cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plagues on Our Children: The Threat of Biological Warfare

Twenty-five years ago, at the beginning of World War II, chemical and biological weapons began to be developed in this country. At that time, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt stated: "Use of such weapons has been outlawed by the general opinion of civilized mankind ... we shall under no circumstances resort to the use of such weapons unless they are first used by our enemies."A few years later the United States became the first country to use nuclear weapons. More recently, we have been employing non-lethal gases (tear and nausea gases) against the Viet Cong in South Vietnam. The world's press has been terming the use of these gases a form of chemical warfare.As for biological warfare activities, the current published position of the United States on this matter is stated in Army Field Manual FM 27-10: "The United States is not a party to any treaty, now in force, that prohibits or restricts the use in warfare of toxic or nontoxic gases, of smoke or incendiary materials, or of bacteriological warfare."...
The Prospects of Becoming Market Oriented: Evidence from the Czech Republic

Dramatic changes have taken place in the industrial structure of the Czech Republic as a result of the economic transformation of the last seven years. However, while macro economic studies and business reports have discussed changes in companies such as reductions in labor and changes to product lines (e.g., Myant 1997), what marketing programs they have implemented and how far they have gone in becoming market oriented has not been established. All we have is scattered evidence about what Czech firms are doing in adapting to the market.
Planktonic community structure determines the fate of bacterial production in a temperate lake

We examined the fate of planktonic bacterial production and the balance between bacterial growth and grazing mortality in the surface waters of Upton Lake, New York. Growth rates were measured by the incorporation of t3H]thymidine into DNA. Grazing rates on bacteria were determined with small cells produced by a mutant strain ofEscherichia coli and made either fluorescent or radioactive to monitor feeding. Bacterial community turnover times calculated from either growth or grazing rates ranged from 1.5 to 16 d. On the basis of these data and results from 29 other studies, most bacterial communities appear to have turnover times substantially > 1 d. Our measurements of feeding rates on bacteria frequently exceeded estimates of growth. Limitations of precision and doubts about the accuracy of methods make attempts to balance measurements of bacterial growth and grazing with current techniques unrealistic. The fate of bacterial production depends on planktonic community structure. Flagellates were the primary consumers of bacteria in winter and fall. At other times, Daphnia galeata consumed most of the bacterial production. Ciliates and rotifers were never important bacterial grazers. In Upton Lake large populations of Daphnia effectively “break” the microbial loop and funnel bacterial production to higher consumers.
Expression of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Species Encoding Steroidogenic Enzymes in Human Follicles and Corpora Lutea throughout the Menstrual Cycle

The levels of expression of mRNA species encoding cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P450scc), 17 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450(17 alpha], aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P-450AROM), and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) were examined in human follicles and corpora lutea (CL) throughout the menstrual cycle. Tissues were obtained from women undergoing hysterectomy and oophorectomy. The largest follicle or the CL was dissected from the ovary depending on whether the surgery was performed in the follicular or luteal phase. The day of the cycle was determined by onset of last menstrual period and was confirmed by endometrial histology. Total RNA was examined by Northern blot analysis, using as probes specific 32P-labeled cDNA inserts encoding each human enzyme. Early follicles demonstrated detectable mRNA for both P450scc and P450(17 alpha), but not for P450AROM or 3 beta HSD. P450AROM was detectable late in the follicular phase and appeared markedly induced in the CL. 3 beta HSD was detectable only in the CL. Levels of P450(17 alpha) mRNA remained relatively unchanged throughout the cycle, whereas P450scc mRNA levels were greatly increased in the CL. The presence of P450(17 alpha) mRNA in the human CL is of interest, since it is absent from the bovine CL, and this is consistent with the ability of the human, but not the bovine, CL to synthesize 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and estrogens. The fact that P450AROM expression is highest in CL is surprising, since plasma estrogen levels are highest during the late follicular phase of the cycle, and may suggest that CL estrogen biosynthesis is limited by 17 alpha-hydroxylase or 17,20-lyase activities.
Intertrack Interference Mitigation on Staggered Bit-Patterned Media

One of the possible island distributions being considered for bit-patterned magnetic recording is a hexagonal array, leading to what is called staggered bit-patterned media. In this paper, we investigate the equalization techniques and bit error rate (BER) performance for two different recording methods on staggered media-namely, one array per track or single-track staggered media and two arrays per track or double-track staggered media. With single-track equalization, recording a track on two arrays may reduce intertrack interference (ITI) and outperform the single array per track recording. However, a new multitrack detection technique proposed recently can substantially mitigate ITI and dramatically change the BER performance of the two recording methods. Our investigation shows that by using this technique, the single-track staggered media can have better BER performance than double-track staggered media, even at very high areal densities.
Annotation of gene promoters by integrative data-mining of ChIP-seq Pol-II enrichment data

Use of alternative gene promoters that drive widespread cell-type, tissue-type or developmental gene regulation in mammalian genomes is a common phenomenon. Chromatin immunoprecipitation methods coupled with DNA microarray (ChIP-chip) or massive parallel sequencing (ChIP-seq) are enabling genome-wide identification of active promoters in different cellular conditions using antibodies against Pol-II. However, these methods produce enrichment not only near the gene promoters but also inside the genes and other genomic regions due to the non-specificity of the antibodies used in ChIP. Further, the use of these methods is limited by their high cost and strong dependence on cellular type and context. We trained and tested different state-of-art ensemble and meta classification methods for identification of Pol-II enriched promoter and Pol-II enriched non-promoter sequences, each of length 500 bp. The classification models were trained and tested on a bench-mark dataset, using a set of 39 different feature variables that are based on chromatin modification signatures and various DNA sequence features. The best performing model was applied on seven published ChIP-seq Pol-II datasets to provide genome wide annotation of mouse gene promoters. We present a novel algorithm based on supervised learning methods to discriminate promoter associated Pol-II enrichment from enrichment elsewhere in the genome in ChIP-chip/seq profiles. We accumulated a dataset of 11,773 promoter and 46,167 non-promoter sequences, each of length 500 bp, generated from RNA Pol-II ChIP-seq data of five tissues (Brain, Kidney, Liver, Lung and Spleen). We evaluated the classification models in building the best predictor and found that Bagging and Random Forest based approaches give the best accuracy. We implemented the algorithm on seven different published ChIP-seq datasets to provide a comprehensive set of promoter annotations for both protein-coding and non-coding genes in the mouse genome. The resulting annotations contain 13,413 (4,747) protein-coding (non-coding) genes with single promoters and 9,929 (1,858) protein-coding (non-coding) genes with two or more alternative promoters, and a significant number of unassigned novel promoters. Our new algorithm can successfully predict the promoters from the genome wide profile of Pol-II bound regions. In addition, our algorithm performs significantly better than existing promoter prediction methods and can be applied for genome-wide predictions of Pol-II promoters.
Employing Multilevel Intersectionality in Educational Research Latino Identities, Contexts, and College Access

The theoretical framework of intersectionality shows much promise in exploring how multiple social identities and their relationships with interlocking systems of power influence educational equity, particularly for historically underserved groups in education. Yet, social scientists have critiqued this framework for not adequately specifying how these dimensions shape life opportunities. This essay draws on the work of sociologist Floya Anthias to advance a conceptual model of intersectionality for educational research. This model addresses how different levels of analysis, types of practices, and relationships between social categories separately or together affect educational opportunities. To illustrate the model’s utility in research, policy, and practice, I apply this model to understand contextual influences on Latino im/migrant students’ college access.
One Giant Leap for Family Medicine: Preparing the 21st-Century Physician to Practice Patient-Centered, High-Performance Family Medicine

In my present position as Director of the Medical Education Division for the American Academy of Family Physicians, I spend the majority of my time collecting and sharing information about family medicine graduate education or facilitating communication among our many constituencies and affiliated
Comparison of tests for bivariate symmetry versus location and/or scale alternatives

This paper studies the performance of tests which use a null hypothesis of bivariate symmetry and detect the broad class of location and/or scale alternatives . The conditionally distribution-free tests of Sen (1967) and Hollander (1971) and parametric tests related to those of Bell and Haller (1969) are compared in a Monte Carlo study which also includes a new conditionally distribution-free test.
NASA's Commercial Space Centers: Bringing together government and industry for "out of this world" benefits

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is making significant effort to accommodate commercial research in the utilization plans of the International Space Station (ISS). NASA is providing 30% of the research accommodations in the ISS laboratory modules to support commercial endeavors. However, the availability of resources alone does not necessarily translate into significant private sector participation in NASA's ISS utilization plans. Due to the efforts of NASA's Commercial Space Centers (CSCs), NASA has developed a very robust plan for involving the private sector in ISS utilization activities. Obtaining participation from the private sector requires a demonstrated capability for obtaining commercially significant research results. Since 1985, NASA CSCs have conducted over 200 commercial research activities aboard parabolic aircraft, sounding rockets, the Space Shuttle, and the ISS. The success of these activities has developed substantial investment from private sector companies in commercial space research.
Material Models for Simulation of Superplastic Mg Alloy Sheet Forming

Accurate prediction of strain fields and cycle times for fine-grained Mg alloy sheet forming at high temperatures (400-500 °C) is severely limited by a lack of accurate material constitutive models. This paper details an important first step toward addressing this issue by evaluating material constitutive models, developed from tensile data, for high-temperature plasticity of a fine-grained Mg AZ31 sheet material. The finite element method was used to simulate gas pressure bulge forming experiments at 450 °C using four constant gas pressures. The applicability of the material constitutive models to a balanced-biaxial stress state was evaluated through comparison of simulation results with bulge forming data. Simulations based upon a phenomenological material constitutive model developed using data from both tensile elongation and strain-rate-change experiments were found to be in favorable accord with experiments. These results provide new insights specific to the construction and use of material constitutive models for hot deformation of wrought, fine-grained Mg alloys.
The dynamic behavior of continuous polymerization reactors—II Nonisothermal solution homopolymerization and copolymerization in a CSTR

Abstract The possible types of dynamic behavior have been determined for a CSTR in which bulk or solution free radical polymerization is carried out. To illustrate the methodology, the expected behavior of reactors for vinyl acetate or methylmethacrylate homopolymerization and vinyl acetate-methylmethacrylate copolymerization has been explicitly determined. The monomer feed ratios, solvent concentrations, and reactor cooling capacity which allow multiple steady states and limit cycles have been carefully mapped.
Priority-based technique for the best-effort delivery of stored video

In this paper, we introduce a priority-based technique for the delivery of compressed prerecorded video streams across best-effort networks. This technique uses a multi-level priority q ueue in conjunction with a delivery window to h elp smooth the video frame rate delivered to the end user while allowing it to easily adapt to changing network conditions. Compared with current approaches, our priority-based approach has several advantages. First, it acts more globally by ensuring that a minimum frame rate for the window interval has been delivered before sending enhancement l ayers. Second, this approach is much simpler to implement than other frame smoothing algorithms that have been presented for the delivery of stored video across best-effort networks. Finally, this approach is directly applicable for the shaping of MPEG-based video encodings with frame dependencies.
Exploring the Key Roles for Nonprofit Boards

This research note explores roles for nonprofit boards as described by 121 community foundation executives. Through content analysis, a synthesized list of 13 different roles were identified. The study considered institutional and organizational attributes such as environmental uncertainty and organizational complexity to explore the contingencies under which certain board roles become more prevalent. The roles were also matched to existing governance theories. The list not only reflects activities recognized by different theoretical models but also suggests conflicts in the way strategy is conceptualized and articulated as a governance task.
Analysis and design of book-ahead bandwidth-sharing mechanisms

In this article, we present a novel discrete-time Markov chain model of book-ahead bandwidth-sharing mechanisms. We use this analytical model and a simulation model to understand the benefits of book-ahead (BA) bandwidth-sharing when compared to the immediate-request (IR) call-blocking mode of bandwidth-sharing in circuit-switched networks. We study two different BA schemes, BA-all, in which the caller accepts any set of available timeslots, and BA-n, in which the caller specifies n call-initiation time options. Numerical results show that the BA-all achieves 95% utilization with a call-blocking probability of only 1%, while in the IR mode, call blocking probability is 23% even when utilization is only 80%. The BA-n schemes perform as well as the BA-all scheme if the call-initiation time options are restricted to fall on timeslot boundaries separated by the minimum call holding time. The length of the advance reservation horizon, K, is shown to increase linearly with call holding time, H. The ratio K/H is primarily dependent on the link capacity in channels. For example, if the link is divided into 10 channels, to achieve a 2% call blocking probability, the advance-reservation horizon needs to be a factor of 4 times the call holding time. In other words, the extra data storage and processing required to accept and maintain advance reservations is not significant.
Smart Products, Smarter Services: Embedded product controls

Tom finally has the family car keys in his pocket. He has waited a long time for this moment, having suffered through driver education and envied his older friends who already have their own cars. Tom's first solo drive won't be quite as exciting as he would like, however. His new set of keys are more than a ticket to ride; they are microcontroller-enabled smart keys linked to Ford Motors' MyKey driver control system, with safety features designed to keep Tom within limits. The MyKey system allows Tom's parents to set the maximum speed that he can drive their Ford Focus: when he puts the key in the ignition the car reads his personalized driving profile and sets its controls accordingly. To help ensure that Tom keeps his eye on the speedometer and his foot off the gas pedal, a reminder chime will sound when the car reaches preset speed levels of 45, 55, and 65 miles per hour (MPH). The system takes control even before Tom leaves the driveway, enforcing his use of seat belts by sounding a recurring reminder chime and keeping the audio system muted until the driver's belt is buckled. Tom isn't exactly happy with all these limits on his independent driving. But the alternative would be much worse – waiting until after high school graduation before getting access to the family car.
Does Labor Supply Respond to Transitory Income? Evidence from the Economic Stimulus Payments of 2008

This paper studies labor supply responses to transitory income, exploiting the differential timing of the 2008 tax rebates. While an influential literature finds that rebates encourage consumer spe...
Readiness for Change: Involving the Family with Adolescents in Residential Settings

Adolescence is a pivotal time in human development and can be a challenging time for individuals to learn to regulate emotions, while also balancing biopsychosocial changes. The family plays a key role in an adolescent’s development. Thus, it is imperative for families to remain involved when adolescents are in residential treatment for emotional or behavioral issues. In this paper, we explore the benefits of, and methods for, increasing the identified patient’s (i.e., the adolescent’s) and the family’s readiness for change. The process of increasing family engagement in residential treatment is considered through the lens of the Stages of Change model. Barriers practitioners may face with adolescents and their families are also addressed.
Northern Perspective: Developing Markets Around the Baltic Sea

Abstract Electricity and gas markets surrounding the Baltic Sea make an interesting comparison to the Mediterranean. The economic and political environments are different, but many features are also common to these developing regional markets. The lessons learned from the Baltic Sea energy markets can be summarized as follows: integrating energy markets requires huge investments; stability and predictability are necessary in order to realize them; regulation should be clear and focused; and subsidies might be necessary to get large infrastructure investments launched. However, operating aid is highly distortive and the aim should be to develop energy-only markets.
Structure-driven algorithms for equivalence verification and infeasibility checking

Today's digital systems are at the forefront of modern technology. Electronic chips with a billion transistors are not a farfetched goal. For digital systems to continue pervading our lives, we must strive to build rigorous technologies for designing them and ensuring their functional correctness. The difficulty of this problem is a direct consequence of its inherent computational intractability; the design and verification tasks requires extensive computational resources. In this thesis, we tackle this problem by constructing scalable algorithms for verifying the correctness of these systems as well as identifying infeasiblities during their design. Our work addresses one problem of formal verification known as sequential equivalence verification. Despite considerable research, sequential verification algorithms are hindered by the inherent "state explosion" problem. Our premise is that verifying the sequential equivalence of actual circuits should be tractable. The simple intuition behind this assertion is that human designers routinely create "complex" designs and are able to cope with them. The inability of automatic verification tools to analyze these designs is due to their failure to recognize, and judiciously account for, the structure present in these systems. Thus, we explore and develop a battery of techniques whose aim is to identify and effectively utilize knowledge derived from the structure of real-life verification tasks. Identifying the causes of infeasibility of a set of contraints frequently arises during the design and verification of digital systems. These systems are modeled using Boolean formulas whose unsatisfiability usually identifies a problem that needs to be diagnosed and fixed. In design applications, for example, a large Boolean function is formed such that a feasible design is obtained when the function is satisfiable, and design infeasibility is indicated when the function is unsatisfiable. Without further analysis of the causes of unsatisliability, we have no clue as to what design constraints must be modified to make the design feasible. We develop algorithms for identifying the causes of infeasibility by extracting minimal unsatisfiable subformulas. We present algorithms for extracting single and multiple such subformulas as well as algorithms for extracting the smallest of such formulas in terms of its number of constraints.
Composite structural materials

The current technology in fibrous, reinforced composite materials for structural purposes is reviewed and future developments are discussed.
A New Hydrocarbon Elastomer. III. Compounding with Fillers and Plasticizers

Abstract Nordel can be compounded with a wide variety of fillers. Reinforcing carbon blacks and silicas are required for maximum physical properties. Non-reinforcing fillers may be added to the compounds to reduce material costs. As with other elastomers, vulcanizates containing mineral fillers have lower states of cure. One of the outstanding characteristics of Nordel is its extendability. Compounds with large amounts of carbon black and oil are easily processed and have good vulcanizate properties. Hot masterbatching in the presence of promoters significantly improves processing safety, modulus, resilience, compression set, and electrical properties of mineral-filled stocks. Petroleum oils, including aromatic types, are excellent plasticizers for Nordel. Those containing low amounts of nitrogen bases and unsaturates, as indicated by the Rostler method of analysis, are preferred especially in low sulfur recipes designed for maximum heat resistance. The properties of Nordel vulcanizates suggest its use in...
SOLVING THE ISING PROBLEM USING DEGENERATE OPTICAL PARAMETRIC OSCILLATORS

A degenerate optical parametric oscillator network is proposed to solve the NP-hard problem of finding a ground state of the Ising Hamiltonian.
Modeling DPOAE input/output function compression: comparisons with hearing thresholds.

BACKGROUND Basilar membrane input/output (I/O) functions in mammalian animal models are characterized by linear and compressed segments when measured near the location corresponding to the characteristic frequency. A method of studying basilar membrane compression indirectly in humans involves measuring distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) I/O functions. Previous research has linked compression estimates from behavioral growth-of-masking functions to hearing thresholds. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare compression estimates from DPOAE I/O functions and hearing thresholds at 1 and 2 kHz. RESEARCH DESIGN A prospective correlational research design was performed. The relationship between DPOAE I/O function compression estimates and hearing thresholds was evaluated with Pearson product-moment correlations. STUDY SAMPLE Normal-hearing adults (n = 16) aged 22-42 yr were recruited. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS DPOAE I/O functions (L₂ = 45-70 dB SPL) and two-interval forced-choice hearing thresholds were measured in normal-hearing adults. A three-segment linear regression model applied to DPOAE I/O functions supplied estimates of compression thresholds, defined as breakpoints between linear and compressed segments and the slopes of the compressed segments. Pearson product-moment correlations between DPOAE compression estimates and hearing thresholds were evaluated. RESULTS A high correlation between DPOAE compression thresholds and hearing thresholds was observed at 2 kHz, but not at 1 kHz. Compression slopes also correlated highly with hearing thresholds only at 2 kHz. CONCLUSIONS The derivation of cochlear compression estimates from DPOAE I/O functions provides a means to characterize basilar membrane mechanics in humans and elucidates the role of compression in tone detection in the 1-2 kHz frequency range.
Parental attachment style, but not environmental quality, is associated with use of opposite-sex parents as a template for relationship partners

Abstract Animal and human studies have suggested that some individuals use sexual imprinting, in which a template is created based on traits of one's opposite-sex parent (OSP), to assist in choosing potential mates. The current study investigates the role of parental attachment and early environment in the variance of using a sexual imprinted template. Two hundred twenty-nine undergraduate students from a Midwestern university completed the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire (Rohner, 1990), answered questions on early environment, and rated traits of their opposite-sex parent, ideal partner, and acceptable partner. Results show varying evidence for sexual imprinting. In particular, there are correlations between secure attachment and stricter adherence to an opposite-sex parent template, especially for women, but no association between early environment and template variance.
Distribution, determinants, and prevention of falls among the elderly in the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey

OBJECTIVES: Falls in the geriatric population are a major public health issue. With the anticipated aging of the population, falls are expected to increase nationally and globally. We estimated the prevalence and determinants of falls in adults aged ≥65 years and calculated the proportion of elderly who fell and made lifestyle changes as a result of professional recommendations. METHODS: We included adults aged ≥65 years from the 2011-2012 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) and categorized them into two groups based on whether or not they had had at least two falls in the previous 12 months. We performed logistic regression analysis adjusted for the complex survey design to determine risk factors for falls and compare the odds of receiving professional recommendations among elderly with vs. without falls. RESULTS: Of an estimated 4.3 million eligible elderly participants in the CHIS (2011-2012), an estimated 527,340 (12.2%) fell multiple times in the previous 12 months. Of those, 204,890 (38.9%) were told how to avoid falls by a physician and 211,355 (40.1%) received medical treatment, although fewer than 41.0% had made related preventive changes to avoid future falls. Falls were associated with older age, less walking, and poorer physical or mental health. Non-Asians had higher odds of falling compared with Asians (adjusted odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.16, 2.45). Most participants reported changing medications, home, or daily routines on their own initiative rather than after professional recommendations. CONCLUSION: Patients with a history of falls did not consistently receive professional recommendations on fall prevention-related lifestyle or living condition changes. Given the high likelihood of a serious fall, future interventions should focus on involving primary care physicians in active preventive efforts before a fall occurs. Language: en
Flushing and altrenogest affect litter traits in gilts.

Gilts (n = 267) were allotted to flushing (1.55 kg/d additional grain sorghum), altrenogest (15 mg.gilt-1.d-1) and control treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Altrenogest was fed for 14 d. Flushing began on d 9 of the altrenogest treatment and continued until first observed estrus; 209 gilts (78%) were detected in estrus. The interval from the last day of altrenogest feeding to estrus was shorter (P less than .05) with the altrenogest + flushing treatment (6.6 +/- .2 d) than with flushing alone (7.6 + .3 d). Ovulation rates (no. of corpora lutea) were higher (P less than .05) in all flushed gilts (14.5 +/- .4 vs 13.4 +/- .4), whether or not they received altrenogest. Flushing also increased the total number of pigs farrowed (.9 pigs/litter; P = .06) and total litter weight (1.43 kg/litter; P = .01), independent of altrenogest treatment. Number of pigs born alive and weight of live pigs were higher for gilts treated with altrenogest + flushing and inseminated at their pubertal estrus than for gilts in all other treatment combinations. In contrast, gilts receiving only altrenogest had greater live litter weight and more live pigs born when inseminated at a postpubertal estrus than when inseminated at pubertal estrus. We conclude that flushing increased litter size and litter weight, particularly for gilts that were inseminated at their pubertal estrus. Increased litter size resulted from increased ovulation rates, which, in nonflushed gilts, limited litter size at first farrowing.
3-D Millimeter-Wave Statistical Channel Model for 5G Wireless System Design

This paper presents a 3-D statistical channel impulse response (IR) model for urban line of sight (LOS) and non-LOS channels developed from 28- and 73-GHz ultrawideband propagation measurements in New York City, useful in the design of 5G wireless systems that will operate in both the ultra-high frequency/microwave and millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum to increase channel capacities. A 3GPP-like stochastic IR channel model is developed from measured power delay profiles, angle of departure, and angle of arrival power spectra. The extracted statistics are used to implement a channel model and simulator capable of generating 3-D mmWave temporal and spatial channel parameters for arbitrary mmWave carrier frequency, signal bandwidth, and antenna beamwidth. The model presented here faithfully reproduces realistic IRs of measured urban channels, supporting air interface design of mmWave transceivers, filters, and multi-element antenna arrays.
Deficient, If Not Distorted: Jewish Community Studies That Totally Rely upon Known Jewish Households

In recent years, responding to new challenges and rising costs, local Jewish community studies have increasingly moved to eliminate a Random Digit Dial (RDD) component or functional equivalent thereof. Using the Jewish Community Study of New York 2011, this paper contrasts RDD respondents with those appearing on the expanded Federation lists (Fedlist) and Distinctive Jewish Name (DJN) respondents. The analysis demonstrates wide differences separating Fedlist from other respondents. Hence, conducting studies of the Jewish population that omit a significant RDD component are quite often deficient and distorted. They ignore and downplay important population groups. The biases are far from random, but systematic and overlapping, as many features of Jewish marginality are underplayed. Without sufficient caveats, such studies can also become deceptive and destructive. They are deceptive in that they feed and reinforce understandable yet misleading stereotypes of the Jewish population. All such studies need to be publicized with huge warning labels prominently displayed on the press releases and report. They are destructive in that they would seduce leadership into feeling self-satisfied in seeing a Jewish population that is relatively well-connected Jewishly and not all that needy socially and economically. Ideally, all Jewish community studies should contain a Random Digit Dialing component so as to allow “unknown” Jews to be known and visible. In the event that such is not the case, researchers should strongly and repeatedly reinforce the message that their results and analyses pertain only to those Jews most connected and most visible to the organized Jewish community.
Emotions matter: the moderating role of emotional labour on preschool teacher and children interactions

ABSTRACTTeachers’ emotions in the classroom shape their ability to nurture positive relationships with young children. There is increasing interest in understanding how teachers manage and express their emotions on the job through the use of emotional labour, or the deliberate expression or suppression of emotions to achieve organizational goals. This study investigates how preschool teachers’ emotional labour informs their interactions with young children. Using quantitative survey and observation data from 123 preschool teachers, we found that preschool teachers’ use of emotional labour, particularly surface and deep acting, and their limited perceptions of emotional display rules were linked to the quality of their interactions with young children. Also, the associations between emotional labour and teacher–child interactions were moderated by their perceptions of emotional display rules. Findings have implications for early childhood care and education policy and practice, as well as future research r...
Desistance in Perspective: Historical Work and the Identification of a Field of Study

Many scholars note that desistance from crime is a relatively recent area of focus for criminologists. Yet it is not the case that criminologists of yesteryear were unaware of age-related changes in crime in the past. They just did not refer to it as desistance. In this chapter, Rocque traces the history of desistance from crime (or more accurately, age and crime) research, beginning with Quetelet’s work in the early nineteenth century, up through the 1970s. The works of G. Stanley Hall, Cesare Lombroso, Charles Goring, Maurice Parmelee, Edwin Sutherland, and Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck among others is covered in Chapter 2. This historical foray into age and crime illustrates what criminologists and other social scientists knew about desistance prior to the term being used and the subsequent focus on desistance arising in criminology. In addition, this chapter also seeks to uncover the emergence of desistance as a term that indicates a decline in crime over time as well as in early theoretical accounts.
Introduction to Epidemiology

Epidemiology concerns itself with the incidence, distribution, cause, control, and prevention of disease. In contrast to other branches of medical science that focus on the health status of individuals, epidemiology is the study of the health status of populations. Epidemiology employs the tools of basic science (e.g., observation, hypothesis testing, statistics, correlation, and causal reasoning) to protect, promote, and restore health and well-being in populations. This chapter discusses the fundamental principles of descriptive and analytic epidemiology. Our goal is not to provide definitive descriptions of all elements of population-based medical research, but rather to explain the rudiments of the science of epidemiology and create a context in which topics presented in subsequent chapters can be understood. We define the concepts of incidence and prevalence, outline the basic epidemiological principles of risk and association, discuss the various types of studies used to conduct epidemiological research, and caution against forces and factors that may threaten the validity and reliability of such studies. We also consider the theoretical and practical constraints on making claims of causation in epidemiology. We explore the differences between traditional, public health epidemiology and clinical epidemiology. Finally, we discuss the role of the concepts of sex, gender, race, and ethnicity in epidemiology, and we encourage health professionals to define and deploy these socially charged categories with care.
The “Here and Now”: Stories of Relevancy from the Borderlands

This essay takes a stance that aims to destabilize music history narratives that confine music according to nation-state divisions in order to embrace the study of musical flows across borders. Drawing from her experience teaching in border states—California, Texas, and New Mexico—the author discusses the ways in which emphasizing the cultural complexities of expressive cultures at the U.S.-Mexico border provides multiple pedagogical possibilities for inclusion of Hispanic musics in the curriculum. Moreover, developing pedagogical connections with the “here and now” creates diverse levels of relevancy in music history teaching. A re-envisioning of the music history curriculum must not only advocate for a diversification of repertories, but also for a deep engagement with local contexts where contentions of class, race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality are at the core of the musical experience.
Comparison of a New Intranasal Naloxone Formulation to Intramuscular Naloxone: Results from Hypothesis-generating Small Clinical Studies

Easy-to-use naloxone formulations are needed to help address the opioid overdose epidemic. The pharmacokinetics of i.v., i.m., and a new i.n. naloxone formulation (2 mg) were compared in six healthy volunteers. Relative to i.m. naloxone, geometric mean (90% confidence interval [CI]) absolute bioavailability of i.n. naloxone was modestly lower (55%; 90% CI, 43-70% vs. 41%; 90% CI, 27-62%), whereas average (±SE) mean absorption time was substantially shorter (74 ± 8.8 vs. 6.7 ± 4.9 min). The opioid-attenuating effects of i.n. naloxone were compared with i.m. naloxone (2 mg) after administration of oral alfentanil (4 mg) to a separate group of six healthy volunteers pretreated with 240 mL of water or grapefruit juice. The i.m. and i.n. naloxone attenuated miosis by similar extents after water (40 ± 15 vs. 41 ± 21 h*%) and grapefruit juice (49 ± 18 vs. 50 ± 22 h*%) pretreatment. Results merit further testing of this new naloxone formulation.
Adrenal responses of Angus x Hereford cattle to the stress of weaning.

To test adrenal responsiveness of beef cattle to stress, plasma norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol responses of Angus x Hereford cattle to weaning were measured in blood samples taken from 1) eight cows and their 4- to 6-mo-old calves before and after separation and, the following day, before and after being reunited and 2) an equal number of control animals. After separation and before they were reunited, dams were returned to their original pen and calves to an adjacent pen. Experimental trials were conducted every 2 wk and included two cow/calf pairs per trial. Norepinephrine concentrations tended to increase in calves after separation, were increased (+82 pg/mL, P 5 ng/mL). In conclusion, peripheral catecholamine concentrations in beef calves and epinephrine concentrations in dams increased in response to stress associated with weaning and separation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Graft survival of pediatric kidney transplant recipients selected for de novo steroid avoidance-a propensity score-matched study.

Background Steroid-avoidance protocols have gained popularity in pediatric kidney transplant recipients at low immunologic risk. The long-term safety of steroid avoidance in children with immunologic risk factors remains unknown. Methods Pediatric kidney transplant recipients from 2004 to 2014 in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database who received tacrolimus and mycophenolate immunosuppression were investigated. Propensity score matching was used to compare graft survival in 1624 children who received steroid avoidance with 1624 children who received steroid-based immunosuppression. The effect of steroid avoidance on graft failure among immunologic risk strata was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression in this propensity score-matched cohort. Results It was observed that 5-year graft survival was mildly improved in children receiving steroid avoidance (84.8% versus 81.2%, P = 0.03). This improvement in graft survival occurred in the first 2 years following transplant, when the hazard ratio (HR) for allograft failure in children receiving steroid avoidance was 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45-0.86]. In contrast, steroid avoidance was not associated with improved allograft survival during Years 2-10 following transplant (HR = 0.93; 95% CI 0.75-1.15). During this time period, HRs (95% CIs) for allograft failure within immunologic risk strata were not significantly different from the null value of 1: repeat kidney transplants, 1.84 (0.84-4.05); African-Americans, 1.02 (0.67-1.56); sensitized recipients, 1.24 (0.63-2.43); recipients of deceased donor kidneys, 1.02 (0.79-1.32); recipients of completely human leukocyte antigen-mismatched kidneys, 0.80 (0.47-1.37); and recipients with pretransplant glomerular disease, 0.94 (0.71-1.23). Conclusions In pediatric kidney transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus- and mycophenolate-based immunosuppression, steroid avoidance can be safely practiced in children with immunologic risk factors.
Abstract P048: Risk Factors for Severe Hypoglycemia Differ in Black and White Older Adults With Diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction: Blacks with diabetes have roughly twice the rate of severe hypoglycemia compared to whites with diabetes; it is unclear whether hypoglycemia risk factors identified in studies of white participants are similarly associated with hypoglycemia in blacks. Methods: We included ARIC participants aged 65+ at Visit 4 (1996-1998) who had Medicare fee-for-service Part B and diagnosed diabetes. We identified severe hypoglycemic events through 2013 using ICD-9 codes from hospitalizations, emergency department visits, and ambulance services. We evaluated previously identified risk factors: age, sex, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes medication use, obesity, cognition, glycemic control, and number of comorbidities. We stratified Cox proportional hazards models by race and used Harrell’s C-statistic to compare discrimination. Results: There were 33 hypoglycemic events in 135 black participants and 43 hypoglycemic events in 319 white participants (incidence rate 2.8 vs. 1.5 per 100 person-years, p Table ). CKD was more strongly associated with risk in blacks than whites. Type of diabetes medication was associated with risk in whites but not in blacks. The C-statistic suggested better model discrimination in whites (C=0.795) than in blacks (C=0.759), but confidence intervals were wide. Conclusion: The direction and strength of risk factors for hypoglycemia may differ for blacks and whites. It is unclear why the relative importance of risk factors for hypoglycemia differ between whites and blacks. These data suggest that the mechanism by which CKD influences hypoglycemia risk may be decreased renal gluconeogenesis in blacks and reduced insulin clearance in whites. Additional research is needed to understand those factors that contribute to hypoglycemia risk in blacks and may underlie health disparities.
First-principles surface interaction studies of aluminum-copper and aluminum-copper-magnesium secondary phases in aluminum alloys

Abstract First-principles density functional theory-based calculations were performed to study θ-phase Al2Cu, S-phase Al2CuMg surface stability, as well as their interactions with water molecules and chloride (Cl−) ions. These secondary phases are commonly found in aluminum-based alloys and are initiation points for localized corrosion. Density functional theory (DFT)-based simulations provide insight into the origins of localized (pitting) corrosion processes of aluminum-based alloys. For both phases studied, Cl− ions cause atomic distortions on the surface layers. The nature of the distortions could be a factor to weaken the interlayer bonds in the Al2Cu and Al2CuMg secondary phases, facilitating the corrosion process. Electronic structure calculations revealed not only electron charge transfer from Cl− ions to alloy surface but also electron sharing, suggesting ionic and covalent bonding features, respectively. The S-phase Al2CuMg structure has a more active surface than the θ-phase Al2Cu. We also found a higher tendency of formation of new species, such as Al3+, Al(OH)2+, HCl, AlCl2+, Al(OH)Cl+, and Cl2 on the S-phase Al2CuMg surface. Surface chemical reactions and resultant species present contribute to establishment of local surface chemistry that influences the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys.
Dynamic Compression Testing on Polymeric Foams

In order to experimentally obtain valid dynamic material properties of polymeric foams with split Hopkinson bars, necessary modifications on the technique are necessary. A sensitive transmitted signal measurement method must be employed to accurately determine the weak signals transmitted from the soft specimen. Proper pulse shapers are required to ensure that the foam specimen deforms at a constant strain rate under dynamic stress equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium must be monitored directly in experiments. These modifications are briefly reviewed and discussed. Examples are given to show the necessity and validity of the modifications.
Families as Facilitators of Student Engagement: Toward a Home-School Partnership Model

Homes make key contributions to children’s achievement. Parents are salient facilitators of engagement, and schools, through their active collaboration with families, can help caregivers create home environments that promote academic success. Engagement, from a Self-determination Theory (SDT) framework, is the outward manifestation of motivation and occurs most readily in contexts that satisfy children’s needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence. We review the substantial literature pointing to three corresponding parent variables, involvement, autonomy support, and structure that contribute to motivation and thereby engagement. We then consider the role of schools in promoting facilitative parenting. Research identifies barriers to involving families as well as sociodemographic and school structural variables that predict parent participation in children’s learning. Emerging work also highlights the efficacy of system-wide interventions to develop school-family partnerships wherein educators and parents work together toward enhancing student success. Suggestions for future directions include developing interventions that target parent autonomy support and structure and conducting research that embraces the bidirectional and transactional nature of home and school influences on student engagement.