cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet mutagenesis in human lymphocytes: the effect of cellular transformation.

Abstract We have assessed the role of cellular transformation in ultraviolet (uv)-induced mutagenic events in human cells. To maintain uniformity of genetic background and to eliminate the effect of DNA repair, primary nontransformed lymphocytes (T-cells) and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes (B-cells) from one patient (XP12Be) with the DNA repair-deficient disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) were transfected with the mutagenesis shuttle vector pZ189. Parallel control experiments were performed with primary, nontransformed lymphocytes from a normal individual and with a repair-proficient Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocyte line (KR6058). pZ189 was treated with uv and introduced into the four cell lines by electroporation. Plasmid survival and mutations inactivating the marker supF suppressor tRNA gene in the recovered pZ189 were scored by transforming an indicator strain of Escherichia coli. Plasmid survival was reduced and mutation frequency elevated equally with both XP-A cell lines compared to both normal cell lines. Base sequence analysis of more than 250 independent plasmids showed that while the G:C a A:T base substitution mutation was found in at least 60% of plasmids with single or tandem mutations with all four cell lines, the frequency with the transformed XP-A (93%) cells was significantly higher (P
Chebyshev's bias

The title refers to the fact, noted by Chebyshev in 1853, that primes congruent to 3 modulo 4 seem to predominate over those congruent to 1. We study this phenomenon and its generalizations. Assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis and the Grand Simplicity Hypothesis (about the zeros of the Dirichlet L-function), we can characterize exactly those moduli and residue classes for which the bias is present. We also give results of numerical investigations on the prevalence of the bias for several moduli. Finally, we briefly discuss generalizations of the bias to the distribution to primes in ideal classes in number fields, and to prime geodesics in homology classes on hyperbolic surfaces.
Structure and Agency in Scholarly Formulations of Racism

That the issue of racism is a pressing social concern which requires serious and detailed attention is, for ethnomethodology, not a first principle from which its own inquiry is launched but rather a matter to be considered in light of how mundane actors (both professional and lay) treat that very topic. This paper explores how the assumption of an ontological distinction between social structure and individual agency is integral to the intelligibility of racism as formulated in scholarly accounts. In particular, I explore how recent scholarly treatments of racism pose as problematic the diverse formulations of racial identity assembled through the deployment of various measures, and then seek to adjudicate upon the resulting inconsistency with an analytic heuristic that assumes an underlying or foundational source for the various expressions it seeks to resolve. Further, I explore examples of analytic work that makes use of first-person accounts of racially significant episodes and experiences as a means to document the formulation of the events and actions those accounts describe in terms that warrant a reading informed by the assumption of the structure-agency distinction. I relate the corroborative work that takes place in the research relationships between students and teachers with ethnomethodology’s own project to explore how the efficaciousness of analytic readings of racism entail the pervasive assumption of the structure-agency distinction in order to be rendered them with the sense they have for the various participants involved.
Effect of Surface Active Ions on the Rate of Water Evaporation

Current understanding of the vapor−liquid exchange kinetics of liquid water is incomplete, leading to uncertainties in modeling the climatic effects of clouds and aerosol. Initial studies of atmospherically relevant solutes (ammonium sulfate, sodium chloride) indicate that their effect on the evaporation kinetics of water is minimal, but all those constituent ions are also expected to be depleted in concentration at the air−water interface. We present measurements of the evaporation kinetics of water from 4 M sodium perchlorate solution, which is expected to have an enhanced concentration of perchlorate in the surface layer, using Raman thermometry of liquid microdroplets in a free evaporation regime. We determine the evaporation coefficient γe to be 0.47 ± 0.02, ca. 25% smaller than our measured value for pure water (0.62 ± 0.09). This change, while small, indicates that direct interactions between perchlorate ions and evaporating water molecules are affecting the evaporation mechanism and kinetics and s...
Development of Highly Effective Encapsulating Surfactants for Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions in Water

Amphiphilic calix[6]arene derivatives 1a-b and calix[4]arene 1d-1e, as well as aliphatic (2a-b) and aromatic (2c-2d) anionic surfactants, were studied for their encapsulating ability in stabilizing water-sensitive compounds. They were found to be efficient surfactants for Sc(OTf)3-catalyzed Mukaiyama aldol reactions of labile enol ethers with aldehydes in water. The results indicate that a hydrophobic microenvironment was formed in the reaction system with either the amphiphilic calix[6]arene derivatives or the simple aromatic surfactants, which could encapsulate and stabilize some labile silyl enol ethers and thus promote the reactions.
The effect of inflation of the stomach upon the gastroscopic picture

1. Inflation of the stomach effects marked alterations in the gastroscopic picture. 2. Hypertrophic folds can be effaced by inflation. 3. In the dog, the typical picture of “atrophic gastritis” can be produced at will by inflation. 4. In some instances in man, apparently normal folds will disappear under pressure and blood vessels will be seen. 5. The diagnosis of chronic gastritis by means of the gastroscopic picture should be the subject of further critical studies.
Reactions of Cyclopropanone Acetals with Alkyl Azides: Carbonyl Addition versus Ring-Opening Pathways

The Lewis acid-mediated reactions of substituted cyclopropanone acetals with alkyl azides were found to strongly depend on the structure of the ketone component. When cyclopropanone acetal was treated with alkyl azides, N-substituted 2-azetidinones and ethyl carbamate products were obtained, arising from azide addition to the carbonyl, followed by ring expansion or rearrangement, respectively. When 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanone acetals were reacted with azides in the presence of BF3.OEt2, the products obtained were alpha-amino-alpha'-diazomethyl ketones, which arose from C2-C3 bond cleavage of the corresponding cyclopropanone, giving oxyallyl cations that were captured by azides. Aryl-substituted cyclopropanone acetals, when subjected to these conditions, afforded [1,2,3]oxaborazoles exclusively, which were also the result of C2-C3 bond rupture, azide capture, and then loss of nitrogen. In the reactions of n-hexyl-substituted cyclopropanone acetals with alkyl azides, a mixture of 2-azetidinones and regioisomeric [1,2,3]oxaborazoles was obtained. The reasons for the different behavior of the various systems are discussed.
Evidence in Teacher Preparation: Establishing a Framework for Accountability

This article reports on a survey examining the state of knowledge and practice about how universities provide evidence of the effectiveness of their programs to schools, parents, policy makers, and the public. The project asked three questions: What is happening? What is promising? What is believable? The survey focused on two areas: results and outcomes, and issues in measurement. Data from this study reveal that state colleges and universities are expending extraordinary energy and resources assessing prospective teachers and compiling data about teacher preparation programs. The survey data uncover the myriad issues that confound the data collection process, the difficulties around establishing validity and reliability, and the extraordinary demands placed on programs to produce data for a variety of constituencies. Recommendations are made for the development of a national framework for evidence, guidelines that institutions can use to proactively develop data systems that promote a culture of evidenc...
A preliminary pharmacokinetic study of 111In-labeled 260F9 anti-(breast cancer) antibody in patients.

The pharmacokinetics of 111In-labeled 260F9, a murine monoclonal antibody directed against a breast-cancer-associated antigen, was determined in seven patients with advanced breast cancer. Six patients were administered 1 mg antibody containing 1 mCi 111In. The seventh patient was administered 20 mg unlabeled antibody followed by 1 mg 111In-labeled antibody all via a peripheral vein. Immunoprecipitation, HPLC and SDS-PAGE gels demonstrated the stability of radiolabel on the antibody. The serum clearance of the radiolabel closely fits (r 2>0.95) a two-compartment model for the first six patients. The apparent volume of distribution of the radiolabel approximated to the plasma volume (3 1) and its mean residence time was 23.7 h. The radiolabel had an average t 1/2β of 22.9±12.21 h at the 1-mg dose. At the 20-mg dose one-compartment elimination kinetics were observed with the radiolabel and antibody showing similar mean residence times (36–41 h) and a t 1/2β of 26–28 h. Whole-body imaging showed that the blood-pool:liver ratio of radioactivity increased fourfold (at 48 h postinfusion) at the higher dose and the percentage of the injected dose of radioactivity in the liver decreased from 25% to 8% (24 h postinfusion). In one patient 7–14 times more radioactivity was localized in a breast tumor than in fat (normal breast). Over the first 25 h an average (cumulative) 7.5% of the total dose was excreted in urine. A study of 260F9 in CDF-1 mice demonstrated that the radiolabel remained associated with the antibody in serum. The antibody, however, cleared 60-fold slower in mice than in patients and showed an increased mean residence time of 191 h. The disparity in the pharmacokinetics of the antibody seen in the mouse and in the clinic, points to the different behavior shown by murine monoclonal antibodies in humans. This points to the need for preliminary studies of antibodies in patients for preclinical evaluations of their effectiveness as drug-targeting agents.
The Kalahari Manganese Field: The Adventure Continues by Bruce Cairncross and Nicolas J. Beukes. Struik Nature, PO Box 1144, Cape Town 8000, South Africa. 384 pages; 2013; $85 (hardbound).

For those familiar with Bruce Cairncross's earlier books—Minerals of South Africa (Cairncross and Dixon 1995), The Manganese Adventure: The South African Manganese Fields (Cairncross, Beukes, and G...
Effect of Heavy Multiple Axle Trucks on Flexible Pavement Damage Using In-Service Pavement Performance Data

Truck axle configurations and weights have changed significantly since the AASHO road study was conducted in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Emerging concerns about the effects of new axle configurations on pavement damage, which is unaccounted for in the AASHTO procedure, have prompted several researchers to investigate the impacts of different axle and truck configurations on pavement performance. However, there is still a need to strengthen the mechanistic findings using field data. In this paper, actual in-service traffic and pavement performance data for flexible pavements in the state of Michigan are considered. Monitored truck traffic data for different truck configurations are used to identify their relative damaging effects on flexible pavements in terms of cracking, rutting, and roughness. The analysis included simple, multiple, and stepwise regression. The results indicated that trucks with multiple axles (tridem or more) appear to produce more rutting damage than those with only single and tandem axles. On the other hand, trucks with single and tandem axles tend to cause more cracking. Pavement roughness results did not show enough evidence to draw a firm conclusion.
Relative lack of toxicity of transplatin compared with cisplatin in rodents.

Summary The differential toxicity of the cis- and trans-isomers of diammine- dichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin and transplatin) was investigated in rats and guinea pigs. In both species, repeated daily administration of 1 to 2 mg per kg cisplatin produced severe histological and/or functional damage to renal and gastro-intestinal systems and resulted in death of the animals. Quantification of tissue platinum by atomic absorption spectroscopy demonstrated accumulation of large amounts of platinum in the kidney of the animals, with lesser amounts in the liver and gastro-intestinal tract. Transplatin, administered at total doses two-to tbur-fold that of cisplatin, was essentially non-toxic by histological and functional assessment. However, the amounts of tissue platinum measured in transplatin-treated animals were no smaller than those measured in cisplatin-treated animals; indeed, platinum concentrations in kidneys of transplatin-treated rats were more than 2·5 times those in cisplatin-treated rats. Thus tissue platinum content did not correlate with organ damage. These data suggest that mechanism(s) involving steric interactions of platinum species, perhaps with cellular macromoleeules such as DNA or RNA, may be important in the differential toxicity of these two compounds.
Effect of internal cost management, information systems integration, and absorptive capacity on inter-organizational cost management in supply chains☆

Abstract Inter-organizational cost management is a strategic cost management approach to managing costs that span organizational boundaries in supply chains. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, we develop a model to predict which inter-related resources might enable companies to manage inter-organizational costs. We test this model using a survey of managerial accountants whose organizations are part of a supply chain. Using structural equation modeling, we conclude that the resources of internal electronic integration, external electronic integration, internal cost management, and absorptive capacity play significant direct and indirect roles in the development of an inter-organizational cost management (IOCM) resource. We find that these resources are inter-related and together are useful in enabling companies to ultimately benefit from managing inter-organizational costs. We find in particular the importance of relational resources associated with absorptive capacity in the development of an IOCM resource. Our research contributes to theory and practice by explaining how specific resources can be combined in allowing companies to better manage inter-organizational costs.
Modeling and Simulation of a Cold-Engine Test Stand Driveline With Experimental Comparisons

There is a need to develop cold-engine test stands for use in diagnosing cylinder faults and measuring gear noise given the new quieter fuel injection systems in modern engines. When engines run hot, these characteristics are not easily measured. By running the unfired cold-engine as a load using an electric motor and driveline, torque measurements can be used to diagnose assembly faults, damage and noise characteristics. In this paper, two cold-engine test stand drivelines are considered. Both stands experience large torsional vibrations excited by the various engine harmonics. Engine fault diagnosis becomes a challenge when these torsional vibrations degrade the measured torque signals. To solve this problem of torsional vibrations, an engine test stand model is developed to understand the system dynamics and analyze the free and forced response characteristics of the system. The model is used to predict the impact of the changes made to the test stand driveline and the trends observed in the simulation results are compared with experimental results for model validation. It is shown that based on model sensitivity analysis the changes made to the driveline parameters help to reduce the amplitude of the driveline resonances considerably. The developed model can be used to design a cold test stand for production diagnostics.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Dicer's role as an antiviral: still an enigma

Dicer is a multifunctional protein that is essential across species for the generation of microRNAs, a function that is highly conserved across the plant and animal kingdoms. Intriguingly, Dicer exhibits antiviral functions in lower organisms including Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Antiviral activity occurs via small interfering RNA production following cytoplasmic sensing of viral dsRNA. Notably, such antiviral activity has not yet been clearly demonstrated in higher organisms such as mammals. Here, we review the evidence for Dicer as an innate antiviral across species.
Simulated annealing—to cool or not

Abstract The optimization algorithm simulated annealing is considered. Presented is a class of problem instances and ‘neighbor selection’ matrices for which no monotone decreasing temperature sequence is optimal with respect to certain natural performance criteria. An algorithm called ‘threshold random search’ is introduced, and use is made of the fact that simulated annealing is a randomized version of threshold random search with deterministic thresholds.
Benzo[b]thiophene derivatives. XXVIII: 5-Bromo-3-benzo[b]thienylalanine and derivatives

A potential inhibitor of gelation of sickle hemoglobin, 5-bromo-3-benzo[b]thienylalanine, has been synthesized along with several derivatives. Several hydrolytic pathways from the intermediate ethyl 5-bromo-3-benzo[b]thienylformamidomalonate have been examined, and that involving alcoholysis to ethyl N-formyl-5-bromo-3-benzo[b]thienylalanine shown to be superior.
Thermodynamic isotope effect in partial oxidation of methane to syngas

Thermodynamic deuterium substitution effects on reactant conversion and product selectivity were investigated by computer simulation for the stoichiometric partial oxidation of methane. Methane conversion shows a normal deuterium isotope effect, whereas CO selectivity shows an inverse deuterium isotope effect. H2 selectivity exhibits a large normal deuterium effect. Moreover, deuterium isotope effects are dependent on reaction temperatures and pressures. When reaction pressure is very low, such as 0.001 MPa, all thermodynamic deuterium isotope effects are negligible at 650°C or above. Three criteria, based on the deuterium-isotope effects, were proposed to determine whether a partial oxidation reaction of methane is kinetically controlled without accurately measured reaction temperatures.
Simultaneous estimation of fluid thermal conductivity and heat capacity in laminar duct flow

Abstract An inverse analysis is applied to identify simultaneously the constant thermal conductivity k and heat capacity C of the fluid in liminar forced convection inside a circular duct from the knowledge of transient temperature measurements taken at a single location in the downstream region. Transient temperatures are generated by suddenly applying a constant wall heat flux over a finite length of the duct at the inlet region. The iterative algorithm of Levenberg-Marquardt method is used to solve the resulting system of algebraic equations in the minimization procedure. The effects of sensor location both in the axial and radial directions, heated length of the duct, magnitude of applied wall heat flux, the number of measurements, and errors involved in the measured data on the accuracy of estimations are studied.
Catalytic and DNA Binding Properties of PvuII Restriction Endonuclease Mutants

The role of particular residues of the PvuII endonuclease in DNA binding and cleavage was studied by mutational analysis using a number of in vivo and in vitro approaches. While confirming the importance of residues predicted to be involved directly in function by the crystal structure, the analysis led to several striking results. Aspartate 34, which contacts the central base pair of the PvuII site (5′-CAGCTG-3′) through the minor groove, plays a critical role in binding specificity. A D34G mutant binds with high affinity to any of the sequences in the set CANNTG, although its low level of cleavage activity acts only on the wild-type site. In addition, a His to Ala mutation at the residue that contacts the central G and is predicted to be blocked by PvuII methylation still requires the PvuII methylase to be maintained in vivo, arguing against this hypothesis as the only mechanism for methylation protection. Finally, four of the five mutations that reduce cleavage activity while still exhibiting binding in the gel shift assay are at residues that form DNA- or subunit-subunit contacts rather than in the catalytic center. This provides further evidence for a strong linkage between specific binding and catalysis.
The Context Matters: The Effects of Single-Member versus At-Large Districts on City Council Diversity

Scholars continue to debate the degree to which electoral institutions matter for representation. The literature predicts that minorities benefit from districts while women benefit from at-large elections. The mechanisms by which institutions affect the ability of traditionally underrepresented groups to win seats have been understudied. Using an analysis of over 7,000 cities and interviews with city councilors, we find that compared to at-large systems, district systems can increase diversity only when underrepresented groups are highly concentrated and compose a substantial portion of the population. In addition, we find that the electoral system has a significant effect on representation only for African American male and white female councilors; the proportion of African American women and Latina councilors is not affected by the use of either district or at-large systems. E xtensive research has been devoted to understanding the continuing underrepresentation of women and people of color in legislatures. At the city level scholars have found mixed results for the effect of singlemember district elections in increasing descriptive representation. Particularly in places where citywide elections were implemented to dilute the vote strength of racial groups, districts have been seen as a key factor in increasing racial and ethnic diversity. Alternatively for women, districts have been found to be detrimental to the election of female councilors. Scholars have proposed numerous, contradictory explanations for these findings. For minorities the focus has been on residential segregation and size of the group, while women are said to benefit from the multicandidate setting of at-large elections. For women of color these explanations are in direct conflict. This article contributes to this large literature by exploring the mechanisms by which institutions affect the representation of different groups, concurrently testing the segregation and group size hypotheses and taking into account the joint relationship between race and gender. Many of our findings confirm conventional wisdom, but advance our knowledge in this area by offering empirical estimates
Simple fundoplication versus additional vagotomy and pyloroplasty in neurologically impaired children — a single centre experience

Abstract Background and aims Gastrooesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a significant problem in children with neurological impairment (NI) with high failure rates for fundoplication. Fundoplication with vagotomy and pyloroplasty (FVP) can improve the outcome by altering the sensory or motor dysfunction associated with the reflux. We report our comparative outcomes for simple fundoplication (SF) and FVP in NI children. Methods Case records of all patients having fundoplication under a single consultant at a tertiary UK paediatric surgical centre between January 1997 and December 2012 were retrospectively assessed for recurrent symptoms and redo surgery. The data were collected using a Microsoft Excel database and analysed on Graphpad prism software program. Data are median (range). P value Results Data were available for 244 out of 275 patients who underwent fundoplication during this period (157 SF and 87 FVP). Neurological disease or known syndromes were recorded in 158 patients. Thirty-five children had congenital anatomical abnormalities. Laparoscopic fundoplication was done in 37 cases. Revisional surgery for recurrent symptoms was performed in 22 patients. In the neurologically normal children, all of whom had SF, the revision rate was 6.5%. In the NI children the revision rates were 18.5% for SF and 3.9% for FVP, respectively (Fisher's exact, P Conclusions There appears to be a significantly lower need for redo surgery following FVP than SF in children with NI.
Laws of the Iterated Logarithm for the Local U-Statistic Process

Laws of the iterated logarithm are established for the local U-statistic process. This entails the development of probability inequalities and moment bounds for U-processes that should be of separate interest. The local U-statistic process is based upon an estimator of the density of a function of several i.i.d. variables proposed by Frees (J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 89, 517–525, 1994). As a consequence, our results are directly applicable to the derivation of exact rates of uniform in bandwidth consistency in the sup and in the L p norms for these estimators.
19F-nmr studies of oxygen binding to hemoglobin

Abstract The binding of oxygen to hemoglobin has been investigated by 19 F-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 19 F-nmr spectrum of hemoglobin trifluoroacetonylated at cysteine β 93 exhibits chemical shift changes on binding of ligands, which differ depending on which chains are undergoing complexation. Comparison of these changes to the fractional ligation of all chains, determined concurrently from the fractional change in the visible spectrum, shows that initial oxygen molecules bind preferentially to α-chains. The 19 F-nmr spectrum of partially oxygenated hemoglobin contains resonances at the normal chemical shift positions of the oxygenated and deoxy species, in addition to two small resonances at intermediate positions. Analysis of the relativ magnitudes of these four peaks as functions of oxygen pressure permits identification of the intermediate species
Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate and activated charcoal in reducing the toxicity of dietary aflatoxin to mink

Mink were fed diets that contained 0, 34, or 102 ppb (μg/kg) aflatoxins with or without 0.5% hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and/or 1.0% activated charcoal (AC) for 77 days. Consumption of the diet that contained 34 ppb aflatoxins was lethal to 20% of the mink, while 102 ppb dietary aflatoxins resulted in 100% mortality within 53 days. The addition of AC to the diet containing 102 ppb aflatoxins reduced mortality and increased survival time of the mink while the addition of HSCAS, alone or in combination with AC, prevented mortality. Histologic examination of livers and kidneys from the mink demonstrated liver lesions ranging from extremely severe in mink fed 102 ppb aflatoxin to mild to moderate in those that received 34 ppb aflatoxins. The addition of HSCAS and/or AC to the diets that contained 102 ppb aflatoxins reduced or essentially eliminated histopathologic lesions in the livers. No histopathologic alterations associated with the dietary treatments were observed in the kidneys.
Ride Performance Analysis of Semiactive Suspension Systems Based on a Full-Car Model

This paper extends the results for active suspensions obtained by Chalasani in 1986, by evaluating the potential of semiactive suspensions for improving ride performance of passenger vehicles. Numerical simulations are performed on a seven-degree-of-freedom full vehicle model in order to confirm the general trends found for a quarter-car model, used by the authors in an earlier study. This full car model is used not only to study the heave, but also the pitch and roll motions of the vehicle for periodic and discrete road inputs. The behavior of a semi-actively suspended vehicle is evaluated using the hybrid control policy, and compared to the behavior of a passively-suspended vehicle. The results of this study obtained with the periodic inputs indicate that the motion of the quarter-car model is not only a good approximation of the heave motion of a full-vehicle model, but also of the pitch and roll motions since both are very similar to the heave motion. The results obtained with the discrete road input show that, for the example used in this study, the hybrid configuration clearly yields better results than the passive configuration when the objective is to minimize different deflections, angles, and accelerations at the same time.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Communications Across Complex Space Networks

Complex space missions face the challenge of reliably maintaining the definition, content and context of information across distributed and evolving space networks. This requires architectural abstractions of information relationships and services (e.g. XML schemas and messaging infrastructures). Over seven years of field study of the SharedNet distributed military communication system, along with interplanetary communications network infrastructure (ICNI) and Interplanetary Information Services (IIS) space network research efforts have demonstrated the benefits of an object-based communications architecture (OBCA) for space software development and integration. The OBCA has also been shown to be capable of providing reliable content-based publish-subscribe "need only" data delivery in a space-based communications environment using a JPL developed space link simulator. This paper shall describe findings of these efforts, explain relevant benefits for complex space network communications and suggest further avenues of study in this domain.
Reactions of hydrated electrons with pyridinium salts in aqueous solutions.

Rate coefficients for the reactions of the hydrated electron (eaq−) with pyridinium salts in aqueous solutions have been determined using pulse radiolysis techniques. The rate coefficients for pyridine, 1-hydropyridinium chloride, and 1-hydropyridinium nitrate were observed to be 1.4 × 1010, 4.5 × 1010, and 5.3 × 1010 M−1 s−1, respectively. The eaq− was found to primarily attack the pyridine ring, the proton coordinated to the nitrogen atom, and the nitrate counterion, but not the chloride. Results for the corresponding dimer structures of 4,4′-dipyridyl, 1,1′-dihydro-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride, and 1,1′-dihydro-4,4′-bipyridinium dinitrate had similar trends for eaq− attack sites. The rate coefficients for pyridinium salts were lower when the pyridinium nitrogen atom is coordinated to a methyl group rather than to a proton. This reduction is probably due to the increase in electron density of the pyridine ring due to the electron-donating methyl group. Pyridinium salts are not major contributors to the ...
Time-course of SKF-81297-induced increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 and 67 mRNA levels in striatonigral neurons and decrease in GABAA receptor α1 subunit mRNA levels in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata, in adult rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion

Striatal projection neurons use GABA as their neurotransmitter and express the rate-limiting synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the vesicular GABA transporter vGAT. The chronic systemic administration of an agonist of dopamine D1/D5-preferring receptors is known to alter GAD mRNA levels in striatonigral neurons in intact and dopamine-depleted rats. In the present study, the effects of a single or subchronic systemic administration of the dopamine D1/D5-preferring receptor agonist SKF-81297 on GAD65, GAD67, PPD and vGAT mRNA levels in the striatum and GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit mRNA levels in the substantia nigra, pars reticulata, were measured in rats with a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. After a single injection of SKF-81297, striatal GAD65 mRNA levels were significantly increased at 3 but not 72 h. In contrast, striatal GAD67 mRNA levels were increased and nigral alpha1 mRNA levels were decreased at 72 but not 3 h. Single cell analysis on double-labeled sections indicated that increased GAD or vGAT mRNA levels after acute SKF-81297 occurred in striatonigral neurons identified by their lack of preproenkephalin expression. Subchronic SKF-81297 induced significant increases in striatal GAD67, GAD65, preprodynorphin and vGAT mRNA levels and decreases in nigral alpha1 mRNA levels. In the striatum contralateral to the 6-OHDA lesion, subchronic but not acute SKF-81297 induced a significant increase in GAD65 mRNA levels. The other mRNA levels were not significantly altered. Finally, striatal GAD67 mRNA levels were negatively correlated with nigral alpha1 mRNA levels in the dopamine-depleted but not dopamine-intact side. The results suggest that different signaling pathways are involved in the modulation by dopamine D1/D5 receptors of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNA levels in striatonigral neurons. They also suggest that the down-regulation of nigral GABA(A) receptors is linked to the increase in striatal GAD67 mRNA levels in the dopamine-depleted striatum.
Diode laser absorption spectroscopy measurement of linestrengths and pressure broadening coefficients of the methane 2ν3 band at elevated temperatures

Abstract A diode laser sensor based on absorption spectroscopy has been developed for the measurement of spectroscopic parameters in the R (3) and R (4) manifolds of 2ν3 band of CH4. Individual linestrengths of each transition are determined for a range of temperatures. In addition, collision-broadened half-widths for CO2, N2, H2O, CH4, and CO collision partners are measured as a function of temperature and pressure for these strongly overlapped transitions. From this, temperature dependence of the collision half-width for each collision partner is determined. Using a new method for calculation of collisional broadening at high temperatures for strongly overlapped transitions makes these transitions accessible for spectroscopy.
Altered temporal pattern of mechanically evoked C-fiber activity in a model of diabetic neuropathy in the rat

While enhanced nociceptor activity has been demonstrated in models of painful peripheral neuropathy, analyses of activity pattern, which could play a role in the symptoms experienced as well as help elucidate underlying mechanism, are still limited. We evaluated the pattern of C-fiber activity, in response to mechanical and chemical stimuli, in a rat model of diabetes induced by a pancreatic beta-cell toxin, streptozotocin (STZ). In diabetic rats the number of action potentials produced by threshold and suprathreshold (10 g) sustained (60 s) mechanical stimuli was elevated in approximately half of C-fibers. These high-firing C-fibers demonstrated a disproportionate increase in interspike intervals (ISIs) between 100 and 199 ms, compared with low-firing diabetic and control C-fibers. The co-efficient of variability (CV2), a frequency independent measure of ISI variability, was also greater in high-firing fibers, compared with control fibers. Unexpectedly, instantaneous frequency of the initial burst of activity during the first second was lower in high-firing fibers, even though the average frequency over the last 59 s was significantly higher. The number of action potentials evoked by a noxious chemical stimulus, 300 and 600 mM KCl, injected adjacent to the mechanical receptive field was also significantly increased in C-fibers from diabetic rats and mechanically high-firing fibers had more action potentials in response to KCl than control fibers and a disproportionate increase in ISIs between 100 and 199 ms for responses to chemical stimuli appeared only in mechanically high-firing C-fibers, compared with the mechanically low-firing diabetic or control C-fibers. There was, however, no corresponding change in CV2 or instantaneous frequency plots for the response to chemical stimulation in mechanically high-firing fibers, as there was in the response to mechanical stimulation. Our data demonstrate specific changes in firing pattern of high-firing C-fibers in the rat model of painful neuropathy produced by STZ-diabetes that might contribute to the symptoms experienced by patients.
Involvement of the light-harvesting complex in cation regulation of excitation energy distribution in chloroplasts.

A highly purified light-harvesting pigment--protein complex (LHC) was obtained by fractionation of cation-depleted chloroplast membranes using the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. The isolated LHC had a chlorophyll a/b ratio of 1.2 and exhibited no photochemical activity. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the LHC revealed three polypeptides in the molecular weight classes of 23, 25, and 30 x 10/sup 3/. Antibodies were prepared against the LHC and their specificity was established. The effect of the ..cap alpha..-LHC (antibodies to LHC) on salt-mediated changes in PS I and PS II photochemistry, Chl ..cap alpha.. fluorescence inductions, and 77/sup 0/K fluorescence emission spectra was investigated. The results show that: (i) The Mg/sup 2 +/-induced 20% decrease in photosystem I (PS I) quantum yield observed in control chloroplasts was blocked by the presence of the ..cap alpha..-LHC antibody. (ii) The Mg/sup 2 +/-induced 70% increase in photosystem II (PS II) quantum yield of control chloroplasts was reduced 35% for plastids in the presence of ..cap alpha..-LHC antibody. (iii) The Mg/sup 2 +/-induced increase in room-temperature variable fluorescence was reduced 60% by ..cap alpha..-LHC antibody. (iv) The Mg/sup 2 +/-induced increase in the F685/F730 emission peak ratio at 77/sup 0/K was inhibited 50% in the presencemore » of ..cap alpha..-LHC antibody. These results provide direct evidence for the involvement of the light-harvesting complex in cation regulation of energy redistribution between the photosystems. The fact that the ..cap alpha..-LHC antibody does not fully block Mg/sup 2 +/-induced PS II increases or chlorophyll fluorescence increases supports the concept that Mg/sup 2 +/ has two mechanics of action: one effect on energy distribution and a second direct effect on photosystem II centers.« less
Group properties of the non-linear dynamic equations of elastic strings

Abstract Using the machinery of Lie group analysis, the non-linear system of partial differential equations governing the plane motion of an extensible string or cable which has undergone a large deformation is studied. The continuous transformation groups admitted by the system are found and used to describe general properties of families of solutions. Using the invariants of the transformation groups, the system is rewritten in various ways as a system of ordinary differential equations. This uncovers other interesting aspects of the system and allows it to be more easily handled computationally.
Inhibitors of the mitochondrial cytochrome b-c1 complex inhibit the cyanide-insensitive respiration of Trypanosoma brucei.

Abstract The cyanide-insensitive respiration of bloodstream trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma brucei (75 ± 8 nmol O2 min−1(mg protein)−1) is completely inhibited by the mitochondrial ubiquinone-like inhibitors 2-hydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (UHNQ) and 5-n-undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT). The Ki values for UHDBT (30 nM) and UHNQ (2 μM) are much lower than the reported Ki for salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) (5 μM), a widely used inhibitor of the cyanide-insensitive oxidase. UHNQ also stimulated the glycerol-3-phosphate-dependent reduction of phenazine methosulfate, demonstrating that the site of UHNQ inhibition is on the terminal oxidase of the cyanide-insensitive respiration of T. brucei. These results suggest that a ubiquinone-like compound may act as an electron carrier between the two enzymatic components of the cyanide-insensitive glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase.
Recoil corrections in heavy-ion-induced transfer

A perturbative approach for rapid calculation of recoil corrections to heavy-ion distorted- wave Born approximation has been developed. Without making either the local momentum approximation or the Hankel function approximation, we expand the final scattering wave function about ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{f}=\ensuremath{\alpha}{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{r}}}_{i}$. We have modified the existing no-recoil code RDRC to include exactly the first-order term, allowing one to correct for both longitudinal and transverse recoil effects. Sample calculations have been performed, including an analytically solvable test case, plus the reactions $^{94}\mathrm{Mo}$($^{13}\mathrm{C}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$)$^{95}\mathrm{Mo}$ and $^{48}\mathrm{Ca}$($^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{13}\mathrm{C}$)$^{49}\mathrm{Sc}$ for which data have been taken and analyzed previously with RDRC. The relative $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ independence of the results argues strongly for convergence.
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury triggers activation of innate toll-like receptor 4 and adaptive chemokine programs.

Background Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major problem in intestinal transplantation. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated as a possible link between the innate and adaptive immune systems, however little data exists regarding TLR4 in intestinal IRI. The goal of this study is to evaluate the involvement of TLR4 in intestinal IRI and to assess the effect on T cell related chemokine programs.
Effect of stress-temperature regimes on creep mechanisms in Ti-24Al-11Nb

The steady state creep rate (SSCR) of various microstructures of Ti-24Al-11Nb (a/o) has been determined. SSCR vs. stress and vs. temperature curves were determined to find Qa, apparent creep activation energy, and to investigate n, power law stress exponent. At low stresses, apparent creep activation energies determined for all microstructures were found to be between 106 kJ mol−1 and 156 kJ mol−1, which agrees fairly well with the energy for self-diffusion in alpha titanium, and the energy of interdiffusion on the Al-rich side of the α2 phase in Ti3Al, both having a value of 150 kJ mol−1. In many SSCR vs. stress curves, a slope change was observed in the stress range investigated. As temperature increased, slopes decreased towards unity, suggesting that different creep mechanisms, i.e. dislocation creep and diffusional creep, may be rate-controlling in different stress-temperature regimes.
The behavioral effects of the calcium agonist Bay K 8644 in the mouse: antagonism by the calcium antagonist nifedipine.

Mice injected with the calcium agonist BAY K 8644 (2–4 mg/kg, i. p.) displayed profound behavioral changes including ataxia, decreased motor activity, Straub tail, arched back, limb clonus and tonus, and an increased sensitivity to auditory stimulation. BAY K 8644 significantly impaired rotorod performance in mice with an ED50 of 0.8 mg/kg. The behavioral effects of BAY K 8644 were antagonized by nifedipine, but not by the non-dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist verapamil or the α-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. Further, the actions of BAY K 8644 were not mimicked by the α-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine at doses up to 4.5 mg/kg. These observations, coupled with the findings that BAY K 8644 is a potent, competitive inhibitor of [3H]nitrendipine binding to the dihydropyridine binding site in mouse brain (Ki=7.0×10−9M), suggests that BAY K 8644 may produce its behavioral actions via an interaction with the DHP binding site, which has been linked to the control of calcium flux across membranes in peripheral tissues.
General nanomoulding with bulk metallic glasses

Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are ideal for nanomoulding as they possess desirable strength for molds as well as for moldable materials and furthermore lack intrinsic size limitations. Despite their attractiveness, only recently Pt-based BMGs have been successfully molded into pores ranging 10–100 nm (Kumar et al 2009 Nature 457 868–72). Here, we introduce a quantitative theory, which reveals previous challenges in filling nanosized pores. This theory considers, in addition to a viscous and a capillary term, also oxidation, which becomes increasingly more important on smaller length scales. Based on this theory we construct a nanomoulding processing map for BMG, which reveals the limiting factors for BMG nanomoulding. Based on the quantitative prediction of the processing map, we introduce a strategy to reduce the capillary effect through a wetting layer, which allows us to mold non-noble BMGs below 1 μm in air. An additional benefit of this strategy is that it drastically facilitates demoulding, one of the main challenges of nanomoulding in general.
SOME QUICK RULES UT PICTURA POESIS: THE RULES FOR SIMILE IN MIFTĀḤ AL-ʿULŪM

The simile (tashbih) is one of the central elements of Arabic poetry, and not surprisingly, most medieval critics devote considerable attention to discussing it. They take particular interest in the issue of evaluation. How, for instance, does one use imagery properly? What constitutes a good or a bad comparison?' I would like to consider below an attempt to establish a sort of "serviceable" precision for the evaluation of the tashbih. This is the section on ahwal altashbih (literally the "circumstances of the simile") in Muhammad al-Sakkaki's (d. 626/1229) Miftah al-cUlam (The Key to the Disciplines), a thirteenth century work on rhetoric.2 The section on the ahwal consists of three
Clinical Review: Intracranial Hemorrhage in Infancy and Childhood Classification and Outline of Management

Many observations suggest that certain nonprogressive neurologic disorders are the sequelae of intracerebral or intracranial hemorrhage or both, but the role played by these factors as well as hypoxia is difficult to ascertain even at autopsy. As a rule, intracranial bleeding in infants (neonates excluded) and children is secondary to trauma. Some of these children are left with some neurologic deficit, depending upon the site and severity of the breeding and the promptness of therapy.
Post-transcriptional regulation of tumour necrosis factor α production

Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated macrophages, lymphocytes and other cells.1-3 The production of TNFα is under transcriptional and post-transcriptional control.4-10Post-transcriptional control of TNFα expression is achieved by regulating translational initiation, mRNA stability, and polyadenylation.6 7 10 An adenine and uridine (AU)-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of TNFα transcripts11-13 is an important determinant of post-transcriptional control. Transfer of this element to heterologous reporter transcripts changes the expression of the reporter protein. Transacting factors that bind to the ARE and participate in post-transcriptional control have recently been identified. The ARE binding proteins expressed in a given cell are thought to determine the level of protein expression. The 3' untranslated region of mRNAs encoding short lived immediate early genes (for example, fos, jun) as well as selected cytokines (for example, TNFα, GM-CSF) possess AU-rich elements that regulate protein expression. Class I AREs consist of one or more pentamer repeats (that is, AUUUA), whereas class II AREs consist of one or more nonamer repeats (that is, AUUUAUUUA). Whereas class I AREs are sufficient to promote the degradation of transcripts encoding immediate early proteins, both class I and class II AREs regulate the production of cytokines such as TNFα, GM-CSF, interleukin 3 (IL3) and interferon α (IFNα). The 3' untranslated region of TNFα transcripts contains both class I and class II AREs. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays have identified two distinct regulatory complexes that assemble on these adjacent cis elements in HeLa cells.14 15 The complex assembled on the class II ARE (designated complex 1) includes the related RNA binding proteins TIA-1 …