cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soybean response to gibberellic acid I. Time of application relative to emergence

Abstract Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars planted too late or too early may be subjected to short photoperiods that can cause plants to flower prematurely and produce many pods at lower nodes near the soil surface. This can result in considerable mechanical harvest loss even if yield potential is good. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of gibberellic acid (GA), applied on four soybean cultivars at different times relative to emergence, on internode length, yield, and agronomic characteristics. Seven timings (−1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days after emergence ( dae )) of GA application at 25 g ha−1 were tested. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years at Ona (27° 25′N), and 1 year at Gainesville (29° 40′N), Florida. Cultivars were main-plot treatments, and time of GA application plus a replicated control were subplots. At Ona, ‘Amsoy 71’ (Maturity Group (MG) II), ‘Williams’ (MG III), ‘Cutler 71’ (MG IV), and ‘Essex’ (MGV), were seeded in early March in 250-mm row spacings to a final population of 8 plants m−1 of row. At Gainesville, the Williams cultivar was seeded on March 15 in 350-mm rows at 20 plants m−1. Applied GA at +4 or +5 dae resulted in a 40–50-mm increase in length of the hypocotyl, plus internodes 1 and 2 were increased 49–67% compared to the control, but did not affect total plant height. Length of upper internodes was slightly reduced by the GA treatments. The timing of GA application had no effect on seed quality, seed weight, or total seed yield. Approximately 10% of the total seed yield came from the lower three nodes (cotyledonary, unifoliate, and first trifoliate). These results indicate that GA can increase the basal stem elongation of soybean by an average of 50 mm, which could aid commercial harvesting.
Finite-range corrections in two-nucleon transfer reactions

Abstract A method is developed for calculating finite-range corrections in two-nucleon transfer reactions which is readily adapted to current distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. Finite well wave functions are used and terms up to second order in the range are carried. The method is tested for the 48Ti(p, t)46Ti reaction at 27 MeV where the DWBA calculations are known to be very sensitive to parameter variations. Although the second-order terms are appreciable the method does appear to be converging.
Bacterial Control in Milk Plants

Milk inspectors and health officials should not rest assured of a safe product because of the mere presence of a milk pasteurizing, plant in their city. Special attention must be given to the operation of such a plant in view of the fact that unless it is properly operated it may become a chance source of infection to the community. In many instances, only an attempt at the process of pasteurization is being made. This is due to either a lack of pr(~per attention and responsibility or to the absence of understanding, or the part of the operators, as to the functions and reasons for the process. Bacteriological control of the process of pasteurization and of the condition of the subsequent containers and contact surfaces is essential. This examination should not be left entirely to the pasteurizing plant, but should be made frequently by competent officials under the direction of milk inspectors or health officials Who are responsible for the condition of the milk supply and of the health of the community. In considering the efficiency of various pasteurizing processes, it should be understood that the percentage reduction of bacteria in raw milk by heating does not form a measure of safeness of the final product. After heating, the so-called pasteurized milk is changed from its original condition and any inoculation subsequent to the heating introduces an uncertain element which may be of concern and which may void the reduction in bacteria already secured by heating the milk. In the examination of milk to determine the percentage of reduction due to the heating process, a series of samples should be taken aseptically at intervals at the points representing definite stages in the pasteurizing process. It is only in this manner
Nuclear structure of 86,87Rb from 87,88Si(d, 3He) at 28 MeV

Abstract Differential cross sections for 87Sr(d, 3He)86Rb and 88Sr(d, 3He)87Rb were measured with the Princeton 27.9 MeV deuteron beam and the quadrupole-dipole-dipole-dipole (QDDD) spectrograph. States of 86Rb and 87Rb up to 1.74 MeV and 1.58 MeV, respectively, were studied with a total resolution of 16keV. Zero-range distorted-wave Born approximation (DWBA) calculations were used to determine l transfers and spectroscopic strengths. If the targets are described as a closed shell for 88Sr and as (v g 9 2 ) −1 for 87Sr, only the 88Sr(d, 3He)87Rb spectroscopic strengths are close to shell model expectations. The observed 87Sr(d, 3He)86Rb strengths fall 25% below the shell model sum rule. Hence the data suggest that the proton wave functions of 87Sr contain appreciably more configuration mixing than those of 88Sr. Values for the (πf 5 2 , v g 9 2 ) residual interaction matrix elements are proposed, but must remain tentative until the shortfall of f 5 2 strength is understood.
SU‐FF‐T‐553: A DVH Study of Single and Multiple Shot Gammaknife Treatments

Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the relationships of dose and volume coverage in the comparison of a single shot (SS) and multiple shot (MS) Gammaknife treatments. The diseases studied were arteriovenous malformation (AVM), meningioma (MN), brainmetastasis (BM), pituitary tumor (PT), vestibular schwannoma (VS), and trigeminal neuralgia (TN) (n=10 for each disease). Method and Materials: The relationships between dose and volume coverage were measured at 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, and 30% of the maximum doses using dose‐volume histograms (DVHs). We set the control volume covered by the prescribed dose (=50% of maximum dose) as unity. Then, volumes covered by different percentages of the maximum dose were divided by the control volume. This method was used for the analysis of four helmet sizes (4, 8, 14, 18 mm) and six diseases. The impact of plug patterns was analyzed for TN. Results: Average volume ratios (AVRs) covered by SS using four helmets were 0.31, 0.47, 0.61, 0.77, 1.36, and 2.06 times the control volume while AVRs covered by MS in the first five diseases were 0.03, 0.14, 0.34, 0.62, 1.47, and 2.23, at 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 40%, and 30% of the maximum dose, respectively. The mean doses for six diseases were 18.7, 15.1, 17.2, 15.0, 12.4 Gy to 50%, and 72 Gy to 80%, respectively. AVRs of MS to those of SS were 0.11, 0.30, 0.55, 0.81, 1.08 and 1.08, respectively. Plug patterns did not affect much on the relationship of dose and volume coverage in TN. Conclusions: Greater volumes were covered by the higher percentage isodose lines in SS than in MS. TN had the highest volume ratios covered by doses greater than 50% of the maximum dose; and PT and VS had higher volume ratios than AVM, MN, and BM in this study.
Industry's role in data and software curation in the cloud

The cloud is a de facto place now for storage and for software. For ordinary researchers, it is not as easy to use as one would hope. This column explores how a researcher painlessly leverages the cloud to archive, share and publish scientific data that is richer than text; and to showcase experimental tools in any environment, for review or classes. We coin the phrases middleware and baseware as they apply to the cloud and give two examples of middleware that is freely available for data and for software curation and sharing. We end with some ideas about the future of the cloud from the industry-researcher standpoint.
Value of a Hydrogen Bond in Triosephosphate Isomerase Loop Motion

The motion of the active site loop (loop 6) in triosephosphate isomerase is investigated in solution by TROSY NMR spin-relaxation experiments. The data show clear evidence for motion with an exchange rate constant (kex) of 9000 s-1, consistent with opening and closing of this loop being partially rate-limiting to catalytic throughput. Similar rate constants are observed for residues in both the N- and C-terminal regions of loop 6, suggesting motional coupling of the loop hinges. Mutation of tyrosine 208 to a phenylalanine (Y208F) eliminates a hydrogen bond in the closed loop conformation. NMR experiments with this mutant enzyme indicate an increase in the population of the open conformer and concomitant increase in the opening rate constant and a decrease in the rate of loop closure. The destabilization of the closed conformer by ∼3 kJ/mol is consistent with a similar decrease in affinity of Y208F for ligand. The site-specific nature of these experiments leads to additional insight into loop 6 motion and ...
Mass spectroscopy of organic mercury compounds

Abstract The mass spectrometric behavior of a variety of diaryl- and dialkylmercurials, aromatic and aliphatic mercury chlorides has been studied. The utility of mass spectrometry for the structural and analytical analysis of organomercury compounds is demonstrated. These compounds give readily identifiable parent ions and the fragmentation patterns can be rationalized from the structural features of the molecules. In the fragmentation of simple dialkylmercurials and alkylmercury chlorides there is a surprisingly pronounced tendency toward charge retention on carbon rather than on mercury. However, with proper substitution the organomercury ions can be stabilized. A number of mercury-containing organic ions are observed and structural possibilities including cyclic mercurinium structures are discussed. In the aliphatic series the mercury atom gives rise to a prominent tendency toward β-cleavage. This is rationalized in terms of the possible structures of the daughter ions. Rearrangement reactions involving mercury are discussed. Several oxymercurated olefins, including cis - and trans -4-methyl-2-pentene, have been studied. It was not possible to readily distinguish between the diastereomeric adducts by analysis of the fragmentation patterns. Two carbene precursors have been examined, phenyl(trichloromethyl)mercury and phenyl(bromodichloromethyl)mercury. The elimination of dihalocarbene from the molecule ions and the radical cations of the dihalocarbenes are observed. A novel elimination of methylene from (2-hydroxycyclooctyl)mercury chloride might be indicative of interesting, but as yet uninvestigated, chemistry of this compound in solution.
Interaction of retinoic acid and scl controls primitive blood development

Hematopoietic development during embryogenesis involves the interaction of extrinsic signaling pathways coupled to an intrinsic cell fate that is regulated by cell-specific transcription factors. Retinoic acid (RA) has been linked to stem cell self-renewal in adults and also participates in yolk sac blood island formation. Here, we demonstrate that RA decreases gata1 expression and blocks primitive hematopoiesis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, while increasing expression of the vascular marker, fli1. Treatment with an inhibitor of RA biosynthesis or a retinoic acid receptor antagonist increases gata1+ erythroid progenitors in the posterior mesoderm of wild-type embryos and anemic cdx4−/− mutants, indicating a link between the cdx-hox signaling pathway and RA. Overexpression of scl, a DNA binding protein necessary for hematopoietic development, rescues the block of hematopoiesis induced by RA. We show that these effects of RA and RA pathway inhibitors are conserved during primitive hematopoiesis in murine yolk sac explant cultures and embryonic stem cell assays. Taken together, these data indicate that RA inhibits the commitment of mesodermal cells to hematopoietic fates, functioning downstream of cdx4 and upstream of scl. Our studies establish a new connection between RA and scl during development that may participate in stem cell self-renewal and hematopoietic differentiation.
Technology transfer to developing countries: A tripartite micro- and macroergonomic analysis of human-organization-technology interfaces

Abstract Technology transfer, its role in the economic development of developing countries, and factors affecting its success is studied. Numerous studies of appropriate technology indirectly and implicitly indicate that micro- and macroergonomic considerations play instrumental roles in the success of technology transfer projects. Major micro- and macroergonomic considerations of technology transfer are discussed, and it is concluded that only through a proactive and systematic incorporation of these considerations can one ensure the appropriateness, safety, and effective utilization of the transferred technology.
Quantitative Evaluation of the Facial Morphology of a Tolteca Figurine from Mexico using Geometric Morphometric Approaches

Con el objetivo de evaluar cuantitativamente las complejas condiciones medicas craneofaciales, se pueden combinar los enfoques morfometricos con imagenes 2D o 3D representadas en la cultura material, para un mayor conocimiento referente al estudio cultural. Una figura de terracota (alrededor del 500 DC) de la cultura Tolteca de Mexico ha sido previamente y cualitativamente "diagnosticada" con Sindrome de Down en base a la presencia o ausencia de rasgos faciales tipicamente asociados con trisomia 21. El proposito de esta investigacion fue comprobar cuantitativamente la hipotesis de que esta figura de la cultura Tolteca exhibe rasgos faciales consistentes con Sindrome de Down. Se identificaron puntos de referencia similares (n = 24) segun sexo y edad (5-20 anos) a imagenes faciales de individuos con Sindrome de Down (n = 32), individuos euploides (n = 32) y de la figura Tolteca. Los puntos de referencia fueron sometidos a un analisis morfometrico geometrico, y los resultados sugieren que la morfologia facial de la figura Tolteca es consistente con el Sindrome de Down.
The Shape and Intensities of Infra-Red Absorption Lines

An expression for the shape of an infra-red absorption line is developed on the basis that the principal factor in the broadening of a line is the limitation of the length of wave train a molecule may absorb due to its perturbation by thermal collisions. The shape of the line is accordingly found by expanding the finite wave train with a Fourier integral and then integrating over the distribution of lengths of wave train given by the kinetic theory of gases. The absorption coefficient as found in this way may be expressed to a high approximation by means of two damping curves involving the number of molecules per unit volume, the temperature, and $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ the effective diameter.To apply this result to the analysis of observed infra-red spectra allowance must be made for the low spectrometer resolution due largely to the wide slits employed. Two expressions are developed, holding for all but very weak lines, which relate the area under the absorption line $\mathrm{Abs}$, the minimum value of the transmission ${T}_{min}$ and the true intensity $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ with the slit width $a$, the cell length $l$, and the molecular constants. $\mathrm{Abs}=\frac{{[5.412\ensuremath{\alpha}n{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}\mathrm{l}]}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{[\ensuremath{\pi}hm]}^{\frac{1}{4}}}$ $\mathrm{Abs}=\ensuremath{-}2.42a {log}_{10} {T}_{min}$It is shown that these formulae are capable of interpreting the absorption lines of the infra-red spectrum of HCl observed by R. F. Paton and yield a value of 10.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ cm for $\ensuremath{\sigma}$. The meaning of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, the distance to which two molecules may approach without altering each others phases, as well as the range of validity of the assumptions is discussed and a correction to the absorption area formula for faint lines is deduced. In connection with a consideration of the absorption measurements of HCl by Kemble and Bourgin, a computation is made of the effective moving charge of the molecule giving the value $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=(.199) 4.77\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ E.S.U.
The Association between Interrelationships and Linkages of Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its Related Risky Behaviors in People Living with HIV/AIDS.

The relationship between knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its associated risky behaviors is complex and has not been sufficiently explored. It is especially important to look at some of the aspects of this relationship among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in order to develop effective intervention strategies to reduce HIV/AIDS risky behaviors. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its risky behaviors among PLWHA. Methods: Risk taking behavior among the participants was measured as the number of all risky behaviors before and after the knowledge of their HIV/AIDS positive status. Knowledge was measured by the extent to which participants answered the HIV/AIDS related questions. The relationships between the identified HIV/AIDS risky behaviors and the knowledge among PLWHA were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling. Results: 341 questionnaires were administered and 326 (96%) were completed and returned from PLWHA clients of HIV/AIDS outreach facility in Alabama. Analysis revealed that, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and knowledge of a properly used condom in preventing the infection through sexual activity were positively related with knowledge of where to get tested for HIV/AIDS. Using drugs before sex was significantly related with having sex with prostitutes (total effects\\\\\\\' standardized regression coefficient (TESRC)=0.29, p<0.001). Sharing the same syringe or needle with another person or other people to inject oneself was strongly related with number of sexual partners within one year (TESRC=0.25, p<0.001), and sex with injecting drug users (TESRC=0.45, p<0.001). Conclusion: A deeper understanding of HIV/AIDS and some of its transmission pathways appears to be very effective in practicing the taking of preventive measures such as using condoms or getting tested for HIV. Increasing access to HIV/AIDS education could therefore be very useful in providing further gains in HIV/AIDS awareness among PLWHA
Mechanisms of Integrin–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Cross-Activation in Angiogenesis

The functional responses of endothelial cells are dependent on signaling from peptide growth factors and the cellular adhesion receptors, integrins. These include cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation, which, in turn, are essential for more complex processes such as formation of the endothelial tube network during angiogenesis. This study identifies the molecular requirements for the cross-activation between beta3 integrin and tyrosine kinase receptor 2 for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR-2) on endothelium. The relationship between VEGFR-2 and beta3 integrin appears to be synergistic, because VEGFR-2 activation induces beta3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation, which, in turn, is crucial for VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-2. We demonstrate here that adhesion- and growth factor-induced beta3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation are directly mediated by c-Src. VEGF-stimulated recruitment and activation of c-Src and subsequent beta3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation are critical for interaction between VEGFR-2 and beta3 integrin. Moreover, c-Src mediates growth factor-induced beta3 integrin activation, ligand binding, beta3 integrin-dependent cell adhesion, directional migration of endothelial cells, and initiation of angiogenic programming in endothelial cells. Thus, the present study determines the molecular mechanisms and consequences of the synergism between 2 cell surface receptor systems, growth factor receptor and integrins, and opens new avenues for the development of pro- and antiangiogenic strategies.
Leaky and bound modes of finite planar metal-insulator-metal plasmonic waveguides

Consideration of finite planar metal-insulator-metal plasmonic waveguides reveals bound and leaky modes with a spectral gap between them. Antenna mode formed in the leaky radiation region offers both free-space coupling mechanisms and beam steering devices.
Computer integration: teaching innovations

One of the principal features of the new engineering curriculum adopted at Stevens Institute of Technology in 1980 was the concept of a computer thread. This concept called for the meaningful integration of computer usage throughout the curriculum. The implementation of the computer thread used a strategy based on the ready availability of computer resources. The details of this strategy and its impact on the curriculum and on the educational process are discussed. >
Software development tools for embedded systems

Software quality and availability (completion) is highly impacted by the tools used in each stage of development. By focusing on tools issues, this paper increases the developers' focus to formulating a sound software development environment. The starting point of system software development is requirement analysis and design. Once the system is defined, its functions are allocated to distinct hardware or software items, and interfaces between these items are defined. Software requirement analysis is the process of specifying software function, performance, interfaces and design constraints. The next stage is preliminary design. This is followed by detailed design that may be represented graphically or in a combination of programming language. The design is then taken up for implementation which involves writing code for all units and testing them individually. The final stage is integration and software component level testing. Tools for embedded system development include: cross compilation systems, in-circuit tools, simulators, debuggers etc. The features, benefits and tradeoffs of these tools, and how they apply to each stage of software development, are examined. This will provide the designer with a comprehensive suite of software development tools that support embedded designs.
Point Mutations in the Avian Sarcoma/Leukosis Virus 3′ Untranslated Region Result in a Packaging Defect

The 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) between the 3′ end of env and the long terminal repeat is well conserved among avian retroviruses and is essential for efficient replication. Deletion of the dr1 element within the 3′ UTR has been reported to have various effects, including reduced levels of unspliced RNA in the cytoplasm, decreased stability of unspliced RNA, decreased particle production, and decreased genomic RNA packaging. To probe the role of specific sequences within dr1 in virus replication, site-directed mutagenesis was utilized to perturb parts of the predicted secondary structure of dr1. Seven of thirteen mutations had no significant effect; the others resulted in an approximately 10- to 20-fold reduction in replication. These mutants were further characterized and found to impair cytoplasmic accumulation of unspliced RNA only slightly. Furthermore, no decreases were observed in the stability of the unspliced RNA or in the production of virus particles. Genomic RNA packaging, however, was reduced by about 10-fold. Similar amounts of particles were produced by cells containing the mutant and wild-type DNA, and all particles contained similar levels of reverse transcriptase activity. The results suggest that the region of the dr1 disrupted by the mutations plays a role in genomic RNA packaging, although that packaging may not be the only role for dr1.
Statically detecting likely buffer overflow vulnerabilities

Buffer overflow attacks may be today's single most important security threat. This paper presents a new approach to mitigating buffer overflow vulnerabilities by detecting likely vulnerabilities through an analysis of the program source code. Our approach exploits information provided in semantic comments and uses lightweight and efficient static analyses. This paper describes an implementation of our approach that extends the LCLint annotation-assisted static checking tool. Our tool is as fast as a compiler and nearly as easy to use. We present experience using our approach to detect buffer overflow vulnerabilities in two security-sensitive programs.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis

Amyloidosis represents a diverse group of diseases characterized by the common factor of deposition of twisted β-pleated sheet fibrils (amyloid) formed as a result of the misfolding of various proteins produced in several different pathological states. The different forms of amyloidosis are classified by the composition of the amyloid fibril. AL amyloidosis (previously designated as primary amyloidosis) is derived from light-chain immunoglobulin produced by monoclonal plasma cells.1 It is the most severe and probably, at least in the United States, the most common form of amyloidosis. The accumulation of amyloid disrupts the tissue architecture and, possibly in conjunction with a toxic effect from the light chains,2 leads to severe organ damage that may involve the kidneys, heart, liver, or peripheral nerves. Familial amyloidosis is an uncommon, autosomal dominant disease with a high degree of penetrance. Most cases result from the production of an unstable variant of the serum protein transthyretin ( ATTR amyloidosis ). More than 80 point mutations have been identified for ATTR amyloidosis, which predominantly results in neurological or cardiac dysfunction or both.1,3 A particularly common mutant transthyretin resulting from the substitution of isoleucine for valine at position 122 is found in ≈4% of the African American population, with an unknown penetrance. This mutation results in a cardiomyopathy that has been suggested to be one of the most common types of cardiomyopathy in older adult African American patients.4 Senile systemic amyloidosis is the result of the deposition of wild-type transthyretin and is almost exclusively limited to the heart. This disease may be becoming more prevalent because of the increasing age of the general population. Reactive systemic amyloidosis is the result of an overproduction of a nonimmunoglobulin protein AA and is rarely associated with any cardiac involvement. See p 186 In AL amyloidosis, cardiac involvement is common …
Architecture and design of a pseudo two-port VLSI snoopy cache memory

A CMOS VLSI cache memory subsystem that includes a 72 K-bit cache memory, an 11 K-bit tag memory, a 1.3 K-bit state array, two special buffers and cache control logic, has been designed and integrated on a microprocessor chip. The architecture, design and analysis of the cache design are presented. The design achieves higher system performance by reducing the cache reload penalty through a pseudo-two-port architecture which utilizes a reload buffer and a store-back buffer. It also maintains cache data coherency and supports multiprocessing by bus snooping. A single-port tag is used for concurrent snooping and CPU access with an enhanced write-once protocol. A cost-effective 'locked replacement' scheme was incorporated to maintain data coherency in these two special buffers. Cache modeling and analysis were carried out to derive the proper design point. >
Experimental evidence of the validity of the McCumber theory relating emission and absorption for rare-earth glasses

The validity of the theory of McCumber [Phys. Rev.136, A954-A957 (1964)] has been tested by applying it to a number of ground-state transition in various rare-earth-doped glasses. Special attention was given to those aspects of the experimental procedure that can lead to systematic errors, such as reabsorption of fluorescence and baseline subtraction uncertainties in the absorption measurements. To ensure consistency between absorption and fluorescence measurements, we used the same geometry for light collection and measurement. With these experimental procedures properly implemented, we find that in all cases there is excellent agreement between the spectral shape of calculated and measured cross-section spectra at room temperature. This is true even for the thermally coupled (2H9/2,4F5/2) and 4F3/2 levels of Nd, which span an energy range of ∼2000 cm−1, much larger than the typical width of a single Stark level manifold. The results suggest that, at room temperature, the McCumber theory is not restricted to crystalline hosts but remains valid for the broader transitions characteristic of rare-earth-doped glass.
A Framework for Pennsylvania Indian History

-At a 1974 conference in Harrisburg, one scholar declared that "the field of Pennsylvania Indian history" was "almost wide open."1 But the situation was not quite that grim; by the mid-1970s Pennsylvania had a long tradition of profes sional and avocational historical writing on its native peoples.2 With only rare exceptions, however, the literature was longer on colorful detail than rigorous interpretation and deeper in racial stereotypes than cross-cultural understanding. Intentionally or not, authors usually consigned the Indians of Pennsylvania to the timeless, unchanging category anthropologist Eric R. Wolf labels "people without history"3: natives interacted with colonists peacefully and unpeacefully but inevitably succumbed?for better or worse?to an aggressive Euro-American civilization; they fought nobly to preserve ancient ways but seldom adapted functionally to novel situations. In the past decade and a half the historiographical situation has changed dramatically, as scholars influenced by the Civil Rights and Red Power move ments, by research for the litigation of native American land claims cases, and by new appreciations of the ethnic, racial, and class antagonisms that have shaped the American past have blended historical, anthropological, and archaeological approaches to reexamine European-Indian interactions throughout North America.4 As a result, the Pennsylvania Indian field is no longer unplowed. Specialized studies have blossomed and borne some choice fruits. Yet the crop as a whole remains far from harvest, and its size and shape remain unclear. In search of a little more clarity, this essay sketches one proposed shape for Pennsylvania's native past. Many details remain to be filled in, but recent historical, anthropological, and archaeological studies of Northeastern North America suggest a six-stage periodization: l) The Evolution of Many Indian Pennsylvanias, from perhaps 12,000 B.C. to approximately A.D. 1550; 2) Indirect Contacts with European Culture, from approximately 1550 to 1625; 3) Responses to the European Invasion, from approximately 1625 to 1675; 4) Economic Dependency and Tenuous Cultural Autonomy, from approximately 1675 to 1754; 5) Indian Wars for Independence, from the beginning of the Seven Years War in 1754 to the last major Pennsylvania Indian land cession in 1794; and 6) Invisibility to the Dominant Culture, from 1794 to the present. The thirteen-and-a-half-millennia-long period of The Evolution of Many Indian Pennsylvanias is, of course, actually comprised of dozens of epochs; far from being "people without history," the natives of what would become Pennsylvania were the products of long indigenous processes of cultural
The Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids on Human Colon Cancer Cell Phenotype Are Associated with Histone Hyperacetylation

The short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate is produced via anaerobic bacterial fermentation within the colon and is thought to be protective in regard to colon carcinogenesis. Although butyrate (C4) is considered the most potent of the SCFA, a variety of other SCFA also exist in the colonic lumen. Butyrate is thought to exert its cellular effects through the induction of histone hyperacetylation. We sought to determine the effects of a variety of the SCFA on colon carcinoma cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. HT-29 or HCT-116 (wild-type and p21-deleted) cells were treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of various SCFA, and histone acetylation state was assayed by acid-urea-triton-X gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. Growth and apoptotic effects were studied by flow cytometry, and differentiation effects were assessed using transient transfections and Northern blotting. Propionate (C3) and valerate (C5) caused growth arrest and differentiation in human colon carcinoma cells. The magnitude of their effects was associated with a lesser degree of histone hyperacetylation compared with butyrate. Acetate (C2) and caproate (C6), in contrast, did not cause histone hyperacetylation and also had no appreciable effects on cell growth or differentiation. SCFA-induced transactivation of the differentiation marker gene, intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), was blocked by histone deacetylase (HDAC), further supporting the critical link between SCFA and histones. Butyrate also significantly increased apoptosis, whereas the other SCFA studied did not. The growth arrest induced by the SCFA was characterized by an increase in the expression of the p21 cell-cycle inhibitor and down-regulation of cyclin B1 (CB1). In p21-deleted HCT-116 colon cancer cells, the SCFA did not alter the rate of proliferation. These data suggest that the antiproliferative, apoptotic and differentiating properties of the various SCFA are linked to the degree of induced histone hyperacetylation. Furthermore, SCFA-mediated growth arrest in colon carcinoma cells requires the p21 gene.
A Gas-Actuated Anthropomorphic Transhumeral Prosthesis

This paper presents the design of an anthropomorphic 21 degree-of-freedom, 9 degree-of-actuation arm prosthesis for use by transhumeral amputees. The design leverages the power density of pneumatic actuation with the energy density of liquid propellants to obtain a self-powered dexterous prosthesis in which all of the requisite power, actuation, and sensing is packaged within the volumetric envelope of a normal human arm. Specifically, the arm utilizes a monopropellant as a gas generator to power nine pneumatic-type actuators that drive an elbow, three wrist degrees-of-freedom, and a 17 degree-of-freedom compliant hand. The design considerations discussed in this work include the design of compact, low-power servovalves; the choice of actuators based on energetic requirements of a normal arm; the design of compact elbow and wrist joints with integrated position and force sensing; and the components of the compliant hand design. The liquid-fueled prosthesis is expected to approach the dexterity of an anatomical arm and is projected to deliver half of the force and power output of an average human arm.
Using Rubrics To Assess Accounting Students' Writing, Oral Presentations, And Ethics Skills

This paper presents examples of rubrics that can be used in the assessment of the acquisition of generic skills in accounting education. A rubric is a matrix containing the various factors of an assignment along one dimension (rows) and descriptors of the qualitative levels of accomplishment along the other dimension (columns). A rubric can facilitate the grading of assignments and help students improve their generic skills. Examples of rubrics are presented that educators may find beneficial to enhance the generic skills of their students. This paper illustrates five different rubrics and provides an in-depth discussion on how the ethics rubric was used to assess students learning.
Program Theory Building: A Strategy for Deriving Cumulative Evaluation Knowledge.

In a recent issue of the American Journal of Evaluation, Mark (2001) challenges evaluators to “derive more cumulative knowledge from and about evaluation” (p. 471). The aim of the current study was to address this challenge by illustrating a three-phase approach for program theory building and testing. This approach is proposed as a compliment to the traditional theory-driven outcomes evaluation as a means of deriving and cumulating evaluation knowledge. Hence, this study was intended as an example of how to cumulate knowledge about evaluation practice itself. It was also intended to illustrate how knowledge can be derived from evaluation by replicating models of program theory across multiple contexts. The study concludes with a discussion of methodological issues related to developing and testing models of program theory.
Measurements of complex permittivity and permeability of common ferrimagnets at millimeter waves

In this paper, complex permittivity and permeability of several yttrium iron garnet (YIG) and hexagonal ferrite ceramics are investigated in a broad-band spectrum for the first time. The measurements were realized using a broad-band quasi-optical millimeter-wave (QOM) system with a backward-wave oscillator as the source of tunable coherent radiation. The dielectric and magnetic parameters of the ferrimagnets were obtained by fitting theoretical curves to the experimental spectra. Three types of YIG specimen were initially measured and compared to theoretical results, and then hexagonal ferrites were measured in the demagnetized state for the first time. It was shown that this method provides an accurate characterization of soft ferrites as well as hard anisotropic ferrites in the entire millimeter-wave range.
New Approach to Bottleneck Capacity Analysis: Second Interim Report, Work Accomplished During Fiscal Year 2004-2005

This report describes a project focused on developing an alternative to the traditional Highway Capacity Manual approach to capacity analysis in which capacity flow is related to a set of intervening variables, including the average time gaps in the critical lane and the distribution of flow across the lanes. These intervening variables are then related to the geometric characteristics of bottleneck sites, their vehicle populations, and their driver populations.
Pynchon in Popular Magazines

Abstract Any devoted Pynchon reader knows that “The Secret Integration” originally appeared in The Saturday Evening Post and that portions of The Crying of Lot 49 were first serialized in Esquire and Cavalier. But few readers stop to ask what it meant for Pynchon, already a reclusive figure, to publish in these popular magazines during the mid-1960s, or how we might understand these texts today after taking into account their original sites of publication. “The Secret Integration” in the Post or the excerpt of Lot 49 in Esquire produce different meanings in these different contexts, meanings that disappear when reading the later versions alone.
Trends in Mortality Due to Invasive Mycotic Diseases in the United States, 1980–1997

To determine national trends in mortality due to invasive mycoses, we analyzed National Center for Health Statistics multiple-cause-of-death record tapes for the years 1980 through 1997, with use of their specific codes in the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9 codes 112.4-118 and 136.3). In the United States, of deaths in which an infectious disease was the underlying cause, those due to mycoses increased from the tenth most common in 1980 to the seventh most common in 1997. From 1980 through 1997, the annual number of deaths in which an invasive mycosis was listed on the death certificate (multiple-cause [MC] mortality) increased from 1557 to 6534. In addition, rates of MC mortality for the different mycoses varied markedly according to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status but were consistently higher among males, blacks, and persons ≥65 years of age. These data highlight the public health importance of mycotic diseases and emphasize the need for continuing surveillance.
Winter severity predicts the timing of host shifts in the mosquito Culex erraticus

In temperate regions, seasonal epidemics of many mosquito-borne viruses are triggered when mosquito populations shift from feeding on avian to mammalian hosts. We investigated effects of temperature on the timing of bird-to-mammal shifts using an 8 year dataset of blood-meals from a mosquito (Culex erraticus) in Alabama, USA. As expected, Cx. erraticus shifted from avian to mammalian hosts each year. The timing of the shift, however, varied considerably among years. Harshness of the preceding winter (chill accumulation) explained 93 per cent of the variation in the timing of bird-to-mammal shifts, with shifts occurring later in years following harsher winters. We hypothesize that winter temperatures drive the timing of bird-to-mammal shifts through effects on host reproductive phenology. Because mosquitoes target birds during the nesting season, and bird nesting occurs later in years following colder winters, later nesting dates result in a concomitant delay in the timing of bird-to-mammal host shifts. Global increases in winter temperatures could cause significant changes in the timing of seasonal host shifts by mosquitoes, with prolonged periods of epidemic transmission of mosquito-borne diseases.
Parallel programming with inductive synthesis

We show that program synthesis can generate GPU algorithms as well as their optimized implementations. Using the scan kernel as a case study, we describe our evolving synthesis techniques. Relying on our synthesizer, we can parallelize a serial problem by transforming it into a scan operation, synthesize a SIMD scan algorithm, and optimize it to reduce memory conflicts.
Bioarchaeology: Stress and deprivation during growth and development and adulthood

Introduction Physiological disruption resulting from impoverished environmental circumstances – “stress” – is central to the study of health and well-being and the reconstruction and understanding of health, adaptation, and behavior in both earlier and contemporary human societies. Stress involves disruption of homeostasis, or the maintenance of a constancy of conditions that keep the body’s internal environment stable. Stress is a product of three key factors, including (1) environmental constraints, (2) cultural systems, and (3) host resistance. Goodman and others (Goodman, 1991; Goodman & Armelagos, 1989; Goodman & Martin, 2002; Goodman, Martin et al., 1984, 1988; Klaus, 2012; Martin et al., 1991) modeled the interaction of these factors at both the individual and population levels (Figure 2.1). This model of health and context emphasizes the role of environment in providing both the resources necessary for survival and the stressors that may affect the health and well-being of a population, yet includes the profound influence of culture in health outcomes. Cultural systems serve as protective buffers from the environment, such as shelter and clothing as buffers against temperature extremes. Cultural systems can be highly effective at mitigating behaviors necessary for extraction of important nutrients and resources from the environment, thus supporting the ability to maintain stability. It appears impossible for the full spectrum of stressors in an environment to be buffered against; some inevitably slip through the filters of the cultural system. In these instances, the individual may exhibit a biological stress response observable at the tissue level (bones and teeth). Importantly, stress, buffering systems, and tissue-level responses are not linked by a simplistic, linear relationship. Instead, they can interact with and influence other variables within other levels of the model. Physiological disruption feeds directly back into environmental constraints and cultural systems. This model makes clear that health is a key variable in the adaptive process.
Caring about the other 47% of the water channels. Focus on “Basolateral targeting and microtubule-dependent transcytosis of the aquaporin-2 water channel”

it is said that when an experiment gives an expected result, nothing is really learned; rather, it is more often from the experiment that gives an unexpected result that something new is learned. In work reported in this issue, Yui and colleagues decided to care about, rather than ignore, their
Early Season Trapping of Pink Bollworm with Gossyplure

During early season trap tests, traps baited with 500 μg of gossyplure (1:1 mixture of isomers) captured ca. 70 times more adults of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) than traps baited with 25mg of hexalure. Rubber sleeve stoppers provided a significantly better substrate for gossyplure than cotton dental rolls or squares of nylon rug and were equivalent to polyethylene stoppers. Gossyplure baits will last at least 1 month in the field. Traps baited with 1000 μg of gossyplure on rubber sleeve stoppers at a density of 1 trap/0.9 acre recaptured 42.9% of released native males labeled with 32P.
Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives Based on Epoxidized Soybean Oil and Dicarboxylic Acids

Existing pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are mainly derived from petrochemicals. This study describes a novel approach for development of biobased PSAs. Epoxidized soybean oil was polymerized and cross-linked with a dicarboxylic acid to generate superior PSAs. The dicarboxylic acids used in this study included dimer acid (DA), sebacic acid, adipic acid, and a difunctional polymeric carboxylic acid that was prepared from polymerization of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BPAGE) and an excess of DA. AMC-2, a chromium(III)-based organometallic compound, was found to be the most effective catalyst for the polymerization/cross-linking. The PSAs had a peel strength of 1.4–5.0 N/cm, a loop tack of 7.1–12.6 N, a shear strength of 34 min to more than 168 h, and a good aging resistance. The adhesive properties of the PSAs can be tailored for specific applications such as PSA tapes and labels through the selection of the dicarboxylic acid and its usage. Incorporation of a small amount of phenylene-containing monome...
Cuticular Hydrocarbon Cues Are Used for Host Acceptance by Pseudacteon spp. Phorid Flies that Attack Azteca sericeasur Ants

Parasitoids often use complex cues to identify suitable hosts in their environment. Phorid fly parasitoids that develop on one or a few host species often use multiple cues, ranging from general to highly specific, to home in on an appropriate host. Here, we describe the hierarchy of cues that Pseudacteon phorid flies use to identify Azteca ant hosts. We show, through behavioral observations in the field, that phorid flies are attracted to two cryptic Azteca species, but only attack Azteca sericeasur (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). To test whether the phorid flies use cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) to distinguish between the two Azteca taxa, we first documented and compared cuticular hydrocarbons of the two Azteca taxa using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Then, using cuticular hydrocarbon-transfer experiments with live ants, we characterized the cuticular hydrocarbons of A. sericeasur as a short-range, host location cue used by P. lasciniosus (Diptera: Phoridae) to locate the ants.
Exploration of relationship between blood lead level and height and weight of children aged 3 to 6 in Lishui city

Objective:To investigate the blood lead levels of children aged 3 to 6 in the city of Lishui and examine its effect on height and weight.Methods:Blood lead level as well as height and weight were measured among 2 369 children(3 to 6 years old)from April to June in 2005.Results:Blood lead level was(64.0±38.3)μg/L of all children,13.55% of which were lead-poisoned whose blood lead level was above 100 μg/L.Blood lead level and lead-poisoned percentage of 5 years old children were(66.15±38.69)μg/L and 17.41% respectively,and those figures were higher than those of other age groups(P0.05).There were no significant differences between boys and girls in blood lead level and lead-poisoned percentage and no appreciable relationship between blood lead level and height.Conclusion:Athough no statistical correlation is found between blood lead level and height and weight among 3~6 years old children,lead pollution has exerted a great influence on childrens' health indeed,effective measures should be adopted and enough attention should be paid to.