cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Treatment Acceptability in the Initiation of Treatment for ADHD

Approximately 50% of families of children with ADHD fail to pursue, or adhere to, recommended treatments. The present study examines parent ratings of the acceptability of pharmacological and behavioral treatments for ADHD and the relationships between these ratings and subsequent pursuit of treatment. Fifty-five families whose children received an evaluation for ADHD completed questionnaires and were contacted 3 to 4 months later to assess their pursuit of treatment. Consistent with previous research, parents rated behavior therapy as more acceptable than medication. Parent ratings of medication acceptability significantly predict pursuit of pharmacological treatment, whereas ratings of the acceptability of behavior therapy do not predict pursuit of this treatment. Preliminary analyses found that Caucasian parents’ ratings of medication are significantly higher than those of non-Caucasian parents. Furthermore, Caucasian families were more likely to pursue a recommendation for pharmacological treatment th...
Alvis, J. David, Jeremy D. Bailey, and F. Flagg Taylor, IV. The Contested Removal Power, 1789–2010.

In The Contested Removal Power, J. David Alvis, Jeremy D. Bailey, and F. Flagg Taylor, IV have written the first book-length study on the important and often complex issue of the president's remova...
High rates of net primary production and turnover of floating grasses on the Amazon floodplain : implications for aquatic respiration and regional CO2 flux

We investigated whether rates of net primary production (NPP) and biomass turnover of floating grasses in a central Amazon floodplain lake (Lake Calado) are consistent with published evidence that CO2 emissions from Amazon rivers and floodplains are largely supplied by carbon from C4 plants. Ground-based measurements of species composition, plant growth rates, plant densities, and areal biomass were combined with low altitude videography to estimate community NPP and compare expected versus observed biomass at monthly intervals during the aquatic growth phase (January–August). Principal species at the site were Oryza perennis (a C3 grass), Echinochloa polystachya, and Paspalum repens (both C4 grasses). Monthly mean daily NPP of the mixed species community varied from 50 to 96 g dry mass m−2 day−1, with a seasonal average (±1SD) of 64±12 g dry mass m−2 day−1. Mean daily NPP (±1SE) for P. repens and E. polystachya was 77±3 and 34±2 g dry mass m−2 day−1, respectively. Monthly loss rates of combined above- and below-water biomass ranged from 31% to 75%, and averaged 49%. Organic carbon losses from aquatic grasses ranged from 30 to 34 g C m−2 day−1 from February to August. A regional extrapolation indicated that respiration of this carbon potentially accounts for about half (46%) of annual CO2 emissions from surface waters in the central Amazon, or about 44% of gaseous carbon emissions, if methane flux is included.
Adult Neural Stem Cell Proliferation is Not Altered in Transgenic Mice Over-expressing BDNF or Mutant Huntingtin in Forebrain

Stem cells in the adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) generate new neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb. About half of the new neurons survive and become functional interneurons. SVZ stem cells are being studied to discover if there are ways to enhance the survival of adult-born neurons, and if they can be used to replace neurons in damaged brain areas. In transgenic mouse models of Huntington’s disease (HD), survival of new olfactory neurons is reduced. Crossing this group with mice over-expressing the growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may increase neuron survival. Before testing for neuron survival effects, we quantified SVZ cell proliferation to determine if transgene expression affected SVZ stem cell proliferation. Four groups of mice (BDNF over-expressers, HD mice, two control strains) were analyzed. Mice were given the mitotic cell marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), euthanized 4 hours later, and labeled SVZ cells were counted. The results indicate that neither increased BDNF expression or expression of a human HD mutation have any significant effect on endogenous SVZ cell proliferation in adult mice.
Evaluating the performance of fault detection and diagnostics protocols applied to air-cooled unitary air-conditioning equipment

Fault detection and diagnostics tools are increasingly being applied to air-cooled unitary air-conditioning systems. However, it is not known how well these tools work because there is no standard method of measuring or evaluating the performance of fault detection and diagnostics. This article describes the common faults to which fault detection and diagnostics is applied in unitary systems and proposes a method of evaluating the performance of fault detection and diagnostics protocols. The method involves feeding measurement data through a candidate protocol and collecting and organizing the responses based upon the fault's impacts on performance. A library of faulted and unfaulted measurement data has been built and is described. Standard definitions are proposed for several pertinent terms and quantities. A case study is used to demonstrate the evaluation method, using a publicly available fault detection and diagnostics protocol that is evaluated using the complete library of data. This protocol is f...
Gravity and Lorentz Breakdown in Higher-Dimensional Theories and Strings

The gravitational phenomenology of theories compactified from higher dimensions is investigated. Emphasis is placed on the consequences in string theory of tensor-induced spontaneous breaking of the higher-dimensional Lorentz symmetry. The role played by this mechanism in causing a gravitational version of the Higgs effect and in compactification is studied. The phenomenology of compactified theories with massless modes is compared with experiment via an examination of non-leading but observable gravitational effects arising in the presence of a localized matter distribution. Further constraints from known cosmological features of the universe are presented. The results significantly constrain many theories involving extra dimensions in their perturbative regime. A mechanism is needed that leaves massless the physical spacetime components of the higher-dimensional metric while generating masses for other components. Some suggestions for overcoming this metric-mass problem are made.
An organization of classical particle mechanics

Abstract Certain techniques, concepts and methods used to model and analyze the motion of massive bodies under forces are not admissible under the Newtonian axioms. Among them are: forces acting on massles components rather than on particles, using the so-called free-body diagram technique, and the existence of infinite forces of bounded impulse. Moreover, modeling physical space by Euclidean 3 -space introduces some basic difficulties which are usually silently ignored. We propose here an organization of classical particle mechanics which provides the additional axioms and defined terms needed to legitimize the mathematical models and methods presently used in the analysis of Newtonian systems.
The CD1d‐binding glycolipid α‐galactosylceramide enhances humoral immunity to T‐dependent and T‐independent antigen in a CD1d‐dependent manner

Specific interaction of class II/peptide with the T-cell receptor (TCR) expressed by class II-restricted CD4+ T helper (Th) cells is essential for in vivo production of antibodies reactive with T-dependent antigen. In response to stimulation with CD1d-binding glycolipid, Valpha14+ TCR-expressing, CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells may provide additional help for antibody production. We tested the hypothesis that the CD1d-binding glycolipid alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GC) enhances production of antibodies reactive with T-dependent antigen in vivo. alpha-GC enhanced antibody production in vivo in a CD1d-dependent manner in the presence of class II-restricted Th cells and induced a limited antibody response in Th-deficient mice. alpha-GC also led to alterations in isotype switch, selectively increasing production of immunoglobulin G2b. Further analysis revealed that alpha-GC led to priming of class II-restricted Th cells in vivo. Additionally, we observed that alpha-GC enhanced production of antibodies reactive with T-independent antigen, showing the effects of NKT cells on B cells independently of Th cells. Our data show that NKT cells have multiple effects on the induction of a humoral immune response. We propose that NKT cells could be exploited for the development of novel vaccines where protective antibody is required.
Self-Diffusion in Silicon: Similarity between the Properties of Native Point Defects

Self-diffusion measurements in silicon are extended to the range 800--900 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C by monitoring ${}^{30}\mathrm{Si}$ diffusion in isotopically enriched structures. Comparing P, Sb, and self-diffusion under nonequilibrium conditions, we determine that the interstitial-mediated fraction of self-diffusion is confined between 0.50 and 0.62 in the temperature range of 800--1100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. This allows activation enthalpies of 4.68 and 4.86 eV to be determined for the interstitial and vacancy mechanisms, respectively. Both mechanisms are also found to exhibit large activation entropies. This result is in contrast to values extracted from metal diffusion experiments.
Personal adaptive clusters as containers for scientific jobs

We describe a system for creating personal clusters in user-space to support the submission and management of thousands of compute-intensive serial jobs to the network-connected compute resources on the NSF TeraGrid. The system implements a robust infrastructure that submits and manages job proxies across a distributed computing environment. These job proxies contribute resources to personal clusters created dynamically for a user on-demand. The personal clusters then adapt to the prevailing job load conditions at the distributed sites by migrating job proxies to sites expected to provide resources more quickly. Furthermore, the system allows multiple instances of these personal clusters to be created as containers for individual scientific experiments, allowing the submission environment to be customized for each instance. The version of the system described in this paper allows users to build large personal Condor and Sun Grid Engine clusters on the TeraGrid. Users then manage their scientific jobs, within each personal cluster, with a single uniform interface using the feature-rich functionality found in these job management environments.
Portal vein resection in management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

Background Vascular reconstruction along with major liver resection in the setting of liver dysfunction caused by biliary obstruction can be associated with increased risk. The purpose of this report is to assess the role of portal vein resection and reconstruction in the surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Study Design Ninety-five patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent resection between 1999 and 2010 were reviewed. Liver resections performed along with biliary resection included 84 trisegmentectomies (63 right, 21 left) and 11 lobectomies (8 left, 3 right). Thirteen patients also had simultaneous pancreaticoduodenectomy performed. Forty-two patients underwent portal vein resection and reconstruction. Five patients required reconstruction of the hepatic artery. Preoperative portal vein embolization was used in 38 patients. Results Patients undergoing resection had a 5% mortality rate, with an overall morbidity rate of 36%. Patients who underwent portal vein resection had perioperative mortality and morbidity similar to those who did not have portal vein resection. Median survival was 38 months (95% CI, 29–51 months), with a 5-year survival rate of 43%. There was no difference in long-term survival between those patients who had portal vein resection and those that did not. Negative margins were achieved in 84% of cases and were associated with improved survival (p Conclusions Surgical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma that requires resection of the portal vein can be performed safely and should not be a contraindication to resection.
The octopus in the laboratory. Handling, maintenance, training

Octopus maya lives well for long periods in a small tank containing a plastic house in which it can be carried without disturbance to and from an experimental situation. Data are reported on the growth of animals kept under these conditions as a function of feeding schedule and on their food intake as a function of deprivation. Some animals were trained in a runway with food as reward, and others were trained in a simple maze with return to sea water as reward.
Density and organization of free nerve endings in the corneal epithelium of the rabbit

Many questions regarding the organization and the density of corneal intraepithelial terminals remain unanswered in spite of the extensive work that has been done on corneal innervation. In the present study, we employed light microscopic observations of gold-impregnated, serial cross-sections of rabbit cornea to document the assumed, but hitherto uncalculated high density of intraepithelial terminals. Our results showed that the innervation density of corneal epithelium was about 300-600 times that of skin and 20-40 times that of tooth pulp. The density of epithelial innervation was seen to decrease from the center of the cornea to the periphery. Serial cross-sections and flat mounts were used in the three-dimensional reconstruction of the organizational design of corneal terminals. From the subepithelial plexus, axons were seen to penetrate the epithelium, forming terminals that either diverged or branched vertically and horizontally. The vertical axons extended toward the outer cell layer. Horizontal axons developed into families of leashes with disorganized terminal branches and endings. The density and organizational geometry of corneal terminals, together with the correlations between their anatomical uniqueness and the types of sensations elicited by their stimulation, suggest that the cornea is a useful model for the study of experimental acute pain.
Nonlinear Oscillations and Multiscale Dynamics in a Closed Chemical Reaction System

We investigate the oscillatory chemical dynamics in a closed isothermal reaction system described by the reversible Lotka–Volterra model. This is a three-dimensional, dissipative, singular perturbation to the conservative Lotka–Volterra model, with the free energy serving as a global Lyapunov function. We will show that there is a natural distinction between oscillatory and non-oscillatory regions in the phase space, that is, while orbits ultimately reach the equilibrium in a non-oscillatory fashion, they exhibit damped, oscillatory behaviors as interesting transient dynamics.
Bark beetle infestation impacts on nutrient cycling, water quality and interdependent hydrological effects

Bark beetle populations have drastically increased in magnitude over the last several decades leading to the largest-scale tree mortality ever recorded from an insect infestation on multiple wooded continents. When the trees die, the loss of canopy and changes in water and nutrient uptake lead to observable changes in hydrology and biogeochemical cycling. This review aims to synthesize the current research on the effects of the bark beetle epidemic on nutrient cycling and water quality while integrating recent and relevant hydrological findings, along with suggesting necessary future research avenues. Studies generally agree that snow depth will increase in infested forests, though the magnitude is uncertain. Changes in evapotranspiration are more variable as decreased transpiration from tree death may be offset by increased understory evapotranspiration and ground evaporation. As a result of such competing hydrologic processes that can affect watershed biogeochemistry along with the inherent variability of natural watershed characteristics, water quality changes related to beetle infestation are difficult to predict and may be regionally distinct. However, tree-scale changes to soil–water chemistry (N, P, DOC and base cation concentrations and composition) are being observed in association with beetle outbreaks which ultimately could lead to larger-scale responses. The different temporal and spatial patterns of bark beetle infestations due to different beetle and tree species lead to inconsistent infestation impacts. Climatic variations and large-scale watershed responses provide a further challenge for predictions due to spatial heterogeneities within a single watershed; conflicting reports from different regions suggest that hydrologic and water quality impacts of the beetle on watersheds cannot be generalized. Research regarding the subsurface water and chemical flow-paths and residence times after a bark beetle epidemic is lacking and needs to be rigorously addressed to best predict watershed or regional-scale changes to soil–water, groundwater, and stream water chemistry.
The human sensory unit and pain: New concepts, syndromes, and tests

This is an overview on aspects of structure, function and pathology of the primary sensory unit in man, emphasizing concepts which form the basis for understanding the nature of neuropathic sensory syndromes and the rationale for special clinical physiologic testing. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Picosecond dynamics of double proton transfer in 7-azaindole dimers

Abstract Fluorescence kinetics indicate that photoexcited dimers of 7-azaindole undergo a double proton transfer in less than 5 ps at room temperature and 77 K. The photoautomerization at 77 K is found to be dependent on the excitation wavelength. A double well excited state potential surface is used to interpret the results.
The beginning of conversation: early patterns of mother-infant vocal responsiveness

Abstract Microanalytic techniques were used to characterize the structure of the prespeech communication of 4-month-old infants and their mothers. Two observers continuously recorded the interactive behavior of mothers and their infants during hour-long observations in the homes of 25 families. Loglinear models were used to examine the extent to which the vocal behavior of one person was conditional upon the vocal behavior of the partner. Within the limits of this microanalytic approach, analyses indicated that patterns of mother-infant vocal exchange were structurally similar to patterns of adult conversation. Initial vocal responses were followed by suppression of vocalization, allowing the partner to join the conversation. The comparative effectiveness of vocal behavior as an elicitor of vocalization and as a response to vocalization was shown for mothers and infants relative to the other behaviors observed. Vocalization served as a modulator of visual attentiveness: When the partner was not visually attentive, vocalization elicited visual attention.
Android science and animal rights, does an analogy exist?

Androids have begun to act in ways that, on the surface, seem human. However, no one is prepared to view them as anything other than property. As androids become more sophisticated, and as engineers try harder to make them ‘conscious’, moral, ethical and legal issues will arise. An analogy can be drawn with the animal rights movement suggesting that, with enough complexity, androids may lay claim to some moral status even though this may be less than what is required for legal personhood. However, there are significant differences between animals and androids. Identifying similarities and differences, which may ultimately depend on how we come to conceive of human consciousness, will lead to an understanding of how our ideas about consciousness impact on our concept of rights. A moral dilemma may come early in android development, and when it does, it could have unexpected ramifications if not understood by researchers. Failure to be aware of this risk could result in reactions that curtail android science.
Desmosome and intermediate filament assembly during differentiation and stratification of epithelial cells

In the present investigation the sequential expression and organization of keratin intermediate filament proteins were studied in the developing rat palatal epithelia starting from early gestation period to the adult. The distribution and organization of keratin proteins were correlated with the formation and elaboration of desmosornes during differentiation and stratification of the epithelia.
Phytoplankton Spatial and Temporal Distributions in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, Prior to Colonization by the Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)

Abstract Spatial and seasonal patterns of change in phytoplankton composition, size structure, and standing stock along a trophic gradient in Green Bay, Lake Michigan, prior to the colonization of the bay by the zebra mussel ( Dreissena polymorpha ) are documented. Based on particle size distributions and microscope analysis of epilimnetic samples collected between June and October 1981 throughout Green Bay, at least two distinct regions can be identified. Lower bay waters are hypereutrophic and differ from all other regions throughout summer and fall. Upper bay regions are meso-oligotrophic and similar to Lake Michigan proper. These analyses demonstrate that the lower bay and upper bay regions undergo seasonal changes in epilimnetic algal communities similar to those which occur in separate lakes with differing trophic status. Recent reductions in nutrient loading to the lower bay region should produce a clear improvement in water quality, but the impact of colonization of the bay by zebra mussels is less clear given the abundance of filamentous and colonial phytoplankton in lower Green Bay.
Regulation of CatSper Channel through Non-Conventional Lipid Signaling

The sperm-specific cation channel, CatSper, regulates intracellular calcium levels and is crucial for male fertility, both in mice and humans. CatSper triggers hyperactivation, a type of inducible motility that enables sperm to penetrate the egg's protective vestments. For this motility change, human CatSper requires elevation of intracellular pH with simultaneous extracellular stimulation by progesterone which sperm encounter during their journey to the oocyte. In the absence of these stimuli, CatSper retains some basal activity which can be reversibly inhibited by mild lipid extraction. Here we report that basal CatSper activity, as recorded using whole-cell patch clamp technique from mature human spermatozoa, requires a lipid signaling molecule produced within the sperm plasma membrane. Furthermore, treatment with the female hormone progesterone up-regulates the production of this lipophilic signal. Development of a novel lipid extraction technique has provided a method for concentration, isolation, and identification of this lipid signaling molecule providing a better understanding of the lipidic pathways regulating male fertility in humans.
The effect of temperature on calling energetics of the spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer)

Oxygen consumption of calling male spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer) was measured at five temperatures (7, 10, 15, 19, and 23°C) encompassing the natural range of variation encountered during the breeding season. Oxygen consumption increased as a linear function of calling rate, which in turn was a linear function of temperature. Hence, nearly all the increased cost of calling at warmer temperatures was accounted for by increases in calling rate; temperature did not appear to have any independent effect on activity metabolism. During one breeding season, ambient temperature increased throughout the season, resulting in an hourly cost of calling at the end of the season that was double the cost at the beginning. Periodic warm spells also resulted in major increases in the cost of calling.
Measuring and guaranteeing quality of barrier coverage for general belts with wireless sensors

Sensors may fail due to various reasons such as heat, malicious activity, environmental hazards, extended use, and lack of power. As more and more sensors fail, certain desired properties such as barrier coverage will diminish and eventually fall below a desired level. In such a case, the network will have to be repaired. It is therefore desirable to have mechanisms to monitor network properties. In this article, we are interested in measuring the quality of barrier coverage, which is known to be an appropriate model of coverage for movement detection applications such as intrusion detection.In the literature, researchers only consider whether or not a sensor network provides barrier coverage. This is equivalent to measuring its quality as either 0 or 1. We believe quality of barrier coverage is not binary and propose a metric for measuring it. If the measured quality is short of a desired value, we further identify all local regions that need to be repaired. The identified regions are minimal in the sense that if one of them is not repaired then the resulting network will still be short of quality. We also discuss how to actually repair a region.
PII structure in the model peptides for unfolded proteins: Studies on ubiquitin fragments and several alanine‐rich peptides containing QQQ, SSS, FFF, and VVV

A great deal of attention has been paid lately to the structures in unfolded proteins due to the recent discovery of many biologically functional but natively unfolded proteins and the far-reaching implications of order in unfolded states for protein folding. Recently, studies on oligo-Ala, oligo-Lys, oligo-Asp, and oligo-Glu, as well as oligo-Pro, have indicated that the left-handed polyproline II (PII) is the major local structure in these short peptides. Here, we show by NMR and CD studies that ubiquitin fragments, model unfolded peptides composed of nonrepeating amino acids, and four alanine-rich peptides containing QQQ, SSS, FFF, and VVV sequences are all present in aqueous solution predominantly in the extended PII or beta conformation. The results from this and related studies indicate that PII might be a major backbone conformation in unfolded proteins. The presence of defined local backbone structure in unfolded proteins is inconsistent with predictions from random coil models.
Formic acid decomposition on SnO2(110)

Abstract The dissociation and reaction of formic acid on SnO 2 (110) surfaces was studied using TDS and XPS. Formic acid reacts to form CO, CO 2 , H 2 CO and H 2 O, with the conversion dependent on the initial surface condition. Starting with a stoichiometric surface, the conversion decreases as the surface becomes more oxygen deficient. The variation in conversion is caused by changes in the ability of the surface to dissociate formic acid. Two formate decomposition channels were observed. One channel near 530 K associated with cations near in-plane oxygen anion vacancies forms mainly CO. A second channel near 600 K forms mainly CO 2 . The results demonstrate the importance of both local surface properties and molecular acidity in controlling acid/base reactions of Bronsted acids on SnO 2 surfaces.
Ionic Polymer Transducer Sensing Response to Shear Deformation

Ionic polymer transducers (IPTs) show promise as both actuators and sensors. However, experiments show that the voltage required to actuate these materials is not symmetric to the voltage in sensing response of these materials. Therefore, the physical mechanism responsible for actuation is different than the mechanism for sensing. It is hypothesized that the physical mechanism responsible for sensing is streaming potential, as this supposition can explain the existence of an IPT response in any mode of deformation. This work will look specifically at developing a model of IPT sensing response to shear deformation. The scale at which the proposed mechanism operates is on the micro level, thus the study explores the implications of IPT phenomena at this length scale, but then volume averages it to the transducer length scale.© 2010 ASME
BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATION SCALES FOR PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PURPOSES

Behavioral items (N= 78) critical to the job success of logging supervisors were developed from 1204 critical incidents, the frequency with which a supervisor (N= 300) engaged in each behavior was rated on a 5-point Likert type scale by two sets of observers. A factor analysis reduced the items to 38 and 33, respectively, for the two sets of observers which in turn constituted 10 and 11 factors or criteria for performance evaluation purposes. Multiple regression equations based on composite scores were used to predict cost-related measures of logging crew effectiveness. The shrinkage in Rs after double cross-validation was moderately small. Moreover, the behavioral observation scales (BOS) that were developed by factor analyzing the observation ratings had moderately high reliability and accounted for more variance in the cost-related measures than did the BOS developed by traditional judgmental clustering techniques. The similarities and differences between BOS and BES procedures are discussed.
Specialization by university presses

Just as scholars now specialize, so do university presses. This article explains why university presses designate publishing lists, discusses how they determine their list-building areas, and analyzes the listbuilding designations of eighty leading American university presses. Listbuilding at university presses is heavily weighted toward the humanities and social sciences, with less emphasis on the natural sciences.
Spectral measures, III: Densely defined spectral measures

In this paper we extend the theory of spectral measures developed in Parts I and II to the case where values are assumed in the set of discontinuous (in normed spaces „unbounded”) operators. Examples of operators in nonlocally convex spaces are given, which have densely defined measures.
Radiation induction of drug resistance in RIF-1 tumors and tumor cells

The RIF-1 tumor cell line contains a small number of cells (1-20 per 10(6) cells) that are resistant to various single antineoplastic drugs, including 5-fluorouracil (5FU), methotrexate (MTX), and adriamycin (ADR). For 5FU the frequency of drug resistance is lower for tumor-derived cells than for cells from cell culture; for MTX the reverse is true, and for ADR there is no difference. In vitro irradiation at 5 Gy significantly increased the frequency of drug-resistant cells for 5FU, MTX, and ADR. In vivo irradiation at 3 Gy significantly increased the frequency of drug-resistant cells for 5FU and MTX, but not for ADR. The absolute risk for in vitro induction of MTX, 5FU, and ADR resistance, and for in vivo induction of 5FU resistance, was 1-3 per 10(6) cells per Gy; but the absolute risk for in vivo induction of MTX resistance was 54 per 10(6) cells per Gy. The frequency of drug-resistant cells among individual untreated tumors was highly variable; among individual irradiated tumors the frequency of drug-resistant cells was significantly less variable. These studies provide supporting data for models of the development of tumor drug resistance, and imply that some of the drug resistance seen when chemotherapy follows radiotherapy maymore » be due to radiation-induced drug resistance.« less
Enlarged and phagocytic, but not primed, interleukin-1α-immunoreactive microglia increase with age in normal human brain

Microglia-mediated inflammatory responses have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease. The strong age association of Alzheimer's disease incidence suggests that events in normal aging may promote such responses. We used immunohistochemistry and computerized image analysis to determine the numbers, size, activation state, and immunoreactive intensity of interleukin-1 alpha-immunoreactive (IL-1 alpha +) microglia in mesial temporal lobe of 20 neurologically normal individuals, 2-80 years of age. We also used Northern analysis to determine tissue levels of IL-1 alpha mRNA in an additional 11 neurologically normal individuals aged 1 day to 78 years. IL-1 alpha + microglia were characterized as primed, enlarged, or phagocytic (enlarged with heterogeneous cytoplasmic contents) based on morphology. These three microglial subtypes showed significant differences in size [27 +/- 1 58 +/- 2 114 +/- 6 (mean +/- SEM) micron 2/cell, respectively, P < 0.001 for each comparison] and in immunoreactive intensity [60 +/- 1 68 +/- 2 79 +/- 2 (arbitrary units), respectively, P < 0.001 or better for each comparison]. There were significant age-associated increases in the total numbers of activated IL-1 alpha + microglia. Among microglial subtypes, there were significant increases in the numbers of enlarged (threefold) and especially phagocytic (elevenfold), but not primed, microglia. Tissue IL-1 alpha mRNA levels were higher in individuals over 60 than in those less than 60 (P < 0.05). The age-associated increases in microglial activation were independent of postmortem interval, patient sex, and the presence of Alzheimer-type 'senile' changes. Age-associated increases in microglial activation and IL-1 expression may contribute to the age-associated increased risk of Alzheimer's disease.
A content analytic technique for measuring the sexiness of women's business Attire in media presentations

This study describes the development and pretest of a content analytic category scheme for objectively measuring the sexiness of women's business attire in media presentations. In a test of the validity of the category scheme, presentations of women's business attire in television soap operas were compared to real world examples. The television samples were found to be significantly more provocative than the real world attire. In addition, the results of the content analysis of soap opera attire was compared to an intuitive perception of “sexiness.” A significant positive correlation was found between the degree of sexiness as measured by the content analytic category scheme and subject's perception of sexiness.
Habitat use by desert bighorn sheep in sonora, México

The use of habitat components by desert bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ) was examined to explain sexual segregation of sheep in Sierra el Viejo, Sonora, Mexico. We evaluated 265 plots used by bighorns and 278 random plots from April 1997 to December 1998. Groups of segregated males and females preferred the elephant tree ( Bursera microphylla )-salvia ( Salvia mellifera )-limber bush ( Jatropha cuneata ) association (ESL) and avoided the foothill palo verde ( Cercidium microphyllum )-desert ironwood ( Olneya tesota ) association (FDD. Segregated females selected the ocotillo ( Fouquieria splendens )-desert agave (Agave spp.yhop bush ( Dodonoea viscosa ) (OAH) vegetation association, formed larger groups, were closer to escape terrain, and occupied more rugged areas during autumn and spring than males. Segregated females selected areas that provided more opportunities to evade predation than did males.
Role of the β2-integrins and immunoglobulin superfamily members in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion

Leukocytes play a key role in the inflammatory processes such as ischemia-reperfusion of the coronary vasculature. Their interaction with the endothelium is closely regulated. The first step in the process is the rolling of leukocytes (eg, neutrophils) along the microvascular endothelium. This is regulated by the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules, primarily P-selectin. The next step in the inflammatory cascade is the firm adhesion of these neutrophils to the activated or dysfunctional endothelium. This process is governed by the beta2-integrins on the leukocytes (eg, CD11/CD18) and by ICAM-1 on the activated endothelium. CD11/CD18 is a beta2-integrin, and ICAM-1 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion glycoproteins. By their interaction, neutrophils flatten out and adhere to the vascular endothelium. Many of these adhered neutrophils are then able to transmigrate across the endothelium to the site of the inflammation (ie, the focus of the ischemia-reperfusion). This transmigration is primarily stimulated by PECAM-1, another member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. These processes are discussed in this brief review.
The Perestroika Movement in American Political Science and its Lessons for Chinese Political Studies

The Perestroika movement in the American Political Science Association has called attention to controversies facing the discipline of Political Science in the United States. These problems include fragmentation and incoherence, methodological “totalitarianism,” lack of relevance and parochialism. This article summarizes the complaints of the Perestroika movement, and suggests ways in which Chinese political studies can avoid similar pitfalls.
Modal Method for Free Vibration of Oval Cylindrical Shells With Simply Supported or Clamped Ends

Abstract : The free vibration of an oval cylindrical shell of finite length was investigated. The analysis was based upon the kinematic relations of the first-order shell theory of Sanders, which is readily reducible to the Donnell-type of shell theory via a tracing constant k sub s. In-plane inertia was retained throughout the present analysis. A method incorporating a type of eigenfunction expansion into Hamilton's principle, suitable for the present class of problems, was developed. Such a method was judged to be far more convenient than a parallel Fourier analysis. In addition to the determination of the natural frequencies and deformation characteristics, attention was focused on the influence of various types of simple support and clamped conditions enforced at the edges of the shell. Two modes of deformation, corresponding to a 'higher' and a 'lower' frequency were observed to exist for every pair of axial and circumferential wave numbers, depending upon the degree of circumferential symmetry in the deformed pattern. (Author)
Numerical simulation of a pectoral fin during labriform swimming

SUMMARY We numerically examine the fluid–structure interaction and force generation of a skeleton-reinforced fin that geometrically, structurally and kinematically resembles the pectoral fin of a fish during labriform swimming. This fin contains a soft membrane with negligible bending stiffness and 12 embedded rays (modeled as beams). A potential flow-based boundary element model is applied to solve the fluid flow around the fin, in which the vorticity field is modeled as thin vorticity sheets shed from prescribed locations (the sharp trailing edge). The fin motion is actuated by dorsoventral and anteroposterior rotations of the rays (the motion of each ray is controlled individually), as well as pitching motion of the baseline. Consequently, the fin undergoes a combination of flapping (lift-based) and rowing (drag-based) motions typical in labriform swimming. The fin motion contains two strokes: a recovery stroke and a power stroke. The performance of the fin depends upon kinematic parameters such as the Strouhal number, the phase lag between rays, the pitching motion of the baseline and the passive deformations of the rays. The most interesting finding is that the strengthening of the ray at the leading edge plays a pivotal role in performance enhancement by reducing the effective angle of attack and decreasing the power expenditure during the recovery stroke.
Photo and electroproduction of Δ as test of deltas in nuclei

Abstract We suggest that coincidence measurements detecting charged pions in photo and electroproduction of Δ's from 3 He can be a clear test of the presence of Δ's in nuclei. With very general assumptions of photonuclear dynamics, various relative probabilities of producing Δ's or π's from 3 He are calculated from symmetry properties. We have found a large enhancement factor for detecting a Δ component in measuring the π + /π − ratio in the (e,e′π) coincidence measurement. The most direct test is to see whether a Δ ++ distribution with respect to the invariant mass of the π + p subsystems can be mapped out in the triple coincidence (e,e′πN) measurement since no Δ ++ can be produced in the conventional Δ photoproduction from nucleons. The separation of the longitudinal and transverse components is also a way of identifying the Δ component in nuclei.
Considering “Coastal Carbon” in Existing U.S. Federal Statutes and Policies

Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses provide important ecosystem services, including nursery habitat for fish, shoreline protection, and the recently recognized service of carbon sequestration and storage. When these wetland ecosystems are degraded or destroyed, the carbon can be released to the atmosphere, where it adds to the concentration of greenhouses gases (GHGs) that contribute to climate change. Many federal statutes and policies specifically require that impacts on ecosystem services be considered in policy implementation. Yet, no federal statute, regulation, or policy accounts directly for the carbon held in coastal habitats. There are a number of federal statutes and policies for which coastal carbon ecosystem services could reasonably be added to environmental and ecosystem considerations already implemented. We look at a subset of these statutes and policies to illustrate how coastal carbon ecosystem services and values might affect the implementation and outcome...
Simulation of Plastic Deformation in a Two-Dimensional Atomic Glass by Molecular Dynamics IV

Plastic deformation in a structurally well-relaxed two-dimensional atomic glass was simulated by a computer molecular dynamics approach. The simulation, which was carried through yielding and to substantial plastic strains, demonstrated that the principal mechanism of plastic strain production is by local partly dilatant shear transformations nucleated preferentially in the boundaries of liquid-like material separating the small quasi-ordered domains that form when the glass is well relaxed. Under imposed forward shear-strain increments, local shear transformations in atomic clusters were found to be mostly in the same direction as the applied stress. There were, however, substantial levels of shear transformations in other random directions, including many opposed to the applied stress. In all instances, however, nucleaton of shear transformations reduced the Gibbs free energy monotonically, which is governed largely by the locked-in excess enthalpies of the glassy state. At shear strains above 15%, localization of shear into bands was observed to begin. This steadily intensified and formed well-defined sharp shear bands into which all the shear strain became concentrated by the end of the simulation at a strain of 27%. A strong correlation was found between the tendency for shear localization and retained shear-induced dilatation.
Bayesian Multi-Resolution Spatial Analysis with Applications to Marketing

Marketing researchers have become increasingly interested in spatial datasets. A main challenge of analyzing spatial data is that researchers must a priori choose the size and make-up of the areal units, hence the resolution of the analysis. Analyzing the data at a resolution that is too high may mask “macro” patterns, while analyzing the data at a resolution that is too low may result in aggregation bias. Thus, ideally marketing researchers would want a “data-driven” method to determine the “optimal” resolution of analysis, and at the same time automatically explore the same dataset under different resolutions, to obtain a full set of empirical insights to help with managerial decision making. In this paper, we propose a new approach for multi-resolution spatial analysis that is based on Bayesian model selection. We demonstrate our method using two recent marketing datasets from published studies: (i) the Netgrocer spatial sales data in Bell and Song (2007), and (ii) the Pathtracker® data in Hui et al. (2009b,c) that track shoppers’ in-store movements. In both cases, our method allows researchers to not only automatically select the resolution of the analysis, but also analyze the data under different resolutions to understand the variation in insights and robustness to the level of aggregation.
Anxiety, depression, and hostility in mothers of preterm infants

Anxiety, depression, and hostility in 47 mothers of high-risk preterm infants were tested at the time of infant discharge and when the infant was 9 months old. Mothers of these high-risk preterms were significantly more anxious and depressed before their infant was discharged than when the infant was 9 months old. Before infant discharge, multiparas were significantly more depressed than primiparas. Additionally, mothers whose infants remained in the hospital longer than the mean of 51 days were significantly less depressed at infant discharge than were mothers whose infants had shorter hospital stays. Maternal anxiety, depression, and hostility did not differ based on marital status, maternal education, socioeconomic status, or maternal age at the time of infant discharge or when the infant was 9 months old.
Nonspecific therapy in anterior poliomyelitis

W HILE much progress has been made in the last decade in the elucidation of the etiology and epidemiology of anterior poliomyelitis, the treatment of this disorder in the acute phase still remains nonsp~ecific in character and inconclusive as to the results. Convalescent serum therapy, although at first acclaimed as a specific remedy, has been discarded by most clinics because of its dubious value/Other measures such as oral administration of potassium chlorate, 2 introduction, of adrenalin intraspinally, 3 or forced spinal drainage ~ have all been given a trial with limited success. The orthopedic method of treatment as stressed by LovettZ and the Kendalls, 6 which emphasized the need for complete immobilization during the acute and subacute stages of the disorder to be followed by gradual increase in passive and active range of movements of affected muscles, has found its advocates and supporters and has given good results in capable handsJ The criticism expressed by the followers of Kenny's s method of treatment against complete immobilization in the acute stages is that it prolongs the painful period, retards recovery, and produces "mental alienation" and muscle "incoordination" in the patients so that they are unable to use the affected muscles although they are not completely destroyed. On the contrary, Kenny s in her treatment stresses the value of hot, moist applications to affected muscles early in the course of the disease to relieve muscle spasm, discounts the need of immobilization or support during the acute phase, and stresses the importance of early movements and muscle re-education. The statistical results in acute cases with her method of treatment have not been sufficiently analyzed, however, to be of definite value in working out final therapeutic criteria.
Indeterminacy of Stationary Equilibrium in Stochastic Overlapping Generations Models

Abstract In this paper, we consider the local uniqueness properties of stationary rational expectations equilibria (REE) in a stochastic overlapping generations (OLG) model. It is known that in non-stochastic OLG models, steady-state equilibria are locally isolated, although there may exist indeterminate non-stationary perfect foresight equilibria. We show by construction that in the stochastic model, even stationary equilibrium may be indeterminate. We also show that this result is robust in the sense that there exists a non-empty open set of economies for which the result is true.