cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for organ-confined prostate cancer

Improved understanding of prostate cancer radiobiology combined with advances in delivery of radiation to the moving prostate offer the potential to reduce treatment-related morbidity and maintain quality of life (QOL) following prostate cancer treatment. We present preliminary results following stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) treatment for organ-confined prostate cancer. SBRT was performed on 304 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: 50 received 5 fractions of 7 Gy (total dose 35 Gy) and 254 received 5 fractions of 7.25 Gy (total dose 36.25 Gy). Acute and late toxicity was assessed using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scale. The Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire was used to assess QOL. Prostate-specific antigen response was monitored. At a median 30-month (26 - 37 month, range) follow-up there were no biochemical failures for the 35-Gy dose level. Acute Grade II urinary and rectal toxicities occurred in 4% of patients with no higher Grade acute toxicities. One Grade II late urinary toxicity occurred with no other Grade II or higher late toxicities. At a median 17-month (8 - 27 month, range) follow-up the 36.25 Gy dose level had 2 low- and 2 high-risk patients fail biochemically (biopsy showed 2 low- and 1 high-risk patients were disease-free in the gland). Acute Grade II urinary and rectal toxicities occurred in 4.7% (12/253) and 3.6% (9/253) of patients, respectively. For those patients with a minimum of 12 months follow-up, 5.8% (12/206) had late Grade II urinary toxicity and 2.9% (6/206) had late Grade II rectal toxicities. One late Grade III urinary toxicity occurred; no Grade IV toxicities occurred. For both dose levels at 17 months, bowel and urinary QOL returned to baseline values; sexual QOL decreased by 10%. The low toxicity and maintained QOL are highly encouraging. Additional follow-up is needed to determine long-term biochemical control and maintenance of low toxicity and QOL.
Specifying queries as relational expressions: the SQUARE data sublanguage

This paper presents a data sublanguage called SQUARE, intended for use in ad hoc, interactive problem solving by non-computer specialists. SQUARE is based on the relational model of data, and is shown to be relationally complete; however, it avoids the quantifiers and bound variables required by languages based on the relational calculus. Facilities for query, insertion, deletion, and update on tabular data bases are described. A syntax is given, and suggestions are made for alternative syntaxes, including a syntax based on English key words for users with limited mathematical background.
On the bond breaking model of polyatomic ion emission in secondary ion mass spectrometry

Abstract The cluster size distribution (number of clusters versus number of atoms in the cluster) resulting from a simple nearest neighbor Bond Breaking Model (BBM) of Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) is studied for one- and two-dimensional and Bethe lattices. In one dimension, the distribution is monotonic. In two dimensions, however, irregularities can occur as a function of the probability β of breaking any given bond. These irregularities differentiate between square, honeycomb, and triangular lattices and are most pronounced if the overall probability of breaking any bond in the lattice is small.
Vector quantization of multiresolution morphological pyramids for efficient coding of images

Morphological pyramid has been proven to be a useful tool in image compression due to low computational complexity, simple implementation and good compression performance based on minimization of entropy. Several morphology based pyramid decomposition techniques already exist. These techniques use morphological filters prior to the down sampling of images. The coding schemes developed commonly omit the first error image of the error pyramid to achieve high compression ratios. However, fine image details may be lost in this process. In order to get high quality lossy image, an estimator involving connectivity preserving filters for the first error image has been used. By using this estimator, the bits per pixel required to code the first error image can be reduced by 30 to 40 percent to obtain `near lossless' compression. In this paper, we apply variable Vector Quantization (VQ) to pyramid coding. We compare the performance of the above estimator to that of VQ scheme. For multi- level pyramid, we discuss accumulative errors and use a modified pyramid generation structure to reduce the accumulative errors. We perform our comparison on two standard images and use Peak Signal to Noise Ratio to judge the compression efficiency and visual quality.
A Framework for Personalized Medicine with Reverse Phase Protein Array and Drug Sensitivity

In this paper, we propose a framework for personalized medicine with Reverse-Phase Protein Array (RPPA) and drug sensitivity. The goal of personalized medicine is to provide an optimal drug to a patient by predicting the drug sensitivity. For the prediction, our method is based on naive Bayes classifier assuming that all features (proteins) are independent. Once the classifier is trained by RPPA data for the cancer, the sensitivity of target drug is predicted for a patient's sample. As a result, a set of drugs that has low sensitivity can be provided to a patient. Through this individualized therapy, the patients can be treated more effectively without the risk of wasting time and cost. In addition, we explore if naive Bayes classifier can be improved by using the dependency between features. To this end, learning Bayesian network is performed to infer the dependency map, and then the selected edges from the estimated network model is combined with the network structure of naive Bayes classifier. As our contribution, the experiments with lung cancer data prove that RPPA data can be used to profile patient for drug sensitivity prediction, and also our proposed personalize medicine system achieved approximately 94\% prediction accuracy.
Outcome of splenectomy for thrombocytopenia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of splenectomy for treating thrombocytopenia associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
The indenture sign in acute exudative colitis

The significance of the indenture pattern has been stressed as a sign of acute exudative colonic infection, regardless of etiology.
Dense inclined flows of inelastic spheres

We outline an extension of the hydrodynamic equations for dense flows of identical, inelastic spheres that incorporates an additional length scale in the expression for the collisional rate of dissipation. This length scale is identified with the length of a particle chain. In steady, fully developed inclined flows, the resulting theory predicts that at a given angle of inclination a range of flow depths is possible, that such flows possess a region of uniform volume fraction, and that this volume fraction decreases as the angle of inclination increases. The balance of particle fluctuation energy, integrated through the depth of a flow, results in a relation between the mean flow velocity, the depth, and the angle of inclination that collapses experimental data taken over a range of inclination angle.
Convergence of oral and extraoral information in the superior secondary gustatory nucless of the channel catfish

Neurons within the superior secondary gustatory nucleus (nGS) of the channel catfish were examined electrophysiologically for responses to mechanical and chemical stimulation of neural peripheral receptive fields (RFs). Of the 28 single units sampled, 18 had mechanosensory RFs on the extraoral epithelium, two had RFs within the oropharyngeal cavity, and eight had RFs that included both oral and extraoral surfaces. RF sizes varied from approximately 2 cm2 on the ipsilateral lips and barbels to the whole body surface, bilaterally. No obvious correlation existed between RF pattern and recording location within the nGS. Eight of the mechanosensory nGS units also responded to amino acid taste stimuli with thresholds from micromolar to millimolar concentrations. The convergence of oral and extraoral information within the nGS determined electrophysiologically was corroborated anatomically by HRP labeling experiments. Restricted HRP injections into each of the primary gustatory nuclei of the medulla, the vagal (VL) and facial (FL) lobes, labeled fibers that appeared to terminate diffusely throughout the nGS, and injections into different portions of the nGS retrogradely labeled cells in both the FL and VL. The present electrophysiological and neuroanatomical data distinguish the convergent gustatory representation within the nGS of the catfish from the highly specific somatotopic and viscerotopic sensory maps previously identified in the FL and VL, respectively.
Using Feminist Methods and Restorative Justice to Interview Capital Offenders’ Family Members

Researching sensitive topics is critical to understanding women’s lives. However, this research often carries the risk of retraumatization and exploitation. This articleexamines the development of ...
Polymerizable phospholipids: a novel class of biomaterials

Polymerizable phospholipids are organic monomers that are able to self-assemble into membranes. This is quite similar to the self assembly of naturally occurring lipid membranes found in biological systems. The polymerizable lipids can then be polymerized to stabilize these membranes. These stabilized structures have a number of different morphologies which offer a variety of technically attractive features. This article reviews the chemical and physical properties of these materials in terms of their technological applications.
Modified amylose biodegradability by α-amylases

The site-selective syntheses of water-soluble (O-2/O-3)-substituted amylose derivatives containing butyl ester, carboxymethyl, succinyl or quaternary ammonium side groups was carried out. In addition, routine chemical methods which did not employ protection-deprotection steps provided water soluble (O-2/O-3/O-6)-substituted products. The biodegradation of these products as a function of site-of-substitution and degrees of substitution (ds) was studied by the O-amylases from Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtitis. Consistent with the results reported previously for acetyl amylose (Ref.1), the O-2/O-3 substituted butyl amylose derivatives degraded faster and to higher percentages than the corresponding O-2/O-3/O6 substituted derivatives. Also, the overall rates and percentages of degradation for butyl amylose were much lower than acetyl amylose derivatives of comparable degree and site of substitution. Therefore, for the two enzymes studied, the introduction of longer chain length acyl side groups greatly reduced substrate degradability. For the charged derivatives. the rate and percentage of degradation decreased in the order carboxymethyl > succinyl > quaternary ammonium at comparable degree and site of substitution. We concluded that, as the length of the charged side chain substituent increased the rate and extent of biodegradation decreased. Furthermore, in contrast to the results for neutral acetyl and butyl side groups, there was no significant difference in the rate and %-degradation for charged side chain substituent groups when comparing O-2/O-3 and O-2/O-3/O-6-substituted derivatives. Finally, the introduction of anionic or cationic side chain groups resulted in decreased susceptibility to α-amylase catalyzed chain cleavage when compared to similarly substituted acetyl and butyl amylose derivatives.
Enantiomeric purity of alkylmethylphenylsulfonium ions with chiral NMR shift reagents: racemization by pyramidal inversion as observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Chiral tetrakis europate anions are used to spectroscopically resolve racemic mixtures of chiral alkylmethylphenylsulfonium ions using 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The alkyl groups include ethyl, n -butyl, n -octyl and benzyl. The shift reagents include both Eu(tfc) 3 fod − and Eu(tfc) 4 − , where tfc is chiral (+)-3-(trifluoromethylhydroxymethylene)camphorate and fod is 6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedione. Assignment of R and S configuration in the NMR spectrum of ethylmethylphenylsulfonium ion was made by synthesis of the R-enriched mixture of ethylmethyl- p -tolylsulfonium ion. Racemization of this mixture was observed by 1 H NMR spectroscopy by heating to 60°C.
A pattern recognition application of the ALOPEX process with hexagonal arrays

The ALOPEX process is a broadly defined optimization procedure which simultaneously varies several parameters based on single value feedback and noise application, ALOPEX is used to solve an image recognition problem using several hexagonally based templates. Efficiency improvements are examined, such as a 'temperature' effect, arrival at optimal parameter values, and a form of parallelization. Two different forms of the 'cost' function are analyzed, and a hierarchical system is attempted to attain faster 'good' solutions. The analysis is expanded to multiple template simulations, where the algorithm is able to make appropriate recognition decisions on noisy or incomplete data. >
Teaching Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Off-pump coronary artery revascularization requires a unique skill set and a different conduct of operation compared with on-pump coronary artery bypass. Not only must the surgeon perform anastomoses on the beating heart, but he/she must understand the hemodynamic consequences of cardiac positioning and stabilization, the effects of regional ischemia on hemodynamic function, contractility, and arrhythmias, and the importance of anesthesia and grafting sequence given variants of anatomy and clinical conditions. Given these differences, the ability to teach off-pump coronary artery bypass to residents and surgeons places unique demands on the teaching surgeon. In this article, we review the available literature about the safety and efficacy of teaching off-pump coronary artery bypass to residents, discuss the fundamentals for training residents, and review the future of simulation and new training paradigms and the impact this will have on current training methods.
Target search by golden weave

The optimal sequential procedure for performing a track search of a region is by the method of successive halving. This method minimizes the minimum deviation from the ideality of sequential division of a region into equally sized areas. For most track searches no cost is incurred in going from an exit point on the perimeter of a region to the next entry point. In the special circumstance where this cost becomes significant, a sequential track search by the golden weave becomes attractive.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking and Galvanic Corrosion of Internal Bolts from a Multistage Water Injection Pump

Nineteen out of 26 bolts (studs) used for assembly of multistage water pump showed severe corrosion and cracking after brief service in a severe working environment that contained saline water, CO2, and H2S. The failed bolts and intact nuts were supposed to be made out of a special type of austenitic stainless steel as per ASTM A 193 B8S and ASTM A 194, respectively. However, the investigation showed that bolts and nuts are made from two different alloys: an austenitic stainless steel and a nickel-base alloy. The difference in the corrosion resistance of these two alloys led to severe galvanic corrosion. The galvanic coupling between bolts and nuts in addition to the severe working environment played major role in the premature failure of bolts. The mechanisms of bolt failure were galvanic corrosion for bolts that were in direct contact with the environment and stress-corrosion cracking in the bolts remote from the severe environment. The stress-corrosion cracking was influenced by a bad fit between the bolts and nuts threads. This resulted in a crevice and the development of an aggressive chemistry between the engaged bolt/nut threads. All factors required to cause stress-corrosion cracking were available, namely, stressed bolts (bolts under tensile stress), temperatures above 60 °C, and chloride ions.
Automation for Genomics, Part Two: Sequencers, Microarrays, and Future Trends

Automation for genomics has enabled a 43-fold increase in the total finished human genomic sequence in the world in the past four years. This is the second half of a two-part, noncomprehensive review that presents an overview of different types of automation equipment used in genome sequencing. The first part of the review, published in the previous issue, focused on automated procedures used to prepare DNA for sequencing or analysis. This second part of the review presents a look at available DNA sequencers and array technology and concludes with a look at future technologies. Alternate sequencing technologies including mass spectrometry, biochips, and single molecule analysis are included in this review.
Hippocampal function in distractibility: an electroencephalographic investigation.

Abstract Electroencephalographic records of hippocampal activity of albino rats were compared before and after the presentation of a distractor in a behavioral test in order to assess the duration of the involvement of the hippocampus in behavioral responses to the distractor. The effects of hippocampal and septal lesions were also evaluated in concurrent tests. Hippocampal EEG displayed enhancement or suppression of theta-frequency activity that was consistent and relatively invariant within each animal in the earliest three trials of testing, and which fluctuated unsystematically over the subsequent four trials, corresponding to the period of maximal behavioral effects of lesions in a previous study. This early consistency of response revealed an inverse correlation of theta frequency enhancement with depth of the recording electrode and was taken to support a phasic, rather than tonic, involvement of the hippocampus in the processing of stimulus information.
A Practical method for determining the beam profile near the focal spot

In laser material processing, knowledge of the beam profile and beam diameter are fundamental in achieving acceptable results. The beam profile is affected by errors in the focusing optics, namely spherical aberration. This causes the minimum beam diameter to be larger than that predicted by beam propagation equations. Current methods of beam profiling use electronic equipment to measure the relative intensity of the beam at different locations along the beam, which is time consuming and involves high cost. Furthermore, the measurement near the focus spot usually is not feasible, due to excessive power density in this region. A novel one-step technique is developed to determine the beam profile near the minimum spot and the associated effect of spherical aberration. The effect of spherical aberration on the beam profile is investigated for three plano-convex lenses and compared to the ideal beam profile based on the beam propagation model. It was found that the technique is useful in determining the beam profile without using expensive equipment. It was also found that using a beam expander in conjunction with a focusing lens introduced errors in the form of spherical aberration that caused the diameter of the laser beam to increase as well as the beam quality. Removing the beam expander removed the spherical aberration effect, but the beam diameters were increased because of decreased focusing ability.
Real-time crowd labeling for deployable activity recognition

Systems that automatically recognize human activities offer the potential of timely, task-relevant information and support. For example, prompting systems can help keep people with cognitive disabilities on track and surveillance systems can warn of activities of concern. Current automatic systems are difficult to deploy because they cannot identify novel activities, and, instead, must be trained in advance to recognize important activities. Identifying and labeling these events is time consuming and thus not suitable for real-time support of already-deployed activity recognition systems. In this paper, we introduce Legion:AR, a system that provides robust, deployable activity recognition by supplementing existing recognition systems with on-demand, real-time activity identification using input from the crowd. Legion:AR uses activity labels collected from crowd workers to train an automatic activity recognition system online to automatically recognize future occurrences. To enable the crowd to keep up with real-time activities, Legion:AR intelligently merges input from multiple workers into a single ordered label set. We validate Legion:AR across multiple domains and crowds and discuss features that allow appropriate privacy and accuracy tradeoffs.
Autoimmune inner ear disease.

Purpose of reviewThe role of the immune system in mediating inner ear pathology has received considerable attention over the past two decades. The purpose of this paper is to summarize recent basic science research into the pathogenesis of autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED), review the current diag
Autoxidative and antioxidative potential of simple carbohydrates

To determine the relative ranking of autoxidative potential of various sugars the fluorescence of phycoerythrin monitored in the presence of various concentrations of sugars incubated at 37°C with or without CuSo4. The antioxidative properties of these sugars was assayed in the presence of a peroxy radical generator 2,2′ azobis(2 amindinopropane) AAPH. The results indicate that 25 mM D-glucose, but not 5 mM D-glucose solution can significantly potentiate CuSO4-induced free radical damage after 32 h of incubation. This weak effect was comparable to that seen with lactose or maltose and was in contrast to the high potency of fructose and ribose in potentiating phycoerythin damage through oxidation. 2-Deoxyribose had an antioxidant effect in this assay. In the presence of AAPH, 25 mM D-glucose, and to a lesser extent, 5 mM D-glucose, had statistically significant free radical quenching effect (61.5 ± 0.7% and 44.9 ± 2.45%) inhibition of oxidation, respectively). The corresponding free radical quenching effect expressed as percentage inhibition of oxidation for 5 mM fructose, maltose, lactose, ribose, and deoxyribose and ascorbate were 30.2 ± 1.9%, 49.1 ± 1.25, 53.5 ± 1.6%, 64.7 ± 1.8%, 6.8 ± 1.7%, and 69.5 ± 1.0%, respectively. It is concluded that autooxidative potential of simple sugars is highly diverse. Whereas some sugars have no oxidative potential, others are potent prooxidants in the presence of Cu++, and some can have antioxidant properties. However, the autooxidative potential of reducing sugars is extremely weak compared with that of the free copper ions. All sugars tested have antioxidant effect in the presence of peroxy radical generator. In this assay, the antioxidant potency of deoxyribose was comparable to that of ascorbate.
The requirement for potassium for bacteriophage T4 protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis.

Abstract This investigation shows that potassium is required for bacteriophage T4 growth in a mutant of Escherichia coli B which cannot normally concentrate potassium. T4 adsorbs normally in medium lacking potassium, and becomes sensitive to chloroform. Potassium is required for the synthesis of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid, but not of ribonucleic acid in infected cells. The requirement of potassium for deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis is independent of the requirement for the cation for protein synthesis. The inhibition of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis can be reversed by the addition of potassium. The average burst size and duration of rise period depends on the internal concentration of potassium in the infected bacterial cells. No exclusion is observed when the mutant bacteria are superinfected in the absence of potassium and subsequently placed in a potassium-containing medium to allow phage growth.
Institutional Ownership and the Selection of Industry Specialist Auditors

This study provides evidence linking corporate governance mechanisms to the choice of auditor, namely industry specialists. Given that institutional investors are likely to prefer higher quality financial reports to lower quality reports, we theorize that institutional investors will influence managers of companies in which they invest to improve reporting quality by using higher quality, industry specialist auditors. Our findings indicate that firms having relatively greater levels of institutional ownership tend to employ industry specialist audit firms. The results of this study contribute to an understanding of an important facet of corporate governance, the selection of a high quality audit firm.
An ACT-R Process Model of the Signal Duration Phenomenon of Vigilance

Performance on tasks that require sustained attention can be impacted by various factors that include: signal duration, the use of declarative memory in the task, the frequency of critical stimuli that require a response, and the event-rate of the stimuli. A viable model of the ability to maintain vigilance ought to account for these phenomena. In this paper, we focus on one of these critical factors: signal duration. For this we use results from Baker (1963), who manipulated signal duration in a clock task where the second hand moved in a continuous swipe motion. The critical stimuli were stoppages of the hand that lasted for 200, 300, 400, 600, or 800 ms. The results provided evidence for an interaction between condition and time-on-task, where performance declined at a faster rate as the signal duration decreased. In this paper, we describe an ACT-R model that uses fatigue mechanisms from Gunzelmann et al. (2009) that were proposed to account for the impact of sleep loss on sustained attention performa...
The Horvath–Kawazoe method revisited

Abstract A modified Horvath–Kawazoe (HK) pore size analysis method is presented in this paper. The new HK model is generalized so as to account for the effect of the temperature and the solid–fluid interaction potential strength on the adsorbed fluid density within a slit-shaped pore. Two representations of the local adsorbate density profile are considered in the modified HK model, an ‘unweighted’ version similar to the original HK method in which a uniform density profile is assumed; and a ‘weighted’ version in which a structured density profile is adopted. The pore filling correlations predicted by the two HK models are compared with density functional theory (DFT) results calculated using the same solid–fluid potential and potential parameters. It is found that the pore filling correlation of the unweighted HK model agrees surprisingly well with the DFT correlation for argon and nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. Interestingly, the weighted HK pore filling correlation is in poorer agreement with DFT results, even though the weighted HK model more realistically represents the local density profile than does the unweighted HK approach. As in the original HK method, the modified HK models do not describe the pore wall wetting that occurs prior to capillary condensation in mesopores. In this respect, they remain inferior to DFT or molecular simulation adsorption models. The modified HK method is, however, much more computationally efficient than either DFT or molecular simulation, and it can be conveniently implemented on a spreadsheet for interpretation of adsorbent PSDs in gas–solid systems for which DFT model isotherms are not available.
Drug-Biomolecule Interactions: Mechanism of Ligand Interactions with Carbonic Anhydrase Studied by Magnetic Resonance Relaxation and Rapid Reaction Methods

Abstract Kinetics of interaction between the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase and either monovalent anions or aromatic sulfonamides were examined by three distinct fast reaction techniques: stopped flow, equilibrium perturbation, and magnetic resonance relaxation. By correlating spectroscopic data on conformational and ionization equilibria of the complex and free species with the reaction kinetics, a relatively complete description of the mechanism can be presented. A proton‐dependent equilibrium between two coordination forms of the free enzyme can be demonstrated spectroscopically. Anions selectively combine with the form predominating at low pH. For a series of carboxylate ligands, formate and substituted acetates, anion association is found to be three orders of magnitude greater than similar ligand substitution processes known in inorganic chemistry. For sulfonamide association, the attacking species are the form of carbonic anhydrase predominating at high pH and the neutral sulfonamide. Combination involving the neutral species is followed by loss of a proton to form the sulfonamido anion in the stabilized complex. This obligate proton transfer offers a probable explanation for the unique specificity of sulfonamides in inhibiting this enzyme. The anionic sulfonamido moiety can be shown to resemble closely a transition intermediate in the catalytic step of substrate hydration.
Evaluation of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (AD 1962-1999): spatial distribution of mass loss and climatic forcing

Original abstract: We use a combination of aerial photogrammetry, satellite imagery, andd ifferential GPS mapping to quantify the volume of ice lost between AD 1962 and 1999 from three glaciers on Nevado Queshque in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru´ ( 101S). The largest averagedsurface lowering (thinning) occurredin the southwest aspect (22 m) andthe least in the eastern aspect (5 m). A heuristic sensitivity analysis indicates that 9.3Wm 2 was requiredto melt the total observedice loss and this can be explainedby sensible heat transfer relatedto a temperature rise of 1 1C, combinedwith a latent heat decrease relatedto a 0.14 g kg 1 increase in specific humidity. A first-difference analysis of temperature records from 29 stations in the Cordillera Blanca shows an average rising trend of 0.26 1C per decade over the 37 year interval, more than adequate to supply the hypothesized sensible heat transfer. A simple transmittivity model within a digital elevation model indicates solar radiation related to altered cloudiness was not a predominant climatic forcing. The distribution of glacier area with altitude calculated with the digital terrain model explains the observed asymmetrical ice melt.
Properties of Workload Assessment Techniques

Workload measurement techniques vary with respect to certain properties that determine the utility of a technique for individual applications. Two particularly critical properties are the sensitivity and intrusiveness of a technique. Present theory and supporting evidence suggest that these properties can be influenced by a number of factors, including the level and type of information processing demands that are imposed on an operator. Such factors emphasize the need for more extensive comparative information regarding the sensitivity and intrusiveness of the major classes of techniques. This chapter discusses theoretical bases of these properties, and reviews some current data that address the sensitivity and intrusiveness of several techniques. The development of a standard evaluation methodology which is designed to provide the required comparative data and refine present workload metric application guidelines is also discussed.
Operating contours and loss-budget partitioning of SOA-based GPON reach extension

Operating contours and loss budget partitioning are investigated for semiconductor optical amplifier based GPON reach extension. A link model is constructed to assess means of improving loss budget for enabling flexible network deployment.
Multiparametric MRI identifies and stratifies prostate cancer lesions: Implications for targeting intraprostatic targets

Abstract Purpose To assess the ability of multiparametric (mp) MRI (mp-MRI) to identify, stratify, and localize biopsy-proven prostate cancer lesions in a risk-stratified patient population. Methods and Materials We retrospectively analyzed 57 patients who had mp-MRI and core needle biopsy during diagnostic prostate cancer evaluation. The MRI sequences were scored for suspicion of cancer with a previously described system. Distributions of mp-MRI scores were compared across National Comprehensive Cancer Network prostate cancer risk groups. The mp-MRI–identified lesions were compared with the location of positive core needle biopsies to assess mp-MRI localization of true lesions. Results The mp-MRI scoring system identified lesions in 84% (48/57) of the patients, including 100% (12/12) in the high-risk group. Scores assigned to lesions in patients in intermediate- and high-risk groups were statistically higher than those in the low-risk group, with a relative risk of 6.72 (95% confidence interval: 2.32–19.51, p Conclusions Use of mp-MRI at the time of diagnosis can identify intraprostatic lesions and assign suspicion for high-risk disease. These data show that high-risk patients are more likely to have suspicious imaging-identified lesions that correlate to the location of biopsy-proven prostate cancer. At this time, the use of mp-MRI to define focal targets represents a complementary tool to patient evaluation for focal therapy strategies.
The Wiimote and Beyond: Spatially Convenient Devices for 3D User Interfaces

The Nintendo Wii Remote (Wiimote) has served as an input device in 3D user interfaces (3DUIs) but differs from the general-purpose input hardware typically found in research labs and commercial applications. Despite this, no one has systematically evaluated the device in terms of what it offers 3DUI designers. Experience with the Wiimote indicates that it's an imperfect harbinger of a new class of spatially convenient devices, classified in terms of spatial data, functionality, and commodity design. This tutorial presents techniques for using the Wiimote in 3DUIs. It discusses the device's strengths and how to compensate for its limitations, with implications for future spatially convenient devices.
Development of a Nutrient Data System for International Use: INFOODS (International Network of Food Data Systems)

The current interest in the area of nutrition, diet, and cancer has called attention to some major deficiencies in the data base available to support a variety of research activities in the field. These deficiencies have been especially evident in epidemiologic studies where attempts are being made to characterize the dietary differences existing among various populations who have markedly different incidences of chronic diseases, including cancers, thought to be associated with diet. Such studies have been able to characterize international differences in diet by broad, nutrient-food categorizations, but they suffer from a dearth of detailed information on the nutrient content of the enormous variety of foodstuffs consumed by different populations and by the subgroup populations within each of the countries or geographic areas. At the present time, there is no internationally agreed upon food composition data system that provides a continuum of information on food composition. Current diet and disease studies require data on the human requirements or allowances for essential nutrients and quantified data on the ability of the food supply to provide these factors. In addition, information on other chemical components of foods that represent protection for or risk to good health is needed. Such a comprehensive data base would be helpful in providing criteria for formulation of public policy on diet-related public health issues. The Diet and Cancer Branch of the Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Cancer Institute, together with other groups support the development of an International Food Composition Data System (INFOODS) as a response to the need for more complete, reliable, and comprehensive information on the nutrient and nonnutrient composition of foods and beverages and their ingredients.
Low-power architectures for large radio astronomy correlators

The architecture of a cross-correlator for a synthesis radio telescope with N > 1000 antennas is studied with the objective of minimizing power consumption. It is found that the optimum architecture minimizes memory operations, and this implies preference for a matrix structure over a pipeline structure and avoiding the use of memory banks as accumulation registers when sharing multiply-accumulators among baselines. A straw-man design for N = 2000 and bandwidth of 1 GHz, based on ASICs fabricated in a 90 nm CMOS process, is presented. The cross-correlator proper (excluding per-antenna processing) is estimated to consume less than 35 kW.
Temporal scales of tropospheric CO2, precipitation, and ecosystem responses in the central Great Plains

article i nfo Natural andanthropogenicsourcesofCO2aroundtheglobecontribute tomid-troposphericconcentrations,yetit remainsunknownhowmeasurementsofmid-troposphericCO2relatetoregionalecosystemdynamics.NASAAt- mospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements of CO2 concentrations in the mid-troposphere from 2002 to 2010 were examined in relation to precipitation and vegetation phenology across the US Great Plains. Wavelet multi-resolution analysis and the information theory metric of relative entropy were applied to assess regional relationships between mid-tropospheric CO2, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and precipitation (PPT). Results show that AIRS observations of mid-tropospheric CO2 exchange greater amounts of information with regional PPT and NDVI at seasonal, annual, and longer time scales compared to shorter time scales. PPT and NDVI contribute to mid-tropospheric CO2 at the 18-month time scale, while spatial patterns seen at this time scale for PPT and mid-tropospheric CO2 are reflective of the influence of PPT on NDVI at the annual scale. Identification of these dominant temporal scales may facilitate utilization of AIRS CO2 for monitoring regional source/sink dynamics related to climate and land-use/cover change.
Lactic Acidosis in Children—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment: A Workbook Exercise

This article is designed to give you an opportunity to learn how lactic acidosis affects children, and how to diagnose and treat a child with this disorder. The process we have utilized is an interactive one in which you will be presented with questions commingled with problems and discussion. CASE REPORT A 3-month-old male infant had been well until two days prior to admission, when he had developed fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. Initially the vomiting and diarrhea were mild, and a pediatrician recommended administration of clear liquids. On the day of admission the infant ate nothing at all, vomited every one to two hours, and had more than ten stools, all of which consisted primarily of water. The parents reported that by 5 PM the child became suddenly pale and his skin seemed cool, although when they took the rectal temperature it was 37.7 C(100 F). The baby became increasingly lethargic and limp. By 6 PM, when the parents rushed the child to the emergency room, he could not be awakened at all. The receiving physician in the emergency room found an unresponsive flaccid baby with a respiratory rate of 62 breaths per minute. A feeble pulse was 154 beats per minute and the rectal temperature was 38.1 C. The odor of acetone was apprent in the baby9s breath.
Risk Factors in Adolescent Hypertension

Hypertension is a complex and multifaceted disease, with many contributing factors. While diet and nutrition are important influences, the confounding effects of overweight and obesity, metabolic and genetic factors, racial and ethnic predispositions, socioeconomic status, cultural influences, growth rate, and pubertal stage have even more influence and make diagnosis quite challenging. The prevalence of hypertension in adolescents far exceeds the numbers who have been diagnosed; studies have found that 75% or more go undiagnosed. This literature review summarizes the challenges of blood pressure classification in adolescents, discusses the impact of these confounding influences, and identifies actions that will improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes.
Anywhere! Anytime!

There are three things every engineer needs for success today: 1) the knowledge gained through schooling, 2) the attitude to be successful in his/her career, and 3) a passport. A passport? Yes, a passport. In the future it will be one of the most important documents in your possession when it comes to achieving success in your chosen career.
John Rohr, the Administrative State, and the Study of Administrative Constitutionalism:

John Rohr’s work made the Constitution central to American administration. He created a normative conception of administrative constitutionalism, and through textual interpretation he argued the fr...
Modeling Schedule and Mixed Terminal Operations on a Graph Network

Interval Management (IM) is a future airborne spacing concept whose goal is to provide more precise management of inter-aircraft spacing, yielding throughput improvements and greater use of fuel-efficient trajectories for arrival and approach operations. The IM capability is enabled by avionics that provide speeds to achieve and maintain an assigned spacing interval relative to another aircraft. IM fits into a larger arrival management concept, composed of three parts: a ground-based sequencing and scheduling function to develop an overall arrival strategy, ground-based tools to support the management of aircraft to that schedule, and both groundand airborne-based tools for managing the interval between aircraft.. The first two components are being developed by the FAA in the form of Ground Based Interval Management Spacing (GIM-S) and Terminal Sequencing and Spacing (TSAS). The third component enables IM Operations. This paper builds on methodology developed by the authors, defining a model for mixed GIM-S, TSAS, and IM operations. The model starts with a directed acyclic graph G = (V, E) representing the terminal route structure to a single runway. The schedule, arrival times, and other quantities are defined on G in such a way that requirements and adaptation constraints can be determined for an integrated arrival management system.
Study on the Impedance Characteristics of Cucumber During Different Storages

In this test,EIS(Electrical impedance spectroscopy) was referenced to the investigate the quality changes of vegetables and fruits during storage.The study combined electrochemistry and plant physiological theory to illustrate the quality changing process of products during storage.This paper established the relationship between impedance and storage conditions as well as time in cucumber storage.The results showed: the impedance of cucumber in plastic wrap increased with water loss at room temperature,but it reduced under refrigerated condition.Chilling injury of cucumber destroyed the cell structure and affected the taste and flavor of cucumber.Plastic wrap was the most satisfactory method by contrast.
Structural Roles of Noncoding RNAs in the Heart of Enzymatic Complexes.

Over billions of years of evolution, nature has embraced proteins as the major workhorse molecules of the cell. However, nearly every aspect of metabolism is dependent upon how structured RNAs interact with proteins, ligands, and other nucleic acids. Key processes, including telomere maintenance, RNA processing, and protein synthesis, require large RNAs that assemble into elaborate three-dimensional shapes. These RNAs can (i) act as flexible scaffolds for protein subunits, (ii) participate directly in substrate recognition, and (iii) serve as catalytic components. Here, we juxtapose the near atomic level interactions of three ribonucleoprotein complexes: ribonuclease P (involved in 5′ pre-tRNA processing), the spliceosome (responsible for pre-mRNA splicing), and telomerase (an RNA-directed DNA polymerase that extends the ends of chromosomes). The focus of this perspective is profiling the structural and dynamic roles of RNAs at the core of these enzymes, highlighting how large RNAs contribute to molecular...
Synthetic-aperture radar based on nonsinusoidal functions: VIII- velocity and acceleration processing

The conventional radar using pulses and a sinusoial carrier derives the range of the target from the pulses, and the velocity from the sinusoidal carrier; the two measurements are essentially independent of each other. A radar using pulses without a sinusoidal carrier measures only the range, but with a much higher accuracy if properly used, e.g., for a high-resolution all-weather radar using bandwidths of one to ten gigahertz. The velocity is obtained from two range measurements, the acceleration from three range measurements, etc. The processing differs strongly from the conventional Doppler processing. The required circuits would be very difficult to implement with the current technology, but the time lag between basic theory and practical implementation assures that our technology will have greatly advanced when the theory reaches the engineering level.
Effects of oil content on the sensory, textural, and physical properties of pecan butter (Carya illinoinensis)

It has been difficult to produce acceptable pecan butters as the high oil content results in a product that flows and separates too easily. The objective of this work was to create pecan butters with varying oil levels (50-70%) and determine which would give the most acceptable product. Consumers rated pecan butters with 55-60% oil the most acceptable, whether roasted or not. Acceptability varied most in terms of texture and spreadability, but not flavor. Under large deformation firmness varied from 51.8 g (70% oil) to 4,880 g (50%) oil, while "spreadability" ranged from 19.2 to 7748 (g/s). Samples with 70% oil had the lowest viscosity and were Newtonian. Pecan butters with 50-55% oil had high viscosity and were shear thinning. Yield stress decreased with oil content, ranging from 0.014 to 500 Pa. The storage modulus (G') increased from ∼7 Pa for samples with 70% oil up to 260,000 Pa for those with 50% oil. In conjunction, tan δ decreased from 1 to 0.07, showing the products take on much more solid-like behavior as oil is removed. In conclusion, the rheological properties of pecan butter were quite sensitive to the amount of oil in the product. Differences in acceptability were primarily due to "texture" and "spreadability," suggesting there is a limited range of firmness and spreadability that consumers will deem acceptable. Practical applications There has been considerable demand for butters and spreads made from a variety of culinary nuts. Pecans generally have too much oil (∼70%) to make a product with proper consistency and stability. In this study, some of the oil was removed to overcome this problem. It was found that pecan butter with 55-60% oil was most acceptable to consumers and with the level of firmness, yield stress, and spreadability most similar to commercial nut butters. The oil was relatively simple to remove from unroasted nuts, thus manufacturers could easily produce more acceptable pecan butter for the market.
Thrombectomy and thrombolysis for the prevention and treatment of postthrombotic syndrome

Postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a frequent complication of lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT), occurring in approximately 40% of patients despite the use of anticoagulant therapy. PTS causes significant impairment of patients' health-related quality of life, and no evidence-based therapies have been consistently effective. Catheter-directed thrombolysis and thrombectomy have been shown to remove acute thrombus, and it has been hypothesized they could prevent or reduce PTS. However, because these procedures can be associated with complications, mainly bleeding, randomized trial data are needed to determine when they should be used. In this article, I summarize the current status of thrombus removal procedures for DVT to provide contemporary guidance to clinicians seeking to individualize treatment decisions for their patients.