cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analog acoustic expression in speech communication

Abstract We present the first experimental evidence of a phenomenon in speech communication we call “analog acoustic expression.” Speech is generally thought of as conveying information in two distinct ways: discrete linguistic-symbolic units such as words and sentences represent linguistic meaning, and continuous prosodic forms convey information about the speaker’s emotion and attitude, intended syntactic structure, or discourse structure. However, there is a third and different channel by which speakers can express meaning in speech: acoustic dimensions of speech can be continuously and analogically modified to convey information about events in the world that is meaningful to listeners even when it is different from the linguistic message. This analog acoustic expression provides an independent and direct means of communicating referential information. In three experiments, we show that speakers can use analog acoustic expression to convey information about observed events, and that listeners can understand the information conveyed exclusively through that signal.
Clean Cities 2010 Annual Metrics Report

This report details the petroleum savings and vehicle emissions reductions achieved by the U.S. Department of Energy's Clean Cities program in 2010. The report also details other performance metrics, including the number of stakeholders in Clean Cities coalitions, outreach activities by coalitions and national laboratories, and alternative fuel vehicles deployed.
Doped Zirconia Luminescent Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles that fluoresce or absorb light in the visible and near-IR wavelengths are desirable for a variety of applications including biological tagging for medical imaging purposes and for solar control glazing in the automobile industry. Semiconductor quantum dots are commercially available and dyed polymer nanoparticles as well as organic dye/silica core shell nanoparticles have also been demonstrated. We report the synthesis, characterization, and optical properties of another luminescent nanoparticle: doped zirconia. The zirconia nanoparticles reported in this study are doped with up to 10% of the lanthanide dopants Er, Gd, Nd and Eu. These materials emit in the visible and near-IR wavelengths depending on the dopant and are refractory, making them useful for high temperature applications. These cations were found to stabilize the cubic phase over the monoclinic phase of zirconia, at approximately 10% dopant, as characterized by X-ray diffraction. We report the luminescence spectra of these nanoparticles at various wavelengths which reveal emissions from the matrix as well as from the dopants.
Red coloration and male parental behaviour in the threespine stickleback

In an anadromous population of the threespine stickleback, male red coloration was correlated with agonistic and egg care behaviour of parental males, but not with hatching success. When one male took over a neighbour's territory, the dominant male had more intense red coloration.
SPACE-TIME SPARSITY REGULARIZATION FOR THE MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY INVERSE PROBLEM

The concept of "space-time sparsity" (STS) penalization is introduced for solving the magnetoencephalography (MEG) inverse problem. The STS approach assumes that events of interest occur on localized areas of the cortex over a limited time duration, and that only a few events of interest occur during a measurement period (or epoch). Cortical activity is reconstructed by minimizing a cost function which fits the data with a sparse set of space-time events using a novel expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. We employ spatial and temporal basis functions to reduce the dimension of the data fitting problem and combat noise. Simulations suggest that our approach could be useful for identifying sequential relationships in the brain
Corticosteroid insensitivity in airway smooth muscle cells of severe asthma and COPD: Modulation by IFN-γ

Background : Patients with severe asthma or COPD respond poorly to corticosteroids (CS). IFN-γ impairs CS response in airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) of healthy subjects. Aims and objectives : Compare cytokine-induced chemokines and CS response in ASMCs of severe asthma or COPD. Investigate the effect of IFN-γ on CS response. Methods : ASMCs of healthy subjects (12), non-severe (NSA; 10) and severe asthma (SA; 10), smokers (8) and COPD (8), were obtained via endobronchial biopsy. At passage 4-5, cells were pretreated with dexamethasone (Dex; 10-10-10-6 M; 2 hr) and stimulated with TNF-α/IFN-γ (10 ng/mL each; 24 hr). CCL11 and CXCL8 release and mRNA were assessed by ELISA and qRT-PCR, p65 NF-κB promoter recruitment by ChIP, and p38 MAPK activity by Western Blot. Results : Baseline and TNFα-induced CCL11 release/mRNA were increased in NSA, and CXCL8 increased at baseline in smokers and COPD. Dex suppression of induced chemokines was impaired in SA, smokers and COPD. IFN-γ inhibited i) induced CCL11 and CXCL8; ii) p65 recruitment to chemokine promoters, and iii) Dex suppression of induced chemokines in the healthy. In SA, IFN-γ further reduced suppression of only CXCL8. Paradoxically, IFN-γ improved the suppressive effect of Dex on CXCL8 in smokers and COPD. p38 MAPK activity was raised in SA, and inhibition of p38 restored corticosteroid sensitivity. However, IFN-γ did not modulate induced p38 activity. Conclusions : ASMCs of SA, smokers and COPD display CS insensitivity. IFN-γ impairs the suppressive effect of Dex on CXCL8 in the healthy and asthmatics but improves it in smokers and COPD, suggesting differential mechanisms underlying CS insensitivity in SA and smokers/COPD.
Penicillin: Miscellaneous Pharmacological Results.

SummaryIn spite of the lethal effect which penicillin exerts on bacteria, power to alter or poison normal physiological processes significantly has not been demonstrated. It has no demonstrable effects on contraction of the isolated aorta or pregnant uterus, or on the vomiting reflex of pigeons; it produces no serious meningeal irritation; and, in small doses, it produces no chronic tissue changes in rats. Although the penicillin used inhibited the liberation of oxygen from hydrogen peroxide by catalysis, the inhibition persisted after inactivation of the penicillin and, therefore, may be due to some other substance in the impure products. Monoethylether of diethylene glycol did not promote its percutaneous absorption.
Review and Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Age- and Gender-Specific Pharmacokinetic Differences on Tissue Dosimetry

In standard risk assessment methods for carcinogenic or noncarcinogenic chemicals, quantitative methods for evaluating interindividual variability are not explicitly considered. These differences are currently considered by the use of statistical confidence limits or default uncertainty factors. This investigation consisted of multiple tasks aimed at making quantitative predictions of interindividual differences in susceptibility by using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. Initially, a systematic, comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify any quantitative information related to gender- or age-specific physiological and biochemical factors that could influence susceptibility to chemical exposure. These data were then organized from a pharmacokinetic perspective by process and by chemical class to identify key factors likely to have a significant impact on susceptibility as it relates to internal target tissue dose. Overall, a large number of age- and gender-specific quantitative differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were identified. The majority of these differences were identified between neonates/children and adults, with fewer differences identified between young adults and the elderly. The next phase of this work consists of using PBPK models to develop examples of approaches through the development of case studies. The goal of the case studies is to continue to develop a methodology that incorporates PBPK modeling to assess the likelihood that a chemical or class of chemicals may present an age- or gender-specific risk. The case studies should also demonstrate practical methods for quantitatively incorporating information on age- and gender-specific pharmacokinetic differences in risk assessments for chemicals.
Optimal Capital Structure Vs. Pecking Order Theory: A Further Test

In this paper we have used the Compustat data-set covering 1983-2003 to test empirically whether a firms' capital structure follows "optimal capital structure" or” pecking order theory"(POT) as advanced by Professor Stewart Myers. Using the industry mean as a predictor of a firm's capital structure, we have found that in general, a firm's debt level is moving toward the industry's mean is not significantly different from that it is moving further away from the industry mean, while a firm's debt level is moving toward the industry mean is very high when it is above the industry mean. The empirical result suggests that the optimal capital structure is not a single point, rather a range of values from zero to the industry mean within which a typical U.S. firm will be indifferent to the firm's debt level. In other words, a firm will only adjust to the optimal capital structure when the firm's debt level is out of this range. Out result also generally agrees with the pecking order theory, that is, firms prefer using internal financing as opposed to using external financing. Furthermore, when external funds are required, a firm prefers debt financing to equity financing.
Beyond Positivism: A Theological Perspective

Legal positivism is the view of law as “words in law books,” a body of rules capable of objective analysis. This article argues that in order to view the true nature of law, which transcends the man made words in law books, it is necessary to examine what it means to be human. This examination includes a study of humans as individuals and members of a community, and an analysis of the philosophical and theological underpinnings of law.
The Role of Midbrain 3α,5α-THP in Mediating Exploration, Anxiety, Social, and Reproductive Behavior

Ovarian steroids, including 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P 4 ) influence the onset and duration of reproductive behavior of female rodents. Separate lines of investigation also suggest that E 2 and P 4 influence exploratory, anxiety, and social behaviors. In addition to ovarian secretion, E 2 and P 4 are also neurosteroids produced de novo in brain. The midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is involved in motivation and reward, is an important brain area for mediating steroids’ effects on reproductive behavior. As such, this chapter discusses research from our laboratory on the role, sources, and substrates of steroid hormones’ modulation of exploratory, anxiety, social, and reproductive behaviors. The approach that we have used is manipulating, in the VTA, E 2 and P 4 and its metabolites, dihydroprogesterone (DHP) and 5α-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one (3α,5α-THP), their de novo production, and subsequent effects on behavior via traditional actions at intracellular progestin receptors (PRs) and non-traditional substrates, such as GABA A , NMDA, and dopamine receptors. Endpoints examined include behavior in the open field, elevated plus maze, social choice, social interaction, and paced mating tasks and levels of E 2 and progestins in serum, midbrain, hippocampus, striatum, and cortex. Manipulating 3α,5α-THP in the VTA influences exploration, anxiety, social and reproductive behavior, as well as neurosteroidogenesis in the VTA, hippocampus, and cortex.
Polymerization of Gelsolin Variant Fragment in Tissue Causes Familial Amyloidosis, Finnish Type (FAF)

Familial amyloidosis, Finnish type (FAF), is an autosomal dominant form of systemic amyloidosis with progressive cranial neuropathy and lattice corneal dystrophy as principal clinical manifestations. We have shown that the amyloid protein in FAF is a degradation product of gelsolin, an actin-modulating protein. It starts at position 173 of the gelsolin molecule and has an amino acid substitution (Asn for Asp) at position 187. This variant of gelsolin-associated amyloidosis is designated Agel ASN 187. We have established that nucleotide 654 of the gelsolin gene, located in chromosome 9, is mutated (A for G). Antiserum raised against FAF amyloid also reacted with classical and diffuse Lewy bodies in a FAF patient with coexistent diffuse Lewy body disease and Alzheimer type brain lesions.
Electrooxidation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Amino Alcohol Ligated Ruthenium Complexes

Ruthenium transfer hydrogenation catalysts physisorbed onto edge-plane graphite electrodes are active electrocatalysts for the oxidation of alcohols. Electrooxidation of CH3OH (1.23 M) in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 11.5 with [(η6-p-cymene)(η2-N,O-(1R,2S)-cis-1-amino-2-indanol)]RuIICl (2) on edge-plane graphite exhibits an onset current at 560 mV vs NHE. Koutecky–Levich analysis at 750 mV reveals a four-electron oxidation of methanol with a rate of 1.35 M–1 s–1. Mechanistic investigations by 1H NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry indicate that the electroxidation of methanol to generate formate is mediated by surface-supported Ru–oxo complexes.
Advances in Terahertz Medical Imaging

Recent improvements in terahertz first-generation system architecture and terahertz detection technologies facilitate development of reflective terahertz imaging systems for measurement of tissue hydration. Applications include mapping of corneal hydration, assessment of burn injuries, and skin hydration.
Inverse Method for Turbomachine Blades Using Existing Time-Marching Techniques

A newly-developed inverse method for the design of turbomachine blades using existing time-marching techniques for the numerical solutions of the unsteady Euler equations is proposed. In this inverse method, the pitch-averaged tangential velocity (or the blade loading) is the specified quantity, and the corresponding blade geometry is Iteratively sought after. The presence of the blades are represented by a periodic array of discrete body forces which are included in the equations of motion. A four-stage Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme is used to march a finite-volume formulation, of the unsteady Euler equations to a steady-state solution. Modification of the blade geometry during this time marching process is achieved using the slip boundary conditions on the blade surfaces. This method is demonstrated for the design of infinitely-thin cascaded blades in the subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flow regimes. Results are validated using an Euler analysis method and are compared against those obtained using a similar inverse method. Excellent agreement in the results are obtained between these different approaches.Copyright © 1994 by ASME
Smoking behavior among the staff of health-care providers in Tongzhou District of Beijing

Objective To understand prevalence of smoking and its related factors among the staff of health-care institutions in Tongzhou District,Beijing to provide basis for formulating tobacco control strategy.Methods Totally,404 staff were chosen from health administration and seven primary,secondary and tertiary health-care institutions in Tongzhou District for questionnaire survey.Results Overall prevalence of smoking was 16.1 percent among the staff of health-care institutions in Tongzhou District,45.3 percent in men,significantly higher than that in women(1.1%).Prevalence of smoking varied by age,working unit,job,or educational level of the staff.Conclusion Prevalence of smoking is still at a higher level among staff in health-care institutions of Tongzhou District and intervention for tobacco control should be carried out in a relevant way.
Duplicated Inferior Vena Cava Simulating Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy in a Patient with Embryonal Cell Carcinoma of the Testicle

AbstractComputerized tomography has become the most widely applied staging technique in the assessment of retroperitoneal lymph nodes in patients with nonseminomatous testicular carcinoma. Errors in clinical staging of testicular carcinoma can have serious implications for the treatment afforded these patients.We describe a duplicated inferior vena cava that simulated retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy on abdominal computerized tomography in a patient with embryonal cell carcinoma of the testicle. The embryology and implications of anomalous lymphatic drainage of the testicle are discussed.
Small Bodies: Asteroid 25143 Itokawa

The previous two chapters are now applied to the specific problem of orbital mechanics about a small body. For definiteness we focus on the asteroid Itokawa (with a mean radius of 160 meters), for which a shape model, rotation state and mass is available. Itokawa was visited by the Hayabusa spacecraft which collected samples from that body before its successful return to Earth in June 2010. That spacecraft did not enter sustained orbit about the asteroid, but instead implemented a hovering approach for all close proximity dynamics. Still, it is a question of practical interest whether such an orbital approach could have been implemented at such a small body. In this chapter we apply the theories outlined previously and derive approximate limits for minimum orbit radii about such bodies. A general overall question which this analysis poses is whether there are minimum size limits on an asteroid beyond which it cannot be orbited. This question was recently investigated by Shupe [177], where for a spacecraft modeled after the Orion crewed vehicle it was found that the main barrier to achieving stable orbit was not solar radiation pressure but the central-body gravity field and shape, and the size and shape of the orbiting spacecraft.
Anti-nerve growth factor antibody attenuates chronic morphine treatment-induced tolerance in the rat

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is known to induce inflammation and pain; however its role in opioid-induced tolerance has not been studied. This study investigated the effects of an anti-NGF neutralizing antibody on the development of tolerance following chronic morphine treatment in naive rats. Four groups of rats were used in this study; one treated with saline alone, one with 10 mg/kg of morphine, one with 10 μg of anti-NGF and the other with 10 mg/kg of morphine + 10 μg of anti-NGF, twice per day for 5 days. The route of treatment was subcutaneous (S.C.) for morphine and saline, and intraperitoneal (i.p.) for anti-NGF. Response to a noxious thermal stimulus during the course of drug treatment was assessed (Hargreaves’ test). Further, the change in the NGF levels in the lumbar spinal cord was measured by ELISA. Our results showed that repeated administration of morphine produced an apparent tolerance which was significantly attenuated by co-administration of anti-NGF (P < 0.001). Additionally, the area under the curve (AUC) of the analgesic effect produced by the combination of morphine and anti-NGF was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than for saline controls and chronic morphine treated rats. Moreover, the level of NGF in the spinal cord of chronic morphine treated rats was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in both the saline control group and the group receiving simultaneous administration of anti-NGF with morphine. These results indicate that anti-NGF has the potential to attenuate morphine-induced tolerance behavior by attenuating the effects of NGF at the spinal level. Taken together, our study strongly suggests that the NGF signaling system is a potential novel target for treating opioid-induced tolerance.
Advances in Food Allergy

Food allergy has been increasing in prevalence for the last few decades, and numerous studies have evaluated ways of improving the allergy practitioner's ability to accurately diagnose patients who are truly food allergic, rather than sensitive but able to tolerate food. Once diagnosed, the current standard treatment is food elimination and avoidance, but other potential treatment options like oral immunotherapy, sublingual immunotherapy, and epicutaneous immunotherapy are becoming promising alternatives. Due the health care costs and potential for life-threatening adverse reactions, much attention has been given to the prevention of food allergies, resulting a shift in recent guideline recommendations.
Are i-STAT results adversely affected by an artificial blood substitute in vivo?

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine whether i-STAT measurements on blood treated with hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier-201 (HBOC-201) would provide laboratory test results comparable to those achieved with a known reliable piece of equipment (Radiometer) for swine blood treated with HBOC-201. HBOC-201 is an artificial blood substitute solution being considered for use by medics in the field for the treatment of combat casualties. The i-STAT is a portable compact piece of laboratory equipment used for rapid assessment of blood samples under field conditions, instead of larger, hospital-based, laboratory equipment. Blood from pigs was obtained before and after administration of HBOC-201. The blood was tested with the i-STAT and the Radiometer. No drastic inaccuracy in test results with the i-STAT can be predicted for battlefield casualty care with potential HBOC-201 use, because laboratory results with the i-STAT and Radiometer were comparable with respect to blood testing after the administr...
The relationship between personal growth and psychological functioning in individuals treated in a partial hospital setting.

Objectives We examined whether current level of personal growth and changes in personal growth predicted treatment response among participants in a partial hospital setting. Method Patients (N = 269; aged 18-70 years, M = 33.6; 52.4% female) completed measures of personal growth initiative (PGI), valuing personal growth (VPG), and psychological functioning measures at treatment admission and discharge from a partial hospital. Results PGI and VPG were negatively associated with depression and positively associated with psychological well-being. Baseline PGI and VPG did not predict changes in psychological functioning at discharge. PGI and VPG significantly increased following treatment, and increases were associated with decreases in depression and increases in well-being over and above previously established predictors. Conclusions Valuing personal growth for intrinsic reasons and active engagement in the personal growth process may be important characteristics to cultivate in psychotherapy as they are malleable and negatively related to depression.
Breast cancer screening using convolutional neural network and follow-up digital mammography

We propose a computer-aided detection (CAD) method for breast cancer screening using convolutional neural network (CNN) and follow-up scans. First, mammographic images are examined by three cascading object detectors to detect suspicious cancerous regions. Then all regional images are fed to a trained CNN (based on the pre-trained VGG-19 model) to filter out false positives. Three cascading detectors are trained with Haar features, local binary pattern (LBP) and histograms of oriented gradient (HOG) separately via an AdaBoost approach. The bounding boxes (BBs) from three featured detectors are merged to generate a region proposal. Each regional image, consisting of three channels, current scan (red channel), registered prior scan (green channel) and their difference (blue channel), is scaled to 224×224×3 for CNN classification. We tested the proposed method using our digital mammographic database including 69 cancerous subjects of mass, architecture distortion, and 27 healthy subjects, each of which includes two scans, current (cancerous or healthy), prior scan (healthy 1 year before). On average 165 BBs are created by three cascading classifiers on each mammogram, but only 3 BBs remained per image after the CNN classification. The overall performance is described as follows: sensitivity = 0.928, specificity = 0.991, FNR = 0.072, and FPI (false positives per image) = 0.004. Considering the early-stage cancerous status (1-year ago was normal), the performance of the proposed CAD method is very promising.
Dinitro­sylbis[tris­(4-fluoro­phen­yl)phosphane]iron chloro­form monosolvate

The title compound, [Fe(NO)2(C18H12F3P)2]·CHCl3, belongs to the family of metal dinitrosyl compounds with the general formula Fe(NO)2(L)x, referred to collectively as `dinitrosyl iron compounds' (DNICs). Herein we report the structure of a dinitrosyl iron diphosphane complex, (Fe(NO)2L2, with L = P(C6H4-p-F)3. The structure includes one metal complex mol­ecule and one chloro­form solvent mol­ecule. The iron atom is tetra­hedrally coordinated with two phosphane ligands and with two NO groups with Fe—N—O angles of 178.1 (2) and 177.0 (2)°.
Use of History in Neuropsychological Assessments

The only value of neuropsychological testing in the hands of an experienced neuropsychologist is to support the conclusions already reached through interview and history taking. While this opening salvo is hyperbole, it is probably correct for the majority of cases. The purpose of this chapter is to offer suggestions to the clinician as to how he/she can conduct a richer (i.e., more informative about brain-behavior relationships) interview and history in the course of the neuropsychological assessment. An inference to be taken from the following discussion is that neuropsychological assessments which omit or skimp on the clinical interview and history can be misleading or invalid, often grossly so. The value of this chapter to the reader will vary with the reader’s experience and extent to which he/she shares this author’s assumption on the value and role of interviewing and history taking in neuropsychological assessments.
Behavioral Modifications in Coelenterates

Coelenterates have proved to be perplexing animals to the behavioral physiologist. Their structural simplicity, diffuse nervous organization, and the early observations of their simple, stereotyped activities suggested that they were fruitful preparations for the study of the physiological mechanisms underlying behavior. Indeed, Pantin in his famous Croonian Lecture, The Elementary Nervous System, predicted that in the coelenterates we are nearer to “a complete analysis of the structural units on which behavior is based” than in any other animals (Pantin, 1952, p. 147). Such a belief was based on the extensive studies of the contraction reflex responses of the sea anemones Metridium and Calliactis.However, such simple reflexes play only a limited part in coelenterate behavior. The behavioral simplicity of these animals has proved to be more apparent than real, for today, 20 years later, we seem further from a complete analysis than was previously suspected.
Local domestication of microbes via cassava beer fermentation

Cassava beer, or chicha, is typically consumed daily by the indigenous Shuar people of the Ecuadorian Amazon. This traditional beverage made from cassava tuber (Manihot esculenta) improves nutritional quality and flavor while extending shelf life in a tropical climate. Bacteria responsible for chicha fermentation could be a source of microbes beneficial to human health, but little is known regarding the microbiology of chicha. We investigated bacterial community composition of chicha batches using Illumina highthroughput sequencing. Fermented chicha samples were collected from seven Shuar households in two neighboring villages in the Morona-Santiago region of Ecuador, and the composition of the bacterial communities within each chicha sample was determined by sequencing a region of the 16S ribosomal gene. Members of the genus Lactobacillus dominated all samples, demonstrating that chicha is a source of organisms related to known probiotics. Significantly greater taxonomic similarity was observed between communities in chicha samples taken within a village than those from different villages. Community composition varied among chicha samples, even those separated by short geographic distances, suggesting that ecological and/or evolutionary processes, including human preference, may be responsible for creating locally adapted and regionally resilient ferments. Our results suggest that traditional fermentation may be a form of domestication that provides endemic beneficial inocula for consumers. INTRODUCTION Fermentation converts simple carbohydrates into secondary compounds, including alcohols and lactic acid, and it is promoted by human societies worldwide as a means to improve the flavor, nutritional value, and preservation of food and drinks. Fermentation is mediated by a variety of microorganisms; for example, yeasts convert carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and alcohol to produce alcoholic beverages, while bacteria create lactic acid, the tangy flavor characteristic in food such as sauerkraut and yogurt. Conventional fermentation utilizes commercially available bacteria or yeast for fermentation, often from a single laboratory-isolated strain. In contrast, traditional fermentation, colloquially termed wild fermentation, harnesses diverse bacteria and yeast resident in the environment to cultivate a ferment over many generations (Katz, 1
A genetic approach for analyzing the pathway of LamB assembly into the outer membrane of Escherichia coli.

Results presented in this study demonstrate that a mutation which inserts an additional tyrosine between the 2 tyrosines at residues 118 and 119 of mature LamB protein results in a temperature-dependent assembly defect. This defect leads to the accumulation of an intermediate at the restrictive temperature that is most likely an assembly-defective monomer. These monomers are rapidly degraded in the wild type (htrA+) strain, and the biphasic kinetics of this degradation indicate that the mutation affects the assembly process and not the final product, i.e. stable trimers. In addition, our data show that the temperature-dependent assembly defect in the mutant strain is reversible, and therefore the accumulated monomers represent a true assembly intermediate. Fractionation studies show that the monomers, which can be accumulated in htrA (degP) mutants at the restrictive temperature, are associated with the outer membrane, indicating that trimerization of LamB is not a prerequisite for localization.
Paradigms and Paradoxes: Energetics of Aqueous Oxyanions of Nonmetals and Metalloids

The enthalpies of formation of simple nonmetal or metalloid oxyanions in aqueous solution are discussed. Archival values are cited and estimates are made. Trends prove evasive.
Intranasal Filtration of Inhaled Aerosol in Human Subjects as a Function of Nasal Pressure Drop.

Abstract Background: Intersubject variability in nasal deposition of inhaled aerosol is significant because of the differences in nasal anatomy and breathing rate. The notable limitation of the maj...
Guide snoRNAs: Drivers or Passengers in Human Disease?

In every domain of life, RNA-protein interactions play a significant role in co- and post-transcriptional modifications and mRNA translation. RNA performs diverse roles inside the cell, and therefore any aberrancy in their function can cause various diseases. During maturation from its primary transcript, RNA undergoes several functionally important post-transcriptional modifications including pseudouridylation and ribose 2′-O-methylation. These modifications play a critical role in the stability of the RNA. In the last few decades, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) were revealed to be one of the main components to guide these modifications. Due to their active links to the nucleoside modification, deregulation in the snoRNA expressions can cause multiple disorders in humans. Additionally, host genes carrying snoRNA-encoding sequences in their introns also show differential expression in disease. Although few reports support a causal link between snoRNA expression and disease manifestation, this emerging field will have an impact on the way we think about biomarkers or identify novel targets for therapy. This review focuses on the intriguing aspect of snoRNAs that function as a guide in post-transcriptional RNA modification, and regulation of their host genes in human disease.
The Neurophysiological Effects of Diphenylhydantoin and Their Relationship to Anticonvulsant Activity

One of the most recent reviews of selected papers on diphenyl-hydantoin (DPH) lists 1712 references (Dreyfus Medical Foundation, 1975). Yet, most of the papers have as an opening remark: “Although DPH is the most widely used anticonvulsant, its mechanism of action is still unknown.”
What Science Is and How It Really Works

Scientific advances have transformed the world. However, science can sometimes get things wrong, and at times, disastrously so. Understanding the basis for scientific claims and judging how much confidence we should place in them is essential for individual choice, societal debates, and development of public policy and laws. We must ask: what is the basis of scientific claims? How much confidence should we put in them? What is defined as science and what is not? This book synthesizes a working definition of science and its properties, as explained through the eyes of a practicing scientist, by integrating advances from philosophy, psychology, history, sociology, and anthropology into a holistic view. Crucial in our political climate, the book fights the myths of science often portrayed to the public. Written for a general audience, it also enables students to better grasp methodologies and helps professional scientists to articulate what they do and why.
Differential development of relational memory and pattern separation.

Researchers have taken a number of different approaches in their exploration of hippocampal function. One approach seeks to describe hippocampal function by probing the memory representations that the hippocampus supports. Another approach focuses on the role of the hippocampus in pattern separation and completion. Each of these approaches to understanding hippocampal function utilizes a distinct set of specialized tasks, and both of these task sets are known to be sensitive to changes in hippocampal function with age and disease status. But the question remains whether the tasks utilized in these two approaches tap into the same aspects of hippocampal function. We explored this question in the context of hippocampal development. Preadolescent children (N = 73) and young adults (N = 41) completed an identical battery of cognitive tasks consisting of a spatial reconstruction relational memory task, the mnemonic similarity task (MST)-an object-based pattern separation task, and a novel hybrid task-the Object Discrimination and Distribution (ODD) Task-designed to integrate and simultaneously tax pattern separation and spatial relational memory. Children did not demonstrate impairments in lure discrimination relative to young adults on either the object-based pattern separation task or for aspects of the ODD task that required pattern separation in the absence of relational memory demands but performed more poorly across aspects of tasks that required relational binding.
Evaluating the Relationship Between Contextual Features Derived from Very High Spatial Resolution Imagery and Urban Attributes: A Case Study in Sri Lanka

Extracting information about variations within urban areas using satellite imagery has generally focused on mapping individual buildings or slum versus non-slum areas. While these data are useful, they can run into issues in very dense urban areas, additionally slums have a subjective definition. In previous research we have found that contextual features are related to population, census variables, poverty, and other values, but have not explored which urban attributes (i.e., buildings and roads) these features represent. In this study we seek to determine the correlation between contextual features calculated on Very High Spatial Resolution (VHSR) satellite data and urban attributes derived from Open Street Map (OSM) for portions of multiple cities in Sri Lanka. Results indicate that individual contextual features are highly correlated with building area, building density, road area, road density, total built up areas and other features. Moreover, when multiple contextual features are combined within a model, they can explain from 70 to 92 percent of the variance of these urban features within the study area. This indicates that contextual features are very strong indicators of urban variability and can be used to map differences within the urban setting. This may allow us to forgo having to map each building and road individually for mapping urban areas in future projects.
Multiscale Based Characterization and Classification of Urban Land-Use

Machine learning and deep learning provide a means for generating urban land-use maps with relatively little human effort compared to manually digitizing images. This is especially important for supporting global and regional initiatives focused on sustainability, planning, health, pro-poor policy, infrastructure, and population distribution estimates. Many of these initiatives work in areas where geospatial data is scarce, such as the global south, and often use land-use maps to help achieve their goals. In this study, we develop a typology for automated labeling of urban land-use data that captures the variation in structural patterns within cities. A comparison of classification accuracy between convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and support vector machines (SVMs) coupled with handcrafted features is conducted. Through experimental validation on two highly dense cities in Africa, we report on new insights and the potential benefits offered by both multiscale handcrafted features and multiscale-CNNs even with limited training data.
Introducing parallelism using Habanero Java (HJ)

If our students are to make full use of multi-core processors, parallel programming must be taught to all students in required courses rather than only in the specialized electives where it has historically resided. We believe that widespread parallel programming will rely on high-level parallel languages and tools. This workshop presents one such language, Habanero Java (HJ), an extension of Java that adds keywords to create and manage tasks. HJ is powerful enough to be used by researchers, but also particularly well-suited for students because it builds on their knowledge of Java and its conciseness means that parallel algorithms can be illustrated with little code. Workshop attendees with learn about HJ, write HJ programs, and hear about how we have used it with students, including a brief unit in CS 2 that introduced parallelism.
Microwave Transmission Line Design Across Split Reference Planes

The design for high-speed channels within electronic packaging traditionally focuses on interconnect and packaging solutions pertaining primarily to the signal conductor portion of a transmission line. However, the overall construct and path between driver and receiver includes not only the signal, but also the image return path, requiring the Signal Integrity engineer to pay close attention to the round-trip current path. Traditionally, this means that discontinuities in the ground return path are avoided at all cost. This paper will investigate deviations from this traditional mode of operation by exploring an application requiring intentionally designed traces over ground discontinuities. Additionally, the authors explore modeled and measured results obtained from constructs posed as alternatives to discontinuous ground transmission lines.
Enhancing global health communication during a crisis: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background/objective The understanding and practice of public health crisis communication are improved through the study of responses to past crises, but require retooling for present challenges. The 'Addressing Ebola and other outbreaks' checklist contains guiding principles built upon maxims developed from a World Health Organization consultation in response to the mad cow (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) crisis that were later adopted for Ebola. The purpose of this article is to adapt the checklist for the health communication challenges and public health practices that have emerged during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The communication challenges of promoting vaccine acceptance are used to illustrate a key area that requires strengthened communication. Type of program or service: Effective communication principles for application during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced unique challenges for public health practitioners and health communicators that warrant an expansion of existing health communication principles to take into consideration: the new infodemic (or mis/disinfodemic) challenge - particularly as treatments and vaccines are being developed; communication of risk and uncertainty; health-information behaviours and the instantaneous nature of social media, and the relationship between media literacy and health literacy; the effects of the pandemic on other health issues; and the need for a flexible communication strategy that adapts to the different stages of the pandemic. Lessons learnt Principles discussed in this article will help build preparedness capacity and offer communication strategies for moving from the acute phase to the 'next normal' with likely prevention (e.g. herd immunity achieved through vaccination) and societal COVID-19 resilience.
2 – Needs and Information

This chapter focuses on the significance of need analysis in engineering design. The initial statement of need might originate in a number of different ways. It could be the result of careful market analysis or it could be a simple statement made by a branch of government from its observations and interpretations of a community's requirements. It must be clearly understood that whatever the source, the primitive statement is merely an expression of opinion and may in fact be based on extremely tenuous observations. The individual engineer might feel quite powerless in influencing the first need statement. However, it is important that he understand its rationale so that he can point up any faulty logic or perhaps show the way the concept may contravene or threaten widely accepted values. The chapter discusses the needs analysis that starts with a simple primitive statement and concludes with a clear definition of all that is involved. This information is then be used in initiating the feasibility study.
The Case for Resurrecting the FTC Act’s Penalty Offense Authority

This article details why the Federal Trade Commission should resurrect one of the key authorities it abandoned in the 1980s: Section 5(m)(1)(B) of the FTC Act, the Penalty Offense Authority. The Penalty Offense Authority is a unique tool in commercial regulation. Typically, first-time offenses involving unfair or deceptive practices do not lead to civil penalties. However, if the Commission formally condemns these practices in a cease-and-desist order, they can become what we call “Penalty Offenses.” Other parties that commit these offenses with knowledge that they have been condemned by the Commission face financial penalties that can add up to a multiple of their illegal profits, rather than a fraction. Using this authority, the Commission can substantially increase deterrence and reduce litigation risk by noticing whole industries of Penalty Offenses, exposing violators to significant civil penalties, while helping to ensure fairness for honest firms. This would dramatically improve the FTC’s effectiveness relative to our current approach, which relies almost entirely on another authority, Section 13(b). Section 13(b) does not allow the Commission to seek penalties against wrongdoers, and it is now under threat in the Supreme Court. We demonstrate in this article that in a number of key areas, including urgent concerns like online disinformation, the Commission can deploy the Penalty Offense Authority immediately. This can increase deterrence, since firms will pay a significant price for engaging in unfair or deceptive practices previously condemned by the Commission. We also outline how the Commission can deploy this authority to combat emerging harms, including illegal targeted marketing and deceptive data harvesting. We close with a call for a broader rethinking of the Commission’s approach to combatting corporate misconduct. By inventorying its existing tools and deploying them strategically, the Commission can begin to turn the page on its checkered record and regain the public’s confidence.
Reconsidering Libertines and Early Modern Heterosexuality: Sex and American Founder Gouverneur Morris

S c h o l a r S h i p o n m a l e S e x u a l i t y i n the late eighteenth-century Atlantic world has largely emphasized the existence of two available models: the extramarital and illicit sexual mode of the rake or libertine and the monogamous husband of the companionate ideal. The companionate marital model, infused with sentiment and sensibility, centered on love, intimacy, and the bond of husband and wife, with sexual intimacy as the ultimate expression of that love. Libertines were unabashedly antimarriage, boasted loudly about their exploits, focused purely on physical pleasure, and wielded their power over vulnerable women and girls through seduction and abandonment. As Michel Feher explains, the libertine became marked by his approach to women even more so than his liberal approach to sexual expression: “Seducing, publicizing, and finally breaking up with a din: such are the three steps of the libertine master plan.” In print culture, the two
3D Previsualization Using a Computational Photography Camera

During movie production, movie directors use previsualization tools to convey the movie visuals as they see them in their minds eye. Traditional methods of previsualization include hand-drawn sketches, storyboards and still photographs. Recently, video game engines have been used for previsualization so that once the movie set is modeled, scene lighting, geometry, textures and various scene elements can be changed interactively and the effects of many potential changes can be previewed quickly. The use of video games for previsualization involves manually modeling the movie set by artists to create a digital version, which is expensive. We envision that a computational photography camera can be used for capturing images of a physical set from which a model of the scene can be automatically generated. A wide range of possible changes can be explored interactively and previewed on-set including scene geometry and textures. Since our vision is large, we focus initially on an initial prototype (a computational photography camera and previsualization algorithms), which enable scene lighting to be captured, inferred, manipulated and new lights applied (relighting). Evaluations of our light previsualization prototype shows low photometric error rates and encouraging feedback from experts.
Maternal, Fetal, and Child Outcomes of Mental Health Treatments in Women: A Meta‐Analysis of Pharmacotherapy

Objective The authors systematically reviewed evidence on pharmacotherapy for perinatal mental health disorders. Methods The authors searched for studies of pregnant, postpartum, or reproductive‐ag...
U.S. Policy Considerations for Telehealth Provision in Audiology

The demand for telehealth services will continue to grow alongside an increased need for audiology services among both children and adults. Insurance coverage policies for audiologic services are specific to each payer and vary widely in the level of coverage provided for both in-person and telehealth-based audiology services. While benefits for children are fairly comprehensive, coverage for audiology services for adults is generally poor. Traditional Medicare does not cover hearing aids or other rehabilitative audiologic services, and other payer policies vary widely. Lack of benefits for hearing and balance services is inconsistent with the evidence base and leaves many beneficiaries without access to meaningful care for hearing and balance disorders, which are highly prevalent among and disproportionately affect Medicare beneficiaries. The purpose of this article is to discuss regulatory and reimbursement considerations for telehealth provision in audiology and elucidate opportunities to influence related health policy at both state and federal levels.