cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colonial Finance and the Building of New Delhi: The High Cost of Reform

The transfer of the capital and its related administrative changes introduced not only a new colonial ideology but also a new financial model for how the Government of India did its business. As such, the purpose and meaning of empire was transformed in ways that were even more controversial perhaps than the proposed political reforms that were associated with the building of the new capital. Some of the most heated debates about Hardinge’s new colonial vision had to do with its cost, which included not just the building of a new capital and other administrative changes but also the potential ramifications the transfer would have on Indian commerce and the financial health of the British Empire. Some critics feared that the Government of India’s effort to realize Hardinge’s new vision for India would negatively impact Indian and London financial markets. There was only so much investment capital available, and now a large amount of it would be shifted toward a building project and related colonial reforms that many in Parliament and the financial world found questionably beneficial. The consequences were clear to men deeply involved in or representing the interests of finance capitalists. Moneys that should have gone into revenue-making investment opportunities such as railroads would now go to non-revenue yielding government expansion.
Social Media and Social Movements

What role does social media play in social movements and political unrest? Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Google have all been cited as important components in social revolutions, including those in Tunisia, Egypt, Iceland, Spain, and the global Occupy movement. This essay explores social science claims about the relationship between social networking and social movements. It examines research done on the relationship between social networking, the promotion of activism, and the offline participation in the streets. Can the technology of social networking help activists to achieve their goals? If so, is it just one of many tools they may use, or is the technology so powerful that the right use will actually tip the scales in favor of the social movement? This scholarship divides into optimistic, pessimistic, and ambivalent approaches, turning on an oft-repeated question: will the revolution be tweeted?
Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir: The First Pangenotypic Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination for Hepatitis C.

Objectives: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in the treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Data Sources: A literature search through PubMed was conducted (June 2008 to August 2016) using the terms GS-5816, velpatasvir, and sofosbuvir. References from retrieved articles and the prescribing information were reviewed for any additional material. Study Selection/Data Extraction: The literature search was limited to human studies published in English. Phase I, II, and III studies of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir for HCV were identified. Data Synthesis: Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir is indicated for adult patients with chronic HCV genotype 1 through 6. It is given without ribavirin in patients with or without compensated cirrhosis and with ribavirin in patients who have decompensated cirrhosis. The ASTRAL-1 study demonstrated that sofosbuvir 400 mg plus velpatasvir 100 mg for 12 weeks was effective at achieving high sustained virological response (SVR12) rates ...
To Whom Do Children Belong?: Parental Rights, Civic Education, and Children's Autonomy

Most people believe that parents have rights to direct their children's education and upbringing. But why? What grounds those rights? How broad is their scope? Can we defend parental rights against those who believe we need more extensive state educational control to protect children's autonomy or prepare them for citizenship in a diverse society? Amid heated debates over issues like sexual education, diversity education and vouchers, Moschella cuts to the heart of the matter, explaining why education is primarily the responsibility of parents, not the state. Rigorously argued yet broadly accessible, the book offers a principled case for expanding school choice and granting exemptions when educational programs or regulations threaten parents' ability to raise their children in line with their values. Philosophical argument is complemented with psychological and social scientific research showing that robust parental rights' protections are crucial for the well-being of parents, children and society as a whole.
‘A lot of catching up’, knowledge gaps and emotions in the development of a tactical collective identity among students participating in solidarity with the Winnemem Wintu

ABSTRACTSettler-colonialism generates significant knowledge gaps and emotional barriers to cross-cultural mobilization, but does not prohibit meaningful solidarity. Through participant observation and semi-structured interviews with non-indigenous university students in solidarity with the Winnemem Wintu between 2011 and 2013, I observe that during acts of solidarity students recognize colonization as an ongoing phenomenon in which they are implicated. This knowledge acquisition often elicits shame and guilt, feelings that students must manage in order to be effective allies while simultaneously navigating the pervasive concept that guilt has no place in solidarity work. Drawing from sociology of emotions, social movement theories, and social-psychological analyses of collective guilt and shame, I explore how emotions influence methods of settler-solidarity.
Monolithic CCD time-delay-and-integrate arrays in HgCdTe

Charge-coupled device (CCD) infrared detector arrays in 5 /spl mu/m cutoff HgCdTe have been demonstrated for low background applications. These fully monolithic CCD arrays incorporate time-delay-and-integrate (TDI) detection, serial readout multiplexing, charge-to-voltage conversion and buffer amplification in the HgCdTe detector chip. Performance data indicates the monolithic CCD to be a viable alternative to present hybrid focal plane array technology. >
Modified Method for Detection of Benzoylecgonine in Human Urine by GC-MS: Derivatization Using Pentafluoropropanol/Acetic Anhydride.

An existing GC-MS method for detecting benzoylecgonine (BZE) in urine was modified by changing derivatizing reagents. This method modification presents a cost-effective alternative derivatization procedure for the detection of BZE in urine by GC-MS. The combination of pentafluoropropanol and acetic anhydride was found to produce the same reaction product for BZE as pentafluoropropanol with pentafluoropropionic anhydride, while reducing reagent cost. With no anhydride present, derivatization of BZE by pentafluoropropanol did not occur.
Multiple Enone-Directed Reactivity Modes Lead to the Selective Photochemical Fluorination of Polycyclic Terpenoid Derivatives

In the realm of aliphatic fluorination, the problem of reactivity has been very successfully addressed in recent years. In contrast, the associated problem of selectivity, that is, directing fluorination to specific sites in complex molecules, remains a great, fundamental challenge. In this report, we show that the enone functional group, upon photoexcitation, provides a solution. Based solely on orientation of the oxygen atom, site-selective photochemical fluorination is achieved on steroids and bioactive polycycles with up to 65 different sp3 C—H bonds. We have also found that γ-, β-, homoallylic, and allylic fluorination are all possible and predictable through the theoretical modes reported herein. Lastly, we present a preliminary mechanistic hypothesis characterized by intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer, radical fluorination, and ultimate restoration of the enone. In all, these results provide a leap forward in the design of selective fluorination of complex substrates that should be relevant to d...
Looking to the Future of Islamic Finance: Some Personal Opinions

This paper considers four recent developments in Islamic finance. These are: (1) increased recognition within the conventional finance community of the legitimacy and sustainability of Islamic finance; (2) increased recognition within the Islamic finance community that cooperation with the conventional community and conventional finance is both appropriate and acceptable; (3) an increased focus on the objectives (maqasid, broadly defined) of Islamic finance and how the practice of Islamic finance might be nudged in the direction of greater sensitivity to those objectives; and (4) a tentatively expanding willingness to objectively reconsider some oft-repeated, and rather dogmatic, assertions that have guided the development of Islamic finance.
Exploring Cognitive Decision-making Processes, Computer-focused Cyber Deviance Involvement and Victimization: The Role of Thoughtfully Reflective Decision-making

Objectives:Investigate the relationship between thoughtfully reflective decision-making (TRDM) and computer-focused cyber deviance involvement and computer-focused cybercrime victimization.Method:Survey data collected from samples of 1,039 employees and 418 students at a large private university were analyzed using ordinary least squares and negative binomial regression to test the effects of TRDM on computer-focused cyber deviance involvement and victimization.Results:TRDM reduces computer-focused cyber deviance involvement and computer-focused cybercrime victimization across measures and samples. The sensitivity analyses also indicated that TRDM is a more robust predictor of cyber deviance involvement than victimization. The results from moderation analyses showed that, whereas protective effects of TRDM are invariant across genders, they are less salient among older employees for the scenario-based measure of cybercrime victimization.Conclusions:Individual-level cognitive decision-making processes are ...
Ribosomal protein L7/L12 is required for GTPase translation factors EF-G, RF3, and IF2 to bind in their GTP state to 70S ribosomes.

Ribosomal protein L7/L12 is associated with translation initiation, elongation, and termination by the 70S ribosome. The guanosine 5′ triphosphate hydrolase (GTPase) activity of elongation factor G (EF-G) requires the presence of L7/L12, which is critical for ribosomal translocation. Here, we have developed new methods for the complete depletion of L7/L12 from Escherichia coli 70S ribosomes to analyze the effect of L7/L12 on the activities of the GTPase factors EF-G, RF3, IF2, and LepA. Upon removal of L7/L12 from ribosomes, the GTPase activities of EF-G, RF3, and IF2 decreased to basal levels, while the activity of LepA decreased marginally. Upon reconstitution of ribosomes with recombinant L12, the GTPase activities of all GTPases returned to full activity. Moreover, ribosome binding assays indicated that EF-G, RF3, and IF2 require L7/L12 for stable binding in the GTP state, and LepA retained > 50% binding. Lastly, an EF-G∆G′ truncation mutant possessed ribosome-dependent GTPase activity, which was insensitive to L7/L12. Our results indicate that L7/L12 is required for stable binding of ribosome-dependent GTPases that harbor direct interactions to the L7/L12 C-terminal domains, either through a G′ domain (EF-G, RF3) or a unique N-terminal domain (IF2). Furthermore, we hypothesize this interaction is concomitant with counterclockwise ribosomal intersubunit rotation, which is required for translocation, initiation, and post-termination.
Nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine for the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma at an academic center.

e15261 Background: The combination of nab-paclitaxel (nab-P) and gemcitabine (G) is a standard of care for patients (pts) with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). This regimen was shown to improve PFS and OS for pts with PDA and was well-tolerated in the first-line setting. Limited data are available describing the use of this regimen in a general population and in the second-line setting. Methods: A single-institution retrospective chart review of pts who received the combination of nab-P and G for PDA from 2011-2014 was performed after Institutional Review Board approval. Results: A total of 27 pts were treated with this regimen. The median age was 59 years old (33-81) and the ECOG PS was 0 (22%), 1 (74%), and 2 (4%). 9/27 pts were treated in the first-line setting and a PFS of 5.5 months (mos) and an OS of 7.6 mos was observed. The benefit from nab-P and G in the second-line setting depended on the prior therapy. Nab-P and G were given following adjuvant G in 10 pts with a PFS of 2.3 mos...
Declining Financial Capacity in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study.

Objective To investigate financial skill decline over a 6-year period in persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) presumed due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Study participants were cognitively normal (CN) older adults (n = 82) and adults with MCI (n = 91) based on consensus conference diagnosis. Participants completed baseline and up to six annual follow-up assessments that included standardized financial skills measurement (Financial Capacity Instrument; FCI; nine FCI domain and two global scores). We examined FCI change over time using mixed-model repeated measures analysis adjusted for baseline age and follow-up duration. Results At baseline, the CN group performed better than the MCI group across both global and seven domain scores. Group × Time interaction effects (all p's <.02) were found for all global and domain scores. The largest interaction effects were observed for complex domains of Financial Conceptual Knowledge, Checkbook Management, Bank Statement Management, and Bill Payment (all p's <.0001). Annualized decline in the MCI group's global scores, calculated in relation to CN group performance, was 10-17% over the initial 3-year time span and 22-24% at 6 years. Decline in FCI domain scores ranged from 6% (Knowledge of Assets/Estate) to 22% (Investment Decision-Making) at 3 year follow-up, and from 15% (Basic Monetary Skills) to 37% (Financial Judgment) at 6 year follow-up. Conclusions Over a 6-year period, persons with MCI demonstrated significant declines in multiple financial skills and in particular financial judgment. The findings highlight the importance of ongoing oversight by family members and clinicians of financial skills and activities in persons with MCI.
Impact of Provider Volume on Outcomes of Patients With Hodgkin Lymphoma

Background: While the provider volume-outcome relationship has been established for many complex surgeries and invasive procedures, the provider volume impact on outcomes for Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is less certain. We hypothesized that high-volume providers (HVPs) may have superior outcomes compared with low-volume providers (LVPs). Methods: We performed a chart-based, retrospective review of all patients receiving adriamycin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) for HL at the West Cancer Center from January 2010 to June 2015. Patients were divided into HVP (> 3 inpatient chemotherapy (CT)/month (m)) versus LVP (< 3 CT per m) groups. Of 95 patients identified, 93 received at least one dose of ABVD, 21 treated by HVP and 72 by LVP. Patient characteristics were well balanced between groups. Results: HVPs were less likely to prescribe dose delays (odds ratio (OR): 0.32; confidence interval (CI): 0.16 - 0.65; P = 0.0007) and to hold doses for afebrile neutropenia (OR: 0.05; CI: 0.00 - 0.85; P = 0.0006). HVP delivered significantly fewer prophylactic growth factors (0% of doses vs. 42%, OR: 0.00; CI < 0.00 - 0.06; P < 0.0001). Both event-free survival (EFS) (HR: 6.68; CI: 1.10 - 7.63; P = 0.0321) and overall survival (OS) (HR: 3.68; CI: 1.11 - 12.22; P = 0.032) were significantly inferior in the patients treated by LVP. Conclusions: In this study, patients with HL treated by LVP had inferior outcomes compared with those treated by HVP. HVPs were less likely to prescribe dose delays, hold doses for afebrile neutropenia or administer growth factor prophylaxis. These observations need to be confirmed in alternative datasets. World J Oncol. 2018;9(2):46-49 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1093w
Fast adiabatic mode evolution based on geometry-induced suppression of nearest-mode crosstalk

A new degree of freedom in the design of adiabatic mode-evolution structures allows dramatic length reduction while maintaining the characteristic large bandwidth and insensitivity, leading to a 10x shorter ultrabroadband, low-loss 2×2 3dB coupler design.
Wavelength diversity for PPM photon channels subject to atmospheric turbulence

The problem of diversity transmission and reception to mitigate the impact of turbulence is studied for Poisson photon channels. Specifically, it is assumed that the wavelength diversity is considered in order to avoid the spatial constraints imposed on the space-borne receivers when spatial diversity is considered. The proposed system uses a single aperture to transmit and receive optical signals. It is assumed that the pulseposition modulation (PPM) is used to generate the transmitted optical radiation. Furthermore, it is assumed that a shot-noise limited operation is encountered and the receiver is a photon counting detector. Performance is established in terms of the scintillation index of the multi-wavelength PPM system and the overall bit error rate of the proposed system. It is assumed that the turbulence in the channel obeys either a lognormal distribution, for weak turbulence, or an exponential distribution, for long path integrated scenario or when the scintillation index is shown to be 1. It is shown here that the scintillation index is inversely proportional to the number of wavelength used. Performance is established in terms of the bit error rate. It is shown here that the performance can be substantially improved with the use of as few as 6 wavelengths in a multi-wavelength PPM system.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 Receptor Is an IFNγ-Inducible Microglial Protein that Facilitates Intracellular HIV Replication: Implications for HIV-Induced Neurocognitive Disorders

Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF2R), also known as cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, is a transmembrane glycoprotein localized in the trans-Golgi region and is involved in targeting both M6P-bearing enzymes and IGF2 to the lysosomal compartment. During development, IGF2R plays a crucial role in removing excess growth factors from both tissue and blood. Due to the perinatal lethality of the global Igf2r knockout, the function of IGF2R in adults, particularly in the CNS, is not known. We made a novel observation that IGF2R is highly expressed in microglial nodules in human brains with HIV encephalitis. In vitro, microglial IGF2R expression was uniquely enhanced by IFNγ among the several cytokines and TLR ligands examined. Furthermore, in several in vitro models of HIV infection, including human and murine microglia, macrophages, and nonmacrophage cells, IGF2R is repeatedly shown to be a positive regulator of HIV infection. IGF2R RNAi also down-regulated the production of the IP-10 chemokine in HIV-infected human microglia. Injection of VSVg env HIV into mouse brain induced HIV p24 expression in neurons, the only cell type normally expressing IGF2R in the adult brain. Our results demonstrate a novel role for IGF2R as an inducible microglial protein involved in regulation of HIV and chemokine expression. Mice with the Csf1r- driven Igf2r knockout should be useful for the investigation of macrophage-specific IGF2R function.
On integrals in multi-output discrete-time Kalman-Bucy filtering

The problem of determining the error covariance matrix for a discrete-time Kalman-Bucy filter is equivalent to solving a certain n×n-matrix Riccati equation, which, due to symmetry, contains 1/2 n(n+1) scalar, coupled first-order difference equations. In this paper we show that, under the extra assumption that the underlying system is stationary, the matrix Riccati equation can be replaced by an algorithm containing mn first-order difference equations, where m is the number of outputs. Hence we have reduced the number of first-order recursions whenever, as is often the case, m<1/2(n+1). This reduction is however bought at the expense of greater algebraic complexity, and therefore, at present, the merit claimed for this result is that of theoretical insight rather than computational efficiency. We hope that this insight will bring about better numerical procedures in the future. The reduction is achieved through the exploitation of certain redundancies in the matrix Riccati equation. Although the main portion of this paper is concerned with stationary systems, our method also works in a more general setting. Hence we investigate what happens when the assumption of stationarity is removed, and, under certain conditions, we find that the matrix Riccati equation can be replaced by vn first-order recursions, where v≤n. We conjecture that this is true in general.
Location of Warehouses and Environmental Justice

Warehousing activities generate substantial environmental externalities that affect surrounding neighborhoods. Using data from the Los Angeles region, this study tests the relationship between the ...
Variation in Adjusted Mortality for Medical Admissions to Pediatric Cardiac ICUs.

Objectives:Pediatric cardiac ICUs should be adept at treating both critical medical and surgical conditions for patients with cardiac disease. There are no case-mix adjusted quality metrics specific to medical cardiac ICU admissions. We aimed to measure case-mix adjusted cardiac ICU medical mortalit
Spiroazetidine—Piperidine Bromoindan as a Key Modular Template to Access a Variety of Compounds via C—C and C—N Bond-Forming Reactions.

In connection with a research concerning novel ghrelin inverse agonists, the use of (I) in several Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions is examined.
Impacts of combustion phasing, load, and speed on soot formation in spark-ignition engines:

The premixed prevaporized engine operation method was used to study the effects of main combustion thermodynamic properties and residence time on soot formation in a spark-ignition engine. Select c...
Abstract B74: Prevention of breast cancer by withanolides

Malignancy of the breast is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally. Feasibility of breast cancer prevention is illustrated by clinical success with SERMs and aromatase inhibitors for ER+ breast cancers. However, a clinically viable preventive intervention targeting ER-negative breast cancers is still lacking. Constituents of Ayurvedic medicine, which has been practiced in India for thousands of years, continue to draw attention for identification of novel small molecules potentially useful for prevention of chronic diseases including cancer. This presentation summarizes efficacy data, molecular targets, and biomarkers of mammary cancer prevention by a small-molecule steroidal lactone (withaferin A) derived from an Ayurvedic medicinal plant (Withania somnifera). This work was supported by the grant US PHS grant RO1 CA142694-05 from the National Cancer Institute. Citation Format: Shivendra V. Singh. Prevention of breast cancer by withanolides [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR International Conference held in cooperation with the Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG) on Translational Cancer Medicine; May 4-6, 2017; Sao Paulo, Brazil. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(1_Suppl):Abstract nr B74.
X-ray optics simulation: requirements, development, and integration (Conference Presentation)

The planning and construction of new and upgraded x-ray synchrotron light sources and free-electron lasers [1], in the last decade, has urged the need for advanced x-ray optics and promoted a rapid development of advanced software tools and packages for X-ray optics simulation and design. The focus of this development has evolved from individual optical components to start-to-end simulation packages (such as SRW [2]) integrating the computation of the source, optical elements, samples and the detection system. To take full advantage of the new sources, modern x-ray optical systems become more complex including e.g., adaptive optics whose performance heavily relies on the level of perfection of their mechanical, thermal and control systems. This successively demands the development of new simulation framework and software (such as OASYS [3]) to allow interoperability between different tools and physical models. A successful approach to the modern optical design requires not only the ability to integrate multiple optical components, but also the integration of different levels of simulation [4] including analytical formulas, numerical ray-tracing or wavefront propagation, and mutual coherence propagation. These simulations need to take into account the integration of the optical, mechanical and thermal properties of the system, as well as the prediction of the instrumental response at the experimental station to evaluate the overall quality of the optical layout or setup. Simulations could also be used to drive real control systems, by reverse processing of real-time data to interpolate the feedback signals. In this presentation, we will review the status of x-ray optics simulation with examples, and highlight future directions. [1] Eriksson, M., Van Der Veen, J. F., & Quitmann, C. J. Synchrotron Rad., 21, 837 (2014). [2] Chubar, O., Rakitin, M. S., Chen-Wiegart, Y.-C., Fluerasu, A., & Wiegart, L. Proc. SPIE, 10388, 1038811 (2017). [3] Rebuffi, L., & Sanchez del Rio, M. Proc. SPIE, 10388, 103880S (2017). [4] Shi, X., Reininger, R., Harder, R., & Haeffner, D. Proc. SPIE, 10388, 103880C (2017).
Learners' motivational response to the Science, PE, & Me! curriculum: A situational interest perspective.

Abstract Background The Science, PE, & Me! (SPEM) curriculum is a concept-based physical education curriculum that offers students coherent educational experiences for constructing health-related fitness knowledge through movement experiences. The purpose of this study was to evaluate students’ motivational response to the SPEM curriculum from the situational interest perspective. Methods The study used a cluster randomized controlled design in which 30 elementary schools in one of the largest metropolitan areas in the eastern United States were randomly assigned to an experimental or comparison condition. Although all students in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades in the targeted schools were eligible to participate in the study, a random sample of students from the experimental (n = 1749; 15 schools) and comparison groups (n = 1985; 15 schools) provided data. Students’ motivational response to the SPEM curriculum or comparison curriculum was measured using the previously validated Situational Interest Scale–Elementary. Data were analyzed using structural mean modeling. Results The results demonstrated that the experimental group (as reference group) showed significantly higher enjoyment (z = –2.01), challenge (z = –6.54), exploration (z = –12.195), novelty (z = –8.80), and attention demand (z = –7.90) than the comparison group. Conclusion The findings indicate that the SPEM curriculum created a more situationally interesting context for learning than the comparison physical education curriculum.
BIG-TREE: Base-Edited Isogenic hPSC Line Generation Using a Transient Reporter for Editing Enrichment

Summary Current CRISPR-targeted single-nucleotide modifications and subsequent isogenic cell line generation in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) require the introduction of deleterious double-stranded DNA breaks followed by inefficient homology-directed repair (HDR). Here, we utilize Cas9 deaminase base-editing technologies to co-target genomic loci and an episomal reporter to enable single-nucleotide genomic changes in hPSCs without HDR. Together, this method entitled base-edited isogenic hPSC line generation using a transient reporter for editing enrichment (BIG-TREE) allows for single-nucleotide editing efficiencies of >80% across multiple hPSC lines. In addition, we show that BIG-TREE allows for efficient generation of loss-of-function hPSC lines via introduction of premature stop codons. Finally, we use BIG-TREE to achieve efficient multiplex editing of hPSCs at several independent loci. This easily adoptable method will allow for the precise and efficient base editing of hPSCs for use in developmental biology, disease modeling, drug screening, and cell-based therapies.
Epidermal EIT Electrode Arrays for Cardiopulmonary Application and Fatty Liver Infiltration

This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the tremendously promising imaging modality, electrical impedance tomography (EIT), and its application in noninvasive sensing with epidermal electrode arrays. We start with a fundamental account on the physical principal of EIT based on Maxwell equation. We then present the general mathematical scheme and software implementation for solving the EIT inverse problem. The focus of this chapter is the clinical application of EIT, and two different topics, cardiopulmonary monitoring and fatty liver detection, are discussed in detail. For cardiopulmonary monitoring, we look at the most recent development of using EIT in a variety of situation: mechanical ventilation in ICU, pulmonary perfusion, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF). For fatty liver detection, we present an inspiring study for measurement of fat content at multiple scales, from benchtop verification, to animal study, and to human subject testing. We also share our opinions in future directions for these two applications, respectively.
Mesh independence of the generalized Davidson algorithm

Abstract We give conditions under which the generalized Davidson algorithm for eigenvalue computations is mesh-independent. In this case mesh-independence means that the iteration statistics (residual norms, convergence rates, for example) of a sequence of discretizations of a problem in a Banach space converge the statistics for the infinite-dimensional problem. We illustrate the result with several numerical examples.
I-It, I-Thou, I-Robot: The Perceived Humanness of AI in Human-Machine Communication

As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies become more common and capable interaction partners (human-machine communication; HMC), understanding how people perceive and interact with them becomes...
Why the lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin is not a mascon

Abstract Lunar mascon basins exist for only a range of observed diameters. We modeled the full formation of South-Pole Aitken basin using a sequential two-code (hydrocode and Finite Element Model) approach to understand why this range does not extend to the largest lunar basin. Similar to previous work, we found that the best-fit hydrocode had impact parameters of a 170 km in diameter dunite projectile striking at 10 km/s, with a pre-impact lunar thermal gradient of 50 K/km (until a depth of 28 km at which an adiabat is reached), and pre-impact crustal thickness value of 40 km. Unlike previous work, we matched the crustal distribution of the inner basin by utilizing a weaker melt rheology in our model. The crust in the models with a weaker melt rheology flowed inward after crater collapse to cover the basin center; therefore, not requiring an additional step of melt differentiation. Given the large diameter of South-Pole Aitken and the high geothermal gradient at impact, the steady state configuration after relaxation and thermal cooling was driven by isostatic forces without a significant contribution from lithospheric rigidity. Without lithospheric rigidity, South-Pole Aitken relaxed to a slightly negative free-air gravity signature, not forming a mascon, in agreement with GRAIL observations.
Perfluorobutanesulfonic Acid (PFBS) Induces Fat Accumulation in HepG2 Human Hepatoma.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, especially perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), have been extensively used for over 50 years. A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating the potentia...
Computed Tomography Image Analysis in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction: A Systematic Review.

Ventral hernias are a complex and costly burden to the health care system. Although preoperative radiologic imaging is commonly performed, the plethora of anatomic features present and available in routine imaging are seldomly quantified and integrated into patient selection, preoperative risk stratification, and perioperative planning. We herein aimed to critically examine the current state of computed tomography feature application in predicting surgical outcomes. Methods A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases were reviewed under search syntax "computed tomography imaging" and "abdominal hernia" for papers published between 2000 and 2020. Results Of the initial 1922 studies, 12 papers met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The most frequently used radiologic features were hernia volume (n = 9), subcutaneous fat volume (n = 5), and defect size (n = 8). Outcomes included both complications and need for surgical intervention. Median area under the curve (AUC) and odds ratio were 0.68 (±0.16) and 1.12 (±0.39), respectively. The best predictive feature was hernia neck ratio > 2.5 (AUC 0.903). Conclusions Computed tomography feature selection offers hernia surgeons an opportunity to identify, quantify, and integrate routinely available morphologic tissue features into preoperative decision-making. Despite being in its early stages, future surgeons and researchers will soon be able to integrate 3D volumetric analysis and complex machine learning and neural network models to improvement patient care.
Distinct Hippocampal Neuronal Reactions Reveal Different Neuronal Codes for Memory Generalization

To survive in an ever-changing world we need to learn and memorize associations of environmental stimuli and generalize them to new situations. Both memory and generalization critically rely on the hippocampus, but it is unclear how hippocampal neuronal activities represent memory and generalization, and if a conserved hippocampal mechanism serves these functions. Here we compared neuronal activities in hippocampal CA1 region of two sub-strains of the widely used C57BL/6 mice, C57BL/6J (B6J) and C57BL/6NCrl (B6NCrl), in contextual fear conditioning. Both sub-strains learnt well but differed in freezing and generalization. They displayed distinct early-late bi-phasic reactions to the unconditioned stimulus. While in both sub-strains the neurons showing late-phase reactions were preferentially engaged in memory representation, the neuronal activity feature that correlated with generalization level differed in the two sub-strains: in B6NCrl, these neurons9 activity level during learning negatively correlated with the generalization level; in B6J, functional coupling of these late-phase neurons with other neurons positively correlated with the generalization level. We further found that the distinct neuronal reactions were accompanied by distinct GABAb receptor-mediated inhibition but not by differences in the major synaptic inputs or neuronal excitability of the CA1. Therefore, this comparative study reveals two signature neuronal activity features in learning that can predict generalization levels. The results also demonstrate that differences in hippocampal network properties lead to diverse hippocampal mechanisms in memory encoding and generalization.
Identification of synaptic PPT1 substrates highlight roles of depalmitoylation in disulfide bond formation and synaptic function

Loss-of-function mutations in the depalmitoylating enzyme palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) cause Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis type 1 (CLN1), a devastating neurodegenerative disease. Here, we provide a resource identifying PPT1 substrates. We utilized Acyl Resin-Assisted Capture and mass spectrometry to identify proteins with increased in vivo palmitoylation in PPT1 knockout mouse brains. We then validated putative substrates through direct depalmitoylation with recombinant PPT1. This stringent screen elucidated >100 novel PPT1 substrates at the synapse, including channels and transporters, G-protein-associated molecules, endo/exocytic components, synaptic adhesion molecules, and mitochondrial proteins. Cysteine depalmitoylation sites in transmembrane PPT1 substrates frequently participate in disulfide bonds in the mature protein. We confirmed that depalmitoylation regulates disulfide bond formation in a tertiary screen analyzing post-translational modifications. Collectively, the diverse PPT1 substrates highlight the role of PPT1 in mediating synapse functions, implicate molecular pathways in the etiology of CLN1, and advance our basic understanding of the purpose of depalmitoylation.
Teaching transgender patient care to student pharmacists

Abstract Introduction This study describes content on transgender care taught in a doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) course and evaluates students' confidence and knowledge of providing care for transgender people. It also examines what pharmacy students want to learn about providing care to transgender people. Methods Three hours of transgender patient care content was integrated into a pharmacy course that focused on therapeutics of special populations. Students completed an electronic survey before and after the class sessions to identify changes in their confidence in caring for transgender patients. The pre-class survey inquired about what the students were hoping to learn. The post-class survey asked students what was missing from this session that they would have liked to learn. Knowledge regarding transgender care was assessed through a multiple-choice examination. Results Students reported interest in improving communication skills, learning terminology/vocabulary preferred by transgender people, and understanding population-specific challenges faced by transgender patients. Students reported they would have liked additional information about the transition, being transgender, and local resources available. Student confidence in asking about patient pronouns and counseling on effects of medications for gender transition were both significantly increased from the pre-class survey to post-class survey. Students demonstrated proficiency toward the learning objectives, with a 92.4% average on the examination questions on transgender care. Conclusions Student pharmacists are interested in learning skills to provide care to transgender patients. A learning session on transgender patient care integrated into a PharmD curriculum increased student knowledge and confidence in caring for transgender patients.
Measurements of the Imploding Plasma Sheath in Triple Nozzle Gas-Puff Z Pinches on 1-Ma Cobra *

Dynamic gas-puff z-pinch implosions are efficient sources of intense x-ray radiation and are of interest for magneto-inertial fusion studies with applied magnetic fields. However, these implosions are susceptible to magneto-Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities (MRTI) which can lead to axially non-uniform implosions, reducing the effective compression ratio and implosion kinetic energy-to-radiation efficiency. Recent observations of triple nozzle gas-puff implosions on the 1 MA, 220 ns COBRA generator at Cornell University 1 , 2 suggest that these implosions are more stable than predicted by linear MRTI theory based on the time-varying acceleration profiles. Furthermore, the reduced instability growth rates, characterized by effective Atwood numbers much less than one, are observed to depend on gas species and initial fill density. To explore the nature of these differences, detailed Thomson scattering and laser interferometry measurements have been obtained for neon, argon, and krypton gas puffs at various fill densities midway through the implosion. The results reveal two distinct radial profiles for varying initial conditions – a shock-like profile with a sharp discontinuity in density and velocity across the sheath and a snowplow-like profile with a gradual increase in density and velocity across the sheath. Snowplow-like implosions exhibit additional non-thermal broadening of the Thomson scattering spectra in a manner consistent with non-directed hydrodynamic turbulence. These observations suggest that under the appropriate conditions the forward shock may become unstable, resulting in turbulent flow within the imploding plasma sheath. These findings, and implications to the overall implosion stability and performance are presented.
Assembly/Disassembly of the Nuclear Envelope Membrane CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MEMBRANE-CHROMATIN INTERACTION USING PARTIALLY PURIFIED REGULATORY ENZYMES

Assembly and disassembly of the nucleus at mitosis in eukaryotes involves the reversible interaction of chromatin with the nuclear membrane. Previously we have shown that this interaction is regulated by the antagonistic activities of a kinase and a phosphatase. The kinase promotes membrane release while the phosphatase stimulates binding. In this report we describe four steps in the purification of the kinase needed for release of membranes from chromatin. We also show that the release kinase and the mitotic initiation kinase, cdc2, are distinct and are separated from each other during the second purification step. Reconstitution experiments using these two kinases demonstrate that the release kinase and cdc2 kinase work in concert to cause membrane release from chromatin. In phosphorylation experiments, protein targets that are substrates for the regulatory release kinase are identified on the membranes. These phosphorylated proteins are candidates for regulated proteins mediating membrane-chromatin interaction. Finally, we find that membrane release activity can also be extracted from membranes by high salt treatment, indicating a possible dual localization of this activity.
The respiratory exchange of the fetus

Abstract The experimental evidence at present indicates that amino-acids and carbohydrates pass the placental membrane from mother to child, whereas fats do not; that the child most probably synthesizes its fat from carbohydrate; and that the fetus utilizes carbohydrates as its source of energy.
Slot-coupled circular microstrip antenna having a symmetric radiation pattern

The author presents the analysis and design of a circular microstrip antenna coupled through an annular slot to a coaxial line. The annular slot is concentric with the circular patch. This method of coupling yields a symmetric radiation pattern and a linear polarization that is different from that of the conventionally fed microstrip antennas. The structure is analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique in cylindrical coordinates. Numerical results are presented. >
The Role of Government in Corporate Governance

Numerous corporate scandals in the past several years have fueled widespread debate over proposals for government action. The central challenge for government is how to restore corporate integrity and market confidence without overreacting and stifling the dynamism that underlies a strong economy. To examine this challenge, the Center for Business and Government's Regulatory Policy Program organized a conference in May 2004 on The Role of Government in Corporate Governance. The conference brought together government officials, business leaders, and academic researchers to discuss three fundamental public policy issues raised by recent corporate abuses. First, who should regulate corporate management - government agencies or self-regulatory organizations? Second, how should regulatory commands be designed, either as detailed rules or broad principles? Finally, how should regulations be enforced? This report synthesizes the conference dialogue organized around these three questions and explores conditions under which different configurations of regulatory institutions, standards, and enforcement practices can further both corporate integrity and productivity.
Dupilumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: A clinical trial review.

Introduction: Current treatment options for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) are limited and have potentially dangerous side effects. Dupilumab is a novel monoclonal antibody that was recently studied in adult patients with moderate-to-severe AD. Dupilumab inhibits interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) signaling and was previously found to be effective in asthma. Considering that both AD and asthma are Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory processes, it is reasonable to suspect that dupilumab would be beneficial in AD.`Areas covered: This article is a review of the one major clinical trial that assessed the efficacy of dupilumab in patients with AD. Its goal is to provide a comparison to the current modalities for the treatment of AD and expert insight regarding future studies.Expert opinion: The results of this study are a significant therapeutic advancement. Dupilumab was shown to provide a mean percent change in Eczema Area and Severity Index score of −74% ± 3.6, in addition to, statistical...
Comparative Absorbed Doses in Dental Radiography: III. Special Projections

X-radiation dosimetry of four intraoral occlusal and four extraoral skull projections at 12 anatomic sites was performed with calcium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters. The degree of exposure and absorbed doses indicated that patient radiation tolerance should be considered in the decision to use radiography.
Remote sensing of seasonal and annual variation of equatorial new production: A model for global estimates

Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) are strongly correlated with surface nitrate concentrations in coastal upwelling regions. Upwelling also occurs in the equatorial Pacific; correlations between temperature and nitrate concentration are strong. The University of Miami weekly averaged Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) SST data for October 1986 through June 1989 have been used to compute surface nitrate concentrations from 90 deg - 180 deg W and from 15 deg S - 15 deg N. The surface areas with nitrate above detection limits are combined with existing nitrate uptake data to give weekly estimates of equatorial new production.
Acid indigestion in the endosome: linking signaling dysregulation to neurodevelopmental disorders.

The sodium-proton exchanger NHE6 contributes to proper endosomal acidification. NHE6 mutations are also linked to autism-related disorders. In this issue of Neuron, using NHE6-knockout mice, Ouyang et al. (2013) uncover how dysregulation of endosomal pH leads to disturbances in BDNF signaling and neuronal morphogenesis defects.