cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E-017 Method of intra-arterial administration in a transient MCAO rat model to mimic the treatment of the human thrombectomy patient

Endovascular thrombectomy is routinely performed in patients undergoing a large vessel occlusion. This process not only allows for the removal of a blood clot but also for the selective delivery of potential therapeutics directly to the site of injury. The intra-arterial (IA) route of drug administration in the mouse was developed to bridge the gap between animal stroke treatments and clinical stroke therapy. We have previously shown this delivery method targets the site of injury while blunting systemic effects that have proven problematic with intraperitoneal routes. Here, we adapted the IA method for use in rats, combining it with a clinically relevant large vessel occlusion stroke model (MCAO). Our goal was to characterize variances in the model in order to optimize potential therapeutic delivery methods to the ipsilaterally affected hemisphere. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 months of age) were subjected to placement of micro-angio tubing at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery (CCA), with delivery through the internal carotid artery (ICA). We then determined the optimal infusion rate and volume using injection of India ink and evaluation of vascular distribution within the brain and the liver. Importantly, we found the infusion rate and volume varied depending on sex and body weight. India ink was selectively delivered to the ipsilateral side of the brain in males (370–460 g) at 4 µl/min with a max volume of 25 µl and in females (250–300 g) at 2.5 µl/min with a max volume of 25 µl. Following these guidelines, no ink was observed in the liver of these animals, indicating reduced systemic circulation of administered compounds. We then performed a 5-hour transient MCAO, on male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 months of age), to mimic human stroke, since 5 hours is the average time from the clinical presentation of stroke to the thrombectomy procedure. A silicone coated monofilament was advanced until resistance was felt, occluding the MCA territory. At the 5 hour time point, we removed the monofilament and inserted the mico-angio tubing at the same entry point on the bifurcation of the CCA. We performed variant injections using different volumes and rates, measuring delivery of dye (India Ink) and rate of induced subarachnoid hemorrhage. A rate of 4 ul/min with a max volume of 25 ul was optimal in males, and a rate of 2.5 ul/min with a max volume of 25 ul was optimal in females. The results showed that, even with a large vessel occlusion, and removal of the monofilament (recanalization), the IA injection using these sex-specific rates and volumes resulted in appropriate limited dye delivery without ruptured subarachnoid hemorrhage. This IA method is ideally suited for combination with the MCAO stroke model and mirrors the human patient undergoing an endovascular thrombectomy. This model provides an investigative opportunity to test neuroprotective drugs and other pharmacotherapies. Disclosures S. Goodwin: None. J. Roberts: None. K. Pennypacker: None. J. Fraser: None.
Cause of Extremely Long-Lasting Room-Temperature Persistent Photoconductivity in SrTiO 3 and Related Materials

It has been recently revealed that strontium titanate (${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$) displays persistent photoconductivity with unique characteristics: it occurs at room temperature and lasts over a very long period of time. Illumination of ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ crystals at room temperature with sub-band-gap light reduces the electrical resistance by three orders of magnitude and persists for weeks or longer [Tarun et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 187403 (2013)]. Experiments indicate that oxygen vacancy and hydrogen play important roles, yet the microscopic mechanism responsible for this remarkable effect has remained unidentified. Using hybrid density functional theory calculations we show that an instability associated with substitutional hydrogen ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ under illumination, which becomes doubly ionized and leaves the oxygen site, can explain the experimental observations. ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{O}}$ then turns into an interstitial hydrogen and an oxygen vacancy, leading to excess carriers in the conduction band. This phenomenon is not exclusive to ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$, but it is also predicted to occur in other oxides. Interestingly, this phenomenon represents an elegant way of proving the existence of hydrogen substituting on an oxygen site (${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathrm{O}}$), forming an interesting, and rarely observed, type of three-center, two-electron bond.
Research Note: Recovering sparse models in 3D potential-field inversion without bound dependence or staircasing problems using a mixed Lp norm regularization

ABSTRACT Sparse inversions have proven to be useful for interpreting potential‐field data because the recovered models are characterized by sharp boundaries, compact features and elevated values, compared with conventional smoothness‐based inversion results. However, several open problems remain to be addressed, including the bound dependence and staircasing problems. The former results in recovered anomalous values being close to the upper bound, while the latter leads to recovered anomalous bodies with either horizontal or vertical boundaries. We have developed a mixed Lp norm regularization strategy to address these two problems. Inversion results based on two synthetic examples confirm the validity of our approach.
Place-Based Learning as a High Impact Educational Practice

This chapter presents a case for the inclusion of place-based learning as a high-impact educational practice and highlights the design and application of place-based learning and research in an interdisciplinary course. The chapter also underscores how place-based learning facilitates deep learning and achieves many of the widely accepted requirements of high-impact educational practices. The chapter explores the connection of place-based learning to each of the currently recognized high-impact practices and how interdisciplinary teaching and learning reinforces and strengthens those connections through its focus on the key educational goals of developing knowledge from a range of disciplinary perspectives and cultivating the understanding and application of diverse disciplinary perspectives.
Using Remote Sensing in Monitoring the Urban Green Spaces: A Case Study in Qorveh, Iran

Urban green spaces are important to the physical activity, mental wellbeing, and health of urban residents. In medium-sized cities in Iran, urban green spaces have been ignored during the past decades. In this study, remote sensing and geographic information system was used to investigate the green space distribution in the built-up areas. Accordingly, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) were used to estimate urban green spaces distribution within the urban landscapes to measure the urban land use effect. The geospatial analysis results presented a lack of green spaces in built-up areas. Also, 16.8% of the total area of Qorveh city is considered as a dysfunctional urban fabric that 39.4% of the city’s population live in this area. This study highlighted the usage of green space index with geospatial analyses in illustrating the urban green spaces’ importance for planning. For the future urban land development scenarios, this approach could be used linking with regional planning approaches.
Simple method for identifying interdependencies in service delivery in critical infrastructure networks

Critical infrastructure failures from natural hazard events affect the economic and social well-being of communities. This is particularly true in lower income countries, where infrastructure may be less resistant to natural hazards and disaster recovery is often limited by available resources. The interconnectivity of these systems can strongly affect the services they deliver, and the failure of one infrastructure system can result in cascade failures with wide-reaching consequences. Unfortunately, interconnectivity has been particularly difficult to measure. We present a method for identifying service-oriented interdependencies in interconnected networks. The approach uses well-established methods for network analysis and is demonstrated for healthcare services in the Commonwealth of Dominica, a small island state in the Caribbean. We show that critical links in road networks necessary for healthcare service delivery are important for more than just patient access to a facility, but also on the supply chains that enable the hospitals to function (e.g., water, fuel, medicine). Once identified, the critical links can be overlaid with known hazard vulnerabilities to identify the infrastructure segments of highest priority, based on the risk and consequences of failure. An advantage of the approach presented is that it requires relatively little input data when compared to many network prioritization models and can be run using open-source geospatial data such as OpenStreetMap. The method can be expanded beyond road networks to assess the service-oriented criticality of any infrastructure network.
Safety, Precautions, and Modalities in Cancer Rehabilitation: an Updated Review.

Providing rehabilitation to patients with cancer can be challenging due to the medical complexity associated with the illness and its treatments. This article provides the reader with a summary of frequently encountered medical conditions in the cancer population and associated safety considerations and precautions. An update on treatment modalities commonly used for symptom management is also presented. Cancer and cancer treatments can cause changes in multiple organ systems. Special considerations and precautions are necessary to provide safe and effective rehabilitation. Physical modalities can be used as monotherapy or adjunct to treatment for common cancer-related side effects with recent studies noting benefit with a variety of modalities. Detailed assessment of the cancer patient is necessary before implementing a rehabilitation program. Understanding cancer and side effects of treatments, including newer options, are necessary to provide safe care.
Selective targeting of CD38 hydrolase and cyclase activity as an approach to immunostimulation

The ectoenzyme CD38 is highly expressed on the surface of mature immune cells, where they are a marker for cell activation, and also on the surface of multiple tumor cells such as multiple myeloma (MM). CD38-targeted monoclonal antibodies (MABs) such as daratumumab and isatuximab bind to CD38 and promote cancer cell death by stimulating the antitumor immune response. Although MABs are achieving unprecedented success in a percentage of cases, high rates of resistance limit their efficacy. Formation of the immunosuppressive intermediate adenosine is a major route by which this resistance is mediated. Thus there is an urgent need for small molecule agents that boost the immune response in T-cells. Importantly, CD38 is a dual-function enzyme, serving as a hydrolase and a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cyclase, and both of these activities promote immunosuppression. We have employed virtual and physical screening to identify novel compounds that are selective for either the hydrolase or the cyclase activity of CD38, and have demonstrated that these compounds activate T cells in vitro. We are currently optimizing these inhibitors for use in immunotherapy. These small molecule inhibitors of the CD38-hydrolase or cyclase activity can serve as chemical probes to determine the mechanism by which CD38 promotes resistance to MAB therapy, and could become novel and effective therapeutic agents that produce immunostimulatory effects. Our studies have identified the first small molecule inhibitors of CD38 specifically for use as immunostimulants.
Applied linear algebra

Chapter 1. Linear Algebraic Systems 1.1. Solution of Linear Systems 1.2. Matrices and Vectors 1.3. Gaussian Elimination - Regular Case 1.4. Pivoting and Permutations 1.5. Matrix Inverses 1.6. Transposes and Symmetric Matrices 1.7. Practical Linear Algebra 1.8. General Linear Systems 1.9. Determinants Chapter 2. Vector Spaces and Bases 2.1. Vector Spaces 2.2. Subspaces 2.3. Span and Linear Independence 2.4. Bases 2.5. The Fundamental Matrix Subspaces 2.6. Graphs and Incidence Matrices Chapter 3. Inner Products and Norms 3.1. Inner Products 3.2. Inequalities 3.3. Norms 3.4. Positive Definite Matrices 3.5. Completing the Square 3.6. Complex Vector Spaces Chapter 4. Minimization and Least Squares Approximation 4.1. Minimization Problems 4.2. Minimization of Quadratic Functions 4.3. Least Squares and the Closest Point 4.4. Data Fitting and Interpolation Chapter 5. Orthogonality 5.1. Orthogonal Bases 5.2. The Gram-Schmidt Process 5.3. Orthogonal Matrices 5.4. Orthogonal Polynomials 5.5. Orthogonal Projections and Least Squares 5.6. Orthogonal Subspaces Chapter 6. Equilibrium 6.1. Springs and Masses 6.2. Electrical Networks 6.3. Structures Chapter 7. Linearity 7.1. Linear Functions 7.2. Linear Transformations 7.3. Affine Transformations and Isometries 7.4. Linear Systems 7.5. Adjoints Chapter 8. Eigenvalues 8.1. Simple Dynamical Systems 8.2. Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 8.3. Eigenvector Bases and Diagonalization 8.4. Eigenvalues of Symmetric Matrices 8.5. Singular Values 8.6. Incomplete Matrices and the Jordan Canonical Form Chapter 9. Linear Dynamical Systems 9.1. Basic Solution Methods 9.2. Stability of Linear Systems 9.3. Two-Dimensional Systems 9.4. Matrix Exponentials 9.5. Dynamics of Structures 9.6. Forcing and Resonance Chapter 10. Iteration of Linear Systems 10.1. Linear Iterative Systems 10.2. Stability 10.3. Matrix Norms 10.4. Markov Processes 10.5. Iterative Solution of Linear Systems 10.6. Numerical Computation of Eigenvalues Chapter 11. Boundary Value Problems in One Dimension 11.1. Elastic Bars 11.2. Generalized Functions and the Green's Function 11.3. Adjoints and Minimum Principles 11.4. Beams and Splines 11.5. Sturm-Liouville Boundary Value Problems 11.6. Finite Elements
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7- tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) biodegradation kinetics amongst several Fe(III)-reducing genera

Cyclic nitramine explosives biodegradation was investigated among four Fe(III)- and quinone-reducing bacterial genera. This strategy is an attractive option for RDX and/or HMX contamination because of their ubiquity; however, the biotransformation kinetics among different microbial populations is not known. The organisms investigated included two species within the Geobacteraceae, and one species each within the genera Anaeromyxobacter, Desulfitobacterium, and Shewanella. All species directly reduced RDX; however, humic substances (HS) and the HS analog anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) significantly increased the rate and extent of RDX reduction. Degradation kinetics varied amongst the species tested, but extracellular electron shuttle mediated degradation rates were the fastest for each organism. RDX reduction rates ranged from 7.4 to 269.3 nmol RDX hr − 1 mg cell protein − 1 when AQDS was present. HMX was reduced more slowly by G. metallireducens than RDX; however, electron shuttles also stimulated ...
Novel Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis

As all currently approved drugs for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) are only partially effective and administered parenterally, the search for more efficient and preferentially oral treatment options must continue. Recent developments target specific inflammatory aspects in MS pathogenesis focusing on systemic immune dysfunction, blood-brain barrier permeability and the inflammatory process within the CNS itself. In this chapter we will discuss the potential of newly developed monoclonal antibodies, which inhibit recruitment of activated immune cells into the CNS. The authors will also evaluate novel oral immunomodulators, which are primarily acting on the overactive immune system as the anticipated source of myelin-reactive immune cells. Keywords: multiple sclerosis; therapy; monoclonal antibodies; oral immunomodulators
Chinese adolescent immigrants : Factors related to psychosocial adjustment

Chinese adolescent immigrants from the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) are a rapidly growing and understudied group of minority youth. This study examined several factors related to the psychosocial adjustment of 113 Chinese youth who had immigrated to the U.S. from the P.R.C. The study was designed to delineate the relationship between psychosocial adjustment and several demographic variables, family functioning variables, English language proficiency, and value orientation (collectivism vs. individualism). Results indicate the following: (1) participants who received higher “family conflict” scores, lower “family organization” scores, and higher “authoritarianism” scores reported lower levels of psychosocial functioning; (2) participants who preferred to use English reported more individual psychosocial adjustment problems than those who preferred to use Chinese; and (3) the relationship between language preference and adjustment was mediated by “value orientation.” Results indicated that Chinese adolescent immigrants who preferred English were less “collectivistic” and that lower collectivism scores were linked to lower levels of psychosocial functioning.
Cytology of milky disease bacteria: II. Morphogenesis of Bacillus popilliae in vitro

Abstract Sporulation of Bacillus popilliae in plate culture was followed by a study using phase-contrast microscopy. The spores were, by electron-microscopic analysis, identical to spores produced in infected larvae. The low efficiency of, and the long time needed to achieve, sporulation precluded fine-structural analysis of intermediate forms. Yet the initial compartmentalization of vegetative cells to yield a spore anlage was seen under carefully defined conditions.
Using ant colony optimization and self-organizing map for image segmentation

In this study, ant colony optimization (ACO) is integrated with the self-organizing map (SOM) for image segmentation. A comparative study with the combination of ACO and Simple Competitive Learning (SCL) is provided. ACO follows a learning mechanism through pheromone updates. In addition, pheromone and heuristic information are normalized and the effects on the results are investigated in this report. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the normalization of the parameters can improve the image segmentation results.
Facilitating interdisciplinary design education through case histories

The design and engineering professions are characterized by multifaceted, interdisciplinary problems requiring teams comprised of architects, engineers, and constructors. The unique attributes of individual locations, regulatory requirements, and owner preferences require interdisciplinary teams to cooperate throughout the design and building process to ensure that all requirements are satisfied. In contrast to this professional environment, engineering and design educational environments are characterized by strict disciplinary boundaries. Minimal interaction occurs within the educational framework of the engineering or design curriculum. This paper introduces one approach to reducing these boundaries and introducing interdisciplinary tools into design education. The paper introduces an interdisciplinary research effort being conducted at Georgia Tech to create comprehensive, interdisciplinary case studies highlighting the diverse participants required to complete a complex building project. Complementing this effort is the development of a computer-based environment with the capability to both present case histories to interdisciplinary teams of students in multiple formats and provide the flexibility to support individual student exploration. Finally, the paper addresses the challenges and issues facing the design and engineering education community in the process of integrating interdisciplinary educational experiences into a traditionally segregated educational curriculum.
Mechanochemical Synthesis and High Temperature Thermoelectric Properties of Calcium-Doped Lanthanum Telluride La3-xCaxTe4.

The thermoelectric properties from 300–1275 K of calcium-doped La3−xTe4 are reported. La3−xTe4 is a high temperature n-type thermoelectric material with a previously reported zTmax ∼ 1.1 at 1273 K and x = 0.23. Computational modeling suggests the La atoms define the density of states of the conduction band for La3−xTe4. Doping with Ca2+ on the La3+ site is explored as a means of modifying the density of states to improve the power factor and to achieve a finer control over the carrier concentration. High purity, oxide-free samples are produced by ball milling of the elements and consolidation by spark plasma sintering. Calcium substitution upon the lanthanum site was confirmed by a combination of Rietveld refinements of powder X-ray diffraction data and wave dispersive spectroscopy. A zTmax ∼ 1.2 is reached at 1273 K for the composition La2.2Ca0.78Te4 and the relative increase compared to La3−xTe4 is attributed to the finer carrier concentration.
miRNA clusters as therapeutic targets for hormone-resistant breast cancer

MicroRNAs are small non coding RNAs that typically inhibit the translation and stability of messenger RNAs, controlling genes involved in cellular processes such as inflammation, cell cycle regulation, stress response, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration. Not surprisingly, microRNAs are also aberrantly expressed in cancer and promote tumorigenesis by disrupting these vital cellular functions. In this review, we first broadly summarize the role of microRNAs in breast cancer and Estrogen Receptor alpha signaling. Then we focus on what is currently known about the role of microRNAs in anti-hormonal therapy or resistance to endocrine agents. Specifically, we will discuss key miRNAs involved in tamoxifen (miR-221/222, 181, 101, 519a, 301, 375, 342, 451, and the let-7 family), fulvestrant (miR-221/222, miR-200 family), and aromatase inhibitor (miR-128 and the let-7 family) resistance.
Infraspinatus and intertubercular (bicipital) bursae sepsis

Summary The case report by O'Sullivan et al. in this month's issue of EVE describes an unusual case of synovial sepsis raising interesting points on synovial infection in general and more specifically the implication of haematogenous spread of bacteria from a remote site in the mature horse. The identification of synovial sepsis in this location is challenging due to the complex and unfamiliar anatomy in the shoulder region. This clinical commentary reviews the anatomy in this region and discusses the unusual presentation of synovial sepsis secondary to haematogenous spread.
A DISCUSSION OF THE SOLUTION FOR THE MOTION OF PLUTO

The semianalytical solution for Pluto given by Nacozy and Diehl (1978) is compared with the numerical solution obtained by Williams and Benson (1971). The effect of the Pluto-Uranus near resonance is discussed along with how it can be incorporated into the solution. Details are given on the calculation of certain quantities in the long-term solution. A calculation of librational periods of the perihelion, eccentricity, and inclination is performed. The calculation is based on the method of Giacaglia and Hori (1968).
Shape perception and low-dimension fractal boundary contours

We have identified a class of stimuli which seem to tap into the basic human ability to identify and name shapes. Using computer-generated stimuli, we found that patterns with low fractal dimension contours evoked the perception of namable objects, and that this proportion is increased when a preattentive criterion for examining the patterns is used. Furthermore, this result holds whether the patterns are filled in shapes (e.g., cloud patterns) or simple edge contours.
Effect of the Vitamin B Complex in Diabetes Mellitus

Because members of the vitamin B complex are concerned in carbohydrate metabolism, it has been suggested that they might have an ameliorating effect in diabetes mellitus. Clinical trials (1) with thiamine hydrochloride have been disappointing, but in experimental diabetes, Chaikoff and Kaplan (2) have shown that the administration of whole vitamin B complex prolongs the life of depancreatised dogs. We have, therefore, tried the vitamin B complex in clinical diabetes, but without benefiting the condition. METHODS Assessing the effect of a therapeutic measure in diabetes is difficult because of the great fluctuations in severity which many patients manifest. Elderly diabetics, in particular, often may take 20 to 30 units of insulin daily less than their true requirement, and only gradually over weeks develop marked glycosuria. The effect of infections is likewise well-known. It is possible that serial glucose tolerance tests would be the most accurate criterion for judging the condition of a diabetic, but s...
Factors affecting the post-release survival of cultured juvenile Pseudopleuronectes americanus

Laboratory experiments were performed with cultured and wild juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus to evaluate differences in behaviour and adaptation affecting post-release vulnerability to predation. Studies revealed that the cryptic abilities of cultured winter flounder increased over time. Sediment-naive, cultured fish required a minimum of 2 days to improve their burying skills and at least 90 days for colour adaptation to match the sediment. Cultured winter flounder selected sediments consisting of small grains and colours matching their own pigment. Cultured winter flounder, regardless of their colour, were significantly more vulnerable to predation by birds. Additionally, cultured fish reacted differently than wild winter flounder when exposed to cues from a potential predator.
The Natural History of Pancreatitis-Induced Splenic Vein Thrombosis

Though first recognized over 80 years ago as a cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage,1 the natural history of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis with subsequent gastric variceal bleeding remains poorly defined. Historically, 45% to 72% of patients with splenic vein thrombosis presented with gastric variceal bleeding,2 and the overwhelming majority of these patients underwent splenectomy. The reported frequency of splenic vein thrombosis, however, has increased recently due to significant advances in cross-sectional diagnostic imaging. In the remote past, splenic vein thrombosis was recognized only on postmortem examination,1 but studies such as celiac angiography and splenoportography have proved useful as diagnostic imaging has evolved. Increasingly sensitive, noninvasive studies such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US) are currently obtained frequently in the evaluation of patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis, and splenic vein thrombosis is identified. Splenic vein thrombosis complicates pancreatitis or pancreatic pseudocysts in 7 to 20% of patients, and it is not infrequently diagnosed as patients’ symptoms are resolving.3,4 Because splenic vein thrombosis is more readily detected with improved imaging and early gastric variceal bleeding is uncommon, an opportunity to document the natural history of this disease has arisen. Previous studies cited the frequency of gastric variceal hemorrhage as the critical event determining the management, either observation3,5 or splenectomy.2,3,6–8 An accurate assessment of the incidence of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis and the frequency of gastric variceal hemorrhage, however, has been limited by several factors. First, the inclusion of pancreatic malignancies and extrapancreatic etiologies as a cause of splenic vein thrombosis and gastric variceal bleeding confounded the diagnosis and limited our ability to determine the long-term risks. In addition, the lack of a reliable diagnostic imaging modality impaired early diagnosis and follow-up examination. Therefore, our aim was to determine the natural history of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis with specific attention to the development of gastric variceal hemorrhage. We found that only 4% of patients with pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis developed clinically evident, gastric variceal bleeding during follow-up.
Differential protein and RNA synthesis of rat kidney cortex and medulla

Abstract The in vitro rates of labeled amino acid incorporation into protein and labeled uridine incorporation into RNA have been examined in rat kidney tissue. A protein synthetic gradient (between cortical and medullary tissue) which we have shown previously has been examined in greater detail and has been shown in other species of animals. The demonstration of differential rates of RNA synthesis invokes the possibility of transcriptional control of the protein synthetic gradient. Kidneys of hypophysectomized and castrated rats retain the ability to maintain these gradients.
Perceived Parental Warmth, and Children’s Psychological Adjustment, and Personality Dispositions: A Meta-analysis

The purpose of this meta-analysis is to address three questions drawn from one of the basic postulates of parental acceptance–rejection theory: (1) To what extent are children’s perceptions of parental warmth related to their psychological adjustment? (2) To what extent are children’s perceptions of parental warmth related to their personality dispositions? (3) Do relations found in these questions vary by the gender of parents? The meta-analysis was based on 30 studies from 16 countries in five continents involving 12,087 children (52 % boys and 48 % girls). All studies included in the meta-analysis, used child versions of the Parental Acceptance–Rejection Questionnaire for Mothers and for Fathers (Child PARQ: Mothers and Fathers), as well as the child version of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire (Child PAQ). Results showed that perceived parental warmth correlated significantly with psychological adjustment and personality dispositions—including hostility and aggression, independence, positive self-esteem, positive self-adequacy, emotional responsiveness, emotional stability, and positive worldview of children across ethnicities, cultures, gender, and geographical boundaries.
Telomere maintenance by intracellular signals: New kid on the block?

The pervasive inositol phosphate signaling family includes a specialized subgroup with “high-energy” pyrophosphate groups that turn over rapidly (Fig. 1 and refs. 1 and 2). Some of the enzymes directing these reactions have yet to be cloned (see Fig. 1 legend). Therefore, proposed roles of inositol pyrophosphates ([PP]x-IPy) in vivo have inevitably depended on observing phenotypes when the entire subgroup is either eliminated or overproduced. Such experiments have led to conclusions that inositol pyrophosphates act as a group to regulate apoptosis, vesicle trafficking, yeast vacuole biogenesis, transcription, chemotaxis, and DNA repair (see ref. 3 for access to the literature). This tendency to treat these pyrophosphates as all acting in a functionally similar manner has not helped us understand the molecular basis by which they apparently regulate so many biological processes. Now, two groups working independently [Sol Snyder's laboratory at Johns Hopkins as described in this issue of PNAS (4) and John York's team at Duke (5)] have used yeast genetics to obtain evidence that inositol pyrophosphates regulate yet another fundamental process, in this case telomere length. However, an important new feature of these studies is that specific inositol pyrophosphates, namely, those with a hydroxyl group at the 2-position (Fig. 1), are held responsible for this biological activity. This departure from the standpoint that inositol pyrophosphates are a functionally redundant family offers opportunities to develop a molecular understanding of these specific events.
Identification of the epileptogenic lobe in neocortical epilepsy with proton MR spectroscopic imaging.

Summary: Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of multislice magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in combination with tissue segmentation for the identification of the epileptogenic focus in neocortical epilepsy (NE). Methods: Twenty patients with NE (10 with MRI-visible malformations, 10 with normal MRI) and 19 controls were studied. In controls, N-acetylaspartate NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho of all voxels of a given lobe were expressed as a function of white matter, and thresholds were determined by calculating the 95% prediction intervals (PIs) for NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho. Voxels with NAA/Cr or NAA/Cho values less than the 95% PI were defined as “pathological.” Z-scores were calculated. Depending on the magnitude of those z-scores, we used two different methods (score-localization or forced-localization) to identify in a given subject the lobe with the highest percentage of pathological voxels, which was supposed to represent the epileptogenic lobe. Results: MRSI correctly identified the lobe containing the epileptogenic focus as defined by EEG in 65% of the NE patients. MRSI localization of the focus was correct in 70% of the patients with an MRI-visible malformation and in 60% of the patients with normal MRI. Of the patients, 15% had metabolically abnormal brain regions outside the epileptogenic lobe, and 35% of the patients had evidence for secondary hippocampal damage. Conclusions: MRSI may be helpful for the identification of the epileptogenic focus in NE patients, even in NE with normal MRI.
Characterizing kernel malware behavior with kernel data access patterns

Characterizing malware behavior using its control flow faces several challenges, such as obfuscations in static analysis and the behavior variations in dynamic analysis. This paper introduces a new approach to characterizing kernel malware's behavior by using kernel data access patterns unique to the malware. The approach neither uses malware's control flow consisting of temporal ordering of malware code execution, nor the code-specific information about the malware. Thus, the malware signature based on such data access patterns is resilient in matching malware variants.To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, we first generated the signatures of three classic rootkits using their data access patterns, and then matched them with a group of kernel execution instances which are benign or compromised by 16 kernel rootkits. The malware signatures did not trigger any false positives in benign kernel runs; however, kernel runs compromised by 16 rootkits were detected due to the data access patterns shared with the compared signature(s). We further observed similar data access patterns in the signatures of the tested rootkits and exposed popular rootkit attack operations by ranking common data behavior across rootkits. Our experiments show that our approach is effective not only to detect the malware whose signature is available, but also to determine its variants which share kernel data access patterns.
Engineering authority and trust in cyberspace: the OM-AM and RBAC way

Information systems of the future will be large-scale, highly decentralized, pervasive, span organizational boundaries and evolve rapidly. Effective security in this cyberspace will require engineering authority and trust retationships across organizations and individuals. In this paper we propose the four-layer OM-AM framework for this purpose. OM-AM comprises objective, model, architecture and mechanism layers in this sequence. The objective and model (OM) layers articulate whatthe security objective and tradeoffs are, while the architecture and mechanism (AM) layers address howto meet these requirements. The hyphen in OM-AM emphasizes the shift from what to how. These layers are roughly analogous to a network protocol stack with a many-to-many relationship between successive layers, and most certainly do not imply a top-down waterfall-style software engineering process. OM-AM is an excellent match to the policy-neutral and flexible nature of role-based access control (RBAC). This paper describes and motivates the OM-AM framework and presents a case study in applying it in a distributed RBAC application.
The original source for Tzimiskes' Balkan campaign (971 AD) and the emperor's classicizing propaganda

For their account of Ioannes Tzimiskes' Balkan campaign of 971 AD against the Rus, Leon the Deacon and Ioannes Skylitzes independently used a common source that was written soon after the emperor's triumph in Constantinople. This source classicized the emperor and his actions, drawing upon figures from the Roman Republic and including speeches and geographical digressions. This source accounts for the bulk of what we know of Tzimiskes' reign.
Anomalous giants in Magellanic Cloud clusters

Many of the populous intermediate-age star clusters (theblue globulars) of the Magellanic Clouds have a few stars that occupy a “forbidden zone” in the colour-magnitude diagrams of the clusters, where stellar evolutionary theory does not predict that stars should lie. The properties of these stars in 13 clusters are gathered in Table 1, where it can be seen that the absolute magnitudes of the stars correlate with the cluster age, lying at a mean value of 2.7 mag above the tip of the main sequence. Several hypotheses regarding their nature are discussed, and it is concluded tentatively that they represent an unpredicted advanced stage of evolution from the giant branch, though no theoretical evidence supports such a conclusion. Considerably more observational data are needed before a more positive statement can be made.
Synthesis, structure, bridge-terminal exchange kinetics, and molecular orbital calculations of pyrazolate-bridged digallium complexes containing bridging phenyl groups.

Gallium complexes containing bridging phenyl groups were prepared and characterized. Treatment of triphenylgallium with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole, 3,5-diphenylpyrazole, or 3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole in a 2:1 stoichiometry afforded the phenyl-bridged complexes (C6H5)2Ga(μ-Me2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 (62%), (C6H5)2Ga(μ-Ph2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2·C7H8 (62%), or (C6H5)2Ga(μ-tBu2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 (40%), respectively, as colorless or off-white crystalline solids. These complexes were characterized by spectral and analytical methods, X-ray crystallography, bridge−terminal exchange kinetics, and molecular orbital calculations for simplified models. The molecular structure of (C6H5)2Ga(μ-Me2pz)(μ-C6H5)Ga(C6H5)2 consists of a dimethylpyrazolato ligand with a diphenylgallium group bonded to each nitrogen atom. A phenyl group acts as a bridge between the two gallium atoms. The kinetics of bridge−terminal phenyl exchange was determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy between −30 and +30 °C, and afforded the following range of activatio...
Measuring the Quality of Laws Limiting Youth Access to Tobacco

SUMMARY In response to the prevalence of tobacco use by minors, policy makers have sought more effective ways to use public policy to reduce tobacco use initiation and consumption and to promote smoking cessation. While various tools are available for assessing tobacco control laws, they are limited by a narrow focus on retail sales and omit many components of a comprehensive, ecological approach to tobacco control. This article presents a measure for rating laws designed to control youth access to tobacco. The measure evaluates components of laws pertaining to retailer licensing, tobacco sales to minors and compliance with sales laws, distribution and location of tobacco products, and youth possession of tobacco. Data are presented that indicate the measure can detect differences in the comprehensiveness of tobacco control laws and that it is a reliable measure.
Reciprocating biofilter for water reuse in aquaculture

Abstract The reciprocating biofilter is automatically dewatered at regular and frequent intervals, in contrast to the conventional upflow submerged biofilter which is continually inundated. Reciprocating biofilters were compared with submerged biofilters in terms of ability to maintain water quality in small-scale fish holding units. In the first trial the reciprocating filter systems averaged 35% more fish in terms of numbers, 59% more fish in terms of weight, and a 45% greater feeding rate. In the second trial the reciprocating filter systems averaged 29% more fish in terms of numbers, 33% more fish in terms of weight, and a 29% greater feeding rate. Superior performance of the reciprocating filters appeared to be the results of resistance to clogging and improved aeration of the filter substrate.
Acquiescence as differential person functioning

Acquiescence, or acquiescent responding, is reviewed. A detection method using the concept of differential person functioning is illustrated with two data sets. The effects of acquiescence are shown to be different for each example. Implications for questionnaire and attitudinal scale development are discussed and an operational definition for acquiescent responding is suggested.
Abstract 384: NADH oxidase, Enox1 activity, is required for vasculogenesis in Zebrafish.

Establishment of an adequate vascular network is a crucial event for tumor development. Emerging research has implicated the endothelial redox state as a significant regulator of vascular growth and remodeling. ENOX1 encodes a protein that is expressed in mammalian endothelial cells and exhibits NADH oxidase activity. Recent research suggests that ENOX1 functions as a positive regulator of angiogenesis. However, direct genetic evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. We used a zebrafish model to directly examine the role of Enox1 during embryonic vascular development. Whole mount in situ hybridization coupled with immunocytochemistry performed on zebrafish cryosections show that enox1 message and the translated protein are expressed in heart and blood vessels during embryonic development. Furthermore, use of immunocytochemistry demonstrates that Enox1 co-localizes with vascular expression of the ETS-domain transcription factor fli in heart and intersegmental vessels. Using in vivo multiphoton microscopy, we show that morpholino-mediated knockdown of Enox1 in Zebrafish embryos increases NADH fluorescence, an expected consequence of loss of Enox1 oxidase activity. Phenotypic manifestations resulting from loss of Enox1 function in embryos include vascular defects, most notably loss of fli-eGFP and flk-eGFP (receptor kdr, VEGFR2 in mammals) expression in intersegmental vessels and a loss of blood circulation in the intersegmental vessels. Pharmacological inhibition of Enox1 activity using a novel small molecule phenocopies the defects observed following morpholino-mediated functional knockdown. Together, these results show that Enox1-mediated redox regulation is essential for vasculogenesis in vertebrates in vivo. These results, in conjunction with previous work that demonstrated that inhibition of ENOX1 radiosensitized tumor vasculature, support the hypothesis that ENOX1 represents a novel target for impairing tumor angiogenesis. Citation Format: Amudhan Venkateswaran, Daniel S. Levic, David B. Melville, Konjeti R. Sekhar, Alexandra J. Walsh, Melissa C. Skala, Peter A. Crooks, Ela W. Knapik, Michael L. Freeman. NADH oxidase, Enox1 activity, is required for vasculogenesis in Zebrafish. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 384. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-384
Apparent Flexural Modulus and Strength of Multimodulus Materials

The ASTM flexure test is commonly used to measure the flexural modulus and flexural strength of materials other than the plastics for which it was originally developed. The officially designated equations for reporting the test results are applicable only to materials that are linear elastic to failure. However, the test is often used for carbon-carbon and other composite materials which have different (and sometimes nonlinear) stress-strain curves under tension loading than under compression loading. Such materials are called multimodulus materials. The influence of the multimodulus characteristic on the behavior of a test beam is evaluated for two representative carbon-carbon composite materials. The ASTM flexure test is found to be inapplicable to this class of materials because of the multimodulus characteristic and the nonlinear stress-strain behavior.
Single left coronary ostium and an anomalous prepulmonic right coronary artery in 2 dogs with congenital pulmonary valve stenosis

A coronary artery anomaly characterized by the presence of a single left coronary ostium with absence of the right coronary ostium and an anomalous prepulmonic right coronary artery course was observed in two dogs with concurrent congenital pulmonary valve stenosis. This unique coronary artery anatomy is similar to the previously described single right coronary ostium with anomalous prepulmonic left coronary artery, the so-called type R2A anomaly, in that an anomalous coronary artery encircles the pulmonary valve annulus. Both dogs of this report, a boxer and an English bulldog, were of breeds known to be at risk for the type R2A anomaly. As such, veterinarians should be aware that the echocardiographic presence of a left coronary ostium in a dog with pulmonary valve stenosis does not exclude the possibility of a prepulmonic coronary artery anomaly that may enhance the risk of complications during balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. A descriptive naming convention for coronary artery anomalies in dogs is also presented, which may be preferable to the older coding classification scheme.
Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between digoxin and antiarrhythmic agents and calcium channel blocking agents: an appraisal of study methodology.

While preliminary screening for interactions between new cardiovascular pharmacotherapeutic agents and digoxin can be efficiently and safely conducted in normal healthy volunteers, it is particularly important to detect and quantify drug interactions in patients with varying degrees of cardiac, hepatic and/or renal dysfunction. Much of the previously published literature provides only minimal data to guide clinical practice because of limitations of study design including sample size and measurement techniques.
Treatment of smokeless tobacco use through a formalized cessation program

The present study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a cessation program developed specifically for smokeless tobacco use. The treatment consisted of eight one-hour sessions over a period of six weeks and included cue extinction, target date quitting, a buddy system, and relapse prevention. A multiple baseline design across treatment groups was employed to assess effectiveness of the intervention. Eight male smokeless tobacco users participated in the study. Of the seven participants who actually completed the cessation program, six quit using smokeless tobacco and remained abstinent for nine months after treatment ended. These results were confirmed by collateral sources. The success of the treatment package in the reduction of smokeless tobacco use in an adult population, and the need for further study of the comparisons between smokeless tobacco cessation and smoking cessation are discussed.