cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE INSTABILITY OF AN INFINITE SWEPT ATTACHMENT LINE

It is known that the incompressible, infinite swept attachment line flow is unstable to streamwise disturbances which originate in the boundary layer when the crossflow exceeds a critical magnitude. This paper investigates the stabilizing and destabilizing effects of, respectively, cooling or heating the plate. A non-orthogonal flow with respect to the attachment line is also considered by adding a component of shear to the mean flow.
Effect of hemothorax on experimental empyema thoracis in the guinea pig.

An experimental model for empyema thoracis in the Duncan-Harley guinea pig is introduced. Empyema thoracis development and early death (less than 14 days after bacterial inoculation) were noted after various concentrations and species were inoculated into the pleural space with a piece of umbilical tape, which was used as a cofactor. The effect of concomitant hemothorax was also tested. Group I (N = 90) had intrapleural inoculation of umbilical tape and various concentrations (104, 106, 108 organisms/ml) of various bacterial species, which included Staphylococcus aureus (N = 30), Escherichia coli (N = 30), and Bacteroides fragilis (N = 30). Group II (N = 90) had intrapleural inoculation of umbilical tape, 1 ml of autologous blood, and the same varying concentrations and species of bacteria as Group I. The observation period was 14 days, during which time early deaths were noted. Fifty-eight percent of the staphylococcal group of animals, 37% of the E. coli group of animals, and none of the B. fragilis group of animals developed empyema. Animals with empyema developed significant weight loss (p
Systolic and diastolic ventricular performance at rest and during exercise in heart transplant recipients

Left ventricular dysfunction has been described in the transplanted heart. To further define these abnormalities in cardiac performance and relate for the first time diastolic to systolic function in the transplanted heart, we investigated 28 clinically stable recipients of orthotopic heart transplantation. Patients underwent blood pool radionuclide angiography performed at rest early after transplantation (18 +/- 13 days, mean +/- SD) and at rest and at exercise late after transplantation (248 +/- 194 days). Systolic ventricular performance was assessed by right and left ventricular ejection fractions, whereas diastolic left ventricular function was evaluated by the peak diastolic filling rate and its time of occurrence. Early after transplantation the left ventricular ejection fraction (54.0% +/- 6.0%) was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that of normal subjects of similar ages (61% +/- 6.6%). Mean right ventricular ejection fraction (47% +/- 6.0%) was comparable with that of normal subjects (49% +/- 4%) and abnormal in only three of 21 patients. Rest peak diastolic filling rate and time to peak diastolic filling rate were comparable with values from normal subjects in our laboratory. Late after transplantation resting left and right ventricular ejection fractions, peak diastolic filling rate, and time to peak diastolic filling rate were similar to the values found early after transplantation. During exercise significant increases occurred in the left ventricular ejection fraction (p less than 0.02), the right ventricular ejection fraction (p less than 0.02), and the peak diastolic filling rate (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Triglycerides, and Coronary Artery Disease

Epidemiological studies have identified high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and triglycerides (TGs) as independent risk factors that modulate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk (1). During the past decade, clinical trials of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-lowering drugs have clearly established that reductions in LDL are associated with a 30 to 45% reduction in clinical events. However, despite lowered LDL levels, many patients continue to have cardiac events. This implies that a greater improvement could be achieved through further interventional measures, including therapy that modifies lipids other than LDL. Indeed, low HDL and high TG levels are often present in high-risk patients with CVD. In fact, a low level of HDL-cholesterol (C), rather than a high level of LDL-C, is currently the most common lipid abnormality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) in the United States. As a result, a great deal of research interest recently has been focused on raising plasma HDL levels as well as lowering TG levels by dietary, pharmacological, or genetic manipulations, as a potential strategy for the treatment of CVD. In addition to epidemiological studies, other lines of evidence suggest that modifying HDL and TG levels would reduce the risk of CVD.
Are NLS1s highly accreting low black hole mass AGNs

In this work, we test the hypothesis that narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NSL1s) are active galactic nuclei in their early phase and are therefore younger and more active than the more common broad-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s). If that is true, then NLS1s should, on average, have lower black hole masses and higher accretion rates than BLS1s. To test this, we use a sample of 35 NLS1s and 54 BLS1s with similar X-ray luminosity distributions and good XMM-Newton observations. To determine the black hole mass, we apply an X-ray scaling method that is independent of any assumptions on the broad-line region dynamics and the inclination of the objects. We find that, on average, NLS1s have lower black hole masses, but the difference between the average black hole masses of NLS1s and BLS1s in our sample is only marginally significant (at the 2.6 sigma level). According to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the distribution of black hole mass values of NLS1s is different from that of BLS1s at the 99% confidence level. Even stronger differences between NLS1s and BLS1s are inferred when the accretion rate distributions of NLS1s are compared to BLS1s, suggesting that the two populations are indeed distinct. Our study also indicates that the black hole mass values (both for NLS1s and BLS1s) determined with the X-ray scaling method are fully consistent with those obtained using reverberation mapping.
Do Skilled Nursing Facilities Selected to Participate in Preferred Provider Networks Have Higher Quality and Lower Costs

OBJECTIVE To determine whether skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) chosen by health systems to participate in preferred provider networks exhibited differences in quality, costs, and patient outcomes relative to other SNFs after accounting for differences in case mix. DATA SOURCES Medicare provider and claims data, 2012 and 2013. STUDY DESIGN We compared SNFs included in preferred networks relative to other SNFs in the same market, prior to the establishment of preferred provider networks. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS We linked the SNFs in our sample to facility characteristics and quality data. We identified SNF admissions and hospitalizations in claims data and limited the analysis to patients discharged from the hospitals in our sample. We obtained patient characteristics from Medicare summary files and the preceding hospital stay. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Preferred SNFs exhibited better performance across publicly reported quality measures. Patients admitted to preferred SNFs exhibited shorter stays, lower Medicare payments, and lower probability of SNF readmission relative to nonpreferred SNFs. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that health systems selected SNFs with lower resource use and better performance on quality measures. Thus, the trend toward preferred provider networks could have implications for Medicare spending and patient health.
The Safety Net of Aging in Place: Understanding How Older Adults Construct, Develop, and Maintain Their Social Circles

Active engagement in social activities is important to maintain and promote healthy aging. In this study, we further investigate how older adults take the initiative role to support their health and well-being. To understand their active participation towards aging, we conducted an interview study with ten retirees who are "aging in place" (adults 65 and older who live independently). Our findings suggest that older adults are naturally developing a network of connections, which we refer to as their safety net. We have identified five social circles inside this safety net: predetermined, chosen, interest-based, location-based, and shared-identity circles. Each circle has a different impact on the support of older adults' health and well-being. Based on these findings, we suggest taking the safety net into consideration when designing technologies to promote and maintain healthy aging.
Workflow in Virtual Reality Tool Development for AEC Industry

The relatively low cost and intuitive user interface of modern virtual reality devices offer many possibilities for it to be adopted in various industry. One characteristic that is offered by virtual reality is its ability to enhance user’s perception by making the user immersed in the virtual world. As such, the system has a potential to be used in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry, especially during the design and pre-construction phase. Some AEC firms, including architects and general contractors, had implemented this technology into their projects. However, there is little known on how the firms integrated the technology. Previous researches have been studying the impact of this technology but did not analyze the workflow of its implementation. Therefore, the novelty of this study is in the analysis of the workflow. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on AEC firm to develop the workflow and identify several challenges in VR integration into project. The study found that most AEC firms utilize VR technology mostly for building walkthrough. There are several software solutions that were used to build the walkthrough. Depending on the complexity and time constraints, the AEC firms utilize either a one-click solution or develop the walk-through in-house. The study found that latest software solutions allow for quick deployment of VR for visualization purpose. However, AEC firms still must develop their own solution for some other purposes such as model annotation and multi-user environment.
Assessing geochemical reactions during CO2 injection into an oil-bearing reef in the Northern Michigan basin

Abstract The Dover 33 Reef, part of the Niagaran Reef Complex in Northern Michigan (USA), has been the focus of an enhanced oil recovery/carbon capture utilization and storage (EOR/CCUS) project as part of the Phase III-Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership (Gupta et al., 2013a,b). The Dover 33 structure has experienced significant CO2 flooding in the past two decades, and over the course of the current injection study (between February 2013 and July 2016) has received approximately 100 to 1000 tonnes/day into the central injection well (L-M) 1–33). As part of the geochemical monitoring effort of the study, gas and fluid samples were collected from Dover 33 reef, and several other nearby reef structures, to assess the impact of CO2 injection on the geochemical processes occurring within in the reef. The injected gas is composed of approximately 95% CO2, with a δ13CCO2 of ∼20.5‰, which is consistent with previously published compositions of Antrim shale gas, the source of the CO2. The concentrations and isotopic compositions of higher pressure gas collected from the L-M 5–33 monitoring well were similar to those measured in the injection well, but did exhibit a small but systematic shift in isotopic composition towards lower values over the course of the study, suggesting mixing and dilution between the gas in the reservoir and the injected gas. In contrast the δ13CCO2 of gas samples from the monitoring well with the lower surface pressure, L-M 2–33, are consistently lower throughout the study, ∼18.5‰, indicating that reactions with the injected CO2 are occurring within the reef or with the well casing. Fluid samples were collected to assess the extent of interaction among the injected gas, the reservoir rock, and the brine. The brine samples are acidic (pH ∼ 4.1 to 4.9) with a total salt content of nearly 400 g/L. Analysis of the isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Dover 33 brine shows that δ13C is higher than the injected gas (27–33‰) suggesting that the gas is not in equilibrium with DIC in the brine, and that there has been little isotopic exchange with carbonate minerals in the reef. The water isotope composition of the brine, δ18O and δD, plot below the meteoric water line, indicating that the water is not of recent meteoric origin and has undergone isotopic exchange with both gas and minerals within the reef structure. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the brine samples range from 0.70865 to 0.70869, consistent with Silurian seawater composition. Geochemical modelling of the brine composition shows that the predicted CO2 solubility as DIC is much greater than the measured DIC, and that the brines are supersaturated with respect to carbonate minerals, suggesting the potential for significant trapping of CO2 in both dissolved and mineral form.
Things and Data in Recent Biology

There is much talk about data-driven and in silico biology, but how exactly does it work? This essay reflects on the relation of data practices to the biological things from which they are abstracted. Looking at concrete examples of computer use in biology, the essay asks: How are biological things turned into data? What organizes and limits the combination, querying, and re-use of data? And how does the work on data link back to the organismic or biological world? Considering the life cycle of data, the essay suggests that data remain linked to the biological material and the concrete context from which they are extracted and to which they always refer back. Consequently, the transition to data science is never complete. This essay is part of a special issue entitled Histories of Data and the Database edited by Soraya de Chadarevian and Theodore M. Porter.
Electronic measurement of plantar contact area during walking using an adaptive thresholding method for Medilogic® pressure-measuring insoles

Abstract Background Pressure-measuring insoles have the potential to measure plantar contact area (PA) during walking. However, they are not widely used for this purpose because of the need for a reliable process that can convert the insole output into PA. The purposes of this study were to: (1) develop an adaptive-threshold method for pressure-measuring insoles that can improve the accuracy of the PA measurements during walking, and (2) experimentally assess the accuracy and generalizability of this method. Methods A sample of 42 healthy, ambulatory, young adults (age = 24.3 ± 3.2 years, mass = 67.2 ± 16.9 kg, height = 1.63 ± 0.08 m) completed 10 trials walking on an elevated walkway while wearing Medilogic® pressure-measuring insoles (sizes 35–45). A total of six insole sizes were considered. Insole data were converted to PA using three unique adaptive-thresholds that were based on percentages of the maximum sum of digital values (MSDV) during an analyzed step. Three values were considered: 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of the MSDV. Additionally, a fixed-threshold, which is typically used to estimate PA, was assessed. These two techniques, applied to the insole worn on the left foot, were compared with PA obtained from high-resolution reference footprints obtained from optical pedography of the right foot and processed using digital image processing algorithms. An assumption of PA symmetry between the left (insole) and right (barefoot) feet was made and comparisons were conducted over the entire stance phase of walking. The generalizability of the algorithm was assessed by comparing PA errors from insoles with respect to the optical pedography results based on insole size criteria. Results The adaptive-thresholds of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% of MSDV produced mean errors of 7.31 ± 17.44%, −8.62 ± 15.01%, and −20.45 ± 14.18%, respectively. Using the 2-digital value fixed-threshold produced a mean error of 20.88 ± 22.44%. The best performing adaptive-threshold varied among insole sizes. Conclusion It was observed that the fixed-threshold technique produced large magnitudes of errors. The proposed adaptive-thresholds of 0.1% and 0.2% of the MSDV reduced PA error to ±10% during walking. The adaptive-threshold method consistently reduced PA error vs. the fixed-threshold for each insole size.
Urodynamic factors associated with the large capacity bladder and incomplete emptying after prolapse repair (2009‐2015)

Aims To identify the clinical and urodynamic factors associated with the large capacity bladder and incomplete bladder emptying after prolapse repair. Methods We identified 592 women who underwent anterior and/or apical prolapse repair at our institution from 2009 to 2015. Women were stratified by urodynamic capacity. The primary outcome was incomplete emptying at the longest follow-up (postvoid residual [PVR] > 200 mL). Data were analyzed in the Statistical Analysis System software. Results Two hundred and sixty-six women (mean age, 61 years) had preoperative urodynamic tracings available for review. After surgery, there were 519 PVRs in 239 women recorded at up to 2949 days (mean, 396) and nine time points (median, 2; IQR, 1-3). The receiver operator curve for predicted probability of longest follow-up PVR greater than 200 mL (area under curve = 0.67) identified the 600 mL cutpoint which defined large capacity bladder. Large capacity bladders (capacity, >600 mL [n=79] vs ≤600 mL, [n=160]) had a mean: detrusor pressure at maximum flow (21 vs 22 cm H2 O; P = 0.717), maximum flow rate (19 vs 17 mL/s; P = 0.148), significantly elevated PVR (202 vs 73 mL; P 600 mL] vs 4.1%-7.0% [capacity, ≤600 mL]). VE was similar after surgery regardless of the capacity (87% vs 88%, P = 0.772). Conclusions The decision to pursue prolapse repair should be individualized and take into account, the bladder capacity and goals for PVR improvement after surgery.
Exploring the Impact of E-mail and Postcard Prenotification on Response Rates to a Mail Survey in an Academic Setting

What techniques effectively and consistently impact response rates to a mail survey? No clear answer to this question exists, largely because variability in response rates occurs depending on the population of interest, questionnaire type, and procedures used by researchers. This article examines the impact of e-mail and postcard prenotification on response rates to a mail survey by using a population of university full-time faculty and staff. Comparisons were made among respondents who received a postcard prenotification, those who received an e-mail prenotification, and those who received no prenotification prior to the initial mailing of a questionnaire. Data show that e-mail prenotification had the largest impact on response rate, while postcard prenotification had the least impact. In addition, the use of e-mail prenotification reduced overall project costs (both time and money). We suggest that the uses and applicability of e-mail prenotification be further explored to examine both its initial and o...
Finite Section Method for singular integrals with operator-valued PQC-coefficients and a flip

We establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of the finite section method for operators belonging to a certain $C^*$-algebra of operators acting on the Hilbert space $l^2_H(\mathbb{Z})$ of $H$-valued sequences where $H$ is a given Hilbert space. Identifying $l^2_H(\mathbb{Z})$ with the $L^2_H$-space over the unit circle, the $C^*$-algebra in question is the one which contains all singular integral operators with flip and piecewise quasicontinous $\mathcal{L}(H)$-valued generating functions on the unit circle. The result is a generalization of an older result where the same problem, but without the flip operator was considered. The stability criterion is obtained via $C^*$-algebra methods and says that a sequence of finite sections is stable if and only if certain operators associated with that sequence (via $^*$-homomorphisms) are invertible.
A Wearable RFID System to Monitor Hand Use for Individuals with Upper Limb Paresis

Continuous monitoring of hand function in individuals with upper limb paresis, such as stroke survivors, could provide a quantitative assessment of their real-world functional performance, which has great potential to enhance the clinical guidance of rehabilitation interventions. In this paper, we explore a novel wearable approach to quantify the amount of hand use by leveraging Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies. We introduce a prototype implementation of our wearable RFID system composed of a wrist-worn reader (antenna) and a small passive tag placed on a fingernail. Then, we discuss a machine learning-based data analytic pipeline that analyzes the backscattered RF signal to estimate the amount of hand use. The accuracy of the system is validated against an optoelectronic motion capture system - the gold standard for human movement analyses - using a dataset collected from five neurologically intact individuals. The proposed wearable RFID system could accurately estimate the amount of hand use with $R^{2}$ of 0.67 and Normalized Root Mean Square Error of 7.3%, and shows great potential for clinical applications.
Texas Senate Race: “If You Want to Run in Texas, You Can’t Be a Liberal Man”—Beto O’Rourke Challenges Ted Cruz, and Conventional Wisdom

Texas’s 2018 Senate election was one of the most talked about in national political circles in recent memory. The reliably Republican state had not elected a Democrat statewide in more than 30 years, so three-term Congressman Beto O’Rourke’s decision to challenge Ted Cruz, a runner-up to Donald Trump in the 2016 race for the GOP presidential nomination, looked quixotic. O’Rourke ran an uncharacteristically liberal campaign, became a social media star, and outperformed expectations. Even in defeat, Democrats appeared upbeat about their future prospects. For O’Rourke, the campaign served as a surprisingly effective stepping stone to higher political aspirations, catapulting him to contention for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020.
Anti-TNF-α Biologics Do Not Reverse CDX2 Downregulation in Patients with Crohn's Disease.

Objective The caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2) plays an important role in intestinal epithelial differentiation, proliferation, migration, and adhesion. It has been previously reported that TNF-α reduces CDX2 expression in cultured colon epithelial cells in a dose-dependent manner, and that this effect was reduced by adding the anti-TNF-α drug infliximab to the culture medium. The aim of this study was to determine whether CDX2 expression is reduced in biopsies from patients with Crohn's disease (CD), and whether treatment with anti-TNF-α drugs reverses CDX2 downregulation in these patients. Methods Sections of ileocolonic biopsy tissues from patients with CD, CD treated with anti-TNF-α biologics (CD-T), and controls were stained for CDX2 and evaluated using OTMIAS digital image analysis. Results CDX2 expression in biopsies from patients with CD and CD-T was lower than in controls (p=0.0003). CDX2 expression in CD-T did not increase (p=0.3292) and remained significantly lower than controls (p=0.0002). Conclusions Although CDX2 is downregulated in CD, it did not revert to normal in patients treated with anti-TNF-α biologics.
Cartels, competition, and coalitions: the domestic drivers of international orders

Most theoretical and empirical accounts of trade politics focus on political conflict among competing private interest groups and over policies between the dichotomy of trade liberalization and pro...
Performance Feedback and the Formation of Real Options in Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions

Building on the behavioral theory of the firm, this study examines how the behavioral motivation of multinational corporations influences the creation of real options in the cross-border mergers an...
Insights into the mechanisms affecting water/oil interfacial tension as a function of salt types and concentrations

Abstract The interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and water impacts many industrial operations. For example, in low salinity flooding, water with optimal salinity is injected into an oil reservoir, to change the oil/water interfacial tension and fluid/rock interfacial energy to mobilize trapped oil and enhance the displacement of oil. Theoretical and experimental studies have shown that different ions can enhance or inhibit the production. To develop a fundamental understanding of IFT in these systems, particularly in the context of salinity and the ion-type effect, molecular dynamics simulations were used to probe the change in IFT with the salt types and concentrations. In agreement with experimental measurements, our results show that the oil/water IFT increases with increasing salt concentration, with the increase dependent on the salt species. The results revealed that the presence of divalent anions at the interface increases the electrostatic interactions, which leads to a smaller increase in the IFT compared to other salts. Moreover, the analysis showed that the increase in IFT is due to ion depletion near the interface. The water orientations at the interface and the bulk explain why this depletion occurs.
Gingival Sculpting: A Simple Gingival Depigmentation Technique Using Bur Abrasion and Scalpel Combined - A Case Report.

Introduction Dentofacial esthetics demands have increased tremendously in the past decade. Psychological impact of unsatisfactory esthetic appearance can manifest in decreased sense of self-esteem and can negatively affect social and professional interactions. Esthetic awareness of dental patients has extended to include requests of gingival color modification. Gingival pigmentation can be physiological due to ethnic pigmentation or can be a result of various pathological processes. Different surgical modalities, tools and materials have been used in management of gingival pigmentation. This case report is introducing a simple, cost effective, minimally invasive technique of gingival sculpting for the purpose of significantly reducing gingival pigmentation. Case presentation A healthy 32-year-old male patient presented with a chief complaint of gingival pigmentation that is causing him distress and low self-esteem. Gingival sculpting technique was used. This simple technique uses a combination of two methods, bur abrasion and scalpel blade with copious irrigation. The procedure resulted in minimal intra and postoperative complications and excellent esthetic results achieved instantly and maintained at 3 months postoperatively. High patient esthetic satisfaction was achieved. Conclusion Gingival sculpting is minimally invasive procedure that can be performed at any dental office. It renders excellent esthetic results using minimal chair time and down time for the patient. It is well tolerated by the patient with minimal bleeding, postoperative pain, and rapid healing time. Long-term follow-up is needed to ensure stability and lack of recurrence.
Space charge compensation in air by counterion flow in 3D printed electrode structure

Abstract Electrospray ionization is commonly employed in modern mass spectrometry experiments for applications ranging from proteomics to environmental science and for fundamental studies of the chemical reactivity of ions. Despite the ubiquity of electrospray ionization, the total ion currents achieved using the technique remain relatively poor. While there are significant losses within the atmospheric pressure interface of the mass spectrometer (MS), many ions are lost due to space charge repulsion before ions and charged microdroplets enter the instrument. Space charge effects also limit the extent to which multiplexing of electrosprays can be used to increase ion currents. In this work, a flow of oppositely charged ions produced by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) is employed to mitigate space charge effects in an analyte ion beam produced by nanoelectrospray ionization (nESI) as it is passed through an atmospheric pressure ion guide outside of a mass spectrometer. A decrease in the nESI beam width together with an increase in peak intensity is observed using an ion charge coupled detector in the presence of a counterflow of ions of the opposite charge. This result indicates that focusing occurs in the ion guide. Measurements of the space charge compensated ion beam using an Agilent Ultivo triple quadrupole mass spectrometer are correlated with changes in ion focusing, indicating that space charge compensation occurring before the ion beam enters the mass spectrometer can increase detected ion currents.
Approach and avoidance in moral psychology: Evidence for three distinct motivational levels

Abstract During the past two decades, the science of motivation has made major advances by going beyond just the traditional division of motivation into approaching pleasure and avoiding pain. Recently, motivation has been applied to the study of human morality, distinguishing between prescriptive (approach) morality on the one hand, and proscriptive (avoidance) morality on the other, representing a significant advance in the field. There has been some tendency, however, to subsume all moral motives under those corresponding to approach and avoidance within morality, as if one could proceed with a “one size fits all” perspective. In this paper, we argue for the unique importance of each of three different moral motive distinctions, and provide empirical evidence to support their distinctiveness. The usefulness of making these distinctions for the case of moral and ethical motivation is discussed.
The Syntax of Inversion

In this chapter, we will attempt to provide a characterization of inversion, namely of the set of constructions with i-subjects, comparing Italian with some other languages. Our first step will be to assume, following a well established line of research, that inversion in Italian is closely related to another property of this language: the pro-drop, or null-subject (henceforth NS) property. Namely, we assume that the existence of the type in (1a), is strictly related to the existence of (1b).
Biography of a Hacienda: Work and Revolution in Rural Mexico

For a work as manifestly well-intentioned and nicely written as this historical study of a hacienda in the state of Puebla, Mexico during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it would seem...
Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of Irradiated Foam-Type Insulation Materials

The development of a flight-qualified nuclear-rocket propulsion system has progressed rapidly during the past three years. Space missions requiring this propulsion system are being evaluated and planned. The reliability and operating characteristics of these systems cannot be assessed, however, without a thorough knowledge of the effects of radiation in combination with other environments on the materials and components making up the systems. Organic materials are particularly vulnerable to radiation and deserve special attention. Insulating materials and insulation systems, because of the importance of their functions, are prime candidates for early assessment.
The rehabilitation team: Staff perceptions of the hospital environment, the interdisciplinary team environment, and interprofessional relations

Although inpatient rehabilitation is an interdisciplinary activity organized around a treatment team, there is a limited understanding of the workings of the interdisciplinary process. To elucidate staff perceptions of key aspects of the rehabilitation treatment process, we surveyed staff (n = 113) from selected inpatient teams. The staff completed social psychological instruments that measure perceptions of the hospital environment (The Ward Atmosphere Scale [WAS]), the team's environment (the Group Environment Scale [GES]), and interprofessional relations (Interprofessional Perception Scale [IPS]). Rehabilitation staff generally endorse the team approach, but express concerns over professional boundaries. Interprofessional difficulties seemed to be independent of team membership or professional training. Compared with published data from other settings, rehabilitation teams resembled task-oriented groups, but showed significant differences across teams in their perceptions of the team and hospital environments. The task-oriented character of rehabilitation teams, team-specific characteristics, and discord in interprofessional relationships may need to be considered in studies of rehabilitation teams effectiveness.
In vitro interactions of 51Cr in human red blood cells and hemolysates.

. The intracellular distribution of radioactivity was studied in normal and sickle erythrocytes labeled with sodium 51 Cr chromate. Both types of cells had a higher fraction of 51 Cr bound to hemoglobin when labeled in the presence of ACD at a pH of 7.09 than when labeled in the presence of CPD at a pH of 5.96. Citrate at a pH of 5.96 or less entered the red blood cells and decreased the 51Cr binding hemoglobin. Binding of 51Cr to hemoglobin within the red cells was also reduced when the ATP and DPG levels in the red blood cells were elevated. Studies with hemoglobin solution showed that 51Cr binding to hemoglobin was influenced by 2,3-DPG, ATP and citrate.
Design of Survivable Networks with Connectivity Requirements

In this paper we study the problem of survivable network design (SND). The problem can be stated as follows: Given a set of nodes, possible edges and costs for each edge and the number of permitted node or edge failures between each pair of nodes, we want to design a cost effective communications network which has the property that there is at least one communication route present between all the communicating node pairs, even in the case of node or link failure. We present the formulation of the problem and present a solution technique based on a constraint addition approach. We decompose the problem into smaller problems that are computationally not difficult to solve. We use the solutions of these smaller problems to generate new constraints that are added to the overall design problem. This iterative procedure is able to solve the survivable network design problem very efficiently. Extensive computational results show the effectiveness of our solution procedure.
How operating and environmental conditions affect erosion

Sand in producing wells (both oil and gas) can result in severe erosion even resulting in failure. This work investigates the effect of a variety of parameters such as diameter, flow velocity, particle size, and fluid properties on the severity of erosion for an elbow. The elbow is selected since it redirects the flow and experiences erosion from the impact of sand particles that do no follow the streamlines of the flow and impinge the pipe wall. A model previously developed for single-phase flow is presented and extended in this work for use with multiphase flow. Results for the maximum penetration rate in an elbow are examined for many parameters in both single-phase and multiphase flow. By assuming an allowable penetration rate, the erosion prediction model can also be used to determine the threshold velocity that would result in this penetration rate. The threshold erosional velocity curves are also generated for the multiphase flow cases.
Synthesis and characterization of and complexes

Abstract Eight novel [ Cp ∗ Ru η 6 - arene )] + O 3 SCF 3 − complexes and eight novel [ Cp ∗ Ru (η 6 :η 6 - diarene ) RuCp ∗ ] 2+ 2[ O 3 SCF 3 − ] complexes (where Cp ∗ = C 5 (CH 3 ) 5 ) were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry. Attempted synthesis of the β-bound benzaldehyde derivative in methanol produced the unexpected ruthenium catalyzed benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal. A ring coordination preference study using phenyl benzoate indicated only moderate preference for the aromatic ring bonded to the oxygen atom in the unmetalated phenyl benzoate and an enhanced preference for the aromatic ring bonded to the oxygen atom in the monometalated complex.
Picture Graphs, Grammars, and Parsing

Abstract This paper is concerned with the syntactic description and analysis of pictures when graphs are employed as the primary description formalism. The present state of development, a number of significant open problems, and the advantages and limitations of this approach are discussed under the following three headings: (a) representation of pictures by graphs, (b) graph languages and grammars, and (c) parsing of graphs and pictures. In (a) we investigate transformations from pictures to graphs based on n-ary relations (n ≥ 1) that exist among picture components, both at the primitive pattern level and among higher level subpictures; n-ary relations are reduced when n > 2 or expanded when n = 1 to binary relations. Several grammatical schemes for generating graph descriptions are then evaluated with respect to their descriptive adequacy, complexity, and practical and theoretical tractability. Syntax-directed analysis of graphs and pictures is treated from two points of view - how to parse efficiently and how to enlist the descriptive mechanism as an aid in the difficult lower level pattern recognition tasks. The latter point is particularly emphasized with the aim of promoting a more systematic approach to contextual recognition.
Caregiver Emotional Expressiveness, Child Emotion Regulation, and Child Behavior Problems among Head Start Families

The present study examined the relationships between caregivers' self-reported positive and negative emotional expressiveness, observer assessments of children's emotion regulation, and teachers' reports of children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a sample of 97 primarily African American and Hispanic Head Start families. Results indicated that higher caregiver negativity and lower child emotion regulation independently predicted more internalizing behavior problems in children. Additionally, children's externalizing behavior problems were negatively predicted by caregivers' self-reports of positive emotional expressiveness. Importantly, results also suggested that caregivers' emotional expressiveness and children's behavioral problems may be non-linearly related, and that child gender may play an important moderating role. These results emphasize the importance of family emotional climate and child emotion regulation in the behavioral development of preschool-age children, and highlight the need for improved theoretical and practical understanding of socioemotional development in diverse populations.
Psychometric Characteristics of the Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives Among a Nonclinical Sample of Smokers

Introduction: Attempts to validate the Brief Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) have produced mixed results. The objectives for the current research were to (1) evalu- ate the test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity for each of the motive scales (2) evaluate three models to determine fit based on previous research: (i) 11-factor model, (ii) 11-factor model with four error covariances specified by previous research, and (iii) 11-factor model with two higher order primary and secondary dependence motive factors, and (3) evaluate the discriminant and convergent validity of the Brief WISDM scales. Methods: Smoking adults aged 18-65 completed a survey about their smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence with a web-based instrument that was administered at a 3-month test-retest interval. Psychometric properties and test-retest reliability were evaluated for each instrument. The 11-factor Brief WISDM was evaluated with confirmatory factor analyses; the scales were evaluated for convergent and discriminant validity. Results: The Brief WISDM demonstrated good to excellent test-retest reliability. Confirmatory fac- tor analysis showed the model with the second order primary and secondary dependence motive factors demonstrated the best fit for the data at both administrations. Discriminant validity issues were present for most of the primary dependence motive scales. Conclusions: To date, the theoretically derived smoking motives for the Brief WISDM have dem- onstrated mixed support when submitted to confirmatory factor analysis. While these scales tap critical motives of nicotine dependence, further refinement of primary dependence motives is nec- essary to ensure each latent variable assesses a unique construct.
Structure of a Ubiquitin E1-E2 Complex: Insights to E1-E2 Thioester Transfer

Ubiquitin (Ub) conjugation is initiated by an E1 enzyme that catalyzes carboxy-terminal Ub adenylation, thioester bond formation to a catalytic cysteine in the E1 Cys domain, and thioester transfer to a catalytic cysteine in E2 conjugating enzymes. How the E1 and E2 active sites come together during thioester transfer and how Ub E1 interacts with diverse Ub E2s remains unclear. Here we present a crystal structure of a Ub E1-E2(Ubc4)/Ub/ATP·Mg complex that was stabilized by induction of a disulfide bond between the E1 and E2 active sites. The structure reveals combinatorial recognition of the E2 by the E1 ubiquitin-fold domain (UFD) and Cys domain and mutational analysis, coupled with thioester transfer assays with E1, Ubc4, and other Ub E2s, show that both interfaces are important for thioester transfer. Comparison to a Ub E1/Ub/ATP·Mg structure reveals conformational changes in the E1 that bring the E1 and E2 active sites together.
Magnetospheric chorus - Occurrence patterns and normalized frequency

Over 400 hours of continuous broadband data obtained by the OGO 3 satellite are analyzed to provide a statistically accurate description of band-limited (magnetospheric) chorus. Certain aspects of the chorus frequency distribution are interpreted in terms of a gyroresonant electron feedback model of generation. An example of high chorus activity during an outbound pass through the noon magnetosphere is examined in detail, the spectral complexity of some chorus is illustrated, and the diurnal variation of chorus occurrence is investigated. The frequency and bandwidth distributions of chorus are analyzed. The results indicate that chorus occurrence depends strongly on local time and dipole latitude, the general region of maximum chorus occurrence approximates the previously reported zone of 'hard' electron precipitation, and the normalized chorus frequency is strongly dependent on dipole latitude. It is shown how a change in the curvature of the whistler-mode refractive-index surface affects focusing of radiation along magnetic field lines and how interference can occur between modes with slightly different ray velocities. It is concluded that most magnetospheric chorus consists of rising emissions which are probably generated by gyroresonant electrons slightly off the equator.
A note on systemic frustration

The writer of this note is indebted to Ivo and Rosalind Feierabend (1966) for the publication of their data in a paper in this journal. They reported the result of an attempt to obtain an indicator of the degree to which economic and social frustration existed in a nation. This indicator was essentially one of a dysfunctional social structure in which a population was exposed to the desirable things enjoyed by the moder world, at the same time being prevented from enjoying them because of shortage and the economic backwardness of the society. Their equation for this frustration was
Response of nonallergic persons to injected castor bean allergen, CB-1A

Abstract The immunologic responses of development of blocking antibodies, reagins, skin sensitivity and/or clinical symptoms of hypersensitivity of 161 nonallergic men to 1.0 mg. subcutaneous injections of the castor bean allergen, CB-1A, have been studied. These data were obtained in previously described studies in which the men served as recipients for passive transfer tests. One hundred and thirty-two recipients (82 per cent), who had one series of tests consisting of from one to 5 consecutive weekly injections of 1.0 mg. of CB-1A, had no apparent response. Four (2.5 per cent) had slight clinical response in the first series, two of which followed the first and two the third injection of CB-1A. Eight recipients (5 per cent) had two series of injections of CB-1A with intervals of 10 to 95 weeks between series with no response. Fifteen recipients (9.3 per cent) had responses attributed to CB-1A in the second or third series of weekly injections of CB-1A. Twelve of these developed blocking antibodies as shown by loss of their ability to give passive transfer reactions but developed no clinically evident hypersensitivity. Two complained of soreness at the site of the injection. One of this group (J. B.) had hives and generalized itching after the fourth injection of CB-1A. Two of the injections of J. B. were given in one series and two in a second series, 89 weeks after the first. J. B. developed skin sensitivity to CB-1A and reagins in his blood serum. Of the 23 who had two or more series of tests, 15, or 65 per cent, developed blocking antibodies or some clinical response. None who developed blocking antibodies had clinical symptoms and those who developed clinical symptoms did not develop blocking antibodies. None of the clinical reactions were respiratory as is the case with naturally occurring castor bean allergy, a difference which may be due to different routes of entry of the allergen to shock tissues; one, naturally by inhalation of dust and the other by injection.
Continuing strategies for inhibiting alzheimer’s γ-secretase

γ-Secretase processing of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) releases the amyloid-β peptide, which is widely held to be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. This protease is apparently a complex of integral membrane proteins that includes the multi-pass presenilin. Transition-state analogue inhibitors of γ-secretase are important molecular probes of the enzyme active site. We have identified new transition-state analogues, (hydroxyethy) urea peptidomimetics, that inhibit γ-secretase activity at submicromolar concentrations in cell culture. The inhibitory activity of a family of such compounds provided further support that γ-secretase has loose sequence specificity at the active site, and one of these compounds allowed partial purification of the protease complex. In addition, becuase the site of γ-secretase cleavage of APP lies within its single transmembrane domain, we designed short peptides based on this domain which assume a helical conformation. These peptides inhibited γ-secretase in the low micromolar range in cell culture, suggesting that they indeed mimick the APP substrate conformation.
Information technology innovation diffusion: an information requirements paradigm

Information technology (IT) innovation research examines the organi- zational and technological factors that determine IT adoption and diffusion, includ- ing firm size and scope, technological competency and expected benefits. We extend the literature by focusing on information requirements as a driver of IT innovation adoption and diffusion. Our framework of IT innovation diffusion incor- porates three industry-level sources of information requirements: process com- plexity, clock speed and supply chain complexity. We apply the framework to US manufacturing industries using aggregate data of internet-based innovations and qualitative analysis of two industries: wood products and beverage manufacturing. Results show systematic patterns supporting the basic thesis of the information processing paradigm: higher IT innovation diffusion in industries with higher infor- mation processing requirements; the salience of downstream industry structure in the adoption of interorganizational systems; and the role of the location of infor- mation intensity in the supply chain in determining IT adoption and diffusion. Our study provides a new explanation for why certain industries were early and deep adopters of internet-based innovations while others were not: variation in informa- tion processing requirements.