cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postrace: Every Good-bye Ain't Gone.

In this commentary, anthropologist Iris Carter Ford reflects on the preceding pieces by Carmen Kynard and Signithia Fordham. She identifies parallels among the two essays and her own life, drawing out themes that emerge from the narratives. Integrating ideas about "talking black" and "talking back," Ford notes that both phenomena have roots in traditional African American notions of fictive kinship and complicity. Her analysis of Kynard's and Fordham's work, along with insight from her own experiences as a black woman navigating educational spaces, challenge us to reconsider whether American society is truly postracial.
Lorenz Gauge Potential-Based Time Domain Integral Equations for Analyzing Subwavelength Penetrable Regions

Potential-based integral equations are being explored to develop numerical methods that avoid low frequency breakdown issues so that they can analyze multiscale and subwavelength structures that are becoming increasingly important in electromagnetic engineering. This work continues the development of potential-based time domain integral equations by presenting a new formulation in the Lorenz gauge that is applicable to penetrable regions. An appropriate marching-on-in-time discretization scheme is developed that fully conforms to the spatial and temporal Sobolev space properties of the integral equations. It is shown that following this approach leads to a discrete system with improved stability properties. Further, it is demonstrated that this new system can produce accurate results for objects that are significantly smaller than a wavelength where previous methods have failed.
Patient and family engagement strategies for children and adolescents with chronic diseases: A review of systematic reviews.

Abstract Objective Patient and family engagement is important for family-centered care, particularly for children and adolescents with chronic disease. We aimed to 1) identify available evidence from systematic reviews on engagement strategies used to help children, adolescents, and their caregivers manage chronic conditions, and 2) identify gaps in the literature. Methods We searched PubMed and CINAHL from January 2015 to January 2020 for systematic reviews on patient and family engagement strategies in the pediatrics population ( Results We identified 25 systematic reviews. Twenty-two evaluated direct patient care, with 14 (279 unique studies) exclusively in pediatrics and 8 (24 unique studies) that included pediatric results with adults. Three reviews (9 unique studies) evaluated health system strategies. Direct patient care reviews focused on self-management support (n = 16) and shared decisionmaking (n = 6). Asthma was the most frequently evaluated condition (n = 14). Conclusions and practice implications Engagement strategies for children and adolescents with chronic disease are focused on direct patient care, particularly for asthma. More research is needed to address engagement for broader populations, expanded outcomes, and at health system and community levels.
Written Testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Financial Services Subcommittee on Investor Protection, Entrepreneurship, and Capital Markets, 'Examining Private Market Exemptions as a Barrier to IPOs and Retail Investment'

The SEC’s “Concept Release on Harmonization of Securities Offering Exemptions” seeks public comment on various items, including proposals (1) to expand or create new registration exemptions, (2) to loosen the restrictions on the secondary trading of private securities, and (3) to relax the standards for what constitutes an “accredited investor.” Such proposals would have the primary aim and effect of allowing small-dollar retail investors to invest directly in private securities. Proposals to usher retail investors into the private markets espouse two laudable goals: (1) remedying a perceived inequality of opportunity for retail investors and (2) encouraging efficient capital raising. It is my view, however, that these proposals fail on both counts, and would in fact exacerbate the very problems they purport to address. The notion that retail investors are “missing out” on the opportunity to invest in private securities is based on faith, rather than data. The available research suggests that they would do materially worse on average in the private markets than in the public markets. Nor would direct retail investment in the private markets be good for capital allocation: given the current glut of capital, firms that still cannot attract capital from institutional investors are the smallest firms with the very worst prospects. There is considerable room for disagreement over whether public companies and the public markets are subject to too much regulation. The same cannot be said for whether increasing retail-investor presence in the private markets would be good for investors or for capital allocation. If Congress and the SEC are concerned about shrinking investment opportunities for retail investors, the solution lies not in throwing retail investors to the wolves in the private markets, but rather in ensuring a healthy pipeline of companies going and remaining public.
Being Our Sister’s Keeper: Rethinking Allyship Amid Multiple Pandemics

This “new normal” of the COVID-19 pandemic birthed a heightened level of awareness for me, and many others, of the social and racial inequities that essentially define every aspect of daily life as...
Strategy for the agricultural human resource potential development and management in priority and border geostrategic territories (regions) of Russia

Analysis of agricultural sub-sectors personnel of some priority and border geostrategic territories (regions) revealed negative trends and main problems in the human resources formation and management in the agricultural business. The personnel potential and the structure of personnel in the sub-sectors of the economy is formed without the practical application of educational standards and production competencies and the effective use of digital systems in the field of their management. In this regard, particular steps were undertaken to eliminate these inconsistencies, primarily related to the strategic development of agricultural business in priority and border geostrategic regions. The ways of the strategy for the agricultural business personnel potential development are formulated and measures for the formation of the strategy of the agricultural sub-sectors personnel potential of priority and border geostrategic regions are developed based on the monitoring of these territories on the issue of the efficiency of the functioning of the personnel of agricultural business. Indicators for assessing human resource management and strategic directions for human resources training (advanced training) in the agricultural sector and the practical application of educational standards and production competencies, as well as the effective use of digital systems in the field of their management are proposed.
Nocturnal Enuresis in Sickle Cell: Sociodemographic, Medical, and Quality of Life Factors.

OBJECTIVE Nocturnal enuresis is more prevalent in youth with sickle cell disease (SCD) compared to the general population. The purpose of this study is to estimate prevalence of nocturnal enuresis using diagnostic criteria and identify associated sociodemographic, medical, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) factors. METHODS Youth with SCD (N = 248; ages 6.00-17.99 years) and their caregivers completed semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. HRQOL was measured using the Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) Inventory. Medical information was abstracted from medical record. We generated multivariable logistic regression models to examine associations between factors and current nocturnal enuresis and nocturnal enuresis occurring any time in the past (lifetime). RESULTS Among participants (mean age, 11.3 ± 3.6 years; 50.8% male), 21.4% reported current nocturnal enuresis and 46% reported lifetime nocturnal enuresis. Male sex [odds ratio (OR), 2.57; p = .001], difficulty arousing from sleep (OR, 3.57; p < .001), higher school functioning HRQOL (OR, 1.02; p = .014), and higher fetal hemoglobin levels (OR, 1.03; p = .048) were associated with lifetime nocturnal enuresis. Younger age (OR, 1.16; p = .005), higher youth-reported fatigue (OR, 1.01; p = .045), difficulty arousing from sleep (OR, 4.92; p < .001), and higher lactate dehydrogenase levels (OR, 1.00; p = .042) were associated with current nocturnal enuresis. CONCLUSIONS Nocturnal enuresis is prevalent in youth with SCD and is associated with HRQOL, diminished sleep, greater fatigue, and disease severity markers. Routine assessment of sleep behaviors and fatigue are necessary when treating patients with SCD to understand the impact of nocturnal enuresis on HRQOL.
Human milk oligosaccharides in premature infants: absorption, excretion, and influence on the intestinal microbiota

Human milk oligosaccharides in premature infants: absorption, excretion, and influence on the intestinal microbiota
The Synthesis of Functional Bacterial Wall

The chemical nature of the wall allows it to be a two-dimensional stress-resistant fabric forming the exoskeleton of most eubacteria. The key feature is that it is composed of functional units containing both carbohydrate chains and peptide chains such that a basic unit, i.e., the penta-muropeptide, can connect to other units in at least three places. The formula for the peptidoglycan unit structure of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis is shown in Figure 4.1 as a computer simulation. This specific formula represents the most common structure in eubacteria, and is similar to the basic units used by all eubacteria, except for the wall-less mycoplasma.
A biological solar panel

We report a prototype scalable and stackable biological solar panel by installing miniature biological solar cells in an array format. Nine small-scale biological solar cells were integrated in a panel along with a common feed microfluidic channel. The biological solar panel continuously generated electricity from microbial photosynthetic and respiratory activities under day-night cycles. Requiring only sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to operate, the biological solar panel offers advantages over potentially competing sustainable power sources such as microbial fuel cell stacks or photovoltaic panels because the photosynthetic microorganisms used here a) do not require an organic fuel, and b) are capable of producing power both during the day and at night.
Coadsorption of cesium and oxygen on Ni(100): II. Cesium enhanced chemisorption and oxidation

Abstract The effects of adsorbed Cs atoms on the chemisorption and oxidation of Ni(100) surfaces have been studied with low energy electron diffraction and work function measurements. In addition to the c(2×2) structure of O on clean Ni(100), the preadsorption of Cs caused the formation of a (3×3) and a c(4×2) structure. The experimental results suggest that these new structures were due to ordered arrays of chemisorbed O atoms underneath the Cs layer, with O densities higher than that of c(2×2). It is found that a Cs overlayer increased drastically the rate of O chemisorption and NiO formation. Depending on the initial Cs coverage, the NiO formed in the (100) and (111) crystallographic rientations. During the enhanced oxidation the Cs layer remained on top of the oxide.
A Self-Calibrating Eddy-Current Instrument

The calibration of eddy-current measurement systems is a long-standing problem in nondestructive evaluation. Calibration serves a number of purposes: for equipment setup and validation, for equalizing responses from different probes and instruments, for setting detection thresholds, and for quantitative flaw sizing. The most commonly used calibration method is to scan the probe to be calibrated over simulated defects such as electrical-discharge machined (EDM) slots, saw cuts, or laboratory-produced fatigue cracks. This method has the virtue of calibrating probe and instrument at the same time on the same material as that to be inspected. But it has a number of disadvantages as well. First, a large number of artifact standards must be generated, certified, and maintained in the typical inspection organization; this can result in considerable expense. Second, the signals from EDM slots and saw cuts are not equivalent to the signals from actual defects, as discussed in another paper in these proceedings [1]. Third, quantitative flaw sizing can only be accomplished over a limited range with such calibration methodology, and the accuracy of sizing flaws with this method is brought into question by the aforementioned inequality of slots and cracks. Even if laboratory-produced cracks were to be used routinely for calibration (a prohibitively expensive option), quantitative sizing could be compromised by the occurrence of crack closure effects [2].
The Material Culture of Greek Astronomy

Ce document reprend en detail, a l'aide de supports photographiques et d'esquisses, les differents instruments mis au point par les Grecs qui leur permettaient d'effectuer leurs calculs en astronomie et d'avoir une representation concrete de leurs theories. On y trouve des descriptions de differentes dioptries, utilisees pour la demonstration du mouvement circulaire des etoiles, pour mesurer les distances du zenith mais egalement des outils spheriques servant a la meteoroscopie, des quadrants, des equatoriums solaires, et d'innombrables tables solaires et papyrus temoignant de la richesse des inventions datant de cette periode
Breastfeeding and HIV infection in China.

Breast milk is the ideal food source for human infants, and breastfeeding is known to have many beneficial effects for both infants and mothers including providing proper nutrition, supporting the infant immune system, enhancing mother–infant bonding, and providing a decreased risk for maternal breast and ovarian cancer [1–5]. Longer term benefits of breastfeeding have also been observed including decreased risk of asthma and diabetes later in life [4]. However, breastfeeding carries a significant risk of transmission of HIV-1 (further referred to as HIV), especially in late stages of maternal disease [6–8]. In order to avoid transmitting HIV postnatally, women with HIV infection have been advised to avoid breastfeeding under certain conditions [9]. China has adopted a national policy of recommending replacement feeding for HIV-infected mothers where replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable, and safe (AFASS) [10] through the national prevention of mother-to-child transmission of (PMTCT) HIV program. In 2008, 89% of the population were reported to have access to improved water sources [11], and AFASS conditions are met in most localities in China except certain remote, mountainous, and/or ethnic minority areas.
The Role of TGF‐β in the Association Between Primary Graft Dysfunction and Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome

Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is a possible risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) following lung transplantation; however, the mechanism for any such association is poorly understood. Based on the association of TGF-β with acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, we hypothesized that it might play a role in the continuum between PGD and BOS. Thus, the association between PGD and BOS was assessed in a single-center cohort of lung transplant recipients. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of TGF-β and procollagen collected within 24 h of transplantation were compared across the spectrum of PGD, and incorporated into Cox models of BOS. Immunohistochemistry localized expression of TGF-β and its receptor in early lung biopsies posttransplant. We found an association between PGD and BOS in both bilateral and single lung recipients with a hazard ratio of 3.07 (95% CI 1.76-5.38) for the most severe form of PGD. TGF-β and procollagen concentrations were elevated during PGD (p < 0.01), and associated with increased rates of BOS. Expression of TGF-β and its receptor localized to allograft infiltrating mononuclear and stromal cells, and the airway epithelium. These findings validate the association between PGD and the subsequent development of BOS, and suggest that this association may be mediated by receptor/TGF-β biology.
Genetic testing practices for Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A disease.

Introduction: Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is caused by a PMP22 gene duplication. CMT1A has a robust electrical phenotype that can be used to direct genetic testing. We compared specialty CMT center CMT1A diagnosis rates to those of outside physicians. Methods: Charts were reviewed for 102 patients with CMT1A seen at a specialty CMT clinic between 2001 and 2009. Nerve conduction studies, family history, date of genetic testing, and type of genetic testing (single gene vs. panel) were collected. Results: Although the specialty clinic ordered more PMP22 duplication testing alone beginning at an earlier year, thereby reducing costs, both the specialty clinic and outside physicians began the decade doing panel testing and ended the decade looking at only PMP22. Conclusions: Specialty centers adapt earlier to changes in testing practice than non-specialty centers. As the landscape of genetic testing changes, the algorithms for testing will also likely change. Muscle Nerve 49:478–482, 2014
Design of side chain and main chain liquid crystalline polymers containing supramolecular quasi-rigid-rodlike mesogens obtained from collapsed main chain macrocyclics

The synthesis of the AB2 mesogenic group 13-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-4‘-biphenylyl)tridecane (TPT‘-OH, 11) and its use in the preparation of 1,12,33,44-tetraoxa-25-[(methacryloyloxy)undecanyl]-57-ethyl[12.0.2.12.0.2]paracyclophane (17), 1,12,33,44,65,76-hexaoxa-25-[(methacryoyloxy)undecanyl]-57,89-diethyl[12.0.2.12.0.2.12.0.2]paracyclophane (24), and 1,12,33,44,65,76,97,108-octaoxa-25-[(methacryloyloxy)undecanyl]-57,89,121-triethyl[12.0.2.12.0.2.12.0.2.12.0.2]paracyclophane (30) and of the corresponding polymethacrylates 18, 25, and 31 are described. Monomers 17, 24, and 30 are the main chain cyclic dimer, trimer, and tetramer, respectively, of 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-4‘-biphenylyl)butane (TPB‘, 13) with 11 and 1,10-dibromodecane and, therefore, are attached to the methacryloyl group through a spacer containing 11 methylenic units. The collapsed conformation of these macrocyclics combined with their degree of oligomerization places these quasi-rigid-rodlike mesogens side-on in 18,...
Effects of overproduction of superoxide dismutases in Escherichia coli on inhibition of growth and on induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by paraquat.

Abstract Stationary phase inocula were more susceptible to the growth inhibitory effect of paraquat than were log phase inocula and this difference was exacerbated in strains overproducing superoxide dismutases (SOD). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), a member of the soxR regulon, was induced by paraquat promptly in the case of log phase cells; but only after a lag in stationary phase cells and this difference was also exaggerated in strains overproducing SOD. The negative consequences of overproduction of SOD on the adaptation of stationary phase cells to paraquat may be attributed to competition for cellular resources with an attendant delay in biosynthesis of other components of soxR. Since overproduction of SOD did not prevent log phase cells from inducing G-6-PD in response to paraquat, it appears likely that soxR can respond to aspects of redox status other than O2−. This conclusion is in accord with data which is already in the literature.
AIDS-RELATED MALIGNANCIES

Within the past decade, HIV disease has become one of the most significant epidemics the world has seen. An estimated 29.4 million people have been infected world-wide, with 604,176 cases diagnosed in the United States as of June 1997. In the United States, HIV infection primarily is acquired by male to male sexual transmission and the sharing of needles among intravenous (IV) drug users, although a significant proportion of cases have occurred as a result of heterosexual transmission. The AIDS epidemic has been increasing disproportionately in black and Hispanic populations, and rates of infected women also are rising. Although there are many different manifestations of HIV disease, neoplasms occur frequently among the more severely compromised patients. As many as one in six HIV-infected people will develop an HIV-related neoplasm. It is not uncommon for patients to be unaware of their HIV-infected status and to have developed to advanced stages of infection where neoplasms are more commonly associated. The primary physician should be aware of symptoms of both the initial and advanced stages of HIV infection, and should attempt to identify patients at-risk as early in the infectious period as possible. Two neoplasms, Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, account for the greatest number of malignancies in HIV-infected patients.
Synthesis, characterization and properties of amphiphilic block copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and polydimethylsiloxane prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization

A series of amphiphilic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-b-polydimethylsiloxane-b-poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA-b-PDMS-b-pHEMA) (A-B-A) triblock copolymers were synthesized with varying block molecular weights. Control over the polymerization, micellar size and size distribution, dynamic mechanical properties, and film morphology of nine triblock copolymers was investigated as a function of block length. The polymerization resulted in copolymers with polydispersity index below 1.5. The self-assembly behavior of the triblock copolymers was studied in selective solvents for A and B blocks. The micellar diameter was determined by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The film morphologies were investigated by small angle X-ray scattering. Phase separation was observed when the blocks had similar molecular weights (symmetry). However, the ordering of the morphology was disrupted when the blocks lengths were asymmetric. Phase separation was observed by atomic force microscopy when the block molecular weights were symmetric. The viscoelastic properties were examined using dynamic mechanical analysis. The modulus and crosslink density increased with increasing pHEMA content. Number of aggregations is very small when THF was used compared with methanol and methanol–water. Aggregation of copolymers was difficult in THF due to back-folding and looping of PDMS block. This was unfavorable as it increases free energy of system. This probably resulted in higher CMC of pHEMA-b-PDMS-b-pHEMA copolymers in THF than in methanol. Micellar size of most of triblock copolymers in THF was smaller than in methanol.
SU-D-WAB-07: Documenting Dose Delivery for Head & Neck Radiotherapy Using a GPU Based Framework

Purpose: To compute the delivered dose for head and neck (H&N) radiotherapy sccounting for the patient setup variations as well as physiologic changes during the entire treatment course. Methods: The real‐time dose delivery documentation framework consisted of three components, a GPU based multi‐resolution optical flow based 3D registration framework, a GPU based local‐jocabian computation, and a GPU based dose accumulation framework. In addition, for validation purposes, a GPU based 3D gamma statistics was also employed. We evaluated the framework with ten H&N patients treated with simultaneous integrated boost on a TomoTherapy unit (Accuray Inc.). For every patient, a daily pre‐treatment megavoltage CT (MVCT) and weekly kilovoltage CT (KVCT) were acquired. The ability to account for different head and neck postures can be illustrated by observing the internal tissue deformations. The local‐Jacobian determinant for the PTVs and the critical structures were used to quantify anatomical volume changes for each week. The GPU‐accelerated dose accumulation determined the delivered mean/minimum/maximum dose, equivalent uniform dose (EUD), dose volume histograms (DVHs), as well as 3D gamma statistics comparing the delivered dose to the plan. Results: The ratios (and the standard deviations) between the delivered averaged minimum doses and the planned dose, were 0.73±0.14, 0.66±0.28 and 0.78±0.19 for PTV1 (the initial target volume), PTV2 (regions of involved nodes) and PTV3 (elective nodal areas) respectively. The framework achieved a run‐time of 30 sec for registering one KVCT with a planning KVCT, 0.1 sec for the forward dose accumulation and 10 sec for the 3D gamma statistical analyses making the system real‐time and an effective tool towards adaptive radiotherapy. Conclusion: The framework addresses the combined challenge of deforming the 3D anatomy using for treatment planning using the daily 3D image data and computing the delivered dose on the deformed planning 3D anatomy.
Behavior of acrylodan-labeled human serum albumin dissolved in ionic liquids

Researchers have reported enzymatic reactions performed in ionic liquids (ILs). Currently very little is known about the behavior of biomolecules in ILs in comparison to their better understood aqueous behavior. We report the temperature-dependent behavior of human serum albumin (HSA) that is site-selectively labeled at cysteine-34 (located in loop 1 of domain I) with a single fluorescent reporter molecule (acrylodan, Ac) when it is dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or one of three ILs. In PBS, the Ac reporter motion is always coupled to the global HSA protein motion. In the ILs, loop 1 of domain I appears to be almost completely decoupled from the HSA global motion. As temperature increases, neighboring nonpolar amino acid residues and/or IL components apparently become strongly associated with the Ac rotating body. These results show that protein structure and dynamics in an IL can markedly deviate from that which exists in aqueous media.
Molecular dynamics simulations of the adsorption of proteins on clay mineral surfaces

Abstract Some initial results of molecular dynamics simulations of the adsorption of proteins on clay mineral surfaces are being reported. Specifically, the interactions of pyrophyllite surfaces with crambin, rubredoxin, and several oligopeptides were investigated. It is found that clay mineral surfaces can have a denaturing effect on adsorbed proteins for two reasons: (1) they are dehydrating agents, because they perturb the random environment of water molecules that globular proteins need to maintain their native structure; and (2) clay surfaces can establish non-bonded interactions with proteins which compete effectively with the interactions inside a peptide chain. The changes in secondary and tertiary protein structure induced by adsorption to pristine surfaces, or surfaces coated with water, lead to backbone torsions away from the most populated regions of φ,ψ-space, to regions which are not frequently populated in unperturbed proteins. β- and α R -conformations, specifically, are not stable on pyrophyllite but undergo transitions, with some preference, to an area close to C 7 eq . Because of the size of the adsorbed systems, unit cells with adsorbed peptides may be distorted, bulging at the site of adsorption, and displaying a continuously varying interlayer space between the empty parts and those that are occupied by an adsorbate. As a result, warped, or S-shaped basal planes are found.
Transmembrane four-helix bundle of influenza A M2 protein channel: structural implications from helix tilt and orientation

The transmembrane portion of the M2 protein from the Influenza A virus has been studied in hydrated dimyristroylphosphotidylcholine lipid bilayers with solid-state NMR. Orientational constraints were obtained from isotopically labeled peptide samples mechanically aligned between thin glass plates. 15N chemical shifts from single site labeled samples constrain the molecular frame with respect to the magnetic field. When these constraints are applied to the peptide, modeled as a uniform alpha-helix, the tilt of the helix with respect to the bilayer normal was determined to be 33 degrees +/- 3 degrees. Furthermore, the orientation about the helix axis was also determined within an error of +/- 30 degrees. These results imply that the packing of this tetrameric protein is in a left-handed four-helix bundle. Only with such a large tilt angle are the hydrophilic residues aligned to the channel axis.
Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in neocortex and hippocampus of squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

The activities of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were measured in five neocortical regions and in the hippocampal formation of one hemisphere in eight 30-day-old squirrel monkeys. Enzyme levels in the hippocampal formation (hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum) were higher than in any neocortical region. Within neocortex, ChAT activity was highest in superior temporal and precentral regions, intermediate in prefrontal and postcentral regions, and lowest in occipital cortex. AChE activity also varied across neocortical regions and correlated significantly, but imprecisely, with ChAT activity. The activity of overall neocortical ChAT, but not AChE, differed significantly among animals. The pattern of cholinergic innervation of neocortex in the lissencephalic squirrel monkey is highly similar to that reported in gyrencephalic Old World primates.
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with congenital anomalies

1. Kersey JH, Spector BD, and Good RA: Primary immunodeficiency diseases and cancer: The immunodeficiencycancer registry, Int J Cancer 12:333, 1973. 2. Hoover R, and Fraumeni JF, Jr: Risk of cancer in renaltransplant recipients, Lancet 2:55, 1973. 3. Meadows AT, D'Angio GJ, Evans'AE, Harris CC, Miller RW, and Mike V: Oncogenesis and other late effects of cancer treatment in children, Radiology 114:175, 1975. 4. Li FP, Cassady JR, and Jaffe N: Risk of second tumors in survivors of childhood cancer, Cancer 35:1230, 1975. 5. Belpomme D; Carde P, Oldham RK, Math6 G, Jacquillat C, Chelloul N, Weil M, Auclerc G, Weisgerber C, Tanzer T, and Bernard J: Malignancies possibly secondary to anticancer therapy, Recent Results Cancer Res 49:115, 1975. 6. BeckwithJB: Mesenchymal renal neoplasms of infancy revisited, J PEDIATR Surg 9:803, 1974. 7. Garcia-Bunuel R, and Brandes D: Fetal hamartoma of the kidney: Case report, with ultrastructural cytochemical observations, Johns Hopkins Med J 127:213, 1970. 8. Favara BE, Johnson W, and Ito J: Renal tumors in the neonatal period, Cancer 22:845, 1968. 9. Wigger HJ: Fetal mesenchymal hamartoma of kidney. A tumor of secondary mesenchyme, Cancer 36:1002, 1975. 10. Fu Y, and Kay S: Congenital mesoblastic nephroma and its recurrence, an ultrastructural observation, Arch Pathol 96:66, 1973.
Development of a shared decision making coding system for analysis of patient-healthcare provider encounters.

Abstract Objectives To describe the development and refinement of a scheme, detail of essential elements and participants in shared decision making (DEEP-SDM), for coding shared decision making (SDM) while reporting on the characteristics of decisions in a sample of patients with metastatic breast cancer. Methods The evidence-based patient choice instrument was modified to reflect Makoul and Clayman's integrative model of SDM. Coding was conducted on video recordings of 20 women at the first visit with their medical oncologists after suspicion of disease progression. Noldus Observer XT v.8, a video coding software platform, was used for coding. Results The sample contained 80 decisions (range: 1–11), divided into 150 decision making segments. Most decisions were physician-led, although patients and physicians initiated similar numbers of decision-making conversations. Conclusion DEEP-SDM facilitates content analysis of encounters between women with metastatic breast cancer and their medical oncologists. Despite the fractured nature of decision making, it is possible to identify decision points and to code each of the essential elements of shared decision making. Further work should include application of DEEP-SDM to non-cancer encounters. Practice implications A better understanding of how decisions unfold in the medical encounter can help inform the relationship of SDM to patient-reported outcomes.
Treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn lamb by inhaled nitric oxide

We previously showed that fetal lambs whose ductus arteriosus is ligated prenatally will have persistent pulmonary hypertension at birth. We investigated the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on the pulmonary circulation in this animal model. The ductus arteriosus of six fetal lambs was ligated at 126 days of gestation. The lambs were delivered and studied at 136 days of gestation. Mechanical ventilation was maintained at a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.80. Nitric oxide gas was administered at five different concentrations (6, 12, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) for 5-minute periods separated by 10-minute periods of ventilation without nitric oxide. Inhaled nitric oxide caused dose-dependent decreases in pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance and dose-dependent increases in pulmonary blood flow without affecting systemic arterial pressure. Thus pulmonary arterial pressure decreased from equal to aortic pressure to less than aortic pressure. At the highest dose, mean pulmonary arterial pressure decreased by 27%±2%, pulmonary blood flow increased by 86%±6%, and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased by 59%±4%. Nitric oxide also caused dosedependent increases in systemic arterial oxygen tension and in the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen. Partial pressure of arterial oxygen increased from 43±16 mm Hg at baseline to 185±72 mm Hg at the highest dose; saturation increased from 74%±8% to 96%±2%. In our model of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, inhaled nitric oxide selectively dilates the pulmonary circulation, thereby improving systemic arterial oxygenation. Nitric oxide is a promising new treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Hydrolytic methods for the quantification of fructose equivalents in herbaceous biomass.

A low, but significant, fraction of the carbohydrate portion of herbaceous biomass may be composed of fructose/fructosyl-containing components (“fructose equivalents”); such carbohydrates include sucrose, fructooligosaccharides, and fructans. Standard methods used for the quantification of structural-carbohydrate-derived neutral monosaccharide equivalents in biomass are not particularly well suited for the quantification of fructose equivalents due to the inherent instability of fructose in conditions commonly used for hemicellulose/cellulose hydrolysis (>80% degradation of fructose standards treated at 4% sulfuric acid, 121°C, 1 h). Alternative time, temperature, and acid concentration combinations for fructan hydrolysis were considered using model fructans (inulin, β-2,1, and levan, β-2,6) and a grass seed straw (tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea) as representative feedstocks. The instability of fructose, relative to glucose and xylose, at higher acid/temperature combinations is demonstrated, all rates of fructose degradation being acid and temperature dependent. Fructans are shown to be completely hydrolyzed at acid concentrations well below that used for the structural carbohydrates, as low as 0.2%, at 121°C for 1 h. Lower temperatures are also shown to be effective, with corresponding adjustments in acid concentration and time. Thus, fructans can be effectively hydrolyzed under conditions where fructose degradation is maintained below 10%. Hydrolysis of the β-2,1 fructans at temperatures ≥50°C, at all conditions consistent with complete hydrolysis, appears to generate difructose dianhydrides. These same compounds were not detected upon hydrolysis of levan, sucrose, or straw components. It is suggested that fructan hydrolysis conditions be chosen such that hydrolysis goes to completion; fructose degradation is minimized, and difructose dianhydride production is accounted for.
DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking by Epichlorohydrin

Epichlorohydrin (ECH), an important industrial chemical, is a bifunctional alkylating agent with the potential to form DNA cross-links. Occupational exposure to this suspect carcinogen leads to chromosomal aberrations, and ECH has been shown previously to undergo reaction with DNA in vivo and in vitro. We used denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to monitor the possible formation of interstrand cross-links within DNA oligomers by ECH and the related compound, epibromohydrin (EBH). Although both compounds did indeed form cross-links between deoxyguanosine residues, EBH was a more efficient cross-linker than ECH. The optimal pH for cross-linking also varied, with ECH more efficient at pH 5.0 and EBH more efficient at pH 7.0. Both agents were relatively flexible in the sequences targeted, with comparable efficiencies for 5'-GGC and 5'GC sites. Furthermore, interstrand cross-linking by the two optical isomers of ECH correlated with their relative cytotoxicities, with R-ECH about twice as potent as S-ECH.
Thermally induced spectral drift cancellation in pressure-tuned Fabry-Perot etalons.

Utilisation pratique de ces etalons par ajustement mecanique pour accorder la longueur d'onde d'un laser
Common ß-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms are not associated with risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary artery disease

Background Previous studies suggest that beta-adrenergic receptor (sAR) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with out-of-hospital sudden cardiac death (SCD) and overall mortality, but did not specifically examine risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Objective This study examined the effects of functional SNPs of s1AR and s2AR on the risk of VA and SCD in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods s1AR (Ser49Gly, Arg389Gly) and s2AR (Gly16Arg, Gln27Glu) SNPs were genotyped in a case-control study comparing 107 patients with CAD and aborted SCD due to VA with 287 CAD control subjects and 101 healthy control subjects. These variants were also examined in the Heart and Estrogen Replacement Study (HERS) cohort of women with CAD followed for SCD (n = 66) and nonfatal VA (NFVA) (n = 33) over 6.8 years. Results In the case-control study, no statistically significant association was observed for the odds of SCD with any of the SNPs or haplotypes tested. Similarly, HERS revealed null effects for these SNPs and haplotypes in relation to risk of SCD, SCD + NFVA, and all-cause mortality. Point estimates and confidence intervals for risk of SCD associated with s2AR27 were similar in both populations (Glu27 carriers vs Gln27 homozygotes: adjusted odds ratio 1.23 [95% confidence interval 0.75 to 2.03, P = .41] in the case-control study, and adjusted relative risk (RR) 1.18 [95% confidence interval 0.69 to 2.00, P = .55] in HERS). These null findings trend in the opposite direction and differ from previous published estimates ( P = .01 and .07, respectively). Conclusion We did not find an increase in risk of SCD associated with any of these common sAR polymorphisms.
Generating Binary Processes with all-Pole Spectra

This paper presents an algorithm to generate autoregressive random binary processes with predefined mean and predefined all-pole power spectrum, subject to specific constraints on the parameters of the all-pole spectrum. The process is generated recursively using a linear combination of the previously generated values to bias the generation of the next value. It is shown that an all-zero filter whitens the process, and, therefore, the process has an all-pole spectrum. The process is also described using an ergodic Markov chain, which is used to determine the appropriate initialization and to prove convergence if the algorithm is not initialized properly. The all-pole parameter range for which the algorithm is guaranteed to work is also derived. It is shown to be a linear constraint on the all-pole parameters and their magnitude, subject to the desired mean for the process. The example and simulations presented elucidate and confirm the theoretic developments.
Strings, black holes and Lorentz contraction

Consistency of quantum mechanics in black hole physics requires unusual Lorentz transformation properties of the size and shape of physical systems with momentum beyond the Planck scale. A simple parton model illustrates the kind of behavior which is needed. It is then shown that conventional fundamental string theory shares these features.
Seesaw does not explain Antarctic climate change

The Arctic has warmed rapidly in the past 3 decades, but temperature records show that the Antarctic on average has warmed less. This observation hints at a bipolar seesaw mechanism, in which changes in ocean circulation result in changes in heat transport between the hemispheres, linking the warming Arctic to a lack of warming in the Antarctic. However, a new analysis by Schneider and Noone shows that this mechanism cannot explain Antarctic temperature variability or trends. The authors reviewed the data set used as the basis of the bipolar seesaw hypotheses and note that for the Antarctic region the data come from only one station prior to the mid-1940s and include only a few stations until the late 1950s. They estimated Antarctic climate variability using a variety of independent data, including the long station time series, a reconstruction of the Southern Annular Mode index (a measure of Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation variability), and an ice core–based temperature reconstruction.
Estimation of aqueous solubility, octanol/water partition coefficient, and henry's law constant for polychlorinated biphenyls using unifac

Abstract The ability of the UNIFAC group-contribution model to accurately predict aqueous solubility (S), 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) and Henry's law constant (HLC) for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was evaluated by comparing experimental values of S, Kow and HLC with those estimated using UNIFAC-derived activity coefficients. Five different sets of interaction parameters tables were evaluated along with two previously published regression equations designed to correct for systematic errors. The best estimates of S, Kow and HLC were obtained using vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE)-based parameter table published in 1982 by Gmehling et al., with modified values for aromatic chlorine and water interaction parameters.
Visuospatial information processing in intoxicated, recently detoxified, and long-term abstinent alcoholics

Visuospatial information processing has been shown to be particularly sensitive to acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcohol abuse. This study extended previous studies by determining if recently detoxified alcoholics recover visuospatial processing after long-term abstinence. If visuospatial function returns to the level displayed by intoxicated alcoholics, then the deficit displayed by recently detoxified alcoholics may represent a short-term adjustment due to the removal of alcohol. However, if the visuospatial deficit remains in long-term abstinent alcoholics, then the superior processing of the intoxicated alcoholic could reflect a normalization of processing produced by alcohol ingestion. Twenty active and 40 recovering alcoholic male volunteers participated. The active alcoholics were seen intoxicated at the time of admission into a 21-day alcohol detoxification and treatment program. Of the recovering alcoholics, 20 were designated as recently detoxified alcoholics and had just completed the same treatment program. The remaining 20 long-term abstinent alcoholics had completed alcohol treatment several years previously with no relapse. Participants selected were similar in general demographic status, alcohol treatment histories, and psychomotor ability. Two main effects emerged from the results: First, the intoxicated alcoholics displayed visuospatial learning that was superior to the learning of alcoholics recently detoxified or abstinent for several years; a second principal finding was nearly identical visuospatial learning displayed by recently detoxified and long-term abstinent alcoholics.
Medical imaging strategies.

Computed tomography (CT), intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA), digital radiographic image processing and dual energy subtraction are four examples of medical imaging strategies that have met with various degrees of success asjudged by diagnostic performance. The success of CT has been spectacular: IV-DSA has provided modest benefits; digital image processing of chest radiographs has been singularly disappointing; and the verdict on dual energy subtraction is undecided. The degree of success of each of these techniques can be understood by considering the degree to which each simplifies image interpretation or isolates a finger-print of disease.
Writing as a Tool for Teaching Social Psychology.

The process of writing is a highly productive tool for learning the concepts and methods of social psychology. Writing, however, is most often used as an evaluative tool rather than as a teaching t...
Intentions to use an automated external defibrillator during a cardiac emergency among a group of seniors trained in its operation.

Abstract Objective: By decreasing the time to defibrillation, automated external defibrillators (AEDs) provide an opportunity for lay people to improve survival in out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest. We examined how beliefs, expectations, and actual performance are related to intentions to use an AED during a future heart emergency among a group of seniors. Design and Outcome Measures: One hundred fifty-nine seniors who had been previously trained in the operation of an AED were tested on their AED skills and asked about their perceptions regarding their AED skills; their expectations that an AED would save the life of a cardiac arrest victim; and their intentions to use an AED during a future cardiac event. Results: Logistic regression analyses showed that greater self-perceived ability to use an AED better actual performance on skills assessment but not expectations regarding the efficacy of AED treatment were independently associated with positive intentions to use an AED in a future heart emergency. Conclusions: The likelihood that an elderly lay bystander will actually use an AED during a cardiac event may be closely tied to perceptions of his or her ability to operate an AED. (Heart Lung® 2002;31:25-9.)