cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late results after carotid endarterectomy for amaurosis fugax

Abstract Amaurosis fugax is considered an ocular transient ischemic attack with an ominous prognosis. One hundred twenty-eight patients with amaurosis fugax as the presenting symptom underwent carotid endarterectomy at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and Scripps Clinic between 1970 and 1985 with one death (0.8%) and one postoperative permanent stroke (0.8%). Subsequently, these patients were followed up for 6 to 160 months (mean 45.3 months). Only two subsequent late strokes were documented (at 2 and 5 years after operation). These results were significantly better (p
Cross-Unit Competition for a Market Charter: The Enduring Influence of Structure:

Abstract Marketing strategists who operate in turbulent markets face a competitive landscape marked by volatility and evolving market structures. As customer requirements change, an organization that stays in alignment with its markets will form new business units or alter the market charters of existing business units. In a longitudinal study, the authors traced the structural realignments that accompanied a Fortune-500 firm’s entry into the Internet market. As the charter moved from a freshly created unit to an established business unit, the authors found support for the prediction that the former organizational structure will continue to shape the identity, beliefs, and social ties of managers. The study highlights the structural, social, and cognitive factors that must be managed as corporate decision makers search for the best strategy-structure fit for an emerging market opportunity.
Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: A meta-analysis

Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: A meta-analysis. Background It has been proposed that hyperlipidemia contributes to the progression of renal disease. A large trial has not been performed; however, a number of small, controlled trials have been reported. We examined the effects of antilipemic agents on glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria or albuminuria in patients with renal disease. Methods We used Medline, abstracts from scientific meetings, and bibliographies from recent reviews and scientific reports to locate pertinent studies. Thirteen prospective controlled trials examining the effects of antilipemic agents on renal function, proteinuria, or albuminuria were included. Studies were published as full reports or abstracts and were at least three months in duration. For five of the studies, individual patient data were obtained. Other summary data were independently extracted from the published reports by two investigators and included study quality, subject characteristics, cause of renal disease, change in serum cholesterol, blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and albuminuria. Results There was a lower rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate with treatment compared with controls (treated controls, 0.156 mL/min/month; 95% CI, 0.026 to 0.285 mL/min/month, P = 0.008). The study results were statistically homogeneous, and in a regression analysis, the effect of treatment on glomerular filtration rate did not correlate with study quality, the percentage change in cholesterol, the type of lipid-lowering agent, or the cause of renal disease. However, longer follow-up correlated with the amount of improvement in glomerular filtration rate from treatment ( P = 0.007). There was a tendency for a favorable effect of treatment on protein or albumin excretion [Ln (treatment) - Ln (control) = -0.248, 95% CI, -0.562 to 0.064, P = 0.077]. However, these results were statistically heterogeneous between studies ( P Conclusions Lipid reduction may preserve glomerular filtration rate and may decrease proteinuria in patients with renal disease.
PS1-50: Aspirin Decision Support Using Data-Driven Treatment Algorithms.

Background/Aims The role of aspirin therapy for reducing risk of cardiovascular events among those with pre-existing cardiovascular disease is well-established. However, a more individualized approach is recommended for primary prevention based on estimated risks for cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal bleeding.
Some further results on periodic solutions of certain higher order nonlinear differential equations

On etablit la resolvabilite par approximation et l'existence des solutions pour le probleme aux valeurs limites periodique suivant: (a(t)x (n−1) )'+a 1 x (n−1) +f(t,x,...,x (m) =y(t), 0<t<T, x (j) (0)=x (j) (T), j=0,1,...,n−1, ou m≤n−2, a 1 ∈R, y∈C([0, T]), a(t)∈C 1 ([0, T]) et la fonction continue f:[0, T]×R m+1 →R satisfait des conditions plus faibles que celles de Petryskyn et Yu
The diagnosis of dystonia

Summary Dystonia is a movement disorder with many presentations and diverse causes. A systematic approach to dystonia helps to ensure that patients with this disorder receive optimum care. This Review begins with a summary of the clinical features of dystonia, followed by a discussion of other disorders to be considered and excluded before assigning the diagnosis of dystonia. Next, we emphasise the importance of classifying dystonia along several dimensions, and we explain how doing so aids in narrowing the differential diagnosis. The more common forms of dystonia are discussed in detail. Finally, we describe how to apply the clinical information for selection of appropriate laboratory investigations.
Epigenetic Activation and Silencing of the Gene that Encodes IFN-γ.

Transcriptional activation and repression of genes that are developmentally regulated or exhibit cell-type specific expression patterns is largely achieved by modifying the chromatin template at a gene locus. Complex formation of stable epigenetic histone marks, loss or gain of DNA methylation, alterations in chromosome conformation, and specific utilization of both proximal and distal transcriptional enhancers and repressors all contribute to this process. In addition, long noncoding RNAs are a new species of regulatory RNAs that either positively or negatively regulate transcription of target gene loci. IFN-γ is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with critical functions in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune. This review focuses on our current understanding of how the chromatin template is modified at the IFNG locus during developmental processes leading to its transcriptional activation and silencing.
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Mixers

We report fabrication and experimental characterization of metallic single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) mixers. Metallic nanotubes attached to gate dielectric (SiO2) and suspended nanotubes were fabricated over Poly-Si gate structures. Devices were characterized for their RF mixing performance up to 80MHz. Under identical input signals, the suspended nanotube mixers had about 8 to 13dB higher convergence gain than the devices attached to the gate dielectric. The advantages of using patterned Poly-Si gate for RF mixers are low parasitic capacitance from the pad to SWNT contacts, and compatibility of Poly-Si gate material with subsequent high temperature growth of SWNTs.
HYDRODYNAMICS OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN SPINAL CANAL WITH CHIARI MALFORMATION AND SYRINGOMYELIA

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is has great potential as a tool for diagnosis of neurological diseases su ch as Chiari malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM). Its extended capability to obtain in-vivo velocities of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) allowed engineers to perform studies wi th engineering analysis applications such as computati onal fluid dynamics and physical modeling. Recently, a new MR technique called balanced steady-state free process ion (bSSFP) cine imaging was developed for analysis of geometri cal changes during the cardiac cycle due to compliance [1]. This study used MRI utilities to investigate hydrod ynamic environment of CSF in the sub-cranial subarachnoid space (SAS). A model was constructed to simulate fluid d ynamics of CSF in SAS. This model will allow investigation of detailed pressure and velocity using laser Doppler anemometr y and pressure transducers. The MRI data from patient, h ealthy volunteers, the flow model were compared.
Revision of the Order Hypotrichida (Ciliophora, Protozoa)1

SYNOPSIS. Nearly 400 species of hypotrichs have been described during the last 100 years, but their classification does not reflect their most probable phylogenetic relationships. Recent developments in our understanding of structural and morphogenetic variation now allow for critical evaluation of descriptions of species, explicit definitions of genera, and assignment of genera to families. Following a historical review of classification schemes used previously, morphogenetic bases are given for revisions at the family level, based on a standardized terminology of structural features. The 6 families Urostylidae (9 genera), Psilotrichidae (3 genera), Holostichidae (7 genera), Spirofilidae (7 genera), Oxytrichidae (14 genera), and Euplotidae (11 genera) are now recognized. The suborders erected by Faure-Fremiet in 1961 are not recognized in this revision. Revision at the genus and species levels is based on the known limits of structural variation as well as decisions relative to synonyms and homonyms. Some described species are excluded because they are insufficiently described or interpretable as distorted specimens of unknown systematic position. New genera Paraurostyla n. g. and Pseudourostyla n. g. are proposed. The new names Spiratella and Psammomitra are proposed as replacement names for Spiretta and Micromitra which must fall as junior homonyms. All families and genera are diagnosed and illustrated, and synonymies are listed for each species. The revision recognizes 310 species distributed among 51 genera and 6 families.
Structure of the γ-tubulin ring complex: a template for microtubule nucleation

The γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) is a protein complex of relative molecular mass ~2.2 × 106 that nucleates microtubules at the centrosome. Here we use electron-microscopic tomography and metal shadowing to examine the structure of isolated Drosophila γTuRCs and the ends of microtubules nucleated by γTuRCs and by centrosomes. We show that the γTuRC is a lockwasher-like structure made up of repeating subunits, topped asymmetrically with a cap. A similar capped ring is also visible at one end of microtubules grown from isolated γTuRCs and from centrosomes. Antibodies against γ-tubulin label microtubule ends, but not walls, in centrosomes. These data are consistent with a template-mediated mechanism for microtubule nucleation by the γTuRC.
Use of Assistive Technology With Young Children With Disabilities Current Status and Training Needs

The purpose of this study was to provide state-of-the-art descriptive information regarding preparation needs, concerns, and perceived barriers to the use of assistive technology for young children...
Decision Making in Political Systems Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism

The article compares different political systems with respect to one property: their capacity to produce policy change. I define the basic concept of the article, the ‘veto player’: veto players are individual or collective actors whose agreement (by majority rule for collective actors) is required for a change of the status quo. Two categories of veto players are identified in the article: institutional and partisan. Institutional veto players (president, chambers) exist in presidential systems while partisan veto players (parties) exist at least in parliamentary systems. Westminster systems, dominant party systems and single-party minority governments have only one veto player, while coalitions in parliamentary systems, presidential or federal systems have multiple veto players. The potential for policy change decreases with the number of veto players, the lack of congruence (dissimilarity of policy positions among veto players) and the cohesion (similarity of policy positions among the constituent units of each veto player) of these players. The veto player framework produces results different from existing theories in comparative politics, but congruent with existing empirical studies. In addition, it permits comparisons across different political and party systems. Finally, the veto player framework enables predictions about government instability (in parliamentary systems) or regime instability (in presidential systems); these predictions are supported by available evidence.
Signaling by chimeric erythropoietin-TGF-beta receptors: homodimerization of the cytoplasmic domain of the type I TGF-beta receptor and heterodimerization with the type II receptor are both required for intracellular signal transduction.

Abstract Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) affects multiple cellular functions through the type I and type II receptor Ser/Thr kinases (TbetaRI and TbetaRII). Analysis of TGF-beta signaling pathways has been hampered by the lack of cell lines in which both TbetaRI and TbetaRII are deleted, and by the inability to study signal transduction by TbetaRI independently of TbetaRII since TbetaRI does not bind TGF-beta directly. To overcome these problems, we constructed and expressed chimeric receptors with the extracellular domain of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) and the cytoplasmic domains of TbetaRI or TbetaRII. When expressed in Ba/F3 cells, which do not express EpoR, Epo induces the formation of a heteromeric complex between cell surface EpoR-TbetaRI and EpoR-TbetaRII chimeras. Neither the EpoR-TbetaRI nor the EpoR-TbetaRII chimera interacts with endogenous TGF-beta receptors. Ba/F3 cells expressing both EpoR-TbetaRI and EpoR-TbetaRII chimeras, but not EpoR-TbetaRI or EpoR-TbetaRII alone, undergo Epo-induced growth arrest. When expressed in Ba/F3 cells in the absence of the EpoR-TbetaRII chimera, EpoR-TbetaRI(T204D), a chimeric receptor with a point mutation in the GS domain of TbetaRI that is autophosphorylated constitutively, triggers growth inhibition in response to Epo. Thus, both homo- and heterodimerization of the cytoplasmic domain of the type I TGF-beta receptor are required for intracellular signal transduction leading to inhibition of cell proliferation. These chimeric receptors provide a unique system to study the function and signal transduction of individual TGF-beta receptor subunits independently of endogenous TGF-beta receptors.
Raman Microscopy of Individual Cells and Cellular Components

I will present our most recent results in non-invasively characterizing and distinguishing individual cells, subcellular structures, and intracellular chemical concentrations by laser-tweezers Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) and coherent Anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy.
Influence of purpose of an interaction on adult-child planning

AbstractThis study examined whether the purpose of an interaction influences the process and outcome of adult-child planning. Planning interactions of 40 mothers and their 3;6 to 5;6 years-old children, who were either told prior to the interaction or not of subsequent independent planning by the child, were compared. Results indicate that when dyads were aware of the later independent planning, mothers and children shared more responsibility than when dyads were not aware. Older children who planned in dyads that were aware of the later independent trial planned more in advance when planning alone that older children who planned in dyads that were not aware of the later independent trial or younger children in either Awareness condition. These patterns suggest that the puspose of adult-child interaction, in conjunction with child-age, are important influences on how joint problem-solving unfolds
Assessing entrepreneurship in governmental public health.

Objectives. We assessed the feasibility and desirability of public health entrepreneurship (PHE) in governmental public health.Methods. Using a qualitative case study approach with semistructured interview protocols, we conducted interviews between April 2010 and January 2011 at 32 local health departments (LHDs) in 18 states. Respondents included chief health officers and senior LHD staff, representatives from national public health organizations, health authorities, and public health institutes.Results. Respondents identified PHE through 3 overlapping practices: strategic planning, operational efficiency, and revenue generation. Clinical services offer the strongest revenue-generating potential, and traditional public health services offer only limited entrepreneurial opportunities. Barriers include civil service rules, a risk-averse culture, and concerns that PHE would compromise core public health values.Conclusions. Ongoing PHE activity has the potential to reduce LHDs’ reliance on unstable general p...
Current distribution, resistance, and inductance for superconducting strip transmission lines

A method for the calculation of the current distribution, resistance, and inductance matrices for a system of coupled superconducting transmission lines having finite rectangular cross-section is presented. These calculations allow accurate characterization of both high-T/sub c/ and low-T/sub c/ superconducting strip transmission lines. For a single stripline geometry with finite ground planes, the current distribution, resistance, inductance, and kinetic inductance are calculated as functions of the penetration depth for various film thicknesses. These calculations are then used to determine the penetration depth for Nb, NbN, and YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ superconducting thin films from the measured temperature dependence of the resonant frequency of a stripline resonator. The calculations are also used to convert measured temperature dependence of the quality factor to the intrinsic surface resistance as a function of temperature for an Nb stripline resonator. >
ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECT ON WEAK LOCALIZATION IN A SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM WIRE

Abstract The influence of an electric field on weak localization in a semiconductor quantum wire is studied by a recently proposed generalized quantum Langevin equation approach to the conductivity problem. A new physical picture is presented. In our model the electronic motion is essentially one-dimensional, and the phase coherence length lφ is much larger than the elastic mean free path l2 of electrons. We find that when the electric field E exceeds a critical value E c = KV F el φ , where VF is the Fermi velocity, it will introduce a new cut-off length L s = ( E c E ) 1 2 l φ with implications for the experimental results on semiconductor quantum wires. Our theory is in good agreement with the experiments of Hiramoto and co-workers.
Quantitative Analysis of α-Synuclein Solubility in Living Cells Using Split GFP Complementation

Presently incurable, Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and affects 1% of the population over 60 years of age. The hallmarks of PD pathogenesis are the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the occurrence of proteinaceous cytoplasmic inclusions (Lewy bodies) in surviving neurons. Lewy bodies are mainly composed of the pre-synaptic protein alpha-synuclein (αsyn), an intrinsically unstructured, misfolding-prone protein with high propensity to aggregate. Quantifying the pool of soluble αsyn and monitoring αsyn aggregation in living cells is fundamental to study the molecular mechanisms of αsyn-induced cytotoxicity and develop therapeutic strategies to prevent αsyn aggregation. In this study, we report the use of a split GFP complementation assay to quantify αsyn solubility. Particularly, we investigated a series of naturally occurring and rationally designed αsyn variants and showed that this method can be used to study how αsyn sequence specificity affects its solubility. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of this assay to explore the influence of the cellular folding network on αsyn solubility. The results presented underscore the utility of the split GFP assay to quantify αsyn solubility in living cells.
A spatial-dynamic value transfer model of economic losses from a biological invasion

article i nfo Rigorous assessments of the economic impacts of introduced species at broad spatial scales are required to provide credible information to policy makers. We propose that economic models of aggregate damages induced by biological invasions need to link microeconomic analyses of site-specific economic damages with spatial-dynamic models of value change associated with invasion spread across the macro-scale landscape. Recognizing that economic impacts of biological invasions occur where biological processes intersect the economic landscape, we define the area of economic damage (AED) as the sum of all areas on the physical landscape that sustain economic damage from a biological invasion. By subsuming fine-scale spatial dynamics in the AED measure, temporal dynamics of the AED can be estimated from an empirical distribution of the AED effective range radius over time. This methodology is illustrated using the case of a non-native forest pest, the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae). Geographic Information Systems and spatially referenced data provide the basis for statistical estimation of a spatial-dynamic value transfer model which indicates that HWA is annually causing millions of dollars of economic losses for residential property owners in the eastern United States. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Mechanical assist strategy using the BVS 5000i for patients with heart failure.

Background. The BVS 5000i external pulsatile assist device is used to support patients with reversible cardiogenic shock. Its low cost and potential for insertion without cardiopulmonary bypass make it an attractive option. Methods. Nineteen status I patients failing inotropic support were treated with the BVS 5000i with the intention of short-term bridge to transplant. Fourteen patients received left ventricular support whereas 5 received biventricular support. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in less than 50% of patients. Results. Median support time was 7 days. The 2 myocarditis patients were weaned from support. Twelve patients were transplanted and there were 5 deaths on support. Overall 14 of 19 were transplanted or weaned. One-year survival was 79%. Median hospital stay was 31 days. Conclusions. The BVS 5000i can be used for short-term mechanical assist toward transplantation in selected patients for whom a donor can be expected soon. The device may provide a cost-effective, short-term strategy to optimize end-organ function before orthotopic heart transplant, particularly for patients who are predictably not ideal to be discharged with implantable left ventricular assist device treatment.
DNA replication stress, genome instability and aging

Genome instability is a fundamentally important component of aging in all eukaryotes. How age-related genome instability occurs remains unclear. The free radical theory of aging posits oxidative damage to DNA and other cellular constituents as a primary determinant of aging. More recent versions of this theory predict that mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative damage. Although substantial support for the free radical theory exists, the results of some tests of this theory have been contradictory or inconclusive. Enhanced growth signaling also has been implicated in aging. Many efforts to understand the effects of growth signaling on aging have focused on inhibition of oxidative stress responses that impact oxidative damage. However, recent experiments in the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) and in higher eukaryotes suggest that growth signaling also impacts aging and/or age-related diseases--including cancer and neurodegeneration--by inducing DNA replication stress, which causes DNA damage. Replication stress, which has not been broadly considered as a factor in aging, may be enhanced by ROS that signal growth. In this article, we review evidence that points to DNA replication stress and replication stress-induced genome instability as important factors in aging.
Enhancing the Application to Doctoral Professional Programs: Suggestions from a National Survey

All professional programs approved by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1984 (N = 204) were surveyed by mail questionnaire to identify ways that students could enhance their graduate school applications. Overall response rate was 51%, with no responding bias for type, size, or geographical area. Preparations preferred by clinical, counseling, and school psychology programs in descending order were: research experience, visit to the department, computer knowledge and skills, paid human service experience, volunteer human service experience, social science double major, and Psi Chi membership. Counseling and school psychology programs rated a master's degree significantly higher and a double major (psychology and basic science) significantly lower than did the clinical psychology programs.
Between Discourse and Schema: Reformulating a Cultural-Historical Approach to Culture and Mind.

Vygotsky and the Russian cultural-historical school offer an alternative psychology well suited to anthropological studies of culture and mind. This is the case even though their 1920s understanding of "culture" needs reformulation. Here we argue strongly for the school's recognition of mediation through cultural artifact as the foundation of human mental and emotional activity. At the same time we begin to rework a more contemporary notion of culture, using both discourse and schema theory toflesh out a novel concept of cultural artifact. We suggest that the outcome of this reworking also provides a bridge between these two, seemingly exclusive approaches to the study of cultural forms. VYGOTSKY, CULTURAL HISTORICAL SCHOOL, SCHEMA THEORY, DISCOURSE THEORY, CULTURAL ARTIFACT The Russian cultural-historical school provides a useful terrain for the synthesis of anthropological and psychological approaches to culture and mind.1 Vygotsky's early studies of art and literature left him with a deep appreciation for symbols and their capacity to reorganize experience. He brought this fascination into his psychology taking mediation through cultural artifacts to be the ur-characteristic of human mental and emotional activity. Further delineating the social formation of the individual, he and his colleagues stressed the contexts of everyday activity as the local medium within which mind is formed. The challenge today is to interpret these promising core premises into the framework of contemporary ideas. Here we pursue one strand of this interpretive process, the articulation of culture-as-mediating-artifact with present views of culture in anthropology. Our argument is that the concept of cultural artifacts-where artifacts are recognized as simultaneously ideal and material-successfully incorporates important elements from what now stand as mutually exclusive contemporary approaches to culture. Culture as ideal/material artifact draws upon and provides a bridge between discourse theory with its emphasis on the social uses of cultural forms and schema theory which theorizes cultural memory as personal knowledge structures. In turn, these particular theories help us
Ein kurzer Brief Humboldts an den Hofmarschall

Zusammenfassung In der Lilly Library der Indiana University befindet sich ein bisher unveroffentlichter, kurzer Brief Alexander von Humboldts an einen Hofmarschall des preusischen Hofes. In diesem Artikel erscheint der Brief zum ersten Mal, und es wird versucht, den historischen Kontext des Briefes zu erarbeiten. Abstract The collections of the Lilly Library at Indiana University contain a short, hitherto unpublished letter written by Alexander von Humboldt to a Lord Chamberlain of the Prussian Court. The letter appears here for the first time with some explanations regarding its historical context. Resumen En la Lilly Library de la Indiana University se encuentra una carta corta hasta ahora inedita y escrita por Alexander von Humboldt a un mayordomo de la corte prusiana. Se publica la carta aqui por primera vez junto con algunas explicaciones en cuanto a su contexto historico.
Echocardiography in Patients with Marfan’s Syndrome and Their Asymptomatic Relatives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of cardiovascular abnormalities in patients with Marfan’s syndrome and their asymptomatic relatives by use of echocardiography. We studied 6 patients with skeletal and opthalmologic evidence of Marfan’s syndrome; 19 asymptomatic first degree relatives were also studied. All subjects underwent a complete history, physical exam, electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram and chest x-ray in addition to echocardiography.
Timing of Placement of Colonies of Honey Bees for Pollination of Cranberries

Colonies of Apis mellifera L., when placed in cranberry bugs, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., in full bloom, gathered significantly more cranberry pollen than those placed in the bog 2 weeks before start of bloom. However, in one test, the amount of pollen gathered by each group became similar after 2 days; in another test, the colonies originally gathering high, medium, or low levels of cranberry pollen tended to maintain those levels throughout the test.
Plasma Surface Modification of Polymeric Materials

This study was undertaken to improve the bonding of fluorinated and non-fluorinated polymers to acrylic and silicone based adhesives. The polymeric materials were exposed to plasma which is comprised of methane and a second gas selected from air, Oxygen and Nitrogen or a mixture thereof. By application of surface analysis (XPS), the optimized functionality can be incorporated in the surface of desired polymers to enhance the bond ability of prepared films for pressure sensitive tape applications. Perfluoroalkoxy-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer PFA, fluorinated ethylene-propylene FEP, Polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE, and Polyester materials were exposed to this plasma. The treated samples were coated with adhesives and the adhesion to steel, holding power and other properties associated with tapes performance were studied.
Expanded School Mental Health Services

In 1982, Knitzer’s compelling Unclaimed Children underscored the tremendous gap between the mental health needs of children in the United States and services actually available to them. Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, some progress has been made to improve the mental health system of care for youth, as exemplified by national reform efforts that improve the coordinated delivery of services (e.g., the Child and Adolescent Service Systems Program [CASSP]; Day & Roberts, 1991), the growth of family preservation models of treatment (Knitzer & Cole, 1989), and the development of “multisystemic” treatment approaches for youth with severe disturbances (Henggeler & Borduin, 1990). In spite of these improvements, a large gap between youth who need and receive services remains (Duchnowski & Friedman, 1990), mental health services continue to be fragmented and uncoordinated (Burns & Friedman, 1990), and university-based applied research efforts have not been effectively integrated into communities on a wide scale (Weisz & Weiss, 1993).
Family Practice Physicians’ Perceptions and Practices Regarding Health Promotion for the Elderly

This study assessed 321 family practice physicians’ perceptions and practices regarding health promotion in the elderly; specifically, whether health promotion is perceived to be beneficial for this segment of the population. A random sample of 250 male and 250 female members of the American Academy of Family Physicians was surveyed. The internal reliability of the questionnaire was assessed, yielding a Cronbach alpha of .84. Respondents were 46% male and 54% female, and 67% of them had completed a residency program. Three-fourths (77%) of the respondents were between 25 and 50 years of age. The majority believed that health promotion counseling is of value to patients of all ages (88%) and that medical schools should devote more attention to preventive medicine (69%). These physicians identified lack of third-party payment, lack of sufficient staff, lack of competence in prescribing prevention programs for the elderly, and finding counseling the elderly about preventive health issues not professionally gratifying as barriers to health promotion of the elderly. All health promotion practices but one listed on the questionnaire were perceived as important by at least half the physicians. Until compensation for health promotion is available and physicians perceive themselves as competent concerning health promotion in the elderly, it is likely their clinical practices and recommendations will lag behind their favorable attitudes toward the topic.
Patterns of pediatric venous disease.

Background The spectrum of chronic venous disease (CVD) is well documented in adults; clinical guidelines standardize diagnosis and treatment. There is a paucity of data published commenting on pediatric CVD exclusive of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) and post-thrombotic syndrome. Methods This study aimed to define patterns of pediatric venous disease. All venous reflux studies performed on patients Results Twenty patients were evaluated. All presented through the vascular surgery or multidisciplinary venous clinic at a tertiary academic medical center. Indications for referral included swelling (n = 10), varicose veins (n = 9), and rubor/acrocyanosis (n = 3); two patients carried a diagnosis of KTS. Mean age at study was 13 years (range, 5-17 years). Clinical examination revealed the following: dependent rubor (n = 3); edema (n = 9); and varicose veins or venous abnormality concerning for venous malformation (n = 9). There were no stigmata of chronic inflammation, hyperpigmentation, or ulceration; 90% of patients (n = 18) demonstrated venous reflux by duplex ultrasound interrogation. Mean right great saphenous vein (GSV) diameter was 0.49 cm (range, 0.31-0.66 cm); mean left GSV diameter was 0.55 cm (range, 0.24-0.93 cm). Adjunctive studies were often used (including magnetic resonance venography and lymphoscintigraphy). Despite the presence of venous reflux on imaging, an alternate diagnosis was made in 8 of 18 children (44%), including postural orthostatic hypotension syndrome (n = 2), vascular malformation (n = 2), lymphedema (n = 2), complex regional pain syndrome (n = 1), and acrocyanosis of disuse (n = 1). An additional case of KTS was identified. Three cases referred for varicose veins were diagnosed with venous malformation. Maximum GSV diameter and venous reflux time were compared across patients with isolated CVD, KTS, or an alternate diagnosis (as before). Whereas there was no significant difference in maximum GSV diameter, superficial venous reflux time was significantly increased in the patients with primary CVD and KTS ( P = .0394). Conclusions The differential diagnosis for pediatric lower extremity edema and varicosities is broad; workup often requires adjunctive studies to secure the appropriate diagnosis. Often there is venous reflux present despite an alternative clinical diagnosis. Superficial venous reflux time may aid in the diagnosis of primary CVD. Whereas the clinical significance of pediatric venous reflux remains unclear, ongoing work to expand on venous parameters in healthy pediatric controls is warranted, as is additional follow-up to assess the natural history of pediatric venous disease.
LTP Does Not Equal Memory

This chapter illustrates that long-term potentiation (LTP) does not equal memory. It is a critical component of the complicated process of memory formation. A very broad range of studies, such as the block experiment, the mimic experiment, and the measure experiment, supports the hypothesis that hippocampal LTP is involved in triggering consolidation of memories in the cortex. It's important to keep in mind the subtleties of the hippocampal/cortical memory system. A second message of this chapter is that hippocampal LTP need not be constrained to contributing to this single process. A powerful mechanism of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity such as LTP, particularly one that has the capacity for detecting three- or four-way coincidence events, has likely been adapted to multiple roles in the hippocampus and elsewhere in the brain. Hippocampal LTP contributes to the formation of complicated associations and abstract spatial constructs, and LTP may serve as part of a short-term memory buffer for trace associative conditioning. Far from being mysterious investigations into the minutia of synaptic plasticity, studies of LTP and the molecular basis of memory are giving important insights of great relevance to the human condition. A final theme of this chapter is that the analogy between the last phase LTP (L-LTP) and long-term memory is important and valid, independent of whether LTP itself is used in the behaving animal for memory storage per se.
Conformational Dynamics of the GluK2 Ligand-Binding Domain

The kainate family of ionotropic glutamate receptors (GluK) mediates neurotransmission in pre- and post-synaptic neurons. Closure of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) in response to agonist binding is a necessary conformational transition to gate the ion channel. Previously computed free energy landscapes for iGluR LBDs revealed subtype-dependent conformational differences between AMPA and NMDA iGluR families, which may help to explain functional differences between iGluR subtypes. Here we report free energy landscapes, or potentials of mean force (PMFs), for the GluK2 LBD in apo and glutamate-bound states. GluK2 PMFs reveal both apo and glutamate-bound LBDs preferentially access a closed-cleft conformation, consistent with a conformational selection mechanism for binding. These results are also consistent with PMFs for NMDA but not AMPA receptor LBDs. Additionally, the open-cleft conformation is more accessible to the GluK2 apo state than the glutamate-bound state, consistent with previous results for both NMDA and AMPA receptors. Small-angle X-ray scattering profiles for the apo- and glutamate-bound states calculated from a Boltzmann-weighted ensemble of conformations are compared with experimental SAXS profiles. Finally, structural and biochemical properties of GluK2 in its apo state are probed using proteolytic protection assays, circular dichroism, and multi-angle light scattering.
Valuing instream-related services of wastewater

Abstract In the southwestern US water resources are increasingly scarce, leaving perennial habitats and associated environmental amenities vulnerable to off-channel water demands. To provide management insight, the value of two instream flow related ecosystem services are estimated for two river reaches, for two separate population centers. The specific services are preservation of instream flow extent and accompanying Cottonwood-Willow riparian forest, and improving water quality to be safe for full body recreational contact. The case study is of a highly modified effluent-dominated waterway, yet strong support for maintaining wet river habitat was documented, apparently due mainly to ecological rather than recreational motivations. In general, the more distant river reach with more trees was more highly valued on a per mile basis, and the population center closest to both river reaches more highly valued their preservation. Support was mixed for increasing water treatment to allow safe full body contact. Well-known multinomial and mixed logit models are compared with a relatively new generalized mixed logit framework, with the latter performing best. Documentation of public values associated with the posed river management options assist decision-making for the case study and similar contexts lacking quantification of the value of instream flow related ecosystem services.
Semantic Depth Map Fusion for Moving Vehicle Detection in Aerial Video

Wide area motion imagery from an aerial platform offers a compelling advantage in providing a global picture of traffic flows for transportation and urban planning that is complementary to the information from a network of ground-based sensors and instrumented vehicles. We propose an automatic moving vehicle detection system for wide area aerial video based on semantic fusion of motion information with projected building footprint information to significantly reduce the false alarm rate in urban scenes with many tall structures. Motion detections are obtained using the flux tensor and combined with a scene level depth mask to identify tall structures using height information derived from a dense 3D point cloud estimated using multiview stereo from the same source imagery or a prior model. The trace of the flux tensor provides robust spatio-temporal information of moving edges including the motion of tall structures caused by parallax effects. The parallax induced motions are filtered out by incorporating building depth maps obtained from dense urban 3D point clouds. Using a level-set based geodesic active contours framework, the coarse thresholded tall structures depth masks evolved and stopped at the actual building boundaries. Experiments are carried out on a cropped 2k × 2k region of interest for 200 frames from Albuquerque urban aerial imagery. An average precision of 83% and recall of 76% have been reported using an object-level detection performance evaluation method.
SP0153 Emerging Therapies in Large Vessel Vasculitis

Background Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK) are the two main forms of large vessel vasculitis. Because of parallels in clinical, radiographic and histologic features, the therapeutic approach to GCA and TAK has generally been similar. In both conditions, glucocorticoids (GC) are effective for remission induction. However relapses frequently occur during tapering of GC, and adverse effects commonly occur. The use of conventional immunosuppressive agents has not shown consistent benefit in maintaining disease remission or reducing GC-associated adverse events. Emerging therapies Several biologic agents have been studied in observational and randomized trials for both GCA and TAK. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors appear to be effective in the treatment of TAK based on observational study data. In clinical trials of patients with GCA, TNF inhibitors have failed to show significant therapeutic efficacy and their use is not recommended. Interleukin-6 inhibition has gained particular focus in the treatment of GCA and TAK. Observational evidence supports the use of interleukin-6 inhibitors in TAK. Several retrospective studies and a recent randomized placebo-controlled trial has demonstrated efficacy of tocilizumab in GCA. Preliminary clinical trial data also suggests that abatacept may reduce the risk of relapse in GCA. Based on a small open-label study, ustekinumab appears safe and potentially effective for refractory GCA. A possible role of B cell dysregulation may contribute to pathogenic mechanisms in large vessel vasculitis, and B cell depleting therapy may also be an emerging treatment option. Ongoing clinical trials will yield vital information on the efficacy of biologic agents for GCA and TAK within the next year. Summary Interleukin-6 inhibitors appear efficacious in the treatment of refractory cases of large vessel vasculitis. Abatacept and ustekinumab are promising targets for therapy in large vessel vasculitis but further investigation is needed before routine use is considered. Disclosure of Interest None declared
Mutual information for fitting deep nonlinear models.

Deep nonlinear models pose a challenge for fitting parameters due to lack of knowledge of the hidden layer and the potentially non-affine relation of the initial and observed layers. In the present work we investigate the use of information theoretic measures such as mutual information and Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence as objective functions for fitting such models without knowledge of the hidden layer. We investigate one model as a proof of concept and one application of cogntive performance. We further investigate the use of optimizers with these methods. Mutual information is largely successful as an objective, depending on the parameters. KL divergence is found to be similarly succesful, given some knowledge of the statistics of the hidden layer.
A transfer process to fabricate ultra-compliant neural probes in dissolvable needles

A fabrication approach for ultra-miniature ultra-compliant neural probes with parylene-C insulation that are embedded in biodissolvable insertion needles was previously established by the authors. However, that approach required application of a peeling process to release the probe-needle assembly from its handle wafer. The use of thermal annealing in vacuum to improve encapsulation properties of parylene-C results in increased adhesion to the substrate that undermines the peeling process. In this paper, we introduce a transfer process step that eliminates the peeling process and allows the potential use of a wide range of sacrificial release materials. The transfer step increases the versatility of the overall fabrication approach since it allows the integration of insertion needle and sacrificial release materials that otherwise would not have been compatible with the high-temperature annealing. Several sacrificial release materials, including photoresist, polydimethylsiloxane, mounting adhesive, and liquid wax, are investigated and characterized for suitability in the transfer process. Considering compatibility with the biodissolvable needle attachment, a liquid wax is identified to be an effective material because of its strong adhesion to relevant surfaces, its ability to be spin coated, and its dissolvability in isopropyl alcohol.
How Should We Think About the Role of the Brain in Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes

Although the brain is clearly capable of affecting blood glucose levels, whether such effects are important in day-to-day blood glucose control remains a matter of controversy. In this Perspective, we update and expand on a previously described brain-centric model of glucose homeostasis (1), highlighting recent evidence of the brain’s capacity to influence the biologically defended level of circulating glucose in part through rapid and highly coordinated adjustments of both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion. We also discuss the possibility that dysfunction of this brain-centric system contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by raising the defended level of glycemia. Finally, we discuss the implications of these concepts for the future of diabetes treatment. Traditionally, the interaction between pancreatic islets and insulin-sensitive tissues has been deemed sufficient to explain most aspects of glucose homeostasis. Whether the brain participates in the physiological control of circulating glucose levels therefore remains a matter of controversy, and the possibility that a dysfunctional central control system contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetes is only beginning to be explored. The overarching goal of this Perspective is to synthesize work from our laboratory and elsewhere that highlights recent progress and identifies emerging research and therapeutic opportunities in these areas. There is little question about the brain’s ability to influence key determinants of glucose homeostasis (e.g., rates of glucose production or utilization) in response to input from humoral signals, including glucose (2–4) and other nutrients (e.g., amino acids [5] or free fatty acids [6,7]), and nutritionally relevant hormones (e.g., insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and GLP-1 [8–10]). What remains uncertain is the extent to which such effects participate in day-to-day glucoregulation. Studies that use loss-of-function strategies (e.g., targeted gene deletion, receptor blockade, enzyme inhibitors, etc.) are perhaps most …