cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of human and mouse tissues with focus on genes with no 1-to-1 homology

Abstract We assembled a panel of 28 tissue pairs of human and mouse with RNA-Seq data on gene expression. We focused on genes with no 1-to-1 homology, because they pose special challenges. In this way, we identified expression patterns that identify and explain differences between the two species and suggest target genes for therapeutic applications. Here we mention three examples. One pattern is observed by defining the aggregate expression of immunoglobulin genes (which have no homology) as a measure of different levels of an immune response. In Lung, we used this statistic to find genes that have significantly higher expression in low/moderate response, and thus they may be therapy targets: increasing their expression or mimicking their function with medications may help in recovery from inflammation in the lungs. Some of the observed associations are common to human and mouse; other associations involve genes involved in cell-to-cell signaling or in regeneration but were not known to be important in Lung. Second pattern is that in the Small Intestine, mouse expresses much less antimicrobial defensins, while it has much higher expression of enzymes that are found to improve adaptive immune response. Such enzymes may be tested if they improve probiotic supplements that help in gut inflammation and other diseases. Another pattern involves a many-to-many homology group of defensins that did not have a described function. In human tissues, expression of its genes was found only in a study of a disease of hair covered skin, but several of its genes are highly expressed in two tissues of our panel: mouse Skin and to a lesser degree mouse Vagina. This suggests that those genes or their homologs in other species may provide non-antibiotic medications for hair covered skin and other tissues with microbiome that includes fungi.
Applying the Lean Startup Method to Structure Project-Based, Student-Driven Curricular Enhancements

Formal medical student engagement in curricular evaluation provides significant value through identification of opportunities for curricular change. Students provide diverse perspectives and have a...
Trophic differences regulate grassland food webs: herbivores track food quality and predators select for habitat volume

The impacts of altered biogeochemical cycles on ecological systems are likely to vary with trophic level. Predicting how these changes will affect ecological food webs is further complicated by human activities, which are simultaneously altering the availability of macronutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and micronutrients such as sodium (Na). Here we contrast three hypotheses that predict how increasing nutrient availability will shape grassland food webs. We conducted a distributed factorial fertilization experiment (N and P crossed with NaCl) across four North American grasslands, quantifying the responses of aboveground plant biomass and volume, plant tissue and soil elemental concentrations, as well as the abundance of five arthropod functional groups. Fertilization with N and P increased plant biomass and foliar N and P concentrations in grasses but not forbs. Fertilization with Na had no effect on plant biomass but increased foliar Na concentrations. Consistent with the nutrient limitation hypothesis, we found strong evidence of nutrient limitation for insect herbivores across the four sites with sucking (phloem and xylem feeding) herbivores increasing in abundance with NP fertilization and chewing herbivores increasing in response to both Na and NP fertilization, and a trend for increased response of arthropods to lower plant nutrient availability. We found no evidence for an interaction of NaCl and NP on arthropod abundance as predicted by the serial colimitation hypothesis. Finally, consistent with the ecosystem size hypothesis, predator and parasitoid abundances increased with plant volume, but not fertilization. Our results suggest these functional group-specific responses to changes in plant nutrients and structure are key to predicting the future of grassland food webs in an era with increasing use of N and P fertilizers, and increasing terrestrial inputs of Na from road salt, saline irrigation water, and aerosols due to rising sea levels.
Primary Care Pharmacist Practice Models Shape the Comprehensive Medication Management Process.

Pharmacists are well positioned to collaborate with primary care providers (PCPs) to conduct comprehensive medication management (CMM). However, depending on organizational needs and pharmacist sta...
Bacteriophage Evolution and the Role of Phages in Host Evolution

Comparative analyses of phage genome sequences imply that a major component of phage evolution is large numbers of intrinsically very improbable events. In addition, there are comparable numbers of prophage sequences that are found in the genomic sequences of bacteria and, sometimes, archaea. There are stretches of sequence that match well, with abrupt transitions to regions with no detectable similarity or sometimes a different level of similarity. These transition points are considered the products of nonhomologous recombination events in the ancestry of one of the phages being compared; in this sense, they are fossils of past events in the history of the genome. It is believed that there are at least two factors that can restrict the horizontal flow of genes across the expanses of phage sequence space. Many of the beneficial genes carried by prophages appear to be morons, i.e., the genes that have entered the genome recently and are typically flanked by a transcription promoter and a terminator. The understanding of how phages evolve began in the late 1960s with the hetero duplex mapping of the chromosomes of phage lambda and some close relatives, showing that these molecules are mosaic with respect to each other. Genome sequences for such phages are just now becoming available, and the largest genome to date is 10 times as big as that of phage lambda, with a corresponding increase in gene number.
Greed, financial innovation or laxity of regulation?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the causes of the 2007‐2009 mortgage crisis, liquidity crisis, stock market volatility in the USA and their spillover effects on the global economy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper critically reviews the 2007‐2009 financial crisis from both academic and practitioners' viewpoints.Findings – The paper explores how the liquidity crisis has evolved with the advent of poorly supervised financial products, especially the credit default swaps and subprime mortgage loans. Further, it analyzes the laxity in regulations that encouraged high financial leverages, shadow banking system and excessive stock market volatility and worsened the recent financial crisis.Originality/value – The implication of this paper is to understand numerous policy reforms that will help the global capital markets to be more transparent and less vulnerable to systematic risks; the suggested policy reforms may also help to prevent such financial calamities in the future.
Influence of prosthetic groups on protein folding and subunit assembly. I. Conformational differences between separated human alpha- and beta- globins.

Abstract Separated, heme-free, α- and β-globins have been prepared from the heme-containing α and β subunits of human hemoglobin. It is shown that the α- and β-globins are different in molecular weight, secondary structure, sulfhydryl reactivity, and a number of other properties from the heme-containing α and β subunits to which the isolated globin chains can be reconstituted and from which they derive. Moreover, the following have been demonstrated. (a) The separated globin chains are folded very differently from one another, although the basic folding features of the parent subunits are highly similar. (b) Removal of heme from the isolated β chain results in a β-globin with an s20,w value of 2.7, corresponding to a dimer. The heme-containing chain is tetrameric. The dimeric form of β-globin occurs in 20 mm as well as 0.1 m phosphate (or Tris) and over a range of pH values from 6.7 to 8. (c) Removal of heme from the isolated α chain results in an α-globin of markedly increased sedimentation coefficient. The value of the sedimentation coefficient is dependent on the concentration of buffer in which the initial globin precipitate is dissolved and against which it is dialyzed. When the initial phosphate concentration is 0.1 m, the s20,w value is 2.5 (corresponding to dimer). At 20 mm phosphate, the value is 6.6 (possibly corresponding to octamer). The heme-containing subunit has an s20,w value of 1.9 (corresponding to monomer, predominantly). (d) Sulfhydryl reactivity is sharply reduced in both isolated globin chains, in contrast to complete accessibility of sulfhydryl in the heme-containing separated subunits. In 15% sodium dodecyl sulfate, all sulfhydryl groups in the globin chains react with Ellman's reagent. (e) In the absence of heme, at accessible temperature (4°) and low phosphate concentration, the isolated, soluble α- and β-globin chains do not measurably combine. Under these conditions apohemoglobin (αβ-globin) occurs as a dimer. An analysis of secondary structure in terms of primary sequence reveals that pros thetic group binding has quite different effects on the two globin chains and that this represents a major influence on the attainment of native structure of hemoglobin.
Self-identity as a Form of Democratization: The Syrian Experience

Copyright 1999, Indiana University Press. This is a pre-copyedited version of an article accepted for publication in the edited book Democratization and Women's Grassroots Movements following peer review. The definitive publisher-authenticated version is available through the Indiana University Press: http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=1037_1100_1188&products_id=21083. See also: http://www.eself-learning-arabic.cornell.edu/publications.htm#2
The growing interest in spirituality in business: A long‐term socio‐economic explanation

Interest in spirituality in business has been growing recently. This paper tries to explain such growth of interest through the application of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to the social level. As the industrial revolution evolved, economic prosperity and stability spread to a majority of people in developed countries. These societies as a whole were then able to shift from concerns primarily about survival and security to concerns of higher order needs, such as social, esteem, and self‐actualization needs. As people throughout a society are increasingly able to trust that their lower needs will be met, they increasingly and naturally begin to explore their higher order needs. This can explain many recent phenomena in business, such as workers seeking more than money from work, increasing empowerment and participation, and the many recent books, conferences, and practices about spirituality, sustainability, and other such issues as they relate to business.
Teachers' attributions for students' low achievement: A validation of cooper and good's attributional categories

Teachers' explanations for students' low achievement were reliably classified using the attributional coding system proposed by Cooper and Good (1983). Teachers most frequently attributed low achievement to a typical pattern of low effort. They viewed acquired student characteristics (e.g., low motivation, poor work habits) as more important than either teacher variables or classroom variables in explaining students' low achievement. Implications of these attribution patterns for improving student achievement and for developing student self-esteem are discussed.
1.6.4 IT3‐Integrated Technology Training Template

Due to an influx of new equipment into the military, the US Army and Project Manager (PM) Soldier have identified the need for a template which can be used to identify what type of training is best utilized for specific functions of the equipment used by soldiers, in order to begin training development earlier in the Army Acquisition Cycle. Using a complete functional decomposition of required tasks in the Army, we used the Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) to match training requirement tasks with the most appropriate training type taking into account objectives such as cost, time and training. The result is a comprehensive list of training requirements and their associated types of training as well as a Version 1.0 template that was used to make these connections. The use of this functional training template will allow PM's to start planning for training of the new equipment that they are producing much earlier in the development process. This reduction in training development lag time will decrease fielding time and increase the speed at which units are able to integrate new equipment and types of training.
Control strategies for fine positioning via tapping

There are many industrial tasks that require fine positioning, for example: parts feeding, subassembly alignment, and certain inspection tasks. In this paper, we describe an approach to positioning parts or subassemblies on a support surface by tapping them. We have built a "positioning cell" where an object placed in this cell is positioned and oriented by a number of "tapping actuators" placed about the perimeter. When fired, a tapping actuator strikes the object producing translational and rotational velocities. The object then slides and comes to rest due to friction. An overhead camera provides feedback on the part configuration. This paper presents a control strategy for this task, describes our hardware, and shows our experimental results.
Housing the homeless mentally ill : findings from Chicago

This paper presents the housing outcomes from an assertive case management program for the homeless mentally ill. The program was evaluated using an experimental design. Qualifying clients in a state hospital were randomly assigned to the case management program or routine services. At six month follow-up, over twice as many experimental as control clients were housed. None of the experimental clients had returned to living on the streets or in shelters
Is Knowing Having the Right to be Sure

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the normative analysis and the concept of justification, which arguably is also a normative concept. The chapter reviews the question of “Why is knowing having the fight to be sure, rather than the fight to believe?” The main reason for identifying it with having the fight to be sure for an individual is to believe that in a situation free from Gettier features, one must have the fight to be sure. Moreover, in order to have the fight to be sure, one must be in a situation free of Gettier features. An individual will be completely justified in forming a belief in many situations that are not Gettier-free. So, if individuals exercise their fight to believe only in Gettier-free situations, they will fail to form completely justified beliefs.
Light and dark cause a shift in the spatial expression of a neuropeptide-processing enzyme in the rat retina

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE, EC 3.4.17.10) is an essential enzyme in the post-translational processing of most neuroactive peptides. We have studied how the expression of CPE in the rat retina is modified in response to the light/dark cycle. Retinal CPE mRNA levels increase immediately after a change in lighting condition. After prolonged exposure to the dark or the light, however, CPE mRNA levels drop to comparable amounts. The increase CPE mRNA is most dramatic during the dark-to-light transition. Interestingly, during the same interval, CPE protein levels transiently decrease. This apparently contradictory change in mRNA and protein levels is attributable to a change in the spatial pattern of CPE expression in the retina in response to light and dark. Both in situ hybridization and indirect immunofluorescence studies indicate that CPE is expressed in photoreceptors in the dark. During light onset, CPE expression is rapidly induced in retinal ganglion cells, whereas expression in photoreceptors is reduced. This pattern is reversed when the animals are exposed to the dark. In contrast, CPE is apparently constitutively expressed in a subpopulation of cells in the inner nuclear layer in both the light and the dark. These changes in CPE expression are similar to light-induced changes in c-fos expression, suggesting that CPE may be a downstream target for Fos activation.
SCSI initial program loading for zSeries

This paper describes a new kind of initial program loading (IPL) for IBM zSeries® servers. The new IPL protocol expands the set of input/output devices that can be used during IPL to include Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Fibre Channel protocol (FCP) disk devices (SCSI disks). We begin by describing several new challenges resulting from the use of SCSI disks during IPL, followed by a brief overview of new concepts we have applied to the IPL process to overcome these challenges. We continue with a step-by-step description of the processes executed during SCSI IPL, the tools used, the disk format, the parameters required, and related topics. Since SCSI IPL is supported for virtual machines instantiated by the z/VM® operating system, some unique features of this capability are described. Finally, we describe a variation of SCSI IPL that enables the contents of memory to be dumped onto a SCSI disk.
The structure matrix of the class of r-multigraphs with a prescribed degree sequence

Abstract We introduce a structure matrix S r ( D ) into the study of the class G r (D) of r -multigraphs with the prescribed degree sequence D . Our structure matrix plays the role of the one used by Ryser, Fulkerson, and others to investigate classes of matrices of 0's and 1's with prescribed row and column sums. We develop a theory that is wholly analogous to the classical one. We show that under a type of monotonicity assupmtion on D =( d 1 ,…, d n ) the class G r (D) is nonempty if and only if the sum d 1 +⋯+ d n is even and thr structure matrix S r ( D ) is nonnegative. We also prove a generalization of the analogue of ryser's maximum term rank fromula. This result includes both a formula for the maximum number of edges in a matching and a formula for the maximumnumber of edges in a spanning nearly regular subgraph among all graphs with a prescribed degree sequence.
Preface to the special issue

The series “International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Mathematics” is held every two years in Fort Lauderdale. While the general scope of the series is broad, and even includes the interaction of AI with Operations Research, each meeting typically includes a special focus on one or two particular topics. In the 2010 meeting, about half the papers were in the track Boolean and pseudo-Boolean functions which was organized by Endre Boros and Yves Crama, another four were in the track Constraint programming and hybrid methods organized by John Hooker, and the remaining papers covered a wide range of topics that tie AI to mathematics. This special issue of AMAI contains four papers from the third track and one from the first track, chosen by the organizers to be expanded and polished into journal versions by their excellence in written and oral presentation. Two papers are on Bayesian updating, one on the multi-armed bandit problem, one on concept analysis in data mining, and one on minimizing clausal data bases. In what follows, we try to set the context for each of these papers. A Bayesian network is a probabilistic directed acyclic graph for modeling a set of random variables and their conditional dependencies, for example, between a set of diseases and symptoms. Bayesian networks may be used to generate explanations for given evidence, such as finding the most likely instantiation of a set of target variables given partial evidence on the remaining variables. Most Relevant Explanation (MRE) is the problem of generating an explanation that emphasizes the role of the most relevant target variables: if e is a set of observed variable values and if y1, y2, ... are all possible instantiations of all possible subsets of target variables, then MRE = maxi Pr(e|yi)/Pr(e|¬yi). In some respects, MRE estimates may be better than other Bayesian estimates. However, in the paper “Most Relevant Explanation: Computational complexity and approximation methods”, Yuan, Lim, and Littman show that MRE is NP-hard. The authors then propose and evaluate
Risk-Averse Team Owners and Players’ Salaries in Major League Baseball

This article looks at the role an owner’s attitude toward risk plays in his salary bids for free agents in Major League Baseball. We show that risk-averse owners will pay a premium for consistency on the field. Our empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that a free agent’s contract terms are negatively related to the degree of variability in his performance. To the extent that our results carry over to all players, this suggests a heretofore unrecognized factor affecting the market for talent in professional sports.
Low-temperature growth of GaAs and AlGaAs by MBE and effects of post-growth thermal annealing

GaAs and Al0.3Ga0.7As films were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using substrate temperatures between 350 and 620°C. These samples were produced under otherwise identical conditions using either elemental As (tetrameric As) or GaAs (dimeric As) as the arsenic source, and using fixed fluxes of either Si or Sn, corresponding to an atomic dopant concentration of approximately 3 × 1018 cm−3. The samples were characterized by Hall effect measurements at 300 and 77 K, and by photoluminescence measurements at 300 K. In the as-grown samples, the free carrier concentration, n, the Hall mobility, μ, and the luminescence intensity all decrease as the substrate temperature decreases below 450°C The lower values of n, μ, and luminescence intensity can, however, be improved by thermally annealing the films at 850°C for between 5 and 30 s. After the anneal, values of n, μ, and photoluminescence intensity are comparable to those observed in unannealed films grown at 620°C. For a given growth temperature, the measured electrical and optical properties and the annealing behavior of these samples are very similar, whether Si or Sn is used as the dopant, and whether a tetrameric or dimeric As source is used.
The spatial distribution and geographic analysis of endodontic office locations at the national scale

The major purpose of this article was to quantify and describe the spatial distribution of endodontic office locations at the national scale. This study consisted of 2858 US American Association of Endodontists member endodontists as subjects. Three research questions were developed ane explored. The location quotient technique, the spatial autocorrelation approach, and the multiple-regression procedure were the major analytical methods. Major results were as follows: the highest concentration (2.09 to 2.62) of endodontic offices per 100,000 US population was located in just two states, Massachusetts and Connecticut; the spatial distribution of endodontic office locations did exhibit significant (p ≤ 0.05, two-tailed test) spatial autocorrelation. Therefore, the spatial distribution of endodontic office locations was nonrandom. Individually, the most significant predictor of endodontic office locations was the location of general practice dentists (its β coefficient was 0.960606, significant at p ≤ 0.0001).
Mechanisms related to different generations of γ′ precipitation during continuous cooling of a nickel base superalloy

Abstract This paper focuses on developing a mechanistic understanding of the process of multiple nucleation bursts leading to the formation of multiple generations (or populations) of γ′ precipitates with different size distributions, during the continuous cooling of a commercially used nickel base superalloy. This mechanistic understanding has been developed based on a number of critical experimental results: direct observation of the multiple nucleation bursts during in situ X-ray diffraction studies in the synchrotron, characterization of the size distributions associated with the different populations of γ′ precipitates by coupling multiple imaging techniques at the appropriate length scale and detailed compositional analysis of the γ′ precipitates as well as the γ matrix using atom probe tomography. These analyses reveal that while local compositional equilibrium appears to have been achieved near the γ′/γ interface for the first generation of precipitates, a non-equilibrium long range diffusion profile in the γ matrix is retained during the process of continuous cooling, which is largely responsible for the subsequent nucleation bursts at larger undercooling (or lower temperatures), leading to second and third generations of precipitates. Additionally, since these subsequent generations of precipitates are formed at larger undercoolings, they are typically finer in size scale, exhibit far-from equilibrium compositions and also have very diffuse γ′/γ interfaces, indicating a non-classical precipitation mechanism associated with their formation.
The Strategic Research Agenda for Robotics in Europe [Industrial Activities]

In the "Industrial Activities" column of the September 2009 issue of IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, recent world-wide road-mapping activities were compared with a focus such that the current European initiatives could only very briefly be described. This column is geared toward describing these activities in more detail.
Clinical outcomes of adult survivors of pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

Abstract Background There are no studies on the long term clinical outcomes and complications in the adult patient with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS). This study reviews our experience with a limited group of adult survivors of PA/IVS seen in our adult congenital clinics. Methods Twenty adult patients with PA/IVS (1998 to 2009) were identified from Mayo Clinic adult congenital heart disease databases. Surgical history and clinical outcomes were reviewed. Results Mean age at last evaluation was 29years (19–39years). There were five deaths within the study period (1998–2009). Median age at death was 32years (30–37years). Seven patients underwent the Fontan operation, eight patients had a biventricular repair, and five patients remained with palliative shunts. All patients required re-interventions in adulthood. Tricuspid valve (TV) (n=5), pulmonary valve (PV)/conduit (n=6), and mitral valve (n=2) replacements were the most frequent re-intervention in the biventricular repair subset. Atrial arrhythmias were present in 80% of the total cohort, the highest rate among Fontan repairs (n=7) and biventricular repairs (n=7). Ventricular arrhythmias occurred in 15% of the cohort. Conclusions Although limited in number, the adult PA/IVS patients in this series continue to have high rates of morbidity and mortality, with arrhythmias and need for re-operations as the major causes. Patients with biventricular repairs had the highest re-intervention rate in adulthood. While this subset of patients might not be representative of all adult PA/IVS survivors, continued follow-up at centers with expertise in adult congenital cardiology is recommended for all patients.
Lumbosacral Plexopathy: A Complication of Ruptured Aortoiliac Aneurysms Three Case Reports

Although rare, neurologic injuries associated with infrarenal aortic and iliac artery surgery are devastating and associated with high mortality and morbidity. The authors reviewed their ten-year experience with 738 infrarenal aortic and iliac artery aneurysm repairs, 341 aortoiliac bypasses for occlusive disease, and 15 reoperations for infected aortic prosthesis to identify patients who suffered lower extremity neurologic deficits. Three patients, all following ruptured aneurysms, suffered injuries to the lumbosacral plexus during the study period. No injuries to the spinal cord were diagnosed. These cases are described, and the diagnosis, prognosis, and potential etiologies and prevention are discussed.
A framework to evaluate the development and implementation of a comprehensive public health strategy

Recent estimates released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that 34% of the US population is obese, with the prevalence projected to increase to 42% by 2030 if government and non-governmental stakeholders do not take action.1 Media attention surrounding these estimates highlighted the population-based approaches proposed by various stakeholders.2 The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a report suggesting interventions to stem the obesity epidemic in the US that could comprise a comprehensive national obesity prevention strategy.3 Decision makers at the federal, state, and local levels face the task of selecting from these and other guidelines to address obesity and other public health issues. As a product of this work, they often develop a public health strategy, defined in this context as a set of policies or programs aimed at changing chronic disease risk factors and disease outcomes. There is no single bullet solution for the leading global risk factors for disease and disability such as obesity, tobacco, and HIV/AIDS; they require multipronged comprehensive approaches. Those tasked with defining a national or state-level public health strategy face numerous recommended programs and policy instruments for each risk factor or disease area, and can select from already prioritized lists of interventions to reduce non-communicable diseases, some based on the cost-effectiveness of available options.4–6 In addition, priority setting tools, such as the one proposed by Magnusson (2011), as well as those discussed in a recent IOM workshop, are available for decision makers to use in selecting legal and regulatory approaches to address the burden of chronic disease.7,8 An intervention's inclusion in a strategy document is not a guarantee that the health department or other responsible agency will implement the strategy in its entirety if they face barriers, such as inadequate funding or pressure from interest groups. In general, the evaluation of comprehensive strategies has focused on a set of interventions contained within the strategy with little emphasis on the processes used by decision-makers to formulate, staff, and fund the final strategy for a given jurisdiction. Further, the literature has not explored the extent to which these processes, such as using a priority-setting tool, influence strategy implementation and its impact on health outcomes. The extent to which the aspects of the strategy development process, such as the degree of stakeholder involvement or the availability of resources, influence the strategy as it appears on paper, and also the extent to which responsible implementing agencies carry out the strategy as originally envisioned are not known. When faced with a menu of evidence-based interventions for inclusion in a strategy – how, why, and with what support are the interventions selected and implemented?
Swimming laps : an informal look

To gain some insight into what appeared to be a preference by people-when choice was available-to swim laps in shallow rather than deep water, an informal inquiry was conducted in 1992 and 1993. The site of the study was an indoor pool which was open seven days a week, approximately 8 to 16 hours a day. It was located on the campus of a moderately sized university in a suburb of a large city in the Northeast. The pool was 50 meters in length and 8 lanes in width. The lanes were roped and unrestricted. When not being used for a swim meet-which was most of the time-its length was divided in half by means of a moveable bulkhead to form two 25-yd. long separate units. These were commonly referred to as the "shallow endn-ranging from about 4 to 7 feet in depth-and the "deep end"-approximately 7 to 15 feet deep. The pool was open to students, faculty, administrators, staff, and local residents. In addition, a number of swim dubs used the facility for their planned functions. A total of 105 convenience sighting were made on various days and times, with no more than one observation per day. Noted were the number of people (one to a lane)-not part of an organized activity-swimming laps (down the lane and back) in the deep end and in the shallow end. The results are shown in the following table.
EBNA‐negative bolyclonal b cells derived from a long‐term culture of unclassified acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Il‐2‐like activity of culture's supernatant

A long-term culture of bone marrow lymphoblasts in a case of unclassified acute lymphoblastic leukemia is described. Cells lacking any lymphocytic marker in the early phaseof the culture were gradually substituted by B cells showing a pattern of polyclonality. The culture supernatant contained high levels of immunoglobulins also showing interleukin 2 activity. Search for antigens related to the Epstein-Barr virus was negative. A clonal expansion of B cells versus spontaneous differentiation of unclassified leukemic cells is discussed; the long-term culture technique as a tool for a better evaluation of leukemic cells is suggested and discussed.
Ability of internists to recognize and manage depression in the elderly

Seventy-seven randomly selected elderly patients in a primary care internal medicine practice were assessed and rated by their internists for the presence and severity of depression. Management recommendations were recorded by internists in each case. On the same day, the patients were interviewed and scored using the SHORT-CARE Instrument, which includes a scale of depression. A chart review a year and a half later was made to demonstrate compliance with the internists' recommendations. Results showed that internists were quite skilled at recognizing depression and responded with specific management plans, but did not follow through with their own plans for counselling of patients or referral of patients to mental health practitioners.
Resolution of disulfide heterogeneity in Nogo receptor 1 fusion proteins by molecular engineering

NgRI (Nogo-66 receptor) is part of a signalling complex that inhibits axon regeneration in the central nervous system. Truncated soluble versions of NgRI have been used successfully to promote axon regeneration in animal models of spinal-cord injury, raising interest in this protein as a potential therapeutic target. The LRR (leucine-rich repeat) regions in NgRI are flanked by N- and C-terminal disulfide-containing 'cap' domains (LRRNT and LRRCT respectively). In the present work we show that, although functionally active, the NgRI(310)-Fc fusion protein contains mislinked and heterogeneous disulfide patterns in the LRRCT domain, and we report the generation of a series of variant molecules specifically designed to prevent this heterogeneity. Using these variants we explored the effects of modifying the NgRI truncation site or the spacing between the NgRI and Fc domains, or replacing cysteines within the NgRI or IgG hinge regions. One variant, which incorporates replacements of Cys{sup 266} and Cys{sup 309} with alanine residues, completely eliminated disulfide scrambling while maintaining functional in vitro and in vivo efficacy. This modified NgRI-Fc molecule represents a significantly improved candidate for further pharmaceutical development, and may serve as a useful model for the optimization of other IgG fusion proteins made from LRR proteins.
Communication, Criticism, and the Postmodern Consensus An Unfashionable Interpretation of Michel Foucault

A critique is not a matter of saying that things are not right as they are. It is a matter of pointing out on what kinds of assumptions, what kinds of familiar, unchallenged, unconsidered modes of thought, the practices that we accept rest.... Criticism is a matter of flushing out that thought and trying to change it: to show that things are not as self-evident as one believed, to see that what is accepted as self-evident will no longer be accepted as such. Practicing criticism is a matter of making facile gestures difficult.Michel Foucault (1988b, 154)
When Wii doesn't Fit: how non-beginners react to Wii Fit's gamification

This paper highlights the reactions of non-beginners to gamification in persuasive health technologies data from a month-long 15-person study of first time Wii Fit users. Participants represent beginners and non-beginners with respect to past fitness experiences and current goals, and we find that these starting points affect their experiences with the system. While beginners respond positively to gamified elements in Wii Fit, these same elements have a detrimental effect on non-beginners' experiences, leading them to abandon the system as a fitness tool. This suggests the need for gamification in persuasive systems to better consider the nuanced context of use, and we recommend ways in which tools like Wii Fit can use gamification to motivate users with varied levels of experience with the target behavior.
Evaluation of intra-blood brain barrier IgG synthesis rate and blood brain barrier function in normal rhesus monkeys

In order to evaluate blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and intra-BBB IgG synthesis under CSF pathologic conditions, it is necessary to establish normal values in a control population. In this study an evaluation was made of the blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity and intra-BBB IgG synthesis in the central nervous system (CNS) of normal juvenile rhesus monkeys to establish these values. Parallel cisternal cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and venous serum samples were collected from 12 healthy male rhesus monkeys. Normal values for CSF/serum ratios of IgG and of albumin were determined and incorporated in theTourtellotte formula for quantitation of intrathecally synthesized IgG per 24 hours. The effect of systemic mannitol administration on the BBB was also evaluated by the primate adapted formula and magnetic resonance imaging contrast enhanced studies.
Metabolomic-derived novel cyst fluid biomarkers for pancreatic cysts: glucose and kynurenine.

Background Better pancreatic cyst fluid biomarkers are needed. Objective To determine whether metabolomic profiling of pancreatic cyst fluid would yield clinically useful cyst fluid biomarkers. Design Retrospective study. Setting Tertiary-care referral center. Patients Two independent cohorts of patients (n = 26 and n = 19) with histologically defined pancreatic cysts. Intervention Exploratory analysis for differentially expressed metabolites between (1) nonmucinous and mucinous cysts and (2) malignant and premalignant cysts was performed in the first cohort. With the second cohort, a validation analysis of promising identified metabolites was performed. Main Outcome Measurements Identification of differentially expressed metabolites between clinically relevant cyst categories and their diagnostic performance (receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve). Results Two metabolites had diagnostic significance—glucose and kynurenine. Metabolomic abundances for both were significantly lower in mucinous cysts compared with nonmucinous cysts in both cohorts (glucose first cohort P = .002, validation P = .006; and kynurenine first cohort P = .002, validation P = .002). The ROC curve for glucose was 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-1.00) and 0.88 (95% CI, 0.72-1.00) in the first and validation cohorts, respectively. The ROC for kynurenine was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.81-1.00) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.76-1.00) in the first and validation cohorts, respectively. Neither could differentiate premalignant from malignant cysts. Glucose and kynurenine levels were significantly elevated for serous cystadenomas in both cohorts. Limitations Small sample sizes. Conclusion Metabolomic profiling identified glucose and kynurenine to have potential clinical utility for differentiating mucinous from nonmucinous pancreatic cysts. These markers also may diagnose serous cystadenomas.
Treatment of Attention To Improve Conversational Success in Aphasia

Being able to successfully engage in conversation is an important skill for most adults. When an adult has aphasia, this skill is affected. Traditionally, speech-language pathologists try to increa...
Impact of the number of lymph nodes retrieved on outcome in patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Purpose: We postulate that the number of lymph nodes examined in cystectomy specimens can have an impact on the outcome of patients with bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: We analyzed data on 322 patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. We evaluated the associations of the number of lymph nodes identified by the pathologist in the surgical specimen with the local recurrence rate and survival outcome.Results: Patients were divided into groups by lymph node status and the distribution of the number of lymph nodes examined. In stages pN0 and pN+ cases improved survival was associated with a greater number of lymph nodes examined. We determined that at least 9 lymph nodes should be studied to define lymph node status accurately.Conclusions: These results indicate that surgical resection and pathological assessment of an adequate number of lymph nodes in cystectomy specimens increases the likelihood of proper staging and impacts pati...
The Effect of Team Leader Characteristics on Learning, Knowledge Application, and Performance of Cross‐Functional New Product Development Teams

This study examines how leadership characteristics in new product development teams affect the learning, knowledge application, and subsequently the performance of these teams. Using data from a study of 229 members from 52 high-tech new product projects, we empirically demonstrate that team learning has a strong positive effect on the innovativeness and speed to market of the new products. Moreover, a democratic leadership style, initiation of goal structure by the team leader, and his or her position within the organization were positively related to team learning. Managerial implications of these results are discussed.
Signal magnitudes in high density ferroelectric memories

Abstract We review several issues affecting the signal delivered to a sense-amp in high density ferroelectric nonvolatile memories. Typical DRAM parameters are used to approximate the expected signal and to determine constraints on ferroelectric properties. These calculations pertain to memories which are destructively read and which use either a 1T/1C (one cell per bit) or a 2T/2C (two cells per bit) architecture.
Public Utility Pricing and Capacity Choice Under Risk: A Rational Expectations Approach

Over the last two decades there has developed an extensive literature on the theory of public enterprise pricing and capacity choice under uncertainty. A major concern has been the analysis of the rationing of consumers in states in which demand exceeds available system capacity. An issue that has been largely ignored however is the effect that consumers' probability of being rationed (system reliability) has on their demand for the service. In this paper we develop a model that reflects the intuitive notion that a more reliable service is a higher quality service, so that an increase in system reliability shifts consumers' demand curves outward. We then incorporate this effect into our analysis of the utility's optimal pricing and investment rules. Finally, we demonstrate how the ‘value of reliability’ can, in principle, be estimated from generally available demand data.
Synthesis of novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents

The oxazolidinone class of antimicrobials represents a promising advance in the fight against resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections. Four novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial compounds, each containing a benzodioxin ring system, have been prepared. The general synthesis of each compound begins with the construction of a benzodioxin ring system containing a nitro substituent that ultimately becomes the nitrogen of the oxazolidinone ring. Three of the compounds utilize high yielding 'click chemistry' in their final step. The antimicrobial activities of the new oxazolidinones have been measured and the MIC against Staphylococcus aureus for one of the antimicrobials was determined to be 2-3 microg/mL, which is comparable to the well-known oxazolidinone, linezolid.
Double Tether Extraction from Human Neutrophils and Its Comparison with CD4+ T-Lymphocytes

The initial arrest and subsequent rolling of a leukocyte on the vascular endothelium is believed to be facilitated by the extraction of tethers, which are narrow membranous tubes drawn from the leukocyte. Although single tether extraction from neutrophils has been studied thoroughly, the relationship between the tether force (F) and tether-growth velocity (Ut) is still unknown for double tethers drawn from neutrophils. In this study, we have determined this relationship with the micropipette-aspiration technique. As a comparison, tether extraction from CD4+ T-lymphocytes was also studied. The threshold force and effective viscosity for single tether extraction from passive CD4+ T-lymphocytes were found to be 46 pN and 1.55 pN · s/μm, respectively. These values were modulated by stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), but not interleukin-8 (IL-8). More importantly, for both types of leukocyte, the threshold force and effective viscosity for double tether extraction are about twice as large as those corresponding to single tether extraction. Neither IL-8 nor PMA stimulation had any effect on this correlation. These results indicate that double tethers are highly localized on cellular surfaces and independent of each other during the rolling process.
Effect of genetic testing for risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus on health behaviors and outcomes: study rationale, development and design

Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition globally that results in extensive morbidity, decreased quality of life, and increased health services utilization. Lifestyle changes can prevent the development of diabetes, but require patient engagement. Genetic risk testing might represent a new tool to increase patients' motivation for lifestyle changes. Here we describe the rationale, development, and design of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing the clinical and personal utility of incorporating type 2 diabetes genetic risk testing into comprehensive diabetes risk assessments performed in a primary care setting. Patients are recruited in the laboratory waiting areas of two primary care clinics and enrolled into one of three study arms. Those interested in genetic risk testing are randomized to receive either a standard risk assessment (SRA) for type 2 diabetes incorporating conventional risk factors plus upfront disclosure of the results of genetic risk testing ("SRA+G" arm), or the SRA alone ("SRA" arm). Participants not interested in genetic risk testing will not receive the test, but will receive SRA (forming a third, "no-test" arm). Risk counseling is provided by clinic staff (not study staff external to the clinic). Fasting plasma glucose, insulin levels, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference are measured at baseline and 12 months, as are patients' self-reported behavioral and emotional responses to diabetes risk information. Primary outcomes are changes in insulin resistance and BMI after 12 months; secondary outcomes include changes in diet patterns, physical activity, waist circumference, and perceived risk of developing diabetes. The utility, feasibility, and efficacy of providing patients with genetic risk information for common chronic diseases in primary care remain unknown. The study described here will help to establish whether providing type 2 diabetes genetic risk information in a primary care setting can help improve patients' clinical outcomes, risk perceptions, and/or their engagement in healthy behavior change. In addition, study design features such as the use of existing clinic personnel for risk counseling could inform the future development and implementation of care models for the use of individual genetic risk information in primary care. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00849563