cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Socio-Environmental Risks for Untreated Depression Among Formerly Incarcerated Latino Men

To identify the levels of untreated depression and the socio-environmental factors associated with it among formerly incarcerated Latino men (FILM). Cross-sectional survey with 259 FILM ages 18–49 who were released from prison/jail within the prior 5 years. Depression was measured by the brief symptom inventory (BSI). Backward elimination was used to determine the best regression models. 26.9 % of the study sample reported depression. Low familism, residing farther away from family members, low utilization of health and social services, high levels of loneliness and high lifetime and current frequency of alcohol use were also associated with depression. Depression is a major problem among FILM. Addressing untreated depression among FILM must be a public health priority.
Intensity of the hydrogen peroxide v6/b/ band around 1266 cm

Laboratory spectra of the V6(b) band of H2O2 at 1266/cm have been obtained at a resolution of 0.06/cm and at temperatures ranging from 278 to 294 K. A total band intensity of 375 + or - 17 per sq cm per amagat is determined from the spectra. Special techniques to handle the H2O2 samples in a way that minimizes abundance determination errors are discussed.
The future of pediatric nephrology.

The delineation of renal disease in children dates to the 1880s with descriptions of Henoch’s purpura, bladder exstrophy, renal rickets and nephritis. The discipline of pediatric nephrology mainly emerged during the 20th century in response to problems in fluid and electrolyte balance, characterization of the nephrotic syndrome, use of renal biopsy, antibiotic therapy of urinary tract infections, dialysis and transplantation in children, growth problems associated with chronic renal failure, detection and therapy of hypertension, and the creation of both national and international pediatric nephrology societies and a journal now in its 18th year. The development of molecular and cell biology, genetic and genomic techniques and bioinformatics methods underlie many future directions. We should anticipate further elucidation of single gene disorders, of complex trait analysis of disorders, such as diabetic nephropathy and hypertension, the interplay of developmental genes and gene products and interactions within the podocyte. Specific therapies directed against inflammation, vascular damage, cyst development, the ravages of proteinuria and graft rejection (or induction leading to tolerance) will be developed. Stem cell therapies may replace lost renal mass, even of specific nephron sites. Novel therapies will also modulate the cell cycle, tyrosine kinase signaling and apoptosis. In addition, drugs will be specifically tested in children for many renal conditions. Larger and more specialized registries will be developed; epidemiologic studies and exploration of large data sets will lead to clinical guidelines that are evidenced-based. There is a need for more careful measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), proteinuria and cytokines, and a fuller appreciation of the nutritional and hormonal role of the kidney. Finally, the antecedents of adult renal disease and the need to intervene in a proactive fashion will be realized. Despite these impressive advances in care, the greatest challenges will be in providing children with renal disease access to well-trained pediatric nephrologists, especially in Asia (1 billion children), Africa, Central and South America, and in immigrant and refugee populations. Included in this challenge is the capacity to have affordable access to use of contemporary techniques, and effective medications and prevention strategies. The International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA), its journal, and pediatric advocates will need to use their energies to take on these challenges.
Photochemistry and proton transfer reaction chemistry of selected cinnamic acid derivatives in hydrogen bonded environments

Abstract Proton transfer reactions between cinnamic acid derivatives (MH) and ammonia are studied using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer equipped with a supersonic nozzle to entrain neutral species formed by 337 nm laser desorption. The supersonic nozzle is used to form clusters of the type MH(NH3) n where n ranges to numbers greater than 20. Multimeric clusters of MH, e.g. MH2(NH3) n are not detected in this experiment or are of low abundance. Photoexcitation of MH(NH3) n clusters by using 355 nm photons yields ionic species that correspond to direct multiphoton ionization, e.g. MH +· (NH3) n , and proton transfer reactions, e.g. H + (NH3) n . Analogous product ions are formed by photoexcitation of the methylamine, MH(CH 3 NH 2 ) n , and ammonia/methanol, MH(NH 3 )(CH 3 OH) n , clusters. Detailed analysis of energetics data suggests that proton transfer occurs through neutral excited stare species, and a mechanism analogous to one proposed previously is used to rationalize the data. The energetics of proton transfer via a radical cation form of the cinnarnic acid dimer is also consistent with the data. The relevance of this work to fundamental studies of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) is discussed. In particular, the role of excited state proton transfer (ESPT) in MALDI is discussed.
“I'm so mad I could scream:” The effects of anger expression on relational satisfaction and communication competence

Most research on anger has focused on clinical intervention, psychological processes, and physiological effects rather than on how anger expression affects interpersonal relationships. This study investigates how four modes of expression (distributive‐aggression, integrative‐assertion, passive‐aggression, and nonassertive‐denial) are associated with perceptions of relational satisfaction and communiction competence. Results indicate that partner‐perceptions of integrative‐assertive anger expression are positively associated with relational satisfaction. Those viewed as expressing anger through integrative‐assertive means rather than through nonassertive‐denial were evaluated as communicatively competent by their partners. Results also demonstrate that self‐enhancing actor‐observer biases affect relational perceptions connected to anger expression. Both men and women rated themselves higher on communication competence and integrative‐assertion, and lower on nonassertive‐denial, than their partners rated th...
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepatic and perihepatic abscess drainage: an evolving technique

Interventional radiology-guided percutaneous drainage of liver abscesses with concomitant use of antibiotics has been the conventional approach for the treatment of liver abscesses. Hepatic abscesses refractory or not amenable to percutaneous drainage have been treated with surgical drainage, either via laparoscopic or open laparotomy techniques. The aim of this review was to evaluate the technical feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage of liver abscesses. A literature review was performed to identify the studies describing the technique. In this review article we have summarized case series or reports describing EUS-guided liver abscess drainage. The indications, techniques, endoprostheses, limitations and complications reported are discussed. A total of seven cases have been described so far in the literature which included patients with failed conventional treatment modalities. The EUS-guided drainage technique involves puncturing the abscess using endosonography to gain access, passing a guidewire followed by tract dilation and placement of an endoprosthesis for drainage. Studies have reported 100% technical and clinical success rates in selected cases. No complications were reported. EUS-guided drainage of liver abscesses can be a safe and effective alternative approach in the management of liver abscesses in selected patients.
A bridged loop-gap S-band surface resonator for topical EPR spectroscopy.

Abstract The design and structure of a bridged loop–gap surface resonator developed for topical EPR spectroscopy and imaging of the distribution and metabolism of spin labels in in vivo skin is reported. The resonator is a one-loop, one-gap bridged structure. A pivoting single loop-coupling coil was used to couple the microwave power to the loop–gap resonant structure. A symmetric coupling circuit was used to achieve better shielding and minimize radiation. The frequency of the resonator can be easily adjusted by trimming the area of the capacitive foil bridge, which overlaps the gap in the cylindrical loop. The working frequency set was 2.2 GHz and the unloaded Q was 720. The B 1 field of this resonator was measured and spatially mapped by three-dimensional EPR imaging. The resonator is well suited to topical measurements of large biological subjects and is readily applicable for in vivo measurements of free radicals in human skin.
Microorganisms associated with chromosome destruction and reproductive isolation between two insect species

MICROORGANISMS have been implicated in causing cytoplasmic incompatibility in a variety of insect species, including mosquitoes, fruitflies, beetles and wasps1–17. The effect is typically unidirectional: incompatible crosses produce no progeny1–11 or sterile males12–14, whereas the reciprocal crosses produce normal progeny. The parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis is one of the few species in which the cytogenetic mechanism of incompatibility is known. In this species the paternal chromosome set forms a tangled mass in a fertilized egg and is eventually lost16. Here we report that cytoplasmic microorganisms are associated with complete bidirectional incompatibility between N. vitripennis and a closely related sympatric species, N. giraulti. Microorganisms can be seen in the eggs of both species. Hybrid offspring are normally not produced in crosses between the two species, but do occur after elimination of the microorganisms by antibiotic treatment. A cytogenetic and genetic study shows that bidirectional interspecific incompatibility is due to improper condensation of the paternal chromosomes. Microorganism-mediated reproductive isolation is of interest because it could provide a rapid mode of speciation18,19. The mechanism of incompatibility in Nasonia is also of interest as a potential tool for studying chromosome imprinting and chromosome condensation.
Studies on an electrostatic ion-collection methodology

Abstract A 96.5% equilibrated natural thorium ( 232 Th) source has been studied in an ion-collection device. The absolute collection and retention efficiencies for 224 Ra + ions and subsequent progeny are measured. Quantitative determinations concerning the range of 224 Ra + ions in 232 Th are presented, as is similar information concerning the retention of 220 Rn atoms adiabatically implanted into shallow depths of amorphous gold and silicon crystal. These results are intercompared with the predictions of current theoretical formalism: Reasonable agreement is indicated, the comparison being essentially dictated (and limited) by the fact that the theoretical range and straggle are of comparable magnitude.
Mucin production in the middle ear in response to lipopolysaccharides

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the response of middle ear tissue to establish the lowest dose of lipopolysaccharide to induce mucin production in a rat otitis media model.METHODS: Twenty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats' eustachian tubes were obstructed before transtympanic inoculation of the bulla tympanica with 35 μL of Krebs Ringer or 1, 10, 100, or 1000 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide. After 7 days the effusion and a lavage were collected for mucin ELISA measurement, and tissue was collected for histologic evaluation.RESULTS: Mucin secretion was significantly increased in the 100 μg/mL 51.20 ± 13.6 μg/mL (SE) and 1000 μg/mL 69.42 ± 8.57 μg/mL groups when compared with the Krebs Ringer control group 1.84 ± 0.28 μg/mL (P < 0.05). Histologic evaluation shows goblet cell metaplasia and hyperplasia in the middle ear epithelium in the 1000 and 100 μg/mL groups.CONCLUSIONS: The histology and ELISA results suggest that a middle ear effusion is generated with a dose of lipopolysaccharide as low as 100 μg/mL.
Alumina as a Support and Catalyst for the Synthesis of Benzothiazoles in Solvent‐free Condition

Arylbenzothiazole (4) and benzothiazolylcoumarins (5) were prepared by the condensation of 2-aminothiophenol (1) and hydroxybenzaldehydes (2) and 3-ethoxycarbonylcoumarinnin (3), respectively, in solvent-free condition. Of the solid support used, γ-Al2O3 demonstrated the best activity. A linear regression line obtained from correlation between relative formation rate and Hammett constants with slope of 0.653 suggested that this condensation process is less sensitive to the substituents on the phenyl ring due to low efficacy of polarization in the solid state. In general, good yields (>80% yield) were obtained for the formation of 4. Conversely, yields of 5 were poor, because of γ-Al2O3 catalytic decomposition of 3 to form 2 (without P2O5) and coumarin (with P2O5).
Learning Music from Collaboration.

Abstract I draw on two traditions of research: the social psychology of collaborative groups, and the ethnographic study of improvisational performance. I outline a general model of group creativity derived from these traditions. I show how the model can be used to better understand musical competence and performance, and I provide recommendations for how music education can take better advantage of collaboration.
Deployment Experiences of Army Nurse Practitioners

ABSTRACTArmy Nurse Practitioners (NPs) provide immediate and lifesaving care during combat operations. The most recent conflicts of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom have seen an increasing number of NP deployments. The uniqueness of these conflicts has also seen NPs being used in nontraditional roles. This study surveyed 50 Army NPs with deployment experience to explore and elucidate their clinical practices in a combat environment. Over 70% reported seeing greater than 11 patients a day with the top three diagnoses of musculoskeletal/soft tissue (noncombat), spinal pain (mechanical, sciatica), and gastrointestinal complaints. Over 74% reported having a physician available for collaboration, but 50% reported providing independent emergency care and 58% treating life-threatening injuries. The NPs in this study report standard credentialing privileges with most care falling within this realm. However, a few report nontraditional roles such as hospital admitting privileges. This study a...
A standardised approach for the dispersion of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biological media

We describe a comprehensive optimisation study culminating in a standardised and validated approach for the preparation of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticle dispersions in relevant biological media. This study utilises a TiO₂ reference nanomaterial based on a commercially available powder that has been widely examined in both acute and chronic toxicity studies. The dispersion approach as presented here satisfies four key harmonisation requirements not previously addressed: (1) method transferability, based in part on the use of a sonication energy calibration method that allows for power measurement and reporting in a device-independent manner; (2) optimisation of sonication parameters and thorough method validation in terms of particle size distribution, pH, isoelectric point, concentration range and batch variability; (3) minimisation of sonolysis side effects by elimination of organics during sonication and (4) characterisation of nanoparticle agglomeration under various dispersion conditions by use of laser diffraction spectrometry, an in situ size characterisation technique that provides advantages over other techniques more commonly employed within the context of nanotoxicology (e.g. dynamic light scattering). The described procedure yields monomodal, nanoscale, protein-stabilised nanoparticle dispersions in biological media that remain stable for at least 48 h (acute testing timeframe) under typical incubation conditions.
Compactly generated shape

Abstract Recently, S. Mardesic and J. Segal have extended K. Borsuk's theory of shapes to include all compact Hausdorff spaces. In this paper, a method of defining the shape of any Hausdorff space is given. The method involves defining shape in terms of a direct system of shapes of the compact subspaces, and yields a shape consistent with that defined by Mardesic and Segal if the space is compact to begin with. It is shown that for certain types of spaces, such as CW-complexes and locally compact spaces, the set of compact subsets determining the shape can be considerably reduced. Sum and product theorems are proved enabling one to define the sum and product of shapes so that Sh( ΣM a ) = Σ Sh( M a ) and that Sh( ΠM a ) = Π Sh( M a ).
Possible phase-sensitive tests of pairing symmetry in pnictide superconductors.

The discovery of the new class of pnictide superconductors has engendered a controversy about their pairing symmetry, with proposals ranging from an extended $s$ wave or ``${s}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$'' symmetry to nodal or nodeless $d$-wave symmetry to still more exotic order parameters such as $p$ wave. In this Letter, building on the earlier, similar work performed for the cuprates, we propose several phase-sensitive Josephson interferometry experiments, each of which may allow resolution of the issue.
Depression in Long‐Term Care: Contrasting a Disease Model with Attention to Environmental Impact

The preceding review of depression in long-term care (LTC settings recognizes the prevalence of depression in LTC, addresses problems in assessment of depression, and examines empirical literature on the effectiveness of psychotherapy for depression. This commentary expands on the preceding review by focusing on a theoretical understanding of depression and how that understanding can inform treatment recommendations. The basic argument presented is that psychologists could best serve older adults in LTC settings by extending beyond traditional approaches to treatment of individuals who are depressed; psychologists can become good observers of the relationship of environmental factors in LTC to the internal emotional experience of depression, and then help to serve as change agents by collaborating in designing and implementing change in LTC environments. Such a radical shift could improve the quality of life for LTC residents. It also offers the possibility of defining theoretical linkages among external environmental variables, cognitive understanding of them, and emotional experience that could inform depression theory generally.
A new approach for classification of dolphin whistles

This paper presents a novel approach to categorize dolphin whistles into various types. Most accurate methods to identify dolphin whistles are tedious and not robust, especially in the presence of ocean noise. One of the biggest challenges of dolphin whistle extraction is the coexistence of short-time duration wide-band echo clicks with the whistles. In this research a subspace of select orientation parameters of the 2-D Gabor wavelet frames is utilized to enhance or suppress signals by their orientation. The result is a Gabor image that contains a noise free grayscale representation of the fundamental dolphin whistle which is resampled and fed into the Sparse Representation Classifier. The classifier uses the l 1 -norm to select a match. Experimental studies conducted demonstrate: (a) a robust technique based on the Gabor wavelet filters in extracting reliable call patterns, and (b) the superior performance of Sparse Representation Classifier for identifying dolphin whistles by their call type.
Combined image guidance and intraoperative computed tomography in facilitating endoscopic orientation within and around the paranasal sinuses.

BACKGROUND The utility of image guidance (image-guided surgery [IGS]) and intraoperative computed tomography (CT) scanning as a tool for less experienced endoscopic surgeons to aid in localization of paranasal sinus and skull base anatomic structures was evaluated. METHODS Partial endoscopic dissection was performed on cadaver specimens by three fellowship trained rhinologists. Anatomic sites within and around the sinuses were tagged with radio-opaque markers. Otolaryngology residents identified tagged anatomic sites using four successive levels of technology: endoscopy alone (simulating outpatient clinic), endoscopy plus preoperative CT (simulating endoscopic sinus surgery [ESS] without IGS), endoscopy plus IGS registered to preoperative CT (simulating current ESS with IGS), and endoscopy plus IGS registered to real-time intraoperative CT. Responses were graded as follows: consensus rhinologist answer (4 points), close answer without clinically significant difference (3 points), within anatomic region but definite clinical difference (2 points), outside of anatomic region (1 point), no answer (0 points). RESULTS Eleven residents participated. Of 20 specific anatomic sites, IGS-intraoperative CT provided the most accurate anatomic identification at 16 sites. For 8 sites, IGS-intraoperative CT had a significantly higher score than endoscopy alone (p < 0.05; eta2 = 0.29-0.67). For 6 sites, IGS-preoperative CT scan had a significantly higher score than endoscopy alone (p < 0.05; eta2 = 0.30-0.67). All participants found that IGS-intraoperative CT scan made them most comfortable in identifying anatomy. CONCLUSION Combined IGS and intraoperative CT scan technology may be an instructional adjunct for less experienced paranasal sinus surgeons for dissection and evaluation of unfamiliar or distorted anatomy.
A practical synthesis of differentially-protected cis-1,2-cyclopentanedithiols and cis-3,4-pyrrolidinedithiols

A practical method for the synthesis of cis-1,2-cyclopentanedithiols and cis-3,4-pyrrolidinedithiols with differentially protected sulfurs, needed for the design of new metal-chelating ligands, has been developed.
Glycosidases in normal and diseased human muscle

Abstract The activities of p -nitrophenyl- α -fucosidase, p -nitropheny- α -mannosidase and p -nitrophenyl- α -glucosidase in muscles from normal persons and from patients with various muscular and neuromuscular diseases were determined. Increased activities of these enzymes were found only in the severely deranged muscles resulting from multiplicity of disease states.
Elastic Net Regression Modeling With the Orthant Normal Prior

The elastic net procedure is a form of regularized optimization for linear regression that provides a bridge between ridge regression and the lasso. The estimate that it produces can be viewed as a Bayesian posterior mode under a prior distribution implied by the form of the elastic net penalty. This article broadens the scope of the Bayesian connection by providing a complete characterization of a class of prior distributions that generate the elastic net estimate as the posterior mode. The resulting model-based framework allows for methodology that moves beyond exclusive use of the posterior mode by considering inference based on the full posterior distribution. Two characterizations of the class of prior distributions are introduced: a properly normalized, direct characterization, which is shown to be conjugate for linear regression models, and an alternate representation as a scale mixture of normal distributions. Prior distributions are proposed for the regularization parameters, resulting in an infi...
Qualitative and quantitative considerations in encoding difficulty effects

We hypothesized that the effects of encoding difficulty on the memorability of verbal material would depend on both the type of processing induced by the difficulty manipulation and the type of processing afforded by the material. We predicted that if the processing induced by encoding difficulty were complementary to the processing afforded by the material, then difficulty would enhance recall more so than if the processing induced by the two sources were redundant. These expectations were tested by requiring subjects to process either a structured or an unstructured word list with either a sorting task or a pleasantness rating task; the difficulty of each orienting task was also manipulated. We assumed that sorting and pleasantness rating required primarily relational and individual-item processing, respectively, and that the structured and unstructured word lists afforded relational and individual-item processing, respectively. These assumptions were supported by clustering in free recall and by recognition performance. The primary finding was that difficult sorting increased recall only for the unrelated list, whereas difficult pleasantness judgments increased recall most robustly for the related list. These results support the present framework and help illuminate the boundary conditions of the “difficulty effect.”
Paradox of groundwater age

Groundwater in aquifers is generally older than expected on the basis of flow velocity, and this observation has important implications for interpreting radiometric age determinations. Hydrologists commonly account for the aging of water as it flows along streamtubes, but not for the effects of mixing old water from aquitards (or confining layers) into aquifers, because the rate of mass exchange between aquifers and aquitards can in many cases be assumed to be small. We show, however, that the effect on age of such mixing does not depend on the mixing rate; this is the paradox of groundwater age. Surprisingly, the contribution of aquitards to the age of groundwater in aquifers depends only on the ratio of fluid volume in aquitards to aquifers. This result has broad importance for understanding the relationship between groundwater flow and the distribution of radiometric age.
Liberatory Pedagogy and Special Education

Liberatory theory, related to critical theory, postmodern thought, and constructivism, forms the backdrop of this article, which suggests that the way in which we have conceptualized students with disabilities as the "other" has come from a distorted modernist view that encourages us to distance ourselves from one another. It is suggested that some of our most vehement debates in special education are indicative of our attempts to "nibble at the edges of postmodern thinking." Liberatory pedagogies developed throughout the world have used education as a means for oppressed peoples to define for themselves their situations and to define action that will be liberating. Thus liberation pedagogy calls on even more action from students or participants than constructivism. Here we are called on to apply these principles to analyze our field.
Isotope effect in Boudouard disproportionation reaction in optically pumped CO

Isotope composition of CO2 produced in CO-Ar mixtures optically pumped by a CO laser in a flow reactor has been analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy. Carbon monoxide reactant is a specially prepared, higher-than-natural abundance mixture of 13 CO and 12 CO isotopomers. Carbon monoxide in the reactor is vibrationally excited by resonance absorption of the pump laser radiation and is vibration-vibration (V-V) pumped up to high vibrational levels. 12 CO vibrational level populations and temperature in the V-V pumped region are measured by FTIR emission spectroscopy in a wide range of CO mole fractions in the CO-Ar mixture. In agreement with the anharmonic V-V pumping theory, results of previous optical pumping experiments demonstrate that at these conditions V-V exchange between 12 CO and 13 CO molecules results in preferential excitation of high vibrational levels of the heavy isotopomer, due to their closer energy spacing. In the present work, 13 CO vibrational level populations are calculated using a master equation kinetic model, which predicts the 13 CO/ 12 CO relative population ratio on vibrational levels v>20 of approximately a factor of 2. Highly vibrationally excited CO molecules chemically react by Boudouard disproprotionation reaction to form CO2, which at these conditions is expected to be enriched in 13 C isotope. Chemical reaction products exhausting from the reactor are sampled into a liquid nitrogen cooled trap, initially evacuated, and analyzed by FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The results show that CO2 in the trap is enriched in 13 C isotope, with enrichment coefficient varying from β=1.25 to 1.9. CO2 yield at the present conditions varies from 70 to 170 ppm.
Probability distributions for photon exit: Photons formed with specified frequency

Abstract A linear integral relation is formulated, for conditions of simple geometry, whose solution gives the distribution with frequency ve of the probability that a photon in a spectral line, which is formed at a specified depth below the surface of an atmosphere with a specified frequency, eventually escapes from the atmosphere with frequency ve. Numerical solutions are obtained and their physical meaning discussed under a variety of conditions.
Inhibition by oestradiol of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in pig ovarian tissues

Oxidative stress-induced apoptotic cell death has been implicated in the mechanisms of corpus luteum regression and follicular atresia. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether the antioxidant, oestradiol influenced apoptosis in pig luteal and follicular tissues exposed in vitro to hydrogen peroxide. Immunolocalization of fragmented DNA (a biochemical marker of apoptosis) in large steroidogenic luteal and granulosa cells was inhibited by oestradiol. Protection against apoptosis required relatively high concentrations of oestradiol (> or = 40 pg ml-1 incubation media) and was largely unmitigated by actinomycin D (suggesting a predominantly receptor-independent nongenomic mode of action). Ovarian cells were not protected by other (nonaromatizable) steroid hormones. It is suggested that oestradiol functions at the ovary as a reactive oxygen scavenger during pregnancy-mediated luteal rescue and folliculogenesis.
A Fatigue Failure Mechanism of Welded Piping Joints

Fatigue failures of small bore piping systems have historically occurred in nuclear power plants, resulting in unanticipated plant downtime and substantial financial loss. If the failures were not caused by defects, the reasons of the initiation of fatigue cracks were not clear in many cases. This paper presented a set of weld fatigue response data which pointed to the strain ratcheting response as a probable reason for weld fatigue failure. A systematic set of low-cycle fatigue tests on butt- and socket welded piping joints in the cantilever set up is conducted. A new observation made in these tests is that the recorded strains near the weld toe ratchet continuously, which results in the initiation of fatigue crack(s). Comparison of these ratcheting responses with those from the cyclic bending of straight pipe and ratcheting experiments at the material level indicates that the residual stresses at welded joints may induce the ratcheting responses. This observation is further supported by the symmetric strain response (no ratcheting) at the mid-pipe length, which is located away from the welded joint. At this location, there are no residual stresses to induce ratcheting. It is observed that the fatigue cracks in all experiments occurred at the weld toe location where the ratcheting strain is the largest. The experimental data indicate that the fatigue life of materials is reduced in the presence of ratcheting. It is also observed that the ratcheting is influenced by the welding sequence. One interesting aspect of the weld fatigue data developed is that the ratcheting at the weld joints occurred under a displacement-controlled loading cycle. This study with its limited time and resource could not explore this issue. A plausible reason could be due to material heterogeneity at the welded joints.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Multi-modality imaging of structure and function combining spectral-domain optical coherence and multiphoton microscopy

We have constructed an integrated optical microscope that allows for the simultaneous image acquisition from multiple optical imaging modalities. The microscope consists primarily of hardware for spectral-domain optical coherence microscopy (OCM), multi-photon microscopy (MPM), and second harmonic generation microscopy. The unique configuration of the integrated microscope allows for the acquisition of both anatomical and functional imaging information with particular emphasis in the fields of tissue engineering and tumor biology. By overlaying the structural image obtained from OCM on the functional image obtained simultaneously from MPM (i.e., fluorescent markers imply functional proteins), a more comprehensive view of different tissues can be obtained. In addition, the contemporary analysis of the spectroscopic features enhances contrast in OCM by differentiating different cell and tissue components.
Determination of cloud liquid water distribution using 3D cloud tomography

[1] The cloud microwave tomography method for remotely retrieving 3D distributions of cloud Liquid Water Content (LWC) was originally proposed by Warner et al. in the 1980s but has lain dormant since then. This paper revisits and extends the cloud tomography method by rigorously examining the nature of the resultant mathematical problem and its close relationship to the physical configuration of microwave radiometers. The singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis reveals that the retrieval of cloud LWC fields from microwave emission is highly ill-posed, and requires special techniques to solve it. The truncated SVD approach along with the L-curve method for choosing the optimal truncating point is used to obtain a better retrieval of cloud LWC. A group of sensitivity studies show that the retrieval accuracy is determined by several factors, including the number of radiometers, the spatial resolution of output, the number of scanning angles, the radiometer characteristics (e.g., noise level, beam width), the physical arrangement of radiometers, and the uncertainty in the ancillary temperature and water vapor mixing ratio data. When more radiometers and/or more scanning angles are used, and/or the radiometer beam width is reduced, and/or when a coarser output resolution is acceptable, the retrieval problem becomes less ill-posed, and a better retrieval can be obtained. Moreover, the observation system simulations demonstrate that the cloud tomography method is able to retrieve the cloud structures generated by cloud resolving models with a good accuracy. For a setup consisting of four microwave radiometers of typical noise level 0.3 K, the tomography method is capable of retrieving the LWC to within 5% of the maximum LWC in the simulated stratocumulus and broken cumulus cases, with a spatial resolution of a few hundred meters.
Racial stability: A community decision

The development of the issue of racial stability is traced in a Chicago suburb through analysis of key actors, organizations, and rules of the political process. A transition from race to class and form the community level to a consortium of municipalities is observed and explained through reference to demographic, ideological, geographic, and strategic factors. The experience of this suburb is argued to represent a pattern which may be useful in other suburban venues.
Phenotypic Characterization of Resistant Val36 Variants of Hepatitis C Virus NS3-4A Serine Protease

In patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) strains of genotype 1, rapid and dramatic antiviral activity has been observed with telaprevir (VX-950), a highly selective and potent inhibitor of the HCV NS3-4A serine protease. HCV variants with substitutions in the NS3 protease domain were observed in some patients during telaprevir dosing. In this study, purified protease domain proteins and reconstituted HCV subgenomic replicons were used for phenotypic characterization of many of these substitutions. V36A/M or T54A substitutions conferred less than eightfold resistance to telaprevir. Variants with double substitutions at Val 36 plus Thr 54 had ∼20-fold resistance to telaprevir, and variants with double substitutions at Val 36 plus Arg 155 or Ala 156 had >40-fold resistance to telaprevir. An X-ray structure of the HCV strain H protease domain containing the V36M substitution in a cocomplex with an NS4A cofactor peptide was solved at a 2.4-A resolution. Except for the side chain of Met 36 , the V36M variant structure is identical to that of the wild-type apoenzyme. The in vitro replication capacity of most variants was significantly lower than that of the wild-type replicon in cells, which is consistent with the impaired in vivo fitness estimated from telaprevir-dosed patients. Finally, the sensitivity of these replicon variants to alpha interferon or ribavirin remained unchanged compared to that of the wild-type.
Fatal iatrogenic iodine toxicity in a nine-week-old infant

Background: Povidone-iodine has been used since the 1950s for various labelled uses as a topical antiseptic. The toxicity of an excessive dose in internal use is described in this case report. Case Report: A 9-week-old infant was treated for colic by a pediatric gastroenterologist with loperamide and the elimination of nonhuman milk. Without improvement he was hospitalized and given an enema of 50 mL of povidone-iodine diluted in 250 mL of a bowel irrigant. The enema was promptly expelled and 50 mL of the described solution was given hourly for three doses by nasogastric tube. The infant was found lifeless three hours after the last dose and resuscitation was unsuccessful. Autopsy showed a corroded and necrotic intestinal tract, serous fluid in body cavities, a blood total iodine of 14,600 ng/dL, protein-bound iodine of 3,400 μg/dL and inorganic iodine of 11,700 μg/dL.
Optimal spatio-temporal hybrid sampling designs for ecological monitoring

Question: Static sampling designs for collecting spatial data efficiently are being readily utilized by ecologists, however, most ecological systems involve a multivariate spatial process that evolves dynamically over time. Efficient monitoring of such spatio-temporal systems can be achieved by modeling the dynamic system and reducing the uncertainty associated with the effect of design choice at future observation times. However, can we combine traditional techniques with dynamic methods to find optimal dynamic sampling designs for monitoring the succession of a herbaceous community?
Safety of anterior commissure-posterior commissure-based target calculation of the subthalamic nucleus in functional stereotactic procedures.

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a common target of functional stereotactic surgeries. High-field magnetic resonance imaging and sophisticated computer systems provide precise identification of the nucleus location in stereotactic space. However, it is unclear what additional benefit these techniques provide over traditional anterior commissure-posterior commissure (AC-PC)-based standard atlas coordinate calculation methods based on the AC-PC plane. The accuracy of AC-PC-based standard atlas coordinate targeting of the STN using 1.5-tesla images compared with direct visualization of the nucleus on fused 3-tesla images was examined. A retrospective examination of stereotactic images from 20 patients (40 STN targets) who underwent deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease was undertaken at our institution. Two methods were used to identify the STN stereotactic coordinates: (1) an AC-PC-based standard atlas coordinate calculation obtained by a series of measurements using 1.5-tesla images, and (2) a computer workstation calculation using fused 3-tesla and 1.5-tesla images. Euclidean distances between two sets of coordinates of the same target were calculated in three dimensions. Differences along individual X, Y, and Z axes were analyzed to determine whether there was a greater difference in one direction than in another. Data from the right and left sides were pooled to increase the sample power. The anterior-posterior and lateral frame tilts were compared to X, Y, and Z differences to find a correlation using linear regression. Statistical analyses were performed. The accuracy of the position of the STN calculated with state-of-the-art imaging systems was not significantly better than that obtained using traditional AC-PC-based standard atlas coordinate calculation if the frame was aligned with the AC-PC plane. The mean difference was 0.45 mm, 0.72 mm, and 0.98 mm in the X, Y, and Z axes, respectively. Therefore, it is possible to effectively target the STN for stereotactic treatment of Parkinson’s disease, for instance in a situation where expensive advanced technology is unavailable.
The equilibrium of atmospheric sodium

We now have four examples of planetary objects with detectable sodium (and potassium) in their atmospheres: Earth, Io, Mercury and the moon. After a summary of the observational data, this survey discusses proposed sources and sinks. It appears that Io's surface material is rich in frozen SO2, but with around 1 percent of some sodium compound. The Io plasma torus contains ions of S, O and Na, also with at least one molecular ion containing Na. In turn, impact by these ions probably sustains the torus, as well as an extended neutral corona. A primary source for the Earth, Mercury and the moon is meteoroidal bombardment; at Mercury and perhaps the moon it may be supplemented by degassing of atoms from the regolith. Photoionization is important everywhere, although hot electrons are dominant at Io.
Involving family members in cancer care: focus group considerations of patients and oncological providers.

Family members are an integral part of a patient's cancer care from the moment the diagnosis is delivered to the conclusion of treatment. Family members bring with them a range of emotional reactions, interpersonal dynamics and expectations for the care the patient receives. This study is part of a multi-institutional project to continue to improve the process of cancer care. In this study, 19 focus groups (11 patient and 8 provider) were conducted concerning issues related to doctor-patient communication in eight cancer centers in the United States. The content of the conversations was analyzed and thematic categories emerged that highlight the various strengths and difficulties associated with family involvement. The focus groups' comments support the need for explicit conversations between professional caregivers, patients and their loved ones, in order to negotiate the expectations and needs of each team member. Implications for clinical practice and strategies for working with family members are offered.
Primary sequence and evolutionary conservation of ribosomal protein genes from the domestic cat.

Abstract Ribosomal proteins complex with ribosomal RNA to form the subunits of the ribosome, and as such, serve essential functions in protein synthesis. Accumulating evidence suggests that ribosomal proteins are bifunctional molecules with roles in diverse cellular processes in addition to protein synthesis. Previous studies have demonstrated that expression of four ribosomal proteins, L41, S3a, S4, and S17, is elevated in malignant lymphomas of the domestic cat. Reported here is the nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones encoding feline ribosomal proteins L41, S3a, S4, and S17.
Large rational torsion on Abelian varieties

A method of searching for large rational torsion on Abelian varieties is described. A few explicit applications of this method over Q give rational 11- and 13-torsion in dimension 2, and rational 29-torsion in dimension 4.
New phase measurement for nonmonotonical fringe patterns

A novel two-dimensional Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) based phase measurement technique for fringe pattern analysis is presented in this paper. The technique uses two fringe patterns whose phase are slightly shifted to eliminate any phase ambiguity which exists in a fringe pattern whose phase is not monotonically increasing. It is capable of extracting an accurate phase distribution from a noisy fringe pattern without assigning fringe orders and interpreting data in the regions between fringes. The technique is free from error caused by the high frequency components, the variation of background intensity, and the modulation of amplitude on fringe patterns. This technique is particularly useful for processing the high-frequency noise corrupted sinusoidal fringe patterns.
Ischemic colitis in young adult patients

A retrospective study of ten patients suggests a possible causal relationship between the thrombogenic properties of estrogen-containing drugs and ischemic colitis, a disease entity believed to be related to occlusion of small blood vessels. We also emphasize that ischemic colitis is a disease limited not only to the elderly, and that it should be included in the differential diagnosis of colitis with bleeding in younger patients
REPETITIVE MATURATION CYCLES IN A CULTURED MOUSE MYELOMA

. In general, these cell lines grow as stationary suspension cultures with few cells attaching to the growing surface . Exponential growth in these cultures continues indefinitely as long as cell density is kept below 1-2 X 10 6per milliliter . Cultures with more than 2 X 10 6cells per milliliter have been reported to undergo rapid deterioration . Considerable morphologicvariation, especiallyin nuclearcytoplasmic ratios, among the various cell lines has been observed . However, within a given cell line little morphologic variation in regard to the stage of plasma cell maturation has been described . We report here the establishment of a mouse myeloma cell line which undergoes typical plasma cell morphological differentiation . Shortly after the fully mature stage is reached, greater than 99% of the cells die ; the few viable cells remaining initiate a new cycle of replication and maturation . At the time of this writing, these cells have continued to cycle in this fashion for over I yr. The underlying nature of the observed cycling does not appear to be related to cell density or to depletion of medium components .
Rhodium(III) and Rhodium(II) Complexes of Novel Bis(oxazoline) Pincer Ligands

A series of novel C2-symmetric bisoxazoline ligands (benbox and benboxMe2) have been prepared. A variety of coordinatively unsaturated rhodium(III) complexes (3a−g, 4a−g) have been isolated. Trapping reactions of the agostically stabilized complex [RhCl2{(S,S)-ib-benbox(Me2)}] (4d) are described. Metal-to-aryl methyl migration reactions are described for the complex [RhMe{(S,S)-ip-benbox(Me2)}][BArf] (11c). Full characterization details and reactivity studies of air-stable, isolable, mononuclear, paramagnetic rhodium(II) complexes [RhCl2{(S,S)-tb-benbox(Me2)}(H)] (15e) and [RhCl2{dm-benbox(Me2)H}] (15g) are reported.
A Diagnostic Test for Prostate Cancer From Gene Expression Profiling Data

ABSTRACTPurpose.: Multiple recent studies show excellent classification accuracy using bioinformatics tools applied to expression profiling data on various tumors. However, the clinical applicability of these techniques remains unfulfilled because of difficulty in translating complex multigene mathematical algorithms into reproducible, platform independent tests. We recently developed a broadly applicable platform independent method based on simple ratios of gene expression to diagnose and predict outcome in cancer. In the current study we applied this technique to the diagnosis of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods.: We developed a ratio based predictive model using a training set of 32 samples with previously published gene profiling data. We then tested and refined the model using additional independent samples with previously published microarray data from another source (that is the test set of 34 samples). Finally, the optimal ratio based test was examined with quantitative reverse transcriptase-...