cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the quality of facility-based child survival services

Between 1986 and 1990 researchers from the US Centers for Disease Control conducted a facility-based assessment (FBA) of 285 facilities in 9 sub-Saharan African countries to determine the degree to which health workers properly diagnosed and effectively treated children in selected child survival programs. They visited as few as 8 facilities in Burundi in 1987 to as many as 79 in the Central African Republic in 1988. The FBA included observations of and interviews with health workers exit interviews with mothers clinic record reviews and inventories of available equipment and supplies. The researchers combined assessments of case management practices for several diseases which permitted them to identify treatment practices for children with more than 1 symptom and to strengthen the validity of the results. Even though observations did highlight the need for additional training to improve quality of care most FBAs revealed that logistic problems limited the quality of service delivery. For example in 1990 in the Ivory Coast just 41% of facilities (75% urban and 20% rural) had chloroquine tablets available. In Niger State in Nigeria in 1988 73% of dehydrated children in general hospitals received oral rehydration solution at the clinic compared with 25% in maternal and child health centers and none in rural basic health centers. FBAs also allowed the researchers to examine changes in service delivery over time. In Nigeria immunization register reviews indicated a considerable decline in the number of doses administered between the 1st vaccine and the last. Specifically 72% of all children receiving the BCG vaccine received DPT1 and only 21% received the measles vaccine. Researchers can use repeat FBAs to determine the effect of health worker training and interventions implemented to improve health service quality.
Pain management in a drug-oriented society.

A drug-oriented society promotes drug treatment of illness but responds with restrictive legislation and mores when faced with serious drug abuse by the populace. Narcotics are currently controlled because of their history of abuse and associated crime, and when their use, for whatever purpose, is suspected of abuse. Inadequate treatment of cancer pain with narcotics may stem, in part, from these events. Its major causes are confusion of legitimate and illegitimate narcotics use by society in general and health care providers in particular, combined with undefined terms (e.g., addicts, habitual users) primarily in state statutes, which should be revised and standardized. These factors intimidate physicians from prescribing rationally. For example, a prescription for an extremely large dose, and ordering an adequate quantity of a drug to have at home for a reasonable period of time, as is often required for the control of severe pain, may be perceived as an invitation for investigation of the physician's legitimacy. The real or imagined fear of an investigation encourages him or her to write prescriptions for multiple narcotics, each at the "acceptable" dosage, rather than for single narcotics in larger doses, which is simpler for the patient and preferable from a medical standpoint. Drug abuse is not generally a problem among cancer patients with pain. Physicians should strive to change social attitudes toward pain control with narcotics by enlisting the support of colleagues and, if necessary, by political activism.
STHoles: a multidimensional workload-aware histogram

Attributes of a relation are not typically independent. Multidimensional histograms can be an effective tool for accurate multiattribute query selectivity estimation. In this paper, we introduce STHoles, a “workload-aware” histogram that allows bucket nesting to capture data regions with reasonably uniform tuple density. STHoles histograms are built without examining the data sets, but rather by just analyzing query results. Buckets are allocated where needed the most as indicated by the workload, which leads to accurate query selectivity estimations. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that STHoles histograms consistently produce good selectivity estimates across synthetic and real-world data sets and across query workloads, and, in many cases, outperform the best multidimensional histogram techniques that require access to and processing of the full data sets during histogram construction.
Survey of primary school educators regarding burn-risk behaviors and fire-safety education

Abstract Objective To assess primary school educator knowledge and opinions regarding fire-setting behaviors and burn-injury prevention education. Design and setting A written survey, consisting of 24 questions, was distributed to 8 primary schools. The survey was designed by our burn center personnel to assess basic knowledge and opinions. It was distributed to teachers by the school principals and completed surveys were collected by our staff. Results Twenty percent of elementary school educators surveyed had experience teaching burned children (mean age: 7 ± 3; range: 2–17); 8% had experience with children that were injured due to fire-play. Fire experimentation begins at 6.1 ± 2 years of age (range: 2–13). Educators believe students can benefit from a fire prevention curriculum beginning at 7.3 ± 1.8 years (range: 5–12). The average time requested for an elementary school burn-injury prevention program was 4 ± 3 h. Kindergarten teachers requested 8 h and fifth grade teachers asked for 3.3 h. Over 97% of elementary school teachers agree that discussions about the medical and social consequences of burns will reduce fire-play behavior in children. Conclusions Nearly all primary school educators surveyed agreed that burn injuries and attempting to curb fire-play are important societal issues. There was wide agreement that including a description of the medical and social consequences of burns in a preventive curriculum would enhance its efficacy. The younger students are, the more time teachers require to adequately convey fire safety instruction.
Aluminum uptake by neuroblastoma cells.

Aluminum uptake studies in viable neuroblastoma cells were performed. Aluminum uptake was largely dependent on the pH of the suspension medium. At physiological pH values, cells were apparently unable to incorporate detectable amounts of aluminum in the absence of proper mediators. Aluminum uptake was enhanced as the pH decreased, attaining a plateau at about pH 6.0. In experiments with 2 x 10(6) cells/ml, pH 6.0, and 25 microM aluminum in the medium, aluminum incorporation reached saturation at 5 nmol of aluminum/mg of cellular protein, accounting for 60-70% of aluminum added. At pH 6.0, cells showed a large capacity for accumulating aluminum; about 70% of intracellular aluminum was associated with the postmitochondrial fraction. At neutral pH, application of apotransferrin seemed to facilitate aluminum translocation into cells via membrane receptors. Fatty acids were also capable of mediating aluminum uptake at neutral pH, probably by forming aluminum-fatty acid complexes. Low molecular weight aluminum chelators, e.g., citrate, inhibited aluminum uptake. Treatment of cells with energy metabolism blockers had virtually no influence on aluminum uptake, indicative of passive mechanisms. The results suggest that aluminum uptake occurs via different modes dependent on growth conditions, such as medium pH.
Immunogenicity of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (rHBV) in recipients of unrelated or related allogeneic hematopoietic cell (HC) transplants.

Current European and US guidelines for recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (rHBV) after hematopoietic-cell transplantation (HCT) vary. The European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) recommends rHBV starting 6 to 12 months after HCT. Immunization is optional in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines. Nevertheless, rHBV is required for re-entry to school and certain workplaces. To determine the immunogenicity of rHBV following HCT, the prevaccine and postvaccine titers of 292 allogeneic transplant recipients who were immunized with rHBV were analyzed. Immunization was initiated in patients off immunosuppression who achieved specific minimal milestones of immune competence. Overall, 64% of patients seroconverted. In multivariate analyses, response was adversely affected by age older than 18 years ( P < .01) and history of prior chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD; P < .001) but not by donor type or by use of T-cell depletion, adoptive immunotherapy, or rituximab. By comparison, 89% of rHBV nonresponders mounted a 3-fold or greater rise in polio titers following 3 doses of inactivated poliovirus. These data demonstrate that the rate of seroconversion following rHBV is lower in allogeneic HC transplant recipients compared with age-matched healthy controls. The data emphasize the need to document prevaccine and postvaccine titers to ensure response and suggest that immunization guidelines based on time interval from HCT, irrespective of immune competence, may not ensure adequate protection against certain vaccine-preventable diseases.
Strategies for the design of RNA-binding small molecules.

Bacterial ribosomal RNA is the target of clinically important antibiotics, while biologically important RNAs in viral and eukaryotic genomes present a range of potential drug targets. The physicochemical properties of RNA present difficulties for medicinal chemistry, particularly when oral availability is needed. Peptidic ligands and analysis of their RNA-binding properties are providing insight into RNA recognition. RNA-binding ligands include far more chemical classes than just aminoglycosides. Chemical functionalities from known RNA-binding small molecules are being exploited in fragment- and ligand-based projects. While targeting of RNA for drug design is very challenging, continuing advances in our understanding of the principles of RNA–ligand interaction will be necessary to realize the full potential of this class of targets.
A framework for analysing the extent and nature of end-user computing in organizations: a user-cube based approach

A structural framework is presented for analyzing end-user computing at various levels within an organization. The framework is based on the so-called user-cube, a precise and graphical taxonomy of end-users. Using a series of examples it is demonstrated how the framework can be used to develop computing profiles of individual end-users, application systems, organizational units, and the whole organization. The profiles can be hierarchically aggregated or decomposed along organizational lines, thus providing a scheme for defining the levels of analysis and a strategy for assessing the nature, extent, and impacts of end-user computing at various levels. >
Interpersonal Social Work Skills for Community Practice, by Donna Hardina

Specifically dedicated to the skills that social workers need to advance community practice, this creative book is long overdue. Grounded in the wisdom and evidence of well-honed interpersonal soci...
On the dynamics of stimulus control during guided skill learning in nonhumans

a b s t r a c t This study measured skill acquisition in the presence and absence of guiding cues in pigeons. It asked whether the speed of development of autonomy for the motor skill is influenced by the difficulty level of two guiding-cue conditions requiring the same left–right response sequence. The Follow-Red condition required a simple go, no-go discrimination (red = S+, green = S−), whereas the Red–Green condition was a more difficult simultaneous chain requiring sensitivity to the serial order of key colors (red = S+, green = S− for the first peck, but red = S−, green = S+ for the second peck). Pigeons exposed to the difficult Red–Green condition displayed significantly higher accuracy levels during no-cues conditions earlier in training than those exposed to the easier Follow-Red condition. A modified Power Law of Practice was used to evaluate the null hypothesis that autonomy develops equally in explicit guiding-cues conditions and no-cues conditions. This hypothesis was retained in the Follow-Red condition but rejected in the Red–Green condition. Practice completing the response sequence in the Follow-Red and no-cues conditions both contributed equally to autonomy. Autonomy developed faster in the Red–Green group in both conditions, and it developed unexpectedly rapidly during the second guiding-cues condition, implying the involvement of a second process for the Red–Green condition. We discuss the implications of these results to prompt dependence in children with learning disabilities, the transfer of stimulus control, and potential behavioral interventions.
Natural Variation in the V3 Crown of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Affects Replicative Fitness and Entry Inhibitor Sensitivity

Natural polymorphisms in the heterogeneous human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein may have an impact on both sensitivity to entry inhibitors and viral replicative fitness. Of significant interest is variation in the V3 crown due to its involvement in direct engagement with the coreceptor. Two positions in the crown (318 and 319) appear to be important in determining intrinsic susceptibility to multiple entry inhibitors. Thus, we evaluated a series of natural polymorphisms at positions 318 and 319 in three distinct CCR5-tropic envelope genetic backgrounds to address their role in replicative fitness and sensitivity to entry inhibitors. Change at position 319 to each of the three major consensus amino acids (A, T, and R) resulted in variation in sensitivity to entry inhibitors and altered replicative fitness, but the effects of any one amino acid depended on the envelope context. Change of the nearly invariant tyrosine at position 318 to a rare arginine resulted in increased sensitivity to entry inhibitors and decreased replicative fitness independent of envelope context. Polymorphisms in the V3 crown that showed increased susceptibility to entry inhibitors also exhibited decreased entry efficiency, replicative fitness in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and ability to replicate in primary macrophages. These findings suggest that differences in coreceptor affinity and/or avidity may underlie these phenotypic characteristics.
Alterations of Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Other Hepatic Enzymes Following Oral Alcohol Intoxication

T lIE PURPOSE of this paper is to report hepatic enzyme abnormalities in adult rats subjected to chronic oral alcohol intoxication under conditions of controlled food intake. Reports in the literature demonstrate that alcohol seems to exert a direct toxic effect on >
Personality in essential tremor: further evidence of non-motor manifestations of the disease

Objective: To ascertain whether patients with essential tremor have distinct definable personality traits. Methods: A case–control study of patients with essential tremor was carried out to look for differences in personality characteristics. The controls were derived from the same source population. Using the tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ), personality traits were assessed in three dimensions: harm avoidance (HA), novelty seeking (NS), and reward dependence (RD). Additional analyses were conducted to address the possibility of selection bias among the patients with essential tremor. Results: There were 55 patients and 61 controls. There was a difference between patients and controls in HA subscale scores (p = 0.005) but not in NS or RD scores. The difference remained significant in analyses that adjusted for age, sex, race, and education (p = 0.005). HA subscale scores did not correlate with subjective or objective measures of disability or with indices of severity of tremor. Conclusions: Patients with essential tremor scored higher on the harm avoidance subscale scores than control subjects. HA subscale scores did not correlate with the severity of tremor or with subjective and objective scales of disability, suggesting that the personality profile observed was not entirely related to functional disability caused by the tremor. Longitudinal studies of personality in essential tremor are needed to characterise the stability and evolution of these personality traits within the natural history of the disease process.
An AraC-like transcriptional activator is required for induction of genes needed for α-galactoside utilization in Sinorhizobium meliloti

The nodulating bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti can utilize α-galactosides like melibiose and raffinose as sole sources of carbon and energy. We show that this utilization requires an AraC-like transcriptional activator, AgpT. When agpT was inactivated, Rhizobium meliloti could not utilize α-galactosides or induce genes required for transport and catabolism of these sugars. The agpT gene was not essential for the establishment of an effective nitrogen-fixing symbiosis.
Using highly variable warfarin dosing to identify patients at risk for adverse events.

Background Patients who receive highly variable doses of warfarin may be at risk for poor anticoagulation control and adverse events. However, we lack a system to identify patients with the highest dose variability. Our objectives were to develop a scoring system to identify patients with high dose variability, and to validate this new measure by demonstrating that patients so identified have poor anticoagulation control and higher rates of adverse events (criterion validity).
Building Citizenship: How Student Voice in Service-Learning Develops Civic Values

Objectives. Though many decry the decline in political participation and interest, few academic studies present a clear approach to help reverse these trends. This paper examines the impact of service-learning programs on students’ self-concept, political engagement, and attitudes toward out-groups. Methods. The data come from a pre and post survey given to more than 200 high school students in 10 different schools. We use Huber regression to assess the impact of student voice in the service-learning project on six dependent variables. Results. We show that if students are involved in service-learning projects in which they have a high degree of voice and ownership, their self-concept and political engagement will improve, and they become more tolerant toward out-groups. Conclusion. In short, having a voice in service-learning programs builds citizenship.
The Professionalization of Academic Advising: Where Are We in 2010?

In the last year, three respected leaders in academic advising, Wes Habley, Terry Kuhn, and Gary Padak, published articles suggesting that academic advising has not met the standards of scholarship to be considered a field of inquiry, an academic discipline, or a profession. In this article, we examine academic advising history from the perspective of the discipline of sociology, through which scholars systematically study the processes whereby activities are transformed from occupations into professions. Indeed, we agree that academic advising has not met the typical sociological standards that accompany societal recognition for a profession, and we suggest that strengthened advisor education and credentialing are the steps necessary to secure public recognition of academic advising as a profession.
DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC SUBRETINAL FLUID IN KEARNS-SAYRE SYNDROME.

Background/Purpose:To report a novel ophthalmic finding of the development of chronic subretinal fluid in a patient with Kearns–Sayre syndrome.Methods:An observational case report with funduscopic, angiographic, neurophysiologic, and optical coherence tomographic correlation.Results:An 11-year-old m
Spawning and rearing behavior of bull trout in a headwater lake ecosystem

Numerous life histories have been documented for bull trout Salvelinus confluentus. Lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout populations that occupy small, headwater lake ecosystems and migrate short distances to natal tributaries to spawn are likely common; however, much of the research on potamodromous bull trout has focused on describing the spawning and rearing characteristics of bull trout populations that occupy large rivers and lakes and make long distance spawning migrations to natal headwater streams. This study describes the spawning and rearing characteristics of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout in the Quartz Lake drainage, Glacier National Park, USA, a small headwater lake ecosystem. Many spawning and rearing characteristics of bull trout in the Quartz Lake drainage are similar to potamodromous bull trout that migrate long distances. For example, subadult bull trout distribution was positively associated with slow-water habitat unit types and maximum wetted width, and negatively associated with increased stream gradient. Bull trout spawning also occurred when water temperatures were between 5 and 9 °C, and redds were generally located in stream segments with low stream gradient and abundant gravel and cobble substrates. However, this study also elucidated characteristics of bull trout biology that are not well documented in the literature, but may be relatively widespread and have important implications regarding general characteristics of bull trout ecology, use of available habitat by bull trout, and persistence of lacustrine-adfluvial bull trout in small headwater lake ecosystems.
Effects of 6-hydroxydopamine treatments on active avoidance responding: evidence for involvement of brain dopamine.

Rats treated with pargyline prior to intracisternal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) failed to display acquisition of either a shuttle-box avoidance response or a one-way active avoidance response, even when tested as long as 72 days after injection. This treatment had no effect, however, on acquisition of a passive avoidance response. 6-OHDA also caused a significant decrement in performance by rats previously trained in the shuttle-box. When methods of 6-OHDA treatment were employed in which norepinephrine (NE) or dopamine (DA) was preferentially reduced in brain, animals depleted of NE displayed facilitated acquisition of the shuttle-box response, whereas depletion of DA by a single 6-OHDA treatment had little effect. Administration of α-methyltyrosine or reserpine to these preferentially depleted rats performing in the shuttle-box caused a marked decrement in performance by the DA-depleted rats but had little effect on rats depleted of NE. Two injections of 6-OHDA after desipramine treatment, which reduced DA by 85% and NE by 24%, suppressed acquisition of the avoidance response. The data, therefore, suggest that the deficit in avoidance behavior observed in 6-OHDA-treated rats is due mainly to a reduction in brain dopamine and support the view that brain catecholamines are important for the maintenance of conditioned avoidance responding.
Algae and Medicine

This discussion will be concentrated almost exclusively on the toxic effects of microscopic algae, i.e., phytoplankton. Table I (1) shows a simplified diagramatic scheme of the interrelationship of algae and plankton. The form our contribution will take is not that of a report of an original laboratory study. Rather it will be a digestion and distillation of what has gone before, as seen from a medical perspective.
Ex post costs and renewable identification number (RIN) prices under the Renewable Fuel Standard.

We critically review the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) assessment of the costs and benefits of the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2) as summarized in its regulatory impact analysis (RIA). We focus particularly on EPA’s methods used to calculate the costs of the policy on the US fuel market. We compare EPA’s ex ante cost and benefit estimates to measures of ex post costs implied by the price of compliance credits under the policy. Overall, we find that the agency’s assessment was inadequate. In spite of, or perhaps because of, the detailed and complex analysis underlying the RIA, EPA overlooked several fundamental factors. We conclude by recommending a simplification of the analysis used in RIAs, as well as the use of “stress tests” in RIAs to ensure that programs like the RFS2 are designed in ways that can manage high compliance cost scenarios.
Winter Populations of Some Diabrotica in Central Mexico: Voltinism and Pheromone Response

Adult Diabrotica virgifera LeConte were not found in the winter in areas of subtropical Mexico where they are abundant in the summer. Eggs of the subtropical population of this species were found to be in diapause in Feb. The study confirms that the subtropical population is univoltine, that the winter is spent in the egg in diapause, and that this diapause is more intense than that of populations of D. virgifera in temperate climates. Large populations of D. undecimpuncata were found in Feb. in the state of Guanajuato as were large populations of D. balteata LeConte in the states of Guanajuato and Morelos. Males of D. balteata were not attracted to the pheromones of either D. virgifera or D. undecimpunctata nor were males of D. undecimpunctata attracted to the pheromone of D. virgifera . However, pheromone obtained from a laboratory strain of South Dakota D. undecimpunctata was attractive to males of the Mexican population of this species.
Effects of ‘Coastal’ Bermudagrass Fertilization Levels and Age of Regrowth on Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Larval Biology and Adult Fecundity

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), larval survival, weight at 10 days, developmental rate, and pupal weight were significantly greater on fertilized than on unfertilized ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. A combined analysis over three tests also showed that fecundity was significantly greater for moths that originated from larvae that fed on fertilized grass than for moths that originated from larvae that fed on unfertilized grass. Fall armyworm responses to bermudagrass regrowth were more varied, but in two of the three tests larval survival, weight at 10 days, and developmental rate were significantly greater on young regrowth than on older regrowth. Pupal weight and fecundity showed no consistent relationship with stage of bermudagrass regrowth. Increased ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass fertilization and younger regrowth primarily influenced larval development, with little influence on pupal development. Calculations showed that fall armyworm population could increase 45- to 225-fold in highly fertilized bermudagrass pastures compared with unfertilized bermudagrass.
Electronic particle counting of zoospores of Aphanomyces euteiches.

(1971). Electronic Particle Counting of Zoospores of Aphanomyces Euteiches. Mycologia: Vol. 63, No. 1, pp. 169-171.
Design of data consistency of optical transport integrated NMS

The paper puts forward a design scheme of data consistency base on data-modify table and locked strategy for optical transport integrated net management system, and analyzes the key steps of data conflict verification and auto-releasing broken trail. The result of test indicates that the scheme can provide real-time and reliable data-upload function and keep the data consistency of the net management system.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles in Chuanshan District of Suining,2006-2011

Objective To analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Chuanshan district of Suining,and thus to provide scientific basis for prevention strategies.Methods Data of reported measles cases in Chuanshan district from 2006 to 2011 were collected and analyzed with descriptive epidemiology method.Results Altogether 789 suspected measles cases were reported in Chuanshan district during the period,with 735 patients diagnosed and 54 excluded;the annual average incidence rate was 17.86/105.A total of 522 cases distributed in urban and fringe areas,with an incidence rate of 21.75/105,accounting for 71.02%;and 213 cases distributed in rural areas,with an incidence rate of 11.83/105,accounting for 28.98%.The incidence rate was higher in urban than in rural areas.Most cases occurred from March to September,which accounted for 86.67% of total annual cases.Children no more than 10 yrs accounted for 92.38% and the vocational distribution were mainly scattered children,nursery and kindergarten children and students,which altogether accounted for 86.26%.Among the confirmed cases,those with no measles vaccine history took 32.11%;cases with once vaccination accounted for 6.26%;cases with twice or more vaccination accounted for 7.21% and cases with unclear immunization history accounted for 54.42%.The epidemic was with characteristic of sporadic during the period,yet there was one outbreak in 2006,with a total of 14 cases.Conclusion The epidemic characteristics are of high prevalence in low age population and those with no or unclear vaccination history take a great portion,which remind that strengthened surveillance work and pertinent vaccination measure should be timely taken.
Synergistic catalytic properties of bifunctional nanoalloy catalysts in rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery

Abstract The understanding of factors influencing the performance of catalysts in the air cathode of a rechargeable lithium-oxygen battery, including overpotentials for oxygen reduction/evolution and discharge capacity, is essential for exploration of its ultimate application. This report describes new findings of an investigation of PdCu nanoalloys as cathode catalysts. Alloying Pd with oxophilic base metals such as Cu leads to reduction of the overpotentials and increase of the discharge capacity. The nanoalloy structures depend on the bimetallic composition, with an atomic ratio near 50:50 featuring mixed bcc and fcc structures. The discharge potential exhibits a maximum while the charge potential display a minimum in the range of 20–50% Cu, closer to 25% Cu, both of which correspond to a maximum reduction of the discharge-charge overpotentials. The discharge capacity displays a gradual increase with Cu%. This type of catalytic synergy is believed to be associated with a combination of ensemble and ligand effects. In particular, the activation of oxygen on Pd sites and oxygen oxophilicity at the alloyed Cu sites in the catalyst may have played an important role in effectively activating oxygen and maneuvering surface superoxide/peroxide species. These findings have implications for the design of multifunctional cathode catalysts in rechargeable lithium-oxygen batteries.
Cool-Down and Warm-Up of Large Powder-Insulated Dewars

Transient heat transfer phenomena related to the use of large storage containers for cryogenic liquid propellants have become increasingly important in rocket and missile technology. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the heat transfer processes during the cool-down and the warm-up periods of such containers. The results can help a designer to select the appropriate type of insulation for ground use or for orbital storage, to predict the transient rate of heat transfer to a container during cool-down after filling, and to estimate the time required for warm-up of a cryogenic storage container.
The Behavioral Effects of MDMA in Humans Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions

Abstract This chapter focuses on what is known about the acute effects of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) based on findings from human behavioral pharmacology studies. There is a relatively large database from preclinical studies that suggests that MDMA may have long-term adverse effects including neurotoxicity and mood and cognitive disruptions. However, these studies have several limitations that make it difficult to draw conclusions about the specific risks for humans. Human behavioral pharmacology provides complementary information about both the positive effects and the negative effects of MDMA in order to better assess the drug’s risk/benefit ratio. Using this methodology, researchers have observed several effects relevant to both the safety of recreational drug users and for the potential use of the drug as a psychotherapeutic. For example, the drug produces: (1) dose-dependent increases in heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature; (2) increases in subjective feelings of euphoria and sociability; and (3) alters social processing and behavior. Overall, human behavioral pharmacological studies of MDMA provide important information about the risk/benefit ratio of the drug, which will aid in the development of policies concerning therapeutic and recreational use.
A 14.5 pW, 31 ppm/°C resistor-less 5 pA current reference employing a self-regulated push-pull voltage reference generator

This paper presents a gate-leakage-based supply- and temperature-stabilized current reference generator that can output currents as low as 5 pA with minimal power overhead. The output reference current is generated by driving a set of gate-leakage transistors designed to have opposing temperature coefficients with a stabilized voltage reference. Low-power operation is achieved by generating the voltage reference via a novel two-stage, 4T push-pull structure that can operate at a low supply voltage, and driving this reference to the gate-leakage transistors via a low-voltage self-biased amplifier. Designed in a 65 nm CMOS process, the proposed current reference generator is simulated to consume 14.5 pW at a 0.5 V supply voltage. Due to the push-pull structure and complementary gate-leakage transistors, the design achieves a temperature stability of 31 ppm/°C from 0 °C to 100 ° C, and a line sensitivity of 0.94%/V averaged across 500 Monte Carlo samples, thereby enabling an ultra-low-power, area-efficient, and temperature- and supply-stabilized current reference solution at pA-levels.
An Aging-Resistant RO-PUF for Reliable Key Generation

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) have emerged as a promising security primitive for low-cost authentication and cryptographic key generation. However, PUF stability with respect to temporal variations still limits its utility and widespread acceptance. Previous techniques in the literature have focused on improving PUF robustness against voltage and temperature variations, but the issues associated with aging have been largely neglected. In this paper, we address aging in the popular ring oscillator (RO)-PUF. We propose a new aging-resistant design that reduces sensitivity to negative-bias temperature instability and hot-carrier injection stresses. Simulation results demonstrate that our aging-resistant RO-PUF (ARO-PUF) can produce unique, random, and more reliable keys. On an average, only 3.8% bits of an ARO-PUF flip over a ten-year operational period because of aging, compared with a 12.8% bit flip for a conventional RO-PUF. The proposed ARO-PUF allows us to eliminate the need for error correction by adding extra ROs. The result shows that an ARO-PUF saves $\sim 32x$ area overhead compared with a conventional RO-PUF with required error correction schemes for a reliable key.
Diseases of the Nucleoskeleton

The nucleus is separated from the cytosol by the nuclear envelope, which is a double lipid bilayer composed of the outer nuclear membrane and the inner nuclear membrane. The intermediate filament proteins lamin A, lamin B, and lamin C form a network underlying the inner nuclear membrane. This proteinaceous network provides the nucleus with its strength, rigidity, and elasticity. Positioned within the inner nuclear membrane are more than 150 inner nuclear membrane proteins, many of which interact directly with lamins and require lamins for their inner nuclear membrane localization. Inner nuclear membrane proteins and the nuclear lamins define the nuclear lamina. These inner nuclear membrane proteins have tissue-specific expression and diverse functions including regulating cytoskeletal organization, nuclear architecture, cell cycle dynamics, and genomic organization. Loss or mutations in lamins and inner nuclear membrane proteins cause a wide spectrum of diseases. Here, I will review the functions of the well-studied nuclear lamina proteins and the diseases associated with loss or mutations in these proteins. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1655-1674, 2016.
A modified statistical system model and an accelerated Monte Carlo simulation for a silicon detector based Compton medical imaging system

The objective of this research is to demonstrate a modified statistical system model and an approach of accelerated Monte Carlo simulation for studying the capability of a dual-planar Compton medical imaging system constructed with silicon and NaI detectors to image 364.4keV energy photons emitted from I131. The Compton imaging system is a potential medical imaging instrument for effectively observing the process of radionuclide cancer treatments. Since decoupling the tradeoff between spatial resolution and detection efficiency inherent to the absorbing collimation of conventional Anger Camera, the Compton imaging system provides improved imaging performance in both detection efficiency and spatial resolution especially for higher energy photons. In the study, a modified statistical system model of the Compton system was developed considering all factors in the Compton process including Doppler broadening, energy resolution and spatial resolution of the scattering and absorbed detectors in addition to the Compton image formation process. To conquer the limitation of low simulation speed when employing the existent allpurpose Monte Carlo simulation platform due to low Compton interaction cross-section inside of the silicon detector, the developed Monte Carlo simulation involves the techniques of force detection and variance reduction to speed up the simulation. It is proved that two promotion approaches are of benefit to performance analysis and image reconstruction for the Compton imaging system.
ASM on Capitol Hill

As chair of the ASM Public and Scientific Affairs Board (PSAB) Committee on Microbiological Issues Impacting Minorities (CMIIM), I want to bring microbiology and the issues that affect underrepresented minority (URM) scientists to the forefront. Over the past year, my Committee and I have discussed a strategy to address public policy issues related to URM and one of main ideas was to make visits to our Representatives and Senators on Capitol Hill. With the help of the staff of ASM's Office of Public Affairs, the first CMIIM Hill Day took place on 3 November 2015.
Limitations of the Educational Structure in Political Socialization

While unstructured educational systems are pervasive in all aspects of daily life, this chapter will concentrate on structured educational systems because they are an important influential factor on children’s and youth’s political socialization; however, it is imperative to note that this concentration on structured education does not negate the importance of unstructured education; in fact, both are intertwined and affect children’s and youth’s socialization. For example, impacts made by schools, and/or civic education programs, typically spearhead the structured educational systems. On the other hand, unstructured education in schools such as dialogue among peers also impacts children’s and youth’s political socialization. One 14-year-old male journal study participant from a village mentioned, “I’m in ninth grade [and] a member of the daily school podcasting. I talked about Saddam’s execution and if you are with or against it, the land day, occasions and feasts, massacres, the external conditions, political and internal conditions.” This podcast takes place in a school setting; however, this participant makes it clear that the dialogue and discussion come directly from him rather than the school authority. To understand this interaction of youth political socialization, this chapter analyzes the structured educational systems, civic curricula, and programs to engage youth in the community.
Pharmacist-managed ambulatory blood pressure monitoring service.

One in three U.S. adults met the diagnostic criteria for hypertension in 2012; by 2030, the prevalence of hypertension is projected to rise to an estimated 41% of the adult population.[1][1] The most widely accepted definition of hypertension in adults includes a systolic blood pressure (BP) of ≥
Surgical Treatment for Renal Cell Carcinoma

Systemic therapies for renal cell carcinoma have made modest improvements in patient survival but rarely offer durable cure. Thus, surgical excision of renal cell carcinoma is an integral component of oncologic management. The spectrum of renal cell carcinoma presentation from small renal masses, locally advanced disease, and in the presence of metastasis varies with the surgical armamentarium needed to treat this diverse group of patients. In general for small renal masses, a nephron-sparing approach is preferred if it can be completed safely with negative margins, and for locally advanced tumors, radical nephrectomy is preferred with excision of the affected kidney, lymph nodes, and venous thrombi if present. With metastatic disease, cytoreductive nephrectomy has been shown to prolong survival in carefully selected patients, usually with good performance status and with oligometastasis. The surgical nuances, indication, and motivation for each surgical technique will be discussed in this chapter.
Software Defined Cyberinfrastructure

Within and across thousands of science labs, researchers and students struggle to manage data produced in experiments, simulations, and analyses. Largely manual research data lifecycle management processes mean that much time is wasted, research results are often irreproducible, and data sharing and reuse remain rare. In response, we propose a new approach to data lifecycle management in which researchers are empowered to define the actions to be performed at individual storage systems when data are created or modified: actions such as analysis, transformation, copying, and publication. We term this approach software-defined cyberinfrastructure because users can implement powerful data management policies by deploying rules to local storage systems, much as software-defined networking allows users to configure networks by deploying rules to switches.We argue that this approach can enable a new class of responsive distributed storage infrastructure that will accelerate research innovation by allowing any researcher to associate data workflows with data sources, whether local or remote, for such purposes as data ingest, characterization, indexing, and sharing. We report on early experiments with this approach in the context of experimental science, in which a simple if-trigger-then-action (IFTA) notation is used to define rules.
The Smallest Maximal Set of Pairwise Disjoint Partitions

Let k be an integer ≥ 3, and let n be a natural number greater than k. Among the partitions of n into k positive integers, consider m = m k (n) partitions of n, say n = ai1 + ai2 + aik for i = l,2,…,m, satisfying the km integers of the set A = (aij: i = 1,…,m, j = 1,k) are distinct, if a1,ak. are any k distinct positive integers not in A, then a1 + ak-≠ n, and m =k(n) is minimal.
Logotherapy in the 21st Century: Review of Living Your Own Life: Existential Analysis in Action

By Silvia Langle and Christopher WurmLondon: Karnac Books, 2016, 218 pages, $35.76Living Your Own Life is a chance for the uninitiated English-speaking world to experience the contemporary evolutio...
Is Integrated CBT Effective in Reducing PTSD Symptoms and Substance Use in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans? Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial

This study is the first to examine integrated cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) in a sample of military veterans with co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD). Generalized linear mixed models were used to examine primary outcomes from a small, randomized clinical trial comparing ICBT plus treatment as usual (TAU) to TAU only in a sample (N = 44) of U.S. veterans who served in Iraq and/or Afghanistan. A significant reduction in PTSD and SUD symptoms over time was detected in both conditions. One significant time-by-condition interaction effect for re-experiencing symptoms was observed, with ICBT showing greater reductions from baseline to post-treatment. Overall, the efficacy of ICBT in this veteran sample was not as robust as outcomes with non-veteran patients. Challenges to engagement and retention in treatment and further intervention adaptations for veterans are discussed.
An inductive method of analyzing defense of self-esteem.

Clinical psychology today concerns itself to a large extent with defensive functions: the organism’s conscious and unconscious efforts to ward off and nullify threats to all aspects of its psychological integrity, which are analogous to physiological mechanisms of defense against threats to numerous vital biochemical equilibria. Psychoanalysts were the first to describe psychological defense “mechanisms” from their intensive clinical observations. More slowly, psychologists who are in a better position to use experimental techniques have followed in their wake, seeking objective empirical demonstration of such strategies as repression and projection, and (what is more important) studying their concrete manifestations in a variety of situations.
Fetal syphilis in the first trimester

Evidence of first-trimester fetal syphilis was sought in the products of conception in a therapeutic abortion clinic. During two collection periods of one week, five patients with serologic and clinical data consistent with recent syphilitic infection were identified. Their conceptuses were carefully examined by silver and immunofluorescent stains for the presence of Treponema pallidum. Two of these five conceptuses (9 and 10 weeks' gestation) were found to contain T. pallidum by these methods. The literature supporting the Langhans layer/five months' placental barrier theory is reviewed and discussed in view of these two first-trimester cases.
The electrophysiology and the nervous control of the spiracular muscle of pupae of the giant silkmoths

Abstract 1. 1. The fibers of the spiracular closing muscle of the giant silk moths, Hyalophora cecropia and Telea polyphemeus , spontaneously generate action potentials and contract. 2. 2. The spontaneous electrical activity of a slow depolarization by a pacemaker potential which usually leads to a spike of 20 to 30 mV. 3. 3. When the partial pressure of CO 2 is increased, the fibers hyperpolarize and the spontaneous activity is slowed or stops. 4. 4. The pacemaker potential ends when the membrane potential reaches about −20 mV, regardless of the level to which the “resting” membrane potential is set. 5. 5. The pacemaker potential is accompanied by an increasing membrane conductance. 6. 6. The closer muscle receives at least four efferent axons; at least two efferent fibers come from the median nerve. 7. 7. One of the efferent fibers is a “fast” motor axon. 8. 8. The efferent outflow to the muscle is decreased when the carbon dioxide tension is elevated, but some efferent fibers continue to fire even when the 9. 9. There is no evidence for a peripheral receptor, other than the muscle itself, responding to changing gas concentrations. 10. 10. In the intact animal, the electrical activity is a combination of spontaneous depolarizations and of junctional potentials set up by impulses from the central nervous system. 11. 11. It is suggested that the ability to generate spontaneous activity, which is found only in the pupal insect, is an adaptation for life at low temperatures.