cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cumulative gains enhance striatal response to reward opportunities in alcohol-dependent patients

Substance use disorder is characterized by a transition from volitional to compulsive responding for drug reward. A possible explanation for this transition may be that alcohol-dependent patients (ADP) show a general propensity for a history of rewarded instrumental responses, and these rewarded responses may boost the activation of motivational neurocircuitryforadditionalreward.Brainimagingstudiesof decision-makinghavedemonstratedthatADPrelativeto controls(CON)oftenshowalteredneuralactivationinresponsetoanticipatingandreceivingrewards,butthemajority of studies have not investigated how past performance affects activation. A potential exists for ADP to show increased sensitivity to reward as a function of reward delivery history. In the current study, we used functional magnetic resonanceimagingtoinvestigatetheneuralcorrelatesof riskydecision-makinginADP(n = 18)andCON(n = 18)while they played a two-choice monetary risk-taking game. In addition to investigating general neural recruitment by risky decision-making,wealsomodeledeachparticipant’srunningtotalof monetaryearningsinordertodetermineareasof activation that correlated with cumulative reward. We found that ADP and CON showed few differences in behavior or in mesolimbic activation by choice for, and receipt of, risky gains. However, when including a cumulative-earnings covariate,ADPexhibitedheightenedstriatalactivationthatcorrelatedwithtotalearningsduringthechoiceeventinthe task.Theheightenedcontextualsensitivityof striatalresponsestocumulativeearningsinADPmayrepresentageneral neurobiological affective substrate for development of automatized instrumental behavior.
NMOS energy recovery logic

In this paper, we describe NMOS Energy Recovery Logic (NERL) which exhibits high throughput with low energy consumption due to efficient energy transfer and recovery using adiabatic and bootstrapping techniques. NERL shows full output voltage swing, insensitivity to output load capacitance, less dependency on power-clock frequency and complementary outputs for balanced capacitance load to power-clock. We have designed an 8-bit CLA and inverter chain using 0.6 /spl mu/m CMOS technology and verified that NERL saves energy over ECRL by 2 to 3 times.
Polyp Size Measurement at CT Colonography: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?

Polyp size is a critical biomarker for clinical management. Larger polyps have a greater likelihood of being or of becoming an adenocarcinoma. To balance the referral rate for polypectomy against the risk of leaving potential cancers in situ, sizes of 6 and 10 mm are increasingly being discussed as critical thresholds for clinical decision making (immediate polypectomy versus polyp surveillance) and have been incorporated into the consensus CT Colonography Reporting and Data System (C-RADS). Polyp size measurement at optical colonoscopy, pathologic examination, and computed tomographic (CT) colonography has been studied extensively but the reported precision, accuracy, and relative sizes have been highly variable. Sizes measured at CT colonography tend to lie between those measured at optical colonoscopy and pathologic evaluation. The size measurements are subject to a variety of sources of error associated with image acquisition, display, and interpretation, such as partial volume averaging, two- versus three-dimensional displays, and observer variability. This review summarizes current best practices for polyp size measurement, describes the role of automated size measurement software, discusses how to manage the measurement uncertainties, and identifies areas requiring further research. © RSNA, 2010
A multiangle imaging spectroradiometer for terrestrial remote sensing from the earth observing system

The Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument for the Earth Observing System (EOS) will provide a unique opportunity for studying the ecology and climate of the Earth through the acquisition of systematic, global multiangle imagery in reflected sunlight. MISR employs nine discrete cameras pointed at fixed angles, viewing the nadir direction and forward and aftward along the spacecraft ground track. Each camera is a charge-coupled-device –based pushbroom imager. Within a 7-minute period, every point in a 204-km-wide swath is imaged at the nine viewing angles, ensuring observations acquired under virtually identical illumination and atmospheric conditions. The cameras will image the Earth in the nadir direction and at 30.7°, 45.6°, 60.0°, and 72.5° forward and aftward of the local vertical at the Earth's surface. Images at each angle will be obtained in four spectral bands centered at 440, 550, 670, and 860 nm. MISR is capable of taking image data in two different spatial resolution modes: Local Mode, in which selected targets are observed with 240-m spatial sampling, and Global Mode, where the entire sunlit Earth is observed continuously with 1.92-km sampling. Absolute radiometric calibration of the MISR instrument will be performed in-flight using special on-board hardware. The data produced by MISR will be valuable in a number of scientific discipline areas, and MISR images and geophysical products will be archived at the EOS Data and Information System to make them available to the broad scientific community.
10-Gb/s limiting amplifier and laser/modulator driver in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology

A limiting amplifier incorporates active feedback, inductive peaking, and negative Miller capacitance to achieve a voltage gain of 50 dB, a bandwidth of 9.4 GHz, and a sensitivity of 4.6 mV/sub pp/ for a bit-error rate of 10/sup -12/ while consuming 150 mW. A driver employs T-coil peaking and negative impedance conversion to achieve operation at 10 Gb/s while delivering a current of 100 mA to 25-/spl Omega/ lasers or a voltage swing of 2 V/sub pp/ to 50-/spl Omega/ modulators with a power dissipation of 675 mW. Fabricated in 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology, both prototypes operate with a 1.8-V supply.
The Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service provides analytical work on request to members of Congress. Much of this is short-term information and background research, but some is substantial in-depth research and analysis. Analysis is almost always based on secondary data and rarely employs sophisticated methodologies.
Management policy for Podocarpus National Park, Ecuador: a synthesis.

National Parks have been created around the world to safeguard biodiversity,ecosystem services, recreational opportunities, cultural heritage, and manyother worthy objectives. While we strive to achieve these resource-orientedgoals, long-term success will not be realized without finding common groundbetween the people who live, work, visit, or otherwise have an interest inthese regions. Securing the public good necessitates management policythat ensures effective social and decision-making processes. This requiresall participants, not just those involved in government, to actively developand integrate new ideas, innovations, and practices into their daily lives inan adaptive way.Improving the management policy of Podocarpus National Park (PNP),Ecuador, ultimately rests with the people involved in the region. This volumeoffers fresh perspectives to jumpstart the diffusion of innovative ideas intothe PNP arena. Our efforts to appraise the management policy of PNPshould be seen as the beginning of a new process to improve regionalmanagement, and not as a complete or definitive set of answers. Our broadrecommendations do not tell the people of PNP how they should be man-aging the park, but rather suggest a nu mber of ways to enhance the processof conservation in the common interest.
A Report on the Published and Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford 1836-1854

Florence and Swallowfield. The very names symbolize the high and the low visibility now associated with Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Mary Russell Mitford. Other contrasts could be drawn. The stifling sick-room and the garden of geraniums, the “poetess” and wife of Robert Browning and the “authoress” of Our Village who was the only child of Dr. Mitford, country gentleman. Or, to mention a point on which Miss Mitford showed some sensitivity, a life of financial freedom versus one of financial uncertainty. What was the attraction which insured the constant and copious interchange of letters, a record which can only be labelled remarkable in a century of remarkable letter-writers? The answer is a multiple one, as whoever reads Elizabeth's side of this correspondence will discover. But such a reader will also discover a whole host of subjects and figures which will give him fresh insights into the public and private lives of the correspondents, their families, and their literary circles. The excerpt which follows indicates the ease with which Elizabeth Barrett shared her thoughts with Miss Mitford whether on topics creative or critical, domestic or political, and whether uttered in sickness or in relatively good health.
A Comparison of Copy, Cover, and Compare and a Traditional Spelling Intervention for an Adolescent with a Conduct Disorder

The correlation between conduct disorder and cognitive deficits, and the relationship between spelling and school success generate the necessity for focused spelling instruction for individuals with disabilities. This article compares Traditional spelling instruction and a Copy, Cover, and Compare instruction technique for the spelling accuracy of an adolescent diagnosed with a conduct disorder. The results show that, although both spelling methods are effective in increasing spelling accuracy, the Copy, Cover, and Compare approach produces higher levels of accuracy. A significant difference between Traditional spelling instruction and Copy, Cover, Compare was shown. Generalization to novel words was not found. Further research could investigate generalization and maintenance of spelling skills using Copy, Cover, and Compare spelling.
Co-cultured tissue-specific scaffolds for tendon/bone interface engineering.

The tendon/ligament-to-bone interface has a complex organization to enable transfer of forces through the tendon/ligament to the bone. The purpose of this study is to create a co-culture environmen...
Mode I Damage Modeling in Brittle Preloading

A new anisotropic damage model for brittle solid inelasticity is developed to accommodate observed behavior in applications where the preloading effects are involved. The shortcomings of conventional damage formulations using the "cumulative damage parameter" is outlined, and a new formulation based on the concept of "effective damage parameter" is proposed. The rate of the effective damage parameter is obtained from the consistency condition associated with a damage surface. The cumulative damage parameter is still used as a measure of total dissipated energy. Anisotropy, dilatation, and strength degradation due to pre-loading effects are captured within the formulation. The model is illustrated for concrete in both proportional and nonproportional stress paths in mode I.
Issues in the Development of School and Interpersonal Discourse for Children Who Have Hearing Loss.

English instruction for children with haring loss has traditionally focused on teaching about language conventions, with much less attention to learning language, or to learning through language—es...
Annual variation of community biomass is lower in more diverse stream fish communities

Anthropogenic infl uences have disproportionally aff ected freshwater ecosystems, and a loss of biodiversity is forecasted to greatly reduce ecosystem function and services. Loss of species may destabilize communities by limiting the stabilizing forces of compensatory dynamics and/or statistical averaging, both of which are eff ects that can buff er variation in aggregate community properties. Currently, support for positive diversity-stability relationships stems from experiments with simple communities at small spatial and temporal scales, and application to natural communities is limited. Using a long-term dataset of 35 stream fi sh communities matched with hydrologic data, we show that community stability (annual variation of standing biomass of fi shes) was less variable in more species-rich communities and was not associated with stream hydrology. Only the statistical averaging model of community stability was consistent with observed patterns of lower biomass variation in more species-rich communities. Our fi ndings suggest anthropogenically induced extirpation of vertebrate consumers may lower community biomass stability in complex ecosystems.
Pathways linking socioeconomic status to obesity through depression and lifestyle factors among young US adults

Obesity and depression are two diseases of major public health importance. While both correlate with each other, potential pathways involving depression that would link socioeconomic status (SES) to lifestyle factors and obesity have not been systematically examined using nationally representative data. Using rich data on 2217 US young adults aged 20-39years from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Surveys (NHANES) and multivariate linear and logistic regression models, we examined associations between major depressive disorder (MDD), dietary intake, physical activity (PA), and measured body mass index (BMI) controlling for socio-demographic factors. Further, structural equation models (SEM) were fit to test pathway explaining SES disparities in BMI through MDD and lifestyle factors. Recent prevalence of MDD was lower among young US men than women (6.4% vs. 9.2%) although their prevalence of obesity was similar (21.2% vs. 22.7%). Among women, MDD was associated with higher BMI and inversely associated with PA, but not among men. MDD was specifically associated with increased risk of morbid obesity (BMI>/=40) among women (OR: 2.88 (1.32, 6.30)). Using SEM, a main pathway linking SES to BMI among women was linking SES-->food insecurity-->MDD-->PA-->BMI. A main pathway linking MDD to BMI in both genders was going through PA rather than overall dietary quality. Gender and ethnic differences existed underlying how MDD, SES and lifestyle factors were associated with adiposity. Future prospective studies are needed to examine potential mechanisms using physiological markers of depression, lifestyle and obesity.
Ramanujan Product Formula

In this chapter, we apply Heine’s formula to prove a remarkable identity discovered by the Indian mathematician Ramanujan. This identity relates a bilateral q-hypergeometric series to an infinite product, and it has many interesting applications in number theory, which will be discussed in subsequent chapters.
Novel mutations associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency.

The most common form of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency occurs in adults and is characterized by muscle pain, stiffness, and myoglobinuria, triggered by exercise, fasting, or other metabolic stress. This study reports the molecular heterogeneity of CPT2 mutations and their biochemical consequences among a series of 59 individuals who were suspected of having CPT II deficiency based on the decreased CPT activity observed in muscle or leukocytes samples, clinical findings, or referral for mutation analysis from other laboratories. Only 19 subjects were considered to be at particularly high risk of CPT II deficiency based on review of their clinical symptoms and residual CPT activity. The samples were initially screened for 11 mutations with allele-specific oligonucleotides (ASO). Extensive sequence analysis was subsequently performed on 14 samples which either had a CPT2 mutation detected by ASO screening or the residual CPT activity was below that observed in ASO positive samples. Three known (P50H, S113L, and F448L) and three novel mutations were identified among 13 individuals in this study. A single nucleotide polymorphism was also identified 11 bp distal to the CPT2 polyadenylation site that will be useful for linkage analysis. Two of the new mutations were single nucleotide missense mutations, R503C and G549D, that occurred in highly conserved regions of the CPT isoforms, and the third was a frameshift mutation, 413 delAG, caused by a 2-bp deletion upstream of a previously identified missense mutation, F448L. The 413 delAG mutation was the second most common mutation identified in our study (20% of mutant alleles) and all individuals with the mutation were of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry suggesting a defined ethnic origin for the mutation. Despite rigorous mutation analysis, six of 13 individuals identified with CPT2 mutations remained as heterozygotes. We propose that heterozygosity for certain CPT2 mutations, S113L and R503C, is sufficient to render individuals at risk of clinical symptoms. Hum Mutat 13:210–220, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Regulation by nutritional status of lipids and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and A-IV in inbred mice

This study illustrates that genetic strain and feeding status can markedly influence tissue lipid concentrations and mRNA levels of apolipoprotein genes. C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice were maintained for 2 weeks on four test diets differing in amount of cholesterol and type of fat, and fasted for 4 h or 16 h prior to collection of tissues. For both strains, the primary effect of fasting from 4 h to 16 h was to paradoxically elevate triglyceride levels in plasma and liver, and to elevate hepatic apoA-IV mRNA levels. Triglyceride secretion rates, estimated after the injection of Triton WR-1339, suggested that elevations in plasma triglyceride levels were due to reduced clearance of very low density lipoproteins. Although plasma glucose levels decreased with fasting time for both strains, insulin levels decreased for BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice regardless of diet. This suggests that factors thought to be mediated by insulin, (e.g., plasma free fatty acid concentrations; hepatic apoA-IV mRNA levels) may be influenced by local changes in insulin sensitivity, which are controlled genetically and are not reflected by plasma insulin levels. In summary, nutritional status influences a constellation of factors involved in lipid transport that also show strong genetic components and may influence subsequent analyses of gene expression in the mouse system.
Irrigation Policy for Arid Lands

RRIGATION policy for arid lands as a part of an over-all water policy has been the subject of much attention during recent years. The Hoover Commission wrote 1280 pages on the subject; the President's Water Resources Policy Commission followed with its three-volume report; the Missouri Basin Commission is the most recent. In addition to these formalized groups, there has been much attention given to the subject by the Budget Bureau, by subcommittees of the Federal InterAgency Reservoir Basin Committee (FIARBC) and by many private or semi-private groups. Probably the recommendation of the President's Water Resources Policy Commission came nearer to being considered by Congress than those of the other groups. As a result of this report, proposed legislation entitled "The Water Act of 1951" was drafted. After being reviewed by the various agencies, the draft of the legislation was returned to the Budget Bureau for simplification and clarification. After being simplified and clarified, the act had been increased from about 60 to 120 pages. Even then it was not considered to be in suitable form for presentation to Congress. It is difficult to predict what may happen in the future on the proposal. Action on recommendations of other groups is not promising. The above review suggests that something is seriously wrong with current water, including irrigation, policy. The simple facts are that we do not have an effective irrigation policy that meets current needs. Federal irrigation policy began with the passage of the Desert Lands Acts in 1877 and 1891. These acts quickly gave way to the Carey Act of 1894, which, in turn, was superseded by the Reclamation Act of 1902. This Act, as modified from time to time, represents the charter under which most of the recent federal irrigation development has occurred.
Character traits in the workplace: A three-month diary study of moral and immoral organizational behaviors

The Work Experiences and Character Traits (WECT) project investigated how moral character, personality, emotions, and treatment by managers and coworkers affected how frequently workers engaged in ethical and unethical behavior at their jobs. Over three months, we administered 14 surveys to more than 1,500 adults living in the United States, who worked in a diverse array of occupations in the private and public sectors. The initial and final surveys assessed personality and moral character traits, as well as job and organizational characteristics. Twelve weekly surveys assessed work behaviors, work experiences, and emotions. A coworker survey assessed coworkers’ judgments of the targets’ personality and moral character traits, as well as their observations of the targets’ work behaviors. Our research showed that individual differences in moral character have consistent, meaningful effects on employees’ work behaviors, and our findings contest situationist perspectives that de-emphasize the importance of individual differences in predicting behavior.
Equjlubrium Topologies of Associatxng Polymers

We have developed a Monte-Carlo computer simulation to study associating polymer interactions. In our model we treat the associations as geometrical constraints. Each polymer chain contains two ’stickers’. The chains are treated as lattice selfavoiding random walks. Each sticker is constrained to be adjacent to one other sticker, but the stickers are free to exchange partners. This freedom to exchange results in an attraction between the chains, as anticipated by Cates and Witten.1 We find that in equilibrium the mutual excluded volume of two such chains passes from repulsive to attractive when the ratio of the sticker distance to the chain length is approximately 0.8. These results are independent of the chain length: they should apply to real polymers subject to these topological constraints in any good solvent at sufficiently high molecular weight.
Environmentally-Evoked Uncertainty Activator of Power in Channel Relationships

Power has been postulated to be a latent facet in sociological situations until it becomes galvanized to an activated state by some issue (Day, 1994). Potentially activating issues include inventory, delivery, terms, the operation of promotional campaigns, frequency of salesmen's visits, to name a few. It is postulated in this paper that the uncertain environment which decision makers within organizations face daily is one of the issues which can act in this way.
Complications of the burn injury.

Complications associated with burn injuries have been mostly characterized in artificial ways. We have elected to discuss the topic in chronologic order. By approaching these complex clinical situations in a sequential fashion, one can anticipate potential complications. It is frustrating to see a problem that could have been avoided if its initial significance had been recognized. In this manner, the accident is the first “complication” of the burn injury. The circumstance and mechanism of the burn set the stage for future medical and emotional problems and chart the course for successful recovery or failure.
Liberated from the Liberator: Frederick Douglass and Garrisonian Political Theology

I argue that Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison held very different political theologies, even while they seemed to work productively together from 1841 to 1847. Examining Douglass's self-presentation on both sides of his split with Garrison, I conclude that he stifled his Christian moral vision in order to comply with Garrisonian theological ideals while working in New England. After moving to Rochester, New York, Douglass was free to give full voice to his authentic Christian political vision. I explore their differing approaches to the Bible's authority, theological anthropology, and the moral permissibility of force, which influenced their political responses to slavery. Scholars such as John Stauffer and John Sekora have argued that his departure facilitated esthetic and racial forms of emancipation for Douglass; I argue that leaving Garrison allowed Douglass to express not only his authentic literary and black identities, but his true Christian identity as well.
Abstract 3235: IDH mutant gliomas escape natural killer cell immune surveillance by downregulation of NKG2D ligands

Background: Diffuse gliomas are fatal primary brain tumors that are poorly immunogenic. The basis for insufficient anti-tumor immunity in diffuse gliomas is not understood. Gain of function mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH1 and IDH2) promote diffuse glioma formation through epigenetic reprogramming of a number of genes, including immune-related genes. Here, we identify epigenetic dysregulation of natural killer (NK) cell ligand genes as significant contributors to immune escape in glioma. Methods: We analyzed the TCGA database for immune gene expression patterns in IDH mutant or wild-type gliomas and identified differentially expressed immune genes. NKG2D ligands expression levels and NK cell-mediated lysis were measured in IDH mutant and wild-type patient-derived glioma stem cells and in genetically engineered astrocytes. Finally, we assessed the impact of hypomethylating agent 5-aza- 2’deoxycytodine (Decitabine) as a potential NK cell sensitizing agent in IDH mutant cells. Results: All IDH mutant glioma stem-like cell lines exhibited significantly lower expression of NKG2D ligands compared with IDH wild-type cells. Consistent with these findings, IDH mutant glioma cells and astrocytes were resistant to NK cell- mediated lysis. The hypomethylating agent Decitabine increased NKG2D ligand expression, and restored NK-mediated lysis of IDH mutant cells in an NKG2D- dependent manner. Conclusions: IDH mutant glioma cells acquire resistance to NK cells through epigenetic silencing of NKG2D ligands ULBP1 and ULPB3. Decitabine-mediated hypomethylation restores ULBP1 and ULBP3 expression in IDH mutant glioma cells and may provide a clinically useful method to sensitize IDH mutant gliomas to NK cell- mediated immune surveillance in patients with IDH mutated diffuse gliomas. Citation Format: Aparna Rao, Xiaoran Zhang, Christopher Deibert, Paola Sette, Tim Chan, Paola Grandi, Nduka Amankulor. IDH mutant gliomas escape natural killer cell immune surveillance by downregulation of NKG2D ligands. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3235.
Northern red oak planting stock: 6-year results

A northern red oak plantation was established in 1988 in a recently clearcut mixed oak stand to evaluate outplanting performance relative to type of planting stock (1--0, 2--0, 1--1, 2--1, 2-year-old containerized, and direct-seeded) and other cultural factors (undercutting in the nursery, raising stock in an extended growing season in Alabama vs a local Pennsylvania nursery, top-clipping at planting time, and tree shelters). Six years after outplanting, seedlings grown from 2-year-old containerized stock were tallest (averaging 3.3 m) and had excellent survival. Among other treatments, 2--0 bareroot stock, especially if undercut in the nursery and top-clipped at planting, performed best and averaged 3.0 m height and 100% survival. Remaining treatments, especially 1--0, were smaller and had reduced survival. Seedlings from direct-seeding were as tall as most 1--0 treatments. Undercutting, top-clipping, nursery transplanting, raising stock in different nurseries, and tree shelters minimally affected the height or survival of seedlings. Seedlings above average in height 3 years after outplanting when fencing was removed and herbiciding ceased, were most likely to survive after 6 years.
Techno-optimism as a barrier to overcoming herbicide resistance: Comparing farmer perceptions of the future potential of herbicides

Abstract The purpose of this analysis is to explore how U.S. grower perceptions of the future potential of different weed management approaches is conditioned by faith in technological fixes and how the latter is influenced by the rate and persistence of herbicide resistant weeds (HRW). We ground our analysis in rural studies literature on location and environmental sociological evaluations of techno-optimism. Using a coding typology of techno-optimism, -skepticism, and -dissonance, focus group data show that farmers in Southern states responded with more skepticism and dissonance to the potential of chemical herbicides as a solution to HRW while farmers in Northern states, where there have historically been fewer HRW, have greater optimism in the potential of chemicals to solve the problem. We conclude that (1) the presence of HRWs provides an important context for farmer ideology and (2) those working with farmers in areas with high HRW rates may be able to tap into the skepticism and dissonance farmers feel toward the future potential of chemical herbicide solutions by providing integrated weed management alternatives.
Past Triumphs, Future Challenges

The study of protein export, into or across membranes, has clearly become one of the liveliest areas in cell biology today, with rapid advances being made both in prokaryotes and in eukaryotic cells. But as a microbiologist, aware that the simplicity and the ease of genetic manipulability of prokaryotes made them the organisms of choice in the early explorations of many of the other universal properties of cells, I have been intrigued by the fact that studies of membrane structure and function have always lagged in prokaryotes compared with eukaryotes.
The significance of post-stress decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction in patients undergoing regadenoson stress gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging

The significance of post-stress decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with regadenoson stress gated SPECT (GSPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) has not been studied. Consecutive patients who underwent rest/regadenoson stress GSPECT-MPI followed by coronary angiography within 6 months were analyzed. Change in LVEF by GSPECT-MPI was calculated as stress LVEF minus rest LVEF; a significant decrease was tested at 5% and 10% thresholds. In a diagnostic cohort of 793 subjects, LVEF change was not predictive of severe/extensive coronary artery disease (area under the curve, 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.44-0.57; P = 0.946). There was no significant difference in the rates of severe/extensive coronary artery disease in patients with or without a decrease in LVEF, irrespective of MPI findings. In an outcome cohort of the 929 subjects followed for 30 ± 16 months, post-regadenoson stress decrease in LVEF was not associated with increased risk of the composite endpoint of cardiac death or myocardial infarction or in the risk of coronary revascularization. In patients selected to undergo coronary angiography following regadenoson stress GSPECT-MPI, a decrease in LVEF after regadenoson stress is not predictive of severe/extensive CAD or adverse clinical outcomes, irrespective of MPI findings.
Getting Into the System: Negotiating Power and Status in the Family

Studies of families of girls in the juvenile justice system have generally used a functionalist perspective and neglected consideration of families as a site of navigation of power and status. However, understanding processes of negotiation of power and status in families is critical to understanding families as a whole, as well as the construction of identity of individual family members. Social and economic marginalization fractures family relationships by impacting the distribution of resources, power, and status within families. Conflicts occur within families at all social locations in the hierarchical structure; however, occupying a position at the bottom of the hierarchical structure poses added pressures that exacerbate potentials for conflict. One way that marginalization strains family relationships is that it weakens the foundation for parental authority. Parental authority as well as family solidarity relies on the unequal distribution of power and status in the parent–child relationship. Through examining the contexts of the girls’ offenses, family conflict over issues of parental authority emerged as a salient factor underlying the girls’ initial contact with the system and the construction of their recorded offenses. The findings in this chapter add to the body of literature noting the criminalization of girls’ attempts to navigate the pressures of multiple marginalization.
The relationship between oesophageal heating during left atrial posterior wall ablation and the durability of pulmonary vein isolation.

Aim During ablation of the posterior wall (PW), luminal oesophageal temperature elevation (OTE) prompts attenuation of radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery to minimize oesophageal injury. This strategy on lesion efficacy is unknown. The goal of this study was to analyse the relationship between OTE and pulmonary vein reconnection (PVR). Methods and results During the index antral pulmonary vein (PV) isolation procedure with an irrigated RF ablation catheter, OTE was detected with a multisensor oesophageal temperature probe. Posterior wall ablation did not exceed 25 W and was terminated when the temperature was ≥38.5°C. Patients undergoing redo procedures (n = 142) were studied for PW sites of PVR along 4 segments: left and right superior, and left and right inferior. Pulmonary vein reconnections had occurred in 51 of the 142 patients (36%), in 58 of 284 PV pairs (20%). Among these 58 reconnected pairs, 83% (n = 48) were along the PW. Oesophageal temperature elevation had occurred in 30 patients (59%). No difference in characteristics was seen between the patients with OTE (n = 30) and those without (n = 21). For superior segments, there was no interaction between the presence or absence of OTE and PVR. For inferior segments, there were more PVRs in the group with OTE: for the right-inferior segment, the PVR rate was 72% for OTE cases vs. 42% without (P = 0.04), and for the left-inferior segment, the PVR rate was 44% for OTE cases vs. 22.9% without (P = 0.12). Conclusion Pulmonary vein reconnections are predominantly posteriorly located. Along the right- and left-inferior PW segments, there was an association with elevated oesophageal temperature during the index procedure.
p53 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the 6th most common cancer worldwide and has a mortality rate of 50% despite surgery. The major risk factors associated with HNSCC are smoking, alcohol, and human papillomavirus (HPV). p53, a transcriptional factor, is the most commonly mutated protein in HNSCC and plays an important and early role in tumorigenesis. The chapter highlights the story of p53 in the progression and management of HNSCC. In particular, we address p53’s mutational landscape and its resultant phenotypic outcomes. In addition, p53 as a prognostic biomarker and predictive biomarker for clinical outcome is addressed. Finally, we discuss p53 as a druggable target in HNSCC patients. This chapter aims to expand the understanding of the role of p53 in HNSCC in order to improve management of HNSCC patients by providing them with a personalized and customizable treatment plan.
Programs determined by mutation-adequate tests (abstract only)

This talk explores the motivation behind mutation as a "data coverage" idea parallel to the usual control-flow-coverage testing. In this view, to kill arithmetic-expression mutants requires a spread of test data, and that data then "covers" the expression. This idea originated about 1970 in partial-recursive function theory, in a study of execution traces that determine the function a program computes. By extension, the mutation-adequate test set determines the only possible program with those traces. The theoretical ideas led to a mutation system guilt on a compiler base (1975-1976). Compiled code was executed down to the point of mutation, then mutant expressions were interpretively executed to detect failures of either weak or strong mutation coverage. The system also accepted oracle data to certify test results.
Abstract 3559: Differential Effect of High Cholesterol by Intracerebral Hemorrhage Location

Background: High cholesterol has been associated with a reduced likelihood of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Lobar ICHs that arise from brain parenchyma near the cortex are predominantly related t...
The Development of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Across Surgical Specialties.

Abstract Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS®) principles have gained traction in variety of surgical disciplines. The promise of a reduced length of stay without compromising patient safety or increasing readmission rates has produced a body of literature examining the implementation of ERAS in the care of general, thoracic, urologic, and gynecologic surgery patients. Methods: We performed a review of the literature pertaining to studies of ERAS implementation across colorectal surgery, general surgery, thoracic surgery, urology, and gynecology. The extent of ERAS implementation and reported outcomes across key studies as well as systematic reviews and meta-analyses in each field were summarized. Results: The implementation of ERAS protocols has not been uniform across surgical specialties. Despite this, ERAS has produced improvements in patient outcomes. The most commonly described benefit of ERAS application has been reduced length of stay; complication and readmission rates are most cons...
The Use of Assessment in Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

“The meaning of diagnosis is ‘to know’ the client in terms of both internal and external perspectives” (Blocher & Biggs, 1983, p. 186). The process of diagnosis can be approached in a comprehensive way that enables counselors to develop a good understanding of people and their environments and, through the process of assessment, formulate a diagnosis and treatment plan as well as enhance the counseling relationship. This chapter builds on the information provided in Chapter 3 by expanding your knowledge of the assessment process and describing many tools and procedures to facilitate assessment.
Antiepileptic drug behavioral side effects and baseline hyperactivity in children and adolescents with new onset epilepsy

SummaryObjective To examine baseline psychological functioning and antiepileptic drug (AED) behavioral side effects in new onset epilepsy and determine, by age, whether baseline psychological functioning predicts AED behavioral side effects 1 month following AED initiation. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted between July 2011 and December 2014 that included youths with new onset epilepsy. As part of routine interdisciplinary care, caregivers completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition: Parent Rating Scale to report on baseline psychological functioning at the diagnostic visit and the Pediatric Epilepsy Side Effects Questionnaire to identify AED behavioral side effects at the 1-month follow-up clinic visit following AED initiation. Children (age = 2-11 years) and adolescents (age = 12-18 years) were examined separately. Results A total of 380 youths with new onset epilepsy (Mage = 8.9 ± 4.3 years; 83.4% Caucasian; 34.8% focal epilepsy, 41.1% generalized epilepsy, 23.7% unclassified epilepsy) were included. Seventy percent of youths had at-risk or clinically elevated baseline psychological symptoms. Children had significantly greater AED behavioral side effects (M = 25.08 ± 26.36) compared to adolescents (M = 12.36 ± 17.73), regardless of AED. Valproic acid demonstrated significantly greater behavioral side effects compared to all other AEDs, with the exception of levetiracetam. Higher hyperactivity/impulsivity at baseline significantly predicted higher AED behavioral side effects 1 month after AED initiation in both age groups. Significance Younger children seem to be more prone to experience behavioral side effects, and these are likely to be higher if youths with epilepsy have baseline hyperactivity/impulsivity. Baseline psychological screening, specifically hyperactivity, can be used as a precision medicine tool for AED selection.
Streptococcus pneumoniae’s Virulence and Host Immunity: Aging, Diagnostics, and Prevention

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infectious pathogen responsible for millions of deaths worldwide. Diseases caused by this bacterium are classified as pneumococcal diseases. This pathogen colonizes the nasopharynx of its host asymptomatically, but overtime can migrate to sterile tissues and organs and cause infections. Pneumonia is currently the most common pneumococcal disease. Pneumococcal pneumonia is a global health concern and vastly affects children under the age of five as well as the elderly and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. S. pneumoniae has a large selection of virulence factors that promote adherence, invasion of host tissues, and allows it to escape host immune defenses. A clear understanding of S. pneumoniae's virulence factors, host immune responses, and examining the current techniques available for diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention will allow for better regulation of the pathogen and its diseases. In terms of disease prevention, other considerations must include the effects of age on responses to vaccines and vaccine efficacy. Ongoing work aims to improve on current vaccination paradigms by including the use of serotype-independent vaccines, such as protein and whole cell vaccines. Extending our knowledge of the biology of, and associated host immune response to S. pneumoniae is paramount for our improvement of pneumococcal disease diagnosis, treatment, and improvement of patient outlook.
High-Speed and Bi-Stable Electrolysis-Bubble Actuated Gate Valves

High-speed and bi-stable electrolysis-bubble actuated planar micro gate valves are demonstrated in this paper. The speed of previous low power planar microvalves was limited by the bubble collapse process. In addition bi-stability was unreliable. In this work, surface tension is used to physically remove the bubble from the actuation chamber allowing operation as fast as 3 Hz while requiring as little as 112µJ per actuation. Buckling beams are used to suspend valves that have been shown to be mechanically bi-stable.
The Role of Geological Discontinuities and Tectonic Stresses in Mine Seismicity

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of geological discontinuities and tectonic stresses in mine seismicity. An a priori knowledge of the characteristics of pre-existing zones of weakness and the in situ stress field can aid in the identification of areas where large mining-induced events can occur. The chapter focuses on rockbursts and other forms of mine seismicity, which involve the stress-induced fracture or faulting of the rockmass. Mine seismicity is essentially rock failure because of the alteration of the virgin state of stress by mining an opening in a rockmass. Several mining factors including the depth of mining, mine geometry, and the rate and volume extracted can influence the redistribution of in situ stresses and, hence, the occurrence of rockbursts and mine seismicity. Equally important are geological factors such as surface topography, the rock properties, geological structure, and the in situ state of stress. Microseismic data, consisting of ground motion recordings of the seismic event, provide the basis for determining the event origin time, location, magnitude, source parameters such as the stress drop and source dimensions, and possibly the faulting style and orientation of the shear failure plane and the orientation and relative magnitudes of the stresses associated with the generation of the event.
Near term commercial opportunities from long range fusion research

An alternate approach to the development of safe, clean, and economical fusion energy for the 21st Century is presented. Instead of continuing exclusively on the path of larger and more costly magnetic confinement fusion reactors based on the DT cycle, it is proposed that near term commercial opportunities using fusion plasmas be identified and pursued. Specific examples of such opportunities are given in the areas of the detection of explosives, the production of medical isotopes, and the destruction of long lived fission product isotopes. It is also suggested that a more profitable path to the goal of fusion electricity might be to concentrate on small, simple devices that eventually can burn the more advanced fusion fuels that emit few if any neutrons. Such devices could gain back the public confidence and counter the `fusion is always 50 years away` syndrome. 11 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Disruption, Technology, and Time: Supporting Response to the Maternal Mortality Crisis

In the US, the number of women who experience severe complications or die during the course of pregnancy and childbirth has sharply risen since 2000. This growing public health crisis results in billions of dollars in healthcare costs, as well as untold harm to the people involved, including life-altering surgeries and family trauma. One suggested reason for this crisis is fragmented perinatal care between formal and informal responses in the healthcare system. Through this research, I will develop an ecological model to understand the socio-technical processes underlying the response to the rise in maternal mortality.
Hamsaz: replication coordination analysis and synthesis

Distributed system replication is widely used as a means of fault-tolerance and scalability. However, it provides a spectrum of consistency choices that impose a dilemma for clients between correctness, responsiveness and availability. Given a sequential object and its integrity properties, we automatically synthesize a replicated object that guarantees state integrity and convergence and avoids unnecessary coordination. Our approach is based on a novel sufficient condition for integrity and convergence called well-coordination that requires certain orders between conflicting and dependent operations. We statically analyze the given sequential object to decide its conflicting and dependent methods and use this information to avoid coordination. We present novel coordination protocols that are parametric in terms of the analysis results and provide the well-coordination requirements. We implemented a tool called Hamsaz that can automatically analyze the given object, instantiate the protocols and synthesize replicated objects. We have applied Hamsaz to a suite of use-cases and synthesized replicated objects that are significantly more responsive than the strongly consistent baseline.