cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of innovative hybrid and intrinsically magnetic nanobeads as a drug delivery system.

Aim: Synthesis of superparamagnetic hybrid nanobeads (MHNs) made of iron-substituted hydroxyapatite nanophase mineralizing a self-assembling alginate (Alg) matrix to be used as drug carriers, with ability of remote activation by magnetic signaling. Materials & methods: Iron-doped apatite was heterogeneously nucleated on the self-assembling Alg matrix by a bioinspired mineralization process and MHNs are formed by a subsequent emulsification by oil-in-water technique. Results: The obtained MHNs exhibited biomimetic composition, adequate swelling properties in physiological-like environment and superparamagnetic properties. The assembling of Alg induced the egg-like rearrangement of the mineralized composite that was then stabilized through cross-linking reaction with calcium ions. Conclusion: The new MHNs can be considered as a promising biocompatible and bio-resorbable drug delivery system with magnetic properties, thus opening to smart applications in nanomedicine.
Ancient and Modern Eras of Grand Strategy

Chapter 4 provides an overview of the evolution of the theory of grand strategy as it developed, from its roots in ancient China and Greece to prominent theorists who contributed to the philosophical, military, and economic foundations of grand strategy since the seventeenth century. These scholars and strategists laid the foundations for understanding the forces that shape the articulation of grand strategy and its development as a discipline for guiding how the state implements its policies and strategies . Grand Strategy in the Ancient Era The development of grand strategy can be traced back to ancient China, Greece, and Rome. To understand how the thinkers of those eras contributed to the evolution of grand strategy, this chapter analyzes prominent strategists whose ideas and principles helped articulate the defining concepts of strategy from which the discipline and principles of grand strategy are derived. The ideas developed by these thinkers influence primarily how we as modern scholars and policy makers think about the nature of the articulation of grand strategy and, to some extent, its implementation. Ancient China – Sun Tzu Scholars are not certain when Sun Tzu lived. Most, however, think it was during the Spring and Autumn Period of Chinese history (ca. 771–476 BCE). Experts believe that Sun Tzu lived at the end of this era of upheaval and reform (ca. 544–496 BCE).
Convectively Induced Stabilizations and Subsequent Recovery with Supercell Thunderstorms during the Mesoscale Predictability Experiment (MPEX)

AbstractThe adiabatic and diabatic processes inherent to midlatitude deep convective storms are well known to modify the atmospheric temperature, moisture, and winds especially within horizontal scales equivalent to a Rossby radius of deformation. Such modifications, or “feedbacks,” induced by supercell thunderstorms were a particular focus of the Mesoscale Predictability Experiment (MPEX), owing to the unique supercell dynamics and associated supercell intensity and longevity. During the MPEX field phase, which was conducted 15 May–15 June 2013 within the Great Plains region of the United States, radiosonde observations collected in immediate supercell wakes exhibited temperature lapse rates that were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to preconvective lapse rates above the boundary layer.Complementary idealized model simulations were used to confirm that there was little residual effect of the supercell in the wake of the moving storm except within the area occupied by the surface cold pool, and w...
Congenital myopathy associated with the triadin knockout syndrome

Objective: Triadin is a component of the calcium release complex of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Our objective was to analyze the skeletal muscle phenotype of the triadin knockout syndrome. Methods: We performed clinical evaluation, analyzed morphologic features by light and electron microscopy, and immunolocalized triadin in skeletal muscle. Results: A 6-year-old boy with lifelong muscle weakness had a triadin knockout syndrome caused by compound heterozygous null mutations in triadin. Light microscopy of a deltoid muscle specimen shows multiple small abnormal spaces in all muscle fibers. Triadin immunoreactivity is absent from type 1 fibers and barely detectable in type 2 fibers. Electron microscopy reveals focally distributed dilation and degeneration of the lateral cisterns of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and loss of the triadin anchors from the preserved lateral cisterns. Conclusions: Absence of triadin in humans can result in a congenital myopathy associated with profound pathologic alterations in components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Why only some triadin-deficient patients develop a skeletal muscle phenotype remains an unsolved question.
Climate Change, Catastrophic Risks and Social Choice Theory

The enlightenment was a philosophical project to construct a rational society without the need for a supreme being. It opened the way for the creation of market democracy and rapid economic growth. At the same time economic growth is the underlying cause of climate change, and we have become aware that this may destroy our civilization. The principal underpinning of the enlightenment project is the general equilibrium theorem (GET) of Arrow and Debreu (1954), asserting the existence of a Pareto optimal price equilibrium. Arrow’s work in social choice can be interpreted as an attempt to construct a more general social equilibrium theorem. The current paper surveys recent results in social choice which suggests that chaos rather than equilibrium is generic. We also consider models of belief aggregation similar to Condorcet’s Jury theorem and mention Penn’s Theorem on existence of a belief equilibrium. However, it is suggested that a belief equilibrium with regard to the appropriate response to climate change depends on the creation of a fundamental social principle of “guardianship of our planetary home.” It is suggested that this will involve conflict between entrenched economic interests and ordinary people, as the effects of climate change make themselves felt in many countries.
Advanced Endoscopic Procedures

Advanced endoscopic procedures defined as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and endoscopic enteral stent placement have a very central and important role in the diagnosis, treatment, and palliation of patients with pancreatic cancer. They are used as part of a multidisciplinary management approach which also includes both radiologic and surgical approaches to management of patients with pancreatic cancer. This chapter will review the role of these advanced endoscopic procedures in pancreatic cancer.
Hybrid Computational and Experimental Approach to Identify the Dynamic Initiation Fracture Toughness at High Loading Rate

In this work, a new hybrid computational and experimental method is proposed which can be used to extract the dynamic fracture parameters in engineering materials at high loading rate. Torsional Hopkinson Bar is used to load an aluminum spiral notched specimen in mode I fracture configuration at different loading rate. A tubular specimen with spiral crack at 45° made of Aluminum 6061-T6, was used for the experiment. Using the experimental measured torque value as input computation analysis is performed to identify the dynamic initiation fracture toughness of the material. For the computational analysis, finite element is implemented in Abaqus. The result show that the dynamic stress intensity factor is loading rate sensitive, giving \( {K}_{Ic}^d\cong \left(1.2\mp 0.2\right){K}_{Ic}. \) The crack initiation time is also influenced by the rate of loading.
Classifying colorectal cancer by tumor location rather than sidedness highlights a continuum in mutation profiles and consensus molecular subtypes

Purpose: Colorectal cancers are classified as right/left-sided based on whether they occur before/after the splenic flexure, with established differences in molecular subtypes and outcomes. However, it is unclear if this division is optimal and whether precise tumor location provides further information.Experimental Design: In 1,876 patients with colorectal cancer, we compared mutation prevalence and overall survival (OS) according to side and location. Consensus molecular subtype (CMS) was compared in a separate cohort of 608 patients.Results: Mutation prevalence differed by side and location for TP53, KRAS, BRAFV600, PIK3CA, SMAD4, CTNNB1, GNAS, and PTEN Within left- and right-sided tumors, there remained substantial variations in mutation rates. For example, within right-sided tumors, RAS mutations decreased from 70% for cecal, to 43% for hepatic flexure location (P = 0.0001), while BRAFV600 mutations increased from 10% to 22% between the same locations (P < 0.0001). Within left-sided tumors, the sigmoid and rectal region had more TP53 mutations (P = 0.027), less PIK3CA (P = 0.0009), BRAF (P = 0.0033), or CTNNB1 mutations (P < 0.0001), and less MSI (P < 0.0001) than other left-sided locations. Despite this, a left/right division preceding the transverse colon maximized prognostic differences by side and transverse colon tumors had K-modes mutation clustering that appeared more left than right sided. CMS profiles showed a decline in CMS1 and CMS3 and rise in CMS2 prevalence moving distally.Conclusions: Current right/left classifications may not fully recapitulate regional variations in tumor biology. Specifically, the sigmoid-rectal region appears unique and the transverse colon is distinct from other right-sided locations. Clin Cancer Res; 24(5); 1062-72. ©2017 AACRSee related commentary by Dienstmann, p. 989.
A Survey of the Depth of the Main Lateral Roots of Nursery Trees in Ohio Before and After Harvest

Abstract Deciduous trees in Ohio were surveyed before harvest (seven nurseries) and after harvest (eight brokerage facilities) to determine the depth of their main lateral roots. Main lateral roots originate at the root-shoot junction in trees and are also referred to as the root flare or buttress roots. In the nursery survey, differences in the depth of main lateral roots were found among nurseries and production year with main lateral roots an average of 6.1 cm (2.4 in) deep in the soil profile. From the broker survey, both brokers and propagation methods showed differences in depth with an average of 8.6 cm (3.4 in) of excess soil over the main lateral roots. The main lateral roots for most trees were greater than 2.5 cm (1 in) in depth which was deeper than industry standards allow.
Telemedicine-Based Health Coaching Is Effective for Inducing Weight Loss and Improving Metabolic Markers.

Abstract Background: To assess the efficacy of health coaching (HC) delivered through videoconferencing (VC) to favorably change physical activity (PA), weight, and metabolic markers in adults with...
Nonlinear Optical Method for Determining the Absolute Carrier Phase of a Laser Pulse

We present a nonlinear optical technique to measure the absolute carrier phase of a sub-ten-femtosecond visible pulse. We compare our experimental results with our numerical model, which reveals that the interference of 2nd and 3rd harmonics of a 4.5 fs pulse is sensitive to the absolute phase.
Residence Hall Students' Attitudes Toward Resident Assistants with Learning Disabilities

The degree of attitude change of college students living in residence halls toward peers with learning disabilities (LD) serving as resident assistants (RAs) was investigated. This longitudinal study involved 45 traditional-aged undergraduate students and 24 RAs. Farrell and Harckham -s (1988) instrument for assessing attitude toward college students with LD was used. After one semester of interaction with RAs with LD, RA attitudes toward peers with LD remained favorable, and student attitudes became more favorable.
Histopathology of human intraepithelial neoplasia with implications for chemoprevention strategy.

Every epithelial cancer (i.e., invasive neoplasm) is preceded by a preinvasive stage of intraepithelial neoplasia that typically lasts for years. A better understanding of human intraepithelial neoplasia is of critical importance to investigators in the chemoprevention field; it can assist in the more rational design of drugs that will slow or stop the development of intraepithelial neoplasia and, therefore, the potential for subsequent development of invasive cancer, and also assist in the development of early biomarkers that are modulated by chemopreventive drugs.
The Nature and Pathogenesis of the Amyloid Deposits in Alzheimer’s Disease

Up until 15 years ago the twisted filaments of the neurofibrillary tangles and the amyloid fibrils in neuritic plaques and cerebral vessels seen in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) were primarily of descriptive interest and their interrelationship unknown. Indeed it was only 10 years ago that necropsy studies of demented and nondemented individuals indicated that the diagnostic presence of plaques and tangles could be found in significant quantities in demented old individuals of an age too advanced to be classified as typical “Alzheimer’s disease”. Since the diagnostic cerebral lesions in both groups were found to be identical, the definitions of “presenile” and “senile” dementia merged (1). In addition the same lesions (2,3) and similar symptoms (4) were found in Downs’s syndrome adults over the age of 40 (5). Did this signify that all Down’s syndrome individuals acquired Alzheimer’s disease or that an invariable genetic component of Down’s syndrome was Alzheimer’s disease? What was the significance of these lesions? Slowly, but inexorably, answers to these questions have been forthcoming.
Mutations of the alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor that eliminate detectable palmitoylation do not perturb receptor-G-protein coupling.

Abstract The alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor (alpha 2AAR) is coupled to a variety of effectors via pertussis toxin-sensitive GTP-binding proteins. Like most members of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, the primary structure of the alpha 2AAR possesses a putative consensus sequence for palmitoylation in the COOH terminus at Cys-442. This study demonstrates that the alpha 2AAR incorporates [3H] palmitic acid in metabolic labeling studies and that mutation of Cys-442 to Ala or Ser eliminates detectable 3H-palmitoylation. However, mutation of Cys-442 does not alter adrenergic ligand specificity or allosteric modulation by amphipathic agents, such as amiloride analogs. Since reports in the literature suggest that a homologous mutation in the beta 2-adrenergic receptor attenuates coupling to Gs (O'Dowd, B. F., Hnatowich, M., Caron, M. G., Lefkowitz, R. J., and Bouvier, M. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 7564-7569) whereas chemical removal of palmitate from bovine rhodopsin enhances coupling to Gt (Morrison, D. F., O'Brien, P. J., and Pepperberg, D. R. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 20118-20123), we examined if mutation of Cys-442 and parallel loss of detectable palmitoylation alter alpha 2AAR coupling to G-proteins. Several independent cell lines of Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells expressing wild-type (Cys-442) or mutant (Ala-442 and Ser-442) alpha 2AARs were established. Metabolic labeling of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing wild-type (Cys-442) or mutant (Ala-442) alpha 2AARs with [3H]palmitic acid indicated that only wild-type Cys-442-containing receptors incorporated [3H]palmitate, monitored following isolation of the alpha 2AAR detergent extracts using yohimbine-agarose chromatography. Receptor-G-protein coupling was assessed by evaluating sensitivity of receptor-agonist interactions to guanine nucleotides in competition for [3H]yohimbine antagonist binding, guanyl-5'-yl imidotrisphosphate sensitivity of pertussis toxin-sensitive p-[125I]iodoclonidine agonist binding, and agonist-stimulated guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) binding. Using all three approaches, no detectable change in alpha 2AAR-G-protein coupling was apparent, in contrast to apparent opposite effects on the beta 2-adrenergic receptor-Gs and rhodopsin-Gt coupling reported previously by others. One interpretation is that this conserved cysteine may play differing roles at different receptor-G-protein interfaces. Alternatively, this shared structural motif may play a role in not yet investigated pathways, such as receptor expression, turnover, and localization.
Abstract WMP107: Efficacy of Intraventricular Administration of Alteplase for Intraventricular Hemorrhage

Introduction: The efficacy of extraventricular drain (EVD) alone was compared to EVD with intraventricular alteplase injection for the treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in the Ethnic/R...
Male Caregivers: Shifting Roles Among Family Caregivers.

Background More than 16 million men in the United States are acting in the role of family caregiver. Men are usually viewed as not being caring simply because they provide care differently than women. However, this is not the case. Objectives This article explores male caregiving from the perspective of family and professional roles. Methods A review of the literature related to men in the caregiving role was conducted. This review included only men providing care to a family member and was limited to men caring for an adult. Findings The main traits of male caregivers were defined as masculinization of caregiving behaviors, social support needs, and caregiver role strain/emotional aspects of caring. Men in the caregiving role must be supported. Education related to how men provide care is needed. Hands-on education should also be provided to men in the family caregiving role.
Preliminary Results on Performance Testing of a Turbocharged Rotary Combustion Engine

The performance of a turbocharged rotary engine at power levels above 75 kW (100 hp) was studied. A twin rotor turbocharged Mazda engine was tested at speeds of 3000 to 6000 rpm and boost pressures to 7 psi. The NASA developed combustion diagnostic instrumentation was used to quantify indicated and pumping mean effect pressures, peak pressure, and face to face variability on a cycle by cycle basis. Results of this testing showed that a 5900 rpm a 36 percent increase in power was obtained by operating the engine in the turbocharged configuration. When operating with lean carburetor jets at 105 hp (78.3 kW) and 4000 rpm, a brake specific fuel consumption of 0.45 lbm/lb-hr was measured.
The Use of USLE Components in Models

The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been in use during the past several decades. Developed from small erosion plots, it has become the standard for erosion prediction in the U.S. and other parts of the world. There have been few changes in the model since its conception. Attempts to improve the predictive power of the model have largely been the development of databases for soils, cropping and management practices. Users of the model have mixed reactions to the results obtained. USLE technology has been adapted to continuous simulation such as the CREAMS, EPIC, and SWRRB models. This paper reviews some of the uses of USLE in other models and presents some findings from a recent USLE evaluation with the erosion plot data used in its development.
Design aspects of large-aperture MODE lenses

Design aspects of multiple-order diffraction engineered surface (MODE) lenses are discussed that result in significant improvement of geometrical off-axis performance. A new type of aberration that is characteristic of this type of segmented lens, which is called zonal field shift, is minimized by curving front intercepts of zone transitions. Three MODE designs are compared, based on a 240 mm aperture, 1 m focal length system with a 0.125° half field angle over the astronomical R wavelength band (589 nm to 727 nm). Optimized curved-front designs indicate diffraction-limited monochromatic geometrical performance over the full field of view. A technique is implemented with a combination of a non-sequential ray-trace model and a diffraction code to model physical optical effects, which indicates that the modulation transfer function (MTF) of MODE lenses are significantly improved compared to a first-order equivalent refractive achromat.
Numerical joint invariant level set formulation with unique image segmentation result

The level set method is one of the most widely used and powerful techniques in image science such as image/motion segmentation, object tracking, etc. This paper brings up an unstudied issue with discretized level set algorithms about ‘the non-uniqueness’ of segmentation results which is different from the problem of ‘the existence’ of a result. Our solution is to numerically approximate the level set formulation based on suitable combination of some visual joint invariants, leading to the unique segmentation results, therefore unique visual joint invariant numerical signatures—independent of contour initialization and what visual group is applied. To figure out ‘the cause’ of resulting unique segmentations in this scheme, we utilize the level set algorithm to introduce three energy features—called fingerprints, flows, and stem charts. Our experimental results indicate that curvature-based energies can be classified in terms of these characteristics—depending merely on the nature of each energy. Besides, the energies generated by the current discretization are ‘positive,’ while the visual joint invariant curvature-based energies sketch charts with ‘negative’ values.
Is Any-Body There?1

How might we bring our full selves, including our bodies, to the enterprise of teaching and learning? How might queer lived experience inform the development of a full-bodied pedagogy? Drawing on p...
Battlefield Teleradiology

Purpose of Review Teleradiology is the transmission of diagnostic images from one location to another for the purpose of interpretation. The presence and impact of teleradiology have increased as the technology of computers, electronic picture archiving, and telecommunications have matured. In the context of the military, CT scanners are being deployed as close as possible to the point of injury, and the role of teleradiology has expanded.
Laparoscopic Resection of Deep Infiltrative Endometriosis of the Bowel and Bladder

Study Objective To show a systematic approach to perform resection of deep infiltrating endometriosis of the bowel and bladder in the setting of posterior cul-de-sac obliteration and intentional cystotomy creation. Design Step-by-step video demonstration of the technique. Setting A university tertiary care hospital. Patients or Participants A 28-year-old gravida 0 with a history of several years of severe dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and dyspareunia. She had been managed with hormonal medical therapy and physical therapy with little improvement in her symptoms. Pelvic ultrasound and MRI was significant for 0.8 × 1 cm rectal nodule located between the posterior wall of the uterus and anterior wall of the rectum, suggestive of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Interventions Studies have shown that surgery can improve pain in the context of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Moreover, deep infiltrating endometriosis has been associated with infertility with retrospective and prospective nonrandomized studies showing that resection improves spontaneous conception rates. Laparoscopy with resection of deep infiltrating endometriosis is performed using a conservative fertility sparing endometriosis surgery with bowel discoid resection. Deep infiltrating endometriosis of the bladder is performed with repair of therapeutic cystotomy. Measurements and Main Results We describe three phases of deep endometriosis nodule excision. First, opening pelvic avascular spaces, restoring anatomy, and identifying important anatomical structures. Second, resection of deep infiltrative endometriosis lesions with relevant vital structures properly identified and lateralized. Third, ensure integrity of our repair and hemostasis. At postoperative follow up, the patient reported improvement in pain symptoms. She had no bowel or bladder dysfunction postoperatively. Conclusion Management of deep infiltrating endometriosis begins in the preoperative period and continues beyond the immediate postoperative period. Appropriate preoperative evaluation, systematic and skilled intra-operative surgical technique, and appropriate postoperative follow up are important steps necessary to perform safe and effective fertility sparing endometriosis surgery.
Kinship structure, stress, and the gender gap in competition

Abstract While women generally prefer to compete less than men, cultural practices and physiological responses to competition may affect willingness to compete. I examine how kinship structure and stress affect the gender gap in willingness to compete in a lab experiment among individuals from 27 ethnic groups along the matrilineal belt in Central Africa. I find no evidence that matrilineal kinship relative to patrilineal kinship closes the gender gap in competition: 80% of men and 60% of women choose to compete with no differential effect across kinship systems. Using physiological data, I find that women who experience greater stress during competition are less likely to choose to compete.
Septo-Optic Dysplasia Diagnosed in a Newborn Infant with Normoglycemia: The Importance of Thorough Physical Examination.

A newborn male infant was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit due to suspected sepsis. He was clinically stable with normal electrolyte levels on admission. However, he was noted to have micropenis and bilateral nonpalpable testes. Ultrasound imaging confirmed the presence of both gonads in the inguinal canal, with no Mullerian structures visualized. Laboratory examination revealed an undetectable random plasma cortisol level; subsequent ACTH stimulation testing confirmed adrenal insufficiency. Further testing revealed additional pituitary hormone deficiencies, and the infant was started on multiple hormone replacement therapies. Magnetic resonance imaging identified absent septum pellucidum, pointing of the frontal horns, and optic nerve hypoplasia. A diagnosis of septo-optic dysplasia was made based on this combination of findings. This case highlights the importance of thorough physical examination in newborn infants, which may reveal the only sign of underlying pathology in the absence of other concerning findings.
Network Operating Systems

The sections in this article are 1 History 2 Services for Network Operating Systems 3 Mechanisms for Network Operating Systems 4 Kernel Architectures 5 Theoretical Foundations 6 System Features 7 Related Topics
Small Leap Forward: Emergence of Economic Elites

This article provides a glimpse into the formation of the post-state-socialist business elites in Hungary, Poland and Russia. We raise four interrelated questions. 1) What is the extent of the change on the top of business hierarchy? 2) What social groups predominate in the new business elite? 3) What individual characteristics are overrepresented in the new elite? 4) What type of individuals are losing and gaining ground among the elite because of the transformation?
Minimization of electrode polarization effect by nanogap electrodes for biosensor applications

Nanogap electrodes-based dielectric spectroscopy is introduced to create ultrasensitive biomolecular sensors by minimizing the effects of electrode polarization. The electrode polarization is a major source of error in determining the impedance of biological samples in solution. The unwanted double layer impedance due to the electrode polarization impedance. is caused by the accumulation of ions on the surface of electrode. This effect becomes more dominant in low frequency region (< 1 kHz). In this paper we describe nanogap electrodes-based biomolecular measurements that can minimize electrode polarization effects since the double layers overlap and potential drop inside of the electrode gap can be reduced in nanoscale (<100 nm) electrode spacing.
Analyzing and Interrogating Biological Networks (Abstract)

High-throughput experimental and computational approaches to characterize proteins and their interactions have resulted in large-scale biological networks for many organisms, from bacteria to yeast to human. These complex networks are comprised of a number of distinct types of interactions: these include interactions between proteins that interact physically, that participate in a synthetic lethal or epistatic relationship, that are coexpressed, or where one phosphorylates or regulates another. Though incomplete and noisy, these networks provide a holistic view of the functioning of the cell and, with appropriate computational analysis and experimental work, have significant potential for helping to uncover cellular principles as well as protein functions and pathways.
Research of effect on distribution network with penetration of photovoltaic system

The effect on distribution network with penetration of photovoltaic system is studied. Firstly, the effect to distribution network's power flow is studied when photovoltaic power is connected to distribution network. The bus voltages are calculated when the power factor cosϕ of the photovoltaic power varies from −0.95 (absorbing reactive power) to +0.95 (developing reactive power) and photovoltaic power varies from 0MW to 1.5MW. Then the effect to distribution network's voltage is studied when photovoltaic power is connected to distribution network. The voltage of the node connecting PV power with grid is adjusted by adjusting photovoltaic power factor, regulating step-up transformer ratio and switching reactive power compensation device of step-up substation. Finally, the effect of photovoltaic power on relay protection in distribution network is studied. The effects of photovoltaic power on short-circuit current and relay protection are different when the location and the capacity of photovoltaic power are different. The photovoltaic power is in the upstream, the downstream and the interior of relay protection according to the relative position of photovoltaic power and relay protection. The simulation has carried out respectively according to different locations.
Abortion Incidence and Access to Services In the United States, 2008

CONTEXT: The incidence of abortion has declined nearly every year between 1990 and 2005, but this trend may be ending, or at least leveling off. Access to abortion services is a critical issue, particularly since the number of abortion providers has been falling for the last three decades. METHODS: In 2009 and 2010, all facilities known or expected to have provided abortion services in 2007 and 2008 were contacted, including hospitals, clinics and physicians’ offices. Data on the number of abortions performed were collected and combined with population data to estimate national and state-level abortion rates. Abortion incidence, provision of early medication abortion, gestational limits, charges and antiabortion harassment were assessed by provider type and abortion caseload. RESULTS: In 2008, an estimated 1.21 million abortions were performed in the United States. The abortion rate increased 1% between 2005 and 2008, from 19.4 to 19.6 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44; the total number of abortion providers was virtually unchanged. Small changes in national abortion incidence and number of providers masked substantial changes in some states. Accessibility of services changed little: In both years, 35% of women of reproductive age lived in the 87% of counties that lacked a provider. Fifty-seven percent of nonhospital providers experienced antiabortion harassment in 2008; levels of harassment were particularly high in the Midwest (85%) and the South (75%). CONCLUSIONS: The long-term decline in abortion incidence has stalled. Higher levels of harassment in some regions suggest the need to enact and enforce laws that prohibit the more intrusive forms of harassment.
Aggregation effects on the optical properties of a light harvesting phenylacetylene dendrimer in non-polar solution

Abstract The aggregation of a 4th generation phenylacetlyene dendrimer with a perylene trap at the core (G4PER) is studied in a non-polar solvent environment using steady state absorption, fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy, and time-dependent fluorescence measurements as a function of G4PER concentration. At relatively low G4PER concentrations (
Mixtures of linear regressions

The purpose of this article is to develop the technology of models based on mixtures of linear regressions and, in particular, to draw out the relevance of the EM algorithm to the associated maximum likelihood equations. A √n-consistent starting point for the EM algorithm is presented. The data from an experiment in music perception are analyzed using this technology. Performance of the estimators are examined via both simulated and actual data sets.
A test of the initial processes of the goal‐planning‐action model of interpersonal influence

Dillard's goals‐planning‐action (GPA) model of interpersonal influence encompasses two different process models depending on the initial weighing of primary and secondary goals. In contrast to the GPA's prediction that the ordering of the intervening processes is moderated by the initial weighing of these two types of goals, a simplified version was found that fit the data both when the primary goal was greater than the secondary goal and when the secondary goal was greater than the primary goal. In both conditions, the two types of goals have simultaneous, direct relationships with the persuaders’ decisions to engage their targets, and indirect effects on subsequent plan generation.
Effects of hydroxyurea and radiation on hair matrix cells.

Investigations were undertaken in CF1 mice to study the effects of hydroxyurea (HU) on hair matrix cell kinetics, and to assess the effects of combined administration of HU and irradiation on induction of temporary alopecia. HU 100 mg/kg was administered intraperitoneally and each animal received tritiated thymidine 0·5 μCi/g 30 min before biopsy. Serial biopsies were taken up to 48 hr after drug administration. Autoradiographs of anagen follicle squashes revealed sharp reductions in mitotic and labeling indices within 30 min. Depressed mitotic indices of 0·6–0·9% at 1–4 hr returned to normal (2·3%) after 6 hr, followed by cyclic mitotic ‘overshoot’, and were preceded by parallel changes in the labeling indices. HU-induced cellular damage was most marked 4 hr after HU injection, with almost complete recovery from injury observed at the 24 hr interval. The effects of varying the time intervals from 1 to 12 hr between HU administration and irradiation (650 rads) after injection of HU 1200 mg/kg were examined. Hair loss was measured 7 days later by photomicroscopy. Cyclic maximum alopecia was found at the 1–5 and 8–12 hr intervals, with relative ‘protection’ occurring at the 6–7 hr time periods.
Singlet–triplet energy gap in a cyclophane-basedorganic diradical with parallel exchange coupling pathways

The novel cyclophane diradical 1 possesses a singlet ground state with a singlet–triplet energy gap (ΔEST) of −0.20 and −0.24 kcal mol−1, as measured with SQUID magnetometry and EPR spectroscopy, respectively. This large ΔEST may in part be associated with the two parallel 3,3′-biphenyl exchange coupling pathways (ECPs).
The TGFβ activated kinase TAK1 regulates vascular development in vivo

TGFβ activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a MAPKKK that in cell culture systems has been shown to act downstream of a variety of signaling molecules, including TGFβ. Its role during vertebrate development, however, has not been examined by true loss-of-function studies. In this report, we describe the phenotype of mouse embryos in which the Tak1 gene has been inactivated by a genetrap insertion. Tak1 mutant embryos exhibit defects in the developing vasculature of the embryo proper and yolk sac. These defects include dilation and misbranching of vessels, as well as an absence of vascular smooth muscle. The phenotype of Tak1 mutant embryos is strikingly similar to that exhibited by loss-of-function mutations in the TGFβ type I receptor Alk1 and the type III receptor endoglin, suggesting that TAK1 may be a major effector of TGFβ signals during vascular development. Consistent with this view, we find that in zebrafish, morpholinos to TAK1 and ALK1 synergize to enhance the Alk1 vascular phenotype. Moreover, we show that overexpression of TAK1 is able to rescue the vascular defect produced by morpholino knockdown of ALK1. Taken together, these results suggest that TAK1 is probably an important downstream component of the TGFβ signal transduction pathway that regulates vertebrate vascular development. In addition, as heterozygosity for mutations in endoglin and ALK1 lead to the human syndromes known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 1 and 2, respectively, our results raise the possibility that mutations in human TAK1 might contribute to this disease.
Multi-radio diversity in wireless networks

This paper describes the Multi-Radio Diversity (MRD) wireless system, which uses path diversity to improve loss resilience in wireless local area networks (WLANs). MRD coordinates wireless receptions among multiple radios to improve loss resilience in the face of path-dependent frame corruption over the radio. MRD incorporates two techniques to recover from bit errors and lower the loss rates observed by higher layers, without consuming much extra bandwidth. The first technique is frame combining, in which multiple, possibly erroneous, copies of a given frame are combined together in an attempt to recover the frame without retransmission. The second technique is a low-overhead retransmission scheme called request-for-acknowledgment (RFA), which operates above the link layer and below the network layer to attempt to recover from frame combining failures. We present an analysis that determines how the parameters for these algorithms should be chosen. We have designed and implemented MRD as a fully functional WLAN infrastructure based on 802.11a. We evaluate the MRD system under several different physical configurations, using both UDP and TCP, and measured throughput gains up to 3× over single radio communication schemes employing 802.11's autorate adaptation scheme.
Integrating predicate transition nets with first order temporal logic in the specification and verification of concurrent systems

This paper presents some results of integrating predicate transition nets with first order temporal logic in the specification and verification of concurrent systems. The intention of this research is to use predicate transition nets as a specification method and to use first order temporal logic as a verification method so that their strengths — the easy comprehension of predicate transition nets and the reasoning power of first order temporal logic can be combined. In this paper, a theoretical relationship between the computation models of these two formalisms is presented; an algorithm for systematically translating a predicate transition net into a corresponding temporal logic system is outlined; and a special temporal refutation proof technique is proposed and illustrated in verifying various concurrent properties of the predicate transition net specification of the five dining philosophers problem.
Efficient light emission by a three-dimensional, all-metallic photonic crystal and its energy consequences.

A review is given on the recent progress in 3D all-metallic photonic-crystals in the near- and mid-infrared wavelengths. Results of optical spectroscopy of the sample will be described. Unique light emission characteristics at a narrow band from the photonic-crystal will also be presented. This new class of 3D all-metallic photonic-crystal is promising for thermal photo-voltaic power generatin and for lighting application.
Soft X-Ray Imaging Design and Analysis Methods on DIII-D ∗)

A new tangential 2D Soft X-Ray Imaging System (SXRIS) is being designed to examine the edge magnetic island structure in the lower X-point region of DIII-D. A synthetic diagnostic calculation coupled to 3D emissivity estimates is used to generate phantom images. Phillips-Tikhonov regularization is used to invert the phantom images for comparison to the original emissivity model. Noise level, island size, and equilibrium accuracy are scanned to assess the feasibility of detecting edge island structures. Models of typical DIII-D discharges indicate integration times > 1 ms with accurate equilibrium reconstruction are needed for small island (< 3 cm) detection.
Natural gas permeation in polyimide membranes

Abstract Polyimide membranes derived from 6FDA-DAM:DABA and 6FDA-6FpDA:DABA copolymers have been used to separate 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixtures and multicomponent synthetic natural gas mixtures at 35 °C and feed pressures up to 55 atm. For 6FDA-DAM:DABA 2:1 membranes the effects of thermal annealing and covalent crosslinking are decoupled with respect to effects on permeabilities and selectivity. Crosslinking at 295 °C with 1,4-butylene glycol and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol increases CO2 permeabilities by factors of 4.1 and 2.4, respectively, at 20 atm feed pressure, without a loss in selectivity, relative to crosslinking at 220 °C. Thermal annealing and crosslinking also reduce CO2 plasticization effects. Crosslinking of DABA-containing copolymers, therefore, can produce membranes with tunable transport properties that offer significantly higher performance with better plasticization-resistance than that reported in the literature for the commercial polymers Matrimid® and cellulose acetate for CO2 removal from natural gas mixtures. Separation of complex mixtures containing CO2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, and C4H10 or toluene results in a significant decrease of the CO2 permeability, but only a moderate decrease in the CO2/CH4 selectivity.
Selenoprotein synthesis: a unique translational mechanism used by a diverse family of proteins.

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the unique mechanism by which mammalian selenoprotein synthesis occurs. Selenoprotein synthesis requires translational recoding of the UGA co...
A steroid-conjugated contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of cell signaling

We have synthesized the first steroid hormone−MR contrast agent conjugate designed to track the cell signaling process upon binding to a gene switch system. The derivative has a high relaxivity and when tested in vitro is active as a progesterone antagonist (RU-486). By combining a transcriptional system and a noninvasive imaging technology, such as MRI, it would be a powerful tool to research the cell signaling pathway in vivo.
Surgical pathology of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in 30 patients, 1985-2000.

Objective To describe the causes, complications, and histological appearance of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) in a surgical population compared with those in previously reported autopsy series. Patients and Methods Cases were identified by reviewing the surgical pathology reports for all cardiac valvular specimens removed at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, between 1985 and 2000. Archived microscopic slides and medical records were reviewed for each study patient. Results The study group consisted of 30 patients (20 female and 10 male), with a mean age of 49 years (range, 15–89 years). Of these 30 patients, 28 had single valve involvement (19 mitral, 8 aortic, and 1 tricuspid), and 2 had involvement of both their mitral and aortic valves. An underlying immune-mediated disorder was identified in 18 patients (60%), including primary antiphospholipid syndrome (in 8), rheumatic heart disease (in 6), systemic lupus erythematosus (in 2), and rheumatoid arthritis (in 2), 15 (83%) of whom were women. Of the remaining 12 patients with no autoimmune disease, only 5 (42%) were women. No patient had metastatic malignant disease or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Systemic embolization was documented in 10 patients (33%), 8 of whom had cerebral involvement. Valvular vegetations were visualized by echocardiography before surgery in 8 patients and were suspected but not confirmed preoperatively in 1 patient. All vegetations consisted primarily of platelets and fibrin. The site and appearance of vegetations did not vary with the underlying disease state. Conclusions In contrast to previously reported autopsy series, NBTE in a surgical population was more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders than malignancy or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. Women were affected twice as often as men. Systemic embolization, particularly to the brain, was prominent in both surgical and autopsy series. Vegetations had a similar appearance regardless of the specific underlying disease. An antemortem diagnosis of NBTE in a patient with no known risk factors should prompt a search not only for occult malignancy, as suggested by autopsy studies, but also for autoimmune or rheumatic diseases, particularly the antiphospholipid syndrome.
Correlation studies of the α-particle breakup of the 9.6 MeV 3− state in C12 induced by (α, α′) scattering

The theoretical prediction that the correlation function of alpha particles from even-even nucleus break-up would have a simple dependence on the azimuthal angle at certain values H03 H02of the polar angle was verified. The 9.6-Mev 3- state in C /sup 12/ was obtained by bombarding C with 22.5-Mev alpha particles and the correlations for the resultant alphas were obtained. The 3/sup -/ assignment of the 9.6-Mev state was also confirmed. (D.C.W.)
CO and O2 adsorption on α-Mo2C (0001)

Abstract CO and O2 chemisorption on Mo- and C-terminated faces of α-Mo2C (0001) was investigated. CO adsorbs molecularly, and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) studies indicate one CO chemisorption state with an apparent first-order activation energy for desorption of 93 kJ mol−1 at saturation coverage. O2 adsorbs dissociatively, resulting in a (1×1) rectangular overlayer on the Mo-terminated surface. CO is the only thermal desorption product detected from an oxygen-saturated surface, yielding a low temperature desorption-limited feature and a high temperature reaction-limited feature. However, the majority (∼85%) of the surface oxygen does not burn off as CO, but instead diffuses into the sample bulk. For the C-terminated surface, the CO and O2 saturation coverages are not significantly altered. Relative surface coverages based on the total number of surface Mo atoms are 14% for CO and 50% for oxygen atoms.
The international institute of fisheries economics and trade

What are the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on international trade in seafoods? How do changes in tariff structures and non-tariff trade barriers affect the access of developing countries to seafood markets? What are the interdependencies between fishery management policies and seafood trade policies? These are among the questions being explored by researchers who have joined together to form the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade (IIFET).
The existence of periodic solutions to certain impulsive differential equations

Abstract For autonomous ordinary differential equations, it is shown that there always exist impulsive forcing patterns which permit the existence of periodic solutions. However, when the differential equation is nonautonomous, proving the existence of impulsive periodic solutions appears more complex. The authors study here an impulsive differential system which appears to have no periodic solutions. Continuous manifolds of initial vectors are found for which it is proven that the trajectory emanating from each initial vector is unstable, hence, nonperiodic. It is also established that a particular type of impulsive periodic solution, the so-called simple periodic motion, cannot exist. By changing the type of impulse applied, some periodic solutions are obtained, one of which, though not physically meaningful, is perhaps mathematically significant.
Efficiency and price discovery in multi-item auctions

Distributed multi-item auctions offer great opportunities for integrating fragmented online auction markets into larger markets with more efficient outcomes. We extend the theory of multiitem ascending auctions in a multi-unit demand scenario. We show that a simple greedy bidding strategy results in efficient allocation and unique prices. We also show that the strategy constitutes a Nash Equilibrium of the system with single unit demand. We discuss the implications of our results for the design of auctions on the Internet.