cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authentication Studies (辨偽學) Methodology and the Polymorphous Text Paradigm

The foundation of Chinese intellectual history is a group of texts known as “masters texts” (子書). Many masters texts were authored in the Han dynasty or earlier and many of these have as their title the name of a master who was generally regarded as the author. The inclination to treat a given book as the product of a single writer is apparently a strong one. Nevertheless, from the very beginning there were Chinese scholars who doubted the veracity of the putative authorship of some of these works and suggested that they may in fact have been the product of several authors. Over time, such scholars developed criteria by which to judge the authenticity of ancient masters texts. But as such textual criticism grew more penetrating, the object of its scrutiny began to come apart at the seams. In the last two decades there has been a growing consensus that most early Chinese masters texts were originally quite permeable and that only later were their received forms settled upon.The branch of textual criticism that deals with authenticating early Chinese texts is called “Authentication studies.” This paper is a survey of the methodological advances made in the field of Authentication studies over the last two millennia. It is not a history of the field, as such a history would be a much longer project. The survey concludes with the idea of the “polymorphous text paradigm,” a paradigm that paradoxically obviates much of the preceding scholarship in its own field. Simply put, if authentication relies largely on anachronism, and anachronism relies largely on the dates of the putative author, then a multi-author work with no known “last author” will be impossible to authenticate. Furthermore, the polymorphous text paradigm does not posit these texts as necessarily having earlier and later “layers,” but rather as having had no set structure over the course of their early redactional evolution.This survey examines the contributions of seventeen scholars to Authentication studies methodology, and concludes with how the changes in this field have influenced the work of three modern, Western scholars.
Determinants of fluid intelligence in healthy aging: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and frontoparietal cortex structure.

Introduction: Accumulating evidence indicates that cognitive decline depends not only upon changes in brain health, but critically, also upon nutritional status. Decline in fluid intelligence, one of the most debilitating aspects of cognitive aging, has been linked to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status; however, it is not known whether this phenomenon results from specific omega-3 PUFAs acting on particular aspects of brain health. Therefore, this study aims to explore whether particular patterns of omega-3 PUFAs influence fluid intelligence by supporting specific neural structures.Methods: We measured six plasma phospholipid omega-3 PUFAs, fluid intelligence, and regional gray matter volume in the frontal and parietal cortices in 100 cognitively intact older adults (65–75 years old). A four-step mediation analysis was implemented using principal component analysis and multivariate linear regressions, adjusted for age, gender, education, and body mass index.Results: The mediation analysis re...
Sparse coding with sparse dictionaries for credit risk classification

Credit risk analysis seeks to determine whether a customer is likely to default on the financial obligation, which is a very important problem in finance. In this paper, we will present a machine learning framework to deal with this problem by formulating it as a binary classification problem. The framework consists of two parts: dictionary learning and classifier training. Firstly, we introduce a sparse K-SVD method to discovery a sparse dictionary to represent the training data, which will contribute to good performance and efficient computation in subsequent classification. Secondly, SVM classifiers are training on the new representations of the training data. The trained classifiers will serve as a credit risk analysis expert to automatically classify the testing data. We evaluate the framework in a real-world credit risk prediction task, and the empirical results demonstrate the advantage of the method by comparing with other strategies.
Myristoylation of Src kinase mediates Src-induced and high-fat diet–accelerated prostate tumor progression in mice

Exogenous fatty acids provide substrates for energy production and biogenesis of the cytoplasmic membrane, but they also enhance cellular signaling during cancer cell proliferation. However, it remains controversial whether dietary fatty acids are correlated with tumor progression. In this study, we demonstrate that increased Src kinase activity is associated with high-fat diet–accelerated progression of prostate tumors and that Src kinases mediate this pathological process. Moreover, in the in vivo prostate regeneration assay, host SCID mice carrying Src(Y529F)-transduced regeneration tissues were fed a low-fat diet or a high-fat diet and treated with vehicle or dasatinib. The high-fat diet not only accelerated Src-induced prostate tumorigenesis in mice but also compromised the inhibitory effect of the anticancer drug dasatinib on Src kinase oncogenic potential in vivo. We further show that myristoylation of Src kinase is essential to facilitate Src-induced and high-fat diet–accelerated tumor progression. Mechanistically, metabolism of exogenous myristic acid increased the biosynthesis of myristoyl CoA and myristoylated Src and promoted Src kinase–mediated oncogenic signaling in human cells. Of the fatty acids tested, only exogenous myristic acid contributed to increased intracellular myristoyl CoA levels. Our results suggest that targeting Src kinase myristoylation, which is required for Src kinase association at the cellular membrane, blocks dietary fat–accelerated tumorigenesis in vivo. Our findings uncover the molecular basis of how the metabolism of myristic acid stimulates high-fat diet–mediated prostate tumor progression.
U.S. Hospital Employment of Foreign-Educated Nurses and Patient Experience: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Introduction For over half a century, hospitals in the United States have actively recruited foreign-educated nurses (FENs) in response to nurse shortages in hospitals and nursing homes. Little attention has been paid to the quality of care in the United States related to employment of FENs. Aims The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether employment of FENs in U.S. hospitals is associated with patient care experience. Method This study used cross-sectional data from three sources in 425 hospitals in four large states to evaluate the relationship between patient perceptions of care and hospital employment of FENs. The study linked data from publicly reported patient experience of care surveys, nurse surveys, and administrative data using unique hospital identifiers common across the data sets. Results Patient-reported care experience was found to be more negative in hospitals employing more FENs, after controls for other possible explanations. Each 10% increase in FENs was associated with a decrease in the percentage of patients who would recommend their hospital and a decrease in the percentage of patients giving favorable reports on five nursing-specific aspects of patient experience. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that employment of substantial numbers of nurses educated outside the United States may have implications for quality of care. The findings suggest that research on the outcomes of transition programs for FENs would be useful to inform regulatory policies.
Periodic Partial Extinction in Acoustically Coupled Fuel Droplet Combustion.

Abstract This experimental study explored the response of burning liquid fuel droplets to one-dimensional acoustic standing waves created within a closed, atmospheric waveguide. Building upon prior droplet combustion studies quantifying mean and temporal flame response of several alternative fuels to moderate acoustic excitation (Sevilla-Esparza et al., 2014), the present work focused on higher amplitude acoustic forcing observed to create periodic partial extinction and reignition (PPER) of flames enveloping the droplet. Detailed examination of ethanol droplets exposed to a range of acoustic forcing conditions (frequencies and amplitudes in the vicinity of a pressure node) yielded several different combustion regimes: one with sustained oscillatory flames, one with PPER, and then full extinction at very high excitation amplitudes. Phase-locked OH* chemiluminescence imaging and local temporal pressure measurements allowed quantification of the combustion-acoustic coupling through the local Rayleigh index. Similar behavior was observed for JP-8 and liquid synthetic fuel derived via the Fischer–Tropsch process, but with quantitative differences based on different reaction time scales. Estimates of the mean and oscillatory strain rates experienced by the flames during excitation assisted with interpreting specific relationships among acoustic, chemical, and fluid mechanical/straining time scales that can lead to a greater understanding of PPER.
Thyroid mass from a malignant glomus tumor: Case report and literature review

Abstract Objectives Glomus tumors arise in the dermal glomus body and are most commonly found in the subungual region of the digits, the dermis or the subcutis of the palm, wrist, forearm or foot. They are typically benign and localized but rare cases of malignant glomus tumor have been described. Here, we describe the first reported case of glomus tumor metastasizing to the thyroid gland. Study design Case report and literature review. Methods A 40-year old male with a history of glomus tumor of the dorsal aspect of his left foot status-post wide local excision with metastatic disease that was well controlled for four years with chemotherapy and radiation presents with a slowly enlarging left thyroid mass. The mass was first identified on surveillance CT and enlarged from 1.3 cm to 2.4 cm over the course of six months. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass demonstrated atypical epitheliod cells with conspicuous nuclei and scatter mitosis with immunostains positive for SMA, focally positive for calponin and negative for PAX-8 consistent with metastatic malignant glomus tumor. Results The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and final pathology was consistent with metastatic glomus tumor. Conclusion This is the first reported case of a glomus tumor metastasizing to the thyroid gland. This case illustrates several important points for otolaryngologists and highlights the differences between glomus tumors and paragangliomas, which were formerly also called glomus tumors. Although rare, malignant glomus tumors are an additional entity to consider when assessing a patient with an unusual appearing thyroid mass.
van der Waals epitaxy of SnS film on single crystal graphene buffer layer on amorphous SiO 2 /Si

Abstract Conventional hetero-epitaxial films are typically grown on lattice and symmetry matched single crystal substrates. We demonstrated the epitaxial growth of orthorhombic SnS film (∼500 nm thick) on single crystal, monolayer graphene that was transferred on the amorphous SiO2/Si substrate. Using X-ray pole figure analysis we examined the structure, quality and epitaxy relationship of the SnS film grown on the single crystal graphene and compared it with the SnS film grown on commercial polycrystalline graphene. We showed that the SnS films grown on both single crystal and polycrystalline graphene have two sets of orientation domains. However, the crystallinity and grain size of the SnS film improve when grown on the single crystal graphene. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction measurements show that the near surface texture has more phases as compared with that of the entire film. The surface texture of a film will influence the growth and quality of film grown on top of it as well as the interface formed. Our result offers an alternative approach to grow a hetero-epitaxial film on an amorphous substrate through a single crystal graphene buffer layer. This strategy of growing high quality epitaxial thin film has potential applications in optoelectronics.
Development and use of a switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum L.) transformation pipeline by the BioEnergy Science Center to evaluate plants for reduced cell wall recalcitrance

The mission of the BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) was to enable efficient lignocellulosic-based biofuel production. One BESC goal was to decrease poplar and switchgrass biomass recalcitrance to biofuel conversion while not affecting plant growth. A transformation pipeline (TP), to express transgenes or transgene fragments (constructs) in these feedstocks with the goal of understanding and decreasing recalcitrance, was considered essential for this goal. Centralized data storage for access by BESC members and later the public also was essential. A BESC committee was established to codify procedures to evaluate and accept genes into the TP. A laboratory information management system (LIMS) was organized to catalog constructs, plant lines and results from their analyses. One hundred twenty-eight constructs were accepted into the TP for expression in switchgrass in the first 5 years of BESC. Here we provide information on 53 of these constructs and the BESC TP process. Eleven of the constructs could not be cloned into an expression vector for transformation. Of the remaining constructs, 22 modified expression of the gene target. Transgenic lines representing some constructs displayed decreased recalcitrance in the field and publications describing these results are tabulated here. Transcript levels of target genes and detailed wall analyses from transgenic lines expressing six additional tabulated constructs aimed toward modifying expression of genes associated with wall structure (xyloglucan and lignin components) are provided. Altered expression of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases did not modify lignin content in transgenic plants. Simultaneous silencing of two hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferases was necessary to decrease G and S lignin monomer and total lignin contents, but this reduced plant growth. A TP to produce plants with decreased recalcitrance and a LIMS for data compilation from these plants were created. While many genes accepted into the TP resulted in transgenic switchgrass without modified lignin or biomass content, a group of genes with potential to improve lignocellulosic biofuel yields was identified. Results from transgenic lines targeting xyloglucan and lignin structure provide examples of the types of information available on switchgrass lines produced within BESC. This report supplies useful information when developing coordinated, large-scale, multi-institutional reverse genetic pipelines to improve crop traits.
Effects of Macrobenthos on the Chemical Diagenesis of Freshwater Sediments

In this chapter the effects of macrobenthos on chemical changes in sediments occurring during and after burial (i.e., chemical diagenesis) will be considered. The importance of sediments to the biogeochemical cycling of materials is well known (Mortimer, 1941, 1942, 1971; Lee, 1970). Freshwater sediments act as both a source and a sink for biologically important materials such as phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and silicon. Furthermore, sediments are known to play an active role in regulating cycles of trace metals, radionuclides, and xenobiotics (Jones and Bowser, 1978). Because of this, knowledge of the chemical diagenesis of sediments is essential to an understanding of materials cycling in freshwater environments.
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolated from the urine of a dog undergoing treatment for immune-mediated polyarthritis.

Introduction. In people, Salmonella is a common agent of gastroenteritis, but it can also cause extraintestinal disease such as urinary tract infections. In addition, Salmonella is often linked to the post-infection development of reactive arthritis. In canines, cases that document extraintestinal Salmonella infections or diseases similar to reactive arthritis have not been thoroughly described. Case presentation. A case of a 5-year-old German shepherd dog with Salmonella bacteriuria during treatment for immune-mediated polyarthritis (IMPA) is described. The patient first suffered from a 3 month period of diarrhoea and presented for evaluation of a 2 month history of shifting-leg lameness. A diagnosis of IMPA was made based on cytological examination and negative synovial fluid culture. Treatment with immunosuppressive doses of prednisone lead to clinical resolution of lameness, but on a recheck abnormal urine was noted. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium was isolated using standard culture methods. The patient was treated with enrofloxacin to control the bacteriuria. Conclusion. This case report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to describe Salmonella bacteriuria in a dog and suggests that Salmonella infection may be a potential inciting factor for IMPA.
Anisotropic Magnetization in Single Crystal YBa2Cu3O7

Magnetization measurements on single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7 are used to study the anisotropy of the critical current density and magnetic properties of this superconducting oxide with a transition temperature of 88 K. Anisotropy of the magnetization versus applied field hysteresis loops is pronounced, with the effect increasing as the temperature approaches the superconducting critical temperature.
Substantive Canons and Faithful Agency

Federal courts have long employed substantive canons of construction in the interpretation of statutes. For example, they apply the rule of lenity, which directs that ambiguous criminal statutes be interpreted in favor of the defendant, and the avoidance canon, which directs that statutes be interpreted in a manner that prevents the court from having to address serious constitutional questions. They also apply so-called “clear statement” rules — for example, absent a clear statement from Congress, a federal court will not interpret a statute to abrogate state sovereign immunity. While some commentators have attempted to rationalize these and other substantive canons as proxies for congressional intent, most recognize substantive canons as advancing policies entirely independent of the intent expressed in either the text or purpose of the particular statute at issue. The courts’ adoption of substantive canons poses no problem of authority for dynamic statutory interpreters, who understand courts to be the cooperative partners of Congress and treat the creation of norms as part of the courts’ essential role. It poses a significant problem of authority, however, for textualists and purposivists, both of whom understand courts to be the faithful agents of Congress. To the extent that a court applying a substantive canon uses a judicial policy choice rather than the legislative will as its interpretive lodestar, it necessarily acts as something other than a faithful agent in interpreting the statute. Application of substantive canons, therefore, appears directly opposed to the basic premise from which both of these theories proceed. Those who treat federal courts as faithful agents occasionally note this tension. Nonetheless, they continue to apply substantive canons, and no serious study has been done regarding the question whether substantive canons can be reconciled with those theories of statutory interpretation animated by a strong commitment to legislative supremacy. This paper undertakes such a study, tracing the history of the federal courts’ adoption of substantive canons and examining whether the exercise of this power is consistent with the constitutional structure.
Dimensions in Designing Reflection Activities

In order to support student reflection, educators use a multitude of reflection activities. Few frameworks exist to characterize choices educators have in designing reflection activities. This research explores the question: What dimensions of variation are present in reflection activities used by engineering educators? To identify dimensions of variation, we leveraged a constant comparison approach applied to documentation of reflection activities. In an exploratory phase, we identified candidate dimensions. We then chose promising dimensions and iteratively compared the activities in terms of each dimension in order to better understand the variations in the dimension. We identified four dimensions of variation: explicitness, customization, guidance, and accountability. Each dimension can range from low to high, creating a large design space. These dimensions of variation may be useful in designing reflection activities: to foreground decisions to be made, to draw attention to possible dilemmas, and to index into theory that provides deeper insight. The dimensions of variation may also be used to organize a collection of reflection activities and to inform research studies on reflection activities.
Standardized Hospital-Based Care Programs Improve Geriatric Hip Fracture Outcomes: An Analysis of the ACS NSQIP Targeted Hip Fracture Series.

Objective:To determine relative complication rates and outcome measures in patients treated under a standardized hip fracture program (SHFP).Methods:The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried to identify patients who underwent operative fixation of fem
Small-scale and backyard livestock owners needs assessment in the western United States.

The number of small-scale and backyard livestock and poultry owners in urban and peri-urban areas has increased greatly over the last 10 years in the U.S. However, these animal owners may live in areas without access to livestock and/or poultry veterinary care. The purpose of this study was to identify potential veterinary service needs of these animal owners in the western US, assess their use of management and husbandry practices with regards to disease prevention, and assess their attitudes about animal health and food safety. A semi-structured survey was made available to small-scale and backyard livestock and poultry owners in Washington State, California, Colorado and Oregon. The survey instrument included questions about types of animals reared, uses of the animals, veterinary services and information-seeking behaviors of owners, attitudes on animal health and food safety, and management practices. Four hundred thirty-five individuals completed at least some portion of the survey. Most described themselves as living in rural areas (76%). Most (86%) owned chickens, 53% owned small ruminants, and 31% owned cattle. Many individuals owned more than one species and most had fewer than 20 animals of a given species. About 74% of respondents utilized their animals’ products for their own consumption but 48% sold animal products (primarily through internet sales (35%) or farmers’ markets (25%)). Overwhelmingly, respondents gained information about animal health (82%) and animal treatment procedures (71%) from the internet. Respondents reported their veterinarian’s practice type as companion animal (26%) or a mixed animal or food animal predominant (66%). Overall, respondents were very satisfied with the level of care (82%), but 43% had not sought animal health care in last 12 months. However, the veterinarian’s primary practice type and owner’s satisfaction with veterinary care were associated with their location (state), species owned, and urban or peri-urban setting. Livestock species type (cattle, small ruminants and swine), and use (personal or commercial) were associated with implementation of different biosecurity practices. The results of this survey highlight some of the needs of these animal owners for veterinary care and information which are location- and species-specific. Veterinary care for these small-scale and backyard animals is vital to the health and welfare of the animals as well as for identification of zoonoses and assurance of the food safety of animal products.
Pleuroscopy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for exudative pleural effusion: a comparative overview.

Exudative pleural effusions, such as malignant and tuberculous pleural effusions, are associated with notable morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, a significant number of these effusions will remain undiagnosed despite thoracentesis. Traditionally, closed pleural biopsies have been the next best diagnostic step, but the diagnostic yield of blind closed pleural biopsies for malignant pleural effusions is insufficient. When image-guided targeted biopsies are not possible, both pleuroscopy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery are reasonable options for obtaining pleural biopsies, but the decision to select one procedure over the other continues to raise much debate. Pleuroscopy (aka. medical thoracoscopy, local anaesthetic thoracoscopy) is a relatively common procedure performed by interventional pulmonologists in the bronchoscopy suite with local anesthesia, often as an outpatient procedure, on spontaneously breathing patients. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, on the other hand, is performed by thoracic surgeons in the operating room, on mechanically ventilated patients under general anesthesia, though admittedly considerable overlap exists in practice. Both pleuroscopy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery have reported diagnostic yields of over 90%, although pleuroscopy more often leads to the unsatisfactory diagnosis of ‘non-specific’ pleuritis. These cases of ‘non-specific’ pleuritis need to be followed up for at least one year, as 10–15% of them will eventually lead to the diagnosis of cancer, typically malignant pleural mesothelioma. Both procedures have their pros and cons, and it is therefore of paramount importance that all cases be discussed as part of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis within a “pleural team” that should ideally include interventional pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons.
Incidence and Risks for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis Post-liver Transplant: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background.The true incidence and unique risk factors for recurrent and de novo nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) post-liver transplant (LT) remain poorly characterized. We aimed to identify the incidence and risk factors for recurrent and de novo NAFLD/NASH po
Bioinspired artificial platelets for transfusion applications in traumatic hemorrhage.

Among blood components, platelets (PLTs) present the toughest logistic challenges in transfusion due to limited availability, difficult portability and storage, high contamination risks, and very short shelf life (approx. 5 days). Robust research efforts are being directed to develop biologic PLTs in vitro as well as design biosynthetic and artificial PLT technologies that can potentially resolve these challenges to allow adequate availability and timely transfusion to improve survival in trauma.
Postirradiation examination from separate effects irradiation testing of uranium nitride kernels and coated particles

Abstract An overview of postirradiation examination results for uranium nitride kernels and uranium nitride coated particles irradiated in the High Flux Isotope Reactor are presented. This is the first postirradiation examination of the MiniFuel irradiation vehicle that was recently developed to rapidly accumulate burnup during separate effects irradiation testing. In general, the burnup and fuel temperatures measured postirradiation were consistent with the design calculations. The burnup measured by mass spectrometry ranged from 5.9 to 10 MWd/kgU and was achieved after only 68 effective full-power days of irradiation. The dilatometric evaluation of passive silicon carbide thermometry indicated that the fuel was irradiated at temperatures ranging from 410 to 460 °C. Because the irradiation temperatures and burnup were low, the UN kernels showed minimal fission gas release that was within the range of the expected recoil (athermal) release. While it is possible to measure fuel swelling using x-ray computed tomography, the observed swelling was too small to quantify in this case. Extensive microstructural characterization of the irradiated fuel was performed, and no significant irradiation induced changes were observed.
Effectiveness of a Nurse-Led Multidisciplinary Intervention vs Usual Care on Advance Care Planning for Vulnerable Older Adults in an Accountable Care Organization: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance Advance care planning (ACP), especially among vulnerable older adults, remains underused in primary care. Additionally, many ACP initiatives fail to integrate directly into the electronic health record (EHR), resulting in infrequent and disorganized documentation. Objective To determine whether a nurse navigator–led ACP pathway combined with a health care professional–facing EHR interface improves the occurrence of ACP discussions and their documentation within the EHR. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a randomized effectiveness trial using the Zelen design, in which patients are randomized prior to informed consent, with only those randomized to the intervention subsequently approached to provide informed consent. Randomization began November 1, 2018, and follow-up concluded November 1, 2019. The study population included patients 65 years or older with multimorbidity combined with either cognitive or physical impairments, and/or frailty, assessed from 8 primary care practices in North Carolina. Interventions Participants were randomized to either a nurse navigator–led ACP pathway (n = 379) or usual care (n = 380). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was documentation of a new ACP discussion within the EHR. Secondary outcomes included the usage of ACP billing codes, designation of a surrogate decision maker, and ACP legal form documentation. Exploratory outcomes included incident health care use. Results Among 759 randomized patients (mean age 77.7 years, 455 women [59.9%]), the nurse navigator–led ACP pathway resulted in a higher rate of ACP documentation (42.2% vs 3.7%,P Conclusions and Relevance A nurse navigator–led ACP pathway integrated with a health care professional–facing EHR interface increased the frequency of ACP discussions and their documentation. Additional research will be required to evaluate whether increased EHR documentation leads to improvements in goal-concordant care. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT03609658
Evaluating the Experience of Organizations Implementing Medication Management Services Using a Variety of Implementation Strategies.

Purpose: The purpose of this project was to evaluate the experience of organizations who participated in a medication management learning collaborative and their perceptions of the different implementation strategies that were employed. Methods: Using a utilization-focused evaluation approach, qualitative interviews were conducted with former participants (clinicians, managers, or other key stakeholders) of medication management learning collaboratives organized and delivered by Alliance for Integrated Medication Management (AIMM). The purpose of the learning collaboratives was to provide structure and facilitation to accelerate the implementation of medication management services. One-on-one semi-structured interviews were carried out with a lead member of 11 different organizations that participated in an AIMM collaborative about their experience in the collaborative and the different implementation strategies that were used. Results: Three themes emerged: (1) perspectives on the implementation strategies, (2) external facilitators, and (3) additional benefits of being in the collaborative. Certain implementation strategies used by AIMM, such as coaching, were considered beneficial by almost everyone while other strategies, such as webinars, had mixed opinions. Participants also highlighted the importance of external facilitators, like dedicated time to work on implementation strategies, as well as the additional benefits like the professional development that comes from being in a learning collaborative and learning different implementation strategies. Conclusion: Implementation strategies may help accelerate the adoption and expansion of medication management services within and across organizations. The results of this evaluation shed light on the experiences of different organizations using select implementation strategies in their medication management implementation efforts. The perspectives of participants in this study may help other organizations in selecting and developing similar implementation strategies.
Soil Sample Assay Uncertainty and the Geographic Distribution of Contaminants: Error Impacts on Syracuse Trace Metal Soil Loading Analysis Results.

A research team collected 3609 useful soil samples across the city of Syracuse, NY; this data collection fieldwork occurred during the two consecutive summers (mid-May to mid-August) of 2003 and 2004. Each soil sample had fifteen heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Zn, and Zr), measured during its assaying; errors for these measurements are analyzed in this paper, with an objective of contributing to the geography of error literature. Geochemistry measurements are in milligrams of heavy metal per kilogram of soil, or ppm, together with accompanying analytical measurement errors. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and portray the geographic distribution of these selected heavy metals measurement errors across the city of Syracuse. Doing so both illustrates the value of the SAAR software’s uncertainty mapping module and uncovers heavy metal characteristics in the geographic distribution of Syracuse’s soil. In addition to uncertainty visualization portraying and indicating reliability information about heavy metal levels and their geographic patterns, SAAR also provides optimized map classifications of heavy metal levels based upon their uncertainty (utilizing the Sun-Wong separability criterion) as well as an optimality criterion that simultaneously accounts for heavy metal levels and their affiliated uncertainty. One major outcome is a summary and portrayal of the geographic distribution of As, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Hg, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Se, Sr, Zn, and Zr measurement error across the city of Syracuse.
Positioning students for political discussions: Attending to the mode of address

Abstract Social studies teachers are often reported as remaining reluctant to engage their students in discussions of contemporary social and political issues. It is therefore critically important to investigate instances of such discussions when they do occur. This paper, part of a larger qualitative study that included six middle and high school classrooms and 24 observed discussions, considers how students are positioned in classroom discussions of social and political issues. By thinking in terms of positions and Ellsworth's (1997) notion of “modes of address”, the authors conceptualize political discussions in terms of the delicate relations between intent and outcome, the social and personal, certainty and surprise. This paper identifies three modes through which students are invited into relation to social and political life via discussions of current topics: task-oriented participants, distanced commentators, and/or as implicated citizens.
Seed Rain Potential in Late-Season Weed Escapes can be Estimated Using Remote Sensing

The presence of a soil seedbank facilitates the persistence of annual weed species in arable fields. Soil weed seedbank is replenished by many sources, but the largest one is the seeds produced by uncontrolled late-season weed escapes. The estimation of weed seed production potential from late-season escapes may allow farmers to make appropriate management decisions to minimize seedbank replenishment. The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using unmanned aerial vehicle–based RGB and multispectral imagery for estimating seed rain potential in late-season weed escapes in crop fields. Three case studies were used to capture images of weed escapes before crop harvest: common waterhemp [Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) Sauer] in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Watson] in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] in soybean. Randomly selected quadrats with different density gradients of weed escapes were sampled at the time of crop maturity. High-resolution RGB and multispectral images of the experimental area were collected using drones immediately before ground sample collection. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), excess green index (ExG), and canopy volume estimates derived from canopy height models were used to obtain weed biological measurements (biomass and seed production). Among the indices investigated, NDVI and ExG had very strong correlations (0.71 to 0.97) with weed biomass. No specific remote sensing variable was ideal across the three cases examined here, suggesting that a generalized remote sensing approach may not offer robust estimations and case-specific applications are imperative. Nonetheless, drone imagery is a powerful tool for estimating seed production from uncontrolled weed escapes and assisting with management decision making.
Evaluation of Brassicas in grazing systems for sheep: I. Quality of forage and animal performance.

Four years of grazing trials were conducted with Brassica forages to evaluate their chemical composition and effect on ADG of fattening lambs and breeding ewes in late fall. Brassicas tested included kales (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC), turnips (B. rapa L.), and a chinese cabbage hybrid (B. rapa L. x B. pekinensis [Lour.] Rupr.). Daily gains of lambs varied widely among years (19 to 330 g/d); ADG on Brassicas were, however, generally higher than on stockpiled Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) or orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)-red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) pastures grazed at the same time. In 1 yr, dietary supplementation of lambs grazing a hybrid turnip (Forage Star) with iodine and copper oxide needles improved (P < .05) ADG; however, there was no effect on gains in two later years. In 2 yr, lambs showed higher ADG on Tyfon chinese cabbage hybrid (241 and 330 g/d) than on Forage Star turnip (197 and 275 g/d) or stockpiled grass-clover (135 and 233 g/d), but yield of Tyfon was lower. Indications that supplementary hay improved ADG of lambs and ewes were not confirmed in the final year, in which hay increased (P < .05) ADG of lambs in the first 3 wk of grazing Brassicas but decreased gains later. Thyroid weights were increased (P < .01) consistently in all trials on Brassicas, but enlargement was modest and not related to ADG. Brassica forages provided high yields (5.6 to 10.5 t/ha) of DM in the late fall to early winter period, with high carrying capacity for sheep but large variability in ADG.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Insulin sensitivity (euglycemic clamp, insulin infusion rate: 40 mU · m−2 · min−1) was studied in 30 subjects with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), normal glucose tolerance, and a BMI <30 kg/m2. Of those 30 subjects, 9 had pure fatty liver and 21 had evidence of steatohepatitis. In addition, 10 patients with type 2 diabetes under good metabolic control and 10 healthy subjects were studied. Most NAFLD patients had central fat accumulation, increased triglycerides and uric acid, and low HDL cholesterol, irrespective of BMI. Glucose disposal during the clamp was reduced by nearly 50% in NAFLD patients, as well as in patients with normal body weight, to an extent similar to that of the type 2 diabetic patients. Basal free fatty acids were increased, whereas insulin-mediated suppression of lipolysis was less effective (−69% in NAFLD vs. −84% in control subjects; P = 0.003). Postabsorptive hepatic glucose production (HGP), measured by [6,6-2H2]glucose, was normal. In response to insulin infusion, HGP decreased by only 63% of basal in NAFLD vs. 84% in control subjects ( P = 0.002). Compared with type 2 diabetic patients, NAFLD patients were characterized by lower basal HGP, but with similarly reduced insulin-mediated suppression of HGP. There was laboratory evidence of iron overload in many NAFLD patients, but clinical, histological, and biochemical data (including insulin sensitivity) were not correlated with iron status. Four subjects were heterozygous for mutation His63Asp of the HFE gene of familiar hemochromatosis. We concluded that NAFLD, in the presence of normoglycemia and normal or moderately increased body weight, is characterized by clinical and laboratory data similar to those found in diabetes and obesity. NAFLD may be considered an additional feature of the metabolic syndrome, with specific hepatic insulin resistance.
Chromatic dispersion monitoring using partial optical filtering and phase-shift detection of bit rate and doubled half bit rate frequency components

We demonstrate dispersion monitoring technique by comparing the phase of RF components at the bit rate and the doubled half-bit-rate after partial-optical-filtering. This technique enhances the monitoring range by four times compared to conventional phase-shift-detection techniques.
Spatial and temporal variability in a stratified hypersaline microbial mat community

Hypersaline microbial mat communities have recently been shown to be more diverse than once thought. The variability in community composition of hypersaline mats, both in terms of spatial and temporal dimensions, is still poorly understood. Because this information is essential to understanding the complex biotic and abiotic interactions within these communities, terminal restriction fragment analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to characterize the near-surface community of a hypersaline microbial mat in Guerrero Negro, Mexico. Core samples were analyzed to assay community variability over large regional scales (centimeter to kilometer) and to track depth-related changes in population distribution at 250-μm intervals over a diel period. Significant changes in total species diversity were observed at increasing distances across the mat surface; however, key species (e.g. Microcoleus sp.) were identified throughout the mat. The vertical position and abundance of >50% of the 60 peaks detected varied dramatically over a diel cycle, including Beggiatoa sp., cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus sp., Halochromatium sp., Bacteroidetes sp. and several as-yet-identified bacteria. Many of these migrations correlated strongly with diel changes in redox conditions within the mat, contributing to strong day–night community structure differences.
Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in a newborn

In the article entitled Iodine-Induced Hyperthyroidism in a Newborn that appeared in the March 1995 issue of Pediatrics , the iodine content of povidone-iodine is estimated at 10 mg/mL rather than the estimate that we employed which was 10% or 10 g/dL. Thus, we are in agreement that the neonate in our report received 2.88 g rather than 28.8 g, which we reported. Donald Zimmerman, MD Mayo Clinic & Mayo Foundation Pediatric Endocrinology Rochester, MN 55905
Too much data, but little inter-changeability: a lesson learned from mining public data on tissue specificity of gene expression.

Background The tissue expression pattern of a gene often provides an important clue to its potential role in a biological process. A vast amount of gene expression data have been and are being accumulated in public repository through different technology platforms. However, exploitations of these rich data sources remain limited in part due to issues of technology standardization. Our objective is to test the data comparability between SAGE and microarray technologies, through examining the expression pattern of genes under normal physiological states across variety of tissues.
On the Role of Semantic Constraints in Sentence Comprehension.

Two experiments tested the conjecture that the presence of semantic constraints facilitates the recovery of logical/underlying roles of noun phrases. In experiment I, semantic constraints reduced the time required to extract these internal relations for active and passive sentences but did not affect the time to verify the logical/underlying role of a NP probe. In Experiment II, semantic constraints reduced the time required to comprehend passive sentences, but there was no overall facilitative effect of semantic constraints. In neither experiment was there a constant syntactic processing effect of sentence voice.
Baryonic hybrids: Gluons as beads on strings between quarks

In this paper we analyze the ground state of the heavy-quark qqqG system using standard principles of quark confinement and massive constituent gluons as established in the center-vortex picture. The known string tension K-F and approximately-known gluon mass M lead to a precise specification of the long-range nonrelativistic part of the potential binding the gluon to the quarks with no undetermined phenomenological parameters, in the limit of large interquark separation R. Our major tool (also used earlier by Simonov) is the use of proper-time methods to describe gluon propagation within the quark system, along with some elementary group theory describing the gluon Wilson-line as a composite of colocated q and (q) over bar lines. We show that (aside from color-Coulomb and similar terms) the gluon potential energy in the presence of quarks is accurately described (for small gluon fluctuations) via attaching these three strings to the gluon, which in equilibrium sits at the Steiner point of the Y-shaped string network joining the three quarks. The gluon undergoes small harmonic fluctuations that slightly stretch these strings and quasiconfine the gluon to the neighborhood of the Steiner point. To describe nonrelativistic ground-state gluonic fluctuations at large R we use the Schrodinger equation, ignoring mixing with l = 2 states. Available lattice data and real-world hybrids require consideration of R values small enough for significant relativistic corrections, which we apply using a variational principle for the relativistic harmonic-oscillator. We also consider the role of color-Coulomb contributions. In terms of interquark separations R, we find leading nonrelativistic large-R terms in the gluon excitation energy of the form epsilon(R) -> M + xi[K-F/(MR)](1/2) - zeta alpha(c)/R where xi, zeta are calculable numerical coefficients and alpha(c) similar or equal to 0.15 is the color-Coulomb q (q) over bar coupling. When the gluon is relativistic, epsilon similar to (K-F/R)(1/3). We get an acceptable fit to lattice data with M = 500 MeV. Although we do not consider it in full detail, we show that in the q (q) over barG hybrid the gluon is a bead that can slide without friction on a string joining the q and (q) over bar. We comment briefly on the significance of our findings to fluctuations of the minimal surface, a subject difficult to understand from the point of view of center vortices.
Nuclear Radiation Damage to Ruby Lasers

The power output of ruby lasers is decreased when they are exposed to high energy ionizing radiation. The causes for this degradation are: (1) the absorption of the laser light by a radiation-induced absorption at the lasing wavelength, (2) a change in the valence state of the lasing impurity, Cr3+ ions and (3) the absorption of the flash lamp pump light by radiation induced absorption. By experimentally determining the magnitude of each of these damage parameters, one is able to estimate for a particular absorbed dose the expected laser degradation. The technique for performing this calculation as well as the experimental verification of the prediction are reported.