cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Usefulness of Metrics in the Quantification of Speech Rhythm

Abstract The performance of the rhythm metrics Δ C , % V , PVIs and Varcos, said to quantify rhythm class distinctions, was tested using English, German, Greek, Italian, Korean and Spanish. Eight participants per language produced speech using three elicitation methods, spontaneous speech, story reading and reading a set of sentences divided into “uncontrolled” sentences from original works of each language, and sentences devised to maximize or minimize syllable structure complexity (“stress-timed” and “syllable-timed” sets respectively). Rhythm classifications based on pooled data were inconsistent across metrics, while cross-linguistic differences in scores were often statistically non-significant even for comparisons between prototypical languages like English and Spanish. Metrics showed substantial inter-speaker variation and proved very sensitive to elicitation method and syllable complexity, so that the size of both effects was large and often comparable to that of language. These results suggest that any cross-linguistic differences captured by metrics are not robust; metric scores range substantially within a language and are readily affected by a variety of methodological decisions, making cross-linguistic comparisons and rhythmic classifications based on metrics unsafe at best.
The effect of plaque composition on laser recanalization.

Abstract Laser recanalization using metal-capped laser fibers and continuous-wave laser energy occurs by thermal ablation of atherosclerotic plaque. Different types of plaque respond differently to laser energy and plaque composition may be an important determinant of the success of laser recanalization. To investigate this hypothesis, 16 patients with symptomatic arterial occlusions in the mid and distal superficial femoral artery underwent B-mode ultrasound arterial imaging prior to attempted argon laser recanalization. The composition of the occlusions was classified as soft (echogenicity less than the adjacent arterial wall), dense (echogenicity equal to the adjacent arterial wall), or calcified (echoreflective). Recanalization was successful in 100% ( 8 8 ) of patients with soft occlusions versus 38% ( 3 8 ) with dense or calcified occlusions (P = 0.01). Thus, plaque composition as assessed by B-mode ultrasound imaging appears to be an important predictor of the success or failure of arterial recanalization using a thermal laser probe.
Electromigration damage in fine Al alloy lines due to interfacial diffusion

Both electromigration lifetime experiments and experiments of the drift velocity type have been conducted with the alloys: Al(2% Cu), Al(0.5% Cu, 0.3% Zr), and Al(0.3% Pd, 0.3% Nb) also with structures with two wiring levels of Ti/Al (0.5 - 4 % Cu)/Ti interconnected with W studs. The latter structure and these structures in general, are representative of present applications, which contain Al alloy/W interfaces. In all cases it was found that the mass transport along the line's edges played a role in their damage formation, which was at least as great as grain boundary diffusion. It is postulated that the results obtained using the traditional test structure, which has reservoirs of metal alloy at each electrode and is conducted at a single level, have been misinterpreted as indicating that flux divergence at triple junctions were critical failure sites for on-chip interconnections. These present results show that the material in the electrode pads of the conventional structure can resupply material to the lines. A direct experimental comparison of the two structural types is made to demonstrate the point.
AGREEING RESPONSE SET: STATISTICAL NUISANCE OR MEANINGFUL PERSONALITY CONCEPT?

Summary.-Two different perspectives on agreeing response set exist in the literature. Based upon one perspective, agreeing response set is seen primarily as a statistical nuisance which must be controlled or suppressed by appropriate mathematical techniques. The second perspective conceptualizes agreeing response set as a manifestation of the respondent's personality. Building upon research which conceptualizes agreeing response set as a personality variable, two predictions were tested using a sample of 203 Air Force trainees, (a) nay-sayers maintain more belief consistency than do yea-sayers and (b) nay-sayers are more intellectually-oriented while yea-sayers are more emotionally-oriented. Results of the study supported both predictions. Implications of the resuls are briefly discussed. Researchers (Cronbach, 1958; Wiggins, 1968) have realized for a numbers of years that various response sets (e.g., social desirability, agreement) can cause biases in test or questionnaire scores. Much of the attention given to the biasing effects of response sets has focused upon the agreeing response set (Block, 1965), generally defined as a tendency to agree (or disagree) with items regardless of their content. Since psychological measures are frequently based upon Likert-type scales, with response anchors ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, the agreement response is particularly important because it is intrinsically involved in the method of measurement. A review of past research indicates two general approaches toward conceptualizing the agreeing response set. Based upon one perspective (Cronbach, 1958) agreeing response set is seen primarily as a statistical nuisance which must be controlled or suppressed by appropriate mathematical techniques. Although the statistical properties and consequences of the agreeing response set are discussed at length, little interest is given to the psychological determinants of the agreement response set in individuals. The second perspective conceptualizes agreeing response set as a manifestation of the respondent's personality. Researchers (Couch & Keniston, 1960) hypothesize that the agreeing response set is a manifestation of a deep-seated personality syndrome, whose underlying determinants serve to explain the phenotypical phenomenon of acquiescence or agreement. Unfortunately, conflicting views have emerged when authors have tried to operationalize agreeing response set. For example, it has been suggested
Mineral Deposits on the Moon

Mineral deposits on moon noting probable magmatic segregation, fumarole products, carbonaceous deposits, etc
Defining a Role for States in a Federal Health Care System

While Congress debates a national health policy, states are experimenting with programs to expand access to health care and contain its rising costs. Many hope that state innovations will point the way for Congress, producing agreement on a new policy. However, innovations may also diffuse support for change across a wide variety of state models. That would delay action by Congress until a compromise forms around legislation that permits interstate variations in health care delivery. A patchwork of programs would result, generating questions of equity in future debates about health care reform.
Integrating MATLAB and IDL: adding adaptive optics to the TMT/VLOT integrated model

The next generation of ground-based telescopes will have apertures of 20 meters or more and will be increasingly dependent on active and adaptive optics (AO) to deliver good image quality. A numerical model of the complete telescope system, including optical, mechanical, and atmospheric seeing effects, will be a vital tool during the design process. The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) / Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT) Integrated Model (IM) is written in MATLAB and runs on a Windows PC. One goal of the IM is to study the interaction of various AO designs with several telescope configurations. This requires the inclusion of an AO simulation engine; the IDL-based CAOS code was chosen as a starting point. Socket based software was developed to allow MATLAB MEX functions called from the IM to control the CAOS code running on a Linux PC. Software was also developed to allow MATLAB MEX functions to interact with IDL on the same Windows computer using callable IDL.
Pricing strategies and firm performances under alliance brand

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework to help competitive firms find optimal pricing and brand management strategies in order to maximize their respective profits.Design/methodology/approach – A game‐theoretic model is developed to determine optimal pricing and brand management strategies for competitive firms.Findings – The study demonstrates that optimal pricing and brand management strategies exist for firms in a competitive market. The optimum marketing strategy for competitive firms to employ is the cooperative alliance pricing and brand management strategy, particularly when market competition is very intense.Research limitations/implications – The present study assumes that all information is known to all parties. However, information could be incomplete. It is recommended that future research explore pricing and brand management strategies under incomplete and asymmetric information settings.Practical implications – The paper provides a very useful model framework and prici...
Quantum nucleation of false-vacuum bubbles

We show that a small bubble of false vacuum can tunnel to the critical size for inflation, and calculate the amplitude in leading WKB approximation. An initially nonsingular space becomes and exterior space plus a baby universe (which contains the bubble), joined by a black-hole singularity. We work in a Hamiltonian formalism; the corresponding Euclidean bounce is shown to have a degenerate vierbein.
Advanced liquid cooling for a traction drive inverter using jet impingement and microfinned enhanced surfaces

This study evaluates a jet impingement based cooling strategy combined with microfinned enhanced surfaces as a means of improving thermal management for power electronic devices. For comparison, a baseline channel flow heat exchanger and jet impingement on plain surfaces are characterized. The jets, augmented with enhanced microfinned surfaces, provide localized cooling to areas heated by the insulated-gate bipolar transistors and diode devices. Lighter materials and simpler manufacturing while managing required pumping power increase the overall performance while reducing weight, volume, and cost. Computational fluid dynamics modeling validated by experiments was used to characterize the baseline as well as jet-impingement-based heat exchangers at typical automotive flow rates using a 50%-50% mixture by volume of water and ethylene glycol. The three cooling configurations were tested at full inverter power (40 to 100 kW output power) on a dynamometer. An increased thermal performance was observed for the jet-impingement configurations. Experiments were also performed to investigate the long-term reliability of the jets impinging on enhanced surfaces.
Syntheses of (−)-Oleocanthal, a Natural NSAID Found in Extra Virgin Olive Oil, the (−)-Deacetoxy-Oleuropein Aglycone, and Related Analogues

Phenolic compounds extracted from extra virgin olive oil have attracted considerable recent attention. One of the components, (-)-oleocanthal (1), an inhibitor of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, possesses similar potency as the NSAID ibuprofen. In this, a full account, we disclose the first- and now second-generation syntheses of both enantiomers of the oleocanthals, as well as the first synthesis of the closely related (-)-deacetoxy-oleuropein aglycone and a series of related analogues for structure activity studies. To demonstrate the utility of the second-generation synthesis, multigram quantities of (-)-oleocanthal were prepared in 10 steps (14% overall yield) from commercially available D-lyxose.
Molecular and Functional Analysis of Human β-Defensin 3 Action at Melanocortin Receptors

The β-defensins are a class of small, cationic proteins first recognized as antimicrobial components of the innate and adaptive immune system. More recently, one of the major β-defensins produced in skin, β-defensin 3, has been discovered to function as a melanocortin receptor ligand in vivo and in vitro, but its biophysical and pharmacological basis of action has been enigmatic. Here, we report functional and biochemical studies focused on human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) and melanocortin receptors 1 and 4. Genetic and pharmacologic studies indicate that HBD3 acts as a neutral melanocortin receptor antagonist capable of blocking the action of either stimulatory agonists such as α-melanocyte stimulating hormone or inhibitory inverse agonists such as Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) and Agouti-related protein (AGRP). A comprehensive structure-function analysis demonstrates that two patches of positively charged residues, located on opposite poles of HBD3 and spatially organized by the compact β-defensin fold, are primarily responsible for high-affinity binding to melanocortin receptors. These findings identify a distinct mode of melanocortin receptor-ligand interactions based primarily on electrostatic complementarity, with implications for designing ligands that target melanocortin and potentially other seven transmembrane receptors.
Loss of Trop2 Promotes Carcinogenesis and Features of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Trop2, an oncogenic cell surface protein under investigation as a therapeutic target, is commonly overexpressed in several epithelial tumor types yet its function in tumor biology remains relatively unexplored. To investigate the role of Trop2 in epithelial carcinogenesis, we generated Trop2 � /� mice, which are viable and possess a normal lifespan. Contrary to expectations, Trop2 loss fails to suppress keratinocyte transformation. Instead, rastransformed Trop2 � /� keratinocytes preferentially pass through an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and form tumors with spindle cell histology. Furthermore, Trop2 loss renders Arf-null mice susceptible to the formation of biphasic sarcomatoid carcinomas containing both squamous and spindle cell components upon carcinogen exposure in an otherwise skin cancer–resistant strain (C57BL/6). Immortalized keratinocytes derived from Trop2 � /� Arf � /� mice exhibit enhanced proliferative and migratory capacity as well as increased activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Src prior to transformation. The clinical relevance of these findings was supported by studying the molecular epidemiology of Trop2 in primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. This analysis revealed that Trop2 mRNA levels are decreased in a subset of tumors with features of EMT, and total loss of Trop2 protein expression is observed in the spindle cell component of sarcomatoid carcinomas. Therefore, while previous studies haveemphasized thepotential importance of Trop2 gainof function, these results uncover a roleforTrop2lossintumorigenesisandthemesenchymaltransdifferentiationobservedinasubsetofsquamouscell carcinomas. Mol Cancer Res; 1–10. � 2011 AACR.
Lithium side effects in the medically ill.

Objective This review will include the general pharmacology of lithium and discuss its effects on various organ systems, with emphasis on the medically ill patient as well as the geriatric patient with multiple medical problems. Methods A full literature review on the side effects of lithium was performed. Attention is focused on the medically ill and possible drug interactions. Results This review points to the numerous problems which can result in toxicity in the medically ill or the geriatric patient. Conclusion Serious side effects can be avoided with proper drug monitoring and knowledge of potential drug interactions.
Fracture, delamination, and buckling of elastic thin films on compliant substrates

A series of studies have been conducted for mechanical behavior of elastic thin films on compliant substrates. Under tension, the film may fracture by growing channel cracks. The driving force for channel cracking (i.e., the energy release rate) increases significantly for compliant substrates. Moreover, channel cracking may be accompanied by interfacial delamination. For a film on a relatively compliant substrate, a critical interface toughness is predicted, which separates stable and unstable delamination. For a film on a relatively stiff substrate, however, a channel crack grows with no delamination when the interface toughness is greater than a critical value. An effective energy release rate for the steady-state growth of a channel crack is defined to account for the influence of interfacial delamination on both the fracture driving force and the resistance, which can be significantly higher than the energy release rate assuming no delamination. Alternatively, when the film is under compression, it tends to buckle. Two buckling modes have been observed, one with interfacial delamination (i.e., buckle-delamination) and the other without delamination (i.e., wrinkling). By comparing the critical stresses for the onset of buckling, we give a criterion for the selection of the buckling modes, which depends on the stiffness ratio between the film and the substrate as well as the interface defects. A general conclusion from these studies is that, whether tension or compression, the interfacial properties are critical in controlling the morphology and failure of elastic thin films on compliant substrates.
CR1/CR2 deficiency alters IgG3 autoantibody production and IgA glomerular deposition in the MRL/lpr model of SLE.

CR1 and CR2 expression is decreased by ∼50% on B cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Expression is also decreased in the MRL/lpr murine model of SLE prior to the development of clinical disease, suggesting that this alteration may play a role in pathogenesis. To determine whether the decrease in receptor levels affects the development of SLE, we analyzed MRL/lpr mice in which CR1/CR2 expression was altered by gene targeting. Mice from each cohort (Cr2+/+, Cr2+/-, and Cr2-/-) were analyzed biweekly for the development of proteinuria and autoantibodies. Kidneys were examined at 12 and 16 weeks for evidence of immune complex deposition and renal disease. Deficiency of CR1/CR2 did not affect survival or development of renal disease as measured by proteinuria. Mice deficient in CR1/CR2 had significantly lower levels of IgG3 rheumatoid factor (RF) and total serum IgG3, suggesting a specific defect in production of IgG3 in response to endogenous autoantigens. Since IgG3 RF has been associa...
Logical empiricism and the study of human communication

The logical empiricist philosophy of science which underpins the bulk of contemporary communication research is outlined and recent criticisms of this view are surveyed. Two implications concerning the conduct of communication theory and research are drawn from these criticisms: (i) maximally productive research involves the systematic extension, elaboration, and defense of a theoretical framework and (ii) theoretical and conceptual analysis should be recognized as an important element in the achievement of a satisfactory theoretical account.
A simple method for removal of fish hooks in the emergency department

Fishing is a sport enjoyed by millions of people throughout the world. A common fishing injury is the embedment of the fish hook in the skin. All emergency department doctors have experimented with removing fish hooks. It is a challenging procedure because of the hook’s barb, although the external injury is usually minimal. The parts of the hook are the eye, shank, bend, point, and barb. The function of the barb is to …
Strategies to promote physical activity during pregnancy

Physical activity during pregnancy has been associated with significant health benefits, however most women in the United States do not meet current guidelines. This systematic review evaluates evidence for interventions to improve physical activity during pregnancy in order to identify best practices and inform future research. Electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, SportDISCUS, Embase, ERIC, Psych Info and ISI Web of Science) were searched in July 2011 for peer-reviewed journal articles. Studies were included if they were English-language randomized control trials that measured the efficacy of an intervention targeted to pregnant women and designed to change physical activity as a primary or secondary outcome. Out of 777 studies identified through the systematic search, nine interventions were identified for inclusion by multiple reviewers. Data was abstracted using an abstraction form modeled after the "Guide to Community Preventive Services." Of the nine interventions included in the review, three reported statistically significant positive results for physical activity. While interventions included a variety of strategies and techniques, none were uniquely associated with positive outcomes. Overall this review suggests that little is known about the efficacy of interventions for physical activity during pregnancy. We provide several recommendations for future research and intervention design.
Resonant quadrafilar helix

The radiation of the resonant, fractional-turn, quadrafilar helix is shown to be cardioid shaped and circularly polarized regardless of axial length and diameter. Measured and calculated data relate the radiation pattern characteristics and geometrical parameters.
Geographic Variation in the Mitochondrial Control Region of Black-Throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica Caerulescens)

ABSTRACT.— We investigated the genetic population structure of the Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica caerulescens), a Nearctic-Neotropic migrant passerine that breeds in cool mixed deciduous-coniferous forests in eastern North America. A cline in plumage color in breeding populations in the central Appalachian Mountains suggests either a contact zone between two formerly allopatric populations or the presence of a strong contemporary selection gradient. Analysis of 333 base pairs of the mitochondrial control region from 287 individuals sampled from 14 populations revealed relatively high haplotype diversity, low nucleotide diversity, and limited but significant phylogeographic structure across the breeding range (analysis of molecular variance [AMOVA], variation among populations = 2.7%; P < 0.01) and between northern and southern population groups (AMOVA, variation among groups = 2.9%; P < 0.01). Genetic differentiation among populations did not conform to an isolation-by-distance model. Nucleotide ...
Quantum Lifetime in Electron Storage Rings

One of the mechanisms which contribute to beam lifetime in electron storage rings is the quantum emission of energetic photons causing particles to be lost from the RF bucket. This quantum lifetime is among other things important in defining the required aperture in a storage ring. An approximate expression of quantum lifetime, predicted by a one-dimensional model which takes into account only the betatron motion, has been used in most storage ring designs. If the beam is aperture-limited at a position with nonzero dispersion, both the betatron and synchrotron motions have to be included and a two-dimensional model must be used. In this paper we offer an exact expression of quantum lifetime for the one-dimensional case and an approximate expression for the two-dimensional case.
The Social Impacts of Electronic Funds Transfer

The contents of this paper represent selected elements of a technology assessment, carried out by Arthur D. Little, Inc., for the National Science Foundation, of electronics funds transfer (EFT). After a brief placement of EFT into historical perspective, the paper describes what EFT is and what it does. Some EFT experiments and their results are discussed. A section on a spectrum of means by which EFT may be introduced is followed by the identification of some impacts that EFT might have on five areas of our society: the financial industry, privacy, loans and credit, security, and the family.
Axiology and Anomaly in the Practice of Mixed Methods Work: Pragmatism, Valuation, and the Transformative Paradigm

This article uses a Kuhnian framework to explain the adoption of the transformative paradigm in pragmatically informed mixed methods research. We argue that pragmatism represents a model of “normal...
Phenotypic characterization of the CRISPA (ARP gene) mutant of pea (Pisum sativum; Fabaceae): A reevaluation

Premise of the study Leaf form and development are controlled genetically. The ARP genes encode MYB transcription factors that interact with Class 1 KNOX genes in a regulatory module that controls meristem-leaf determinations and is highly conserved in plants. ARP loss of function alleles and subsequent KNOX1 overexpression cause many unusual leaf phenotypes including loss or partial loss of the ability to produce a lamina and production of "knots" on leaf blades. CRISPA (CRI) is the ARP gene in pea, and a number of its mutant alleles are known. Methods We made morphological and anatomical evaluations of cri-1 mutant plants while controlling for genetic background and for heteroblastic effects, and we used aldehyde fixation and resin preparations for anatomical analysis. Further, we compared gene expression in WT and cri-1 shoot tips and HOP1/PsKN1 and CRI expression in other leaf mutants. Key results The cri-1 plants had more extensive abnormalities in the proximal than in the distal regions of the leaf, including ectopic stipules, narrow leaflets, and shortened petioles with excessive adaxial expansion. "Knots" were morphologically and anatomically variable but consisted of vascularized out-pocketing of the adaxial leaflet surface. HOP1/PsKN1 and UNI mRNA levels were higher in cri-1 shoot tips, and some auxin-regulated genes were lower. Low LE expression suggests that the GA level is high in cri-1 shoot tips. Conclusions The CRISPA gene of pea suppresses KNOX1 genes and UNI and functions to (1) maintain proximal-distal regions in their appropriate positions, (2) restrict excessive adaxial cell proliferation, and (3) promote laminar expansion.
Mutations That Reduce Sinapoylmalate Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana Define Loci With Diverse Roles in Phenylpropanoid Metabolism

The products of phenylpropanoid metabolism in Arabidopsis include the three fluorescent sinapate esters sinapoylglucose, sinapoylmalate, and sinapoylcholine. The sinapoylmalate that accumulates in cotyledons and leaves causes these organs to appear blue-green under ultraviolet (UV) illumination. To find novel genes acting in phenylpropanoid metabolism, Arabidopsis seedlings were screened under UV for altered fluorescence phenotypes caused by changes in sinapoylmalate content. This screen identified recessive mutations at four Reduced Epidermal Fluorescence (REF) loci that reduced leaf sinapoylmalate content. Further analyses showed that the ref mutations affected other aspects of phenylpropanoid metabolism and some led to perturbations in normal plant development. A second class of mutations at the Bright Trichomes 1 (BRT1) locus leads to modest reductions in sinapate ester content; however, the most notable phenotype of brt1 mutants is the development of hyperfluorescent trichomes that appear to contain elevated levels of sinapate esters when compared to the wild type. These results indicate that at least five new loci affecting the developmentally regulated accumulation of phenylpropanoid secondary metabolites in Arabidopsis, and the cell specificity of their distribution, have been identified by screening for altered UV fluorescence phenotypes.
Cutting Bodies to Harvest Organs

Reverence for the autonomy of patients dominates healthcare ethics in the United States. Such reverence emblematizes personal freedom, a cherished American ideal.
Assembly of Nanocrystal Arrays by Block-Copolymer-Directed Nucleation†

Growing in line: The surface chemistry of self-assembled nanostructured block copolymers is used to control the sites at which semiconducting metal sulfide nanocrystals nucleate and grow on a surface directly from aqueous solutions. This process is a new and general strategy for the bottom-up assembly of functional nanocrystalline materials for a variety of applications.
STABILITY AND SINGLE-PARTICLE PROPERTIES OF BOSONIZED FERMI LIQUIDS

We study the stability and single-particle properties of Fermi liquids in spatial dimensions greater than one via bosonization. For smooth nonsingular Fermi-liquid interactions we obtain Shankar's renormalization-group flows to second order in the BCS coupling and reproduce well-known results for quasiparticle lifetimes. We demonstrate by explicit calculation that spin-charge separation does not occur when the Fermi-liquid interactions are regular. We also explore the relationship between quantized bosonic excitations and zero-sound modes and present a concise derivation of both the spin and the charge collective-mode equations. Finally we discuss some aspects of singular Fermi-liquid interactions.
A Blocking Scheme for Identification of Components and Sub-Components of Semi-Structured E-Documents

In order to convert a semi-structured e-document into an XML e-document, the physical components and subcomponents of the e-document must be tagged. Such tagging is possible once the components and subcomponents of the e-document are identified. A methodology, blocking scheme, is devised and used for this research effort to identify semi-structured e-documents' components and sub-components. The methodology was applied on 50 semi-structured e- documents of a specific type and the identification of their components and sub-components were achieved with 100% accuracy.
Construction of a joint peak-interval histogram using higher-order cumulant-based inverse filtering

Conventional metrics used to quantify signals in noise/hearing research rely primarily on time-averaged energy and spectral analyses. Such metrics, while appropriate for Gaussian-distributed waveforms, are of limited value in the more complex sound environments encountered in industrial/military settings that have nonGaussian and nonstationary-distributed waveforms. Research has shown that metrics incorporating the temporal characteristics of a waveform are needed to evaluate hazardous acoustic environments for purposes of hearing conservation. The joint peak-interval histogram is a prospective candidate for use in such an application. This paper shows that the joint peak-interval histogram can be obtained from an estimation of the temporal pattern of a complex noise waveform by using higher-order cumulant-based inverse filtering.
Diagnosis and treatment of acute extremity compartment syndrome

Acute compartment syndrome of the extremities is well known, but diagnosis can be challenging. Ineffective treatment can have devastating consequences, such as permanent dysaesthesia, ischaemic contractures, muscle dysfunction, loss of limb, and even loss of life. Despite many studies, there is no consensus about the way in which acute extremity compartment syndromes should be diagnosed. Many surgeons suggest continuous monitoring of intracompartmental pressure for all patients who have high-risk extremity injuries, whereas others suggest aggressive surgical intervention if acute compartment syndrome is even suspected. Although surgical fasciotomy might reduce intracompartmental pressure, this procedure also carries the risk of long-term complications. In this paper in The Lancet Series about emergency surgery we summarise the available data on acute extremity compartment syndrome of the upper and lower extremities in adults and children, discuss the underlying pathophysiology, and propose a clinical guideline based on the available data.
Inclusion, Power, and Community:Teachers and Students Interpret the Language of Community in an Inclusion Classroom

To illuminate the processes of creating learning communities, this study investigated the social context of an inclusion classroom by examining (a) how teachers established a community ethos, (b) how students responded with regard to the positioning of students with disabilities, and (c) how macro discourses possibly shaped interactional processes. Teachers used discourse and participation frameworks in whole-class lessons to encourage participation and collective responsibility for “helping.” Nevertheless, the teachers’ inclusive language was manipulated to harass and exclude in small-group contexts. Benhabib’s conceptions of “general” and “concrete” selves and Cornelius and Herrenkohl’s aspects of classroom power—assigning ownership, creating alliances, engaging in persuasion—frame a discussion of contexts of inclusion and exclusion.
The Dynamics of a Simple Baroclinic Model of the Wind-Driven Circulation

The authors study the dynamics of a two-layer approximation to the steadily forced baroclinic circulation in a closed ocean basin with the aim of understanding its temporal variability and the onset of low-frequency variability. It is found that, for a range of dissipation that includes values used in a number of ocean modeling studies in the past five years, if one waits a sufficient length of time, the asymptotic behavior of the system is characterized by only a very small number of degrees of freedom. By varying the dissipation as a control parameter, the authors identify abrupt transitions in the form of the long-term circulation exhibited by the model. One type of transition, from a time-varying circulation dominated by two frequencies to a chaotic circulation, is accompanied by the appearance of low-frequency variability. This constitutes an internal mechanism for the production of variability at climatological timescales. The model used is a two-layer, quasigeostrophic model forced by a steady wind stress with a uniform cyclonic curl. Dissipation is modeled by a lateral diffusion of momentum with a uniform eddy viscosity. In two sets of experiments with two internal deformation radii and layer depth ratios, the eddy viscosity is varied and the types of circulation that result are reported. The stable steady circulation seen in the viscous limit gives way to time-dependent circulations of increasing temporal complexity. Spatially, the circulations fall into two types, those dominated by large recirculating gyres in the western part of the basin and those with a strong (and strongly meandering) peripheral current reminiscent of that seen in the Black Sea. From an examination of the linear eigenmodes of the steady circulation, the initial transition to time dependence may be characterized as a baroclinic instability of the western recirculation gyre.
Genome-editing revolution: My whirlwind year with CRISPR.

Jennifer Doudna, a pioneer of the revolutionary genome-editing technology, reflects on how 2015 became the most intense year of her career — and what she's learnt.
Macular Infarction Following Intravitreal Triamcinolone Injection for Treatment of Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

Purpose To report a case of macular infarction following intravitreal triamcinolone injection for treatment of central retinal vein occlusion Methods A 75-year-old man visited our clinic for visual disturbance in his left eye, who had diagnosed with macular infarction in his right eye. The patient's best-corrected visual acuity was 0.6 in his left eye. His medical history included type 2 diabetes, alcoholic liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma. After fundus examination, the patient was diagnosed with central vein occlusion with macular edema, intravitreal triamcinolone was administered in an attempt to reduce edema. Results Within 1 week of treatment with intravitreal injection, the patient noted a significant decrease in visual acuity. Flurorescein angiogram demonstrated an enlargement of the foveal avascular zone following intravitreal triamcinolone, although optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed a decresed maculr edema. Despite normalization of macular thickness on OCT and cessation of leakage on angiography, visual acuity remained at the same level until 2 month of follow-up. Conclusions Not only intravitreal anti-VEGF injection, but also intravitreal triamcinolone injection can cause macular ischemia. This must be taken into consideration when the treatment regime is adopted for use in patients with ischemic risk factors.
The 10-Hz rhythm in sympathetic nerve discharge

Frequency-domain analysis was used to characterize the relationships among the rhythmic discharges recorded simultaneously from two to four sympathetic nerves in unanesthetized decerebrate cats. The major new findings were as follows. 1) The 10-Hz rhythmic discharges of different nerves cohered strongly in baroreceptor-innervated and -denervated cats. 2) The interval between the discharges of two nerves was frequency dependent in the 10-Hz band in some cats, supporting the view that the 10-Hz rhythm is generated by multiple central circuits that are coupled. 3) In some cases the central circuits responsible for the 10-Hz rhythms nonuniformly affected different nerves. 4) In baroreceptor-innervated cats the coherence values for the cardiac-related discharges of any two nerves were significantly higher than those for the 10-Hz rhythms. 5) In baroreceptor-denervated cats the 10-Hz rhythmic discharges of different nerves cohered more strongly than the 2- to 6-Hz rhythms. 6) The 10-Hz rhythm usually was not a harmonic of the 2- to 6-Hz or cardiac-related rhythm. Thus these rhythms are generated independently.
Foraging Behavior and Nestling Diet of Chestnut-Backed Chickadees in Monterey Pine

The foraging behavior and nestling diet of Chestnut-backed Chickadees (Parus rufescens) was studied during the breeding season (March-May) in a Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) plantation, 1991-1992. Adult birds spent 79% (?7.1 SD) of their foraging time on Monterey pine as a result of prey availability. The majority of this time was spent perch gleaning and hang gleaning prey from the outer needles of the upper tree crown. Nestling diet was composed of approximately 43% Monterey pine sawfly larvae (Acantholyda burkei, Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) and 17% tree camel crickets (Gammarotettix bilobatus, Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae). Both insects feed upon Monterey pine foliage. Spiders and individual Homoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera species comprised the remaining 40% of the diet. Monterey pine serves as an important foraging resource for Chestnut-backed Chickadees during the breeding season and may have contributed to the range expansion and population increase of this species in the San Francisco Bay region.
Protection of dry bacteria by fat against cationic detergents.

SummaryThe adsorption of quaternary ammonium compounds on cell surfaces has been proved experimentally. The formation, on hands, of a film of cationic detergent of which only the outside is germicidal, has been explained as due to an oriented adsorption of the detergents on an organophilic surface, such as fat or paraffin.
Estimation of KL divergence between large-alphabet distributions

The problem of estimating the KL divergence between two unknown distributions is studied. The alphabet size k of the distributions can scale to infinity. The estimation is based on m and n independent samples respectively drawn from the two distributions. It is first shown that there does not exist any consistent estimator to guarantee asymptotic small worst-case quadratic risk over the set of all pairs of distributions. A restricted set that contains pairs of distributions with bounded ratio ƒ(k) is further considered. An augmented plug-in estimator is proposed, and is shown to be consistent if and only if m = ω(k ⋁ log2(ƒ(k)) and n = ω(kƒ(k)). Furthermore, if ƒ(k) ≥ log2k and log2(ƒ(k)) = o(k), it is shown that any consistent estimator must satisfy the necessary conditions: m = ω( k/log k ⋁ log2(ƒ(k)) and n = ω( kƒ(k)/log k).
CMOS image sensors-recent advances and device scaling considerations

This paper reviews the industry trend and the recent advances in CMOS image sensor technology, covering advances in technology, devices, pixel architecture, as well as on-chip circuit integration. Compatibility with "standard" CMOS technology is an important consideration for CMOS image sensors. We therefore explore the question: "will the image sensing performance of CMOS imagers get better or get worse as CMOS technologies are scaled?" We project that "standard" CMOS technologies cannot be used for imaging in the deep sub-micron regime without some process modifications.
Influence of metal choice on (010) β-Ga2O3 Schottky diode properties

A systematic study of Schottky barriers fabricated on (010) β-Ga2O3 substrates is reported. Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) and current transport modes were analyzed using a combination of current-voltage (I-V), capacitance-voltage (C-V) and internal photoemission (IPE) measurements for Pd, Ni, Pt and Au Schottky diodes. Diodes fabricated for each metal choice displayed nearly ideal I-V characteristics with room temperature ideality factors ranging from 1.03 to 1.09, reverse leakage currents below detection limits and thermionic emission as the dominant current transport mode for Ni, Pt and Pd. The SBH values varied depending on the metal choice, ranging from 1.27 V for Pd and 1.54 V for Ni to 1.58 V for Pt and 1.71 V for Au, as determined using IPE measurements. Close agreement was observed between these IPE-determined SBH values and the barrier height values from I-V and C-V measurements for the Ni, Pd and Pt Schottky barriers. In contrast, for Au, a lack of general agreement was seen between the SBH me...
Who is Responsible for the Racialized Practices Evident within (Special) Education and What Can Be Done to Change Them

I pose a straightforward rhetorical question about disproportionality and endeavor to answer it with view to suggesting what can be done in terms of linking theory to practice. First, I frame disproportionality by asking where does it come from? Second, I describe multiple, interconnected historical phenomena to be considered when educators contemplate the complex topic of overrepresentation, ranging from the genesis of historical understandings of human difference becoming categorized into hierarchies of race, to the perceptions of race and dis/ability held by contemporary educators. Third, I argue that connections among these phenomena reified deficit-based understandings of vulnerable children and youth, creating a disabled population that, in turn, continues the status quo of disproportionality within schools. Fourth, invoking the concept of the personal is the professional, I discuss possible actions within an educator’s control to help counter overrepresentation, while listing areas outside of schoo...
Beasts and baptism : A new perspective on the Old English Physiologus

Previous scholarship on the Old English Physiologus has not only mistakenly tended to consider the work as a fragment, but has also failed to acknowledge that this Anglo-Saxon bestiary contains a theme unique to the Physiologus tradition. The Old English Physiologus, complete despite its mere three animal entries, is an Easter poem, honoring within the scope of its three animal accounts the three days of Christ's death, harrowing of hell, and resurrection. Moreover, central to the poem's theme is the celebration of baptism – the central rite of the Easter weekend – as the means to attaining heaven on the final Easter, Judgment Day. The Old English Physiologus is a didactic and celebratory poem that urges Christians to prepare for Easter and Judgment Day through the renewal of vows during Lent and through baptismal vows or even baptism itself on Holy Saturday.
Robotic-assisted total hysterectomy: Hysterectomy techniques in the normal-sized and small uterus

The introduction of robotic technology has dramatically altered the surgical approach to hysterectomy. Following introduction of the robotic surgical system, there has been a dramatic decrease in the proportion of hysterectomies being performed via laparotomy. Furthermore, a continually growing number of hysterectomies are being performed via laparoscopy both with and without the assistance of robotic technology [1]. In order to safely and efficiently perform a robotic hysterectomy on a normal-sized or small uterus, a surgeon must be methodical in the techniques employed.
MRI exploration of partial epilepsy

Investigative strategies for partial epilepsy have evolved greatly since the advent of morphological MRI. MRI currently provides the most extensive and sensitive information for detecting and localizing brain anomalies. Technical progress has included new sequences (3D acquisition, inversion-recovery, fast spin-echo), new imaging planes (through the greater diameter of the hippocampus for temporal epilepsy, orbitao-meatal for extra-temporal epilepsy), high-resolution imaging, and better signal-noise ratio in addition to new procedurs such as NMR spectroscopy, diffusion/perfusion imaging, or functional MRI. One of the principal aims of MRI is to detect potentially epileptogenic brain anomalies useful for the detection and localization of the epileptic focus. MRI sensitivity is much greater than brain computed tomography, which excepting specific cases, is no longer contributive. Hippocampal sclerosis is a typical example of an epilepsy-related brain anomaly (mesial temporal lobe epilepsy) whose diagnosis has been changed by MRI. This entity was described by Bouchet and Cazauvieilh in 1825 who related anatomic postmortem findings to the clinical expression. Reliable diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis can now be achieved with MRI, contributing to the diagnosis of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. MRI can also contribute precious prognostic information, useful for both drug and surgical treatment. It has been demonstrated that the degree of response to drug treatment is not univocal and that certain lesions such as hippocampal sclerosis are generally associated with drug resistance. Sensitivity to drug therapy also varies with the type of cerebral dysgenesia. It has also been demonstrated that the a brain lesion identified at MRI is generally a factor of good prognosis after surgery. Continuing improvements in MRI techniques, widespread availability of technical facilities and new derived techniques contribute greatly to the usefulness of MRI for investigating partial epilepsy.
Gold clusters ( Au N , 2 N 1 0 ) and their anions

Atomic and electronic structures of neutral and anionic gold clusters $({\mathrm{Au}}_{N}$ and ${\mathrm{Au}}_{N}^{\ensuremath{-}},$ $2l~Nl~10)$ are investigated using the density-functional theory with scalar-relativistic ab initio pseudopotentials and a generalized gradient correction. The ground state optimal geometries of the neutral and anionic clusters are found to be planar up to $N=7$ and 6, respectively, with the much studied ${\mathrm{Au}}_{6}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cluster predicted to have a ${D}_{3h}$ triangular structure. The calculated electron detachment energies of the ground-state anions exhibit strong odd-even alternations and structural sensitivity and agree quantitatively with photoelectron measurements. Photofragmentation patterns of the cluster anions and their interplay with the photodetachment process, are investigated and correlated with experiments.
DeepVP: Deep Learning for Vanishing Point Detection on 1 Million Street View Images

We propose a novel approach to detect vanishing points in images using a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on a newly collected Google street-view image dataset. By utilizing the camera parameters and road direction data from Google street view, we collected a total of 1,053,425 images with inferred ground-truth vanishing points, along 23 worldwide routes totaling 125,165 kilometers. We then formulate vanishing point detection as a CNN classification problem using an output layer with 225 discrete possible vanishing point locations. Experimental results show that our deep vanishing point system outperforms the state-of-the-art algorithmic vanishing point detector. We achieved 99% accuracy in recovering the horizon line and 92% in locating the vanishing point within a ±5-degree range.