cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Momentum of the Electromagnetic Field in Transparent Dielectric Media

We present arguments in favor of the proposition that the momentum of light inside a transparent dielectric medium is the arithmetic average of the Minkowski and Abraham momenta. Using the Lorentz transformation of the fields (and of the coordinates) from a stationary to a moving reference frame, we show the consistent transformation of electromagnetic energy and momentum between the two frames. We also examine the momentum of static (i.e., time-independent) electromagnetic fields, and show that the close connection that exists between the Poynting vector and the momentum density extends all the way across the frequency spectrum to this zero-frequency limit. In the specific example presented in this paper, the static field inside a non-absorbing dielectric material turns out to have the Minkowski momentum.
Activation of N-Sulfonyl Oxaziridines Using Copper(II) Catalysts: Aminohydroxylations of Styrenes and 1,3-Dienes

N-Sulfonyl oxaziridines are susceptible to electrophilic activation using copper(II) catalysts and react with styrenes under these conditions to provide 1,3-oxazolidines in a formal aminohydroxylation of the alkene. We propose a two-step mechanism involving a cationic intermediate to account for the rate differences and regioselectivities observed using a variety of styrenes. In accord with our hypothesis, aminohydroxylations of a range of substrates bearing electron-stabilizing groups are successful, and 1,3-dienes are particularly good substrates for copper(II)-catalyzed aminohydroxylation. Reactions of unsymmetrical dienes provide good to excellent olefin selectivity, the sense and magnitude of which can be rationalized upon consideration of the stability of the cationic intermediates suggested by our mechanism. Diastereoselective synthesis of a diverse range of densely functionalized structures can be achieved by polyfunctionalization of dienes using aminohydroxylation as a key complexity-increasing step.
An Analysis of the Implications for the Gold Mining Industry of Alternative Tax Policies: A Regional Disaggregated Model for Australia*

We construct a dynamic model of the Australian economy that has a regional sub-section representing Western Australia. Within the West Australia sub-economy, there is a separate technology for the gold mining industry. We implement the model, and simulate a 2.5 per cent tax on gold exports. The outcome shows no fiscal improvement at the national level, although the West Australian budget improves slightly. Real income falls both nationally and in West Australia as the trade balance deteriorates, and an increased real interest rur- causes investment to fall. We conclude that the taxation of gold exports leads to few measurable benefits.
A new framework for secure network management

We introduce a new protocol, secure network management system (SNMS) with four primary goals. First, use encryption to establish a secure channel between a network manager and a network agent. Second, allow network management tasks to be performed from any station on the network. Third, enable a manager to remotely add manageable objects to an agent. Finally, make a prototype along with a set of guidelines to make a transition from simple network management protocol (SNMP) to SNMS. SNMS combines features from hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP), secure socket layer (SSL) security mechanism, and common gateway interface (CGI) programming techniques, and deals with the entire Web client/server paradigm. Network managers can securely monitor and control the network elements from any station on the network. Compared with SNMP, which does not provide any safety measures for exchanging information between a manager and an agent, SNMS offers a high degree of security by encrypting all the traffic between the manager and an agent. SNMS applies public key and private key encryption and decryption with a mixture of digital signature and two way authentication.
Fabrication of Transparent Silicon Nitride from Nanosize Particles

Compaction of ultrafine silicon nitride (Si3N4) powder at high pressures and various temperatures followed by pressureless sintering was investigated. The powder, consisting of nearly spherical particles (16 nm in diameter) of amorphous stoichiometric Si3N4, was pressed in a diamond anvil cell under pressures up to 5 GPa and temperatures ranging from liquid nitrogen to 500°C. Quality of compaction, evaluated by visual transparency and hardness of the produced compacts, depended on the amount of adsorbed gases on the surface of the particles and on the temperature of compaction. Visually transparent compacts were produced by pressing the starting powder without outgassing in liquid nitrogen under 5 GPa. The transparent compacts exhibited a hardness of 1200 kg/mm2 after pressing in the diamond anvil cell at 500°C for 3 h at 5 GPa. After subsequent pressureless sintering conducted for 1 h at 5 GPa. After subsequent pressureless sintering conducted for 1 h at 1400°C in a tube furnace under nitrogen, the hardness of these samples increased to over 2000 kg/mm2 and the visual transparency was maintained. The results demonstrated that transparency was maintained. The results demonstrated that transparent compacts of nanosize amorphous Si3N4 particles could be sintered to high hardness at relatively low temperatures without using sintering aids or applying pressure during sintering.
Markets are dead, long live markets

Researchers have long proposed using economic approaches to resource allocation in computer systems. However, few of these proposals became operational, let alone commercial. Questions persist about the economic approach regarding its assumptions, value, applicability, and relevance to system design. The goal of this paper is to answer these questions. We find that market-based resource allocation is useful, and more importantly, that mechanism design and system design should be integrated to produce systems that are both economically and computationally efficient.
The polytope of degree sequences

Abstract A nonnegative integer sequence ( d 1 , d 2 ,…, d n ) is called a degree sequence if there exists a simple graph on the vertex set V = {1,2,…, n } such that deg ( i )= d i for all i . The degree sequence of a threshold graph is a threshold sequence . Let D n = Convex Hull {( x 1 , x 2 ,…, x n )|( x 1 ,…, x n ) is a degree sequence}. It is proved that: (1) A degree sequence f is an extreme point of D n if and only if f is a threshold sequence. (2) Two threshold sequences f and g are adjacent extreme points of D n if and only if f can be obtained from g by either adding 1 to two components of g or subtracting 1 from two components of g . (3) D n is determined bythe following system of inequalities: ∑ i∈ x i − ∑ i∈T x i ⩽|S|(n−1−|T|) for all sets S , T with ⊘ ≠ S ∪ T ⊆ {1,2,…,n}, S ∩T = ⊘ . Moreover, this system is totally dual integral. Furthermore, for n ⩾ 4, ( S , T ) determines a facet of D n if and only if either ⋎S ∪ T| = 1 or else S ≠ ⊘,T ≠ ⊘, |S ∪T| ≠n - 1,n - 2 . (4) f is a threshold sequence if and only if the only degree sequences majorizing f in the sense of Hardy, Littlewood, and Polya are the rearrangements of f . Consequently, every degree sequence is a convex combination of isomorphic threshold sequences (i.e., threshold sequences that are rearrangements of each other).
Operator formulation on Riemann surfaces

Abstract We use symmetries of the path-integral on Riemann surfaces with boundaries to develop an operator formulation for higher loop Riemann surfaces.
The functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons. Part 34. A study on the mechanism of tempo trapping in GIF-type systems

Abstract The photolysis of Barton PTOC esters (radical reaction) in presence of Tempo produces alkyl-Tempo in very good yield. Good results are also obtained with FeII-H2O2 system (pyridine, Picolinic Acid, hydrocarbon). In this case the FeII-FeIV manifold is responsible for the formation of the adduct. Using FeIII-H2O2, Tempo adduct is formed at the same rate as the oxidation products. Mechanistic studies suggest the oxidation of Tempo by the FeV to give an oxoamonium salt and an FeIV species.
The structure of new synthetic manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieves

Manganese K-edge X-ray absorption spectra are used to examine the average oxidation state and local structure of new synthetic manganese oxide photocatalysts, including the materials known as octahedral molecular sieves. The structures of these materials are compared to the natural minerals cryptomelane and todorokite.
Organocatalysis as a Safe Practical Method for the Stereospecific Dibromination of Unsaturated Compounds

Organocatalytic stereospecific dibromination of a wide variety of functionalized alkenes was achieved using a stable, inexpensive halogen source, 1,3-dibromo 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, and a simple thiourea catalyst at room temperature. The presence of a tertiary amine enhanced the rate of the dibromination reaction, and yields were good in various solvents, including aqueous solvents. The procedure was extended to alkynes and aromatic rings and to dichlorination reactions by using the 1,3-dichloro hydantoin derivative.
Electromagnetic waves in a strong Schwarzschild plasma

The physics of high-frequency electromagnetic waves in a general relativistic plasma with the Schwarzschild metric is studied. Based on the 3+1 formalism, we conformalize Maxwell`s equations. The derived dispersion relations for waves in the plasma contain the lapse function in the plasma parameters such as in the plasma frequency and cyclotron frequency, but otherwise look ``flat.`` Because of this property this formulation is ideal for nonlinear self-consistent particle [particle-in-cell (PIC)] simulation. Some of the physical consequences arising from the general relativistic lapse function as well as from the effects specific to the plasma background distribution (such as density and magnetic field) give rise to nonuniform wave equations and their associated phenomena, such as wave resonance, cutoff, and mode conversion. These phenomena are expected to characterize the spectroscopy of radiation emitted by the plasma around the black hole. PIC simulation results of electron-positron plasma are also presented. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
TMD THEORY, FACTORIZATION AND EVOLUTION

The concepts and methods of factorization using transverse-momentum-dependent (TMD) parton densities and/or fragmentation functions are summarized.
Thick points for the Cauchy process

Abstract Let μ ( x , e ) denote the occupation measure of an interval of length 2e centered at x by the Cauchy process run until it hits ( − ∞ , − 1 ] ∪ [ 1 , ∞ ) . We prove that sup | x | ⩽ 1 μ ( x , e ) / ( e ( log e ) 2 ) → 2 / π a.s. as e → 0 . We also obtain the multifractal spectrum for thick points, i.e. the Hausdorff dimension of the set of α-thick points x for which lim e → 0 μ ( x , e ) / ( e ( log e ) 2 ) = α > 0 .
Nitric oxide modulates the catalytic activity of myeloperoxidase

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant protein in neutrophils, monocytes, and subpopulations of tissue macrophages, is believed to play a critical role in host defenses and inflammatory tissue injury. To perform these functions, an array of diffusible radicals and reactive oxidant species may be formed through oxidation reactions catalyzed at the heme center of the enzyme. Myeloperoxidase and inducible nitric-oxide synthase are both stored in and secreted from the primary granules of activated leukocytes, and nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide; NO) reacts with the iron center of hemeproteins at near diffusion-controlled rates. We now demonstrate that NO modulates the catalytic activity of MPO through distinct mechanisms. NO binds to both ferric (Fe(III), the catalytically active species) and ferrous (Fe(II)) forms of MPO, generating stable low-spin six-coordinate complexes, MPO-Fe(III)·NO and MPO-Fe(II)·NO, respectively. These nitrosyl complexes were spectrally distinguishable by their Soret absorbance peak and visible spectra. Stopped-flow kinetic analyses indicated that NO binds reversibly to both Fe(III) and Fe(II) forms of MPO through simple one-step mechanisms. The association rate constant for NO binding to MPO-Fe(III) was comparable to that observed with other hemoproteins whose activities are thought to be modulated by NO in vivo. In stark contrast, the association rate constant for NO binding to the reduced form of MPO, MPO-Fe(II), was over an order of magnitude slower. Similarly, a 2-fold decrease was observed in the NO dissociation rate constant of the reducedversus native form of MPO. The lower NO association and dissociation rates observed suggest a remarkable conformational change that alters the affinity and accessibility of NO to the distal heme pocket of the enzyme following heme reduction. Incubation of NO with the active species of MPO (Fe(III) form) influenced peroxidase catalytic activity by dual mechanisms. Low levels of NO enhanced peroxidase activity through an effect on the rate-limiting step in catalysis, reduction of Compound II to the ground-state Fe(III) form. In contrast, higher levels of NO inhibited MPO catalysis through formation of the nitrosyl complex MPO-Fe(III)-NO. NO interaction with MPO may thus serve as a novel mechanism for modulating peroxidase catalytic activity, influencing the regulation of local inflammatory and infectious events in vivo.
Wide-field multispectral super-resolution imaging using spin-dependent fluorescence in nanodiamonds

By modulating the fluorescence brightness of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect centers in nanodiamonds, we demonstrate a ‘deterministic emitter switch microscopy’ (DESM) technique that enables super-resolution imaging with localization down to 47 nm across a 4×4μm2 area.
Dynamic Screening Correction for Solar p-p Reaction Rates

The solar abundance controversy inspires renewed investigations of the basic physics used to develop solar models. Here we examine the correction to the proton-proton reaction rate due to dynamic screening effects. Starting with the dynamic screening energy from the molecular-dynamic simulations of Mao et al., we compute a reaction-rate correction for dynamic screening. We find that, contrary to static screening theory, this dynamic screening does not significantly change the reaction rate from that of the bare Coulomb potential.
Updating the limit efficiency of silicon solar cells

Since the 1970 evaluation of the "limit efficiency" and design goals for the silicon solar, cell, performed under file auspices of the National Academy of Sciences, some performance limiting phenomina, such as Auger recombination and bandgap narrowing in heavily doped material, have been recognized, some improvements in material parameters, such as minority-carrier lifetimes and surface-recombination velocities, attained, and some remedial designs, such as surface texturizing, increasing the internal optical reflectance at the back surface of the cell, and applying "BSF" structures, evolved. A re-evaluation of the "limit efficiency"' under consideration of the new circumstances has, therefore, been carried out, following the previous approach of analyzing an idealized device structure by use of presently realistic-appearing material parameters, to obtain a conversion efficiency value which represents an upper limit to that technologically achievable in the near future. Removing the idealizations, "design goals" are established which lie near 90 percent of the limit efficiency. The new computations have shown that there exists a second design approach to obtaining high open-circuit and maximum power point voltages, after the first one, relying on high impurity concentration in both the front and the base regions of the cell, has been found limited by the "heavy doping effects." This second approach involves the "narrow-region" design for both the front and base regions of the solar cell, and relies heavily on low effective surface-recombination velocities front and back, as well as a textured front surface and an optical internally reflecting back surface. Using this design, the undesirable effects of high doping can be completely avoided, and the limit efficiency of the solar cell maintained at its earlier value near 25 percent. With the minority-carrier lifetime/impurity concentration model chosen as "realistic," the optimum cell design requires a thin cell, in the 50- to 150-µm range.
Moreau-Yosida approximation and convergence of Hamiltonian systems on Wasserstein space

Abstract In this paper, we study the stability property of Hamiltonian systems on the Wasserstein space. Let H be a given Hamiltonian satisfying certain properties. We regularize H using the Moreau–Yosida approximation and denote it by H τ . We show that solutions of the Hamiltonian system for H τ converge to a solution of the Hamiltonian system for H as τ converges to zero. We provide sufficient conditions on H to carry out this process.
Distribution of cognitive load in Web search

The search task and the system both affect the demand on cognitive resources during information search. In some situations the demands may become too high for a person. This article has a three-fold goal. First, it presents and critiques methods to measure cognitive load. Second, it explores the distribution of load across search task stages. Finally, it seeks to improve our understanding of factors affecting cognitive load levels in information search. To this end, a controlled Web search experiment with 48 participants was conducted. Interaction logs were used to segment search tasks semiautomatically into task stages. Cognitive load was assessed using a new variant of the dual-task method. Average cognitive load was found to vary by search task stages. It was significantly higher during query formulation and user description of a relevant document as compared to examining search results and viewing individual documents. Semantic information shown next to the search results lists in one of the studied interfaces was found to decrease mental demands during query formulation and examination of the search results list. These findings demonstrate that changes in dynamic cognitive load can be detected within search tasks. Dynamic assessment of cognitive load is of core interest to information science because it enriches our understanding of cognitive demands imposed on people engaged in the search process by a task and the interactive information retrieval system employed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deep optical galaxy counts with the keck telescope

We present faint galaxy counts from deep VRI images obtained with the Keck Telescope. These images reach R ~ 27 in median seeing FWHM ~ 0.”5-0.”6, and we detect a integrated galaxy number density of 7 × 105 deg-2, equivalent to 3 × 10^(10) galaxies in the observable universe. In addition we present median galaxy colors as a function of magnitude; bluing trends are visible in all colors to R ~ 24.5. Fainter than R ~ 24.5, however, the typical V - R color becomes redder again, V - I remains constant, and R - I becomes yet bluer. These trends are consistent with the VRI count slopes, implying a decrease in the V slope at the faintest levels, which our data support. Taking advantage of our good seeing we also present median half-light radii for faint galaxies; these show a steady decline at fainter magnitudes, leading to an intrinsic half-light radius of ~0 2 for a typical R ~ 26 galaxy. Irrespective of the redshift distribution, the extremely high galaxy surface densities and their small intrinsic sizes are consistent with a scenario in which the majority of the very faint field population are dwarf galaxies or subgalactic units.
ISOTOPIC ANOMALIES IN PRIMITIVE SOLAR SYSTEM MATTER: SPIN-STATE-DEPENDENT FRACTIONATION OF NITROGEN AND DEUTERIUM IN INTERSTELLAR CLOUDS

Organic material found in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles is enriched in D and N-15. This is consistent with the idea that the functional groups carrying these isotopic anomalies, nitriles and amines, were formed by ion-molecule chemistry in the protosolar nebula, Theoretical models of interstellar fractionation at low temperatures predict large enrichments in both D and N-15 and can account for the largest isotopic enrichments measured in carbonaceous meteorites. However, more recent measurements have shown that, in some primitive samples, a large N-15 enrichment does not correlate with one in D, and that some D-enriched primitive material displays little, if any, N-15 enrichment. By considering the spin-state dependence in ion-molecule reactions involving the ortho and para forms of H2, we show that ammonia and related molecules can exhibit such a wide range of fractionation for both N-15 and D in dense cloud cores. We also show that while the nitriles, HCN and HNC, contain the greatest N=15 enrichment, this is not expected to correlate with extreme D enrichment. These calculations therefore support the view that solar system N-15 and D isotopic anomalies have an interstellar heritage. We also compare our results to existing astronomical observations and briefly discuss future tests of this model.
The Energetics of Centrifugal Instability

AbstractIt has been shown recently that the California Undercurrent (CUC), and possibly poleward eastern boundary currents in general, generate mixing events through centrifugal instability (CI). Conditions favorable for CI are created by the strong horizontal shears developed in turbulent bottom layers of currents flowing in the direction of topographic waves. At points of abrupt topographic change, like promontories and capes, the coastal current separates from the boundary and injects gravitationally stable but dynamically unstable flow into the interior. The resulting finite-amplitude development of the instability involves overturnings and diabatic mixing. The purpose of this study is to examine the energetics of CI in order to characterize it as has been done for other instabilities and develop a framework in which to estimate its regional and global impacts. This study argues that CI is very efficient at mixing and possibly approaches what is thought to be the maximum efficiency for turbulent flows...
Classification and supermultiplet structure of doubly excited states

Abstract Based upon the analysis of electron correlations in hyperspherical coordinates for two-electron atoms for arbitrary L , S and π states, a classification scheme for all doubly excited states is presented. A new set of correlation quantum numbers K , T and A , is introduced. Here ( K , T ) describes wave functions in hyperspherical coordinates, it is shown that states with identical ( K , T ) A have isomorphic correlations. This isomorphism is shown to be the origin of the supermultiplet structure of doubly excited states.
Do You Really Want an Unsafe Battery

Many investigations of high potential cathodes in lithium systems have shown evidence of oxygen evolution, which can lead to thermal runaway problems. It will be shown that this is to be expected on the basis of thermodynamic considerations. Experiments involving 10 phases in the Li-Co-O, Li-Fe-O and Li-Mn-O systems were performed in a glove box over a limited range of both oxygen pressure and voltage, and the results interpreted in terms of ternary phase stability diagrams. They showed a linear relation between the logarithm of the equilibrium oxygen pressure and the potential, independent of both the chemical compositions and the crystal structures of the phases involved. Extrapolation to higher potentials indicates very high values of the equilibrium oxygen pressures in high voltage cathode materials. These results show that the critical issue related to the equilibrium oxygen pressure of high potential cathodes is their potential, not their compositions or crystal structures.
Novel synthesis and RNA-Binding properties of aminoglycoside dimers conjugated via a naphthalene diimide-based intercalator

The synthesis and RNA-binding properties of naphthalene-based diimide conjugated bis-aminoglycoside antibiotics are reported. Compared to the monomeric aminoglycoside, the conjugated ligands were observed to attain up to 35-fold enhancement in binding affinity towards a novel RNA construct that contained two 16S rRNA A-sites.
Coordination chemistry from monomers to copolymers

Abstract Coordination polymers can often provide the best properties of both their organic and inorganic components, e.g. flexibility coupled with high thermal stability. Some of the coordination polymers that are discussed are stable to 500°C and yet provide sufficient flexibility to be studied like organic polymers. Whereas intractability has been the norm for metal coordination polymers in the past, examples of tractable (organic solvent-soluble) transition metal, inner transition metal, and main group metal ion coordination polymers are now known. Syntheses of linear metal coordination polymers through functionalized metal coordination monomers copolymerized with polymerization reactions on the organic part of the molecules often provide higher molecular weight species than syntheses using metal salts plus bridging ligands, i.e. a higher extent of reaction often occurs in the polymerization reactions, although examples of virtually complete substitution of bridging ligands for simpler ligands of simple coordination compounds do exist. Also, coordination polymers also provide unique opportunities for end-capping reactions that can provide definitive molecular weight information and/or modify the properties of the polymers.
Metal Nitrite: A Powerful Oxidizing Reagent

An efficient and simple source of nitroso reagents and their oxidation reactions are described. The combination of a Lewis acid and a metal nitrite was applied to the oxidation of silyl enol ethers. Amino acid and peptide derivatives were easily accessed through in situ C–C bond cleavage of fully substituted silyl enol ethers upon oxidation.
Momentum and serendipity: how acquired leaders create value in the integration of technology firms

Merger and acquisition activity is a critical means by which technology firms obtain the resources needed to compete in global markets. Effective implementation is essential to making these acquisitions successful, yet prior research on the implementation process has yielded paradoxical findings. I argue that a closer examination of the role of the acquired managers helps to resolve the implementation dilemmas found in prior research, which has focused on the role of the acquiring firm. I use grounded theory-building techniques to examine the integration of eight technology acquisitions, and find that acquired managers play a key role in achieving two types of value: expected and serendipitous. In promoting the realization of these two types of value, acquired leaders maintain the advantages of both integration and autonomy. Moreover, these leaders enable their organizations to simultaneously experience two often-conflicting forms of change: exploration and exploitation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ergodic actions of convergent Fuchsian groups on quotients of the noncommutative Hardy algebras

We establish that particular quotients of the noncommutative Hardy algebras carry ergodic actions of convergent discrete subgroups of the group SU(n, 1) of automorphisms of the unit ball in ℂ n . To do so, we provide a mean to compute the spectra of quotients of noncommutative Hardy algebra and characterize their automorphisms in terms of biholomorphic maps of the unit ball in ℂ n .
Thin-Layer Chromatographic Separations of Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers on the Basis of Composition and Molecular Weight

Abstract Experimental methods have been developed for thin-layer Chromatographic separation of butadiene-styrene copolymers according to (i) composition and (ii) molecular weight. The technique of separation according to composition is based upon exploiting the adsorption of polymers from their solutions with less polar solvents through the greater adsorptivity of the relatively polar styrene units. The specific method involved is an elution gradient procedure based upon addition of a good, relatively polar solvent for both polymers (CHCls) to the nonpolar solvent CCl4. Adsorption onto silica gel during the development increases with styrene content so that high Rf values are associated with low styrene contents. The separation method for determining molecular weight distributions is based upon using solvents of marginal solubility and involves adding a highly polar nonsolvent to an initial polar solvent which precipitates the polymer during the development. Specifically, CH3OH is used as the nonsolvent, ...
Improved density functionals for water.

The accuracy of existing density functional methods for describing the noncovalent interaction energies in small water clusters is investigated by testing 25 density functionals against a data set of 28 water dimers and 8 water trimers whose structures are taken from the literature and from simulations. The most accurate functionals are found to be PW6B95 with a mean unsigned error of 0.13 kcal/mol and MPWB1K and B98 with mean unsigned errors of 0.15 kcal/mol; the best functional with no Hartree−Fock exchange is mPWLYP, which is a GGA with a mean unsigned error of 0.28 kcal/mol. In comparison, the most popular GGA functionals, PBE and BLYP, have mean unsigned errors of 0.52 and 1.03 kcal/mol, respectively. Since GGAs are very cost efficient for both condensed-phase simulations and electronic structure calculations on large systems, we optimized four new GGAs for water. The best of these, PBE1W and MPWLYP1W, have mean unsigned errors of 0.12 and 0.17 kcal/mol, respectively. These new functionals are well s...
The importance of affective quality

Users aren't always rational logical beings---emotion plays an often overlooked role in user acceptance of technology.
PMU data analysis in smart grid using WPD

In this paper, a wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) based technique is proposed for the analysis, denoising and compression of the power system data in the smart grid (SG). WPD is an expansion of the wavelet decomposition (WD) tree algorithm to a full binary tree. The main advantage of the WPD is better signal representation by finding the best tree from a number of bases of the WPD. Thus, the wavelet packet analysis is an excellent pre-processing step for data analysis, denoising and compression, which provides satisfactory preservation of feature integrity and removal of redundancy to achieve better noise reduction and higher compression with controlled degradation in data fidelity. The proposed technique for SG will lead to a potential application for remote power protection and power quality monitoring. The data analysis, compression and denoising are performed through selection of a suitable wavelet function, decomposition the signal up to the optimum level, determination of the best tree representation, application of the threshold to the coefficients, and reconstruction of the signal. The proposed method is evaluated using a set of simulated and real phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. Comparative results are presented with the wavelet decomposition (WD).
A simple method for the synthesis of cyclic α-amino acids

Abstract The benzylidene derivative of glycine ethyl ester was alkylated with various electrophiles to synthesize cyclic α- amino acids bearing aromatic and aliphatic side chains.
Refinability of splines derived from regular tessellations

Abstract Splines can be constructed by convolving the indicator function of a cell whose shifts tessellate R n . This paper presents simple, geometric criteria that imply that, for regular shift-invariant tessellations, only a small subset of such spline families yield nested spaces: primarily the well-known tensor-product and box splines. Among the many non-refinable constructions are hex-splines and their generalization to the Voronoi cells of non-Cartesian root lattices.
The best-shot all-pay (group) auction with complete information

We analyze an all-pay group contest in which individual members’ efforts are aggregated via the best-shot technology and the prize is a public good for the winning group. The interplay of within-group free-riding and across-group competition allows for a wide variety of equilibria, according to how well groups overcome internal free-riding. In contrast with the existing literature, we derive equilibria of a symmetric model in which multiple agents per group are active. Our findings differ qualitatively from those of the individualistic all-pay auction: rents are not necessarily dissipated in equilibrium, total expected efforts vary across equilibria, and participation is expected to be greater. Moreover, equilibria with greater symmetry of behavior within a group are shown to have more “wasted” effort but also greater payoffs as overall efforts are lower. In contrast to standard economic intuition, free-riding can be beneficial for players as it reduces competition among groups. Examples of asymmetric group contests are also studied.
On embedding well-separable graphs

Call a simple graph H of order nwell-separable, if by deleting a separator set of size o(n) the leftover will have components of size at most o(n). We prove, that bounded degree well-separable spanning subgraphs are easy to embed: for every @c>0 and positive integer @D there exists an n"0 such that if n>n"0, @D(H)= =(1-1/2(@g(H)-1)[email protected])n for a simple graph G of order n, then [email protected]?G. We extend our result to graphs with small band-width, too.
Quantum imaging, quantum lithography and the uncertainty principle

One of the most surprising consequences of quantum mechanics is the entanglement of two or more distant particles. Even though we still have questions in regard to fundamental issues of the entangled quantum systems, quantum entanglement has started to play important roles in practical applications. Quantum imaging is one of the hot topics. Quantum imaging has many interesting features which are useful for different applications. For example, quantum imaging can be nonlocal, which is useful for secure two-dimensional information transfer. Quantum imaging can reach a much higher spatial resolution comparing with classical imaging, even beyond the diffraction limit, which is useful for lithography and other microsystem fabrication technology. It is not a violation of the uncertainty principle, however, a quantum mechanical multi-particle phenomenon.
Synthesis and multinuclear NMR characterizations of some [3.3]diselena- and [4.4]tetraselenacyclophanes.

Abstract Several symmetrical and unsymmetrical bis-selenacyclophanes were prepared and characterized by multinuclear ( 1 H, 13 C{ 1 H} and 77 Se{ 1 H}) NMR. The symmetrical cyclophanes of phenyl, furyl, pyridyl and thiophenyl appear to exist in predominantly syn conformation in solution at room temperature. VT- 1 H NMR of some cyclophanes indicate that the equilibrium between the syn conformers which differ in the disposition of the bridge seleniums (symmetric about mirror planeahsymmetric about inversion center) can be slowed at low temperatures. Interesting 13 C{ 1 H} shifts are observed in unsymmetrical cyclophanes containing 2,2'-biphenyl, pyridine and furan. The 77 Se{ 1 H} chemical shifts appear to be related to the size of the cavity of the cyclophanes.
Managing Innovation in a Crowd

Crowd innovation is an emerging technology where innovation is sourced out to the public through an open call. At the center of crowd innovation is a resource allocation problem: there is an abundance of workers but a scarcity of high skills, and an easy task assigned to a skilled worker is a waste of resources. This problem is complicated by the fact that the exact difficulties of innovation tasks may not be known in advance, so tasks that require high-skill labor cannot be identified and allocated ahead of time. More problematically, worker skills in a crowd environment are their own private information, and they may have an incentive to misrepresent that information. Taken together, these aspects imply that the firm has to solve the challenging problem of how to assign tasks to workers even though it knows neither the difficulties of the tasks nor the skills of the workers. We first relax the constraint that the firm does not know the skills of the workers (and that workers participate voluntarily) and examine the resulting assignment problem. We show that the solution to this problem takes the form of a skill hierarchy, where tasks are first attempted by low-skill labor, and high-skill workers only engage with a task if less skilled workers are unable to finish it. We derive this structure of the optimal matching by studying a dynamic programming formulation. The most distinctive property of the optimal matching is that it ensures that the heterogeneous skills of the available workers are efficiently utilized. We then show that this optimal matching can be implemented when worker skills are unknown and workers' participation (and in particular, their decision of \textit{when} to participate) is voluntary. This implementation relies on an ascending price scheme in which rewards for completing tasks increase the longer these tasks remain in the system. What makes this pricing scheme support the optimal matching is that, as we show, there is a natural comparative advantage property in this environment: if a worker of a given skill level prefers to participate later rather than earlier, then higher-skilled workers would also choose to do so. Thus, the increasing sequence of prices together with comparative advantage provide the correct incentives for workers to sort themselves into the optimal hierarchy that arises in the solution to the assignment problem.
Remarks on hot QCD

Abstract After briefly reviewing work I've done recently with Krishna Rajagopal on the nature of the equilibrium phase transition in QCD at finite temperature and zero baryon number and on the possibility of forming misaligned vacuum by a quench, I discuss — also briefly — two new items. These are extension of the arguments concerning the order of the transition to to 2+1 dimensions, relating in this case gauge to conformal field theories, that could be explored in numerical experiments; and the energy budget at the chiral transition and its relevance to the nature of the transition and to quenching. The bulk of the material in the talk as delivered was taken from two papers written with Krishna Rajagopal. Here I will only give a telegraphic summary of those papers [1, 2] in Sections 1 and 2. Sections 3-4 are devoted to the new items mentioned in the Abstract.
Asymmetric exchange rate exposure: theory and evidence

Abstract This paper tests the hypothesis that exchange rate exposure is asymmetric over appreciation–depreciation cycles. More specifically, it investigates whether returns on nine sector indexes across four major countries are asymmetrically affected by exchange rate movements. The results show that in several instances exposure is asymmetric. Asymmetries are found to be more pronounced in the financial and non-cyclical sectors. Possible theoretical explanations are provided regarding the particular type of exposure found across sectors and countries.
Optimal dynamic pricing strategies for high-occupancy/toll lanes

Abstract This paper proposes a self-learning approach to determine optimal pricing strategies for high-occupancy/toll lane operations. The approach learns recursively motorists’ willingness to pay by mining the loop detector data, and then specifies toll rates to maximize the freeway’s throughput while ensuring a superior travel service to the users of the toll lanes. In determination of the tolls, a multi-lane hybrid traffic flow model is used to explicitly consider the impacts of the lane-changing behaviors before the entry points of the toll lanes on throughput and travel time. Simulation experiments are conducted to demonstrate and validate the proposed approach, and provide insights on when to convert high-occupancy lanes to toll lanes.
Optical interferometry with pulsed fields

The problem of predicting and interpreting the results of interferometric optical experiments involving pulse trains is addressed. Specifically, a cyclostationary field arising from the modulation of a stationary, stochastic source is considered in the classical Young's experiment. It is shown that the effects of modulation may be identical to unrelated statistical interference effects.
Gravitomagnetism and the Speed of Gravity

Experimental discovery of the gravitomagnetic fields generated by translational and/or rotational currents of matter is one of primary goals of modern gravitational physics. The rotational (intrinsic) gravitomagnetic field of the Earth is currently measured by the Gravity Probe B. The present paper makes use of a parametrized post-Newtonian (PN) expansion of the Einstein equations to demonstrate how the extrinsic gravitomagnetic field generated by the translational current of matter can be measured by observing the relativistic time delay caused by a moving gravitational lens. We prove that measuring the extrinsic gravitomagnetic field is equivalent to testing the relativistic effect of the aberration of gravity caused by the Lorentz transformation of the gravitational field. We show that the recent Jovian deflection experiment is a null-type experiment testing the Lorentz invariance of the gravitational field (aberration of gravity), thus, confirming existence of the extrinsic gravitomagnetic field associated with the orbital motion of Jupiter with accuracy 20%. We comment on physically inadequate interpretations of the Jovian deflection experiment given by a number of researchers who are not experts in modern VLBI techniques and the subtleties of JPL ephemeris. We propose to measure the aberration of gravity effect more accurately by observing the gravitational deflection of light by the Sun and processing VLBI observations in the geocentric frame with respect to which the Sun is moving with velocity ~30 km/s.
Application of parallelized analogical planning to engineering design

Analogical planning provides a means of solving engineering problems where other machine learning methods fail. Unlike many machine learning paradigms, analogy does not require numerous previous examples or a rich domain theory. Instead, analogical planners adapt knowledge of solved problems in similar domains to the current problem. Unfortunately, the analogical planning task is an expensive one. While the process of forming correspondences between a known problem and a new problem is complex, the problem of selecting a base case for the analogy is virtually intractable. This paper addresses the issue of efficiently forming analogical plans. The Anagram planning system is described, which takes advantage of the massively parallel architecture of the Connection Machine to perform base selection and map formation. Anagram provides a tractable solution to analogical planning, with a complexity that is sublinear in the size of the plans. This paper describes the Anagram system and its parallel algorithms. The paper also presents theoretical analyses and empirical results of testing the system on a large database of plans from the domain of automatic programming.
Five stories that illustrate three generalizations about radical innovations

Abstract Why do organizations resist radical innovations? How can organizations make radical innovations when they want to do so? This paper offers three generalizations about the processes that generate radical innovations, and it illustrates these generalizations with five symbolic stories. Two stories tell about organizations that had trouble innovating but ultimately succeeded, and three stories tell about tremendously successful radical innovation. The generalizations assert that radical innovation is a discovery process that yields unintended outcomes, that participants in radical innovation have to market their innovations to intended coworkers, funding sources, and potential customers, and that social interaction can stimulate, reinforce, and steer radical innovation.
Stochastic systems with small noise, analysis and simulation; a phase locked loop example

Systems with wide bandwidth noise inputs are a common occurrence in stochastic control and communication theory and elsewhere, e.g., tracking or synchronization systems such as phase locked loops (PLL). One is often interested in calculating such quantities as the probability of escape from a desired “error” set, in some time interval, or the mean time for such escape. Diffusion approximations (the system obtained in the limit bandwidth as the $ \to \infty $) are often used for this since they are easier to analyze. When the noise effects in the physical system are small, one is tempted to do an asymptotic analysis (noise intensity $ \to 0$) on the diffusion approximation, and use this for the desired estimates on the original system. Such a procedure does not work in general: the double limit bandwidth $ \to \infty $, intensity $ \to 0$ is not always justified. Under quite broad conditions on the noise processes, it is justified for the systems studied here. We study a particular form of the PLL owing to...
Dynamic relaxation of planetary systems and Bode's law.

BODE'S law, which states that the semi-major axis ri of the ith planet from the Sun is given by where a is a constant, is obeyed by the inner satellites of Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus as well as the planets1. Because the initial conditions in these satellite systems are not likely to have been the same as in the planetary system, this suggests to me that Bode's law may have resulted from a process of dynamical relaxation. That an epoch characterized by strong dynamical encounters occurred before the planets relaxed into stable orbits is also suggested by the surprisingly large differences between the inclinations of their angular momentum vectors of rotation and those of orbital revolution.
Comparison of two pain-management strategies during chest tube removal: relaxation exercise with opioids and opioids alone.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of a slow deep-breathing relaxation exercise, when used as an adjunct to opioid analgesia, decreases pain during chest tube removal (CTR) after coronary bypass surgery. Design A two-group quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design was used. Sample A convenience sample of 40 adults who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery and met all inclusion criteria were recruited before CTR. Setting Data were collected in the Cardiothoracic Surgical Intensive Care Units of three acute care facilities in the Midwestern United States. Method A 10-cm vertical Visual Analog Scale was used to measure pain at three points: before CTR, immediately after CTR, and 15 minutes after CTR. The experimental group received slow breathing relaxation exercises in addition to the usual opioid doses administered. Findings Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and multivariate analysis of covariance yielded a significant difference in pain ratings immediately after CTR and 15 minutes after CTR for the group receiving relaxation exercise as an adjunct to opioid analgesic. Conclusions This study supports the use of a slow deep-breathing relaxation exercise as an adjunct to the use of opioids for pain management during CTR among patients who have undergone coronary bypass surgery.
Hydrogen atom in a spherical well: linear approximation

We discuss the boundary effects on a quantum system by examining the problem of a hydrogen atom in a spherical well. Using an approximation method which is linear in energy we calculate the boundary corrections to the ground-state energy and wavefunction. We obtain the asymptotic dependence of the ground-state energy on the radius of the well.