cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental support for a model-based prediction of tool wear

Abstract Since the development of the Taylor’s equation in the early 1900s, the empirical approaches to understanding tool wear have been extensively used by manufacturing industries. The empirical approaches provide a convenient means of obtaining a relationship among the various machining parameters such as cutting speed, depth of cut, feed rate, approach angle, etc. However, as many types of work materials and cutting tools are utilized by industries, developing an empirical equation for each combination of work material and cutting tool is too costly and time-consuming. Based on the previous experimental data from machining various steels (both pearlitic and spherodized microstructures), comprehensive equations for both flank and crater wear are proposed, and its consistency across the whole data set is checked. However, when machining pearlitic steels at high cutting speed (above the cutting speed of 200 m/min in our experiments), phase transformation restricts the model’s applicability. With phase transformation, the abrasive action of cementite is suppressed as the cementite phase in pearlitic microstructure transforms into austenite. Despite of this shortcoming, a new model-based approach is promising, in which the developed model can be directly extended to other work materials and cutting tools without extensive machining experiments.
What Is the Significance of Difference in Phenotypic Variability across SNP Genotypes

We studied the general problem of interpreting and detecting differences in phenotypic variability among the genotypes at a locus, from both a biological and a statistical point of view. The scales on which we measure interval-scale quantitative traits are man-made and have little intrinsic biological relevance. Before claiming a biological interpretation for genotype differences in variance, we should be sure that no monotonic transformation of the data can reduce or eliminate these differences. We show theoretically that for an autosomal diallelic SNP, when the three corresponding means are distinct so that the variance can be expressed as a quadratic function of the mean, there implicitly exists a transformation that will tend to equalize the three variances; we also demonstrate how to find a transformation that will do this. We investigate the validity of Bartlett's test, Box's modification of it, and a modified Levene's test to test for differences in variances when normality does not hold. We find that, although they may detect differences in variability, these tests do not necessarily detect differences in variance. The same is true for permutation tests that use these three statistics.
Tyramine content of Asian and Pacific foods determined by high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Tyramine was analyzed in selected Asian and Pacific foods utilizing high performance liquid chromatography. The method is rapid, sensitive and specific. It gave comparable results when food extracts were analyzed by the fluorescence procedure. Fermented salted black beans and shrimp sauce prepared in Hong Kong contained high levels of tyramine, and 18 other Asian and Pacific foods contained low to moderate amounts. Tyramine levels of some food items increased during refrigerator storage.
Diagnostic evaluation of the MRP-8/14 for the emergency assessment of chest pain

Elevated levels of myeloid-related protein (MRP)-8/14 (S100A8/A9) are associated with first cardiovascular events in healthy individuals and worse prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The diagnostic utility of MRP-8/14 in patients presenting to the emergency room with symptoms concerning for ACS is uncertain. MRP-8/14 was measured in serial serum and plasma samples in a single center prospective cohort-study of patients presenting to the emergency room with non-traumatic chest pain concerning for ACS. Final diagnosis was adjudicated by an endpoint committee. Of patients with baseline MRP-8/14 results (n = 411), the median concentration in serum was 1.57 μg/ml (25th, 75th: 0.87, 2.68) and in plasma was 0.41 μg/ml (<0.4, 1.15) with only moderate correlation between serum and plasma (ρ = 0.40). A final diagnosis of MI was made in 106 (26%). Peak serum MRP-8/14 was higher in patients presenting with MI (p < 0.001). However, the overall diagnostic performance of MRP-8/14 was poor: sensitivity 28% (95% CI 20-38), specificity 82% (78-86), positive predictive value 36% (26-47), and negative predictive value 77% (72-81). The area under the ROC curve for diagnosis of MI with MRP-8/14 was 0.55 (95% CI 0.51-0.60) compared with 0.95 for cTnI. The diagnostic performance was not improved in early-presenters, patients with negative initial cTnI, or using later MRP-8/14 samples. Patients presenting with MI had elevated levels of serum MRP-8/14 compared to patients with non-cardiac chest pain. However, overall diagnostic performance of MRP-8/14 was poor and neither plasma nor serum MRP-8/14 offered diagnostic utility comparable to cardiac troponin.
Prediction of tracheal tube size in children using multiple variables

Summary Background: Tracheal tube (TT) size selection in children is important to avoid complications. Formulae utilizing age and physical characteristics to predict appropriate tube size are not entirely predictive. Methods: Using an automated anaesthesia record keeper database, the anaesthetic records of 8504 children, aged up to 7 years, who required tracheal intubation, were reviewed. Age, height and weight data were related to TT size. The total number of patients whose age, height and weight were independently available was 8396, 3929 and 7823, respectively. The number having all three variables was 3814. A linear regression analysis was performed for patients with all three variables and for each variable individually. Results: Tracheal tube size is best predicted using multivariate analysis and, for any child aged up to 7 years, is represented by the formula: 2.44 + (age × 0.1) + (height × 0.02) + (weight × 0.016). Formulae utilizing these variables individually are also reviewed. Conclusons: Prediction of TT size is best accomplished using multiple variables. Further prospective study is suggested.
Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of the API RP60 Test

The compaction and fracture of brittle spherical particles in a cylindrical vessel were experimentally and numerically studied in the context of the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice 60 for proppants used in the hydraulic fracturing of oil and gas wells. Because pressures within the cylindrical vessel could not be directly measured, strain was experimentally determined via gauges along the outside surface. In addition, an epoxy resin was also injected at various loading stages to “freeze” the damage states for analysis. In addition, acoustic emissions were monitored in situ to determine damage signatures that could be correlated with the frozen test and strain measurement data. Experimental results were then compared to finite element simulations by using an assumed double-exponential pressure distribution applied to the inner face of the vessel. The results indicated that the assumed pressure distribution adequately described the loading state within the cylinder and revealed apparent stratification of damaged proppants near the top and bottom of the container. In addition, the damaged proppants and acoustic emission signatures showed that the damage increases progressively with the loading in distinct stages characterized by fracture and subsequent stress redistribution.
NIRSE: Normal-incidence rotating-sample ellipsometer

Abstract We describe a normal-incidence rotating-sample ellipsometer (NIRSE) which is capable of measuring the ratio of the complex amplitude reflection coefficients ϱ of an anisotropic sample for incident light that is linearly polarized along two orthogonal principal axes in its surface. In the NIRSE, ϱ is derived from the normalized amplitudes of the Fourier components of a photoelectric signal at double and four times the angular frequency of sample rotation. The application of PIE (perpendicular-incidence ellipsometry) to anisotropic film-substrate systems is also discussed.
Systemic Osteoporosis and Oral Bone Loss: Evidence Shows Increased Risk Factors

Aging is associated with a loss of bone mass and an increased risk of oral and systemic bone loss. Systemic osteoporosis can result in bone fractures, especially of the spine and hip, with the characteristic spinal curvature and loss of height often seen in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Loss of teeth and ridge resorption can occur in the mouth.
The role of carbohydrates in the biology of cestodes. II. The effect of starvation on glycogenesis and glucose consumption in Hymenolepis.

Abstract Rats infected with Hymenolepis diminuta were starved 24 hours and given 0.5 g of starch by mouth. Animals were given no other food and were killed 4, 24, and 48 hours after the starch dose. The worms were removed and used to determine the effect of starvation on wet weight and the rates of glucose utilization and glycogenesis in vitro . Worm weight decreases with increased starvation. When glucose is made available the worms from 48 hour-starved animals have significantly higher rates of glucose utilization and glycogenesis if this is calculated on a per unit of weight basis. There is little change in the above rates if this is calculated per worm. There is evidence of an increased efficiency of polysaccharide synthesis after starvation. Artificially reducing the size of unstarved worms by cutting does not induce glucose utilization rates per unit of weight as high as those seen in starved worms. Starvation of the hamster host causes a reduction of worm weight but does not increase the rates of glucose utilization and glycogenesis in Hymenolepis citelli .
A 65nm CMOS dual-band RF receiver front-end for DVB-H

A dual-band RF receiver front-end for DVB-H is presented in this paper. It includes two sets of single-ended input LNAs, respectively followed by a double-balanced current-driven passive mixer with a low impedance load. The receiver front-end is implemented in a 1P6M 65 nm CMOS process and occupies a total chip area of 2.17 mm2. It exhibits a conversion gain of 36.5 dB, an IIP3 of −13.1 dBm, an IIP2 of 37 dBm, and a NF of 3.9–4.2 dB in the UHF band, while exhibiting a conversion gain of 37 dB, an IIP3 of −12 dBm, an IIP2 of better than 33 dBm, and a NF of 5.5 dB in the L-band. The total chip draws 32–34mA from a 1.2 V supply voltage.
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vectors for cancer virotherapy

Oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) vectors are emerging as an effective and powerful therapeutic approach for cancer. Replication-competent HSV-1 vectors with mutations in genes that affect viral replication, neuropathogenicity, and immune evasiveness have been developed and tested for their safety and efficacy in a variety of mouse models. Evidence to-date following administration into the brain attests to their safety, an important observation in light of the neuropathogenicity of the virus. Phase I clinical traits of three vectors, G207, 1716, and NV1020, are either ongoing or completed, with no adverse events attributed to the virus. These and other HSV-1 vectors are effective against a myriad of solid tumors in mice, including glioma, melanoma, breast, prostate, colon, ovarian, and pancreatic cancer. Enhancement of activity was observed when HSV-1 vectors were used in combination with traditional therapies such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, providing an attractive strategy to pursue in the clinic. Oncolytic HSV-1 vectors expressing "suicide" genes (thymidine kinase, cytosine deaminase, rat cytochrome P450) or immunostimulatory genes (IL-12, GM-CSF, etc.) have been constructed to maximize tumor destruction through multimodal therapeutic mechanisms. Further advances in virus delivery and tumor specificity should improve the likelihood for successful translation to the clinic.
Sources of groundwater nitrate revealed using residence time and isotope methods

Abstract Nitrate concentrations approaching and greater than the maximum contaminant level are impairing the viability of many groundwater basins as drinking water sources. Nitrate isotope data are effective in determining contaminant sources, especially when combined with other isotopic tracers such as stable isotopes of water and 3H–He ages to give insight into the routes and timing of NO3 inputs to the flow system. This combination of techniques is demonstrated in Livermore, CA, where it is determined that low NO3 reclaimed wastewater predominates in the NW, while two flowpaths with distinct NO3 sources originate in the SE. Along the eastern flowpath, δ15N values greater than 10‰ indicate that animal waste is the primary source. Diminishing concentrations over time suggest that contamination results from historical land use practices. The other flowpath begins in an area where rapid recharge, primarily of low-NO3 imported water (identified by stable isotopes of water and a 3H–He residence time of
Alzheimer's Disease and Socially Extended Mentation

: The leading accounts of the ethics of proxy decision making implicitly draw on internalist conceptions of the philosophy of mind, or so this essay tries to demonstrate. Using the views of Ronald Dworkin as its jumping-off point, the essay argues that accepting the sort of externalism associated with writers such as Putnam and Burge would alter Dworkin's conclusions concerning how we should respond to the current or precedent decisions of people suffering from dementia. Building on the views of Agnieszka Jawarska, it argues that accepting “active” externalism a la Clark and Chambers would provide currently competent people with new resources for establishing the authority of their present values over inconsistent values they might come to entertain should they become demented.
Negative Regulation of Selected bHLH Proteins by eHAND

The bHLH protein eHAND plays an important role in the development of extraembryonic, mesodermal, and cardiac cell lineages, presumably through heterodimerization with other HLH proteins and DNA binding. In this study, we have identified a novel transcriptional activity of eHAND. In transient transfection assays, eHAND is a potent inhibitor of activation by some but not all bHLH proteins. eHAND can prevent E-box DNA binding by these bHLH proteins. Interestingly, eHAND can also strongly inhibit transactivation activity by a MyoD approximately E47 tethered dimer, which suggests a distinct mechanism of action. eHAND also inhibits MyoD-dependent skeletal muscle cell differentiation and expression of the muscle-specific myosin heavy chain protein. In addition, we show that eHAND can repress activity of the natural p75LNGFR promoter, whose expression overlaps that of eHAND and dHAND. The inhibitory activity of eHAND may be attributed to multiple mechanisms, such as the ability to act as a corepressor, the presence of a repression domain, and its ability to sequester E proteins in an inactive complex. Based upon its inhibitory effect on bHLH proteins and cellular differentiation, we propose that eHAND may function by several mechanisms to promote placental giant cell proliferation by negatively regulating the activities of the bHLH protein MASH-2.
Medial auditory thalamic input to the lateral pontine nuclei is necessary for auditory eyeblink conditioning

Auditory and visual conditioned stimulus (CS) pathways for eyeblink conditioning were investigated with reversible inactivation of the medial (MPN) or lateral (LPN) pontine nuclei. In Experiment 1, Long-Evans rats were given three phases of eyeblink conditioning. Phase 1 consisted of three training sessions with electrical stimulation of the medial auditory thalamic nuclei (MATN) paired with a periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US). An additional session was given with a muscimol (0.5 μL, 10 mM) or saline infusion targeting the LPN followed by a recovery session with no infusions. The same training and testing sequence was then repeated with either a tone or light CS in phases 2 and 3 (counterbalanced). Experiment 2 consisted of the same training as Experiment 1 except that muscimol or saline was infused in the MPN during the retention tests. Muscimol infusions targeting the LPN severely impaired retention of eyeblink conditioned responses (CRs) to the MATN stimulation and tone CSs but only partially reduced CR percentage to the light CS. Muscimol infusions that targeted the MPN had a larger effect on CR retention to the light CS relative to MATN stimulation or tone CSs. The results provide evidence that the auditory CS pathway necessary for delay eyeblink conditioning includes the MATN-LPN projection and the visual CS pathway includes the MPN.
Accurate ground-state phase diagram of the one-dimensional extended Hubbard model at half filling

It has been well established that in both the weak- and strong-coupling limits, the phase transition from a spin-density wave (SDW) to a charge-density wave (CDW) in the half-filled extended-Hubbard model occurs precisely at the ratio ${U/V}_{c}=2,$ where U and V are the on-site and intersite electron-electron interactions, respectively. However, a recent density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) study and a previous Monte Carlo simulation jointly suggest a picture that challenges the well-established weak-coupling result. Here, a careful calculation shows such a picture is questionable. In particular, it clarifies the DMRG result, even with a moderate number of states kept in the density matrix, agrees with both the weak- and strong-coupling findings, and predicts a CDW/SDW phase boundary smoothly links those two coupling limits. Possible sources of these previous failures are discussed.
Abstract PL3-1: The Upside of Irrationality

Dan will discuss some of the challenges and underlying benefits of irrationalities in our day-to-day life. Using behavioral economic principles as a starting point, Dan will look at how these irrationalities affect our day-to-day behaviors both in the workplace and in our personal lives. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr PL3-1.
Probabilistic Assessment of Ground‐Water Contamination: 2. Results of Case Study

The first paper in this series (Rautman and Istok, 1996) presented a geostatistical framework for obtaining a probabilistic assessment of ground-water contamination. This paper presents the results of a case study that applies this framework to define the spatial extent and severity of nitrate and Dacthal (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate or DCPA, a herbicide) contamination in the unsaturated and saturated zones for a 150 km2 site near Ontario, Oregon. Sediment samples collected from 35 boreholes were used to compute vertical accumulations of nitrate and DCPA in the unsaturated zone. Measured nitrate and DCPA concentrations in ground-water samples collected from 42 wells were used to compute vertical accumulations of nitrate and DCPA in the saturated zone. Sample variograms were fit with nugget and spherical models to describe the pattern of spatial continuity of nitrate and DCPA concentrations and accumulations. Conditional, sequential Gaussian simulation was used to generate 100 simulations for each variable on a 0.5 × 0.5 km grid. Probabilistic summaries of these simulations were used to develop (a) maps showing the probability of contamination exceeding specified theshold values, (b) probability distributions for contaminant accumulation and concentration at unsampled locations, (c) probabilistic descriptions for the location of contaminant-plume boundaries, and (d) probability distributions for the total contaminated area and total contaminant mass. The results demonstrate that interpretations of site characterization data to determine the extent and magnitude of contamination at a site will vary depending upon the level of uncertainty that will be tolerated by the decision maker. This case study also illustrates the potential applicability and utility of the probabilistic approach for the interpretation of site characterization data and the design of future data collection activities.
Adaptive urn designs for estimating several percentiles of a dose--response curve.

Dose--response experiments are crucial in biomedical studies. There are usually multiple objectives in such experiments and among the goals is the estimation of several percentiles on the dose--response curve. Here we present the first non-parametric adaptive design approach to estimate several percentiles simultaneously via generalized Polya urns. Theoretical properties of these designs are investigated and their performance is gaged by the locally compound optimal designs. As an example, we re-investigated a psychophysical experiment where one of the goals was to estimate the three quartiles. We show that these multiple-objective adaptive designs are more efficient than the original single-objective adaptive design targeting the median only. We also show that urn designs which target the optimal designs are slightly more efficient than those which target the desired percentiles directly. Guidelines are given as to when to use which type of design. Overall we are pleased with the efficiency results and hope compound adaptive designs proposed in this work or their variants may prove to be a viable non-parametric alternative in multiple-objective dose--response studies.
cis-Acting Determinants of 7SL RNA Packaging by HIV-1

The host noncoding RNA 7SL is highly enriched in the virions of retroviruses. We examined the regions of 7SL that mediate packaging by HIV-1. Both the Alu domain and the S domain were sufficient to mediate specific packaging when expressed separately as truncations of 7SL. However, while the Alu domain competed with endogenous 7SL for packaging in proportion to Gag, the S domain was packaged additively, implying that the Alu and S domains are packaged via separate mechanisms and that the Alu domain is packaged by the same mechanism as endogenous 7SL. Further truncations of the Alu domain or mutation of the Alu domain helix 5c region significantly reduced packaging efficiency, implicating helix 5c as critical for packaging, reinforcing the finding that 7SL packaging is highly selective, and confirming that 7SL is not passively acquired. Surprisingly, when the Alu domain was mutated so that it no longer contained a binding site for the SRP protein heterodimer SRP9/14, it was no longer packaged in a competitive manner but instead was packaged additively with endogenous 7SL. These data support a model in which 7SL RNA is packaged via interactions between Gag and a 7SL RNA structure that exists transiently at a discrete stage of SRP biogenesis. Our data further indicate that a secondary "additive" pathway exists that can result in the packaging of certain 7SL derivatives in molar excess to endogenously packaged 7SL.
Mechanical properties of the posterior rotator cuff

Abstract Background . The infraspinatus is an important active and passive stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint. It functions as external rotator and participates in elevation of the arm. As its main posterior component, it is frequently involved in rotator cuff tears. Objective . The purpose of this study was to determine the structural and mechanical properties of the infraspinatus tendon structure, including the midsubstance and insertion regions, in the superior, mid-superior, mid-inferior, and inferior portions, in two joint positions. Methods . The infraspinatus tendons from 22 fresh frozen cadaver shoulders were divided into four strips. The tendons were held in a cryo-jaw and tested with a material-testing machine in 0° or 60° of glenohumeral abduction corresponding to 90° arm abduction. Ultimate load, displacement and failure mode were recorded. Stiffness, ultimate stress and elastic modulus were calculated. Results . Significant differences between glenohumeral abduction positions were detected only for the elastic modulus. The mid-superior (676.5 N, S.D. 231.0 N) and the inferior portion (549.9 N, S.D. 284.6 N) had the highest failure loads while the superior (462.8 N, S.D. 237.2 N) and the mid-inferior portions (315.3 N, S.D. 181.5 N) were weaker. Similar trends across the tendon strips were shown for stiffness, ultimate stress and elastic modulus. Relevance Position dependent changes in mechanical properties of the infraspinatus tendon probably do not play a role in the pathomechanism of posterior shoulder dislocation. Peaks in stiffness in mid-superior and inferior tendon sections explain the low incidence of posterior dislocations. The low ultimate failure loads in the superior portions might explain the frequent extension of rotator cuff ruptures into the infraspinatus tendon.
Direct measurements of diapycnal mixing in a fjord reach—Puget Sound's Main Basin

Abstract In the spring of 1988, time series of microstructure and ADCP current profiles were collected at four locations in the North Main Basin of Puget Sound, Washington. Depth and time averages of diapycnal diffusivity 〈 K ρ 〉 at the four stations ( 1.8−67.0×10 −4 m 2 s −1 ) were one to three decades above typical open-ocean thermocline levels. The buoyancy frequency-squared N2 was near open-ocean levels, but unlike the open-ocean where N2≳S2, finescale shear-squared S2 was three to six times N2 over significant portions of the water column at two of the stations. The time and space mean of all measurements ( 〈 K ρ 〉=3.6×10 −3 m 2 s −1 ) is close to inferred vertical eddy diffusivity from a primitive equation model for Puget Sound ( K z =3×10 −3 m 2 s −1 ) (J. Geophys. Res. 96 (1991) 16779). Large time and space variability of Kρ was found, with differences of inter-station, depth–time means over one decade. A simple scaling argument using the observed Kρ suggests significant exchange of mass between the layers of the subtidal flow over the basin's residence time. Additionally, measurements show that local mixing may be comparable to volume-weighted sill mixing in modifying the Main Basin's stratification. Both are contrary to the “advective reach” simplification of fjord dynamics. The mixing levels were dominated by the passage of a mid-depth, southward-flowing density intrusion and what we interpret as a strongly advected, non-linear internal tide. These mechanisms elevated profile-averaged Kρ by more than 10 times background levels, with sustained patches of K ρ ≥1×10 −2 m 2 s −1 . Critical 8-m gradient Richardson numbers (Ri8 20 m) and strong turbulence suggest that shear instabilities dominated the turbulence production, though there was support for double-diffusive convection in the warm core of the density intrusion.
Great Plains workshop held to prepare for USArray deployment

Relative to most parts of North America, the Great Plains region, which is bordered by the Rocky Mountain Front on the west and the Mississippi River on the east, has been understudied in terms of the structure, formation, and evolution of the underlying crust, mantle, and core. The anticipated arrival of the USArray portable seismic stations, which will cover the entire United States regardless of surface geology and tectonic activities, and the deployment of the accompanying flexible array stations and the permanent seismic stations in this area, will fill this gap and address numerous problems related to the structure and dynamics of the Earth. Detailed information about USArraycan be found at http://www.earthscope.org/usarray/. To maximize the effectiveness of the upcoming USArray, formulate cooperative studies, and identify geologic targets for detailed studies using the flexible array stations of USArray, a pre-EarthScope Great Plains workshop was recently hosted by Kansas State University's Department of Geology The workshop brought together about 40 geoscientists with interests ranging from surface processes to mantle dynamics, from about 25 institutions. Participants discussed scientific objectives related to USArray's Great Plains coverage, with an emphasis on future collaborations to maximize our understanding of the geology of the Great Plains region, from the Earth's surface to the core-mantle boundary. This will lead to a better understanding of the geologic development of cratonic regions, and provide valuable data for integrated studies of continental lithosphere and deep Earth structure over a wide range of scales.
The Dilemmas of Obesity How Can Physical Educators Help

(2003). The Dilemmas of Obesity How Can Physical Educators Help? Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 74, No. 6, pp. 33-39.
SystemVerilog Assertions: Past, Present, and Future SVA Standardization Experience

This paper provides insight into the development of System Verilog Assertions standardization efforts. Specifically it covers the evolution from Accellera 3.1a version to its current state of standardization (the upcoming SVA2012 release). Insight into the new features, changes and the reasons for the same exposes users of SVA to the direction the standard is evolving.
Quantitative whole-body muscle MRI, clinical muscle group weakness, and muscle-map correlation in adult patients with Pompe disease

tandem mass spectrometer (Waters) was used for the analysis of lyso-Gb3 and related analogs in children. Lyso-Gb3 and related analogs at mass/charge (m/z) 786, 758, 774, 784, 800, 802, 820, and 836 were selected for analysis. A solid phase extraction was performed using MCX cartridges, followed by evaporation to dryness and reconstitution in ACN− H2O 70:30 + 0.1% formic acid solution. Lyso-Gb3-Gly was the internal standard. The mass spectrometry methodology was validated for linearity, accuracy, and precision, limits of detection and quantification, and extraction recovery. Results: Untreated Fabry females presented mean urinary lyso-Gb3 levels of excretion of 38 and 7 pmol/mmol creatinine for adults and children, respectively. Untreated Fabry males showed mean urinary lyso-Gb3 levels of excretion of 227 and 38 pmol/mmol creatinine for adults and children, respectively. In the treated Fabry female cohorts, our results showed mean urinary lyso-Gb3 levels of excretion of 33 and 2 pmol/mmol creatinine for adults and children, respectively. In the treated Fabry male cohorts, the urinary levels of excretion were 125 and 14 pmol/mmol creatinine for adults and children, respectively. Lyso-Gb3 and related analogs presented higher levels of excretion for m/z at 802, 820 and 836 in treated as well as untreated cohorts for both Fabry adults and children. We observed a major difference in the percentage of distribution in the excretion of the m/z 836 in treated Fabry male children versus treated Fabry male adults (32% versus 17%). The distribution percentages of lyso-Gb3 and related analogs in treated and untreated Fabry female adults and children was similar. Treated and untreated Fabry male children presented a similar distribution for all analogs. Treated and untreated Fabry females excrete less of the analog atm/z 836 than untreated male adults and children. Conclusion: According to the mean urinary excretion, our results show that the pediatric population (males and females) excrete less lyso-Gb3 and related analogs than the adult cohorts, possibly suggesting less toxicity at an earlier age. Moreover, there seems to be different profiles of excretion of some of the analogs inmales and females, as well as treated versus untreated Fabry patients, confirming the heterogeneity of this complex disorder.
PLANT PARENTAL CARE: CONSPECIFIC NURSE EFFECTS IN FRASERA SPECIOSA AND CIRSIUM SCOPULORUM

We investigated whether seedling establishment in two alpine plants in Colorado was enhanced through maternally mediated nurse effects. To benefit from an association with maternal debris, seeds must remain with the debris, resulting in reduced risks to seedlings and enhancement of establishment success. Seedlings of Frasera speciosa (Gentianaceae) and Cirsium scopulorum (Asteraceae) were disproportionately abundant under decaying adult rosettes and infructescences relative to other microsites equidistant from the parent. Beneath decaying infructescences of both species, soil was significantly moister, and evaporation rates from hydrometers that mimicked young seedlings were significantly lower than in exposed (control) microsites. For F. speciosa, mean water potential of seedlings planted under infructescences was also significantly higher than that of seedlings planted into exposed plots. These data suggest that drought stress is reduced for seedlings associated with adult debris. In two populations of F. speciosa, adult cover had significant positive effects on seedling establishment in 1995. These advantages were mediated through enhanced survival of young seedlings, rather than emergence success. Cover enhanced seedling survival by 80% in one population and 145% in the other. In one population of C. scopulorum, no seedlings were established from seeds planted with or without debris in 1994 (an extremely dry year). However, in 1995 (a wetter year), seedlings were seven times more likely to emerge and about four times more likely to survive in association with debris than in exposed plots. These results show that associations with adult debris enhance offspring establishment success in both plant species, and provide one of the first demonstrations of conspecific nursing, a form of parental care, in plants.
Programming Khepera II robot for autonomous navigation and exploration using the hybrid architecture

This project investigated the feasibility of programming the Khepera II robot for autonomous navigation and exploration using the hybrid robot architecture. At the deliberative layer of the system, the D* Lite algorithm was implemented to find the shortest path between a starting and a destination state, and to perform efficient re-planning during exploration. At the reactive layer, instructions along the shortest path are executed one instruction at a time. Each instruction is executed by following a behavior until a terminator state is reached. Robot exploration is activated when an unexpected world situation is detected along the navigation path. This information is fed to the deliberative layer where the map is updated, and the shortest path was recomputed. A separate visualization module was built to monitor the progress of the navigation and exploration progress. The tool provides a real time feed for the state of robot navigation progress.
Ion-molecule reactions in mixtures of trimethylaluminum and methylamines

The ion-molecule reactions of mixtures of trimethylaluminum and methylamines, to serve as a model system for group 13–15 semiconductor fabrication, were examined by using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Sequential ion-molecule reactions leading to formation of multiple adduets were observed for each of the reactant mixtures investigated. Collision-induced dissociation was used to probe the adduct structures. There is evidence for hydrogen bonding between the amines and aluminum in most of the adducts studied. Rearrangement of the aluminum/nitrogen skeletons was not observed, although the aluminum/nitrogen bonds appear to be relatively strong, so that stable adducts can be formed. The monomethylamine and dimethylamine readily produce gas-phase neutral adducts with trimethylaluminum, which can be related to the basicities of the methylamines.
Modeling a copper/carbon nanotube composite for applications in electronic packaging

Abstract A model is developed to determine the current density for a copper/carbon nanotube matrix configured as through silicon vias, an appropriate structure for interconnect applications. The electrical behavior of aligned carbon nanotube bundles mixed with copper at varying ratios is studied. The impact of the carbon nanotube dimensions and joule heating on electrical properties are analyzed. The results are compared for copper combined with single-walled carbon nanotube bundles and copper combined with multi-walled carbon nanotube bundles. The results suggest that through silicon vias filled with a copper/carbon nanotube matrix exhibit a more homogeneous current distribution with reduced skin effect compared to vias filled with only copper.
Long-term video-EEG recordings following transient unilateral middle cerebral and common carotid artery occlusion in Long-Evans rats.

Abstract The mechanisms of injured brain that establish poststroke seizures and epilepsy are not well understood, largely because animal modeling of these phenomena has had limited development. We studied the electrobehavioral properties of 2.5-month-old male Long–Evans rats by video-electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings during the 6 months following sham operation or lesioning by transient unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) and common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion (MCA/CCAO). The main findings of this study were: (1) control animals demonstrated interictal focal or restricted bilateral 7–8 Hz spike–wave discharges (SWDs) lasting 1–2 s without behavioral change and ictal generalized 7–8 Hz SWDs (absence seizures), which were prolonged, frequent, and associated with motor arrest of the animal; (2) lesioned animals demonstrated cortical infarction associated with interictal SWDs similar to controls, except that focal discharges were more numerous relative to bilateral discharges, and ictal SWDs, which were of shorter duration and less frequent than those of controls; (3) lesioned animals demonstrated decreased hemispheric and regional spectral power at ∼ 7 and 15 Hz compared with controls, directly related to the reduced occurrence of ictal SWDs; and (4) lesioning did not independently generate either focal or generalized epileptic seizures. These studies demonstrate distinct electrobehavioral properties of Long–Evans rats lesioned by MCA/CCAO as juveniles and monitored by video-EEG recordings during young adulthood but fail to provide evidence of poststroke seizures or epilepsy.
Organizational Change: A Review of Theory and Research in the 1990s

This review selectively examines the theoretical and empirical organizational change literature over the past nine years (1990–early 1998). Four research themes or issues common to all change efforts are discussed: (a) content issues, which largely focus on the substance of contemporary organizational changes; (b) contextual issues, which principally focus on forces or conditions existing in an organization’s external and internal environments; (c) process issues, which address actions undertaken during the enactment of an intended change, and (d) criterion issues, which deal with outcomes commonly assessed in organizational change efforts. Research dealing with monitoring affective and behavioral reactions to change is also reviewed. In closing, general observations and suggestions for future research are offered and it is concluded that the organizational change literature continues to be responsive to the dynamics of contemporary workplace demands.
THE INFLUENCE OF MICROSTRUCTURE ON THE GROWTH OF SMALL FATIGUE CRACKS

— Recent experimental work on the growth of small fatigue cracks is surveyed and critically analyzed. It is shown that microcracks grow at anomalous rapid rates relative to large ones only when certain criteria, involving crack size, plastic zone size, and micro-structural element size, are met. Retardation and arrest of microcracks is found to correlate with microstructural element size, hence with crystallographic influence.
Analogue states and the nuclear structure of 181Hf

Abstract Analogue resonances have been observed in the elastic and inelastic proton scattering on the deformed nucleus 180Hf. Evidence is presented for strong vibrational admixtures in certain 181Hf states.
Long-term Patterns in Mammalian Abundance in Northern Portions of the Great Basin

We collected long-term indices of mammalian abundance at 2 sites in the Great Basin: Curlew Valley in northern Utah, and the Idaho National Laboratory in southeastern Idaho. Abundance patterns were examined for 1 predator, the coyote (Canis latrans), and its prey community including 9 species of rodents and 3 species of lagomorphs. Our results suggest cycles with a period of 10–11 years among the main prey species, Lepus californicus. Responses of C. latrans to prey fluctuations were variable among study areas, with abundance levels of coyotes remaining high during declines in prey populations in Curlew Valley. Abundance indices were generally low for all species of rodents except Peromyscus maniculatus. Although many of the rodents demonstrated consistent biannual fluctuations, we could not statistically confirm multiseasonal cyclic patterns. Population levels of coyotes seem to reflect a combination of factors including abundance of both monitored species of prey and alternate prey groups, and human harvest.
Persistence and accommodation in short‐term priming and other perceptual paradigms: temporal segregation through synaptic depression

Perceptual input changes constantly in an unpredictable fashion, often changing before our somewhat sluggish perceptual systems have adequately processed this input. This can give rise to source confusion—how do we know whether a given perceptual activation is due to the current input, or a previous input that had yet to be completely processed? We propose that activity-dependent neural accommodation naturally limits this source confusion by suppressing items once they have been identified. We review behavioral paradigms from different literatures that measure the correlates of persistence and accommodation. Of the various accommodative mechanisms, we focus on synaptic depression, deriving a rate-coded expression that can be used to produce accommodating dynamics in any neural network with real valued activation. We implement this expression in a hierarchical model of perception termed, “a neural mechanism for responding optimally with unknown sources of evidence” (nROUSE). This model can be viewed as a more detailed version of the more abstract ROUSE model of Huber, Shiffrin, Lyle, and Ruys (2001), which produces accommodated levels of feature evidence through an optimal calculation. We apply nROUSE to three short-term priming experiments that manipulated prime duration.
Overfeeding energy upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ-controlled adipogenic and lipolytic gene networks but does not affect proinflammatory markers in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots of Holstein cows

Our objective was to determine the effects of overfeeding energy on gene expression in mesenteric (MAT), omental (OAT), and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue (AT) from nonpregnant and nonlactating Holstein cows. Eighteen cows were randomly assigned to either a low energy [LE, net energy for lactation (NE(L)) = 1.35 Mcal/kg of dry matter (DM)] or high energy (HE, NE(L) = 1.62 Mcal/kg of DM) diets for 8 wk. Cows were then euthanized and subsamples of MAT, OAT, and SAT were harvested for transcript profiling via quantitative PCR of 34 genes involved in lipogenesis, triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, lipolysis, lactate signaling, transcription regulation, and inflammation. The interaction of dietary energy and AT depot was only significant for LPL, which indicated a consistent response among the 3 sites. The expression of key genes related to de novo fatty acid synthesis (FASN) and desaturation (SCD) was upregulated by HE compared with LE. Other genes associated with those processes, such as ACLY, ACACA, ELOVL6, FABP4, GPAM, and LPIN1, were numerically upregulated by HE. The expression of lipolytic (PNPLA2 and ABHD5) genes was upregulated and the antilypolytic lactate receptor HCAR1 was downregulated with HE compared with LE. The putative transcription regulator THRSP was upregulated and the transcription regulator PPARG tended to be upregulated by HE, whereas SREBF1 was downregulated. Among adipocytokines, HE tended to upregulate the expression of CCL2, whereas IL6R was downregulated. Overall, results indicated that overfeeding energy may increase AT mass at least in part by stimulating transcription of the network encompassing key genes associated with de novo synthesis. In response to energy overfeeding, the expression of PPARG rather than SREBF1 was closely associated with most adipogenic or lipogenic genes. However, the transcriptional activity of these regulators needs to be verified to confirm their role in the regulation of adipogenesis or lipogenesis in bovine AT. Overfeeding energy also may predispose cows to greater lipolytic potential by stimulating expression of TAG hydrolysis genes while inhibiting signaling via hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor (HCAR1), which is a novel antilipolytic regulator. Our results do not support an overt inflammatory response in adipose tissues in response to an 8-wk energy overfeeding.
Work in progress - A dynamics course using Just-in-Time Teaching methodology in a distance learning format

As educators, we are always looking for the best methodology to maximize the learning that occurs in our classrooms. Several studies have already illustrated that a just-in-time teaching (JiTT) approach could be a helpful in increasing students' understanding of the concepts present in a science course. In this initial study, the added variable of a distance education delivery is introduced. A study is currently in progress comparing two sections of an engineering mechanics: dynamics course. Both of the sections are being taught using a just-in-time teaching approach by the same instructor. However, one of the sections is being taught in a traditional format (live, in-class, face-to-face meetings) and the second section is being taught in a distance education format (live, at-a-distance meetings using live meeting software and a telephone-based voice line.) Both sections are to be supported by desire to learn web sites. In as much as possible, the two sections are running identical syllabi in terms of course content, and type and number of quizzes, tests and exams. Post-course assessment consists of standard dynamics concepts tests. Students are being surveyed for their assessment/opinion of the course's delivery and approach. The results of this study will have an immediate impact in a pre-engineering program like the one at this institution, which has a high percentage of distance education classes in its curriculum given the institution's mission of access and its presence throughout the state.
Preparing Hydra for Transmission Electron Microscopy

The observation of fixed and sectioned material by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has become a routine extension of light-microscopic methodology. The superior resolution of the electron microscope has obvious advantages for correlative studies of structure and function at the macromolecular level. Modem preparative methods allow the use of a variety of ancillary techniques such as cytochemistry and electron-dense tracers, as well as simply viewing adjacent sections by TEM and light microscopy.
Effects of calcium-sensing receptor on the secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide and its impact on humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) plays a key role in the defense against hypercalcemia by “sensing” extracellular calcium (Ca2+o) levels in the parathyroid and kidney, the key organ...
On utilization of contributory storage in desktop grids

Modern desktop grid environments and shared computing platforms have popularized the use of contributory resources, such as desktop computers, as computing substrates for a variety of applications. However, addressing the exponentially growing storage demands of applications, especially in a contributory environment, remains a challenging research problem. In this paper, we propose a transparent distributed storage system that harnesses the storage contributed by desktop grid participants arranged in a peer-to-peer network to yield a scalable, robust, and self- organizing system. The novelty of our work lies in (i) design simplicity to facilitate actual use; (ii) support for easy integration with grid platforms; (Hi) innovative use of striping and error coding techniques to support very large data files; and (iv) the use of multicast techniques for data replication. Experimental results through large-scale simulations, verification on PlanetLab, and an actual implementation show that our system can provide reliable and efficient storage with support for large files for desktop grid applications.