cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute engagement of G q -mediated signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis induces anxiety-like behavior

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a brain region important for regulating anxiety-related behavior in both humans and rodents. Here we used a chemogenetic strategy to investigate how engagement of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling cascades in genetically defined GABAergic BNST neurons modulates anxiety-related behavior and downstream circuit function. We saw that stimulation of vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter (VGAT)-expressing BNST neurons using hM3Dq, but neither hM4Di nor rM3Ds designer receptors exclusively activated by a designer drug (DREADD), promotes anxiety-like behavior. Further, we identified that activation of hM3Dq receptors in BNST VGAT neurons can induce a long-term depression-like state of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, indicating DREADD-induced changes in synaptic plasticity. Further, we used DREADD-assisted metabolic mapping to profile brain-wide network activity following activation of Gq-mediated signaling in BNST VGAT neurons and saw increased activity within ventral midbrain structures, including the ventral tegmental area and hindbrain structures such as the locus coeruleus and parabrachial nucleus. These results highlight that Gq-mediated signaling in BNST VGAT neurons can drive downstream network activity that correlates with anxiety-like behavior and points to the importance of identifying endogenous GPCRs within genetically defined cell populations. We next used a microfluidics approach to profile the receptorome of single BNST VGAT neurons. This approach yielded multiple Gq-coupled receptors that are associated with anxiety-like behavior and several potential novel candidates for regulation of anxiety-like behavior. From this, we identified that stimulation of the Gq-coupled receptor 5-HT2CR in the BNST is sufficient to elevate anxiety-like behavior in an acoustic startle task. Together, these results provide a novel profile of receptors within genetically defined BNST VGAT neurons that may serve as therapeutic targets for regulating anxiety states and provide a blueprint for examining how G-protein-mediated signaling in a genetically defined cell type can be used to assess behavior and brain-wide circuit function.
Multilook SAR processing and array optimization applied to radio echo ice sounding data

Several outlet glaciers in Greenland are retreating and speeding up, and Greenland ice sheet's contribution to sea level is increasing over the last decade. Information on ice thickness and bed conditions is needed in order to understand why these outlet glaciers are retreating and speeding up, and to develop both diagnostic and prognostic models. These outlet glaciers contain very lossy ice and have a very-rough crevassed surface. Airborne sounding of these fast-moving outlet glaciers is very difficult because extremely weak bed echoes are often buried in off-nadir clutter — off-nadir scattered signals from the rough surface. We processed data from each element of the antenna-array with a multi look time-domain back-projection (MLTDBP) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processor and used these data in an adaptive array processing algorithm we developed to extract weak bed echoes buried in clutter and noise. The algorithm is based on the gradient descent method. It estimates and minimizes phase and amplitude errors introduced by aircraft roll, the radar system, and aircraft wing flexure. We will show a few examples of recovered bed echoes from data collected over glaciers near Nuuk, Greenland during the 2009 field season to demonstrate the performance of the MLTDBP processor and array optimization algorithm. We also included an example from data collected on the interior ice during 2006.
Surviving Change: The Metabolic Journey of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activation is accompanied by mitochondria activation and a shift in metabolic activity from glycolysis to OXPHOS, which provides energy and increases the production of ROS and other mitochondrial metabolites that can act both as signaling molecules and substrates/co-activators for epigenetic enzymes. Metabolically activated HSCs are poised to undergo lineage priming and produce different lineage-biased multipotent progenitors (MPP). However, activated HSCs must also return to quiescence to maintain the stem cell pool. In this context, autophagy plays an essential role by clearing activated mitochondria to allow OXPHOS-driven HSCs to efficiently revert to a mostly glycolysis-based quiescence metabolism. Without autophagy, HSCs display an overactive OXPHOS-driven metabolism that promotes myeloid-biased differentiation and loss of stemness, likely as a direct consequence of epigenetic reprogramming. At steady state, blood production reflects the differential generation by HSCs of a small number of myeloid-biased MPP2/3 and a large number of lymphoid-biased MPP4, which both contribute to myeloid output. In contrast, during blood regeneration, activated HSCs are induced to overproduce MPP2/3, and MPP4 are reprogrammed towards almost exclusive myeloid output in large part due to cytokine stimulations and the triggering of specific regulatory pathways. Altogether, the metabolic activation of HSCs and the remodeling of the MPP compartment represent emergency myelopoiesis pathways that are transiently activated during regeneration, and are continuously triggered in myeloid disease conditions. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Subjective Journalist: Exploring Bias in Marketing Communication Using Language Cues: An Abstract

In an increasingly digital age many sports organizations, such as Major League Baseball (MLB), have hired in-house reporters to cover games. For example, MLB.com employs a reporter for every team who covers the team, writes game recaps, etc. As an example, a game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago Cubs features a writeup from the perspective of the home team reporter and away team reporter. The MLB.com arrangement presents a unique opportunity to explore biases given the reporters are observing the same event but from a different perspective (win versus loss). In addition, given both reporters are hired by Major League Baseball’s media arm and the writeups are featured on MLB.com, the editorial guidelines are expected to be the same. Subtle bias in these articles may impact fans emotions towards a game or team and, ultimately, affecting their long term loyalty to an organization. Although BIRGing (Cialdini et al. 1976), brought attention to pronoun usage by fans, are writers inadvertently communicating subtle biases in their articles? Can analyzing articles by team reports show how language choice is influenced by winning or losing?
Smartphones and Urban Transportation Mode Choice

The arrival of smartphones has profoundly impacted how commuters make travel decisions. Using travel diary data, we estimate a discrete choice model that identifi es a signi ficant complementarity between smartphones and commuting via public transit. We address potential correlation in unobservables for smartphone ownership and mode choice by making use of excludable variables: mode-specifi c prices, travel times, and the release of the iPhone 4s (the first iPhone featuring Siri). We fi nd that 18% of transit commutes as well as 4.5% of smartphone ownership in the sample can be attributed to this complementarity.
Chapter 11 – Aging and the Kidney: Clinical and Pathophysiological Issues

The aging kidney undergoes structural and functional phenotypic changes with time. There is a decline in GFR, renal plasma flow (RPF), and tubular function, characterized histologically by glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and atrophy. These changes appear to be influenced by the environment, genetic factors and gender, and result in a pro-fibrotic, pro-inflammatory, apoptotic state. These adaptations may increase the elderly’s susceptibility to acute and chronic kidney disease, allograft failure and be responsible for the higher mortality rates frequently seen in the elderly. Modification of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying age-associated renal changes, with various medications, transcription factor inhibitors or caloric restriction, may modify or attenuate these changes and prevent progression to CKD.
Mincing words: Balancing recovery and deletion in word truncation

Brazilian Portuguese exhibits word truncation: e.g., the word cruzeiro ‘cruise’ results in the truncated form cruza , where the vowel - a is added to the truncated stem cruz -. Goncalves (2011) claims that truncated words preserve the onset of the rightmost syllable of the first binary foot. We argue from a corpus-based perspective instead that the truncated stem is better predicted by optimizing two opposing forces: original word recovery and phonological deletion. These are formalized and implemented as right-complete counts (RC) and left-complete counts (LC), based primarily on the analysis of blends and subtractive word formation in Gries (2006) and taking into consideration the informativity of the deleted material as well as the preserved material. Specifically, a model incorporating both RC and LC outperforms one that uses only one or the other, as well as prosodic models based on binary feet, in predicting truncated stems in Brazilian Portuguese. Beyond truncation, our model has implications for morpheme segmentation as well as the mechanics of morphological reanalysis.
The effect of increasing catheter distance from the deep junction on the outcomes of radiofrequency vein ablation.

Abstract Objective Thermal vein ablation (VA) is the recommended treatment modality for superficial venous reflux, with a recommended positioning of the catheter at 2 to 3 cm from the junction of the deep venous system. In contrast, novel sealing technology for saphenous VA involves treatment starting at 3 to 5 cm distal to the deep junction. This study examines the effect of increasing catheter distance from the junction on the outcomes of VA using radiofrequency. Methods A retrospective single-center review of patients treated with VA was performed. Demographics, symptoms, clinical class (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology classification), and ultrasound data were reviewed. The treatment groups were divided on the basis of the position of the catheter Results There were 362 patients with 529 veins treated. The mean age was 59.2 ± 14.4 years (63% women). There was a significantly higher proportion of patients with past medical history of hypertension (P = .02) and deep venous thrombosis (P = .02) in group B compared with group A. Group B also had significantly larger vein diameter on ultrasound (P = .04). The clinical success, technical success, and complication rates were 80%, 95.6%, and 11.5%. There were no significant differences between the two groups in outcomes. After a mean follow-up of 27.5 months, recurrence rate was 22.2%. There was a trend toward higher recurrence in group B that did not, however, reach statistical significance (P = .1). On multivariable analysis, there was no clinical or technical factor that could predict recurrence. Conclusions The experience with radiofrequency ablation does not support difference in outcomes when treatment starts at ≥3 cm from the junction. However, there is a trend toward increased long-term recurrence that warrants further investigation with newer technology.
Ideographic Analysis of Israel Prime Minister Rhetoric during the 2008-09 armed conflict with Hamas in Gaza

From December 27, 2008 through January 18, 2009, the Israel Defense Forces engaged in hostilities in the Gaza Strip. Official discourse explaining and justifying the effort ubiquitously employed the word ―terror‖, in its various forms, in descriptions of Israel's enemies. The prevalence of this linguistic feature alone suggests that it is rhetorically significant. As we will see, its discourse function is consistent with patterns previously observed by scholars of American war rhetoric. My analysis contributes to that scholarship by showing that ideographs such as ―terror‖ can emerge from any nationalistic ideology. In my work, I ask: how did an ideology of nationalism inform wartime discourse during Israel‘s Gaza offensive? How does ―terror‖ function as an ideograph in Israeli public discourse? And more generally, I seek to contribute to the central question of ideological criticism (Foss 2004), how does discourse legitimize some ideologies while de-legitimizing others? Equipped with the awareness my work seeks to foster, we can predict that political rhetors who seek to justify state violence anywhere will do so from a dichotomizing stance juxtaposing ―us‖ (those within our culture) and ―them‖ (those outside of it).
EVOLUTION OF GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE AND HEXOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE

ABSTRACT . Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), which oxidizes only glucose 6-P, and hexose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PD), which oxidizes glucose 6-P, 2-deoxy glucose 6-P and galactose 6-P, have similar features, suggesting their common origin. Among more than 100 types of known human G6PD variants, G6PD Markham, G6PD Union and a few other variants can oxidize not only glucose 6-P but also 2-deoxy glucose 6-P and galactose 6-P as well. Therefore, single step mutations can induce an alteration of the substrate specificity; i.e., the differentiation of isozymes from their ancestral enzyme does not necessarily require an accumulation of a series of mutations.
Motivating Students in Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) Using the Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) Model

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) often have low persistence rates, which may be attributed to a learners’ lack of motivation. In this design-based research study, Keller’s Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction (ARCS) motivational design model was integrated into two MOOCs as an initial exploration of how to design effective motivational interventions in MOOC environment. The Instructional Motivation Materials Scale (IMMS) was used to measure learners’ perceptions and reactions to the course components, in terms of the ARCS model, in both MOOCs. The whole design, implementation, and evaluation process was documented and reflected upon to provide practical guidance on designing motivational-enhanced materials in MOOC environments. The results revealed patterns of learners selectively paying attention, drawing relevance for self-determined reasons, having high confidence, and deriving satisfaction from multiple sources.
Structures, Functions, and Dynamics of ESCRT-III/Vps4 Membrane Remodeling and Fission Complexes.

The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway mediates cellular membrane remodeling and fission reactions. The pathway comprises five core complexes: ALIX, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-I...
The Collapse of the Egyptian Revolution: Liberal Freedom Versus Islamist Justice

This chapter re-frames the trajectory of the 2011 Egyptian revolution as a clash between liberal freedom and Islamist justice. Although the Egyptian intellectual classes, whether liberals or Islamists, shared an admiration for Western-style liberal democracy and a belief in its potential for solving the economic decay of the country, they differed in their methods of implementation. Non-Islamist activists, who generally championed the revolutionary coalitions, wanted a free society with democratic government that limits, but does not eliminate, the role of Islam in the state. Islamists, on the other hand, while stopping short of calling for the full implementation of Shari’a (excluding the Salafi groups), envisioned a central role for Islam in the newly reformed state and insisted on reforming it according to their concept of justice. Political freedom was not perceived as indispensable for the just state in the way that literal justice was. This chapter draws on these groups’ revolutionary slogans, banners, and graffiti to support this argument.
Multi-scale effects of land cover and urbanization on the habitat suitability of an endangered toad

Abstract Habitat degradation, entwined with land cover change, is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Effects of land cover change on species can be direct (when habitat is converted to alternative land cover types) or indirect (when land outside of the species habitat is altered). Hydrologic and ecological connections between terrestrial and aquatic systems are well understood, exemplifying how spatially disparate land cover conditions may influence aquatic habitats, but are rarely examined. We sought to quantify relative effects of land cover at two different but interacting scales on habitat suitability for the endangered arroyo toad (Anaxyrus californicus). Based on an existing distribution model for the arroyo toad and available land cover data, we estimated effects of land cover along streams and within entire watersheds on habitat suitability using structural equation modeling. Relationships between land cover and habitat suitability differed between scales, and broader, watershed-scale conditions influenced land cover along the embedded stream networks. We found anthropogenic development and forest cover at the watershed-scale negatively impacted habitat suitability, but development along stream networks was positively associated with suitability. The positive association between development along streams and habitat suitability may be attributable to increased spatial heterogeneity along urbanized streams, or related factors including policies designed to conserve riparian habitats amidst development. These findings show arroyo toad habitat is influenced by land cover across multiple scales, and can inform conservation of the species. Furthermore, our methodology can help elucidate similar dynamics with other taxa, particularly those reliant on both terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Urinalysis Screening for Rural Communities

Access to medical care and health screenings is a necessity for patients around the globe, but it can be difficult to provide this without screenings becoming costly or convoluted for people in low income communities. In rural and underdeveloped areas, patients are often disadvantaged when it comes to finding reliable and affordable healthcare. The isolation provided by their location and the rising costs of physicians makes it difficult for most impoverished communities to attain personalized care. Because of this, treatable diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, often go unaddressed, allowing diseases to progress to a critical condition. Mortality rates have shown to be higher in communities located in rural areas and among destitute economies. Telemedicine is one solution to improve rural health care by allowing patients to have remote access to health services. Due to the preventable nature of these diseases as well as their easily detectable biomarkers, we have created a device to diagnose and record patients' health using commercially available and our own developed strips with a sample of urine. Our goal for this project is to provide simple and fast diagnosis to detect albumin, urobilinogen, nitrite, as well as pH and glucose levels in urine combined with telemedicine to provide reliable results.
A case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after surgical clipping of unruptured cerebral aneurysm.

Background Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is characterized by reversible edematous lesions on imaging examinations, along with symptoms of altered consciousness disorder and seizures. Various factors associated with PRES have been reported. However, we encountered a very rare case that developed after clipping surgery for unruptured cerebral aneurysm. Case Description A 74-year-old man with a history of hypertension presented with an unruptured right middle cerebral artery aneurysm and underwent cranial clipping surgery. After surgery, he developed consciousness disorder and epilepsy after delayed awakening from general anesthesia. Radiological examinations revealed multiple edematous lesions, strongly suggesting PRES, and excluding asymmetry consistent with the area of craniotomy. With conservative treatment, symptoms and radiological findings almost disappeared. Symptoms and imaging findings remaining at the area of craniotomy were attributed to the severe difference in cerebral perfusion pressure due to craniotomy. Conclusions Based on the literature, this case was considered to represent PRES caused by rapid blood pressure fluctuations accompanying general anesthesia for clipping surgery. Practitioners must keep PRES in mind as a rare complication after clipping for unruptured cerebral aneurysms. PRES developing after craniotomy shows unilaterality and may become severe in the craniotomy area and leave sequelae.
The importance of dialogue: communication strategy for empowerment of low-income African American patients via in-depth interviews of primary care providers at inner-city health clinics

Purpose: We explored how primary care providers perceive their interactions with low-income African American patients at two inner-city health clinics.Background: Drawing from theories of empowerme...
Diagnostic A-Scan of Choroidal Tumors: Comparison of Quantified Parameters.

Aim To compare quantified ultrasonographic A-scan parameters of common choroidal tumors. Methods Consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of choroidal melanoma (n = 100), choroidal nevus (n = 30), choroidal metastasis (n = 10), and circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (n = 10) were included in this study. Ultrasonographic A-scans (8 MHz, 1,550 m/s, tissue sensitivity = 67 dB) were performed by standard techniques. Using a custom made MATLAB® script, four quantifiable A-scan parameters: tumor height (mm), number of internal reflectivity peaks (numerical value), median internal reflectivity (%), and angle κ (°) were obtained for all (n = 150) tumors. Results The mean number of internal reflectivity peaks for choroidal nevus, choroidal metastasis, and circumscribed choroidal hemangioma was 3.1, 5.1, and 4.0, respectively. The median internal reflectivity for choroidal melanoma varied from 21.5 to 99.5% (mean = 76.4%). The median internal reflectivity was ≥65% in all choroidal nevus (100%), choroidal metastasis (100%), and circumscribed choroidal hemangioma (100%), and majority of the choroidal melanoma (78%). Conclusions The quantified A-scan patterns of common choroidal tumors were significantly influenced by the tumor height. Other than median internal reflectivity of < 65%, which seems to distinguish choroidal melanoma from other tumors (choroidal nevus, choroidal metastasis, and circumscribed choroidal hemangioma), there were no specific diagnostic patterns.
Surface-enhancement Raman scattering of urine for prostate cancer risk assessment (Conference Presentation)

Prostate cancer is a heterogenous disease that has a varied range from indolent to highly aggressiveness. The routinely used biomarker, Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), is controversial due to over-diagnosis. A new approach is urgently needed to discriminate the indolent and lethal prostate cancer. We report the measurements of patient urine using surface-enhancement Raman scattering (SERS) as a potential means of differentiating aggressive and indolent prostate cancer types. To this end, urine samples from twenty prostate cancer patients with known clinical outcome are investigated in this study, with ten in each of the two groups: aggressive and indolent. SERS measurements, ten for each sample, are carried out in blind without revealing any clinical details to the investigators. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) are used to statistically analyze the large number of Raman spectra to identify and classify the specific Raman features potentially associated with aggressive and indolent prostate cancer types. The experimental classifications are compared with the clinical outcome of the prostate cancer patients to demonstration the potential of SERS as an alternative method for patient screening and decision-making for the optimal treatment strategy.
Directivity Improvement of a 94GHz LTCC Integrated Pyramidal Horn Antenna Using EBG Structure

There is a strong interest to implement antenna-in-package (AiP) systems for a cohort of applications such as imaging, beamforming, integrated transceivers, and radars. Substrate integrated pyramidal antennas (SIPA) are valuable AiP candidates owing to their small form factor, integration ease, and high gain. However, height reduction and substrate integration can drastically reduce the overall directivity of such antennas and hence limit their potential applications. This degradation is mainly due to surface waves propagating and radiating on the dielectric. For the first time in this paper, we present a 94GHz low temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) integrated pyramidal horn antenna. To prevent transverse magnetic (TM) surface waves, a mushroom type electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure is implemented in the surrounding of the horn. The LTCC fabrication is particularly suitable for this kind of structure. Since only a single well is needed to fabricate the horn and the EBG structure, complexity and cost are minimized. The combined antenna with EBG surrounding leads to approximately 1.8dB improvement in maximum directivity. Concurrently, the 3dB beamwidth is reduced by 10° for the E-Plane and 20° for the H-Plane.
Epidemiology of Surgical Treatment of Adolescent Sports Injuries in the United States: Analysis of the MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database.

Purpose To determine whether there is increasing surgical management of adolescent sports injuries and whether the average age of surgical patients is decreasing. Methods The Truven Health MarketScan Database was searched from 2008 to 2014 for patients 10 to 19 years of age using the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision codes and Current Procedure Terminology, 4th Edition, codes for operative treatment for the following conditions: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, knee collateral ligament (KCL) injuries, meniscal injuries, Osgood–Schlatter syndrome, and elbow ulnar collateral ligament injuries. Patients identified were characterized by sex, age, year of injury, and type of residence (urban vs rural) based on metropolitan statistical areas. Results A total of 516,892 patients sustained 1 of the identified injuries, and 133,541 (25.8%) patients underwent a related surgery. KCL and meniscal injuries demonstrated a consistent increase in the rate of surgical intervention (P Conclusions We found that surgical treatment of 5 common sports injuries remains stable, with only KCL injuries and meniscal injuries showing an increase in surgical incidence. Average age of surgical intervention did not change significantly over the 7-year time span for any diagnosis. Level of Evidence Level IV, Cross Sectional Study.
Cryo–electron microscopy structure and analysis of the P-Rex1–Gβγ signaling scaffold

PIP3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) is activated downstream of G protein–coupled receptors to promote neutrophil migration and metastasis. The structure of more than half of the enzyme and its regulatory G protein binding site are unknown. Our 3.2 A cryo-EM structure of the P-Rex1–Gβγ complex reveals that the carboxyl-terminal half of P-Rex1 adopts a complex fold most similar to those of Legionella phosphoinositide phosphatases. Although catalytically inert, the domain coalesces with a DEP domain and two PDZ domains to form an extensive docking site for Gβγ. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry suggests that Gβγ binding induces allosteric changes in P-Rex1, but functional assays indicate that membrane localization is also required for full activation. Thus, a multidomain assembly is key to the regulation of P-Rex1 by Gβγ and the formation of a membrane-localized scaffold optimized for recruitment of other signaling proteins such as PKA and PTEN.
Accurate and sensitive quantitation of glucose and glucose phosphates derived from storage carbohydrates by mass spectrometry

The addition of phosphate groups into glycogen modulates its branching pattern and solubility which all impact its accessibility to glycogen interacting enzymes. As glycogen architecture modulates its metabolism, it is essential to accurately evaluate and quantify its phosphate content. Simultaneous direct quantitation of glucose and its phosphate esters requires an assay with high sensitivity and a robust dynamic range. Herein, we describe a highly-sensitive method for the accurate detection of both glycogen-derived glucose and glucose-phosphate esters utilizing gas-chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. Using this method, we observed higher glycogen levels in the liver compared to skeletal muscle, but skeletal muscle contained many more phosphate esters. Importantly, this method can detect femtomole levels of glucose and glucose phosphate esters within an extremely robust dynamic range with excellent accuracy and reproducibility. The method can also be easily adapted for the quantification of plant starch, amylopectin or other biopolymers.
Embedded Intelligence in the Internet-of-Things

This article describes the applications and technology trends leading to embedded intelligence in the loT, indicates challenges faced by designers and maintainers of loT systems, explains research concepts and technologies being used to make these systems practical, and points out the implications for several application domains.
Texture features distinguish benign cell clusters from adenocarcinomas on bile duct brushing cytology images

Bile duct cancer, or cholangiocarcinoma, is a rare and aggressive form of cancer, with approximately 2,500 new diagnoses each year in the United States. Biliary adenocarcinoma comprise of 90% of reported cholangiocarcinoma cases and often presents symptoms in later stages and is therefore associated with poor patient outcomes. Survival rates of cholangiocarcinoma when diagnosed at late stage are 6%, but can be improved to 15% when diagnosed early. Many previous studies have investigated the role of quantitative histomorphometric (QH) features on routinely acquired hematoxylin and eosin (HE 58 g radian orientations, all selected by the mRMR test. We obtained an AUC of 0:83 ±0:01 using 3-fold cross-validation on 39 patients in the training set and 20 patients in the testing set.
When National Styles Were Stylish

This essay is part of a special issue entitled “Looking Backward, Looking Forward: HSNS at 50,” edited by Erika Lorraine Milam.
Comparative Effectiveness of Antibiotic Treatment Duration in Children With Pyelonephritis.

Importance National guidelines recommend treating children with pyelonephritis for 7 to 14 days of antibiotic therapy, yet data are lacking to suggest a more precise treatment duration. Objective To compare the clinical outcomes of children receiving a short-course vs a prolonged-course of antibiotic treatment for pyelonephritis. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective observational study using inverse probability of treatment weighted propensity score analysis of data from 5 hospitals in Maryland between July 1, 2016, and October 1, 2018. Participants were children aged 6 months to 18 years with a urine culture growingEscherichia coli,Klebsiellaspecies, orProteus mirabiliswith laboratory and clinical criteria for pyelonephritis. Exposures Treatment of pyelonephritis with a short-course (6 to 9 days) vs a prolonged-course (10 or more days) of antibiotics. Main Outcomes and Measures Composite outcome of treatment failure within 30 days of completing antibiotic therapy: (a) unanticipated emergency department or outpatient visits related to urinary tract infection symptoms, (b) hospital readmission related to UTI symptoms, (c) prolongation of the planned, initial antibiotic treatment course, or (d) death. A subsequent urinary tract infection caused by a drug-resistant bacteria within 30 days was a secondary outcome. Results Of 791 children who met study eligibility criteria (mean [SD] age 9.2 [6.3] years; 672 [85.0%]) were girls, 297 patients (37.5%) were prescribed a short-course and 494 patients (62.5%) were prescribed a prolonged-course of antibiotics. The median duration of short-course therapy was 8 days (interquartile range, 7-8 days), and the median duration of prolonged-course therapy was 11 days (interquartile range, 11-12 days). Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups in the inverse probability of treatment weighted cohort. There were 79 children (10.1%) who experienced treatment failure. The odds of treatment failure were similar for patients prescribed a short-course vs a prolonged-course of antibiotics (11.2% vs 9.4%; odds ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.75-1.98). There was no significant difference in the odds of a drug-resistant uropathogen for patients with a subsequent urinary tract infection within 30 days when prescribed a short-courses vs prolonged-course of antibiotics (40% vs 64%; odds ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.09-1.43). Conclusions and Relevance The study findings suggest that short-course antibiotic therapy may be as effective as prolonged-courses for children with pyelonephritis, and may mitigate the risk of future drug-resistant urinary tract infections. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
The Research Storyboard: Ideas for Cultivating Safe, Engaged, and Empowered Undergraduate Research Students.

Working with undergraduates in an organic synthesis research laboratory presents a unique set of challenges. An undergraduate research program must be designed to focus on teaching students to “thi...
Cell shape regulates subcellular organelle location to control short-term Ca2+ signal dynamics in VSMC

ABSTRACT The shape of the cell is intimately connected to its function; however, we do not fully understand the underlying mechanism by which global shape regulates cell function. Here, using a combination of theory, experiments and simulation, we investigated how global cell shape can affect subcellular organization, and consequently intracellular signaling, to control information flow needed for phenotypic function. We find that global cell curvature regulates the location of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inter-organelle distances and differential distribution of receptors in the plasma membrane. A combination of these factors leads to the modulation of signals transduced by the M3 muscarinic receptor/Gq/PLCβ pathway at the plasma membrane, amplifying Ca2+ dynamics in the cytoplasm and the nucleus resulting in phenotypic changes, as determined by increased activity of myosin light chain kinase in the cytoplasm and enhanced nuclear localization of the transcription factor NFAT. Taken together, our observations show a systems level phenomenon whereby global cell shape affects subcellular organization and signaling to enable phenotypic changes. One Sentence Summary The physical interplay of the curvature of the plasma membrane and global cell shape alters the distances between subcellular organelles, which in turn modulates the strength of Ca2+ signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells.
A Taxonomy of Team-Assembly Systems: Understanding How People Use Technologies to Form Teams

The emergence of team-assembly technologies has brought with it new challenges in designing and implementing socio-technical systems. Our understanding of how systems shape the team-assembly processes is still limited. How do systems enable users to find teammates? How do users make decisions when using these systems? And what factors explain the characteristics of the teams assembled? Building on existing literature from CSCW, computer science, and management science, we propose a taxonomy to characterize how systems influence team assembly. This taxonomy argues that two dimensions determine how systems shape team assembly: (i) users? agency, to what extent the system enables its users to exercise their agency, and (ii) users? participation, how many users the system allows to participate in the team-formation process. The intersection of these two dimensions manifest four types of teams enabled by systems: self-assembled teams, staffed teams, optimized teams, and augmented teams. We characterize each one of these types of teams, considering their qualities, advantages, and challenges. To contextualize these types of teams, we map the current literature of team-assembly systems using a scoping literature review. Lastly, we discuss ways through which these two dimensions alter users' behavior, team diversity, and team composition. This paper provides theoretical implications and research questions for future systems that reconfigure the organization of people into teams.
A New Species of Goniopteris (Thelypteridaceae) from Hispaniola

Goniopteris baorucensis, a species known only from the Sierra Baoruco in the southern Dominican Republic, is illustrated and described as new to science. Recent phylogenetic studies have inferred it as a member of a clade of predominantly calciphilic Goniopteris that are largely endemic to the Antilles. New records of two additional uncommon species in this clade, G. hildae and G. nigricans, are noted. A short discussion of the history of pteridology in Hispaniola is provided, with special reference to the contributions of Erik Ekman and Carl Christensen.
Bloodless chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in Jehovah's Witnesses.

For patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) aggressive large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL), anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has demonstrated encouraging clinical effi...
Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Disease

Inflammatory diseases include a wide variety of highly prevalent conditions with high mortality rates in severe cases ranging from cardiovascular disease, to rheumatoid arthritis, to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to graft vs. host disease, to a number of gastrointestinal disorders. Many diseases that are not considered inflammatory per se are associated with varying levels of inflammation. Imaging of the immune system and inflammatory response is of interest as it can give insight into disease progression and severity. Clinical imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are traditionally limited to the visualization of anatomical information; then, the presence or absence of an inflammatory state must be inferred from the structural abnormalities. Improvement in available contrast agents has made it possible to obtain functional information as well as anatomical. In vivo imaging of inflammation ultimately facilitates an improved accuracy of diagnostics and monitoring of patients to allow for better patient care. Highly specific molecular imaging of inflammatory biomarkers allows for earlier diagnosis to prevent irreversible damage. Advancements in imaging instruments, targeted tracers, and contrast agents represent a rapidly growing area of preclinical research with the hopes of quick translation to the clinic.
Absence of significant off-target splicing variation with a U7snRNA vector targeting DMD exon 2 duplications

Exon skipping therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy that restore an open reading frame can be induced by the use of non-coding U7 small nuclear RNA (U7snRNA) modified by an antisense exon-targeting sequence delivered by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. We have developed an AAV vector (AAV9.U7-ACCA) containing four U7snRNAs targeting the splice donor and acceptor sites of dystrophin exon 2, resulting in highly efficient exclusion of DMD exon 2. We assessed the specificity of splice variation induced by AAV9.U7-ACCA delivery in the Dmd exon 2 duplication (Dup2) mouse model via an unbiased RNA-seq approach. Treatment-related effects on pre-mRNA splicing were quantified using local splicing variation (LSV) analysis. Filtering the transcriptome for differences in treatment-related splicing resulted in only 16 candidate off-target LSVs. Only a single candidate off-target LSV was found in both tissues and occurred at a known variable cassette exon. In contrast, four LSVs represented significant on-target correction of Dmd exon 2 splicing and transcriptome analysis showed correction of known dystrophin-deficient gene dysregulation. We conclude that the absence of off-target splicing induced by treatment with the U7-ACCA vector supports the continued clinical development of this approach.
Improved resolution in 3D structured illumination microscopy using 3D model-based restoration with positivity-constraint

The performance of structured illumination microscopy (SIM) systems depends on the computational method used to process the raw data. In this paper, we present a regularized three-dimensional (3D) model-based (MB) restoration method with positivity constraint (PC) for 3D processing of data from 3D-SIM (or 3-beam interference SIM), in which the structured illumination pattern varies laterally and axially. The proposed 3D-MBPC method introduces positivity in the solution through the reconstruction of an auxiliary function using a conjugate-gradient method that minimizes the mean squared error between the data and the 3D imaging model. The 3D-MBPC method provides axial super resolution, which is not the same as improved optical sectioning demonstrated with model-based approaches based on the 2D-SIM (or 2-beam interference SIM) imaging model, for either 2D or 3D processing of a single plane from a 3D-SIM dataset. Results obtained with our 3D-MBPC method show improved 3D resolution over what is achieved by the standard generalized Wiener filter method, the first known method that performs 3D processing of 3D-SIM data. Noisy simulation results quantify the achieved 3D resolution, which is shown to match theoretical predictions. Experimental verification of the 3D-MBPC method with biological data demonstrates successful application to data volumes of different sizes.
A Review of Computer Vision Techniques in the Detection of Metal Failures

This paper considers and contrasts several computer vision techniques used to detect defects in metallic components during manufacturing or in service. Methodologies include statistical analysis, weighted entropy modification, Fourier transformations, neural networks, and deep learning. Such systems are used by manufacturers to perform non-destructive testing and inspection of components at high speeds [1]; providing better error detection than traditional human visual inspection, and lower costs [2]. This is a review of the computer vision system comparing different mathematical analysis in order to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses relative to the nature of the defect. It includes exemplar that histograms and statistical analysis operate best with significant contrast between the defect and background, that co-occurrence matrix and Gabor filtering are computationally expensive, that structural analysis is useful when there are repeated patterns, that Fourier transforms, applied to spatial data, need windowing to capture localized issues, and that neural networks can be utilized after training.
A new multimodal membrane adsorber for monoclonal antibody purifications

Abstract This contribution describes research on the use of a newly developed multimodal membrane (MMM) adsorber that can be used as a chromatographic stationary phase in bioseparation processes. Compared with commercial cationic multimodal adsorbers, this MMM has superior static binding capacity (SBC=180 mg IgG/ml), dynamic binding capacity (DBC10%=60 mg IgG/ml), and load productivity (>10 mg/ml/min). Furthermore, the incorporation of functional groups that provide orthogonal modes of interactions increases the range of ionic strength for operation of the MMM relative to conventional ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography media. The effects of different salt types (kosmotropic, neutral, chaotropic salts) and ionic strength on IgG binding were investigated. To further understand the protein adsorption on the MMM, a thermodynamic model was employed to describe IgG adsorption isotherms on the MMM by providing a unique set of physically meaningful parameters for each salt type. The model was also a precise predictor of the adsorption isotherms under non-test conditions. A breakthrough analysis was used to determine dynamic binding capacities. The MMM maintained 70% DBC as ionic strength increased from 0 to 300 mM NaCl. Finally, a range of flow rates was used to study the effect of volumetric throughput on DBC. Because DBC was insensitive to flow rate, process productivity increased with flow rate nearly linearly up to high linear velocity (535 cm/h). A kinetic study indicated that the rate limiting step of IgG binding on the MMM was the adsorption rate, not the convective mass transport of protein molecules to binding sites.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PLASTOQUINONES. I. EVIDENCE FOR THREE QUINONES IN THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA, ANACYSTIS NIDULANS.

Abstract We have shown that two naphthoquinones and one plastoquinone are present in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans . The plastoquinone differs from standard plastoquinones A, B, C, and D found in plant chloroplasts on the basis of R f values on thin-layer chromatography, and by greater tendency to decompose during isolation. The two naphthoquinones differ from the standard naphthoquinones such as vitamin K 1 and the series of vitamin K 2 both in R f values and in infrared spectra. No α-tocopherylquinone or α-tocopherol were found in the lipids from the alga. These results indicate that the quinones in blue-green algae are different from those which are found to be characteristic of higher plants. Isolation of the quinones from blue-green algae was best achieved by column chromatography in which silicic acid:Super-Cel 1:3 ( w w ) was eluted with heptane and 10% chloroform in heptane. Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G, with benzene and chloroform as developing solvents, provides a good system for comparing the R f values of the quinones from A. nidulans with quinones of the plastoquinone, tocopherylquinone, and vitamin K groups.
Aneurysm of the ICA petrous segment treated by balloon entrapment after EC-IC bypass. Case report.

✓ A 44-year-old man experienced the sudden onset of horizontal diplopia and hemifacial numbness. Arteriography demonstrated a left intrapetrous carotid artery aneurysm. The patient was successfully treated with a left superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass followed by balloon entrapment of the aneurysm. There have been at least 40 previously reported cases of aneurysms of the petrous portion of the carotid artery. These aneurysms can be mycotic, traumatic, or developmental in origin. They can present with massive otorrhagia or epistaxis from acute rupture or with decreased hearing and paresis of the fifth through eighth cranial nerves and, less frequently, of the ninth, 10th, and 12th cranial nerves caused by direct pressure. They can also produce pulsatile tinnitus, and sometimes they are discovered as a retrotympanic vascular mass during otological examination. The treatment of choice is carotid artery occlusion. Trapping of the aneurysm by detachable balloons eliminates immediatel...
The Feel of Life: Resonance, Race, and Representation

This article uses examples of the viral circulation of the images of Black people in the new media ecology of television news and YouTube to suggest that the feelings these images evoke exceed the legibility of their semiotic meaning and the promise of their political efficacy. The article uses this condition of excess in the politics of meaning to suggest that the platforms though which the images of Blacks gather, focus, and habituate points of identification (and disidentification) and perception might complement the continuing conceptual emphasis on racial meaning with a conception of media as a cultural technology for generating and circulating racial feelings and feelings about race.