cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symbolic or Behavioral Management? Corporate Reputation in High-Emission Industries

In this paper, we identify two important approaches to corporation reputation building: symbolic management and behavioral management. Within the first approach, corporate communications are intended to generate positive impressions among ‘media audiences’. Within the second approach, corporate actions are changed to more closely align with the message being conveyed by corporation communications. Many corporate managers assume that the symbolic alignment between what is wanted by media audiences and what is said enhances corporate reputation and this, in turn, improves corporate profitability. In this paper, we tested the relative efficacy of the symbolic and behavioral management approaches to corporate reputation and profitability. We found that symbolic management had a positive effect on symbolic reputation, whereas behavioral management had a positive effect on performance reputation. We also found that a positive reputation in the media did not contribute to corporate profitability, whereas a positive performance reputation had a significant effect on profitability. We conclude that the behavioral management approach is more effective for reputation building and for contributing to profitability. We also discuss implications of our findings for reputation management and corporate performance.
Standards, Advice, and Practical Reason

Is there a mode of sincere advice in which the standards of the adviser are put aside in favor of the standards of the advisee? I consider two sorts of cases that appear to be such that the adviser is evaluating things from within the advisee's system of standards even though this system conflicts with her own; and I argue that these cases are best interpreted in ways that dissolve this appearance. I then argue that the nature of sincere advice precludes an adviser's putting aside her own system of standards in favor of a competing system of standards. It follows that, contrary to what some have suggested, it cannot be that practical reason judgments– which are concerned with what an agent has reason to do or not to do and which can figure as advice–evaluate actions from within the agent's (as opposed to the judger's) system of standards.
Plünnecke’s Theorem for asymptotic densities

Pliinnecke proved that if B C ℕ is a basis of order h > 1, i.e., σ(hB) = 1, then σ(A + B) ≥ σ(A) 1- 1/h , where A is an arbitrary subset of ℕ and σ represents Shnirel'man density. In this paper we explore whether σ can be replaced by other asymptotic densities. We show that Pliinnecke's inequality above is true if σ is replaced by lower asymptotic density d or by upper Banach density BD but not by upper asymptotic density d. The result about d has some interesting consequences such as the inequality d(A + P) ≥ d(A) 2/3 for any A C N, where P is the set of all prime numbers, and the inequality d(A + C) ≥ d(A) 3/4 for any A C N, where C is the set of all cubes of nonnegative integers. The result about BD generalizes Theorem 3 of a 2001 work of the author by reducing the requirement of B being a piecewise basis to the requirement of B being an upper Banach basis.
Experimental investigations of steady and oscillating annular liquid curtains with different surface tensions

Experiments were performed on laminar, vertical, annular, liquid curtains to study the dynamics of steady curtains, and the onset and frequency of oscillating curtains. The experiments were conducted to observe the effects of inertia and pressure on liquid curtains with different surface tensions. For steady curtains, convergence lengths were measured as functions of Froude number and pressure differential for three different surface tensions. The factors causing the onset of oscillations in a pressurized curtain were observed and the frequency of the internal pressure fluctuations were measured for various Froude numbers and two surface tensions.
An integrated approach to defect detection, analysis and reduction in photolithography

Abstract The results of the first phase of a defect study and reduction program are described. Photomasking was the area selected for this initial phase of the project because of its purported vulnerability to defects. A variety of techniques has been used to detect the defects and identify their origin: electrical probing of specialized test structures, optical and electronic microscopy, surface analysis techniques (with special sampling techniques), wafer particulate counters. Equipment monitoring results using the Particulate per Wafer per Pass (PWP) method are presented, which show that process equipment is a major contributor to particulate contamination. Remedial measures are suggested and the practical aspects of a defect reduction program are addressed throughout.
A Visual Pattern for the Radical Changing Verbs

THE Spanish radical changing verbs offer fully as much difficulty to the average student as do the more complex irregulars, especially to the visually minded, who seem to predominate in most classes. That other teachers have observed this fact is shown by the devices offered to assist the student.' Unfortunately, the devices the writer has seen do not overcome the student's tendency to run through full paradigms in search of a desired form. This is true of schemes in which the forms are "counted off"
Evaluating Laboratory Staff Performance

Performance evaluations are often considered a nuisance by laboratory managers, but a carefully developed and implemented evaluation process can have a very positive effect on employee performance. It provides a formal setting for discussions between a supervisor and employee, it provides long-term documentation on employee performance, and it provides a method for ranking employees when assessing the distribution of merit-based increases in salary. This paper details a method of employee evaluation that has evolved over a long career of supervising fabrication-facility personnel.
Design of the Munin distributed shared memory system

Software distributed shared memory (DSM) is a software abstraction of shared memory on a distributed memory machine. The key problem in building an efficient DSM system is to reduce the amount of communication needed to keep the distributed memories consistent. The Munin DSM system incorporates a number of novel techniques for doing so, including the use of multiple consistency protocols and support for multiple concurrent writer protocols. Due to these and other features, Munin is able to achieve high performance on a variety of numerical applications. This paper contains a detailed description of the design and implementation of the Munin prototype, with special emphasis given to its novel write shared protocol. Furthermore, it describes a number of lessons that we learned from our experience with the prototype implementation that are relevant to the implementation of future DSMs.
Bidirectional soft-decision feedback equalization for robust MIMO underwater acoustic communications

An iterative bidirectional soft decision feedback equalizer (Bi-SDFE) is proposed for robust multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic (UWA) communications. The proposed Bi-SDFE use a time-reversed soft decision feedback equalizer (SDFE) in conjunction with a normal SDFE to lower the error propagation in severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) channels. The extrinsic information at the equalizer outputs are combined to improve the reliability and reduce the probability of catastrophic performance. Besides, the normalized least mean squares (NLMS) algorithm is adopted to iteratively estimate the MIMO UWA channel for the equalizer. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by the SPACE08 experiment. The processing results show that the iterative Bi-SDFE can effectively improve system performance and data efficiency in time varying MIMO UWA channel.
Rotating skyrmions and pion radiation

Abstract We investigate the coupling between rotational and vibrational degrees of freedom. For stationary states the radiation term is absent and time independent solutions with finite energy are possible.
Histone Acetylation: Inhibition, Regulation, and Mimicry

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) catalyze the targeted acetylation of lysine residues in histones and other proteins. Through reversible protein acetylation, they modulate gene expression, cell growth, and development. Among the HATs, the paralogs p300 and CBP appear to have major roles in many pathways related to metabolism, immune regulation, cardiac development, and cancer. We have taken a design approach to generate synthetic HAT inhibitors with selectivity against p300/CBP and are applying these compounds in mechanistic analyses. In addition, we have found that autoacetylation of p300 and its yeast structural homolog Rtt109 can contribute to the regulation of these enzymes. Finally, we have recently developed a chemical approach to install an acetyl-Lys mimic into proteins at sites of acetylation and will describe this new method.
Oxcarbazepine treatment of refractory bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review

Objective To determine if oxcarbazepine is effective as treatment for refractory bipolar illness in a naturalistic setting. Methods All charts of out-patients treated with oxcarbazepine (n=13) were reviewed and clinical response assessed retrospectively using the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) rating scale. All patients had failed treatment with at least one previous mood stabilizer. Results Mild improvement was seen in 46% (n=6) and moderate improvement in 16% (n=2). Fifty-four percent (n=7) of the total sample discontinued treatment because of adverse effects. Conclusion Oxcarbazepine may possess mild to moderate mood-stabilizing properties in this refractory, mostly depressed, bipolar sample. This naturalistic study is limited by its uncontrolled nature.
Study on IMC morphology and impact to solder joint performance for different halogen free (HF) flux in semiconductor application

With increased social governance awareness on the usage of halogen products, studies on halogen free (HF) products as replacements are now becoming highly important among semiconductor industry players as well as researchers. In this study, IMC morphology of SAC305 on NiP substrate was used to study or compare the performance for different HF fluxes and halogenated flux candidates. On top of this, the activator used within the flux candidates is also being identified in order to understand the impact on fluxing capability towards the oxides layer removal. The study was focussed on wetting performance of the SAC305 interacting with different fluxes candidates on NiP substrate was on the impact to solder joint strength. Ball shear test and ball pull test were conducted to validate the strength of solder joint developed through the use of various fluxes. In summary, the selected water soluble HF flux provides good solder joint in general than the other HF flux candidates. Comparing IMC morphology among all flux candidates, it is concluded that high angle within IMC layers plays an essential role in ensuring good solder joint as well as the contribution of scallope shape IMC and the present of small Ag3Sn along IMC layer in solder joint strengthening.
Stroke in 2010: Clearing the air on clearing the carotid

Many articles were published in 2010 that had or will conceivably have a major impact on the field of stroke. With regard to practical patient care, however, several pivotal studies investigating avenues for optimal management of carotid artery atherosclerotic disease were especially important.
Hybrid Hydrogels Self‐Assembled from HPMA Copolymers Containing Peptide Grafts

Graft copolymers were designed that self-assemble into hydrogels mediated by the interaction of coiled-coil peptide domains. A linear hydrophilic polymer of HPMA was chosen as the backbone, and coiled-coil forming peptides, covalently attached to the backbone, formed the grafts. Microrheology was used to evaluate the self-assembly of graft copolymers into hydrogels. The results revealed that the length and the number of coiled-coil grafts per chain had a significant influence on the gelation process. At least 4 heptads were needed to achieve the association of graft copolymers into hydrogels. CD spectra of the copolymer containing 5 heptad grafts further suggested that coiled-coil formation may contribute to the self-assembly. Gelation of graft copolymers containing CC4 peptides indicated that a threshold amount of grafts per macromolecule is needed to form a three-dimensional structure. These studies demonstrated a potential of the graft copolymers to create self-assembling hydrogels with desirable and controllable structures.
History of community health center affiliations with The New England College of Optometry.

Abstract Background Since the 1970s, The New England College of Optometry (NECO) has been a leader in community-based educational programming. This was accomplished through the development of affiliation agreements with health care facilities that care for the underserved, notably community health centers (CHCs). The college's clinical system, the New England Eye Institute (NEEI), develops CHC programs, manages professional services agreements, initiates teaching affiliation agreements, and leads staff recruitment and retention efforts. Overview CHC collaborations, which effectively address disparities in access to health care and visual health status, represent a significant component of the college's primary care clinical training venues. Since their inception in 1972, these CHC academic–community partnerships have provided more than 650,000 eye examinations to the underserved and have trained more than 3,200 graduates in community-based eye care, interdisciplinary care management environment, clinical prevention strategies, and population health. Conclusions This report describes NECO's longstanding success with CHCs, explains the scope of practice at CHCs, explains how students are involved in the CHCs' eye care services, and discusses the various management and business arrangements. The benefits and challenges of CHC affiliations with optometry schools and colleges are also discussed.
Redirecting Valvular Myofibroblasts into Dormant Fibroblasts through Light-mediated Reduction in Substrate Modulus

Fibroblasts residing in connective tissues throughout the body are responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and repair. In response to tissue damage, they activate to become myofibroblasts, which have organized contractile cytoskeletons and produce a myriad of proteins for ECM remodeling. However, persistence of myofibroblasts can lead to fibrosis with excessive collagen deposition and tissue stiffening. Thus, understanding which signals regulate de-activation of myofibroblasts during normal tissue repair is critical. Substrate modulus has recently been shown to regulate fibrogenic properties, proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts isolated from different organs. However, few studies track the cellular responses of fibroblasts to dynamic changes in the microenvironmental modulus. Here, we utilized a light-responsive hydrogel system to probe the fate of valvular myofibroblasts when the Young’s modulus of the substrate was reduced from ∼32 kPa, mimicking pre-calcified diseased tissue, to ∼7 kPa, mimicking healthy cardiac valve fibrosa. After softening the substrata, valvular myofibroblasts de-activated with decreases in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) stress fibers and proliferation, indicating a dormant fibroblast state. Gene signatures of myofibroblasts (including α-SMA and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)) were significantly down-regulated to fibroblast levels within 6 hours of in situ substrate elasticity reduction while a general fibroblast gene vimentin was not changed. Additionally, the de-activated fibroblasts were in a reversible state and could be re-activated to enter cell cycle by growth stimulation and to express fibrogenic genes, such as CTGF, collagen 1A1 and fibronectin 1, in response to TGF-β1. Our data suggest that lowering substrate modulus can serve as a cue to down-regulate the valvular myofibroblast phenotype resulting in a predominantly quiescent fibroblast population. These results provide insight in designing hydrogel substrates with physiologically relevant stiffness to dynamically redirect cell fate in vitro.
Haq+ Structures in Proton Wires inside Nanotubes

The hydrated carborane acid H(CHB(11)I(11)).8H(2)O crystallizes in nanometer-diameter tubes of H(aq)(+) enclosed by walls of carborane anions. Three different types of H(aq)(+) clusters are found in these tubes: a symmetrical H(13)O(6)(+) ion with an unusually elongated Zundel-type H(5)O(2)(+) core, two hydrated H(7)O(3)(+) ions, and an unprecedented H(17)O(8)(+) ion having a nearly square core. All of the H(aq)(+) cations show unexpectedly longer O...O separations than in discrete H(aq)(+) ions, indicating greater delocalization of positive charge. The centrosymmetric H(aq)(+) ions are linked via short H bonds, forming a true one-dimensional proton wire.
The relationship between life course events and union formation

Abstract This analysis examines how union formation is embedded within the life course, looking at the relationship between events (education, employment, fertility, prior union transitions, and residential factors) and union formation. A fourth of cohabitations and a third of marriages occur the same month as another event, increasing to 40% and 45%, respectively, when including events occurring in the two months before and after a union forms. Life course events in every domain are related to both cohabitation and marriage, with residential changes proving particularly important. The experience of other events near union formation might provide clues to why the union formed and have implications for future outcome and stability.
Representations of celebrities’ weight and shape during pregnancy and postpartum: A content analysis of three entertainment magazine websites

Entertainment magazine websites provide a continuous stream of celebrity news accessed by over 13 million unique viewers each month. Celebrities’ experiences of pregnancy and new motherhood appear to be popular topics within these media outlets; however, little research has investigated the content of this coverage. In this study, investigators coded articles (N = 387) published between August 1, 2007 and August 1, 2008 on three popular entertainment magazine websites. Relatively few articles about celebrities’ pregnancies discussed weight (13%) or shape (30%), and an even smaller proportion (6.2%) included any discussion of postpartum body dissatisfaction. This suggests a gap between portrayal of celebrities’ pregnancies and postpartum experiences and those of non-celebrity women. This disparity is concerning as it might lead to unrealistic expectations about pregnancy and postpartum for both pregnant readers and a more general audience. This study provides important initial information about the messages these media provide regarding pregnancy-related appearance.
The role of type I interferons in intestinal infection, homeostasis, and inflammation.

Type I interferons are a widely expressed family of effector cytokines that promote innate antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Paradoxically, they can also suppress immune responses by driving production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and dysregulation of these cytokines can contribute to host-mediated immunopathology and disease progression. Recent studies describe their anti-inflammatory role in intestinal inflammation and the locus containing IFNAR, a heterodimeric receptor for the type I interferons has been identified as a susceptibility region for human inflammatory bowel disease in a genome-wide association study. This review focuses on the role of type I IFNs in the gut in health and disease and their emerging role as immune modulator. Clear understanding of type I IFN-mediated immune responses may provide revenue for fine-tuning existing IFN treatment for infection and intestinal inflammation.
The future of land-based missile forces

(1977). The future of land‐based missile forces. The Adelphi Papers: Vol. 17, The Future of Land‐Based Missile Forces, pp. 1-2.
The optical properties of heme a: resonance Raman scattering with visible excitation.

Heme a, the iron-containing prosthetic group of the respiratory protein, cytochrome oxidase, has unusual substituents at two pyrrole carbons: a formyl at position z and a hydroxyfarnesylethyl at position 2 [l]. As a consequence, the optical properties of heme a are significantly different from those of protoheme [2]. In vivo, two hemes a occur per protein molecule. One is associated with cytochrome a and is low-spin, while the second is identified with cytochrome a3 and is high-spin [3]. The protein optical properties are thus a convolution of those of one low-spin and one high-spin heme a. The possible modulation of these basic features by protein-mediated interaction effects has rendered the absorption spectrum of cytochrome oxidase controversial [4,5] and several suggestions, ranging from an independent chromophore model [4,6] to an a:a3 exciton interaction model [7], have been made. The possibility that the longest wavelength visible transition in low-spin heme a compounds has porphyrin rr to formyl carbonyl n* charge transfer character has also been raised [8]. The latter hypothesis is of particular interest in light of current models for the role of the formyl group in enzyme function [9]. Resonance Raman spectroscopy is able to provide insight into the electronic properties of heme a in solution and in situ [ 10-121. In the experiments reported here we have investigated the Raman spectra of low-spin heme a complexes obtained with laser excitation in resonance with the 590 nm optical band. Our data demonstrate that this band corresponds to the heme a Qoo transition; no evidence of carbonyl involvement was found. The visible spectrum of reduced cytochrome oxidase is discussed with reference to the unusually high cr band oscillator strength of low-spin heme a complexes. A comparison of the low-spin model compound Raman data we have obtained with analogous data reported for the protein [ 131 shows a close correspondence between the two. We also note that the depolarization ratios for heme a vibrations enhanced by (Y band excitation are much lower than observed for protoheme compounds.
Bimodal Control of a Ca2+-Activated Cl− Channel by Different Ca2+ Signals

Ca2+-activated Cl− channels play important roles in a variety of physiological processes, including epithelial secretion, maintenance of smooth muscle tone, and repolarization of the cardiac action potential. It remains unclear, however, exactly how these channels are controlled by Ca2+ and voltage. Excised inside-out patches containing many Ca2+-activated Cl− channels from Xenopus oocytes were used to study channel regulation. The currents were mediated by a single type of Cl− channel that exhibited an anionic selectivity of I− > Br− > Cl− (3.6:1.9:1.0), irrespective of the direction of the current flow or [Ca2+]. However, depending on the amplitude of the Ca2+ signal, this channel exhibited qualitatively different behaviors. At [Ca2+] < 1 μM, the currents activated slowly upon depolarization and deactivated upon hyperpolarization and the steady state current–voltage relationship was strongly outwardly rectifying. At higher [Ca2+], the currents did not rectify and were time independent. This difference in behavior at different [Ca2+] was explained by an apparent voltage-dependent Ca2+ sensitivity of the channel. At +120 mV, the EC50 for channel activation by Ca2+ was approximately fourfold less than at −120 mV (0.9 vs. 4 μM). Thus, at [Ca2+] < 1 μM, inward current was smaller than outward current and the currents were time dependent as a consequence of voltage-dependent changes in Ca2+ binding. The voltage-dependent Ca2+ sensitivity was explained by a kinetic gating scheme in which channel activation was Ca2+ dependent and channel closing was voltage sensitive. This scheme was supported by the observation that deactivation time constants of currents produced by rapid Ca2+ concentration jumps were voltage sensitive, but that the activation time constants were Ca2+ sensitive. The deactivation time constants increased linearly with the log of membrane potential. The qualitatively different behaviors of this channel in response to different Ca2+ concentrations adds a new dimension to Ca2+ signaling: the same channel can mediate either excitatory or inhibitory responses, depending on the amplitude of the cellular Ca2+ signal.
Parity, other reproductive factors, and risk of pancreatic cancer mortality in a large cohort of U.S. women (United States).

Several studies have found an inverse relationship between parity and risk of pancreatic cancer. However, most of the studies of pancreatic cancer in relation to parity and other reproductive factors have been small and the results inconsistent. Most recently, a well-conducted, prospective cohort study found a linear inverse association between parity and pancreatic cancer. To clarify the relationship between parity and other reproductive factors and risk of pancreatic mortality, we examined these associations among 387,981 postmenopausal U.S. women in the Cancer Prevention Study (CPS)-II cohort. CPS-II participants completed a self-administered questionnaire in 1982 and were followed for mortality through 2000. During follow-up, 1959 pancreatic cancer deaths occurred. Using Cox proportional hazards modeling, we calculated rate ratios (RR) adjusted for age, race, education, personal history of diabetes, body mass index, height, exercise, family history of pancreatic cancer, and cigarette smoking status, frequency, and duration. Overall, we did not observe a significant association between parity and pancreatic cancer mortality (trend p = 0.07). However, women who had five or more births had lower death rates from pancreatic cancer than nulliparous women (RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.66–0.96). We observed no association between any other reproductive factors examined (age at first birth, menarche, or menopause; type of menopause; diethylstilbestrol (DES) use; or duration of oral contraceptive or estrogen replacement therapy use) and pancreatic cancer mortality. In summary, our results support the observation that high parity is associated with lower risk of pancreatic cancer but do not show a linear trend with increasing parity. Furthermore, we find no evidence that other reproductive factors are associated with pancreatic cancer mortality.
Oxygenates and olefins from alkanes in a single-gauze reactor at short contact times

Abstract Partial oxidation of linear C 1 –C 5 alkanes in single-gauze reactors has been examined in the fuel-rich regime at contact times as low as 100 μs. We show that, whereas methane and ethane produce mostly CO and ethylene, respectively, propane, butane, and pentane give high selectivity to oxygenates and olefins. Partial oxidation of propane over a single gauze gives a total selectivity to olefins of nearly 60% with a 2/1 C 3 H 6 /C 2 H 4 ratio and minimal oxygenates. Butane oxidation gives a significant amount of oxygenated products, mainly acetaldehyde and formaldehyde with a more open gauze, giving better selectivities. Pentane oxidation gives the highest oxygenate selectivities (up to 60%), the main products being acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde. We argue that this is a coupled heterogeneously initiated homogeneous reaction system, with total combustion primarily catalyzed by the Pt surface and the oxygenates and olefins formed subsequently by gas-phase reactions.
The Calcium-Saturated cTnI/cTnC Complex: Structure of the Inhibitory Region of cTnI

The contiguous inhibitory and regulatory regions of troponin I in the heterotrimeric troponin complex play a critical role in Ca(2+) activation of striated muscle. Knowledge of the structure of this critical region within the complex will enhance efforts toward understanding regulatory mechanisms. Toward this goal, we have used simulated annealing to study the structure of the inhibitory and regulatory regions of cardiac muscle troponin I in the calcium-saturated complex formed between cardiac troponin C and cardiac troponin I. We have incorporated distances determined experimentally by Forster resonance energy transfer in the full-length complex, rather than using peptides derived from cTnI. For these models, we assume a helix-loop-helix conformation for the inhibitory region. We have found several structures that satisfy the experimental constraints fairly well. Although it is not possible to eliminate any of these models at this time, future studies with additional experimental restraints will yield insights on the mechanisms of calcium regulation in cardiac muscle.
Geographical pattern analysis of income migration in the United States

"How one conceptualises the impacts of migration depends on whether one takes the viewpoint of aggregate area-level income change, of per capita change, or of longer-term (future earnings) change. Several empirical analytical measures are proposed in order to conceptualise the various income impacts of migration.... [A] decomposition procedure is developed for examining how the changes in per capita income of states reflect three different income differentials: those between (a) in-migrants and 'stayers', (b) out-migrants and 'stayers', and (c) in-migrants and out-migrants. Examination of these measures, and of typologies based on them, highlights how income migration significantly and differentially impacts upon U.S. states. The methods are illustrated here in the context of an important new American data source: the 1993-94 migrant income data released by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service."
Condensed‐Phase Photolysis and Radiolysis of 2‐Methylbutane

The condensed‐phase photolysis of i‐C5H12–i‐C5D12 mixtures, and CH3CD (CH3) CH2CH3 has been investigated at photon energies above and below the ionization energy of 2‐methylbutane (10.32 eV), that is, at 1470 A (8.4 eV), 1236 A (10.0 eV), and 1048–1067 A (11.6–11.8 eV). The electronically excited 2‐methylbutane molecule undergoes essentially the same primary decomposition processes in the condensed phase as in the gas phase. However, in contrast with the gas phase, the internally excited fragments formed in these primary processes are entirely deactivated.It is demonstrated that C5H12+ ions are produced at 1048–1067 A and to a lesser extent at 1236 A. A fraction of these ions transfer an H2 molecule to c‐C3D6 to form CD2HCD2CD2H as a product. In the krypton and argon sensitized radiolysis at 77° and 20°K, respectively, energy transfer from the rare‐gas matrix to 2‐methylbutane occurs with high efficiency and all products can be accounted for by decomposition of neutral excited 2‐methylbutane, formed by excitation transfer and/or neutralization of ions formed in charge‐transfer reactions with rare gas ions.In the radiolysis of pure 2‐methylbutane at 77°K, ethane and propane are almost entirely formed through molecular elimination and geminate radical disproportionation processes. Addition of an electron scavenger such as CCl4 lowers the yields of these products, as well as those of the corresponding olefins (e.g., C3H6 and C2H4). A change in the neutralization mechanism of the parent ion (C5H12+) can account for the latter observation. Apparently, fragmentation of the parent ion is unimportant in the condensed phase. Butane (G∼0.1) is the only product which can tentatively be related to reaction of fragment ions (C4H8+, C4H9+). The modes of formation of products, such as the pentenes and the hydrogen in the radiolysis of pure C5H12 remain unexplained.
DOING WHAT THE PATIENT ORDERS: MAINTAINING INTEGRITY IN THE DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP

No profession has undergone as much scrutiny in the past several decades as that of medicine. Indeed, one might well argue that no profession has ever undergone so much change in so short a time. An essential part of this change has been the growing insistence that competent, adult patients have the right to decide about the course of their own medical treatment. However, the familiar and widely accepted principle of patient self-determination entails a corollary that has received little attention in the growing literature on the ethics of physician-patient relations: if patients are to direct the course of their own medical treatment, then physicians are at least sometimes to be guided in their actions on behalf of patients by values that are not, and may even be incompatible with, their own values. Unless it is supposed that it would be best if physicians were simply to accommodate any and all patient requests, a possibility I consider and reject in this paper, there are bound to be numerous instances of legitimate moral conflict between the preferences of physicians and patients. In this paper, I examine the implications of this sort of moral conflict from the standpoint of the integrity of the physician....I have also considered the common practice of patient referral from the standpoint of physician integrity, and asked whether a physician who refuses to treat a patient as a matter of conscience can consistently refer the patient to another physician for the same treatment....
Acute Emotional and Psychophysiological Effects of Aerobic Exercise

An experiment was conducted to examine the acute emotional and psychophysiological effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise. Forty active and 40 inactive college students were randomly assigned to an aerobic exercise or a waiting-period control condition. Self-report measures of mood and cardiovascular response measures to challenging cognitive tasks were collected before and after the 20-min exercise/control period to examine any exercise-induced changes. The results indicated that mood was significantly altered by the exercise activity, with reductions in tension and anxiety specifically evident. Exercise was not found to have any effects on cardiovascular reactivity. A test of aerobic fitness confirmed fitness differences between active and inactive participants, but no mood or reactivity effects related to activity status were obtained. These results suggest that both active and inactive individuals experience acute reductions in anxiety following single bouts of exercise, even in the absence of changes in cardiovascular reactivity. Implications for the continued investigation of the acute effects of exercise are discussed.
Ion scattering spectrometry below 10 keV

Abstract Elastic binary collisions of keV rare gas ions with surface atoms provide energy spectra characteristics of the masses of the scattering centers. This information can be used to determine the composition of the outermost atomic layer of a solid, regardless of its conductivity. Since the primary ion beam removes at the same time the outer layers of the sample by sputtering, concentration profiles of major and minor constituents are readily obtained down to a depth of several thousand A. In the case of insulators, positive charge-up is avoided by flooding the sample with electrons. The size of a given scattered peak depends on a number of parameters, including the scattering cross section, a neutralization factor, and geometrical considerations. Thus, elemental sensitivities are not readily predictable, but quantitative analyses are nevertheless possible with the help of calibration samples. Except for lattice geometry, matrix effects such as the enhancement of elemental sensitivities by oxygen encountered in secondary ion mass spectrometry, do not present a problem. In the instruments presently in use, the detected scattered signal comes from an area several hundred μm wide and several mm long; thus the data obtained represent an average, rather than a localized, composition. However, when appropriate experimental conditions are employed, only about one monolayer will be consumed during an analysis, thus making this a true “surface” method. Results will be given for different types of problems resolved by this technique, and an up-to-date bibliography presented.
Dental therapeutic indications for the newer long-acting macrolide antibiotics.

ABSTRACT Background When treating oral infections, clinicians have used the macrolide antibiotic eryth-romycin as an alternative antibiotic for patients who have documented allergic reactions to penicillins. In this article, the author reports on his assessment of the pharmacology of erythromycin and the newer macrolide antibiotics, as well as of their indications for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis and their possible use for oral-dental infections. Types of Studies Reviewed The author reviewed the current clinical pharmacology literature with specific emphasis on reports indicating these antibiotics' efficacy in treating oral-dental infections. Results Azithromycin, clarithromycin and dirithromycin are erythromycin analogues that are currently marketed in the United States. All three have the therapeutic advantages over erythromycin of longer durations of action, enhanced acid stabilities and improved tissue distributions. A lower incidence of gastrointestinal distress and abdominal cramping is reported for all three of these newer agents than for erythromycin. Azithromycin and dirithromycin do not appear to compete for the same hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes as erythromycin and therefore are not associated with the same drug interactions. Conclusions and Clinical Implications The newer macrolide antibiotics offer the advantage of fewer adverse gastrointestinal effects than erythromycin and dosing regimens of only once or twice a day. Yet, the extremely high price of the newer macrolides compared with that of erythromycin limits their routine use.
HIGHER EDUCATION AS A MATURING FIELD? Evidence from Referencing Practices

This paper presents citation data for higher education journal articles published in the core literature from 1975 to 1981. Using a 16-part framework that captures the epistemological variety of journal articles, we note by journal title authors' use of a number of source categories, such as journal articles, books, monographs, legal opinion, and newspaper articles. In addition, we examine reference use trends over the period covered by the research and by the role and institutional location of articles' senior authors. It is argued that the publishing medium, article type, and author demographic factors are related to the use of different type reference work as manuscripts are constructed.
Conventional protein kinase C isoforms and cross-activation of protein kinase A regulate cardiac Na+ current.

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that specific isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) are responsible for modulation of Na + current ( I Na ) derived from the human cardiac Na + channel using activators and inhibitors selective for specific PKCs. Experimental results demonstrated that I Na suppression was mediated by activation of conventional PKCs (cPKCs) and possibly resulted from channel internalization. In the presence of cPKC inhibition, phorbol ester application unexpectedly increased Na + current, an effect eliminated by inhibition of protein kinase A. These findings demonstrate complex modulation of cardiac I Na by protein kinases and provide further evidence that PKC isoforms have distinct protein targets.
AN ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR AND PERFORMANCE IN THE FOOD RETAILING INDUSTRY USING EXPERIMENTAL BUSINESS GAMING

This research tested hypotheses concerning the effects of organizational affiliation, differences among managers nested within organizational affiliation, degree of price competition and selected demographic and psychological traits of managers on economic behavior and performance. Experimental gaming in a behavioral science laboratory was used with a group of 60 subjects who were managers of Indiana supermarkets. The results support the influence of economic factors on the behavior and performance of managers. Degree of price competition imposed by the researchers significantly affected pricing decisions. At the same time, factors not usually considered in the static theory of the firm, such as organizational affiliation, had a significant influence on behavior and performance. While psychological and demographic traits generally did a poor job of explaining manager behavior, their effect may have been masked by the main treatments to which subjects were exposed. Realism in the experiment was not as high as expected, but the approach used was judged to be superior to alternative approaches.
4-edge-coloring graphs of maximum degree 3 in linear time

We present a linear time algorithm to properly color the edges of any graph of maximum degree 3 using 4 colors. Our algorithm uses a greedy approach and utilizes a new structure theorem for such graphs.
Susceptibility to Polyomavirus-Induced Tumors in Inbred Mice: Role of Innate Immune Responses

Mice of the PERA/Ei strain (PE mice) are highly susceptible to tumor induction by polyomavirus and transmit their susceptibility in a dominant manner in crosses with resistant C57BR/cdJ mice (BR mice). BR mice respond to polyomavirus infection with a type 1 cytokine response and develop effective cell-mediated immunity to the virus-induced tumors. By enumerating virus-specific CD8 + T cells and measuring cytokine responses, we show that the susceptibility of PE mice is due to the absence of a type 1 cytokine response and a concomitant failure to sustain virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (PE × BR)F 1 mice showed an initial type 1 response that became skewed toward type 2. Culture supernatants of splenocytes from infected PE mice stimulated in vitro contained high levels of interleukin-10 and no detectable gamma interferon, while those from BR mice showed the opposite pattern. Differences in the innate immune response to polyomavirus by antigen-presenting cells in PE mice and BR mice led to polarization of T-cell cytokine responses. Adherent cells from spleens of infected BR mice produced high levels of interleukin-12, while those from infected PE and F 1 mice produced predominantly interleukin-10. PE and F 1 mice infected by polyomavirus responded with increases in antigen-presenting cells expressing B7.2 costimulatory molecules, whereas BR mice responded with increased expression of B7.1. Administration of recombinant interleukin-12 along with virus resulted in partial protection of PE mice and provided complete protection against tumor development in F 1 animals.
Role of cathepsin K in the turnover of the dermal extracellular matrix during scar formation.

Cathepsins are a group of cystein proteinases that are involved in various aspects of extracellular matrix turnover. The collagenolytic activity of cathepsin K plays a pivotal role in bone resorption and lung matrix homeostasis, but so far has not been described in skin. To study the role of cathepsin K in the turnover of the cutaneous extracellular matrix, we studied the expression of cathepsin K in human skin and in cultured primary neonatal skin fibroblasts. Normal skin exhibited only low levels or no expression of cathepsin K. In contrast, dermal fibroblasts in surgical scars showed strong cytoplasmic cathepsin K expression. Cathepsin K expression was most prominent in young scars and declined with time. Cultured neonatal primary fibroblasts showed strong cathepsin K staining in the perinuclear endosomal compartment, consistent with intracellular degradation of internalized collagen in lysosomes. Cathepsin K was also found to be strongly expressed in keloids and dermatofibromas, but not in sclerotic areas of morphea. Our data suggest that cathepsin K may play an important role in the homeostasis of the dermal extracellular matrix and the dynamic equilibrium between matrix synthesis and proteolytic degradation, by counteracting deposition of matrix proteins during scar formation with its matrix-degrading activity.
Luminescence of single crystal CaMoO4

Abstract CaMoO4, powellite, is a member of the do, self-activated, family of phosphors for which the luminescence properties must be interpreted by a model containing both metal and ligand orbitals. The model was tested by measuring polarized luminescent emission spectra on a single crystal of CaMoO4. The emission band wavenumber is independent of polarization but the relative intensity is strongly dependent on both excitation and emission polarization. The spectra support a model of energy levels derived from ligand to metal charge transfer. However, the effect of the tetragonal crystal field appears in the relative intensities rather than in band splitting.
Behavioral economic analysis of opioid consumption in heroin-dependent individuals: effects of unit price and pre-session drug supply.

Abstract Behavioral economic analysis has been used to investigate factors underlying drug consumption in laboratory animals and, increasingly, in human drug abusers. However, there are few studies in heroin abusers, especially those who are not in treatment; such studies may be valuable for understanding the mechanisms of persistent drug use. This study investigated effects of unit price (UP) and pre-session supply of hydromorphone (HYD) on choice and consumption of HYD. Heroin-dependent research volunteers (n = 13) stabilized on buprenorphine 8 mg/day completed this eight-session inpatient study. In sessions 1–2, participants sampled two total HYD doses (12 and 24 mg IM) that could be earned in later sessions. In each of the final six sessions, volunteers were given access to a 12-trial choice progressive ratio schedule lasting 3 h. On each trial, volunteers could earn a HYD unit dose (1 or 2 mg, for a maximum of 12 or 24 mg, respectively) or money ($2, for a maximum of $24). Fixed ratio requirements increased exponentially, generating 24 unit prices for behavioral economic analysis. Before some choice sessions, volunteers could choose (FR 1) to receive extra HYD (12 or 24 mg; at 0915), whereas on other days no supplement was available. HYD choice and peak responding (breakpoint, Omax) measures increased with unit dose, decreased with pre-session supplements, and were greater among volunteers who used cocaine prior to the experiment. Taking pre-session supplements decreased Pmax and made group-percent HYD consumption more demand-elastic. Consumption was functionally equivalent at differing FR/unit dose combinations. Thus, opioid demand in heroin-dependent individuals not in treatment is a function of drug supply, unit price, and cocaine use.
Intranasal absorption of physostigmine and arecoline

Physostigmine, an acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor, and arecoline, a muscarinic agonist, have been shown to improve Alzheimer presenile dementia in some patients when administered parenterally. Both of these compounds are ineffective orally due to first-pass metabolism. The nasal route was examined as an alternative route of administration for both drugs. Nasal bioavailabilities and dispositions for both drugs were determined in rats. Physostigmine nasal bioavailability was 100% as compared with iv bioavailability, and that of arecoline was 85% when compared with bioavailability following im administration.
Quark pair condensation and chiral symmetry breaking in QCD

Abstract If the effective q q interaction strength due to gluon exchange becomes at least moderately strong beyond some distance g 2 /4π > 9 8 , the perturbative vacuum becomes unstable to the creation of color singlet q q pairs, which indicates that the true vacuum contains a condensate of such pairs. We analyze the condensation by a coherent state variational procedure modeled after the BCS superconductor, and show that this method is equivalent to a self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation to the Schwinger-Dyson equation for the quark propagator. The condensate leads to a spontaneous breakdown of chiral symmetry in the manner discussed by Nambu and Jona-Lasinio. The massive pseudoparticles with quark quantum numbers are identified with the “constituent” quarks.
Exporting hydroelectric energy

While today most countries face energy shortages, hundreds of thousands of megawatts of hydroelectric power remain undeveloped in Afriea, Asia, and Latin America mainly because of small local demand. Unlike fossil fuels, such energy if not used today is lost forever. Ai the same lime, no scheme has yet been found “to containerize” it for export.