cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Critical Thinking Skills in Literary Analysis.

ABSTRACT In this article, the authors argue that a successful class in literature should not merely confine itself to traditional classroom methodology in which students follow the teacher's cues. Instead, the instructor should enable the students to exercise their critical thinking skills in interpreting a text. By applying specific cognitive skills in a systematic manner when analyzing literary works, students learn not only to substantiate their interpretations through well-reasoned arguments but also to become aware of the reasoning process itself.
Transport Diffusion of Oxygen−Nitrogen Mixtures in Graphite Pores: A Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) Study†

The technique of dual control volume grand canonical molecular dynamics (DCV GCMD) is used to study the diffusivity of a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen in a graphite slit pore as a function of pore width. We find evidence in support of combined viscous and diffusive transport through these narrow slit pores. The viscous contribution to the flow becomes weaker as the pore width decreases. The fluid velocity profiles show evidence of microscopic slip but still retain a classical Navier−Stokes parabolic signature. The concentration profiles for each component in the mixture show an approximately linear variation with distance along the pore length, suggesting that cross-coupling effects are weak. We find that the diffusion of oxygen−nitrogen mixtures through a graphite pore displays a complex dependence upon the pore width. Molecular packing appears to play a very significant role in determining the flow of the mixture. Thermodynamic effects are of more importance in these simulations than sieving effects; h...
Storing pattern pairs in a bicameral neural network

A model of a bicameral neural network proposed by S.C. Kak and M.C. Stinson (Electronics Letters, vol.25, p.203-5, 1989) is examined for its performance as a heteroassociative memory and for its ability to store pairs of patterns. The model is bidirectional, as any pattern of each pair can be used as a probe to retrieve the other pattern associated with it. Issues relating to the error-correcting capability of this model have been investigated experimentally. A method of detecting the errors using a technique called indexing is discussed. A method of upgrading the model to store patterns sets of more than two patterns each, such that any one of the patterns in the set could be used as a probe to retrieve all other patterns associated with it, is discussed. The results of comparing the error-correcting ability of the bicameral model to that of bidirectional associative memory show that the bicameral model compares favorably. >
3.2.2 Four Strategies for Reliability

Reliability is one of the most important characteristics of a system. To be reliable a system must be robust – it must avoid failure modes even in the presence of the broad range of noise factors such as harsh environments, changing operational demands, and internal deterioration. In this paper we focus attention on “one-sided” failure modes, which occur only on one side of a range of noises. Four effective strategies are presented for achieving improved robustness to one-sided failure modes by conceptual improvements. Each strategy is illustrated through two examples from industrial practice.
Recent changes in the microwave scattering properties of the Antarctic ice sheet

Time series, satellite microwave data are used to monitor and quantify changes in the scattering properties of the Antarctic ice sheet. Daily ERS scatterometer (EScat) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) image data, acquired since 1992, are analyzed to understand the seasonal and interannual changes over the ice sheet. For regions of the ice sheet where azimuthal modulation is negligible, seasonal cycles are observed in both the EScat (amplitude /spl sim/0.5 dB) and SSM/I data (amplitude /spl sim/10 K). These cycles are attributed to seasonal changes in surface temperature. Interannual variability in the time series signatures appears to be associated with accumulation. There is also evidence to suggest that shifts in the wind direction can alter the backscatter through azimuthal modulation. Over the period 1992-97, large trends are observed in the EScat( 1 K yr/sup -1/) signatures over several regions in Antarctica. These changes typically occur over ice shelves and at the margins of the ice sheet where previous melt events have occurred, and where accumulation is relatively high (>300 mm yr/sup -1/). It is likely the large changes result from the successive burial of an efficient scattering layer formed by refreezing after a melt event prior to 1992. There is also evidence to suggest that similarly large changes can be observed in the interior of the ice sheet due to the burial of depth hear layers. In order to monitor long term change in the properties of the Antarctic ice sheet, it is necessary to remove the seasonal cycle from time series microwave data. Such anomaly data can then be used to understand the link between EScat and SSM/I with accumulation and wind shifts.
Studies on the Vitamin K Requirement of the Chick. The Effect of Age and Cecectomy on the Vitamin K Requirement of the Chick

Abstract VITAMIN K synthesis in the intestine of the rat has been reported by Dam, Schonheyder and Lewis (1937) and Greaves (1939). Day et al. (1943), comparing intact and cecectomized rats, concluded that the cecum is an important site of vitamin K synthesis but that it could be formed in other parts of the intestine. No deficiency occurred until sulfasuxidine was included in the diet. Barnes and Fiala (1958) were able to produce an uncomplicated vitamin K deficiency in rats when coprophagy was completely prevented. Gustafsson (1959) observed severe hypoprothrombinemia in rats reared in germ-free conditions. In contrast, intestinal synthesis of vitamin K by the chick either does not occur or is of little importance. Almquist and Stokstad (1936) reported that vitamin K was present in fresh feces of chicks receiving a vitamin K-free diet. According to these workers the synthesis was in a region where absorption does not ordinarily take …
Genetics of leaf rust resistance in three Americano landrace-derived wheat cultivars from Uruguay

A genetic analysis of the landrace-derived wheat accessions Americano 25e, Americano 26n, and Americano 44d, from Uruguay was conducted to identify the leaf rust resistance genes present in these early wheat cultivars. The three cultivars were crossed with the leaf rust susceptible cultivar 'Thatcher' and approximately 80 backcross (BC1) F 2 families were derived for each cross. The BClF 2 families and selected BClF 4 lines were tested for seedling and adult plant leaf rust resistance with selected isolates of leaf rust, Puccinia triticina. The segregation and infection type data indicated that Americano 25e had seedling resistance genes Lr3, Lr16, an additional unidentified seedling gene, and one adult plant resistance gene that was neither Lrl2 nor Lrl3, and did not phenotypically resemble Lr34. Americano 26n was postulated to have genes Lr11, Lrl2, Lrl3, and Lrl4a. Americano 44d appeared to have two possibly unique adult plant leaf rust resistance genes.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci in Mimulus guttatus and related species

The evolution of self-fertilization from outcrossing is one of the most common evolutionary transitions in flowering plants. One goal of our research is to develop a linkage map based upon microsatellite loci in Mimulus guttatus and the selfing derivative M. nasutus in order to examine the genetics of one such transition. Here we present 19 primer pairs that detect polymorphisms between these two species. Within-population allelic surveys demonstrate the value of these markers for detailed analysis of population structure. We have found also that many of the microsatellites are conserved in more distantly related Mimulus species, and may thus serve as useful genetic markers for population genetic and comparative mapping studies within this diverse genus.
Thermodynamics-based optimization and control of vapor-compression cycle operation: Optimization criteria

This paper investigates multiple degree of freedom (MDOF) optimization of steady-state vapor-compression cycle (VCC) operation. Five degrees of freedom (DOFs) of the VCC are optimized using an objective function which minimizes the rate of exergy destruction in the cycle. The use of exergy is motivated by its ability to capture the physics of both the first and second laws of thermodynamics in a single property. A case study is considered in which the optimization is applied to a commercial truck transport refrigeration system (TTRS). The results suggest that by using the optimal set points generated by the exergy-based objective function, an increase of 52.5% in COP can be achieved over nominal operation. In particular, the optimization results highlight the regulation of evaporator and condenser pressure as critical parameters in improving the efficiency of steady-state cycle operation.
Learning with Preknowledge: Clustering with Point and Graph Matching Distance Measures

Prior knowledge constraints are imposed upon a learning problem in the form of distance measures. Prototypical 2D point sets and graphs are learned by clustering with point-matching and graph-matching distance measures. The point-matching distance measure is approximately invariant under affine transformations---translation, rotation, scale, and shear---and permutations. It operates between noisy images with missing and spurious points. The graph-matching distance measure operates on weighted graphs and is invariant under permutations. Learning is formulated as an optimization problem. Large objectives so formulated (∼ million variables) are efficiently minimized using a combination of optimization techniques---softassign, algebraic transformations, clocked objectives, and deterministic annealing.
Overweight Prevention in Pediatric Primary Care: A Needs Assessment of an Urban Racial/Ethnic Minority Population

The authors studied the prevalence of overweight-related behaviors in an urban clinic population, parents’ perceived willingness to change, and identified potential gaps in nutrition and physical activity promotion. A total of 324 parents of children aged 3 to 13 years were surveyed. Clinical heights and weights were used to calculate body mass index (BMI). Of the 324 children in the study, 55% were black and 28% were Hispanic. Approximately 151 (47%) children had a BMI ≥85th percentile, and overweight-related behaviors, such as TV viewing, were highly prevalent. Overall, parents reported a need for counseling to help their children eat healthier and be more active and seemed willing to make behavior changes in these areas. However, their willingness to change appeared lowest in areas that may improve their child’s weight status such as decreasing sedentary time and portion sizes. Overweight prevention efforts in primary care should include strategies to help clinicians negotiate behavior change with fami...
A survey of software learnability: metrics, methodologies and guidelines

It is well-accepted that learnability is an important aspect of usability, yet there is little agreement as to how learnability should be defined, measured, and evaluated. In this paper, we present a survey of the previous definitions, metrics, and evaluation methodologies which have been used for software learnability. Our survey of evaluation methodologies leads us to a new question-suggestion protocol, which, in a user study, was shown to expose a significantly higher number of learnability issues in comparison to a more traditional think-aloud protocol. Based on the issues identified in our study, we present a classification system of learnability issues, and demonstrate how these categories can lead to guidelines for addressing the associated challenges.
Changes in suicidal behavior in child psychiatric inpatients

This study of 49 preadolescent psychiatric inpatients, aged 6-12 years, evaluated changes from the time of admission to 7 weeks later in ratings of suicidal behavior, assaultive behavior, depression, hopelessness, and global functioning. Standard research instruments were used to measure these variables. There were significant decreases in suicidal behavior, assaultiveness, and depression and a significant increase in global assessment during the 7 weeks of hospitalization. Severity of suicidal behavior and severity of assaultive behavior at admission predicted a subsequent change in level of suicidal behavior. Furthermore, severity of suicidal behavior at admission was the best indicator of a change in severity of suicidal behavior. Language: en
Stabilization of Pharmaceuticals to Oxidative Degradation

A guide for stabilization of pharmaceuticals to oxidation is presented. Literature is presented with an attempt to be a ready source for data and recommendations for formulators. Liquid and solid dosage forms are discussed with options including formulation changes, additives, and packaging documented. In particular, selection of and methods for use of antioxidants are discussed including recommended levels.
A low-latency FIFO for mixed-clock systems

This paper presents a low-latency FIFO design that interfaces subsystems on a chip working at different speeds. First, a single-clock domain design is introduced, which is then used as a basis for a mixed-clock version. Finally, the design is adapted to work between subsystems with very long interconnection delays. The designs can be made arbitrarily robust with regard to metastability and clock frequencies.
A miniaturized implantable antenna for GPS application

A miniature Hilbert inverted-F antenna (PIFA) is proposed for implantable device application in the 1575 MHz Global Positioning System (GPS) frequency band. The antenna when subcutaneously implanted will help locate the elderly with declining mental capacity (Alzheimer's disease) with the use of an implanted GPS receiver. Such an antenna can also be implanted under the skin of potential kidnap victims. The antenna investigated in this paper is sandwiched between two pieces of standard biocompatible materials, macor (/spl epsi//sub r/ = 6.1) and silicon (/spl epsi//sub r/ = 3.1). The proposed antenna occupies a surface area of 7.7 mm by 3 mm and has a bandwidth of 2.8% within 2.5:1 VSWR.
An Ontology-Driven Mediator for Querying Time-Oriented Biomedical Data

Most biomedical research databases contain considerable amounts of time-oriented data. However, temporal knowledge about the contextual meaning of such data is not usually represented in a principled fashion. As a result, investigators often develop custom techniques for temporal data analysis that are difficult to reuse. We addressed this problem by developing a set of knowledge-driven methods and tools for temporally representing and querying biomedical data, and have integrated them using a mediator approach. A central issue driving our work is a need to integrate temporal representations of data in relational databases with the domain-specific semantics of temporal patterns used in querying. This paper presents a formal temporal knowledge model using the semantic Web ontology and rule languages, OWL and SWRL, respectively. The model informs the mediator of the temporal semantics used for data analysis. We show that our approach provides the computational foundation for much-needed software to make sense of complex temporal patterns in two biomedical research domains
AN AUGMENTED PROJECTION METHOD FOR THE INCOMPRESSIBLE NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS IN ARBITRARY DOMAINS

A Cartesian grid method for computing flows with complex immersed, stationary and moving boundaries is presented in this paper. We introduce an augmented projection method for the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in arbitrary domains. In a projection method an intermediate velocity field is calculated from the momentum equations, which is then projected onto the space of divergence-free vector fields. In the proposed augmented projection method, we add one more step, which effectively eliminates spurious velocity field caused by complex immersed moving boundaries. The methodology is validated by comparing it with analytic, previous numerical and experimental results.
Seismic characterization of kerogen maturity: An example from Bakken shale

Summary The conversion of kerogen to oil/gas will build up overpressure. Overpressure is caused by conversion of solid kerogen to fluid hydrocarbons in a relatively fixed pore space. The excess pressure caused by kerogen maturity does have impact on the seismic elastic properties. The wave propagation, velocities, anisotropy and AVO effects by kerogen maturation have been obtained as a function of initial kerogen content (immature), excess pore pressure (mature) for Bakken shale from Williston basin, USA. Our analysis show that more matured shales are brittle and suitable for hydraulic fracturing for maximum production.
Structural specificity of polyamines and polyamine analogues in the protection of DNA from strand breaks induced by reactive oxygen species.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species are known to induce strand breaks and/or base modifications in DNA. DNA strand breaks are associated with many pathologies and programmed cell death. We have examined the ability of the polyamines and their analogues to protect φX-174 plasmid DNA from strand breakage induced by a oxygen-radical generating system. Spermine and several unsymmetrically substituted polyamine analogues reduced the amount of strand breakage at a physiologically relevant concentration of 1 mM. However, putrescine, spermidine, N 1 -acetylspermine, N 1 -acetylspermidine and symmetrically alkylated polyamine analogues were not able to reduce strand breakage at the same concentration. Thus, the unsymmetrically alkylated polyamine analogues and natural spermine can protect DNA against strand breakage induced by Cu(II)/H 2 O 2 generated ROS similar to other more classical antioxidants.
Cortical Cholinergic Transmission and Cortical Information Processing in Schizophrenia

Models of the neuronal mediation of psychotic symptoms traditionally have focused on aberrations in the regulation ofmesolimbicdopaminergicneurons,viatheirtelencephalic afferent connections, and on the impact of abnormal mesolimbic activity for functions of the ventral striatum and its pallidal-thalamic-cortical efferent circuitry. Repeated psychostimulant exposure models major aspects of the sensitized activity of ventral striatal dopaminergic transmission that is observed in patients exhibiting psychotic symptoms. Based on neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral data,thehypothesisthatanabnormallyreactivecorticalcholinergic input system represents a necessary correlate of a sensitized mesolimbic dopaminergic system is discussed. Moreover, the abnormal cognitive mechanisms that contributetothedevelopmentofpsychoticsymptomsareattributed specifically to the aberrations in cortical cholinergic transmission and to its consequences on the top-down regulation ofsensoryandsensory-associationalinputfunctions.Experimental evidence from studies demonstrating repeated amphetamine-induced sensitization of cortical cholinergic transmission and the ability of antipsychotic drugs to normalize the activity of cortical cholinergic inputs, and from experiments indicating the attentional consequences of manipulations that increase the excitability of cortical cholinergic inputs, supports this hypothesis. Relevant human neuropathologicalandpsychopharmacologicaldataarediscussed,andtheimplicationsofanabnormallyregulatedcorticalcholinergicinputsystemforpharmacologicaltreatment
Improved nucleotide selectivity and termination of 3′-OH unblocked reversible terminators by molecular tuning of 2-nitrobenzyl alkylated HOMedU triphosphates

We describe a novel 3'-OH unblocked reversible terminator with the potential to improve accuracy and read-lengths in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. This terminator is based on 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine triphosphate (HOMedUTP), a hypermodified nucleotide found naturally in the genomes of numerous bacteriophages and lower eukaryotes. A series of 5-(2-nitrobenzyloxy)methyl-dUTP analogs (dU.I-dU.V) were synthesized based on our previous work with photochemically cleavable terminators. These 2-nitrobenzyl alkylated HOMedUTP analogs were characterized with respect to incorporation, single-base termination, nucleotide selectivity and photochemical cleavage properties. Substitution at the α-methylene carbon of 2-nitrobenzyl with alkyl groups of increasing size was discovered as a key structural feature that provided for the molecular tuning of enzymatic properties such as single-base termination and improved nucleotide selectivity over that of natural nucleotides. 5-[(S)-α-tert-Butyl-2-nitrobenzyloxy]methyl-dUTP (dU.V) was identified as an efficient reversible terminator, whereby, sequencing feasibility was demonstrated in a cyclic reversible termination (CRT) experiment using a homopolymer repeat of ten complementary template bases without detectable UV damage during photochemical cleavage steps. These results validate our overall strategy of creating 3'-OH unblocked reversible terminator reagents that, upon photochemical cleavage, transform back into a natural state. Modified nucleotides based on 5-hydroxymethyl-pyrimidines and 7-deaza-7-hydroxymethyl-purines lay the foundation for development of a complete set of four reversible terminators for application in NGS technologies.
1.3–1.55- $\mu$ m CMOS/InP Optoelectronic Receiver Using a Self-Aligned Wafer Level Integration Technology

A heterogeneous 10-Gb/s 1.3- to 1.55-mum optoelectronic receiver is designed and fabricated using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transimpedance amplifier and an InGaAs-InP PIN (p-type, intrinsic, n-type diode) photodiode. The receiver is heterogeneously integrated based on a batch fabrication process which promises low fabrication cost. The receiver measures a transimpedance gain of higher than 50 dBldrOmega over a bandwidth of 6 GHz and demonstrates an open eye diagram with a 1.55-mum 10-Gb/s light source.
The Theory of Truth Tabular Connectives, both Truth Functional and Modal

1. Plan of paper.1 Briefly, the following things are done in this paper. An informal exposition of the significance of partial truth tables in modal logic is presented. The intuitive concept of a truth tabular sentence connective is examined and made precise. From among a vast assortment of truth tabular connectives, the semantically well-behaved ones (called regular connectives) are singled out for close investigation. The familiar concept of functional completeness is generalized to all sets of regular connectives, and the functional completeness (or incompleteness) of selected sets of connectives is established. Some modal analogues of Sheffer's stroke are presented, i.e., single connectives are introduced which serve to define not only the truth functional connectives but all the regular modal connectives as well. The notion of duality is extended to all regular connectives and a general duality theorem is proved. Lastly, simplified proofs are given of several metatheorems about the system S5.
Isolation and sequencing of active origins of DNA replication by nascent strand capture and release (NSCR)

Nascent strand capture and release (NSCR) is a method for isolation of short nascent strands to identify origins of DNA replication. The protocol provided involves isolation of total DNA, denaturation, size fractionation on a sucrose gradient, 5'-biotinylation of the appropriate size nucleic acids, binding to a streptavidin coated magnetic beads, intensive washing, and specific release of only the RNA-containing chimeric nascent strand DNA using ribonuclease I (RNase I). The method has been applied to mammalian cells derived from proliferative tissues and cell culture but could be used for any system where DNA replication is primed by a small RNA resulting in chimeric RNA-DNA molecules.
Is hyperglycemia a prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer

14078 Background: Pancreatic hyperglycemia is one of the manifestations of pancreatic cancer.The purpose of this study is to explore the prevalence and significance of hyperglycemia at the time of ...
Developing hydrophobic and superhydrophobic TiO2 coatings by plasma spraying

Abstract In this work, atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and suspension plasma spraying (SPS) are employed for developing micro/nano morphologies of superhydrophobic coatings with high water repellence and mobility. Accordingly, multiple coatings were developed with different surface morphologies, then by isolating the effect of surface chemistry using a stearic acid treatment, the importance and influence of the achieved morphologies on wetting behavior of the coatings were investigated. Experimental results show that, although coatings developed by the APS process may reach water contact angles as high as 145°, the water mobility of these coatings is low due to relatively large morphological features resulting from the micron-sized feedstock powder. On the other hand, coatings developed by SPS show superior water repellence (manifested through water contact angles as high as 167°) as well as improved mobility (displayed through water sliding angles as small as 1.3°) due to dual-scale submicron/nano (hierarchical) roughness attributed to the submicron size particles in the feedstock. The dynamic behavior of an impinging water droplet is studied and compared to other existing natural and fabricated superhydrophobic surfaces.
Intensive Surveillance for Infections in a Three-year Study of Nursing Home Patients

The authors report the results of a 3-year (August 1984-May 1987) prospective study of intensive surveillance for nursing home-associated infections in 666 patients in a 300-bed nursing home in San Diego, California. Ninety-three percent (666 of 714) of the eligible subjects enrolled; 75% were women. The mean age of the subjects was 81.6 years. Lengths of stay ranged from 1 day to 1,025 days, with a mean of 166 days; the cumulative length of stay for all subjects was 110,746 days (303 years). Operational definitions that were heavily dependent on evaluation of clinical signs and symptoms were used by nurse practitioners in weekly or biweekly assessments of all patients to identify infections. The overall incidence of nursing home-associated infection was 7.1 infections/1,000 patient-days. Many of the infections would not have been recognized by persons less skilled than nurse practitioners. Among the 788 nursing home-associated infections identified, 362 (47%) were in the respiratory tract (286 lower respiratory and 76 upper respiratory); 200 (25%) were associated with skin and subcutaneous and mucous membranes; 140 (18%) were symptomatic urinary tract infections; 13 (2%) were bacteremia; and 73 (9%) were other infections.
Separation and Determination of Seminal Plasma and Sperm Amino Acids of the Honey Bee, Apis Mellifera

Quantitative determinations, using microbiological and paper chromatography methods, showed the arginine content of both seminal plasma and spermatozoa of the honey bee to be greater than that of any of the other 14 amino acids found. Difficulties encountered in obtaining large samples prevented making the determinations on a fat-free, ash-free basis.
Epidemic Status of Viral Hepatitis in Huanggang City,2005-2013

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of viral hepatitis in Huanggang,city and provide scientific evidences for developing strategies for control measures.Methods With descriptive epidemiological methodology,the epidemiological characteristics of 86 365 viral hepatitis cases in Huanggang during 2005-2013 were studied.Chi-square test was used in ratio comparison.Results During the period,the average annual incidence was 142.5/10~5 and the cases were mostly hepatitis B,accounting for 92.07%.The incidence of viral hepatitis A and undifferentiated declined year by year,while viral hepatitis C and E was increased.Males were more vulnerable to viral hepatitis A,B and E than females(χ~2viral hepatitisA=27.44,P0.01;χ~2viral hepatitisB=280.2,P0.01;χ~2viral hepatitisE=36.81,P0.01).The proportion of hepatitis B cases under 15 years declined significantly during this period,and the farmers were the main sufferers.And there was a rising trend during the last 9years except for 2009 and 2010.Hepatitis B incidence in students declined steadily year by year.Conclusion Hepatitis B is the key prevention and control focus.The immunization range should be continuously carried out in addition to newborn and children immunization.
Concentration-time profile of phenytoin after admixture with small volumes of intravenous fluids.

A study was designed to determine if admixtures with small volumes of four intravenous fluids (0.45% sodium chloride, 0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in water and lactated Ringer's) maintain their phenytoin concentrations over a suitable period of time to allow intravenous infusion of the drug. Three phenytoin concentrations (4.6 mg/ml, 9.2 mg/ml and 18.4 mg/ml) were prepared by adding a sufficient volume of an i.v. fluid to the appropriate volume (10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 ml) of phenytoin sodium injection (46 mg of phenytoin acid/ml) to produce a total volume of 100 ml. Each admixture was visually inspected for crystallization, the pH of each solution was determined, and the solutions were filtered through a 0.22-micrometer micropore filter. Unfiltered and filtered aliquots of all solutions were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 4, 8 and 24 hours following admixture. Phenytoin concentrations did not decline systematically during this period nor was there a significant difference (p greater than 0.05) between unfiltered and filtered aliquots in any of the solutions studied, except for the 9.2 mg/ml concentration of 5% dextrose in water. The phenytoin concentrations in the 5% dextrose in water and lactated Ringer's solutions showed the greatest variability over the 24-hour period. The pH for all solutions ranged from 10.15 to 11.50. One-half normal saline and normal saline in small volumes appear to be suitable vehicles for intravenous infusion of phenytoin.
Management of Combined Renal and Pancreatic Trauma

AbstractDuring a 15-year period we treated 38 patients with combined renal and pancreatic injuries (40 kidneys): 18 patients (19 kidneys) with renal contusion (89% from blunt trauma) and 20 with renal laceration or vascular injuries (90% from penetrating trauma). All patients with renal contusion were managed conservatively without complication, despite major pancreatic injury in a third. The 16 patients with significant renal and pancreatic injuries were classified as a high risk group: 3 underwent nephrectomy for vascular injuries that could not be repaired but all of the remaining kidneys were salvaged. Perinephric abscesses developed in 2 of these patients, for a major complication rate of 15%. No secondary nephrectomies were necessary, nor did urinary fistulas develop. We conclude that significant renal injuries in patients with major pancreatic injuries may be managed by renal repair with an increased but acceptable complication rate and that nephrectomy should be performed only if the degree of ren...
Comical and Humorous Elements in Kleist’s Die Hermannsschlacht

(1972). Comical and Humorous Elements in Kleist’s Die Hermannsschlacht. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 159-167.
Political Consciousness: A Perpetual Quest in Social Work

Sitting at the optometrist getting some glasses fitted the other day, I engaged in a conversation with a technician in the office who has always been interested in my academic adventures as an olde...
Breaking the symmetry of a viral capsid

The small size, and thus coding capacity, of viral genomes necessitates the repetitive use of identical building blocks in constructing the viral capsid. This genetic economy gives rise to highly symmetric structures, typically with either helical or icosahedral geometries. Assembly of symmetric viral capsids is believed to proceed via “conformational switching” of individual protein subunits (1⇓–3). In this model, a special nucleation event initiates the assembly process, and in subsequent assembly steps, each protein that binds to the growing structure undergoes a conformational change that creates a new binding site for the next protein to assemble. Although the use of icosahedral symmetry in capsid assembly provides an elegant solution to the need for genetic economy, assuming the entire capsid obeys this symmetry is an oversimplification that does not adequately reflect the complexity of biology (4, 5). Indeed, the viral genome itself is present as only a single copy and thus cannot assume the icosahedral symmetry of the surrounding capsid. Additionally, it is imperative that regions of the virus shell deviate from the global icosahedral symmetry of the capsid to successfully accomplish critical aspects of the viral life cycle such as genome packaging/release and host cell recognition/attachment (4, 6⇓⇓–9). Until recently, structural biology has largely ignored these essential deviations from symmetry. For technical reasons, X-ray and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of viruses typically impose icosahedral symmetry and are thus incapable of illuminating the subtle structural rearrangements of the capsid necessary to successfully navigate the viral life cycle. In PNAS, Gorzelnik et al. (10) present an asymmetric cryo-EM reconstruction of the bacterial virus Qβ that provides insights into the assembly pathway of the virus, the organization of the genetic material within the viral capsid, and the potential coupling of host cell recognition and … [↵][1]1Email: mcmorais{at}utmb.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma response to nivolumab

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine malignancy with limited treatment options. Several lines of evidence support the programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis as a likely contributor to immune evasion in MCC. We report a case of a patient with metastatic MCC with a significant and durable response to nivolumab, a humanized IgG4 monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody. Immunotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors has become a rational and promising treatment option for MCC in the advanced or metastatic disease. Clinical trials are currently in progress to further evaluate these novel therapeutic agents.
Gender Comparison in Referrals and Treatment Completion to Residential and Outpatient Alcohol Treatment.

Background: Residential treatment for alcoholism is associated with high completion rates for clients, yet there appear to be gender disparities in patient referrals and treatment completion rates. We studied whether (A) gender is associated with differential patient placement to outpatient vs. residential treatment facilities and (B) completion rates differ by gender. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the admission and discharge data from 185 publicly funded substance abuse treatment facilities across Los Angeles County between 2005 and 2010. Results: Among the 33,745 studied cases, women were referred to residential treatment facilities less frequently than men (75% vs. 66%). The adjusted results derived from logistic regression models confirmed that females were more likely to be referred to outpatient treatment than to residential treatment facilities (odds ratio [OR]: 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.26). In addition, we observed that compared to White/Caucasian patients, all other races were associated with more referral to outpatient facilities (ie, less referral to residential facilities), indicating a racial disparity on the top of the observed gender disparity. However, there was no significant link between gender and treatment completion rates (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86–1.00). Conclusions: Women seem to have treatment completion rates comparable to men, yet they are less likely to be referred to residential treatment facilities. Hence, there still remains a gender disparity in alcoholic patient referrals. Further studies should delineate which specific therapeutic aspects and programmatic components of women-focused treatments are essential to augment positive treatment outcomes.
Does escaping victimization in elementary school lead to improved health in high school: a comparison of victimization profile groups

This study examined whether children follow unique victimization trajectories during elementary school and whether these paths predict differential psychological and physical health outcomes during high school. Participants included 1,073 children from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Peer victimization was assessed in the 3rd, 5th, 6th, and 9th grades, and psychological and physical health outcomes (e.g., depression, loneliness, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, physical health markers, and health habits) were measured in the 9th grade. Growth mixture modeling revealed three groups: non-victims (n = 886), persistent victims (n = 52), and escaped victims (n = 70). Generally, persistent victims experienced poorer physical functioning and health, higher levels of psychological maladjustments, and poorer health habits (i.e., sleep problems, disordered eating) compared to non-victims. Using case–control matching, escaped victims and non-victims did not differ on health behaviors and most physical health measures, with the exception of adiposity. Escaped victims experienced higher levels of psychological issues than non-victims comparable to those observed in persistent victims. These findings underscore the heterogeneity of both victimization experiences and health outcomes following aversive peer experiences.
Make Sure You Fit the Needs of the School

This short essay, a contribution to the Green Bag's micro-symposium on writing tenure letters, discusses one important aspect: making sure your letter meet's the school's needs.
Chapter 6 – Immunity and Resistance to Viruses

Abstract Humans and other animals have a complex set of protective responses to virus infections. In their basic features they are similar to immune responses to other pathogens. First-line defenses against viral infection are physical barriers such as skin. Innate responses to viral infections are rapid responses that depend on the recognition of pathogenic-associated molecular patterns shared among groups of viruses. For example, the long double-stranded RNA molecules that form during RNA virus replication. Innate responses depend on the activation of signaling pathways. In the case of viruses, these trigger the products of a large set of antiviral molecules. Interferons (IFNs) are key antiviral cytokines. They are produced by an infected cell and are released to activate antiviral responses in uninfected cells. The genes that are activated by IFNs are the so-called IFN-stimulated genes. The protein products of these genes are often inactive until activated by virus infection. The truly ancient interactions between cells and viruses are illustrated by the so-called intrinsic immune responses. These are innate responses to very specific viruses. The study of intrinsic responses reveals the continuous, long-term process of virus-host coevolution. Adaptive immune responses recognize specific pathogens. They are slower to develop, but have an important “memory” component. Adaptive responses include antibodies that inhibit (neutralize) viruses as well as cell-based responses that recognize and kill infected cells. Effective vaccines trigger protective, long-lasting adaptive responses. With the myriad of antiviral responses available to organisms, it is surprising that viruses exist! However they do, because they have evolved responses to our responses! They have even subverted antiviral responses to aid in their replication. The interactions between host and virus are multilayered and complex. The end result is often a situation where virus replication is limited but eliminated.
Looking for Gay Muslims

In this chapter, Shah outlines the challenges of conducting ethnographic research on the experiences of gay Muslims in two different country contexts—Malaysia and Britain. He introduces these research settings and explains how he found gay Muslims who were willing to participate in both environments. He draws out the strengths and limitations of his main methods—participant observation, in-depth interviews and context-setting media analysis. Shah also reflects on the opportunities and challenges of being an ‘insider’ in this study.
Maximum Norm Stability for Parabolic Difference Schemes in Half-Space

Consider a partial differential operator of order 2m: $$ P(\partial )\, = \sum\limits_{\left| r \right|\, = 2m} {A_r \mathop \partial \nolimits_1^{r_1 } , \ldots } ,\mathop \partial \nolimits_s^{r_s } $$
The Craft of Code: Exposing Elementary Students to Computing Through Tangible Crafts (Abstract Only)

Quick. Think of an outreach activity in computer science and a target audience. If you're like most people, you think of the target audience as middle-school students or high-school students and you think of activities like robotics, app development, or games. As a computer science educator, you might also note that these outreach activities should not just be designed to bring more people to CS, they should be designed to bring more people underrepresented in computing to CS-female students, domestic students of color, and lower-socio-economic-status students. But at the College level, what topics have shown the most efficacy in diversifying the discipline? It's not necessarily robotics, app development, or games. For example, the Media Computing project, led by Mark Guzdial, has shown the power of computing for the arts as a motivating factor for college-age female students. Can such an approach work for younger students? In this project, we developed and presented a week-long "craft of code" camp for elementary school students in which they used block-based languages to explore three kinds of creative computing, two of which had tangible output: programmable embroidery using TurtleStitch, programmable 3D models using BeetleBlocks, and programmable storytelling using Scratch. In this poster, we describe the curriculum for the camp, explore design issues, present results, and suggest approaches for others interested in developing similar camps. Our curriculum and materials are available at https://codecamp.sites.grinnell.edu/craftofcode/.
Modeling the Dynamics of Community Resilience to Coastal Hazards Using a Bayesian Network

Studies on how variables of community resilience to natural hazards interact as a system that affects the final resilience (i.e., their dynamical linkages) have rarely been conducted. Bayesian netw...
Matrix Elements for Explicitly-Correlated Atomic Wave Functions

We refer to atomic wave functions that contain the interelectron distances as “explicitly correlated”; we consider here situations in which an explicit correlation factor \(r_{ij}\) can occur as a power multiplying an orbital functional form (a Hylleraas function) and/or in an exponent (producing exponential correlation ). Hylleraas functions in which each wave-function term contains at most one linear \(r_{ij}\) factor define a method known as Hylleraas-CI . This paper reviews the analytical methods available for evaluating matrix elements involving exponentially-correlated and Hylleraas wave functions; attention is then focused on computation of integrals needed for the kinetic energy. In contrast to orbital-product and exponentially-correlated wave functions, no general formulas have been developed by others to relate the kinetic-energy integrals in Hylleraas-CI (or its recent extension by the Nakatsuji group) to contiguous potential-energy matrix elements. The present paper provides these missing formulas, obtaining them by using relevant properties of vector spherical harmonics. Validity of the formulas is confirmed by comparisons with kinetic-energy integrals obtained in other ways.
Use of emergency contraception among female young adult cancer survivors.

Objective To test whether emergency contraception use in reproductive-aged cancer survivors is higher than in the general U.S. population and evaluate factors associated with use among survivors. Design A retrospective cohort study compared emergency contraception use between cancer survivors in the Reproductive Window Study on ovarian function after cancer and in the general population in the 2006–2010 National Survey for Family Growth. In a cross-sectional analysis of survivors, multivariable models were used to test associations between participant characteristics and emergency contraception use. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) A total of 616 female cancer survivors aged 18–40. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Self-reported emergency contraception use. Result(s) The mean age of survivors was 33.4 ± 4.7, at a mean 7.5 years since diagnosis. Breast cancer (22%), Hodgkin lymphoma (18%), and leukemia (8%) were the most common cancers. Since diagnosis, 156 (25.3%) used emergency contraception, 60% because of not otherwise using contraception. Age-adjusted prevalence of use was higher in survivors than in the general population (28.3% [95% confidence interval (CI) 24.7–31.9] vs. 12.0% [95% CI 11.1–12.9]). In multivariable analysis among survivors, nonwhite race (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.3, 95% CI 1.0–1.8), breast cancer (PR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–1.0), partnered relationship (PR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5–0.9), and older age (age 36–40 vs. 31–35; PR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–1.0) were associated with emergency contraception. Conclusion(s) Female young adult cancer survivors were significantly more likely to use emergency contraception compared with the general population. Populations including nonwhite survivors have a higher risk, suggesting differences in family planning care. Strategies to improve contraception and decrease the need for emergency contraception are needed.
Drug Reinforcement in Animals

The reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse are believed to play a critical role in drug addiction. It is clear that drugs of abuse can serve as positive reinforcers maintaining self-administration in both humans and animals, and there appears to be good correspondence between humans and animals in terms of drugs that are self-administered and patterns of drug intake. This chapter provides an overview of the paradigms used for establishing drugs as reinforcers and for assessing their reinforcing efficacy in animals focusing on the drug self-administration paradigm. Animal models that allow for the examination of different phases of the addiction process including acquisition and relapse, as well as some newer “addiction” models that focus on modeling features characteristic of human drug addiction, have been developed and are discussed in the chapter.
The interaction of the lanthanide ions with staphylococcal nuclease.

The metal ion-binding site of staphylococcal nuclease has been studied at pH 7.0 by using several lanthanide ions. The binding of Gd(III) or Nd(III) to nuclease was associated with tyrosine perturbations in the ultraviolet spectrum which were shown to include tyrosine-85 and tyrosine-115 by using mononitrotyrosine nuclease derivatives. A binding constant of 9 µ m was estimated by spectrophotometric titration of nitrotyrosine-115-nuclease with Gd(III). The Ca(II) required for the binding of nuclease to deoxythymidine 3′,5′-diphosphate-Sepharose could be replaced by Nd(III). Nd(III) stabilized liganded and unliganded nuclease to trypsin digestion. None of the lanthanide ions replaced Ca(II) in the generation of nuclease activity toward DNA under the conditions employed. Kinetic data compatible with a model of competitive inhibition of Ca(II) by La(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Gd(III), Dy(III), and Yb(III) yielded inhibition constants of 1 to 2 µ m . These data suggest that the lanthanide ions bind tightly to the Ca(II) binding site of nuclease in the presence or absence of substrate or substrate analogue. As does Ca(II), these ions also enhance the binding of substrate analogue to nuclease.