cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research or "Cheerleading"? Scholarship on Community School District 2, New York City

This article examines data on student achievement and school demographics not explored by the researchers who have promoted Community School District 2 (CSD 2) as a model of urban school reform that should be replicated elsewhere. Data on achievement indicate a remarkable degree of social and racial stratification among CSD 2's schools and levels of achievement that closely correlate with race, ethnicity, and poverty. In addition, when CSD 2's scores on state and city tests of mathematics are compared with results from CSD 25 in Queens, a school district that serves a population demographically similar, the superiority of its functioning becomes questionable. The article explains why the design of research on CSD 2 illustrates the perils to both research and policy when university-based researchers assume the role of “cheerleader” (Cuban, 1988), promoting reforms they have aided in implementing and assessing.
A Root Locus Property of the Extended Bass Algorithm

with /3>0 chosen such that the eigenvalues of (A +ftl) are in the complex left-half-plane. The symbols ( • ) + d ( • ) ' denote matrix pseudoinverse and transpose, respectively. A proof of Theorem 1 can be found in Ref. 1. The algorithm is an extension of a well-known method of Bass for stabilizing single-input completely controllable systems to include multiple-input stabilizable systems. Shapiro and Decarli present a simple method for determining (3 in terms of the elements of the nxn matrix A. The purpose of this Note is to detail a result concerning the root locus properties of the matrix A+BK (for variations in ft) which can also influence the choice of ft in Eq. (4).
Interannual variability of long-range transport as seen at the Mt. Bachelor observatory

Abstract. Interannual variations in background tropospheric trace gases (such as carbon monoxide, CO) are largely driven by variations in emissions (especially wildfires) and transport pathways. Understanding this variability is essential to quantify the intercontinental contribution to US air quality. We investigate the interannual variability of long-range transport of Asian pollutants to the Northeast Pacific via measurements from the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (MBO: 43.98° N, 121.69° W; 2.7 km a.s.l.) and GEOS-Chem chemical transport model simulations in spring 2005 vs. the INTEX-B campaign during spring 2006. Measurements of CO at MBO were significantly enhanced during spring 2005 relative to the same time in 2006 (the INTEX-B study period); a decline in monthly mean CO of 41 ppbv was observed between April 2005 and April 2006. A backtrajectory-based meteorological index shows that long-range transport of CO from the heavily industrialized region of East Asia was significantly greater in early spring 2005 than in 2006. In addition, spring 2005 was an anomalously strong biomass burning season in Southeast Asia. Data presented by Yurganov et al. (2008) using MOPITT satellite retrievals from this area reveal an average CO burden anomaly (referenced to March 2000–February 2002 mean values) between October 2004 through April 2005 of 2.6 Tg CO vs. 0.6 Tg CO for the same period a year later. The Naval Research Laboratory's global aerosol transport model, as well as winds from NCEP reanalysis, show that emissions from these fires were efficiently transported to MBO throughout April 2005. Asian dust transport, however, was substantially greater in 2006 than 2005, particularly in May. Monthly mean aerosol light scattering coefficient at 532 nm (σsp) at MBO more than doubled from 2.7 Mm−1 in May 2005 to 6.2 Mm−1 in May 2006. We also evaluate CO interannual variability throughout the western US via Earth System Research Laboratory ground site data and throughout the Northern Hemisphere via MOPITT and TES satellite observations. Both in the Northeast Pacific and on larger scales, we reveal a significant decrease (from 2–21%) in springtime maximum CO between 2005 and 2006, evident in all platforms and the GEOS-Chem model. We attribute this to (a) anomalously strong biomass burning in Southeast Asia during winter 2004 through spring 2005, and (b) the transport pattern in March and April 2006 which limited the inflow of Asian pollution to the lower free troposphere over western North America.
Current distribution in superconducting strip transmission lines

A method for the calculation of the current distribution, resistance, and inductance for superconducting strip transmission lines is presented. These calculations allow accurate characterization of both high-T/sub c/ and low-T/sub c/ superconducting strip transmission lines. For a stripline geometry the current distribution, resistance, and inductance are calculated as a function of the penetration depth for various film thicknesses. These calculations are then used to determine the penetration depth for YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ superconducting thin film from the measured temperature dependence of the resonant frequency of a stripline resonator. The power dependence of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ surface resistance is plotted against the RF magnetic field, which is determined from the calculated current distribution. >
A call for antibiotic alternatives research

The persistence and spread of antibiotic resistance, in conjunction with decreased profitability of new antibiotics, have created the dangerous prospect of ineffective therapies against bacterial diseases. National strategies aimed at discovery, development, and definition of the mechanisms of effective antibiotic alternatives, especially for agricultural applications, should be encouraged.
Visual-Kinetic Communication in Europe Before 1600: A Survey of Sign Lexicons and Finger Alphabets Prior to the Rise of Deaf Education

Visual-kinetic communication systems - ancient finger numbers, medieval and Renaissance finger alphabets, conventionalized 'coverbal' gesture systems for oratory and the theater, the Roman pantomime, monastic sign lexicons, and the elusive possibility of natural sign languages - have all received the scholarly attention that has turned up the few surviving primary texts from the period before 1600. The extant documentation indicates that many visual-kinetic systems were sporadically in use among the general (i.e., hearing) population to a degree almost unimaginable to post-Renaissance societies such as ours that popularly associate 'gesture languages' with the deaf. In detail, however, the texts are often difficult to interpret, not only because of their scarcity and generally highly allusive nature, but also because of modern historians' often unproductive or misproductive approaches to them. This survey is meant to provide an overview of the textual evidence and a foundation for both sign language linguists and historians of the deaf education to analyze and interpret more accurately and usefully the extant evidence for visual-kinetic communication systems before the rise of Deaf Education.
The landscape technology of spate irrigation amid development changes: Assembling the links to resources, livelihoods, and agrobiodiversity-food in the Bolivian Andes

A B S T R A C T Spate irrigation is increasingly recognized as contributing to potential of accessible water-resource use, local food production, and resource sustainability. This study constructs an approach to spate irrigation as a landscape technology by selectively fusing concepts of resilience ecology, political ecology, and actor-network theory. It is applied to a case study of the Calicanto area (Cochabamba, Bolivia) with emphasis on the 1990–1993 period. Calicanto spate irrigation provided an effective landscape technology over more than 15 km 2 and 3500 fields via a 65-km canal network, thus comprising the largest spate-irrigated area of Latin America. Use of this irrigation technology was linked to climate variability and environmental variation as well as landscape features, livelihood diversification including widespread migration, and innovative high-agrobiodiversity land use, in addition to community resource management, settlement patterning, population density, and production intensity. Notwithstanding social–ecological resilience and versatility, the trajectory of this irrigation underwent major change with new waterworks launched in 1993. Key lessons for the related social–ecological sciences, development policy, and sustainability perspectives include: (i) versatility and viability of spate irrigation hinges on multiple social–ecological links; and (ii) its limitations include eclipse via irrigation trajectories lacking social–ecological analytic and conceptual capacities, and widespread albeit largely unacknowledged biases against the landscape technology of spate irrigation.
Shunt and ventilation-perfusion distribution during partial liquid ventilation in healthy piglets

Replacing gas in the lung with perfluorocarbon fluids (PFC) and periodically ventilating with a gas [partial liquid ventilation (PLV)] has been shown to improve oxygenation in models of respiratory distress syndrome. We hypothesized that the addition of PFC to healthy lungs would result in shunt, diffusion impairment, and increased ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) heterogeneity. Previously, Mates et al. showed that O2 shunt and arterial-alveolar CO2 difference increased linearly with dose in piglets given graded intratracheal doses of PFC (10, 20, and 30 ml/kg followed by mechanical ventilation with 100% O2) (E.A. Mates, J. C. Jackson, J. Hildebrandt, W. E. Truog, T. A. Standaert, and M. P. Hlastala. In: Oxygen Transport to Tissue XVI, 1994, p. 427-435). Here we report VA/Q distribution in the same animals, showing a 50% increase in VA/Q heterogeneity during PLV independent of PFC dose. Ventilation heterogeneity was the major factor in this increase, and there was no significant change in dead space ventilation. We also report on five animals given a single 20 ml/kg dose of PFC and followed for 3 h. They showed an increase in shunt during PLV but no change in arterial-alveolar CO2 difference.
Recent Advances and Future Progress in PET Instrumentation

PET is an important and growing imaging modality. PET instrumentation has undergone a steady evolution improving various aspects of imaging. In this review, we discuss recent and future software and hardware technologies for PET/CT. The improvements include new hardware, incorporating designs with digital photomultipliers, and fast electronics, allowing implementation of time-of-flight reconstruction. Manufacturers also improved PET sensitivity with a larger axial field of view and 3D imaging. On the CT side, faster scanners and multislice detectors allow implementation of advanced acquisition protocols such as 4D CT and coronary CT angiography. Significant advances have been also made in the reconstruction software, now integrating resolution recovery with advanced iterative techniques. New PET acquisition protocols have been enabled to include continuous bed motion. Efforts have been undertaken to compensate PET scans for respiratory and also for cardiac patient motion (for cardiac imaging) during PET imaging, which significantly improves overall image quality and resolution. Finally, simultaneous PET/MR systems have been recently deployed clinically and now offer even greater potential of image quality and enhanced clinical utility. PET/MR imaging allows for perfectly registered attenuation maps, clinically important complementary MR information, and potentially superior motion correction. These recent multifaceted advances allow PET to remain as one of the most exciting and relevant imaging technologies.
Radioimmunotherapy with 131-I tositumomab enhanced survival in good prognosis relapsed and high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation

8013 Background: The 5-year overall survival (OS) for pts with relapsed chemosensitive DLBCL with standard transplantation is approximately 40–50%. We previously piloted the addition of standard ou...
Emotion dysregulation explains relations between sleep disturbance and smoking quit-related cognition and behavior.

Poor sleep quality and tobacco use are common and co-occurring problems, although the mechanisms underlying the relations between sleep disturbance and smoking are poorly understood. Sleep disturbance lowers odds of smoking cessation success and increases odds of relapse. One reason may be that sleep loss leads to emotion dysregulation, which in turn, leads to reductions in self-efficacy and quit-related problems. To address this gap, the current study examined the explanatory role of emotion dysregulation in the association between sleep disturbance and smoking in terms of (1) self-efficacy for remaining abstinent in relapse situations, (2) the presence of a prior quit attempt greater than 24 h, and (3) the experience of quit-related problems among 128 adults (Mage = 40.2; SD = 11.0; 52.3% female) seeking treatment for smoking cessation. Results suggested that increased levels of sleep disturbance are related to emotion dysregulation which, in turn, may lead to lower levels of self-efficacy for remaining abstinent, more quit-related problems, and being less likely to have had a quit attempt of 24 h or greater. Further, these indirect effects were present above and beyond variance accounted for by theoretically-relevant covariates (e.g., gender and educational attainment), suggesting that they may maintain practical significance. These findings suggest that this malleable emotional risk factor (emotion dysregulation) could serve as a target for intervention among those with poor sleep and tobacco use.
Barrier Blood Cell Separation Methods Used With Healthy and HIV-Positive Individuals

The ACCUSPIN (Sigma Diagnostics) and the LeucoPREP (Becton Dickinson) barrier methods for mononuclear cell separation were analyzed using density gradient centrifugation. Peripheral blood samples from healthy individuals and from those who tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were processed in parallel using both techniques and evaluated for total and percentage of mononuclear cell recovery. The ACCUSPIN method recovered more cells than the LeucoPREP method in 18 of 19 samples from healthy individuals. Specimens isolated with ACCUSPIN tubes also yielded 25% to 40% more cells than those isolated with LeucoPREP tubes. Similar results were obtained with blood samples from patients who tested HIV-positive.
j5 DNA assembly design automation software.

Recent advances in Synthetic Biology have yielded standardized and automatable DNA assembly protocols that enable a broad range of biotechnological research and development. Unfortunately, the experimental design required for modern scar-less multipart DNA assembly methods is frequently laborious, time-consuming, and error-prone. Here, we report the development and deployment of a web-based software tool, j5, which automates the design of scar-less multipart DNA assembly protocols including SLIC, Gibson, CPEC, and Golden Gate. The key innovations of the j5 design process include cost optimization, leveraging DNA synthesis when cost-effective to do so, the enforcement of design specification rules, hierarchical assembly strategies to mitigate likely assembly errors, and the instruction of manual or automated construction of scar-less combinatorial DNA libraries. Using a GFP expression testbed, we demonstrate that j5 designs can be executed with the SLIC, Gibson, or CPEC assembly methods, used to build comb...
The Relationship of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Attachment to the Distal Femoral Physis

Background:No published study has ever described the relationship of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) attachment to the distal femoral physis in skeletally immature cadaveric specimens. As such, there continues to be much confusion about this relationship, which is important when considering MPFL reconstruction in the skeletally immature patient.Hypothesis:The MPFL footprint is distal to the medial border of the distal femoral physis.Study Design:Descriptive laboratory study.Methods:Sixteen skeletally immature cadaveric specimens were used for this study. The average age of the specimens was 12 years (range, 10-15 years). The MPFL femoral attachment, adductor tubercle, and medial epicondyle were identified in all specimens, and the topography of the distal femoral physis was carefully described. Measurements were then taken of the distance from the medial aspect of the distal femoral physis to the MPFL femoral attachment and the horizontal distance from the MPFL femoral attachment to the point wh...
The Mysterious Fate of La Bibliothèque de Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)

In addition to the holdings at Bibliotheque Nationale de France and Musee du Pasteur Institut a Paris, major parts of la Bibliotheque de Louis Pasteur are in four institutions in the United States – Reynolds Historical Library at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; Burndy Library on the History of Science and Technology at Huntington Library in San Marino, California; Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at University of Texas in Austin, Texas; and Truman G Blocker History of Medicine Collections, The Moody Medical Library, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. The circuitous paths that led each part of la Bibliotheque de Louis Pasteur to their present locations were traced and the lives of key individuals in medicine, science and the humanities who obtained these valuable documents were recounted. The documents in each institution were discussed and a plan was considered to make them accessible to scholars who wish to further explore the life of Louis Pasteur.
The Behavior of Entire Functions and a Conjecture of Erdös

(1961). The Behavior of Entire Functions and a Conjecture of Erdos. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 68, No. 5, pp. 419-425.
Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 10-2010. A 37-year-old woman with weakness and a mass in the brain.

Three days before admission to this hospital, a 37-year-old, right-handed woman had vertigo, weakness and numbness of the left side, and shaking of the left leg. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at another hospital revealed a mass in the right parietal lobe of the brain. She had had an endometrial biopsy 2 weeks before admission and a dental procedure 1.5 weeks before admission. On transfer to this hospital, she did not have fever, chills, or pain. Examination revealed decreased sensation to touch on the left. Repeat MRI showed enlargement of the brain lesion. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
Purification and characterization of papain-solubilized HLA antigens from human platelets.

Abstract Human platelet membranes were isolated by the hypotonic glycerol lysis technique from donors who had their HLA antigens identified on lymphocytes by lymphocyto-toxicity. The HLA antigens of the platelets were solubilized by papain treatment of the isolated membranes. The solubilized material retained antigenic activity and specificity. This crude antigenic material was further purified by column chromatographic techniques. On Sephadex chromatography the antigenic material had an estimated molecular weight of 40,000 ± 3500 d (1 SD). It contained material that reacted immunologically with an antibody specific for β2-microglobulin. Further purification of this material by DEAE-cellulose chromatography followed by polyacrylam-ide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS-PAGE) showed it to be composed of two pieces. One piece had a molecular weight of 12,000 d, and the larger piece had a molecular weight of 26,000 d. The purification procedure resulted in a 540-fold increase in HLA-A2 specific activity, with a yield of 0.26 mg per 6 × 1011 platelets. β2-microglobulin co-chromatographed with the HLA antigen activity on exclusion and ion-exchange chromatography and migrated with HLA antigen activity on non-SDS-PAGE gels. The 12,000-d band on SDS-PAGE gels was believed to represent β2-microglobulin. These results suggest that HLA antigens of platelets and lymphocytes are similar in structure when solubilized by papain and that platelets can be used as a source of HLA antigens for further structural analysis.
Are you treating planned cases or treating teeth to stay busy

Responsible aesthetics and comprehensive care requires a thorough patient examination and evaluation of risk factors that help to prevent and curtail re-restoration and more aggressive tooth preparation. Managing identified risks that could potentially lead to otherwise piecemeal dental procedures keeps dentists treating comprehensively planned cases, not just teeth. Dentistry that is comprehensive, desired, and evidence-based is a valuable service to patients and a satisfying endeavor for dentists and their teams. By choosing between the sure thing of a quick fix and discussing what the patient wants, dentists can embrace a MI, responsible aesthetic approach to treatment planning, case acceptance, and most importantly, patient oral care.
Introduction to Laser Surgery

Since the first operational laser was produced in 1960, the types and applications of lasers in many fields of medicine have increased dramatically. Many surgical techniques, especially with the CO2, argon, and Nd:YAG lasers, are described and illustrated in the articles in this issue. Current studies involving dye lasers and hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) are discussed and evaluated.
Immunolocalization of the CHL a/b-Light Harvesting Complex and CP29 under Conditions Favoring Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation of Thylakoid Membranes (State 1- State 2 Transitions)

The chl a/b-light harvesting complex (chl a/b-LHC) is the primary antenna complex for photosystem II (PSII). This complex, represented on mildly denaturing gels as the CPU* (oligomer) and CPU (monomer) bands, is also involved in cation-mediated adhesion of thylakoid membranes and in the regulation of excitation energy distribution between PSII and PSI. It has been proposed (1) that the chl a/b-LHC exists in two populations in thylakoid membranes, i.e., either bound to the PSII reaction center complex or as an unbound, “mobile” complex. The model suggests that the mechanism by which the chl a/b-LHC mediates energy distribution (the State 1-State 2 shift) involves the phosphorylation-dependent migration of the mobile chl a/b-LHC molecules from appressed to unappressed membrane regions. CP29 is another chl a/b-protein complex which is distinct from the chl a/b-LHC and which has been proposed to be an internal PSII antenna adjacent to the PSII reaction center core (2). The goal of this study was to obtain independent evidence for a) the migration of the mobile antenna during the State 1-State 2 transition, b) the chemical identity of the mobile antenna, and c) the relationship of CP29 with PSII. To this end, we have used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to directly localize CP29 and the chl a/b-LHC (CPU*) in thylakoids under conditions favoring phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the membranes.
Microcircuits of the Hippocampus

The hippocampus is a cortical structure with a simpler and more orderly organization than the neocortex. Over the last decades, the rodent hippocampus has been one of the most frequently used model systems to study the structure, dynamics, and function of mammalian cortical circuits. Entire subfields of neuroscience rest on discoveries made in the rodent hippocampus, particularly the fields of learning and memory, synaptic plasticity, and spatial navigation. The hippocampus is an ideal model system for basic science studies because of its simple circuit organization. Also, from a translational viewpoint, the hippocampus deserves our attention given its role in Alzheimer's disease and many forms of epilepsy. In this chapter we will first introduce the overall circuit layout of the hippocampus, then we will review its main subdivisions, and finally we will discuss specific local circuits.
Smoothed Finite Element Methods (S-FEM): An Overview and Recent Developments

The smoothed finite element methods (S-FEM) are a family of methods formulated through carefully designed combinations of the standard FEM and some of the techniques from the meshfree methods. Studies have proven that S-FEM models behave softer than the FEM counterparts using the same mesh structure, often produce more accurate solutions, higher convergence rates, and much less sensitivity to mesh distortion. They work well with triangular or tetrahedral mesh that can be automatically generated, and hence are ideal for automated computations and adaptive analyses. Some S-FEM models can also produce upper bound solution for force driving problems, which is an excellent unique complementary feature to FEM. Because of these attractive properties, S-FEM has been applied to numerous problems in the disciplines of material mechanics, biomechanics, fracture mechanics, plates and shells, dynamics, acoustics, heat transfer and fluid–structure interactions. This paper reviews the developments and applications of the S-FEM in the past ten years. We hope this review can shed light on further theoretical development of S-FEM and more complex practical applications in future.
The Management of Market-Oriented Economies: A Comparative Perspective

(1974). The Management of Market-Oriented Economies: A Comparative Perspective. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 633-634.
Resectable adenocarcinoma developing in the remnant pancreas 7 years after partial pancreatoduodenectomy for invasive ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: a case report

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma still has an excessively high mortality rate and resection is the only potentially curative treatment. The postoperative 5-year survival rate is approximately 20% and recurrence develops generally within 2 years. We report a case of a localized recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the remnant pancreas, 7 years after initial resection. In 2008 an abdominal computed tomography scan showed a mass in the pancreas of a 70-year-old white woman, who presented with occlusive jaundice and abdominal pain in her right upper quadrant. A pancreatoduodenectomy was performed for a clinically suspected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Histology confirmed a ductal adenocarcinoma. Afterwards, she received adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine. In 2015 a follow-up positron emission tomography-computed tomography scan showed a single lesion in her remnant pancreas. Subsequently, a partial re-resection was performed. Histology confirmed once again a ductal adenocarcinoma. She received adjuvant chemotherapy with gemcitabine again and is still alive almost 9 years after she had first been diagnosed as having pancreatic cancer. In selected cases re-resection for pancreatic recurrence is feasible and provides a survival benefit. In cases involving late recurrence, it is difficult to distinguish between true recurrence and the development of a new tumor. In order to detect recurrences at an early stage in long-term survivors, follow-up needs to occur on a regular and long-term basis.
National Utilization and Outcomes of Redo Lower Extremity Bypass versus Endovascular Intervention after a Previous Failed Bypass.

Background Redo lower extremity bypass (LEB) and infrainguinal endovascular intervention (IEI) are options to treat critical limb ischemia after a failed prior LEB, but the utilization and outcomes of each are poorly described. The purpose of this study was to compare 30-day major adverse limb events (MALEs) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after LEB and IEI in patients with a failed prior ipsilateral LEB and determine risk factors for each composite outcome. Methods Patients with prior failed ipsilateral LEB who underwent LEB or IEI involving the same arterial segment for critical limb ischemia were identified in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) Vascular Targeted File (2011–2014). LEB with single-segment saphenous vein was compared to LEB with alternative conduit (prosthetic/spliced vein/composite) and IEI. Primary outcomes were MALE (untreated loss of patency, reintervention, or amputation) and MACE (stroke, myocardial infarction, or death). Multivariate analysis was utilized to identify independent predictors of MALE and MACE. Results Among 8,066 revascularizations performed for critical limb ischemia (CLI), 1,606 (461 [28.7%] IEI, 518 [32.3%] LEB saphenous, and 627 [39.0%] LEB alternative) were performed after failed ipsilateral LEB involving the same arterial segment. LEB with saphenous had lower MALE than LEB with alternate conduit and IEI (15.8% IEI, 10.8% saphenous, and 15.5% alternative, P = 0.03). Higher MALE was driven by higher 30-day amputation in IEI (7.8% IEI, 3.7% saphenous, and 5.3% alternative, P = 0.02). Independent predictors of MALE include transfer status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, P = 0.01), tobacco use (OR = 1.5, P = 0.02), infrageniculate revascularization (OR = 1.6, P = 0.004), and saphenous conduit (OR = 0.5, P = 0.002). MACE was also different between groups (3.9% IEI, 7% saphenous, and 5.6% alternative, P = 0.049), with no difference in 30-day mortality (P = 0.53). Independent predictors of MACE included congestive heart failure (OR = 3.0, P = 0.01) and dialysis dependence (OR = 2.5, P = 0.02). Conclusions In this large national sample representing routine vascular care of patients with CLI after failed ipsilateral LEB of the same arterial segment, IEI is common and represents 30% of revascularizations in this data set. Redo LEB with saphenous is associated with superior limb-related outcomes, but IEI offers an acceptable potential alternative to bypass in patients who would require alternative conduit. Finally, perioperative care is critical as we demonstrate that patient comorbidities, not the method of revascularization, predicted MACE.
Punctuation in text messages may convey abruptness. Period

Abstract In contrast with face-to-face conversations, text messages lack extra-linguistic cues such as tone of voice and gestures. We explore the hypothesis that textisms, such as irregular punctuation, are used to fill this role. We extend the work of Gunraj, Drumm-Hewitt, Dashow, Upadhyay, and Klin (2016) who found that the inclusion of a period after a positive one-word response (e.g., yeah.) led readers to perceive the response as less sincere. In Experiment 1, we used longer text exchanges that were more naturalistic and replicated this finding. In Experiments 2 and 3, negative responses (e.g., nope) and ambiguous responses (e.g., maybe) were also perceived as more negative, or less enthusiastic, with a period. The period can serve a rhetorical, rather than a grammatical, function in text messages. More generally, textisms such as punctuation can convey the types of social and pragmatic information that are communicated with extra-linguistic cues in face-to-face conversations.
Technology and Policy

Many academic programs in the United States, and elsewhere around the world, focus on the social studies of science, technology, and public policy. Indeed, the bulk of the programs listed in the AAAS guide to graduate education in science, engineering, and public policy fall in this category. In contrast, the number of programs that combine deep technical education and understanding with modern social science and policy analytic knowledge and skills is very limited.
Appraisal of mentorship in cardiothoracic surgery training.

Abstract Objectives Although the importance of mentorship in training the next generation of cardiothoracic surgeons is widely recognized, the current state of mentorship remains undefined. Methods Trainee responses to questions in the 2017 In-Training Examination regarding aspects of mentorship were analyzed. Response rate was 78% (288/370). Mentor-related and trainee-related characteristics were assessed. Results The majority (84%) of residents had mentors, with a high impact on specialty choice (80%), and 91% of respondents viewed mentorship as critical to success. Nearly half (42%) had program-assigned mentors; 53% found them as productive, and 13% reported more consistent/frequent meetings than personally selected mentors, with 22% reporting less ideal personality match compared with personally selected mentors. Among residents with mentors, 36% lacked mentorship in work-life balance, 23% lacked mentorship in job assistance, and 22% lacked mentorship in career advice. Junior residents more often valued mentors as role models, whereas mentors chosen by senior residents were more impactful in technical training, job counseling, and societal involvement. Compared with men, women more often valued mentors as role models and assisting in networking. Men reported their mentors were more impactful in teaching technical skills and clinical ability than women. Conclusions The majority of current cardiothoracic surgery trainees had mentorship; however, gaps remain: Many residents lacked career path guidance, assistance obtaining a job, and advice regarding life-work balance. The role of mentorship varied with program type, seniority, and gender, emphasizing the need to tailor mentorship to the individual and changing needs of the resident.
Updating Plakobranchus cf. ianthobapsus (Gastropoda, Sacoglossa) host use: Diverse algal-animal interactions revealed by NGS with implications for invasive species management

Sacoglossa, the "sap sucking" sea slugs, are highly specialized herbivores and the only metazoans that exhibit kleptoplasty, the sequestration and retention of chloroplasts from algae. Plakobranchus is one of the most generalistic herbivores within this order, with as many as 12 reported "algal host" (i.e. kleptoplast source) species. However, kleptoplast diversity studies conducted on Plakobranchus to date most likely underestimated the full diversity of kleptoplast sources within the studied populations due to limitations of the molecular techniques employed. Here, we apply a high throughput sequencing technique to assess kleptoplast diversity of Plakobranchus cf. ianthobapsus' from 10 sites across the Main Hawaiian Islands during winter and summer seasons. In so doing, we effectively used P. cf. ianthobapsus as a novel sampling tool to explore diminutive algal communities, including the current distribution of the invasive alga "Avrainvillea amadelpha." Our results show that P. cf. ianthobapsus sequesters chloroplasts from 23 algal species from across the siphonous green algal order Bryopsidales. We identified "Avrainvillea amadelpha" and Codium edule as new host species for P. cf. ianthobapusus, but their rarity among the data suggests they were most likely less preferential as hosts and were possibly utilized due to low abundance or unavailability of more preferable species, and therefore a response to starvation risk. Additionally, the identification of the highly invasive siphonous green alga "A. amadelpha" as a kleptoplast source provides new fine-scale range and distribution data for this problematic species. Overall kleptoplast diversity does not differ among sites, except in a coral-dominated, (i.e. not algal dominated) environment, suggesting that siphonous algal assemblages are common in algal-dominated ecosystems in the Hawaiian Islands. Diversity dissimilarity among seasons was recovered from the majority of sites sampled, supporting the need for seasonal data collection in algal diversity assessments. This case study using metabarcoding of sacoglossan kleptoplasts provides deeper insights into these plant-animal interactions with a better understanding of host use than previous studies using traditional molecular methods and illustrates how algal diversity studies on the scale of plastids can have implications for understanding algal community structure and invasive species dynamics.
Protein-Losing Enteropathy and Plastic Bronchitis After the Fontan Operation

Protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis remain challenging to treat despite recent treatment advances. Protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis have been diagnosed in patients with cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis, and congestive heart failure. This article focuses on patients with protein-losing enteropathy or plastic bronchitis following the Fontan procedure. Patients with single-ventricle physiology who have undergone the Fontan procedure are at risk for these conditions. Fontan physiology predisposes patients to chronically low cardiac output, increased central venous pressure, and congestive heart failure. These altered hemodynamics lead to increased mesenteric vascular resistance, resulting in venous hypertension and congestion in protein-losing enteropathy. Plastic bronchitis is a complex disease in which chronic high lymphatic pressures from Fontan physiology cause acellular bronchial casts to develop. These entities may also occur in patients with normal Fontan hemodynamics. This article also covers medical and surgical interventions for protein-losing enteropathy and plastic bronchitis. (Critical Care Nurse 2018;38[6]:e5-e12).
What Is the Role of a Clinical Laboratorian in Care of a Septic Patient

Sepsis is a life-threatening disorder associated with organ dysfunction caused by an imbalanced systemic host response to an invading pathogen (1). Over 1.5 million Americans acquire and approximately 250000 die each year of sepsis. In fact, sepsis leads to one-third of hospital deaths. The key to reducing sepsis-related mortality is early diagnosis and initiation of targeted therapy (2). As we learn more about sepsis, guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment have evolved. The most recent definition (Sepsis-3) (1) and treatment [Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SCC)2 Guidelines–4th edition] (2) are heavily reliant on laboratory testing. The Institute of Medicine Committee on Diagnostic Error in Health Care concluded that proper diagnosis requires a team of clinical expertise (a diagnostic management team) across specialties including clinical laboratorians (3). This is particularly true for sepsis for which the diagnosis and initiation of therapy …
Leukemia’s Clonal Evolution in Development, Progression, and Relapse

Advances in high-throughput methods have enabled the molecular characterization of leukemias and have improved our understanding of their clonal evolution from leukemogenesis in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to overt diagnosable disease. It has now been revealed that during leukemia’s development and progression, genetic alterations accumulate according to the principles of Darwinian evolution. Drug resistance often emerges from changes in evolutionary trajectories of disease through selection of subpopulations that have greater fitness under therapy. In this manuscript, we will review recent data on prevalence of highly branched evolutionary patterns in myeloid and lymphoid leukemias and discuss how different treatment strategies differentially shape leukemia’s clonal architecture. Increasing evidence on clinical impact of small pre-malignant clones prior to diagnosis and small resistant clones during treatment strongly suggests that highly sensitive experimental and mathematical models are necessary for accurate dissection of hematopoietic populations and robust identification of predictive markers for disease transformation and relapse.
A Study of Rural and Native-American Students’ Military Identities, Military Family History, and Reading and Writing Interests in a Military-friendly, Military-themed Composition Course

In this study, the authors addressed first-year-composition students in an economically depressed, rural area, with their state of residence having a high number, per capita, of service-members and veterans of recent wars. Additionally, some students identified as Native American. The study’s purpose was two-fold: first, more broadly, to investigate within this sociocultural dynamic to what extent students with a military identity, a recent military family history, and/or no military-related personal or family affiliation enjoyed reading about military topics and second, more narrowly, to explore whether the first author’s offering of a Composition II class, based upon an experimental course model formulated to be military-friendly and military-theme-focused, would promote a range of students’ interaction with the curricular design, including both service members/veterans and nonveterans. The article discusses a three-year case study conducted at a comprehensive research university and a regional university in Oklahoma and involves 74 service-members/veterans, 18 military spouses, and 95 nonveterans, with 21 of the nonveterans being the children of parents with military service. As instruments, the authors utilized surveys, interviews, and course papers. The study resulted in several findings. In the larger scope, at both universities, a majority of service-members/veterans reported having a personal and a family military history, and a majority of nonveterans reported having a family military history as factors correlating with their enjoyment or expressed potential enjoyment of reading about military topics. As a subgroup, most students enrolled in the military-friendly, Composition II class perceived that in doing so, they interacted with a cohesive, relevant curriculum as they read and sometimes wrote about military-oriented class materials, as well as the kinds of community service they intended to perform via their careers, with the idea of “serving” becoming a central topic. As additional curricular outcomes, the class’s framework aided service-members/veterans’ college shift, and many students valued opportunities to discuss identity-related issues regarding their personal and/or recent family military history. The study’s results have implications for teaching students, who are service-members/veterans, have a military-affiliated identity, and/or possess a recent military family history, within a military-friendly, first-year-writing classroom featuring military-themed readings. Furthermore, in addressing the call to identify and accommodate student groups and their academic needs specific to their demographic, this article has implications for instructing rural and Native American students of the geographical area.
Strategic Ambiguity and Article VII’s Two-Stage Ratification Process: Why the Framers (Should Have) Decided Not to Decide

The U.S. Constitution ratified in 1788 contains a lot of apparently ambiguous language — abstract phrases like “executive power,” “judicial power,” and “necessary and proper” — the meaning of which seemed to be reasonable debatable. The array of approaches to constitutional interpretation dubbed “originalist” all share the ambition of eliminating these apparent ambiguities by careful exhumation of facts about linguistic usage and constitutional purposes in existence when the Constitution was ratified. This article argues that Article VII’s two-stage ratification process is one such original fact suggesting that apparently ambiguous language ought to be construed as deliberately ambiguous. That process gave the drafters at the Philadelphia convention (the first stage) incentives to choose deliberately ambiguous language as a strategy to mollify critics of the Constitution in the state ratifying conventions (the second stage). The drafters at Philadelphia were overwhelming drawn from “Federalists” — politicians who favored a strong national government. Because critics of centralization (dubbed “Anti-Federalists” by their Federalist opponents) were simply not present in significant numbers at the drafting stage, the Federalists could not use clarifying amendments to determine precisely what their opponents would tolerate in the ratifying conventions. Because Article VII did not permit the state ratifying conventions to approve clarifying amendments, the ratification process created a risk that, offended by specific language in an unamendable proposal, Anti-Federalist ratifiers would reject the entire proposal and doom the project of a stronger central government that everyone desired. By proposing and approving deliberately ambiguous language, Federalist drafters and Anti-Federalist ratifiers could sidestep their most intractable disagreements, making deliberate ambiguity a rational strategy for facilitating ratification. Moreover, this rational strategy is also normatively attractive. The critics of the Constitution deeply resented Article VII as a device for “cramming the Constitution down our throats” through its reversion threat. The presumption of strategic ambiguity reduces the power of the Federalist agenda-setters to force through specific constitutional language with a reversion threat that violated contemporary norms of fair dealing, thereby advancing the goal of popular sovereignty with which Federalists defended the Constitution’s legitimacy.
Proof of Descartes circle formula and its generalization clarified

In his talk "Integral Apollonian disk Packings" Peter Sarnak asked if there is a "proof from the Book" of the Descartes theorem on circles. A candidate for such a proof is presented in this note
Psychosocial Predictors of Glaucoma Medication Adherence Among the Support, Educate, Empower (SEE) Personalized Glaucoma Coaching Pilot Study Participants.

Purpose To evaluate the association between baseline psychosocial milieu and subsequent glaucoma medication adherence among participants in the Support, Educate, Empower (SEE) personalized glaucoma coaching program pilot study. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Participants (University of Michigan glaucoma patients aged ≥40 years, taking ≥1 glaucoma medication, who self-reported poor adherence) completed a baseline survey that assessed the following: (1) demographics; (2) social network; (3) perceived stress; (4) consideration of future consequences; (5) glaucoma-related distress; and (6) social support. Medication adherence was then monitored electronically for 3 months and the percentage of prescribed doses taken was calculated. The relationship between baseline factors and medication adherence was assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Main outcome measure was median percent adherence over 3 months. Results Of the 95 study participants, 63% had graduated from college, 55% were white, 35% were African-American, and 97% had insurance. Median adherence over 3 months was 74% ± 21% (±standard deviation, SD). Higher income and more education were significantly associated with better adherence (P Conclusions Lower income, lower educational attainment, and a higher level of glaucoma-related distress all predicted lower adherence to glaucoma medications. Additional glaucoma self-management support resources should be directed toward patients with such risk factors for poor adherence.
chapter 8 – The metabolic systems: Anaerobic metabolism (glycolytic and phosphagen)

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the history of the study of anaerobic metabolism during exercise. The emphasis is on the early origins and progression of studies on phosphagen and glycolytic metabolism. Although the topic is “anaerobic” metabolism, the interrelationship between oxygen and lactic acid production is considered to be of prime importance. The prelactic acid era (1808-1907) is responsible for the discovery of lactic acid and its relationship with the physical activity and hypoxia. The era between 1926 and 1932 is considered as “the revolution in muscle physiology” because of the experiments performed on the “phosphagens” and the discovery of muscle adenylic acid. In 1962, D.F. Cain and R.E. Davies provided proof that ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the immediate energy donor for muscle contraction. In 1980, Glenn Gaesser and George Brooks utilized 14C-tracers, indirect calorimetry, and two-dimensional chromatography to trace the paths of lactate and glucose disposal during recovery from exhausting exercise. The year 1984 is recognized for the observation of lactate production in canine muscle in situ when intramuscular PO2 is apparently above the critical value for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. In 1994, monocarboxylate transport protein (MCT)encoding gene was sequenced and cloned. In 1998, magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was utilized to show lactate production and the net release from fully aerobic, working human skeletal muscle, followed by the cloning and sequencing of four new MCT isoforms and the description of tissue variability in MCT isoform expression.