cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Recognition of Phosphate Esters: A Balance of Hydrogen Bonding and Proton Transfer Interactions

The interaction of different phosphate esters with a series of hydrogen bonding receptors has been studied using UV-visible and NMR spectroscopies and X-ray crystallography. Critical for binding is a combination of an acidic proton and the potential for bidentate hydrogen bonding either between charged or uncharged components. Phosphotriesters show no binding to the receptors. Phosphodiesters bind to both bis-(2, 6–diacylaminopyridine) and mono-(2, 6–diacylaminopyridine) receptors in chlorocarbon solvent via proton transfer to form the pyridinium phosphate ion pair and bidentate hydrogen bonding between the anion and the cation. Titration experiments as well as Job's analyses show that for cyclic and acyclic bis-(2, 6–diacylaminopyridine) receptors 2: 1 complexes can be formed. X-ray crystal structures demonstrate that in the solid state two different binding arrangements are present; either a direct bidentate interaction or intramolecular hydrogen bonding with self-assembly of an oligomeric structure. Phosphomonoesters bind to mono-(2, 6–diacylaminopyridines) in a similar way to the diesters, via proton transfer and bidentate hydrogen bonding. In this, as in the diester case, only a single acid-base interaction is possible and proton transfer is preferred. However, in the interaction of phosphomonoesters with bis-(2, 6–diacylaminopyridine) derivatives two acid-base interactions are possible between the two pyridines and two POH groups, and little proton transfer is seen. Strong binding (Ka = 1.0 × 105M−1) occurs via tetrahydrogen bond formation. Thus, there appears to be a balance between the occurrence of proton transfer and the number of hydrogen bonds formed between receptor and substrate.
Where Imperialism Could Not Reach: Chinese Industrial Policy and Japan, 1900–1940

Where Imperialism Could Not Reach examines the impact of the Japanese model of industrialization on China through a history of policy recommendations and economic ideas in practice. In the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), Chinese regional policymakers learned a Japanese-style industrial policy that focused on the use of exhibitions and schools to disseminate information and stimulate rural innovation. In focusing on the treaty ports and the impact of European and American capitalism that has a larger and more quantifiable source base, many scholars have ignored the vital intra-Asian dimensions of China’s economic development, underpinned by shared position of China and Japan on the global semiperiphery and the pursuit of labor-intensive industrialization focusing on improvements to labor quality. The dissertation also aims to demonstrate the primary importance of information and incentives for innovation—rather than overcoming capital constraints—in Chinese strategies for economic growth.
Fibrinolytic (Plasmin) Therapy of Experimental Coronary Thrombi with Alteration of the Evolution of Myocardial Infarction

To explore the possibilities of fibrinclytic therapy of coronary thrombosis, experimental studies were carried out to document lysis of coronary thrombi and to investigate the effect of fibrinolytic blood upon myocardial infarction. Serum-induced coronary thrombi were produced by a new technic and were followed by serial coronary arteriography. Control animals were compared to animals in which significant fibrinolytic activity had been induced by systemic infusions of plasmin. Tissue studies suggest that plasmin may change the evolution of early infarction. Whether these changes will ultimately result in salvage of ischemic tissue will be determined by studies now in progress.
The theory experiment connection: Rn space and inflationary cosmology

Based on a discussion of the theory experiment connection it is proposed to tighten the connection by replacing the real and complex number basis of physical theories by sets R n , C n of length m finite binary string numbers. Here n=n(t) will be cosmological time dependent. The form of the numbers in R n is based on the infinite hierarchy of 2n figure outputs from measurements of any physical quantity with an infinite range (distance energy etc.). A space and time based on these numbers is described. It corresponds to an infinite sequence of spherical scale sections R n,e (e an integer). Each section has the same number of points but the size increases exponentially with increasing e. The sections converge towards an origin which is a space singularity. Iteration of a basic order preserving transformation, F n space as a framework for inflationary cosmology is based on a constant iteration rate for F no,e with n o (small) and e≤e o (negative). Inflation which occurs naturally is stopped at a time when all points in the outermost Δ scale sections are expanding away from the origin at velocities >c. Then n increases to n I > n o where n I is such that the outermost Δ scale sections of R no space are contained in the scale section R nI,o of R nI space. This is needed if R nI,o space is to be similar to the usual R space. Hubble expansion and the redshift are accounted for by a continuing slow increase in n. Comparison with experimental data suggests that the rate of increase must be at least one n unit every 30-60 million years.
A Case Study of Office Workstation Use

This paper describes the use of the Office Analysis Methodology to study a specific office environment in order to determine requirements for an advanced office workstation. The research site environment was unique in providing an opportunity to observe a natural growth pattern in the use of advanced technology. Specific workstation requirements were identified and are being implemented. Interesting observations are reported in the following areas: categories of secretarial work, use of existing workstations, influence of a community of users, access to shared services, and impacts on productivity and organizational behavior.
A Simple and Practical Synthesis of (+)-2-Bromobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxaldehyde via Chiral Lewis Acid Catalyzed [4+2] Cycloaddition

Abstract A chiral titanium complex derived from BINOL and Ti(O-i-Pr)4 catalyzes the Diels-Alder reaction of 2-bromoacrolein and cyclopentadiene with 97:3 enantioselectivity. Lower enantioselectivity was observed using other dienes or with methacrolein as dienophile.
Estimating black carbon aging time-scales with a particle-resolved aerosol model

Understanding the aging process of aerosol particles is important for assessing their chemical reactivity, cloud condensation nuclei activity, radiative properties and health impacts. In this study we investigate the aging of black carbon containing particles in an idealized urban plume using a new approach, the particle-resolved aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC. We present a method to estimate aging time-scales using an aging criterion based on cloud condensation nuclei activation. The results show a separation into a daytime regime where condensation dominates and a nighttime regime where coagulation dominates. There is also a strong dependence on supersaturation threshold. For the chosen urban plume scenario and supersaturations ranging from 0.1% to 1%, the aging time-scales vary between 11 and 0.068 h during the day, and between 54 and 6.4 h during the night.
Female fertility and longevity

Does bearing children shorten a woman’s life expectancy? Pleiotropic theories of aging predict that it should, and in particular, the Disposable Soma theory predicts unequivocally that this effect should be inescapable. But many demographic studies, historic and current, have found no such effect. In this context, the Caerphilly cohort study stands apart as the sole test that corroborates the theory. Why has this study found an effect that others fail to see? Their analysis is based on Poisson regression, a statistical technique that is accurate only if the underlying data are Poisson-distributed. But the distribution of the number of children born to women in the Caerphilly database departs strongly from Poisson at the high end. This makes the result overly sensitive to a handful of women with 15 children or more who lived before 1700. When these five women are removed from a database of more than 2,900, the Poisson regression no longer shows a significant result. Bilinear regression relating life span to fertility and date of birth results in a small positive coefficient for fertility, in agreement with the main trend of reported results.
Modification of SEM for In-Situ, Liquid-Lubricated Sliding Studies

Modifications to an existing scanning electron microscope (SEM) are described which allow wear experiments to be performed inside the SEM chamber with a low vapor pressure hydrocarbon oil as the lubricant. Continuous video tape records and photomicrographs at magnifications up to 6000 × were made for several preliminary sliding experiments of steel us steel with an in-situ pin-on-cylinder test apparatus. The contact areas of steel sliding surfaces could be imaged through the lubricant film allowing observation of the deformation process as well as lubricant flow behavior. Continuous monitoring of the coefficient of friction allowed correlations to be drawn between friction data and cylinder surface topography. Comparisons in friction and wear were also made between dry and lubricated contacts. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE Tribology Conference in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 20–22, 1986
Insider Trades and Demand by Institutional and Individual Investors

There is a strong inverse relation between insider trading and institutional demand the same quarter and over the previous year. Our analysis suggests a combination of factors contribute to this relation. First, institutional investors are more likely to provide the liquidity necessary for insiders to trade. Second, insiders are more likely to buy low valuation and low lag return stocks while institutions are attracted to the opposite security characteristics. Last, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that insiders are more likely to view their securities as overvalued (undervalued) following a period when institutions were net buyers (sellers). The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org., Oxford University Press.
Liquid-phase chemical reactions, the pathways for important rare events

Chemical dynamics is the dynamics associated with the chemical rearrangements of atoms to form products from reactants. Such processes are infrequent but the important ones to understand are the kinetics of chemistry. Transition state theory provides a classical perspective with which one may focus on these rare but important events. Through two examples, this paper describes some of what can be learned with this perspective and its dynamical and quantum-mechanical generalizations.
Intramolecular [8+2] cycloaddition and 10π-electron electrocyclization reactions of an 8-acylheptafulvene

Abstract Compound 8-( trans -3-ethoxycarbonylallylacetyl)heptafulvene, 8 , undergoes both an intramolecular [8+2] cycloaddition and a 10π-electron electrocyclization followed by 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen shifts to give 10 and 12 , respectively.
Application of Donor/Acceptor-Carbenoids to the Synthesis of Natural Products

The metal catalyzed reactions of diazo compounds have been broadly used in organic synthesis. The resulting metal–carbenoid intermediates are capable of undergoing a range of unconventional reactions, and due to their high energy, they are ideal for initiating cascade sequences leading to the rapid generation of structural complexity. This tutorial review will give an overview of the most versatile reactions of donor/acceptor carbenoids, an exciting class of intermediates capable of highly selective reactions. This will include cyclopropanation, [4 + 3] cycloaddition, and C–H functionalization methodologies. The application of this chemistry to the synthesis of a range of natural products will be described.
The things we mean

Preface 1. The Face-Value Theory 2. Pleonastic Propositions 3. Meanings and Knowledge of Meaning 4. Having Meaning 5. Vagueness and Indeterminacy 6. Moral Realism and Indeterminacy 7. Conditionals and Indeterminacy 8. Why Pleonastic Propositions? Content in Information and Explanation References Indes
ENTROPY PRODUCTION IN COLLISIONLESS SYSTEMS. II. ARBITRARY PHASE-SPACE OCCUPATION NUMBERS

We present an analysis of two thermodynamic techniques for determining equilibria of self-gravitating systems. One is the Lynden-Bell (LB) entropy maximization analysis that introduced violent relaxation. Since we do not use the Stirling approximation, which is invalid at small occupation numbers, our systems have finite mass, unlike LB's isothermal spheres. (Instead of Stirling, we utilize a very accurate smooth approximation for ln x!.) The second analysis extends entropy production extremization to self-gravitating systems, also without the use of the Stirling approximation. In addition to the LB statistical family characterized by the exclusion principle in phase space, and designed to treat collisionless systems, we also apply the two approaches to the Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) families, which have no exclusion principle and hence represent collisional systems. We implicitly assume that all of the phase space is equally accessible. We derive entropy production expressions for both families and give the extremum conditions for entropy production. Surprisingly, our analysis indicates that extremizing entropy production rate results in systems that have maximum entropy, in both LB and MB statistics. In other words, both thermodynamic approaches lead to the same equilibrium structures.
Local robustness analysis: Theory and application

This paper develops a general framework for conducting local robustness analysis. By local robustness, we refer to the calculation of control solutions that are optimal against the least favorable model among models close to an initial baseline. We provide Nash and Stackelberg equilibrium characterizations of the choice of control. We apply this abstract formulation to a class of discrete time control problems. This analysis is conducted using frequency domain methods and is shown to involve certain fundamental limits to the efficacy of controls in such environments. Finally, we discuss some implications of our results for monetary policy.
Viscoplasticity based on overstress with a differential growth law for the equilibrium stress

Abstract Two coupled, nonlinear differential equations are proposed for the modeling of the elastic and rate (time)-dependent inelastic behavior of structural metals in the absence of recovery and aging. The structure of the model is close to the unified theories but contains essential differences. The properties of the model are delineated by analytical means and numerical experiments. It is shown that the model reproduces almost elastic regions upon initial loading and in the unloading regions of the hysteresis loop. Under loading, unloading and reloading in strain control the model simulated the experimentally observed sharp transition from nearly elastic to inelastic behavior. These properties are essential for modeling mean stress effects in tension-tension strain cycling. When a formulation akin to existing unified theories is adopted the almost elastic regions reduce to points and the transition upon reloading is very gradual. For different formulations the behavior under sudden increases/decreases of the strain rate by two orders of magnitude is simulated by numerical experiments and differences are noted. The model presently represents cyclically neutral behavior and contains three constants and two positive, decreasing functions. It is described how these constants and functions can be determined from tests involving monotonic loading with strain rate changes and relaxation periods.
Axionic Extensions of the Supersymmetric Standard Model

The Supersymmetric Standard Model is a benchmark theoretical framework for particle physics, yet it suffers from a number of deficiencies, the main one among which is the strong CP problem. Solving this with an axion in the context of selected new particles, it is shown in three examples that other problems go away automatically as well, resulting in (-)L and (-)3B conservation, viable combination of two dark-matter candidates, successful baryogenesis, seesaw neutrino masses, and verifiable experimental consequences at the TeV energy scale.
Signal shaping and tail cancellation for gas proportional detectors at high counting rates

Abstract A low noise, wide bandwidth preamplifier and signal processing filter were developed for high counting rate proportional counters. The filter consists of a seven pole Gaussian integrator with symmetrical weighting function and continuously variable shaping time, τ s , of 8–50 ns (fwhm) preceded by a second order pole zero circuit which cancels the long (1/ t ) tails of the chamber signals. The preamplifier is an optimized common base input design with 2 ns rise time and an equivalent noise input charge /lt 2000 r.m.s. electrons, when connected to a chamber with 10 pF capacitance and at a filtering time, τ s , of 10 ns.
New guidance on the prevention and treatment of postoperative delirium in older adults.

Postoperative delirium in older adults is a common and lifethreatening condition that often poses a challenge to nursing staff and other members of the interdisciplinary health care team. Studies have shown that the condition can be prevented in up to 40 percent of some hospitalized older adult populations 1,2 ; thus it is an ideal candidate for interventions targeted to improving the outcomes of older adults in the perioperative setting. 3 Delirium is a serious complication for older adults because an episode of delirium can initiate a cascade of potentially harmful clinical events, including other major postoperative complications, prolonged hospitalization, loss of functional independence, reduced cognitive function, and death. Delirium is usually the result of a physiologic stressor (e.g., an operation) and predisposing patient risk factors. Postoperative precipitants may include medications, infection, electrolyte abnormalities, and environmental causes. A Clinical Practice Guideline and Best Practice Statement was recently developed and released by the American Geriatrics Society’s Geriatrics-for-Specialists Initiative (AGS-GSI) to provide a framework that will enable hospital systems and health care professionals to implement actionable, evidence-based measures to improve delirium prevention and treatment. The AGS-GSI council, with additional input from the expert panel co-chairs, Sharon Inouye, MD, MPH, and Thomas Robinson, MD, created a 23-member, interdisciplinary panel of experts on delirium. Represented disciplines included geriatric medicine, general surgery, anesthesiology, emergency medicine, geriatric surgery, gynecology, hospital medicine, critical care medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, nursing, obstetrics and gynecology, orthopedic surgery, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, palliative care, pharmacology, psychiatry, physical medicine and rehabilitation, thoracic surgery, urology and vascular surgery. The expert panel utilized a proven framework for clinical practice guideline development including a systematic literature review, an evaluation of the evidence based on the Cochrane Risk of Bias and Jadad scoring system, and ratings of the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation for each recommendation statement using the American College of Physicians’ Guideline Grading System. An extensive review by organizations with expertise in this area and an open public comment period were also part of the guideline development process. The Best Practice Statement was developed as a companion piece to the clinical practice guideline, with the goal of providing practical guidance to surgical and related health care specialists who wish to improve knowledge of assessing, preventing and managing postoperative delirium. The clinical practice guideline includes eight recommendation statements for which the panel found “strong” evidence. The panel determined that the benefits clearly outweighed the risks, or that the risks clearly outweighed the benefits, for these recommendations:
The NASA EV-2 Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission

The NASA EV-2 Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) is a spaceborne mission focused on tropical cyclone (TC) inner core process studies. CYGNSS attempts to resolve the principle deficiencies with current TC intensity forecasts, which lies in inadequate observations and modeling of the inner core. The inadequacy in observations results from two causes: 1) Much of the inner core ocean surface is obscured from conventional remote sensing instruments by intense precipitation in the eye wall and inner rain bands. 2) The rapidly evolving (genesis and intensification) stages of the TC life cycle are poorly sampled in time by conventional polar-orbiting, wide-swath surface wind imagers. CYGNSS is specifically designed to address these two limitations by combining the all-weather performance of GNSS bistatic ocean surface scatterometry with the sampling properties of a constellation of satellites.
Pelvic Floor Imaging

Pelvic floor ultrasound is a valuable adjunct in elucidation of cause, diagnosis, and treatment of pelvic floor disorders. Three-dimensional ultrasound specifically has been shown to have many advantages over conventional imaging modalities. Proper evaluation of pelvic floor muscle function, strength, and integrity is an important component of diagnosis and treatment of pelvic floor disorders. The pelvic floor muscle training used to change the structural support and strength of muscle contraction requires clinicians to be able to conduct high-quality measurements of pelvic floor muscle function and strength. Ultrasound is a useful modality to assess the pelvic floor and its function. As practitioners become more familiar with the advantages and capabilities of ultrasound, this tool should become part of routine clinical practice in evaluation and management of pelvic floor disorders.
Inhomogeneous superconductivity induced by interstitial Fe deintercalation in oxidizing-agent-annealed and HNO3-treated Fe1+y(Te1−xSex)

We have systematically investigated the effect of annealing on the superconductivity of the iron chalcogenide Fe1+y(Te1−xSex). The atmospheres used for annealing include O2, N2, I2 vapor, air and vacuum. We observed that annealing in O2, I2 and air could enhance the superconductivity of underdoped samples, consistent with the results reported in the literature. Interestingly, we found that annealing in N2 also leads to a superconductivity enhancement, similar to the annealing effects of O2, I2 and air. However, vacuum annealing does not enhance the superconductivity, which indicates that the enhanced superconductivity in O2-, N2- , I2- and air-annealed samples is not due to improved homogeneity. In addition, we treated underdoped samples with nitric acid, which is found to enhance the superconductivity as well. Our analyses of these results support the argument that the superconductivity enhancement, caused either by annealing or nitric acid treatment, originates from the variation of interstitial Fe. The interstitial Fe, which is destructive to superconducting pairing, can be reduced by annealing in oxidation agents or nitric acid treatment. We also find that although N2-, O2- and air-annealed samples exhibit strong superconducting diamagnetism with −4πχ ~ 1 (χ, dc magnetic susceptibility) for some samples, their actual superconducting volume fraction probed by specific heat is low, ranging from 10% to 30% for 0.09 < x < 0.3, indicating that the superconductivity suppression remains significant even in annealed samples. The strong diamagnetism is associated with the superconducting shielding effect on the non-superconducting phase. We have also established the phase diagram of the annealed samples and compared it with that of the as-grown samples. The effect of annealing on the interplay between magnetism and superconductivity is discussed.
Pindolol decreases plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in young spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract The β-adrenoceptor antagonist pindolol, given p.o. (10 mg/kg, once a day for 7 days) to 4 and 24 week old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), decreased plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity only in young SHR. Kinetic studies indicated that the treatment reduced the ACE maximal velocity or the number of available ACE molecules. In vitro studies showed that pindolol had no direct effects on the activity of plasma ACE. A decrease in soluble (loosely bound) ACE activity was observed in the lung of young SHR treated with pindolol. The results suggest that pindolol affects the site of origin of plasma ACE. The susceptibility of young SHR to pindolol may indicate a probable role of β-adrenoceptors in the regulation of ACE activity in spontaneous (genetic) hypertension.
Biocatalytic-based synthesis of optically pure (C-6)-functionalized 1-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy) 2-methyl-(E)-2-heptenes

Abstract Controlled lipase hydrolysis of sulcatol chloroacetate at pH 7.2 to 55% completion gives ( R )-(−)-sulcatol of 89% ee. Alkaline hydrolysis of the unreacted ester provides the ( S )-(+) enantiomer efficiently and in an optically pure state. The latter is protected at its hydroxyl group, oxidized at its less sterically hindered terminal methyl group, and transformed into useful bifunctional reagents possessing 100% ee.
Structural Trends in Amorphous Carbon

Amorphous carbon (a-C) structures over a wide range of densities are generated by tight-binding molecular dynamics simulations using the recently developed environment-dependent carbon tight-binding potential. Our simulation results show that the relative concentration of the sp2 and sp3 bondings in the a-C samples changes systematically with the density of the samples. The a-C networks obtained by quenching the low density liquids consist of mostly three-fold coordinated atoms while the diamond-like tetrahedral a-C can be generated by quenching the high density (about 3.0g/cm3) liquid carbon.
A robustness measure for hypercube networks

Abstract Hypercube networks offer a feasible cost-effective solution to parallel computing. Here, a large number of low-cost processors with their own local memories are connected to form an n-cube (Bn) or one of its variants; and the inter-processor communication takes place by message passing instead of shared variables. This paper addresses a constrained two-terminal reliability measure referred to as distance reliability (DR) as it considers the probability that a message can be delivered in optimal time from a given node s to a node t. The problem is equivalent to that of having an operational optimal path (not just any path) between the two nodes. In Bn, the Hamming distance between labels of s and t or H(s, t) determines the length of the optimal path between the two nodes. The shortest distance restriction guarantees optimal communication delay between processors and high link/node utilization across the network. Moreover, it provides a measure for the robustness of symmetric networks. In particular, when H(s, t) = n in Bn, DR will yield the probability of degradation in the diameter, a concept which directly relates to fault-diameter. The paper proposes two schemes to evaluate DR in Bn. The first scheme uses a combinatorial approach by limiting the number of faulty components to (2H(s, t) − 2), while the second outlines paths of length H(s, t) and, then generates a recursive closed-form solution to compute DR. The theoretical results have been verified by simulation. The discrepancy between the theoretical and simulation results is in most cases below 1% and in the worst case 4.6%.
Cosmic-Ray-induced Filamentation Instability in Collisionless Shocks

We used unprecedentedly large two-dimensional and three-dimensional hybrid (kinetic ions?fluid electrons) simulations of non-relativistic collisionless strong shocks in order to investigate the effects of self-consistently accelerated ions on the overall shock dynamics. The current driven by suprathermal particles streaming ahead of the shock excites modes transverse to the background magnetic field. The Lorentz force induced by these self-amplified fields tends to excavate tubular, underdense, magnetic-field-depleted cavities that are advected with the fluid and perturb the shock surface, triggering downstream turbulent motions. These motions further amplify the magnetic field, up to factors of 50-100 in knot-like structures. Once downstream, the cavities tend to be filled by hot plasma plumes that compress and stretch the magnetic fields in elongated filaments; this effect is particularly evident if the shock propagates parallel to the background field. Highly magnetized knots and filaments may provide explanations for the rapid X-ray variability observed in RX J1713.7?3946 and for the regular pattern of X-ray bright stripes detected in Tycho's supernova remnant.
Ontology, Ontologies, and Science

Philosophers frequently struggle with the relation of metaphysics to the everyday world, with its practical value, and with its relation to empirical science. This paper distinguishes several different models of the relation between philosophical ontology and applied (scientific) ontology that have been advanced in the history of philosopy. Adoption of a strong participation model for the philosophical ontologist in science is urged, and requirements and consequences of the participation model are explored. This approach provides both a principled view and justification of the role of the philosophical ontologist in contemporary empirical science as well as guidelines for integrating philosophers and philosophical contributions into the practice of science.
The Spectroscopically Determined Substellar Mass Function of the Orion Nebula Cluster

We present a spectroscopic study of candidate brown dwarf members of the Orion Nebula cluster (ONC). We obtained new J- and/or K-band spectra of ~100 objects within the ONC that are expected to be substellar on the basis of their K magnitudes and H-K colors. Spectral classification in the near-infrared of young low-mass objects is described, including the effects of surface gravity, veiling due to circumstellar material, and reddening. From our derived spectral types and existing near-infrared photometry, we construct an H-R diagram for the cluster. Masses are inferred for each object and used to derive the brown dwarf fraction and assess the mass function for the inner 5farcm1 × 5farcm1 of the ONC, down to ~0.02 M☉. The logarithmic mass function rises to a peak at ~0.2 M☉, similar to previous initial mass function determinations derived from purely photometric methods but falls off more sharply at the hydrogen-burning limit before leveling through the substellar regime. We compare the mass function derived here for the inner ONC with those presented in recent literature for the sparsely populated Taurus cloud members and the rich cluster IC 348. We find good agreement between the shapes and peak values of the ONC and IC 348 mass distributions but little similarity between the ONC and Taurus results.
Predictions for the correlation between giant and terrestrial extrasolar planets in dynamically evolved systems

The large eccentricities of many giant extrasolar planets may represent the endpoint of gravitational scattering in initially more crowded systems. If so, the early evolution of the giant planets is likely to be more restrictive of terrestrial planet formation than would be inferred from the current, dynamically quiescent configurations. Here we study statistically the extent of the anticorrelation between giant planets and terrestrial planets expected in a scattering model. We use marginally stable systems of three giant planets, with a realistic range of planetary masses, as a simple model for the initial conditions prior to scattering, and we show that after scattering the surviving planets reproduce well the known extrasolar planet eccentricities beyond a > 0.5 AU. By tracking the minimum periastron values of all planets during the evolution, we derive the distribution of orbital radii across which strong perturbations (from crossing orbits) are likely to affect low-mass planet formation. We find that scattering affects inner planet formation at orbital separations less than 50% of the final periastron distance, qfm, of the innermost massive planet in approximately 30% of the realizations and can occasionally influence planet formation at orbital separations less than 20% of qfm. The domain of influence of the scattering massive planets increases as the mass differential between the massive planets decreases. Observational study of the correlation between massive and terrestrial extrasolar planets in the same system has the potential to constrain the origin of planetary eccentricity.
On the robustness of factor structures to asset repackaging

Abstract The paper provides a framework to study asset repackaging in a large asset economy, modeled as an atomless measure space of assets. The main theorem shows that, given an initial economy with strict factor space F , any economy obtained by repackaging these assets has a unique factor space F ′⊂ F . Thus, in contrast to earlier literature, factor structures are robust to the repackaging of asset.
Problems unique to vtol automatic flight control

The automatic flight control system is a desirable aid to the handling qualities, stability augmentation, and safety of the present day VTOL aircraft. This has been verified in recent flight tests of the VJ101C VTOL built for the German Defense Ministry. Flight and simulator experience gained on this program emphasizes the need for stability augmentation in at least the pitch and roll axes. Other features, such as control stick steering and engine failure protection, were also provided. Since some of the flights were performed on a telescopic simulator, the range of control parameters could be expanded to permit a wider range and better separation of the control variables. All three phases of the VJ101 program as well as three distinct prototypes are described.
The connections between QSO absorption systems and galaxies: Low-redshift observations

Quasar absorption lines have long been recognized to be a sensitive probe of the abundances, physical conditions, and kinematics of gas in a wide variety of environments in- cluding low-density intergalactic regions that probably cannot be studied by any other means. While some pre-Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations indicated that Mg II absorption lines arise in gaseous galactic halos with a large covering factor, many early QSO absorber studies were hampered by a lack of information about the context of the absorbers and their connec- tions with galaxies. By providing access to crucial ultraviolet resonance lines at low redshifts, deployment of HST and the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer enabled detailed studies of the relationships between QSO absorbers and galaxies. The advent of large surveys such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has also advanced the topic by greatly improving the size of absorber and galaxy samples. This paper briefly reviews some observational results on absorber- galaxy connections that have been obtained in the HST/SDSS era, including Mg II absorbers, the low z Lyforest, Lyman limit and damped Lyabsorbers, and O VI systems.
ENERGY GAP, MASS GAP, AND SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING

This article is based on a talk given at a Symposium at the University of Illinois on the occasion to commemorate the 50th anniversary of BCS — I gave a historical overview of how BCS theory has come to be transplanted to particle physics and has helped solve its problems.
ALTERNATING AUGMENTATIONS OF LINKS

We show that one can interweave an unknot into any non-alternating connected projection of a link so that the resulting augmented projection is alternating. As a corollary, we strengthen a result of Myers in the case of link complements in S3.
Response of Simple Spans to Moving Mass Loads

where (x, j;) are the span coordinates, t is time, El is the stiffness, Tc is the constant axial compressive load, K is the elastic foundation constant, c is the viscous damping constant, p is the span mass density, and A is the span's cross sectional area. If y0m is the absolute vertical acceleration at the midpoint of the mth mass segment located at distance zm, then the loading /(x, t) for the ith span is fi(x,t) = qm(t)fm(x) (2a) where ap «! + ! , . . .a2—1, a 2 = (l/d)(Mg~My0m)
CACTI-IO: CACTI With OFF-Chip Power-Area-Timing Models

In this paper, we describe CACTI-IO, an extension to CACTI that includes power, area, and timing models for the IO and PHY of the OFF-chip memory interface for various server and mobile configurations. CACTI-IO enables design space exploration of the OFF-chip IO along with the dynamic random access memory and cache parameters. We describe the models added and four case studies that use CACTI-IO to study the tradeoffs between memory capacity, bandwidth (BW), and power. The case studies show that CACTI-IO helps to: 1) provide IO power numbers that can be fed into a system simulator for accurate power calculations; 2) optimize OFF-chip configurations including the bus width, number of ranks, memory data width, and OFF-chip bus frequency, especially for novel buffer-based topologies; and 3) enable architects to quickly explore new interconnect technologies, including 3-D interconnect. We find that buffers on board and 3-D technologies offer an attractive design space involving power, BW, and capacity when appropriate interconnect parameters are deployed.
Density of Crude Oil Saturated With CO2

La correlation developpee pour calculer la densite des melanges petrole/CO 2 est basee sur la theorie de la solution ideale. Sa precision est determinee a partir des 154 donnees experimentales utilisees pour developper la correlation. Trois exemples de calcul de la densite dans des conditions reelles d'un reservoir sont presentes
Recombination of radical ion pairs of triplet multiplicity

Abstract Radical ion pairs generated by photo-induced electron transfer or formed upon encounter of independently generated radical ions may undergo back electron pairs of triplet multiplicity. Triplet recombination has been probed by luminescence time-resolved optical spectroscopy (in combination with magnetic field effects), CIDNP spectroscopy, and opto-acoustic calorimetry. The free energy of back electron transfer and the topologies of the potential surfaces of parent molecule, radical ion and the accessible triplet state or biradical play significant roles in this recombination. The free energy governs the rate of back electron transfer and determines whether this process is competitive. The topologies of the intermediates may influence the course of the overall reaction. The topologies of the potential energy surfaces of ground state, radical ion, and triplet related in three different ways. First, aromatic donors/acceptors typically undergo only minor geometry upon oxidation, reduction or excitation to the triplet state. Therefore, rearrangements are unlikely. Alternatively, the connectivities of some radical ions resemble those molecule, whereas the corresponding triplet states (biradicals) have structures of different connectivities. In these cases, back electron transfer will populate a triplet (biradical) with cleaved bonds (“dissociative” electron return) or one with newly formed bonds (“associative” electron return) resulting in structural reorganizations. Third, the radical ions of some strained ring compounds may rearrange to ring-opened structures of lower energy. Here, triplet states or biradicals with geometries related to the rearrangement radical ions may be populated. Finally, triplet radical ion pairs may form CC, CN, or CO bonds between radical anion and cation (charge recombination), generating “bimolecular” states. Following intersystem crossing, the biradicals may fragment to regenerate the reagents, generate adducts by forming a second bond (cyclization) or transfer of an atom or group between the two functions. The different intra-pair reactions of triplet radical are illustrated with appropriate examples.
An online scalable algorithm for average flow time in broadcast scheduling

In this article, the online pull-based broadcast model is considered. In this model, there are n pages of data stored at a server and requests arrive for pages online. When the server broadcasts page p, all outstanding requests for the same page p are simultaneously satisfied. We consider the problem of minimizing average (total) flow time online where all pages are unit-sized. For this problem, there has been a decade-long search for an online algorithm which is scalable, that is, (1 + e)-speed O(1)-competitive for any fixed e > 0. In this article, we give the first analysis of an online scalable algorithm.
Multispectral land sensing: where from, where to?

This work begins with some brief historical comments to set the stage for a discussion of the long-term potential for land remote sensing technology. This is followed by comments about what is needed to accelerate the achievement of this potential. The discussion is concluded with what concomitant development is needed with regard to a hyperspectral data analysis system.
Is There a Cost to Being Socially Responsible in Investing

In this study we address three questions concerning socially responsible investing. First, is the average return of a socially screened equity universe statistically different from the average return of an unscreened universe for the 1987–94 period? Second, do analysts' earnings per share forecasts aid a manager in selecting stocks in socially screened and unscreened universes? Third, can one use an expected return model incorporating both value and growth components to select stocks and create portfolios in the socially screened and unscreened equity universes such that one can outperform both universe benchmarks? We find no statistically significant differences in the mean returns of unscreened and screened equity universes for the 1987–94 period. Earnings forecasts and the knowledge of those forecasts add value in the creation of portfolios. We find few statistically significant differences in the predictive power of the composite model to select stocks in both unscreened and screened equity universes. The estimated composite model offers the potential for substantial outperformance of socially screened and unscreened equity universes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability of recall in agricultural data

Despite the importance of agriculture to economic development, and a vast accompanying literature on the subject, little research has been done on the quality of the underlying data. Due to survey logistics, agricultural data are usually collected by asking respondents to recall the details of events occurring during past agricultural seasons that took place a number of months prior to the interview. This gap can lead to recall bias in reported data on agricultural activities. The problem is further complicated when interviews are conducted over the course of several months, thus leading to recall of variable length. To test for such recall bias, the length of time between harvest and interview is examined for three African countries with respect to several common agricultural input and harvest measures. The analysis shows little evidence of recall bias impacting data quality. There is some indication that more salient events are less subject to recall decay. Overall, the results allay some concerns about the quality of some types of agricultural data collected through recall over lengthy periods.
A single, low, oral dose of a 5-carbon-linked trioxane dimer orthoester plus mefloquine cures malaria-infected mice

Four 5-carbon-linked trioxane dimer orthoesters (6a–6d) have been prepared in 4 or 5 chemical steps from the natural trioxane artemisinin (1). When administered orally to malaria-infected mice using a single dose of only 6 mg/kg body weight along with 18 mg/kg of mefloquine hydrochloride, trioxane dimer orthoester sulfone 6d completely and safely cured the mice; after 30 days, the cured mice showed no detectable parasitemia, gained at least as much weight as the control mice (no infection), and behaved normally.
Developments in the protection of fundamental human rights in criminal process Epilogue

The topic under consideration at the XVIIIth International Congress of AIDP is fundamentally the same as that dealt with at the XIIth Congress – the protection of human rights in criminal proceedings. Even at that time, it was not a new issue – in 1953, under the title of ‘The Protection of personal freedoms during criminal proceedings’, the VIth Congress dealt with the same problems. It is remarkable that the term ‘human rights’ was not yet mentioned, even though the European Convention had been adopted almost three years earlier. In the meantime the subject has become a central concern for the international community which is demonstrated by the present publication which unites the General Report of the AIDC with that of the AIDP. I regard it as a very friendly gesture that the AIDP General Rapporteur of 1979 has been invited to contribute an epilogue to this publication. It provides an opportunity to look back and to reflect on the developments which we have witnessed over the last thirty years. Of course, the temptation to embark upon a detailed comparison of what was examined and determined then and now is enormous. It is equally obvious that this is not the place for an in-depth study of this kind. Even without addressing the details, one has to admit that over the last thirty years there have been significant developments. ‘Human Rights’ in the context of criminal proceedings has practically become a household term. At the time of the VIIth Congress, the ECrtHR had passed less than three-dozen judgments of which less than a third concerned criminal proceedings; now the number exceeds 10,000. There is also a wealth of academic publications in many languages. A number of landmark judgments have extended the very notion of ‘criminal proceedings’, many guarantees have been developed in detail, and, with a few exceptions – Murray v United Kingdom for instance – the scope of guarantees has been expanded.
Partial shape recognition: a landmark-based approach

A method of recognizing partially occluded objects is presented in which each object is represented by a set of landmarks. Given a scene consisting of partially occluded objects, a model object in the scene is hypothesized by matching the landmarks of the model with those in the scene. A measure of similarity between two landmarks is needed to perform this matching. A local shape measure, sphericity, is introduced. It is shown that any invariant function under a similarity transformation is a function of the sphericity. To match landmarks between the model and the scene, a table of compatibility is constructed. A technique, known as hopping dynamic programming, is described to guide the landmark matching through the compatibility table. The location of the model in the scene is estimated with a least-squares fit among the matched landmarks. A heuristic measure is then computed to decide if the model is in the scene. >
Semi-global stabilization with guaranteed regional performance of linear systems subject to actuator saturation

Abstract For a linear system under a given saturated linear feedback, we propose feedback laws that achieve semi-global stabilization on the null controllable region while preserving the performance of the original feedback law in a fixed region. Here by semi-global stabilization on the null controllable region we mean the design of feedback laws that result in a domain of attraction that includes any a priori given compact subset of the null controllable region. Our design guarantees that the region on which the original performance is preserved would not shrink as the domain of attraction is enlarged by appropriately adjusting the feedback laws. Both continuous-time and discrete-time systems will be considered.