cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ischemia--a coagulation problem?

The causes of perioperative ischemia and myocardial infarction (MI) in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients are almost certainly multifactorial, although not well understood. Ultimately, outcome after CABG is dependent on myocardial preservation and prevention of further myocardial ischemia. The largest number of ST-T-wave events come immediately after protamine is given, suggesting that re-establishment of coagulation function after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) may be an important event. CPB induces an inflammatory state that involves platelet-endothelial-cell interactions and vasospastic responses that result in low flow states in the coronary vasculature. The fibrinolytic system is activated during CPB, with raised tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) levels and related falls in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAT-1). PAI-1 levels rise during the postoperative period. There is a huge variability in human response. However, the patients with the highest tPA surge are not the same patients who have the highest PAI surge. It could be postulated that patients with high PAI-1 levels are at highest risk for early ischemia. New data just being evaluated from the Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia (McSPI) Research Groups' database in San Francisco may support the hypothesis that coagulation influences perioperative ischemia. The study of approximately 2,400 patients undergoing CABG surgery at 24 major institutions in the United States revealed that intensive care unit (ICU) entry hematocrit was significantly related to the risk for postoperative MI. Patients entering the ICU with hematocrits below 24% had the lowest MI rate (3.7%), whereas those with hematocrits greater than 34% had the highest rate (8.1%). Patients with ICU entry hematocrits below 18% had a zero incidence of perioperative MI. One possible explanation for these findings is that platelets are involved. As red cells stream down vessels, they marginate the smaller formed elements of the blood. As hematocrit is increased, the number of platelets moved to the outer sides of the vessels increases. Therefore, the number of endothelial-platelet interactions would increase over time with higher hematocrits.
Bulk rail shipments of potatoes from Washington

The feasibility of shipping warm, immature, and wet tubers during hot weather in a mechanically-operated bulk-potato car was studied. Comparisons of cooling, internal blackspot injury, and external potato injury were made on potatoes transported in a bulk-potato car and in a companion sack car in three shipments from Washington to Los Angeles, California. Cooling was more uniform throughout the bulk-potato car. In general, the uniformity of cooling in the sack car increased with an increase in the amount of ice used during shipment. On the other hand, cooling in all areas of the bulk-potato car was very uniform regardless of the amount of ice used, or whether ice was used at all. The number of internal blackspots directly attributable to handling potatoes by conveyors and shipping potatoes loose in the bulk-potato car was less than half that found in tubers that were handled and shipped in sacks. The overall quality index for internal blackspot injury showed that bulk handling of tubers was far superior to handling potatoes in sacks. External potato damage (rots, cracks, and cuts) severe enough to cull out the tuber at the receiving point was five to six times greater on potatoes shipped in the sack car than on potatoes shipped in the bulk car. Potatoes could be handled faster and with one-fourth to one fifth the personnel required to handle potatoes in sacks. Load capacity of the bulk-potato car greatly exceeds that of the sack car.
Slosh dynamics coupled with spacecraft attitude dynamics. II - Orbital environment application

Coupling of slosh dynamics within a partially filled rotating Dewar of superfluid helium II with spacecraft attitude dynamics is investigated in response to environmental disturbances including 1) lateral impulses, 2) gravity gradient, and 3) g-jitter forces. The purpose of this study is to investigate 1) how a rotating bubble of superfluid helium II reacts to the various environmental disturbances in conjunction with spacecraft attitude dynamics, 2) how amplitudes of slosh reaction forces and torques are induced and are activating on the Dewar coupled with attitude dynamics in response to impulse and environmental disturbances, and 3) how spacecraft translational displacement, velocity, and acceleration deviating from normal spacecraft operation are induced by the slosh dynamics driven by these disturbances. The numerical computation of slosh dynamics is based on a rotational frame, whereas the attitude dynamics is based on a nonrotational frame. The results show that major contributions to attitude dynamics are driven by the coupling with slosh dynamics. Not considering the effect of slosh dynamics acting on the spacecraft may lead to the wrong results for the development of guidance and attitude control techniques.
Two by two: the pairings of P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1.

Targeting of circulating leukocytes to specific areas of microbial invasion or tissue injury is critical for host defense and wound repair. If it is defective, syndromes of cellular immune deficiency result; conversely, if targeting is uncontrolled or dysregulated, accumulation of leukocytes may cause inflammatory tissue damage (1–3). In this issue of PNAS, Ramachandran and coworkers (4) report new aspects of the structure-function relationships of two molecules that are critical for precise targeting of myeloid leukocytes and certain other leukocyte subclasses: P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1). P-selectin is a member of the selectin family of adhesion molecules. PSGL-1 on the plasma membranes of neutrophils or monocytes, which are key effector cells of the innate immune system, binds to P-selectin translocated to the surfaces of inflamed endothelial cells or activated platelets (Fig. 1). Forces generated by flowing blood then cause the leukocytes to roll on the surfaces of the endothelial cells or adherent platelets (5, 6). The rolling interaction of myeloid leukocytes on stimulated endothelial cells is the initial cell–cell interaction in the acute inflammatory response. Engagement of PSGL-1 by P-selectin is particularly important at early time points (7, 8), although the rolling component of the multistep process of leukocyte targeting and transmigration to extravascular sites also can be accomplished by other adhesion molecules (5–9).
A strain based topology optimization method for compliant mechanism design

The Energy based topology optimization method has been used in the design of compliant mechanisms for many years. Although many successful examples from the energy based topology optimization method have been presented, optimized configurations of these designs are often very similar to their rigid linkage counterparts; except using compliant joints in place of rigid links. These complaint joints will endure large strain under the applied forces in order to perform the specified motions which are very undesirable in a compliant mechanism design. In this paper, a strain based topology optimization method is proposed to avoid a localized high strain of the compliant mechanism design, which is one of the drawbacks using strain energy formulation. Therefore, instead of minimizing the strain energy for structural rigidity, a global effective strain function is minimized. This is done in order to distribute the strain within the entire mechanism while maximizing the structural rigidity. Furthermore, the physical programming method is adopted to accommodate both flexibility and rigidity design objectives. Design examples from both the strain energy based topology optimization and the strain based method are presented and discussed.
Preparation and characterization of a biodegradable microparticle antigen/cytokine delivery system

Biodegradable microparticles (MPs) were prepared to contain dinitrophenylated bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA) and the cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-6. The conformational integrity of these MPs was examined by scanning electron microscopy. DNP-BSA was evaluated, postentrapment, by a bicinchoninic acid assay, SDS-PAGE, isoelectric focusing, Western blotting, ELISA and spectrophotometric analysis. The bioactivity of the ILs postentrapment was measured using bioassays. Ocular-topical (OT) and intraperitoneal (IP) administration of loaded MPs induced serum IgG, tear IgA and vaginal wash (VW) IgA responses which persisted up to 45 days post secondary immunization (P2°). OT and IP delivery elicited serum IgG and tear IgA responses up to 140 days post tertiary immunization (P3°). VW IgA responses persisted up to 45 days and 140 days P3° following OT and IP delivery, respectively. Overall, the inclusion of cytokines in antigen containing MPs enhanced tear IgA antibody levels following OT delivery P2°, while elevated VW IgA responses occurred following IP delivery P2° and P3°. These data demonstrate that antigen/cytokine loaded MPs can potentiate long-term mucosal antibody responses at both target and distal effector sites as well as elicit circulating antibodies.
Spatial correspondence and relation correspondence: grouping factors that influence perception of the Ternus display.

We cite two different perceptual-correspondence principles whose emphasis can help to disambiguate the otherwise ambiguous Ternus display in apparent movement (a display that can alternately be see...
Weak vs. strong readings of donkey sentences and monotonicity inference in a dynamic setting

In this paper, I show that the availability of what some authors have called the weak reading and the strong reading of donkey sentences with relative clauses is systematically related to monotonicity properties of the determiner. The correlation is different from what has been observed in the literature in that it concerns not only right monotonicity, but also left monotonicity (persistence/antipersistence). I claim that the reading selected by a donkey sentence with a double monotone determiner is in fact the one that validates inference based on the left monotonicity of the determiner. This accounts for the lack of strong reading in donkey sentences with ↑ MON → determiners, which have been neglected in the literature. I consider the relevance of other natural forms of inference as well, but also suggest how monotonicity inference might play a central role in the actual process of interpretation. The formal theory is couched in dynamic predicate logic with generalized quantifiers.
Numerical Study of Lateral Merger of Vapor Bubbles During Nucleate Pool Boiling

Nucleate boiling is one of the most efficient modes of heat transfer. At the start of nucleate boiling, isolated bubbles appear on the heating surface, the regime known as partial nucleate boiling. Transition from isolated bubbles to fully developed nucleate boiling occurs with increase in wall superheat, when bubbles begin to merge in vertical and lateral directions. The laterally merged bubbles form vapor mushrooms, which stay attached to the heater surface via numerous vapor stems. The present study is performed to numerically analyze the bubble dynamics and heat transfer associated with lateral bubble merger during transition from partial to fully developed nucleate boiling. The complete Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensions along with the continuity and energy equations are solved using the SIMPLE method. The liquid vapor interface is captured using the Level-Set technique. Calculations are carried out for multiple bubble-merger in a line and also in a plane and the bubble dynamics and wall heat transfer are compared to that for a single bubble. The results show that the merger process significantly increases the overall wall heat transfer. It is also found that the orientation of the bubbles strongly influences different heat transfer mechanisms.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Bronchocentric granulomatosis: A complication of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

Abstract Hypersensitivity to the fungal antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus may result in a spectrum of immune injury collectively known as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). This report describes a 14-yr-old boy who presented clinical findings consistent with ABPA, including a history of asthma, blood eosinophilia, serum precipitins, and IgE antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus . Sputum Aspergillus , pulmonary infiltrates, and dual types I and III skin reactions to Aspergillus fumigatus were observed also. Pathology of the resected right upper lobe revealed severe bronchial destruction with the findings of bronchocentric granulomatosis. Noninvasive septate fungal hyphae compatible with Aspergillus were identified. Cultures from sputum and surgical specimens grew Aspergillus and Mycobacterium intracellulare avium . The PPD-B (purified protein derivative-Batty) intradermal skin test produced a 6 mm induration (PPD-S was negative). The patient's condition has been well controlled with prednisone and several antituberculous drugs. In addition, inflammatory and immunologic parameters have begun to return to normal. The relationship between ABPA and the atypical mycobacterial infection is not clear. The association of ABPA with the severe bronchial destruction seen in bronchocentric granulomatosis is emphasized to alert physicians to this serious sequelae of ABPA seen in the asthmatic.
Sources and observers in motion, III: Acoustic radiation from non-compact rigid bodies moving at high speed

This paper analyzes the linear acoustic solution for the radiation from a non-compact rigid body in motion. The concept and onset of source non-compactness is considered in relation to a non time-varying source, and the effect of finite source distributions investigated. An efficient method is described which calculates the effect of finite chord and span distributions typical of helicopter and propeller rotors. Finally, a linear acoustic theory with discontinuous boundary conditions is used to explain non-linear wave steepening (shock waves).
The evolving presentation of renal carcinoma in the United States: trends from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program.

Purpose: The incidence of renal cancer is increasing, while cases series suggest that tumor size is decreasing. This has important implications for treatment planning. We evaluated national trends in renal cancer size and observed survival in patients diagnosed in the 3 periods 1988 to 1992, 1993 to 1997 and 1998 to 2002.Materials and Methods: From the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database we identified 29,053 patients diagnosed with primary renal cancer. Patients were stratified into size categories and 5-year time cohorts. Size distribution was compared across cohorts. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards modeling were used to examine trends in overall and stage specific survival.Results: From 1988 through 2002 renal tumor size decreased from 66.8 to 58.6 mm, while the age adjusted incidence of renal cancer increased from 8.6 to 11.2 cases per 100,000 individuals. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed steadily deteriorating survival with increased cancer size above 4 cm with a...
Electronic Medical Records: Confidentiality, Care, and Epidemiology

A unified patient medical record offers hope for better care and reduced costs without deteriorating the confidentiality of patient information. However, two kinds of confidentiality concerns--patients' desire to preserve privacy and vendors' desire to limit knowledge of their systems and control the data in them--impede the full exploitation of medical records for better patient care. We should be using patient records both to detect health IT problems and for epidemiological research. In neither case should we decide that the importance of secrecy, whether asserted by companies or patients, completely trumps the use of health data for research. In particular, corporate secrecy should be limited when information is necessary for treatment and research. We need to balance public health against risks to both patient concerns and commercialization.
Display reflectance model based on the BRDF

Abstract Many flat panel displays (FPDs) have anti-reflection surface treatments that differ in character from those of traditional cathode-ray-tube displays. Specular reflection models (mirror-like, producing a distinct image) combined with diffuse (Lambertian) reflection models can be entirely inadequate to characterize the reflection properties of such displays. A third reflection component, called haze, exists between specular and diffuse. Display metrology should account for the haze component of reflection. That is best done using the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). The effects of using oversimplified reflectance models are discussed in contrast with a parameterized BRDF.
Oscillatory natural convection in trapezoidal enclosures

Abstract Natural convective flow oscillations in isosceles trapezoids are considered for three vertex angles, 22°, 45°, and 67°. Simulations for smaller angles show periodicity that was superimposed with significant perturbations. For the largest angle, 67°, periodicity was observed which was similar to previous calculation of periodic flow oscillations in rectangles and squares in the second critical Rayleigh number regime. Additionally, the observed oscillations for the 67° case was fractal in nature, with periodicity maintained at different time scales.
Student Teachers’ Awareness of Pupils’ Nonverbal Responses

Abstract The visual, nonverbal signals transmitted by pupils should provide important feedback information to the teacher and the teacher who correctly interprets this information and acts upon it should be more effective than those who do not use this information. This study with a sample of student teachers produced statistical evidence that those who are rated as of low teaching competence tend also to be those who are poor at decoding pupils’ nonverbal signals. Inspection of the pupils’ signals and student teachers’ responses provide some suggestions as to the pupil clues to be attended to by the teacher.
Ethics and Counseling Decisions

Although some behavioral scientists and practitioners contend that man has no genuine moral choices to make, common sense and philosophical reflection ineluctably affirm the moral nature of man. When young people are faced with moral decisions, they often seek the assistance of a counselor. Although such counselors are routinely expected to aid clients in making decisions about their education and their careers, there is considerably less agreement about their responsibility for helping students to make moral choices. The central thesis of this article is that a knowledge of ethical theories, the practical principles which flow from them, and the method of decision-making which they indicate will enable the counselor to assist his clients with their moral problems.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Anticonvulsant Enaminones

1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of enaminones were determined and compared to the anticonvulsant activity of the compounds. Although the precise employment of the NMR data to predict anticonvulsant activity of the enaminones could not be established, general inferences were made. The NMR data confirmed that the enaminones existed predominantly in the amino tautomer, and no evidence was found for the imino tautomer. The ketamine form of the enaminones was supported by the observed spin-spin splittings of the NH with the α-protons on certain enaminones. The NH of secondary enaminones was very important in conferring anticonvulsant activity to the enaminones. The peak for the NH proton which could be seen between δ (ppm) 4.50 and 9.70 was present in all of the active enaminones. The tertiary enaminones, which were devoid of the NH proton, were uniformly inactive. It appeared that a combination of steric and electronic effects, lipophilicity, and hydrogen bonding were necessary for the anticonvulsant activity of the enaminones. The cyclic enaminones existed in the trans-S-trans fixed conformation, and the NMR data supported our hypothesis that enantioselectivity is retained in synthesizing enaminones from cyclic, diasteriomeric 1,3-diketones. In addition, the AB system and many unique features were observed in some enaminones. The para, meta, and ortho substituted patterns were observed for monosubstituted phenyl protons, and the NMR patterns for di- and trisubstituted phenyl groups were elucidated.
KINETICS OF BETA-CAROTENE DEGRADATION AT TEMPERATURES TYPICAL OF AIR DRYING OF FOODS

Degradation of β-carotene was studied in a model system at temperatures between 60 and 80°C in order to formulate a kinetic model useful in the optimization of air drying processes. Two previously reported kinetic analyses were used: a first order model and a simplified free radical reaction model. In both cases the models fit the experimental data but neither is entirely satisfactory since the kinetic parameters reflected an initial concentration dependence. This dependence disappeared at high carotene initial concentrations and also when the thickness of the lipid layer was increased either by using a support with a lower specific surface area or by adding a saturated fatty acid. These results indicate that at high concentrations oxygen diffusion becomes a limiting factor. When using food systems, a first order model seemed a better choice for the simulation of the carotene degradation. Results could not be directly related to those of the model system, probably because the model was too simple, and did not contain the pro- and anti-oxidant components naturally occurring in foods.
Interactions Between Euphorbia esula Toxins and Bovine Ruminal Microbes

Cattle generally avoid grazing leafy spurge (LS; Euphorbia esula), whereas sheep and goats will often eat it. Understanding metabolism of toxic phytochemicals in LS by bovine rumen microflora may help explain why cattle often develop aversions to LS after initially eating it. Toxicity of LS compounds after in vitro fermentation with normal vs. antibiotic-modified bovine rumen digesta was evaluated at different lengths of fermentation. Levels of toxic and aversion-inducing ingenols were determined for fermented and nonfermented mixtures of LS and bovine rumen digesta, and the toxicity of an aversion-inducing extract of LS to rumen microbial species that are common in cattle, sheep, and goats was evaluated. Fermentation of LS with bovine digesta increased the toxicity of extracted compounds. Introduction of neomycin (an antibiotic that preferentially inhibits gram-negative bacteria) into the LS and bovine rumen digesta mixtures did not appear to affect toxicities regardless of fermentation length. Levels of ingenol were observed in LS and bovine digesta mixtures (both fermented and nonfermented) that were consistent with levels of ingenols reported for LS. Finally, a toxic extract of LS had little or no negative effect on the growth of several common species of rumen bacteria. The results indicate that LS is not generally toxic to the ruminal bacteria, but that microbial activity in the rumen may be responsible for enhancing LS toxicity to cattle.
Mathematics teaching practices with technology that support conceptual understanding for Latino/a students

Abstract We analyze how three seventh grade mathematics teachers from a majority Latino/a, linguistically diverse region of Texas taught the same lesson on interpreting graphs of motion as part of the Scaling Up SimCalc study ( Roschelle et al., 2010 ). The students of two of the teachers made strong learning gains as measured by a curriculum-aligned assessment, while the students of the third teacher were less successful. To investigate these different outcomes, we compare the teaching practices in each classroom, focusing on the teachers’ use of class time and instructional format, their use of mathematical discourse practices in whole-class discussions, and their responses to student contributions. We show that the more successful teachers allowed time for students to use the curriculum and software and discuss it with peers, that they used formal mathematical discourse along with less formal language, and that they responded to student errors using higher-level moves. We conclude by discussing implications for teachers and mathematics educators, with special attention to issues related to the mathematics education of Latinos/as.
Alignment focus of daily image guidance for concurrent treatment of prostate and pelvic lymph nodes.

Purpose To determine the dosimetric impact of daily imaging alignment focus on the prostate soft tissue versus the pelvic bones for the concurrent treatment of the prostate and pelvic lymph nodes (PLN) and to assess whether multileaf collimator (MLC) tracking or adaptive planning (ART) is necessary with the current clinical planning margins of 8 mm/6 mm posterior to the prostate and 5 mm to the PLN. Methods and Materials A total of 124 kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (kV-CBCT) images from 6 patients were studied. For each KV-CBCT, 4 plans were retrospectively created using an isocenter shifting method with 2 different alignment focuses (prostate, PLN), an MLC shifting method, and the ART method. The selected dosimetric endpoints were compared among these plans. Results For the isoshift contour, isoshift bone, MLC shift, and ART plans, D99 of the prostate was ≥97% of the prescription dose in 97.6%, 73.4%, 98.4%, and 96.8% of 124 fractions, respectively. Accordingly, D99 of the PLN was ≥97% of the prescription dose in 98.4%, 98.4%, 98.4%, and 100% of 124 fractions, respectively. For the rectum, D5 exceeded 105% of the planned D5 (and D5 of ART plans) in 11% (4%), 10% (2%), and 13% (5%) of 124 fractions, respectively. For the bladder, D5 exceeded 105% of the planned D5 (and D5 of ART) plans in 0% (2%), 0% (2%), and 0% (1%) of 124 fractions, respectively. Conclusion For concurrent treatment of the prostate and PLN, with a planning margin to the prostate of 8 mm/6 mm posterior and a planning margin of 5 mm to the PLN, aligning to the prostate soft tissue can achieve adequate dose coverage to the both target volumes; aligning to the pelvic bone would result in underdosing to the prostate in one-third of fractions. With these planning margins, MLC tracking and ART methods have no dosimetric advantages.
Entrepreneurship: an Islamic perspective

This paper considers religion as an explanatory variable for entrepreneurial behaviour. It examines the role religion plays in the entrepreneurial behaviour of those who adhere to the Islamic faith and a model is proposed to examine such behaviour in future research.
What Public and Religious Private Schools Can Learn From One Another

The purpose of this issue is quite unique: to examine how both public and private religious schools can learn from one another in order to produce a more efficacious education system overall. Gener...
Bathymetry from fusion of airborne hyperspectral and laser data

Airborne hyperspectral and nadir-viewing laser data can be combined to ascertain shallow water bathymetry. The combination emphasizes the advances and overcomes the disadvantages of each method used alone. For laser systems, both the hardware and software for obtaining off-nadir measurement are complicated and expensive, while for the nadir view the conversion of laser pulse travel time to depth is straightforward. The hyperspectral systems can easily collect data in a full swath, but interpretation for water depth requires careful calibration and correction for transmittance through the atmosphere and water. Relative depths are apparent in displays of several subsets of hyperspectral data, for example, single blue-green wavelengths, endmembers that represent the pure water component of the data, or ratios of deep to shallow water endmembers. A relationship between one of these values and the depth measured by the aligned nadir laser can be determined, and then applied to the rest of the swath to obtain depth in physical units for the entire area covered. We demonstrate this technique using bathymetric charts as a proxy for laser data, and hyperspectral data taken by AVIRIS over Lake Tahoe and Key West.
Superficial temporal arteriography in patients suspected of having temporal arteritis.

Superficial temporal arteriograms and temporal artery biopsies on 31 patients suspected of having temporal arteritis supported the same diagnosis in 29. Temporal arteriograms showed abnormalities in all 5 patients with arteritis on biopsy. In 2 additional patients arteriographic areas of irregular narrowing and dilation of the lumen of the temporal artery were present, even though random biopsy, at different sites, showed no arteritis. Temporal arteriography may complement biopsy in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis, with biopsy of the arteriographically abnormal area to confirm the diagnosis.
Effect of vasectomy on guinea pig testes.

Abstract The effects of vasectomy on the guinea pig testes were histologically assessed at weekly intervals. Degenerative changes were seen at eight weeks postvasectomy which were noted to be completely reversed in the sixteen-week specimens.
Do Diversity Experiences Help College Students Become More Civically Minded? Applying Banks' Multicultural Education Framework

In this longitudinal, single institution study, we utilized Banks’ five dimensions of multicultural education framework to examine whether and to what extent involvement in various diversity experiences helped students become more civically minded. The findings suggested that greater involvement in service learning, multicultural courses, interracial interactions, racial awareness workshops, student-faculty interactions, and campus racial harmony significantly and positively contributed to civic mindedness. Asian students, when compared to their White counterparts, were more likely to report growth in civic mindedness after four years of college. We discuss scholarly and practical implications of the study results at the end.
Change in depression score during mononucleosis

Observation d'une depression survenue pendant une mononucleose. Une etudiante de 26 ans a presente un etat depressif severe (score aux Depression Inventory of Beck). Les examens de laboratoire ont mis en evidence une mononucleose. Le traitement de celle-ci entraina une amelioration tres nette de la depression
Multi-Phase Finite Element Modeling of Machining Unidirectional Fiber Reinforced Composites

A multi-phase and a continuum based finite element model using the commercial finite element package ABAQUS is developed for simulating the orthogonal machining of composite materials. The materials considered for this study are a glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite and a ceramic matrix composite. The effect of varying the fiber orientation and tool rake angle on the cutting force, temperature distribution and damage during machining are considered. In the multi-phase approach the fiber and matrix are modeled as continuum elements with isotropic properties separated by an interfacial layer while the tool is modeled as a rigid body. The cohesive zone modeling approach is used for the interfacial layer. Bulk deformation and shear failure is considered in the fiber and matrix while the traction separation in the cohesive zone is used to ascertain the extent of delamination below the work surface. For validation purposes simulation results of the multi-phase approach are compared with experimental measurements. Parametric studies are conducted utilizing the equivalent homogenous (EHM) material model. The EHM simplifies the composite material into an anisotropic but locally homogenous material. External heating effect on the workpiece is considered in the EHM model to include preliminary results on Laser Assisted Machining. The model is successful in predicting cutting forces, temperature distribution entry and exit damage with respect to the fiber orientation.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The decidability of equivalence for deterministic finite transducers

Abstract An algorithm is given which will decide, for two given deterministic finite transducers M and M ′, whether the input-output behaviours of M and M ′ are identical.
Separation of diacetyl, acetoin, and 2,3-butylene glycol by salting-out chromatography

Abstract Salting-out chromatography was found suitable for separating microgram quantities of diacetyl, acetoin, and 2,3-butylene glycol at room temperature. One milliliter of a solution containing 25 to 100 μg of each of the compounds to be separated is applied to the top of a column of Dowex 1-X8 anion-exchange resin in the sulfate form. The compounds are separated and eluted from a 1.9 × 27 cm column with 0.5 M (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, or from a 3.5 × 54 cm column with 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. The compounds emerge from the columns quantitatively in decreasing order of polarity: 2,3-butylene glycol, acetoin, and diacetyl. The separated 2,3-butylene glycol is oxidized to acetoin with bromine water. With the compounds separated and the glycol converted to acetoin, the Westerfeld method can be used to complete the quantitative determinations.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Home Visiting Versus Group Services In Early Intervention

This paper examines the cost-effectiveness of providing early intervention services to individual children and families in their own homes versus providing services to small groups of children and families at an early intervention program site. The analysis estimates the amount of change in adaptive behavior, mother-child interaction, and parenting stress associated with each service for subgroups of children that vary by age at entry into early intervention and by severity of disability. The results suggest that the service identified as more cost-effective varied by subgroup and outcome measure. The findings are reviewed in light of the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology used. Critical issues for future research are discussed.
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Merlin in Advanced Breast Cancer Is due to Post-translational Regulation

Unlike malignancies of the nervous system, there have been no mutations identified in Merlin in breast cancer. As such, the role of the tumor suppressor, Merlin, has not been investigated in breast cancer. We assessed Merlin expression in breast cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry and by real-time PCR. The expression of Merlin protein (assessed immunohistochemically) was significantly decreased in breast cancer tissues (although the transcript levels were comparable) simultaneous with increased expression of the tumor-promoting protein, osteopontin (OPN). We further demonstrate that the loss of Merlin in breast cancer is brought about, in part, due to OPN-initiated Akt-mediated phosphorylation of Merlin leading to its proteasomal degradation. Restoring expression of Merlin resulted in reduced malignant attributes of breast cancer, characterized by reduced invasion, migration, motility, and impeded tumor (xenograft) growth in immunocompromised mice. The possibility of developing a model using the relationship between OPN and Merlin was tested with a logistic regression model applied to immunohistochemistry data. This identified consistent loss of immunohistochemical expression of Merlin in breast tumor tissues. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time a role for Merlin in impeding breast malignancy, identify a novel mechanism for the loss of Merlin protein in breast cancer, and have developed a discriminatory model using Merlin and OPN expression in breast tumor tissues.
Early signaling events that underlie fate decisions of naive CD4 + T cells toward distinct T-helper cell subsets

CD4(+) T-helper (Th) cells are a major cell population that play an important role in governing acquired immune responses to a variety of foreign antigens as well as inducing some types of autoimmune diseases. There are at least four distinct Th cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, and inducible T-regulatory cells), each of which has specialized functions to control immune responses. Each of these cell types emerge from naive CD4(+) T cells after encounter with foreign antigens presented by dendritic cells (DCs). Each Th cell subset expresses a unique set of transcription factors and produces hallmark cytokines. Both T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated stimulation and the cytokine environment created by activated CD4(+) T cells themselves, by 'partner' DCs, and/or other cell types during the course of differentiation, play an important role in the fate decisions toward distinct Th subsets. Here, we review how TCR-mediated signals in collaboration with the cytokine environment influence the fate decisions of naive CD4(+) T cells toward distinct Th subsets at the early stages of activation. We also discuss the roles of TCR-proximal signaling intermediates and of the Notch pathway in regulating the differentiation to distinct Th phenotypes.
Why We Believe in Democracy: Testing Theories of Attitude Functions and Democracy

This study tested different attitude function theories, as well as hypotheses democratic theorists have developed regarding the bases of pro-democratic attitudes. Two hundred and sixty-six undergraduates explained why they believed in democracy, rating the aptness of 40 sentences operationalizing attitude functions, as well as the persuasiveness of six arguments framed in terms of these functions. Factor analysis suggested the existence of either four or six distinct attitude functions. Functional saliences were weakly predictive of persuasiveness ratings, and regression analyses revealed semi-partial correlations between functions and age, estimated parents' income, and attitude strength. Implications were drawn for both functional theory and democratic theory and practice.
Confluences and differences in the early work of Gurwitsch and Schutz

In these highly selective and condensed considerations, I could only offer a comparison of the main sociological themes in Gurwitsch's inaugural dissertation with the corresponding themes in Schutz's first book. Other sociological themes were not discussed, mainly because they were not developed far enough in one or the other or both sources. The crucial theme of explicit and implicit ontological presuppositions had to be ignored because it demands an extensive treatment of its own. The same goes for the proper consideration of the particular conceptions of Husserl mobilized by each author for his purposes. Even so, I hope to have conveyed an idea of the convergences and differences in the early views of Gurwitsch and Schutz, as mirrored in the studies which were compared. This article should be seen as a small beginning of the huge task of studying comprehensively the unique personal and intellectual friendship of two seminal thinkers and the influences they exercised upon each other's work, even though they operated in substantively quite different areas.
Vertical Alignment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films Formed by Electrophoretic Deposition

Films of chemically shortened and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been formed on a gold electrode by electrophoretic deposition. Applying ultrasonic energy resulted in dramatic changes of the film morphology; the deposited SWNT bundles reassembled and oriented normal to the electrode. Oriented SWNT bundles with high density (more than 250 bundles/μm2) not only presented narrow size distributions, but uniformly spread on the electrode. We discuss the mechanism of SWNT orientation by analyzing the variation in the film morphology with ultrasonication time. In addition, we suggest that the 3D displays of AFM images can lead to misjudgment of nanotube alignment. The method for aligning SWNTs normal to the electrode may be competitive with chemical vapor deposition or screen printing, the predominant methods by which vertically aligned SWNT films have been fabricated to date.
Hu-1: Major Histocompatibility Locus in Man

A single locus with 15 or more alleles controls reactivity in mixed leukocyte culture tests. Genes at this locus also control most of the specificities measured by cytotoxic antiserums to leukocytes. Both of these tests can be used to predict survival of skin grafts. It is proposed that this is the major histocompatibility locus in man.
Bayesian Sample Size Determination for Estimating a Poisson Rate with Underreported Data

We consider the problem of estimating the required sample size to achieve a credible set of specified length for the Poisson model with underreporting using an average coverage criterion. The actual posterior is found to be computationally taxing; thus we approximate via two approaches. The first method approximates the marginal and posterior densities with more tractable densities. The second is a Monte Carlo approach. We provide a limited study of the effect of the prior information and the magnitude of the reporting probability.
Creep failure time of 20% cold-worked type 316 stainless steel

Abstract The Robinson failure criterion is examined for its accuracy to predict the creep failure time of 20% cold-worked type 316 stainless steel under uniaxial and multiaxial stresses. Observed changes of slope in the log-log plots of maximum tensile stress versus isothermal rupture life are neglected, and large errors in prediction of creep failure time are found. A failure criterion that best explains the experimental behavior of 20% cold-worked type 316 stainless steel in uniaxial and multiaxial creep conditions is developed by incorporating the effective stress responsible for crack initiation and the maximum tensile stress responsible for crack propagation into the creep failure time equation.
Mertk Triggers Uptake of Photoreceptor Outer Segments during Phagocytosis by Cultured Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

The RCS rat is a widely studied model of recessively inherited retinal degeneration. The genetic defect, known as rdy (retinal dystrophy), results in failure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to phagocytize shed photoreceptor outer segment membranes. We previously used positional cloning and in vivo genetic complementation to demonstrate that Mertk is the gene for rdy. We have now used a rat primary RPE cell culture system to demonstrate that the RPE is the site of action of Mertk and to obtain functional evidence for a key role of Mertk in RPE phagocytosis. We found that Mertk protein is absent from RCS, but not wild-type, tissues and cultured RPE cells. Delivery of rat Mertk to cultured RCS RPE cells by means of a recombinant adenovirus restored the cells to complete phagocytic competency. Infected RCS RPE cells ingested exogenous outer segments to the same extent as wild-type RPE cells, but outer segment binding was unaffected. Mertk protein progressively co-localized with outer segment material during phagocytosis by primary RPE cells, and activated Mertk accumulated during the early stages of phagocytosis by RPE-J cells. We conclude that Mertk likely functions directly in the RPE phagocytic process as a signaling molecule triggering outer segment ingestion.
VALIDITY OF THE POSITIVE BEHAVIOR SUBSCALE OF THE SOCIAL PERFORMANCE SURVEY SCHEDULE IN A PSYCHIATRIC POPULATION

Previous research has provided support for the validity of the Social Performance Survey Schedule, a 100-item self-report measure of social skill. However, the scale has separate positive (Part A) and negative (Part B) behavior subscales, the validity of which has not been adequately assessed. The present study examined the validity of the Part A subscale with psychiatric inpatients by comparing scores with an objective measure of social activity, judges' ratings of social skill, and several self-report measures. The results generally supported Part A's validity. The influence of social desirability on Part A scores was discussed and future directions for research were suggested.
Motion compensation system for ocean profiling

Abstract The vertical profiles of ocean temperature and salinity measured with instruments lowered by cable from surface ships can be seriously affected by the nonuniform drop rate caused by ship motion. This paper describes a motion compensation system developed for conductivity, temperature, and depth profilers that significantly reduces the effect of ship motion on profiler drop rates, thereby enhancing the measurement capabilities of vertical profilers.
Insulin-like growth factor-I potentiates thyrotropin stimulation of adenylyl cyclase in FRTL-5 cells.

Abstract We reported that TSH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which were known to synergistically stimulate DNA synthesis, synergize to elevate the 1,2-diacylglycerol content of FRTL-5 thyroid cells. We presented evidence that cAMP is the proximal mediator of these actions of TSH. To further define the mechanism of this interaction, we investigated the effects of IGF-I on TSH stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. Long and short term effects of IGF-I or high doses of insulin were studied in FRTL-5 cells that were maintained in serum-, hormone-, and growth factor-free medium for 4-7 days (basal cells). When cells were incubated with high doses of insulin for 7 days and acutely stimulated, a 10-fold increase in sensitivity and a 2-fold increase in maximal responsiveness of cAMP accumulation to TSH were observed. To study shorter term effects, cells were preincubated with insulin for 3 h and then exposed to TSH, cholera toxin, or forskolin. Incubation with high doses of insulin for 3 h caused 30-300% inc...
Replicating Damaged DNA in Eukaryotes

DNA damage is one of many possible perturbations that challenge the mechanisms that preserve genetic stability during the copying of the eukaryotic genome in S phase. This short review provides, in the first part, a general introduction to the topic and an overview of checkpoint responses. In the second part, the mechanisms of error-free tolerance in response to fork-arresting DNA damage will be discussed in some detail.
Infusing Evidence-Based Practices into the Special Education Preparation Curriculum

This article describes how a math intervention was developed based on five standards needed to be an effective math teacher of students with disabilities and four validated practices shown to be effective with students with disabilities. Emphasis was placed on the importance of explicitly teaching these strategies in teacher education methods courses. Preliminary data indicated that when these standards and validated practices were used to teach first grade students at risk for math failure, achievement gains were seen and preservice teachers felt they gained knowledge about teaching students mathematics.
‘The Pathology and Treatment of Mediomania’, by Frederic Rowland Marvin (1874):

During the nineteenth century there were several examples of attempts to pathologize mediumship. One of them was the work of US physician Frederic Rowland Marvin (1847–1918), who is the author of t...