cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rat lung type II cell and lamellar body: elemental composition in situ

We determined the in situ elemental composition of alveolar type II cells (ATII) and lamellar bodies (LB) with electronprobe microanalysis (EPMA) of freeze-dried unstained cryosections (100-200 nm) obtained from lungs frozen in anesthetized rats. Twenty-nine ATII from seven rats were subjected to EPMA. Cytoplasmic (Cyto) composition was the following (in mmol/kg dry wt, mean +/- SE, n = 30): 136 +/- 14.1 Na, 60 +/- 2.8 Mg, 549 +/- 34.8 P, 278 +/- 10.5 S, 158 +/- 7.3 Cl, 525 +/- 26.4 K, and 6.6 +/- 0.9 Ca. LB composition was the following (n = 66): 44 +/- 4.0 Na, 7.9 +/- 0.8 Mg, 1,060 +/- 25.0 P, 79 +/- 4.8 S, 64 +/- 3.6 Cl, 114 +/- 4.1 K, and 30 +/- 0.9 Ca. P and S concentrations were consistent with previous biochemical determinations of phospholipid and protein content of isolated LBs. LBs contain significantly more Ca and less Mg than Cyto. Ca correlated significantly with LB P but not S concentration, and the reported low Ca binding affinity of similar phospholipid mixtures implies a high LB free Ca concentration. Ca was significantly higher in apical and exocytotic LBs compared with those in the perinuclear region. Differences between LB and Cyto monovalent ion concentrations are not entirely due to the difference in hydration revealed by significantly lower K-Cl ratios in LBs. The relative excess of Cl and Ca in LB suggests that these ions may be distributed by active transport systems known to be present in the Golgi apparatus and in Golgi-derived organelles of other cell types.
Practice Makes Empowered: Cultivating Elderly Patients' Voices to Protect Their Health through an Interactive Training.

ABSTRACTHospital-acquired infections (HAIs) result in approximately 75,000 deaths each year. Elderly patients are particularly susceptible to contracting HAIs. Physicians can reduce the spread of H...
A SOT-MRAM-based Processing-In-Memory Engine for Highly Compressed DNN Implementation

The computing wall and data movement challenges of deep neural networks (DNNs) have exposed the limitations of conventional CMOS-based DNN accelerators. Furthermore, the deep structure and large model size will make DNNs prohibitive to embedded systems and IoT devices, where low power consumption are required. To address these challenges, spin orbit torque magnetic random-access memory (SOT-MRAM) and SOT-MRAM based Processing-In-Memory (PIM) engines have been used to reduce the power consumption of DNNs since SOT-MRAM has the characteristic of near-zero standby power, high density, none-volatile. However, the drawbacks of SOT-MRAM based PIM engines such as high writing latency and requiring low bit-width data decrease its popularity as a favorable energy efficient DNN accelerator. To mitigate these drawbacks, we propose an ultra energy efficient framework by using model compression techniques including weight pruning and quantization from the software level considering the architecture of SOT-MRAM PIM. And we incorporate the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) into the training phase to further guarantee the solution feasibility and satisfy SOT-MRAM hardware constraints. Thus, the footprint and power consumption of SOT-MRAM PIM can be reduced, while increasing the overall system throughput at the meantime, making our proposed ADMM-based SOT-MRAM PIM more energy efficiency and suitable for embedded systems or IoT devices. Our experimental results show the accuracy and compression rate of our proposed framework is consistently outperforming the reference works, while the efficiency (area \& power) and throughput of SOT-MRAM PIM engine is significantly improved.
Carpal Collapse After Scaphoid Nonunion: A Novel Combined Approach to the 1,2 Intercompartmental Supraretinacular Artery Radial Flap

Purpose Scaphoid nonunion remains a major problem in hand surgery. The 1,2 intercompartmental supraretinacular artery flap (1,2 ICSRA), as first described by Zaidemberg et al, is widely used with reported union rates of approximately 80%. However, its use is limited in the case of associated carpal collapse as in dorsal intercalated segmental instability (DISI) and humpback deformity. In this study, we present a novel approach to this flap enabling the correction of associated carpal collapse. Methods Between 2006 and 2015, 9 patients with scaphoid nonunion or delayed union with carpal collapse were treated with a vascularized bone flap based on the 1,2 ICSRA using a combined volar and dorsal approach. Immobilization in a short-arm cast was applied for 8 weeks. Union rates, correction of DISI and humpback deformity, as well as clinical end points were noted. In addition, scapholunate (SL) angles were measured using 2 accepted radiological techniques, employing either the scaphoid midline axis or its proximal radiological landmarks as a reference. Results All cases united and a median time to bone consolidation of 4 months (range, 2–5 months) was observed. Preoperative DISI deformities (n = 4) were corrected in all patients. Humpback deformities (n = 5) were also corrected. Two patients had repeat surgery: one for K-wire removal after bony consolidation and the other for neuropathic pain. Conclusions The 1,2 ICSRA bone flap is a reliable treatment for scaphoid nonunion associated with carpal collapse. This combined volar and dorsal approach permits the correction of DISI and humpback deformity without compromising the scaphoid vascular supply, which eliminates the need to use free bone flaps from other sites. In this series, we observed a 100% union rate. Two patients required reoperation for symptomatic hardware and dorsal wrist pain linked to superficial neuritis. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Death beyond the means: Funeral overspending and its government regulation around the world:

While death-related household overspending is increasingly an international phenomenon with far-reaching implications, the government responses to it vary greatly throughout the world. This article...
Gego: The German-Venezuelan Étude

A review of Gego’s 33-inch mobile, Reticularea, which hung in the MoMA’s exposition “Sur Moderno: Journeys of Abstraction.”
Modulation of Excitatory Synaptic Transmission During Cannabinoid Receptor Activation

The present research has reported that cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist, delta-(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) modulates synaptogenesis during overexcitation. Microtubule and synaptic distribution, poly(ADP)-ribose (PAR) accumulation were estimated during overexcitation and in the presence of THC. Low concentration of THC (10 nM) increased synaptophysin expression and neurite length, while high concentration of THC (1 µM) induced neurotoxicity. Glutamate caused the loss of neurons, reducing the number and the length of neurites. The high concentration of THC in the presence of glutamate caused the PAR accumulation in the condensed nuclei. Glutamate upregulated genes that are involved in synaptogenesis and excitatory signal cascade. Glutamate downregulated transcription of beta3 tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2. THC partially regulated gene expression that is implicated in the neurogenesis and excitatory pathways. This suggests that CB1 receptors play a role in neurite growth and the low concentration of THC protects neurons during overexcitation, whereas the high concentration of THC enhances the neurotoxicity.
Comparison of out-of-pocket cost between apixaban and enoxaparin for extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in gynecologic oncology patients

Objectives: To compare out-of-pocket cost between apixaban and enoxaparin for prevention of postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) in gynecologic oncology patients. Current guidelines recommend low molecular weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis following gynecologic cancer surgery, but new evidence suggests that oral apixaban may provide another safe and effective alternative. Recent publications have suggested apixaban more cost-effective, however these data do not evaluate out-of-pocket cost. Methods: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional QIAB. Patients undergoing open surgery for gynecologic malignancy qualified for this study. Test claims for apixaban 2.5 mg by mouth twice daily and enoxaparin 40 mg subcutaneously daily for 28 days were submitted for each patient prior to surgery. Patient copays, number of patients requiring prior authorization, and number of patients without prescription insurance were collected. Results: A total of 86 consecutive patients had test claims sent for both apixaban and enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis between July 2020 and October 2020. The average patient out-of-pocket cost to complete 28 days of apixaban prophylaxis was $73.95 (median $42.84, range $0-448.45). The average patient cost to complete 28 days of enoxaparin prophylaxis was $38.08 (median $10, range $0-260.91). Partial fills were allowed for 4 of 5 enoxaparin prescriptions that required prior authorization. A total of 5 apixaban prescriptions (5.8%) required prior authorization for full 28 days. A total of 5 patients (5.8 %) did not have prescription insurance. Cash price for enoxaparin was nearly double the cash price of apixaban. A total 6 patients’ (7 %) insurance was not contracted with our pharmacy. A single patient (1.2%) required enoxaparin via specialty pharmacy. A total of 2 patients (2.3 %) were enrolled in the institution's financial assistance per the institution. Download : Download high-res image (65KB) Download : Download full-size image Conclusions: Patients prescribed extended-duration venous thromboembolism prophylaxis may face higher out-of-pocket costs with apixaban than with enoxaparin. Prior authorizations can often take 48 to 72 hours for approval. Sending test claims prior to surgery can help identify prescriptions that will need prior authorizations so prescriptions can be sent earlier to avoid discharge delays and patient nonadherence. There may not be a one size fits all solution and individualized patient care should be considered. Future research areas should evaluate patient adherence with a twice daily oral pill vs a once daily injection.
Limit of detection comparison on urine gross alpha/beta, H-3, and P-32 analysis between different liquid scintillation counters

As part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s post-radiological/nuclear incident response mission, we developed rapid bioassay analytical methods to assess possible human exposure to radionuclides and internal contamination. Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is a valuable analytical tool for the rapid detection and quantification of gross alpha/beta-emitting radionuclides in urine samples. A key characteristic of this type of bioassay method is its detection sensitivity for the priority threat radionuclides. We evaluated the limit of detection of selected LSC instruments to determine which instrument can be used when low-dose measurement is important.
Identifying an Area of Research Interest

The most enjoyable and memorable trips are planned in advance in accordance with the personal interests of the traveler. Taking the time to identify your travel interests will enable you to make good decisions regarding where you will travel and what you want to see and do during your trip.
Contextual Unsupervised Outlier Detection in Sequences.

This work proposes an unsupervised learning framework for trajectory (sequence) outlier detection that combines ranking tests with user sequence models. The overall framework identifies sequence outliers at a desired false positive rate (FPR), in an otherwise parameter-free manner. We evaluate our methodology on a collection of real and simulated datasets based on user actions at the websites this http URL and this http URL, where we know ground truth, and demonstrate improved accuracy over existing approaches. We also apply our approach to a large real-world dataset of Pinterest and Facebook users, where we find that users tend to re-share Pinterest posts of Facebook friends significantly more than other types of users, pointing to a potential influence of Facebook friendship on sharing behavior on Pinterest.
Polymeric Nanocarriers for siRNA Delivery to Murine Macrophages

This work investigates the interactions of a polycationic nanocarrier with siRNA and with cells in order to better understand the capabilities and limitations of the carrier. The polycationic nanocarriers are cross-linked copolymer nanoparticles synthesized in a single-step reaction using ARGET ATRP (activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization). The polycationic nanocarriers efficiently bind siRNA for polymer/siRNA mass ratios less than 1. A method to prepare fluorescently labeled polycationic nanocarriers is presented. The fluorescently labeled polycationic nanocarriers are used to investigate cellular internalization with RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. Flow cytometry demonstrates that the uptake increased with nanoparticle concentration and incubation time. Confocal microscopy confirmed internalization of fluorescently labeled nanoparticles. The investigation of siRNA-induced knockdown demonstrates that higher concentrations of nanoparticles and siRNA are associated with increased knockdown. For the conditions tested in the knockdown experiments, the ARGET ATRP polycationic nanocarriers outperformed a commercially available Lipofectamine control.
Final focus system for high intensity beams

The NTX experiment at the Heavy Ion Fusion Virtual National Laboratory is exploring the performance of neutralized final focus systems for high perveance heavy ion beams. The NTX final focus system produces a converging beam at the entrance to the neutralized drift section where it focuses to a small spot. The final focus lattice consists of four pulsed quadrupole magnets. The main issues are the control of emittance growth due to high order fields from magnetic multipoles and image fields. We will present experimental results from NTX on beam envelope and phase space distributions, and compare these results with particle simulations using the particle-in-cell code WARP.
The dependence of truck roll stability on size and weight variables

The roll stability of heavy–duty trucks and truck combinations is discussed both on the level of the fundamental mechanics of vehicle response and from the viewpoint of the quantitative influence of size and weight variables. The presentation on fundamentals begins with the case of a rigidly suspended vehicle and builds up to the case of a tractor–semitrailer with distinctive suspension stiffnesses and spring lash properties at the various axle positions. Size and weight considerations cover variations in axle load, gross weight and overall width as well as incidental issues involving the height and possible lateral offset of the payload centre of gravity.
Carbon-doped copper as a high-conductivity liner for copper/benzocyclobutene (BCB) interconnects

This work explores the use of carbon-doped copper (Cu-C) as a high-conductivity liner for copper/benzocyclobutene (Cu/BCB) damascene interconnects, focusing on fabrication of damascene interconnects without polish stops and electrical characterization of the Cu/BCB interface. Single-level-damascene interconnect structures were successfully fabricated with and without a 60 nm Cu-C (<2 at %) liner (resistivity <3.5 /spl mu//spl Omega/-cm). The RIE removal of the SiN/sub x/ etch mask modified the BCB surface both chemically and mechanically with an improvement in adhesion. Electrical characterization of Cu/BCB and Cu-C/BCB interfaces using metal-polymer-oxide-semiconductor (MPOS) structures shows that Cu migration does not occur at temperatures up to 200/spl deg/C for 30 minutes with a bias of up to 1 MV/cm. During I-V sweeps of metal-polymer-metal (MPM) and MPOS structures, instabilities are observed at the Cu/BCB interface, which do not appear at either the Al/BCB or the Cu-C/BCB interface.
Masked Failure Data: Bayesian Modeling

In the analysis for masked system lifetime data, the exact component that causes the system's failure is often unknown. For each series system at test, we observe its system's failure time and a set of components that includes the component actually causing the system to fail. The objective is to make inferences for the reliability of the components and their diagnostic probabilities. Basic Bayesian models are reviewed. Typically, both Expectation and Maximization (EM) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms are employed for inferences. Both exponential distributions and Weibull distributions for the component lifetimes and some masking probability models are used here to illustrate these techniques. Keywords: competing risk; EM algorithm; MCMC algorithm; incomplete data; latent variable model
Political Control for China's State-Owned Enterprises: Lessons from America's Experience with Hybrid Organizations

China's reform of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) is intended to liberate the companies from bureaucratic control that hinders their management. Discussions of SOE reform, however, downplay the policy consequences. Can SOEs be “free” to succeed economically while some political control is maintained? Surprisingly, American experience with hybrid organizations—government-created companies that straddle the line between public and private—offers some precedent for managing the balance between political control and enterprise independence. Three strategies are derived for China. First, welfare functions must be stripped from SOEs and replaced by policy objectives compatible with commercial purposes. Second, reducing financial dependence on SOEs will remove a barrier to rational control. Third, and most importantly, a robust regulatory framework for control must be developed as a substitute for the weakened administrative linkages. The emerging control infrastructure rooted in state asset commissions is likely to prove ineffective for its blurring of ownership, administration, and regulation.
Electrical conductivity and chemical diffusivity of NiAl2O4 spinel under internal reforming fuel cell conditions

NiAl2O4 spinel was formed by solid state reaction. Its electrical conductivity was measured in the temperature range of 680–940 °C and under various oxygen-rich environments, as well as under reducing conditions. From the temperature dependence of the conductivity, the activation energies for conduction increase for decreasing oxygen partial pressures. From the partial oxygen pressure dependence, the defect structure of the material was analysed. The conductivity change with respect to PO2 can be attributed to singly and doubly ionized nickel vacancies. The chemical diffusivity of the oxide was determined by conductivity relaxation upon abrupt change in PO2 in the surrounding atmosphere. The oxygen chemical diffusion coefficient is of the order of magnitude of 10−4 cm2 s−1.
Unsupervised speaker segmentation and tracking in real-time audio content analysis

This paper addresses the problem of real-time speaker segmentation and speaker tracking in audio content analysis in which no prior knowledge of the number of speakers and the identities of speakers is available. Speaker segmentation is to detect the speaker change boundaries in a speech stream. It is performed by a two-step algorithm, which includes potential change detection and refinement. Speaker tracking is then performed based on the results of speaker segmentation by identifying the speaker of each segment. In our approach, incremental speaker model updating and segmental clustering is proposed, which makes the unsupervised speaker segmentation and tracking feasible in real-time processing. A Bayesian fusion method is also proposed to fuse multiple audio features to obtain a more reliable result, and different noise levels are utilized to compensate for background mismatch. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can recall 89% of speaker change boundaries with 15% false alarms, and 76% of speakers can be unsupervised identified with 20% false alarms. Compared with previous works, the algorithm also has low computation complexity and can perform in 15% of real time with a very limited delay in analysis.
Primary colonic Hodgkin’s lymphoma masquerading as Crohn’s disease

Primary gastrointestinal (GI) Hodgkin's disease (HD) is rare, representing less than 0.5% of cases of HD. This is a case of primary colonic HD that was treated as Crohn's disease (CD) for 3 years until the diagnosis of lymphoma was made. A 32 year-old man presented in 1999 with diarrhea and melena. He was diagnosed with CD based on colonoscopy with biopsies. He was managed medically, and did well for a year when he had increased diarrhea. Colonoscopy showed worsened colitis. The patient did not tolerate immunosuppressants, and on Pentasa, his diarrhea improved. In early 2002, he complained of fatigue, abdominal distention and anorexia. CT scan demonstrated small bowel and colonic wall thickening. He was treated for iron and B12 deficient anemia. In June 2002, his symptoms worsened and he was referred to our institution. Exam revealed a cachectic, afebrile male with marked abdominal distention and a large tender palpable mass in the mid abdomen. There was no lymphadenopathy. Laboratory data included WBC 20, HCT 16.6, Platelets 680, albumin <1, and normal liver enzymes. Bone marrow biopsy was negative for lymphoma, and HIV test was negative. CT showed a large mass defining the wall of the ascending colon and terminal ileum with bulky mesenteric lymphadenopathy. Colonoscopy revealed a normal left colon and a 20cm long area in the right colon that was markedly dilated with irregular, erythematous mucosa with ulceration and areas of necrosis. Biopsies demonstrated numerous large, atypical cells, and scattered Reed-Sternberg cells, staining positive for CD 15 and 30. The diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma was made. The patient underwent hemicolectomy and was found to have a mass involving the terminal ileum and right colon. The mesentery was replaced completely by tumor. Pleural fluid contained Reed-Sternberg cells and he was treated for stage IV HD with chemotherapy. He never achieved complete remission, and 8 months after diagnosis was found to have progression of disease. Retrospective review of biopsies from the patient's initial colonoscopies shows nonspecific colitis with mild chronic changes. Deeper sections show rare Reed-Sternberg cells, making HD the patient's primary diagnosis. There are few reports in the literature of primary HD mimicking inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In our case, we were able to demonstrate that HD was present all along. Primary colonic lymphoma is rare, but should be considered in the differential of IBD, especially with atypical or refractory behavior.
China and International Harmony: The Role of Confucius Institutes in Bolstering Beijing's Soft Power

China is setting up Confucius Institutes around the world to spread its language and culture and to increase collaboration with foreign academic institutions. The institutes could increase China9s "soft power" and help it project an image of itself as a benign country. Concerns exist about a "Trojan horse" effect.
Effect of different frequencies of vibration on pain-threshold detection.

Abstract Radiant-heat pain threshold judgments were obtained from human subjects while the stimulated region was simultaneously vibrated with one of three vibration frequencies. Threshold detection of pain was found to be a function of the frequency of applied vibration. The results are interpreted in terms of a current theory of pain reception.
Concentration-Dependent Processivity of Multiple Glutamate Ligations Catalyzed by Folylpoly-γ-glutamate Synthetase

Folylpoly-γ-glutamate synthetase (FPGS, EC 6.3.2.17) is an ATP-dependent ligase that catalyzes formation of poly-γ-glutamate derivatives of reduced folates and anti-folates such as methotrexate and 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (DDAH4PteGlu1). While the chemical mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by FPGS is known, it is unknown whether single or multiple glutamate residues are added following each folate binding event. A very sensitive high performance liquid chromatography method has been used to analyze the multiple ligation reactions onto radiolabeled DDAH4PteGlu1 catalyzed by FPGS in order to distinguish between distributive or processive mechanisms of catalysis. Reaction time courses, substrate trapping, and pulse-chase experiments were used to measure folate release during multiple glutamate additions. Together, the results of these experiments indicate that hFPGS can catalyze the processive addition of approximately four glutamate residues onto DDAH4PteGlu1. The degree of processivity was determined to be dependent on the concentration of the folate substrate, thus suggesting a mechanism for the regulation of folate polyglutamate synthesis in cells.
Vertical cutaneous organization.

Currently, there is no systematic plan for interrelating the diverse parts of mammalian skin. Moreover, most of the studies that compare skin among body regions or species emphasize the anatomic and physiologic differences more than the similarities. The present analysis offers a scheme that can be used to classify and compare the components of skin. The data and theoretical considerations suggest that in some mammals the dermal and epithelial appendages are organized in repeating vertical units. Each unit contains a highly systematized population of nerves and nerve endings, blood vessels and blood vessel endings, hair follicle groups and glands. In rabbit skin a single vertical unit has one dermal neurovascular tree, one bulbous nerve end-organ associated with an arteriovenous shunt system, a pair of intraepidermal nerve endings with Merkel tactile cells, a large sensory hair follicle group with a sweat gland, and about 75 small hair follicle groups. The vertical unit is an important aspect of organization that should be evaluated in studies of cutaneous development, growth and function.
Alliances and Trade with Sanctioned States A Study of U.S. Economic Sanctions, 1950–2000

What determines how US economic sanctions affect the international trade conducted with their targets? This article develops a liberal-based explanation for why economic sanctions increase their ta...
Conditioned diastolic blood pressure: the effects of magnitude of acquired response and feedback schedules on resistance to extinction.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of: (a) training to two different response magnitude criteria, and (b) three different feedback schedules on the acquisition and subsequent extinction of diastolic blood pressure changes. Subjects were 20 male and female normotensive volunteer college students, ages 18–36 years. A 3 x 2 design was used in which 3 schedules of reinforcement (0, 50 and 100%) were factorially compared with two response magnitude training criteria (10% and 20% of resting basal diastolic blood pressure). The results indicated that while the partial reinforcement effect appears to hold for the acquisition of bidirectional diastolic blood pressure changes, different response magnitude training criteria seemed to have a greater influence in producing significant differences in acquisition rate during the training of diastolic blood pressure decreases. Resistance to extinction was notably weak across all conditions, with most subjects failing to exhibit previously acquired bidirectional diastolic blood pressure performance after the end of the first extinction session.
Unidirectional polar growth of cells of Seliberia stellata and aquatic seliberia-like bacteria revealed by immunoferritin labeling.

When grown in a complex peptone-yeast extract culture medium, Seliberia stellata and related morphologically similar aquatic bacterial strains typically divided asymmetrically, giving rise to a motile swarmer and a longer sessile rod. Indirect immunoferritin labeling of these bacteria, followed by incubation during which cell growth occurred, has provided evidence that antigenic cell-surface components are synthesized de novo in a sharply demarcated zone at one pole of the growing parent cells. Cell elongation occurred unidirectionally from the pole showing the de novo surface synthesis; it was this end of the elongating, helically sculptured (i.e., screw-like) rod that became the daughter swarmer cell. The daughter swarmers, produced after polar growth and division of the immunoferritinlabeled parent cells, were not labeled. The immunoferritin label remaining on the parent cell did not appear to be diluted or disturbed by the cell growth and division process. Under the cultural conditions used in this study, the growth and division events which led to production of swarmer cells in the seliberia strains examined met two major criteria of accepted definitions of budding (de novo cell surface synthesis and transverse asymmetry of division). However, the developing daughter cell was not initially narrower than the parent and thus did not increase in cell diameter during growth.
Dynamically loaded light-frame wood stud walls: experimental verification of an analytical model

Light-frame wood structures may deform well beyond the elastic limit when loaded by dynamic forces such as earthquakes and sea wave impacts. This paper reports the results of an investigation into the response effects of structural modeling assumptions typically made in the design of light-frame wood structures. Two dimensional and three dimensional models based on previous research were developed to simulate such responses and examine the validity of such models. The models utilize the finite-element method and include options of nonlinear connection properties, elastic constitutive laws of wood material, large deformations, contact forces, and inertial forces. The models were subjected to an estimate of the impact load imparted by a rapidly moving sea wave. To validate the models, the results of a wave-channel experiment of a full-scale wall were used wherein the wall was instrumented with reaction load cells, displacement transducers, and strain gauges on plywood sheathing and wood framing. A closed-loop hydraulic system utilizing a time varying loading function generated the wave trains. The resulting reactions, deformations, and strains were recorded as functions of time while high-speed cameras visually recorded the failure modes and wall behavior. Material tests were conducted before and after testing to record both the observed member properties and the localized section properties. Connection tests were conducted to provide the ultimate strengths for input in the finite element model. Reasonable agreement between the experimental and analytical results over the duration of the analysis depended on the model and model assumptions as well as the result of interest. The three dimensional model captured observed failure modes including rigid-body motions after connection failures and may reliably be used to analyze similar nonlinear systems loaded well beyond the elastic limit.
Gamma to Alpha Transformation in Iron Alloyed with Palladium

THE gamma to alpha transformation of iron is of fundamental importance in the heat treatment of steels. The face-centred-cubic gamma form, stable at high temperatures, transforms so rapidly to the body-centred-cubic alpha form below 906° C. that it cannot be preserved by quenching. Various alloying elements stabilize the gamma phase so that it may be obtained at room temperature ae a stable or metastable form.
Strand breakage in solutions of DNA and ethidium bromide exposed to visible light.

Abstract Breaks are introduced into DNA strands when DNA solutions containing ethidium bromide (EB) are exposed to incandescent light. The nicking rate is sensitive to the concentration of EB and the light intensity. At short exposure times, this rate is limited by photon capture and formation of an intermediate capable of nicking DNA and zero-order nicking kinetics are observed. If the EB is pre-irradiated, the nicking rate is limited by DNA concentration and first-order nicking kinetics are observed. The nicking rate is not greatly affected by the presence of a low frequency of ribonucleotides in the duplex structure. The nicking reaction produces neither double-strand breaks nor interstrand crosslinks. The nicks produced cannot be closed by DNA ligase. The fluorescent light intensities under normal laboratory conditions are insufficient to induce significant nicking.
From Concept to Practice: Reflections on the Preconception Health Agenda

Interest in preconceptional healthcare was advanced by release of the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and its Select Panel on Preconception Care in 2006. With increasing interest, apprehension surfaced from healthcare professionals, women, and the public at large. The most common themes of concerns are that an emphasis on preconception care is pronatalist, unnecessary, exclusive of men, framed too narrowly, doomed to failure because of competing clinical demands and influences, and involves a vocabulary that is meaningless to the public. This article explores the themes and argues that none of them are fatal to moving forward with a preconception agenda-rather, they should stimulate thoughtful response, careful framing, and vigilance for unintended consequences related to restructuring the basic perinatal prevention paradigm from a prenatal care approach to a women's wellness model.
Chemotherapy of an Experimental Fusobacterium (Sphaerophorus) necrophorum Infection in Mice

An experimental animal model for testing antibiotics in vivo against Fusobacterium (Sphaerophorus) necrophorum has been developed. It incorporates the subcutaneous injection of the bacteria into mice followed by intraperitoneal administration of the antibiotic at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Mean effective dose values are based on the number of survivors 21 days after challenge. Tetracycline was the most effective drug tested, with a mean effective dose of 5.0 mg/kg, compared with mean effective dose values of 11.1 for clindamycin, 11.8 for penicillin-G, and 52.9 for lincomycin.
Pituitary ACTH responsiveness in the vasopressin deficient rat.

Abstract ACTH concentration and the responsiveness of dispersed anterior pituitary cells to hypothalamic extract and to vasopressin were studied in homozygous (DI), heterozygous (HTZ), DI-pitressin treated (DIP) Brattleboro rats, and in control Long-Evans rats. Absolute, but not relative, anterior pituitary weights of HTZ, DI, and DIP animals were significantly smaller than those of controls. The concentration of immunoreactive (I) and bioreactive (B) ACTH in dispersed anterior pituitary cells was greater in DI and DIP than in HTZ or in control animals, although the total amount of ACTH was greater in control than DI or HTZ animals. Media from incubates of pituitary cells derived from DI and DIP animals contained less I and B ACTH than those from HTZ or control animals. Pituitary cells derived from DI animals secreted markedly less ACTH following incubation with hypothalamic extract (NIH-HE-RP-1) than did cells from HTZ animals. The response in DIP animals was intermediate between that of DI and HTZ animals. In contrast, pituitary cells derived from DI and DIP animals were significantly more responsive to vasopressin than those from control or HTZ animals.
‘Globalization’ as Collective Representation: The New Dream of a Cosmopolitan Civil Sphere

By friends and foes alike, globalization is hailed as a revolutionary, path-breaking, weltgesichte phenomenon. It solves the world’s economic problems or condemns more of the world’s people to poverty. It creates equality and cooperation or frightfully deepens inequality and hegemonic domination. It opens the way for world peace or it ushers in a new and nightmarish period of terrorism and war.
Effective Conservative Treatment for Chronic Low Back Pain.

Evidence suggests that effective conservative treatment is available for chronic low back pain (LBP). The effectiveness of conservative treatment has received attention following publication of several randomized controlled trials that reported similar improvements in outcomes from cognitive intervention with exercise as from spinal fusion surgery. This paper explores the conservative treatment arms of these randomized controlled trials with the goal of educating the reader about the principles of cognitive intervention with exercise. These principles can be incorporated into the care of chronic LBP patients both as primary treatment and as a means of augmenting surgical outcomes.
Fatty acid ethyl and methyl ester synthases, and fatty acid anilide synthase in HepG2 and AR42J cells : Interrelationships and inhibition by tri-o-tolyl phosphate

Synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), and fatty acid anilides (FAAs) in humans and/or experimental animals and in vitro have been reported by us and other investigators. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that fatty acid ethyl ester synthase (FAEES), purified from rat liver microsomes, is structurally and functionally identical to the rat liver microsomal carboxylesterase (pI 6.1) and suggested a role in the conjugation of a variety of xenobiotic alcohols with endogenous fatty acids (B. S. Kaphalia, R. R. Fritz, and G. A. S. Ansari, Chem. Res.Toxicol. 11, 211-218, 1997). However, hepatic FAEES was found to be structurally and functionally different from that of pancreas. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine structural and functional interrelationships among the enzyme(s) involved in the synthesis of FAEEs, FAMEs, and FAAs, in HepG2 and AR42J cells using tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP), a specific inhibitor for β-esterases. Synthesis of FAEEs, FAMEs, and FAAs, studied in the HepG2 cells, was found to be dose- and time-dependent following incubation with methanol, ethanol, or aniline, respectively. Approximately 86–90% inhibition of FAEE, FAME, and FAA synthesizing activities was found in HepG2 cells following exposure to 2.5 μM TOTP. Identical profiles of dose- and time-dependent inhibition of FAEE, FAME, and FAA synthesizing activities by TOTP in HepG2 cells suggest that synthesis of FAEEs, FAMEs, and FAAs is catalyzed by the same enzyme(s). However, FAEE, FAME, and FAA synthesizing activities in AR42J cells could not be inhibited by TOTP under similar experimental conditions. A differential pattern of p-nitrophenyl acetate hydrolyzing activity (a measure of esterase activity) similar to that of fatty acid ester/anilide synthesizing activities was observed in the two cell lines. These results are further substantiated by the presence of ∼60 kDa (subunit molecular weight) protein in the postnuclear fraction of HepG2 but not in AR42J cells by Western blot analysis using antibodies raised against FAEES, purified from rat liver microsomes or adipose tissue. Therefore, the enzyme responsible for the FAEE, FAME, or FAA synthesizing activities is most probably carboxylesterase in HepG2 cells and is structurally and functionally different than that present in AR42J cells. These studies also indicate the utility of HepG2 and AR42J cell cultures as an alternative to the animal model regarding studies on nonoxidative metabolism of alcohols and amines, in general.
An eIF4E-binding protein regulates katanin protein levels in C. elegans embryos

In Caenorhabditis elegans, the MEI-1–katanin microtubule-severing complex is required for meiosis, but must be down-regulated during the transition to embryogenesis to prevent defects in mitosis. A cullin-dependent degradation pathway for MEI-1 protein has been well documented. In this paper, we report that translational repression may also play a role in MEI-1 down-regulation. Reduction of spn-2 function results in spindle orientation defects due to ectopic MEI-1 expression during embryonic mitosis. MEL-26, which is both required for MEI-1 degradation and is itself a target of the cullin degradation pathway, is present at normal levels in spn-2 mutant embryos, suggesting that the degradation pathway is functional. Cloning of spn-2 reveals that it encodes an eIF4E-binding protein that localizes to the cytoplasm and to ribonucleoprotein particles called P granules. SPN-2 binds to the RNA-binding protein OMA-1, which in turn binds to the mei-1 3′ untranslated region. Thus, our results suggest that SPN-2 functions as an eIF4E-binding protein to negatively regulate translation of mei-1.
Synthesis and Optical Characterization of New NLO-Active Polyurethanes and a Silver Colloidal Suspension in a Select Polyurethane

NLO-active polyurethanes were developed and optically characterized. We synthesized polyurethanes possessing large hyperpolarlzabilities, which are covalently attached or crosslinked to the polymer backbone. At ambient temperature the d33 values for poled polyurethanes were measured shortly after poling and 6 months later. The second-order nonllnearlty of the poled, crosslinked polyurethane is extremely stable decreasing slightly over 6 months. Also, using a polyurethane bearing a tricyanovinyl moiety as the host, we developed a nonlinear optical silver nanoparticle composite system. A third-order susceptibility was measured for the composite and was determined to be larger than that from the sum of its components. A chemical enhancement mechanism is speculated to be contributing to the large optical nonlinearities.
Sexual violence counselors’ reflections on supervision: Using stories to mitigate vicarious traumatization

The use of stories as a therapeutic tool is well established in the mental health field. Several theoretical approaches to counseling, for example, psychoanalytic or narrative, use stories in creative ways to help individuals explore personal experience and make meaning. The authors investigate how trauma counselors can use stories in supervision to help diminish the effects of vicarious traumatization. This study is a basic interpretive analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with nine sexual violence counselors. The investigation focused on elements of stories identified by the participants as well as interpretive applications arrived at by the researcher. The authors conclude with suggestions for using stories in supervision including a discussion of a fairy tale that highlights the participants’ experiences.
Finding the next Gleevec: FLT3 targeted kinase inhibitor therapy for acute myeloid leukemia

Activating mutations in the FLT3 receptor tyrosine kinase occur in 30% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Small molecule FLT3 kinase inhibitors show selective antitumor activity in preclinical models. Clinical studies are underway.
Multivariate Hierarchical Linear Modeling in Randomized Field Experiments

The hierarchical linear model (HLM) is now commonly accepted as a useful modeling approach for multilevel data resulting from randomized field experiments. When multiple outcomes of interest exist, a multivariate extension of the conventional univariate HLM offers advantages over the usual application of separate HLM analyses for each of the outcomes. In this article, the authors review these advantages, discuss the device that allows the univariate HLM procedure to model multiple outcomes, and present a series of multivariate models that would be useful in addressing typical questions in field experiments. In addition to the multivariate multilevel versions of basic analysis of variance (ANOVA) or analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) designs, the authors present more complex models that allow the testing of moderation and mediation of the treatment effect. The various analyses are illustrated with computer generated data for a hypothetical scenario.
Three-dimensional shape optimization using fully automatic mesh generation

Introduction T HE technique for associating design variables with mesh data is the most crucial factor in three-dimensional shape optimization. Previously, work in three-dimensional shape optimization involved specifying design variables by associating parameters directly with grid points on an existing mesh. For realistic problems this can be a very tedious (and errorprone) process. In the past, shape optimization capabilities have been developed based on a variety of design/analysis capabilities ranging from associating parameters with a mesh created manually to associating parameters with control points of a mapped mesh generator. Special techniques have also been developed to properly move internal grid points during sensitivity calculations. More recently, a capability based on constructive solid geometry (CSG) has been developed, but CSG representations are not particularly suitable for design optimization. A new optimization approach is demonstrated in this Note that uses a new, fully automatic mesh generation capability. The design model is developed based on design-oriented geometric primitives that represent recognizable features of a part and can be assembled into complete solid models that are defined in terms of a small set of design parameters.
What Makes a Bailout Acceptable

Since March 2008 we have witnessed a flurry of government "bailouts," directed to assist financial institutions. What has made these more or less acceptable to the public is the hope that they are temporary, implemented in a state of emergency, and that they offer market solutions and won't structurally change capitalist relations. However, no temporary stimulus and bailouts can address the systemic instability in financial capitalism identified by Post Keynesians and Institutionalists.
Measurement of hydriding susceptibility of Zircaloy cladding by the tube-burst technique at high pressure and high temperature

Abstract High-pressure hydriding of Zircaloy (Zry) cladding was studied using the tube-burst technique. The aim was to demonstrate a practical laboratory test that reliably predicts the hydriding resistance of cladding. The test consists of pressurizing a section of tubing with hydrogen (wet or dry) and measuring the time to failure. Surviving specimens lasted 140 h, the maximum test time. Duplicate experiments were conducted in the temperature range 300–385°C to investigate the temperature dependence of hydriding as well as reproducibility. In addition, the effects of water vapor content in hydrogen gas and cladding surface condition on the hydriding susceptibility were investigated. The failure time was found to be highly sensitive to temperature. In dry hydrogen and for the particular type of cladding studied, a failure threshold of ≈340°C was observed. Above this temperature the failure time decreased rapidly with increasing temperature. Water vapor in the gas prevented hydriding for H 2 /H 2 O ratios less than 5.0×10 4 . Chemical etching rendered the specimen immune from hydriding in the conditions of the test.
Exponential decay of relaxation effects at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerfaces

Abstract We study the decay of interface induced structural and electronic relaxation effects in epitaxial LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 heterostructures. The results are based on first-principles band structure calculations for a multilayer configuration with an ultrathin LaAlO 3 layer sandwiched between bulk-like SrTiO 3 layers. We carry out the structure optimization for the heterointerface and investigate the electronic states of the conducting interface layer, which is found to extend over two SrTiO 3 unit cells. The decay of atomic displacements is analyzed as a function of the distance to the interface, and the resulting exponential law is evaluated quantitatively.
Inhomogeneous inflation: The initial-value problem.

We present a spatially three-dimensional study for solving the initial-value problem in general relativity for inhomogeneous cosmologies. We use York's conformal approach to solve the constraint equations of Einstein's field equations for scalar field sources and find the initial data which will be used in the evolution. This work constitutes the first stage in the development of a code to analyze the effects of matter and spacetime inhomogeneities on inflation.