cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Runtime power reduction capability of the IBM POWER7+ chip

Four new energy management features in the POWER7+™ chip enable larger reductions in chip power consumption and further increase energy efficiency of the system during runtime compared with prior POWER7® systems. First, per-core power gating reduces idle power consumption by allowing the system to turn off the voltage to the processor cores when they are not being used. Second, real-time measurement and control of operational guardband allows for higher maximum clock frequency as well as better dynamic voltage selection to reduce power. Third, per-thread utilization counters enable the firmware to sense processor utilization on a finer granularity and set per-core frequency targets with greater accuracy. Finally, a per-core memory access counter allows firmware to more accurately account for power consumption and budget it on a per-processor core basis. These hardware capabilities together enable new EnergyScale™ firmware functions that include voltage optimization to achieve higher turbo frequencies under stressful environmental conditions, automated idle state detection and management, per-core adaptive frequency scaling, and online power modeling for real-time estimation of energy savings.
Photodissociation of nitric oxide in the middle and upper atmosphere

Abstract Absorption of solar radiation of wavelengths between 175 to 205 nm plays a fundamental role in the photochemistry of the middle atmosphere. Nitric oxide photodissociates in the δ(0-0) and δ(1-0) bands near 191 and 183 nm, respectively, initiating the primary mechanisms for NOx removal in the middle atmosphere. The spectrally rich Schumann-Runge (S-R) bands of O2 are the main source of atmospheric opacity at these wavelengths. A re-evaluation of O2 absorption has been made based on recent advances in understanding of S-R line shapes, leading to differences with conventional approaches assuming Voigt line profiles in line-by-line calculations of the O2 cross section. The new results are used to examine the impact of O2 transmission on the photodissociation of NO in the δ(0,0) and δ(1,0) bands.
Gelcast Tooling: Net Shape Casting and Green Machining

Abstract Gelcasting is an advanced powder forming process. It is most commonly used to form ceramic or metal powders into complex, near-net shapes. Turbine rotors, gears, nozzles, and crucibles have been successfully gelcast in silicon nitride, alumina, nickel-based superalloy, and several steels. Gelcasting can also be used to make blanks that can be green machined to near-net shape and then high fired. Green machining has been successfully applied to both ceramic and metal gelcast blanks. Recently, we have used gelcasting to make toolinj; for metal casting applications. Most of the work has centered on H13 tool steel. We have demonstrated an ability to gelcast and sinter H13 to near net shape for metal casting tooling. We have also been successful in green machining gelcast blanks using a three-axis CNC milling machine.
Prediction of electric field frequency correlations for randomly scattering slabs in the nondiffusive regime with the scalar Bethe–Salpeter equation

We show that a scalar Bethe–Salpeter equation model captures the measured copolarized electric field frequency correlation magnitude for randomly scattering slabs in the weakly scattering, nondiffusive regime. Consequently, the model could be used to form images of tissue on the millimeter and submillimeter length scale, and for environmental sensing with comparable scatter, as dictated by the optical scattering length in relation to the scattering domain size.
The TCLUST1 transient LMFBR intersubassembly heat transfer code

The TCLUSTI computer code has been developed to study the transient thermal performance of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) subassembly that is thermally coupled to its six immediate neighbors. Each of the seven subassemblies may be either a reflector subassembly, which contains a single solid hexagonal rod. or a pin-bundle subassembly. The TCLUSTI analytical model, which is based on conservation of energy, and the numerical solution method, which employs successive over-relaxation (SOR) are described. Analytical temperature predictions are compared with data obtained from a natural-convective flow test performed in Experimental Breeder Reactor II. Good agreement is obtained between the analytical and measured results.
“Mother to Mother”: A Maternalist Organization in Late Capitalist America

This paper asks how La Leche League, an organization begun in the 1950s to promote breast-feeding and the value of maternal nurturance, continues to attract women in the 1990s. The League represents an interesting case of how conservative groups change in response to changing family norms and practices, most notably the increased employment of mothers of very young children and the acceptance of some egalitarian feminist tenets. In contrast to other groups promulgating nostalgic family advice, the League philosophy is not focused on religious tenets but solely on maternalism, exalting women's motherly traits. Using three sources of qualitative data, (fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and content analysis of publications), the paper discusses how the League has responded to mothers' increased employment, and to the increasing insecurities of the white, middle-class mothers drawn to the organization, as they are caught in late capitalist economic retrenchment. Finally, the paper examines the League's maternalism as an alternative morality, and the ways this meshes and competes with feminist discourses as have maternalist arguments in earlier historical periods.
Feeding Habits of Larvae of Seven Rhyacophila (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) Species with Notes on Other Life-History Features

Of 7 species of Rhyacophila recovered from an experimental stream, 5 were carnivorous, 1 omnivorous, and 1 herbivorous. Chironomidae, Copepoda, and Acari were the most important constituents of the diets of the carnivorous forms. The 2 last-mentioned constituents were preyed upon in excess of their relative abundance on the stream bottom. Data relating to other features of the life histories are presented, including emergence periods, current preferences, and a breakdown of the duration of each of the instars and life stages. The ecological isolation of these congeneric species in a homogenous environment is discussed.
Pattern of Hypocretin (Orexin) Soma and Axon Loss, and Gliosis, in Human Narcolepsy

Human narcolepsy is correlated with a greatly reduced number of hypocretin (orexin) containing neurons and axons, and an elevated level of hypothalamic gliosis. We now report that the percentage loss of Hcrt cells and percentage elevation of GFAP staining are variable across forebrain and brain-stem nuclei, and are maximal in the posterior and tuberomammillary hypothalamic region. Regional gliosis and percent loss of hypocretin axons in narcoleptics are not correlated with regional hypocretin cell soma density in normals or with regional percent soma loss in narcoleptics. Rather they are independently and strongly correlated with the regional density of hypocretin axons and the message density for hypocretin receptor 2, as quantified in the rat. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that the loss of hypocretin function in narcolepsy results from a cytotoxic or immunologically mediated attack focused on hypocretin receptor 2 or an antigen anatomically linked to hypocretin receptor 2, and that this process is intensified in regions of high axonal density.
Some aspects of the energy function approach to angle and voltage stability analysis in power systems

Both Angle and voltage stability are discussed in the context of the energy function approach. It is shown that complete decoupling of the two phenomena is not possible in general, particularly in stressed systems. It is demonstrated that the UEP (unstable equilibrium point) concept is a valid one for both types of stability analysis. >
Improving TCP startup performance using active measurements: algorithm and evaluation

TCP slow start exponentially increases the congestion window size to detect the proper congestion window for a network path. This often results in significant packet loss, while breaking off slow start using a limited slow start threshold may lead to an overly conservative congestion window size. This problem is especially severe in high speed networks. In this paper we present a new TCP startup algorithm, called paced start, that incorporates an available bandwidth probing technique into the TCP startup algorithm. Paced start is based on the observation that when we view the TCP startup sequence as a sequence of packet trains, the difference between the data packet spacing and the acknowledgement spacing can yield valuable information about the available bandwidth. Slow start ignores this information, while paced start uses it to quickly estimate the proper congestion window for the path. For most flows. Paced Start transitions into congestion avoidance mode faster than Slow Start, has a significantly lower packet loss rate, and avoids the timeout that is often associated with slow start. This paper describes the paced start algorithm and uses simulation and real system experiments to characterize its properties.
Least-squares finite-element lattice Boltzmann method

A new numerical model of the lattice Boltzmann method utilizing least-squares finite element in space and Crank-Nicolson method in time is presented. The new method is able to solve problem domains that contain complex or irregular geometric boundaries by using finite-element method’s geometric flexibility and numerical stability, while employing efficient and accurate least-squares optimization. For the pure advection equation on a uniform mesh, the proposed method provides for fourth-order accuracy in space and second-order accuracy in time, with unconditional stability in the time domain. Accurate numerical results are presented through two-dimensional incompressible Poiseuille flow and Couette flow.
URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE POLITICS AND METROPOLITAN GROWTH: LESSONS FROM THE NEW YORK METROPOLITAN REGION

The relationship between infrastructural development and metropolitan fragmentation in the New York metropolitan region is examined in this article, particularly with respect to the development of street and water supply systems in New York City and lower Westchester County in the decade after the Civil War. New York City first expanded its jurisdiction beyond Manhattan Island in 1874 by annexing three towns in Westchester County. A fourth town, Yonkers, was also considered for annexation but was instead incorporated as a city and remained independent. This article argues that the residents and local government of Yonkers opposed annexation because they had already invested in the physical development of their community to a degree sufficient to supply essential services. Incorporation as a city was both a product of the physical development of Yonkers and a necessary means to continue that physical development. Infrastructural development reinforced Yonkers's autonomy and thus limited the geographic expansion of New York City. The other three towns were relatively undeveloped at that time, and annexation was thus a more viable strategy by which those towns could be supplied with infrastructure and other services. The case of Yonkers suggests that local infrastructure development contributed to the proliferation of independent municipalities and the fragmentation of metropolitan regions. To the extent that metropolitan fragmentation then leads to resources being distributed unequally across a metropolitan area, this case might suggest that local developmental policies ultimately contribute to the economic and social isolation of a municipality, which might harm its future prosperity. Also, to the extent that local developmental policies contribute to metropolitan fragmentation, economic development also becomes a self-reinforcing cycle of local policy. Later infrastructure projects in other metropolitan areas conform to the basic outlines of the process described in this article.
Performance evaluation of variable transmission rate OFDM systems via network source coding

Studies related to the network source coding have addressed rate-distortion analysis in both noiseless and noisy channels. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, no prior work has studied network source coding in the context of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In addition, the system performance using network source coding schemes also remains unknown. In this article, we first propose two variable transmission rate (VTR) OFDM systems by utilizing network source coding schemes, and then evaluate the system performance of these two proposed VTR-OFDM systems. For the proposed VTR single-input single-output OFDM system, we employ the concept of a network with intermediate nodes to develop a 3-stage encoder/decoder, and the proposed encoder provides three different coding rates from 0.5 to 0.8. As for the proposed VTR multi-band OFDM system, two correlated sources are simultaneously transmitted using the multiterminal source coding schemes, and two sources are encoded by different coding rates from 0.25 to 0.5. Finally, compared with the traditional uncoded OFDM system, the proposed VTR-OFDM systems have at least 1 to 4 dB gain in signal-to-noise ratio to achieve the same symbol error rate in the additive white Gaussian noise channel.
WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS AROUND THE WORLD: Cross-Cultural Comparisons

This article develops a framework for cross-national comparisons of contemporary women's movements. The article focuses on the international context and cross-national influences, the nature of the state, the absence or presence of other movements, the effects of conservative or liberal political environments, the effects of centralization or dispersion within the movement itself and on feminist involvement in political parties and elections. Because each of these factors shapes a particular movement, the article concludes that there cannot be one correct feminism.
Transient performance of servomechanisms

THE UTILITY of servomechanisms depends upon the speed, stability, and accuracy of their responses. In order to achieve the best performance, it is often expedient to employ, as a correction signal in addition to the error, either the derivative or the time integral of the error, or both. The servomechanism then is said to have derivative or integral control.
Chinese Paleography, Calligraphy, and Pattern Recognition: Styles and Scripts in Excavated Ancient Chinese Documents

Just as the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls significantly changed the study of Judeo-Christian biblical tradition, excavated ancient Chinese documents, many of which are unavailable in the transmitted textual tradition, have dramatically changed the study and understanding of almost every aspect of ancient China. As original work of ancient Chinese calligraphy produced in different historical periods and geographic areas, the excavated ancient Chinese documents are vivid demonstrations of stylistic variations, structural complexity and aesthetic principles of ancient Chinese scripts. I argue that an interdisciplinary study of Chinese paleography, calligraphy, and pattern recognition provides an innovative digital approach to the interpretation of excavated ancient Chinese documents and the revolution of traditional Chinese paleography.
Travelers to Las Vegas and to Atlantic City

This article measures the impacts of demographic, lifestyle, and distance variables on travel to Las Vegas and to Atlantic-Cape May, New Jersey, using data at two levels of aggregation and at the household level. The source of the travel data is the 1995 American Travel Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Bureau of Transportation Statistics. The most consistent finding is the strong negative effect of distance for both destinations. The lifestyle variables examined here have little effect on travel to Las Vegas, but they indicate that travelers to Atlantic-Cape May come from areas with high proportions of casino gamblers and low proportions of people who travel regularly. The estimated effects of demographic variables vary with the destination and the level of aggregation. Results of this kind can be useful in destination marketing.
Structural and magnetic phase transitions in gadolinium under high pressures and low temperatures

High pressure structural transition studies have been carried out on rare earth metal gadolinium in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature to 169 GPa. Gadolinium has been compressed to 38% of its initial volume at this pressure. With increasing pressure, a crystal structure sequence of hcp → Sm-type → dhcp → fcc → dfcc → monoclinic has been observed in our studies on gadolinium. The measured equation of state of gadolinium is presented to 169 GPa at ambient temperature. Magnetic ordering temperature of gadolinium has been studied using designer diamond anvils to a pressure of 25 GPa and a temperature of 10 K. The magnetic ordering temperature has been determined from the four-point electrical resistivity measurements carried out on gadolinium. Our experiments show that the magnetic transition temperature decreases with increasing pressure to 19 GPa and then increases when gadolinium is subjected to higher pressures.
Use of power analysis to develop detectable significance criteria for sea urchin toxicity tests

Abstract When sufficient data are available, the statistical power of a test can be determined using power analysis procedures. The term “detectable significance” has been coined to refer to this criterion based on power analysis and past performance of a test. This power analysis procedure has been performed with sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) fertilization and embryological development data from sediment porewater toxicity tests. Data from 3100 and 2295 tests for the fertilization and embryological development tests, respectively, were used to calculate the criteria and regression equations describing the power curves. Using Dunnett's test, a minimum significant difference (MSD) (β = 0.05) of 15.5% and 19% for the fertilization test, and 16.4% and 20.6% for the embryological development test, for α ≤ 0.05 and α ≤ 0.01, respectively, were determined. The use of this second criterion reduces type I (false positive) errors and helps to establish a critical level of difference based on the past performance...
Prospective First‐Generation College Students: A Social‐Cognitive Perspective

The authors investigated differences in college-going expectations of middle school students who would be the 1st in their families to attend college. Social-cognitive career theory (SCCT; R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) was used to examine college-related expectations in 272 seventh-grade students. Differences were found between prospective 1st-generation college students (PFGCSs) and their non-PFGCS peers, with the former group demonstrating lower self-efficacy, higher negative outcome expectations, and more perceived barriers. Path analysis demonstrated partial support for the SCCT model. An alternative model for PFGCSs is proposed.
Clonal analysis of a human antibody response. Quantitation of precursors of antibody-producing cells and generation and characterization of monoclonal IgM, IgG, and IgA to rabies virus.

We quantitated and characterized the changes in the human B cell repertoire, at the clonal level, before and after immunization with rabies virus. Moreover, we generated 10 monoclonal cell lines producing IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies to the virus. We found that in healthy subjects, not previously exposed to the virus, nearly 2% of the circulating B lymphocytes were committed to the production of antibodies that bound the virus. These B cells expressed the surface CD5 molecule. The antibodies they produced were polyreactive IgM that displayed a relatively low affinity for the virus components (Kd, 1.0-2.4 x 10(-6) g/microliters). After immunization, different anti-virus (IgG and IgA) antibody-producing cells consistently appeared in the circulation and increased from less than 0.005% to greater than 10% of the total B cells committed to the production of IgG and IgA, respectively. Most of such B cells do not express CD5 and produce monoreactive antibodies of high affinity for rabies virus (Kd, 6.5 x 10(-9) to 1.2 x 10(-10) g/microliters). One of these IgG mAbs efficiently neutralized rabies virus in vitro and in vivo, as detailed elsewhere (Dietzschold, B., P. Casali, Y. Ueki, M. Gore, C. E. Rupprecht, A. L. Notkins, and H. Koprowski, manuscript submitted for publication). Hybridization experiments using probes specific for the different human V gene segment families revealed that cell precursors producing low affinity IgM binding to rabies virus utilized a restricted number of VH gene segments (i.e., only members of the VHIIIb subfamily), whereas cell precursors producing high affinity IgG and IgA to rabies virus utilized an assortment of different VH gene segments (i.e., members of the VHI, VHIII, VHIV, and VHVI families and VHIIIb subfamily). In conclusion, our studies show that EBV transformation in conjunction with limiting dilution technology and somatic cell hybridization techniques are useful methods for quantitating, at the B cell clonal level, the human antibody response to foreign Ags and for generating human mAbs of predetermined specificity and high affinity.
Radio Utopia: Postwar Audio Documentary in the Public Interest – By Matthew C. Ehrlich

Media historians cannot resist probing historically fertile transitional eras during which technologies seem to promise unlimited benefits only to disappoint. Such an era occurred between 1945 and ...
Nonlinear refraction-diffraction of waves in shallow water

The parabolic approximation is developed to study the combined refraction/diffraction of weakly nonlinear shallow-water waves. Two methods of approach are used. In the first method Boussinesq equations are used to derive evolution equations for spectral-wave components in a slowly varying two-dimensional domain. The second method modifies the K–P equation (Kadomtsev & Petviashvili 1970) to include varying depth in two dimensions. Comparisons are made between present numerical results, experimental data (Whalin 1971) and previous numerical calculations (Madsen & Warren 1984).
Dual-Doppler Radar Analysis of a Midlatitude Squall Line with a Trailing Region of Stratiform Rain.

Abstract The mesoscale structure of a squall-line system that passed over Oklahoma on 22 May 1976 is investigated by dual-Doppler radar analysis. The mature storm consisted of a leading line of deep convection, which exhibited organized multicellular structure, trailed by an extensive region of stratiform precipitation marked by a radar bright band at the melting level. These contrasting radar echo regimes were separated by a narrow band of weak reflectivity at lower levels, which has been termed the “transition zone.” While conventional and single-Doppler radar analyses documented the persistence of this precipitation structure and revealed the corresponding kinematic structure in one part of the mature storm, the dual-Doppler analysis demonstrates the pervasiveness of these features over much of the squall line's length. The structure of a midtropospheric maximum of rearward, system-relative flow crossing the system is particularly well described by the dual-Doppler data. This mesoscale current originat...
Factory Europe? Brainier but Not Brawnier

While intermediates comprise the majority of total goods trade in the European Union (EU), their share of total trade has remained flat since 1996. This implies that EU enlargement has had a limited effect on the size of Factory Europe. However, enlargement coincides with an increase in Factory Europe’s complexity. Using two new measures of the complexity of intermediates products, we show that internal EU intermediates trade has become more sophisticated and uses more relationship-specific inputs over time and relative to external EU trade. In other words, Factory Europe has become brainier but not necessarily brawnier. There is also an asymmetry. While the 1995 EU members have not become more significant trading partners for the new members, the new members have become a more important source of intermediates for the EU15 and also a more important market. In sum, the structure of EU trade has changed--not only is the EU15 giving the new members a bigger share of its tasks, it is also giving them harder ones.
The N-terminal Acetyltransferase Naa10/ARD1 Does Not Acetylate Lysine Residues

The N-terminal acetyltransferase NatA is a heterodimeric complex consisting of a catalytic subunit (Naa10/ARD1) and an auxiliary subunit (Naa15). NatA co-translationally acetylates the N termini of a wide variety of nascent polypeptides. In addition, Naa10 can act independently to posttranslationally acetylate a distinct set of substrates, notably actin. Recent structural studies of Naa10 have also revealed the molecular basis for N-terminal acetylation specificity. Surprisingly, recent reports claim that Naa10 may also acetylate lysine residues of diverse targets, including methionine sulfoxide reductase A, myosin light chain kinase, and Runt-related transcription factor 2. Here we used recombinant proteins to reconstitute and assess lysine acetylation events catalyzed by Naa10 in vitro. We show that there is no difference in lysine acetylation of substrate proteins with or without Naa10, suggesting that the substrates may be acetylated chemically rather than enzymatically. Together, our data argue against a role for Naa10 in lysine acetylation.
English Language Learners and Project-Based Learning

For many students in American schools today, the language of the classroom is not the language they use in their own homes. These students come from many different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In addition to learning English, these students must also master the content of mainstream classes, such as math and science. Even if these students can use English for basic communication, the academic language required in a content classroom proves to be a much greater challenge.
Designing and Using Peer Review in a First-Year Legal Research and Writing Course

Using peer review in a first-year legal research and writing course has advantages. A peer review exercise encourages cooperation, puts students in the audience role, reinforces basic writing skills, and gives students experience with giving constructive feedback. This article provides information about designing an effective in-class peer review and reports how students responded to the exercise.
Perils of poisoning.

Most persons who are accidentally poisoned inhale a toxic gas. Carbon monoxide accounts for 95 percent of deaths from gases, but ammonia, chlorine, nitrous dioxide, smog and smoke also occasionally kill. Other agents that cause problems in industry and agriculture are corrosive chemicals, metallic solutions and cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides.
Automatic Identification of Key Concepts in Large PubMed Retrievals

PubMed queries frequently retrieve thousands of documents making it very challenging for a user to identify information of interest. In this paper we propose a method for automatically identifying central concepts in large PubMed retrievals. The centrality of concept is modeled using the hypergeometric distribution. Retrieved documents are grouped by concept, which can help users navigate the retrieval. We test our method on five datasets, each representing a medical condition.
Psychiatric aspects of fitness for duty.

The above examples illustrate the complex of biologic, psychological, and social factors that result in a fitness for duty referral. Workplace needs set the tolerance limits within which the worker must operate. They are different for a police officer, for a correctional officer, for a schoolteacher, and for a school custodian. Tolerance limits are affected by factors out of the employer's control, e.g., civil service rules, union contracts, and by the culture of the workplace, the latter being a set of unwritten rules. Ideally, the psychiatrist who performs the fitness for duty examination would have all of the information described above, but in most cases does not. The psychiatrist who has this information can begin to put in place one part of the mosaic that is the ethnography of work.
Multiple Imputation to Account for Measurement Error in Marginal Structural Models.

Background:Marginal structural models are an important tool for observational studies. These models typically assume that variables are measured without error. We describe a method to account for differential and nondifferential measurement error in a marginal structural model.Methods:We illustrate
PHENIX results on reconstructed jets in p + p and Cu + Au collisions

Abstract Measurements of jet production rates in p+p and Cu+Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV with the PHENIX detector are reported. Jets are reconstructed using the anti- k t algorithm with R = 0.2 from charged particles and electromagnetic clusters. The jet spectra are unfolded to correct for detector effects and underlying event background, and the resulting jet spectra are reported for the transverse momentum range 12 p T 40 GeV/c . The nuclear modification factors (RAA) and central-to-peripheral ratios (RCP) are presented as a function of pT and collision centrality. The results indicated that jets are suppressed by approximately a factor of two in the most central collisions.
Demonstration of an O/E/O receiverless link in an integrated multi-channel laser neuron

We present an integrated, multi-channel laser processor. It utilizes a novel photodetector-to-laser O/E/O receiverless link to receive multiple wavelength inputs. To our knowledge, this is the first laser neuron compatible with a wavelength-based networking scheme.
FaceMatch: Real-World Face Image Retrieval

We researched and developed a practical methodology for face and image retrieval (FIR) based on optimally weighted image descriptor ensemble. We describe a single-image-per-person (SIPP) face image retrieval system for real-world applications that include large photo collection search, person location in disaster scenarios, semi-automatic image data annotation, etc. Our system provides efficient means for face detection, matching and annotation, working with unconstrained digital photos of variable quality, requiring no time-consuming training, yet showing a commercial performance level at its sub-tasks. Our system benefits public by providing practical FIR technology, annotated image data and web-services to a real-world family reunification system.
Charcot: Past and present.

Abstract Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893) was the preeminent neurologist of the nineteenth century. Several of his major contributions remain fully relevant to contemporary neurology, and this essay highlights three areas of particular importance to the modern neurologist: the anatomo-clinical method that Charcot developed as the anchor of neurological study; the integration of new scientific discoveries from other fields as a core strategy for neurological advancement; and the role of heredity as the fundamental etiological focus to the understanding of the pathogenesis of primary neurological disorders. Further, Charcot left a strong tradition of visual skills as the core requirement for accurate neurological diagnosis and emphasized scientific humility in the face of difficult diseases. In spite of vast advances in neuroscience over the 20th and 21st centuries, the challenges faced by Charcot remain largely the same for the contemporary neurologist, and the lessons provided by Charcot retain their power and significance today.
Advances in basic and clinical immunology in 2014

Genetic identification of immunodeficiency syndromes has become more efficient with the availability of whole-exome sequencing, expediting the identification of relevant genes and complementing traditional linkage analysis and homozygosity mapping. New genes defects causing immunodeficiency include phophoglucomutase 3 (PGM3), cytidine 5′ triphosphate synthase 1 (CTPS1), nuclear factor κB–inducing kinase (NIK), cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 10 (BCL10), phosphoinositide-3 kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), IL21, and Jagunal homolog 1 (JAGN1). New case reports expanded the clinical spectrum of gene defects. For example, a specific recombination-activating gene 1 variant protein with partial recombinant activity might produce Omenn syndrome or a common variable immunodeficiency phenotype. Central and peripheral B-cell tolerance was investigated in patients with several primary immunodeficiencies, including common variable immunodeficiency and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, to explain the occurrence of autoimmunity and inflammatory disorders. The role of IL-12 and IL-15 in the enhancement of natural killer cell activity was reported. Newborn screening for T-cell deficiency is being implemented in more states and is achieving its goal of defining the true incidence of severe combined immunodeficiency and providing early treatment that offers the highest survival for these patients. Definitive treatment of severe immunodeficiency with both hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy was reported to be successful, with increasing definition of conditions needed for optimal outcomes. Progress in HIV infection is directed toward the development of an effective vaccine and the eradication of hidden latent virus reservoirs.
Function iteration logics and flowchart schemata

An interpreted two-sorted logic is defined to allow the representation of a subclass of flowchart schemata. A decision procedure for the equivalence of simple representing formulae within the logic is developed and as a consequence a decision procedure for flowchart schemata within the subclass is demonstrated. Applications of the techniques developed within the paper result in further decision procedures for the equivalence of flowchart schemata in other subclasses. In addition, a decision procedure for the equivalence of programs in a simple programming language is given.
Feeling Stressed under the Sun? RPA1 Acetylation to the Rescue

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) requires replication protein A (RPA), among others, to respond to DNA damaging agents. In this issue of Cell Reports, He et al. (2017) and Zhao et al. (2017) show acetylation of RPA1 regulates the UV-induced DNA damage response.
Expression of GHRH-R, a Potentially Targetable Biomarker, in Triple-negative Breast Cancer.

Purpose:Growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) has been shown to modify the growth behavior of many cancers, including breast. GHRH is produced by tumor cells, acts in an autocrine/paracrine manner, and requires the presence of GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) on the tumor cells to exert its effects. GHRH ac
Intramolecular Activation of Pepsinogen

Porcine pepsinogen comprises a single polypeptide chain of 371 residues. The NH2-terminal sequence is Leu-Val- (1,2). After activation, pepsin also is a single polypeptide chain. The dominant pepsin species results from removal of 44 residues from the NH2-terminus of the pepsin so that the NH2-terminal sequence is Ile-Gly-(3). Other NH2-terminal sequences have been observed (3,4,5). Such heterogeneity is mainly the result of removal of a different number of residues from the NH2-terminus of pepsinogen. Under certain activation conditions, however, cleavage of internal peptide bonds also occurs, so that the resulting mixture contains pepsin molecules, which are not a single polypeptide chain (5).
50. Gastrointestinale Blutungen

Mehr als 90 % aller akuten Gastrointestinalblutungen sind im oberen Gastrointestinum lokalisiert. Die Manifestation der Blutung verdeutlicht ihre Gefahrlichkeit. Notwendig ist ein Sofortprogramm mit Schocktherapie, Lokalisationsdiagnostik, Bestimmung der Blutungsintensitat und lokaler Blutstillung. Die Prognose hangt mehr von Patientendaten und der Art der Blutung als von der Therapie ab. Last sich eine lokale Blutstillung nicht erreichen, darf mit der definitiven Sanierung nicht gewartet werden.
Automated In-Line Measurement of Plutonium Solutions in a Plutonium Purification Process

An automated solution assay instrument (SAI) based on transmission-corrected gamma-ray measurements has been developed and installed in the Plutonium Processing Facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The instrument was designed for rapid, nondestructive assay of plutonium process solutions over a wide range of concentrations (0.05 to 500 g Pu/l, with 10/sup -4/ to 5 g Am/l) and for routine operation by process technicians who lack instrumentation experience. For a 25-ml sample, the precision is 30 g Pu/l within a 1000-s assay and 4 g Pu/l within a 2000-s assay. The results of test and evaluation demonstrate that the SAI is a reliable and accurate instrument for assaying plutonium process solutions.
Apparent progression of acute glomerulonephritis to dense deposit disease.

One week after the diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis, an 8-year-old boy presented with acute renal failure and hypocomplementemia. A renal biopsy showed "postinfectious glomerulonephritis" and acute tubular necrosis. Hematuria, proteinuria, and low complement levels persisted, and 2 years later a follow-up renal biopsy revealed dense deposit disease. The apparent progression of postinfectious glomerulonephritis to dense deposit disease as observed in this patient has not been previously described. Keywords acute glomerulonephritis, dense deposit disease, electron microscopy, immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II, meningococcemia
Microscopic DNA fluctuations are in accord with macroscopic DNA stretching elasticity without strong dependence on force field choice

Multiscale modeling requires the use of information at small length and time scales to parameterize less detailed models at large scales/ We present analysis of molecular dynamics simulation of the solvated double-stranded DNA decamer d(C5T5) (A5G5) to parameterize an elastic rod model of DNA. We show that thermal fluctuation of rise along the helix implies stretching elasticity in accord with the macroscopic stretching elasticity observed in single- molecule stretching experiments. We find consistent results from three different force-fields (AMBER, CHARMM and CHARMM-27). Notably, while the base-pair rise averages about 3 A, it fluctuates between 2 and 4 A, i.e. by ±30%. The lifetime of these fluctuations is roughly one nanosecond. We discuss how these strong thermal deformations may play a role in the binding dynamics of proteins and drugs that deform double helix structure.
Open data integration

Open data plays a major role in supporting both governmental and organizational transparency. Many organizations are adopting Open Data Principles promising to make their open data complete, primary, and timely. These properties make this data tremendously valuable to data scientists. However, scientists generally do not have a priori knowledge about what data is available (its schema or content). Nevertheless, they want to be able to use open data and integrate it with other public or private data they are studying. Traditionally, data integration is done using a framework called query discovery where the main task is to discover a query (or transformation) that translates data from one form into another. The goal is to find the right operators to join, nest, group, link, and twist data into a desired form. We introduce a new paradigm for thinking about integration where the focus is on data discovery, but highly efficient internet-scale discovery that is driven by data analysis needs. We describe a research agenda and recent progress in developing scalable data-analysis or query-aware data discovery algorithms that provide high recall and accuracy over massive data repositories.
Legislative Responses to the Plight of New Car Purchasers: A Missed Marketing Opportunity:

The purpose of this paper is to review the trend in federal and state legislation to solve the warranty-related problems of purchasers of new automobiles with serious mechanical problems which cann...
Intelligent Threat Hunting in Software-Defined Networking

The emergence of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) has brought along a wave of new technologies and developments in the field of networking with hopes of dealing with network resources more efficiently and providing a foundation of programmability. SDN allows for both flexibility and adaptability by separating the control and data planes in a network environment by virtualizing network hardware. We, in this work, present an advanced threat hunting model by combining the SDN infrastructure with threat hunting techniques and machine learning models aiming to intelligently handle network threats such as denial of Service, repeat, and main in the middle attacks. This advancement enables the handling of dynamic network traffic in areas such as smart cities and autonomous vehicles more efficiently by rapidly mitigating network threats.
Constant Amortized RMR Abortable Mutex for CC and DSM

The Abortable mutual exclusion problem, proposed by Scott and Scherer in response to the needs in real time systems and databases, is a variant of mutual exclusion that allows processes to abort from their attempt to acquire the lock. Worst-case constant remote memory reference (RMR) algorithms for mutual exclusion using hardware instructions such as Fetch&Add or Fetch&Store have long existed for both Cache Coherent (CC) and Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) multiprocessors, but no such algorithms are known for abortable mutual exclusion. Even relaxing the worst-case requirement to amortized, algorithms are only known for the CC model.In this paper, we improve this state-of-the-art by designing a deterministic algorithm that uses Fetch&Store (FAS) to achieve amortized O(1) RMR in both the CC and DSM models. Our algorithm supports Fast Abort (a process aborts within six steps of receiving the abort signal), and has the following additional desirable properties: it supports an arbitrary number of processes of arbitrary names, requires only O(1) space per process, and satisfies a novel fairness condition that we call "Airline FCFS''. Our algorithm is short and practical with fewer than a dozen lines of code.
Ripple mediated surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on graphene

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has single molecule level bio-chemical detection capabilities. Single layer graphene on SERS substrates shows modest enhancement factor (EF) (∼10) primarily from chemical enhancement (CE) mechanism. Improvement in EF will have significant impact on applications of graphene in optoelectronics. This limitation is caused by poor interaction of visible light at near infrared frequencies with graphene monolayers. We report an assembly of single-layer graphene (SLG) on a three-dimensional (3D) Au@Ag, core-shell structure that enhances light-matter interactions and modulates light absorption in graphene due to formation of graphene ripples. We demonstrate a SERS EF of ∼1,000 using 633 nm excitation laser with the designed SLG/SERS substrate. The Raman scattering cross-section of R6G molecule was found to be enhanced by a factor of ∼102–103, and limit of detection obtained was 100 pM using the SERS substrate. The enhancement is primarily due to increase in polarizability and anisotropy from rippled graphene substrate. The finite-difference-time-domain electromagnetic simulation showed enhancement of local electromagnetic field leading to enhanced excitation of the molecule. Density functional theory based quantum mechanical simulation studies showed the charge transfer from graphene-to-R6G molecule, leading to enhanced emission of Raman scattering.
SynSing: open-source MATLAB code for generating synthetic signals in studies of animal acoustic communication

Synthetic, computer-generated signals are widely used in playback studies of animal acoustic communication. Depending on the goals of the experimenter, they can offer several significant advantages...
ZZAP treatment of red blood cells.

CONCLUSIONS ZZAP is a mixture of a sulfhydryl reagent (dithiothreitol) and a proteolytic enzyme (papain or ficin). This reagent dissociates IgG and complement from red blood cells, allowing for phenotyping, enhanced adsorption, or denaturing of multiple blood group system antigens to aid in completing complex antibody workups. ZZAP treatment destroys all antigens in the Kell, Landsteiner- Wiener, Cartwright, Dombrock, and Knops blood group systems as well as antigens destroyed by proteases (e.g., M, N, S, Fya, and Fyb).
Clustering Problems in Offshore Drilling of Crude Oil Wells

An important decision-making problem in offshore drilling for crude oil is that of allocating various target locations in the field to drill, to available drilling rigs. In this chapter, we discuss an approach for solving this problem optimally.
Final results of controlled IL-12 monotherapy in adults with grade III or IV gliomas.

3040Background: Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a master regulator of the immune system, results in anti-tumor responses in preclinical models, but safe use requires tightly controlled production. This pha...
Sex- And Age-Specific Effects are Superimposed on Seasonal Variation in Mite Parasitism in Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus)

The natural histories of parasites and their hosts are intertwined, and intensity of parasitism depends on parasite abundance and host behavior as well as potential effects of sex/age. To characterize potential effects of parasite abundance and host sex/ age on chigger mite (Eutrombicula alfreddugesi) ectoparasitism on Eastern Fence Lizards (Sceloporus undulatus), we measured 1) the abundance of mites in the environment as well as mite load and prevalence on lizards throughout the activity season, 2) sex- and age-specific patterns of ectoparasitism, and 3) week-to-week consistency of mite loads on lizards. Environmental mite abundance varied seasonally in close association with mean monthly temperatures and was the main driver of pronounced seasonal variation in mite loads on lizards. Mite loads were almost always higher on yearlings than on adults and, somewhat unexpectedly, were never higher on adult males than any of the other age-sex classes. As adults, females had higher mite loads than did males in June–July, but as yearlings, males had higher mite loads than did females in July–September. Despite considerable week-to-week variation, rank-ordering of lizard mite loads was highly consistent. These findings indicate that 1) consistent, age-specific sex biases are superimposed on strong seasonal variation in mite loads, and 2) detrimental effects of mites are expected to be consistently stronger in some individuals than in others.
Constructing ‘the athlete’: Representations of male high school athletes in U.S. teen drama series

This article examines representations of high school athletes on sports teen drama television series by focusing on One Tree Hill, Friday Night Lights, and All American. Recognizing that these show...