cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistence of Bacteria in "Protoplast" Form after Apparent Cure of Pyelonephritis in Rats

Appropriate antibiotic treatment of experimental enterococcal pyelonephritis in the rat appears to effect the removal of the infecting organisms from the kidney, as judged by the culturing of kidney homogenates on standard bacteriological media. When the homogenates were cultured on media containing 0.3M sucrose, osmotically stabilized, it was demonstrated that bacteria were present in the "protoplast" form, and that this form persisted in the kidney for at least 13 weeks after therapy.
Parallel Delaunay mesh generation kernel

We present the results of an evaluation study on the re-structuring of a latency-bound mesh generation algorithm into a latency-tolerant parallel kernel. We use concurrency at a fine-grain level to tolerate long, variable, and unpredictable latencies of remote data gather operations required for parallel guaranteed quality Delaunay triangulations. Our performance data from a 16 node SP2 and 32 node Cluster of Sparc Workstations suggest that more than 90% of the latency from remote data gather operations can be masked effectively at the cost of increasing communication overhead between 2 and 20% of the total run time. Despite the increase in the communication overhead the latency-tolerant mesh generation kernel we present in this paper can generate tetrahedral meshes for parallel field solvers eight to nine times faster than the traditional approach. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisotropic properties of strained viscoelastic fluids. III. Birefringence of polystyrene solutions

Birefringence relaxation has been studied in concentrated polystyrene solutions. The birefringent state is induced by a sudden application of strains and the subsequent relaxation effect is observed by photoelectric monitoring. The effect of temperature concentration on the decay of induced birefringence follows the general patterns observed for stress relaxation. Samples of different molecular weights and different molecular weight distributions have been studied. A particularly simple empirical result was found to express the relaxation behavior of highly fractionated materials. In such instances the birefringence decays with exponential dependence upon the square root of time. The results for samples with broad distributions show curvature when plotted in a similar fashion. This simple relaxation behavior has a simple LaPlace transform, so that a comparison of the exact relaxation distribution function with approximate methods can be made. The general behavior of birefringence relaxation distribution functions is similar to that noted for stress relaxation functions. The method of reduced variables likewise is applicable to bring the birefringence relaxation results into correspondence at different temperatures.
Interleukin-1β Induction of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases in Human Mesangial Cells ROLE OF OXIDATION

Abstract Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) significantly influences renal cellular function through the induction of several gene products. The molecular mechanisms involved in gene regulation by IL-1β are poorly understood; however, the appearance of novel tyrosine phosphoproteins in IL-1β-treated cells suggests that IL-1β may function through tyrosine phosphoprotein intermediates. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are tyrosine phosphoproteins that could potentially mediate the effects of IL-1β. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation following IL-1β treatment may be dependent on redox changes since the IL-1β receptor is not a protein-tyrosine kinase and oxidation has been shown to induce tyrosine phosphorylation. In this report we demonstrate that conditioning human glomerular mesangial cells with IL-1β results in the tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of two members of the MAP kinase family, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) and p54 Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). This effect of IL-1β is abrogated by pretreating cells with the antioxidantsN-acetyl-l-cysteine or dithiothreitol. Furthermore, the effects of IL-1β on ERK and JNK activation are reproduced by treating mesangial cells with membrane-permeable oxidants. IL-1β and oxidants also cause phosphorylation and activation of the upstream ERK regulatory element MAP kinase kinase. Interestingly, IL-1β, but not exogenous oxidants, causes phosphorylation of the upstream JNK activator, JNK kinase. These data indicate that IL-1β activates ERK2 through an oxidation-dependent pathway. Exogenous oxidants and IL-1β activate JNK through different upstream mechanisms; however, antioxidant inhibition of JNK activation indicates that endogenous oxidants may play a role in IL-1β-induced JNK activation. Thus IL-1β may affect mesangial cell function by activating MAP kinases, which can then regulate gene transcription. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species released during inflammatory glomerular injury may also affect mesangial function through a MAP kinase signal.
Identification of a quality-control mechanism for mRNA 5′-end capping

The 7-methylguanosine cap structure at the 5' end of eukaryotic messenger RNAs is a critical determinant of their stability and translational efficiency. It is generally believed that 5'-end capping is a constitutive process that occurs during mRNA maturation and lacks the need for a quality-control mechanism to ensure its fidelity. We recently reported that the yeast Rai1 protein has pyrophosphohydrolase activity towards mRNAs lacking a 5'-end cap. Here we show that, in vitro as well as in yeast cells, Rai1 possesses a novel decapping endonuclease activity that can also remove the entire cap structure dinucleotide from an mRNA. This activity is targeted preferentially towards mRNAs with unmethylated caps in contrast to the canonical decapping enzyme, Dcp2, which targets mRNAs with a methylated cap. Capped but unmethylated mRNAs generated in yeast cells with a defect in the methyltransferase gene are more stable in a rai1-gene-disrupted background. Moreover, rai1Δ yeast cells with wild-type capping enzymes show significant accumulation of mRNAs with 5'-end capping defects under nutritional stress conditions of glucose starvation or amino acid starvation. These findings provide evidence that 5'-end capping is not a constitutive process that necessarily always proceeds to completion and demonstrates that Rai1 has an essential role in clearing mRNAs with aberrant 5'-end caps. We propose that Rai1 is involved in an as yet uncharacterized quality control process that ensures mRNA 5'-end integrity by an aberrant-cap-mediated mRNA decay mechanism.
Bidirectional expression of the SCA8 expansion mutation: One mutation, two genes

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) is a dominantly inherited, slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CTG·CAG repeat expansion located on chromosome 13q21. The expansion mutation was isolated directly from the DNA of a single patient using RAPID cloning and subsequently shown to co-segregate with disease in additional ataxia families including a seven-generation kindred (the MN-A family). The size-dependent penetrance of the repeat found in the large MN-A kindred makes it appear as though some parts of the family have a dominant disorder while other parts of this same family have recessive or sporadic forms of ataxia. While the linkage and size-dependent penetrance of the SCA8 CTG·CAG expansion in the MN-A family argue that the SCA8 expansion causes ataxia, the reduced penetrance in other SCA8 families and the discovery of expansions in the general population have led to a controversy surrounding whether or not the SCA8 expansion is pathogenic. A recently reported mouse model in which SCA8 BAC-expansion but not BAC-control lines develop a progressive neurological phenotype now demonstrates the pathogenicity of the (CTG·CAG)n expansion. These mice show a loss of cerebellar GABAergic inhibition and, similar to human patients, have 1C2-positive intranuclear inclusions in Purkinje cells and other neurons. Additional studies demonstrate that the SCA8 expansion is expressed in both directions (CUG and CAG) and that a novel gene expressed in the CAG direction encodes a pure polyglutamine expansion protein (ataxin 8, ATXN8). Moreover, the expression of non-coding (CUG)n expansion transcripts (ataxin 8 opposite strand, ATXN8OS) and the discovery of intranuclear polyglutamine inclusions suggest SCA8 pathogenesis may involve toxic gainof-function mechanisms at both the protein and RNA levels. Our data, combined with the recently reported antisense transcripts spanning the DM1 repeat expansion in the CAG direction and the growing number of reports of antisense transcripts expressed throughout the mammalian genome, raises the possibility that bidirectional expression across pathogenic microsatellite expansions may occur in other expansion disorders, and that potential pathogenic effects of mutations expressed from both strands should be considered.
An Analysis of WISC-R Factors for Gifted Students with Learning Disabilities

Intellectual patterns of gifted students with learning disabilities were studied to determine cognitive factors characterizing these children. Twenty-four gifted children with learning disabilities (LD) and a control group of nondisabled gifted children were administered the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) (Wechsler, 1974). While differences between the two groups on individual subtests were examined, a comparison of broader factors was emphasized in discovering cognitive patterns that might suggest effective intervention. Experimental and control performances were compared on 14 factor scores, using cognitive classification systems of Bannatyne (1971), Kaufman (1975), Rapaport, Gill, and Schafer (1946), and Wechsler (1974). Gifted students with LD were more reliant on verbal conceptualization and reasoning than the control students. They also demonstrated deficiencies in short-term auditory memory and sound discrimination. The gifted group with LD exhibited the Organic Brain Syndrome factor (Wechsler, 1974) to a significantly greater extent than did the control group.
A transform theory for a class of group-invariant codes

A binary cyclic code of length of n can be defined by a set of parity-check equations that is invariant under the additive cyclic group generated by A:i to i+1 modulo n. A class of quasicyclic codes that have parity-check equations invariant under the group generated by a subgroup of A and a subgroup of the multiplicative group M:i to 2/sup k/i modulo n is studied in detail. The Fourier transform transforms the action of the additive group, and a linearized polynomial transform transforms the action of the multiplicative group. The form of the transformed code equations permits a BCH-like bound on the minimum distance of the code. The techniques are illustrated by the construction of several codes that are decodable by the Berlekamp-Massey algorithm and that have parameters that approach or surpass those of the best codes known. >
Suspended minerogenic particles in a reservoir: Light‐scattering features from individual particle analysis

Light-scattering attributes of minerogenic particles in a reservoir, where these particles dominate over a wide range of light-scattering levels, were characterized by an individual particle analysis technique, scanning electron microscopy interfaced with automated X-ray microanalysis and image analysis (SAX). SAX provided characterizations of the elemental X-ray composition, shape, number concentration (N), particle size distribution (PSD), and projected area per unit volume (PAVm) of these particles. Clay mineral particles represented ,84% of the PAVm, and they deviated from sphericity more than the other components of the minerogenic assemblage. Scattering coefficients for minerogenic particles at 660 nm (bm(660)) were estimated directly from SAX results based on Mie theory. Both PAVm and bm(660) were strong predictors of the observed wide variations in light scattering. Most of the light scattering in the reservoir was attributable to particles in the size range 2–8 mm. Reasonably good closure is reported for estimates of bm(660), based on comparisons to in situ measurements of the beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm. The widely used hyperbolic (or Junge) model (to describe PSDs) failed to accurately represent the total value and the particle size dependency of bm(660) as calculated from SAX observations, whereas the two-component PSD model (using both components or the ‘‘B’’-component only) succeeded for these two features. SAX offers the opportunity to advance partitioning of scattering between minerogenic and organic particle contributions as well as among constituents of the minerogenic component.
Integrated Intermediate Waveband and Wavelength Switching for Optical WDM Mesh Networks

As wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) evolves towards practical applications in optical transport networks, waveband switching (WBS) has been introduced to cut down the operational costs and to reduce the complexities and sizes of network components, e.g., optical cross-connects (OXCs). This paper considers the routing, wavelength assignment and waveband assignment (RWWBA) problem in a WDM network supporting mixed waveband and wavelength switching. First, the techniques supporting waveband switching are studied, where a node architecture enabling mixed waveband and wavelength switching is proposed. Second, to solve the RWWBA problem with reduced switching costs and improved network throughput, the cost savings and call blocking probabilities along intermedi- ate waveband-routes are analyzed. Our analysis reveals some important insights about the cost savings and call blocking probability in relation to the fiber capacity, the candidate path, and the traffic load. Third, based on our analysis, an online integrated intermediate WBS algorithm (IIWBS) is proposed. IIWBS determines the waveband switching route for a call along its candidate path according to the node connectivity, the link utilization, and the path length information. In addition, the IIWBS algorithm is adaptive to real network applications under dynamic traffic requests. Finally, our simulation results show that IIWBS outperforms a previous intermediate WBS algorithm and RWA algorithms in terms of network throughput and cost efficiency.
A latent class approach to the external validation of respiratory and non-respiratory panic subtypes.

Background. The phenotypic variance observed in panic disorder (PD) appears to be best captured by a respiratory and non-respiratory panic subtype. We compared respiratory and non-respiratory panic subtypes across a series of external validators (temporal stability, psychiatric co-morbidity, treatment response) to determine whether subtypes are best conceptualized as differing : (1) only on their symptom profiles with no other differences between them ; (2) on a quantitative (i.e. severity) dimension only ; or (3) qualitatively from one another. Method. Data from a large epidemiological survey (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions) and a clinical trial (Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study) were used. All analytic comparisons were examined within a latent class framework. Results. High temporal stability of panic subtypes was observed, particularly among females. Respiratory panic was associated with greater odds of lifetime major depression and a range of anxiety disorders as well as increased treatment utilization, but no demographic differences. Treatment outcome data did not suggest that the two PD subtypes were associated with differential response to either imipramine or alprazolam. Conclusions. These data suggest that respiratory and non-respiratory panic represent valid subtypes along the PD continuum, with the respiratory variant representing a more severe form of the disorder.
Reliability study of ONO gate film in high speed PTOx-TMOS based on electrical characteristics under high electric field

The purpose of this study is to clarify the more reliable design for ONO Gate insulator film for Trench Gate MOSFET. Partially Thick Oxide Trench Gate MOSFET (PTOx-TMOS) with ONO Gate film can reduce the Ron*Qgd Figure of Merit on easy process and simple structure. However this structure is required the appropriate design to prevent threshold voltage shift originated in charge storage effect. In this study, charge storage mechanism is analyzed experimentally and theoretically with the Fowler-Nordheim and Direct-Tunneling electric conduction behavior in high electric field.
Body Mass Penalties in the Physical Fitness Tests of the Army, Air Force, and Navy

Recent research has empirically documented a consistent penalty against heavier service members for events identical or similar to those in the physical fitness tests of the Army, Air Force, and Navy. These penalties, which are not related to body fatness, are based on biological scaling models and have a physiological basis. Using hypothetical cases, we quantified the penalties for men, with body mass of 60 vs. 90 kg, and women, 45 vs. 75 kg, to be 15% to 20% for the fitness tests of these three services. Such penalties alone can adversely affect awards and promotions for heavier service members. To deal equitably with these penalties in a practical manner, we offer two recommendations, i.e., (1) implementation of revised fitness tests with balanced events, in which the penalties of one event for heavier service members are balanced by an equal and opposite bias against lighter service members, or (2) development of correction factors that can be multiplied by raw scores to yield adjusted scores free of body mass bias.
RD3D (computer simulation of resist development in three dimensions)

For several years, computer simulations of the development process of resists, patterned using optical or electron-beam radiation, have been confined to patterns consisting of long parallel lines. The simulation takes place in a section perpendicular to the direction of the resist lines; therefore, the simulation algorithms are called two dimensional(2D). The two-dimensional algorithms cannot be used to simulate the development of more complex patterns. For the first time, using a computer program recently created by the authors, the time evolution of the profiles of three complicated patterns, electron-beam exposed in PMMA (poly(methylmethacrylate)) and developed in 1:1 Methyl iso-Butyl Ketone/Isopropanol, is simulated in three dimensions(3D). We find the qualitative and quantitative predictions of the three-dimensional simulations to be in good agreement with experimental observations. The development of a 1.0-µm contact hole is simulated using the 2D and 3D developer algorithms. A comparison of the results clearly point out one of the important but inherent limitations of all 2D developer algorithms.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES IN CRIMINOLOGY

For several decades, mainstream criminology has been dominated by sociological and political perspectives. Although findings from these fields must not be discarded or underplayed, considered alone, they do not offer a complete assessment of the contributions to criminal behavior. Data currently being generated from numerous behavioral sciences, such as behavioral genetics, physiological psychology, psychopharmacology, and endocrinology, indicate that biological factors play an equally significant role in the development of antisocial behavior and should be considered accordingly. Incorporation of the theoretical parameters and findings of these behavioral sciences into a criminological framework would yield valuable in formation regarding processes underlying antisocial behavior. Such a multidisciplinary approach is likely to enhance capabilities to predict, prevent, and manage antisocial behavior. Theoretical parameters, methodological issues, selected research findings, potential applications, and precautions are discussed.
Simultaneous hybrid carotid stenting and coronary bypass surgery versus concomitant open carotid and coronary bypass surgery: a pilot, feasibility study.

Objectives Concomitant carotid and cardiac surgery carries an increased perioperative morbidity and mortality risk. Whether the hybrid procedure of carotid artery stenting (CAS) and coronary bypass surgery decreases the risk of stroke and other complications is still unknown. The aim of this study was to assess early outcomes after simultaneous hybrid CAS and coronary bypass grafting versus open concomitant carotid and coronary bypass surgery. Methods We included 20 patients in this study. According to the protocol, all the patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (10 patients) with hybrid CAS and coronary bypass surgery and Group 2 (10 patients) with concomitant carotid and coronary surgery. Different preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative variables were compared. The primary end point was combined incidence of stroke and death 30 days after surgery or during initial hospitalization. The secondary end points were myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, blood loss and need for blood transfusion and duration of intensive care unit and hospital stay. Results Groups 1 and 2 were similar in preoperative characteristics including age (65.3 ± 6.8 vs 70.7 ± 7.0, P = 0.191) New York Heart Association class (2.3 ± 0.5 vs 1.8 ± 0.7, P = 0.218), EuroSCORE (2.8 ± 2.0 vs 3.6 ± 2.3, P = 0.547), the degree of carotid stenosis (79 ± 12 vs 87 ± 13%, P = 0.224) and average left ventricular ejection fraction (44.3 ± 12.4 vs 43.4 ± 13.3%, P = 0.896). Also, the groups did not differ in intraoperative variables with an exception of extracorporeal circulation time (65.7 ± 14.1 vs 90.0 + 17.4 min, P = 0.023), which was significantly shorter in Group 1. Although rare, and without significant difference, primary end point occurred only in Group 2 (1 stroke and 1 death, 20%). There was no difference in the duration of mechanical ventilation, need for transfusion and duration of intensive care unit and hospital stay between the two groups. Conclusions Although limited by a small sample size, our results show that the hybrid procedure of carotid stenting and coronary surgery might be a good therapeutic option but further extended studies are needed to assess its real value.
Propulsion of a domain wall in an antiferromagnet by magnons

An analytical solution to the complex problem of spin waves interacting with a domain wall elucidates how domain walls in an antiferromagnet can be propelled by reflected magnons and, less obviously, by magnons that are passing through them.
Predicting Consumer Acceptance Ratings of Cracker-coated and Roasted Peanuts from Descriptive Analysis and Hexanal Measurements

A consumer test, descriptive analysis, and hexanal measurements were performed in cracker-coated peanuts (CCP) and roasted peanuts (RP) to determine the cut-off point for acceptability of stored CCP and RP. Regression analysis showed that roasted peanutty, oxidized and painty flavors and hexanal content were good predictors (R(2)≥ 0.70) of overall acceptance and flavor ratings. A hexanal content higher than 5.39 μg/g in CCP and 7.40 μg/g in RP, and/or an oxidized flavor intensity higher than 27.4 in CCP and 36.2 in RP is expected to have a product unacceptable to consumers (overall acceptance of 5 or lower). These values can likewise be used to determine the endpoint of shelf life of the products.
FPGA implementation of a modular and pipelined WF scheduler for high speed OC192 networks

In this paper we propose an FPGA implementation of a multi protocol Weighted Fair (WF) queuing algorithm able to handle variable length packets targeted for Packet Over Sonet (POS) interfaces and ideal for the design of hybrid IP/ATM switches. Our contributions is an extension to an existing 4 channel scheduler architecture that combines the Highest Value First scheme and Round Robin scheme, to a modular multi channel scheduler design. The improvement we offer here compared to the previuous implementation is that we have used the existing 4 channel core module to build a higher order WF queuing system without decreasing its overall performance . As a result, our scheduler is general enough to accommodate ATM (UTOPIA Level3/4) , POS Phy Level3 (or PL3 for OC48) as well as POS Phy Level4 (or PL4 for OC192) interfaces.
Outcomes analysis of revision total shoulder replacement.

Background: The number of total shoulder arthroplasties has increased exponentially over the last ten years, creating a more prominent role for revision shoulder arthroplasty in the future. The main reasons for failure of shoulder arthroplasty can be classified as soft-tissue deficiencies, osseous deficiencies, component wear, or infection. We hypothesized that, despite appropriate surgical techniques, the outcome of revision total shoulder replacement can be predicted on the basis of the indication for the revision procedure. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of seventy-eight shoulders that had undergone revision shoulder arthroplasty. The shoulders were divided into two categories: (1) those with osseous or component-related problems and (2) those with soft-tissue deficiency. Category 1 consisted of four cohorts of shoulders: twenty-two treated with revision of the glenoid component, sixteen treated with conversion of a hemiarthroplasty to a total shoulder arthroplasty because of glenoid arthrosis, eight treated with revision of the humeral stem, and four treated for a periprosthetic fracture. Category 2 consisted of five cohorts of shoulders: ten treated with rotator cuff repair following total shoulder replacement, four with a failed tuberosity reconstruction, four with cuff tear arthropathy, five with instability, and five with infection. Patients were evaluated with the UCLA subjective outcome instrument, the L'Insalata shoulder questionnaire, and a subjective satisfaction scale (maximum score of 5 points). Results: The average UCLA score was 21.4 points and the average L'Insalata score was 68.73 points for the seventy-eight shoulders that were analyzed. The average score on the subjective satisfaction questionnaire was 2.91 points. According to the UCLA scores, twenty-four revisions were considered to have had an excellent result; fifteen, a good result; twenty-four, a fair result; and fifteen, a poor result. The average scores for the category-1 shoulders were significantly better than those for the category-2 shoulders (p < 0.05). Of the different types of operations, revision or implantation of a glenoid component and open reduction and internal fixation of a periprosthetic fracture provided the best outcomes. Tuberosity reconstruction, hemiarthroplasty for treatment of cuff tear arthropathy, and revision due to infection had uniformly poor outcomes. Conclusions: In general, these results indicate that the outcome of revision shoulder arthroplasty can be predicted on the basis of the indication for the procedure. Component revisions, excluding humeral head revision for salvage, provide the best results, whereas soft-tissue reconstructions can be expected to yield poorer results overall. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level II. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Contribution of the Carboxyl-Terminal Region of the cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type Iα Regulatory Subunit to Cyclic Nucleotide Interactions

Abstract The carboxyl-terminal 19 amino acids of the type Iα regulatory subunit (RIα) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) were investigated to determine their contributions to cAMP selectivity. The parent RIα subunit contained an Ala to Thr mutation at position 334 so that it would bind both cAMP and cGMP with high affinity. Stop codons were introduced into the parent cDNA construct at positions corresponding to Val-375, Asn-372, Gln-370, and Cys-360. The purified, bacterially expressed proteins were characterized for their cAMP and cGMP dissociation properties. Site-selective cAMP analogs were used to compete against [ 3 H]cAMP binding to the mutant RIα subunits to correctly assign fast and slow dissociation t 1/2 values to the A and B domains. A greater than 60-fold drop in B domain t 1/2 in the Asn-372-stop to Gln-370-stop transition implicated Tyr-371 as an important cAMP-binding determinant. A similar drop in [ 3 H]cGMP t 1/2 for the same transition suggested that the cGMP/cAMP selectivity was not altered. To test this further, Tyr-371 was mutated to Ala, Phe, and Arg in the parent construct. The cAMP and cGMP t 1/2 values were determined, as were protein kinase activation constants ( K a ) for holoenzymes formed from mutant RIα subunits and purified catalytic subunit. The K a data suggested that mutation of Tyr-371 enhanced B domain cAMP selectivity. Isolated B domains containing Tyr-371-Arg or Tyr-371-Phe mutations were constructed, expressed, and purified to determine their relative inhibition constants ( K′ I ) for cGMP vs cAMP. These data showed that B domain cAMP selectivity was minimally affected by alteration of Tyr-371. Based on these results, it is concluded that aromatic stacking is not important for determining B-domain cyclic nucleotide selectivity. It is proposed that the main function of Tyr-371 is stabilization of the B-domain cAMP-binding pocket through hydrogen bonding with Glu-324.
Volumizing viaducts of the midface: defining the Beut techniques.

Background In nonsurgical facial rejuvenation, autologous fat and dermal fillers have become an effective method to achieve symmetry and balance of the midface. Nonsurgical techniques that target the dynamic anatomical relationships existing in the midface can improve rejuvenation outcomes in this commonly augmented region. Objectives The authors described techniques for fat compartment and potential space volumization of the midface via a standardized and reproducible technique. They placed emphasis on access to anatomical spaces and compartments within the midface. Methods In 11 hemifacial cadavers, hyaluronic acid filler homogenized with red dye was injected via 3 midfacial ports that were anatomically designed to access the superficial fat compartments, deep fat compartments, or traverse the prezygomatic space. Specimens were dissected in a layered fashion to analyze relationships between the injected filler and midfacial anatomy. We have described 4 site-specific procedural techniques and created a video containing anatomical renderings of each targeted viaduct accompanied by technique demonstrations. Results We found that Beut techniques 1 through 4 can be performed through 3 midfacial viaducts. Port placement 1.5 cm inferolateral to the alar base in the nasolabial crease created a medial midface viaduct, suitable for access to the deep medial cheek fat, medial superficial fat compartment, premaxillary space, and adjacent superior nasolabial cheek compartment. Port placement within the nasojugal groove provided a middle midface viaduct to access the middle superficial fat compartment and medial suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF). Port placement 1.5 cm inferolateral to the lateral canthus created a lateral midface viaduct to approach the pre-periosteal fat, prezygomatic space, lateral SOOF, and infraorbital fat compartment. Conclusions Our findings indicate that anterior and lateral cheek projection, V-deformity correction, rhytid softening, and tear trough effacement can be achieved through the midfacial viaducts. Systematic assessment and site-specific nonsurgical rejuvenation of the midface may lead to increased safety, accuracy, and technique reproducibility in this commonly injected region.
Breakdown in liquid nitrogen in the presence of thermally generated bubbles for different electrode geometries

Liquid nitrogen is used as the cryogen and dielectric for many high temperature superconducting high voltage applications. When a quench in the superconductor occurs, bubbles are generated which can affect the dielectric properties of the liquid nitrogen. An experiment has been set up to generate bubbles in liquid nitrogen. Bubbles were generated using a kapton heater. Three different electrode geometries were applied: plane-plane, sphere-sphere, and sphere-plane. Breakdown measurements were made in both open bath liquid nitrogen and in a pressurized dewar at pressures up to 200 kPa absolute. The voltage applied was 60 Hz AC. For sphere-plane it was observed that the breakdown did not always occur at the minimum gap and this was likely due to the actual location of the bubble when breakdown was initiated. For plane-plane geometry where bubbles were generated in the plane electrode, breakdown voltages dropped at a certain heater power and remained low thereafter. The heater power at which the drop occurred increased with pressure. Breakdown data for subcooled liquid nitrogen will also be presented.
Vascularity and uptake of photosensitizer in small human tumor nodules: implications for intraperitoneal photodynamic therapy.

Purpose: i.p. spread of cancers is a common clinical problem, with limited treatment options leading to morbidity and death. i.p. photodynamic therapy (IP-PDT) combines maximal surgical debulking of gross tumor with intraoperative light delivery to the peritoneum after preoperative i.v. injection of photosensitizer to treat residual disease. An issue of concern in IP-PDT is the potential lack of photosensitizer uptake by residual small tumor nodules (STNs) ≤5 mm in maximum diameter and by microscopic residual disease caused by incomplete development of a vascular supply. This study examined the existence of vasculature and Photofrin (PF) uptake in STNs in 12 patients in a Phase II clinical trial for IP-PDT. Experimental Design : Patients received PF 2.5 mg/kg i.v. 48 h before surgery. STNs obtained during surgery were cryosectioned, immunostained for platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, and analyzed by light microscopy. Mean vascular densities in STNs were determined by counting microvessels within a ×200 field (0.28 mm 2 area). Sections were also examined for PF uptake by fluorescence image analysis using an epifluorescence microscope and IPLab Spectrum software. Results: Data obtained showed that tumors as small as 1 mm in diameter stained positive for platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 and contained PF. A negative control from a patient not given PF showed no detectable fluorescence. The average of all mean vascular densities in STNs was determined to be 100 ± 29. Conclusions: We conclude that STNs, as small as 1 mm in diameter, have a functional vasculature, because these tumors show PF uptake after i.v. delivery. Both properties are crucial for the treatment of residual STNs by IP-PDT after surgical debulking.
Alterations in the blood coagulation system induced by bacterial endotoxin. I. In vivo (generalized Shwartzman reaction).

The intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxins alter the coagulation system of rabbits' blood in vivo. Twenty-four hours after the first injection the fibrinogen level rises to twice normal values. The second injection at this time causes a 30 to 40 per cent decrease in fibrinogen content in 4 hours. Twenty hours later it again rises to twice normal values. A marked decrease in whole blood coagulation times in silicone occurs 4 hours after both injections but rises to normal values 24 hours following each injection. The circulating platelets drop from average levels of 300,000/c.mm. to 150,000/c.mm. after the first injection. The platelets remain at this low level and decrease to less than 100,000 after the second injection. During this time no fibrinolytic or fibrinogenolytic activity can be detected. Also, there is no significant change in the one stage prothrombin times or antithrombin titres. The marked decrease in circulating fibrinogen at the time when intracapillary thrombi are formed suggests that the "hyaline" thrombi of the generalized Shwartzman reaction are composed, in part, of fibrin. There appears to be a relationship between the level of circulating fibrinogen at the time of injection of bacterial endotoxin and the extent of the thrombosis. The higher the preinjection fibrinogen level, the more extensive is the thrombosis. There is also a relationship between the amount of fibrinogen loss and the extent of thrombosis after the injection. The more extensive the thrombosis the greater is the postinjection decrease in circulating fibrinogen. A comparison between the response of the hemostatic mechanism to tissue thromboplastin and bacterial endotoxin indicates that the latter acts in a unique manner and not by way of a simple "thromboplastic" activity. From the hematological standpoint, "preparation" for the generalized Shwartzman reaction is accompanied by an increased circulating fibrinogen, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia.
Bortezomib reverses a post-translational mechanism of tumorigenesis for Patched1 haploinsufficiency in medulloblastoma

Background Tumor initiation has been attributed to haploinsufficiency at a single locus for a large number of cancers. Patched1 (Ptc1) was one of the first such loci, and Ptc1 haploinsufficiency has been asserted to lead to medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma in mice.
Subject access in online catalogs: A design model

A model based on strikingly different philosophical as. sumptions from those currently popular is proposed for the design of online subject catalog access. Three design principles are presented and discussed: uncertainty (subject indexing is indeterminate and probabilistic beyond a certain point), variety (by Ashby’s law of requisite variety, variety of searcher query must equal variety of document indexing), and complexity (the search process, particularly during the entry and orientation phases, is subtler and more complex, on several grounds, than current models assume). Design features presented are an access phase, including entry and orientation, a hunting phase, and a selection phase. An end-user thesaurus and a front-end system mind are presented as examples of online catalog system components to improve searcher success during entry and orientation. The proposed model is “wrapped around” existing Library of Congress subject-heading indexing in such a way as to enhance access greatly without requiring reindexing. It is argued that both for cost reasons and in principle this is a superior approach to other design philosophies.
Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Cytomegalovirus Infections: An Imperfect Science

Northwestern University Transplant Outcomes Research Collaboration, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois USA Corresponding Author: Michael G. Ison, MD MS FIDSA, Divisions of Infectious Diseases & Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 645 N. Michigan Avenue Suite 900, Chicago, Illinois 60611, 312-695-4186 (Office), 312-695-5088 (Fax), mgison@northwestern.edu
Addressing CBIR efficiency, effectiveness, and retrieval subjectivity simultaneously

This work is about Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), focusing on developing a Fast And Semantics-Tailored (FAST) image retrieval methodology. Specifically, the contributions of FAST methodology to the CBIR literature include: (1) development of a new indexing method based on fuzzy logic to incorporate color, texture, and shape information into a region based approach to improving the retrieval effectiveness and robustness (2) development of a new hierarchical indexing structure and the corresponding Hierarchical, Elimination-based A* Retrieval algorithm (HEAR) to significantly improve the retrieval efficiency without sacrificing the retrieval effectiveness; it is shown that HEAR is guaranteed to deliver a logarithm search in the average case (3) employment of user relevance feedbacks to tailor the semantic retrieval to each user's individualized query preference through the novel Indexing Tree Pruning (ITP) and Adaptive Region Weight Updating (ARWU) algorithms. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations show that FAST methodology holds a great promise in delivering fast and semantics-tailored image retrieval in CBIR.
Power law scaling of topographic depressions and their hydrologic connectivity

Topographic depressions, areas of no lateral surface flow, are ubiquitous characteristics of the land surface that control many ecosystem and biogeochemical processes. High density of depressions increases the surface storage capacity, whereas lower depression density increases runoff, thus influencing soil moisture states, hydrologic connectivity, and the climate-soil-vegetation interactions. With the widespread availability of high-resolution lidar-based digital elevation model (lDEM) data, it is now possible to identify and characterize the structure of the spatial distribution of topographic depressions for incorporation in ecohydrologic and biogeochemical studies. Here we use lDEM data to document the prevalence and patterns of topographic depressions across five different landscapes in the United States and quantitatively characterize the probability distribution of attributes, such as surface area, storage volume, and the distance to the nearest neighbor. Through the use of a depression identification algorithm, we show that these probability distributions of attributes follow scaling laws indicative of a structure in which a large fraction of land surface areas can consist of high number of topographic depressions of all sizes and can account for 4 to 21 mm of depression storage. This implies that the impacts of small-scale topographic depressions in the landscapes on the redistribution of material fluxes, evaporation, and hydrologic connectivity are quite significant.
Bonding with self-etching primers--pumice or pre-etch? An in vitro study.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths (SBSs) of orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer (SEP) using different enamel surface preparations. A two-by-two factorial study design was used. Sixty human premolars were harvested, cleaned, and randomly assigned to four groups ( n = 15 per group). Teeth were bathed in saliva for 48 hours to form a pellicle. Treatments were assigned as follows: group 1 was pumiced for 10 seconds and pre-etched for 5 seconds with 37 per cent phosphoric acid before bonding with SEP (Transbond Plus). Group 2 was pumiced for 10 seconds before bonding. Group 3 was pre-etched for 5 seconds before bonding. Group 4 had no mechanical or chemical preparation before bonding. All teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C before debonding. The SBS values and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score were recorded. The SBS values (±1 SD) for groups 1–4 were 22.9 ± 6.6, 16.1 ± 7.3, 36.2 ± 8.2, and 13.1 ± 10.1 MPa, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance and subsequent contrasts showed statistically significant differences among treatment groups. ARI scores indicated the majority of adhesive remained on the bracket for all four groups. Pre-etching the bonding surface for 5 seconds with 37 per cent phosphoric acid, instead of pumicing, when using SEPs to bond orthodontic brackets, resulted in greater SBSs.
Palliative Care Research Nursing Response to Emergent Society Needs

The focus of this column is to describe a body of research on palliative care and end-of-life that has been the focus of Dr. Betty Ferrell's career and her work at the City of Hope. The impact of this work on the nursing workforce is described and research resources for nurses are included.
Intracellular Catabolism of an Antibody Drug Conjugate with a Noncleavable Linker

Antibody drug conjugates are emerging as a powerful class of antitumor agents with efficacy across a range of cancers; therefore, understanding the disposition of this class of therapeutic is crucial. Reported here is a method of enriching a specific organelle (lysosome) to understand the catabolism of an anti-CD70 Ab-MCC-DM1, an antibody drug conjugate with a noncleavable linker. With such techniques a higher degree of concentration-activity relationship can be established for in vitro cell lines; this can aid in understanding the resultant catabolite concentrations necessary to exert activity.
Abstract LB-197: Tumor vasculature associated marker as a target for recombinant DNA based vaccines

Discussion Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-197.
Arthropod Fauna Found During the First-Season Trial of a Selective Spray Schedule in a New Jersey Apple Orchard1

The insect and mite populations in two neighboring blocks of apple trees in u southern New Jersey orchard were studied to determine the nature of the populations where a ryania- glyodin sprayprol program was used to eliminate certain complications associated with chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. Records of spider mite numbers and collections of predaceous arthropods were taken at weekly intervals. At the end of the season injury to the fruit from codling moth ( Carpocapsa porno- !leila (L.)) and plum curculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar (Hbst.)) Was determined. The data indicated that a glyodin-ryania schedule can provide acceptable codling-moth control together with satisfactory control of phytophagous mites.
Perioperative complications in open versus percutaneous treatment of spinal fractures in patients with an ankylosed spine.

We compared open stabilization of vertebral fractures to percutaneous spinal fixation techniques in patients with a diagnosis of either ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). A retrospective review of patients known to have AS or DISH treated for spinal column fracture at a single institution between 1995 and 2011 was performed. Patients were analyzed by the type of fixation, divided into either a percutaneous group (PG) or an open group (OG). There were 41 patients identified with a spinal column fracture and history of AS or DISH who received surgical intervention. There were 17 (42%) patients with AS and 24 (58%) with DISH. Patients in the PG and OG cohorts presented with similar mechanisms of injury, Injury Severity Scale, number of vertebral fractures, number of additional injuries, and Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Osteosynthesefragen (AO) classification scores. Mean operative time (254.76minutes versus 334.67minutes, p=0.040), estimated blood loss (166.8 versus 1240.36mL, p<0.001), blood transfusion volume (178.32 versus 848.69mL, p<0.001), and time to discharge (9.58 days versus 16.73 days, p=0.008) were significantly less in the PG cohort. The rate of blood transfusion (36% versus 87.5%, p=0.001) and complications (56% versus 87%, p=0.045) were significantly less in the PG cohort. Percutaneous stabilization of fractures in patients with AS or DISH was associated with lower blood loss, shorter operative times and decreased need for transfusion, shorter hospitalization time and a lower perioperative complication rate.
Relative Intensity Noise of an InGaAsP Laser Over a 22 GHz Bandwidth at Cryogenic and Room Temperature

Cryogenic operation of semiconductor lasers offers the potential for greater bandwidth due to improved frequency modulation response,1,2 lower threshold current, and higher power efficiency3 over that of room temperature operation. The 3- dB electrical modulation bandwidth can be determined from the relaxation oscillation frequency as located from the peak in the relative intensity noise (RIN) spectrum.4 In this report we show that the cryogenic RIN of a commercial 1.5 μm InGaAsP laser is significantly reduced below room temperature values over a major portion of a 22 GHz measurement bandwidth, yielding increased potential for ultrahigh speed modulation. Low RIN lasers are also useful for determining the optimum performance of advanced photodetectors, for measuring noise figure of optical fiber amplifiers, and as reference standards for the comparison and evaluation of RIN measurements.