cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
5 – Dictionary Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the techniques that incorporate the structure in the data to increase the amount of compression. These techniques, both static and adaptive (or dynamic) build a list of commonly occurring patterns and encode these patterns by transmitting their index in the list. They are the most useful with sources that generate a relatively small number of patterns quite frequently, such as text sources and computer commands. The chapter discusses application to text compression, modern communications, and image compression. A very reasonable approach to encoding sources is to keep a list or dictionary of frequently occurring patterns. When these patterns appear in the source output, they are encoded with a reference to the dictionary. If the pattern does not appear in the dictionary, then it can be encoded using some other, less efficient, method. There are two approaches: static and adaptive approach. Choosing a static dictionary technique is most appropriate when considerable prior knowledge about the source is available. This technique is especially suitable for use in specific applications. One of the more common forms of static dictionary coding is “digram coding.” In this form of coding, the dictionary consists of all letters of the source alphabet followed by as many pairs of letters called “digrams,” as can be accommodated by the dictionary. Most adaptive-dictionary-based techniques have their roots in two landmark papers by Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel in 1977 and 1978.
COVID-19 in New York City Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Patients

Background: Little is known about the effect of COVID-19 disease on pediatric hematology, oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) patients brbr
Disaster and climate change resilience: A bibliometric analysis

Abstract The concept of resilience is a complex, multidisciplinary, and multidimensional phenomenon. It is now being increasingly used in the fields of disaster and climate change. There is a need to identify similarities and differences in both research domains to identify characteristics and linkages for potential integration. Using the Web of Science database, this study has conducted bibliometric analyses based on three categories, i.e. “disaster resilience”, “climate change resilience” and “disaster and climate change resilience”. Historical development, keyword, citation and co-citation, institutions, and country-wise analyses were performed. The study identified 4264 and 8164 research articles on disaster resilience and climate change resilience, respectively. Moreover, a total of 927 publications have used both disaster and climate change resilience, which is termed as integrated resilience. The study has revealed an emerging and rapidly growing trend in both climate change and disaster resilience. Comparatively, the number of publications on climate change resilience outweighed disaster resilience. The studies were published by various disciplines, but the majority were in environmental sciences and studies categories. Interestingly, disaster resilience has been studied by more disciplines than climate change resilience. Vulnerability and adaptation were key concepts linking integrated research on resilience. It is recommended to develop a shared understanding of resilience thinking under disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation philosophy. It is argued that resilience can be used as a bridging concept between the fields to truly recognize its potential. The results of this study can help and guide future research on integrating climate change and disaster resilience.
Feedlot Residue Testing

Food safety has become one of the most visible and emotional issues confronting affluent societies. Of particular concern is the adulteration of the food supply by foreign chemicals. Even though the incidence of drug residues in foods of animal origin remains low, and the human health risks associated with these residues are small compared to other food-related hazards, the public's attention has focused on the residue issue, and it is unlikely that this will change in the near future. Growing consumer health-related concerns over residues appear to be major factors contributing to stagnant beef markets in the U.S. In a national survey conducted by the Food Marketing Institute, an independent organization representing U.S. food marketers, the number 1 concern of consumers pertained to residues in meat. Other health-related issues such as cholesterol and saturated fat content were perceived by the public as less threatening than residues (Food Marketing Institute 1988). Representing this consumer movement for residue-free foods are well funded and organized consumer advocacy groups. These organizations direct substantial lobbying efforts at national policy makers and play an influential role in establishing food and drug regulations. Adverse public perception surrounding the drug residue issue has affected U.S. markets for red meat both domestically and abroad resulting in embargoes and other non-tariff trade barriers. From an economic standpoint, the marketing of residue-contaminated animals can result in substantial monitary losses. Such losses result from marketing delays which are triggered by a residue violation. No further marketing of animals can take place until a representative number of animals have been tested for residues and determined to be nonviolative.
The politics of happily-ever-after: romance genre fiction as aesthetic public sphere

How does the romance reading community understand the genre in relation to sociopolitical concerns? This paper draws on interviews, observations of romance writers’ conferences, and a variety of text data to explore how popular romance fiction functions as an aesthetic public sphere, a site of political discourse. While I find that romance novels and the romance community address a range of sociopolitical issues, readers and writers debate whether they should address these issues. Some think romance should only provide entertainment, while others embrace the genre’s potential for active engagement with sociopolitical issues. These expectations play out in both romance novels and in community relations. Despite debate over the ideal purpose of romance, there is widespread agreement among readers that the genre is fundamentally about hope and the belief that love—and romance reading—can transform the world. This research extends the aesthetic public sphere concept to popular genre fiction, showing that romance is a particular kind of reading experience that allows readers to engage with serious sociopolitical issues with the promise of a happily-ever-after.
School Turnaround Policies and Practices in the US: Joseph F. Murphy and Joshua F. Bleiberg, 2019

“Arne Duncan has said that if the country could turn around 1,000 schools annually for five years, ‘We could really move the needle, lift the bottom and change the lives of tens of millions of unde...
Constructivist or Christian: A Mixed-Methods Examination of Teacher Purposes and Practices at Mennonite Schools

Christian educators must regularly articulate the ways in which they add value to the learning experiences of students, recognizing that pedagogy and purpose are inextricably linked. This study inv...
Changing Problem Solving Methods in Higher Education to Meet the Challenges of Industry 4.0

Challenges in training students in higher education will require revolutionary change as a means to meet the demands of manufacturing and technology associated with the fourth generation of the Industrial Revolution known as Industry 4.0. While the focus of this change is largely on Internet of Things technology and integration of artificial intelligence, it will likely change industry in a much wider sense as well. Adaptation to this way of thinking will require a great deal of nuance. This paper discusses the holistic lens required for higher education to adapt. Specifically, the idea of understanding contextual insights is highlighted to better direct higher education to meet the specific needs that Industry 4.0 presents to education today.
High pressure stability of β-Zr: no evidence for isostructural phase transitions

Isostructural transitions have been reported to occur in several pure elements; however, most of these have been disproven. Zr is one of those elements which remains controversial with two reports ...
FACE: a firewall analysis and configuration engine

Firewalls play a critical role in protecting networks and enforcing security policies. Traditionally, firewalls have been deployed at an organization's periphery to protect it from Internet traffic. Today, however, this model no longer holds true as organizations try to safeguard themselves against other types of threats. This has led to the advent of the distributed firewall where potentially every router or end-host can run a firewall. As it is, firewalls are extremely hard to analyze and configure correctly due to complexities of network topology, routing, and administrative issues. Distributed firewalls make the situation even worse since there are multiple firewalls. This paper describes FACE - a tool that helps in analysis and configuration of distributed firewalls. Using FACE, administrators can automatically generate and analyze configurations for all firewalls in the network by specifying the filtering policy and a threat model in which a distributed firewall must provide defense against spoofed traffic from specified nodes in a network.
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traditional Versus Hybrid Student Performance for an Elementary Statistics Course

This paper investigates the performance of students enrolled in traditional versus hybrid Elementary Statistics courses at Georgia Gwinnett College (GGC). For this study, we collected and analyzed student performance data for the course goals over the spring semester of 2011. GGC is unique as it is an open access undergraduate institution, which has experienced rapid growth since its recent foundation in 2006. This presents a distinct challenge because there is a diverse student population, with various degrees of mathematical knowledge and learning capabilities. Based on the results of our findings, we have discovered that there is no significant difference between the performances of the two groups.
The Pharmacology of α-Adrenergic Decongestants

The mechanism by which decongestants produce their action is activation of postjunctional α-adrenergic receptors found on precapillary and postcapillary blood vessels of the nasal mucosa. Activation of these receptors by either direct binding of the sympathomimetic agent to the binding site of the receptor, or by the enhanced release of norepinephrine produces vasoconstriction. Such vasoconstriction decreases blood flow through the nasal mucosa and results in shrinkage of this tissue. Decongestants can be administered topically, directly onto the nasal mucosa, or orally. Prolonged topical administration may produce rebound congestion. Oral decongestants can affect the cardiovascular, urinary, central nervous, and endocrine systems. Overdose can produce medically significant increases in blood pressure as well as central nervous system stimulation.
Signaling pathways mediating alcohol effects.

Ethanol’s effects on intracellular signaling pathways contribute to acute effects of ethanol as well as to neuroadaptive responses to repeated ethanol exposure. In this chapter we review recent discoveries that demonstrate how ethanol alters signaling pathways involving several receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular tyrosine and serine-threonine kinases, with consequences for regulation of cell surface receptor function, gene expression, protein translation, neuronal excitability and animal behavior. We also describe recent work that demonstrates a key role for ethanol in regulating the function of scaffolding proteins that organize signaling complexes into functional units. Finally, we review recent exciting studies demonstrating ethanol modulation of DNA and histone modification and the expression of microRNAs, indicating epigenetic mechanisms by which ethanol regulates neuronal gene expression and addictive behaviors.
Structural evolution and kinetics in Cu-Zr metallic liquids from molecular dynamics simulations

The atomic structure of the supercooled liquid has often been discussed as a key source of glass formation in metals. The presence of icosahedrally coordinated clusters and their tendency to form networks have been identified as one possible structural trait leading to glass-forming ability in the Cu-Zr binary system. In this paper, we show that this theory is insufficient to explain glass formation at all compositions in that binary system. Instead, we propose that the formation of ideally packed clusters at the expense of atomic arrangements with excess or deficient free volume can explain glass forming by a similar mechanism. We show that this behavior is reflected in the structural relaxation of a metallic glass during constant pressure cooling and the time evolution of structure at a constant volume. We then demonstrate that this theory is sufficient to explain slowed diffusivity in compositions across the range of Cu-Zr metallic glasses.
Failure mode and bending moment of canine pancarpal arthrodesis constructs stabilized with two different implant systems

Objective— To compare failure mode and bending moment of a canine pancarpal arthrodesis construct using either a 2.7 mm/3.5 mm hybrid dynamic compression plate (HDCP) or a 3.5 mm dynamic compression plate (DCP). Study Design— Paired in vitro biomechanical testing of canine pancarpal arthrodesis constructs stabilized with either a 2.7/3.5 HDCP or 3.5 DCP. Sample Population— Paired cadaveric canine antebrachii (n=5). Methods— Pancarpal arthrodesis constructs were loaded to failure (point of maximum load) in 4-point bending using a materials-testing machine. Using this point of failure, bending moments were calculated from system variables for each construct and the 2 plating systems compared using a paired t-test. To examine the relationship between metacarpal diameter and screw diameter failure loads, linear regression was used and Pearson' correlation coefficient was calculated. Significance was set at P<.05. Results— HDCP failed at higher loads than DCP for 9 of 10 constructs. The absolute difference in failure rates between the 2 plates was 0.552±0.182 N m, P=.0144 (95% confidence interval: −0.58 to 1.68). This is an 8.1% mean difference in bending strength. There was a significant linear correlation r=0.74 (P-slope=.014) and 0.8 (P-slope=.006) between metacarpal diameter and failure loads for the HDCP and 3.5 DCP, respectively. Conclusion— There was a small but significant difference between bending moment at failure between 2.7/3.5 HDCP and 3.5 DCP constructs; however, the difference may not be clinically evident in all patients. Clinical Relevance— The 2.7/3.5 HDCP has physical and mechanical properties making it a more desirable plate for pancarpal arthrodesis.
The role of fructose transporters in diseases linked to excessive fructose intake

Fructose intake has increased dramatically since humans were hunter-gatherers, probably outpacing the capacity of human evolution to make physiologically healthy adaptations. Epidemiological data indicate that this increasing trend continued until recently. Excessive intakes that chronically increase portal and peripheral blood fructose concentrations to >1 and 0.1 mm, respectively, are now associated with numerous diseases and syndromes. The role of the fructose transporters GLUT5 and GLUT2 in causing, contributing to or exacerbating these diseases is not well known. GLUT5 expression seems extremely low in neonatal intestines, and limited absorptive capacities for fructose may explain the high incidence of malabsorption in infants and cause problems in adults unable to upregulate GLUT5 levels to match fructose concentrations in the diet. GLUT5- and GLUT2-mediated fructose effects on intestinal electrolyte transporters, hepatic uric acid metabolism, as well as renal and cardiomyocyte function, may play a role in fructose-induced hypertension. Likewise, GLUT2 may contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by facilitating the uptake of fructose. Finally, GLUT5 may play a role in the atypical growth of certain cancers and fat tissues. We also highlight research areas that should yield information needed to better understand the role of these GLUTs in fructose-induced diseases.
Self-incompatibility: theoretical concepts and evolution.

Genetically determined self-incompatibility has arisen many times in the course of evolution, and there is a broad diversity of mechanisms by which these loci prevent self-fertilization (de Nettancourt 1977). Population geneticists have provided a rich theory for the origin and maintenance of genetically-determined self-incompatibility, and the problem is sufficiently intricate that there remain many unanswered questions about the evolution of self-incompatibility. Recent progress in the molecular basis for self-incompatibility has revealed common features, including highly divergent molecular sequences of alleles. High allelic sequence divergence has been observed in mating system genes of Neurospora (Glass et al. 1988), Ustilago (Schulz et al. 1990), sporophytic incompatibility loci in Brassica (Nasrallah et al. 1985, 1987; Nasrallah and Nasrallah 1989), and the gametophytic self-incompatibility locus in Solanaceae (Ioerger et al. 1990; Newbigin et al. (Chapter 1), this volume). This chapter will focus on the gametophytic system of self-incompatibility in Solanaceae. A more general review of the evolution of self-incompatibility, including the special case of heterostyly, can be found in Barrett (1988; see also Barrett (Chapter 10), this volume).
Speed up the hybrid FEM+IE formulation using a low-rank matrix approximation

The paper addresses a methodology for hybridizing the finite element method with the integral equation method, FEM/IE, for unbounded scattering or radiation problems in electromagnetics. The methodology also speeds up the IE portion of the computation using a single-level low-rank matrix approximation. The motivation for this research has been the challenging problem of analyzing electrically large EM problems involving heterogeneous bodies, such as scattering by aircraft and ships and radiation by large antenna arrays.
The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Leader-Follower Work Value Congruence

This study builds on the theory that transformational leadership impacts perceptions of leader-follower value congruence. The study examines intrinsic, altruistic, and social work values in a sample of 150 workers in the United States. The hypotheses tested that different levels of transformational leadership, as perceived by followers, are positively related to follower perceptions of leader-follower intrinsic, altruistic, and social work value congruence. Utilizing hierarchical multiple regression, the findings indicate that levels of perceived transformational leadership are positively related to higher levels of perceived leader-follower intrinsic, altruistic, and social work value congruency. This study used four different measurement tools to test these hypotheses and controlled for task-oriented behaviors, tenure with supervisor as well as race, gender, and age similarity with supervisor. The findings suggest that organizations involved in a restructuring or reorganization due to either internal or external circumstances should emphasize developing leaders’ transformational leadership behaviors in order to capture benefits related to value congruency.
A method for constructing NARMAX models of a class of nonlinear systems

A method of constructing nonlinear autoregressive moving average (NARMAX) models is described. The systems considered are linear subsystems with a polynomial feedback. The terms of the Volterra series of the response are generated sequentially, performing linear operations on nonlinear combinations of previous terms in the series. The z-transform of the linear operator is used to formulate a straightforward mapping formula from the coefficients of the nonlinear differential equation to the parameters in the NARMAX model. Numerical results from the application of the algorithm to a nonlinear oscillator show the effectiveness of the technique. >
Unusual pattern of metabolites in the urine of a child with tyrosinemia: Glyceraldehyde

An unusual metabolite has been found in the acidic fraction of the urine of a child with tyrosinemia. This compound has been identified as glyceraldehyde, in addition to phenylacetic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, on the basis of gas chromatograph-mass spectral data and comparison with authentic samples.
Age-related trends in utilization of the internet and electronic communication devices for coordination of cancer care in elderly patients

Abstract Objectives In this rapidly changing electronic era, we implemented a study to define age dependent variations in access and use of internet and electronic devices in the exchange of healthcare related information (HRI) and coordination of clinical care (CCC) among elderly patients with cancer. Materials and Methods Data was collected through independently completed surveys after obtaining IRB approval in a single institution cancer center over a 4-month period. Questions regarding internet access and use of electronic media to obtain health information and coordinate care were distributed. The sample was divided in two groups based upon the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of geriatric patients: Results One hundred and twenty-six surveys were analyzed with 70 patients in group A and 56 patients in group B. Access to the internet and use of email was higher in the group A (77% and 71%) vs. group B (36% and 33%, p Conclusion The data supports that there is an age-defined underutilization of internet and electronic devices to exchange HRI and CCC. Characterization of this age-dependent transition zone will enable clinicians to identify patients who may not interface well with electronic communication strategies, and to improve delivery of HRI and CCC for the elderly.
Cutaneous immediate hypersensitivity in man: Effects of systemically administered adrenergic drugs

In in vitro models of hypersensitivity, beta adrenergic drugs inhibit the antigen-induced release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells and basophils. Epinephrine, an agent with both beta and alpha adrenergic properties, is clinically useful for treating immediate hypersensitivity reactions. We examined the effects of intravenously administered adrenergic drugs on cutaneous wheal-and-flare reactions to antigens and histamine in 7 normal men. Both epinephrine and isoproterenol, a beta agonist, inhibited skin reactions produced by antigen or histamine. Phenylephrine, an alpha adrenergic agonist, produced no effect. These results suggest that epinephrine's inhibition of cutaneous immediate hypersensitivity in vivo is mediated by beta, rather than alpha, receptors. This inhibitory effect in vivo is probably not mediated solely in preventing allergic release of inflammatory mediators since the skin reactions to histamine were inhibited as well.
DEVELOPMENT OF VEGETATIVE AND FLORAL MERISTEMS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA

Seeds were sown on mineral agar and grown under axenic constant conditions. Floral transition and flower primordia were observed at approximately 172 and 220 hr, respectively. The vegeta. tive apex was flat in outline for 160 hr, after which time it was slightly dome shaped; cytohistological zonation was not readily apparent. The inflorescence apex (172 hr) was markedly convex and possessed 3-5 and 4-6 cell layers in the most axial and lateral portions of the apex, respectively. The nucleoli of cells of the T2 layer were larger than cells of the T, and outer corpus during vegetative development; in contrast, they were equal in size at reproductive stages.
Lower extremity skeletal muscle function in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury

A cross-sectional study design. To characterize and specifically quantify impairments in muscle function after chronic incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Voluntary and electrically elicited contractile measurements were performed and voluntary activation deficits were quantitatively determined in the knee extensor and ankle plantar flexor muscle groups in 10 individuals with chronic incomplete SCI (C5-T8, ASIA C or D) and age-, gender-, height- and body weight matched healthy controls. Persons with incomplete-SCI were able to produce only 36 and 24% of the knee extensor torque and 38 and 26% of the plantar flexor torque generated by noninjured controls in the self-reported less-involved and more-involved limbs, respectively (P<0.05). In addition, both indices of explosive or instantaneous muscle strength, torque200 (absolute torque reached at 200 ms) and the average rate of torque development (ARTD) were dramatically reduced in the ankle plantar flexor and knee extensor muscle groups in persons with incomplete-SCI. However, the deficit in instantaneous muscle strength was most pronounced in the ankle plantar flexor muscles, with an 11.7-fold difference between the torque200 measured in the self-reported more involved limb and a 5-fold difference in the less-involved limb compared to control muscles. Voluntary activation deficits ranged between 42 and 66% in both muscle groups. Interestingly, electrically elicited contractile properties did not differ between the groups. The resultant impact of incomplete-SCI is that affected muscles not only become weak, but slow to develop voluntary torque. We speculate that the large deficit in torque200 and ARTD in the ankle plantar flexors muscles of persons with incomplete-SCI may limit locomotor function. The results presented in this study provide a quantitative and sensitive assessment of muscle function upon which future research examining rehabilitation programs aimed at restoring muscle function and promoting functional recovery after incomplete-SCI may be based.
Single-hole tunneling into a strain-induced SiGe quantum ring

We have observed single-hole tunneling and Coulomb blockade in the resonant tunneling characteristics of an ultrasmall Si/SiGe strained vertical quantum dot. The current steps near the tunneling threshold are due to tunneling of the holes from the emitter to the doubly degenerate ground state of the strain-induced quantum ring in the vertical quantum dot, and the spacing of the steps gives the charging energy of the quantum ring. When a magnetic field is applied parallel to the tunneling direction, the evolution of the single-hole tunneling features reveals a cusp arising from the angular-momentum transition of the single-particle ground state of the quantum ring in the magnetic field.
The treatment of phonological variation: An example from Hindi

Abstract Faced with phonological variation in speech, the typical reaction of generative phonologists is to dismiss it by attributing it to ‘performance’. Variationists (Labov 1969; Cedergren and Sankoff 1974; etc.), on the other hand, acknowledge the possibility of ‘inherent variation’ and incorporate it in the grammatical rules they attribute to speakers' competence. Both approaches, however, are criticized as providing no necessary motivation to the linguist to attempt further analysis of the data in order to explain the variation in a deterministic fashion. Using data from Hindi, it is demonstrated that traditional linguistic detective work plus psycholinguistic investigation can successfully yield explanations for a considerable amount of apparent variability in the conditions which govern the application of the schwa-deletion rule.
Nanotribological properties and mechanisms of alkylthiol and biphenyl thiol self-assembled monolayers studied by AFM

Five kinds of alkylthiol and biphenyl thiol monolayers with different surface terminals, spacer chains, and head groups were prepared using a self-assembly method. The adhesion, friction, and wear properties were measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). It is found that hexadecane thiol (HDT) with $\mathrm{a}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ terminal exhibits the smallest adhesive force and friction force because of the terminal group with its low work of adhesion and high-compliance long carbon chain. Experimental results and a meniscus analysis indicate that the adhesive force varies linearly with work of adhesion of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A molecular spring model is presented to clarify the lubrication mechanisms of SAMs. The molecular spring constant, as well as the inter molecular forces, dictates the magnitude of the coefficients of friction of SAMs. ${4,4}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-dihydroxybiphenyl (DHBp) on Si(111), due to its rigid biphenyl spacer chains, stronger interface bonds, and a hard substrate, has the best wear resistance. For all of the SAMs, the wear depth with normal load curves show critical normal loads. Below the critical normal load, SAMs undergo orientation, while at the critical normal load SAMs undergo severe wear at the interface due to the weak interfacial bond strengths. The influence of relative humidity on adhesive and frictional forces of SAMs can be mainly understood by comparing their terminal polarization properties and work of adhesion. At higher humidity, water capillary condensation can either increase friction through increased adhesion in the contact zone or reduce friction through an enhanced water-lubricating effect.
The generation of continuous fields: Future prospects

Abstract It is presently possible to generate a continuous field of 30 T by combining an outer superconducting coil with a 10 MW inner water-cooled coil. Using superconductors alone it has been possible to generate 17.5 T and a 20 T coil has been proposed for construction in the nearterm future. Far beyond these accomplishments lie the measured upper-critical fields of the yet untried superconductors, some in excess of 50 T. This paper examines what we may expect in the future for superconducting and hybrid systems, and compares these truly continuous field systems with systems generating quasi-continuous long pulses.
Upstream Facilitation: A Proactive Approach to Managing Problem-Solving Groups

This article proposes an “upstream” or preventive orientation to problem-solving group facilitation within organizations. The author recommends three major strategies: (1) facilitators should investigate contextual influences on the group well before the group first meets, (2) facilitators should help install norms that will enhance group problem solving, and (3) facilitators should then manage “breakpoints” in the group's progress. Finally, the researcher describes interventions that focus on the past, present, or future group interaction, depending on the kind of breakpoint encountered.
Age-correlated Differential Destruction of Bones and its Effect on Archaeological Mortality Profiles of Domestic Sheep and Goats

Abstract Economic models based on growth curves predict that the optimum age to slaughter sheep and goats for meat is about 9 months, and if milk production is emphasized about 2–6 months. Mortality profiles from modern and historic flocks fit the prediction, for deaths of 2–12-month-old lambs and kids always exceed 50% of the total and commonly exceed 75%. For mortality profiles of mandibles from archaeological sites, on the contrary, ovicaprids 2–12 months old rarely exceed 50% of the total and in the majority of cases are less than 25%. Ethnoarchaeological and experimental studies show that when subjected to ravaging by domestic dogs the mandibles of adult sheep and goats survive at rates much higher than the less dense and smaller mandibles of young animals. If the actualistic age-correlated survival rates are applied to ovicaprid mandibles from archaeological sites, nearly all convert to mortality profiles that are closely similar to modern and historically documented situations.
Vitamin D metabolite levels in normal children

Vitamin D metabolite levels were measured in 174 normal children throughout the year. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (24,25(OH)2D3) levels showed a seasonal variation; both levels were higher in summer than in winter (p less than 0.001 for both). There was a fall in the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) level in August and September (p less than 0.001), which coincided with a rise in mean 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 levels. An inverse correlation was seen between 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D3 levels (r = -0.233; p less than 0.01). 25(OH)D3 levels increased with age only for winter values (less than 3 years, 11.70 +/- 3.98 ng/ml; 3-11 years, 18.38 +/- 1.65 ng/ml; greater than 11 years, 23.60 +/- 4.60 ng/ml) while 1,25(OH)2D and 24,25(OH)2D3 levels did not show an age-related difference. Intake of multivitamins had an interesting effect on 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 levels in the winter but not in the summer; the endogenous metabolite levels were lower in the vitamin supplemented children [25(OH)D3: 23.05 +/- 7.35 versus 15.77 +/- 5.51 ng/ml, p less than 0.001; 24,25(OH)2D3: 2.30 +/- 1.11 versus 1.66 +/- 0.88 ng/ml, p less than 0.05]. Children studied in the winter who were not receiving supplemental vitamins were older than those who did receive the vitamins (7.26 +/- 2.64 versus 5.42 +/- 3.17 years; p less than 0.01). Sixteen of the children had both winter and summer measurements. Their 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 levels showed the same seasonal variation as the overall group data, while their 1,25(OH)2D levels showed no consistent pattern.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptive control systems, classification, problems, and suggestions

Many of the problems and limitations previously encountered in designing adaptive controllers might now be accomodated due to the existance of powerful LSI logic. Thus, new research directions can be defined related to the development of both estimation algorithms and control update procedures.
A note on the reflection of diffuse radiation by the sea surface

The measurements of the fraction returning upward of the downward radiation at various levels below stratus cloud, which were presented by the author in 1948, gave larger values than 0.066, the theoretical value for the reflectivity of a plane water surface. By fitting a regression curve to the data at various elevations,it is shown that the effect of haze below the point of observation can explain only part of the difference, and that the average fraction returning upward at the sea surface is probably 0.095. Powell and Clarke's measurements show that scattering by bubbles and particulate matter is probably sufficient to account for the difference between this value and the theoretical value. The particle-size distribution required to give the observed variation of albedo with height is computed and shown to be consistent with the expected distribution above the sea surface.
Supernova remnants in the Large Magellanic Cloud

X-ray emission from 10 previously identified supernova remnants (SNR9 in the Large Magellanic Cloud has been discovered in a partially completed survey of this nearby galaxy with the imaging proportional counter on the Einstein Observatory. The X-ray luminosities (0.5--3.0 keV) of these remnans range from 3 x 10/sup 35/ to 4 x 10/sup 37/ ergs s/sup -1/. N157B and N158A, whole identifications as SNR were previoulsy based solely on their radio spectra. have been detected as strong X-ray emitters. Two other objects from an optically selected list of candidate SNR were found to coincide with X-ray sources and therefore probably are SNR. The value of obtaining such a uniform sample of SNR at a known distance is illustrated by comparing the properties of the remnants and by fitting standard evolution models to the results.
Quality of Housing and Allergy to Cockroaches in the Dominican Republic

Fifty-one atopic asthmatic and/or allergic rhinitic children and 23 nonatopic control from Santo Domingo, the Dominican Republic, were skin tested with an extract mix of three cockroach species (<i
The constancy of the serum precipitable or protein-bound iodine in healthy adults.

IT has been demonstrated that the level of serum precipitable or protein-bound iodine varies with thyroid activity (1–6). As a result of these studies it is evident that in healthy subjects without disorders of this gland the organic iodine fraction in plasma is usually somewhere between 4 and 8 gamma per cent. It is not known, however, whether or not this serum precipitable or protein-bound iodine value changes from time to time within this range in any euthyroid individual. This possibility cannot be excluded in view of the knowledge that not only the level of thyroid activity but also extra-thyroidal factors may alter the value of the organic iodine fraction in serum (7, 8). The studies herein reported establish, however, the relative constancy of the serum precipitable iodine in healthy young adults, male and female, during a period of several weeks.
Integer programming vs. expert systems: an experimental comparison

Expert system and integer programming formulations of an NP-complete constraint satisfaction problem are contrasted in terms of performance, ability to encode complex preferences, control of reasoning, and supporting incremental modification of solutions in response to changing input data.
STERNAL OSTEOSARCOMA IN A BLUE CRANE (ANTHROPOIDES PARADISEUS)

A previously healthy, adult male blue crane (Anthropoides paradiseus) became peracutely distressed and ataxic. Examination revealed hemoptysis and a large mass associated with the cranial aspect of the sternum (keel). The patient died before treatment could be initiated. Gross necropsy revealed a large, hemorrhagic mass originating from the cranial aspect of the keel and extending into the cranial coelomic cavity. Histopathology confirmed the mass as an osteosarcoma. This is the first known report of an osteosarcoma in any crane species.
The Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model: A Road Map to Goal Attainment, Problem Solving, and Crisis Resolution

This article explicates a systematic and structured conceptual model for crisis assessment and intervention that facilitates planning for effective brief treatment in outpatient psychiatric clinics, community mental health centers, counseling centers, or crisis intervention settings. Application of Roberts’ seven-stage crisis intervention model can facilitate the clinician’s effective intervening by emphasizing rapid assessment of the client’s problem and resources, collaborating on goal selection and attainment, finding alternative coping methods, developing a working alliance, and building upon the client’s strengths. Limitations on treatment time by insurance companies and managed care organizations have made evidence-based crisis intervention a critical necessity for millions of persons presenting to mental health clinics and hospital-based programs in the midst of acute crisis episodes. Having a crisis intervention protocol facilitates treatment planning and intervention. The authors clarify the distinct differences between disaster management and crisis intervention and when each is critically needed. Also, noted is the importance of built-in evaluations, outcome measures, and performance indicators for all crisis intervention services and programs. We are recommending that the Roberts’ crisis intervention tool be used for time-limited response to persons in acute crisis. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 5:329–339 (2005)]
Intrinsic Isotropy Subgroups of Finite Groups

Abstract This paper discusses general properties of intrinsic isotropy subgroups of finite groups, a notion recently introduced by the author, and motivated by the relevance of such subgroups in problems of bifurcation with symmetry. The main results established here are that groups are or are not intrinsic isotropy subgroups of themselves depending only upon their order being odd or even, and the characterization of 2-nilpotent groups as an optimal class of groups having a unique maximal intrinsic isotropy subgroup. The simplest case when uniqueness is lost is shown to correspond to groups whose structure generalizes that of A 4
On shrinkage and molecular extension

Abstract : When an oriented polymer is heated, it often retracts towards an isotropic state. The change in shape is a measure of the extension of the molecules in the oriented sample. The several different functions that have been used to define molecular extension are derived and reviewed. It is concluded that the ratio (oriented length/shrunk length) is the most appropriate, and that a direct test by neutron scattering would be feasible. Originator-supplied keywords include: network extension, shrinkage, and retraction.
A note on the capacity of discrete noiseless channels

Diese Mitteilung gibt einen mathematischen Beweis einer Darstellung vonShannon, betreffend die Kanalkapazitat einer Klasse von einfachen Kanalen ohne Gedachtnis.
Ideal magnetohydrodynamic theory of magnetic fusion systems

Ideal magnetohydrodynamic theory and its application to magnetic fusion systems are reviewed. The review begins with a description and derivation of the model as well as a discussion of the region of validity. Next, the general properties are derived. These are valid for arbitrary geometry and demonstrate the inherently sound physical foundation of the model. The equilibrium behavior of the currently most promising toroidal magnetic fusion concepts are then discussed in detail. Finally, the stability of such equilibria is investigated. Included are discussions of the general stability properties of arbitrary magnetic geometries and of detailed applications to those concepts of current fusion interest.
Ion Induced Surface Alterations Due to Electronic Charge Exchange and Chemical Reactions

A general discussion of the phenomena that can occur during ion—surface encounters is presented and specific examples of charge exchange processes on LiF surfaces and chemical reactions of N+2 on metals are shown. During rare gas ion bombardment of LiF, ejection of F+ ions and excited Li atoms and the energy distributions of secondary F+ ions can be correlated with Auger primary ion—surface charge exchange transitions determined by the potential energy of the primary ion vacancy and electron promotions resulting from close atomic encounters. Nitridation of Al, Cu, Mo, and Ni to produce very thin nitride surface films is induced by 0–50 eV mass selected N+2 beams. The efficiency of nitridation, monitored by the KL2L2 nitrogen Auger electron signal, exhibits a large kinetic energy Ek dependence below ca. 30 eV. The threshold impact energy for nitridation varies for the different metals; it is nominally zero for Al and Ni, ∼ 4 eV for Mo, probably > 0 for Cu, and does not occur at any energy below 200 eV for Ag. That the metal electronic structure is a critical parameter is evidenced by the facts that different ion doses are required to produce similar nitride signal levels on various metals and that plots of nitride intensity versus Ek exhibit structure or at least different shapes in the low Ek region. A simple quantum mechanical model is used to simulate the nitridation reaction by delineation into four elementary steps: (1) neutralization of incoming N+2, (2) decomposition of N2 into 2N, (3) deexcitation and thermalization of N, and (4) chemical reaction proper.
Synchronous versus asynchronous transmitter release: a tale of two types of inhibitory neurons

Inhibitory cortical neurons are thought to generate temporally precise signals important for information processing, but a new study shows that CCK-expressing interneurons continue to release GABA for several hundred milliseconds after bursts of action potentials.
Behavioral effects and pharmacokinetics of propofol in rats selected for differential ethanol sensitivity

High- and low-alcohol sensitivity (HAS and LAS) rats have been selected for their differences in ethanol-induced sleep time. The rats also differ in sensitivity to pentobarbital, halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane. To determine if this sensitivity extended to propofol, the anesthetic requirements were measured. In this study, the sleep time and the tissue levels of propofol at awakening, as well as the pharmacokinetics, were evaluated. Propofol was administered intravenously. For one group of rats, sleep times were measured ; blood and brain samples were taken at awakening. Blood samples were collected in another group of rats at frequent intervals from 0 to 90 min after injection. Propofol concentration of the samples was determined by gas chromatography. The pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a nonlinear least-squares regression program. Sleep time was not different ; however, blood and brain propofol levels at awakening showed a small, but significant difference between HAS and LAS rats. Propofol blood concentration-time curve data were fitted to a three-compartment model. Pharmacokinetic parameters were also not different between the rat lines. However, sleep time was 50% longer in female rats than male rats in both strains (p < 0.0001). The rates of propofol clearance were slower in female rats, because of different rates of disappearance from the second compartment. The observations suggest that the genetic selection for ethanol sensitivity selection for propofol sensitivity was not nearly as intense and presumably involves some different genes. These two central nervous system depressants would seem to differ significantly in their mechanism of action. The differential sleep times produced by propofol in the male and female rats are caused by pharmacokinetic differences.
ZIP8 Is an Iron and Zinc Transporter Whose Cell-surface Expression Is Up-regulated by Cellular Iron Loading

ZIP8 (SLC39A8) belongs to the ZIP family of metal-ion transporters. Among the ZIP proteins, ZIP8 is most closely related to ZIP14, which can transport iron, zinc, manganese, and cadmium. Here we investigated the iron transport ability of ZIP8, its subcellular localization, pH dependence, and regulation by iron. Transfection of HEK 293T cells with ZIP8 cDNA enhanced the uptake of (59)Fe and (65)Zn by 200 and 40%, respectively, compared with controls. Excess iron inhibited the uptake of zinc and vice versa. In RNA-injected Xenopus oocytes, ZIP8-mediated (55)Fe(2+) transport was saturable (K(0.5) of ∼0.7 μm) and inhibited by zinc. ZIP8 also mediated the uptake of (109)Cd(2+), (57)Co(2+), (65)Zn(2+) > (54)Mn(2+), but not (64)Cu (I or II). By using immunofluorescence analysis, we found that ZIP8 expressed in HEK 293T cells localized to the plasma membrane and partially in early endosomes. Iron loading increased total and cell-surface levels of ZIP8 in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. We also determined by using site-directed mutagenesis that asparagine residues 40, 88, and 96 of rat ZIP8 are glycosylated and that N-glycosylation is not required for iron or zinc transport. Analysis of 20 different human tissues revealed abundant ZIP8 expression in lung and placenta and showed that its expression profile differs markedly from ZIP14, suggesting nonredundant functions. Suppression of endogenous ZIP8 expression in BeWo cells, a placental cell line, reduced iron uptake by ∼40%, suggesting that ZIP8 participates in placental iron transport. Collectively, these data identify ZIP8 as an iron transport protein that may function in iron metabolism.