cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Los avances de la enfermería en el época Nazi

La enfermeria durante el periodo nazi experimento su “momento de gloria”, por el reconocimiento y poder dentro del partido que Hitler y sus colaboradores le brindaron a la profesion, al ubicarla como un grupo indispensable para lograr los propositos del nacionalsocialismo. Sin embargo, el desarrollo de la practica se caracterizo por la influencia del contexto sociopolitico, convirtiendo esta epoca en el periodo mas oscuro de la profesion
Use of thallium-technetium parathyroid scans.

Localization of parathyroid pathology prior to reoperative neck exploration for hyperparathyroidism decreases operating time and potential morbidity. A color-graded nuclear scan using computer subtraction of technetium 99m from thallium-201 images is an accurate means of locating the parathyroid tissue in patients who have previously had one or more neck explorations.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN THE CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASES.

SummaryFractionation of rat liver homogenates suggests a dual intracellular localization of monoamine oxidase, with the major portion in the mitochondria and a smaller but significant portion sedimenting with the microsomal fraction. Comparative studies on substrate specificities and Michaelis constants of monoamine oxidase preparations from liver, kidney and heart of rat and guinea pig indicate marked tissue differences in monoamine oxidases. Multiple substrate studies and other data support the view that each tissue contains a single, distinctive major monoamine oxidase.
Processing speed, executive function, and academic achievement in children with dextro-transposition of the great arteries: Testing a longitudinal developmental cascade model.

Objective To establish executive function (EF) structure/organization and test a longitudinal developmental cascade model linking processing speed (PS) and EF skills at 8-years of age to academic achievement outcomes, both at 8- and 16-years, in a large sample of children/adolescents with surgically repaired dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). Method Data for this study come from the 8- (n = 155) and 16-year (n = 139) time points of the Boston Circulatory Arrest Study and included WISC-III, Trail Making Test, Test of Variables of Attention, and WIAT/WIAT-II tasks. Results A 2-factor model (Working Memory/Inhibition and Shifting) provided the best fit for the EF data, χ²(3) = 1.581, p = .66, RMSEA = 0, CFI = 1, NNFI = 1.044). Working Memory/Inhibition and Shifting factors were not correlated. In the structural equation model, PS was directly related to both EF factors and Reading at 8 years, and was indirectly related to Math and Reading achievement, both concurrently and longitudinally, via its effects on Working Memory/Inhibition. Shifting at 8 years was significantly associated with Math (but not Reading) at 16 years. Conclusions The academic difficulties experienced by children and adolescents with d-TGA may be driven, at least in part, by underlying deficits in processing speed and aspects of executive function. Intervention efforts aimed at bolstering these abilities, particularly if implemented early in development, may prove beneficial in improving academic outcomes and, perhaps by extension, in reducing the stress and diminished self-confidence often associated with academic underachievement. (PsycINFO Database Record
Gravity's Rainbow : A Folkloristic Reading

In order to lead lives of personal meaning and value, the victims of economic exploitation and military oppression in Gravity's Rainbow must strive to band together into groups whose languages and structures have not been dictated to them by the purveyors of technology and the strategists of war. Similarly, in order to read Gravity's Rainbow in a meaningful way, its would-be interpreters must liberate themselves from some of the conventional constraints governing their reading behavior, thus enabling themselves to enter into a fresh dialogue with the novel. What I would like to suggest, therefore, is that for both characters and readers a "folk consciousness" must come to supplant what may be termed, following the language of the novel, a "firm consciousness." The rewards of the former and the ill-effects of the latter--within and without the novel--will be explored in this essay.
Radiobiological philosophy of current U.S. neutron trials.

The historical rationale for the start of neutron radiotherapy is critically reviewed. Although it is proven that the extent of hypoxia varies among even apparently similar tumors in man the importance of this effect on the outcome of conventional radiotherapy is unknown. Other effects controlling response are inherent radiosensitivity and cell cycle redistribution. For the first the response of tumour cells to 2 Gy of X-rays is claimed to be a reasonable predictor indicating the width of the dose effect shoulder and hence the repair capacity of the tissue. An important argument for optimizing fractionation is the difference between early and late responding tissues in the isoeffect curves for X-rays as a function of dose per fraction. According to this multiple small doses of X-rays should provide a therapeutic advantage. On the other hand there may be rapid acceleration of tumour clonogen repopulation during treatment causing a loss of therapeutic differential in case of too long protraction of treatment. No or very little fractionation effects accrue to neutrons which can therefore be administered in more comfortable schedules than X-rays. In view of these biological considerations the current U.S. neutron protocols involve rapid treatment using relatively large dose fractions. Finally the point is stressed that future emphasis must be on the development of techniques to forecast the radiation response of tumours and to select patients who benefit from neutron radiotherapy.
Clinical implications of serial versus isolated biliary fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) polysomy in primary sclerosing cholangitis

AbstractBackground: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a leading cause of death in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Biliary polysomy detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) helps to identify patients with early CCA, but not all PSC patients with polysomy develop CCA. Here, we examined the features and clinical outcomes of PSC patients with serial versus isolated polysomy.Methods: All patients with PSC who underwent ≥1 endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with FISH testing at Mayo Clinic, Rochester from 2008–2011 were identified. Patients diagnosed with CCA at the time of initial polysomy were excluded. Serial polysomy was defined as polysomy on ≥2 ERCs; isolated polysomy was defined as polysomy once followed by all nonpolysomy results. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of CCA.Results: Twenty-seven patients with polysomy and ≥1 subsequent ERC with FISH were identified. Of these, 11 (40.7%) had serial polysomy and 16 (59.3%) had isolated polysomy. CCA was more likely to ...
Reconstruction of Symptomatic Congenital Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency.

BACKGROUND Hypoplasia or congenital absence of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a rare disorder occurring in ∼1 in every 6000 births. Although some patients with hypoplasia or agenesis of the ACL may not complain of instability, others desire to participate in more demanding activities that require the stability of a competent ACL. There are limited reports of surgical treatment of this patient population. The purpose of this study was to report ACL reconstruction in a case series of patients with symptomatic congenital ACL deficiency. METHODS A retrospective medical record review of the surgical treatment of 14 knees (13 patients) with congenital absence of the ACL at a tertiary care institution from 1995 to 2012 was performed. Patients with a minimum of 1 year of clinical follow-up were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS The mean age at time of surgery was 12.6 (range, 3 to 22), including 6 patients <12 years of age. Mean follow-up was 2.9 years (range, 1 to 6.6). Nine of 13 patients (69%) had underlying congenital abnormalities/associated syndromes. Preoperative Lachman and pivot shift examination was International Knee Documentation Committee grade C or D in all but 1 knee. ACL reconstruction was performed with combined intra-articular/extra-articular physeal sparing reconstruction with iliotibial band (n=5), autograft hamstring (n=2) or bone-patellar tendon-bone (n=3), or allograft (n=4). Multiligament reconstruction of associated ligamentous deficiency was performed in 7 knees (50%). Postoperative Lachman and pivot shift testing was International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grade A or B in all but 1 knee. One patient with congenital absence of multiple knee ligaments required revision ACL reconstruction surgery, with concurrent first-time posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, due to persistent instability. None required revision surgery due to graft tear at a minimum of 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Surgical stabilization of symptomatic congenital ACL insufficiency, with associated ligamentous reconstruction as required on a case-by-case basis, results in improved stability at early clinical follow-up, with low complication rates. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-retrospective case series.
Longitudinal Analysis of VWF Multimerization Patterns In a well-defined TTP Cohort

Abstract Abstract 4308 VWF function has long been implicated in TTP's pathogenesis. Initial study reported unusually large (UL)VWF multimers in patients with relapsing TTP. Later, ULVWF were demonstrated in TTP patients during remission that are acutely consumed at the onset of disease. However, many detailed steps concerning the timely relationship between VWF multimerization and clinical courses such as disease onset, mortality, disease refractoriness, and treatment response are still missing. In this study, we performed VWF multimeric analyses in over 400 serial samples longitudinally collected from more than 20 TTP patients at various clinical stages, including initial presentation, acute treatment, clinical remission, and clinical visits prior to TTP relapses. At the time of acute presentation, approximately 50% of cases show presence of ULVWF multimer patterns, while around 35% demonstrate acute consumption of UL and high molecular weight VWF multimers. The other 15% of cases however reveal normal VWF multimer patterns at the time of disease presentation. For the TTP patients who normally respond to plasma exchange (PE) therapy, a mild ULVWF multimer pattern may be present after discontinuation of daily PE therapy. Upon restoration of ADAMTS13 activity and achievement of sustained remission, VWF multimer patterns are normalized. During the period of daily plasma exchange for acute episodes of TTP, a persistent presence of ULVWF multimer patterns appears indicative of disease refractoriness and is associated with disease mortality. In the course of this study, ADAMTS13 activity levels (reportable range of 0.5 % –100%) in these longitudinal samples were also precisely determined using SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry to establish the correlation between ADAMTS13 activity measured in vitro and VWF multimeric patterns formed in vivo. Our study for the first time defines the dynamic changes of VWF multimeric patterns in relation to the evolution and natural history of TTP in a large well-defined clinical cohort. These novel observations provide new implications into the pathobiology of TTP and may help to develop new biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic responses and for screening for TTP relapses. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
A Clearer Vision: Creating and Evolving a Model to Support the Development of Science Teacher Leaders

This paper describes a professional development model for developing science teacher leaders that has evolved and been refined through working with 16 high school chemistry and physics teachers in high-needs schools over the past 3 years. The theoretical framework draws upon Goodwin’s notion of professional vision and Dempsey’s four metaphors to inform an understanding of professional identity consistent with innovation and empowerment in (a) the classroom setting with students and (b) with teachers in collegial environments. Thus, leadership practices and purposes are discussed at two distinct levels and contexts, which interact reflexively. Sociolinguistic discourse analysis of multiple data sources enabled us to identify the professional development features that promoted or hindered the teachers’ growth toward a leadership perspective and disposition. Implications for science teacher renewal and retention as well as limitations of the study and proposed leadership model are also shared and discussed.
Towards Ecosophy in a Participating World: Rhetoric and Cosmology in Heidegger’s Fourfold and Empedocles’ Four Roots

This chapter argues that Heidegger’s fourfold and Empedocles’s four roots (or elements) provide phenomenological and rhetorical resources for addressing environmentalist challenges. Both these figures pursue an understanding of rhetoric emergent with and responsive to our lifeworld. They grant a respect for ecology combined with an attentiveness to what transcends the human, including the divine. This cosmological approach provides grounds for transforming debates about climate change sparked by conservative religious groups. Heidegger and Empedocles emphasize that human thriving requires attunement to the phenomenological world. The chapter concludes by examining the ontology of spacecraft as a new way of coming to ecosophic awareness. Even the most sophisticated technologies have the capacity to disclose our precarity and attune us to more environmentally secure paths for the future.
Virtual cut-through routing in toroidal interconnection networks

A simple network model with torus topology and the virtual cut-through routing have been considered in order to find out and analyze certain relationships that can be used as a starting point for a deeper theoretical analysis and further research. An expression for the saturation point (message generation rate at which network saturates) and approximate expressions for the latency as a function of the message generation rate have been obtained. Simulation experiments for various values of network parameters (mesh size, message path length, and message length) have been performed. It is found that if the mesh linear dimension is at least twice as large as the message path length (the distance from source to destination) the network behavior (latency and saturation point) does not depend on the mesh size. Both theoretical and empirical results show that the saturation point is inversely proportional to the message length.
Utility of core biopsy with concurrent ROSE FNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic tumor-does the biopsy add any diagnostic benefit?

Background Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) and endoscopic ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy (EUS-CNB) are widely used for diagnosis of pancreatic tumors. The aim of our study was to compare the diagnostic performance of ROSE EUS-FNA and EUS-CNB for diagnosis of pancreatic malignancy during the same EUS. Methods Patients who underwent both FNA and CNB during the same EUS for pancreatic solid lesion were reviewed retrospectively. Sample adequacy, diagnostic yield (defined as percentage of definitive diagnosis), sensitivity and specificity for malignancy were compared between FNA and CNB. Results A total of 48 patients with solid pancreatic lesions were evaluated. The proportions of adequate samples were 48/48 (100%) for FNA and 45/48 (93.7%) for core biopsy (P = .24). The diagnostic yield was 42/48 (87.5%) and 33/48 (68.7%) for FNA and CNB respectively (P = .046). The incremental increase in diagnostic yield by combining both methods was 2/48 (4%). The diagnostic yield for malignancy was 30/32 (93.7%) for FNA and 23/32 (71.8%) for CNB (P = .043). The sensitivity for the diagnosis of malignancy for FNA and CNB were 90.6% and 69%, respectively (P = .045). The specificity was 100% for both methods. The sensitivity for diagnosing malignancy increased to 93.8% when the two methods were combined. The difference in diagnostic yield was not associated with lesion size or location. Conclusion EUS-guided FNA is a superior method of assessing solid pancreatic lesion and pancreatic malignancy with better diagnostic yield and higher sensitivity than EUS-CNB.
Enhancing Temporal Control and Enabling Chain-End Modification in Photoregulated Cationic Polymerizations by Using Iridium-Based Catalysts

Gaining temporal control over chain growth is a key challenge in the enhancement of controlled living polymerizations. Though research on photocontrolled polymerizations is still in its infancy, it has already proven useful in the development of previously inaccessible materials. Photocontrol has now been extended to cationic polymerizations using 2,4,6-triarylpyrylium salts as photocatalysts. Despite the ability to stop polymerization for a short time, monomer conversion was observed over long dark periods. Improved catalyst systems based on Ir complexes give optimal temporal control over chain growth. The excellent stability of these complexes and the ability to tune the excited and ground state redox potentials to regulate the number of monomer additions per cation formed allows polymerization to be halted for more than 20 hours. The excellent stability of these iridium catalysts in the presence of more nucleophilic species enables chain-end functionalization of these polymers.
Zolmitriptan and the Triptan Era

Zolmitriptan is one of seven triptans available to treat acute migraine attacks. The introduction of these selective serotonin receptor agonists almost 20 years ago has revolutionized acute migraine treatment. Triptans are now first line migraine drugs, and provide acute treatment that is well-tolerated, safe and effective. This commentary reviews the use of zolmitriptan and other triptans, discusses how to maximize their effect, and examines the controversies surrounding this class of medication such as medication-overuse headache, use in migraine aura or prodrome, pediatric use, and important drug interactions.
Effects of diacetyl and carbon dioxide on spoilage microflora in ground beef.

The effect of CO 2 and diacetyl, alone or in combination, on spoilage microflora in ground beef was determined. Ground beef was treated with 20, 30, or 40% CO 2 for 22 days (study I); 20, 50, or 100 μg/g diacetyl for 26 days (study II); or a combination of 20% CO 2 and 100 μg/g diacetyl for 40 days (study III). Antimicrobial effectiveness was determined by aerobic plate counts (log 10 CFU/g) using plate count agar (total aerobic bacteria), deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) Lactobacillus agar (gram-positive bacteria), MacConkey agar (gram-negative bacteria), pH. and informal organoleptic assessments (by appearance and by odor). In study I, total bacteria and pH increased by day 4 in control meat samples. For all CO 2 levels, gram-negative bacteria decreased and gram-positive bacteria increased compared with untreated controls. The pH remained constant for CO 2 -treated meat. Control samples had an off-odor and a brown appearance, while CO 2 -treated samples had no off-odor but did have a brown appearance. For samples treated with diacetyl (study II), spoilage was evident by day 7 for samples treated with 0, 20, and 50 μg/g diacetyl for all parameters examined. Ground beef treated with 100 μg/g diacetyl was spoiled on day 12. Diacetyl was detected (by odor) in samples that were treated with 100 μg/g diacetyl and had a brown appearance. Meat samples treated with the combination of CO 2 and diacetyl (study III) showed that the addition of diacetyl did not have an additive effect on microbial growth. Combination-treated meat maintained a red appearance and no off-odor. Diacetyl and CO 2 could be used in combination to maintain a red color and inhibit spoilage microorganisms. Le diacetyle inhibe la croissance des bacteries gram negatives et est un additif alimentaire naturel. Le sujet de cette etude est de determiner l'effet du CO 2 et du diacetyle, seuls ou en combinaison, sur la microflore d'alteration de la viande hachee. Les echantillons traites par le CO 2 seul ne presentent pas d'odeur d'alteration mais ont une apparence brune. Pour les echantillons traites au diacetyle seul jusqu'a 50 μg/g, l'alteration est visible a partir de 7 jours et 12 jours pour 100 μg/g/. La viande traitee en combinant le CO 2 et le diacetyle garde une couleur rouge et ne presente pas d'odeur d'alteration.
Reproducibility in Scientific Computing

Reproducibility is widely considered to be an essential requirement of the scientific process. However, a number of serious concerns have been raised recently, questioning whether today’s computational work is adequately reproducible. In principle, it should be possible to specify a computation to sufficient detail that anyone should be able to reproduce it exactly. But in practice, there are fundamental, technical, and social barriers to doing so. The many objectives and meanings of reproducibility are discussed within the context of scientific computing. Technical barriers to reproducibility are described, extant approaches surveyed, and open areas of research are identified.
From Persuasion to Deliberation: Do Experiences of Online Political Persuasion Facilitate Dialogic Openness?:

Research has long considered the role interpersonal persuasion plays in shaping how citizens form their political opinions and cast their votes. Yet few studies have examined how experiences with o...
Body Trouble: Sexual Harassment and Worker Abuse in Musical Theater Dance Employment.

Beginning in the 1980s, and throughout years of employment on Broadway and beyond, I was an unwitting participant-observer to scenes of sexual harassment in musical theater dance workplaces. I expe...
Preparation, Structure and Spectroscopic Studies of the Palladium Mercaptides Pd8(S‐nPr)16 and Pd6(S‐nPr)12.

The 1:2 molar reaction of Li2PdCl4 (I) with propane thiol (II) quantitatively leads to two crystalline compounds, the cyclic mercaptides (III) and known (IV).
Neural Transplants in Mammals

The basic techniques of neural transplantation have long been within the repertoire of the neuroscientist and have been productively employed to address many of the major questions in neurobiology. With some notable exceptions, the animal models for grafting studies have come from the amphibian and avian classes. Only within the last 6 years have experiments examining the properties of transplanted mammalian central nervous system (CNS) tissue become widespread. It is illustrative that more papers on mammalian CNS grafts were published in 1980 alone than were published in the entire first 60 years (1890–1950) of work in this area (see Fig. 1). The present volume surveys the state of the art of neural transplantation in vertebrates. In the present chapter, we trace the slow development of the field of mammalian brain cell transplantation and examine the reasons why, until recently, there has been a relative dearth of studies on mammals as compared to other vertebrate classes.
Differential Post-Translational Amino Acid Isomerization Found among Neuropeptides in Aplysia californica.

d-Amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) make up a class of post-translationally modified peptides in animals that play important roles as cell-to-cell signaling molecules. Despite the functional importance of l- to d-residue isomerization, little is known about its prevalence, mostly due to difficulties associated with detecting differences in peptide stereochemistry. Prior efforts to discover DAACPs have been largely focused on pursuing peptides based on homology to known DAACPs or DAACP-encoding precursors. Here, we used a combination of enzymatic screening, mass spectrometry, and chromatographic analysis to identify novel DAACPs in the central nervous system (CNS) of Aplysia californica. We identified five new DAACPs from the pleurin precursor and three DAACPs from previously uncharacterized proteins. In addition, two peptides from the pleurin precursor, Plrn2 and Plrn3, exist as DAACPs with the d-residue found at position 2 or 3. These differentially modified forms of Plrn2 and Plrn3 are located in ...
Transient solute drag and strain aging of dislocations

Abstract The transient drag force exerted by mobile solutes on a moving dislocation is computed using continuum theory. These mobile solutes form so-called Cottrell atmospheres around dislocations during static and dynamic strain aging. We evaluate the evolution of the drag force exerted by the atmosphere under two velocity time-histories: impulsive acceleration to a chosen velocity and a constant acceleration rate. A particular focus is on the conditions under which the stationary limit assumed by theories of dynamic strain aging is obeyed. According to our results, two conditions—one on the dislocation velocity and one on the acceleration rate—must be satisfied for the stationary limit to hold. Using the Orowan relation and a line tension model, we obtain estimates for the temperature, stress, strain rate, and dislocation density regimes where the stationary limit is valid, and compare these results with experiments for a few material systems.
THE EFFECTS OF CYCLICALITY AND INFLATIONARY EXPECTATIONS ON INVESTMENT

This paper discusses cyclical and inflationary expectations mechanisms which singly and cumulatively lower investment, result in undercapitalization, lower productivity which itself further lowers the capacity to invest at future dates. Data used in the empirical analysis are obtained from a national survey of small businessmen. It is shown that contrary to the theory of rational expectations, businessmen consider the nominal market cost of money, have short term expectations and are influenced by government policy (i.e., monetary policy). The statistical estimations use autoregressions with alternative types of lag distributions. In addition it appears that inflation influences businessmen's expectations via the index of industrial production. The cost of energy index is not significant in this estimation.
Outcomes and strategy of tailored antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor in patients undergoing transcarotid artery revascularization.

Abstract Objective Antiplatelet drug resistance is associated with periprocedural ischemic complications in patients undergoing intravascular stent implantation. Nonresponders are subject to increased risk of stent thrombosis and in-stent stenosis, and high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) is present in up to 44% of patients taking clopidogrel, a widely used component of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT). Evidence points to ticagrelor as a viable alternative to overcome HTPR on clopidogrel. Studies have shown fewer thromboembolic events with ticagrelor therapy; however, results on bleeding risk are mixed, and its safety and efficacy in hybrid operative techniques have yet to be established. Transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) is a hybrid procedure to treat severe carotid stenosis. The objective of this study was to establish the safety and efficacy of ticagrelor as part of DAPT in patients undergoing TCAR and to develop a protocol to ensure adequate antithrombotic protection throughout the operative course. Methods Data were collected retrospectively for patients undergoing TCAR on DAPT of aspirin and ticagrelor for symptomatic (≥50%) or asymptomatic (≥80%) carotid stenosis. Preoperative platelet reactivity was determined using Thromboelastography with Platelet Mapping (Haemonetics Corporation, Braintree, Mass), with adequate platelet reactivity defined as maximal amplitude produced by adenosine diphosphate Results Sixty-seven TCAR procedures with patients receiving periprocedural DAPT of ticagrelor and aspirin were performed during the study period. Patients had an average age of 79 years, and 28 (42%) were symptomatic. The mean procedure time was 45.8 ± 9.2 minutes, with a mean clamp/flow reversal time of 4.8 ± 1.5 minutes, and mean postoperative length of hospital stay of 3.1 ± 2.2 days for inpatients and 1.3 ± 0.8 days for outpatients. Technical success was achieved in all cases, with no 30-day major bleeding events and no occurrence of ipsilateral cerebrovascular ischemic event, myocardial infarction, or death. Conclusions Initial experience with ticagrelor as part of DAPT in patients undergoing TCAR demonstrated its safety and efficacy in both symptomatic and asymptomatic disease. No bleeding events or thromboembolic complications occurred. Furthermore, a protocol to administer ticagrelor to assay for HTPR on ticagrelor and consequent medication and patient management is proposed. Ticagrelor may represent a safe and effective alternative to overcome clopidogrel nonresponsiveness in DAPT regimens for TCAR.
What is an adaptive pattern of brain activity for a child? It depends on their environment

Prior fMRI research indicates that lower resting-state functional connectivity between two specific brain networks is linked to better cognitive test performance in children and adults. However, most study samples are skewed towards higher-socioeconomic status individuals---and what is adaptive for one population may not be for another. In a pre-registered study, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data from 6839 children ages 9-10 years. For children above the federal poverty line, we replicated the prior finding: better cognitive performance was related to weaker connectivity between the lateral frontoparietal and default mode networks. However, for children living in poverty, this relation trended in the opposite direction. Follow-up cross-validated predictive analyses revealed that these results were driven by several key features of a child9s environment. Thus, "optimal" brain function depends in part on the external pressures children face, highlighting the need for more diverse samples in research on the human brain and behavior.
Alternative derivation of the relativistic three-particle quantization condition

We present a simplified derivation of the relativistic three-particle quantization condition for identical, spinless particles described by a generic relativistic field theory satisfying a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry. The simplification is afforded by using a three-particle quasilocal K matrix that is not fully symmetrized, ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{\mathcal{K}}}_{\mathrm{df},3}^{(u,u)}$, and makes extensive use of time-ordered perturbation theory (TOPT). We obtain a new form of the quantization condition. This new form can then be related algebraically to the standard quantization condition, which depends on a fully symmetric three-particle K matrix, ${\mathcal{K}}_{\mathrm{df},3}$. The new derivation is fully explicit, allowing, for example, a closed-form expression for ${\mathcal{K}}_{\mathrm{df},3}$ to be given in terms of TOPT amplitudes. The new form of the quantization condition is similar in structure to that obtained in the ``finite-volume unitarity'' approach, and in a companion paper we make this connection concrete. Our simplified approach should also allow a more straightforward generalization of the quantization condition to nondegenerate particles, and perhaps also to more than three particles.
Key Traits and Genes Associate with Salinity Tolerance Independent from Vigor in Cultivated Sunflower

With rising food demands, crop production on salinized lands is increasingly necessary. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), a moderately salt-tolerant crop, exhibits a tradeoff where more vigorous, high-performing genotypes have a greater proportional decline in biomass under salinity stress. Prior research has found deviations from this relationship across genotypes. Here, we identified the traits and genomic regions underlying variation in this expectation-deviation tolerance (the magnitude and direction of deviations from the expected effect of salinity). We grew a sunflower diversity panel under control and salt-stressed conditions and measured a suite of morphological (growth, mass allocation, plant and leaf morphology) and leaf ionomic traits. The genetic basis of variation and plasticity in these traits was investigated via genome-wide association, which also enabled the identification of genomic regions (i.e. haplotypic blocks) influencing multiple traits. We found that the magnitude and direction of plasticity in whole-root mass fraction, fine root mass fraction, and chlorophyll content, as well as leaf sodium and potassium content under saline conditions, were most strongly correlated with expectation-deviation tolerance. We identified multiple genomic regions underlying these traits as well as a single alpha-mannosidase gene directly associated with this tolerance metric. Our results show that, by taking the vigor-salinity effect tradeoff into account, we can identify unique traits and genes associated with salinity tolerance. Since these traits and genomic regions are distinct from those associated with high vigor (i.e. growth in benign conditions), they provide an avenue for increasing salinity tolerance in high-performing sunflower genotypes without compromising vigor.
Popular Diets: Ketogenic Diet

The ketogenic diet is a high-fat, very low carbohydrate diet. The first documented use of the ketogenic diet was in 1921 to treat epilepsy in children. In the past few years, the ketogenic diet has resurged in popularity as a potential means for weight loss. The ketogenic diet has become popular due to celebrity endorsement and social media influences. This new 4-page publication of the UF/IFAS Food Science and Human Nutrition Department explains the concepts behind this diet, explores the available menu, and examines whether this diet is safe and effective. Written by Kelsey Gemmill, Daniela Rivero-Mendoza, and Wendy Dahl.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs403
The Politics of Presidential Impeachment

Writing a book on the politics of presidential impeachment in the Trump era is a monumental and necessary undertaking, which is exactly what Daniel P. Franklin, Stanley M. Caress, Robert M. Sanders...
Retina Metabolism and Metabolism in the Pigmented Epithelium: A Busy Intersection.

The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2, glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of retinal pi...
Long-term effects of prevention and treatment on youth antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Youth antisocial behavior exacts a tremendous toll on society and often persists into adulthood. Although researchers have identified a number of psychosocial interventions that prevent or reduce youth antisocial behavior in the short term, evidence of long-term intervention benefits has only recently become available. In addition, research on such interventions spans two substantial but largely separate bodies of literature: prevention and therapy. The present study used meta-analysis to integrate research on the long-term effects of preventive and therapeutic interventions for youth antisocial behavior and examined potential moderators of these effects. Results from 66 intervention trials (i.e., 34 prevention, 32 therapy) indicated that a broad range of youth psychosocial interventions demonstrated modest effects on antisocial behavior (mean d = 0.31, 95% confidence interval = 0.23–0.39) for at least one year beyond the end of interventions relative to control conditions. Among other findings, moderator analyses revealed that inclusion of a peer group intervention component was associated with reduced intervention effects for samples consisting predominantly of boys or older youths. The results of this study have important implications for service providers, administrators, and policymakers involved in the implementation of preventive and therapeutic interventions targeting youth antisocial behavior.
State Income, Employment, Infrastructure and Well-Being: Do Party Control and Political Competition Matter?

This paper examines the relationship between state party politics and the economic performance of the state over six four-year periods covering the years 1978 to 2002. Novel features include that the study: examines the role of party control in a panel; it examines the effects of political competitiveness; measures effects not only on income variables but also on employment, tax, and spending policies, infrastructure investment, and quality of life variables. The main finding is that control of the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both branches, has no significant effect on state outcomes, but the degree of political competitiveness in these data reveals significant and usually beneficial effects on employment and on quality of life outcomes. The paper also investigates possible factors that could otherwise mistakenly account for the negative conclusion on party control. We hypothesize that both parties, when in competition for votes, will adopt those economic policies believed to be effective by the politically median voter, regardless of party stereotypes, but that the competition between the parties may provide benefits to the public.
Parental employment and health insurance coverage among school-aged children with special health care needs.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined parental employment and health insurance coverage among children with and without special health care needs. Special needs were defined as conditions likely to require a high amount of parental care, potentially affecting parental employment. METHODS: Data from the 1994 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed for 21,415 children aged 5 to 17 years, including 1604 children with special needs. Logistic regression was used to estimate the effect of special needs on the odds of full-time parental employment and on the odds of a child's being uninsured, having Medicaid, or having employer-sponsored insurance. RESULTS: Parents of children with special needs had less full-time employment. Their children had lower odds of having employer-sponsored insurance (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.7) than other children. Children with special needs had greater odds of Medicaid coverage (adjusted OR = 2.3-5.1, depending on family income). Children with and without special needs were equally likely to be uninsured. CONCLUSIONS: Lower full-time employment among parents of children with special needs contributes to the children's being less likely to have employer-sponsored health insurance. Medicaid covers many children with special needs, but many others remain uninsured.
The effects of normal aging on the response of the pituitary-gonadal axis to chronic clomiphene administration in men.

: Serum androgens decline with age in normal men, despite normal or elevated bioactive serum gonadotropins, suggesting that primary testicular dysfunction occurs with aging. The authors further assessed the question of age-related testicular dysfunction by evaluating whether raising serum gonadotropins above the normal serum range for an extended time in healthy elderly men might result in bringing their gonadal function to a level similar to that found in young adult men. Five elderly (65 to 85 years old) and five young adult men (26 to 33 years old) were given 50 mg of clomiphene citrate (CC) twice a day for 8 weeks to stimulate gonadotropin production. During that time, testosterone (T), non-sex hormone-binding globulin bound T, and estradiol increased significantly in both age groups, while serum inhibin increased significantly only in the young adult men. The increases in serum androgens with CC administration were significantly greater in the young adult men than in the elderly men. These hormone changes occurred in the setting of serum gonadotropins that increased significantly in both age groups, although there was a tendency for the elderly men to have a smaller increase in luteinizing hormone. Despite 8 weeks of stimulation of the pituitary-gonadal axis by CC administration, the elderly men demonstrated significantly diminished testicular responses compared with the young adult men. Sertoli cell function, as determined by inhibin production, was more diminished in the elderly men than was Leydig cell function. These data strengthen the hypothesis that normal aging in men is accompanied by a decline in testicular function.
Conradi's disease: Chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, congenital stippled epiphyses

A case of Conradi's disease (chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita, congenital stippled epiphyses) is reported in which the evolution of the disease was followed for 15 years. At birth the patient showed stippling of the epiphyses, abnormalities of the vertebral bodies, shortening of the right femur, bilateral congenital cataracts, saddle-nose deformity, and blotchy erythema of the skin and scalp. By the age of 6 months most of the epiphyseal stippling had disappeared and the vertebral column abnormalities had begun to produce kyphosis. By 15 years of age she had severe kyphoscoliosis, marked shortening of the right leg, short stature, cicatricial alopecia, coarse and lusterless hair, follicular atrophoderma, saddle-nose deformity, cataracts, irregular dentition, and low normal intelligence. Despite the early disappearance of epiphyseal stippling, recognition of the associated abnormalities may allow diagnosis of Conradi's disease in later life.
An Expert System to Control a Fusion Energy Experiment

This paper describes a system that automates neutral beam source conditioning. The system achieves this with artificial intelligence techniques by encoding the behavior of several experts as a set of if-then rules in an expert system. One of the functions of the expert system is to control an adaptive controller that, in turn, controls the neutral beam source. The architecture of the system is presented followed by a description of its performance.
Punishment in a Regulatory Setting: Experimental Evidence from the VCM

To analyze the effectiveness of punishment in inducing regulatory compliance, we modify a standard public goods experiment to include a financial penalty for free riding. The design allows us to vary both punishment probability and severity. We introduce the punishment mechanism in both a one-time and a repeated treatment and find that compliance (contributing to the public good) is increasing in expected punishment cost in both treatments. We also find that punishment severity has a larger effect on behavior than punishment probability. In the repeated treatment, we find that past punishment has a negative rather than positive effect on compliance.
Species-specific cell cohesion in cellular slime molds. Demonstration by several quantitative assays and with multiple species.

Species-specific cohesion of partially differentiated cells of Dictyostelium discoideum and Dictyostelium purpureum was studied with several assays. In all cases, cells of one or both species were labelled by conjugation with either fluorescein-isothiocyanate or tetramethylrhodamine-isothiocyanate. In one assay we measured relative binding of labeled probe cells of one species to monolayers of the same or the other species. In the other assays mixtures of cells of the two species were gyrated in suspension, either for 10 min in a buffer containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or for 40 min in a buffer without EDTA. In all cases we found species-specific cell cohesion. In other studies in which combinations of the above species, as well as Dictyostelium rosarium, Dictyostelium mucoroides and Polysphondylium pallidum were used, species-specific cell cohesion was also observed. These results cannot be due to species-specific chemotactic signals. Instead, they indicate that species specificity is a property of the cell surface.
Lattices in Classical Potential Theory and Martingale Theory

Submartingales martingales and supermartingales are analogs in the context of martingale theory of subharmonic harmonic and superharmonic functions in the context of classical potential theory. The correspondence between these two contexts has two aspects. In the first place many of the manipulations of supermartingales correspond exactly to manipulations of superharmonic functions. This has been exhibited in previous chapters by the common choice of nomenclature, for example, D, S, Sm, LM, GM, \( {{\tau }_{ \bullet }},R_{ \bullet }^{ \bullet } \). In the second place under appropriate hypotheses the composition of a superharmonic function with Brownian motion is a supermartingale; for example, see Section 2.IX.7. In this chapter lattice aspects of classical potential theory and martingale theory will be developed simultaneously.
An interdisciplinary approach to scientific modeling and simulation

We describe a model for an interdisciplinary course in scientific modeling and simulation. We discuss the course structure and content, as well as the results of our evaluation process.
Diabetes and prediabetes in patients with hepatitis B residing in North America

Diabetes is associated with liver disease progression and increased hepatocellular carcinoma risk, but factors associated with diabetes in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in North America are unknown. We aimed to determine factors predictive of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a large HBV-infected multiethnic cohort. Adults with chronic HBV not receiving antiviral therapy were enrolled from 21 centers in North America. Diabetes was defined by history/medication use or fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL and IFG as fasting glucose 100-125 mg/dL. Of 882 patients included, 47.2% were female, 71.3% Asian, 83.7% foreign born, median age was 44 years, and median body mass index BMI 24.3 kg/m2. In this cohort, 26.0% were hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg) positive, 43.9% had HBV DNA ≥20,000 IU/mL, and 26.7% alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥2× upper limit of normal (≥40 U/L women, ≥60 U/L men). Overall, 12.5% had diabetes and 7.8% IFG. The combined prevalence of diabetes or IFG was highest among blacks (36.7%) and those either born in the United States/Canada or foreign born with migration >20 years ago (25.5%). Obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 2.13), hyperlipidemia (OR, 4.13), hypertension (OR, 3.67), high ALT level (OR, 1.86), and family history of diabetes (OR, 3.43) were associated with diabetes. Factors associated with IFG were obesity (OR, 4.13) and hypertension (OR, 3.27), but also HBeAg positivity (OR, 0.39). Recent migration was negatively associated with diabetes among non-Asians (OR, 0.30). Conclusions: Diabetes is more prevalent in HBV-infected North American adults than the general population and is associated with known metabolic risk factors and liver damage, as determined by ALT levels. Among the foreign born, longer duration of North America residence predicted diabetes risk in non-Asians. These results highlight the opportunities for interventions to prevent diabetes especially among at-risk ethnic groups with HBV. (Hepatology 2015;62:1364–1374)
Globalization and Clinical Research in Latin America

The globalization of clinical research lagged behind the globalization of other sectors of the economy and received a substantial impulse after the adoption of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the approval of the Good Clinical Practice Guidelines from the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH GCP).
Experimental results of strange nonchaotic phenomenon in a second-order quasi-periodically forced electronic circuit

Abstract We study the strange nonchaotic attractor of a second-order quasi-periodically forced electronic circuit, which is driven by two sinusoidal voltage sources and consists of a linear inductor, a linear capacitor, a linear resistor and a specifically designed piecewise-linear negative resistor. Both the experimental and the simulation results are provided to show the bifurcation process from two-frequency quasi-periodic attractors to strange nonchaotic attractors, and from strange nonchaotic attractors to strange chaotic attractors. The strange nonchaotic characteristics of the observed attractors are verified by using Fourier amplitude spectra, Poincare maps and information dimension.