cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Tall Order of the Modern Hospital: Balancing Patient Care with Economics and Academic Missions – Administrators’ Perspective

The Academic Health Center must maintain a successful balance between potentially conflicting missions of patient care of the highest quality and perception, dynamic interaction with the needs of the health-care work force, and the economics of a highly competitive business in an increasingly challenging market. The administrator is the lynchpin to coordinate these missions. The players and payers are clearly the patients, the trainees, the faculty, the regulators, and the payers. Thus far the centers have been enormously successful being consistently named the leaders of American medicine in national surveys. Issues at hand include technology, changing venues of health care to include the home and workplace, conflicts of the missions when one regulator imposes a requirement incompatible with the other players, intense competition, and staffing to include the administrator. Emerging solutions include leadership skills, creative contracting, simulation and team building, opportunities for discovery, patient education involvement and communication, telemedicine and e-health, and efficiency. The task is daunting, but the centers must and will prevail. The coordination and tie-breaking administrator can achieve the necessary balance. The success is not so much that of the apical leaders as the conductor of an orchestra which understands the composition and achieves the necessary harmony.
‘How do I know what I think till I see what I say?’ An aphorism and its implications for creative theorizing

The following aphorism is used as the point of departure for the discussion in this article: ‘How do I know what I think till I see what I say?’ Its literal meaning is that it is through the very a...
“It's a Race War:” Race and Leisure Experiences in California State Prison

The purpose of this research study was to use critical race theory to guide the exploration of leisure experiences of men in prison. Ten men reflected upon the time they spent in various California...
Hydrostatic Response of Deployable Hyperbolic-Paraboloid Umbrellas as Coastal Armor

AbstractThis paper introduces an innovative structural system consisting of four-sided hyperbolic-paraboloid (hypar) roof umbrellas as hard countermeasures against nearshore hazards. The umbrellas ...
Characteristics of global port phytoplankton and implications for current ballast water regulations

Abstract The International Maritime Organization and U.S. Coast Guard have implemented regulations to reduce introductions of non-indigenous species via ballast water (BW). For phytoplankton, regulations limit discharges to
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Positive Affect: Insights from Adolescent Twins

Disturbances in positive affect and reductions in social reward/interpersonal pleasure are common across a range of clinical disorders and are often related. We examined the relationship between the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS-A), and other measures of positive affect in adolescents in a genetically informative research design. The sample consisted of 177 MZ and 136 same-sex DZ twins drawn from a study of adolescent twins (M = 16.4 ± .97 years) who were part of the Wisconsin Twin Project. The self-report questionnaires included the Behavioral Activation Scale (BAS), Psychological Well-Being Scale, revised Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQR), and the adolescent version of the ACIPS (ACIPS-A). Structural equation modeling estimated the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the phenotypic variance in each of the measures. Follow-up bivariate analyses parsed the genetic and environmental contributions to the phenotypic covariances between the ACIPS-A and each of the other measures of positive affect. We found evidence of moderate heritability for the ACIPS-A scale scores. Overall, models specifying additive genetic and unique environmental effects (AE models) were the most parsimonious models for each of the measures. Several of the measures showed moderate positive phenotypic intercorrelations, and all but one of these intercorrelations showed significant partial genetic underpinnings. Moreover, the bivariate biometric analyses indicated that the ACIPS-A also captures unique heritable variation. Thus, the ACIPS-A captures unique heritable contributions to social/interpersonal pleasure, as well as shared genetic variance with other measures of positive affectivity.
A Structural Approach to Measuring the Degree of Economic Integration: Evidence From G-7 Countries.

This paper infers the degree of economic integration amongst G-7 countries by estimating a two country DSGE model separately for each country in the group. In doing so, the two economies in the model are represented by the observations for a specific country and the corresponding values for the rest of G-7. To infer the degree of economic integration, the model's shock processes are reconfigured so that they include a component that is common for each economy and shocks can be transmitted from one economy to the other. Capturing the degree of economic integration by the relative contribution of common and foreign shocks to the variation of domestic variables, the paper draws inferences that are at odds with those based on more traditional measures of globalization. Countries that are more open to trade and financial flows in the data are ranked lower in terms of economic integration according to post-estimation statistics.
Demonstrating MagnetIO: Passive yet Interactive Soft Haptic Patches Anywhere

We demonstrate a new type of haptic actuator, which we call MagnetIO, that is comprised of two parts: one battery-powered voice-coil worn on the user's fingernail and any number of interactive soft patches that can be attached onto any surface (everyday objects, user's body, appliances, etc.). When the user's finger wearing our voice-coil contacts any of the interactive patches it detects its magnetic signature via magnetometer and vibrates the patch, adding haptic feedback to otherwise input-only interactions. To allow these passive patches to vibrate, we make them from silicone with regions doped with polarized neodymium powder, resulting in soft and stretchable magnets. This stretchable form-factor allows them to be wrapped to the user's body or everyday objects of various shapes. We demonstrate how these add haptic output to many situations, such as adding haptic buttons to the walls of one's home.
Constructing an Individualized Middle Cerebral Artery Model Using 3D Printing and Hydrogel for Bypass Training.

The importance and complexity of cerebral bypass surgery (CBS) highlight the necessity for intense and dedicated training. Several available training models are yet to satisfy this need. In this technical note, we share the steps to construct a digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM)-based middle cerebral artery (MCA) model that is anatomically accurate, resembles handling properties of living tissue, and enables trainers to observe the cerebrovascular anatomy, improve and maintain microsurgical dexterity, and train in the essential steps of CBS. The internal and external molds were created from the geometry of DICOM-based MCA using Fusion 360 software (Autodesk, San Rafael, USA). They were then three-dimension (3D) printed using a polylactic acid filament. The 15% w/v solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was prepared and injected between the molds. Using five freeze-thaw cycles the solution was converted to tissue-mimicking cryo-gel. The model was then placed in a chloroform bath until the internal mold dissolved. To evaluate the accuracy of the MCA model, selected characteristics were measured and compared with the MCA mesh. The DICOM-based MCA model was produced using 3D printing that was available in the lab and the overall cost was less than $5 per model. The external mold required six and a half hours to be 3D printed, while the internal mold only required 23 minutes. Overall, the time required to 3D print the DICOM-based MCA model was just short of seven hours. The greatest statistically significant difference between the virtual MCA model and the DICOM-based MCA model was found in the length of the pre-bifurcation part of the M1 segment and the total length of the superior bifurcation trunk of M1 and superior branch of M2. The smallest statistically significant difference was found at the diameter of the inferior post-bifurcation trunk of the M1 segment and the diameter at the origin of the artery. This technical report aims to show the construction of a CBS training system involving the DICOM-based MCA model that demonstrates the shape of the vascular tree, resembles the handling/suturing properties of living tissue, and helps set up a homemade training station. We believe that our DICOM-based MCA model can serve as a valuable resource for CBS training throughout the world due to its cost-effectiveness and straightforward construction steps. Moreover, once the DICOM-based MCA model is used with our training station, it may offer an option for trainers to gain and maintain CBS skills despite limitations on time, cost, and space. This work was presented in February 2019 at the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (AANS/CNS) Cerebrovascular Section Annual Meeting held in Honolulu, Hawaii.
Abstract Mining

IMPORTANCE: The marked explosion and fragmentation of bibliographic databases that include large parts pertaining to medical subspecialties has created the opportunity to identify new areas of research using the citations at the interface of subspecialty information. Bibliographic databases such as PubMed are useful to researchers when they wish to identify specific citations of their interest. However, they are not useful because of their size for the purpose of identifying new areas of research. OBJECTIVE: To present a method and two computer applications that identify areas for new research by finding abstracts at the interface between subspecialty parts of PubMed. DESIGN: Here we present a new method and computer applications that aim to ameliorate the problem by examining all abstracts that fulfill the general search terms from PubMed. Using text-mining algorithms of the abstracts to extract all non-trivial words, the researcher can repeatedly cluster the publications by commonality of the words in the abstracts to find unusual or unexpected combinations of words that may lead to new research. When single words are not descriptive enough to identify unique and unexpected ideas for potential new research, we allow the extraction of principal phrases from those abstracts instead. Here we define a principal phrase as a phrase that is common by itself, i.e. not common only as part of another common phrase, does not cross punctuation marks, and is informative (e.g. "and this disease" is not an informative phrase). FINDINGS: We present four examples of identifying new research areas by examining PubMed outcomes after searches for "takotsubo", "embolic stroke" excluding "atrial fibrillation", "impedance mismatch", and "aortic and stenosis". New areas of research were identified including comparisons of the clinical picture and pathophysiology of Takotsubo with scorpion envenomation, and the importance of impedance mismatch in pulmonary and renal circulation. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: In conclusion, we have developed a method and two computer applications to mine words and/or principal phrases from the abstracts retrieved from PubMed or other databases to identify new ideas for research.
A Study of an Annular Array CMUT Device for the making of Forward Looking IVUS

An annular array CMUT was designed and fabricated, and its ultrasonic image was obtained for the estimation of the image resolution. The center frequency of CMUT was 20 MHz and its frequency bandwidth was over 100%. We calculated the array factors of each arrays depending on the distances and the angles between the transducer elements. An ultrasonic image of a metal wire having 0.5 mm diameter could be obtained by Rx beamforming. This array device can be used to develop a near-field forward-looking array for the integration on a Forward Looking (FL) IVUS (Intravascular Ultrasound) catheter.
Genetic Testing, Genetic Medicine, and Managed Care

As modern human genetics moves from the research setting to the clinical setting, it will encounter the managed care system. Issues of cost, access, and quality of care will affect the availability and nature of genetic testing, genetic counseling, and genetic therapies. This articles explores such issues as professional education, coverage of genetic services, privacy and confidentiality, and liability. It concludes with a series of recommendations for the practice of genetic medicine in the age of managed care.
"We are Dumbledore's Army:" Forging the Foundation For Future Upstanders

0 0 1 201 1146 SUNY Buffalo State 9 2 1345 14.0 96 800x600 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} The profusion of human rights atrocities and purported incidents of genocide across the globe in recent decades has increasingly forced multiple and complicated issues associated with combating these violations onto the political agendas of world leaders and institutions. Scholars are united in recognizing the growing importance and need for critical instruction on the complex issues related to human rights and genocide studies to inspire high school students toward a global, democratic citizenship for the 21 st century. Therefore, how do educators and student programs prepare students to critically examine these complex questions in a way that encourages global citizenship? This study, conducted during a two-week intensive summer institute on human rights and genocide studies in western New York state, assessed the ability of a human rights and genocide educational institute to foster higher levels of self-efficacy among the participating students and their ability to be "upstanders," rather than bystanders in their daily lives. We argue that the students felt empowered to pursue their short- and long-term goals regarding becoming human rights upstanders through the role models in their lives who influenced them to come to the Institute and the various experiences they had during the Institute’s workshops and field trips.
Protein hydration changes in the formation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide complexes of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of yeast. II. The spin lattice relaxation of solvent water protons.

Abstract The glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase of yeast is known to undergo a particle volume contraction and the commensurate loss of a hydration component when it forms a complex with NAD. We have inquired whether the water movement in the conformational transition can be monitored by measurements of the spin lattice relaxation rate, T1-1 of solvent water protons. In solutions of diamagnetic proteins, a class of bound water molecules is rapidly relaxed in the protein hydration domain and the relaxation is averaged in the bulk solvent by water exchange. T1-1 was found by pulse NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) measurements to increase as a linear function of the apoprotein concentration. From measurements at two frequencies, the correlation time was calculated to be in the range expected from the rotational diffusion relaxation time of the protein. The minimal number of exchangeable bound water molecules required to account for the apoprotein effect is 26 per protein subunit, a small fraction of the total hydration of the protein. NAD complex formation produces a further increase in the relaxation rate of the solvent water protons. Increments of T1-1 as a function of NAD concentration follow the course of a binding isotherm with a stoichiometry of 1 mole of NAD per mole of protein subunit. The direction of the NAD effect corresponds to an increase in the class of bound water molecules that contribute to the relaxation rate increase. Hence, different classes of bound water are represented by the T1-1 effect and by the larger amount of water eliminated in the conformational transition. The latter water is loosely bound or trapped in cavities of the protein structure, and differences in its proton relaxation rate, in and out of the hydration domain, are not detected by NMR in the frequency range examined. The number of specifically bound water molecules involved in the T1-1 effect of NAD is estimated to be small enough to be accounted for by local effects at the binding sites.
Substrate coupling noise issues in silicon technology

Several factors are combining to increase concern about substrate coupling noise, or crosstalk, in silicon integrated circuits: there is a growing use of analog and mixed signal circuits in semiconductor products, there is greater integration density, and circuit frequencies are steadily increasing. Although the basic principles of electrical signal conduction through a semiconducting substrate are well understood, there is still a relatively poor understanding of the practical aspects of substrate-coupled noise: how important is substrate crosstalk in real applications? How good are the design guidelines for reducing crosstalk, or are accurate substrate modeling and simulation tools a necessity? What technology features can be used to reduce the coupling? This paper reviews progress in answering these questions.
The role of mutual-help groups in extending the framework of treatment.

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are highly prevalent in the United States and often are chronic conditions that require ongoing episodes of care over many years to achieve full sustained remission. Despite substantial scientific advances in specialized care, professional resources alone have not been able to cope with the immense burden of disease attributable to alcohol. Perhaps in tacit recognition of this, peer-run mutual-help groups (MHGs), such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), have emerged and proliferated in the past 75 years and continue to play an important role in recovery from AUDs. This article describes the nature and prevalence of MHGs, particularly AA, and reviews evidence for their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and the mechanisms through which they may exert their effects. The article also provides details about how health care professionals can facilitate their alcohol-dependent patients’ participation in such groups and reviews the evidence for the benefits of doing so.
Kinetic and molecular properties of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase. Quaternary structure, catalytic activity, and feedback control.

Abstract Lysine or Mg2+ alone at high concentrations brings about partial dimerization of the lysine-sensitive aspartokinase of Escherichia coli B. The native enzyme, which has a molecular weight of 75,300 and consists of 2 subunits, responds to a combination of lysine and Mg2+ at much lower concentrations by dimerizing to a tetrameric molecule with a molecular weight approaching 150,000. This dimerization is also observed in the presence of substrates at lysine concentrations known to be inhibitory. The substrates MgATP and aspartate also produce dimerization at high concentrations, and substrate inhibition is observed with MgATP. Aging of aspartokinase results in a loss of cooperativity for lysine inhibition with lysine saturation curves becoming hyperbolic. Aging also results in a loss of lysine-binding capacity and catalytic activity and decreases the extent of dimerization induced by lysine and Mg2+.
Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in children after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD), or sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, is a potentially fatal complication, which occurs in 7-27% of children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this article, we review commonly accepted diagnostic criteria, atypical diagnostic features as well as preventative and treatment measures associated with VOD. Reversal of portal venous flow by Doppler ultrasound is often a late finding; many patients with anicteric VOD may never develop hyperbilirubinemia, and yet perish from severe VOD. Transjugular liver biopsy is usually not available and/or is often avoided. Prophylactic therapies with ursodeoxycholic acid, heparin and defibrotide are discussed. Supportive care with fluid restriction and diuretic therapy, analgesia, blood and platelet transfusions, paracentesis as well as other pulmonary and renal therapies remain imperative to superior outcomes. Specific therapy with thrombolytics such as defibrotide and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is discussed and a classification of severity of VOD is proposed.
Substorm triggering by poleward boundary intensification and related equatorward propagation

[1] Recently, a revised auroral substorm onset sequence has been proposed, in which onset is preceded by a poleward boundary intensification (PBI) and subsequent equatorward propagation of N-S-aligned auroral features to breakup arc latitudes. We reanalyzed 20 randomly selected samples of the Nishimura et al. (2010) 251-event database and show in greater detail to what degree the observed features in this subset of events are consistent with the proposed scenario. To assess the sensitivity of space-based imagers for seeing this scenario, we calibrated the absolute responsivity of the THEMIS ground-based imagers. We also show that although not suitable for studies from apogee, IMAGE/FUV imagers can also observe a consistent scenario from a lower altitude. We conclude that in some cases PBIs and subsequent plasma flows can be effective in providing a trigger if the inner magnetosphere is ready to produce a substorm.
Administrative directives for clinical practice

Factors that will influence the future of comprehensive pharmaceutical services are discussed, and administrative strategies for developing clinical pharmacy services in hospitals are presented. The future of clinical pharmacy practice will be affected by: (1) health-manpower levels; (2) the trend toward centralized, prospective payment for health services; (3) emphasis on cost containment; and (4) the quality of existing pharmaceutical services. Of primary importance to the development of clinical services is to have in place a centralized, unified pharmaceutical service. A staff of qualified practitioners, as well as executive direction to determine goals and priorities, is needed. Valid clinical roles should be identified that meet health-care needs, meet legal and accreditation standards, avoid conflict with physician-roles help deal with the nursing shortage, and contain health-care costs. Cost of the clinical service must be determined so that financial support can be arranged.
A model of axonal transport drug delivery: effects of diffusivity

SUMMARY This paper investigates the effects of diffusivity on retrograde dynein-driven transport of pharmaceutical agent complexes (PACs) in axons. The model is designed with two goals in mind: (1) to capture results on axonal transport drug delivery reported in recent experimental research by Filler et al. (Filler AG, Whiteside GT, Bacon M, Frederickson M, Howe FA, Rabinowitz MD, Sokoloff AJ, Deacon TW, Abell C, Munglani R, Griffiths JR, Bell BA, Lever AML. Tri-partite complex for axonal transport drug delivery achieves pharmacological effect. BMC Neuroscience 2010; 11: 8) and (2) to produce analytically tractable equations. It is shown that the inclusion of a diffusion process in the model produces equations that can still be solved by Laplace transform, although the last step of the solution, finding the inverse Laplace transform, has to be accomplished numerically, thus leading to a hybrid analytical and numerical solution technique. The effects of diffusivity and the kinetic rates describing PAC transition between the dynein-driven and accumulated states on transport of PACs toward the neuron soma are investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership Change and Human Rights Violations

We investigates how leadership change influences the use of governmental repression of human rights to physical integrity. We argue that the disparity in information between the leader and the opposition causes human rights abuses to occur. Such abuses should never occur when both groups have perfect information. To assess this argument we construct an information-based theory of leadership change and repression and derive several hypotheses. Using new latent variable estimates of repression (1949-2010), we find that countries that experience an extra-constitutional leadership change see an initial spike in governmental repression, which decays over time. Leader transitions that occur through normal institutionalized mechanisms have little impact on the level of governmental human rights practices. We demonstrate the robustness of the results with two treatment effect models. This research provides new insights into the processes by which leaders make political choices as they work to consolidate power after extra-constitutional leadership change. We demonstrate further that these choices change over the course of the leader's tenure.
Me versus them: Third-person effects among Facebook users

The immense popularity of Facebook with more than 1 billion active users continues to spark the attention of communication scholars. While much is known about Facebook members’ motivations, usage patterns, and gratifications obtained from this social networking site (SNS), minimal attention has been given to examine the perceived consumption and impact of Facebook on users themselves versus others. Applying the third-person effect (TPE) hypothesis to the context of social media, this research uniquely investigates the (a) difference in estimated Facebook effects on self versus others, (b) relationship between perceptions of Facebook use and estimated Facebook effects on self versus others, and (c) association between perceived desirability of Facebook as a social medium and estimated Facebook effects on self versus others. The aforementioned relationships are also moderated by gender and age. Implications for the relevance of TPE on users of SNSs are discussed.
Trace analysis of rubidium hyperfine structure in a flame atomizer using sub-Doppler laser wave-mixing spectroscopy.

Nonlinear laser wave mixing is a versatile spectroscopic method for trace elemental analysis at high spectral resolution. Sub-Doppler spectral resolution allows isotope and hyperfine structure measurements of some of the elements even when using a room-pressure analytical flame (i.e., sub-Doppler but Lorentzian broadened spectra). A non-planar wave-mixing optical setup offers some advantages as compared to the conventional planar wave-mixing setup including better signal collection efficiency and easier optical alignment. Using our absorption-based wave mixing, a detection limit of 0.05 ng/mL (i.e., 50 parts-per-trillion) is reported for Rb in an air/ acetylene flame, while still maintaining sub-Doppler spectral resolution for the infrared 780.0-nm Rb transition line.
Substrate-induced changes in sulfhydryl reactivity of bacterial d-amino acid transaminase

D-Amino acid transaminase from Bacillus sphaericus strain ATCC 14577 is a dimer with eight cysteinyl residues per molecule (T.S. Soper, W.M. Jones, and J.M. Manning (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 10,901-10,905). The reaction of the cysteinyl residues with a variety of sulfhydryl reagents has been explored to gain insight into the physical environments around these cysteinyl residues in the absence or the presence of substrates. The native enzyme, in the pyridoxal-P conformation, appears to be a symmetrical dimer, whose SH groups react in pairs with anionic reagents such as 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or the halo acids. Two SH groups react with either reagent without altering enzymatic activity. Two additional SH groups react with DTNB with loss of catalytic activity. Positively charged reagents such as beta-bromoethylamine are much more effective in inactivating the pyridoxal-P conformation of the enzyme with almost five of the eight SH groups reacting and this results in a significant loss in catalytic activity. The neutral reagent dithiodipyridine is able to detect some asymmetry in the pyridoxal-P conformation. Upon addition of a D-amino acid substrate, the enzyme is transformed into the pyridoxamine-P conformation. This conformation is much more reactive with anionic reagents and much less reactive with cationic reagents, suggesting that there is a significant change in the net charge around one of the SH groups in the pyridoxamine-P conformation. Also, titration with DTNB indicates that the enzyme is a much more asymmetric dimmer in the pyridoxamine-P conformation than in the pyridoxal-P conformation. Thus, upon binding of a D-amino acid substrate, D-amino acid transaminase is transformed into the pyridoxamine-P conformation. This results in a significant change in the environment of four of the sulfhydryl groups of the enzyme. We conclude that the enzyme is transformed from a symmetrical dimer into an asymmetrical dimer and that the net charge of one of the pairs of cysteinyl groups is changed from a net negative charge into a net positive charge. These results suggest that there is a significant conformational change that occurs during the transition from the pyridoxal-P into the pyridoxamine-P form of this transaminase.
The magnetic activity sunlike stars.

The solar magnetic field, when carried into interplanetary space by the solar wind, creates changes in the earth's magnetosphere and variations in the galactic cosmic ray particle flux incident on the earth's upper atmosphere. Observational data accumulated over several centuries have indicated that the solar magnetism exists and varies in a globally organized pattern that is coupled to the sun's rotation. Wilson (1966, 1981) has demonstrated that analogs of solar activity exist and can be studied in many other dwarf stars, so that knowledge of the precise rates of rotation of stars under investigation can increase understanding of the origins of solar activity in particular and stellar activity in general.
Some intermediates in the wet air oxidation of phenanthrene adsorbed on powdered activated carbon

The tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenanthrene, was rapidly destroyed when sorbed on Nuchar SA powdered activated carbon and subjected to conditions typical of wet air regeneration. Hydrodarco H carbon was less efficient. Fifteen intermediate degradation products were identified, ranging in complexity from phenol to oxygenated biphenyl derivatives; degradation appeared to involve the participation of very reactive and unselective oxidants, such as the hydroxyl radical, on the activated carbon surface. Dichloromethane-extractable products with some toxicity to yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were produced during the early stages of wet air regeneration of carbon with sorbed phenanthrene, but the toxicity decreased in later stages. Similar extracts of phenanthrene-loaded and wet air regenerated carbon were not mutagenic in a standard microbial assay (Ames test).
Transcription and sequence studies of a 4.3-kbp fragment from a ds-DNA eukaryotic algal virus.

Abstract A 4.3-kbp portion of the genome from the Chlorella virus, PBCV-1, has been cloned and sequenced. Minimally, five open reading frames (ORFs) were identified on this fragment. Transcriptional analysis indicates that each ORF encodes complex patterns of RNA. The total length of transcribed RNA exceeds that of the ORF indicating either post-transcriptional modification or multiple transcriptional start/stop sites. The sequence TTTTTNT, previously described as the transcriptional stop site for the early genes of vaccinia virus, is also found downstream of each of our ORFs. The regions 5′ to each ORF were very A + T-rich (approx 80%) but distinct promoter sequences were not unambiguously identified.
Control Orientation among Alcoholics: A Cognitive Social Learning Perspective

A cognitive social learning model of the maintenance of problem drinking is presented. Basic constructs involving social skills acquisition, experienced cognitive control, and self-efficacy expectations as they relate to alcoholism are discussed. It is concluded that the model provides a useful theoretical framework in which to conceptualize the development, maintenance, and treatment of drinking problems. A number of specific suggestions are made for further research which test various hypotheses generated by this model.
Approximating with nonorthogonal basis functions

Abstract Approximations of functions by nonorthogonal basis functions are examined and criteria for best fits for several types of convergence discussed. In particular, expansions in Gaussian and Breit-Wigner functions are examined and some specific numerical examples with Gaussian functions are given, illustrating how the expansion parameters can be calculated analytically, rather than searching for a best fit in a multidimensional space, as is conventionally done.
The Perspective of the American Association of Community Colleges

The authors examine and discuss the utility of the classification systems proposed for community colleges from the perspective of the American Association of Community Colleges. Each proposed system has its strengths and limitations, and the discussion provides insights for understanding the differences among community colleges.
Collecting patient race/ethnicity and primary language data in ambulatory care settings: a case study in methodology.

Objective To collect patient race/ethnicity and language (r/e/l) in an ambulatory care setting.
Immobilization of rhodium complexes with chiral cationic water soluble ligands on Nafion-H and other strongly acidic cation exchange resins

Abstract Rhodium complexes of the chiral cationic water soluble ligands, [(S, S)-2,4-bis[-bis(-p-N, N-dimethylammoniumphenyl)phosphino]pentane]4+, [(S, S)-2,3-bis[-bis(-p-N, N-dimethylammoniumphenyl)phosphino]butane]4+, and [(S, S)-2,4-bis[-bis(-p-N, N, N-trimethylammoniumphenyl)phosphino]pentane]4+, were immobilized on several cation exchange resins. All of these supported complexes catalyze the asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroaminoacid derivatives at the appropriate conditions with no detectable loss of rhodium into the substrate phase. The rates and enantioselectivities of these hydrogenations depend not only on the ligand used but also on the nature of the exchange resin upon which the complex is immobilized. When the complexes were supported onto the acidic Nafion-H cation exchange resin the resulting catalysts were easy to handle and gave optical yields comparable to those obtained with the non-supported complexes in homogeneous solution. The results presented here show that ion exchange resins may be used in the immobilization of asymmetric catalysts with no detectable rhodium leaching under batch conditions.
Pattern recognition for identification of lysozyme droplet solution chemistry.

Pattern formation during evaporation of a colloidal sessile droplet is a phenomenon relevant to a wide variety of scientific disciplines. The patterns remaining on the substrate are indicative of the transport mechanisms and phase transitions occurring during evaporation and may reflect the solution chemistry of the fluid [1–18]. Pattern formation during evaporation of droplets of biofluids has also been examined and these complex patterns may reflect the health of the patient [23–31]. Automatic detection of variations in the fluid composition based on these deposit patterns could lead to rapid screening for diagnostic or quality control purposes. In this study, a pattern recognition algorithm is presented to differentiate between deposits containing various solution compositions. The deposits studied are from droplets of simplified, model biological fluids of aqueous lysozyme and NaCl solutions. For the solution concentrations examined here, the deposit patterns are dependent upon the initial solution composition. Deposit images are represented by extracting features using the Gabor wavelet, similar to the method used for iris recognition. Two popular pattern recognition algorithms are used to classify the deposits. The k-means clustering algorithm is used to test if incremental changes in solution concentration result in reproducible and statistically interpretable variations in the deposit patterns. The k-nearest neighbor algorithm is also used to classify the deposit images by solution concentration based on a set of training images for each class. Here, we demonstrate that the deposit patterns may act as a “fingerprint” for identification of solution chemistry. The results of this study are very promising, with classification accuracies of 90–97.5%.
Price Effects of Non-Traditionally Broker-Marketed Properties

This study investigates whether or not non-traditional marketing has an effect on the prices paid for residential real estate. Non-traditionally broker-marketed properties are defined as those properties that are sold with the aid of a real estate broker, but not marketed through a Multiple Listing Service (MLS). An analysis of properties that sold in this fashion offers further insight into the intermediation role of the real estate broker, as well as an opportunity to further investigate the efficiency of residential real estate markets. Specifically, we can assess whether MLS participation generates higher prices by determining whether like-kind properties price equivalently despite differences in their mode of marketing. The results show a significant and positive impact by non-traditionally broker-marketed properties on property price suggesting, for this sample, a premium of over 6% compared to like-kind properties marketed through the MLS. This premium may be a result of brokers intermediating a better matching of buyers and sellers. The observed premium also suggests a degree of market inefficiency.
The Trauma Research Associates Program (T-RAP) for Undergraduate Students: Shaping Future Academic Surgeons

Objective Offering undergraduate students research opportunities may enhance their interest in pursuing a surgical career and lead to increased academic productivity. We characterize the benefits of participating in the Trauma Research Associates Program. Design A 19-point Web-based survey. Setting Academic Level I Trauma Center. Participants A total of 29 active and former members of the Trauma Research Associates Program. Main Outcome Measure(s) Academic activities and predictors associated with interest in a surgical career and research productivity. Results Surveys were completed on 26 of 29 (90%) participants. Clinical experience was the most highly ranked motivation to join the program (65%), followed by pursuing a research experience (46%). During their involvement, 73% of participants observed surgical intensive care unit rounds, 65% observed acute care surgery rounds, and 35% observed a surgical procedure in the operating room. In addition, 46% submitted at least one abstract to a surgical meeting coauthored with the Division’s faculty. Furthermore, 58% reported that they enrolled in a medical school, whereas 17% pursued a full-time research job. The program influenced the interest in a surgical career in 39% of all members, and 73% reported that they would incorporate research in their medical career. Observing a surgical procedure was independently associated with development of a high interest in a surgical career (adjusted odds ratio: 6.50; 95% CI: 1.09, 38.63; p = 0.04), whereas volunteering for more than 15 hours per week predicted submission of at least 1 abstract to a surgical conference by the participant (adjusted odds ratio: 13.00; 95% CI: 1.27, 133.29; p = 0.03). Conclusions and Relevance Development of a structured research program for undergraduate students is beneficial to both the participants and sponsoring institution. Undergraduate exposure to academic surgery enhances interest in pursuing a surgical specialty and leads to academic productivity.
Mimicking Heme Enzymes in the Solid State: Metal–Organic Materials with Selectively Encapsulated Heme

To carry out essential life processes, nature has had to evolve heme enzymes capable of synthesizing and manipulating complex molecules. These proteins perform a plethora of chemical reactions utilizing a single iron porphyrin active site embedded within an evolutionarily designed protein pocket. We herein report the first class of metal–organic materials (MOMs) that mimic heme enzymes in terms of both structure and reactivity. The MOMzyme-1 class is based upon a prototypal MOM, HKUST-1, into which catalytically active metalloporphyrins are selectively encapsulated in a “ship-in-a-bottle” fashion within one of the three nanoscale cages that exist in HKUST-1. MOMs offer unparalleled levels of permanent porosity and their modular nature affords enormous diversity of structures and properties. The MOMzyme-1 class could therefore represent a new paradigm for heme biomimetic catalysis since it combines the activity of a homogeneous catalyst with the stability and recyclability of heterogeneous catalytic system...
Determination of handwash removal efficiency: incomplete removal of the pesticide chlorpyrifos from skin by standard handwash techniques.

This study was designed to develop standard procedures whereby the removal efficiency of handwash techniques can be determined. A known amount of the insecticide chlorpyrifos (Dursban™), was transferred to the hands of volunteers, which were washed by a standard technique. The following experimental variables were studied: time between exposure and washing, washing solvent, and skill loading. Ethanol removed only 30% of the chlorpyrifos on skin at loadings of approximately 7 µg/cm2, with residence time on skin having no effect. Prewashing with ethanol increased removal efficiency. A 10% isopropanol/distilled-water wash removed 43% immediately following exposure, and 23% one hour post-exposure, with skin loadings of approximately 12µg/cm2. Removal efficiency immediately following contact decreased for lower skin loading levels (21–23% for loadings of 0.1–1 µg/cm2). These findings indicate that substantial amounts of the insecticide were either absorbed through or adsorbed to the skin, and that pesticide re...
Persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol following repeated application to littoral enclosures

The persistence and distribution of 4-nonylphenol (NP) were monitored for 440 d, following application to 18 littoral enclosures (4 × 7–8 m), situated in a 2-ha mesotrophic pond near Duluth, Minnesota. Application was accomplished by subsurface, gravity-fed injection over a 20-d period, with a 2-d frequency, to achieve nominal aqueous concentrations of 0, 3, 30, 100, and 300 μg/L. Mean maximum concentrations in the water over the 20-d application period ranged from 75.7 to 81.0% of nominal for the three highest treatment levels and was 181% of nominal at the lowest treatment level. Water was the major compartment, on a mass balance basis, for NP until 2 to 4 d after the application period, with a mean time to 50% dissipation (DT50) of 0.74 d and a mean time to 95% dissipation (DT95) of 13.8 d. 4-Nonylphenol partitioned to enclosure wall material, macrophytes, and sediment within 2 d of initial application. Macrophytes accumulated maximum NP concentrations of 11.5 and 139 mg/kg 1 to 2 d after the application period at the 30- and 300-μg/L treatment levels, respectively. Mean DT50 and DT95 estimates of NP persistence in/on the macrophytes were 10.3 and 189 d, respectively. Sediment from the 30- and 300-μg/L treatments accumulated maximum dry weight NP concentrations of 2.74 and 27.4 mg/kg, respectively within 20 to 48 d of the first application. The mean sediment porewater NP concentration was 18.6 μg/L for the period 2 to 34 d after application 1 at the 300-μg/L treatment. The sediment was the primary sink for NP 440 d after the initial application with a concentration of 1.97 mg/kg at the 300-μg/L treatment. Mean sediment DT50 and DT95 values were 66.0 and 401 d, respectively, indicating a long-term persistence of NP. Ecocores collected 1 d after the final NP application did not show significant decreases in sediment NP concentration during a 55-d incubation period, corroborating the NP persistence observed in the littoral enclosures.
Analysis of Criteria for Graduate Admissions in Speech-Language Pathology

Evaluations of applicants to most university speech and hearing programs rely on quantitative measures such as undergraduate grade point averages (UGPA) and scores on the aptitude portions of the G...
Detection and identification thresholds for consonant-vowel syllables

Detection and identification thresholds were obtained for 6- and 10-year-old normal children and normal adults using five-formant synthesized consonant-vowel ([baHdflrfea]) stimuli. Sixyear-old children were found to have poorer detection than adults, just as they do for pure tones. For the identification task, the slopes of the performance-intensity functions were more shallow for 6-year-old children than for 10-year-olds and adults. Consequently, compared with 10-yearolds and adults, 6-year-old listeners require a greater increase in stimulus intensity above detection threshold to identify these stimuli at a high performance level. The influence of acoustic characteristics of the stimuli on all listeners is also discussed.
Evaluating the contributions of members of mixed-sex work teams: Race and gender matter

Abstract Gender- and race-bias have often been studied as separate phenomena, but examining intersections of race and gender is critical given that people always belong to many social categories simultaneously. In two studies, we focus on the evaluation of mixed-sex work teams, and examine how race and gender of team members affect the evaluations they receive. Participants read about a pair of employees assigned to work together on a “masculine” task on which they either succeeded (Study 1) or failed (Study 2). Mixed-sex teams included White pairs, Black pairs, or mixed race pairs (White woman–Black man; Black woman–White man). In both studies, pro-male gender bias was evident only in the White male–White female work pair. We suggest that rather than suffering the double jeopardy of dual subordinate identities, Black women were buffered from the effects of gender bias by virtue of their non-prototypicality or invisibility.
Magnetic resonance imaging of truama patterns in the knee

This review describes how knee trauma results in recognizable patterns of soft tissue and osseous injury. The features of these injuries on magnetic resonance imaging are described, and examples are presented. Recognition of these magnetic resonance patterns of knee trauma will help the radiologist more accurately diagnose the type and extent of knee injuries.
A NEW LATTICE GAS MODEL FOR 1-D SOUND PROPAGATION

A new lattice gas model for sound propagation in one space dimension is proposed. This model has zero truncation error, and the group velocity is independent of wave number as is required from the continuum limit. Conventional finite difference approaches do not have these properties in general. Boundary condition treatments, applicable to the lattice gas formulation, are also given. Both the boundary between two fluid media and an impedance boundary are considered.