cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic efficacy of additional step-sections in colorectal biopsies originally diagnosed as normal

Multiple "step-sections" are prepared for many diagnostic biopsies, but tissue is usually left in the block for possible additional studies. We sought to determine the frequency with which sampling the remaining tissue with additional step-sections would reveal pathologic abnormality in a series of colorectal biopsies originally diagnosed as normal. Slides of 232 cases were reviewed and classified into 7 standard diagnostic categories. Review of the original 3 slides showed pathologic abnormality to actually be present in 9 cases (3.9%). The additional step-sections revealed pathologic abnormality in 4 (1.7%) other cases, as follows: tubular adenoma, 3 cases; lymphocytic colitis, 1 case. Neither previous nor concurrent clinical or pathological information related to colorectal disease identified the cases that were more likely to yield diagnostic abnormality in the additional step-sections. However, there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for specimens with a clinical diagnosis of "polyp" to display tubular adenoma in the deeper sections. Because examination of remaining tissue yielded new diagnostic information less frequently than the observed rate of diagnostic error, reduction in interobserver error may be a more fruitful strategy for obtaining a correct diagnosis than would complete histologic sampling.
Guaranteed cost inequalities for robust stability and performance analysis

In this paper, we formulate robust stability and performance bounds in terms of guaranteed cost inequalities. We derive new guaranteed cost bounds for plants with real structured uncertainty, and we reformulate them as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). In particular, we obtain a shifted linear bound and a shifted inverse bound, and give LMI forms for a shifted bounded real bound, a shifted Popov bound, a shifted linear bound and a shifted inverse bound. Several examples are used to compare the shifted bounds with their unshifted counterparts and to make comparisons among these new bounds and vertex LMI bounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All-Terrain Network Service Robot Based on Tekkostu Framework

We report the design and implement of a land robot whose primary task is to “patch” a Wireless Sensor Network. the Tekkotsu/Create system is modified to support GPS-guided navigation and radio-sensing based navigation . The project is a moderate success with both GPS and radio-sensing navigation algorithms achieve similar navigation performance.
High-Performance Servo Channel for Nanometer Head Positioning and Longitudinal Position Symbol Detection in Tape Systems

In a tape system, the core of the reel-to-reel and track-following servomechanisms is the servo channel, which processes the servo signal generated by a servo reader reading a timing-based servo pattern. The servo channel estimates essential servo parameters, including tape velocity, head lateral position, and longitudinal tape position. The achievable precision of the various estimates determines how densely data can be placed on tape. In this paper, the architecture and the design of a high-performance synchronous servo channel (SSC) are presented. The channel performance is evaluated by means of analytical bounds on the estimation error, simulations, and experimental results, which demonstrate that the proposed servo channel is instrumental to achieve head positioning with nanometer accuracy and reliable detection of longitudinal position information in tape systems. Methods for the estimation of servo parameters with enhanced precision and of dynamic tape-to-head skew by dual SSCs operating on adjacent servo bands are also presented and their performance evaluated.
Relationship between self-identity of MSM and related behavior

Objective To understand the self-identity status of MSM in Jiading district and to analyze the relations between self-identity and related behavior of MSM. Methods The data of MSM recruited through VCT, volunteers, activities and Internet were collected by an anonymous face to face questionnaire survey. Result Among the 153 MSM,the negative self-identity rate of accounted for 75.8%,the rate of negative self-identity in group aged over 30 years was higher than that in equal or group aged below 30 years. The rate of negative self-identity of MSM who had never been married was the lowest,secondly is married,the highest was separated,divorced and widowed. Those having higher education-level had the lower rate of negative self-identity. MSM with negative self-identity had less fixed boy friend than who has positive self-identity. They also had higher rate of non-protected sexual behavior with women than that having positive self-identity. Conclusion MSM had high rate of negative self-identity. MSM with different identity had the different self-identity. The higher education-level had the lower rate of negative self-identity. Gay with negative self-identity had less fixed boy friend than those having positive self-identity. Meanwhile they had higher rate of non-protected sexual behavior with women than those having positive selfidentity.
Conformation and Dynamics of the Troponin I C-Terminal Domain: Combining Single-Molecule and Computational Approaches for a Disordered Protein Region.

In recent years, single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has emerged as a critical and flexible tool in structural biology, particularly in the study of highly dynamic regions and molecular assemblies. The usefulness of smFRET can be further extended by combining it with computational approaches, marrying the coarse-grained experimental data with higher-resolution in silico calculations. Here we use smFRET to determine six pairwise distances within the intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain of the troponin I subunit (TnIC) of the cardiac troponin complex. We used published conflicting structures of TnIC as starting models for molecular dynamics simulations, which were validated through successful comparison with smFRET measurements before extracting information on conformational dynamics. We find that pairwise distances between residues fluctuate widely in silico, but simulations are generally in good agreement with longer time scale smFRET measurements after averaging across time. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations establish that the lower-energy conformers of TnIC are indeed varied, but that the highest-sampled clusters resemble the published, conflicting models. In this way, we find that the controversial structures are simply stabilized local minima of this dynamic region, and a population including all three would still be consistent with spectroscopic measurements. Taken together, the combined approaches described here allow us to critically evaluate existing models of TnIC, giving insight into the conformation and dynamics of TnIC's disordered state prior to its probable disorder-order transition. Moreover, they provide a framework for combining computational and experimental methods with different time scales for the study of disordered and dynamic protein states.
Organic fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle systems: Classification and calculation of thermodynamic and transport properties∗

Thermophysical properties (thermodynamic properties, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and surface tension) of pure fluids and mixtures are used extensively in the simulation of Organic Rankine Cycles over the entire continuum from simplified cycle analyses to detailed dynamic system modeling. This chapter provides a summary of the state-of-the-art formulations that are available in the literature and some detail about how the models can be used to evaluate thermophysical properties. Furthermore, a summary is provided of the state-of-the-art libraries that are available for the evaluation of these thermophysical properties.
La Crosse Encephalitis

The clinical manifestations and course of La Crosse encephalitis were studied in 127 school-aged children (mean age, 7.8 years; range, 6 months - 15 years) hospitalized from 1987 through 1996 at the Robert C Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Charleston, WVa.
Novel method of delivery of continuous positive airway pressure for apnea testing during brain death evaluation

Background There are several methods for apnea testing for the evaluation of neurological death, including oxygen via T-piece, oxygen cannula inserted into the endotracheal tube, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Lung suitability for transplantation is determined in part by the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2; P:F) ratio. We hypothesized that delivery of CPAP during apnea testing using a novel method would improve post-test P:F ratios. Methods A retrospective review was performed at a level I trauma center for all patients undergoing apnea testing from 2010 to 2016. The CPAP system used a flow-inflating bag and was made available in 2012. It was used at the discretion of the clinician. Patients were classified as having an apnea test by CPAP or by non-CPAP method (T-piece, oxygen cannula in endotracheal tube, etc). The two groups were compared for baseline characteristics and the primary outcome of postapnea test P:F ratio. Results During the study period, 145 patients underwent apnea testing; 67 patients by the CPAP method and 78 by non-CPAP method. There were no significant differences in demographics, mechanism of brain injury, pneumonia rate, smoking status, or antibiotic usage between the two groups. The pretest P:F ratio was similar between groups, but the CPAP group had significantly higher post-test P:F ratio (304 vs 250, p=0.02). There were no reported complications arising from CPAP use. Conclusions We describe a novel method of delivering CPAP by a flow-inflating bag during examination for brain death. This method led to improved oxygenation, P:F ratios, and may decrease barotrauma. The flow-inflating bag was inexpensive, easily implemented, and without adverse effects. Multicentered, prospective trials are needed to elicit significant benefit in lung donation and transplantation. Level of evidence Level IV, diagnostic tests.
Effect of Socio-Economic Determinants on Gross Income of Orchard Farm in South-Goa District of Goa State

Investigation was carried out during the year 2013-14. In all 48 orchard farms were randomly selected from sixteen villages of two tehsils in South-Goa district of Goa State. Data were related to cropping pattern and livestock pattern as well as socio-economic determinants. The results revealed that land holding showed highly significant on orchard farm with regression co-efficient of 20182.43. It means that addition of one hectare could cause to increase gross income of Rs. 20182.43. Regression co-efficient of livestock was 5841.99. It means that addition of one livestock could cause to increase gross income of Rs. 5841.99. On the contrary, family size showed regression co-efficient of -1170.62 which was negatively significant. If addition of one member in family, there could be reduction of gross income by Rs. 1170.62. In next order, distance of farm from village showed negative regression co-efficient of -2519.15, it could adversely affect gross income of Rs. 2519.15. Thus, the farmers have to give more importance to land holding, livestock, family size and distance of farm from village in order to increase gross income on orchard farm.
Pharmacologic approaches for the management of patients with moderately elevated triglycerides (150-499 mg/dL).

Hypertriglyceridemia, defined as serum triglyceride (TG) levels >150 mg/dL, now affects over one-quarter of the US adult population and is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Available guidelines for managing hypertriglyceridemia vary with respect to TG thresholds and severity of disease. Lifestyle modifications and management of secondary causes (eg, diabetes) remain the first step in managing hypertriglyceridemia, with pharmacotherapy reserved to reduce the risk of pancreatitis and/or further reduce TG levels. Several classes of lipid-lowering agents are available with variable TG-lowering efficacy. Although there is no consensus regarding the choice of initial TG-lowering pharmacotherapy, there is general agreement that the decision depends on the degree of hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. This review will discuss available and emerging lipid-lowering therapies for the management of moderately elevated TG, defined as TG 150 to 499 mg/dL.
Comparative Evaluation of Financing Programs: Insights From California’s Experience

Author(s): Deason, J | Abstract: Berkeley Lab examines criteria for a comparative assessment of multiple financing programs for energy efficiency, developed through a statewide public process in California. The state legislature directed the California Alternative Energy and Advanced Transportation Financing Authority (CAEATFA) to develop these criteria. CAEATFA's report to the legislature, an invaluable reference for other jurisdictions considering these topics, discusses the proposed criteria and the rationales behind them in detail. Berkeley Lab's brief focuses on several salient issues that emerged during the criteria development and discussion process. Many of these issues are likely to arise in other states that plan to evaluate the impacts of energy efficiency financing programs, whether for a single program or multiple programs. Issues discussed in the brief include: -The stakeholder process to develop the proposed assessment criteria -Attribution of outcomes - such as energy savings - to financing programs vs. other drivers -Choosing the outcome metric of primary interest: program take-up levels vs. savings -The use of net benefits vs. benefit-cost ratios for cost-effectiveness evaluation -Non-energy factors -Consumer protection factors -Market transformation impacts -Accommodating varying program goals in a multi-program evaluation -Accounting for costs and risks borne by various parties, including taxpayers and utility customers, in cost-effectiveness analysis -How to account for potential synergies among programs in a multi-program evaluation
Analysis of residual stresses in girth welded type 304 stainless steel pipes

Tensile residual stresses induced by welding are an important factor in intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of Type 304 stainless steel pipes. Modified welding procedures can be used to prevent IGSCC by producing compressive residual stresses at potential crack initiation sites. This paper analyzes two procedures—backlay and heat sink welding—using a thermo-elastic-plastic finite element program. The results indicate that both procedures can be effective for retarding IGSCC. Comparisons with experimentally determined residual stress in a 102-mm (4-inch) diameter, Schedule 80, Type 304 stainless steel pipe are also made which confirm the accuracy of the analyses.
The agroecological imagination: Introduction

ABSTRACTIn June of 2015, 49 academics, students, government and NGO representatives, and farmers gathered together for a four-day conference on The Agroecological Imagination: A Franco-American Exchange. This paper introduces the special commentary section of four position papers based on discussion at the conference. This paper also argues that the central feature of the “agroecological imagination” is thinking contextually about food and agriculture.
Extraluminal use of the Arndt pediatric endobron-chial blocker in an infant: a case report

Attaining lung isolation in the infant undergoing thoracic anesthesia can be challenging for the anesthesiologist. We describe a novel approach to performing lung isolation in an infant undergoing thoracotomy for lobectomy using an Arndt pediatric endobronchial blocker via an extraluminal technique. Lung isolation in an infant was achieved through the use of an Arndt pediatric endobronchial blocker placed externally to an endotracheal tube. The blocker’s placement was facilitated through the use of a pediatric fibreoptic brochoscope placed through the guidewire of the extraluminally placed bronchial blocker. This novel technique may provide an easier and more reliable method of attaining single lung ventilation in infants and small children.
A Classification-Enhanced Vote Accumulation Scheme for Detecting Colonic Polyps

Colorectal cancer most often begins as abnormal growth of the colon wall, commonly referred to as polyps. It has been shown that the timely removal of polyps with optical colonoscopy OC significantly reduces the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. However, a significant number of polyps are missed during OC in clinical practice--the pooled miss-rate for all polyps is 22% 95% CI, 19%---26%. Computer-aided detection may offer promises of reducing polyp miss-rate. This paper proposes a new automatic polyp detection method. Given a colonoscopy image, the main idea is to identify the edge pixels that lie on the boundary of polyps and then determine the location of a polyp from the identified edges. To do so, we first use the Canny edge detector to form a crude set of edge pixels, and then apply a set of boundary classifiers to remove a large portion of irrelevant edges. The polyp locations are then determined by a novel vote accumulation scheme that operates on the positively classified edge pixels. We evaluate our method on 300 images from a publicly available database and obtain results superior to the state-of-the-art performance.
Coaching and Technology: Live Team Monitoring to Improve Training and Safety.

Athletic coaches are always looking for the next strategy or tool to help them gain an advantage over their competitors. In recent years, technology has been incorporated into athletics at all leve...
Outcomes of Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients With Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes

Abstract Background Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) are connective tissue disorders that cause defects in collagen synthesis or processing, resulting in joint hypermobility. Following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), concern exists that hypermobility will affect the outcome as prosthesis relies on soft tissues for stability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the outcome of TKA in the setting of EDS compared to patients undergoing TKA for osteoarthritis (OA). Methods We identified 16 patients (20 knees) with EDS who underwent a TKA between 2001 and 2016. Patients were matched 1:2 (n = 40) on age, gender, body mass index, and surgical date to patients undergoing TKA for OA. Results We found no difference in age, body mass index, or follow-up between the cohorts (P > .05). EDS patients had significantly more surgical interventions prior to TKA (P = .03) and were more likely to require constrained components (x2 = 0.002). Following TKA, 4 patients in the EDS group and 9 patients in the matched cohort underwent a reoperation for any reason including 1 revision in the EDS cohort and 3 in the OA cohort. We found no significant difference in reoperation or revision rates between the cohorts (P > .05). There was no difference in Knee Society Scores between groups at last follow-up (P = .63) or radiographic evidence of loosening. Conclusion Although patients with EDS were more likely to require a constrained component, they are not at increased risk of revision or reoperation following TKA in the intermediate term.
Superhydrophobic Waveguide: Liquid-core air-cladding waveguide platform for optofluidics

In this paper, we present an optofluidic waveguide platform consisting of liquid as a core material and air as cladding, enabled by using a superhydrophobic channel featured with hydrophobized high-aspect-ratio sharp-tip nanostructures. The contact of the liquid core with the superhydrophobic channel wall is minimized with an air layer retained between them so that the effective refractive index of the cladding layer is close to that of air. Thus, when light is introduced through the core liquid having a higher refractive index than that of the cladding air at the incident angle parallel to the channel direction less than a critical angle, it is reflected at the liquid-gas interface by the total internal reflection. When the cladding layer is filled with water (i.e., Wenzel state), the waveguide losses for the incident angles of 0 and 10° were ∼3.9 and ∼6.8 dB/cm, respectively. In contrast, when the cladding layer is retained with air (i.e., Cassie-Baxter state), the waveguide losses for the same incident angles were as low as ∼0.1 and ∼1.8 dB/cm, respectively. The significantly lowered waveguide losses at the Cassie-Baxter state indicate that superhydrophobic channels can provide the effective waveguide platform for optofluidics, exploiting the air layer as the cladding material.In this paper, we present an optofluidic waveguide platform consisting of liquid as a core material and air as cladding, enabled by using a superhydrophobic channel featured with hydrophobized high-aspect-ratio sharp-tip nanostructures. The contact of the liquid core with the superhydrophobic channel wall is minimized with an air layer retained between them so that the effective refractive index of the cladding layer is close to that of air. Thus, when light is introduced through the core liquid having a higher refractive index than that of the cladding air at the incident angle parallel to the channel direction less than a critical angle, it is reflected at the liquid-gas interface by the total internal reflection. When the cladding layer is filled with water (i.e., Wenzel state), the waveguide losses for the incident angles of 0 and 10° were ∼3.9 and ∼6.8 dB/cm, respectively. In contrast, when the cladding layer is retained with air (i.e., Cassie-Baxter state), the waveguide losses for the same incident...
Hypoxia-related risk factors for death by suicide in a national clinical sample.

ABSTRACT The relationship between three markers of chronic hypoxia (altitude, smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) and suicide risk has not been well-studied. We conducted a population-based cohort study evaluating the association between chronic hypoxia and suicide risk. Patients entered the cohort in their first year with a documented healthcare encounter and remained in the cohort until their death or the end of the study period. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) methodology was used to assess the association between suicide and three risk markers of chronic hypoxia. Findings were summarized using odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Among the 9,620,944 patients in the cohort, there were 22,403 suicide deaths. There was a statistically significant progression of suicide risk as altitude rose in increments of 1000 m (OR: 1.22). There was a strong association between the number of hypoxic conditions and the odds of suicide. Patients with three markers of chronic hypoxia was nearly four times more likely to die by suicide than patients with no markers (OR: 3.96). Chronic hypoxia is a risk factor for suicide and having multiple indicators of hypoxia confers a greater risk for suicide, indicating a dose-response relationship.
The contribution of classroom exams to formative evaluation of concept-level knowledge

Abstract Are students able to learn from exam experience about their level of knowledge for tested topics? Prior to an exam, undergraduates made predictive category learning judgments (CLJs) by estimating the percentage of questions they expected to answer correctly for six topics. After the exam, they made postdictive CLJs for the same topics. Supporting the postdiction superiority hypothesis, postdictive CLJs were slightly more accurate than predictive CLJs, indicating students could make better formative evaluations after taking an exam. However, postdiction accuracy was low, and in a second study, accuracy did not differ for predictive and postdictive CLJs. We also investigated two processes required to make accurate postdictive CLJs: monitoring performance for individual questions and accurately classifying each question with respect to the topic that it assessed. Although students performed these tasks adequately, their less-than-perfect performance would constrain their ability to accurately judge their topical knowledge from exam experience.
Clostridium paraputrificum septic arthritis and osteomyelitis of shoulder: A case report and review of literature

Abstract Septic arthritis due to Clostridium species is rare. We report the first case of Clostridium paraputrificum native shoulder septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. An 86-year-old woman with osteoarthritis presented with acute-onset right shoulder pain. Injection of the glenohumeral joint with methylprednisolone resulted in worsening of pain. Synovial fluid analysis was consistent with septic arthritis and culture of the synovial fluid grew C. paraputrificum. Arthroscopic irrigation and debridement of shoulder joint with 6 weeks of ertapenem was unsuccessful, with persistence of C. paraputrificum from synovial fluid and tissue culture. She underwent right shoulder resection followed by a second course of ertapenem for 6 weeks. She was pain free at 12 months follow-up visit.
Measurement of Science Teachers’ Efficacy Beliefs

Since its development in 1990, the Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (STEBI, versions A and B) has been used to investigate pre-service and in-service elementary teachers’ beliefs about teaching and learning science from multiple international perspectives. This chapter will consider the ways that the STEBI has been used by educational researchers, the contributions STEBI-based research has made to our understanding of science teaching self-efficacy, the potential benefits to the field of science education reaped by investigation of teacher beliefs, and recommendations for future STEBI-supported research.
A Numbers Game: Quantification of Work, Auto-Gamification, and Worker Productivity:

Technological advances and the big-data revolution have facilitated fine-grained, high-frequency, low-cost measurement of individuals’ work. Yet we understand little about the influences of such qu...
Do BTB ACLR Knees have more MRI signs of PTOA than their Contralateral Normal Knee at 2 Years

Objectives:The prevalence of patellofemoral joint (PFJ) osteoarthritis (OA) ranges from 8-47% 7-10 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLR) using bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB...
The impact of intravenous dodecafluoropentane on a murine model of acute lung injury

Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure presents therapeutic challenges due to ventilation/perfusion mismatch and shunt. The goal of management strategies is to improve arterial oxygenation, however each management strategy presents risk to patients from iatrogenic injury. Intravenous oxygen therapeutics present an appealing option to improve arterial oxygenation without these risks. We used a two-hit murine model of acute lung injury to evaluate the effect of intravenous dodecafluoropentane (NanO 2 ) on oxygen saturation and bronchoalveolar lavage cell count and protein. Mice were given intratracheal lipopolysaccharide and 20 hours later were intubated and ventilated with high tidal volumes. NanO 2 was given by bolus injection at the initiation of mechanical ventilation and again at 2 hours, while oxygen saturation was measured every 15 minutes. At the conclusion of the experiment (4 hours), a bronchoalveolar lavage was performed. There was no difference in mean O 2 saturation at time zero, however the difference between the mean O 2 saturation immediately prior to injection and the mean first O 2 saturation after injection in the control saline group were 91% and 83%, mean difference -7.5%; whereas mean O 2 saturation in the NanO 2 treated group rose from 89% to 91%, mean difference +2.5%, net difference 10% [95% CI: 2.7,17.3], p=0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in cell count, but not protein, on the bronchoalveolar lavage analysis. These data show that NanO 2 rapidly improves oxygen saturation in a two-hit model of acute lung injury, and shows potential as an intravenous oxygen therapeutic in the management in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.
Independent iron and light limitation in a low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus from the deep chlorophyll maximum.

Throughout the open ocean, a minimum in dissolved iron concentration (dFe) overlaps with the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), which marks the lower limit of the euphotic zone. Maximizing light capture in these dim waters is expected to require upregulation of Fe-bearing photosystems, further depleting dFe and possibly leading to co-limitation by both iron and light. However, this effect has not been quantified for important phytoplankton groups like Prochlorococcus, which contributes most of the productivity in the oligotrophic DCM. Here, we present culture experiments with Prochlorococcus strain MIT1214, a member of the Low Light 1 ecotype isolated from the DCM in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Under a matrix of iron and irradiance matching those found at the DCM, the ratio of Fe to carbon in Prochlorococcus MIT1214 cells ranged from 10–40 × 10−6 mol Fe:mol C and increased with light intensity and growth rate. These results challenge theoretical models predicting highest Fe:C at lowest light intensity, and are best explained by a large photosynthetic Fe demand that is not downregulated at higher light. To sustain primary production in the DCM with the rigid Fe requirements of low-light-adapted Prochlorococcus, dFe must be recycled rapidly and at high efficiency.
Global T operator bounds on electromagnetic scattering: Upper bounds on far-field cross sections

This paper shows how the conservation of real and reactive power sets limits on the potential of any finite and arbitrary geometry to scatter and absorb propagating waves.
Airborne Solar and Stratospheric Submilltmeter Spectroscopy

A high resolution Michelson interferometer has been used to obtain solar spectra from a jet aircraft in the low stratosphere. The spectra are absolutely calibrated in intensity, enabling the solar brightness temperature to be specified from 200 to 700 p. Concentrations of trace gases in the stratosphere are determined from intensity of absorption lines.
Memorizing environmental signals through feedback and feedforward loops

Cells in diverse organisms can store the information of previous environmental conditions for long periods of time. This form of cellular memory adjusts the cell's responses to future challenges, providing fitness advantages in fluctuating environments. Many biological functions, including cellular memory, are mediated by specific recurring patterns of interactions among proteins and genes, known as 'network motifs.' In this review, we focus on three well-characterized network motifs - negative feedback loops, positive feedback loops, and feedforward loops, which underlie different types of cellular memories. We describe the latest studies identifying these motifs in various molecular processes and discuss how the topologies and dynamics of these motifs can enable memory encoding and storage.
3. NEW PERSPECTIVES ON PROPERTY AND LAND IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Land was the major economic resource in the pre-modern Middle East. Questions of ownership, of access, of management and of control occupied a central role in administration, in law, and in rural practice over many centuries. And changes in land regimes, such as those which took place in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were bound to have significant repercussions at all levels of society. Nevertheless, the subject of land and property relations is still not well understood. It has also been hindered by a concentration on Islamic legal categories which often had little connection with property relations on the ground and by the assumption that the Middle East witnessed much the same passage from pre-modern to modern forms of property as is supposed to have taken place in Europe.
Survey of Law Enforcement Perceptions Regarding Digital Evidence

This paper analyzes state and local law enforcement agents’ perceptions about prosecutors’ knowledge of digital evidence and their willingness to prosecute cases involving digital evidence, and agents’ perceptions about judges’ knowledge of digital evidence and their willingness to admit digital evidence in legal proceedings, Statistical analysis indicates that a significant negative correlation exists between the size of the population served by law enforcement agents and their perceptions about judges’ knowledge of digital evidence and willingness to admit digital evidence. Also, positive relationships exist between the size of the population served and law enforcement perceptions of prosecutors’ knowledge of digital evidence and willingness to prosecute digital evidence cases, and perceptions about judges’ willingness to admit digital evidence. The implications of these findings are discussed along with suggestions for future research.
The Activity of Human Placenta Microsomes and Brain Particles in Blood Coagulation

Abstract 1. Human placenta microsomes active in blood coagulation have been prepared by a combination of differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, and extraction with butanol-benzene mixtures. Human brain particles have been prepared from acetone-dried brain by extraction with sodium chloride solutions, differential centrifugation, and extraction with butanol-benzene mixtures. 2. Placenta microsomes and brain particles appear to function as enzyme in the development of coagulant activity from the bovine serum fraction. 3. The coagulant activity, which develops in reaction mixtures containing placenta microsomes, calcium, and bovine serum eluate, rapidly disappeared on storage at 4°. In similar reaction mixtures containing purified brain particles, less than one-half of the coagulant activity could be recovered in the sediment after washing with buffer containing calcium, but from 75 to 100% could be recovered in the supernatant fluid after washing with ethylenediaminetetraacetate. 4. Purified brain particles bind protein from the bovine serum eluate nonspecifically and bind activated Factor X, but do not bind nonactivated Factor X.
Analytic Intermodel Consistent Modeling of Volumetric Human Lung Dynamics

Human lung undergoes breathing-induced deformation in the form of inhalation and exhalation. Modeling the dynamics is numerically complicated by the lack of information on lung elastic behavior and fluid-structure interactions between air and the tissue. A mathematical method is developed to integrate deformation results from a deformable image registration (DIR) and physics-based modeling approaches in order to represent consistent volumetric lung dynamics. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation assumes the lung is a poro-elastic medium with spatially distributed elastic property. Simulation is performed on a 3D lung geometry reconstructed from four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) dataset of a human subject. The heterogeneous Young's modulus (YM) is estimated from a linear elastic deformation model with the same lung geometry and 4D lung DIR. The deformation obtained from the CFD is then coupled with the displacement obtained from the 4D lung DIR by means of the Tikhonov regularization (TR) algorithm. The numerical results include 4DCT registration, CFD, and optimal displacement data which collectively provide consistent estimate of the volumetric lung dynamics. The fusion method is validated by comparing the optimal displacement with the results obtained from the 4DCT registration.
Balancing Survival: The Role of CTGF in Controlling Experience-Modulated Olfactory Circuitry

The subventricular zone (SVZ) continuously supplies new interneurons that incorporate into pre-existing olfactory bulb circuitry. Khodosevich et al. (2013) show that connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) regulates a multicellular signaling cascade determining the number of postnatally born inhibitory interneurons in odor-activated glomeruli.
Interactions of cocaine with dopamine D2-like antagonists in squirrel monkeys

Studies investigating dopamine D2 receptor antagonism of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects have resulted in varied effects possibly due to the use of different antagonists, species, and procedures. The present study sought to further investigate D2 antagonism of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects using a variety of D2 antagonists and multiple doses of the antagonists in combination with cocaine. The benzamide D2 antagonists, eticlopride, raclopride, and sulpiride, and the butyrophenone D2 antagonists haloperidol and spiperone were administered alone and in combination with cocaine in squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate cocaine from saline under a fixed-ratio food reinforcement procedure. All the D2 antagonists, except haloperidol, antagonized the discriminative stimulus effects of the cocaine training dose. However, only the benzamide D2 antagonists produced significant rightward shifts in the cocaine discriminative stimulus dose–effect curve and they only did so within a narrow dose range and time after administration. In contrast, the D2 antagonists failed to antagonize the rate-suppressant effects of cocaine, and in some cases, cocaine appeared to antagonize the rate-suppressant effects of the antagonists. The present results suggest (1) that D2 antagonism of cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects depends critically on the selected antagonist, antagonist dose, and time of administration, as well as how antagonism is assessed (i.e., in terms of effects on training dose or on the cocaine dose–effect curve), (2) that the maximal shift in cocaine's discriminative stimulus dose–effect curve possible with D2 antagonists under these procedures is ~two- to threefold, and (3) that different effects of cocaine are differentially sensitive to dopamine receptor antagonism.
HISPID POCKET MOUSE (CHAETODIPUS HISPIDUS) IN EAST-CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN NEBRASKA

ABSTRACT. The hispid pocket mouse (Chaetodipus hispidus) occurs throughout the Great Plains, mainly west of the Missouri River. In Nebraska, this species likely occurs throughout the state, but records of occurrence were lacking for east-central and northeastern counties. During a survey in 2008 for the plains pocket mouse (Perognathus flavescens) in eastern Nebraska, we documented C. hispidus in 10 new counties, including a modest range expansion into northeastern Nebraska. Many individuals were captured on moderately compact soils consisting of silt, but some also were captured on sandy and other friable soils. Most individuals were captured in areas containing some exposed ground, but this may reflect our trap placement for P. flavescens. Individuals from northeastern and east-central Nebraska best resembled C. h. spilotus from southeastern Nebraska, with black coloration suffused on the dorsum, head, and dorsal side of the tail; however, our individuals generally lacked the characteristic bright ochra...
Addition of ammonia, water, and dihydrogen across a single Pd-Pd bond.

Pincer-supported Pd alkyl complexes (PNP)PdR undergo photochemical conversion to a dimeric (PNP)Pd−Pd(PNP) complex with a single Pd−Pd bond. Dissociation of the dimer into monomeric (PNP)Pd species is kinetically accessible thermally and photochemically. (PNP)Pd−Pd(PNP) reacts with ammonia, water, and dihydrogen by adding the H−X bond of the substrate (X = NH2, OH, H) across the Pd−Pd bond. For ammonia, this represents a rare example of conversion of NH3 to terminal hydride and amide ligands by a bimetallic complex.
Numerical Study of Two-Dimensional Turbulent Jets

The current study reports numerical analysis of turbulent jets. Effects of various parameters on the characteristics of two-dimensional turbulent plane parallel and offset jets are investigated. The emphasis is put on the effect of the wall angle and nozzle width on the location merging and the combining points. The flowfield under consideration are two-parallel plane jets and offset jets issued from plane wall. Four angles and three values of the nozzle width are used. Also, different values of Reynolds number between 9000 and 39000 have been examined. It is noted that the wall angle and the nozzle width linearly affect the location of the merging and the combining points, while Reynolds number plays no role in their location. The effect of the wall angle on the reattachment point is found to be non linear.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Study of deeply buried waveguides: A way towards 3D integration

Abstract Ion-exchange on glass is now a mature integrated optics technology. Indeed, many devices such as wavelength multiplexers, splitters, optical amplifiers, lasers or sensors have been already realized. The challenge now is to integrate all these functions on a single chip. Two different paths can be used to achieve this goal: the first one consists of a reduction of the waveguides’ dimensions by an increase of the refractive index change, whereas the second one, which is addressed in this paper, is based on the realization of multilayered devices. Because ion-exchange on glass allows manufacturing either surface or buried waveguides, this technology is well adapted for 3D integration. However, to realize integrated optical devices with two different layers, it is mandatory to prevent any parasitic light transfer between them. This condition can be fulfilled if the top and bottom waveguides are sufficiently separated. In this article, we present the development of ion-exchanged waveguides deeply buried into a glass substrate and their application to 3D integrated devices. Deeply buried waveguides have been realized by means of a two steps silver–sodium ion-exchange on a dedicated custom made silicate glass. First, a thermal ion-exchange has been carried out at 330 °C during 2 min in a 0.8NaNO3–0.2AgNO3 molten salt in order to create the core of the waveguide. Then, this core has been buried into the glass substrate by applying an electric field of 450 kV/m during 1 h 30 min in a sodium nitrate solution at 260 °C. The obtained waveguide has been measured to be 22 μm under the glass surface. It is singlemode at λ = 1.55 μm. In order to prove the good isolation between this waveguide and the surface, a top layer has been added to the device by the realization of surface channel waveguides through a thermal ion-exchange performed in a 0.8NaNO3–0.2AgNO3 molten salt at 330 °C during 2 min. The near-field observation of the device output has shown no coupling between the top and bottom layers demonstrating therefore the feasibility of 3D integrated optical devices by means of ion-exchange on glass.
Exchange theory and fertility-related decision-making

Summary The rewards and costs of parenthood and employment were examined for 123 professional and nonprofessional currently married employed women in their late childbearing years. Individual rewards and costs were combined into overall indices of satisfaction with parenthood and employment and motivation for additional parenthood. General satisfaction with parenthood increased and the general costs of parenthood decreased with number of children. However, motivation for additional children decreased as family size increased.
Phase noise suppression of a 50%-duty-cycle RZ-DPSK signal by using an attenuation-imbalanced NOLM

We use nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) to suppress nonlinear phase noise of 50%-duty-cycle RZ-DPSK signal. Employing NOLM before a 40-km-long transmission link results in 2-dB eye-opening improvement.
Clinical decision making in castration-resistant prostate cancer according to baseline prostate-specific antigen: are we measuring disease burden or disease biology?

When docetaxel received regulatory agency approval for use in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in 2004, there were no other available systemic therapies for mCRPC with a demonstrated survival benefit. Over the past 4 yr, an additional five agents that improve survival have been approved for mCRPC. These agents include androgen pathway inhibitors (abiraterone and enzalutamide), cytotoxic chemotherapy (cabazitaxel), immunotherapy (sipuleucel-T), and a radioisotope (radium-223). Currently, abiraterone, sipuleucel-T, and radium-223 are approved for docetaxel-naive patients, whereas all five agents are ap- proved for patients previously treated with docetaxel. Based on improved outcomes demonstrated in the PREVAIL trial, the approval of enzalutamide for docetaxel-naive patients is imminently anticipated (1). Although patients with mCRPC have benefited from the addition of several new drugs to the armamentarium, little is known about how to optimally sequence these treatments or how to identify which treatments are most likely to benefit individual patients. In this month's issue of European Urology, Saad et al. present a study seeking to define a population of patients with mCRPC most likely to benefit from enzalutamide by retrospectively analyzing outcomes on the AFFIRM trial according to baseline prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (2) .A s a reminder, the AFFIRM trial demonstrated an improvement in survival in patients with docetaxel-resistant mCRPC treated with enzalutamide compared with placebo (3). The current retrospective analysis demonstrates a statistically significant advantage with enzalutamide in radiographic progression-free survival and time to PSA progression across all baseline PSA quartiles. A statistically significant survival advantage with enzalutamide in the highest and lowest baseline PSA quartiles was also demonstrated, although the hazard ratio crossed unity in the second and third quartiles. The authors conclude that enzalutamide benefits men with mCRPC, compared with placebo, regardless of disease severity, as indicated by baseline PSA. Similar analyses, correlating outcomes with baseline PSA, have been conducted with other novel therapies in mCRPC. Sipuleucel-T was shown to confer the greatest survival benefit in patients with the lowest-quartile baseline PSA in an exploratory analysis (4), and similar results have been reported with abiraterone (5). However, in interpreting the results of such analyses, we must remember that the interpretation of pretreatment PSA levels in patients with mCRPC is complicated because PSA conveys information about both disease burden and disease
Color enhancement of highly correlated images. I. Decorrelation and HSI contrast stretches

Conventional enhancements for the color display of multispectral images are based on independent contrast modifications or 'stretches' of three input images. This approach is not effective if the image channels are highly correlated or if the image histograms are strongly bimodal or more complex. Any of several procedures that tend to 'stretch' color saturation while leaving hue unchanged may better utilize the full range of colors for the display of image information. Two conceptually different enhancements are discussed: the 'decorrelation stretch', based on principal-component (PC) analysis, and the 'stretch' of 'hue' - 'saturation' - intensity (HSI) transformed data. The PC transformation in scene-dependent, but the HSI transformation is invariant. Examples of images enhanced by conventional linear stretches, decorrelation stretch, and by stretches of HSI transformed data are compared. Schematic variation diagrams or two- and three-dimensional histograms are used to illustrate the 'decorrelation stretch' method and the effect of the different enhancements.