cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Frontiers in the Use of Microwave Energy: Power and Metrology

The Microwave/Radio Frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been used principally for the transmission and reception of information in communications and radar. With the advent of low cost commercial and consumer items (satellite downlinks and microwave ovens) has also come a resurgence of interest in using the energy and properties of these frequencies for other important tasks. The purpose of this paper is to give a short review of the basics of electromagnetic heating and an overview of new trends in this use of microwave/RF energy. These trends can be divided into two broad categories: power and metrology.
Analysis of functional MRI time‐series

A method for detecting significant and regionally specific correlations between sensory input and the brain's physiological response, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is presented in this paper. The method involves testing for correlations between sensory input and the hemodynamic response after convolving the sensory input with an estimate of the hernodynamic response function. This estimate is obtained without reference to any assumed input. To lend the approach statistical validity, it is brought into the framework of statistical parametric mapping by using a measure of cross-correlations between sensory input and hemodynamic response that is valid in the presence of intrinsic autocorrelations. These autocorrelations are necessarily present, due to the hemodynamic response function or temporal point spread function.
Androgen Deprivation Therapy, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Mortality: An Inconvenient Truth

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is used in the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic PCa. Although its use as an adjuvant therapy has resulted in improved survival in some patients, ADT has negative consequences. Complications like osteoporosis, sexual dysfunction, gynecomastia, and adverse body composition are well known. Recent studies have also found metabolic complications in these men. Studies show that short-term ADT (3-6 months) results in development of hyperinsulinemia without causing hyperglycemia. Studies of men undergoing long-term (>or=12 months) ADT reveal higher prevalence of diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with controls. In addition, men undergoing ADT also experience higher cardiovascular mortality. Long-term prospective studies of ADT are needed to determine the timing of onset of these complications and to employ strategies to prevent them. In the meantime, baseline and serial screening for fasting glucose and other cardiac risk factors in men receiving ADT is prudent. In selected cases, glucose tolerance testing and cardiac evaluation may be required.
Fractal quantitative endoscopic evaluation of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Abstract Objective To analyze computer-assisted quantitative measurements of endoscopic images taken during fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy with Muller's maneuver that were processed with the use of fractal geometry and correlate them with the apnea-hypopnea index of patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome as well as habitual snorers. Study Design Diagnostic test assessment for the analysis of images acquired through fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy with Muller's maneuver and processed with the use of fractal geometry. Setting Sleep laboratory in a tertiary care private hospital in Athens, Greece. Subjects and Methods A total of 42 subjects (25 patients, 17 control subjects) underwent fiberoptic endoscopic nasopharyngoscopy with Muller's maneuver and polysomnographic overnight testing. Endoscopic images were digitally analyzed, and fractal analysis software was used to determine fractal dimensions of postpalatal airway contour during quiet inspiration and Muller's maneuver. Findings were correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index. Results Fractal dimension of collapsed airway and airway collapsibility was shown to be correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index (r = −0.481 and 0.518). We used 9.5 percent airway collapsibility on the basis of fractal dimensions as a cutoff (decided according to a receiver operating characteristic curve) and found that the predictability of obstructive sleep apnea had a sensitivity of 92.0 percent (95% confidence interval 75.03-97.78) and a specificity of 82.4 percent (95% confidence interval 58.97-93.8), with a positive predictive value of 88.5 percent and a negative predictive value of 87.5 percent (P Conclusion Fractal analysis provides an additional measure of objectivity for the interpretation of computer-assisted quantitative endoscopic evaluation of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Nevertheless, as confidence intervals show, some uncertainty remains regarding the real population estimate, and therefore additional studies involving larger population groups are encouraged.
Genetic Abnormalities of the EGFR Pathway in African American Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose Previous studies in non‐small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have demonstrated a wide variation in responsiveness to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ‐targeting agents and in genetic aberrancies of the EGFR pathway according to ethnic background, most notably a higher frequency of activating EGFR mutations among East-Asian patients. We investigated the frequency of EGFR pathway aberrancies among African American patients with NSCLC, for whom limited information presently exists. Patients and Methods EGFR fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on archived tissues from 53 African American patients. Extracted DNA was sequenced for mutational analysis of EGFR exons 18 to 21 and KRAS exon 2. Results were compared by multivariate analysis to an historical control cohort of 102 white patients with NSCLC. Results African Americans were significantly less likely to harbor activating mutations of EGFR than white patients (2% v 17%; P .022). Only one EGFR mutation was identified, a novel S768N substitution. EGFR FISH assay was more frequently positive for African Americans than for white patients (51% v 32%; P .018). KRAS mutational frequency did not differ between the groups (23% v 21%; P .409). Conclusion African American patients with NSCLC are significantly less likely than white counterparts to harbor activating mutations of EGFR, which suggests that EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are unlikely to yield major remissions in this population. Our findings add to a growing body of evidence that points to genetic heterogeneity of the EGFR pathway in NSCLC among different ethnic groups and that underscores the need for consideration of these differences in the design of future trials of agents that target the EGFR pathway.
The influence of food on the absorption and metabolism of drugs: an update

Food-drug interactions can lead to a loss of therapeutic efficacy or toxic effects of drug therapy. Generally, the effect of food on drugs results in a reduction in the drug’s bioavailability; however, food can also alter drug clearance. The benefits of considering metabolism and pharmacokinetic information in the drug discovery process have been high-lighted by Humphrey and Smith (79) and the process of rational drug design should include considerations of the chemistry, pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of the drug (80) and the impact of diet on these parameters.
"Triple injection" lymphatic mapping technique to determine if parametrial nodes are the true sentinel lymph nodes in women with cervical cancer.

Objectives Lymphatic mapping studies in women with cervical cancer typically identify sentinel nodes (SLNs) in the pelvis and not the parametrium. We added India ink as a mapping agent to determine whether this would allow us to pathologically identify sentinel parametrial nodes and to test our hypothesis that the parametrial nodes are the true SLNs in women with cervical cancer.
Self-evaluation of acne and emotion: A pilot study

Almost twenty million persons in the United States have acne. They spend an estimated $100 million a year on over-the-counter remedies to treat it and the American Pharmaceutical Association reports that consumers spend an additional $20 million on prescription acne treatments. An increased awareness of acne has changed the attitude of the general public, so that the physician is no longer able to shrug the problem off with, "They'll outgrow it," "Scrub with soap and water," or "Don't be self-conscious-everyone else has it," Why all the concern over a disease that is not life-threatening or debilitating? The very visibility of the disease seems to make it something ofgreat concern not only to those who are affected, but also to their families and friends. In addition, acne usually appears at adolescence, a period of uncertainty in life, when a person is making the mental and physical transition from childhood to adulthood. Acne is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous glands. The milder forms are of such frequent occurrence that they may be regarded as physiologic during the teenage period} For those with the tendency, and many physicians believe that it is a
Winter waterbird and food dynamics in autumn-managed moist-soil wetlands in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Managed moist-soil wetlands are important habitats for waterfowl and other waterbirds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) and elsewhere in North America. These wetlands often contain abundant food resources, but they also contain tall and dense (i.e., robust) vegetation that may constrain use and foraging by waterbirds. During winters 2006–2009, we estimated densities of waterbirds, seeds and tubers, and aquatic invertebrates following autumn, preflooding treatments of disking, mowing, and no manipulation (control) of robust vegetation in 26 moist-soil wetlands in and near the MAV. In late autumn, seed and tuber dry mass was greater in control ( = 750.7 kg/ha) and mowed ( = 709.7 kg/ha) than disked plots ( = 509.8 kg/ha). Dabbling ducks (Anatini) accounted for 92% of all waterbirds observed and were 2–3 times more abundant in mowed and disked than control plots during winter. Invertebrates comprised <1% (dry mass) of potential waterbird foods, but were greatest in control plots throughout winter. In mid- and late winter, residual seed and tuber masses were similar among mowed, disked, and control plots within study sites (approx. 260 kg/ha), despite different waterbird use. We recommend 1) active management of moist-soil wetlands, including partial autumn mowing of robust vegetation to increase use by waterbirds; 2) that conservation planners consider increasing foraging thresholds (e.g., giving-up density) in carrying-capacity models for moist-soil wetlands; and 3) additional experiments to describe foraging thresholds in moist-soil and other wetlands targeted by the North American Waterfowl Management Plan. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
The heterozygous Sod2+/− mouse: modeling the mitochondrial role in drug toxicity

Mitochondria have been increasingly implicated in being a crucial subcellular target and amplifying oxidative injury induced by many drugs. Among the major cytoprotective antioxidants is the mitochondrial matrix protein, superoxide dismutase-2 (SOD2). Genetic modification of the expression of SOD2 by transgenic techniques or gene silencing has generated a number of distinct animal models with SOD2 deficiency including the heterozygous Sod2+/− knockout mouse model. These mice display a discreet underlying mitochondrial stress but are otherwise phenotypically normal and thus model a variety of clinically silent mitochondrial abnormalities. The model has found application in oxidative stress and age-related research, but it is only recently that it has been successfully used to study mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury.
The Use of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for Evaluation and Instruction in Graduate Medical Education

Abstract This study had two purposes: determining the reliability and validity of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in assessing performance by trainees at all levels, including medical students and chief residents; and estimating the impact of providing OSCE participants with immediate feedback about their performance. A comprehensive 210-min OSCE was administered to 53 surgical residents and 6 junior medical students. Faculty experts proctored all patient stations and provided immediate feedback to participants after the patient interaction segments (Part A). The participants then answered questions about the patients seen (Part B). The reliability of the OSCE was high (.91), identical to that of a previous resident OSCE with no feedback. The standard error of measurement for both parts was approximately 4%. At the 95% confidence interval, each participant's actual level of clinical performance (Part A) and clinical knowledge (Part B) could be estimated with an error of ±8%. Participants showed significant differences in clinical performance (Part A,P
SWEDISH SEGMENT LENGTH AND STRUCTURE PRESERVATION

. Swedish segment length is considered, with two points of focus. First, length distribution displays advantages of a moraic theory of syllable structure over non-moraic theories. Second, the distribution of long vowels and derived postalveolars is problematic for the Kiparskian theory of Structure Preservation.
Effect of acid anion on the behavior of single component molecular resists incorporating ionic photoacid generators

A series of single component chemically amplified molecular resists were made using an onium salt cation core of tris(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyloxy)-3,5-dimethylphenyl)sulfonium (TAS) with five different acid anions: chloride (Cl), hexafluoroantimonate (SbF"6), triflate (Tf), nonaflate (Nf), and tosylate (Ts). The counter-ion had a large effect on both the performance and physical characteristics of the resists. TAS-SbF"6 and TAS-Tf imaged as positive tone resists with good LER, but suffered from acid diffusion problems which limited resolution. TAS-Ts and TAS-Cl had high water solubility that prevented their use as positive tone resists. TAS-Nf had poor wetting and adhesion that prevented it from being spin-coated into films. Using onium salts as single molecule resists places great restriction on the choice of anion used because of the large effect it has on the properties of the resist. Using extreme ultraviolet lithography, TAS-SbF"6, the best performing derivative, was able to resolve 50nm 1:1 line/space patterns with LER ([email protected]) of 5.2nm.
The interaction of chlordiazepoxide and sodium valproate in the nucleus accumbens of the rat.

Abstract Benzodiazepines are known to facilitate GABA-ergic transmission at synaptic sites, while sodium valproate is an anticonvulsant drug which is reported to elevate GABA levels in the brain. In order to determine whether these two drugs interact functionally at GABA receptor sites, graded doses of chlordiazepoxide (CDZ) and sodium valproate were injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens and their effect on the dopamine (DA)-induced stimulation of motor activity was studied. Both of these compounds, as well as GABA, produced an inhibition of the hyperactivity induced by the bilateral injection of DA into the nucleus accumbens. Bicuculline, the GABA receptor antagonist, blocked the effect of CDZ on the DA-induced hyperactivity. A low dose of CDZ (2 μg), which by itself did not significantly inhibit the effect of DA, potentiated the inhibition of the hyperactivity produced by valproate. These results suggest that CDZ and sodium valproate can interact functionally at GABA-ergic sites in the central nervous system.
The effect of convection on the dendrite to eutectic transition

Vertical solidification experiments have been carried out in binary eutectic metal alloy systems using both upward and downward solidification directions with solutes heavier and lighter than the solvent metal. Hence, conditions of all four possible combinations of thermal and solutal Rayleigh numbers were studied: Ra T /Ra s = −/ −, −/+, +/+, +/ −. Compositions close to eutectic values were examined under conditions of gradient and velocity which produced cellular, dendritic, and eutectic structures. The experimental results indicate that solutal induced convection plays a dominant role in controlling both dendrite/liquid interface shape and the dendrite clustering effect at the dendrite/eutectic transition. In both the presence or absence of cluster formation, the transition is shown to occur by a gradual change in dendrite size, morphology, and number.
Early Childhood Special Education and Early Intervention Personnel Preparation Standards of the Division for Early Childhood: Field Validation

Results of the field validation survey of the revised initial and new advanced Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Division for Early Childhood (DEC) early childhood special education (ECSE)/early intervention (EI) personnel standards are presented. Personnel standards are used as part of educational accountability systems and in teacher personnel preparation program accreditation to train highly qualified teachers. DEC and the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) members were partners in the validation survey. The method and survey procedures are described along with the knowledge and skill standards selected as essential and retained in the final DEC ECSE/EI approved sets of standards. Purposeful sampling was used to select DEC respondents for their knowledge and expertise in personnel preparation and operation of ECSE/EI and early childhood education (ECE) programs. Results from the DEC and NAEYC respondents are compared and contrasted. Challenges and limitations are disc...
Upward lightning discharges: An update

Lightning discharges initiated by leaders that originate from stationary grounded objects, usually towers, and propagate upward, toward overhead thunderclouds, are reviewed. Upward, or object-initiated, lightning discharges always involve an initial stage that may or may not be followed by downward-leader/upward-return-stroke sequences. The initial-stage current often exhibits superimposed pulses whose peaks range from tens of amperes to several kiloamperes (occasionally a few tens of kiloamperes).
Perceptions of adults with childlike voices in two cultures

Abstract Two studies tested the hypothesis that adults with childlike voices would be perceived as having childlike psychological attributes. In Study 1, United States undergraduates listened to either 16 male or 16 female speakers reciting the English alphabet, and they rated psychological traits and vocal qualities of each speaker. The results revealed that speakers with vocal qualities perceived as childlike were also perceived as weaker, less competent, and warmer than their mature sounding counterparts, and these effects were independent of speakers' feminine vocal qualities, sex, and perceived age. Study 2 replicated Study 1, employing Korean undergraduates as subjects. The results revealed significant agreement between United States and Korean subjects' ratings of the United States speakers' traits. Moreover, the impact on trait ratings of a childlike voice was very similar for Korean and United States subjects. The results are discussed within a theoretical framework which argues that perceptions of adults with childlike voices may derive from the species-wide adaptive value of analogous reactions to the young.
A derivative of myelin-associated glycoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid of normal subjects and patients with neurological disease

A procedure for quantitating the myelin-associated glycoproiein (MAG) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was developed. The procedure involved immunoprecipitation with rabbit polyclonal anti-MAG antiserum followed by immune staining of electroblots with the monoclonal antibody HNK-1. This method could detect as little as 2 ng of MAG per ml of CSF and could accurately measure levels of 5 ng/ml or greater. No intact MAG was detected in any of the CSF samples examined, but all samples contained the 90K dalton proteolytic derivative of MAG called dMAG. Samples from normal volunteers and patients with demyelinating diseases contained levels of dMAG ranging from 2 to 13 ng/ml. There was no correlation of dMAG levels with levels of myelin basic protein or with active demyelinating disease. The relatively high levels of dMAG, even in control CSF samples, probably resulted from normal physiological turnover of MAG and could possibly obscure any additional increments of MAG or dMAG release that might occur as a result of demyelination.
Estimates of metabolic rate in obese and nonobese adolescents

To evaluate the validity of equations for the calculation of basal metabolic rate, we compared measured metabolic rates in a population that included obese and nonobese adolescents with metabolic rates calculated from five equations commonly used to estimate metabolic rate. Of the available options, neither the Mayo Clinic nomogram nor the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU) equations produced estimates that differed significantly from measured values. In a second cohort of severely obese adolescent girls, the FAO/WHO/UNU equation that included both height and weight provided the most accurate estimate of metabolic rate. Because of their simplicity, we recommend use of the FAO/WHO/UNU equations to estimate metabolic rate in adolescent populations (boys: BMR=17.5 weight (kg)+651; girls: BMR=12.2 weight (kg)+746). However, when obese cohorts are studied, the FAO/WHO/UNU equation that includes both weight and height predicts metabolic rate most accurately (boys: BMR=16.6 weight (kg)+77 height (m)+572; girls: BMR=7.4 weight (kg)+482 height (m)+217).
Strings and supermoduli

Abstract Polyakov's prescription for fermionic closed string amplitudes requires that we integrate over gauge-inequivalent geometries on a 2D supermanifold. These inequivalent geometries are parametrized by a finite-dimensional superspace of moduli. This space is described and an integration measure on it is proposed which comesfrom gauge-fixing the heterotic string. The measure thus obtained is free of conformal and Lorentz anomalies and so canbr used to compute invariant string amplitudes.
Spontaneous twin gestation after vaginal dilation in a woman with uterus didelphys and bladder exstrophy

Abstract BACKGROUND: Bladder exstrophy is an uncommon anomaly rarely associated with uterus didelphys. Fertility is limited by associated vaginal malformations, which have traditionally required surgical reconstruction. CASE: A woman with a history of bladder exstrophy and hypoplastic vagina presented complaining of painful intercourse. The patient underwent vaginal dilator treatment after corrective surgery for the bladder defect. Without any further fertility therapy she subsequently conceived twins, with one implantation in each horn of a didelphic uterus. CONCLUSION: Bladder exstrophy, uterus didelphys, and vaginal hypoplasia share a common embryological devel-opment, and the finding of one anomaly can alert to the presence of another. Vaginal dilators may be used in place of surgical reconstruction to allow conception.
Maximizing management of patients with decompensated heart failure.

Patients with decompensated congestive heart failure can be categorized into those with either acute or chronic presentations. Patients with acute decompensated heart failure most often have an acute injury that affects either myocardial performance (i.e., myocardial infarction) or valvular/chamber integrity (mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal rupture), which leads to an acute rise in left ventricular (LV) filling pressures resulting in pulmonary edema and dyspnea. Therapy for these patients is aimed at treating the underlying cause of the myocardial injury as well as pharmacologic strategies to reduce LV filling pressures and to improve cardiac performance. In contrast, the therapy of patients presenting with decompensated heart failure in the setting of chronic LV systolic dysfunction, treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, digoxin, diuretics, and may be beta blockers, represent a poorly defined clinical entity that lacks clear guidelines for treatment. These patients can present with symptoms of volume overload and/or low cardiac output without evidence for a volume overloaded state. Potential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches include (1) a pulmonary artery catheter for invasive hemodynamic monitoring, (2) intravenous inotropic therapy, (3) LV mechanical assist device therapy, and (4) cardiac transplantation. This review presents some of the advantages and disadvantages of each of these interventions for patients with chronic systolic dysfunction who present with decompensated symptoms and require specialized management in the hospital setting.
Lean Body Mass Deficit in Girls with Rett Syndrome Is Not Associated with Altered Urea Production and Salvage

Lean Body Mass Deficit in Girls with Rett Syndrome Is Not Associated with Altered Urea Production and Salvage
Algebraic models of hadronic structure

A model of hadronic structure based on the algebra U(4) ⊗ SU s (2) ⊗ SU f (n) ⊗ SU c (3) is reviewed. Applications to the study of (q\( \mathop q\limits^ -\)) configurations are presented.
Selecting tile shape for minimal execution time

Many computationally-intensive programs, such as those for differential equations, spatial interpolation, and dynamic programming, spend a large portion of their execution time in multiply-nested loops which have a regular stencil of data dependences. Tiling is a well-known optimization that improves performance on such loops, particularly for computers with a multi-levelled hierarchy of parallelism and memory. Most previous work on tiling restricts the tile shape to be rectangular. Our previous work and its extension by Desprez, Dongarra, Rastello and Robert Showed that for doubly nested loops, using parallelograms can improve parallel execution time by decreasing the idle time, the time that a processor spends waiting for data or synchronization. In this technical report, we extend that work to more deeply nested loops, as well as to more complex loop bounds. We introduce a model which allows us to demonstrate the equivalence in complexity of linear programming and determining the execution time of a tiling in the model. We then identify a sub-class of these loops that constitute rectilinear iteration spaces for which we derive a closed form formula for their execution time. This formula can be used by a compiler to predict the execution tome of a loop nest. We then derive the tile shape that minimizes this formula. Using the duality property of linear programming, we also study how the longest path of dependent tiles within a rectilinear iteration space depends on the slope of only four of the facets defining the iteration space, independent of its dimensionality.
Children with specific language impairment show rapid, implicit learning of stress assignment rules.

Abstract An implicit learning paradigm was used to assess children's sensitivity to syllable stress information in an artificial language. Study 1 demonstrated that preschool children, with and without specific language impairment (SLI), can generalize patterns of stress heard during a brief period of familiarization, and can also abstract underlying ordered rules by which stress patterns were assigned to syllables. In Study 2, the salience of stressed elements was acoustically enhanced. Counter to expectations, there was no evidence of learning with this manipulation for either the typically developing children or children with SLI. The results suggest that children with SLI and their typically developing peers are sensitive to syllable stress cues to language structure. However, attempts to draw attention to these patterns by making them more salient may prompt children to use alternate learning strategies that do not lead to an implicit understanding of how stress contributes to the structure of language. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to understand: (1) that children with SLI can learn and generalize the rules for assigning word-level stress patterns within minutes of hearing examples, but (2) strategies to enhance learning may actually have the opposite effect for these children.
Essential Leaf Oil Composition of Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.) Swing., an Aurantioid Xerophyte

ABSTRACT Eremocitrus glauca is the only xerophyte in the subfamily Aurantioideae (Rutaceae). Exhibiting cold and salt tolerance, it is a potential rootstock for the Citrus industry. The leaf oil was examined by a combination of GC and GC/MS. Of the more than 60 volatiles found in the oil, 48 were identified. The percentage composition of identified and unidentified and MS data for the 15 unknowns are presented. The components with the largest concentration were α- and β-pinene, comprising over 70% of the total oil spectrum. This leaf oil pattern reported here for the first time is unlike that of any other aurantioid species.
The cost of wind power variability

Abstract We develop a metric to quantify the sub-hourly variability cost of individual wind plants and show its use in valuing reductions in wind power variability. Our method partitions wind energy into hourly and sub-hourly components and uses corresponding market prices to determine variability costs. We use publically available 15-min ERCOT data, although the method developed can be applied to higher time resolution data if available. We do not estimate uncertainty costs though our metric can separate integration costs into variability and uncertainty components. The mean variability costs arising from 15-min to 1-h variations (termed load following) for 20 ERCOT wind plants was $8.73±$1.26 per MWh in 2008 and $3.90±$0.52 per MWh in 2009. Load following variability costs decrease as capacity factors increase, indicating wind plants sited in locations with good wind resources cost a system less to integrate. Twenty interconnected wind plants had a variability cost of $4.35 per MWh in 2008. The marginal benefit of interconnecting another wind plant diminishes rapidly: it is less than $3.43 per MWh for systems with 2 wind plants already interconnected, less than $0.7 per MWh for 4–7 wind plants, and less than $0.2 per MWh for 8 or more wind plants.
The sympathetic trunks of a hibernator, the bat Myotis lucifugus.

The sympathetic trunks in Myotis lucifugus are each characterized by three unusually prominent ganglia: the superior cervical, the stellate and a “large lumbar” ganglion. The superior cervical appears to distribute only to the head region. The cervical sympathetic trunk connects with the vagus nerve but not to the cervical spinal nerves. The stellate is the largest of the trunk ganglia. A prominent nerve arising from it follows the vertebral artery. This vertebral nerve connects with the second to the seventh, and sometimes the eighth, cervical spinal nerves. Another prominent branch from this ganglion follows the cervical artery to ramify in the interscapular brown fat pad. The stellate ganglion supplies the brachial plexus directly and via the vertebral nerve. Its branches also supply thoracic viscera important for arousal from hibernation as well as for flight. The large lumbar ganglion contributes very few fibers to abdominal or pelvic viscera but, via the lumbosacral plexus, may affect vasoconstriction in the pelvic wall and posterior extremities. The prominent prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen and pelvis, which include an adrenal-;renal complex, are probably supplied by the tenth thoracic to second lumbar spinal nerves.
Micro-optical inertial sensors using silicon MEMS

Polysilicon surface-micromachining offers a new approach to the development of micro-optical systems on silicon. An "optical bench on a chip" with multiple three-dimensional components that are movable has been developed. An accelerometer, which relies on the measurement of optical intensity change due to the interaction between a light beam and a movable optical filter, has been fabricated. The filter consists of a aluminum-coated polysilicon grating that is connected to folded-beam springs that are anchored on the substrate. A 0.5 micron movement of the mass-spring system translated to 150 g acceleration. Simulation of the vibration modes of the mechanical structure indicate that the first natural frequency would occur at 6.9 kHz. A new accelerometer has been designed that can sense 10 g with a 1 micron movement of the filter. Optical interferometric sensors have also been fabricated. These can be also be used in high precision accelerometers. Multi-axis accelerometers can be easily developed in these silicon micro-optical systems.
Studies on Fluorescence and Photosensitization in Aqueous Solution. II. Fluorescence in Aqueous Solution

In the present work we have attempted to make a general systematic survey of the effect of the addition of salts to fluorescent solutions. The effect of the presence of salts on fluorescent solutions was noticed by the earliest workers on the subject; Stokes, for instance, reports that while solutions of quinine in sulphuric, nitric, tartaric, succinic and phosphoric acid were fluorescent, the addition of the halogen hydracids and of sodium chloride extinguished the fluorescence. Similar observations were made by Buckingham! and recently by Desha, Sherrill and Harrison. Apparatus .—We chose as measuring instrument the photoelectric cell. After preliminary experiments had shown that the inconstancy of the light source made it troublesome and inaccurate to measure the current from a single photo-cell illuminated directly by the fluorescent light, we finally adopted a differential method, the essentials of which are sketched below.
An obstacle-responsive technique for the management and distribution of local rapidly-exploring random trees

The evolution of sampling-based planning has introduced a number of novel algorithms and modifications that allow for various adaptations to the local environment. This paper presents a revision to the Path-length Annexed Random Tree (PART) that allocates and regulates local exploration in an adaptive manner. The improved algorithm eliminates the need to choose and tune an additional threshold parameter while providing denser coverage in potentially complex regions and a natural means of connection for either unidirectional or bidirectional planning. The robustness of this algorithm and the performance implications of the threshold parameter are demonstrated in 2D and SE(3) experiments.
TagA, a putative serine protease/ABC transporter of Dictyostelium that is required for cell fate determination at the onset of development.

The tag genes of Dictyostelium are predicted to encode multi-domain proteins consisting of serine protease and ATP-binding cassette transporter domains. We have identified a novel tag gene, tagA , which is involved in cell type differentiation. The tagA mRNA accumulates during the first four hours of development, whereas TagA protein accumulates between two and ten hours of development and decreases thereafter. Wild-type cells express tagA in prespore cells and mature spores, defining tagA expression as prespore specific. However, tagA mutant cells that activate the tagA promoter do not sporulate, but instead form part of the outer basal disc and lower cup of the fruiting body. tagA mutant aggregates elaborate multiple prestalk cell regions during development and produce spores asynchronously and with low viability. tagA mutants produce about twice as many prestalk cells as the wild type as judged by a prestalk cell reporter construct. When mixed with wild-type cells, tagA - cells become overrepresented in the prestalk cell population, suggesting that this phenotype is cell-autonomous. These results suggest that TagA is required for the specification of an initial population of prespore cells in which tagA is expressed. Expression profiling uncovered a delay in the transcriptional program between 2 and 6 hours, coincident with TagA expression, revealing an early function for TagA. TagA also appears to play a general role in cell fate determination since tagA mutants express a spore coat protein gene ( cotB ) within vacuolated cells that form part of the stalk and they express a prestalk/stalk-specific gene ( ecmB ) within cells that become spores. The expression of TagA at two hours of development, the observed coincident delay in the transcriptional program and the subsequent mis-expression of cell-type specific genes provide evidence for cell fate determination beginning in some cells much earlier than previously believed.
Entry Vehicle Control System Design for the Mars Smart Lander

The NASA Langley Research Center, in cooperation with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, participated in a preliminary design study of the Entry, Descent and Landing phase for the Mars Smart Lander Project. This concept utilizes advances in Guidance, Navigation and Control technology to significantly reduce uncertainty in the vehicle landed location on the Mars surface. A candidate entry vehicle controller based on the Reaction Control System controller for the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module digital autopilot is proposed for use in the entry vehicle attitude control. A slight modification to the phase plane controller is used to reduce jet-firing chattering while maintaining good control response for the Martian entry probe application. The controller performance is demonstrated in a six-degree-of-freedom simulation with representative aerodynamics.
Diffusion recursive least-squares for distributed estimation over adaptive networks

We study the problem of distributed estimation over adaptive networks where a collection of nodes are required to estimate in a collaborative manner some parameter of interest from their measurements. The centralized solution to the problem uses a fusion center, thus, requiring a large amount of energy for communication. Incremental strategies that obtain the global solution have been proposed, but they require the definition of a cycle through the network. We propose a diffusion recursive least-squares algorithm where nodes need to communicate only with their closest neighbors. The algorithm has no topology constraints, and requires no transmission or inversion of matrices, therefore saving in communications and complexity. We show that the algorithm is stable and analyze its performance comparing it to the centralized global solution. We also show how to select the combination weights optimally.
CB3-02: Demographic Differences Between US-born and Foreign-born Asia Pacific Islanders Among the Hepatitis B Patients of Kaiser Permanente, Hawai’i

Background/Aims Approximately two billion people worldwide have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and about 350 million live with chronic infection. Over half of all liver cancer cases in the world are attributable to chronic, or persistent, HBV infection. Of US residents chronically infected with HBV, 40% to 70% are foreign-born immigrants, mainly Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs). Disparity by race exists for APIs which makeup approximately 4% of the U.S. population and more than 2% of these races are affected with chronic HBV. The purpose of this study is to investigate the demographic differences between the foreign-born and US-born HBV infected APIs of Kaiser Permanente, Hawai’i (KPHI).
Second Annual Survey of Research and Experimentation in Modern Foreign Language Teaching

THE third survey of research in foreign language teaching problems was carried on for 1936 with the use of the same type of card-questionnaire as was used in the first and second surveys. The questions asked were the same as those to be answered in the second survey: (1) Is there any experimentation or research in FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING going on in your department? (2) Department of ; (3) Person directing research; (4) Date when work was begun; (5) What published results are available? (6) Specific problems being investigated; (7) What changes have been made or proposed in your foreign language curriculum? When the National Federation of Modern Language Teachers, which had provided funds for the first two surveys, found itself unable to continue such support, the writer sought the aid of the Modern Language Committee of the American Council on Education. In providing enabling funds this committee directed that a much wider survey be made this year. Last year the subscribers to the Modern Language Journal constituted the core of the addressees, supplemented by a selected list of college teachers. Extending the assumption that persons engaged in research are most likely to be subscribers to their professional journals, the writer addressed the societies which published the journals concerned with the teaching of modern foreign languages. All except one, which was enjoined by its constitution from lending its membership list for any purpose whatsoever, gave most generous cooperation. Each society sent its membership list and directed its printer to address questionnaire cards-with its addressograph as directed by the writer. The final mailing list of over 5500 names was obtained by removing duplicates from the mailing lists of the co-operating publications and using the resulting list. The journals concerned were: Modern Language Journal, French Review, Hispania, German Quarterly, Monatshefte fiir deutschen Unterricht, and Modern Language Forum. In order to permit comparison, this report will follow the plan of the second report: (a) distribution of returns by geographical regions; (b) analysis of reports in order of questions asked, arranged in order of rank according to number of responses received; (c) comparisons with last year's report. Of the 5466 mailings, 907 (seventeen per cent) brought a return. Of these 907 returns, 69 (eight per cent) were invalid through some accident
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and neuroleptic-induced catatonia: differential diagnosis and treatment

The clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, and treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome and neuroleptic-induced catatonia are discussed. A case is presented in which the catatonic-like behavior and extrapyramidal sequelae of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome responded to combined treatment with anticholinergics and levodopa/carbidopa. Differential diagnosis and theories regarding the development of these neuroleptic-induced disorders are reviewed.
Supporting networking courses with a hands-on laboratory

With the growing importance of communications, the establishment of a network laboratory with a networking course is becoming a necessary and rewarding venture. Not only do the students receive instruction in class, but they also obtain hands-on experience through setting up commercial networks in the lab. One such lab is being established at the University of Arkansas in the Computer Systems Engineering and Electrical Engineering Departments to support the undergraduate and graduate network courses. The lab has 12 PCs with Ethernet combination cards so that coaxial or twisted-pair cables may be used. The software for the lab currently consists of Novell NetWare 3.12, Novell NetWare 4.1, Linux, PC-NFS, Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11, and Artisoft LANtastic 6.0. The students set up the networks and perform various exercises, including troubleshooting, administrating and timing. The students also have access to a protocol analyzer that can be used on the University of Arkansas College of Engineering's computer network so they can observe how higher traffic networks operate. The College of Engineering's computer network supports PCs running MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and Linux, and Sun Workstations running Solaris and SunOS. The network is hooked up to the Internet as well. Students are able to observe the types of packets traversing the network. The analyzer was written by a Master's student and includes a tutorial. A report of the success of the lab and the use of the protocol analyzer is given.
On the performance of distributed space-time coding systems with one and two non-regenerative relays

Spatial diversity can be induced by using wireless relay stations, which cooperate by amplifying and retransmitting the information received from a source to a destination station. In this context we propose a distributed space-time coding (DSTC) system based on the Alamouti codes. We characterize the symbol error rate of systems with one and two non-regenerative relays using bounds and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) approximations. The asymptotic (high SNR) symbol error probability formulas are used to optimize the power allocation in the DSTC system. Furthermore, using the asymptotic symbol error probability formulas we argue that the DSTC system has at least 1.5 times the diversity achieved by point-to-point transmissions with the same bandwidth. Simulations show not only that the DSTC outperforms the amplify-and-forward cooperative system with orthogonal transmissions, but also convolutional encoded one-hop transmissions with the same information rate as the DSTC system. Assuming full channel knowledge at the source and the relays, we find an optimum cooperative system by minimizing the bit error rate of the DSTC system with one and two non-regenerative relays subject to fixed transmit energy constraints at each radio. Numerical results show that the DSTC system with two relays performs very close to the optimum cooperative system.
Master of Professional Studies in Agriculture and Life Sciences Offered through the Field of Food Science and Technology at Cornell University: A Model for the Development of a Course-Based Graduate Degree in Food Science and Technology.

The shortage of highly qualified graduates with advanced training in food science is a pressing problem facing government agencies and the food industry. This has created a need to recruit and train food scientists at the graduate level. However, most graduate level programs are research-based and do not meet the needs of many students. The College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell Univ. has a Master of Professional Studies Program in Agriculture and Life Sciences (MPS-ALS), which is offered through the Field of Food Science and Technology (FFST), as an alternative to research-based masters and doctoral degrees. Although the MPS-ALS program began in the 1970s, the FFST did not take an active role in recruiting students or tracking alumni until 2000. From 2000 to 2013, a total of 56 students, representing an internationally and academically diverse student body, have received MPS-ALS degrees through the FFST. In May and August 2013, alumni were asked, via e-mail, to complete an online survey to assess the long-term impact of the MPS-ALS program on their career success. The results of the survey indicate that the MPS-ALS program at Cornell Univ. is a strong program that attracts excellent candidates from a variety of undergraduate fields. Program alumni have been very successful in obtaining full-time employment, graduate positions and internships, and are highly satisfied with the program. The MPS-ALS offered through the FFST at Cornell Univ. is a model for the development of course-based graduate programs that seek to increase the supply of and meet the demand for trained professionals in food science.
Translating Policy to Practice: Initiating RTI in Urban Schools

This mixed methods study explores the pilot implementation of a Response to Intervention framework in the first grade classrooms in three urban schools. Two schools in a fully implemented condition...