cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cortisol reactivity threshold model: Direction of trait rumination and cortisol reactivity association varies with stressor severity.

Various internalizing risk factors predict, in separate studies, both augmented and reduced cortisol responding to lab-induced stress. Stressor severity appears key: We tested whether heightened trait-like internalizing risk (here, trait rumination) predicts heightened cortisol reactivity under modest objective stress, but conversely predicts reduced reactivity under more robust objective stress. Thus, we hypothesized that trait rumination would interact with a curvilinear (quadratic) function of stress severity to predict cortisol reactivity. Evidence comes from 85 currently non-depressed emerging adults who completed either a non-stressful control protocol (n = 29), an intermediate difficulty Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; n = 26), or a robustly stressful negative evaluative TSST (n = 30). Latent growth curve models evaluated relationships between trait rumination and linear and quadratic effects of stressor severity on the change in cortisol and negative affect over time. Among other findings, a significant Trait Rumination x Quadratic Stress Severity interaction effect for cortisol's Quadratic Trend of Time (i.e., reactivity, B = .125, p = .017) supported the hypothesis. Rumination predicted greater cortisol reactivity to intermediate stress (rp = .400, p = .043), but blunted reactivity to more robust negative evaluative stress (rp = -0.379, p = 0.039). Contrasting hypotheses, negative affective reactivity increased independently of rumination as stressor severity increased (B = .453, p = 0.044). The direction of the relationship between an internalizing risk factor (trait rumination) and cortisol reactivity varies as a function of stressor severity. We propose the Cortisol Reactivity Threshold Model, which may help reconcile several divergent reactivity literatures and has implications for internalizing psychopathology, particularly depression.
Who Is Performing Hip Arthroscopy?: An Analysis of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Part-II Database

BACKGROUND Hip arthroscopy utilization has increased dramatically over the last decade. However, the lack of a formal training curriculum raises concern that inconsistent technical performance may be an issue for early-career hip arthroscopists. The purpose of the present study was to investigate hip arthroscopy utilization by early-career orthopaedic surgeons while focusing on fellowship training status to better guide future development of a hip arthroscopy training curriculum. METHODS The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) Part-II database was used to identify candidates who had performed ≥1 hip arthroscopy procedures between 2006 and 2015. Procedures were categorized using Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, and candidates were categorized by fellowship training experience. Trends in hip arthroscopy utilization were evaluated using univariate and regression analyses while stratifying by fellowship training experience. RESULTS Overall, 9.2% (643) of 6,987 ABOS candidates had performed ≥1 hip arthroscopy procedures. Over the study period, both the proportion of candidates performing hip arthroscopy and the proportion of hip arthroscopy procedures performed (relative to all procedures performed, of any type) increased (p < 0.001). Candidates performing hip arthroscopy most frequently reported sports medicine fellowship training (74.5%; 479 of 643). Also, among the candidates who performed hip arthroscopy, the proportion who had sports medicine fellowship training increased over the study period (p = 0.001). The majority of candidates performing hip arthroscopy (67.2%; 432 of 643) performed ≤5 hip arthroscopy procedures, while a small number of high-volume hip arthroscopists (6.5%; 42 of 643) performed 34.6% (1,403 of 4,054) of all hip arthroscopy procedures. CONCLUSIONS The increase in hip arthroscopy utilization in this cohort appears to have been driven primarily by the increased number of candidates performing hip arthroscopy and less by an increasing number of hip arthroscopy procedures being performed by individual candidates. The majority of candidates performing hip arthroscopy were sports-medicine-fellowship trained. This information is valuable for both trainees and educators interested in improving education and defining a curriculum for future hip arthroscopy training.
Prescription Opioids and Infection Risk: Research and Caution Needed.

In this issue, Wiese and colleagues provide evidence that prescription opioids are associated with an increased risk for serious infections. The editorialists discuss the study and what clinicians ...
Characterizing the Trade-Off Between Queue Time and Utilization of a Manufacturing System

Characterizing system performance is essential for productivity improvement. Inspired by the underlying structure of tandem queues, an approximate model has been derived to characterize the system performance. The model decomposes system queue time and variability into bottleneck and non-bottleneck parts while capturing the dependence among workstations.
Patterns of Drafting Errors in the Uniform Commercial Code and How Courts Should Respond to Them

This article identifies eight recurring patterns of drafting in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). For each of these patterns, and for other idiosyncratic errors, the article recommends specific judicial responses. These responses take advantage of many of the UCC's unique characteristics. While the problem of drafting errors in the UCC may seem minor in light of the model code's high overall quality, the suggested responses can lead to a more efficient and effective application of the statute.
Myelin basic protein.

Myelin basic protein (MBP) has engaged the attention of molecular and cellular immunologists during the past decade because of its implication in the induction of the autoimmune disease experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) of the central nervous system (CNS). What impresses this reviewer much more, however, beyond the direct role MBP plays in the induction of an autoimmune experimental disease in certain strains of laboratory animals, is the fact that the major portion of the total MBP autoimmunology uncovered in recent years is clearly not involved in the induction of the autoimmune disease. To some the message given by this nonencephalitogenic portion possesses no greater meaning than didactic teachings from the realm of bovine serum albumin immunology; to others, this seemingly irrelevant “other” MBP immunology—an immunology against “self” that is not self-destructive—may be extremely vital. As an autoimmune process it may play a major role in the normal maintenance of protection against encephalomyelitis in most vertebrates either through direct participation or by indirect regulation. From this point of view the occasional emergence of EAE is seen as a defect in an otherwise protective immunology, a case in which horror autotoxicus is an exception to the rule.
8.18 Pingos

This chapter defines pingos and discusses their distribution on Earth and in the solar system, their geographic characteristics and development (both the open- and closed-system type), and their hydrology and ice formation. Confusion exists about what differentiates pingos from frost blisters, lithalsas, or palsas. All these mounds have different growth mechanisms and ground-ice types. Pingos contain an intrusive ice core. In the Northern Hemisphere, pingos are widespread in permafrost regions, but in the Southern Hemisphere, the presence of pingos is not clearly confirmed. A detailed distribution of pingos on Earth and pingo-like features on Mars is given.
Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Chronic Daily Headache: Part III—Nutraceuticals

Almost one-third of adults with severe headaches/migraines report using nutraceuticals. Many may seek herb/supplements for their “natural” and “safe” profile, but they have limited FDA oversight and are not always impartially tested. Understanding the terminology and regulatory oversight of non-pharmacologic products can help providers appropriately treat and counsel patients about these options. Few studies have evaluated the benefit of nutraceuticals specifically for chronic daily headache. In this chapter, the research evidence for nutraceuticals for primary headache disorders is described. If not available, the research presented for headache can be extrapolated for consideration in the treatment of chronic daily headache. Several supplements have Level B evidence of efficacy according to the 2012 American Headache Society and the American Academy of Neurology guidelines, including feverfew (studied dose, 50–300 mg bid; 2.08–18.75 tid of MIG-99), riboflavin (studied dose, 400 mg daily), and magnesium (studied dose, 600 mg trimagnesium dicitrate daily). Coenzyme Q10 (studied dose 100 mg tid) was given Level C evidence. Melatonin, vitamin D, and Ginkgo biloba have limited evidence of potential efficacy for headache. Although Level A evidence exists for Petasites (butterbur), it is not currently recommended secondary to potential for liver toxicity. Homeopathic treatments have little evidence to support their use in chronic daily headache. More research is needed to further clarify benefits of supplements for chronic daily headache.
Do patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery benefit from an early repair of the mitral valve

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine mid-term outcomes of patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery undergoing coronary repair only (group A) or simultaneous mitral valve repair (group B). METHODS Patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery who underwent surgery from 2000 to 2017 were reviewed. Mitral regurgitation (MR) grade (none, mild, moderate, severe), left ventricular (LV) function [ejection fraction (EF): 50%] and LV Z-scores (long axis) were assessed preoperatively and at last visit. Outcomes were compared within/between the groups using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS Of 58 patients (67% women; median age 4.4 months), 39 patients were in group A (67%) and 19 patients in group B (33%). The median hospital stay (11 days, interquartile range 5-18) and average follow-up time (2.6 ± 0.5 years) did not differ significantly between the groups (P > 0.05). Four patients in group A (10.3%) underwent mitral valve reintervention. The median MR grade differed significantly between the groups preoperatively (2 vs 3, P 50%) did not differ significantly between the groups at baseline (group A: 38%/23%/38% vs group B: 58%/10%/32%, P = 0.32) or at last visit (group A: 18%/15%/67% vs group B: 26%/16%/58%, P = 0.75); both groups improved significantly (P = 0.004, P = 0.014). The mean LV Z-scores for groups A and B were 3.1 ± 0.5 and 4.5 ± 0.6 before surgery (P < 0.05) and 1.5 ± 0.3 and 2.7 ± 0.6 at last visit (P = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS The repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is associated with improvement in MR, EF and LV dimensions. However, in cases of ≥moderate MR, the risk of mitral valve reintervention may be higher in patients undergoing coronary transfer only.
Characteristic energy losses of electrons

It has been recognized for more than 20 years (1) that one of the most important factors in the formation of electron microscope images is electron scattering. A number of papers have appeared (2) based on accepted theories of elastic and inelastic scattering. In order to obtain numerical results, approximations were made and in some cases the results were in fair agreement with experiments (3). We now believe that this agreement was only fair, due to the fact that the theoretical treatments were essentially based on statistical considerations where an average energy loss was used for the inelastic part of the scattering. During the last few years, quite an effort has been made, both experimental and theoretical, toward a better exploration of the inelastic process.As a result, we are now in a much better position to say something more definite about the factors contributing to the inelastic part of the electron scattering process and its role in image formation in electron microscopy.
Recurrent fires do not affect the abundance of soil fungi in a frequently burned pine savanna

While the negative effects of infrequent, high-intensity fire on soil fungal abundance are well-understood, it remains unclear how the short-term history of frequent, low-intensity fire in fire-dependent ecosystems impacts abundance, and whether this history governs any abundance declines. We used prescribed fire to experimentally alter the short-term fire history of patches within a fire-frequented old-growth pine savanna over a 3 y period. We then quantified fungal abundance before and after the final fire using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) assays and Droplet Digital™ PCR (ddPCR). Short-term fire history largely did not affect total fungal abundance nor pre- to post-fire abundance shifts. While producing similar conclusions, PLFA and ddPCR data were not correlated. In addition to piloting a new method to quantify soil fungal abundance, our findings indicate that, within fire-frequented pine savannas, recurrent fires do not consistently decrease total fungal abundance, and abundance changes are not contingent upon short-term fire history. This suggests that many fungi in fire-dependent ecosystems are fire-tolerant.
Post-placement Lead Deformation Secondary to Cerebrospinal Fluid Loss in Transventricular Trajectory During Responsive Neurostimulation Surgery.

Responsive nerve stimulation (RNS) represents a safe and effective treatment option for patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. In cases of long intraparenchymal course and posterior-anterior electrode direction through occipital burr holes, disciplined stereotaxy is essential for stimulation of the appropriate target. A 13-year-old female with a history of multifocal, independent, bitemporal-onset seizures since 12 months of age showing evidence of left-sided mesial temporal sclerosis on MRI, underwent placement of bilateral mesial temporal RNS leads. An O-arm spin was performed after the placement and the images obtained were fused to the preoperative CT images. It demonstrated curvature of the leads, with some deviation from the planned trajectory, but no deviation from the target, that was worse on the left side, compared to the right; the left lead was placed first, followed by the right lead. Following discussion with our epilepsy neurology colleagues in the operating room, electrophysiological measurements from the implanted leads showed cleared epileptic activity and therefore no repositioning was pursued. Our hypothesis at that time was that cerebrospinal fluid leakage distorted the underlying ventricular anatomy causing some curvature in the lead during transventricular course and prolonged consideration during surgery. In conclusion, transventricular trajectories during RNS lead placement may lead to cerebrospinal fluid loss and associated lead deformation. The distal aspect of the lead may nonetheless reside in the desired surgical target. Neuromonitoring for epileptic signature can provide reassurance with regard to accurate lead placement, obviating the need for lead repositioning. Surgeons should also recognize that fused imaging may confuse inferred anatomic position from preoperative MRI with actual anatomy post brain shift.
Enhancing Lossy Compression of PMU Measurements by Data Conditioning

Synchrophasors generate large volumes of data that greatly benefit from compression for its efficient storage and transfer. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the quality of phasor measurement data on lossy compression, and propose effective data conditioning approaches to improve the compression performance. Specifically, three conditioning methods are employed: a Hamming window-based low-pass filtering scheme to clean measurements corrupted by noise, an algorithm to identify and eliminate measurements with significant amount of noise, and a simple scaling scheme to normalize the magnitudes of different types of measurements. Numerical results obtained on PMU data showcase the capability of the proposed approaches in improving compression performance.
A kinase cascade on the yeast lysosomal vacuole regulates its membrane dynamics: conserved kinase Env7 is phosphorylated by casein kinase Yck3

Membrane fusion/fission is a highly dynamic and conserved process that responds to intra- and extracellular signals. Whereas the molecular machineries involved in membrane fusion/fission have been dissected, regulation of membrane dynamics remains poorly understood. The lysosomal vacuole of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has served as a seminal model in studies of membrane dynamics. We have previously established that yeast ENV7 encodes an ortholog of STK16-related kinases that localizes to the vacuolar membrane and downregulates vacuolar membrane fusion. Additionally, we have previously reported that Env7 phosphorylation in vivo depends on YCK3, a gene that encodes a vacuolar membrane casein kinase I (CKI) homolog that nonredundantly functions in fusion regulation. Here, we report that Env7 physically interacts with and is directly phosphorylated by Yck3. We also establish that Env7 vacuole fusion/fission regulation and vacuolar localization are mediated through its Yck3-dependent phosphorylation. Through extensive site-directed mutagenesis, we map phosphorylation to the Env7 C terminus and confirm that Ser-331 is a primary and preferred phosphorylation site. Phospho-deficient Env7 mutants were defective in negative regulation of membrane fusion, increasing the number of prominent vacuoles, whereas a phosphomimetic substitution at Ser-331 increased the number of fragmented vacuoles. Bioinformatics approaches confirmed that Env7 Ser-331 is within a motif that is highly conserved in STK16-related kinases and that it also anchors an SXXS CKI phosphorylation motif (328SRFS331). This study represents the first report on the regulatory mechanism of an STK16-related kinase. It also points to regulation of vacuolar membrane dynamics via a novel Yck3-Env7 kinase cascade.
What Are the Contemporary Safety and Security Practices Used in Hotels and Home Shares

This chapter reviews safety and security concerns specific to hotels and home shares and evaluates the practices used in each type of lodgsetting to address these concerns. This chapter includes a comprehensive table which offers a side-by-side comparison of the safety and security features found in hotels and home shares. This comparison shows that safety and security practices are far more robust in hotels as opposed to home shares. The safety and security features provided are ultimately commensurate with hotels’ legal obligations under statutes, regulations, or legal case law. For home shares, many of these features may be suggested but not required. Home-sharing companies are not legally obligated to make sure safety or security features are available in their hosts’ homes. Thus, users, whether host or guest, have primary responsibility for their own security and safety, especially as compared to hotels. This chapter closes with an exploration of the safety practices recommended by home-sharing companies, the obligation of home-sharing hosts and guests, and safety tips for travelers.
A systematic approach to the evaluation and management of obstructive sleep apnea: The Jefferson Protocol.

Abstract Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has become increasingly prevalent in the United States. While continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy remains the gold standard for treatment, surgical intervention can enhance compliance and improve outcomes for those intolerant of CPAP. Since the majority of OSA patients have multilevel obstruction, it is critical that otolaryngologists understand each patient's pattern and anatomic level of obstruction before solidifying a treatment plan. This publication serves as a comprehensive review of evaluation, characterization, and management of OSA. Further, the authors outline their departmental algorithm for identifying ideal surgical candidates and tailoring corresponding surgical interventions.
Center and Representations of Infinitesimal Hecke Algebras of 2

In this article, we compute the center of the infinitesimal Hecke algebras H z associated to 2; then using nontriviality of the center, we study representations of these algebras in the framework of the BGG category . We also discuss central elements in infinitesimal Hecke algebras over  n and (2n) for all n. We end by proving an analogue of Duflo's theorem for H z .
Diffusive barrier crossing rates from variationally determined eigenvalues.

Kramers’ procedure for calculating the rate of activated processes involves partitioning space into reactant, barrier, and product regions by introducing two dividing surfaces. Then, a nonequilibrium steady state is established by injecting particles on one surface and removing them when they reach the other. The rate is obtained as the ratio of the steady-state flux between the surfaces and the population of the initial well. An alternative procedure that seems less artificial is to estimate the first non-zero eigenvalue of the operator that describes the dynamics and then equate its magnitude to the sum of the forward and backward rate constants. Here, we establish the relationship between these approaches for diffusive dynamics, starting with the variational principle for the eigenvalue of interest and then using a trial function involving two adjustable surfaces. We show how Kramers’ flux-over-population expression for the rate constant can be obtained from our variationally determined eigenvalue in the special case where the reactant and product regions are separated by a high barrier. This work exploits the modern theory of activated rate processes where the committor (the probability of reaching one dividing surface before the other) plays a central role. Surprisingly, our upper bound for the eigenvalue can be expressed solely in terms of mean first-passage times and the mean transition-path time between the two dividing surfaces.
Dynamic Pressure Volume Index via ICP Waveform Analysis

Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is used as an early sign of neurological deterioration in the management of patients with a variety of neurosurgical conditions. Mean ICP is the most commonly used for this purpose; however, mean ICP is a relatively late indicator of many secondary injury processes, and neurological deterioration may occur in the presence of normal ICP.
Structural, Biochemical, and Elemental Correlates of Injury in Cultured Cardiac Cells

Several investigators (Trumpet al., 1976; Nayler, 1981; Nayler and Grinwald, 1981; J. G. Murphyet al., 1987) have suggested that the movement and redistribution of cellular ion contents, especially calcium, play a key role in the pathophysiology of cardiac ischemia. Since 1982 (Murphyet al.) our investigations have focused on the study of subcellular ionic mechanisms underlying this pathophysiology. We have utilized a model system of heart cells grown in culture to obtain basic information about (1) the regulation of ion transport in cardiac cells (Liebermanet al., 1984) and (2) the relationship between maintenance of ionic homeostasis, metabolic integrity, and the onset of irreversible cell injury (Liebermanet al., 1985).
Development of the Land-use and Agricultural Management Practice web-Service (LAMPS) for generating crop rotations in space and time

Abstract Agroecosystem models and conservation planning tools require spatially and temporally explicit input data about agricultural management operations. The Land-use and Agricultural Management Practices web-Service (LAMPS) was developed to provide crop rotation and management information for user-specified areas within the 48 contiguous states of the USA. LAMPS links three data sources: (1) annual Cropland Data Layers (CDLs) from the CropScape Web service based on high-resolution remote sensing data for recent years provided by the National Agricultural Statistical Service (NASS), (2) maps of irrigated areas compiled by the U.S. Geological Survey, and (3) the Land Management and Operation Database (LMOD) by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service containing agricultural management practices. The workflow within LAMPS for generating crop rotation and management information is described in detail, including details of the algorithm for matching annual crop sequences from CropScape to regional rotations in LMOD. Instructions for using the Web service are specified with example input and response listings. A study area of 15 fields in Colorado, USA is presented to demonstrate and evaluate LAMPS outputs using ground observations of crop types. LAMPS automatically detected actual crop rotations with a similarity to the ground observations better than using only CropScape detected dominant crop sequences. LAMPS is available for public use, further nation-wide evaluation, and extension to other spatial data provisioning related to agroecosytem modelling.
Genetic Influence on Slope Variability in a Childhood Reflexive Attention Task

Individuals are not perfectly consistent, and interindividual variability is a common feature in all varieties of human behavior. Some individuals respond more variably than others, however, and this difference may be important to understanding how the brain works. In this paper, we explore genetic contributions to response time (RT) slope variability on a reflexive attention task. We are interested in such variability because we believe it is an important part of the overall picture of attention that, if understood, has the potential to improve intervention for those with attentional deficits. Genetic association studies are valuable in discovering biological pathways of variability and several studies have found such associations with a sustained attention task. Here, we expand our knowledge to include a reflexive attention task. We ask whether specific candidate genes are associated with interindividual variability on a childhood reflexive attention task in 9–16 year olds. The genetic makers considered are on 11 genes: APOE, BDNF, CHRNA4, COMT, DRD4, HTR4, IGF2, MAOA, SLC5A7, SLC6A3, and SNAP25. We find significant associations with variability with markers on nine and we discuss the results in terms of neurotransmitters associated with each gene and the characteristics of the associated measures from the reflexive attention task.
Some perspectives on pulse detonation propulsion systems

Pulse detonation engines and rockets (PDE/Rs) can potentially revolutionize air breathing and rocket propulsion [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. While the PDE concept is over five decades old, it has recently enjoyed renewed interest, due mostly to theoretical and computational studies indicating high cycle efficiencies. When modeled by a constant volume, Humphrey cycle, the detonation engine is found to be superior to that of existing constant pressure, Brayton cycles, with claims of as much as 10–40% improvement in specific impulse [4,7, 8, 9]. The constant volume process is derived from the Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) model of the detonation wave as a high strength shock wave, followed by a region of chemical reaction and a subsequent isentropic rarefaction. Amongst other advantages of the PDE is simplicity, where the PDE is easy to manufacture and requires few moving parts, with the possibility of eliminating high-pressure pumps in rocket applications, or reducing turbomachinery stages in air-breathing propulsion systems.
Wavelength Conversion and Wavelength Routing for High-Efficiency All-Optical Networks: A Proposal for Research on All-Optical Networks

This paper summarizes a proposal of research on all-optical networks submitted to the U.S. National Science Foundation in 1993. The objective is to explore the possible architectures, routing protocols, and system and device implementations for the metropolitan-area or wide-area wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) all-optical networks. The basic idea is to dramatically enhance the efficiency and throughput of such a WDM all-optical network by using wavelength conversion (or wavelength shifting) and by developing unique wavelength routing schemes which consider new models and requirements of all-optical networks. We will be conducting research on the intertwined networks, systems, and devices areas of photonics. In network research, new network architectures and routing algorithms will be designed to incorporate wavelength conversions which allow messages to shift wavelengths. Also, rerouting algorithms will be developed to rearrange the routes of certain existing circuits to accommodate more connections. Furthermore, the use of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in WDM networks will be considered, and routing algorithms will be designed to reduce the performance degradation due to the spectral gain nonuniformity or the bandwidth limitation of EDFAs. In systems research, an experimental WDM node will be built to incorporate many aspects of the above network and routing schemes and to show what limitations exist in these systems. Both commercially available and unique novel state-of-the-art devices (to be fabricated ourselves) will be employed for the systems experiments. In device research, a novel integrated wavelength converter will be fabricated to shift one wavelength to several other possible wavelengths. This integrated photonic device will include a semiconductor amplifier where the conversion takes place, and a multiple-wavelength laser array which will provide the necessary reference wavelengths. Such a photonic integrated circuit device will significantly aid in the practical implementation of wavelength shifting at a WDM node.
Mapping the literature of transcultural nursing.

Overview: No bibliometric studies of the literature of the field of transcultural nursing have been published. This paper describes a citation analysis as part of the project undertaken by the Nursing and Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library Association to map the literature of nursing. Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the core literature and determine which databases provided the most complete access to the transcultural nursing literature. Methods: Cited references from essential source journals were analyzed for a three-year period. Eight major databases were compared for indexing coverage of the identified core list of journals. Results: This study identifies 138 core journals. Transcultural nursing relies on journal literature from associated health sciences fields in addition to nursing. Books provide an important format. Nearly all cited references were from the previous 18 years. In comparing indexing coverage among 8 major databases, 3 databases rose to the top. Conclusions: No single database can claim comprehensive indexing coverage for this broad field. It is essential to search multiple databases. Based on this study, PubMed/MEDLINE, Social Sciences Citation Index, and CINAHL provide the best coverage. Collections supporting transcultural nursing require robust access to literature beyond nursing publications.
A Legal-Economic Analysis of Changing Liability Rules Affecting Real Estate Brokers and Appraisers

Real estate professionals operate in a legal environment characterized by new expectations. The increasing number of lawsuits reflects the arrival of the age of consumerism in the real estate industry. Liability positions being staked out are largely premised on industry professionalization. The area of greatest activity is misrepresentation litigation initiated by buyers. Buyer cases have become the crucible for developing “public policy” concepts of professional liability. This article considers the multiple premises of liability to buyers, including negligent misrepresentation, state licensing laws, and professional codes of ethics. Also considered are applications to appraisers, liability economics, and preventive strategies.
Frank H. Knight and ethical pluralism

Abstract For Frank Knight, the fact that we are free to engage in economic pursuits brings out what is both best and worst in human nature. The same competitive economy that liberates individuals to choose their own desired ends also provides them with socially undesirable wants and fosters habits potentially at odds with the demands of liberal democracy. Given Knight's desire both to defend human liberty and his concession that liberty is likely to be abused, his version of liberalism must of necessity be anticonsequentialist. Paradoxically, Knight's philosophical pluralism—his insistence that there are any number of incommensurable perspectives on the good or just society—underlies both his criticism of the “ethical” possibilities of the competitive order and his defense of human liberty against the dangers of social planning.
Space and Time Evolution of SBS Ion Waves and Harmonics

As laser fusion evolves into high intensity and long scale length experiments, stimulated Brillouin scattering 1,2 (SBS) may prove to be a large factor in the overall laser-plasma coupling efficiency. Past experiments with prepulses on solid targets showed greatly enhanced Brillouin backscatter due to the longer plasma scale lengths.3 It may be that the severity of Brillouin back-scatter is ultimately determined by the saturation level of the SBS-driven ion acoustic wave.
Physics at the University of Wisconsin: A History

Physics has been taught at the University of Wisconsin from its foundation in 1848. A full-fledged research department was created in the 1890s, which saw the transformation of Wisconsin into a research university. This was a part of the rise of American research universities based on the German model. Though the Department maintained active research programs from the outset, its rise to national eminence in the 1930s came through the development of electrostatic accelerators to support an extensive program in nuclear physics. In the 1960s particle physics became the dominant research area. Important research is conducted in many fields, but some have been hampered by problems of faculty retention.
Myelodysplastic syndrome hematopoietic stem cell.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) malignancies that are characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and frequent progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Thus far, few treatments can actually alter the natural history of this disease. Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for high-risk MDS is becoming the only curative therapy probably because of the improvement of bone marrow transplant procedures. The lack of other options underscores the urgent need to develop new therapy. The prevailing model suggests that genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that occur in HSCs or HSC niche compromise HSC function, resulting in MDS; therefore, MDS HSCs are likely the ideal targets for MDS treatment. Recent encouraging advances—capturing a molecular portrait of the whole genome of MDS CD34+ cells, including identifying altered signaling pathways and altered microRNAs—have improved our understanding of MDS pathogenesis and provided novel potential clinical targets for MDS. Here, I will briefly review the characteristics of MDS HSCs and discuss the therapeutic promise of targeting MDS HSCs.
Gene Expression Profiles Can Predict Panitumumab Monotherapy Responsiveness in Human Tumor Xenograft Models

Abstract Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted agents have demonstrated clinical benefit in patients with cancer. Identifying tissue-of-origin-independent predictive biomarkers is important to optimally treat patients. We sought to identify a gene array profile that could predict responsiveness to panitumumab, a fully human EGFR-binding antibody, using preclinical models of human cancer. Methods Mice bearing 25 different xenograft models were treated twice weekly with panitumumab or immunoglobulin G2 control to determine their responsiveness to panitumumab. Samples from these xenografts and untreated xenografts were arrayed on the Affymetrix human U133A gene chip to identify gene sets predicting responsiveness to panitumumab using univariate and multivariate analyses. The predictive models were validated using the leave-one-group-out (LOO) method. Results Of the 25 xenograft models tested, 12 were responsive and 13 were resistant to panitumumab. Unsupervised analysis demonstrated that the xenograft models clustered by tissue type rather than responsiveness to panitumumab. After normalizing for tissue effects, samples clustered by responsiveness using an unsupervised multidimensional scaling. A multivariate selection algorithm was used to select 13 genes that could stratify xenograft models based on responsiveness after adjustment for tissue effects. The method was validated using the LOO method on a training set of 22 models and confirmed independently on three new models. In contrast, a univariate gene selection method resulted in higher misclassification rates. Conclusion A model was constructed from microarray data that prospectively predict responsiveness to panitumumab in xenograft models. This approach may help identify patients, independent of disease origin, likely to benefit from panitumumab.
Reflections on the future of anthropology.

In his plenary session entitled Five Questions on the Future, Harvard anthropologist Arthur Kleinman capitalized on the 2009 Society for Medical Anthropology Conference’s theme of Medical Anthropology at the Intersections to speculate on the future of the discipline.
Effects of Cycloheximide and 5-Fluorouracil on Formation of Low-Molecular-Weight Ribonucleic Acid in Yeast

The effects of cycloheximide and 5-fluorouracil on the formation of low-molecular-weight ribonucleic acid (RNA) in yeast were investigated. Both compounds were found to affect the synthesis of low-molecular-weight RNA of ribosomal origin more than transfer RNA but less than the high-molecular-weight ribosomal RNA. 5-Fluorouracil-containing transfer RNA was separated from normal transfer RNA by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose at 80 C in the presence of 7 m urea.
An efficient lower bound algorithm for channel routing

Channel routing plays a central role in the physical design of VLSI chips. For two-layer dogleg-free channel routing, dmax and vmax are the two traditional lower bounds. In this paper, we present two efficient algorithms for computing a tighter lower bound for the channel routing problem. Our algorithms successfully compute a lower bound of 26 for Deutsch's Difficult Example (DDE). The experiment on some large-scale randomly generated channel routing problems shows that our lower bound algorithms are much tighter than the traditional lower bounds, and are much more efficient than Pals' algorithm [20] while obtaining similar (sometimes better) results.
Do Caterpillars Secrete “Oral Secretions”?

The oral secretions or regurgitant of caterpillars contain potent elicitors of plant induced responses. These elicitors are recognized by host plants to differentiate between simple mechanical injury and the presence of herbivores. In some cases, this level of recognition is highly specific. Despite the in-depth chemical characterization of these elicitors, little is known about the amounts delivered in regurgitant during feeding. In this study, we use a fluorescent dye to label regurgitant in order to visualize caterpillar regurgitation during feeding. The procedure is highly sensitive and allows us to visualize nanoliter amounts of regurgitant. We examined the propensity of larval Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis virescens, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda, and Manduca sexta to regurgitate on various host plants. These species were selected because they have been among the most intensely studied in terms of elicitors. Our results indicate that most larvae did not regurgitate following a brief feeding bout ( approximately 10 min) during which they ate ca. 0.40 cm(2) of leaf. When larvae did regurgitate, it was typically less than 10 nl. This is several orders of magnitude less than is typically used in most studies on oral secretions. The frequency of regurgitation appears to vary depending upon the host plant. Larval H. zea are less likely to regurgitate when feeding on tomato leaves compared to corn mid-whorl tissue. Our results have importance in understanding the role of oral secretions in plant recognition of herbivory. Because caterpillars did not routinely regurgitate during feeding, it is likely that they avoid the elicitation of some plant defensive responses during most feeding bouts.
Hypothalamic Regulating Hormones

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hypothalamic regulating hormones. Releasing hormones are produced in various regions of the hypothalamus. In general, the releasing hormones may be thought of as the linkage between electrical/chemical activity of associated regions of the central nervous system (the limbic system) and the beginning of a chemical (hormonal) cascade of messages connecting the hypothalamus, the pituitary, and other organs that secrete the final hormones of the system. Many of these are less than 10 amino acids in length, with short half-lives in serum. When maximal secretion of the ultimate hormone occurs in response to the initial signal, a set of negative feedback reactions takes place, which operate at nearly every level of the cascade mechanism. In general, the anterior pituitary hormones feedback on the cells of the hypothalamus secreting the releasing hormone and inhibiting its further release. This mechanism operates by a hypothalamic cell membrane receptor to regulate the anterior pituitary hormone. Following the ligand binding event, a series of reactions occur that result in shutting down further secretion of the hypothalamic releasing hormone. This feedback link between the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus is called the short feedback loop. Other important negative feedback mechanisms occur between the ultimate hormone and the structures higher up in the cascade.
NASA/GSFC reliability evaluation of high-temperature fiber optic cables

A high temperature (200 C rating) fiber-optic cable of fluorocarbon, silica-based glass, and polyimide coating, 100-micron core was evaluated for Goddard Space Flight Center applications. Testing was performed to evaluate attenuation characteristics of the cables during environmental stresses and exposure to Co-60 gamma radiation. The cables passed environmental tests, but after irradiation failed the established delta limit of 3 dB at 10 krads for a wavelength of 850 nm and 100 krads for a wavelength of 1300 nm.
Typical Patterns, Atypical Events, and Uncertainty in Complex Systems

The power grid is a complex system. Multiple quantities are measured from hundreds of locations, at rates up to 30 Hz. There are both correlated and uncorrelated variables. Powerful methods are needed to examine this large amount of data and better understand the complex system, and in the case of the power grid, identify imminent adverse events, such as blackouts. These methods need to sift through any multicollinearity among the variables, account for the random uncertainty that is present within each variable, and focus on practical differences as defined by domain experts in addition to statistical differences. These methods will then help the user to better understand the complex system by uncovering the hidden gems within the data. These gems include identification of the uncertainty, characterization of the typical patterns, and the discovery of atypical events. This paper will discuss the intricate methods used to explore the data, and the novel displays used to communicate the findings. This paper will also delve into the exploration of other complex systems, like aviation safety, using similar methods.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Anti-immunoglobulin stimulation of human B lymphocytes is inhibited by anti-class II major histocompatibility complex antibodies

The effect of murine monoclonal antibodies binding monomorphic epitopes of Class II, HLA-DR molecules on responding human B lymphocytes stimulated by anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies was studied. Goat F(ab')2 anti-human IgM coupled to Sepharose beads (insoluble), or in solution, was added to macrophage-depleted B cells in culture with, or without, anti-human HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies. The addition of monoclonal anti-HLA-DR antibodies to anti-human IgM-stimulated B lymphocytes inhibited this T-independent B-cell proliferation by 82-94%. The role of Class II, HLA-DR molecules on B cells may therefore exceed that of antigen presentation alone, to include responding B-cell activation induced by anti-immunoglobulin.
Rheology and microstructure of dispersions and solutions of the microbial polysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris (xanthan gum)

Abstract A combination of various techniques, including rheology, light-scattering, photon correlation spectroscopy, optical rotation, and electric birefringence, has been applied to xanthan solutions and dispersions. The properties of the dispersions are consistent with a weak, gel-like network of highly associated xanthan molecules. Centrifugation or heat treatment disrupts this structure, resulting in a solution of individual molecules plus aggregates or “microgels”. Filtration of these samples, or heat treatment of dispersions in the presence of urea, removes most of the microgels, leaving true solutions. In the true solutions, the molecules are rod-like with a molecular weight of 1.1 × 106 and rod lengths of 0.2–2 μm. In solutions of low ionic strength, the molecules shown an order-disorder transition. However, the high-temperature-disordered form remains extended and rod-like. The helical backbone structure is apparently retained on cooling, even in the presence of urea. Minor structural changes involving disorganisation of the side chains could account for the ability of urea to inhibit aggregation. The microgels appear to consist of a side-by-side association of up to 47 individual molecules.
Pulse-coupled neural networks can benefit ATR

The first problem confronting the developers of algorithms for reliable automatic object recognition systems is basic intensity segmentation and noise smoothing. The benefits of using PCNNs for this are described. The next issue for the developer is the mixture of syntactical and statistical techniques. For many, only the latter is included due to the lack of abundance of fast, simple and effective syntactical algorithms. Relational maps and model-based algorithms are generally computationally intensive as compared to a straightforward statistical method such as a classifier net. It is described how the time signals of a nonadaptive PCNN incorporate some syntactical information which in turn has been shown to be compatible with a statistical classifier.