cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Erythropoietin induces p21ras activation and p120GAP tyrosine phosphorylation in human erythroleukemia cells.

Erythropoietin is the major regulator of the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid precursors, but little is known about its molecular mechanism of action. Using a human erythroleukemic cell line (HEL), we investigated whether p21ras is involved in erythropoietin signal transduction. We found that stimulation of HEL cells with erythropoietin induces a 5-fold increase in the amount of GTP bound to the endogenous p21ras. This effect is dose-dependent and occurs very rapidly. We also observed that erythropoietin causes tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins in a time-dependent manner that correlates with the p21ras activation. Moreover, inhibition of tyrosine kinases by genistein totally prevents the erythropoietin-induced accumulation of a p21ras.GTP complex. By using an antiserum against the GTPase-activating protein, we found that p120GAP is rapidly phosphorylated in tyrosine in response to erythropoietin. Furthermore, the ability of a lysate from erythropoietin-stimulated HEL cells to induce in vitro hydrolysis of GTP bound to p21ras was strongly reduced. These results demonstrate that activation of p21ras is an early event in the erythropoietin signal transduction pathway, and they suggest that accumulation of the p21ras.GTP complex may be triggered by inhibition of GTPase-activating protein activity.
A Quality Control Engine for Complex Physical Systems

This paper proposes a novel framework to automatically pinpoint suspicious sensors that lead to the quality change in physical systems such as manufacture plants. Our framework treats sensor readings as time series, and contains three main stages: time series transformation to feature series, feature ranking, and ranking score fusion. In the first step, we transform time series into a number of different feature series to describe the underlying dynamics of each sensor data. After that, the importance scores of all feature series are computed by utilizing several feature selection and ranking techniques, each of which discovers specific aspects of feature importance and their dependencies in the feature space. Finally we combine importance scores from all the rankers and all the features to obtain the final ranking of each sensor with respect to the system quality change. Our experiments based on synthetic time series as well as sensor data from a real system demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed method. In addition, we have implemented our framework as a production engine, and successfully applied it to several real physical systems.
Purification and properties of flagellar outer doublet tubulin from Naegleria gruberi and a radioimmune assay for tubulin.

Outer doublet tubulin has been purified from flagella of differentiated cells of the amebo-flagellate Naegleria gruberi. The flagellar tubulin is similar to other tubulins in molecular weight (55,000), amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobility, and nucleotide composition. However, the protein contains 2 moles of guanine nucleotide per 55,000 g of protein, twice that usually found in tubulin. A rabbit antiserum against flagellar tubulin was shown to contain antibodies specific for tubulin. Purified tubulin iodinated with 125I was used in a radioimmune assay to measure levels of flagellar tubulin antigen in cells. The measurements indicate that the antigen increases 35- to 55-fold during differentiation of amebae to flagellates.
REVALORIZING FEMININE WAYS OF KNOWING

Two robust fields of study – one exploring the impacts of ICTs on medical expertise and the other examining women's online communication – have infrequently been analyzed together. Mothers are heavy Internet users, especially seeking health information, but there is little study on their use of online health communities. Using qualitative research methods, this article explores seven years of mothers’ interactions in one online health community and argues that the mothers create a space in which they produce knowledge and use their communicative acts to rethink expertise and epistemological validity so that the ways of knowing most often associated with women – subjective, experiential, and concrete – are accorded validity and value beside traditional epistemologies that prize objectivity and empiricism.
Large scale interstellar gasdynamics in disk galaxies

The dynamical behavior of interstellar gas in spiral arm potentials and the nature of H I warps in disk galaxies is reviewed. Recent millimeter wave interferometry results of M 51 are discussed, which are supportive in detail of a density wave structure for this galaxy. It is argued that spiral arms, when present, must be an important triggering mechanism for star formation, even though global star formation rates are insensitive to spiral structure. The effect of the unusual velocity shear fields near spiral arms on the development of small disturbances is discussed. We highlight the success of recent investigations treating H I warps as a discrete normal mode of a combined disk-halo system. In this picture, the axes of the halo and the disk are misaligned, and warping modes correspond to what would be a zero frequency trivial tilt of the entire disk in the absence of a halo.
Electrophysiological studies of neurotoxicants on central synaptic transmission in acutely isolated brain slices.

Effects of neurotoxic chemicals on central synaptic function can be assessed using electrophysiological recording techniques in freshly isolated brain slices. The three most commonly used electrophysiological recording methods in brain slices are extracellular microelectrode recording, intracellular microelectrode recording, and whole-cell patch clamp recording. This unit presents the basic procedures and applications of extra- and intracellular recordings in hippocampal slices and whole-cell recording in cerebellar slices. Keywords: Brain slices; synaptic transmission; extracellular recording; intracellular recording; whole-cell recording
Abstract MP16: Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Factors is Associated With a Lower Risk of Death Among US Male Physicians With Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Previous studies have suggested that adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. However, it is unknown whether a combination of healthy lifestyle after the diagnosis of diabetes is associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality. Objective: To test the hypothesis that healthy modifiable lifestyle factors are associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality in people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 1,160 male physicians from the Physicians’ Health Study with prevalent type 2 diabetes. Smoking habits, body mass index, exercise frequency, and alcohol consumption were assessed via questionnaire, and diet was assessed via a food frequency questionnaire between 1999 and 2002. Death was ascertained by an endpoint committee. Healthy lifestyle factors were defined as: 1) never or past smoking, 2) body mass index <25 kg/m2, 3) vigorous physical activity 1+ days/week, alcohol con...
Positive bystanding behavior in cyberbullying: The impact of empathy on adolescents' cyber bullied support behavior

Cyberbullying is becoming an epidemic problem in adolescents. The accelerated diffusion of information in an online environment exposes bullying messages to a large group of bystanders who witness such incidents. However, bystanders have received much less research attention than the aggressors and victims in the cyberbullying. The current research aims to understand whether adolescents' empathy has an impact on their positive bystanding behavior — cyber bullied support behavior. Drawing on related theories and models, we proposed two hypotheses about the effect of empathy. A mixture of survey questionnaire and focus group was used to test the hypotheses. The analysis results of the survey data provided support for the effect of cognitive empathy but not affective empathy. The focus group study revealed that adolescent bystanders preferred offering indirect support to the cyber bullied by reporting to adults over direct intervention. The findings highlight the important roles of empathy training as well as teacher and parent intervention in preventing and curtaining cyberbullying both within and beyond the school environments.
Reductive Pentose Phosphate Cycle in Nitrosocystis oceanus

Campbell, Ann E. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.), Johan A. Hellebust, and Stanley W. Watson. Reductive pentose phosphate cycle in Nitrosocystis oceanus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1178–1185. 1966.—Assays in cell-free extracts of Nitrosocystis oceanus, a marine chemoautotrophic bacterium, have demonstrated the presence of all of the enzymes of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, with activities high enough to account for the normal growth rate of the cells. Studies on ribulosediphosphate carboxylase activity in these extracts showed that it is inhibited by MgCl2 (30% at 0.01 m), MnCl2 (70% at 0.01 m), NaCl and KCl (100% at 0.5 m, 63% at 0.2 m), and by sulfate (35% at 0.01 m); phosphate, glutathione, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had no effect. The bacterial enzyme differs from the spinach enzyme with respect to its affinity for bicarbonate and its pH optimum. Whole cells were incubated with C14O2, and the acid-soluble fraction was analyzed by paper chromatography and autoradiography. Phosphoglyceric acid and the sugar phosphates were the earliest labeled compounds; several amino acids and organic acids were also labeled. It is concluded that N. oceanus incorporates CO2 primarily via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle.
Influences on knee movement strategies during walking in persons with medial knee osteoarthritis

Objective To investigate the movement and muscle activation strategies during walking of individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA) to determine the influence of quadriceps strength, medial knee laxity, limb alignment, and self-reported knee instability on knee motion.
Radiation and Atoms

IN the attempts to interpret theoretically the interaction between radiation and matter, two apparently contradictory aspects of the mechanism have been disclosed. On one hand, interference and dispersion demand a continuity similar to that of the classical theory of optics. On the other, the exchange of energy and momentum between radiation and matter presents discontinuous features which have even led to the introduction of the theory of light quanta, denying in its most extreme form the wave constitution of light. The two aspects must be really consistent, but the discontinuous side is apparently the more fundamental, and for this reason any attempt at a consistent interpretation in the present state of science must inevitably appear rather formal. Nevertheless, on the basis of Bohr's correspondence principle, it seems possible to build up a more adequate picture of optical phenomena than has previously existed, by associating the essentially continuous radiation field with the continuity of existence in stationary states, and the discontinuous changes of energy and momentum with the discontinuous transitions from one state to another.
Immunoglobulin E–mediated food allergies among adults with allergic rhinitis

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of food allergy for peanut, shrimp, and milk in adults with allergic rhinitis and to determine predictive values of these allergens and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) to detect food allergies.STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.SETTING: University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed in vitro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays of adults with rhinitis. Subjects were tested for nine inhalants and three foods (peanut, shrimp, milk) and total IgE. Subjects with food allergy history were tested with additional foods. The sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the allergens and total IgE to detect food allergies were calculated.RESULTS: A total of 283 subjects received in vitro tests. Fortyone percent tested negative and 59 percent tested positive for inhalants. The prevalence of subjects with a positive peanut or shrimp allergy in the inhalant-positiv...
Goddard Cumulus Ensemble (Gce) Model: Application for Understanding Preciptation Processes

One of the most promising methods to test the representation of cloud processes used in climate models is to use observations together with cloud resolving models (CRMs). The CRMs use more sophisticated and realistic representations of cloud microphysical processes, and they can reasonably well resolve the time evolution, structure, and life cycles of clouds and cloud systems (size about 2–200 km). The CRMs also allow explicit interaction between outgoing longwave (cooling) and incoming solar (heating) radiation with clouds. Observations can provide the initial conditions and validation for CRM results.
Calculation of transitional boundary-layer flows.

The results of a finite-difference calculation of hypersonic transitional boundary-layer flow are presented. Precursor-transition and low Reynolds number turbulence effects are included. These calculation results are compared with data from a source where profiles are available at the beginning, middle and end of the hypersonic transitional flow. The results indicate that the low Reynolds number effect is the most important.
Effect of process-model mismatch on the optimization of the catalytic epoxidation of oleic acid using Tendency models

Abstract The optimization of batch chemical reactors is strongly affected by the accuracy of the Tendency model used. In this work, the effect of this process-model mismatch on the optimization of the epoxidation of oleic acid using Tendency modeling is studied. The primary objective is to quantify the effect of the model's uncertainty on process optimization so as to select the less uncertain between two Tendency models resulting for the experimental data. By placing confidence limits on the optimal operating policy and the expected performance index predicted by each model, it is possible to predict the poor performance that results when using a power-law kinetic model to optimize this process. The improved performance that results from using an alternate kinetic model, featuring inhibition kinetics, can also be predicted through this type of uncertainty analysis.
Regulatory T cells: Key Players in Tolerance and Autoimmunity

CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T (TR) lymphocytes are essential to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance in the host. The discovery of Foxp3 as a transcription factor essential to the differentiation of TR ushered in detailed studies of the molecular mechanisms of TR cell development, peripheral homeostasis, and effector functions. In humans, loss of function mutations in genes that regulate T-cell development and function have been associated with TR cell deficiency or dysfunction and syndromes of autoimmunity and immune dysregulation. Augmentation of TR cells by immunotherapy and pharmacologic agents is a promising strategy for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune diseases.
Factors influencing ATM adapter throughput

Analytical and experimental evaluations show that ATM adapters can perform quite close to their designed limits, provided that they are used in a properly configured environment with series resources capable of sustaining the desired throughputs. While the media speed may be 155, 100 or 25 Mbps, there are a number of factors that will determine the final achieved maximum throughput observed by a user of a ATM adapter. One is the overhead inherent to ATM, such as the 5 byte ATM header that accompanies every 48 bytes of data sent. Others are inherent in the protocol used in the communication layers above ATM (e.g., pacing and retransmission associated with TCP/IP). Still others are dependent upon the processor speed and operating system used by the adapter host system. This paper discusses those parameters that, based on our experience, can have a considerable impact on the throughput of an ATM adapter. Turboways1 25, 100 and 155 ATM adapter measurements illustrate these issues. These represent end-to-end (application layer-to-application layer) throughput measurements, involving all supporting hardware (workstations, 8260 ATM hub/switch, 8282 ATM concentrator, etc.) and all protocol layers, operating system, etc.
Freezing of the extended states in mean field theory of dilute Ising spin glasses with long range interactions

Abstract The onset of spin glass freezing in dilute systems with long range interactions is investigated within the framework of local mean field equations with the use of numerical simulations. The problem reduces to the diagonalization of a N × N random matrix, N being the number of spins in the simulation, whose elements depend on the spin-spin interaction and temperature. Application of the theory to the RKKY coupling in the dilute limit raises the question of the appropriate boundary eigenvalue of the interaction matrix separating localized and extended states. We identify the onset of spin glass freezing with the temperature at which this boundary eigenvalue is equal to one. Numerical simulations give a reasonable value of the freezing temperature for RKKY spin glasses and reproduce its linear concentration dependence in the very dilute limit.
Gender differences in cerebral aneurysm location.

Background and Purpose: A limited number of studies consisting predominantly of ruptured aneurysms have looked at differences in anatomical distribution of aneurysms between male and females. Unlike all other causes of stroke, subarachnoid-hemorrhages (SAH) occur more often in women and are thought to be a result of both hormonal influences and variation in wall shear stress (WSS). This paper retrospectively looks at a cohort of largely unruptured intracranial aneurysms to determine if there exists a gender discrepancy in the anatomic distribution of cerebral aneurysms. Methods: A retrospective review of consecutive patients with ruptured and unruptured intradural saccular cerebral aneurysms treated endovascularly was performed. Results: 682 aneurysms were treated. 72% of the patients were women and 27% of patients presented with SAH. Among women, most aneurysms were located along the ICA (54%) while men the ACA (29%, compared to 15% in women), a discrepancy evident in both unruptured and ruptured groups. Females tended to present later in life (59 versus 55 years), with multiple aneurysms (11%, versus 6% in men), and with SAH (28%, versus 23% in men)—the majority of these ruptured aneurysms were located at the ICA (42%), while men at the ACA (47%). Additionally, the majority (68%) of ruptured ICA aneurysms were PCOM. Conclusions: Understanding the natural history of aneurysms is imperative in treating incidentally found aneurysms. Significant differences exist between the genders in relation to aneurysm location, the most pronounced at the ICA and ACA. Previously described hormonal and hemodynamic theories behind cerebral aneurysm pathogenesis seem like plausible reasons to explain these differences.
Monitoring Decentralized Interacting Services with a Global State Choreography Model

This paper presents an approach to the runtime management of decentralized service compositions. The goal of the approach is to transparently observe the behavior of peer-to-peer service interaction in order to permit the introduction of adaptive behavior. The design includes a monitoring component that utilizes a choreography model to formulate a global view of the application, and introduce adaptive behavior in a unique way. The design incorporates a mechanism for transforming the choreography to introduce redundancy, and dynamic selection in the interaction.
A constitutive model for finite deformation response of layered polyurethane-montmorillonite nanocomposites

Abstract A constitutive model is developed to predict the finite deformation response of multilayered polyurethane (PU)-montmorillonite (MTM) nanocomposites. In PU-MTM nanocomposites, the PU matrix in the vicinity of the MTM nanoparticles is modified leading to an interphase region, and its effect on the finite deformation response of these nanocomposites is largely neglected in many existing models. In this work, the entire spatial volume is considered to be occupied by multi-layers of bulk PU and effective particles which consist of MTM nanoparticles and the modified PU interphase region. A Langevin chain based eight chain model is used to capture the large stretch hyperelastic behavior of bulk PU. The effective particle component of the model consists of a linear elastic spring to capture the initial elastic response, a non-linear viscoplastic dash-pot for the strain-rate dependent yield strength of nanocomposites, and a non-linear spring element in parallel to the dash-pot for the strain-hardening response. The model adopts the concept of amplified strain of the confined PU chains to accommodate the applied strain owing to the limited strain in the MTM nanoparticles. The constitutive model predicts all the major features of the stress–strain constitutive response of a family of PU-MTM nanocomposites including the initial linear elastic response, yield strength and post yield strain hardening for all volume fractions of MTM nanoparticles, thus confirming the efficacy of the proposed constitutive model.
Growth Indices of the Clam Mya Arenaria

Newcombe and Kessler (1936) have presented a study of the growth indices of Mya arenaria L. as found in four widely separated localities on the Atlantic Coast. In the present study data from spring and fall collections from two localities on the shore of San Juan Island in the State of Washington are presented and compared with each other and with the findings of Newcombe and Kessler, which are re-examined. Although it was possible to make only a single small collection from the estuarine mouth of the Siuslaw River in Oregon, the data obtained there are included because of the extremely favorable conditions for the growth of the clam in that locality (Edmondson 1922). The present stock of Mya arenaria in the inland marine waters of the State of Washington and of British Columbia is generally considered to be descended from Atlantic stock accidentally introduced into Pacific waters not more than 80 years ago (Keep and Baily 1935: 117118). There are, however, indications (Newcomb 1875; Newcombe 1893; Oldroyd 1924) that Mya arenaria may be native in the Puget Sound-Strait of Georgia region. Hence, any differences found between clams of this area and those of the Altantic cannot unquestionably be referred to environment alone. For aid to the furtherance of this investigation the following are acknowledged: Curtis L. Newcombe of the U. S. Public Health Service and Oscar W. Richards of the American Optical Company for suggestions concerning the work; a number of citizens of San Juan Island for permission to collect clams from their tide lands; and the State of Washington funds for medical and biological research for financial aid. METHODS
Infective dose in pulmonary tuberculosis

Summary (1) A brief consideration is given to some of the available evidence as to the mechanism of infection in tuberculosis. (2) It is concluded that the conception ‘massive infection’ as applied to man has very little evidential support. (3) There is no satisfactory evidence that repeated exogenous infections are of any significance in determining the course of the disease.
Location of the Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP) Hydrolysis Site in Microtubules

The rate for GTP hydrolysis remains approximately constant during microtubule assembly from microtubular protein. This indicates that GTP hydrolysis does not accompany tubulin-GTP subunit addition to microtubule ends. We suggest that GTP, within tubulin-GTP subunits that are incorporated into microtubules, is hydrolyzed predominantly at one or both microtubule ends at an interface of a cap of tubulin-GTP subunits and a core of tubulin-GDP subunits.
Resolution of hormonal markers of ectopic gestation: a randomized trial comparing single-dose intramuscular methotrexate with salpingostomy

Objective: To evaluate resolution of serum hCG and progesterone in patients with ectopic pregnancy receiving single-dose intramuscular (IM) methotrexate as compared with those undergoing laparoscopic salpingostomy. Methods: In this prospective randomized clinical trial, 75 hemodynamically stable women with a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy were randomized to treatment with single-dose IM methotrexate (1 mg/kg) or laparoscopic salpingostomy. All women had initial, day 4, and weekly serum hCG and progesterone measurements taken until hCG levels were less than 15 mIU/mL. Methotrexate therapy was repeated if posttreatment day 7 hCG levels did not decrease by 15%, as compared with day 4 levels. Success rate was defined as ectopic resolution without the need for the alternate mode of therapy. Results: Thirty-eight women were randomized to treatment with methotrexate and 37 to laparoscopic salpingostomy. The mean (± standard deviation) time required for serum progesterone concentrations to decrease to less than 1.5 ng/mL was significantly less for laparoscopic salpingostomy than for treatment with methotrexate: 7.8 ± 1.7 and 17.6 ± 2.2 days, respectively (P < .01). Within each treatment group, serum progesterone levels resolved (less than 1.5 ng/mL) more rapidly than did hCG levels (less than 15 mIU/mL) (P < .01). No further treatment was required once serum progesterone levels had decreased to less than 1.5 ng/mL. Success rates were similar in both groups: 94.7% (36 of 38) for methotrexate and 91.4% (33 of 36) for laparoscopic salpingostomy. Mean time required for hCG concentrations to decrease to less than 15 mIU/mL was significantly less for laparoscopic salpingostomy than for methotrexate therapy: 20.2 ± 2.7 and 27.2 ± 2.3 days, respectively (P < .05). Additional methotrexate injections were required in 15.8% (6 of 38) of women randomized to methotrexate therapy. Initial serum hCG levels for patients receiving additional methotrexate doses were 4830 ± 1588 mIU/mL as compared with 2133 ± 393 mIU/mL for women receiving only one dose (P = .07). Conclusion: Serum progesterone levels of less than 1.5 ng/mL are a good predictor of ectopic pregnancy resolution regardless of treatment, and because its return to normal values occurs more rapidly than that of hCG levels, serum progesterone may be a better marker for predicting successful treatment. Although laparoscopic salpingostomy leads to faster resolution of hormonal markers of ectopic gestation, methotrexate is equally successful for treating small unruptured ectopic pregnancies. Initial hCG levels may be a marker for women requiring additional doses of methotrexate.
A numerical method for simulating the dynamics of 3D axisymmetric vesicles suspended in viscous flows

We extend [Shravan K. Veerapaneni, Denis Gueyffier, Denis Zorin, George Biros, A boundary integral method for simulating the dynamics of inextensible vesicles suspended in a viscous fluid in 2D, Journal of Computational Physics 228(7) (2009) 2334-2353] to the case of three-dimensional axisymmetric vesicles of spherical or toroidal topology immersed in viscous flows. Although the main components of the algorithm are similar in spirit to the 2D case-spectral approximation in space, semi-implicit time-stepping scheme-the main differences are that the bending and viscous force require new analysis, the linearization for the semi-implicit schemes must be rederived, a fully implicit scheme must be used for the toroidal topology to eliminate a CFL-type restriction and a novel numerical scheme for the evaluation of the 3D Stokes single layer potential on an axisymmetric surface is necessary to speed up the calculations. By introducing these novel components, we obtain a time-scheme that experimentally is unconditionally stable, has low cost per time step, and is third-order accurate in time. We present numerical results to analyze the cost and convergence rates of the scheme. To verify the solver, we compare it to a constrained variational approach to compute equilibrium shapes that does not involve interactions with a viscous fluid. To illustrate the applicability of method, we consider a few vesicle-flow interaction problems: the sedimentation of a vesicle, interactions of one and three vesicles with a background Poiseuille flow.
Nonlinear structure-composition relationships in the Ge1-ySny/Si(100) (y<0.15) system

The compositional dependence of the cubic lattice parameter in Ge1-ySny alloys has been revisited. Large 1000-atom supercell ab initio simulations confirm earlier theoretical predictions that indicate a positive quadratic deviation from Vegard's law, albeit with a somewhat smaller bowing coefficient, θ = 0.047 A, than found from 64-atom cell simulations (θ = 0.063 A). On the other hand, measurements from an extensive set of alloy samples with compositions y < 0.15 reveal a negative deviation from Vegard's law. The discrepancy with earlier experimental data, which supported the theoretical results, is traced back to an unexpected compositional dependence of the residual strain after growth on Si substrates. The experimental bowing parameter for the relaxed lattice constant of the alloys is found to be θ = -0.066 A. Possible reasons for the disagreement between theory and experiment are discussed in detail.
Problem of Realizing the Primary Standard of Light

Although the accuracy required of a primary standard of light is of the order of 0.1%, there is a spread of 1% in the size of the candelas derived from the primary standards constructed at several national laboratories. In this paper, the standard has been critically appraised: Some of the suspected weaknesses have been studied experimentally, others are discussed at length.A tantalum susceptor, used around the crucible containing the platinum to absorb the induced currents and heat the platinum indirectly, increased the photometric precision by an order of magnitude. The technique unfortunately introduced excessive contamination of the platinum.Since none of the modifications has created the desired improvement in accuracy, other types of light standard may need to be reconsidered.
Longitudinal Effects of Dietary Sodium and Potassium on Blood Pressure in Adolescent Girls

Importance Identification of risk factors early in life for the development of high blood pressure is critical to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Objective To study prospectively the effect of dietary sodium, potassium, and the potassium to sodium ratio on adolescent blood pressure. Design, Setting, and Participants The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Growth and Health Study is a prospective cohort study with sites in Richmond, California; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Washington, DC. Participants included 2185 black and white girls initially aged 9 to 10 years with complete data for early-adolescent to midadolescent diet and blood pressure who were followed up for 10 years. The first examination visits were from March 1987 through February 1988 and follow-up continued until February 1999. Longitudinal mixed models and analysis of covariance models were used to assess the effect of dietary sodium, potassium, and the potassium to sodium ratio on systolic and diastolic blood pressures throughout adolescence and after 10 years of follow-up, adjusting for race, height, activity, television/video time, energy intake, and other dietary factors. Exposures Mean dietary sodium and potassium intakes and the mean potassium to sodium ratio in individuals aged 9 to 17 years. To eliminate potential confounding by energy intake, energy-adjusted sodium and potassium residuals were estimated. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures throughout adolescence and at the end of follow-up (individuals aged 17-21 years). Results Sodium intakes were classified as less than 2500 mg/d (19.4% of participants), 2500 mg/d to less than 3000 mg/d (29.5%), 3000 mg/d to less than 4000 mg/d (41.4%), and 4000 mg/d or more (9.7%). Potassium intakes ranged from less than 1800 mg/d (36.0% of participants) to 1800 mg/d to less than 2100 mg/d (26.2%), 2100 mg/d to less than 2400 mg/d (18.8%), and 2400 mg/d or more (19.0%). There was no evidence that higher sodium intakes (3000 to P = .18). However, higher potassium intakes were inversely associated with blood pressure change throughout adolescence ( P P = .02 and P = .05 for systolic and diastolic, respectively). While the potassium to sodium ratio was also inversely associated with systolic blood pressure ( P = .04), these effects were generally weaker compared with effects for potassium alone. Conclusions and Relevance In this study of adolescent girls, consumption of 3500 mg/d of sodium or more had no adverse effect on blood pressure. The beneficial effects of dietary potassium on both systolic and diastolic blood pressures suggest that consuming more potassium-rich foods during childhood may help suppress the adolescent increase in blood pressure.
Plasmonics for optical field localization and applications

Nanophotonics is finding myriad applications in information technology, health care, lighting and sensing. Plasmonics, as one of the most rapidly growing fields in nanophotonics, has great potential to revolutionize many applications in nanophotonics, including bio-sensing, imaging, lighting, photolithography and magnetic recording. In this chapter, we explore the electrodynamics of plasmonic fields on different structured metallic chips and demonstrate how to manipulate light from nano to micro scale on the structure plasmonic chips. We investigate on-chip plasmonic metamaterials with novel material responses and functionalities in nanometers, develop the design methodology for plasmonic chips compatible with the conventional Fourier optical devices in microns and sub-millimeters, as well as construct sophisticated chip-scale integration of optical elements with feature sizes on different length scales.
The Law of the Sea treaty and the regulation of nodule exploitation

The production of nonferrous metals from manganese nodules from the ocean floor has potential impact on the prices of cobalt, copper, nickel, and manganese and on the earnings of land-based producers. These effects must be considered in the Law of the Sea negotiations. Econometric models are used to evaluate the impact of nodule production on the less-developed countries (LDC) producers. It was found that the price impact is greater for cobalt, whose nodule production is very large relative to conventional output, but that the impact on LDC earnings is greater for copper and nickel. 13 references, 5 tables.
Bottom Topography Mapping via Nonlinear Data Assimilation

AbstractA variational data assimilation method is described for bottom topography mapping in rivers and estuaries using remotely sensed observations of water surface currents. The velocity field and bottom topography are related by the vertically integrated momentum and continuity equations, leading to a nonlinear inverse problem for bottom topography, which is solved using a Picard iteration strategy combined with a nonlinear line search. An illustration of the method is shown for Haverstraw Bay, in the Hudson River, where the known bottom topography is well reconstructed. Once the topography has been estimated, currents and water levels may be forecast. The method makes feasible 1) the estimation of bottom topography in regions where in situ data collection may be impossible, dangerous, or expensive, and 2) the calibration of barotropic shallow-water models via control of the bottom topography.
Depth profiling by secondary ion mass spectrometry

The principles and applications of depth profiling by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) are reviewed. Discussed are the basic physical processes and instrumental factors which influence the shape of depth profiles and which have to be understood or controlled for successful experimental measurements. Microroughness caused by sputtering, atomic mixing by primary beam knock-on, and sample consumption limit the depth resolution which can be achieved while the chemical effect of ion yield enhancement by reactive species, matrix effects, and preferential sputtering can strongly affect the secondary ion signal. Instrumental effects to be controlled include beam uniformity, sample charging, and beam, and residual gas contamination. High depth resolution and sensitivity are the reasons for a wide variety of applications for SIMS depth profiling. Reviewed are measurements of the range distribution of ions implanted into semiconductors and their redistribution by subsequent annealing, studies of thin films and of oxide layers, diffusion measurements in metals, semiconductors, and minerals, measurements of elemental surface enhancements in airborne particles, and lunar glass spherules, and the search for solar wind implanted ions in lunar crystals.
On the Design of Lifting Airfoils with High Critical Mach Number Using Full Potential Theory

We wish to construct airfoils that have the highest free-stream Mach number for a given set of geometric constraints for which the flow is nowhere supersonic. Nonlifting airfoils that maximize the critical Mach number \(\) for a given cross-sectional area are known to possess long sonic segments at their critical speed. To construct lifting airfoils, we proceed under the conjecture that an airfoil with a high value of \(\) has the longest possible arc length of sonic velocity over its upper and lower surface. In Kropinski et al. (1995) the lifting problem was tackled in transonic small-disturbance theory. In this paper we numerically construct lifting airfoils with high \(\) using the full potential theory and we show that these airfoils have significantly higher \(\) than some standard airfoils. We also construct airfoils with higher values of the lift coefficient, by relaxing the speed constraint on the lower surface of the airfoil to have a value less than sonic.
Identification of Harper-Cawston Factor as Thymidine Phosphorylase and Removal from Media of Substances Interfering with Susceptibility Testing to Sulfonamides and Diaminopyrimidines

Rich media support the growth of bacteria in the presence of concentrations of sulfonamides and diaminopyrimidines that are highly inhibitory when the organisms are grown on minimal media. Many such rich media can be made more suitable for susceptibility testing by the incorporation of lysed horse blood. Harper and Cawston characterized the active substance, Harper-Cawston factor (HCF), and later studies indicated it to be a protein. It has now been identified as thymidine phosphorylase. The identification follows from the identical purification pattern of HCF and thymidine phosphorylase activities from horse blood to a high degree of purity. Blood of goats, sheep, oxen, geese, chickens, cows, dogs, rats, and humans had neither biological activity. The identification of HCF as thymidine phosphorylase is consistent with the earlier findings of Koch and Burchall (1971) that most of the interfering effects of rich media could be accounted for by their thymidine contents, and that thymidine is much more active in this respect than is thymine.
Elastic vibrations of microtubules in a fluid

We study thoreticaly vibrational properties of microtubules (MTs), which are long hollow cylindrical macromolecules with a diameter of the order of 25 nm and serve as a major component of cytoskeleton in eukariotic cells. Modeling MTs by thin elastic cylindrical shells, we derive the eigenfrequencies and eigenmodes of confined elastic vibrations in a shell-fluid system. Numerical calculations, based on recently obtained experimental data for Young's modulus of MT, show that MT-water system supports interface elastic waves with maximal frequencies in a gigahertz range. In a long-wavelength limit, there exist three axisymmetric acoustic waves with velocities of about 200 to 600 m/s, and an infinite set of helical waves with a parabolic dispersion law. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Nitrogen and boron ion implantation into electrodeposited hard chrome

Abstract Electrodeposited hard chrome has been ion implanted with nitrogen alone, boron alone, and a combination of nitrogen and boron. Separately, nitrogen and boron implantation was carried out at 75 keV and incident doses of 2, 4 and 8×10 17 at cm −2 . Samples implanted with both nitrogen and boron used beam energies of 75 keV and incident dose levels of 4×10 17 N-at cm −2 and 4×10 17 B-at cm −2 . All ion implantations were accomplished using a beam-line system. The retained dose was measured using ion beam analysis. Surface hardness, wear coefficient and the coefficient of friction were determined by nanohardness indentation and pin-on-disk wear testing of each sample. Ion beam analysis indicated a majority of the incident dose was retained. At a depth of 50 nm, the surface hardness increased from 18±1 GPa for unimplanted chrome, to a maximum of 23±4 GPa for boron implanted chrome and 26±1 GPa for nitrogen implanted chrome. Pin-on-disk wear testing indicated reductions in the wear coefficient by factors of 1.3–7.4, depending on the implantation treatment. It is shown that nitrogen implantation of chromium results in lower wear coefficients than boron implantation.
A psychometric investigation of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales with cigarette smokers.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) Scales with chronic cigarette smokers (N - 146) who volunteered for treatment through an at-large cessation clinic. Results showed that expectancies for health control were not distributed along three independent domains as implied by the format of the instrument. Instead, health locus of control orientation was found to be bidimensional, with domains defined by the Internal and Powerful Others measures. Several alternative explanations for this finding are discussed.
Mental health and risk of secondary medical complications in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury.

Objective: To investigate mental health problems in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury (SCI) and explore how these problems relate to the risk of negative outcomes over time. Method: The study included 466 adults who sustained an SCI prior to age 19 years and had been injured for at least 1 year. Participants were interviewed on an approximately annual basis using a study-specific questionnaire and standardized measures of depression, anxiety, substance use, and community involvement. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the risk of negative outcomes across time as a function of depression, anxiety, and substance misuse. Results: Of the participants who reported on each domain of mental health, 26% reported misuse of alcohol or drugs (122/466), 21% reported problems with depression (78/360), and 29% reported problems with anxiety (49/168). Depression was associated with increased odds of pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, hospitalizations, pain, and smoking and lower le...
Acting like a Woman in Modern Japan: Theater, Gender, and Nationalism

PART I: SETTING THE STAGE Acting Like a Woman Modern Formations of Gender and Performance PART II: KAWAKAMI SADAYAKKO Wifeing the Woman Straightening the Theater Reproducing the Empire PART III: MATSUI SUMAKO A New Woman A New Theater Feminists and Femmes Fatales Epilogue: Revealing the Real Body
Spoked-ring microcavities: enabling seamless integration of nanophotonics in unmodified advanced CMOS microelectronics chips

We present the spoked-ring microcavity, a nanophotonic building block enabling energy-efficient, active photonics in unmodified, advanced CMOS microelectronics processes. The cavity is realized in the IBM 45nm SOI CMOS process – the same process used to make many commercially available microprocessors including the IBM Power7 and Sony Playstation 3 processors. In advanced SOI CMOS processes, no partial etch steps and no vertical junctions are available, which limits the types of optical cavities that can be used for active nanophotonics. To enable efficient active devices with no process modifications, we designed a novel spoked-ring microcavity which is fully compatible with the constraints of the process. As a modulator, the device leverages the sub-100nm lithography resolution of the process to create radially extending p-n junctions, providing high optical fill factor depletion-mode modulation and thereby eliminating the need for a vertical junction. The device is made entirely in the transistor active layer, low-loss crystalline silicon, which eliminates the need for a partial etch commonly used to create ridge cavities. In this work, we present the full optical and electrical design of the cavity including rigorous mode solver and FDTD simulations to design the Qlimiting electrical contacts and the coupling/excitation. We address the layout of active photonics within the mask set of a standard advanced CMOS process and show that high-performance photonic devices can be seamlessly monolithically integrated alongside electronics on the same chip. The present designs enable monolithically integrated optoelectronic transceivers on a single advanced CMOS chip, without requiring any process changes, enabling the penetration of photonics into the microprocessor.
CVD silicon carbide mirrors for EUV applications

Advances in optical coating and materials technology have made possible the development of instruments with substantially improved efficiency in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). For example, the development of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC mirrors provides an opportunity to extend the range of normal incidence instruments down to 60 nm. CVD-SiC is a highly polishable material yielding low scatter surfaces. High UV reflectivity and desirable mechanical and thermal properties make CVD-SiC an attractive mirror and/or coating material for EUV applications. The EUV performance of SiC mirrors as well as some strengths and problem areas are discussed.
Suicide in the workplace: incidence, victim characteristics, and external cause of death

Although there is considerable information on suicide in the general population, little is known about those who kill themselves at work. This research uses data from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatality data base to describe suicide in the workplace. During 1980 to 1985, 3% of deaths in the NTOF data base were suicides, and the average annual rate was 2.3 per million workers. Risk of workplace suicide increases with increasing age. Men have more than seven times the risk of women; whites have a risk ratio of 1.6 compared with blacks. Women use the same methods but in different proportions than men at work or suicide victims in general. Men in military service and in the agriculture/forestry/fishery industry appear at highest risk of killing themselves at work based on these data.