cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional Development through Reflective Consultation in Early Intervention.

The fields of special education/early intervention and infant mental health are moving closer, as practitioners find common ground in understanding and intervening to support vulnerable infants and toddlers. The importance of the impact of relationships on all developmental domains has been brought to the foreground. This includes relationships between parent and interventionist, as well as parent and child. Ongoing professional development in the form of reflective consultation supports the work of interventionists by fostering reflective functioning and facilitating a greater understanding of the impact of interactions and emotions in their work with families. This may lead to a broader and deeper range of intervention approaches and a better choice of intervention based on a better understanding of individual and family needs. This article describes a collaborative pilot project that integrates an infant mental health approach to support early interventionists within a special education system. The project supported the services of an infant mental health consultant to facilitate ongoing reflective consultation for 2 home-based school district teams working in an urban community. Data were collected to explore the effects of reflective consultation in supporting early interventionists, decreasing burnout, and increasing skills needed to work with diverse families. As a result of this project, the participants advocated for use of district professional development funds to continue reflective consultation with the consultant. Key words: burnout, collaboration, developmental disabilities, early intervention, family-centered services, job stress, professional development, reflective practice, reflective supervision, relationships, special education, team-building
Surgeon responsibility in the era of “outrageous science”

Numerous times in the history of mankind there has been a prolific outpouring of scientific discovery, recently and most notably during the Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution. Currently, with the Information Age, another revolution in science is occurring. However, the nature of current discoveries is so far beyond the innovations of the past that the term ‘‘outrageous science’’ aptly applies. The term outrageous means ‘‘exceeding established or reasonable limits; improbable; extraordinary’’ [12]. Why should this be of concern to surgeons? First and most importantly, there are numerous technologies outside the immediate interest or view of surgeons that will either require surgeons to implement or have an impact on the way surgery is performed, possibly even replacing current methods. However, this is a rather egocentric approach to the problem. The changes taking place go directly to the heart of medicine, which is the care and nurturing of our fellow man. Medical technologies are accelerating exponentially, such that the moral and ethical issues provoked will require decades to resolve (Fig. 1). These issues focus on the most fundamental questions, for example: What does it mean to be human? How long should a person live? The following discourse samples some of the incredible discoveries emerging from the laboratory, speculates on their development trajectory, and posits the fundamental moral and ethical issues that pose the major challenges for the coming decades. Other technologies with equally profound effects, such as teleportation, cold fusion for energy, and direct communication from the mind, do not have a scientific basis at this time, and are therefore beyond current speculation, although a sudden scientific breakthrough could instantly project them into the middle of controversy. As an example of such a disruptive change, exactly such an event occurred with human cloning. Seemingly from out of nowhere, the cloning of Dolly the sheep was announced. Shortly thereafter, the French scientist Brigett Boisselier proclaimed the first human clone. There was an immediate public outcry and a political knee-jerk reaction. All nations of the world, except three, agreed not to do research in human cloning. However, three nations currently have state-sponsored human cloning (including embryonic stem cells): China, Korea, and Switzerland. The moral and ethical consequences are profound and currently are being discussed worldwide. What happens if the clone has a severe abnormality? Will it be discarded? Should clones have all the same rights as natural born humans? Will we make clones without brains in order to have ‘‘spare parts’’? Why does China need to create clones? Do they not already have enough children born every day? Human cloning is happening in the present, but what might the future hold? We touch on a number of technologies currently emerging from the laboratories and speculate on the possible inevitable consequence of their full development, as well as the profound moral and ethical issues associated with these technologies.
Ospemifene in the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of ospemifene in the management of dyspareunia. Data Sources: Literature was sought using PubMed (1966-January 2014) and EMBASE (1973-January 2014). Search terms included ospemifene, FC-1271a, dyspareunia, vulvovaginal atrophy, and vaginal atrophy. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All studies, including studies on humans, published in English with data assessing the efficacy and safety of ospemifene in the management of dyspareunia were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Ospemifene is a new oral estrogen receptor agonist/antagonist indicated for moderate to severe dyspareunia. Clinical trials evaluating efficacy have shown a significant improvement in superficial cells, parabasal cells, vaginal pH, vaginal dryness, and dyspareunia. The most frequently reported adverse drug reactions in the clinical trials included hot flashes, vaginal discharge, muscle spasms, and hyperhidrosis. Similar to systemic estrogen, boxed warnings with ospemifene include ris...
Heat-transfer processes in solar energy storage systems for orbital applications

A survey and study of the use of solar energy for power conversion systems for orbital missions confirmed the potential usefulness of heat storage systems utilizing the heat of fusion and the sensible heat of a material such as LiH. The properties of all surveyed candidate materials are temperature-dependent. The transient temperature distribution and the output heat flux q0 are presented as functions of input heat flux qtand the thickness w of the heat-storing material. The possibility of steady state without complete melting has been predicted and confirmed experimentally. The amplitude of the fluctuation in q0 during the thermal cycle increases with qtand w. The stabilization of the thermal cycle generally is achieved in two cycles (simulated orbital periods). Use of a finned system can reduce the go fluctuations, including the temporary q0 overshoots after the completion of melting. Changes of the fin geometry, spacing, and fin materials affect th and tc. These additional degrees of freedom can be utilized for the synchronization of the thermal cycles with the orbiting periods. The theoretically predicted behavior of the system is in good agreement with experimental findings for annular storage volumes of LiH that are radiantly heated on the inside by an electric heater and cooled by radiation to Dowtherm-A-cooled or nitrogen-cooled coils.
Estimating the Effect of Household Age-Sex Composition on Food Expenditures

The effects of variation in household age-sex composition on food expenditures are not, conventionally, accounted for when food expenditures are expressed on a per capita basis. Because households differ in physical makeup as well as in their ability to generate income, the specific requirements certain household members place on the family budget raise the problem of determing their relative economic position. The per capita approach fails to reflect the effect of variations in household composition on food expenditures. Therefore, it is desirable to isolate the normal food expenditure relation to the “household-specific” effects.
Cutaneous reactive hyperaemia: racial differences induced by corticoid application.

SUMMARY The postocclusive hyperaemic reaction before and after a single 1 h application of a potent corticoid (clobetasol 0.05% in ointment) was recorded by means of laser Doppler velocimetry in order to elucidate different racial responses in skin vasoconstriction. Fourteen young male subjects entered the study (eight Caucasians, six Blacks). Reactive hyperaemia was recorded after 4 min of occlusion of the forearm blood flow. The following parameters of the hyperaemic reaction were investigated: area under the curve response, peak response, rise of blood flow slope to peak and decay of blood flow slope after peak. Different responses were recorded in the Black subjects after the vasoconstrictive stimulus compared to the Caucasians, namely: decreased area under the curve response (P < 0.04); decreased peak response (P < 0.01); decreased decay slope after peak blood flow (P < 0.04). These data are consistent with a different reactivity of blood vessels in black skin and possibly not related to the transcutaneous penetration of the chemical compound.
The Aging Woman in Popular Film: Underrepresented, Unattractive, Unfriendly, and Unintelligent

The present study examined 100 top-grossing motion pictures spanning from the 1940s through the 1980s (20 movies from each decade). Eight hundred and twenty-nine characters were rated on attractiveness, character goodness, intelligence, friendliness, socioeconomic status, romantic activity, and movie outcome. It was hypothesized that ageist and sexist stereotypes would interact such that (a) older female characters would be more unde"epresented, and (b) more negatively portrayed, than their male contemporaries. Both hypotheses were supported. Implications regarding double standards for age, and the media's propagation of beauty-related standards for females were discussed.
Prime Implicants of Noncoherent Fault Trees

The discussion prompted by a Kumamoto & Henley paper is analyzed and the central issues are set forth. Results of the SETS program are used to clarify some misunderstandings and to show that it can be used to obtain quickly all of the results presented by Kumamoto & Henley. A special class of noncoherent trees is identified on which the standard algorithm for coherent trees will always work.
Dynamical systems approaches to emotional development

Abstract Within the last 20 years, transitions in the conceptualization of emotion and its development have given rise to calls for an explanatory framework that captures emotional development in all its organizational complexity and variability. Recent attempts have been made to couch emotional development in terms of a dynamical systems approach through utilization of principles like self-organization and emergence. In this article, we review and evaluate these attempts, both at the level of theoretical framework and empirical instantiation. We trace the dynamic systems approach to emotional development from theoretical origins in the work of Fogel and Wolff to the more recent framework of Lewis. We also chart its empirical applications from the standpoint of research strategy specific to the approach. We also explore the challenges this approach faces in promoting its framework as both unique and beneficial to the study of stability and change in emotion.
Application layer software fault tolerance for distributed object-oriented systems

A technique for software fault-tolerance on a distributed object-oriented system is presented. It provides software fault tolerance as well as resilience to the object failures. The technique is an extension of the active object replication schemes. Using the property of encapsulation, a group of objects with multiple implementations sharing a common interface can be treated as if they are a group of replicated objects. The resilience from hardware failures is achieved by the replication of computation. The software fault tolerance is attained by the design diversity. The application layer implementation of the technique is discussed.
Generalized small-signal analysis of avalanche transit-time diodes

The one-dimensional small-signal analysis of avalanche transit-time diodes with distributed multiplication is reduced to the concept of two layers in cascade, each having a constant ionization rate. The interface is located in the distinguished neutral plane of equal direct electron and hole currents. In this configuration the small-signal problem is characterized by two parameters : namely the location of the neutral plane in the depletion layer and a quantity combining the ionization-rate field dependence and the total direct current density. Normalized admittance diagrams and small-signal growth rates are given which show the relative importance of the low-transit-angle mode where the frequency is smaller than the avalanche resonance frequency and the π mode extending almost to 2π for large current densities. Through a transformation the results are applicable to Read type, abrupt and uniform junctions of Si, Ge, and GaAs avalanche diodes.
Fixed Drug Eruptions

Fixed Drug Eruptions (FDEs) are a localized response to medications that typically appear as well-demarcated erythematous dusky patches or plaques. They may be solitary, multiple, or generalized. The initial eruption of a FDE appears 1 week post-drug exposure, whereas subsequent exposures to the same drug lead to development of lesions within 30 min to 24 h. Despite the number of occurrences, these patches and plaques resolve within 2–3 weeks of discontinuing the offending agent, often leaving post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), tetracyclines, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, sedatives including barbiturates, benzodiazepines and chlordiazepoxide, and anti-convulsants are the most commonly reported drugs causing FDE. Certain drugs have a predilection for causing particular subtypes of FDE, as well as mucosal involvement. Histologically, FDEs present with a vacuolar dermatitis occurring at the dermo-epidermal junction. Lymphocyte infiltration and hydropic degeneration of keratinocytes develop over the first 24 h following exposure, which can progress to separation of the dermis and epidermis with subepidermal bullae formation. The immunologic mechanism of FDE involves activation of CD8+ T cells that release interferon gamma, granzymes, and perforins, leading to recruitment of neutrophils, CD4+ T cells, mast cells, and occasionally eosinophils. Diagnosis of FDE is largely clinical and treatment is comprised of discontinuing the offending drug and treating symptoms, such as pruritus and pain. However, if the offending agent is unclear, patch testing or oral re-challenge at sub-therapeutic doses are the preferred diagnostic tests.
Antecedent treatment with different antibiotic agents as a risk factor for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus.

We conducted a matched case-control study to compare the effect of antecedent treatment with various antibiotics on subsequent isolation of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE); 880 in-patients; 233 VRE cases, and 647 matched controls were included. After being matched for hospital location, calendar time, and duration of hospitalization, the following variables predicted VRE positivity: main admitting diagnosis; a coexisting condition (e.g., diabetes mellitus, organ transplant, or hepatobiliary disease); and infection or colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium difficile within the past year (independent of vancomycin treatment). After controlling for these variables, we examined the effect of various antibiotics. Intravenous treatment with third-generation cephalosporins, metronidazole, and fluoroquinolones was positively associated with VRE. In our institution, when we adjusted the data for temporo-spatial factors, patient characteristics, and hospital events, treatment with third-generation cephalosporins, metronidazole, and fluoroquinolones was identified as a risk factor for VRE. Vancomycin was not a risk factor for isolation of VRE.
Acute pyelonephritis and associated complications during pregnancy in 2006 in US hospitals.

Objective: To describe the occurrence of hospitalization for acute pyelonephritis during pregnancy and associated complications in 2006 in USA. Methods: Cases were defined as those with ICD-9-CM codes corresponding to the infections of the genitourinary tract in pregnancy and pyelonephritis in the 2006 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). Additional analyses identified those cases also coupled with ICD-9-CM codes corresponding to obstetrical and medical complications. Calculations were weighted to produce national estimates and hospitalization rates were determined. Results: Twenty-eight thousand nine hundred and twenty-three hospitalizations for pyelonephritis in pregnancy were identified. Women aged 8–19 had the highest hospitalization rate (175.06/10 000 cases) compared to other age groupings. Hispanic patients had the highest hospitalization rate of the recorded ethnicities (100.93/10 000 cases). Diabetes was a concomitant diagnosis in 3.7% of patients. Of ...
Patterns of evolution in western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae)

A well-supported phylogeny is presented from both chloroplast DNA (the trnL/F region) and two regions of nuclear rDNA (ITS [internal transcribed spacer] and ETS [external transcribed spacer]) with nearly complete sampling for Mimulus (Phrymaceae) in western North America. Three separate genera are derived from within the clade that contains all the Mimulus species in western North America. The taxonomic status of the proposed sections of Mimulus and the relationships of many taxonomically difficult species are considered with observations on morphological evolution. Discordance between data sources provides support for the hypothesis that M. evanescens is a hybrid between M. latidens and M. breviflorus. In two major clades (Eunanus and Diplacus), patterns of genetic variation do not match the current taxonomy. The clustering of taxa in Eunanus is strongly associated with geographic distributions. Mimulus aurantiacussensu Thompson, M. nanus, and M. floribundus are found to be progenitor species to other species that appear to be derived from within them. Polyploidy and aneuploidy events are clustered near the tips of the phylogeny. Thus, these two mechanisms are concluded to have played a relatively small role in the evolution of persistent lineages in Mimulus. The phylogenetic distribution of rare taxa is also examined.
A Spatial Analysis System for Integrating Data, Methods and Models on Environmental Risks and Health Outcomes

Integrating data on health outcomes with methods of disease mapping and spatially explicit models of environmental contaminants are important aspects of environmental health surveillance. In this article, we describe a modular, web-based spatial analysis system that uses GIS, spatial analysis methods and software services delivered over computer networks to achieve this end. The Environmental Health Surveillance System (EHSS) is a prototype system that is designed to serve three purposes: a secure environment for producing maps of disease outcomes from individual-level data while preserving privacy; an automated process of linking environmental data, environmental models, and GIS tasks like geocoding for the purposes of estimating individual exposures to environmental contaminants; and mechanisms to visualize the spatial patterns of disease outcomes via Web-based mapping interfaces and interactive tools like Google Earth.
Evaluation of a Conceptual Model of Architectural Legibility

Architectural legibility is the degree to which the designed features of the environment aid people in creating an effective mental image, or "cognitive map" of the spatial relationships within a b...
Organizing Credibility Discursive and Organizational Orthodoxy on the Borders of Ecology and Politics

In the present paper, we show that in its efforts to maintain credibility and claim social relevance, the Ecological Society of America (ESA) and its members repeatedly negotiate a boundary between...
Fidelity to Roost Sites and Diet Composition of Wintering Male Urban Common Kestrels Falco tinnunculus

Abstract. During harsh winters, partially migratory raptors face to making a decision whether leave their breeding sites or not. However, decision to leave brings advantages for maintaining own body condition, but also disadvantages for further reproduction. We studied individual variability in fidelity to roost sites during two winters. The kestrel males in Ceske Budějovice (Southern Bohemia) roost near their breeding sites for most of the winter. Individuals occupy the same roost site continuously, unless they temporarily leave the city. We collected pellets at the males' roost sites from November to April in 1996/1997 and 1997/1998. We analysed the factors that affect males' presence (proportion of days with snow cover — PSC, snow depth and mean temperature). There were fewer absences, overall, in 1997/1998 than in 1996/1997, probably due to milder weather conditions, and better prey availability. Individuals responded differently to periods of snow cover; some males left the city but others remained. ...
Use of Information by National Weather Service Forecasters and Emergency Managers during CALJET and PACJET-2001

Abstract Winter storms making landfall in western North America can generate heavy precipitation and other significant weather, leading to floods, landslides, and other hazards that cause significant damage and loss of life. To help alleviate these negative impacts, the California Land-falling Jets (CALJET) and Pacific Land-falling Jets (PACJET) experiments took extra meteorological observations in the coastal region to investigate key research questions and aid operational West Coast 0–48-h weather forecasting. This article presents results from a study of how information provided by CALJET and PACJET was used by National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters and forecast users. The primary study methodology was analysis of qualitative data collected from observations of forecasters and from interviews with NWS personnel, CALJET–PACJET researchers, and forecast users. The article begins by documenting and discussing the many types of information that NWS forecasters combine to generate forecasts. Within this...
Numerical Simulations of Supersonic Flow in a Linear Aerospike Micronozzle

In this study, we numerically examine thrust performance of the linear aerospike nozzle micro-thruster for various nozzle spike lengths and flow parameters in order to identify optimal geometry(s) and operating conditions. Decomposed hydrogen-peroxide is used as the monopropellant in the studies. Performance is characterized for different flow rates (Reynolds numbers) and aerospike lengths, and the impact of micro-scale viscous forces is assessed. It is found that 2-D full micro-aerospike efficiencies can exceed axisymmetric micro-nozzle efficiencies by as much as 10%; however, severe penalties are found to occur for truncated spikes at low Reynolds numbers.
Regional‐scale permeability by heat flow calibration in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming

Forward modeling of coupled fluid and heat flow in the Powder River basin, Wyoming, is used to explain anomalously high heat flow values observed in the southern portion of the basin. Effective basin-scale permeabilities of selected Powder River basin aquifers and aquitards were calibrated by matching surface heat flow measurements to simulation results. Fractures associated with a large anticline in the southwestern part of the basin were found to play a major role in the basin's thermal regime. While the model results are non-unique, they demonstrate that regional structural features play an important role in a basin's overall energy budget and fluid flow regime. With the results of the basin-scale model it is possible to evaluate regional-scale flow and transport processes.
Bone marrow side population cells are enriched for progenitors capable of myogenic differentiation

Although the contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to regenerating skeletal muscle has been repeatedly documented, there remains considerable debate as to whether this incorporation is exclusively a result of inflammatory cell fusion to regenerating myofibers or whether certain populations of bone marrow-derived cells have the capacity to differentiate into muscle. The present study uses a dual-marker approach in which GFP+ cells were intravenously transplanted into lethally irradiated β-galactosidase+ recipients to allow for simple determination of donor and host contribution to the muscle. FACS analysis of cardiotoxin-damaged muscle revealed that CD45+ bone-marrow side-population (SP) cells, a group enriched in hematopoietic stem cells, can give rise to CD45–/Sca-1+/desmin+ cells capable of myogenic differentiation. Moreover, after immunohistochemical examination of the muscles of both SP- and whole bone marrow-transplanted animals, we noted the presence of myofibers composed only of bone marrow-derived cells. Our findings suggest that a subpopulation of bone marrow SP cells contains precursor cells whose progeny have the potential to differentiate towards a muscle lineage and are capable of de novo myogenesis following transplantation and initiation of muscle repair via chemical damage.
External Debt, Labour Productivity Growth and Convergence: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has long suffered from lagging productivity and excessive levels of indebtedness. Using both parametric and non-parametric techniques, this paper examines the impact of external debt on labour productivity growth and convergence across SSA economies over the period 1970–2010. The results indicate the presence of debt-overhang effects, regardless of model and sample specification. Debt reduction through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries and Multilateral Debt Relief initiatives enhanced growth but was not successful in offsetting the debt-overhang effects. Moreover, excessive levels of external debt were responsible for divergence in output per worker over the early 1990s. Although this trend was reversed over the 2000s, reduction in debt through the debt relief initiatives seems to have been insufficient in helping heavily indebted countries in SSA catch up with the labour productivity levels of the best-performing economies in the region.
A switched-capacitor RF front end with embedded programmable high order filtering and a +15dBm OB-B1dB

A 0.1–0.7GHz switched-capacitor RF front end features tunable center frequency and programmable filter order as well as very high tolerance for out-of-band (OB) blockers. RF input impedance matching, N-path filtering, down-conversion, and high order IIR filtering are implemented using highly linear switches and capacitors only. The 3.24mm2 40nm CMOS front-end prototype consumes 38.5–76.5mA, achieves 24dBm OB-IIP3 and 14.7dBm B1dB for a 30MHz offset, 6.8 to 9.7dB NF, and >66dB calibrated harmonic rejection ratio.
Morphometric Analysis of Nonadult Characters of Common Species of American Gordiids (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea)

The nonadult stages, egg strings, eggs, larvae, and cysts of Gordius robustus, Paragordius varius, and Chordodes morgani are described morphometrically. The goal was to document the differences between species and to evaluate the usefulness of morphometrics in species identification. In concert, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA, a posteriori contrasts) statistical tests demonstrated that each species is morphometrically distinguishable from all others. Additionally, discriminant function analysis indicated that postseptum length, pseudointestine length, and stylet width were the most important variables in the discrimination of species based on larval characters. Finally, differences in oviposition behaviors among these 3 species were found. It is suggested that ovipositioning differences may place larvae into distinct niches and may ultimately lead to the use of different paratenic hosts by different gordiid species.
Outburst floods of the Maly Yenisei. Part I

ABSTRACTThe Yenisei, the largest river flowing to the Arctic Ocean, repeatedly hosted cataclysmic floods during the Pleistocene. The largest of the known floods likely originated from palaeolakes in northern Mongolia, at the headwaters of the Little, or Maly, Yenisei. These ancient floods are among the greatest known globally. They left giant gravel dunes and wide abandoned channels in the Kyzyl basin, and high terraces in the gorges upstream. However, few detailed field studies of the flood deposits and no measurements of their ages have been made thus far. The largest palaeolakes were impounded during major glaciations by outlet glaciers from the East Sayan ice field in southern Siberia. The shorelines suggest four distinct palaeolake depths of 290, 175, 145, and 65 m. The timing and location of the glacier impounding the deepest lakes are uncertain but at its maximum, the Tengis outlet glacier was likely capable of impounding the 175 m lake. The dating of glacial deposits in and around the basin reveal...
Why do we polish? Part Two.

Abstract What does polishing oral hard tissues and restorations accomplish? The two parts of this review will describe the effect of polishing on various restorative materials and teeth; the development of biofilm and adherence of plaque to teeth and restorations; the effects of unpolished versus polished surfaces on gingival health and longevity of restoration; and techniques for polishing various restorative materials.
Adaptive Control of Damaged Parafoils

Autonomous guided airdrop systems based on steerable, ram-air parafoils generally offer significant improvements in payload delivery accuracy compared to unguided airdrop. However, in the event of a malfunction, the gliding ability of the parafoil canopy can result in extremely large deviations from the target. In particular, damage to the parafoil canopy or rigging during the inherently chaotic canopy inflation is not uncommon. Significant damage can result in large deviations from the assumed flight characteristics, but it is often the case that the parafoil will often retain a significant amount of steerability and gliding ability, even in the event of very large amounts of damage. However, the typical autonomous control logic used for guided airdrop systems is unable to compensate for very large deviations from the assumed flight characteristics. The current work examines the incorporation of simple adaptive control logic into guided airdrop systems to retain reasonable landing accuracy with large deviations from the assumed flight characteristics. Simulation results demonstrate effective autonomous control of guided airdrop systems with large amounts of damage with the proposed adaptive control logic. Monte Carlo simulation results are used to compare landing accuracy for a standard control algorithm and the adaptive control algorithm presented here with various amounts of damage in windy and turbulent conditions. The results demonstrate that even with levels of damage sufficient to create an order of magnitude increase in landing error for a standard control algorithm, the adaptive control algorithm is able to maintain the same landing accuracy expected with no damage at all.
Injections of Combined Paratyphoid Colon Bacillus Filtrate and Poliomyelitis Virus by Way of Gastrointestinal Tract.

ConclusionThese experiments indicate that the production of poliomyelitis is accelerated or intensified when poliomyelitis virus is combined with P. C. B. filtrate and injected subserosally or directly into the gastrointestinal tract. Two other sets of 2 animals each subsequently experimented upon in the same manner gave the same results.
Father-son communication: an intervention strategy for boys and men of color to promote neighborhood safety post-Ferguson

Compared with their White counterparts, preadolescent and adolescent males of color are disproportionately exposed to violence from multiple sources, including law enforcement, neighborhood communi...
Correlation between Rotating LIDAR Measurements and Blade Effective Wind Speed

Preview wind speed measurements from a forward looking Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) system located in the hub of a wind turbine can be used by a feedforward blade pitch control system to mitigate structural loads. For individual blade pitch control, a separate preview estimate of the e ective wind speed encountered by each blade must be available. One way of providing an estimate of the blade e ective wind speed is to implement a hub mounted spinning lidar that scans the wind eld at the rotational rate of the rotor such that the measured wind will reach the blade after some delay. In this way, both the lidar measurement and the wind turbine blade rotationally sample the wind eld. The bene t gained by using preview wind speed measurements strongly depends on the correlation between the measured wind and the wind that interacts with the blades. In this research, the coherence between rotating lidar measurements and blade e ective wind speed is calculated and analyzed using a spectral model of the wind eld. The simulated wind eld uses an isotropic von Karman spectrum and contains a model of wind evolution described by a longitudinal spatial coherence function. The coherence between stationary measurements and stationary blade e ective wind speeds decreases to zero near the 1P rotational frequency of the turbine. However, measurement coherence between rotating lidar measurements and blade e ective wind speed remains much higher and does not decay until higher frequencies.
Machine Beats Experts: Automatic Discovery of Skill Models for Data-Driven Online Course Refinement.

How can we automatically determine which skills must be mastered for the successful completion of an online course? Large-scale online courses (e.g., MOOCs) often contain a broad range of contents frequently intended to be a semester’s worth of materials; this breadth often makes it difficult to articulate an accurate set of skills and knowledge (i.e., a skill model, or the QMatrix). We have developed an innovative method to discover skill models from the data of online courses. Our method assumes that online courses have a pre-defined skill map for which skills are associated with formative assessment items embedded throughout the online course. Our method carefully exploits correlations between various parts of student performance, as well as in the text of assessment items, to build a superior statistical model that even outperforms human experts. To evaluate our method, we compare our method with existing methods (LFA) and human engineered skill models on three Open Learning Initiative (OLI) courses at Carnegie Mellon University. The results show that (1) our method outperforms human-engineered skill models, (2) skill models discovered by our method are interpretable, and (3) our method is remarkably faster than existing methods. These results suggest that our method provides a significant contribution to the evidence-based, iterative refinement of online courses with a promising scalability.
The Effects of the Sequencing of Principal Components and Multiple Discriminant Analyses: An Exploratory Investigation

This project examined the efficiencies realized by the sequential use of principal components analysis and multiple discriminant analysis. The reported research builds upon 98 AIO statements collected from a sample of 606 respondents. The efficiencies gained fell into two catagories: statistical and operational.
Globalization and Transnational Surrogacy in India: Outsourcing Life, by Sayantani Das Gupta and Shamita Das Dasgupta (eds)

In recent years, the growing fertility industry in India has drawn wide attention in the global media, particularly in a globalised world economy that supports the movement of people, technology, a...
Fighting for Trieste: nationalism and political violence at the edge of the Iron Curtain

AbstractBetween 1945 and 1954, the Italian and Yugoslav governments staunchly disputed national sovereignty of Trieste and northern Istria. Although scholars have extensively studied the diplomatic dimension of what became known as the ‘Trieste question’, only a few have devoted attention to the Italian government’s aggressive strategy toward the city from 1945 to 1954. This article examines the Italian politics of nationalism in Cold War Trieste by investigating the interactions between the central government, the Allied authorities and the local political forces that either supported or opposed Italian territorial claims toward the city. Based upon the study of Italian as well as Allied governmental records, state-led propaganda and public press, this article suggests that the central government not only tolerated but also encouraged phenomena of local political violence to oppose the Communist threat and defy Allied occupation. This study ultimately proves the residual strength of nationalism as a poli...
Examining the themes of STD-related Internet searches to increase specificity of disease forecasting using Internet search terms.

US surveillance of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is often delayed and incomplete which creates missed opportunities to identify and respond to trends in disease. Internet search engine data has the potential to be an efficient, economical and representative enhancement to the established surveillance system. Google Trends allows the download of de-identified search engine data, which has been used to demonstrate the positive and statistically significant association between STD-related search terms and STD rates. In this study, search engine user content was identified by surveying specific exposure groups of individuals (STD clinic patients and university students) aged 18–35. Participants were asked to list the terms they use to search for STD-related information. Google Correlate was used to validate search term content. On average STD clinic participant queries were longer compared to student queries. STD clinic participants were more likely to report using search terms that were related to symptomatology such as describing symptoms of STDs, while students were more likely to report searching for general information. These differences in search terms by subpopulation have implications for STD surveillance in populations at most risk for disease acquisition.
Introduction to Contract, Status, and Fiduciary Law

Contractual and fiduciary relationships are the two primary mechanisms through which the law facilitates coordinated pursuit of our personal interests. Contract and fiduciary law are fields often represented in oppositional terms. Many believe that while contract law allows individuals to pursue their interests independently, fiduciary law allows them to pursue their interests in a dependent or interdependent way. This view seems to suggest that the boundaries between contract and fiduciary law are fixed rather than fluid. Bringing together leading theorists to analyze important philosophical questions at the intersection of contract and fiduciary law, Contract, Status, and Fiduciary Law demonstrates that popular characterizations of the relationship between contract and fiduciary law are overly simplistic. By considering how contract and fiduciary law interact, and not just how they differ, the contributors to this volume offer new insights into a range of topics, including: status relationships, voluntary undertakings, duties of loyalty, equity, employment law, tort law, the law of remedies, political theory, and the theory of the firm. This introductory essay provides an overview of the contributions to the volume, indicating their significance for our understanding of relationships between contract and fiduciary law.
An offset hub active vibration control system for mitigating helicopter vibrations during power loss: Simulation and experimental demonstration

Abstract In recent years, hub active vibration control (HAVC) technologies have been developed to attenuate blade pass frequency vibration on helicopters. While these systems provide superior vibration control with reduced weight compared to passive options, in the event of electrical power loss they can exacerbate the vibration problem in a manner that is problematic for helicopter and tiltrotor aircraft. This paper presents an offset hub active vibration control system (OHAVCS) designed to attenuate vibration during a power loss by offsetting the centers of rotation of two imbalance masses. The equations of motion for this system are developed using Lagrangian methods; analysis, simulation and experimental validation of these equations indicate that offsetting the imbalance masses effectively mitigates 1/Rev vibrations during a rotor hub power loss while continuing to cancel N/Rev vibrations during normal operation. These offsets create stabilizing centripetal torques that rotate each imbalance mass to a unique equilibrium angle. Experimental data also indicate that these offsets do not hinder control of the imbalance masses during normal (active) operation, though they do increase system power requirements.
Estimating Arterial Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Ventilated Patients: How Valid Are Surrogate Measures?

The arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) is an important parameter in critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients. To limit invasive procedures or for more continuous monitoring of PaCO2, clinicians often rely on venous blood gases, capnography, or transcutaneous monitoring. Each of these has advantages and limitations. Central venous Pco2 allows accurate estimation of PaCO2, differing from it by an amount described by the Fick principle. As long as cardiac output is relatively normal, central venous Pco2 exceeds the arterial value by approximately 4 mm Hg. In contrast, peripheral venous Pco2 is a poor predictor of PaCO2, and we do not recommend using peripheral venous Pco2 in this manner. Capnography offers measurement of the end-tidal Pco2 (PetCO2), a value that is close to PaCO2 when the lung is healthy. It has the advantage of being noninvasive and continuously available. In mechanically ventilated patients with lung disease, however, PetCO2 often differs from PaCO2, sometimes by a large degree, often seriously underestimating the arterial value. Dependence of PetCO2 on alveolar dead space and ventilator expiratory time limits its value to predict PaCO2. When lung function or ventilator settings change, PetCO2 and PaCO2 can vary in different directions, producing further uncertainty. Transcutaneous Pco2 measurement has become practical and reliable. It is promising for judging steady state values for PaCO2 unless there is overt vasoconstriction of the skin. Moreover, it can be useful in conditions where capnography fails (high-frequency ventilation) or where arterial blood gas analysis is burdensome (clinic or home management of mechanical ventilation).
Collision avoidance algorithms for unmanned aerial vehicles using computer vision

We present a computer-vision-based approach to enable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to avoid collisions. To detect a moving obstacle, a machine learning algorithm, cascade classification, is used. Next, to track the obstacle, the camshift algorithm is implemented. These algorithms determine the coordinates of center of an object moving towards the UAV. Finally, to determine the distance of the object to the UAV, a stereo camera is used. Once an object is successfully tracked, the UAV will execute avoidance maneuvers if the path of the moving object conflicts with the UAV's path.
Sacrificing status for social harmony: Concealing relatively high status identities from one’s peers.

Abstract Given strong human desires to be respected and understood, we demonstrate a surprising tendency: individuals consistently conceal relatively high status identities (sacrificing status and authenticity) to preserve social harmony. We experimentally demonstrated that, contrary to third-party observers’ expectations (Study 1), individuals were more likely to conceal relatively high status identities, compared to similar status identities, from their peers (Studies 1–5). Concealment was an effort to mitigate interpersonal threats (to the self, others, and belonging; Study 3) and continued even when individuals could not be held responsible for disclosure (Study 4). We found modest evidence that relative status still impacted concealment in settings encouraging status hierarchy (Study 5). Thus, individuals have a persistent discomfort with elevating their status above others. We conclude by considering the promising implications of identifying conditions that encourage high status individuals to prioritize social harmony, as well as caveats regarding how identity concealment may inadvertently reinforce inequality.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders

The exact incidence of sexual crimes committed by adolescents is not known. However available data (victim reports and arrest statistics) indicate that approximately 20% of all rapes and 30% of all child molestation cases are perpetrated by adolescent offenders1,2
A Sample Size Formula for the Hypergeometric

When using attribute sampling without replacement on lots of size N, a plan (n, c) may be desired which satisfies two conditions on the operating characteristic. This paper gives an approximate procedure which is very accurate and simple to use for solv..
Electrochemical properties of spinel Li x CoO 2 : A first-principles investigation

We present the results of a first-principles study of the electrochemical and lithium ordering properties of spinel ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ for x ranging from 0 to 1. The spinel form of ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ belongs to the $\mathrm{Fd}3m$ space group and can accommodate Li ions in two crystallographically distinct sites: the tetrahedrally coordinated $8a$ sites and the octahedrally coordinated $16c$ sites. We have investigated a lattice model for this system derived from first principles that allows for the simultaneous occupation by Li of both these sites. The calculated voltage intercalation curve of this phase exhibits a step of more than a volt at x=1/2. This step is a result of the large stability of ordered spinel ${\mathrm{Li}}_{1/2}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ in which the Li ions fill all the tetrahedral $8a$ sites. The remarkable stability of this ordered phase produces a sharp curvature in the free energy at $x=1/2$ that translates into an abrupt change in the voltage curve. As the temperature is raised, the voltage step gradually disappears as a result of the increased excitations of Li ions into energetically less favorable octahedral sites. We have also calculated the phase diagram for spinel ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}.$ A miscibility gap is predicted between $x=0.5$ and $x=1.0.$ At $x=1/4,$ Li is predicted to order below approximately 150 K. This ordering causes a small step of about 0.2 V similar to that observed in spinel ${\mathrm{Li}}_{x}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{2}$ at room temperature for x in the vicinity of 1/4.