cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Butylated Hydroxyanisole on the Tumorigenicity and Metabolism of N-Nitrosodimethylamine and N-Nitrosopyrrolidine in A/J Mice

Female A/J mice were maintained on NIH-07 diet or on NIH-07 diet containing butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, a mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole), 5 mg/g, for 1 week prior to and during 10 weeks of treatment with N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) or N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), administered in the drinking water. Twenty weeks after nitrosamine treatment ended, mice were sacrificed and lung adenomas were counted. BHA inhibited NDMA tumorigenesis but enhanced NPYR tumorigenesis. Treatment of A/J mice for three weeks with BHA (5 mg/g) added to semisynthetic diet increased whole lung microsomal alpha-hydroxylation of NDMA and NPYR, as measured by aldehyde production, and increased lung and hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activities. No evidence was found for formation of S-methylglutathione in incubations with NDMA and hepatic supernatants obtained from BHA treated or control mice. Four h after gavage of NDMA, levels of 7-methylguanine in the lung DNA of mice treated with BHA were higher than in the lung DNA of control mice, but levels of O6-methylguanine in the two groups were the same. The results of this study indicate that BHA treatment increases the microsomal metabolic alpha hydroxylation of both NDMA and NPYR, but has differential effects on their tumorigenic activities.
Novel Low Overhead Post-Silicon Self-Correction Technique for Parallel Prefix Adders Using Selective Redundancy and Adaptive Clocking

In this paper, we present a post-silicon self-correction technique to leverage the redundancy present in parallel prefix adders (PPA). Our technique is based on the fact that a set of carries in PPAs can be made mutually exclusive. Therefore, defects in a set of bits can only corrupt the corresponding set of Sum outputs whereas the remaining Sums are computed correctly. To efficiently utilize the above property of PPAs in presence of defects, we perform addition in multiple clock cycles. In cycle-1, one of the correct set of bits are computed and stored at the output registers. In the subsequent cycles, the operands are shifted by one bit at a time and the remaining sets of bits are recovered. This allows us to compute the correct output at the cost of throughput degradation and minor area and delay overhead while maintaining high frequency and yield. Finally, the proposed technique is used in a superscalar processor, whereby the self-correcting adder is assigned lower priority than fault-free adders to reduce the overall throughput degradation.
Reducing the effect of load torque disturbances in dual inertia systems with lost motion

Industrial motor drives and controllers are connected to a variety of applications. Dual inertia systems with lost motion are particularly hard to model and control. This paper discusses the utilization of acceleration feedback to reduce the effects of load torque disturbances and stabilize the plant output. Following theoretical analysis and simulations, two experimental test stands were utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the solution.
The role of TRADD in TRAIL-induced apoptosis and signaling

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily. TRAIL is promising for anticancer therapy because it induces apoptosis in cancer cells with little or no toxicity to normal cells; hence, TRAIL-receptor agonists are currently undergoing clinical trials for cancer treatment. However, many molecular signaling mechanisms in TRAIL signaling are not completely characterized. The functions of adaptor proteins, including TNF-receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) and receptor-interacting protein-1 (RIP1) in TRAIL signaling have been controversial. We demonstrate that while wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are completely resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, MEFs derived from Tradd−/− mice are hypersensitive to TRAIL (IC50∼0.5 nM rmTRAIL, 24 h), an effect also seen in primary keratinocytes treated with TRAIL/CHX. Restoration of TRADD in Tradd−/− MEFs restores TRAIL resistance, indicating that TRADD plays a survival role in TRAIL signali...
Incrementally extensible hypercube (IEH) graphs

The authors propose a new family of interconnection topology that can be used to design communication architectures for distributed systems with an arbitrary number of computing nodes. The design is based on a novel generalization of the well-known hypercube graphs. The proposed topology is shown to be incrementally extensible in steps of 1 and to be optimally fault tolerant, and its diameter is logarithmic in the number of nodes. For any given number of nodes, the difference of the maximum and the minimum degree of a node in the graph is >
Characteristics of Adolescent Women Who Stop Using Contraception after Use at First Sexual Intercourse

Abstract Study Objective Identify correlates of contraceptive discontinuation, which if modified, might make teenagers more, not less, effective contraceptors as they age. Setting Teen clinic. Participants Teenagers who used contraception at first intercourse (N = 120). Some “never” used contraception during the 4 months immediately prior to the survey (“contraceptive stoppers”; n = 38). The others (n = 82) did so “always” or “most of the time” (“consistent contraceptive users”). Interventions Questionnaire responses were used to determine univariate and multivariate associations between contraceptive use group and five categories of factors: inability to plan for sex, belief that pregnancy is unlikely to occur, belief that contraceptives are unsafe, inability to negotiate contraceptive use, and lack of desire to remain non-pregnant. Main Outcome Measure Odds of being a contraceptive stopper. Results In univariate analyses contraceptive stoppers scored significantly higher on scales that assessed inability to plan for sex, belief that pregnancy is unlikely, and lack of desire to remain non-pregnant. Contraceptive stoppers were also older and more likely to have been sexually active for at least 6 months. In multivariate analyses, those who were sexually active for at least 6 months (odds ratio [OR]: 2.9, confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.1–7.1), those who believed that pregnancy was unlikely (OR: 3.8; 95% CI: 1.7–8.6), and those who lacked the desire to remain non-pregnant (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.4–5.1) were more likely to stop using contraception. Conclusions Our findings suggest that teens who use contraception at coitarche stop doing so as they mature sexually because they begin to doubt the necessity and desirability of using contraceptives. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if such doubts are preventable and if doing so encourages teens to continue to use contraception.
A simple, practical and complete O(n³/log n)-time algorithm for RNA folding using the four-Russians speedup

The problem of computationally predicting the secondary structure (or folding) of RNA molecules was first introduced more than thirty years ago and yet continues to be an area of active research and development. The basic RNA-folding problem of finding a maximum cardinality, non-crossing, matching of complimentary nucleotides in an RNA sequence of length n, has an O(n3)-time dynamic programming solution that is widely applied. It is known that an o(n3) worst-case time solution is possible, but the published and suggested methods are complex and have not been established to be practical. Significant practical improvements to the original dynamic programming method have been introduced, but they retain the O(n3) worst-case time bound when n is the only problem-parameter used in the bound. Surprisingly, the most widely-used, general technique to achieve a worst-case (and often practical) speed up of dynamic programming, the Four-Russians technique, has not been previously applied to the RNA-folding problem. This is perhaps due to technical issues in adapting the technique to RNA-folding. In this paper, we give a simple, complete, and practical Four-Russians algorithm for the basic RNA-folding problem, achieving a worst-case time-bound of O(n3/ log(n)). We show that this time-bound can also be obtained for richer nucleotide matching scoring-schemes, and that the method achieves consistent speed-ups in practice. The contribution is both theoretical and practical, since the basic RNA-folding problem is often solved multiple times in the inner-loop of more complex algorithms, and for long RNA molecules in the study of RNA virus genomes.
Glutamate‐induced internalization of Cav1.3 L‐type Ca2+ channels protects retinal neurons against excitotoxicity

Glutamate-induced rise in the intracellular Ca2+ level is thought to be a major cause of excitotoxic cell death, but the mechanisms that control the Ca2+ overload are poorly understood. Using immunocytochemistry, electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging, we show that activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors induces a selective internalization of Cav1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels in salamander retinal neurons. The effect of glutamate on Cav1.3 internalization was blocked in Ca2+-free external solution, or by strong buffering of internal Ca2+ with BAPTA. Downregulation of L-type Ca2+ channel activity in retinal ganglion cells by glutamate was suppressed by inhibitors of dynamin-dependent endocytosis. Stabilization of F-actin by jasplakinolide significantly reduced the ability of glutamate to induce internalization suggesting it is mediated by Ca2+-dependent reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. We showed that the Cav1.3 is the primary L-type Ca2+ channel contributing to kainate-induced excitotoxic death of amacrine and ganglion cells. Block of Cav1.3 internalization by either dynamin inhibition or F-actin stabilization increased vulnerability of retinal amacrine and ganglion cells to kainate-induced excitotoxicity. Our data show for the first time that Cav1.3 L-type Ca2+ channels are subject to rapid glutamate-induced internalization, which may serve as a negative feedback mechanism protecting retinal neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.
ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS IN THE FIELD

Attenuation and amplitude of P head wave measured on cinder and rock formations using wave equation
Differential predation by the generalist predator Orius insidiosus on congeneric species of thrips that vary in size and behavior

We investigated interactions between the generalist predator Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) and two species of thrips prey, Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and interspecific differences in morphology and behavior between these prey species that could contribute to differences in predation by O. insidiosus . Frankliniella occidentalis is significantly larger than F. bispinosa . Frankliniella bispinosa has greater mobility compared with F. occidentalis . When O. insidiosus was offered either F. bispinosa or F. occidentalis as prey in single species trials, there were no significant differences in the number of prey captured. However, O. insidiosus had significantly more encounters with F. bispinosa than with F. occidentalis . In arenas with equal numbers of both species, O. insidiosus encountered and captured F. occidentalis more than F. bispinosa . In large arenas with two pepper plants ( Capsicum annuum L.), O. insidiosus preyed on more F. occidentalis than on F. bispinosa . These results indicate that O. insidiosus can prey on both thrips species, but that it preferentially captures F. occidentalis . The greater locomotion and movement of F. bispinosa , perhaps combined with its smaller size, allow it to evade predation by O. insidiosus better than F. occidentalis . Consequently, the observed preference of O. insidiosus for F. occidentalis is not exclusively a function of active selection by the predator but also could arise from inherent differences among prey. We propose this differential predation as a mechanism contributing to observed differences in the temporal dynamics of these species in pepper fields.
Comparative genome analysis of lignin biosynthesis gene families across the plant kingdom

Background: As a major component of plant cell wall, lignin plays important roles in mechanical support, water transport, and stress responses. As the main cause for the recalcitrance of plant cell wall, lignin modification has been a major task for bioenergy feedstock improvement. The study of the evolution and function of lignin biosynthesis genes thus has two-fold implications. First, the lignin biosynthesis pathway provides an excellent model to study the coordinative evolution of a biochemical pathway in plants. Second, understanding the function and evolution of lignin biosynthesis genes will guide us to develop better strategies for bioenergy feedstock improvement. Results: We analyzed lignin biosynthesis genes from fourteen plant species and one symbiotic fungal species. Comprehensive comparative genome analysis was carried out to study the distribution, relatedness, and family expansion of the lignin biosynthesis genes across the plant kingdom. In addition, we also analyzed the comparative synteny map between rice and sorghum to
Diet and Epigenetics

1. Diet and dietary factors are important contributing factors to health and disease. Since an inappropriate diet may contribute significantly to the causation of chronic disease, including cancer, it is important to uncover the molecular mechanisms of dietary bioactive factors in health and disease in order to determine the best strategies for intervention.
The Role of Bacteria in the Cycling of Nutrients within the Maritime Antarctic Environment

The Antarctic is an area of outstanding scientific interest. Early research into the role of micro-organisms in this unique environment centred on the terrestrial habitat, and it is only recently, with the upsurge of interest in the highly productive maritime Antarctic, that the role of micro-organisms in this environment has been considered. Studies of micro-organisms in the Southern Ocean have shown that bacteria exhibit a number of interesting properties, not least that of psychrophilic adaptation. In addition, these bacteria play a crucial role in the cycling of nutrients, and many scientists regard marine bacterial metabolism as a principal feature in the regeneration of primary nutrients. However, detailed, land-based studies have been necessary to elucidate further the complex seasonal interaction that occurs in the micro-flora. Benthic sediments have also proved to be important in mineralization processes in the near-shore maritime Antarctic, and studies in this area have shown that bacterial populations undergo cyclic variations related to a number of important environmental constraints. The taxonomy of these organisms is interesting, in that most of the bacteria isolated have not correlated well with previously described species. Numerical taxonomic methods are, however, proving to be useful. Parallels are emerging between data gathered from the Antarctic and from other environmentally similar areas. The association of bacteria with Krill, Euphausia superba, might be of great importance in nutrient cycling in the Southern Ocean.
Effect of notches on creep–fatigue behavior of a P/M nickel-based superalloy

A study was performed to determine and model the effect of high temperature dwells on notched low cycle fatigue (NLCF) and notch stress rupture behavior of a fine grain LSHR powder metallurgy (PM) nickel-based superalloy. It was shown that a 90 second dwell applied at the minimum stress (min dwell) was considerably more detrimental to the NLCF lives than similar dwell applied at the maximum stress (max dwell). The short min dwell NLCF lives were shown to be caused by growth of small oxide blisters which caused preferential cracking when coupled with high concentrated notch root stresses. The cyclic max dwell notch tests failed mostly by a creep accumulation, not by fatigue, with the crack origin shifting internally to a substantial distance away from the notch root. The classical von Mises plastic flow model was unable to match the experimental results while the hydrostatic stress profile generated using the Drucker-Prager plasticity flow model was consistent with the experimental findings. The max dwell NLCF and notch stress rupture tests exhibited substantial creep notch strengthening. The triaxial Bridgman effective stress parameter was able to account for the notch strengthening by collapsing the notched and uniform gage geometry test data into a singular grouping.
Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Ethics and Liberal Democracy

Seumas Miller, Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Ethics and Liberal Democracy, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2009, pp. viii + 222, £15.99 (paperback). Seumas Miller's book is entitled Terrorism and ...
Autonomic control of pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon secretion during neuroglucopenia and hypoglycemia in mice

Neural control of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release has not been previously investigated in the mouse. In addition, it is not known to what extent increased glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia in mice is neurally mediated vs. an effect of hypoglycemia to directly stimulate glucagon secretion at the level of the islet. Feeding or the cholinergic agonist carbachol increased plasma PP levels in conscious mice (+74 +/- 18 pg/ml vs. fasted mice and +141 +/- 17 pg/ml vs. control, respectively). Neuroglucopenia induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose or insulin-induced hypoglycemia also increased plasma PP (+79 +/- 18 and +89 +/- 11 pg/ml vs. control, respectively). These increases were abolished by hexamethonium and reduced by atropine methylnitrate (atropine). Hypoglycemia-induced hyperglucagonemia (+1,243 +/- 275 pg/ml) was reduced to 31 +/- 7% of control by atropine (+382 +/- 85 pg/ml), to 48 +/- 9% of control by combined adrenergic blockade (+601 +/- 112 pg/ml), and nearly abolished by atropine plus combined blockade (+143 +/- 41 pg/ml; 11 +/- 3% of control) or hexamethonium (+151 +/- 38 pg/ml; 12 +/- 3% of control). We conclude the following in the mouse. 1) Feeding or cholinergic agonists increase plasma PP. 2) During neuroglucopenia or hypoglycemia, plasma PP is increased via nicotinic and muscarinic mechanisms. 3) The glucagon response to hypoglycemia is predominantly the result of autonomic activation and is mediated by both muscarinic and adrenergic mechanisms.
Identification of minute damage in composite bridge structures equipped with fiber optic sensors using the location of neutral axis and finite element analysis

By definition, the neutral axis of a loaded composite beam structure is the curve along which the section experiences zero bending strain. When no axial loading is present, the location of the neutral axis passes through the centroid of stiffness of the beam cross-section. In the presence of damage, the centroid of stiffness, as well as the neutral axis, shift from the healthy position. The concept of neutral axis can be widely applied to all beam-like structures. According to literature, a change in location of the neutral axis can be associated with damage in the corresponding cross-section. In this paper, the movement of neutral axis near locations of minute damage in a composite bridge structure was studied using finite element analysis and experimental results. The finite element model was developed based on a physical scale model of a composite simply-supported structure with controlled minute damage in the reinforced concrete deck. The structure was equipped with long-gauge fiber optic strain and temperature sensors at a healthy reference location as well as two locations of damage. A total of 12 strain sensors were installed during construction and used to monitor the structure during various loading events. This paper aims to explain previous experimental results which showed that the observed positions of neutral axis near damage locations were higher than the predicted healthy locations in some loading events. Analysis has shown that finite element analysis has potential to simulate and explain the physical behavior of the test structure.
The Medical Properties of Food in the Eighteenth Century

Les concepts d'Hippocrate, au XVIII e siecle, plaident pour une relation etroite entre les aliments et la sante ou la therapeutique de certaines maladie. En effet, les produits alimentaires ont des proprietes pharmacologiques qui peuvent prevenir ou causer certaines maladies
d-Amino Acids Modulate the Cellular Response of Enzymatic-Instructed Supramolecular Nanofibers of Small Peptides

Peptides made of d-amino acids, as the enantiomer of corresponding l-peptides, are able to resist proteolysis. It is, however, unclear or much less explored whether or how d-amino acids affect the cellular response of supramolecular nanofibers formed by enzyme-triggered self-assembly of d-peptides. In this work, we choose a cell compatible molecule, Nap-l-Phe-l-Phe-l-pTyr (LLL-1P), and systematically replace the l-amino acids in this tripeptidic precursor or its hydrogelator by the corresponding d-amino acid(s). The replacement of even one d-amino acid in this tripeptidic precursor increases its proteolytic resistance. The results of static light scattering and TEM images show the formation of nanostructures upon the addition of alkaline phosphatase, even at concentrations below the minimum gelation concentration (mgc). All these isomers are able to form ordered nanostructures and exhibit different morphologies. According to the cell viability assay on these stereochemical isomers, cells exhibit drastical...
MODELLING SHOALING DIRECTIONAL WAVE SPECTRA IN SHALLOW WATER

This paper describes the development of a model for the shoaling and refraction of an incident directional spectrum over beach topography. The present model is limited to topography which varies only in the on- offshore direction, but no restriction is made on allowed angles of incidence with respect to the shore-normal direction. The model is verified in comparison to laboratory data for Mach reflection of cnoidal waves from a vertical plane wall. It is shown that the model provides a more accurate representation of the evolving wave field than does an earlier parabolic approximation, using the same laboratory data.
Chemotherapy regimens used in retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis

Summary Eighty-two patients with cultures of mammalian tubercle bacilli resistant to isoniazid (78 also resistant to streptomycin and 52 to PAS) admitted to National Jewish Hospital between December 1, 1960 and October, 1, 1962, are included in this study. They were treated with chemotherapy regimens consisting of ethionamide, kanamycin and either pyrazinamide or cycloserine. None of the primary drugs was included in the therapy regimens. Seventy-four of the 82 patients were treated continuously with antituberculosis drugs for at least 120 days. In 70 (94%) the sputum became negative on culture. Twelve patients later reverted to culture-positive. Fifty-eight (79%) of the 74 patients remained culture-negative, throughout the follow-up period. Of the 16 patients who remained or later became culture-positive, nine were again treated. Seven of the nine became culture-negative on a regimen usually consisting of at least two of the following drugs: ethambutol, capreomycin, ‘Isoxyl’. By January 1, 1964, 60 (81%) of the 74 patients who had had at least 120 days treatment were known to be still culture-negative the period of follow-up being from 21 to 37 months from the start of treatment. The incidence of toxic drug reactions does not contraindicate the use of these drug regimens. Whenever possible, pulmonary resection should be considered as soon as two consecutive sputums obtained two weeks apart are culture-negative. The availability of multiple-drug regimens suggests that the prognosis need not be poor in those patients with cultures resistant to the first-line drugs. If the second-line drugs are both properly selected and administered, the retreatment results should compare favourable with the nearly 100 per cent success initial therapy.
Medullary serotonin neurons are CO2 sensitive in situ.

Brainstem central chemoreceptors are critical to the hypercapnic ventilatory response, but their location and identity are poorly understood. When studied in vitro, serotonin-synthesizing (5-HT) neurons within the rat medullary raphe are intrinsically stimulated by CO2/acidosis. The contributions of these neurons to central chemosensitivity in vivo, however, are controversial. Lacking is documentation of CO2-sensitive 5-HT neurons in intact experimental preparations and understanding of their spatial and proportional distribution. Here we test the hypothesis that 5-HT neurons in the rat medullary raphe are sensitive to arterial hypercapnia. We use extracellular recording and hypercapnic challenge of spontaneously active medullary raphe neurons in the unanesthetized in situ perfused decerebrate brainstem preparation to assess chemosensitivity of individual cells. Juxtacellular labeling of a subset of recorded neurons and subsequent immunohistochemistry for the 5-HT-synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) identify or exclude this neurotransmitter phenotype in electrophysiologically characterized chemosensitive and insensitive cells. We show that the medullary raphe houses a heterogeneous population, including chemosensitive and insensitive 5-HT neurons. Of 124 recorded cells, 16 cells were juxtacellularly filled, visualized, and immunohistochemically identified as 5-HT synthesizing, based on TPH-immunoreactivity. Forty-four percent of 5-HT cells were CO2 stimulated (increased firing rate with hypercapnia), while 56% were unstimulated. Our results demonstrate that medullary raphe neurons are heterogeneous and clearly include a subset of 5-HT neurons that are excited by arterial hypercapnia. Together with data identifying intrinsically CO2-sensitive 5-HT neurons in vitro, these results support a role for such cells as central chemoreceptors in the intact system.
Asurvey on skin superficial fungal infection of the elderly in nursing home

Objective In order to help the elderly in nursing home prevent themselves from illness and manage their health well, we investigated the condition of the skin superficial fungal infections of the elderly in nursing home, analyzed the strains and discussed the predisposing factors. Methods Questionnaires and dermatological examinations included skin lesions fungal microscopic examination, culture, identification and analysis of the strains were executed for 398 old people of a nursing home in the city of Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province. Results The skin superficial fungal infections of the elderly in nursing home ranked the first (except seborrheic keratosis, senile skin pruritus and the skin disease caused by skin degenerative changes), in which pedis and onychomycosis were the most common conditions. The morbidity of the elderly who could not take care of themselves was higher than those who could look after themselves well. The morbidity of the elderly who complicated with diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary heart disease was higher than those who only got the skin superficial fungal infections. Among the whole pathogenic bacterial species Candida infections was the most (44.78%), followed by Trichophyton rubrum (34.33%). Conclusion The main factors cause the elderly more easily to get fungal infections are the decline of their abilities of taking care of themselves and some complicated diseases include diabetes, cerebrovascular disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary heart disease.
A middle-aged man presenting with unexplained mucosal erosions and progressive dyspnoea

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a rare syndrome driven by antibodies (IgG) binding to desmogleins and other epidermal proteins leading to skin erosions. In rare instances, these same IgG proteins may also target the bronchial mucosa leading to an irreversible fibrotic reaction within the epithelium and subsequent obstructive lung disease. A 51-year-old man presented to the emergency department with 2-3-month history of dyspnoea as well as oral and genital ulcerations and inguinal lymphadenopathy. The ulcerations were biopsied and proven to be consistent with pemphigus. Subsequent inguinal lymph node biopsy implicated the hyaline-vascular variant of Castleman's disease (CD), as the primary cause of the patient's pemphigus. The patient underwent pulmonary function testing that demonstrated severe airflow obstruction. The patient was diagnosed with PNP and associated bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). He was treated with rituximab for his CD, and oral and inhaled corticosteroids along with azithromycin for his BOS.
Research on the Teachers' Configuration of Pre-school from the Perspective of Balanced Development

The imbalance of kindergarten teachers configuration which seriously affects the fair of preschool education's realization,is a major obstacle to restrict the quality and rapid development of pre-school education.And the imbalance is mainly manifested in the uneven structure of teacher quality,teacher preparation programs and teacher flow,which there are many problems.The reasons can be traced with the significant difference of government financial input,the constraints of urban-rural dual structure system and the benefits under the market conditions.The balanced,sound and rapid development may be obtained by upgrading teachers' configuration in the aspects of diversification of teachers' configuration,increase of fund inputs and the construction of job shift mechanism.
Using markov chains to design algorithms for bounded-space on-line bin cover

We show how the on-line bounded-space bin cover problem can be modeled with a Markov chain. We then use this Markov chain formulation to derive an algorithm for the on-line bounded-space bin cover problem. Our algorithm is designed to perform well in a restrictive environment where it can utilize only very few open bins at each time. We analyze the performance of our algorithm and compare it to the Sum-of-Squares with Threshold algorithm. The experimental results show that our algorithm compares favorably with the Sum-of-Squares with Threshold algorithm, and the average waste incurred by our algorithm is very small even when it is forced to use only a handful of open bins.
Arteriolar responses to extracellular ATP in striated muscle

Blood flow and its distribution must be appropriately regulated to ensure that perfusion is matched to local tissue demands. We investigated the role of ATP in triggering a conducted alteration in arteriolar diameter in the Saran-covered cheek pouch retractor muscle of anesthetized hamsters (n = 60). Vascular responses were observed using in vivo video microscopy upstream from the site of micropressure application of ATP (10(-8)-10(-4) M) either into the lumen or just outside the wall of first- and second-order arterioles. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the vascular responses to ATP was determined by inhibiting NO synthase activity with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) with and without coadministration of an excess of L-arginine. Intraluminal application of ATP led to a concentration-dependent vasodilation, which was conducted upstream along the arteriole. The dilatory response was blocked by systemic pretreatment with L-NAME and was maintained in the presence of an excess of L-arginine. In contrast, ATP introduced extraluminally resulted in a conducted vasoconstrictor response that was enhanced by pretreatment with L-NAME. The dilator response to intraluminal ATP, in the context of ATP release from erythrocytes under conditions associated with decreased supply relative to demand, supports a role for the erythrocyte in communicating local tissue needs to the vasculature, enabling the appropriate matching of oxygen supply to demand.
Abstract LB-054: Small molecule inhibitors of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and the cancer O-GlcNAcome

In recent years, the long-known Warburg effect–wherein cancer cells utilize abnormally high levels of glucose by forgoing oxidative phosphorylation–has been rediscovered but its impact on flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) remains relatively unexplored. In this work, we reasoned that UDP-GlcNAc, the end product of the HBP, could promote cancer by increasing the activity of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and subsequently perturb global patterns of protein O-GlcNAcylation. To combat increased O-GlcNAcylation, which is increasingly being linked to cancer cell survival, metastasis, and tumor aggressiveness, most efforts to date have focused on direct inhibition of OGT. In contrast, we take an alternate approach by developing first-in-class small molecules that target UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1/2 (UAP1/2), the final enzyme of the HBP; this strategy has the added benefit of also potentially reducing the production of highly-branched N-glycans associated with cancer and other diseases. In our first biological tests, presented here, we show that our UAP1/2 inhibitors decrease intracellular UDP-GlcNAc levels as intended and modulate the cancer O-GlcNAcome in a way consistent with reduced viability of difficult-to-treat pancreatic and brain cancer cell lines observed in treated cells. Finally, our strategy of targeting UAP1/2 and the cancer O-GlcNAcome decreased the expression of oncoproteins such as c-Myc, YAP, and TAZ which are all linked to highly aggressive and difficult-to-treat types of cancer. In summary, we have developed first-in-class of small molecules that successfully target UAP1/2, inhibit flux through the HBP, reduce global patterns of O-GlcNAcylation, and knock-down several endpoints linked to cancer progression. Citation Format: Christopher T. Saeui, Kevin Yarema. Small molecule inhibitors of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and the cancer O-GlcNAcome. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-054.
Single-Agent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (Btk) Inhibitor and Single-Agent Carfilzomib Induce Cell Apoptosis, Arrest Cell Growth and Downregulate NF-Kb Activity In Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Abstract Abstract 4971 Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive histotype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognoses. Discovery of less-toxic and better therapeutic agents is an ongoing challenge. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), is identified as an essential kinase for B-cell survival, activated through the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway. Recent studies have indicated that BTK mediates NF-kB activation. The potential therapeutic agent PCI-32765, a novel BTK inhibitor (Pharmacyclics, Sunnyvale, CA) have shown effective preliminary targeting of these pathways in MCL. Carfilzomib, a 2nd generation proteasome inhibitor (Onyx Pharm. Inc., Emeryville, CA) proven effective in myeloma in clinical trial is also effective in MCL in vitro and in vivo in pre-clinical studies. The objective of our study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of PCI-32765 and carfilzomib in MCL, and elucidate the mechanisms of their actions. We initially screened 12 MCL cell lines and discovered that Btk is constitutively phosphorylated in all MCL cells. Representative MCL cell lines, both classic and blastoid variant, were utilized for in vitro studies. PCI-32765 effectively inhibited phospho-BTK, leading to reduced MCL cell growth with IC:50 values range from 10–50 uM. PCI-32765 also induced MCL cell apoptosis in both dose- and time-dependent manner as well as carfilzomib. Using luciferase pGL3 reporter plasmid (6xNF-kB-CD40L/TKm), we demonstrated that both PCI-32765 and carfilzomib down-regulated the reporter with a dosage dependent manner. Our data suggest that strategic targeting of growth/survival pathways with novel therapeutic agents PCI-32765 and carfilzomib should provide a novel therapy regimen for patients with relapsed/refractory MCL. Disclosures: Wang: Onyx Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
Robust porous polymers enabled by a fast trifluoroacetic acid etch with improved selectivity for polylactide

Polylactide is a widely used sacrificial block for the preparation of porous polymers from ordered block copolymers. Although numerous etching strategies were developed in the past decade, demonstrations to date are limited by slow etch rates that require as long as a week for the etching of few-mm thick films. Recent studies have also shown that NaOH etching of thin-films can degrade the morphology, highlighting the need for more selective processes. Here we report an aqueous trifluoroacetic acid etchant that results in an enhanced etch rate of 14 nm s−1 with greatly improved selectivity for poly(styrene-block-lactide). The high etch rate enables the complete removal of polylactide from 2 mm thick block copolymer films in 19 h. Furthermore, the improved etch selectivity enables the macroscopic preservation of morphologies as confirmed by both SAXS and SEM and yields pristine porous PS as confirmed by NMR and GPC.
History of Peritoneal Dialysis

The concept of the uremic syndrome caused by blood and tissue accumulation of toxic substances normally excreted in the urine was an established idea in the middle of nineteenth century [1, 2]. In the late 1800 s, renal insufficiency and concurrent uremic intoxication were treated only by simple and ineffective measures such as blood letting, dietary changes, digitalis, infusion of normal saline followed by forced diuresis, purgation, and diaphoresis [1, 3]. The period of time surrounding the beginning of the twentieth century was marked by intense research and growth in scientific knowledge that allowed the birth of clinical dialysis, a lifesaving therapy for patients with renal failure.
Are Credit Ratings Redundant When Market Prices Reflect Credit Risk

We find that Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) see through transitory shocks to credit risk that stem from transitory shocks to equity prices, while market-based measures of credit risk do not. For a given stock return, CRAs are significantly less likely to downgrade firms with transitory shocks than those with permanent shocks. However, credit default swap spreads and model-implied default probabilities do not distinguish between such shocks. These results explain why ratings are useful despite the availability of market-based estimates of credit risk: the ability to ignore transitory shocks is valuable because rating changes have real consequences for private contracts and access to capital.
Recent improvements in Hurricane Imaging Radiometer’s brightness temperature image reconstruction

Abstract NASA MSFCs airborne Hurricane Imaging Radiometer (HIRAD) uses interferometric aperture synthesis to produce high resolution wide swath images of scene brightness temperature (Tb) distribution at four discrete C-band microwave frequencies (4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 6.6 GHz). Images of ocean surface wind speed under heavy precipitation such as in tropical cyclones, is inferred from these measurements. The baseline HIRAD Tb reconstruction algorithm had produced prominent along-track streaks in the Tb images. Particularly the 4.0 GHz channel had been so dominated by the streaks as to be unusable.The loss of a frequency channel had compromised the final wind speed retrievals. During 2016, the HIRAD team made substantial progress in developing a quality controlled signal processing technique for the HIRAD data collected in 2015’s Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) experiment and reduced the effect of streaks in all channels including 4.0 GHz.
Ascribed Meaning of Disease Control: Perspectives of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.

Background:Contemporary treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (hereafter diabetes) heavily emphasizes “diabetes control,” largely defined by measurable blood glucose parameters. Little is known abo...
Top electrode shaping for harnessing high coupling in thickness shear mode resonators in Y-cut lithium niobate thin films

This paper reports a novel electrode shape for harnessing the high electromechanical coupling of the thickness shear mode (TSM) in Y-cut lithium niobate (LN) thin film resonators. To maximize the coupling, we follow Mindlin's [1-3] work, which uses two-dimensional equations of motion with transverse shear deformations to determine the most appropriate electrode shape for an anisotropic plate. We experimentally demonstrate an electromechanical coupling (k t 2) of ∼37%, which agrees well with 3D COMSOL finite elemental method (FEM) simulations. Such high coupling resonators could find application in reconfigurable RF systems.
Apoε4 disrupts neurovascular regulation and undermines white matter integrity and cognitive function

The ApoE4 allele is associated with increased risk of small vessel disease, which is a cause of vascular cognitive impairment. Here, we report that mice with targeted replacement (TR) of the ApoE gene with human ApoE4 have reduced neocortical cerebral blood flow compared to ApoE3-TR mice, an effect due to reduced vascular density rather than slowing of microvascular red blood cell flow. Furthermore, homeostatic mechanisms matching local delivery of blood flow to brain activity are impaired in ApoE4-TR mice. In a model of cerebral hypoperfusion, these cerebrovascular alterations exacerbate damage to the white matter of the corpus callosum and worsen cognitive dysfunction. Using 3-photon microscopy we found that the increased white matter damage is linked to an enhanced reduction of microvascular flow resulting in local hypoxia. Such alterations may be responsible for the increased susceptibility to hypoxic-ischemic lesions in the subcortical white matter of individuals carrying the ApoE4 allele.
The Monge-Amp\`{e}re equation

We review recent advances in the numerical analysis of the Monge-Ampere equation. Various computational techniques are discussed including wide-stencil finite difference schemes, two-scaled methods, finite element methods, and methods based on geometric considerations. Particular focus is the development of appropriate stability and consistency estimates which lead to rates of convergence of the discrete approximations. Finally we present numerical experiments which highlight each method for a variety of test problem with different levels of regularity.
Spleno-renal anastomotic bypass revascularization for worsening renal failure and uncontrolled hypertension in bilateral calcific atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis

Following the recent publications of the STAR-study, the ASTRAL trial, the HERCULES trial and the CORAL trial on renal revascularization versus medical therapy in the management of atherosclerotic renovascular disease, there has been a near paradigm shift implying the nonutility of revascularization as a useful and necessary therapeutic option. Our recent experience with a patient who underwent an anastomotic bypass revascularization for worsening renal failure and uncontrolled hypertension in bilateral calcific atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis in Burlington, VT rekindled this debate. We posit that in appropriately selected patients, patients with acutely worsening renal failure, uncontrolled hypertension and/or symptomatic pulmonary edema, there is indeed a place for revascularization therapy, especially in the light of improved and safer surgical and anesthesiology techniques. It must be correctly acknowledged that the above well popularized randomized trials recruited mostly patients with otherwise stable chronic kidney disease at the time of enrollment. Similarly, only 12% of the patients in both arms of the ASTRAL trial demonstrated rapidly worsening renal failure prior to enrollment
MILP Models for Complex System Reliability Redundancy Allocation with Mixed Components

The redundancy allocation problem (RAP) aims to find an optimal allocation of redundant components subject to resource constraints. In this paper, mixed integer linear programming (MILP) models and...
Research on Distribution Line Ad Hoc Network Technology Based on Intelligent Distributed FA

Research the technology of distribution terminal that based on intelligent distributed FA, research the terminal information interaction mechanism of dynamic topology operation model, using the topological analysis algorithm of dynamic topology of ad hoc network, implementation of distributed FA line topology Ad Hoc Network Technology, improving reliability and practicability of distribution automation terminal.
Detection and quantification of engineered particles in urban runoff.

Abstract Urban runoff conveys contaminants including titanium dioxide (TiO2), widely used as engineered nanoparticles (e.g., 1–100 nm) and pigments (e.g., 100–300 nm) in the urban environment, to receiving surface waters. Yet, the concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles (e.g., engineered nanoparticles and pigments) in urban runoff has not been determined due to difficulties in distinguishing natural from engineered TiO2 particles in environmental matrices. The present study examines the occurrence and estimates the concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles in urban runoff under wet- and dry-weather conditions. Urban runoff was collected from two bridges in Columbia, South Carolina, USA under wet-weather conditions and from the Ballona Creek and Los Angeles (LA) River in Los Angeles, California, USA under dry-weather conditions. The concentrations of TiO2 engineered particles were determined by mass balance calculations based on shifts in elemental concentration ratios in urban runoff relative to natural background elemental ratios. Elemental ratios of Ti to Nb in urban runoff were higher than the natural background ratios, indicating Ti contamination. The occurrence of TiO2 engineered particles was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The concentration of TiO2 engineered particles in urban runoff was estimated to be in the range of 5–150 μg L−1. Therefore, this study identifies urban runoff as a previously unaccounted source of TiO2 engineered particle release to the environment, which should be included in engineered nanoparticle fate modeling studies and in estimating environmental release of engineered nanoparticles.
Dual-Functional Nanofiltration Membranes Exhibit Multifaceted Ion Rejection and Antifouling Performance

Charged functional groups are often incorporated onto the surface of nanofiltration (NF) membranes to facilitate the selective rejection of multivalent ions over monovalent ions. However, since fou...
Learning a projection operator onto the null space of a linear imaging operator

Image reconstruction algorithms seek to reconstruct a sought-after object from a collection of measurements. However, complete measurements such that an object can be uniquely reconstructed are seldom available. Analysis of the null components of the imaging system can guide both physical design of the imaging system and algorithmic design of reconstruction algorithms to more closely reconstruct the true object. Characterizing the null space of an imaging operator is a computationally demanding task. While computationally efficient methods have been proposed to iteratively estimate the null space components of a single or a small number of images, full characterization of the null space remains intractable for large images using existing methods. This work proposes a novel learning-based framework for constructing a null space projection operator of linear imaging operators utilizing an artificial neural network autoencoder. To illustrate the approach, a stylized 2D accelerated MRI reconstruction problem (for which an analytical representation of the null space is known) was considered. The proposed method was compared to state-of-the-art randomized linear algebra techniques in terms of accuracy, computational cost, and memory requirements. Numerical results show that the proposed framework achieves comparable or better accuracy than randomized singular value decomposition. It also has lower computational cost and memory requirements in many practical scenarios, such as when the dimension of the null space is small compared to the dimension of the object.