cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear macromodeling with AWE

Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE) [1, 2] is an efficient and general technique for simulating linear(ized) circuits. This paper discusses strategies for macromodeling nonlinear circuits with AWE. One approach, multi-region AWE macromodels, represents an extension of piecewise linear models, with the addition of internal states. Each region represents an AWE approximation to a linearization (at some bias point) of the nonlinear circuit of interest. In addition a technique is presented for initializing the internal states when the model transitions from one linearization to another during a transient simulation. The second approach is to treat nonlinearity as a second order effect that is superimposed on a linear solution as a post-processing step. A relaxation algorithm that exploits the reuseable AWE solution is employed to modify the linear solution so that it accounts for the macromodel nonlinearity.
Do remittances promote financial development

Abstract Workers' remittances to developing countries have become the second largest type of flows after foreign direct investment. This paper uses data on remittance flows to 109 developing countries during 1975–2007 to study the link between remittances and financial sector development. In particular, we examine the association between remittances and the aggregate level of deposits and credit intermediated by the local banking sector. This is an important question considering the extensive literature that has documented the growth-enhancing and poverty-reducing effects of financial development. We provide evidence of a positive, significant, and robust link between remittances and financial development in developing countries.
Marketing social change: The case of family preservation

Abstract Foundations, in attempting to fill the vacuum created by the Federal government's retreat from the field of child welfare in the 1980s, have played an important role in penetrating professional practice and shaping public policy. This case study examines the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation's promotion of the Homebuilders type of family preservation services as the sole model worthy of public support. It suggests that successful marketing and dissemination of a single program design, in this policy environment, not only may displace other, no less effective programs and models, such success in marketing may also have adverse effects on research, education, continued innovation, needed diversity, and the public policymaking system.
Self recognition and social awareness in the deconnected minor hemisphere.

Abstract Two patients with cerebral commissurotomy were tested with visual input lateralized to left or right half of the visual field by an opaque hemifield screen set in the focal plane of an optical system mounted on a scleral contact lens which allowed prolonged exposure and ocular scanning of complex visual arrays. Key personal and affect-laden stimuli along with items for assessing general social knowledgability were presented among neutral unknowns in visual arrays with 4–9 choices. Selective manual and associated emotional responses obtained from the minor hemisphere to pictures of subject's self, relatives, pets and belongings, and of public, historical and religious figures and personalities from the entertainment world revealed a characteristic social, political, personal and self-awareness comparable roughly to that of the major hemisphere of the same subject.
Visualization of mass transport and heat transfer in the FAPA ambient ionization source

Ambient desorption/ionization mass-spectrometry (ADI-MS) has shown tremendous potential for the direct analysis of materials in the open atmosphere. Unfortunately, processes governing analyte desorption and transport into the mass spectrometer, which ultimately limit sampling reproducibility and quantification, have not been investigated for most ADI-MS sources. For plasma-based ADI-MS sources, such studies are further complicated because the discharge support gas is optically transparent. Here, two methods were employed to probe these otherwise invisible phenomena. Specifically, schlieren imaging and infrared (IR) thermography were utilized to visualize plasma-gas flow and heat transfer, respectively, from a pin-to-capillary geometry flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA) ambient ionization source. The influence of operating conditions was investigated, including plasma-gas flow rate and source capillary diameter. Interactions of the desorption/ionization beam with a sample probe or a sample surface before it is captured by a mock mass spectrometer interface were also explored. These experiments showed that schlieren imaging is a viable means for visualization of the plasma transport gas, and that coupling with IR thermography yields information on gas and temperature distributions. Schlieren images revealed that the existence of a discharge can alter by up to 8 cm the location where the flowing afterglow transitions from laminar to turbulent flow. Addition of a sample-introduction probe into the plasma gas perturbed the width of the gas beam by 1.5 cm. Additionally, helium impinging on a surface expanded rapidly, unless an interface was present to capture the gas, while local heating was confined to a small area (<1 cm2), based on 75% of the maximum temperature, compared to background.
1D Homogeneous Modeling of Microchannel Two-Phase Flow With Distributed Liquid Water Injection From Walls

This paper presents a theoretical model and a numerical simulation of a liquid-gas two-phase flow within a microchannel (50 μm × 500 μm × 2cm) equipped with distributed liquid water injection through the side walls. The modeling and solution of the conservation equations provide pressure drop as a function of inlet velocity. The influence of different parameters involving water injection is investigated, such as the quantity of water that is injected and the profile that is used to inject it. The numerical results show that for small water injection rates (1–10μL/min) the air flow velocity and pressure drop are not significantly perturbed by the presence of liquid water. But if water injection becomes important (10–100μL/min) larger pressure drops are observed. The influence of inlet pressure is also investigated. The model predictions are compared with experimental results obtained from testing a set of microchannels with a varying number of water injection slots on the side walls. Pressure drop distribution data from these experiments are consistent with model predictions.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Frontal sinus osteoma removal with the ultrasonic bone aspirator.

Osteomas, the most common skull tumors, are typically excised through either an open or endoscopic ostectomy using a high-speed drill, a technically challenging procedure that can result in injury to adjacent soft tissue structures. Osteoma removal through ultrasonic bone emulsification and aspiration (UBA) offers the advantages of decreased blood loss, preservation of adjacent soft tissue structures, and precise bone removal. UBA was used to successfully remove a forehead osteoma without injury to adjacent nerves and with a satisfactory cosmetic outcome. We describe skull osteoma removal with an ultrasonic bone aspirator, which offers potential advantages over conventional bone removal techniques. Laryngoscope, 2012
Therapeutic adherence in the elderly: transdermal clonidine compared to oral verapamil for hypertension.

Abstract This double-blind, double-dummy, randomized clinical trial, conducted in elderly patients with mild hypertension, compared adherence to treatment, efficacy, side effects, and quality of life during treatment with transdermal clonidine versus oral sustained-release verapamil (verapamil-SR). Blood pressure declined significantly—from 148/95 mm Hg at baseline to 139/84 after titration and 135/86 after maintenance—with transdermal clonidine (n = 29), and from 156/96 to 144/85 and 148/88, respectively, with verapamil-SR (n = 29). Adverse event rates and quality-of-life questionnaire responses were similar in the two treatment groups. Transdermal clonidine was worn as directed during more than 96% of patient-weeks of treatment. Compliance with the oral verapamil regimen was less consistent: Verapamil-SR was taken as directed during approximately 50% of patient-weeks of therapy, and individual compliance, assessed by tablet counts, varied from 50–120%. In all, 86% of subjects were satisfied or highly satisfied with the convenience of transdermal therapy; 87% reported that side effects were slightly or not bothersome; 65% indicated that transdermal patches were more convenient than oral therapy; and almost 60% preferred transdermal to oral therapy. In this study transdermal clonidine and oral verapamil were equally safe and effective. A substantial majority of patients preferred transdermal to oral therapy, and adherence to treatment was greater with transdermal therapy.
The morphology of unconventional sputter deposited Ba(1−x)SrxTiO3 thin films

Abstract Thin films of Ba(1−x)SrxTiO3 (BST) have been deposited on (100) MgO substrates by off-axis cosputtering targets of SrTiO3 and BaTiO3 for several Ba/Sr metals fractions. The surface morphology and crystal structure were strongly dependent on the Ba/Sr metals fraction. For small x values ( 0.5 became strongly (200) orientated. The surface roughness was smooth for x 0.45. This film stress has a strong influence on the Curie temperature and the resulting dielectric properties of the films.
Initial clinical trial and pharmacokinetics of Thymitaq(TM) (AG337) by 10-day continuous infusion in patients with advanced solid tumors

Purpose: To establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting and other major toxicities and the major pharmacokinetic parameters of a 10-day infusion of the nonclassical antifolate ThymitaqTM. Methods: The drug was given by 10-day infusion via a portable pump. The starting dose was 286 mg/m2 per day with escalation to 572 and 716 mg/m2 per day. Thymitaq in plasma was assayed by a validated isocratic reverse-phase HPLC assay with detection at 273 nm. Results: The dose of 716 mg/m2 per day × 10 was considered too high as none of three patients completed a 10-day infusion and two of three developed grade IV myelotoxicity. At 572 mg/m2 per day three of four patients completed a 10-day infusion. Dose-limiting myelosuppression was seen in one of four but owing to a high incidence of thrombotic phenomena, no further patients were added. Conclusion: Continuous 10-day infusions of Thymitaq should be limited to low doses until further studies can be done.
Ornithine as a precursor of collagen proline and hydroxyproline in the chick embryo (Gallus gallus).

Abstract 1. 1. A radiorespirometer was used to follow oxygen utilization per min and 14 CO 2 production by developing chick embryos inoculated with 14 C-labeled proline, ornithine and glutamic acid. Collagen was extracted from these embryos and the specific activity of the collagen proline and hydroxyproline determined. 2. 2. The 14 CO 2 production rate from the amino acids was as follows: glutamic acid>ornithine>proline. 3. 3. The specific activities of collagen proline and hydroxyproline were of similar magnitude following the administration of similar quantities of 14 C-labeled proline or ornithine, but very low following inoculation with 14 C glutamic acid.
The Low Bridge to High Benefits: Entry-Level Multimedia, Literacies, and Motivation

Abstract Low-bridge approaches to multimedia in the writing classroom rely on familiar literacies, free consumer-level software, and remix uses of materials to facilitate student production of new media compositions. The projects shed light on reconfigurations of teaching environments that foreground the classroom as a construction site or studio space. The model features an emphasis on the interplay between technical things and human goals and concerns. This emphasis requires hands-on experiences working with technologies as part of classroom activities. Skill challenges yield high levels of motivation, and student composers experience flow-like states of creativity. The writing class as new media studio becomes a site of heightened personal engagement with learning that moves from the practical to the personal to the public. These practical approaches yield significant opportunities for students to develop new media literacies through the process of making projects. Examining these projects reveals the need to focus on a sense of personal agency and the possibilities for delivering social change when we talk about new media literacy.
Dyslipidemia, gender, and the role of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: implications for therapy

Cardiovascular disease, which kills more US women than all cancers combined, may pose an even greater risk for women than for men. For example, the risk factors, testing modalities, presenting symptoms and the therapeutic choices made for women with coronary artery disease are significantly different from those for men. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 45 mg/dL) in women. This is not yet reflected in clinical guidelines. Diabetes is particularly hazardous in women, and low HDL-C levels constitute a disproportionate risk for coronary artery disease in diabetic women compared with diabetic men. Regrettably, although lipid-lowering drugs have been shown to be effective in women, they are more rarely prescribed for women than for men.
Prostaglandin F2α Concentrations, Fatty Acid Profiles, and Fertility in Lipid-Infused Postpartum Beef Heifers

Effects of lipid infusion into postpartum (PP) beef heifers on plasma concentrations of linoleic acid and prostaglandin (PG) F2a metabolite (PGFM), days to first estrus, and subsequent pregnancy rate were examined. Treatments (n 5 5 per group) of 1 L intralipid (20% soybean oil; IL), 1 L 50% dextrose (DEXT; isocaloric to IL), 0.5 L intralipid (0.5 IL), and 1 L physiological saline (SAL) were infused i.v. ove r4ho n each of Days 7t hrough 11 PP. Capacity of the uterus to produce PG was evaluated after i.v. injection of 150 IU of oxytocin (OT) to IL- and DEXT-treated heifers Day 12 PP. Change in plasma concentrations of PGFM from 0 to 4 h was greater for IL-treated heifers than for heifers given other treatments on Day 7 (P 5 0.04) and on Day 11 (P 5 0.01), but not on Day 9 (P . 0.10). Plasma linoleic acid on Day 11 and OT-induced release of PGFM on Day 12 were greater in IL-treated heifers compared with DEXT-treated heifers (P , 0.06 and P 5 0.01, respectively). There were no significant differences among treatments for mean days to first estrus or pregnancy rate. Infusion of lipid increased systemic concentrations of linoleic acid and increased the capacity of PP heifers to produce uterine PGF2a as indicated by plasma PGFM concentration after OT injection.
VI.—More about Septarian Structure

In his article on septarian structure in the March number of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE Dr. A. Morley Davies seems to call for further light upon the subject, hence the following is offered. The writer became convinced of the fallacy of the current teaching concerning the formation of concretions with cracked interiors and of septaria more than thirty years ago, and has so taught in his classes ever since. In 1902 he published a paper on “Concretions and their Geological Effects”, which presented facts which virtually demonstrate that the cracking is due to the expansion of the exterior rather than by a contraction of the interior, as Dr. Davies has also concluded.
Expression of α-methylacyl-coa racemase (p504s) in various malignant neoplasms and normal tissues: a study of 761 cases

α-methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR), also known as P504S, plays an important role in peroxisomal beta-oxidation of branched-chain fatty acids. It has recently been shown that AMACR is highly expressed in prostate cancer and that it may be an important diagnostic marker for prostate carcinoma. However, little is known about expression of AMACR in normal tissues and other malignant tumors. In this study, we investigated expression of AMACR in 539 malignant tumors and 222 normal human tissues of various types by immunohistochemical analysis. mRNA levels of AMACR in normal organs and in selected tumors were assessed by real time PCR. In normal tissue, high expression of AMACR mRNA was identified in liver, kidney and salivary gland, while AMACR protein was detected in liver (hepatocytes), kidney (tubular epithelial cells), lung (only bronchial epithelial cells), and gallbladder (only mucosal epithelial cells). High expression of AMACR mRNA was found in prostate, liver, and kidney cancers but rarely in stomach and bladder cancers. A high percent of adenocarcinomas arising from these organs express AMACR, including 17 of 21 (81%) of hepatocellular carcinomas and 18 of 24 (75%) of renal cell carcinomas. In addition, carcinomas arising from tissues normally not expressing AMACR were also positive for the antigen, including 17 of 18 (94%) prostate carcinomas, 9 of 29 (31%) of urothelial carcinomas, and 4 of 15 (27%) of gastric adenocarcinomas. Two hundred and fifty cases of adenocarcinomas from lung, breast, pancreas, bile duct, adrenal gland, salivary gland, ovary, thyroid and endometrium were negative or rarely positive for AMACR. Neuroendocrine carcinomas rarely expressed AMACR. Melanomas, squamous cell carcinomas, basal cell carcinomas, soft tissue tumors (including epithelioid sarcomas and synovial sarcoma), thymomas, and germ cell tumors were negative for AMACR. Our data provide important baseline information for using AMACR in clinical practice and also are valuable in furthering understanding of the pathogenic role of AMACR in malignant neoplasms.
Dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin from Amphitrite ornata is primarily a monomer in solution.

The crystal structures of the dehaloperoxidase-hemoglobin from A. ornata (DHP A) each report a crystallographic dimer in the unit cell. Yet, the largest dimer interface observed is 450 A(2), an area significantly smaller than the typical value of 1200-2000 A(2) and in contrast to the extensive interface region of other known dimeric hemoglobins. To examine the oligomerization state of DHP A in solution, we used gel permeation by fast protein liquid chromatography and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Gel permeation experiments demonstrate that DHP A elutes as a monomer (15.5 kDa) and can be separated from green fluorescent protein, which has a molar mass of 27 kDa, near the 31 kDa expected for the DHP A dimer. By SAXS, we found that DHP A is primarily monomeric in solution, but with a detectable level of dimer (~10%), under all conditions studied up to a protein concentration of 3.0 mM. These concentrations are likely 10-100-fold lower than the K(d) for dimer formation. Additionally, there was no significant effect either on the overall conformation of DHP A or its monomer-dimer equilibrium upon addition of the DHP A inhibitor, 4-iodophenol.
Nonlinear optical characterization of LaEr(MoO4)3 thin films using the Z -scan technique

The nonlinear optical properties of thin films of LaEr(MoO4)3 were studied using a ∼30 ps Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm with a repetition rate of 250 Hz. Closed aperture Z-scan measurement revealed a negative nonlinearity in the LaEr(MoO4)3. The nonlinear refractive index γ=1.38×10-10 cm2/W and nonlinear absorption coefficient β=16.8×10-6 cm/W were calculated from the Z-scan data. The fluorescent upconversion spectra were recorded with 980 nm excitation. An optical switching mechanism based on nonlinear absorption is also presented experimentally.
Viewpoint Face the inevitable, embrace parallelism

Hardware, software, and applications must all evolve in anticipation of the proliferation of parallelism.
Pairing theory of high Tc and low Tc superconductors

Abstract New solutions for Tc, the order parameter, and the density of states are obtained, based on the fact that pairs are formed within the pairing interaction range, TD (Debye), via the BCS pairing theory (not the BCS results). They are valiid for all ify = T D πT c , and are applicable to low Tc (LTC) and high Tc (HTS) superconductors. The order parameter variation with y is shown to account for all features of HTS. A new density of states via the zero order parameter outside the pairing interaction range is found to account for low energy states observed in HTS. For large y (LTS), the BCS results are reproduced.
A Bumpy Road to Action Research

Abstract Using a systematic approach to addressing classroom questions, practitioners use the results of their own research to assess, develop, or improve their own practices.
Computer simulation of CO2 trapped through mineral precipitation in the Rose Run Sandstone, Ohio

Abstract Equilibrium, path-of-reaction and kinetic modeling of CO2–brine–mineral reactions in the Rose Run Sandstone, one of Ohio’s deep saline aquifers, was conducted in order to investigate the factors that are likely to influence the capacity of this formation to trap injected CO2 as solid carbonate mineral phases. Equilibrium modeling was applied to investigate the impact of temperature, pressure, mineralogy, brine composition, and CO2 fugacity on mineral dissolution and precipitation, the amount of CO2 sequestered, and the form of sequestration. Path of reaction and kinetic modeling were used to evaluate intermediate products and reaction progress as a function of time, as well as to investigate the impact of brine-to-rock ratio. The results of equilibrium modeling demonstrate that dissolution of albite, K-feldspar, and glauconite, and the precipitation of dawsonite and siderite are potentially very important for mineral trapping of CO2. According to the path of reaction and kinetic modelling, the stability of carbonate rocks is controlled by the brine-to-rock ratio, the pH of the system, the fugacity of CO2, and the kinetic rate of dissolution. In kinetic modeling, with a brine-to-rock ratio of 1:25, reactive surface area of 10 cm2/g, 10 MPa f CO 2 , and 12% porosity (1.5–2 g of CO2 per kg of reacted rock), significant quantities (10–40 g) of carbonate minerals were precipitated from both the sandstone and mixed rock assemblages. The Rose Run Sandstone has the potential to store CO2 over millennia as a negatively buoyant aqueous solution and, ultimately, as immobile carbonate minerals.
Upper Cenozoic Basalts with High Sr87/Sr86 and Sr/Rb Ratios, Southern Great Basin, Western United States

The initial strontium isotopic composition of 15 mafic volcanic rocks from the southern Great Basin has been determined. Results indicate that the basalts must have been derived from unusual mantle material in which an originally high Rb/Sr ratio was markedly lowered during an earlier phase of magmatic activity.
Thin Film Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis

Two techniques of spray pyrolysis, namely, electrostatic and pneumatic spray deposition, were used to deposit samaria-doped ceria (SDC) electrolyte and lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF) cathode on cermet or metal supported anodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operated at reduced temperature. The deposition processes, the properties of the deposited films, and the electrochemical performances of the fabricated cells are reported in this paper. The deposited SDC electrolytes were dense and gas-tight, and had good adhesion to the underlying anodes. The deposited LSCF cathode had a preferred morphology to facilitate the transport of oxygen gas and effective contact with the electrolyte. Button cell testing indicated that the SOFCs with electrolyte or cathode deposited by spray pyrolysis had good electrochemical performance. This study demonstrated that spray pyrolysis is a cost-effective process for fabricating thin film SOFCs, especially metal supported SOFCs.
RENAL HOMOTRANSPLANTATION IN DOGS.

Summary The findings in 87 dogs in which renal autotransplantation, renal homotransplantation without the use of immunosuppressive agents, or renal homotransplantation with the administration of an immunosuppressive drug, azathioprine (Imuran), suggest that, in the rejection of the homotransplanted canine kidney: (1) the initial morphologic changes occur in vessel walls and (2) the destruction of the graft is an ischemic process. The significance of the inflammatory cellular infiltrate was discussed, and the mechanism of rejection of the homotransplanted kidney was compared to inflammatory responses produced by other stimuli. The persistence of foci of inflammatory cells was noted in the homotransplanted kidneys in animals treated with azathioprine to inhibit rejection, even in the presence of good renal function. Vascular changes were not significant in this group of treated animals.
Sputter-induced compositional modifications in a Ni-Au alloy

Surface and subsurface composition changes induced by heating and by ion sputtering of a Ni-6 at% Au alloy at temperatures between 25 and 600°C were measured in situ, using the ion-scattering-spectroscopy technique. Upon heating, Au atoms segregated to the alloy surface; the enthalpy and entropy of Gibbsian adsorption were found to be −0.45 eV and −1.09K. During sputtering, the steady-state surface composition was noticeably temperature-dependent above ~400°C, which could be interpreted in terms of significant contributions of the second atom layer to the sputtered-atom flux. Steady-state concentration profiles measured after rapid cooling of the target to room temperature were analyzed to gain information about the temperature dependence of the effective altered-layer thickness, from which radiation-enhanced diffusion coefficients in the bombarded alloy were determined.
The tail does not always wag the dog.

There is a growing awareness of the importance of chromatin modifications in regulating everything from gene expression to DNA replication. A new study extends our knowledge of how certain regions of the yeast genome are silenced into transcriptionally inactive domains, and offers strong evidence for new structural principles that may govern this process. These findings require us to revise our histone tail–centric view of chromatin silencing and other processes that affect chromatin structure.
Using survey data to test market efficiency in the foreign exchange markets

The paper uses cointegration methods to test the market efficiency hypothesis (MEH) in the foreign exchange markets. Four exchange rates are considered-all relative to the US dollar: BP, DM, SF and JY. Survey data on expectations are used to see whether the violation of the MEH is due to expectational errors or risk premia. The results differ for the one-week ahead and the one-month ahead forecasts. With the weekly data we conclude that it is risk premia, and with the monthly data it is both expectational errors and risk premia that account for the violation of the MEH. Given the volatility of the exchange markets, it appears that forecasts over an extended period fail tests of rationality, but one-week ahead forecasts do not fail such tests.
Safety of Long-term Large Doses of Aspartame

Safety of long-term administration of 75 mg/kg of aspartame per day was evaluated with the use of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group design in 108 male and female volunteers aged 18 to 62 years. Subjects received either aspartame or placebo in capsule form three times daily for 24 weeks. No persistent changes over time were noted in either group in vital signs; body weight; results of standard laboratory tests; fasting blood levels of aspartame's constituent amino acids (aspartic acid and phenylalanine), other amino acids, and methanol; or blood formate levels and 24-hour urinary excretion of formate. There also were no statistically significant differences between groups in the number of subjects experiencing symptoms or in the number of symptoms per subject. These results further document the safety of the long-term consumption of aspartame at doses equivalent to the amount of aspartame in approximately 10 L of beverage per day.
Katrina and Rita were lit up with lightning

Hurricanes generally produce very little lightning activity compared to other noncyclonic storms, and lightning is especially sparse in the eye wall and inner regions within tens of kilometers surrounding the eye [Molinari et al., 1994, 1999]. (The eye wall is the wall of clouds that encircles the eye of the hurricane.) Lightning can sometimes be detected in the outer, spiral rainbands, but the lightning occurrence rate varies significantly from hurricane to hurricane as well as within an individual hurricane's lifetime. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the U.S. Gulf coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, and their distinctions were not just limited to their tremendous intensity and damage caused. They also differed from typical hurricanes in their lightning production rate.
Bioavailability of ethanol is reduced in several commonly used liquid diets.

Abstract Liquid diets are often used as a vehicle for chronically treating laboratory animals with ethanol. However, a recent report suggested that one or more components of these diets may bind ethanol which could result in a decrease in the bioavailability of ethanol. Consequently, we compared the blood ethanol concentration vs. time curves obtained following the intragastric (i.g.) administration of ethanol dissolved in water or in one of three liquid diets (Bioserv AIN-76, Sustacal, or Carnation Slender) using the long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mouse lines. The initial rates of absorption were generally the same for the water-ethanol and diet-ethanol groups, but the diets generally produced lower peak levels and the areas under the ethanol concentration-time curves were less for all of the liquid diets than for the control, ethanol-water solution. In vitro dialysis experiments indicated that the Bioserv diet binds ethanol in a saturable manner. Therefore, it may be that the slower release of ethanol, which should occur as a result of binding, serves to increase the role of first pass metabolism in regulating ethanol concentrations following oral administration. Because the effects of the diets were seen even after pyrazole treatment, it may be that the lower blood ethanol levels arise because metabolism by gastric ADH, rather than hepatic ADH, is responsible for a major portion of ethanol metabolism as ethanol is slowly released by the diets. If so, the observation that the diet/water differences were uniformly greater in the LS mice may indicate that LS-SS differences in gastric ADH exist. More generally, the reduced bioavailability of ethanol when given in liquid diets could result in problems especially in those studies that use low concentrations of ethanol.
BIOLOGY OF CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

This article reviews the biology of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and its effect on the process of hematopoiesis. The relevance of the BCR-ABL fusion protein as well as murine models are also discussed. CML has been studied more extensively than any other malignancy, yet the correlation between the clinical symptoms of chronic phase CML and the BCR-ABL oncoprotein is poorly understood. Insights from recent efforts both to develop a good in vivo animal model and to characterize the effect of the BCR-ABL oncoprotein on relevant signal molecules may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic phase CML and, thereby, to the development of targeted therapeutic approaches.
Coronary calcification in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease

Clinical, postmortem and angiographic studies of coronary calcification are reviewed to define the value of fluoroscopy in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. Autopsy studies consistently show a unique association between calcification of the coronary arteries and atherosclerosis. The relation of coronary calcification to the presence of major stenosis is more variable but is strong enough to be of clinical value, particularly in the younger subject. The diagnostic value of fluoroscopy can be improved by attention to the detailed features of calcification observed with the technique. Combined use of fluoroscopy and exercise testing appears to be a valid and as yet unexploited approach to the noninvasive diagnosis of coronary stenosis. Fluoroscopy has been a neglected method of noninvasive diagnosis and is sufficiently promising to warrant greater clinical use.
Penguin decays of B meson

The theory of loop induced rare B decays is reviewed. Both electromagnetic penguin processes and gluon mediated penguin processes are discussed. After consideringb→sy andb→se + e − decays, purely hadronic modes likeB→Kϕ are estimated. Constraints on the Higgs sector of SUSY theory fromb→sy is discussed. CP violation in charged B Decays is reviewed.
The Dermatologist as Cosmetic Surgeon: Recommendations for a High Quality Practice

The skills of a good cosmetic surgeon evolve over a period of time, through training, experience, and confidence. They are seldom acquired from residency alone, and this is why four or more specialties successfully do cosmetic surgery. A number of guidelines are of assistance in learning it. The dermatologic surgeon has a unique and unsurpassed background for becoming a skilled, competent, and sought-after cosmetic surgeon.
A Content Analysis of LGBTQ Qualitative Research in Counseling: A Ten-Year Review

This content analysis examines the qualitative methodology used in counseling research with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) issues published over the last 10 years (1998–2008) in 4 counseling and counseling psychology journals (Journal of Counseling & Development, Journal of Counseling Psychology, Journal of LGBT Issues In Counseling, and The Counseling Psychologist). LGBTQ qualitative investigations in counseling research continue to be rare. Recommendations to increase the trustworthiness and scope of future LGBTQ counseling research are provided.
Thermochemistry of polybasite-pearceite solid solutions

Abstract A model is developed for the thermodynamic mixing properties of polybasite-pearceite (Ag,Cu)16(Sb,As)2S11 solid solutions. In this model the configurational entropy is formulated for the assumption that Ag and Cu display long-range, nonconvergent, ordering between three crystallographically distinct sites and that As and Sb mix randomly on one type of site. The nonconfigurational Gibbs energy is described using a Taylor series of second degree in composition and ordering variables. Model parameters are calibrated from constraints on 75°C miscibility gaps derived from unmixing experiments on (Ag,Cu)16(Sb.5As.5)2S11 grains ( X Pb-Pr Cu ≥ 0.32 ) and from 75–350°C Ag-Cu exchange experiments (evacuated silica tubes; variable mass ratio) between polybasite-pearceites and one- and two-phase subassemblages in the Ag2S-Cu2S subsystem. The resulting model is consistent with the distribution of polybasite-pearceite compositions observed in nature. It is also consistent with the inferences that 1. (1) only slight negative departures from ideality are associated with the Cu for Ag substitution (≤ −0.13 kJ/gfw for polybasite and ≤ −0.22 kJ/gfw for pearceite on a one Cu + Ag formula basis), 2. (2) positive deviations from ideality due to the As-Sb substitution in polybasite-pearceite (≤1.0 kJ/gfw on a one As-Sb site formula basis) are virtually identical to those in tetrahedrite-tennantite fahlores ( Sack and Ebel 1993), and 3. (3) the Gibbs energy of formation of Ag16Sb2S11 polybasite is 4.58 ± 1.4 kJ/gfw more positive than the equivalent combination of β-Ag2S and Ag3SbS3 pyrargyrite at 400°C.
Topogenesis of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR): regulation by the amino terminal transmembrane sequences.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport superfamily. CFTR folding and assembly appear to involve several events occurred in the cytosol and ER. Misfolding of CFTR causes cystic fibrosis, and thus, understanding the folding mechanism of CFTR is extremely important. Recently, detailed study of membrane insertion process suggests that the first two transmembrane (TM) segments of CFTR have two distinct but independent mechanisms to ensure the correct membrane folding of its amino terminal end [Lu, Y., Xiong, X., Helm, A., Kimani, K., Bragin, A., Skach, W. R. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 568−576]. To understand how other TM segments are ensured to insert into membranes correctly, we investigated the topogenesis of TM3 and TM4 of CFTR in a cell-free expression system. We found that the correct membrane insertion of TM3 and TM4 of CFTR was ensured by their flanking amino acid sequences and controlled by the correct membrane insertion of the...
Infection Control: Questions and Answers.

(1979). Infection Control: Questions and Answers. Hospital Topics: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 46-46.
A class of estimators for optimum adaptive detection

It is shown that in the operation of optimum detection of a signal whose form or descriptive parameters are specified by nonsingular a priori probability distributions, the receiver's structure can be interpreted as an estimator of the unknown signal followed by a detector that treats the estimate as a perfectly known waveform. This result holds, under very broad conditions, for any signal and noise distribution. For some special noise distributions, however, including the Gaussian, the interpretation is found to be obviously not unique. It is shown that the Price-Kailath results on the optimum receiver for the Gaussian channel (identified as an estimator-correlator or adaptive matched filter) correspond to one of the possible interpretations of the detection operation. In addition, it is shown that in this case the resulting estimator is minimum-variance only if the signal also is a realization of a normal process. As an illustrative example of an alternative, equivalent interpretation of the detection operation, a nonminimum-variance estimator is discussed for the case of Rayleigh fading and additive Gaussian noise, and its performance is evaluated.
The Sclerostin-Bone Protein Interactome

The secreted glycoprotein, sclerostin alters bone formation. To gain insights into the mechanism of action of sclerostin, we examined the interactions of sclerostin with bone proteins using a sclerostin affinity capture technique. Proteins from decalcified rat bone were captured on sclerostin-maltose binding protein (MBP) amylose column, or on a MBP amylose column. The columns were extensively washed with low ionic strength buffer, and bound proteins were eluted with buffer containing 1M sodium chloride. Eluted proteins were separated by denaturing sodium-dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and were identified by mass spectrometry. Several previously unidentified full-length sclerostin-interacting proteins such as alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase, gremlin-1, fetuin A, midkine, annexin A1 and A2, and collagen α1, which have established roles in bone formation or resorption processes, were bound to the sclerostin-MBP amylose resin but not to the MBP amylose resin. Other full-length sclerostin-interacting proteins such as casein kinase II and secreted frizzled related protein 4 that modulate Wnt signaling were identified. Several peptides derived from proteins such as PHEX, asporin and follistatin protein that regulate bone metabolism also bound sclerostin. Sclerostin interacts with multiple proteins that alter bone formation and resorption and is likely to function by altering several biologically relevant pathways in bone.
Circulations in large sheared cumulonimbus

The structure of a cumulonimbus cloud subjected to vertical shear is interpreted in light of the horizontal forces acting upon it, and of the varying thermodynamic influences in its different parts. In-cloud horizontal velocities depart greatly from those in the environment, and the forms assumed by draft columns (updrafts typically leaning in a sense opposing the vertical shear) vary with the shear, vertical motion, and speed of storm movement. The cumulonimbus is viewed as an ensemble of air elements which have undergone varying degrees of mixing with the environment, penetrating upward to different heights. Some of the air in the updraft rises into stratospheric towers, then descends as a vigorous downdraft which, because of mixing-in of heat and of air having no initial vertical momentum, dies out in the upper troposphere. This air, together with air reaching the upper troposphere in the less buoyant outskirts of the updraft, feeds the expanding anvil plume. A separate downdraft in the lower part of the cloud, originating from middle levels where the wet-bulb potential temperature is low, continually regenerates the updraft though mechanical lifting. Estimates of the air and water budgets of squall-line thunderstorms are given. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1966.tb00291.x
IN MEMORIAM: PAUL GÉROUDET, 1917-2006

Paul Geroudet died of cancer in Geneva, Switzerland, on 23 November 2006. Geroudet's work was extraordinarily influential in French speaking Europe in the 20th century, and he was largely responsible for the reintroduction of the Lammergeier in the Alps. A Corresponding Fellow (1964) and Honorary Fellow (2004) of the AOU, he was an honorary member of the ALA (Swiss German ornithological society), Societe romande pour l'Etude et la Protection des Oiseaux, and Pro Natura, and Honorary Editor of Nos Oiseaux. He received the Grande
Finite temperature transition for 2-flavor lattice QCD at finite isospin density

We simulate 2-flavor lattice QCD at finite isospin chemical potential ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}$, for temperatures close to the finite temperature transition from hadronic matter to a quark-gluon plasma. The ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}$ dependence of the transition coupling is observed and used to estimate the decrease in the transition temperature with increasing ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}$. These simulations are performed on an ${8}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4$ lattice at three different quark masses. Our estimate of the magnitude of the fluctuations of the phase of the fermion determinant at small quark-number chemical potential $\ensuremath{\mu}$, suggest that the position of the small $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and small ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}$ transitions should be the same for ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}=2\ensuremath{\mu}$, and we argue that the nature of these transitions should be the same. For all ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}l{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ the smoothness of these transitions and the values of the Binder cumulant ${B}_{4}$, indicate that these transitions are mere crossovers, and show no sign of a critical endpoint corresponding to that expected at finite $\ensuremath{\mu}$. This suggests that this finite $\ensuremath{\mu}$ critical endpoint, if it exists, lies at $\ensuremath{\mu}g{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}/2$ over the considered range of quark masses. For ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}g{m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}$ and a small isospin (${I}_{3}$) breaking term $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, we do find evidence of a critical endpoint which would indicate that, for $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0$, there is a tricritical point on the phase boundary where the pion condensate evaporates, where this phase transition changes from second to first-order.
Enhancing DNA electrotransformation efficiency in Escherichia coli DH10B electrocompetent cells

Electrotransformation also known as electroporation is the most reliable and efficient tool for plasmid DNA uptake. Electrotransformation efficiency is function of many factors which include (1) number of cell washes prior to electroporation, (2) electroporation cell number, (3) electroporation DNA amount, and (4) cell growth phase. Those factors have limitedly been concomitantly investigated in E. coli DH10B strain. This study is aimed to explore above key factors to define the optimal conditions for high electrotransformation efficiency. The results showed that electrotransformation efficiency of E. coli DH10B was enhanced to 1.5 x 10 9 cfu/µg by washing cells three times with 15 ml of 10% glycerol. This washed off extra salts from cell suspension and enhanced electrotransformation by preventing arcing and enhancing cell resistance while ensuring minimal level of conductivity. Early exponential phase at 0.15 OD 600 was the best growth phase for enhancing electrotransformation of E. coli DH10B. The results also showed that higher electrotransformation efficiency was similarly achieved when 0.5 x 10 10 and 0.6 x 10 10 cell numbers were electroporated with DNA amount ranging from 10 to 40 pg. This study confirmed the optimal conditions for electro competent cell preparation and plasmid DNA electrotransformation, which can result highest transformation efficiency.
Optimizing real-time web-based user interfaces for observatories

In using common HTML/Ajax approaches for web-based data presentation and telescope control user interfaces at the MMT Observatory (MMTO), we rapidly were confronted with web browser performance issues. Much of the operational data at the MMTO is highly dynamic and is constantly changing during normal operations. Status of telescope subsystems must be displayed with minimal latency to telescope operators and other users. A major motivation of migrating toward web-based applications at the MMTO is to provide easy access to current and past observatory subsystem data for a wide variety of users on their favorite operating system through a familiar interface, their web browser. Performance issues, especially for user interfaces that control telescope subsystems, led to investigations of more efficient use of HTML/Ajax and web server technologies as well as other web-based technologies, such as Java and Flash/Flex. The results presented here focus on techniques for optimizing HTML/Ajax web applications with near real-time data display. This study indicates that direct modification of the contents or "nodeValue" attribute of text nodes is the most efficient method of updating data values displayed on a web page. Other optimization techniques are discussed for web-based applications that display highly dynamic data.
1104 QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN (CRP) IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) OF PATIENTS WITH BACTERIAL MENINGITIS

The quantitation of CRP in CSF was investigated to aid in distinguishing bacterial from non-bacterial meningitis and other conditions. Previous work has been limited by the lack of a sensitive quantitative assay. This report describes results with a solid-phase sandwich RIA using rabbit antl-CRP coated polystyrene microwells and radiolabeled mouse monoclonal anti-CRP. CRP levels were measured in the CSF of 139 infants and children: 43 had culture-proven bacterial meningitis, 35 had aseptic CNS infections, and 61 had other conditions without CNS involvement. The mean CRP concentration in the bacterial group was 4900 ng/ml (range 0–51,100 ng/ml). This was significantly higher than for the aseptic group (mean 66, range 0–438 ng/ml) and others (mean 141, range 0–1750 ng/ml). Most patients with bacterial meningitis (31/43=72%) had levels >500 ng/ml, whereas those with aseptic (0/35) or other conditions (4/61=7%) were usually <500 ng/ml. In general, there was little correlation between CRP level and CSF protein, glucose, or neutrophil count, but some patients with bacterial meningitis apparently had a poor or delayed inflammatory response, accounting for their low CRP levels. These data suggest that measurement of CRP in CSF may be a useful, though not infallible, predictor of bacterial meningitis, provided that methods for CRP detection are sensitive to <500 ng/ml.
Mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase: direction of a single protein with two distinct functions to two subcellular sites does not require alternative splicing of the mRNA.

During dierentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to an adipocyte phenotype, the mitochondrial isoform of aspartate aminotransferase accumulates on the plasma membrane. The determination of whether this reflects translation of an alternatively spliced message lacking the mitochondrial leader sequence required cloning of the enzyme’s uncommon a allele, for which these cells are homozygous. The 1.4-kb cDNA sequence of the a allele was obtained from oligo-dT-primed reverse-transcriptase PCR products amplified from FVB mouse RNA. It diered from the b allele at only 2 bp and one amino acid. By contrast, genespecific primers generated an additional 1.4-kb fragment that diered from the b allele by E 1% of nucleotides, encoding four