cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive integration of multiple cues for contingency detection

Critical to natural human-robot interaction is the capability of robots to detect the contingent reactions by humans. In various interaction scenarios, a robot can recognize a human's intention by detecting the presence or absence of a human response to its interactive signal. In our prior work [1], we addressed the problem of detecting visible reactions by developing a method of detecting changes in human behavior resulting from a robot signal. We extend the previous behavior change detector by integrating multiple cues using a mechanism that operates at two levels of information integration and then adaptively applying these cues based on their reliability. We propose a new method for evaluating reliability of cues online during interaction. We perform a data collection experiment with help of the Wizard-of-Oz methodology in a turn-taking scenario in which a humanoid robot plays the turn-taking imitation game “Simon says” with human partners. Using this dataset, which includes motion and body pose cues from a depth and color image, we evaluate our contingency detection module with the proposed integration mechanisms and show the importance of selecting the appropriate level of cue integration.
Abstract 43: Association of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 with Prevalent and Incident Obesity is Independent of Inflammatory Markers: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Background: In experimental animal models, deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) protects against development of obesity. In addition, elevated circulating levels of PAI-1 are associated in cross-sectional studies with prevalent obesity in humans. However, no studies have investigated the prospective association between PAI-1 and incident obesity. Methods: Plasma PAI-1 levels were measured in a random sample of men and women at baseline (2000-2002) in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) > 30kg/m2. Incident obesity was identified at four follow-up exams (2002-2011) among those who were not obese at baseline. Logistic regression was used to examine the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prevalent obesity at baseline. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for time to incident obesity. The covariates used for adjustment included baseline demographics (age, race, sex, center), lifestyle risk factors (physical activity, dietary energy intake, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education), and inflammatory markers (CRP and IL-6). Results: In 839 participants mean age was 59 years old; 59% and 47% of the cohort were female and white, respectively. At baseline, each standard deviation (SD) increase in log(PAI-1) level was associated with an odds ratio (OR) for adjusted prevalent obesity of 2.70 (95% CI: 2.21 - 3.30, p Conclusions: Elevated PAI-1 levels are associated with prevalent and incident obesity. These findings are consistent with results from murine studies and provide evidence suggesting a potential role of PAI-1 in the pathogenesis of obesity.
Death by Free Choice: Modern Variations on an Antique Theme

Few people choose death for its own sake. That is not to say that philosophers have not reflected on the meaning of life in a way that makes the possibility of suicide central to life’s significance. One might think of the opening lines to Camus’ Myth of Sisyphus, where he states, “There is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide. Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy” ([9], p. 3). Still, suicide usually plays a role within a larger context and is not seen as an end in itself.1 This is underscored in classical accounts of suicide. One might think here of the description by Tacitus of the death of Seneca.
Transforming Universities to Sustain Outreach Scholarship:A Communiqué from the Front

Trained in developmental psychology during the 1960s, I was steeped in the “Piagetian revolution” (e.g., Flavell, 1963), that is, the cognitivization of the field that transformed (1970) theory from a developmental theory of cognition to a frame for advancing a cognitive theory of development. The ebbing of the influence of Piaget’s theory in the ensuing decades nevertheless left developmentalists with several indelible marks of its former hegemony.
Addressing Challenges to Homeland Security Information Sharing in American Policing: Using Kotter’s Leading Change Model:

The sharing of homeland security information is a crucial aspect of modern policing in the United States. This article outlines some of the obstacles to information sharing at the state and local l...
Interleukin-22 directly regulates intestinal stem cell regeneration after tissue damage (MUC8P.722)

Little is known about regulation of the intestinal stem cell (ISC) compartment after injury. We hypothesized that IL-22 could promote intestinal regeneration by either acting on ISCs or by acting on Paneth cells (PCs) making up the ISC niche. Utilizing an in vitro regeneration model, we found that organoids derived from murine small intestine (SI) and large intestine (LI) crypts demonstrated substantially increased size after culture with IL-22. Innate lymphoid cell co-culture also increased organoid size in an IL-22-dependent fashion. IL-22 expanded the Lgr5 + ISC pool within SI organoids, activated STAT3 phosphorylation in Lgr5 + cells, and increased size of organoids cultured from purified SI ISCs. Using a murine allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) model, we found that IL-22 administration led to reduced intestinal graft vs. host disease pathology, increased maintenance of Lgr5 + ISCs, and significantly greater ISC proliferation. ISC protection post-BMT was not due to niche augmentation, as PC numbers, PC-derived growth factors (EGF, Wnt3), and stroma-derived growth factors (R-spondin3) were all unchanged after IL-22 administration. IL-22 receptor (IL-22R) staining further indicated a direct effect of IL-22 on ISCs rather than the niche, as PCs were found to express very little IL-22R and demonstrated no evidence of STAT3 phosphorylation upon in vitro culture. In summary, we found that IL-22 regulates epithelial regeneration after tissue damage by acting directly on ISCs.
A notion of regularity for differential local algebras

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an approach, which, in many respects, simplifies and makes more conceptual, the study of differential local algebras. For partial differential algebra, the notion of ranking was developed so that there could be a tool for partial differential rings, which is as fine as the notion of order is for ordinary differential rings. . For most purposes, the notion of order alone is quite enough when considering, in the right way, how elements of order r are related to elements of order r . Thereafter, the author, in the chapter, describes that the rough definition for regularity implies regularity if it is insisted that the ranking in the rough definition be an orderly one.
Validation of HIV / AIDS coping construct: a methodological study

Objetivo: validar o conteudo e o constructo e avaliar a fidedignidade de um questionario voltado para a avaliacao do controle do HIV/Aids na APS. Metodo: estudo metodologico para validacao de conteudo de questionario, realizado com 20 especialistas, e validacao de constructo e avaliacao de fidedignidade, realizado com 397 profissionais de saude da atencao primaria a saude. Resultados: 31 questoes foram validadas em relacao ao conteudo, mas destas, apenas 18 foram consideradas validas e fidedignas e permaneceram no questionario em sua versao final. Conclusao:as questoes que permaneceram possibilitam a avaliacao do controle da epidemia ao HIV/Aids na AP com menor numero de questoes possiveis, mostrando-se de facil aplicacao e reproduzivel .
High-Ability College Students and Undergraduate Honors Programs: A Systematic Review:

Meeting the intellectual needs of high-ability students does not end upon graduation from high school. However, limited attention is paid to the important topic of postsecondary advanced learning i...
Latest Update on Prevention of Acute Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Cancer Patients

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common cause of acute morbidity that impacts quality of life in children receiving cancer treatment. Here, we review the evolution of CINV prophylaxis guidelines in children, with an emphasis on the literature published in the last 5 years, to bring the reader up to date. Recent studies have led to the adoption of the “triple therapy” regimen of antiemetic prophylaxis (a 5-HT3 antagonist, dexamethasone, and a neurokinin-1 antagonist) as the backbone of recommendations for the prevention of CINV in children. Areas of new data include the addition of aprepitant and inclusion of palonosetron as a non-inferior 5-HT3 antagonist. In addition, there are emerging pediatric data informing patient-derived risk factors associated with CINV risk and classification of antineoplastic drugs based on emetogenicity. Several recent pediatric studies have shaped published guidelines for CINV prophylaxis in children.
Lobectomy does not confer survival advantage over segmentectomy for non–small cell lung cancer with unsuspected nodal disease

Abstract Objective Conversion to lobectomy is typically performed when positive lymph nodes are found during intentional segmentectomy. Our objective was to evaluate survival after lobectomy and segmentectomy in patients with unsuspected nodal metastases. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with clinical T1N0, pathological N1/N2 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent either lobectomy or segmentectomy. Survival differences between the 2 groups were evaluated using a propensity score model. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate predictors of overall survival, including adjuvant treatment. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Results Between 2004 and 2015, unsuspected pathological N1 disease for clinical T1N0M0 NSCLC was found in 2.5% (228/9118) and 6.7% (8915/132,604) of patients who underwent segmentectomy and lobectomy, respectively. The incidence of unsuspected pathological N2 disease for clinical T1N0M0 NSCLC was 2.4% (224/9118) after segmentectomy and 3.9% (5192/132,604) after lobectomy. Using propensity matched pairs (227 pairs for N1 and 215 for N2), segmentectomy showed equivalent 5-year survival compared with lobectomy for the N1 group (41.9% vs 44.3%; P = .35), and N2 group (41.6% vs 37.2%; P = .99). In a multivariable model, adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with better survival of patients with unsuspected N1 (hazard ratio, 0.613; 95% confidence interval, 0.536-0.700; P Conclusions Survival is similar between lobectomy and segmentectomy for clinical T1N0 and unsuspected pathological N1/N2 nodal metastases. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improves survival in patients with lymph node metastasis (N1/N2) independent of the type of anatomic lung resection.
Immunological mechanisms in poststroke dementia.

Purpose of review To review new evidence on links between poststroke dementia and inflammation. Recent findings Although there are still no treatments for poststroke dementia, recent evidence has improved our understanding that stroke increases the risk of incident dementia and worsens cognitive trajectory for at least a decade afterwards. Within approximately the first year dementia onset is associated with stroke severity and location, whereas later absolute risk is associated with more traditional dementia risk factors, such as age and imaging findings. The molecular mechanisms that underlie increased risk of incident dementia in stroke survivors remain unproven; however new data in both human and animal studies suggests links between cognitive decline and inflammation. These point to a model where chronic brain inflammation, provoked by inefficient clearance of myelin debris and a prolonged innate and adaptive immune response, causes poststroke dementia. These localized immune events in the brain may themselves be influenced by the peripheral immune state at key times after stroke. Summary This review recaps clinical evidence on poststroke dementia, new mechanistic links between the chronic inflammatory response to stroke and poststroke dementia, and proposes a model of immune-mediated neurodegeneration after stroke.
A Proteomic Connectivity Map for Characterizing the Tumor Adaptive Response to Small Molecule Chemical Perturbagens

A powerful means to understand the cellular function of corrupt oncogenic signaling programs requires perturbing the system and monitoring the downstream consequences. Here, using a unique pair of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)/normal lung epithelial patient-derived cell lines (HCC4017/HBEC30KT), we systematically interrogated the remodeling of the NSCLC proteome upon treatment with 35 chemical perturbagens targeting a diverse array of mechanistic classes. HCC4017 and HBEC30KT cells differ significantly in their proteomic response to the same compound treatment. Using protein covariance analyses, we identified a large number of functional protein networks. For example, we found that a poorly studied protein, C5orf22, is a novel component of the WBP11/PQBP1 splicing complex. Depletion of C5orf22 leads to the aberrant splicing and expression of genes involved in cell growth and immunomodulation. In summary, we show that by systematically measuring the tumor adaptive responses at the proteomic level, an understanding could be generated that provides critical circuit-level biological insights for these pharmacologic perturbagens.
Let's Talk Tobacco: African American Parent-Adolescent Communication About Tobacco Use Within the Context of Parental Smoking

LET’S TALK TOBACCO: AFRICAN AMERICAN PARENT-ADOLESCENT COMMUNICATION ABOUT TOBACCO USE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PARENTAL SMOKING By: Michell A. Pope A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2015 Major Director: Rosalie Corona, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Psychology Department of Psychology Tobacco use and the associated health risks are a major public health concern. Research suggests that parents’ own tobacco use, caregiver-adolescent antismoking communication, and parenting practices (e.g., prompting, parental monitoring) may work to influence adolescents’ tobacco-related attitudes and behavioral outcomes (e.g., refusal efficacy, intentions to use and actual use). Although historically African American adolescents have exhibited lower rates of tobacco use than their racial/ethnic counterparts, there is growing evidence to suggest that this may be changing because of increased use of tobacco products and/or underreporting of the use of alternative tobacco products or ATPs (e.g., cigars, cigarillos), among this population. The present study recruited a communitybased sample of 101 urban African American caregivers that smoke (M = 41.1/SD = 9.9), and their adolescents between the ages of 12-17 (M = 14.4/SD = 1.9) to examine how caregiver tobacco-related messages (both verbal and non-verbal) shape adolescents’ tobacco attitudes, and behaviors. Dyads completed paper-pencil surveys separately and were compensated for their time and effort. A majority of the caregivers were single and living in low-income and public housing communities. Results from the analyses revealed high rates of adolescent tobacco use (lifetime) of both cigarettes and alternative tobacco products, and prompting (e.g., caregivers’ request that adolescents retrieve, buy, or smoke tobacco products with them). The findings also showed that all of the caregiver variables including: prompting, monitoring, as well as caregiver antismoking messages together impacted adolescents’ tobacco-related outcomes including their attitudes about tobacco, refusal efficacy and their intentions to use (at six months and adulthood), and their actual use. The findings underscore the need for more tobacco education that includes not only adolescents, but also parents, and other important caregivers (e.g., extended kin/family members) that helps increases knowledge surrounding the dangers of parental prompting, the importance of parental monitoring of youths whereabouts and peers, as well as parentadolescent antismoking communication in reducing the prevalence of adolescent smoking/tobacco use (including the use of ATPs). This study also highlights the need for tobacco control and policies that limit adolescents’ exposure and access to tobacco products particularly among African Americans living in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
3-D multi-electrode arrays detect early spontaneous electrophysiological activity in 3-D neuronal-astrocytic co-cultures

Three-dimensional (3-D) neural cultures represent a promising platform for studying disease and drug screening. Tools and methodologies for measuring the electrophysiological function in these cultures are needed. Therefore, the purpose of this work was primarily to develop a methodology to interface engineered 3-D dissociated neural cultures with commercially available 3-D multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) reliably over 3 weeks to enable the recording of their electrophysiological activity. We further compared the functional output of these cultures to their structural and synaptic network development over time. We reliably interfaced a primary rodent neuron-astrocyte (2:1) 3-D co-culture (2500 cells/mm3 plating cell density) in Matrigel™ (7.5 mg/mL) that was up to 750 µm thick (30–40 cell-layers) with spiked 3-D MEAs while maintaining high viability. Using these MEAs we successfully recorded the spontaneous development of neural network-level electrophysiological activity and measured the development of putative synapses and neuronal maturation in these co-cultures using immunocytochemistry over 3 weeks in vitro. Planar (2-D) MEAs interfaced with these cultures served as recording controls. Neurons within this interfaced 3-D culture-MEA system exhibited considerable neurite outgrowth, networking, neuronal maturation, synaptogenesis, and culture-wide spontaneous firing of synchronized spikes and bursts of action potentials. Network-wide spikes and synchronized bursts increased rapidly (first detected at 2 days) during the first week in culture, plateaued during the second week, and reduced slightly in the third week, while maintaining high viability throughout the 3-week culturing period. Early electrophysiology activity occurred prior to neuronal process maturation and significant synaptic density increases in the second week. We successfully interfaced 3-D neural co-cultures with 3-D MEAs and recorded the electrophysiological activity of these cultures over 3 weeks. The initial period of rapid increase in electrophysiological activity, followed by a period of neuronal maturation and high-level of synapse formation in these cultures suggests a developmental homeostatic process. This methodology can enable future applications both in fundamental investigations of neural network behavior and in translational studies involving drug testing and neural interfacing.
Thermochemical Data Fusion Using Graph Representation Learning.

Large databases are required for “Big Data” applications in catalysis and materials science. Thermochemical databases can be created by combining data from various sources and by correcting low-fidelity datasets to higher accuracy with minimal computation. To achieve this “data fusion”, thermochemical quantities of interest, calculated at various levels of density functional theory (DFT), need to be mapped to the same, high levels of theory. In this work, a graph theoretical, statistical framework is proposed for such tasks. Subgraph frequencies are shown to provide a natural representation for learning these fusion maps. The maps are linear and are learnt with automated descriptor selection. Using a dataset of as few as ~1% from the QM9 database of 133,885 molecules, these models can predict multiple thermochemical quantities at a higher level of theory with an accuracy exceeding 1 kcal/mol. The method is explainable, generalizable, and provides a diagnostic tool for outlier identification.
Instructor use of a flexible classroom to facilitate active learning in undergraduate engineering courses

Flexible classrooms are designed to support active learning through movable tables and chairs that can be rearranged into different layouts and through technology such as wall-mounted monitors and ...
Multicenter Evaluation of Processing and Analysis of College of American Pathologists (CAP) Proficiency Testing Samples by Laboratory Automation

To maintain their Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) accreditation, clinical laboratories are expected to enroll in proficiency testing (PT) to confirm that all parts of the diagnostic testing process perform as expected ([1][1]). In recent years, an increasing number of clinical
Executive functions in children with heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Context People with CHD are at increased risk for executive functioning deficits. Meta-analyses of these measures in CHD patients compared to healthy controls have not been reported. Objective To examine differences in executive functions in individuals with CHD compared to healthy controls. Data sources We performed a systematic review of publications from 1 January, 1986 to 15 June, 2020 indexed in PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Study selection Inclusion criteria were (1) studies containing at least one executive function measure; (2) participants were over the age of three. Data extraction Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two authors. We used a shifting unit-of-analysis approach and pooled data using a random effects model. Results The search yielded 61,217 results. Twenty-eight studies met criteria. A total of 7789 people with CHD were compared with 8187 healthy controls. We found the following standardised mean differences: -0.628 (-0.726, -0.531) for cognitive flexibility and set shifting, -0.469 (-0.606, -0.333) for inhibition, -0.369 (-0.466, -0.273) for working memory, -0.334 (-0.546, -0.121) for planning/problem solving, -0.361 (-0.576, -0.147) for summary measures, and -0.444 (-0.614, -0.274) for reporter-based measures (p Limitations Our analysis consisted of cross-sectional and observational studies. We could not quantify the effect of collinearity. Conclusions Individuals with CHD appear to have at least moderate deficits in executive functions. Given the growing population of people with CHD, more attention should be devoted to identifying executive dysfunction in this vulnerable group.
Treating Knee Osteoarthritis With Platelet-Rich Plasma and Hyaluronic Acid Combination Therapy: A Systematic Review.

Background:Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) are injectable treatments for knee osteoarthritis. The focus of previous studies has compared their efficacy against each other as mon...
The quantra hemostasis analyzer compared to thromboelastography (TEG) in the surgical oncologic population: A prospective observational trial

BACKGROUND Management of coagulopathy during major oncologic surgery can be multifactorial and challenging. Viscoelastic assays (VEAs) can be useful in providing vital data about the mechanism of coagulopathy in these dynamic circumstances. OBJECTIVES A prospective nonrandomized observational study with the aim of describing the coagulation parameters of patients undergoing major oncologic surgery using the Quantra® and TEG® 5000 systems. Our secondary objectives included the correlation between Quantra and TEG parameters, and the times to result for both technologies. METHODS This study included 74 adults undergoing oncologic surgery with an anticipated blood loss of more than 500 ml. For each subject, whole blood samples for each device were collected at multiple points perioperatively for comparison. RESULTS Correlation coefficients between Quantra and TEG parameters were 0.8 and above, indicating a very strong correlation (p < .001). Correlation coefficients between conventional laboratory tests and Quantra ranged from 0.74 to 0.83, indicating a moderate correlation (p < .001). The mean time to obtain results and total processing time was shorter for Quantra in comparison to TEG. CONCLUSIONS Quantra parameters strongly correlated with TEG parameters; however, Quantra parameters were available in shorter amount of time as it is specifically designed as a closed point of care device.
Modeling consumer affinity towards adopting partially and fully automated vehicles – The role of preference heterogeneity at different geographic levels

Abstract An adequate understanding of consumer affinity towards automated vehicles (AVs) is necessary to more reliably forecast the potential impacts of AVs on transportation system. The road to fully automated driving systems pass through partially automated driving systems. This study contributes by simultaneously analyzing consumer affinity towards partially (Level 3/4 automation) connected automated vehicles (CAVs) and fully AVs (FAVs) (Level 5 automation), and how it relates to sustainable travel behavior, user valuation of different vehicle attributes, (electric) vehicle ownership, and safety concerns. Unique data for over 3500 households from the 2017 California Vehicle Survey are harnessed. With an on-average positive correlation between consumer affinity towards partially CAVs and FAVs (Kendall’s τ b of 0.506), significant contrasts are also observed. Compared to around 64% of the households with positive affinity towards partially CAVs, only 35% were willing to consider buying a FAV in future. Around 30% of the households had negative affinity for FAVs but positive affinity for partially CAVs. A comprehensive simulation-assisted joint bivariate ordered discrete outcome modeling framework is used, considering preference heterogeneity at different geographic/ecological levels, from the region to household level, and further within and across the choices for partially CAVs and FAVs. Participation in carshare, rideshare programs, and more transit trips per member were independently associated with a greater affinity towards partially CAVs and FAVs. Ownership of a plug-in electric vehicle was associated with a 19.9% and 9.6% increase in the likelihood of highest affinity levels towards partially CAVs and FAVs, respectively. Some evidence is found that consumers may possibly use shared AVs, but not necessarily in combination with ride sharing. Simultaneous correlations between affinity towards partially CAVs and FAVs and most valued vehicle attributes, safety concerns, and sociodemographic factors are quantified. Methodologically, the results underscore the importance of considering preference heterogeneity at different geographic/ecological levels. Captured through random parameters, the associations of several factors with consumer affinity towards partially CAVs and FAVs varied in magnitude and direction. In addition, statistically significant interactive effects (opposite and counterbalancing) of the latent unobserved factors underlying several random parameters were observed. The presence of multilayered preference heterogeneity highlights the personalized and complex nature of behavioral phenomenon underlying user acceptance of AVs. By reflecting the users’ preferences towards CAVs and FAVs and characterizing the taste/preference heterogeneity at multiple levels, the findings can be integrated in larger travel forecasting models to more accurately predict the future-use and ownership patterns of CAVs and FAVs by various sociodemographic cohorts.
Applications in the Cardiac Catheterization and Electrophysiology Laboratories

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an essential imaging tool in the cardiac catheterization/electrophysiologic suite. It is used diagnostically to further define anatomy before a procedure and perhaps lead to management changes during the same sedation event, guide procedures, and assess the success (or failure) of these procedures. The procedures can consist of valve intervention, defect creation, or defect closure. In this chapter we describe all the above as well as limitations of TEE in pediatrics.
Unpacking characteristics of spirituality through the lens of persons of colour living with serious illness: The need for nurse-based education to increase understanding of the spiritual dimension in healthcare.

Aims and objectives To examine the characteristics of spirituality as expressed by persons of colour living with serious illness. Background Spiritual, Religious and Existential Care, as specified in the National Consensus Project (NCP) Guidelines, is a core domain of palliative nursing. Design of the study A constructionist approach to narrative analysis was used for this study and reported in accordance with the COREQ guideline. Methods In-depth narrative interviews were conducted with 20 participants. These participants included persons of colour living with serious illness who were admitted to an acute-care hospital. Through a deductive coding approach, a codebook was created based on a broad definition of spirituality including: religion, self, family, community, nature and art/music/literature. Results The major themes expressed were religion, self and family. Subthemes of religion included increased faith, support of the church community and God's intervention in patients' lives. Subthemes of self included increased self-worth, self-awareness of one's place in the world and individualised transition to new meaning in life. Subthemes of family included family adding meaning and purpose to their lives, family as an important source of strength and support, wanting to regain their health to go back to caring for their families, and believing that their illness had brought their family closer together. Conclusion The thematic analysis revealed a broader existential aspect of what brought value, meaning and purpose into their lives, despite their progressive physical illness. More research is needed to understand spiritual, religious or existential needs of persons of colour living with serious illness and how nurses can best support these needs. By understanding the components of spirituality, nurses can learn to recognise the signs of spiritual distress. This awareness also helps to know when a spiritual specialist is needed-either the patient's own spiritual guide(s) or the hospital chaplain. Nurses can also use spiritual assessment tools when performing a general assessment on the patient. Relevance to clinical practice By understanding the components of spirituality, nurses can learn to recognise the signs of spiritual distress. This awareness also helps to know when a spiritual specialist is needed-either the patient's own spiritual guide(s) or the hospital chaplain. Nurses can also use spiritual assessment tools when performing a general assessment on the patient.
Comparison of Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella in Antimicrobial-Free and Conventional Pig Production

Conventional swine production evolved to routinely use antimicrobials, and common occurrence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella has been reported. There is a paucity of information on the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in swine production in the absence of antimicrobial selective pressure. Therefore, we compared the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from antimicrobial-free and conventional production systems. A total of 889 pigs and 743 carcasses were sampled in the study. Salmonella prevalence was significantly higher among the antimicrobial-free systems (15.2%) than the conventional systems (4.2%) (odds ratio [OR] = 4.23; P 0.05). A pentaresistance pattern with ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline was strongly associated with antimicrobial-free groups (OR = 5.4; P = 0.01). While showing the higher likelihood of finding antimicrobial resistance among conventional herds, this study also implies that specific multidrug-resistant strains may occur on antimicrobial-free farms. A longitudinal study with a representative sample size is needed to reach more conclusive results of the associations detected in this study.
The Cartographic State: Maps, Territory, and the Origins of Sovereignty

Why is today's world map filled with uniform states separated by linear boundaries? The answer to this question is central to our understanding of international politics, but the question is at the same time much more complex - and more revealing - than we might first think. This book examines the important but overlooked role played by cartography itself in the development of modern states. Drawing upon evidence from the history of cartography, peace treaties and political practices, the book reveals that early modern mapping dramatically altered key ideas and practices among both rulers and subjects, leading to the implementation of linear boundaries between states and centralized territorial rule within them. In his analysis of early modern innovations in the creation, distribution and use of maps, Branch explains how the relationship between mapping and the development of modern territories shapes our understanding of international politics today.
German Philosophy 1760–1860: Introduction: idealism and the reality of the French Revolution

It is worth noting again the dates of Kant's early works: the first Critique appeared in 1781, and the new, and in some places radically reworked edition, in 1787. In 1785, he had published the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals , which was followed by the Critique of Practical Reason in 1788. However, as Kant was forging ahead with his work with the German reading public somewhat anxiously following each new intellectual explosion coming out of Konigsberg, another event took place that was just as important both to the reception of Kant's thought and to development of post-Kantian philosophy as the intellectual currents circulating in the universities and journals: the French Revolution of 1789. Kant's own philosophy in some ways helped to prepare people for a certain type of reception of the Revolution. The dual consciousness that characterized so many reflective Germans during the pre-Revolutionary period had been reformulated by Kant in a manner that quite surprisingly had made philosophy the inheritor of the energies that Werther had unleashed. In Kant's own distinctions between the phenomenal world and the world of things-in-themselves – and thus between ourselves as pushed around by nature and society, and ourselves as noumenal, autonomous agents – people found both an explanation of their condition and (something that Werther did not give them) an inkling of a way out of that condition.
Frequency-weighted /spl Lscr//sub /spl infin// norm and optimal Hankel norm model reduction

A new relative error model reduction method is proposed using frequency-weighted balanced realization, and explicit /spl Lscr//sub /spl infin// norm error bounds are also derived for the relative error and multiplicative error. The method only needs to solve two Lyapunov equations. It is further shown that this method is equivalent to the balanced stochastic truncation if the plant is square and minimum phase. This paper also gives a complete solution to the frequency-weighted Hankel norm approximation with antistable weighting. These results are then applied to /spl Lscr//sub /spl infin// norm model reduction, and several numerically effective algorithms are proposed. It is shown through many numerical examples that these algorithms work very well and in many cases produce almost optimal solutions. >
Symbols Build Communication and Thought: The Role of Gestures and Words in the Development of Engagement Skills and Social-Emotional Concepts during Toddlerhood

Social skills and symbol skills are positively associated in middle childhood, but the relation between these domains is less clear in newly verbal toddlers. Vygotsky (1934/1986) proposed that symbols are both tools for interaction and mental tools for thought. Do symbols help even very young children build skills for interacting with and conceptualizing the social world? Longitudinal data from 108 children and mothers were collected when children were 14, 24, and 36 months. Children's gestures and words during mother-child interactions were used as symbol skill indicators to predict children's abilities to engage others and the number of social-emotional concepts children portray during play. In a series of growth models, words had a stronger effect on engagement skills while early gesture use predicted later development of social-emotional concepts. Therefore, even in early development, symbols serve as both communication tools and mental tools to construct understanding of the social-emotional world.
Amino acid supplementation improves muscle mass in aged and young horses

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of supplementary AA on the ability to support muscle mass in aging horses. Sixteen horses of light horse type were used in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with two age groups [ or = 20 yr (average = 22.4 +/- 0.87 yr)] and two diet groups [no supplementation (N) or supplementary lysine and threonine (S; 20.0 and 15 g/d, respectively)]. Horses were fed the diets for 14 wk and received regular light exercise throughout the study. Body weight, BCS, and venous blood samples were taken every 2 wk. Plasma was analyzed for total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea N (PUN), and an AA profile, including 3-methyl histidine (3MH) and sulfur AA. Photographs of the horses taken at the start and at the end of the experiment were used to assign a subjective muscle mass score from 1 to 5 (1 = lowest to 5 = highest). There was no difference in BW caused by diet; however, the S-group horses tended (P = 0.064) to gain more weight (6.91 +/- 2.3 kg), and in fact, the N-group horses lost weight (- 11.76 +/- 5.2 kg) during the experiment. Repeated measures analysis revealed that BCS was lower for the aged vs. the young horses (P = 0.001) as well as for the S- vs. the N-group horses (P = 0.026). Subjective muscle mass scores were not different at the start of the experiment but were greater (P = 0.047) for the S-group horses (3.77 +/- 0.13) at the end of the experiment compared with the N-group horses (3.28 +/- 0.14). Plasma creatinine was greater (P = 0.032), and PUN was lower (P = 0.027), for S-group horses compared with N-group horses. Initial 3MH concentrations were not different; however, at the end of the experiment, 3MH was lower for the S-group horses (P = 0.016) compared with the N-group horses. Plasma lysine and threonine concentrations were greater for S-group horses at the end of the experiment than for N-group horses (P = 0.023 and 0.009, respectively). Both 3MH and PUN concentrations were negatively correlated to lysine (R2 = 0.57 and 0.65, respectively) and threonine intake (R2 = 0.56 and 0.60, respectively) at the end of the study. These data suggest that horses receiving supplementary AA were able to maintain muscle mass better than those without supplementation, regardless of age, as evidenced by the improvement in muscle mass scores, lower BCS with no difference in BW, greater creatinine, and lower 3MH and PUN concentrations in the S-group horses.
Detection of heterogeneities within a scattering medium using Raman spectroscopy

A micro-Raman apparatus was used to detect an object embedded within a scattering medium. The Raman vibrational frequency of diamond in an intralipid scattering medium was detected at different radial distances from the diamond. Scanned images of a single diamond, two diamonds, and a diamond through an aperture are presented. This experiment shows that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool in locating and characterizing heterogeneities contained within a scattering medium.
The Impact of Victimology on Criminal Justice Policy

The emergence of victimology and the renewed interest in victims of crime led to many changes in the way the criminal justice system responds to victims. This article assesses the impact of victimology on criminal justice policy and examines some of the anticipated and unanticipated consequences of activities on behalf of victims. It addresses the various victims' needs, evaluates efforts by criminal justice agencies to meet them, and identifies barriers to implementing the programs. Proposals for constitutional amendments and activities on behalf of victims on the international level are also discussed. The article concludes with some of the problems emerging from activities on behalf of victims, and implications for criminal justice policy.
The elusive pot of gold: Contextual treatment for aphasic word-finding deficits1

What are the comparative effects of contextual versus semantic intervention in terms of naming accuracy, generalization, and maintenance in two adults with Broca's aphasia? 1Abstracted from: Gordon...
Solutions of the real dispersionless Veselov-Novikov hierarchy

We investigate the dispersionless Veselov-Novikov (dVN) equation in the framework of the dispersionless two-component BKP hierarchy. We consider symmetry constraints for the real dVN system and show that the conserved densities are related to Faber polynomials and can be solved recursively. In addition, we use the Faber polynomials to find hodograph solutions of the dVN hierarchy.
Small-angle scattering by yeast cells--a comparison with the Mie predictions.

Abstract The angular dependence of light scattering by the sphere-like yeast cell in water was measured at angles up to 13°. The absolute value of the mean cell volume and the distribution of volumes about this mean were measured. For a mean cell diameter of about 4.9μ,α, circumference/wavelength, is 49.6 and 30.5, respectively, for λν = 400 and 650 mμ. Theoretical scattering curves for the cells were calculated from tabulated Mie coefficients and the particle size distribution. As controls, similar scattering measurements were made for calibrated polyvinyl toluene latex spheres. Scattering by the yeast cells was found to agree substantially with the predictions of the Mie equations for the homogeneous sphere.
A programmed instruction tutoring system for Java™: consideration of learning performance and software self-efficacy

Abstract An undergraduate ( n =23) and a graduate ( n =23) class of information systems majors used a Web-based tutoring system during the first 3-h session of a 14-week course in interface design and implementation. The tutoring system taught a simple Java™ applet as the first technical training exercise, and the instructional design was based upon programmed instruction, which is a competency-based tutoring system. Software self-efficacy was assessed prior to using the tutor and at the end of the 3-h period. Students’ interactive performances (errors and help selections) were recorded for all interfaces in the tutor. The results showed that the undergraduate students made more input and test errors than did the graduate students, but the number of students in each class who completed all eight tutor stages (18 undergraduates and 17 graduates) was almost equivalent. Forty-four of the 46 students completed the fourth tutor stage, which presented frames of information explaining the items in the program. Students who did not complete all eight stages showed more errors on the initial four stages, in comparison to students who did complete all stages. Software self-efficacy increased from pre-tutor to post-tutor occasions for both classes and for both completers and non-completers. No significant relationship was found between software self-efficacy changes and tutor learning performance. Neither was gender related to software self-efficacy changes or learning performance. Evaluations of the tutor were favorable by almost all learners. A competency-based tutoring system may produce both skill and earned self-efficacy at the level of the individual learner, without regard to variations in the learning process leading to mastery.
Wear and Aging Tests with Permethrin-Treated Cotton-Polyester Fabric

Gas chromatographic analysis of cloth patches treated with permethrin (0.125 mg/cm2) and worn by test subjects showed that 24–48% of the chemical remained after 10–30 days of wearing. Only a few minor degradation products were detected. However, bioassay of these patches against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say showed that knockdown time of the worn patches was ca. 5-fold longer than that for unworn patches after 30 days. Both the chemical and biological assays indicated that the greatest loss of permethrin from the patches occurred within the 1st 10 days. Aging without wearing did not appreciably reduce the amount of permethrin in the patches during the 30 days of the test. Permethrin appears promising as a clothing impregnant for protection against biting arthropods.
Scum-free patterning of SU-8 resist for electroforming applications

A simple approach is developed to obtain scum-free pattern transfer in SU-8 resist by UV-lithography for electroforming applications. SU-8 is an epoxy-based negative resist used in the fabrication of high-aspect ratio microstructures. SU-8 resist poses considerable processing difficulties and tends to leave organic residues of undeveloped resist on the surface of the exposed metallic seed layer. Scum-free pattern transfer in SU-8 resist is important for the subsequent electroplating process used to fabricate the high-aspect ratio metallic microstructures. Dry plasma etching processes are commonly used to remove the SU-8 residue prior to electroplating. However, these processes are complex and not cost-effective. In this work, it is shown that scum-free SU-8 patterns could be achieved by proper selection of process parameters such as soft-bake temperature, exposure time, post-exposure-bake temperature, developing time and rinsing in solvents. The success of this particular process is due to controlled rinsing of the patterned sample in acetone to remove the resist scum. The results of our method for patterning the SU-8 resist to fabricate nickel microstructures using this mold are reported.
Skeu the evolution: skeuomorphs, style, and the material of tangible interactions

We examine skeuomorphs - holdovers from previous functional material requirements - as they pertain to the design of tangible interactions. We offer several definitions of skeuomorphs from different disciplines, seeking to distinguish among different types and uses to explore skeuomorphs' potential value for designing tangible user interfaces. Through critical analysis of several skeuomorphic designs, both GUI and TUI, we show that skeuomorphs are far from being limited to mere sensual metaphors; some types of interaction can be characterized as skeuomorphic. Finally, we offer three specific ways that skeuomorphic evolution can be present in design, with diverse implications for materiality, user experience, and style.