cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LMFAO! Humor as a Response to Fear: Decomposing Fear Control within the Extended Parallel Process Model.

This study seeks to analyze fear control responses to the 2012 Tips from Former Smokers campaign using the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM). The goal is to examine the occurrence of ancillary fear control responses, like humor. In order to explore individuals’ responses in an organic setting, we use Twitter data—tweets—collected via the Firehose. Content analysis of relevant fear control tweets (N = 14,281) validated the existence of boomerang responses within the EPPM: denial, defensive avoidance, and reactance. More importantly, results showed that humor tweets were not only a significant occurrence but constituted the majority of fear control responses.
Control of a non-stationary tandem queue model of the airport surface

Tandem queues have been used to model congestion in a wide variety of systems such as communication networks, manufacturing systems, supply chains and traffic flows. This paper considers the optimal control of tandem queues in order to mitigate surface congestion at large airports. The taxi-out process is modeled by two queues in tandem: the first one represents aircraft in a congested ramp or apron area, and the second one reflects aircraft waiting in the departure runway queue. The evolution of the mean queue lengths are described using ordinary differential equations. The resulting model is used to determine the optimal gate release rate for departure flights, in order to control the lengths of queues on the airport surface. Simulations of the optimal control policy show a reduction in queue lengths, resulting in lower taxi-out times.
Energy and Emissions on the African Continent: Can and will the COP21 Treaty be implemented?

African nations share a common situation in that they pollute little in terms of CO2s globally speaking, but at the sametime global warming may have terrible consequences for the continent, set to face a sharp population increase. They have nowaccess to few energy resources, which is conducive to their poverty. New renewables belong to the future (solar, wind, geothermal),whereas old renewables – wood coal – are a thing of the past. The coal or oil and gas dependent giants must start energytransformation, as must the many countries relying upon traditional biomass. The use of wood coal is simply too large for thesurvival of the African forest. Under the COP21, African countries have right to financial assistance, especially for moreelectricity to connect its rural and also many urban people to heating, air-conditioning and the electronic high ways. Without theCOP21 promises, decarbonisation will be impossible in Africa, and thus its large need for more energy will lead to more CO2:s
Online physician ratings fail to predict actual performance on measures of quality, value, and peer review.

Objective Patients use online consumer ratings to identify high-performing physicians, but it is unclear if ratings are valid measures of clinical performance. We sought to determine whether online ratings of specialist physicians from 5 platforms predict quality of care, value of care, and peer-assessed physician performance. Materials and methods We conducted an observational study of 78 physicians representing 8 medical and surgical specialties. We assessed the association of consumer ratings with specialty-specific performance scores (metrics including adherence to Choosing Wisely measures, 30-day readmissions, length of stay, and adjusted cost of care), primary care physician peer-review scores, and administrator peer-review scores. Results Across ratings platforms, multivariable models showed no significant association between mean consumer ratings and specialty-specific performance scores (β-coefficient range, -0.04, 0.04), primary care physician scores (β-coefficient range, -0.01, 0.3), and administrator scores (β-coefficient range, -0.2, 0.1). There was no association between ratings and score subdomains addressing quality or value-based care. Among physicians in the lowest quartile of specialty-specific performance scores, only 5%-32% had consumer ratings in the lowest quartile across platforms. Ratings were consistent across platforms; a physician's score on one platform significantly predicted his/her score on another in 5 of 10 comparisons. Discussion Online ratings of specialist physicians do not predict objective measures of quality of care or peer assessment of clinical performance. Scores are consistent across platforms, suggesting that they jointly measure a latent construct that is unrelated to performance. Conclusion Online consumer ratings should not be used in isolation to select physicians, given their poor association with clinical performance.
EUS-guided fine needle biopsy of pancreatic masses can yield true histology.

As cytological aspirates from endoscopic-ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has limited diagnostic sensitivity and are suboptimal for molecular profiling and morphological characterisation of certain neoplasms, a fine needle biopsy (FNB) with three-pronged (Franseen geometry) cutting edge has been developed to procure histology. In a randomised trial of 46 patients with pancreatic masses, procurement of histological core tissue as evidenced by total tissue and tumour areas was significantly higher for 22G FNB than FNA needle. Also, retention of tissue architecture and presence of desmoplastic fibrosis, which are critical for ancillary testing and molecular profiling, respectively, were significantly higher for FNB. Given the poor outcomes of traditional chemotherapy, there is increased focus on molecular profiling so that pancreatic cancer treatment can be personalised. Pancreatic tissue with architecture containing both tumour cells and desmoplastic stroma is pivotal for molecular analysis. Although EUS-FNA is diagnostically accurate, the cytological aspirate is suboptimal for DNA sequencing.1–3 Therefore, clinical trials evaluating personalised treatment in pancreatic cancer prefer tissue procurement via percutaneous or surgical biopsies over EUS-FNA.4 Recently, a three-plane symmetric needle with Franseen geometry has been developed for performing EUS-guided FNB.5 The large crown-tip with three cutting edges and long insertion length were postulated to facilitate histological tissue procurement (figure 1A). We conducted a randomised trial comparing tissue acquisition between the 22-gauge (G) Franseen biopsy (Acquire, Boston Scientific) and 22G standard bevel FNA (Expect, Boston Scientific) (figure 1B) needles in patients undergoing EUS-guided sampling of pancreatic masses. Figure 1 The 22G Franseen design with a crown-shaped needle tip revealing the three symmetrical planes for histological core tissue acquisition (A). The standard bevel needle used at fine needle aspiration for procurement of cytological aspirates (B). EUS-guided sampling was performed using both needle types, the 22G FNB and 22G FNA needles, with randomisation of the order in which the …
Operational Experience With the MICE Spectrometer Solenoid System

The Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment located at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in England utilizes a superconducting solenoid system for the muon cooling channel that also holds particle-tracking detectors and muon absorbers inside their bores. The solenoid system installation was completed in summer of 2015 and after commissioning the system it has been running successfully. This paper summarizes the commissioning results and operational experience with the magnets focusing on the performance of the two spectrometer solenoids built by the U.S.
Generating predictions based on semantic categories in a second language: A case of numeral classifiers in Japanese

This study examined whether native Japanese speakers and second language (L2) speakers of Japanese use information from numeral classifiers to predict possible referents. Using a visual-world eye-tracking paradigm, we asked participants to identify picture objects that take either the same or different numeral classifiers while they listened to Japanese sentences referring to one object. The results showed that native speakers looked to the target predictively more often when the classifier was informative about noun identity than when it was not. L2 learners also showed a facilitative effect of classifiers that was comparable to that of native speakers. In addition, we found that the level of proficiency played a role in the speed of real-time referent resolutions when the participants heard the target nouns in audio input. However, such an effect was not observed during the period when the predictions were generated.
Occupational Injury and Illness in Farmworkers in the Eastern United States

Farmworkers experience high rates of occupational injury and illness in an industry with fatality rates seven times higher than the national average. This chapter addresses key occupational health challenges encountered by farmworkers in the eastern United States. Some are common problems likely to be encountered by those working any commodity, while others are unique to the particular mix of crops produced in this region. This chapter reviews common occupational health problems of farmworkers, including heat stress, musculoskeletal injuries, skin disease, hearing loss, eye injury, and transportation-related injuries. Because some knowledge of geographic, commodity-specific, and other patterns of illness and injury occurrence can be of considerable assistance to the clinician, examples of prominent occupational challenges associated with selected commodities are also presented. These include orchard work, tobacco production, dairy farming, and vegetable and berry production. Recommendations for more effective protections for farmworkers and for further research are presented.
Simple methods for analyzing ferric chloride etchant

A simple, rapid, and accurate method has been developed for determining total iron, ferrous iron, copper and free acid in ferric chloride etchant. The purple-red iron-EDTA-H2O2 complex at 520μm in an ammoniacal medium offers a highly selective method for determining total iron in the milligram range. Ferrous iron can be determined by oxidation titration with either permanganate or cerium(IV). Copper forms a blue-colored triethenetetramine (TRIEN) complex at pH 10 which can be measured spectrophotometrically at 580μm. The free acid is the difference between the total chloride present determined by the Volhard titration and the amount required for the iron and copper present.
Forcibly Sterilized: Peru’s Indigenous Women and the Battle for Rights

This chapter examines Peru’s current status of indigenous peoples’ rights. Specifically, it assesses the state’s respect toward indigenous rights through the issue of forced sterilization of women of indigenous and poor economic backgrounds. Relying on interviews with prominent human rights practitioners and archival sources collected by domestic and international advocacy groups, this chapter proposes an intersectional human rights analysis for understanding the case of forced sterilization of indigenous women. The findings, which include an intersectional analysis of ethnicity, gender, and class domestically and also via international human rights agreements, demonstrate how forced sterilization is perpetuated by the intersecting set of domestic oppressive forces of sexism, racism, and class-based discrimination directed at an economically marginalized population, who are also a vulnerable group in Peru’s patriarchal society.
Searle on the biology of seeing

Abstract Searle offers an account of seeing as a conscious state not constituted by the object(s) seen. I focus in this article on his biological case for this thesis, and argue that the biological considerations he adduces neither establish his own position nor defeat a rival object-inclusive view. I show (among other things) that taking seeing to be a biological state is compatible with its being (partially) constituted by the object(s) seen.
Marijuana use in U.S. teen drivers: a comparison of a road-side survey of reported use and fluid tests for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Although the growth of state-level legalization of marijuana is aimed at increasing availability for adults and the chronically ill, one fear is that this trend may also increase accessibility in younger populations. The objectives of this study are to evaluate marijuana use in teen driver study participants and to compare their survey self-reported use with oral fluid and blood tests for psychoactive metabolites of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The National Roadside Survey (NRS) of 2013–2014 was used to examine marijuana use in drivers aged 16–19 years. Of 11,100 drivers surveyed at 300 U.S. locations in 24 states, 718 were 16–19 years, and 666 (92.8%) provided oral fluid and/or blood. We examined weighted and unweighted data, but present unweighted findings. Kappa statistics, Chi square, and multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess agreement, associations and independent predictors of outcomes. More than one-quarter (203/718) of teen drivers reported either using marijuana in the last year or were THC positive. Overall incidence of a THC positive fluid test was 13.7%. In addition to 175 (27.3%) teen drivers who reported use in the last year, 28 (4.4%) who denied using in the past year, tested positive for THC. Of 45 teen drivers reporting use in the last 24 h, more than two-thirds (71.1%) were THC positive. Disagreement between the oral and blood test for 305 teen drivers who had both tests was 17 (5.6%), with a Kappa of 0.78 (95% CI 0.69–0.88). Of THC-positive drivers, nearly 20% started drinking alcohol by age 14 and more than 70% by age 16. Age, gender- and income-adjusted independent predictors of a positive THC test included survey completion during the school year (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.6–6.2), survey-reported marijuana use in last year (OR 5.3, 95% CI 3.0–9.2), current smoker (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.7), and alcohol consumption before age 16 (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–3.7). Although specific THC thresholds for safe driving have not been established, taken in the context of teen crash statistics, THC documented impairments and rapidly relaxing marijuana laws, these findings suggest the need for increased vigilance and stepped-up surveillance in teen drivers.
VOICES OF TRIBAL PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS

Educational reform presents a number of challenges for elders, tribal educational leaders, American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) teachers and administrators, and families across the United States, including the pressing need to address parent or caregiver and community involvement in education. This study was conducted to (a) summarize major factors that impact special education service delivery for AI/AN children and young adults, (b) highlight legal and ethical issues by sharing six AI/AN parents' and caregivers' person- al stories, and (c) discuss the implications of the issues raised for service delivery, policy development, and research. Qualitative methods were chosen to obtain an in-depth knowl- edge of individual participants' experiences, thoughts, and recommendations regarding serving AI/AN children with disabilities. Ethnographic interviews were conducted and several themes emerged from the data including AI/AN parents' and caregivers' responses regarding professional development, information sharing, assessments, individualized education program and individual family service plan implementation, and cultural concerns. The implications of shared individual issues within each theme are discussed.
Tax Complexity and Technology

The federal income tax code has become increasingly complex over time with the implication that many taxpayers no longer understand the connection between their life decisions and their taxes. Some commentators have suggested that increasing computational complexity may be attributable in part to the proliferation of tax preparation software that renders such complexity manageable at filing time, but otherwise does nothing to mitigate the “black box” nature of the tax system. While such complexity and opacity undercut explicit incentives embedded in the Code, make planning more difficult, and undermine political accountability for taxes, they may also reduce the inefficient distortion or deadweight loss of the income tax, particularly with respect to higher-income taxpayers. This Article argues that technology represents a potential response to tax complexity and opacity as well as a contributing factor. It argues that tax planning software can and likely will be used to restore “functional transparency” to the Code, for good or bad, alerting taxpayers to explicit incentives, allowing taxpayers to easily determine the tax consequences of their life decisions, and providing a means for improving fiscal citizenship, but also highlighting tax burdens in such a way as to increase deadweight loss. This Article also makes the case for government provision of planning software targeted at lower-income taxpayers in order to level the planning playing field and improve the take-up of tax incentives by this population, while avoiding facilitating social welfare reducing tax planning by higher-income taxpayers.
Direct tumor visual feedback during free breathing in 0.35T MRgRT

To present a tumor motion control system during free breathing using direct tumor visual feedback to patients in 0.35 T magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT). We present direct tumor visualization to patients by projecting real-time cine MR images on an MR-compatible display system inside a 0.35 T MRgRT bore. The direct tumor visualization included anatomical images with a target contour and an auto-segmented gating contour. In addition, a beam-status sign was added for patient guidance. The feasibility was investigated with a six-patient clinical evaluation of the system in terms of tumor motion range and beam-on time. Seven patients without visual guidance were used for comparison. Positions of the tumor and the auto-segmented gating contour from the cine MR images were used in probability analysis to evaluate tumor motion control. In addition, beam-on time was recorded to assess the efficacy of the visual feedback system. The direct tumor visualization system was developed and implemented in our clinic. The target contour extended 3 mm outside of the gating contour for 33.6 ± 24.9% of the time without visual guidance, and 37.2 ± 26.4% of the time with visual guidance. The average maximum motion outside of the gating contour was 14.4 ± 11.1 mm without and 13.0 ± 7.9 mm with visual guidance. Beam-on time as a percentage was 43.9 ± 15.3% without visual guidance, and 48.0 ± 21.2% with visual guidance, but was not significantly different (P = 0.34). We demonstrated the clinical feasibility and potential benefits of presenting direct tumor visual feedback to patients in MRgRT. The visual feedback allows patients to visualize and attempt to minimize tumor motion in free breathing. The proposed system and associated clinical workflow can be easily adapted for any type of MRgRT.
Signaling in an Unknown World

This paper proposes a sender-receiver model to explain two large-scale patterns observed in natural languages: Zipf’s inverse power law relating the frequency of word use and word rank, and the negative correlation between the frequency of word use and rate of lexical change. Computer simulations show that the model recreates Zipf’s inverse power law and the negative correlation between signal frequency and rate of change, provided that agents balance the rates with which they invent new signals and forget old ones. Results are robust across a wide range of parameter values and structural assumptions, such as different forgetting rules and forgetting rates. Analysis of the model further suggests that Zipf’s law relating word frequency and rank arises because of language-external factors and that frequent signals change less because frequent signals are less subject to drift than rare ones. The paper concludes with some brief considerations on model-based and data-driven approaches in philosophy.
Opportunities for Reference Services after Covid-19

There is something to be learned from how academic library reference services adapted to providing accurate and timely information to students, faculty, staff, and other users during a global pande...
Assessing What Matters Most in Older Adults with Multi-Complexity.

Background and objectives Abilities and activities that are often simultaneously valued may not be simultaneously achievable for older adults with multi-complexity. Because of this, the Geriatrics 5M's framework prioritizes care on "what matters most." This study aimed to evaluate and refine the What Matters Most-Structured Tool (WMM-ST). Research design and methods 105 older adults with an average of 4 chronic conditions completed the WMM-ST along with open-ended questions from the Serious Illness Conversation Guide. Participants also provided demographic and social information, completed cognitive screening with the T-MoCA-Short and frailty screening with the Frail Scale. Quantitative and qualitative analyses aimed to (1) describe values; (2) evaluate the association of patient characteristics with values, and; (3) assess validity via the tool's (a) acceptability (b) educational bias and (c) content accuracy. Results Older adults varied in what matters most. Ratings demonstrated modest associations with social support, religiosity, cognition, and frailty, but not with age or education. The WMM-ST was rated as understandable (86%) and applicable to their current situation (61%) independent of education. Qualitative analyses supported the content validity of WMM-ST, while revealing additional content. Discussion and implications It is possible to assess what matters most to older adults with multi-complexity using a structured tool. Such tools may be useful in making an abstract process clearer but require further validation in diverse samples.
Crime, Tort, Anger, and Insult

Intuitively, losses caused by crimes and those caused by accidents are psychologically different – but how? In three experiments, this article tests the hypothesis that crimes literally add insult to injury, in a way that equally severe accidents do not. In the first experiment, participants described a time they were a victim of either an accident or a crime. The hypothesis that crimes are more insulting than accidents was supported by both explicit dependent measures and content analysis of participants’ responses. This result held after controlling for differing levels of severity and magnitude of losses across the two types of events, for differing expectations about the likelihood of being compensated, and even for some differing mindsets of criminal versus accidental harm-doers (specifically, how sorry the victim thinks the harm-doer is, or measures of intent such as whether the victim was chosen opportunistically versus maliciously). The second experiment replicated the conceptual findings of the first, but used scenarios of crimes and accidents to more tightly control the features of the events, especially the type and magnitude of loss.
Successful Endovascular Therapy in COVID-19 Associated Pediatric Ischemic Stroke

Cerebrovascular diseases attributed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are uncommon but can result in devastating outcomes. Pediatric acute ischemic strokes are themselves rare and with very few large vessel occlusion related acute ischemic strokes attributed to COVID-19 described in the literature as of date. COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to acute stroke care delays across the world and with pediatric endovascular therapy still in its infancy, it poses a great challenge in facilitating good outcomes in children presenting with acute ischemic strokes in the setting of COVID-19. We present a pediatric patient who underwent endovascular therapy for an internal carotid artery occlusion related acute ischemic stroke in the setting of active COVID-19 and had an excellent outcome thanks to a streamlined stroke pathway involving the vascular neurology, neuro-interventional, neurocritical care, and anesthesiology teams.
De-Intensified (DI) IMPT vs. IMRT(Chemo) for HPV-Associated Oropharynx Cancer (HPV-OPC): Initial Quality of Life (QOL) Results From a Prospective, Multi-Institutional Trial.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) To compare patient-reported QOL/symptoms between DI IMPT(chemo) and IMRT(chemo) for HPV-OPC. MATERIALS/METHODS LCCC1612 is a multi-institutional phase II trial of DI RT(chemo) using 60 Gy/30 fx in 6 wk with weekly concurrent cisplatin, 30 mg/m2 for HPV-OPC. Eligible patients (AJCC 8 ed, T0-3, N0-2, M0, p16+, regardless of smoking history) received IMPT at one participating center. T0-2, N1 (single node, < 3 cm) received RT alone. ≥10 pk-y smokers underwent p53 mutation analysis, and only those with wild-type p53 received DI RT(chemo). The IMPT cohort (initial 25 patients with 1y f/u) were matched (2:1) to a randomly selected IMRT cohort using the following: T-class, N-class, and uni- vs. bi-lateral neck RT. QOL/symptoms assessed by EORTC QLQ30, HN35, and EAT-10 were compared at baseline, endRT, 3, 6, and 12 mo. Differences of ≥10 in QLQ30 and HN35 (range, 0-100) and ≥3 in EAT-10 (range, 0-40) were considered clinically relevant. RESULTS The IMRT cohort consisted of 46 matches (only 1:1 available for 4 IMPT pts). There were no significant differences between non-matched variables (RT dose, chemo, age, gender, smoking history, or primary site). 1-yr PFS was comparable (IMPT, 92%; IMRT, 93%). Only 2/25 (8%) IMPT and 18/46 (39%) IMRT patients required short-term feeding tubes. Both cohorts reported excellent QOL/symptom scores with worse mean scores at end of RT, which returned to baseline by 3 mo for most patients with some exceptions such as dry mouth, sticky saliva, and sensory changes. IMPT resulted in higher (better) mean scores for QLQ30 Global QOL at endRT (55.8/45.8), and role function at endRT (60.1/43.6) and 3 mo (91.7/80.4). Several HN35 mean symptom scores were lower (better) after IMPT including fatigue at endRT (49.3/60.4) and 3 mo (17.2/31.6); appetite loss at 3 mo (16.7/34.8), 6 mo (13.9/27.8), and 12 mo (5.8/16.7); impaired social eating at 3 mo (14.0/30.2) and 6 mo (11.1/22.8); coughing at endRT (29.0/43.2) and 6 mo (15.3/25.6); and feeding tube use at endRT (4.3/34.1) and 3 mo (4.5/15.6). IMPT patients reported less dysphagia with lower mean EAT-10 scores at 3 mo (5.8/10.0) and 6 mo (4.5/8). Narcotic use was higher with IMPT than IMRT at end RT and 3 mo without a difference in pain scores. There was no difference in financial difficulties despite the added costs with proton therapy. CONCLUSION DI IMPT(chemo) and IMRT(chemo) resulted in favorable patient-reported QOL/symptoms with most patients reporting return to baseline QOL/symptom scores by 3 mo with some exceptions. DI IMPT(chemo) resulted in very low rate of feeding tube use and less swallowing/eating-related symptoms compared with IMRT(chemo) using independently validated instruments. Additional data and long-term follow-up will be needed to validate these findings and confirm the long-term safety/efficacy of DI RT(chemo).
Advanced Transport Phenomena: Unidirectional and One-Dimensional Flow and Heat Transfer Problems

We are now in a position to begin to consider the solution of heat transfer and fluid mechanics problems by using the equations of motion, continuity, and thermal energy, plus the boundary conditions that were given in the preceding chapter. Before embarking on this task, it is worthwhile to examine the nature of the mathematical problems that are inherent in these equations. For this purpose, it is sufficient to consider the case of an incompressible Newtonian fluid, in which the equations simplify to the forms (2–20), (2–88) with the last term set equal to zero, and (2–93). The first thing to note is that this set of equations is highly nonlinear. This can clearly be seen in the term u · grad u in (2–88). However, because the material properties such as ρ, C p , and k are all functions of the temperature θ, and the latter is a function of the velocity u through the convected derivative on the left-hand side of (2–93), it can be seen that almost every term of (2–88) and (2–93) involves a product of at least two unknowns either explicitly or implicitly. In contrast, all of the classical analytic methods of solving partial differential equations (PDEs) (for example, eigenfunction expansions by means of separation of variables, or Laplace and Fourier transforms) require that the equation(s) be linear. This is because they rely on the construction of general solutions as sums of simpler, fundamental solutions of the DEs.
A model for intradendritic computation of binocular disparity

Many complex cells in mammalian primary visual cortex are finely tuned to binocular disparity. In the prevailing model, several binocular simple cells drive each disparity-tuned complex cell. However, some cat complex cells receive direct LGN input, and binocular simple cells are rare in macaque. In our biophysically detailed compartmental model, active dendrites of a single neuron perform the multiple simple-cell-like subunit computations that underlie both orientation and disparity tuning. The responses of our detailed model could be predicted by a simple algebraic formula closely related to an 'energy' model. Adding inhibitory synapses led to sharper, more contrast-invariant tuning curves. Thus active dendrites could contribute to binocular-disparity tuning in complex cells.
Processing Treatments for Control of Listeria monocytogenes on Frankfurters

Frankfurters were surface inoculated with a 5-strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes then treated with a pediocin (ALTATM 2341), post-packaging pasteurization with heat or post-packaging irradiation.All treatments effectively reduced L. monocytogenes numbers but combinations, particularly pediocin with heat or with irradiation were most effective for both reducing L. monocytogenes and suppressing growth of survivors. Pediocin and irradiation treatments were synergistic and achieved the greatest control of L. monocytogenes of all the treatments studied.These treatments offer meat processors alternatives to improve control of L. monocytogenes on processed meats.
Crystal structure of the sodium cobaltate deuterate superconductor Na x CoO 2 ⋅ 4 x D 2 O ( x ≈ 1 3 )

Neutron and x-ray powder diffraction have been used to investigate the crystal structures of a sample of the newly-discovered superconducting sodium cobaltate deuterate compound with composition ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.31(3)}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}\ensuremath{\cdot}1.25(2){\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ and its anhydrous parent compound ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.61(1)}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}.$ The anhydrous parent compound ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.61(1)}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ has two partially occupied Na sites sandwiched, in the same plane, between ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ layers. When Na is removed to make the superconducting composition, the Na site that experiences the strongest Na--Co repulsion is emptied while the occupancy of the other Na site is reduced to about one third. The deuterate superconducting compound is formed by coordinating four ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecules (two above and two below) to each remaining Na ion in a way that gives Na--O distances nearly equal to those in the parent compound. One deuteron of the ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecule is hydrogen bonded to an oxygen atom in the ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ plane and the oxygen atom and the second deuteron of each ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecule lie approximately in a plane between the Na layer and the ${\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}$ layers. This coordination of Na by four ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecules leads in a straightforward way to ordering of the Na ions and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ molecules consistent with the observation of additional shorter-range scattering features in the diffraction data. The sample studied here, which has ${T}_{c}=4.5\mathrm{K},$ has a refined composition of ${\mathrm{Na}}_{0.31(3)}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}\ensuremath{\cdot}1.25(2){\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O},$ in agreement with the expected 1:4 ratio of Na to ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}.$ These results show that the optimal superconducting composition should be viewed as a specific hydrated compound, not a solid solution of Na and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ $({\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O})$ in ${\mathrm{Na}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{2}\ensuremath{\cdot}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}.$ The hydrated superconducting compound may be stable over a limited range of Na and ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ concentration, but studies of ${T}_{c}$ and other physical properties vs Na or ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ composition should be viewed with caution until it is verified that the compound remains in the same phase over the composition range of the study.
Multivariate Bayesian Statistics: Models for Source Separation and Signal Unmixing

Introduction Part l: FUNDAMENTALS STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS Scalar Distributions Vector Distributions Matrix Distributions INTRODUCTORY BAYESIAN STATISTICS Discrete Scalar Variables Continuous Scalar Variables Continuous Vector Variables Continuous Matrix Variables PRIOR DISTRIBUTIONS Vague Priors Conjugate Priors Generaliz ed Priors Correlation Priors HYPERPARAMETER ASSESSMENT Introduction Binomial Likelihood Scalar Normal Likelihood Multivariate Normal Likelihood Matrix Normal Likelihood BAYESIAN ESTIMATION METHODS Marginal Posterior Mean Maximum a Posteriori Advantages of ICM over Gibbs Sampling Advantages of Gibbs Sampling over ICM REGRESSION Introduction Normal Samples Simple Linear Regression Multiple Linear Regression Multivariate Linear Regression Part II: II Models BAYESIAN REGRESSION Introduction The Bayesian Regression Model Likelihood Conjugate Priors and Posterior Conjugate Estimation and Inference Generalized Priors and Posterior Generalized Estimation and Inference Interpretation Discussion BAYESIAN FACTOR ANALYSIS Introduction The Bayesian Factor Analysis Model Likelihood Conjugate Priors and Posterior Conjugate Estimation and Inference Generalized Priors and Posterior Generalized Estimation and Inference Interpretation Discussion BAYESIAN SOURCE SEPARATION Introduction Source Separation Model Source Separation Likelihood Conjugate Priors and Posterior Conjugate Estimation and Inference Generalized Priors and Posterior Generalized Estimation and Inference Interpretation Discussion UNOBSERVABLE AND OBSERVABLE SOURCE SEPARATION Introduction Model Likelihood Conjugate Priors and Posterior Conjugate Estimation and Inference Generalized Priors and Posterior Generalized Estimation and Inference Interpretation Discussion FMRI CASE STUDY Introduction Model Priors and Posterior Estimation and Inference Simulated FMRI Experiment Real FMRI Experiment FMRI Conclusion Part III: Generalizations DELAYED SOURCES AND DYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS Introduction Model Delayed Constant Mixing Delayed Nonconstant Mixing Instantaneous Nonconstant Mixing Likelihood Conjugate Priors and Posterior Conjugate Estimation and Inference Generalized Priors and Posterior Generalized Estimation and Inference Interpretation Discussion CORRELATED OBSERVATION AND SOURCE VECTORS Introduction Model Likelihood Conjugate Priors and Posterior Conjugate Estimation and Inference Posterior Conditionals Generalized Priors and Posterior Generalized Estimation and Inference Interpretation Discussion CONCLUSION Appendix A FMRI Activation Determination Appendix B FMRI Hyperparameter Assessment Bibliography Index
Terminus: Ethnographic Terminalia

“Terminus” reflects on the curatorial impetus behind the 2010 Ethnographic Terminalia show, held in New Orleans.
A Silicon‐Tungsten Electromagnetic Calorimeter for the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC

A proposed Silicon Tungsten Calorimeter for the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC will increase the calorimetric of the experiment by over an order of magnitude. The physics and design of the calorimeter is described.
Online discussion of drug side effects and discontinuation among breast cancer survivors

PURPOSE While patients often use the internet as a medium to search for and exchange health-related information, little is known about the extent to which patients use social media to discuss side effects related to medications. We aim to understand the frequency and content of side effects and associated adherence behaviors discussed by breast cancer patients related to using aromatase inhibitors (AIs), with particular emphasis on AI-related arthralgia.
ADD, ADHD, Drugs, Depression and Suicide in Children

Cross-cultural research has placed in question the ADD/ADHD syndrome. Drugs for the treatment of ADD/ADHD may predispose children for depression and suicide. Dietary and behavioral research places new emphasis on cultural aspects of the etiology of high activity children. MRI studies of children's brains as evidence for this syndrome are variable and inconsistent and may be artifacts of limited comparative data and analytical procedures.
Can the L5178Y Tk+/− mouse lymphoma assay detect epigenetic silencing?

The mouse lymphoma L5178Y Tk(+/-) assay is broadly used in toxicology to assess genotoxicity because of its known sensitivity to genotoxicants that act through a variety of mechanisms, which may include epigenetic DNA methylation. This brief article highlights the studies that have contributed to this conjecture and suggests an addition to the experimental design that could identify if the test substance is a potential epimutagen acting via hypermethylation.
Methyl methacrylate stent for prevention of postexcisional recurrent ear keloid

Abstract Compared with other available treatment modalities that rely on active pressure over the excised region, this method of therapy works by confinement of the soft tissue to the internal dimensions of the stent. It minimizes the possibility of creating excessive force that could cause an unfavorable response such as inflammation or necrosis. One advantage of this design is that the stent can be used for the treatment of either an helix or earlobe keloid, while the button or clip devices cannot be used in the helix because of its wavelike configuration (Fig. 15).
Arbitration’s Discontents: Of Elephants and Pornography

### (a) Sources of Unhappiness ARBITRATORS OFTEN complain about frivolous motions and excessive requests for documentary discovery. Scholars worry that arbitration allows business managers to evade statutory norms that further vital public policies. Winning claimants lament that judicial review of awards impairs neutrality and finality. Losing litigants grumble that arbitrators apply the law either too strictly or not strictly enough. Discontent aims principally at the abuse of otherwise legitimate pro-cedures, whether in arbitration itself or in related court actions. Arbitrators and judges are increasingly aware of the need to discourage litigants from frustrating the basic aims of business arbitration: dispute resolution that is both relatively efficient and reasonably free from excessive judicial intervention. Although these aspirations do not lend themselves to facile analysis, they can help frame a dialogue that promotes reasonable choices about acceptable tactics, with sensitivity to the inevitable cultural predispositions existing in today’s international commercial community. ### (b) ‘We Know It When We See It’ For better or for worse, international commercial arbitration lacks any universally recognized standard-setting body. No arbitral ‘Miss Manners’ sets worldwide procedural etiquette. Statutes and conventions contain only general principles (arbitrators must be free of bias, respect the limits of their authority and give each side an opportunity to present its case), and arbitral institutions leave arbitrators wide discretion in establishing facts and interpreting contracts. Treatises on international arbitration have only persuasive authority.1 Attempts to define ‘abuse’ in arbitration bring to mind the line by US Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart reversing a movie theatre’s obscenity conviction. Admitting an inability to define ‘hard core’ pornography, Stewart added: ‘But I know it when I see it’.2 British judges sometimes apply a similar (but less risque) characterization test. In deciding that a floating crane was not a ‘ship or vessel’ for purposes of insurance policy, Lord Justice Scrutton referred to the gentleman who ‘could not define an …
Phase behavior and rheology of attractive rod-like particles

Colloidal rods interacting with a temperature-dependant attraction are constructed by grafting the polymer poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) to the surface of the charged, semi-flexible filamentous fd virus. The phase diagram of fd-PNIPAM system becomes independent of ionic strength at high salt concentration and low temperature, i.e., the rods are sterically stabilized by the polymer. However, the network of rods undergoes a sol–gel transition as the temperature is raised. The viscoelastic moduli of fd and fd-PNIPAM suspensions are compared as a function of temperature, and the effect of ionic strength on the gelling behavior of fd-PNIPAM solution is measured. For all fluid-like and solid-like samples, the frequency-dependant linear viscoelastic moduli can be scaled onto universal master curves.
Redifferentiation therapy in advanced thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a relatively common malignancy with an estimated prevalence of 250,000 in the U.S. A minority of patients have poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma that is unresponsive to radioiodine therapy. Redifferentiation agents that 'reprogram' these tumors to concentrate radioiodine would be of great value in treating patients with advanced thyroid cancer. The retinoid isotretinoin is the most extensively studied of these agents. It appears that 20-40% of patients respond to isotretinoin treatment by concentration of radioiodine in metastatic tumors, but the clinical utility of this redifferentiation is still unclear. In vitro studies suggest that the retinoid receptors (RARbeta and RXRgamma) are required for this effect. Abnormal DNA methylation may be an early event in thyroid tumorigenesis and methylation of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) may play a role in the loss of iodine concentration in these tumors. Inhibitors of methylation (5-azacytidine, phenylacetate and sodium butyrate) have been shown to increase NIS expression and iodine uptake in cell culture models, but published trials in humans are not yet available. Histone acetylation is required for efficient transcription of genes necessary for differentiated function. Proteins that cause histone deacetylation inhibit gene transcription and differentiated function. Inhibitors of histone deacetylation (depsipeptide, trichostatin A) have been shown to increase NIS expression and iodine uptake in poorly differentiated and undifferentiated cell lines. Phase II human trials are currently underway for depsipeptide. Finally, commonly used agents such as thiazolidinediones (diabetes) and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (hypercholesterolemia) have shown promise in preliminary in vitro studies in advanced thyroid cancer cell lines. Development of these and other novel agents for the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer is critical for us to treat an uncommon progression of a common malignancy.
Avian colonic ion transport: effects of corticosterone and dexamethasone

1. Corticosterone, a natural corticosteroid hormone in birds, when injected into domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) (2000 μg·kg−1, 4–5 h before experiment) increases both the basal Isc (short-circuit current) and amiloride-sensitive Isc as well as the PD across the colon in vitro. Dexamethasone, a synthetic analogue (650 μg·kg−1, 4–5 h before experiment) also increases the basal and amiloride-sensitive Isc as well as PD in these preparations. 2. In marked contrast, longer term injection or infusion of dexamethasone (650 μg·kg−1) for 3 or more days caused a decline in basal Isc and PD (the PD often reversed with the serosal side becoming electronegative) and a drop in resistance. However in these preparations, the amiloride-sensitive Isc was significantly elevated which could be accounted for by an increase in net Na flux. 3. No significant change occurs in net flux of Cl or K although unidirectional fluxes in both directions were increased for both ions in birds given dexamethasone for 3 days. 4. A disparity between the basal Isc and the amiloride-sensitive Isc appeared in these preparations from dexamethasone injected birds reflecting the transport of other ions, possibly HCO3− or H+. The possible role of corticosterone in mineral metabolism of birds is discussed.
Sensory evaluation of bitterness and astringency of 3R(−)-epicatechin and 3S(+)-catechin

Bitterness and astringency of the monomeric flavan-3-o!s ( + )-catechin and (−)-epicatechin were rated using time-intensity (T-I) methodology. Three concentration levels (0.5. 0.9 and 1.2 g liter−1) oi each compound were assessed, and the parameters time to maximum intensity (TMAX), intensity at the maximum (IMAX) and total duration (TTOT) were extracted from the T-I curves. No differences in TMAX for either bitterness or astringency were found between these chiral isomers or as a function of concentration within a compound. Epicatechin had a significantly higher bitter IMAX than catechin at all three concentration levels, and had a significantly longer TTOT at the two higher concentrations. Epicatechin was more astringent than catechin. but this was only significant at one concentration. Astringency TTOT was longer for epicatechin, although this was nonsignificant at the lowest concentration. The three concentrations of catechin were significantly different for both bitterness and astringency IMAX and TTOT. Epicatechin showed evidence for the astringency response plateauing above the 0.9 g litre−1 level. n-Propylthiouracil status had no effect on perception of either bitterness or astringency.
Analysis of membrane permeability coefficient ratios and internal ion concentrations from a constant field equation.

Abstract The use of the constant field equation to get membrane permeability ratios and internal ion activities is to be regarded with some caution. The existence of electrogenic ion pumps can limit the usefulness of this method. Unless the relative sodium permeability is very small, the use of external solutions with constant K,Cl-product will not obviate transmembrane fluxes. The relative merits of two curve-fitting approaches which can be used for a determination of sodium : potassium permeability ratio and internal potassium activity is discussed.
Treatment Planning as Collaborative Care Map Construction: Reframing Clinical Practice to Promote Client Involvement

Collaborative care map construction is proposed as an alternative reference to the clinical practice of treatment planning. This reframe is intended to highlight the importance of client–therapist collaboration in “mapping out” care. Six therapist postures or practices are presented and discussed that promote client involvement: (a) speaking tentatively, (b) revisiting role induction, (c) inviting client preferences, (d) determining direction, (e) wondering aloud, and (f) checking for clarity and soliciting feedback. Suggestions are provided for employing these postures within the time constraints and external controls of managed care entities.
Accretion of a ghost condensate by black holes

The intent of this paper is to point out that the accretion of a ghost condensate by black holes could be extremely efficient. We analyze steady-state spherically symmetric flows of the ghost fluid in the gravitational field of a Schwarzschild black hole and calculate the accretion rate. Unlike minimally coupled scalar field or quintessence, the accretion rate is set not by the cosmological energy density of the field, but by the energy scale of the ghost condensate theory. If hydrodynamical flow is established, it could be as high as a tenth of a solar mass per second for 10 MeV scale ghost condensate accreting onto a stellar-sized black hole, which puts serious constraints on the parameters of the ghost condensate model.