cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction path Hamiltonian and the unified reaction valley approach

One of the major goals of chemistry is to control chemical reactions with the purpose of generating new compounds with useful properties. Control of a chemical reaction implies a detailed understanding of its mechanism as it results from the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. In practice, it is rather difficult to get a detailed mechanistic and dynamical description of even the simplest chemical reactions. This has to do with the fact that apart from reactants, products, and possible stable intermediates, all other molecular forms encountered during a reaction have such a short lifetime that standard experimental means are not sufficient to detect and describe them. Progress in modern laser spectroscopy seems to provide an access to transient species with lifetimes in the pico- to femtosecond region; however, computational investigations utilizing state-of-the art methods of quantum chemistry, in particular ab initio methods, provide still the major source of knowledge on reaction mechanism and reaction dynamics. The reaction path Hamiltonian model has proven as a powerful tool to derive the dynamics of a chemical reaction by following the reacting species along the reaction path from reactants to products as traced out on the potential energy surface. In this article, the original reaction path Hamiltonian will be reviewed, extensions and applications over the past decades will be summarized, and a new perspective, namely to use it in form of the unified reaction valley approach to derive a deep and systematic insight into the mechanism of a chemical reaction will be introduced. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2011 1 531–556 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.65
A minimum total power methodology for projecting limits on CMOS GSI

A circuit design methodology minimizing total power drain of a static complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) random logic network for a prescribed performance, operating temperature range, and short channel threshold voltage rolloff is investigated. Physical, continuous, smooth, and compact "transregional" MOSFET drain current models that consider high-field effects in scaled devices and permit tradeoffs between saturation drive current and subthreshold leakage current are employed to model CMOS circuit performance and power dissipation at low voltages. Transregional models are used in conjunction with physical short channel MOSFET threshold voltage rolloff models and stochastic interconnect distributions to project optimal supply voltages, threshold voltages, and device channel widths minimizing total power dissipated by CMOS logic circuits for each National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (NTRS) technology generation. Optimum supply voltage, corresponding to minimum total power dissipation, is projected to scale to 510 mV for the 50-nm 10-GHz CMOS generation in the year 2012. Techniques exploiting datapath parallelism to further scale the supply voltage are shown to offer decreasing reductions in power dissipation with technology scaling.
Magnets in modern rotary actuators

The principle of operation of most modern rotary actuators is based on permanent magnet-electromagnet interaction to develop electromagnetic torque with limited rotary motion. Because of their simplicity, low cost, and high performance they are finding more and more industrial applications. This paper describes permanent magnet aspects applied to three basic rotary actuator configurations: disc, cylindrical, and claw pole. Although different in shape and magnetization pattern, all magnets feature multipolar structures and are based on high energy magnet materials. Because of the complicated, nonsymmetrical rotary actuator configurations, the magnetic analysis is based on finite element math models. The analysis, which is well supported by test results, is utilized for optimization and parametric study purposes. As a result of our efforts, three different magnet geometries were obtained having different magnetization patterns, which might be applicable for other electromagnetic devices.
An examination of television rerun viewing and rerun viewer types

This project explored rerun viewing and identified rerun viewer types for a sample of 489 people aged 15 to 92. Factor analysis identified six types of rerun viewers according to the selection of reruns chosen from four different periods based upon when the reruns were generated as prime‐time programs. In addition, this study explored the genres of rerun programs selected for rerun viewer categories. Also, analysis of variance determined significant differences exist between age groups and selection of television reruns from particular eras.
Tourism, modernization, and difference: a twentieth-century Spanish paradigm

This essay explores the role of tourism in Spanish cultural and political history in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although Spain developed modern domestic leisure practices in the n...
Contraction of negatives as evidence of variance in register-specific interactive rules

This study investigates the contraction of negatives in a carefully chosen corpus of discourse and writing, to permit comparison of the relative influences of various linguistic and social parameters on contraction. Evidence is presented that negative contraction is conditioned by interactional and other register variables. The point is made that the pragmatic as well as morphological interpretation of negatives entails that negative contraction and auxiliary contraction should be distinguished from each other. Although a Cognitive Prominence Principle predicts noncontraction when the negative conveys semantically focal information, a Social Agreement Principle predicts contraction. This is because it would be face-threatening (and, therefore, in conversation analysis terms "dispreferred") to focus on disagreement, which is most often the semantic information conveyed by negatives. This hypothesis is examined using corpora which differ along several dimensions. The most important of these (for this study) appear to be the interactional versus informational register dimensions (Finegan, 1994). Data from instructional (workshop presentations), confrontational (political debates), and casual conversational material are contrasted with comparable reading style materials. The following general results are predicted. The Cognitive Prominence Principle will take over in informational contexts when disagreement is acceptable or neutralized. The Social Agreement Principle will take over in more interactional contexts where disagreement is not acceptable. The results are of interest to the student of focus, the sociolinguist concerned with dialect, register, and style variation, and even the speech technician. From a sociolinguistic perspective, any analysis of linguistic data must consider the influence of the situations of use on variation in given linguistic features; the characteristic pattern for the use of language in a particular situation determines what is now referred to as "register" (Finegan, 1994). Most sociolinguistic studies isolate one social situation to analyze; fortunately, the linguistic variable to be discussed here—contraction—has been analyzed in various registers. The present study takes advantage of previous
Analysis and scaling of Kelvin resistors for extraction of specific contact resistivity

An accurate numerical analysis of Kelvin resistors used for direct interfacial contact resistance measurements is presented. Curves that allow extraction of true specific contact resistivity from measured specific contact resistivity are given for different ratios of square contact window size (l) to square diffusion tap width (w). Scaling transformations are proposed to extract curves for different feature sizes. It has been shown that when l is made smaller than w, the extracted value of the specific contact resistivity (ρ ce ) can be significantly higher than the true specific contact resistivity (ρ c ), especially for low values of ρ c .
Sediment Recycling at Convergent Margins: Constraints from the Cosmogenic Isotope 10Be

The question of whether sediments are subducted at convergent margins and subsequently incorporated in arc magmas has long been controversial. The cosmogenic isotope 10Be (T1/2 = 1.5 million years) suggests that sediments are indeed recycled at some volcanic arcs. Further, the 10Be data suggest that sediment subduction may be enhanced where topographic steps in the oceanic plate (fracture zones, seamount chains, grabens) are subducted. If all sediments contained within grabens are presumed to be subducted, then the global sediment subduction rate is 2–5 × 105 km3/Ma; model calculations suggest that 11–14% of the subducted sediment is recycled in volcanic arcs and that the remainder is available for subduction deep into the earth.
Whitespace measurement and virtual backbone construction for Cognitive Radio Networks: From the social perspective

The existing works on analyzing/utilizing spectrum whitespace in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are either empirical studies lacking of theoretical guarantee, or local primary network information based inducing inaccurate analysis and estimation, or overlooking the spectrum whitespace details. Therefore, we propose to systematically analyze the spectrum whitespace in CRNs from a social network perspective. Our main contributions include four parts. First, we propose a novel metric named centrality score to measure the active weights of Primary Users (PUs) by considering each PU's topological importance in the primary network and the global primary network running and traffic information. Subsequently, based on the centrality scores of PUs, we derive the whitespace in CRNs under different social patterns of primary activities. Since we consider both the primary network topological structure and the global network running and traffic information, our whitespace analysis is more accurate compared with the existing works. Third, according to our whitespace analysis, we design a Virtual Backbone (VB) construction algorithm, which aims to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency in CRNs. Finally, we conduct extensive simulations to validate our whitespace analysis and the VB construction algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that our social attributes based whitespace analysis can accurately characterize the whitespace in CRNs and the VB construction algorithm significantly improves the performance of the existing VB-based CRN protocols.
Selective C1 Lesioning Slightly Decreases Angiotensin II Type I Receptor Expression in the Rat Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla (RVLM)

Cardiovascular homeostasis is regulated in large part by the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) in mammals. Projections from the RVLM to the intermediolateral column of the thoracolumbar spinal cord innervate preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system causing elevation of blood pressure and heart rate. A large proportion, but not all, of the neurons in the RVLM contain the enzymes necessary for the production of epinephrine and are identified as the C1 cell group. Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates the RVLM acting upon AT1 receptors. To assess the proportion of AT1 receptors that are located on C1 neurons in the rat RVLM this study employed an antibody to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase conjugated to saporin, to selectively destroy C1 neurons in the RVLM. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the RVLM was reduced by 57 % in the toxin injected RVLM compared to the contralateral RVLM. In contrast, densitometric analysis of autoradiographic images of (125)I-sarcosine(1), isoleucine(8) Ang II binding to AT1 receptors of the injected side RVLM revealed a small (10 %) reduction in AT1-receptor expression compared to the contralateral RVLM. These results suggest that the majority of AT1 receptors in the rat RVLM are located on non-C1 neurons or glia.
Through the looking glass: An angioscopic view of the effect of statin therapyon coronary artery plaques

Although there is no doubt that statins represent a marvelous advance in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, two observations indicate that the mechanisms of their beneficial effects are not yet fully understood. First, although it is well documented that statin therapy reduces death and acute
The Cavovarus Foot in Hereditary Motor and Sensory Neuropathies

The cavovarus foot is a complex deformity involving a spectrum of changes to the hindfoot, midfoot, forefoot, and ankle. While cavovarus deformity can occur secondary to many congenital, neurological, or posttraumatic causes, the prototypical form is that of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, the most common inherited neuropathy. The first known cases of cavovarus foot deformity were reported by Aran in the Archives Generales de Medicine in 18501. Professor Jean Martin Charcot and his student Pierre Marie coined the term “peroneal muscular atrophy” in 1886, with clinical descriptions of distal muscle weakness beginning in the legs and hands2. Howard Henry Tooth, in his Cambridge MD dissertation in the same year, wrote on “the peroneal type of progressive muscular atrophy” and provided illustrations of hindfoot varus and wasting of the peronei and foot extensors (Fig. 1)3. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease has now become synonymous with the hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSNs), of which nearly fifty genetic subtypes have been described4. These neuropathies constitute a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of peripheral nerve disorders that are …
Compressive spectrum sensing for MIMO-OFDM based Cognitive Radio networks

Multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is considered to be one of the most promising technologies for further generation mobile communication systems like 3GPP LTE in recent years. At the same time, as a smart spectrum sharing technology, Cognitive Radio (CR) was also proposed to enhance the utilization of the spectrum usage. Thus, the combination of MIMO-OFDM and Cognitive Radio, MIMO-OFDM based Cognitive Radio technology is treated as a prospect scheme for future dynamic spectrum access network or spectrum sharing system. Since only a finite number of subcarriers are occupied by the primary users (PUs) in CR networks, the secondary users (SUs) can detect the spectrum holes (the unoccupied subcarriers) and opportunistically access those unoccupied spectrum subcarriers. Thus, spectrum sensing or detection is an important component for the implementation of CR. However, in traditional MIMO-OFDM system, the signals received in each antenna are sampled by an individual analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which will lead to a significantly increase of front-end cost for the whole system since multiple ADCs need to be adopted by corresponding to the multiple receiving antennas. Thus, the problem is how to design efficient receiving scheme for reducing the power consume and hardware cost in MIMO system. Considering the sparsity property of the received signals, we proposed a novel spectrum sensing scheme for the MIMO-OFDM based CR network by exploiting compressive sensing technology in this paper. Different to traditional MIMO-OFDM system, by exploiting the sparsity model, the signals received in our receivers are mixed together from multiple antennas and then sampled by a single ADC. Thus, the hardware cost and energy consumption can be significantly reduced in our scheme. Besides, our proposed scheme can detect the spectrum usage without the prior information of sparsity, which is also suitable for the real wireless application environment. Simulation results also show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
Response of X-ray-sensitive CHO mutant cells to γ radiation. I: Effects of low dose rates and the process of repair of potentially lethal damage in G1 phase

X-ray-sensitive CHO mutants (xrs-5 and xrs-6) were exposed to isoleucine-deficient ( ${\rm IL}^{-}$) medium for 24-36 h to accumulate G1-phase cells. Cells exposed to ${\rm IL}^{-}$ medium for up to 5 days did not show significant changes in plating efficiency when returned to normal medium. Nearly confluent cultures of ${\rm IL}^{-}\text{-treated}$ cells were irradiated with either60 Co γ rays (75 cGy/min) or137 Cs γ rays (2.7, 6.0, or 15.3 cGy/h). A significant reduction (∼2.5-fold) in the radiation sensitivity of the parental CHO K-1 cells was observed for chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposure compared to the results obtained for acute high-dose-rate exposure. However, no noticeable differences were observed in the survival curves of either xrs-5 or xrs-6 cells when low-dose-rate and acute exposures were compared. CHO K-1 cells exhibited potentially lethal damage repair while held in ${\rm IL}^{-}$ medium after γ irradiation, whereas no repair was observed in either of the radiation-sensitive mutant...
Performance of rats on a discrimination operant alley task discriminated

An automated discriminated operant alley apparatus is described. Data from four rat strains indicate that the light-dark choice is learned by both pigmented and albino rats. The task requires a minimum of experimenter time and allows initial acquisition to be recorded without the interference of a shaping procedure.
Morphological, biochemical, and molecular changes in endothelial cells after alpha-particle irradiation.

The response of cultured bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells after exposure to α-particle radiation from chelated212 Bi has been evaluated. The results suggest that even relatively high doses of α-particle radiation from212 Bi (20-72 Gy) cause only minor acute changes in the morphology of BAE cells (light and electron microscopy) under conditions of confluent monolayer growth. Significant morphological changes can be detected in cells that detach from the monolayer, though it is unclear whether these changes represent a genuine response to irradiation or reflect the causes or effects of monolayer detachment with the consequent loss of intercellular biochemical communication. After α-particle irradiation (20-40 Gy) angiotensin-converting-enzyme activity was not detectable in the monolayer culture medium but was significantly decreased within the cell monolayer. Neutral-elution-assay data demonstrated that DNA double-strand-break (DSB) damage occurred in these cells and that about 35% of the DSBs were rep...
Attractants for Synanthropic Flies: Chemical Attractants for Domestic Flies

Slow-release solid synthetic fly attractant formulations (SFA) were evaluated against Musca domestica L. on poultry ranches. SFA formulations were prepared by combining chemical attractants and a diluent, tuna fishmeal. The chemical constituents showing maximum attractancy were: trimethylamine hydrochloride (source of trimethylamine attractant), ammonium salt (source of ammonia attractant), linoleic acid, and indole. The 1st and the last compounds were the main attractants; addition of the other 2 increased attractancy but not significantly. Addition of n -butyric acid improved attractancy somewhat, but not significantly, and its use is contraindicated due to its bad odor. Other carboxylic acids did not enhance attractancy. Indole was superior to skatole in these formulations. Compositions that contained these 4 or 5 chemicals were superior to commercial sugar bait toxicant formulations, including those containing (Z)-9-tricosene. The diluent alone also showed little or no attractancy; it caught flies at the same level as empty traps.
The Formation of Helical Dislocations in Silicon Substrates During Epitaxial Deposition of β- SiC

A study is presented of the dislocation content of (001) Si substrates after the formation of thin epitaxial “buffer layers” of beta-SiC by the pyrolysis of propane. Helical dislocations are observed running parallel to the interface and extending for many microns. The dislocation helices emanate from the substrate, have 1/2 Burgers vectors which are inclined to the interface, and do not lie on the {111} glide planes. This is consistent with the extension of dislocations in the substrate by climb. The extended segments are subsequently pinned and further climb gives rise to the observed helical configuration. These climb effects are presumably due to an excess of vacancies which are produced when Si interstitials migrate to the deposit in order to form SiC.
Ti–Si–C–N Based Nanocomposite Coatings Produced by Plasma Enhanced Magnetron Sputter Deposition and its Erosion Resistance

This paper presents a plasma enhanced magnetron sputtering (PEMS) technology, by which Ti–Si–C–N nanocomposite coatings are systematically studied. The PEMS principle is first discussed. Then the paper describes the tisicn coating preparation process. These coatings were studied using various techniques including SEM, XRD, EDS nanoindentation, microindentation, and erosion testing. The coatings are found to be nanocomposite coatings composed of nanocrystalline TiC0.3N0.7 with grain sizes of 4.7～30 nm in a matrix of amorphous SiCxNy. Their hardness ranges up to 40 GPa. The effect of Si content was also studied. These coatings exhibit erosion resistance over 100 times better than the uncoated substrate materials. It has been observed that the toughness of the coating significantly influences the coating erosion resistance. The effect of processing parameters relationship on the coating microstructure, nanohardness, adhesion, and erosion resistance are discussed. Multilayered coatings have also been studied. These coatings are intended to be used against severe solid particle erosion (SPE) and liquid droplet erosion (LDE) for gas turbine compressors and land–based turbines.
Visually Meaningful Histopathological Features for Automatic Grading of Prostate Cancer

Histopathologic features, particularly Gleason grading system, have contributed significantly to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of prostate cancer for decades. However, prostate cancer demonstrates enormous heterogeneity in biological behavior, thus establishing improved prognostic and predictive markers is particularly important to personalize therapy of men with clinically localized and newly diagnosed malignancy. Many automated grading systems have been developed for Gleason grading but acceptance in the medical community has been lacking due to poor interpretability. To overcome this problem, we developed a set of visually meaningful features to differentiate between low- and high-grade prostate cancer. The visually meaningful feature set consists of luminal and architectural features. For luminal features, we compute: 1) the shortest path from the nuclei to their closest luminal spaces; 2) ratio of the epithelial nuclei to the total number of nuclei. A nucleus is considered an epithelial nucleus if the shortest path between it and the luminal space does not contain any other nucleus; 3) average shortest distance of all nuclei to their closest luminal spaces. For architectural features, we compute directional changes in stroma and nuclei using directional filter banks. These features are utilized to create two subspaces; one for prostate images histopathologically assessed as low grade and the other for high grade. The grade associated with a subspace, which results in the minimum reconstruction error is considered as the prediction for the test image. For training, we utilized 43 regions of interest (ROI) images, which were extracted from 25 prostate whole slide images of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. For testing, we utilized an independent dataset of 88 ROIs extracted from 30 prostate whole slide images. The method resulted in 93.0% and 97.6% training and testing accuracies, respectively, for the spectrum of cases considered. The application of visually meaningful features provided promising levels of accuracy and consistency for grading prostate cancer.
Epidemiological Characteristic Analysis of Varicella in Hunan During the Period of 2005-2007

Objective To find out better measures for controlling prevalence of varicella in Hunan Province through analyzing the epidemiological characteristics of this disease from 2005 to 2007.Method Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed in this research.Result The incidence of varicella increased significantly from 2005 to 2007.There were two highest peaks of the varicella incidence during the two periods of May～June and Nov.～Dec..The highest risk group by varicella attack was school children,because 62.66% of the patients were in this group.The kindergarten children and children live scattered had higher risk to infect this disease.80.59% of the patients were younger than 15 years old.The number of public health emergencies caused by varicella outbreaks was growing yearly from 4 to 20,and 20 to 37.The shares in all the public health emergencies happened in the corresponding year were 2.86%,14.17% and 33.64% respectively.And the numbers were 3.92%,18.69% and 38.54% among the communicable disease outbreaks.Conclusions Varicella had become one of the most prevalence diseases among children,especially the school children and one of the main causes of public health emergencies.It is necessary now to pay more efforts to researching the disease burden of varicella systematically,including epidemiological and economic burden,especially the disease burden of children.We also need to probe the preventive tactics through using the existing varicella vaccine for controlling varicella.
Quality Management Issues in the Assisted Reproduction Laboratory

In the United States, the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) of 1988 describes requirements and guidelines for implementing a quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) program for moderate ...
Neonatal Encephalopathy: Update on Therapeutic Hypothermia and Other Novel Therapeutics.

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is standard treatment for newborns at 36 weeks of gestation or greater with intrapartum hypoxia-related NE. Term and late preterm infants with moderate to severe encephalopathy show improved survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of age after TH. TH can increase survival without increasing major disability, rates of an IQ less than 70, or cerebral palsy. Neonates with severe NE remain at risk of death or severe neurodevelopmental impairment. This review discusses the evidence supporting TH for term or near term neonates with NE.
Revolutions and regimes of violence

To study the phenomenon of revolution meaningfully in a cross-cultural context, scholars need frameworks of analysis that allow them to compare and contrast specific revolutions and to identify the factors that explain why certain sociopolitical systems are prone to rebellions and others are not. This article puts forth one such framework focusing on pre- and postrevolutionary violence. Revolution is a violent act and requires men and women who are ready, willing and able to perpetrate violence on behalf of a cause. The model proposes two ideal-type regimes of violence and suggests that some regimes are more violent-prone than others and that those regimes are also more susceptible to revolution. It suggests further that state-building after revolutions entails a process of reforming the regime of violence. The article ends by examining the case of Greece and the Ottoman empire over the long nineteenth century, showing how the models help us to better understand revolutionary and postrevolutionary regimes of violence.
Media portrayal of gentrification and redevelopment on Rainey Street in Austin, Texas (USA), 2000–2014

Abstract The Austin-San Antonio, Texas metropolitan region has become one of the fastest growing U.S. conurbations in recent years. One derivative of this growth has been ubiquitous gentrification and urban renewal in portions of both cities. In this paper, we develop a contextual narrative of urban change in Austin, Texas (USA) and explore media portrayals of actors and impacts of urban renewal and gentrification. We present a case study of the Rainey Street Historical District, once a low-income, majority Hispanic neighborhood, and its transformation through rezoning efforts and entrepreneurial enterprises into Austin's newest nightlife district. We used a directed-content analysis approach to analyze 48 articles from three local news outlets from 2000 to 2014. Our analysis shows that much of the narrative presented by the news media focused on neighborhood-scale development impacts, followed by impacts related to resentment and conflict and the social costs of urban change. Results indicate that city officials and residents played a prominent role in shaping the discourse of the urban change narrative. We conclude by situating our findings within two pivotal events that occurred during the study period and argue that the context in which discursive frames develop, persist, and change is important to understanding the impacts of urban renewal and gentrification on a variety of actors.
A Framework of Educational Technology Applications and Development Opportunities

An educational technology framework is developed to provide an overview of educational technology applications, functions, and stakeholders. The framework organizes educational technology into five categories, including needs assessment; content creation and encoding; transmission and storage; decoding and learning; and learning outcome assessment. A review of current practices and available applications is provided, revealing numerous gaps in the current educational technology infrastructure. Opportunities for future development in education technology are discussed.
Virulence profiling of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates, causing bacterial blight of rice in India

Bacterial blight (BB) of rice caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), remains a major production constraint in rice cultivation especially in irrigated and rainfed lowland ecosystems in India. The pathogen is highly dynamic in nature and knowledge on pathotype composition among the Xoo population is imperative for designing a scientific resistance breeding program. In this study, four hundred isolates of Xoo collected from diverse rice growing regions of India were analyzed for their virulence and genetic composition. Virulence profiling was carried out on a set of differentials consisting of 22 near isogenic lines (NILs) of IR24 possessing different BB resistance genes and their combinations along with the checks. It was observed that different NILs possessing single BB resistance gene were susceptible to about 59–94% of the Xoo isolates except IRBB 13 (containing BB resistance gene xa13), which showed susceptibility to about 35% of the isolates. Based on the reaction of the Xoo isolates on the differentials, they were categorized into 22 pathotypes. Among the 22 pathotypes, IXoPt-1 and IXoPt-2 were least virulent and IXoPt # 18–22 were highly virulent. Pathotype IXoPt-19 which was virulent on all single BB resistance genes except xa13 constituted the major pathotype (22.5% isolates) and was widely distributed throughout India (16 states). This was followed by pathotype IXoPt-22 (17.25%) which was virulent on all the NILs possessing single BB resistance genes. Molecular analysis was carried out using two outwardly directed primers complementary to sequence of IS1112, a repetitive element of Xoo. A high level of genetic polymorphism was detected among these isolates and the isolates were grouped into 12 major clusters. The data indicated complex nature of evolution of the Xoo pathotypes and there was no strong correlation between pathotypes and genetic clusters as each genetic cluster was composed of Xoo isolates belonging to different pathotypes. The study indicated that none of the single BB resistance genes can provide broad spectrum resistance in India. However, two-gene combinations like xa5 + xa13 and different 3 or 4 genes combination like Xa4 + xa5 + xa13, Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21, xa5 + xa13 + Xa21 and Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21 are broadly effective throughout India.
Overview of the Standard Template Library

The Standard Template Library has six different kinds of components. There are different subcategories of each of these component types. Here in one place is the complete listing of the library elements.
Sentiment, foreign equity flows, and returns: Evidence from Thailand’s stock markets

Abstract We examine the impact of investor sentiment on returns and foreign equity flows in Thailand’s two equity markets: The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) and the Market for Alternative Investment (Mai). Consistent with existing literature, this paper shows that foreign equity flows are forecasted by past returns in both of Thailand’s equity markets. In the more widely followed SET, we find a strong negative impact of global risk aversion on foreign investment flows. In the smaller Mai, sentiment positively impacts foreign equity flows. In addition, we show that sentiment is an important variable for forecasting returns in both markets in Thailand.
Abstract TP374: Stroke versus Stroke Mimic for Inpatient Code Brain

Introduction/Background: Functional outcome from stroke is better if the stroke is identified and treated immediately. The acute stroke pathway at Cedars Sinai is known as Code Brain. This pathway ...
Case 2: Progressive Abdominal Pain in a 3-year-old Boy with Repaired Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia.

1. Soham Dasgupta, MD* 2. Ha Nguyen, MD* 3. Buria Naeem, MD* 4. Olivia Ginnard, MD* 5. Vidit Bhargava, MD* 6. Lane Shirley, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX A 3-year-old boy presents to the emergency department (ED) with abdominal pain. His medical history includes a left congenital diaphragmatic hernia (repaired shortly after birth) and a small atrial septal defect. The generalized abdominal pain started 3 days ago and is associated with several episodes of nonbloody and nonbilious emesis. Evaluation at an outside ED 3 days ago included abdominal radiography (showing a large stool burden) and abdominal ultrasonography (showing a normal appendix). He was discharged with medication for constipation. However, he continues to have pain, emesis, and progressive abdominal distention. Radiographs at our ED today reveal unchanged stool burden as well as an incidental left-sided pleural effusion and lower lobe opacification (Fig 1), for which he is immediately admitted to the hospital for further evaluation. Figure 1. Chest radiograph shows left-sided pleural effusion, lower lobe opacification, and dilated loops of bowel. Initial vital signs include a temperature of 96.6°F (35.9°C) (axillary), respiratory rate of 30 breaths/min, heart rate of 140 beats/min, blood pressure of 108/56 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of 98% on room air. He exhibits respiratory distress, with grunting, subcostal retractions, and diminished air entry in the left lung base. There is significant abdominal distention, with diffuse tenderness, normal bowel sounds, and tympanic percussion from the …
Novel ketone body therapy for managing Alzheimer's disease: An Editorial Highlight for Effects of a dietary ketone ester on hippocampal glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and amino acids in a 3xTgAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

Read the highlighted article ‘Effects of a dietary ketone ester on hippocampal glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and amino acids in a 3xTgAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease’ on page 195.
New clinical opportunities for retinal vascular imaging: adaptive optics to OCT angiography

As techniques of retinal imaging have evolved, anatomic features that were only assessable in the laboratory have become available in the clinic for patient care. The retinal capillaries were initially described on microscope sections in the pathology laboratory. As optical methods have advanced these features have become part of the routine clinical landscape inspected daily by physicians. This paper briefly traces the evolution of these techniques and shows how they fit into the modern diagnostic armamentarium of ophthalmic retinal care.
Corps makes plant improvements to prevent release of oil into tailrace

Like most hydroelectric plants designed in the 1960s, the US Army Corps of Engineers 160-MW Truman Power Plant, near Warsaw, MO, was built with a station drainage sump that collects all drainage from the plant. As designed, float switches activate sump pumps that discharge liquids directly into the tailrace. Because the system cannot distinguish between types of liquids, in the event of an oil leak in the hydroelectric plant, oil in the sump could be released into the tailrace. This situation was not environmentally sound and needed to be corrected. The sump system was identified as a problem area in a December 1991 assessment of the plant by a district team that conducted record searches, interviews, and site surveys to determine any areas of environmental non-compliance. To eliminate the potential problem posed by the Truman Power Plant's sump system, the Corps took the initiative to make several improvements. For containment in the event of a spill, the distict installed an oil skimmer for the sump (see the photographs), similar to one used at the Corps Clarence Cannon Dam, also in Missouri. The district also plugged a number of floor drains, and installed speed bumps, similar to those used in parkingmore » lots to slow traffic, for spill containment. Additionally, a cartmounted skimmer is available to serve as a mobile spill control unit for spills elsewhere in the plant. Long-term plans call for oil detectors that will automatically turn off the sump's pumps and turn on the skimmer.« less
Efficient SOPC-Based Multicore System Design using NOC

Due to the advancement of VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits) technologies, we can put more cores on a chip, resulting in the emergence of a multicore embedded system. This also brings great challenges to the traditional parallel processing as to how we can improve the performance of the system with increased number of cores. In this paper, we meet the new challenges using a novel approach. Specifically, we propose a SOPC (System on a Programmable Chip) design based on multicore embedded system. Under our proposed scheme, in addition to conventional processor cores, we introduce dynamically reconfigurable accelerator cores to boost the performance of the system. We have built the prototype of the system using FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays). Simulation results demonstrate significant system efficiency of the proposed system in terms of computation and power consumption. Our approach is to develop a highly flexible and scalable network design that easily accommodates the various needs. This paper presents the design of our NOC (Network on Chip) which is a part of the platform that we are developing for a reconfigurable system. The major drawback of SOPC based systems lies in the routing of the various on-chip cores. Since it is technically difficult to integrate more than one core on a single chip, we come across several routing problems which lead to inefficient functioning. Thus we implemented several NOC based routing algorithms which considerably improve accessing speed and enhance the system efficiency.
Matching of histocompatibility (HL-A) antigens for platelet transfusion

The average in vivo platelet survival was measured by both per cent recoveries (%R) and half-lives (t 1/2) of 51Cr-labeled platelets in 69 transfusions given to 43 thrombacytopenic patients. The results demonstrated that (1) increase in the number of HL-A incompatibilities in the platelet donor was significantly associated with decreased %R and t 1/2 of the infused platelets; (2) survival of transfused platelets from HL-A-matched single donors was consistently superior to those pooled from several grossly mismatched donors; and (3) survival of platelets infused when patients had circulating lymphocytotoxic antibodies was consistently lower than when patients did not have such antibodies, regardless of whether it was the first, second, or third such infusion.
The Localization of Digital Games: A Case Study in China.

This paper examines the challenges that game localization is confronting. By focusing on China, the paper explores the uniquenesses of digital games and proposes a three-dimension model for evaluating and improving game localization. These three dimensions include In-Game Environment, External Environment, and Users. The paper analyzes both successful and failed foreign games in China in connection with the three-dimension approach. It argues that these three dimensions are highly influential and they should be considered throughout the whole game design process.
Jupiter’s Water Worlds: Water Lurks Beneath the Surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto

More familiar seas of water may meet us within three moons of Jupiter. Robert Pappalardo, also from JPL, tours Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. While ice-locked waters undulate through the crusts of planet-sized Ganymede and Callisto, Europa stands as the poster child of alien seas. With a briny, global ocean perhaps 60 miles deep, Europan seas may be the most Earth-like in our solar system.
Public health preparedness for the impact of global warming on human health.

Objective: To assess the changes in weather and weather-associated disturbances related to global warming; the impact on human health of these changes; and the public health preparedness mandated by this impact. Design: Qualitative review of the literature. Articles will be obtained by searching PubMed database, Google, and Google Scholar search engines using terms such as “global warming,” “climate change,” “human health,” “public health,” and “preparedness.” Results: Sixty-seven journal articles were reviewed. Conclusions: The projections and signs of global environmental changes are worrisome, and there are reasons to believe that related information may have been conservatively interpreted and presented in the recent past. Although the challenges are great, there are many opportunities for devising beneficial solutions at individual, community, and global levels. It is essential for public health professionals to become involved in advocating for change at all of these levels, as well as through professional organizations.We must begin “greening” our own lives and clinical practice, and start talking about these issues with patients. As we build walkable neighborhoods, change methods of energy production, and make water use and food production and distribution more sustainable, the benefits to improved air quality, a stabilized climate, social support, and individual and community health will be dramatic.
The Brouwer Degree

The degree of a continuous function f:S n-1 → S n-1 is an integer that measures the number of times the parametric surface f “wraps around” the unit sphere Sn-1. The way to define this integer and the fact that it reflects fundamental properties of the function f itself were discovered about 1900 by the Dutch mathematician L. E. J. Brouwer.
A cornucopia of four-dimensional abnormal sub-Riemannian minimizers

We study in detail the local optimality of abnormal sub-Riemannian extremals for a completely arbitrary sub-Riemannian structure on a four-dimensional manifold, associated to a two-dimensional bracket-generating regular distribution. Using a technique introduced in earlier work with W. Liu, we show that large collections of simple (i.e. without double points) nondegenerate extremals exist, and are always uniquely locally optimal. In particular, we prove that the simple abnormal extremals parametrized by arc-length foliate the space (i.e. through every point there passes exactly one of them) and they are all local minimizers. Under an extra nondegeneracy assumption, these abnormal extremals are strictly abnormal (i.e. are not normal). (In the forthcoming paper [6] with W. Liu we show that in higher dimensions there are large families of “nondegenerate abnormal extremals” that are local minimizers as well. In dimension 3, for a regular distribution there are no nontrivial abnormal extremals at all, but if the distribution is not regular then, generically, there are two-dimensional surfaces that are foliated by abnormal extremals, all of which turn out to be local minimizers.) This adds up to a picture which is rather different from the one that appeared to emerge from previous work by R. Montgomery and I. Kupka, in which an example of an abnormal extremal for a nonregular distribution in ℝ3 was studied and shown to be locally optimal with great effort, by means of a very long and laborious argument, and then this example was used to produce a similar one for a regular distribution in ℝ4. All this may have given the impression that abnormal extremals are hard to find, and that proving them to be minimizers is an arduous task that can only be accomplished in some very exceptional cases. Our results show that abnormal extremals exist aplenty, that most of them are local minimizers, and that in some widely studied cases, such as regular distributions on ℝ4, this is in fact true for all of them.
Ex Vivo Enteroids Recapitulate In Vivo Citrulline Production in Mice.

Background The endogenous production of arginine relies on the synthesis of citrulline by enteral ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC). Mutations in the gene coding for this enzyme are the most frequent cause of urea cycle disorders. There is a lack of correlation between in vivo metabolic function and DNA sequence, transcript abundance, or in vitro enzyme activity. Objective The goal of the present work was to test the hypothesis that enteroids, a novel ex vivo model, are able to recapitulate the in vivo citrulline production of wild-type (WT) and mutant mice. Methods Six-week-old male WT and OTC-deficient mice [sparse fur and abnormal skin (spf-ash) mutation] were studied. Urea and citrulline fluxes were determined in vivo, and OTC abundance was measured in liver and gut tissue. Intestinal crypts were isolated and cultured to develop enteroids. Ex vivo citrulline production and OTC abundance were determined in these enteroids. Results Liver OTC abundance was lower (mean ± SE: 0.16 ± 0.01 compared with 1.85 ± 0.18 arbitrary units; P < 0.001) in spf-ash mice than in WT mice, but there was no difference in urea production. In gut tissue, OTC was barely detectable in mutant mice; despite this, a lower but substantial citrulline production (67 ± 3 compared with 167 ± 8 µmol · kg-1 · h-1; P < 0.001) was shown in the mutant mice. Enteroids recapitulated the in vivo findings of a very low OTC content accompanied by a reduced citrulline production (1.07 ± 0.20 compared with 4.64 ± 0.44 nmol · µg DNA-1 · d-1; P < 0.001). Conclusions Enteroids recapitulate in vivo citrulline production and offer the opportunity to study the regulation of citrulline production in a highly manipulable system.
Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas: A Critical Assessment of the Structural and Non-structural Flood Protection Measures in Dhaka

Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is susceptible to floods because of its topography, large population, and inadequate infrastructure. Almost half of Dhaka’s population live in the low-lying and flood-prone areas, and the local communities suffer from economic stress due to flooding as well as having an absence of flood protection measures in these areas. The economic damages caused by flooding have a severe impact on national economic development and growth. Unplanned urbanization intensifies damage from flood incidents, including caused by the migration into Dhaka from rural areas as people move to the city in search of jobs and to recover from the impacts of natural disasters like cyclones, droughts, and river erosion in rural areas. This chapter outlines Dhaka’s current situation with regards to flood exposure and risks from climate change as well as summarising key measures to reduce flood risk in recent years.