cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ozone-Induced Structural Changes in Monkey Respiratory System

Abstract The principal sites of ozone-induced damage in the respiratory tracts of monkeys are the anterior nasal cavity and respiratory bronchioles. Intermittent exposures (8 h/day) for 6 or 90 days to 0.15 or 0.30 ppm ozone resulted in ciliated cell necrosis, shortened cilia, and secretory cell hyperplasia with less stored glycoconjugates in the nasal region. Respiratory bronchiolitis was also observed in these monkeys at 6 days and persisted to 90 days of exposure. Even at the lower concentration of 0.15 ppm O s nonciliated bronchiolar cells appeared hypertrophied and increased in abundance in respiratory bronchioles. The response of respiratory bronchioles to intermittent (8 h/day), long-term ozone exposure of 0.4 or 0.64 ppm included the following morphometric changes: 1) a thicker wall and narrower lumen, 2) thicker epithelial compartment and a much thicker interstitial compartment, 3) shifts in epithelial cell populations with many more nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells and fewer squamous type I epithelial cells, 4) larger nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells with a larger compliment of cellular organelles associated with protein synthesis, 5) greater volumes of interstitial fibers and amorphous ground substance and 6) greater numbers of interstitial smooth muscle cells, neutrophils, macrophages and mast cells per surface area of epithelial basal lamina. Following cessation of exposure there was persistence of some degree of the hyperplastic and metaplastic epithelial changes, but worsening of interstitial fibrosis. The principal lesion in response to intermittent (8 h/day) O s exposure of 0.25 ppm daily or to cyclical exposures (9 cycles of 1 month of O s followed by 1 month of filtered air) for 18 months was respiratory bronchiolitis. Cyclically exposed monkeys, but not those exposed daily, had significantly increased total lung collagen content, chest wall compliance and inspiratory capacity. The conclusions of this study are: 1) there is persistent epithelial injury in the anterior nasal cavity and respiratory bronchiole by as low as 0.15 ppm 0 3 , 2) there is worsening of the respiratory bronchiole lesion in monkeys in the post-exposure period and 3) cyclical exposures cause more severe injury than continued daily exposures.
Studies on cytochrome c peroxidase. XIV. Recombination of apoenzyme with protoheme dialkyl esters and etioheme.

Abstract The recombination of apocytochrome c peroxidase with etioheme and protoheme alkyl esters (from dimethyl to dipentyl esters) was studied. Although these unnatural hemes, containing modified side chains at positions 6 and 7 of the porphyrin ring, were insoluble in aqueous alkaline solution, they recombined with the apoenzyme in 10 to 25% acetone solution. The heme-protein complexes were further purified by diethylaminoethyl cellulose column chromatography. The light absorption spectra of these synthetic enzymes and their reactivities with hydrogen peroxide, cyanide, fluoride, and azide were similar to those of the native enzyme. The enzymic activity of these synthetic enzymes was, however, less than 1% of that of the original enzyme when ferrocytochrome c was used as a substrate. On the other hand, the peroxidatic oxidation of ferrocyanide by dimethyl protoheme-containing enzyme was about 40% of that of the native enzyme. This enzymic activity was decreased to 2% by the elongation of these side chains to the dipentyl ester. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the synthetic enzymes were found to be mixtures of high and low spin compounds at -196°. On addition of a stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide, the synthetic enzymes were converted to stable peroxide intermediates (Complex ES) giving an intense free radical signal. On the basis of these observations, the importance of the side chains at positions 6 and 7 of the porphyrin ring was discussed.
Tuning into Tyndall windows

We report certain liquid mixtures that exhibit exotic Tyndall effects due to large contrast in refractive index modulation of their components. A sharp minimum in scattering enables these mixtures to notably modulate their optical diffusion. This can be applied in imaging, sensing, and displays.
The Enzymatic Synthesis of N-Methylglutamic Acid

Abstract A species of Pseudomonas which grows on methylamine as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen was isolated from soil enrichment cultures. The lack of pigmentation in the organism and its unusual substrate specificity suggest that it is a species of Pseudomonas distinct from those previously isolated from one carbon substrate enrichments. When grown on methylamine, the new Pseudomonas sp. elaborates an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction between methylamine and l-glutamate to form a hitherto unknown biological intermediate, N-methylglutamate, and ammonia. The enzyme is absent from cells grown on glycerol and ammonia in the absence of methylamine. A number of possible reaction mechanisms to explain N-methylglutamate synthesis have been studied with the conclusion that the reaction is reversible and most likely proceeds by a direct displacement mechanism. Evidence from studies with 15N-labeled substrates are not compatible with a transmethylation mechanism. The possible role of N-methylglutamate synthetase in the one carbon metabolism of this organism is suggested by the results of pulse-labeling experiments showing the appearance of isotope from 14C-methylamine in N-methylglutamate, sarcosine, serine, alanine, and aspartate in the order indicated.
A Shrinkage Theory of Asset Allocation Using Asset-pricing Models

This paper develops a shrinkage theory of asset allocation using asset-pricing models and provides insights into the recently developed Bayesian framework that uses informative prior distributions of Jensen's alpha. Each informative prior distribution of Jensen's alpha is shown to imply a shrinkage factor, which indicates the relative weight between the model and the data and thus measures the model's impact on asset allocation. The shrinkage factor is a function of four variables: the prior variance of Jensen's alpha, the sample size, the highest Sharpe ratio of the factor portfolios and the average variance of the residual terms in the regression of asset returns on the factors. The shrinkage theory explains why a asset-pricing model's impact on asset allocation is often weak unless the prior variance of Jensen's alpha is small. The empirical Bayes approach, in which the prior variance of Jensen's alpha is estimated from the observed data, is shown to assign equal weights to the model and the data so that they have equal impact on asset allocation. The shrinkage theory also provides a unified understanding of the different approaches in studies of international diversification. Inference about the magnitude of diversification benefits is found to be heavily influenced by economists' prior belief in the world version of the capital asset-pricing model.
Aging and Diversity: An Active Learning Experience (2nd ed.), by Chandra M. Mehrotra and Lisa S. Wagner

This book introduces a concise global definition of diversity and aging based on gender, religious practices, sexual orientation, place of residence, socioeconomic status, and racial and ethnic bac...
Family Connections: Addressing Behavior Issues: Practical Tips for Parents

When parents get together, the subject of appropriately addressing the behavior of their children often comes to the forefront of conversations. Parents share various challenges they face with thei...
When a New Deal is Actually an Old Deal: The Role of TVA in Engineering a Jim Crow Racialized Landscape

Megaprojects bring about dramatic change, but they also play a more under-analyzed role in reproducing traditional power relations and maintaining control over marginalized groups such as racial and ethnic minorities. The TVA, despite its progressive, reconstructive focus, perpetuated a Jim Crow style of racial discrimination against African Americans through its employment practices and community planning efforts, leading to the creation of the all-white town of Norris, Tennessee. As the TVA and the case of Norris illustrate, earth engineering can create racialized landscapes that work to reinforce, but also potentially challenge, racist social practices. The failure of the TVA to engineer adequate social change and reform for African Americans can be traced to the contested political environment surrounding the project, the racist assumptions of its planners, and the “grass-roots” philosophy and “political arithmetic” that planners carried out in rationalizing discrimination.
Assignment of cloned genes to the seven electrophoretically separated Candida albicans chromosomes.

Abstract By using orthogonal-field alternating gel electrophoresis (OFAGE), field-inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE), and contour-clamped homogeneous field gel electrophoresis (CHEF), we have clearly resolved 11 chromosomal bands from various Candida albicans strains. OFAGE resolves the smaller chromosomes better, while FIGE, which under our conditions causes the chromosomes to run in the reverse order of OFAGE, is more effective in separating the larger chromosomes. CHEF separates all chromosomes under some conditions, but these conditions do not often resolve homologs. The strains examined are highly polymorphic for chromosome size. Fourteen cloned Candida genes, isolated on the basis of conferral of new properties to or complementation of auxotrophic deficiencies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and three sequences of unknown function have been hybridized to Southern transfers of CHEF, FIGE, and OFAGE gels. Four sets of resolvable bands have been shown to be homologous chromosomes. On the basis of these data, we suggest that C. albicans has seven chromosomes. Genes have been assigned to the seven chromosomes. Two chromosomes identified genetically have been located on the electrophoretic karyotype.
Exploring response signals and targets in aggressive unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an analysis of targeted therapy phase 1 trials.

// Ishwaria M. Subbiah 1 , Gerald S. Falchook 2 , Ahmed O. Kaseb 3 , Kenneth R. Hess 4 , Apostolia M. Tsimberidou 2 , Siqing Fu 2 , Vivek Subbiah 2 , David S. Hong 2 , Aung Naing 2 , Sarina A. Piha-Paul 2 , Owais Akmal 3 , Filip Janku 2 and Razelle Kurzrock 5 1 Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 2 Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 3 Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 4 Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA 5 Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA Correspondence to: Ishwaria M. Subbiah, email: // Keywords : targeted agents, novel therapeutics, management, systemic therapy, clinical trials Received : June 01, 2015 Accepted : June 11, 2015 Published : June 23, 2015 Abstract PURPOSE: Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have limited effective therapeutic options. Given the rapid advanced in drug development and emergence of novel agents, we analyzed the characteristics and outcomes of HCC patients treated on early phase trials with an emphasis on targeted therapies. METHODS: We reviewed the records of consecutive HCC patients evaluated in the Phase I Clinical Trials Program at MD Anderson from March 2004. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were not treated due to poor performance status ( n = 22, 56%) and decision to pursue alternate therapies ( n = 10, 27%). Of 61 treated patients (median age, 60 years; median prior therapies, 3), eight patients (13%) attained stable disease lasting ≥6 months; four (7%) had a partial response, mainly with anti-angiogenic or multikinase inhibitors. Median Phase I progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.6 months versus 4.4 months ( p 0.019) and 4.1 months ( p 0.27) for their first-, and second-line FDA-approved therapy. Molecular analysis showed frequent PTEN loss (10/19 patients, 53%) and P53 mutation (4/4 patients tested). On multivariate analysis, independent factors predicting shorter survival were white ethnicity/race (p 0.031), cirrhosis ( p 0.016), and serum sodium ( p 0.0013). CONCLUSIONS: In our heavily-pretreated HCC patients, the phase I PFS was comparable to that of 2 nd -line therapy, highlighting a potential role for clinical trials after progression on first-line therapy. The response rate (SD>6 months/PR) of 20% was observed with early signals of activity in regimens combining inhibitors of angiogenesis, multiple kinases and mTOR with preliminary molecular analysis revealing prevalence of PTEN loss.
Current concepts in management of oral cancer – Surgery

Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide, with a high prevalence in South Asia. Tobacco and alcohol consumption remain the most dominant etiologic factors, however HPV has been recently implicated in oral cancer. Surgery is the most well established mode of initial definitive treatment for a majority of oral cancers. The factors that affect choice of treatment are related to the tumor and the patient. Primary site, location, size, proximity to bone, and depth of infiltration are factors which influence a particular surgical approach. Tumors that approach or involve the mandible require specific understanding of the mechanism of bone involvement. This facilitates the employment of mandible sparing approaches such as marginal mandibulectomy and mandibulotomy. Reconstruction of major surgical defects in the oral cavity requires use of a free flap. The radial forearm free flap provides excellent soft tissue and lining for soft tissue defects in the oral cavity. The fibula free flap remains the choice for mandibular reconstruction. Over the course of the past thirty years there has been improvement in the overall survival of patients with oral carcinoma largely due to the improved understanding of the biology of local progression, early identification and treatment of metastatic lymph nodes in the neck, and employment of adjuvant post-operative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. The role of surgery in primary squamous cell carcinomas in other sites in the head and neck has evolved with integration of multidisciplinary treatment approaches employing chemotherapy and radiotherapy either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, larynx preservation with concurrent chemoradiotherapy has become the standard of care for locally advanced carcinomas of the larynx or pharynx requiring total laryngectomy. On the other hand, for early staged tumors of the larynx and pharynx, transoral laser microsurgery has become an effective means of local control of these lesions. Advances in skull base surgery have significantly improved the survivorship of patients with malignant tumors of the paranasal sinuses approaching or involving the skull base. Surgery thus remains the mainstay of management of a majority of neoplasms arising in the head and neck area. Similarly, the role of the surgeon is essential throughout the life history of a patient with a malignant neoplasm in the head and neck area, from initial diagnosis through definitive treatment, post-treatment surveillance, management of complications, rehabilitation of the sequelae of treatment, and finally for palliation of symptoms.
Temperature studies of sulfur passivated GaAs(100) contacts

Abstract Good ohmic contacts are essential for high speed devices and nuclear detector applications. Sulfur adsorption onto GaAs surfaces has been shown to be very effective in forming good ohmic contacts. Thermal desorption results of residual gas analysis and Auger electron spectroscopy show that the desorption of oxygen and sulfur from passivated GaAs(100) surfaces occurs over the temperature ranges of 400–500 °C and 520–600 °C, respectively. The oxygen signal disappears when sulfur decreases at 500 °C, and the sulfur signal disappears at 600 °C. The reliability of the contacts on doped passivated GaAs has shown the loss of ohmicity above 200 °C. The correlation of the physical and electrical characterizations of the contacts on doped materials are also discussed.
Characterization of rat transferrin receptor cDNA: the regulation of transferrin receptor mRNA in testes and in Sertoli cells in culture.

A 3.4 kilobase cDNA complementary to rat transferrin receptor mRNA has been isolated from an adult rat testis cDNA library. The rat transferrin receptor nucleotide sequence was shown to be 82% similar to the human transferrin receptor sequence over the amino acid coding region and over 90% similar in the sequences known to be responsible for iron regulation in the human mRNA. The mRNA was shown by Northern blot analysis to be regulated by iron levels in Sertoli cells in culture. Iron depletion resulted in at least a 5-fold increase in receptor message in Sertoli cells, as well as in an actively growing testicular cell line (S10–7). The level of transferrin receptor mRNA in cultured Sertoli cells was not influenced by hormones; however, chronic administration of testosterone or FSH to hypophysectomized rats resulted in increased transferrin receptor mRNA levels in the testis. Northern blot analysis of mRNAs from testes of rats synchronized at various stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium showe...
High brightness laser design based on volume Bragg gratings

This paper is a survey of recent achievements at the College of Optics and Photonics/CREOL at the University of Central Florida in the use of newly developed diffractive optical elements which are volume Bragg gratings recorded in a photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass. Three levels of semiconductor laser design are proposed to achieve high-power low-divergence output. The first level is the change of a mechanism of transverse mode selection from spatial selection by apertures to angular selection by PTR Bragg gratings. This approach allows increasing of aperture without increasing of length and selecting of arbitrary mode but not only a fundamental one. The second level is coherent coupling of emitters by means of PTR Bragg gratings which provide excitation of the only one common mode in a multichannel resonator. This type of phase locking automatically leads to a narrow spectral width of emission usually not exceeding a few tens of picometers. The third level is spectral beam combining by a stack of PTR Bragg gratings which re-direct radiation from several phase coupled arrays to the same direction within diffraction limited divergence. This approach allows simplifying of thermal management because the only passive device with low absorption (a PTR beam combiner) is placed in a high power laser beam.
Corrigendum to “Polynomial Cunningham chains” [J. Number Theory 131 (11) (2011) 2100–2106]

Abstract A sequence of polynomials f 1 ( x ) , f 2 ( x ) , … in Z [ x ] , such that f 1 ( x ) has positive leading coefficient, each f i ( x ) is irreducible in Q [ x ] and f i ( x ) = x f i − 1 ( x ) + ϵ for all i , is defined to be a polynomial Cunningham chain of the first or second kind, depending on whether ϵ = 1 or −1 respectively. If k is the least positive integer such that f k + 1 ( x ) is reducible in Q [ x ] , then we say the chain has length k . In the previous article, “Polynomial Cunningham chains”, a proof is given that there exist infinitely many polynomial Cunningham chains of length k of either kind. It is also deduced from this result that there exist infinitely polynomial Cunningham chains of infinite length of either kind. However, the proof contains an error. In this article we give correct proofs of these statements.
Monte Carlo simulation of stellar intensity interferometry

Stellar intensity interferometers will achieve stellar imaging with a tenth of a milli- arcsecond resolution in the optical band by taking advantage of the large light collect- ing area and broad range of inter-telescope distances offered by future gamma-ray Air Cherenkov Telescope (ACT) arrays. Up to now, studies characterizing the capabilities of intensity interferometers using ACTs have not accounted for realistic effects such as telescope mirror extension, detailed photodetector time response, excess noise, and night sky contamination. In this paper, we present the semi-classical quantum optics Monte-Carlo simulation we developed in order to investigate these experimental limi- tations. In order to validate the simulation algorithm, we compare our first results to models for sensitivity and signal degradation resulting from mirror extension, pulse shape, detector excess noise, and night sky contamination.
The effect on rapport of experimenters' approach and avoidance responses to positive and negative self-references.

Abstract In a 2 × 2 × 6 factorial design, rapport was studied as a function of approach or avoidance to positive or negative self-references by 6 Es. Rapport was operationally denned principally by Semantic Differential scale ratings of the concept “This Psychotherapist” and secondarily by measures of self-evaluation and anxiety. The results indicated the fostering of a “good listener” image in terms of E approach or avoidance behavior, and a “task-oriented” image in terms of E behavior contingent on positive or negative self-references. As experimental manipulations affect operational definitions of rapport, this aspect of therapy may be studied with a view to its enhancement in clinical situations.
Role of the RNA polymerase sigma subunit in transcription initiation

In bacteria, σ subunits direct the catalytically competent RNA polymerase core enzyme to promoters. Recent advances in our understanding of bacterial RNA polymerase reveal that σ subunits are intimately involved in all aspects of transcription initiation including promoter location, promoter melting, initiation of RNA synthesis, abortive initiation and promoter escape.
On the Use of Nonphysician Associate Residents in Overcrowded Specialty-Training Programs

A number of solutions have been proposed to correct the substantial oversupply of physicians that already exists or will exist by the end of this decade. These include decreasing the number of medi...
Potential role of nephrectomy in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis.

Abstract Objectives. To examine the outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who underwent initial nephrectomy as a component of therapy, because the role of nephrectomy in the treatment of patients with metastatic RCC is uncertain. Methods. A retrospective review of 63 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy with or without additional surgical procedures in the setting of metastatic RCC was performed. Pretreatment characteristics and the type of surgery were examined as predictors of outcome, and the type of systemic therapy received (if any) and overall survival were determined. Results. The median patient age was 59 years (range 39 to 79). Thirty-two patients had a single metastatic site, with the most common sites being the lung (n = 33), lymphatics (n = 32), and bone (n = 19). Seventeen patients (27%) also underwent vena cavotomy during surgery. Two patients died perioperatively. Thirty-nine (62%) patients underwent systemic therapy after surgery, and 6 patients (9.5%) were rendered free of disease and elected not to receive systemic treatment. The median survival was 17.8 months. Conclusions. Primary renal surgery may be beneficial for selected patients with metastatic RCC, and most patients will be able to receive postoperative systemic therapy.
A unified framework for 3rd generation lidar pulse processing based on finite rate of innovations

In this paper, we introduce a LIDAR return pulse analysis framework based on the concept of finite rate of innovations (FRI). Specifically, the proposed FRI-based model allows us to characterize the temporal return pulse envelopes captured by 3rd generation LIDAR systems in a low dimensional space. Furthermore, the extracted model parameters can often be mapped to specific physical features of the scene being captured, aiding in high-level interpretation. After describing the model formulation and extraction process, we illustrate its potential utility in two specific applications: sub-spot size ranging (super-resolution) and random impulsive scene scanning. In the course of this discussion, we also relate the FRI model to compressive sensing and sparse range-map reconstruction.
Hydrodynamics of a Soft Contact Lens During Sliding Motion

Tear film thickness and pressure distribution under a tilting soft contact lens with peripheral slopes during the early stage of a blink are calculated for various flexibility and aspect ratios. The system is modeled as a slider bearing with the lens behaving as a deformable surface sliding over a rigid eye. The tear is considered to be a linearly viscous (Newtonian) fluid. The velocity profile at the edges and the junctions of the slopes are also calculated for a typical soft contact lens. Back flow at the edges is predicted. It is shown that the tilting of the lens has a major affect on the tendency of the pressure distribution. Also important is the lens' flexibility for it influences both the film thickness and pressure distribution noticeably.
Effects of L-dopa on serum prolactin and PIF in intact and hypophysectomized, pituitary-grafted rats.

The effects of L-dopa were assessed on serum prolactin, on hypothalamic prolactininhibiting factor content and on serum prolactin releasing activity in hypophysectomized female rats with or without an anterior pituitary (AP) graft and in intact female rats. In 2 separate experiments a single ip injection of L-dopa in hypophysectomized rats with an AP graft decreased serum prolactin concentration by 50–60% within 2 hr. L-Dopa increased hypothalamic PIF content by 35% and the blood serum from these rats decreased pituitary prolactin release in vitro by 65%. In hypophysectomized rats with no AP transplant, L-dopa elicited similar changes in the ability of the hypothalamus and serum to influence prolactin release. In intact rats, injection of L-dopa depressed serum prolactin concentration, increased hypothalamic PIF content and evoked the presence of prolactin inhibiting activity in the serum. These results suggest that L-dopa inhibits pituitary prolactin release by increasing hypothalamic synthesis and relea...
Nitrification inhibitors from the roots of Leucaena leucocephala.

The nitrification inhibition (NI) bioassay guided fractionation of the methanol extract of lyophilized and milled roots of Leuceana leucocephala resulted in the isolation of four compounds, 1–4, as confirmed from their 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. Compound 1, gallocatechin, was the most active NI inhibitor at 12 μg/mL. Epigallocatechin, 2, and epicatechin, 4, isolated as mixtures, were not assayed individually for their NI inhibitory activities against the nitrification bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea. Keywords: Leuceana leucocephala; Nitrosomonas europaea; gallocatechin; epigallocatechin; catechin; epicatechin; nitrification inhibitors
Advertising and the Transformation of American Society, 1865-1920:

Preface The American Economy in Transition The Men, the Media, and the Message, 1865-1900 Any Fool Can Make Soap Leisure Time for the Ladies: Bicycles, Cameras, Appliances, and Other Luxuries Trademarks and Brand Names--Selling the Image I'd Walk a Mile for a Camel Advertising Comes of Age Bibliography Index
An investigation into the managerial roles and career paths of gatekeepers and project supervisors in a major R&D facility

This study investigates the role of gatekeepers in the transfer of information within a single RD in contrast, one half of the non-gatekeeping project leaders had ascended the technical ladder. This implies that higher managerial levels demand strong interpersonal as well as technical skills.
Significance of Epidote in Orbicular Diorite from the Grenville Front Zone, Eastern Labrador

Orbicules in diorite from the Grenville Front zone of eastern Labrador are defined by shell structures alternately enriched and depleted in biotite, epidote and magnetite. Hornblende occurs locally in orbicule cores and the matrix, but not in the shells. The shells enclose plagioclase-rich (An40-4s), leucodioritic cores containing biotite, epidote, magnetite and/or hornblende-bearing mafic clots. The matrix of the orbicules is mineralogically-similar to the orbicule cores, but is mesocratic, and contains relatively sodic plagioclase and accessory quartz and K-feldspar. In places, hornblende contains quartz oikocrysts, implying the resorption of early-formed clinopyroxene, and is rimmed by biotite and epidote. The latter phases also occur as inclusions in quartz-free hornblende interpreted to have crystallized directly from the magma. Epidote has a pistacite content of 21 to 26 and occurs as (1) tiny, idiomorphic crystals ('epidote I') enclosed by plagioclase or hornblende, and (2) relatively large (to 1 ram) grains with vermicular textures ('epidote II'), particularly where in mutual contact with biotite (or hornblende) and plagioclase. These microstructures suggest that epidote is a magmatic phase which formed by direct crystallization from the magma, and by reaction of previously-formed minerals with the magma. The following approximate paragenetic sequence has been inferred for orbicule cores and the matrix: clinopyroxene (clinopyroxene resorbed [--+ poikilitic hornblende]), epidote I, Ca-Na plagioclase, biotite, hornblende (biotite and/or hornblende + plagioclase resorbed [--+ epidote II]), quartz + K-feldspar. Biotite compositions became progressively more Fe-rich during crystallization (X~ag ~- 0.6 --+ 0.4), and the first-formed plagioclase (inclusions in quartz-free hornblende in orbicule cores) is more calcic (Ansi) than the last (matrix grains: An3s). The appearance of epidote early in the crystallization history of the diorite testifies to elevated PH2o and PTotal (PT). The most aluminous hornblende indicates maximum Pr of 5 to 6 kbar. Orbicule shell structures are interpreted to have crystallized from supercooled boundary layers enclosing watersaturated globules within the dioritic magma. Although sufficient to suppress the formation of hornblende in the shell structures, the extent of magma supercooling did not permit the development of comb layering in the orbicules. Supercooling is attributed to an influx into the magma of water from an unidentified source.
Metabolism of benzene and phenol in macrophages in vitro and the inhibition of RNA synthesis by benzene metabolites.

Benzene may affect hemopoiesis by damaging the bone marrow stroma that provides the microenvironment for hemopoiesis. A possible target of benzene toxicity in the stroma is the macrophage, which is a major source of protein factors required for the proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells. As an initial approach towards understanding whether benzene inhibits hemopoietic factor production in bone marrow stroma, the metabolism of benzene and phenol has been studied and the effect of benzene and its metabolites on macrophage RNA synthesis has been examined. Benzene is not metabolized in macrophages but phenol, the major metabolite of benzene in bone marrow, is converted by peroxidase in the macrophage to both free metabolites and species which covalently bind to cellular macromolecules. Benzene and its metabolites inhibited RNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 5 × 10−3M for benzene, 2.5 × 10−3 M for phenol, 2.5 × 10−5 M for hydroquinone, and 6 × 10−6 M for p-benzoquinone; this inhibition was not attributable to loss of cell viability. Benzene, possibly by an inhibition of uridine transport into macrophages, and phenol, by its conversion to covalently binding species, inhibit RNA synthesis in macrophages and thus may inhibit the synthesis of colony stimulating factors required for hemopoiesis.
Imprinting of Nesp55 gene in cattle

Studies in mouse and human have established that the exon encoding the neuroendocrine secretory protein Nesp55 is transcribed exclusively from the maternal allele. To study the imprinting status of Nesp55 in cattle, we examined transcripts of this exon in a wide range of tissues from four fetuses and the dam of one of the fetuses (not all tissues were examined in all subjects). A polymorphic site was used to determine transcript status as monoallelic or biallelic. The expression analysis was by direct sequencing of RT-PCR products amplified from the tissues. Nesp55 transcripts were detected in many tissues, in contrast to previous studies in which Nesp55 was detected by immunoassays in endocrine and nervous tissues only. In all five individuals, Nesp55 showed monoallelic expression. In one of the fetuses, parental origin of the expressed allele could not be determined; in the others monoallelic expression was clearly maternal. Thus, bovine Nesp55 is maternally expressed like its counterparts in mouse and human.
A META ANALYSIS OF THE VALIDITY OF PREDICTORS OF PERFORMANCE IN LAW SCHOOL

Although there is considerable evidence that the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and the undergraduate grade-point average (UGPA) have a useful degree of predictive validity, there is also a large variation in the magnitude of the coefficients across schools. Understanding this variation has important implications for the use and interpretation of results of a validity study conducted at an individual school. A meta analysis of the validity results and data on applicants to 154 law schools was conducted in an effort to better understand this observed variation. The standard deviation (SD) on the LSAT and the correlation between the LSAT and UGPA for accepted students at each law school accounted for 58.5% of the between-school variance in the multiple correlations of these two predictors with first-year average grade in law school. Sampling error accounted for an additional 12% of the variance. Hence, only a small fraction of the between-school variability in validities remains to be explained by other statistical artifacts of situational specificity factors. Mean validities and 90% credibility values for four adjustment procedures are reported as are the mean observed validities for different combinations of predictors.
Brain temperature measurement: A study of in vitro accuracy and stability of smart catheter temperature sensors

The injured brain is vulnerable to increases in temperature after severe head injury. Therefore, accurate and reliable measurement of brain temperature is important to optimize patient outcome. In this work, we have fabricated, optimized and characterized temperature sensors for use with a micromachined smart catheter for multimodal intracranial monitoring. Developed temperature sensors have resistance of 100.79 ± 1.19Ω and sensitivity of 67.95 mV/°C in the operating range from15–50°C, and time constant of 180 ms. Under the optimized excitation current of 500 μA, adequate signal-to-noise ratio was achieved without causing self-heating, and changes in immersion depth did not introduce clinically significant errors of measurements (<0.01°C). We evaluated the accuracy and long-term drift (5 days) of twenty temperature sensors in comparison to two types of commercial temperature probes (USB Reference Thermometer, NIST-traceable bulk probe with 0.05°C accuracy; and IT-21, type T type clinical microprobe with guaranteed 0.1°C accuracy) under controlled laboratory conditions. These in vitro experimental data showed that the temperature measurement performance of our sensors was accurate and reliable over the course of 5 days. The smart catheter temperature sensors provided accuracy and long-term stability comparable to those of commercial tissue-implantable microprobes, and therefore provide a means for temperature measurement in a microfabricated, multimodal cerebral monitoring device.
PRACTICAL WISDOM: ARISTOTLE MEETS POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

The strengths and virtues identified by positive psychology are treated as logically independent, and it is recommended that people identify their “signature” strengths and cultivate them, because more of a strength is better [Peterson and Seligman: 2004, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (Oxford University Press, New York); Seligman: 2002, Authentic Happiness (Free Press, New York)]. The present paper contrasts that view with the Aristotelian view that virtues are interdependent, that happiness (eudaimonia) requires all the virtues, and that more of a virtue is not always better than less. We argue that practical wisdom is the master virtue essential to solving problems of specificity, relevance, and conflict that inevitably arise whenever character strengths must be translated into action in concrete situations. We also argue that practical wisdom is becoming increasingly difficult to nurture and display in modern society, so that attention must be paid to reshaping social institutions to encourage the use of practical wisdom rather than inhibiting it.
Tyrosine kinase B and C receptors in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens are co-localized in enkephalin-positive and enkephalin-negative neuronal profiles and their expression is influenced by cocaine

Abstract Single- and double-label immunohistochemistry were used to determine the extent to which the tyrosine kinase B and C receptors, are expressed in enkephalin-immunopositive or enkephalin-immunonegative neuronal profiles in the rat neostriatum and nucleus accumbens. Results indicate that tyrosine kinase B and C receptors are co-localized in both enkephalin-positive and enkephalin-negative neurons in both of these nuclei, which suggests that these receptors influence both the striatal–pallidal (enkephalin) and striatal–ventral mesencephalic (substance P/dynorphin) pathways. We also examined the influence of acute or repeated injections of cocaine on the number of tyrosine kinase B and C receptors immunoreactive neuronal profiles in the rat neostriatum and nucleus accumbens. Following an acute injection of cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.), there were significant decreases in the number of tyrosine kinase B and C receptors immunoreactive profiles in specific regions of the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens relative to saline-pretreated rats. One or 14 days following the last of seven daily injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine or saline there were no differences in the numbers of tyrosine kinase B or C receptors immunoreactive neuronal profiles between these treatment groups. Collectively, the present results indicate that tyrosine kinase B and C receptors in the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens are co-localized in enkephalin-positive and enkephalin-negative neuronal profiles, which suggests that the striatal medium spiny neurons expressing tyrosine kinase B and C receptors include those that project to the pallidum or the ventral mesencephalon. The current results also show that an acute injection of cocaine results in a decrease in the number of tyrosine kinase B and C receptors immunoreactive neuronal profiles in specific regions of the nucleus accumbens and neostriatum, indicating that cocaine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the striatal complex result in compensatory decreases in the expression of tyrosine kinase B and C receptors.
The effects of methylphenidate on various types of activity level and attention in hyperkinetic children.

The effects of methylphenidate on a number of objective measures of activity level and attention were assessed on three repeated occasions in four types of settings: free play, movie viewing, testing, and restricted play periods. Subjects were 36 boys between 5 and 12 years of age and of average intelligence. Of these, 18 were diagnosed as hyperkinetic and participated in a double-blind drug-placebo crossover design. The remaining 18 boys, matched in age and IQ with the hyperkinetic children, served as a control group and received no drugs. Results indicated that compared to placebo, methylphenidate significantly reduced wrist, ankle, locomotor, and seat movement activity in the hyperkinetic children regardless of the type of setting in which the measures were taken. Relatively fewer significant drug effects were noted on the measures of concentration or attention. While concentration to reaction time, maze performance, and a movie viewing task improved during drug treatment, the length of attention to toys in free play was not significantly improved. Parental ratings of activity level were also improved by the drug. The hyperkinetic children were also observed to increase their level of task-irrelevant activity over time while control children remained relatively stable in activity over repeated assessment. Despite the positive drug effects, clinical observations suggested that methyl-phenidate may have reduced the interest of some children in their environment.
Factor Analyses of Prospective Teachers’ Differences

(1950). Factor Analyses of Prospective Teachers’ Differences. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 287-319.
Identification and characterization of a series of nucleoside adducts formed by the reaction of 2'-deoxyguanosine and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane under physiological conditions.

The carcinogenicity of 1,3-butadiene (BD) has been attributed to its in vivo metabolites, 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB) and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). In this study, DEB was demonstrated to react with 2‘-deoxyguanosine (dG) under in vitro physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C) to yield several pairs of diastereomeric adducts, including N-(2-hydroxy-1-oxiranylethyl)-2‘-deoxyguanosine (P4-1 and P4-2), 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-3,5,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,3-diazepino[1,2-a]purin-11(11H)one (P6), 1-(2-hydroxy-2-oxiranylethyl)-2‘-deoxyguanosine (P8 and P9), 1-[3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)propyl]-2‘-deoxyguanosine (1AP9 and 2AP9), and 4,8-dihydroxy-1-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-9-hydroxymethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrimido[2,1-b]purinium ion (1BP4 and 2BP4). The 7-alkylation dG adducts (P5 and P5‘) were not characterized directly by NMR spectrometry because of their instability. However, their formula weights were determined to be 354, and their acid hydrolysis products we...
An illusion of proximal radiation of pain due to distally directed inhibition.

Abstract The perceived site of pain can frequently radiate from the site of tissue injury. However, the mechanisms supporting spatial aspects of cutaneous pain radiation remain poorly understood. Such mismatches between the actual location and the perceived location of stimuli are also found across other somatosensory modalities. During simultaneous innocuous stimulation at multiple sites, proximal stimuli are perceived as more intense than distal stimuli. To determine if pain radiates in a predominantly proximal direction, 20 subjects rated pain intensity from simultaneously applied pairs of noxious (49°C) thermal stimuli. Proximal and distal stimuli were each rated separately. As the distance between probes was decreased, pain from the proximal site increased relative to that arising from the distal site. Comparisons between paired stimuli and single control (49°C) stimuli revealed that pain arising from the distal stimulus site was inhibited. This distally directed inhibition produced an illusion that pain radiates in a proximal direction. The proximal radiation/distal inhibition of pain observed in the present investigation may represent a perceptual “copy” of neural information used to modulate withdrawal responses. Thus, supraspinally mediated responses to pain can be coordinated with spinally mediated withdrawal reflexes. Perspective Radiation of pain is a perplexing clinical problem. The present findings indicate that the perceived location of pain may be shaped by inhibitory as well as facilitatory processes.
Cholinesterase inhibitors were associated with increased risk for syncope and its consequences in older persons with dementia

Source Citation Gill SS, Anderson GM, Fischer HD, et al. Syncope and its consequences in patients with dementia receiving cholinesterase inhibitors: a population-based cohort study. Arch Intern Med...
Scattering of ground based lasers by aerosols in an atmosphere with enhanced particle content

Abstract A component of the proposed Strategic Defense Initiative may be a high power ground based laser system. In scenarios which may lead to a nuclear winter, the aerosol content and composition of the atmosphere is altered. Within this environment, this paper examines the effect of scattering of the ground based laser by aerosols in order to determine the degree of deterioration of the laser beam. The thermodynamics of aerosol and ambient medium heating by pulsed high energy lasers is calculated to determine the time-dependent temperature variations of the aerosol surface and surrounding medium. The resulting temperature variations give rise to non-uniformities in the index of refraction which act as scattering centers for the laser beam. The scattering of the laser beam from these non-uniform index of refraction centers is calculated by the use of the Born approximation. The range of aerosol and laser beam variables that may cause significant deterioration of the ground based laser is discussed.
A Fluorescent GTP Analogue as a Single Molecule Fluorescence Label of Microtubules

Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers which play a role in cell division, cell mechanics, and intracellular transport. Dynamic studies of microtubule function make use of fluorescent labels via antibodies, paclitaxel, and direct attachment to the tubulin protein. However, these labels suffer from drawbacks such as transient labeling, occlusion of functional sites on the microtubule surface, or structural non-specificity. Here we report a new, complementary fluorescent labeling technique that avoids these drawbacks. A fluorescently modified GTP analogue is used to polymerize microtubules from tubulin dimers. This GTP analogue binds selectively to the exchangeable GTP-binding site (E-site) on the tubulin dimer, which is available only during polymerization. The E-site affinity of this GTP analogue is about 100 fold weaker than that of GTP. Because this labeling technique places a bright fluorophore at a defined location within the microtubule lattice, it may facilitate observations of microtubule dynamics with increased precision.
Adverse effect of the combination of hypothyroidism and chronic psychosocial stress on hippocampus-dependent memory in rats

Both hypothyroidism and stress interfere with cognitive function in patients. This study examined the effect of hypothyroidism and stress on hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in rats using the novel radial arm water maze (RAWM), which measures spatial working memory. Hypothyroidism was accomplished by thyroidectomy and 2 weeks later a form of intruder stress was used as the chronic psychosocial stressor. After 4-6 weeks of stress, rats were trained to learn (during the acquisition phase; four trials) and then remember (during two memory test trials occurring 15 and 120 min after the acquisition phase) the within-day location of a hidden escape platform, which was in different arm every day. The number of errors (entry into arms other than the platform arm) was noted. Within-day learning of the platform location was largely unaffected by the experimental manipulations, indicating that rats in all groups were equally capable of finding the platform to escape from the water with similar numbers of errors (P > 0.005). The number of days a rat took to reach a criterion (DTC; a maximum of one error in three consecutive days) indicated that chronic stress or hypothyroidism, alone, resulted in a mild impairment of spatial memory, and the combination of chronic stress and hypothyroidism resulted in a more severe and long-lasting memory impairment. The data indicated that the combination of stress and hypothyroidism produced more deleterious effects on hippocampal function than either chronic stress or hypothyroidism alone.