cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Milk- and soy protein-induced enterocolitis: Evidence for lymphocyte sensitization to specific food proteins

Abstract Stimulation ([ 3 H]thymidine incorporation) of blood lymphocytes cultured with food proteins was evaluated in infants with food protein-induced enterocolitis and correlated with the results of oral diagnostic challenges with the same foods (soy, cow's milk, and egg white). The geometric mean stimulation index for lymphocytes from patients with positive oral soy protein challenge that were cultured with soy protein was 8.5, and for patients with positive cow's milk challenge the stimulation index was 6.0 when casein was used in the cultures. Both values are significantly different from the values obtained from patients with negative oral challenges (p
Shielding TCP from last hop wireless losses: Research Articles

The pervasiveness of the transport control protocol (TCP) and the proliferation of wireless local area networks (WLAN) of the 802.11 type make the topic of TCP performance over last hop wireless networks very relevant. The Snoop protocol, a link layer solution introduced several years ago to improve the performance of TCP in this scenario, has been shown to neglect its benefits to the most widely used TCP version, TCP SACK. In this paper, we introduce the TCP SACK-Aware Snoop protocol to address this problem. Our results indicate that the TCP SACK-Aware Snoop protocol improves the performance of TCP SACK by around 30p compared with the original Snoop protocol and by about 8p in an environment where no TCP enhancing mechanism is in place. In addition, we introduce further modifications to the proposed protocol to make its advantages available to any TCP sender. We also show that the mechanism does not introduce unfairness among TCP sources and somewhat protects TCP against UDP traffic. Our results show important throughput improvements to all TCP versions and demonstrate that the TCP SACK-Aware Snoop protocol shields TCP from last hop wireless losses providing throughtput values very close to the maximum possible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating optimal treatment regimes from a classification perspective

A treatment regime maps observed patient characteristics to a recommended treatment. Recent technological advances have increased the quality, accessibility, and volume of patient-level data; consequently, there is a growing need for powerful and flexible estimators of an optimal treatment regime that can be used with either observational or randomized clinical trial data. We propose a novel and general framework that transforms the problem of estimating an optimal treatment regime into a classification problem wherein the optimal classifier corresponds to the optimal treatment regime. We show that commonly employed parametric and semi-parametric regression estimators, as well as recently proposed robust estimators of an optimal treatment regime can be represented as special cases within our framework. Furthermore, our approach allows any classification procedure that can accommodate case weights to be used without modification to estimate an optimal treatment regime. This introduces a wealth of new and powerful learning algorithms for use in estimating treatment regimes. We illustrate our approach using data from a breast cancer clinical trial.
Equity in access to child health insurance in the United States.

The Issue. In an article that appeared in the New York Times on September 10, 2000, David E. Rosenbaum explicated the paradox that continues to define US medicine. 1 “In an era of unrivalled prosperity, Americans express confidence in their ability to handle most, if not all, economic concerns.” He goes on to say, “The authorities and the public have begun to doubt whether costs for medical care can ever be contained, or that a practical way exists to provide insurance for all citizens. The only economic indicator that worsened in recent years is the number of Americans without health insurance. In the United States, we can make a case that what is economically rational is politically unacceptable.” As the US and global economy vacillates in and out of recession, the opportunity to alter the course of US politics to effect significant change in access to health care for all Americans seems to be sliding further and further from our grasp.
Optimal large-scale storage placement in single generator single load networks

Large-scale storage will play an increasingly important role in future power grids. As a result, how to optimally place storage in such networks, is an important investment problem. Furthermore, since the allocation of storage resources is static, i.e., it is not feasible to move storage around in a dynamic fashion, it is important to derive optimal such allocations that are robust to the values of the load profiles and other network parameters, such as the line flow constraints. For a single generator single load network, and for a cost of generation that is quadratic in the generation power, we show that, for any given amount of storage resources, placing storage at the demand node is always optimal. This result is true regardless of the demand profile and flow constraints, and therefore is robust. As a byproduct of this result, for a fixed demand profile, we characterize the dependence of the optimal production cost on the flow constraints and on the available storage resources.
Analysis of styrene polymerization in a continuous flow tubular reactor

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed to predict the spatial variations in temperature, velocity and composition which occur during thermal polymerization of styrene in a laminar flow tubular reactor. The resulting computer simulation model is capable of analysing the effects of coupled momentum, heat and mass transfer including system parameter variations and different operational conditions on reactor stability and conversion rate. It was found that a tube of radius up to 2 cm can be unconditionally used for continuous flow polymerization. Above this radius, thermal runaway, flow channelling and steep radial gradients in all principal variables may occur.
Ultrathin image fiber with hemispherical fiber lens for medical use

The gradient-index rod lenses have been conventionally used as the objective lens of the ultrathin medical fiberscope. In this paper, we propose to apply the new hemispherical fiber lens for the ultrathin fiberscopes. The lens can be fabricated by attaching a silica rod to imagefiber and heating the free end of the rod in arc charge. As the result of our investigation, it has been known that the radius of the hemispherical lens can be controlled by the discharge time. The imagefiber with the hemispherical lens had a diameter of 0.2 mm, 1600 pixels, a working distance of 3 mm and the angle of view of 40 degrees. It has been found by evaluating its image quality that it has the sufficient feature for the practical medical usage. In addition, it has been shown that the end of the imagefiber itself can be transformed to the hemispherical objective lens, and its optical characteristics as a lens can be controlled by changing the elongating length and the preheating condition.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stimulation of FSH and LH release in vitro by natural and synthetic LH and FSH releasing hormone.

FSH-releasing hormone (FSH-RH) and LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) activities of three synthetic preparations of (pyro) Glu-His- Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2 were compared with that of a homogeneous preparation of natural LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) of porcine origin. An in vitro system based on release of FSH and LH from normal male rat pituitaries was used to assay FSH-RH and LH-RH. LH-RH activity was also determined in vivo by stimulation of the release of LH in ovariectomized rats pretreated with estrogen and progesterone. Released FSH was measured by specific bioassay as well as by radioimmunoassay for rat FSH. Released LH was measured by radioimmunoassay for rat LH. Quantitatively, the FSH-RH activity and the LH-RH activity of all three synthetic preparations of LH-RH/FSH-RH were identical with those of the natural material. The time courses of the in vitro release of LH and FSH, induced by the synthetic and natural materials, appeared to be identical, suggesting that one hypothalamic hormone m...
Infrared optical properties of clouds over the maritime Antarctic: radiometric FTIR measurements

Spectrally resolved radiometric measurements of middle infrared atmospheric emission can be used in conjunction with detailed radiative transfer calculations to retrieve cloud emissivity, and to estimate cloud liquid water path (LWP), optical depth, and equivalent radius of the droplet size distribution. Using a discrete-ordinates radiative transfer formulation, an algorithm has been developed to retrieve these cloud properties from FTIR data. The algorithm has been successfully applied to a four month Antarctic data set provided by the CalSpace FTIR Spectroradiometer. Radiative transfer calculations were performed to estimate spectral cloud emissivity for a range of cloud optical depth, liquid water content, and equivalent radius, sufficient to bracket values expected in the field. These calculations made use of bi-modal droplet size distributions actually observed in Antarctic clouds. Using a least- squares algorithm, a theoretical cloud emission spectrum is chosen which best reproduces a given measured brightness temperature spectrum. The results show marked differences in cloud emissivity between high and low overcast layers, and between clouds with and without precipitation. The results also suggest that the emissivity of a maritime Antarctic cloud deck should be smaller for a given LWP than the parameterization frequently used in general circulation models.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanistic implications of Aun/Ti-lattice proximity for propylene epoxidation

Previous work on propylene epoxidation using H2/O2 over Au/TS-1 catalysts indirectly supports a “sequential” mechanism: (1) H2O2 formation from H2/O2 on Au and (2) propylene epoxidation using H2O2 on Ti-defect sites. On the contrary, recent kinetic studies suggest a “simultaneous” mechanism which involves attack of adsorbed propylene on H−Au−OOH species. We have employed QM/MM calculations to examine whether the “sequential” mechanism is viable if Au/Ti sites are in proximity inside the TS-1 pores. On the bare Ti-defect site, the calculated ΔEact for Ti−OOH formation (16.8 kcal/mol) and for subsequent propylene epoxidation (20.3 kcal/mol) suggest that epoxidation is viable. However, the Ti-defect site is also the most favorable binding site for small Au clusters. Interestingly, the ΔEact for Ti−OOH formation on Au3/Ti-defect site is 32.1 kcal/mol, suggesting that the “sequential” mechanism is kinetically inhibited due to the proximity between Au clusters and Ti-defect sites. In the “simultaneous” mechani...
Doppler echocardiography in the human fetus

Fetal echocardiography has allowed prenatal diagnosis of heart disease to become a reality over the last decade. Recently, pulsed Doppler flow studies have been applied to the examination of the fetal cardiovascular system. In fetuses with dysrhythmias, complex structural heart malformations, nonimmune hydrops fetalis, or mothers receiving nonsteroidal prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies are clinically indicated. These studies involve noninvestigational tests that provide information of critical clinical import. These studies may occasionally, require energy intensities that exceed the 510(k) limits. The physician should be held responsible for educating patients to the potential risks versus benefits of any imaging study they undergo, but appending potentially alarming labels to transducers, machines, or cathode-ray tube displays can only serve to undermine the fabric of the physician-patient relationship without achieving the desired goal of protection of the patient.
Cervical Spondylotic Stenosis and Myelopathy: Evaluation With Computed Tomographic Myelography

Objective To determine which components of cervical spondylosis are most frequently present in patients with myelopathy. Design We reviewed the findings in 93 patients who underwent surgical decompression for cervical spondylotic myelopathy between January 1986 and December 1989 at Mayo Clinic Rochester. Material and Methods All 93 patients (72 men and 21 women) underwent computed tomographic (CT) myelography. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging scans were available in 25 patients, and plain CT scans were obtained in 2. Results A review of CT myelograms revealed that all neurocompressive intraspinal spondylotic changes were reflected in the shape of the spinal cord. Among the 93 patients with myelopathy, the configuration of the spinal cord could be categorized into primarily three dominant types: A (severe encroachment that compressed the cord into the shape of a banana; N=40), B (moderate encroachment that produced less prominent compression; N=23), and C (moderate bilateral uncovertebral spurs; N=12). As a comparison group, 30 patients with similar spinal cord deformities but without progressive myelopathy were analyzed. Correlation of the two groups showed that myelopathy was present in up to 98% of patients with type A spinal cord, in 75% with type B, and in 71% with type C. The findings on magnetic resonance imaging were similar to those on CT myelography, but the bony spondylotic components were less readily seen. Conclusion The precise pathophysiologic mechanism of myelopathy in spondylosis remains an enigma. Although the bulk of the data on our patients supports direct compression, we believe that the cause is multifactorial.
Semiclassical limit of the Dirac equation and the g minus 2 experiment

A relativistic mechanics for a Dirac particle is derived as the semi-classical limit of the Dirac equation. The theory resembles ordinary mechanics, except that some of the phase space variables are four by four matrices. We are able to derive from QED the spin precession equation of Bargmann, Michel, and Telegdi and find quantum corrections for inhomogeneous fields.
Influence of temperature and monovalent cations on reactivity of the donor and acceptor sites on mammalian ribosomes

Abstract Rat liver ribosomes were prepared with the peptidyl-tRNA either predominantly at the acceptor site (acceptor ribosomes) or at the donor site (donor ribosomes) and were washed free of elongation factors. When incubated at low concentrations of puromycin in the absence of monovalent salts, the donor ribosomes had little capacity to form a peptidyl derivative with puromycin at 0 °C but became reactive at 37 °C Acceptor ribosomes showed little reactivity towards puromycin at either temperature, thus indicating that they do not undergo significant translocation in media lacking monovalent cations. Incubation in the presence of increasing concentrations of NH4Cl raised the reactivity with puromycin of both donor and acceptor ribosomes to a maximum at 160 mM concentration. The acceptor ribosomes responded to NH4Cl proportionally more than the donor ribosomes which however still remained more active. This indicates that optimal levels of NH4Cl can cause the acceptor sites on some but not all acceptor ribosomes to become available to puromycin, presumably by translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the acceptor site. The increase in reactivity of the fully translocated donor ribosomes shows that NH4Cl causes changes additional to translocation. Addition of increasing amounts of KCl to the medium also raised the capacity of donor and acceptor ribosomes to react with puromycin, but in this case reactivity of the acceptor ribosomes at 37 °C became indistinguishable from that of donor ribosomes in media containing more than 100 mM KCl, implying complete translocation above this salt concentration. The effect of temperature and salt concentration on binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site was also examined. Raising the concentrations of KCl from 50 to 150 mM increased binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor ribosomes, but did not alter binding to donor ribosomes. Higher concentrations of KCl reduced the binding capacity of both types of ribosome. Binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to each ribosome type was temperature-dependent. It is concluded that temperature and the monovalent salt content of the medium play a part in non-enzymic translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the acceptor to the donor site on mammalian ribosomes, and thus can change the capacity of a population containing acceptor ribosomes to react with puromycin and with aminoacyl-tRNA. In addition, temperature and salt concentration also affect reactivity of donor ribosomes with puromycin, thus indicating that factors other than translocation are involved in the promotion of puromycin peptide formation by monovalent salts. It is suggested that the use of authentic acceptor and donor ribosomes under defined conditions of salt and temperature can increase the information to be learned from reaction with puromycin.
Investigations of the potential-dependent structure of phenylalanine on the glassy carbon electrode by infrared-visible sum frequency generation

We investigated the structure of adsorbed l-phenylalanine (Phe) on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) as a function of electrode potential using infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. Experiments using partially deuterated Phe confirmed that SFG signal originates from the CH stretch modes of the methylene group (CH2) in Phe. Quantitative analysis of SFG spectra revealed that Phe molecules adopt a conformation in which the dipole contribution of the asymmetric mode of the methylene group becomes greater than the symmetric mode with respect to the surface normal at highly positive electrode potential.
Hypertonic stress induces αB-crystallin expression

Alpha B-crystallin, a major lens protein, was induced in primary cultures of dog lens epithelial cells and glomerular endothelial cells when they were grown under conditions of hypertonic stress. With Western blot analysis using a specific alpha B-crystallin antibody, we observed a significant increase in the concentration of alpha B-crystallin protein in cells grown for 4-6 days in media supplemented with 150 mM NaCl or 250 mM cellobiose. These supplements increased the osmolarity of the medium from 300 to 550-600 mosmol kg-1. Alpha B-crystallin mRNA was also increased reaching a maximum four-fold increase in lens and 16-fold increase in kidney cells within 1-2 days. These studies demonstrate a type of regulation of alpha B-crystallin expression in cells from lenticular and non-lenticular tissues.
Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying Ideologies

According to system justification theory, there is a psychological motive to defend and justify the status quo. There are both dispositional antecedents (e.g., need for closure, openness to experience) and situational antecedents (e.g., system threat, mortality salience) of the tendency to embrace system-justifying ideologies. Consequences of system justification sometimes differ for members of advantaged versus disadvantaged groups, with the former experiencing increased and the latter decreased self-esteem, well-being, and in-group favoritism. In accordance with the palliative function of system justification, endorsement of such ideologies is associated with reduced negative affect for everyone, as well as weakened support for social change and redistribution of resources.
Isolation of a membrane associated iron chelator from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A membrane associated iron chelator (MAIC) has been extracted with ethanol from the membranes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and isolated on thin-layer chromatograms. Also extracted from the membranes is the ferrated form of MAIC, FeMAIC. When cell-bound or in the complete ethanol extract of membranes, MAIC binds iron from exogenous iron sources forming FeMAIC. Methanol solutions of each compound exhibit similar absorption spectra with strong absorption in the ultraviolet, indicating the aromatic structure of the compounds. Colorimetric reactions reveal the presence of a phenolic moiety in these compounds. MAIC and FeMAIC are extracted from the membranes of cells grown in media supplemented with iron or in media containing significant trace levels of iron. Transport studies revealed that neither iron-fed nor iron-starved cells transport detectable levels of radiolabeled iron from exogenous iron sources, yet low amount of 55FeMAIC are extracted from the membranes of cells incubated with [55Fe]ferric chelators. The MAIC may serve as an iron transporter in these cells, or may serve to bind iron following its transport into the cell via another mechanism.
Sawflies in fine fescue grown for seed.

The biology of Pachynematus setator Ross was studied during an outbreak in fine fescue grown for seed. Adults laid eggs in the leaf tissue during April; larvae fed on the leaves during May and retreated to the crown of plants in June to construct wintering hibernacula. During feeding the larvae chewed through 4.6% of the culms, which caused the seed heads to lodge or fall to the ground. The population density of P. setator declined because of natural causes from 300 larvae per 25 sweeps in 1971 to 12 larvae per 25 sweeps in 1973. Two hymenopteran parasites were reared from wintering larvae, but they had only a small role in the decline of the population. A second species of sawfly, Dolerus nitens Zaddach, was present in the fine fescue but it was of minor importance during this study.
On the mechanism of intragenic recombination. I. The rII region of bacteriophage T4

A mechanically simple model of intragenic recombination is described. The expectations of the model are formulated in mathematical terms and these expectations are then compared with the extensive multifactor cross data available for the r II locus of phage T 4 . It is shown that theory and observation are in good quantitative agreement. The implications of the model are further discussed in a qualitative fashion with respect to the following problems: (1) Intergenic recombination, (2) the mechanism of phage DNA replication, and (3) phage heterozygotes.
A computerized bacterial identification system as applied to planetary quarantine

Computerized bacterial identification system to process Apollo spacecraft sample laboratory test results in NASA Planetary Quarantine Lunar Information System
Men's Visitation With Nonresidential Children: Do Characteristics of Coresidential and Nonresidential Children Matter?

High rates of nonmarital fertility and divorce mean that many fathers do not live with some or all of their children. Using the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, this research compares socioeconomic and family characteristics among men with only coresidential children (n = 762), with both coresidential and nonresidential children (n = 107), and with only nonresidential children (n = 367) and examines the factors that influence men's visitation with nonresidential children. Men with only nonresidential children are more disadvantaged than men with both coresidential and nonresidential children, who in turn are more disadvantaged than men with only coresidential children. Although competing obligations to coresidential children affect visitation with nonresidential children, other factors are also important. In particular, the number of both coresidential sons and daughters negatively affects visitation. Men visit nonresidential children more frequently when they were married or cohabiting at birth, an...
Tracing the chemical evolution of fluids during hydrothermal recharge: Constraints from anhydrite recovered in ODP Hole 504B

Abstract A unique record of the chemical evolution of seawater during hydrothermal recharge into oceanic crust is preserved by anhydrite from the volcanic sequences and sheeted dike complex in ODP Hole 504B. Chemical and isotopic analyses (87Sr/86Sr, δ18O, δ34S) of anhydrite constrain the changing composition of fluids due to reaction with basalt. There is a general trend of decreasing 87Sr/86Sr of anhydrite, corresponding to the minor incorporation of basaltic strontium with depth in the volcanic rocks. 87Sr/86Sr ratios decrease rapidly with depth in the dikes to values identical to host basalt (0.7029). Sr/Ca ratios (
Thermal modeling of the HRIBF targets

A variety of ISOL targets for generation of radioactive ion beams have been successfully developed at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility. Short-lived ion species generated from fast release targets made up of fibrous materials such as HfO2, and coated low-density carbon foam target matrices such as UC2/RVCF targets have been applied in important research programs of nuclear physics and astrophysics. In this paper, computer modeling of the HRIBF targets are introduced, and the computation results are coincident with the experimental measurements. These studies provide a cost effective method to understand beam power deposition as well as temperature distribution in ISOL target presently utilized at the HRIBF and predict the capability of high power ISOL target designs and the temperature profiles with other target materials and geometries for the future facility upgrade.
Urbanity: Influences of Urbanness, Structure, and Culture

Abstract Our objective is to explore the adequacy of traditional structural explanations for the often-documented association between size of place and urbanity traits and to raise the possibility that cultural factors, too often neglected in urban sociology, play an important role in this relationship. Using survey data from a sample ages 15–89, we compare four sets of respondents with different child/adult residential configurations: those who grew up in nonurban places and as adults live in nonurban places (locals), those who grew up in nonurban places but as adults reside in urban places (cosmopolitans), those who grew up in urban places and reside in urban places as adults (urbanites), and those reared in urban places but residing as adults in nonurban places (escapees). The sets are compared with respect to six different measures of urbanity—anonymity, tolerance, alienation, community social bonds, deviant behavior, and involvement in unconventional subcultures. Our results support the contention that size has an independent effect on urbanity, but various structural theories generally fail to explain many aspects of the relationship. Instead, the views of Hummon (1990) about a shared culture of place are most consistent with our findings. We conclude by noting the kinds of contributions such a culturalist perspective can make to understanding the link between size of place and individual characteristics.
Immediate Effects of Devaluation on Prices of Raw Materials

T HE DEVALUATIONS of September 1949 stand in sharp contrast to those of the thirties in that nearly all of them took place within a short period of time and were not, as in the thirties, carried through piecemeal.1 This makes it possible to construct a simple theoretical model by means of which the impact of devaluation on the prices of raw materials may be studied. A formula may be derived for the estimation of this effect and, under certain conditions which can be regarded as normal, this formula depends only on the extent of the devaluation and the relative shares of the devaluing and non-devaluing areas in the total supply of and demand for the product under consideration. In theory, the effect also depends on the elasticities of demand and supply in the devaluing and non-devaluing areas. In fact, however, for commodities of which less than one fourth of the combined supplies of the two areas is traded between the areas, the influence of different elasticities on the effect of the devaluation is slight. Consequently, as long as less than one quarter of the total supply moves between the two areas, the simplified formula provides a satisfactory approximation. In order to estimate changes in raw materials prices resulting from the devaluations of September 1949, it may be assumed, for simplicity, that the world is divided into two major groups of countries-those whose currencies have been devalued to approximately the same extent as sterling (the sterling market) and those whose currencies have maintained more or less their previous dollar parities (the dollar market). Supplies of raw materials, and likewise demand for raw materials, come from both groups of countries but not to the same extent for different commodities. Under the assumption that supply and demand in these two groups of countries are not isolated, i.e., that the markets are merged, the prices in the two markets must, costs of movement aside, be the same at any given rate of exchange. Devalua-
Ordered arrays of polymer droplets with triangular, circular, and rod-like shapes

We demonstrate that topographically patterned oxide surfaces can direct the dewetting of an overlying polystyrene film and produce triangular, circular, or rod-like droplets. Thin films of polystyrene on oxide surfaces are unstable and will rupture by spinodal dewetting. For our studies, spinodal dewetting is suppressed because the dimensions of oxide patterns are smaller than the dominant instability wavelength. Dewetting is initiated at specific points on the surface by modulating the film curvature, and this drives the formation of unstable polymer rims that break apart into discrete droplets. The symmetry of oxide patterns controls the direction of polymer flow during dewetting, and these dynamics determine the locations and shapes of polymer droplets. Patterns with two-fold symmetry generate drops shaped like rods or bullets, and patterns with three-fold symmetry will produce triangles, distorted circles, or perfect circles.
The Legacy of the Articles of Confederation

Some years ago, as part of the scholarly commemoration of the Bicentennial, the Library of Congress sponsored a symposium on the Fundamental Testaments of the American Revolution.1 The planners of this conference deemed four texts most deserving of analysis: Common Sense, the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Treaty of Paris. No elaborate arguments are needed to establish the lasting historical legacies of three of these documents. Thomas Paine's iconoclastic pamphlet played a catalytic role in the debate over independence and later became one of the seminal texts in the tradition of American radicalism. So, too, the apparent egalitarian commitment of the Declaration has become, if anything, more potent with each passing decade-even if its significance within the immediate context of Revolutionary thought is often exaggerated. Similarly, the Treaty of Paris brought the Revolutionary War to a successful conclusion, secured a liberal territorial settlement for the new nation, and initiated a tradition of diplomatic independence that would long serve as a hallmark of American foreign policy. But what legacy can be ascribed to the Articles of Confederation, the original federal charter which the Constitution of 1787 replaced after less than a decade of desultory operation? By the time the Articles were ratified in 1781, almost three and a half years after the Continental Congress had conveyed a final text to the states, many delegates were convinced that this long-awaited constitution was already obsolete. No sooner did the Articles go into effect than Congress began considering major amendments. As the end of the war accelerated the dissipation of congressional power, criticism of the existing structure of the confederation became routine. One could accordingly argue that the principal legacy of the Articles was the Constitution itself, for it was the perceived inadequacy-or, to use an eighteenth-century expression, "imbecility"-of the Articles which led the framers of the Constitution to conclude, with remarkably few reservations, that only a fundamental revision of the federal structure could preserve the union.
No Degree, No Job: Adolescent Mothers’ Perceptions of the Impact that Adolescent Fathers’ Human Capital has on Paternal Financial and Social Capital

Becoming an adolescent father truncates young males’ opportunities to complete high school and secure employment, which can hinder their capacity to contribute financial and social capital to their children. Based on 69 adolescent mother reports, results suggest that whereas employment status is associated with adolescent fathers’ physical and financial presence, high school completion is strongly associated with the nature and quality of parenting and co-parenting behaviors. Implications for school counselors, teachers, social workers, and future research are discussed.
Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction

In Cultural Imperialism, John Tomlinson deals with issues ranging from the ideological effects of imported cultural products, to the process of cultural homogenization, to the nature of cultural autonomy. He examines a number of related discourses: thedebate about "media imperialism" the discourse of national cultural identity; the critique of multinational capitalism and the critique of cultural modernity. His analysis reveals major problems in the way in which the idea of cultural, as distinct from economic or political, imperialism is formulated.
In vitro shear bond strength of dual-curing resin cements to two different high-strength ceramic materials with different surface texture

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of two dual-curing resin cements to two high-strength ceramics with different surface texture. Material and methods. Composite cylinders were bonded to aluminum oxide (A) and zirconium oxide (Z) ceramic disks with six different surfaces. Investigated surfaces were for both ceramics: dry-pressed Procera Crown (A1, Z1), machined Procera Bridge (A2, Z2), airborne particle abraded Procera bridge (A3, Z3). Additional surfaces were, for alumina, dry-pressed Procera Laminate (A4) and, for zirconia, two modified surfaces (Z4, Z5). Two adhesive resin cements were used (Clearfil Esthetic and RelyX ARC). SBS was tested in a universal testing machine before and after artificial aging by thermal cycling. Results. Mean SBS ranged from 6.1 to 38.4 MPa before and from 0.0 to 41.4 MPa after aging. Clearfil Esthetic in A3, A4, and Z3 performed better than RelyX ARC. Aging decreased SBS, except for Z1, Z4, and Z5. For alumina, A4 was higher i...
Historical forest patterns of Oregon's central Coast Range

To describe the composition and pattern of unmanaged forestland in Oregon's central Coast Range, we analyzed forest conditions from a random sample of 18 prelogging (1949 and earlier) landscapes. We also compared the amount and variability of old forest (conifer-dominated stands >53 cm dbh) in the prelogging landscapes with that in the current landscapes. Sixty-three percent of the prelogging landscape comprised old forest, approximately 21% of which also had a significant (>20% cover) hardwood component. The proportions of forest types across the 18 prelogging landscapes varied greatly for both early seral stages (cv=81–194) and hardwoods (cv=127) and moderately for old forest (cv =39). With increasing distance from streams, the amount of hardwoods and nonforest decreased, whereas the amount of seedling/sapling/pole and young conifers increased. The amount of old forest was significantly greater (p< 0.002) in prelogging forests than in current landscapes. Old-forest patterns also differed significantly (p< 0.015) between prelogging and current landscapes; patch density, coefficient of variation of patch size, edge density, and fragmentation were greater in current landscapes and mean patch size, largest patch size, and core habitat were greater in prelogging forests. Generally, old-forest landscape pattern variables showed a greater range in prelogging landscapes than in current landscapes. Management strategies designed to increase the amount of old forest and the range in landscape patterns would result in a landscape more closely resembling that found prior to intensive logging.
Folding intermediates of a beta-barrel membrane protein. Kinetic evidence for a multi-step membrane insertion mechanism.

The mechanism of folding and membrane insertion of integral membrane proteins, including helix bundle and β-barrel proteins is not well understood. A key question is whether folding and insertion are coupled or separable processes. We have used the β-barrel outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Escherichia coli as a model to study the kinetics of folding and insertion into dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayers as a function of temperature by gel electrophoresis, protease digestion, and fluorescence spectroscopy. OmpA was unfolded in 8 M urea solution (without detergent), and refolding and membrane insertion was initiated by rapid dilution of the urea concentration in the presence of phospholipid vesicles. In addition to the kinetically unresolved hydrophobic collapse in water, the time course of refolding of OmpA into DOPC bilayers exhibited three kinetic phases over a large temperature range. The first step was fast (k1 = 0.16 min-1) and not very dependent on temperature. The second step was up to two...
Toward compound navigation tasks on mobiles via spatial manipulation

We contrast the Chameleon Lens, which uses 3D movement of a mobile device held in the nonpreferred hand to support panning and zooming, with the Pinch-Flick-Drag metaphor of directly manipulating the view using multi-touch gestures. Lens-like approaches have significant potential because they can support navigation-selection, navigation-annotation, and other such compound tasks by off-loading navigation to the nonpreferred hand while the preferred hand annotates, marks a location, or draws a path on the screen. Our experimental results show that the Chameleon Lens is significantly slower than Pinch-Flick-Drag for the navigation subtask in isolation. But our studies also reveal that for navigation between a few known targets the lens performs significantly faster, that differences between the Chameleon Lens and Pinch-Flick-Drag rapidly diminish as users gain experience, and that in the context of a compound navigation-annotation task, the lens performs as well as Pinch-Flick-Drag despite its deficit for the navigation subtask itself.
Constructing a philosophy of chiropractic: evolving worldviews and modern foundation().

Abstract Objective The purpose of this article is to trace the foundations of DD Palmer's sense of self and philosophy of chiropractic to its sources in modern Western philosophy as well as current metatheories about modernity. Discussion DD Palmer's sense of self was indicative of a modern self. A modern self is characterized as a self that developed after the Western Enlightenment and must come to terms with the insights of modernity such as Cartesian dualism, Spinoza's substance, Rousseau's expressivism, and Kant's critiques. It is argued that Palmer's philosophy can be viewed as part of the this tradition alongside his involvement in the 19th century American metaphysical religious culture, which was itself a response to these challenges of the modern self of modernity. Conclusion Palmer's development of chiropractic and its philosophy was a reaction to the challenges and promises of modernity.
Long-term outcome of infants with single ventricle and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection☆☆☆

Abstract Background and methods: Between January 1, 1984, and December 1, 1997, 73 infants with functional single ventricle and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection were admitted to our institution. A retrospective review was undertaken to determine factors influencing survival. Results: Heterotaxy syndrome was present in 52 patients and hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 14. Obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection was present in 21 patients. The pulmonary venous connection was supracardiac in 32 patients, cardiac in 21 patients, infracardiac in 13, and mixed in 7. Twelve patients died before the operation. The remaining 61 patients underwent surgery at a median age of 5 days (range 1 day–2.5 years). Overall survival was 45% at 6 months of age, 37% at 1 year, and 19% at 5 years. Survival for patients undergoing surgery was 54% at 6 months of age, 44% at 1 year, and 23% at 5 years. By univariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazards model, younger age at the time of the initial operation and repair of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection were predictors of mortality. Lung tissue from 14 patients was available for histologic examination. The pulmonary veins were dilated and wall thickness was increased. Increased muscularization of the arteries was seen in 11 patients. Conclusions: The long-term prognosis for children undergoing staged reconstructive operations for single ventricle and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection is poor. Early mortality is high and late death is a continuing risk. Development of the pulmonary vasculature, especially the pulmonary veins, is abnormal, even in children without clinical evidence of pulmonary venous obstruction. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:506-14)
Naltrexone, serotonin receptor subtype antagonists, and glucoprivic intake: 2. Insulin.

Opiate antagonist inhibition of deprivation-induced intake and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) hyperphagia is significantly enhanced by the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) antagonist, ICS-205,930. Interactions between opiate antagonists and either 5-HT or 5-HT2 antagonists produced smaller effects. The present study evaluated whether insulin (5 U/kg) hyperphagia was affected by methysergide (0.5–5 mg/ kg, ritanserin (0.25–2.5 mg/kg), and ICS-205,930 (0.5–5 mg/kg) alone or in combination with naltrexone (2.5–10 mg/kg). Whereas ICS-205,930 stimulated insulin hyperphagia across the 6-h time course, ritansen and, to a lesser degree, methysergide reduced insulin hyperphagia. Naltrexone marginally (19–33%) reduced insulin hyperphagia. Pairing naltroxone with either ICS-205,930 or ritanserin significantly suppressed insulin hyperphagia after 2 h. Pairing naltrexone with each of the serotonin antagonists significantly enhanced insulin hyperphagia after 4 and 6 h. These data suggest that 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptor subtypes interact with opioid systems to modulate insulin hyperphagia. Given that central insulin reduces food intake and body weight, the interaction between serotonergic and opioid systems may occur peripherally.
Artwork as Interface

Artworks are highly coded power objects. At best, they serve aswindows onto profound and unspeakable experience; at worst,they're simply ``wall obstructions.'' In this paper, two issueswill be addressed: (1) What do artists, in their role asextremely subtle information designers, have to teach us abouthow deep knowledge is conveyed? What do their visual strategiesteach us about interface? And (2) how can a digital program bedesigned that respects the properties inherent in each artwork,and yet harnesses the power of multimedia to make connectionsacross space and time?
Microdiffusion of Strongly Fixed Ammonium in Soil-Acid Digests Prior to Automated Nitrogen-15 Analysis

The concentration of strongly fixed-ammonium (NH 4f ) in soil is not high enough to allow direct injection of soil digests into automated 15 N analyzers. Investigations were therefore conducted to develop microdiffusion protocols primarily as a preconcentration step in NH 4f - 15 N analysis of soils using continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF-IRMS). The 5 M HF:1 M HCl soil digest containing NH 4f was treated with 10 M KOH in a 140-mL polypropylene specimen container, modified to collect NH 3 -N in a petri dish containing H 3 BO 3 indicator solution which was then quantified by acidimetric titration. For 15 N analysis, however, acidified Whatman GF-D filter paper discs substituted for the H 3 BO 3 indicator solution trap, which were subsequently processed for direct analysis via CF-IRMS. With the modifications described, analyses (quantitative and 15 N) were performed on 5- to 20-mL samples of 5 M HF:1 M HCl soil digests. Recovery was quantitative in 48 to 96 h with up to ∼525 μg NH 4 -N and was more dependent on digest volume than on its N content. Fractionation of 15 N was effectively nonexistent within the diffusion periods used except only for immediately (a few hours) into the diffusion; suggesting that the need to optimize diffusion is not that critical to the accuracy of the 15 N results provided a sufficient quantity of N is obtained for the CF-IRMS. Additionally, diffusion times were slightly affected by soil type, indicating a mild matrix effect probably because of mineralogical variation among soils. These diffusion methods therefore proved to be very accurate and reliable for practical use as a preconcentration step prior to 15 N analysis of the NH 4f fraction in soils.
Mathematical modeling of alternating current modulation of a copper rotating disk electrode in an acid sulfate solution

Abstract A mathematical model for the alternating current modulation of a rotating disk electrode, taking into account the surface concentration fluctuations, the double-layer capacity, the ohmic resistance, the concentration overpotential, was analyzed. Numerical computations were performed for the dissolution and the deposition of copper from an acidified copper sulfate solution, and the results were compared to the experimental studies from the literature.
Forward and futures prices in a general equilibrium monetary model

Abstract Risk premiums on dollar-denominated forward and futures contracts depend on risk attitudes, consumption parameters, and the stochastic structure of money and outputs. Pure monetary uncertainty leads to forward market backwardation; pure output uncertainty leads to contango under high risk aversion. Similar conclusions hold for futures contracts if neither money nor output show negative serial correlation. The conflicting effects of money and output shocks can imply that each contract switches between contango and backwardation, that one contract shows contango when the other shows backwardation, and that capital losses are expected on one contract when capital gains are expected on the other.
Inositolphosphoglycans (IPGs) as mediators of insulin's steroidogenic actions.

PCOS is a unique model of insulin resistance in which one tissue (skeletal muscle) is resistant to insulin in terms of glucose metabolism whereas another tissue (ovarian thecal cells) maintains its responsiveness to insulin in terms of testosterone biosynthesis. During the past decade, a series of in vitro studies conducted in human placental cells /25/, swine granulosa cells /28/, and most recently, human thecal cells /17/, have provided compelling evidence that one factor involved in this apparent clinical paradox is the clear demonstration of the utilization of the IPG signal transduction system for insulin's effects on steroidogenesis. Nonetheless, many questions remain to be addressed. For example, it would be instructive to determine simultaneously the effects of insulin on glucose disposal and testosterone biosynthesis in isolated thecal cells. In other words, is the thecal cell itself resistant to insulin in terms of glucose disposal while remaining sensitive to insulin in terms of testosterone biosynthesis? Is the IPG content of human thecal cells from women with PCOS decreased compared with that in matched healthy women? There is substantial evidence to suggest that some IPGs may also be responsible in part for mediating insulin's stimulation of glucose disposal (see paper by Dr. Joseph Larner in this issue)--this raises the question as to whether specific forms of IPGs are responsible for glucose metabolism in vivo, whereas other IPGs are responsible for mediating insulin's effects on steroidogenesis. Is there a disparity in the ratio of different types of IPGs among various tissues (e.g., muscle, liver, ovary), and does that ratio determine the tissue's responsiveness to one or another action of insulin? These questions and others leave IPGs and insulin signal transduction a fruitful area for both clinical and laboratory investigations.