cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional and clinical responses of immobilized patients to a sterile milk-base feeding

Abstract A study of nitrogen and mineral retention was conducted in 8 patients fed a controlled intake of a sterile milk-base tube feeding fortified with additional minerals and vitamins. Levels of protein and mineral intake were determined by necessary caloric requirements of individual subjects. During the 28-day study diarrheas were not observed. The immobilized subjects, consisting of mentally retarded persons and cancer, stroke and accident victims achieved consistent positive nitrogen balance on the feeding as well as a high level of absorption and retention of seven essential inorganic elements.
Origins and maturity of organic matter in mid-Cretaceous black shales from ODP Site 1138 on the Kerguelen Plateau

Abstract We have conducted elemental, isotopic, and Rock-Eval analyses of Cenomanian–Santonian sediment samples from ODP Site 1138 in the southern Indian Ocean to assess the origin and thermal maturity of organic matter in mid-Cretaceous black shales found at this high-latitude location. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations range between 1 and 20 wt% in black to medium-gray sediments deposited around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary. Results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicate that the organic matter is algal Type II material that has experienced modest alteration. Important contributions of nitrogen-fixing bacteria to the amplified production of organic matter implied by the high TOC concentrations is recorded in δ15N values between −5 and 1‰, and the existence of a near-surface intensified oxygen minimum zone that favored organic carbon preservation is implied by TOC/TN ratios between 20 and 40. In contrast to the marine nature of the organic matter in the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary section, deeper sediments at Site 1138 contain evidence of contributions land-derived organic matter that implies the former presence of forests on the Kerguelen Plateau until the earliest Cenomanian.
On the specificity of interaction between the Saccharomyces cerevisiae clamp loader replication factor C and primed DNA templates during DNA replication.

Abstract Replication factor C (RFC) catalyzes assembly of circular proliferating cell nuclear antigen clamps around primed DNA, enabling processive synthesis by DNA polymerase during DNA replication and repair. In order to perform this function efficiently, RFC must rapidly recognize primed DNA as the substrate for clamp assembly, particularly during lagging strand synthesis. Earlier reports as well as quantitative DNA binding experiments from this study indicate, however, that RFC interacts with primer-template as well as single- and double-stranded DNA (ssDNA and dsDNA, respectively) with similar high affinity (apparent K d ≈ 10 nm). How then can RFC distinguish primed DNA sites from excess ssDNA and dsDNA at the replication fork? Further analysis reveals that despite its high affinity for various DNA structures, RFC selects primer-template DNA even in the presence of a 50-fold excess of ssDNA and dsDNA. The interaction between ssDNA or dsDNA and RFC is far less stable than between primed DNA and RFC (k off > 0.2 s−1 versus 0.025 s−1, respectively). We propose that the ability to rapidly bind and release single- and double-stranded DNA coupled with selective, stable binding to primer-template DNA allows RFC to scan DNA efficiently for primed sites where it can pause to initiate clamp assembly.
Signal and noise theory for a dc SQUID amplifier

A theory is presented for the gain and noise in an amplifier based on a dc SQUID. In the lumped circuit approximation, the total inductance of the input circuitL T is coupled to the SQUID inductanceL via a mutual inductanceMii=α e (LL T )1/2 and is in series with a voltage source with a resistanceR i and a capacitanceC i . The results are expressed in terms of parameters for a SQUID with reduced inductance (1−α e 2 )L. The voltage gain of the amplifier at frequency ω/2π isM i V Ф r /Z T * (ω), while the total voltage noise at the output of the SQUID isV N r (ω)+M i 2 V Ф r J N r (ω) (R i + 1/jωC i )/LTZ T * (ω). Here,Z T * (ω)=Z T (ω)−J Ф r M i 2 (R i + 1/jωC i )/L i , whereZ T (ω) is the total impedance of the unloaded input circuit,V Ф r andJ Ф r are the flux-to-voltage and flux-to-circulating current transfer functions of the reduced SQUID, andV N r (ω) andJ N r (ω) are the noise voltage and noise current of the reduced SQUID.
A radiochemical method for neutron activation analysis of arsenic in biological samples and its potential use in epidemiology studies

Epidemiology studies that examine As toxicity rely on the accurate measurement of As in biological matrices to determine exposure. Accurate measurement of As in biological matrices is challenging by instrumental NAA due to the production of high and variable activities of 24Na, 122Sb and 82Br which contribute to increased background and difficulty quantifying the 76As peak at 559 keV. This paper describes a novel radiochemical NAA method for As analysis in biological matrices. Samples were irradiated at the University of Missouri Research Reactor in a flux of 6.5E + 13 n/cm2/s. Following irradiation samples were transferred to polypropylene tubes with As carrier and digested using a combination of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Arsenic was separated by absorption on magnetite nanocyrstals followed by vacuum filtration. Samples were counted using an automated sample changer and HPGe detector with a Canberra Lynx digital signal analyzer. The accuracy and precision of the RNAA results were evaluated by measuring As in NIST SRM 1575 Pine Needles, 1571 Orchard Leaves, 1566 Oyster Tissue, 1577 Bovine Liver, and NCS DC 73347 Hair. Arsenic was measured in duplicate nail samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis followed by radiochemical neutron activation analysis.
Using musculoskeletal properties to develop a "normalized potential moment contribution index" for individual arm muscles

Musculoskeletal models serve as research tools to study the effect of individual muscle forces across multiple joints. Models are already used as diagnostic tools for treatment and rehabilitation such as in tendon transfer surgeries [1,2].Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Computer-aided manufacturing of spherical mechanisms

Abstract In this paper a computer-aided manufacturing methodology for spherical four-bar mechanisms is presented. First, the kinematics of spherical mechanisms are reviewed as they pertain to their manufacture. This is followed by a brief review of some of the current computer-aided design (CAD) software for spherical four-bar mechanisms, e.g., S phinx , S phinx PC, I sis , and O siris . These software packages provide the three-dimensional visualization and computational capabilities necessary to design spherical four-bar mechanisms. However, to date no tools exist to aid in the manufacture of spherical mechanisms. Finally, we present our implementation of this CAM methodology for spherical four-bar mechanisms called S phinx CAM. S phinx CAM, when used with the CAD tools mentioned above, facilitates the design, visualization, prototyping and manufacture of spherical four-bar mechanisms.
The World with Us: The State of American Environmental History

In a now-classic round table discussion among a group of noted historians in 1990, the Journal of American History introduced its readers to the then-new discipline of environmental history. The field had its roots in several venerable scholarly enterprises—including the historiography of the American frontier, traditional American studies, the Annales school, historical geography, cultural ecology, and the political history of conservation— but it coalesced with the rise of the environmental movement in the 1960s and 1970s, catalyzed by a growing sense that solving national and global environmental problems required a historical perspective. The logic of social history had an equally important formative influence on the rise of environmental history; where social historians argued for extending historical consideration to the less powerful and those whose voices were difficult to find in archives, environmental historians suggested that scholars jump the humanistic divide to account for what Donald Worster, in his lead essay, called “the role and place of nature in human life.” Like social historians, environmental historians argued for bringing new sources and methods into the practice of history, usually drawing from ecology and other environmental sciences. And as social historians had done with their subjects of study, environmental historians sought to extend moral consideration to the natural world. The 1990 Journal of American History round table functioned as the culmination of the first generation of environmental history scholarship and a springboard for a second generation of scholars. Worster explained that environmental history sought to give voice to a set of “autonomous, independent energies that do not derive from the drives and intentions of any culture,” and he urged environmental historians to utilize the “wisdom of
Atherosclerotic extracranial carotid artery aneurysms.

Abstract Twenty-four atherosclerotic extracranial carotid artery aneurysms were encountered in 21 patients during a 25-year period. These represented 46% of all extracranial carotid artery aneurysms diagnosed at the University of Michigan during this period. Neurologic symptoms including amaurosis fugax, transient ischemic attacks, and stroke were present in 50% of the patients. An asymptomatic pulsatile neck mass occurred in 33%. Surgical therapy was undertaken for 18 aneurysms, and nonoperative treatment was pursued in the remaining six aneurysms. Operative therapy included 14 aneurysmectomies and four aneurysmorraphies. There were no surgical deaths. Transient perioperative neurologic deficits affected three of these patients (17%), and one individual (5%) experienced a permanent deficit. Transient cranial nerve deficits occurred in three patients (17%), and a permanent deficit was noted in one patient (5%). During a 7.6-year follow-up period no late strokes occurred among patients who were operated on. Nonoperative therapy was associated with three ipsilateral strokes during a mean follow-up period of 6.3 years. Atherosclerotic extracranial carotid artery aneurysms were associated with an exceptionally high stroke rate (50%) if treated nonoperatively. Prevention of late stroke justifies surgery, although perioperative neurologic deficits may accompany this therapy more often than with nonatherosclerotic carotid artery aneurysms. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:415-22.)
Effects of contralateral versus ipsilateral cane use on gait in people with knee osteoarthritis.

Abstract Objective To compare the immediate effects of contralateral versus ipsilateral cane use on spatiotemporal gait parameters and peak vertical ground force in overweight or obese adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design Prospective observational study. Setting An academic tertiary Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center. Participants Thirty-eight overweight or obese subjects with symptomatic knee OA who had not used a cane for the past 30 days. Methods Spatiotemporal gait data were obtained with an optical motion capture system while subjects walked without a cane, with a cane contralateral to the more painful lower limb, or with a cane ipsilateral to the more painful lower limb at self-selected speeds. An in-shoe dynamic pressure distribution system was used to measure the vertical ground reaction force. Main Outcome Measurements Spatiotemporal measures of gait and peak vertical ground reaction force on both lower limbs were recorded for each walking condition: no cane, contralateral cane, and ipsilateral cane. Results Walking with a cane either contralateral or ipsilateral to the more symptomatic limb led to significant reductions in gait velocity (14%-16%), cadence (12%-14%), and peak vertical ground reaction force (normalized for body weight; 11%-12%) on the more painful lower limb compared with walking unaided ( P Conclusions These results support the prescription of a single-point cane to offload a lower limb with painful knee OA by holding the cane either ipsilateral or contralateral to the more painful lower limb.
The alteration by dieldrin of cortical excitability conditioned by sensory stimuli

Abstract Recovery cycle analysis was employed to determine the effects of dieldrin on cortical excitability changes subsequent to stimulus presentation in cats. Amounts of dieldrin which changed cortical cell recovery processes did not affect recovery properties of thalamocortical fibers, indicating that in the cortex synaptic processes are most sensitive to the actions of dieldrin. Dieldrin reduced or abolished the early facilitative (5–10 msec) and later depressive (40–320 msec) consequences of stimulation on visual cortical responses. Recovery properties in somatosensory, motor and association cortex were also significantly affected. These changes are compatible with a mechanism for dieldrin of decreasing inhibitory or increasing excitatory drives onto cortical cells subsequent to afferent input. It is suggested that the increase in cortical excitability as evideced by enhanced responses to single stimuli and the markedly altered recovery of cortical excitability following such stimuli can account for many of the convulsive properties of dieldrin and similar insecticides.
Pathology of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis: Analysis of 27 patients with pathogenetic implications

In this autopsy series of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CME), the authors analyzed neuropathologic lesions in 13 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 14 non-HIV-related cases. Most non-HIV patients did not have immunosuppressive predisposing illness. Analysis of pathological findings revealed significant differences in the inflammatory response to CME in patients with and without HIV infection. None of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients had granulomatous inflammation, whereas most non-HIV-associated cases had granulomas, supporting a role for cell-mediated immunity in CME. Lymphocytic infiltrate in both groups consisted of T cells (CD45RO+). In some non-HIV-associated cases, CME was undiagnosed and untreated. In most HIV-associated cases, CME had an encephalitic component, resulting in grossly or microscopically visible accumulations of fungi within the brain parenchyma, whereas in non-HIV-associated cases, CME was often confined to the subarachnoid space and large perivascular spaces (Virchow-Robin spaces). In non-HIV-associated cases, yeast forms were fewer and showed a more limited distribution. In contrast, many extracellular fungi were present in many cases of HIV-associated CME. The principal reactive cell in CME in AIDS was brain macrophages and microglia, especially those in the perivascular and juxtavascular locations. Reactive astrocytes were limited to large destructive lesions and subpial regions. In several patients with HIV-associated CME, large parenchymal cryptococcomas contained Crytococcus neoformans (CN) with cell wall pigmentation, suggestive of melanin. The authors suggest that in AIDS patients altered immune functions allow CN to accumulate within the brain, predominantly extracellularly, and that deficient macrophage/microglial effector function may be responsible for the altered pathology. In addition, coexisting CNS processes in HIV-associated CME may contribute to the altered pathology. The authors conclude that cryptococcal meningitis is not a disease limited to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space but affects the brain more significantly than suspected. Therapeutic strategies that enhance the effector function of glial cells at the CNS-CSF barrier may be useful for improving the response to therapy.
Oxygen consumption in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) following acute exposure to water-borne selenium.

Abstract . Following determination of a concentration of selenate-Se lethal during 24-hr exposures at 22°C, routine oxygen consumption was measured in fathead minnows ( Pimephales promelas ) exposed to various sublethal concentrations of Se for 24 hr. 2. A median lethal concentration for 24-hr exposures (24-hr LC 50 ) of fathead minnows equalled 82 mg Se/l with 95% fiducial limits of 76–89 mg Se/l. 3. Mean weight-specific oxygen consumption rates of minnows exposed to 0, 15, 40 and 60 mg Se/l for 24-hr ranged from 0.43 to 0.49 mg O 2 /g −1 /hr −1 and were not significantly different. 4. These results indicate that acute exposure to Se does not affect oxygen consumption; however, observations during respirometry trials suggest that minnows at the highest Se concentration may have physiologically compensated to maintain oxygen consumption rates.
IS THERE A CATALYTIC BASE IN THE ACTIVE SITE OF CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE?

The carboxyl group of an aspartic acid in the active site of the serine-specific protein kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, is poised near the hydroxyl proton of a peptide substrate in the X-ra...
Some observations on 520 gouty patients.

Abstract A clinical analysis of 504 examples of primary and 16 of secondary gout has ben made. The group included 373 males and 131 females with primary gout. Visible tophi were present in 13 per cent of males and 3.8 per cent of females. Initial serum uric acid determinations were below 6 mg. per 100 ml. 27.5 per cet of males and in 41 per cent of females. These determinations were often made following medication with uricosuric agents. Comparison of colorimetric and enzymatic (uricase) estimations of serum uric acid revealed no practical advantage in favor of the latter. The coincidence of other diseases is recorded. The cause of death in 18 gouty patients is reported. Alcoholism and uremia were observed much less frequently than is commonly presumed. Special laboratory investigations in a few of these patients included “atherogenic indices” which were generally elevated. Serum glutamine and glutathione, were all within normal range. For treatment of acute gouty arthritis, effective agents include colchicine, corticotropin, demecocline, and phenylbutazone. As an adjunct measure the local injection of hydrocortisone was valuable. Less effective and often actually aggravating were oral cortisone, hydrocortisone, and metacortandracin. In the managenemt of chronic gouty arthritis phenylbutazone and probenecid, singly or in combination, appear to be greatest merit. Of the currently available antigout agents phenylbutazone is the single most effective remedy, valuable at once in termination of acute gouty arthritis, prevention of acute exacerbations, and control of chronic gouty arthritis. The undesirable side effects of the various antigouts agents are discussed.
Explaining human settlement patterns in a recreational lake district: Vilas County, Wisconsin, USA.

Lakeshore development in Vilas County, northern Wisconsin (USA) is heterogeneous, ranging from lakes that are surrounded by homes and commercial establishments to lakes that have no buildings on their shorelines. Development in this recreational area has increased, and since the 1960s over half of new homes have been built on the lakeshore. We examined building density around lakes in relationship to 11 variables, including in-lake, shoreline, and social characteristics. Buildings in many parts of northern Wisconsin tend to be concentrated around shorelines; in Vilas County 61% of all medium-sized buildings (our proxy for residential development) on private land were ≤100 m of a lake. The probability of development on a lake was largely related to lake surface area, with larger, more accessible lakes showing a higher probability of development. Building density along shorelines varied with travel cost, lake surface area, presence of wetlands, and extent of public land ownership. Building density was greater on larger, more accessible lakes that were surrounded by forest (as opposed to wetlands) and public lands. Gaining a more precise understanding of human settlement patterns can help direct planning and resource protection efforts to lakes most likely to experience future development.
Preweanling Administration of Terazosin Decreases Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Rats in Adulthood

Abstract To examine the contribution of the sympathetic nervous system to the development of hypertension, we injected spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) pups and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY) pups twice daily with saline (1.0 mL/kg SC) or terazosin (0.5 mg/kg SC), an α 1 -adrenoceptor antagonist, from postnatal day 1 through 21. We determined the effectiveness and duration of action of this terazosin dose in pilot studies with adult SHR and WKY. Body weights of WKY pups were greater than body weights of SHR pups from postnatal day 1 through 21. In addition, body weights of terazosin-treated pups of both strains were comparable to body weights of saline-injected littermate controls. Indirectly measured systolic pressures of terazosin-treated SHR were reduced significantly at 60 and 90 days of age but not at 30 days of age compared with saline-injected littermate controls. Terazosin did not affect systolic pressures of WKY, measured at 30, 60, and 90 days of age. At 100 days of age, in chronically catheterized rats, mean arterial pressures of terazosin-treated SHR were reduced significantly compared with those of saline-injected littermate controls. In contrast, terazosin did not affect mean arterial pressures of WKY at 100 days of age. Finally, preweanling treatment with terazosin did not alter patterns of open field behavior of adult SHR or WKY. SHR were significantly more active and reared more frequently compared with WKY. These findings indicate that the time between birth and weaning at 21 days of age is critical for the full expression of the hypertensive phenotype in SHR. Chronic blockade of α 1 -adrenoceptors during the preweanling period in SHR may reduce vascular hypertrophy, leading to long-term reductions in arterial pressure.
Telomerase maintained in self-renewing tissues during serial regeneration of the urochordate Botryllus schlosseri.

Telomerase is critical for the protection of germ line and stem cell chromosomes from fatal shortening during replication. In most organisms, telomerase activity is suppressed in progressively committed cells and falls to basal rates in terminally differentiated lineages. The colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri propagates asexually and sexually, presumably from pools of stem cells that self-renew throughout the 2- to 5-year colony life span. Asexual budding takes place continuously from the parental body wall. When the colony reaches a critical size, sexual reproduction commences with the generation of gonads. Here, we establish the existence of 6–15 kb telomeres on the ends of Botryllus chromosomes. We develop a real-time quantitative PCR telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay that reliably detects 0.2–100 TPG units in cells and tissues. We find highest levels of enzymatic activity in the gonads, developing embryos, and tissues containing the earliest asexual buds. Telomerase activity appears to be suppressed in later buds during organogenesis and falls to basal rates in mature zooids. We postulate that this pattern reflects maximum telomere restoration in somatic stem cells of early buds and suppression of telomerase activity in progenitors and terminally differentiated cells, indicative of an alternate role for stem cells as repeated body regenerators in colonial life histories.
Analysis of co-operative interorganizational relationships, strategic alliance formation, and strategic alliance effectiveness

Independent organizations collaborate to increase the competitive advantage of each organization. This paper develops a conceptual framework for defining and classifying co-operative interorganizational relationships. The features and differences between alternative co-operative interorganizational relationships are highlighted by the framework. One form of co-operative interorganizational relationship, a strategic alliance, is a means for organizations to gain competitive advantage in a product/market when environmental turbulence and diversity are high and the organization's skill and resource gaps are high. The subsequent discussion examines strategic alliances. The external and internal influences on alliance formation and the dimensions of the relationship that may impact alliance effectiveness are considered. Several propositions concerning effectiveness are formulated. The external and internal influences of alliance formation include internal structure and relationships, technology, and organizati...
Immobilization of oligonucleotides onto silica nanoparticles for DNA hybridization studies

Abstract This paper describes the development of oligonucleotide-functionalized nanoparticles. We used disulfide-coupling chemistry for the immobilization of oligonucleotides onto silica nanoparticles and subsequently demonstrated the properties of the resulting DNA nanoparticles. Factors influencing the immobilization and hybridization processes were examined and optimized. The oligonucleotide-modified silica nanoparticles provide an efficient substrate for hybridization and can be used in the development of DNA biosensors and biochips.
Cost analysis for flat-plate concentrators employing microscale photovoltaic cells

Microsystems Enabled Photovoltaics (MEPV) is a relatively new field that uses microsystems tools and manufacturing techniques familiar to the semiconductor industry to produce microscale photovoltaic cells. The miniaturization of these PV cells creates new possibilities in system designs that may be able to achieve the US Department of Energy (DOE) price target of $1/Wp by 2020 for utility-scale electricity generation. In this article, we introduce analytical tools and techniques to estimate the costs associated with a concentrating photovoltaic system that uses microscale photovoltaic cells and miniaturized optics. The overall model comprises the component costs associated with the PV cells, concentrating optics, balance of systems, installation, and operation. Estimates include profit margin and are discussed in the context of current and projected prices for non-concentrating and concentrating photovoltaics. Our analysis indicates that cells with a width of between 100 and 300 μm will minimize the module costs of the initial design within the range of concentration ratios considered. To achieve the DOE price target of $1/Wp by 2020, module efficiencies over 35% will likely be necessary.
Fast prediction of hydration free energies for SAMPL4 blind test from a classical density functional theory

We report the performance of a classical density functional theory (CDFT) in the competition for the solvation free-energy category of the SAMPL4 blind prediction event. The theoretical calculations were carried out with the TIP3P water model and different combinations of solute configurations and molecular force fields. In comparison with the experimental data, the blind test yields an average unsigned error of 2.38 kcal/mol and the root mean square deviation of 2.99 kcal/mol. Whereas these numbers are significantly larger than the best results from explicit-solvent MD simulations, we find that the theoretical performance is sensitive to both the molecular force fields and solute configurations and that a comparable level of accuracy can be achieved by a judicious selection of the solute configurations and the force-field parameters. Most importantly, CDFT reduces the computational cost of MD simulation by almost 3 orders of magnitude, making it very attractive for large-scale hydration free-energy calculations (e.g., screening the aqueous solubility of drug-like molecules).
The adenylate energy charge in the estuarine mollusc, Pyrazus ebeninus. Laboratory studies of responses to salinity and temperature

1. 1. Adenylate energy charge ratios (AEC) in the columella muscle of Pyrazus ebeninus decrease below 0.8 when external salinity was ≤17% at 20°C. 2. 2. At all salinities, AEC was approximately 20% less at 29°C than at 20°C. 3. 3. The adenylate pool did not respond to environmental changes as consistently as the AEC. The responses of the individual adenylates and the ATP:ADP ratios were not as precise as that of the AEC. 4. 4. The speed and precision of response by the AEC indicated that this measurement may be useful in monitoring the effects of environmental pertubations on selected species.
Establishing independent microcomputer use in people with multiple handicaps, profound mental retardation, and a history of learning failure

Abstract Microcomputers have recently been introduced as habilitative tools in programming efforts with children who have multiple handicaps and profound mental retardation. Microcomputers offer great promise as habilitative tools if spontaneous interaction between the person and the computer can be established. Our experience suggested that aspects of traditional instruction could prevent effective teaching of independent microcomputer use. Consequently, a training paradigm was designed to evaluate the viability of the computer instruction in an extraneous stimulus restricted environment. We found that two of four subjects responded to the computer software and the training paradigm. The role of innovative strategies in habilitative programming is discussed.
Gastric Feedings Effectively Prophylax Against Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Burn Patients

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of gastric feeding in prevention of upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage. A retrospective chart review of 50 consecutive burn intensive care unit patients with admission dates from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2007, was conducted. Five of 50 patients (10%) developed GI hemorrhage. Three men of 36 developed a GI hemorrhage (8%) compared with 2 of 14 women (14%). Patients who developed hemorrhage had a higher abbreviated burn severity index score of 11 compared with the control group of 9 and having a higher mortality rate of 80% compared with controls of 27%. Those patients who developed abdominal compartment syndrome were more likely to develop GI hemorrhage (40% rate compared with 4% in patients who did not develop abdominal compartment syndrome). Of 13 patients who were not tolerating their tube feed at some point during treatment, 4 developed hemorrhage (31%), whereas only 1 patient who was tolerating his or her tube feed developed hemorrhage (3%). Three of 19 (16%) patients on proton pump inhibitor prophylaxis developed a GI hemorrhage compared with 2 of 31 (6%) of patients who were not undergoing prophylaxis. Because of the potential side effects of proton pump inhibitor prophylaxis, the authors believe that when tolerated, gastric feedings should be the standard prophylaxis to prevent upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Acid suppression therapy may only be necessary for patients who are not tolerating their tube feeds, have other abdominal pathologies, or with a previous history of peptic ulcer disease.
Hemostasis in experimental pulmonary injury.

Fibrin Seal (consisting of fibrinogen, cold insoluble globulin, factor XIII, antiplasmin, platelet growth factor, thrombin, and calcium chloride), cryoprecipitate, at Avitene were applied to areas of pulmonary wedge resections in dogs and cynomologus monkeys in an attempt to stop bleeding and air leakage. In the control groups, hemorrhage persisted. Comparing the three hemostatic agents used, Avitene was the least effective followed by cryoprecipitate. Fibrin Seal was most effective. In all cases, it eliminated both air leakage and bleeding.
Botulinum neurotoxin injection after total laryngectomy

Background One of several causes of tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP) speech failure after total laryngectomy is disturbance in relaxation of the pharyngoesophageal (PE) segment. We introduce the use of chemical denervation of the PE segment through botulinum neurotoxin (Botox®) injection to improve TEP speech. Methods An analysis was performed on eight patients who received Botox® injections for TEP speech problems after total laryngectomy at the University of Iowa between June 4, 1991 and August 8, 1994. Retrospective chart review identified the evolution of pretreatment evaluation and injection technique which became standardized in April 1992. Prospective evaluation of results was recorded by a single speech pathologist who subjectively identified the response to Botox® in all patients and recorded pressure readings at the tracheostoma site during speech in 6 patients. Results Seven of the eight patients were noted to have improved TEP speech following injection. Five of these seven patients experienced substantially improved speech, three of whom had no ability to produce speech prior to the Botox® injection. Conclusion Botox® ingection is a safe and effective method of improving TEP speech in selected patients with disturbed relaxation of pharyngoesophageal segment. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck19: 92–97, 1997.
Mass spectral fragmentation patterns of heterocycles. VII . Reinvestigation of fundamental processes in phenothiazines

Electron impact induced fragmentation patterns of simple phenothiazines have been reinvestigated using metastable ion studies, exact mass measurements and deuterated derivatives. Secondary fragmentation processes involving ions m/e 198, 171, 167, 166, 154, 140 and 139 have been clarified. Mechanisms for the release of sulfur (SH· and CSH·) nitrogen (HCN and H2CN·) containing fragments from phenothiazine molecular ion are proposed based on the deuterium content of the daughter ions obtained from 1,9-dideutenophenothiazine. A revised mechanism for the expulsion of ketene from 10-acetylphenothiazine is suggested based on the fragmentation pattern of the 1,9-dideuterioderivative. The composition of m/e 140 was determined by high resolution measurement to be C10H6N and not C11H7 as previously reported.
Oncogenic NRAS rapidly and efficiently induces CMML- and AML-like diseases in mice

Activating mutations in RAS, predominantly NRAS, are common in myeloid malignancies. Previous studies in animal models have shown that oncogenic NRAS is unable to induce myeloid malignancies effectively, and it was suggested that oncogenic NRAS might only act as a secondary mutation in leukemogenesis. In this study, we examined the leukemogenicity of NRAS using an improved mouse bone marrow transduction and transplantation model. We found that oncogenic NRAS rapidly and efficiently induced chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)– or acute myeloid leukemia (AML)– like disease in mice, indicating that mutated NRAS can function as an initiating oncogene in the induction of myeloid malignancies. In addition to CMML and AML, we found that NRAS induced mastocytosis in mice. This result indicates that activation of the RAS pathway also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of mastocytosis. The mouse model for NRAS leukemogenesis established here provides a system for further studying the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies and for testing relevant therapies.
The Mechanics of a Helically Wrapped Thin-Shell Supported by an Externally Pressurized Air Cushion

The mechanics of the fluid structure interactions between a flexible web and an externally pressurized air cushion is modeled. The web is wrapped around the porous cylindrical air-reverser at an oblique angle. The air reverser supplies pressurized air into the web/air-reverser clearance. This model is an extension of a previous model and allows the web to be wrapped around the cylinder in a helical fashion. The geometric relations are based on Rongen’s work (1994) and steady state equilibrium equations are developed based on the work of Muftu and Cole (1999). This paper describes the theory. A case study is presented.© 2002 ASME
Some Methods For Broadening The Class Of Operations Achievable By Optical Data Processing Systems

The class of operations achieved by conventional coherent and incoherent optical data processing systems has been somewhat limited. Recent attempts to extend coherent optical processors to space-variant and non-linear operations will be reviewed. In addition, some new thoughts on the possible achievement of complex-valued operations using incoherent light will be presented.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Urothelial carcinoma arising within bladder diverticulum—Report of a case and review of the literature

Abstract Bladder diverticulum is an outpouching of bladder mucosa through the musculature of the bladder wall. The incidence of bladder diverticulum in Taiwan is about 1.7% in children and 23.4% in adults. Intradiverticular carcinoma of urinary bladder is uncommon. It ranges from 0.8% to 14.3%. Here we report a case of urothelial carcinoma within a bladder diverticulum. A 60-year-old male patient had history of BPH under medical treatment and right ureteral stone treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). He presented with painless gross hematuria about 3 months after ESWL. Intravenous pyelography showed a filling defect within the bladder diverticulum. Histopathological diagnosis of low grade urothelial carcinoma arising from the bladder diverticulum was made following cystoscopic biopsy. Laparoscopic partial cystectomy was performed with subsequent intravesical chemotherapy. Tumor recurrence was found not from the previous diverticulum but from another area during regular cystoscopy at the 6-month postoperative follow up. He underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Pathology revealed a noninvasive, high grade urothelial carcinoma. There was no further bladder tumor recurrence during the 1-year follow-up period. Bladder-sparing surgery with close cystoscopy follow up for intradiverticular urothelial carcinoma can be applied as an alternative treatment modality.
Chemistry Is in the News: Taxonomy of authentic news media-based learning activities1

A brief history is given of approaches that aim at achieving a connectedness of the content of organic chemistry courses to real world issues. Recently, such approaches have relied more and more on online media resources, the tools of the Internet and the World Wide Web. We propose a six‐level taxonomy of ‘authentic news media‐based learning activities’ to provide a conceptual framework for the description and discussion of such approaches. The Chemistry Is in the News project was designed to allow students to draw explicit connections between the course content and real world issues in ways that engage the students in a full range of cognitive skills. The activities consisted in the study, creation, and peer review of news portfolios by student collaborative groups. A news portfolio consists of an authentic news article taken from the popular press with interpretive comments and questions.
Colorless glasses containing ion-exchanged silver.

Introduction of silver into a silicate glass often leads to reduction and coloration. The electron required for silver reduction is extracted from a nonbridging oxygen atom. The use of high-field-strength ions limits the number of nonbridging oxygens and silver reduction.
Pharmacist position monitoring health-system employees' drug plan.

I agree with Ivey’s view[1][1] that a pharmacy director should participate in determining the strategic direction of a health system. Within our system, pharmacy directors meet on a monthly basis as part of a “value-added team,” and all have an opportunity to participate in key strategic
Peer network overlap in twin, sibling, and friend dyads.

Research suggests that sibling–peer connections are important for understanding adolescent problem behaviors. Using a novel behavioral genetic design, the current study investigated peer network overlap in 300 child–child pairs (aged 7–13 years) in 5 dyad types: monozygotic (MZ), dizygotic twins, full siblings (FSs), friend pairs, and virtual twins (i.e., same-aged, genetically unrelated siblings). Genetic relatedness, sex composition, and age differences contributed to peer overlap in sibling dyads. MZ twins showed the highest overlap (82%), opposite-sex FS pairs showed the lowest overlap (27%), and friend pairs (48%) were close to the mean (53%). Social contact variables and self-reported relationship intimacy predicted additional variance in peer overlap. The roles of genotype–environment correlational and shared environmental processes in the sibling–peer connections are discussed.
Stimulation of β2-Adrenergic Responsiveness by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Rat Granulosa Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

The development of adrenergic responsiveness in ovarian granulosa cells cultured in the presence of androstenedione was investigated. Progesterone production by granulosa cells obtained from immature hypophysectomized diethylstilbestrol-treated rats was stimulated by FSH, but was only minimally affected by various adrenergic agents. In contrast, FSH treatment for 2 days in vivo or in vitro resulted in an increase in the adrenergic responsiveness of granulosa cells. Subsequent treatment with (−)epinephrine, (−)norepinephrine, or (−)isoproterenol (a potent β-adrenergic agonist) resulted in time- and dosedependent increases in progesterone production. The adrenergic agents enhanced the effects of hCG and PRL with respect to progesterone production, but were without effect on estrogen production or the maintenance of LH/hCG receptors in FSHprimed granulosa cells. A selective β2-adrenergic agonist (terbutaline) stimulated progesterone production in FSH-treated granulosa cells, whereas a β1-agonist (dobutamine)...
The Genetic Basis for Variation in Olfactory Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

The genetic underpinnings that contribute to variation in olfactory perception are not fully understood. To explore the genetic basis of variation in olfactory perception, we measured behavioral responses to 14 chemically diverse naturally occurring odorants in 260400 flies from 186 lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel, a population of inbred wild-derived lines with sequenced genomes. We observed variation in olfactory behavior for all odorants. Low to moderate broad-sense heritabilities and the large number of tests for genotype-olfactory phenotype association performed precluded any individual variant from reaching formal significance. However, the top variants (nominal P < 5×10(-5)) were highly enriched for genes involved in nervous system development and function, as expected for a behavioral trait. Further, pathway enrichment analyses showed that genes tagged by the top variants included components of networks centered on cyclic guanosine monophosphate and inositol triphosphate signaling, growth factor signaling, Rho signaling, axon guidance, and regulation of neural connectivity. Functional validation with RNAi and mutations showed that 15 out of 17 genes tested indeed affect olfactory behavior. Our results show that in addition to chemoreceptors, variation in olfactory perception depends on polymorphisms that can result in subtle variations in synaptic connectivity within the nervous system.
The vortex of creation: Literary politics and the demise of Herman Melville's reputation

Authors do not create in isolation, but rather write within a social and aesthetic network - a literary field that is in its practice a socio-political institution. While these social worlds may at times be harmonious, they are often factionalized and filled with rivalries, both personal and ideological. These divisions affect an author's reputation among fellow writers and potential audiences. To examine the effects of literary politics on reputation we examine the case of Herman Melville, the author of Moby Dick, today recognized as one of the greatest American writers. While Melville was celebrated early in his career, within a decade he was widely scorned and viewed as incompetent. We describe how the literary field of the 1840s and 1850s influenced Melville's self-concept, the content and form of his work, and the changes in his critical reputation. We suggest that all authors are caught within socio-political webs that influence their reputations and the evaluations of their creations.
Advances towards next-generation flexible multi-projector display walls

Multi-projector displays provide a large-scale and a high-resolution view at the same time. Today, projectors are commodity products, making such displays are affordable, but several challenges must be overcome in order to make this technology available to everyday users. We present several advances in the area of multiprojector displays. These employ projectors with enhanced capabilities, methodologies for efficiently and inexpensively calibrating and maintaining displays composed of these units, and the ability to handle imperfect and uncalibrated devices when performing geometric and photometric registration of imagery across multiple projectors. These are the first steps in realizing the goal of truly ubiquitous pixels, where users can be completely oblivious to the type and number of devices providing the display.
Extending Our Reach: Surveying, Analyzing, and Planning Outreach to Extension Staff

This study describes how University of Minnesota Extension staff locate and use information to accomplish daily activities. The major findings were: (a) information seeking is a daily or weekly need; (b) staff use predominately online resources from a variety of sources—peer-reviewed journals, technical or research reports, and government information—and use search engines most frequently to locate them; and (c) Extension staff are aware of the majority of library resources and services. Extension staff welcome advanced information-seeking tools and techniques for professional development.
Adaptive Kalman filter for estimation of environmental performance variables in an acid gas removal process

In this paper, adaptive Kalman filter (KF) algorithms are implemented in an acid gas removal (AGR) process for estimating the key environmental performance variables. It was found that by using a KF where the measurement noise covariance matrix (R) is adopted based on the residual sequence, the composition of the top and bottom streams from the H2S absorber in the AGR process could be estimated accurately even in the presence of large noise-to-signal ratio and poor initial guesses for R. Estimation accuracy of a KF, where the process noise covariance matrix (Q) is adopted, is found to be superior in comparison to the traditional KF, even in the presence of large mismatches between the linear and nonlinear models and a poor initial guess for Q.