cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parliamentary Coalitions: A Tour of Models

The study of government and politics, like all the other social sciences, has made increasing use of mathematics in the last thirty years. This has involved not only the use of statistics and computers to increase the scope and thoroughness of empirical work, but also the development of mathematical models in political theory. Through the use of models, mathematics has come to play an important role in political science at the conceptual level. This development has not been greeted with universal enthusiasm by practitioners in the field. An academic colleagtue of one of the authors, in a department of Government, has been heard to complain with some bitterness that he can no longer read the American Political Science Review because it is full of obscure mathematical symbols. Non-enthusiasts have their point. Politics often seems far removed from the domain of precise, rational thought which mathematics epitomizes. Nevertheless, mathematics has been able to contribute insights to the study of political systems. In this article we explore the use of mathematical models in various attempts to understand one of the central concerns of politics-the ways in which politicians go about forming coalitions with other politicians. In the first section we introduce the problem of coalition formation in the context of parties trying to form a coalition government in a parliamentary system. This will be our central focus in the article. We start by considering some of the earliest and simplest models, which lead to a geometric formulation of the problem. In the second section we discuss two more complex models from the tradition of mathematical game theory. We have tried to illustrate the methods of thinking involved in these models without presenting all of the formal details (for which we give
Changing methods of disclosure. Literature review of disclosure to children with terminal illnesses, including HIV.

More than 30 years after the first discovery of the deadly HIV virus, and in the wake of increased knowledge of transmission, treatment and behavioral intervention development, parents are still faced with the difficult task of whether, when and how to inform their child about her or his HIV status. Except for some general ethical considerations, there are no national or international guidelines available for handling HIV status disclosure to a child by parents and health professionals. Most studies on disclosure address the problem of stigma and the barriers to disclosure of HIV-positive status by adults to their sexual partners, caretakers, families and communities, but very few studies focus on disclosure to HIV-positive children. The majority of the studies that address disclosure to children limit themselves to stipulating reasons for barriers to such disclosure instead of the skills and knowledge necessary for effective disclosure to a child. Increasing availability of therapy for HIV across the wor...
Prediction and measurement of human pilot dynamic characteristics

An analytical and experimental study of human pilot control strategies in a manned rotorcraft simulation is described. The task simulated involves a low-speed, constant-altitude maneuvering task in which a head-down display is utilized to allow the pilot to track a moving hover point. The efficacy of the display law driving an 'acceleration symbol' is determined and the manner in which the prediction and measurement of pilot/vehicle dynamics can be made part of man/machine system evaluations is demonstrated.
Track-following in tape storage: Lateral tape motion and control

Abstract Achieving higher track densities in tape storage systems requires significant improvements in the track-following capabilities. The track-follow control system is used to reduce the misalignment between the tape and the recording head created by the lateral motion of the flexible medium. The characteristics of the lateral tape motion disturbance and their effect in the track-follow performance are identified. The effects from roller run-outs, reel eccentricities and tape paths with flangeless rollers are discussed. Control schemes are evaluated to improve the track-following capability and increase the track density on a magnetic tape.
The Pocket Gopher in Relation to Soil Erosion on Moutain Range

There is little doubt that the pocket gopher is a pest where he is abundant on cultivated lands. In the irrigated West he has multiplied on foodstuffs provided by agriculture, and has invaded arid territory where, were it not for irrigation, he would not be found (Dixon '22). On wild lands, however, particularly mountain range-watersheds, opinion about the pocket gopher is sharply divided. Some observers, like Grinnell ('23, '33) and Taylor ('35), regard him as a necessary part of nature's economy, believing that he plays an important role in deepening and fertilizing mountain soils and in checking erosion. On the other hand Day ('31), Gabrielson ('38), and Peck ('41) condemn the pocket gopher as a prime cause of accelerated soil erosion on mountain lands. So complete a contradiction indicates a need for additional facts. This paper is a contribution to the ecology of the pocket gopher on subalpine rangeland of the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah.1 The subject matter will be restricted to direct and indirect influences on soil erosion on the range, and will touch upon the ecology of vegetation insofar as obvious relationships between pocket gophers and vegetation relate to soil erosion.
Children's reading strategies, metacognition, and motivation

Abstract Training studies in the field of children's reading have been useful methods for both theoretical understanding of the development of skilled reading and the improvement of educational practices. The data reported here are from an instructional study designed to improve students' use of reading strategies by increasing their metacognitive knowledge about reading. Approximately 500 third-grade and 500 fifth-grade children received an experimental curriculum that explicitly taught them to use reading strategies. An additional 600 children participated as control subjects. All children were tested at the beginning and end of the school year on a broad range of reading comprehension, strategy, metacognitive, and motivational measures. The findings indicate that children in experimental classrooms made significantly greater gains in awareness about reading than control children and demonstrated superior strategic skills. Additional analyses revealed the patterns of reading strategies, motivation, and metacognition characterizing readers of different ages and abilities. The implications of these results for conceptualizing reading and for educational practice were discussed.
Small-scale preparation of 14C2-pentaerythritol

14C2-Pentaerythritol (14C-PE) at approximately 8 mCi/mmole was prepared in 76% yield on a 3-mmole scale via a base-catalyzed condensation of acetaldehyde-14C2 with 1.5% aqueous CH2O.
Characterization of functional capacity of adult ventricular myocytes in long-term culture

Abstract Background Functional properties of freshly isolated adult ventricular myocytes (AVMs) or those of AVMs during first few weeks in culture were well described. However, the functional capacity of these AVMs such as regenerative potential remains unknown, in part, due to the short lifespan of AVMs in culture. This study modified culture conditions that extended the lifespan of AVMs, isolated from adult rat hearts, longer than 6months. Methods Temporal changes in the morphology of individual AVMs, cell–cell interaction, formation of myofibers, self-repair capacity after injury, expression of senescence biomarkers, and contractile function of AVMs over 5weeks (defined as long-term culture) were chronologically characterized and quantified with live-cell video and fluorescence microscopy, and immunocytochemistry. Results Cell growth in size reached a plateau after 4weeks in culture concomitantly with continuous increase in structural remodeling in long-term culture. Dynamic remodeling of AVMs promoted self-contact of filopodia and cell–cell contact where these contained abundant myofilaments, connexin 43 proteins, and high density and high integrity of mitochondria. Such high capacity also enabled self-repair of AVMs after injury, cytokinesis, and formation of myofibers. AVMs in long-term culture displayed spontaneous contraction and importantly were responsive to electrical stimulation. Moreover, AVMs expressed senescence-associated β-galactosidase, p16, and stress-associated atrial natriuretic peptides that resulted likely from cellular modeling. Conclusions Prolonged longevity of AVMs in culture with characteristics of high functional capacity of organelle regeneration and contraction makes them invaluable for further longitudinal mechanistic studies in cardiac (patho)physiology (e.g., hypertrophy and aging), single-cell analysis (e.g., function of hetero-phenotypes) and drug discovery.
URETERO-ILEOCYSTOPLASTY: A REVIEW OF LATE RESULTS IN FOUR CASES

SUMMARY Four cases of ureteral replacement by ileal conduit with reimplantation into the bladder are presented. Results over a long-term period have been uniformly successful, and we feel that this procedure has definite merit, particularly when there has been previous radiation of the pelvic ureters.
Rhetorical theory as message reception: A cognitive response approach to rhetorical theory and criticism

Traditional rhetorical theory tends to adopt the rhetor's point of view, emphasizing invention of rhetorical messages, rather than the audience's reception and interpretation of messages. The audience is ordinarily conceptualized in humanistic rhetorical theory as a target, a source of expectations to guide the rhetor's invention, a means to accomplish the rhetor's ends, or even an obstacle. We argue that a more complete view of rhetoric should include the audience as a potentially active part of the process of persuasion. Accordingly, we propose to supplement our traditional theories of rhetoric by sketching a complementary view of rhetoric as the process of an auditor's processing and responding to messages. The inspiration for this conception, Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model, is sketched, and implications for rhetorical theory and criticism are discussed.
The Electrocardiogram in Population Studies A Classification System

Information now available about the prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease is seriously deficient because of the lack of standardized and objective methods of collection, tabulation, interpretation, and reporting of survey data. Chief reliance in the objective diagnosis of coronary heart disease rests on the electrocardiogram, a crucial tool in population studies. A classification system for the electrocardiogram in epidemiologic studies has been developed, tested, and herein presented. It is adapted to the usual clinical reading technics of the electrocardiographer. It embodies criteria widely employed and of diagnostic and prognostic import, but no stipulations about interpretation are made. The system permits more valid comparisons of data on heart disease between populations. It is susceptible to modern methods of data processing.
High‐Temperature Steady‐State Creep in Rutile

The primary objective of this research was to study the interaction of point defects and dislocations in rutile at elevated temperatures. The steady-state creep rate was obtained for near-stoichiometric and vacuum-reduced compression specimens in the range 1050° to 1325°K and for stresses from 2(108) to 9(108) dynes per cm2. For a constant stress, strain, and temperature, the activation energy for creep varies continuously from 67 kcal per mole for the near-stoichiometric condition to about 33 kcal per mole for the highest degree of reduction. The activation energy for creep in hydrogen-reduced rutile is about 80 kcal per mole and this leads to the conclusion that the rate-controlling mechanism and/or defect are not the same for hydrogen- and vacuum-reduced rutile. A model based on the interaction of piled-up dislocations on a single slip system and high-density polygon walls formed during creep is proposed to explain steady-state creep in rutile.
A Kind of Hell: Roberto Bolaño and The Return of World Literature

There are two basic opinions regarding literature that we should keep in mind when reading Roberto Bolano. First, authors are frequently less interesting than their works; and second, literature, l...
Decomposition and Reconstruction Algorithms for Spline Wavelets on a Bounded Interval

Abstract The aim of this paper is to present decomposition and reconstruction algorithms for spline wavelets on a bounded interval as introduced by Chui and Quak in ["Numerical Methods of Approximation Theory, Vol. 9" (D. Braess and L. L. Schumaker, Eds.), pp. 53–75, Birkhauser, Basel, 1992]. The complexity of these algorithms is estimated and compared to that of some other methods available for wavelets on an interval. The algorithms are based on the observation that for a bounded interval, it is possible to perform both decomposition and reconstruction by computing with finite banded matrices. The paper also addresses the construction of the corresponding dual B-splines and dual B-wavelets.
Nonradioactive in situ localization of poly(A) + RNA during pollen development in anthers of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

A method is described for non-radioactive labeling of total mRNA [poly(A)+ RNA] in plastic-embedded plant tissue sections. Oligo-deoxythymidylic acid (oligo-dT) labeled with digoxigenin-conjugated dUTP was used for in situ hybridization to poly(A)+ RNA in sections of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) anthers. The digoxigenin was immuno-stained using antidigoxigenin IgG and gold-labeled protein-A, followed by silver enhancement of the gold label. Reproducibly similar positive staining patterns were obtained with digoxigenin-labeled oligo-dT and polyuridylic acid [poly(U)], but not with a similarly labeled sense probe, poly(A). In the developing anthers, from the onset of meiosis to the production of pollen grains, labeling patterns were compatible with a gradual depletion of nuclear and chromosome-associated sporophytic mRNA molecules during prophase of meiosis, followed by postmeiotic production of gametophytic mRNA in microspore nuclei and the vegetative nuclei of the pollen grains.
Origins of Regio- and Stereochemistry in Type 2 Intramolecular N-Acylnitroso Diels–Alder Reactions: A Computational Study of Tether Length and Substituent Effects

Quantum mechanical calculations have been used to investigate type 2 intramolecular N-acylnitroso Diels–Alder reactions. Experimentally observed regioselectivities and diastereoselectivities of the...
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY IN A BOY WITH HEPATOMA AND CIRCULATING GONADOTROPIN.

Sexual precocity resulting from circulating gonadotropin is reported in a 2-year-old child with hepatoblastoma. Following removal of the tumor the sexual precocity regressed and the gonadotropin in the serum disappeared. The patient eventually succumbed to his disease as have the other four similar patients that have been reported upon. This unusual cause of sexual precocity must be considered in the differential diagnosis of isosexual precocity. The clinical signs and symptoms, and the chemical abnormalities that occur in patients of this type, are discussed.
Potentiation of CCNU activity by misonidazole in metastases.

The KHT sarcoma is a model system in which metastases can be studied in multiple organs without prior clonal selection. The present series of experiments were designed to evaluate and compare the extent of potentiation of chemotherapeutic agent activity by radiosensitizers when KHT sarcoma cells were grown in different anatomical sites. In these studies the effect of combining misonidazole (MISO) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-l-nitrosourea (CCNU) on KHT lung nodules and ovarian metastases was determined. Ovarian metastases were a consequence of the direct spread of tumor cells growing as lung nodules. Once established, KHT cells in the lungs and ovaries grew with a similar doubling time (1–2 days). Response of tumors at either site to chemotherapy in the presence or absence of a sensitizer was assessed using an in vivo to in vitro excision assay. MISO (1·0 mmol/kg) was administered simultaneously with a range of CCNU doses and survival of clonogenic tumor cells was measured 24 h after treatment. The results demonstrate that the addition of MISO to CCNU treatment potentiated the action of this chemotherapeutic agent at both tumor sites although greater cell kill enhancement occurred in the ovarian metastases. In the lung nodules, when combined with CCNU, a 1·0 mmol/kg dose of MISO was found to yield a dose modifying factor (DMF) of ∼1·3. The same combination resulted in a DMF of ∼1·8 in the ovarian metastases. This difference in DMF was not a result of an intrinsic difference in sensitivity to CCNU since cells grown at either site gave rise to the same dose response curve. Rather the difference in dose modification by MISO appears to be a consequence of the larger fraction of radiobiologically hypoxic cells in the ovarian tumors (∼50 per cent) than in the lung nodules (∼5 per cent) at the time of treatment. These findings suggest the use of drug-sensitizer combinations to treat disseminated disease and provide further evidence for the requirement of hypoxia in chemopotentiation by radiosensitizers.
COCOON CONSTRUCTION BY THE CECROPIA SILKWORM III. THE ALTERATION OF SPINNING BEHAVIOR BY CHEMICAL AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES

behavior of the Cecropia silkworm were found to be triggered and modulated by stimuli arising from external and internal environments (VAN DER KLOOT and WILLIAMS, I953a; 1953b). Yet the fact remains that the detailed architecture of the cocoon is a property of the species: in the presence of similar environments, different species of silkworms spin dissimilar cocoons. The end product of the behavior is as distinctive as the structure of the insect itself, and by a simple inspection of a series of cocoons one may identify the genera and species of the insects that spun them. The organization of the central nervous system is obviously responsible for this specificity of behavior. Inflowing/stimuli are dealt with according to a hereditary plan built into the central nervous system. The present study was directed toward an experimental analysis of this central mechanism. The Cecropia silkworm provides certain unusual advantages for a study of this type. The cocoon is sufficiently complex to reveal deviations from the normal which one may induce experimentally. Moreover, the insect's central nervous system is particularly accessible to surgical procedures. It consists of an elongate chain of ganglia lying internal to the ventral body
On Intensity Characteristics of Sensory Receptors" A Generalized Function

An attempt is made at finding general mathematical expressions for intensity characteristics of sensory receptors. Analysis of responses of an auditory nerve unit and of a Pacinian corpuscle lead to the derivation of two simple equations that describe the relationships between the stimulus energy, or a variable proportional to it, and either the average receptor potential or the average firing rate of receptor units. The transformation between the two equations reflects the relationship between the two response stages. The equations imply that the receptors first linearly integrate an energy-proportional variable, then perform a power-function transformation on the result. An exponential function is derived for the response saturation at sufficiently high stimulus levels. The equations generate numerical values in close agreement with empirical intensity characteristics of auditory and other mechanoreceptors, of photoreceptors, and of chemoreceptors. Usually, a power of approximately 0.5 is followed, but gustatory receptors appear to obey a power of 1.0.
Reflections About Mathematical Chemistry

A personal account is presented for the present status of mathematical chemistry, with emphasis on non-numerical applications. These use mainly graph-theoretical concepts. Most computational chemical applications involve quantum chemistry and are therefore largely reducible to physics, while discrete mathematical applications often do not. A survey is provided for opinions and definitions of mathematical chemistry, and then for journals, books and book series, as well as symposia of mathematical chemistry.
Type-Specific vs. Cross-Protective Vaccination for Gram-Negative Bacterial Pneumonia

Groups of guinea pigs received four injections intramuscularly of lipopolysaccharide vaccine derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cross-protective core glycolipid vaccine derived from the J-5 mutant of Escherichia coli O111, or saline during a two-week period. Titers of passive hemagglutinating antibody to vaccine antigens in serum routinely increased fourfold or more. Experimental hemorrhagic pseudomonas pneumonia was then induced, from which the rates of survival were 15% among animals receiving saline, 81% among animals receiving pseudomonas vaccine (P less than 0.001), and 42% among animals receiving J-5 vaccine. Thus, only weak cross-protection against pseudomonas pneumonia was detected in the recipients of J-5 vaccine. Further studies revealed no protection against pneumonia due to either E. coli or Klebsiella in animals receiving J-5 vaccine. From these data, species-specific vaccination appears to be superior to vaccination with cross-protective antigen against experimental pseudomonas pneumonia.
Inhibition of cell migration, spreading, and focal adhesions by tumor suppressor PTEN

The tumor suppressor PTEN is a phosphatase with sequence similarity to the cytoskeletal protein tensin. Here the cellular roles of PTEN were investigated. Overexpression of PTEN inhibited cell migration, whereas antisense PTEN enhanced migration. Integrin-mediated cell spreading and the formation of focal adhesions were down-regulated by wild-type PTEN but not by PTEN with an inactive phosphatase domain. PTEN interacted with the focal adhesion kinase FAK and reduced its tyrosine phosphorylation. Overexpression of FAK partially antagonized the effects of PTEN. Thus, PTEN phosphatase may function as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating cell interactions with the extracellular matrix.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins: A critical review

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are potent growth factors belonging to the Transforming Growth Factor Beta superfamily. To date over 20 members have been identified in humans with varying functions during processes such as embryogenesis, skeletal formation, hematopoiesis and neurogenesis. Though their functions have been identified, less is known regarding levels of regulation at the extracellular matrix, membrane surface, and receptor activation. Further, current models of activation lack the integration of these regulatory mechanisms. This review focuses on the different levels of regulation, ranging from the release of BMPs into the extracellular components to receptor activation for different BMPs. It also highlights areas in research that is lacking or contradictory.
Alterations of excitation-contraction coupling by platelet-derived growth factor in enzymatically isolated and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells

We studied stimulus-specific alterations of the excitation-contraction coupling pathway in freshly isolated contractile and subcultured non-contractile vascular smooth muscle cells. Using the calcium indicator aequorin, we detected physiological increases in cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in subcultured smooth muscle cells subjected to angiotensin or 33 mM potassium depolarization. These increases were qualitatively identical to those previously measured in intact vascular strips. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induced a slow, sustained [Ca2+]i increase when applied to the subcultured smooth muscle cells at low picomolar concentrations. Freshly isolated, contractile vascular smooth muscle cells, prepared by a novel technique, exhibited a slow shortening of 20% of resting length in response to PDGF. PDGF also markedly potentiated smooth muscle cell shortening in response to an ED50 dose of phenylephrine. This effect was PDGF concentration dependent. The time course of shortening induced by PDGF alone was consistent with the time course of the PDGF-induced [Ca2+]i increase in the cultured smooth muscle cells. These data suggest that agonists which induce [Ca2+]i changes in contractile smooth muscle cells may retain this ability with respect to cultured smooth muscle cells. PDGF, a peptide mitogen for proliferative smooth muscle cells, may also serve to modulate vascular tone by modestly raising [Ca2+]i in contractile smooth muscle cell and, therefore, sensitizing the cells to alpha adrenergic agonists.
Sensitivity of detection of radiofrequency surgical sponges: a prospective, cross-over study

Abstract Background A retained surgical sponge is a serious medical error that results in negative patient outcomes. Radiofrequency (RF) technology has recently been introduced to evaluate for the presence of a retained sponge. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of surgical sponges embedded with an RF chip through the torsos of subjects of varying body habitus, including the morbidly obese. Methods A prospective, crossover, and observer blinded study design was used. Subjects served as their own controls. With the subject supine, 4 surgical sponges were sequentially placed behind the subject's torso in locations approximating abdominal quadrants. Results Two hundred ten subjects were enrolled in the study. Nearly half (n = 101) were morbidly obese. Eight hundred forty readings were taken. There were no false-positive or false-negative readings. The sensitivity and specificity of detection of the RF sponges through the torsos of subjects of varying body habitus were 100%. Conclusions The sensitivity and specificity of RF sponge technology are much higher than published reports of surgical counts or published findings of intraoperative radiographs for retained sponges.
Comparative acceptability and nutritive value of barley, wheat mixed feed, and a mixed concentrate ration in meal and pelleted forms for lactating cows.

Abstract Grain rations consisting of 98% barley, 98% wheat mixed feed, and a control mixture of barley, wheat, peas, and cottonseed meal, fed in meal and pelleted forms, were compared in digestion, lactation, and acceptability trials. Alfalfa hay was fed as the only roughage with each grain mixture at a 55 :45 ratio in the lactation and digestion trials and at a 30:70 ratio in the acceptability trial. Digestibility of dry matter, energy, and total digestible nutrients content of wheat mixed feed rations were lower than barley or control rations. Fed as a meal, wheat mixed feed was consumed at a lower rate than all other grain rations (P Cows fed pelleted grain rations in the lactation trial produced more milk, protein, solids-not-fat, fat, and fat-corrected milk than those fed meal rations (P .10). Pelleting the grain rations resulted in the greatest depression of milk fat percentage for cows in the acceptability trial. Fat depression was not as great for cows on the acceptability trial fed wheat mixed feed, a result associated with greater fiber and lower nitrogen-free extract intake. Mean diurnal levels of rumen volatile fatty acids associated with pelleted rations resulted in an increase in molar percentage rumen acetate and a decrease in butyrate, with little change in propionate or valerate compared to meal rations. Cows fed wheat mixed feed as a meal lost weight; those on other treatments gained weight. Wheat mixed feed, fed in pelleted form, was comparable to barley or a mixed grain ration in meal or pelleted forms as the only concentrate for lactating cows.
Analysis and design of a high-speed projector for environmentally sustainable micro and nanoparticle deposition

It may be possible to use high-speed impacts as a machining process at the meso and microscales. Before this can be realised, it is necessary to develop both an understanding of the physics of such impacts and to develop a method of generating repeatable, accurate impacts. As a first step in this process, we have made a simple device that fires small spheres at high-speed using the pressure differential generated by a vacuum. We have quantified the performance of a small-scale gas-gun by recording firing events using high-speed video. Experimental data is compared to results from numerical simulations to completely characterise the physics involved in firing. In addition, we present the results of high-speed impacts resulting in significant plastic deformation in the target material.
Possible noradrenergic involvement in naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing in mice

Apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing behavior in mice was significantly potentiated by pretreatment with the opiate receptor blocker naloxone. In animals additionally pretreated with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, brain levels of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were markedly reduced and naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing was blocked. In mice pretreated with diethyldithiocarbamic acid, brain NE was slightly reduced, brain DA was slightly elevated but naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing was unaltered. In animals pretreated with reserpine, both brain NE and DA were significantly reduced by naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing was not affected. In other experiments, pretreatment with low doses of the alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker BE-2254 failed to suppress climbing activity induced by apomorphine alone but did successfully prevent naloxone potentiation of apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing. These findings suggest the possibility that NE and alpha-adrenergic receptors might play a role in the potentiating influence of naloxone upon apomorphine-induced stereotypic climbing activity in mice.
Heat shock, stress proteins, chaperones, and proteotoxicity

Abstract Cold Spring Harbor was the scene of the first international heat shock meeting, held in 1982 on the 20th anniversary year of Ferruccio Ritossa's discovery of the heat shock response. Stimulated in part by the success of that first meeting, progress has been impressive: much of it was described at the meeting this spring at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, arranged by Richard Morimoto (Northwestern University) and Costa Georgopoulos (University of Utah), and entitled "Stress Proteins and The Heat Shock Response" (April 29–May 2, 1991). Judging from the numbers of new faces and the level of enthusiasm at this year's meeting, the progress is bound to continue (for comprehensive reviews of the field, see Morimoto et al., 1990;,Nover, 1991).
Laboratory Notebooks: Current Teaching Applications:

The laboratory notebook, traditionally a primary document in patent applications, has recently developed additional importance in the wake of federal regulations designed to insure more stringent record-keeping in the testing of drugs. Compression of procedural detail in published reports to save journal space has also changed the function of the laboratory notebook, which now serves as a receptacle for detailed information omitted from published accounts. These recent developments in laboratory notebooks are discussed with application to possible technical writing assignments.
An Application of the Dominant Product-Dominant Country Framework of Export Segmentation to the Case of Turkey

This paper seeks 1o validate the ‘Dominant Product - Dominant Country (DPDC)’ framework (Shankarmahesh and Olsen 1997) of export segmentation in the context of Turkey, an advanced developing country. The DPDC framework is a 2x2 framework which varies along two dimensioos, namely, the product’s share in the export portfolio (a percentage) and the target country’s share in the export portfolio (also a perrentage). These two percentage figures for Turkey for the years 1994-96 are fed in1o a hierarchical cluster program and the cluster solution is externally validated using the DPDC framework ..
Parallel solution of a linear system using an SOR neural network

Successive over-relaxation (SOR) can be an efficient iterative method of solving linear systems of equations. However, parallel implementation depends on an appropriate structure in the coefficient matrix; for systems arising from discretization of the Poisson equation, a red-black ordering of the unknowns is suitable. One difficulty in utilizing SOR is the necessity of choosing a good value for the relaxation parameter, /spl omega/. We present a neural network for solving the Poisson equation applied to electrostatics. The neural network learns a good value for /spl omega/ as it solves the linear system. The algorithm is based on the standard parallel SOR method. The performance of the sequential SOR and Jacobi methods are compared with the neural network for two sample problems.
Missing Data Imputation Using Regression Tree Model for Sparse Data Collected via Wide Area Ubiquitous Network

In a ubiquitous/pervasive environment, devices such as sensors and actuators will exist in high density. In this environment, we can acquire a large number of sensor values such as temperature and humidity. We have proposed a ubiquitous data storing architecture called uTupleSpace (uTS), which supports flexible sharing of sensor values with multiple users/software/devices. However, despite a user request, if some values are not stored on the uTS, they should be treated as missing and imputed by estimating such values. We focus on the regression tree imputation method for this problem and show its effectivity for a high-density WAUN environment by regarding multiple sensor values observed at the same time as a spatial dataset. Moreover, we propose a preprocessing method for improving the imputation accuracy in a sparse WAUN environment. We can achieve higher accuracy with our preprocessing method compared to the no-preprocessed and linear interpolation methods. We show the effectivity of our proposed method through experiments.
Altered effective connectivity during performance of an information processing speed task in multiple sclerosis

Background: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) reveal distinct patterns of activation during task performance. We were interested in determining whether distinct patterns of effective connectivity would be revealed with Granger causality analysis (GCA).Objective: To characterize directed neural connections in persons with MS during a processing speed task between brain regions known to be activated in healthy controls.Methods: fMRI and GCA were used to examine effective connectivity underlying performance of a processing speed task in persons with MS. In total, 16 individuals with MS and 17 healthy controls (HC) performed a modified version of the Symbol Digit Modality Task (mSDMT) in the MRI scanner. Eight seed regions were selected on the basis of a priori data showing areas involved in mSDMT performance of HC.Results: Behaviorally, the MS group attained a level of accuracy equivalent to the HC group, although they were significantly slower. Whil...
Quantitation of Lysozyme Peptides Bound to Class II MHC Molecules Indicates Very Large Differences in Levels of Presentation

Knowing the abundance of peptides presented by MHC molecules is a crucial aspect for understanding T cell activation and tolerance. In this report we determined the relative abundance of four distinct peptide families after the processing of the model Ag hen egg-white lysozyme. The development of a sensitive immunochemical approach reported here made it possible to directly quantitate the abundance of these four epitopes presented by APCs, both in vitro and in vivo. We observed a wide range of presentation among these four different epitopes presented on the surface of APCs, with 250-fold differences or more between the most abundant epitope (48-63) and the least abundant epitopes. Importantly, we observe similar ratios of presentation from APCs in vitro as well as from APCs from the spleens and thymi of hen egg-white lysozyme transgenic mice. We discuss the relationship between the amount of peptide presented and their binding to I-A(k) molecules, immunogenicity, and tolerogenicity.
Estimation of operative line of resection using preoperative image and nonrigid registration

Even though accurate diagnosis of organs is done using preoperative images such as CT or MRI, these information are not directly used in the operating room, because organs are nonrigid and their shapes change with time. In this paper, we propose to obtain an intraoperative image of an open organ and fuse the image with a preoperative image. The intraoperative image is obtained from a three-dimensional laser scanner. The registration of preoperative image to the intraoperative image can relate the information from the preoperative image to the open organ in the operating room. We do this by registering preoperative images to intraoperative images. An algorithm based on Robust Point Matching method is developed for this nonrigid image registration problem. We also propose a new metric called Non Overlapping Ratio to determine the registration error. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of achieving region of interest estimation within 1.51 mm mean distance error and 0.66% Non Overlapping Ratio.
Book Review Essay: Educational Leadership and the Environment: Something Old, Something New

Sustainable Leadership. Andy Hargreaves and Dean Fink. 2006. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. 352 pp. $25.00 paperback. Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect. David W. Orr. 2004. Island Press, Washington, DC. 224 pp. $19.95 paperback. Recently, David Orr's young classic, Earth in Mind: On Education, Environment, and the Human Prospect , celebrated its lasting place in education and sustainability literature with a tenth-year anniversary re-release edition. This year, noted educational leadership authors Andy Hargreaves and Dean Fink have collaborated to produce Sustainable Leadership . Although both books purport to address ideas of sustainability in education, their approaches could not be more dramatically, diametrically different.
A factor analysis of challenging behaviors assessed with the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtism Traits (BISCUIT-Part 3)

Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in socialization, communication, and restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. In addition to these core deficits, individuals with ASD also experience co-occurring conditions such as problem behaviors. Problem behaviors are common to this population and can have detrimental effects on the person's life and those who care for them. Due to the consequences of these behaviors, regular monitoring is necessary to identify these behaviors and implement treatment. The BISCUIT-Part 3 is the only measure designed to assess problem behaviors in infants and toddlers with ASD. The purpose of this study was to identify the factor structure of the BISCUIT-Part 3 through exploratory factor analysis and determine the ability of these factors to predict group membership.
The Conformations of Taxol in Chloroform

Taxol, isolated from the bark of Taxus breVifolia in the late 1960s, 1 and its semisynthetic Taxotere congener 2 have become the drugs of choice for the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer. 3 The availability of active simplified analogues would facilitate shortened synthetic strategies and potentially bypass neurotoxicity 4 and multidrug resistance. 5 The design of such compounds is hampered by an incomplete understanding of Taxol’s conformation in the bioactive form. Numerous studies have sought to deduce the drug’s three-dimensional state in solution by NMR spectroscopy combined with force-field guided conformational analysis. In both polar and nonpolar solvents, rotamers exhibit hydrophobic collapse 6 between the flexible C-2, C-4, and C-13 side chains, accompanied by variable H2′-C-C-H3′ torsional angles (Table 1). 7,8 Each of the conformational extremes has been proposed as a candidate for the Taxol topology bound to microtubules. 7d,g-j,8b-d
Low-power warp processor for power efficient high-performance embedded systems

Researchers previously proposed warp processors, a novel architecture capable of transparently optimizing an executing application by dynamically re-implementing critical kernels within the software as custom hardware circuits in an on-chip FPGA. However, the original warp processor design was primarily performance-driven and did not focus on power consumption, which is becoming an increasingly important design constraint. Focusing on power consumption, we present an alternative low-power warp processor design and methodology that can dynamically and transparently reduce power consumption of an executing application with no degradation in system performance, achieving an average reduction in power consumption of 74%. We further demonstrate the flexibility of this approach to provide dynamic control between high-performance and low-power consumption.
Synchronous logic synthesis: algorithms for cycle-time minimization

A novel approach to logic synthesis of digital synchronous circuits is presented. A model for synchronous circuits that supports logic transformations aimed at optimizing the circuit performance is presented. Previous synthesis approaches attacked this problem by separating the combinational logic from the registers and by applying circuit transformations to the combinational component only. It is shown how to optimize concurrently the circuit equations and the register position by a set of algorithms based on logic transformations. Experimental results on benchmark circuits are reported. >
Calcium Infusion Suggests a "Set-Point" Abnormality of Parathyroid Gland Function in Familial Benign Hypercalcemia and More Complex Disturbances in Primary Hyperparathyroidism*

PTH clearly plays a role in maintaining the hypercalcemia of familial benign hypercalcemia (FBH or familial hypocalciuric hypocalcemia). To better define the abnormalities of parathyroid function in FBH and primary hyperparathyroidism (1 degree HPT), we used a two-site immunochemiluminometric assay for intact PTH to examine PTH suppressibility in normal individuals and patients having FBH or 1 degree HPT. Twelve normal, 11 FBH, and 7 1 degree HPT subjects were given calcium (Ca) iv with frequent sampling for ionized Ca and intact PTH. In normal and FBH subjects, plasma PTH levels decreased essentially identically in response to iv Ca. In the 1 degree HPT group, PTH was not normally suppressible. However, there was a spectrum of responsiveness in 1 degree HPT patients, with a significant correlation between tumor mass and degree of PTH nonsuppressibility (r = 0.87, P = 0.01). Analysis of the relationship between plasma PTH and ionized Ca values in the three groups demonstrated a shift to the right in the F...
Feedback Control Formulations for a Complex Flexible Structure Utilizing Reaction Mass Actuators

Active control has been performed on a structure possessing complex modal behavior. This structure had closely spaced modes, creating a "beat phenomena" in the structure's free vibration. The dynamic characteristics of the actuators are reported and a model for the interaction of actuator and structure is developed. Reaction mass actuators (RMAs) were analyzed with two control schemes. A local velocity feedback (LVF) controller was designed and implemented. A full state feedback controller was designed and evaluated on an experimentally verified analytical model of the flexible structure. Various linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control laws were considered and compared to the LVF controller. An investigation was performed using the LQR controller that investigated the effects of the stroke length with a full state feedback controller.
PAX Immunoreactivity in Poorly Differentiated Small Round Cell Tumors of Childhood

Paired box (PAX) gene antibodies have made it into the mainstream of tumor diagnosis in the recent years. We report the immunoreactivity expression patterns of three PAX genes (PAX2, PAX5 and PAX8) in poorly differentiated small round cell tumors of childhood for possible useful diagnostic applications. We collected and analyzed 123 cases of poorly differentiated small round cell tumors of childhood for their PAX immunoexpression patterns. The results indicated that PAX2 was strongly positive in all alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and in two-thirds of the kidney clear cell sarcomas, and displayed variable expression in one-half of the embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. PAX8 immunoexpression was noticed in five and three cases of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, respectively. About one-third of malignant rhabdoid tumors were PAX2-positive and PAX8-positive. All of the Ewing sarcoma and neuroblastoma cases stained negative with all three PAX stains.
A Note On The Lack Of Statistical Optimality In The Judgment Of Solomon

Solomon, in his most celebrated decision, threatened to cut a baby in half, calculated to elicit such testimony from a claimant that would allow him to identify the real mother and thus grant her custody. Comment from biblical scholars seems to run in the same direction, i.e. Solomon had insight into maternal love. When one of the females offered to withdraw her claim, to save the child, he identified her as the real mother, and this provided the foundation for his Judgment. While the evidentiary trap set by Solomon is genius, his use of the data produced by his trap lacked statistical optimality. The optimality of Solomon’s decision has never been challenged in the literature until now. This challenge is long overdue, considering the fact that this decision has been enshrined as the icon of “Superb decision making” in many cultures including our own. This paper points out that, in view of the testimony of the second woman, the optimal decision would have been to identify the second woman as an imposter. Custody should have been given to the first woman by default.
INTENSE GRAZING AND PREY‐DEPENDENT GROWTH OF PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Grazing and growth of Pfiesteria piscicida (Pfiest) were investigated using batch and cyclostat cultures with Rhodomonas sp. (Rhod) as prey. Observed maximum growth rates (1.4 d - 1 ) and population densities (2 × 10 5 cells . mL - 1 ) corresponded to values predicted by Monod functions (1.76 d - 1 ; 1.4 × 10 5 cells.mL - 1 ). In batch cultures under a range of prey-to-predator ratios (0.1:1 to 180:1) and prey concentrations (1000-71,000 cells . mL - 1 ), Rhodomonas sp. was always depleted rapidly and P. piscicida concentrations increased briefly. The rate of Rhodomonas sp. depletion and the magnitude of P. piscicida population maxima depended on the prey-to-predator ratio and prey concentration. Starvation resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1 and G2 + M and ultimately the demise of both P. piscicida and Rhodomonas sp. populations, demonstrating the dependence of P. piscicida on the supply of appropriate prey. The depletion of Rhodomonas sp. populations could be attributed directly to grazing, because P. piscicida did not exert detectable inhibitory effects on the growth of Rhodomonas sp. but grazed intensely, with maximum grazing rates > 10 Rhod . Pfiest - 1 . d - 1 and with no apparent threshold prey abundance for grazing. The results suggest that 1) the abundance of appropriate prey may be an important factor regulating P. piscicida abundance in nature, 2) P. piscicida may control prey population, and 3) high growth and grazing potentials of P. piscicida along with cell cycle arrest may confer survival advantages.