cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetically modified mouse models for biomarker discovery and preclinical drug testing.

The ability to grow pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells in culture, and to introduce precise genetic modifications into those cells through gene targeting, has greatly facilitated the generation of mouse models of human disease. This technology is playing a particularly important role in cancer research. In addition to their use in elucidating the role of individual genes or combinations of 2 or more genes, the genetically engineered mouse models are being used to develop biomarkers and for preclinical drug testing. By examining plasma samples from tumor-bearing mice from mice carrying specific mutations in tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes, investigators can identify tumor-specific biomarkers that are overexpressed in the tumor cells. These markers are directly relevant to the corresponding human cancer. The ability to generate tumors at the correct anatomical site within the normal cellular environment is augmenting the use of xenografts in drug testing in a preclinical setting. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 625–30. ©2012 AACR .
Genetic variation in bitter taste and plasma markers of anti-oxidant status in college women

Genetic taste sensitivity to the bitterness of 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is a potential marker for food selection. Compared with non-tasters, PROP tasters, especially super-tasters, are less accepting of cruciferous and other green vegetables, bitter citrus, added fats and chili pepper. If super-tasters avoid these foods, it may be hypothesized that they would have lower plasma antioxidant concentrations. Ninety-three healthy, non-smoking college women who did not use vitamins/supplements were classified by PROP-taster status using the paper disk method. Each participant provided a fasting blood sample that was assayed for vitamin C, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, lycopene, uric acid and total peroxyl-trapping antioxidant capacity. Plasma α-tocopherol was lower in super-tasters than in non-tasters (P<0.05), but no other indices differed among the groups. These findings suggest that PROP status does not associate with overall antioxidant status, but may be related to α-tocopherol intake derived principally fr...
Experiences of addiction and recovery: the case for subjective accounts

In this paper we argue that psychology must address issues of subjective experience in accounting for addictive behaviour problems, and further, that self and identity are integral to such experiences. While the importance of self and identity issues is often recognised implicitly at the level of therapeutic practice, the extent of their involvement, and the nature of their relationship with other factors, is not yet fully understood at the level of theory and research. We offer a case for addressing this problem through the collection and analysis of subjective accounts. This is because we think that any understanding of the relationship between addiction, self and identity should be informed by participants' own accounts of their experiences of addictive behaviour problems. This argument is supported here by an account of observational data collected at a residential addictions treatment centre. The data were analysed using the IPA (Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis) approach. This represents a n...
PERSONALITY DISORDER IN YOUNG WOMEN WITH TREATED PHENYLKETONURIA

Twenty-eight young women with phenylketonuria (PKU) attending a Maternal PKU Summer Camp were interviewed and administered a personality inventory, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The 12 young women who were either late-treated (treatment initiated after 90 days) or who had terminated the diet for a period of at least 5 years (the extended exposure group) were compared to the 16 women who were early-treated and had remained continuously on diet (the continuously treated group). Although the mean blood phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations at the camp for the two groups were comparable (973±344 and 1033±284 µmol/L for phenylalanine and 43±16 and 40±25 µmol/L for tyrosine), the women in the extended exposure group evidenced significantly greater psychopathology as measured by the MMPI and self-report; thought disorder and mood disturbances were associated with diet termination in PKU.
ACGME Milestone development in general psychiatry: patient care and medical knowledge.

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Next Accreditation System (NAS) has mandated that all medical specialties develop educational Milestones that document observable steps in residents’ professional development from entry into the program to graduation and beyond [1]. TheMilestones were organized in a 5-level model beginning with Milestones when starting into the specialty, progressing to a graduation target, and endingwithMilestones that were “aspirational” goals. The developmental framework was derived from the Dreyfus model of expertise [2], though the 5-level model in the Milestones represents the progression from beginning resident to independent specialist rather than novice to expert as in the Dreyfus model. The Milestone Project is an explicitly stated set of expectations that links the ideals of the general competencies in each specialty to the realities of measurement. The development of agreed upon Milestones should generate coherent assessment tools that are more valid than those that exist for the six core general competencies [3]. Several specialties have now published Milestones and began implementation July 2013 [4]. The Psychiatry Milestones have recently been completed in a process that was similar to the initial specialties of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Surgery. This process included formation of aWorking Group to develop the specificMilestones for each of the six competency areas. There were also several important differences from the work of the initial three Milestone groups in the structure of the process and the expectation to limit the number of sub-competencies to no more than 35. Feedback from various stakeholders was elicited throughout the process that included ongoing review with an Advisory Group, a formal pilot process with a limited number of training programs, a survey of training directors, and medical student educators and other groups submitting comments. This article will review the specific development of the patient care (PC) and medical knowledge (MK) subcompetencies and the corresponding Milestones.
Geologic History of Pacific Basin: ABSTRACT

The oldest fossils in the Pacific Basin are only of Middle Cretaceous age. They consist of coral reefs on the tops of extinct volcanoes which have more than 2 miles of local relief. Consequently, the basin must have existed long enough for the accumulation of an ocean more than 2 miles deep prior to Cretaceous time. In all probability the basin is of the greatest antiquity. Fossils occur on enough atolls and guyots to permit the construction of a geological history of the Pacific during the last 100 million years. Vulcanism was widespread and volcanic islands were relatively common during early Tertiary time. Shortly after they reached full development, the volcanoes began to subside and an area of several million square miles in the central western Pacific apparently sank as a unit. Tectonic events of the first magnitude have occurred in the eastern and southern Pacific but their geologic history is little known. Present seismicity and high heat flow suggest that the events may be continuing at present. Vertical displacements of 1 to 2 miles, and horizontal displacements of 200 to 400 miles have torn the sea floor into distinct blocks. Unconsolidated sediment has filled the basin to a depth of only about 1,000 feet. Most of the sediment has been deposited very slowly by the accumulation of pelagic organic remains and continental dust. In a few places, notably off the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan, turbidity currents are separated from the open basin by sediment traps in the form of island arcs and trenches. End_of_Article - Last_Page 272------------
Initial studies of in vivo absorbing and scattering heterogeneity in near-infrared tomographic breast imaging.

Simultaneously recovered absorption and scattering images that separate these optical property features within the female breast are demonstrated from frequency-domain measurements. A study of known absorbing and scattering objects is presented as a foundation for interpreting these in vivo images once the contrast space has been fully characterized. No measurable influence of absorbing-object contrast appears in the scattering images, whereas localized scattering contrast enhances the corresponding region within the absorption image by approximately 30% (e.g., a 2:1 scatterer also reconstructs as an ≈1.3:1 absorber). Scattering and absorption images of a female volunteer with a 3.4-cm fibroadenoma show a clear 2:1 localized increase in absorption coefficient with little or no evidence of scattering enhancement in the lesion.
Tactile selective attention and temporal masking

The presentation of a nontarget stimulus to one fingerpad interferes with the identification of a target stimulus presented to a second fingerpad. This interference has been attributed to a failure of selective attention and, more specifically, to the nontarget’s eliciting a competing response. In the present study, the temporal interval between the target and nontarget was varied to determine the extent to which a nontarget primes a competing response. The results showed more interference when the nontarget was presented after the target than when it was presented before the target. Although still consistent with a response-competition explanation, this result offered no support for a priming explanation. The function relating the amount of interference to the temporal separation between the target and nontarget was similar to the functions obtained in studies of temporal masking, and this prompted a second experiment in which temporal masking was examined. These results, obtained with stimuli presented to the same fingerpad, indicate that response competition may be a major factor in temporal masking and that similar processes are involved in temporal masking and selective attention.
Dynamics of Graphite Photoablation

Speed distributions were determined for the ions, ground state and electronicallyexcited neutrals ejected from a graphite target by 248 nm laser ablation. Mass distributions were measured for the laser-ejected ions. The measurements were carried out normal to the graphite target as well as at an angle of 45°. Significant differences were observed in both the speed and mass distributions at the two angles.
Persistent hemodynamic benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy with disease progression in advanced heart failure.

Objectives Our aim was to determine the potential hemodynamic contributions of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients admitted for advanced decompensated heart failure. Background CRT restores synchrony of the heart resulting in hemodynamic support that can facilitate the reversal of left ventricular (LV) remodeling in some patients. Methods A total of 40 consecutive patients with advanced decompensated heart failure and CRT implanted >3 months, admitted due to hemodynamic derangements, underwent simultaneous comprehensive echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic evaluation under different CRT settings. Results All patients (mean LV ejection fraction 22 ± 7%, LV end-diastolic volume 323 ± 140 ml, 40% ischemic) had experienced progressive cardiac remodeling despite adequate LV lead positions and continuous biventricular pacing. A significant worsening of hemodynamics was observed immediately when CRT was programmed OFF in the majority (88%) of patients (systolic blood pressure: 105 ± 12 mm Hg to 98 ± 13 mm Hg; pulmonary capillary wedge pressure: 17 ± 6 mm Hg to 21 ± 7 mm Hg; cardiac output: 4.6 ± 1.4 l/min·m2 to 4.0 ± 1.1 l/min·m2; all p Conclusions Despite progressive cardiac remodeling and decompensation, chronic CRT continues to provide hemodynamic augmentation in the failing heart in most patients. Our data suggest that disease progression may not be explained by diminished beneficial hemodynamic contributions of successful resynchronization.
Optical response of 3D nano-architecture solar cells and integration with 3D device physics

We study the optical response of various nanojunction solar cell architectures and examine how various cylindrical arrangements of emitter, base, glass and transparent conductor affect reflection a ...
Simulating Particle Size Distributions over California and Impact on Lung Deposition Fraction

Reliable simulations of particle mass size distributions by regional photochemical air quality models are needed in regulatory applications because the U.S. EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards specify limits on the mass concentration of particles in a specific size range (i.e., aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm). Considering the associations between adverse health effects and exposure to ultrafine particles, air quality models may need to accurately simulate particle number size distributions in addition to mass size distributions in future applications. In this study, predictions of particle number and mass size distributions by the Community Multiscale Air Quality model with the standard and an updated emission size distribution are evaluated using wintertime observations in California. Differences in modeled lung deposition fraction for simulated and observed particle number size distributions are also evaluated. Simulated mass size distributions are generally broader and shifted to larger diameter...
Regulation of the Yeast Ace2 Transcription Factor during the Cell Cycle

Previous studies have revealed many parallels in the cell cycle regulation of the Ace2 and Swi5 transcription factors. Although both proteins begin entry into the nucleus near the start of mitosis, here we show that Ace2 accumulates in the nucleus and binds DNA about 10 min later in the cell cycle than Swi5. We used chimeric fusions to identify the N-terminal region of Ace2 as responsible for the delay, and this same region of Ace2 was required for interaction with Cbk1, a kinase necessary for both transcriptional activation by Ace2 and asymmetric distribution of Ace2. Ace2 and Swi5 also showed differences in prevalence during the cell cycle. Swi5 is apparently degraded soon after nuclear entry, whereas constant Ace2 levels throughout the cell cycle suggest Ace2 is exported from the nucleus. Our work suggests that the precise timing of Ace2 accumulation in the nucleus involves both a nuclear export sequence and a nuclear localization signal, whose activities are regulated by phosphorylation.
Interaction of ascorbic acid with the neurotoxic effects of nmda and sodium nitroprusside

We have previously shown that ascorbic acid (AA) protects cortical neurons in culture from the toxic effects of NMDA. In the present study, we examined the interactions of AA with toxicity produced by nitric oxide (NO) that is generated from the breakdown of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and with NMDA toxicity measured 24 h later. AA enhanced SNP toxicity, but it reduced toxicity of NMDA. We propose that these data support a model wherein AA produces neuroprotection by an action at the NMDA receptor and indirectly with respect to NO. This effect occurs probably by antagonizing Ca 2+ influx starting the cascade of biochemical events that lead to the production of NO.
Unsteady gas laser simulation

Theoretical models for chemical lasers depend on a variety of assumptions and empirical data to provide closure and simplify solution of the governing equations. Among the various assumptions and empirical data that have been built into models for chemical lasers are assumptions regarding flow steadiness in the time domain and geometric similarity of the spatial domain. The work discussed here is directed toward elucidating and increasing the understanding of these assumptions commonly used in chemical laser simulation and the impact of their usage upon the predictions of these models. These efforts in turn are directly linked to efforts to achieve improved chemical laser efficiencies and performance, as excursions outside the assumed to be 'well understood' traditional operational parameter space are increasingly necessary.
Redesigning sociotechnical systems design: concepts and methods for the 1990s

The author of this article argues that sociotechnical systems (STS) design has not kept pace with change, and that to be valuable in thefuture STS design must itselfbe redesigned. The article specifically states that a new set of concepts and methods is neededfor work systems characterized by the nonlinear conversion processes, for STS design has previously addressed only linear work systems, thereby confining its successes to production operations. The author proposes an extension ofSTS design to nonlinear work, describes a case example illustrating such an application, and in an analysis of emerging opportunities for extending STS design proposes six novel applications as future targets.
Blocked element compensation in phased array imaging

In clinical applications using large apertures, a significant number of phased array elements may be blocked due to discontinuous acoustic windows into the body. These blocked elements produce undesired beamforming artifacts, degrading spatial and contrast resolution. To minimize these artifacts, an algorithm using multiple receive beams and the total-least-squares method is proposed. Simulations and experimental results show that this algorithm can effectively reduce imperfections in the point spread function of the imager. Combined with first-and second-order scatterer statistics derived from multiple receive beams, the algorithm is modified for blocked element compensation on distributed scattering sources. Results also indicate that compensated images are comparable to full array images, and that even full array images can be improved by removing undesired sidelobe contributions. This method, therefore, can enhance detection of low contrast lesions using large phased-array apertures. >
Correlation of Structure and Electrical Properties of 55FeO-45P2O5 Glass

The ac and dc characteristics of 55 mol% FeO-45 mol% P2O5 glass were measured as functions of time of heat treatment at 600° and of the ratio Fe3+/Fetotal. The dc resistivity behavior at constant temperature (for bulk specimens) was correlated with the appearance and growth of crystals in a glassy matrix, as indicated by data obtained with a Guinier-De Wolff X-ray camera. Dispersions appeared in plots of tan δne vs frequency; a hypothesis explaining the appearance of these peaks is presented.
Strength versus Gauge Length in Ceramic‐Matrix Composites

The strength of ceramic-matrix composites as a function of sample gauge length is derived as a function of the composite constituent material properties. Within the context of a global load-sharing assumption for how load is transferred from broken to unbroken fibers, the analysis shows that, for samples shorter than 0.8delta(c) (where delta(c) is the characteristic slip length determining composite pullout), the composite ultimate strength increases with decreasing gauge length. For samples longer than 0.8delta(c), the strength is independent of gauge length. Implications of these results on the performance of composites with small-scale stress concentrators is briefly discussed.
Realizing Hinokio: candidate requirements for physical avatar aystems

This paper presents a set of candidate requirements and survey questions for physical avatar systems as derived from the literature. These requirements will be applied to analyze a fictional, yet well-envisioned, physical avatar system depicted in the film Hinokio. It is hoped that these requirements and survey questions can be used by other researchers as a guide when performing formal engineering tradeoff analysis during the design phase of new physical avatar systems, or during evaluation of existing systems.
Flames and Liquid Fuel in an SI Engine Cylinder during Cold Start

Abstract : The flame propagations in the very first firing and subsequent cycles in an SI engine during cold start were studied to gain a better understanding of reaction fronts associated with liquid fuel (regular unleaded) in the cylinder. This work was performed using the Rutgers high-speed spectral infrared digital imaging system on a single-cylinder engine with optical access. The engine was mounted with a production engine head mated with a conventional pon fuel injection (PFI) system. In the study, four images in respective spectral bands were simultaneously obtained at successive instants of time, which was done for eight sequential cycles. This multiple-band successive-imaging was repeated in intervals of about two minutes over a period of more than twenty-five minutes after the engine start. During this experiment, the temperature changes at the intake port, the water jacket and the exhaust gas were monitored. In addition, pressure-time data was obtained from individual cycles in order to gain some insight into the overall in-cylinder reactions. The first firing cycle exhibited almost invariably weak flame propagation, which was followed by very intense flame fronts in the next cycle. Note that the flame propagation in the first cycle seems to only indicate consumption of the filel vapor available in the cycle. The flames in the third cycle were also intense in some cases, but mostly weaker than those in the second. Upon formation of the flame front in the beginning of combustion, some exceedingly strong local reactions started to grow, but no earlier than l5CA after TDC.
Seasonal Variation of the Physical Properties of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds off the California Coast

Abstract Marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds can significantly regulate the sensitivity of climate models, yet they are currently poorly simulated. This study aims to characterize the seasonal variations of physical properties of these clouds and their associated processes by using multisatellite data. Measurements from several independent satellite datasets [International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP), Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System–Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (CERES–MODIS), Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS), and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO)], in conjunction with balloon soundings from the mobile facility of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program at Point Reyes and reanalysis products, are used to characterize the seasonal variations of MBL cloud-top and cloud-base heights, cloud thickness, the degree of decoupling between clouds and MBL, and inversion strength off the California coast. The mai...
Comparisons between active properties of distal dendritic branches and spines: Implications for neuronal computations

The specific contributions of distal dendrites to the computational properties of cortical neurons are little understood and are completely ignored in most network simulations of higher brain functions. Compartmental models, based on realistic estimates of morphology and physiology, provide a means for exploring these contributions. We have pursued analysis of a model of synaptic integration in a distal dendrite bearing four spines, using a new general-purpose simulation program called SABER. We have analyzed this model under the assumption that the dendrite contains sites of impulse-generating membrane, and we have compared its responses to synaptic activation with the case of impulse-generating membrane located instead in the spine heads, as previously reported. Both types of models generate basic logic operations, such as AND, OR, and AND-NOT gates. Active spine heads require lower excitatory synaptic conductances, but active branch segments lead to larger responses in the soma. The transients recorded near the soma give no evidence of their origin in either active branch or active spines, indicating that the interpretation of experimental recordings with regard to sites of distal active responses must be viewed with caution. The results suggest the hypothesis that a hierarchy of logic operations is virtually inherent in the branching structure of dendritic trees of cortical pyramidal neurons. Inclusion of these properties in representations of cortical neurons would greatly enhance the computational power of neural networks aimed at simulating higher brain functions.
Note on Exchange Phenomena in the Thomas Atom

For dealing with atoms involving many electrons the accurate quantum theory, involving a solution of the wave equation in many-dimensional space, is far too complicated to be practicable. One must therefore resort to approximate methods. The best of these is Hartree's method of the self-consistent field. Even this, however, is hardly practicable when one has to deal with very many electrons, so that one then requires a still simpler and rougher method. Such a method is provided by Thomas' atomic model, in which the electrons are regarded as forming a perfect gas satisfying the Fermi statistics and occupying the region of phase space of lowest energy. This region of phase space is assumed to be saturated, with two electrons with opposite spins in each volume (2πh)3, and the remainder is assumed to be empty. Although this model hitherto has not been justified theoretically, it seems to be a plausible approximation for the interior of a heavy atom and one may expect it to give with some accuracy the distribution of electric charge there.
National Institutes of Health Funding for Obstructive Sleep Apnea An Opportunity for Otolaryngologists

ObjectiveTo describe current levels and trends of funding for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and to recognize the current status of otolaryngologists in OSA research.Study DesignScientometric analysis.MethodsThe NIH RePORTER database was queried for the search term “obstructive sleep apnea” for all available years. Sex, degree, academic department, NIH funding source, geography, funding totals and years, and h-index of principal investigators (PIs) were collected and summarized.ResultsA total of 397 projects spanning 1242 total funding years were funded. Of the 273 individual PIs, 33.3% (91/273) were female. Regarding credentials, 52.4% of PIs (143/273) were MD or MD/PhD, and 41.0% (112/273) were PhD alone. Academic departments of PIs were most often medicine (34.1%), pediatrics (12.1%), cell biology/physiology (10.6%), and psychiatry (7.7%). Seven otolaryngology faculty members had received NIH funding for OSA research (2.6% of total PIs) since 2000. They account...
Translating noise signals in linear circuits

Circuit generated noise limits analog signal processing. A measure of a circuit's ability to maintain signal integrity is given by the circuit's signal-to-noise ratio. To find this quantity we must first find the equivalent noise signal at an input generated by the circuit. This paper presents a direct and systematic method for finding the complete input equivalent noise signal through the use of the Driving Point Impedance/Signal Flow Graph methodology. With this approach a noise signal is translated unambiguously from its origin node to the input without the use of approximations or of distinctions of active device types, bipolar, MOS, or other, limited only by the device models used.
Combined therapy for thyroid carcinoma invading the oesophagus

The midline viscera in the neck are predisposed by anatomic proximity to the invasion of thyroid gland carcinoma. The literature is replete with reports focusing on thyroid cancer involving invasion of the trachea, but offers few articles documenting involvement of the oesophagus. This tubular passageway is invaded less often than the trachea 1� 3 perhaps due to its posterior location. The oesophageal musculature becomes involved through direct tumour invasion or extracapsular extension of affected paratracheal lymph nodes. The oesophageal mucosa being a tough barrier to penetrate accounts for the rare neoplastic extension to the luminal surface. 2 The observed incidence of thyroid cancer invading the oesophagus (TCIE) has ranged from less than 1 to 22%. 1� 3 Owing to the paucity of outcome data, we followed up three cases of TCIE (Table 1; Figure 1) in which thyroidectomy with tumour shaved off the muscular layer of the oesophagus was the primary treatment. All patients received adjuvant postoperative radioactive iodine therapy ± external beam irradiation. In case 1, external beam irradiation was given to the entire anterior portion of the neck and also to the upper mediastinum because of the presence of tumour in the resection margin following completion thyroidectomy and a second dose of radioiodine. Subsequent doses of radioiodine were given for residual disease in the thyroid bed, metastatic spread to the lungs and suspected occult recurrent neoplasm. After a median follow-up of 53 months, all patients were alive and free of local disease. One individual was asymptomatic from imaging scan-shown pulmonary metastases. Our patients were submitted for follow-up procedures such as periodic clinical examination, plasma thyroglobulin level determination, 131 Iodine total body scintigraphy and thyroid hormone suppressive therapy.
Managing ethical risk: How investing in ethics adds value

Abstract In September 1999, the University of Notre Dame hosted a conference entitled “Measuring and Managing Ethical Risk: How Investing in Ethics Adds Value”. The motivations for hosting the conference and the papers presented there are summarized. Several themes that are present in the papers are discussed. These include the gains from combining the anthropological approach to business ethics with the neoclassical economics approach, the central role of trust in business ethics, the role of ethics in the corporation, and the function of the legal system in setting and enforcing ethical standards for the financial system.
A linear filter for time scaling of speech

The authors present a new method for time scaling of speech signals based on scaling the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) along the time axis while keeping it unchanged along the frequency axis. Because the resultant time-frequency function is not an admissible STFT, they project it on the space of admissible STFTs, i.e., they find a signal whose STFT best approximates the time-frequency function. The time-scaled signal is related to the original signal by a linear periodically-time-varying filter, which is simple to implement. High quality time-scaled words and sentences have been obtained using this method. >
Engineering and analysis of surface interactions in a microfluidic herringbone micromixer

We developed a computational model and theoretical framework to investigate the geometrical optimization of particle-surface interactions in a herringbone micromixer. The enhancement of biomolecule- and particle-surface interactions in microfluidic devices through mixing and streamline disruption holds promise for a variety of applications. This analysis provides guidelines for optimizing the frequency and specific location of surface interactions based on the flow pattern and relative hydraulic resistance between a groove and the effective channel. The channel bottom, i.e., channel surface between grooves, was identified as the dominant location for surface contact. In addition, geometries that decrease the groove-to-channel hydraulic resistance improve contact with the channel top. Thus, herringbone mixers appear useful for a variety of surface-interaction applications, yet they have largely not been employed in an optimized fashion.
Recovery of tactile function after damage to primary or secondary somatic sensory cortex in infant Macaca mulatta

These studies were designed to determine the basis for recovery of tactile function after the removal of primary (SI) or secondary (SII) cortex in infant Macaca mulatta. From previous studies we know that although removal of SI or SII in the adult macaque produces severe and irreversible impairment on a variety of tactile tasks, normal function can be obtained after partial or total SI lesions in the infant. From the present studies we have found that, as with SI, neither unilateral nor bilateral removals of SII in infants significantly affected the acquisition of or the performance on size tasks, but did cause a temporary delay in acquisition of texture tasks. Performance on texture threshold tasks was normal. The removal of the remaining SI in a juvenile animal that had received a unilateral SI lesion in infancy did not disrupt the recovered function, indicating that recovery is not mediated by the intact SI. However, when SI and SII were removed together from the same hemisphere in an infant, either sequentially or simultaneously, major impairment in the acquisition of texture tasks followed. These results suggest that although SI and SII are necessary for normal tactile function in the adult macaque, they show an equipotentiality for mediating normal tactile function after damage to either area in infants.
Dental Education About Patients with Special Needs: A Survey of U.S. and Canadian Dental Schools

The objectives of this study were to explore how U.S. and Canadian dental schools educate students about special needs patients and which challenges and intentions for curricular changes they perceive. Data were collected from twenty-two dental schools in the United States and Canada with a web-based survey. While 91 percent of the programs covered this topic in their clinical education, only 64 percent offered a separate course about special needs patients. The clinical education varied widely. Thirty-seven percent of the responding schools had a special clinical area in their school for treating these patients. These areas had between three and twenty-two chairs and were funded and staffed quite differently. Most programs covered the treatment of patients with more prevalent impairments such as Down syndrome (91 percent), autism spectrum disorders (91 percent), and motion impairments (86 percent). Written exams were the most common outcome assessments (91 percent), while objective structured clinical examinations (18 percent) and standardized patient experiences (9 percent) were used less frequently. The most commonly reported challenge was curriculum overload (55 percent). The majority (77 percent) planned educational changes over the next three years, with 36 percent of schools planning to increase clinical and 27 percent extramural experiences. The findings showed that the responding U.S. and Canadian dental schools had a wide range of approaches to educating predoctoral students about treating special needs patients. In order to eliminate oral health disparities and access to care issues for these patients, future research should focus on developing best practices for educational efforts in this context.
New technique for enzymic hydrolysis of glycosphingolipids

A method is described for the study of glycosyl ceramide glycosyl hydrolases. Problems arising from the limited solubility of glycosyl ceramides in aqueous media were overcome by coating the substrate on a filter paper disc that had been treated with phosphatidyl choline. A comparison between the disc method and conventional dispersion of the substrate by detergents was made with two enzymes, galactosylgalactosyl-glucosyl ceramide galactosyl hydrolase (trihexosyl ceramide galactosyl hydrolase) from lysosomes of human and rat small intestine and human spleen, and d-galactose oxidase. In both cases enzymatic activity was greater with the paper disc method than it was with substrates dispersed by detergents. The galactose liberated by the glycosyl hydrolase was determined as the trimethylsilyl derivative of the free sugar by gas-liquid chromatography.
Objective Assessment of Activity in Inpatients with Traumatic Brain Injury: Initial Findings

Purpose: Use accelerometers to examine the physical activity behaviours of individuals following TBI undergoing inpatient rehabilitation.Method: Twenty-one individuals with Traumatic brain injury (TBI) undergoing inpatient rehabilitation (9 females, 12 males; M age = 43.8 ± 14.7 years; M GCS = 9.1 ± 4.3; M time since injury = 40.8 ± 22.1 days; M length of stay (LOS) = 30 ± 14 days) wore accelerometers for an average of 8.4 ± 2.0 consecutive days (1440 minutes/day). Activity counts (AC) were collected at 1 minute epochs and descriptive statistics were calculated to assess intensity of activity and time spent being active and sedentary.Results: During scheduled therapy, time individuals completed an average of 161.4 ± 65.5 AC/minute, which decreased to 114.5 ± 51.3 during non-therapy time and 22.2 ± 10 when sleeping. Using population level cut points, individuals were on average considered inactive during therapy, inactive or sedentary during non-therapy time, and only one participant spent >1 minute in moderate intensity activity. The mean length of active and sedentary bouts was 9 minutes.Discussion: Findings indicate that the amount and intensity of activity completed is low amongst individuals completing inpatient rehabilitation after TBI, with the majority considered sedentary or inactive. While the sample is small, it is important to develop and implement safe and effective strategies to increase activity levels during rehabilitation.
Disassociations in Security Policy Lifecycles

Continued high profile security breaches indicate that Information Systems Security remains a significant problem within organizations. The authors argue that one of the major contributors to this ongoing problem is a disconnect between security policy formulation and implementation. This disconnect can lead to a failure of policy. This paper is aimed at understanding the disconnect by analyzing the meanings that are attributed to policy formulation and implementation by the stakeholders involved in the process. A case study was carried out and a "snapshot in time" of the lifecycle of IS Security Policy formulation at the organization under study demonstrated that a disconnect is evident between these two sides of security policy.
The development of the mouse-killing response in rats

Previous experiments have suggested that a history of food competition facilitates mouse killing by rats. In the present experiment 126 rats were either (a) simply food deprived, (b) deprived and given food competition training, or (c) neither deprived nor trained. Rats which were simply food deprived killed more than did rats in the other two groups. The data suggest that cyclic food deprivation leads to the learning of habits which facilitate killing.
Determination of Microelements in Lily by FAAS

The samples were treated by wet digestion with ultrasonic wave.The microelements in lily were determined by FAAS.There is no interference and background absorption between Cu,Zn,Fe and Mn,matrix regent of SrCl2 was added to eliminate ionazations of K,Na,Ca and Mg.Self-sbsorption background correction was used to dispel the molecule absorption of K and Na.The result was coincide with wet digestion,and the relative error was less than ±1.34%.
β-adrenergic receptor, amyloid β-peptide, and Alzheimer's disease.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the β-adregenic receptor (βAR), amyloid β peptide, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that soluble oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides are cytotoxic and induce synaptic degeneration and dysfunction that contributes to the pathophysiology of AD in early stage. Accumulating evidence indicates that central nervous system (CNS) noradrenergic system plays an essential role in AD and may mediate and facilitate the detrimental cellular effects of soluble Aβ peptides. Recent studies have revealed direct regulation between CNS noradrenergic system and amyloidogenesis. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia affecting more than 35 million people worldwide. AD is characterized by cognitive failure associated with pathology, including cerebral senile plaques containing Aβ peptide, cerebral intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangle of tau protein, neuron and synapse loss, and neurotransmission changes. The works on familial AD form the bedrock of the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which holds that an increase in Aβ may trigger AD.
Dickinson and War

The Civil War had been brewing for decades. In 1820 the Missouri Compromise brought federal law into the mix of slave versus non-slave settlements. It was followed in 1836 by the Gag Rule and then in 1850 by the Compromise that included the Fugitive Slave law. As the principle of states’ rights fought to dominate a philosophical argument, made by many religious groups as well as churches—that slavery was not evil because these dark-skinned people were not human beings, the potential for bloodshed grew. Nat Turner’s 1831 rebellion prompted increased militarism throughout the United States, as well as increased prohibitions against slaves being taught to read and write. The mysterious death in 1830 of David Walker, a North Carolina free black, exacerbated tensions in what was not a slave holding state in the way that Virginia and South Carolina were. Walker’s Appeal: in four articles together with a preamble to the coloured citizens of the world had been published in 1829, while Walker lived in Boston. The Southern states resented this publication; the state of Georgia, for example, offered a high price for Walker’s death.
Modeling and Simulation of Mucus Flow in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Cultures – Part I: Idealized Axisymmetric Swirling Flow

A multi-mode nonlinear constitutive model for mucus is constructed directly from micro- and macro-rheology experimental data on cell culture mucus, and a numerical algorithm is developed for the culture geometry and idealized cilia driving conditions. This study investigates the roles that mucus rheology, wall effects, and HBE culture geometry play in the development of flow profiles and the shape of the air-mucus interface. Simulations show that viscoelasticity captures normal stress generation in shear leading to a peak in the air-mucus interface at the middle of the culture and a depression at the walls. Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic regimes can be observed in cultures by varying the hurricane radius and mean rotational velocity. The advection-diffusion of a drug concentration dropped at the surface of the mucus flow is simulated as a function of Peclet number.
Chapter 8 – Capillary-Electromigration Separation Techniques

This chapter highlights the capillary-electromigration separation techniques. These techniques are a family of separation methods carried out in empty, coated, or packed capillary columns with electrolyte solutions as the mobile phase. An electric field is responsible for driving the sample and mobile phase through the column by processes dependent on electrophoresis and electro-osmosis. This common arrangement allows a similar instrument platform to service all capillary-electromigration separation techniques with only minor modifications for specific applications. These methods only entered analytical laboratories, although in a planar format, they have a long history of use in biochemical and clinical laboratories. From the beginning of free solution electrophoresis, band broadening from thermal effects was foreseen as the main problem restricting its development. The energy generated as heat by application of an electric field to an electrolyte solution in a column raises the solution temperature, but more critically, results in a radial temperature gradient between the column center and the wall. Thin-layer gel electrophoresis continues to be widely used in biochemical and clinical laboratories for the separation of macromolecules. Capillary-electromigration separation techniques are also used for these applications, but have found wide acceptance for the separation of small molecules as a complement to column liquid chromatography.
Can imaging predict future suicidal behavior

Suicide rates have increased over the past 10 years in the United States. There is much interest in curbing this troubling outcome by predicting which patients will become suicidal and attempt suicide. In new work, Oquendo and colleagues performed a prospective study using positron emission
Hiddenness Control of Hidden Markov Models and Application to Objective Speech Quality and Isolated-Word Speech Recognition

Markov models are a special case of hidden Markov models (HMM). In Markov models the state sequence is visible, whereas in a hidden Markov model the underlying state sequence is hidden and the sequence of observations is visible. Previous research on objective techniques for output-based speech quality (OBQ) showed that the state transition probability matrix A of a Markov model is capable of capturing speech quality information. On the other hand similar experiments using HMMs showed that the observation symbol probability matrix B is more effective at capturing the speech quality information. This shows that the speech quality information in A matrix of a Markov model shifts to the B matrix of an HMM. An HMM can have varying degrees of hiddenness, which can be intuitively guessed from the entries of its observation probability matrix B for the discrete models. In this paper, we propose a visibility measure to assess the hiddenness of a given HMM, and also a method to control the hiddenness of a discrete HMM. We test the advantage of implementing hiddenness control in output-based objective speech quality (OBQ) and isolated-word speech recognition. Our test results suggest that hiddenness control improves the performance of HMM-based OBQ and might be useful for speech-recognition as well.
Diffraction on Layered Dielectric Structure with Weakly Kerr-Like Nonlinearity

Numerical analysis of the diffraction by a transversely non-homogeneous, isotropic, nonmagnetic, linearly polarized, weakly nonlinear layered dielectric structures (with Kerr-like nonlinearity) is performed in the resonant frequency range when the parameter of cubic susceptibility takes positive and negative values. It is shown that as the excitation field intensity increases the diffraction characteristics acquire essentially different properties for positive and negative values of susceptibility. For a layered structure consisting of layers with positive and negative susceptibility of the enveloping medium the effects inherent to environments with positive and negative value of susceptibility are observed in certain areas of variation of the excitation field intensity.
A Guide to the Hypodermic Needle as a Wire Passer

The use of surgical wires as suture or fixation devices is less common today, primarily because their insertion is relatively cumbersome. The ubiquitous hypodermic needle can be a simple, efficient...
Revival of the Alternative Bivariate Model of Self-Monitoring

Management researchers are increasingly interested in the construct of self-monitoring (Snyder, 1974). For 40 years, the conventional univariate model of self-monitoring has reigned as the dominant...
Nellodee 2.0: A Quantified Self Reading App for Tracking Reading Goals

Many readers nowadays struggle with finishing the books that they set out to read. To find a solution to this issue, we performed a design exercise which resulted in the development of a reading app that uses a quantified self (QS) approach to track reading goals, called Nellodee. This app allows readers to estimate the number of pages they would have to read to reach a daily reading goal and tracks their progress over time enabling them to reflect on their reading performance. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of our system and the results of an early pilot test are discussed.