cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Orientation and Grafting Density in Semifluorinated Self-Assembled Monolayers of Mono-, Di-, and Trichloro Silanes on Silica Substrates

Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy is used to measure the molecular orientation in semifluorinated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) prepared by vapor deposition of mono- (F3C(CF2)8(CH2)2Si(CH3)2Cl, m-F8H2), di- (F3C(CF2)8(CH2)2Si(CH3)Cl2, d-F8H2), and trichloroorganosilanes (F3C(CF2)8(CH2)2SiCl3, t-F8H2) on flat silica-covered substrates. The average tilt angles (from the sample normal) of the fluorocarbon part, F(CF2)8-, of t-F8H2, d-F8H2, and m-F8H2 measured by carbon K-edge NEXAFS are 10 ± 2°, 35 ± 2°, and 45 ± 3°, respectively. We show that the increase of the tilt angle is associated with the steric hindrance of the methyl groups attached to silicon close to the bonding substrate. We also show that the molecular orientation obtained from the NEXAFS measurements can be used to estimate the grafting densities of the F8H2 molecules on the substrates. We present a simple one-dimensional geometric model to show that the grafting density of m-F8H2 is approximately one-half of t...
Marker Profiles of Human Leukemia and Lymphoma Cell Lines

By means of the multiple marker analysis, a total of 55 human leukemia-lymphoma cell lines which included 15 T-cell, 30 B-cell, four myelomonocytic-cell, and six non-T, non-B cell lines was characterized for their marker profiles. The multiple markers used included a number of cell surface markers as detected by either rosette or immunofluorescence tests, enzyme assays, cytogenetic analysis, and certain functional assay. Based on the criteria previously defined it was found that all the cell lines were proved to represent original leukemia-lymphoma of ALL, AML, CLL, CML in blastic phase or variety of lymphomas. The monoclonality, a "frozen" state at a specific state of differentiation-maturation, and cytogenetic marker in each leukemia-lymphoma cell line were remarkable common properties and were stable for years of cultivation. Similar, if not identical, general characteristics were observed in the study on 344 cases of uncultured fresh leukemia-lymphomas by the multiple marker analysis. While no single marker specific to any type of tumor was found, the study offers not only a basis for better understanding of the biology of leukemia-lymphoma but also an insight into normal hematopoietic cell differentiation in man.
Body mass is the primary determinant of midfemoral bone acquisition during adolescent growth

Abstract To study the determinants of bone mass and structure during adolescence, we analyzed the femoral mid-diaphysis of 375 healthy adolescents and young adults, ages 9–26 years, from four ethnic cohorts (African-American, Asian-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic). Wbole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were used to determine diaphyseal length and mid-diaphyseal diameter of the left femur, as well as linear bone mineral content (BMCL) of a region at the mid-diaphysis. Cross-sectional geometric properties were estimated and used to calculate two structural strength indicators: the section modulus and the whole bone strength index. When the relationships between the bone measurements and age, pubertal group, height, or body mass were evaluated, all cross-sectional femoral measures correlated most strongly with body mass. Multiple regressions accounting for gender and ethnicity provided little additional predictive value over the simple regressions with body mass alone. Furthermore, accounting for all developmental parameters (age, pubertal group, body mass, lean body mass, calcium intake, physical activity level) as well as ethnicity and gender in a single saturated model also did not generally significantly improve the predictive results achieved using only body mass. Our results indicate that increases in midfemoral bone mass and cross-sectional properties during adolescence are primarily related to increases in mechanical loading as reflected by body mass.
Density Functional Study of Methyl Radical Association Kinetics

Rate constants of the prototypical methyl-methyl radical association reaction are calculated on the basis of variational transition-state theory with a variable reaction coordinate and a multifaceted dividing surface. The potential energies required in the Monte Carlo integrations are evaluated directly using the M06 and M06-L density functionals. The rate constants are calculated at the canonical, microcanonical, and E,J-resolved microcanonical levels. The best prediction of rate constants is based on the potential energies calculated by the M06-L density functional; these agree with experimental data quantitatively from 300 to 1000 K. This study shows that density functional theory can be accurate enough for calculating rate constants of reactions with loose transition states, whereas previously only multireference wave function methods, which are more complicated and more expensive, had been demonstrated to be sufficiently accurate. The application of density functional theory for the loose transition states will allow larger and complicated systems to be studied efficiently.
Thromboplastin generation by saliva.

Abstract In order to determine directly whether saliva has any specific thromboplastic activity or whether its effect in accelerating blood coagulation is nonspecific, we compared saliva with commercial tissue thromboplastins in the following modified hematologic tests: 1. 1. In the one-stage prothrombin-time test, the prothrombin activity curve was simulated very closely when saliva replacing tissue thromboplastin was used in the same manner. 2. 2. In the thromboplastin-generation test, saliva showed a definite thromboplastin generation over a period of time, constantly increasing and then deteriorating. Commercial tissue thromboplastin did not show any detectable generation at any time or at any concentration.
Microphysical Characteristics of Overshooting Convection from Polarimetric Radar Observations

The authors present observations of the microphysical characteristics of deep convection that overshoots the altitude of the extratropical tropopause from analysis of the polarimetric radar variables of radar reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP. Identified overshooting convective storms are separated by their organization and intensity into three classifications: organized convection, discrete ordinary convection, and discrete supercell convection. Composite analysisof identifiedstorms foreach classification reveals microphysical featuressimilar tothose found inpreviousstudiesofdeepconvection,withdeepcolumnsofhighlypositiveZDRandKDPrepresentinglofting of liquid hydrometeors within the convective updraft and above the melting level. In addition, organized and discrete supercell classifications show distinct near-zero ZDR minima aligned horizontally with and at altitudes higher than the updraft column features, likely indicative of the frequent presence of large hail in each case. Composites for organized convective systems show a similar ZDR minimum throughout the portion of the convective core that is overshooting the tropopause, corresponding to ZH in the range of 15‐30dBZ and negative KDP observations, in agreement with the scattering properties of small hail and/or lump or conical graupel. Additional analyses of the evolution of overshooting storms reveals that the ZDR minima indicative of hail in the middle and upper troposphere and graupel in the overshooting top are associated with the mature and decaying stages of overshooting, respectively, supporting their inferred contributions to the observed polarimetric fields.
Filled Milks for Dairy Calves. I. Soybean Oil Versus Milk Fat

Summary Under the conditions of this experiment, a filled milk containing hydrogenated soybean oil produced growth in young dairy calves equal to the growth of calves fed whole milk. There was no significant difference in gain in weight, in increase in height at withers, in incidence of scouring or in physical appearance between the two groups. The growth and general appearance of the group of calves fed hydrogenated soybean oil were in sharp contrast to those of the group fed crude expeller soybean oil, the latter being characterized by poor growth, severe scouring and high mortality. Supplementation of the rations of young dairy calves fed a filled milk containing 3 per cent crude expeller soybean oil with various members of the vitamin B complex, ascorbic acid and mixed tocopherols failed to improve growth or reduce the incidence of scouring.
Redefining Ecotourism: The Need for a Supply-Side View

This article reviews the existing literature on ecotourism definitions and provides a supply-side view of ecotourism based on the findings of a nationwide survey of 282 U.S.-based ecotour operators. A content analysis of ecotourism definitions revealed that ecotourism is a new form of nonconsumptive, educational, and romantic tourism to relatively undisturbed and undervisited areas of immense natural beauty, and cultural and historical importance for the purposes of understanding and appreciating the natural and sociocultural history of the host destination. The current view of ecotourism by the sample of tour operators reflects and confirms definitions of ecotourism found in existing literature. If the definitions provided by this sample of ecotour operators are to be considered representative of their business vision or mission statement, it is plausible to expect their business objectives and operational behavior to be congruent with their description of ecotourism. Whether or not their actual behavior...
Applied principles of clear and Lombard speech for automated intelligibility enhancement in noisy environments

Abstract Previous studies have documented phenomena involving the modification of human speech in special communication circumstances. Whether speaking to a hearing-impaired person (clear speech) or in a noisy environment (Lombard speech), speakers tend to make similar modifications to their normal, conversational speaking style in order to increase the understanding of their message by the listener. One strategy characteristic of the above speech types is to increase consonant power relative to the signal power of adjacent vowels and is referred to as consonant–vowel (CV) ratio boosting. An automated method of speech enhancement using CV ratio boosting is called energy redistribution voiced/unvoiced (ERVU). To characterize the performance of ERVU, 25 listeners responded to 500 words in a two-word, forced-choice experiment in the presence of energetic masking noise. The test material was a vocabulary of confusable monosyllabic words spoken by 8 male and 8 female speakers, and the conditions tested were a control (unmodified speech), ERVU, and a high-pass filter (HPF). Both ERVU and the HPF significantly increased recognition accuracy compared to the control. Nine of the 16 speakers were significantly more intelligible when ERVU or the HPF was used, compared to the control, while no speaker was less intelligible. The results show that ERVU successfully increased intelligibility of speech using a simple automated segmentation algorithm, applicable to a wide variety of communication systems such as cell phones and public address systems.
Cellulose Binding Protein from the Parasitic Nematode Heterodera schachtii Interacts with Arabidopsis Pectin Methylesterase: Cooperative Cell Wall Modification during Parasitism

Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes secrete a complex of cell wall-digesting enzymes, which aid in root penetration and migration. The soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines also produces a cellulose binding protein (Hg CBP) secretory protein. To determine the function of CBP, an orthologous cDNA clone (Hs CBP) was isolated from the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, which is able to infect Arabidopsis thaliana. CBP is expressed only in the early phases of feeding cell formation and not during the migratory phase. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing Hs CBP developed longer roots and exhibited enhanced susceptibility to H. schachtii. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified Arabidopsis pectin methylesterase protein 3 (PME3) as strongly and specifically interacting with Hs CBP. Transgenic plants overexpressing PME3 also produced longer roots and exhibited increased susceptibility to H. schachtii, while a pme3 knockout mutant showed opposite phenotypes. Moreover, CBP overexpression increases PME3 activity in planta. Localization studies support the mode of action of PME3 as a cell wall-modifying enzyme. Expression of CBP in the pme3 knockout mutant revealed that PME3 is required but not the sole mechanism for CBP overexpression phenotype. These data indicate that CBP directly interacts with PME3 thereby activating and potentially targeting this enzyme to aid cyst nematode parasitism.
Hippocampal neurotrophin levels after injury: Relationship to the age of the hippocampus at the time of injury

Aging impairs the competence of the hippocampus for synaptic reorganization after injury. This potentially is due to the inability of the aging hippocampus to up-regulate the critical neurotrophic factors for prolonged periods after injury to levels at which they can stimulate neurite outgrowth and facilitate synaptic reorganization. We hypothesize that the concentrations of neurotrophins in the hippocampus after injury depend on the age at the time of injury. We quantified the concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) in the hippocampus of young, middle-aged, and aged Fischer 344 rats at 4 days after kainic acid (KA)-induced injury. In comparison with the age-matched intact hippocampus, the KA-lesioned hippocampus exhibited increased levels of BDNF and NGF in all three age groups. In contrast, the NT-3 concentration was unaltered after KA lesion. Notwithstanding similar percentage increases in BDNF after injury, the lesioned middle-aged and aged hippocampus contained 45-52% less BDNF than the lesioned young hippocampus. NGF and NT-3 levels after injury were comparable across the three age groups, however. Furthermore, lower BDNF concentration in the injured aging hippocampus was associated with normal astrocytic response but significantly diminished microglial reaction. Thus, in comparison with the injured young hippocampus, the injured aging hippocampus contains considerably less BDNF but similar levels of NGF and NT-3. Lower BDNF levels in the injured aging hippocampus might underlie the diminished spontaneous healing response observed in the aging hippocampus after injury, particularly in terms of synaptic reorganization and dentate neurogenesis.
Tissue Analysis of N-Methylformamide: Organ Distribution

This report describes a gas chromatographic procedure, utilizing a packed column and flame ionization detector, suitable for the quantitative measurement of N-methylformamide (N-MF) in tissue samples. N-MF is a polar solvent that induces the maturation of cancer cells in vitro and, in vivo, exhibits antitumor activity with human tumors xenografted in nude (athymic) mice. Therapeutic monitoring is essential as toxicology studies have shown this compound to be hepatotoxic. N-MF is currently undergoing phase 1 clinical trials as an anticancer drug. This method of tissue analysis was developed to aid in the understanding of N-MF disposition and distribution in a murine model. The data thus generated may help predict the clinical behavior of this drug.
C-ing the Genome: A Compendium of Chromosome Conformation Capture Methods to Study Higher-Order Chromatin Organization.

Three-dimensional organization of the chromatin has important roles in transcription, replication, DNA repair, and pathologic events such as translocations. There are two fundamental ways to study higher-order chromatin organization: microscopic and molecular approaches. In this review, we briefly introduce the molecular approaches, focusing on chromosome conformation capture or “3C” technology and its derivatives, which can be used to probe chromatin folding at resolutions beyond that provided by microscopy techniques. We further discuss the different types of data generated by the 3C-based methods and how they can be used to answer distinct biological questions. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 31–35, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Individualized Approach to the Hypertensive Patient with Renal Disease: Six Illustrative Case Studies

One of the biggest challenges in medicine is the area of therapeutics, wherein the physician attempts to match the needs of the individual patient with a specific agent from the pharmacopeia, at the dose that might be best suited to treat the individual's problem. A great deal of the art of medicine is involved in this "matching process," in which the scientific aspects of diagnosis and therapy meet with the physician's knowledge of clinical pharmacology. The abbreviated case histories of six patients who came to the author with specific questions regarding therapy of their hypertension and renal impairment illustrate the fact that one of any number of therapies might have reduced blood pressure in these patients, but in each, there was a specific reason to attempt a single approach first. If physicians could better understand and extrapolate the results of clinical research to the treatment of specific patients, choice of therapy might become more successful.
Understanding growth-faulted, intraslope subbasins by applying sequence-stratigraphic principles: Examples from the south Texas Oligocene Frio Formation

A detailed analysis of Oligocene Frio Formation intraslope, growth-faulted subbasins in the Corpus Christi, Texas, area indicates that deposition during relative lowstands of sea level was the main initiator, or trigger, of growth faulting. Lowstand depocenters on the low-gradient, upper continental slope comprising basin-floor fan facies, slope-fan systems, and prograding lowstand delta systems exerted sufficient gravity stress to trigger major sections of outer shelf and upper slope strata to fail and move basinward. The faults sole out deep in the basin, and rotation of hanging-wall blocks mobilized deep-water muds and forced the mud basinward and upward to form mud (shale) ridges that constitute the basinward flank of intraslope subbasins overlying footwall fault blocks.Sedimentation associated with third-order relative falls of sea level produced load stress that triggered a major regional syndepositional growth-fault system. Subbasins on the downthrown side of each arcuate fault segment that constitute a regional fault system are filled during the lowstands of sea level. Consequently, genetically similar but noncontemporaneous lowstand depositional systems filled each successive growth-faulted subbasin trend. The subbasin stratigraphy becomes younger basinward because the subbasin development and fill process extended the Frio shelf edge stepwise into the Oligocene Gulf of Mexico Basin, coinciding with relative third-order sea level cycles.The subbasins have been prolific petroleum targets for decades and are now the focus of prospecting for deep gas. Lowstand sandstones are principal reservoirs, and synsedimentary tectonics produced anticlinal and fault traps and associated stratigraphic pinch-out traps on the flanks of the structures. Understanding the origin of the faulted subbasins and their chronostratigraphic relationships and depositional processes provides a perspective that can improve deep gas exploration.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers1 : Part IX: Fatiguing by Cyclic Tension: Effects of Twist and Static Load

Specimens of a polyester fiber (Dacron³ 52), with zero twist and 100 turns per inch have been fatigued in cyclic tension, with a few different static (bias) loads. In two experiments an intermediate twist was used. 'With low loads it was found that the lifetime generally increases with twist. This effect is reversed when the specimens are subjected to greater static loads, presumably reflecting a tightening of the molecular, or microfibrillar structure. Average lifetime, in both untwisted and twisted fibers, was found to decrease drastically with increases in the static load. With a low static load a smaller amount of creep occurs in twisted fibers during a fatigue test than in untwisted controls. When the load is increased, it was found that this tendency is reversed.
Comparison of failure probabilities in the presence of competing risks

Typically, differences in the effect of treatment on competing risks are compared by a weighted log-rank test. This test compares the cause specific hazard rates between the groups. Often the test does not agree with the impressions gained from plots of the cumulative incidence functions. Here we discuss several K-sample tests allowing us to directly compare cumulative incidence functions. These include tests based on the weighted integrated difference between the subdistribution hazards or cumulative incidence functions, Kolmogorov-Smirnov type test, and Renyi type test. In addition to unadjusted comparison techniques, tests based on the regression modeling of the cumulative incidence functions are considered. A simulation study is used to compare the various tests and to assess their power against different alternatives. The methods are illustrated using real data examples.
Dynamics of nitrate production and removal as a function of residence time in the hyporheic zone

an upland agricultural stream. We measured solute concentrations ( 15 NO3 , 15 N2 (g), as well as NO3 ,N H3, DOC, DO, Cl − ), and hydraulic transport parameters (head, flow rates, flow paths, and residence time distributions) of the reach and along HZ flow paths of an instrumented gravel bar. HZ exchange was observed across the entire gravel bar (i.e., in all wells) with flow path lengths up to 4.2 m and corresponding median residence times greater than 28.5 h. The HZ transitioned from a net nitrification environment at its head (short residence times) to a net denitrification environment at its tail (long residence times). NO3 increased at short residence times from 0.32 to 0.54 mg‐ NL −1 until a threshold of 6.9 h and then consistently decreased from 0.54 to 0.03 mg‐ NL −1 . Along these same flow paths, declines were seen in DO (from 8.31 to 0.59 mg‐O2 L −1 ) and DOC (from 3.0 to 1.7 mg‐ CL −1 ). The rates of the DO and DOC removal and net nitrification were greatest during short residence times, while the rate of denitrification was greatest at long residence times. 15 NO3 tracing confirmed that a fraction of the NO3 removal was via denitrification as 15 N2 was produced across the entire gravel bar HZ. Production of 15 N2 across all observed flow paths and residence times indicated that denitrification microsites are present even where nitrification was the net outcome. These findings demonstrate that the HZ is an active nitrogen sink in this system and that the distinction between net nitrification and denitrification in the HZ is a function of residence time and exhibits threshold behavior. Consequently, incorporation of HZ exchange and water residence time characterizations will improve mechanistic predictions of nitrogen cycling in streams.
Challenges Associated With Central Venous Catheter Placement and Central Venous Oxygen Saturation Monitoring

Patients with septic shock and respiratory failure often require hemodynamic monitoring in order to guide bedside management. This is particularly true of patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease, who may be less tolerant of large volume resuscitation than individuals with normal
Treatment of the jaundiced patient with breast carcinoma: case report and alternate therapeutic strategies.

BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma in the setting of liver metastases and jaundice raises a complex therapeutic dilemma. Not only is the prognosis poor but toxicity related to treatment can be unpredictable due to altered drug clearance. Guidelines built around dose reduction have been suggested but often do not address the varied presentations in clinical medicine. Bilirubin exceeding 5.0 mg% often is considered an absolute contraindication to the administration of chemotherapeutic agents dependent on hepatic metabolism. METHODS A 55-year-old woman with metastatic breast carcinoma to the liver and hyperbilirubinemia was treated with sequential, empiric chemotherapy agents with the goal of preventing severe toxicity through dose reduction, avoidance of combination therapy, divided doses (weekly therapy), and selection of drugs less dependent on hepatic clearance. Several attempts did not yield a regimen with a successful response, but toxicity was minimal. Eventually, a successful schedule and dose of an agent cleared by liver metabolism was individualized for the patient. RESULTS After eight cycles of low dose weekly doxorubicin chemotherapy, the patient's symptoms resolved, bilirubin level normalized, and performance status returned to baseline. The patient remained on treatment and was alive 12 months later. CONCLUSIONS The authors propose that altering a drug schedule by dividing doses may minimize toxicity, maintain dose intensity, and represent an alternative strategy for the treatment of patients with hepatic impairment. Cancer 2001;91:660–3. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Ontogeny of the nasopalatine duct in primates.

Ecological explanations have been put forward to account for the precocious or delayed development of patency in ducts leading to the vomeronasal organ (VNO) in certain mammals. Perinatal function may be related, in part, to the patency or fusion of the vomeronasal and nasopalatine (NPD) ducts. However, few studies have focused on NPD development in primates, which generally have a prolonged period of dependence during infancy. In this study we examined 24 prenatal primates and 13 neonatal primates, and a comparative sample of fetal mice and insectivores. In embryonic and early fetal Microcebus murinus, the NPD was completely fused, whereas in fetuses of later stages the duct was partially fused or completely patent. M. myoxinus of all stages demonstrated some degree of NPD fusion. In all other prenatal primates, the NPD was fused to some extent. Four prenatal insectivores (Tenrec ecaudatus) showed some degree of NPD fusion. In Mus musculus at 19 days gestation, the NPD was patent, although the anatomically separate VNO duct was fused. T. ecaudatus and most of the neonatal primates revealed complete NPD patency. An exception was Saguinus geoffroyi, which exhibited fusion of the NPD near the VNO opening. These observations may relate to differences in perinatal VNO function. The differences noted in our study suggest that M. murinus and M. myoxinus may differ in perinatal VNO functionality and perhaps in related behavior. Observations of neonatal primates suggest that NPD patency may be relatively common at birth and could serve other purposes in addition to being an access route for VNO stimuli. Anat Rec Part A 274A:862–869, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Multi-Camera Pose Tracker for Assisting the Visually Impaired

6DOF Pose tracking is useful in many contexts, e.g., in augmented reality (AR) applications. In particular, we seek to assist visually impaired persons by providing them with an auditory interface to their environment through soni.cation. For this purpose, accurate head tracking in mixed indoor/outdoor settings is the key enabling technology. Most of the work to date has concentrated on single-camera systems with a relatively small .eld of view, but this presents a fundamental limit on the accuracy of such systems. We present a multi-camera pose tracker that handles an arbitrary con.guration of cameras rigidly .xed to the object of interest. By using multiple cameras, we increase both the robustness and the accuracy by which a 6-DOF pose is tracked. However, in a multi-camera rig setting, earlier methods for determining the unknown pose from three world-tocamera correspondences are no longer applicable, as they all assume a common center of projection. In this paper, we present a RANSAC-based method that copes with this limitation and handles multi-camera rigs. In addition, we present quantitative results to serve as a design guide for full system deployments based on multicamera rigs. Our formulation is completely general, in that it handles an arbitrary, heterogeneous collection of cameras in any arbitrary con.guration.
Bone marrow cells as the origin of stomach cancer

Cells derived from bone marrow are pluripotent, with the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types. Environmental cues dictate differentiation decisions. It should not be surprising then, that abnormal cell environments lead to abnormal differentiation of these cells, and in some cases, malignant transformation. Identifying a role for bone marrow-derived cells in the initiation and progression of cancer allows a dramatic change in the way in which cancer is viewed. Identifying the cell responsible for initiating a tumor offers the exciting possibility of specifically targeting unique aspects of these cells and altering signaling properties for more effective therapeutic approaches.
Synthesizing Information System Design Ideals to Overcome Developmental Duality in Securing Information Systems

A critical issue in information systems development is how to make information systems more secure from their inception by overcoming developmental duality. If information systems security is considered in conjunction with information systems development from the beginning of the development process strictly from a methodological perspective, developmental duality persists. Approaching the problem from an ontological and epistemological perspective and analyzing the design ideals of the systems developers, we find that these ideals are different from those of security designers. Reconciling the design ideals of both system and security developers would allow for the systems design process to effectively incorporate the security design process from the initial stages of information systems development, enabling an information system with security factored in from the earliest stages, ultimately leading to more secure information systems.
Particle Kinematics in Sheared Rod Assemblies

Experimentally measured kinematic fields can provide useful insight into the micromechanical behavior of granular materials. This pa­per presents findings from mixed-boundary biaxial tests on rod assemblies with a focus upon the patterns exhibited by the particle displacement and rotation fields.
Laboratory Staffing Patterns in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania

The purpose of this study was to identify current and future staffing needs for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It addressed the following research questions: (1) have there been significant changes in laboratory staffing patterns since the introduction of diagnosis-related groups, (2) do laboratory directors foresee significant future changes in staffing patterns, (3) is there a need for a multicompetent laboratory practitioner, and (4) are education programs meeting current and future needs for the different levels of laboratorians? The population consisted of the 300 hospital and the 200 nonhospital laboratory directors in the Commonwealth. Two hundred twentyfive of the survey instruments were returned for a 45% response rate. On the basis of decreased enrollment figures in education programs combined with the number of programs that will be closed and with staffing patterns remaining stable, it was concluded that there will eventually be a shortage of qualified laboratory personnel.
Acculturation and environmental factors influencing dietary behaviors and body mass index of Chinese students in the United States.

Focus groups (n = 7) were conducted with Chinese students (n = 43) studying in the USA to determine how acculturation and environmental factors influence dietary behavior and body mass index (BMI). This study used mixed methodology, collecting both qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (24-h dietary recalls, food adoption scores, degree of acculturation, and height and weight measures) data. Themes emerging from focus group discussions were: a) dietary and social acculturation, b) factors influencing food intake, c) cultural importance of food, and d) changes in weight and BMI status. Environmental, behavioral, and cultural factors appear to have impacted the eating behaviors of the students. Because of the nature of the study, self-reported heights and weights were used to calculate BMI while living in China and actual heights and weights were taken for each student at the focus group to calculate current BMI after living in the USA. The majority of Chinese students (69% males; 85% females) experienced weight gain, resulting in an increased BMI based on weight/height data and as reported in focus group discussions. As a result, if students continue to gain weight, they may be at higher risk of developing chronic diseases in the future. Further, implemented dietary change may be transferred to other family members if students return to China. Results suggest that nutrition education should be provided to incoming foreign students during their orientation.
Epidemic Situation of Notifiable Infectious Disease in Xinjin County,2006-2010

Objective To analyze the characteristics of prevalence and change trend of class A,B and C infectious diseases in Xinjin county,provide scientific evidence for prevention and prediction of the epidemic.Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemic data of notifiable infectious diseases in Xinjin from 2006 to 2010.Results There was no class A infectious disease reported during 2006-2010 in Xinjin county.Totally 2711 cases of class B infectious diseases from 14 categories were reported,with 18 deaths.The annual incidence was 189.38/105,death rate was 1.26/105,mortality was 0.66%.The most frequently reported diseases included HBV,TB,Gonorrhea.Among all infectious diseases,blood and sexually transmitted diseases accounted for 63.96%,respiratory diseases accounted for 28.29%,intestinal infectious diseases accounted for 7.37%,natural focal disease accounted for 0.37%.The top 3 death causes were AIDS,rabies and tuberculosis.Totally 1 156 cases of class C infectious diseases from 6 categories were reported,with none death.The annual incidence was 80.76/105.The most frequently reported diseases included infectious diarrhea,hand-foot-mouth disease(included into class C Infectious Diseases in May 2nd,2008),and mumps.Conclusion The prevention and control of haemal-sexual transmitted disease,respiratory infection disease and intestinal infection disease is the emphases of the future work in Xinjin county.
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT FORMATION FROM STRAWBERRY LEAVES

Young leaves of open pollinated strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch) seedlings developed adventitious shoots when they were cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog high mineral salts (MS) supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BAP) (1.5 to 2.Stag/liter) and 3-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.1 mg/liter). About 20% of all explants formed shoots. Once shoots had formed, they proliferated readily on these media. When callus was transferred to these media, no shoots formed. The substitution of indole-3 acetic acid for NAA gave media that produced no shoots from cither leaves or callus
Re-Imagining Social Science

In 2015 IACR held its annual conference at Notre Dame (USA) around the theme of Re-Imagining Social Science. It is rather fashionable to acknowledge that there is a crisis in the social sciences to...
Ligase-Mediated Detection Techniques

Since its introduction in 1985, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized molecular biology and has facilitated the development of a variety of nucleic acid-based detection systems for genetic disorders as well as for bacterial, viral and other pathogens. Ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a recently developed DNA amplification technique, which utilizes a thermostable ligase and allows the discrimination of DNA sequences differing in only a single basepair. A measure of the intellectual genesis of LCR can be traced back to the oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) (Landegren et al 1988; Nickerson et al 1990). This method was used in conjunction with a primary PCR step to screen for sickle cell anemia and other human hereditary disorders. Compared to the OLA, the LCR provides a much higher degree of sensitivity and is less susceptible to false-positive ligation product formation. The use of a thermostable ligase minimizes target independent ligation since the ligation reaction can be performed at or near the melting temperature (TM) of the oligonucleotide primers (Barany 1991a).
Genetic Disorders: Single Gene

The objective of this article is to sample from the modern body of knowledge on one of the many internal forces guiding development – the human genome. Specifically, a discussion of single-gene disorders (SGDs) is structured around: (1) an introduction of a number of concepts that capture the vocabulary used throughout the article; (2) a general description of SGDs and their common and specific features and a number of examples of such disorders; and (3) some comments on selected common characteristics of SGDs that might be of interest to developmentalists in the context of understanding genetic forces of development.
Rhytidectomy: Analysis of Videos Available Online.

The objective of this study was to examine YouTube videos related to rhytidectomy created by both physicians and nonphysicians to determine the content of the videos, the selected topics of discussion, and other important parameters using a cross-sectional analysis study design. A YouTube search result for the keyword “facelift” was performed. Videos pertaining to the rhytidectomy procedure were included in this analysis. Authorship, length of video, primary objective, and total views were recorded. Total 80 videos (81%) were authored by physicians, 14 (14%) were authored by patients, and 5 (5%) were authored by a third party. Fifty-eight (59%) videos were shorter than 5 minutes, and 41 videos (41%) were longer than 5 minutes. Fifty-two (53%) videos were viewed fewer than 10,000 times, and 47 videos (47%) were viewed more than 10,000 times. Forty (40%) videos had a primary objective of providing information, 13 (13%) had a primary objective of providing the patient's perspective, and 46 (46%) had a primary objective of advertising a physician's practice. A chi-square test for independence with threshold of significance
Superficial Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection

Superficial inguinal lymph node dissection (inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy) is performed when there is involvement of inguinal nodes from regional malignancies (e.g., melanoma, squamous carcinoma of the anus, carcinoma of the vulva, scrotum, penis, or distal urethra). This chapter lists the indications, essential steps, common technical variations, and complications of the procedure. A detailed template operative dictation note is included.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE UTILIZATION OF TESTING & COUNSELING SERVICES AMONGST STAFF OF A TERTIARY LEVEL HEALTH FACILITY IN KUMASI - GHANA

Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be the hardest-hit area of the world with respect to Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). In Ghana HIV has spread at a slower rate than in other African countries with prevalence of 1.5% in 2012. This would not have been possible without effective interventions such as voluntary testing and counseling (VCT). VCT is offered by a variety of healthcare providers. Its dual goals are preventing further transmission of HIV and diagnosing HIV-positive individuals enabling treatment, care and support. This paper examined the factors influencing the utilization of testing and counseling services amongst staff of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. Stratified random sampling was used to select 150 respondents to self administer the questionnaires. The collected data was analyzed by the use of percentages and descriptive analysis. 80% of the respondents indicated that they have tested for HIV before and 30 representing 20% said otherwise. The respondents gave existence of treatment, plan for the future, living a healthier life, protecting their partners from infection, etting counseled on how to live with HIV if infected and getting counseled on how to live if the result is negative as reasons for testing. The other respondents who have not tested gave reasons including being scared of knowing their status, scared of discrimination, scared of being stigmatized, scared the results will not be kept confidential, scared of dying, scared their partners will reject them and scared that they will lose their jobs
Challenges to establish new medical technologies, that are not yet contractually stipulated with the insurers, into the daily medical routine

Advances in medical care are to a large extent brought forward by new medical technologies. Their implementation into daily medical routine requires a careful handling to be of rational use for individual patients and to avoid harm as well. For this responsible task critical key questions are listed for the deciding medical doctor treating an individual patient, for a conclusive scientific evaluation and as a decision support for insurers and policy makers to assess the economic potentials and regulatory challenges of new medical technologies and innovations.
Upper extremity motor training of a subject with initially motor complete chronic high tetraplegia using constraint-induced biofeedback therapy.

The purpose of this case study was to determine if a subject with chronic high tetraplegia (C3 AIS A) could learn to use an initially paralyzed upper extremity on the basis of training procedures alone. Initially, an AIS examination revealed no purposive movement below the neck other than minimal shoulder movement. Training was carried out weekly over 39 months. Training began based on electromyographic biofeedback; the electrical activity of a muscle (biceps or triceps) was displayed visually on a computer monitor and the subject was encouraged to progressively increase the magnitude of the response in small increments on a trial-by-trial basis (i.e., shaping). When small, overt movements began to appear; these were, in turn, shaped so that their excursion progressively increased. Training then progressed to enable lifting the arm with the aid of the counterweight of a Swedish Help Arm. Mean movement excursions in the best session were: internal rotation 52.5 cm; external rotation 26.9 cm; shoulder extension 22.1 cm; shoulder flexion 15.2 cm; pronation/supination 120°; extension of index finger (D2) 2.5 cm. Movements were initially saltatory, becoming smoother over time. With the Swedish Help Arm, the subject was able to lift her hand an average of 24.3 cm in the best session with 0.7 kg counterweight acting at the wrist (1.9 J of work). Results suggest in preliminary fashion the effectiveness of this approach for improving upper extremity function after motor complete high tetraplegia. Thus, future studies are warranted. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Variation in reproductive outcomes of women with histories of bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, or eating disorder not otherwise specified relative to the general population and closest-aged sisters.

OBJECTIVE This study seeks to examine the long-term reproductive consequences of eating disorders (ED), to assess variation in reproductive outcomes by ED type, and to examine reproductive differences between women with previous ED diagnosis and their discordant sisters. METHOD Using a sample of women with previous ED diagnosis generated by the Utah Population Database, this study compares the fecundity (parity) and age at first birth of women by ED subtype (bulimia nervosa [BN], anorexia nervosa [AN], and ED not otherwise specified [EDNOS]) (n = 1,579). We also employed general population match case-control, and discordant sibling pair analyses, to estimate the magnitude of association between EDs and reproductive outcomes. RESULTS Women previously diagnosed with AN or EDNOS experienced delayed first birth (HRR = 0.33, HRR = 0.34, respectively) and lower parity (IRR = 0.19, IRR = 0.22, respectively) relative to BN (p < .05), the general population (p < .05), and closest-aged sisters (p < .05). Women previously diagnosed with BN experienced more moderate reductions and delays to their reproduction, and had similar reproductive outcomes as their discordant sisters. DISCUSSION Clinicians should consider ED type and family fertility histories when addressing the long-term reproductive health needs of women with prior AN, BN, or EDNOS diagnosis. Women previously diagnosed with AN or EDNOS likely experience the greatest reductions and delays in reproduction across their lifespan. Reproductive health screenings may be especially critical for the wellbeing of women with a history of AN or EDNOS.
Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XXXVIII: A New Circumscription of Palicourea sect. Bracteiflorae, an Andean Radiation with Several New Species (Palicoureeae)

Psychotria L. subg. Heteropsychotria Steyerm. (Rubiaceae) has been shown by morphological and molecular analyses to be polyphyletic. Most of its species, including its type, belong to Palicourea Aubl. Some of its species have previously been transferred to Palicourea, and several more are studied and transferred here. The species studied here are classified in a newly circumscribed group that includes the type of Palicourea sect. Bracteiflorae Borhidi and so takes that name but differs in circumscription from it. This new circumscription of Palicourea sect Bracteiflorae includes 51 species of shrubs and small trees found in wet vegetation from southern Mexico and the Antilles to Brazil and Bolivia, and is diagnosed by a combination of stipule, inflorescence, and fruit characters. Its center of diversity is now in the Andean region. Twelve previously described species are newly transferred to Palicourea here, and analysis here clarifies the identity and circumscription of several of these. The 23 species newly described here are documented from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The replacement name Palicourea palenquensis C. M. Taylor is published for the species originally described as Cephaelis gentryi Dwyer. The newly described section Palicourea sect. Egenses C. M. Taylor includes the species of Palicourea sect. Bracteiflorae sensu Borhidi that are excluded from the present circumscription of that section.
Providing Guidance: Advice and Influencing Skills

This chapter defines genetic counselor advice and influencing skills, differentiates between clinical recommendations and other types of advice, discusses the function of each skill, and provides concrete examples of different types of advice and different types of influencing responses. Consequences of advice (possible advantages and drawbacks) are discussed, and strategies for giving advice effectively are provided. Several advice-giving challenges are described (e.g., thinking that every patient will listen to and follow the counselor’s advice). Influencing responses are characterized either as counselor opinions that express agreement (encouragement) or as counselor opinions that express disagreement (provide a cautionary note) about the patient and/or topics relevant to genetic counseling processes and outcomes (e.g., the patient’s feelings, thoughts, attitudes, actions, situation, plans, etc.). Activities and written exercises facilitate student development of advice and influencing skills through self-reflection, practice, and feedback.