cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Atlantic Meridional Mode Using Linear Inverse Modeling: Seasonality and Regional Influences

AbstractPredictability and variability of the tropical Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) is investigated using linear inverse modeling (LIM). Analysis of the LIM using an “energy” norm identifies two optimal structures that experience some transient growth, one related to El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the other to the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO)/AMM patterns. Analysis of the LIM using an AMM-norm identifies an “AMM optimal” with similar structure to the second energy optima (OPT2). Both the AMM-optimal and OPT2 exhibit two bands of SST anomalies in the mid- to high-latitude Atlantic. The AMM-optimal also contains some elements of the first energy optimal (ENSO), indicating that the LIM captures the well-known relationship between ENSO and the AMM.Seasonal correlations of LIM predictions with the observed AMM show enhanced AMM predictability during boreal spring and for long-lead (around 11–15 months) forecasts initialized around September. Regional LIMs were constructed to determine the...
Patterns of Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr variation before and after a whole watershed CaSiO3 addition at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, USA

Abstract Forty-one metric tons of the mineral wollastonite (CaSiO3) was applied to an 11.8 hectare watershed at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF; White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA) with the goal of restoring the Ca estimated to have been depleted from the soil exchange complex by acid deposition. This experiment provided an opportunity to gain qualitative information on whole watershed hydrologic flow paths by studying the response of stream water chemistry to the addition of Ca. Because the Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of wollastonite strongly contrast that of other Ca sources in the watershed, the wollastonite-derived Ca can be identified and its amount estimated in various ecosystem components. Stream water chemistry at the HBEF varies seasonally due to shifts in the proportion of base flow and interflow. Prior to the wollastonite application, seasonal variations in 87Sr/86Sr ratios indicated that 87Sr/86Sr was higher during base flow than interflow, due largely to greater amounts of biotite weathering along deeper flow paths. After the application, Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr changed markedly as the high Ca/Sr and low 87Sr/86Sr wollastonite dissolved and mixed with stream water. The Ca addition provided information on the response times of various flow paths and ion exchange processes to Ca addition in this small upland watershed. During the first year after the addition, wollastonite applied to the near stream zone dissolved and was partially immobilized by cation exchange sites in the hyporheic zone. In the second and third years after the addition we infer that much of this Ca and Sr was subsequently desorbed from the hyporheic zone and was exported from the watershed in stream flow. In the fourth through ninth years after the addition, Ca and Sr from wollastonite that had dissolved in upland soils was transported to the stream by interflow during wet periods when the ground water table was elevated. Between years three and nine the minimum annual Ca/Sr ratio (in late summer base flow) increased, providing evidence that Ca and Sr had increasingly infiltrated to the deepest flow paths. Strong seasonal variations in Ca/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of stream water resulted from the wollastonite addition to upland forest soils, and these ratios have become sensitive to changing flow paths during the annual cycle. Most notably, high flow events now produce large excursions in stream geochemistry toward the high Ca/Sr and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios of wollastonite. Nine years after the application we estimate that ∼360 kg of Ca from wollastonite has been exported from the watershed in stream flow. The rate of export of Ca from wollastonite dissolution has stabilized at about 11 kg of Ca per year, which accounts for ∼30% of the dissolved Ca in the stream water. Given that 19 metric tons of Ca were applied to the watershed, and assuming this current rate of loss, it should take over 1000 years for this added Ca to be transported from the watershed.
Seasonal variations in the correlation of mesospheric OH temperature and radiance at midlatitudes

[1] A correlative study of rotational temperatures and radiance of mesospheric hydroxyl (OH) was made using spectrographic measurements from the midlatitude site at Millstone Hill, Massachusetts (42.6°N, 71.5°W). The OH radiance and temperatures were strongly correlated, and the correlation showed a marked seasonal dependence. The dependence was also evident on smaller timescales ranging from days to months. Dynamical effects appeared to dominate the temperature-radiance relationship compared to the photochemistry responsible for the hydroxyl emission rate. The effect was illustrated clearly when the measurements were temporally averaged, hence removing the dynamical influence. A strong summer maximum in OH radiance was observed contrary to a minimum in summer Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter (MSIS) [O] volume mixing ratio values. An increase in mesospheric gravity wave activity during the summer, a feature not observed by the MSIS model, was the likely cause of the summer OH maximum.
Light Microscopy and Determination of Eryngium yuccifolium Michaux Leaf Material in Twined Slippers from Salts Cave, Kentucky

Fourteen samples of slippers composed of twined botanical fibres were recovered from Salts Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. They were investigated by light microscopy methods for species identification. Specimens were hydrated, sometimes cleared, dissected, and subjected to dyes which allowed identification of histological features. Comparisons were made with several botanical species considered likely candidates for identification. In archaeological samples with sufficient preservation, all were determined to be Eryngium yuccifolium Michx. (rattlesnake master) Apiaceae, a common component of the tallgrass prairie. Identification was made on the basis of shared anatomical characteristics, including paracytic stomata, marginal bristle-like teeth, and parallel venation.
Correlation of bilayer membrane cation transport and biological activity in alkyl-substituted lariat ethers

Dialkyldiaza-18-crown-6 lariat ethers having twin n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-hexadecyl, 1-oxodecyl and 1-oxododecyl side arms were prepared and studied. Cation transport in liposomes mediated by these compounds showed discontinuous activity that correlated with toxicity to the bacteria E. coli and B. Subtilis, and the yeast S. Cerevisiae. Transport, toxicity and membrane depolarization studies all suggest that side chain length affords very different interactions in a bilayer membrane compared with bulk phases. An explanation for activity in terms of carrier transport and restricted transverse relaxation is proposed.
Penetration of imidazoles and triazoles into cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits

We studied the penetration of two imidazoles (ketoconazole and vibunazole) and two triazoles (itraconazole and UK-49,858) into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rabbits with and without meningitis. There were wide differences in degree of penetration of these drugs into CSF, from less than 3% to 66% of simultaneous serum concentrations. UK-49,858, which has little protein-binding, penetrated freely while itraconazole, which is highly protein-bound, could not be detected in CSF. Intermediate concentrations of vibunazole and ketoconazole were found in CSF. Presence of meningeal inflammation modestly increased CSF concentrations of ketoconazole but had no significant effect on penetration of the other three drugs. The excellent penetration of UK-49,858 indicates that it has promise for treatment of CNS fungal infections.
Filling Structural Holes: Social Networks in the Introductory Course

Although the literature on social networks has made a considerable contribution to the sociological imagination in recent years, it has been largely ignored in conventional course materials. Such an omission is curious, considering social networks' intuitive imagery, broad theoretical relevance and extensive empirical application. This article offers a remedy to that oversight, describing a challenging yet accessible curriculum including readings, classroom exercises, and student-centered learning projects.
Expanding our knowledge of the heliosphere

Milestones on our road to understanding the heliosphere between 1950 and 1988 are recalled. Among these are early studies of solar energetic particles suggesting a heliospheric boundary at 5 AU, the discovery of the solar wind and the sectored nature of the interplanetary magnetic field. Recent results, particularly from the Ulysses spacecraft, confirm the arrival of neutrals from interstellar space, the pick-up of singly charged ions by the solar wind and the acceleration of these ions to become anomalous cosmic rays. Two distinct solar wind regimes have been discovered. At low heliolatitudes a highly variable solar wind blows at an average speed around 450 km/s, while at high latitudes a relatively smooth 750 km/s flow is observed. No indicators of a dipole-like magnetic field have been seen by Ulysses in solar polar latitudes. The cosmic radiation increase with latitude is much smaller than predicted. The status of and plans for the Voyager 1 and 2, Pioneer 10 and 11, and Ulysses spacecraft are outlined.
Cell swelling induced by the permeant molecules urea or glycerol induces immediate high amplitude thyrotropin and prolactin secretion by perifused adenohypophyseal cells.

Abstract The permeant molecules, urea and glycerol, evoked a prompt secretory burst of TSH and PRL when added to the extracellular medium of acutely dispersed anterior pituitary cells. Secretion of both hormones was proportional to the concentration of urea or glycerol between 26 and 104 mM (r>0.89, P
Grazing-incidence-slab semiconductor laser (GRISSL)

We report on a novel geometry for electrically driven semiconductor lasers called the GRISSL. The laser cavity is formed between two mirrors that are external to the semiconductor chip and the laser beam intercepts the quantum well (QW) gain region at a grazing angle-of-incidence. In this first demonstration of the GRISSL, the laser structure was grown on an n-type GaAs substrate and the gain region comprises three InGaAs QWs. The external cavity consists of a pair of lenses, a flat high-reflectivity mirror, and a flat R = 70% output coupler. Lasers emit a power of 30 mW CW in a single-mode, 35-μm-diameter beam at λ ~ 0.98 μm. Under pulsed conditions (1 μsec, 1 kHz), a peak output power of 0.37 W was measured. The beam is single-mode near threshold but becomes multi-mode at the maximum drive currents. The slope efficiency of these devices is about 10 times lower than the design value of 1 W/A. This discrepancy can be accounted for by higher than anticipated losses in the substrate and a poor overlap of the laser beam with the pumped region. Methods for overcoming both of these factors to regain a high wall-plug efficiency are discussed.
Human Ribosomal RNA Variants from a Single Individual and Their Expression in Different Tissues

We have investigated the extent of sequence variation in human ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes and the expression of specific rRNA gene variants in different tissues of an individual. Focusing on the fifth variable region (V5; nt 2065-2244) of the 28S rRNA gene, we find that sequence differences between rRNA genes of a single individual are characterized by differences in number of repeats of simple sequences at four specific sites. These data support and extend previous findings which show similar V5 sequence variation in rRNA genes from a group of individuals. We performed experiments to determine if there is differential gene expression within the rRNA multigene family. From the analysis of data of six variant V5 probes protected from RNase digestion by rRNAs isolated from different tissues of the individual, we conclude that each variant rRNA is present in a similar proportion in these tissues, whereas the actual contributions of variants differ, their relative proportion is maintained from tissue to tissue in an individual. We favor the explanation of a gene dosage effect over that of a regulated gene effect to account for this pattern of rRNA gene expression. In addition, computer generated secondary structure models of each V5 clone structure predict the same three helix structure with the regions of sequence variation contained in one stem-loop structure.
A note on the BiInPb ternary phase diagram

Abstract Conflicting interpretations exist for the ternary equilibria in the BiInPb system. One critical area concerns the InBiPb section of the ternary system. It is shown that this is a quasi-binary eutectic system. Further work is needed to define the ternary equilibria in the partial system In-Pb-InBi.
Plassex: An expert system for plastics selection

PLASSEX is a forward-chaining rule-based expert system for plastic selection written in CParaOPS5. This system prompts the user for desired properties, and lists all plastics suitable for a particular application. At present, PLASSEX has 393 plastics in the data base and considers up to 39 polymer properties in order to select the right plastic. More properties can be added to the system with some understanding of the code. This system also provides the user with a help facility. PLASSEX has a number of other features; for instance it gives the user an opportunity to modify any property in case the system fails to come up with a suitable plastic the first time. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proline‐Dehydrogenase from Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Cotyledons

A NAD specific proline-dehydrogenase was found in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Poir. cv. Dickinson Field) which oxidized proline to Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate. NADP did not substitute for NAD and L-proline-methyl-ester and thiazolidine-4-carboxylate were substrates in the reaction, at a rate of 107% and 33% respectively, of the rate with L-proline. Pumpkin cotyledons contained the bulk of the enzyme activity with 90% of the activity being in the soluble fraction. Proline-dehydrogenase, which was not treated at high temperature, was stable at –10°C for 4 months in the presence of high ammonium sulfate concentration. The Michaelis constant for NAD was 2.2 mM and for L-proline was 2.5 mM. At 5 mM NADP, a 40% non-competitive inhibition of proline-dehydrogenase was obtained, while 50 μM NADP was sufficient to induce 20% inhibition.
Corrosion behavior of low-carbon steel in ground water-basalt-bentonite mixtures at 250°C

Abstract The corrosion behavior of welded low-carbon steel under both aerated and deaerated conditions was studied as a function of packing material composition at 250°C with synthetic Grande Ronde basal ground water. Five packing mixtures, ranging from pure crushed Umtanum entablature basalt to pure Wyoming bentonite, were tested. Corrosion, as determined by weight loss, was lowest for 75 weight percent basalt/25 weight percent bentonite packing mixture under deaerated conditions and was lowest for 100 weight percent basalt under aerated conditions. Analysis of the weight loss data revealed that the majority of the data obeyed parabolic kinetics. Extrapolations of the kinetic data were made to 1,000 years, assuming both parabolic and linear kinetics. The parabolic kinetics yielded 0.064 mm (2.5 mil), while linear kinetics extrapolation resulted in 13 mm (approximately 1 2 inch) corrosion allowance for 1,000 years.
Screening and surveillance for Barrett’s esophagus

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, a tumor associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus, has increased more than sixfold over the past several decades in the United States. To decrease deaths from this cancer, some authorities have recommended endoscopic screening and surveillance for Barrett’s esophagus. Opponents of these expensive and potentially harmful practices argue that screening and surveillance should not be endorsed without proof of efficacy. Proponents argue that proof of efficacy is unlikely to be available in the foreseeable future, and that the rationale for screening and surveillance is sound and supported by numerous observational studies and computer models. The bulk of the indirect evidence available suggests that screening and surveillance are beneficial, and despite the major objections focusing on financial concerns, performing unnecessary screening and surveillance seems preferable to missing curable esophageal neoplasms.
Linear cost is sometimes quadratic

In analysis of programs and many other kinds of computation, algorithms are commonly written to have an input P and an output Q, where both P and Q are large and complicated objects. For example, P might be a routing problem and Q might be a solution to P. Although documented and discussed in this exhaustive style, algorithms are sometimes intended for use in contexts with two departures from the one-time analysis of an entire new input. First, the current value of P is the result of a small change to a previous value of P. We want to update the results of the previous analysis without redoing all of the work. Second, accurate information is only wanted in some designated portion of the large output Q. Possibly inaccurate information may appear elsewhere in Q. We want the analysis to be demand-driven: accurate where accuracy is demanded, but not burdened by the cost of providing much more than is demanded. This paper studies demand-driven algorithms capable of updating without extensive reanalysls. Such algorithms are called incremental, in contrast with the one-time analysis of an entire new input contemplated by exhaustive algorithms. In some cases, it is shown that an exhaustive algorithm can be easily recast in an efficient incremental style. Other algorithms for the same problem may be much less amenable to incremental use. It is shown that traditional exhaustive computational complexity bounds are poor predictors of incremental performance. The main examples are taken from global data flow analysis.
The Promise of Borderlands

Given current discussion on the viability of the nation–state, and recognizing the potential of emerging supra-state structures like the European Union, the paper looks at a “third space,” exploring the capacious topos of borderlands, and its promise in creating a new kind of community that is non-reducible either to that of a nation, or a nation–state.
Electronic properties of the conducting form of polyaniline from electroabsorption measurements

The polaron band at1.4 eV of d,l-camphorsulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (()-HCSA-PANI) in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix was studied using electroabsorption (Stark-effect) spectroscopy at 298 K. A very small change in dipole moment on excitation (jDmj) in the order of 1:4 0:2 D was measured as well as an average change in polarizability (Da) of onlyˇ1:3 0: 4A ˚ 3 . The electroabsorption signal of ()-HCSA-PANI in this region showed evidence for heterogeneity in the absorption band. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effect of actinomycin D on the development of the early imaginal eye disks of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract A study was made of the effect of 10 μg/ml of actinomycin D (placed in the food of D. melanogaster during the first and second instar) on the development of the imaginal eye disks. Histological studies indicated that although the head anlagen of treated larvae (which weigh one-third as much as the control larvae) are somewhat smaller at the end of the first instar, they contain the same number of cells. Cell division during the first instar is not affected by actinomycin. During the second instar, all cell division ceases in the treated anlagen, while these cells in control larvae undergo three divisions. This is an abrupt change in sensitivity to the drug since anlagen of larvae on normal food during the first instar completely stop cell division when placed on actinomycin food at the end of this instar. The fate of the presumptive eye cells within the head anlage was determined by measuring the frequency and size of twin spots produced in the adult eye resulting from X-ray induced somatic crossing over. Actinomycin-treated and control larvae were irradiated at the end of the first or at the end of the second instar. The control results were those expected from the total cell counts of the anlage; however, no relevant difference was observed between the control and actinomycin series in the frequency of twin spots or in their size when the somatic crossing over was induced at the end of the second instar. The counts of cell number during the second instar indicate no cell division in the actinomycin-treated anlagen, but three cell divisions in the control anlagen. The latter fact is interpreted to mean the following. Actinomycin blocked cell division during the second instar but allowed the chromosomes to replicate. The chromosomes were subsequently distributed normally to the cells formed when cell division resumed upon removal of the larvae from the actinomycin food. If this interpretation is correct, it follows that the determinative event which lays down the pattern of variegation at the end of the first instar in cases of position effect, and which is unaffected by actinomycin ( Baker, 1967 ), is one that acts on the chromosomes themselves, and not through cytoplasmic components.
Use of olfaction during prey location by the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)

The common vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, feeds on mammalian blood and is a major agricultural pest in Latin America. One way to prevent bats from biting livestock is to understand how the bats locate the livestock. We confirmed the role of olfaction in foraging with a modified cafeteria trial. Bats significantly favored blood meals associated with scent (fur, feces) over meals lacking these olfactory cues. These results confirm earlier observations on the role of olfaction during prey location by this species, and have potential to facilitate eradication measures without extensive loss of other bat species.
Penalties for Rape as a Function of Victim Provocativeness, Damage, and Resistance

Subjects responded to one of four cases of rape which they read by indicating how many years in prison the rapist should serve as a penalty. In Experiment 1, the cases presented the victim as either provocatively dressed or nonprovocatively dressed, and either pregnant as a result of the rape or not pregnant. Older subjects gave significantly higher penalties when the victim was pregnant, while younger subjects did not. In Experiment 2, the cases presented the victims as being either raped or robbed and as resisting or not resisting her attacker. Male subjects gave significantly lower penalties when the victim did not resist, while female subjecis gave higher penalties when the victim did not resist-this interaction being significant for both crimes.
Cocaine-Associated Myocardial and Mesenteric Ischemia: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Despite the increasing incidence of cocaine abuse and its known vasoactive properties, the vascular consequences of cocaine use are incompletely defined. Cocaine-related myocardial ischemia has been described and is thought to occur secondary to vasospasm. Infrequently reported cases of cocaine-related visceral ischemia have been attributed to vasoconstriction. We report here the first described case of serial infarctions in distinct vascular beds, myocardial and mesenteric. The case report and review of the literature support the concept of a diffuse, severe, and potentially lethal vasoconstrictive effect of cocaine.
Calculation of minimum pressure for liquid metal infiltration of a fiber array

The effect of capillary forces on the pressure differential required for infiltration of square and hexagonal arrays of parallel fibers has been evaluated by deriving equations which include the contact angle, fiber diameter, and volume fraction. Three models have been considered as fol-lows: (a) unidirectional liquid flow normal to the fibers, (b) bidirectional flow normal to the fibers, and (c) three-dimensional flow. The three-dimensional model predicts the lowest pressure for infiltration. A comparison is made between the required pressure differential for infiltration based on the work of immersion[1] and capillary forces. The required pressure differentials based on capillary forces for contact angles greater than 90 deg are always greater than pressure dif-ferentials calculated from the work of immersion.
Revision of the genus Vampirolepis Spasskij, 1954 (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)

The genus Vampirolepis Spasskij, 1954 is re-defined on the basis of the original description and the first detailed redescription by Andreiko et al. (1969). A restricted definitions is proposed, the main features being the arrangement of testicles on a straight line snd numerous hooks of fraternoid shape. Other important characters are the strobila with numerous proglottids, the cirrus pouch of moderate size and the cirrus, smooth or armed with minute spines. Formerly included Hymenolepidid cestodes with reduced strobila, particularly long cirrus pouch and different arrangement of gonads do not belong to Vampirolepis. Members of Vampirolepis in the restricted sense show a cosmopolitan repartition and parasitize only bats. The author does not accept the synonymy of Rodentolepis Spasskiji, 1954 with Vampirolepis. A tentative list of the species belonging to the genus is proposed.
Development and initial validation of a disease specific quality of life survey for children with vesicoureteral reflux.

Purpose: Vesicoureteral reflux is believed to be a largely asymptomatic condition. However, previous studies have failed to assess the precise impact of vesicoureteral reflux on quality of life. We created and validated a survey for assessment of quality of life in children with vesicoureteral reflux.Materials and Methods: Two surveys were created by a team of pediatric urologists and survey design specialists, 1 for general assessment and 1 for postoperative assessment in patients undergoing surgical treatment for vesicoureteral reflux. Cronbach alpha test was used to assess internal consistency reliability and the correlation coefficient for test-retest analysis. Surveys were distributed from November 2008 to January 2010 during routine office visits for vesicoureteral reflux. The postoperative survey was distributed 8 to 20 weeks following surgery.Results: The general survey yielded a Cronbach alpha of 0.64 and a correlation coefficient of 0.78, while the postoperative survey results were 0.58 and 0.84...
An integrated understanding of elder abuse and neglect

In the past three decades, society has developed interest in what has come to be called elder abuse. Since interest initially appeared, concern about elder abuse has gone through different cycles regarding the conceptualization of the problem, appropriate responses, and explanations. A recent trend has witnessed a call for an interdisciplinary and integrated understanding of, and response to, elder abuse. This article describes what is meant by an integrated response to elder abuse. Ways to promote a broader response to the problem are suggested.
Evaluation of eyes with stage-5 retinopathy of prematurity.

Recent advances in vitreous microsurgical techniques described by Machemer, Charles, Hirose, Trese, de Juan, and others have resulted in successful anatomical reattachment of eyes with stage-5 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Such eyes had previously been classified as inoperable. Although nearly 50% of eyes achieve an anatomical reattachment of the posterior retina, from 10% to 30% of the reattached eyes reported to date have no light perception. Infants with stage-5 ROP in both eyes may be quite difficult to evaluate preoperatively, particularly with regard to visual function and the configuration of the retinal detachment. Protocols for obtaining a bright flash visually evoked potential (VEP) and standardized echography have been developed to determine the following:
Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ glacier

It is important to understand recent changes in the velocity of Greenland glaciers because the mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet is partly determined by the flow rates of these outlets. Jakobshavn Isbrae is Greenland's largest outlet glacier, draining about 6.5 per cent of the ice-sheet area, and it has been surveyed repeatedly since 1991 (ref. 2). Here we use remote sensing data to measure the velocity of Jakobshavn Isbrae between 1992 and 2003. We detect large variability of the velocity over time, including a slowing down from 6,700 m yr(-1) in 1985 to 5,700 m yr(-1) in 1992, and a subsequent speeding up to 9,400 m yr(-1) by 2000 and 12,600 m yr(-1) in 2003. These changes are consistent with earlier evidence for thickening of the glacier in the early 1990s and rapid thinning thereafter. Our observations indicate that fast-flowing glaciers can significantly alter ice discharge at sub-decadal timescales, with at least a potential to respond rapidly to a changing climate.
Geopolitical boundary narratives, the global war on terror and border fencing in India

This article investigates how expansive new security projects have gained both legitimacy and immediacy as part of the ‘global war on terror’ by analysing the process that led to the fencing and securitising of the border between India and Bangladesh. The framing of the ‘enemy other’ in the global war on terror relies on two crucial shifts from previous geopolitical boundary narratives. First, the enemy other is described as not only being violent but also as outside the boundaries of modernity. Second, the enemy other is represented as posing a global and interconnected threat that is no longer limited by geography. These two shifts are used to justify the new preventative responses of pre-emptive military action abroad and the securitisation of the borders of the state. This article argues that in India the good and evil framing of the global war on terror was mapped onto longstanding communal distinctions between Hindus and Muslims. In the process, Pakistan, Bangladesh and increasingly Muslims generally are described as violent, irrational and a threat to the security of the Indian state. These changes led to a profound shift in the borderlands of the Indian state of West Bengal, where fencing and securitising the border with Bangladesh was previously resisted, but now is deemed essential. The article concludes that the framing of the war on terror as a global and interconnected problem has allowed sovereign states to consolidate power and move substantially closer to the territorial ideal of a closed and bounded container of an orderly population by attempting to lock down political borders.
Intervention Analysis of Hurricane Effects on Snail Abundance in a Tropical Forest Using Long-Term Spatiotemporal Data

Large-scale natural disturbances, such as hurricanes, have profound effects on populations, either directly by causing mortality, or indirectly by altering ecological conditions or the quantity, quality, and spatial distribution of resources. In the last 20 years, two major disturbances, Hurricane Hugo in 1989 and Hurricane Georges in 1998, struck the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico, providing an unique opportunity to understand the long-term effects of recurrent disturbances on the abundance of species. Nenia tridens is one of the most abundant and pervasive terrestrial gastropods in the Luquillo Mountains. Estimates of yearly abundance of N. tridens from 40 sites on the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot from 1991 to 2007 facilitate the development of a spatiotemporal model with intervention effects on the mean abundance over time in response to each hurricane. Intervention effects characteristically decay over time, similar to those in a time series analysis. Model parameters were estimated in a Bayesian framework. Model comparison and diagnostics suggest that our intervention model provides a plausible description of hurricanes effects on the abundances of N. tridens and may be useful for studying long-term spatiotemporal dynamics from the perspective of disturbance and succession.
Short-Term and Long-Term Stability in Ytterbium-Doped High-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers

In this paper we discuss recent progress in exploring short-term and long-term stability of high power Yb-doped fiber lasers and amplifiers. Long-term stability is associated with photodarkening effects that can significantly reduce operational lifetime of a high-power laser system. Short-term stability is associated with so-called transverse modal instabilities that degrade output beam quality at average powers above a certain threshold. In this paper we review ongoing studies that provide experimental characterization, and explore physical causes and mitigation strategies of the different physical phenomena involved. Those studies are critical for achieving stable operation of high power fiber lasers.
Are young infants sensitive to interpersonal contingency

Abstract Murray and Trevarthen (1985) provided what seemed to be strong evidence that 2-month old infants can discriminate a view of their mother interacting with them via TV either live or in a replay. This study has been widely cited as having important implications for early social development and the development of the self. Here we report two attempts to replicate it with additional controls. The first experiment, which used a larger group of infants and controlled for the order of conditions, found no hint of Murray and Trevarthen's effect. The second experiment included 2 and 4 month-old infants. In an effort to increase attention to the mother, they were presented with a “still-face” episode just before the critical live or taped segment. At both ages infants responded with reliably less gazing and smiling during the still-face, but did not respond differentially in the live and tape conditions.
Dietary supplementation with high dose of epigallocatechin-3-gallate promotes inflammatory response in mice

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from green tea has been indicated to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, most of the evidence is in vitro studies in which EGCG is often added at levels unachievable by oral intake. With few exceptions, in vivo studies along this line have been conducted in animal models of diseases, and the results are inconclusive. In this study, we fed C57BL/6 mice a diet containing 0%, 0.15%, 0.3% or 1% (w/w) EGCG for 6 weeks. Contrary to the assumption that EGCG would reduce inflammatory response, mice fed 0.15% and 0.3% EGCG diet exhibited no change while those fed 1% EGCG diet produced more proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β and lipid inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E(2) in their splenocytes and macrophages (MΦ) and less IL-4 in splenocytes. Spleens from the mice fed 1% EGCG diet also had higher proportions of regulatory T cells, MΦ, natural killer (NK) cells and NKT cells compared to those from mice fed the other diets. These results suggest that high intake of EGCG may induce a proinflammatory response, and this change may be associated with a disturbed homeostasis of immune cells involving changes in both function and number of specific immune cell populations. While the mechanisms and clinical significance for this effect of EGCG remain to be investigated further, these data suggest the need for defining accurate EGCG dose limits to induce an anti-inflammatory effect since current data indicate that higher doses would produce an inflammatory response.
High-throughput optical screening of cellular mechanotransduction

We introduce an optical platform for rapid, high-throughput screening of exogenous molecules that affect cellular mechanotransduction. Our method initiates mechanotransduction in adherent cells using single laser-microbeam generated micro-cavitation bubbles (μCBs) without requiring flow chambers or microfluidics. These μCBs expose adherent cells to a microTsunami, a transient microscale burst of hydrodynamic shear stress, which stimulates cells over areas approaching 1mm2. We demonstrate microTsunami-initiated mechanosignalling in primary human endothelial cells. This observed signalling is consistent with G-protein-coupled receptor stimulation resulting in Ca2+ release by the endoplasmic reticulum. Moreover, we demonstrate the dose-dependent modulation of microTsunami-induced Ca2+ signalling by introducing a known inhibitor to this pathway. The imaging of Ca2+ signalling, and its modulation by exogenous molecules, demonstrates the capacity to initiate and assess cellular mechanosignalling in real-time. We utilize this capability to screen the effects of a set of small molecules on cellular mechanotransduction in 96-well plates using standard imaging cytometry.
Rational Choice Theory

Having asked you to follow me through some difficult terrain, here I want only to emphasize three summary observations. First, sociologists reject rational choice theory but use it just the same; in all other fields that try to analyze organic processes, rational choice theory remains dominant, too; it may be hardwired into our thinking, and thus may be more powerful than we are inclined to believe; and for all these reasons we shall keep on doing it, whether or not we attack it.
Clinical applications of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF).

AbstractThe production of neutrophil granulocytes is a complex and dynamic process during which a small number of limited stem cells give rise to lineage specific progenitors that proliferate in the bone marrow subsequently entering the blood as mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes. One hematopoietic growth factor which appears to specifically control the proliferation and terminal maturation of this specific myeloid lineage is granulocyte colony stimulating factor.
Two regions of simian virus 40 large T-antigen independently extend the life span of primary C57BL/6 mouse embryo fibroblasts and cooperate in immortalization.

Abstract Expression of the SV40 large T-antigen allows primary cells to escape senescence and thereby become immortalized. Immortalization occurs in two steps, extension of life span and acquisition of unlimited cell division potential. By following the increase in expression of a senescence-associated marker with increased cell passage, we show that C57Bl/6 mouse embryo fibroblast (B6MEF) cultures senesce by passage 4. Thus, the development of colonies from cultures transfected with T-antigen expressing constructs indicates extension of life span. Two T-antigen regions independently extended the life span of B6MEF. Expression of either a T-antigen consisting of amino acids 1–147 (T1-147) or a T-antigen consisting of amino acids 251–708 (T251-708) resulted in colony development. However, the colonies expressing these truncated T-antigens could not be expanded into cell lines efficiently. In contrast, coexpression of T1-147 and T251-708 produced colonies that could be expanded into cell lines as efficiently as could colonies expressing full-length T-antigen. Thus, the two regions of T-antigen contain analogous activities that are sufficient to extend cell life span; they cooperate to immortalize primary B6MEF; and they act in trans, indicating that the functions involved are independent.
Breastfeeding promotion in obstetrical care practices: Limitations and opportunities

Abstract Breastfeeding is now widely accepted as the optimal method of feeding infants, yet many new mothers choose not to breastfeed. Obstetricians, with their direct and continuing access to pregnant women, have a unique opportunity to encourage and support a decision to breastfeed. This study presents results of personal interviews about infant feeding, patient education and breastfeeding promotion with obstetricians and prenatal care nurses from a large urban area. Over one-quarter of respondents did not routinely recommend breastfeeding to their pregnant patients. Almost one-third of the sample only discussed infant feeding if patients inquired, and a majority of respondents noted that few patients do in fact ask questions. Educational materials on infant feeding were widely used, although one-third of the materials included free formula samples. More than two-thirds of respondents also referred their patients elsewhere for infant feeding information. When asked what influences their patients' infant feeding choices, this sample rarely mentioned advice of a health professional. These results suggest that while obstetricians do not generally recommend formula feeding, their advocacy of breastfeeding is often limited and thus, their impact reduced.
Spectroscopic demonstration of picosecond, phase-shifted laser multiple-pulse sequences

Abstract We show that the concept of phase-shifted laser pulse trains is meaningful only for purely amplitude-modulated pulses, and probably cannot be generalized to use the output of a normal pulsed laser. We demonstrate a laser system which gives picosecond pulse lengths, picosecond or nanosecond interpulse delays, and complete phase control. This makes most molecular transitions amenable to the coherent techniques previously restricted to nuclear magnetic resonance. Fluorescence suppression by π phase shifts is demonstrated for the first time with picosecond pulses and long delays.
Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Prealgebraicity and Protoalgebraicity

Two classes of π are studied whose properties are similar to those of the protoalgebraic deductive systems of Blok and Pigozzi. The first is the class of N-protoalgebraic π-institutions and the second is the wider class of N-prealgebraic π-institutions. Several characterizations are provided. For instance, N-prealgebraic π-institutions are exactly those π-institutions that satisfy monotonicity of the N-Leibniz operator on theory systems and N-protoalgebraic π-institutions those that satisfy monotonicity of the N-Leibniz operator on theory families. Analogs of the correspondence property of Blok and Pigozzi for π-institutions are also introduced and their connections with preand protoalgebraicity are explored. Finally, relations of these two classes with the (\({\mathcal{I}}\), N)-algebraic systems, introduced previously by the author as an analog of the \({\mathcal{S}}\) -algebras of Font and Jansana, and with an analog of the Suszko operator of Czelakowski for π-institutions are also investigated.
Intraoral carcinoma. Treated by composite resection.

CANCER of the mouth is comparatively uncommon. Within the United States estimates indicate such growths comprise only 3% to 5% of all human cancers. The statistics on the relative anatomic distribution of these mouth lesions obtained from 2,234 cases recorded in the New York Memorial Hospital Cancer Registry from 1949 through 1956 indicate that the primary lesion is located on the buccal muscosa in 10% of the cases, the gum in 13%, the floor of the mouth in 16%, and the tongue in 39%. 1 The remaining 22% are divided between the lips and palate; sites not included in this discussion. Although cancer of the mouth may occur at any age and in either sex they are most commonly seen in persons who are between 50 and 60 years old. The incidence in males is approximately nine times that seen in females. The first symptom usually noted is a painful
Update in Critical Care

This Update in Critical Care features 7 articles published in 2006. Topics include insulin therapy, sepsis, acute lung injury, infectious diseases, and end-of-life care.
Selective surface migration for defect-free quantum dot ensembles using metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract We discuss a post-nucleation pause technique that reduces the density of coalesced islands (defects) in a quantum dot (QD) ensemble without significantly altering the QD density. The growth conditions under which the QDs nucleate, are optimized to form high density QDs with few defects, however, it is very difficult to prevent coalescence completely. Pausing the AsH 3 flow for a few seconds after nucleation allows surface adatoms to migrate from polycrystalline defect sites where the bond strengths are weak to crystalline QD sites. This selective migration allows the reduction of defect density from 1.9×10 9 /cm 2 (0 s pause) to apparently defect-free QD ensemble (30 s pause) while maintaining a QD density >6×10 10 /cm 2 . We will discuss statistical analysis based on atomic force microscope images, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence to characterize the effects of AsH 3 pauses on the QD density and crystallographic shape.
Multiple Points-In-Time Estimation of Peak Wind Effects on Structures

One of the problems encountered in the estimation of wind effects on high-rise structures is the development of combinations of wind-induced translational responses in possible conjunction with rotational responses and/or of forces and moments that contribute to the wind-induced demand at various cross sections of individual structural members. In current wind engineering practice such combinations are developed in large part intuitively because phase information on the effects being combined is not readily available from frequency domain analyses. In contrast, full time series analyses can produce estimates of combined wind effects because they preserve phase information; however, such analyses can be overly time-consuming. In current wind engineering practice it is common to use the empirical point-in- time (PIT) procedure for the estimation of peaks of combined stationary stochastic processes. The procedure is applied to pairs of such pro- cesses, and consists of adding an estimate of the peak value of one of the processes to the estimated value of the second process at the time of the occurrence of that peak. Even if the full time histories of the two stochastic processes are used, errors inherent in PIT can be in some casesashighas20%ontheunconservativeside.Thepurposeofthispaperistopresenttheempiricalmultiplepoints-in-time(MPIT)procedure, which improves significantly upon the PIT approach. The MPIT procedure is illustrated by an application to a 60-story reinforced concrete structure. Results show that the MPIT approach produces remarkably accurate estimates of the peak combined wind effects by using a limited number of peaks from the time histories of the individual wind effects being combined. Those estimates are obtained far more economically in terms of computational time than conventional time domain estimates that use full time histories. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943- 541X.0000649. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers.
PROBABILISTIC MACHINES AND LANGUAGES

In the past several years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of probabilistic machines, grammars, and families of languages associated with these machines and/or grammars. However, until now, the emphasis has been placed on the study of the structures of the particular probabilistic machines, grammars, and/or families of languages. The main objective of the present paper is to develop a general treatment for probabilistic machines and languages. A formulation of an abstract model of probabilistic machines is presented. Various families of random languages associated with this model of probabilistic machines are studied and characterized. Since the model is general enough to encompass all existing types of probabilistic machines, the results obtained in this paper includes many of the known results as special cases. They also provide insights to the underlying structures of probabilistic machines and languages.