cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of hoxa2a and hoxa2b genes during striped bass embryonic development.

Abstract Here, we report the cloning and expression analysis of two previously uncharacterized paralogs group 2 Hox genes, striped bass hoxa2a and hoxa2b , and the developmental regulatory gene egr2 . We demonstrate that both Hox genes are expressed in the rhombomeres of the developing hindbrain and the pharyngeal arches albeit with different spatio-temporal distributions relative to one another. While both hoxa2a and hoxa2b share the r1/r2 anterior boundary of expression characteristic of the hoxa2 paralog genes of other species, hoxa2a gene expression extends throughout the hindbrain, whereas hoxa2b gene expression is restricted to the r2–r5 region. Egr2 , which is used in this study as an early developmental marker of rhombomeres 3 and 5, is expressed in two distinct bands with a location and spacing typical for these two rhombomeres in other species. Within the pharyngeal arches, hoxa2a is expressed at higher levels in the second pharyngeal arch, while hoxa2b is more strongly expressed in the posterior arches. Further, hoxa2b expression within the arches becomes undetectable at 60 hpf, while hoxa2a expression is maintained at least up until the beginning of chondrogenesis. Comparison of the striped bass HoxA cluster paralog group 2 (PG2) genes to their orthologs and trans-orthologs shows that the striped bass hoxa2a gene expression pattern is similar to the overall expression pattern described for the hoxa2 genes in the lobe-finned fish lineage and for the hoxa2b gene from zebrafish. It is notable that the pharyngeal arch expression pattern of the striped bass hoxa2a gene is more divergent from its sister paralog, hoxa2b , than from the zebrafish hoxa2b gene. Overall, our results suggest that differences in the Hox PG2 gene complement of striped bass and zebrafish affects both their rhombomeric and pharyngeal arch expression patterns and may account for the similarities in pharyngeal arch expression between striped bass hoxa2a and zebrafish hoxa2b .
The Christian man's evolution.

The article discusses the work of geneticist Francisco J. Ayala to demonstrate compatibility between Christian faith and Darwinism. Ayala, an ordained Dominican priest, believes that Darwinism is a means for explaining the presence of suffering and evil in the world. He also believes that Darwinism is a more compelling way for Christians to understand the origin of the world than creationism or intelligent design.
A Compact Data Acquisition and Control Terminal for Particle Accelerators

The present trend towards automation of information-processing in particle accelerators dictates the need for a thorough evaluation of the method used in collection and dissemination of this information. A compact, remote terminal for use in automatic data acquisition and control of particle accelerators will be described. The terminal may be controlled by either special-purpose digital logic or by a central control computer. Interfacing to the various accelerator equipment is provided through analog and on-off control and monitoring modules. The detailed design of the logical portion of the remote terminal, in regard to data format, instruction, and command decoding, will be discussed. The method of selection of the appropriate module interface for completion of the desired function will also be treated. In addition, the equipment-interfacing design criteria resulting from actual implementation on accelerator devices will be discussed.
Electric field tunability of nuclear and electronic spin dynamics due to the hyperfine interaction in semiconductor nanostructures.

Here we derive general formulas applicable to nanostructures for the nuclear and electronic spin relaxation and decoherence times, T1 and T2, from the hyperfine interaction. The central physical quantity is the electronic local density of states (ELDOS) at the nuclei. We reanalyze the measurements of Ref. [5] using these formulas to obtain new values of the hyperfine coupling in GaAs QW’s. We predict that the dominant process for nuclear T1 in these QW’s (and T2 in others) can be tuned with an electric field by modifying the ELDOS at particular locations. For a parabolic QW electric-field tuning of nuclear spin relaxation by many orders of magnitude is possible, at temperatures considerably higher than in Ref. [6] and despite nuclear spin diffusion. The calculations of nuclear spin diffusion properly consider the ELDOS and inhomogeneous nuclear magnetization and indicate nonexponential long-time nuclear dynamics. We assume nuclei are polarized through DNP and most of our calculations are performed at 30K, where DNP is very efficient with typical laboratory magnetic fields (although tunability of T1 and T2, in principle, extends to much higher temperatures). In GaAs QW’s the nuclear T1 is dominated by the hyperfine interaction; however nuclear dipolar interactions limit T2 to 10 −4 s. The electronic T1 and T2 in GaAs QW’s are dominated by other processes. Therefore our specific predictions focus on control of the nuclear T1. The general equations, however, are valid for describing the tuning of nuclear T2 and electronic T1 and T2 in situations where the hyperfine interaction dominates those times. At the end of this Letter we propose several such situations. For GaAs QW’s we propose two different experimental configurations to demonstrate the electric field tunability of the nuclear T1. The same approaches can be used to tune nuclear T2 and electronic spin decoherence in other material systems. In the first configuration, the T1 of Ga and As nuclei in the nanostructure depends on the occupancy of conduction subbands, decreasing stepwise as the number of occupied conduction subbands (and hence the density of states) increases. Manipulation of the QW density, and implicitly the number of occupied subbands, can be accomplished with a gate voltage, permitting the manipulation of T1. In the second configuration, a single δ-doped layer of a different material (such as In) is inserted at a specific position. The tunability of T1 of these nuclei comes from the change in the electronic wave functions due to the applied electric field. Our analysis of the electronic and nuclear spin relaxation times due to the hyperfine interaction in low dimensional systems follows in spirit the calculation by Overhauser[14] for bulk metals, but now includes new effects due to the nanostructure. The interaction Hamil
Microprocessor based inverse-time multiple overcurrent relays

Abstract Inverse-time overcurrent relays are used to protect transmission lines and other power system equipment. The use of microprocessors to implement single and multiple overcurrent relays has been reported in the literature. In this paper it is shown that several independent overcurrent relays and other tasks can be implemented using a single microcontroller: the Intel 8051. An interrupt-driven array based program is designed to monitor and control up to 128 overcurrent relays from a single monitor/control board. The system consists of a personal computer and several monitor and control interface boards, each built around the 8051 microcontroller. The proposed system surpasses the previously published systems in its efficiency, response time, and its ability to implement hundreds of different overcurrent relays of various types in addition to performing other tasks.
ORCA is regulated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation to control Orc2 function.

Eukaryotic cells ensure that DNA is replicated only once per cell cycle. The initiation of DNA replication is dependent on the formation of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) on replication origins. The six components of origin recognition complex (Orc1–6p) are bound to the origins, followed by Cdc6p, Cdt1p and the Mcm2–7p complex, to constitute pre-RC. The pre-RC is then activated by the Dbf kinase-Cdc7p complex to initiate DNA replication, where the Mcm complex acts as a helicase.1 After initiation, the pre-RC complex is disassembled and/or inactivated in order to inhibit re-initiation until the next cell cycle. The inhibition of the pre-RC assembly can be achieved by protein degradation through ubiquitination, translocation and/or phosphorylation of the pre-RC components. Regulation of the Orc complex across species is diverse. In yeast, the Orc complex is probably associated on the origin throughout the cell cycle, and the Orc proteins are phosphorylated by cyclin/CDK complex to inhibit the function.2 In humans, Orc1 is ubiquitinated by SCFskp2 complex and degraded by the proteasome.3 Orc2 is associated with heterochromatin, centromere and centrosome depending on the cell cycle stage.3,4 Previously Shen et al. showed that Orc-associated protein (ORCA) utilizes WD40 repeats to associate with DNA replication factors such as Orc, Cdt1 and Geminin in human cells. The WD40 repeats in ORCA are also required for chromatin binding, suggesting that ORCA may anchor other DNA replication factors to chromatin. ORCA stabilizes Orc to chromatin, indicating that ORCA positively regulates the initiation of DNA replication.5 The siRNA treatment against Orc2 showed decreased amount of ORCA, suggesting that the stability of ORCA is dependent on Orc2.6 Therefore the Orc2-ORCA binding facilitates the stability of this complex. It has been shown that ORCA protein levels are peaked at G1 phase. In a previous issue of Cell Cycle, Shen et al. investigated the molecular mechanism by which ORCA is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner.7 The authors showed that ORCA is polyubiquitinated at the WD40 repeat region, where it is recognized by Orc2. They observed an elevated ORCA ubiquitination level at G1/S boundary that coincides with ORCA protein degradation. Furthermore, Orc2 is associated only with non-ubiquinated ORCA, indicating that Orc2 prevents ORCA from ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The authors proposed a model that Orc2 releases from chromatin after G1, which may trigger ORCA ubiquitination and degradation (Fig. 1). Therefore, ORCA degradation prevents Orc2 loading on the chromatin after G1 to allow only one S-phase per cell cycle. This cell cycle-dependent ORCA regulation may allow Orc2 to obtain diverse functions as well as timely initiation of DNA replication on the specific origins. The novel mechanism to control Orc components through ORCA may be a key mechanism to control DNA re-replication. Figure 1. A model: Cell cycle-dependent control of ORCA determines Orc2 binding to origin.
Cortical and subcortical slow potentials in the monkey's brain during a preparatory interval.

Abstract 1. 1. Slow potential (SP) changes were recorded from a variety of brain regions of 6 adult stump-tailed macaque monkeys while the animals bar pressed to obtain juice reinforcement in a reaction time task with a warning cue. 2. 2. Contingent negative variation-like SP waves were recorded from motor and premotor cortices, in male and female animals respectively, and the premotor responses were larger than those in the motor cortex. 3. 3. Slow potential changes of both positive and negative polarity were recorded from several subcortical nuclei, including the caudate nucleus (positive), and several non-specific projection nuclei (negative). 4. 4. SP changes developed within 2–4 days in response to both warning (WS) and discriminative (DS) stimuli, reflecting a learned association between tone stimuli and the imperative the WS and DS appeared later and was reflected by a decreased response to DS and/or increased response to WS.
A DFT and ab initio benchmarking study of metal-alkane interactions and the activation of carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Density functional theory and ab initio methods have been used to calculate the structures and energies of minima and transition states for the reactions of methane coordinated to a transition metal. The reactions studied are reversible C−H bond activation of the coordinated methane ligand to form a transition metal methyl hydride complex and dissociation of the coordinated methane ligand. The reaction sequence can be summarized as LxM(CH3)H ⇄ LxM(CH4) ⇄ LxM + CH4, where LxM is the osmium-containing fragment (C5H5)Os(R2PCH2PR2)+ and R is H or CH3. Three-center metal−carbon−hydrogen interactions play an important role in this system. Both basis sets and functionals have been benchmarked in this work, including new correlation consistent basis sets for a third transition series element, osmium. Double zeta quality correlation consistent basis sets yield energies close to those from calculations with quadruple-ζ basis sets, with variations that are smaller than the differences between functionals. The energi...
Derivative operator on smoothed images

Gradient operators are commonly used in edge detection. Usually, proper smoothing processing is performed on the original image when a gradient operator is applied. Generally, the smoothing processing is embedded in the gradient operator, such that each component of the gradient operator can be decomposed into some smoothing processing and a discrete derivative operator, which is defined as the difference of two adjacent values or the difference between the two values on the two sides of the position under check. When the image is smoothed, the edges of the main objects are also smoothed such that the differences of the adjacent pixels across edges are lowered down. In this paper, we define the derivative of f at a point x as f'( x )=g(x+Δ x )- g ( x -Δ x ), where g is the result of smoothing f with a smoothing filter, and Δ x is an increment of x and it is properly selected to work with the filter. When Δ x =2, sixteen gradient directions can be obtained and they provide a finer measurement than usual for gradient operators.
The use of stimulus fading in assessing behavioral deficits produced by brain damage

Abstract A brain-damaged quail, who had extreme difficulty in learning and reversing a visual pattern discrimination, was subsequently trained to do so with very few errors by superimposing a bright red circle upon one of the pattern stimuli and gradually reducing its intensity to zero as training progressed. This success with the stimulus fading technique indicates its possible utility in more exact assessments of learning deficits due to neurological factors.
The role of turbulence promoters in hyperfiltration plant optimization

Abstract Numerical calculations were performed to obtain process parameters for hyperfiltration with membranes having characteristics similar to cellulose acetate. The concentration polarization and friction loss equations used in the calculation were modified to include provision for a wide range of turbulence promoter characteristics. The characteristics of the turbulence promoters were based on potential performance curves derived from an extensive literature survey. The presence of turbulence promoters causes marked reduction of optimum entrance velocity and tube length. As a result, the channel pressure drop for tubes with turbulence promoters is always less under optimum conditions than the value for tubes with no promoters provided the friction factor with promoters is less than 100 times the value with no promoters. While none of these affect costs greatly, there is direct cost advantage for turbulence promoters which minimize fouling, thereby giving higher average fluxes for longer periods of time. Only where the membrane is strained to produce water of required quality is there a direct effect of turbulence promoters on product water cost because of this beneficial effect on concentration polarization.
Integral sorption with induced crystallization

We studied the integral sorption of saturated, organic vapors in amorphous films of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) using a spring balance apparatus. The penetrants employed (methylene chloride [MeCl2] and N. N. dimethyl formamide [DMF]) induce substantial crystallization of the polymer during sorption. The experimental data (mass of vapor absorbed versus exposure time) do not obey Fick's law for diffusion but reflect the influence of time dependent polymer swelling and crystallization. The data show that polymer swelling controls the penetrant transport in thin films, while molecular diffusion in the highly swollen semi-crystalline polymer controls in thick films. Small activation energies were found for transport in thin films suggesting that ductile deformation controls the swelling in PET. A mathematical model developed previously explains the important features of the experiments.
Modification of aflatoxin B1 biotransformation in vitro and DNA binding in vivo by dietary broccoli in rats.

Cruciferous vegetables have been shown to have anticarcinogenic effects in animals but biochemical mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. The effects of dietary broccoli on in vivo DNA binding of the hepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB) and in vitro formation of the putative carcinogenic intermediate, AFB‐8,9‐epoxide, as well as detoxification of the epoxide by conjugation with glutathione (CSH), were examined in this study. Animals were fed a purified diet, a purified diet plus 25% freeze‐dried broccoli, or standard rodent chow for 3 wk. In vivo binding of AFB to hepatic DNA was determined. Biotransformation of AFB in vitro (microsomal oxidation to AFB‐8,9‐epoxide, as well as hydroxylated metabolites, and cytosolic GSH conjugation of AFB‐8,9‐epoxide generated in situ) was measured by an HPLC method that allows specific and direct determination of AFB metabolites and thus, the rates of their formation. Microsomal mixed‐function oxidase and epoxide hydrolase activities and cytosolic glutathione S‐t...
Isolation and characterization of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) kinase from rat brain.

Abstract Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) kinase has been isolated and characterized from rat brain. The enzyme has an apparent M r of ∼42,000 and its pI is 4.9. MAP2 was the preferred substrate, but it also phosphorylated myelin basic protein (MBP), histone V-S, tubulin and the PC12 protein substrate pp250. The enzyme is distinct from protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinases, as specific inhibitors of these kinases did not affect MAP2 phosphorylation. The addition of the relatively non-specific protein kinase inhibitor H7 (20 μM) had a modest inhibitory effect. The enzyme was active in both 5 mM Mn 2+ and Mg 2+ , and displayed Kms for MAP2, MBP, and ATP of 56 nM, 254 nM, and 4 μM, respectively. This enzyme, which represents a low abundance protein in whole brain, is analogous to the MAP2 kinase observed in growth factor-stimulated cell lines.
A novel quantitative measure of Tracé-alternant EEG activity and its association with sleep states of preterm infants.

This study describes the application of a novel quantitative method for classifying patterns of EEG activity that are associated with the predominant sleep-states of newborn infants. Periods in which there are bursts of high-voltage slow wave activity in the EEG that alternate with periods of low-voltage activity are termed Trace-alternant. During active or REM sleep, Trace-alternant is absent and EEG activity is characterized by a variable mixture of frequencies including intermittent high frequency (10–20 Hz) activity superimposed on slower frequencies. Results show that an analytic method previously developed in fetal baboons for identifying EEG segments with and without Trace-alternant successfully distinguishes homologous patterns of EEG activity in preterm infants. This method provides an excellent objective approach for monitoring changes in EEG patterns that are coincident with behaviorally defined sleep states. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 31: 167–174, 1997
Recovery of soluble proteins from glanded cotton tissues with amines

A simple soluble protein extraction method was developed for glanded cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tissues. Gossypol, a major component of glands, is known to crosslink and precipitate proteins in cotton tissue homogenates. Established phenolic removal reagents were evaluated as gossypol binding agents and found to be less than effective in enhancing cotton leaf-soluble protein recovery. Several other amines, including a number of affinity support bound amines, were tested and found relatively ineffectual when compared with urea as cotton protein protectants. Urea and (NH4)2SO4, the next most active agent found in the study, were compared on both wholeleaf homogenates and artificial mixtures containing known quantities of poly-l-lysine and a clathrate of gossypol and acetic acid. Urea treatment resulted in both an increased number of stained bands and more concentrated staining of bands than any other treatment on polyacrylamide gels. Selected enzymes demonstrated increased activities in urea homogenates compared with other treatments.
The Carnegie Hubble Program: From parallaxes to the Tully–Fisher relation

The Carnegie Hubble Program (CHP) is a Warm Spitzer program with the aim of reducing the uncertainty in the Hubble constant to below 3%. The program is calibrated using Galactic Cepheids with precise parallax distances from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), combined with a large sample of Cepheids in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We extend the Cepheid distance scale to the Local Group and beyond, into the regime probed by the Tully–Fisher relation. The entire program—from Galactic Cepheids to the most distant galaxies—uses the Spitzer/IRAC instrument. Completing the entire program with a single instrument on a single telescope virtually eliminates instrumental effects, whilst moving to the mid-infrared drastically reduces the reddening and metallicity effects that trouble the optical Cepheid distance scale. Our first measurement of the Hubble constant, using only two CHP galaxies tied into the HST Key Project results has produced a measurement of H0 = 74.3 ± 2.1 (systematic) km s−1 Mpc−1, which corresponds to a systematic uncertainty of 2.8%.
Wide-band superconductive chirp filters

Chirp filters are described that consist of a miniature tapped superconductive stripline. The stripline consists of 40- mu m-wide niobium thin films in a spiral pattern on 125- mu m-thick silicon wafers, and tapping is effected by backward-wave couplers between neighboring lines. Sophisticated fabrication and packaging techniques have led to a now mature technology. Devices with 2.6-GHz bandwidths and time-bandwidth products of 98 are routinely fabricated that exhibit amplitude errors within a few tenths of a decibel and phase errors within a fraction of a degree of theoretical. In pulse-compression tests, matched amplitude-weighted devices yield peak relative side-lobe levels of -32 dB. >
Separation of weak organic acids and bases by capillary zone electrophoresis in a sulfonated-polymer wall-modified open tubular fused-silica capillary

Abstract A sulfonated-polymer wall-modified open tubular fused-silica capillary has a nearly constant electroosmotic flow (EOF) over the pH range studied (pH 2–9) in capillary zone electrophoretic (CZE) applications. The EOF is less than that obtained with a bare fused-silica capillary above pH of ∼6.5 but is greater at lower pH values. Altering buffer pH influences weak acid and base analyte migration time according to analyte p K a value while maintaining a nearly constant EOF. Very weak organic bases can be separated as cations in an acidic buffer prior to neutral analyte migration while weak acid analyte migration order can be manipulated by buffer pH according to the p K a values for the weak acid analytes. EOF can also be reduced by increasing mono- and divalent cation concentration in the buffer. Divalent cations reduce EOF to a much greater extent while hexadecyltrimethylammonium salt causes an EOF reversal that is independent of pH throughout the pH range studied. Migration order and resolution in the CZE separations of organic acids, phenols, pyridines, pyrimidines, purine bases, and nucleosides can be improved by using Mg 2+ as a buffer additive and adjusting buffer pH depending on p K a values of the analytes.
Attenuation of echinocandin activity at elevated concentrations: a review of the paradoxical effect.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The echinocandins have been a welcome addition for the treatment of invasive fungal infections caused by Candida and Aspergillus species. Despite their excellent safety profile and clinical efficacy, concerns exist regarding an attenuation of activity at higher concentrations, known as the paradoxical effect. This article will review the literature describing this effect, the potential mechanisms responsible for it, and the clinical implications of this phenomenon. RECENT FINDINGS: In-vitro studies have reported a paradoxical effect at higher concentrations against both Candida and Aspergillus species. Recent data have demonstrated this effect in Candida to be species related and echinocandin specific. Although not completely understood, studies have pointed towards involvement of the protein kinase C cell wall integrity and calcineurin pathways as well as increases in cell wall chitin content as potential mechanisms behind the effect. Although some in-vivo studies with echinocandins have reported a paradoxical increase in markers of invasive disease, clinical data are scarce. SUMMARY: The clinical implications of the paradoxical attenuation of echinocandin activity observed in vitro and in vivo remain unknown. A complete understanding of this effect may further our knowledge of fungal responses to echinocandin cell wall damage and potentially improve treatment strategies.
Molecular characterization of contaminant-indicative RAPD markers.

This paper describes genetic markers which can be used to study selection and genetic adaptation of organisms to radionuclide and other types of contaminant stress. Previous research using the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique has identified several markers which revealed genetic differences between contaminated and reference western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) populations. Experimental evidence suggested that these markers may be associated with loci involved in determining relative fitness in radionuclide-contaminated environments (“contaminant-indicative markers”). In the present study, Southern blot analyses show these markers to be highly conserved in DNA sequence and molecular length in sea urchins, mosquitofish, herring gulls and humans. Such conservation is thought to be rare among RAPD bands. Results of DNA sequencing efforts did not provide definitive evidence as to the identity of these loci, but indicated that short segments (<40bp) of known DNA sequences were homologous to various regions of the RAPD sequences. Furthermore, the regions of homology seemed to be non-randomly distributed along the length of the RAPD markers. Although the identity of these bands is still unknown, the high degree of conservatism suggests that these loci might play an important role in molecular processes.
Semiempirical structural model of the electric field gradients at oxygen nuclei in YBa2Cu3O7

Abstract The electric field gradients at the oxygen ion sites in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 are calculated as a sum of ionic, overlap, and valence terms using a semiemoirical model in which the O ion holes that determine the valence terms are the principal adjustable parameters. Good fits to the experimental results are obtained for reasonable values of fractional hole character in O 2pσ orbitals only.
Deficits in the mitochondrial enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase lead to Alzheimer's disease-like calcium dysregulation

Abstract Understanding the molecular sequence of events that culminate in multiple abnormalities in brains from patients that died with Alzheimer's disease (AD) will help to reveal the mechanisms of the disease and identify upstream events as therapeutic targets. The activity of the mitochondrial α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (KGDHC) in homogenates from autopsy brain declines with AD. Experimental reductions in KGDHC in mouse models of AD promote plaque and tangle formation, the hallmark pathologies of AD. We hypothesize that deficits in KGDHC also lead to the abnormalities in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores and cytosolic calcium following K + depolarization that occurs in cells from AD patients and transgenic models of AD. The activity of the mitochondrial enzyme KGDHC was diminished acutely (minutes), long-term (days), or chronically (weeks). Acute inhibition of KGDHC produced effects on calcium opposite to those in AD, while the chronic or long-term inhibition of KGDHC mimicked the AD-related changes in calcium. Divergent changes in proteins released from the mitochondria that affect endoplasmic reticulum calcium channels may underlie the selective cellular consequences of acute versus longer term inhibition of KGDHC. The results suggest that the mitochondrial abnormalities in AD can be upstream of those in calcium.
Dynamic wrinkling in sandwich beams

Facings of sandwich structures employed in typical applications are often subject to parametric periodic loading. Such loading can cause local dynamic instability of the facings, i.e. large-amplitude small wavelength lateral vibrations. This phenomenon, called in the paper dynamic wrinkling, may result in fatigue damage or immediate failure. The problem of dynamic wrinkling of the facings is analyzed in the present paper for sandwich beams and for large aspect ratio wide panels that vibrate forming a cylindrical surface. The solution is obtained for the case of a relatively thick or compliant core where the Winkler elastic foundation model of the core is applicable. In addition, the problem is formulated as an extension of the Plantema core model that may be preferable for thinner and stiffer cores. In addition, a new simplified elasticity model is introduced in the paper that is based on the assumption that both facings experience simultaneous and interactive dynamic wrinkling instability. Numerical results shown for the elastic foundation model include the criterion for the onset of dynamic wrinkling and the critical value of the damping coefficient of the facing that is sufficient to prevent such wrinkling. As follows from these results, dynamic wrinkling is unlikely in most engineering applications, except for the case in which the maximum stresses in the facing approach the static wrinkling value.
Optical Properties of Silver Chloride

The optical properties of silver chloride at room temperature have been determined in the energy range 2–21 eV by means of reflectivity measurements. In addition to the first reflection peak at 4.7 eV, a pronounced peak at 7.1 eV, lesser peaks at 10.6 and 13.2 eV, and shoulders at 6.0 and 8.2 eV were observed. The reflectivity decreased monotonically for energies greater than 14.0 eV. A Kramers–Kronig analysis was employed to calculate the phase shift on reflection and the resulting optical constants. Vacuum-ultraviolet spectra of R, α, n, κ, ∊1, and ∊2 of silver chloride are given for the first time. Details of these measurements and calculations, and tentative interpretations of the observed structure are explained.
Vibrational dephasing in 4‐nonyl‐4′‐cyanobiphenyl: An autoregressive analysis

Previous studies suggested the possibility of separating the spectral second moments at the memory function level into homogeneous and inhomogeneous parts corresponding to the respective dephasing processes that contribute to these moments. It was of interest to apply our memory function autoregressive analysis to a system composed of larger molecules. Liquid crystals appeared to be ideal in this regard because they exist in various phases, in each of which vibrational dephasing dominates the band shapes
Percolation of thermal conductivity in amorphous fluorocarbons

We report experimental evidence of the percolation of thermal conductivity in nanometer scale thin films of amorphous fluorocarbon, using time-domain thermoreflectance measurements. According to the theory of Phillips and Thorpe, rigidity percolation in covalent glasses results in a power-law dependence of the elastic modulus on the average coordination number. Our measurements show that thermal conductivity behaves similarly. We derive the relation between thermal conductivity and coordination number from the rigidity percolation model using the theory of minimum thermal conductivity. Experiments verify the individual validity of each of these models in the film samples. This paper elucidates the physics of heat conduction in covalently bonded amorphous solids near the percolation threshold.
A column on the history and culture of geophysics and science in general

As I continue with duties as SEG President, I also enjoy looking back at adventures in the past, including my presentation of the SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course in 2012.
A Material Theory of Reference

It is the thesis of this study that a material theory of reference can be constructed which will accommodate universal, or formal, as well as particular, or existential, propositions, on the ground that they are equally material. The construction of such a material theory of propositions leads to an examination of the meaning of truth in terms of reference.
Differential effects of right versus left stellate ganglion block on left ventricular function in humans: an echocardiographic analysis.

Abstract Study Objectives: To evaluate the effects of unilateral stellate ganglion blockade on left ventricular function. Design: Prospective cohort of patients with chronic regional pain syndrome type I and II of the upper extremity requiring therapeutic stellate ganglion blockade. Setting: University-affiliated hospital. Patients: Fifteen adult ASA physical status I and II patients with the diagnosis of chronic regional pain syndrome type I and II of the arm were studied. Right stellate ganglion block was performed in nine subjects and a left in six. Interventions: Stellate ganglion block was performed with 10 mL of 1% plain Xylocaine. Transthoracic echocardiograms were performed immediately prior and 30 min following the block. Measurements: Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored at regular intervals. Global systolic function was determined by calculating ejection fraction. Regional systolic motion was evaluated on the short axis and four-chamber views using the American Society of Echocardiography criteria. Diastolic function was assessed with pulsed-wave Doppler of the left ventricular outflow tract and the mitral valve. Data collected included isovolumic relaxation time and early and atrial velocity patterns. Main Results: A successful stellate ganglion block was achieved in all patients. Blood pressure and heart rate were not significantly different during data collection. Patients who underwent a right stellate ganglion block showed no significant differences in systolic or diastolic function. Following a left stellate ganglion block, global and regional systolic function remained unchanged. Isovolumic relaxation time was increased but did not reach statistical significance (80 ± 13 ms to 88 ± 9 ms; p = 0.09). Left ventricular end-diastolic (LVEDV) and end-systolic volumes (LVESV) were significantly increased (LVEDV from 73 ± 9 mL to 100 ± 9 mL, p Conclusions: In patients without cardiovascular disease, unilateral denervation of the left ventricle after stellate ganglion block produces no clinical deleterious effects on left ventricular function.
Public Reporting, Consumerism, and Patient Empowerment

Public reporting of health care outcomes is largely ignored by consumers, perhaps because it doesn't include concise, comprehensible information on factors such as out-of-pocket costs, the effectiveness of a procedure or treatment, and applicability to their situation.
Comparative Analyses of Canadian and American Environmental Policy: An Introduction to the Symposium

Canada and the United States offer an intriguing basis for comparative analysis in environmental policy. Canadian and American policymakers often face the same challenges and pursue similar, if not identical, goals. Yet, the pursuit of those goals and the final outcomes can differ dramatically. Given all the dimensions on which these two countries are comparable, we thus are left with a puzzle. How can we explain the different experiences of the two nations? In this article, we pose some answers to that question and preview the empirical analyses that follow. In short, we suggest that in spite of substantial common ground between the two nations, significant institutional differences exist that shape policy behavior and subsequent outcomes. We posit the importance of differences in intergovernmental relations, legislative-executive behavior, and systems of regulatory policymaking. After discussing the comparability of environmental policy in these two nations, we discuss those institutional differences and then offer some theoretical expectations for the cases to follow.
Mutational and Energetic Studies of Notch1 Transcription Complexes

Notch proteins constitute the receptors of a highly conserved signaling pathway that influences cell fate decisions both during development and in adulthood. A proteolytic cascade induced by ligand stimulation results in release of the intracellular Notch domain from the cell membrane, allowing it to enter the nucleus and form a complex with a DNA-bound transcription factor called CSL (CBF-1/RBP-J kappa, Suppressor of Hairless, and Lag-1) and a coactivator of the Mastermind family. Assembly of this Notch nuclear complex is the key step in the transcriptional response to a Notch signal. In the studies reported here, we mapped residues important for the stabilization of this multiprotein-DNA complex using site-directed mutagenesis, determined the affinity of the three-domain form of CSL for its various partners, and investigated sources of cooperativity in complex formation by monitoring the influence of various components of the complex on the interactions of CSL with its other partners. Our findings are consistent with a model for complex assembly in which the RBP-J kappa-associated molecule domain of Notch increases the effective concentration of the ankyrin domain for its binding site on the Rel-homology region of CSL, enabling docking of the ankyrin domain and subsequent recruitment of the Mastermind-like coactivator.
CAD System for VLSI

One million device systems on a chip will be partitioned into manageable subsystem building blocks. These basic building blocks will be equivalent in complexity to the chips of today. Using programmable elements such as ROMs and PLAs, these building blocks can be configured to implement a wide variety of different systems. CAD systems will evolve from a loosely coupled collection of programs to a system oriented around a common data base. This data base will allow more automation and will provide the information to close the design loop. Layout techniques will improve through the use of sophisticated on-line design systems. These systems should also access the data base to provide feedback to the designer in the form of circuit and logic checks. CAD systems of today are moving in the right direction and will meet the challenge of the 80's.
Trade show objectives, management, and staffing practices

Abstract Trade shows are an important part of the industrial marketing mix. For over 25 years, industrial marketers were encouraged to exhibit in trade shows for many reasons. This article presents the results and implications of a study of contract manufacturers' objectives for exhibiting in trade shows. The findings indicate that stated objectives appear to have little influence on booth staffing and other show management practices.
Understanding Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in the Central Region of Ghana

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to assess the determinants of support for tourism development in two adjacent communities, Cape Coast and Elmina, in the Central Region of Ghana, which stand to benefit the most from tourism development projects; and (2) to create and test a model for its explanatory power of residents’ support for tourism. Personal interviews of 465 respondents were conducted in both communities. Factor analysis was used to obtain measures for dependent and independent variables. Two dependent variables—support for the hospitality industry and support for the infrastructure and tourism attraction development—were influenced by a multitude of social-psychological factors such as perceptions toward tourists and tourism’s impacts, respondents’ employment status, membership in community organizations, and awareness of tourism development projects in the community. Theoretical and practical contributions of the factors are discussed within the framework of social exchange theory.
Spreading suppression or feature integration? A reply to Duncan and Humphreys (1992).

Duncan and Humphreys (1992) propose an account of conjunction search in terms of interference from similar distractors, both through spreading suppression and through competition of input-template matching. Their reinterpretation of the calibration studies used to equate similarity by Treisman (1991) is questioned here. Furthermore, it is suggested that DUncan and Humphreys's new test, designed to equate similarity by amtching the number of shared features, may actually require counting or conjoining of features in feature as well as in conjunction search. Another experiment is reported, which casts doubt on the idea that spreading suppression plays a major role in conjunction search
Characterization of a site-directed mutant of cytochrome b5 designed to alter axial imidazole ligand plane orientation.

Mutants of cytochrome b5 were designed to achieve reorientation of individual axial imidazole ligands. The orientation of the axial ligand planes is thought to modulate the reduction potential of bis(imidazole) axially ligated heme proteins. The A67V mutation achieved this goal through the substitution of a bulkier, hydrophobic ligand for a residue, in the sterically hindered hydrophobic heme binding pocket. Solution structures of mutant and wild-type proteins in the region of the mutation were calculated using restraints obtained from 1H and 15N 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear NMR spectra and 1H−15N 3D heteronuclear NMR spectra.. More than 10 restraints per residue were used in the refinement of both structures. Average local rmsd for 20 refined structures was 0.30 A for the wild-type structure and 0.38 A for the A67V mutant. The transfer of amide proton resonance assignments from wild-type to the mutant protein was achieved through overlays of 15N−1H heteronuclear correlation spectra of the reduced pro...
Precipitation of Caprine and Bovine Caseins from Acidic Solutions by Sodium Polyphosphate: Influence of pH and Urea. Utilization for Separation of αs- and κ-caseins

Abstract The caseins, both caprine (goat) and bovine, are precipitated by relatively low concentrations (approximately 4mg per 10ml for a 0.5% casein solution at pH 2.0) of sodium polyphosphate. The casein precipitation is pH dependent (1.5mg per 10ml precipitates 50% at pH 2.0, whereas only 0.5mg is required at pH 3.5), but this pH dependence is much less than that shown by sulfate precipitation of the caseins, κ-Casein in the presence of 2.0 m urea is not precipitated by polyphosphate; this concentration of urea has a neglible effect on the precipitation of α s -casein. This behavior provides a means for separating α s - and κ-caseins. Separation is facilitated by reducing the κ-casein to the monomeric form with mercaptoethanol. The caprine and bovine κ-caseins cannot be distinguished in the stabilization of α s -casein against precipitation with calcium ions.
Trazodone-Related Exercise-Induced Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia

A 79-year-old woman in the course of a syncope evaluation is shown to have a trazodone-related cardiac arrhythmia confirmed by drug rechallenge. This nontricyclic antidepressant should be considered as potentially arrhythmogenic despite its generally favorable cardiovascular profile.
Case study: Traumatic hemipelvectomy

Abstract Open pelvic fractures have a greater than 40% mortality rate. Traumatic hemipelvectomy, a severe form of open fracture, is a life-threatening injury that requires rapid resuscitation, surgical intervention, and critical-care monitoring. Survivors benefit from aggressive and consistent rehabilitation. This case presentation discusses the multiple aspects of care of a traumatic hemipelvectomy and the ways in which the staff were able to accomodate the cultural needs of an Amish patient and family.
Resistivity anisotropy of A Fe 2 As 2 ( A = Ca , Sr, Ba): Direct versus Montgomery technique measurements

The anisotropy of electrical resistivity was measured in parent compounds of the iron-arsenic high-temperature superconductors $A{\text{Fe}}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ with alkali earth elements $A=\text{Ca}$, Sr, and Ba. Measurements were performed using both the Montgomery technique and direct resistivity measurements on samples cut along principal crystallographic directions. The anisotropy ratio ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\rho}}={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}/{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}$ is well below ten for all compounds in the whole temperature range studied (4\char21{}300 K), in notable contrast to previous reports. The anisotropy at room temperature increases from about two in Ca to about four in Sr and Ba. In all compounds the resistivity ratio decreases on cooling through the structural/antiferromagnetic transition temperature ${T}_{SM}$, with the change mainly coming from stronger variation in ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{a}$ as compared with ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{c}$. This suggests that the transition affects stronger the two-dimensional parts of the Fermi surface. We compare our experimental observations with band-structure calculations, and find similar trend in the evolution of anisotropy with the size of $A$ ion. Our results show that the electronic structure of the iron pnictides has large contribution from three-dimensional areas of the Fermi surface.
Identification and characterization of alternatively spliced fibronectin mRNAs expressed in early Xenopus embryos.

Abstract Sequence analysis of cDNA clones encoding fibronectin (FN) from Xenopus laevis reveals extensive amino acid identities with other vertebrate FNs, including the presence of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) cell attachment site in type III-10 and of a second, cell-binding site (EILDV) in the alternatively spliced V region of the protein. These cDNAs have been used to study the expression of FN mRNAs during early development. Overall, levels of maternal FN mRNA remain constant until the mid- to late-gastrula stage when the accumulation of new FN transcripts is first apparent. RNase protection analyses reveal that the pattern of FN alternative splicing is similar to that reported for other species and does not change with the shift from maternal to zygotic mRNA expression. The cellular forms of the FN protein predominate in the early embryo with the EIIIA and EIIIB exons included in most mRNAs at this time. A comparison of V-region alternative splicing between embryonic and adult liver RNAs indicates a segment of 345 nucleotides that can be either completely excluded or included in mature FN transcripts but there is no evidence for additional V-region variants. Maternal mRNAs encoding alternatively spliced forms of FN can be specifically eliminated from Xenopus oocytes following the injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into the cytoplasm, thereby making it possible to analyze the structure, composition, and function of FN mRNAs in early embryos.