cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smart asses: stand-up comics with advanced degrees

Greg Giraldo, a Harvard Law graduate, achieved notoriety thanks to regular appearances on the popular Comedy Central roasts. The success that Kendrick Kang-Joh Jeong, MD (‘Dr. Ken’) had as a stand-...
Underlying mechanisms of propeller wake interaction with a wing

The present study investigates the fundamental mechanisms of interaction between the propeller wake vortices and an untipped non-lifting wing. The study consists of a comprehensive experimental survey of a reference propeller–wing configuration with a high thickness parameter and is based on time-resolved visualisations and detailed flow and wall-pressure measurements. The experiment was designed to investigate the dynamics of the propeller blade vortices during the approach, encounter and penetration phases of the interaction and downstream of the body. To this end, three different models of the wing were manufactured including a transparent Perspex model that was crucial to simultaneously visualise the evolution of the vortex branches on the pressure and suction side of the body during the penetration phase. The study gains insight into the fundamental underlying mechanisms of the complex interaction between the propeller tip and blade trailing vortices and the wing for different propeller loadings. It is found that, during the encounter and the early penetration phases, tip vortex behaviour is strongly influenced by its interaction with the boundary layer of the wing that is manifested by a non-symmetrical evolution and breakdown of the vortex portions travelling along the pressure and suction sides of the wing. Reconnection between the vortex lines originating within the vortex core and the wing boundary layer maintains the linkage between the pressure and suction side portions of the vortex during the penetration phase and drives their rejoining downstream of the wing.
Exploring cultural influences on mobile marketing acceptance

Mobile platforms are increasingly important outlets for marketing communications. Previous work has examined the impact of individual-level characteristics such as attachment, privacy concern, permission and risk avoidance on mobile marketing acceptance in cross-cultural settings. Recent work calls for research to identify the cultural influences that account for market differences. The current work explores the influence of cultural values, measured at the individual level, on two dominant markets, the US and China. Findings indicate uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation are important antecedents to mobile marketing acceptance. We further clarify the role of individual-level characteristics and find risk avoidance and permission to significantly impact attitudes toward mobile marketing in both markets.
Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 Decontamination and Containment in a COVID-19 ICU.

Background: Health care systems in the United States are continuously expanding and contracting spaces to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in intensive care units (ICUs). As a result, hospitals must effectively decontaminate and contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in constructed and deconstructed ICUs that care for patients with COVID-19. We assessed decontamination of a COVID-19 ICU and examined the containment efficacy of combined contact and droplet precautions in creating and maintaining a SARS-CoV-2–negative ICU “antechamber”. Methods: To examine the efficacy of chemical decontamination, we used high-density, semi-quantitative environmental sampling to detect SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces in a COVID-19 ICU and COVID-19 ICU antechamber. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure viral RNA on surfaces. Viral location mapping revealed the distribution of viral RNA in the COVID-19 ICU and COVID-19 ICU antechamber. Results were further assessed using loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Results: We collected 224 surface samples pre-decontamination and 193 samples post-decontamination from a COVID-19 ICU and adjoining COVID-19 ICU antechamber. We found that 46% of antechamber objects were positive for SARS-CoV-2 pre-decontamination despite the construction of a swinging door barrier system, implementation of contact precautions, and installation of high-efficiency particulate air filters. The object positivity rate reduced to 32.1% and viral particle rate reduced by 95.4% following decontamination. Matched items had an average of 432.2 ± 2729 viral copies/cm2 pre-decontamination and 19.2 ± 118 viral copies/cm2 post-decontamination, demonstrating significantly reduced viral surface distribution (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Environmental sampling is an effective method for evaluating decontamination protocols and validating measures used to contain SARS-CoV-2 viral particles. While chemical decontamination effectively removes detectable viral RNA from surfaces, our approach to droplet/contact containment with an antechamber was not highly effective. These data suggest that hospitals should plan for the potential of aerosolized virions when creating strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2.
Balancing Self-Healing and Shape Stability in Dynamic Covalent Photoresins for Stereolithography 3D Printing

Dynamic covalent bonds impart new properties to 3D printable materials that help to establish 3D printing as an accessible and efficient manufacturing technique. Here, we studied the effect of a th...
Structure and function of the chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1 with its nucleosome substrate

Abstract The ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1 acts on nucleosomes during DNA repair and transcription, but despite its implication in disease, information on its structure and function is scarce. Chromatin remodelers use a variety of ways to engage nucleosomes, and outcomes of the ATP-dependent reactions vary widely. Here we show that SMARCAD1 transfers the entire histone octamer from one DNA segment to another in an ATP-dependent manner but is also capable of de novo nucleosome assembly from histone octamer, due to its ability to bind all histones simultaneously. We describe the cryoEM structure of SMARCAD1 in complex with a nucleosome and show that it engages its substrate unlike any other chromatin remodeler. Our combined data allow us to put forward a testable model for SMARCAD1 mechanism. One-Sentence Summary The single subunit chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1 engages nucleosomes in a unique manner and transfers the entire histone octamer.
Development of Cost-Effective Automated Production of 68Ga-Radiopharmaceuticals for Routine Clinical Practice

1465 Objectives: The considerable growth of 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals applications in molecular imaging over the past few years continue to thrive. Evident by the number of clinical studies published, facilitated by the commercial availability of the 68Ge/68Ga-generator and FDA approval of 68Ga-imaging agents. In this work, we describe the development of a cost-effective automated production method using cyclotron produced 68Ga for synthesizing 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-PSMA-11 in routine clinical practice, which could be further applied to centralized radiopharmacy services. Methods: The synthesis of68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-PSMA-11 was performed by a commercially available module under a cGMP-controlled environment. 68Ga was produced via irradiation of a 68Zn solid target (enrichment: 99.26%, 20-40 mg) by a medical cyclotron for 60 min, with protons at 14.5 MeV energy and beam current of 40 μA. The irradiated target was dissolved and processed by an automation module fitted with our patented single-column purification system. The purified 68Ga with activity between 9.25-14.8 GBq (0.25-0.40 Ci), was transferred to a reactor containing the precursor, 0.5 M sodium acetate buffer, and L-ascorbic acid. Radiolabeling was performed at 95° C for 10 min, product was then purified on a C-18 cartridge and passed through a 0.22µm filter for final collection. The QC for the final radiolabeled product was performed under the USP guidelines. Results: 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-PSMA-11 were successfully produced with typical yields of 5.55-11.1 GBq (0.15-0.3 Ci) at the end of synthesis. The total synthetic time was within 46 minutes from target dissolution to the final formulation of the product. The HPLC analysis of the finished products has consistently reported a radiochemical purity of greater than 98%. Additionally, the final product was determined to be sterile, colorless, and remained radiochemically pure (≥ 97%) after 4 h of radiosynthesis at room temperature. Conclusions: While our ANDAs are currently underway, we have established a cost-effective route for preparing two recently FDA approved 68Ga-radiopharmaceuticals, 68Ga-DOTATOC and 68Ga-PSMA-11. The production method is reliable, feasible and economically desirable for routine clinical practice. More importantly, this cost-efficient procedure can be utilized by centralized radiopharmacy services to support the availability and distribution of large-scale production of 68Ga- radiopharmaceuticals to local clinics.
O GIRO LINGUÍSTICO E A NORMATIZAÇÃO CONSTITUCIONAL NO CASO CONCRETO: CONFORMAÇÃO NA DECISÃO QUE DETERMINOU O SERVIÇO DE TELE-ENTREGA DE RESTAURANTE EM SHOPPING NO PERÍODO DE PANDEMIA DO CORONAVÍRUS

The article aims to analyze the court decision that, in times of the coronavirus pandemic, allowed a restaurant, established inside a shopping mall, to perform tele-delivery services. There was a ban on the operation of shopping malls and the permission of some restaurant services. There was no specific regulation for the operation of the same restaurant services inside the malls. Faced with textual provisions, appearing in municipal decrees, apparently conflicting, omitting the specific situation, the decision allowed one of the services. The theoretical basis of the decision is in the condition of philosophical hermeneutic possibility, in the dasein, the relevance of the text and the context for the adjudication of meanings, allowing the constitutional standardization in the specific case, identifying it in the decision. The methodological procedure starts from the literature review to study the paradigm case. The study reveals the possibility of legal construction that, always starting from a rational and progressive premise of human and fundamental rights, makes possible the constitutional and democratically adequate sense. In this way, both the imprisonment of strict legalism and the bet on judicial arbitrariness are ruled out
Board Networks and the Cost of Corporate Debt

This paper examines how the extent of industrial firms’ connectedness to other firms through board interlocks is associated with their bond yield spreads. We hypothesize that the transmission of more “soft” information about better connected firms would lower information asymmetries of such firms, potentially lowering the perceived riskiness of their bonds. Using bid-ask spread as a measure of information asymmetry and a sample of 5,402 bond-year observations over the 1994-2006 period, we find that greater connectedness is associated with statistically and economically significant lower bond yield spreads, ceteris paribus. Supporting the information flow hypothesis, we find larger benefits from greater connectedness for firms with higher information asymmetries and for firms with more extensive ties to financial firms. Overall, our findings suggest that firms obtain benefits from being better networked in the form of lower borrowing costs.
Targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (THER6P.847)

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is an age-related, chronic neurodegenerative disorder. At present, there are no therapies to prevent PD progression. Activated microglia and subsequent neuroinflammation associate with the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the brain is a core feature of PD and leads to microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines/chemokines production and neurodegeneration. Given the importance of the JAK/STAT pathway in activating microglia and inducing cytokine/chemokine expression, we investigated the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway using the JAK1/2 inhibitor, AZD1480. We utilized an in vivo rat model of PD induced by viral overexpression of α-syn. We find that AZD1480 treatment inhibits α-syn-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia activation and CD3+ T-cell infiltration, and neurodegeneration by preventing the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. In vitro, AZD1480 inhibits α-syn- and IFN-γ-induced MHC Class II, CD40, iNOS, TNF-α and IL-6 expression in microglia and macrophages by reducing STAT1 and STAT3 activation. These results indicate that inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway can prevent neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration by suppressing activation of innate and adaptive immune responses to α-syn and inflammatory cytokines in this PD model. Furthermore, this suggests the feasibility of targeting the JAK/STAT pathway as neuroprotective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
Conquering Depression and Anxiety Through Exercise, by Keith Johnsgard

Keith Johnsgard is an Emeritus Professor of Psychology at San Jose State University. He is the author of another book on exercise and has been a contributor to Runner's World, as well as appearing ...
Effect of Cordycepin Triphosphate on In Vitro RNA Synthesis by Plant Viral Replicases

In vitro RNA synthesis by tobacco mosaic virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus replicase were inhibited by cordycepin triphosphate. Inhibition could be overcome with higher concentrations of ATP in assay mixtures but not with UTP. Products synthesized in vitro by tobacco mosaic virus RNA replicase in the presence of inhibitor revealed replicative form but not replicative intermediate RNAs. These results suggest that cordycepin triphosphate competes specifically with ATP and results in premature termination of viral RNA synthesis in vitro.
Inorganic salts dissolved in non-aqueous or in mixed solvents—X Conductance studies at 20 and 45°C for hydrated tin chlorides in methanol and in methanol-carbon tetrachloride

Abstract Here are reported conductance values at 20 and 45°C for SnCl 2 ·2H 2 O and SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O dissolved separately in methanol and for SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O in methanol-carbon tetrachloride. The ratio, R (= molar conductance at 45°/molar conductance at 20°) is a constant for a wide range of tin (II) and tin (IV) salt concentrations at a given solvent composition. For the tin (IV) system the value for R decreases from 1·450 (±0·010) to 1·020 (±0·010) in passing from pure methanol to a solvent with a 6·92 moles/1 methanol concentration. Relations between specific conductance and salt concentration are also reported.
Linear Electrical Properties of the Transverse Tubules and Surface Membrane of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

With the use of two intracellular microelectrodes and a circuit designed to compensate for the effects of stray capacitances around the electrodes, transfer impedance measurements were made at frequencies from 0.5 to 1000 c/s on frog sartorius muscle fibers bathed in 7.5 mM K Ringer solution. Complete AC cable analyses performed at 46, 100, 215, 464, and 1000 c/s showed that the fibers behaved as ideal one-dimensional cables having purely resistive internal impedances (Ri = 102 ± 11 Ω cm). Two circuits were considered for fiber inside-outside impedance, a four lumped parameter circuit and a parallel resistance and capacitance shunted by the input impedance of a lattice model for the T-system. Least squares fits to fiber input impedance phase angles were better with the latter circuit than with the former. With the use of the lattice model the specific capacitance of both the surface and transverse tubule membranes was found to be 1 µF/cm2 and the internal resistivity of the tubules to be about 300 Ω cm.
Impact of graft-versus-host disease on survival

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is potentially curative treatment for malignant and non-malignant diseases. The development and severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is strongly related with post-transplant outcomes. GVHD may at the same time improve survival by decreasing the risk of disease relapse and increase non-relapse mortality by causing organ failure and predisposing the recipient to life-threatening infections. Currently available classifications attempt to separate GVHD into subgroups according to their risk of post-transplant death. The heterogeneity of both acute and chronic GVHD is a major barrier for a clear recognition of these subgroups. Multiple organ involvement and severity of organ dysfunction are the hallmarks of GVHD classifications. The development of GVHD is also predicted by a number of factors related to GVHD prophylaxis, donor type, degree of HLA matching, graft source, and conditioning regimen intensity. These factors not only affect the development of GVHD, they may independently be associated with survival. Modulation of GVHD risk factors can decrease the risk or severity of GVHD but does not universally result in an improvement in survival. Additional risk factors present after the onset of GVHD – including thrombocytopenia, hyperbilirubinemia, previous acute GVHD, extensive skin involvement, among others – further increase the risk for GVHD-related mortality. Recognition of such key factors assists in determining a population with high-risk GVHD that would benefit from up-front experimental therapies in the context of clinical trials.
Integration and analysis of genome-scale data from gliomas

Primary brain tumors are a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among young adults and children. The most common primary malignant brain tumor, glioma, carries a median survival of only 14 months. Two major multi-institutional programs, the Glioma Molecular Diagnostic Initiative and The Cancer Genome Atlas, have pursued a comprehensive genomic characterization of a large number of clinical glioma samples using a variety of technologies to measure gene expression, chromosomal copy number alterations, somatic and germline mutations, DNA methylation, microRNA, and proteomic changes. Classification of gliomas on the basis of gene expression has revealed six major subtypes and provided insights into the underlying biology of each subtype. Integration of genome-wide data from different technologies has been used to identify many potential protein targets in this disease, while increasing the reliability and biological interpretability of results. Mapping genomic changes onto both known and inferred cellular networks represents the next level of analysis, and has yielded proteins with key roles in tumorigenesis. Ultimately, the information gained from these approaches will be used to create customized therapeutic regimens for each patient based on the unique genomic signature of the individual tumor. In this Review, we describe efforts to characterize gliomas using genomic data, and consider how insights gained from these analyses promise to increase understanding of the biological underpinnings of the disease and lead the way to new therapeutic strategies.
LS Pegasi: A Low‐Inclination SW Sextantis–Type Cataclysmic Binary with High‐Velocity Balmer Emission‐Line Wings *

We present time-resolved spectroscopy and photometry of the bright cataclysmic variable LS Peg (=S193; V ≈ 13.0—Szkody et al.). The Balmer lines exhibit broad, asymmetric wings Doppler-shifted by about 2000 km s–1 at the edges, while the He i lines show phase-dependent absorption features strikingly similar to SW Sextantis stars, as well as emission through most of the phase. The C iii/N iii emission blend does not show any phase dependence. From velocities of Hα emission lines, we determine an orbital period of 0.174774±0.000003 days (=4.1946 hr), which agrees with Szkody's value of approximately 4.2 hr. No stable photometric signal was found at the orbital period. A noncoherent quasi-periodic photometric signal was seen at a period of 20.7±0.3 minutes.The high-velocity Balmer wings most probably arise from a stream reimpact point close to the white dwarf. We present simulated spectra based on a kinematic model similar to the modified disk-overflow scenario of Hellier & Robinson. The models reproduce the broad line wings, though some other details are unexplained.Using an estimate of dynamical phase based on the model, we show that the phasing of the emission- and absorption-line variations is consistent with that in (eclipsing) SW Sex stars. We therefore identify LS Peg as a low-inclination SW Sex star.Our model suggests i=30°, and the observed absence of any photometric signal at the orbital frequency establishes i < 60°. This constraint puts a severe strain on interpretations of the SW Sex phenomenon which rely on disk structures lying slightly out of the orbital plane.
Modeling Of A Magneto-Optic Read Path

Elements of the read path of a magneto-optic (MO) storage device are the lens that focuses the light onto the disk, the interaction with the disk, the propagation back through the objective lens, the polarization optics, and the detectors. This paper describes a program that simulates the effect of several disk parameters on the signal and noise of the read path. The program uses a scalar diffraction model and incorporates geometrical and optical properties of the disk, such as groove shape, signal pattern, and defects. An estimate of the signal current as a function of time is generated by the spot scanning along a length of the simulated disk that has an MO signal pattern and noise written on it. The signal calculated from the diffracted fields provides an estimate of the power spectrum, to which the effects of shot noise and amplifier noise are added to provide a total description of the read path.
The influence of sediment extract fractionation methods on bioassay results

Four bioassays [MicrotoxTM, MutatoxTM, sister chromatid exchange (SCE), and metabolic cooperation] were used to analyze marine sediment extracts fractionated by two different methods: silica gel column chromatography and acid–base fractionation. Results indicated that a sediment extract fractionated with different methods can lead to different conclusions about the same sediment. This research also further evaluated the new, mutagenic, bacterial bioassay Mutatox. Mutatox generally correlated with SCE and the Salmonella typhimurium assays. This rapid, operationally simple bioassay has potential as a screening bioassay to detect genotoxic agents. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Medical Mycology and the Chemistry Classroom: Germinating Student Interest in Organic Chemistry.

Efforts to provide active research context to introductory courses in basic sciences are likely to better engage learners and provide a framework for relevant concepts. A simple teaching and learning experiment was conducted to use concepts in organic chemistry to solve problems in the life sciences. Bryant University is a liberal arts university with new programs in biological and environmental sciences. This laboratory exercise was developed for introductory organic chemistry and designed to highlight its applicability to the biological sciences. Students participated in an ongoing project to identify antigens on the surface of Candida albicans hyphae by testing a variety of lipid extraction procedures and characterizing the fatty acid and carbohydrate composition of their extractions by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography�mass spectrometry. Student extracts were also tested in an immunoblot assay with a specific antibody fragment (scFv) that recognizes an unknown component of the cell surface of C. albicans hyphae. In order to build communication skills, students were required to prepare and present posters detailing the project and their findings.
Incomplete adherence to antiretroviral therapy is associated with higher levels of residual HIV-1 viremia.

Objectives To evaluate the relationship between incomplete antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and levels of residual HIV-1 viremia. Design Medication adherence and residual viremia less than 50 copies/ml were quantified in participants of a cohort of homeless and marginally housed individuals with HIV/AIDS. Methods Participants had at least 6 months of virologic suppression of less than 50 copies/ml and were in the adherence monitoring cohort with monthly unannounced pill counts. Residual viremia was measured by the single-copy assay. Results The median average ART adherence over the prior 1 and 2 months were 94% [interquartile range (IQR) 79-100%] and 93% (IQR 82-98%), respectively. Average ART adherence over the past 2 months was significantly associated with levels of residual HIV viremia (Spearman r = -0.25, P = 0.04). One-third of participants with 100% ART adherence over the past 2 months had detectable residual viremia. On multivariate regression analysis, ART adherence over the past 2 months, but not duration of virologic suppression, CD4 T-cell count or ART regimen, was significantly associated with levels of residual HIV viremia. Detectable residual viremia was associated with virologic failure (>50 copies/ml) on univariate Cox proportional hazard analysis (hazard ratio 2.08, P = 0.02). However, on multivariate analysis, only ART adherence was associated with risk of virologic failure. Conclusion Incomplete ART adherence is associated with higher levels of residual HIV-1 viremia, but detectable residual viremia can be present despite 100% measured ART adherence.
Synthesis of 14C-labelled methylazoxymethanol acetate of high specific activity

The micro-scale synthesis of 14C-labelled methylazoxymethanol acetate (14C-MAM-acetate) having a specific activity of 110 mCi/mmol was accomplished in 25% yield from N,N′-[methyl-14C] -dimethylhydrazine with a specific activity of 112.5mCi/mmol.
On the Number of Vertices with Specified Eccentricity

The eccentricity of a vertex v in a graph is the maximum of the distances from v to all other vertices. The diameter of a graph is the maximum of the eccentricities of its vertices. Fix the parameters n, d, c. Over all graphs with order n and diameter d, we determine the maximum (within 1) and the minimum of the number of vertices with eccentricity c.
T cells with two functional antigen-specific receptors.

Abstract Although the clonal selection theory states that lymphocytes should bear only a single specificity of receptor, there is much evidence that some T cells, at least, bear two receptors. Here, we have used mice transgenic for genes encoding an autoreactive T-cell receptor (TCR) to examine the specificity of T cells bearing two functional TCRs. We find that T cells developing in mice that do not express the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule recognized as self by the transgene-encoded TCR express both this TCR and a second TCR that is specific for the MHC molecules of the strain in which it arose. Thus, these T cells have two TCRs, each specific for a distinct antigen bound to a distinct MHC molecule. In contrast, when raised in mice bearing the MHC for which the receptor is specific, T cells develop that express the transgene-encoded TCR almost exclusively. Such mice are highly susceptible to autoimmune disease. Our data suggest that on most T cells bearing two TCRs, only one is specific for peptides bound to self-MHC molecules and, thus, that expression of two TCRs does not usually confer reactivity to two unrelated antigens.
The heat capacity of Ni3Fe: experimental data from 300 to 1670 K†

The heat capacity, accurate to about ± 1%, of Ni3Fe has been measured from 300 to 1670 K using pulse calorimetry, with heatingrates from 20 to 60 K s−1. The specimen was heat treated in the calorimeter to induce various degrees of long-range order, varying in Bragg-Williams parameter from S = 0 to S = 0.96. The heat capacity was measured for various initial values of S. The rapid heating allowed measurements on the ordered structures of Ni3Fe at temperatures where they were metastable. Below 750 K, the heat capacity-temperature curve was lowered as Sincreased. The Curie transformation for a high S value was 70 K above that for a disordered condition (S = 0). Also, the order-disorder transformation was suppressed to 230 K above the equilibrium transformation temperature using a heating rate of 60 K s−1. Die Warmekapazitat des Ni3Fe wurde auf ungefahr ± 1% genau von 300 bis 1670 K mittels eines Impulskalorimeters bei Heizgeschwindigkeiten von 20 bis 60 K s−1 gemessen. Das Probestuck wurde im Kalorimeter mit Warme behandelt, um verschiedene im Bragg-Williams-Parameter von S = 0 bis S = 0,96 variierende Stufen der Fernordnung herbeizufuhren. Die Warmekapazitat wurde fur verschiedene S−Anfangswerte der Warmekapazitat gemessen. Das schnelle Erhitzen ermoglichte Messungen der geordneten Strukturen des Ni3Fe bei Temperaturen in denen sie metastabil waren. Unter 750 K wurde die Temperaturkurve der Warmekapazitat abgesenkt, wenn S sich erhohte. Die Curie-Transformation eines hohen S-Wertes war 70 K uber der einer ungeordneten Kondition (S = 0). Auch wurde die Ordnung-Unordnungstransformation bis 230 K uber der Gleichgewichtsubergangstemperatur mit Hilfe einer Heizgeschwindigkeit von 60 K s−1 unterdruckt.
The status of thermophysics as a multidiscipline area in astronautics and aeronautics

A survey and critical review of the field of thermophysics are presented. Problems are highlighted in the areas of technology and applications to space vehicles and to hypervelocity vehicles, such as the Space Shuttle. Specific attention is given to spacecraft thermal design, active and semiactive thermal control, optical and radiative properties of thermal control coatings, the electromagnetic radiation environment, effects of the space environment on thermal control surfaces, thermal problems of hypervelocity vehicles, contamination of thermal control surfaces and of space optics, the optical and radiation properties of natural planetary surfaces, and remote sensing. In a number of areas problems still outstanding are pointed out.
Hypersingular and finite part integrals in the boundary element method

Abstract A new definition of the Hadamard finite part (HFP) of hypersingular integrals is proposed in this paper. This definition does not involve a limiting process. It is completely general and is valid for one as well as higher dimensional integrals, on closed as well as on open surfaces. It reduces, respectively, to the Cauchy principal value (CPV) and Riemann integral, respectively, for the special cases of strongly singular and weakly singular integrands. Of course, suitable symmetric exclusion zones must be chosen to realize CPV integrals. Starting with this new definition of the HFP of certain hypersingular boundary integral equations (HBIE) that arise in potential theory and in wave scattering, a regularization method is carried out in order to express the hypersingular integrals in terms of ones that are, at most, weakly singular. The regularized versions are completely consistent with those available in the recent literature where a different definition of the HFP was employed.
Will they fit? Development of a measurement device to assess body habitus compatibility with MRI bore diameter for emergency trauma imaging

Excessive obesity poses a significant limitation to radiographic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particularly related to aperture or bore diameter due to the patient’s girth. Determination of whether a patient will fit into the bore of the MRI scanner is currently accomplished using patient height, weight, and MRI technician experience. These simple methods have proven unreliable. We sought to develop a device and method which could accurately determine whether a patient would fit into the MRI scanner. We developed an MRI template prototype which was tested against the standard radiology methods in a pilot study (n = 6). We then performed a prospective validation study in adult human volunteers (n = 100) to assess the accuracy of the MRI template. We collected height, weight, shoulder and pelvis girth/diameter for each study participant to evaluate the body dimension measurements that would assist in determination of whether a patient would fit into the MRI scanner. Using the MRI template, we determined that 11 of the 100 study participants would not fit in the MRI scanner and 10 were confirmed to not fit into the MRI aperture [positive predictive value (PPV) 0.91 (0.58–0.99); negative predictive value (NPV) 1.00 (0.95–1.00), sensitivity 1.00 (0.69–1.00), specificity 0.99 (0.93–0.99), likelihood ratio positive test 90 (12.81–632), likelihood ratio negative test 0, accuracy 99%]. In comparison, the body measurement method did not perform as well [PPV 0.66 (0.34–0.90), NPV 0.97 (0.92–0.99), sensitivity 0.80 (0.44–0.97), specificity 0.95 (0.89–0.98), likelihood ratio positive test 17.97 (6.56–49.2), likelihood ratio negative test 0.209 (0.06–0.72), accuracy 94%]. This study confirmed that the use of an MRI template is an accurate tool in determining whether an obese patient can fit through the MRI bore and be accommodated in the MRI scanner.
Chromosome constitution and cell division in in vitro cultures ofZea mays L. endosperm

Cultures of maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm grown in vitro for over 3 years were examined cytologically. Conditions of aneuploidy and polyploidy were noted. Chromosome numbers ranged from 21 to over 200, with 30 to 60 being observed most often. Although a few extra large cells with polyploid nuclei were scattered throughout the smear preparation, a large proportion of the interphase nuclei appeared similar in volume and probably contained a near normal complement of chromosomes. Anaphase bridges were the most commonly observed chromosome aberration. No cell divisions were observed the first 24 hr after transfer. From 2 to 8 days after transfer the proportion of cells in division was relatively constant with a mitotic index of approximately 5.5%. The proportion of cells in division began to decline 8 days after transfer and in the final sample taken after 13 days only 2.6% of the cells were in division. Examples of localized synchrony were observed and mitotic indices for individual cell clumps ranged from 0 to 17%.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CONTINUOUS METHOD FOR PUFFING AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS SPP.) SEEDS

Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) is a nutritionally dense pseudocereal grown mostly in South America and Asia. Traditionally amaranth seeds are puffed using a hot skillet. Besides being a batch system, in this process there is little control over the temperature and the residence time of the seeds. We have developed a continuous technique for puffing amaranth seeds using a single-screw extruder with a tapered screw without a die. With this technique we could control the temperature and the residence time for puffing the seeds. It was found that the puffing efficiency of amaranth seeds was a function of temperature and screw speed. The maximum efficiency of 86% was achieved at a barrel temperature of 290C and screw speed of 125 rpm. Sensory analyses with an untrained panel of 33 subjects using samples generated at conditions with puffing efficiency above 75% showed that the sample processed at 250C and 75 rpm was the most acceptable in terms of various sensory attributes and overall liking. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The research aims to develop a new continuous process for the puffing of amaranth seeds. The use of an extruder without a die for puffing these seeds is a novel idea. This process could possibly be used for puffing several other seeds and grains, making it a versatile technology. The sensory work conducted in this paper aims at examining the acceptance of this relatively new product among U.S. consumers.
The effect of fly ash on the rheological properties of bituminous materials

Abstract Fly ash has been effectively used in concrete; however, there are limited applications in which fly ash has been used in asphalt pavements. The reported research demonstrates that the use of fly ash in bitumen materials is an attractive option because it improves performance and reduces costs and environmental impacts. Microstructural investigation demonstrated that the crack-arresting was induced by the fly ash particles evenly distributed within bitumen matrix. To assess the effect of fly ash on the rheological performance of asphalt cement, a dynamic shear rheometer was used to measure the binder’s resistance to shear deformation in the linear viscoelastic region. The rutting factor, G * /sin(δ) and dynamic viscosity, η ′, were determined for different types of bitumen at different temperatures, with 5%, 15%, 30% and 60% of binder replacement by weight of fly ash class C and F. The addition of fly ash improved the rutting factor and reached a higher performance grade of the binders. The viscosity for both bitumen types increased at 124 °C degrees, but for the most of the compositions it remained within the range for mixing and placement of asphalt concrete.
Impaired B cell development and function in mice with a targeted disruption of the homeobox gene Hex

Hex is a homeobox gene that is expressed in all stages of B cell development except plasma cells. We studied lymphocyte development in the absence of Hex by using the RAG1-deficient blastocyst complementation system because homozygous disruption of Hex is embryonic lethal. Hex−/−;RAG1−/− chimeric mice had severely reduced numbers of mature B cells, pre-B cells, and CD5+ B cells with a striking 15-fold increase in the percentage of B220−CD19+ cells in the bone marrow. Hex−/−;RAG1−/− chimeric mice failed to generate IgG antibodies to T cell-independent antigens, although their serum IgM levels and antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens were intact. Therefore, Hex is necessary for B cell development and function and its absence results in a dramatic increase in B220−CD19+ cells.
Near-surface stress states in flexible pavements using measured radial tire contact stresses and ADINA

The finite element code ADINA was used to identify the three-dimensional stress states in a typical flexible pavement configuration, resulting from measured radial tire contact stresses. The predictions show that measured radial tire contact stresses result in stress states being both larger in magnitude and more focused near the surface than those obtained from traditional uniform vertical loading conditions. In terms of effects of possible pavement damage mechanisms, predicted high near-surface shear stresses may be a part of an explanation for near-surface rutting failure modes, as supported by near-surface slip planes seen in the field.
GaInAs‐AlInAs structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Growth of GaInAs and A1InAs by molecular beam epitaxy on idium phosphide substrates is reported. Unintentionally doped, closely lattice matched GaInAs layers were n‐type with μ300 up to 8800 cm2 V−1 s−1 and n as low as 1×1016 cm−3 whereas undoped A1InAs layers were typically high resistance. 2‐MeV Rutherford backscattering showed good GaInAs crystal quality although the A1InAs was somewhat disordered. Evidence for cation exchange at interfaces and surface accumulation of indium was evident from both RBS and sputter Auger profiles. In situ grown A1 films on A1InAs showed an effective barrier height∼0.8 eV from 1/C2 V s V curves, however attention to the forward I‐V characteristics indicated lower values. DLTS results indicate the GaInAs to be virtually trap‐free but that A1InAs has high deep level concentrations owing to low growth temperatures. Good photoluminescent efficiencies were demonstrated for GaInAs layers, however, poor results were obtained for A1InAs.
Rationality is a better basis for ethics than repugnance.

The Correspondence columns this week comment on the merits and demerits of cognitive enhancement, prompted by the Commentary 'Professor's little helper', by Barbara Sahakian and Sharon Morein-Zamir (Nature 450, 1157–1159; 2007), and the continuing online Nature Forum thread 'Would you boost your brain power?' ( http://tinyurl.com/2qpxff ).
The largest retail firms: a comparison of Asia‐, Europe‐ and US‐based retailers

Compares and contrasts the largest retail firms based in Asia, Europe and the USA. Data were obtained from AsiaWeek 1000, Fortune 500 and Europe 500 statistics. It is hoped that the baseline obtained through this research might serve as a basis for further research into the financial progress of these mega‐retailers. Continued analysis, it is proposed, will tell us much about the future of global retailing.
Correlation of deep moonquakes and mare basalts: Implications for lunar mantle structure and evolution

Abstract The genesis of mare basalts and deep moonquakes are important events that have major implications for understanding the thermal evolution and interior dynamics of the Moon. The eruption of mare basalts predominantly from 3.9 Ga to 3 Ga ago represents one of the most important events in lunar geological history. Deep moonquakes recorded by the Apollo Seismic Network show the dynamic nature of the present-day lunar mantle. In this study, we have correlated the presence of the mare basalts, using FeO concentration as a proxy, with the epicenters of 52 well-located deep moonquake (DMQ) clusters. We determine FeO concentrations of 13 wt.% or higher to be representative of the mare basalt deposits. Our analysis shows that over 63% of the DMQs occur within 1° from the mare basalt deposits, while over 80% of the DMQs are within 5° from the mare basalt deposits. Our analysis also shows that for the same amount of randomly distributed DMQs within a spherical cap on the nearside that encompasses all the nearside DMQs, the probability of over 80% of the DMQs occurring within 5° from the mare basalt deposits is about 0.01, thus rejecting a random distribution of the DMQs with respect to the mare basalts. The correlation between mare basalts and the DMQs from our analysis suggests that the mare basalts may be derived from melting processes at relatively large depths, consistent with previous petrology and geodynamic studies. We propose that the water and volatiles in the mare basalt source material (i.e., a mixture of ilmenite cumulates and olivine orthopyroxene, together called MIC) play an important role in causing the DMQs and that the DMQs delineate the present-day locations of MIC in the deep mantle. Since the mare basalts are predominately distributed on the nearside, our results further suggest that the DMQs may indeed be largely nearside features, which is a prediction that can be tested in future lunar seismic exploration.
A Bioethics Primer for Speech-Language Pathologists and Audiologists Working With Older Adults

Speech-language pathologists and audiologists practicing in geriatric settings often encounter ethical dilemmas associated with clinical care. This article defines and discusses the four principles...
778-5 Timing and Mechanism of Death After Direct Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Of 907 pts with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty (PTCA) from 1984–93, 78 pts (86%) died within 30 days. Of the 78 pts, 35 (45%) had cardiogenic shock prior to intervention, and an additional 4 (5%) presented with acute pulmonary edema without shock. Twenty-eight pts (36%1 died on day 0, 9 (12%) on day 1, and 10 (13%) on day 2. The mechanisms of death were pump failure in 49 (63%), reinfarction in 7 (9%), rupture in 5 (6.4%), arrhythmia in 3 138), other cardiac causes in 2 (2.6%), and noncardiac causes in 12 (15%). Almost all the early deaths (27/28) were due to pump failure. Of 78 pts who died, 28 (36%) developed hemodynamic deterioration or cardiac arrest immediately after reperfusion and 13 of these died in the cath lab. Hemodynamic deterioration and cardiac arrest occurred less often when intra-aortic balloon pumping (IABP) was initiated before PTCA vs after PTCA or not at all (2/18 (11%) vs 26/60 143%), P l 0.03). Conclusion Mortality after PTCA, like thrombolytic therapy, is the highest in the first 24 hours, and this is almost always due to pump failure. Unlike thrombolytic therapy, the incidence of death from rupture and arrhythmias is relatively low. Early mortality is high partially due to the high incidence of cardiogenic shock in our population, but some of the early mortality may be related to hemodynamic deterioration occurring immediately after reperfusion. The use of IABP before PTCA in selected pts may help to prevent this post-reperfusion hemodynamic instability.
Relationship of tumor-specific transplantation antigens to the histocompatibility complex: dissociation of in vitro alloantigen expression and in vivo alloimmunity from tumor-specific transplantation antigen strength.

The studies reported here explore the relationship between tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) and (1) the expression of serologically defined specificities, and (2) the immunogenicity of H-2K- or H-2D-determined alloantigens on methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced murine fibro-sarcomas. Expression of H-2K and H-2D serologically-detected private specificities on groups of tumors raised in B10.A, B10.BR or B10.D2 strains varied greatly among tumors. No regular reciprocal or direct relationship to tumor TSTA strength was found. Each tumor, however, expressed H-2K or H-2D alloantigens stably as determined by direct cytotoxicity or absorption techniques. Even those tumors expressing little or no detectable alloantigen by serologic analysis were immunogenic in H-2K or H-2D incompatible congeneic hosts. This was assayed in terms of capacity to evoke primary or secondary tumor resistance, and to induce allo-antibody toward private H-2K or H-2D end specificities. An exception was that B10.BR tumors failed to induce anti-H-2Dk antibody despite strong surface alloantigen expression. While TSTA strength did not correlate with serologically detected alloantigen expression, TSTA strength did tend to correlate inversely with capacity to resist primary growth in the H-2K different host, and directly with resistance in the H-2D different host.
Soil‐Gas Surveying for Subsurface Gasoline Contamination Using Total Organic Vapor Detection Instruments Part I. Theory and Laboratory Experimentation

Factors influencing the response of total organic vapor detection instruments used in soil-gas surveying for subsurface gasoline leakage were investigated through performing theoretical assessments and laboratory experiments. Theoretical assessments indicate that total organic vapor measurements will depend on response conditions and the relative concentration of constituents in soil gas, in addition to absolute constituent levels. Laboratory tests conducted using flame ionization, photoionization and explosimeter devices indicated that conditions influencing their responses included instrument flow rate and soil-air permeability when performing direct-probe sampling; the linear range of the instrument; the multicomponent nature of gasoline vapors; and levels of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and relative humidity in soil air. If an instrument's response to these conditions is not taken into account, survey results may be misleading. To circumvent adverse instrument responses, a serial dilution technique is presented.