cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research report: Energy requirements of mechanized aquaculture

Abstract The authors present the results of a comparative study on the energy inputs required for traditional fishing and various techniques of aquaculture in the USA. The importance of suitable environmental conditions for reducing energy costs is stressed.
Diagnosing Isopycnal Diffusivity in an Eddying, Idealized Midlatitude Ocean Basin via Lagrangian, in Situ, Global, High-Performance Particle Tracking (LIGHT)

AbstractIsopycnal diffusivity due to stirring by mesoscale eddies in an idealized, wind-forced, eddying, midlatitude ocean basin is computed using Lagrangian, in Situ, Global, High-Performance Particle Tracking (LIGHT). Simulation is performed via LIGHT within the Model for Prediction across Scales Ocean (MPAS-O). Simulations are performed at 4-, 8-, 16-, and 32-km resolution, where the first Rossby radius of deformation (RRD) is approximately 30 km. Scalar and tensor diffusivities are estimated at each resolution based on 30 ensemble members using particle cluster statistics. Each ensemble member is composed of 303 665 particles distributed across five potential density surfaces. Diffusivity dependence upon model resolution, velocity spatial scale, and buoyancy surface is quantified and compared with mixing length theory. The spatial structure of diffusivity ranges over approximately two orders of magnitude with values of O(105) m2 s−1 in the region of western boundary current separation to O(103) m2 s−1...
LISTEN TO ME! EMPOWERING YOUTH AND COURTS THROUGH INCREASED YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN DEPENDENCY HEARINGS

Currently, there are more than half a million youth in foster care. Often, these youth are unaware of when, or if, legal hearings about their lives are taking place. This Note advocates for states to pass laws ensuring that youth receive notice of their hearings and for courts to conduct review hearings when youth are not present. Through the course of this Note, the benefits of youth participation are outlined, as are the reasons most often given for denying youth the opportunity to meaningfully participate. The Note concludes with suggestions to help courts more effectively engage youth and the benefits of doing so.
Therapeutic Efficacy of a Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB-IgG Fc Fusion Protein in Suppressing Bone Resorption and Hypercalcemia in a Model of Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy

Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) is a membrane-bound tumor necrosis factor receptor homologue that mediates signals obligatory for osteoclastogenesis as well as osteoclast activation and survival in vivo. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of a soluble murine RANK-human immunoglobulin fusion protein (muRANK.Fc) as a bone resorption inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro studies demonstrated the ability of muRANK.Fc to inhibit human parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-induced resorption in fetal rat long bone cultures. Short-term administration of muRANK.Fc to normal growing mice resulted in a complete disappearance of osteoclasts from metaphyses of long bones associated with a pronounced increase in calcified trabeculae and bone radiodensity. In a model of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy in which PTHrP secreted by s.c. xenografts of human lung cancer in nude mice induces extensive osteolysis and severe hypercalcemia, daily administration of muRANK.Fc from time of tumor implantation profoundly inhibited osteoclastic bone resorption and prevented hypercalcemia. muRANK.Fc had no effect on tumor production of PTHrP, because there was no significant difference between circulating human PTHrP levels in muRANK.Fc-treated and vehicle-treated tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, even when treatment was initiated after hypercalcemia was established, muRANK.Fc significantly attenuated further increases in blood ionized calcium. These data demonstrate the potent antiresorptive effects of muRANK.Fc in vivo as well as highlight the potential utility of disrupting RANK signaling as a novel therapeutic approach in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and possibly multiple myeloma and skeletal metastases associated with osteolysis.
The Neuron Simulation Program

This article describes a nerve simulation program, called “NEURON”, developed in collaboration with John W. Moore at Duke University. NEURON was designed for two kinds of problems: 1) where cable properties of cells play an important role, possibly including extracellular potential close to the membrane, and 2) where cell membrane properties are complex, involving many ion-specific channels and ion accumulation. NEURON can be used to simulate networks of neurons but since the user interface does not have network specific syntax this is only appropriate when the network contains neurons involving electrotonic spread of current or complex membrane response properties.
Effects of multiple-try feedback and question type during mathematics problem solving on performance in similar problems

In a study of mathematics problem solving, the effect of providing multiple-try feedback on later success in solving similar problems was examined. Participants solved mathematics problems that were presented as either multiple-choice or open-ended questions, and were provided with one of four types of feedback: no feedback (NF), immediate knowledge of the correct response (KCR), multiple-try feedback with knowledge of the correct response (MTC), or multiple-try feedback with hints after an initial incorrect response (MTH). Results showed that gains in performance were larger in the open-ended than multiple-choice condition. Furthermore, gains under NF and KCR were similar, gains were larger under MTC than KCR, and gains were larger under MTH than MTC. The implications of these results for the design of assessments for learning are discussed. Transfer effect across math problem types and feedback conditions was examined.Solving open-ended problems resulted in larger transfer than multiple-choice.No feedback showed similar transfer effect as single try feedback.Multiple try feedback showed larger transfer effect than single try feedback.Hint feedback showed larger transfer effect than multiple try feedback.
Monocular blindness secondary to a non-displaced molar fracture

We report a case of monocular blindness subsequent to a non-displaced malar fracture. Injury to the optic nerve, secondary to orbital apex syndrome, was implicated as the cause of blindness. Although most non-displaced malar fractures require no surgical intervention and resolve quite uneventfully, they can be associated with significant morbidity. Patients diagnosed as having non-displaced malar fractures should be followed on admission by careful observation and ophthalmologic consultation.
The restoration bishops and the royal supremacy

Among the defining traits of Restoration politics was a degree of hostility between the royal court and the English episcopate unprecedented since the Reformation. A long pattern of cooperation between the king and bishops was broken after 1660. The issues of religious toleration and of Charles II's Catholic sympathies particularly divided church and court, and at times rendered them overt political opponents. Significant study has been made of the policy disagreements beneath these battles, and of the political maneuverings that resolved them. Less attention has been given the ideas and attitudes that divided the Restoration court and church leadership. This article will argue that certain intellectual shifts were required before the policy disagreements that divided Charles II's court and the bishops could emerge as open political fights.
A unified theory for microbial growth under multiple nutrient limitation

Abstract A unified theory for microbial growth under multiple nutrient limitation is presented. The theory has a probabilistic foundation and gives the well-known threshold and product models as special cases. The threshold model is obtained for full correlation of cell division activation levels which would occur for a single species from a single clone, growing synchronously. In contrast, the product model applies to zero correlation of the activation levels which is likely to be found in a mixed culture. The growth kinetics for each limiting nutrient acting separately, while others are at saturation, can be any of the well-known types; e.g. Monod or exponential, or the more general logit (Moser) and Weibull models. The Weibull model is given a novel probabilistic basis.
Novel low-temperature synthesis of glasses and glass-ceramics in the B2O3-SiO2-P2O5 system

In recent years considerable progress has been made in electronic packaging substrate technology. The future need of miniaturization of devices to increase the signal processing speed calls for an increase in the device density requiring the substrates to be designed for better thermal, mechanical and electrical efficiency. Fast signal propagation with minimum delay requires the substrate to possess very low dielectric constant. Several glasses and glassceramic materials have been identified over the years which show good promise as candidate substrate materials. Among these, borophosphate and borophosphosilicate glass-ceramics have been recently identified to have the lowest dielectric constant (3.8). Sol-gel processing has been used to synthesize borosilicate, borophosphosilicate and borophosphate glasses and glass-ceramics using inexpensive boron oxide and phosphorus pentoxide precursors. Preliminary results of the processing of these gels and the effect of volatility of boron alkoxide and its modification on the gel structure are described. X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize the as-as-prepared and heat-treated gels.
Measuring prison disciplinary problems: A multiple indicators approach to understanding prison adjustment

This article examines the validity of alternative indicators of prison adjustment. The analysis compares four types of adjustment measures (e.g., official disciplinary citations, staff assessments, inmate survey measures, and inmate interview measures), which provide multiple measures of 1) aggressive behaviors, 2) insubordination, 3) drug and alcohol use, and 4) victimizations. Data were collected in a low-maximum security federal penitentiary for males. The multiple indicators analysis revealed agreement among measures of insubordination. For other measures, staff data tended to agree with official data, and self-report survey measures tended to agree with the interview measures. Bivariate and multivariate analysis showed that the effects of psychological, demographic, and criminal record variables on prison adjustment varied substantially across criterion measures.
The effect of indomethacin on systemic and renal hemodynamics in neonatal piglets during experimental endotoxemia

Systemic and renal hemodynamics are affected by prostaglandin production during endotoxemia. To study indomethacin effects on endotoxinemia in a neonatal piglet model, sixteen 7–10 day old piglets were anesthetized, ventilated, and catheterized. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and urine output were continuously monitored. Endotoxin (0.06 mcg/kg) was injected after baseline measurements. We studied two groups with either endotoxinemia alone (n = 7) or an additional indomethacin infusion (0.2 mg/kg per h, n = 9). HR, MAP, renal blood flow (RBF), systemic and renal vascular resistance (SVR, RVR), cardiac index (CI), and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), were obtained at baseline, at 1, 2 and 3 h. We observed a drop in CI and an increase in SVR and HR within 3 h of endotoxinemia, while MAP remained unchanged. These effects were prevented by indomethacin. RVR was not altered significantly. Endotoxinemia triggered a drop of RBF in both control (P < 0.01) and intervention group (P < 0.05). In the intervention group, drop of GFR, urine volume, and paraaminohippuric acid clearance were apparent signs of nephrotoxicity (P < 0.01, <0.05, and <0.01). In conclusion, indomethacin maintains hemodynamic parameters during endotoxinemia at the expense of nephrotoxicity. We speculate that indomethacin counteracts the renoprotective effect of prostaglandins.
The Modified Depression Scale (MDS): A Brief, No-Cost Assessment Tool to Estimate the Level of Depressive Symptoms in Students and Schools

Adolescent health researchers and practitioners are frequently interested in assessing depression as part of student screening and for school-wide prevention and intervention planning. However, this task is challenging given the lack of free, brief assessments of depressive symptoms in youth. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of an adapted version of the Modified Depression Scale (MDS). Data came from a school-based survey of 9th-12th graders in Boston (N=1,657). We assessed internal consistency reliability and known-groups validity, in addition to the feasibility of establishing a dichotomous cut-point to classify adolescents as having high versus low depressive symptoms. We also evaluated the validity of the adapted MDS as a school-wide measure. At the student-level, the adapted MDS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. Students engaging in risk behaviors (e.g., substance use) or who were victimized (e.g., bullied) had significantly higher depressive symptom scores. Students who endorsed four or five MDS symptoms often or always had a heightened risk of suicidal ideation, substance use, and failing grades when compared to students who endorsed three or fewer symptoms often or always. At the school-level, higher mean levels of depressive symptoms in a school were associated with higher mean levels of suicidal ideation and failing grades. Results of this study suggest that the adapted MDS is a promising measurement tool that could be useful to school-based professionals and researchers to evaluate depressive symptoms in adolescents and ascertain the prevalence of depressive symptoms in schools.
PHF20 is an effector protein of p53 double lysine methylation that stabilizes and activates p53.

Tumor suppressor protein p53 interacts with and is acetylated by PHF20, but the consequences of this association were not clear. Now PHF20 is shown to be a direct regulator of p53, with its Tudor domain recognizing p53 modified with dimethyl groups at Lys370 or Lys382. This association promotes p53's stabilization and activation during the DNA-damage response, by inhibiting the association of Mdm2 with p53.
Turbulent mixed convection flow over a backward-facing step

Abstract Measurements of turbulent mixed convection flow over a two-dimensional, vertical backward-facing step are reported. Laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and cold wire anemometer were used, respectively, to measure simultaneously the time-mean velocity and temperature distributions and their turbulent fluctuations. The experiment was carried out for a range of free stream air velocities 0 m/s⩽ u ∞ ⩽0.41 m/s for a step height of 22 mm, and a temperature difference, ΔT , of 30°C between the heated walls and the free stream air. The step geometry consists of an adiabatic backward-facing step, an upstream wall and a downstream wall. Both the upstream and downstream walls are heated to a uniform and constant temperature. The present results reveal that the introduction of a small free stream velocity causes a decrease in the turbulence intensity of both the streamwise and transverse velocity and temperature fluctuations. Also, it was found that the reattachment length increases while the heat transfer rate from the downstream heated wall decreases as the free stream velocity increases.
The existence of 3 orthogonal partitioned incomplete Latin squares of type t n

Abstract In this paper, we show that there exists a set of 3 orthogonal partitioned incomplete Latin squares of type t n for t a positive integer with a small number of possible exceptions for n .
DEM: A new computational approach to sheet metal forming problems

Many current approaches to finite element modelling of large deformation elastic—plastic forming problems use a rate form of the virtual work (equilibrium) equations, and a finite element representation of the displacement components. Called the incremental method, this approach produces a three-field formulation in which displacements, stresses and effective strain are dependent variables. Next, the formulation is converted to a one-field displacement formulation by an algebraic time discretization which uses a low order explicit time-stepping procedure to integrate the equations. This approach does not produce approximations which satisfy the discrete equilibrium equations at all times and, moreover, the advantage of the single-field algebraic formulation is realized at the expense of very small time steps needed to produce stability and accuracy in the numerical calculations. This paper describes a variant of the mixed method in which all three field variables (displacements, stresses and effective strain) are given finite element representations. The discrete equilibrium equations then generate a nonlinear system of algebraic equations whose solutions represent a manifold, while the constitutive equations form a system of ordinary differential equations. A commercially available, variable time step/variable order code is then used to integrate this differential/algebraic system. When applied to the problem of hydrostatic bulging of a membrane, the new approach requires far less computer time than the incremental method.
Estradiol treatment of acromegaly Reduction of immunoreactive somatomedin-C and improvement in metabolic status

Abstract Administration of estrogens to acromegalic patients has been shown to reduce the serum concentrations of bioassayable somatomedin and to cause improvement in clinical status. These effects appear not to result from an effect on the secretion of growth hormone since growth hormone concentrations are not consistently reduced. Using a sensitive radioimmunoassay for somatomedin-C, we have assessed the relationship between the estrogen-induced reduction of somatomedin-C and changes in several indices of disease activity in five acromegalic patients. Statistically significant reductions in serum somatomedin-C(p
Surface-Enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopy of Adsorbates on Microemulsion Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles

Very small (<10 nm) monodisperse gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with a monolayer of decanethiol were prepared and their surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectra were measured in the transmission mode. The AuNPs were prepared by the borohydride reduction of HAuCl(4) inside reverse micelles that were made by adding water to a hexane solution of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT). The gold nanoparticles were then stabilized by the addition of decanethiol. Subsequent addition of p-nitrothiophenol both facilitated the removal of excess AOT and showed that the gold surface was completely covered by the decanethiol. SEIRA spectra of decanethiol on gold particles prepared in AOT microemulsions were about twelve times more intense than corresponding layers on gold produced by electroless deposition and gave a significantly less noisy spectrum compared to the corresponding surface-enhanced Raman spectrum. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of the same samples showed that the most intense spectrum was obtained from gold nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 2.5 nm. This result is in contrast to previous statements that SERS spectra could only be obtained from particles larger than 10 nm.
Newton's method with mesh refinements for numerical solution of nonlinear two-point boundary value problems

The object of this paper is the numerical solution of nonlinear two-point boundary value problems by Newton's method applied to the discretized problem on successively refined grids. The first part consists of a theoretical development of a phenomenon that often occurs in practice, namely, that the number of iterations for Newton's method to converge to within a fixed tolerance and for a fixed starting vector is essentially independent of the mesh size. The second part develops a process based on these results for determining an efficient mesh refinement strategy. Numerical results are also provided.
Evidence of Native α-Synuclein Conformers in the Human Brain

α-Synuclein aggregation is central to the pathogenesis of several brain disorders. However, the native conformations and functions of this protein in the human brain are not precisely known. The native state of α-synuclein was probed by gel filtration coupled with native gradient gel separation, an array of antibodies with non-overlapping epitopes, and mass spectrometry. The existence of metastable conformers and stable monomer was revealed in the human brain.
New Sweden in America

In 1988 the University of Delaware sponsored a conference to honor the 350th anniversary of the establishment of the New Sweden colony on the Delaware River. American scholars in the fields of colonial history, cultural anthropology, and geography as well as colleagues from Sweden and Finland present essays that collectively represent the best modern scholarship on topics related to this short-lived but important settlement.
FBXO11 Promotes the Neddylation of p53 and Inhibits Its Transcriptional Activity

The p53 tumor suppressor is regulated by post-translational modification, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation and acetylation. It has previously been shown that the ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 also promotes the conjugation of Nedd8, a ubiquitin-like protein, to p53, inhibiting its transcriptional activity. We report the identification of FBXO11, a member of the F-box protein family and a component of the Skp1·Cullin1·F-box (SCF) complex, as a new p53-interacting protein. We show that FBXO11 promotes the neddylation of p53 both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to the C-terminal lysine residues, FBXO11 can also promote Nedd8 conjugation to Lys-320 and Lys-321, and neddylation of p53 leads to suppression of p53 function. This is consistent with recent studies showing that a lysine to arginine mutation at Lys-320 significantly enhances p53 function, although Lys-320 was originally identified as an acetylation site involving PCAF-mediated activation of p53. Our study provides an example of an F-box protein acting as an adaptor protein that can mediate the neddylation of a non-cullin substrate.
CIRCUMSTELLAR HIBONITE AND CORUNDUM AND NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN ASYMPTOTIC GIANT BRANCH STARS

We report the discovery of two hibonite grains (CaAl_(12)O_(19)) whose isotopic compositions show that they formed in the winds of red giant and asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. While hibonite is the second major phase (after corundum, Al_2O_3) expected to condense from stellar ejecta with C/O < 1, it has not previously been found. One circumstellar hibonite grain is highly enriched in ^(17)O and slightly depleted in ^(18)O relative to the solar composition and has large excesses in ^(26)Mg and ^(41)K, decay products of ^(26)Al and ^(41)Ca. The inferred initial values (^(26)Al/^(27)Al)0 ≈ 5 × 10^(-3) and (^(41)Ca/^(40)Ca)0 ≈ 1.5 × 10^(-4) of this grain are consistent with models of nucleosynthesis in an AGB star. The other hibonite is enriched in ^(17)O, strongly depleted in ^(18)O, shows no evidence of ^(41)Ca and formed with (^(26)Al/^(27)Al)0 ≈ 2 × 10^(-2). The low ^(18)O/^(16)O and very high (^(26)Al/^(27)Al)_0 may indicate substantial proton exposure during cool bottom processing in a low-mass parent star. The low upper limit on ^(41)Ca/^(40)Ca (≤ 3.2 × 10^(-5)) implies that little or no He-shell material had been dredged into the envelope when this grain formed. We also report isotopic compositions for 12 new circumstellar corundum grains. The compositions of 11 of these grains are consistent with current models for red giant and AGB stars. One corundum grain has extremely high ^(17)O/^(16)O and near-solar ^(18)O/^(16)O and may have formed in a star that was initially enriched in ^(17)O and ^(18)O.
Microelectrode array microscopy: investigation of dynamic behavior of localized corrosion at type 304 stainless steel surfaces

Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and a recently developed microelectrode array microscope have been used to study localized corrosion and electron-transfer characteristics of native oxide layers of type 304 stainless steels. The I-/I3- redox couple was employed as a mediator and allowed sensitive detection of oxide breakdown events. In solutions containing I-, a signal at the microelectrode was observed on type 304 stainless steel surfaces at active pitting corrosion sites. Under conditions where pitting corrosion occurs, SECM was used to track the temporal characteristics of the reaction in a spatial manner. However, because of the time required to create an image, much of the temporal information was not obtained. To improve the temporal resolution of the measurement, microelectrode array microscopy (MEAM) was developed as a parallel method of performing SECM. The demonstration shown reveals the potential of MEAM for analysis of surface chemistry on temporal and spatial domains.
Influenza vaccine hesitancy in a low-income community in central New York State.

Objective: Influenza vaccine (IV) coverage rates remain suboptimal among US adults. Socioeconomic disparities exist in IV coverage. We describe influenza vaccine attitudes among a low-income commun...
Monoporous micropillar wick structures, I-Mass transport characteristics

Abstract This paper is the first of a two-part study concerning the relation between the geometry of micropillar array wicks and their thermohydraulic performance. In this paper, a parametric study of pillar array geometries is conducted, and the efficacies of existing capillary pressure and permeability models in predicting the experimental results are examined. A new method is utilized to independently measure the permeability and capillary pressure of a wick structure. A permeability model based on creeping flow past infinitely long cylinders, corrected to account for the effect of meniscus curvature on mass flow rate through pillar arrays with a limited height, closely predicts the experimental data. Also, a model that relates the capillary pressure to the wick geometry using a thermodynamic approach better predicts the experimental results. The approach adopted by this model involves using a surface energy minimization algorithm to determine the shape of the meniscus within the pillars. These permeability and capillary pressure models were coupled with Darcy's law for fluid flow to obtain an overall expression for flow through micropillar arrays. The overall model is utilized in the second part of this study to determine optimized micropillar wick geometries and the theoretical limits of their performance.
Real-Time Obstacle Avoidance and Waypoint Navigation of an Unmanned Ground Vehicle

Real-time obstacle avoidance and navigation are key fields of research in the area of autonomous vehicles. The primary requirements of autonomy are to detect or sense changes and react to them without human intervention in a safe and efficient manner. The objective of this research is to develop autonomous way-point navigation and obstacle avoidance capabilities for an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). This research consists of developing and implementing an environment mapping system capable of detecting and localizing potential obstacles using real-time sensor data. The real-time obstacle mapping system developed in this work automatically generates the Probabilistic Threat Exposure Map (PTEM). The PTEM construction algorithm successfully constructs a probabilistic obstacle map both in simulation and real-time. Autonomous waypoint navigation is also achieved for both simulation and real-time platforms. These activities are a part of a larger effort to establish a theoretical foundation and real-time implementation of autonomous and cooperative multi-UxV guidance solutions in adversarial environments.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Selective reconstitution of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor with Gαq

Identification of the molecular mechanisms that determine specificity of coupling interactions between gastrin-releasing peptide receptors (GRPrs) and their cognate heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins is a fundamental step in understanding the signal transduction cascade initiated by receptor–ligand interaction. To explore these mechanisms in greater detail, we have developed an in situ reconstitution assay in chaotrope-extracted membranes from mouse fibroblasts expressing the GRPr, and we have used it to measure GRPr-catalyzed binding of GTPγS to purified G protein α subunits. Binding studies with 125I-labeled [d-Tyr6]bombesin(6–13) methyl ester (125I-Tyr-ME), a GRPr specific antagonist, show a single binding site with a Kd = 1.4 nM ± 0.4 (mean ± SD, n = 3) and capacity of 15–22 pmol of receptor per mg of protein in the extracted membrane preparations, representing a 2- to 3-fold enrichment of binding sites compared with the membranes before extraction. Quantitative ligand displacement analysis using various unlabeled GRPr agonists shows a rank order of potency characteristic of the GRPr: bombesin ≥ GRP ≫ neuromedin B. Reconstitution of urea extracted membranes with a purified Gαq showed that receptor-catalyzed binding of GTPγS was dependent on agonist (GRP) and Gβγ subunits. The EC50 for GRP was 3.5 nM, which correlates well with the reported Kd of 3.1 nM for GRP binding to GRPr expressed in mouse fibroblasts [Benya, R. V., et al. (1994) Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 235–245]. The apparent Kd for bovine brain Gβγ in this assay was 60 nM, and the Km for squid retinal Gαq was 90 nM. The GRPr-catalyzed binding of GTPγS is selective for Gαq, since we did not detect receptor-catalyzed exchange using either Gαi/o or Gαt. These data demonstrate that GRPr can functionally couple to Gαq but not to the pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi/o or retinal specific Gαt. This in situ receptor reconstitution method will allow molecular characterization of G protein coupling to other heptahelical receptors.
Mycelial Compatibility Grouping and Aggressiveness of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Kull, L. S., Pedersen, W. L., Palmquist, D., and Hartman, G. L. 2004. Mycelial compatibility grouping and aggressiveness of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Plant Dis. 88:325-332. Population variability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal organism of Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean, was determined by mycelial compatibility grouping (MCG) and isolate aggressiveness comparisons. MCG and aggressiveness of S. sclerotiorum isolates from diverse hosts and geographic locations (Diverse Set, 24 isolates), from a soybean field in Argentina (Argentine Set, 21 isolates), and from soybean fields in DeKalb and Watseka, Illinois (DeKalb Set, 124 isolates, and Watseka Set, 130 isolates) were assessed. Among 299 isolates tested, 42 MCGs were identified, and 61% were represented by single isolates observed at single locations. Within the Diverse Set, 17 MCGs were identified; 1 MCG consisted of six isolates, and 16 MCGs consisted of one isolate each. Nine MCGs were identified within the Argentine field with two MCGs composed of either five or six isolates, two MCGs composed of two isolates, and the remaining composed of one isolate each. Each Illinois field was a mosaic of MCGs, but MCG frequencies differed between the two fields. Common MCGs were identified among the Diverse, DeKalb, and Watseka Sets, but no MCGs within the Argentine Set were observed with other sets. MCG 8 was the most frequently sampled and widely dispersed MCG and occurred at a frequency of 29, 36, and 62% in the Diverse, DeKalb, and Watseka Sets, respectively. Variation in isolate aggressiveness was assessed using a limited-term, plug inoculation technique. Isolate aggressiveness varied (P = 0.001) within the Diverse, Argentine, DeKalb, and Watseka Sets. Within widely dispersed MCGs, isolate aggressiveness varied (P ≤ 0.10); however, within locally observed MCGs detected only in single fields, isolate aggressiveness did not vary. Additionally, individual MCGs within the DeKalb and Watseka Sets differed in isolate aggressiveness. Using six soybean cultivars and six S. sclerotiorum isolates, no cultivar–isolate interaction was detected, but resistant and susceptible cultivars performed similarly when inoculated with either less or highly aggressive isolates. Pathogen population structure and variability in isolate aggressiveness may be important considerations in disease management systems.
SU-F-19A-04: Dosimetric Evaluation of a Novel CT/MR Compatible Fletcher Applicator for Intracavitary Brachytherapy of the Cervix Uteri

Purpose: To validate a Monte Carlo model and evaluate the dosimetric capabilities of a novel commercial CT/MR compatible Fletcher applicator for cervical cancer brachytherapy. Methods: MCNPX 2.7.0 was used to model the Fletcher CT/MR shielded applicator (FA) and 192Ir HDR source. Energy deposition was calculated with a track length estimator modified by an energy-dependent heating function. A high density polystyrene phantom was constructed with three film pockets for validation of the MCNPX model. Three planes of data were calculated with the MCNPX model corresponding to the three film planes in phantom. The planes were located 1 cm from the most anterior, posterior, and medial extents of the FA right ovoid. Unshielded distributions were calculated by modeling the shielded cells as air instead of the tungsten alloy. A third order polynomial fit to the OD to dose curve was used to convert OD of the three film planes to dose. Each film and MCNPX plane dose distribution was normalized to a point 2 cm from the center of the film plane and in a region of low dose gradient. MCNPX and film were overlaid and compared with a distance-to-agreement criterion of (±2%/±2mm). Shielded and unshielded distributions were overlaid and a percent shielded plot was created. Results: 85.2%, 97.1%, and 96.6% of the MCNPX points passed the (±2%/±2mm) criterion respectively for the anterior, lateral, and posterior film comparison planes. A majority of the points in the anterior plane that exceeded the DTA criterion were either along edges of where the film was cut or near the terminal edges of the film. The percent shielded matrices indicated that the maximum % shielding was 50%. Conclusion: These data confirm the validity of the FA Monte Carlo model. The FA ovoid can shield up to 50% of the dose in the anteroposterior direction.
Antipyretic effect of indomethacin in patients with malignancy

The antipyretic effect of indomethacin in 30 febrile patients with malignancy was evaluated. Effective antipyresis was observed in 20 of the 30 patients. Responses were usually prompt and complete and side effects were reported infrequently. Defervescence was obtained much more frequently in those patients whose fever seemed related primarily to the neoplastic process rather than to a complicating infection. In eight patients indomethacin effected a defervescence after another antipyretic had failed to do so. The authors conclude that indomethacin should be considered as an alternate antipyretic in patients with malignancy complicated by fever.
Linewidth variation in the dinitronitrosomethyl dianion radical in the slow exchange mode

The treatment of nitromethane or dinitromethane in aqueous alkaline solutions (1 to 2·5 M hydroxide) with nitrogen dioxide yields the dianion radical of dinitronitrosomethane [C(NO2)2(NO)] which at 30° has hfsc of a = 10·75 and 0·65 and aNNO = 5·80 g. Restricted rotation about the CNO bond causes magnetic non-equivalence of the two nitro groups which can slowly exchange giving rise to line broadening. The use of 15N labeled nitrogen dioxide gave the dianion radical which exists in two equally populated conformations, each of which shows the expected line broadening for a ‘slow exchange’ process in which the nitro groups are being interconverted.
Modeling high-power diode lasers

Modeling of high-power diodes poses several numerical problems. They require algorithms capable of capturing accurately the fast temporal and spatial dynamics in a broad spectral range. Another problem is how to reconcile vastly different time scales of various physical processes involved. We present an outline of a semiconductor laser simulation engine that incorporates both the first-principles many body gain calculations, and the carrier and heat transport simulation into an interactive computer laser model.
High dynamic-range microwave photonic links using maximally linear FIR optical filters

We propose a microwave photonic link in which maximally linear FIR optical filters discriminate frequency modulation. Using a tenth-order filter, one can achieve a 127 dBm/Hz2/3 SFDR with 1 mW of received optical power.
Resolution Limits with Propagation Phase Errors

Resolution limits and corresponding optimum linear apertures are determined in the presence of phase errors. Let ?(t) be the phase aberration at position t across the aperture; it is assumed that the random process ? has a power law structure function, E{[(?(t)-?(?)]2}= c|t-?|n. Beam tilting caused by the phase error is "removed" (for each sample of ?), then resolution formulas are developed. An approximate analysis is obtained in closed form and yields an optimum resolution proportional to c1/n for O < n < 2. The exact analysis is given for Gaussian ?, and again the optimum resolution is proportional to c1/n. In applications n= 5/3 is of interest, and in the Gaussian case the best obtainable equivalent rectangle resolution is ? ?)/2? (0.975)c3/5 radians with a corresponding optimum linear aperture of 14c-3/5. When long exposures are considered, imaging without removing beam tilting is of interest, and resolution is degraded by a factor of about 2.5 for a linear aperture. Alternatively, in some applications optimum focus as well as beam tilt should be considered, in this case resolution is improved by a factor of about 1.4 (again for n= 5/3). Finally, joint (tilt corrected) optimization over aperture length and taper is treated; however, as one might expect, the use of taper offers negligible resolution improvement.
The georgia rivers land margin ecosystem research program

Abstract The Land Margin Ecosystem Research (LMER) Program in the United States is supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation through two of its subsidiary units, Long Term Studies and Biological Oceanography. The LMER program was designed to address gaps in the coverage of certain ecosystems by multi-disciplinary teams, specifically the lack of studies of coastal boundary zones. Our Georgia interdisciplinary team effort is the newest of four such LMER sites around the United States (two additional sites had LMER funding in the past). We are studying the transport and transformation of materials in all five of the rivers flowing into the South Atlantic Bight within the coast Georgia. In particular, we are interested in the effects of: 1) land-use pattern in the larger watershed, 2) the effects of tidal freshwater riparin forests, and 3) the effects of backish and saltwalter marshes in modifying the materials entering and flowing with the rivers. Here we present a detailed description of our study rivers, the questions being asked and a summary of the data obtained during our first two exploratory cruises.
The source of 3-μm absorption in Jupiter’s clouds: Reanalysis of ISO observations using new NH3 absorption models

Abstract A prominent characteristic of jovian near-IR spectra is the widely distributed presence of a strong absorption at wavelengths from about 2.9 μm to 3.1 μm, first noticed in a 3-μm spectrum obtained by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) in 1996. While Brooke et al. (Brooke, T.Y., Knacke, R.F., Encrenaz, T., Drossart, P., Crisp, D., Feuchtgruber, H. [1998]. Icarus 136, 1–13) were able to fit the ISO spectrum very well using ammonia ice as the sole source of particulate absorption, Irwin et al. (Irwin, P.G.J., Weir, A.L., Taylor, F.W., Calcutt, S.B., Carlson, R.W. [2001]. Icarus 149, 397–415) noted that their best-fit cloud model implied a strong absorption at 2 μm that was not observed in Galileo NIMS spectra, raising questions about the source of the absorption. Subsequent significant revisions in ammonia gas absorption models (Bowles, N., Calcutt, S., Irwin, P., Temple, J. [2008]. Icarus 196, 612–614) also raised questions about these conclusions because ammonia gas absorption overlaps regions of ammonia ice absorption. Our reanalysis, based on improved ammonia absorption models, finds that the ISO spectrum can be well fit by models that include both NH3 ice and solid NH4SH, with the latter substance providing most of the absorption. The component due to NH3 is very possibly due to NH3 present as a coating on either large (r ∼ 15 μm) NH4SH particles in a deeper layer at ∼550 mb or on small (r ∼ 0.3 μm) photochemical haze particles in a lower pressure layer at ∼370 mb. Neither option creates conflict with the lack of significant NH3 absorption features at thermal wavelengths.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review

Abstract Objective To review the evidence regarding the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in cats Databases used PubMed, CAB abstracts. Conclusions Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be used with caution in cats because of their low capacity for hepatic glucuronidation, which is the major mechanism of metabolism and excretion for this category of drugs. However, the evidence presented supports the short-term use of carprofen, flunixin, ketoprofen, meloxicam and tolfenamic acid as analgesics in cats. There were no data to support the safe chronic use of NSAIDs in cats.
Threshold improvement of f.m. systems by frequency-compression feedback

Two main causes are shown which prevent unlimited threshold improvement in frequency-compression-feedback systems when the feedback factor and modulation index both become large. It is shown that a previous explanation for this limitation is not correct, and also that an important term was neglected in the earlier analysis.
Permanent photowritten optical gratings in irradiated silicate glasses.

We show that permanent optical gratings can be photowritten into simple silicate glasses by exposure to interfering beams of an Ar-ion laser after the glass has been treated by x rays. Gratings with index modulations as large as Δn = 10−5 can be formed in less than a minute by exposure to write beams with intensities of the order of 50 W/cm2.
Coding of vocalizations by single neurons in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.

Abstract Neuronal activity in single prefrontal neurons has been correlated with behavioral responses, rules, task variables and stimulus features. In the non-human primate, neurons recorded in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) have been found to respond to species-specific vocalizations. Previous studies have found multisensory neurons which respond to simultaneously presented faces and vocalizations in this region. Behavioral data suggests that face and vocal information are inextricably linked in animals and humans and therefore may also be tightly linked in the coding of communication calls in prefrontal neurons. In this study we therefore examined the role of VLPFC in encoding vocalization call type information. Specifically, we examined previously recorded single unit responses from the VLPFC in awake, behaving rhesus macaques in response to 3 types of species-specific vocalizations made by 3 individual callers. Analysis of responses by vocalization call type and caller identity showed that ∼19% of cells had a main effect of call type with fewer cells encoding caller. Classification performance of VLPFC neurons was ∼42% averaged across the population. When assessed at discrete time bins, classification performance reached 70 percent for coos in the first 300 ms and remained above chance for the duration of the response period, though performance was lower for other call types. In light of the sub-optimal classification performance of the majority of VLPFC neurons when only vocal information is present, and the recent evidence that most VLPFC neurons are multisensory, the potential enhancement of classification with the addition of accompanying face information is discussed and additional studies recommended. Behavioral and neuronal evidence has shown a considerable benefit in recognition and memory performance when faces and voices are presented simultaneously. In the natural environment both facial and vocalization information is present simultaneously and neural systems no doubt evolved to integrate multisensory stimuli during recognition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Communication Sounds and the Brain: New Directions and Perspectives” .
Plasmid DNA is internalized from the apical plasma membrane of the salivary gland epithelium in live animals

Non-viral-mediated gene delivery represents an alternative way to express the gene of interest without inducing immune responses or other adverse effects. Understanding the mechanisms by which plasmid DNAs are delivered to the proper target in vivo is a fundamental issue that needs to be addressed in order to design more effective strategies for gene therapy. As a model system, we have used the submandibular salivary glands in live rats and we have recently shown that reporter transgenes can be expressed in different cell populations of the glandular epithelium, depending on the modality of administration of plasmid DNA. Here, by using a combination of immunofluorescence and intravital microscopy, we have explored the relationship between the pattern of transgenes expression and the internalization of plasmid DNA. We found that plasmid DNA is internalized: (1) by all the cells in the salivary gland epithelium, when administered alone, (2) by large ducts, when mixed with empty adenoviral particles, and (3) by acinar cells upon stimulation of compensatory endocytosis. Moreover, we showed that plasmid DNA utilizes different routes of internalization, and evades both the lysosomal degradative pathway and the retrograde pathway towards the Golgi apparatus. This study clearly shows that in vivo approaches have the potential to address fundamental questions on the cellular mechanisms regulating gene delivery.
Yawning: Effects of stimulus interest

The hypothesis that subjects yawn more while observing uninteresting than while observing interesting stimuli was tested by comparing the yawns produced by 17- to 19-year-old college freshmen while they observed a 30-min rock video, a complex and interesting audiovisual stimulus, and a 30-min color-bar test pattern without an audio track, an unchanging and very uninteresting stimulus. Significantly more and longer yawns were produced during the uninteresting than during the interesting stimulus and males performed longer yawns than females. The folk belief that people yawn more during boring than interesting events was confirmed.
Information in black hole radiation for initial mixed states.

The question of whether black holes deplete the Universe of information is usually addressed in terms of initial gravitationally collapsing pure states. Pure states are nongeneric, having null prior probability of occurrence. The more realistic case of initial mixed states is, thus, examined here. The average information in an m-dimensional system in a random mixed state is found to approach asymptotically, as m\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}, an upper limit of 1/6 nats, that is, 1/6 ln 2 or 0.240449 bits. Also, the average information in an m-dimensional subsystem A of an mn-dimensional system AB proves to be smaller if AB is in a random mixed state than in a random pure state. This finding reinforces the recently drawn conclusion of Page that information in black hole radiation may come out initially so slowly that it would never show up in an analysis perturbative in ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathrm{Planck}}$/M.