cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
III‐nitride quantum dots for ultra‐efficient solid‐state lighting

III-nitride light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) are ultimately limited in performance due to parasitic Auger recombination. For LEDs, the consequences are poor efficiencies at high current densities; for LDs, the consequences are high thresholds and limited efficiencies. Here, we present arguments for III-nitride quantum dots (QDs) as active regions for both LEDs and LDs, to circumvent Auger recombination and achieve efficiencies at higher current densities that are not possible with quantum wells. QD-based LDs achieve gain and thresholds at lower carrier densities before Auger recombination becomes appreciable. QD-based LEDs achieve higher efficiencies at higher currents because of higher spontaneous emission rates and reduced Auger recombination. The technical challenge is to control the size distribution and volume of the QDs to realize these benefits. In conclusion, if constructed properly, III-nitride light-emitting devices with QD active regions have the potential to outperform quantum well light-emitting devices, and enable an era of ultra-efficient solidstate lighting.
Sparse target scene reconstruction for SAR using range space rotation

This paper considers target estimation in Spotlight Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar. Assuming that the number of targets inside the scene of interest is small, compressive sensing (CS) theory can be applied for target estimation. CS estimation relies on a grid applied on the target space and assumes that the targets fall on grid points. However, as the grid size decreases in order to capture closely spaced targets, the coherence of the sensing matrix increases, thus resulting in CS performance degradation. In this paper, we propose to use Range Space Property (RSP) Rotation of the dictionary matrix as means of solving the underlying l1-problem, even in cases in which the sensing matrix coherence is high. The proposed approach can resolve closely spaced targets.
The Anatomy of the Landing Gear

The chapter presents important information required to properly select wheels, tires, and brakes for aircraft. Methodologies to allow the designer to better size and select these landing gear components are introduced. Additionally, a number of important concepts regarding fixed and retractable landing gear design are presented, in order to ensure reader familiarity before beginning the layout of the landing gear. Then, a cookbook methods to place the nose, main, and tail wheels of the airplane, for a conventional, taildragger, and monowheel configurations is presented. Finally, methods to calculate the reaction loads for the landing gear and to evaluate the airspeed required to rotate the airplane during T-O are presented as well.
Office-based 532-Nanometer pulsed potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser for marsupialization of laryngeal and vallecular mucoceles.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Many laryngopharyngeal disorders are effectively managed in the office. Herein, an in-office method utilizing the 532-nm potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser for the treatment of benign laryngeal and vallecular mucoceles is described. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review. METHODS A review was performed of patients who had their vallecular or laryngeal mucoceles marsupialized in the office using KTP laser. RESULTS Outcomes included long-term follow-up laryngoscopy for evidence of recurrence, significant intraprocedural complications, tolerance of the procedure, final pathology of the specimen, and resolution of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS In-office KTP marsupialization of laryngeal and vallecular mucoceles is effective and well tolerated, with no episodes of recurrence to date. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1116-1118, 2017.
DNA forensic system for police forensic science center cooperation: Architectural design and implementation

Criminal identification is one of the most important tasks for the police force. It is often a key piece of evidence for prosecuting potential criminals. Therefore, new ideas of design and development in DNA forensics for the Scientific Crime Detection Division have been established to facilitate the work of the officers on duty, including data collection for analysis and comparison of DNA data, or to transfer records on request to other center for further analysis. By enabling the transfer of data between center, it facilitates cooperation and networking, increasing overall efficiency. The design and development was divided into two parts. The first part was networking, which is designed to deal with the work as a distributed system. It also focuses on security of the data, preventing access from outside individuals. The second part is the program, which is designed to be accessible as a web application and web service. It also aims to enable communication between police forensic science center throughout Thailand. The two of these combined to make a full DNA system architecture for the Scientific Crime Detection Division.
Mixed dishes are an unexpected source of dietary vitamin K

Abstract Variable vitamin K intake can result in unanticipated interactions with stability of coumarin based anti-coagulant medications. Current recommendations emphasize a consistent intake of vitamin K-rich foods while taking these medications. The high vitamin K content of certain vegetables is well known, but current and comprehensive data on the vitamin K content of mixed dishes are lacking. The objective of this study was to characterize and quantify the amount of vitamin K per serving of various mixed dishes in a representative US sample. Food samples were obtained from the USDA Nutrient Data Laboratory as part of the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program, and analyzed for three vitamin K forms (phylloquinone, 2′,3′-dihydro-phylloquine, and menaquinone-4) using high performance liquid chromatography. Foods were classified into high or moderate vitamin K-containing in accordance with the Nutrition Care Manual. Out of the 47 mixed dishes analyzed, 1 was high and 16 were moderate in vitamin K content, with 12 of these dishes containing no appreciable amounts of vitamin K-rich vegetables. Mixed dishes, even those that do not contain vitamin-K rich vegetables, can contain substantial amounts of vitamin K from plant oils and animal products. These findings contribute to our knowledge of vitamin K sources in the US diet, and have important clinical implications for those prescribed oral anticoagulants that are vitamin K-antagonists.
IgA and IgM protein primarily drive plasma corona-induced adhesion reduction of PLGA nanoparticles in human blood flow

The high abundance of immunoglobulins (Igs) in the plasma protein corona on poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based vascular-targeted carriers (VTCs) has previously been shown to reduce their adhesion to activated endothelial cells (aECs) in human blood flow. However, the relative role of individual Ig classes (e.g., IgG, IgA, and IgM) in causing adhesion reduction remains largely unknown. Here, we characterized the influence of specific Ig classes in prescribing the binding efficiency of PLGA nano-sized VTCs in blood flow. Specifically, we evaluated the flow adhesion to aECs of PLGA VTCs with systematic depletion of various Igs in their corona. Adhesion reduction was largely eliminated for PLGA VTCs when all Igs were removed from the corona. Furthermore, re-addition of IgA or IgM to the Igs-depleted corona reinstated the low adhesion of PLGA VTCs, as evidenced by ∼40-70% reduction relative to particles with an Igs-deficient corona. However, re-addition of a high concentration of IgG to the Igs-depleted corona did not cause significant adhesion reduction. Overall, the presented results reveal that PLGA VTC adhesion reduction in blood flows is primarily driven by high adsorption of IgA and IgM in the particle corona. Pre-coating of albumin on PLGA VTCs mitigated the extent of adhesion reduction in plasma for some donors but was largely ineffective in general. Overall, this work may shed light into effective control of protein corona composition, thereby enhancing VTC functionality in vivo for eventual clinical use.
Assessing the Quality of Quality Assessment: The Role of Scheduling

Accuracy and consistency are critical for inspections to be an effective, fair, and useful tool for assessing risks, quality, and suppliers — and for making decisions based on those assessments. We examine how inspector schedules could introduce bias that erodes inspection quality by altering inspector stringency. Our analysis of thousands of food safety inspections reveals that inspectors are affected by the inspection outcomes at their prior inspected establishment (outcome effects), citing more violations after they inspect establishments that exhibited worse compliance levels or trends. Moreover, consistent with negativity bias, the effect is stronger after observing compliance deterioration than improvement. Inspection results are also affected by when the inspection occurs within an inspector’s day (daily schedule effects): inspectors cite fewer violations after spending more time conducting inspections throughout the day, and when inspections risk prolonging their typical workday. Overall, our findings suggest that currently unreported violations would be cited if the outcome effects — which increase scrutiny — were triggered more often and if the daily schedule effects — which erode scrutiny — were reduced. For example, our estimates indicate that if outcome effects were doubled and daily schedule effects were fully mitigated, 11% more violations would be detected, enabling remedial actions that could substantially reduce foodborne illnesses and hospitalizations. Understanding and addressing these inspection biases can help managers and policymakers improve not only food safety but also process quality, environmental practices, occupational safety, working conditions, and infrastructure.
Corporate Governance: The Jack Wright Series (2) Legal Obligations of Directors

This case provides for a discussion of the legal obligations of directors and their role in our corporate/capitalist system of corporate governance. Excerpt UVA-OM-1084 Rev. May 10, 2011 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: The Jack Wright Series (2) Legal Obligations of Directors Introduction As Jack Wright weighed the invitation to join the Mega Corporation board, he reflected on how his personal career had flourished and the ways in which his stature in the community had risen steadily over the years. As a result, he had been asked several years previously to become an organizer/director of a de novo community bank, the shares of which would be listed on NASDAQ after its charter was granted by the Federal Reserve. This was Wright's first opportunity to become a director of a publicly held company, and he had readily agreed to join the organizers, a prestigious group of successful, civic-minded people. Wright knew most of the organizers, though not all of them. He was currently facing an unexpected and difficult problem in connection with that attachment. . . .
Military Veterans and Service Dogs: A Qualitative Inquiry Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

ABSTRACTThere are over 18.8 million veterans of the United States of America's Armed Forces. After military service veterans may find it difficult transitioning back to civilian life. Veterans reintegrating may experience physical and psychological challenges related to their military service. For many, a successful role change takes considerable time and determination. In order to ease their transition, veterans are using the assistance of service dogs to aid in symptom management and assist with positive reintegration into civilian life. Service dogs are highly trained animals that help individuals perform life tasks to assist with physical and psychological challenges. The purpose of this qualitative study was to give voice to the experiential viewpoints of veterans who utilize service dogs. Guided by the theoretically informed method of interpretation— interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA)—the researchers uncovered the veterans’ perspectives, which provided meaningful insight into their lives w...
Solution representations for Trefftz-type plate bending elements

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a method for deriving a family of Trefftz-type plate bending elements with thickness change and/or warping. Many plate-bending elements have been developed so far. Among those elements are the popular plate elements of Auricchio and Taylor, Bathe and Dvorkin, and Hughes and Tezduyar. In this chapter, one class of plate elements is discussed for which functions are used that satisfy the governing differential equations a priori. The elements that are considered include Trefftz-type finite elements. With the complex function representations, a systematic derivation of the assumed (Trefftz) stresses and strains for a mixed variational formulation is possible.
The Power of Imagination in the Lives of Young People with Significant Disabilities

It was a late winter afternoon when I sat in the small town Dairy Queen cafe across from Katie while she ate a vanilla ice cream sundae. Katie, 17, was a high school senior student attending a special education program referred to as Life Skills. While researching the lived experiences of young people with significant disabilities, I sought to engage Katie in conversation about school and friends.
Beyond the Limits of Nature: A Social-ecological Perspective on Degrowth as a Political Ideology

ABSTRACTThis article offers a critical analysis of the ideological position of degrowth from the perspective of social ecology. It agrees with Giorgios Kallis' call to abolish the growth imperative that capitalism embodies today, but it also presents a critique of the conceptual underpinnings of this notion. More precisely, I argue that degrowth as an ideological platform reproduces a binary conception of society and nature, an oppositional mentality which is a key concept to hierarchical epistemology. Degrowth as a political agenda is thus prone to appropriation to authoritarian ends. In order to temper this tendency and help degrowth as a tool of analysis reach its liberatory potential, I advocate its consideration alongside a social-ecological position.
Opportunities & Anxieties: A Study of International Students in the Trump Era

Over one million international students are currently pursuing their education in the United States. But the number of newly enrolled international students is dropping. Some research suggests that President Donald Trump’s anti-immigrant policies, particularly his Muslim ban that has received international attention, may be to blame for this decline. This Article presents the results of qualitative empirical research I conducted to investigate the link between President Trump and declining international student enrollment. I interviewed more than 40 undergraduate and graduate students from abroad studying in the United States. I learned that there are unique opportunities that draw and will likely continue to draw international students to the United States to pursue their education, even in the face of changing U.S. immigration policies. Yet international students do have substantial anxieties about studying in the United States, some of which are traceable to President Trump’s words and actions.
Anticipated stigma and healthcare utilization in COPD and neurological disorders.

Abstract This descriptive correlational study explored the experience of anticipated stigma and its association with health-seeking behavior in individuals with COPD or a neurological disorder. Participants with COPD (n = 38) or neurological disorders (n = 39) were recruited from specialty practices. The Chronic Illness Anticipated Stigma Scale (CIASS) and Healthcare Access Measure (HAM) were used to measure stigma and healthcare utilization in this population. Socio-demographic and illness-related data were entered into a hierarchical regression analysis to identify variables that contribute to anticipated stigma from three sources. The mean scores of anticipated stigma by family and friends, coworkers, and healthcare workers were low to moderate at 7.96, 11.68 and 7.94 respectively. Mean score on the HAM was 12.94, indicating moderate delay, in healthcare utilization. The HAM was correlated with anticipated stigma by family and friends and healthcare provider subscales (r = .293, p = .010; r = .449 p = .000), indicating a relationship between higher levels of anticipated stigma in these areas and lower levels of healthcare utilization. Anticipated stigma by coworkers was correlated with neurological disorders (r = .257, p = .048). In a final model, 20%, 35.4% and 16.8% of the variance of anticipated stigma from 3 sources can be explained in the final model. Findings from this study describe low to moderate levels of anticipated stigma from three sources is experienced in individuals with COPD and neurological disorders and lends new understanding about the association of stigma to healthcare utilization behavior in this population. Strategies are needed to mitigate the effects of stigma on healthcare utilization.
From Aversion to Affinity in a Preschooler's Relationships with Nature

Abstract This study explored a preschooler's engagement with nature and whether her interactions with mediators at her nature preschool supported changes in her connection with nature. This paper p...
Predicting Home Value in California, United States via Machine Learning Modeling

The market value of real estate is difficult to predict with simple regression model due to the diversity and complexity of the real data. In this paper, with the latest real estate data of three counties in Los Angeles, California, United States, both linear and non-linear machine learning methods are employed to predict the log error of the home value. The motivation is to improve the accuracy in home value prediction with advanced methods. The main contribution is that it finds that traditional linear models are not predictive for complex home value data sets, while tree based non-linear models are most accurate with the lowest mean square errors.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Mild to Moderate Alcoholic Hepatitis.

Introduction & aim Much is known about alcoholic hepatitis (AH) that is severe enough to require hospitalization. The characteristics of individuals with alcoholic hepatitis presenting with mild to moderate severity are not well understood. In this study we investigated the risk factors, characteristics, and outcomes of mild to moderate AH. Methods Two hundred and fifty five Individuals with AH enrolled into a multicenter, prospective, observational study between 12/2014 and 4/2018 were included. Participants were seen at enrollment, 6 months, and 12 months. Mild to moderate AH (M-AH) was defined as MELD ≤ 20 at presentation whereas severe AH as MELD ≥ 21. Results One hundred individuals had M-AH whereas 155 had severe AH. Individuals with M-AH were older (49 vs 44 years, p=0.01), had lower BMI (27 vs 31 kg/m2, p=0.0007) and more likely to be male (68% vs 55%, p=0.046) compared to severe AH group. A higher proportion in M-AH group consumed coffee in the last 5 years compared to the severe AH (29% vs 18%, p=0.03), and fewer had PNPLA3 risk allele G (p=0.019) compared to the severe AH group. Average drinks per drinking day (12.9 vs 10.7, p=0.13) and total number of drinks in last 30 day period (331 vs 280, p=0.14) were not different between two groups. Compared to severe AH, patients with M-AH had significantly lower mortality at 30 days (2% vs. 13.6%), 90 days (3% vs. 22.6%), and 12 months (10.4% vs. 31.4%) (p Conclusions Individuals with mild to moderate AH were older, less obese, drank coffee more often and carried more favorable PNPLA3 genotype compared to severe AH, despite similar alcohol consumption. Mild to moderate AH had substantial mortality with one in ten dying by 12 months. (Word Count 286).
Evolution of symptoms in patients with stable angina after normal regadenoson myocardial perfusion imaging: The Radionuclide Imaging and Symptomatic Evolution study (RISE)

Assessment of quality of life in patients with stable angina and normal gated single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) remains undefined. Symptom evolution in response to imaging findings has important implications on further diagnostic testing and therapeutic interventions. Prospective cohort study was conducted at the University of Alabama at Birmingham enrolling 87 adult participants with stable chest pain from the emergency room, hospital setting, and outpatient clinics. Patients underwent MPI with technetium-99m Sestamibi and had a normal study. Participants filled out Seattle Angina Questionnaires initially and at 3-month follow-up. Among the 87 participants (60 ± 12 years; 40% African American, 70% women, 29% diabetes), the mean score increased by an absolute value of 14.2 [95% CI 10.4–18.7, P < .001] in physical limitation, 23.2 [95% CI 17.1–29.4, P < .001] in angina stability, 10.9 [95% CI 7.6–14.1, P < .001] in angina frequency, and 20.6 [95% CI 16.5–24.7, P < .001] in disease perception. There was no significant change in the mean score of treatment satisfaction [− 1.4, 95% CI − 4.7 to 1.8, P = .38]. At 3-month follow-up, 28 of 87 participants (32%) were angina free. Patients with stable chest pain and normal MPI experience significant improvement in functional status, quality of life, and disease perception in the short term.
Effect of adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep apnea and major psychiatric disorders on obstructive apnea-hypopnea index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores.

Study Objectives:This study evaluates the effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children with major psychiatric disorders as measured by polysomnography...
A Study on Understanding Potential Gold and Silver Nanoparticle: An Overview

This paper highlights on the coronavirus outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). At the time of writing this paper, there has been over 6 million confirmed ...
Validation of a handheld optical polarization imager for basal cell carcinoma detection

Skin cancer is the most common human malignancy. The goal of this pilot study was to validate a novel handheld optical polarization imaging (OPI) device for preoperative detection of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) margins. Ten patients with biopsy proven basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were imaged prior to Mohs surgery at UMASS Memorial Medical Center. Preliminary results from analysis of 10 BCC lesions show a strong correlation between optical imaging and histopathology. These findings indicate OPI may be a valuable tool for optimizing surgical treatment of skin cancer.
Coilin enhances phosphorylation and stability of DGCR8 and promotes miRNA biogenesis.

We show that coilin, the Cajal body marker protein, impacts microRNA biogenesis in cell lines with or without Cajal bodies. We also show that coilin reduction decreases DGCR8 stability and phosphor...
Gendered Relational Work: How gender shapes money attitudes and expectations of young adults

We link the theory of gender performance to the perspective on the social meaning of money and relational work. Using longitudinal Panel Study of Income Dynamics data on young adult women and men, ...
Novel tether-connected two-dimensional structures for low earth orbits

This paper proposes novel tether-connected two-dimensional structures with a size of several hundred square kilometers for low earth orbits. The attitude of these structures is gravitationally stabilized with respect to an earth-oriented reference frame. A stable shape is obtained by utilizing environmental forces such as differential air drag or electrodynamic forces which stiffen the system. Configurations which differ in geometry and in the number of connecting tethers are presented in the paper. The static stability of each configuration is analyzed as a function of design and orbital parameters. A brief discussion of the applications of such tethered systems is provided at the end of the paper.
New UV instrumentation enabled by enhanced broadband reflectivity lithium fluoride coatings

We present the results of a preliminary aging study of new enhanced broadband reflectivity lithium fluoride mirror coatings under development at the thin films laboratory at GSFC. These coatings have demonstrated greater than 80% reflectivity from the Lyman ultraviolet (~1020 A) to the optical, and have the potential to revolutionize far-ultraviolet instrument design and capabilities. This work is part of a concept study in preparation for the fight qualification of these new coatings in a working astronomical environment. We outline the goals for TRL advancement, and discuss the instrument capabilities enabled by these high reflectivity broadband coatings on potential future space missions. We also present the early design of the first space experiment to utilize these coatings, the proposed University of Colorado sounding rocket payload SISTINE, and show how these new coatings make the science goals of SISTINE attainable on a suborbital platform.
Use of magnetomyographic (MMG) signals to calculate the dependency properties of the active sensors in myometrial activity monitoring

The uterus is able to accomplish the remarkable task of maintaining an environment which suppresses uterine burst activity during the development of the fetus but keeps tone and initiates and coordinates the individual firing of myometrial cells. These cells produce organized contractions, causing the expulsion of the fetus from the mother's body. Past studies suggest that the uterus passes through a preparatory process before entering labor. This can happen preterm, leading to increased risk for the fetus. In order to understand the dynamical properties of the uterus, we have developed a preliminary analysis tool [1] that makes it possible to identify where and how the contraction starts and ends, and how it progresses, in terms of intensity, length, and path. Using these properties, we are hoping to differentiate false labor from true labor using the intercellular activities. The myometrial activity modeling (MyAM) will help to determine the regions of localized activation, propagation velocity and direction, and the spread of activity as a function of distance. Through a better understanding of the electrophysiological basis of uterine contractions, better interventions (e.g., drug) can be undertaken which may be effective for suppression of preterm labor or induction of labor at term. Current methodologies lack sensitivity and specificity for prediction of labor, so it is difficult to plan appropriate interventions [2][3]. The MyAM will provide more detailed and precise information regarding the initiation and propagation of electromyographic activity in the human uterus.
Restraining the Proliferation of Worlds in Probabilistic Logic Entailments

Probabilistic logic leads to intractable linear programs when there are too many ‘possible worlds’. Practical inference problems, however, often have structural regularity which can trim linear constraint systems. This paper emphasizes modus ponens with consequents of unknown probability. Contingency tables provide linear constraints for the priors and motivate useful revision assumptions.
The presence of cortical neurons in striatal-cortical co-cultures alters the effects of dopamine and BDNF on medium spiny neuron dendritic development

Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) are the major striatal neuron and receive synaptic input from both glutamatergic and dopaminergic afferents. These synapses are made on MSN dendritic spines, which undergo density and morphology changes in association with numerous disease and experience-dependent states. Despite wide interest in the structure and function of mature MSNs, relatively little is known about MSN development. Furthermore, most in vitro studies of MSN development have been done in simple striatal cultures that lack any type of non-autologous synaptic input, leaving open the question of how MSN development is affected by a complex environment that includes other types of neurons, glia, and accompanying secreted and cell-associated cues. Here we characterize the development of MSNs in striatal-cortical co-culture, including quantitative morphological analysis of dendritic arborization and spine development, describing progressive changes in density and morphology of developing spines. Overall, MSN growth is much more robust in the striatal-cortical co-culture compared to striatal mono-culture. Inclusion of dopamine in the co-culture further enhances MSN dendritic arborization and spine density, but the effects of dopamine on dendritic branching are only significant at later times in development. In contrast, exogenous Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) has only a minimal effect on MSN development in the co-culture, but significantly enhances MSN dendritic arborization in striatal mono-culture. Importantly, inhibition of NMDA receptors in the co-culture significantly enhances the effect of exogenous BDNF, suggesting that the efficacy of BDNF depends on the cellular environment. Combined, these studies identify specific periods of MSN development that may be particularly sensitive to perturbation by external factors and demonstrate the importance of studying MSN development in a complex signaling environment.
IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE AS A DEVELOPMENTAL PHENOMENON.

MY ATTRACTION to research and to the general problems of resistance and immunity can be directly traced to events of an internship thirteen years ago when I was stimulated by the clinical problem of neonatal sepsis. In my first attempts to understand some of the underlying mechanisms, I was drawn irrevocably into the center of scientific ferment which was then growing in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota. Here McQuarrie had brought under one roof, nearly simultaneously, Robert Good, Lewis Thomas, Chandler Stetson, Lewis Wannamaker, and Floyd Denny. To each of them, as teacher, colleague, and abiding friend, I acknowledge an enduring debt, for they exposed me to their imaginative ways of thinking habits of productivity, high scientific standards, and devotion to truth. My colleagues of the subsequent years—Robert Bridges, Donald Eitzman, John Robbins, and Joseph Bellanti—have each contributed their ideas, hard work, and enthusiasm to building the body of data for which this Mead Johnson Award is bestowed. We are signally honored and are sincerely grateful to the American Academy of Pediatrics and to the donors of the prize. When the startling discovery of immunologic tolerance was made by Peter Medawar and his colleagues in 1953, our minds were prepared to accept the premise that profound immunologic deficiencies were characteristic of the neonatal period. The few clinical and experimental data available until then indicated clearly that the newborn infant was a poor antibody former, dependent upon an umbrella of transplacental antibody until the third or fourth month of life; that he was highly susceptible to bacterial and certain viral infections; and that he was deficient in localizing inflammatory stimuli. Medawar9s disclosure was that perinatal injection of spleen cells from a donor mouse permanently endowed the recipient with a capacity to retain an otherwise unacceptable homograft. This experiment seemed to confirm the prediction of Sir McFarlane Burnet that foreign tissues or antigens which were encountered by the fetus during certain critical periods of development were endowed with self-markers of structural proteins, and, therefore, not recognized as foreign.
Extraprostatic extension of prostatic adenocarcinoma on needle core biopsy: report of 72 cases with clinical follow-up

OBJECTIVE To describe the histological findings and prognosis that are associated with extraprostatic extension (EPE) on needle core biopsy of prostatic adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrieved 99 cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma with EPE at initial diagnosis on biopsy from the consultation files of one of the authors between 1997 and 2009. The 72 cases that had available clinical follow-up data formed the basis of this study. RESULTS The mean (range) age of the patients was 64 (48-87) years, the median (mean, range) serum prostatic specific antigen level was 7.8 (64.8, 0.3-1505) ng/mL, and 60 of the patients (83%) had abnormalities on a digital rectal examination. The mean (range) number of malignant cores was 7.7 (1-23); the mean percentage of carcinoma in each core was 69.6%, and that in the core(s) with EPE was 76.8%. The mean Gleason score in the core(s) with EPE was 8, with a mean highest Gleason score per case of 8.4. Perineural invasion was detected in 54 cases (75%). Ten of 11 patients treated surgically had EPE on the radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen; also six had positive resection margins, five showed invasion into the seminal vesicles and one had lymph node metastasis. The Gleason scores in nine of the RP specimens did not differ from the highest grade found in the associated biopsies (score 9 in three, 8 in two, 7 in four); in one case it increased (from score 6 to 8) and in one it decreased (from score 9 to 8). Patients were followed for a mean (median, range) of 2.9 (2, 0.1-9) years, with metastases identified in 29 (40%); 10 (14%) died from the disease. CONCLUSION EPE on needle core biopsy of the prostate is strongly associated with extensive, high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma, such that its usefulness as an isolated prognostic factor is relatively limited.
Screening asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes: The debates persist

During the past decade considerable discussion and debate pertaining to the clinical value and cost-effectiveness of imaging asymptomatic patients with Type 2 diabetes to detect functionally important coronary artery disease (CAD) have transpired. The controversy continues with two articles published in this issue of the Journal of Nuclear Cardiology. Petretta et al 1 take the ‘‘Pro’’ position, whereas, Gibbons 2 takes the ‘‘Con’’ position in this ongoing debate. These authors cite recent published clinical research studies to bolster their points of view. The rationale for screening Type 2 diabetic patients for CAD stems from data indicating that CAD is the leading cause of mortality in these patients, accounting for 65% to 70% of deaths. 3 Furthermore, these data
Whistling Vivaldi: How stereotypes affect us and what we can do.

Claude M. Steele, who has been called "one of the few great social psychologists," offers a vivid first-person account of the research that supports his groundbreaking conclusions on stereotypes and identity. He sheds new light on American social phenomena from racial and gender gaps in test scores to the belief in the superior athletic prowess of black men, and lays out a plan for mitigating these "stereotype threats" and reshaping American identities.
Numerical simulation of two-phase flow in microchannel

Two-phase forced convective flow in microchannels is promising for the cooling of integrated circuits. Using a mixture model, in which liquid and vapor are treated as mixture, solves the flow field. The enthalpy method is employed to solve the energy equation (in which phase change is included). The fluid properties and thermal properties are calculated by using weight functions. A modified mass conservation equation improved the solution convergence greatly. The present method is limited single fluid system, and temperature difference between liquid and vapor is ignored.
Testing Partial Correlations When the Third Variable is Measured with Error

When attempting to determine if the observed correlation between two variables can be "explained" by a third variable, many researchers resort to a significance test on the partial correlation coefficient. Several authors have pointed out how this can be misleading when the third variable is measured with error. We show how the problem can be partially overcome (to the extent that the problem is at all soluble with the given data) with knowledge or assumption about the reliability of measurement in the third variable. An alternative suggestion, that one instead consider the feasibility of a one factor fit to the observed intercorrelations, has been proposed; we show that this has little to recommend it.
Electrode kinetics of antimony in alkaline solutions

The kinetics of the electro-oxidation and electro-reduction of Sb in alkaline solutions as well as the electrodeposition of Sb(III) on Sb have been studied. The rest potential follows the relation,E 0=0.152–0.059 pHV is SHE which is the equation for the equilibrium potential for the redox reaction, 2Sb+60H−=Sb2O3+3H2O+6e− The rates of anodic dissolution and electro-reduction can be expressed by the following empirical kinetic equations,i a=6F¯k a[OH−]2 exp 0.59FE/RT and ¦i c=6F¯k cexp−1.31FE/RT The empirical kinetic equation for electrodeposition of Sb (III) is ¦i′c¦=3F¯k′c[SbO 2 − ] exp−0.454FE/RT Mechanisms are proposed to interpret the experimental results.
The noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the limbic forebrain: pharmacological characterization in vitro and possible role of limbic noradrenergic mechanisms in the mode of action of antipsychotics.

The cyclic AMP generating system in slices of the rat limbic forebrain was investigated. In consists of: (1) A noradrenergic system which responds to norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol. Though the rise of the nucleotide elicited by isoproterenol is more rapid than that caused by NE, the maximal effect is less than half of that induced by NE; (2) an adenosine-dependent system. The noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the limbic forebrain displays a number of properties of a central NE receptor: it develops supersensitivity to NE and isoproterenol following prolonged deprivation of NE at postsynaptic sites (chronic treatment with reserpine or chemosympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine). When noradrenergic terminals are protected from 6-hydroxydopamine by desmethylimipramine, the responses to NE are not enhanced. Responses to NE are blocked by both propranolol and phentolamine, while responses to isoproterenol are blocked by propranolol but not by phentolamine. The adenosine-dependent system does not develop supersensitivity after central chemosympathectomy and is not blocked by either α- or β-antagonists. While not altering the basal level of the nucleotide, clinically effective antipsychotic drugs caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the limbic noradrenergic cyclic AMP response with clozapine and pimozide being particularly potent (IC50 0.06 and 0.08 μM, respectively). Antipsychotic drugs do, however, not affect cyclic AMP responses elicited by adenosine. The results are compatible with the view that the central NE receptor is closely related to or may be an integral part of an adenylate cyclase system and that its blockade in the limbic forebrain by antipsychotic drugs may contribute to their therapeutic action.
Preparation and characterization of sodium cellulosates

A method of preparing sodium cellulosates by an exchange reaction between cellulose and sodium alkoxide in alcohol medium is proposed. Anhydrous systems of sodium methoxide in methanol and sodium n-butoxide in n-butanol were used to treat cotton and viscose rayon celluloses to form sodium alcoholates of cellulose. It is shown that alcohols used as extraction solvents in the purification of the reaction products must be of low acidity, such as branched chain alcohols, since straight chain alcohols of relatively high acidity are shown to cause destruction of the sodio derivatives. The distribution of sodium in the products was found indirectly by methylating the sodio derivatives in pure methyl iodide and determining the distribution of methoxyl groups by paper chromatographic techniques. It was indicated that the sodium substituent was distributed in the various sodium cellulosates in a somewhat random arrangement. Glucose, mono-O-methyl glucose, di-O-methyl glucose, and tri-O-methyl glucose constituted the distribution products. The mono-O-methyl glucose fractions were further separated, to disclose the presence of the 2,3, and 6 isomers. The degree of substitution (DS) found for the sodium cellulosates ranged from 0.52 to 1.72.
A small molecule sensor for fluoride based on an autoinductive, colorimetric signal amplification reaction

This article describes a small molecule reagent that is capable of detecting fluoride down to 0.12 mM (2.3 ppm) in water. The reagent reveals this level of fluoride through a novel autoinductive signal amplification reaction that produces an unambiguous colorimetric readout.
Optimum soft decision decoding with graceful degradation

We demonstrate that the complex decision variables eminating directly from the channel receiver may be efficiently used for optimum decoding. The data is protected by a linear block designed for the minimum mean-square error between the numerical representations of the input and output words. This criterion affords a natural graceful degradation property in the sense that if the channel noise randomly exceeds the performance capabilities of the code, any decoding errors are confined to the least significant positions. The channel model is described by a conditional probability density function which obeys a realistic additive assumption. A general optimum design procedure for selecting the encoding and decoding rules is presented. It involves the use of generalized Fourier transform coefficients of the channel density function. We examine the structure of the decoder and emphasize the special case where the channel is memoryless. In that case the optimum decoder uses a state space mechanization resembling the Viterbi decoder. Practical examples of coherent phase and frequency digital modulation formats are discussed. The general results are further extended to the situation where optimum symbol-by-symbol rules are employed.
The nose and sex: the nasogenital reflex revisited.

Bhutta (JRSM 2007;100:268-274) reminds readers of the pre-eminent position of the nose in evolution and describes evidence linking olfaction and perhaps pheromones to human reproduction.1 The significance of the nose, he notes, is under-appreciated in the medical literature. This was not always the case. Over one hundred years ago, neurological reflexes emanating from the nose—termed the nasal reflex neurosis—were considered to be the cause of many symptoms, including symptoms related to the genitalia. In 1883 McKenzie, an otolaryngologist from Johns Hopkins Hospital, proposed a nasogenital reflex responsible for symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, etc. and described improvements following nasal treatments.2 In 1901 Fliess, an otolaryngologist and personal physician of Freud, described genital areas in the nose responsible for activating the proposed neurological pathways.3,4 The significance of a protuberant midline structure with paired erectile tissue was not lost on Freud, who collaborated with Fliess on such theories as inherent bisexuality. Freud's support of Fliess and his theories weakened after Fliess' negligent surgical care of Emma Eckstein and her later recanting of any relationship of nose bleeds to psychological stress.5 Reports of the nasogenital relationship diminished in the early 20th century and espousal of the theory faded as medical knowledge advanced. Recent quality-of-life research, however, documents the profound effect of chronic rhinosinusitis on general health and the substantial improvements noted after nasal surgery.6 Ironically, it would not be surprising if diminished libido and sexual performance were noted in chronic rhinosinusitis and improvement documented after nasal surgery—the nasogenital reflex redux.
UAS insertion into commercial airspace: Europe and US standards perspective

The use of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) by the military has greatly increased over the last decade. This experience has led to the development of Concept of Operations (CONOPS) and technology in line with defense and security missions. It is evident that UASs are becoming the military's choice for dull, dirty and dangerous missions. Prompted by the military's experience, civil agencies have identified a large variety of missions that potentially could be performed by UASs with clear benefits. UAS are already in production and use today. However, they are limited in their use within civil airspace due to the lack of mature sense-and-avoid technology and undefined methods for proving safety. These key requirements will not only enable military, civil, and eventually commercial objectives, they will have a direct impact in initial and operating costs. Therefore, to unlock the potential of UASs, it is required to develop affordable UAS solutions that can be safely and transparently integrated into non-segregated airspace. It is important to realize that unmanned civil aviation is a revolution, not an evolution, as CONOPS and the necessary technology for flight in non-segregated airspace are not mature, and standards (MASPS or MOPS) do not exist. Therefore, UAS integration into non-segregated airspace will require the simultaneous development of CONOPS, technology and standards, and the involvement of all UAS stakeholders, that is, end users, industry, regulators, Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs), etc. from all over the world. Two groups are leading the development of standards for safe and transparent UAS integration into non-segregated airspace: EUROCAE WG-73 in Europe; and RTCA SC-203 in the US. WG-73 will propose its developed standards to EASA and the European National Aviation Authorities (NAAs), whereas SC-203 will propose its developed standards to the FAA. Therefore, if WG-73 and SC-203 are not aligned, there is a risk that different standards are developed on either side of the Atlantic. Consequently, UAS solutions will not be interoperable, and standards will be costlier and take longer to develop. This is not in the interest of any of the UAS stakeholders and especially the end users. This paper will compare the activities of WG-73 and SC-203. The focus will be on Sense-And-Avoid (SAA) activities for Beyond Visual Line-Of-Sight (BVLOS) operations and will expand on the ATM environment, markets/CONOPS, and UAS safety objectives.
Acetylation of rat testis histones H2B and TH2B

Abstract The in vivo acetylation of rat testis histones H3 and H4 has been demonstrated in previous studies. In this study, analysis of purified histone fractions revealed the in vivo acetylation of histone H2B, the testis histone variant designated TH2B, and two or more of the histone H2A variants. These findings are quite significant, because it is possible that all of the core histones are acetylated in elongating spermatids at the time of removal of the entire histone complement for replacement by basic spermatidal transition proteins ( S. R. Grimes and N. Henderson, 1983, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221, 108–116 ).