cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invariant Diffs.

Software development is inherently incremental. Nowadays, many software companies adopt an agile process and a shorter release cycle, where software needs to be delivered faster with quality assurances. On the other hand, the majority of existing program analysis tools still target single versions of programs and are slow and inflexible to handle changes. In the popular version control systems such as git, the program changes are still presented using source code diffs. It is hard to understand what program conditions are changed and which source code lines cause them. In this paper, we propose to compute "invariant diffs" to specify changes. Similar to source diffs that report common code and code churns, we define version invariants to represent program conditions that are common across versions, and invariant churns to show the changes of program conditions between versions. We designed a static demand-driven, path-sensitive analysis to compute and compare invariants for multiple versions of programs using multiversion control flow graphs. We report invariant diffs at the matched program points where comparing invariants are meaningful. Importantly, our analysis correlates source diffs with invariant diffs to explain what source code changes lead to the property changes. We implemented our algorithms in a tool called $H_2$ and performed experiments on 104 versions of programs. Our results show that we are able to compute invariant diffs correctly within reasonable amount of time. The version invariants can capture the common properties of program versions even constructed by different persons, and the invariant churns can specify the semantics of changes such as how a patch changed a buggy condition to a correct condition.
Design and Analysis of an Axial Flux Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine Applications

This paper proposes an axial flux doubly fed induction generator (AF-DFIG) for wind power application where the stator winding is connected to the grid. Axial flux machines (AFMs) are preferred in applications requiring high torque and power density due to their pancake shaped form factor. Coupled with several advantages of the DFIG topology like variable speed operation, smaller power converter size and reduced mechanical stress due to wind speed variations, axial flux machines have the added benefit of providing higher torque density compared to radial flux machines (RFMs). In this work, sizing equation-based design methodology of a single stator single rotor (SSSR) AF-DFIG configuration is presented, which can be extended for other topologies of AFMs. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to characterize the proposed machine configuration for the intended application requirements. Moreover, performance comparison is done with a radial flux DFIG (RF-DFIG) which validates the advantages of the proposed topology.
The economics of quality and safety in radiology: Accreditation programs and landmark legislation.

Abstract Quality and patient safety are essential to the practice of radiology. “Quality is our image” is the slogan for the American College of Radiology (ACR), which has embraced the quality and safety movement as a central tenet. The impact of advances in radiology on diagnosis and management of complex medical disorders cannot be understated. Nevertheless, these revolutionary technologies do come at a cost. Increasing utilization of advanced imaging in emergency departments throughout the country poses challenges both in terms of appropriate use and management of radiation dose. The indispensable place advanced imaging plays in diagnosis has necessitated guidelines and accountability to protect patients and radiology staff. In this series, we have created a concise discourse on what we have determined to be the essentials of the economics of quality and safety as it pertains to radiology. In this first article, we summarize the accreditation programs in radiology, their legislative background, and the associated financial and market responses that have subsequently resulted. We discuss the progression from historical predecessors to the passage of the Mammography Quality and Safety Act (MQSA), which served as a model for subsequent laws governing the quality and safety of other imaging modalities. These laws have had real economic implications for radiology practices seeking to meet new increasingly stringent guidelines. We also break down the costs of participation in the ACR accreditation and center of excellence programs.
Non-palpable testis: is management consistent and objective?

Summary Introduction Diagnostic laparoscopy is recommended for boys with non-palpable testis (NPT) by American and European guidelines with the decision to pursue inguinal exploration based upon testicular vessel appearance. We hypothesized that management decisions are not consistent with the guidelines, and that assessment of vessels is subjective. Materials and methods Pediatric urologist management decisions were evaluated via an electronic survey to determine impact of contralateral testicle size, sonographic findings, surgeon region, and years in practice. In a digital image survey, surgeons were asked to interpret gonadal vessel status of 32 consecutive cases of NPT with absent abdominal testis as normal, atretic, or blind-ending to determine intra- and inter-rater reliability. Results Of the 339 participants, more Europeans (49%) chose sonography as the first management step for NPT compared to US surgeons (12%). Regardless of sonographic findings, over 80% chose laparoscopy as the first step. In the presence of normal, atretic, and blind-ending vessels, the decisions to proceed with inguinal/scrotal exploration were 88%, 68%, and 17%, respectively. Contralateral hypertrophy and sonography findings had no significant impact on the decision to proceed with inguinal/scrotal exploration. The visual gonadal vessel survey showed surgeon interpretation of normal or blind-ending vessels had moderate inter-rater reliability. Surgeons did not agree on normal status 37% of the time and did not agree on atretic status 66% of the time. There was no statistical difference between European and US respondents (P = 0.23). Intra-rater reliability was fair for blind-ending vessels. When the first interpretation was blind-ending, the same surgeon changed interpretation of the same image 39% of the time. There was no statistical difference by years of practice. Conclusions Non-visualization of NPT on sonography and contralateral testis size had no significant impact upon management decisions. Surgeons chose to pursue inguinal/scrotal exploration based upon laparoscopic gonadal vessel status. However, these interpretations were subjective with low inter- and intra-rater reliability. Download : Download high-res image (936KB) Download : Download full-size image Summary Figure . Participants were asked to evaluate photographs from 32 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy. The right and left abdominal photographs were mirrored (if necessary) such that the NPT side was always on the left. Representative images for (A) normal, (B) atretic, and (C) blind-ending vessels.
When Draupadi says #MeToo: Indian comics reimagining gender justice

Comics are a familiar and widespread form of popular culture within India and throughout the diaspora. They offer a unique format for the examination of new landscapes of gender relations and can b...
Schools and neighborhood crime: The effects of dropouts and high-performing schools on juvenile crime

Most scholars have focused on the simple presence of schools when examining their influence on neighborhood crime. This paper instead examines two school characteristics that might affect local juv...
Protecting Financial Stability: Lessons from the Coronavirus Pandemic

The coronavirus pandemic has produced a public health debacle of the first-order. But, the virus has also propagated the kind of exogenous shock that can precipitate—and to a certain degree has precipitated—a systemic event for our financial system. This still unfolding systemic shock comes a little more than a decade after the last financial crisis. In the intervening years, much as been written about the global financial crisis of 2008 and its systemic dimensions. Considerable scholarly attention has focused on first devising and then critiquing the macroprudential reforms that ensued, both in the Dodd-Frank Act and the many regulations and policy guidelines that implemented its provisions. In this essay, we consider the coronavirus pandemic and its implications for the financial system through the lens of the frameworks we had developed for the analysis of systemic financial risks in the aftermath of the last financial crisis. While today’s pandemic differs in many critical respects from the events of 2008, systemic events in the financial sector have a common structure relevant to both crises. Reflecting back on responses to the last financial crisis also affords us an opportunity both to understand how financial regulators are currently responding to the coronavirus pandemic and also to speculate how the pandemic might lead to further reforms of financial regulation and other areas of public policy in the years ahead.
Practical reasoning and decision making in science: Struggles for truth

Knowledge building dynamics are central to scientific communities and involve dialog, debate, inquiry, and contested reasoning. Refining and developing knowledge is an oft missing dynamic in precol...
A qualitative inquiry comparing mindfulness-based art therapy versus neutral clay tasks as a proactive mental health solution for college students.

College students experience unprecedented levels of stress and anxiety, impacting their desire to perform well and live a balanced life. Mindfulness-based practices along with art therapy technique...
Antiviral activities of four marine sulfated glycans against adenovirus and human cytomegalovirus

Broad-spectrum antivirals are more needed than ever to provide treatment options for novel emerging viruses and for viruses that lack therapeutic options or have developed resistance. A large number of viruses rely on charge-dependent non-specific interactions with heparan sulfate (HS), a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), for attachment to cell surfaces to initiate cell entry. As such, inhibitors targeting virion-HS interactions have potential to have broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Previous research has explored organic and inorganic small molecules, peptides, and GAG mimetics to disrupt virion-HS interactions. Here we report antiviral activities against both enveloped (the herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus) and non-enveloped (adenovirus) DNA viruses for four defined marine sulfated glycans: a sulfated galactan from the red alga Botryocladia occidentalis; a sulfated fucan from the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus, and a sulfated fucan and a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate from the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus. As evidenced by gene expression, time of addition, and treatment/removal assays, all four novel glycans inhibited viral attachment and entry, most likely through interactions with virions. The sulfated fucans, which both lack anticoagulant activity, had similar antiviral profiles, suggesting that their activities are not only due to sulfation content or negative charge density but also due to other physicochemical factors such as the potential conformational shapes of these carbohydrates in solution and upon interaction with virion proteins. The structural and chemical properties of these marine sulfated glycans provide unique opportunities to explore relationships between glycan structure and their antiviral activities.
Impact of Insurance Status on Radiation Treatment and Clinical Outcome in Adult Medulloblastoma.

Purpose/objective(s) Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain neoplasm, but its pattern of care among adult patients has not been standardized. Recent studies demonstrated that disparity in socioeconomic factors could influence treatment decision and prognosis in many cancers. This study aims to analyze the impact of insurance and socioeconomic status on the clinical outcome of adult patients with medulloblastoma in the United States. Materials/methods Adult patients (age 18 or older) with medulloblastoma in the brain diagnosed from 2004 to 2016 were identified from the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Patients with unknown status for race, insurance, income quartile, treatment status of radiation or chemotherapy, or overall survival (OS) were excluded. OS was evaluated with the Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards methods. Logistic regression was performed to assess the effect on dichotomized dependent variable. Results A total of 1,282 adult patients with medulloblastoma were identified. The median follow-up time was 6.9 years. The mean age was 29 years (range 18-85). 30.9% of patients were uninsured or had Medicaid, 83.2% were white, 81.9% received radiation therapy, and 59.9% received chemotherapy. Using univariate analysis, insurance status, radiation, and chemotherapy were statistically associated with OS. Uninsured/Medicaid patients were associated with poorer OS (hazards ratio [HR] 1.36, 95% CI 1.08-1.71, P Conclusion Using a large national cohort of adult medulloblastoma patients, this study demonstrated the statistically significant disparity of patient outcomes with insurance status. An effort to address healthcare disparity and increase access to cancer care may improve the clinical outcome for adult patients with medulloblastoma.
The Quantum Defect Theory Approach

The Quantum Defect Theory (QDT) is a method of using the analytically known properties of excited electrons moving in a pure Coulomb field to describe atomic photoabsorption and electron-ion scattering processes in terms of a few parameters. These parameters may be determined either from experimental data or from ab initio theoretical calculations. In addition, they are usually nearly independent of energy in the threshold energy region (i.e., within a few eV of the atomic ionization threshold). Thus the determination of these parameters at any single energy suffices to predict the variation with energy of numerous atomic properties in the threshold energy region such as total and partial photoionization or scattering cross sections, photoelectron asymmetry parameters, discrete line strengths, autoionization profiles, etc. These properties are often very strongly energy-dependent and difficult to measure or to calculate by other methods. Yet all these phenomena, according to the QDT, depend on only a few essential parameters which represent the proper interface between theory and experiment. The determination of these parameters should thus be the goal of both theory and experiment rather than the calculation or measurement of the various phenomena dependent on these parameters.
Charm is Found

New, heavy, narrow mesons decaying into strange states have been found at SPEAR in the debris of e+ e- annihilation. I interpret them as being charmed and compare the data with theoretical expectations, to conclude that the interpretation is, to say the least, viable. I discuss strange and nonstrange, excited and unexcited charmed meson production in e+ e- annihilation, as well as charmed baryon production.
Analysis of tracking error in fuzzy control systems

We provide the first results on mathematical analysis of the steady state tracking error in SISO fuzzy control systems by exploiting the results given by Sandberg-Johnson (1992), and the fact that many fuzzy controllers satisfy certain "sector bounds" used in the analysis of absolute stability.
Visual image browsing and exploration (Vibe): user evaluations of image search tasks

One of the fundamental challenges in designing an image retrieval system is choosing a method by which the images that match a given query are presented to the searcher. Traditional approaches have used a grid layout that requires a sequential evaluation of the images. Recent advances in image processing and computing power have made similarity-based organization of images feasible. In this paper, we present an approach that places visually similar images near one another, and supports dynamic zooming and panning within the image search results. A user study was conducted on two alternate implementations of our prototype system, the findings from which illustrate the benefit that an interactive similarity-based image organization approach has over the traditional method for displaying image search results.
An optimum solar wind coupling function for the AL index

We define a coupling function as a product of solar wind factors that partially linearizes the relation between it and a magnetic index. We consider functions that are a product of factors of solar wind speed V, density N, transverse magnetic field B⊥, and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle θc each raised to a different power. The index is the auroral lower (AL index) which monitors the strength of the westward electrojet. Solar wind data 1995–2014 provide hour averages of the factors needed to calculate optimum exponents. Nonlinear inversion determines both the exponents and linear prediction filters of short data segments. The averages of all exponents are taken as optimum exponents and for V, N, B⊥, and sin(θc/2) are [1.92, 0.10, 0.79, 3.67] with errors in the second decimal. Hourly values from 1966 to 2014 are used next to calculate the optimum function (opn) and the functions VBs (eys), epsilon (eps), and universal coupling function (ucf). A yearlong window is advanced by 27 days calculating linear prediction filters for the four functions. The functions eps, eys, ucf, and opn, respectively, predict 43.7, 61.2, 65.6, and 68.3% of AL variance. The opn function is 2.74% better than ucf with a confidence interval 2.60–2.86%. Coupling strength defined as the sum of filter weights (nT/mV/m) is virtually identical for all functions and varies systematically with the solar cycle being strongest (188 nT/mV/m) at solar minimum and weakest (104) at solar maximum. Saturation of the polar cap potential approaching solar maximum may explain the variation.
The Thorough QT Study: Is Its Demise on the Horizon?

In response to concerns regarding the public health implications of drugs being approved that have a proclivity to cause the potentially lethal ventricular arrhythmia torsade de pointes (TdP), there was an international regulatory call to action in 2001. This culminated in the 2005 International Committee on Harmonization (ICH) ICH E-14 guidance “The Clinical Evaluation of QT/QTc Interval Prolongation and Proarrhythmic Potential for Non-Antiarrhythmic Drugs.”1,2 Since then, almost all new chemical entities with systemic exposure have undergone a dedicated study to determine the potential of the compound to prolong the QTc interval. A “positive finding” in this resource-intensive study can have a major impact on the remainder of a drug’s development (e.g., extensive ECG assessments during phase 3, potential approval delays, etc.) and, in some cases, has resulted in termination of the development program. The article by Darpo and colleagues3 in this Journal details a prospective study to test the hypothesis that using PK/QTc modeling in a single ascending dose design study, such as is typically performed in the first-in-human study (FIM), will be sufficiently sensitive to detect QTc effects, to be acceptable in lieu of the thorough QT (TQT) study. Reasons to be optimistic that this important effort is likely to be successful include the fact that careful core-lab analyzed ECG assessments in phase 1 is an approach that is already being
In vitro studies on transplantation immunity. II. The migration inhibition in homograft reactions in guinea pigs.

Abstract The migration of peritoneal exudate cells from guinea pigs exhibiting transplantation immunity is inhibited in the presence of donor antigens. This inhibition of migration is demonstrable whether the donor transplantation antigens are presented in the form of viable cells (peritoneal exudate cells) or as particulate subcellular antigens (spleen microsomes). A greater degree of inhibition was observed when transplantation immunity was induced with lymphoid cells in Freud's adjuvant compared to sensitization with orthotopic skin grafts. There was no inhibition of migration in mixtures of normal allogeneic cells or when peritoneal cells from guinea pigs exhibiting tuberculin hypersensitivity were mixed with similar cells from normal animals. Finally, supernatants from cultures of sensitive lymphocytes plus donor antigens inhibited the migration of normal peritoneal cells indicating the presence of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity.
Distributed database design: allocation of data and operations to nodes in distributed database systems

Distributed database systems can yield significant cost and response time advantages over centralized systems for geographically distributed organizations. However, inappropriate design can result in high cost and poor response time. The design of efficient distributed databases is a complex task involving two interdependent problems: data allocation (where to place the data) and operation allocation (how and where to process the data). To be effective, a distributed database design approach must comprehensively treat data and operation allocation as a unified whole. Furthermore, trade-offs among retrieval and update requests must be evaluated since replicating data at multiple nodes to enhance retrieval efficiency increases update costs as consistency among multiple copies of data must be maintained. In this research, we develop comprehensive distributed database design models that include replicated data, retrieval and update queries, and efficient operation allocation strategies (e.g., join node selection, join order, reduction by semijoin). Due to the combinatoric nature of the problem, conventional solution algorithms are intractable for reasonably sized problems. Hence, we develop genetic algorithms to solve them. We experimentally compare our models with existing approaches. We conclude that data replication, reduction by semijoin, join node selection, join order are significant factors in the overall performance of a distributed database design. Finally, we validate our performance models using simulation.
Room for improvement.

Abstract In small studies lesbians report avoiding health care because of difficulty communicating with providers. This study examines lesbians' perceptions of communication with medical and alternative primary care providers using a statewide self-administered survey of members of a lesbian community organization. Univariate and bivariate statistics were used to analyze lesbians' perceptions of communication with their primary care provider about sexual orientation, difficult issues, and health issues important to lesbians. Of 324 respondents, 31% received primary care from alternative providers and 90% are “out” to one or more providers. Respondents who were “out” to their primary care provider were more likely to seek health and preventive care (p ≤ .05), more likely to have ever had a Pap smear (p ≤ .02), and more likely to be comfortable discussing sensitive issues (p ≤ .0001). Respondents rated alternative providers easier to communicate with than M.D.s (4.53 vs. 3.99, p ≤ .001). They reported being...
Supervisors’ Support for Nurses’ Meal Breaks and Mental Health:

Meal breaks promote occupational health and safety; however, less is known about supervisors' support for nurses' meal breaks. In this study, the researchers tested whether the frequency of meal breaks was positively related to supervisors' support of nurses' meal breaks, and whether more frequent meal breaks were associated with less psychological distress. This study is based on a cross-sectional survey of 1,595 hospital nurses working on 85 units supervised by nursing directors. Specific meal-break support was measured at the nursing director level; frequency of meal breaks and psychological distress were measured at the individual nurse level. Multilevel adjusted models showed a positive association between supervisors' support for meal breaks and the frequency of nurses' meal breaks (β=.16, p<.001). Moreover, nurses who took meal breaks more frequently reported lower psychological distress (β=-.09, p<.05). Meal breaks might be daily opportunities to promote mental health and fatigue recovery and provide downtime.
Low-wage manufacturing and global commodity chains: a model in the unequal exchange tradition

The institutional setting of subcontracted manufacturing has a profound impact on how the benefits of trade are distributed. This paper develops a model that combines insights from unequal exchange theorists and global commodity chain analysis to clarify the distributive dynamics of production networks in which subcontracting and branding are defining features. In this framework, the ability of productivity growth to increase income from exports is constrained and depends on how the benefits of productivity improvements are captured--as lower consumer prices or higher rents for brand-name multinationals. Increasing consumption in affluent consumer markets raises export earnings. However, developing countries, acting alone, are constrained in their ability to affect the demand side of global commodity chains. Instead, supply-side policies to support industrial upgrading represent a more viable option for raising incomes. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Cued recall from a categorized word list in Brazil in 1928

This paper summarizes a little-known study of cued recall from a categorized list published in Brazil in 1928.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Special Issue on Quality-of-Service

The papers in this special issue focus on quality of service in the network and services management sectors.
One-fifth of the Sky: China's Environmental Stewardship

Abstract While China's economic success has won international acclaim, far less attention has been paid to its mounting environmental problems. As the second major producer of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons and greenhouse gases, China casts a shadow upon the 21st century. The agency with major responsibility for protecting China's environment, the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), is little known in the industrialized world. Two major weaknesses for the environmental policy system's weakness are explored. First, its vertical, top-down development reflects the low salience of environmental protection for the general public. Second, contextual and structural obstacles impede effective use of conventional regulatory approaches, led by either state or market forces.
BUCKLING OF A PLATE ON A PASTERNAK FOUNDATION UNDER UNIFORM IN-PLANE BENDING LOADS

In-plane bending loads occur in many thin-walled structures, including web core sandwich panels (foam-filled panels with interior webs) under transverse loading. The design of such structures is limited in part by local buckling of the thin webs and the subsequent impact on stiffness and strength. However, the core material can have a significant impact on web buckling strength and thus must be considered in design. This paper presents solutions for the buckling strength of simply supported plates under in-plane bending loads. The location of the neutral bending axis is allowed to vary and is characterized by a load parameter. A Pasternak model is used to account for the resistance of the foundation to compression and shear. Using the principle of minimum potential energy, buckling solutions are developed for infinitely long plates and representative foundation materials. The solutions match known results for two special cases: Uniform loading with variable foundation, and bending loads with no foundation...
Three Previously Unrecorded Viral Diseases of Astilbe, Fuschia, and Thermopsis Species in Minnesota.

Interest in virus diseases of perennial ornamentals has been increasing because of their increasing monetary value, because wholesale producers perceive an advantage in marketing disease-free stock, and because widespread international movement of these plants carries the risk of introduction of exotic viruses. In an ongoing study to identify and document viral diseases of perennial ornamentals used in the United States commercial horticultural industry, three virus-like diseases of astilbe (Astilbe chinensis), fuschia (Fuschia cv. Gartenmeister) and false lupine (Thermopsis caroliniana) occurring in Minnesota were investigated. Symptomatic plants were selected from lots in commercial greenhouses and garden centers in several locations in Minnesota. Astilbe with systemic chlorosis was found to be infected with Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). Fuschia with leaf mottling and leaf deformation was found to be infected with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and false lupine with mosaic and leaf deformation symptoms w...
Noninvasive acceleration measurements to characterize the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Swallowing disorder (dysphagia) presents a major problem in the rehabilitation of stroke and head injured patients. In the present investigation, a new technique is developed for noninvasive assessment of the pharyngeal phase of the swallowing mechanism. Acceleration was measured with two ultra-miniature accelerometers placed on the skin over the throat. Simultaneously, the swallow suction pressure was monitored. Swallowing in normal individuals gave rise to a characteristic acceleration pattern which was quite reproducible, and was in phase with the swallow pressure. In dysphagic patients, the acceleration response was either absent or significantly delayed. The accelerometry technique provides a tool for continuing patient assessment and demonstrating the clinical improvements.
Conflict, Regional Cooperation, and Foreign Capital: Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Formation of ASEAN

Despite seemingly little prospects and meager results, many developing countries invest substantial resources in regional cooperation organizations. Considering the widespread skepticism regarding the benefits of these organizations, this enthusiasm is puzzling. This study offers an answer to this puzzle and argues that under certain conditions international organizations among developing countries function as a signal of regional peace and stability. In turn, they reduce the political risk associated with foreign investment and increase the inflow of much needed capital to the economies of their members. I evaluate this argument in the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). I show that Indonesia forcefully promoted the formation of ASEAN and that Indonesian foreign policymakers believed that joining this organization will reverse its aggressive and irresponsible image in the eyes of international donors and investors. Evidence regarding political risk and foreign direct investment in Indonesia and other ASEAN members provide additional support for the argument.
Nanomechatronics: A new twist on a classic experiment.

The interplay between angular momentum, electron spin and magnetism at the nanoscale could have applications in spintronics, transducers and actuators, as well as fundamental research.
Comparative studies of thyrotropin releasing hormone diazomethyl ketone and chloromethyl ketone analogs

Abstract Diazomethyl ketone and chloromethyl ketone analogs of thyrotropin releasing hormones have been synthesized and studied for their inhibitory effects on thyrotropin releasing hormone-induced release of radioactive 125 I-labelled hormones from the thyroid gland of eight-week old male Long-Evans rats. When Long-Evans rats were pretreated with thyrotropin releasing hormone diazomethyl ketone (TRH-DMK) or the chloromethyl ketone derivative (TRH-CMK), a dose-related inhibition of thyrotropin releasing hormone-induced 125 I release was observed which could be partially reversed by thyrotropin stimulating hormone (TSH). The diazomethyl ketone was a more effective inhibitor than the chloromethyl ketone. These compounds may act as an active-site directed antagonists whose effects are unique to the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid system.
A study of the organization of apical dendrites in the somatic sensory cortex of the rat.

In the parietal cortex of the rat, sections cut tangentially show that profiles of medium and large apical dendrites are grouped into clusters. The number of apical dendrites in each cluster is variable and the usual separation between individual clusters is about 50 μ. Despite these variations the pattern does not appear to be random. Reconstructions from one micron serial sections show that neurons giving rise to the ascending dendrites forming clusters are located at different levels in layer V. The cell bodies of these neurons are arranged vertically below their dendrites and show a tendency to form groups. All of the neurons have apical dendrites that ascend through the cortex with a few secondary branches occurring close to the base. The principal secondary branching begins in layer III and spreads obliquely up through layer I. Furthermore, beginning in the inferior region of layer III apical dendrites are added to the clusters at their peripheries. These are from layer III pyramids. It is clear that the superior aspects of the cluster arrangements must intermingle with those of the neurons in adjacent clusters. The neuropil surrounding the dendrites forming clusters appears to contain a few smaller dendrites. Small unmyelinated axons are the most frequent component of the surrounding neuropil and these form terminals which synapse on the spines and trunks of the clustered dendrites. There is no obvious function that can be ascribed to the clusters other than they may form a component of the columnar organization in cortex described in part by physiological techniques.
COST-EFFICIENT SELECTION OF STRESS TEST FOR LOW-RISK CHEST PAIN

The 2013 Multimodality Appropriate Use Criteria was published by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) to inform decision-making in the detection and risk assessment of stable ischemic heart disease. We sought to evaluate the impact on utilization if these guidelines were used to select the most
Catalyzing Employee Change With Transformative Learning

Businesses, organizations, and government agencies have invested heavily in employee training. The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) reports these costs as 2.15% of payroll (ASTD, 2008). A large amount of this investment is directed at improving employee knowledge and skills. Although most organizations are good at this, often a need exists to develop a deeper level of behavior change in employees. This type of change can be difficult to accomplish and sustain over time. Adult education theory, in particular transformative education theory, has enhanced the ability of organizations to bring about deeper change in employees through training and development. Therefore, human resource development (HRD) professionals need to become familiar with this theory and its implications for employee training and development.
Quantization of dynamical systems with Chern-Simons terms.

We propose a novel approach to the quantization of Chern-Simons theories in the Hamiltonian framework that is manifestly gauge invariant and does not require gauge fixing. This approach is based on the observation that there is a simple gauge-invariant manner to remove the constraints and to identify the physical degrees of freedom. We first illustrate the method in the classical theory and then proceed to implement it at the quantum level. The main advantage of this scheme is that it allows the study of Chern-Simons theories by isolating the physical degrees of freedom from the start of the quantization procedure. In particular this method allows us to find a Ilocal, gauge-invariantP order parameter to study aspects of broken symmetries.
Energy and Entropy of Extension and Spreading of Mobile Monolayers

THERMODYNAMICS reveals in two-dimensional systems a peculiar state of matter in which an extremely large amount of heat is required to increase the distance between the molecules by about thirty-five per cent without a change of temperature or of state. In three-dimensional systems at ordinary pressures these large amounts of energy are not used unless a change of state, as from liquid to gas, occurs.
Passive measurements of mixed-oxide fuel for nuclear nonproliferation

Abstract We present new results on passive measurements and simulations of mixed-oxide fuel-pin assemblies. Potential tools for mixed-oxide fuel pin characterization are discussed for future nuclear-nonproliferation applications. Four EJ-309 liquid scintillation detectors coupled with an accurate pulse timing and digital, offline and optimized pulse-shape discrimination method were used. Measurement analysis included pulse-height distributions to distinguish between purely fission neutron sources and alpha-n plus fission neutrons sources. Time-dependent cross-correlation functions were analyzed to measure the fission neutron contribution to the measured sample's neutron source. The use of Monte Carlo particle transport code MCNPX-PoliMi is discussed in conjunction with the measurements.
Integrity, Promise, and Language Planning.

This study sets the parameters for the language planning response to Lau us. Nichols. The study examines seminal studies in sociolinguistics and bilingualism as appropriate bases for the response; principally the UNESCO report,‘The Use of Vernacular Languages in Education,’and the research of W. E. Lambert and his associates. The study synthesizes the findings, resolving apparent contradictions by means of certain intervening social-psychological variables. This synthesis is applied to a model constructed from Fishman's summary of world-wide policy responses to bilingualism and bi-dialectal education. This socio-linguistic synthesis is related to political alternatives available for the implementation of the planning. From this, the study demonstrates possible alternative responses to Lau vs. Nichols. The study defines and evaluates each response and concludes in favor of a pluralistic response with its‘bargaining’ consequence.
Reinnervation of the paralyzed larynx: a review.

Our high-speed and increasingly aggressive society, coupled with a continuing rise in necessary surgery of the neck and adjacent areas, accounts for the current increase in patients affilicted with vocal-cord paralysis. Such patients may sustain relatively little persistent loss of function (e.g., when only one cord is involved, which then regains function or becomes compensated) or considerable loss (as in cases of bilateral vocal-cord paralysis). To improve on existing methods of dealing with these problems, the author has developed and refined the nerve-muscle-pedicle technique for reinnervating paralyzed muscles. A nerve-muscle pedicle obtained from the ansa hypoglossi branch to the omohyoid muscle or another strap muscle can be used to selectively reinnervate the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in cases of bilateral-cord paralysis, or for selective reinnervation of the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle in cases of unilateral-cord paralysis. The bilateral reinnervation technique showed a 90% success rate in 90 patients, as demonstrated by their ability to sustain reasonable day-to-day activity without needing a tracheotomy tube and without manifesting further loss of voice. The unilateral technique has yielded promising results in a limited number of carefully selected patients.
The integration of contextual and featural information during word identification

Abstract The influence of featural and semantic information on word identification was examined in two experiments. Letter features were manipulated within words that occurred in sentence contexts supporting different interpretations to various degrees. In the first experiment, subjects were presented with sentences and asked to choose which interpretation of the word had been in the sentence. In the second experiment, the subject read each sentence aloud, allowing for the determination of how the critical word was identified. The combined results of the two experiments were taken to indicate that semantic and featural information jointly influence word identification, and that the obtained effect of context is unlikely to be due to factors that exert their influence after word identification has taken place. A fuzzy propositional model was used to provide an account of the results. In this model, the featural support for each interpretation of the stimulus is evaluated independently of contextual information, although contextual information influences the selection of the word's identity. This illustrates that contextual information need not influence the sensory analysis of a stimulus in order to influence the identification of that stimulus.
Calcium dependency of excitatory chemical synaptic transmission in the frog cerebellum in vitro.

Chemical synaptic transmission was studied with microelectrode techniques in isolated frog cerebella maintained in vitro. Purkinje cell (PC) EPSPs, elicited by selective monosynaptic electrical stimulation of both the parallel fiber (PF) and climbing fiber (CF) inputs, could be inverted by depolarizing (outward) current injections. Evoked synaptic transmission at both junctions was reduced by lowering the extracellular concentration of calcium ions ([Ca2+]) below 2mM. Raising [Ca2+] above 2mM to 8mM did not further increase synaptic transmission. Mg2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ did not substitute for Ca2+ in the transmission process.
Membrane fluid properties of cord blood mononuclear leucocytes: association with increased insulin receptors.

Summary: Insulin receptors are present on fetal and newborn tissues in significantly greater numbers than on adult tissues. Recent studies have suggested that membrane fluidity, which is dependent upon lipid constituents, is important in regulating the appearance and behavior of insulin receptors. We have compared the lipid composition and fluidity as well as insulin receptor binding to monocytes from normal adults and full term normal infants.
Qualitative analysis of the care of children in hospital in four countries : part 2

Abstract As part of a large study of the care of children in Australian, British, Indonesian, and Thai hospitals, qualitative methods were used to examine differences influenced by culture. Two groups were surveyed: parents of hospitalized children, and staff caring for them. Vignettes were used to invoke discussion, and content analysis was used to examine the data. Subjects were interviewed singly, or in focus groups. These interviews were audiotaped and transcribed for analysis. This article is the second of a two-part series, and includes results of the staff's interviews and discussion. The parents' results and discussion were published in Part 1 (Shields & King, 2001). Staff in all the countries considered communication with parents to be an important part of care of the hospitalized child, and this was consistent with the parents' responses. Staff were mindful of safe practices, though more so in Australia and Britain than Indonesia and Thailand. Cost of treatment for the parents was an important consideration for staff in Indonesia and Thailand when they were planning care for the child. Cultural constructions were more likely to be considered by the Australian and British staff than the Indonesian and Thai staff, and this may have been influenced by the prevailing culture of medical dominance in those countries. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Caged and wild fish: Induction of hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP1A1) as an environmental biomonitor

Hepatic monooxygenase activity can be induced by many different environmental chemical contaminants, and measurement of this activity has been proposed as an environmental biomonitor. Using in situ caged catfish and largemouth bass, and collected wild killifish, environmental induction of hepatic CYP1A1 was investigated using catalytic enzyme assays, regiospecific metabolism, immunodetection, and nucleic acid hybridization. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate these techniques for detection of CYP1A1 induction as a potential environmental biomonitor of environmental chemical contamination. Exposure of catfish in cages to polyaromatic hydrocarbon- (PAH-) and polychlorinated biphenyl- (PCB-) contaminated river water for two, four, or six weeks resulted in fourfold increases in ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and three- and fivefold increases in immunoreactive CYP1A1 protein and hybridizable CYP1A1 mRNA, respectively, when compared to laboratory water control values. Hybridizable CYP1A1 mRNA in caged largemouth bass increased 5.1-fold at 1 d of exposure. Caged largemouth bass had 5-, 1.4-, and 0.8-fold increases at 3 d and 6-, 2.4-, 0.4-fold increases at 7 d of river water exposure in EROD, immunoreactive CYP1A1 protein, and CYP1A1 mRNA, respectively, when compared to laboratory water control values. Livers of killifish from a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-contaminated area had threefold higher EROD activity and similarly elevated immunoreactive CYP1A1 protein, a two- to fourfold increase in CYP1A1 mRNA, and a four- to eightfold increase in 6β-hydroxyprogesterone activity, when compared to killifish livers sampled from a “clean” site. These results indicate that catalytic activity measurements, immunodetection, and nucleic acid hybridization may be used to detect environmental hepatic CYP1A1 induction in fish, and may be useful for the biomonitoring or screening of selected environments for chemical contamination.
Student branches of the AIEE

The great increase in the number of AIEE Student Branches during the past 50 years naturally has brought about an increase in the problems involved, problems of leadership and attendance, of funds and programs. The Institute is very much interested in the development of student activities, however, particularly as the Branches constitute our largest single source of new members.