cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diurnal vertical migration: Adaptive significance and timing. Part 2. Test of the model: Details of timing1

The hypothesis that vertical migration has evolved primarily as a means of avoiding visually orienting predators is based on the common impression that grazers migrate upward and begin feeding in darkness, after sunset. An alternative hypothesis predicts that grazers might gain significant metabolic advantages if they began to feed a couple of hours before sunset. In three field sampling programs each of 3-days duration undertaken to distinguish between these alternative behavioral patterns, duplicate samples were taken at 30-min intervals during late afternoon and evening. The data for the abundant herbivorous copepod Calanus helgolandicus (pacificus) have been analyzed in detail. In one of the sampling programs, in early summer and at lowest herbivore abundance, migration began only after sunset, for both adults and immatures, suggesting that avoidance of predators was of overriding importance under those circumstances. In another sampling program, in late spring and at highest herbivore abundance, the onset of migration for adults as well as immatures began consistently an hour or two before sunset, suggesting that predator avoidance was relatively unimportant under that set of circumstances. Migration of immatures in the third sampling program, in midspring, began an hour or two before sunset but that of adults began only after sunset, suggesting that the appropriate trade off between improved survivorship by predator avoidance and possible metabolic advantage may depend on the developmental stage of the animal. The objective of this field study was to determine as precisely as possible the timing of upward migration by herbivores relative to sunset. If migration occurs only at or after sunset, this would speak strongly for the significance of visually directed predation as a prime factor in the evolution of the behavior. Onset of migration well before sunset would speak against the overwhelming importance of predation and encourage further consideration of alternative explanations, such as that of the model of feeding energetics described by Enright ( 1977b) which predicts that herbivores ought to begin daily grazing appreciably before sunset. vertical distributions in order to attain the desired temporal resolution. When a field sampling program is designed around a narrowly formulated prediction, the value of the data depends primarily on their relevance to the question asked; the decision to trade off detailed depth information for finer temporal resolution proved to be a satisfactory compromise for our purposes. We thank K. Gopalakrishnan and V. Gopalakrishnan for counting plankton samples.
When indolent follicular lymphoma is not indolent.

Histological transformation of follicular lymphoma (FL) to a more aggressive, high-grade lymphoma is typically viewed as a pivotal event that defines the transition from an indolent disease to one ...
(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases the expression of genes related to fat oxidation in the skeletal muscle of high fat-fed mice

(−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, has been shown to prevent the development of obesity in rodent models. Here, we examined the effect of EGCG on markers of fat oxidation in high fat-fed C57bl/6J mice. High fat-fed mice treated with 0.32% dietary EGCG for 16 weeks had reduced body weight gain and final body weight (19.2% and 9.4%, respectively) compared to high fat-fed controls. EGCG-treatment decreased fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and insulin resistance by 18.5%, 25.3%, and 33.9%, respectively. EGCG treatment also reduced markers of obesity-related fatty liver disease in high fat-fed mice. Gene expression analysis of skeletal muscle showed that EGCG increased mRNA levels of nuclear respiratory factor (nrf)1, medium chain acyl coA decarboxylase (mcad), uncoupling protein (ucp)3, and peroxisome proliferator responsive element (ppar)α by 1.4–1.9-fold compared to high fat-fed controls. These genes are all related to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In addition, EGCG increased fecal excretion of lipids in high fat-fed mice. In summary, it appears that EGCG modulates body weight gain in high fat-fed mice both by increasing the expression of genes related fat oxidation in the skeletal muscle and by modulating fat absorption from the diet.
Semiconductor business, process, product and fab influence on throughput, cycle time and chip cost

This paper discusses some of the manufacturing methods being developed at Texas Instruments Inc. to improve fab productivity. It also addresses the need for a common language across business to better understand the interdependency between business, create, and build functions and their influence on fab throughput, cycle time and chip cost.
Smoking and schizophrenia.

Abstract Several studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia have an extremely high prevalence of smoking, almost 90%, compared to only 33% in the general population and 45–70% in patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. The reasons for the high prevalence of smoking among schizophrenics is unknown, but is likely that smoking behavior in schizophrenia may be a complex process, related to numerous interrelationships between the psychopathological, biochemical, and neuropharmacological aspects of smoking and of schizophrenia.
Is Deterrence Relevant in Sentencing White-Collar Defendants?

This article is part of the Wayne Law Review symposium “Sentencing White-Collar Defendants: How Much Is Enough?” held in October, 2014. The article looks at the primary justification for imposing punishment on a defendant convicted of a crime, which is deterrence of both the individual who committed the offense (special deterrence) and others similarly situated who will be dissuaded from pursuing similar misconduct (general deterrence). White-collar crimes are different from traditional street crimes, both in the type of conduct involved and the nature of the perpetrators. One would expect that well-educated individuals, the type of person who commits a white-collar crime, would be easily deterred from violations because of the penalties suffered by others and knowledge of the consequences that is communicated through sentences imposed on others in the same industry or profession. This article considers whether that message is heard because most white-collar offenses occur in seemingly unique circumstances, at least from the defendant’s point of view, and the person rarely expects to be caught, or may even believe that the conduct is not a crime. The real value of deterrence is in keeping judges from succumbing to the impulse to view white-collar defendants as offenders who, having many good qualities, should not suffer any significant punishment. Deterrence does not so much stop future crimes but acts as a means to inform judges about the need to impose punishments that do not let white-collar defendants use their social status and other resources to avoid the consequences of violations.
Intestinal Long-Chain Fatty Acids Act as a Direct Signal To Modulate Expression of the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 Type III Secretion System

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium uses the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) type III secretion system (T3SS) to induce inflammatory diarrhea and bacterial uptake into intestinal epithelial cells. The expression of hilA , encoding the transcriptional activator of the T3SS structural genes, is directly controlled by three AraC-like regulators, HilD, HilC, and RtsA, each of which can activate hilD , hilC , rtsA , and hilA genes, forming a complex feed-forward regulatory loop. Expression of the SPI1 genes is tightly controlled by numerous regulatory inputs to ensure proper timing in production of the T3SS apparatus. Loss of FadD, an acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) synthetase required for degradation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs), was known to decrease hilA expression. We show that free external LCFAs repress expression of hilA independently of FadD and the LCFA degradation pathway. Genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that LCFAs act directly to block primarily HilD activity. Further analyses show that in the absence of FadD, hilA expression is downregulated due to endogenous production of free LCFAs, which are excreted into the culture medium via TolC and then transported back into the bacterial cell via FadL. A fadL mutant is more virulent than the wild-type strain in mouse oral competition assays independently of LCFA degradation, showing that, in the host, dietary LCFAs serve as a signal for proper regulation of SPI1 expression, rather than an energy source. IMPORTANCE To cause disease, Salmonella must respond to diverse environmental cues to express its invasion machinery at the appropriate location in the host intestine. We show that host intestinal free long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) affect Salmonella invasion by reducing expression of the SPI1 type III secretion system, acting primarily via the AraC-like activator HilD. Degradation of LCFAs is not required for this regulation, showing that free LCFAs serve as a cue to proper intestinal localization to invade host epithelial cells and not as a nutrient source.
Abstract 76: Astrocyte Tissue Factor: Double-Edged Sword of Brain Hemostasis

Astrocytes in the brain express high levels of tissue factor (TF) presumably to prevent hemorrhage. We generated mice lacking TF gene in all neuronal cells (TFflox nestin Cre), including astrocytes. TF mRNA expression (99.5%) and total procoagulant activity (98.7%) were significantly reduced in the brains of TFflox nestin Cre mice compared to controls (TFflox). Immunostaining demonstrated the absence of TF expression on astrocytes. No spontaneous bleeding was observed in TFflox nestin Cre mice. To investigate the role of astrocyte TF in brain hemostasis we used mouse models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Ischemic stroke was induced by 1 hour occlusion of middle cerebral artery followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Intracerebral bleeding was observed in 72.7% of TFflox nestin Cre but not in TFflox mice subjected to ischemic stroke. Although TFflox nestin Cre mice exhibited more bleeding, they had reduced infarct size (15.8±5.4% vs 35.1±6.9%; p In the hemorrhagic stroke model, intracerebral administration of collagenase induced time and dose dependent bleeding in the brains of WT mice. Deletion of TF from astrocytes dramatically increases intracerebral bleeding (2.9-fold vs TFflox, p Finally, using intravital microscopy and photoactivation-induced thrombosis model, we showed that thrombosis within brain capillaries, but not arterioles or venules, was significantly attenuated (p Our data indicate that astrocyte TF is essential for brain hemostasis. However, it also contributes to microvascular thrombosis and neuronal damage.
Unjust, Unreasonable, and Unduly Discriminatory: Electric Utility Rates and the Campaign Against Rooftop Solar

The century-old technology and business model for electricity distribution is under threat. Decentralized technologies and services now allow consumers to buy less power from their local monopoly provider and customize the timing and price of the electricity they do buy. In response, investor-owned utilities (IOUs), which distribute power to 75% of U.S. homes, are urging state utility regulators to take action to protect the incumbent paradigm.This paper is intended to be a primer on the regulation of electricity distribution, the disruptive potential of decentralized PV, and the IOUs’ arguments against its deployment. First, the paper examines the creation of IOUs to identify how and why they enjoy de facto monopolies over electricity distribution. Next, the paper explores the ratemaking process and concludes that it is imbued with false precision, and that so-called subsidies between ratepayers are a feature, and not a flaw, of utility rates. For IOUs, competition in the business of electricity distribution is unusual but not unprecedented. The paper then surveys previous competitive threats to the IOUs’ distribution monopolies that arose in the 1930s, 1950s, and 1970s. The historical overview concludes with summaries of recent ratemaking proceedings that address IOUs’ arguments about ratemaking subsidies.Based on this review of the industry’s structure and history, the paper concludes that opening up the monopoly-controlled distribution system to new technologies and services provided by non- IOU entities is consistent with the history and purpose of state regulation. State regulators have understood that, while aligning rates with utility costs is a fundamental ratemaking principle, the ultimate purpose of regulation is to protect consumers, not the IOU. That public interest goal allows regulators to enable competition by requiring IOUs to provide technology and service providers with non-discriminatory access to the IOU ratepayers and IOU-owned distribution infrastructure.
Feasibility of low-power one-way travel-time inverted ultra-short baseline navigation

Recent and underway development efforts promise to deliver long endurance and deep-diving autonomous underwater vehicles with the potential to persistently observe the deep (6000 m) ocean interior and sea floor over time scales of months to years. These assets and their shallow-diving (<1000 m) predecessors navigate primarily by dead-reckoning between surfacing for GPS fixes, a paradigm that precludes their use in missions where science objectives call for precise navigation deep in the water column or near the deep sea floor. Coupled with a single autonomous surface vessel, one-way travel time inverted ultra-short baseline positioning (OWTT-iUSBL) offers a compelling, but presently unrealized, alternative to infrastructure-intensive external acoustic aiding. Such systems could provide navigation aiding to multiple underwater vehicles while retaining a level of autonomy and endurance for the system as a whole comparable to that of a solitary vehicle. While the concept of OWTT-iUSBL is not new, we argue that the maturity of acoustic modem technology combined with the emergence of very low-power precision timing and attitude sensors will make it possible to deploy OWTT-iUSBL systems on low-power underwater vehicles in the near term. This paper presents two analyses in support of this conjecture. First, we discuss the factors that govern the achievable accuracy of OWTT-iUSBL navigation and present single-fix error budgets for specific system configurations using representative commercially-available components. Second, we consider the impact of a specific low-power configuration on the endurance of a deep-profiling autonomous underwater glider. Our analyses suggest that a practically realizable OWTT-iUSBL system could provide navigational accuracy 1–2 orders of magnitude superior to that presently achievable using periodic ascents to acquire global positioning system (GPS), and, for sufficiently deep deployments, actually yield more near-bottom data despite reducing overall vehicle endurance.
Influence of Mercaptoethanol Treatment on Skin Sensitizing and Complement Binding Ability of 7 S Anti-Dinitrophenol-Bovine Gamma Globulin Antibody.∗

SummaryTreatment of a 7 S anti DNP-BGG antibody with 2-ME resulted in a marked diminution of its ability to trigger positive PCA reactions in mice and guinea pigs; 3 to 4 times more ME treated antibody was necessary to obtain a reaction comparable to that produced by native antibody. In the reverse PCA technique, ME treatment was without influence on the skin reaction. Therefore, the diminution of the direct PCA reaction is not the result of an impaired antigen antibody reaction, but rather the consequence of a diminished tissue fixation of ME treated antibody. Complement fixing capacity of the antibody was practically abolished by ME treatment. From this fact and from results of PCA reactions in decomplemented animals, it follows that PCA reactions in mice and guinea pigs require little, if any complement.
Empirical examination of a Venn diagram heuristic for understanding the relationship between addiction, psychiatric comorbidity and trauma

Addiction, psychiatric comorbidity and trauma are common among patients and associated with a more complex course and poorer prognosis. The lack of a framework for understanding these chronic, complex conditions creates difficulties for clinicians and patients. A Venn diagram heuristic was previously proposed to conceptualize the relationship between addiction, psychiatric illness and trauma ([Rojas, J. I. (2012). A Venn diagram heuristic for working with co-occurring disorders and trauma. Mental Health and Substance Use, iFirst Article, 1–10. doi:10.1080/17523281.2012.712050]). We were interested in examining the relationship between addiction, psychiatric illness and trauma via retrospective chart reviews among the participants evaluated in our outpatient program for impaired professionals. The current study sought to empirically examine the Venn diagram heuristic by using objective psychological test results from the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Specifically, we sought to determine the degre...
Diversity of fungal endophytes in non-native Phragmites australis in the Great Lakes

Plant–microbial interactions may play a key role in plant invasions. One common microbial interaction takes place between plants and fungal endophytes when fungi asymptomatically colonize host plant tissues. The objectives of this study were to isolate and sequence fungal endophytes colonizing non-native Phragmites australis in the Great Lakes region to evaluate variation in endophyte community composition among three host tissue types and three geographical regions. We collected entire ramets from multiple clones and populations, surface sterilized plant tissues, and plated replicate tissue samples from leaves, stems, and rhizomes on corn meal agar plates to culture and isolate fungal endophytes. Isolates were then subjected to Sanger sequencing of the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. Sequences were compared to fungal databases to define operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were analyzed statistically for community composition. In total, we obtained 173 endophyte isolates corresponding to 55 OTUs, 39 of which were isolated only a single time. The most common OTU corresponded most closely to Sarocladium strictum and comprised 25 % of all fungal isolates. More OTUs were found in stem tissues, but endophyte diversity was greatest in rhizome tissues. PERMANOVA analyses indicated significant differences in endophyte communities among tissue types, geographical regions, and the interaction between those factors, but no differences among individual ramets were detected. The functional role of the isolated endophytes is not yet known, but one genus isolated here (Stagonospora) has been reported to enhance Phragmites growth. Understanding the diversity and functions of Phragmites endophytes may provide targets for control measures based on disrupting host plant/endophyte interactions.
The digital medical imaging system in XuanWu Hospital

An introduction to the digital medical imaging system in XuanWu Hospital is presented in the paper.
Physics Courses for Engineering Specialities Should Be Set up in Higher Vocational Colleges or Not

It has much importance of physics teaching but the present situation is not so well in higher vocational colleges, focusing on the aim and orientation of higher vocational education. During the teaching of physics, the students’ ability of analysis and implement of the problems should be cultivated, the conception of education be altered and the teaching pattern and methods be innovated.
The Problem of Image Interpretation in Mammography: How Do Radiologists See What They Think They See?

Faulty visual search has been blamed as the primary cause for missed cancers in screening mammography, but eye-tracking studies have shown that 70% of unreported cancers do attract some amount of visual attention. In order to understand how image-based elements are translated into observer-based decision, we use spatial frequency analysis to model the areas in the mammogram that contain reported and unreported lesions. We also derive group profiles for the responses made by experienced mammographers and less-experienced radiology residents when interpreting mammograms. We train a pattern classifier to predict how each radiologist will respond to visually selected areas in new mammogram cases.
Abstract 3693: Quantitative fluorescent microscopy to measure permeability in brain adjacent to tumor

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Introduction: Chemotherapeutics typically distribute poorly into healthy brain due to the restrictive characteristics of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain tissue immediately surrounding tumors (brain adjacent to tumor, BAT) is an important target for chemotherapy as tumorigenic cells proliferate and invade this region during tumor progression. Drug permeability in BAT is not well defined and discrepancies exist among studies estimating drug accumulation in this region. This study seeks to address these discrepancies by evaluating BAT permeability using quantitative fluorescent microscopy (QFM) in a preclinical model of brain metastases of breast cancer. Methods: A human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231Br) cell line transfected to stably express eGFP was injected into the peripheral circulation via the left cardiac ventricle and CNS metastases were allowed to grow for 4-6 weeks. After neurological symptoms developed, a fluorescence marker (Texas Red 625Da) was injected intravenously and allowed to circulate. Blood and brain concentrations of Texas Red were determined by QFM and regional brain uptake was determined. Lastly, we mapped fluorescent tracer concentration at 8 μm increments extending 300 μm inwardly and outwardly from the edge of selected metastases. Results: The permeability of Texas Red in MDA-MB-231Br brain metastases are heterogeneous, ranging nearly ∼10-fold between metastases for Texas Red 625Da. Quantitatively, most metastases (∼75%) exhibit modest increases in permeability (∼2 to 5-fold, p<0.05, n = 133), while ∼15% of metastases have greater than a 5-fold increase in permeability (p0.05, n = 15). Texas Red concentrations in BAT regions are elevated (p<0.05) relative to healthy brain and approximate healthy brain levels ∼100μm beyond tumor margins. The estimated accumulation of fluorescent tracer in BAT region reaches ∼30-40% of average concentrations observed in the core region of metastases. Conclusions: The BAT of experimental metastases of breast cancer exhibit elevated permeability relative to healthy brain. The increased accumulation of tracer in the BAT may result from either an increase in permeability at the local BAT region or from diffusion and flow of the tracer from the tumor core region into the BAT, or a combination thereof. However, this model suggests that this region accumulates approximately ∼50-60% less tracer than the respective tumor. Clinically, these data suggest that chemotherapeutic uptake in the BAT, where tumor cell replication and invasion occurs, remains limited and likely contributes to poor chemotherapeutic efficacy. Citation Format: Chris E. Adkins, Rajendar K. Mittapalli, Paul Lockman. Quantitative fluorescent microscopy to measure permeability in brain adjacent to tumor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3693. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3693
Palliative care pharmacists as advocates to conduct advance care planning.

73Background: Advance care planning (ACP) is a process whereby individuals consider their end-of-life (EoL) treatment preferences and make them known to caregivers and clinicians in the event of decisional incapacity. We previously reported a focused ACP intervention led by a clinical social worker (J Palliat Med 2016). Based on this trial’s initial success, we aimed to evaluate this approach when led by a pharmacist. To date, no data exists regarding pharmacist-led ACP discussions. Methods: Advanced stage cancer patients were screened at a single, academic oncology palliative care clinic. Training of the pharmacist included observation of ACP interventions conducted by the clinical social worker, didactic lectures, and role playing. Subjects engaged in a 1-hour ACP intervention with a palliative care pharmacist within 4 weeks of consent. Details of the ACP intervention were documented in the electronic medical record and AD/POLST completion was encouraged but not required. The study outcome was the ident...
Accurate and Cost-Effective Traffic Information Acquisition using Adaptive Sampling: Centralized and V2V Schemes

Abstract: The new generation of GPS-based tolling systems allow for a much higher degree of road sensing than has been available up to now. We propose an adaptive sampling scheme to collect accurate real-time traffic information from large-scale implementations of on-board GPS-based devices over a road network. The goal of the system is to minimize the transmission costs over all vehicles while satisfying requirements in the accuracy and timeliness of the traffic information obtained. The system is designed to make use of cellular communication as well as leveraging additional technologies such as roadside units equipped with WiFi and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) dedicated short-range communications (DSRC). As opposed to fixed sampling schemes, which transmit at regular intervals, the sampling policy we propose is adaptive to the road network and the importance of the links that the vehicle traverses. Since cellular communications are costly, in the basic centralized scheme, the vehicle is not aware of the road conditions on the network. We extend the scheme to handle non-cellular communications via roadside units and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication. Under a general traffic model, we prove that our scheme always outperforms the baseline scheme in terms of transmission cost while satisfying accuracy and real-time requirements. Our analytical results are further supported via simulations based on actual road networks for both the centralized and V2V settings.
Initial Care of Blast Injury: TCCC and TECC

The key principles and tactics of addressing severely wounded persons in battle are delineated in Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC). However, whereas the military setting affords a mostly homogenous group of patients within a very unique care environment, the civilian sector is comprised of a wide array of patient demographics with disparate mechanisms of injury. Thus, the principles of TCCC have been translated for the civilian sector as delineated in the Tactical Emergency Casualty Care (TECC) guidelines. TECC takes into account the skill level of the provider – ranging from the bystander to the surgeon – the environment of care, and threat level associated with it and addresses all causes of potentially preventable death, including hemorrhage, pneumothorax, and loss of airway. It stresses that the greatest opportunity to mitigate preventable death is rapid extrication of the wounded to a facility able to provide definitive care.
Method for preclinical pathology evaluation and analysis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device implant sites.

Abstract Cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) typically incorporate leads that directly contact the endocardium. Post-explant pathology evaluation of formalin-fixed CIED lead implant sites and downstream organs (i.e., lungs) can provide useful safety data to the US Food and Drug Administration; however, current regulatory guidelines do not mandate how the safety data are collected. In this paper, we outline a protocol for preclinical pathology evaluation of leads associated with CIEDs, which includes formalin fixation of the heart and lungs, gross evaluation, and qualitative and quantitative histologic evaluation. We recommend fixation of the whole heart with leads in situ alongside intratracheal formalin infusion; this enables rapid and effective preservation of target tissues and increases histologic quality to allow for accurate qualitative and quantitative pathology evaluation. Overall, we believe that our approach to pathology evaluation of leads may maximize information acquired from preclinical studies, leading to more accurate safety assessments. Summary: This article introduces an established method for pathology evaluation and analysis of cardiac leads recommended for companies and researchers that seek approval from a regulatory body.
DNA Protocols for Plants

This procedure has been used with success on a wide variety of plant groups and even some animals. The method is used to isolate total genomic DNA (nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial). It is a rapid, inexpensive method that is suitabie for use in conjunction with other protocois, such as isolation of DNA enriched for cpDNA. it is also easy to scale down for use in population sampling, using 0.01g or less of fresh tissue. Other applications include isolation of DNA from herbarium specimens (Doyle & Dickson, 1987. Taxon 36:715–722), and isolation of RNA. A brief word on the history of the protocol is in order. This procedure was modified by us (Doyle and Doyle, 1987. Phytochemical Bulletin 19:11–15) for use with fresh plant tissue from a method of Saghai-Maroof et al. (1984, PNAS USA 81:8014–8019) who used lyophilized tissue. They in turn had developed their procedure from earlier protocols. We were recently asked to publish a slightly modified version of our procedure (Doyle and Doyle, 1990 Focus 12:13–15). We recently learned from Brian Taylor (Texas A&M University, USA) that he had published a virtually identical procedure for fresh tissue, also in Focus, in 1982 (Taylor & Powell, Focus 4:4–6) of which we (and apparently the editors of Focus!) were entirely unaware. It is indeed a useful procedure, thus independently confirmed.
Rumors and Mousetraps

In this section two unrelated mathematical models are discussed. While neither model is specifically concerned with an epidemic of a contagious disease, both are abstractions of classical models of epidemics. The first model is concerned with the spread of a rumor through a group of loosely connected communities, the second with a stylized simulation of a chain reaction. In order to help emphasize the similarity to epidemic models, the customary variable names in epidemiology will be employed throughout.
Teacher Influences in the Desegregated Classroom

The social atmosphere of the classroom is likely to have an effect on the well-being of pupils, regardless of their ethnic background. However, we expected the newly desegregated minority children in Riverside to be particularly vulnerable to such effects. The degree to which they were successfully integrated in the classroom would depend, in part, upon institutional supports (Allport, 1954). Since the teacher, as the principal authority in the classroom undoubtedly influences the play of such forces, we were anxious to explore her role in this regard.
Wound Healing, Inflammation, and Fibrosis

As discussed in Section 8.2 and also made clear in preceding chapters, FN and fibrin deposits formed on solid surfaces during blood clotting can serve as adhesive substrates for cells (Grinnell et al, 1980; Grinnell and Phan, 1983). It is now clear that FN—fibrin deposits play an important role in wound healing phenomena involving several different cell types.
World Building, Citizenship, and Disability: The Strange World of Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go

A crucial challenge for critical disability studies is developing an argument for why disabled people should inhabit our democratic, shared public sphere. The ideological and material separation of citizens into worthy and unworthy based on physiological variations imagined as immutable differences is what I call eugenic world building. It is justified by the idea that social improvement and freedom of choice require eliminating devalued human traits in the interest of reducing human suffering, increasing life quality, and building a more desirable citizenry. I outline the logic of inclusive and eugenic world building, explain the role of the ‘normate’ in eugenic logic, and provide a critical disability studies reading of the 2005 novel Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro and its 2010 film adaptation. I argue that the ways of being in the world we think of as disabilities must be understood as the natural variations, abilities, and limitations inherent in human embodiment. When this happens, disability will be understood not as a problem to be eliminated but, rather, as a valid way of being in the world that must be accommodated through a sustaining and sustainable environment designed to afford access for a wide range of human variations.
Synthesis and Intramolecular Energy- and Electron-Transfer of 3D-Conformeric Tris(fluorenyl-[60]fullerenylfluorene) Derivatives.

New 3D conformers were synthesized to show a nanomolecular configuration with geometrically branched 2-diphenylaminofluorene (DPAF-C2M) chromophores using a symmetrical 1,3,5-triaminobenzene ring as the center core for the connection of three fused DPAF-C2M moieties. The design led to a class of cis-cup-tris[(DPAF-C2M)-C60(>DPAF-C9)] 3D conformers with three bisadduct-analogous cages per nanomolecule facing at the same side of the geometrical molecular cis-cup-shape structure. A sequential synthetic route was described to afford this 3D configurated conformer in a high yield with various spectroscopic characterizations. In principle, a nanostructure with a non-coplanar 3D configuration in design should minimize the direct contact or π-stacking of fluorene rings with each other during molecular packing to the formation of fullerosome array. It may also prevent the self-quenching effect of its photoexcited states in solids. Photophysical properties of this cis-cup-conformer were also investigated.
Hybrid Spin-CMOS Polymorphic Logic Gate With Application in In-Memory Computing

In this article, we initially present a hybrid spin-CMOS polymorphic logic gate (HPLG) using a novel 5-terminal magnetic domain wall motion device. The proposed HPLG is able to perform a full set of 1and 2-input Boolean logic functions (i.e., NOT, AND/NAND, OR/NOR, and XOR/XNOR) by configuring the applied keys. We further show that our proposed HPLG could become a promising hardware security primitive to address IC counterfeiting or reverse engineering by logic locking and polymorphic transformation. The experimental results on a set of ISCAS-89, ITC-99, and Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) benchmarks show that HPLG obtains up to 51.4% and 10% average performance improvements on the power-delay product (PDP) compared with recent non-volatile logic and CMOS-based designs, respectively. We then leverage this gate to realize a novel processing-in-memory architecture (HPLG-PIM) for highly flexible, efficient, and secure logic computation. Instead of integrating complex logic units in cost-sensitive memory, this architecture exploits a hardware-friendly approach to implement the complex logic functions between multiple operands combining a reconfigurable sense amplifier and an HPLG unit to reduce the latency and the power-hungry data movement further. The device-to-architecture co-simulation results for widely used graph processing tasks running on three social network data sets indicate roughly 3.6× higher energy efficiency and 5.3× speedup over recent resistive RAM (ReRAM) accelerators. In addition, an HPLG-PIM achieves ~4× higher energy efficiency and 5.1× speedup over recent processing-in-DRAM acceleration methods.
TSQ Editor’s Farewell

Here at the end of our editorial tour at The Sociological Quarterly, we’d like to start by remembering our colleague Peter Hall, who sadly died a few years ago. We hatched our editorship applicatio...
Beyond the HIV Care Continuum and Viral Suppression: Broadening the Scope of Quality Metrics for Total HIV Patient Care

Assessing quality care for people with HIV (PWH) should not be limited to reporting on HIV Care Continuum benchmarks, particularly viral suppression rates. At Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States ...
The NCWIT Tech Inclusion Journey: Tools to Strategically Move Your Undergraduate Computing Program Towards an Inclusive Culture

In this online workshop, participants will actively explore the new NCWIT Tech Inclusion Journey for Undergraduate Programs? (TIJ-UP), a tool developed by the National Center for Women and Information Technology (NCWIT) to assist change leader teams with building the inclusive culture needed to attract and retain a more diverse range of students to their undergraduate computing programs [4]. The goal of the session is to empower participants to take the TIJ-UP back to their departments and use it effectively and efficiently. This workshop is appropriate for any post-secondary computing program faculty or staff member working on broadening participation in computing. It is especially useful for department leadership and those developing departmental NSF BPC plans.
Understanding Nascent Newsroom Security and Safety Cultures: The Emergence of the “Security Champion”

This paper utilizes concepts from new institutionalism to help explain journalists’ and news organizations’ resistance to implementing security-related practices despite a deteriorating safety and ...
Activation of autophagy during normothermic machine perfusion of discarded livers is associated with improved hepatocellular function

Liver transplantation is hampered by a severe shortage of donor organs. Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of donor livers allows dynamic preservation in addition to viability assessment prior to transplantation. Little is known about the injury and repair mechanisms induced during NMP. To investigate these mechanisms, we examined gene and protein expression changes in a cohort of discarded human livers, stratified by hepatocellular function, during NMP. Six human livers acquired through donation after circulatory death (DCD) underwent 12 hours of NMP. Of the 6, 3 met predefined criteria for adequate hepatocellular function. We applied transcriptomic profiling and protein analysis to evaluate temporal changes in gene expression during NMP between functional and nonfunctional livers. Principal component analysis segregated the two groups and distinguished the various perfusion time points. Transcriptomic analysis of biopsies from functional livers indicated robust activation of innate immunity after 3 hours of NMP followed by enrichment of pro-repair and pro-survival mechanisms. Nonfunctional livers demonstrated delayed and persistent enrichment of markers of innate immunity. Functional livers demonstrated effective induction of autophagy, a cellular repair and homeostasis pathway, in contrast to nonfunctional livers. In conclusion, NMP of discarded DCD human livers results in innate immune-mediated injury, while also activating autophagy, a presumed mechanism for support of cellular repair. More pronounced activation of autophagy was seen in livers that demonstrated adequate hepatocellular function.
Detection of moving human micro-Doppler signature in forest environments with swaying tree components by wind

The objective of this paper is to investigate human motion in forest medium with swaying tree components due to time-varying wind effects and to observe the characteristics of the received Doppler signature from the scene. We provide the results of an accurate model accounting for the key contributions to the Doppler signature in this scenario. A realistic walking motion is generated using an analytical model extracted from empirical data. The swaying canopy motion is modeled by employing a spring response mechanism to the wind force. The backscattered field calculations from the scene comprise of contributions from the forest (including trunks, branches, and the ground) and human, and the interactions between them. An analytical forest scattering model, which accounts for the ground effects, is used to calculate the contribution from the forest. The attenuation effects due to the vegetation are accounted for. In order to characterize the effects of human motion accurately, a full wave technique, namely, method of moments (MOM) enhanced with fast multipole method (FMM), is employed for the human scattering calculations. A parallel version of MOM-FMM is implemented on a graphics processing unit based cluster to handle the large problem size. The human walking signatures created by the model are analyzed for different winds.
Failure of geometric frustration to preserve a quasi-two-dimensional spin fluid

Using spin-wave theory, we show that geometric frustration fails to preserve a two-dimensional spin fluid. Even though frustration can remove the interlayer coupling in the ground-state of a classical anti-ferromagnet, spin layers innevitably develop a quantum-mechanical coupling via the mechanism of ``order from disorder''. We show how the order from disorder coupling mechanism can be viewed as a result of magnon pair tunneling, a process closely analogous to pair tunneling in the Josephson effect. In the spin system, the Josephson coupling manifests itself as a a biquadratic spin coupling between layers, and for quantum spins, these coupling terms are as large as the inplane coupling. An alternative mechanism for decoupling spin layers occurs in classical XY models in which decoupled "sliding phases" of spin fluid can form in certain finely tuned conditions. Unfortunately, these finely tuned situations appear equally susceptible to the strong-coupling effects of quantum tunneling, forcing us to conclude that in general, geometric frustration cannot preserve a two-dimensional spin fluid.
Active site-directed inactivation of constitutively active mutants of rhodopsin

Recently, mutations of the active site Lys296 residue in rhodopsin (Lys296-->Glu and Lys296-->Met) have been found as the cause of disease in some patients with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. In vitro, these mutations result in constitutive activation of the protein. In an effort to develop a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of the disease, we have examined various amine derivatives of 11-cis- and 9-cis-retinal for ability to irreversibly inactivate a related constitutively active mutant, K296G. Three amines were prepared by reductive amination of retinal: 11-cis-retinylpropylamine, 11-cis-retinylamine, and 9-cis-retinylamine. All three compounds inactivated K296G, and the inactivation could not be reversed upon exposure to light. None of the compounds inactivated the wild-type protein. Although the amines were not effective on the naturally occurring retinitis pigmentosa mutants, presumably because of unfavorable steric interactions with the bulky Glu and Met side chains at position 296, the success with K296G makes it highly encouraging that this approach will evolve related compounds that are capable of inactivating the naturally occurring mutants as well.
Space borne optical remote sensing of midday auroral oval and different participation regions

This paper very briefly summarizes an invited talk given at the Polar Cusp Conference in Norway, 1993. A more complete version could not be presented here due to a limitation of the length of the paper and a need for a large amount of color diagrams. Three topics were discussed. By using the simultaneous DMSP observations of midday auroral imagery and soft particle precipitations, we examined the location of the polar cusp proper (defined from electron and ion characteristics) with respect to the broad band visible midday auroral displays. The second topic was the midday auroral observations made by the Far Ultra Violet (FUV) monochromatic imager onboard the Polar Bear satellite. The FUV monochromatic imaging technique opened a new era in magnetospheric and atmospheric research, since it enabled us to “see” from space the global auroral displays under “all-weather” condition, independent of season and daynight conditions. The third topic covered whether optical remote sensing from a space platform could be used to project different magnetospheric source regions onto the ionosphere. Based on an atmospheric emission model with inputs using various particle (both electrons and ions) precipitation features of magnetospheric plasma source regions (namely, the polar cusp, polar rain, mantle, low latitude boundary layer, boundary plasma sheet, central plasma sheet etc.), we determined that remote sensing of the instantaneous distribution of plasma regions (i.e., a projection of magnetospheric configuration) is feasible when several simultaneous optical emission lines are used to image the dayside part of auroral oval and adjacent regions.
Prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities in obese adults referred for bariatric weight loss surgery

Background Obesity is associated with increased risk of death that may be related to underlying structural and functional changes in the heart. Cardiac MR (CMR) can provide detailed structural and functional information about the heart and vasculature that may improve our understanding of obesity related cardiac morbidity and mortality. Methods A cohort of 77 obese patients referred for stress CMR for evaluation of dyspnea prior to weight-loss surgery (WLS) were identified from our research registry. All patients underwent standard vasodilator stress perfusion protocol with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging on a 1.5T MR system. We collected demographic
Prostaglandin E2 EP1 Receptor Inhibition Fails to Provide Neuroprotection in Surgically Induced Brain-Injured Mice

Recent trials have shown that the prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor is responsible for NMDA excitotoxicity in the brain after injury. Consequently, in this study, we investigated the use of SC-51089, a selective prostaglandin E2 EP1 receptor antagonist, as a pre-treatment modality to decrease cell death, reduce brain edema, and improve neurobehavioral function after surgically induced brain injury (SBI) in mice. Eleven-week-old C57 black mice (n = 82) were randomly assigned to four groups: sham (n = 31), SBI (n = 27), SBI treated with SC51089 at 10 μg/kg (n = 7), and SBI treated with SC51089 at 100 μg/kg (n = 17). Treated groups received a single dose of SC51089 intrapertioneally at 12 and 1 h pre-surgery. SBI was performed by resecting the right frontal lobe using a frontal craniotomy. Postoperative assessment occurred at 24 and 72 h, and included neurobehavioral testing and measurement of brain water content and cell death. Results indicated that neither low- nor high-dose EP1 receptor inhibition protected against the SBI-related effects on brain edema formation or cell death. There was however a significant improvement in neurobehavioral function 24 h post-SBI with both dosing regimens. Further studies will be needed to assess the potential therapeutic role of EP1 receptor targeting in SBI.
Functional significance of rising-intonation declaratives in settings with special discursive norms

Rising intonation in English declaratives (aka “uptalk”) is generally regarded as a solidarity marker (Warren 2005). However, its functions in settings with special discursive norms, such as classrooms, remain unexplored. Analysis of third-graders’ declarative responses to teachers’ questions reveals that students use rising intonation when they anticipate rejection, arguably making it a pragmatic face-saving strategy (Goffman 1982). Specifically, rising intonation functions as a marker of idea positioning (Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 2003), lessening students’ commitment to responses they suspect are incorrect. It also deemphasizes such responses’ being answers to questions while emphasizing their being presented for teacher evaluation.