cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience on an Elevated Inclined Surface and Postural Control

Historically, roofing work has been ranked among the highest of all industries with incidents of fatal and non-fatal falls. The purpose of this study was to investigate the exposure to an elevated inclined surface on postural stability. Twenty males, 10 experienced roofers, and 10 inexperienced college students participated in this study, which consisted of a preliminary balance test, followed by exposure to an elevated inclined surface for ten-minutes of exposure. While subjects walked, a motion analysis system recorded their position on the elevated roofing surface to determine the amount of time a subject spent in each of two areas, central or peripheral. Results suggest that both experienced and inexperienced individuals demonstrated decreased postural stability following exposure to the elevated inclined surface, with experienced individuals demonstrating a lesser decrement. Furthermore, experienced individuals spent a significantly greater portion of time in the peripheral area (extremities of the elevated roofing surface) surface compared to inexperienced individuals. These findings suggest that there is a significant decrement in postural stability due to exposure to an elevated inclined support surface.
Structural features and regulatory properties of the brain glutamate decarboxylases.

Abstract It is widely recognized that the two major forms of GAD present in adult vertebrate brains are each composed of two major sequence domains that differ in size and degree of similarity. The amino-terminal domain is smaller and shows little sequence identity between the two forms. This domain is thought to mediate the subcellular targeting of the two GADs. Substantial parts of the amino-terminal domain appear to be exposed and flexible, as shown by proteolysis experiments and the locations of posttranslational modifications. The carboxyl-terminal sequence domain contains the catalytic site and shows substantial sequence similarity between the forms. The interaction of GAD with its cofactor, pyridoxal-5′ phosphate (pyridoxal-P), plays a key role in the regulation of GAD activity. Although GAD65 and GAD67 interact differently with pyridoxal-P, their cofactor-binding sites contain the same set of nine putative cofactor-binding residues and have the same basic structural fold. Thus the cofactor-binding differences cannot be attributed to fundamental structural differences between the GADs but must result from subtle modifications of the basic cofactor-binding fold. The presence of another conserved motif suggests that the carboxyl-terminal domain is composed of two functional domains: the cofactor-binding domain and a small domain that closes when the substrate binds. Finally, GAD is a dimeric enzyme and conserved features of GADs superfamily of pyridoxal-P proteins indicate the dimer-forming interactions are mediated mainly by the carboxyl-terminal domain.
Tests of preferences of young deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi) for siblings versus nonsiblings.

Seven experiments were conducted to test the performance of adult deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdi) in discriminating and preferring siblings versus nonsiblings. In two experiments there was no indication of preferences based on odor alone. Further, there was no indication of kin discrimination in a seminatural enclosure. There was some indication that in a test apparatus, estrous females associate preferentially with male siblings rather than nonsiblings. The effect appears dependent on the presence of siblings during development. Although the finding of a preference for siblings in estrous females is counter to expectations from an inbreeding avoidance approach, this is one of a variety of findings to suggest that not all animals avoid inbreeding all of the time.
Physics of Sedimentology: Textbook and Reference

From its straightforward title, one would never guess what an idiosyncratic book this is. It includes selected topics in fluid dynamics, sediment transport, and physical chemistry; case studies in sedimentary geology, mostly from the author's own research; and anecdotes from the author's long career in industry and academia. Many of the latter are presented in conversational form. The book starts and ends well, with compelling, personal appeals for the importance of analytical thinking and creativity in geology. It is erratic in between.
Recent advances in theory of transient luminous events

[1] This paper presents an overview of the recent modeling efforts directed to the interpretation of observed features of transient luminous events termed sprites, blue jets, and gigantic jets. The primary emphasis is placed on interpretation of various emissions documented to date from sprites and comparison of exiting models with recent high-speed video and satellite-based observations of sprites. We also discuss the recently advanced theories of blue jet and gigantic jet discharges describing electrodynamic conditions, which facilitate escape of conventional lightning leaders from thundercloud tops and their upward propagation toward the ionosphere. The paper concludes with a brief survey of the recent literature on chemical and global electric circuit effects of sprite and jet discharges.
FELSTRON: an FEL oscillator power source for linear colliders

Electrostatic free electron lasers (FELs) operating in the oscillator mode have been demonstrated to be extremely efficient sources of coherent electromagnetic (laser) radiation. Output wavelengths between tens of microns and a few centimeters are achievable. The average power of these devices can be quite large (100s of KW). Linear colliders require high peak power as well as high average power. By storing the laser energy of an electrostatic FEL oscillator in a resonant cavity, and then employing a cavity dump, extremely high peak output power is obtainable. The high efficiency, accessible wavelength range, large average power and high peak power make electrostatic accelerator FELs excellent candidates for linear collider power sources.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ambulatory veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Innovation and pitfalls

Objective End-stage lung disease and severe acute lung injury are complex entities that remain challenges to manage. Therapies include early institution of mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure, permissive hypercapnia, pulmonary vasodilators, and complex fluid regimens. Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is an available treatment option for these patients but, in its conventional form, can be associated with significant complications. We present our early experience with an attempt to optimize extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, emphasizing reduced adjunctive mechanical ventilatory support and aggressive rehabilitation, with a goal of ambulation. This strategy has been enabled by the introduction of a dual-lumen draw and return cannula placed via the internal jugular vein. Methods The first 10 patients (mean age of 45.3 years, 8 male) treated with this strategy between January 1, 2009, and October 1, 2009, were retrospectively reviewed. The ambulatory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation strategy was initiated with an aim of minimal mechanical ventilation and aggressive rehabilitation. The patients were intended to be weaned from all respiratory support or bridged to transplantation. Results The mean duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 20 (9–59) days, with average mean blood flows of 3.5 (1.6–4.9) L/min, and levels of CO 2 removal and O 2 transfer of 228 (54–570) mL/min and 127 (36–529) mL/min, respectively. Six of 10 patients were weaned from respiratory support (N = 4) or underwent transplantation (N = 2) and survived to discharge from the hospital. The remaining 4 patients died of sepsis (N = 3) and withdrawal of care after renal failure (N = 1). Four of the 6 surviving patients were extubated and ambulatory while still on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. During that time, 3 of the 4 patients exercised at the bedside, with the remaining patient able to undergo full cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, including treadmill walking. Conclusions Improvements in the durability of membrane blood oxygenators and pumps have prompted renewed consideration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe lung disease. This report describes an attempt to augment extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with the goal of ambulation by minimizing mechanical ventilatory support and using aggressive in-and-out-of-bed rehabilitation.
Regulation of monocyte interleukin-12 production by acute alcohol: a role for inhibition by interleukin-10.

Acute ethanol treatment results in decreased antigen presentation capacity (Th1-type immunity) and elevated interleukin IL-10 (Th2 cytokine) production in human monocytes. Monocytes can contribute to both Th1 (IL-12) and Th2 (IL-10) immune responses via production of IL-12 and IL-10, respectively. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that acute alcohol treatment might affect Th1/Th2 immune balance by altering monocyte production of IL-12 and IL-10. Neither acute ethanol treatment alone (25 to 100 mM) nor its combination with a bacterial challenge Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) induced IL-12 production in isolated blood monocytes. In contrast, the same physiological alcohol concentrations increased monocyte IL-10 levels, suggesting that ethanol can induce a dysbalance of monocyte-derived mediator production at the expense of Th1 cytokines. However, we found that monocyte activation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) can prevent the preferential IL-10 induction by ethanol. IFN-γ (100 units/ml) inhibited monocyte IL-10 production whether induced by 1 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide (p < 0.01), 1 μg/ml of SEB (p < 0.02), or a combination of bacterial stimulation + ethanol (lipopolysaccharide: p < 0.01). Furthermore, decreased IL-10 was concomitant to an increase in IL-12 production in IFN-γ-treated monocytes. Moreover, acute ethanol treatment augmented IL-12 production in IFN-γ-treated monocytes in response to SEB stimulation (25 mM ethanol, p < 0.01; 100 mM ethanol, p < 0.01). Experiments with anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibody show that ethanol may prevent monocyte IL-12 induction via IL-10. These results suggest that inhibition of ethanol-induced IL-10 production by IFN-γ treatment is permissive for IL-12 induction by alcohol stimulation in monocytes. Thus, our results Imply that the presence or absence of IFN-γ is critical in determining the effect of acute ethanol treatment on monocyte IL-12 versus IL-10 induction.
Preimplantation Diagnosis for Single Gene Disorders

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) allows patients who are carriers or who are affected by genetic diseases to select unaffected embryos for transfer before becoming pregnant. The practice of PGD is evolving with rapid advances in technology and biopsy methods. Testing for a specific gene mutation can be performed in combination with 24-chromosome aneuploidy screening. Several unique applications of PGD are reviewed, including exclusion diagnosis for couples from Huntington disease families, testing for fragile X premutations, and human leukocyte antigen matching for stem cell donor siblings. Although PGD for single gene mutations allows patients to gain information about their embryos and perhaps avoid a difficult decision about whether or not to terminate an ongoing pregnancy, this technique also provides for much ethical debate encompassing the well-being of the prospective couple, embryo, child, and people in the community affected by the diseases being screened.
Geochemical and microbiological zonation of the Middendorf aquifer, South Carolina

We consider the nature and origin of the chemical and microbiological zonation of the Cretaceous Middendorf aquifer, in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, in light of the chemical evolution of groundwater along a flow path there. Some types of microbial activity, most notably aerobic respiration and iron reduction, lead to a net generation of acid as CO2, but reaction of groundwater with minerals in the aquifer consumes the acid, driving up pH and controlling the evolution of the groundwater's major ion chemistry. The thermodynamic energy available to the various functional groups of microbes, except the autotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing methanogens, is everywhere along the flow path sufficient to drive microbial growth. The concentrations of acetate, formate, and lactate do not vary systematically from zone to zone along the flow path, as might be expected if each zone were dominated by a single functional group of microbes. The overall rate of microbial respiration in the aquifer appears to be limited by the rate of the initial fermentation of organic matter. We found no compelling evidence indicating that one functional group of microbes excludes others from any of the aquifer's zones. Sulfate reduction, for example, may be non-existent in the high-iron zone associated with iron reduction, or may account for up to 90% of the respiration occurring there. Zonation of the groundwater into high-iron and low-iron facies may result from a minor change along the aquifer in the balance between the activities of iron and sulfate reducers.
Thermal expansion not a major source of sea level rise

With the power to drown low-lying nations, destroy infrastructure, and seriously affect sensitive coastal ecosystems, sea level rise may be one of the most readily apparent consequences of global warming that is already under way. The sources of, and dynamics driving, the rising waters, however, are not so clear. Melting land-locked glaciers, shrinking ice sheets over Greenland and Antarctica, and the ocean's thermal expansion will all play a part, but the expected contribution from each of these sources is still up for debate. Previous studies have suggested that thermal expansion driven by rising sea surface temperatures will account for up to 70% of sea level rise in the near future, but research by McKay et al. suggests this may be a drastic overestimate.
Coupled Field-Circuit Estimation of Operational Inductance in PM Synchronous Machines by a Real-Time Physics-Based Inductance Observer

This paper presents a new real-time inductance estimation method for 3-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), utilizing a physics-based inductance observer. The mathematical modeling, stability analysis, and transient analysis of the observer are developed and described in details. The inductance of a 3-phase, 250 W, radial flux PMSM was calculated by an electromagnetic field-circuit based finite-element analysis with motion. The numerical results are compared with the experimental results obtained from the developed inductance observer. The results show excellent agreement in steady state operating conditions.
Perceptions of the Regulated Community in Environmental Policy: The View from Below

Discussions in environmental policy often focus on the highest levels of decision making and action while paying scant attention to those individuals on the front lines. Among those frequently overlooked are the individuals at regulated facilities who interact with government regulators on a frequent basis. Interviews with nearly two dozen facility personnel in Virginia yield findings that challenge common perceptions of the relationships between facility personnel and inspectors. In particular, 86 percent of facility personnel, representing a range of regulated facilities from prisons to landfills to dry cleaners, said their interactions with inspectors were positive. Approximately 70 percent of them said that they trust inspectors and provided evidence of trust in their stories. The ramifications of these findings for environmental policy could be potentially significant because facility personnel are presumed to be adversarial, if not outright hostile, and this assumption impacts the design and implementation of environmental regulations.
On Comparing Competing Structural Models of PTSD: Comments on Miller et al.

In this commentary, the author evaluates the results and conclusions of Miller et al. (2010) with respect to the debate surrounding the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) structural models of King, Leskin, King, and Weathers (1998) and Simms, Watson, and Doebbeling (2002). Although Miller et al. are to be commended for attempting to move this literature forward through a comparative assessment of the models' respective convergent and discriminant validities, the author questions their conclusions based on the data presented. His read of their data, in the context of the broader literature, is that the Simms model has advantages over the King model with respect to discriminant validity. It is premature to declare a winner in the ongoing debate on the merits of these structural models.
Computational fluid dynamics analysis of surgical adjustment of left ventricular assist device implantation to minimise stroke risk

Background. Currently, mechanical support is the most promising alternative to cardiac transplantation. Ventricular assist devices (VADs) were originally used to provide mechanical circulatory support in patients awaiting planned heart transplantation (‘bridge-to-transplantation’ therapy). The success of short-term bridge devices led to clinical trials evaluating the clinical suitability of long-term support (‘destination’ therapy) with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). The first larger scale, randomised trial that tested long-term support with an LVAD reported a 44% reduction in the risk of stroke or death in patients with an LVAD. In spite of the success of LVADs as bridge-to-transplantation and long-term support, patients managed by these devices are still at risk of several adverse events. The most devastating complication is caused by embolisation of thrombi formed within the LVAD or inside the heart into the brain. Prevention of thrombi formation is attempted through anticoagulation managemen...
The paradox of the nested pediatric emergency department.

Objectives: Nested pediatric emergency departments (nPEDs) are defined as dedicated treatment areas operating during peak pediatric hours within general emergency departments (EDs). This study examined three staffing models for nPEDs and their impact on pediatric encounters. Methods: Three models were applied to children younger than 37 months presenting to the ED of an urban community hospital over one year. In the nPED, physicians cared only for nPED patients. In the restricted (rPED) model, physicians cared only for pediatric patients presenting outside nPED hours. In the total ED (tED) model, physicians treated all pediatric patients regardless of time. Full-time equivalent pediatric encounters, potential neonatal lumbar punctures, and illness severity were determined for all models. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance and chi-square test. Results: For the 3,389 eligible ED visits, the number of annual patient encounters per full-time equivalent was 1,236 for the nPED, 805 for the tED, and 336 for the rPED (p < 0.001). Physicians practicing only in the nPED treated 3.7 times the number of children younger than 37 months than did physicians in the rPED model and 1.5 times the number than did physicians in the tED model. Spending 10% of total practice hours in the nPED would increase pediatric encounters 26% for rPED physicians, while practicing 25% of time in the nPED would increase pediatric encounters 67% and equate to 45% of nPED encounters. An nPED physician could expect to perform 17 neonatal lumbar punctures, compared with ten for a tED physician and four for an rPED physician (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in severity of illness for the three models. Conclusions: Physicians practicing in facilities that include an nPED must dedicate some portion of their practice to the nPED to maintain equivalent pediatric encounters.
Synthetic Morphology Using Alternative Inputs

Designing the shape and size of a cell is an interesting challenge for synthetic biology. Prolonged exposure to the mating pheromone α-factor induces an unusual morphology in yeast cells: multiple mating projections. The goal of this work was to reproduce the multiple projections phenotype in the absence of α-factor using a gain-of-function approach termed “Alternative Inputs (AIs)”. An alternative input is defined as any genetic manipulation that can activate the signaling pathway instead of the natural input. Interestingly, none of the alternative inputs were sufficient to produce multiple projections although some produced a single projection. Then, we extended our search by creating all combinations of alternative inputs and deletions that were summarized in an AIs-Deletions matrix. We found a genetic manipulation (AI-Ste5p ste2Δ) that enhanced the formation of multiple projections. Following up this lead, we demonstrated that AI-Ste4p and AI-Ste5p were sufficient to produce multiple projections when combined. Further, we showed that overexpression of a membrane-targeted form of Ste5p alone could also induce multiple projections. Thus, we successfully re-engineered the multiple projections mating morphology using alternative inputs without α-factor.
Cell kinetic status of mouse lens epithelial cells lacking αA- and αB-crystallin

αA- and αB-crystallins are small heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones that are known to prevent non-specific aggregation of denaturing proteins. Recent work indicates that αA-/- lens epithelial cells grow at a slower rate than wild-type cells, and cultured αB-/- cells demonstrate increased hyperproliferation and genomic instability, suggesting that these proteins may exert a direct effect on the cell cycle kinetics, and influence cell proliferation. However, the cell cycle parameters of αA/αBKO (double knockout) cells have not been analyzed. Here we investigate the cell cycle kinetics of synchronized mouse lens epithelial cultures derived from wild-type and αA/αB double knockout (αA/αBKO) mice using BrdU labeling of proliferating cells, and flow cytometric analysis. We also provide data on the changing pattern of expression of HSP25, a small heat shock protein in αA/αBKO and wild-type cells during the cell cycle. Using serum starvation to synchronize cells in the quiescent G0 phase, and restimulation with serum followed by BrdU labeling and flow cytometry, the data indicated that as compared to wild-type cells, a <50% smaller fraction of the αA/αBKO cells entered the DNA synthetic S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, there was a delay in cell cycle transit through S phase in αA/αBKO cells, suggesting that although capable of entering S phase, the αA/αBKO cells are blocked in G1 phase, and are delayed in their cell cycle progression. Immunoblot analysis with antibodies to the small heat shock protein HSP25 indicated that although HSP25 increased in G1 phase of wild-type cells, and remained elevated on further progression through the cell cycle, HSP25 accumulation was delayed to S phase in αA/αBKO cells. These data can be interpreted to indicate that mouse lens epithelial cell progression through the cell cycle is significantly affected by expression of αA and αB-crystallin. (Mol Cell Biochem 265: 115–122, 2004)
Consumption of Seeds of Southwestern White Pine (Pinus strobiformis) by Black Bear (Ursus americanus)

Abstract We report a discovery of black bears (Ursus americanus) consuming seeds of southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis) on north slopes of the San Francisco Peaks near Flagstaff, Arizona, in high-elevation, mixed-species conifer forest. In one instance, a bear had obtained seeds from cones excavated from a larder horde made by a red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Consumption of seeds of southwestern white pine by bears had not been previously documented. This discovery adds to the number of species of pine used by bears for food as well as the geographic range within which the behavior occurs.
Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis: Better Living Through Chemistry—Opposes

The risk for venous thromboembolic events after total joint arthroplasty is well known. Use of pharmacologic prophylaxis is recommended by many guidelines, but with pharmacologic prophylaxis comes the possibility of bleeding with a major surgical incision. With a new mobile compression device that can be worn in or out of bed, in the hospital, or at home, or a rehabilitation facility, the concern for major bleeding is eliminated, and the rate of venous thromboembolic events is similar to that of pharmacologic prophylaxis.
Understanding batch distillation process principles with MultiBatchDS

This article describes the MultiBatch Distillation Systems MultiBatchDS for simulation, optimal design, and control of batch distillation columns with multiple configurations, multiple operating modes, and multiple fractions with multiple levels of models. The use of this package as a teaching aid for explaining batch distillation fundamentals is presented. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The maintenance of spatial accuracy by the periasaccadic remapping of visual receptive fields

Humans and monkeys can direct their eyes to the spatial location of briefly flashed targets even when a saccade intervenes between the stimulus flash and the saccade to acquire its location. It had been proposed that the oculomotor system performs this task by resorting to a supraretinal representation of space. In this paper we review neurophysiological and clinical data suggesting that the brain can use a different strategy that does not require an explicit supraretinal representation of targets. We propose and implement a simple neural model that can keep track continuously of the location of saccade targets in eye-centered coordinates. Finally, based on recent data, we argue that such a neural mechanism is in fact used to keep track not only of saccade targets but of the location of salient areas of the visual scene in general.
Evaluation of clinical experience in a radiology residency program with quantitative profiling: rationale, methods, and application.

Rationale and Objectives. The author developed a technique for residency program evaluation, called “quantitative profiling,” that is based on computer retrieval of radiologic reports. The hypothesis was that it would provide insights into the contributions of residents to clinical service, measures of resident experience and productivity for program evaluation, and benchmarks for comparison. Materials and Methods. The radiology residency program of a major teaching hospital was studied retrospectively from 1989 to 1997. The number of radiologic reports signed by individual residents and faculty members was retrieved. The clinical experience of the 1993–1997 cohort of residents was described according to subspecialty area and modality. Results. Residents signed 46.5% of all reports, with a mean total of 14,445 reports ± 1,292 per resident during the entire residency. The distribution of examinations was as follows; thoracic, 42.1%; musculoskeletal, 26.1%; abdomina, 13.4%; sonography, 8.7%; neuroradiology, 4.3%; nuclear, 2.4%; breast, 1.6%; and vascular, 1.4%. The most frequently reported results were for oneview chest radiography. Conclusion. Quantitative profiling can help track the range and progress of resident experience, help determine the deployment of residents, and provide empirical data upon which decisions to modify residency programs may be based.
Transition Radiation from Relativistic Charged Particles and Its Energy Dependence

Transition radiation in the optical region of the spectrum from individual charged pions and protons in the momentum region of 0.8 to 3.5 BeV/c was obtained from a stack of thin metal foils spaced uniformly in vacuum. The radiation was observed simultaneously in the forward and in the backward directions, with a forward-to-backward intensity ratio of the order of 8 to 1. A logarithmic increase in the intensity of the transition radiation with the total energy of the particle is found in the momentum region of the present investigation.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY OF NZB/BL MICE : VI. VIRUS SEPARABLE FROM SPLEEN AND PATHOGENIC FOR SWISS MICE

Hemolytic disease characterized by slight anemia, reticulocytosis, hemosiderosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and positive indirect antiglobulin (Coombs') tests and renal disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and glomerular lesions were produced in Swiss mice by neonatal intraperitoneal inoculation of cell-free filtrates prepared from the spleens of old NZB/Bl mice. Lymphoid cell and plasma cell hyperplasia as well as hypergammaglobulinemia occurred in some of these inoculated mice. Type "C" murine oncogenic virus-like particles, indistinguishable from those previously described (1), were shown by electron microscopic study to be present in distinctive locations, notably in the basal foldings of convoluted tubules in the kidneys of a newborn NZB/Bl mouse, old NZB/Bl mice, a CBA x NZB F1 hybrid mouse, and a Swiss mouse inoculated with NZB/Bl spleen cell-free filtrate. These observations point to two (perhaps related) circumstances which may be requisites for the pathogenic action of this newly discovered virus within and outside the strain NZB: infection of newborn, or infant, mice; persistent, possibly tolerant, infection of adult mice.
Adult Outcome of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Controlled 16-Year Follow-Up Study

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risks for psychopathology and functional impairments in adulthood among a longitudinal sample of youth with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood. METHOD: This was a case-controlled, 16-year (15-19 years) prospective follow-up study of ADHD. 140 boys with and 120 without DSM-III-R ADHD were recruited from pediatric and psychiatric settings. The main outcome measures were structured diagnostic interviews and measures of psychosocial, educational, and neuropsychological functioning. Data were collected from 1988 to 2006. RESULTS: At the 16-year follow-up, subjects with ADHD continued to significantly differ from controls in lifetime rates of antisocial, mood, anxiety, and addictive disorders, but with the exception of a higher interval prevalence of anxiety disorders (20% vs 8%; z = 2.32, P = .02) and smoking dependence (27% vs 11%; z = 2.30, P = .02), the incidence of individual disorders in the 6-year interval between the current and prior follow-up did not differ significantly from controls. At follow-up, the ADHD subjects compared with controls were significantly (P < .05) more impaired in psychosocial, educational, and neuropsychological functioning, differences that could not be accounted for by other active psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: These long-term prospective findings provide further evidence for the high morbidity associated with ADHD across the life cycle, stressing the importance of early recognition of this disorder for prevention and early intervention strategies. These findings also indicate that, in adulthood, ADHD confers significant risks for impairment that cannot be accounted for by other psychopathology.
A privacy mechanism for mobile-based urban traffic monitoring

Abstract In mobile-based traffic monitoring applications, each user provides real-time updates on their location and speed while driving. This data is collected by a centralized server and aggregated to provide participants with current traffic conditions. Successful participation in traffic monitoring applications utilizing participatory sensing depends on two factors: the information utility of the estimated traffic condition, and the amount of private information (position and speed) each participant reveals to the server. We assume each user prefers to reveal as little private information as possible, but if everyone withholds information, the quality of traffic estimation will deteriorate. In this paper, we model these opposing requirements by considering each user to have a utility function that combines the benefit of high quality traffic estimates and the cost of privacy loss. Using a novel Markovian model, we mathematically derive a policy that takes into account the mean, variance and correlation of traffic on a given stretch of road and yields the optimal granularity of information revelation to maximize user utility. We validate the effectiveness of this policy through real-world empirical traces collected during the Mobile Century experiment in Northern California. The validation shows that the derived policy yields utilities that are very close to what could be obtained by an oracle scheme with full knowledge of the ground truth.
Science indicators/1976: A critique

Science Indicators/1976 (SI/76) is the third volume in a biennial series of profiles of contemporary U.S. science and scientists produced by the National Science Foudation under the direction of its National Science Board. The bulk of this volume, as of its predecessors, consists primarily of charts, figures and tables that contain time series data representing resources, activities and products of American science. The implicit theoretical structure that guided the collection of these data, a two-tiered input-output model, is described and criticized as are the data themselves. The diagnosis of U.S. science today that emerges from these data is one of reasonably sound health. But SI/76 is also, again implicitly, a device for projection and here the picture is gloomier: as resources for science dwindle so must the magnitude of the enterprise decline, together quite possibly with the quality of its products. Although brickbats are hurled at SI/76, particularly for its inadequate disaggregation and lack of quantitative analyses, it is judged to be a work of extremely high quality and utility.
Adenovirus containing a deletion of the early region 2A gene allows growth of adeno-associated virus with decreased efficiency

Efficient growth of adeno-associated virus (AAV) requires helper functions provided by a coinfecting adenovirus or herpesvirus. Earlier studies using adenoviruses having temperature-sensitive lesions in the early region 2A gene (E2A) produced contradictory evidence regarding the role of the E2A 72-kDa DNA-binding protein (DBP) in allowing efficient AAV growth. These disparate results may reflect varying levels of residual function in the temperature-sensitive DBP. We examined this issue using an adenovirus type 5 mutant (Add/802) that fails to produce any detectable DBP or any fragment of it. Our experiments show that AAV can carry out a full growth cycle in the complete absence of DBP. However, AAV DNA replication and rep and capsid protein synthesis were reduced several fold and the yield of infectious AAV was reduced by an order of magnitude. This appears to reflect mainly decreased post-transcriptional expression of AAV rep and capsid protein genes.
800 MUSCLE ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN MONKEYS WITH EXPERIMENTAL SALMONELLA SEPSIS

Altered electrolyte metabolism is reflected in changes in serum concentration and total balance in patients with infectious diseases. A sub-lethal experimental sepsis was induced with 108 S. typhimurium organism administered intravenously to determine what role muscle plays in these changes. Muscle samples were obtained by needle biopsy. During the 3 day febrile phase, K wasting was evident in muscle, serum, and in urine. This returned to normal after the lysis of fever. The metabolism of Na and water was independent from that of K. During the febrile period, muscle H2O increased, and muscle and serum Na increased. Although antidiuresis persisted throughout the first 6 days of illness, an Na diuresis occurred during the period of fever. With the lysis of fever, renal Na retention occurred, muscle Na and H2O increased to twice the basal levels and serum Na fell 20 mEq/L. It can be concluded that muscle uptake of Na and H2O plays a significant role in the modulation of serum concentrations and the renal filtered load in experimental sepsis. K depletion was secondary to renal wasting, K loss was in excess of nitrogen loss from muscle. However, studies with the Electron Microprobe for direct determination of intracellular concentration indicate that intracellular dilutions play a major role in the reduction of cellular K during infection. Support:NIH-RR-00188,NASA NGR 9-12728,U.S. Army DAMD-17-74-C-4079
Microstructure and Texture of Process Cheese, Milk Curds, and Caseinate Curds Containing Native or Boiled Soy Proteins

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the internal microstructure of process cheese, process cheese containing native soy protein, process cheese containing boiled soy protein, rennet coagulated milk curd, milk curd containing native soy protein, milk curd containing boiled soy protein, rennet coagulated caseinate curd, caseinate curd containing native soy protein, and caseinate curd containing boiled soy protein. Textural characteristics were determined with an Instron Food Testing System. Soy proteins caused the fine network microstructure of processed cheese to change to coarse porous structure. Hardness of cheese was lowered, but cohesiveness was increased by adding soy protein to process cheese. In milk curd, particles of soy protein were clustered in groups in micrographs. Cohesiveness of milk curd was lowered by native soy protein and even more by boiled soy protein. Hardness and springiness were lowered by boiled soy protein. Boiled soy protein was more extensively aggregated than was native soy protein. Soy proteins were not clearly distinguishable from casein in the micrograph of caseinate curds. Soy proteins reduced hardness and cohesiveness of caseinate curd but not as drastically as in milk curd.
Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Poroviscoelastic Response of Engineered and Native Ligament

Experiments on explanted soft tissue and collagen gels [1], and the theory of soft tissue mechanics [2], indicate that the important mechanisms by which soft collagenous tissues deform and develop stress include elasticity, viscoelasticity and poroelasticity. These contributions to the mechanical response are directly modulated by the content and morphology of collagen, elastin, other molecules such as proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, and fluid, which is water. Our engineered collagenous constructs demonstrate histological and mechanical characteristics of native tendon and ligament of different levels of maturity. In order to evaluate whether the constructs have optimal mechanical function for implantation and utility for regenerative medicine, the relation must be established between the content and morphology of collagen and elastin, and the elastic, viscoelastic and poroelastic response of the engineered collagenous constructs at these different developmental levels.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Integration of the Gila River drainage system through the Basin and Range province of southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico (USA)

Abstract The Gila River and its tributaries in southern Arizona and adjoining states incorporate several dozen individual extensional basins of the central Basin and Range province into a single integrated drainage network. Forty basins in the Gila domain contain more than 1000 m (maximum ~ 3500 m) of post-12 Ma basin fill. Subsurface evaporites in many basins document internal drainages terminating in isolated playa lakes during early phases of basin history. The nature of intrabasinal and interbasinal divides and of eroded or sedimented stream passages through mountain ranges intervening between the basins reveal the geomorphic mechanisms that achieved drainage integration over late Miocene to early Pleistocene time. Drainage integration accompanied by headward erosion eastward toward Gila headwaters was a response to Miocene opening of the Gulf of California, into which the Gila River debouched directly before the Pliocene (
Mode of fertilization and parental care in anurans

Abstract Current hypotheses for explaining which sex cares for offspring assume a relationship between the mode of fertilization and the sex showing parental care. In general, it is hypothesized that maternal care should be concentrated in taxa with internal fertilization, and paternal care should be concentrated in taxa with external fertilization. Studies have supported this relationship; however, new comparative techniques and new data on parental care and the frequency of internal fertilization in anurans suggest that the relationship should be re-evaluated. I examined the relationship between mode of fertilization and sex providing parental care in 334 taxa of anurans using concentrated changes tests and in 396 taxa of anurans using a method developed by Ridley (1983. The Explanation of Organic Diversity. The Comparative Method and Adaptations of Mating . Oxford: Clarendon). The results of the concentrated changes tests showed that both female and male parental care are randomly distributed among taxa with respect to mode of fertilization. However, using Ridley's method, I found significant relationships between mode of fertilization and sex providing parental care. The observed and expected numbers of transitions from external fertilization and no parental care to external fertilization and male parental care or to internal fertilization and female parental care are not qualitatively different. Therefore, the results of my analyses suggest that current hypotheses for explaining the occurrence of maternal versus paternal care in anurans should be reconsidered.
[D97] A modular tactile motion guidance system

Tactile feedback delivered across a limb's surface may enhance human motor learning for applications such as physical therapy and stroke rehabilitation. We have developed a new modular tactile motion guidance system that seeks to overcome some of the actuation and sensing limits encountered with previous approaches. Each octagonal module is composed of two connected circuit boards; the top board contains a microcontroller and a colored LED, while the bottom board contains four cable connection ports and functional elements that differ among module types. Modules attach to the user's skin through disposable skin-safe adhesive patches. In addition to the main system architecture and its graphical user interface, this demonstration will showcase (1) a vibrotactile actuator module that employs a new approach to creating vibrotactile stimuli and (2) an inertial sensing module that can be used along with a Kinect to improve the system's estimate of the user's pose.
Some perspectives on visual depth perception

The process which people use to judge visually the relative and absolute distance of objects is quite complex and poorly understood, despite much investigation over a long period of time. However, one thing is clear--it's not simply a matter of triangulation using our two eyes; a variety of other factors seem to be brought into play with varying degrees of influence.Some psychologists believe that a wide variety of separate cues are taken into consideration when estimating distances. In this "constructionist" view, the various cues (which are used quite unconsciously) contribute independently to a mental "construction" process of perceived depth. Other researchers refute the entire concept of detecting depth specifically, preferring instead to incorporate it into a more general, dynamic mapping of the overall perceived scene. This latter viewpoint has become known as the "ecological approach" to visual perception.Many of the concepts are not new. Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci were among the first to realize how depth could be rendered in two-dimensional paintings; they called it "artificial perspective." Since then, a great deal of work has gone into investigating this surprisingly complex topic, although much still remains to be done. However, it seems that some virtual reality developers and other computer graphics practitioners are unfamiliar with the terminology and the various existing concepts and knowledge in the field.The following review describes many of the principal depth cues, as understood by those adopting a constructionist viewpoint; it is followed by a short summary of the ecological approach. I hope this will assist those new to the field, and I offer my sincere apologies to others whose favorite concepts or definitions may have been poorly represented or, worse still, omitted entirely.
Incidence of pulmonary embolism and other chest findings in younger patients using multidetector computed tomography

Background: Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has become the first-line modality for imaging patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). The disadvantages of MDCT, the use of ionizing radiation and iodinated contrast agents, are a reasonable cause of concern, especially in young patients, and therefore it is critical to understand the likelihood of PE in these patients to evaluate a risk benefit analysis.Purpose: To calculate the incidence of PE and other chest findings on MDCT in a young adult population investigated for PE.Material and Methods: 387 consecutive patients (age 31.5±13.5 years) underwent chest MDCT for clinically suspected PE between January 2004 and August 2006. Incidence of PE and other chest findings were calculated with a confidence interval of 95% using binomial distribution.Results: PE incidence was 5%; negative PE with other chest findings was 60%. In 89% of the patients with other chest findings, these included findings of the pleura and/or lung parenchyma. The main patt...
Entropy production and the evolution of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions☆

Abstract The evolution of matter in a central heavy ion collision, from the initial kinetic regime, through the hydrodynamic expansion phase and eventual freeze-out to free-streaming hadrons, is reviewed, together with the mechanisms of entropy production from the initial to final state.
Cysteine protease inhibitory activity and levels of salivary cystatins in whole saliva of periodontally diseased patients

The 3 human salivary cystatins S, SA and SN are multifunctional proteins that possess a cysteine protease inhibitory property, but their ability to act as such is very different (SN > SA >> S). One form, S, also appears to possess antibacterial properties towards the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, often associated with periodontal diseases. In this study we measured the total cystatin inhibitory activity and the levels of each salivary cystatin in the whole saliva of 8 periodontally diseased patients and 2 groups of control subjects (n = 6 and n = 10). The total cystatin inhibitory activity and the total salivary cystatin concentration in the periodontally diseased patients were found to be lower than the controls (p < or = 0.005). The concentration of S was depleted to levels that would not allow it to be an effective antibacterial agent, and the concentration of SA, although depleted in some cases, was still present at sufficient levels to allow it to act as an effective physiological inhibitor of cathepsin L. The concentration of cystatin SN was also depleted in the periodontally diseased patients, but was still present in sufficient quantities to act as an effective physiological cysteine protease inhibitor of cathepsins H and L. In comparison, the concentration of all 3 salivary cystatins in the control subjects were sufficient to enable these proteins to be both effective physiological cysteine protease inhibitors and antibacterial agents.