cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The founder chief executive officer: A review of current insights and directions for future research

Research Question/Issue From its inception in the late 1980s and early 1990s, founder‐chief executive officer (CEO) research has garnered significant scholarly attention in the strategy and entrepreneurship disciplines, although other fields—such as economics, finance, and family business—have also generated substantial research insight on this topic. Despite this progress, a limited consensus exists on the influence of the founder CEO owing to the fragmented nature of extant research. In this review, we address this fragmentation by reviewing current literature, synthesizing the discipline‐specific findings into an integrated framework, and highlighting promising directions for future founder‐CEO research. Research Findings/Insights Using a cross‐disciplinary review of founder‐CEO research based on 221 articles from 24 academic journals, we synthesize current research and provide directions for future research. Our framework organizes current research on the founder CEO into three broad themes. First, we review and synthesize scholarly work on factors related to the founder CEO during the nascent years of the firm. In the second theme, we review research that explores the impact of the founder CEO on strategic choices and firm configurations. In the third theme, we review the performance consequences of the founder CEO. Theoretical/Academic Implications This review advances research on the founder CEO by taking stock of insights from various disciplines, highlighting advancements made, and suggesting promising directions for future research on founder CEOs. Additionally, a critical evaluation of current methodological approaches provides opportunities for strengthening the rigor of scholarly inquiry in this area. Practitioner/Policy Implications This review provides corporate governance scholars and policymakers with a current, multidisciplinary summary of research findings on founder CEOs and their impact on the firm across various stages of the organizational life cycle.
Giant Lumbar Pseudomeningocele Compression Mimicking Stroke and Seizure

Acute awareness impairment, confusion, or other neurologic symptoms occurring in supine position should raise the possibility of transient intracranial hypertension, notably through the compression of a possible pseudomeningocele.
Multicenter Analysis of Genomically Targeted Single Patient Use Requests for Pediatric Neoplasms

PURPOSEThe US Food and Drug Administration–expanded access program (EAP) uses a single patient use (SPU) mechanism to provide patient access to investigational agents in situations where no satisfa...
Introducing the Special Issue on Nursing Home Social Services Research.

Dear Readers,I am pleased to introduce this special issue that features research from the 2019 National Nursing Home Social Services Directors Study. I am so proud of my colleagues’ work in this ar...
Spin–orbit torques of an in-plane magnetized system modulated by the spin transport in the ferromagnetic Co layer

Spin–orbit torque (SOT) magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM) devices have been proposed for energy efficient memory and computing applications. New classes of materials such as antiferromagnets, topological insulators, and semimetals can generate spins with unconventional polarization and improve the efficiency of field-free SOT switching. In this work, we report significant changes in SOTs due to a Co thin film inserted in the Pt/Co/Mg/CoFeB heterostructures. Remarkably, the damping-like effective field has been enhanced by 7.4 times after inserting a thin Co layer with weak perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA), while the field-like effective field is reduced to near zero value. Independent characterizations were performed to verify the presence of the changes in SOTs following spin modulation by the Co insertion layer. In addition, we found that the dynamic spin pumping coupling between Pt/Co with weak PMA and the in-plane CoFeB could significantly modulate the effective SOTs in the heterostructure, and this effect is dependent on the thickness of the spacer Mg through long-range spin-wave mediated coupling. Our work has experimentally demonstrated a new avenue to modulate SOTs with physically sputtered metal layers, and this finding is promising to enable flexible and efficient spin polarizations for MRAM devices.
Chapter 15 Culture of Meiotic Cells for Biochemical Studies1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the culture of meiotic cells for biochemical studies.. Meiotic cells of certain liliaceous plants can be cultured in vitro through the meiotic cycle. Such cultures provide the opportunity to conduct a variety of physiological experiments that might otherwise be impossible. The cultures are free of viable somatic contaminants and, at the time of their explanation, the cells are developing synchronously. The synchrony persists sufficiently long in vitro to permit biochemical studies of specific meiotic stages. Thus far, no other group of organisms has proved to be useful as a source of meiotic cells that lend themselves to the kinds of experimental manipulations found possible with some lilies. The desirability of extending the technique of meiotic cell culture to animal organisms is self-evident, but the methods used for lily cells are probably inappropriate for gonadal tissues of animals. Many liliaceous plants have very large anthers that contain sufficient amounts of meiotic cells (“microsporocytes”) to permit conventional biochemical analyses. The chapter presents a survey on the examination on different plants besides lily (tulip, iris, Trillium ), as well as a number of lily species that were found to be of marginal value.
Retrotransposition in Yeast

The Ty elements of yeast are repetitive chromosomal elements capable of transposition, a nonhomologous recombination event that leads to insertion of an element at a new chromosomal site. The structure of Ty elements is similar to that of the endogenous proviruses found in vertebrates (Clare and Farabaugh, 1985; Mount and Rubin, 1985). Each element contains a large central portion of approximately 5.2 kilobases flanked by direct repeats of about 330 base pairs (bp) called 5 or long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences (Fig. 1). Ty elements are repeated about 30–40 times per haploid genome and are found in variable chromosomal locations in different strains.
Impact of yeast on the aroma and flavour of Oregon Pinot Noir wine

Background and Aims: The impact of yeast strain and species on the aroma and flavour of Pinot Noir wine was investigated using grapes treated with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to inactivate naturally occurring yeast and bacteria. Methods and Results: Pinot Noir grapes were treated by HHP resulting in inactivation of all viable yeast and bacterial cells. Grapes were then inoculated with either Saccharomyces cerevisiae RC212, Assmanshausen (AMH), MERIT.ferm, S. cerevisiae bayanus EC1118, or a blend of MERIT.ferm and Kluyveromyces thermotolerans (SYMPHONY). Descriptive analysis of wines revealed significant differences in overall fruity, red fruit, dark fruit, and jammy/cooked aromas. Principle component analysis showed wines produced by EC1118 and RC212 were characterized by higher dark fruit and jammy aromas while MERIT.ferm produced wine characterized by red fruit and floral aromas. Wines produced from AMH and SYMPHONY trended towards higher overall aged aromas and lower fruity and floral aromas. Conclusions: Yeast strain significantly impacted Oregon Pinot Noir wine aroma with some yeast strains producing wines with increased red and dark fruit aromas while others had reduced fruity aromas and higher aged aromas. Growth of Kluyveromyces thermotolerans during the early stages of fermentation resulted in a decrease in red fruity aromas. Significance of Study: Use of HHP in combination with sterile micro-fermentors allowed the impact of specific yeast on Pinot Noir aroma and flavor to be investigated. Differences in fruity aromas between Pinot Noir wines fermented by different yeast, including a non-Saccharomyces yeast, suggest that yeast strain and species can have a significant impact on Pinot Noir aroma.
Effect of vitamin D on the intestinal absorption of 203Pb and 47Ca in chicks.

The transfer of 203Pb and/or 47Ca across the intestinal epithelium of the chick was investigated, with emphasis given to the functional role of cholecalciferol (vitamin D-3). 203Pb, after introduction in the intestinal lumen, is rapidly accumulated by the intestinal tissue, and only a fraction of 203Pb is translocated parenterally (absorbed). Cholecalciferol did not significantly affect the accumulation of 203Pb by intestinal tissue but did accelerate 203Pb movement across the basal-lateral membrane. In contrast, cholecalciferol both decreased 47Ca tissue levels and increased 47Ca absorption. In rachitic chicks, the rate of absorption of 203Pb was greater in the distal than in the proximal segments of the intestine; after cholecalciferol repletion, the degree of absorption in al segments was similar, indicting the order of cholecalciferol effectiveness as duodenum greater than or equal to jejunum greater than ileum. An acute dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 to rachitic chicks also enhanced both 203Pb and 47Ca absorption, but the time course and pattern of absorption of these metal cations differed. The time at which the absorption of 203Pb peaked and returned to base-line occurred sooner than for 47Ca. Also the back-flux (blood leads to intestinal lumen) of 47Ca was enhanced by cholecalciferol, whereas no effect on the back-fluxmore » of 203Pb was noted. These studies show that cholecalciferol and 1,25(OH)2D3 affects both the 203Pb and 47Ca absorptive processes, but the nature of these responses are not identical, suggesting differences in the transport path or the macromolecular interactions of these metal ions during the course of absorption, or both.« less
International Industrial Marketing Interactions

Abstract Increasingly, business leaders have come to realize that corporate competitiveness is often contingent on a firm's ability to develop strategic exchange relationships and alliances. Because of recent changes in international economic and business environments, nowhere is the need for these relationships and alliances greater than in the global arena. In this article, the authors review and conceptualize the area of international industrial marketing interactions. First, a summary of the costs, benefits, and hazards associated with international industrial alliances is presented. Next, using open systems theory, the authors discuss the changes taking place in international industrial marketing relationships. Then, the current global business environment is discussed with an emphasis on the additional complexities created when firms must interact, not only with other firms and industries, but also with a variety of governmental entities. Finally, these issues are examined in the context of international dyadic and network interactions.
Bayesian Reconstruction of Functional Images Using Registered Anatomical Images as Priors

We propose a Bayesian method whereby MAP estimates of functional (PET and SPECT) images may be reconstructed with the aid of prior information derived from registered anatomical (CT and MRI) images of the same slice. Our prior information consists of significant anatomical boundaries that are likely to correspond to discontinuities in an otherwise spatially smooth radionuclide distribution. Our algorithm, like others proposed recently, seeks smooth solutions with occasional discontinuities; the contribution here is the inclusion of a coupling term that influences the creation of discontinuities in the vicinity of the significant anatomical boundaries. Simulations on anatomically derived mathematical phantoms are presented. The reconstructions are greatly improved when the prior information is used.
Effects of water discharge on fledging time, growth, and survival of piping plovers on the Missouri River†

River flow management and modification is a global issue, and its effects on river-dependent organisms are pervasive. Flow modification can directly affect avian species through mortality or habitat loss, but less is known about indirect and sublethal effects of flow modification on reproductive output in these species. Young birds are more vulnerable to predation between hatching and fledging than after flight is achieved, but tradeoffs must be made to balance growth and survival. Predation pressure appears to be a significant factor affecting the time to fledging in altricial birds, but less is known about this threat for precocial birds. Birds reaching fledging earlier should have greater rates of survival to migration because their predator escape repertoire includes flight at an earlier age. We evaluated the effect of varying outflows from the Gavins Point Dam on the growth, age at fledging, and survival of piping plover (Charadrius melodus) chicks on the Missouri River (2006–2009). The study was characterized by 2 relatively high flow years (2006 and 2009) and 2 relatively low flow years (2007 and 2008). We used success rate in recapturing chicks in capture–mark–recapture models as an index for fledging. We attempted to recapture all chicks (n = 1,099) by hand every 3–4 days throughout the season to acquire morphological measurements. Models indicated that as flows from the dam increased, age at fledging increased. We also found that increasing flows were associated with decreasing daily survival rates (βflow = −2.401, 95% CI: −4.351 to −0.452). Flow was also negatively related to chick mass gain, but we found less evidence for an effect on wing-chord length. Increased flows covered wet-substrate foraging habitat, and likely affected plover reproductive output directly through chick survival and indirectly through decreased growth and increased fledging times. © The Wildlife Society, 2013
Irrigation Agriculture and Soil Research in the United States

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses irrigation agriculture and soil research in the United States. The irrigated area in the 17 western states is over 21 million acres, with half of the total concentrated in three states. Irrigated crop production makes a big contribution to the total food supply of the country. Sixty percent of the nation's sugar crops is grown under irrigation. The period since the turn of the century has witnessed the greatest irrigation engineering development of all time, the construction of tremendous dams and storage reservoirs by the Bureau of Reclamation, often at great distances from the land to be irrigated. A great deal of research in the United States has been focused on the many phases of the broad problem of soil permeability and drainage. Methods have been developed for characterizing the permeability of soil profiles and of the underlying strata. Intensive studies have been made of problem areas. Chemical, physical, biological, and engineering techniques have been used in characterizing and improving soil permeability, and in working out methods and systems for drainage. Other broad fields of research that have contributed greatly to the understanding and management of irrigated soils are the crystalline nature of clays, the different types of clay minerals, and the physical effects of different cations held on the exchange complex.
Identification of active sites in CO oxidation and water-gas shift over supported Pt catalysts

Identification and characterization of catalytic active sites are the prerequisites for an atomic-level understanding of the catalytic mechanism and rational design of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts. Indirect evidence in recent reports suggests that platinum (Pt) single atoms are exceptionally active catalytic sites. We demonstrate that infrared spectroscopy can be a fast and convenient characterization method with which to directly distinguish and quantify Pt single atoms from nanoparticles. In addition, we directly observe that only Pt nanoparticles show activity for carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation and water-gas shift at low temperatures, whereas Pt single atoms behave as spectators. The lack of catalytic activity of Pt single atoms can be partly attributed to the strong binding of CO molecules.
When Freedom Isn't Free: The Costs of Judicial Independence in Bush v. Gore

In an earlier article, Two Concepts of Judicial Independence, 72 So. Cal. L. Rev. 535 (1999), I developed a taxonomy of meanings for the idea of "judicial independence" that draws on Sir Isaiah Berlin's distinction between negative and positive concepts of liberty. The constraints on judicial action range along a rough continuum ? from those that raise concerns even under an exclusively negative conception of judicial independence, such as freedom from physical intimidation or freedom from direct pecuniary consequences, to those that pose problems only under an extremely robust positive conception, such as freedom from review by higher courts, freedom to ignore precedents, and freedom to pursue a conception of the good or the just that flies in the face of enacted statutes. In this essay, prepared for a symposium at Ohio State, I apply that framework to the litigation surrounding the presidential election of 2000. I show how that litigation implicated a number of aspects of judicial independence. With respect to the justices of the Florida Supreme Court, I discuss questions such as the effect of their status as popularly elected officials, the peculiar relationship among the branches of government in presidential election cases, and their position within the judicial hierarchy. With respect to the members of the United States Supreme Court, I discuss the implications for judicial independence of potential personal stakes in the outcome of the litigation; individual Justices' desire to influence the future composition of the Court; and the Court's freedom from direct political control. Finally, I discuss the ways in which the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Bush v. Gore reflects two particularly assertive and troubling assertions of judicial independence. First, the Court saw itself as free to determine the meaning of Florida law for itself, without regard to the views of the Florida Supreme Court. Second, the per curiam opinion asserted the Court's freedom from the pervasive constraints on an individual judge's ability to pursue her own ends that precedent and stare decisis normally impose. The litigation surrounding the presidential election of 2000 illustrates a central point about judicial independence: we need to ask quite carefully what constraints judges ought to be free from, and what constraints judges ought to be bound by. In the end, judicial independence is not a single concept, but a constellation of different sorts of autonomy. Not every assertion of judicial autonomy is equally justifiable. Particularly when courts adopt aggressively independent stances, we must measure assertions of judicial autonomy against the competing claims of other actors within our system of democratic self-government.
Utility of microbiological testing of thoracic lymph nodes sampled by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) in patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) represents a minimally invasive technique to sample peribronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes for diagnosis of cancer, lymphoma, or sarcoidosis. However, the value of EBUS-TBNA in diagnosis of respiratory infections has not been well explored. Here, microbiologic testing data for EBUS-TBNA samples collected from 82 patients over a 30-month period were retrospectively reviewed. No organisms were identified on Gram, acid-fast, or fungal stains. Bacterial cultures were positive in 52% of samples; however, all but 1 culture were considered contaminants. Mycobacterial cultures yielded Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare not identified in a concurrent bronchoalveolar lavage sample in 1 patient. Fungal cultures were negative. Overall, routine microbiologic tests on EBUS-TBNA samples do not appear sufficiently sensitive to rule out infectious causes of adenopathy. High clinical suspicion for infection may require modification of sampling techniques or more sensitive detection methods.
Developmental decisions in Aspergillus nidulans are modulated by Ras activity.

Abstract To better understand how Ras controls development of multicellular organisms, we have chosen Aspergillus nidulans as a model system. When grown on solid medium, this fungus follows a well-defined program of development, sequentially giving rise to several cell types which produce three distinct structures: vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae, and the conidiophore structure. Here we describe a ras homolog found in this fungus (Aras) and demonstrate that it is an essential gene that regulates the ordered program of development. We created dominant alleles of this gene and expressed them to different levels in order to vary the ratio of GTP-bound (active) to GDP-bound (inactive) A-Ras protein. When the amount of active Ras is large, nuclear division proceeds, but further development is inhibited at the early step of germ tube formation. At an intermediate level of active Ras, aerial hypha formation is inhibited, while at a low level, conidiophore formation is inhibited. Maintenance of an even lower level of the active Ras is essential for initiation and progression of conidiophore formation, the final stage of development. When the level of active Ras is artificially lowered, each stage of development is initiated prematurely except germination, the initial stage of development. Therefore, the progression of the ordered developmental pathway of A. nidulans is dependent upon an initial high level of active Ras followed by its gradual decrease. We propose that several concentration threshold exist, each of which allows development to proceed to a certain point, producing the proper cell type while inhibiting further development.
Integrating quality and quantity of mutualistic service to contrast ant species protecting Ferocactus wislizeni.

Generalized, facultative mutualisms are often characterized by great variation in the benefits provided by different partner species. This variation may be due to differences among species in the quality and quantity of their interactions, as well as their phenology. Many plant species produce extrafloral nectar, a carbohydrate-rich resource, to attract ant species that can act as ''bodyguards'' against a plant's natural enemies. Here, we explore differences in the quality and quantity of protective service that ants can provide a plant by contrasting the four most common ant visitors to Ferocactus wislizeni, an extrafloral nectary- bearing cactus in southern Arizona. The four species differ in abundance when tending plants, and in the frequency at which they visit plants. By adding surrogate herbivores (Manduca sexta caterpillars) to plants, we demonstrate that all four species recruit to and attack potential herbivores. However, their per capita effectiveness in deterring herbivores (measured as the inverse of the number of workers needed to remove half of the experimentally added caterpillars) differs. Using these among-species differences in quality (per capita effectiveness) and quantity (number of workers that visit a plant and frequency of visitation), we accurately predicted the variation in fruit production among plants with different histories of ant tending. We found that plant benefits (herbivore removal and maturation of buds and fruits) typically saturated at high levels of ant protection, although plants could be ''well defended'' via different combinations of interaction frequency, numbers of ant workers per interaction, and per capita effects. Our study documents variation among prospective mutualists, distinguishes the components of this variation, and integrates these components into a predictive measure of protection benefit to the plant. The method we used to average saturating benefits over time could prove useful for quantifying overall service in other mutualisms.
Scattering of optical surface waves by a covered groove

The reflection and mode conversion behavior is considered for both TE0 and TM0 modes at a covered groove, which is cut in the substrate surface and covered by a thin film. With a numerical example, the scattering behavior of covered and surface grooves is presented here. It is found that a covered groove produces much less radiation loss than a surface groove of the same shape. Therefore, it is preferable as a reflector element in applications which require minimum mode conversion loss. On the other hand, surface grooves are preferable for grating couplers as they provide stronger coupling from surface to space waves as observed in this study.
Effects of gender and ethnicity on outcomes after aortic valve replacement

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes after aortic valve replacement or aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting in a large contemporary population, and to determine if outcomes are associated with patient ethnicity and gender status. Methods Using the Massachusetts Cardiac Surgery Database, we identified 6809 adults aged 18 years or older who had undergone isolated aortic valve replacement or aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting in all non-federal acute-care Massachusetts hospitals from 2002 to 2008. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify differences in patient characteristics, major morbidity, and 30-day and 1-year mortality between men (n = 4043) and women (n = 2766) and between whites (n = 6481) and nonwhites (n = 328). Results The unadjusted 30-day mortality rate was 2.6% for the men and 3.1% for the women ( P = .296) and 2.8% for whites and 3.7% for nonwhites ( P = .342). In adjusted logistic regression models, the 30-day mortality was not different between the female and male patients (odds ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.26–3.02, P = .84) nor between the nonwhites and whites (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.45–5.44; P = .48). The incidence of postoperative stroke was greater in women (3.0% women and 2.2% men, P = .031), and the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction (10.9% women and 13.6% men; P = .001) and septicemia (1.2% women and 2.0% men; P = .009) was greater in men. Conclusions Ethnicity and gender were not associated with greater 30-day and 1-year mortality after aortic valve replacement or aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. Differences in postoperative outcomes were not observed between ethnic groups.
Comment of gauged WZW theory

Abstract We relate string theory on SL(2, R )/SO(2), which was recently shown to describe a two-dimensional euclidean black hole, to the standard two-dimensional non-critical string theory, and discuss the spectrum and interactions in the model.
High-Fidelity Simulation Enhances Learning During a Third Year Medical Student Pediatric Clerkship

This paper outlines the integration of four weekly one-hour simulations into a pediatric clerkship. Student knowledge increased 71±16% pretest to 90±9% posttest (p<0.001); self-assessed skills performance improved, and students were more likely to accept presence of family in an emergency situation (p < 0.001) after participating in the study.
Ideology, Role Orientations, and Behavior in the State Courts of Last Resort:

Judicial role theory holds that variance in judges' perceptions of their decisional roles is related to variance in decision making indirectly, by determining the degree to which judges permit their political attitudes and policy preferences to influence their votes. Judicial "activists" are thus presumed to be more overtly ideological in their decisions than "restraintists." This study tests judicial role theory against attitudinal and behavioral data for a national sample of state supreme court justices. As hypothesized, judicial activists are shown to be more ideological than their restraintist counterparts. The findings suggest that judicial role orientation is an important element of any comprehensive theory of judicial behavior.
Unpaired extinction: Implications for treating post-traumatic stress disorder

Extinction of fear is important for treating stress-related conditions particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although traditional extinction presents the feared stimulus by itself, there is evidence from both clinical and basic research that repeatedly presenting the feared stimulus by itself does not prevent fear from returning. This renewal or relapse can be "thwarted" by unpaired extinction-presentations of the feared stimulus and the event producing the fear. However, no matter how effective standard unpaired extinction may be in the laboratory, repeated presentation of a traumatic event is untenable. To make an unpaired extinction procedure more clinically relevant, we classically conditioned the rabbit nictitating membrane response using electrical stimulation or air puff as the unconditioned stimulus and then during unpaired extinction reduced both the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus and the days of unpaired stimulus presentations. We found unpaired extinction reduced conditioned and exaggerated unconditioned responding (an animal analog of PTSD called conditioning-specific reflex modification) and could be accomplished with a weak unconditioned stimulus as long as extended presentations were used. Surprisingly, brief presentations of a weak unconditioned stimulus or extended presentations of a strong one made the exaggerated responses stronger. One implication is that brief treatment may not just be ineffectual; it may heighten the symptoms of PTSD. Another implication is that using strong stimuli may also heighten those symptoms.
Feeding Time and Body Temperature Interactions in Broiler Breeders

Abstract Four groups of 70-wk-old broiler breeder females were fed once daily at 0600, 1000, 1400, and 1800 h to determine the effect of feeding time and eating on body temperature. The photoperiod was from 0430 to 1930 h. Four floor pens of 30 hens each were assigned per feeding time. Following a 9-day adjustment period, body temperature was determined, in series, by rectal probe of 5 birds/pen at 7 and 3 h prefeeding and 1, 5, 9, and 13 h postfeeding. Body temperature was increased .5 C at 1 h postfeeding in all groups and at 5 h postfeeding in the 0600-h fed group. The rate of feed consumption was fastest with afternoon feeding. Four 1-yr-old broiler breeder males were implanted with an FM radio transmitter for monitoring body temperature and housed in an environmental control chamber. Body temperature was monitored when the birds were fed at 0600, 1000, 1400, and 1800 h. The chamber temperature cycled from 22.2 to 33.3 C (22.2 C: 2200 to 0800 h; 33.3 C: 1200 to 1600 h; 27.8 C: 0800 to 1200 h and 1600 to 2200 h). Lights were on from 0430 to 1930 h. Body temperature changes were also monitored under constant temperature (27.8 C) and light for birds fed ad libitum or at 1000 h. Body temperature increased as much as 1.5 C following feeding and reached a maximum at 5, 4, 3, and 2 h postfeeding at feeding times of 0600, 1000, 1400, and 1800 h, respectively. Males unable to feed displayed a significantly increased body temperature when they observed other birds eating. A specific body temperature response to feeding activity was observed only when males were fed once daily under constant environment.
Phylogeny and Evolutionary Ecology of Modern Seaducks (Anatidae: Mergini)

Phylogenetic relationships of modem seaducks (Mergini) were investigated using a cladistic analysis of 137 morphological characters. The analysis produced a single tree (consistency index = 0.692, excluding autapomorphies) with complete resolution of the relationships among the 25 taxa recognized. Phylogenetic inferences include: (1) the eiders (Polysticta and Somateria) constitute a monophyletic group and are the sister-group of other Mergini; (2) the remaining generic groups of Mergini, sequenced in order of increasingly close relationship, are Histrionicus, Melanitta + Camptorhynchus, Clangula, Bucephala + Mergellus, Lophodytes, and Mergus; (3) Somateria is monophyletic with S. ficheri the sister group of its congeners; (4) the black scoters (Melanitta nigra-group) are the sister-group of other scoters; (5) the Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola) is the sister-group of the goldeneyes (B. clangula and B. islandica); and (6) relationships among mergansers are as presented by Livezey (1989). Bootstrapping revealed that the placement of the Smew as the sister-group of the goldeneyes is only weakly supported, and ancillary analyses revealed that this placement is only one step shorter than its reduction to a trichotomy with the goldeneyes and mergansers (including Lophodytes). A phylogenetic classification of modem seaducks is presented. The Harlequin Duck (H. histrionicus), Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), and Steller's Eider (Polysticta stelleri) are highly autapomorphic. Evolutionary patterns of selected ecomorphological characteristics-including body mass, sexual size dimorphism, clutch size, relative clutch mass, nest site, diet, diving method, formation of creches, and biogeography-are examined with respect to the phylogenetic hypothesis
Body size influences mating success of the Eucalyptus longhorned borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Both sexes of adultPhoracantha semipunctata F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) congregate on stressedEucalyptus that are the larval hosts. In a field study, 721 adultP. semipunctata captured on host trees varied considerably in body size with the largest individuals being about twice the length of the smallest. Females that were paired with a mate were similar in size to solitary females, suggesting that the probability of a female being mated was not affected by her size. However, large males had greater success than smaller males in obtaining mates. MaleP. semipunctata rely on antennal contact to locate and identify females on the larval host. Therefore, the rate at which males search for mates is a function of the area swept by their antennae per unit time. Because of their greater antennal spread, large males were able to search for females at double the rate of the smallest males. Large males also dominated in aggressive contests for females. The superior abilities of large maleP. semipunctata in both locating and defending mates account for the influence of body size on mating success.
The Kras Mutational Spectra of Chemically Induced Lung Tumors in Different Inbred Mice Mimics the Spectra of KRAS Mutations in Adenocarcinomas in Smokers versus Nonsmokers

Background Human lung cancer patients exhibit different KRAS mutations depending on smoking status. In a mouse model of human cancer, A/J and BALB/cBy mice treated with the tobacco carcinogen, 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA), followed by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-elicited chronic inflammation develop a high multiplicity of lung tumors. Methods DNA was isolated from MCA-induced lung tumors in A/J and BALB/cByJ mice. Kras codon 12 sequences from these tumors were compared to those in human lung tumors from smokers and never-smokers. Results The distribution of Kras codon 12 mutations in MCA-induced A/J lung tumors is strikingly similar to those found in adenocarcinomas from human smokers. In contrast, codon 12 mutations in BALB/cBy mice contain predominantly G → D mutations, which is the most common mutation in never smokers. Conclusions A single lung carcinogen induces different tumor initiating mutations in different strains of mice. This may be useful for investigating the role of specific KRAS mutations in adenocarcinoma pathogenesis in smokers versus never smokers, identifying mechanisms that select for certain KRAS mutations and developing new drugs that specifically target cells with different KRAS mutations.
Melanopsin and Mechanisms of Non-visual Ocular Photoreception

In addition to rods and cones, the mammalian eye contains a third class of photoreceptor, the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC). ipRGCs are heterogeneous irradiance-encoding neurons that primarily project to non-visual areas of the brain. Characteristics of ipRGC light responses differ significantly from those of rod and cone responses, including depolarization to light, slow on- and off-latencies, and relatively low light sensitivity. All ipRGCs use melanopsin (Opn4) as their photopigment. Melanopsin resembles invertebrate rhabdomeric photopigments more than vertebrate ciliary pigments and uses a Gq signaling pathway, in contrast to the Gt pathway used by rods and cones. ipRGCs can recycle chromophore in the absence of the retinal pigment epithelium and are highly resistant to vitamin A depletion. This suggests that melanopsin employs a bistable sequential photon absorption mechanism typical of rhabdomeric opsins.
Coming of Age: The College Market and the Gaming Entertainment Industry

This study found attractive subsegments for the gaming entertainment industry within the college market. College students most inclined to travel in the future were also most receptive to gaming as a leisure pursuit. The study found positive attitudes towards pursuing gaming as a leisure pursuit among respondents within four years, either way, of the study area's legal age limit for gambling. Peer influence was determined to be very strong and family influence increased as the segment aged. Males preferred card games while females preferred slot machines with an interest in related non-gambling activities.
Forced convection inside metal foam: Simulation over a long domain and analytical validation

In this paper a long domain, made up of numerous idealized geometrical cells in the flow direction, is used to numerically simulate heat transfer in the foam. The idealized cells mimic the complex morphology of open-cell solid foam. The large number of cells avoided periodicity issues and ensured minimal or no size and entrance effects. The conjugate laminar flow and energy equations are solved directly at the pore level; and the temperature fields are obtained for various approach velocities using a commercial numerical package. The details of the geometrical modeling and simulation are given in this paper. The commercial foam that was simulated had 20 pores per inch and porosity of 91.5%. The simulation showed a thermal development region. To validate the simulation, direct comparisons to analytical local fluid temperatures from the solution of volume-average two-equation model in the thermally fully-developed region were also carried out. Good agreement between the simulation and analytical results were obtained. The results are encouraging and lend confidence to the geometrical modeling and simulation approach.
Maximizing an economic recession through strategic organizational repositioning

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the possibilities for strategically and politically repositioning a library, despite economic hardships, for stronger relations with administration, local government, and user communities.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a case study of Murray State University Libraries' efforts to seize the current recession to conduct capital construction planning, donor development, and political positioning for a new library facility. Additionally, the case study details some of the activities undertaken during the recession to implement a pay‐per‐view journal article process and value‐added reference services.Findings – This case study finds that strategically repositioning a library with administration, local government, or the user community can be undertaken on either larger or smaller scales, depending on the particular circumstances in which a library operates.Originality/value – While the literature is rife with papers urging libraries and ...
Phase retrieval from Fourier magnitude and several initial time samples using Newton's formulae

The problem of reconstructing a discrete-time one-dimensional (1-D) signal from its discrete Fourier transform magnitude and several initial time samples arises in ARMA system identification problems in which the system is driven by white Gaussian noise and has a known additive MA component. Its solution requires testing all possible zero configurations to find the one yielding the known signal values. We show how Newton's formulae may be used to reduce the number of configurations that must be tested by transforming the given problem into one with a specified endpoint and with zeros farther away from the unit circle.
Linear elasticity theory of pentagonal quasicrystals

Presentation de solutions generales aux equations elastiques lineaires inhomogenes pour des quasi-cristaux pentagonaux. Ces equations sont celles obtenues en minimisant l'energie elastique harmonique qui inclut un couplage entre les variables de deplacement et les phasons. Presentation des solutions en termes de fonctions de Green
Elucidating the Mechanics of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a key metabolic pathway that plays a central role in the delivery of nutrients and drug carriers into cells. In this work, we model the interactions of lipid membranes with different types of protein scaffolds and active forces to provide mechanistic insights into CME. We simulate the effect of different proteins on the local stress state of the membrane and discuss it's relevance in the context of vesicle formation and scission. We model the impact of resting tension in a cell and discuss its consequences on the minimal protein machinery needed to complete the process. We present some unexpected shape transitions undergone by lipid vesicles generated from membrane-protein interactions. Based on our quantitative model and findings, we highlight the physical principles that unify CME in apparently distinct yeast and mammalian cells.
Langmuir−Schaefer (LS) Macroinitiator Film Control on the Grafting of a Thermosensitive Polymer Brush via Surface Initiated-ATRP

A novel surface modification based on the Langmuir−Schaefer (LS) monolayer technique was utilized for controlled surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of polymer brushes. The fabrication of these films was prepared by spreading an insoluble monolayer of an amphiphilic macroinitiator, poly(styrene-copolymer-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-2-bromoisobutyryl bromide) (p(St-co-HeBiB)), capable of initiating the ATRP polymerization of n-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). During the LS monolayer deposition, the surface pressure was varied in order to probe its effect on the initiator distribution and subsequent grafting density and thickness. The surface-bound macroinitiator ranged from a loosely (low surface pressure) to a densely (high surface pressure) crowded initiation sites on a monolayer. Increasing LS macroinitiator film thicknesses were observed with deposition at increasing surface pressures, i.e. 5, 15, 20, 30, and 50 mN/m using ellipsometry. However, based on the XPS data, there was a...
Inhomogeneous distribution of egg RNA sequences in the early embryo

Abstract The sequence complexity of total RNA from separated blastomeres of 16-cell sea urchin embryos was assayed by RNA excess hybridization using a single-copy DNA probe (+egg DNA) for those egg RNA sequences that are transcribed from single-copy DNA. RNA from whole 16-cell embryos, from gastrulae, and from pooled mesomeres and macromeres reacted with +egg DNA to 90% of the extent of the egg RNA/+egg DNA reaction. Total RNA from micromeres, however, reacted only to 67–80% of the extent of hybridization shown by 16-cell embryo RNA, gastrula RNA or meso-macromere RNA with +egg DNA. The same results were obtained with RNA from blastomeres or whole embryos developing under a transcription block imposed by actinomycin D. Hybridization of blastomere RNAs to a single-copy DNA probe not homologous to egg RNA sequences (−egg DNA) showed, as do the data on complexity of RNA from embryos grown in actinomycin D, that participation of newly synthesized or nuclear RNA was quantitatively insignificant in setting saturation levels observed in the blastomere RNA/+egg DNA hybridizations. These data therefore indicate that at the 16-cell stage and probably even earlier, there is a large asymmetry of informational RNA sequences between the micromeres and other parts of the embryo. They suggest strongly that the asymmetry resides in RNA which was present in the egg before fertilization-that is, in "maternal" RNA.
The influence of alternative instruction on 6-min walk test distance.

Background The goal of the 6-min walk test (6MWT) is to enable patients to walk “as far as possible” as a measure of their functional ability. The impact of the specific walk instructions on patient 6MWT performance is unknown. Methods Patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and other forms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) were recruited to perform four identical 6MWTs with one differing instructional phrase. The standard instruction to walk “as far as possible” was substituted in random order with “as fast as possible,” “at your normal pace,” or “at a leisurely pace.” Results Twenty-four patients (10 with PAH, eight with IPF, six with other ILD) were enrolled and completed all four 6MWTs. Patients attained the greatest distance with the fast instruction, exceeding the standard instruction distance by a mean of 52.7 m ( P Conclusions Patients do not walk as far as they are able with the standard American Thoracic Society instruction for 6MWT. Changing the wording from “far” to “fast” may facilitate a better effort and greater distance during the test. It is possible that this modified 6MWT instruction may result in improved accuracy and reproducibility, thereby enhancing its clinical and research trial usefulness. Trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov ; No.: NCT01789996; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov
New rules governing synaptic plasticity in core nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons

The nucleus accumbens is a forebrain region responsible for drug reward and goal-directed behaviors. It has long been believed that drugs of abuse exert their addictive properties on behavior by altering the strength of synaptic communication over long periods of time. To date, attempts at understanding the relationship between drugs of abuse and synaptic plasticity have relied on the high-frequency long-term potentiation model of T.V. Bliss & T. Lomo [(1973) Journal of Physiology, 232, 331-356]. We examined synaptic plasticity using spike-timing-dependent plasticity, a stimulation paradigm that reflects more closely the in vivo firing patterns of mouse core nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons and their afferents. In contrast to other brain regions, the same stimulation paradigm evoked bidirectional long-term plasticity. The magnitude of spike-timing-dependent long-term potentiation (tLTP) changed with the delay between action potentials and excitatory post-synaptic potentials, and frequency, whereas that of spike-timing-dependent long-term depression (tLTD) remained unchanged. We showed that tLTP depended on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, whereas tLTD relied on action potentials. Importantly, the intracellular calcium signaling pathways mobilised during tLTP and tLTD were different. Thus, calcium-induced calcium release underlies tLTD but not tLTP. Finally, we found that the firing pattern of a subset of medium spiny neurons was strongly inhibited by dopamine receptor agonists. Surprisingly, these neurons were exclusively associated with tLTP but not with tLTD. Taken together, these data point to the existence of two subgroups of medium spiny neurons with distinct properties, each displaying unique abilities to undergo synaptic plasticity.