cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proactive route maintenance in wireless ad hoc networks

This paper presents a new routing scheme for wireless ad hoc networks that provides fresh routing information along active routes with affordable cost. The proposed routing mechanism, called proactive route maintenance (PRM), is used to replace the naive route mechanism in existing reactive (on-demand) routing protocols to improve reliability and reduce route discovery cost. The assumption behind PRM is the communication locality, i.e., most data packets are transported along a few active routes. Data packets are forwarded via multiple optimal paths to meet certain QoS requirements, such as fault tolerance and load balance. Routing information is disseminated along active routes and advertised only by active nodes that forward data packets. Alternative paths are dynamically discovered and maintained by active nodes and their 1-hop neighbors (called passive nodes). The routing overhead in passive nodes is light. PRM maintains reliable end-to-end connections in dynamic networks with low overhead, and has the desirable properties including high delivery ratio, low latency, fair load distribution, self-healing, and self-optimization.
Associations of race with depression and symptoms in patients on maintenance haemodialysis

Background. Although studies have shown that African American haemodialysis patients report better overall quality of life than Whites, racial differences in depression and symptom burden remain less well characterized. The aim of this study was to compare these domains between African American and White patients on chronic haemodialysis. Methods. We surveyed African American and White maintenance haemodialysis patients. Depression was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Cognitive Depression Index (CDI). Symptoms were evaluated using the Dialysis Symptom Index (DSI). Results. Among the 82 Whites and 78 African Americans enrolled, there were no racial differences in the prevalence of depression (27% in African Americans vs 27% in Whites, P ¼ 1.0), BDI Scores (11.2 vs 10.9, P ¼ 0.6) or CDI scores (6.0 vs 6.0, P ¼ 0.9). Symptom burden was substantial in both African Americans and Whites (median number of symptoms 8.5 and 9.0, respectively) with no racial differences in the overall burden or severity of symptoms. However, based on a single item, African Americans were more likely to describe their religious/ spiritual beliefs as ‘very important’. Adjustment for demographic and treatment characteristics had no impact on the associations of race with depression or symptoms. Conclusions. Depression and symptoms are highly prevalent in both African American and White haemodialysis patients, without racial differences in these health-related domains. In exploratory analyses, spiritual/religious beliefs appear to be of greater importance to African Americans. The relevance of these observations to the advantages in quality of life and survival among African Americans on haemodialysis warrants further investigation.
Cytotoxic effects of a recombinant chimeric toxin on rapidly proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUNDRestenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty is associated with activation of medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs); they proliferate, migrate to the subintima, and narrow the vessel lumen. Cancer cells often express more cell surface receptors than do normal cells. This has allowed tumor cells to be specifically targeted using cytotoxic agents. We have examined whether a similar concept can be applied to rapidly proliferating but nontransformed SMCs. Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE; MW, 66 kDa) is a potent toxin that kills cells by inhibiting protein synthesis; its toxicity is diminished when its cell recognition domain is deleted to produce a 40-kDa protein (PE40).METHODS AND RESULTSA complementary DNA encoding transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) was ligated to that encoding PE40 and the chimeric toxin TGF alpha-PE40, which is cytotoxic to cancer cells displaying epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The ability of this toxin to kill proli...
Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia

Context.—Developed in conjunction with molecular and progression data, the sequence classification schema for endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN)/benign hyperplasia (BH) provides an easy to adopt and reproducible method for classification of endometrial biopsies. Objective.—To review current data supporting the use of BH/EIN to classify endometrial biopsies, and to discuss the hormone-driven endometrial sequence from anovulation/disordered proliferative endometrium through BH and EIN and their diagnostic difficulty. Data Sources.—A comprehensive review of EIN literature based on literature indexed by PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and Google Scholar. Conclusions.—The BH/EIN schema is gaining wider acceptance among pathologist and clinicians. The research leading to the EIN criteria is based on molecular and progression data. The BH/EIN schema has better reproducibility among pathologists, is intuitively easy to use, and requires understanding of endometrial physiology and neoplasia.
WORKING WIVES REDUCE SOCIAL SECURITY REPLACEMENT RATES

The general perception is that the Social Security program expanded significantly in the 1970s and today benefits are much higher relative to pre-retirement earnings than they were prior to that expansion. Indeed, the Social Security Trustees Report shows that the replacement rate benefits as a percent of pre-retirement earnings for the average worker rose from about 30 percent in 1970 to about 40 percent in 1980, where it remains today. Most people, however, retire as married couples, sharing and replacing a common household income. Thus, to understand the role of Social Security in the nation's retirement income system, it thus is crucial to consider the replacement rate of couples as opposed to single individuals and how that rate has changed over time. Indeed, the increasing labor force participation of married women has led to a significant reduction in the replacement rates for couples. Combining the rising replacement rates for individual workers with the declining replacement rates for couples shows the 1970s expansion of Social Security to be less dramatic than generally thought...
Species Interaction Mechanisms Maintain Grassland Plant Species Diversity

Development of theory has outpaced experimental tests for most maintenance of diversity mechanisms. Here we demonstrate how data from biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments can be used to determine the mechanisms that maintain plant species diversity. We hypothesized that grassland plant diversity is maintained by two classes of mechanisms: (1) equalizing mechanisms, which reduce asymmetric competition by reducing differences in monoculture biomass production among species in mixture, and (2) species interaction mechanisms, which increase overyielding by increasing niche partitioning and facilitation among species in mixture. Specifically, equalizing mechanisms reduce the coefficient of variation in monoculture biomass production among species in mixture. Species interaction mechanisms increase species overyielding in mixture, especially for low-biomass species. We tested these predictions with a seven-year data set from an experiment that varied grassland plant species evenness and richness. We used path analysis to model effects of these mechanisms on annual and multiyear changes in diversity. We found that diversity was frequently maintained by species interaction mechanisms and was infrequently maintained by equalizing mechanisms. Species interaction mechanisms maintained diversity by allowing the species that produced the least biomass in monoculture to benefit the most from species interactions in mixture. Equalizing mechanisms infrequently maintained diversity because asymmetric competition infrequently resulted in competitive exclusion. We propose that this mechanistic framework be used to better understand the specific processes that influence diversity.
INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTIVITY AMONG FAMILY MEMBERS.

In a study of 55 family triads, interpersonal perceptivity among members was investigated in terms of the individual's ability to guess the rejecting behavior of the other two family members. The hypothesis that interpersonal perceptibility is greater in children than in adults is corroborated. The results suggest that empathy may be a relationship event, and greater within normal than abnormal families.
Determination of a new biomarker in subjects exposed to 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate

4,4′-Methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is the most important of the isocyanates used as intermediates in the chemical industry. Among the main types of damage after exposure to low levels of MDI are lung sensitization and asthma. Albumin adducts of MDI might be involved in the etiology of sensitization reactions. This work presents a liquid chromatography (LC)–mass spectrometry (MS/MS) procedure for determination of isocyanate-specific albumin adducts in humans. MDI formed adducts with lysine of albumin: MDI–Lys and AcMDI–Lys. The MDI–Lys levels, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th percentile, were 0, 65.2, 134, 244 fmol mg−1 and 0, 30.5, 57.4, 95.8 fmol mg−1 in the exposed construction and factory workers, respectively. This new biomonitoring procedure will allow assessment of suspected exposure sources and may contribute to the identification of individuals who are particularly vulnerable for developing bronchial asthma and other respiratory diseases after exposure to isocyanates.
The Mediterranean diet: Does it have to cost more?

Rising rates of obesity worldwide have been linked to the growing consumption of energy-dense foods, many of which are increasingly nutrient poor1. Refined grains, added sugars, and added fats have become the staple foods of industrialized nations2. Developing nations undergoing nutrition transition also replace the traditional plant-based diets with more simple sugars and more added fats3. Such energy-dense foods, high in fats, sugars and sodium, have the advantage of being good-tasting, affordable, and convenient. Providing dietary energy at very low cost, they are preferentially consumed by lower income groups. The new diets tend to be energy-dense, supplying more energy, but fewer nutrients per gram4. The Mediterranean countries have not been spared by such dietary trends. Longitudinal analyses show that the diet of the Mediterranean nations has become much higher in both sugar and fat and more homogeneous than it was in the 1960’s5. Children’s body weight and health may have been adversely affected: data from the International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) show that childhood obesity rates were higher in Mediterranean countries as compared to northern Europe6. One might ask what happened to the Mediterranean diet and its protective effects on health. The traditional Mediterranean diet was rich in grains, plant foods, and fish, with limited amounts of red meat. However, foods that were once inexpensive now cost much more. The Mediterranean diet has come to be viewed, at times, as a high-cost option for the elite, especially when transplanted from its rustic roots to an urban North American setting7. Yet it might become a potential cultural model for low-energy-density diets everywhere. The present analyses explored the interrelations between energy density, nutrient density and the energy cost of foods and food groups said to be characteristic of the Mediterranean diet. The goal was to resolve a common dilemma. Foods with most nutrients and least energy tend to be the most expensive, at least on a per unit of energy (MJ, kcal) basis. As food prices rise (or the food budget shrinks), the first items dropped from the diet are the most costly and most healthful options: high quality proteins, meat and fish, vegetables and fruit. Energy-dense refined grains, sugars and fat remain to fill hungry stomachs8,9. Lower cost, yet nutritious options are rarely considered, partly because their use can violate social norms. With a few exceptions, pulses, legumes, nuts, dried fruit and canned fish are not a part of mainstream American diet. By contrast, they can be easily incorporated within a Mediterranean eating pattern. The Mediterranean diet provides a ready-made mechanism to include many such low-cost yet nutritious foods within a perfectly acceptable social and gastronomic framework. High-quality nutrition and high social acceptability might be the two advantages of the new Mediterranean diet.
Marketing Credit/Mortgage Services in Under Served Markets: a Public Policy Perspective

This article explores the underlying factors in lending disparities in an attempt to provide some insights and explanations for the phenomenal disparities in lending and credit marketing to White, African American and Latino consumers. The main objective of this article is to explore the possibility that economics and not racial discrimination may underlie the disparity. Secondly, it is argued that public policy inertia may have inadvertently contributed to the problem. Thus, another important contribution of this article is to focus attention on the underlying reasons for lending disparities among African Americans, Latinos and Whites by examining income distribution, age factors, etc. A more ambitious objective of this article is to contribute to the ongoing public policy debate on the social responsibility of financial institutions in marketing of credit and mortgage services to under-served consumers. The significance of this issue to lenders, public policy makers, and other interest groups is an important marketing challenge that will gain increasing currency. African Americans now represent about $300 billion in annual purchasing power, Hispanics, over $100 billion, and Asians have more than doubled their purchasing power in the last decade. Asians and Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic groups in the last decade. Thus it would defy logic to ignore these market segments. No marketer including banks and other financial institutions can afford to alienate these market segments through insensitive marketing efforts such as discriminatory lending practices. If banks are not fully responsible for lending disparities and mortgage inequities then who is?
Genome Sequences of Oblitimonas alkaliphila gen. nov. sp. nov. (Proposed), a Novel Bacterium of the Pseudomonadaceae Family.

ABSTRACT Results obtained through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic testing of eight related, but unidentified, isolates located in a historical collection at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggested that these isolates belong to a novel genera of bacteria. The genomes of the bacteria, to be named Oblitimonas alkaphilia gen. nov. sp. nov., were sequenced using Illumina technology. Closed genomes were produced for all eight isolates.
BRAF mutant colorectal cancer as a distinct subset of colorectal cancer: clinical characteristics, clinical behavior, and response to targeted therapies

Despite new and more effective cytotoxic chemotherapy, limitations to conventional agents have been reached in a subset of patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). The identification of novel prognostic and predictive biomarkers to guide individualized treatment plans is critical to overcoming therapeutic resistance. Mutation of the BRAF proto-oncogene is linked to a variety of cancers and is increasingly being used as a prognostic tool and therapeutic target. This paper is a comprehensive review of the literature that summarizes the clinical, pathologic, and molecular features of BRAF mutated CRC that support the hypothesis that BRAF mutant cancers represent a distinct subset of CRC with its own clinical implications with regard to prognosis, treatments and emerging therapeutic strategies.
Probing Topological Superconductors with Sound Waves

A new method is introduced for probing Topological Superconductors. The integration of the superconding fermions generates a topological $\mathbf{Chern-Simons}$ sound action . Dislocations induce Majorana zero modes inside the sample, resulting in a new Hamiltonian which couple the Majorana modes, the electron field and the non-Abelian strain field sound. This Hamiltonian is used to compute the anomalous sound absorption. The Topological superconductor absorbs sound below the superconducting gap due to the transition between the quasi particles and the Majorana fermions. The sound waves offers a new tool for detecting Majorana fermions.
TGFβ and activin A control regulatory T cells in irradiated tumors

Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ) and activin A (actA) are members of the TGFβ superfamily and display overlapping biological activities, including the ability to promote the conversion of conventional CD4 T cells to regulatory T cells (Tregs). We have recently shown that in situ vaccination by local tumor irradiation is hindered by activation of latent TGFβ (Vanpouille-Box et al., Cancer Res 2015). Intriguingly, while TGFβ blockade enhanced activation of dendritic cells and T cell priming, it did increase rather than reduce intratumoral Tregs. Because there is evidence that actA and TGFβ pathway cross-regulate each other, we tested the hypothesis that upregulation of actA by RT in the presence of TGFβ blockade may be responsible for the observed Tregs increase within the tumor. Secretion of actA by untreated and irradiated 4T1 tumor cells was quantified by ELISA. 4T1 derivatives with conditional actA knockdown (4T1shActA) or non-silencing control (4T1shNS) were engineered using inducible tetracycline plasmids and injected s.c. in BALB/c mice (day 0). ActA gene knockdown was induced by doxycyline at day 8. TGFβ neutralizing 1D11 or isotype control antibodies were given i.p. every other day starting on day 12. RT was delivered to the primary tumor in 6Gy fractions on five consecutive days starting at day 13. Mice were followed for tumor growth or euthanized at day 22 for analysis. RT significantly increased actA secretion by 4T1 cells (pActA gene expression was upregulated in irradiated 4T1-tumors but was significantly higher in mice treated with 1D11 and RT+1D11. Neither in vivo 1D11 nor ActA gene knockdown by themselves affected tumor growth. However, each intervention significantly improved tumor control achieved by RT. TGFβ blockade in mice bearing irradiated 4T1shActA-tumors did not further improve tumor control but did significantly increase IFNΥ production by CD8+ T cells in response to a tumor-specific antigen. Surprisingly, inhibiting TGFβ or actA increased intratumoral Tregs. The increase in Tregs induced by RT was markedly larger in the presence of 1D11 or actA knockdown. In marked contrast, when both TGFβ and actA were inhibited Tregs numbers significantly decreased below baseline in irradiated tumors (Control: 11.6%; 1D11: 26.2%, shActA: 21%; 1D11+shActA: 13.6%; RT: 15.7%; RT+1D11: 27.5%; RT+shActA: 30.3%; RT+1D11+shActA: 7.9% of Tregs). These data suggest a complex regulation of Tregs in the tumor by TGFβ and actA. Combined blockade of TGFβ and actA during RT may be required to optimize activation of anti-tumor T cells induced by RT.
Firms' Opaqueness and Corporate Cash Holdings

Although existing theories predict a causal link between informational frictions in financial markets and a firm's choice of asset liquidity, the lack of an exogenous and clean measure of informational frictions hinders the precise identification of this link. Using the discontinuous requirement of financial reporting introduced by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we identify a causal effect of informational frictions on the holding of liquid assets. By employing the cash ratio as a measure of corporate liquidity, we show that firms that comply with Section 404 and provide more reliable information to the financial markets reduce their holding of liquid assets compared to observationally similar firms. In the cross-section, the reduction in the cash ratio is more pronounced among firms that face financial constraints and have weaker governance. This is consistent with the fact that such firms incur a high opportunity cost for funds and is consistent with the view that SOX reduces agency conflicts through increased controls. Finally, firms that comply with Section 404 and hold less cash exhibit higher R&D expenditures relative to non-compliant firms. This difference sheds light on the opportunity costs of holding cash.
From strings to things

Purpose – This paper aims to explore current developments in the semantic Web and the role libraries can play in exposing institutional and bibliographic content using linked data and unique identifier systems. Design/methodology/approach – This is a regular journal column. Findings – There are many ways in which libraries can contribute to the scholarly community through the description as well as traditional authority control work flow to integrate research and bibliographic content with the larger semantic Web. Originality/value – The theory behind linked data is commencing to have a more pronounced impact on the way the Web operates. Major players including publishers and commercial entities are contributing to the semantic Web through partnerships with the wider Internet community as well as data providers such as Universities. Given the open nature of many of these systems as well as consortial participation, this is an opportune time for libraries to contribute to these efforts in service of their constituencies.
Radiologic Evaluation for Postoperative Groin Pain

Evaluation of chronic groin pain after herniorrhaphy is a difficult task that requires appropriate imaging evaluation: ideally, magnetic resonance with dynamic Valsalva sequences. Inguinodynia has been linked to mesh-based repair of hernias. This chapter discusses the various mesh-related complications that can act as generators of chronic pain, as well as their imaging features.
Firm Performance in Dynamic Environments: The Role of Operational Slack and Operational Flexibility

Prior research has found mixed results on the benefits from operational slack and operational flexibility. This study attempts to reconcile these discrepancies by additionally considering two subco...
Honesty at a Motor Vehicle Bureau: An Informal Look

Personal honesty is generally scudied using secondary techniques, such as u n o b trusive measures, simulation methods, and scenario response-reaction procedures. Although perhaps not as structured or controlled, integrity can also be scrutinized directly in primary field situations. Using such an approach, the veracity of people taking vision tests at a suburban district office of the New York State Motor Vehicle Bureau was noted. The established processing entailed the applicants having to step back from the counter at which their forms were being checked, to a position behind a line painted on the floor. From this location they were required to read a group of letters on an eye chart located on the wall behind the counter. Because of the heavy and continuous flow of people being processed, about the best the clerks could do was to ascertain that there was a backward movement toward the line. Consequently, the applicants were free to take any one of three positions: in front of the line, on the line, or in back of the line. From a' suitable vantage point 200 observations were made, using 8 convenience samples of 25 citings, over a 2-mo. period. The following results were noted: 119 people stood behind the line, 49 on the line, and 32 in front of the line. These findings suggest, classifying only those taking up a position behind the line to have opted to comply with the instruction, about a 60% probity level. This result contrasts with lost letter judgements ( 1 ) of about 31% when considered on a somewhat similar geographical region basis and approximately 4 4 % on a city-size base; a dropped-coin finding ( 2 ) of around 62% in a municipality; and, response in an hypothetical situation in a large government organization ( 3 ) near the 39% level. T h ~ s array of findings is of particular interest when coupled with the fact that 3 sizeable scgment of the sample in this inquiry, approximately 24%, opted for an alternative nor normally available in studies of this topic, the ability to select a position between "honest" and "dishonest." Hence, it may well be reasonable to assume that a portion of the differences noted in inquiries on honesty can be accounted for by the presence of a straddle group which fragments for accommodation, in accordance with personal sirnational perceptions, in the presence of explicit or implicit either/or response formats.
The Incidence, Valuation, and Management of Tax-Related Reputational Costs:Evidence from Negative Media Attention During Periods Characterized by High Scrutiny of Corporate Tax Avoidance

In this study, we examine the incidence, valuation and management of tax-related reputational costs during the window surrounding the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement, a period characterized by heightened awareness and scrutiny of corporate tax avoidance. We report four main results. First, consistent with firms incurring tax-related reputational costs, we find that tax avoidance is positively associated with negative news media sentiment during the period surrounding the Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement. Second, consistent with tax-related reputational costs resulting in negative valuation consequences, we find that (1) firm value, measured using Tobin’s q, is negatively associated with tax avoidance during the OWS period and (2) a hedge portfolio long (short) in firms exhibiting low (high) levels of tax avoidance generates significant positive abnormal returns during the OWS window. Third, consistent with firms taking actions to manage potential tax-related reputational damage, we find that firms experiencing the largest reputational costs during the OWS window exhibit higher tax rates in the following year. Fourth, to provide assurance that our results are due to reputational costs and not political costs, we re-estimate our analyses after excluding firms operating in politically-sensitive industries and find that all inferences hold. We provide some of the first large sample evidence of tax-related reputational costs and how these costs vary with public perception of tax avoidance.
CRISPR Outsourcing: Commissioning IHF for Site-Specific Integration of Foreign DNA at the CRISPR Array.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Nunez et al. (2016) report that site-specific integration of foreign DNA into CRISPR loci by the Cas1-Cas2 integrase complex is promoted by a host factor, IHF (integration host factor), that binds and bends CRISPR leader DNA.
Correlation of antepartum uterine activity and cervical change in twin gestation.

Objective . To determine the correlation between quantitative measurements of antepartum uterine activity and cervical change twin gestations. Methods . Forty women from our Twin Clinic constituted the study group. Participants had a cervical examination each week between 20 and 37 weeks gestation and a cervical score (CS) was calculated as follows: CS = cervical length (cms)-cervical dilation (cms) at the internal os. The women also performed blinded home uterine activity monitoring (HUAM) for a mean of 7.0+3.0 hrs/wk (+SD). Uterine activity was expressed as mean number of contractions/hour/week gestation based on the average of three independent reviewers. CS was determined by a single clinician unaware of the HUAM recordings. A significant change in the CS was defined as a reduction of at least 0.5 from the preceding week. Correlation coefficients were used to determine the association between uterine activity and change in the cervical score. Results . Twin pregnancy was characterized by a rise from 0.2 + .03 contractions/hr at 20 weeks to 3.2 + 2.4 contractions/hr at 37 weeks gestation. CS fell from a mean of 2.6 + 0.2 at 20 weeks to −2.1 + 0.9 at 37 weeks gestation. There was a significant negative correlation (−0.317, p Conclusions . In twin gestations, an increasing frequency of uterine contractions is strongly correlated with quantifiable cervical change between 20-37 weeks gestation. Persistent daytime contraction frequencies of >3/hr represent a risk factor for cervical dilation and/or effacement.
Thorium Compounds with Bonds to Sulfur or Selenium: Synthesis, Structure, and Thermolysis

Thorium chalcogenolates Th(ER)4 (E = S, Se; R = Ph, C6F5) form pyridine complexes with a variety of coordination numbers. Four compounds, (py)4Th(SPh)4, (py)3Th(SePh)4, (py)3Th(SC6F5)4, and (py)4Th(SeC6F5)4, have been isolated and characterized by spectroscopic methods and low-temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction. Two of the products, (py)4Th(SPh)4 and (py)4Th(SeC6F5)4, have classic eight coordinate A4B4 square-antiprism geometries. The SePh compound is the only seven coordinate (4Se, 3N) product, and the fluorinated thiolate is distinctive in that the structure contains two dative interactions between Th and fluoride, to give a nine coordinate (3N, 4S, 2F) structure. The EPh compounds decompose thermally to give ThE2 and EPh2, while the fluorinated compounds give primarily ThF4, E2(C6F5)2, and E(C6F5)2.
Soybean Aphid Response to their Alarm Pheromone E-ß-Farnesene (EBF)

When attacked by natural enemies some insect pests, including many aphid species, alert neighboring conspecifics with alarm pheromones. Cornicle secretions with pheromones benefit the attacked aphid but are costly to produce, while alarm pheromone benefits probably fall largely on alerted conspecifics. Given these variable benefits, the likelihood of a secretion may change depending on aphid density. Thus, we first hypothesized that the common alarm pheromone in aphids, E-s-farnesene (EBF), was present in soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) cornicle secretions and would elicit an alarm response in aphids exposed to it. Second, since aphids other than the secretor also benefit from cornicle secretions, we hypothesized that the likelihood of secretion would increase concurrently with the density of neighboring clonal conspecifics. Third, because alarm reaction behavior (e.g. feeding cessation) is probably costly, we hypothesized that alarm reaction behavior would decrease as conspecific density (i.e. alternative prey for an attacking natural enemy) increased. We found that soybean aphids 1) produce cornicle secretions using EBF as an alarm pheromone, 2) are less likely to release cornicle secretions when alone than in a small group (~10 individuals), but that the rate of secretion does not increase further with additional conspecific density, and 3) also exhibit alarm reaction behavior in response to cornicle secretions independent of aphid density. We show that soybean aphids can use their cornicle secretions to warn their neighbors of probable attack by natural enemies, but that both secretion and alarm reaction behavior does not change as density of nearby conspecifics rises above a few individuals.
Reparation Politics and the Question of Differential Success

A redress and reparation norm has developed within international society. This norm obligates states to engage with those that they had victimized. Although the means and ways in which this interaction occurs can often be highly bureaucratic, disenfranchise segments of the population, and even be highly agonistic, states are increasingly entering into these negotiations. Further, we see the demands issued by redress and reparation movements have been gaining recognition and are becoming increasingly successful in obtaining their goals. This engagement can take many forms based on the type of justice it seeks: criminal, historical, reparatory, legislative, and symbolic.
Commentary: On Statistical Cross-Identification in Astronomy

This contribution is a commentary on Tamas Budavari’s paper, “On statistical cross-identification in astronomy,” presented at the Statistical Challenges in Modern Astronomy V conference held at Pennsylvania State University in June 2011. I describe multilevel Bayesian treatments of this problem developed for identifying gamma ray burst counterparts.
Glass: The Carrier of Light - A Brief History of Optical Fiber

All voice and data communications employ silica glass optical fiber at some point in their nearly instantaneous transmission. This is enabled globally by the annual production of over 180 million kilometers of optical fiber. Since the first low-loss fiber installations, nearly 2 billion kilometers have been manufactured, which is enough to connect the Earth with Jupiter.[1] Given such a rare combination of ubiquity and utility, this article reviews the history of glass optical fiber and provides commentary on recent developments, and musings on their future.
The effects of expanding outpatient and inpatient evaluation and management services in a pediatric interventional radiology practice.

Despite a continuing emphasis on evaluation and management clinical services in adult interventional radiology (IR) practice, the peer-reviewed literature addressing these services — and their potential economic benefits — is lacking in pediatric IR practice. To measure the effects of expanding evaluation and management (EM +112%), procedural conversion rate (74.5%; +19%), estimated E&M revenue (+158%), and estimated procedural revenue from new outpatients (+228%) all increased. Following implementation of an inpatient clinic reporting system, there were 8.3 consults and 7.3 subsequent hospital encounters per month, with a procedural conversion rate of 88%. Growth was observed in all meaningful metrics following expansion of outpatient and inpatient pediatric IR E&M services.
Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection: Elliptical Centric Contrast-enhanced MR Angiography

P30 Background and Purpose: Contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA) has undergone considerable development in the past several years. Recently, a CEMRA technique was developed using elliptical centric view-ordering. The purpose of this study was to evaluate elliptical centric CEMRA of carotid and vertebral artery dissection. Methods: A retrospective review of CEMRAs in 422 consecutive patients was performed. MR angiography was performed using a volume neck coil or a dedicated neurovascular coil. The CEMRA utilized a 22 x 15 cm field of view (FOV) coronal slab, 44 sections, repetition time of 6.6 msec, echo time 1.4 msec, 45° flip angle, 256 x 168 (due to 3/4 phase FOV) matrix with a scan time of 54 seconds. The reconstruction used zero-filling in all three directions yielding 88 1.4 mm thick sections with 0.7 mm overlap and a 512 x 336 matrix. The actual voxel size was 0.76 (X) x 0.89 (Y) x 1.4 mm, yielding a voxel volume of 0.97 mm3 before zero-filling. Zero-filling improved resolution and yielded an effective voxel volume of approximately 0.35 mm3. Triggering of the CEMRA was performed with MR fluoroscopy or following a timing sequence. 20–25 cc of gadolinium was injected with a power injector at a rate of 3 cc per second followed by 30 cc of saline at a rate of 2 cc per second. Results: Of the 422 patients, 239 had acute or recent symptoms of TIA or ischemic stroke. Of this group, 32 patients had a carotid artery (22) or a vertebral artery (10) dissection. Eleven patients had a pseudoaneurysm detected at the site of the dissection. Recanalization of a previously occluded artery and a resolution of a pseudoaneurysm were demonstrated in one patient, respectively. In one patient, the CEMRA appeared normal, however, a subtle irregularity consistent with a vertebral artery dissection was demonstrated on a conventional angiogram two days following the MR angiogram. Conclusions: Contrast-enhanced elliptical centric MR angiography offers high resolution, venous-suppressed images of the carotid and vertebral arteries. This technique offers promise for noninvasive evaluation and follow-up of carotid and vertebral artery dissections.
Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Defines Heterogeneity and Transcriptional Dynamics in the Adult Neural Stem Cell Lineage.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult mammalian brain serve as a reservoir for the generation of new neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing to characterize adult NSC populations and examine the molecular identities and heterogeneity of in vivo NSC populations. We find that cells in the NSC lineage exist on a continuum through the processes of activation and differentiation. Interestingly, rare intermediate states with distinct molecular profiles can be identified and experimentally validated, and our analysis identifies putative surface markers and key intracellular regulators for these subpopulations of NSCs. Finally, using the power of single-cell profiling, we conduct a meta-analysis to compare in vivo NSCs and in vitro cultures, distinct fluorescence-activated cell sorting strategies, and different neurogenic niches. These data provide a resource for the field and contribute to an integrative understanding of the adult NSC lineage.
Multi-Scale 7DOF View Adjustment

Multi-scale virtual environments contain geometric details ranging over several orders of magnitude and typically employ out-of-core rendering techniques. When displayed in virtual reality systems this entails using a 7 degree-of-freedom (DOF) view model where view scale is a separate 7th DOF in addition to 6DOF view pose. Dynamic adjustment of this and other view parameters become very important to usability. In this paper, we evaluate how two adjustment techniques interact with uni- and bi-manual 7DOF navigation in DesktopVR and a CAVE. The travel task has two stages, an initial targeted zoom and a detailed geometric inspection. The results show benefits of the auto-adjustments on completion time and stereo fusion issues, but only in certain circumstances. Peculiar view configuration examples show the difficulty of creating robust adjustment rules.
Teaching Sustainable Collection Care

Teaching sustainable collections maintenance to graduate students in conservation as well as students in museum, library, and archives preservation is challenging. Students enter school with an exposure to preventive care, but are surprisingly unfamiliar with prescriptive ideas about requirements for temperature and relative humidity for collections, and therefore do not need to unlearn former rigid climate standards enforced in many institutions. Central to graduate conservation education is an understanding of the environmental responses of individual materials, and the contributions of climate mitigation to preservation. While there are some case studies, such as those reviewed in this paper, in which museums and libraries have achieved energy savings while maintaining collections preservation, further studies illustrating building and collection performance and energy savings, taken together, would aid both graduate instruction and preventive practice.For the first time in a class on sustainable colle...
Corresponding long-term shifts in stream temperature and invasive fish migration

By investigating historic trapping records of invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) throughout tributaries to the Laurentian Great Lakes, we found that upstream spawning migration timing was hi...
Late Window Paradox.

The mantra of acute stroke therapy, time is brain is a call to arms that motivates both the public and medical practitioners to treat stroke as a time-critical emergency. Countless articles have documented inexorable declines in favorable clinical outcomes associated with delayed administration of thrombolytic or endovascular therapies. Therefore, one would naturally anticipate that the benefits of endovascular therapy would be markedly more modest if treatment is delayed many hours beyond the guideline-recommended 6-hour therapeutic window. How then do we explain the remarkably robust results of DEFUSE 3 (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke 3) and DAWN (DWI or CTP Assessment With Clinical Mismatch in the Triage of Wake-Up and Late Presenting Strokes Undergoing Neurointervention With Trevo), 2 recently published trials of endovascular therapy initiated up to 16 to 24 hours after patients were last known well? DAWN randomized patients at a median of 12.5 hours from onset and documented the largest absolute increase in functional independence ever reported in any acute stroke treatment trial, 35.5%.1 DEFUSE 3 randomized patients at a median of 11 hours after onset and documented a 28% increase in functional independence and an additional 20% absolute reduction in death or severe disability, which represents the largest reduction in mortality/severe disability ever achieved.2 By comparison, the pooled analysis of 5 modern early window thrombectomy trials (HERMES [Highly Effective Reperfusion Evaluated in Multiple Endovascular Stroke Trials]) revealed an absolute increase in functional independence of 19.5% and a reduction in mortality/severe disability of 11%3 (Figure 1). Both early and late window studies included patients of similar ages, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, and vessel occlusion sites. Patients were treated with the same modern thrombectomy devices and reperfusion was achieved in similar proportions of patients in the endovascular arms of the …
Lisp: lightweight security protocols for wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks, usually built with a large number of small, low-cost sensor devices, are characterized by their large-scale and unattended deployment that invites many critical attacks, thereby necessitating high-level security support for their intended applications and services. However, making sensor networks secure is challenging due mainly to the fact that sensors are battery-powered and it is often very difficult to change or recharge their batteries. To address this challenge, we design, develop and evaluate Lightweight S ecurity Protocols (LiSP) that cooperatively build a unified, energy-efficient security framework for sensor networks. We present two (group-based and distributed) key management/sharing schemes that are tailored to local and remote transactions, respectively. While the group-based scheme achieves efficient and robust re-keying via key broadcasting/authentication/recovery, distributed key sharing enables the development of attack-tolerant routing protocols capable of gracefully resisting device compromises as well as replacing resource-expensive, public-key-cipher-based protocols with a purely symmetric-cipher-based alternative. The problem of attack-tolerance is further investigated for the development of a secure localization protocol. The proposed protocol uses mutual collaboration among sensors to achieve high-level attack-tolerance in terms of detecting/identifying/rejecting sources of attacks, if present. Accordingly, it plays the role of an anomaly-based intrusion detection system tailored to localization that safeguards the network from localization-targeted attacks. As a countermeasure against physically tampering with sensors, we develop a novel soft tamper-proofing technique that verifies integrity of the program residing in each sensor device whenever it joins the network, or is suspected to have been compromised. Unlike other techniques unsuitable for low-cost, resource-limited sensors, our technique augments such sensors to be usable for applications that require high-level security. Finally, the benefits of our protocols are demonstrated via analysis and evaluation of their capability to defeat known security attacks, and their performance in terms of processing, communication and memory overheads.
Primary Batteries—Solid Electrolytes

All electrochemical cells require that the electrodes be separated by a material called the electrolyte. This material prevents an electronic short circuit but, at the same time, must carry electrical charge within the cell via ions. Although the traditional electrolyte in primary battery cells has been an aqueous ionic solution the electrolyte role may be played by any material which exhibits little or no electronic conductivity and adequate ionic conductivity. In recent years a whole host of nonaqueous battery electrolytes has been developed including molten salts, organic and inorganic liquids, and ionically conductive solids.
Symmetry of Hydrogen Bonds in Two Enols in Solution

The enols of 4-cyano-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione and of nitromalonamide were prepared as statistical mixtures of 18O n ( n = 0, 1, 2) isotopologues. The symmetries of their hydrogen bonds were probed by isotopic perturbation of their 13CO NMR signals. The former mixture shows a total of four signals, due to both intrinsic and perturbation isotope shifts. Therefore, that enol is a mixture of tautomers with an asymmetric hydrogen bond. In contrast, the mixture of isotopologues of nitromalonamide enol shows only two signals, due to an intrinsic isotope shift. Therefore, this is the first case, to be compared with the FHF- anion, of a neutral species with a single symmetric structure in solution and with a centered hydrogen.
Probing microstructure and electrolyte concentration dependent cell chemistry via operando small angle neutron scattering

The key to understanding the cycling mechanism of lithium-ion battery electrodes is to develop methods to monitor the dynamic cell chemistry, but the complexity of the problem has continued to pose an obstacle. Here we describe the use of operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to show directly how the use of concentrated LiTFSI electrolyte in Li/ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) half-cells influences the mechanism of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, lithium intercalation, and carbon framework expansion. We find that a complex interplay between the viscosity, lithium solvation shell and electrode microstructure in the concentrated 4 M electrolyte changes the dynamics of SEI formation and pore filling at a given applied potential. Both the filling of micropores and co-intercalation are found to drive the expansion of the carbon framework. Lithium-rich reduction products form at much higher potentials in the micropores of the 4 M electrolyte system, while on mesopore surfaces the lithium-rich salts form quickly before giving way to carbonaceous products. This study reveals operando SANS as a unique method for providing microstructure dependent information on the dynamics of electrochemical processes.
Precision Targeting with EZH2 and HDAC Inhibitors in Epigenetically Dysregulated Lymphomas

Purpose: Both gain-of-function EZH2 mutations and inactivating histone acetyltransferases mutations, such as CREBBP and EP300, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of germinal center (GC) derived lymphomas. We hypothesized that direct inhibition of EZH2 and HDAC would be synergistic in GC-derived lymphomas. Experimental Design: Lymphoma cell lines (n=21) were exposed to GSK126, an EZH2 inhibitor, and romidepsin, a pan-HDAC inhibitor. Synergy was assessed by Excess over Bliss. Western blot, mass spectrometry and co-immunopreciptiation were performed. A SU-DHL-10 xenograft model was utilized to validate in vitro findings. Pre-treatment RNA-sequencing of cell lines was performed. MetaVIPER analysis was used to infer protein activity. Results: Exposure to GSK126 and romidepsin demonstrated potent synergy in lymphoma cell lines with EZH2 dysregulation. Combination of romidepsin with other EZH2 inhibitors also demonstrated synergy suggesting a class effect of EZH2 inhibition with romidepsin. Dual inhibition of EZH2 and HDAC led to modulation of acetylation and methylation of H3K27. The synergistic effects of the combination was due to disruption of the PRC2 complex secondary to acetylation of RbAP 46/48. A common basal gene signature was shared among synergistic lymphoma cell lines and were characterized by upregulation in chromatin remodeling genes and transcriptional regulators. This finding was supported by metaVIPER analysis which also revealed that HDAC 1/2 and DNMT were associated with EZH2 activation. Conclusions: Inhibition of EZH2 and HDAC is synergistic and leads to the dissociation of PRC2 complex. Our findings support the clinical translation of the combination of EZH2 and HDAC inhibition in EZH2 dysregulated lymphomas.