cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Augmented participatory design

Although various tools have been developed to transform 2D sketches to 3D geometry on digital platforms, they are still far from offering the same rich experience that manipulation of physical models can provide. It is particularly important for designers to have access to their familiar tools, such as physical prototyping models and traditional pens and paper, in order to support design activities.
Comparisons and homology in adult and developing vertebrate central nervous systems.

Comparisons of characters in both adult and developing vertebrate central nervous systems require an understanding of the concept of homology. This article begins with a definition of homology in adul
Targets Produced in Mass Separators

Isotopically enriched nuclear targets are prepared directly in electromagnetic mass separators by allowing the resolved ion species to impinge on a suitable substrate. The calutron, a multi-milliampere mass separator, has been successful in producing ion-implanted targets for nuclear research and in the doping of semiconductors. By using flat magnetic shims, a rotating target holder, and a sliding indexing shutter, multiple targets with uniform implantation have been achieved. The typical accelerating energy for this method is 40 keV, although this can be increased by using multiply charged ions. For production of highly enriched targets from materials in which the desired isotope is of low natural abundance, the 180° Oak Ridge Sector Isotope Separator (ORSIS) has proven particularly successful. This machine, which is an exceptionally high-resolution separator, is interfaced with an on-line computer for surveillance and control. Isotopic enhancement factors of 4 × 105 have been achieved for targets prepared in this machine. Targets are prepared by placing the host material (typically carbon, aluminum, or nickel foils) at the receiver, 1 cm above the normal straight-line beam path. The desired ion species is steered onto the target through an electrostatic beam deflection system, thereby minimizing neutral particle contamination. The energy of an ion at impact, and hence the deposition depth, is controlled by applying a suitable potential (-40 to +40 kV) at the collector. Ion deposition energies from a few electron volts to several hundred kiloelectron volts have been achieved.
Rheology of vegetable oil analogs and triglycerides

The rheological properties of two complex mixtures of short-chain triglycerides were experimentally determined. Dynamic or absolute viscosities of the mixtures were measured for shear rates of 0.32 to 64.69 s−1 at temperatures between 25 and 80°C. The compositions of the mixtures were based on the oil of the plant species Cuphea viscosissima VS-320, a natural source of short-chain triglycerides. The dynamic viscosities of these mixtures were compared to those of a traditional vegetable oil (peanut oil) and diesel fuel. The results of this comparison were used to make estimates of the performance of such triglyceride mixtures as diesel fuel substitutes, since viscosity can be a key indicator of fuel performance for possible substitute diesel fuels. The crystallization temperatures of these two mixtures were also determined experimentally, and the effects of crystallization on fuel performance were projected. Additionally, the dynamic viscosities of pure triglycerides from C6∶0 to C18∶0 at 75°C were plotted vs. chain length. These viscosities were measured at high shear rates (>6 s−1) where dynamic viscosity is shear-independent. An obvious trend in the relationship between triglyceride chain length and viscosity was observed. A second-order regression was used to obtain an equation for this relationship. This equation was used as a model for composition dependence of viscosity. This model was applied to the viscosities of the triglyceride mixtures examined here. There was good agreement between the model and the actual, measured viscosity values determined in this study.
More and Tyndale's Controversy Over Revelation: A Test of the McLuhan Hypothesis

The multiplicity of conflicts which was the Reformation ultimately reduced itself to a single great conflict: the nature of religious authority. All Catholics, and virtually all Protestants, believed implicitly and without question in the reality of a special divine revelation to man, far surpassing in importance and profundity any knowledge of divine truths accessible through merely natural means. (For some, natural theology did not exist at all.) For Luther this divine revelation was sola
Query processing for retrieval from large text bases

Natural language experiments in information retrieval have often been inconclusive due to the lack of large text bases with associated queries and relevance judgments. This paper describes experiments in incremental query processing and indexing with the INQUERY information retrieval system on the TIPSTER queries and document collection. The results measure the value of processing tailored for different query styles, use of syntactic tags to produce search phrases, recognition and application of generic concepts, and automatic concept extraction based on interword associations in a large text base.
The effect of an external field on an interface, entropic repulsion

q5 even and convex, e.g., qh(t)_ 1/2t 2 and f(t)= sign t. This can be thought of as a model of the interactions between a random interface {S.,} and a "soft" wall. We show that the random surface is (entropically) repelled to infinity for all h>0, i.e., with probability one, S.,)K, for any K~R.
Fractionation of chromatin nonhistone proteins.

Abstract A method for the isolation and fractionation of the nonhistone proteins of chromatin is described. The method utilizes a single ion exchange column, is simple and rapid in performance and can be scaled up to preparative levels of fractionation. 91–94% of chromatin proteins are dissociated with 7 M urea, 3 M NaCl, 1 mM β-mercaptoethanol and 0.01 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.3. DNA is removed by sedimentation and the histones are separated from the nonhistones by anion exchange chromatography in the presence of 5 M urea. Histones and 10% of nonhistone proteins pass unretarded through the anion exchange column, while the nonhistone acidic proteins remain tightly bound. The acidic proteins are fractionated from the same column into six major groups by their solubility at different ionic strengths, but purification of a single protein is not achieved. The method should allow localization of a particular protein in one or the other major groups of the nonhistone proteins, and then that group can be utilized for purification of the protein of interest to study its biological activity. About 10% of the nonhistone proteins are probably basic in nature, but the exact nature of these proteins is not determined.
Availability Theory for Multicomponent Systems

Abstract : In the paper the authors consider one of the most basic stochastic models in reliability theory--namely the on-off process generated by failures and repairs of components in a series system. A series system of k components operates if and only if each of the k components operates. No component operates while the system is down. Furthermore, only failed components are repaired and/or replaced; repair or replacement takes a random time. Repaired components are assumed to function like new components. (Author)
Transactive Memory Systems 1985–2010: An Integrative Framework of Key Dimensions, Antecedents, and Consequences

Over two decades have passed since Wegner and his co-authors published the groundbreaking paper on transactive memory systems (TMS) in 1985. The concept attracted the interest of management, psychology, and communication scholars who have employed a variety of methods to examine the phenomenon. In this paper, we review 76 papers that examined transactive memory systems and summarize the findings in an integrative framework to show the antecedents and consequences of TMS. Our review also reveals important issues in the literature related to the measurement of TMS, its multidimensional nature, extending TMS from the team level to the organizational level, and the potential role of TMS in explaining the benefits of experience in existing organizations and new entrepreneurial ventures. We conclude by calling for future research to examine the dynamic evolution of TMS, TMS in virtual teams, TMS in entrepreneurial ventures, and TMS at the organizational level facilitated with information technologies.
A microfluidic chip for controlled release of drugs from microcapsules

A new microfluidic device with liquid-droplet merging and droplet storage functions for the controlled release of drugs from microcapsules is reported. A switching channel is designed and integrated within the microfluidic device, facilitating the generation and capturing of uniform droplets by the storage chambers. The drug model is the MnCO3 microparticle, which is encapsulated by a microcapsule and fabricated using a simple layer-by-layer nanoassembly process. The merging function is used for dynamically adding the control solution into the droplets, which contain drugs within the microcapsules (DWμCs) and water. The storage chambers are used for collecting DWμCs-laden droplets so that the controlled-drug release in specific droplets can be monitored for an extended period of time, which has been experimentally implemented successfully. This technology could offer a promising technical platform for the long-term observation and studies of drug effects on specific cells in a controlled manner, which is especially useful for single cell analysis.
Beyond being systematic in literature reviews in IS

The dual goals of efficiency and effectiveness when writing a literature review are considered. Effectiveness is concerned with producing a synthesis of the published knowledge. A systematic approach to reviewing is at best a partial approach to efficiency because the foundations of the academic publishing system are rigidly locked into old technology. An outline for redesigning academic publishing to jump literature reviewing efficiency to a new level and enhance the productivity of many other aspects of scholarship is proposed.
Binding of estrogen and antiestrogen in uterine cell nuclei: in vivo autoradiographic studies.

Abstract The in vivo binding of antiestrogen in nuclei within the uterine stromal, epithelial and myometrial tissue compartments was compared to that of estrogen 2–48 h after injection. Tissue binding and retention of radioactivity was also studied. Immature rats were injected s.c. with 0.36 μg [3H]hydroxytamoxifen ([3H]TAM(OH)) or 0.24 μg [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2) in oil. At 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after injection, uteri were processed for thaw-mount autoradiography and, along with other tissues, for liquid scintillation counting. After [3H]TAM(OH) injection total radioactivity in uterus, cervix, vagina and liver reached peak levels by 8 h then decreased slowly so that by 48 h radioactivity still remained in the tissues. At all time intervals, the levels of radioactivity in heart and muscle remained low. After [3H]E2 injection radioactivity in uterus, cervix and vagina reached peak levels between 2 and 4 h then decreased rapidly so that by 12 h radioactivity was low and essentially the same as in liver, heart and muscle. These results were paralleled by the time course of nuclear binding of [3H]TAM(OH) and [3H]E2 in the uterine cell types: peak levels occurred at 8 h and 4 h, respectively. Nuclear binding was still present 48 h after [3H]TAM(OH) injection but was absent by 24 h after [3H]E2 injection. Different uterine cell types bound different amounts of both the drug and the hormone. After [3H]TAM(OH) injection the decreasing order of labeling intensity in the tissue compartments was stroma, myometrium, epithelium; in contrast, that after [3H]E2 injection was stroma, epithelium, myometrium. The results indicate that the dissimilar nuclear binding kinetics of estrogen and antiestrogen are influenced by the pharmacokinetics but the uterine cell types may also influence binding kinetics.
Effects of Parent Management Training and Problem‐solving Skills Training Combined in the Treatment of Antisocial Child Behavior

Abstract This investigation evaluated the combined effects of parent management training (PMT) and cognitive-behavioral problem-solving skills training (PSST) for the treatment of antisocial behavior. Psychiatric inpatient children (N = 40, ages 7 to 12) and their parents were assigned randomly to either PMT-PSST combined or to a contact-control condition. In the combined treatment, parents received PMT and the children received PSST. In the control condition, parents received contact meetings in which the child's treatment was discussed; children met with a therapist in individual sessions where they discussed activities on the ward. All children participated in a short-term hospital program before their return to the community. Children in the PMT-PSST condition showed significantly less aggression and externalizing behavior at home and at school and greater prosocial behavior and overall adjustment than contact-control children. These results were evident immediately after treatment and at a 1-year follow-up assessment.
Taphonomy and site formation on California's Channel Islands

Inhabited by humans for over 12,000 calendar years, California's Channel Islands contain thousands of archaeological sites, ranging from dense shell middens and villages to small lithic scatters and camps. Similar to many islands around the world, the Channel Islands have a dearth of burrowing animals and limited historical development leading to generally good preservation of archaeological constituents and relatively high stratigraphic integrity. Despite these favorable preservation conditions, numerous natural and cultural processes have impacted the island's archaeological record. Channel Islands archaeologists, however, have given relatively limited attention to the effects of taphonomic and formation processes. The authors provide an overview of taphonomic and formation processes affecting Channel Islands archaeology, illustrating the importance of regional taphonomic syntheses in the management, preservation, and interpretation of archaeological sites. These data also demonstrate the significance of detailing formation processes in islands and other areas where burrowing rodents and other disturbances are thought to be absent or limited. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factorial Validity of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale:

This investigation was designed to compare the factorial structure of 312 rehabilitation clients' responses to the Tennessee Self-concept Scale to the rationally derived subscale structure of the instrument. Oblique rotations of four variable sets which represent successive condensations of the item sample were carried out. Three conclusions were reached. (1) The effectiveness of balancing positive and negative items to control acquiescence in the scale is questionable. (2) The three design facets of the scale interact in defining the dimensions of examinees' responses. (3) The factorial structure of examinees' responses to the items is generally not consistent with the rational design of the instrument.
Selective photoreduction of acetonitrile to acetaldehyde in dilute aqueous solutions

Acetonitrile is a commonly used solvent in both industry and research. The treatment of acetonitrile wastes in dilute aqueous solutions with visible light offers advantages to chemical treatment and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This study presents the degradation of acetonitrile via a photoinduced electron transfer reaction in the presence of a photosensitizer (dye) and a sacrificial reductant under visible light. Acetonitrile photodegradation (photoreduction) was investigated utilizing a variety of sacrificial reductants and photosensitizers. Optimal results were observed in the presence of methylene green and tri-isopropanolamine with a decrease of acetonitrile in solution to 86% in 24 hours. The only photoreaction product observed was acetaldehyde and a plausible mechanism for the photochemical degradation of acetonitrile is proposed.
Pathway Analyses and Understanding Disease Associations

High throughput technologies have been applied to investigate the underlying mechanisms of complex diseases, identify disease associations, and help to improve treatment. However, it is challenging to derive biological insight from conventional single gene-based analysis of “omics” data from high-throughput experiments due to sample and patient heterogeneity. To address these challenges, many novel pathway- and network-based approaches have been developed to integrate various “omics” data, such as gene expression, copy number alteration, genome-wide association studies, and interaction data. This review will cover recent methodological developments in pathway analysis for the detection of dysregulated interactions and disease-associated subnetworks, prioritization of candidate disease genes, and disease classifications. For each application, we will also discuss the associated challenges and potential future directions.
Estrogens, inflammation and obesity: An overview

Emerging research has suggested that inflammatory stress may play a role in the development of obesity. Both the leptin and insulin receptor are sensitive to intracellular inflammatory signaling that can be stimulated through toll-like receptor 4 activation by saturated fat. Pharmacological intervention within this cascade often protects animals from becoming obese, thus highlighting inflammatory pathways as a possible site of study in the prevention of pathologic weight gain. It has been well established in animal models that females display a marked reduction in the susceptibility to weight gain on high-fat diets compared to males. In addition, it has been widely accepted that females are partially protected from inflammatory-related diseases. At the molecular level, this reduction in disease susceptibility has been suggested to be due to the anti-inflammatory properties of 17 β-estradiol. Through direct free radical scavenging, transcriptional regulation, and protein interactions, chronic exposure to estradiol can reduce systemic inflammatory stress. As the knowledge base continues to grow on the etiology of obesity, further research is needed on the precise molecular pathways that can be inhibited by estradiol. Understanding of such pathways may provide a basis for the future use of estrogen and its related compounds (daidzein, genistein, resveratrol) to prevent weight gain in peri- and post-menopausal females.
Association of the Regulatory Subunit of a Type II cAMP‐dependent Protein Kinase and its Binding Proteins with the Fibrous Sheath of Rat Sperm Flagellum

Demembranated rat sperm flagellar polypeptides capable of binding the regulatory subunit (RII) of a type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase, having apparent subunit molecular masses of 120, 80 and 57 kDa were identified by an RII overlay procedure [Horowitz, J. A., Wasco, W., Leiser, M. & Orr, G. A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2098–2104]. In this study it is shown that all three polypeptides capable of binding RII on a solid-phase blot are tightly associated with the fibrous sheath. Purified fibrous sheath preparations were capable of binding (a) [3H]cAMP and (b) purified catalytic subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase forming a functional holoenzyme. The 57-kDa protein was identified as RII by photoaffinity labeling with 8-azido[32P]cAMP. This peptide was phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. RIIα was also shown to form tight, specific complexes with the fibrous sheath demonstrating the presence of functional RIIα-binding sites. Truncated RIIβ fusion proteins were used to identify the N-terminal amino acids at positions 1–50 as a primary determinant for RII-binding protein interaction. Differential extraction of adult testis with buffers containing Triton X-100, urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed the presence of 80-kDa (major) and 120-kDa (minor) RII-binding proteins in particulate extracts. The 80-kDa polypeptide is only expressed at late stages of spermatogenesis, i.e. during spermiogenesis, suggesting a developmental role for RII anchoring to the sperm flagellar fibrous sheath.
A novel form of ascertainment bias in case-control studies of cancer screening.

In case-control studies of cancer screening, some have generally admonished investigators against case definitions based on diagnosis dates because of lead-time bias. However, perhaps partly due to vagueness, the admonitions have been frequently ignored. A recurrence-time model simulates case ascertainment when diagnosis must occur within a specific calendar period. The model depends on screening test sensitivity and rate, age-specific preclinical incidence rates, and preclinical duration time and survival time distributions. For one study of sigmoidoscopic screening for colorectal cancer, when the true odds ratio is 1, its estimate is 0.50 to 0.75 under plausible assumptions. This bias can affect any observational study wherein case definition depends on diagnosis times (e.g., health-plan enrollment data). To avoid bias in observational investigations of cancer screening wherein the case definition depends on the diagnosis date, one must ensure that both screening and preclinical incidence do not occur before the case definition period.
Purification of rat ovary 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by affinity chromatography☆

Abstract A two-step procedure employing affinity chromatography has been used to purify rat ovary 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The initial step in the procedure involved ion exchange chromatography of ovarian cytosol on agarose-multichain (poly- dl -alanine-poly- l -lysine). In the second step, the effluent from the first column was adsorbed on agarose-multichain (poly- dl -alanine-poly- l -lysine) to which 11α-hydroxyprogesterone hemisuccinate had been coupled. Adsorbed enzyme was eluted with alkaline buffer at room temperature. The two-step procedure achieved a 250-fold purification of enzyme with a recovery of 34%.
Persistent Cell Motion in the Absence of External Signals: A Search Strategy for Eukaryotic Cells

Background Eukaryotic cells are large enough to detect signals and then orient to them by differentiating the signal strength across the length and breadth of the cell. Amoebae, fibroblasts, neutrophils and growth cones all behave in this way. Little is known however about cell motion and searching behavior in the absence of a signal. Is individual cell motion best characterized as a random walk? Do individual cells have a search strategy when they are beyond the range of the signal they would otherwise move toward? Here we ask if single, isolated, Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium amoebae bias their motion in the absence of external cues. Methodology We placed single well-isolated Dictyostelium and Polysphondylium cells on a nutrient-free agar surface and followed them at 10 sec intervals for approximately 10 hr, then analyzed their motion with respect to velocity, turning angle, persistence length, and persistence time, comparing the results to the expectation for a variety of different types of random motion. Conclusions We find that amoeboid behavior is well described by a special kind of random motion: Amoebae show a long persistence time ( approximately 10 min) beyond which they start to lose their direction; they move forward in a zig-zag manner; and they make turns every 1-2 min on average. They bias their motion by remembering the last turn and turning away from it. Interpreting the motion as consisting of runs and turns, the duration of a run and the amplitude of a turn are both found to be exponentially distributed. We show that this behavior greatly improves their chances of finding a target relative to performing a random walk. We believe that other eukaryotic cells may employ a strategy similar to Dictyostelium when seeking conditions or signal sources not yet within range of their detection system.
Effect of whole bowel irrigation on the pharmacokinetics of an acetaminophen formulation and progression of radiopaque markers through the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Study objectives We describe the effects of whole bowel irrigation on a delayed-release acetaminophen preparation. We compare the mechanical effect of whole bowel irrigation on the progression of radiopaque markers through the gastrointestinal tract between an experimental and a control group. Methods We performed a 2-armed, prospective, randomized, crossover volunteer study. In the experimental phase, subjects were administered a delayed-release acetaminophen preparation (75 mg/kg) along with a capsule containing radiopaque markers. We initiated whole bowel irrigation at 30 minutes after ingestion and continued until the rectal effluent was clear. Serum acetaminophen concentrations were measured at baseline and from 0.5 to 8 hours. Abdominal radiographs were obtained at the completion of whole bowel irrigation. In the control phase, whole bowel irrigation was not performed. The primary outcome measure was the effect on the area under the acetaminophen concentration versus time curve (AUC) between the 2 groups. Results Ten subjects participated in the study. We found an 11.5% reduction in the AUC, with the majority of the effect occurring in the delayed-release portion of the curve after the 2-hour mark. This reduction, however, was not statistically significant. Radiographs obtained at the end of whole bowel irrigation revealed radiopaque markers sequestered in the right hemicolon in 8 of 10 subjects. No discernible pattern was noted in the control arm. Conclusion The effect of whole bowel irrigation on reduction of AUC for delayed-release acetaminophen preparation was not statistically significant. Whole bowel irrigation did appear to have a mechanical effect on the progression of radiopaque markers through the gastrointestinal tract, but the clinical significance of this finding is not clear.
Developmental changes in localization of NMDA receptor subunits in primary cultures of cortical neurons

Immunoblot analysis, using antibodies against distinct N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunits, illustrated that the NR2A and NR2B subunit proteins have developmental profiles in cultured cortical neurons similar to those seen in vivo. NR1 and NR2B subunits display high levels of expression within the first week. In contrast, the NR2A subunit is barely detectable at 7 days in vitro (DIV) and then gradually increased to mature levels at DIV21. Immunocytochemical analysis indicated that NMDA receptor subunits cluster in the dendrites and soma of cortical neurons. Clusters of NR1 and NR2B subunits were observed as early as DIV3, while NR2A clusters were rarely observed before DIV10. At DIV18, NR2B clusters partially co-localize with those of NR2A subunits, but NR2B clusters always co-localize with those of NR1 subunits. Synapse formation, as indicated by the presence of presynaptic synaptophysin staining, was observed as early as 48–72 h after plating. However, in several neurons at ages less than DIV5 where synapses were scarce, NR2B and NR1 clusters were abundant. Furthermore, while NR2B subunit clusters were seen both at synaptic and extrasynaptic sites, NR2A clusters occurred almost exclusively in front of synaptophysin-labelled boutons. This result was supported by electrophysiological recording of NMDA-mediated synaptic activity [NMDA-excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs)] in developing neurons. At DIV6, but not at DIV12, CP101, 606, a NR1/NR2B receptor antagonist, antagonized spontaneously occurring NMDA-EPSCs. Our data indicate that excitatory synapse formation occurs when NMDA receptors comprise NR1 and NR2B subunits, and that NR2A subunits cluster preferentially at synaptic sites.
Ethanol amination catalysis over early transition metal nitrides

Several high surface area early transition metal nitrides were evaluated for their ability to catalyze ethanol amination. These materials were very active with turnover frequencies comparable to those of supported Pt and Ni catalysts. Their activities ranked in the following order: VN>Mo2N>W2N>TiN>NbN. Like the Pt and Ni catalysts, the nitrides were very selective to the production of ethylamine. In addition, the nitrides demonstrated better selectivities to diethylamine and triethylamine at high conversion. The mechanistic pathways for ethanol amination over the nitride catalysts have been investigated. Ethanol appears to undergo reductive amination to produce ethylamine through an acetaldehyde intermediate. Ethene was produced as a byproduct via ethanol dehydration.
Synchronized cortical potentials and wavelet packets: a potential mechanism for perceptual binding and conveying information.

Temporal synchronization in neuronal assemblies has been linked to the functional roles of perceptual binding, sensory-motor integration, attention, and information coding. We report new evidence for a common underlying mechanism that uses specific temporal patterns of synchronized neuronal activity as a basis for conveying information. The temporal patterns of stimulus-related synchronized neuronal discharges are structured to closely resemble specific members of the Symlet wavelet packet family employed in a computational framework. Together, these results suggest that temporal patterns of synchronized activity may act as a parallel, distributed code for information through a mechanism computationally equivalent to wavelet packet analysis.
Cluster analysis of contaminated sediment data: Nodal analysis

The objective of the present study was to explore the use of multivariate statistical methods as a means to discern relationships between contaminants and biological and/or toxicological effects in a representative data set from the National Status and Trends (NS&T) Program. Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NS&T Program's Bioeffects Survey of Delaware Bay, USA, were examined using various univariate and multivariate statistical techniques, including cluster analysis. Each approach identified consistent patterns and relationships between the three types of triad data. The analyses also identified factors that bias the interpretation of the data, primarily the presence of rare and unique species and the dependence of species distributions on physical parameters. Sites and species were clustered with the unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages clustering with the Jaccard coefficient that clustered species and sites into mutually consistent groupings. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients, normalized for salinity, also were clustered. The most informative analysis, termed nodal analysis, was the intersection of species cluster analysis with site cluster analysis. This technique produced a visual representation of species association patterns among site clusters. Site characteristics, such as salinity and grain size, not contaminant concentrations, appeared to be the primary factors determining species distributions. This suggests the sediment-quality triad needs to use physical parameters as a distinct leg from chemical concentrations to improve sediment-quality assessments in large bodies of water. Because the Delaware Bay system has confounded gradients of contaminants and physical parameters, analyses were repeated with data from northern Chesapeake Bay, USA, with similar results.
RACE: real-time applications over cloud-edge

The Cloud-Edge topology - where multiple smart edge devices such as phones are connected to one another via the Cloud - is becoming ubiquitous. We demonstrate RACE, a novel framework and system for specifying and efficiently executing distributed real-time applications in the Cloud-Edge topology. RACE uses LINQ for StreamInsight to succinctly express a diverse suite of useful real-time applications. Further, it exploits the processing power of edge devices and the Cloud to partition and execute such queries in a distributed manner. RACE features a novel cost-based optimizer that efficiently finds the optimal placement, minimizing global communication cost while handling multi-level join queries and asymmetric network links.
Part two: Is human resource development a part of adult education? Human resource development as evolutionary system: From pyramid building to space walking and beyond

Human resource development is modeled as an evolutionary system with an incumbent professional identity. Accepting this model changes the rules for professional practice, field description, and field theory development.
EVALUATION OF SPEED DISPLAYS AND RUMBLE STRIPS AT RURAL-MAINTENANCE WORK ZONES

An evaluation of the effectiveness of speed displays and portable rumble strips at reducing speeds in rural-maintenance work zones is described. Speed displays are radar-activated signs that dynamically display approaching vehicle speeds. The devices were tested on two-lane low-volume, high-speed rural roads where maintenance activities were completed in a single day. Speed and volume data were collected for cars and trucks as they traveled through four work zones. These data were collected when no work-zone traffic control was present, when normal work-zone traffic control was set up, and when the test treatment was installed. The results for the portable rumble strips were mixed, with passenger cars experiencing less than a 3.2-km/h (2-mph) reduction in mean speed approaching the temporary traffic-control zone. The impact of the rumble strips on trucks was more pronounced, with mean speed reductions approaching the temporary traffic-control zone of up to 11.6 km/h (7.2 mph) lower than normal traffic control. The percent of vehicles exceeding the speed limit in the advance warning area was also reduced when the rumble strips were used. The speed display was generally more effective than the rumble strips at reducing speeds in the advance warning area. Mean speeds were often reduced approaching the activity area, with speed reductions of up to 16.1 km/h (10 mph) being achieved. The percentage of vehicles exceeding the speed limit was also reduced in the advance warning area.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of Integrin α2β1

Interactions between the integrin, α2β1, and extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly collagen, play a pivotal role in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation. Platelets interact with collagen in the subendothelial matrix that is exposed by vascular damage. To evaluate the potential of α2β1 inhibitors for anticancer and antithrombotic applications, we have developed a series of small molecule inhibitors of this integrin based on a prolyl-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (DAP) scaffold using solid-phase parallel synthesis. A benzenesulfonamide substituent at the N-terminus of the dipepetide and a benzyl urea at the DAP side chain resulted in tight and highly selective inhibition of α2β1-mediated adhesion of human platelets and other cells to collagen.
Measuring user attitudes in MIS research: a review

Abstract Management information system (MIS) user attitude measurement and research has been motivated by two distinct perspectives, termed the implementation perspective and the information perspective. A survey of the most significant work based on these perspectives is presented. The consensus of this work is that MIS attitudes are related to MIS use, broadly speaking. However, the usage-relevant components of user attitudes are as yet not well understood. More refined attitude concepts and measures are needed. One such concept, that of a user's channel disposition , is advanced as part of a suggested research direction.
Can Dislocations be Accelerated through the Sonic Barrier

It has been conjectured, on the basis of the Atkinson-Cabrera solution for the steady motion of a dislocation in a modified Frenkel-Kontorova model, that dislocations can be accelerated from subsonic to supersonic velocities. Computer-simulation results are presented to show that the regular dislocation motion assumed in the Atkinson-Cabrera solution breaks down, and the solution ceases to be valid before the sound velocity is reached.
[35S]TBPS binding sites are decreased in the colliculi of mice with a genetic predisposition to bicuculline-induced seizures.

Abstract Several differences have been found in GABAergic function between the long sleep (LS) and short sleep (SS) mice which were genetically selected for different ethanol-induced sleeptimes, and it has been suggested that these differences may explain their differential ethanol sensitivity. However, these lines also differ in seizure susceptibility, a behavior which may also be mediated by GABAergic pathways. Thus, it is difficult to associate differences in GABA neurochemistry with either of these behaviors, particularly when only two selected lines are used. We measured differences in the density and affinity of the [ 35 S]TBPS binding site on the GABA A receptor/Cl − ionophore complex in discrete brain areas; and in order to determine the relationship between receptor binding and behavioral differences, we included mice from 5 of the LS and SS recombinant inbred strains (LS × SS RI) in addition to mice from the LS and SS lines. [ 35 S]TBPS binding in sagittal brain sections was analyzed by quantitative autoradiography, and the amount of binding differed depending on whether bicuculline was added to inhibit endogenous GABA binding. In the presence of bicuculline, the number of [ 35 S]TBPS sites in SS mice was highest in the colliculi (4.5 ± 0.5 pmol/mg protein), cerebellum (4.8 ± 0.6 pmol/mg), hippocampus (3.2 ± 0.7 pmol/mg) and cortex (2.9 ± 0.3 pmol/mg). The B max was two-fold lower in both superior and inferior colliculi (IC) of LS mice. There were no differences between lines in B max in any other area and in K d values in any area (58 ± 4.0 nM). When we compared [ 35 S]TBPS binding in the LS × SS RI strains, B max values in IC were negatively correlated with latency to bicuculline-induced seizures but were not correlated with the duration of ethanol-induced sleeptime. These data support the hypothesis that differences in GABAergic neurochemistry in these mouse lines may not always be related to differences in ethanol sensitivity and point to GABAergic receptors in IC as possibly being involved in determining seizure sensitivity to bicuculline.
Optimal Redundancy Designs for CNFET-Based Circuits

Substantial imperfections in carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) are one key obstacle to the demonstration of large-scale CNFET circuits. In this paper, we first categorize transistors based on the impact of resizing on yield improvement and delay penalty for logic circuits. Then we propose an approach to size transistors in different categories by using redundant CNTs to improve yield/area with user-specified limit on delay penalty. We then propose a hybrid redundancy approach for memory arrays by optimally combining redundant CNTs approach with the traditional spare columns (rows) approach. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides significant improvements in yield/area for logic circuits at very low increase in delays. For SRAM, spare columns (rows) approach becomes ineffective when it is applied alone since spare columns (rows) themselves have very low yield. The proposed hybrid approach for memory array provides 18% improvement in yield/area compared to a redundant-CNTs-only approach as well as reduces delay penalty on address decoder from 19.2% to 15.7%.
Relationship of spaced cleavage to folds and thrusts in the Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt

The Idaho-Utah-Wyoming thrust belt of the Rocky Mountain Cordillera preserves structures that developed at very shallow levels of the crust (T < 200°C). The geometry of major structures is well documented and synorogenic conglomerates record the timing of movement on major thrusts. Spaced cleavage and pencil fracturing are developed within micrites of the Jurassic Twin Creek Formation. The cleavage developed dominantly by pressure-solution early in the deformation history of each thrust sheet, aided by elevated temperatures and pressures in areas where increased overburden resulted from emplacement of earlier, overriding sheets. Cleavage within any sheet is well developed in the area covered by the pre-erosional extent of the previous sheet; forelandward from this area cleavage intensity decreases drastically. Thermal modelling of the sheets agrees well with temperature estimates from illite crystallinity studies on material from the cleavage planes. Cleavage is axial planar to small folds and formed concurrently with small-scale buckle folds and contraction faults during the early history of movement on each thrust. However, cleavage strongly fans about large-scale folds formed later during movement, suggesting passive rotation of cleavage with bedding during the later stages of thrust history. The rotated cleavage may also be folded and overprinted by a second weaker cleavage during a second ramping, or during movement on a later, lower thrust. Cross-folding may also develop as a result of lateral ramping. Thus, complex patterns of interfering folds, multiple cleavages, and associated fiber-filled fractures may be produced during motion on a single thrust fault, and so magnify the problem of correlating cleavages and deciphering multiple deformations.
Effect of changes in body weight and serum albumin levels on electrocardiographic QRS amplitudes.

In conclusion, the present study found a weak and inconsistent correlation of serum albumin absolute values and QRS amplitudes, and a marginal relation between %Δ serum albumin and %ΔΣQRS; moreover, no correlation was identified between %Δ weight and %Δ serum albumin (Table 1). Thus, although low albumin is known to contribute to the body water accumulation in edematous states, 3 its effect on QRS amplitudes must be exerted indirectly through such fluid accumulation, with resultant weight gain. 1 There has not been any evidence linking serum albumin, per se, and amplitude of QRS potentials.
Regularity of the Optimal Feedback and the Value Function in Convex Problems of Optimal Control

An optimal feedback mapping, leading to necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality in terms of a closed-loop differential inclusion, is derived in the setting of fully convex generalized problems of Bolza. Results are translated to the format of control problems with linear dynamics and convex costs. Properties of the feedback mapping, with focus on single-valuedness and continuity, are analyzed through those of the value function and of the Hamiltonian. Conditions guaranteeing differentiability of the value function are obtained through the analysis of its subdifferential as a maximal monotone operator and of the generalized Hamiltonian dynamics.
Determining the Structure of Trimethylphosphine Bound to the Brønsted Acid Site in Zeolite HY: Double-Resonance NMR and ab Initio Studies

Solid-state NMR methods and ab initio calculations have been employed to investigate the structure of the trimethylphosphine (TMP)−Bronsted acid site complex in zeolite HY. 27Al/31P and 27Al/1H rotational echo double-resonance NMR experiments performed at −150 °C were utilized to measure Al−P and Al−HB distances for the acid site−TMP complex of 3.95 (±0.05) and 2.8−3.1 A, respectively, where HB is the Bronsted acid site proton. A more accurate measurement of the Al−HB distance was not possible since models that assume the presence of isolated Al−H spin pairs are not valid in this case. A P−HB distance of 1.40 (±0.02) A was obtained by fitting the spinning sidebands in the 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectrum. These internuclear distances are within the range of the Al−P, Al−HB, and P−HB distances obtained from ab initio calculations for the ion pair (IP) TMPH+−zeolite complex that is formed by transferring a Bronsted acid proton to TMP. In contrast to the 31P MAS NMR spectra, which indicated that th...
Implications of a Disappearing Treasury Debt Market

A detailed view of the ramifications of a dwindling treasury debt market. Discussion of changes in performance and portfolio benchmarks. Comments on some of the probable outcomes along with investment opportunities and potential avenues of change.
A Migration Study of Mother's Work, Welfare Participation, and Child Development

. This paper investigates how women's migration and labor supply behaviors respond to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions, controlling for endogenous initial residence and unobserved heterogeneity. It also traces out how these responses influence educational inputs and child outcomes. The simulation results show that poor and low-educated single women with children do change their residential locations in response to changes in welfare policies and labor market conditions. The magnitude of this response in the form of migration is rather modest. More importantly, however, such policy changes often have large and important impacts on particular at-risk groups.
Maximum Voluntary Activation in Nonfatigued and Fatigued Muscle of Young and Elderly Individuals

APTA is a sponsor of the Decade, an international, multidisciplinary initiative to improve health-related quality of life for people with musculoskeletal disorders. Background and Purpose. Researchers studying central activation of muscles in elderly subjects ($65 years of age) have investigated activation in only the nonfatigued state. This study examined the ability of young and elderly people to activate their quadriceps femoris muscles voluntarily under both fatigued and nonfatigued conditions to determine the effect of central activation failure on age-related loss of force. Subjects and Methods. Twenty young subjects (11 men, 9 women; mean age522.67 years, SD54.14, range518 ‐32 years) and 17 elderly subjects (8 men, 9 women; mean age571.5 years, SD55.85, range565‐ 84 years) participated in this study. Subjects were seated on a dynamometer and stabilized. Central activation was quantified, based on the change in force produced by a 100-Hz, 12-pulse electrical train that was delivered during a 3- to 5-second isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps femoris muscle. Next, subjects performed 25 MVCs (a 5-second contraction with 2 seconds of rest) to fatigue the muscle. During the last MVC, central activation was measured again. Results. In the nonfatigued state, elderly subjects had lower central activation than younger subjects. In the fatigued state, this difference became larger. Discussion and Conclusion. Central activation of the quadriceps femoris muscle in elderly subjects was reduced in both the fatigued and nonfatigued states when compared with young subjects. Some part of age-related weakness, therefore, may be attributed to failure of central activation in both the fatigued and nonfatigued states. [Stackhouse SK, Stevens JE, Lee SCK, et al. Maximum voluntary activation in nonfatigued and fatigued muscle of young and elderly individuals. Phys Ther. 2001;81:1102‐1109.]
Multi-Objective Path Selection Model and Algorithm for Emergency Evacuation

Evacuation planning is one of the most important aspects of emergency management. Path selection is one of the fundamental problems in evacuation planning. A multi-objective mathematical model is presented for path selection in emergency evacuation. The two objectives of the model are to minimize the total travel time along a path and to minimize the path complexity respectively. Taking into account the real-time effect of disaster extension, the travel speed on each arc is modeled as a continuous decrease function with respect to time. The complexity of the path is modeled as the total number of arcs included in the path. An ant colony optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the model. Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the model and algorithm.