cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromium, vanadium, and titanium valence systematics in Solar System pyroxene as a recorder of oxygen fugacity, planetary provenance, and processes

Pyroxene is arguably the most powerful, single-phase geochemical and petrologic recorder of Solar System processes, from nebular condensation through planetary evolution, over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and f o 2 . It is an important mineral phase in the crusts and mantles of evolved planets, in undifferentiated and differentiated asteroids, and in refractory inclusions—the earliest Solar System materials. Here, we review the valence state partitioning behavior of Cr (Cr 2+ , Cr 3+ ), Ti (Ti 3+ , Ti 4+ ), and V (V 2+ , V 3+ , V 4+ , V 5+ ) among crystallographic sites in pyroxene over a range of f o 2 from approximately fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) to ~7 log units below iron-wustite (IW-7), and decipher how pyroxene can be used as a recorder of conditions of planetary and nebular environments and planetary parentage. The most important crystallographic site in pyroxene with respect to its influence on mineral/melt partitioning is M2; its Ca content has a huge effect on partitioning behavior, because the large Ca cation expands the structure. As a result, distribution coefficients ( D s) for Cr and V increase with increasing Ca content from orthopyroxene to pigeonite to augite. In addition, it is noted that V 3+ is favored over V 4+ in olivine and pyroxene. In pyroxene in refractory inclusions, Ti 3+ is favored over Ti 4+ and incorporation of Ti is facilitated by the high availability of Al for coupled substitution. The most important results from analysis of pyroxene in martian meteorites (e.g., QUE 94201) are the oxygen fugacity estimates of IW+0.2 and IW+0.9 derived from partitioning and valence data for Cr and V, respectively, obtained from experiments using appropriate temperatures and melt compositions. In angrites, changes in V valence state may translate to changes in f o 2 , from IW-0.7 during early pyroxene crystallization, to IW+0.5 during later episodes of pyroxene crystallization. In addition to f o 2 , the partitioning behavior of Cr, V, and Ti between pyroxene and melt is also dependent upon availability of other cations, especially Al, for charge-balancing coupled substitutions.
Robustness of a Derivative-Free Adaptive Control Law in the Presence of Unmodeled Dynamics

Although adaptive control theory offers mathematical tools to achieve required system performance without excessive dependence on modeling, its application to safety-critical systems can be limited by the presence of unmodeled dynamics. This paper examines the robustness to unmodeled dynamics of a recently developed derivative-free adaptive control law. In contrast to derivative-based adaptive laws it is shown, using a LyapunovKrasovskii functional, that robustness to unmodeled dynamics is improved by increasing the adaptation gain. This is accomplished by including a bias term in the set of basis functions employed by the adaptive control law. It is shown that derivative-based adaptive laws do not offer the same advantage. Examples are presented that compare the these two forms of adaptation in the context of sensitivity to unmodeled dynamics.
Zone Melting Recrystallization of InSb Films on Oxidized Si Wafers

InSb thin films on oxidized Si wafers have been recrystallized using a strip heater to generate and scan a narrow molten zone across the film. Grains up to 3 × 10 mm have been produced. Crystallization proceeds in a faceted cellular fashion, the excess solute (Sb) being rejected into subboundaries which often lie along low-index crystallographic directions. A InSb-Sb eutectic structure forms at the subboundaries. The width of the single-crystal InSb between subboundaries is approximately 75 μm. The techniques of planar constriction and sub-boundary entrainment have been extended to InSb for the selection of single grains and the prelocation of subboundaries. This technology of producing InSb thin films on oxidized Si substrates may be extendable to other III-V materials, and could lead to novel device structures through the integration of Si and III-V compound devices on the same substrate.
S.C.A.L.E.--spiritual care at life's end: a multi-disciplinary approach to end-of-life issues in a hospital setting.

End-of-life care is a hot topic in many hospitals of late, in part due to an aging society, which is forcing health care professionals to address the issue. A culture that places enormous value on youth and avoids the topic of death also contributes to the discomfort many health care professionals feel discussing this topic with their patients and family members. Inpatient satisfaction survey scores at Thunderbird Samaritan Medical Center (TSMC) were very inconsistent on the question of how the institution was meeting the emotional and/or spiritual needs of patients. A staff survey and needs assessment was also conducted regarding end-of-life care, which pointed out communication issues among staff members. All of these factors led to the development of an inter-disciplinary team to examine the issue of end-of-life care at TSMC.
Prolidase Deficiency in a Mexican-American Patient Identified by Array CGH Reveals a Novel and the Largest PEPD Gene Deletion

Prolidase deficiency (PD) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the peptidase D (PEPD) gene, affecting collagen degradation. Features include lower extremity ulcers, facial dysmorphism, frequent respiratory infections, and intellectual disability, though there is significant intra- and interfamilial variability. Twenty-eight mutations have been previously reported, all either small deletions/duplications or point mutations discovered by enzyme or DNA assays. PD has been reported in patients of various ethnic backgrounds, but never in the Mexican-American population. We describe the first Mexican-American patient with PD, who presented with typical facial features, developmental delay, microcephaly, and xerosis. Chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) revealed a homozygous deletion in the region of 19q13.11, estimated to be between 124.79 and 195.72 kb in size, representing the largest PEPD gene deletion reported to date and the first discovered by CMA.
Reflection on Classical Chinese Teaching Overseas——A Case Study of Classical Chinese Teaching in USA

With the escalating temperature of the Chinese fever overseas,not only are more and more people learning Modern Chinese but the number of people learning Classical Chinese are also rapidly increasing.Many universities already have or are in the process of adding a Classical Chinese curriculum to their course offerings.Therefore,the medium of instruction to teaching Classical Chinese has become a controversial issue among experts and scholars.What factors should be considered when choosing the medium of instruction for teaching Classical Chinese? What is the current situation of Classical Chinese language teaching and its future trend overseas? What is enlightenment on the international promotion of Chinese.In this article,we analyze and discuss these questions by investigating the current status of Classical Chinese language teaching in more than 30 universities and colleges and through some email correspondence between the two parties on both sides of the argument.
Combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection

Despite recent disappointment with antiretroviral agents, investigators continue to examine combination therapy with agents that target the same or different stages of the HIV life cycle. Initial studies suggest that when therapy is started early in the course of infection, certain combinations may be better than single-drug regimens in reducing viral burden and delaying the onset of drug resistance.
Mental health and the virtues of community: Christian reflections on contextual therapy.

The virtues approach is applied to Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy's (1984, 1986, 1987) contextual therapy to assess it for integration into Christian use. After an initial description of Nagy's theory and p...
Internet use that reproduces educational inequalities

Although the Internet has become ubiquitous in students' lives in school and at home, little is known about whether the Internet is used to close or reproduce educational inequalities. Drawing upon Bourdieu's notion of capital, there are two kinds of Internet use: capital-enhancing versus entertainment. This study used two big data analytic tools to examine interest in and usage of two highly popular websites that primarily target children and adolescents: KhanAcademy.org and CartoonNetwork.com. The former represents a capital-enhancing use of the Internet, while the latter represents an Internet use for entertainment. Data analysis revealed that high sociodemographic status was positively correlated with interest in Khan Academy, while low sociodemographic status was positively correlated with interest in Cartoon Network. This study provided some evidence that existing educational inequalities may be reproduced through unequal Internet use. Whether Internet use closes or reproduces educational inequalities remains unclear.Interest in Khan Academy was positively correlated with high sociodemographic status.Interest in Cartoon Network was positively correlated with low sociodemographic status.Interest in Khan Academy was positively correlated with high academic performance.Interest in Cartoon Network was positively correlated with low academic performance.
Reasonability, normativity, and the cosmopolitan imagination: Arendt, Korsgaard, and Rawls

In this essay I consider the normative implications of the notion of reasonability for the construction of an idea of public reason that is cosmopolitan in scope. First, I consider the argument for the distinction between reason and reasonability in the work of Sibley and Rawls. Second, I evaluate the normative implications of reasonability through a consideration of Korsgaard's recent work. Third, I argue for a notion of reasonability that moves us beyond a Kantian concept of autonomy through a consideration of the relationship between reasonability and judgment vis-a-vis Arendt's work on Kant's Third Critique. Finally, I argue for a cosmopolitan appropriation of the notion of reasonability based on Kant's notion of the aesthetic idea. The latter argument relaxes the bonds of public reason, moving us beyond the domain of ethnocentricism.
Cost Analysis of Treatments for Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

Abstract Background and Purpose: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction is a common urologic condition that accounts for approximately $12 million in inpatient spending annually. Few studies have assessed the costs related to treatment. We sought to examine the cost of care for patients treated for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Patients and Methods: We used the MarketScan® database to identify adults from 18 to 64 years old treated with minimally invasive pyeloplasty, open pyeloplasty, and endopyelotomy for ureteropelvic junction obstruction between 2002 and 2010. Our primary outcome was total expenditures related to the surgical episode, defined as the period from 30 days prior until 30 days after the index surgery. We fit a multinomial linear regression model to evaluate cost of the surgical episode, adjusting for age, gender, comorbidity, benefit plan type, and region of residence. Results: We identified 1251 endopyelotomies, 717 open pyeloplasties, and 1048 minimally invasive pyeloplasties. The adju...
Chronic social instability in adult female rats alters social behavior, maternal aggression and offspring development

We investigated the consequences of chronic social instability (CSI) during adulthood on social and maternal behavior in females and social behavior of their offspring in a rat model. CSI consisted of changing the social partners of adult females every 2-3 days for 28 days, 2 weeks prior to mating. Females exposed to CSI behaved less aggressively and more pro-socially towards unfamiliar female intruders. Maternal care was not affected by CSI in a standard testing environment, but maternal behavior of CSI females was less disrupted by a male intruder. CSI females were quicker to attack prey and did not differ from control females in their saccharin consumption indicating, respectively, no stress-induced sensory-motor or reward system impairments. Offspring of CSI females exhibited slower growth and expressed more anxiety in social encounters. This study demonstrates continued adult vulnerability to social challenges with an impact specific to social situations for mothers and offspring.
Maximum model counting

Author(s): Fremont, DJ; Rabe, MN; Seshia, SA | Editor(s): Singh, Satinder P; Markovitch, Shaul | Abstract: We introduce the problem Max#SAT, an extension of model counting (#SAT). Given a formula over sets of variables X, Y, and Z, the Max#SAT problem is to maximize over the variables X the number of assignments to Y that can be extended to a solution with some assignment to Z. We demonstrate that Max#SAT has applications in many areas, showing how it can be used to solve problems in probabilistic inference (marginal MAP), planning, program synthesis, and quantitative information flow analysis. We also give an algorithm which by making only polynomially many calls to an NP oracle can approximate the maximum count to within any desired multiplicative error. The NP queries needed are relatively simple, arising from recent practical approximate model counting and sampling algorithms, which allows our technique to be effectively implemented with a SAT solver. Through several experiments we show that our approach can be successfully applied to interesting problems.
Landmarks for rapid localization of the sphenopalatine foramen: A radiographic morphometric analysis.

BACKGROUND Transnasal endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation is becoming the procedure of choice for surgical management of intractable posterior epistaxis. Landmarks for localization of the sphenopalatine foramen can assist in rapid surgical exposure of the sphenopalatine artery. OBJECTIVE This study examined distances from easily identified endoscopic surgical landmarks to the sphenopalatine foramen. METHODS By using computed tomography of the sinus to study radiologic anatomy in 50 adults, distances were measured between five simple endoscopic landmarks and the sphenopalatine foramen. The two-tailed t-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Right- and left-sided measurements were similar. The mean (standard deviation [SD]) anteroposterior distances to the sphenopalatine foramen were the following: from the maxillary line (36.7 ± 5.5 mm), anterior head of the middle turbinate (33.8 ± 6.7 mm), basal lamella (11.8 ± 1.9 mm), and choanal arch (-9.2 ± 1.4 mm). The mean (SD) distance in the vertical dimension from the nasal floor was 26.6 ± 2.6 mm. Female patients had statistically shorter distances to the sphenopalatine foramen from the maxillary line, anterior head of the middle turbinate, choanal arch, and nasal floor. CONCLUSION Reliable endoscopic landmarks exist in relation to consistent anatomic structures and can be used to help quickly estimate the location of the sphenopalatine foramen at the onset of the procedure.
GB-R: A Fast and Effective Gray-Box Reconstruction of Cascade Time-Series

Given some (but not all) monthly totals of people with measles (or counts of product-units sold, or counts of retweets), how can we recover the weekly counts? Requiring smoothness between successive weeks is reasonable - but can we do better, if we have some domain knowledge? For example, we know that measles (flu, count-of-retweets, etc) follow a specific cascade model, like the so-called 'SIS'. The answer is 'yes'. With our proposed GB-R we show how to inject domain knowledge, creating a gray-box model; we show how to set up and efficiently solve the appropriate optimization problem. The desirable properties of our GB-R are: (a) effectiveness, outperforming the best competitors on real, epidemiology data, often by 3x - 25x in reconstruction error; (b) scalability, being linear on the sequence length and (c) interpretability, accurately estimating the parameters of the gray-box model.
Toward Virtual Modeling and Templating for Enhanced Spine Surgery Planning

Traditional 2D images provide limited use for accurate planning of spine interventions, due to their inability to display the complex 3D spine anatomy and close proximity of nerve bundles and vascular structures that must be avoided during the procedure. We have developed a platform for spine surgery planning that employs standard of care 3D pre-operative images and enables oblique reformatting and 3D rendering of individual or multiple vertebrae, interactive templating, and placement of virtual pedicle implants into the patient-specific CT data. Here we propose a combined surrogate metric—the Fastening Strength—to provide estimates of the optimal implant selection and trajectory based on implant dimension and bone mineral density of the displaced bone substrate. We conducted a retrospective clinical study based on pre- and post-operative data from four patients who underwent procedures involving pedicle screw implantation. We assessed the retrospective plans against the post-operative imaging data according to implant dimension, mean voxel intensity of implant trajectory, and Fastening Strength and showed consistency between the proposed plans and the post-operative procedure outcome. Our preliminary studies have demonstrated the feasibility of the platform in assisting the surgeon with the selection of appropriate size implant and trajectory that optimizes Fastening Strength, given the intrinsic vertebral geometry and bone mineral density. Herein we describe the platform infrastructure and capabilities, present preliminary studies conducted to assess impact on typical instrumentation procedures, and share our initial clinical experience in employing the proposed tool for the planning of several complicated spinal correction procedures for which the traditional planning approaches proved insufficient. Lastly, we also disseminate on several clinical cases and their post-operative assessment for which the proposed platform was employed by the surgical team.
Gender differences in the associations of body mass index, physical fitness and tobacco use with lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries among new US Army soldiers.

Background Musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries are a leading cause of morbidity among US Army soldiers, especially among women and the newly enlisted. While extremes of body mass index (BMI), low physical fitness and tobacco use have been identified as risk factors, no prior studies have determined the combined effects of these risk factors or tested for gender differences in the associations. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilising the Stanford Military Data Repository to study all enlisted soldier accessions to the US Army between January 2011 and January 2014, with follow-up through December 2014 (n=238 772). We used discrete-time logistic regression to test for associations between demographic, socioeconomic and health behaviour-related predictors and incident lower extremity injuries. We included interaction terms to test for gender differences. Results Among men, there were greater adjusted odds of injury among underweight (OR 1.27), overweight (OR 1.14) and obese soldiers (OR 1.54) (all p Conclusion This is the largest known study to simultaneously assess important, modifiable musculoskeletal injury risk factors and to test for gender differences in these associations. These findings provide critical gender-related nuances for clinicians and leaders seeking to reduce the risk of these problems.
Pier Paolo Pasolini: performing authorship

In Pier Paolo Pasolini: Performing Authorship, Gian Maria Annovi maintains that ‘[Pasolini’s] authorship is ultimately the result of a poetics of performance’ (p.17). Through a close reading of sev...
Chinese Masculinities and Material Culture

Most Overseas Chinese living in the United States during the 19th century were men. Correspondingly, the archaeology of Overseas Chinese communities in the United States is primarily the archaeology of Chinese men: their behaviors, dispositions, activities, and identities. Despite this acknowledged focus, masculinity is rarely an explicit object of study in Overseas Chinese archaeology. Drawing from methods and theories in archaeology, cultural anthropology, history, and Asian American studies, a framework for the archaeological investigation of masculinities at Overseas Chinese communities is developed. This framework is used to describe how material culture from the Market Street Chinatown in San Jose, California, was interpolated in multiple hegemonic discourses of masculinity.
Character, Distribution and Timing of Latest Quaternary Mass-Transport Deposits in Texas—Louisiana Intraslope Basins Based on High-Resolution (3.5 kHz) Seismic Facies and Piston Cores

Systematic mapping of 3.5 kHz seismic facies (echo character) reveals the geometry, scales and distribution of Late Quaternary mass-transport deposits (MTDs) within the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) intraslope basin province and adjacent Sigsbee Abyssal Plain. The 3.5 kHz seismic facies indicate that localized MTDs are common in the intraslope mini-basins. MTDs of larger scale occur on the upper continental slope (e.g. East Breaks Slide Complex) and seaward from the eastern base of the Sigsbee Escarpment. Approximately 120 piston cores from these deposits “ground truth” the seismic facies interpretations and reveal that the sedimentary facies of the MTDs in intraslope basins contain a spectrum of slumps, slides and debris flows. Most MTDs are muddy deposits, but sandy MTDs are also common. The presence of sandy debris flows suggests that similar, more deeply buried MTDs may constitute significant reservoir sands. Many piston cores containing MTDs were biostratigraphi-cally and chemically zoned using G. menardii complex and calcium carbonate fluctuations to determine the timing and sourcing of MTDs in relation to glacio-eustatic sea-level changes associated with the Last Glacial and Holocene. This stratigraphic analysis indicates that the majority of downslope transport (including sandy turbidites, sandy and muddy debris flows, and slumps) occurred during the Last Glacial cycle. Downslope transport of MTDs during the Holocene Interglacial was rare.
Polarization and the environmental movement in Turkey

Environmental civil society organizations in Turkey have been drawn into the deep cultural and religious divide that characterizes Turkish society more broadly. Turkish environmental organizations ...
Effects of Wire Length in Turbulence Investigations with a Hot-Wire Anemometer *

The paper discusses the influence of wire length on the characteristics of a turbulent flow as measured with a hot-wire anemometer. Most of the mathematical treatment can be directly applied to other problems of length correction, such as may occur, for instance, in problems of astrophysical turbulence, as well as to some problems related to measurements of random processes. The discussion will, however, use the example of a hot-wire anemometer with particular attention to the influence of the length of the wire on the measurement of the intensity of turbulence, correlation coefficients, and scale and microscale of turbulence.
Capacity Valuation of Demand Response in the Presence of Variable Generation through Monte Carlo Analysis

While smart demand-side management technologies have significant potential to support the integration of variable renewable generation sources in the electricity system, rigorously quantifying the contribution of demand response to meeting peak demand remains a challenge due to the nontrivial intertemporal considerations involved in demand response operations. This paper contributes to the field of capacity value by studying the effect of customer participation in DR programs, investigating the contribution that shiftable loads can provide for capacity value in a smart, standalone system. This paper uses a Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the effect of DR on the loss of load probability in a sequential simulation framework. Also presented here is a load-shifting model for customer loads where time of use is based on need, priority, and the availability of generation. Results of this work present a quantitative value for the equivalent firm capacity of demand response programs for a specific test case that depends on the participation rate among consumers.
Probability-Based Best Sample Selection for Acoustic Analysis of Normal and Disordered Voices.

Summary Purpose Acoustic analysis is a commonly used method for quantitatively measuring vocal fold function. The accuracy of acoustic analysis depends upon the operator selecting a stable segment of the voice sample to analyze. This paper proposes a novel method to more accurately and reliably select a stable voice segment. Study design Four selection methods were implemented to evaluate each raw audio signal and determine the most stable segment of each signal: The proposed modal periodogram method, the moving window method, the midvowel method, and the whole vowel method. Acoustic parameters of interest—namely perturbation (jitter), correlation dimension (D2), and spectrum convergence ratio (SCR)—were calculated for 48 phonation samples to evaluate each method. Methods The proposed modal periodogram method utilizes a minimum mean-square error based approach to calculate a stable modal periodogram and obtain the most stable segment. The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test was used to compare jitter, D2, and SCR values acquired using the modal periodogram method against the current standard segment selection methods. Results The modal periodogram method yielded significantly lower D2 values, and a significantly higher SCR for both normal and disordered voice samples (P
Real and Complex Numbers for Physicists

Real and Complex Numbers for Physicists presents a rigorous, in-depth introduction to natural numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers. It addresses a gap in the mathematical library and offers a strong foundation in analytics and problem-solving to its readers.The book addresses: •In-depth introduction to real numbers geared toward physicists and natural scientists•Different number systems without side-tracking into theoretical discussions•Specific calculus based knowledge and skills as applied to physicsA valuable resource for scientists working with real numbers, this book also helps instructors teaching number theory and the physical sciences and will strengthen students' mathematical and problem-solving skills.
Dynamic Kernel Fusion for Bulk Non-contiguous Data Transfer on GPU Clusters

In the last decade, many scientific applications have been significantly accelerated by large-scale GPU systems. However, the movement of non-contiguous GPU-resident data is one of the most challenging components of scaling these applications using communication middleware like MPI. Although plenty of research has discussed improving noncontiguous data movement within communication middleware, the packing/unpacking operations on GPUs are still expensive. They cannot be hidden due to the limitation of MPI standard and the not-well-optimized designs in existing MPI implementations for GPU-resident data. Consequently, application developers tend to implement customized packing/unpacking kernels to improve GPU utilization by avoiding unnecessary synchronizations in MPI routines. However, this reduces productivity as well as performance as it cannot overlap the packing/unpacking operations with communication. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to achieve low-latency and high-bandwidth by dynamically fusing the packing/unpacking GPU kernels to reduce the expensive kernel launch overhead. The evaluation of the proposed designs shows up to 8X and 5X performance improvement for sparse and dense non-contiguous layout, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art approaches on the Lassen system. Similarly, we observe up to 19X improvement over existing approaches on the ABCI system. Furthermore, the proposed design also outperforms the production libraries, such as SpectrumMPI, OpenMPI, and MVAPICH2, by many orders of magnitude.
Adverse Effects of Low-Dose Methotrexate in a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial: Adjudicated Hematologic and Skin Cancer Outcomes in the Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial.

Objective Low-dose methotrexate (LD-MTX), a cornerstone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is associated with a moderately increased risk of anemia, leukopenia, and skin cancers, but the risks of myelosuppression and malignancy during LD-MTX use remain incompletely described. We examined the risks of cytopenias and skin cancers among patients taking LD-MTX versus placebo in a large randomized controlled trial (RCT). Methods We prespecified secondary analyses of a double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT that included adults with known cardiovascular disease and diabetes or metabolic syndrome in the United States and Canada. Subjects were randomly allocated to LD-MTX (20 mg/week maximum) or placebo. All subjects received folic acid (1 mg daily for 6days/week). We assessed the frequency of blindly adjudicated hematologic and malignant adverse events (AEs). Results A total of 2391 subjects were randomized to LD-MTX (mean dosage 14.9 mg/week), and 2395 were randomized to placebo. During follow-up, in the LD-MTX arm, simultaneous two-line cytopenias (n = 92 [3.9%]) or pancytopenia (n = 13 [0.54%]) were infrequent. Pancytopenia developed as soon as 4 months and as late as 3.5 years after beginning LD-MTX, though the latter subject had been recently diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Overall skin cancer risk was increased in users of LD-MTX compared with users of placebo, which driven largely by a statistically significant increased risk of squamous cell skin cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63-6.71). Melanoma was increased in LD-MTX, but this was not statistically significant (HR 2.33; 95% CI 0.60-9.01). Conclusions Among subjects using LD-MTX, simultaneous two-line cytopenias and pancytopenia were uncommon. We found more cases of skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinomas, in the LD-MTX arm than the placebo arm.
Applying a Contextual Integrity Framework to Privacy Policies for Smart Technologies

This research anticipates a future where “smart cities” rely extensively on data analytics to determine budget allocations, to manage traffic, to design infrastructure and to advance sustainability efforts. In this study, Helen Nissenbaum's contextual integrity framework helps us understand how smart city residents consider privacy norms, and provides a structure for comparing these norms to current data privacy practices. The study findings and policy recommendations are based on focus group discussions with more than 80 residents of Long Beach, Calif., as well as responses to open-ended questions in a survey completed by about 200 survey respondents.
A Reliability Based Crack Propagation Model for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers Subject to Vehicle Impact

Bridges play a critical role in transportation infrastructure networks. As such, their ability to withstand hazardous loading scenarios is essential. The response of bridges and specifically of bridge piers to hazardous loading scenarios such as earthquake and blast have received significant attention. However, their behavior under vehicle impact has received less attention. This is significant due to the fact that the frequency of occurrence for vehicular impact is appreciably higher than that of earthquake and blast. Of larger significance however is the fact that bridge piers that have experienced impact loading may have reduced capacities to withstand secondary hazardous loadings. This multi-hazard loading scenario of bridge piers is ideally suited for reliability-based risk analysis methods for study; however, very few such studies exist. In this research, a reliability-based model is used to determine the crack propagation in circular reinforced concrete bridge piers at different strain rates. Crack propagation is an important characteristic for structural health and ability to withstand future loading. However, in the case of vehicular impact, only the deformation of the pier is typically taken into account for determine post impact serviceability. In the model, quasi-static to dynamic strain rates are considered for steel while only dynamic strain rates are considered for concrete. Using Monte Carlo simulation, crack propagation rates for both Grade 60 and Grade 80 reinforcing steel are developed. The Hasofer-Lind reliability method is then used to determine the subsequent reliability of the piers post-impact. Models representing the dynamic reliability indices validating limit state equations show persuasive and practical trends. Furthermore, the model can serve as a design tool in predicting serviceability as well as analyzing design scenarios in an economic and practical way.
Potential for Milk Residues and Pharmacokinetic Values of Ketoprofen Following a Single Intravenous Bolus Injection in Lactating Dairy Goats

Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug which may be beneficial in the treatment of inflammatory conditions in ruminants. This study was to determine pharmacokinetic parameters and whether or not ketoprofen achieved measurable levels in milk following a single intravenous bolus injection in lactating goats.
Infrared Spectroscopy of the Bound States of the Shallow Impurities in Semiconductors

The electronic excitation (Lyman) spectra and the photo-ionization thresholds of many imperfections in semiconductors occur in the far infrared as a result of the small binding energies of the charge carriers bound to them. Group V donors and group III acceptors in Si and Ge are the classic examples and represent solid state analogs of the hydrogen atom. The paper will review the results on absorption, photoconductivity, and photothermal ionization spectra obtained with high resolution grating spectrometers, interferometers, and lasers, and discuss the effects of external perturbations on such spectra.
A Tale of Two Pandemics: Economic Inequality and Support for Containment Measures in Peru

Research suggests that the coronavirus pandemic disproportionately affected poor communities. However, relatively little is known about how this differential impact affected support for, and compliance with, COVID-19 lockdown policies. This article examines the relationship between socioeconomic inequalities and public opinion towards COVID-19 containment measures in Peru. Despite the strict quarantine measures adopted by the government of Peru, the country struggled to contain the spread of the disease. We designed and implemented a nationally representative survey in Peru and found that economically vulnerable sectors are more likely to oppose the quarantine and are more likely to defy the stay-at-home recommendations to leave home and go to work. Our contribution highlights that poor citizens? housing and economic conditions can explain why the poor are more likely to react negatively to COVID-19 lockdown policies.
15N metabolic labeling quantification workflow in Arabidopsis using Protein Prospector

Metabolic labeling using stable isotopes is widely used for the relative quantification of proteins in proteomic studies. In plants, metabolic labeling using 15N has great potential, but the associated complexity of data analysis has limited its usage. Here, we present the 15N stable-isotope labeled protein quantification workflow utilizing open-access web-based software Protein Prospector (PP). Further, we discuss several important features of 15N labeling required to make reliable and precise protein quantification. These features include ratio adjustment based on labeling efficiency, median and interquartile range for protein ratios, isotope cluster pattern matching to flag incorrect monoisotopic peak assignment, and caching of quantification results for fast retrieval.
Expectation, and Its Connection with Quadratic Fields

The diophantine sum $$\displaystyle{ S_{\alpha }(n) =\sum _{ k=1}^{n}\left (\{k\alpha \} -\frac{1} {2}\right ) }$$ (2.1) introduced in Sect. 1.2 [see (1.43)] is highly irregular as n → ∞, but its mean value $$\displaystyle{ M_{\alpha }(N) = \frac{1} {N}\sum _{n=1}^{N}S_{\alpha }(n) }$$ (2.2) exhibits a particularly simple and elegant asymptotic behavior for quadratic irrationals.
A Study of Analyte-Receptor Binding and Dissociation on Biosensor Surfaces: A Fractal Analysis of the Kinetics of Regeneration and Multiple-Analyte Immunoassay (MAIA)

The chapter presents a method of estimating fractal dimensions and rate coefficients for both the association and the dissociation phases for analyte–receptor systems utilized in an affinity-capture receptor–analyte biosensor (regenerable system) and for a multiple-analyte Immunoassay system. Experimental data presented for the binding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (antigen) to the antibody anti-HIV immobilized on a surface show a characteristic ordered ‘disorder.’ A fractal analysis of the binding of antigen (or antibody) in solution to antibody (or antigen) immobilized on the biosensor surface provides a quantitative indication of the state of disorder and the binding rate coefficient on the surface. Fractal dimensions for the dissociation step and dissociation rate coefficients are also presented in the chapter. The chapter provides a comparison of the values of the rate coefficients obtained in the fractal kinetics with those obtained in the classical kinetics, such as those provided by the software that comes along with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor.
Gender and Appraisals as Mediators of Adjustment in Children Exposed to Interparental Violence

The hypothesis that children's appraisals mediate the relationship between interparental violence and adjustment was tested in a sample of 106 maritally violent families. Multiple regressions showed that interparental violence was a predictor of total problems, externalizing, internalizing, and anxiety for boys, and total problems and internalizing for girls. Appraisals of conflict properties mediated the relationship between violence and boys' total problems and externalizing, and girls' total problems and internalizing. Interparental violence was related to appraisals in gender-differentiated ways, particularly to increased threat for boys, and self-blame for girls. Further, threat mediated the impact of violence on boys' anxiety, while self-blame mediated the relationship between violence and girls' internalizing.
Supernovae and supernova remnants at high energies

The x ray emission and gamma spectra from supernovae and supernova rems are discussed in terms of shock waves, radioactivity, nuclesosynthesis, and emission mechanisms. (AIP)
O-glycosylation of leukosialin in K562 cells. Evidence for initiation and elongation in early Golgi compartments.

The O-glycosylation of leukosialin, a major sialoglycoprotein found on leukocytes, has been studied in the human erythroleukemic cell line K562. The appearance of its O-linked chains has been followed in pulse-chase experiments with [35S]methionine by immunoprecipitation with an anti-peptide antiserum as well as with a lectin from Salvia sclarea seeds (SSA) specific for GalNAc-Ser/Thr and the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) agglutinin (PNA) which recognizes Galβ1 3GalNAc-Ser/Thr structures. An O-glycan-free precursor was converted into the fully O-glycosylated mature form within the 10-min labeling period and no intermediates carrying only GalNAc-Ser/Thr structures could be detected. The ionophore monensin was used in order to slow down intracellular traffic and thus O-glycan synthesis. The durg partly inhibited the transport from rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to the Golgi and also the cell-surface expression of leukosialin. It was found to have a marked effect on the synthesis of O-linked carbohydrate structures of leukosialin since the amount of O-glycans containing only GalNAc or NeuNAcα2 6GalNAc was significantly increased after monensin treatment. Under these conditions the biosynthesis of the N-glycan on leukosialin was completely arrested in an endoglycosidase-H-sensitive step of processing, whereas the O-glycans already contained galactose and sialic acid although at a reduced level. On the other hand, the small amounts of leukosialin expressed on the cell surface of monensin-treated cells carried the same glycans as those remaining blocked inside the cell. In addition, immunocytochemical studies using SSA and PNA on untreated K562 cells suggested the absence of detectable amounts of GalNAc-Ser/Thr-bearing glycoproteins in the RER as well as in the Golgi. In contrast Galβ1 3GalNAc structures could be detected on intracellular membranes which were tentatively identified as the cis-Golgi. Together these results lead us to the following conclusions: N-glycan transfer occurs in the RER before the initiation of O-glycans which takes place at the entrance of the protein into the Golgi; further elongation of O-glycans with galactose and sialic acid follows very rapidly, probably before the final processing of N-glycans to complex-type structures.
Resonance Raman and magnetic circular dichroism studies of reduced [2Fe-2S] proteins

Abstract The structural and electronic properties of the [2Fe-2S] clusters in reduced putidaredoxin, Spinacea oleracea ferredoxin, and Clostridium pasteurianum [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin have been investigated by resonance Raman and variable temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies. Both techniques are shown to provide diagnostic fingerprints for identifying [2Fe-2S]+ clusters in more complex multicomponent metalloenzymes. The Fe-S stretching modes of oxidized and reduced putidaredoxin are assigned via 34S and D2O isotope shifts and previous normal mode calculations for adrenodoxin (Han, S., Czernuszewicz, R. S., Kimura, T., Adams, M. W. W., and Spiro, T. G. (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 3505-3511). The close similarity in the resonance Raman spectra of reduced [2Fe-2S] centers, in terms of both the vibrational frequencies and enhancement profiles of the Fe-S stretching modes, permits these assignments to be generalized to all clusters of this type. Modes primarily involving Fe(III)-S(Cys) stretching are identified in all three reduced [2Fe-2S] proteins, and the frequencies are rationalized in terms of the conformation of the cysteine residues ligating the Fe(III) site of the localized valence reduced cluster. D2O isotope shifts indicate few, if any, amide NH-S hydrogen bond interactions involving the cysteines ligating the Fe(III) site. Preliminary resonance Raman excitation profiles suggest assignments for the complex pattern of electronic bands that comprise the low temperature magnetic circular dichroism spectra of the reduced proteins. S----Fe(III) and Fe(II)----S charge transfer, Fe d-d, and Fe(II)----Fe(III) intervalence bands are identified.
Herpes simplex viruses and induction of interferon responses

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases, including localized mucocutaneous lesions, encephalitis, and disseminated diseases. HSV infection leads to rapid induction of innate immune responses. A critical part of this host response is the type I IFN system including the induction of type I IFNs, IFN-mediated signaling and amplification of IFN response. This provides the host with immediate countermeasure during acute infection to limit initial viral replication and to facilitate an appropriate adaptive immune response. However, HSV has devised multiple strategies to evade and interfere with innate immunity. This review will focus on the induction of type I IFN response by HSV during acute infection and current knowledge of mechanisms by which HSV interferes with this induction process.
Osteonecrosis of the jaw – Prevention and treatment strategies for oral health professionals

Patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma and metastatic breast, prostate and renal cancers have a better opportunity for longer survival due to a myriad of chemotherapies regimens that attempt to manage disease progression while decreasing treatment-related side effects. Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a known side effect of bisphosphonates and other anti-neoplastic drugs. This complication can lead to oncologic treatment interruptions as well as diminished quality of life. Most recommendations for treatment of ONJ are based on position papers and case reports, while evidence-based treatment paradigms are lacking. With cancer survivorship on the rise, long-term chemotherapeutic side effects are becoming more prevalent and attention to untoward oral complications cannot be understated. In this review, the accepted recommendations for dental clearance prior to head and neck chemo-radiation therapy are put forth as a means of possibly preventing and treating drug induced ONJ.
Effect of metabolic acidosis on insulin action and secretion in uremia

Effect of metabolic acidosis on insulin action and secretion in uremia. Background Metabolic acidosis affects both vitamin D and insulin metabolism. Vitamin D is important in modulation of both insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in uremia. The present study examines the effect of correction of metabolic acidosis on insulin action and secretion as well as 1,25 vitamin D 3 concentrations in uremic patients. Methods Eight patients (age 18 ± 1year) on maintenance hemodialysis with metabolic acidosis were studied before and after two weeks of oral sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) treatment to correct the acidosis. To control for the effect of additional sodium, they were also studied after two weeks of an equivalent amount of oral sodium chloride (NaCl). Controls consisted of 7 healthy controls (age 19 ± 1year). Insulin sensitivity was measured by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp technique. Insulin secretion was measured by the hyperglycemic clamp technique. Results Oral NaHCO 3 treatment led to significant increases in venous pH and serum bicarbonate concentrations but no significant change in intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations. Circulating 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin [(OH) 2 ] D 3 were signficantly lower than control values initially and increased significantly after treatment. Oral NaCl did not change any of the biochemical parameters. Before treatment of acidosis, uremic patients had lower insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) during constant hyperinsulinemia and lower insulin secretion during constant hyperglycemia compared with controls. Following two weeks of NaHCO 3 treatment there were significant increases in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion, although the values did not normalize. There were no changes in insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion following two weeks of NaCl. Conclusion Treatment of metabolic acidosis increased both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in patients with uremia. This was accompanied by an increase in the circulating levels of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 but no change in those of parathyroid hormone.
The Effects of Stimulation and Extirpation of the Labyrinth of the Ear, and Their Relation to the Motor System. Part I. Experimental

The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the University of Chicago, and all the earlier experiments were done in the Hull Physiological Laboratory of that institution. The later experiments were done in the laboratory of the Otological Department of the Northwestern University at the expense of the Patten Fund, and in the Physiological Laboratory of Columbia University at the expense of this institution. The object of this investigation may be thus briefly stated: 1. To study the effect of stimulation of the end organ of the vestibular nerve. 2. To study the immediate and remote results of destruction of the labyrinth or of the eighth nerve on one or both sides. 3. To observe the effect of removal of various parts of the brain on phenomena which have been observed to follow stimulation or destruction of the labyrinth. 4. To investigate the paths of connection between the labyrinth and the eye muscles—the vestibular-optic path. 5. To apply the results of the experimental work to a consideration of the phenomena of nystagmus, vertigo, and the sensations of rotation.