cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid determination of nematode cell and organ susceptibility to toxic treatments

Abstract In research focused on the intestine of parasitic nematodes, we recently identified small molecule inhibitors toxic to intestinal cells of larval Ascaris suum (nematode intestinal toxins/toxicants; “NITs”). Some NITs had anthelmintic activity across the phylogenetic diversity of the Nematoda. The whole-worm motility inhibition assay quantified anthelmintic activity, but worm responses to NITs in relation to pathology or affected molecular pathways was not acquired. In this study we extended this research to more comprehensively determine in whole larval A. suum the cells, organ systems, molecular targets, and potential cellular pathways involved in mechanisms of toxicity leading to cell death. The experimental system utilized fluorescent nuclear probes (bisbenzimide, propidium iodide), NITs, an A. suum larval parasite culture system and transcriptional responses (RNA-seq) to NITs. The approach provides for rapid resolution of NIT-induced cell death among organ systems (e.g. intestine, excretory, esophagus, hypodermis and seam cells, and nervous), discriminates among NITs based on cell death profiles, and identifies cells and organ systems with the greatest NIT sensitivity (e.g. intestine and apparent neuronal cells adjacent to the nerve ring). Application was extended to identify cells and organs sensitive to several existing anthelmintics. This approach also resolved intestinal cell death and irreparable damage induced in adult A. suum by two NITs, establishing a new model to elucidate relevant pathologic mechanisms in adult worms. RNA-seq analysis resolved A. suum genes responsive to treatments with three NITs, identifying dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (uridine synthesis) and RAB GTPase(s) (vesicle transport) as potential targets/pathways leading to cell death. A set of genes induced by all three NITs tested suggest common stress or survival responses activated by NITs. Beyond the presented specific lines of research, elements of the overall experimental system presented in this study have broad application toward systematic development of new anthelmintics.
Victims' Rights from a Restorative Perspective

The criminal adjudicatory process is meant in part to help crime victims heal. But for some crime victims, the process is re-victimizing. For decades, efforts have been made to make the criminal process fairer and more humane for victims. For example, state and federal laws are now designed to keep victims informed, allow them to be heard at sentencing, and afford them monetary restitution. But these efforts, while important, have not persuaded crime victims to trust criminal process. For example, sexual assaults remain grossly under-reported and under-prosecuted. Less than 1 percent of sexual assault crimes result in a felony conviction. Even the few victims who do receive their promised retributive outcome are not necessarily healed by the process. Reform efforts seem to presuppose that victims of crime – or victims of particular crimes such as sexual assault – are essentially the same and have essentially the same need, namely, a need for the offender to be criminally prosecuted and sent to prison to serve the longest sentence the law allows. However, sexual assault victims are a diverse group – racially, ethnically, socio-economically, and with respect to sexual identity – and they suffer varied harms because sexual assault encompasses a wide realm of misconduct and victim-offender relationships or lack thereof. Even when victims suffer similar harms and come from similar backgrounds, they often have distinct, though sometimes overlapping, needs and objectives. Some have no desire to participate in the criminal adjudication process at all. Some will be re-traumatized by a successful criminal prosecution, even with the implementation of procedural reforms promoted by the victims’ rights movement and others. Proceeding from the premise that victims are a diverse group with differing needs, we focus on victims who might prefer, and be better served by, a non-adversarial process that is centered on their needs, namely, restorative justice. However much improved, adversarial adjudication directed at convicting and incarcerating offenders risks re-traumatizing victims rather than promoting healing. It denies victims any significant control over the process, including control over their own narratives. We explore the value of restorative justice processes as an alternative that, in many criminal cases, may be preferable from victims’ perspective. We acknowledge that restorative justice processes are rarely employed in sexual assault cases in the United States and that prosecutors may have reasons, independent of victims’ perceived interests, for preferring the adversary process, a criminal conviction and imprisonment. Further, some victims’ advocates regard restorative justice as particularly inappropriate in the context of sexual assaults. Nonetheless, we suggest that when victims voluntarily choose to engage in a restorative justice process, it may be healing, because it gives victims agency in seeking a reckoning that fits with their particular needs and offers possibilities for addressing and repairing the harm that a criminal prosecution cannot.
Critically exploring the future of gaseous energy carriers

Abstract Opinions are divided if natural gas is a boon or bane in the context of climate change mitigation. This article explores the arguments around what role this fuel, and so called “green gas” will play in a future energy mix. The analysis splits the natural gas resource from the associated infrastructure, and argues that the pipeline infrastructure may have an important role to play in the transition. Green gas has emerged as a solution that may play an important role in the future, provided costs can be reduced further. Both “green” and “blue” hydrogen, as well as biomethane are explored in this context. Relatively little analysis and exploration has been focused on the midstream infrastructure aspect, as opposed to the focus on the fuels use in the power generation or, for example, home heating. Much will depend on future technical issues, but just as importantly in the regulatory and policy space, and interactions with society and the environment.
Downlink Performance of Limited-Fronthaul Cell-Free Massive MIMO

This paper investigates the downlink (DL) performance of cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems with limited capacity fronthaul links. The achievable DL rates are derived assuming two different CF mMIMO system operations, namely, distributed and centralized system operations. For the distributed system operation, access points (AP)s apply local conjugate beamforming (CB) precoding along with beamforming training (BT). On the other hand, the central processing unit (CPU) applies zero-forcing (ZF) precoding in the centralized system operation. Results revealed that the impact of limited capacity fronthaul links is more prominent on the centralized system operation. In addition, while the distributed system operation is more preferable under low capacities of fronthaul links, the centralized counterpart attains superior performance at high capacities of fronthaul links.
Addressing Challenges in Skills-based Education Through Innovation and Collaboration.

Skills-based instruction plays an integral role in pharmacy education, serving as a bridge between the didactic and experiential curriculum. As Aristotle wrote, “For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them.”[1][1] Through skills-based experiences, students are
A Review of “Methodology for Analytical Toxicology”

This volume represents a revision and expansion of the 1971 edition of the CRC Manual of Analytical Toxicology. The introductory section has been expanded to include information regarding specimen collection, patient history, and interpretation of the analytical result. The second section presents detailed descriptions of approximately 100 different methods, with 35 to 40 of the methods being new to this edition. The complexity of the methods range from relatively simple qualitative tests to more sophisticated methods requiring gas chromatography with prior derivatization, and in most cases more than one method is listed for each substance. The third section contains some useful information on enzyme and radioimmunosassays, heavy metal detection, gas and thin-layer chromatography, and ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
Endocrine Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescents and Inherited Tumor Syndromes

The endocrine system is an embryological diverse system composed of a variety of glands, such as pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, endocrine pancreas, and the diffuse neuroendocrine system. Neoplasms of all of these organs seen in adults are also found in infancy, childhood, and adolescents, both sporadic and as part of an inherited tumor syndrome. Besides these neoplastic diseases, young children and adolescents may present with a mass-like lesion that may be developmental or an embryological defect in nature and may mimic neoplasms. These diseases may include enlargement and hyperplasia, a single mass, or atrophy accompanied by hypofunction. We will discuss some of the different types of pathology that occur in adults and may also be present in infancy, childhood, and adolescents, as well as, tumors and tumor-like conditions that occur almost exclusively in these groups. We will cover also sporadic tumors and tumors occurring in a familial setting.
TIRF of salt and surface effects on protein adsorption

Abstract Total internal reflectance fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study protein adsorption under conditions relevant to those used in liquid chromatography, particularly hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The effects of surface characteristics (butylated or aminopropylated) and solution salt conditions (concentration of NaCl or (NH4)2SO4) on the extent of adsorption of lysozyme and chymotrypsinogen A on modified quartz surfaces were studied. An internal calibration technique was used to relate the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of the proteins to surface concentration. The two proteins displayed similar adsorption characteristics. Adsorption was found to be largely irreversible on the butylated slides but more readily reversible on the aminopropylated slides. Both proteins adsorbed on aminopropylated surfaces despite the expected electrostatic repulsion between the positively charged surface and the proteins, both of which bear a net positive charge at pH 7. Salt strength affected the extent of surface coverage, even in the plateau regions of adsorption isotherms; thus monolayer coverage was not attained under all conditions at high bulk protein concentrations. Salt effects on adsorption on butylated surfaces appeared to be due largely to those on solubility, but on aminopropylated surfaces the interaction of salt with the charged surface was apparent in adsorption behavior.
Modeling Collegial Courts (3): Adjudication Equilibria (Revised)

We present a formal game theoretic model of adjudication by a collegial court. The model incorporates dispute resolution as well as judicial policy making and indicates the relationship between the two. It explicitly addresses joins, concurrences and dissents, and assumes "judicial" rather than legislative or electoral objectives by the actors. The model makes clear and often novel predictions about the plurality opinion's location in "policy" space; the case's disposition; and the size and composition of the disposition-, join-, and concurrence-coalitions. These elements of adjudication equilibrium vary with the identity of the opinion writer and with the location of the case. In general, the opinion is not located at the ideal policy of the median judge. The model suggests new departures for empirical work on judicial politics. This paper substantially revises a prior version dated July 1 2009.
Alexandria: A Tool for Hierarchical Verification

Alexandria is an implementation of the hierarchical verification methodology for the Higher-Order Logic (HOL) theorem prover. The main contribution of Alexandria is the reduction of effort required by the user to create and use hierarchical hardware proofs in HOL. We discuss the implementation and use of Alexandria with an example and outline our future work.
Summary of Key Rules in the Law of Estates and Future Interests

The rules of law governing estates in land and future interests are boiled down as much as possible, but hopefully not more so.
When and How to Apply ADMET Principles to Drug Discovery and Development

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Toxicity screening data is now a routine part of drug discovery. Although similar screening systems are providing structure activity relationships (SAR) to projects throughout the world both in industry and academica, the use of the data is not constant. This chapter reviews the various screens and puts the output of the screens into context. Examples of misused screening data are exemplified by protein binding. Many projects try to optimise molecules to provide a higher free fraction based on static in vitro experiments. This is scientifically wrong sine unbound plasma concentrations for oral drugs are controlled by intrinsic clearance, data which is provided by completely different screens. The data from screens for intrinsic clearance may themselves be compromised by lack of correction for reagent binding. The chapter provides a framework for designing screening strategies which include ADMET and list important criteria to be considered in defining probabilities of project success. Keywords: HTS; protein binding; permeability; polar surface area; lipophilicity
Evaluating Sensitivity to Behavioral Change Using Direct Behavior Rating Single-Item Scales:

In this study, the researchers evaluated the sensitivity of Direct Behavior Rating Single-Item Scales (DBR-SIS) for assessing behavior change in response to an intervention. Included in the analyses were data from 20 completed behavioral consultation cases involving a diverse sample of elementary participants and contexts using a common intervention in an A-B design. Secondary purposes of the study were to investigate the utility of 5 metrics proposed for understanding behavioral response, as well as the correspondence among these metrics and teachers' ratings of intervention acceptability. Overall, results suggest that DBR-SIS demonstrated sensitivity to behavior change regardless of the metric used. Further, we found limited association between student change and teachers' ratings of acceptability.
Optical Diagnostics for Thin Film Processing

Optical diagnostics are used to probe the plasma or neutral gas above the substrate, particles in the gas or on the surface, the film surface and reactor walls, the film itself, and the substrate during thin film processing. The development and application of optical probes are highlighted, in particular for analyzing plasma/gas phase intermediates and products and film composition, and performing metrology, thermometry, and endpoint detection and control. Probing etching (particularly plasma etching) and deposition (particularly epitaxy) are emphasized.
On Mahavier products

Abstract We are defining a new operator called Mahavier product. This operator generalizes the inverse limit operator with multivalued functions first introduced in [6] by William S. Mahavier in 2004. Basic properties of the operator are studied and examples of uses are given.
An evaluation of labor assignment rules when workers are not perfectly interchangeable

Abstract The dual resource constrained job shop research has considered the issue of labor flexibility. However, labor flexibility has been defined as the ability of the worker to transfer from work center to work center. A more encompassing definition used in this research is that labor flexibility is worker efficiency at each work station. With workers not equally capable at every center, assignments of different workers to the same work center results in different capacity requirements for the same job. The research here examines how to assign labor to work centers when these differences exist. The traditional labor assignment rules, when to move and where to move, are tested against rules that are created to incorporate worker efficiency information. These rules are first evaluated and then subsequently tested on differing matrices representing other labor efficiencies and with alternative dispatching rules. Results of this research indicate a departure from previous results in the dual resource constrained job shop. The research shows that selection of the rule that governs where the worker should move is the most important choice.
Assessment of a short scale to measure social support.

A wide variety of measures have been used to assess the effects of social support on both physical and psychological status. Information on the reliability and validity of many of these instruments is unavailable; other instruments appear to be reasonably valid but involve large numbers of questions and require considerable time for completion. This study examines the properties of a short, self-administered social support scale (SSS). Data are available from 3 samples: HMO clients in a weight loss program (N = 268); chronic facial pain patients (N = 92); and colorectal cancer patients (N = 318). Three scoring strategies measuring two dimensions (structural and perceptual) of social support are compared with respect to internal consistency and criterion and construct validity. One of these strategies results in a measure that behaves in a way consistent with other, longer instruments and appears to possess acceptable reliability and validity. Scores can be broken down by source (e.g. spouse, friends), and wording can be modified to measure either general support or support for a specific situation.
In Vivo Subcellular Localization of[ 3 H]Bilirubin (B) in Rat Brain

Background B is a well known cause of neurotoxicity, but our understanding of the mechanisms underlying toxicity is incomplete. No information was available on the subcellular localization of B in vivo. Materials/methods Young SPRD rats (100-200g) were anesthetized and 50 mg/kg B (containing 200μCi [3H]B) was infused iv over 5 min. Rats were sacrificed at 10 (n=7) and 30 (n=8) min after the start of the infusion, and the brain vasculature was flushed in situ with ice-cold saline. Brains were homogenized in 0.32M sucrose using a glass-Teflon homogenizer, followed by subcellular fractionation in sucrose gradients. Fractions were removed in aliquots of 2 mL, and the protein content of each fraction was determined. 10 mL of scintillation cocktail was added to each fraction for scintillation counting. Serum B concentration was determined in serum obtained immediately prior to sacrifice, and the specific activity of B was determined for each rat by scintillation counting of duplicate 10 μL serum samples. Data from the subcellular fractions were contrasted using nonparametric analysis of variance.FigureResults Serum B concentrations were 529±78 and 349±42 μmol/L (mean± SD) at 10 and 30 min respectively. There were significant differences between B concentrations in subcellular fractions at both time points (KW=35.8, p<0.0001 at 10 min [see figure]. KW=43.2. p<0.0001 at 30 min [not shown]). The distribution between fractions did not change over time (data not shown). Conclusion In the presence of an intact blood-brain barrier B entering the brain appears to achieve the highest concentrations in membranes and cytoplasm of brain cells. Although this does not prove that the basic mechanism of B neurotoxicity is necessarily associated with these fractions. knowing the concentrations of B associated with the different subcellular compartments may be of value in designing and evaluating studies of the effects of B on basic cellular functions.
Effect of dosage on the survival of embryonic homotransplants in the leopard frog, Rana pipiens.

A widespread conviction is that embryonic primordia may be successfully homotransplanted between amphibian embryos without any subsequent antagonism of an immune nature between host and graft tissues. Presumably the grafting of embryonic rudiments prior to the maturation of the immunological machinery of the host has the effect of prolonging, seemingly indefinitely, the survival time of the graft. It now can be shown, at least in the leopard frog, that an embryonic (neural fold) homograft can induce either immunity or tolerance, the given response being largely governed by the amount of tissue that is transplanted. Tolerance is not at all guaranteed simply by exposing the host to an antigenic stimulus before the functional differentiation of the immune system. Indeed, small quantities of homografted neural fold tissue confer immunity, not tolerance. The host's reactive system can only be suppressed by a large dose of transplanted neural fold material.
Teaching with unfamiliar pedagogy for engineering design instructors

In recent years, increasing amount of attention has been paid to the teaching of engineering design. This increase stems from response to calls for reform in the way engineering graduates are trained and many engineering programs reacted by adding more practical courses such as engineering design to their curriculum. Unlike traditional engineering courses, teaching engineering design requires adopting a type of pedagogy that many engineering educators are not familiar with and are often resistant to implement. Thus, it is the need to understand resistance that makes the study of concerns that faculty members may have implementing active teaching strategies relevant. Teachers' concerns have been examined extensively at K-12 level, but few studies have examined the same issue in undergraduate engineering education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the concerns of faculty members teaching a freshman engineering design course using an unfamiliar pedagogy, and map these concerns to a model developed for understanding concerns related to adoption of innovation. Themes that do not map unto this model would be deemed specific to the teaching engineering design.
Tables of gehan's generalized Wilcoxon test with fixed point censoring

Tables of Gehan's generalized Wilcoxon test statistic with single fixed point censoring are presented. It is shown that exact probability levels can be calculated in a very simple manner when the proportion of censored observations is large. The results of a simulation study investigating the adequacy of the large sample approximation for two different degrees of censoring are given.
Identifying and Treating Cognitive Impairments in Elderly Patients

Elderly patients with depression are at risk for developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and some patients with MCI may go on to develop Alzheimer's disease. This interactive Case and Comment follows Mr. P through the initial diagnosis and treatment of MCI and introduces measurements to predict his likelihood of converting to Alzheimer's disease.
X-ray monochromator geometry for focusing synchrotron radiation above 10 keV

Abstract The relative merits of crystals versus moirrors for focusing synchrotron radiation at energies above 10 keV are explored. As mirrors have critical angles of reflection rypically 1 20 of the Bragg scattering angles for crystals, large mirror surface areas are required. Sagittal focusing is weak for mirrors and limits the amount of radiation intercepted. We show that crystals bent to a simple cylindrical curvature will accept large divergences of radiation for sagittal focusing. At a magnification near 1 3 , the cylindrically curved crystals are shown to make the proper Bragg angle for energies above 5 keV and for divergences larger than 10 mrad and to produce X-ray beams which are approximately focused.
A Team-based Model of Primary Care Delivery and Physician-patient Interaction

Abstract Background Interprofessional team-based models of primary care delivery may improve efficiency and increase patient-centered time with the physician. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effect of a new team-based primary care delivery model implemented in our health system on physician-patient face-to-face time and patient experience of the visit compared with usual care. Methods We conducted time-motion analyses of ambulatory visits with 20 primary care physicians across 8 practice sites in our health system from June through August 2014. Ten physicians practicing in the team-based model and 10 physicians practicing usual care at the same practice sites were included. The time that the physician was in the room and the duration of physician-patient face-to-face interaction were measured. After each visit, patients answered questions regarding satisfaction with their visit. Results A total of 98 patient visits were observed (44 in the team-based model and 54 in usual care). Total time that the physician and patient spent together at the visit did not differ significantly between the models. However, total duration of face-to-face interaction and proportion of the visit spent in face-to-face interaction were significantly greater in the team-based model. Patient satisfaction did not differ between the 2 models. Conclusions A team-based model of primary care delivery increased physician-patient face-to-face time during the office visit, but did not affect patient satisfaction.
Selective potentiation of NMDA-induced activity and release of excitatory amino acids by dynorphin: possible roles in paralysis and neurotoxicity.

Selective antagonists of N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors have been shown to protect against dynorphin-A (DYN)-induced paralysis and neurotoxicity in the spinal cord. To test the hypothesis that either DYN-induced paralysis or neurotoxicity involves an enhanced release of EAAs, we used microdialysis to monitor aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) release in both the lumbar spinal cord extracellular fluid (ECF) and the spinal cord cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of conscious rats in response to DYN (1–13). Injection of 5 nmol of DYN produced temporary paralysis in 8 of 10 animals, but did not significantly change Asp or Glu release in either the ECF or the CSF. Injection of 20 nmol of DYN caused permanent paralysis and neuronal cell loss in all animals tested as well as a significant increase of Asp and Glu in both the ECF and the CSF, and a decrease in glutamine (Gln) release only in the ECF. Pretreatment with 1 mg/kg of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 blocked both paralysis and amino acid changes in the ECF. Pretreatment of animals with 5 mg/kg naloxone inhibited glutamate release in the ECF, but did not block paralysis, Asp release or inhibition of Gln release. As MK-801 sensitive paralysis by DYN was not mediated through enhanced EAA release, we examined whether DYN could act through postsynaptic facilitation of NMDA receptors by testing the ability of DYN to alter the magnitude of a behavioral response produced by intrathecal injection of NMDA in mice. At a dose that produces no behavioral effects alone, DYN reversed the behavioral desensitization seen following repeated injections of NMDA. DYN did not enhance the behavior produced by single or multiple injections of kainic acid or substance P. This effect was not blocked by naloxone, but was inhibited by nalmefene. These results support the hypothesis that DYN-induced paralysis does not involve enhanced EAA release, but could (as it does with NMDA-induced behavior in mice) produce facilitation of NMDA receptor activity and reversal of desensitization. At higher doses, DYN does produce an MK-801-sensitive release of Asp which may contribute to the progression from paralysis to neurotoxicity.
Ampicillin, Sulbactam, and Rifampin Combination Treatment of Experimental Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis in Rabbits

Ampicillin or amoxicillin at 625-800 mg/kg/day, in combination with a beta-lactamase inhibitor, each is as effective as vancomycin in animal models of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Studies were done to determine whether the addition of rifampin would permit lowering the dose of ampicillin into the range recommended for use in humans without loss of efficacy. The efficacy of ampicillin/sulbactam (300/150 or 150/75 mg/kg/day intramuscularly, in three divided doses) in combination with rifampin (5 mg/kg intramuscularly, three times daily) was compared with that of vancomycin (25 mg/kg intravenously, twice daily, or 30 mg/kg intramuscularly, three times daily) in the rabbit model of methicillin-resistant S. aureus aortic valve endocarditis. Neither ampicillin/sulbactam nor rifampin alone was effective. The ampicillin/sulbactam/rifampin regimen was as effective as vancomycin. This regimen may be an alternative to vancomycin in treatment of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections.
Contrast Variable for Group Comparisons in Biopharmaceutical Research

Group comparisons can be conducted at three levels: (1) group means, (2) both group means and variabilities, and (3) group distributions. A traditional contrast is defined as a linear combination of group means; thus, traditional contrast analysis may only effectively address group comparisons in the first level. The concept of a contrast variable has recently been proposed. A contrast variable is defined as a linear combination of random variables (each variable representing random values in a group) instead of group means. Based on a contrast variable, we can use the mean of a contrast to address questions on group comparisons at the first level as in traditional contrast analysis. Meanwhile, we can use the ratio of mean to standard deviation of a contrast variable, that is, standardized mean of a contrast variable (SMCV), to effectively address questions at the second level. We can further use the probability that a contrast variable obtains a positive value, that is, c +-probability, to effectively ad...
Measurement of nuclear and electron spin relaxation times by magic angle spin locking experiments: electron spin relaxation in copper tutton salt

Abstract Nuclear relaxation times of a series of polycrystalline samples of zinc Tutton salt doped with known concentrations of copper Tutton salt have been measured. These nuclear relaxation times were analyzed to obtain electron spin relaxation times. The electron relaxation times are found to vary exponentially with the metal-metal separation.
Texture of frozen vegetables: Effect of freezing rate on green beans

The texture of green beans after blanching, freezing and cooking was measured with a shear press. Each processing step reduced shear resistance about the same amount. Visible damage to the vegetable tissues was caused by freezing, but not by blanching or cooking. Very rapid freezing by immersion in liquid nitrogen prevented damage and reduced the texture degradation. When the freezing rate was slightly slower than that required for perfect preservation, immature cells of the inner parenchyma were the first to be damaged. Further reduction of the freezing rate caused breakage of other cell walls in this tissue, and separation of walls in the outer part of the pod. When the freezing rate was changed during freezing, the part of the bean that froze rapidly was not damaged, whereas that which froze slowly was damaged. Decreasing the freezing rate during freezing did not damage the portion of the bean already frozen. Sensory appraisal panels were able to distinguish texture differences in beans frozen at various rates when there were visible differences in the amounts of cell wall damage.
Hydraulic deliquoring of compressible filter cakes. Part 1: Reverse flow in filter presses

Removal of liquid from filter cakes can be accomplished by mechanical or hydraulic methods after cake formation is complete. This paper deals with the latter procedure. The local porosity in porous beds (Tiller and Cooper, 1962) is a function of hydraulic pressure distribution and cake compressibility. Calculation of average porosity requires an integration of local values as determined by liquid flow patterns. As most compressions of filter cakes are irreversible, the local porosity is a function of the maximum effective pressure (frictional pressure loss) reached during cyclical operations. Reversal of flow through a cake develops radically changed pressure distributions which can be utilized to reduce local porosities. Analytical expressions are presented for reduction of average porosity brought about by reversing flow of liquid in plate-and-frame and recessed plate filter presses.
Use of Glycated Hemoglobin to Assess Glycemic Control in Wistar Diabetic Fatty Rats and Zucker Fatty Rats

The Wistar Diabetic Fatty rat (WDF fafa) is a congenic strain of the Wistar Kyoto rat. Studies using blood glucose reveal that only fatty male (not female) WDF rats spontaneously develop hyperglycemia when fed a stock diet. Blood glucose values have not provided consistent results for evaluation of glycemic status in fatty male WDF rats. Zucker fatty (fafa) rats, while sharing the fa gene and the development of hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipemia, do not spontaneously become hyperglycemic. In order to examine strain differences and the effects of age on long-term average glycemic status in WDF and Zucker rats, glycated hemoglobin (GHb) was analyzed. Glycated hemoglobin was measured in male lean and obese WDF and Zucker rats at 2, 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Nonfasted plasma glucose was measured in male lean and obese WDF rats at 2, 3, 6, and 12 months of age and in lean and obese Zucker rats at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Plasma insulin was measured in lean and obese WDF and Zucker rats at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Obese WDF rats had significantly elevated GHb compared to lean controls at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Glycated hemoglobin was substantially above the normal range (3.8-6.5%) at 3 months of age (14.1%). Glycated hemoglobin significantly declined in the obese WDF rats between 6 and 12 months of age. Nonfasted plasma glucose was significantly elevated in the obese WDF rats at 3 months (14.1 +/- 2.1 mM/L) and 6 months of age (16.2 +/- 2.3 mM/L) compared to lean controls. At 12 months of age there was no difference in plasma glucose between obese and lean WDF rats. Obese and lean Zucker rats had similar levels of GHb and plasma glucose at all ages. In conclusion, GHb provides more integrated data for classifying disease status of WDF rats and evaluation of potential long-term complications associated with hyperglycemia.
Spectroscopy of 9C via Resonance Scattering of Protons on 8B

The structure of the neutron-deficient $^{9}\mathrm{C}$ isotope was studied via elastic scattering of radioactive $^{8}\mathrm{B}$ on protons. An excitation function for resonance elastic scattering was measured in the energy range from 0.5 to 3.2 MeV in the center-of-momentum system. A new excited state in $^{9}\mathrm{C}$ was observed at an excitation energy of 3.6 MeV. An $R$-matrix analysis indicates spin-parity $5/{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ for the new state. The results of this experiment are compared with continuum shell-model calculations.
Metrics for measuring human interaction with interactive visualizations for information analysis

There is a lack of widely-accepted metrics for evaluating analysts' experiences with interactive visualizations (IV) for information analysis. We report an approach for developing analyst-centered IV metrics that is built upon understanding the workplace needs and experiences of information analysts with respect to IVs. We derive metrics from human-computer interaction heuristics, specializing the metrics to address the characteristics of IVs and analysts. When there are no existing heuristics, analysts' needs and experiences inform new heuristics.
Response probabilities in verbal recall

Ten Ss were allowed 15 min to name all the U.S. Presidents they could remember. Twenty-five other Ss were allowed 25 min to name nations. The probability of occurrence per unit time, i.e., probability density, of each name was estimated from the distribution of latencies for that name. The probabilities in each category were then ranked in order of decreasing magnitude, and log probability density was plotted against log rank. In both cases most of the points fell on a straight line, with a slope of −1.14 for Presidents and −.87 for nations. These results indicate that the distribution of recall probabilities for words in a category can be described by an equation similar to one applied by Zipf to the relative frequencies of words in general usage.
Oscillatory flow in thin-walled curved elastic tubes—Summary

It is relevant to study the mechanics of oscillatory flow of a viscous fluid in curved elastic tubes, as a step toward understanding the flow of blood at curvature sites in the major arteries. A numerical analysis is carried out for oscillatory flow of a viscous incompressible fluid through thin-walled elastic tubes with small curvature. Parameters in the computation are chosen to correspond to physiological flows at arterial sites of small curvature.
Characteristics associated with postoperative diagnosis of adenomyosis or combined adenomyosis with fibroids

Abstract Objective To identify clinical characteristics associated with combined adenomyosis and fibroids and to determine whether preoperative diagnosis by ultrasonography correlates with postoperative diagnosis by pathology. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of 206 women who attended Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, USA, between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2010. The patients were stratified into 3 groups—fibroids only (n = 148); adenomyosis only (n = 21); or combined adenomyosis and fibroids (n = 37)—according to postoperative pathology findings and variables known to be associated with adenomyosis and fibroids. Significant variables were included in a multinomial regression analysis. Results Dysmenorrhea was the only variable significantly associated with a diagnosis of adenomyosis. The odds ratio (OR) was 3.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–9.80). Variables significantly associated with combined adenomyosis and fibroids were age (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01–1.15), black ethnicity (OR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.11–6.68), and parity (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08–1.92). Preoperative diagnosis by ultrasonography did not correlate with the postoperative pathology report. Conclusion Including the identified variables in the preoperative evaluation of patients with suspicion of fibroids might improve the counseling process and aid the choice of surgical procedure, especially among patients desiring a conservative approach.
Chromatographic resolution of the rod pigment from the four cone pigments of the chicken retina

Abstract Chicken rod and cone pigments are chromatographically resolved using a combination ofstepwise elution from a concanavalin A affinity column and a secondary ion exchange purification. The rod pigment rhodopsin and the cone pigment iodopsin are purified to homogeneity. There is a partial separation of three other cone pigments: chicken green, chicken blue, and chicken violet, making clear that this is at least a tetrachromatic cone system.
Fatty Acid Composition of Breast Milk from Low Income Lactating Mothers in Lubbock, Texas

Abstract Fatty acids in the n - 3 series are important in neurological and visual development in infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate fatty acid composition in the milk of lactating women from an inland area of Texas where fish consumption is rare. Methods; Twenty two breast feeding women had breast milk samples taken in a uniform manner 8 to 11 days after the birth of healthy infants. Gas chromatography was used to measure the fatty acid composition of the milk. Subjects completed a food frequency questionnaire and a 24 hour food record. Results; Nineteen of the women reported that they never eat fatty fish while the remaining women reported consumption at 1 time per year. Other characteristics of the diets of these women were low fruit and vegetable consumption (mean of 2 servings per day) and low milk consumption (mean of 1.25 servings per day). The percent of decosahexanoic acid (DHA) in the milk of these women was 0.08 ± 0.01% as compared to 0.2 to 0.4% reported in other studies. Linoleic, alpha linolenic and other fatty acids measured had values similar to those reported in the literature. Conclusions; Diets of low income women in Lubbock, Texas do not meet recommended number of servings of fruits, vegetables and milk and contain little fish. The low fish consumption appear to be reflected in the below expected levels of DHA in the breast milk.
Measurement Invariance: A Foundational Principle for Quantitative Theory Building

This article describes why measurement invariance is a critical issue to quantitative theory building within the field of human resource development. Readers will learn what measurement invariance is and how to test for its presence using techniques that are accessible to applied researchers. Using data from a LibQUAL+TM study of user perceptions of service quality, we demonstrate how measurement invariance can threaten the validity of group comparison tests and ensuing theoretical conclusions. Moreover, we identify how measurement invariance can uncover important relationships in data that would otherwise go left unnoticed.
Energy converting material for solar cell application

In this paper, we discuss the concept of an efficient infrared upconverting phosphor as an energy converting material that could potentially improve the efficiency of Si solar cells in bifacial configuration. Basic spectroscopic studies of Yb and Er-doped La2O2S phosphor was reported with particular attention to its upconversion properties under 1550 nm excitation. Different concentrations of phosphors were synthesized by solid state flux fusion method. The phosphor powders were well crystallized in a hexagonal shape with an average size 300-400 nm. The most efficient upconverting sample (1%Yb: 9% Er doped La2O2S) was also studied under the illumination with infrared (IR) broad band spectrum above 1000 nm. Our measurements show that even with an excitation power density of 0.159 W/cm2 using a tungsten halogen lamp the material shows efficient upconversion corroborating the fact that the present phosphors could be potential candidates for improving the efficiency of the present Si solar cells.
Interactions of mammalian proteins with cisplatin-damaged DNA

Abstract We have undertaken the systematic isolation and characterization of mammalian proteins which display an affinity for cisplatin-damaged DNA. Fractionation of human cell extracts has led to the identification of two classes of proteins. The first includes proteins that bind duplex DNA in the absence of cisplatin damage and retain their affinity for DNA in the presence of cisplatin–DNA adducts. The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) falls into this class. The inhibition of DNA-PK phosphorylation activity by cisplatin-damaged DNA has led to the hypothesis that cisplatin sensitization of mammalian cells to ionizing radiation may be mediated by DNA-PK. The second class of proteins identified are those which display a high relative affinity for cisplatin-damaged DNA and a low affinity for undamaged duplex DNA. Proteins that fall into this class include high mobility group 1 protein (HMG-1), replication protein A (RPA) and xeroderma pigmentosum group A protein (XPA). Each protein has been isolated and purified in the lab. The interaction of each protein with cisplatin-damaged DNA has been assessed in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. A series of DNA binding experiments suggests that RPA binds duplex DNA via denaturation and subsequent preferential binding to the undamaged DNA strand of the partial duplex. DNA substrates prepared with photo-reactive base analogs on either the damaged or undamaged DNA strand have also been employed to investigate the mechanism and specific protein–DNA interactions that occur as each protein binds to cisplatin-damaged DNA. Results suggest both damage and strand specificity for RPA and XPA binding cisplatin-damaged DNA.
Beta-2 Agonism: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Dyslipidemia

Since the early 1980s, there has been clinical data demonstrating the effects of beta-adrenergic agonist on lipid levels. Terbutaline was shown to raise HDL-c levels in healthy subjects after just two weeks of treatment (Hooper et al., 1981). This data in conjunction with other trials which revealed that beta-blockers lowered HDL-c and raised LDL-c as well as triglycerides (Harvengt et al., 1987), supported the hypothesis that stimulation of the beta-2 receptor could result in favorable lipid changes. Maki et al. (1996) found that albuterol administration was associated with favorable changes in the serum lipid profile with significant lowering of LDL-c and increases in HDL-c in a small human trial without marked impairment of glucose tolerance or its physiologic determinants (Maki et al., 1996). Ye et al. (2015) of EBioMedicine found that another selective beta-2 agonist, R-bambuterol also significantly lowered LDL-c in a relatively small healthy volunteer population (Ye et al., 2015). Since the racemic mixture of bambuterol was not effective in modifying the lipid levels, this suggests that there may be inhibitory effects between R and S bambuterol on the beta-2 receptors that regulate lipoprotein metabolism, Therefore, there is compelling hypothesis generating human data that selective beta-2 agonist may have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism. Beta-2 agonism stimulates intracellular cAMP, which regulates a number of pathways involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are major transcription factors regulating the biosynthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids and triglycerides (Xiao and Song, 2013). SREBP is controlled by cAMP, which may explain why beta-2 agonism may affect LDL-c, HDL-c and triglyceride. In addition, cAMP stimulates ABCA1 upregulation, which results in HDL mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages or hepatocytes (Fournier et al., 2003). Statin therapy and more recently PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies have demonstrated robust efficacy for lowering LDL-c but there remains significant unmet medical need especially for patients that are refractory or intolerant to these treatment. A recent study, found that of 647 patients with coronary heart disease prescribed statins, about 20% failed to have a significant LDL-lowering response to treatment, and instead saw LDL-cholesterol levels increased 6.2%, compared to a drop of 44.5% among those who responded to the treatment (Kataoka et al., 2015). In addition, approximately 10% of dyslipidemic patients are statin intolerant (Jacobson, 2014). SREBP is an important target for novel drug development and this new clinical data by Ye and colleagues may provide helpful insights into role of beta-2 agonism in lipid metabolism which may provide another class of agents that address an unmet clinical need in patients with dyslipidemia (Ye et al., 2015).
Salivary Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract Increased incidences of gram-negative organisms are being reported in oral infections. The oral cavity may serve as a reservoir for gram-negative oral infections and may be a portal of entry for the general circulation as well. Monitoring of the incidence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a normal population appears indicated. The present study isolated P. aeruginosa from five of 400 salivary samples—approximately one per cent.