/day; P ≤ .001). Total energy expenditure normalized to fat-free mass was also significantly greater in the ELBW infants (98 ± 3 kcal/kg/day vs 73 ± 20 kcal/kg/day; P ≤ .01). Conclusions The rate of total energy expenditure is greater in ELBW infants nearing discharge compared with normal healthy term infants. In the ELBW infants, higher energy intake compensates for their higher total energy expenditure.
Behavior of Refractory Oxides and Metals, Alone and in Combination, in Vacuo at High Temperatures

Changes in bulk density, shrinkage, and weight are given for carbon and for dry-pressed specimens of beryllia, magnesia, zirconia, thoria, molybdenum, and tungsten when fired for 2, 4, and 8 minutes under vacuum conditions, using 100 °C. increments, in the temperature range 1500° to 2300°C. Temperatures at which instability of surface-to-surface contact was observed for the twenty-one possible binary systems of the foregoing substances are also described for identical conditions of testing.
Low noise, high-speed InP/InGaAs HBTs

High frequency noise characteristics of InP/InGaAs HBTs with various emitter geometries were investigated. A minimum noise figure (F/sub min/) of 1.51 dB and associated gain (G/sub a/) of 9.6 dB at a frequency of 10 GHz and a DC power consumption of only 1.6 mW (V/sub CE/ = 1.6 V, I/sub C/ = 1 mA) at 10 GHz were obtained. The dependence of noise characteristics on bias and geometry is also reported. The dominant noise sources in these HBTs were analyzed and an optimum emitter area of 1.2 /spl times/ 20 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ was found to present minimum noise figure and equivalent noise resistance.
Pregnancy and Interferon-τ Upregulate Gene Expression of Members of the 1-8 Family in the Bovine Uterus

Abstract The 1-8 family (1-8U, 1-8D, Leu-13/9-27) of interferon (IFN)-inducible genes encodes proteins that are components of multimeric complexes involved with transduction of antiproliferative and homotypic adhesion signals. Human 1-8 family members are highly similar and are regulated by type 1 and type 2 IFNs. Because the bovine uterus is bathed in conceptus-derived IFNτ during early pregnancy, it was hypothesized that members of the 1-8 family were upregulated in the bovine uterus during early pregnancy. Oligonucleotide primers were designed based on human and rat 1-8U and Leu-13 cDNAs and used in reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions to amplify bovine cDNAs from endometrial RNA. The bovine 1-8U cDNA was sequenced, found to be 84% identical to the human 1-8U, and used to screen a bovine endometrial cDNA library to isolate the full-length 1-8U and Leu-13 cDNAs. The inferred amino acid sequences of bovine 1-8U and Leu-13 were 72% and 73% identical to their respective human counterparts. Bovi...
Reward responsiveness and anxiety predict performance of Mount Everest climbers

The present prospective study examined whether individual differences in threat and incentive sensitivity (BIS–FFFS and BAS) and affective states predict performance in a sample of Mount Everest climbers. Climbers higher in reward responsiveness and lower in pre-climb anxiety were more likely to reach higher altitudes. Climbers lower in pre-climb anxiety were also more likely to reach the summit. Results extend existing research on threat and incentive sensitivity and associated affective states by demonstrating their role in predicting persistence in extreme environments.
Isoenzyme Activities during the Early Stages of Allium Radicle Germination

As a continuation of a study of the molecular events surrounding the establishment of a mature root apex, changes in the pattern and specific activity of the isoenzymes of aminopeptidase (AmP), esterase (EST), glucose-6-phosphate de-hydrogenase (G6PD) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) were investigated during the early germinative growth of the Allium radicle tip. Polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis revealed a total of 9 EST fractions. A shift in pattern and reactivity characteristic of pre-emergence to those characteristic of post-emergence was demonstrated. G6PD electropherograms displayed 5 isoenzyme bands. Relative specific activity analyses indicated that this enzyme may be more important during the very early stages of germination. Only quantitative differences were noted in the 3 AmP isoenzymes detected. The progressive increase in AmP isoenzyme activity during the period of maximal protein body degradation suggested a role for these exopeptidases in the degradation of reserve proteins. The 3 isoenzyme bands of GOT exhibited only quantitative changes during germination. Parallel increases in the quantity of soluble protein and GOT specific activity suggest that this isoenzyme is involved in the onion's nitrogen metabolism during germination.