cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundraising or promoting philanthropy? A qualitative study of the Massachusetts Catalogue for Philanthropy

Philanthropic institutions are increasingly involved in efforts to promote or expand philanthropy in the US, yet little research has been done in relation to such efforts within the “new philanthropy” environment. This qualitative study examines one such effort: the Massachusetts Catalogue for Philanthropy. The study focuses on understanding what key individuals associated with the Catalogue think about its purpose(s) as a means of beginning to answer the underlying questions: How are these new philanthropy promotion projects different from traditional fundraising and to what degree are they contributing to a new philanthropic paradigm? Results and data analysis indicate that participants have varying opinions about the purpose of the Catalogue that come from two perspectives. One sees the Catalogue as a tool for institutional fundraising for small charities featured by the Catalogue in the annually published Catalogue for Philanthropy; the other sees the Catalogue as a mechanism for the overall promotion of philanthropy in the state by educating donors, creating a new conceptualization of philanthropy, and strengthening philanthropy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive activation during PET: A case study of monozygotic twins discordant for closed head injury

Using positron emission tomography (PET), we studied physiological changes in a patient with frontal lobe damage resulting from closed head injury by assessing his regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) pattern relative to that of his uninjured monozygotic (MZ) cotwin and against normal variability between cotwins in 10 comparably-aged, uninjured MZ twin pairs. rCBF was measured during the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and a sensorimotor control task. Differences between the index twins in rCBF activation (WCST-control) in regions determined on coplanar MRIs were compared to within-pair differences in the control group using the Z-statistic. Activation differences between the index twins extending beyond normal variability were found in two regions—relative to his uninjured cotwin, the injured twin showed less activation in the inferior portion of the left inferior frontal gyrus while showing greater activation in the left hippocampus (P < 0.04). This pattern contrasts with that of normal subjects during WCST performance of augmented rCBF in the prefrontal cortex and not in the hippocampus. These rCBF differences appear to reflect the utilization of different neural systems when performing a frontal-lobe task. The use of the hippocampus by the injured twin might reflect an attempt to compensate for compromised frontal lobe functioning.
Numerical Study of Vortex/Flame Interaction in Actively Forced Confined Non-Premixed Jets

Numerical simulations of coplanar reacting jets subjected to near wall confinement have been performed. The primary conclusion is that for a fixed level of heat release, the mechanism of baroclinic vorticity production increases with more severe wall confinement.
Screening of patients at average risk for colon cancer

Both the incidence and the mortality from colorectal cancer can be substantially reduced by primary and secondary prevention. There are many screening tests for colorectal cancer, and any test should result in a reduction in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. If the age-eligible population undergoes these screening tests, the burden of colorectal cancer should be substantially reduced. The scientific evidence related to secondary prevention, specifically screening of individuals at average risk for colorectal cancer, is presently reviewed.
Implicit noniterative schemes for unsteady boundary layers

In order to solve unsteady boundary layers it is necessary to use fast and stable methods; implicit methods are therefore very useful. To overcome the iterative procedure related to the nonlinear system of equations, a linearization procedure should be employed. In this paper the method developed by Beam and Warming has been applied for both time and streamwise directions. Due to the time-dependent coordinate transformation and to the nonlinearity, the Beam-Warming algorithm does not retain a large number of time-differencing schemes. The method has been applied to unsteady laminar boundary layers and the solutions compared with the analytical and experimental results.
A combined Lagrangian, linear programming, and implication heuristic for large-scale set partitioning problems

Given a finite ground set, a set of subsets, and costs on the subsets, the set partitioning problem is to find a minimum cost partition of the ground set. Many combinatorial optimization problems can be formulated as set partitioning problems. We present an approximation algorithm that produces high-quality solutions in an acceptable amount of computation time. The algorithm is iterative and combines problem size-reduction techniques, such as logical implications derived from feasibility and optimality conditions and reduced cost fixing, with a primal heuristic based on cost perturbations embedded in a Lagrangian dual framework, and cutting planes. Computational experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the approximation algorithm.
A population-based examination of maltreatment history among adolescent mothers in California.

Abstract Purpose To document the abuse and neglect histories of adolescent mothers using official child protection records. Methods Vital birth records were used to identify adolescents 12–19 years of age who were born in California and gave birth in 2009. These records were linked to statewide child protective service data to determine maternal history of alleged and substantiated maltreatment victimization, as well as placement in foster care. Results A total of 35,098 adolescents gave birth in 2009. Before conception, 44.9% had been reported for maltreatment, 20.8% had been substantiated as victims, and 9.7% had spent time in foster care. Conclusions These population-based data indicate that many adolescent mothers have had contact with child protective services as alleged or substantiated victims of abuse or neglect. Understanding the impact of childhood and adolescent maternal maltreatment on both early childbearing risk and subsequent parenting capacity is critical to the development of responsive service interventions.
Adjunctive use of atypical antipsychotics and anticholinergic drugs among patients with schizophrenia

Summary Background: Treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotics is often associated with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), a disorder involving involuntary muscle movement. Because EPS are often associated with the use of antipsychotics, anticholinergic agents are often indicated. Objective: In this observational, retrospective study, we examined whether the initiation of olanzapine or risperidone, the two most widely prescribed atypical antipsychotics, is related to the adjunctive use of anticholinergic agents. Method: We identified patients with schizophrenia from outpatient clinics in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) and defined initiation of olanzapine or risperidone as patients who were not on any antipsychotics for 6 months and subsequently initiated on the target drug between 1/4/1999 and 31/3/2000. The data were analysed using tests of means or chi-square tests. Results: The study yielded two major findings. First, compared with risperidone initiators, there were significantly fewer olanzapine initiators who used at least one anticholinergic agent adjunctively. Secondly, among olanzapine or risperidone initiators, patients who used at least one anticholinergic agent adjunctively tended to stay on the target drug significantly longer than those who did not use any anticholinergic agent adjunctively with the target drug. Conclusion: As the use of anticholinergics is a proxy for the presence of EPS, these findings suggest that risperidone may be more associated with EPS than olanzapine. However, to assess the benefits and side effects associated with olanzapine or risperidone, future research needs to examine various patient outcomes resulting from the initiation of each drug.
Translation factor LepA contributes to tellurite resistance in Escherichia coli but plays no apparent role in the fidelity of protein synthesis.

Abstract LepA is a translational GTPase highly conserved in bacterial lineages. While it has been shown that LepA can catalyze reverse ribosomal translocation in vitro, the role of LepA in the cell remains unclear. Here, we show that deletion of the lepA gene (ΔlepA) in Escherichia coli causes hypersensitivity to potassium tellurite and penicillin G, but has no appreciable effect on growth under many other conditions. ΔlepA does not increase miscoding or frameshifting errors under normal or stress conditions, indicating that LepA does not contribute to the fidelity of translation. Overexpression of LepA interferes with tmRNA-mediated peptide tagging and A-site mRNA cleavage, suggesting that LepA is a bona fide translation factor that can act on stalled ribosomes with a vacant A site in vivo. Together these results lead us to hypothesize that LepA is involved in co-translational folding of proteins that are otherwise vulnerable to tellurite oxidation.
A WNT/β-catenin signaling activator, R-spondin, plays positive regulatory roles during skeletal myogenesis

R-spondins (RSPOs) are a recently characterized family of secreted proteins that activate WNT/β-catenin signaling. In this study, we investigated the potential roles of the RSPO proteins during myogenic differentiation. Overexpression of the Rspo1 gene or administration of recombinant RSPO2 protein enhanced mRNA and protein expression of a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) class myogenic determination factor, MYF5, in both C2C12 myoblasts and primary satellite cells, whereas MYOD or PAX7 expression was not affected. RSPOs also promoted myogenic differentiation and induced hypertrophic myotube formation in C2C12 cells. In addition, Rspo2 and Rspo3 gene knockdown by RNA interference significantly compromised MYF5 expression, myogenic differentiation, and myotube formation. Furthermore, Myf5 expression was reduced in the developing limbs of mouse embryos lacking the Rspo2 gene. Finally, we demonstrated that blocking of WNT/β-catenin signaling by DKK1 or a dominant-negative form of TCF4 reversed MYF5 expression, myogenic differentiation, and hypertrophic myotube formation induced by RSPO2, indicating that RSPO2 exerts its activity through the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Our results provide strong evidence that RSPOs are key positive regulators of skeletal myogenesis acting through the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Shape-based interactive three-dimensional medical image segmentation

Accurate image segmentation continues to be one of the biggest challenges in medical image analysis. Simple, low-level vision techniques have had limited success in this domain because of the visual complexity of medical images. This paper presents a 3-D shape model that uses prior knowledge of an object's structure to guide the search for its boundaries. The shape model has been incorporated into SCANNER, an interactive software package for image segmentation. We describe a graphical user interface that was developed for finding the surface of the brain and explain how the 3-D model assists with the segmentation process. Preliminary experiments show that with this shape-based approach, a low-resolution boundary for a surface can be found with two-thirds less work for the user than with a comparable manual method.
Empirical Analysis of Soviet Agricultural Production and Policy

This paper employs production function analysis to examine a number of pivotal issues concerning the Soviet agricultural sector. Estimates of three input translog production functions for five agricultural commodities grown in the Soviet Union from 1960–76 are reported. These results are used to draw inferences on such matters as the rationality of Soviet agricultural factor pricing, the nature of agricultural returns to scale in the USSR, and the scope of factor substitution in that country. The empirical evidence suggests that Soviet decisions in the sphere of agricultural production, contrary to the conventional wisdom, are well-founded technologically.
Reactive adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on graphite oxide/Zr(OH)4 composites

Zirconium hydroxide/graphite oxide composites with the content of graphite oxide component between 5% and 50% were used as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide from humid air at room temperature. The initial and exhausted materials were characterized using adsorption of nitrogen, infrared spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis. The results indicated enhanced adsorption of H2S on the composites (an increase of about 20% compared to zirconium hydroxide) owing to their increased basicity and formation of specific adsorption centers on the interface between GO and hydrous zirconia. Moreover, taking into account the acidity of zirconium hydroxide surface, there is an indication that hydrogen sulfide reacts with epoxy and carboxylic groups of GO layers forming their thio-derivatives. During the process SO2 was released, which is linked to the oxidation of hydrogen sulfide ions by oxygen from the atmosphere.
Permanent pacemaker therapy in corrected transposition of the great arteries: Analysis of site of lead placement in 40 patients

A retrospective analysis of 58 pacemaker leads in 40 patients with corrected transposition of the great arteries (CTGA) was made to compare the function of endocardial and epicardial leads. Extensive trabeculations of the normal right ventricle are generally thought to be essential for endocardial pacemaker lead stability. Because the systemic venous ventricle in CTGA lacks an extensive trabecular network, there has been concern that transvenous lead placement may result in a high rate of dislodgement. Epicardial leads have been assumed to be more reliable in these patients. Forty-seven epicardial and 11 endocardial leads were placed in 40 patients with CTGA who required permanent pacemaker therapy for symptomatic bradycardia. Of 13 episodes of epicardial lead malfunction in 158 patient-years, 3 were due to lead fracture and 10 to high thresholds. Surgery was required to correct the lead malfunction in 12 instances and thoracotomy was necessary for new lead placement in 6 patients. During 26.2 patient-years, there were 2 episodes of endocardial lead failure due to a high acute threshold and perforation. There were no instances of endocardial lead dislodgement. No association between type of failure and lead design was noted for either endocardial or epicardial leads. Actuarial analysis of survival revealed no significant differences in reliability between endocardial and epicardial leads. Endocardial lead fixation in the systemic venous ventricle in patients with CTGA is adequate to prevent lead dislodgement and preferable to epicardial lead placement because thoracotomy is avoided.
Urticarial Skin Eruption in a Child

REPORT OF A CASE A 5½-year-old boy was admitted to Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pa, for examination of a skin rash associated with fever and scrotal swelling. The patient was well until 6 weeks before admission, when asymptomatic skin eruption and scrotal swelling developed. His pediatrician diagnosed acute urticaria and treated him with a tapering, 10-day course of prednisone, with complete resolution of the skin lesions and scrotal edema. Four days prior to admission, a nocturnal nonproductive cough, fever, decreased appetite, migratory arthralgias, and malaise developed. Therapy with oral amoxicillin was started for acute otitis media. On the day of admission, he complained of scrotal pain associated with recurrence of the skin eruption and scrotal swelling. The child's medical history is significant for asthma. Medications at admission included albuterol, aminophylline, and amoxicillin. On several occasions, the hives developed while the child was taking various theophylline preparations. Results from the physical examination
Treatment Efficacy: Functional Phonological Disorders in Children

This report addresses the efficacy of treatment for functional phonological disorders in children. The definition of phonological disorders and their incidence and prevalence are first presented. The impact of this disorder on the lives of children and the role that speech-language pathologists play in treating this disorder are then discussed. Evidence of the positive outcome of phonological treatment is reviewed, with particular emphasis on treatment procedures that have been deemed effective, the specific effects of these treatments on improving intelligibility, and comparisons between treatments in facilitating improved sound production.
Morphological origin of super toughness in poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polyethylene blends

A compatibilization strategy for poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polyethylene (PE) blends to achieve high toughness is described. Maleic anhydride functionalized styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (MA-g-SEBS) block copolymer at 20 pph was found to produce an intricate multidomain morphology in which the two major components (50% PE, 50% PET) and the compatibilizer coexist on a hierarchal order. A portion of the PET was dispersed as interconnected rodlike domains oriented along the injection direction. The rest of the PET and the PE constituted beadlike nano domains which served as the matrix. The blend at all these morphological levels responded to deformation in a cooperative fashion giving rise to a super tough material. That is, a blend whose elongation at break (600%) was superior to its two major components (90% for PET and 300% for PE). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The prevalence of diabetic cardiomyopathy: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Background Diabetic cardiomyopathy defined as either systolic or diastolic dysfunction in otherwise healthy diabetic persons is not clearly understood. The prevalence and outcomes of this disease in a community-based population have not been defined.
Effect of meniscal loss on knee stability after single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The menisci are known to be important secondary constraints to anterior translation of the tibia in the ACL-deficient knee. The effect of meniscal loss on knee stability as measured by the magnitude of the pivot shift following ACL reconstruction is unknown. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of meniscectomy on knee stability following two single-bundle ACL reconstruction strategies. A mechanized pivot shift was performed on cadaveric specimens in the ACL-intact and ACL-deficient state. Tibiofemoral translation was recorded using a surgical navigation system. The ACL was reconstructed utilizing a nonanatomic graft (n = 10) extending from the posterolateral tibial footprint to the anteromedial femoral footprint, or an anatomic anteromedial single-bundle graft extending from the anteromedial tibial footprint to the anteromedial femoral footprint (n = 10) and testing repeated. The medial or lateral meniscus was sectioned and the examination repeated. The other meniscus was sectioned and the examination subsequently repeated. Lateral compartment translation during the pivot shift was significantly reduced following anatomic ACL reconstruction. In the nonanatomic group, lateral compartment translation increased by 9.1 mm (P < 0.001) after unicomparmental meniscectomy and 11.5 mm (P < 0.001) after bicompartmental meniscectomy. In the anatomic reconstruction group, lateral compartment translation increased by 7.6 mm (P < 0.001) after bicompartmental meniscectomy. With isolated ACL injury, anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction controlled the pivot shift during time zero testing. However, significant increases in lateral compartment translation during the pivot shift are seen following bicompartmental meniscectomy. Nonanatomic ACL reconstruction was less effective in controlling the pivot shift at time zero testing, and significant increases in lateral compartment translation during the pivot shift were seen following both unicomparmental and bicompartmental meniscectomy.
Polarization and asymmetry in the 3He(d, p)4He reaction

Abstract An excellent fit is obtained for the reaction polarization P (θ) for the protons from the reaction 3 He(d, p) 4 He. The proton asymmetry A (θ) is also calculated and agreement to experimental values is found to be good only at large angles.
Interaction of the neu/p185 and EGF receptor tyrosine kinases: Implications for cellular transformation and tumor therapy

Growth factor receptors such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the p185c-neu protein serve vital roles in the transduction of differentiation, developmental, or mitogenic signaling within normal cells. Two methods of analysis suggest that the inappropriately high expression of either protein tyrosine kinase promotes malignant transformation. First, data from in vitro experiments indicate that overexpression of either EGFR or p185c-neu (or the human homolog c-erbB-2) transforms cell-lines. Second, analysis of primary tumors and tumor cell-lines derived from many epithelial tissues (breast, stomach, ovary, and pancreas) show growth factor receptor gene amplification and elevated protein levels. The physical and functional interaction of p185c-neu and EGFR leads to the formation of a highly active, heterodimeric tyrosine kinase complex which synergistically activates cellular transformation. Anti-receptor antibodies have shown potential utility for the down modulation of these cell-surface proteins and suppression of the malignant phenotype. Design of organic antibody “mimetics” based on the structure of antireceptor antibodies may provide useful therapies and biological reagents to affect growth factor receptor function.
Controversy over the use of a coastal state park

Abstract Controversy has long surrounded efforts to develop and provide access to False Cape State Park on southeastern Virginia's Outer Banks. Virginia's State Division of Parks wants to open up the area for greater recreational use, while the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, which controls the principal means of access, seeks to preserve the area in its natural state. A survey of the attitudes of people in southern Tidewater Virginia, conducted in June 1980, revealed that a substantial majority of those questioned wanted to see the Park only minimally developed with few facilities, and access limited to biking and hiking and a public ferry for people only. The survey indicated a high level of support for a conservationist approach to park development and to overall coastal resource management, especially among white respondents and those of higher education levels.
Targeting Democracies: Regime Type and America’s “Aggressively Unilateral” Trade Policy

Objectives. The American trade policy instrument Section 301 authorizes the president to demand changes in foreign state's trade policies and to fortify these demands with threats of sanctions. I examine the economic and political factors that influence the selection of states as targets for Section 301 proceedings. Methods. I develop an argument connecting a state's regime type to the likelihood that it will be targeted under Section 301. Controlling for other relevant factors, democratic states are predicted to have a higher probability of being targeted. I test the hypothesis in a set of regression models on cross-sectional time series data with both targeting incidence and targeting frequency as dependent variables. Results. States with more open and competitive political systems are more likely to be targeted under Section 301. Of the included variables, only a state's regime type and the size of its trade relationship with the United States have consistently significant effects across alternative model specifications. Conclusions. Section 301 plays on the rivalry between protectionist and export-oriented interests by demanding reductions in trade barriers and backing them up with threats directed against export industries. Industries currently favored by protectionist policies have a higher chance of losing such a political contest in a political system more open to interest-group competition. The institutional form of political competition within a state affects the state's response to international pressure on trade policy.
Sexually dimorphic distribution of a galanin-like peptide in the central nervous system of the teleost fish Poecilia latipinna.

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to visualize areas of the brain and spinal cord containing a galaninlike peptide in the teleost fish, the sailfin molly. Galaninlike immunoreactivity (GAL-LI) in both males and females was identified in neurons in the nucleus preopticus periventricularis, nucleus lateralis tuberis, and nucleus commissuralis. GAL-LI fibers had a comparable distribution in the forebrain, preoptic, hypothalamic, and visceral sensory areas of both sexes. In striking contrast to these areas, the optic tectum, torus semicircular is, brainstem tegmentum, and spinal cord of the male contained much higher levels of GAL-LI than the female. GAL-LI in these dimorphic areas in the female was limited to single fiber bundles in the ventromedial tegmentum and in the trigeminal system. Additionally, a population of neurons in the preoptic nucleus was found to contain GAL-LI in the male only. Sexual dimorphism was especially prominent in the spinal cord, where extensive GAL-LI fibers were found in the male only. These fibers were oriented in the longitudinal plane and confined largely to the gray matter. Comparative studies were performed on the goldfish spinal cord, in which GAL-LI was localized solely in the dorsal horn and exhibited no sexual dimorphism. Further, examination of spinal cord material from neonatal mollies revealed a lack of spinal GAL-LI at this developmental stage. As the extent of GAL-LI in the male molly spinal cord differs from both the goldfish and from that reported for the mammalian spinal cord, and a prominent sexual dimorphism in GAL-LI extends from the diencephalon to the caudal spinal cord, it is suggested that a galaninlike peptide may play a unique, sex-specific role in this species.
Mott transition in modulated lattices and parent insulator of (K,Tl)(y)Fe(x)Se(2) superconductors.

The degree of electron correlations remains a central issue in the iron-based superconductors. The parent iron pnictides are antiferromagnetic, and their bad-metal behavior has been interpreted in terms of proximity to a Mott transition. We study such a transition in multiorbital models on modulated lattices containing an ordered pattern of iron vacancies, using a slave-rotor method. We show that the ordered vacancies lead to a band narrowing, which pushes the system to the Mott insulator side. This effect is proposed to underlie the insulating behavior observed in the parent compounds of the newly discovered $(\mathrm{K},\mathrm{Tl}{)}_{y}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ superconductors.
Initial management of the trauma patient

Critical care specialists should be familiar with the initial management of injured patients. Dividing the evaluation and treatment of the patient into the primary, secondary, and tertiary surveys ensures that the multiply injured patient will be managed expeditiously. The primary survey identifies the acute life-threatening problems that must be managed immediately. The secondary survey identifies the remaining major injuries and sets priorities for definitive management. The tertiary survey identifies occult injuries before they become missed injuries.
Protein Immobilization in Metal–Organic Frameworks by Covalent Binding

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), possessing a well defined system of pores, demonstrate extensive potential serving as a platform in biological catalysis. Successful immobilization of enzymes in a MOF system retains the enzymatic activity, renders the active site more accessible to the substrate, and promises recyclability for reuse, and solvent adaptability in a broad range of working conditions. This highlight describes enzyme immobilization on MOFs via covalent binding and its significance.
Use of calcium channel antagonists in myocardial revascularization procedures

Calcium channel antagonists possess a number of properties that may be beneficial after revascularization procedures. Therefore, we present an overview of the use of these drugs after percutaneous intervention in the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT), and compare the results in CAVEAT with those in published randomized trials. Also reviewed are the use of calcium channel antagonists to control perioperative hypertension, reduce myocardial necrosis, and prevent arrhythmias during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Crenarchaeal Arginine Decarboxylase Evolved from an S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase Enzyme

The crenarchaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus uses arginine to produce putrescine for polyamine biosynthesis. However, genome sequences from S. solfataricus and most crenarchaea have no known homologs of the previously characterized pyridoxal 5′-phosphate or pyruvoyl-dependent arginine decarboxylases that catalyze the first step in this pathway. Instead they have two paralogs of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC). The gene at locus SSO0585 produces an AdoMetDC enzyme, whereas the gene at locus SSO0536 produces a novel arginine decarboxylase (ArgDC). Both thermostable enzymes self-cleave at conserved serine residues to form amino-terminal β-domains and carboxyl-terminal α-domains with reactive pyruvoyl cofactors. The ArgDC enzyme specifically catalyzed arginine decarboxylation more efficiently than previously studied pyruvoyl enzymes. α-Difluoromethylarginine significantly reduced the ArgDC activity of purified enzyme, and treating growing S. solfataricus cells with this inhibitor reduced the cells' ratio of spermidine to norspermine by decreasing the putrescine pool. The crenarchaeal ArgDC had no AdoMetDC activity, whereas its AdoMetDC paralog had no ArgDC activity. A chimeric protein containing the β-subunit of SSO0536 and the α-subunit of SSO0585 had ArgDC activity, implicating residues responsible for substrate specificity in the amino-terminal domain. This crenarchaeal ArgDC is the first example of alternative substrate specificity in the AdoMetDC family. ArgDC activity has evolved through convergent evolution at least five times, demonstrating the utility of this enzyme and the plasticity of amino acid decarboxylases.
Local interneuron diversity in the primary olfactory center of the moth Manduca sexta

Local interneurons (LNs) play important roles in shaping and modulating the activity of output neurons in primary olfactory centers. Here, we studied the morphological characteristics, odor responses, and neurotransmitter content of LNs in the antennal lobe (AL, the insect primary olfactory center) of the moth Manduca sexta. We found that most LNs are broadly tuned, with all LNs responding to at least one odorant. 70% of the odorants evoked a response, and 22% of the neurons responded to all the odorants tested. Some LNs showed excitatory (35%) or inhibitory (33%) responses only, while 33% of the neurons showed both excitatory and inhibitory responses, depending on the odorant. LNs that only showed inhibitory responses were the most responsive, with 78% of the odorants evoking a response. Neurons were morphologically diverse, with most LNs innervating almost all glomeruli and others innervating restricted portions of the AL. 61 and 39% of LNs were identified as GABA-immunoreactive (GABA-ir) and non-GABA-ir, respectively. We found no correlations between odor responses and GABA-ir, neither between morphology and GABA-ir. These results show that, as observed in other insects, LNs are diverse, which likely determines the complexity of the inhibitory network that regulates AL output.
Three-dimensional spheroid cultures of human prostate cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND. Many of the available human prostate cancer (PC) cell lines have lost androgen sensitivity and no longer secrete prostate-specific proteins after serial culturing in cell monolayers. Three-dimensional spheroid cultures have been found to better mimic the in vivo phenotypes of several nonprostatic cell lines. METHODS. We analyzed seven PC cell lines to determine if spheroid culturing results in greater sensitivity to androgens and 1a,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3) with regards to their growth, differentiation, and apoptotic potential. RESULTS. Only PC-3 cells showed greater sensitivity to the growth-inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3, while ALVA-31 showed a diminished response. The regulation of prostatespecific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase remained unchanged. However, these studies provided several unique findings not observed in cell monolayers. First, three basic spheroid morphologies were observed with varying degrees of intercellular adhesions. Secondly, the cell lines that formed the tightest spheroids consistently grew at the slowest rates, regardless of their growth rate in monolayers. Lastly, 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment of ALVA-31 and PPC-1 spheroids greatly reduced intercellular adhesions, and rendered ALVA-31 spheroids resistant to apoptotic induction by Fas ligand expressed via a recombinant adenoviral construct. CONCLUSIONS. Our results suggest that spheroid cultures of human PC cells may provide unique insights regarding cell adhesion and apoptotic potential that are diminished or absent in monolayer cultures. Prostate 41:154‐165, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms of granule-mediated cytotoxicity

The members of Judy Lieberman’s laboratory study cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their role in antiviral immunity. In addition to deciphering the cell death pathway induced by granzyme A, they are interested in how CD8þ T-cell function is regulated, especially in the setting of chronic infection and with a particular emphasis on HIV. They also try to apply their understanding to immunotherapy and vaccine development. More recently, they have been investigating the potential of harnessing RNA interference for treating human disease. Abbreviations CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte NK natural killer TCR T-cell receptor
A Postscript to the Asian Financial Crisis: The Fragile International Economic Order

This article situates the East Asian financial/economic crisis among other key economic events of the post-Cold-War world, assessing its significance alongside that of America's extraordinary economic growth in the 1990s and the collapse of the 1999 World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle. According to the author, the financial crisis could not have been avoided merely by removing national governments and international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund from markets. Such faith in unregulated markets is based on the incorrect assumption that investors are rational, as well as on the anomalous experience of the United States in the 1990s. While the US economy did improve markedly over the last decade, this growth was not due to unfettered capitalism, but rather to idiosyncratic aspects of the economy, such as a high borrowing rate. Gilpin points out that the end of this economic growth, alongside the protectionist impulses exhibited at the Seattle meeting, has contributed to a move aw...
Pressure-Flow Relationships for DistributionSystem Connections

The suggested practice of using single point test data to construct a “straight line” (i.e., hydraulically scaled) water supply plot is investigated herein. It is shown that this widely used practice may lead to large errors in determining the available pressure at a connection for a design flow condition. It is further shown that using a second test point to construct a quadratic water supply plot can produce far better accuracy. Inaccurate plots of the available pressures can lead to erroneous fire flow predictions and improperly designed fire protection sprinkler systems. This raises safety concerns in addition to poorly designed facilities.
Tunable photonic crystals enable new optical physics and devices

We show that tunable photonic band gap materials offer new opportunities for device applications. Optical switches or sensors that are far more compact and sensitive, for instance, can be constructed when we introduce either optical or mechanical tunability into photonic crystal structures. Furthermore, when we tune the photonic crystal while a photon is inside the crystal, the crystal can exhibit qualitatively different optical physics effects. As a particularly exciting example, we show that light can in fact be completely stopped in a tunable photonic crystal, and the conventional delay bandwidth product limit in resonator optics can be completely overcome.
Digestibility of chopped oat silage preserved with zinc bacitracin fed to cattle and sheep.

Summary Chopped oat silage preserved with Silotracin (zinc bacitracin) was compared to a control oat silage without a preservative in a conventional total collection type digestion trial using both cattle and sheep. The percentage dry matter, protein, nitrogen-free extract, and ash content were higher in the Silotracin-treated silage than in the control silage, whereas the percentage of ether extract, crude fiber, and calories of gross energy content was lower. The Silotracin-treated oat silage contained 12% more crude protein and 11% less crude fiber than the untreated silage. Protein digestibility was significantly greater (P
The age distribution of galactic cosmic rays

The general solution for the distribution of ages for primary galactic cosmic rays is given for a class of steady-state, bounded models of cosmic-ray diffusion in the Galaxy. Both one-and threedimensional models are considered, with point sources and distributed sources. In all models, the age distribution, is approximately exponential for ages longer than the average age, although for shorter ages the distribution depends on the details of the model. The leaky-box model, with an exponential age distribution, is thus a good approximation to most diffusive models. It is shown that one-dimensional (‘disk’) models are consistent with both age and anisotropy data for galactic cosmic rays regardless of whether production takes place near the galactic center or throughout the disk.
Reliability growth via testing

Observed data values are typically assumed to come from an infinite population of items in reliability and survival analysis applications. The case of a finite population of items with exponentially distributed lifetimes is considered here. The data set consists of the lifetimes of a large number of items that are known to have exponentially distributed failure times with a failure rate that is known with high precision. Failure of the items is not self-announcing, as is the case with a smoke detector. A significant fraction of the items are sampled periodically, and the items that have failed are repaired to a like-new condition with respect to their survival distribution. The goal is to assess the impact of this periodic sampling and repair on the overall finite population reliability over time.
An analysis of the bounds for the Gini coefficient

Abstract The bounds on the Gini coefficient obtained by Gastwirth for the case of grouped data are considered. While the population bounds will always include the value of the population Gini coefficient and the estimated bounds will always include a suitably chosen estimate of the Gini coefficient, estimated bounds need not include the value of the population Gini coefficient. The distributions of the estimators of the bounds are considered and it is shown that a failure to take account of sampling variation can lead to very misleading results. In fact, increasing the number of income groups used tends to decrease the difference between the bounds, but the relative frequency with which the estimated bounds includes the population Gini coefficient decreases. The relationship between sample size, the nature of income groups and estimator precision is considered.
Prospects for very-high-statistics fixed-target charm

I review the physical goals of an ultrahigh-statistics charm experiment and place them in the broader context of the community’s efforts to study the Standard Model and search for New Physics. Such an experiment presents a variety of technical challenges; some of these are noted. In addition, we will find it useful to review the status of existing, planned, and proposed heavy-flavor experiments.
Development of a Steady Vortex Generator Jet in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

The development of a vortex generator jet within a turbulent boundary layer was studied by the particle image velocimetry method. Jet velocities ranging from one to three times greater than the freestream velocity were examined. The jet was pitched 45 deg and skewed 90 deg with respect to the surface and flow direction, respectively. The velocity field in planes normal to the freestream was measured at four stations downstream of the jet exit. The jet created a pair of streamwise vortices, one of which was stronger and dominated the flow field
Focus‐group interviewing: New strategies for business and industry

Academic efforts in evaluation and research have contributed to focus-group methodology, thereby helping business and industry to use focus groups for more than marketing research.
The eigenstrain method for small defects in a lattice

Abstract The eigenstrain (eigendistortion) method is used in the lattice theory to analyze the disturbance caused by the defects in a lattice. The equilibrium equations for the atoms are derived through the use of lattice theory, and the harmonic assumption for the potential energy is used for the derivation. The eigenstrain (eigendistortion) is used to model the defects, which could have a complicated shape. The results are compared with the results obtained from the elasticity theory. A simple cubic model is used to model the structure of the lattice. The Green function is obtained from the equilibrium equation by using the discretized Fourier transformation method. Therefore, the disturbance caused by the defects in the infinite lattice can be analyzed by the summation of the Green function with the strength of the eigendistortion. The problem for the defects in the thin film is solved. The thin film is coated on a substratum and bound by a free surface on the other end. The substratum is assumed to be rigid. The result is compared with the result for the same defect in the infinite lattice. The comparison indicates that the effect of the boundaries of the thin film is important.
Vacuum Thermionic Energy Conversion Based on Nanocrystalline Diamond Films

Vacuum thermionic energy conversion achieves direct conversion of heat into electrical energy. The process involves thermionic electron emission from a hot surface and collection of the electrons on a cold surface where the two surfaces are separated by a small vacuum gap. Results are presented which indicate that nanocrystalline diamond films could lead to highly efficient thermionic energy conversion at temperatures less that 700°C. A critical element of the process is obtaining a stable, low work function surface for thermionic emission. Results are presented which establish that N-doped diamond films with a negative electron affinity can exhibit a barrier to emission of less than 1.6 eV. Films can be deposited onto field enhancing structures to achieve an even lower effective work function. Alternatively, nanocrystalline diamond films prepared with S doping exhibit field enhanced thermionic emission and an effective work function of ~1.9 eV. The field enhanced structures can reduce the effect of space charge and allow a larger vacuum gap. The possibility of a low temperature nanocrystalline diamond based thermionic energy conversion system is presented.
Dreams of economic transformation and the reality of economic crisis in Japan: Keidanren in the era of the ‘bubble’ and the onset of the ‘lost decade,’ from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s

This study examines the dynamics of the development of Japan's notorious ‘lost decade’ from 1990–2003. This economic downturn marked the end of four decades of strong economic growth and is still affecting the Japanese economy today. While previous studies have focused on government policies to explain the nation's slow response to this crisis, the attitudes of the Japanese business community merit more attention. For example, the leaders of Keidanren, the powerful representative of big business in Japan, defined a set of economic challenges facing Japan in the late 1980s and neoliberal solutions that blinded them to the significance of the economic bubble that developed at that time and its subsequent collapse. Since then, Keidanren's prescriptions for reviving the Japanese economy have remained essentially the same.
Detection of a Unilateral Mucinous Borderline Ovarian Tumor With Sonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Various modalities of diagnostic imaging have been proven to be adequate in the characterization and diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms. This case study investigates a unique form of mucinous borderline ovarian tumor consisting of both intestinal and Mullerian types. Borderline tumors are considered an intermediate form of neoplasm between the benign and malignant form. Shortly after sonographic and magnetic resonance imaging, the large tumor was removed and the patient was determined to have an excellent prognosis. The utilization of sonography in diagnosing this tumor is discussed, demonstrating the significance of the technology.
Rediscovering the Color Line within Work Organizations: The `Knitting of Racial Groups' Revisited

Although American sociology has long been concerned with racial and ethnic inequality within work organizations, this traditional strength has languished in recent years. Few ethnographic studies h...
Corporate restructurings: ripple effects on corporate philanthropy

Corporate restructurings, by their very nature, are inherently disrupting. With managerial discretion potentially curtailed, the ripple effects of restructurings are likely to be widespread and long-lasting. This paper examines one ripple effect of corporate restructurings: the effects of donations from corporate philanthropic foundations after acquisitions. By extending the business strategy merger and acquisition (M&A) literature to include philanthropic activities and applying the corporate citizenship literature to an M&A context, the author creates a model and tests hypotheses. Simultaneous examination of the impacts of corporate citizenship and business strategy is warranted in today's research on corporate restructurings, since larger acquisitions are occurring more frequently, and acquisitions have the potential to adversely affect large numbers of individuals. As ever-larger firms consolidate, with record-breaking merger announcements, the potential for increased scrutiny by the media, shareholders, anti-trust officials and salient stake-holders is heightened. These findings, contrary to predictions, suggest that corporate philanthropy increases during the first year after an acquisition within the same industry. Moreover, the increase is sustained. Philanthropic donations continue to increase three years after acquisitions within the same industry. Implications for public affairs executives is examined. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications