cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert supervision of fuzzy learning systems for fault tolerant aircraft control

In this paper, we begin by showing that the fuzzy model reference learning controller (FMRLC) can be used to reconfigure the nominal controller in an F-16 aircraft to compensate for various actuator failures without using explicit failure information. Next, we show that the performance of the FMRLC can be significantly enhanced by exploiting failure detection and identification (FDI) information to achieve a "performance adaptive" system that seeks an appropriate performance level depending on the type of failure that occurred. We develop an expert supervision strategy for the FMRLC that uses only information about the time at which a failure occurs and show that it achieves higher performance control reconfiguration than an unsupervised FMRLC. In addition we show that similar performance can be achieved if we only use estimates of the failure time and magnitude obtained from a fuzzy estimator. We close our study with a brief assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of the approaches used in this paper. >
Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and increased risk of incident Crohn's disease in US women

Objective Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn9s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), shares clinical and immunological features with psoriasis. Genome-wide association studies have found common susceptibility genes. However, epidemiologic data evaluating the association between psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and risk of IBD are sparse. We aimed to evaluate the association between psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and incident CD and UC among women in the USA. Methods 174 476 women were enrolled in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) (1996–2008) and NHS II (1991–2007). Lifetime history of physician-diagnosed psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis was confirmed by supplementary questionnaires. Information on CD and UC was obtained by self-reported questionnaires and confirmed by medical record review. Results We documented 188 incident cases of CD and 240 incident cases of UC during follow-up. Psoriasis was associated with a significantly increased risk of subsequent CD with a multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) of 4.00 (95% CI 1.72 to 9.27) for NHS and 3.76 (1.82 to 7.74) for NHS II. By contrast, we did not observe a significant increase in risk of UC associated with psoriasis. In a pooled analysis of both cohorts, women with psoriasis experienced a significantly increased risk of CD (RR, 3.86, 95% CI 2.23 to 6.67), but not UC (RR, 1.17, 95% CI 0.41 to 3.36). The risk of CD was especially pronounced among psoriatics with concomitant psoriatic arthritis (RR, 6.43, 95% CI 2.04 to 20.32). Conclusions Psoriasis with concomitant psoriatic arthritis is associated with an increased risk of incident CD.
The Relationship Between Latino Adolescents’ Perceptions of Discrimination, Neighborhood Risk, and Parenting on Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptoms

Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological framework, this study examined the roles of Latino adolescents’ reports of discrimination, neighborhood risk, parent-child conflict over culture, and parental support in relation to their self-esteem and depression. Analysis of self-report data from 383 ninth grade, Latino students from one Los Angeles high school was used to validate a Multigroup Structural Equation Model of self-esteem and depressive symptoms for boys and girls. As expected, self-esteem was negatively and significantly related to depressive symptoms, yet the influence of other factors were less clear. Five paths marked the influence of mothers’ and fathers’ interactions on youths’ outcomes, demonstrating a strong path from fathers’ support to adolescent self-esteem and differing paths from cultural conflict with mother and father to youth outcomes. Neighborhood risks were significantly related to boys’ and girls’ self-esteem and depressive symptoms, especially for boys. Societal discrimination wa...
Risk Factors for Prosthetic Joint Infection: Case-Control Study

We conducted a matched case-control study to determine risk factors for the development of prosthetic joint infection. Cases were patients with prosthetic hip or knee joint infection. Controls were patients who underwent total hip or knee arthroplasty and did not develop prosthetic joint infection. A multiple logistic regression model indicated that risk factors for prosthetic joint infection were the development of a surgical site infection not involving the prosthesis (odds ratio [OR], 35.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3-154.6), a National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System surgical patient risk index score of 1 (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3) or 2 (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.0-7.5), the presence of a malignancy (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.2), and a history of joint arthroplasty (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-3.0). Our findings suggest that a surgical site infection not involving the joint prosthesis, an NNIS System surgical patient risk index score of 1 or 2, the presence of a malignancy, and a history of a joint arthroplasty are associated with an increased risk of prosthetic joint infection.
Residential Choice Constraints and Environmental Justice

Objective In the environmental justice literature, uncertainty exists about the underlying causes of environmental risk disparities, especially as they relate to residential choices. To simplify, the two dominant views are racism/discrimination versus inevitable market dynamics. In this article, we move aside from these to examine the potential role of various residential choice constraints on environmental injustice and how they may be interrelated. Methods Using an agent-based simulation model, we examine the interaction of race-based constraints with other experimental conditions that can affect minorities’ residential choice sets. Results Simulation experiments demonstrate that if the minority holds relatively lower similarity preferences, the environmental quality gap declines when other conditions are held constant. However, racial parity in communities also decreases the environmental quality gap, as do slower population growth and larger geographies. Conclusion These results enable us to look at the problem of race-based environmental injustice more holistically, and begin to think about holistic solutions that may finally address what has heretofore been an intractable social problem.
Microscale Gradients of Oxygen, Hydrogen Peroxide, and pH in Freshwater Cathodic Biofilms

Cathodic reactions in biofilms employed in sediment microbial fuel cells is generally studied in the bulk phase. However, the cathodic biofilms affected by these reactions exist in microscale conditions in the biofilm and near the electrode surface that differ from the bulk phase. Understanding these microscale conditions and relating them to cathodic biofilm performance is critical for better-performing cathodes. The goal of this research was to quantify the variation in oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and the pH value near polarized surfaces in river water to simulate cathodic biofilms. We used laboratory river-water biofilms and pure culture biofilms of Leptothrix discophora SP-6 as two types of cathodic biofilms. Microelectrodes were used to quantify oxygen concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, and the pH value near the cathodes. We observed the correlation between cathodic current generation, oxygen consumption, and hydrogen peroxide accumulation. We found that the 2 e(-) pathway for oxygen reduction is the dominant pathway as opposed to the previously accepted 4 e(-) pathway quantified from bulk-phase data. Biofouling of initially non-polarized cathodes by oxygen scavengers reduced cathode performance. Continuously polarized cathodes could sustain a higher cathodic current longer despite contamination. The surface pH reached a value of 8.8 when a current of only -30 μA was passed through a polarized cathode, demonstrating that the pH value could also contribute to preventing biofouling. Over time, oxygen-producing cathodic biofilms (Leptothrix discophora SP-6) colonized on polarized cathodes, which decreased the overpotential for oxygen reduction and resulted in a large cathodic current attributed to manganese reduction. However, the cathodic current was not sustainable.
Towards the specification of access control policies on multiple operating systems

In the past, operating systems tended to lack well-defined access control policy specification languages and syntax. For example, a UNIX operating system that is based on the discretionary access control (DAC) paradigm has decentralized security policies based on technology that has been developed over the years. With such policies, it is difficult to identify the permissions given to each user, and who has what access to which resources. With the advent of recent security-enhanced operating systems such as SELinux, this is no longer the case; the access control policy for almost all resources is now stored centrally and applied universally throughout the system. This is certainly more manageable but is not without costs. Firstly, such policies tend to be complex. Secondly, as more of such systems are developed, each system would have its own policy specification syntax. A system administrator who intends to evaluate or migrate to a new system would have to learn the syntax of the new system. In this paper, we propose a solution to this problem by introducing the initial design of a new policy specification language that can be used to represent access control policies for multiple operating systems. To serve its purpose, this language must be flexible enough to cater to many operating systems, while being sufficiently extensible to support the specific features of each target operating system. We present the criteria, features, and approach that we are using to design the language. We also describe the role of two systems - SELinux and Systrace - in the design of our language. We also discuss our consideration of ASL as a potential candidate language, and why we chose to design our own language instead.
Estimating parameters of dichotomous and ordinal item response models with gllamm

Item response theory models are measurement models for categorical responses. Traditionally, the models are used in educational testing, where re- sponses to test items can be viewed as indirect measures of latent ability. The test items are scored either dichotomously (correct{incorrect) or by using an ordinal scale (a grade from poor to excellent). Item response models also apply equally for measurement of other latent traits. Here we describe the one- and two-parameter logit models for dichotomous items, the partial-credit and rating scale models for ordinal items, and an extension of these models where the latent variable is re- gressed on explanatory variables. We show how these models can be expressed as generalized linear latent and mixed models and tted by using the user-written command gllamm.
Perturbations in choline metabolism cause neural tube defects in mouse embryos in vitro

A role for choline during early stages of mammalian embryogenesis has not been established, although recent studies show that inhibitors of choline uptake and metabolism, 2-dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), and 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3), produce neural tube defects in mouse embryos grown in vitro. To determine potential mechanisms responsible for these abnormalities, choline metabolism in the presence or absence of these inhibitors was evaluated in cultured, neurulating mouse embryos by using chromatographic techniques. Results showed that 90%-95% of 14C-choline was incorporated into phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho), which was metabolized to sphingomyelin. Choline was oxidized to betaine, and betaine homocysteine methyltransferase was expressed. Acetylcholine was synthesized in yolk sacs, but 70 kDa choline acetyltransferase was undetectable by immunoblot. DMAE reduced embryonic choline uptake and inhibited phosphocholine, PtdCho, phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), and sphingomyelin synthesis. ET-18-OCH3 also inhibited PtdCho synthesis. In embryos and yolk sacs incubated with 3H-ethanolamine, 95% of recovered label was PtdEtn, but PtdEtn was not converted to PtdCho, which suggested that phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase (PeMT) activity was absent. In ET-18-OCH3 treated yolk sacs, PtdEtn was increased, but PtdCho was still not generated through PeMT. Results suggest that endogenous PtdCho synthesis is important during neurulation and that perturbed choline metabolism contributes to neural tube defects produced by DMAE and ET-18-OCH3.
A corrected modal representation of thickness vibrations in quartz plates and its influence on the transversely varying case

A modal representation of the thickness vibrations of rotated Y-cut quartz plates, which was used in the treatment of driven transversely varying thickness modes, is shown to be defective in certain respects. The differential equations and edge conditions for transversely varying thickness modes have been used in the accurate treatment of trapped energy resonators, monolithic crystal filters, and contoured quartz resonators, even though those defects were present. In this work those defects in the thickness solution are corrected along with the influence on the differential equations and edge conditions in the transversely varying case. The corrected modal representation shows that, because in practical applications to the above mentioned devices, the driving frequency is always near a thickness resonant frequency, essentially the same results will be obtained with the corrected representation as were obtained with the defective one, which explains why the results obtained with the defective equations were so accurate.
A tactile stress rate sensor for perception of fine surface features

The author reports the development of a new type of contact sensor for the measurement of fine surface features and textures down to the micron level. The sensor has a complicated rubber covering and is inexpensive and robust. As it is stroked across the surface of interest, piezoelectric transducers embedded in the sensor surface respond to stress induced by surface features. The sensor uses a current amplifier in place of the traditional charge amplifier, which eliminates many of the problems associated with piezoelectric transducers. The resulting signal is proportional to the rate of change of stress, or the stress rate. The signal can be interpreted with the aid of a solid mechanics model of the contact interaction and a linear deconvolution filter. The ability to detect features as small as a few micrometers has been experimentally confirmed. Intended applications include perception of surface properties to improve the robustness of robotic manipulation and rapid evaluation of surface finish in manufacturing. >
Construction and Comparison of Two Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves Derived from the Same Samples

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used to describe the performance of diagnostic procedures. This paper proposes a simple method for the statistical comparison of two ROC curves derived from the same set of patients and the same set of healthy subjects. Generalization to studies involving more than two screening factors is straightforward. This method does not require the calculation of variances of the areas or difference of areas under the curves.
Hsp72 Induces Inflammation and Regulates Cytokine Production in Airway Epithelium through a TLR4- and NF-κB-Dependent Mechanism

Heat shock proteins are generally regarded as intracellular proteins acting as molecular chaperones; however, Hsp72 is also detected in the extracellular compartment. Hsp72 has been identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with acute lung injury. To address whether Hsp72 directly activated airway epithelium, human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) were treated with recombinant Hsp72. Hsp72 induced a dose-dependent increase in IL-8 expression, which was inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitor parthenolide. Hsp72 induced activation of NF-κB, as evidenced by NF-κB trans-activation and by p65 RelA and p50 NF-κB1 binding to DNA. Endotoxin contamination of the Hsp72 preparation was not responsible for these effects. Next, BALB/c mice were challenged with a single intratracheal inhalation of Hsp72 and killed 4 h later. Hsp72 induced significant up-regulation of KC, TNF-α, neutrophil recruitment, and myeloperoxidase in the BALF. A similar challenge with Hsp72 in TLR4 mutant mice did not stimulate the inflammatory response, stressing the importance of TLR4 in Hsp72-mediated lung inflammation. Last, cultured mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTEC) from BALB/c and TLR4 mutant and wild-type mice were treated ex vivo with Hsp72. Hsp72 induced a significant increase in KC expression from BALB/c and wild-type MTEC in an NF-κB-dependent manner; however, TLR4 mutant MTEC had minimal cytokine release. Taken together, these data suggest that Hsp72 is released and biologically active in the BALF and can regulate airway epithelial cell cytokine expression in a TLR4 and NF-κB-dependent mechanism.
Comparing Nonviolent, Other-Violent, and Domestic Batterer Sex Offenders: Predictive Accuracy of Risk Assessments on Sexual Recidivism

This study compared an understudied subgroup of sex offenders, those who had arrests for nonsexual domestic violence (n = 174), with nonviolent sex offenders (n = 467) and sex offenders arrested fo...
Respiratory muscle rest using nasal BiPAP ventilation in patients with stable severe COPD.

To more systematically evaluate the effect of respiratory muscle rest on indices of ventilatory function, nine outpatients with stable, severe COPD were treated with nasal pressure-support ventilation delivered via a nasal ventilatory support system (BiPAP, Respironics, Inc) for 2 h a day for 5 consecutive days. An additional eight control patients were treated with sham-BiPAP. Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), arterial blood gas values, Borg dyspnea score, dyspnea-associated functional impairment scales, and distance walked in 6 min were measured in subjects prior to and following the week-long trial. Nasal BiPAP produced a 66.3 ± 6 percent reduction in peak integrated diaphragmatic electromyographic (EMG) activity. There were no statistically significant changes in MIP, MEP, MVV, arterial pH, PaCO 2 , or PaO 2 or in objective measures of functional impairment from dyspnea in either group after ventilator or sham treatment. However, nasal BiPAP reduced the Borg category score during resting, spontaneous breathing from 2.0 ± 0.4 to 0.7 ± 0.3 (p
UPDATE ON ALTERNATIVE OCCUPANT VOLUME TESTING

This paper describes the conduct of the first of a series of quasi-static compression tests of rail passenger equipment being done to examine occupant volume strength. Specifically, this program is investigating methods of evaluating occupant volume integrity when loads are placed along the collision load path of the occupant volume. Budd Pioneer car 244 has been chosen as the test article to examine alternative occupant volume loading strategies. Since this car has been involved in several impact tests as part of a previous research program, it is important to verify the structural integrity of the vehicle before conducting an alternative loading test. Although the vehicle has been modified with crash energy management crush zones at both ends, the occupant volume between the body bolsters is unmodified from the original structure. The 800,000-pound compressive strength test will be used to ensure the structural integrity of the car is intact. Before the conduct of this test, repairs were made to the crush zone. These repairs included replacement of trigger elements in the form of shear bolts and shear rivets. Additionally, energy absorbing elements were removed from the pushback coupler and primary energy absorbers because they would not contribute to the load path of this test. Steel blocks were added to the sliding sill element, enabling it to contact the fixed sill and enhancing the load-bearing capacity of the sliding-fixed sill connection. Preliminary results of this test include an overall description of the test procedures, discussion of permanent deformation observed during the test, and presentation of finite-element simulation results. Detailed analysis of test results, including strain gage data, is ongoing. The test results are being compared with the finite-element model results in support of the next tests planned for this series. The next two tests will evaluate the carbody when it is loaded along its collision load path to establish the elastic limit and crippling strength.
Abstract 15925: Localization of Nav1.5 at the Intercellular Junctions Resolved by Diffraction-Unlimited Microscopy in Three Dimensions and by Correlative Light-Electron Microscopy

Sodium current amplitude, kinetics and regulation depend on the properties of the pore-forming protein (mostly NaV1.5 in adult heart) and on the specific molecular partners with which the channel protein associates. The composition of the voltage-gated sodium channel macromolecular complex is location-specific; yet, the exact position of NaV1.5 in the subcellular landscape of the intercalated disc (ID), remains unclear. We implemented diffraction unlimited microscopy (direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, or “dSTORM”) to localize the pore-forming subunit of the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5 with a resolution of 20nm on the XY plane. In isolated adult ventricular myocytes, NaV1.5 was found in distinct semi-circular clusters. When the entire population of clusters within a 500 nm window from the ID was considered (more than 350 individual clusters analyzed), 75% of them localized to N-cadherin rich sites. NaV1.5-distal clusters were found at an average 313±15 nm from the cell end. Introducing an astigmatic lens in the light path allowed us to solve cluster location in three dimensions, at resolutions of 20 nm in XY and 40 nm in the z plane. Three-dimensional images confirmed the preferential localization at or near N-cadherin plaques, and further suggested that NaV1.5 arrives to the membrane via N-cadherin-anchored paths, most likely microtubules. In additional experiments, we developed a novel approach to correlate the image of NaV1.5 clusters by dSTORM with the cellular ultrastructure as resolved by electron microscopy on the same sample. This “correlative light-electron microscopy” method confirmed the preference of NaV1.5 clusters at sites of mechanical coupling. Overall, we provide the first ultrastructural description of NaV1.5 at the cardiac ID and its relation with the major electron-dense domains of the adult heart. Our data support a model by which microtubule-mediated delivery of NaV1.5 anchors at N-cadherin-rich sites, likely “mixed junctions” also containing desmosomal molecules (such as plakophilin-2; see Cerrone et al; Circulation 129:1092-1103, 2014) and connexin43. These findings have major implications to the understanding of sodium current disruption in diseases affecting the integrity of the ID.
Natural hydroclimatic forcing of historical lake volume fluctuations at Devils Lake, North Dakota (USA)

Devils Lake, a terminal saline lake in eastern North Dakota, has experienced catastrophic flooding over the past two decades producing direct damages in excess of $1 billion ($USD). We use three long-term datasets to examine the temporal coherence between historical lake fluctuations and basic hydroclimatic drivers. Monthly precipitation and mean monthly air temperature data are used to characterize long-term precipitation delivery and evaporative demand. Monthly water balance data for a representative location are used to assess basin soil moisture conditions. A lake volume time series documents lake volume fluctuation in response to long-term precipitation and regional soil moisture conditions. Three variables are derived from the datasets, each characterizing a different aspect of the region’s hydroclimatology. A rescaling technique is applied to each variable to examine the temporal coherence and relative patterns of the variables and to identify distinct homogeneous hydroclimatic regimes during the historical period. The three rescaled variables show strong temporal coherence and confirm 1980 as an abrupt transition year between two distinct long-term hydroclimatic modes. Mode 1, a longer and drier phase, runs from 1907 to 1980, while mode 2, a shorter and wetter phase, extends from 1981 to the present. Multi-decadal and century-scale fluctuations between these two modes are the key drivers of long-term lake volume fluctuations, upon which interannual- and interdecadal-scale climatic variability are superimposed. The similar rates of change among the rescaled variables provides evidence in support of the conclusion that long-term natural hydroclimatological variability is the primary driver of observed lake volume changes at Devils Lake during the Twentieth Century and provides a foundation upon which to evaluate the potential contributing effects of anthropogenic climate change, and human alterations of the land use hydrology.
The 16th International Geological Congress, Washington, 1933

In 1933, the International Geological Congress (IGC) returned to the United States of America (USA) for its sixteenth meeting, forty-two years after the 5 th IGC convened in Washington. The Geological Society of America and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) supplied the major part of the required extra-registration funding after the effects of the Great Depression influenced the 72 nd U.S. Congress not to do so. A reported 1,182 persons or organizations, representing fifty-four countries, registered for the 16 th IGC and thirty-four countries sent 141 official delegates. Of the total number of registrants, 665 actually attended the meeting; 500 came from the USA; and fifteen had participated in the 5 th IGC. The 16 th Meeting convened in the U.S. Chamber of Commerce Building from 22 to 29 July. The eighteen half-day scientific sections-orogenesis (four), major divisions of the Paleozoic (three), miscellaneous (three), batholiths and related intrusives (two), arid-region geomorphic processes and products (one), fossil man and contemporary faunas (one), geology of copper and other ore deposits (one), geology of petroleum (one), measuring geologic time (one), and zonal relations of metalliferous deposits (one)-included 166 papers, of which fifty (including several of the key contributions) appeared only by title. The Geological Society of Washington, the National Academy of Sciences, and the U.S. Bureau of Mines hosted or contributed to evening presentations or receptions. Twenty-eight of the 16 th IGC's thirty new guidebooks and one new USGS Bulletin aided eight premeeting, seven during-meeting, and four post-meeting field trips of local, regional, or national scope. The remaining two new guidebooks outlined the USA's structural geology and its stratigraphic nomenclature. The 16 th IGC published a two-volume monograph on the world's copper resources (1935) and a two-volume report of its proceedings (1936).
Attitude Issues: The Difficulty of Using Personal and Ideological Characteristics to Predict Justice Martha B. Sosman’s Decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health

Some predicted that Justice Sosman would side with the appellants in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health and hold that the then-existing civil law limiting marriage to the union of a man and a woman violated the Massachusetts Constitution. These prognosticators believed that, among other things, Justice Sosman’s service as a board member of Planned Parenthood of Massachusetts and as a founding partner of an all-woman law firm were reliable indicators of her political ideology and, ultimately, of her eventual decision in the case. Naturally, they were surprised when Justice Sosman sided with the appellees in dissent. In this article, I analyze, with the help of empirical literature, the evidence available to the public on the eve of the Supreme Judicial Court’s landmark decision in an effort to determine whether their surprise was warranted. I conclude that it was not: a more reliable predictor than the character of her personal and professional life was her own judicial record with respect to the issues raised in Goodridge.
Preliminary assessment of a possible lemon shark nursery in the Turks & Caicos Islands, British West Indies

A BSTRACT. — Juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris , were captured at shallow-water sites around South Caicos over a 16 month period. Capture and recapture rates were relatively low, and residency time appeared to be short, possibly indicating that South Caicos is just part of a larger nursery area. Nonetheless, the presence of neonates with fresh umbilical scars confirms that parturition did take place within the study area. It is suggested that the juvenile sharks utilise a larger activity space than in previously studied areas, and that this is facilitated by strong tidal movements over a large expanse of contiguous habitat.
Enhanced Saturation Boiling of HFE-7100 Dielectric Liquid on Extended Copper Surfaces

Experiments are performed, which investigated the enhancement in saturation boiling of HFE-7100 dielectric liquid on copper surfaces having a footprint of 10 × 10 mm and four 3 × 3 mm corner pins that are 2, 3 and 5 mm tall. These pins increase the geometrical surface area, by 96%, 144%, and 240%, respectively, and the surfaces are prepared using #400 and #1500 emery papers to investigate the effect of roughness on boiling heat transfer. Still photographs and video footage are recorded of the boiling processes. Nucleate boiling starts at a few isolated sites on the inside of the pins, close to the common line with the base surface, markedly reducing or eliminating the temperature excursion prior to boiling incipience. Measurable enhancements are obtained in both natural convection and nucleate boiling heat transfer. On the plane Cu surfaces prepared with emery paper #1500, the maximum nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient, based on the foot print area, hB * , is 1.16 W/cm2 .K and increases to 1.80, 2.03 and 2.37 W/cm2 .K on the surfaces with 2, 3, and 5 mm tall pins. Similarly, the Critical Heat Flux (CHF), based on the foot print area, increases linearly with increased pin height, at a rate of ∼ 32% per mm. Increased surface roughness increases both hB * and CHF by additional 15% and 10% and markedly enhances nucleate boiling heat transfer at high surface superheats (ΔTsat > ∼10 K), but causes only little enhancement at lower superheats.© 2007 ASME
Far infrared characterization of Hg1−xCdxTe and related electronic materials

Far infrared (10 to 250 cm−1) reflection and transmission spectroscopy is used to characterize the free-carrier and alloy properties of the leading infrared detector material Hg1-xCdxTe and the substrate materials CdTe and CdZnTe. The data yield values for carrier concentration and mobility, the compositional parameter x and film thickness which generally agree with other determinations. The advantages of this contactless nondestructive technique are described. Applications to the newly proposed infrared detector material Hg1-xMnxTe are briefly reviewed.
4-Alkyloxyimino Derivatives of Uridine-5′-triphosphate: Distal Modification of Potent Agonists as a Strategy for Molecular Probes of P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6 Receptors

Extended N4-(3-arylpropyl)oxy derivatives of uridine-5′-triphosphate were synthesized and potently stimulated phospholipase C stimulation in astrocytoma cells expressing G protein-coupled human (h) P2Y receptors (P2YRs) activated by UTP (P2Y2/4R) or UDP (P2Y6R). The potent P2Y4R-selective N4-(3-phenylpropyl)oxy agonist was phenyl ring-substituted or replaced with terminal heterocyclic or naphthyl rings with retention of P2YR potency. This broad tolerance for steric bulk in a distal region was not observed for dinucleoside tetraphosphate agonists with both nucleobases substituted. The potent N4-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-propyl)oxy analogue 19 (EC50: P2Y2R, 47 nM; P2Y4R, 23 nM) was functionalized for chain extension using click tethering of fluorophores as prosthetic groups. The BODIPY 630/650 conjugate 28 (MRS4162) exhibited EC50 values of 70, 66, and 23 nM at the hP2Y2/4/6Rs, respectively, and specifically labeled cells expressing the P2Y6R. Thus, an extended N4-(3-arylpropyl)oxy group accessed a structurally ...
Characterizing the Influence of TOPO on Exciton Recombination Dynamics in Colloidal CdSe Quantum Dots

Surface ligands play a significant role in the carrier recombination dynamics of colloidal quantum dots (QDs). Trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) is a ligand used during CdSe QD synthesis, which binds to surface cadmium atoms, but, despite its widespread use, its effect on exciton relaxation rates is poorly understood. In this work, we extract TOPO–CdSe binding equilibria from isothermal titration calorimetry experiments and use them to study the effect of TOPO concentration on CdSe time-resolved photoluminescence. We develop a quantitative kinetic model of CdSe QD exciton relaxation that is based upon an ensemble probability distribution of bound ligands and show that bound TOPO gives rise to band-edge states that participate in carrier recombination dynamics. Optoelectronic applications of QDs necessitate a good understanding of interfacial dynamics so that charge separation, carrier transport, and other phenomena can be optimized. This technique is a promising step toward that goal that is useful for any l...
The parietal reach region codes the next planned movement in a sequential reach task

Distinct subregions of the posterior parietal cortex contribute to planning different movements. The parietal reach region (PRR) is active during the delay period of a memory-guided reach task but generally not active during a memory-guided saccade task. We explored whether the reach planning activity in PRR is related to remembering targets for reaches or if it is related to specifying the reach that the monkey is about to perform. Monkeys were required to remember two target locations and then reach to them in sequence. Before the movements were executed, PRR neurons predominantly represented the reach about to be performed and only rarely represented the remembered target for the second reach. This indicates the area plays a role in specifying the target for the impending reach and may not contribute to storing the memory of subsequent reach targets.
Multi-objective design optimization of a surface-mounted modular permanent-magnet pole machine

Surface-mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) ma chines have been proposed in which multiple magnet grades are used to shape the airgap flux density distribution to reduce torque ripple and vibration. A simple application of this concept is to mix permanent magnets of different grade but equal depth in a modular permanent-magnet pole arrangement (MPMP). In this work, the idea of combining multiple magnet grades is used not to reduce cogging torque, but rather to increase torque density. A design model has been developed to describe the operation of the machine and calculate the losses at a given operating point This design model is used in conjunction with a multi-objective optimization method to determine the trade-off between loss and mass for the machine. It is shown that in terms of the loss-mass trade-off the MPMP is superior to the SMPM for the cited specifications.
An Automatic Design of Factors in a Human-Pose Estimation System Using Neural Networks

Previous studies on human-pose estimation (HPE) rely on the design of factors to represent underlying probability distributions that model human poses. However, designing those factors manually is laborious. Moreover, manually designed factors might not represent underlying probability distributions properly. In this paper, we utilize feedforward neural networks (NNs) to design factors of our previous work on HPE and build an NN-based HPE system. We first propose a mapping that converts a Bayesian network to a feedforward NN. Then, the system is built based on the proposed mapping that consists of two steps: 1) structure identification and 2) parameter learning. In the structure identification, we develop a bottom-up approach to build a feedforward NN while preserving a Bayesian-network structure. In the parameter learning, we create a part-based approach to learn synaptic weights by decomposing a feedforward NN into parts. Using the proposed mapping, our previous work of an action-mixture model (AMM) for HPE is converted to a feedforward NN called NN-AMM. Based on the concept of distributed representation, NN-AMM is further modified to a scalable feedforward NN called NND-AMM. The NN-based HPE system is then built by using viewpoint-and-shape-feature-histogram features extracted from 3-D-point-cloud input and NND-AMM to estimate 3-D human poses. The results showed that the proposed mapping could design AMM factors automatically. NND-AMM could provide more accurate human-pose estimates with fewer hidden neurons than both AMM and NN-AMM could. Both NN-AMM and NND-AMM could adapt to different types of input, showing the adaptability of using feedforward NNs to design factors.
The New Ways of Freshmen's Library Entrance Education in College Library

The article has a brief introduction on freshmen's library entrance education of our college library,and analyze their inadequacies.Then,the new ways of freshmen library entrance education,described in detail the implementation methods and advantages of new ways.
Explaining doctoral students’ relational maintenance with their advisor: a psychosocial development perspective

ABSTRACTThis study explored how psychosocial development affects doctoral students’ relationship and communication with their advisor. Chickering and Reisser’s vectors of psychosocial development were examined in the doctoral context to understand how students preserve communicatively satisfying relationships with their advisor through the use of relational maintenance behaviors. Doctoral students (N = 304) completed self-report surveys and the results revealed that psychosocial development was related positively to their use of relational maintenance behaviors. The results also indicated that students’ relational maintenance behaviors mediated the associations between psychosocial development and communication satisfaction in the student–advisor relationship. These findings support the importance of psychosocial development in graduate school and provide information that may be used to improve the quality of doctoral education.
The Life of the Longhouse: Conclusion: The General in the Particular

From the point of view of historians and sociologists, ethnographers are often seen as making generalisations based on skimpy data – little more than a few personal experiences. During his enfant terrible phase, Edmund Leach made the same charge against the pioneers of modern fieldwork: When we read Malinowski we get the impression that he is stating something which is of general importance. Yet how can this be? He is simply writing about the Trobriand Islanders. Somehow he has so assimilated himself into the Trobriand situation that he is able to make the Trobriands a microcosm of the whole primitive world. And the same is true of his successors: for Firth, Primitive Man is a Tikopian, for Fortes, he is a citizen of Ghana. (1961:1) I avoid the charge by denying that I am saying anything generalisable, that is, anything about the essential nature of cultural difference. On the contrary, my goal is to show how ethnicity was constructed in a specific region and under specific historical circumstances. My method is unabashedly analytic; it makes no concessions to postmodernism. Its premise is that nothing about the process of ethnification can be taken for granted. On the contrary, working out how ethnicity works in different places is part of the business of ethnography, what, for want of a better word, we might call “ethnology.” Locating ethnic groups – “naming the tribes” – is a goal of research, not a preliminary.
Combinatorics of Weyl groups

The weights of a minuscule representation may be regarded as points in Euclidean space. As we shall see in Chapter 8, the convex hull of these points forms a polytope with interesting combinatorial properties, and the action of the Weyl group on the polytope gives additional insight into the nature of minuscule representations. Section 8.1 introduces the notion of a minuscule system. This provides a convenient way to describe explicit coordinates for the weights of all minuscule representations. This is useful for later purposes when concrete constructions are required. Section 8.2 describes the action of the Weyl group as a permutation group on the weights of a minuscule representation. It is well-known that this action is transitive, but we go further and describe the W -orbits on ordered pairs of weights. This turns out to be important for some later combinatorial constructions. Section 8.3 describes the remarkable relationship between the weights of a minuscule representation of weight ω p and the positive roots of the Weyl group in which α p appears with nonzero coefficient. Section 8.4 introduces the weight polytopes of minuscule representations; that is, the convex hull of the set of weights of a minuscule representation. Section 8.5 analyses the combinatorics of the faces of the weight polytope. Finally, Section 8.6 shows how to associate families of graphs with the weight polytopes. These graphs come equipped with an action of the Weyl group, and include several families of graphs that are of independent interest.
Dynamics of Heterocapsa sp. and the associated attached and free‐living bacteria under the influence of dispersed and undispersed crude oil

While many studies have examined the impact of oil on phytoplankton or bacteria, very few considered effects on the biological complex formed by phytoplankton and their associated phytoplankton-attached (PA) and free-living (FL) bacteria. However, associated bacteria can affect the physiology of phytoplankton and influence their stress responses. In this study we monitored the growth of Heterocapsa sp., an armored dinoflagellate, exposed to crude oil, Corexit dispersant, or both. Growth of Heterocapsa sp. is unaffected by crude oil up to 25 ppm, a concentration similar to the lower range measured on Florida beaches after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The PA bacteria community was resistant to exposure whereas the FL community shifted towards oil degraders; both responses could contribute to Heterocapsa sp. oil-resistance. The growth rate of Heterocapsa sp. decreased significantly only when exposed to dispersed oil at 25 ppm, indicating a synergistic effect of dispersant on oil toxicity in this organism. For the first time, we demonstrated the decoupling of the responses of the PA and FL bacteria communities after exposure to an environmental stress, in this case oil and dispersant. Our findings suggest new directions to explore in the understanding of interactions between unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Initiating shared laughter in multi‐party conversations

This study examines the conversational organization of shared laughter. Previous studies have shown that participants routinely create shared laughter through a sequence of first laugh invitation and second laugh response. The present study reports that, while in two‐party interactions such a sequence routinely occurs with current speaker providing the first laugh, in multi‐party interactions someone other than current speaker generally provides the first laugh. The distribution of “who Iaughs first” is influenced in part by conversational activities in which shared laughter gets embedded, such as teasing or story and joke‐telling. By letting someone else laugh first, current speakers in multi‐party interactions may orient to a bias against laughing at one's own laughables. By this distributional feature, multi‐party shared laughter comes closer in its organization to one‐to‐many communicative events, such as stand‐up comedy. Thus laughter may be most fully realized in its small group manifestations rathe...
Feeling White: Whiteness, Emotionality, and Education

C. E. Matias. (2016). Feeling White: Whiteness, Emotionality, and Education. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense. 189 pages, $32.00 (paperback). ISBN 9789463004480.Feeling White: Whiteness, Emotional...
Moral stress and job burnout among frontline staff conducting clinical research on affective and anxiety disorders.

There has been increased attention on job-related stress and burnout experienced by clinicians working with vulnerable and at-risk populations, including effects on personal mental health, therapeutic decision-making, and job effectiveness. Little is known, however, about the job-related stressors and symptoms of burnout experienced by clinical research staff working with similar populations, especially in terms of moral stress they may experience when adherence to scientific procedures appears to conflict with their personal commitment to address the clinical needs of their research participants or role as health care provider. In this national study, 125 frontline research workers conducting clinical research studies with individuals diagnosed with affective and anxiety disorders completed an online survey including measures assessing research work related moral stress, job burnout, organizational ethics climate and organizational research support. Results indicated that younger research workers, those whose research work was part of a graduate assistantship and perceptions of higher participant research risk were associated with higher levels of moral stress and job burnout. Supportive organizational climates were associated with lower levels of moral stress and job burnout. Recommendations for clinical research workers, supervisors and clinical training directors are discussed.
Corneal Nerves: Anatomy

The cornea is the most richly innervated surface tissue in the body. It receives a dense sensory innervation from the trigeminal ganglion and, in some species, a modest autonomic innervation. The architectural organization of the corneal innervation is, excepting minor details, remarkably similar in all mammals and comprises five main levels of organization: penetrating stromal nerve bundles, anterior stromal plexus, subepithelial plexus, subbasal nerve plexus, and intraepithelial nerve terminals. The nerves fibers are neurochemically complex and individual axons contain one or more of a dozen different neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, some of which exert important trophic functions. Corneal subbasal nerves are dynamic structures and undergo continuous elongation and terminal rearrangement under normal physiologic conditions. Corneal nerves are injured in many types of corneal surgery and are capable of limited regeneration; however, the process is slow and imperfect and, in most cases, is insufficient to return the corneal innervation completely to its preoperative density and architectural configuration.
Coronary artery bypass graft pseudoaneurysm from saphenous vein graft stent fracture.

Abstract Saphenous venous graft (SVG) pseudoaneurysms are a rare complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). An 85-year-old man with CABG and a distal SVG stent presented with dyspnea. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a large partially thrombosed pseudoaneurysm at the distal SVG with stent fracture. Endoluminal exclusion of the distal SVG pseudoaneurysm using a covered stent was performed. Follow-up chest CT and angiography showed persistent pseudoaneurysm filling and enlargement. The SVG proximal to the pseudoaneurysm was embolized with coils to reduce rupture risk. Following embolization, the patient’s left ventricular ejection fraction was moderately depressed but the patient remained stable and was discharged. Learning objective: Saphenous venous graft pseudoaneurysms are a rare post-operative complication of coronary artery bypass graft procedures with a risk of impending rupture if left untreated. Fracture of a vein graft stent is an even further unique etiology of pseudoaneurysms. Covered stents are a practical therapeutic option for the treatment of vein graft pseudoaneurysms, especially in high risk patients who are not surgical candidates.>