cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excitation Dynamics in Eukaryotic PS I from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC 2696 at 10 K. Direct Detection of the Reaction Center Exciton States

Excitation energy transfer in PS I particles from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiCC 2696 was studied at 10 K by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Five-nm wide excitation pulses at 670, 680, 695, and 700 nm were applied to selectively excite different spectral forms contributing to the wide Q Y transition band of chlorophyll a. Absorbance changes between 630 and 770 nm, up to 100 ps after excitation, were collected with a time step of 54 fs during the first 5 ps. Excitation at 700 nm leads to a structured initial absorbance difference spectra with four positive bands clearly resolved at 634, 645, 652, and 661 nm, and four negative bands at 667, 675, 684, and 695 nm. These spectra are interpreted in terms of excitonic coupling between the six electron-transfer chlorophyll a molecules: a special pair, two accessory and two A0 chlorophylls. The negative bands were ascribed to photobleaching of the four one-exciton states in line with theoretical predictions (Beddard, G. S. J. Phys. Chem. B. 1998, 102, 10 966), and the positive ones to excited-state absorption. The significance of the broad absorbance changes is proposed to be the introduction of spectral overlap between the reaction center and different spectral forms of the antenna chlorophylls that is expected to increase the efficiency of energy flow to the reaction center. Excitation at different wavelengths shows indeed that trapping can occur from different spectral pools of chlorophylls with similar efficiency (trapping time 29-44 ps). Following the excitation at 670 and 680 nm, trapping was shown to occur from the same pool as at room temperature centered at 682-685 nm, containing apparently only a minority of antenna molecules located close to the reaction center. The trapping time was found to be only slightly longer compared to that at room temperature (20-23 ps at RT). At 10 K, a significant amount of chlorophylls cannot exchange excitation energy with their neighbors. Our results are consistent with previous reports that at cryogenic temperatures, charge separation is possible in 50% of PS I particles and that excitation quenching by the oxidized and reduced primary donor is equally effective. As was observed at room temperature, there is no indication of red chlorophylls absorbing above 700 nm. This lack of red chlorophylls makes it possible to directly excite reaction center chlorophylls and study interaction between them in wild type and, in future, mutant PS I from Chlamydomonas.
Influence of the quantum zero-point motion of a vortex on the electronic spectra of s-wave superconductors

We compute the influence of the quantum zero-point motion of a vortex on the electronic quasiparticle spectra of s-wave superconductors. The vortex is assumed to be pinned by a harmonic potential, and its coupling to the quasiparticles is computed in the framework of BCS theory. Near the core of the vortex, the motion leads to a shift of spectral weight away from the chemical potential, and thereby reduces the zero bias conductance peak; additional structure at the frequency of the harmonic trap is also observed.
“I Thought There Was No Hope for Me”: A Behavioral Intervention for Urban Mothers With Problem Drinking

In this article, the authors evaluate the effects of a behavioral intervention for mothers with problem drinking who were infected with, or at risk for, HIV. They randomly selected 25 mothers from a larger longitudinal randomized controlled intervention trial for a qualitative interview. The authors found that mothers’ participation in the program was facilitated by the development of a strong therapeutic alliance with the intervention facilitator and the use of a harm reduction approach toward alcohol and/or drug abuse. Mothers also reported that training in coping skills and the emphasis on parent-adolescent relationships were beneficial for program engagement and behavior change. The authors conclude from these results that treatment approaches that take into account the complexity of urban mothers’ lives and substance use patterns can successfully engage and treat these women at high risk for adverse outcomes.
Control of IgE and Cytokine Responses

Our present understanding of Ig isotype selection began to develop over ten years ago with the demonstration that culture supernatants of some activated T cells contain a factor that induces activated mouse B cells to differentiate in vitro into IgGl secreting cells (Isakson 1982). Subsequent in vitro studies identified this factor as IL-4 (Vitetta 1985), demonstrated that IL-4 also induces activated B cells to differentiate into IgE secreting cells, and showed that IFN-γ inhibits IL-4-stimulation of IgE secretion (Coffman 1986, 1986a). Studies in several laboratories have demonstrated that IL-4 and IFN-γ also have stimulatory and suppressive effects, respectively, on the induction of IgE secretion by human B lymphocytes (Pene 1988; Sarfati 1988; Vercelli 1989; Del Prete 1988; Thyphronitis 1989).
4: Paradigms for Research on Teacher Effectiveness:

Teacher effectiveness research has occupied a conspicuous place within the spectrum of scientific inquiry in education. Interest in the question of what distinguishes superior from inferior teachers has flourished since the early 1920s and by midcentury had stimulated an impressive number of studies (Domas & Tiedeman, 1950). The quest was rejuvenated in the 1950s with the formation of the AERA Committee on Criteria of Teacher Effectiveness
EVOLUTIONARY AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS OF HIGH TROPICAL DIVERSITY IN OLD WORLD FROGS (RANIDAE)

Differences in species richness between regions are ultimately explained by patterns of speciation, extinction, and biogeographic dispersal. Yet, few studies have considered the role of all three processes in generating the high biodiversity of tropical regions. A recent study of a speciose group of predominately New World frogs (Hylidae) showed that their low diversity in temperate regions was associated with relatively recent colonization of these regions, rather than latitudinal differences in diversification rates (rates of speciation-extinction). Here, we perform parallel analyses on the most species-rich group of Old World frogs (Ranidae; approximately 1300 species) to determine if similar processes drive the latitudinal diversity gradient. We estimate a time-calibrated phylogeny for 390 ranid species and use this phylogeny to analyze patterns of biogeography and diversification rates. As in hylids, we find a strong relationship between the timing of colonization of each region and its current diversity, with recent colonization of temperate regions from tropical regions. Diversification rates are similar in tropical and temperate clades, suggesting that neither accelerated tropical speciation rates nor greater temperate extinction rates explain high tropical diversity in this group. Instead, these results show the importance of historical biogeography in explaining high species richness in both the New World and Old World tropics.
The Emergence of Electron Tomography as an Important Tool for Investigating Cellular Ultrastructure

Electron tomography has emerged as the leading method for the study of three-dimensional (3D) ultrastructure in the 5–20-nm resolution range. It is ideally suited for studying cell organelles, subcellular assemblies and, in some cases, whole cells. Tomography occupies a place in 3D biological electron microscopy between the work now being done at near-atomic resolution on isolated macromolecules or 2D protein arrays and traditional serial-section reconstructions of whole cells and tissue specimens. Tomography complements serial-section reconstruction by providing higher resolution in the depth dimension, whereas serial-section reconstruction is better able to trace continuity over long distances throughout the depth of a cell. The two techniques can be combined with good results for favorable specimens. Tomography also complements 3D macromolecular studies by offering sufficient resolution to locate the macromolecular complexes in their cellular context. The technology has matured to the point at which ap...
On The Fluid-Solid Interaction in Reference to Thermoelastohydrodynamic Analysis of Journal Bearings

Thermohydrodynamic analysis of journal bearings is extended to include provisions for the shaft thermal dilation as well as the bush thermoelastic deformation. Numerical solutions using a combination of the finite difference and finite element methods are presented. Comparison of the simulation results with those obtained experimentally yielded satisfactory agreement. It was found that while the shaft and bush thermal expansion and the bush elastic deformation are individually important, the collective effect of these factors must be considered for meaningful end results.
Fuzzy Logic For Semiconductor Manufacturing

The sections in this article are 1 The Theoretical Foundation 2 Application Examples in the Semiconductor Industry
Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors: a role for targeted therapies?

Traditional therapies have offered patients with advanced gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors limited benefit. Selected patients with hepatic metastases may benefit from surgical debulking, embolization, or other ablative therapies. While somatostatin analogs are highly effective in controlling symptoms of hormonal secretion, they are only rarely associated with tumor regression. The clinical benefit associated with the administration of systemic agents such as interferon-a or cytotoxic chemotherapy is less clear, and the widespread use of such regimens has been limited by their relatively modest anti-tumor activity, as well as concerns regarding their potential toxicity. The mixed clinical results seen with these agents in neuroendocrine tumors have led to great interest in the development of novel treatment approaches for patients with advanced disease. Recent clinical studies of novel agents, particularly those targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway and mammalian target of rapamycin, have demonstrated promising activity in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumors. Ongoing randomized studies should help better define the role these and other targeted agents will play in the future treatment of patients with this disease.
Sources of organic matter in surface sediments of the Louisiana Continental margin : Effects of major depositional/transport pathways and Hurricane Ivan

Lignin and pigment biomarkers were analyzed in surface sediments of the Louisiana Continental margin (LCM) to distinguish differences in the degradative state of sedimentary organic matter along and between two major depositional pathways (along shore and offshore to the Mississippi Canyon) from Southwest (SW) Pass in July 2003. Barataria Bay, an inter-distributary estuary, was also assessed as a potential source of terrestrial organic matter to the LCM. Sediment signatures taken along the same pathways after Hurricane Ivan (October 2004) were compared with the pre-Ivan signature to elucidate carbon dynamics after major hurricane events. Density fractions were investigated at key stages across the LCM. Mississippi Canyon sediments are a depocenter for labile and refractory organic matter derived from river and previously deposited shelf sediments. Barataria Bay material may be a contributing source of sedimentary organic matter in shallow shelf areas bordering the bay and is thus potentially important in carbon cycling in sediments of these shallow areas; however, our results show that organic matter inputs from the bay were likely rapidly decomposed and/or diluted. Hurricane Ivan mobilized sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) offshore and homogenized terrestrial sediment parameters and gradients. As observed through pigment concentrations sediments tended to equilibrate to a more steady-state condition within months of the disturbance. Insights from density fractions show that selective degradation and aggregation/flocculation processes were also very important processes during cross-shelf transport. Zooplankton grazing, largely on diatoms and other algae, was a shelf wide phenomenon, however, grazing products dominated the marine-derived SOC in margin sediments west of the birdsfoot delta indicated by the abundance of steryl chlorin esters (SCEs).
Dependence of Silver Halide Energy Bands on Lattice Constant and Halogen

The mixed basis method has been used to compute the energies of selected electronic states of AgF, AgCl, and AgBr at their normal lattice constants, and in addition AgCl at lattice constants appropriate to AgF and AgBr. From these a fairly clear physical picture emerges regarding chemical shifts, hybridization effects, Madelung shifts, and other effects which determine the locations of various states. Results for AgCl and AgBr at their normal lattice constants compare favorably with earlier calculations and with earlier experiments. More recent optical experiments on these solids by Carrera and Brown appear to be in accord with some of these results. The absorption data of Marchetti and Bottger on AgF are discussed, and it is suggested that the low-energy peak which is observed arises from a direct forbidden excition at T. Band gap deformation Potentials for AgCl are obtained which are in qualitative agreement with results deduced from stress experiments by Aust and by Brothers and Lynch. Finally, the temperature dependent photoemission reported by Bauer and Spicer in AgCl is discussed with respect to the dependence of various energies on lattice constant. Die Methode der gemischten Basis wurde benutzt, um die Energien bestimmter elektronischer Zuatande von AgF, AgCl und AgBr bei deren normalen Gitterkonstanten, zusatzlich fur AgCl bei Gitterkonstanten von AgF und AgBr, zu berechnen. Daraus ergibt sich ein befriedigend klares, physikalisches Bild hinsichtlich der chemischen Verschiebung, Hybridisierungseffekte, Madelungverschiebung und anderer Effekte, die den Ort verschiedener Zustande bestimmen. Ergebnisse fur AgCl und AgBr bei ihren normalen Gitterkonstanten stimmen ausgezeichnet mit fruheren Berechnungen und frugeren Experimenten uberein. Neuere optische Experimente an diesen Festkorpern von Carrera und Brown scheinen mit einigen dieser Ergebnisse ubereinzustimmen. Die Absorptionswerte von Marchetti und Bottger an AgF werden diskutiert, und es wird angenommen, das das beobachtete Niederenergiemaximum von einem direkt verbotenen Exziton bei T herruhrt. Bandgap-Deformationspotentiale werden fur AgCl erhalten, die in qualitativer Ubereinstimmung mit Ergebnissen sind, die aus Spannungsexperimenten von Aust und von Brothers und Lynch erhalten wurden. Endlich wird die temperaturabhangige Photoemission, die von Bauer und Spicer fur AgCl berichtet wurde, in bezug auf die Abhangigkeit der verschiedenen Energien von der Gitterkonstante diskutiert.
A century of PPP: Supportive results from nonlinear unit root tests

In this paper, we test Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) by applying a new unit root test that allows for nonlinearity in the data to the real exchange rates, constructed with a century of data of 20 countries from Taylor (2002). The problem of lag selection has been taken into account in testing as recommended by Lopez et al. (2005), who challenged Taylor's conclusion that PPP holds well over the 20th century. The results support PPP in 16 out of 19 cases when the US dollar is used as base currency, a result much closer to Taylor (2002) than Lopez et al. (2005) and in line with Wallace and Shelley (2006).
How and when should interactome-derived clusters be used to predict functional modules and protein function?

Motivation: Clustering of protein–protein interaction networks is one of the most common approaches for predicting functional modules, protein complexes and protein functions. But, how well does clustering perform at these tasks? Results: We develop a general framework to assess how well computationally derived clusters in physical interactomes overlap functional modules derived via the Gene Ontology (GO). Using this framework, we evaluate six diverse network clustering algorithms using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show that (i) the performances of these algorithms can differ substantially when run on the same network and (ii) their relative performances change depending upon the topological characteristics of the network under consideration. For the specific task of function prediction in S.cerevisiae, we demonstrate that, surprisingly, a simple non-clustering guilt-by-association approach outperforms widely used clustering-based approaches that annotate a protein with the overrepresented biological process and cellular component terms in its cluster; this is true over the range of clustering algorithms considered. Further analysis parameterizes performance based on the number of annotated proteins, and suggests when clustering approaches should be used for interactome functional analyses. Overall our results suggest a re-examination of when and how clustering approaches should be applied to physical interactomes, and establishes guidelines by which novel clustering approaches for biological networks should be justified and evaluated with respect to functional analysis. Contact: msingh@cs.princeton.edu Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Patterns of vascular and anatomical response after rotator cuff repair.

Background: It has been assumed that a robust vascular response at the tendon to bone interface during rotator cuff repairs is an integral part to the healing process. There are few studies that have explored this in an in-vivo prospective fashion.Purpose: To prospectively characterize vascular and anatomical patterns in repaired rotator cuff tendons using Power Doppler sonography in a double-blinded fashion.Study Design: Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods: Fifty patients undergoing rotator cuff repair were enrolled: 28 mini-open, 14 open, and 8 arthroscopic repairs; 20 patients were controls. Patients underwent Power Doppler sonography at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Power Doppler sonography analysis examined 6 areas of the rotator cuff repair: discretely marginated intrasubstance, partialthickness defects, full-thickness defects, focal thinning of repair, presence of bursal or joint fluid, and location of anchors. A subjective scoring system assessed blood flow in each ...
Special Education Doctoral Programs A 10-Year Comparison of the Suppliers of Leadership Personnel

The first article in this special issue is about the doctoral programs, the suppliers of new doctoral graduates in special education. It focuses on one component of a larger effort, the Special Education Faculty Needs Assessment (SEFNA) project, which investigated many aspects of the supply of new doctoral graduates as well as the demand for new college and university faculty members. Here, the authors present information about the characteristics of the nation’s doctoral programs and their capacity to produce a sufficient supply of teacher educators, faculty for doctoral-granting universities, school leaders, federal and state officials, policy makers, researchers, and advocates. In the 10-year period since The Faculty Shortage Study (Smith, Pion, Tyler, Sindelar, & Rosenberg, 2001) was completed, substantial improvement in the capacity of doctoral programs (i.e., number and size) and the supply (i.e., number of graduates produced) occurred. Federal and stakeholder actions contributed greatly to progress...
Protestant Education in Early America: A Brief History

The classical foundations of American education provided an intellectual unity to the developing culture of the colonies as well as to that of the early republic. Primary education and institutions of higher learning assumed a core body of knowledge rooted in the classical liberal arts tradition. They also assumed knowledge of the Judeo-Christian roots of the culture. Though such men as Jefferson and Franklin were skeptical about this tradition, they were very much products of this form of schooling. Other traditions departing from these classical roots, such as the Quakers, also relied heavily upon the essentials of this common tradition. Witherspoon stands as the most influential exemplar of classical learning among the founders. Indeed, much of the common conviction that served the American revolutionary leadership, including ideals of liberty, limited government, and the worth of the human person, emerged in great part out of this common intellectual culture. Formative documents, such as the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, stand as evidence of this influence. Efforts to infuse what was considered practical studies in agriculture, economics, navigation, and industry ultimately weakened the strength of the classical tradition in the nineteenth century.
Dental hygiene students: stereotypically feminine

Analysis of responses to the Bem Sex-role Inventory from 38 dental hygiene students indicated they were stereotypically feminine and similar in psychological androgyny to nursing students.
Characterization of a bipolar near-infrared laser desorption/ionization aerosol mass spectrometer

A novel method of soft ionization aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS), bipolar near-infrared laser desorption/ionization AMS (BP-NIR-LDI-AMS), has been developed for the on-line, real-time analysis of organic aerosols. Use of a single NIR laser pulse to desorb/ionize aerosols deposited onto an aluminum probe results in minimal analyte fragmentation to produce exclusively intact pseudomolecular ions at [M–H]^− for acidic organic analytes and [M+H]^+ for basic organic analytes. Incorporation of a bipolar mass spectrometer with the NIR-LDI source enables simultaneous detection of acidic and basic species in organic particles. Limits of detection (total particulate mass sampled) for amino acids common to the organic fraction of atmospheric aerosols ranged from 69.1 pg for ornithine to 197 pg for serine on the positive channel, and from 17.0 pg for glycine to 100 pg for ornithine on the negative channel. From studies of the laser energy dependence of the NIR-LDI mechanism, it was found that [M–H]^− formation for oleic acid proceeds through simultaneous action of two 1064 nm photons, suggesting a surface-assisted process rather than direct photoionization, for which photon energy is insufficient. For acidic aerosol species, sensitivity was found to increase as a function of analyte acidity, while for basic species, [M+H]^+ ion signals were detected only in the presence of a labile proton source, with the intensity of the ion signals scaling with the acidity of the proton source. The sensitivity of BP-NIR-LDI-AMS to the amino acids was rationalized in terms of their acidic/basic character, as measured by isoelectric point (pI), with the cationic sensitivity scaling proportionally with pI and the anionic sensitivity scaling inversely with pI.
Enzymes of Clostridium tertium: effects on blood group and virus receptor substances.

The enzymatic degradation of purified blood group substances represents an increasingly fruitful approach to the elucidation of their immunochemical specificity, and progress to date has recently been reviewed (Kabat, 1956). A number of enzymes from different microorganisms have been described which split one or more of the blood group substances with resultant changes in serological specificity. Stack and Morgan (1949) have investigated enzymes, first studied by Schiff (1935), of Clostridium welchii, which decompose the A, B and O(H) substances. Watkins (1953) described enzymes in cell free extracts of the protozoan Trichomonas foetus which inactivated the A, B, O(H), and Lewis blood group substances; and Watkins and Morgan (1954) have shown that partially purified enzyme preparations from the same source destroyed the O(H), M and N substances on intact erythrocytes without affecting the A, B, P or S antigens. Besides inactivating the specific antigens mentioned, the enzymes of T. foetus rendered all erythrocytes nonspecifically agglutinable (panagglutinable), rendered D-positive cells agglutinable by incomplete anti-D, and inactivated the receptor sites for the hemagglutinin of influenza virus type A (PR8). Cell free extracts of Lactobacillus bifidus (var. penn) have been shown by Gy6rgy, et al. (1952) to possess enzymatic activity against human and animal blood group A, B, and 0(H) substances, being most active against the latter. Iseki and Tsunoda (1952) have reported that cell free extracts of Bacillu-s fulminans, an aerobic spore bearer, show enzymatic
Slipover Urethral Instrument System

AbstractAn innovative system has been devised using an elongated hollow guide and slipover urethral instruments. Inherent in this concept are many safety features. A slipover follower and sound will replace current instruments with the threaded locking mechanism. The versatility of the system is demonstrated by the passage of the Councill catheter, cystoscope and direct vision urethrotome over the guide. The orderly interaction of all instruments facilitates their use.
After occupy: economic democracy for the 21st century, by Tom Malleson, New York, OUP, 2014, 304 pp., £14.99 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-19-933010-2

Recently, widespread concern in both academia and public discourse has turned to the problem of inequality. While rising wealth disparities have received the greatest attention, unequal influence o...
Entrainment in Gravity Currents

In this paper the following topics associated with the entrainment modeling of natural and manmade gravity currents are discussed: reexamination of the definition and observability of entrainment in unsteady gravity currents, applicability of the empirical entrainment laws to gravity currents, the concept of entrainment energy conversion, and of two-way entrainment.
Imaging the Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity After Surgery

The aim of posttraumatic rhinoplasty surgery is to restore the pretraumatic state and normal ­function and appearance of the nose. The surgical technique depends on degree of comminution, associated septal fracture, and presence of other facial fractures.
Post-prandial systemic 8-isoprostane increases after consumption of moderate and high-fat meals in insufficiently active males

A single high-fat meal (HFM) leads to an increase in triglycerides and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be assessed via 8-isoprostane generation, which is associated with the development of asthma and cardiovascular disease. No previous research has investigated whether airway and systemic 8-isoprostane increases postprandially in nonasthmatic participants according to the energy and fat content of a meal. Our purpose was to assess airway and systemic 8-isoprostane after a HFM and a true-to-life moderate-fat meal (MFM). We hypothesized that airway and systemic 8-isoprostane would increase after a HFM and a MFM, with the greatest increase in the HFM condition. Eight nonasthmatic men (25.8±6.9years) completed the HFM and MFM trials in a randomized crossover design. After a 10-hour fast, participants consumed either a HFM (71.13kJ/kg body mass, 60% fat, 23% CHO) or a MFM (35.56kJ/kg body mass, 30% fat, 52% CHO). Exhaled breath condensate to assess airway 8-isoprostane was collected at baseline and at 3 and 6hours postmeal. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline and hourly until 6hours postmeal to assess triglycerides, and every 3hours for systemic 8-isoprostane. Airway 8-isoprostane responses were not significant as a main effect of time (P=.072), between conditions (P=.365), or between time and condition (P=.319) postmeal. Systemic 8-isoprostane increased over time (P<.001), but not between conditions (P=.124) or between time and condition (P=.649) postmeal. Triglyceride incremental area under the curve was different in the HFM compared to the MFM condition (P=.013). After a HFM and a MFM, 8-isoprostane increases systemically; however, airway 8-isoprostane does not change.
Cuticle: Ecological Significance

The morphological and chemical complexity of the arthropod cuticle reflects the many diverse and important functions performed by this multilayered external covering. As noted by Beament (1976), the arthropod integument is an integral part of such physiological processes as locomotion, respiration, feeding, excretion, and osmoregulation. It serves as an interface between the organism and the environment and, in so doing, helps resist the influx of disease-causing microorganisms, insecticides, and other potentially harmful external contaminants in addition to providing mechanical protection. In many species, the cuticle also effectively deters predators, either as a result of its being a physical barrier or because of camouflage and/or mimicry created by elaborate surface structures or colours. The latter can also protect the arthropod against harmful ultraviolet radiation and provide limited thermal benefits for some terrestrial species through increased absorption or increased reflection of solar insolation. Chemical compounds associated with the cuticle also produce signals or form surface patterns which act as visual cues to enhance species recognition and location. No cuticular function, however, is perhaps more important from both an immediate and evolutionary standpoint than its role in restricting water loss. It is the one feature that was essential for the transition of arthropods from an aquatic to a terrestrial existence, and is largely responsible for the various forms and structures observed in the general arthropod integument today.
Polymer Day: Outreach Experiments for High School Students

We present a collection of hands-on experiments that collectively teach precollege students fundamental concepts of polymer synthesis and characterization. These interactive experiments are performed annually as part of an all-day outreach event for high school students that can inform the development of ongoing polymer education efforts in a university setting. The Advanced Polymer Synthesis experiment aims to introduce broad concepts of polymer synthesis. Techniques such as ring-opening polymerization are explained and demonstrated. The Block Polymer Micellization experiment extends this idea to block polymers for drug delivery applications. Students are taught the idea of self-assembly and prepare micelles to encapsulate β-carotene in water with flash nanoprecipitation. In terms of materials characterization, the vast physical properties space of polymers is explored. The Happy–Sad Spheres experiment provides an interactive demonstration of the glass transition temperature, while the Polymer Swelling/R...
Simultaneous removal of NO and SO 2 from flue gas by combined heat and Fe 2+ activated aqueous persulfate solutions

Abstract The use of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to integrate flue gas treatments for SO2, NOx and Hg0 into a single process unit is rapidly gaining research attention. AOPs are processes that rely on the generation of mainly the hydroxyl radical. This work evaluates the effectiveness of the simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 from flue gas utilizing AOP induced by the combined heat and Fe2+ activation of aqueous persulfate, and elucidates the reaction pathways. The results indicated that both SO2 in the flue gas and Fe2+ in solution improved NO removal, while the SO2 is almost completely removed. Increased temperature led to increase in NO removal in the absence and presence of both Fe2+ and SO2, and in the absence of either SO2 or Fe2+, but the enhanced NO removal due to the presence of SO2 alone dominated at all temperatures. The removal of NO increased from 77.5% at 30 °C to 80.5% and 82.3% at 50 °C and 70 °C in the presence of SO2 alone, and from 35.3% to 62.7% and 81.2%, respectively, in the presence of Fe2+ alone. However, in the presence of both SO2 and Fe2+, NO conversion is 46.2% at 30 °C, increased only slightly to 48.2% at 50 °C; but sharply increased to 78.7% at 70 °C compared to 63.9% for persulfate-only activation. Results suggest NO removal in the presence of SO2 is equally effective by heat-only or heat-Fe2+ activation as the temperature increases. The results should be useful for future developments of advanced oxidation processes for flue gas treatments.
Cryogenic System of the MIT-DOE Superconducting Generator

A 10-MVA superconducting alternator has been constructed to demonstrate advanced concepts which will permit fault-worthy operation of large central station superconducting generators. The generator is installed in a test facility which includes a 15,000 horsepower gas turbine prime mover and a 50 litre per hour helium liquefier. The facility will permit on-line tests of the generator which will be connected to the local power grid transmitting 13.8 kV power directly into the system. The rotating 4.8 tesla field winding is surrounded by two helium-cooled electromagnetic shields to protect it from heat generated during fault conditions. The design of the rotor cooling system is presented along with a description of rotor instrumentation and data acquisition. Results of rotor cool-down tests are presented.
A Preliminary Report on Computed Tomography of the Thorax and Abdomen

The utility of computed tomography (CT) in the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the human body has been the subject of considerable interest since the introduction of CT scanning. This modality has made it possible to examine a variety of abnormalities in the abdomen and thorax in a manner not previously possible. CT permits a remarkable insight into the study of human disease in vivo and greatly enhances our ability to visualize the normal and pathological anatomy of the human body. There is no question that differences in tissue absorption and morphologic changes are demonstrable by CT scanning in a variety of diseases although it is doubtful that routine roentegnography will be significantly affected by this new modality. The impact of CT scanning on the fields of nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and angiography remains to be determined. This is being achieved through the use of well designed clinical comparison studies.
TREATMENT OF MALUM COXAE SENILIS, OLD SLIPPED UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS, INTRAPELVIC PROTRUSION OF THE ACETABULUM, AND COXA PLANA BY MEANS OF ACETABULOPLASTY

A plastic procedure has been proposed for the relief of hip-joint conditions resulting from interference with the normal mechanics of the hip joint. Such conditions are "malum coxae senilis" "intrapelvic protrusion of the acetabulum", "old slipped upper femoral epiphysis", "fractures of the neck of
The atmosphere, oceans, climates, and life

This chapter discusses the general features of the atmosphere, composition of the early atmosphere, growth rate of the atmosphere, the faint young Son paradox, the origin of oxygen, etc. The chapter discusses the factors controlling sea level. Changes in sea level leave an imprint in the geologic record by the distribution of sediments and biofacies, the areal extent of shallow seas as manifest by preserved cratonic sediments, and by calculated rates of sedimentation. A widely-used approach to monitor sea level is to map successions of transgressive and regressive facies in marine sediments. It also discusses the changes in the composition of seawater with time. While discussing paleoclimates, the chapter explains that major worldwide changes in climate appear to be related to plate tectonics or to astronomical phenomena. It provides the paleoclimatic indicators and their interpretations in the form of a table. Using paleoclimatic indicators together with models of atmospheric evolution, it is possible to characterize average surface temperatures and precipitation regimes with time.
When prosperity merges into crisis: the decline and fall of Ohio Life and the Panic of 1857

We reconsider the role of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company in the Panic of 1857. For 160 years, the failure has been attributed to an embezzlement perpetrated by the head cashier, Edwin C....
Berry Phase Effects in Dipole Density and the Mott Relation.

We provide a unified semiclassical theory for thermoelectric responses of any observable represented by an operator $\stackrel{^}{\mathbit{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$ that is well defined in periodic crystals. The Einstein and Mott relations are established generally in the presence of Berry phase effects for various physical realizations of $\stackrel{^}{\mathbit{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$ in electronic systems, including the familiar case of the electric current as well as the currently controversial cases of the spin polarization and spin current. The magnetization current, which has been proven indispensable in the thermoelectric response of electric current, is generalized to the cases of various $\stackrel{^}{\mathbit{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$. In our theory the dipole density of a physical quantity emerges and plays a vital role, which contains not only the statistical sum of the dipole moment of $\stackrel{^}{\mathbit{\ensuremath{\theta}}}$ but also a Berry phase correction.
Robotic Left-Sided Colon Resections: Unique Considerations and Optimal Setup

In this chapter we describe a standardized approach for robotic colonic resections from the splenic flexure to the peritoneal reflection (i.e., left colectomy) for benign and malignant diseases. Advantages and pitfalls of the robotic technique are highlighted. Potential intraoperative difficulties and complications are also addressed.
The algebraic structure of the SU(7) Lie group

In recent years, the Lie group SU(7) has been featured prominently in a number of grand unification proposals involving the Standard Model as a low energy effective theory. This note investigates the framework of the SU(7) group. The antisymmetric and symmetric structure constants for the Lie algebra su (7) have been explicitly calculated from the generators for the fundamental representation of SU(7), which are also cataloged.In recent years, the Lie group SU(7) has been featured prominently in a number of grand unification proposals involving the Standard Model as a low energy effective theory. This note investigates the framework of the SU(7) group. The antisymmetric and symmetric structure constants for the Lie algebra su (7) have been explicitly calculated from the generators for the fundamental representation of SU(7), which are also cataloged.
Long-Term Outcomes of Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy Using Lightweight Y-Mesh.

Objective The objective of this study was to describe anatomic and symptomatic outcomes at 5 years or longer after robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy using very lightweight polypropylene Y-mesh. Methods A prospective analysis of consecutive patients who underwent surgery at a single center between 2007 and 2011 was performed. Patients consented to objective and subjective assessment at 5 years or longer postoperatively. Surgical success was defined as meeting all of the following: (1) no retreatment for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) since surgery, (2) no prolapse beyond the introitus, (3) no apical descent below -5, and (4) no prolapse symptoms reported. Secondary outcome measures included Sandvik Incontinence Severity Index, the PFDI-20, the PFIQ-7, the PISQ-12, and the SSQ-8), rates of dyspareunia, mesh complications, and subjects' need for any surgical or nonsurgical prolapse treatment since their index surgery. Results Eighty percent of the potential study group (253/316) presented for examination and subjective assessment at 5 years or longer after their index surgeries.The surgical success rate was 226 (89.3%) of 253 with no apical failures. Only 4.4% (11/253) of the group met both objective and subjective failure criteria. Sixteen patients were classified as surgical failure owing to subjective criteria alone despite having no significant objective prolapse on examination. Ten patients (4%) elected to undergo subsequent POP repair. These operations consisted of 5 native tissue anterior repairs and 5 native tissue posterior repairs. In addition, 1 patient elected to use a pessary for recurrent anterior POP. The remaining 16 patients who experienced surgical failure elected no further prolapse treatment. Conclusions Robotic-assisted laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy using very lightweight mesh provided excellent long-term results with no mesh-related complications.
ALT: towards automating driver license testing using smartphones

Can a smartphone administer a driver license test? We ask this question because of the inadequacy of manual testing and the expense of outfitting an automated testing track with sensors such as cameras, leading to less-than-thorough testing and ultimately compromising road safety. We present ALT, a low-cost smartphone-based system for automating key aspects of the driver license test. A windshield-mounted smartphone serves as the sole sensing platform, with the front camera being used to monitor driver's gaze, and the rear camera, together with inertial sensors, being used to evaluate driving maneuvers such as parallel parking. The sensors are also used in tandem, for instance, to check that the driver scanned their mirror during a lane change. The key challenges in ALT arise from the variation in the subject (driver) and the environment (vehicle geometry, camera orientation, etc.), little or no infrastructure support to keep costs low, and also the limitations of the smartphone (low-end GPU). The main contributions of this paper are: (a) robust detection of driver's gaze by combining head pose and eye gaze information, and performing auto-calibration to accommodate environmental variation, (b) a hybrid visual SLAM technique that combines visual features and a sparse set of planar markers, placed optimally in the environment, to derive accurate trajectory information, and (c) an efficient realization on smartphones using both CPU and GPU resources. We perform extensive experiments, both in controlled settings and on an actual driving test track, to validate the efficacy of ALT.
Youth Enjoy Science Program at the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center: Increasing Engagement and Opportunity for Underrepresented Minority Students

The Youth Enjoy Science (YES) Program at the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center is a National Cancer Institute (NCI) R25-funded training grant, designed to increase the pipeline of underrepresented minority (URM) students entering college and pursuing biomedical research and health care careers in the Cleveland Metropolitan and surrounding school districts. The three components of the program include: Learn to Beat Cancer, engaging middle school students and their families; Research to Beat Cancer, designed for high school students and college undergraduates; and Teach to Beat Cancer, focused on enhancing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) teaching capacity among high school teachers. This study focuses on Research to Beat Cancer, which, in 2018 enrolled 36 URM students as paid summer scholars. Students were assigned to a faculty mentor, were taught laboratory safety, responsible conduct of research and the scientific method, and then immersed in full-time laboratory cancer research during an eight-week period. Twice each week, students participated in Lunch and Learn Seminars where faculty members provided combined motivational and scientific guidance lectures. In a capstone poster session at the end of the program, students presented their research to peers, medical and graduate students, family members, faculty, community members and leaders. Students' perceptions of the program were reported using descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analyses. Twenty-four of the 2018 YES students (67%) and 19 (53%) mentors completed the online post-program survey. Opportunity was a major qualitative theme from student and mentor responses. Future research will investigate the long-term impacts of YES, including college enrollment.
CRT-29 Comparison Of Outcomes Of Patients Presenting With Inferior STEMI With Proximal And Distal Right Coronary Artery Obstruction

While, proximal right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion in patients with inferior STEMI would suggest right ventricular involvement, the effect of location of RCA occlusion on outcomes has not been studied. We sought to evaluate the impact of site of occlusion of RCA on outcomes of patients with
STRATA: unified framework for task assignments in large teams of heterogeneous agents

Large teams of heterogeneous agents have the potential to solve complex multi-task problems that are intractable for a single agent working independently. However, solving complex multi-task problems requires leveraging the relative strengths of the different kinds of agents in the team. We present Stochastic TRAit-based Task Assignment (STRATA), a unified framework that models large teams of heterogeneous agents and performs effective task assignments. Specifically, given information on which traits (capabilities) are required for various tasks, STRATA computes the assignments of agents to tasks such that the trait requirements are achieved. Inspired by prior work in robot swarms and biodiversity, we categorize agents into different species (groups) based on their traits. We model each trait as a continuous variable and differentiate between traits that can and cannot be aggregated from different agents. STRATA is capable of reasoning about both species-level and agent-level variability in traits. Further, we define measures of diversity for any given team based on the team’s continuous-space trait model. We illustrate the necessity and effectiveness of STRATA using detailed experiments based in simulation and in a capture-the-flag game environment.
Cresol-Carbon Nanotube Charge-Transfer Complex: Stability in Common Solvents and Implications for Solution Processing

Summary The charge-transfer complex between cresol molecules and carbon nanotubes is confirmed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, Raman, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies. The stability of the cresol-nanotube complex in common solvents is determined by their dielectric constants. In solvents with high dielectric constants (>15), this non-covalent interaction is screened and the complex is destabilized, resulting in nanotube aggregation. In solvents with low dielectric constant (
Screening for Trauma in Pediatric Primary Care

Provided the high prevalence of trauma exposure in childhood as well as the risk for morbidity, this article examines evidence, a recommended approach, and key implementation factors relevant to screening for trauma in pediatric primary care. A standardized approach to trauma screening is possible, but previous attempts have relied heavily upon exposure screening and failed to guide an individualized response specific to the impact of trauma on the child and family. Trauma screening tools for pediatric primary care should be brief and inform the care response based on screening for trauma exposure, traumatic stress symptoms, functional impact, and suicidality. Clinicians should use trauma screening to (1) identify if the child has any ongoing risk of harm and report where required; (2) determine risk of suicidality and respond appropriately; (3) assess need for evidence-based trauma treatment based on symptoms and functional impact; and (4) provide a skill or guidance targeting the most severe or pressing traumatic stress symptoms.
Observations of vertical atmospheric structure in a deep mountain valley

A tethered balloon sounder was used to collect vertical temperature and wind structure data in the Gore River Valley of Western Colorado during December, 1975. Observations taken on a clear morning in which a deep inversion was initially present in the valley showed that the inversion top descended at a steady rate of ∼120 m hr−1. reaching the valley bottom after approximately 4 hours. Weak down-valley winds were present within the inversion layer while stronger up-valley winds prevailed above. A hypothesis is presented to account for these observations. A case study is presented for afternoon and evening cooling in which a ground-based inversion developed to a depth of 175 m in less than 2 hours. Winds within the inversion became decoupled from the synoptic-scale winds and remained very weak during the night. The effect of cloud cover during a morning heating cycle was to make the temperature soundings approach isothermal while sensible heating continued throughout the valley volume.