cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen-Bonded Layer-by-Layer Temperature-Triggered Release Films

A hydrogen-bonded layer-by-layer (LbL) technique was used to build multilayers of neutral, temperature-responsive polymers such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL), poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME), or poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) with a polycarboxylic acid such as poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), or poly(ethacrylic acid) (PEAA). For all multilayers involving temperature-responsive polymers, the temperature used during or after self-assembly had a significant effect on film stability with pH changes. The proximity of the self-assembly or post-self-assembly temperature to the critical temperature of phase separation of a neutral polymer from solution resulted in a higher pH stability of multilayers. However, for polymers with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) such as PNIPAM, PVCL, or PVME within PNIPAM/PMAA, PVCL/PMAA, or PVME/PMAA multilayers, the critical pH of film disintegration (pHcrit) increased in the temperature range from 10 to 37 °...
Conformational and enzymatic changes of 20S proteasome of rat natural killer cells induced by mono- and divalent cations

Abstract We have been investigated the relation between activation of “neutral” and “acidic” chymotrypsin-like (ChT-L) activity and conformational changes in the 20S proteasome complex from the rat natural killer (NK) cells induced by SDS, mono- and divalent cations. The conformational changes were monitored by tryptophan fluorescence and light scattering. It was revealed that the changes in the maximum position and contribution of the short-wavelength spectral component correlated with the alteration of ChT-L activity of the proteasome. Statistical analysis was applied to assign the fluorescence components with tryptophan residues based on the classification of calculated structural parameters of the environment of tryptophan fluorophores in protein. It was proposed that the emission of W13 from α6-subunit located near the cluster of highly conserved proteasome residues is mostly sensitive to the activation of the enzyme. We concluded that the expression of maximal ChT-L activity of 20S proteasome is associated with the conformational changes occurs in this cluster that lead to the proteasome open conformation, allowing substrate access into the proteolytic chamber.
Stormtime observations of the flux of plasmaspheric ions to the dayside cusp/magnetopause

[1] For the large geomagnetic disturbance on April 11, 2001, we combine data from the Millstone Hill radar, a network of GPS TEC receivers, and the DMSP F-12 and IMAGE satellites, to estimate the sunward flux of thermal plasma associated with erosion of the outer plasmasphere/ionosphere in the dusk sector. Direct radar observations of the E×B advection of SED plasma determine a flux of >10E26 ions/s to the noontime cusp at F-region heights. DMSP in situ observations provide a similar estimate. Assuming a dipolar magnetic field, we project our low-altitude observations into the outer plasmasphere, obtaining a total sunward flux of >10E27 ions/s. High-altitude IMAGE EUV observations of the plasmasphere drainage plume provides an estimate of 1.5 × 10E27 ions/s for the sunward flux. Such rates of sunward plasma transport are sufficient to deplete a 1-Re shell of the outer plasmasphere in ∼1 hour.
Corticotrophin releasing factor, grooming and ingestive behavior.

Abstract Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) decreases food intake after starvation and during the nocturnal feeding phase in rats. This decrease appears to be associated with CRF producing a marked increase in grooming. The effects of CRF on food intake and grooming are independent of its effects on the pituatary. CRF is a putative mediator of stress-induced anorexias.
An improved level set method for incompressible two-phase flows

Abstract A level set method for capturing the interface between two fluids is combined with a variable density projection method to allow for computation of a two-phase flow where the interface can merge/break and the flow can have a high Reynolds number. A distance function formulation of the level set method enables us to compute flows with large density ratios (1000/1) and flows that are surface tension driven, with no emotional involvement. Recent work has improved the accuracy of the distance function formulation and the accuracy of the advection scheme. We compute flows involving air bubbles and water drops, among others. We validate our code against experiments and theory.
Analysis of connexin intracellular transport and assembly

Central to understanding the establishment and regulation of gap junction-mediated intercellular communication is a detailed knowledge of how these complex structures are assembled. In this article, we describe methods to modulate and/or monitor the transport of connexins from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex and from the trans Golgi network to the cell surface. We also present techniques that we have developed to assay assembly of newly synthesized connexin monomers into connexons and gap junctional plaques.
The use of the heteropoly acids, H5PMo10V2O40, H7[P2W17O61(FeIII·OH2)] or H12[(P2W15O56)2Fe4III(H2O)2], in the anode catalyst layer of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Abstract The use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) in PEM fuel cell anode catalyst layers was studied. To compare the doped electrodes with a control electrode in a meaningful way membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were prepared with two 1/2 anodes, one the undoped control and one the test electrode. This ensured that both the control and test electrode were subject to the same thermal and electrochemical history. After curve fitting the data using a least squares method the error was found to be 1% in E 0 , 25% in the Tafel slope and 15% in the area specific resistance. The electrodes used were commercial electrodes of the Los Alamos type (ELATs). Doping a fuel cell anode with H 5 PMo 10 V 2 O 40 resulted in a fourfold increase in the area specific resistance of the MEA, but the performance was not equivalent to that of an anode incorporating Nafion ® . Doping H 5 PMo 10 V 2 O 40 in Nafion ® painted ELATs resulted in negligible improvements in the performance compared to ELATs incorporating only Nafion ® . Much more impressive was the improvement in maximum power from doping the Nafion ® painted ELAT with H 7 [P 2 W 17 O 61 (Fe III ·OH 2 )] or H 12 [(P 2 W 15 O 56 ) 2 Fe 4 III (H 2 O) 2 ]. Eighty-five percent improvements in maximum power and 100% improvements in area specific resistance were observed from this HPA doped ELAT.
Is Preschool Education More Highly Valued for Boys than Girls.

Questionnaires concerning reasons for enrolling one's child in nursery school were completed by 599 parents in a Midwestern city. Parents of girls and boys did not differ in mean ratings of reasons. However, a greater number of reasons were rated as more important by boys' parents than by girls' parents for both lower- and middle-class respondents. Proportionately more lower-class boys than lower-class girls were enrolled in the city's nursery schools. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that lower-class parents consider preschool education to be more important for boys than girls.
Reconstruction of Hard and Soft Tissue Maxillofacial Defects

Reconstruction of maxillofacial composite defects is a technically demanding and time-demanding process. It also requires a prolonged treatment course, a team approach, and meticulous planning that is prosthetic and esthetically driven. The use of vascularized flap reconstruction, dental implants, and computer-aided technology and advances in maxillofacial prosthetics has contributed immensely toward the goal of fully reconstructing victims of large avulsive wounds. Further advances in technology, surgical training, and maxillofacial prosthodontics will undoubtedly aid in minimizing the number of surgical interventions and maximize the final functional and esthetic results of these patients.
Comparison of two methods for stress relaxation data presentation of solid foods

Published exponential relaxation equations, derived from Maxwellian models, were used to generate data for linear representation in the form ofP(0) ·t/(P(0) —P(t)) =k 1 +k 2t whereP(t) is the decaying parameter (force, stress or modulus),P(0) its initial value (att = 0) andk 1 andk 2 constants. The computer plots indicated that the fit of this normalized and linearized form was excellent for equations containing at least three exponential decay terms. The fit was not as good for some of the two-term exponential equations mainly due to the lack of accurate account for the initial stage of the relaxation process. In all the cases, however, the linear representation could clearly reveal the general rheological character of the analysed materials in terms of the relative degree of solidity.
New integrated optics architecture including onboard sensing elements

As fiber optics transformed the telecommunications industry, integrated optics is enabling dramatic advances in the speed of optical networks. This new technology is also leading to compact optical sensors for physics, chemistry and biology. Ideally, an integrated optics sensor would be self-contained, with the light source, detectors, and other electronic elements incorporated on the same integrated optics platform as the optical waveguides themselves. However, many challenges remain in the fabrication of fully integrated optoelectronic sensors. In this paper, we present innovative approaches in integrated optics packaging technology we have developed for fabricating integrated optics sensors for navigation, guidance, and combustion microdiagnostics. As an example, we will focus on the development of the RB-3, a three-axis rotation sensor we developed under funding from the U.S. Army Yuma Proving Ground. Besides innovations in optical layout, our design approach presents new possibilities as well as challenges for photonic integrated,incorporating active detection elements directly onboard the integrated optics chip (IOC) platform. Eliminating the fiber pigtails which would normally carry the optical output to an external detection scheme not only adds ruggedness to the sensor, it also allows a reduction in size and mass. With this configuration, the incorporation of the IOC into a larger system only requires electrical inputs and output to the IOC, eliminating all but the input fiber pigtail from the light source. In describing the on-board detectors system, we include a description of the chemical dry etching and micropositioning techniques we have developed, as well as the wirebonding schemes we used to interface the detectors with external electronics. We also briefly discuss the engineering of the sensor package and the external housing. We finally give a summary of some of the challenges that remain to the practical implementation of fully integrated optics sensors which include onboard light sources and other electronic components.
Analysis of Consecutive Events for Nutrient and Sediment Treatment in Field-Monitored Bioretention Cells

Previous research demonstrated that nutri- ent treatment in conventionally drained bioretention cells is dependent upon temperature and varying wet- ting and drying regimes in the media. This study examines the influence that previous events have on outflow concentrations by analyzing flow-weighted composite samples from four to six consecutive events during three different seasons for two sets of field- monitored bioretention cells in Nashville, NC. The bioretention cells had different media depths (0.6-m versus 0.9-m). As a means to analyze performance from consecutive events, the evolution of cumulative pollutant loads was presented by plotting cumulative load versus cumulative volume. This method of presenting water quality data allows for the direct analysis of event mean concentrations, load reduction, and volume reduction with one graph, as well as describing the seasonal impacts and impacts from consecutive events. Runoff and outflow concentra- tions were also correlated to media temperature and rainfall characteristics. The overall results of this study showed that conventionally drained bioretention cells mainly convert organic nitrogen, the predominant source of nitrogen in runoff, into nitrate in the aerobic environment present in the media. Nitrate is then exported from the media during subsequent events. The greatest export occurred during the warmer months because higher media temperatures increased microbial activity. Pollen and leaf litter were identified as organic nitrogen and total phosphorus sources be- cause of elevated runoff concentrations that occurred in the spring and autumn. Based on these results, future bioretention studies should strongly consider monitoring consecutive events and this method of data analysis, as they reveal internal processes and allow researchers to draw conclusions that independent event monitoring could not.
Microwear polishes on early stone tools from Koobi Fora, Kenya

The functions of the stone artefacts made and used by early hominids has been a matter for speculation. However, recent experimental work has demonstrated that microscopically distinct wear-polishes form on tools of cryptocrystalline silica when used on different materials, and that these microwear polishes survive on ancient implements1–3. We have now examined 54 artefacts from five early Pleistocene archaeological sites, dated to 1.5 Myr ago, in the Koobi Fora region of Kenya for microwear polishes and other traces of use. Wear traces were found on nine artefacts, variously resembling traces induced experimentally by cutting soft animal tissue and soft plant material and by scraping and sawing wood. These results greatly extend the time range for which microwear polish analysis is applicable and increase the evidence of early hominid adaptation.
Public Policies and Suicide Rates in the American States

We are interested in the relationship between public policies and outcomes measuring quality of life. There is no outcome more final than the ending of one’s own life. Accordingly, we test the relationship between public policy regimes and suicide rates in the American states. Controlling for other relevant factors (most notably a state’s stock of social capital), we find that states with higher per capita public assistance expenditures tend to have lower suicide rates. This relationship is of significant magnitude when translated into potential lives saved each year. We also find that general state policy liberalism and the governing ideologies of state governments are linked to suicide rates. In response to a growing literature on the importance of non-political factors such as social connectedness in determining quality of life, these findings demonstrate that government policies remain important determinates as well.
Possible Contributions of Terminal Flower 1 to the Evolution of Rosette Flowering in Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae)

Leavenworthia crassa is a rosette flowering species that differs from inflorescence flowering species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, in having elongated pedicels and shortened interfloral internodes on the main axis. Based on previous experiments, we hypothesized that changes to the L. crassa TFL1 ortholog, LcrTFL1, were important in the evolution of rosette flowering. We isolated LcrTFL1 and introduced a genomic construct into tfl1 mutant A. thaliana plants. We also generated and analyzed EGFP-LcrTFL1 reporter-fusion lines, and LcrTFL1/LcrLFY doubly transgenic lines. The transgene rescued the mutant defects, but manifested gain-of-function phenotypes. However, LcrTFL1 lines differed from 35S:TFL1 lines in several regards. Defects in floral meristem identity establishment were observed, as was the production of flowers with extra petals. We also noted features that resemble rosette flowering: LcrTFL1 lines produced significantly shorter interfloral internodes and significantly longer pedicels than either wild-type or 35S:TFL1 plants. Our data show that there are substantive differences in the regulation and/or function of TFL1 orthologs between A. thaliana and L. crassa. These may reflect changes that occurred during the evolution of rosette flowering in Leavenworthia, but, if so, our results show that additional, as-yet-unidentified genes were involved in this instance of architectural evolution.
Automated microfluidic DNA/RNA extraction with both disposable and reusable components

An automated microfluidic nucleic extraction system was fabricated with a multilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structure that consists of sample wells, microvalves, a micropump and a disposable microfluidic silica cartridge. Both the microvalves and micropump structures were fabricated in a single layer and are operated pneumatically using a 100 µm PDMS membrane. To fabricate the disposable microfluidic silica cartridge, two-cavity structures were made in a PDMS replica to fit the stacked silica membranes. A handheld controller for the microvalves and pumps was developed to enable system automation. With purified ribonucleic acid (RNA), whole blood and E. coli samples, the automated microfluidic nucleic acid extraction system was validated with a guanidine-based solid phase extraction procedure. An extraction efficiency of ~90% for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ~54% for RNA was obtained in 12 min from whole blood and E. coli samples, respectively. In addition, the same quantity and quality of extracted DNA was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The PCR also presented the appropriate amplification and melting profiles. Automated, programmable fluid control and physical separation of the reusable components and the disposable components significantly decrease the assay time and manufacturing cost and increase the flexibility and compatibility of the system with downstream components.
PROMIS® Parent Proxy Report Scales: an item response theory analysis of the parent proxy report item banks.

Objective The objective of the present study is to describe the item response theory (IRT) analysis of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) pediatric parent proxy-report item banks and the measurement properties of the new PROMIS® Parent Proxy Report Scales for ages 8–17 years.
A Millimeter-Wave Thermograph for Human Breast and Spine Scans

Millimeter-wave thermographs for remote, noninvasive temperature sensing of the human body are described. Their penetration depth ranges from 0.1 mm to 1 cm thus overcoming the depth limitations of conventional infrared thermographs by several orders of magnitude. Potentially useful applications of this new method include clinical studies of the injured human spine and early detection of subcutaneous tumors such as breast cancer. Design details of an optimized, beam- or load switched thermograph for 69.5 GHz are presented which is presently undergoing clinical tests. It exhibits a temperature resolution of 0.25 °c for an integration time of 1 sec.
A unifying framework for educating caregivers about discipline

This article presents a conceptual framework intended to demonstrate how the humanistic and behavioral approaches to discipline may be integrated around a set of common themes. It is argued that both approaches are intended to help caregivers achieve competence in each of three discipline “aspects”: control, tolerance, and warmth.
Penicillin skin testing: a way to optimize antibiotic utilization.

Optimization and control of antibiotic use may assist hospitals to improve the quality and efficiency of care, and there are many reports of antibiotic management programs designed to guide their appropriate and cost-effective use (1–7). However, none of these studies has addressed the potential utility of penicillin skin testing as a component of an antibiotic control policy. Owing to concerns about cross-reactivity, typically all penicillin-type antibiotics, and sometimes cephalosporins and carbapenems, are avoided in patients with a history of penicillin allergy (8). Since the proportion of the population with a history of penicillin allergy may be as great as 10% (9,10), it is common enough to affect antibiotic use in hospitals. Many clinical studies have shown that 80% to 90% of patients who report a penicillin allergy are not at risk for IgE-mediated allergic reactions and have negative skin tests (11,12). Clinical trials involving more than 20,000 patients have demonstrated that when both penicillin minor and major determinants are used, 96% to 99% of patients with negative skin tests can receive penicillin without an allergic reaction (11,13,14). Although the penicillin minor determinant mixture is not yet approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, it is widely available from experienced allergists. To test the hypothesis that performing penicillin skin testing as part of an antibiotic control strategy was feasible and could improve outcomes, we conducted a pilot study of 100 consecutive patients with a history of penicillin allergy. We examined antibiotic utilization, clinical responses, antibiotic cost, and drug hypersensitivity reactions.
Abstract 3397: The role ofPdefin mammary development, tumorigenesis and metastasis

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC ETS proteins represent one of the largest families of transcription factors with diverse functions that activate or repress the expression of genes that are involved in various biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation and apoptosis. The ETS family gene, PDEF (prostate derived ets factor), is expressed in normal epithelial tissues including prostate, breast, colon and bladder. Significantly, PDEF protein is present in non-invasive cancers but reduced or absent in most invasive cancers. By re-expression and knock-down of PDEF in cancer cell lines, we and others have shown that PDEF target genes control aspects of the metastatic process, including cell growth, migration and invasion. We hypothesize that PDEF is important for normal developmental processes and that loss of PDEF regulatory networks is a key event in the development of invasive cancer. To study the function of Pdef in vivo, we generated mice with constitutive Pdef knockout (Pdef −/−). Specific stages of mammary development were examined, including early-pubescent (5 week), virgin adult (8 week), pregnancy (days 7.5 and 13.5), lactation (days 1 and 7) and involution (day 7). Inhibition of the development of the ductal tree and an increase in ductal side branching and terminal end bud proliferation was observed in 5-8 week old virgin Pdef −/− mice. TGFβ1 and ERα are required for development of the ductal tree during puberty and mRNA levels for both are reduced in the Pdef −/− mice at 5 and 8 weeks of age. Incomplete lobuloalveoli development was observed in Pdef −/− pregnant and lactating mice, although no phenotypic effects were observed in the resultant pups. To explore the role of Pdef in mammary tumor progression and metastasis, we generated mice expressing the MMTV-PyMT or MMTV-Neu oncogene in wild type and Pdef −/− backgrounds. No impact of Pdef dosage upon tumor incidence or growth was observed in the PyMT model; however, initial tumor formation was delayed by 4 weeks (8.9 vs. 4.8) and time from tumor initiation to sacrifice was 3 weeks longer (29.4 vs 26.4) in the Pdef −/− Neu model. Significantly, an increase in lung metastasis was observed in the Pdef −/− mice in both the PyMT and Neu models. Thus, loss of Pdef in vivo is associated with defects in mammary development and increased metastasis in mouse models of breast cancer, suggesting Pdef is a metastasis suppressor. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3397.
Institutional Isomorphism and Public Sector Organizations

Although public sector organizations have long been seen as driving the institutionalization of business firms and nonprofit organizations, government agencies themselves have only occasionally been studied as subjects of institutional pressures. This research examines whether public sector organizations, when compared to organizations in the business and nonprofit sectors, are more or less as susceptible to mimetic, normative, and coercive pressures. Using data from the National Organizations Study (Kalleberg, et al., 1996), we discover that governmental organizations are in fact more vulnerable to all three types of institutional forces than other organizations, while the effect of institutional variables on for-profits and nonprofits is more sporadic. The susceptibility of public sector organizations to institutional pressures raises important questions for the field of public administration and has consequences for nonprofits and business firms, which are funded and regulated by government. Institutional Isomorphism and Public Sector Organizations Though it has not penetrated deeply into the public administration literature to date, the new institutionalism in organizational analysis has made significant contributions to our understanding of the dynamics of organizations. It has moved research away from overly rationalistic explanations of organizational behavior toward explanations that recognize that organizations are embedded in larger cultural and political contexts. It has shifted the focus of research from explaining why organizations are so heterogeneous to why organizations are so similar. Over the past decade, as its reach has extended across different topics, institutional theory has focused often on nonprofit organizations, such as art museums (DiMaggio 1991), colleges and universities (Kraatz 1998; Brint and Karabel 1991), humanitarian groups (Christiansen and Molin 1995), associations (Halliday 1993), and drug abuse units (D'Aunno, Sutton, and Price 1991). A number of studies has demonstrated the relevance of the institutional approach to for-profit organizations, including large corporations (Haunschild and Miner 1997; Davis and Greve 1997; Galaskiewicz and Wasserman 1989; Holm 1995), railroads (Dobbin 1995), law firms (Tolbert 1988), and high-tech companies (Suchman 1995; Powell 1998). Some research has also looked at public sector organizations (Tolbert and Zucker 1983; Meyer, Scott, and Strang 1987; Meyer et al. 1988.).
Association of Starch Granule Proteins with Starch Ghosts and Remnants Revealed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

ABSTRACT Starch suspensions (0.25%) were gelatinized to 70 and 100°C, and starch ghosts (defined as gelatinized starch granule envelopes after the majority of internal starch polymers have been released) and remnants were collected by centrifugation and washed with water. Protein was revealed in isolated gelatinized normal starch ghosts using confocal laser scanning microscopy and a protein-specific dye that fluoresces only after reaction with primary amines in protein. This technique eliminates background interference from residual dye. Observation of fluorescent-labeled protein in the starch ghosts at different optical depths of field revealed that protein was concentrated in the envelopes of swollen, gelatinized potato, maize, and wheat starch ghosts. Only traces of protein were found in gelatinized starch granule remnants of waxy maize and amylose-free potato starches after they were heated to 100°C, indicating that the proteins observed in gelatinized normal maize starch were largely granule-bound st...
Broken reaction zone and differential diffusion effects in high Karlovitz n-C7H16 premixed turbulent flames

A series of direct numerical simulations of a high Karlovitz number, n-C_7H_(16), turbulent premixed flames performed previously in Savard et al. (2014) are further analyzed in this paper. Two flames are considered: one with unity Lewis numbers to isolate the effect of turbulence on the flame, and one with non-unity Lewis numbers to study the influence of turbulence on differential diffusion. In this paper, the focus is put on the reaction zone and how it is affected by turbulence. First, the reaction zone is shown to be thin for both flames, yet large chemical source term fluctuations are observed. In particular, for the non-unity Lewis number flame, while being thin, the reaction zone is also broken. Second, differential diffusion is shown to have limited effect on the distributions of strain rate and curvature at the reaction zone. Due to the high level of turbulence, the flame behaves more like a material (i.e. passive) surface than a propagating surface. Third, the fuel consumption rate is found to be correlated (yet weakly) with strain rate in the unity Lewis number flame, whereas a stronger correlation with curvature is found in the non-unity Lewis number flame. All these results explain the apparent turbulent flame speeds. It is found that the contribution of the fluctuations in the fuel consumption rate averages away in the unity Lewis number flame. On the other hand, for the non-unity Lewis number flame, the non-linear correlation between fuel consumption rate and curvature has a strong impact on the turbulent flame speed.
Colon interposition for the replacement of the esophagus in children

Abstract Thirty-two new cases of colon interposition for esophageal reconstruction are presented. Only one late death occurred in this series, which was unrelated to the colon interposition. Fifteen severe complications were observed in five patients with preexisting esophageal atresia and previously complicated courses following disastrous primary esophageal repairs. The most common complication was pneumonia which occurred 13 times. Five late strictures responded well to dilatation or revision. Long-term weight gain was compared between a group of colon transplant patients and a group of patients with repaired esophageal atresia. Although the esophageal atresia group followed the 25th percentile and the colon interposition group followed the 3rd percentile on the growth curve, no significant difference existed in weight gain over 12 yr.
In situ phase change characterization of PVDF thin films using Raman spectroscopy

A process for the design and optimization of a morphing aileron using flexible matrix composite (FMC) actuators is developed. Design requirements were based on the use of a morphing aileron with an existing medium size commercial transport aircraft limiting the planform to the existing conventional aileron. The design uses two sets of contracting FMC actuators operating independently to actuate the deformable aileron in both trailing edge up and down cases while matching coefficient of lift values of a conventional aileron. The design was optimized by developing a series of response models which were then used to understand the sensitivity to material, geometric and loading design variables while minimizing required force from the FMC actuators. Using a combination of response models and sequential quadratic programming algorithm, a design is chosen that matched the conventional ailerons performance at multiple flight conditions.
A simple method of measuring total daily energy expenditure and physical activity level from the heart rate in adult men.

To evaluate a simple method that uses only a heart rate monitor to predict total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) from 24 h heart rate (HR) measurements. The simple method involved the determination of the physical activity ratio (PAR) from corresponding heart rate ratios (HRR) (ratio of observed to resting HR), from an individualized calibration curve relating activities with known PAR to the HRR. Several curve fits were evaluated for this curve. The PAL was calculated from minute to minute PAR. The TEE was computed as the product of the PAL and the predicted basal metabolic rate (BMR). The accuracy of the simple method was assessed by within-subject comparisons of the simple method versus the oxygen consumption – HR method and a time and motion study. Bangalore City, India. In all, 17 healthy male subjects between 18 and 44 years were recruited for the study. None. The simple method correlated well with both the reference methods when using a calibration curve that involved the fitting of two straight lines at low and high PAR activities, respectively, to the PAR and HRR data. The mean error in TEE, as a product of BMR and PAL, was about 1%, but with limits of agreement between the methods that were about 20% of the TEE. However, the low mean error could have been due to a canceling of errors in the determination of BMR and PAL. The simple method is a relatively cheap, useful technique for evaluating TEE and PAL in resource-poor situations. It may particularly be of use in epidemiological investigations where population estimates of TEE and PAL are required.
A central role of CD40 ligand in the regulation of CD4+ T-cell responses

Abstract Many of the costimulatory molecules thought to be essential for T-cell activation have now been identified. The CD40-CD40 ligand interaction is one such receptor/counter-receptor pair that has been shown to be important in B- and T-cell cognate interactions. Here Iqbal Grewal and Richard Flavell examine recent data from studies using gene knockout techniques that have helped provide a better understanding of CD40L's role in vivo , in regulation of the immune response.
Kinetic analysis of 5 S RNA formation in Drosophila cells

Abstract In most eukaryotes 5 S ribosomal RNA is believed to be a primary transcription product. Heat shocked Drosophila cells, however, have previously been shown to accumulate a putative precursor, 5 S + , which is converted to the mature species if the cells are returned to the normal growth temperature of 25 °C. In this letter the kinetics of labeling of 5 S + and 5 S RNA are examined in cells maintained continuously at 25 °C. The labeling kinetics indicate that 5 S + RNA has a half-life of less than one minute and are consistent with it being an obligatory precursor to all of the 5 S RNA.
Diabetes control and social class

The association between social status and diabetes regulation was studied in insulin-dependent diabetic patients (IDD). Diabetic regulation was expressed by haemoglobin Alc (HbAlc). The degree of self-monitoring, self-care and knowledge of diabetes regulation was evaluated by means of a questionnaire. In the first part of the study, 27 patients were divided into two groups according to diabetes regulation (HbAlc < or ≤ 8.5%). In comparison with patients with HbAlc & 8.5%, significantly more patients with HbAlc < 8.5% belonged to social classes 1–3 (high social status) than to social classes 4–5 (low social status) (p = 0.016). Patients with HbAlc < 8.5% and patients with HbAlc ≥ did not differ as regards degree of self-care, self-monitoring and knowledge of diabetes. In the second part of the study, another 20 patients were divided into two groups according to social status (social classes 1–2 = high, social class 5 = low status). HbA1c concentrations were significantly lower in social classes 1–2 than class 5 (p=0.02). Knowledge of diabetes regulation also was significantly better in social classes 1–2 than class 5 (p = 0.007). Patients with HbAlc below the median value of 9.5% had significantly fewer errors in the knowledge test (p=0.05) than patients with HbAlc ≥ 9.5%. Patients from social classes 1–2 did not differ from social class 5 in degree of self-monitoring and self-care. In conclusion, insulin-dependent diabetic patients with higher social status are better controlled than patients with lower social status, probably partly due to better knowledge of diabetes regulation.
A likely pathway for formation of mobile group I introns

Mobile group I introns are RNA splicing elements that have been invaded by endonuclease genes. These endonucleases facilitate intron mobility by a unidirectional, duplicative gene-conversion process known as homing [1]. Survival of the invading endonuclease depends upon its ability to promote intron mobility. Therefore, the endonuclease must either quickly change its cleavage specificity to match the site of intron insertion, or it must already be preadapted to cleave this sequence. Here we show that the group I intron in the DNA polymerase gene of T7-like bacteriophage PhiI is mobile, dependent upon its intronic HNH homing endonuclease gene, I-TslI. We also show that gene 5.3 of phage T3, located adjacent to its intronless DNA polymerase gene, is a homologous homing endonuclease gene whose protein product initiates efficient spread of gene 5.3 into empty sites in related phages. Both of these endonucleases cleave intronless DNA polymerase genes at identical positions. This shared feature between an intronic and free-standing endonuclease is unprecedented. Based on this evidence, we propose that introns and their homing endonucleases evolve separately to target the same highly conserved sequences, uniting afterwards to create a composite mobile element.
A new method of determination of the I-V characteristics of negative differential conductance devices by microwave reflection coefficient measurements

A technique to map out all of the I-V characteristics of negative differential conductance (NDC) devices is described. This method uses the DC measurable positive conductance portions of the I-V curve together with the measured microwave reflection coefficients at different RF signal levels and fixed DC bias voltage. The advantages of the method for high NDC devices are pointed out in a stability analysis. The complete I-V curve of a tunnel diode has been obtained with an accuracy within 5% in a proof-of-principal test of this method. >
Tension Pneumothorax After Placement of a Tunneled Pleural Drainage Catheter in a Patient with Recurrent Malignant Pleural Effusions

A case of tension pneumothorax developed after placement of a tunneled pleural catheter for treatment of malignant pleural effusion in a patient with advanced lung cancer. The catheter placement was carried out by an experienced operator under direct ultrasound guidance, and the patient showed immediate symptomatic improvement with acute decompensation occurring several hours later. Possible mechanisms for this serious complication of tunneled pleural catheter placement are described, and potential strategies to avoid or prevent it in future are discussed.
On the organoaluminum chemistry of multidentate phosphine ligands. Reaction of trimethylaluminum with bis(diphenylphosphino)methane: Synthesis and molecular structure of [Al(CH3)3]2[(C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2]

Reaction of an excess of trimethylaluminum with bis(diphenylphosphino)-methane in heptane affords the crystalline complex [A1(CH3)3]2[(C6H5)2PCH2P(C6H5)2]. The title compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P¯1 with unit cell parametersa=10.053(6),b=11.017(6),c=15.908(8) A,α=85.58(4),β=71.80(4), γ=77.49(4)°,V=1634(1) A3, andDc=1.07 g cm−3 forZ=2. Least-squares refinement based on 2924 observed reflection with intensitiesI≥3σI) in the range 2.00≤2θ≤45.0° converged atR=0.050 (Rw=0.067). The Al-P distances are 2.585(2) and 2.521(2) A, and the P-C-P angle is 121.4(2)°.
Distortion of Palmaz-Schatz stent geometry following side-branch balloon dilation through the stent in a rabbit model

The compromise of side-branches following coronary angioplasty of the parent vessel remains a limitation of the procedure. Reports of dilation through a Palmaz-Schatz stent to salvage a compromised side-branch covered by the stent have been made. We examined the distortion of stent geometry which occurs following this procedure in a rabbit model. Palmaz-Schatz stents were placed at the aortoiliac bifurcation in 7 rabbits and the contralateral iliac artery was dilated through the stent. Despite good angiographic results, varied degrees of stent distortion were noted on gross pathologic analysis. Most distortion occurred when the arteries were dilated through the ends of the struts or through the "diamonds," and least distortion occurred during dilation through the mid-artriculation site. While good stent depolyment is thought to be necessary for improved outcomes, the distortion of stents after balloon dilation through the stent, despite good angiographic results, may have negative implications for both short- and long-term outcomes.
Six critical issues for midlevel leadership in postsecondary settings

The complex responsibilities of academic leadership require multidimensional training, exemplified in the six principles undergirding the internationally recognized program examined here.
Epidemiology of elevated blood pressure in the ED.

Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence and demographics of elevated blood pressure (BP) in emergency department (ED) patients. Methods Retrospective study at an academic ED. ED patients with any systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥90mm Hg over a 1-year period were included. Data pertaining to frequency of elevated BP across different ethnic categories, age groups, days of the week, shifts, and gender were collected. Results A total of 44435 patient records were accessed. Overall 47.6% (95% CI, 47.2%-48.1%) of patients had elevated BP (SBP ≥140mm Hg or DBP ≥90mm Hg). Fifty three percent (95% CI, 52%-54%) were women. Among patients with elevated BP, 18% (95% CI, 17.8%-18.9%) had severe BP elevation (SBP ≥180 or DBP ≥110). Overall, patients >45years old were more likely to have elevated BP in ED. Across all ethnic groups, BP increased with age. Significant differences were noted in the prevalence of elevated BP between whites (52%), and other ethnic groups (African Americans [45%] and Hispanics [31%]) ( P Conclusions This study provides knowledge of distribution of elevated BP among different age, gender and ethnic groups in the ED which can be used to develop specific interventions to improve recognition, prevention, detection, and treatment of hypertension.
Parallel Multiscale Gauss-Newton-Krylov Methods for Inverse Wave Propagation

One of the outstanding challenges of computational science and engineering is large-scale nonlinear parameter estimation of systems governed by partial differential equations. These are known as inverse problems, in contradistinction to the forward problems that usually characterize large-scale simulation. Inverse problems are significantly more difficult to solve than forward problems, due to ill-posedness, large dense ill-conditioned operators, multiple minima, space-time coupling, and the need to solve the forward problem repeatedly. We present a parallel algorithm for inverse problems governed by time-dependent PDEs, and scalability results for an inverse wave propagation problem of determining the material field of an acoustic medium. The difficulties mentioned above are addressed through a combination of total variation regularization, preconditioned matrix-free Gauss-Newton-Krylov iteration, algorithmic checkpointing, and multiscale continuation. We are able to solve a synthetic inverse wave propagation problem though a pelvic bone geometry involving 2.1 million inversion parameters in 3 hours on 256 processors of the Terascale Computing System at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center.
Simulation of Colonic Carcinoma by Ischemia

Nine cases of colonic ischemia are presented in which an initial diagnosis of carcinoma was made from roentgenographic, endoscopic, or intraoperative appearance of the lesion. The clinical features were insufficient to differentiate colonic ischemia from carcinoma. In 7 patients a barium enema was interpreted as, or consistent with, carcinoma. In 3 of these patients colonoscopy also suggested malignancy. In 2 patients, endoscopy suggested a neoplasm but no barium enema was performed. Endoscopic biopsies when performed were negative for malignancy. Three patients were considered to have cancer from the gross appearance of the lesion at laparotomy. Routine use of both barium enema and colonoscopy in patients with suspected colonic neoplasms will usually identify the ischemic nature of lesions incorrectly diagnosed by one technique or the other. In the uncommon patient in whom both studies suggest a neoplasm, but biopsy specimens are negative for tumor, repeat studies 7-10 days later may identify the evolving nature of schemic lesions and obviate the need for surgery. When no changes are seen, prompt laparotomy is indicated.
A system for autonomous canine guidance

This paper presents an approach for autonomous guidance of a canine using an embedded command module with vibration and tone generation capabilities and an embedded control suite. The control suite is comprised of a microprocessor, wireless radio, GPS receiver, and an attitude and heading reference system. A canine maximum effort controller was implemented for autonomous control of the canine, which proved to be effective at guiding the canine to multiple waypoints. Results from structured and non-structured environment two waypoint trials indicated a 97.7% success rate. Three waypoint trials resulted in a success rate of 70.1%, and the overall success rate of the control system was found to be 86.6%.
An earlier name for the Atlantic North American red alga Neoagardhiella baileyi (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales)

Abstract The type specimen of Sphaerococcus subulatus C. Agardh has been examined and found to represent the slender form of Neoagardhiella baileyi (Harvey ex Kutzing) Wynne & Taylor known from the northeastern United States. As C. Agardh's date of publication antedates that of Rhabdonia baileyi Harvey ex Kutzing, a new combination is called for. A case is made to restore the generic name Agardhiella Schmitz rather than Neoargardhiella Wynne & Taylor, and Agardhiella subulata (C. Agardh) Kraft & Wynne comb. nov. is adopted. Data accompanying the type specimen are imprecise, indicating someone named ‘Pott’ as collector and ‘Canadian Seas’ as the collection locality. Attempts are made to trace the provenance of the specimen, and evidence is given to establish its identity on morphological grounds with Agardhiella.
Annotation Based Multimedia Streaming Over Wireless Networks

The relatively high power consumption of wireless network interfaces represents an important detriment in multimedia streaming for mobile devices. The IEEE 802.11 built-in power saving mode was designed for transfers of different nature and is not able to take advantage of the short idle intervals and continuous, periodic transmissions inherent in multimedia streaming. We propose an annotation based approach to wireless network power management that analyzes the variations in data transfer bandwidth during playback and uses the results to buffer data into larger burst transmissions with longer idle periods when the network card is transitioned into a lower power, sleep mode. Annotations allow for energy savings of up to 75% for the network interface, with practically no quality degradation or packet loss, only a small delay due to the buffer
Predicting violence from school misbehavior: Promises and perils

This article considers the issue of predicting violence committed by students on school campuses through the use of school discipline indices such as office referrals, suspensions, and expulsions. The existing research on incidents of school discipline markers is reviewed as well as sources of variation due to student characteristics and classroom or school-wide practices. Challenges in making accurate predictions about future behavior at school are outlined. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.