cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Impacts from Updating North Dakota’s Residential Energy Code to Comply with the 2000 International Energy Conservation Code

The current North Dakota state energy code is the Council of American Building Officials (CABO) 1993 Model Energy Code (MEC) (CABO 1993). Local jurisdictions can choose to adopt this code. CABO has been transformed into the International Code Council (ICC) and the MEC has been renamed the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). The most recent edition of the code is the 2003 IECC (ICC 2003). North Dakota's Department of Community Services requested that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) compare the 1993 MEC with the 2000 IECC to estimate impacts from updating North Dakota's residential energy code to comply with the new code. Under DOE's direction, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) completed an assessment of the impacts from this potential code upgrade, including impacts on construction and energy consumption costs.
On-pump versus off-pump CABG.

To the Editor: In the Veterans Affairs Randomized On/Off Bypass (ROOBY) trial, Shroyer et al. (Nov. 5 issue)1 assigned 2203 patients to receive coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) either with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (on-pump CABG) or without such bypass (off-pump CABG). The trial enrolled low-risk male patients in whom avoidance of cardiopulmonary bypass was unlikely to greatly improve the expected excellent outcomes.2 In a majority of patients, CABG was performed by surgical trainees under the supervision of attending surgeons who were remarkably inexperienced in the off-pump procedure and much more experienced in the on-pump procedure. The reported 12.4% rate of intraoperative conversion from planned off-pump CABG to on-pump CABG was five times the rate reported in the national database of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons3 and is an explicit indictment of the off-pump inexperience of surgeons, trainees, and anesthesia– nursing teams participating in the ROOBY trial.4 It is illogical to conduct a randomized trial comparing patient outcomes with alternative surgical techniques among surgical operators who have grossly asymmetric experience and expertise with the two procedures that are being compared. This is the “fatal flaw” of the ROOBY trial. Off-pump CABG is a technically challenging surgical procedure that offers substantial benefit to patients at high risk for death and complications with on-pump CABG.3,5 It remains a very important tool for surgical coronary revascularization. John D. Puskas, M.D.
Accuracy and time requirements of a bar-code inventory system for medical supplies

The effects of implementing a bar-code system for issuing medical supplies to nursing units at a university teaching hospital were evaluated. Data on the time required to issue medical supplies to three nursing units at a 480-bed, tertiary-care teaching hospital were collected (1) before the bar-code system was implemented (i.e., when the manual system was in use), (2) one month after implementation, and (3) four months after implementation. At the same times, the accuracy of the central supply perpetual inventory was monitored using 15 selected items. One-way analysis of variance tests were done to determine any significant differences between the bar-code and manual systems. Using the bar-code system took longer than using the manual system because of a significant difference in the time required for order entry into the computer. Multiple-use requirements of the central supply computer system made entering bar-code data a much slower process. There was, however, a significant improvement in the accuracy of the perpetual inventory. Using the bar-code system for issuing medical supplies to the nursing units takes longer than using the manual system. However, the accuracy of the perpetual inventory was significantly improved with the implementation of the bar-code system.
Clinical Application of Standardization of Mammography

Objective By discussing molybdenum target mammogrphy technique,the importance of standardization of operation are understood further. Methods 300 patients were examined in CC and MLO position with computed X-ray mammography. The main points of mammogrphy technique are summarized. Results 97% of the 300 mammogrphic films meet the requirements of imaging and clinical diagnosis. Mammogram in CC and MLO position can display breast glands clear and glands interval connective tissue, fat, blood vessels and soft tissue and lesions size, shape and location as well. Conclusion The standardization of mammography is the kdy to early and accurate diagnosis of breast imaging lesions.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Circuits to Genes

Anxiety disorders, particularly fear-related disorders, may be particularly tractable because of tremendous progress in the neuroscience of fear modulation. This chapter focuses on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as the epitome of a syndrome that lies at the intersection of genes and environment. We outline the neural circuitry of fear regulation and extinction that are dysregulated in PTSD. We then describe progress made in the genetics of PTSD and consortia-level genome-wide association studies, and outline how our understanding of the critical role of trauma exposure may be an advantage to understanding the intersection of gene × environment in PTSD compared with other disorders. We also discuss new translationally informed methods to treating and preventing PTSD. Together, such approaches offer exciting and hopeful new neuroscience-based possibilities.
Fail data reduction for diagnosis of scan chain faults under transparent-scan

Scan chain faults that affect the scan logic of a design are important to diagnose. However, scan chain faults create large volumes of fail data that make it necessary to terminate the fail data collection process early. An approach to test generation called transparent-scan was shown to have several advantages for diagnosis of scan chain faults over conventional scan-based tests. One of these advantages is that it allows compact test sequences to be generated. This reduces the volume of fail data that scan chain faults produce. The goal of this paper is to reduce the volume of fail data further, beyond test compaction. The paper observes that different clock cycles of the transparent-scan sequence produce similar diagnostic information. Consequently, it is sufficient to store fail data for a subset of the clock cycles of the sequence. A procedure for selecting these clock cycles is described in this paper. Experimental results are presented for a basic and a more comprehensive set of scan chain faults.
Impact of Natural Blind Spot Location on Perimetry

We study the spatial distribution of natural blind spot location (NBSL) and its impact on perimetry. Pattern deviation (PD) values of 11,449 reliable visual fields (VFs) that are defined as clinically unaffected based on summary indices were extracted from 11,449 glaucoma patients. We modeled NBSL distribution using a two-dimensional non-linear regression approach and correlated NBSL with spherical equivalent (SE). Additionally, we compared PD values of groups with longer and shorter distances than median, and larger and smaller angles than median between NBSL and fixation. Mean and standard deviation of horizontal and vertical NBSL were 14.33° ± 1.37° and −2.06° ± 1.27°, respectively. SE decreased with increasing NBSL (correlation: r = −0.14, p < 0.001). For NBSL distances longer than median distance (14.32°), average PD values decreased in the upper central (average difference for significant points (ADSP): −0.18 dB) and increased in the lower nasal VF region (ADSP: 0.14 dB). For angles in the direction of upper hemifield relative to the median angle (−8.13°), PD values decreased in lower nasal (ADSP: −0.11 dB) and increased in upper temporal VF areas (ADSP: 0.19 dB). In conclusion, we demonstrate that NBSL has a systematic effect on the spatial distribution of VF sensitivity.
Integrating OGC Web Processing Service with cloud computing environment for Earth Observation data

Statistics show the volume of Earth Observation (EO) data increases in the exponential level during the past decade. As the new generation computing platform to meet the big data challenge, cloud computing significantly facilitates the large-scale EO data processing depending on its powerful computing capability. In this paper, we propose a Cloud WPS architecture integrating the cloud computing environment and OGC Web Services. Based on the architecture, we implement the architecture using GeoBrain Cloud, an Apache Cloudstack based private cloud computing platform, and a series of state-of-the-art open-source libraries and software. The result suggests that Web Processing Services and cloud computing environment could be successfully integrated by applying the proposed architecture.
Minimally invasive surgical approaches offer earlier time to adjuvant chemotherapy but not improved survival in resected pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic surgery encompasses complex operations with significant potential morbidity. Greater experience in minimally invasive surgery (MIS) has allowed resections to be performed laparoscopically and robotically. This study evaluates the impact of surgical approach in resected pancreatic cancer. The National Cancer Data Base (2010–2012) was reviewed for patients with stages 1–3 resected pancreatic carcinoma. Open approaches were compared to MIS. A sub-analysis was then performed comparing robotic and laparoscopic approaches. Of the 9047 patients evaluated, surgical approach was open in 7511 (83%), laparoscopic in 992 (11%), and robotic in 131 (1%). The laparoscopic and robotic conversion rate to open was 28% (n = 387) and 17% (n = 26), respectively. Compared to open, MIS was associated with more distal resections (13.5, 24.3%, respectively, p 0.05). When adjusted for patient, disease, and treatment characteristics, TTC was not an independent prognostic factor (HR 1.09, p = 0.084). MIS appears to offer comparable surgical oncologic benefit with improved LOS and shorter TTC. This effect, however, was not associated with improved survival.
Situating Cyberzone: Black lesbian identity in comics.

Cyberzone is a fitting place to start any discussion around Black lesbian identity in comics, as it is the first comic book that this researcher could find which features a Black lesbian female lea...
Major shift in the phenology of crustacean biomass in western Lake Superior associated with temperature anomaly

Abstract Variable weather patterns during the early months of 2014 and 2015 resulted in differences between years in spring and summer surface water temperatures in the offshore areas of western Lake Superior. Zooplankton were collected in western Lake Superior during several cruises from late spring to early fall in 2014 and 2015 to test the hypotheses that colder summer water temperatures in 2014 were correlated with reduced zooplankton biomass, later peaks in zooplankton biomass, and a smaller contribution of warm-water taxa to the zooplankton assemblage. The total amount of zooplankton biomass from early June through early October did not differ greatly between years. Of the taxonomic subcategories (large-bodied calanoids, small-bodied calanoids, cyclopoids, nauplii, and herbivorous cladocerans) however, cyclopoid and cladoceran biomass was somewhat smaller in 2014 compared to 2015, providing some support for the hypothesis that warm-water taxa contribute less to offshore zooplankton biomass in colder years. The timing of peak biomass for cladocerans, small-bodied calanoids, and cyclopoids did not differ between years, but peaks in the biomass of copepod nauplii and large-bodied calanoids (primarily Limnocalanus macrurus) occurred several weeks later in 2014 than 2015 which was evidence for phenological delay during a year with unusually cold spring and summer surface water temperatures. Though this study only evaluates the role of temperature in driving zooplankton biomass and phenology in Lake Superior, it does provide insight into the potential effects of climate variability on the Lake Superior food web.
THE PLASTIC AND FLUID NATURE OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY TRANSDUCING MEMBRANE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the plastic and fluid nature of the mitochondrial energy transducing membrane. The mitochondrial energy transducing membrane is remarkable in its structural and functional complexity relative to most other membranes of eukaryotic cells. A unique function of this membrane, which is of paramount importance to the structural integrity and metabolic effectiveness of the cell, is the conservation of metabolic energy mediated by coupling the free energy of respiratory chain electron transfer to the production of ATP. The chapter presents the results of unique molecular composition of the mitochondrial energy transducing membrane and present new data that reveal that the energy transducing membrane is not only highly plastic, but indeed more fluid than recognized. The data reveals further that the integral proteins of this complex membrane are neither crowded laterally nor rigidly latticed, but on the contrary possess considerable potential for free lateral translational diffusion. In this regard, special consideration is given to the lateral translational diffusion of cytochrome c oxidase. The chapter also discusses the data in terms of the free lateral translational motion of metabolically active integral proteins in the energy transducing membrane related to the time structure of electron transfer and ATP synthesis.
Informing efficient pilot development of animal trauma models through quality improvement strategies.

Poor quality data in preclinical trials can result from inconsistent and unstandardized experimental processes. Unpredictable pre-intervention variability generates unreliable data, biases outcomes...
Four Theorems with Their Foci on Ellipses

We consider several seemingly unrelated theorems, each with the word ellipse in the statement: Siebeck’s theorem, the elliptical range theorem, Poncelet’s theorem, and the Blaschke ellipse theorem....
The Level Weighted Structural Similarity Loss: A Step Away from the MSE

The Mean Square Error (MSE) has shown its strength when applied in deep generative models such as Auto-Encoders to model reconstruction loss. However, in image domain especially, the limitation of MSE is obvious: it assumes pixel independence and ignores spatial relationships of samples. This contradicts most architectures of Auto-Encoders which use convolutional layers to extract spatial dependent features. We base on the structural similarity metric (SSIM) and propose a novel level weighted structural similarity (LWSSIM) loss for convolutional Auto-Encoders. Experiments on common datasets on various Auto-Encoder variants show that our loss is able to outperform the MSE loss and the Vanilla SSIM loss. We also provide reasons why our model is able to succeed in cases where the standard SSIM loss fails.
Pro Familia and the reform of abortion laws in West Germany, 1967–1983:

This article investigates the role of the West German family planning association Pro Familia in the abortion reform of the 1960s and 1970s. It examines the question of legal abortion from the pers...
The Delian Problem, Platonic Solids, and Finite Fields

Summary. The question of performing, by straightedge and compass only, the classic Greek construction problem of duplicating a cube remained a significant open problem in mathematics until the firs...
6 Being Legit on a Dark Web Social Network

There is a very rare genre of Dark Web writing, a form of writing that might appear for a few days and then be deleted, never to be seen again. It's a genre we might call the “Fuck you, I'm Shutting This Down” message. As I mention throughout this book, many Dark Web sites are ephemeral, coming and going in a matter of months. Often, they disappear for no apparent reason. They just disappear off the networks, and because they were created and run by anonymous people, there's little chance of following up with their former administrators to ask why these sites are gone.
Invasive lianas are drivers of and passengers to altered soil nutrient availability in urban forests

Lianas (woody vines) are a leading concern in urban forest management given their ability to reduce the growth rate and survival of trees. Efforts to control invasive lianas are widespread, yet forests are often reinvaded following management. Changes in soil nutrient availability could help explain why some forests are susceptible to reinvasion. Specifically, invasive lianas could be “drivers” of altered nutrient dynamics that persist in the soil and favor their re-establishment, or they could be “passengers” of conditions created by prior site disturbances. We test these alternative models by analyzing soils across gradients of liana cover and forest disturbance in mature hardwood forests in New York City. Overall, total non-native liana cover was linked to elevated soil pH, reduced labile carbon, and altered net potential nitrification—three conditions indicative of increased soil nutrient availability. However, the effects of lianas varied substantially by species. Non-native lianas had a positive, negative, neutral, or non-linear effect on a single soil variable depending on the species. Aggregation of total non-native liana cover can therefore obscure the direction and magnitude of species-level effects. We also found positive relationships between forest disturbance, non-native liana cover, and soil pH, but we found no relationships between disturbance and net nitrification or labile carbon. These results suggest that non-native lianas are passengers to elevated levels of disturbance and soil pH but drivers of altered carbon and nitrogen dynamics. As such, management efforts aimed at reducing soil nutrient availability and removing invasive lianas may be required to limit reinvasion and promote ecosystem recovery.
Regulating Information with Bayesian Audiences

We analyze the regulation of false statements in the presence of Bayesian audiences. We find that: (a) Often, moderate sanctions are optimal even though strict sanctions can fully deter all false statements; (b) the existence of separating equilibria—where only truthful statements are made—critically depends on judicial accuracy; (c) the magnitude of sanctions trades-off false information, chilling of truthful statements, and litigation costs; and (d) private enforcement often dominates public enforcement despite the lack of commitment. We emphasize the case of defamation law and discuss other contexts including securities regulation, whistle-blower incentives, jury trials, and reports of criminal activity.
The Bewildering Antitubercular Action of Pyrazinamide.

SUMMARY Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a cornerstone antimicrobial drug used exclusively for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Due to its ability to shorten drug therapy by 3 months and reduce disease relapse rates, PZA is considered an irreplaceable component of standard first-line short-course therapy for drug-susceptible TB and second-line treatment regimens for multidrug-resistant TB. Despite over 60 years of research on PZA and its crucial role in current and future TB treatment regimens, the mode of action of this unique drug remains unclear. Defining the mode of action for PZA will open new avenues for rational design of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of TB. In this review, we discuss the four prevailing models for PZA action, recent developments in modulation of PZA susceptibility and resistance, and outlooks for future research and drug development.
Entrepreneurial, Economic, and Social Well-Being Outcomes from an RCT of a Youth Entrepreneurship Education Intervention among Native American Adolescents

Background: Entrepreneurship education has demonstrated positive impacts in low-resource contexts. However, there is limited evidence of such programs evaluated among Native American (NA) youth in a rural reservation. Methods: A 2:1 randomized controlled trial evaluated the impact of the Arrowhead Business Group (ABG) entrepreneurship education program on entrepreneurship knowledge, economic empowerment, and social well-being among 394 NA youth. An intent to treat analysis using mixed effects regression models examined within and between study group differences from baseline to 24 months. An interaction term measured change in the intervention relative to change in the control. ABG participants were purposively sampled to conduct focus groups and in-depth interviews. Results: Significant intervention vs. control group improvements were sustained at 12 months for entrepreneurship knowledge and economic confidence/security. Significant within-group improvements were sustained for ABG participants at 24 months for connectedness to parents, school, and awareness of connectedness. Qualitative data endorses positive impacts on social well-being among ABG participants. Conclusion: Observed effects on entrepreneurship knowledge, economic empowerment, and connectedness, supplemented by the experiences and changes as described by the youth themselves, demonstrates how a strength-based youth entrepreneurship intervention focused on developing assets and resources may be an innovative approach to dually address health and economic disparities endured in Native American communities.
Using Geographic Catchment Areas to Measure Population-based Access to Kidney Transplant in the United States.

Background Monitoring efforts to improve access to transplantation requires a definition of the population attributable to a transplant center. Previously, assessment of variation in transplant care has focused on differences between administrative units-such as states-rather than units derived from observed care patterns. We defined catchment areas (transplant referral regions [TRRs]) from transplant center care patterns for population-based assessment of transplant access. Methods We used US adult transplant listings (2006-2016) and Dartmouth Atlas catchment areas to assess the optimal method of defining TRRs. We used US Renal Data System and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipient data to compare waitlist- and population-based kidney transplant rates. Results We identified 110 kidney, 67 liver, 85 pancreas, 68 heart, and 43 lung TRRs. Most patients were listed in their assigned TRR (kidney: 76%; liver: 75%; pancreas: 75%; heart: 74%; lung: 72%), although the proportion varied by organ (interquartile range for kidney, 65.7%-82.5%; liver, 58.2%-78.8%; pancreas, 58.4%-81.1%; heart, 63.1%-80.9%; lung, 61.6%-76.3%). Patterns of population- and waitlist-based kidney transplant rates differed, most notably in the Northeast and Midwest. Conclusions Patterns of TRR-based kidney transplant rates differ from waitlist-based rates, indicating that current metrics may not reflect transplant access in the broader population. TRRs define populations served by transplant centers and could enable future studies of how transplant centers can improve access for patients in their communities.
Vibrationally Hot and Cold Triplets. Sensitizer-Dependent Dynamics and Localized Vibrational Promotion of a Di-π-methane Rearrangement.

Large intramolecular 13C kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for the di-π-methane rearrangement of benzobarrelene fit with statistical expectations from heavy-atom tunneling when a low-energy sensitizer...
A Phase 1 dose-escalation study of disulfiram and copper gluconate in patients with advanced solid tumors involving the liver using S-glutathionylation as a biomarker.

Disulfiram and metals inactivate key oncoproteins resulting in anti-neoplastic activity. The goal of this study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of copper when administered with disulfiram in patients with advanced solid tumors and liver involvement. Disulfiram 250 mg was administered daily in 28-day cycles. Four doses of copper gluconate were tested (2, 4, 6, and 8 mg of elemental copper) in a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design. Patients were evaluated for dose limiting toxicities and response. Protein S-glutathionylation was evaluated as a pharmacodynamic marker. Twenty-one patients were enrolled and 16 patients were evaluable for dose limiting toxicities. Among the 21 patients, there was a median of 4 lines of prior chemotherapy. Five Grade 3 toxicities were observed (anorexia, elevated aspartate aminotransferase or AST, elevated alkaline phosphatase, fever, and fatigue). Response data was available for 15 patients. Four patients had stable disease with the longest duration of disease control being 116 days. The median duration of treatment for evaluable patients was 55 days (range 28–124). Reasons for discontinuation included functional decline, disease progression, and disease-associated death. Increased S-glutathionylation of serum proteins was observed with treatment. Disulfiram 250 mg daily with copper gluconate (8 mg of elemental copper) was well-tolerated in patients with solid tumors involving the liver and was not associated with dose limiting toxicities. While temporary disease stabilization was noted in some patients, no objective responses were observed. Treatment was associated with an increase in S-glutathionylation suggesting that this combination could exert a suppressive effect on cellular growth and protein function. NCT00742911 , first posted 28/08/2008.
Yes, Virginia, there are Superstar Money Managers

Berk and Green (2004) argue that, in equilibrium, mutual fund performance is not informative about the skill of the fund managers. Hence, instead of studying mutual fund performance, we study stock recommendations of prominent money managers made at the prestigious Barron’s Roundtable. The 3,472 buy recommendations, from 1968 to 2019 (52 years), on average, earn economically meaningful and statistically significant 4.1% excess returns over the 30 trading days immediately following the Roundtable meetings. To study the skill level across decades, we divide the 52-year-long time-series into four equal 13-year-long periods and find that excess returns are similar for each of the four periods and are statistically significant. Overall, we conclude that money managers are skillful, and that skill has not diminished over the decades.
An examination of teenagers’ beliefs toward organ donor registration

Teenagers represent a promising target population for organ donor registration efforts, as in the US teenagers age 15-17 may register their intent for organ donation, which later translates to consent at age 18. However, teenagers constitute a relatively understudied population in the organ donation literature. A sample of teenagers (N = 466) ranging in age from 13 to 19 was recruited from driver's education schools in Ohio and Michigan in order to learn more about their perceived reasons for and against registering as an organ donor. A coding scheme was developed, and responses were coded by two trained coders. In line with previous work in adult samples, our results revealed the three most common reasons for registering were prosocial benefits, rational arguments, and personal experience. In contrast to previous work among adults, the two most common reasons for not registering were bodily integrity and religious reasons. Several novel beliefs among teenagers that were both supportive and non-supportive of organ donor registration were identified. Findings from the current study are discussed with an emphasis on implications for practitioners working to promote organ donor registration among teenage audiences.
A Retrospective Analysis of Creatinine-Based Kidney Function With and Without Sex Assigned at Birth Among Transgender Adults.

BackgroundClinicians use sex-based kidney function estimating equations, but the appropriate sex modifier for transgender adults undergoing hormone therapy (HT) is undetermined.ObjectivesCompare me...
Dataset for techno-economic analysis of catalytic hydrothermolysis pathway for jet fuel production.

Abstract This detail the economics of Catalytic Hydrothermolysis (CH), an approve pathway for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production. Techno-economic analysis was conducted with the assumption of CH processing facility that process 832 metric tonnes per day of feedstock into renewable fuels such as SAF, gasoline and diesel. Economic data includes estimation of renewable fuel production plant cost such as capital and operating cost; cost benefit analysis model to predict the SAF or jet fuel price; regression models to evaluate the cost for co-product such as diesel and petroleum in relation to SAF price. Estimated SAF, gasoline and diesel cost for the feedstock such as carinata oil, soybean oil, yellow grease and brown grease feedstock is included in the data.
C++ Plus Data Structures

Written By Renowned Author And Educator Nell Dale, C++ Plus Data Structures, Fifth Edition Explores The Specifications, Applications, And Implementations Of Abstract Data Types With Unmatched Accessibility. Updated With New Case Studies And Exercises Throughout, This Edition Provides Intuitive Explanations That Clarify Abstract Concepts, And Approaches The Study Of Data Structures With Emphasis On Computer Science Theory And Software Engineering Principles. Topics Such As Modularization, Data Encapsulation, Information Hiding, Object-Oriented Decomposition, Algorithm Analysis, Life-Cycle Software Verification Models, And Data Abstraction Are Carefully Presented To Foster Solid Software Engineering Techniques. In Addition To Real-World Exercises And Case Studies That Define Nell Dale S Teaching Philosophy, This Fifth Edition Provides An Increased Emphasis On Object-Oriented Design And An Early Introduction Of Object-Oriented Concepts. New And Key Features: Object-Oriented Terminology Now Dominates Computing Vocabulary. Dale Was Careful To Update All ADT Names To Reflect This Terminology. Additional Exercises Have Been Added To Most Chapters. The Fifth Edition Features The Trademark Dale Pedagogy And Highlights Numerous Real-World, Updated Case Studies. Each Broad Case Study Includes A Description Of The Problem, An Analysis Of The Problems Input And Required Output, And A Discussion Of The Appropriate Data Types To Use. Each Chapter Contains An Average Of 35 Engaging Exercises That Span Varying Levels Of Difficulty. These Exercises Test Students Understanding Of Key Concepts Through Various Means, Including Programming Problems And Analysis Of Algorithm Problems. Downloadable Instructor Resources Are Available At Go.Jblearning.Com/Ndale. These Include Powerpoint Lecture Presentations, Answers To End Of Chapter Questions, A Test Bank, And An Instructor S Manual Containing Goals, Teaching Notes, Suggested In-Class Activities, And Programming Assignments For Each Chapter. Students And Instructors Can Also Access Program Source Code To Work Out All The Examples And Exercises From The Text.
The effect of flavin isomers and analogues upon the color of bacterial bioluminescence.

Abstract Bioluminescence centered at about 490 nm occurs in the bacterial luciferase system upon the oxidation of reduced flavin mononucleotide by molecular oxygen. Although excited FMN is the apparent candidate for the emitting molecule, the color of its fluorescence, which is centered at about 525 nm, does not correspond to that of the bioluminescence. In the experiments reported here flavins differing in their fluorescence emission were tested with bacterial luciferase. All were found to be active with the enzyme to a greater or lesser extent, and to result in a shift in the color of the emitted light. However, this shift did not parallel in any case the corresponding shift in the fluorescence emission of the compound. The results could not be readily explained in terms of solvent polarity effects. Although no specific molecular species can be designated as the excited state, it seems likely that it is a luciferase-bound complex and that it involves flavin.
Remote Sensing with Satellite Technology

This essay discusses the current capabilities in the field of remote sensing in multiple social and behavioral science fields (Anthropology, History, Government, Psychology, Sociology, and Social work), and shows how remote sensing is playing an increasingly important role in social and behavioral science research. Why social and behavioral scientists apply satellite data, or should apply remote sensing data, is reviewed and evaluated, especially in connection to nonsatellite datasets (including US census data). This study clarifies how high resolution satellite data will impact research in the social and behavioral sciences, especially considering the release of additional sensors in 2014 and later, including new potential application of data collected from drones. Social and behavioral scientists will also need to develop research methodologies appropriate to their subfields. Last, coverage is given to present capabilities and emerging trends for remote sensing research, with an emphasis on, future possibilities for applying satellite data in the social and behavioral sciences. Keywords: remote sensing; satellite imagery; future of technology; social and behavioral sciences
Analysis of the impact of release area on the quality factor of contour-mode resonators by laser Doppler vibrometry

Energy dissipation through the anchors of an aluminum nitride (AlN) MEMS contour-mode resonator (CMR) plays an important role in setting the device quality factor at frequencies under 500MHz [1]. The acoustic energy leaving the resonator is effected, not only by the anchor, but also the portion of the surrounding device layer that has been released from the substrate during fabrication. Typical device simulations used for design do not take into account the motion of this additional area. Using laser Doppler vibrometery and COMSOL simulations we show a variation in device Q by 28% as a result of the motion of this released region.
What controls the apparent timescale of solute mass transfer in aquifers and soils? A comparison of experimental results

[1] Estimates of mass transfer timescales from 316 solute transport experiments reported in 35 publications are compared to the pore-water velocities and residence times, as well as the experimental durations. New tracer experiments were also conducted in columns of different lengths so that the velocity and the advective residence time could be varied independently. In both the experiments reported in the literature and the new experiments, the estimated mass transfer timescale (inverse of the mass-transfer rate coefficient) is better correlated to residence time and the experimental duration than to velocity. Of the measures considered, the experimental duration multiplied by 1 + β (where β is the capacity coefficient, defined as the ratio of masses in the immobile and mobile domains at equilibrium) best predicted the estimated mass transfer timescale. This relation is consistent with other work showing that aquifer and soil material commonly produce multiple timescales of mass transfer.
Low frequency VLBI

There are many important astrophysical questions which could be answered with observations at frequencies of a few MHz and angular resolution of an arcminute or better. For example, strong interstellar and interplanetary scattering of electromagnetic radiation could be studied along many lines of sight, and the sizes and shapes of scattering disks could be directly measured as a function of time and frequency. Such data can be obtained with an interferometer array composed of several small satellites in Earth orbit. The individual satellites for a low frequency array could be very small and inexpensive.
Osmoregulation of vasopressin in diabetic ketoacidosis.

Osmoregulation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) is altered in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). With hyperglycemia, the AVP-plasma sodium (PNa) curve is displaced to the left, whereas the AVP-osmolality (Posm) curve is displaced to the right. The shift in the Na curve is explained by either resetting of the Na set point or by glucose acting as a nonpermeable solute, substituting for Na. Conversely, putative unmeasured solutes that, like urea, fail to affect AVP have been postulated to account for the right shift in the AVP-Posm curve. Therefore the respective roles of Posm = sigma [Xi] and plasma tonicity (Pton = sigma [sigmaiXi]), i.e., the sum of concentrations of all solutes [Xi] corrected (Pton) or not (Posm) for their relative cell permeability (sigma i), were studied in DKA. Indeed, Posm = sigma [Xi] exceeds Pton = sigma [sigma iXi] in DKA, since sigma i less than 1 for glucose. Potential determinants of AVP release (Posm, Pton, and PNa) were monitored in 7 patients with DKA. Conventional correlation analysis and two-dimensional (2D) graphs reproduced the paradox of an opposite shift in PNa and Posm set points for AVP release. However, by using the concept of tonicity instead of osmolality, 3D plots instead of 2D graphs, and multiple regressions instead of correlations, the AVP-PNa and AVP-Pton curves did not appear displaced. The concept of tonicity resolved the paradox of both osmolality and Na thresholds reset in opposite directions. Indeed, in states where a solute like glucose (with sigma less than 1) contributes substantially to plasma osmolality, Posm measured in vitro by the osmometer greatly exceeds Pton perceived in vivo by the osmoreceptor.
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional control mechanisms coordinate the onset of spermatid differentiation with meiosis I in Drosophila

The aly, can, mia and sa genes of Drosophila are essential in males both for the G2-meiosis I transition and for onset of spermatid differentiation. Function of all four genes is required for transcription in primary spermatocytes of a suite of spermatid differentiation genes. aly is also required for transcription of the cell cycle control genes cyclin B and twine in primary spermatocytes. In contrast can, mia and sa are required for accumulation of twine protein but not twine transcript. We propose that the can, mia and sa gene products act together or in a pathway to turn on transcription of spermatid differentiation genes, and that aly acts upstream of can, mia and sa to regulate spermatid differentiation. We also propose that control of translation or protein stability regulates entry into the first meiotic division. We suggest that a gene or genes transcribed under the control of can, mia and sa allow(s) accumulation of twine protein, thus coordinating meiotic division with onset of spermatid differentiation.
An Update on Inflammatory Arthropathies Including Pharmacologic Management and Preoperative Considerations

This article provides an update and overview to the clinical presentations of inflammatory arthropathies. Subtleties to clinical presentations are discussed. Clues are presented which helps the reader arrive at more precise diagnostic labeling. Additionally, pharmacotherapy will be discussed, including precautions in considering the best therapy for the patient with suspected inflammatory, autoimmune, degenerative or neuropathic pain conditions. Finally, preoperative evaluations, management and risks of this patient population are reviewed. Emphasis will be on whether "cardiac clearance" should be requested based on an easy to use algorithm of cardiac risk factors. Finally recommendations based on recent literature of whether immunosuppressants should be withheld preoperatively.
Synthesis of Chromophores with Extremely High Electro-optic Activities. 2. Isophorone- and Combined Isophorone−Thiophene-Based Chromophores

Four new isophorone and combined isophorone and thiophene bridged chromophores have been synthesized. All of these new high μβ chromophores possess our newly synthesized tricyanovinyldihydrofuran acceptors. Because of our unique acceptor design, all of our chromophores show high solubility in all organic solvents due to minimized chromophore−chromophore electrostatic interactions. These chromophores have also been studied with respect to their solvatochromism and thermal behavior by TGA in air. Preliminary EO characterization of one of these chromophores in polycarbonate has demonstrated an extremely high r33 of 70 pm/V at 1550 nm. We believe that this is the largest r33 reported at this wavelength.
CdZnTe graded buffer layers for HgCdTe/Si integration

To investigate the potential benefits of compositional grading for dislocation control in CdTe/Si growth, Cd1−xZnxTe buffer layers with x graded smoothly from 1 to 0 have been deposited on Si (211) surfaces. Growth has been characterized using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and etch pit density measurements. XRD showed an increase in rocking curve full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and global lattice tilt with decreasing x values. Tilt was also observed to increase as buffer growth temperature was increased. Final surface dislocation densities did not decrease below 7×106 cm−2. EPD surface dislocation measurements showed reduced dislocation densities and dislocation clustering along the $$[1\bar 10]$$ and $$[\bar 110]$$ lines for CdTe cap layers grown on partially graded Cd1−xZnxTe buffer layers with slow compositional grading rates. Samples grown with faster grading rates showed higher final EPD values, with dislocations clustering along the $$[31\bar 2]$$ and $$[\bar 1\bar 32]$$ lines.
An Approach to Distributed Computing System Software Design

Distributed computing systems represent a wide variety of computer systems, ranging from a centralized star network to a completely decentralized computer system. The design of software for distributed computing systems is more complicated due to many design constraints and interactions of software components of the system.
CAUSAL FREQUENCY-LINEAR ATTENUATION ALGORITHM FOR TIME DOMAIN PROBLEMS

Attenuation which is linear in frequency (as opposed to quadratic as for laminar viscosity) occurs in porous media wave propagation and biomedical applications. Straightforward use of Fourier transforms for frequency-linear attenuation violates causality. We give a causal time domain algorithm with numerical stability criteria and verify its accuracy. For acoustic wave propagation in ocean sediment, the algorithm results in a mild increase of phase speed with frequency as a result of the Kramers–Kronig relation. The algorithm gives results in good agreement with in situ data for sandy sediment.
Catalytic mechanism and molecular recognition of E. coli UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase probed by mutagenesis.

UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC) is a metal-dependent deacetylase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of UDP-3-O-myristoyl-N-acetyl-glucosamine to form UDP-3-O-myristoyl-glucosamine and acetate. This is the committed step in the biosynthesis of lipid A, and therefore, LpxC is a target for the development of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of Gram-negative infections. To facilitate the development of potent and specific inhibitors of LpxC, the molecular determinants of binding and specificity and the catalytic mechanism for this enzyme have been probed. The functions of active site residues have been classified on the basis of changes in steady-state turnover (kcat, KM, and kcat/KM) and product binding affinity (KDProduct). We have identified side chains that enhance product affinity and reactivity (F192, K239, D246, and H265), destabilize product affinity (E78 and D197), and preferentially enhance catalytic efficiency (H19, T19, K143, and N162). In addition, the affini...
ALCOHOLISM AT THE TIME OF INJURY AMONG TRAUMA CENTER PATIENTS: VEHICULAR CRASH VICTIMS COMPARED WITH OTHER PATIENTS

A structured in-depth interview employing standardized criteria was used to determine the prevalence of lifetime and current alcohol dependence (alcoholism) in unselected consecutive patients admitted to a regional Level I trauma center. Of 629 patients, 157 (25.0%) were current alcoholics at the time of injury. An additional 87 (13.8%) were diagnosed as lifetime non-current alcoholics. There was no significant difference in the rates of current alcohol dependence among patients injured in vehicular crashes (23.5%), other unintentional trauma victims (29.3%), and those injured as a result of violence (24.6%). Of BAC+ (blood alcohol concentration positive) patients, 54.5% were current alcoholics. However, 14.4% of alcohol-negative patients were also diagnosed as alcohol dependent.
Magnetic circular dichroism spectrum of the triphenylene-iodine complex

Abstract The MCD CT bands of the triphenylene (9,10-benzphenanthrene) -I 2 , triphenylene-TCNE and I 2 -I 2 complexes are indicative of a structure of C 3v symmetry where the I 2 is located centrally and axially over the triphenylene ring.
Higher-resolution data-dependent selective external ion accumulation for capillary LC-FTICR

Abstract Data-dependent selective external ion ejection with improved resolution is demonstrated with a 3.5 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) instrument employing dynamic range enhancement applied to mass spectrometry (DREAMS) technology. To correct for the fringing rf-field aberrations each rod of the selection quadrupole has been segmented into three sections, so that ion excitation and ejection was performed by applying auxiliary rf-only waveforms in the region of the middle segments. Two different modes of external ion trapping and ejection were studied with the mixtures of model peptides and a tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA). A mass resolution of about 100 has been attained for rf-only dipolar ejection in a quadrupole operating at a Mathieu parameter ( q ) of ∼0.45. LC-ESI-DREAMS-FTICR analysis of a 0.1 mg/mL solution of BSA digest resulted in detection of 82 unique tryptic peptides with mass measurement errors lower than 5 ppm, providing 100% sequence coverage of the protein.
Localization of an antithrombin exosite that promotes rapid inhibition of factors Xa and IXa dependent on heparin activation of the serpin.

We have previously shown that exosites in antithrombin outside the P6-P3′ reactive loop region become available upon heparin activation to promote rapid inhibition of the target proteases, factor Xa and factor IXa. To identify these exosites, we prepared six antithrombin-α1-proteinase inhibitor chimeras in which antithrombin residues 224-286 and 310-322 that circumscribe a region surrounding the reactive loop on the inhibitor surface were replaced in 10-16-residue segments with the homologous segments of α1-proteinase inhibitor. All chimeras bound heparin with a high affinity similar to wild-type, underwent heparin-induced fluorescence changes indicative of normal conformational activation, and were able to form SDS-stable complexes with thrombin, factor Xa, and factor IXa and inhibit these proteases with stoichiometries minimally altered from those of wild-type antithrombin. With only one exception, conformational activation of the chimeras with a heparin pentasaccharide resulted in normal ∼100-300-fold enhancements in reactivity with factor Xa and factor IXa. The exception was the chimera in which residues 246-258 were replaced, corresponding to strand 3 of β-sheet C, which showed little or no enhancement of its reactivity with these proteases following pentasaccharide activation. By contrast, all chimeras including the strand 3C chimera showed essentially wild-type reactivities with thrombin after pentasaccharide activation as well as normal full-length heparin enhancements in reactivity with all proteases due to heparin bridging. These findings suggest that antithrombin exosites responsible for enhancing the rates of factor Xa and factor IXa inhibition in the conformationally activated inhibitor lie in strand 3 of β-sheet C of the serpin.