cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Object detection via boundary structure segmentation

We address the problem of object detection and segmentation using holistic properties of object shape. Global shape representations are highly susceptible to clutter inevitably present in realistic images, and can be robustly recognized only using a precise segmentation of the object. To this end, we propose a figure/ground segmentation method for extraction of image regions that resemble the global properties of a model boundary structure and are perceptually salient. Our shape representation, called the chordiogram, is based on geometric relationships of object boundary edges, while the perceptual saliency cues we use favor coherent regions distinct from the background. We formulate the segmentation problem as an integer quadratic program and use a semidefinite programming relaxation to solve it. Obtained solutions provide the segmentation of an object as well as a detection score used for object recognition. Our single-step approach improves over state of the art methods on several object detection and segmentation benchmarks.
Viscosities of SRC coal liquids at low temperatures

ABSTRACT An apparatus 1s described for measuring the viscosity of coal liquids at low temperature. Viscosity measurements have been obtained as a function of temperature for three SRC coal liquids down to a little above their pour points. Viscosity data shows straight line behavior on an ASTM D-341 chart as temperature 1s lowered. A simple prediction technique for this behavior has been proposed. Pour point temperature of the fuel aids definition of a low temperature limit of measurable viscosities.
Commentary on ‘Strong and fragile liquids - A brief critique’

Abstract Recently Hodge [J. Non-Cryst. Solids 202 (1996) 164] provided a brief critique of the fragility approach to interpreting the relaxation behavior of glass-forming liquids. This classification scheme has found wide applicability, bringing out the correlation between the steepness of a liquid's fragility curve and the breadth of its relaxation spectrum. The origin of this correlation can be gleaned from the coupling model of relaxation, which relates local chemical structure and intermolecular cooperativity. Since the latter governs both time and temperature dependencies near Tg, to a substantial extent the suggestions of Hodge [J. Non-Cryst. Solids 202 (1996) 164] concerning the origin of fragility and its correlation with non-exponentiality have been anticipated by the model.
Does Immigration Stimulate International Trade? Measuring the Channels of Influence

This article examines the relationship between immigration and international trade. It applies panel data in a simultaneous equation regression model to test six channels through which immigration is hypothesized to influence international trade. The results indicate that immigration stimulates bi-lateral trade between 16 OECD countries and a large set of immigrant source countries for the years 1991–2000 primarily by 1. increasing foreign direct investment flows back to the source countries, 2. creating trade networks between immigrants in destination and native countries, and 3. raising income in immigrant destination countries.
CATALYST DEACTIVATION BY PORE PLUGGING AND ACTIVE SITE POISONING MECHANISMS

A catalyst deactivation model is formulated which includes the combined effects of pore plugging and active site poisoning. Intraparticle mass transfer is described by an equation which accounts for the configurational nature of diffusion, and poison deposition is assumed to be in accord with a parallel poisoning mechanism. A computational algorithm is presented for solving the highly nonlinear system equations numerically. The relative extent of deactivation by pore plugging and active site poisoning is determined by a dimensionless parameter, α, and several examples illustrate the effects that this parameter and other system parameters have upon the computed results. The model when combined with laboratory experiments should prove useful in optimizing catalyst pore size.
On the existence and stability of double-walled armchair silicon carbide nanotubes

Abstract A systematic study of type 1 armchair double-walled SiC nanotubes (DWNTs) ( n , n ) @ ( m , m ) ( 3 ≤ n ≤ 6 ; 7 ≤ m ≤ 12 ) using the finite cluster approximation is presented. The geometries of the tubes have been spin optimized using the hybrid functional B3LYP (Becke’s three-parameter exchange functional and the Lee–Yang–Parr correlation functional) and the all-electron 3-21G* basis set. The study indicates that the stabilities of the double-walled SiC nanotubes are of the same order as those of single-walled SiC nanotubes suggesting the possibilities of experimental synthesis of both single-walled and double-walled SiC nanotubes. The binding energy per atom or the cohesive energy of the double-walled nanotubes depends not only on the number of atoms but also on the coupling of the constituent single-walled nanotubes. The formation energy of the DWNTs is found to be maximum when the interlayer separation is about 3.5 A. The DWNTs ( n , n ) @ ( n + 4 , n + 4 ) are found to have large formation energies. In particular, (5,5)@(9,9) DWNT is the most stable tube in our study with a binding energy per atom of 5.07 eV, the largest formation energy of 12.39 eV, an interlayer separation of 3.58 A and a “band gap” of 1.97 eV. All double-walled SiC nanotubes are found to be semiconductors, with the band gaps decreasing from single-walled nanotubes to double-walled nanotubes.
Conjugate points for fractional differential equations

Let b > 0. Let 1 < α ≤ 2. The theory of u 0-positive operators with respect to a cone in a Banach space is applied to study the conjugate boundary value problem for Riemann-Liouville fractional linear differential equations D 0+ u + λp(t)u = 0, 0 < t < b, satisfying the conjugate boundary conditions u(0) = u(b) = 0. The first extremal point, or conjugate point, of the conjugate boundary value problem is defined and criteria are established to characterize the conjugate point. As an application, a fixed point theorem is applied to give sufficient conditions for existence of a solution of a related boundary value problem for a nonlinear fractional differential equation.
The Reading Problem in the Secondary School.

Secondary schools must provide for the furtherance of student reading skill development, and the principal must provide the well-informed leadership for such programs. Some key concepts about reading instruction are outlined here, and an extensive resource list is provided.
What Guides Evaluation? A Study of How Evaluation Practice Maps onto Evaluation Theory

An empirically derived comparative framework offers an understanding of the similarities and differences between eight theories of evaluation when they are applied.
Positioning, strategizing, and charming: how students with autism construct identities in relation to disability

Contrary to views that young people with the label of autism are incapable of engaging in collective cultural practice, this article examines how they construct identities through social interactions to belong, compete, and participate. In a multi-sited ethnography of high school students with disabilities, we focused on two students as they move across contexts of school, debate team, and home. Over two years of interviews and participant observation, these students demonstrated nuanced efforts to distance themselves from the ‘autistic’ label. These acts of positioning illuminated how they negotiate identities with the knowledge their interactions shape how people perceive their participation in different contexts. By following them across informal and formal environments, we could see how they transition across multiple social worlds and appreciate the combined power these contexts have on youth identity.
Defining the Common Good: Empire, Religion and Philosophy in Eighteenth-Century Britain

Acknowledgments Introduction 1. The figure of Cicero 2. A classical landscape 3. State and empire 4. The limits of sovereignty and obligation 5. The common good, toleration and freedom of thought 6. 'Alternatives' to the common good 1774-1776 Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Effects of the 1986 Tax Reform Act on Grain Marketing Decisions: A Case Study of Winter Wheat Producers

Dynamic programming is utilized to derive an optimal monthly marketing-storage decision rule for winter wheat. Tax years before (1986) and after (1987 and 1988) the 1986 Tax Reform Act are analyzed in conjunction with the state variables of grain price, storage and before-tax income. In general, results indicate that it is better for producers to store less winter wheat now than before passage of the 1986 Tax Reform Act. This is especially true for winter wheat prices between $2.75 and $3.75 per bushel.
Tonic Firing Rate Controls Dendritic Ca2+ Signaling and Synaptic Gain in Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons

Substantia nigra dopamine neurons fire tonically resulting in action potential backpropagation and dendritic Ca2+ influx. Using Ca2+ imaging in acute mouse brain slices, we find a surprisingly steep relationship between tonic firing rate and dendritic Ca2+. Increasing the tonic rate from 1 to 6 Hz generated Ca2+ signals up to fivefold greater than predicted by linear summation of single spike-evoked Ca2+-transients. This “Ca2+ supralinearity” was produced largely by depolarization of the interspike voltage leading to activation of subthreshold Ca2+ channels and was present throughout the proximal and distal dendrites. Two-photon glutamate uncaging experiments show somatic depolarization enhances NMDA receptor-mediated Ca2+ signals >400 μm distal to the soma, due to unusually tight electrotonic coupling of the soma to distal dendrites. Consequently, we find that fast tonic firing intensifies synaptically driven burst firing output in dopamine neurons. These results show that modulation of background firing rate precisely tunes dendritic Ca2+ signaling and provides a simple yet powerful mechanism to dynamically regulate the gain of synaptic input.
Does Obesity Contribute as Much to Morbidity as Poverty or Smoking

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in America, but its impact on morbidity relative to other health risks is unclear. This paper compares the effects of overweight, poverty, smoking and problem drinking on occurrence of chronic conditions and health-related quality of life. The data were collected from a nationally representative household telephone survey of 9585 adults fielded in 1998, using self-reported measures of height and weight, poverty, smoking status, problem drinking, chronic conditions and SF-12 global scales. Regression analyses were used to estimate effects of health risk factors on morbidity. Thirty-six percent of adults are overweight but not obese (25 or =30). Controlling for demographics, obesity is associated with more chronic conditions and worse physical health-related quality of life (P<0.01). Smoking history and poverty predict having chronic conditions, but their effect sizes are significantly smaller. Even after controlling for chronic conditions, obesity predicts physical health-related quality of life, in that case with an effect size similar to poverty. The effect of problem drinking is always smaller. Obesity is highly prevalent and associated with at least as much morbidity as are poverty, smoking and problem drinking. Nevertheless, the latter have achieved more consistent attention in recent decades in clinical practice and public health policy.
Specialty coverage at non-tertiary care centers.

The fundamental tenet of a trauma system is to get the right patient to the right hospital at the right time. Although most injuries are minor or moderate andcan be managed at local community hospitals, a significant minority of injured patients require extensive andexpensive care to survive or minimize injury. Most prehospital trauma triage criteria address a combination of factors to consider, but this approach sometimes fails to identify patients with severe injuries andoften burdens trauma centers with patients suffering minor injuries. It is critical to utilize a method to differentiate those injury victims who need the specialized expertise andresources available in trauma centers from those who can be adequately cared for locally. Although trauma centers assume the leadership role, in a truly inclusive system, all health care providers (prehospital, community hospitals, andtrauma centers) have a defined role in providing care to patients with trauma. All these institutions should establish andmaint...
Rotational spectra of mono-18O-substituted ozones in the ν2 excited vibrational state

Abstract Millimeter wave rotational spectra of the mono-18O-substituted ozones, 16O18O16O, 18O16O16O, were studied for the ν2 excited vibrational state at selected frequencies between 59 and 367 GHz. The spectra were fitted using both Watson A and S reductions to parameter sets which were complete through the sextic terms and included two octic terms. The parameters were compared with those of the respective ground states fitted in the same way. The changes in the inertial defects with vibrational state agree very well with those calculated from the quadratic force constants of the normal species.
Control of ecdysteroidogenesis: Activation and inhibition of prothoracic gland activity

The ecdysteroid hormones, mainly 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), play a pivotal role in insect development by controlling gene expression involved in molting and metamorphosis. In the model insectManduca sexta the production of ecdysteroids by the prothoracic gland is acutely controlled by a brain neurohormone, prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH). PTTH initiates a cascade of events that progresses from the influx of Ca2+ and cAMP generation through phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 and S6-dependent protein synthesis, and concludes with an increase in the synthesis and export of ecdysteroids from the gland. Recent studies indicate that S6 phosphorylation probably controls the steroidogenic effect of PTTH by gating the translation of selected mRNAs whose protein products are required for increased ecdysteroid synthesis. Inhibition of S6 phosphorylation prevents an increase in PTTH-stimulated protein synthesis and subsequent ecdysteroid synthesis. Two of the proteins whose translations are specifically stimulated by PTTH have been identified, one being a β tubulin and the other a heat shock protein 70 family member. Current data suggest that these two proteins could be involved in supporting microtubule-dependent protein synthesis and ecdysone receptor assembly and/or function. Recent data also indicate that the 20E produced by the prothoracic gland feeds back upon the gland by increasing expression and phosphorylation of a specific USP isoform that is a constituent of the functional ecdysone receptor. Changes in the concentration and composition of the ecdysone receptor complex of the prothoracic gland could modulate the gland's potential for ecdysteroid synthesis (e.g. feedback inhibition) by controlling the levels of enzymes or other proteins in the ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathway.
Getting rid of the blues

Cataract removal from the left eye resulted in color distortion in that eye; the entire visual world seemed to be bathed in blue light. Reasoning that this may have been due to a conditioned color aftereffect, a perceptual adaptation procedure was devised to correct the problem. Normal color vision was restored in the eye after six 10-min adaptation sessions.
IR and Raman spectroelectrochemical studies of corrosion films on tin

Abstract Laser Raman spectroscopy and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy methods have been applied to identify the surface film species generated on tin after dipping in 0.10 M NaOH, 0.15 M NaCl and pH 4.3 phosphate buffer solutions and exposing in air. From the spectroscopic data, both tin(II) and tin(IV) oxides were detected on the film formed in 0.10 M NaOH. On the film generated in 0.15 M NaCl and in pH 4.3 phosphate buffer solution, both oxide and hydroxide of tin(II) were identified. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic spectrum collected in air right after the electrochemical deposition of silver showed the presence of tin (IV) hydroxide. As the air exposure time increased, the amount of tin(IV) hydroxide decreased and the relative quantities of tin(II) hydroxide, tin(II) and tin(IV) oxides increased. Electrochemical behaviors of tin in different aqueous solutions were also studied. Coupling the electrochemical technique and surface-enhanced Raman scattering, we have carried out the in situ identification of the corrosion films generated at different potentials in the aqueous solutions. The spectrum recorded in each of these solutions indicated the presence of tin (IV) hydroxide. From the variation of the spectral intensity with potential, we were able to verify the chemical process associated with some anodic and cathodic waves in the cyclic voltammograms.
Beyond digital and physical objects: the intellectual work as a concept of interest for HCI

To understand activities of personal collecting and preservation, HCI researchers have investigated why people become attached to particular objects. These studies have examined ways that people relate to physical and digital objects, observing, for example, that people tend to cherish physical objects more than digital ones. This paper proposes that the value of digital objects may inhere less in an object's identity as a particular item and more in the object's ability to provide access to an intellectual work. The work, a familiar concept in information studies and textual studies, designates a general product of intellectual creation that may be instantiated in many versions. (For example, Shakespeare's Hamlet exists in many editions and forms, which may differ in both content and carrier and yet still are all Hamlet.) The paper demonstrates how the concept of the work can extend research on the perceived value of digital objects. It also shows how a flexible definition of the work can reveal new aspects of a design situation.
Maximum theoretical bandwidth and slewrate of a dc SQUID feedback system

The maximum theoretical bandwidth and slewrate for a dc SQUID when it is operated in a flux locked loop is calculated.
Image analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma fine-needle aspirates: significant association between aneuploidy and death from disease.

BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most common thyroid malignancy in the U.S. As many as half of patients with papillary carcinoma present with cervical lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis. Metastatic disease involving cervical lymph node tissue has not historically been proven to correlate with a more aggressive course; however, distant metastases worsen prognosis. METHODS Diagnostic fine-needle aspiration (FNA) smears from 26 primary and metastatic papillary carcinomas underwent Feulgen reaction and were studied by image analysis to determine DNA pattern, proliferation index, and the percentage of cells with DNA content >5C. The medical records of all the patients were reviewed for metastatic disease pattern and survival data. For metastatic pattern, two groups were defined: 1) confined to thyroid/local lymph node metastases/soft tissues of the neck involved by tumor, and 2) distant metastases. RESULTS Among the 26 patients, 16 had “nonaggressive” DNA patterns described as diploid, abnormal diploid, or tetraploid, and 10 had “aggressive” DNA patterns described as aneuploid. Only 2 of the 16 patients in the “nonaggressive” DNA pattern group developed distant metastases, whereas 5 of the 10 patients in the aneuploid group developed distant metastatic disease. In addition, none of the 16 patients with “nonaggressive” DNA patterns died of disease, whereas 3 of the 10 individuals with DNA histograms interpreted as aneuploid did die of metastatic disease complications. CONCLUSIONS Aneuploidy identified by image analysis of FNA of papillary thyroid carcinoma is significantly associated with death from papillary carcinoma (log rank test, P= 0.027). Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:155–60. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
The separation of hydrogen and deuterium homologues by inclusion gas chromatography

Two types of inclusion complex forming compounds, crown ethers and cyclodextrins, were investigated for their ability to separate hydrogen and deuterium homologues. A number of different crown ethers, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6 and 24-crown-8, as well as examples of α, β and γ cyclodextrins were evaluated with ten homologues. The size of the inclusion cavity was found to be the major factor affecting separation although other factors such as cavity environment and cyclodextrin ring substituents also play a role in the separation process.
STUDIES ON BLOOD CAPILLARIES II. Transport of Ferritin Molecules across the Wall of Muscle Capillaries

The pathway by which intravenously injected ferritin molecules move from the blood plasma across the capillary wall has been investigated in the muscle of the rat diaphragm. At 2 min after administration, the ferritin molecules are evenly distributed in high concentration in the blood plasma of capillaries and occur within vesicles along the blood front of the endothelium. At the 10-min time point, a small number of molecules appear in the adventitia, and by 60 min they are relatively numerous in the adventitia and in phagocytic vesicles and vacuoles of adventitial macrophages. Thereafter, the amount of ferritin in the adventitia and pericapillary regions gradually increases so that at 1 day the concentration in the extracellular spaces approaches that in the blood plasma. Macrophages and, to a lesser extent, fibroblasts contain large amounts of ferritin. 4 days after administration, ferritin appears to be cleared from the blood and from the capillary walls, but it still persists in the adventitial macrophages and fibroblasts. At all time points examined, ferritin molecules within the endothelial tunic were restricted to vesicles or to occasional multivesicular or dense bodies; they were not found in intercellular junctions or within the cytoplasmic matrix. Ferritin molecules did not accumulate within or against the basement membranes. Over the time period studied, the concentration of ferritin in the blood decreased, first rapidly, then slowly, in two apparently exponential phases. Liver and spleen removed large amounts of ferritin from the blood. Diaphragms fixed at time points from 10 min to 1 day, stained for iron by the Prussian Blue method, and prepared as cleared whole mounts, showed a progressive and even accumulation of ferritin in adventitial macrophages along the entire capillary network. These findings indicate: (1) that endothelial cell vesicles are the structural equivalent of the large pore system postulated in the pore theory of capillary permeability; (2) that the basement membrane is not a structural restraint in the movement of ferritin molecules across the capillary wall; (3) that transport of ferritin occurs uniformly along the entire length of the capillary; and (4) that the adventitial macrophages monitor the capillary filtrate and partially clear it of the tracer.
Foundations for group-centric secure information sharing models

We develop the foundations for a theory of Group-Centric Secure Information Sharing (g-SIS), characterize a specific family of models in this arena and identify several directions in which this theory can be extended. Traditional approach to information sharing, characterized as Dissemination-Centric, focuses on attaching attributes and policies to an object as it is disseminated from producers to consumers in a system. In contrast, Group-Centric sharing envisions bringing the users and objects together in a group to facilitate sharing. The metaphors "secure meeting room" and "subscription service" characterize the Group-Centric approach where participants and information come together to share for some common purpose. Our focus in this paper is on semantics of group operations: Join and Leave for users and Add and Remove for objects, each of which can have several variations called types.We use Linear Temporal Logic to first characterize the core properties of a group in terms of these operations. We then characterize additional properties for specific types of these operations. Finally, we specify the authorization behavior for read access in a single group for a family of g-SIS models and show that these models satisfy the above-mentioned properties using the NuSMV model checker.
A Graphical Approach to Evaluating Equating Using Test Characteristic Curves

An essential concern in the application of any equating procedure is determining whether tests can be considered equated after the tests have been placed onto a common scale. This article clarifies one equating criterion, the first-order equity property of equating, and develops a new method for evaluating equating that is linked to this criterion. The new approach involves graphically examining the difference in test characteristic curves (TCCs), calculating the maximum absolute difference between the TCCs, and comparing the differences in TCCs to the difference that matters (DTM). The new approach is applied to evaluate the equating of the Multistate Bar Exam (MBE) for six different item response theory (IRT) scaling approaches in the common item nonequivalent groups design. The new approach is also contrasted with Tong and Kolen’s (2005) index for assessing first-order equity. The empirical investigations indicated that the Stocking-Lord and fixed-parameter equating methods appear to perform the best f...
Stuttering theory, research, and therapy: A five-year retrospective and look ahead

Abstract This article reviews events in stuttering theory, research, and therapy that have transpired during the past 5 years. After the retrospective review, current work in the area of stuttering is examined. This analysis of the past and present was conducted in an effort to give clearer direction to future efforts to understand the disorder, and to study and treat it more effectively.
Similitude in exploding wires

Conditions for similarity have been derived for phenomena involving an exploding wire, propagation of the resulting shock through a fluid, and inelastic deformation or fracture of a structure. This analysis considers the capacitance, voltage and material properties of the exploding wire, as well as the geometry and material properties of the fluid and structure.
Chromium deposition and interfacial interactions of an electrolyte–air electrode-interconnect tri-layer for solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract In solid oxide fuel cell operation, electrical current plays an important role in the air electrode interaction with electrolyte and interconnect and long-term cell performance. In this study, (La0.8Sr0.2)xMnO3 (LSM) air electrodes with different stoichiometries (x = 0.95, 1, and 1.05) are fabricated on the surface of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and then sandwiched with AISI 441 stainless steel interconnect. The simulated half cells are thermally treated at 800 °C for 500 h under a 200 mA cm−2 current density in dry air. YSZ/LSM interfacial interaction and the reaction of volatile chromium species on the LSM surface are characterized. Different LSM stoichiometry leads to different interfacial reactions and Cr deposition amounts. Mn is a critical species for the Cr deposition under polarization. Excessive Mn in LSM lessens the formation of La-containing phase at the YSZ/LSM interface and accelerates Cr deposition. Deficient Mn in LSM leads to extensive interfacial reaction with YSZ, forming more La-containing phase and inhibiting Cr deposition.
"Application for voluntary hospitalization" form: possible aid to diagnosis of mania.

"Application for Voluntary Hospitalization" signed by 13 manics (33 forms) and 13 paranoid schizophrenics (37 forms) at the time of their admissions were examined to test the validity of the hypothesis that one who writes anything more than his first name, middle name, or initial, and last name is likely to be manic. A physician and a nurse who were blind to the diagnosis were able to differentiate, at a significant level, mania from paranoid schizophrenia, using this criterion.
An isotope-edited FT-IR study of a symporter, the lactose permease.

The lactose permease of Escherichia coli transports protons and lactose across the plasma membrane and uses a transmembrane ion gradient as the energy source to drive the uphill accumulation of lactose. In this report, the effect of the electrochemical gradient on the permease has been studied. Bacteriorhodopsin was co-reconstituted with the lactose permease to provide a light-triggered electrochemical gradient. Reaction-induced Fourier transform infrared spectra were acquired, and bacteriorhodopsin contributions were subtracted. In previous work, positive bands in the 1765-1730 cm - 1 region of the reaction-induced FT-IR spectrum were attributed to the perturbation of carboxylic acid residues in the permease [Patzlaff, J. S., Brooker, R. J., and Barry, B. A. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 28695-28700]. In this study, we have globally labeled the permease with 1 3 C or 1 5 N. Isotopic labeling demonstrates that features in the reaction-induced FT-IR spectrum arise from permease carboxylic acid, amide I, and amide II vibrational modes. In addition, isotope labeling leads to a tentative assignment of spectral features to lysine, arginine, histidine, glutamine, and/or asparagine in the permease. These results indicate that the electrochemical gradient causes changes in the environment or protonation state of carboxylic acid residues in the permease and suggest an interaction between these carboxylic acid side chains and nitrogen-containing amino acid side chains. Evidence for a change in secondary structure, corresponding to an interconversion of secondary structural elements, a change in the hydrogen-bonding strength, or coupling of peptide vibrational modes, is also presented. These experiments demonstrate the usefulness of reaction-induced spectroscopy in the study of transmembrane transport.
The finite element method with non-uniform mesh sizes applied to the exterior Helmholtz problem

The finite element method with non-uniform mesh sizes is employed to approximately solve Helmholtz type equations in unbounded domains. The given problem on an unbounded domain is replaced by an approximate problem on a bounded domain with the radiation condition replaced by an approximate radiation boundary condition on the artificial boundary. This approximate problem is then solved using the finite element method with the mesh graded systematically in such a way that the element mesh sizes are increased as the distance from the origin increases. This results in a great reduction in the number of equations to be solved. It is proved that optimal error estimates hold inL 2,H 1 andL ? , provided that certain relationships hold between the frequency, mesh size and outer radius.
Fault Detection and Accommodation in Particulate Processes with Delayed, Sampled Measurements

Abstract Measurement sampling and delays, when ignored in the monitoring and control system design, may erode the diagnostic capabilities of fault-tolerant control systems. This study, therefore, considered these in a proposed framework for fault detection and accommodation in particulate processes. An observer-based output feedback controller is designed based on a reduced-order model and includes an inter-sample model predictor and a propagation unit that compensates for measurement intermittency and delays, respectively. Rules for fault detection and accommodation are derived from the fault-free stability properties in terms of the sampling rate and delay size. The methodology is illustrated using a continuous crystallizer.
MATCHER: a program to create and analyze matched sets.

Abstract MATCHER is a program written in PL/I to create and analyze matched sets. Its input is a file containing data describing cases and controls. Control statements describe the data base, the matching criteria, and the desired output. Output is in the form of matched sets and statistical analyses based upon them.
An Experimental Investigation of a Mixed-Font Print Recognition System

This paper discusses an experimental study of a mixed-font print recognition system. With a program-controlled CRT scanner input, using 96 N-tuple recognition measurements with ternary minimum distance decision, the system reported is capable of reading a variety of type styles at a performance level which is quite acceptable for fair to good quality print. Performance is marginal for poor quality print.
Editing in style: A style sheet for conforming to APA editorial style

A computer program is reviewed that allows the creation of a file of formatting characteristics, a style sheet, for modifying the appearance of text. By applying different style sheets to a paper, the writer is able to change instantly the style of the paper. Most importantly, once a style sheet has been created, the writer need not be concerned with formatting, because the paper can be reformatted according to the predefined parameters contained in the style sheet. Both an unfinished style and a finished style sheet conforming to APA editorial style are provided as examples.
Targeted Integration of a Recombinant Globin Gene Adeno-Associated Viral Vector into Human Chromosome 19a

Transfer of a globin gene into stem cells along with the regulatory elements required to achieve high level expression in maturing erythroid cells would provide effective gene therapy for Cooley's Anemia. We have explored the use of recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors for this purpose. A vector designated rHS32A gamma*3'RE that contains regulatory elements from the locus control and flanking regions, integrates as a stable head-to-tail concatamer in erythroleukemia cells at a high multiplicity of infection and exhibits high level, regulated gamma globin gene expression. Inducible expression of the non-structural Rep proteins of wild-type AAV in HeLa cells transduced with rAAV vectors does not increase overall integration frequency, but targeted integration of rHS32A gamma*'3'RE into human chromosome 19 was documented.
Measurement Issues in State Achievement Comparisons

Political perspectives on the advisability of state achievement comparisons have changed substantially over the last half-century. As Selden (2004) noted regarding the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), “[w]hen it began in the 1960s, NAEP specifically was designed not to provide comparisons among states. This was done for political reasons, so that the assessment program would be palatable to the educational community and to the states” (p. 195). During the No Child Left Behind Era, state comparisons were complicated by the use of tests and proficiency standards that differed across states. Because of today's Common Core Standards Initiative, state comparisons are once again at the forefront of educational policy discussions. The initiative brings with it both significant opportunities and substantial psychometric challenges.
Measurement of Psychomotor Perseverative Tendencies

ONE of us (S.D.P.)1 has described what be believes to be a novel procedure in psychological research. It is based on a well-attested observation that, if individuals repeat after a brief interval of time a section of a simple maze, some very surprising perseverative tendencies become apparent.
Intrinsic fugacity measurements of some Allende Type B inclusions

The intrinsic oxygen fugacities (IOFs) of two type B Ca-rich and Al-rich inclusions (CAI) from the Allende meteorite were measured using the solid-electrolyte double-cell IOF technique of Ulmer et al. (1976). The measurements were compared to calculated and experimentally extrapolated fO2 of type B phases. It was found that the IOFs of the type B are 6-8 orders of magnitude more oxidized (H2/H2O = 1-10) than the canonical solar nebular gas (H2/H2O = 100-2000). It is suggested that some local fO2 enhancing mechanism, such as dust or gas concentrations, or the release of oxygen-rich vapors during CAI volatilization in the type B inclusions was in operation at temperatures higher than 700 C.
Coaching and Playing Right Field Trying on Metaphors for Teaching

and intangible. Problems arise, however, when we construct a meta phorical internal reality, which ever afterward we steadfastly maintain exists "out there." We will then act as if every one else accepts our metaphorical con struct as a given. Jerome Bruner (1986a) has called this magical conversion of our mental processes into ostensible prod ucts "ontic dumping" (65). The ways in which we conceptualize both our institution and our students are, of course, interrelated, and together both will control the process of learning itself. A professor who believes that students are empty vessels, for instance, will probably act differently in the class room and curriculum committee meet
Survival of immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) at different relative humidities

Survival of unfed larvae and nymphs of Ixodes scapularis Say (formerly named I. dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin) was tested at 27 degrees C for relative humidities ranging from 65 to 100%, which were maintained by various saturated salts or water. The times until half the larvae died (LT50) at 100, 93, 85, 75, and 65% RH were 67.1, 26.6, 8.3, 1.3, and 1.1 d, respectively. Maximal larval survival in the laboratory was 129, 59, 24, 3, and 2 d at the same relative humidities. There was a distinct difference between the mortality curves for larvae at 93% RH and 100% RH, which suggests that larvae were taking in water from the air at the higher RH whereas those at an RH < or = 93% were not. There was little difference between the 100 and 93% RH survival curves for the nymphs. All of the nymphs at 100% RH survived at least 149 d. At 93 and 100% RH, one nymph survived at each RH for 210 and 205 d, respectively. The LT50s for the nymphs of I. scapularis were 169.9 (100% RH), 168.5 (93%), 118.8 (85%), 10.7 (75%), and 3.6 (65%) d. Maximal nymphal survival in the laboratory was 162, 65, and 8 d at 85, 75, and 65% RH, respectively. The inability of the larvae to retain water effectively is probably more important than the ability to imbibe water from subsaturated air in the survival of this stage. Subadult I. scapularis require a relatively humid habitat for survival, although some individuals have the potential to seek a host for many weeks within a mesic environment.
Neuromuscular evaluation using rat gait analysis

We have developed a rat gait analysis model to evaluate if ankle angle and other associated gait parameters could consistently define normal peroneal nerve and anterior tibialis muscle function. The second part of the study was designed to determine if such a model would be useful to measure recovery of function after a peroneal nerve crush injury (NCI). A clear plexiglas tunnel was designed for high-speed frame videotaping and subsequent computergraphic gait measurement and analysis. Normal gait patterns for ankle angle, back height, step and stride lengths and the stance and swing times were determined in 8 rats. Data analysis demonstrated no significant left/right differences for any of the variables (ANOVA) with the exception of step length. Subsequently, 12 rats with a peroneal NCI were evaluated. All gait parameters evaluated from the injured side were significantly different from the uninjured side after injury except stride length. Ankle angle was the most sensitive outcome variable. Weekly gait analysis provided objective measurements as the ankle angle gradually returned to normal within 3 weeks. The rat gait model is a sensitive and reproducible method for non-invasive evaluation of neuromuscular function during nerve recovery after a peroneal crush injury.
Construction d'histogrammes à très grande dimension sur disque magnétique

On decrit un programme permettant de construire en ligne ou hors ligne sur un calculateur IBM 360/50 des histogrammes a grande dimension possedant jusqu'a 3 x 106 canaux. L'organisation du spectre sur le disque simplifie les traitements ulterieurs et la visualisation de tels histogrammes. Les performances se situent entre quelques centaines et 2000 evenements par s.
An Update on Plant Derived Anti-Androgens

Anti-androgens are an assorted group of drugs and compounds that reduce the levels or activity of androgen hormones within the human body. Disease states in which this is relevant include polycystic ovarian syndrome, hirsutism, acne, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and endocrine related cancers such as carcinoma of the prostate. We provide an overview and discussion of the use of anti-androgen medications in clinical practice and explore the increasing recognition of the benefits of plant-derived anti-androgens, for example, spearmint tea in the management of PCOS, for which some evidence about efficacy is beginning to emerge. Other agents covered include red reishi, which has been shown to reduce levels 5-alpha reductase, the enzyme that facilitates conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT); licorice, which has phytoestrogen effects and reduces testosterone levels; Chinese peony, which promotes the aromatization of testosterone into estrogen; green tea, which contains epigallocatechins and also inhibits 5-alpha reductase, thereby reducing the conversion of normal testosterone into the more potent DHT; black cohosh, which has been shown to kill both androgenresponsive and non-responsive human prostate cancer cells; chaste tree, which has a reduces prolactin from the anterior pituitary; and saw palmetto extract, which is used as an anti-androgen although it shown no difference in comparison to placebo in clinical trials.
Pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition in the primate using microencapsulated antisense oligomers to NF-κB

Primary objective: Antisense oligomers to NF-κB (ASO) were incorporated into albumin microspheres to determine if microcapsules containing ASO inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines to a greater extent than comparable doses of ASO in solution. Phagocytosis of microcapsules and intracellular release of ASO in macrophages was evaluated.Research design: Comparable doses of microencapsulated ASO and ASO in solution were evaluated in non-human primates.Methods: Blood was sampled and stimulated with Escherichia coli endotoxin ex vivo. TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 concentrations were compared for 72 hrs. The intracellular concentration of ASO was measured in macrophages in vitro to evaluate the difference in intracellular penetration of microencapsulated ASO.Results: Microencapsulated ASO produced significantly greater cytokine inhibition at all time points compared to ASO in solution. There were no side effects to ASO in the baboons. Intracellular ASO concentration was 10 fold greater in macrophages using microencapsulation....
c-Fos expression in the midbrain periaqueductal gray after chemoreceptor and baroreceptor activation.

The pattern of Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) associated with activation of arterial chemoreceptors versus baroreceptor afferents was examined in urethane-anesthet...
Bodo Was Never Brazilian: Economic Integration and Rural Development among a Contemporary Peasantry

It is indeed a pleasure to be invited to address economists and economic historians regarding the dynamics of peasant economic integration into a national economic system. The particular subject of these meetings, “The Organizational Forms of Economic Life and their Evolution,” is an appropriate one for us since, as anthropologists, we are generally interested in the “Evolution of the Organizational Forms of Life.” Today we will examine the organizational form of peasant economic life in Brazil in an effort to develop a fuller understanding of the socio-economic transactions which take place within this traditional—better, transitional —agrarian society.
Nerve rootlets to be sectioned for spasticity resolution in selective dorsal rhizotomy

BACKGROUND The goal of this study is to confirm the efficacy of the protocol for selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR). In this protocol, rootlets to be sectioned are selected by palpable responses elicited by intraoperative electrical stimulation, without detailed electromyographic classifications. METHODS Thirty-six children with spasticity due to cerebral palsy underwent SDR according to our protocol. Priority was given to sectioning rootlets that showed palpable clonic or bilateral responses, which were considered abnormal, over sectioning rootlets that merely had hyperactive responses to intraoperative stimulation. The results of intraoperative monitoring and sectioning amount were analyzed by physical evaluation. RESULTS Significant improvements were obtained in passive range of motion and muscle tone of the lower extremities. The total percentages of rootlets with abnormal and hyperactive responses at L3 and S1 were bilaterally correlated with preoperative spasticity of the hip adductors and the plantar flexors, respectively. When rootlets with hyperactive responses were excluded from the correlation analysis, no bilateral correlation was observed. From the correlation analyses between the improvement in the physical evaluation and the amount of nerve sectioned, it was concluded that a greater improvement in muscle tone in all examined muscles, except the hamstrings, could be obtained if larger amounts of nerve roots were sectioned. CONCLUSION The number of rootlets with palpable abnormal and hyperactive responses elicited by intraoperative stimulation reflects the preoperative spasticity of multiple muscles. This implies that only selecting rootlets with palpable responses can be reliable. Because more sectioning leads to better spasticity resolution, our protocol should be reviewed to increase the percentage of rootlets sectioned with hyperactive responses, especially for innervated levels of severely affected muscles.
The effect of nanofibre surface amine density and conjugate structure on the adhesion and proliferation of human haematopoietic progenitor cells

Previous studies have shown that substrate surface chemistry and topography exhibit significant impact on haematopoietic progenitor cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. In the present study, the effect of surface amine density and structure of grafted polymer chains on the adhesion and expansion of haematopoietic progenitor cells was investigated. Cryopreserved human umbilical cord blood CD133+ cells were expanded in cytokine-supplemented medium on ethylenediamine (EDA)- or 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride (AEMA)-grafted polyethersulphone (PES) nanofibre scaffolds for 10 days. Although the percentage of CD34+ cells among the expanded cells increased with the surface amine density, the maximum fold expansion of CD34+ cells was obtained at a moderate amine density of 20–80 nmol cm−2. When comparing nanofibre matrices with similar amine densities, but prepared with two different methods, cells cultured on the AEMA-grafted PES nanofibre matrix showed lower fold expansion in terms of total cell number (300 ± 84 fold) and CD34+ cell number (68 ± 19-fold) in comparison with those cultured on EDA-grafted nanofibres (787 ± 84-fold and 185 ± 84-fold, respectively). These results indicate that the surface amine density and the conjugate structure are important determinants for the preservation of CD34 surface marker and expansion efficiency of CD34+ cells.