cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political (Dis)Trust and Fiduciary Government

Political (Dis)Trust and Fiduciary Government analyzes the relationship between two key ideas in modern political thought: political trust and fiduciary government. The chapter begins by distinguishing ‘thick’ from ‘thin’ variants on the idea of fiduciary government. Thick variants place substantial normative weight on the idea, claiming, for example, that it solves the problem of political authority and provides an independent normative basis for the recognition of specific legal rights. Thin variants make much more modest claims. The author’s own thin account, deployed here, suggests that fiduciary government articulates conditions under which the conduct of government can be understood as truly representative. By comparison with the thin conception of fiduciary government, political trust – understood as a particularized and objective form of trust shown (and withheld) by citizens in public officials – does distinct work. Briefly: it illuminates the political conditions and activity on which fiduciary government depends. That said, the chapter also emphasizes that ideas of fiduciary government and of political trust dovetail: demands of fiduciary government enable public officials to prove trustworthy in ways that promote political trust, while also creating space for constructive forms of political distrust.
Machine learning for collective variable discovery and enhanced sampling in biomolecular simulation

Classical molecular dynamics simulates the time evolution of molecular systems through the phase space spanned by the positions and velocities of the constituent atoms. Molecular-level thermodynami...
Make America Meme Again: The Rhetoric of the Alt-Right

It is only fitting that the 45th volume of Peter Lang’s Frontiers in Political Communication book series investigates the ascendance of Donald J. Trump from billionaire business mogul to President ...
Kratom and Phenibut: A Concise Review for Psychiatric Trainees

Nootropics are psychoactive substances that are widely accessible to purchase in the United States. Two such substances, kratom, a naturally derived nootropic, and phenibut, a gamma-aminobutyric ac...
Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response is regulated by p300/CBP mediated reversible acetylation

1747 Nrf2 is a critical transcription factor that regulates endogenous antioxidants, phase II detoxification enzymes and other cellular defensive proteins through the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) in the promoter regions of these genes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which Nrf2 is regulated is important for pharmaceutical intervention of the antioxidant signaling pathway. We have previously shown that Keap1, functioning as a molecular switch, targets Nrf2 for ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation under normal cellular redox conditions. Upon oxidative stress, the enzymatic activity of Keap1-dependent ligase is inhibited, leading to Nrf2 protein accumulation and enhanced Nrf2-dependent transactivation. In addition to keap1-dependent on-and-off regulatory mechanism in controlling Nrf2 activity, here we further show additional levels of regulation within the nucleus. Histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP (CREB binding protein) fine-tunes Nrf2 functions through both acetylation-dependent and independent mechanisms. We have characterized the physical and functional interactions between p300/CBP and Nrf2, and have identified specific lysine residues within Nrf2 that is acetylated by p300/CBP. These findings clearly demonstrate the complexity of Nrf2 regulation, which provides insights into how Nrf2 signaling is integrated with other signaling pathways through interacting with transcription co-activators within the nucleus. (NIEHS 1RO1ES015010-01, ACS RSG-07-154-01)
Stability of diffractive beam steering by a digital micromirror device

Diffractive beam steering by Digital Micromirror Device enables an efficient way to simultaneously manipulate light both in the spatial and angular domain by spatial and time multiplexing while keeping large area and angular throw product. Long-term stability and susceptibility of beam and image steering rely on how synchronization of ns laser pulse and transition of micromirrors is maintained over time and through variation of device temperature. The long-term performance of the beam steering is evaluated by monitoring diffraction efficiency over 350 hrs. with a 360 Hz repetition rate. Also, diffraction efficiency was monitored while increasing the temperature of the mirror array from 45 to 75 degrees C. Over the period, stable beam steering was observed. A decrease in diffraction efficiency under high temperature was observed. We confirmed readjusting synchronization timing recovered the diffraction efficiency to the level of room temperature. The experimental results show a stable operation of diffractive beam steering by DMD is feasible for the long term, and even under variation of temperature by adaptively adjusting synchronization timing of laser pulse to starting timing of DMD mirror transition.
Semiconductor nanopillars for programmable directional lasing emissions

Mie resonances facilitate an efficient manipulation of light on the subwavelength scale in high-refractive-index metasurfaces. These ultra-thin high-refractive-index nanostructures have been utilized in wave-front engineering devices for amplitude and phase modulation on the subwavelength scale in dielectric metasurfaces with high transmission efficiencies. We seek to establish a guideline for the desired phase modulation of each element in the metasurfaces integrated with light-emitting devices. Numerical simulations of gallium arsenide (GaAs) nanopillar metasurfaces are carried out over the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. We analyze the scattering properties of the nanopillars of various sizes along with reflection, transmission, absorption, and phase-change spectra of the nanopillar arrays. We study phase-change properties of nanopillars of varied radii along the spectrum and elaborate on the scattering features of the metasurfaces to create a library of phase-change characteristics. The results indicate that the nanostructures respond with strong resonances and the corresponding phase-change features in the visible and near-infrared frequencies. By the variation of the nanopillar dimensions, one can control the light phase change and shift the features along the spectrum.
Elemental iron modifies the redox environment of the gastrointestinal tract: A novel therapeutic target and test for metabolic syndrome.

Abstract Metabolic syndrome (MetS, i.e., type 2 diabetes and obesity) is often associated with dysbiosis, inflammation, and leaky gut syndrome, which increase the content of oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Using near-infrared fluorescent, in situ imaging of ROS, we evaluated the effects of oral administration of elemental iron powder (Fe0) on luminal ROS in the GI tract and related these changes to glucose metabolism and the gut microbiome. C57Bl/6J mice fed low-fat or high-fat diets and gavaged with Fe0 (2.5 g per kg), in both single- and repeat-doses, demonstrated decreased levels of luminal ROS. Fourteen days of repeated Fe0 administration reduced hyperglycemia and improved glucose tolerance in the obese and hyperglycemic animals compared to the untreated obese controls and reduced the relative amount of iron oxides in the feces, which indicated an increased redox environment of the GI tract. We determined that Fe0 administration can also be used as a diagnostic assay to assess the GI microenvironment. Improved metabolic outcomes and decreased gastrointestinal ROS in Fe0-treated, high-fat diet-fed animals correlated with the increase in a co-abundance group of beneficial bacteria, including Lactobacillus, and the suppression of detrimental populations, including Oscillibacter, Peptococcus, and Intestinimonas. Daily Fe0 treatment also increased the relative abundance of amplicon sequence variants that lacked functional enzymatic antioxidant systems, which is consistent with the ability of Fe0 to scavenge ROS and oxygen in the GI, thus favoring the growth of oxygen-sensitive bacteria. These findings delineate a functional role for antioxidants in modification of the GI microenvironment and subsequent reversal of metabolic dysfunction.
Unpaid Tuition Balances at Community Colleges: An Exploratory Analysis Delinquent Tuition Debt and Graduation:

The rising cost of higher education has led to increased tuition costs for students and their families, forcing more students to secure larger amounts of debt to finance their educational pursuits....
Factors Affecting Incidence Rate of Exertional Heat Illnesses: Analysis of 6 Years of High School Football Practices in North Central Florida.

Background:Although experts have advocated for regionally specific heat safety guidelines for decades, guidelines have not been universally adopted.Purpose:To describe the rate and risk factors ass...
Axillary pullout syndrome: A novel approach to managing a devastating complication.

Objectives Axillary pullout syndrome is a complex, potentially fatal complication following axillary-femoral bypass graft creation. The re-operative nature, in addition to ongoing hemorrhage, makes for a complicated and potentially morbid repair. Methods We present the case of a 57-year-old man with history of a previous left axillary-femoral-femoral bypass who presented with acute limb-threatening ischemia as a result of bypass thrombosis managed with a right axillary-femoral bypass for limb salvage. His postoperative course was complicated by an axillary anastomotic dehiscence while recovering in inpatient rehabilitation resulting in acute, life-threatening hemorrhage. He was managed utilizing a novel hybrid approach in which a retrograde stent graft was initially placed across the anastomotic dehiscence for control of hemorrhage. He then underwent exploration, decompression, and interposition graft repair utilizing the newly placed stent graft to reinforce the redo axillary anastomosis. Results and conclusion Compared with a traditional operative approach, the hybrid endovascular and open approach limited ongoing hemorrhage while providing a more stable platform for repair and graft revascularization. A hybrid approach to the management of axillary pullout syndrome provides a safe, effective means to the management of axillary anastomotic dehiscence while minimizing the morbidity of ongoing hemorrhage.
The metabolism and localization of two proteins during heat shock of Tetrahymena thermophila

8 INTRODUCTION 9 MATERIALS AND METHODS 12 RESULTS 19 DISCUSSION 48 REFERENCES 53 SECTION II: A NORMAL MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN IS SELECTIVELY SYNTHESIZED AND ACCUMULATED DURING HEAT SHOCK IN Tetr ahymeria thermophi la 57 ABSTRACT 58 INTRODUCTION 59 MATERIALS AND METHODS 62 RESULTS 70 DISCUSSION 98 REFERENCES 10358 INTRODUCTION 59 MATERIALS AND METHODS 62 RESULTS 70 DISCUSSION 98 REFERENCES 103 SECTION III: IDENTIFICATION OF A HIGHLY EVOLUTIONARILY CONSERVED MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN WHICH IS STRUCTURALLY RELATED TO THE PRODUCT OF THE E. coli groEL GENE 109 ABSTRACT 110
Experimental study of the reaction $\pi^- p \to \Lambda K^0$ at beam momenta between 930 and 1130 MeV/c

We have used an optical spark-chamber spectrometer to perform a systematic study of the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}{K}^{0}$ at beam momenta between 930 and 1130 MeV/c. The cross section, angular distribution, and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ polarization have been measured. We present our complete data from a sample of 11 400 events along with Legendre polynomial coefficients for the angular distributions. No striking cross-section enhancement at $\ensuremath{\Sigma}K$ threshold is observed, but there is evidence for a small cusp effect. A simple model which takes account of the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}K$ channel provides a good fit to our data.
Distributed Transaction Processing in the IBC

Commercial services deployed within the IBC will be offered against some form of payment. Furthermore, the ability of grouping several services together will, in many occurrences, become a true requirement. For example, planning for a trip may only be meaningful if flights and hotels are both booked. To cope with these situations, ISO and the ITU-T have recently published a standard on distributed transaction processing (called OSI TP). Regional workshops, like EWOS, have developed profiles, and X/Open will soon publish related application programming interfaces.
A Review of How Enemies Become Friends: The Sources of Stable Peace

The possibility of establishing zones of peace where conflict once prevailed has been the Shangri-La of policymakers and academics alike. Political science's tentative acceptance of the idea dates ...
Cardiocerebral resuscitation: a broader perspective.

Historically, cardiac arrest outcomes have been stagnant with few therapies demonstrating clinical benefit. Recent advances in our understanding of cardiac arrest physiology and therapy have led to improved outcomes and renewed interest in defining the “optimal” approach. Cardiocerebral resuscitation (CCR) represents a bundle of specific therapies designed to enhance perfusion during cardiopulmonary arrest by emphasizing chest compressions over ventilations and “priming” the heart with compressions before and after defibrillation attempts. Implemented in Arizona and Wisconsin in 2003, patients treated using CCR appear to have improved outcomes compared with those treated under the 2000 guidelines from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR). This was particularly true in the subgroup of patients with bystander-witnessed collapse, who may represent a group with adequate oxygen reserves at the time of arrest and decreased requirement for immediate positive-pressure ventilation. Many components of CCR have since been incorporated in the 2005 ILCOR guidelines. Beyond the specific treatment approaches that define CCR, this alternative approach may represent the future of resuscitation science in which each institution and emergency medical services agency will define an optimal approach to treatment and training based on the specific resources available and patient population. This may mandate a paradigm shift away from advanced cardiac life support and basic life support, which emphasize standardization of content and format rather than institution- or agency-specific protocols and training.
Multivariate sparse group lasso for the multivariate multiple linear regression with an arbitrary group structure

We propose a multivariate sparse group lasso variable selection and estimation method for data with high-dimensional predictors as well as high-dimensional response variables. The method is carried out through a penalized multivariate multiple linear regression model with an arbitrary group structure for the regression coefficient matrix. It suits many biology studies well in detecting associations between multiple traits and multiple predictors, with each trait and each predictor embedded in some biological functional groups such as genes, pathways or brain regions. The method is able to effectively remove unimportant groups as well as unimportant individual coefficients within important groups, particularly for large p small n problems, and is flexible in handling various complex group structures such as overlapping or nested or multilevel hierarchical structures. The method is evaluated through extensive simulations with comparisons to the conventional lasso and group lasso methods, and is applied to an eQTL association study.
Prophylaxis, preemption and drug resistance in CMV infection: too little, too much or just right?

The optimal approach to the prevention and treatment of infection due to cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains uncertain despite years of experience with antiviral therapies. Two approaches to the prevention of CMV disease have emerged: “universal” prophylaxis and “preemptive therapy.” Although both can prevent tissue-invasive CMV disease, they are, in fact, quite distinct. Universal prophylaxis provides antimicrobial therapy to all at-risk patients for a defined period. Viremia occurs uncommonly during prophylaxis, but occurs in up to ∼50% of patients subsequently (“late infection”) in the highest risk recipients (seronegative recipients of organs from seropositive donors, D+/R–). Such infections may be asymptomatic, or may cause “CMV syndrome” (fever, neutropenia) or tissue-invasive disease.
Possible New Way to Lower Cholesterol

Clinicians may soon be able to mount a multipronged attack against cholesterol, the artery-clogging lipid whose buildup in the body is a major contributor to heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases. In work reported on page 1524, a team has pinpointed a biological master switch in mice that controls three pathways that work together to both rid the body of excess cholesterol and prevent its absorption from the intestine. The work suggests a new mechanism for reducing cholesterol, for example, with drugs that turn up the activity of the master switch, a protein known as the retinoid X receptor.
Cross-talk of Leptin and TSP-1 in Leptin-induced Atherosclerosis

Hyperleptinemia is an important pathogenic contributor of atherosclerosis; however, underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We reported earlier that leptin upregulates a potent proatherogenic ...
H2 masses in the interstellar medium: Current techniques and selected problem areas

Under typical conditions, H2, the primary constituent of molecular clouds is unobservable from the ground. This fact has forced astronomers to rely on a variety of techniques to indirectly assess the H2 content of the interstellar medium. In this paper I briefly review these techniques, and discuss the reliability of two of the most widely-used molecular hydrogen tracers: dust extinction and the integrated intensity of the λ 2.6 mm carbon monoxide rotational line.
Structure and regulation of the carAB operon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri: no untranslated region exists.

Abstract The carAB operons from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and Pseudomonas stutzeri JM300 were characterized by Southern and DNA sequence analyses. The results show that the previously reported sequence for carA (S. C. Wong and A. T. Abdelal, J. Bacteriol. 172:630-642, 1990) is derived from P. stutzeri and not P. aeruginosa, as originally reported. Therefore, the amino-terminal sequence of the purified carA product is identical to that derived from the nucleotide sequence in both organisms, P. stutzeri having four additional amino acids. The results also show that while carA and carB are contiguous in P. stutzeri, as is the case in other bacteria, they are surprisingly separated by an open reading frame (ORF) of 216 amino acids in P. aeruginosa. S1 nuclease mapping experiments with RNA extracted under a variety of growth conditions, as well as experiments using different lacZ fusions, indicate that the carA-ORF-carB operon of P. aeruginosa is transcribed from a single promoter. Moreover, these experiments demonstrate that expression of this single transcript is controlled by both arginine and pyrimidines and that variation in arginine levels specifically modulates transcriptional initiation, while pyrimidine regulation is exerted subsequent to transcriptional initiation. Modification of a rho-independent terminator-like structure, which is present upstream of carA in P. aeruginosa, removed all transcriptional sensitivity of a carA::lacZ fusion to pyrimidines. This result, when coupled with the finding that translation of an 18-amino-acid leader polypeptide (associated with this putative rho-independent terminator), is inversely proportional to pyrimidine concentration in the cell, strongly suggests that regulation of carA by pyrimidines is mediated through an attenuation-type mechanism in P. aeruginosa.
Refractory inclusions in the pristine carbonaceous chondrites DOM 08004 and DOM 08006

The Antarctic carbonaceous chondrites DOM 08004 and DOM 08006 have been paired and classified as CO3.0s. There is some uncertainty as to whether they should be paired and whether they are best classified as CO chondrites, but they provide an opportunity for the study of refractory inclusions that have not been modified by parent body processes. In this work, refractory inclusions in thin sections of DOM 08004 and 08006 are studied and compared with inclusions in ALHA77307 (CO3.0) and Acfer 094 (C3.0, ungrouped). Results show that the DOM samples have refractory inclusion populations that are similar to each other but not typical of CO3 chondrites; main differences are that the DOM samples are slightly richer in inclusions in general and, more specifically, in the proportions of grossite-bearing inclusions. In DOM 08004 and DOM 08006, 12.4% and 6.6%, respectively, of the inclusions are grossite-bearing. This is higher than the proportion found in Acfer 094 (5.2%), whereas none were found in ALHA77307. Like those in Acfer 094, DOM inclusions are small (mostly <100 μm across) and fine-grained, and thin rims of aluminous diopside±melilite are very common. Also like Acfer 094, most phases in the DOM inclusions have FeO contents higher than expected for primary refractory phases. In addition to typical inclusions, some unusual ones were found in DOM 08004, including a perovskite-rich one with a rare, recently reported Sc-, Al-oxide and davisite; a very grossite-rich inclusion with a small, hibonite-rich core enclosed in a grossite mantle; and a relict, grossite-rich inclusion enclosed in an Al-rich chondrule. The CAI populations in the DOM samples are similar to each other and, based on grossite abundances, FeO enrichments and occurrences of rims are more Acfer 094-like than CO3-like. An earlier history on an FeO-rich parent was previously favored over nebular equilibria or in situ reactions to account for FeO enrichments in CAIs in the otherwise pristine chondrite Acfer 094, and a similar history is indicated for the DOM CAIs. Acfer 094, DOM 08004 and 08006 might best be classified as a new subgroup of CO3 chondrites.
Symstra: a framework for generating object-oriented unit tests using symbolic execution

Object-oriented unit tests consist of sequences of method invocations. Behavior of an invocation depends on the method's arguments and the state of the receiver at the beginning of the invocation. Correspondingly, generating unit tests involves two tasks: generating method sequences that build relevant receiver-object states and generating relevant method arguments. This paper proposes Symstra, a framework that achieves both test generation tasks using symbolic execution of method sequences with symbolic arguments. The paper defines symbolic states of object-oriented programs and novel comparisons of states. Given a set of methods from the class under test and a bound on the length of sequences, Symstra systematically explores the object-state space of the class and prunes this exploration based on the state comparisons. Experimental results show that Symstra generates unit tests that achieve higher branch coverage faster than the existing test-generation techniques based on concrete method arguments.
Estimation of the mean caliper diameter of cell nuclei. II. Various cell types in rat lung.

SUMMARY In morphometric studies of lung tissue, accurate determination of the total number of any specific type of cell, such as the endothelial cell, requires knowledge of the shape of the cell nucleus. This knowledge of shape is necessary to calculate the mean caliper diameter, which, in turn, is an indispensable element of the equation for the number of nuclei (therefore cells) per unit volume (Nv). Nine human lung endothelial cell nuclei were therefore reconstructed in dental wax from serial sections and were found to be pleomorphic triaxial ellipsoids. Five of these approached an oblate shape. The axes of these nine nuclear models were directly measured and a computer program using numerical integration was written to determine the mean caliper diameters of these ellipsoids. The estimated mean semi-axes of the nine nuclei were (±SD) 5·98 ± 1·61, 3·61 ± 0·70, 1·36 ± 0·34; and the estimated overall mean caliper diameter for the total population of human lung endothelial nuclei was 7·97 ± 1·27 μm.
A Monoclonal Antibody Against the 66-kDa Protein Expressed in Mouse Spleen and Thymus Inhibits Ly-6A.2-Dependent Cell-Cell Adhesion

The Ly-6 locus encodes several cell surface proteins of 10-12 kDa. Some members of this multigene family may function in cell signaling and/or cell adhesion processes. T lymphocytes overexpressing Ly-6A.2 (one member of the Ly-6 gene family) protein homotypically aggregate when cultured in vitro. Further analysis of this homotypic aggregation suggests that Ly-6A.2 participates in cell-cell adhesion. These observations indicated the presence of a Ly-6 ligand(s) on the surface of lymphoid cells. In this study we report generation of a hamster mAb, 9AB2, that blocks Ly-6A.2-dependent cell-cell adhesion. The 9AB2 Ab recognizes a 66-kDa glycoprotein with unique tissue expression. The 9AB2 mAb does not bind Ly-6A.2, but coimmunoprecipitates Ly-6A.2 molecule. Moreover, 9AB2 Ag-expressing thymocytes specifically bind to Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing Ly-6A.2 protein, and this binding is specifically blocked by 9AB2 and anti-Ly-6A.2 Abs. These results suggest that the 66-kDa protein recognized by 9AB2 mAb is the putative ligand for Ly-6A.2.
Nursing Management of MS Patients Receiving Interferon Beta-1b Therapy

In 1993, recombinant interferon beta-1b (Betaseron®, Berlex Laboratories) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). Betaseron® is the first therapeutic agent licensed for use with patients with MS in more than 20 years. Many patients and their families have expressed great interest in obtaining information about this agent. In response, MS centers throughout the United States have developed Betaseron® training programs. This article describes how rehabilitation nurses can educate patients and families about Betaseron®.
Forming of tailor-welded blanks

Beginning in 1992, tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) were used in the United States automotive industry to consolidate parts, reduce tolerances, save weight, and increase stiffness. This business is expanding rapidly; more than $500 million of annual TWB sales are expected by 1997. Welds in steel are generally stronger than the base material, such that weld failure by preferential localization is not a critical issue. However, the forming characteristics of TWBs must be understood in order to design and produce high-quality parts with reasonable production and tooling costs. Three formability issues were addressed in this study: the intrinsic ductility and relative formability of three weld types (CO2 and Nd:YAG laser welds and mash-seam welds with and without mechanical postweld processing); the value and correspondence of mechanical tests to each other and to press performance; and the prediction of the forming behavior using the finite element method (FEM). Two failure modes for TWBs were identified. While the local ductility of welds can differ greatly, little difference in press formability was measured among the weld types. More important than weld ductility are the changed deformation patterns which depend on the differential strength but depend little on local weld prop-erties. Finite element method (FEM) simulations of dome tests and scale fender-forming operations show good agreement with measurements, as long as boundary conditions are known accurately. The importance of weld-line displacement is discussed and several simulations are compared with ex-periments.
The value of social-cognitive theory to reducing preschool TV viewing: a pilot randomized trial.

Abstract Objective To (a) reduce the total amount of television viewing to which preschool children are exposed; and (b) shift the balance of exposure away from commercial television toward educational content. Method Randomized controlled clinical trial. Data collected in 2007; analyzed 2008–2011. Participants were 67 English-speaking families in Seattle with a preschool-aged child exposed to more than 90 min of television viewing on average per day. A case manager for each group used in-person conferences, monthly newsletters, and e-mail contact to motivate behavior change around child television viewing (intervention) or child safety (control). Results Compared to those in the control group, families randomized to the intervention group experienced a significant reduction by 37 minutes/day in total viewing time (95% CI: 5.6–68.7), including a marginally significant reduction by 29 minutes/day in viewing of commercial content (95% CI: − 4.6–63). Compared to those in the control group, those in the intervention group experienced a positive change in outcome expectations. There were no significant changes in self-efficacy or volitional control. An advance in stage-of-change was marginally significant. Conclusions Targeting commercial TV viewing may prove a successful behavioral intervention to achieve public health goals in this population.
Eine Morphologie der thermischen Trennverfahren

Man erhalt alle Trennverfahren durch Untersuchen der Bewegungsmoglichkeiten von Molekulen durch ein Volumenelement (eines Trennapparats). Eine Trennung im technischen Masstab bedingt einen Trennapparat mit nur einer Bewegungsachse und einem endlichen Querschnitt. Dies reduziert die Zahl der Bewegungsmoglichkeiten durch ein Querschnittselement auf nur zwei prinzipiell verschiedene Falle. Im Grenzfall α ≈ 1 erhalt man eine universelle Transportgleichung, deren Koeffizienten fur das gerade betrachtete Trennverfahren spezifisch sind. Die Art, wie die einzelnen Querschnittselemente zu einem endlichen Trennapparat zusammengesetzt werden, ergibt die Verfahrensmethoden. Die Betriebsarten definieren die Verbindung des Trennapparats zu den auseren Stoffstromen. All separation processes can be derived from an analysis of the possibilities of moving molecules through a volumelement (of a separating device). A production scale separation requires a separating device with only one axis of motion and a finite cross-section. This reduces the number of possibilities of motion through a cross-sectional element to only two essentially different cases. In the limit of a single-stage separation-factor near unity an unique transport equation is obtained with coefficients that are specific for the separation process considered. The way of combining the individual cross-sectional elements to a finite separation device defines the separation methods. The relation between internal and external streams is given by the operation modes.
Plasma insulin concentrations in parturient cows.

Abstract Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were higher prepartum (2 to 21 days) than postpartum in Jersey cows. Highest prepartum concentrations were in cows that later developed hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemic cows showed low plasma insulin concentrations and high plasma glucose concentrations. Plasma insulin increased and plasma glucose decreased after calcium borogluconate infusion in hypocalcemic but not in normal animals. These results further define the altered hormonal state of parturient dairy cows and support previous in vivo and in vitro observations that physiologic concentrations of calcium are required for glucose stimulation of insulin secretion.
Allopregnanolone as a regenerative therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease, 4: Impact on neuronal versus gliosis phenotypic differentiation

weeks and then subcutaneously injected with vehicle, Allo (10mg/kg), or 17b-estradiol (E2, 60mg/kg). 24 hours after treatment, mice were sacrificed and brain mitochondria were isolated for mitochondrial respiration and bioenergetic enzyme measurements. Results: Adult NSCs from both nonTg and 3xTgAD mice exhibited a significant age-dependent decline in mitochondrial bioenergetic capacity. Further, aNSC derived from 3xTgAD mice at 6 and 18 months exhibited elevated proton leak. In vitro Allo treatment potentiated mitochondrial respiration in both NSCs, neurons and mixed glia. Further, in vivo Allo treatment restored the OVX-induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration in both nonTg and 3xTgAD mice. Allo treatment increased activity of bioenergetic enzymes such as PDH and aKGDH, and suppressed the OVX-induced increase in lipid peroxidation.Conclusions: There was an ageand Alzheimer’s associated decline in mitochondrial function in aNSCs. Allo treatment potentiated mitochondrial function both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these data provided mechanistic basis for developing Allo as a multi-tropic AD therapeutics to sustain and enhance mitochondrial function and to promote neurogenic capacity.
Photodetector Approaches For Acousto-Optics Spectrum Analysis

Future electromagnetic environments will have much higher signal densities than current system processors are capable of detecting, sorting, and classifying. New system processors utilizing an acousto-optical Bragg cell followed by advanced detector arrays and microelec-tronics to minimize the signal rate at the digital processor have the potential to meet future system processing needs. Detector considerations for the new system processors are discussed.
Processing of diamond/alumina composites for low wear applications

A simple hot-pressing procedure for fabricating composites of diamond particulates in an alumina matrix at moderate applied pressures is described. Dense composites with up to 33 vol. % diamond particles are made by pressure-sintering at applied stress of 35 MPa in vacuum atmosphere. Preliminary wear tests of these composites on magnetic thin-film rigid disks show a low friction comparable to that of single crystalline diamond. Diamond/alumina composites can be an economical alternative to diamond or diamond coated materials for abrasion resistant applications.
High purity silver bromide crystals containing less than several parts per billion of iodide

Abstract High purity, nearly iodide-free silver bromide crystals of 360 g are routinely grown from specially prepared silver bromide precipitate. The iodide content is decreased from 13–30 ppb in the precipitate to 3–6 ppb in the crystals by proper bromine treatment of the melts. Although zone refining is not used at any stage in preparing these crystals, their ionic conductivity at 25°C is comparable to that of zone refined silver bromide. A proposal is made for growing silver bromide crystals which should have iodide contents less than 3 ppb and ionic conductivity at low temperatures nearing that expected for pure silver bromide.
A study of the collision-induced dissociation of C2H5OH2+ using various target gases

Abstract A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used to study the collision-induced dissociation of C 2 H 5 OH 2 + using Ar, Kr, N 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 6 and C 3 H 8 as target gases. The principal fragments were m/z = 29, 27 and 19. Approximate cross-sections were determined for each decomposition pathway. The products were examined as a function of collision energy up to 75 eV. Threshold energies in the centre-of-mass system were in reasonable agreement with thermochemical values. An extensive survey was made of the fragment ion energy distributions. The m/z = 29 and 19 fragments, which are easily formed, had relatively narrow distributions which also indicated small scattering angles. At the lower collision energies, the m/z = 29 ion, which has a higher threshold for its formation, had a very broad distribution indicating a wide range of scattering angles. For the m/z = 29 and 19 fragments, polyatomic targets gave consistently lower fragment energies than the rare gases. The data also suggest an inverse correlation between scattering angle and collision energy.
Topology and formation of triple-stranded H-DNA

Repeating copolymers of (dT-dC)n.(dA-dG)n sequences (TC.AGn) can assume a hinged DNA structure (H-DNA) which is composed of triple-stranded and single-stranded regions. A model for the formation of H-DNA is proposed, based on two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA's with different lengths of (TC.AG)n copolymers. In this model, H-DNA formation is initiated at a small denaturation bubble in the interior of the copolymer, which allows the duplexes on either side to rotate slightly and to fold back, in order to make the first base triplet. This nucleation establishes which of several nonequivalent H-DNA conformations is to be assumed by any DNA molecule, thereby trapping each molecule in one of several metastable conformers that are not freely interconvertible. Subsequently, the acceptor region spools up single-stranded polypyrimidines as they are released by progressive denaturation of the donor region; both the spooling and the denaturation result in relaxation of negative supercoils in the rest of the DNA molecule. From the model, it can be predicted that the levels of supercoiling of the DNA determine which half of the (dT-dC)n repeat is to become the donated third strand.
Electron-Ion Coupling in Shocked Energetic Materials

The magnitude and role of electronic excitations in shocked energetic materials are studied theoretically using quantum molecular dynamics simulations. Focusing on the detonating primary explosive ...
Nicotine enhances Morris water maze performance of young and aged rats

We have recently demonstrated that nicotine administration improves the acquisition and/or memory retention of aged rats in 17-arm radial maze, Lashley III maze, and one-way active avoidance testing. The present study extends our evaluation of nicotine's cognition-enhancing potential by determining the effect of nicotine on acquisition and retention of the Morris water maze in young adult (2 to 3 months old) and aged (25 to 26 months old) Sprague-Dawley rats. For 3 days prior to the onset of testing, and 15 min prior to daily testing, rats were treated IP with 0.2 mg/kg nicotine or saline vehicle. Compared to the performance of young adults, vehicle-treated aged rats were impaired in water maze acquisition. Nicotine substantially enhanced the acquisition of aged rats. Furthermore, nicotine significantly improved the memory retention of young adult rats. These cognitive improvements may involve a nicotine-receptor induced increase in generalized alertness and/or a facilitation of higher integrative function. The results suggest that nicotine and/or nicotinic agonists may be useful in treating age-associated memory impairment and/or Alzheimer's disease.
Subcarrier index coordinate expression (SICE): An ultra-low-power OFDM-compatible wireless communications scheme tailored for internet of things

This paper describes a novel data modulation method for ultra-low-power wireless uplink communication between a client device of the internet of things (IoT) and a base station (or an access point). The proposed scheme is dubbed as subcarrier index coordinate expression (SICE), which utilizes the indices of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarriers and waveforms with different phase shifts to represent the information to be sent. SICE is targeted for IoT applications with low data rate requirements, and is especially useful for battery-powered IoT devices demanding low-power communications, due to its characteristics of low peak to average power ratio (PAPR) and high power efficiency in wireless transmission. Unlike ongoing efforts in IoT wireless communications at standardization organizations which focus on simplifying functionalities of the existing protocols to save power, the technique developed in this paper is a fundamentally new and yet OFDM-compatible physical-layer approach that can drastically reduce power consumption of data transmission.
Water conservation practices for a river valley irrigated with groundwater

Abstract Water conservation strategies for center pivot and furrow irrigation in the Central Platte Valley of Nebraska were evaluated using computer simulation. Irrigation requirements, grain yield, return flow and net depletion (gross irrigation minus return flow) of groundwater were simulated for a period of 29 years for Hord and Wood River silt loam soils. Grain yields were simulated for a typical corn variety for non-limiting water supplies (maximum attainable yield), for two levels of deficit irrigation (irrigation limited to certain growing periods), and for dryland conditions. Additional simulations were performed for a short-season corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans. The impacts of tillage practices on water conservation were also investigated. Center pivot irrigation on the Hord silt loam required 75–125 mm/year less water application than furrow irrigation. For the Wood River silt loam, water applications were the same for both irrigation systems. Applied water depths were reduced by an additional 75–125 mm using deficit irrigation with only a small reduction in yield. Return flow to the groundwater was small for well-managed pivots but high for some furrow irrigation systems based on the assumption that all deep percolation returns to the aquifer in the Central Platte Valley. Net depletion (gross irrigation minus return flow) of the groundwater for a center pivot with LEPA was 50 mm (17%) less than a center pivot with impact sprinklers. Ridge till had a net depletion 50 mm (25%) less than conventional tillage (double disk, plant) for furrow systems.
Immunity to PRRSV: Double-edged sword

The immune system is a double-edged sword for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. On one edge PRRSV has a predilection for immune cells and the disease manifestations can be linked directly to changes in the immune system. PRRSV appears to replicate extensively, if not exclusively, in cells of the immune lineage, notably macrophages; the direct replication of which may lead to immunosuppression, precipitate secondary infection and/or mediate disease. On the other edge, the virus stimulates immunity post-infection that protects an animal from re-infection. A vast array of structural and functionally distinct antibody specific to PRRSV are generated following infection or vaccination. Discrete populations of functional antibodies appear at different times and possibly reflect reactivity to different PRRSV polypeptides. Cell-mediated immune responses specific to PRRSV can be detected in various exposed pigs as well. Thus, the immune system appears to be intimately involved in both the disease process and protection from disease. It is unclear at this state of understanding what immune compartment provides protective immunity. It is humoral (i.e. antibodies), selective functionally distinct populations of antibodies specific for selected PRRSV polypeptides or is cellular immunity essential for protection, or both. This review will attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge of the complex interaction of the immune system and PRRSV.
Renal ablative therapy: radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation.

Widespread use of cross-sectional imaging has contributed to an increase in diagnosis of small renal masses. While extirpation has historically been the “gold standard” for managing such tumors, thermal ablation is increasingly utilized as primary surgical therapy. Contemporary series suggest that ablative procedures maintain oncologic outcomes similar to extirpation while minimizing patient morbidity. As more renal masses are diagnosed in elderly or comorbid patients, ablation will likely assume a central role in management strategies. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:639–644. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A 35 GHz cyclotron autoresonance maser amplifier

Abstract Studies of a cyclotron autoresonance maser (CARM) are presented. The measurements are carried out at a frequency of 35 GHz using a mildly relativistic electron beam (1.5 MeV, 260 A) generated by a field emission electron gun followed by an emittance selector that removes the outer, hot electrons. Perpendicular energy is imparted to the electrons by means of a bifilar helical wiggler. Superradiant measurements give a small signal gain of 90 dB/m. Computer simulations are also presented.
Association of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase levels with seriousness of suicide attempts

We hypothesized that levels of N-acetyl- β -glucosaminidase (NAG) would differ between patients making serious versus nonserious suicide attempts. The levels of NAG from 7 patients hospitalized for serious suicide attempts were compared to 3 patients whose suicide attempts were not rated serious. There was a significant difference in the mean NAG levels of the serious suicide attempters and the nonserious attempters, 25 versus 61; p = .036. Implications of this finding are discussed.
Influence of Soil Moisture on Root Colonization of Glyphosate‐Treated Soybean by Fusarium Species

Abstract The widespread use of glyphosate‐resistant (GR) cropping systems may impact rhizosphere microbial associations and crop productivity. It was previously reported that glyphosate accumulation in the rhizosphere may stimulate colonization of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] roots by soilborne Fusarium. Field studies often reveal inconsistent root colonization by Fusarium, especially during growing seasons characterized by contrasting rainfall patterns. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the impact of different soil moisture contents on root colonization of glyphosate‐treated soybean by Fusarium species. Glyphosate (0.84 kg ae ha−1) was applied to greenhouse‐grown glyphosate‐resistant (GR) soybean at the two to three trifoliate-leaf (V2–V3) growth stage growing in a Mexico silt loam at 27%, 13%, and 10% soil moisture contents. Soil and plant samples were sampled periodically after herbicide application and selectively cultured for Fusarium. Highest Fusarium colonization was associated w...
Synthesis, Morphology, and Optical Properties of Tetrahedral Oligo(phenylenevinylene) Materials

A novel topological strategy is described for designing amorphous molecular solids suitable for optoelectronic applications. In this approach, chromophores are attached to a tetrahdral point of convergence. Stilbenoid units were covalently linked to tetraphenylmethane, tetraphenyladamantane, or tetraphenylsilane cores using palladium catalyzed coupling methodology. Thus, reaction of E(C6H5X)4 (E = C and adamantane, X = I; E = Si, X = Br) with styrene or 4,4‘-tert-butylvinylstilbene under Heck coupling conditions yields the corresponding tetrakis(stilbenyl) (E(STB)4) and tetrakis(4-tert-butylstyrylstilbenyl) (E(tBuSSB)4) compounds. Similarly, reaction of 1,1-diphenyl-2-(4-dihydroxyboronphenyl)ethene or 2-(4-pinacolatoboronphenyl)-3,3-diphenylacrylonitrile with tetrakis(4-bromophenyl)methane using Suzuki coupling methodology gives tetrakis(4,4‘-(2,2-diphenyl-vinyl)-1,1‘-biphenyl)methane (C(DPVBi)4) or tetrakis(4,4‘-(3,3-diphenylacrylonitrile)-1,1‘-biphenyl)methane (C(DPAB)4), respectively, in good yields. C...
Women Lawyers: The Employment Status of Their Mothers and the Role Models They Select:

This study investigated the employment status of the mothers and the role models selected by 154 women lawyers who had graduated from law school at different periods of time between 1920 and 1979. Recent women graduates of law school with fewer years of practice tend to come from traditional families with a homemaker mother while lawyers with professional mothers graduated from law school at an earlier point in time and had completed more years of practice. Lawyers from homemaker mothers and nonprofessional fathers did not usually select their parents as role models. The results are discussed and related to earlier research conclusions on the effect of maternal employment on daughters' career aspirations and achievements and to recent trends regarding the increased participation of women in professional careers.