cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-Assisted Pregnancy Management

A computerized outpatient obstetrical management system is under development at LDS Hospital [1]. The system uses computer-administered questionnaires to obtain pertinent history, physical examination, and laboratory data from the patient, nurse, and physician. The gathered data are reviewed by an expert system that uses HELP’S frame-based medical logic [2]. The expert system determines if any suggestions (e.g., diagnoses, treatment suggestions, further testing, etc.) are warranted. An early evaluation of the computer’s recommendations showed an 80% sensitivity and 88% specificity when compared with clinicians’ eventual decisions to order a fetal ultrasound examination.
Proactive Crisis Management and Ethical Discourse: Dow Chemical's Issues Management Bulletins 1979-1990

This study employed a Discourse Ethicality survey instrument to analyze the legitimacy and ethicality of one of Dow Chemical's externally focused, rhetorical, crisis management strategies. A stratified random sample of the issues management bulletin The Point Is . . ., published over a ten year time period, was evaluated. The bulletins were divided into three time periods corresponding to significant events in Dow's history over the ten year period. Statistical and thematic analysis determined that perceived legitimacy and ethicality increased in the bulletins over time. The results showed that at the height of external criticism from the media and public interest groups in the early 80's, Dow's response was characterized as antagonistic and focused on technological arguments. By the late 1980's, the bulletins range of issues had broadened considerably, were perceived as less antagonistic in tone, and focused more on issues and projects that may be described as socially conscious.
In vivo studies of repair of 2-aminopurine in Escherichia coli.

Abstract The repair of the base analog 2-aminopurine has been studied in vivo by using a temperature-sensitive mutant of the cloned mutH gene of Escherichia coli. Our results suggest that the lethal event in killing of dam mutants by 2-aminopurine does not result simply from incorporation of 2-aminopurine into the DNA and its subsequent repair. Furthermore, a 10-fold increase in the level of 2-aminopurine incorporated into the DNA of a dam mutH double mutant has little effect on the mutation frequency of this strain. An alternative mechanism for the mutagenicity of 2-aminopurine in E. coli is proposed.
Federico Varese: Mafias on the move: how organized crime conquers new territories

What factors make it possible for mafia groups to move successfully to new geographic regions? In his fascinating new book, Mafias on the move: how organized crime conquers new territories, Federico Varese develops a theory of mafia migration and uses it to explain numerous cases around the world. This lively book expands our knowledge of the nature of mafia groups, the potential impacts of a more globalized world, and the importance of informal, non-state based institutions in both developed and developing economies. Beginning with landmark work by Diego Gambetta (1993) on the Sicilian Mafia, a growing literature by economists, criminologists, and sociologists on mafias has argued that their defining characteristic is to provide protection when the state cannot or will not do so. Mafias supply extra-legal governance institutions. This includes private protection to both legal and illegal businesses, enforcement of agreements among people who cannot rely on state-based institutions, such as courts of law, and the organization of illegal markets. Most of this literature is empirical, describing the origin of these groups, their organization, and assessing the effects of their operations. Varese begins the book from an analytical perspective by outlining a theory to explain the phenomena of mafia transplantation: when a mafia group can “operate an outpost over a sustained period outside its region of origin and routine operation.” Varese identifies both supply and demand conditions that facilitate mafia transplantation. On the supply side, mafia members must migrate to new regions, which often results as members flee law enforcement or when excommunicated members seek safer surroundings. Laborers willing to engage in violence must exist in the region and desire to work for mafias. The existence or absence of other mafia groups in the region determines whether market conditions are suitable for an additional mafia group. Mafias will be less likely to transplant if the region has an established and effective mafia group already in operation.
Non-Parametric Prediction Intervals

In this report one-sided and two-sided non-parametric prediction limits which are based on the smallest and/or largest ordered observations are derived. Tables which give the probabilities associated with various sample sizes are presented...
Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in rat liver mitochondria by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation.

Abstract The percentage of total pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active nonphosphorylated form was measured in intact rat liver mitochondria after rapid separation of the mitochondria through silicone oil and extraction with glycerol buffer at -10°. The contents of ATP, ADP, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in the mitochondrial matrix of separated mitochondria were determined in parallel experiments. Mitochondria were incubated with glutamate and malate as substrates in a variety of metabolic states. These were induced by addition of oligomycin, uncoupler, the divalent cation ionophore A23187, and other inhibitors in order to alter the phosphorylation state of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides and the contents of magnesium and calcium. Interconversion between the active nonphosphorylated form of pyruvate dehydrogenase and the inactive phosphorylated form appeared to be dominated by regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity. Under conditions of controlled respiration, the percentage of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the active form varied directly with the ADP content and inversely with the ATP:ADP ratio. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase interconversion by pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity could only be demonstrated under severe conditions of magnesium and calcium depletion. It is concluded that the normal content of Mg2+ and Ca2+ in isolated mitochondria is sufficient to provide optimal activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase and that release of Mg2+ by conversion of MgATP2- to ADP, Pi, and Mg2+ during active respiration has a negligible effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase activity. The over-all steady state activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase appears to be determined by pyruvate and ADP which inhibit pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, and thereby prevent phosphorylation and inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is thus achieved without an unnecessary expenditure of ATP for enzyme phosphorylation and dephosphorylation.
Philips's 1628 Paradisus and the triumph of the Eucharist

Peter Philips (1560/61–1628) was among the first English composers to embrace the musical style of the Italianate Baroque. His Paradisus sacris cantionibus consitus, printed during his final year at the Brussels court of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella, is a large collection of accompanied monodies, duets and trios, a number of them lavishly ornamented. Some of the texts he sets in this book are drawn from the common stock of post-Tridentine devotion, but others are lengthy eucharistic meditations, unusual and at times rather overwrought. Most of these latter texts can in fact be traced to a devotional book (Hebdomada eucharistica) published a decade earlier in Brussels by one of Philips's fellow English-speaking exiles at the archducal court, the chaplain and theologian Richard Stanihurst. Philips's musical settings, dedicated to Albert and Isabella's almoner Francis de Rye, took shape in an intense atmosphere of Baroque eucharistic piety – in the company of works such as Rubens' formidable tapestries on the Triumph of the Eucharist, commissioned by Isabella herself, and other elaborate architectural and cultural projects. In this paper, I explore the context of the 1628 Paradisus, the court culture which incited a proudly English composer (as he identified himself on all his title pages) to identify so strongly with the European Counter-Reformation. I also reconsider the place of Philips and his music in the community of English-speaking Catholic expatriates.
Support mobile IPv6 in IPv4 domains

This paper specifies a mechanism for mobile nodes of an IPv6 site to continue utilizing mobile IPv6 when they roam into IPv4 domains. The mechanism is based on mobile IPv6 and mobile IPv4 glued together by IPv4 encapsulation for routing IPv6 packets between the mobile nodes and their mobile IPv6 home agents. To support the mechanism specified in this draft, the mobile nodes must be dual stack capable, and in particular mobile JPv4 capable with some of the border routers of the IPv6 site acting as their mobile IPv4 home agent(s). In addition, the mobile nodes must not utilize mobile IPv6 route optimization when in IPv4 domains. The IPv6 site does not need to run the 6 to 4 protocol, however.
Open-Sourcing Horror

On 8 June 2009, a member of the online forum Something Awful began a new thread, challenging members to ‘create paranormal images through Photoshop’. For two days forum members created the expected fare: a variety of ghostly or generally creepy images (often adding half-seen spirits into backgrounds of real pictures). On 10 June, the tenor of the forum shifted dramatically, though, when a user posted two ‘photos’ and a news story identifying a faceless ‘Slender Man’ in a suit who stalked children. Almost immediately, an obsessive interest in the Slender Man took over the forum discussions. Near constant additions were added to the Slender Man mythos with new photographs, drawings, short fiction, and even wood cuttings showing his appearance in different times and places. Additionally, the story was made into a web show called Marble Hornets. In many ways, the development of the Slender Man character as an ‘open-sourcing’ of generic horror conventions can be understood. Within this process, the communal co...
Water flow processes in a soil column with a cylindrical macropore: Experiment and hierarchical modeling

[1] Physically based models are increasingly applied to analyze contaminant transport in soil by preferential water flow. Unfortunately, in the past, preferential flow models were rarely evaluated using appropriate experimental data because of the complexity of conceptual models and limitations of measuring techniques. In this study, we designed a novel soil column experiment with advanced measurement techniques that enabled us to discriminate macropore and matrix water flow and quantify interdomain (macropore-matrix) water transfer. Experiments of drainage and upward and downward infiltration revealed hydraulic nonequilibrium between matrix and macropore domains. Cumulative interdomain water transfer could be estimated using mass balance calculations. In a hierarchical modeling approach, four numerical models of different complexity were compared to the column experiment data. As a reference model, pseudo three-dimensional axisymmetric Richards' equation (ARE) was used for inverse estimation of domain-specific hydraulic parameters. The parameters were subsequently used for performance evaluation of an equivalent continuum model with bimodal hydraulic functions (ECM) and two dual-permeability models with first-order (DPM1) and second-order (DPM2) terms for water transfer between macropore and matrix. Overall, DPM2 gave slightly more accurate domain-specific results of water flow, water contents, and pressure heads than DPM1. Although bulk soil water flow results for the ECM were least accurate, they were considered to be within acceptable range. Compared to the more comprehensive ARE approach, DPMs were found to be almost equally capable of simulating interdomain and intradomain water flow and could be considered more versatile as they allow for a variety of macropore-matrix geometries.
The emergence of supportive oncodermatology: The study of dermatologic adverse events to cancer therapies

Cancer therapies have led to remarkable results due to improved toxicity profiles and effects on survival. While these medical, surgical, and radiation protocols are chiefly responsible for these noteworthy contributions, an unexpected constellation of toxicities has emerged. Most notably, dermatologic adverse events have gained considerable attention, due to their high frequency, visibility, and impact on physical and psychosocial health, all of which affect dose intensity and possibly clinical outcome. Consequently, increased attention to cutaneous health in oncology has resulted in supportive oncodermatology clinical programs and toxicity-driven investigations, aiming to mitigate these untoward events and permit the continued optimization of cancer treatments.
Redistribution Effects for OMVPE InP/GaAs

We have analyzed the redistribution parameters for InP grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) on GaAs substrates. The layers, grown using (trimethyl Indium) TMIn at atmospheric pressure, have been characterized for epitaxial quality using photoluminescence, energy dispersed x-ray analysis, and optical microscopy. In order to better understand the effects of inter-diffusion and inter-mixing for the GaAs into the InP epitaxial layer, the layer-substrate interface was first probed by growing consecutive samples of InP for increasingly longer growth times, and thus characterizing the layers as one moves away from the interface. For more detailed analysis, cross-sections of the InP/GaAs interface were prepared for scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Energy dispersed x-ray analysis has shown that all elements In, Ga, As, and P, are present on the epitaxial side of the interface, while only Ga and As are present on the substrate side. A combination of electron diffraction and luminescence measurements show the epitaxy is at least 80% InP at the interface and essentially 100% InP at a distance of 6000A into the epilayer. Electron diffraction and bright field investigation at the interface show the existence of a second phase, existing in a mostly InP matrix. The effects of redistribution in heteroepitaxial InP/GaAs will be discussed.
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE FLEXOR TENDON SYSTEM OF THE HAND

The beautifully coordinated functions of the hand depend on the tendon apparatus acting on the articulated skeletal elements. The flexor muscles are situated on the antero-medial aspect of the forearm, with their tendons crossing the wrist and finger joints in a wonderfully arranged system to provide the infinite movements possible. The anatomical details of the extrinsic and intrinsic flexor apparatus are presented, with their functions described as anticipated by their origins, insertions, and the joints they cross and thus can act upon.
GAS PHASE AND SURFACE PHENOMENA IN SEEDED PLASMAS

This paper deals with some experiments conducted with low-temperature seeded plasmas at atmospheric pressure. Results of the experiments indicated two modes of steady, stable current conduction between the electrodes. A thermionic process was found to be the mechanism for current emission under all conditions and the effects of potassium adsorption on electrode surfaces was found to be important. A quantitative comparison between the observed voltage-current characteristics and two current conduction theories is presented. This comparison indicated that both Joule heating and nonequilibrium heating of electrons must be considered in understanding the current conduction phenomena. Electrode heat transfer was also studied and analysis of the data indicated that an important heat transfer mechanism was the penetration of the surface work function barrier as electrons entered or left the surface.
Thermodynamic models for highly charged aqueous species : Solubility of Th(IV) hydrous oxide in concentrated NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 solutions

An aqueous thermodynamic model is proposed to describe the solubility ofTh(IV) hydrous oxide in the aqueous Na+-HCO3--CO32--OH--ClO4--H2O system extending to high concentration at 25‡C. This model is relatively simple in that only two aqueous species are included: Th(OH)3CO3- and Th(CO3)56-. Pitzer ion interaction parameters, Β(0) and Β(l) for Na+ with Th(CO3)56-, are also determined (1.31 and 30, respectively). Reconciliation of all of the experimental solubility data for Th(IV) hydrous oxide in NaClO4 media required the introduction of a large mixing parameter for the highly charged Th(CO3)4-. The relatively large values required for the ion interaction parameters Β(0) and Β(l), together with commensurately large mixing terms with the bulk anionic species, resulted in considerable uncertainty in determining standard state equilibrium constants for the formation of the highly charged Th(CO3)56- species. This uncertainty is a result of the large contributions from Β(0) and Β(l) to the excess solution free energy at the concentrations (0.1m) where this species becomes important. The magnitude of the mixing term implies that formation of this species depends strongly upon the bulk ionic media. X-ray absorption results, confirming the presence of the thorium pentacarbonate species in concentrated bicarbonate and carbonate solutions, are also included.
Atom's Empirical Eve: Methodological Disputes and How to Evaluate Them

This paper examines the debate in the late 19th and early 20th centuries over the acceptability of atomic and molecular physics. It focuses on three prominent figures: Maxwell, who defended atomic physics, Ostwald, who initially rejected it but changed his mind as a result of experiments by Thomson and Perrin, and Duhem, who never accepted it. Each scientist defended the position he did in the light of strongly held methodological views concerning empirical evidence. The paper critically evaluates each of these methodological positions.
Randomized Search Strategies for Wideband Signal Acquisition

In this paper, we investigate performance of acquisition receivers employing randomized search strategies. In particular, we derive the expressions of the mean acquisition times (MATs) for the uniform randomized search strategy and the non-return-to-self uniform randomized search strategy (NRS). These two search strategies are robust against variation in the maximum dispersion of the channel, making them attractive from the standpoint of a receiver design. We also quantify the MATs of receivers that employ the uniform randomized search strategy and the multi-dwell detectors with optimal thresholds. The MATs are plotted for various search strategies over a range of signal-to-noise ratios, using a channel model that is suitable for wideband transmission. The numerical examples confirm the benefit of the uniform randomized search strategy and the NRS over the conventional serial search strategy.
Inequalities between lattice packing and covering densities of centrally symmetric plane convex bodies

Given a family C of plane convex bodies, let Ω, (C) be the set of all pairs (x, y) with the property that there exists K ? C such that ?(K) = x and ?(K) = y, where ?(K) and ?(K) denote the densities of the thinnest covering and the densest packing of the plane with copies of K, respectively. The set Ω(C) is defined analogously, with the difference that we restrict our attention to lattice packings and coverings. We prove that, for every centrally symmetric plane convex body K, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGymaiabgk% HiTiabes7aKnaaBaaaleaaieaacaWFmbaabeaakiaacIcacaWGlbGa% aiykaiabgsMiJkabeg9aknaaBaaaleaacaWFmbaabeaakiaacIcaca% WGlbGaaiykaiabgkHiTiaaigdacqGHKjYOcaaIXaGaaiOlaiaaikda% caaI1aWaaOaaaeaacaaIXaGaeyOeI0IaeqiTdq2aaSbaaSqaaiaa-X% eaaeqaaOGaaiikaiaadUeacaGGPaaaleqaaaaa!4FD1! $$1 - \delta _L (K) \leqslant \vartheta _L (K) - 1 \leqslant 1.25\sqrt {1 - \delta _L (K)} $$ and give an exact analytic description of ΩL(P8) where P8 is the family of all centrally symmetric octagons. This allows us to show that the above inequalities are asymptotically tight.
Exploring the Role of Diagnosis in the Modified Labeling Theory of Mental Illness

According to the modified labeling theory of mental illness, when an individual is diagnosed with a mental illness, cultural ideas associated with the mentally ill become personally relevant and foster negative self-feelings. We explore the way that psychiatric diagnosis shapes this process. Specifically, we examine if and how psychiatric patients' diagnostic category (adjustment, affective, or schizophrenic) moderates the relationship between stigma sentiments and the meanings associated with self-identities (“myself as I really am”) and reflected appraisals (“myself as others see me”). Stigma sentiments are the evaluation, potency, and activity associated with the cultural category “a mentally ill person.” We find that diagnosis moderates several of these relationships and that the results among patients with an affective diagnosis best match the stigma sentiment hypotheses derived from the modified labeling theory. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the stigma senti...
Enzymatic degradation of human skin dermis revealed by fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy

Dermis is the major source of the fluorescence and light scattering of skin. Tumor-induced degradation of the dermis is expected to change the fluorescence and light scattering properties of skin. To investigate how these fluorescence and light scattering properties are changed, human skin dermis was degraded with enzymes to mimic tumor invasion. The enzymatic erosion process was investigated with fluorescence and reflectance spectroscopy. Dermis degradation by the enzymes resulted in a decrease in fluorescence emission and light scattering in the dermis. Fluorescence anisotropy, however, could not detect the change in the dermis induced by the enzyme treatments.
Upright Posture and Postprandial Hypotension in Elderly Persons

Meal ingestion and head-up tilt-table testing are associated with increasing occurrences of symptomatic hypotension; 22% of functionally independent elderly persons in this study had symptomatic hy...
Extinction in multiple virtual reality contexts diminishes fear reinstatement in humans

Although conditioned fear can be effectively extinguished by unreinforced exposure to a threat cue, fear responses tend to return when the cue is encountered some time after extinction (spontaneous recovery), in a novel environment (renewal), or following presentation of an aversive stimulus (reinstatement). As extinction represents a context-dependent form of new learning, one possible strategy to circumvent the return of fear is to conduct extinction across several environments. Here, we tested the effectiveness of multiple context extinction in a two-day fear conditioning experiment using 3-D virtual reality technology to create immersive, ecologically-valid context changes. Fear-potentiated startle served as the dependent measure. All three experimental groups initially acquired fear in a single context. A multiple extinction group then underwent extinction in three contexts, while a second group underwent extinction in the acquisition context and a third group underwent extinction in a single different context. All groups returned 24 h later to test for return of fear in the extinction context (spontaneous recovery) and a novel context (renewal and reinstatement/test). Extinction in multiple contexts attenuated reinstatement of fear but did not reduce spontaneous recovery. Results from fear renewal were tendential. Our findings suggest that multi-context extinction can reduce fear relapse following an aversive event – an event that often induces return of fear in real-world settings – and provides empirical support for conducting exposure-based clinical treatments across a variety of environments.
Synthetic aperture tomographic phase microscopy for 3D imaging of live cells in translational motion.

We present a technique for 3D imaging of live cells in translational motion without need of axial scanning of objective lens. A set of transmitted electric field images of cells at successive points of transverse translation is taken with a focused beam illumination. Based on Hyugens’ principle, angular plane waves are synthesized from E-field images of a focused beam. For a set of synthesized angular plane waves, we apply a filtered back-projection algorithm and obtain 3D maps of refractive index of live cells. This technique, which we refer to as synthetic aperture tomographic phase microscopy, can potentially be combined with flow cytometry or microfluidic devices, and will enable high throughput acquisition of quantitative refractive index data from large numbers of cells.
A preliminary study of content-based mammographic masses retrieval

The purpose of this study is to develop a Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) system for mammographic computer-aided diagnosis. We have investigated the potential of using shape, texture, and intensity features to categorize masses that may lead to sorting similar image patterns in order to facilitate clinical viewing of mammographic masses. Experiments were conducted within a database that contains 243 masses (122 benign and 121 malignant). The retrieval performances using the individual feature was evaluated, and the best precision was determined to be 79.9% when using the curvature scale space descriptor (CSSD). By combining several selected shape features for retrieval, the precision was found to improve to 81.4%. By combining the shape, texture, and intensity features together, the precision was found to improve to 82.3%.
Droplet Size Characterization of Three Aerial Malathion Spray Programs

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, and the Mexican fruit fly, Awls.:. trnpha lu<lens are major agricultural pests, capable of destroying a wide variety of fruit. It is the policy of the California Department of Food and Agricult ure (CDFA) to pursue eradication of fruit fly populations to prevent establishment in California. A component of the eradication efforts in the past has been the aerial application of a malathion UL V/Nu-Lure® bait mixture. Three aerial spra y pro­ grams have been monitored by the Environmental Hazards Assessment Program of CDP A. Specifically, these were the eradication of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), in the Santa Clara Valley in 1981 (Oshima et. al. , 1982) and the Los An­ geles area in 1990 (Segawa et. al., 1991) and the Mexican fruit fly (Mexfly) in the El Cajon (San Diego ) area in 1990 (T urner et. al., 1991). Extensive monito ring of the 1981 application and resulting public and environmental exposure have been presente d (Discher, 1982; Finlayson et. al., 1982; Grether et. al., 1987; Oshima et. al., 1982). The two 1990 eradication programs were less extensivly monitored. One of the components of the monitoring program s for these sprays was the col­ lection of droplet size data. Because of the possibility of additional aerial applica­ tions of malathion/bait in future eradication projects, additional analysis of the droplet size data from the three previous studies was undertaken. Continuing pub­ lic concern over the aerial application of malathion/bait warranted additional anal­ ysis of droplet size because of possible effects of droplet size on drift and vol­ atilization of malat hion. Therefore, the primary focus of the analysis was on droplet size differences between spray programs and on droplet size as it affects human and environmental exposure. The differences in aerial applicat ions be­ tween 1981and1990 add some confounding effects to the analysis. However, given the large amounts of time and effort which have gone into the collection of the monitoring data in the past and the expense that would be required to conduct a controlled aeri al exposure for experimental monitoring purposes, this analysis is the only realistic option available at the present time.
Colloidal Glass Transition Observed in Confinement

We study a colloidal suspension confined between two quasiparallel walls as a model system for glass transitions in confined geometries. The suspension is a mixture of two particle sizes to prevent wall-induced crystallization. We use confocal microscopy to directly observe the motion of colloidal particles. This motion is slower in confinement, thus producing glassy behavior in a sample which is a liquid in an unconfined geometry. For higher volume fraction samples (closer to the glass transition), the onset of confinement effects occurs at larger length scales.
MEMS-based capacitor arrays for programmable interconnect and RF applications

We describe a programmable capacitor technology under development at NCSU and its potential application in building programmable interconnect devices useful for system level connectivity functions, phased array beam steering and RF switching. Crossbars are made from arrays of electrostatically controlled bistable MEMS-based capacitors. These new devices allow faster signaling and consume less power than BiCMOS (or even CMOS) crossbars. We describe the essential elements of these arrays and present results obtained so far.
Cortical gyral anatomy and gross brain dimensions in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia.

Background: This study combines recent advances in three-dimensional neuroimaging technology and the genetic constraints inherent in monozygotic (MZ) twins to examine surface gyral anatomy and gross brain dimensions in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Results are presented and evaluated with respect to prior observations of cortical anomalies in schizophrenia and the hypothesis that schizophrenia involves cortical maldevelopment. Design: Three-dimensional renderings from volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of 13 MZ twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia and nine normal MZ pairs were studied. Qualitative assessments of left and right hemisphere surfaces were made by raters blind to diagnosis in an effort to identify developmental gyral abnormalities such as vertical temporal gyri or microgyria. Measurements of brain hemisphere length, area, and volume were also determined. These data were compared within discordant MZ schizophrenia pairs, within normal MZ pairs, and between matched unaffected discordant and normal MZ groups. Results: Raters did not identify qualitatively abnormal gyri in the schizophrenia subjects to enable distinction from their unaffected co-twins or from normal controls. Brain hemisphere volumes in the affected DS were significantly smaller bilaterally by about 3% compared with their unaffected DS co-twins, who did not differ from normals on this measure. Conclusions: We were unable to confirm previous reports of vertical gyri or localized gyral thinning as being characteristic of the cortical anatomy of schizophrenia. If cortical maldevelopment is associated with schizophrenia, it does not appear to disrupt gross gyral pattern formation in these ways. The quantitative results of diminished hemisphere volume and length in the twins with schizophrenia are consistent with previous reports of smaller brain size in schizophrenia. Our results suggest that this is a bilateral phenomenon that may be dependent, at least in part, on environmental factors.
Electrodynamic Anomalies in Arc Discharge Phenomena

The assumption that two electric particles are insufficient by their mutual action to develop a torque makes the Lorentz law a special case of a more general law of electrodynamics, of importance when electrodynamic closed circuit interactions involve charge carriers of different mass. Experimental anomalies evident in the mutual electrodynamic behaviour of ions and electrons are reviewed. It is argued that there is now sufficient evidence for this more general law of electrodynamics to be given attention by the electrical engineer interested in plasma and discharge phenomena.
Diagnosis and treatment of Wilson’s disease

Wilson’s disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disease that causes increased copper deposition in the liver and basal ganglia with resultant hepatic and neurologic sequelae. In the past few years, dramatic new discoveries have changed our understanding of the pathophysiology of WD. Although there are potentially life-saving therapies for WD, there is much controversy surrounding the optimal treatments of patients in the various stages of the disease. Specifically, the relative roles of penicillamine, trientene, and tetrathiomolybdate in the initial treatment of the symptomatic patient with WD remain to be defined. Zinc monotherapy for maintenance treatment and in the treatment of asymptomatic patients with WD is still controversial. It is also unclear whether neurologic status alone is an indication for liver transplantation in WD. This paper reviews the pathogenesis, genetics, clinical presentation, and diagnosis, with a special emphasis on the treatment controversies that arise in the care of the WD patient.
A statistical study of subauroral E‐region coherent backscatter observed near 100 MHz with passive radar

[1] We provide a statistical summary of the Doppler features extracted from 21,000 independent E-region irregularity observations made during 2002 and 2003. These data were acquired using the Manastash Ridge Radar, which detects the scatter of commercial FM broadcasts near 100 MHz and observes at subauroral latitude. In particular, we present histograms of Doppler velocity and spectral width of the observations and discuss trends in these data with respect to local time and the geomagnetic Kp index. We find an asymmetric velocity distribution composed entirely of type 1 Doppler spectra; these waves are associated with the modified two-stream instability. Type 2 echoes are completely absent, suggesting a strong latitude and/or wave number dependence in the conditions for secondary wave instability. We compare our observations with HF and VHF coherent scatter results reported by others. Because the radar is completely passive, it is well suited for extended, unattended observations; in this 2-year period of nearly continuous operation, we find pronounced seasonal variation in our observations. The method of radar operation provides excellent data for statistical summary, as it is completely free of range and Doppler aliasing, while also providing fine time and frequency resolution.
Chloramphenicol Binding Site with Analogues of Chloramphenicol and Puromycin

The effect of a series of puromycin analogues and aminoacyl chloramphenicol derivatives on poly(U,C)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis in an Escherichia coli cell-free system was examined. A comparison between the structures and activities of the puromycin and chloramphenicol analogues was made to examine the proposal that ribosomal binding sites for both antibiotics overlap. Our results suggest that the dichloroacetamido group in the chloramphenicol molecule does not correspond to the role of the aminoacyl moieties of either puromycin or aminoacyl transfer ribonucleic acid. These results comparing the structures and activities of puromycin and chloramphenicol analogues also seem inconsistent with a common binding site for the p -substituted phenyl moieties of the two antibiotics. Previous data have indicated that both sites are mutually affected by the prior binding of either antibiotic. Although it is possible that chloramphenicol and puromycin may have overlapping bindings sites, no common structural features between the two antibiotics are supported by our data.
Allocation of family resources for health care in rural Haiti.

Abstract A household survey of 230 episodes of infant and child illness in rural Haiti was analyzed to identify sociocultural and environmental factors that determine allocation of family resources for health care. The analysis tested the hypothesis that expenditures of time and money would vary according to expectations about the prognosis for the disease in question, the age and sex of the child, the household composition and family structure, and seasonal fluctuations in weather and financial resources. The results show that these factors are significant predictors of resource allocation, although they do not always produce the kind of influence that was hypothesized. The findings emphasize the importance of cultural and ecological variables, as well as of purely medical and economic factors, in understanding family response to illness. The importance of nonmometary resources (such as the free time available to adult family members) in that response is also indicated. The study has methodological and practical implications for Haiti and other areas.
The factors of a design matrix

Abstract Let X and Y be integral matrices of order n > 1 and suppose that these matrices satisfy the matrix equation XY = B , where B is a matrix with k in the n main diagonal positions and λ and μ in all other positions. Suppose further that k , λ, and μ are nonnegative integers and that λ occurs exactly the same number of times in each line of B and that a similar situation holds for μ. We call X and Y the factors of the design matrix B . The matrix equation described above embraces a vast category of combinatorial configurations that are characterized by square incidence matrices. We investigate the factors of design matrices and prove a duality theorem for the factors of certain “quadratic” design matrices. This result may be regarded as a strong generalization of Connor's duality theorem on symmetric group divisible designs. We conclude with a brief discussion of certain special factors of design matrices that are of particular interest to us.
Chemical composition and productivity of Scenedesmus abundans in nitrogen limited chemostat cultures1

Particulate nitrogen (PN), particulate carbon (PC), chlorophyll a, and cell numbers were measured in nitrate and ammonium limited chemostat cultures of Scenedesmus abundans. With increasing growth rate, PN:PC increased but PN:cell did not vary. Variations in PN:PC are interpreted as reflections of relative rates of nitrogen and carbon assimilation. Net particulate carbon production was a positive linear function of growth rate. Eighty percent of the increase in net carbon production with increasing growth rate was attributable to synthesis of nitrogenous compounds, while production of nonnitrogenous compounds remained nearly constant.
Stereoregular Methacrylate-POSS Hybrid Polymers: Syntheses and Nanostructured Assemblies

This contribution reports the first examples of stereoregular (isotactic, it-, and syndiotactic, st-) methacrylate-POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) hybrid polymers and their derived nanostructured assemblies. The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) by isospecific and syndiospecific living metallocene catalysts, when end-capped with methacrylisobutyl POSS (MA-POSS) or simultaneously copolymerized with MA-POSS at ambient temperature, readily produces highly stereoregular (94% it- and st-) MA-POSS end-capped PMMA (PMMA-POSS) or statistical copolymers PMMA-co-P(MA-POSS). The MA-POSS incorporation in the it-copolymers ranges from a low 2.6 mol % (20 wt %) to a high, maximum 24 mol % (75 wt %), whereas the incorporation in the st-copolymers is relatively lower with the same comonomer feed ratio due to the formation of a crystalline inclusion complex in which the POSS nanocages are encapsulated within the helical st-PMMA cavity. The it-copolymers with high POSS contents (>20 mol %) show eviden...
Heavy mass barrier to intramolecular energy transfer

The dynamics of a collection of seven Morse or harmonic oscillators are investigated to model a molecule in which two halves are separated by a heavy atom. The results are related to a recent experiment on intramolecular dynamics and suggest an extension of the anharmonic local mode concept to groups.
NiGeW ohmic contacts on GaAs heterostructure epitaxial layers

Abstract NiGeW has been successfully implemented as a contact material on GaAs MESFETs in a production environment. However, when identical contacts were used on heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs), a strong interaction was observed between NiGeW and GaAs/AlGaAs epitaxial layers after annealing. Although NiGeW was considered a refractory contact and was not expected to react with the substrate, we detected defects at the GaAs/AlGaAs interface by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. These electrically active defects degrade the HFET performance significantly. As a result, the HFET epitaxial structure had to be re-optimized in order to minimize the observed adverse effect.
Dermatitis as a component of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome is associated with activation of Toll-like receptors in epidermal keratinocytes.

Aims Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) elicits a fetal inflammatory response such as funisitis and chorionic vasculitis. However, little is known about the changes of fetal skin during MIAC. Toll-like receptors recognize microbial products and initiate an immune response. The aims of this study were to examine histopathological features of fetal skin exposed to MIAC and to assess the changes in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 expression. Methods and results Skin samples were obtained from fetal autopsies (n = 12). The cases were classified according to the presence (n = 8) or absence (n = 4) of acute chorioamnionitis and analysed by immunohistochemistry using a panel of antibodies. Leucocytic infiltrates into the superficial dermis were observed in cases with chorioamnionitis; the majority of inflammatory cells were neutrophils, lymphocytes and histiocytes. TLR-2 immunoreactivity in the skin was stronger in fetuses with chorioamnionitis than in those without this condition. However, immunoreactivity of TLR-4 in the fetal skin was constitutively expressed, regardless of the presence or absence of chorioamnionitis. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that fetal dermatitis can be detected and is part of the fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). We propose that this ‘FIRS-associated fetal dermatitis’ is a fetal counterpart of chorioamnionitis.
Toxicity and Selectivity of Some Insecticides to Chrysopa carnea, a Predator of the Tobacco Budworm

Representatives of different types of insecticides were tested for toxicity to larvae of a common green lacewing, Chrysopa carnea (Stephens). This insect is a predator of many phytophagous arthropods including the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). Most organophosphate insecticides and the carbamate, methomyl, were highly toxic to the predator. Another carbamate, carbaryl, a formamidine, chlordimeform, several pyrethroids and several organochlorines were much less toxic to C. carnea . In comparison with the tobacco budworm, phosphorothionate (P=S) insecticides were highly selective against the predator. In contrast, synthetic pyrethroids and endosulfan were highly selective against the tobacco budworm. Most other insecticides were of similar toxicity to both species or slightly more toxic to the predator. The relative usefulness of the different insecticide types in integrated control programs is discussed.
The Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Against Acetaldehyde-modified Syngeneic Cell

The major metabolic product of ethanol is acetaldehyde. It is highly reactive with proteins. In situ this modification is significant enough to generate an antibody response. Whether an effector cellular immune response can be generated against these acetaldehyde modified adducts on syngeneic cells is not known. In this paper we have demonstrated in the murine system that acetaldehyde modified splenic cells can generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). These CTL are specific for the acetaldehyde modified syngeneic cells, and not acetaldehyde modified allogeneic cells. The ability of the CTL to lyse specific targets is dependent on the formation of stable acetaldehyde adducts. Cold target inhibition studies reveal that modified syngeneic cells can inhibit lysis as effectively as unmodified cells. Therefore, the present study lends support to the hypothesis that acetaldehyde modified cells can generate a cellular immune response and may do so in pathologic states.
Polystyrenes with macro-intercalated organoclay. Part II. Rheology and mechanical performance

Abstract Polymeric nanocomposites (PNC) of polstyrene (PS) with organoclay were studied for their rheological and mechanical behavior. The organoclay (COPS) is a product of clay quaternization with a copolymer of styrene with vinyl benzyl tri-methyl ammonium chloride. PNC preparation and characterization was described in Part I of this paper. The clay platelets in COPS and its PNC's are well dispersed, i.e. with the interlayer spacings of d 001 =7–8 nm. By contrast, d 001 =3–4 nm for PNC with Cloisite ® 10A. However, the COPS in PS formed large, deformable domains. At concentration exceeding 5.8-wt% of COPS, the domains started to form a three-dimensional network with enhanced elasticity and progressive viscoelastic non-linearity. At temperatures of 160–180 °C the neat COPS did not flow; its behavior resembled that of a crosslinked elastomer. Application of the time–temperature superposition led to master curves of bending moduli vs. 19 decades of reduced frequency. The curves indicated a transition at ca. 180 °C, most likely associated with the disintegration of ammonium ion clusters. With the same amount of clay the mechanical properties of PNC with COPS were slightly worse than those with Cloisite ® 10A—the immiscibility of COPS, and the presence of extractable (by the matrix) low molecular weight compounds explain the behavior.
Dopant-concentration dependence of grain-boundary conductivity in ceria: A space-charge analysis

Here we elucidate the origin of the characteristic development of grain-boundary conductivity and of its activation energy measured in Gd-doped ceria (GDC) ceramics upon change in the dopant concentration in the context of the space-charge effect. The grain-boundary conductivity in GDC was measured as a function of the dopant concentration (1–20 cat.%). The total conductivity of the sample with 1 cat.% dopant is lower than the bulk conductivity by several orders of magnitude largely due to exceedingly high grain-boundary resistance in the sample, consistent with the results previously reported in literature. The specific grain-boundary conductivity of GDC however rapidly increases with increasing dopant content to approach a plateau at concentrations above 15 cat.%, leading to the total conductivity being close to its bulk conductivity at the relatively high dopant level. On the other hand, the grain-boundary width estimated experimentally in GDC is found to decrease substantially as the dopant concentration increases, implying that the observed increase in the grain-boundary conductivity is correlated with such reduction in the grain-boundary width. In addition, the values of the grain-boundary width determined at each dopant concentration are in quantitative agreement with those calculated based on a space-charge model, in which the grain-boundary resistance is attributed to the Schottky-type potential barrier present at the grain boundaries. Furthermore, the values of activation energy of the grain-boundary conductivity measured at different dopant concentrations can also be reproduced quantitatively using the space-charge model. It is therefore verifed unambiguously that the characteristic increase in the grain-boundary conductivity measured in GDC upon increasing dopant concentration results from concurrent reduction in the height of the potential barrier formed inherently at the grain boundaries.