cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lumbering through Illyria: John Irving's "Literary Debate" with Ford Madox Ford and John Hawkes

On the origins of his third novel, John Irving once remarked: "The 158-Pound Marriage is about two couples—a sexual foursome—and it grew very specifically out of Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier and John Hawkes's The Blood Oranges." Irving likewise decorates The 158-Pound Marriage with revealing epigraphs from each novel, and both quotations further suggest Irving's interest in examining the politics of open marriage that act on otherwise "good people." Irving's use of the double epigraph also reflects his self-conscious desire to forge an "intellectual debate" with The Good Soldier and The Blood Oranges, novels that, says Irving, "both irritated me" [Irving's emphasis]. In fact, both novels bear more than a passing resemblance to The 158-Pound Marriage, and Irving borrows liberally from his literary precursors, adopting narrative techniques often blatantly similar in tone, plot design, and characterization to The Good Soldier and The Blood Oranges.
Enhancements of Spanning Tree Labeling Procedures for Network Optimization.

Abstract : New labeling techniques are provided for accelerating the basis exchange step of specialized linear programming methods for network problems. Computational results are presented which show that these techniques substantially reduce the amount of computation involved in updating operations. (Author)
A New Paradigm for Stochastic Optimization and Parallel Simulation

This paper advocates some mind-set changes concerning the problem of optimization of the performance of general discrete event dynamic systems under uncertainty via simulation. We present arguments and evidence that orders of magnitude improvement in computational efficiency are possible and summarize a set of works by the Harvard DEDS group in this area over the past decade.
Restoration and Creation of Freshwater and Estuarine Wetlands

The restoration and creation of freshwater and estuarine wetlands are important practices designed to increase wetland acreage and mitigate for the extensive losses of wetland area all over the world. Wetland restoration, defined as the reestablishment of wetlands where they once existed, and wetland creation, where entirely new wetlands are established in upland locations, require an understanding of hydrology, soils and landscape setting to foster the development of native biotic communities, including vegetation, invertebrates and amphibians. Restoration projects may take decades to fully develop; success may be measured by comparison of key indicators with natural wetlands. Keywords: wetland restoration; wetland creation; aquatic plants; hydric soils; amphibians
Cycles of sex and disease: Seasonal Patterns of Stress, Immune Function, and Disease by Randy J. Nelson, Gregory E. Demas, Sabra L. Klein, and Lance J. Kriegsfeld. Cambridge University Press, 2002. US$70.00 (xv+291 pages) ISBN 0 521 59068 X

solitary adenoma in 75–80% of the cases and does not exclude the possibility of multiple adenomas arising in a single patient. Newer techniques in establishing the location of adenomas are discussed in detail along with the surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism, which has changed substantially in the past few years, acknowledging the prevalence of ectopic locations of the gland. Although most of the book considers primary hyperparathyoidism, there are six chapters devoted to hypoparathyroidism. Molecular genetics is well presented as are immune defects accompanying some hypoparathyroid states. There is a complement to the evaluation and differential diagnosis of the hypercalcemic patient in a chapter about hypoparathyroidism in diagnosis of the hypocalcemic patient. Anabolic and catabolic effects of PTH on bone are given considerable attention. Information about the experience of PTH function and responsiveness in the management of osteoporosis is presented, along with unresolved issues, such as the role of the hormone in the development of osteoporosis. A major attribute is the extensive references section at the end of every chapter. Although there is considerable overlap of physiology and molecular biology across sections, this is helpful to the reader who will use this book as a reference, because the material is expressed appropriately to aid in understanding the topic under discussion.
Common Edge-Unzippings for Tetrahedra

It is shown that there are examples of distinct polyhedra, each with a Hamiltonian path of edges, which when cut, unfolds the surfaces to a common net. In particular, it is established for infinite classes of triples of tetrahedra.
Licensing E-Books: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Abstract As e-books settle into the academic market, the relationship between publishers, vendors, and libraries grows more complex. This article highlights how licenses, which govern this business affair, are no exception. From aggregators to individual publishers, from large STM companies to small societies, e-book enterprises must acknowledge library values in order to remain economically viable. For the benefit of all parties involved, new and better ways of balancing the profit-driven goal of selling e-books and the educational benefit of lending e-books need to be negotiated. In an environment where communication is encouraged, flexible licenses and subscription models can balance these issues.
Quantitative assessment of the role of microstructure in corrosion fatigue in a metastable austenitic steel

In this paper, a critical assessment of the role of microstructure in determining the corrosion crack growth response of a highly purity Fe18Cr12Ni steel in 3.5% NaCl solutions and in hydrogen is made with the aid of a superposition model for crack growth. The role of microstructure in hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth was quantitatively assessed by using a superposition model for corrosion fatigue for a high purity Fe18Cr12Ni alloy. The results showed that the environmentally assisted crack growth rate through [alpha][prime]-martensite, (da/dN)[sub e,m], is only twice as high as that in vacuum (6.45 [times] 10[sup [minus]9] versus 3.25 [times] 10[sup [minus]9]m/cycle), while the rate through the austenite grain and twin boundaries is more than one order of magnitude faster (4.84 [times] 10[sup [minus]8] m/cycle). These results strongly suggest that strain-induced [alpha][prime]-martensite formation is not a principle contributor to the environmental enhancement to corrosion fatigue crack growth and is not necessary for hydrogen embrittlement.
The reduction of zirconium(IV) iodide

Abstract The reduction of ZrI4 with Al to ZrI3 in high yields and high purity under conditions that essentially eliminate product contamination with Al is described; limited evidence for reduction to ZrI2 is included. Similar reduction with other metals that form volatile iodides (Fe, Ge, Hg) is also described. The reduction of ZrI4 to Zr or conversion of ZrI4 to ZrO2 in electrodeless discharges in different gaseous atmospheres is described and the results are compared with those from related work.
Protein and RNA synthesis during protozoan habituation after loss of macronuclei and cytoplasm.

Abstract An increase in protein and RNA synthesis is found during habituation in the protozoan Spirostomum . Habituation also occurs when all macronuclei and some of the cytoplasm is removed. RNA synthesis also increases but protein does not. Protein synthesis does not appear to be necessary for habituation to occur.
Infected Lives: Lived Experiences of Young African American HIV-Positive Women.

This hermeneutic phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of young African American HIV-infected women. Eleven women between the ages of 21 and 35 participated. One pattern, Infected L...
Cryopreservation of Xenopus transgenic lines.

Xenopus laevis has been widely used for molecular, cellular, and developmental studies. With the development of the sperm-mediated transgenic method, it is now possible to study gene function during vertebrate development by using this popular model. On the other hand, like other animal species, it is labor intensive, and the maintenance of transgenic lines is expensive. In this article, we investigated the possibility of using sperm-cryopreservation as a means to preserve transgenic frog lines. We demonstrated that cryopreserved sperms are viable but not fertile under our in vitro fertilization (IVF) conditions. However, by microinjecting cryopreserved sperm nuclei, we successfully regenerated a transgenic line carrying a double promoter transgene construct, where the marker gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) is driven by the γ-crystallin gene promoter and a gene of interest, encoding a fusion protein of GFP with the matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin-3 (ST3-GFP), is driven by a heat shock-inducible promoter. We demonstrated the functional transmission of the ST3-GFP transgene by analyzing the phenotype of the F1 animals after heat-shock to induce its expression. Our method thus provides an inexpensive means to preserve transgenic frog lines and a convenient way for distribution of transgenic lines. Furthermore, the ease with which to microinject nuclei compared to the technically demanding transgenesis procedure with variable outcome should facilitate more laboratories to use transgenic Xenopus laevis for functional studies in vivo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 67: 65–69, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Holocene fluctuations of Bregne ice cap, Scoresby Sund, east Greenland: a proxy for climate along the Greenland Ice Sheet margin

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet is a major component of the Arctic cryosphere and the magnitude of its response to future climate changes remains uncertain. Longer-term records of climate near the ice sheet margin provide information about natural climate variability and can be used to understand the causes of past changes in the Greenland Ice Sheet. As a proxy for Holocene climate near the ice sheet margin, we reconstruct the fluctuations of Bregne ice cap in the Scoresby Sund region of central east Greenland. Bregne is a small ice cap (2.5 km 2 in area) and responds sensitively to summer temperatures. We employ a multi-proxy approach to reconstruct the ice cap fluctuations using geomorphic mapping, 10 Be ages of boulders and bedrock and lake sediment records. Past extents of Bregne ice cap are marked by moraines and registered by sediments in downvalley lakes. 10 Be ages of bedrock and boulders outboard of the moraines indicate that Bregne ice cap was within ∼250 m of its present-day limit by at least 10.7 ka. Multi-proxy data from sediments in Two Move lake, located downvalley from Bregne ice cap, indicate that the ice cap likely completely disappeared during early and middle Holocene time. Increasing magnetic susceptibility and percent clastic material from ∼6.5 to ∼1.9 cal ka BP in Two Move lake sediments suggest progressively colder conditions and increased snow accumulation on the highlands west of the lake. Laminated silt deposited at ∼2.6 cal ka BP and ∼1.9 cal ka BP to present registers the onset and persistence of Bregne ice cap during the late Holocene. 10 Be ages of boulders on an unweathered, unvegetated moraine in the Bregne ice cap forefield range from 0.74 to 9.60 ka. The youngest 10 Be age (0.74 ka) likely represents the age of the moraine whereas older ages may be due to 10 Be inherited from prior periods of exposure. This late Holocene moraine marks the second largest advance of the ice cap since deglaciation of the region at the end of the last ice age. The oldest moraine in the forefield dates to ≤2.6 cal ka BP. The fluctuations of Bregne ice cap were likely influenced by Northern Hemisphere summer insolation throughout the Holocene and abrupt late Holocene cold events.
Fallow Management Effects on Soil Water Storage and Wheat Yields in the Pacific Northwest

Conservation tillage practices are adopted by farmers to control soil erosion and in some cases to reduce production costs. Conventional tillage practices usually rely on extensive tillage to control weeds and conserve water. In other cases, grazing animals may be used to control weeds and utilize crop residues for animal fodder on the fallowed land. These intensive systems leave the soil surface bare and susceptible to erosion. A five-year study was conducted in the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)-fallow area of eastern Washington to evaluate the effects of tillage, weed control, and residue management on soil water storage and wheat yields. Tillage treatments were (i) conventional (early spring sweep and summer cultivation), (ii) delayed spring (late spring sweep and chemical weed control), and (iii) no-till (chemical fallow). Residue management treatments were (i) all residues removed at the beginning of the 22-mo fallow, (ii) all residues and vegetation removed after the first winter rainy season, and (iii) residues not removed. Weed control treatments were (i) weeds not controlled during the first winter rainy season but controlled thereafter and (ii) weeds controlled throughout the fallow period. Soil water storage was greater every year where crop residues were not removed, or removed after the first winter of the fallow period, compared with residue removal at the beginning of the 22-mo fallow. Weedy fallow (weeds allowed to grow during the first winter rainy season) had no effect on fallow efficiency or wheat yields compared with fallow with weed control. Wheat yields were increased in one year out of five by the retention of surface residues and in one year by tillage and, thus, for the most part did not reflect differences in water storage efficiencies. Weedy fallow provided greater residue cover through erosive periods, but did not adversely affect soil water storage and wheat yields compared with fallow with weed control.
Hyaluronan-CD44 Interaction with Protein Kinase Cϵ Promotes Oncogenic Signaling by the Stem Cell Marker Nanog and the Production of MicroRNA-21, Leading to Down-regulation of the Tumor Suppressor Protein PDCD4, Anti-apoptosis, and Chemotherapy Resistance in Breast Tumor Cells

Multidrug resistance and disease relapse is a challenging clinical problem in the treatment of breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the hyaluronan (HA)-induced interaction between CD44 (a primary HA receptor) and protein kinase Cϵ (PKCϵ), which regulates a number of human breast tumor cell functions. Our results indicate that HA binding to CD44 promotes PKCϵ activation, which, in turn, increases the phosphorylation of the stem cell marker, Nanog, in the breast tumor cell line MCF-7. Phosphorylated Nanog is then translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus and becomes associated with RNase III DROSHA and the RNA helicase p68. This process leads to microRNA-21 (miR-21) production and a tumor suppressor protein (e.g. PDCD4 (program cell death 4)) reduction. All of these events contribute to up-regulation of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and MDR1 (multidrug-resistant protein), resulting in anti-apoptosis and chemotherapy resistance. Transfection of MCF-7 cells with PKCϵ or Nanog-specific small interfering RNAs effectively blocks HA-mediated PKCϵ-Nanog signaling events, abrogates miR-21 production, and increases PDCD4 expression/eIF4A binding. Subsequently, this PKCϵ-Nanog signaling inhibition causes IAP/MDR1 down-regulation, apoptosis, and chemosensitivity. To further evaluate the role of miR-21 in oncogenesis and chemoresistance, MCF-7 cells were also transfected with a specific anti-miR-21 inhibitor in order to silence miR-21 expression and inhibit its target functions. Our results indicate that anti-miR-21 inhibitor not only enhances PDCD4 expression/eIF4A binding but also blocks HA-CD44-mediated tumor cell behaviors. Thus, this newly discovered HA-CD44 signaling pathway should provide important drug targets for sensitizing tumor cell apoptosis and overcoming chemotherapy resistance in breast cancer cells.
Comparative metabolic and cardiovascular effects of carbuterol, isoproterenol, metaproterenol and salbutamol in the baboon

The metabolic and cardiovascular responses to two bronchiolar selective beta-adrenergic drugs, carbuterol (CAR) and salbutamol (SAL), were compared with isoproterenol (ISO) and metaproterenol (MET) in fasted, anesthetized baboons. ISO was more active than the selective beta-adrenergic drugs in elevating plasma levels of glucose, lactate, free fatty acids, insulin, and glucagon. Moreover, ISO was more active in increasing heart rate and respiratory rate and in depressing diastolic blood pressure. Although ISO was shown to have greater activity than CAR, MET, and SAL, the bronchiolar selective drugs (CAR and SAL) did produce significant changes in plasma levels of metabolic substrates and pancreatic hormones and in cardiovascular measurements at higher dose rates.
Stochastic analysis of isothermal cure of resin systems

Curing of catalyzed resin systems is an important and critical processing step in the fabrication of reinforced thermosetting composite materials. Strong uncertainties inherent in the associated process and material parameters, however, pose a stiff challenge to robust commercial manufacturing of quality composites in practice. Although deterministic models have been developed over the years to simulate the cure process, analysis of the effects of the parameter uncertainties on the process performance and the product quality variabilities has been the subject of little attention, and forms the focus of this study. This paper presents a methodology for a systematic analysis of the effects of the process and material parameter uncertainties on the isothermal curing of thermosetting resin systems. A stochastic model is developed, and parameteric studies are presented to systematically examine the effects of the uncertainties in the processing temperature and the kinetic parameters on the process output variabilities. Optimum parameter spaces that minimize the variance of the output parameters are identified, as a first step towards robust manufacturing of composites.
SCHEMATIC CONCEPT FORMATION: CONCURRENT VALIDITY FOR ATTAINED ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE READING COMPREHENSION?

This article presents the results of a study in which the theory and methodology of schema theory were applied to the reading process in an English as a second language context. ESL students were given a schematic concept formation (SCF) task which involves graphic stimuli representing four classes, and the subjects were asked to indicate which stimuli belong to the same class. No significant differences in ranks between two major language groups were found for the SCF data. The SCF data were not truly scalable. The SCF and a criterion reading comprehension test had an estimated.5525 proportion of reliable variance in common, and the above average readers had significantly higher SCF ranks than the below average readers. The article concludes with a list of suggestions for future research with SCF tasks.
The role of oceanic fluxes and initial data in the numerical prediction of an intense coastal storm

Abstract On 18–19 February 1979, an intense cyclone developed along the east coast of the United States and produced heavy snowfall accumulations from Virginia to southeast New York. A series of forecast experiments was conducted to assess the accuracy of the GLA model's prediction of this storm and the importance of oceanic heat and moisture fluxes and initial data to the cyclogenesis. The GLA model forecast from the GLA NOSAT analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February correctly predicted that intense coastal cyclogenesis and heavy precipitation would occur, even though important subsynoptic details of the development were underestimated or not forecast. A repetition of this forecast with surface heat and moisture fluxes eliminated failed to predict any cyclogenesis while a similar forecast with only the surface moisture flux excluded showed only very weak cyclonic development. An extended-range forecast from 0000 GMT 16 February as well as forecasts from the GLA FGGE analysis or the NMC analysis at 0000 GMT 18 February interpolated to the GLA grid predicted weaker coastal low development than the forecast from the NOSAT analysis. Detailed examination of these forecasts shows that diabatic heating resulting from oceanic fluxes increased low-level baroclinicity, decreased static stability and significantly contributed both to the generation of low-level cyclonic vorticity, and to the intensification and slow rate of movement of an upper-level ridge over the western Atlantic. As an upper-level short-wave trough approached this ridge, the diabatic heating associated with the release of latent heat intensified and the gradient of vorticity, vorticity advection and upper-level divergence in advance of the trough were increased, which provided strong forcing for the surface cyclogenesis. An examination of the NMC and GLA analyses indicated that a weaker representation of the upper-level trough in the interpolated NMC analysis was primarily responsible for the resulting forecast differences. Comparison of the GLA FGGE and NOSAT initial analyses showed that the FGGE analysis of cloud-track wind data probably underestimated the maximum wind speeds associated with an upper-level jet streak near the east coast. This diminished the effect of the oceanic fluxes in the forecast from the FGGE analysis and resulted in weaker cyclogenesis.
Cultivation of recalcitrant microbes: cells are alive, well and revealing their secrets in the 21st century laboratory

Any talk of the demise of in vitro cultivation as a useful mechanism for revealing many of nature’s past and present secrets appears to be unfounded and premature. The first years of this century have been as productive in the cultivation of physiologically novel, environmentally abundant and phylogenetically distinct microbes as were the first years of the 20th century. The diversity of organic and inorganic electron donors and acceptors known to be used during microbial energy metabolisms continues to grow, expanding our appreciation for the niches that may be, or historically may have been, filled by microbes in the biosphere. Either guided and instigated by, or independent of, the results of gene inventories representing diverse environmental settings, significant advances are constantly being made in the isolation of bacteria and archaea, demonstrating either strikingly rich phylogenetic diversity or significant activity and abundance in their respective environments. The potential synergisms between molecular ecological analyses and innovative in vitro growth studies are real and should be embraced, rather than treated as dueling agents in some zero-sum game.
The Development and Field Testing of the Chinese Career Key among High School and College Students in Hong Kong

A career interest inventory, the Chinese Career Key (CCK) was adapted from the Career Key (Jones, 1987, 1997), which is based on Holland’s theory of vocational choice. The goal was to create a professional-quality career interest inventory for use in China and countries having significant populations of Chinese speaking citizens. This report describes the development of the CCK and its first study at a public high school (n=101) and a public university (n=80) in Hong Kong. In general, the research findings support its validity, reliability and user satisfaction among high school and university students in Hong Kong. Cultural differences were explained.
Public involvement in medical ethics.

Abstract When Congress in 1978 created the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, the federal government claimed unprecedented power over ethical issues in medical practice. The commission's term has recently expired, and proposals for a successor body are being considered. The question is whether the government should be making pronouncements on medical ethics and if so, how. This article argues for a government role of limited scope and evaluates the mechanism Congress chose, the independent advisory commission, against others recently proposed. We conclude that the alternatives will not fulfill a proper government role and that the temporary independent advisory commission is the most appropriate model. (N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 627–32.)
Survival value of fever in fish

THE phenomenon of behavioural fever, manifested as an increase in preferred temperature following injection of live or killed bacteria, or other pyrogenic substances, has been demonstrated in bony fishes1–3, amphibians4,5, reptiles5–10, and mammals11,12. Ectothermic vertebrates, including some newborn mammals11, are unable to increase their body temperatures much above ambient by physiological means, and so are largely limited to behavioural thermoregulation by selecting favourable temperatures in their environment. The behavioural febrile response of a lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, has been shown to have adaptive value5,8–10 in conferring increased survival during infection by the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila. A. hydrophila is pathogenic to bony fishes, amphibians and reptiles, causing haemorrhagic septicaemia. All three classes show similar (1–5 °C) elevations in preferred temperature in response to injection of this bacterium1–10. The absolute preferred temperatures, however, both normal and febrile, differ considerably among these vertebrates. The preferred temperatures of lizards such as D. dorsalis (about 40 °C) are quickly lethal to most fishes and amphibians. We report here that fever significantly enhances survival of goldfish, Carassius auratus, at febrile temperatures about 10 °C lower than those of D. dorsails, after injection with live A. hydrophila.
Collective Action, Everyday Protest, and Lived Religion

The study of social movements and the study of religious movements, per se, have had a curious history of intertwined yet distinct concerns. Within what many scholars loosely call the ‘collective behavior’ tradition, the study of religion and religious movements was a great source of conceptual and empirical material. On one side, functionalist approaches to collective behavior often proceeded from Durkheim-inspired paradigms that posited religion as a source of stability, integration, and solidarity. Thus, religion was often portrayed as resisting social change, either directly or implicitly. Religious movements themselves, such as millenarian revivals or cults, were explored for their possible pathologies or the breakdown of routinized social transmission mechanisms. They were ‘irrational’ movements par excellence (see Kniss & Burns, 2004). However, in another stream of classical theory, Max Weber treated the dynamics of charismatic leadership, and the organizational dilemmas presented by the need to routinize charisma, as a major subject and a key element in his understanding of social change. Charismatic leadership itself was clearly constructed on non-rational emotional attachments and ideological commitments, but the social changes it engendered often had rationalizing impacts on the wider society (for a recent example of this type of research, see Young & Cherry, 2005). The ‘Protestant ethic’ thesis would be the primary example, but Weber’s other
Binding of Thrombin to Human Platelets and its Possible Significance

SUMMARY Thrombin binds tightly to human platelets. The binding reaction is dependent on the thrombin concentration used. At a physiologically significant thrombin concentration, there are about 500 binding sites per platelet with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.02 u/ml. Autoradiography studies of platelets treated with labelled thrombin showed that the thrombin was located on the platelet surface. Separation of the subcellular fractions of platelets treated with labelled thrombin by density gradient centrifugation revealed that the membrane area contained over 80% of the radioactivity initially applied. Furthermore, isolated platelet membranes bind thrombin similar to intact platelets. These data suggest that the receptors for thrombin are located on the platelet membrane. Cytochalasin A, cytochalasin B or prostaglandin E1 did not have any effect on thrombin binding although these agents inhibited platelet aggregation. Thus, binding of thrombin is not sufficient for aggregation of platelets and other steps are involved. These agents do not affect the induction of stimulation but interfere at a later step in the thrombin-platelet interaction. On the other hand, hirudin completely inhibited binding of thrombin to platelets. It appears that the platelet receptor recognizes that part of the thrombin molecule on its surface which is blocked by hirudin. Binding studies with serotonin loaded platelets showed a close correlation between thrombin binding and the release reaction.
Dublin Core is still dead

Purpose – This article aims to update an earlier article by the same author published in Library Hi Tech News in 2004 and analyses the failure of the Dublin Core metadata standard. Design/methodology/approach – The article is a commentary. Findings – The article finds that the Dublin Core metadata standard is moribund and that a newer, competing standard has rendered it essentially useless. Originality/value – The paper updates Dublin Core’s increasing obsolescence and will help librarians understand the standard’s rapid rise and slow fall.
Pediatric Melanoma, Moles, and Sun Safety

Although pediatric melanoma is a rare disease, diagnosis and management of pigmented lesions in the pediatric population, particularly dysplastic nevi and Spitz nevi, can be challenging. In this article, we provide an overview of pigmented lesions in children, including melanoma and management of melanoma risk factors and melanocytic nevi in the pediatric population. Congenital melanocytic nevi, Spitz nevi, dysplastic and acquired nevi, and changes over time are reviewed. We discuss considerations for excision and management of pigmented lesions in children.
New initiatives in adolescent health promotion.

Sir .—Health issues facing adolescents have changed dramatically over the last several decades. 1 Twenty years ago, adolescent morbidity and mortality were associated predominantly with natural causes. Adolescents today, however, are endangered predominantly by their own behaviors. Drinking, tobacco and drug use, pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and injuries take a major toll on youth and place them at risk of developing disease as adults. Because these health risks do not lend themselves to traditional models of medical intervention, greater emphasis is needed on prevention as a way to improve the health and well-being of adolescents. The process of identifying and implementing a broad prevention startegy has gained momentum with the recent release of two documents by the US Public Health Service (PHS):— Healthy People 2000: The National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives 2 and the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services . 3 Unfortunately, pediatricians and other health care professionals treating
Health literacy and parent attitudes about weight control for children.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine associations between parental health literacy and parent attitudes about weight control strategies for young children. Parental low health literacy has been associated with poor child health outcomes, yet little is known about its relationship to child weight control and weight-related health information-seeking preferences. Data were drawn from the STRONG Kids Study, a Midwest panel survey among parents of preschool aged children (n = 497). Parents endorsed an average of 4.3 (SD =2.8) weight loss strategies, 53% endorsed all three recommended weight loss strategies for children, and fewer than 1% of parents endorsed any unsafe strategies. Parents were most likely to seek child weight loss information from healthcare professionals but those with low (vs. adequate) health literacy were significantly less likely to use the Internet or books and more likely to use minister/clergy as sources. Poisson and logistic regressions showed that higher health literacy was associated with endorsement of more strategies overall, more recommended strategies, and greater odds of endorsing each specific recommended strategy for child weight control, after adjusting for parent age, education, race/ethnicity, income, marital status, weight concern, and child BMI percentile. Findings suggest that health literacy impacts parental views about child weight loss strategies and health information-seeking preferences. Pediatric weight loss advice to parents should include assessment of parent attitudes and prior knowledge about child weight control and facilitate parent access to reliable sources of evidence-informed child weight control information.
Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor steroid binding and trafficking by the hsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery: implications for clinical intervention.

Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor steroid binding and trafficking by the hsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery: implications for clinical intervention
New practice parameters: What does the evidence say?

The American Academy of Neurology recently has published two practice parameters pertaining to children and adolescents with headache. The first focuses attention on the appropriate evaluation of the child with recurrent headache and reviews the data regarding laboratory investigation, electroencephalography (EEG), and neuroimaging. Routine laboratory investigation and EEG are not recommended. Neuroimaging is not recommended for children with recurring headaches and a normal neurologic examination unless there are historic features to suggest the recent onset of severe headache, change in the type of headache, or associated features that suggest neurologic dysfunction. If there are abnormalities on the neurologic examination (eg, focal findings, signs of increased intracranial pressure, significant alteration of consciousness) or the coexistence of seizures, then neuroimaging is recommended. The second parameter evaluates relevant data regarding the acute and preventive therapies for pediatric migraine.
Kinetic modeling of the effect of MAO/Zr ratio and chain transfer to aluminum in zirconocene catalyzed propylene polymerization

A kinetic model based on the coordination−insertion mechanism was developed to characterize metallocene-catalyzed propylene polymerization using two different catalyst systems: rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO (I/MAO) and rac-Et(4,7-Me2-1-Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO (II/MAO). Slurry propylene polymerizations were performed in a semibatch reactor at 40 °C to investigate the effects of propylene partial pressure and MAO/Zr ratio. The kinetic model accounts for the formation of regioirregularities, the occurrence of chain transfer to trimethylaluminum (TMA), and β-hydride chain transfer to both monomer and metal to predict the effects of propylene partial pressure and the MAO concentration on polymer molecular weight and the formation of isobutyl end groups. A systematic optimization strategy was applied to estimate the kinetic parameters from on-line measurements of the reaction rate and end-of-batch measurements of the molecular weights and percentages of end groups. The formation of 2,1-insertions was more frequent for catalyst...
Food, Money, and Morals: Compliance Among Natural Resource Harvesters

A comparative qualitative study of Norwegian and Newfoundland inshore fisheries revealed that compliance with the state’s fisheries regulations was governed by a set of moral distinctions which were strikingly similar in the two cases. Violations of government regulations were followed by informal sanctions only in commercial fisheries. Illegal food fishery was generally accepted. A fisherman could also break the law in commercial fisheries without being met with significant sanctions provided that it was generally perceived to be the only way to ensure a necessary outcome. The empirical findings are connected to the moral meanings of money and food, and it is suggested that the economies of natural resource harvesters include two different moral spheres. One of these spheres is linked to subsistence, small-scale operations and local exchange, and is perceived as morally safe. The other sphere is connected with money, large-scale operations, and exchange with strangers, and is seen as morally perilous.
Running from William James' bear: A review of preattentive mechanisms and their contributions to emotional experience.

There is a growing consensus within the appraisal community that there are multiple levels of processing that contribute to emotional experience, and a number of multiprocess appraisal models have been developed. This paper examines the considerations that led to such models, examines the models in depth, and argues for a new multiprocess model. In particular, the distinction between schematic and conceptual processing, a centrepiece of many previous models, is extremely difficult to examine methodologically. Instead, this paper examines the role of preattentive mechanisms in the genesis of emotional reactions. It is claimed that fear and anxiety, but no other emotions, can be generated solely by unconscious processing, and that two distinct preattentive modules account for this dissociation. A good deal of research suggests that judgements of valence can be made preattentively, and this paper argues that the urgency of the stimulus is coded as well. When an urgency module signals that the situation is th...
An introduction to the Korean Employment Promotion Agency for the Disabled.

Purpose. The main aim of this article is to provide an introduction to the Korean Employment Promotion Agency for the Disabled (KEPAD), and to provide comparative thought regarding government-based vocational rehabilitation service delivery between South Korea and the USA.Method. Relevant literature is considered, and current issues and comparative discussion in practice are highlighted.Results. Introductory information in terms of organization, eligibility, services and programmes are presented. In addition, practical problems associated with the KEPAD system and a cross-cultural analysis is elaborated, comparing the USA and South Korean vocational rehabilitation systems.Conclusion. KEPAD has successfully derived public support and acknowledgement of its national responsibility in ensuring vocational rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities. The KEPAD system demonstrates a unique approach in implementing vocational rehabilitation services by providing various benefits for both employers and ...
A criterion for unit-regularity

A von Neumann regular ring is unit-regular if and only if every principal right ideal is uniquely generated.
Incipient oxidation kinetics and residual stress of the oxide scale grown on Haynes 230 at high temperatures

Abstract Incipient oxidation kinetics of alloy 230 in air in the temperature range of 850–1000 °C was investigated by in situ thermogravimetry. A two-stage oxidation kinetics was observed; each stage followed Wagner's parabolic law. The activation energies for the first and the second stages are 246.5 and 212.1 kJ/mol, respectively. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction showed that two types of oxide phases existed: Cr2O3 and MnCr2O4. Cr2O3 was the dominated phase. Structural characterization revealed that Cr2O3 and MnCr2O4 are mixed with each other and uniformly distributed throughout the scale. The results of residual stress measurements showed that the intrinsic residual stresses of the scale are highly tensile, ranging from 648.9 to 1308.4 MPa. The stress state of alloy 230 near the scale/substrate was found to be tensile, which is opposite to the stress state in the oxide scale, such that the forces balanced.
Public health perspectives on the rising incidence of pertussis.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Pertussis is one of the few vaccine-preventable diseases on the rise in the United States, particularly among adolescents. We analyzed the epidemiology of pertussis, focusing on disease burden in public health, and examined methods for controlling pertussis and reducing its incidence. Design, sample, and measurements: We evaluated current knowledge about pertussis, reported cases of pertussis in the United States, and the changing recognition, diagnosis, and management of the disease. The development of a pertussis vaccine, now licensed and recommended for use in adolescents and adults, was reviewed. Results: Of reported cases in 2004, 38% occurred in adolescents. The increased incidence of pertussis may be the result of better diagnosis, better reporting, and increased awareness of the disease. The burden of adolescent and adult pertussis is significant and includes medical visits, laboratory tests, treatment for cases and contacts, time lost from school and work, disruption of schools experiencing outbreaks, and public health and media turmoil. At current disease rates, the financial cost of adolescent pertussis in this decade is projected at $3.2 billion. Conclusions: Efforts are needed to increase health care providers' knowledge of pertussis disease and vaccines, improve on-time infant immunization rates, promote immunization registries and public health surveillance, and ensure adequate compensation for vaccine purchase and administration. Universal recommendations for and widespread use of acellular pertussis vaccines in adolescents are the most effective measures in controlling the disease.
Historical Vignette: The Vanderbilt University neurosurgical heritage

The Vanderbilt University Hospital heritage was influenced by the excellence of the Johns Hopkins era--by Osler, Halsted, Cushing, Brooks, and many others. Upon this strong origin, the neurosurgery department was built by Cobb Pilcher and perpetuated by William F. Meacham.
A modulated-TGA approach to the kinetics of lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis/combustion

Abstract Microcrystalline cellulose, Birchwood xylan, and Organosolv lignin were selected as the representatives of the three major components in lignocellulosic biomass: cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, respectively. The thermal decompositions, both pyrolysis and combustion, of these biomass components as well as a natural woody biomass ( Acer saccharum ) were investigated using High-Resolution Modulated TGA. The activation energies of each decomposition process were determined by Modulated TGA without any assumptions and mathematical model fitting. For the combustion of microcrystalline cellulose, the char residues underwent glowing ignition due to the presence of oxygen, and its first derivative of weight loss curve showed two thermal decomposition peaks, while only a single peak was observed for pyrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose in a nitrogen atmosphere. However, the effect of air was less evident in the thermal degradation of the Birchwood xylan. With air as the sample environment in the TGA experiment, the thermal decomposition of Organosolv lignin was simplified, and the onset of the primary decomposition shifted to temperatures greater than 300 °C, the decomposition zone became narrower, and the mass of residual solids at 600 °C was negligible. Since the sum of the TGA profiles (in air) of the three major biomass components closely matched the TGA profile (in air) of an actual wood sample ( A. saccharum ), the potential of using TGA to predict biomass compositions was indicated.
Coexistence of the endangered, endemic Chittenango ovate amber snail ( Novisuccinea chittenangoensis ) and a non-native competitor

Distinguishing between non-native species that coexist with native species and those that threaten their persistence is critical for conservation and management. We investigated this distinction for a non-native terrestrial snail (Succinea sp.) (Sp. B) that occurs with the closely-related Chittenango ovate amber snail (Novisuccinea chittenangoensis) (COAS), an endangered species that is restricted to a single, known site. In 2008 and 2009, we performed ex situ competition experiments to examine the effects of density and body size of Sp. B on growth and mortality of COAS. We also conducted mark-recapture surveys from 2002 to 2009 to document trends of the in situ population of COAS and to identify spatio-temporal factors that may mitigate any competitive interactions between COAS and Sp. B. We observed lower growth rates and higher mortality rates of COAS at higher densities and larger sizes of Sp. B, indicating that the species compete. Nevertheless, population trends indicated that COAS population size was fluctuating but not in decline, and the spatial distribution, phenology, and size structure of each species indicated that there were enough mitigating factors to allow COAS to persist in the presence of Sp. B. Collectively, these results suggest that temporal niche partitioning resulting from a trade-off between growth and longevity of each species may enable their coexistence. Our results also suggest that control of Sp. B is unnecessary and, more generally, underscore the importance of conducting research aimed at understanding the effects of non-native species before instituting long-term, costly, and potentially unnecessary control measures.
Expression and regulation of genes coding for three bacteriophage T4 tail tube-associated proteins

The assembly and length regulation of the tail tube of bacteriophage T4 requires the function of three proteins: gp29, 48, and 54. Six copies of each protein are found in the completed tail, and the genes for these proteins are adjacent on the T4 genome. Evidence is presented here that gp54 is also a tail tube-associated protein that remains bound to the tail tube after the baseplate is removed by guanidine hydrochloride, suggesting that all three proteins interact structurally. There is a strong polar effect of translation termination mutants in gene 48 upon the expression of the adjacent gene 54, in cis-trans tests. Gene dosage experiments that assay the in vivo expression of these genes show that only gene 48 is expressed at slightly higher than stoichiometric levels during T4 infection. Genes 48 and 54 were placed under the control of a T7 promoter and the corresponding proteins identified. When a frameshift mutation was introduced into gene 48, neither gp48 nor gp54 was made. Transcriptional termination was not the explanation of this result because genes distal to 48 and 54 in the plasmid were expressed. These data suggest that expression of genes 48 and 54 is translationally coupled.
Correlation of cytosine arabinoside-induced increment in growth fraction of leukemic blast cells with clinical response.

The rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA and labeling index were determined in fifteen adult patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia by incubation of marrow aspirates in vitro with 3H-thymidine before and 48 hours after receiving cytosine arabinoside. The cytosine arabinoside was administered using three different schedules, and was followed in 48 hours by high-dose methotrexate plus Leucovorin and vincristine. The patients were treated with sequential courses of therapy, their clinical responses evaluated, and the results correlated with the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA and the labeling index obtained from marrow aspirates. Statistically significant differences in the initial DNA synthesis rate and increments thereof, and labeling index were found between those responding to chemotherapy and those not responding. High initial 3H-thymidine incorporation and labeling index and the apparent ability to recruit additional cells into the growth fraction by chemotherapeutic manipulations seemed to define a population of leukemic patients susceptible to a cycle dependent regimen.