cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Graphical Semantics for Graphical Transformation Languages

Abstract Understanding the semantics of graphical representations of textual programs can be difficult because the reader must understand both the relationship between the graphic and textual representations as well as the semantics of the underlying textual program. We present a framework for describing the semantics of graphical program representations in graphical terms through transformations, thus reducing the need to understand the textual form and its relation to the graphical form. In addition, our graphical semantics framework potentially offers the same advantages for understanding semantics that visual program representations offer for understanding programs. In order to illustrate our framework, we describe the semantics of control structures in VIPR, a graphical program representation for imperative languages such as C and Tcl.
Two Functionally Distinct Forms of a Retroviral Receptor Explain the Nonreciprocal Receptor Interference among Subgroups B, D, and E Avian Leukosis Viruses

Subgroups B, D, and E avian leukosis viruses (ALV-B, -D, and -E) share the same chicken receptor, TVBS1, a tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein. These viruses, however, exhibit nonreciprocal receptor interference (NRI): cells preinfected with ALV-B or ALV-D are resistant to superinfection by viruses of all three subgroups, whereas those pre-infected by ALV-E are resistant only to superinfection by other subgroup E viruses. In this study, we investigated the basis of this phenomenon by characterizing the interaction of TVBS1 with ALV-B Env or ALV-E Env. Sequential immunoprecipitation analysis using surface envelope immunoglobulin fusion proteins revealed the existence of two separate types of TVBS1 that are encoded by the same cDNA clone. One form, designated the type 1 receptor, is specific for ALV-B and ALV-E. The other form, the type 2 receptor, is specific for ALV-B. We show that a protein consisting of only the first and second extracellular cysteine-rich domains of TVBS1 is capable of forming both receptor types. However, the third extracellular cysteine-rich domain is required for efficient formation of the type 1 receptor. We also demonstrate that heterogeneous N-linked glycosylation cannot explain the difference in activities of the two receptor types. The existence of two types of TVBS1 explains the NRI pattern between ALV-B and -E: subgroup B viruses establish receptor interference with both receptor types, whereas subgroup E viruses interfere only with the type 1 receptor, leaving the type 2 receptor available to mediate subsequent rounds of ALV-B entry. The formation of a TVB receptor type that is specific for cytopathic ALV may also have important implications for understanding how some subgroups of ALV cause cell death.
Flow of a viscoelastic fluid between eccentric rotating cylinders and related problems

In a previous paper, Ballal and Rivlin (1) have considered the steady flow in a mass of incompressible viscoelastic fluid, contained in the annular region between two circular cylinders with parallel axes, which results from the rotation with constant angular velocities of one or both of the cylinders about their respective axes. The flow was assumed to be sufficiently slow so that the second-order Rivlin-Ericksen constitutive equation is applicable to the fluid and inertial effects can be neglected. It follows from Tanner’s theorem that, with these approximations, the flow field is the same as that in a Newtonian fluid of the same viscosity.
Real gas effects on the numerical simulation of a hypersonic inlet

The present use of a parabolized Navier-Stokes solver to accurately simulate the flowfield in a supersonic inlet yields good agreement between numerical analysis and experiment for a Mach 7.4 inlet under cruise conditions, with an internal compression ratio of 8. The significance of real gas effects on the performance calculation of a hypersonic inlet is demonstrated, with small changes in the ratio of specific heats resulting in a substantial change in the calculated pitot pressure ratio.
Pancreatogenic Diabetes: Special Considerations for Management

Background/Aims: Pancreatogenic, or type 3c, diabetes (T3cDM) occurs due to inherited or acquired pancreatic disease or resection. Although similar to the more prevalent type 1 and type 2 diabetes, pancreatogenic diabetes has a unique pattern of hormonal and metabolic characteristics and a high incidence of pancreatic carcinoma in the majority of patients with T3cDM. Despite these differences, no guidelines for therapy have been described. Methods: Published studies on the prevalence, pathophysiology, and cancer associations of T3cDM were reviewed. The recent studies on the protective role and mechanism of metformin therapy as both an anti-diabetic and anti-neoplastic agent were reviewed, and studies on the cancer risk of other anti-diabetic drugs were surveyed. Results: T3cDM accounts for 5–10% of Western diabetic populations and is associated with mild to severe disease. Hepatic insulin resistance is characteristic of T3cDM and is caused by deficiencies of both insulin and pancreatic polypeptide. 75% of T3cDM is due to chronic pancreatitis, which carries a high risk for pancreatic carcinoma. Insulin and insulin secretagogue treatment increases the risk of malignancy, whereas metformin therapy reduces it. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency associated with T3cDM contributes to nutritional deficiencies and the development of metabolic bone disease. Conclusions: Until consensus recommendations are reached, the glycemic treatment of T3cDM should avoid insulin and insulin secretagogues if possible. Metformin should be the first line of therapy, and continued if insulin treatment must be added for adequate glucose control. Pancreatic enzyme therapy should be added to prevent secondary nutritional and metabolic complications.
Leading Indicators: Increasing Statewide Bachelor's Degree Completion Rates at 4-Year Public Institutions.

For the United States to maintain national and global economic stability, colleges must graduate more students. Four-year completion rates have declined and less than one-third of full-time, degree-seeking students graduate in 4 years. Some researchers and policymakers have suggested ‘leading indicators’ to track postsecondary educational achievement. This study examined the relationship between pre-college factors (e.g., socio-economic status, college readiness, race/ethnicity, etc.), leading indicators (e.g., earning 30 credits at the end of year one, continuous enrolment, summer course credit, etc.) and degree completion at Kentucky’s 4-year public institutions. The results showed that the effects of some leading indicators varied based on pre-college factors. Overall, factors related to credit accumulation had the most impact on the likelihood of increasing graduation rates. Policy and practice should consider the impact of pre-college factors on the effectiveness of leading indicators to most efficiently increase degree completion rates.
Experimental Measurement of Settling Velocity of Spherical Particles in Unconfined and Confined Surfactant-based Shear Thinning Viscoelastic Fluids

An experimental study is performed to measure the terminal settling velocities of spherical particles in surfactant based shear thinning viscoelastic (VES) fluids. The measurements are made for particles settling in unbounded fluids and fluids between parallel walls. VES fluids over a wide range of rheological properties are prepared and rheologically characterized. The rheological characterization involves steady shear-viscosity and dynamic oscillatory-shear measurements to quantify the viscous and elastic properties respectively. The settling velocities under unbounded conditions are measured in beakers having diameters at least 25x the diameter of particles. For measuring settling velocities between parallel walls, two experimental cells with different wall spacing are constructed. Spherical particles of varying sizes are gently dropped in the fluids and allowed to settle. The process is recorded with a high resolution video camera and the trajectory of the particle is recorded using image analysis software. Terminal settling velocities are calculated from the data. The impact of elasticity on settling velocity in unbounded fluids is quantified by comparing the experimental settling velocity to the settling velocity calculated by the inelastic drag predictions of Renaud et al.1 Results show that elasticity of fluids can increase or decrease the settling velocity. The magnitude of reduction/increase is a function of the rheological properties of the fluids and properties of particles. Confining walls are observed to cause a retardation effect on settling and the retardation is measured in terms of wall factors.
COMPARISON OF SNAKE VENOM REPROLYSIN AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES AS MODELS OF TNF-α CONVERTING ENZYME

Abstract The reprolysin ht-d was compared to several human MMPs for the ability to cleave a peptide substrate representing the processing site of human pro-TNF. The rank order of inhibitor potency for a series of hydroxamic acids was also compared among these enzymes and for inhibition of TNF release from human white blood cells. The results suggest that ht-d is a better model TNF convertase than are the human MMPs. © 1997 The DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Exploring Variation in the Impact of Dual-Credit Coursework on Postsecondary Outcomes: A Quasi-Experimental Analysis of Texas Students

Despite the growing popularity of dual-credit courses as a college readiness strategy, numerous reviews of the literature have noted a number of important limitations of the research on the effects of dual-credit on student postsecondary outcomes. This study addressed these gaps in the literature by estimating the impact of dual-credit courses on postsecondary access, first-to-second year persistence, and eventual college attainment, and overcame many of the methodological limitations of previous studies. The study utilized a statewide longitudinal data system (SLDS), allowing us to track an entire cohort of students through their transition into postsecondary statewide. Propensity score matching was used in order to reduce the self-selection bias associated with high achieving students being more likely to take dual-credit courses. We explored how the number of dual-credit courses students complete and the subject of the courses influences their impact. We also compared the effects of dual-credit to alternative advanced courses. Our results suggest that dual-credit is a promising strategy for increasing the likelihood of students accessing, persisting through, and completing a degree in postsecondary, and is possibly even more impactful than advanced coursework. However, significant variation in the benefit of dual-credit exists.
Seabed shear stress and bedload transport due to asymmetric and skewed waves

Abstract A simple conceptual formulation to compute seabed shear stress due to asymmetric and skewed waves is presented. This formulation generalizes the sinusoidal wave case and uses a variable friction factor to describe the physics of the boundary layer and to parameterize the effects of wave shape. Predictions of bed shear stresses agree with numerical computations using a standard boundary layer model with a k–e turbulence closure. The bed shear stress formulation is combined with a Meyer-Peter and Muller-type formula to predict sheet flow bedload transport under asymmetric and skewed waves for a horizontal or sloping bed. The predictions agree with oscillatory water tunnel measurements from the literature.
Probing a catalytic antibody active site using spin-labelled haptens

Abstract Spin-labelled hapten analogues have been used to probe the structure of the active site of the nitrophenylphosphonate specific catalytic antibody 48G7. The results of the ESR experiments suggest that substrates are held rigidly in a cleft with the labile ester or carbonate bond exposed to solvent.
Traditional space vs. cyberspace: The changing role of geography in current international politics

In the post‐Cold War world, the competition and restraint of the bipolar Cold War are both gone, giving rise to two opposing forces: the unifying force of globalisation and the fragmenting impact of nationalism and geographic conflict. In the current international system, these two forces are confronted in different ways by three types of states, each with its own priorities and place for geography. For high technology, or twenty‐first century states, the focus is on globalisation and disputes cannot be solved by territorial acquisition. For nationalistic, or nineteenth century states, nationalist hostilities still predominate and gaining land is often still more important than wealth. Transitional, or twentieth century states, are caught in a vice between their advanced technological potential and their economic and social crises. Any accurate depiction of the current system must include all three types of states, as well as how their interaction affects the goals and behaviour of each type.
Buffered Crossbar Based Parallel Packet Switch

A parallel packet switch (PPS) provides huge aggregate bandwidth by combining the capacities of multiple switching fabrics. Most existing PPSs use output queued switches as the switching fabrics, which require speedup and result in high implementation cost. In this paper, we present a buffered crossbar based parallel packet switch (BCB- PPS), whose switching fabrics need no speedup. We propose the Batch-WF2Q algorithm to dispatch packets to the parallel switching fabrics, and leverage the sMUX algorithm in to schedule packet transmission for the switching fabrics. Such a design enables a simple round-robin algorithm to efficiently collect packets from the switching fabrics. In addition, our design requires no packet resequencing, and thus needs no buffers at either external or internal outputs. We show that BCB-PPS has tight delay guarantees and bounded buffer sizes. Finally, we present simulation data to verify the analytical results and to evaluate the performance of our design.
Towards usable VR: an empirical study of user interfaces for immersive virtual environments

This paper reports empirical results from a study into the use of 2D widgets in 3D immersive virtual environments. Several researchers have proposed the use of 2D interaction techniques in 3D environments, however little empirical work has been done to test the usability of such approaches. We present the results of two experiments conducted on low-level 2D manipulation tasks within an immersive virtual environment. We empirically show that the addition of passive-haptic feedback for use in precise UI manipulation tasks can significantly increase user performance. Furthermore, users prefer interfaces that provide a physical surface, and that allow them to work with interface widgets in the same visual field of view as the objects they are modifying.
Convergence analysis of a background interstage gain calibration technique for pipelined ADCs

A mathematical framework for the convergence analysis of a pipelined ADC with background gain calibration is presented. The constraints on adaptation step size for mean convergence, for mean-squared convergence, and for signal-to-adaptation-noise ratio are derived. Furthermore, expressions for steady-state tap noise and for signal-to-adaptation-noise ratio are derived. The analysis results are verified with simulations.
Thyroid hormone regulation of cardiac glycogen metabolism

Abstract The administration of thyroxin to rats (500 μg daily for 2–3 weeks, 500 μg daily for 1 week, or 50 μg daily for 2 weeks) or triiodothyronine (100 μg daily for 3–5 days) increased cardiac phosphorylase a levels. Total cardiac phosphorylase activity was unchanged. Pretreatment with reserpine prevented and the β-adrenergic blocking agents reduced this thyroxin-induced increase in phosphorylase a. Thyroxin or triiodothyronine treatment potentiated the response of cardiac phosphorylase to exogeneously administered catecholamines. This enhancement of the catecholamine-induced increase in phosphorylase a could be clearly demonstrated after the animals were pretreated with reserpine. Dose-response relationships for these agents are illustrated. Glycogen analyses on the same hearts indicated a parallelism between the increase in phosphorylase a and the reduction in glycogen content. While hearts of thyroidectomized animals showed a decrease in phosphorylase a levels and an increase in glycogen relative to controls, the response after catecholamines was unchanged. These data suggest that thyroxin may enhance these catecholamine responses by modulation of the myocardial metabolic adrenergic receptor.
IgG3 reactive rheumatoid factor in rheumatoid arthritis: etiologic and pathogenic considerations.

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is a polyclonal autoantibody directed against the Fc portion of IgG. Although the role of RF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is unclear, immune complexes that form between RF and IgG can activate the classical complement (C) pathway, leading to pathogenic outcomes involving inflammatory events and tissue damage. The specificity of serum RF and RF produced by rheumatoid synovial cells (RSC) is different. Serum RF has specificity for rabbit IgG and human IgG subclasses IgGl, 2, and 4, but binds poorly to IgG3. The affinity of serum RF for IgG Fc is low, having an association constant of 104-105 M−1. RSC RF, however, has specificity for human IgG and high avidity for IgG3. Because of this greater specificity and avidity for IgG3, and because RSC RF may be pathogenically more important than serum RF, an important role for IgG3-reactive RF in RA may exist. Binding of RF to IgG may be dependent on the allotype and glycosylation of IgG. Infectious agents present in RA patients m...
Arthroscopically-aided lateral meniscal repair and reduction of lateral tibial plateau fracture: long-term follow-up with MR imaging

Abstract Three patients sustained a Schatzker type II depressed lateral tibial plateau fracture and a tear of the lateral meniscus following a valgus injury to the knee. An arthroscopically-aided reduction of the articular surface was performed. This was followed by an autogenous iliac crest buttress graft with cancellous screw fixation. The meniscal tear was abrased with a rasp or a shaver. An arthroscopic repair of the lateral meniscus during the same session was performed. Clinical follow-up, including MR imaging of the knee at 68 months (range 60–74 months), showed an excellent clinical result and a completely healed meniscus in all patients. Arthroscopic meniscal repair in combination with arthroscopically-aided reduction of a depressed lateral tibial plateau fracture is technically possible. Restoration of the anatomy of both tibial plateau and lateral meniscus will optimize the outcome.
Mucociliary transport in porcine trachea: differential effects of inhibiting chloride and bicarbonate secretion

This study was designed to assess the relative importance of Cl− and HCO3− secretion to mucociliary transport rate (MCT) in ex vivo porcine tracheas. MCT was measured in one group of tissues that w...
Forming Professional Bioethicists: The Program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville

As a way of contributing to bioethics' understanding of itself, and, more particularly, to invigorate conversation about how we can best educate future colleagues, we present here a sketch of the quarter-century-old graduate concentration in medical ethics housed in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Our hope is to incite other programs to share their histories, strategies, problems, and aspirations, so as to help the field as a whole get a clearer sense of how we are putting together our future, and of how we might best go about this important job.
Enhancement of chicken macrophage cytokine response to Salmonella Typhimurium when combined with bacteriophage P22

Salmonella infections are reported as the second most common pathogen caused foodborne disease in the United States, and several Salmonella serovars can colonize in the intestinal tracts of poultry. Reducing Salmonella in poultry is crucial to decrease the incidence of salmonellosis in humans. In this study, we evaluated the immune response of chicken macrophage cells (HD-11) and effects of bacteriophage P22 against the extra- and intracellular S. Typhimurium LT2. Four treatments, (1) HD-11 cells as control, (2) HD-11 cells with LT2, (3) HD-11 cells with LT2 and P22, and (4) HD-11 cells with P22, were administered, and IL-8 responses of HD-11 cells were measured using an ELISA. Also, four cytokine (IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-γ) gene expression levels in the presence of LT2 and/or P22 were quantified by qRT-PCR. We found that P22 lysed the extra- and intracellular LT2, which adhered and were taken up by the HD-11 cells. The ELISA indicated that HD-11 cells produced significantly higher IL-8 cytokine levels in the supernatant during the intracellular lyses of LT2 by P22 (P < 0.05). The IL-8 expression levels measured by qRT-PCR also exhibited similar results with the IL-8 production based on ELISA measurements.
Perceived Discrimination in the Context of Multiple Group Memberships

This study examined the joint impact of gender and ethnicity on expectations of general discrimination against oneself and one's group. According to the double-jeopardy hypothesis, women of color will expect to experience more general discrimination than men of color, White women, and White men because they belong to both a low-status ethnic group and a low-status gender group. Alternatively, the ethnic-prominence hypothesis predicts that ethnic-minority women will not differ from ethnic-minority men in their expectations of general discrimination because these expectations will be influenced more by perceptions of ethnic discrimination, which they share with men of color, than by perceptions of gender discrimination. All results were consistent with the ethnic-prominence hypothesis rather than the double-jeopardy hypothesis.
Power and robustness of a track-loss detector based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests

It is important in the practical application of data association algorithms to target tracking in cluttered environments to be able to effectively and efficiently detect track-loss in the absence of truth data. We recently developed a track-loss detector using Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to determine the regime of filter operation in the absence of truth data for data association algorithms where estimates of the innovations covariance are available. Among advantages to this method are that confidence intervals are associated with the regime tests, and that the number of measurement samples required can be determined adaptively. In this paper, results are developed for the exact and asymptotic power of the test, as well as a measure of the robustness of the method to errors in parameters such as clutter density. Simulation results are provided.
Multiple-time-scale dynamic studies of nonlinear transmission of pulsed lasers in a multiphoton-absorbing organic material

A dynamic model for the multiphoton interactions of an organic nonlinear absorber with pulsed lasers of various pulse durations spanning the femtosecond-to-microsecond time scale is presented. The formalism applies to all nonlinear absorbers with two-photon and singlet and triplet excited-state absorptions. Our quantitative analyses of experimental nonlinear transmission data and detailed exposition of the molecular dynamics have clearly illustrated the dynamic roles played by ground- and excited-states population saturation and depletion effects and their critical dependence on the laser intensity and temporal characteristics in governing the nonlinear transmission of pulsed lasers in such media.
A CMOS neural network for pattern association

The authors present an analog complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) version of a model for pattern association, along with discussions of design philosophy, electrical results, and a chip architecture for a 512-element, feed-forward IC. They discuss hardware implementations of neural networks and the effect of limited interconnections. They then examine network design, processor-element design, and system operation. >
Sites of Acetylation on Newly Synthesized Histone H4 Are Required for Chromatin Assembly and DNA Damage Response Signaling

The best-characterized acetylation of newly synthesized histone H4 is the diacetylation of the NH2-terminal tail on lysines 5 and 12. Despite its evolutionary conservation, this pattern of modification has not been shown to be essential for either viability or chromatin assembly in any model organism. We demonstrate that mutations in histone H4 lysines 5 and 12 in yeast confer hypersensitivity to replication stress and DNA-damaging agents when combined with mutations in histone H4 lysine 91, which has also been found to be a site of acetylation on soluble histone H4. In addition, these mutations confer a dramatic decrease in cell viability when combined with mutations in histone H3 lysine 56. We also show that mutation of the sites of acetylation on newly synthesized histone H4 results in defects in the reassembly of chromatin structure that accompanies the repair of HO-mediated double-strand breaks. This defect is not due to a decrease in the level of histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation. Intriguingly, mutations that alter the sites of newly synthesized histone H4 acetylation display a marked decrease in levels of phosphorylated H2A (γ-H2AX) in chromatin surrounding the double-strand break. These results indicate that the sites of acetylation on newly synthesized histones H3 and H4 can function in nonoverlapping ways that are required for chromatin assembly, viability, and DNA damage response signaling.
Reflections on the History of Psychoanalysis

The proliferation of psychoanalytic schools demands the reexamination of the history of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis emerged at the intersection between the rational heritage of the enlightenment and the interest in the morbid that was the hallmark of romanticism. This paper focuses on moments when psychoanalysis was poised at a crossroads where various routes could have been taken. Differentiation is made among the heretics, modifiers, and extenders of psychoanalysis. Discussed within a historical frame of reference are the contributions of leading modifiers-Melanie Klein, Hartmann, Winnicott, Kohut, and others-as well as their extenders. The paper concludes with a discussion of some current urgent problems facing psychoanalysis.
5-hydroxymethylation of the EBV genome regulates the latent to lytic switch

Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and cellular hypermethylation are hallmarks of undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, EBV infection of normal oral epithelial cells is confined to differentiated cells and is lytic. Here we demonstrate that the EBV genome can become 5-hydroxymethylated and that this DNA modification affects EBV lytic reactivation. We show that global 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC)-modified DNA accumulates during normal epithelial-cell differentiation, whereas EBV+ NPCs have little if any 5hmC-modified DNA. Furthermore, we find that increasing cellular ten-eleven translocation (TET) activity [which converts methylated cytosine (5mC) to 5hmC] decreases methylation, and increases 5hmC modification, of lytic EBV promoters in EBV-infected cell lines containing highly methylated viral genomes. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous TET activity increases lytic EBV promoter methylation in an EBV-infected telomerase-immortalized normal oral keratinocyte (NOKs) cell line where lytic viral promoters are largely unmethylated. We demonstrate that these cytosine modifications differentially affect the ability of the two EBV immediate-early proteins, BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R), to induce the lytic form of viral infection. Although methylation of lytic EBV promoters increases Z-mediated and inhibits R-mediated lytic reactivation, 5hmC modification of lytic EBV promoters has the opposite effect. We also identify a specific CpG-containing Z-binding site on the BRLF1 promoter that must be methylated for Z-mediated viral reactivation and show that TET-mediated 5hmC modification of this site in NOKs prevents Z-mediated viral reactivation. Decreased 5-hydroxymethylation of cellular and viral genes may contribute to NPC formation.
Localization and regulation of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA

Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and -H) are peptide mitogens that exert a wide range of biological actions in many tissues and cell types. The actions of the IGFs include metabolic and differentiative effects as well as their capacity to stimulate cell proliferation. (Humbel 1984; Froesch et al. 1985; Van Wyk 1984). Traditionally the IGFs were considered as hormones that are transported in the circulation to act on target cells in an endocrine fashion (Humbel 1984; Froesch et al. 1985; Van Wyk et al. 1984). Based on studies of perfused liver (Schwander et al. 1983), liver derived cell lines (Moses et al. 1980), and primary cultures oliver cells (Richmond et al. 1985), the liver was considered the major source of serum IGFs. The IGFs do not appear to be stored in the liver to an appreciable extent, however, since the concentrations of IGFs are higher in blood perfusing the liver than in extracts of liver. More recently, cultured expiants of many tissues in addition to liver have been found to secrete immunoreactive IGFs into media (D’Ercole et al. 1984). Extracts of multiple tissues in addition to liver also contain higher concentrations of immunoreactive IGF than can be attributed to concentrations in blood perfusing the tissues (D’Ercole et al. 1984, 1986). These observations have raised the possibility that in addition to the endocrine actions of IGFs transported to target cells via the circulation, there may be paracrine or autocrine actions of IGFs synthesized locally in multiple tissues (D’Ercole et al. 1984,1986).
Biochemical Studies on Developing Canine Hip Joints

Biochemical studies done on the connective tissues of hip joints from beagles at different ages showed that the DNA and hexosamine content were reduced by about 50 per cent from birth to one year of age in articular cartilage, while the hydroxyproline content increased with age. The connective tissues of hip joints contained measurable quantities of soluble collagen at birth, but as animals became older, soluble collagen content diminished, and after six months of age essentially only insoluble collagen was found. The rates of protein and polysaccharide formation were significantly higher in the samples from newborn puppies than in those from one-year-old dogs; the rate of collagen synthesis in cartilage decreased dramatically. The data indicated that metabolic activity per individual cell was reduced in the cartilage samples from mature dogs. The hydrolytic enzyme activities decreased in the tissues with age, primarily because of a decreased number of cells per unit weight of cartilage.
Bilateral arborescent lipoma of the knee

The rare tumor, arborescent lipoma, was found in both knees of a nineteen-year-old girl. Prior to operation, the symptoms had been present for ten years in the left knee and for three years in the right knee. There was no recurrence of the symptoms during the three-year period following the operation.
Witgenstein as Exile: Philosophical Topography

Exhilic thought is the thought and ‘education’ of the exile. It is a kind of uprooted thought developed away from ‘home’ under conditions of displacement and uncertainty, often in a different mother tongue, language tradition and culture. Exhilic thought is sometimes the self-imposed discipline of the ‘stranger’ who develops his or her identity as an ‘alien’ or immigrant against the conventions of a host culture and from the perspective of an outsider. The motif the exile-stranger in a foreign land finding his or her way about for the first time is fable-ized in ancient accounts of ‘first contacts’ and early cultural exchanges. This notion of the exile invokes the model of the anthropologist as ‘participant observer’, of someone perpetually looking in through the window of another culture, who is both observer and participant. At the same time ‘exile’ often marks a complex ambivalence to one’s own home culture and, therefore, also to questions of one’s own national, cultural and personal identity. Exile is one of the central and most powerful motifs of the intellectual in the twentieth century: it describes a profound existential condition of cultural estrangement, and sometimes alienation that defines identity in terms of migration, movement, departure, homelessness. It prefigures a notion of thought that is ‘nomadic’, formed in a different context, and laced with observations that at once make the familiar strange and the strange familiar.
When Psychological Closeness Creates Distance from One’s Moral Compass

Psychological closeness, even when born out of subtle similarities with another person, has been found to lead to beneficial outcomes, such as increased cooperation and helping. In the present investigation, we examined the potential dark side of psychological closeness. In five studies employing various manipulations of psychological closeness, we found that feeling connected to another individual who engaged in selfish or dishonest behavior led people to vicariously justify the actions of the wrongdoer and to behave less ethically. When a person feels psychologically close to someone who has behaved dishonestly, she is more likely than she would otherwise to consider such dishonesty to be legitimate and not embarrassing, and thus she is also more likely to vicariously act unethically. However, when parties are in the presence of out-group observers, this pattern of results reverses. These findings suggest an irony of psychological closeness: it can create distance from one’s own moral compass.
462PA POPULATION PHARMACOKINETIC (PK) ANALYSIS OF PALBOCICLIB (PD-0332991) IN PATIENTS (PTS) WITH ADVANCED SOLID TUMORS

ABSTRACT Aim: Palbociclib, a selective oral inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, is in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials across multiple oncology indications. Objectives of this analysis were to describe the population PK of palbociclib in cancer pts, identify significant covariates, and provide individual PK predictions. Methods: This analysis was based on pooled data from 183 pts treated with palbociclib isethionate salt capsules in 3 studies. Compartmental PK models were tested with food effect in the base model. Graphic inspection and stepwise covariate modeling were used to assess covariates of interest based on the metabolic mechanism, including demographic factors, laboratory test variables, and concomitant medications. The significant covariates included in the final model were evaluated for clinical importance by calculating the magnitude of effects on PK parameters. Diagnostic plots, visual predictive check (VPC), and standardized VPC were used for model evaluation. Results: Palbociclib PK was best described by a 2-compartment model with 1st order absorption. Population typical values were estimated to be 60.2 L/h for apparent oral clearance (CL/F) and 2710 L for volume of central compartment (V2/F) (inter-patient variability: CL/F, 36.2%; V2/F, 30.2%); the absorption rate constant and absorption lag time were estimated to be 0.367 1/h and 0.658 h, respectively. The relative bioavailability and absorption lag time of palbociclib were increased by 16.0% and 28.8%, respectively, when taken with a high-fat meal versus fasted conditions. Baseline body weight (BWT) and age were significant covariates on CL/F; BWT was a significant covariate on V2/F. However, they were not considered clinically important. Other tested covariates (liver enzymes, creatinine clearance, co-administration of acid-reducing agents) were not significant covariates on relevant PK parameters of palbociclib. Model evaluation showed no bias in model predictions. Conclusions: The population PK model of palbociclib was well defined. Results support the recommendation that no dose adjustment is necessary for age, BWT, sex, pts with mild or moderate renal impairment, or pts with mild hepatic impairment. Disclosure: W. Sun: Employment: Pfizer; D.D. Wang: Employment: Pfizer Stock ownership: Pfizer.
On the factors governing water vapor turbulence mixing in the convective boundary layer over land: Concept and data analysis technique using ground-based lidar measurements

The convective boundary layer (CBL) turbulence is the key process for exchanging heat, momentum, moisture and trace gases between the earth's surface and the lower part of the troposphere. The turbulence parameterization of the CBL is a challenging but important component in numerical models. In particular, correct estimation of CBL turbulence features, parameterization, and the determination of the contribution of eddy diffusivity are important for simulating convection initiation, and the dispersion of health hazardous air pollutants and Greenhouse gases. In general, measurements of higher-order moments of water vapor mixing ratio (q) variability yield unique estimates of turbulence in the CBL. Using the high-resolution lidar-derived profiles of q variance, third-order moment, and skewness and analyzing concurrent profiles of vertical velocity, potential temperature, horizontal wind and time series of near-surface measurements of surface flux and meteorological parameters, a conceptual framework based on bottom up approach is proposed here for the first time for a robust characterization of the turbulent structure of CBL over land so that our understanding on the processes governing CBL q turbulence could be improved. Finally, principal component analyses will be applied on the lidar-derived long-term data sets of q turbulence statistics to identify the meteorological factors and the dominant physical mechanisms governing the CBL turbulence features.
Comparative immunology. Hemolytic complement in amphibia.

SummaryRepresentative specimens from 3 orders of amphibia were investigated for the presence of serum complement, using the hemolytic assay system as an indicator. All 3 groups exhibited hemolytic activity capable of potentiation by heterologous antibody, with complement levels within the range of those reported for mammalian species. With certain exceptions, amphibian complement systems appeared comparable to guinea pig complement in their reactions to heat, EDTA, hydrazine, carrageenm, and antigen-antibody precipitate.
Simulation and Experiments of Combination Wave Generator of Portable Testing System for SPD

Tests should be carried out for on-line SPDs on DC voltage with 1mA current output,leakage current and operation characteristics under combined impulse wave to verify whether the SPDs are damaged or aged[1].A combination wave generator with maximum output of 6kV/3kA was designed based on the circuit calculation and sensitivity study of element parameters on output waveforms from EMTP-ATP simulation.It was found that the front time of output waveform was mainly determined by the inductor while the tail time was mainly up to the main capacitance and the equivalent impedance of the discharge circuit branch.The on-site applications show that the combination wave generator is able to measure the operation characteristics effectively,and predicate whether the on-line SPDs are damaged or aged.
A Gerontology Practitioner Continuing Education Certificate Program: Lessons Learned

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the results of a school of social work survey assessing the geriatric training needs of social workers and other professionals in aging and the need for a gerontology practitioner’s continuing education (CE) certificate program. A total of 391 professionals, the majority of whom were social workers, participated in an online needs assessment survey. Of all respondents, the majority (77%) expressed some interest in enrolling in a certificate program within 2 years. Increased knowledge and competence, personal satisfaction and growth, and meeting CE requirements for professional licensure renewal were the major reasons given for interest in enrollment. Cognitive changes, dementia, and end-of-life issues were each selected by almost half of the respondents as areas in which they felt they needed the most training. Legal issues, health care, and social policies and programs were also of interest. In response to survey findings, a 100-clock-hour program was developed to strengthe...
Holocaust East versus West: The Political Economy of Genocide

Three main elements distinguished the Holocaust in the East from the Holocaust in Western and Central Europe. First, the Holocaust in the East was presented to the public as a war of liberation from Stalinism, from Soviet “Jewish-Bolshevism.” Second, the Holocaust in the East was by and large carried out openly, in the presence of non-Jewish locals. In the West, most Jewish victims of the Holocaust were rounded up and forcibly transported in sealed trains to concentration camps in Central and Eastern Europe. This distance generated considerable space for deniability: sustaining the myth that Jews had been the victims of deportation and forced labor, not of mass annihilation. In contrast, a much smaller proportion of Soviet and East European Jews were exterminated in camps. While most Western and Central European Jews perished in the “industrial efficiency” of the camps, most Jews in the Soviet and Eastern European zones were shot, and the overwhelming majority were massacred at designated killing sites in or near their own homes by predominantly local ethnic nationalist militias who played the central role in their executions. Third, the Holocaust in the East mobilized a considerable proportion of the local population as co-perpetrators.
Diagnostic Tools for Insomnia

Insomnia is a common disorder characterized by chronic difficulties with sleep initiation and/or sleep maintenance accompanied by daytime dysfunction. The clinical interview is the primary tool for diagnosing insomnia. Secondary tools, such as sleep diaries and self-reporting questionnaires can be used to supplement the clinical interview so as to obtain more specific information on etiological factors, specific features, or treatment targets. In some cases, alternative tools such as polysomnography and actigraphy are needed to provide further information. This article presents these diagnostic tools and explains the process of selecting and implementing the tools in the assessment of insomnia.
Atomic Layer Deposition for Lithium‐Based Batteries

With the increasing demand for energy at a low cost and minimal environmental impact, the development of next-generation high-performance batteries has drawn considerable attention. Owing to the capability of forming conformal coatings of thin films and nanoparticles, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has shown great potential in deposition and surface modification of electrode materials with various nanostructures, deposition of solid-state electrolyte, and fabrication of electrochemical catalysts. This paper reviews the recent development and applications of ALD in Li-based batteries, especially beyond Li-ion systems, and provides suggestions for further development of ALD techniques for these batteries.
Harry Potter and the Tax Accounting Myths

In "Can the Cash Method of Accounting Clearly Reflect Income?" Tax Notes, Feb. 24, 1997, p. 1063, and Mar. 3, 1997, p. 1175, the author described when the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may require cash-method taxpayers, including construction contractors, to use inventory and accrual methods of accounting for the materials they furnish with their services. In "Zen and the Cash Method," Tax Notes, June 26, 2000, p. 1771, the author criticized a new line of cases holding that the materials furnished by construction contractors and some other service providers are not merchandise subject to the inventory regulations. In this third and final article on issues associated with the clear-reflection-of-income standard under section 446(b), the author re-examines two issues mentioned in the previous articles: The commissioner's "broad discretion" to determine whether a taxpayer's method clearly reflects income and the taxpayer's ability to use the "substantial-identity-of-results test" as a "shield" when the commissioner is exercising that discretion.
Studying Naive Users and the Insider Threat with SimpleFlow

Most access control systems prohibit illicit actions at the moment they seem to violate a security policy. While effective, such early action often clouds insight into the intentions behind negligent or willful security policy violations. Furthermore, existing control mechanisms are often very low-level; this hinders understanding because controls must be spread throughout a system. We propose SimpleFlow, a simple, information-flow-based access control system which allows illicit actions to occur up until sensitive information would have left the local network. SimpleFlow marks such illicit traffic before transmission, and this allows network devices to filter such traffic in a number of ways. SimpleFlow can also spoof intended recipients to trick malware into revealing application-layer communication messages even while blocking them. We have written SimpleFlow as a modification to the Linux kernel, and we have released our work as open source.
The History, Future, and Implications of EROI for Society

Perhaps the most important issue facing mankind is whether or not our civilization is sustainable (e.g., Heinberg and Fridley 2016). While most people do not think much about this topic, there certainly is enough information and literature to make us understand that this is a real issue of potential enormous importance.
The Maize-Microbe Bioassay: A Unique Approach to Environmental Mutagenesis

A plant-microbe bioassay was devised to test agricultural chemicals for mutagenic activity under conditions that are normally encountered in the environment. Maize plants, homallelic for the waxy mutation [wx/wx], were grown in field isolation plots and each plot was sprayed with a known concentration of a given chemical. Additional plants were grown under greenhouse conditions and treated in like manner. Plants were harvested at various stages of development, and the tissues were homogenized, filtered, and centrifuged at 1,000 g to give a soluble fraction which was tested for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Controls consisted of extracts from untreated plants. This system offers distinct advantages because the mutagenicity of any plant-mediated metabolite can be detected, and any genetic effect of the chemical itself can be tested in the maize plant by a back reversion analysis at the wx locus. Positive data were obtained on several chemicals, in particular, members of the s-triazine herbicides, which are nonmutagenic in the classical Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay. Further, plant tissue extracts were found to be capable of activiting several well-documented promutagens, including aflatoxin B1.