cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification and quantitation of apoptotic cells following anti-CD3 activation of murine G0 T cells.

Multiparameter flow cytometry and cell sorting were used to examine the process of apoptosis after activation of murine resting T cells with immobilized anti-CD3. Activated T cells treated with Hoechst 33342 (HO-33342) and analyzed by flow cytometry showed two major cell populations of high and low fluorescence. These populations were sorted and the DNA extracted and subjected to electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of DNA extracted from T cells showing a low level of HO-33342 fluorescence (HO-Low) resulted in a typical ladder pattern characteristic of internucleosomal DNA degradation associated with apoptosis, whereas the cellular DNA of the cells showing a high level of fluorescence (HO-High) showed a narrow high molecular weight band. Multiparameter analysis further indicated that cells with HO-High characteristics possessed corresponding high-FSC/low-SSC properties, whereas HO-Low cells formed a cluster of low-FSC/high-SSC cells. Analysis of the DNA extracted from cells sorted on the basis of scatter properties alone confirmed that the low-FSC/high-SSC population contained the apoptotic cells and that the high-FSC/low-SSC population was comprised of viable cells. This methodology allowed us to determine the percentage of apoptotic cells following anti-CD3 activation at various time points and to discriminate them from those in cell cycle. We could further quantitate the number of apoptotic versus viable CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the cell cycle. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in pediatric neurosurgery

The use of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) in pediatric neurosurgery is not new; however, its application to a wider range of procedures is a relatively new development. The purpose of this article is to review the physiology underlying the commonly employed IONM modalities and to describe their application to a subset of pediatric neurosurgical procedures.
An X-ray Microanalysis Study of the Salt Glands and Intracellular Calcium Crystals of Tamarix

Abstract X-ray microprobe analyses of the secreted salts from glands of 20 Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst trees growing in alluvial soils in the north western district of Victoria, Australia, show that the glands secrete a variety of elements including calcium, magnesium and sulphur. However, sodium, potassium and chloride, common ions reported to be secreted predominantly in other studies, are present in relatively low amounts in the secreted salts. Calcium, the major cationic element in the secretory product of the gland, was not detected in the symplasm of the secretory and collecting cells or in the vacuoles of the collecting cells. Some evidence indicates that silicon may be secreted by the glands but further corroboratory data are required. Our results support previous suggestions that the glands of Tamarix have a low level of selectivity. Large, spherical aggregates of calcium crystals were observed in the vacuoles of the mesophyll cells and quantitative X-ray microanalysis suggested that the chemical composition of the crystalline aggregates was CaSO 4 , 2H 2 O. The predominant elements in the vacuolar sap were magnesium and sulphur, probably present as MgSO 4 , whereas the major elements in the cytoplasm were potassium, sulphur and phosphorus. In Tamarix aphylla the calcium content of the leaf appears to be regulated by both the secretion of calcium salts from the leaf and by intracellular calcification in mesophyll cells.
Neural Network Analysis of Distributed Representations of Dynamical Sensory-Motor Transformations in the Leech

Interneurons in leech ganglia receive multiple sensory inputs and make synaptic contacts with many motor neurons. These "hidden" units coordinate several different behaviors. We used physiological and anatomical constraints to construct a model of the local bending reflex. Dynamical networks were trained on experimentally derived input-output patterns using recurrent back-propagation. Units in the model were modified to include electrical synapses and multiple synaptic time constants. The properties of the hidden units that emerged in the simulations matched those in the leech. The model and data support distributed rather than localist representations in the local bending reflex. These results also explain counterintuitive aspects of the local bending circuitry.
Time‐Dependent quantum theory. IV. Effect of lattice relaxation on the optical spectra

The absorption and emission spectra of a diatomic “molecule” connected to an unstrained linear crystal are calculated for the circumstance where the diatomic undergoes a change of equilibrium internuclear separation in the electronic transition. The expansion (or contraction) of the diatomic results in a frequency dependent line-width in the customary Lorentzian expression, and is manifested in the absorption spectrum as an asymmetric tailing to the blue, and in the emission spectrum as an asymmetric tailing to the red. The interaction of the diatomic with the lattice also produces a blue-shift of the absorption spectrum and a red-shift of the emission spectrum. An important consequence of the asymmetry is the apparent loss of integrated intensity of the line. The striking similarity, both in the width and the over-all shape, of the emission line calculated here with those observed in the Vegard–Kaplan band of N2 dissolved in rare gas crystals is discussed.
Grade Expectations as a Function of Sex, Academic Discipline, and Sex of Instructor.

Twelve hundred and fifty college students starting introductory courses in thirteen academic disciplines were asked to predict their grade in the course. Results showed that overall, males predicted higher grades for themselves than did females (p < .001). This held true for entering freshmen as well as for those with previous college experience. The phenomena was noted in 26 of 37 classes tested, including 7 of 9 in the natural sciences, 11 of 13 in the social sciences, but only 8 of 15 in the humanities. Sex of the instructor was irrelevant, raising the question of whether female instructors as role models have the positive effect upon women students that has been claimed. The differences found were slight, but persistent. Both sexes predicted very high grades. The data suggest that sex differences in prediction were not based on a female sense of incompetence, but upon a greater willingness among males to make highly positive predictions.
Duration of carbon dioxide absorption by soda lime at low rates of fresh gas flow

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the impact of a low fresh gas flow rate on the duration o f carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) absorption by soda lime. Design: Nonchnical, experimental. Setting: Experimental laboratory. Methods: In vitro test with Sodasorb and a semiclosed breathing circle ventilating a test lung with a CO 2 inflow of 250 ml per minute. Fresh gas, flow rates o f 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 L/min were studied. Measurements and Main Results: CO 2 was measured at the breathing circuit test lung interface with a mainstream capnometer. Duration of CO 2 absorption was determined as the time for the inspired CO 2 tension (PICO 2 ) to increase from 0 mm to 7 mm of mercury. The times of this interval were recorded four times for each fresh gas flow rate and compared by analysis of variance; p Conclusion: Because soda lime color indicators are unreliable, when a semiclosed breathing circle is used at a low rate of fresh gas flow without CO 2 monitoring, the CO 2 absorbent must be replaced more frequently.
Evidence-Based Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Geriatric Depression

In 1991, the National Institutes of Health consensus statement on the treatment of late-life depression ranked psychotherapy as third in a line of treatment options, with antidepressant medication first and electroconvulsive therapy second, indicating that there was insufficient evidence to recommend psychotherapy as a first-line treatment for depression in older adults [1]. Since that time, numerous articles have been written reviewing the evidence base for psychotherapy research in older adults and four meta-analyses of existing trials have been conducted (Table 1) [2–26]. In addition, several randomized clinical trials meeting guideline recommendations for evidencebased interventions [27] have evaluated the efficacy of psychotherapy as a treatment for late-life depression (Table 2) [28–43]. Most of these studies have focused on the evaluation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), brief dynamic therapy (BDT), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), reminiscence therapy (RT), and the combination of these interventions with medication management. This review systematically evaluates the evidence base for psychotherapy as an empirically supported treatment of late-life depression and is an update of the present authors’ recent review of the literature [23].
Regulatory T Cells: Mechanisms of Differentiation and Function

The immune system has evolved to mount an effective defense against pathogens and to minimize deleterious immune-mediated inflammation caused by commensal microorganisms, immune responses against self and environmental antigens, and metabolic inflammatory disorders. Regulatory T (Treg) cell–mediated suppression serves as a vital mechanism of negative regulation of immune-mediated inflammation and features prominently in autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, allergy, acute and chronic infections, cancer, and metabolic inflammation. The discovery that Foxp3 is the transcription factor that specifies the Treg cell lineage facilitated recent progress in understanding the biology of regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms in the differentiation and function of these cells.
Flexibility in the protoxin composition of Bacillus thuringiensis

In at least three Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies, multiple protoxin genes are confined to just a few of the many plasmids with two or more on one of > 100 mDa and a particular gene, cryIA(b), on a 40–50 mDa plasmid. The latter is unstable but can be maintained in the population by cell mating. Cells which had lost this plasmid compensated by increasing transcription of the remaining protoxin genes resulting in the formation of inclusions which differed from those in the parental strains in their toxicity profiles for selected insects as well as their solubility. Instability of a particular protoxin-encoding plasmid appears to be a mechanism for rapidly shifting the protoxin gene complement and thus the toxicity profiles of these bacteria.
Chronic Nutrient Enrichment Increases the Density and Biomass of the Mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus

In summer 2009, the effects of 6 years of landscape-level experimental nutrient enrichment on the eastern mudsnail, Nassarius obsoletus (formerly Ilyanassa obsoleta), were examined. The experiment was conducted in five tidal creeks (two nutrient-enriched, three reference creeks) in the Plum Island Estuary, Massachusetts, USA. (42°44′ N, 70°52′ W). After 6 years of enrichment, N. obsoletus size structure differed between treatment creeks with adult snails on average 14 % larger in enriched creeks. N. obsoletus densities (in individuals per square meter) and biomass (in grams dry weight per square meter) were four times higher in nutrient-enriched versus reference creeks. Nutrient enrichment did not significantly affect the biomass of benthic microalgae (a N. obsoletus food resource), but snail density was significantly correlated with benthic microalgal biomass, suggesting bottom–up control of snails. N. obsoletus is abundant on the east and west coast of North America; thus, N. obsoletus density and biomass may be useful variables for monitoring eutrophication effects on North American estuaries.
Investigation of long-term trends in selected physical and chemical parameters of inflows to Everglades National Park, 1977-2005.

Data of seven water-quality parameters from inflows to the Everglades National Park were collected at three monitoring stations and analyzed for temporal trends. The best-fit models for the existence of trends were evaluated. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to select the theoretical distribution which best fit the data. Simple regression was used to examine the parameters for concentration–discharge relationships. The power and linear models were found to better describe the concentration–discharge relationships. Loess trend lines indicated a similar trend period of color value change during the selected period at three stations. The sharp decrease in color after 1990 at each station is consistent with the beneficial impacts of control measures, which include Best Management Practices implementation in the Everglades Agricultural Area, water management improvement, and the construction of additional stormwater treatment areas. The existence of trend analysis was performed by using the uncensored seasonal Kendall test. Conductivity and color decreased significantly at two (S12A and S333) of three stations. Alkalinity decreased significantly at S333. A “best-fit” model was selected to describe a trend change with statistical significance; the second-order equation provides a better description of the trend. This study also indicates that by using the routinely measured water-quality parameters, it may be easier to quantify the changes in water quality to aid in making water resources management decisions.
Crosslinked, epoxy-based anion conductive membranes for alkaline membrane fuel cells

Anion conductive polysulfone membranes were successfully crosslinked via epoxy functionalities resulting in improved mechanical properties. The concentration of the epoxy crosslinker, tetraphenylolethane glycidyl ether (4EP), controlled the degree of crosslinking. All the crosslinked membranes had good thermal stability, low water uptake, low swelling, and low methanol permeability compared to non-crosslinked membranes. The crosslinked membranes showed good dimensional stability in pure methanol while non-crosslinked ones were highly soluble. Although the ionic conductivity of crosslinked membranes was slightly lower, a higher selectivity (ratio of the ionic conductivity to the methanol permeability) was obtained.
The nature of leisure in the lives of older adults with intellectual disability

The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of leisure in a sample of older adults with intellectual disability. Twenty-nine older adults participated in in-depth interviews. An interview guide was utilized which included topics relating to leisure participation and social interaction in a variety of environments. Data were analysed according to the constant comparative method. The most pronounced theme that emerged from the data was lack of self-determination in leisure. Participants had few opportunities to freely choose leisure in any aspect of their lives. In many cases, opportunities for self-determined leisure were further constricted by age-related changes in the participants' lives.
Brief summary of radiobiological principles in fractionated radiotherapy

Summary of LQ Formula To calculate BED or ERD without a time factor, see equation (4). To calculate BED or ERD with a time factor, see equation (8). BED or ERD are written as Gy 3 or Gy 10 for late- and early-responding tissues, respectively. Midrange values, for a first calculation, would be α/β=3 Gy for late; α/β=10 Gy for earlyresponding tissues and most tumors; α=0.3−0.35 Gy −1 ; T eff =2 to 30 days (median 5 days); T k =14 to 28 days (subtracted from overall time). These formulae are used for the intercomparisons of schedules in the final article in this issue.
Metal-dielectric-metal plasmonic waveguide devices for manipulating light at the nanoscale

We review some of the recent advances in the development of subwavelength plasmonic devices for manipulating light at the nanoscale, drawing examples from our own work in metal-dielectric-metal (MDM) plasmonic waveguide devices. We introduce bends, splitters, and mode converters for MDM waveguides with no additional loss. We also demonstrate that optical gain provides a mechanism for on/off switching in MDM plasmonic waveguides. Highly efficient compact couplers between dielectric waveguides and MDM waveguides are also introduced. OCIS codes: 130.2790, 240.6680, 260.2110. doi: 10.3788/COL20090704.0302.
Reduction of Salt (NaCl) Losses During the Manufacture of Cheddar Cheese

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of cheese-making technologies, including homogenization of cream, ultrafiltration, and vacuum condensing of milk, on the retention of salt in Cheddar cheese. One part of pasteurized, separated milk (0.58% fat) was ultrafiltered (55 degrees C, 16.0% protein), another vacuum condensed (12.5% protein), and the third was not concentrated. Cheddar cheese was manufactured using 6 treatments by standardizing unconcentrated milk to a casein-to-fat ratio of 0.74 with unhomogenized 35% fat cream (C), homogenized (6.9 MPa/3.5 MPa) 35% fat cream (CH), ultrafiltered milk and unhomogenized cream (UF), ultrafiltered milk and homogenized cream (UFH), condensed milk and unhomogenized cream (CM), and condensed milk and homogenized cream (CMH). Treatments C and CH had 3.7% fat and 3.5% protein, and the respective values for the remaining treatments were 4.9 and 4.6. The milled curd was dry salted at 2.7% by weight. The salt content of the cheeses receiving homogenization treatment was higher at 1.83 and 1.70% for CH and UFH, respectively, compared with their corresponding controls at 1.33%. The salt content in cheeses from CMH was 1.64% and was not affected by homogenization. Salt retention in C increased from 41.7 to 59.2% in CH, and in UF it increased from 42.5 to 54.5% in UFH. There was a corresponding decrease in the salt content of whey from these cheeses.
Comparative Effectiveness of High-Dose versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccination in Community-Dwelling Veterans

Background Influenza is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults. High-dose (HD) trivalent inactivated vaccine has increased immunogenicity in older adults compared with standard-dose (SD) vaccine. We assessed the relative effectiveness of HD influenza vaccination (vs SD influenza vaccination). Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among patients who receive primary care at Veteran Health Administration (VHA) medical centers, and who received influenza vaccine in the 2010-2011 influenza season. The primary outcome was hospitalization for influenza or pneumonia. We also conducted an analysis in subgroups defined by age. Results We evaluated 25 714 patients who received HD vaccine and 139 511 who received SD vaccine in 23 VHA medical centers. The rate of hospitalization for influenza or pneumonia was 0.3% in both groups in the influenza season. After accounting for patient characteristics in propensity-adjusted analyses, the risk of hospitalization for influenza or pneumonia was not significantly lower among patients receiving HD vaccine vs those receiving SD vaccine (risk ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, .68-1.40). In the subgroup of patients ≥85 years of age, receiving HD (compared with SD) vaccine was associated with lower rates of hospitalization for influenza or pneumonia. Conclusions HD vaccine was not found to be more effective than SD vaccine in protecting against hospitalization for influenza or pneumonia; however, we found a protective effect in the oldest subgroup of patients. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of HD vaccine.
The Relationship between Ensemble Spread and Ensemble Mean Skill

Abstract Statistical considerations suggest that 1) even for a perfect ensemble (one in which all sources of forecast error are sampled correctly) there need not be a high correlation between spread and skill, 2) the correlation between spread and skill should be larger where the day-to-day variability of spread is large, and 3) the spread is likely to be most useful as a predictor of skill when it is “extreme,” that is, when it is either very large or very small compared to its climatological mean value. The authors investigate the relationship between spread and skill in an operational setting by analyzing ensemble predictions produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The geographical dependence of the spread–skill relationship is found to be related to the geographical dependence of day-to-day variability of spread. Dynamical mechanisms for spread variability are investigated using a linear quasigeostrophic model. Problems associated with the sample size needed to define what const...
Social Stress Engages Neurochemically-Distinct Afferents to the Rat Locus Coeruleus Depending on Coping Strategy

Stress increases vulnerability to psychiatric disorders, partly by affecting brain monoamine systems, such as the locus coeruleus (LC)-norepinephrine system. During stress, LC activity is coregulated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and endogenous opioids. This study identified neural circuitry that regulates LC activity of intruder rats during the resident-intruder model of social stress. LC afferents were retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold (FG) and rats were subjected to one or five daily exposures to an aggressive resident. Sections through the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) and central amygdalar nucleus (CNA), major sources of enkephalin (ENK) and CRF LC afferents, respectively, were immunocytochemically processed to detect c-fos, FG, and CRF or ENK. In response to a single exposure, intruder rats assumed defeat with a relatively short latency (SL). LC neurons, PGI-ENK LC afferents, and CNA-CRF LC afferents were activated in these rats as indicated by increased c-fos expression. With repeated stress, rats exhibited either a SL or long latency (LL) to defeat and these strategies were associated with distinct patterns of neuronal activation. In SL rats, LC neurons were activated, as were CNA-CRF LC afferents but not PGI-ENK LC afferents. LL rats had an opposite pattern, maintaining activation of PGi-ENK LC afferents but not CNA-CRF LC afferents or LC neurons. Together, these results indicate that the establishment of different coping strategies to social stress is associated with changes in the circuitry that regulates activity of the brain norepinephrine system. This may underlie differential vulnerability to the consequences of social stress that characterize these different coping strategies.
On the information role of stock recommendations

We examine the information role of stock recommendation changes, which are among the security analyst’s most important outputs. Our robust findings show changes are associated with economically insignificant mean price reactions. They are quite inclined to follow recent news that appears to be allied with announcements of earnings related and other corporate events. Further results show the changes tend to be poor stock picks for future returns, and the picks agree more often with past returns. The evidence is generally consistent with the view that analyst recommendations are uninformative, and tend to piggyback on the news. The findings overturn the long-standing view that analyst recommendation changes play a central information role in security markets.
Corneal Expression of SLURP-1 by Age, Sex, Genetic Strain, and Ocular Surface Health.

The secreted Ly6/urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor–related protein-1 (SLURP1) is a member of the lymphocyte antigen (Ly6) superfamily characterized by the three-finger fold structure.1 Mutations or deletions in SLURP1 cause Mal de Meleda, an autosomal recessive palmoplantar hyperkeratotic disorder.2–7 Structurally similar to the snake and frog cytotoxin α-bungarotoxin, SLURP1 acts as a ligand for the α7 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAchRs), regulating keratinocyte functions through cholinergic pathways.6,8 Protein Slurp1 is involved in signal transduction, activation of the immune response, and cell adhesion, preventing tobacco nitrosamine-induced malignant transformation of oral cells.9–13 Our previous studies revealed that Slurp1 serves as an immunomodulatory molecule at the ocular surface14 by acting as a soluble scavenger of the uPAR ligand urokinase.15 Protein SLURP1 is widely expressed in a variety of cells including immune cells,12 bronchial epithelial cells,16 primary sensory neurons,17 the skin, exocervix, gums, stomach, trachea and esophagus,6 oral keratinocytes10 and the cornea,18 and secreted into bodily fluids such as plasma, saliva, sweat, urine, and tears.3 Though Slurp1 is one of the most abundant transcripts in both neonatal and the adult mouse corneas,18,19 our understanding of its developmental expression patterns in different sexes and genetic strains remains incomplete. Several gene expression profiling studies suggested that Slurp1 transcripts are downregulated in diverse proinflammatory conditions including asthmatic lungs,20 corneal neovascularization,21 Barrett's esophagus,22,23 adenocarcinomas, malignant melanomas,24 and esophageal and oral squamous cell carcinomas.25,26 However, it is not clear if this high level of Slurp1 transcripts in normal corneas and their sharp downregulation in proinflammatory conditions are reflected at the protein level as well. Moreover, previous proteomics studies have failed to identify SLURP1 protein in human tears, resulting in ambiguity about its expression there. In this study, we have attempted to fill these gaps by examining Slurp1 expression levels in mouse corneas from different sexes, age groups, and strains (Balb/C, FVBN, C57Bl/6, and DBA/2J); mouse corneas exposed to pro-inflammatory stimulants poly(I:C), zymosan-A, or Pam3Csk4; and in human tears collected from adults with normal or inflamed ocular surfaces.
Taking Hold of the Elephant in Child Dependency and Neglect Cases

For the most part, the traditional law school curriculum leads students to examine clients’ problems too narrowly and individualistically. It does not typically equip students with analytical tools to "elucidate the Elephant" in the mode of John Godfrey Saxe The Blind Men and the Elephant paradigm. This article explores the reasons for this narrow approach. In contrast, it further addresses three movements in legal education that help to expand students’ viewpoints: interdisciplinary law; creative problem-solving, and therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ). It offers two more approaches for expanding the horizons of students interested in child welfare and juvenile: the genogram and the ecomap, tools frequently used in other helping professions. Through a hypothetical Rolle family, the article illustrates concrete uses of the genogram and the ecomap in the context of a child advocacy clinic. Charts and diagrams are provided.
Lateral Buckling of Elastically End-Restrained I-Beams

The purpose of this paper is to present the critical lateral loads and the corresponding critical bending stresses at midspan for prismatic I-beams having equal, linear, rotational restraints at bo...
In vivo, high-frequency three-dimensional cardiac MR elastography: Feasibility in normal volunteers.

Purpose Noninvasive stiffness imaging techniques (elastography) can image myocardial tissue biomechanics in vivo. For cardiac MR elastography (MRE) techniques, the optimal vibration frequency for in vivo experiments is unknown. Furthermore, the accuracy of cardiac MRE has never been evaluated in a geometrically accurate phantom. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the necessary driving frequency to obtain accurate three-dimensional (3D) cardiac MRE stiffness estimates in a geometrically accurate diastolic cardiac phantom and to determine the optimal vibration frequency that can be introduced in healthy volunteers. Methods The 3D cardiac MRE was performed on eight healthy volunteers using 80 Hz, 100 Hz, 140 Hz, 180 Hz, and 220 Hz vibration frequencies. These frequencies were tested in a geometrically accurate diastolic heart phantom and compared with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Results The 3D Cardiac MRE was shown to be feasible in volunteers at frequencies as high as 180 Hz. MRE and DMA agreed within 5% at frequencies greater than 180 Hz in the cardiac phantom. However, octahedral shear strain signal to noise ratios and myocardial coverage was shown to be highest at a frequency of 140 Hz across all subjects. Conclusion This study motivates future evaluation of high-frequency 3D MRE in patient populations. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Colonoscopy and chromoscopy in hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes

With hereditary colorectal cancer prevention studies it is difficult to demonstrate reduced mortality. Large populations are needed with well characterized genetics followed over a long period of time. Those studies do exist for standard white light colonoscopy surveillance in Lynch syndrome, but not for newer technologies including chromoscopy. For these newer technologies adenoma detection rate becomes the stand-in for mortality, and the assumption is made that surveillance efficacy impacts cancer occurrence. Though well-designed and important work exists in this area, the data do not support firm conclusions regarding the use of chromoscopy in Lynch syndrome.
Does Preservation Accelerate Neighborhood Change? Examining the Impact of Historic Preservation in New York City

Problem, research strategy, and findings: A number of studies have examined the property value impacts of historic preservation, but few have considered how preservation shapes neighborhood composition. In this study, we ask whether the designation of historic districts contributes to changes in the racial composition and socioeconomic status of New York City neighborhoods. Bringing together data on historic districts with a panel of census tracts, we study how neighborhoods change after the designation of a historic district. We find little evidence of changes in the racial composition of a neighborhood, but report a significant increase in socioeconomic status following historic designation.Takeaway for practice: Our research offers empirical evidence on changes in the racial composition and socioeconomic status of neighborhoods following the designation of a historic district. It suggests that historic preservation can contribute to economic revitalization in urban neighborhoods, but that these changes...
Courtship in Falcicula hebardi (Orthoptera: Gryllidae, Trigonidiinae)

Sound production by males for the attraction of mates, and courtship behaviors involving sound and sometimes dance, are well known in crickets. No record of sound production and courtship in the small (4—5 mm long) cricket, Falcicula hebardi Rehn, has been published. Further, the only published account of mating in trigonidiine crickets is a note by Alexander and Otte (1967a) of T. J. Walker's observations of 2 copulations of Crytoxipha columbiana Caudell. The male of C. columbiana “lowered his forewings and dashed back under the female, attached the spermatophore, and dashed out in a total time of about one second.” Alexander and Otte stated, “we have watched males of Phyllopalpus pulchellus trill while backing toward females with their genitalia extruded and spermatophores in evidence, but we have seen no copulations.”
Epidemiologic characteristics of Japanese B encephalitis in Guangxi

Objective To analyze the characteristics and trends of Japanese B encephalitis(JE) epidemic in Guangxi from 1986 to 2005,and provide evidence for further JE prevention and control.Methods Collecting data from the Infectious Disease Surveillance and Reporting System from 1986 to 2005 and the laboratory test information from 2004 to 2005.Results JE occurred in Guangxi every year,the total JE cases were 10 263 from 1986 to 2005,among them 961 cases died,the incidence rate and the mortality rate were 0.43/10 0000~2.46/10 0000 and 0.03/100 000~0.26/100 000 respectively.The fatality rate were 4.74%~17.51%.The JE cases were distributed in all 14 cities of Guangxi,among which the Hechi,Yulin,Baishe,Guigang and Qinzhou city accounted for 58.84%.The incidence of JE increased in May each year,most of the cases concentrated during May to August,and peaking in June to July.87.73% cases were children under 10 years and 67.00% cases were in the age before school.Conclusion Guangxi was one of the areas with high incidence of JE occurrence.Most of the JE cases were children in age before school,especially those who lived in rural areas.Seasonal emergency immunization could not control JE epidemic effectively.
Theoretical study of the reaction of CH3 with HOCO radicals.

The reaction of HOCO radicals with CH3 radicals is examined using the coupled cluster method to locate and optimize the critical points on the ground-state potential energy surface. The results show that the CH3 + HOCO reaction can produce both the H2O + CH2CO and the CH4 + CO2 products through acetic acid and enediol intermediates. Direct ab initio dynamics calculations determine the thermal rate coefficients to be k(T/K) = 3.24 × 10−11T0.1024 in cm3·molec−1·s−1 at T ≤ 1000 K for the overall reaction. In addition, the product branching ratio of (H2O + CH2CO) to (CH4 + CO2) is predicted to be RH2O/CH4(T/K) = 1.52 + (1.95 × 10−4)T using RRKM theory. Both the thermal rate coefficients and the product branching ratios are weakly temperature dependent.
Grasping the Peace Dividend: Some Propositions on the Conversion of Swords into Plowshares

This review discusses the likely size, pace, and distribution of reductions in defense spending and the possible barriers to converting military resources to civilian purposes. It argues that the prospects for a peace dividend in the aftermath of the Cold War are clouded by political incentives and economic interests that may oppose or retard significant military retrenchment. Moreover, the resource savings from any military retrenchment may not necessarily be reallocated fully and efficiently to produce gains in civilian production and productivity. Any such gains are apt to take some time to materialize, whereas the political costs and socioeconomic disruption caused by lower military expenditures are likely to be felt more immediately. The impacts of a defense cutback, both positive and negative, will be uneven across industries, occupations, regions, and ethnic and income groups, so that some will bear more of the adjustment costs while others will reap more of the ensuing benefits. Indeed, given their different social institutions, political cultures, and economic structures, different countries are likely to pursue alternative policy offsets that accompany any defense cutback, thus resulting in an uneven distribution of the peace dividend globally.
High temperature oxidation and γ′ depletion in the single-crystal superalloy PWA 1484

Single-crystal Ni-base superalloys are a favoured material for blades in the hot section of aero turbines. These materials exhibit excellent dimensional stability, deformation response and oxidation behaviour at higher temperatures, relative to other metals. Due to the high service temperatures and fluctuating loads experienced by turbine blades, a complete understanding of the material’s oxidation and γ′ depletion kinetics is sought to characterise this aspect of the material’s deformation response. This work provides the results and subsequent analysis of stress-free γ′ depletion tests performed on the single-crystal Ni-base superalloy PWA 1484. It was determined that the γ′ depletion kinetics of this material followed a sub-parabolic rate law. Furthermore, γ′ depletion kinetics were dependent upon surface roughness. Surface roughness can be an issue in practical application of oxidation principles and data. A relationship is developed, based on the literature and current work, which relates the stress-...
Percutaneous endoscopic stomas for enteral feeding and drainage.

The use of safe and cost-effective endoscopic techniques for the placement of tubes in the gastrointestinal tract has led to increased utilization of long-term enteral feeding in patients with impaired GI function, including many
The Japan Syndrome: Symptoms, Ailments, and Remedies

(1987). The Japan Syndrome: Symptoms, Ailments, and Remedies. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 936-939.
The Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Markets in Texas Relative to the United States.

OBJECTIVE This study compares the cigarette and smokeless tobacco (SLT) markets in Texas and the United States (US) as a whole. METHODS Nielsen convenience store sales data from 2014 were obtained for Dallas, Houston, San Antonio/Austin, and the total US. Descriptive statistics highlighted market share differences in Texas compared to the US overall. RESULTS Marlboro and Copenhagen dominated the cigarette (58.9%) and SLT markets (44.8%) in Texas and had substantially higher relative market shares in Texas than nationally (46.7% and 29.8%, respectively). Camel, with sales driven largely by its Camel Crush variety, held second place in Texas (9.8%), outselling Newport (6.6%), despite Newport's status as second best-selling brand in the US (11.5%). Copenhagen led the SLT market in Texas, outselling Grizzly 2 to 1, yet the brands hold roughly equivalent shares nationally. Whereas flavored SLT products made up nearly 60% of the US SLT market, unflavored SLT (58.6%) dominated in Texas markets. Finally, sales of fine-cut SLT in Texas were more than triple their national market share. CONCLUSIONS Regional tobacco market share differences are likely influenced by multiple factors such as marketing, population demographics, culture, and neighboring communities. Policymakers are encouraged to develop local tobacco control policies and programs within the context of this knowledge.
Predicting arrest probability across time: An exploration of competing risk perspectives

Abstract Objectives Criminal involvement is non-randomly distributed across individuals and across groups, resulting in differential probabilities of arrest. Thus, various predictors of arrest probability across time were examined for different groups. Methods Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, the current study examined latent class membership in the probability of arrest over a 15-year time span starting when participants were 12–16 years-old and ending when they were 28–31 years-old. Latent class regressions were employed to prospectively investigate whether demographic and criminological risk factors from the base wave could predict class membership. Results Results from the latent class growth analyses resulted in three to four classes characterized by an abstainer group, a stable, low-level group, an adolescent-limited group, and a stable moderate-level chronic group. In general, race, poverty, and other risk factors exhibited weak and inconsistent effects in predicting class membership. In contrast, being male and self-reported delinquency were consistent predictors of class membership. Conclusion Across model comparisons and net of other predictors, self-reported delinquency was a strong predictor of class membership, suggesting that differential arrest probability is predominantly explained by time-stable delinquent behavior .
Critical Importance of Target Definition, Including Lymph Nodes, in Image-Guided Radiation Therapy

Exciting advances have taken place in oncology, including enhanced knowledge of molecular biology and genetics, functional imaging (positron emission tomography scanning), image-guided radiation therapy and robotic surgery, increased use of monoclonal antibodies, as well as molecular targeted cytotoxic agens, which are increasingly applied to clinical situations. At the same time there have been remarkable technological developments in radiation oncology, including the use of more powerful and versatile computers for treatment planning, radiation dose delivery, data processing, and informatics and electronic innovations coupled with sophisticated design of linear accelerators (i.e., multileaf collimators). This has resulted in an increasing use of volumetric image-based treatment planning for the delivery of radiation therapy using three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT), stereotactic radiosurgery/radiation therapy (SRS/SRT), stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), image-guided brachytherapy, radiolabeled compounds, and special particle therapy (protons, heavy ions). Computer-controlled treatment delivery systems having advanced on-board imaging, such as kilovoltage cone beam CT (kV CBCT), megavoltage (MV) helical CT, and MV electronic portal imaging, are increasingly used to enhance treatment delivery verification [98, 99].
Surfacing Requirements Interactions

Requirements errors are numerous, persistent, and expensive. An important subclass of requirements errors arise from inadequate analysis and management of dependencies among requirements. Requirements interaction management (RIM) addresses such errors.
Reconstructing online behaviors by effort minimization

Much social interaction is moving online, offering new opportunities to analyze and understand fundamental patterns of human social behavior. One of the challenges in using this data is lack of direct observations of users' online activity in typical datasets. Building on the idea that people conserve their efforts in their online behavior, we develop a generic procedure for inferring user online behavior from their observable interactions with online objects and apply it to data from a social news website. We estimate which pages the users have seen and what stories they have observed. We test the effectiveness of this method in increasing the accuracy of a regression model that attempts to predict the number of votes a story is expected to receive, and show that the method can significantly increase the precision of these regressions.
Absolute Instability at the Lower Band Edge in a Traveling Wave Tube

We provide a close examination of the beam mode and its interaction with the circuit mode in the immediate vicinity of the lower band edge in a traveling wave tube. We model the circuit mode as a hyperbola in the (w, k) plane in the immediate vicinity of the lower band edge, where w is the frequency and k is the wavenumber. We find that an absolute instability may arise, according to the Briggs-Bers criterion [1], if the beam current is sufficiently high, even if the beam mode intersects with the circuit mode at a point in the (w, k) plane with a positive group velocity. This threshold condition is deduced analytically and confirmed by numerical calculations. When the threshold current is exceeded, the Green’s function [1], at a fixed position, exponentiates in time as t to the 1/3 power initially, but as (wi*t) at later time, where wi is the imaginary part of the unstable polepinch root of w according to the Briggs-Bers criterion [1]. This finding differs from some previous works [2, 3]on absolute instabilities at the lower band edge, and points to the vulnerability to absolute instabilities at both the upper and lower band edges of a TWT.
Abstract 237: An Analytic Approach to and Creation of a Data Visualization Platform for National Cardiovascular Surveillance Data

Background: Data visualization (DV) is a creative method to depict data and convey the underlying meaning of analytical results. Effective and interactive DV includes integrating, unifying, and sta...
Can post-chemotherapy cardiotoxicity be detected in long-term survivors of breast cancer via comprehensive 3D left-ventricular contractility (strain) analysis?

Abstract Purpose This study applied a novel and automated contractility analysis tool to investigate possible cardiotoxicity-related left-ventricular (LV) dysfunction in breast cancer patients following treatment with anti-neoplastic chemotherapy agents (CTA). Subclinical dysfunction otherwise undetected via LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was determined. Methods Deformation data were acquired with the Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes (DENSE) MRI sequence on 16 female patients who had CTA-based treatment. The contractility analysis tool consisting of image quantization-based boundary detection and the meshfree Radial Point Interpolation Method was used to compare chamber quantifications, 3D regional strains and torsion between patients and healthy subjects (N = 26 females with N = 14 age-matched). Quantifications of patient LVEFs from DENSE and Steady-State Free Precession (SSFP) acquisitions were compared, Bland-Altman interobserver agreements measured on their strain results and differences in contractile parameters with healthy subjects determined via Student's t-tests. Results A significant difference was not found between DENSE and SSFP-based patient LVEFs at 58 ± 7% vs 57 ± 9%, p = 0.6. Bland-Altman agreements were − 0.01 ± 0.05 for longitudinal strain and 0.1 ± 1.3° for torsion. Differences in basal diameter indicating enlargement, 5.2 ± 0.5 cm vs 4.5 ± 0.5 cm, p Conclusions Results from the statistical analysis reveal the likelihood of LV remodeling in this patient subpopulation otherwise not indicated by LVEF measurements.
Assessment of inflammasome and type I IFN responses to DNA viruses and DNA PAMPS.

Abstract The innate immune system is an evolutionarily conserved host defense system and is the first barrier to infection. The system utilizes genetically conserved receptors to identify the presence of microbial structures. Engagement of innate immune receptors by primarily by ligands that discriminate pathogens from the host activates programmed responses that limit pathogen expansion. Despite its ubiquitous nature, surprisingly DNA is a critical structure that triggers innate immune responses. Focusing on structural modifications or aberrant location of DNA, innate immune receptors identify physiologic stress. Inflammasomes and interferons are critical innate immune pathways that are activated by DNA. DNA binding proteins that tie recognition of DNA to both programmed responses have been identified, and their importance demonstrated in infection models. In this chapter, we discuss techniques to analyze AIM2 inflammasome and cGAS interferon activation by synthetic DNA and DNA viruses. We also discuss methods to measure the activity of these immune pathways.
Prognostic Role of T1 Mapping Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review

Introduction Diffuse myocardial fibrosis plays a key role in the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters such as native myocardial T1 relaxation time and extracellular volume fraction (ECV) are evolving imaging-based biomarkers of myocardial fibrosis. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to synthesize the available data on the prognostic value of T1 and ECV in patients with HFpEF. Methods and Results We searched PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Central for relevant studies using predefined search criteria and endpoints. Studies with overlapping patient population were excluded. Four studies were included in the review (TABLE). All included studies were prospective, single-center observational cohorts. Of the 1507 participants, 62% were women, mean age was 74.7± 8.3 years, and mean left ventricular EF was 63.2 ± 9.3%. Two of the 4 studies reported outcomes in relation to native T1 value. Both of them found no significant association of T1 value with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. One study found that lower post contrast T1 times were significantly associated with adverse cardiac events (HR-0.99; 95% CI-0.98-0.99). Three studies reported outcomes in relation to ECV and all of them found that higher ECV was associated with increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events or mortality. Two of the studies also assessed histological ECV (by endomyocardial biopsy) and demonstrated strong correlation between histologically determined ECV and CMR quantification of ECV (R=0.494; P=0.037). Conclusion Estimation of ECV may provide important prognostic information in patients with HFpEF and has the potential to improve risk stratification.
#RhetoricSoWhite and US centered: Reflections on challenges and opportunities

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I interrogate the normalized characteristics of whiteness embedded in the disciplinary norms and forms of knowledge production in the field of Rhetorical Studies. I attend to...