cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADVANCED TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE UPPER URINARY TRACT: PATTERNS OF FAILURE, SURVIVAL AND IMPACT OF POSTOPERATIVE ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY

AbstractPurpose: We review the outcome of patients with advanced stage III or IV transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and the impact of postoperative radiotherapy.Materials and Methods: We identified 74 patients who were treated surgically with curative intent for stage III (49) or IV (25) transitional cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Median followup was 21 months (range 1 to 236) for all patients and 60 months (range 29 to 172) for those alive at last contact. A median dose of 40 Gy. adjuvant radiotherapy was delivered to the tumor bed and regional nodes of 15 patients (30%) with stage III and 13 (52%) with stage IV disease.Results: The actuarial 5-year overall and disease specific survival for patients with stage III disease was 28 and 40%, respectively. Median disease specific survival was 37 months. Median overall and disease specific survival for patients with stage IV disease was 7 months. Isolated local recurrence was identified in 5 of 49 patients with stage III and onl...
Optimal temperature profiles for postexposure bake of photoresist

In this paper it is shown how to compute optimal temperature profiles for post-exposure bake of photo-resist. The profiles are optimal in the sense that the worst case non-uniformity of the dissolution rate in the photo-resist is minimized. This yields uniform development profiles, which make over- development unnecessary. The optimal strategy turns out to be to heat and cool with maximum speed. This means that the only variable that remains to optimize in each specific case is the total time of baking. This is a significant reduction in optimization complexity, and it agrees with common industrial practice.
Skirting around critical feminist rationales for teaching women in social studies

Feminist practices can provide firm theoretical grounding for the kind of social studies that scholars promote, especially in relation to efforts to include women in the curriculum. However, in P–12 social studies education, neither women nor feminism receive much attention. The study described in this article was a discourse analysis of 16 recently published lesson plans that did include women. Through this examination of the rationales and language used to promote teaching about women, the author sheds light on some discursive obstacles inhibiting attention to gender issues in critical feminist ways and argues that by shifting norms in the field, we can realize feminism’s potential to contribute to both social studies and ongoing discussions about women and gender inequity in society.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANDROGENS ON INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM IN MUSCLE

Male rats were castrated and subsequently injected with testosterone, progesterone or androstcrone. Masseter, temporal and perineal muscles were excised and homogenized and the homogenatc was incubated with citrate, succinate, lactatc or malate as substrate. The incubation medium contained phosphate labeled with P32. Oxygen consumption, α-keto acid production, lactate production and incorporation of P32 into ATP were measured. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that testosterone, but not progesterone or androsterone, stimulates the enzyme DPNH cytochrome c reductase. The addition of testosterone to muscle homogenates in vitro did not stimulate oxygen utilization, α-keto acid production, or the incorporation of P32 into ATP. A stimulation of DPNH cytochrome c reductase could increase the rate of oxidative phosphorylation, the rate of production of ATP, and thus lead to an increased rate of growth of the muscle.
Performance and reliability of SiGe photodetectors

Abstract Ge on Si p–i–n photodetectors with areas which are compatible with commercially-available receivers have been fabricated and tested. A dark current density of 6 mA/cm 2 at − 1 V bias has been measured at room temperature; when heated to 85 °C, the measured dark current increases by a factor of nine. A responsivity of 0.59 A/W at 850 nm has been measured from these Ge detectors, which matches or exceeds commercially available GaAs devices. We have measured bandwidths approaching 9 GHz at − 2 V bias from 50 μm diameter Ge detectors.
Instantons and hypercontact structures

Abstract Any (anti)-instanton yields a set of three contact forms on S 7 . The basic (anti)-instanton yields a hypercontact structure. Also, we indicate sufficient conditions for the components of an SU (2) connection to be contact forms. Finally, we prove, under a mild hypothesis, that the three contact forms of any hypercontact structure define the same contact structure.
Assessing Student Learning Outcomes

This chapter addresses assessment of student learning in general education, transfer programs, career and occupational programs, remedial and developmental courses and programs, and noncredit and continuing education offerings, as well as assessment of affective and noncognitive outcomes and the use of assessment results.
The accumulation and destructive action of astatine211 (eka-iodine) in the thyroid gland of rats and monkeys.

INTRODUCTION IN 1940 Corson et al. isolated a radioactive element, the chemical, physical and nuclear properties of which established it to be element 85, the last of the halogen group (1). This element, now named astatine (from the Greek aararos, “unstable”) was produced by the transmutation of bismuth by alpha-particles accelerated at 30 Mev1 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the Crocker Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley. Hamilton and Soley compared the metabolism of I131 and At211 in the guinea pig and demonstrated that At211, like I131, was accumulated by the thyroid gland. This work included the use of not only normal animals but also guinea pigs in which thyrotoxicosis had been produced by the administration of the thyrotropic hormone (2). Later, a more detailed report was presented by Hamilton et al., which was concerned with not only the metabolism but also the biologic effects of astatine in rats and monkeys. In this work, changes due to the destructive action of astatine in the thyroid ...
Erythropoietin Overview-1993

Knowledge continues to grow on the biology of endogenous erythropoietin (EPO), its effects on red blood cell physiology, and the use of the recombinant form of the hormone. In addition to oxygen deliv
Spatially varying scatter compensation for chest radiographs using a hybrid Madaline artificial neural network

We developed a hybrid artificial neural network for scatter compensation in digital portable chest radiographs. The network inputs an image region of interest (ROI), and outputs the scatter estimate at the ROI's center. We segmented each image into four regions by relative detected exposure, then trained a separate Adaline (adaptive linear element) or adaptive filter for each region. We produced a spatially varying hybrid Madaline (mulitple Adaline) by combining outputs from weight matrices of different sizes trained for different durations. The network was trained with 20 patient or 1280 examples, then evaluated with another 5 patients or 320 examples. Scatter estimation errors were not very different, ranging from the Adaline's 6.9 percent to the hybrid Madaline's 5.5 percent. Primary errors (more relevant to quantitative radiography techniques like dual energy imaging) were 43 percent for the Adaline, reduced to 27 percent for the Madaline, and further reduced to 19 percent for the hybrid Madaline. The trained weight matrices, which act like convolution filters, resembled the shape and magnitude of scatter point spread functions. All networks outperformed conventional convolution-subraction techniques using analytical kernels. With its spatially varying neural network model, the hybrid Madaline provided the most accurate and robust estimation of scatter and primary exposures.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Intradiscipline Status Hierarchy: Prestige Ranking of Sociology's Specialty Areas

An expanding literature in the sociology of sociology, evidenced by works such as those of Horowitz (1968), Curtis and Petras (1970), Friedrichs (1970), Gouldner (1970), and Reynolds and Reynolds (1970), reflects the increasing interest of sociologists in the structure of their discipline and, as Oromaner (1972) has noted, with its patterns of stratification. In particular, the relative prestige relationship of the areas of specialization in sociology (see ASA Directory of Members, 1970:viii) has been explored in several studies, and specialty area prestige hierarchies have been proposed (e.g., Simpson, 1961; Brown and Gilmartin, 1969; McCartney, 1970; and Akitani, 1971). The basic method for determining these hierarchies focuses upon rates, or volume, of a specialty area's publication in the leading sociology journals. The relationship between the prestige of a specialty area and its volume of publication is, as stated by Brown and Gilmartin (1969:284), such that ". . . sheer number of publications may ... be taken as indicative of the relative importance and prestige of an area." A similar relationship between volume of publication and prestige has been demonstrated between the prestige rankings of graduate departments of sociology and indices of publication productivity (Lewis, 1968; Knudsen and Vaughan, 1969; Glenn and Villemez, 1970; Light field, 1971; and Solomon, 1972). The major difference between these departmental prestige and specialty area prestige comparisons is that the index of departmental prestige has been derived from the ratings of graduate departments in Cartter's An Assessment of Quality in Graduate Education (1966:42-43), Roose and Andersen's A Rating of Graduate Programs (1970:68-69), or both. In concluding his report of departmental prestige and publication rates, Solomon (1972:14) states "...that there are strong relations
Bulk, surface and blood-contacting properties of polyether polyurethanes modified with polydimetnylsiloxane macroglycols

The bulk, surface and blood-contacting properties of a series of polyether polyurethanes, modified with three different polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) macroglycol segments, were evaluated. The PDMS oligomers were terminated with hydroxy-tipped end groups of varying polarity. The effect of substituting the polytetramethylene oxide (PTMO) soft segment of a base polyurethane with 5 and 15 wt% of these PDMS-containing polyols was investigated. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break appeared to be the bulk properties most significantly affected by the addition of the PDMS-containing polyols. Underwater contact angle data indicate that the block copolymer surface became more hydrophilic with increasing PDMS content. In a vacuum, as determined from the ESCA data, the relatively non-polar PDMS soft segments preferentially oriented at the surface with increasing PDMS incorporation. Despite the variation in the surface properties, the blood compatibility of these polymers was not significantly affected by the addition of the PDMS-containing polyols.
Effect of changes in the composition of seawater on the density–salinity relationship

Abstract Over the next 5–10 years, the WOCE hydrographic program will generate reliable hydrographic data for the world oceans. The resultant conductivity salinity, temperature, and pressure data will generate calculated densities that will be used to examine mixing along constant density surfaces. Changes in the composition of deep waters due to the breakdown of plant material can effect the calculated densities at a given conductivity salinity. The increases in SiO 2 , nitrate, alkalinity, and TCO 2 (or pH) can change the density of seawater as well as the conductivity. For studies of the salinity and density fields over small spatial scales, these changes will be small, but for large scale and ocean to ocean studies the differences can be significant. The density calculations based on the salinity determined from conductivity need to be adjusted for the offsets due to changes in the composition of seawater. This report describes how this correction should be made using existing information.
The value and potential of multisited ethnography for science education research: a review of Jrène Rahm’s Science in the Making at the Margin

Rahm sought to illuminate how children and youth make meaning of science in three out-of-school time programs, and the identity work that is done through the trajectory of their youth toward their young adulthood. Through using multisited ethnography, she asserts that we can learn more about what the youth say about their science learning and science literacy development in these programs. She has revealed through her rich data the potential value of multisited ethnography for science education research. A similar theme of insider/outsider status to science emerged in each of the three sites. The nature of the data collected in Rahm’s multisited ethnography allowed for the unveiling of the similarities in this theme, but also made evident the nuanced ways that this theme presented itself differently across the three sites. The additional potential came through in the varied data Rahm could have delved into and did not. A unique characteristic of ethnographic research, that is not necessarily present in other research methods, is that a wide array of varied data is collected. An analysis of documents, images, and observational field notes, which go beyond interview data, may provide deeper understandings previously untouched in science education.
SWAT Application for Conservation Effects Assessment in the Southeastern Coastal Plain

The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to examine the impacts of alternate land management practices on water quantity and quality within a Coastal Plain Watershed. Runoff, sediment, and pesticide loadings were examined. SWAT simulations indicate a linear decrease in sediment and pesticide yields will be observed if conservation tillage is implemented on the cotton acreage within this watershed. For sediment, a 20% reduction in loss can be obtained through implementation of conservation tillage on 15% of the watershed area. SWAT simulations indicated that a 45% reduction in the simulated pesticides can be expected when the conservation practices are implemented on the same acreage. However, the model did simulate an increase in water yields from the watershed when these practices were implemented, likely due to increases in infiltration in the uplands. This increase in infiltration and subsequently streamflow could result in greater losses of soluble chemicals, nitrate in particular.
Cost savings with implementation of PNA FISH testing for identification of Candida albicans in blood cultures

Antifungal expenditures are substantial for many hospitals. Using caspofungin for the treatment of candidemia accounts for a sizable proportion of the costs. A cost minimization study that used a decision analytic model was done to compare in-hospital diagnosis and treatment costs using the Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA FISH) test versus the C. albicans screen test for differentiating C. albicans from non-albicans Candida species bloodstream infections. Assuming physician notification of yeast identity concurrent with blood culture positivity, potential savings resulting from use of the C. albicans PNA FISH test compared with the C. albicans screen test averaged $1837 per patient treated, although laboratory costs for doing the C. albicans PNA FISH test ($82.72) exceeded those for the C. albicans screen test ($2.83). Savings were realized through a decrease in antifungal drug costs, particularly caspofungin. Incorporating the C. albicans PNA FISH test as part of the initial identification algorithm for yeasts recovered from blood can result in substantial savings for hospitals.
The effects of mylonitization and fractures on elastic wave velocities in crystalline rock — Examples from the Cajon Pass Scientific Drillhole

Sonic compressional and shear wave velocities were calculated from full waveforms recorded in the Cajon Pass drillhole from 250 to 1829 m depth. A complete suite of Schlumberger logs was also recorded over the same interval. Compressional velocities in the sediments (250-495 m) range from 3.3 to 4.0 km/s; shear velocities are unreliable. Shallow crystalline basement has low velocities (Vp < 4.8; Vs < 2.8 km/s) and resistivities due to minor alteration. Below 708 m Vp is 5.5 to 6.0 km/s and Vs is 3.2 to 3.5 km/s. Velocities are generally lower in more felsic rocks. In gneisses sonic waveforms are more distorted, semblance coherence is lower and physical properties are more variable. Mylonitized zones and fractured intervals have distinctly lower velocities but different aggregate log response. Lower velocities are found within a zone of fractures within the gneiss at about 840 m. Porosity increases only at one large fracture within the interval. In a mylonitized shear zone at 1440 m the velocity reduction and the porosity increase occur across the zone.
SIGNFICANT OTHERS VISITING OTHERS INMATES: SEX AND RELATIONAL DIFFERENCES

ABSTRACT Prison visitation programs provide correctional administrators with low-cost programs that facilitate inmate-community contacts, and are related with increased rates of successful re-entry. Previous research has addressed structural barriers to successful programs, but few have addressed the experiences of visitors. Drawing on data from 372 visitors to a medium security men's prison the present study assesses the experiences of visitors, with special attention to women visiting significant others. Results show that significant others are not significantly different from other visitors in terms of frequency of visitation. Significant others do present a different profile and experience the visitation environment less positively than other categories of visitors.
Regression Analysis as Applied to an Equation of State for Nylon Yarn

In a previous paper responses of 66 nylon yarn to environmental changes were ana lyzed experimentally and an equation of state was developed from theoretical considera tions. The equation of state is herein analyzed as to its adequacy as a prediction equation for those environmental changes by the techniques of statistical regression analysis, and the regression coefficients are obtained. The regression technique is sketched in matrix form, and the various statistical tests and their implications are discussed. The equation of state is highly satisfactory as a prediction equation.
Nutritional evaluation of lectin-free soybeans for poultry

Abstract This study evaluated the nutritional value of raw lectin-free soybeans in comparison with raw Kunitz trypsin inhibitor-free soybeans, raw conventional soybeans, and commercial heat processed soybean meal (SBM). Analyzed lectin values (milligrams per kilogram) were 7.2, 7.1, and 0.05). Likewise, the TMEn for lectin-free soybeans was 11% higher than that for raw conventional soybeans (3.577 vs 3.227 kcal/g DM) but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The results of this study indicate that the nutritional value of raw lectin-free soybeans is greater than raw conventional soybeans but is less than raw Kunitz-free soybeans and SBM, suggesting that trypsin inhibitor is a greater antinutritional factor than lectins.
Use of peripheral quantitative computed tomography for densitometry of the femoral neck and spine in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) allows for the separate densitometric examination of cortical and cancellous bone in vivo. With the new peripheral QCT (pQCT) instrument (the Norland/Stratec XCT-3000A), we evaluated the clinically relevant axial sites of spine and femoral neck in nonhuman primates in vivo. The reproducibility was good (coefficient of variation [CV] <3% at both sites for cortical, trabecular, and total bone mineral density [BMD]; CV 3%-7% for bone mineral content [BMC] and cross-sectional bone area). One hundred sixty intact female cynomolgus monkeys (M. fascicularis) were scanned at the femoral neck. There was less variability among monkeys in cortical BMD (mean 802 mg/mL, CV 6%) as opposed to trabecular BMD (mean 334 mg/mL, CV 28%) or transition zone BMD (mean 457 mg/mL, CV 12%). Scans were performed on lumbar vertebrae (L-4, L-5, and L-6) from five monkeys in vivo and ex vivo. Removal of soft tissue increased measured BMD. Decreasing voxel size from 0.4 mm to 0.2 mm increased measured BMD by diminishing the partial volume effect. Factor analysis demonstrated the expected relationships between pQCT parameters and physical measurement of bone mass and volume ex vivo. Preliminary results in eight ovariectomized and eight reproductively intact monkeys revealed a lower transition zone BMD at the femoral neck, and lower total BMD of the vertebral body in estrogen-deficient animals.
Advances in fluorescence labeling strategies for dynamic cellular imaging

Synergistic advances in optical physics, probe design, molecular biology, labeling techniques and computational analysis have propelled fluorescence imaging into new realms of spatiotemporal resolution and sensitivity. This review aims to discuss advances in fluorescent probes and live-cell labeling strategies, two areas that remain pivotal for future advances in imaging technology. Fluorescent protein– and bio-orthogonal–based methods for protein and RNA imaging are discussed as well as emerging bioengineering techniques that enable their expression at specific genomic loci (for example, CRISPR and TALENs). Important attributes that contribute to the success of each technique are emphasized, providing a guideline for future advances in dynamic live-cell imaging.
A procedure for the preparation of extracts from Rhodospirillum rubrum catalyzing N2 reduction and ATP-dependent H2 evolution.

Abstract A procedure for the reproducible preparation of cell extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum active in catalyzing N 2 reduction and ATP-dependent H 2 evolution is described. With adequate pH control and the removal of interfering or inactivating substances, specific activities of 1–2 mμmoles N 2 reduced per minute per milligram protein and 5–9 mμmoles H 2 evolved per minute per milligram protein were consistently obtained.
Impact of interconnect length changes on effective materials properties (dielectric constant)

This paper presents models and a methodology to evaluate tradeoffs between technology and design to obtain the highest frequency in ULSI design projects and quantifies the performance improvement that can be expected. With respect to the standard chip design process, it is well known in the academic community that circuits and chips are required to satisfy specific constraints, most notably the requirement that all signals must have zero slack when the transistors and wires are manufactured at some pre-specified technology node. To amortize the cost of the design process, which is time-consuming and complex, there is a need to migrate the designs to future technology nodes with minimal redesign. However, this problem and the associated implications of design migration are less well known, and at present there are no existing models to help designers evaluate whether migrated designs will operate successfully in a future technology or whether migrated designs will fail and thus cause chip failure. Thus, there is a need for research to evaluate the impact of design changes on chip performance. This paper presents a methodology to evaluate and quantify the performance impact of design changes, where we express the impact on performance as an effective change in dielectic constant in the wire environment. In this study, as in a previous study[1], performance estimates obtained from the model are compared with values obtained for interconnections in 18 ASIC-like control logic designs in the Instruction Fetch Unit (IFU) of the 1.3GHz POWER4 microprocessor.
Adolescent and caregiver perception of family functioning: Relation to suicide ideation and attempts

This study assessed the relationship between perceived family functioning and two indicators of suicidality in an adolescent sample. A total of 103 adolescents psychiatrically hospitalized for suicidal ideation and/or behavior completed a battery of self-report questionnaires assessing family functioning, negative affectivity, suicidal ideation in the past week assessed by Beck's Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS; Beck et al., 1979), and past suicide attempts. Participants' primary caregivers also completed a questionnaire on family functioning. A paired samples t-test evaluated overall discrepancy between adolescent- and caregiver-reported family functioning. Linear and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the simple associations between perceived family functioning and suicidal indicators (BSS and previous attempt status), as well as the associations between perceived family functioning and suicidal indicators after controlling for negative affect. Results indicated that adolescents' ratings of family functioning were significantly worse than caregivers' ratings, and positively associated with BSS scores and a history of suicide attempt. When negative affect was controlled for, adolescent-reported family functioning was significantly associated with BSS, but only trended toward significance with attempt status. Findings suggest that adolescents' perceptions of family functioning may be a key contributing factor to suicidal ideation in adolescents with psychiatric disorders.
The Mind-Body Revisited

Western civilization has a philosophical tradition based upon dualisms and dichotomies. Among these dichotomies is one that separates the mind and the body. In an area of study and practice such as physical education, this separation of the human into two parts has implications for our teaching, research, curricula, and even the way we work with people. The purpose of this article is to review the philosophic history of the mind and body with reference to the implications this dualism has had in our profession. This is followed by a discussion of a nondualistic, embodied view of humans and how that nondualistic view might call for (a) changes in the way we work with people, and (b) integrative study and analysis in order to lead to a more complete understanding of human movement.
A Role for Leptin in Brain Development

Leptin, the product of the obese gene, is a circulating hormone involved in feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Ob/ob mice which are leptin deficient have many phenotypic abnormalities including brains that are smaller in both weight and cortical volume. To this end, we monitored the effects of leptin administration on brain growth. Intraperitoneal administration of leptin for 2 weeks daily to 4-week-old ob/ob mice resulted in a maximal 10% increase in both wet and dry brain weights. This increase appears to be partially the result of increased cell number as indicated by a 19% increase in total brain DNA. In summary, our data suggest that the decreased brain size of the ob/ob mouse is due to a developmental defect that can be corrected upon leptin administration and therefore leptin plays a role in brain growth and development.
Mapping the functional proximity of cortical regions by multidimensional scaling

Abstract Multidimensional scaling procedures provide a new means of studying the spatial organization of brain electrical activity. A three-staged analysis process is proposed and tested on human electroencephalographic data. Simple, high accuracy solutions with anatomically meaningful dimensions were achieved. The procedure is not limited to the application presented, but is of general utility.
Texture Analysis for Tissue Classification of Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a cross-sectional imaging modality capable of acquiring images to depths of a few millimeters at resolutions ranging from 10-15 μm. This makes OCT useful for visualizing layers and structures within the tissue, but not effective for seeing in vivo cellular level detail. Random spatially dependent speckle patterns were seen in our images due to the coherent properties of light utilized in OCT. These speckle patterns are dependent on various optical parameters of the system, including numerical aperture, as well as the size and distribution of light scattering particles within the sample. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the application of statistical and spectral texture analysis techniques for differentiating tissue types based on the structural and speckle content in OCT images. Good correct classification rates were obtained when five different bovine tissues were compared in pairs, averaging 80% correct, and reasonable rates were obtained comparing normal vs. abnormal mouse lung tissue, averaging 64.0% and 88.6%, respectively. This study has shown that texture analysis of OCT images may be capable of differentiating tissue types without reliance on visible structures.
Precision Magnetic Measurements used for the Design of the Stanford Two-Mile Linear Accelerator Transport Systems

In order to utilize the electron beam of the Stanford two-mile accelerator most effectively, an elaborate beam switchyard will be used. Two basic components constitute the switchyard: a switching magnet and two deflecting transport systems. A precision deflection magnet system containing several dc magnets and quadrupoles will bend and momentum-analyze the electron and positron beams. This paper discusses the methods and techniques used in making high-precision magnetic measurements in dc and multipole magnetic fields. The requirements for the accuracy of field measurements are deduced from the beam optics of the transport systems. Special measurements and instruments used in these measurements will be discussed in detail, and the results of these measurements will be related to the optical properties of the particle beams. Special measurements in multipole magnets, such as the location of the magnetic center, the magnetic coordinate system, multipole content, effective length, and different methods of making such measurements, will be discussed.
Thalamic mediodorsal and intralaminar nuclear lesions disrupt the generation of experimentally induced generalized absence-like seizures in rats.

The effect of bilateral electrolytic lesions of various thalamic sites on the generation of bilaterally synchronous spike and wave discharges (SWD) was studied in two experimental rat models of absence-like seizures. SWD induced by both pentylenetetrazole (20 mg/kg, i.p.) and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (gamma-butyrolactone, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) were recorded simultaneously from the thalamus and cortex. In both models generation of SWD from the mediodorsal, intralaminar (central lateral and paracentral), ventroposterolateral (VPL) and the reticular thalamic (RT) nucleus was synchronous with that of frontoparietal cortex. Bilateral lesions in mediodorsal and intralaminar thalamic nuclei abolished SWD from both cortex and thalamus in both models. Similar lesions in VPL did not abolish, but attenuated the duration of pentylenetetrazole- and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-induced SWD, more significantly from the thalamus than from the cortex. RT lesions were associated with more pronounced suppression of pentylenetetrazole-, but not gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-induced SWD in the thalamus. These findings suggest a potential role for mediodorsal and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the generation of experimental absence-like seizures in rats.
Microstructure Improvement in Weld Metal Using Ultrasonic Vibrations

When considering the operational performance of weldments in the engineering projects, the most important issues to be considered are weld metal mechanical properties, integrity of the welded joint, and weldability 1 . These issues are closely related to the microstructure of the weld metal. A significant amount of research has been carried out to alter the process variables and to use external devices to obtain microstructure control of the weldments. It has been reported that grain refined microstructure not only reduces cracking behavior of alloys including solidification cracking, cold cracking and reheat cracking, 2 - 5 but also improves the mechanical properties of the weld metal, such as toughness, ductility, strength, and fatigue life. 6, 7 Weld pool stirring, 8 arc oscillation, 9, 10 arc pulsation, 11 , and magnetic arc oscillator 12, 13 have been applied to fusion welding to refine the microstructures. This article describes initial experimental results on the use of power ultrasonic vibration to refine the microstructure of weld metals.
Heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and necrotizing enterocolitis: Lack of an association

During an outbreak of diarrhea in a special care nursery caused by heat-stable enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (serotype 078:H11:K80), nine (4.3%) of the 205 infants in the nursery developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Cases of necrotizing enterocolitis were not significantly more common in infants colonized or infected with these organisms; heat-stable enterotoxigenic E. coli was isolated from 5(56%) of nine cases of necrotizing ecterocolitis and from 27(38%) of the 71 infants without necrotizing enterocolitis who were also cultured. Our findings suggest that caution should be taken in implicating enterotoxigenic E. coli as a cause of necrotizing enterocolitis.
Mutation Spectra of TA*, the Major Photoproduct of Thymidylyl-(3′–5′)-Deoxyadenosine, in Escherichia Coli under SOS Conditions

The biological activity of TA*, the major photoproduct of thymidylyl-(3',5')-deoxyadenosine, has remained speculative since it was identified a decade ago. To determine the mutagenicity of TA* in Escherichia coli, we constructed the replicative form of an M13mp18-derived phage containing TA* in the (-)-strand by polymerase-catalyzed elongation of a TA*-containing 49mer opposite a uracil-containing (+)-strand of the phage. The in vitro synthesis mixture was transfected into an ung+, phr- E.coli host and the progeny were screened with a hybridization probe unique for the (-)-strand. TA* was found to block DNA replication substantially in the absence of SOS, but under SOS, TA* was bypassed more efficiently and was highly mutagenic. Among 56 analyzed (-)-strand progeny from two transfections, 46 (82%) were mutants, including six (11%) tandem mutants. The most abundant mutation was a 3'A-->T substitution (31/46, 56%). The possible biological consequences of TA* formation in the highly conserved TATA box consensus sequence on gene expression are discussed in light of the mutagenicity of TA*.
Adrenal Insufficiency as a Manifestation of Disseminated Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics, laboratory features, and outcome in five patients who had biochemically proven adrenal insufficiency attributable to pathologically confirmed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) . Material and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients at Mayo Clinic Rochester during the period from 1976 to 1994 to identify those with both NHL, as listed in the surgical pathology tissue registry, and adrenal insufficiency. Histologically, the patients were classified on the basis of the working formulation and the revised European-American lymphoma classification. Results Three patients had diffuse large cell NHL, one patient had small noncleaved NHL, and one patient had cutaneous T-cell NHL. All five patients had stage IV disease. Adrenal insufficiency was confirmed by morning and evening determinations of serum cortisol levels and cosyntropin stimulation tests. All patients demonstrated loss of circadian rhythm. The median age of the patients was 77 years (range, 60 to 89). Three of the five patients died without treatment from 5 to 22 days after assessment. One patient died of a cerebrovascular accident. Despite initiation of chemotherapy, two patients died of progressive NHL at 7 weeks and 7 months. Conclusion In our experience, biochemically proven adrenal insufficiency in patients with NHL is a manifestation of clinically advanced disease in elderly patients. A stepwise diagnostic approach is critical for the appropriate management of such patients.
Should We Let Employees Contract Away Their Rights Against Arbitrary Discharge

This article argues that the moral right to be discharged only for good cause and like rights can be contracted away by employees in appropriate circumstances. It maintains that the rights in question are not inalienable, and that there is nothing irrational about an employee's wishing to deal them away. It also maintains that inequalities in bargaining power between employers and employees are insufficiently pervasive to justify a flat ban on the alienation of these rights. For a waiver of such rights to be valid, however, employees must have full knowledge of its terms. The question addressed here bears on several legal and policy issues affecting termination of the employment relation. If employees can contract away their right to a goodcause discharge, the American doctrine of employment at willmight find justification in the face of that right. In addition, the alienability of such discharge rights may be necessary to justify express disclaimers of wrongful discharge liability and the waiver provision of the new U.S. Draft Uniform Employment-Termination Act.
Periodic systems of population models and enveloping functions

We show that P. Cull's concept of enveloping functions can be applied to periodic systems of population models to ensure the existence of globally asymptotically stable attractors for such systems without ever considering the compositions of the maps involved. We give conditions to ensure that a period-n system of population models sharing a fixed point and enveloping function has a globally asymptotically stable trivial geometric cycle. We also give conditions on two-periodic systems of population models that do not share a fixed point or an enveloping function that ensures the existence of a globally attracting geometric 2-cycle as well as providing bounds for the location of the attractor. A technique is outlined to establish the existence of a period-n attractor for a period-n system of population models that do not share a fixed point using the theorems for the period-2 case. Furthermore, we give examples that show enveloping provides sufficient but not necessary conditions for the existence of globally asymptotically stable geometric cycles in such systems.
Entropy of adsorption and the mobility of water vapor on α-Fe2O3

The physically adsorbed monolayer of water vapor on hydroxylated α-Fe2O3 is shown to be immobile through application of adsorption thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The integral entropy of adsorption obtained from multitemperature isotherms at constant spreading pressure is −33.2 eu for half a monolayer. This value compares favorably with the theoretical value of −35.8 eu calculated from statistical mechanics for immobile adsorption, but not with the value −15.9 eu similarly derived for mobile adsorption. The experimental and theoretical entropies for immobile adsorption agree quite well over the entire monolayer. Spreading pressures required to evaluate the experimental integral entropies were obtained in two ways: (1) graphically; and (2) analytically, with a two-part integration of the Gibbs equation based on Dubinin-Radushkevich behavior in the monolayer and on Frenkel-Halsey-Hill multilayers. Both methods gave the same spreading pressure for a given coverage. The mechanism by which the monolayer is localized is presumably hydrogen bonding of a single water molecule to two underlying hydroxyl groups.
Underutilization of Evidence‐Based Therapies in Heart Failure: The Pharmacist's Role

Utilization of evidence-based therapy in the heart failure population includes implementation of heart failure treatment guidelines, interventions to improve prescribing, and inclusion of pharmacists on the multidisciplinary team. Use of treatment guidelines eases the challenge of selecting the appropriate drug and dosage; quality interventions by pharmacists can ensure optimal prescribing of therapy; and provision of care by a multidisciplinary team can improve outcomes in patients with heart failure. Evidence-based therapy, however, remains underutilized in the heart failure population. Barriers to utilization include misperceptions that various heart failure subpopulations do not need certain medical therapies, a fear of polypharmacy, inappropriate assumptions about adverse effects and contraindications, and cost. In fact, optimal prescribing of evidence-based therapy can actually reduce costs. Clearly documented processes and systems are needed to ensure that evidence-based therapy and education are available to every patient.
Reaction of Terminal Phosphinidene Complexes with Acetylenic Alcohols: Intramolecular Hydrophosphination of a Phosphirene Ring

The transient phosphinidene complex [PhP−Mo(CO)5], as generated from the appropriate 7-phosphanorbornadiene complex at 110 °C in toluene, selectively reacts with the C⋮C triple bond of 4-phenyl-3-butyn-1-ol to give the corresponding phosphirene complex 4. Upon further heating, this phosphirene evolves via two pathways. The minor pathway involves the formal addition of the OH bond of the alcohol function onto the phosphirene P−C ring bond to give the 3-benzylidene-1,2-oxaphospholane complex 5. The major pathway involves the reaction of a second molecule of [PhP−Mo(CO)5] with the OH group of 4, giving an intermediate phosphirene with an additional secondary alkoxyphosphine functionality (7). An intramolecular hydrophosphination of one P−C bond of the phosphirene ring then immediately takes place to give the cis-1,2-bis(phosphino)ethene [Mo(CO)4] complex 8 as a mixture of two diastereomers. After methylation of the PH group of 8, decomplexation can be efficiently achieved by reaction with sulfur. Structures ...
Cryptococcosis associated with crescentic glomerulonephritis

Crescentic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is an uncommon form of renal injury in childhood. Whereas many infectious processes are known to be linked to CGN, fungal infections typically are not. This report describes an 11-year-old girl who presented with CGN, cutaneous anergy, and cryptococcal mediastinitis. Whereas cryptococcal disease in children is usually associated with immunodeficiency (inherited or acquired), extensive immunologic evaluation of the patient was notable only for relative CD4 lymphopenia with normal CD4/CD8 ratios. Testing for human immunodeficiency virus was negative. Clinical and diagnostic studies are presented, along with a review of the literature regarding glomerular disease and cryptococcal infections.
Where Does Japan Fit In

To maintain its stability, an international system must be able to absorb and respond to rapidly changing economic and military power. The sudden emergence of a new and powerful national actor triggers a process of economic and political displacement that profoundly affects the interests and status of other nations — sometimes beneficially, but more frequently detrimentally. Some states will obviously gain as a rising power stakes out its position in the game of nations; for example, at least in the medium term, the emergence of a strong and unified China gave an advantage to the United States in its confrontation with the Soviet Union. However, as power and status are by definition relative, some formerly dominant and secure states will necessarily decline and their interests will be adversely affected. Thus, the existence of an independent, industrialised China has greatly undermined the security of the Soviet Union and transformed the international politics of East Asia.
Eating ourselves to death (and despair): the contribution of adiposity and inflammation to depression

Obesity and related metabolic conditions are of epidemic proportions in most of the world, affecting both adults and children. The accumulation of lipids in the body in the form of white adipose tissue in the abdomen is now known to activate innate immune mechanisms. Lipid accumulation causes adipocytes to directly secrete the cytokines interleukin (IL) 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), but also monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), which results in the accumulation of leukocytes in fat tissue. This sets up a chronic inflammatory state which is known to mediate the association between obesity and conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. There is also a substantial literature linking inflammation with risk for depression. This includes the observations that: (1) people with inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and psoriasis have elevated rates of depression; (2) many people administered inflammatory cytokines such as interferon alpha develop depression that is indistinguishable from depression in non-medically ill populations; (3) a significant proportion of depressed persons show upregulation of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, C-reactive protein, and TNFalpha; (4) inflammatory cytokines can interact with virtually every pathophysiologic domain relevant to depression, including neurotransmitter metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and synaptic plasticity. While many factors may contribute to the association between inflammatory mediators and depression, we hypothesize that increased adiposity may be one causal pathway. Mediational analysis suggests a bi-directional association between adiposity and depression, with inflammation possibly playing an intermediary role.
Purified NPC1 Protein I. BINDING OF CHOLESTEROL AND OXYSTEROLS TO A 1278-AMINO ACID MEMBRANE PROTEIN

The Niemann-Pick, Type C1 protein (NPC1) is required for the transport of lipoprotein-derived cholesterol from lysosomes to endoplasmic reticulum. The 1278-amino acid, polytopic membrane protein has not been purified, and its mechanism of action is unknown. Unexpectedly, we encountered NPC1 in a search for a membrane protein that binds 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) and other oxysterols. A 25-HC-binding protein was purified more than 14,000-fold from rabbit liver membranes and identified as NPC1 by mass spectroscopy. We prepared recombinant human NPC1 and confirmed its ability to bind oxysterols, including those with a hydroxyl group on the 24, 25, or 27 positions. Hydroxyl groups on the 7, 19, or 20 positions failed to confer binding. Recombinant human NPC1 also bound [3H]cholesterol in a reaction inhibited by Nonidet P-40 above its critical micellar concentration. Low concentrations of unlabeled 25-HC abolished binding of [3H]cholesterol, but the converse was not true, i.e. unlabeled cholesterol, even at high concentrations, did not abolish binding of [3H]25-HC. NPC1 is not required for the known regulatory actions of oxysterols. Thus, in NPC1-deficient fibroblasts 25-HC blocked the processing of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins and activated acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase in a normal fashion. The availability of assays to measure NPC1 binding in vitro may further the understanding of ways in which oxysterols regulate intracellular lipid transport.
Temperature dependent reversal of stereochemistry in enantioselective conjugate amine additions

Enoates derived from 4,4-disubstituted-2-oxazolidinones undergo enantioselective conjugate amine addition when mediated by a chiral Lewis acid derived from magnesium bromide and a bisoxazoline. The face selectivity in these amine additions is temperature dependent. They show an unusual reversal at two different temperatures.
A strategic analysis of sinking fund bonds

Abstract Unlike most securities, the pricing of sinking fund bonds is influenced by the distribution of ownership, which summarizes the extent to which the market is cornered. The effect of the distribution of ownership on the pricing of sinking fund bonds is examined by an explicit game in which the price obtained for bonds sold can depend upon the size of the investor's position. This framework is used to contrast the valuation of sinking fund bonds with the valuation of amortizing bonds and straight debt. We show that it is generally incorrect to view sinking fund bonds as being equivalent to serial bonds.