cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear medicine and ultrasound in the evaluation of neurologic diseases.

Echo encephalography and radionuclide brain imaging are used to aid in the diagnosis of a variety of intracranial abnormalities. Because of technical considerations, A-mode rather than B-mode echography must, under most circumstances, be employed for examination of the head. There are technical limitations to echoencephalography, and it tends to be relatively subjective and dependent on the skill of the sonographer. These factors have, to some extent, been responsible for the more limited application of ultrasound to neurologic diagnosis, as compared to the application of radionuclides. The most common use of echoencephalography is in the detection of midline shifts associated with various sequelae of head trauma. Ultrasound has also been used to detect space-occupying lesions, either directly or more usually by determining associated midline displacements. The characterization and follow-up of known lesions with ultrasound has also been described. In the above instances its usefulness is usually as a noninvasive technique complementary to nuclear medicine studies, which under most circumstances are more effective than ultrasound. The evaluation of ventricular enlargement, which is not ususally possible per se with radionuclides, is possible with ultrasound. Computerized transverse tomography (CTT) can be applied more efficiently in a routine way in many of the above circumstances, including evaluation of ventricular size. The combination of CTT and nuclear medicine procedures in the brain area is so effective and comprehensive that where these are both available the demand for ultrasound will probably decrease but will not be eliminated.
In utero ventilation augments the left ventricular response to isoproterenol and volume loading in fetal sheep.

In its normal circulatory environment, the fetal left ventricle can maximally increase output less than 2-fold, in contrast to the nearly 3-fold increase that occurs at birth. Several studies have attributed this finding to fetal myocardial "immaturity," and speculated that there is a rapid maturation of the myocardium in the perinatal period. We investigated the importance of the circulatory environment itself, rather than myocardial immaturity, by measuring left ventricular output (LVO) during in utero oxygen ventilation and isoproterenol infusion. We studied seven near-term fetal sheep greater than or equal to 2 d after placement of intravascular catheters, an endotracheal tube, and an electromagnetic flow transducer around the ascending aorta. We measured hemodynamic variables in the presence and absence of all combinations of oxygen ventilation, isoproterenol infusion, and volume infusion. Baseline LVO was normal (133 +/- 27 mL.kg-1.min-1). Individually, oxygen ventilation (136 +/- 11 mL.kg-1.min-1, p less than 0.001) and isoproterenol (48 +/- 11 mL.kg-1.min-1, p less than 0.05) increased LVO significantly; volume infusion did not. Their cumulative effect increased LVO nearly 3-fold (to 387 +/- 98 mL.kg-1.min-1), similar to levels seen in the newborn lamb. Mean left atrial pressure increased above right during oxygen ventilation (from 0.05 +/- 0.54 kPa to 0.82 +/- 0.39 kPa, p less than or equal to 0.0001). We conclude that the previously observed limitation in maximal LVO in the near-term fetus is primarily caused by its circulatory environment rather than relative myocardial immaturity, and speculate that a prominent Starling response is uncovered by decreases in left ventricular afterload and right ventricular constraint.
MyoD regulates apoptosis of myoblasts through microRNA-mediated down-regulation of Pax3

The molecules that regulate the apoptosis cascade are also involved in differentiation and syncytial fusion in skeletal muscle. MyoD is a myogenic transcription factor that plays essential roles in muscle differentiation. We noticed that MyoD−/− myoblasts display remarkable resistance to apoptosis by down-regulation of miR-1 (microRNA-1) and miR-206 and by up-regulation of Pax3. This resulted in transcriptional activation of antiapoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Forced MyoD expression induces up-regulation of miR-1 and miR-206 and down-regulation of Pax3, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL along with increased apoptosis in MyoD−/− myoblasts. In contrast, MyoD gene knockdown increases cell survival of wild-type myoblasts. The 3′ untranslated region of Pax3 mRNA contains two conserved miR-1/miR-206–binding sites, which are required for targeting of these microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, these data suggest that MyoD not only regulates terminal differentiation but also apoptosis through miRNA-mediated down-regulation of Pax3. Finally, MyoD, miR-1, and miR-206 are all down-regulated in quiescent satellite cells, which may be required for maintenance of muscle stem cells.
Subzonal sperm insertion and the frequency of gamete fusion.

The subzonal sperm insertion technique was applied to assess the potential of motile human spermatozoa to form pronuclei. In 184 mature human oocytes, subzonal sperm insertion was used as the primary mode of insemination in cases with abnormal semen analyses. Oocytes (n =131) that failed to fertilize in vitro in cases with normal semen profiles were also micromanipulated for secondary insemination. The frequency of sperm fusion, expressed as a percentage, was defined as the total number of male pronuclei formed divided by the total number of spermatozoa inserted subzonally. Our results indicate that 37% of spermatozoa from men with normal semen are able to fuse with the oolemma and decondense within the ooplasm, when placed in the perivitelline space of the oocyte. Excluding the oocytes that appeared morphologically abnormal (presence of cytoplasmic inclusions such as refractile bodies within the ooplasm), the frequency of sperm fusion increased to nearly 60%. Moreover, 14% of subzonally inserted spermatozoa from men with abnormal semen analyses demonstrated an ability to form a pronucleus. The incidence of polyspermy was high, ranging from 30 to 80% in the different groups studied. It is therefore concluded that the human oolemma provides little protection against multiple sperm fusion and that the frequency of gamete fusion is unexpectedly high, even when the spermatozoa are derived from infertile men.
Molecular Evolution of Recombination Hotspots and Highly Recombining Pseudoautosomal Regions in Hominoids

We examined the effects of recombination on the molecular evolution of noncoding regions in pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) and recombination hotspots in hominoids. The PAR-linked regions analyzed had on average longer branch lengths than those of the recombination hotspots. Moreover, contrary to previous observations, we found no correlation between recombination rate and silent site divergence in our data set and little change in the GC content during recent hominoid evolution. This suggests that the current rate of recombination is not a good indicator of the past rates of recombination for these highly recombining regions. Furthermore, human recombination hotspots show increased AT to GC substitutions in the human lineage, while no such pattern is detected for PAR-linked regions. Together, these observations suggest that recombination hotspots in hominoids are transient in the evolutionary time-scale. Interestingly, the 16p13.3 recombination hotspot locus violates a local molecular clock, though the locus appears to be noncoding and should evolve neutrally. We hypothesize that sudden changes in recombination rate have caused the changes in substitution rate at this locus.
Ca2+ binding site 2 in calcineurin-B modulates calmodulin-dependent calcineurin phosphatase activity.

Calcineurin is the Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent Ser/Thr phosphatase. Human calcineurin-Aα and wild-type or mutated calcineurin-Bs were coexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified by calmodulin−S...
Determinants of planarian aggregation behavior

Using a filter technique, five experiments examined the role of chemical and visual cues in recruiting individual planarians to established aggregations. The results indicated thatCura foremani depend upon a combination of chemical and visual cues whilePlanaria dactyligera depend almost entirely on chemical cues for aggregation formation.
Some isomorphisms between pairs of latin squares

Let A, B, C, D be latin squares with A orthogonal to B and C orthogonal to D. The pair A, B is isomorphic with the pair C, D if the graph of A, B is graph-isomorphic with the graph of C, D. A characterization is given for determining when a pair A, B of latin squares is isomorphic with a self-orthogonal square C and its transpose. Self-orthogonal squares are important because they are both abundant and easy to store. An algorithm either displays a self-orthogonal square C and an isomorphism from A, B to C, CT or, if none exists, gives a small set of blocks to the existence of such a square isomorphism.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Current Concepts and Therapeutic Approaches

The fifth leading cause of death in the United States, chronic obstructive respiratory conditions, cannot be cured but can be considerably ameliorated by appropriate management. Many patients with COPD have a combination of chronic bronchitis, asthma, and emphysema. While the damage due to emphysema is permanent, many of the pathophysiologic changes of asthma and bronchitis can be reversed to some extent, and such reversal should be a goal of therapy. Smoking cessation will help the patient more than any other medical treatment. Bronchodilator therapy is best given by inhalation from a metered dose inhaler and on a maintenance basis. Be sure to check inhaler technique. An anticholinergic agent, eg, ipratropium bromide, is probably most effective, but many patients prefer a beta 2-selective adrenergic agent. Xanthines are currently third choice but are very useful to cover nocturnal dyspnea. Corticosteroids are usually only used in acute exacerbations and then only for short courses. If prolonged use is required, however, the inhalation route minimizes side effects to which these patients are particularly prone. Antibiotics are also usually only used in exacerbations, but one can be liberal with them. Use the less expensive broad-spectrum options for ten days. Some clinicians believe that hydration is an effective expectorant. Mucolytic therapy is extensively used outside the United States. The appropriate role of mucolytic therapy in the treatment of bronchitis remains to be more fully explored. Low-flow oxygen is only used in the prevention or treatment of cor pulmonale when the PaO2 is persistently at or below 55, or with a rising hematocrit and right-sided cardiac changes. If used, oxygen is helpful only when given long term for at least 18 h per day, not on a prn basis. Cardiac glycosides are probably of little benefit, but diuretics have an important role in treatment of fluid retention. Pulmonary vasodilator therapy is still experimental, as is almitrine. Prophylaxis with pneumococcal vaccine and annual influenza vaccine is rational but has not been proven to be of value. Exercise and activity should be encouraged for all except those with frank congestive heart failure. The role of "breathing exercises" is currently being reevaluated. Surgery has almost no place in the management of COPD. Anesthesia often results in postoperative complications in this disease. Avoid all sedatives and tranquilizers.
Quantum simulation of high-density amorphous ice.

Path-integral Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to study the structural properties of high-density amorphous ice at 77 K. The calculated pair-distribution functions for D{sub 2}O ice show good agreement with experimental measurements. The lattice structure in H{sub 2}O ice is found to be significantly different from that in D{sub 2}O due to quantum delocalization of the hydrogen atoms. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Generational Differences among Community College Students in their Evaluation of Academic Cheating

This study examined how community college students (n = 650) vary by generation and other characteristics in their evaluation of academic activities as cheating. A Likert-type instrument was developed based on the literature, pilot tested, and subjected to factor analysis. Results of MANOVA found no difference by generation in the evaluation of cheating related to exams/papers. However, significant differences did exist among generations in the evaluation of activities of fabrication, taking shortcuts, and making excuses, with Millennials rating activities less strongly as cheating than others. Perceptions of cheating did not vary as a function of other student characteristics. Implications for practice include the provision of clear definitions of allowed and disallowed activities in each course and the stimulation of interdisciplinary dialogue regarding the enhancement of academic integrity.
10.3: Experimental measurement of picosecond pulse amplification in a 140 GHz Gyro-TWT

We report the first experimental studies of picosecond pulse amplification and broadening in a gyrotron amplifier. These studies allow investigation of the amplification process in a new physical regime, where wave dispersion and finite gain bandwidth play a major role. The experiments were performed on a 140 GHz gyro-traveling wave tube (Gyro-TWT) operating in a higher order mode of a confocal waveguide. We observed significant pulse broadening for pulses shorter than 1 ns when the operating point of the amplifier was close to the waveguide cut-off. For example, a 580 ps pulse at 137.30 GHz, a frequency near cutoff, was measured to be broadened by 100 %, while pulses at higher frequency, further from cutoff, showed much smaller broadening. The results of these experimental studies show that for the picosecond pulse amplification necessary in applications such as Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), the operating point of the gyro-TWT should be chosen to be at least a few percent above the cut-off to avoid pulse distortion.
The Norwegian Quakers of 1825

The story of Quakerism in Norway and the story of Norwegian immigration to America have been told more than once, each by its separate historians, but they need to be dovetailed together. The following paper is an effort to make some combination between them, appropriate to the current centennial year of 1925.
Blood glucose concentrations ≤125 mg/dl and coronary heart disease risk

In summary, this study adds to the growing body of evidence that the relation between glucose and CHD risk is continuous and graded across the range of nondiabetic glucose values, independent of traditional and nontraditional risk factors, and similar in men and women.
The uniqueness of protein sequences: A Monte Carlo analysis

Amino acid sequences have already been examined in some detail in order to relate them to structural aspects, homology and gene duplication. This report introduces the concept of internal uniqueness of tripeptides within protein sequences and uses the Monte Carlo method to study this property. Some idea of internal uniqueness may be obtained from such an analysis using only a single sequence if the probability of the random occurrence is about 0.001 or less. This method of analysis is similar to that used in quantitative evaluations of homology. When the probability of the random occurrence is larger than 0.001 a homologous group of sequences is required and the random probabilities may be compared with the real occurrences within the group. From such an examination insulin and cytochrome c are identified as protein sequences with high internal uniqueness. A comparison of data from internal uniqueness and gene duplication analyses shows that these two properties need not be related. Results of the analysis point to internal uniqueness as an additional parameter for inclusion in speculations on why twenty amino acids are coded in protein structure.
Reactions of α-Nucleophiles with Alkyl Chlorides: Competition between SN2 and E2 Mechanisms and the Gas-Phase α-Effect

Reaction rate constants and deuterium kinetic isotope effects for the reactions of BrO− with RCl (R = methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl) were measured using a tandem flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube instrument. These results provide qualitative insight into the competition between two classical organic mechanisms, nucleophilic substitution (SN2) and base-induced elimination (E2). As the extent of substitution in the neutral reactants increases, the kinetic isotope effects become increasingly more normal, consistent with the gradual onset of the E2 channel. These results are in excellent agreement with previously reported trends for the analogous reactions of ClO− with RCl. [Villano et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 728.] However, the reactions of BrO− and ClO− with methyl chloride, ethyl chloride, and isopropyl chloride were found to occur by an additional reaction pathway, which has not previously been reported. This reaction likely proceeds initially through a traditional SN2 transition...
Airborne activities of gross beta, 7Be, and 131I in New York

Gross beta (GB) activities were determined weekly for 13 years from filtered atmospheric aerosols, at 10 locations throughout New York State. Concentrations varied similarly among the sites and ranged from 0.03 to 1.5 mBq/m3. A comparison of variations with time and location were evaluated with respect to meteorological factors. Cosmogenic beryllium (7Be) concentrations were determined on 3-month composites of air filters and weekly in fallout at one site. The air filters nearly always contained observable activity (mean of 2.9 mBq/m3), while fallout activities were generally below the analytical detection limits. The seasonal variation of 7Be concentration in the atmosphere was similar at all locations and correlated with meteorological parameters. Concentrations of radioiodine (131I) were determined weekly on charcoal canisters at four sites. Only one site showed observable 131I activity (mean of 1.2 mBq/m3), due to the nearby incineration of dried municipal sludge. The source of the observed 131I was likely waste from hospital treatments.
Precision fast kickers for kiloampere electron beams

These kickers will be used to make fast dipoles and quadrupoles which are driven by sharp risetime pulsers to provide precision beam manipulation for high current kA electron beams. This technology will be used on the 2/sup nd/ axis of the DARHT linac at LANL. It will be used to provide 4 micropulses of pulse width up to 120 nsec. Selected from a 2 /spl mu/sec., 2 kA, 20 MeV macropulse. The fast pulsers will have amplitude modulation capability to compensate for beam-induced steering effects and other slow beam centroid motion to within the bandwidth of the kicker system. Scaling laws derived from theory will be presented along with extensive experimental data obtained on the test bed ETA-II.
POLICE MISCONDUCT AS ORGANIZATIONAL DEVIANCE

The aim of this paper is to extend and clarify the organizational deviance perspective by focusing on police misconduct. Toward that end the paper defines organizational deviance and police misconduct, illustrates the linkages between natural persons and deviant departments, and considers the public policy implications of viewing police misconduct as organizational deviance.
Discovering Petra: archaeological analysis in VR

New tools give archaeologists access to formerly inaccessible parts of the archaeological record. The result is a demonstrably improved model for inquiry to pose, and answer, important research questions. We chronicle a collaborative effort (from 1997 to the present) with Petra Great Temple archaeologists to augment traditional analysis approaches. We introduce new archaeological analysis tools that combine novel visualization and interaction techniques within a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE).
Encountering the Other Through Ongoing Cultural Learning A Teaching-Learning Model From the Humanbecoming Perspective

Encountering the other in a significant way requires more than a generalized knowledge of cultural characteristics—or cultural competency. In this column, the author describes encountering the other from the humanbecoming theory perspective and proposes a teaching-learning process of ongoing cultural learning that pushes the boundaries of the familiar and expands horizons of understanding. The model encourages healthcare providers to shift their epistemological location and view the world from the perspective of the other, thereby increasing their capacity to care for and be with the other in meaningful ways.
Expression of multiple gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in the adult rat epididymis is differentially regulated by androgens and testicular factors in a region-specific manner

Multiple gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) messenger RNAs (mRNAsII-IV) are expressed in a region-specific manner in the rat epididymis. In the present study, we examined the role(s) of plasma testosterone (T) and testicular factors in regulating the region-specific pattern and quantity of GGT mRNAs expressed along the epididymal duct. Northern blot and ribonuclease protection analyses showed that bilateral orchiectomy for 1, 5, and 15 days dramatically reduced the expression of GGT mRNAsII-IV in the initial segment. Expression of GGT mRNAII and mRNAIII was maintained in the initial segment of orchiectomized animals receiving T implants that maintain normal serum T concentrations, but GGT mRNAIV expression remained low relative to sham-operated control values. Unilateral efferent duct ligation decreased GGT mRNAIV expression only in the initial segment. Hence, expression of GGT mRNAIV in the initial segment was not maintained by circulating T and required a factor(s) of testicular origin. In caput epididymidis, expression of GGT mRNAII and mRNAIII declined after orchiectomy and was not completely restored to control values in orchiectomized animals by plasma T alone, but also required a testicular factor(s). In contrast to the initial segment, expression of GGT mRNAIV in the corpus and cauda epididymidis did not require T and/or a testicular factor(s), as expression of this transcript remained unchanged in these regions after 1, 5, and 15 days of orchiectomy, orchiectomy and T replacement, and after unilateral efferent duct ligation. In the cauda epididymidis, expression of GGT mRNAII required circulating androgens and was unaffected by unilateral efferent duct ligation, whereas GGT mRNAIII expression was repressed by T. These data demonstrate that circulating T and a factor(s) of testicular origin differentially regulate the expression of each GGT mRNA in a region-specific manner.
Writing in the Marketing Curriculum

This article describes the conceptualization, implementation, and evaluation of a university Writing Across the Curriculum program developed for marketing majors. The writing standards and writing expectations for the students were determined by business professionals. The article includes results and analyses for four years of the program and offers suggestions for future improvements.
Privacy assurance checking

This chapter relates to the mechanisms developed within PRIME for privacy assurance checking: that is, for providing a greater degree of assurance to the user about the treatment of their personal data. This process involves checking that the services-side satisfies the requirements of the user with respect to the protection of their data, and then checking that the services-side really can and does comply with such policies. We also consider how to inject trust into the framework.
Activation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) by Endogenous HGF Activator Is Required for Metanephric Kidney Morphogenesis in Vitro

Abstract The interaction of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) with c-Met has been implicated in morphogenesis of the kidney, lung, mammary gland, liver, placenta, and limb bud. HGF is secreted as an inactive zymogen and must be cleaved by a serine protease to initiate Met signaling. We show here that a serine protease specific for HGF, HGF activator (HGFA), is expressed and activated by the ureteric bud of the developing kidney in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of HGFA activity with serine protease inhibitors reduced ureteric bud branching and inhibited glomerulogenesis and nephrogenesis. Activated HGF rescued developing kidneys from the effects of inhibitors. HGFA was localized around the tips of the ureteric bud in developing kidneys, while HGF was expressed diffusely throughout the mesenchyme. These data show that expression of HGF is not sufficient for development, but that its activation is also required. The localization of HGFA to the ureteric bud and the mesenchyme immediately adjacent to it suggests that HGFA creates a gradient of HGF activity in the developing kidney. The creation and shape of gradients of activated HGF by the localized secretion of HGF activators could play an important role in pattern formation by HGF responsive tissues.
Numerical simulation of plasmas with periodic smoothing in phase space

Abstract This paper presents a “hybrid” method of numerical simulation of collisionless plasmas in which weighted particles are advanced as in particle simulations, but in which the distribution function is reconstructed periodically by a local averaging operation as in numerical solutions of the Vlasov equation. The rates of diffusion resulting from repeated averaging of the distribution function are estimated. These rates indicate that it is possible to minimize the effects of both beaming instabilities and diffusion by properly choosing the frequency of reconstruction of the distribution function. A computer code was written to implement this method and numerical solutions of two-stream instability problems are presented.
Environment, Epigenetic, and Disease: The Modifiable Trilogy

From conception, to gestation, birth, and throughout the life course maternal behaviors (e.g. nutrition, exercise, social interactions), and exposure to pathogens, define how the body responds to stimuli and the susceptibility to complex diseases like asthma, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. This chapter summarizes the relationship between the environment, epigenetics and disease. In the last 20 years, this relationship has been the focus of intense research. Epigenetic alterations due to environmental insult may be reversible through novel treatment options. By changing the epigenetic “landscape” through simple lifestyle modification, disease risk may be ameliorated, thus improving healthspan. As we advance our understanding of the “epigenome”, the portion of human genome that is either expressed or repressed in disease based on epigenetic status, we may be able to modify this profile to reduce potential sequelae. New technologies have become available allowing scientists to study epigenetic processes targeting specific genes, genomic regions, and even entire genomes. Further advances in this field are crucial to understanding the role of epigenetic modifications in normal biological functions and disease states. Because epigenetics is implicated in growth and development, cell differentiation, tumorigenesis, and many other important cellular processes involved in both normal function and disease states, the need to understand and measure epigenetic changes is becoming increasingly important.
Quadrupole antishielding factors for ions and atomic states

A general discussion of the shielding and antishielding effects of nuclear quadrupole moments for ions and atomic states is presented. Values of the ionic antishielding factor γ∞ have been obtained for the following ions: Y3+, In3+, Bi3+, and Am2+. The hexa-decapole antishielding factor ∞ has been evaluated for the case of In3+. The general properties of the atomic correction factor R are also discussed. Values of R have been calculated for several atomic states, and were found to be in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Combining progression-free survival and overall survival as a novel composite endpoint for glioblastoma trials.

Background. The use of auxiliary endpoints may provide efficiencies for clinical trial design, but such endpoints may not have intrinsic clinical relevance orclear linkage to more meaningful endpoints. The purpose of this study was to generate a novel endpoint that considers both overall survival (OS) and earlier events such as progression-free survival (PFS) and determine whether such an endpoint could increase efficiency in the design of glioblastoma clinical trials. Methods. Recognizing that the association between PFS and OS varies depending on therapy and tumor type, we developed a statistical model to predict OS based on PFS as the trial progresses. We then evaluated the efficiency of our model using simulations of adaptively randomized trials incorporating PFS and OS distributions from prior published trials in neuro-oncology. Results. When treatment effects on PFS and OS are concordant, our proposed approach results in efficiency gains compared with randomization based on OS alone while sacrificing minimal efficiency compared with using PFS as the primary endpoint. When treatment effects are limited to PFS, our approach provides randomization probabilities that are close to those based on OS alone. Conclusion. Use of OS as the primary endpoint, combined with statistical modeling of the relationship between OS and PFS during the course of the trial, results in more robust and efficient trial designs than using either endpoint alone.
Fast algorithms for resource allocation in wireless cellular networks

We consider a scheduled orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) wireless cellular network where the channels from the base-station to the n mobile users undergo flat fading. Spectral resources are to be divided among the users in order to maximize total user utility. We show that this problem can be cast as a nonlinear convex optimization problem, and describe an O(n) algorithm to solve it. Computational experiments show that the algorithm typically converges in around 25 iterations, where each iteration has a cost that is O(n), with a modest constant. When the algorithm starts from an initial resource allocation that is close to optimal, convergence typically takes even fewer iterations. Thus, the algorithm can efficiently track the optimal resource allocation as the channel conditions change due to fading. We also show how our techniques can be extended to solve resource allocation problems that arise in wideband networks with frequency selective fading and when the utility of a user is also a function of the resource allocations in the past.
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is defined as the destruction of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) in the setting of anti-RBC autoantibodies that optimally react at 37°C. The pathophysiology of disease involves phagocytosis of autoantibody-coated RBCs in the spleen and complement-mediated hemolysis. Thus far, treatment is aimed at decreasing autoantibody production with immunosuppression or reducing phagocytosis of affected cells in the spleen. The role of complement inhibitors in warm AIHA has not been explored. This article addresses the diagnosis, etiology, and treatment of warm AIHA and highlights the role of complement in disease pathology.
Noncompetitive, Voltage-Dependent NMDA Receptor Antagonism by Hydrophobic Anions

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonists are dissociative anesthetics, drugs of abuse, and are of therapeutic interest in neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatric disease. Many well-known NMDAR antagonists are positively charged, voltage-dependent channel blockers. We recently showed that the hydrophobic anion dipicrylamine (DPA) negatively regulates GABAA receptor function by a mechanism indistinguishable from that of sulfated neurosteroids. Because sulfated neurosteroids also modulate NMDARs, here we examined the effects of DPA on NMDAR function. In rat hippocampal neurons DPA inhibited currents gated by 300 µM NMDA with an IC50 of 2.3 µM. Neither onset nor offset of antagonism exhibited dependence on channel activation but exhibited a noncompetitive profile. DPA antagonism was independent of NMDAR subunit composition and was similar at extrasynaptic and total receptor populations. Surprisingly, similar to cationic channel blockers but unlike sulfated neurosteroids, DPA antagonism was voltage dependent. Onset and offset of DPA antagonism were nearly 10-fold faster than DPA-induced increases in membrane capacitance, suggesting that membrane interactions do not directly explain antagonism. Furthermore, voltage dependence did not derive from association of DPA with a site on NMDARs directly accessible to the outer membrane leaflet, assessed by DPA translocation experiments. Consistent with the expected lack of channel block, DPA antagonism did not interact with permeant ions. Therefore, we speculate that voltage dependence may arise from interactions of DPA with the inherent voltage dependence of channel gating. Overall, we conclude that DPA noncompetitively inhibits NMDA-induced current by a novel voltage-dependent mechanism and represents a new class of anionic NMDAR antagonists.
Cooperative communications based on trellis pruning

This paper introduces a new approach to cooperative communications. Consider a system wherein two partner nodes cooperate to convey their data to a common destination, each not only transmitting its own “local” data but also acting as a relay for its partner, thereby effecting spatial diversity. In the proposed scheme, each partner interleaves local data with relayed data and convolutionally encodes the resulting interleaved bitstream prior to transmission; the other partner then uses its knowledge of the relayed data to prune edges from the code trellis, thereby decoding at a lower (more robust) rate. The destination observes two versions of each source's data - one transmitted as local information, the other as relayed information - and employs iterative decoding, in effect decoding the data as if it were encoded via a “distributed” turbo code. The resulting performance is superior to those of cooperation schemes based on time sharing and signal space superposition, and it generalizes the algebraic superposition scheme of Xiao et al.
Lava Tubes of the Cave Basalt, Mount St. Helens, Washington

The Cave Basalt, a high-alumina pahoehoe flow containing numerous lava tubes, originated at the southeast flank of Mount St. Helens, southwestern Washington, and flowed down a stream valley incised in older pyroclastic flow deposits. In situ charcoal samples from two localities within lava tubes yield C14 dates of 1,860 ± 250 years B.P. and 1,925 ± 95 years B.P. Detailed survey of 9,125 m of lava tubes, correlated with surface geologic mapping, yields several geomorphic relations of basalt flows. Most of the lava tubes apparently formed between shear planes in laminar lava flow, although some tube sections show evidence that the tube roof formed by accretion of spattered lava in turbulent flow. Partial collapse of tube interiors reveals: (1) The wall separating the tube interior from the preflow country rock may be thinner than 25 cm. (2) Lava flows can erode the surface over which they flow. (3) Collapse of the tube interior can occur immediately after the tube has been drained of molten lava and before the walls cool completely. (4) Lava tubes may represent the thickest part of the lava flow, occupying topographic lows (stream channels). (5) Tubes can be modified extensively through accretion and erosion by later lava flows. Many surface features of basalt flows are directly related to lava tubes. Pressure within the closed lava-tube system caused by out-gassing and hydrostatic pressure and overflow of lava from ruptured roof sections (or from channel overflow prior to roof formation) result in formation of a topographic high along many sections of the lava-tube axis. If roof rupture does not occur, tumuli may develop in weak areas of the roof, forming positive features (may be solid or hollow) 40 to 50 m in diameter and several meters high. Most of the hollow tumuli of the Cave Basalt collapsed, probably as a result of withdrawal of supporting lava during drainage of the lava tubes. Raised-rim craters found in many parts of the flow are associated with lava tubes and were probably formed by collapse of hollow tumuli.
Recycling cell surface glycoproteins undergo limited oligosaccharide reprocessing in LEC1 mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells

The ability of particular cell surface glycoproteins to recycle and become exposed to individual Golgi enzymes has been demonstrated. This study was designed to determine whether endocytic trafficking includes significant reentry into the overall oligosaccharide processing pathway. The Lec1 mutant of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells lack N -acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc-TI) activity resulting in surface expression of incompletely processed Man5GlcNAc2 N -linked oligosaccharides. An oligosaccharide tracer was created by exoglycosylation of cell surface glycoproteins with purified porcine GlcNAc-TI and UDP-[3H]GlcNAc. Upon reculturing, all cell surface glycoproteins that acquired [3H]GlcNAc were acted upon by intracellular mannosidase II, the next enzyme in the Golgi processing pathway of complex N -linked oligosaccharides (t1/2= 3-4 h). That all radiolabeled cell surface glycoproteins were included in this endocytic pathway indicates a common intracellular compartment into which endocytosed cell surface glycoproteins return. Significantly, no evidence was found for continued oligosaccharide processing consistent with transit through the latter cisternae of the Golgi apparatus. These data indicate that, although recycling plasma membrane glycoproteins can be reexposed to individual Golgi-derived enzymes, significant reentry into the overall contiguous processing pathway is not evident.
A Survey of Application of Fuzzy Logic in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and Rural ITS

The number of vehicles in rural areas and surrounding highways running through our rural areas continue to increase and the existing road conditions, in many instances, are not adequate enough to handle this increased traffic. Also, driving conditions on our rural roads are different from the urban roads and comprises of uncertainty. This is because of increasing numbers of elderly drivers, aging vehicles, road patterns, animals and pedestrians. This has increased the level of congestion on our rural highways, increased number of accidents and travel delays, and must be effectively addressed. These, along with ever changing weather patterns, have increased the number of accidents and traffic related fatalities and are continuing threat to travel safety and security. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) concept is being increasingly used to ease this strain but many of the existing ITS applications are designed with ideal driving conditions and are not suitable for changing conditions. They don't include the human intelligence, the driver behavior. New methodologies must be incorporated to improve the effectiveness of these controllers. One way to achieve this is through the use of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy logic is capable of modeling uncertainty and is being used by many researchers in ITS and rural ITS applications. Unfortunately the literature on this topic is distributed and is not easily accessible. A survey and discussion of this topic would be beneficial to the research community and the public. This may help the ITS community to conduct their research effectively and this paper aims to address this objective
Fictions of Justice: “Religious” and “Secular” Micropractices: The Roots of Secular Law, the Political Content of Radical Islamic Beliefs

In the midst of the expansion of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and its African-based prosecutions, Africa has witnessed rapid religious recomposition in recent decades marked by new scales of religious organization, new directional flows of influence, assertive new theologies, and intensified public presences. This chapter focuses on the ways that different forms of religious ethical value are central to both the human rights principles shaping the rule of law movement and to key revivalist Muslim commitments in other parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Here I examine a particular West African–Islamic politicolegal trajectory and situate it within the recent expansion of the rule of law. At the heart of this chapter is an inquiry into what new tensions are emerging at the intersections of “religious” and political projects. How, I ask, do current radical religious contestations within African polities – or between religious doctrines and secular legal codes – inform wider theoretical and legal debates on the ambiguous conceptual groundings of the “secular”; on rights and duties; and on the presumptive norms of liberalist citizenship central to its production of individual personhood? How does a different rendering of obligation and authority produce a politics of incommensurability that is beyond liberalist recognition? THE ICC: A MOVEMENT IN THE MAKING In liberalist circles until the mid-twentieth century, the international notion of “rights” was predominately associated with domestic issues and rested on the nation-state as the grantor and protector of rights.
Understanding Japanese Corporate Governance

Corporate governance can be defined as the way the management of a firm is influenced by many stakeholders. Depending on which stakeholders are involved, we can identify five aspects of corporate governance. Those aspects address the agency problems between (i) shareholders and managers, (ii) creditors and managers, (iii) workers and managers, (iv) suppliers and customers, and (v) government and firms. The mechanisms used to address each of these aspects differentiate various systems of corporate governance. Other institutional features, such as (a) human resource management, (b) managerial labor market, (c) competitive product markets, and (d) corporate laws also influence the system of corporate governance. The paper characterizes the Japanese corporate governance, relying on the past empirical studies on those various aspects of corporate governance. Consistency between various aspects of Japanese corporate governance is examined. Consistency between Japanese corporate governance and the four institutional features is also discussed. The paper also examines the benefits and costs of the Japanese system relative to an alternative system. The Japanese system seems to do better for an economy characterized by (1) substantial noise in the financial markets, (2) high cost of developing markets, (3) an important role of relation-specific capital in production, (4) low monitoring cost, (5) low adversarial incentive effects of possible contract renegotiation, (6) the government's interest aligned with social welfare, and (7) low cost of concentrated political power.
Panorama of the BWR Reactors – Evolution of the Concept

This article gives a short overview on the developments of nuclear power plants (NPPs) of the boiling water reactor (BWR) type, with a focus on the European builds. It describes the technical bases from the early designs in the 1950s, sketches the innovations of the 1960s and ‘70s in the types BWR 69 & 72 (Baulinie 69 & 72) and gives an outlook of a possible next generation BWR.
Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure, and pressor response to angiotensin.

SummaryThe effect on the resting arterial blood pressure and on the pressor responsiveness to angiotensin has been investigated in rats maintained on diets of varying sodium and potassium content. ...
Carbohydrate components of supragingival salivary calculus.

SummaryAnalysis of supragingival salivary calculus disclosed many similarities in composition to urinary and submaxillary gland calculus. All the carbohydrates reported to be present in the latter concretions were found in the supragingival material. In addition the supragingival salivary calculus contained small amounts of sialic acid, xylose and arabinose. From the nature of the carbohydrate components it would appear that both saliva and bacteria contribute to the composition of supragingival salivary calculus.
Almost Diagonal Matrices

(1960). Almost Diagonal Matrices. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 67, No. 5, pp. 431-434.
Deregulated expression of cyclin D1 overrides antimitogenic signals.

Several types of epithelial neoplasms exhibit high expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ-1), indicating that they have acquired tolerance to this normally growth inhibitory cytokine. Since cyclin D1 is expressed at high levels in murine skin tumors coincident with high levels of TGFβ-1 expression, we hypothesized that cyclin D1 may override TGFβ-1 induced growth arrest. We observed that in primary murine keratinocytes treated with TGFβ-1, cyclin D1 is quickly suppressed at both the mRNA and protein level. Since changes in other cell cycle proteins occur at a later time during TGFβ-1 treatment, the early suppression of cyclin D1 suggests that this gene is a critical target for TGFβ-1 growth suppression. Using primary keratinocytes from transgenic mice that overexpress cyclin D1 (K5-D1 mice), we observed partial resistance to TGFβ-1 growth inhibition. This resistance involves changes in the cyclin/cdk/inhibitor complexes rather than differences in expression of the TGFβ receptors or signaling. Comparison of cdk associated kinase activity between wild-type and K5-D1 cells shows differential regulation. We conclude that deregulated cyclin D1 and subsequent alterations in cell cycle machinery provides keratinocytes the ability to at least partially override growth inhibitory signals.
Cesium vacancy ordering in phase-separated C s x F e 2 − y S e 2

By simultaneously displaying magnetism and superconductivity in a single phase, the iron-based superconductors provide a model system for the study of magnetism's role in superconductivity. The class of intercalated iron selenide superconductors is unique among these in having the additional property of phase separation and coexistence of two distinct phases---one majority phase with iron vacancy ordering and strong antiferromagnetism, and the other a poorly understood minority microscopic phase with a contested structure. Adding to the intrigue, the majority phase has never been found to show superconductivity on its own while the minority phase has never been successfully synthesized separate from the majority phase. In order to better understand this minority phase, a series of high-quality $\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{s}}_{x}\mathrm{F}{\mathrm{e}}_{2\ensuremath{-}y}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{e}}_{2}$ single crystals with $(0.8\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}1;0\ensuremath{\le}y\ensuremath{\le}0.3)$ were grown and studied. Neutron and x-ray powder diffraction performed on ground crystals show that the average $I4/mmm$ structure of the minority phase is distinctly different from the high-temperature $I4/mmm$ parent structure. Moreover, single-crystal diffraction reveals the presence of discrete superlattice reflections that remove the degeneracy of the Cs sites in both the majority and minority phases and reduce their structural symmetries from body centered to primitive. Group theoretical analysis in conjunction with structural modeling shows that the observed superlattice reflections originate from three-dimensional Cs vacancy ordering. This model predicts a $25%$ vacancy of the Cs site in the minority phase which is consistent with the site's refined occupancy. Magnetization measurements performed in tandem with neutron single-crystal diffraction provide evidence that the minority phase is the host of superconductivity. Our results also reveal a superconducting dome in which the superconducting transition temperature varies as a function of the nominal valence of iron.