cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling Turbulence in the Stratified Ocean: Statistical Consequences of Strong Intermittency

Abstract Turbulence and turbulent mixing in the ocean are strongly intermittent in amplitude, space and time. The degree of intermittency is measured by the “intermittency factor” σ2, defined as either σ2lnϵ, the variance of the logarithm of the viscous dissipation rate ϵ, or σ2lnχ, the variance of the logarithm of the temperature dissipation rate χ. Available data suggest that the cumulative distribution functions of ϵ and χ in stratified layers are approximately lognormal with large σ2 values in the range 3–7. Departures from lognormality are remarkably similar to those for Monte Carlo generated lognormal distributions contaminated with simulated noise and undersampling effects. Confidence limits for the maximum likelihood estimator of the mean of a lognormal random variable are determined by Monte Carlo techniques and by theoretical modeling. They show that such large σ2 values cause large uncertainty in estimates of the mean unless the number of data samples is extremely large. To obtain estimates of ...
A head-only exposure system for controlled exposures of small rodents

Abstract We have designed a low-cost, compact, head-only exposure system which is easy to use and allows exposure of up to 8 or 16 small rodents depending on the chamber used with the system. Animals are exposed without anesthesia or extreme restraint. Deflection tubes at the chamber inlet and outlet serve to provide turbulent flow within the chamber. Performance of the exposure system was evaluated by analyzing data which was collected during investigations of the kinetics of respirable nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ) and cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ) aerosols in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acute 2 h exposure to NiCl 2 at concentrations ranging from 129 to 1208 μg Ni/m 3 (MMAD 0.7–0.9 μm, σg 1.2–1.5) had a mean run-to-run coefficient of variation (cv) in chamber concentration of 11.6%, and a mean within-run cv of 8.5%. A 26-day repeated exposure of 3 groups of rats to 18.4 μg Ni/m 3 gave a mean run-to-run cv of 20.9%, mean within-run cv of 10.2%, and within-day cv of 14.5%. Acute exposure studies with CoCl 2 at concentrations ranging from 298 to 1371 μg Co/m 3 (MMAD 0.9, σg 1.4) produced a mean run-to-run cv of 8.4% and a mean within-run cv of 7.8%. The repeated exposure of 2 groups of rats for 5 days to CoCl 2 at a concentration of 583 μg Co/m 3 had a mean run-to-run cv of 10.1%, a within-run cv of 7.4% and a within-day cv of 6.8%. The distribution of aerosol within the chamber is shown to have been uniform, and chamber performance was linear over the range tested. This system provides an inexpensive and uniform means of conducting inhalation exposure studies with selected airborne contaminants that might represent a potential health hazard.
Immunocytochemical hormonal features of pituitary adenomas of aging wistar male rats

Pituitary adenomas were the most common grossly visible naturally occurring neoplasms found in over 27% of rats surviving beyond 17 months of age. Twenty-three pituitary adenomas, fixed in buffered neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin, were tested for the presence of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) using the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. The adenoma cells in 6 (26%) of the 23 tumors stained with two or three of the tested hormones, but clear evidence that individual neoplastic cells contained more than one hormone was not found. These findings suggest that in aging male Wistar rats the spontaneous pituitary adenomas may originate from undifferentiated cells, PRL-, GH- and TSH-cells in a diminishing order of frequency.
Allograft coronary artery thrombosis: a case report of early cardiac allograft left ventricular myocardial infarction.

Introduction Cardiac allograft dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the early post-transplantation period. This is a critical condition that requires prompt diagnosis and management. We present the case of a 57-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent cardiac transplantation and developed a rare case of coronary artery thrombosis in the setting of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome (HITTS) within the first 2 postoperative weeks. Transmural myocardial infarction (MI) was initially noted on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging as regional left ventricular wall motion abnormalities and transmural hyperenhancement after gadolinium administration, prompting further evaluation of the coronary circulation with angiography.
Second Opinions Improve ADHD Prescribing in a Medicaid-Insured Community Population.

Abstract Objective The appropriate use of psychotropic medications in youths is an important public health concern. In this article, we describe a review process developed to monitor the use of stimulants and atomoxetine for attention-deficit/hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD) in youths receiving fee-for-service Medicaid services. Method Washington State Medicaid developed threshold safety parameters for ADHD medications through a process involving the community. A second opinion was mandated when safety thresholds based on dose, combination therapies, or age was exceeded. Use and cost were compared 2 years before and after the program began. Results From May 2006 to April 2008, 5.35% of ADHD prescriptions exceeded safety thresholds, resulting in 1,046 second-opinion reviews. Of those, 538 (51.4%) resulted in a prescription adjustment. Adjustments were made to primary care physician (52%), psychiatrist (50%), nurse practitioner (54%), and physician assistant–written (51%) prescriptions. When the preperiod and postperiod were compared, second opinions reduced ADHD medication at high doses (53%), in combinations (44%), and for patients 5 years of age and younger (23%). The review process resulted in a savings of $1.2 million, with 538 fewer patients exceeding safety thresholds. This was a 10:1 return over administrative costs; however, the overall Medicaid expenditures for ADHD medication still increased because of higher unit costs and the preferential use by clinicians of newer brands entering the market. Conclusions A statewide second-opinion process reduced outlier ADHD medication prescription practices and was cost-effective. Suggestions for process and quality improvements in prescribing to children diagnosed with ADHD are discussed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2009;48(7):740–748
A global sensitivity analysis in structural mechanics

A methodology is developed to evaluate the response sensitivity of structural systems to variations in their design parameters. The sensitivity is evaluated by considering the global behavior of the system response when the parameters vary within a bounded region. The design parameters are characterized by means of baseline values plus fluctuating components, and the sensitivity of the system is measured in terms of the global variability of the response with respect to its baseline response. The methodology is then extended into the context of optimum redesign analysis of structural systems. Application of the method is made to a structural system defined by two-dimensional beam-column elements and to a system defined by plate elements. The numerical implementation of the global sensitivity approach is made by means of the finite element method. Several analyses are performed and the results are discussed. Finally, some extensions of the present work are presented.
Clinical predictors of human blastocyst formation and pregnancy after extended embryo culture and transfer.

Objective To determine the clinical factors associated with blastocyst development and pregnancy. Design Evaluation of a prospectively collected IVF database. Setting An academic IVF practice. Patient(s) Couples (n = 529) undergoing their first IVF cycle who qualified for extended embryo culture (more than six zygotes) over the past 5 years. Intervention(s) Seven or eight zygotes were cultured for 5 days, assessed for quality, and then transferred with excess zygotes cryopreserved at the pronuclear stage. Main Outcome Measure(s) Clinical predictors of blastocyst development and pregnancy. Result(s) The mean blastocyst development rate was 49.8%, with a median number of total and good-quality blastocysts of 4 and 2, respectively. Clinical factors that were significantly associated with good-quality blastocyst formation were younger female age, increased parity, standard insemination, and lower doses of gonadotropins. Clinical factors that were significantly associated with successful pregnancy were younger female age, higher antral follicle counts, greater numbers of total and good-/excellent-quality blastocysts, and absence of male factor infertility. Conclusion(s) Several clinical factors are associated with the development of good-quality blastocysts after extended embryo culture and successful pregnancy outcome. These patient and cycle characteristics may be very useful in selecting the best candidates for extended embryo culture and single blastocyst transfers, thus optimizing outcomes while reducing the risks associated with multiple pregnancies.
DRUG DOSAGE FOR CHILDREN

Abstract Neither age nor weight provide reliable guides for calculating doses of drugs for children. Body-surface area approximates more closely but requires computation or reference to a nomogram. A scale has been produced which gives doses as a proportion of the adult dose at six different age levels after Catzel's percentage method. These ages can be regrouped for estimation on a weight basis as follows: if adult dose is 1 mg. per kg., then dose at 12 years is 1.25 mg. per kg., at 1-7 years it is 1.5 mg. per kg., and at 2 weeks to 1 year it is 2 mg. per kg. This gives a simple correlation between the three variables in current use.
The death rate of lysogenic bacteria after ultraviolet induction follows Gompertz's law.

Abstract After ultraviolet induction of Bacillus megaterium 899a, both the rate of bacteriophage release and the rate of bacterial lysis increase with kinetics similar to those found in autocatalytic reactions. The virus-release curve may be measured over a span of five log units. Evidence is presented that this phenomenon is not mediated by information exchange among bacteria and, therefore, is not dictated by an extracellular autocatalytic reaction. The results show that the kinetics of death in induced cultures are similar to the kinetics of death found in higher organisms where the death rate increases exponentially with the age of the population (Gompertz's law). In other words, when a culture of lysogenic bacteria is induced, it acquires a defined lifespan and proceeds to die with kinetics obeying Gompertz's law. A possible mechanism is discussed in an attempt to explain the results at the molecular level.
Electron Pairing in Ferroelectric Niobium and Niobium Alloy Clusters

Cryogenic molecular beam experiments show that the ferroelectric dipole moments of small niobium clusters with an even number of valence electrons n are typically greater than those with odd n. This is verified in alloy clusters NbNXM where X=Al, Au, O, Mn, Fe, and Co; N≤100;M≤3. Like in superconducting alloys, Mn doping quenches the effect while Al and Au enhance it, suggesting a relation between cluster ferroelectricity and bulk superconductivity. A correlated ground state is proposed where the even-odd effect is caused by the depolarizing effect of a single unpaired electron.
The Dark Matter Density Profile of the Lensing Cluster MS 2137–23: A Test of the Cold Dark Matter Paradigm*

We present new spectroscopic observations of the gravitational arcs and the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) in the cluster MS 2137-23 (z = 0.313) obtained with the Echelle Spectrograph and Imager on the Keck II telescope. We find that the tangential and radial arcs arise from sources at almost identical redshifts (z = 1.501, 1.502). We combine the measured stellar velocity dispersion profile of the BCG with a lensing analysis to constrain the distribution of dark and stellar matter in the central 100 kpc of the cluster. Our data indicate a remarkably flat inner slope for the dark matter profile, ?d r-?, with ? < 0.9 at a 99% CL. Steep inner slopes obtained in cold dark matter cosmological simulations?such as Navarro, Frenk, & White (? = 1) or Moore (1.5) universal dark matter profiles?are ruled out at better than 99% CL. As baryon collapse is likely to have steepened the dark matter profile from its original form, our data provide a powerful test of the cold dark matter paradigm at the cluster mass scale.
The spectrin-actin junction of erythrocyte membrane skeletons

High-resolution electron microscopy of erythrocyte membrane skeletons has provided striking images of a regular lattice-like organization with five or six spectrin molecules attached to short actin filaments to form a sheet of five- and six-sided polygons. Visualization of the membrane skeletons has focused attention on the (spectrin)5,6-actin oligomers, which form the vertices of the polygons, as basic structural units of the lattice. Membrane skeletons and isolated junctional complexes contain four proteins that are stable components of this structure in the following ratios: 1 mol of spectrin dimer, 2-3 mol of actin, 1 mol of protein 4.1 and 0.1-0.5 mol of protein 4.9 (numbers refer to mobility on SDS gels). Additional proteins have been identified that are candidates to interact with the junction, based on in vitro assays, although they have not yet been localized to this structure and include: tropomyosin, tropomyosin-binding protein and adducin. The spectrin-actin complex with its associated proteins has a key structural role in mediating cross-linking of spectrin into the network of the membrane skeleton, and is a potential site for regulation of membrane properties. The purpose of this article is to review properties of known and potential constituent proteins of the spectrin-actin junction, regulation of their interactions, the role of junction proteins in erythrocyte membrane dysfunction, and to consider aspects of assembly of the junctions.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF SECRETORY GRANULES FROM RAT ISLETS OF LANGERHANS : III. Studies of the Stability of the Isolated Beta Granules

A partially purified secretory granule fraction, isolated from rat islets of Langerhans by differential centrifugation, was used for investigating the stability of the beta granules during incubation in various conditions. Effects of pH, temperature, and time were studied; the granules possessed optimal stability at 4° and pH 6.0, and could be solubilized at pH 4.0 or 8.5, or in the presence of sodium deoxycholate, but not by phospholipase c, ouabain, or alloxan. Incubation with glucose or some of its metabolites, or with tolbutamide, ATP, or cyclic 3',5'-AMP did not alter the stability of the beta granules Exogenous insulin-131I was not bound by the isolated granules under the conditions used; no specific insulin-degrading activity could be detected in subcellular fractions of the islets. These findings indicate that intracellular solubilization of the granules with subsequent diffusion of the insulin into the extracellular space is not a likely mode of insulin secretion in vivo, and suggest that a crystalline zinc-insulin complex may exist in the matrix of the beta granules.
Standard Container Size Discounts and the Single-Period Inventory Problem*

This paper analyzes the problem of choosing the optimal order quantity and its associated number of standard containers making up the order for single-period inventory models under standard container size discounts. A range is determined that contains the optimal order quantity. Two algorithms are presented. The first algorithm solves the general case in which there is no restriction on the types of containers included in an order. The second algorithm solves a more restricted policy that requires the buyer to accept the order with successively smaller container sizes.
Localized Pleural Mesothelioma : The Clinical Spectrum

Localized pleural mesotheliomas are rare tumors that have a variety of clinical presentations, from an asymptomatic solitary nodule to a massive, highly symptomatic neoplasm filling most of the pleural cavity. Two cases are reported which show the clinical spectrum of the more common benign variant. The clinical differentiation between the benign tumor as well as the less frequent malignant neoplasms of localized mesotheliomas has been disappointing. Complete surgical resection is the preferred treatment for both types and is usually curative with the benign mesothelioma.
Heme Displacement Mechanism of CooA Activation MUTATIONAL AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC EVIDENCE

The heme-containing protein CooA of Rhodospirillum rubrum regulates the expression of genes involved in CO oxidation. CooA binds its target DNA sequence in response to CO binding to its heme. Activity measurements and resonance Raman (RR) spectra are reported for CooA variants that bind DNA even in the absence of CO, those in which the wild-type residues at the 121-126 positions, TSCMRT, are replaced by the residues AYLLRL or RYLLRL, and also for variants that bind DNA poorly in the presence of CO, such as L120S and L120F. The Fe-C and C-O stretching resonance Raman (RR) frequencies of all CooAs examined deviate from the expected back-bonding correlation in a manner indicating weakening of the Fe-His-77 proximal ligand bond, and the extent of weakening correlates positively with DNA binding activity. The (A/R) YLLRL variants have detectable populations of a 5-coordinate heme resulting from partial dissociation of the endogenous distal ligand, Pro-2. Selective excitation of this population reveals downshifted Fe-His-77-stretching RR bands, confirming the proximal bond weakening. These results support our previous hypothesis that the conformational change required for DNA binding is initiated by displacement of the heme into an adjacent hydrophobic cavity once CO displaces the Pro-2 ligand. Examination of the crystal structure reveals a physical basis for these results, and a mechanism is proposed to link heme displacement to conformational change.
Properties of films of high-Tc perovskite superconductors

Abstract In this paper we review some of the recent developments in the studies of thin films of high temperature superconductors. In particular we concentrate on the properties of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 . The normal state as well as the superconducting properties of the films are discussed. Evidence is shown for the observation of critical fluctuations near the transition temperature. The coherence length in the Cu O plane was found to be ξ ab (0) = 16 ±2A and perpendicular to the plane ξ c (o) = 2±1A. We further present results of a new phase Y 2 Ba 4 Cu 8 O 20−x synthesized in thin films and compare its properties to those of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 .
Pressure dynamics of the carpal tunnel and flexor compartment of the forearm.

Although carpal tunnel pressures have been observed to increase as a result of repetitive flexion and extension of the wrist, and forearm compartment pressures have been shown to rise during and after muscle activity, the relationship between those two observations has not been studied. The flexor compartments of five cadavers were perfused with saline to determine whether elevated pressure in the flexor compartment of the forearm is transmitted to the carpal tunnel. The pressure in the carpal tunnel after the infusion was significantly different from the pressure in the flexor compartment of the forearm. Furthermore, pressures recorded in the carpal tunnel at the conclusion of the study were not statistically different from the preinfusion pressures. While the carpal tunnel may appear to be an open compartment anatomically, it functions as a relatively closed compartment with respect to transfer of pressure from the flexor compartment of the forearm under condition that mimic elevated tissue pressure.
The use of matrix manipulation programs in teaching statistical methods

An array manipulation package, the Symbolic Matrix Interpretive System and Statistical Interpretive System (SMIS/SIS), is described. Using SMIS/SIS, one can declare matrices and arrays of real or randomly generated data and then manipulate the matrices using simple commands to produce virtually any desired analysis. The package, designed for use by nonprogrammers and programmers alike, features a full complement of matrix algebra operations and a smaller set of statistical functions. The package, while useful as a research tool, is especially useful in teaching statistical methods, particularly multivariate analysis in which the correspondence between mathematical formulas and program code has definite pedagogical advantages over the use of statistical program packages like SPSS, BMDP, and SAS.
Enterotoxin A production in Staphylococcus aureus: inhibition by glucose.

In this study, we investigated the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and repression of staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA) in Staphylococcus aureus 196E and a pleiotrophic mutant derived from strain 196E. The mutant, designated at strain 196E-MA, lacked a functional phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS). The mutant produced acid, under aerobic conditions, from only glucose and glycerol. The parent strain contained an active PTS, and aerobically produced acid from a large number of carbohydrates. Prior growth in glucose led to repression of SEA synthesis in the parent strain; addition to the casamino acids enterotoxin production medium (CAS) led to more severe repression of toxin synthesis. The repression was not related to pH decreases produced by glucose metabolism. When S. aureus 196E was grown in the absence of glucose, there was inhibition of toxin production as glucose level was increased in CAS. The inhibition was related to pH decrease and was unlike the repression observed with glucose-grown strain 196E. The inhibition of SEA synthesis in mutant strain 196E-MA was approximately the same in cells grown with or without glucose and was pH related. Repression of SEA synthesis similar to that seen with glucose-grown S. aureus 196E could not be demonstrated in the mutant. In addition, glucose-grown S. aureus 196E neither synthesized β-galactosidase nor showed respiratory activity with certain tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle compounds. Glucose-grown strain 196E-MA, however, did not show supressed respiration of TCA cycle compounds; β-galactosidase was not synthesized because the mutant lacked a functional PTS. Cyclic adenosine-3′, 5′-monophosphate did not reverse the repression by glucose of SEA or β-galactosidase synthesis in glucose-grown S. aureus 196E. An active PTS appears to be necessary to demonstrate glucose (catabolite) repression in S. aureus.
Avoiding redundant record accesses in unsorted multilist file organizations

Abstract Query retrieval procedures in a multilist organization are briefly reviewed. Existing procedures require that the multilists be sorted so as to facilitate fast query retrieval. But sorted multilists render online file updating tasks more difficult to perform than when no sorting order is imposed on the multilists. An algorithm is proposed in this paper to enable practically the same querying efficiency while the multilists need not be sorted. Hence, efficiencies in on-line querying and updating are simultaneously accomplished.
Chronic marijuana smokers show reduced coding into long-term storage

Chronic high-frequency marijuana users were compared to nonusers on a task involving short-term retention of three words. Forced processing (reading) of an additional 2, 6, or 10 words was interpolated between initial presentation and recall. Mean proportion of words recalled was significantly reduced for chronic users, and this reduction was especially pronounced with more forced processing between initial presentation and recall. This pattern of impairment indicates that chronic marijuana smokers show a reduction in the transfer of information from short-term storage to a more permanent level of information storage.
Direct action and conscience: The 1913 Paterson strike as example of the relationship between labor radicals and liberals

(1979). Direct action and conscience: The 1913 Paterson strike as example of the relationship between labor radicals and liberals. Labor History: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 73-88.
Fast joint estimation of local magnitude, decay, and frequency from single-shot MRI

By acknowledging local decay and phase evolution, single-shot parameter assessment by retrieval from signal encoding (SS-PARSE) models each datum as a sample from ( k , t )-space rather than k -space. This more accurate model promises better performance at a price of more complicated reconstruction computations. Normally, conjugate-gradients is used to simultaneously estimate local image magnitude, decay, and frequency. Each iteration of the conjugate-gradients algorithm requires several evaluations of the image synthesis function and one evaluation of gradients. Because of local decay and frequency and the non-Cartesian trajectory, fast algorithms based on FFT cannot be effectively used to accelerate the evaluation of the image synthesis function and gradients. This paper presents a fast algorithm to compute the image synthesis function and gradients by linear combinations of FFTs. By polynomial approximation of the exponential time function with local decay and frequency as parameters, the image synthesis function and gradients become linear combinations of non- Cartesian Fourier transforms. In order to use the FFT, one can interpolate non-Cartesian trajectories. The quality of images reconstructed by the fast approach presented in this paper is the same as that of the normal conjugate-gradient method with significantly reduced computation time.
Combinatorial Selection of RNA Ligands for Complex Cellular Targets The RNA Liagands-Based Proteomics

This study explores the selection of high affinity RNA ligands for the complex cellular targets present in crude HeLa nuclear extract through directed evolution and deconvolution. RNA ligands for the mixed nuclear targets were selected from around 6 × 1014 RNA sequences through an iterated enrichment process. RNA ligands for various gene products of the extract were simultaneously selected and were shown to specifically interact with their target molecules. The target molecules were isolated from the nuclear extract by affinity chromatography using columns tagged with the RNA ligands, resolved on two-dimensional gels, and identified by mass spectrometry. These RNA ligands may be useful in characterizing novel functions of cellular proteins and modulating complex molecular events.
The Effect of Cage Space on Behavior and Reproduction in Crl:CD1(Icr) and C57BL/6NCrl Laboratory Mice

Recommendations for the amount of cage space required for female mice with litters were first made in the 2011 Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. We hypothesized that if a difference in mouse behavior and reproduction exists within the limits of commercially available caging, this difference would be detected between the smallest and largest cages. C57BL/6NCrl and Crl:CD1(Icr) breeding mice were randomly assigned to a cage treatment: LP 18790 (226cm2); A RC1 (305cm2); A N10 (432cm2); T 1291 (800cm2) and a breeding configuration: single (male removed after birth); pair (1 male + 1 female); or trio (1 male + 2 females) in a factorial design for 12 weeks. All cages received 8-10g of nesting material and nests were scored weekly. Pups were weaned between post-natal day 18 and 26 and were weighed at weaning. Adult behavior and location in the cage were recorded by scan samples every 30 min over 48 hr of video recorded on PND 0-8 and PND 14-21 when pups were in the cage. Press posture and play behavior were recorded by 1/0 sampling method. Cage space did not significantly alter typical reproductive measures. Pups in the smallest cage played less than in the other cages. Adults in the smallest cage displayed more press posture than in the two largest cages. Mice in the largest cage spent more time under the feeder than in other areas of the cage. Nest score was also the highest in the largest cage. Housing breeding groups of mice in a range of commercially available cage sizes does not affect reproduction but behavioral measures suggest that the smallest cage tested, LP 18790, may be stressful for outbred mice when pups are present.
Matching Changes in Preschool Environments to Desired Changes in Child Behavior

Preschool environments differentially affect the behavior and development of handicapped youngsters. A specific quality or aspect of the environment can in part determine how children behave in that setting. It is therefore important that early childhood special educators tailor environmental provisions to match desired autcomes. This article describes five dimensions of children's behavior likely to be affected by environments: engagement, independence, aggression, social interaction, and happiness. Research and theory documenting the relationship between environments and behavior are reviewed and guidelines for matching changes in preschool environments to changes in child behavior are provided.
The philosophy of science and validation in simulation

More than twenty-five years ago, Naylor and Finger suggested that the problem of validation in simulation was analogous to the problem of validating scientific theories in general. They went on to prescribe an eclectic approach to validation in simulation that they put together from what they viewed at the time as an exhaustive description of the possible philosophical alternatives. A considerable development has taken place in the philosophy of science since Naylor and Finger wrote their paper. Most notably the justificationist positions in the philosophy of science that Naylor and Finger appealed to have been largely discredited. We attempt here to provide a new examination of the various relevant positions. And we also attempt to show in one way or another how these positions provide additional perspectives on overcoming some of the conceptual difficulties involved in simulation validation.
Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms

Four assumptions frequently arise in the aftermath of mass shootings in the United States: (1) that mental illness causes gun violence, (2) that psychiatric diagnosis can predict gun crime, (3) that shootings represent the deranged acts of mentally ill loners, and (4) that gun control “won’t prevent” another Newtown (Connecticut school mass shooting). Each of these statements is certainly true in particular instances. Yet, as we show, notions of mental illness that emerge in relation to mass shootings frequently reflect larger cultural stereotypes and anxieties about matters such as race/ethnicity, social class, and politics. These issues become obscured when mass shootings come to stand in for all gun crime, and when “mentally ill” ceases to be a medical designation and becomes a sign of violent threat.
Age of people and aging problem

To apply technology to problems of age and aging, we need to better understand these problems and to develop operational technique for their solving. Creation of foundations for such a technique by means of a multifaceted model of age is the main goal of this paper. The suggested approach is based on the system theory of time, multilayer model of evaluation, and on differentiation of three functional subsystems in the human organism: biological, physiological, and psychological.
Model Context Selection for Run-to-Run Control

In the design of run-to-run controllers one is usually faced with the problem of selecting a model structure that best explains the variability in the data. The variable selection problem often becomes more complex when there are large numbers of candidate variables and the usual regression modeling assumptions are not satisfied. This paper proposes a model selection approach that uses ideas from the statistical linear models and stepwise regression literature to identify the context variables that contribute most to the autocorrelation and to the offsets in the data. A simulation example and an application to lithography alignment control are presented to illustrate the approach.
The Fluorescence Mechanism of 5‐Methyl‐2‐Pyrimidinone: An Ab Initio Study of a Fluorescent Pyrimidine Analog†

The photophysically important potential energy surfaces of the fluorescent pyrimidine analog 5-methyl-2-pyrimidinone have been explored using multireference configuration-interaction ab initio methods at three levels of dynamical correlation, all of which support a fluorescence mechanism. At vertical excitation S 1 (dark, n N π*) and S 2 (bright, ππ*) are almost degenerate at 4.4 eV, with S 3 (dark, n O π*) at 5.1 eV. The excited system can follow the S 1 -S 2 seam of conical intersections, accessible from the Franck-Condon region, to its minimum and then evolve from this conical intersection on the S 1 (ππ*) surface to a global minimum. At lower levels of correlation, the S 1 surface shows two minima separated by a barrier of up to 0.18 eV. The secondary minimum found at the lower levels of correlation becomes the global minimum with higher correlation. The S 1 population at this minimum can be trapped from accessing the lowest energy S 0 -S 1 (ππ*/gs) conical intersection by an energy gap at least 0.3-0.4 eV higher than the S 1 minimum. The calculated emission energy from this minimum is 2.80 eV. Gradient pathways connecting important S 1 geometries are presented, as well as other excited state conical intersections.
The prognostic significant of percentage drop in serum CEA post curative resection for colon cancer

Abstract Objective/background This study aimed to analyze the hypothesis that increased percentage drop in serum CEA post curative resection for colon cancer is associated with improved survival. Methods Five hundred thirty three patients who underwent colon resection with a curative intent were retrospectively analyzed for their pre- and postoperative CEA levels. The disease-free and overall survival curves were calculated using Kaplan Meier analysis to evaluate cancer related outcomes. For multivariate analysis, the Cox regression model was used. Results The estimated 5-year overall survival for the preoperative serum CEA > 5 ng/mL group with respect to a postoperative CEA level drop rate of 40%, 50% and 60% were 72.9%, 80.9% and 81.8%, respectively. The estimated 5-year overall survival for the preoperative serum CEA ≤ 5 ng/mL group with respect to each postoperative CEA level drop rate were 86.6%, 97.1% and 97.7%, respectively ( P = 0.257, P = 0.092 and P = 0.073, respectively). The prognostic factors for poor survival were the depth of invasion ( p = 0.042, hazard ratio: 2.617, 95% CI = 1.021–3.012) and lymph node metastasis ( p = 0.008, hazard ratio: 2.249, 95% CI = 1.231–4.111). A 60% drop of the CEA level was an independent prognostic factor for survival ( p = 0.001, hazard ratio: 2.954, 95% CI = 1.686–5.176) for patients with a preoperative CEA level > 5 ng/mL. Conclusion Determining the preoperative CEA level and the early postoperative percent drop of the serum CEA level may be a helpful factor for the prognosis of colon caner patients. However, the percent drop from the pre to postoperative CEA level from the normal range was not associated with survival difference.
Byron's Ode to Napoleon

Pack describes the nature of the rare first edition of Byron's "Ode to Napoleon," published in London in 1814, bound together with eight other Byron octavo pamphlets.
The Effect of Recombination on the Accuracy of Phylogeny Estimation

Phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences typically ignore the potential occurrence of recombination, which may produce different alignment regions with different evolutionary histories. Traditional phylogenetic methods assume that a single history underlies the data. If recombination is present, can we expect the inferred phylogeny to represent any of the underlying evolutionary histories? We examined this question by applying traditional phylogenetic reconstruction methods to simulated recombinant sequence alignments. The effect of recombination on phylogeny estimation depended on the relatedness of the sequences involved in the recombinational event and on the extent of the different regions with different phylogenetic histories. Given the topologies examined here, when the recombinational event was ancient, or when recombination occurred between closely related taxa, one of the two phylogenies underlying the data was generally inferred. In this scenario, the evolutionary history corresponding to the majority of the positions in the alignment was generally recovered. Very different results were obtained when recombination occurred recently among divergent taxa. In this case, when the recombinational breakpoint divided the alignment in two regions of similar length, a phylogeny that was different from any of the true phylogenies underlying the data was inferred.
Low Mach number parallel and quasi‐parallel shocks

The properties of low-Mach-number parallel and quasi-parallel shocks are studied using the results of one-dimensional hybrid simulations. It is shown that both the structure and ion dissipation at the shocks differ considerably. In the parallel limit, the shock remains coupled to the piston and consists of large-amplitude magnetosonic-whistler waves in the upstream, through the shock and into the downstream region, where the waves eventually damp out. These waves are generated by an ion beam instability due to the interaction between the incident and piston-reflected ions. The excited waves decelerate the plasma sufficiently that it becomes stable far into the downstream. The increase in ion temperature along the shock normal in the downstream region is due to superposition of incident and piston-rflected ions. These two populations of ions remain distinct through the downstream region. While they are both gyrophase-bunched, their counterstreaming nature results in a 180-deg phase shift in their perpendicular velocities.
Determination of the viral particle content of influenza vaccines by electron microscopy.

Abstract The virus particle content of influenza vaccines was determined by electron microscopy using a modification of Sharp's sedimentation technique. Aggregates of 2–100 virus particles were found to a variable extent in all vaccines, but these aggregates could be dispersed by suspending the preparations in buffers of high molality. The mean ratio of viral particles to CCA units was 1·40 × 108 and the CCA titer of influenza vaccine preparations could be increased if the test employed buffers which dispersed aggregates. The virus particle content of split-product vaccines could not be quantitated with precision because of degradation of the virus produced by the disruption process. The technique of direct particle counting provided additional information concerning the antigen content of influenza vaccines and permitted evaluation not only of the integrity of the viruses in the preparations but also the amount of non-virion particulate contamination.
Innovative technique for lingual tonsillectomy and midline posterior glossectomy for obstructive sleep apnea

Hypopharyngeal airway obstruction may result from abnormal or disproportionate tongue base anatomy or lingual tonsil hypertrophy. Partial glossectomy and lingual tonsillectomy may be difficult and excessively morbid procedures in the sleep apnea population. Techniques are described using plasma surgery tools, combined with endoscopy, that allow for improved visualization and more complete removal of lingual tonsils and low morbidity mucosal sparing excisional glossectomy.
Entomophthora culicis (Zygomycetes, Entomophthorales) as a pathogen of adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae).

Abstract The infectivity of Entomophthora culicis for adult Aedes aegypti was demonstrated for the first time. Conidia from field‐collected Chironomus decorus were highly infective for Aedes aegypti while those from several other species of midges were not. Conidia from experimentally infected A. aegypti and from yolk cultures were equally infective for other test A, aegypti. The results suggest that the incubation period of the disease ranges from 5 to 7 days but may extend to 10 days on occasion. Mortalities of 100% by Post‐Exposure Day 10 were observed in five small groups of adults subjected to conidial showers.
Passive Prophylaxis With Permethrin-Treated Tents Reduces Mosquito Bites Among North American Summer Campers

Abstract Objective.—Over 2 million adolescents participate in summer-camp experiences, placing themselves at risk for mosquito-borne illness. Insect repellent is recommended but often not used. It is unknown whether permethrin treatment of a location, such as a campsite, provides passive prophylaxis reducing mosquito bites among all persons in the immediate vicinity. Methods.—This randomized, double-blind controlled trial used 0.4% permethrin (2.5% permethrin diluted by 7 parts water) sprayed once onto the external surface of canvas tents at a Boy Scout summer camp. During a 9-week period, subjects (n = 545) completed nightly mosquito-bite and -landing counts for 5 minutes at dusk and recorded insect-repellent use within 2 hours of counting. Weekly mosquito sampling with CO2-baited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention traps occurred at study campsites. The primary outcome measure was the number of mosquito bites per 5 minutes. Results.—A total of 1614 person nights averaged 5.1 ± 7.2 (±SD) mosquito ...
Experimental results for interference between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b DSSS systems

There is an increasing presence of wireless LAN devices in the ISM band. Co-located operation of these devices causes mutual interference and performance degradation. This paper presents experimental results of interference measurements between sample Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11b DS-SS devices.
Panorpodes Discovered in North America (Mecoptera: Panorpodidae)

Abstract The first species of the scorpionfly genus Panorpodes found in North America and outside the eastern Palearctic is described and illustrated. A key to North American scorpionflies is provided.
The birth of scientific activism

At a politically charged meeting fifty years ago this month, a radical antifascist was elected president of the largest American scientific group. Never again would scientists be insulated from political and social concerns.
Endogenizing Institutions and their Changes

This paper proposes an analytical-cum-conceptual framework for understanding the nature of institutions as well as their changes. First, it proposes a new definition of institution based on the notion of common knowledge regarding self-sustaining features of social interactions with hope to integrate various disciplinary approaches to institutions and their changes. Second, it specifies some generic mechanisms of institutional coherence and change - overlapping social embeddedness, Schumpeterian innovation in bundling games and dynamic institutional complementarities - useful for understanding the dynamic interactions of economic, political, social, organizational and cognitive factors.
Carbon nanotube adsorptive materials derived from acid degradable poly(acetals)

In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a well-controlled and acid degradable poly(acetal) which can adsorb strongly to the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These polymers, generated via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET), incorporate pendant pyrene groups that are well-known to associate strongly to CNTs by noncovalent interactions. Films and solutions of the polymer were degraded through the controlled addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid in ethanol. The polymer’s ability to adsorb to and be removed from a CNT film was also evaluated.
Adult Rice Water Weevil Feeding Symptoms: Number Samples Required, Spatial and Seasonal Distribution in a Rice Field

Two rice fields were divided into 16 quadrats each. The quadrats contained levees and bay areas between levees. Analysis of variance of feeding activity of Lissorhoplrus oryzophilus Kuschel indicated that, except for a period soon after flood when clumping occurred along one side of fields, adults were rather uniformly dispersed among all quadrats within each field. However, definite clumping always occurred near levees. Activity declined rapidly to near zero within ca. 3 weeks after fields were flooded. The number of samples required to estimate mean density of young scarred leaves were relatively few (1–5) at the 25% accuracy level when populations were high enough to feed on 40–60% of the newly emerged rice leaves.
Improvement of the temperature resistance of aluminium-matrix composites using an acid phosphate binder

Binders are used in preforms from which metal-matrix composites are fabricated by liquid-metal infiltration. This paper (Part I) reports the preparation and characterization of various binders (by themselves). The characterization was in terms of the composition (by atomic absorption spectrometry and X-ray spectrometry), morphology, phases (by X-ray diffraction) and changes upon heating to 1200 °C (by thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry). The binders studied include silica, phosphates (prepared from Al (OH)3 and H3PO4) with the P/Al molar ratio ranging from 1–23, sodium silicate and acrylic emulsion. A phosphate binder was in the form of type B aluminium metaphosphate (Al(PO3)3) at 500 °C when the P/Al atom ratio = 2.2 in the liquid binder, and was in the form of type A aluminium metaphosphate (Al/(PO3)3) when the atom ratio ≥ 5.8 in the liquid binder. Most of the phosphate binders formed type A aluminium metaphosphate (Al(PO3)3) after heat treatment at 800 °C. The phosphate binder with P/Al atom ratio = 2.2 in the liquid binder formed cristobalite aluminium orthophosphate (AlPO4), and the phosphate binder with P/Al atom ratio = 24 in the liquid binder formed a combination of cristobalite aluminium orthophosphate (AlPO4) and metaphosphate glass after heat treatment at 1200 °C in argon.
Intramolecular Hydrogen-Bonding Effects on the Fluorescence of PRODAN Derivatives

The effects of intramolecular hydrogen-bonding on the fluorescence behavior of three derivatives of 6-propionyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene are reported. The H-bonding effects are revealed through comparisons with corresponding reference compounds in which the H-bond-donating hydroxyl groups are replaced with methoxy groups. In toluene, intramolecular H bonding gives rise to a dramatic increase in the fluorescence intensity but only a slight red shift in the position. This behavior is attributed to decreased efficiency in intersystem crossing due to an increase in the energy of the n → π* triplet state. The intramolecular H bond does not induce quenching in acetonitrile; however, in the presence of a very small concentration of methanol, a dual intramolecular, intermolecular H-bonding arrangement does lead to partial quenching as revealed by preferential solvation studies.