cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spreading—boiling model for instantaneous spills of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on water

Abstract An experimental and theoretical investigation was carried out to study the boiling and spreading of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) on water, in a one-dimensional configuration. Experimental work involved the design and construction of a spill/spread/boil apparatus which permitted the measurement of spreading and local boil-off rates. With the equations of continuity and momentum transfer, a mathematical model was developed to describe the boiling—spreading phenomena of cryogens spilled on water. The model accounts for a decrease in the density of the cryogenic liquid due to bubble formation. The boiling and spreading rates of LPG were found to be the same as those of pure propane. An LPG spill was characterized by the very rapid and violent initial boiling and highly irregular ice formation on the water surface. The measured local boil-off rates of LPG agreed well with theoretical predictions from a moving-boundary heat-transfer model. The spreading velocity of an LPG spill was found to be slightly less than predicted by the spreading model as the rough ice formed on the surface impeded the flow of the LPG.
Dosage for malaria treatment

SIR—We write in response to mistakes by Kain and colleagues (Aug 31, p 621). By contrast with their suggestion, the most recent edition of Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases makes clear that the recommended loading dose of quinidine gluconate for treatment of severe malaria is 10 mg/kg intravenously (iv), followed by 0·02 mg/kg of quinidine gluconate iv per minute, and that the loading dose of quinine dihydrochloride is 20 mg salt/kg iv followed by 10 mg salt/kg every 8 h (in table 2, p 464, Ch 34, by Jernigan and Pearson, which was reprinted with permission from The Medical Letter; and in table 4, p 2424 in Ch 253 by Krogstad).
Adsorption of Al3+ to phosphatidylcholine vesicles.

Aluminum toxicity to soil and aquatic organisms is widespread, but the mechanisms of toxicity are unknown. To understand these mechanisms, it is important to know how aluminum reacts with cell surfaces. In this report, we studied adsorption of Al3+ to liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid in plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. Our equilibrium dialysis and electrophoresis experiments both showed that Al3+ has a 560-fold higher affinity for the phosphatidylcholine surface than Ca2+. Unlike previous reports for adsorption of divalent metals, adsorption of Al3+ to phosphatidylcholine was predicted only approximately by the Stern model. Adsorption of AlF2+ and AlF2+ to the surface was not detectable at the activities we used. From our data, we calculate that Al3+ at 5 × 10−6 activity could neutralize the surface charge on plant cell plasma membranes and cause a surface potential shift from −30 to +11 mV. This is consistent with non-specific Al3+ inhibition of cation uptake by root cells. Al3+ adsorption to phosphatidylcholine may also play a role in aluminum uptake into cytoplasm by endocytosis.
Preliminary findings from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Assessment

This paper summarizes (1) the major positive and negative climate change impacts likely in the Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR), (2) options to make the MAR more resilient to climate change, and (3) priorities for improving such regional assessments. Major findings include: (1) the MAR economy is likely to be reasonably resilient to a somewhat warmer, wetter climate, although there could be substantial impacts on the region's ecosystems and some people will gain while others lose because of climate change; and (2) many cost-effective actions could be taken now to protect and enhance the quality of life in the MAR that would have side benefits of reducing vulnerability to climate variability and change.
On the high latitude, Universal Time controlled F-layer

Abstract The critical frequency of the ionospheric F 2-layer and the low energy electron precipitation in the polar cap regions show similar temporal and spatial characteristics, indicating that the polar F 2-layer at least partly is maintained by energetic particle ionization.
Southern-blot analyses of human T-lymphocyte mutants induced in vitro by γ-irradiation

Abstract G0 phase cultures of human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes from a single individual were exposed to 300 rad of γ-irradiation from a 137Cs source and cultured in vitro for 8 days to allow phenotypic expression. Thioguanine-resistant (TGr) mutants were isolated by a cell cloning assay in microtiter plates. These mutants were studied by Southern blot analysis to define the gross structural alterations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) gene by use of an hprt cDNA probe. A similar analysis of the T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement patterns was employed to define the independent nature of each mutant colony by use of TCR β and γ cDNA probes. 74 mutants were isolated in 5 separate experiments. TCR gene rearrangement analysis showed these to represent 24 independent mutations, of which 18 contained hprt structural alterations. These alterations included simple deletions ( 10 18 ) as well as more complex rearrangements resulting in molecular weight changes of restriction fragments representing both the 5′ and 3′ regions of the hprt gene ( 4 18 and 4 18 , respectively). These results demonstrate that γ-irradiation primarily induces TGr mutations through gross structural alterations in the hprt gene and that these alterations are randomly distributed across the gene. This approach to mutation analysis will provide information on the types of alterations induced by this irradiation, especially the extent of deletions involving the hprt gene. These results also demonstrate the feasibility of employing in vitro exposure of human T-lymphocytes to a single mutagenic agent as an aid to understanding the mechanisms of mutations occurring in vivo in humans.
Development of new peptide-based tools for studying synaptic ribbon function

Synaptic ribbons are proteinaceous specialized electron-dense presynaptic structures found in nonspiking sensory cells of the vertebrate nervous system. Understanding the function of these structures is an active area of research (reviewed in Matthews G, Fuchs P. Nat Rev Neurosci 11: 812–822, 2010). Previous work had shown that ribbons could be effectively labeled and visualized using peptides that bind to the synaptic ribbon protein RIBEYE via a PXDLS motif (Zenisek D, Horst NK, Merrifield C, Sterling P, Matthews G. J Neurosci 24: 9752–9759, 2004). Here, we expand on the previous work to develop new tools and strategies for 1) better visualizing synaptic ribbons, and 2) monitoring and manipulating calcium on the synaptic ribbon. Specifically, we developed a new higher-affinity peptide-based label for visualizing ribbons in live cells and two strategies for localizing calcium indicators to the synaptic ribbon.
Feature‐based adaptive mesh refinement for wingtip vortices

Feature-based solution-adaptive mesh refinement is an attractive strategy when it is known a priori that the resolution of certain key features is critical to achieving the objectives of a simulation. In this paper, we apply vortex characterization techniques, which are typically employed to visualize vortices, to identify regions of the computational domain for mesh refinement. We investigate different refinement strategies that are facilitated by these vortex characterization techniques to simulate the flow past a wing in a wind tunnel. Our results, which we compare with experimental data, indicate that it is necessary to refine the region within and near the vortex extent surface to obtain an accurate prediction. Application of the identified mesh refinement strategy also produced observed improvement in the results predicted for a spinning missile with deflected canards.
Rothbard on money: A critical textual exegesis

In 1998 I presented a paper which argued that no theory of money was possible—in the sense of there being a stable relationship between a few explanatory variables. The argument was based on the assumption that we were dealing with an economy of informed maximizers. The good that individuals choose to use as money depends on the solution of an optimization problem—of all available goods, which has the lowest transaction costs. Mises felicitously called the process “indirect exchange” and so it is of course governed by the same optimization as direct exchange. The choice of a money good is the solution of a maximizing query and the solution depends upon the resources available, the nature of substitutes, current technology and the flexibility of institutions. It follows that there can be no determinate solution to the question, what is money?
Gravitational instability of spheroidal expansions: A cosmogonic fragmentation mechanism

Expanding flows of self-gravitating gas are common in astronomy and their stability therefore of some concern. Recently, gravitational instability in anisotropic expansions was proposed as an effective mechanism for the fragmentation called for in various cosmogonic hypotheses. (The anisotropy permits strong linear instabilities, while expansion avoids some nonlinear problems.) Here we analyze in detail the gravitational stability of spheroidal expansions of rotating gas masses. This extends Jeans' static results, and includes the well-known special cases of nonrotating spherical expansion and nonexpanding rotation. We obtain generalized Jeans criteria for instability, and in particular, a criterion for the instability to grow exponentially is derived. For an important class of asymptotic flows, we explicitly evaluate the instability strength and show that it is enough to initiate a fragmentation process. From the instability criteria we estimate a lower bound to the possible fragment masses. The Appendix discusses another asymptotic flow, modeling a ‘high energy jet’ which is highly unstable.
RNA pseudouridylation: new insights into an old modification

Pseudouridine is the most abundant post-transcriptionally modified nucleotide in various stable RNAs of all organisms. Pseudouridine is derived from uridine via base-specific isomerization, resulting in an extra hydrogen-bond donor that distinguishes it from other nucleotides. In eukaryotes, uridine-to-pseudouridine isomerization is catalyzed primarily by box H/ACA RNPs, ribonucleoproteins that act as pseudouridylases. When introduced into RNA, pseudouridine contributes significantly to RNA-mediated cellular processes. It was recently discovered that pseudouridylation can be induced by stress, suggesting a regulatory role for pseudouridine. It has also been reported that pseudouridine can be artificially introduced into mRNA by box H/ACA RNPs and that such introduction can mediate nonsense-to-sense codon conversion, thus demonstrating a new means of generating coding or protein diversity.
D ± production asymmetry at the LHC from heavy quark recombination

The asymmetry in the forward region production cross section of ${D}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ is calculated using the heavy quark recombination mechanism for $pp$ collisions at 7 TeV. By suitable choices of four nonperturbative parameters, our calculated results can reproduce those obtained at LHCb. We find ${A}_{p}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}1%$ when integrated over $2.0\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}l{p}_{T}l18\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and $2.2l\ensuremath{\eta}l4.75$, which agrees with ${A}_{p}=\ensuremath{-}0.96\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18%$ as measured by LHCb. Furthermore, the calculated distributions in $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and ${p}_{T}$ agree reasonably well with those obtained at LHCb.
AIRS, IASI, and CrIS Retrieval Records at Climate Scales: An Investigation into the Propagation of Systematic Uncertainty

AbstractUncertainty requirements for climate observations are more stringent than for weather observations because of the scale dependency of natural variation. At present there is no space-based climate observing system, so weather observations have to be aggregated for the study of large-scale change. The management and minimization of uncertainty sources in weather observations are, therefore, a high priority. This work is a first attempt at investigating if a single long-term record can be assembled with temperature retrievals from three hyperspectral satellite sounders in polar orbit: the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on Aqua in afternoon orbit since 2002, the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on MetOp-A in morning orbit since 2006, and the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on board the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership in afternoon orbit since 2011. These instruments measure not only the vertical atmospheric structure but also atmospheric composition, thus providing...
Did Targeted Therapy Fail Cyclooxygenase Too

There are considerable preclinical and clinical data showing that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of non–small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC). COX-2 is one of two isoforms of COX that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin (PG) G2, which is then reduced to an unstable endoperoxide intermediate, PGH2. 3 Specific PG synthases in turn metabolize PGH2 to at least five structurally related bioactive lipid molecules, including PGE2, PGD2, PGF2 , PGI2, and thromboxane A2 (TxA2). 3
The Economic Consequences of Breast Cancer Adjuvant Hormonal Treatments

RATIONALE Adjuvant hormone therapy (HT) based on tamoxifen (TX) or aromatase inhibitors (AIs) has become the standard of care for treating hormone receptor -positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) over the past 20 years. Based on clinical trial results, AI use is recommended by the American Society of Clinical Oncology for treatment of postmenopausal women with HR+ breast cancer. AIs, however, are significantly more expensive than TX, raising concerns about access and use of effective treatment among women of lower socio-economic status.
Abstract 2074: Cool-1-mediated inhibition of c-Cbl modulates multiple critical properties of glioblastomas, including the ability to generate tumorsin vivo

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Glioblastomas (GBMs), the most malignant glial tumors, differ from normal glial progenitor cells in many ways, but little is known about the molecular circuitry underlying these differences. We have discovered a novel means by which GBMs become chemo-resistant, based on inhibition of the redox/Fyn/c-Cbl pathway by overexpression of Cool-1. The protein c-Cbl, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is responsible for the ubiquitination and degradation of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases critical for cell division and cell survival. In normal glial progenitor cells of the CNS, exposure to chemotherapy oxidizes cells, leading to sequential activation of Fyn and c-Cbl. However in GBM cells, exposure to BCNU or other chemical pro-oxidants does not lead to c-Cbl activation. Further studies have demonstrated that these agents do cause Fyn activation, suggesting that GBMs inhibit c-Cbl phosphorylation leading to decreased degradation of EGFR, accounting for increased EGFR signaling. We therefore set out to investigate the factors involved in the decreased c-Cbl activity specific to GBMs. In this work we discovered that oxidant-associated c-Cbl activation can be restored by suppressing expression of the protein Cool-1, found to be over-expressed in GBM. Our data further demonstrate that Cool-1 and c-Cbl formed complexes, that genetic reduction in Cool-1 levels restored normal c-Cbl-mediated degradation of RTKs (including EGFR) in response to exposure to pro-oxidants, and that restoration of normal c-Cbl activation has multiple effects on hallmarks of GBM. Cool-1 decreases lead to decreased migration and decreased numbers of cells in the cell cycle. Cool-1 inhibition leads to decreased number of cells that exhibit cancer stem cells characteristics including decreased antigen positivity and decreased sphere forming ability. In contrast, Cool-1/c-Cbl complexes were not found in normal brain or normal glial progenitors and Cool-1 knockdown did not reduce progenitor division. The translation of these findings into an in vivo intracranial xenograft model of GBM shows that Cool-1 is essential for tumorigenesis and decreasing Cool-1 levels leads to decreased tumor take, decreased tumor growth, and increased survival. In sum, the ability of Cool-1/c-Cbl interactions, to modulate a variety of tumor cell properties suggests that these interactions offer an attractive target for modulating GBM growth, particularly due to the absence of Cool-1/c-Cbl complexes in normal brain tissue and to the lack of effects of Cool-1 knockdown on division of normal glial progenitor cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2074. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2074
Chlorophyll a Franck-Condon factors and excitation energy transfer

The Franck-Condon factors for the S{sub 1}(Q{sub y}) {leftrightarrow} S{sub 0} electronic transition of chlorophyll (Chl) molecules are important for understanding excitation energy transfer in photosynthetic complexes. Currently, there are two sets of Chl a Frank-Condon factors for over 40 modes, one determined by spectral hole burning and the other by fluorescence line narrowing. Those obtained by the latter spectroscopy are, on average, a factor of 30 times smaller than the hole burning values. Nonline-narrowed fluorescence results for the light-harvesting complex 2 of photosystem 2 at 4.2 K are presented that agree quite well with the hole burning but not the fluorescence line narrowing values.
Differential Effects of Lipoprotein Lipase on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ-mediated Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a key enzyme in the hydrolysis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We examined the role of LPL in modulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)- and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-mediated inflammatory cytokine signal transduction pathways in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). LPL significantly suppressed TNF-alpha-induced gene expression, and this suppression was reversed by tetrahydrolipstatin and heparinase. In contrast, LPL synergistically enhanced IFN-gamma-induced gene expression in HAECs. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of LPL action, we investigated the role of transcription factors nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (Stat1). The anti-inflammatory response of LPL in suppressing TNF-alpha-induced gene expression was a result of its inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by the abrogation of IkappaB-alpha degradation and phosphorylation of the p65 subunit. Although LPL alone had no effect on Stat1 activation, LPL enhanced IFN-gamma-induced phosphorylation of Stat1 on tyrosine 701 and serine 727, as well as Stat1-mediated transactivation. The synergistic effect of LPL on IFN-gamma-induced Stat1 activation was mediated by enhanced activation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 and was abrogated by LY294002, a specific inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway. Our studies indicate that LPL has differential effects on several inflammatory pathways known to be important in atherosclerosis.
Electrochromic windows based on V2O5–TiO2 and poly (3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine) coatings

Abstract The electrochromic window (ECW) based on poly (3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine), PProDOT-Me2, and V2O5–TiO2 coatings was fabricated for modulating optical transmittance. It exhibited the high contrast of optical transmittance change (ΔT %) to 68% at 580 nm, rapid color-switching time, electrochemically cyclic stability and optical memory. Also, the large-sized ECW of 305×508 mm2 was successfully fabricated. The Li+ insertion/extraction process of PProDOT-Me2 and V2O5–TiO2 films was monitored by cyclic voltammetry and the diffusion coefficient was calculated. The optical transmittance changes of the ECW were observed by applying potential steps. It demonstrated long-term electrochromic and electrochemical stability after over 150,000 cyclic switches. It was found that the response time of the ECW was rapid. It was five seconds for coloration and four seconds for bleaching in the ECW (25×25 mm2). The optical memory was the great advantage of the ECW.
Prognostic value of morphometry in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Abstract The value of morphometric analysis in addition to standard prognostic indicators was studied in 28 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Standard features included age, sex, lymph node status, tumor size, and encapsulation. The mean follow-up was 47 months (maximum, 140 months). Recurrences were documented in six patients at a mean time of 34 months; five patients recurred with distal metastases and one patient recurred with local disease. Univariate analysis most closely associated tumor recurrence with nuclear anisotropism (the standard deviation of the estimated nuclear area [ENASD]) and tumor size. With forward stepwise incremental analysis, the value of tumor size was lost and only the ENASD and the cellularity mean index (CMI), defined as the percentage of tumor volume composed of tumor cells, significantly correlated with recurrence. Fifty-five percent of patients with an ENASD > 17 μm 2 and a CMI > 40% developed recurrence as compared with 5% of patients with lesser values ( P = .001). Morphometric analysis may significantly contribute to the role of histopathology in the evaluation of papillary thyroid carcinoma and may also provide information regarding prognosis not obtained by standard methods.
A peroxidative mechanism for the nonenzymatic reduction of metmyoglobin.

Abstract 1. 1. The nonenzymatic reduction of metmyoglobin by NADH or NADPH occurs rapidly in the presence of EDTA or MnCl 2 under aerobic but not under anaerobic conditions. The reduction is accelerated by the addition of H 2 O 2 and is completely inhibited by catalase. 2. 2. The oxidation of NADH by molecular oxygen in the presence of EDTA is negligible. This oxidation is increased catalytically upon the addition of metymyoglobin and is inhibited by catalase. 3. 3. The reduction of methemoglobin by NADH or NADPH can take place in the presence of MnCl 2 ; EDTA is not effective in methemoglobin systems. 4. 4. In the presence of FMN, the reduction of metmyoglobin by NADH or NADPH does not require the production of peroxide.
The Inextricable Link Between Age and Criminal History in Sentencing

In sentencing research, significant negative coefficients on age research have been interpreted as evidence that actors in the criminal justice system discriminate against younger people. This interpretation is incomplete. Criminal sentencing laws generally specify punishment in terms of the number of past events in a defendant’s criminal history. Doing so inadvertently makes age a meaningful variable because older people have had more time to accumulate criminal history events. Therefore, two people of different ages with the same criminal history are not in fact equal. This is true for pure retributivists, as the fact that the younger offender has been committing crimes at a higher rate of offending may make the younger offender more culpable, and is also true for those with some utilitarian aims for sentencing. Simulation results illustrate the stakes. To a certain extent, the interests of low-rate older offenders are opposed to those of high-rate younger offenders.
Combination therapy of dyslipidemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome.

Non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and the metabolic syndrome separately and additively increase the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Considering the high cardiovascular risk associated with NIDDM and the metabolic syndrome, aggressive therapy of dyslipidemia with tailored combination therapy should be considered given informed consent and discussion of risks. In addition to statins, niacin, and fibrates, therapies shown to decrease the risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease include omega-3 fatty acids, diet, exercise, and optimal blood pressure control with thiazides and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system. These therapies should also be considered to reduce the high cardiovascular risk associated with NIDDM and the metabolic syndrome.
Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Susceptibility to Bladder and Kidney Infections Induced by Escherichia coli in Female C3H/HeJMice

Background The C3H/HeJ strain of mice develop severe bladder and kidney infections after intravesical inoculation with uropathogenic E. coli. This susceptibility is genetically determined, but the specific genes involved have not been completely defined. The objective of the current study was to use quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping to identify chromosomal sites in C3H/HeJ mice associated with infection susceptibility.
Minimizing false-positives in universal newborn hearing screening: a simple solution.

Background and Objectives. The false-positive rates of previously reported universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) programs range between 2.5% and 8%. Critics of UNHS programs have claimed that this rate is too high and might lead to a number of the negative effects produced by false-positive screening tests, namely emotional trauma, disease labeling, iatrogenesis from unnecessary testing, and increased expense in terms of time and money. We previously reported, based on some preliminary data, that as many as 80% of newborns who failed the initial hearing screen subsequently passed when they were retested the following day, before being discharged from the hospital. We now present the results of this intervention for our entire UNHS program during a 7-month period. Methods. We analyzed data from 3142 non-neonatal intensive care unit infants screened with an automated auditory brainstem response at the Women9s Hospital of Greensboro from November 1, 1999 to May 31, 2000. A protocol was developed wherein all infants who failed the initial UNHS were rescreened with another automated auditory brainstem response before hospital discharge. Data collected included pass/fail rates during the inpatient stay as well as follow-up data and risk factors for congenital hearing loss. Results. Confirmed hearing loss occurred in 8 nonneonatal intensive care unit infants, a rate of 2.5/1000. Eighty percent of newborns who failed the initial hearing screen passed on rescreening before hospital discharge. This produced a false-positive rate of 0.8% and a corresponding positive predictive value of 24%. If inhospital rescreening had not occurred, our false-positive rate and positive predictive value would have been 3.9% and 6.1%, respectively. Conclusions. Our simple intervention of rescreening all infants who failed their initial UNHS before hospital discharge reduced the false-positive rate of UNHS to 0.8%. We suggest that this simple, inexpensive intervention should be instituted for all similar UNHS programs.
Skin problems of the leg amputee.

The importance of early recognition and treatment of skin lesions on the stumps of amputees cannot be overemphasized. Heavy demands are placed on the stump skin by the artificial limb. Even a minor skin eruption may, through neglect or mistreatment, become an extensive disorder that will seriously threaten the amputee's mental, social, and economic rehabilitation. Contact dermatitis, eczemas, epidermoid cysts, bacterial and fungus infections, chronic ulcers, and verrucose hyperplasia are among the disorders to which the stump skin is subject. Proper stump hygiene is often effective in alleviating or averting some of these conditions.Since skin disorders in amputees are essentially “environmental” dermatoses, their treatment often involves change of the environment through adjustment or redesign of the artificial limb. For example, verrucose hyperplasia was treated successfully by a change in prosthetic design. Thus, the skills of engineers and prosthetists must be combined with the contributions of dermat...
Single-stage extensive replacement of the thoracic aorta: The arch-first technique

Abstract Background: Single-stage extensive replacement of the thoracic aorta usually involves a period of circulatory arrest with performance of the graft–to–lower descending thoracic aorta anastomosis before performing the anastomosis to the arch vessels. To minimize the period of brain ischemia and reduce the potential for neurologic injury, we developed an alternative technique. Methods: In 6 patients with extensive aneurysms involving the entire thoracic aorta, exposure was obtained via a bilateral thoracotomy in the anterior fourth intercostal space with transverse sternotomy. A 10-mm graft was anastomosed to the aortic graft, opposite the site of the planned anastomosis to the arch vessels. During a single period of circulatory arrest (34-46 minutes), the aortic graft was attached to a cuff of aorta containing the arch vessels. The graft was then clamped on either side, and the arch was perfused with cold blood for 20 to 36 minutes. After the distal aortic anastomosis was completed, antegrade perfusion was established via the 10-mm graft. The proximal aortic anastomosis was performed last. Results: No patient sustained a permanent neurologic deficit. All 6 patients were discharged from the hospital. Conclusions: The "arch-first" technique, combined with a bilateral transverse thoracotomy, allows expeditious replacement of the thoracic aorta with an acceptable interval of hypothermic circulatory arrest and minimizes the risk of retrograde atheroembolism by establishing antegrade perfusion. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117:99-105)
Histological investigation of infection processes of Discula destructiva on leaves of Cornus florida

Abstract The infection process of Discula destructiva Redlin on Cornus florida L. leaves was studied using histological and microscopic techniques. Penetration of fungal hyphae through natural openings and wounds was not observed, while direct penetration without appressorium formation was demonstrated 3 days after inoculation (DAI). Leaves inoculated with D. destructiva developed symptoms of dogwood anthracnose after 7 to 8 days. At 8 DAI, hyphae were observed in aggregations located between the cuticle and epidermis and also growing intracellularly towards epidermal, palisade, parenchymal and spongy mesophyll cells. At 16 DAI, typical chlorotic and necrotic halos, with a red to purple external border, were formed on the inoculated leaves. Within leaf tissues, at 16 DAI, chloroplasts were intact but decompartmentalized and infection sites were clearly defined. Sporulation and ruptured acervuli (cuticle ruptured and spores released) were first detected at 20 DAI, and had fully developed to rupture the pla...
Unifying Broadcast Encryption and Traitor Tracing for Content Protection

In this paper we study the design of efficient trace-revoke schemes for content protection. In state-of-art, broadcast encryption and traitor tracing are viewed as two orthogonal problems. Good traceability and efficient revocation seem to demand different types of design. When combined into trace-revoke schemes, existing schemes only offer efficiency on one aspect but weak on the other. Moreover, there are two major styles of pirate attacks, namely the clone device attack and anonymous re-broadcasting attack. In current state-of-art, defending against these two attacks are viewed as two different problems that demand different trace-revoke schemes. In current state-of-practice, a content protection system has to deploy two trace-revoke schemes in order to provide complete protections against both attacks. As a result, the system incurs the complexity of having to manage two schemes, even worse the overall strength of the system is the weakest link in either scheme. In this paper we present a unified trace-revoke system that can offer superior efficiency on both traceability and revocation capability as well as simultaneously defend against two attacks in a unified way. Our unified system offers everything that the original two schemes combined can provide, but our system is much simpler and more efficient. The design of our unified framework carries both scientific and real world practical significance. We reduce the tracing time from tens of years to hours. The much improved simplicity and efficiency of our unified system caused it to be adopted by the new version of AACS, Advanced Access Content System, the industry content protection standard for the new Blu-ray high-definition-video optical discs. Scientifically our design shows it is possible to design an efficient broadcast encryption scheme and traitor tracing scheme in a unified way. We also showed the equivalence of the two major types of attacks which are currently viewed as different attacks. This opens brand new directions for future research on broadcast encryption and traitor tracing.
Mobile Device Interaction with Force Sensing

We propose a new type of input for mobile devices by sensing forces applied by users to device casings. Deformation of the devices is not necessary for such "force gestures" to be detectable. Our prototype implementation augments an ultra-mobile PC (UMPC) to detect twisting and bending forces. We describe examples of interactions using these forces, employing twisting to perform application switching (alt-tab) and interpreting bending as page-down/up. We present a user study exploring users' abilities to reliably apply twisting and bending forces to various degrees, and draw implications from this study for future force-based interfaces.
Suicide related to the assassination of president John F. Kennedy

In complicated ways depression is related to suicide. If the national climate could be made depressive by mass media coverage of a depressing event (for example, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy), the suicide rate theoretically ought to increase, unless depression were not related to suicide during time of great national focus. This hypothesis was investigated by using a questionnaire survey requesting information concerning suicide rate for the period November 22--30 for the 17 years 1956--1972. Sixty-one cities were randomly selected and contacted; 29 responded. A total of 74 suicides--48 males and 26 females--were reported during the 17 years studied. The hypothesis that more suicides should have occurred during 1963 was not supported. No suicides occurred during November 22--30 in 1963, the year of the Kennedy assassination. The results were significant at the .01 level. The finding that during a time of focused national crisis fewer suicides occur coincides with the findings of Durkheim (1897/1951).
Breast cancer and fertility preservation

Objective To review the benefits of adjuvant systemic therapy given to women with breast cancer of reproductive age, its effects on fertility, and options for fertility preservation. Design Publications relevant to fertility preservation and breast cancer were identified through a PubMed database search. Conclusion(s) Most women who develop invasive breast cancer under age 40 will be advised to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy with or without extended antihormonal therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence and death from breast cancer. Adjuvant chemotherapy particularly with alkylating agents such as cyclophosphamide is gonadotoxic and markedly accelerates the rate of age-related ovarian follicle loss. Although loss of fertility is an important issue for young cancer survivors, there is often little discussion about fertility preservation before initiation of adjuvant therapy. Greater familiarity with prognosis and effects of different types of adjuvant therapy on the part of infertility specialists and fertility preservation options such cryopreservation of embryos, oocytes, and ovarian tissue on the part of oncologists would facilitate these discussions. Establishment of rapid fertility consultation links within cancer survivorship programs can help ensure that every young woman who is likely to undergo gonadotoxic cancer treatment is counseled about the effects of therapy and options available to her to increase the likelihood of childbearing after cancer treatment.
8.6: Presentation session: BRAiN measurement and imaging technologies, brain injuries and neuro-regeneration panel, and making a difference: Identifying and closing the knowledge gaps discussion/forum: “Animal models for the study of military-related, blast-induced traumatic brain injury”

In present war time conditions, traumatic brain injury (TBI) has moved to the forefront as a “signature injury.” In terms of prevalence and understanding the biological mechanisms that underlie the injury, blast-induced TBI -particularly in “mild” cases-has proven to be a significant challenge for military medicine. Basic research that employs animal models of TBI is a key element for furthering our understanding of the biological consequences of blast-related TBI and for the development of therapeutic approaches. Currently available prototypes for the study of TBI, particularly in rodent models, are the most widely used approaches for modeling TBI, and can contribute to understanding the mechanisms of injury. The identification of research gaps that require critical attention will further improve investigative methods.
A New SVPWM for the Phase Current Reconstruction of Three-Phase Three-level T-type Converters

This paper presents a new space vector pulsewidth modulation scheme to reconstruct phase currents using neutral-point current sensing in three-level T-type converters (TLTTCs). For this purpose, zero vector and offset vectors are replaced with complementary active vectors. These active vectors do not affect the resultant output voltage and the voltage balance at the neutral point of TLTTCs. Hence, the pulsewidths of corresponding active vectors can be adjusted even at low speeds without much additional switching losses and low-frequency noise in the inverter. The modified switching patterns can easily be generated without significant computational complexity. The proposed method is experimentally verified using Texas Instruments TMS320F28335 and Spartan 6 controllers, on a custom designed T-type converter based on Fuji IGBT modules.
Cordylophora Morphogenesis: Precocious Sporosac Development in Non-Sessile Colonies

Precocious development of sexual reproductive structures (sporosacs) in Cordylophora (Pallas, Allman) occurs when colonies are grown in the absence of a suitable substratum. Neither varying the nature of the substratum provided nor diverse surgical manipulations will induce this morphogenetic modification. Sessile colonies will also initiate sporosac development if ubstrate availability is limited experimentally.
Approaches for automatically enriching Wikipedia

We have been exploring the use of Web-derived knowledge bases through the development of Wikitology - a hybrid knowledge base of structured and unstructured information extracted from Wikipedia augmented by RDF data from DBpedia and other Linked Open Data resources. In this paper, we describe approaches that aid in enriching Wikipedia and thus the resources that derive from Wikipedia such as the Wikitology knowledge base, DBpedia, Freebase and Powerset.
Economic development and geopolitics: a tale of two regions

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss aspects of successful and unsuccessful development experiences in southeast and southwest corners of Asia.Design/methodology/approach – It provides historical background to practices, strategies and policies adopted by policymakers in both of these regions. It identifies factors that a successful development cannot do without.Findings – The paper concludes that geopolitics can inspire and exploit religion and ethnicity to impede LDCs' development.Originality/value – Examines the process of development from a practical standpoint in two different areas in Asia: first, Malaysia, Taiwan and South Korea, and, second, Iraq, to identify factors that development cannot be successful without.
Short-term safety evaluation of processed calcium montmorillonite clay (NovaSil) in humans.

NovaSil clay (NS) provides significant protection from the adverse effects of aflatoxins (AFs) in multiple animal species by decreasing bioavailability from the gastrointestinal tract. It is postulated that NS clay can be safely added to human diets to diminish exposure and health risks from AF contaminated food. To determine the safety and tolerance of NS in humans and establish dosimetry protocols for long-term efficacy studies, a randomized and double-blinded phase I clinical trial was conducted. Volunteers (20‐45 yr in age), were clinically screened for confirmation of their health status. Fifty subjects (23 males and 27 females) were randomly divided into two groups: The low-dose group received nine capsules containing 1.5g/day, and the high-dose group received nine capsules containing 3.0g/day for a period of 2wk. NS capsules were manufactured in the same color and size and were distributed to each participant three times a day at designated sites where follow-up was taken to record any side effects and complaints. Blood and urine samples were collected before and after the study for laboratory analysis. All participants completed the trial and compliance was 99.1%. Mild GI effects were reported in some participants. Symptoms included abdominal pain (6%, 3/50), bloating (4%, 2/50), constipation (2%, 1/50), diarrhea (2%, 1/50), and flatulence (8%, 4/50). No statistical significance was found between the two groups for these adverse effects (p>0.25). No significant differences were shown in hematology, liver and kidney function, electrolytes, vitamins A and E, and minerals in either group. These results demonstrate the relative safety of NS clay in human subjects and will serve as a basis for long-term human trials in populations at high risk for aflatoxicosis.
Resolution of interferometric angular velocity measurements

An analysis of the resolution of a new method of interferometric angular velocity measurement is presented. The angular velocity of a moving object is proportional to the frequency of the interferometer response produced when the object passes through the interferometer beam pattern. The technique allows measurement of the angular velocity without complex processing or narrow beamwidth. A derivation of the resolution is presented for a general system, and it is shown that the frequency resolution is dependent on the system antenna pattern, as well as the system bandwidth. Increasing the beamwidth is shown to result in better frequency resolution. A specific example is given for a system designed to measure the velocity of a moving human. Simulated results of a moving point source are shown, as well as simulated and experimental data from a moving human.
Norm inequalities for composition of the Dirac and Green's operators

We first prove a norm inequality for the composition of the Dirac operator and Green’s operator. Then, we estimate for the Lipschitz and BMO norms of the composite operator in terms of the L s Open image in new window norm of a differential form.
Resurgence of Interest in Ancient Grain Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa): An Appraisal

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a plant belonging to Amaranthaceae family. Though it is an ancient crop dating back to Inca civilization, recent times have witnessed a revival of popularity owing to its nutritional abundance. The quinoa seeds have been discovered to be nutrient powerhouses packed with wholesome protein, essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins. Several health-imparting properties as antioxidant, anti-obesity, hypolipemic and anti-diabetic have been validated. The potential to prevent celiac disease attributed to the absence of gluten has grabbed much attention. Quinoa has been effectively incorporated in a wide range of food products. It is expected to tackle looming food insecurity. Global recognition is being emphasized to the extent that 2013 was announced as the ‘International year of quinoa’. Considering the human health awareness programme and research impetus, it seems poised to dominate the staple food sector. In this regard, this chapter embodying the latest findings and future scopes holds immense relevance.
Directionality derived from differential sensitivity to monaural and binaural cues in the cat's medial geniculate body.

Azimuth tuning of high-frequency neurons in the primary auditory cortex (AI) is known to depend on binaural disparity and monaural spectral (pinna) cues present in broadband noise bursts. Single-unit response patterns differ according to binaural interactions, strength of monaural excitatory input from each ear, and azimuth sensitivity to monaural stimulation. The latter characteristic has been used as a gauge of neural sensitivity to monaural spectral directional cues. Azimuth sensitivity may depend predominantly on binaural disparity cues, exclusively on monaural spectral cues, or on both. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether each cortical response pattern corresponds to a similar pattern in the medial geniculate body (MGB) or whether some patterns are unique to the cortex. Single-unit responses were recorded from the ventral nucleus (Vn) and lateral part of the posterior group of thalamic nuclei (Po), tonotopic subdivisions of the MGB. Responses to free-field presentation of noise bursts that varied in azimuth and sound pressure level were obtained using methods identical to those used previously in field AI. Many units were azimuth sensitive, i.e., they responded well at some azimuths, and poorly, if at all, at others. These were studied further by obtaining responses to monaural noise stimulation, approximated by reversible plugging of one ear. Monaural directional (MD) cells were sensitive to the azimuth of monaural noise stimulation, whereas binaural directional (BD) cells were either insensitive to its azimuth or monaurally unresponsive. Thus BD and MD cells show differential sensitivity to monaural spectral cues. Monaural azimuth sensitivity could not be used to interpret the spectral sensitivity of predominantly binaural cells that exhibited strong binaural facilitation because they were either unresponsive or poorly responsive to monaural stimulation. The available evidence suggests that some such cells are sensitive to spectral cues. The results do not indicate the presence of any response types in AI that are not present in the MGB. Vn and Po contain similar classes of MD and BD cells. Because Po neurons project to the anterior auditory field, neurons in this cortical area also are likely to exhibit differential sensitivity to binaural disparity and monaural spectral cues. Comparison of these MGB data with a published report of cochlear nucleus (CN) single-unit azimuth tuning shows that MGB sensitivity to spectral cues is considerably stronger than CN sensitivity.
The Causes of Interconnection

A wide range of conceptual models has been developed to explain the origins of various forms of interpersonal violence. Most focus on a single type of violence, but there is considerable consistency in the risk factors and etiological processes they describe. This consistency indicates that most poly-victimization and poly-perpetration emerges from similar conditions of vulnerability and risk, and suggests that one reason that different forms of violence co-occur is because they share common causal mechanisms. Perhaps the most prominent risk factor identified across diverse types of violence is prior exposure to violence; thus, a second source of interconnection is that many of the mechanisms hypothesized to give rise to violence are themselves sequelae of experiences with abuse, maltreatment, and aggression. In this chapter, we highlight common processes identified in etiological models of different forms of violence to illustrate how theoretical integration could advance understanding of violence that occurs in multiple contexts and relationships.