cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The proximate carcinogen trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-dibenz[c,h]acridine is oxidized stereoselectively and regioselectively by cytochrome 1A1, epoxide hydrolase and hepatic microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats.

Abstract Metabolism of the proximate carcinogen trans -3,4-dihydroxy-3,4dihydrodibenz[ c , h ]acridine has been examined with rat liver enzymes. The dihydrodiol is metabolized at a rate of 2.4 nmol/nmol of cytochrome P450 1A1/min with microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats, a rate more than 10-fold higher than that observed with microsomes from control or phenobarbital-treated rats. Major metabolises consisted of a diastereomeric pair of bis-dihydrodiols (68–83%), where the new dihydrodiol group has been introduced at the 8,9-position, tetraols derived from bay region 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxides (15–23%), and a small amount of a phenolic dihydrodiol(s) where the new hydroxy group is at the 8,9-position of the substrate. A highly purified monooxygenase system reconstituted with cytochrome P450 1A1 and epoxide hydrolase (17 nmol of metabolites/nmol of cytochrome P450 1A1/min) gave a metabolite profile very similar to that observed with liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats. Study of the stereoselectivity of these microsomes established that the (+)-(3 S ,4 S )-dihydrodiol gave mainly the diol epoxide-1 diastereomer, in which the benzylic 4-hydroxyl group and epoxide oxygen are cis. The (−)-(3 R ,4 R )-dihydrodiol gave mainly diol epoxide-2 where these same groups are trans. The major enantiomers of the diastereomeric bis-dihydrodiols are shown to have the same absolute configuration at the 8,9-position. Correlations of circular dichroism spectra suggest this configuration to be (8 R ,9 R ). The (8 R ,9 S )-oxide may be their common precursor.
Threshold measures of sensory register storage (perceptual memory) on normals and retardates

The method of limits was used to estimate the perceptual or immediate memory thresholds for a sample of 12 normals and 12 institutionalized retardates matched on CA and perceptual intactness. A stimulus array, composed of six digits in a circular pattern, was presented tachistoscopically. On the first trial, the duration of the array increased at 100-msec intervals beginning from a 100-msec base. After three consecutive correct responses were recorded, the array duration decreased (Trial 2) in 100-msec steps until three consecutive incorrect responses were recorded. The same procedure for the remaining six trials was followed, with the exception that 50-msec steps were used. A poststimulus cue immediately followed the offset of the stimulus array for a duration of 100 msec. The offset of the cue was followed by the S naming the digit that was indicated by the cue. Averaging over trials, the mean thresholds for normals and retardates were 424.861 and 1,538.194 msec, respectively. Following a logarithmic transformation of the data, a 2 (groups) by 6 (trials) repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed a practice effect for normals, but not for retardates, and superior performance of normals on all trials. The results were interpreted within Atkinson’s memory model.
Optical radiation hazards analysis of ultraviolet headlamps

The potential hazards to the eye and skin associated with the use of UV-emitting automotive headlamps are considered. Wide-scale use of high-beam, near-UV headlamps to permit viewing of fluorescence in clothes and fluorescent road markers at great distances can increase automotive safety; however, the potential hazards from exposure of persons to UV radiation must be evaluated. From the study we conclude that such headlamps can be safely designed to preclude human exposure to potentially hazardous levels of UV radiation.
Pricing and Investment for Online TV Content Platforms

Online television (TV) market has been expanding rapidly over the last few years and provided TV studios with a cost-effective and reliable channel for the delivery of high-quality TV content. To maximize profit by setting up an online TV content platform, two major challenges are faced by the platform owner: what is the optimal investment (e.g., how many hosting servers, bandwidth acquisition) and how to price TV content producers who utilize the platform as a channel to distribute their content. To address these two challenges, we first derive the optimal pricing policy based on the widely-adopted “pay-per-usage” model, and then formalize and solve the optimal investment decision problem. Rationality of self-interested TV content producers and audiences is also taken into account. Specifically, we first use a model with a representative content viewer to determine how many times a TV content with a certain quality is watched. Then, by modeling the content providers as self-interested agents making independent production decisions, we show that for any price charged by the platform, there always exists a unique equilibrium in the content production stage, which makes it possible for the platform owner to maximize its profit without uncertainties because of the unique outcome in the content producers' decision stage. Finally, we develop an algorithm to derive the optimal price and then formalize the investment decision problem to maximize the platform's profit.
Rayleigh-scattering calculations for the terrestrial atmosphere

Rayleigh-scattering cross sections and volume-scattering coefficients are computed for standard air; they incorporate the variation of the depolarization factor with wavelength. Rayleigh optical depths are then calculated for the 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere and for five supplementary models. Analytic formulas are derived for each of the parameters listed. The new optical depths can be 1.3% lower to 3% higher at midvisible wavelengths and up to 10% higher in the UV region compared with previous calculations, in which a constant or incorrect depolarization factor was used. The dispersion of the depolarization factor is also shown to affect the Rayleigh phase function slightly, by approximately 1% in the forward, backscattered, and 90° scattering-angle directions.
The Nucleus Accumbens and Reward: Neurophysiological Investigations in Behaving Animals

The nucleus accumbens (Acb) is a crucial component of the brain reward system. This report reviews electrophysiological studies that examined Acb cell firing during goal-directed behaviors for natural reinforcers (food, water, sucrose) and drugs of abuse (cocaine, heroin, ethanol). Studies that examined the role of environmental stimuli and operant contingencies on Acb activity during behavior are also explored. Given the extensive literature that links dopamine in the Acb with drug reinforcement, experiments are considered that examined the influence of dopamine in modulating Acb cell firing during drug-seeking behaviors. Finally, because the Acb is one neural substrate of a larger brain reward circuit, the influence of afferent input (hippocampus and prefrontal cortex) on Acb cell firing during behavior is also discussed. These findings provide a unique insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying reward-related processing and goal-directed behaviors and reveal a level of functional organization in the Acb not identified by other experimental approaches.
Iron deficiency can upregulate expression of transferrin receptor at both the mRNA and protein level

Summary. Expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) is controlled essentially by post-transcriptional regulation, which is mediated by the interaction between iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and iron-responsive elements (IREs) located in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of TfR mRNA. We examined whether additional controls of expression might occur by investigating the regulation of TfR in the absence of its' IREs by cloning 3′-UTR truncated TfR cDNA (TfRΔIRE) into pcDNA3·1(+) and stably expressing it in CHO-TRVb (Chinese Hamster Ovary, TfR variant cells, clone b) cells which have no endogenous TfR. Both the surface and the total cell TfR protein levels increased significantly after treating the stably transfected cells with the iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) compared with the control cells. In contrast, expression of the transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2), which was also cloned in the same vector and stably expressed in the TRVb-CHO cells, was not regulated by iron chelation. In addition, TfR2 fused to the 3′-UTR of TfR (TfR2-IRE) was cloned into the same vector and stably expressed in the CHO-TRVb cells. A comparison showed that expression of full-length TfR and TfR2-IRE increased by fivefold and twofold, respectively, after addition of DFO. Further experiments showed that TRVb-CHO cells, which were stably transfected with TfRΔIRE and exposed to either normal medium or DFO, resulted in similar levels of TfR mRNA, but the TfR protein biosynthetic rate increased with iron chelation. In summary, expression of TfR in cells placed in an iron-deficient milieu can increase by a mechanism which is independent of the IREs of TfR.
Monte carlo calculations of ion distributions surrounding the oligonucleotide d(ATATATATAT)2 in the B, A, and wrinkled D conformations

We calculated the uni-univalent ion distributions around the oligonucleotide d(AT)5.d(AT)5 in the A, B and wrinkled D conformation using the Metropolis Monte Carlo method. All atoms were included in the oligonucleotide model with partial charges and hard sphere radii assigned to each atom. The univalent counter- and coions were modeled as hard spheres with radius 0.3 nm. The solvent was assigned a dielectric constant of 80, corresponding to a temperature of 298K. The counterion distribution surrounding each of the conformers and the distribution surrounding an impenetrable cylinder, were calculated for four salt concentrations. We found significant counterion density in the major groove of the A DNA while fewer counterions occupied the grooves of B DNA. In the wrinkled D DNA, where groove occupancy is sterically hindered, the ion distributions were identical to the distributions surrounding the impenetrable, cylindrical model. This suggests that excluded volume effects significantly influence the details of the ion distributions near the oligomer, while the detailed charge distributions of the oligomer affects the ion distributions only minimally. Although substantial variation in counterion density was observed near the oligomers of differing conformations, the total number of counterions located within a cylinder surrounding the oligomer bounded radially by 2.4 nm was independent of the conformation of the oligomer. Therefore, for this model system, the local univalent counterion distributions are extremely sensitive to the geometry of the oligonucleotide whereas the extent of neutralization of the oligoanion is insensitive to the conformation of the oligomer.
Reliability of the Grunbaum pipet as a self-cleaning device☆

Abstract Data are presented to show that the Grunbaum pipet is self-cleaning and as such is a useful analytical instrument. It contributes to speed and economy in volumetric quantitative measurement. It is also a precision pipet because the same pipet is used for aliquoting blanks, standards, and unknowns.
Paramolybdate anion-exchange resin, an improved catalyst for the C-1–C-2 rearrangement and 2-epimerization of aldoses

Abstract Aqueous solutions of molybdate at 90° bring about the inversion of the C-1–C-2 fragment of aldoses having four or more carbon atoms, generating thermodynamically equilibrated mixtures of the starting aldose and its 2-epimer. In some cases, notably with the aldopentoses, substantial proportions of the 3-epimers are produced, as well as 2-epimers that have not undergone inversion of the C-1–C-2 fragment. These side-reactions can be controlled by using the paramolybdate form of an anion-exchange resin (AG MP-1) together with the formate form of the same resin. The latter acts to scavenge unbound molybdate and paramolybdate anions that appear to be responsible for the side reactions.
INFRARED TRANSMITTING MATERIALS

The beginning of transmission for a solid occurs at a wavel ength corresponding to the energy of its forbidden gap. The long wavel ength cut off for the solid is usually determined by a lattice or lattice type absorption of the constituent elements. These two wavelength limits are qualitatively predictable from the position of the constituent elements in the Periodic Table; that is, their atomic masses and electronic configurations. Absorption within the transmission range is usually related to impurities or the perfection of the sample and is thus related to the method of preparation.
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Peptide‐Coated Carbon Nanotubes

Numerous applications, from molecular electronics to super-strong composites, have been suggested for carbon nanotubes. Despite this promise, difficulty in assembling raw carbon nanotubes into functional structures is a deterrent for applications. In contrast, biological materials have evolved to self-assemble, and the lessons of their self-assembly can be applied to synthetic materials such as carbon nanotubes. Here we show that single-walled carbon nanotubes, coated with a designed amphiphilic peptide, can be assembled into ordered hierarchical structures. This novel methodology offers a new route for controlling the physical properties of nanotube systems at all length scales from the nano- to the macroscale. Moreover, this technique is not limited to assembling carbon nanotubes, and could be modified to serve as a general procedure for controllably assembling other nanostructures into functional materials.
Arithmetic Fourier-transform calculation using fiber-optical parallel processors

The arithmetic Fourier transform is a number-theoretic method for calculating the Fourier coefficients of continuous-time signals. In this paper we present an efficient realization of the arithmetic Fourier-transform algorithm on an optical parallel processor consisting of fiber-optic tapped delay lines. The performance of the algorithm in the presence of optical errors and noise is analyzed. From the results of numerical experiments on a simple test signal, we observe that the performance of the algorithm is affected minimally by the errors of the optical system.
Defects in microstructure in palygorskite–sepiolite minerals: A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study

Abstract Palygorskite–sepiolite minerals were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to describe defect structures contained within individual fibers. Defects are common, and three major types were observed: omission of groups of 2:1 layer ribbon modules (polysomes) that create open channel defects (OCD), planar defects, and stacking disorder observed as 180° rotations of entire polysomes. These defects may enhance crystallization rates of fibers and some defects apparently seal parts of channels within a fiber and probably block exchange of cations, H2O, and organic molecules. Open channel defects appear to be common. The defects observed in this study may explain variations in a number of properties of palygorskite–sepiolite minerals, such as exchange properties involving large organic molecules and chemical composition. Omission defects may explain the occasional occurrence of samples with anomalously high contents of H2O and the ability of some samples to absorb large organic molecules, both of which have been observed by others.
Novel Vth Hopping Techniques for Aggressive Runtime Leakage Control

The continuous increase of leakage power consumption in deep sub-micro technologies necessitates more aggressive leakage control. Runtime leakage control (RTLC) is effective, since runtime circuits generally have significant amount of idleness. However, current RTLC techniques are only used when circuits have long idleness, rendering the techniques less profitable. The reason is due to the large energy and delay overhead when performing RTLC mode transition. We propose two novel techniques, workload-adaptive Vth hopping (WAVTH) and hierarchical Vth hopping (HIVTH), to tackle the overhead problems and enable aggressive runtime leakage control. Experimental results show 19.2% average improvement on leakage saving with WAVTH and HIVTH over basic Vth hopping. The optimum design points of these two techniques are determined through accurate modeling.
Induction of apoptosis in the germline and follicle layer of Drosophila egg chambers

Abstract The reaper and head involution defective genes can induce apoptotic death in several Drosophila cell types, including portions of the embryo and eye. By a combination of FLP recombinase and the yeast Gal4/UAS transcription activation system, we expressed both cell death genes in discrete clones in the adult ovarian follicle cell layer. The expression of either reaper or head involution defective induced follicle cell apoptosis during all oogenic stages. Unexpectedly, the disruption of the follicle layer led to the induced degeneration of the nurse cells in an apoptotic manner, demonstrating a germline-somatic interaction required for germ cell viability. The germline apoptosis initiates at a specific time in oogenesis, coinciding with the beginning of vitellogenesis. This observation is intriguing given previous suggestions of a process to eliminate defective egg chambers at these same oogenic stages. The induce germline degeneration initiates with the transient formation of a network of filamentous actin around the nurse cell nucleus, in close association with a product of the adducin-related hu-li tai shao gene. This was immediately followed by nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation, both characteristics diagnostic of apoptosis. Occurring concomitantly with the nuclear phenotypes were the disorganization of ring canals, and the degradation of Armadillo protein (a β-catenin homolog) and filamentous actin. Germ cells degenerating as a normal consequence of oogenesis displayed a similar set of phenotypes, suggesting that a common apoptotic mechanism may underlie these different germline death phenomena.
Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Training Competencies in American Psychological Association Accredited Graduate Programs.

The current study examines the extent to which American Psychological Association accredited clinical and counseling doctoral programs incorporate training on issues relevant to gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) clients. One hundred four training directors completed surveys. Results reveal the 1st snapshot of how doctoral programs are addressing GLB issues in existing curricula. For example, programs are incorporating GLB issues in multicultural classes and practicum. However, counseling programs incorporated GLB issues more than clinical programs in several areas, such as requiring multicultural courses (where GLB issues are potentially addressed) and mentoring students in GLB research. Differences in levels of inclusion between clinical and counseling programs could be attributable to the programs’ differential emphases on subspecialization.
Manual Physical Therapy for Non-Surgical Treatment of Adhesion-Related Small Bowel Obstructions: Two Case Reports.

Background: Adhesion formation is a widely acknowledged risk following abdominal or pelvic surgery. Adhesions in the abdomen or pelvis can cause or contribute to partial or total small bowel obstruction (SBO). These adhesions deter or prevent the passage of nutrients through the digestive tract, and may bind the bowel to the peritoneum, or other organs. Small bowel obstructions can quickly become life-threatening, requiring immediate surgery to resect the bowel, or lyse any adhesions the surgeon can safely access. Bowel repair is an invasive surgery, with risks including bowel rupture, infection, and peritonitis. An additional risk includes the formation of new adhesions during the healing process, creating the potential for subsequent adhesiolysis or SBO surgeries. Objective: Report the use of manual soft tissue physical therapy for the reversal of adhesion-related partial SBOs, and create an initial inquiry into the possibility of nonsurgical lysis of adhesions. Case Reports: Two patients presenting with SBO symptoms due to abdominal adhesions secondary to abdominal and pelvic surgery were treated with manual soft tissue physical therapy focused on decreasing adhesions. Conclusions: Successful treatment with resolution of symptom presentation of partial SBO and sustained results were observed in both patients treated.
Methodological issues in social support and social network research

With the plethora of articles describing a relationship between social support and/or social network and health status, it was considered useful to take stock of the current status of research in this area, focusing on two critical methodological issues: clarity of definition, and validity and reliability of the measurement instruments. Of the 33 instruments reviewed only modest agreement was found in conceptual definition, and frequently the concepts were not defined or ill-defined. Of particular concern is the definitional confusion between social support and social network. Variables used to operationalize these concepts confirm this lack of specificity and ambiguity in definition. As for validity and reliability, many of the investigators reported no data on these issues; others provided information that only modestly supported the validity or reliability of their instrument. The conclusion of this assessment suggests the need to clarify the essential elements of social support and social networks in order to better distinguish between the behavioral (support) and structural (network) variables that may be affecting health status. A question is also raised as to the likelihood of a single questionnaire being designed that would accurately measure the perceptions of support or supportive behaviors in the variety of supportive research that will continue to be studied. Finally, more rigorous standards need to be used by investigators in establishing the validity and reliability of the instruments in order to improve their predictive utility.
High-speed performance of Silicon Bridge die-to-die interconnects

Silicon Bridge is a dense multichip packaging architecture that enables high die-to-die interconnect density and corresponding applications. We describe the basic ideas of the concept, discuss density in the die-to-die interconnect context, and report results of electrical high-speed performance simulations, based on both two-dimensional and three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling.
Epistemology, Geography, and Cartography: Matthew Edney on Brian Harley's Cartographic Theories

Brian Harley has been dead for fifteen years, yet the impact of his writings continues to reverberate not only through cartography and the history of cartography, but much more widely across the hu...
A developmental study of part-whole relations in visual perception.

Abstract Children aged 5 to 9 years matched the shape of (a) small squares embedded in large rectangles and (b) small rectangles embedded in large squares. Predictions made were that (a) the influence of the whole on the perception of the part would be greatest at the 5-year-old level and (b) this effect of the whole would make the parts look to the child somewhat like the whole figure of which the part is a member. Both predictions were supported by the data. The 5-year-olds perceived the small squares as more rectangular, and the small rectangles as more square-like, significantly more than the older age groups, each result representing a shift towards the shape of the whole configuration.
Individual-level patterns of division of labor in honeybees highlight flexibility in colony-level developmental mechanisms

Honeybee division of labor (DOL) has become a model system for exploring the genetic basis of complex traits and phenotypic plasticity. Although many highly informative behavioral studies have been conducted on this topic (both at the cohort and individual levels), most studies have focused on a few behavioral acts, such as the age of first foraging. Few studies have recorded large numbers of relatively complete individual-level patterns of DOL. Such fine-scale patterns would lay the foundation for rigorous molecular analyses of this phenomenon and allow us to differentiate between competing mechanistic models of DOL. Here, we record over 100 individual-level DOL patterns of bees living under natural conditions. We found that the transitions between castes (polyphenism states) are often gradual, with bees being in multiple castes at once. This is contrary to the traditional view that changes are abrupt. We also found that bees often skip castes, a key prediction of a recent model of DOL. We further confirm variation in the rate at which bees pass through castes and the age of first foraging. Taken together, these results greatly improve our understanding of this model system and allow for a strong revision of current models of honeybee DOL.
Ruthenium(II) Trisbipyridine Functionalized Gold Nanorods. Morphological Changes and Excited-State Interactions†

Gold nanorods synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and tetraoctylammonium bromide as stabilizers are functionalized with a thiol derivative of ruthenium(II) trisbipyridyl complex [(Ru(bpy)32+-C5-SH] in dodecanethiol using a place-exchange reaction. The changes in the plasmon absorption bands and transmission electron micrographs indicate significant changes in the gold rod morphology during the place-exchange reaction. The (Ru(bpy)32+-C5-SH in its excited state undergoes quick deactivation when bound to gold nanorods. More than 60% of the emission was quenched when [(Ru(bpy)32+-C5-SH] was bound to gold nanorods. Emission decay analysis indicates that the energy transfer rate constant is greater than 1010 s-1.
Tracking for augmented reality on wearable computers

Wearable computers afford a degree of mobility that makes tracking for augmented reality difficult. This paper presents a novel object-centric tracking architecture for presenting augmented reality media in spatial relationships to objects, regardless of the objects' positions or motions in the world. The advance this system provides is the ability to sense and integrate new features into its tracking database, thereby extending the tracking region automatically. A “lazy evaluation” of the structure from motion problem uses images obtained from a single calibrated moving camera and applies recursive filtering to identify and estimate the 3D positions of new features. We evaluate the performance of two filters; a classic Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and a filter based on a Recursive-Average of Covariances (RAC). Some implementation issues and results are discussed in conclusion.
Proposed modifications of NRC's standard review plan for seismic analysis

Abstract The paper briefly describes the major changes in seismic analysis and design criteria proposed in the U.S. NRC Standard Review Plan. The changes to the SRP also reflect the resolution of Unresolved Safety Issue (USI) A-40, “Seismic Design Criteria”. The proposed revision provides explicit guidelines for (1) developing site-specific spectra; (2) determination of suitable design time history (ies); (3) the location of seismic input motion; (4) developing floor response spectra; (5) soil-structure interaction (SSI) analysis; (6) analysis of above-ground Seismic Category 1 tanks; and (7) analysis of buried piping and structures. The proposed revision, together with its background material, was issued for public comments on 19 May, 1988, together with a solicitation to address specific questions related to SSI analysis. These are discussed in the paper. The paper concludes with a note on the importance of the progress made and outlines the areas requiring further studies and research.
Signal structure and sensitive detection of molecular species: optimal experimental techniques in modulation broadened wavelength modulation spectroscopy

Shannon's information theory is applied to Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (WMS) providing quantitative figures of merit such as the measurement precision and a prediction of the optimal detection harmonic order to be used. The amount of information, in bits, that can be extracted in any WMS measurement is calculated. The theory is applied to experimental results we have obtained in WMS experiments in congested spectra with overlapping lines that have highly disparate absorption cross-sections. A key result is that the complexity of signal structure can play a much more important role than the conventional signal to noise ratio. We show that there are some parts (where it exhibits turning points and zero crossings) of the structurally-rich WMS signal that play a larger role in conveying information about the measurement than other parts of the signal. Practical applications follow immediately. We also show that, for a particular noise limitation of the apparatus, there is a finite amount of information that can be transmitted (to the detection equipment) by the probe laser as it samples the probed species. The apparatus is analogous to a Shannon's information channel. Application of the theory developed to our experimental absorption measurements in the Oxygen A-band shows why high detection harmonic orders (up to the 7th or 8th) yield the highest resolution. This is in contrast to statements in the literature, based on conventional signal to noise ratio considerations, that the best results are to be expected with second harmonic detection.
The clinical significance of Eberlein's method for determining the three main fractions of serum bilirubin.

A relatively simple test for measuring free bilirubin, bilirubin monoglucuronide,and bilirubin diglucuronide has been available since 1960. It is based on differences in the solubilities of the bilirubin fractions. The method takes no more time or expense than the van den Bergh reaction, supplies more exact information, and should soon replace the van den Bergh test. Free bilirubin is analogous to “indirect bilirubin” if there is no elevation of “direct bilirubin”. Bilirubin monoglucuronide may react as either “direct” or “indirect bilirubin”. Bilirubin diglucuronide is water soluble, and reacts directly. The mechanism of conjugation of bilirubin is reviewed, the results of 307 bilirubin partitions performed on infants with jaundice, and children are presented, and the practicality of the test is evaluated.
WE-A-213AB-01: Second Cancers from Radiation Therapy Procedures

Second Cancers are the most common late effect among long‐term cancer survivors. Radiation has been a known risk factor for cancer induction based on atomic bomb survivor follow‐up. Over the last few decades, there has also been increasing data on second cancers in medically exposed populations, particularly radiotherapy patients. As treatments become more successful and patients survive longer after treatment, long‐term patient health considerations must play an increasing role in the selection of treatment. To this end, it is important that the field of medical physics become well educated in issues related to long‐term radiotherapy sequelae, including second cancers. The session chair will give an overview of retrospective dose reconstruction method commonly used in these large cohort studies second cancers in patients treated with radiation therapy. Understanding the dosimetry in these studies will provide a better understanding of the results of the studies, the dose response models, and gaps in knowledge regarding dose volume effects. In the remainder of the presentation, the speaker will focus on the current state of knowledge of second cancers, specifically focusing on information and limitations of the available literature. This will include the magnitude of risk of second cancers, including the impact of different demographics. It will also include etiological discussions, focusing on the risk attributable to radiation. This presentation will include the available data on the dose response of second cancers, including the large uncertainties inherent to both low and high dose regions. It will also highlight dosimetry for advanced radiotherapy techniques, and what associated doses might mean for the second cancer risk. Finally, the presentation will discuss examples of how second cancer risk can be reduced in routine clinical practice. Learning Objectives: increase the knowledge of clinical medical physicists regarding radiation‐ induced second cancers as well as stimulate further research in this broad and increasingly important area. Learning Objectives: 1. To provide general overview of the dose reconstruction methods used in epidemiological retrospective cohort studies of radiation related late effects. 2. To improve the understanding of the magnitude of the second cancer risk faced by radiotherapy patients. 3. To improve the understanding of the etiology of second cancers. 4. To present an overview of current knowledge on dose response for radiation induced second cancers. 5. To discuss the impact of advanced radiotherapy techniques on the risk of second cancers 6. To provide examples of how second cancer risk can be reduced in routine clinical practice.
One- and two-sided inequalities for Jacobian elliptic functions and related results

Bounds and inequalities involving Jacobian elliptic functions are obtained. The main results are established with the aid of new bounds for the incomplete elliptic integral R F . It is also shown that some known inequalities for the trigonometric and hyperbolic functions are the limiting cases of the results proven in this paper.
Typestate: A programming language concept for enhancing software reliability

The authors introduce a new programming language concept, called typestate, which is a refinement of the concept of type. Whereas the type of a data object determines the set of operations over permitted on the object, typestate determines the subset of these operations which is permitted in a particular context. Typestate tracking is a program analysis technique which enhances program reliability by detecting at compile-time syntactically legal but semantically undefined execution sequences. These include reading a variable before it has been initialized and dereferencing a pointer after the dynamic object has been deallocated. The authors define typestate, give examples of its application, and show how typestate checking may be embedded into a compiler. They discuss the consequences of typestate checking for software reliability and software structure, and summarize their experience in using a high-level language incorporating typestate checking.
Time token design methodology

A program design methodology is proposed and an example is given using it for a small inventory system. The method depends on viewing a problem in terms of tokens that carry date information. This date information gives the date of the creation, and exit of the token from the active system. The source of creation and the place of exit are also coded into the token. The method is most useful in an environment that has time-dependent, on-line interactive processing.
An interpretation of decoupled bands by the weak coupling model

Abstract The band structure and mechanism of formation of odd- A decoupled rotational bands are studied using the weak coupling model of de-Shalit. The geometrical relation between the spin of the core and the particle can be shown explicitly because of the fact that the interaction matrix elements are written in terms of the angle between these two spins. This scheme is shown to be a good representation in describing decoupled bands and to have wave functions with large overlaps with those resulting from the coupling scheme introduced by Stephens.
Synthesis of Heat Shock Proteins in Rat Brain Cortex After Transient Ischemia

Cell-free protein synthesis and two-dimensional gel autoradiography were used to characterize early postischemic protein synthesis in rat neocortex. Severe forebrain ischemia was induced for 30 min (four-vessel occlusion model) and followed by 3 h of recirculation. Polysomes were isolated from the cerebral cortex, translated in vitro in a reticulocyte system, and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The translation products of postischemic polysomes included a major new protein family (70 kDa) with multiple isoelectric variants that was found to comigrate with the 68- to 70-kDa "heat shock" protein synthesized from polysomes of hyperthermic rats. Two other stress proteins (93 and 110 kDa) also appeared to be synthesized in increased amounts after ischemia. A complement of proteins that was indistinguishable from that of controls was also synthesized after ischemia, indicating that messenger ribonucleic acid coding for most brain proteins is preserved after ischemia and is bound to polysomes.
FUEL MANIFOLD AIR PURGE SYSTEM FOR ALLISON 501-K17/K34 MARINE GAS TURBINE ENGINES

Fuel nozzle fouling has plagued the U.S. Navy’s shipboard Allison 501-K engine program since its inception. Symptoms of fouled fuel nozzles include turbine starting problems, premature combustion liner burnthrough, and damage to turbine stationary and rotating blades. Nozzle fouling occurs during normal turbine operation and when a turbine shutdown is initiated. The fuel manifold air purge system was developed with a goal to reduce the incidence of fuel nozzle fouling. This system is active only when a shutdown is initiated and consequently only provides relief to the fouling that occurs during that time. Extensive testing has verified the effectiveness of the system. This paper describes the air purge system, it’s associated testing effort, and future program plans.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
PATRIARCHAL BARGAINS AND LATENT AVENUES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY: Nuns in the Roman Catholic Church

Despite the classic patriarchy of the Roman Catholic church, American Catholic nuns entered into patriarchal bargains that latently gained them access to resources and status within the system. By means of educational advancement and professional careers, encouraged by the male hierarchy as necessary to performing the works of the church, nuns gained both informal power in the system and an awareness of their disadvantaged position. This article analyzes the shifts that have occurred in these bargains during the past 40 years in terms of the submerged networks of feminist consciousness that have existed in Catholic convents for decades. The article concludes with a description of the current crisis occurring within religious orders as they experience a decline in membership and rapidly increasing median ages of members.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVE INK BLOT TEST SCORES.

A multiple-choice ink blot test was devised, consisting of 150 blots with 5 choices per blot. The test was given to 202 undergraduates. Responses were scored on 21 keys representing most common Rorschach response categories. Scores for all scales were correlated and the resulting matrix factor analyzed and rotated to approximate simple structure. Five rotated factors had appreciable loadings: I, “Failure,” II, “M;” IV, “Evasion” (defined by the choice of “something else” as a response versus surface shading); V, “Anxiety” (defined by inanimate movement and diffusion); and VII, “Body Concern” (defined by anatomy, FM, and FC).
Fast autofocusing of motion-corrupted MR images using one-dimensional Fourier transforms

In most clinical MR images, global patient motion is predominantly interview (between readouts), and corrupts the phase of the received signal for that line of k-space. No information, however, is lost--if the original motion is known and appropriate phase corrections applied, the image can be perfectly restored. It is therefore possible to correct for motion given only the real and imaginary data from the scanner by simply trying different possible motion corrections and searching for the highest quality resulting image with a suitable evaluation function. Such an `autofocusing' algorithm was recently described, using image entropy as the cost function; however, very long computation times are required. If the corrupting motion is primarily 1D, much faster autofocusing might be possible by calculating only selected lines of the image. In this paper, we describe work on such an algorithm, implemented with both minimum entropy and maximum variance as the cost functions. Tests on several 256 X 256 magnitude images artificially corrupted by 1D motion indicate that evaluating only eight selected columns of the image (calculated with eight 1D FFT's) works very well--essentially as well as evaluating the whole image, which requires 2D FFT's. The run time dropped from several hours for 2D FFT's to less than ten minutes using 1D FFT's. One test image with little dark area was not well corrected, indicating the possible dependence of both cost functions on dark regions to be cleared of artifacts.
Differential distribution and regulation of OX1 and OX2 orexin/hypocretin receptor messenger RNA in the brain upon fasting.

To further understand the functions of the orexin/hypocretin system, we examined the expression and regulation of the orexin/hypocretin receptor (OX1R and OX2R) mRNA in the brain by using quantitative in situ hybridization. Expression of OX1R and OX2R mRNA exhibited distinct distribution patterns. Within the hypothalamus, expression for the OX1R mRNA was largely restricted in the ventromedial (VMH) and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei, while high levels of OX2R mRNA were contained in the paraventricular nucleus, VMH, and arcuate nucleus as well as in mammilary nuclei. In the amygdala, OX1R mRNA was expressed throughout the amygdaloid complex with robust labeling in the medial nucleus, while OX2R mRNA was only present in the posterior cortical nucleus of amygdala. High levels of OX2R mRNA were also observed in the ventral tegmental area. Moreover, both OX1R and OX2R mRNA were observed in the hippocampus, some thalamic nuclei, and subthalamic nuclei. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of fasting on levels of OX1R and OX2R mRNA in the hypothalamic and amygdaloid subregions. After 20 h of fasting, levels of OX1R mRNA were significantly increased in the VMH and the medial division of amygdala. An initial decrease (14 h) and a subsequent increase (20 h) in OX1R mRNA levels after fasting were observed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and lateral division of amygdala. Levels of OX2R mRNA were augmented in the arcuate nucleus, but remained unchanged in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and amygdala following fasting. The time-dependent and region-specific regulatory patterns of OX1R and OX2R suggest that they may participate in distinct neural circuits under the condition of food deprivation.
Children's longing for everydayness: life following traumatic brain injury in the USA.

Primary objective: Little is known about life after traumatic brain injury (TBI) from the child's perspective.Research design: This descriptive phenomenological investigation explored themes of children's experiences following moderate-to-severe TBI.Methods and procedures: Inclusion criteria: (1) 6–18 years of age at injury; (2) moderate-to-severe TBI; (3) ≤3 years since injury; and (4) English speaking and could participate in an interview. Children participated (n = 39) in two interviews at least 1 year apart. A preliminary model was developed and shared for participants’ input.Main outcomes and results: Six themes emerged: (1) it is like waking up in a bad dream; (2) I thought going home would get me back to my old life, but it did not; (3) everything is such hard work; (4) you feel like you will never be like the person you were before; (5) it is not all bad; and (6) some people get it, but many people do not.Conclusions: Social support was important to how children adjusted to changes or losses. Most...
Glucuronide Formation and Transport of Various Compounds by Gunn Rat Intestine in vitro

THE ability of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract to form glucuronides has been previously reported1–3. The function of such conjugate formation in the intestinal mucosa has not yet been clarified. It has been variously suggested that glucuronide formation by this tissue may play an important part in detoxification3, in mucopolysaccharide formation4, or in the absorption of various substances from the intestinal lumen5,6. A genetically determined deficiency of the enzyme responsible for the transfer of glucuronic acid from uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA) to various acceptors has been detected in the livers of homozygous Gunn rats7,8. The work reported here was undertaken to determine whether there is a similar deficiency of this enzyme (UDP transglucuronylase) in the intestine of the Gunn rat. The results provide further evidence for the similarity between glucuronide synthesis in the intestinal mucosa and liver3 and for the importance of glucuronide formation in the transport of various substances by rat intestine in vitro.
Extracting identity and location information from briefly presented letter arrays

The effect on identification and location of briefly presented targets (letters and blanks) of number of targets, retinal location, and direction and distance of simultaneously presented targets is investigated. In three different conditions, one, two, or three targets are presented on a trial with the location of targets varying from trial to trial. A model is proposed to describe identification and location performance in the one-letter condition. This model distinguishes between two sets of parameters, perceptual parameters and decision parameters, and assumes that in terms of these parameters, identification and location are independent processes. The perceptual and decision parameters of the model, estimated by assuming that these parameters are linearly related to retinal location, indicate that retinal location has a different effect on the decision parameters for both identification and location than on the perceptual parameters. Variables affecting the performance decrements found when multiple letters are presented are evaluated in terms of models stated for the multiple letter conditions. Estimates of the effects of distance from the fixation point and inter-letter distance indicate that, as both of these variables increase, performance decreases. In the three-letter condition, a serial position effect is found, with performance on center letters being relatively poor. A peripherally presented letter is found to have a large detrimental effect on performance, and the effect increases as interletter distance increases. Location of correctly identified targets follows many of the same patterns as identification performance in the multiple letter conditions. In addition, there is a tendency for incorrectly located targets to be moved foveally and to move to positions occupied by other targets on the trial. The possibility of a limited-capacity attention mechanism operating in the present experiment is discussed.
Modeling the Spatial Effects on Demand Estimation of Americans with Disabilities Act Paratransit Services

A reliable method for predicting paratransit ridership is important, especially for the efficiency of the services offered. The commonly used aggregate regression model is most accurate for forecasting the total demand for regional areas such as whole counties or cities; however, it is likely to be geographically inaccurate. This paper proposes a geographical weight regression (GWR) model for predicting the demand for the types of paratransit services required by the Americans with Disabilities Act. The GWR model reflects better the characteristic of each area having its own coefficient for predictors rather than the same value throughout. The results show that trip demand increased proportionately to (a) the population size, (b) the ratio of senior citizens, (c) the ratio of people below the poverty line, and (d) the ratio of African-American riders. These results suggest that the predictive performance of the GWR model is better than that of the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression model. The GWR mod...