cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age and petrology of the Tertiary As Sarat volcanic field, southwestern Saudi Arabia

Abstract Harrat As Sarat forms the second smallest and southernmost of the basalt fields of western Saudi Arabia and is part of a voluminous Red Sea rift-related continental alkali basalt province. The rocks of the As Sarat were emplaced during the first stage of Red Sea rifting and represent the northernmost extension of the Tertiary Trap Series volcanics that occur mainly in the Yemen Arab Republic and Ethiopia. The field consists of up to 580 m of basalt flows, that are intruded by basaltic plugs, necks, minor dikes, and highly evolved peralkaline trachyte intrusions. K-Ar ages indicate that the As Sarat field formed between 31 and 22 Ma and contains an eruption hiatus of one million years that began about 25 Ma ago. Pre-hiatus flows are primarily hypersthene normative intersertal subalkaline basalt, whereas the majority of post-hiatus flows are nepheline normative alkali basalt and hawaiite with trachytic textures. Normative compositions of the basalts are consistent with their genesis by partial melting at varying depths. Trace element abundances in the basalt indicate that varying degrees of partial melting and fractional crystallization (or crystal accumulation) had major and minor roles, respectively, in development of compositional variation in these rocks. Modeling indicates that the pre-hiatus subalkaline basalts represent 8–10 percent mantle melting at depths of about 70 km and the post-hiatus alkali basalts represent 4–9 percent mantle melting at depths greater than 70 km.
The metabolism and toxicity of quinones, quinonimines, quinone methides, and quinone-thioethers

Quinones are ubiquitous in nature and constitute an important class of naturally occurring compounds found in plants, fungi and bacteria. Human exposure to quinones therefore occurs via the diet, but also clinically or via airborne pollutants. For example, the quinones of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are prevalent as environmental contaminants and provide a major source of current human exposure to quinones. The inevitable human exposure to quinones, and the inherent reactivity of quinones, has stimulated substantial research on the chemistry and toxicology of these compounds. From a toxicological perspective, quinones possess two principal chemical properties that confer their reactivity in biological systems. Quinones are oxidants and electrophiles, and the relative contribution of these properties to quinone toxicity is influenced by chemical structure, in particular substituent effects. Modification to the quinone nucleus also influences quinone metabolism. This review will therefore focus on the differences in structure and metabolism of quinones, and how such differences influence quinone toxicology. Specific examples will be discussed to illustrate the diverse manner by which quinones interact with biological systems to initiate and propagate a toxic response.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the parotid gland presenting 19 years after nephrectomy: case report and review of literature.

Objective To present a case of metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the parotid gland occurring 19 years after nephrectomy with review of literature. Study design Case report and literature review. Methods Literature review of cases of metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the parotid gland and discussion of a recent representative case within our tertiary care health system. Results We present a case of an 82 year old male who presented with a 18 month history of progressive right parotid enlargement. His past medical history is notable for renal cell carcinoma status post partial nephrectomy in 1990, followed by completion nephrectomy 15 years later. He also has a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which has not been treated. He complained of some pain symptoms, but no signs of facial paralysis. Fine needle aspiration was non-diagnostic. The patient underwent a total parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation, and final pathology was consistent with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, clear cell type. Based on our literature review we believe this to be the longest disease free interval of renal cell carcinoma preceding a metastatic lesion to the parotid gland.
General Model for Dissolution Rates of n-Component, Nondisintegrating Spheres

Abstract The dissolution rates of compressed spheres consisting of two and three components were measured. A general model for dissolution rates of n ‐component, nondisintegrating spheres is discussed. Experimental cases are presented to support the model for two‐ and three‐component spheres, two‐component interacting spheres, and three‐component spheres containing two components that complex.
Functional classification of skeletal muscle networks. II. Applications to pathophysiology.

In our preceding companion paper (Wang Y, Winters J, Subramaniam S. J Appl Physiol. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01514.2011), we used extensive expression profile data on normal human subjects, in com...
Paul Ehrenfest, Niels Bohr, and Albert Einstein: Colleagues and Friends

In May 1918 Paul Ehrenfest received a monograph from Niels Bohr in which Bohr had used Ehrenfest’s adiabatic principle as an essential assumption for understanding atomic structure. Ehrenfest responded by inviting Bohr, whom he had never met, to give a talk at a meeting in Leiden in late April 1919, which Bohr accepted; he lived with Ehrenfest, his mathematician wife Tatyana, and their young family for two weeks. Albert Einstein was unable to attend this meeting, but in October 1919 he visited his old friend Ehrenfest and his family in Leiden, where Ehrenfest told him how much he had enjoyed and profited from Bohr’s visit. Einstein first met Bohr when Bohr gave a lecture in Berlin at the end of April 1920, and the two immediately proclaimed unbounded admiration for each other as physicists and as human beings. Ehrenfest hoped that he and they would meet at the Third Solvay Conference in Brussels in early April 1921, but his hope was unfulfilled. Einstein, the only physicist from Germany who was invited to it in this bitter postwar atmosphere, decided instead to accompany Chaim Weizmann on a trip to the United States to help raise money for the new Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Bohr became so overworked with the planning and construction of his new Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen that he could only draft the first part of his Solvay report and ask Ehrenfest to present it, which Ehrenfest agreed to do following the presentation of his own report. After recovering his strength, Bohr invited Ehrenfest to give a lecture in Copenhagen that fall, and Ehrenfest, battling his deep-seated self-doubts, spent three weeks in Copenhagen in December 1921 accompanied by his daughter Tanya and her future husband, the two Ehrenfests staying with the Bohrs in their apartment in Bohr’s new Institute for Theoretical Physics. Immediately after leaving Copenhagen, Ehrenfest wrote to Einstein, telling him once again that Bohr was a prodigious physicist, and again expressing the hope that he soon would see both of them in Leiden.
Comparison of married and Ad Hoc mixed-sex dyads negotiating the division of a reward

Abstract Married couples (M) and mixed-sex stranger dyads (Ad Hoc, AH) were compared in a mixed-motive game consisting of a series of bargaining trials each involving the division of a joint reward. On each trial, each party to a dyad was privately assigned a minimum necessary share (MNS) which he had to exceed in order to make a profit. Patterns of initial bids, points earned, time to agreement, etc. were examined with reference to type dyad and variations in MNS values. AH dyads appeared more competitive than M dyads, bidding higher initially and taking more time bargaining to agreement. For both M and AH dyads, the party with the lower MNS value tended to earn the most points and bargaining took longer when MNS pairs were unequal. The data for AH dyads were predicted well by a model assuming a competitive non-problem-solving process while data for M dyads reflected cooperative, problem-solving efforts.
1.3-um large spot size laser for efficient fiber coupling

Taper and truncation loss calculations, experimental internal reflections, and far-field characteristics and coupling efficiencies into single-mode fiber are reported for a 1.3-?m large spot laser design with laterally tapered active region and a weakly guiding passive waveguide underneath. In the front passive section, the taper is truncated. Modeled taper loss and truncation loss at the end of the taper are compared. It is shown that for taper lengths exceeding 125 ?m, truncation loss dominates taper loss unless the truncated active width is smaller than ~ 0.2 mm. Reflectometer experiments show that for a truncated active width of 0.2 ?m, reflections at the truncation point are negligible, in agreement with modeling results. Experimental far fields are shown to become narrower and smoother as the taper length or the passive section length is increased. Coupling efficiencies into a single-mode fiber are reported. Up to 56% butt-coupling is achieved, with 1 dB lateral fiber positional tolerance of up to 2.4 ?m horizontally and 2.3 ?m vertically.
Dispersion in Submerged Vegetated Flow with Coherent Vortices

The presence of submerged vegetation divides flow velocity vertically into overflow and vegetation velocities connected by a strong shear. In addition, the flow structure exhibits periodic oscillations at the interface called Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices. The entire flow is divided into a combined vortex-overflow region that covers the overflow and upper part of the vegetation and a lower vegetation region below the vortices. A closed-form solution for longitudinal dispersion in this flow field is derived, which is an addition of the steady flow dispersion in the two regions and the dispersion caused by inefficient exchange between the two regions. The shear velocities in both the regions are modeled by using power law, whereas the vortices are modeled by the periodic components of the combined vortex-overflow stream function. The proposed dispersion model depicts shear-induced steady flow dispersion and vortex-induced dispersion caused by the inefficient exchange and shows reasonable agreement with past data.
Picosecond fluorescence lifetimes in 9-iodoanthracene: thermally activated S1 → Tn intersystem crossing

Abstract Excitation of 9-iodoanthracene in cyclohexane with 354 nm, 8 ps fwhm laser pulses generates S 1 → S 0 fluorescence with a temperature dependent picosecond lifetime. The fluorescence lifetime is ≈68 ps at 23°C, and its temperature behavior is consistent with a T n -S 1 energy gap of 1260 ± 400 cm −1 .
Loss of the innate immunity negative regulator IRAK-M leads to enhanced host immune defense against tumor growth

Abstract IRAK-M is a negative regulator of innate immunity signaling processes. Although attenuation of innate immunity may help to prevent excessive inflammation, it may also lead to compromised immune surveillance of tumor cells and contribute to tumor formation and growth. Here, we demonstrate that IRAK-M−/− mice are resistant to tumor growth upon inoculation with transplantable tumor cells. Immune cells from IRAK-M−/− mice are responsible for the anti-tumor effect, since adoptive transfer of splenocytes from IRAK-M−/− mice to wild type mice can transfer the tumor-resistant phenotype. Upon tumor cell challenge, there are elevated populations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and a decreased population of CD4+ CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in IRAK-M−/− splenocytes. Furthermore, we observe that IRAK-M deficiency leads to elevated proliferation and activation of T cells and B cells. Enhanced NFκB activation directly caused by IRAK-M deficiency may explain elevated activation of T and B cells. In addition, macrophages from IRAK-M−/− mice exhibit enhanced phagocytic function toward acetylated LDL and apoptotic thymocytes. Collectively, we demonstrate that IRAK-M is directly involved in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune signaling processes, and deletion of IRAK-M enhances host anti-tumor immune response.
The effects of annealing and rate of deposition on the electrical, optical and structural properties of amorphous GeSi alloy films

Abstract The electrical, optical and structural properties of rf-sputtered amorphous GeSi alloy films have been investigated as functions of the rate of deposition between 90 and 360 A min −1 , and various annealing conditions. The stabilization evidenced in the electrical conductivity, optical absorption and density of these films deposited at higher rates and/or annealing temperatures may be explained in terms of the reduction of imperfections in the as-deposited films.
Implementation of PID controllers on the Motorola DSP56000/DSP56001. Part 2

Abstract The purpose of this application note is to show how the Motorola DSP56000/DSP56001 digital signal processor (DSP) may be used to solve real-time digital control problems. It concentrates on implementing some general control algorithms, including proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers and notch filters.
Effects of organic pollutants on methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and carbon dioxide evolution in salt marsh sediments

Abstract Anaerobic salt marsh sediments were amended with a variety of organic pollutants and the effects on methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and carbon dioxide evolution were examined. Addition of 1000 μg g−1 (dry weight sediment) Arochlor 1221, lindane, endrin, benzene and phenanthrene resulted in no significant effects on the activities studied. Methanogenesis was inhibited by 1000 μg g−1toxaphene, PCP, chlordane, naphthalene, DDT, Kepone and heptachlor and by 100 μg g−1 PCP and toxaphene. At 1000 μg g−1 naphthalene and toxaphene and 100 μg g−1 PCP, a period of initial inhibition of methanogenesis was followed by stimulation relative to controls. Arochlor 1254 (1000 μg g−1) and Temik (500 and 10 μg g−1) stimulated methanogenesis from the outset. Temik at 500 μg g−1 gave the greatest stimulation of methanogenesis (900% of controls) of any of the compounds studied. Sulfate reduction was inhibited by 1000 μg g−1 PCP, toxaphene, naphthalene and chlordane and by 500 μg g−1 atrazine and 100 μg g−1 heptachlor. Sustained inhibition of sulfate reduction by naphthalene, toxaphene and PCP may have contributed to the stimulation of methanogenesis. Carbon dioxide evolution was not significantly affected by most of the compounds studied except for 100 μg g−1 PCP and 1000 μg g−1 aphthalene, each of which gave significant inhibition in only one of three experiments. Concentrations of individual organic pollutants required to cause observable effects were high. It is concluded that, except for highly polluted sediments, methanogenesis, sulfate reduction and CO2 evolution would not be affected by the compounds studied here at concentrations typically found in the environment.
Integrating Basic Skills and Career-Technical Instruction: Findings From a Field Study of Washington State’s I-BEST Model

The federal government and private foundations for education have established postsecondary credential completion as a national imperative. Washington State’s Integrated Basic Education and Skills Training (I-BEST) model was developed to increase the rate at which basic skills students advance to and succeed in college-level occupational programs, and quantitative research on the model provides evidence of its effectiveness. This study shares findings on the implementation of the I-BEST model and provides lessons for practitioners and policy makers in other states.
Existence of dichotomies and invariant splittings for linear differential systems, II☆

Abstract This paper is primarily concerned with linear time-varying ordinary differential equations. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence of an exponential dichotomy or equivalently an invariant splitting. The conditions are more general than those given in Part I of this paper and include the case in which the coefficients lie in a base space which is chain-recurrent under the translation flow and also the case in which compatible splittings are known to exist over invariant subsets of the base space. When the compatibility fails, the flow in the base space is shown to exhibit a gradient-like structure with attractors and repellers. Sufficient conditions are given guaranteeing the existence of bounded solutions of a linear system. The problem is treated in the unified setting of a skew-product dynamical system and the results apply to discrete systems including those generated by diffeomorphisms of manifolds. Sufficient conditions are given for a diffeomorphism to be an Anosov diffeomorphism.
Understanding the individual implicitly and explicitly

The possibility that behaviour is shaped by cognitions outside of conscious awareness or control is a long‐standing feature of psychological theory. Empirical support for this theoretical stance is accelerating with the advent of methodological innovations for assessing implicit cognition. The articles in this Special Section provide evidence for the construct and predictive validity of implicit measures, especially the Implicit Association Test, and illustrate the value of implicit constructs for personality theory. This commentary briefly discusses each article, and notes that discrepancies between implicit and explicit responses can take multiple forms, each with distinct implications for understanding the individual. La possibilite que le comportement soit forme par des cognitions inconscientes ou hors controle est vehiculee par la theorie psychologique depuis longtemps. Le soutien empirique pour cette position theorique prend de l'envergure grâce aux innovations methodologiques permettant d'evaluer l...
Isolation and cloning of homologous glutathione S-transferase cDNAs from English sole and starry flounder liver

Abstract We are currently investigating hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), two closely related benthic fish that exhibit striking differences in the prevalences of contaminant-associated liver neoplasia. Alignment of cDNA sequences encoding plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) liver GST (PLGST-A, a theta class GST, Leaver et al., 1993 ) and a GST-related lens crystallins protein from octopus (Octopus vulgaris) revealed conserved regions for oligonucleotide primer design for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based studies of sole and flounder GSTs. Reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of sole and flounder hepatic total mRNA yielded 469 nucleotide cDNA fragments that displayed extensive sequence homology (98%) to plaice GST-A. Northern blotting analysis of English sole and starry flounder liver using the PCR product from English sole as a probe detected a single band of approximately 1000 nucleotides that was highly expressed in English sole and in starry flounder liver. Biochemical and immunological studies using diagnostic GST reference substrates and class specific polyclonal antibodies suggested little homology among English sole and starry flounder GSTs, and rodent alpha, mu, and pi class GSTs. Interestingly, English sole, the species exhibiting a relatively high prevalence of contaminant-associated liver neoplasia, exhibited higher hepatic GST activity toward the environmental epoxides aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO) and benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide-anti (BPDE). BPDE, in particular, is a carcinogenic epoxide intermediate implicated as a possible causative agent in the etiology of these hepatic lesions. In summary, our studies indicate that a GST related to non-mammalian theta class GST is conserved in marine flatfish. Further mechanistic studies are necessary to determine the role of GSTs in the observed susceptibility differences among English sole and starry flounder to sediment-associated carcinogens.
Perceptual filling in of artificially induced scotomas in human vision

PATIENTS with scotomas or blind-spots in their visual field1–5 resulting from damage to the visual pathways often report that the pattern from the rest of the visual field 'fills in' to occupy the scotoma. Here we describe a novel technique for generating an artificial perceptual scotoma which enabled us to study the spatial and temporal characteristics of this filling-in process. A homogeneous grey square subtending 1.5° was displayed against a background of twinkling two-dimensional noise of equal mean luminance (Fig. 1). On steady eccentric fixation for 10 s the square vanished and was filled in by the twinkling noise from the surround. Using this display we found that 'filling in' is an active visual process that probably involves creating an actual neural representation of the surround rather than merely ignoring the absence of information from the scotoma; filling in can occur separately for colour and texture, suggesting separate mechanisms; the filling-in process does not completely suppress information from the scotoma, even after an image has faded completely from consciousness it can nevertheless contribute to motion perception; and the process can be strongly influenced by illusory contours.
Spin and Magnetic Dipole Moment of 2.6-hr Mn 58

Progress tc date on atomic beam magnetic resonance measurements of the nuclear spin of Mn/sup 56/ is reported. Tentative results indicate a spin of 1 = 3/sub n/ and a magnetic dipole moment mu = 3.53 plus or minus 0.01 nan. (W.D.M.)
Method against method: swarm and interdisciplinary research methodology

Part of a special issue on ‘swarm methodology,’ this paper, written by a swarm participant, reflects upon the purpose and value of this kind of interdisciplinary research methodology. First, by way of a recognition of the interdisciplinary status of this paper itself, the question of what we hope to accomplish when we engage in conversations across disciplinary boundaries is broached. Second, a discussion of the practice of peer-review provides an approximate view of one paradigmatic understanding of how we produce a ‘conversation’ within a given established research methodology. We are then, third, able to consider a number of possible related ways in which we might understand the value of a conversation between research methodologies. Finally, the common intuition that there is a concrete value specifically within a ‘holistic’ or ‘synergistic approach’ is addressed, and the swarm methodology put forth as a likely place for such a value to emerge, if it is to emerge anywhere.
Stochastic model-based approach for simultaneous restoration of multiple misregistered images

In this paper, the problem of restoration of multiple misregistered, blurred and noisy images is considered. Motivation for this problem comes from the larger problem of construction of a high resolution restored image from the observed set of low-resolution images. The global approach is to decompose the problem into a sequence of sub-problems, namely registration, restoration and interpolation. The restoration problem is addressed here. For simultaneous restoration of the observed images, a parametric stochastic model for the image correlations is derived and used to obtain a linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimate of the original image at each sensor. The resulting restored low-resolution images are integrated to construct a single restored high resolution image. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed restoration scheme.
Reduction of marine phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and cadmium

Abstract The reproduction rates of 38 clones of marine phytoplankton were measured in media in which free cupric ion activity was controlled at different levels using a NTA-cupric ion buffer system. The major trend among species in their resistance to copper toxicity was a phylogenetic one, with cyanobacteria being the most sensitive, diatoms the least sensitive, and coccolithophores and dinoflagellates intermediate in sensitivity. The reproduction rates of most of the cyanobacteria were reduced at cupric ion activities above 10 −12 M, while most eukaryotic algae still had maximum reproduction rates at 10 −11 M. Four species, Emiliana huxleyi (Lohm.) Hay & Mohler, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve, Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt) Hasle & Heimdal and Thalassiosira oceanica (Hustedt) Hasle were particularly resistant to copper, being able to reproduce well at the highest cupric ion activities tested, 10 −9.5 M and 10 −9.2 M. There was no major difference, however, between neritic and oceanic species in their sensitivity to copper. The sensitivity of 20 species of marine phytoplankton to free cadmium ion activity was measured in a similar manner using an NTA-cadmium ion buffer system. As observed with copper, the prokaryotic cyanobacteria were the most sensitive to cadmium toxicity, diatoms were the least sensitive, and coccolithophores and dinoflagellates were intermediate. All cyanobacteria tested were dead at a cadmium ion activity of 10 −9.3 M whereas the reproduction rates of most of the eukaryotic algae were not reduced significantly until 10 −8.3 M. Comparison of these data with natural concentrations in sea water implies that cadmium is not an important ecological factor in unpolluted waters but natural copper concentrations may inhibit the reproduction of some phytoplankton species, especially cyanobacteria, in upwelled sea water. Copper may influence the seasonal succession of species.
Religion and Gene Patenting

The author responds to a statement opposing the patenting of life issued by religious leaders. He argues that, in contrast to this statement being a continuation of a long-standing conflict between religion and science, religious bodies have historically been supportive of science and that new channels of communication are opening between the two communities.
Numerical simulation of band-broadening during hydrodynamic relaxation in frit-inlet field-flow fractionation channels

The frit-inlet technique is a promising implementation of hydrodynamic relaxation of samples in field-flow fractionation (FFF). The optimization of the process is of great importance in order to maximize overall system efficiency. The mechanism of band-broadening that takes place during hydrodynamic relaxation has been examined using a three-dimensional simulation of the flow inside the triangular end-piece of the channel. This is the first time this contribution to band-broadening has been considered and studied. Particle trajectories in the absence of a transverse field were numerically calculated, thereby isolating this effect from the familiar field-driven relaxation effect. As a first step towards an optimization of the system, the influence of the length of frit element was examined. Band-broadening was examined by determining the number of particles passing through the triangular end-piece as a function of transit time for a uniform particle distribution at the injection point. Due to the complexity of the flow patterns within the system, it is concluded that such numerical simulations are necessary for the optimization of the design and operation of this type of channel.
USAR: A GAME BASED SIMULATION FOR TELEOPERATION

We are developing simulations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Reference Test Facility for Autonomous Mobile Robots (Urban Search and Rescue) in order to develop and test our strategies for Robots-Agents-People (RAP) team coordination and control. We have shortened the simulation development cycle to a mere two months by using a commercial game engine to provide high quality graphics and dynamics and taking advantage of the sophisticated development environments available for modern games. In this paper we present our architecture and approach for using engineering models, digital photographs, and physical measurements to rapidly produce game-engine based high fidelity teleoperation simulations.
Online patrolling using hierarchical spatial representations

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can be an effective technology for security applications involving patrolling and search missions. Defining online patrolling strategies for UAVs presents challenges related both to classical patrolling, as periodic monitoring of the environment, and to search, as accurate localization and identification of the mission-related activities. In this paper, we deal with this problem considering probabilistic intrusions and a variable resolution sensing model that naturally applies to the domain of UAVs. We present three online single-robot patrolling strategies exploiting a variable resolution paradigm to represent the environment that has recently shown promising results for search problems. The approach uses a hierarchical representation based on probabilistic quadtrees that allows UAVs to tradeoff sensing accuracy with sensing area. The model is extended by adding stochastic arrivals of intruders in space and time. Obtained results validate this approach for online patrolling against approaches based on uniform grids.
Postnatal development of thalamic recipient neurons in the monkey striate cortex: Comparison of spine acquisition and dendritic growth of layer 4C alpha and beta spiny stellate neurons

A quantitative study has been made from Golgi impregnations of the maturation of dendrites and their spines on spiny stellate neurons in the macaque monkey primary visual cortex. The neurons studied lay within either the alpha or the beta division of lamina 4C; previous workers have shown the alpha division neurons to be contacted by thalamic axon terminals arising from the magnocellular division of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus and the beta division neurons to be contacted by parvocellular LGN inputs. Most thalamic terminals and perhaps the majority of other, type 1 (Colonnier, '81), presumed excitatory, inputs to these cells make synaptic contacts on the tips of their dendritic spines. Measurement was made of relative changes in the total number of spines on these alpha and beta spiny neurons over age by measuring both spine density along the dendrites and dendritic arbor size in single 90-mm sections from Golgi rapid preparations. Our previous work (Lund et al., '77; Boothe et al., '79) showed a marked proliferation and attrition of spines and dendritic branches to occur in the early postnatal weeks; Rakic et al. ('86) have since proposed that there is a cortexwide synchrony of synapse acquisition and loss during this same period. However, different visual capacities channelled via the magnocellular and parvicellular geniculate relays show different maturational rates (Harwerth et al., '86). This study indicates that the anatomical maturation of spines on the alpha and beta neurons is not temporally coincident from birth to 30 weeks. During this period, phases of spine acquisition and loss on alpha neurons precedes similar phases on beta neurons. The alpha neurons carry a peak spine population at 5–8 weeks postnatal, whereas the beta neurons carry their peak spine populations between 8 and 24 weeks postnatal. At all ages prior to 30 weeks, the two sets of neurons carry quite different total spine populations. Close to 30 weeks of age, the total spine coverage has fallen on both sets of neurons and becomes identical between the alpha and beta neurons. In animals aged 30 weeks to adult, spine coverage per neuron is maintained at a common figure for the alpha and beta neurons despite further growth and disparate dendritic arbor sizes and different local spine densities in the two groups; this suggests that some common sampling paradigm between pre- and postsynaptic elements is adopted by the alpha and beta neurons and also suggests the development of a close functional correlation between the two sets of neurons.
Reaction between two immiscible fluids in countercurrent flow in a series of stirred tanks: Design equations and optimum operations

An explicit expression is found for the conversion of two immiscible fluids reacting by a second order reaction while in countercurrent flow through a series of equal sized backmix reactors. It is also shown that the equal sized set-up is always optimum in that it minimizes the total volume needed for any duty. Design charts are presented. On a trouve une expression expbcite, dans le ens de la transformation de deux fluides immiscibles engages dans un passage 21 contrecourant dans une reaction de second ordre, nu moyen d'une serie de reacteurs a retro-rnelange d'egales dimensions. On dimontre que ces dimensions igales sont toujours les meilleures, vu qu'elles minimisent le volume total requis dans n'importe quel cas. On presente egalement des tables de caleul.
Depression and Coronary Heart Disease

There are exciting findings in the field of depression and coronary heart disease. Whether diagnosed or simply self-reported, depression continues to mark very high risk for a recurrent acute coronary syndrome or for death in patients with coronary heart disease. Many intriguing mechanisms have been posited to be implicated in the association between depression and heart disease, and randomized controlled trials of depression treatment are beginning to delineate the types of depression management strategies that may benefit the many coronary heart disease patients with depression.
Tasting arterial blood: what do the carotid chemoreceptors sense?

The carotid bodies are sensory organs that detect the chemical composition of the arterial blood. The carotid body sensory activity increases in response to arterial hypoxemia and the ensuing chemoreflex regulates vital homeostatic functions. Recent studies suggest that the carotid bodies might also sense arterial blood glucose and circulating insulin levels. This review focuses on how the carotid bodies sense O2, glucose and insulin and some potential implications of these sensory functions on physiological regulation and in pathophysiological conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that carbon monoxide (CO)-regulated hydrogen sulfide (H2S), stemming from hypoxia, depolarizes type I cells by inhibiting certain K+ channels, facilitates voltage-gated Ca2+ influx leading to sensory excitation of the carotid body. Elevated CO and decreased H2S renders the carotid bodies insensitive to hypoxia resulting in attenuated ventilatory adaptations to high altitude hypoxia, whereas reduced CO and high H2S result in hypersensitivity of the carotid bodies to hypoxia and hypertension. Acute hypoglycemia augments the carotid body responses to hypoxia but that a prolonged lack of glucose in the carotid bodies can lead to a failure to sense hypoxia. Emerging evidence also indicates that carotid bodies might sense insulin directly independent of its effect on glucose, linking the carotid bodies to the pathophysiological consequences of the metabolic syndrome. How glucose and insulin interact with the CO-H2S signalling is an area of ongoing study. KEY WORDS: Glomus cells, K+ channels, Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hypoglycemia, diabetes.
The structure of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and its relationship to other growth factors

Abstract We have determined the three-dimensional structure of recombinant human granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor by x-ray crystallography. Phases were initially obtained at 3.0-A resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement and were refined by solvent flattening and by averaging of the electron density of the three molecules in the asymmetric unit. The current R factor is 21.5% for all data between 6.0- and 2.2-A resolution. The structure is predominantly helical, with 104 of the 175 residues forming a four-alpha-helix bundle. The only other secondary structure is also helical. In the loop between the first two long helices a four-residue 3(10)-helix is immediately followed by a 6-residue alpha-helix. Three residues in the short connection between the second and third bundle helices form almost one turn of left-handed helix. The up-up-down-down connectivity with two long crossover connections has been reported previously for five other proteins, which like granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor are all signaling ligands: growth hormone, granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, interferon beta, interleukin 2, and interleukin 4. Structural similarity among these growth factors occurs despite the absence of similarity in their amino acid sequences. Conservation of this tertiary structure suggests that these different growth factors might all bind to their respective sequence-related receptors in an equivalent manner.
Inguinal Herniorrhaphy in the Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patient

Inguinal hernia repair in the patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is complicated in theory by an increased potential for recurrence. In addition to the constant increased intraabdominal pressure, chronic renal failure has been shown to impair tissue healing. Controversy exists regarding the waiting period before resuming CAPD postoperatively. A retrospective review of all CAPD patients undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy was performed. The patient's age, type of repair, duration of renal failure preoperatively, length of time on CAPD postoperatively, and date of resumption of CAPD were recorded. An inpatient and outpatient chart review was performed on all patients. Telephone follow-up was performed on surviving patients. From April 1981 to June 1989, 30 patients underwent 36 inguinal herniorrhaphies while on CAPD. One immediate postoperative death occurred due to underlying cardiac disease. The mean follow-up for surviving patients was 34 months (range, 16 to 91) and for those deceased was 25 months (range, 1 to 60). No recurrent hernias were identified either by extensive inpatient and outpatient chart review, or by direct patient telephone contact in all surviving patients. We conclude that inguinal herniorrhaphy can be safely performed in CAPD patients. Peritoneal dialysis can be initiated immediately after repair in this high-risk group of patients. There is a low risk of recurrence; however, long-term patient survival is not expected due to concurrent underlying medical problems.
Consumer acceptance of provitamin A-biofortified maize in Maputo, Mozambique

Biofortified staple foods hold the potential to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition in many impoverished regions of the world. However, biofortification often alters the flavor, appearance, and other features of foods in ways that may limit consumer acceptance of the new varieties and diminish their impact. This research examined the acceptance of provitamin A-biofortified maize through taste tests and a trading experiment conducted in Maputo, Mozambique. On average, participants ranked the taste, texture, and appearance of their local white maize over an orange, biofortified variety and over a white variety with similar texture and flavor as the biofortified maize. Nonetheless, a large share of participants in a framed experiment accepted offers to trade local white maize meal for meal from the biofortified maize. Household size, the presence of small children, dietary diversity, and perceived taste were statistically significant determinants of acceptance. Results suggest that existing preferences for white maize do not preclude acceptance of orange, biofortified varieties and that provitamin A-biofortified maize may be a self-targeting nutritional intervention.
Subdural haemorrhage and child maltreatment – Author's reply

www.thelancet.com Vol 373 April 4, 2009 1173 its eff ect on clinical outcome in clopidogrel-treated patients, a lack of compliance with clopidogrel could only blunt the diff erence between the two groups (with or without the variant) and would suggest that the eff ect we measured is underestimated. Jianting Miao and colleagues question other factors that could have a role in non-response to clopidogrel. The analysis was adjusted for the other known clinical or treatment factors. Concerning the other potential genetic variants that might aff ect clopidogrel responsiveness, the CYP2C19*2 variant has been associated with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in many independent populations, whereas the eff ect of other genetic variants has not been consistent. To avoid multiple comparisons, we used a gene candidate approach by focusing on the eff ect of a single genetic variant. The infl uence of other genetic variants has to be tested in future studies that could use a genome-wide approach to decipher the multigenic nature of clopidogrel responsiveness. Stroke was not considered because it is a very rare event in young patients with myocardial infarction. Over-riding clopidogrel resistance is a key practical issue raised by Radhakrishnan Ramaraj, but it goes beyond the scope of our paper. Bonello and colleagues have shown that reloading patients with a poor pharmacodynamic response to clopidogrel can reduce the rate of poor responders. Future studies such as the ARCTIC study (NCT00827411) will provide information on the potential of individualised antiplatelet therapy based on the genetic or plateletfunctional status of the patients, but the studies cited by Ramaraj cannot answer that question.
Tales from scales: old DNA yields insights into contemporary evolutionary processes affecting fishes

Salmon and trout populations are suffering declines in abundance and diversity over much of their range around the Atlantic and Pacific rims as a consequence of many factors. One method of dealing with the decline has been to produce them in hatcheries but the wisdom of this approach has been hotly debated (e.g. Hilborn & Winton 1993; Waples 1999; Brannon et al. 2004). One concern is that domesticated hatchery strains will interbreed with locally adapted wild fish; but how do we study the genetic effects if the introgression might have occurred in the past? Hansen (2002) used DNA isolated from archived scales from brown trout, Salmo trutta (Fig. 1), to show that domesticated trout had, to varying degrees, genetically introgressed with wild, native trout in two Danish rivers. Extending that study, Hansen et al. (2009) have examined DNA from brown trout scales in six Danish rivers collected during historical (1927–1956) and contemporary (2000–2006) periods and from two hatchery source populations, to assess the effects of stocking nonlocal strains of hatchery trout and declining abundance on genetic diversity. Using 21 microsatellite loci, they revealed that genetic change occurred between the historic and contemporary time periods. Many populations appeared to have some low level of introgression from hatchery stocks and two populations apparently experienced high levels of introgression. Hansen et al. (2009) also showed that population structure persists in contemporary populations despite apparent admixture and migration among populations, providing evidence that the locally adapted populations have struggled against and, to some extent, resisted being overwhelmed by repeated introductions of and interbreeding with non-native, hatchery-produced conspecifics. Figure 1. Open Figure Download Powerpoint slide Photograph of a brown trout, Salmo trutta, one of many species of salmon and trout (Family Salmonidae) that are widely produced in hatcheries to enhance recreational and commercial fisheries. Photo by Peter Westley, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's NFLD, Canada.
Extended Follow-Up of Patients With Hairy Cell Leukemia After Treatment With Cladribine

Purpose: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an uncommon, indolent, chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder involving the marrow and spleen. Therapy for HCL includes splenectomy, interferon alfa-2a and alfa-2b, pentostatin, and cladribine. The purpose of this article was to report the extended follow-up of HCL patients treated with cladribine. Patients and Methods: Two hundred nine patients with HCL who were treated with cladribine had at least 7 years of follow-up. A course of cladribine constituted a 7-day continuous intravenous infusion at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/d. Results: Of the 207 assessable patients who had at least 7 years of follow-up, 196 (95%) achieved a complete response (CR) and 11 (5%) achieved a partial response (PR) after a single course of cladribine (overall response rate, 100%). The median first-response duration for all responders was 98 months. Seventy-six patients (37%) experienced relapse after their first course of cladribine. The median time to first relapse for all responders was 42 m...
Beyond Fairness: The Criterion Problem in Research on Dispute Intervention1

Recent research has demonstrated that parties to a dispute attend to, and make evaluations of, the procedures that are used to resolve disputes. A central focus of this research has been on procedural and distributive fairness. Two studies were conducted in an attempt to identify criteria used by parties to organizational disputes to choose and evaluate dispute resolution procedures. Sixteen criteria were identified, including fairness. In a third study, these criteria were also found to be relevant to police officers involved in crisis intervention. Discussion focuses on the implication of these findings for theories of dispute resolution, for general issues in the psychology of fairness, and for practical concerns.
Beyond Multiplication: Incorporating Importance into Client Satisfaction Measures.

Objective:This article brings the discussions on incorporating perceived importance across study areas into the study of client satisfaction and cautions the use of multiplicative scores (multiplying satisfaction and importance scores) as a weighting method. An alternative weighting method is provided.Method:Analyze data from a client satisfaction survey of 103 clients of a publicly funded elderly case management service unit located in a large U.S. Midwest region city.Results:The alternative weighted score correlated higher with all the global client satisfaction measures than the multiplicative score.Conclusion:Using multiplicative scores to represent global client satisfaction should be avoided. The proposed alternative weighting method is a reasonable way to incorporate perceived importance to represent global client satisfaction.
NITELLOPSIS BULBILLIFERA IN NORTH AMERICA12

SUMMARY Nitellopsis bulbillifera, known previously only from the type locality in Argentina, is reported from near Roswell, New Mexico. Specimens from the natural population and from culture show only minor variations in respect to the description of the type specimen. A description of male plants and chromosome counts are presented for the first time. Similarities between N. bulbillifera and Chara buckellii are discussed.
A Validity Study of the Autism Spectrum Disorders—Behavior Problems for Adults (ASD-BPA) Scale

Challenging behaviors are common and serious problems in adults with autism or pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) and comorbid intellectual disability (ID). These difficulties impede learning and can compromise placement in more independent living settings. Despite this, no scale has been developed for problems behaviors in adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The ASD-BPA is a 19 item scale developed recently, specifically for this purpose. This study is the first attempt to establish the validity of the measure by correlating it to the more extensive, already established Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01) for 27 adults with ID. The ASD-BPA proved to have good validity. A discussion of the results and implications for future research is presented.