cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of tibio-femoral traction mobilization on passive knee flexion motion impairment and pain: a case series

The purpose of this case series was to explore the effects of tibio-femoral (TF) manual traction on pain and passive range of motion (PROM) in individuals with unilateral motion impairment and pain in knee flexion. Thirteen participants volunteered for the study. All participants received 6 minutes of TF traction mobilization applied at end-range passive knee flexion. PROM measurements were taken before the intervention and after 2, 4, and 6 minutes of TF joint traction. Pain was measured using a visual analog scale with the TF joint at rest, at end-range passive knee flexion, during the application of joint traction, and immediately post-treatment. There were significant differences in PROM after 2 and 4 minutes of traction, with no significance noted after 4 minutes. A significant change in knee flexion of 25.9°, which exceeded the MDC95, was found when comparing PROM measurements pre- to final intervention. While pain did not change significantly over time, pain levels did change significantly during each treatment session. Pain significantly increased when the participant’s knee was passively flexed to end range; it was reduced, although not significantly, during traction mobilization; and it significantly decreased following traction. This case series supports TF joint traction as a means of stretching shortened articular and periarticular tissues without increasing reported levels of pain during or after treatment. In addition, this is the first study documenting the temporal aspects of treatment effectiveness in motion restoration.
Propranolol in the treatment of anxiety neurosis

Abstract In a double-blind controlled trial the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol at the dose level of 120 mg/day was found to be safe and effective in the treatment of 28 moderately to severely ill chronic anxiety neurosis patients diagnosed and selected according to rigorous and specific criteria. A reduced dose, i.e., 40 mg/day, of propranolol was found to be ineffective. Both univariate and multivariate nonparametric statistics were used in the analysis. Problems such as pathogenetic mechanisms in the production of anxiety symptoms, mode of action of beta blockers and their place in the treatment of anxiety states, optimum dose, monitoring plasma level of the drug, and long-term use have been discussed.
Fluctuation driven ratchets: Molecular motors.

The motion of a heavily damped Brownian particle in a periodic potential subject to a dichotomously fluctuating perturbation is considered. We show that even if the net force is always zero, flow is induced by a fluctuation of the energy barrier, but only at flipping times roughly in between the adiabatic adjustment times on the left and right of the barrier. Predictions of our model are consistent with recent experimental data obtained by Svoboda et al. [Nature (London) 365, 721\char21{}727 (1993)] for a single kinesin molecule moving along a biopolymer.
Cat allergen-induced blood basophil reactivity in vitro predicts acute human nasal allergen challenge responses in vivo.

Summary Background Basophil histamine release (BHR) to allergen has been used as a confirmatory test to support the clinical diagnosis of allergic disease. Objective Among subjects reporting respiratory cat allergy, we hypothesized that cat-induced BHR in vitro would predict nasal allergen challenge (NAC) response in that same individual. We therefore compared the magnitude of cat allergen-induced BHR to NAC outcome and serological measures of cat-specific IgE and the ratio of cat-specific IgE to total IgE. Methods Forty-two subjects with a history of cat allergy, positive cat puncture skin test (PST) and detectable cat-specific IgE (>0.1 kAU/L, ImmunoCap) participated with consent. Subjects were grouped as positive or negative cat allergen-induced BHR, with a positive result defined as the release of 20% of the total cellular histamine content. The majority of subjects also underwent a NAC with a positive result defined as 5 total sneezes. Results Subjects with a positive compared with a negative cat allergen BHR had higher cat-specific IgE levels at 5.40±1.24 kAU/L (n=25) vs. 1.55±0.73 kAU/L (n=17, P=0.01) as well as a higher cat-specific IgE/total IgE ratio [6.1±1.4% (n=25) vs. 1.6±0.9% (n=17, P=0.01)]. Of the 31 subjects who underwent a NAC, a positive NAC was observed in 78% (18/23) with a positive cat allergen BHR compared with 37% (3/8) with a negative cat allergen BHR, giving a positive predictive value of 78% and a negative predictive value of 63%. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of a positive BHR to predict a positive NAC was 86% and 50%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance A positive cat allergen-induced BHR is associated with higher cat-specific IgE levels, a higher cat-specific to total IgE ratio and is predictive of a positive cat-induced NAC [ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00604786]. Cite this as: M. Paterniti, D. C. Kelly, J. A. Eckman, P. M. Sterba, R. G. Hamilton, B. S. Bochner, D. W. MacGlashan Jr. and S. S. Saini, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 963–969.
Thermal noise in aqueous quadrupole micro- and nano-traps

Recent simulations and experiments with aqueous quadrupole micro-traps have confirmed a possibility for control and localization of motion of a charged particle in a water environment, also predicting a possibility of further reduction of the trap size to tens of nano-meters for trapping charged bio-molecules and DNA segments. We study the random thermal noise due to Brownian motion in water which significantly influences the trapping of particles in an aqueous environment. We derive the exact, closed-form expressions for the thermal fluctuations of position and velocity of a trapped particle and thoroughly examine the properties of the rms for the fluctuations as functions of the system parameters and time. The instantaneous signal transferring mechanism between the velocity and position fluctuations could not be achieved in the previous phase-average approaches.
Neonatal estrogen down-regulates prostatic androgen receptor through a proteosome-mediated protein degradation pathway.

Brief exposure of male rats to estrogens during the neonatal period interrupts normal prostate development, alters epithelial cell differentiation, and predisposes this gland to hyperplasia and severe dysplasia analogous to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) with aging. Previous work demonstrated that the reduced growth, secretory activity, and androgen sensitivity that are observed in the adult ventral lobe are a function of reduced androgen receptor (AR) levels. Down-regulation of AR protein was found to occur immediately following neonatal exposure to estradiol benzoate (EB) and persist through adulthood and aging, indicating a permanent imprint on the ability of the prostate to express normal AR levels. To determine the intracellular mechanism of AR down-regulation by estrogens, the present study examined the effect of neonatal EB on AR gene transcription, mRNA levels, protein translation, and protein degradation in the d 10 ventral prostate glands. Nuclear run-on assays showed no alteration in...
Induction of Biphasic DNA Double Strand Breaks and Activation of Multiple Repair Protein Complexes by DNA Topoisomerase I Drug 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin

Camptothecins demonstrate a broad spectrum of antitumor activity. Although they are known to trap DNA topoisomerase I on DNA, form cleavable complexes, and generate DNA breaks upon collision with DNA or RNA polymerases, the precise mechanisms predictive for antitumor activity remain to be identified. Recent studies using panels of colorectal and breast cancer cell lines indicate that events downstream of cleavable complexes are more relevant. In this study, we chose SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan, to characterize DNA double strand breaks and repair mechanisms induced by this type of drugs using a human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell line A253. The results showed that 2-h exposure of cells to an IC(50) concentration of SN-38 induces biphasic DNA double-strand break (DSBs): an immediate phase, which was greatly reduced within 8 h, and a lagging phase, culminating 24 h after drug removal. Three DNA double-strand break repair protein complexes were activated: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), NBS1-MRE11-RAD50, and BRCA1. Aphidicolin, a DNA polymerase inhibitor, abolished both phase I DSBs and the activation of repair protein complexes, suggesting that they resulted from the collision between the cleavable complex and DNA polymerase of S-phase cells. This is in contrast to ionizing radiation-induced activation of DNA-PK and NBS1-MRE11-RAD50 complexes that occur predominantly among non-S-phase cells. The trigger for phase II DSBs cannot be abolished by aphidicolin. The data also indicate that DNA fragments in the size of 50 to 200 kilobases were detected in the lagging phase. This suggests that the late DNA DSBs were associated with apoptotic cell death.
Silicon Phthalocyanine 4 Phototoxicity in Trichophyton rubrum

ABSTRACT Trichophyton rubrum is the leading pathogen that causes long-lasting skin and nail dermatophyte infections. Currently, topical treatment consists of terbinafine for the skin and ciclopirox for the nails, whereas systemic agents, such as oral terbinafine and itraconazole, are also prescribed. These systemic drugs have severe side effects, including liver toxicity. Topical therapies, however, are sometimes ineffective. This led us to investigate alternative treatment options, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although PDT is traditionally recognized as a therapeutic option for treating a wide range of medical conditions, including age-related macular degeneration and malignant cancers, its antimicrobial properties have also received considerable attention. However, the mechanism(s) underlying the susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi to PDT is relatively unknown. As a noninvasive treatment, PDT uses a photosensitizing drug and light, which, in the presence of oxygen, results in cellular destruction. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of cytotoxicity of PDT in vitro using the silicon phthalocyanine (Pc) 4 [SiPc(OSi(CH 3 ) 2 (CH 2 ) 3 N(CH 3 ) 2 )(OH)] in T. rubrum. Confocal microscopy revealed that Pc 4 binds to cytoplasmic organelles, and upon irradiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. The impairment of fungal metabolic activities as measured by an XTT (2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt) assay indicated that 1.0 μM Pc 4 followed by 670 to 675 nm light at 2.0 J/cm 2 reduced the overall cell survival rate, which was substantiated by a dry weight assay. In addition, we found that this therapeutic approach is effective against terbinafine-sensitive (24602) and terbinafine-resistant (MRL666) strains. These data suggest that Pc 4-PDT may have utility as a treatment for dermatophytosis.
Protest as a Political Resource

The frequent resort to protest activity by relatively powerless groups in recent American politics suggests that protest represents an important aspect of minority group and low income group politics. At the same time that Negro civil rights strategists have recognized the problem of using protest as a meaningful political instrument, groups associated with the “war on poverty” have increasingly received publicity for protest activity. Saul Alinsky's Industrial Areas Foundation, for example, continues to receive invitations to help organize low income communities because of its ability to mobilize poor people around the tactic of protest. The riots which dominated urban affairs in the summer of 1967 appear not to have diminished the dependence of some groups on protest as a mode of political activity.This article provides a theoretical perspective on protest activity as a political resource. The discussion is concentrated on the limitations inherent in protest which occur because of the need of protest leaders to appeal to four constituencies at the same time. As the concept of protest is developed here, it will be argued that protest leaders must nurture and sustain an organization comprised of people with whom they may or may not share common values. They must articulate goals and choose strategies so as to maximize their public exposure through communications media. They must maximize the impact of third parties in the political conflict. Finally, they must try to maximize chances of success among those capable of granting goals.
Physical Abuse Around the Time of Pregnancy Among Women With Disabilities

Women with disabilities are at greater risk for physical abuse than women without disabilities. However, no previous population-based studies have examined physical abuse against women with disabilities around the time of pregnancy, a critical period for mother and child. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of physical abuse before and during pregnancy among a representative sample of Massachusetts women with and without disabilities. Data from the 2007–2008 Massachusetts Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) were analyzed in 2010. Disability prevalence was 4.9% (95% CI = 3.9–6.2) among Massachusetts women giving birth during 2007–2008. The prevalence of physical abuse during the 12-months before pregnancy among women with disabilities was 13.6% (95% CI = 7.2–24.0) compared to 2.8% for women without disabilities (95% CI = 2.1–3.7). Similarly, 8.1% (95% CI = 4.0–15.7) of women with disabilities compared to 2.3% (95% CI = 1.7–3.1) of women without disabilities experienced physical abuse during pregnancy. Multivariate analyses indicated that women with disabilities were more likely to report physical abuse before pregnancy (OR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.9–9.7), during pregnancy (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.1–7.1), or during either time period (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.4–7.1) than women without disabilities while controlling for maternal age, education, race/Hispanic ethnicity, marital status and household poverty status. No difference was observed by disability status in the likelihood of prenatal-care providers talking to women about physical abuse. These analyses reveal disproportionate prevalence of physical abuse before and during pregnancy among women with disabilities. Screening for physical abuse and timely referral of women in need of assistance are critical to optimize health outcomes for both mother and child.
Long-term midlatitude mesopause region temperature trend deduced from quarter century (1990-2014) Na lidar observations

Abstract. The long-term midlatitude temperature trend between 85 and 105 km is deduced from 25 years (March 1990–December 2014) of Na Lidar observations. With a strong warming episode in the 1990s, the time series was least-square fitted to an 11-parameter nonlinear function. This yields a cooling trend starting from an insignificant value of 0.64 ± 0.99 K decade−1 at 85 km, increasing to a maximum of 2.8 ± 0.58 K decade−1 between 91 and 93 km, and then decreasing to a warming trend above 103 km. The geographic altitude dependence of the trend is in general agreement with model predictions. To shed light on the nature of the warming episode, we show that the recently reported prolonged global surface temperature cooling after the Mt Pinatubo eruption can also be very well represented by the same response function.
Communication in iWarp systems

The iWarp processor is a building block for parallel systems and is developed in a joint project by Carnegie Mellon University and Intel Corporation. The iWarp processor integrates computation and communication: the iWarp component architecture consists of a computation agent, capable of delivering 20 MFLOPS and 20 MIPS, and a communication agent that provides a bandwidth of 320 MBytes/sec. We expect the first iWarp-based system to be available early 1990, organized as a 8X8 two-dimensional torus. Fast inter-processor communication is crucial for the success of a parallel system, and this paper describes communication in iWarp systems. We review the communication models, message passing and systolic communication, that this architecture aims to support and introduce the types of networks that can be realized by the iWarp communication agent. We also sketch a programmer interface to these networks and give usage examples for iWarp networks.
Analysis of event detection delay in wireless sensor networks

Emerging applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) require real-time event detection to be provided by the network. In a typical event monitoring WSN, multiple reports are generated by several nodes when a physical event occurs, and are then forwarded through multi-hop communication to a sink that detects the event. To improve the event detection reliability, usually timely delivery of a certain number of packets is required. Traditional timing analysis of WSNs are, however, either focused on individual packets or traffic flows from individual nodes. In this paper, a spatio-temporal fluid model is developed to capture the delay characteristics of event detection in large-scale WSNs. More specifically, the distribution of delay in event detection from multiple reports is modeled. Accordingly, metrics such as mean delay and soft delay bounds are analyzed for different network parameters. Motivated by the fact that queue build up in WSNs with low-rate traffic is negligible, a lower-complexity model is also developed. Testbed experiments and simulations are used to validate the accuracy of both approaches. The resulting framework can be utilized to analyze the effects of network and protocol parameters on event detection delay to realize real-time operation in WSNs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach that provides a transient analysis of event detection delay when multiple reports via multi-hop communication are needed.
The sustainability of new programs and innovations: a review of the empirical literature and recommendations for future research.

Background The introduction of evidence-based programs and practices into healthcare settings has been the subject of an increasing amount of research in recent years. While a number of studies have examined initial implementation efforts, less research has been conducted to determine what happens beyond that point. There is increasing recognition that the extent to which new programs are sustained is influenced by many different factors and that more needs to be known about just what these factors are and how they interact. To understand the current state of the research literature on sustainability, our team took stock of what is currently known in this area and identified areas in which further research would be particularly helpful. This paper reviews the methods that have been used, the types of outcomes that have been measured and reported, findings from studies that reported long-term implementation outcomes, and factors that have been identified as potential influences on the sustained use of new practices, programs, or interventions. We conclude with recommendations and considerations for future research.
Sol–Gel Processed Y‐PSZ Ceramics with 5 wt% Al2O3

Y-PSZ ceramics with 5 wt% Al 2 O 3 were synthesized by a sol-gel route. Experimental results show that powders of metastable tetragonal zirconia with 2.7 mol% Y 2 O 3 and 5 wt% Al 2 O 3 can be fabricated by decomposing the dry gel powder at 500°C. Materials sintered in an air atmosphere at 1500°C for 3 h have high density (5.685 g/cm 3 ), high content of metastable tetragonal zirconia (>96%), and high fracture toughness (8.67 MPa.m 1/2 ). Compared with the Y-PSZ ceramics, significant toughening was achieved by adding 5 wt% Al 2 O 3 .
Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Activation Induces Acute Lung Inflammation by Neuropeptide-Dependent Mechanisms

Protease-activated receptors (PARs) and tachykinin-immunoreactive fibers are located in the lung as sentries to respond to a variety of pathological stimuli. The effects of PAR activation on the lung have not been adequately studied. We report on the effects of instilling PAR-activating peptides (PAR-APs, including PAR1-, PAR2-, and PAR4-AP) into the lungs of ventilated or spontaneously breathing mice. PAR2-AP, but not PAR1-AP or PAR4-AP, caused a sharp increase in lung endothelial and epithelial permeability to protein, extravascular lung water, and airway tone. No responses to PAR2-AP were detected in PAR2 knockout mice. In bronchoalveolar lavage, PAR2 activation caused 8- and 5-fold increase in MIP-2 and substance P levels, respectively, and a 12-fold increase in the number of neutrophils. Ablation of sensory neurons (by capsaicin) markedly decreased the PAR2-mediated airway constriction, and virtually abolished PAR2-mediated pulmonary inflammation and edema, as did blockade of NK1 or NK2 receptors. Thus, PAR2 activation in the lung induces airway constriction, lung inflammation, and protein-rich pulmonary edema. These effects were either partly or completely neuropeptide dependent, suggesting that PAR2 can cause lung inflammation by a neurogenic mechanism.
Peals of Silence in Humanistic Psychotherapy

SUMMARY Heidegger claims that (authentic) language “speaks as the peal of silence” (1971, p. 207). I have attempted to show that humanistic psychotherapy shares with poetry the potential to realize this Heideggerian experience of language. My analysis will focus on two moments of silence in the therapeutic discourse-one ecstatic, the other circumspect. The former concerns language as monologue; the latter, as dialogue. I will also reflect upon the silence that spans the interstice between monologue and dialogue.
Distribution of planktonic aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic bacteria in the northwest Atlantic

Aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic (AAP) bacteria can use both dissolved organic matter and light for energy production, but their photosynthesis does not produce oxygen. We measured AAP bacterial cell and bacteriochlorophyll distributions in the northwest Atlantic, from the coast of the Gulf of Maine to the Sargasso Sea, in October 2001 and March 2002. The abundance of AAPs ranged from 7 3 10 3
Divide and Conquer: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning and Task Decomposition in Humans

The field of computational reinforcement learning (RL) has proved extremely useful in research on human and animal behavior and brain function. However, the simple forms of RL considered in most empirical research do not scale well, making their relevance to complex, real-world behavior unclear. In computational RL, one strategy for addressing the scaling problem is to introduce hierarchical structure, an approach that has intriguing parallels with human behavior. We have begun to investigate the potential relevance of hierarchical RL (HRL) to human and animal behavior and brain function. In the present chapter, we first review two results that show the existence of neural correlates to key predictions from HRL. Then, we focus on one aspect of this work, which deals with the question of how action hierarchies are initially established. Work in HRL suggests that hierarchy learning is accomplished by identifying useful subgoal states, and that this might in turn be accomplished through a structural analysis of the given task domain. We review results from a set of behavioral and neuroimaging experiments, in which we have investigated the relevance of these ideas to human learning and decision making.
Broadband Seismic Station Installation Guidelines

INTRODUCTION As the deployment of broadband seismometers becomes increasingly common practice, the need for specific installation guidelines has emerged. Indeed, in order to operate efficiently, broadband instruments require a much more controlled environment than standard short-period seismometers. In order to help those who are contemplating the installation of broadband instruments, we present here some guidelines on the installation of broadband seismic stations. Rather than trying to cover all aspects of the installation procedures in detail, we concentrate on those aspects which have the largest impact on the overall performance of a seismic station housing a broadband seismometer and a high-resolution (24-bit integer) data logger. The two aspects of the installation process which most influence the overall performance of the broadband seismometer are the construction of the seismic pier and the application of thermal insulation around the sensor and pier. As an example, we cover some details about the installation and...
Discontinuity Significance Index and Electronic Data Collection for Rock Slope Stability Studies

The advent of microcomputer technology has made possible the computerized collection and analysis of many types of geotechnical data in the field. Data collected in this way may be quickly transferred to mainframe computers for detailed analyses or analyzed near the site utilizing microcomputer programs. In particular, a computerized system for the collection of geologic structure data related to rock slope stability was developed by C. F. Watts while a doctoral student in engineering geology at Purdue University (Watts et al., 1982). In slope stability studies, discontinuity orientation data are often represented on stereonet projections and rectangular dip plots. Traditionally, such orientation plots have treated all discontinuities equally. In reality, many discontinuities have physical characteristics which make them far more significant to stability than other discontinuities. The discontinuity significance index (DSI) was developed to permit the ranking of discontinuities within a particular rock mass in terms of their potentials for instability. The DSI values incorporate such field data as discontinuity length, degree of dip, roughness, continuity, hardness of adjacent rock, and water conditions. They may be quickly calculated near the field site by microcomputer and depicted on orientation plots. The development of the DSI concept is described along with potential variations. A case history is briefly examined in which clusters having the highest DSI values were identified for a rock mass. Those discontinuities later contributed to a rock slope failure that partially closed the adjacent highway.
Determination of Bacterial Endotoxin in Maodongqing Compound Injection by Kine tic Turbidimetric Assay

Objective To develop an assay for determining bacterial endotoxin(BE T) content in Maodongqing Compound Injection (MCI). Methods The dilution radio o f Maodongqing Compound Injection was optimized and BET content was determined by turbidimetric kinetic method. Results Dilution ratio of Maodongqing Compound In jection at 1 ∶80 did not interfere with the Limulus test. The average recovery of BET was between 50 %and 200 %. Conclusion The method is proved to be accura te,sensitive and suitable for the determination of BET content in Maodongqing C ompound Injection.
Higher Vocational Education and Its Curriculum Theory

First,from view of higher vocational education connotation,direction of curriculum construction in higher vocational colleges is showed clearly.Second,unique vocational education curriculum theory concept structure is formed based on analysis or using curriculum theory experts at home and abroad for reference to make curriculum design maneuverable.Last,higher vocational education curriculum is designed to form integrated curriculum system according to its training aim and its theory structure.
Structure of ‘linkerless’ hydroxamic acid inhibitor-HDAC8 complex confirms the formation of an isoform-specific subpocket ☆

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the hydrolysis of acetylated lysine side chains in histone and non-histone proteins, and play a critical role in the regulation of many biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation, senescence, and apoptosis. Aberrant HDAC activity is associated with cancer, making these enzymes important targets for drug design. In general, HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) block the proliferation of tumor cells by inducing cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and/or apoptosis, and comprise some of the leading therapies in cancer treatments. To date, four HDACi have been FDA approved for the treatment of cancers: suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Vorinostat, Zolinza®), romidepsin (FK228, Istodax®), belinostat (Beleodaq®), and panobinostat (Farydak®). Most current inhibitors are pan-HDACi, and non-selectively target a number of HDAC isoforms. Six previously reported HDACi were rationally designed, however, to target a unique sub-pocket found only in HDAC8. While these inhibitors were indeed potent against HDAC8, and even demonstrated specificity for HDAC8 over HDACs 1 and 6, there were no structural data to confirm the mode of binding. Here we report the X-ray crystal structure of Compound 6 complexed with HDAC8 to 1.98A resolution. We also describe the use of molecular docking studies to explore the binding interactions of the other 5 related HDACi. Our studies confirm that the HDACi induce the formation of and bind in the HDAC8-specific subpocket, offering insights into isoform-specific inhibition.
Zernike wavefront sensor (ZWFS) development for Low Order Wavefront Sensing (LOWFS)

ZWFS is known to be photon noise optimal for measuring low order aberrations. Recently, ZWFS was selected as the baseline LOWFS technology on WFIRST for its sensitivity, accuracy, and its ease of integration with the starlight rejection mask. In this paper, we present the development of ZWFS sensor, including the algorithm description, sensitivity analysis, and some early experimental model validation results from a fabricated ZWFS phase mask on a standalone LOWFS testbed.
Antiradiation Compounds I: Acylated Derivatives of β-Mercaptoethylamine

A series of S-acyl derivatives of β-mercaptoethylamine (MEA) has been prepared in an attempt to provide compounds having protective effects in animal cells against ionizing radiation and which are less toxic than MEA itself. In general, toxicity to animals was reduced and good protective ability against X-radiation was retained in some of the esters. The dithiocarbamic acid of MEA was also prepared, but attempts to acylate this compound, which showed good antiradiation effects in close to toxic dose levels in mice, gave a variety of decomposition products.
Foundations for Practice: The Whole Lawyer and the Character Quotient

The employment gap for law school graduates is well-documented. Almost 40% of 2015 law graduates did not secure full-time jobs requiring a law license and only 70% of 2015 graduates landed a full-time job that either required a law license or gave a preference to candidates with a juris doctor. One in four 2015 graduates did not report having any type of job, even a non-professional job, after law school. The employment gap is exacerbated by another gap: the gap between the skillset lawyers want in new graduates and the skillset lawyers believe new graduates have. Only 23% of practitioners believe new lawyers have sufficient skills to practice.The gap between what new lawyers have and what new lawyers need exacerbates the employment problem, but it is even more insidious than that. When new lawyers enter the workforce unprepared or under-prepared, it undermines the public trust in our legal system. Something has to shift. And for something to shift, we had to understand exactly what new lawyers need as they entered the profession.So we asked. In late 2014, we launched Foundations for Practice (“FFP”), a national, multi-year project designed to: 1. Identify the foundations entry-level lawyers need to launch successful careers in the legal profession; 2. Develop measurable models of legal education that support those foundations; and 3. Align market needs with hiring practices to incentivize positive improvements in legal education.In 2014-15, we distributed a survey to lawyers across the country. The response was overwhelming. More than 24,000 lawyers in all 50 states from a range of backgrounds and practice settings answered. Their answers are illuminating and pose opportunities and challenges to the schools that educate lawyers and the employers that ultimately hire them.
Performance Enhancement for Electrolytic Systems through the Application of a Cobalt-based Heterogeneous Water Oxidation Catalyst

We report a heterogeneous cobalt–phosphine-based water oxidation catalyst that was produced by thermal synthesis, and can be easily and rapidly deposited onto a variety of substrates from a suspension. Application of the catalyst dramatically improved the oxygen evolution efficiency and corrosion-resistance of stainless steel, nickel and copper anodes in alkaline media. More than 20 g of catalyst was prepared in a single batch, and it was shown to be effective at surface loadings as low as 20 μg/cm2. The catalyst was investigated in three different systems: (1) An alkaline electrolyzer with stainless steel electrodes activated with the catalyst supported 120–200% of the current density of an unactivated but otherwise identical electrolyzer, over a range of applied potentials, and maintained this improved efficiency throughout 1495 h of continuous use in 1 M NaOH. (2) Copper anodes were activated and protected from corrosion in dilute sodium hydroxide for 8 h of electrolysis, before a steady decrease in pe...
The Librarians of Congress

Before the publication of The Librarians of Congress, there had never been a comprehensive history of the men (and until recently, they have all been men) that have served as the Librarian of Congr...
The Human Domain and Influence Operations in the 21st Century

Recent military engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan, the proliferation of violent nonstate actors, and the rise of ISIS have sparked a debate on the need to create a sixth domain of warfighting, the human domain. This article builds off of military doctrine and scholarly articles and books to offer (a) a definition of the human domain and (b) its military objective—building influence to affect behavior of a target population better than the adversary.
Negation and proof by contradiction in access-limited logic

Access-Limited Logic (ALL) is a language for knowledge representation which formalizes the access limitations inherent in a network structured knowledge-base. Where a deductive method such as resolution would retrieve all assertions that satisfy a given pattern, an access-limited logic retrieves all assertions reachable by following an available access path. In this paper, we extend previous work to include negation, disjunction, and the ability to make assumptions and reason by contradiction. We show that the extended ALLneg remains Socratically Complete (thus guaranteeing that for any fact which is a logical consequence of the knowledge-base, there exists a series of preliminary queries and assumptions after which a query of the fact will succeed) and computationally tractable. We show further that the key factor determining the computational difficulty of finding such a series of preliminary queries and assumptions is the depth of assumption nesting. We thus demonstrate the existence of a family of increasingly powerful inference methods, parameterized by the depth of assumption nesting, ranging from incomplete and tractable to complete and intractable.
k-quantiles

1 distance clustering under constraint on sums of centroid components.Closed-form solution of cluster center optimization interpretable as sample quantile.Adaptive sampling initialization provides guarantee on clustering cost.Advantages of proposed algorithms increase with cluster concentration and dimension.1 distance promotes sparse, interpretable cluster centers. This paper considers centroid-based clustering under 1 distance in which both data points and cluster centers are subject to a sum constraint on their components. A closed-form solution is derived for the cluster center optimization problem, enabling an interpretation as a sample quantile of the cluster. An adaptive sampling initialization step is also adopted to provide a guarantee on expected clustering cost as well as empirical improvements. Experiments on synthetic data indicate that the advantages of the proposed algorithms increase as clusters become more concentrated and as the dimension increases. An application to clustering employee job role profiles highlights the utility of 1 distance in promoting sparse, interpretable cluster centers.
Modeling Decisions Involving Ambiguous, Vague, or Rare Events

Almost all models of decision making assume an underlying boolean space of events. This gives a logical structure to events that matches the structure of propositions of classical logic. This chapter takes a different approach, employing events that form a topology instead of a boolean algebra. This allows for new modeling concepts for judgmental heuristics, rare events, and the influence of context on decisions.
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis for Water Purification: Prospects and Problems

Heterogeneous photocatalysis has demonstrated the complete wet oxidation (mineralization) of a number of common contaminants of water supplies, especially halogenated alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. We review these recent results, including influence of reactant concentration, product inhibition, intermediate formation and disappearance, synthetic vs. solar illumination, and kinetic rate forms, and discuss prospects and problems for future essays.
Landscape capability models as a tool to predict fine-scale forest bird occupancy and abundance

Context Species-specific models of landscape capability (LC) can inform landscape conservation design. Landscape capability is “the ability of the landscape to provide the environment […] and the local resources […] needed for survival and reproduction […] in sufficient quantity, quality and accessibility to meet the life history requirements of individuals and local populations.” Landscape capability incorporates species’ life histories, ecologies, and distributions to model habitat for current and future landscapes and climates as a proactive strategy for conservation planning.
Analysis of thermocapacitive effects in electric double layers under a size modified mean field theory

Thermodynamics of the electric double layer has received renewed interest for its potential applications in low-grade waste heat harvesting and reversible heating/cooling in supercapacitors. We apply a size-modified mean field theory to analytically capture the influence on the pseudo-Seebeck coefficient S = ∂φ0/∂T)σ of different factors, including the electrode potential φ0, asymmetry in ion sizes, and ion concentration, under a fixed electrode surface charge σ. The pseudo-Seebeck coefficient is predicted to scale as φ0/T at low electrode potentials, but it reaches limiting values when the electrode potential exceeds crossover values due to the steric effect. The qualitative behavior changes substantially, however, when the temperature dependence of the permittivity is taken into account. The pseudo-Seebeck coefficient S is then predicted to scale linearly with φ0 even at high electrode potentials, significantly over-predicting the experimental values. This suggests a strong influence of phenomena not ca...
Selective attention to the mouth is associated with expressive language skills in monolingual and bilingual infants

Infants increasingly attend to the mouths of others during the latter half of the first postnatal year, and individual differences in selective attention to talking mouths during infancy predict verbal skills during toddlerhood. There is some evidence suggesting that trajectories in mouth-looking vary by early language environment, in particular monolingual or bilingual language exposure, which may have differential consequences in developing sensitivity to the communicative and social affordances of the face. Here, we evaluated whether 6- to 12-month-olds' mouth-looking is related to skills associated with concurrent social communicative development-including early language functioning and emotion discriminability. We found that attention to the mouth of a talking face increased with age but that mouth-looking was more strongly associated with concurrent expressive language skills than chronological age for both monolingual and bilingual infants. Mouth-looking was not related to emotion discrimination. These data suggest that selective attention to a talking mouth may be one important mechanism by which infants learn language regardless of home language environment.
Eddy Current Flow Near an Edge: A Comparison between Stratton-Chu and Magnetic Potential Formulations

This paper presents a comparative study of two different boundary integral equation (BIE) formulations applicable to eddy current (EC) problems.
Ion Acoustic Parametric Decay Instabilities in Laser-Plasma Interactions

One of the critical issues in laser driven fusion pellet is the degradation in fusion yield due to plasma physics effects. Microwave simulation experiments1–3, and computer simulations4,5 have shown that Ion Acoustic Parametric Decay Instability6 (IADI), in which an electromagnetic wave decays into an electron plasma wave, and an ion acoustic wave near the critical density nc (where electromagnetic wave frequency equals plasma frequency), is an important process. The IADI can produce a significant number of hot electrons1–5 in a large scale plasma. These hot electrons are a concern in proposed inertial confinement fusion (ICF) studies because they can preheat the target and degrade compression. The ion wave turbulence excited by IADI will also be a source of anomalous resistivity7, so that the thermal electrons are strongly heated due to anomalous Joule heating, and heat flow is reduced. In spite of these results, it has been hoped that IADI would not constrain laser fusion target designs, for two reasons. First, once the plasma has formed, the laser intensity will have been significantly attenuated by collisional absorption when it reaches the densities near the critical surface where IADI occurs. Second, the threshold for IADI may be substantially increased by convective stabilization in the steepened plasma density profile near the critical density.
Effect of 360 nm Light on RuBPCase Products in Vitro — Role of Copper in the Reaction

We will present data supporting: a UV-activated carboxylative biosynthesis of phosphohydroxypyruvate in vitro by an RuBPCase preparation from tobacco; the presence of more copper in RuBPCase than is generally measured; that the copper is the form of spin-coupled dimeric units of Cu+2---Cu+2, and that copper influences the long wavelength UV stimulation of RuBPCase. To facilitate interpretation of this information, some previously published material will be presented. This material includes the action spectra of UV-activated RuBP carboxylation, and the finding that phosphohydroxypyruvate is an early intermediate of carbon fixation in plants. This material will be evaluated in terms of a possible mechanism of photorespiration.
Particle- and Fiber-Reinforced Plastics

As noted previously, the modulus of a two-phase system is some kind of average of the moduli for the individual components. Thus when a rigid, high-modulus phase such as silica, glass, or steel is incorporated into a lower modulus matrix such as a polymer, the modulus of the composite is increased, in some proportion to the volume fraction of filler added. Other properties may be affected also; for example, toughness, thermal expansion characteristics, and permeability (Sections 12.1.2 and 12.1.3).
A MULTICOMPONENT, RANDOM WALK MODEL OF TRANSPORT AND CONSUMPTION IN A SINGLE CAPILLARY NEURON SYSTEM

A model of multicomponent transport, consumption, and production of metabolites inside a neuron containing discrete mitochondria and glycolytic enzymes has been developed using a random walk model of molecular transport. The transport of metabolites between the capillary and neuron is also modeled using the random walk technique.
EIGENVALUES OF THE SOR METHOD FOR CONSISTENTLY ORDERED MATRICES

This chapter presents a relation between the eigenvalues of the matrix ℒ ω , associated with successive overrelaxation method and the eigenvalues of the matrix B associated with the Jacobi method, which holds for a certain class of matrices. This relation is derived in the case where A is a block tri-diagonal matrix whose diagonal blocks are diagonal matrices. The relation holds for a wider class of matrices, namely, consistently ordered matrices. If A belongs to a still more general class of matrices, those having 'Property A, then by a suitable permutation of the rows and corresponding columns of A, one can obtain a consistently ordered matrix. Methods for choosing such a permutation is also described in the chapter. The chapter also presents an alternate proof of the eigenvalue relation, based on the use of nonmigratory permutations.
Zacchaeus and the Unripe Figs: A New Argument for the Original Language of Tatian's Diatessaron

Did Tatian write his gospel in Greek or Syriac? Treatments of this most beleaguered crux in Diatessaronic studies have largely depended on a now defunct approach to the source material. The ‘New Perspective’ on Tatian's Diatessaron wants for a new study of this old question. A problematic arrangement of textual data at Luke 19.4 offers unrecognised evidence that Tatian composed in Greek – namely, contradictory testimonia to the Syriac word for Zacchaeus’ ‘sycamore’ in Tatian's gospel reflect different etymological translations of a distinctive, Greek textual variant.
Insufficient Advance Care Planning? Correlates of Planning Without Personal Conversations.

Objectives Advance care planning (ACP) typically comprises formal preparations (i.e., living will and/or durable power of attorney for health care) and informal discussions with family members and health care providers. However, some people complete formal documents without discussing them with others. If they become incapacitated, their appointed decision makers may lack guidance on how to interpret or enact their formal wishes. We document the prevalence and correlates of this partial approach to ACP. Method Using multinomial logistic regression models and data from a U.S. sample of 4,836 older adults in the 2018 wave of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), this brief report evaluated associations between social integration indicators and the odds of completing (a) both discussions and formal plans (two-pronged ACP), (b) discussions only, (c) no ACP, and (d) formal ACP only (reference category). We adjust for demographic and health characteristics established as correlates of ACP. Results A minority (15%) of NHATS participants reported formal plans without having discussed them. Indicators of social isolation (e.g., smaller social networks and fewer social activities) increased the odds of engaging in formal planning only compared to two-pronged ACP. Socioeconomic disadvantage and probable dementia reduced the odds of having end-of-life conversations, whether as one's only preparation or in tandem with formal preparations. Discussion Socially isolated persons are especially likely to do formal planning only, which is considered less effective than two-pronged ACP. Health care professionals should recognize that older adults with few kin may require additional support and guidance when doing ACP.
Review of Neurologic Comorbidities in Hospitalized Patients with Opioid Abuse

Abstract Purpose of review: Determine the prevalence and burden of neurological comorbidities in hospitalized patients with opioid abuse. Recent findings: From one year of hospital discharges 2,182 opioid abuse patients were identified (prevalence 6.3%), with abuse greater among younger patients (p Summary: Neurological comorbidities are a frequent and heretofore underappreciated contributor to the disease burden of hospitalized patients with opioid abuse. The importance of neurological comorbidities should be included in the public health discussions surrounding the opioid epidemic.