cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Students’ Perceptions of Dynamics Concept Pairs and Correlation with Their Problem-Solving Performance

A concept pair is a pair of concepts that are fundamentally different but closely related. To develop a solid conceptual understanding in dynamics (a foundational engineering science course) and physics, students must understand the fundamental difference and relationship between two concepts that are included in each concept pair. However, all existing research in dynamics and physics education has been focused on the identification and repair of students’ misunderstanding of individual concepts, but not concept pairs. The present research fills the gap of existing research by studying students’ perceptions of dynamics concept pairs and correlation with their problem-solving performance in both particle and rigid-body dynamics. A total of 88 engineering undergraduate students participated in the present study. Students’ perceptions were assessed using a 40-item instrument that included 20 dynamics concept pairs at fundamental Level One and higher-order Level Two. Students’ problem-solving performance was assessed using four exams that included 66 dynamics problems. The coefficients of reliability (Cronbach’s α) of assessment instruments vary between 0.69 and 0.93. The research findings from the present study show that students were not confident in their understanding of Level-Two concept pairs, especially the relationship between the Principle of Linear Impulse and Momentum and the Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum, and the relationship between the Principle of Angular Impulse and Momentum and the Conservation of Angular Momentum. A statistically significant correlation exists between students’ perceptions of Level-Two concept pairs and their problem-solving performance on both particle dynamics (r = 0.355, p < 0.01) and rigid-body dynamics (r = 0.351, p < 0.01). The research findings made from the present study imply that educational efforts should be focused on improving students’ understanding of Level-Two dynamics concept pairs.
Active laminar mixing induced by surface disturbance

Traditionally, passive mixers and chaotic advection have played a key role in the field of microfluidics by stretching and folding the fluid. Some examples of these passive mixing techniques include channels with riblets or grooves on the walls, or serpentine curved channels. In this work, we explore an actuated wall for use as a closed-chamber micromixer. Although active mixers for low Reynolds number flows have been previously studied, a significant portion of that work has involved piezoelectrics. This work presents a novel polymer that offers many advantages over conventional piezoelectric stacks, including very small thickness and inexpensive construction cost. Moreover, these actuators are water-based, eliminating the need for coating or electrical isolation. The polymer used to create this moving boundary or “active skin” is a flexible surface that deforms mechanically in response to an electrical signal. This was accomplished with a polymer that was approximately 560 mm2 divided into nine sections. Every other section of the polymer was wired to actuate simultaneously under the influence of an applied voltage cycling between 1 and 70 hertz with a 2 volt amplitude. The flow over the active skin was measured via TRDPIV (Time Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry) using an Nd:YAG laser. The result of this research indicates that flow stirring is generated by the use of an active skin. Moreover, even though the deflection of the polymer is on the order of microns, its influence extends to the entire area of the channel studied in this work (approximately 13 mm height and 43 mm length).Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The American executive and Colombian violence: Social relatedness and business ethics

Three models of the response of American managers both to the violence of Colombian society and to the demands made by the Colombian narcotrafficker are identified: (1) conflict, (2) compartment, and (3) complementarity. The foundations of the models and their managerial consequences are decribed. Finally, the concepts underlying complementarity lead to social relatedness, both a new model of the business and society relationship and a guide for business ethics.
Succession of fungi in the litter of a lake district Oakwood

The methods of direct examination, damp-chamber incubation and isolation from washed fragments were used to study the succession of fungi on leaves of ash, birch, hazel and oak leaves in an oakwood. Up to one year after leaf fall, each tree species had a characteristic flora of pyrenomycetes and imperfect fungi. After one year's decay these were replaced by a common flora dominated by Penicillium and Trichoderma. The fungi observed in damp chambers were largely common to all four species.
Collisional population redistribution of radiatively excited levels of Na in nine acetylene-O2 flames

Abstract Thermally assisted fluorescence from the higher levels of Na was detected upon excitation of the 3S → 3P single photon resonance transition and 3S → 4D and 3S → 5S two-photon resonance transitions with an excimer pumped tunable dye laser. The Na atomic population distributions observed in the nine C2H2/O2/Ar or C2H2/O2/N2 flames that range in temperature from 2000 to 2500 K indicated that partial Boltzmann equilibrium is not reached during the $ 5 ns laser pulse. Larger deviations from partial Boltzmann equilibrium are reported for the Ar-diluted flames than for the N2-diluted flames. These results indicate that Na under $ 5 ns excitation will not produce valid local flame temperatures.
Inelastic scattering from bound electrons at synchrotron radiation energies

We discuss features in the spectra of photons, scattered inelastically from electrons bound in the inner shells of atoms, which can only be accurately predicted using full relativistic S-matrix calculations. These features include departures in the Compton peak area from the usual impulse approximation predictions, the resonant part of the inelastic scattering spectrum and the soft photon rise in the spectrum. We discuss why these features are difficult to observe using conventional, nuclear sources of radiation. We also give definite theoretical predictions for these phenomena, which should be observable using synchrotron radiation.
Patient's perception of the facial appearance after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Abstract Purpose: The goal of this study was to evaluate the patient's perception of the facial appearance after maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Patients and Methods: During a 14-month period, 58 patients underwent MMA for OSAS. All of the patients underwent preoperative and postoperative cephalometric analysis. Between 6 and 12 months after surgery, a questionnaire was mailed to each patient. The questionnaire asked the patient to evaluate subjectively their postoperative facial appearance. Visual analog scale ([VAS] 0 to 10) was used to assess the extent of the facial changes. Results: Forty-four (76%) patients (39 men, 6 women) responded to the questionnaire. Cephalometric analysis revealed that 40 patients had maxillomandibular protrusion postoperatively. Forty-two (96%) of the 44 patients reported changes in their facial appearance (VAS, 4.8 ± 2.5). Twenty-four (55%) patients reported favorable facial changes (ie, they were more attractive [15 patients] and/or more youthful). Fourteen patients gave neutral responses (ie, they were no more or no less attractive). Four patients gave unfavorable responses (ie, they were less attractive after surgery). Conclusion: The results suggest that most patients who underwent MMA for OSAS noted moderate changes in their facial appearance. Despite significant maxillomandibular protrusion based on the postoperative cephalometric analysis, more than 90% of the patients gave either positive or neutral responses to the changes in their facial appearance. © 2001 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Application of Residence Time Distribution Analysis in Microchannel Hemodialysis Devices

Current hemodialysis techniques rely on hollow-fiber tubes in a tube-and-shell operating approach. The method works satisfactorily; but, technological advantages of this method are already exhausted for a long time. Additional improvements are needed which could provide a way towards improving patient health and quality of life. Patients with renal failure undergo intense filtration sessions approximately three times a week leaving them fatigued. Large oscillations in concentration of various solutes within blood cause detrimental consequences on the overall health of patients.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Fluid approximations of many-server queues with delayed feedback and heterogeneous service and patience times

We consider many-server queues with delayed feedback where the service (patience) times of new customers and feedback customers are differentiated, and new and feedback customers are served under the first-come-first-serve (FCFS) discipline in the service station. The arrival process, service, patience and delay times are all general and mutually independent. A two-parameter fluid model for the system dynamics in the many-server regime is investigated, where we use four two-parameter processes to describe the service and queueing processes of the new and feedback customers, two for the service dynamics and two for the queueing dynamics. When the arrival rate is constant, we derive the steady state performance measures and study the impact of impatience differentiation and service differentiation upon them. When the arrival rate is time-varying, we provide an algorithm to compute the fluid processes. Numerical experiments are conducted, and show that the algorithm is very effective, compared with simulations.
Urinary histamine metabolite elevations during experimental influenza infection

Background Although histamine is hypothesized to mediate symptoms induced by viral upper respiratory infections, elevations of this mediator have not been observed in nasal lavage fluids recovered from patients with viral upper respiratory infections. Objective The purpose of this study was to use a novel method to determine whether histamine is released during experimental influenza A infection. Methods Healthy adults (n = 15) were cloistered and inoculated intranasally with influenza A virus, and monitored for infection and illness. Daily morning void urines were collected and assayed for histamine and its metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total histamine was calculated for each urine specimen by summing the assayed values of histamine and its metabolites. Results All subjects were infected and developed illness. ANOVA documented a significant effect of study day (viral infection) on urinary levels of total histamine ( P Conclusions These results provide the first direct evidence that histamine is released in vivo during infection with a virus that causes cold/flu symptoms.
Electrostatic Capacity, Heat Flow, and Brownian Motion

We shall point out how the electrostatic capacity of a compact set in Euclidean space governs the rate of heat flow from such a set to a surrounding conducting medium. The answers will of course be quite different in dimensions two and three. In both cases, however, we have to rely heavily on the careful probabilistic formulation of classical diffusion theory by Doob [2] and Hunt [4]. A systematic account of these matters will also be found in the book of Ito and McKean [5].
Accommodation motor neurons in the foveate teleost Paralabrax clathratus: horseradish peroxidase labeling and axonal morphometry, with comparisons to other ciliary nerve components.

Although much is known about the optics and mechanism of ocular accommodation in teleost fishes, there is to date no description of the neurons innervating the muscle of accommodation, the lens retrac
Procedure for evaluating measurement system performance: a case study

This paper presents the methodology used to perform an evaluation of automated CD metrology SEMs for sub-half micron process control. The paper describes the evaluation strategy, the procedure used to collect and analyze the evaluation data and concludes with recommendations on how the procedure can be improved. The evaluation process was designed to estimate metrology capability and review specific application requirements envisioned for a leading edge semiconductor development and manufacturing facility at Motorola. The evaluation process consisted of a quantitative evaluation of measurement performance specifically examining the reproducibility, linearity, automation success rate, and throughput of the instrument. In addition, capabilities such as user interface, computer integration, job transportability, and technology roadmap were assessed qualitatively. Although a particular evaluation of automated CD SEMs is considered here, the principles used to develop the evaluation procedure can be applied to metrology tools in general. A discussion of the application and desired functionality of CD metrology instrumentation including performance criteria is presented for completeness.
Xenophon Kalamatiano: An American spy in revolutionary Russia?

(1991). Xenophon Kalamatiano: An American spy in revolutionary Russia? Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 154-195.
Drought increases freezing tolerance of both leaves and xylem of Larrea tridentata.

Drought and freezing are both known to limit desert plant distributions, but the interaction of these stressors is poorly understood. Drought may increase freezing tolerance in leaves while decreasing it in the xylem, potentially creating a mismatch between water supply and demand. To test this hypothesis, we subjected Larrea tridentata juveniles grown in a greenhouse under well-watered or drought conditions to minimum temperatures ranging from - 8t o-24 °C. We measured survival, leaf retention, gas exchange, cell death, freezing point depression and leaf-specific xylem hydraulic conductance (kl). Drought-exposed plants exhibited smaller decreases in gas exchange after exposure to -8 °C compared to well-watered plants. Drought also conferred a significant positive effect on leaf, xylem and whole-plant function following exposure to -15 °C; drought-exposed plants exhibited less cell death, greater leaf retention, higher kl and higher rates of gas exchange than well-watered plants. Both drought-exposed and wellwatered plants experienced 100% mortality following exposure to -24 °C. By documenting the combined effects of drought and freezing stress, our data provide insight into the mechanisms determining plant survival and performance following freezing and the potential for shifts in L. tridentata abundance and range in the face of changing temperature and precipitation regimes.
Differential Effects of Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin on the Risk for Isolation of Quinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Due to the greater in vitro activity of ciprofloxacin than that of levofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the likelihood of isolating a clinical strain of quinolone-resistant (QR) P. aeruginosa might be greater after exposure to levofloxacin than ciprofloxacin. We examined the risk of isolating QR P. aeruginosa in association with prior levofloxacin or ciprofloxacin exposure. A case-case-control study was conducted. Two groups of cases, one with nosocomial QR P. aeruginosa infections and one with nosocomial quinolone-susceptible (QS) P. aeruginosa infections, were compared to a control group of hospitalized patients without P. aeruginosa infections. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were used to determine risk factors for isolation of QR P. aeruginosa and QS P. aeruginosa. One hundred seventeen QR P. aeruginosa and 255 QS P. aeruginosa cases were identified, and 739 controls were selected. Exposures to ciprofloxacin were similar among all three groups (8% for controls, 9.4% for QR P. aeruginosa cases, and 7.5% for QS P. aeruginosa cases; P >/= 0.6). Levofloxacin use was more frequent in the QR P. aeruginosa cases than in the controls (35.9% and 22.1%, respectively; odds ratio [OR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3 to 3.0) and less frequent in QS P. aeruginosa cases (14.1% of QS P. aeruginosa cases; OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4 to 0.9). In multivariable analysis, levofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, was a significant risk factor for isolation of QR P. aeruginosa (OR for levofloxacin = 1.7 [95% CI = 1.0 to 2.9]; OR for ciprofloxacin = 1.2 [95% CI = 0.6 to 2.5]). Levofloxacin was associated with a reduced risk of isolation of QS P. aeruginosa (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4 to 0.9), whereas ciprofloxacin had no significant effect (OR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.6 to 1.8). In conclusion, the use of levofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, was associated with isolation of QR P. aeruginosa.
Measuring the evolution of body size in mammals.

In Tempo and Mode of Evolution, an early classic of the evolutionary synthesis, George Simpson argued that, although many aspects of evolution can be studied in living populations, rates and patterns of evolutionary change are best documented with the fossil record (1). The fact that fossils can be placed into phylogenetic and stratigraphic frameworks makes it possible to calculate rates of change directly rather than extrapolating them from the inferred history of living organisms. Although Simpson's logic is sound in principle, the task of measuring evolutionary rates from fossils is laborious in practice: Fossils must be taxonomically assigned to species and then assembled into a phylogenetic tree by using methods that distinguish true ancestors from sister groups; the sediments in which fossils are found must be correlated lithologically or biostratigraphically and then packages of rocks must be correlated into a global timescale or otherwise given absolute ages; and finally, the numbers of generations represented by the intervals of time separating the fossils must be estimated (2). Because of the herculean task of gathering these basic data, most paleontological studies of evolutionary rates are narrow in scope, confined to a few lineages or clades, too piecemeal to say much about the broad-scale patterns that are normally the strength of the paleontological record. In PNAS, Evans et al. (3) develop a “shortcut” that allows evolutionary rates to be compared across all mammals over the entire Cenozoic Era (last 65 My), giving a very broad picture indeed. They find some unexpected things, including an evolutionary bias in which body mass appears to decrease faster than it increases. Importantly, their paper puts numbers on the amount of evolutionary time required for body mass changes of different magnitudes.
Research-tool patents: issues for health in the developing world

The patent system is now reaching into the tools of medical research, including gene sequences themselves. Many of the new patents can potentially preempt large areas of medical research and lay down legal barriers to the development of a broad category of products. Researchers must therefore consider redesigning their research to avoid use of patented techniques, or expending the effort to obtain licences from those who hold the patents. Even if total licence fees can be kept low, there are enormous negotiation costs, and one "hold-out" may be enough to lead to project cancellation. This is making it more difficult to conduct research within the developed world, and poses important questions for the future of medical research for the benefit of the developing world. Probably the most important implication for health in the developing world is the possible general slowing down and complication of medical research. To the extent that these patents do slow down research, they weaken the contribution of the global research community to the creation and application of medical technology for the benefit of developing nations. The patents may also complicate the granting of concessional prices to developing nations - for pharmaceutical firms that seek to offer a concessional price may have to negotiate arrangements with research-tool firms, which may lose royalties as a result. Three kinds of response are plausible. One is to develop a broad or global licence to permit the patented technologies to be used for important applications in the developing world. The second is to change technical patent law doctrines. Such changes could be implemented in developed and developing nations and could be quite helpful while remaining consistent with TRIPS. The third is to negotiate specific licence arrangements, under which specific research tools are used on an agreed basis for specific applications. These negotiations are difficult and expensive, requiring both scientific and legal skills. But they will be an unavoidable part of international medical research.
Rectangular surface-relief transmission gratings with a very large first-order diffraction efficiency (∼95%) for unpolarized light

Computer optimization shows that the first-order diffraction efficiency of a lossless-transmission surface-relief grating with a rectangular surface profile can be made very large (∼95%) simultaneously for light of TE and TM polarizations incident near the Bragg angle by the proper choice of the fill factor. The case for visible light incident close to the Bragg angle on unslanted gratings with periodicities corresponding to Bragg angles of 30°, 37.5°, and 45° is presented. The refractive index of the grating material was chosen in the range between 1.2 and 2.
Characterizing strain in an embryonic development inspired method for engineered tendon

We have developed a scaffold-free, cell-based, single fiber approach toward tissue engineered tendon. This method provides a culture system in which key aspects of embryonic tenogenesis may be replicated, such as high initial cell density, cell-cell adhesion, and dynamic mechanical cues. Through the application of embryonic development inspired growth factors and mechanical stimulation, we ultimately hope to create a mechanically and structurally matched tendon replacement. We demonstrate here, the ability to apply a well characterized cyclic tensile strain to cell-based, single fibers during development.
An Explicit Construction Of A Reproducing Gaussian Kernel Hilbert Space

In this paper, we propose a method to explicitly construct a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) associated with a Gaussian kernel by means of polynomial spaces. In contrast to the conventional Mercer's theorem approach that implicitly defines kernels by an eigendecomposition, the functionals in this reproducing kernel Hilbert space are explicitly constructed and are not necessary orthonormal. We also point out an intriguing connection between this reproducing kernel Hilbert space and a generalized Fock space. We give an experimental result on approximation of the constructed kernel to a Gaussian kernel.
Functionality of Palm Oil as a Stabilizer in Peanut Butter

ABSTRACT: Studies have shown that palm oil is an effective stabilizer in peanut butter. The objective of our investigation was to better define the role of palm oil as a stabilizer. Peanut butters without and with palm oil added at concentrations of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% (w/w of peanuts), and Fix-X™ (hydrogenated rapeseed and cottonseed oils as commercial control) were stored at 0, 21, 30, and 45 °C for 23 wk. Palm oil improved the oil holding capacity (OHC) of peanut butters, but had no effect on their adhesiveness and hardness characteristics. The unstabilized and palm oil-stabilized peanut butters were not as good as the Fix-X™ stabilized peanut butters with regard to their OHC, hardness, and adhesiveness characteristics.
Quantum interference of photon pairs from two remote trapped atomic ions

Trapped atomic ions are among the most attractive implementations of quantum bits for applications in quantum-information processing, owing to their long trapping lifetimes and long coherence times. Although nearby trapped ions can be entangled through their Coulomb-coupled motion1,2,3,4,5,6, it seems more natural to entangle remotely located ions through a coupling mediated by photons, eliminating the need to control the ion motion. A promising way to entangle ions via a photonic channel is to interfere two photons emitted from the ions and then detect appropriate photon coincidence events7,8,9. Here, we report the pivotal element of this scheme in the observation of quantum interference between pairs of single photons emitted from two atomic ions residing in independent traps.
Mutations in mmpL and in the Cell Wall Stress Stimulon Contribute to Resistance to Oxadiazole Antibiotics in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections, which exhibit broad resistance to various antibiotics. We recently disclosed the discovery of the oxadiazole class of antibiotics, which has in vitro and in vivo activities against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We report herein that MmpL, a putative member of the resistance, nodulation, and cell division (RND) family of proteins, contributes to oxadiazole resistance in the S. aureus strain COL. Through serial passages, we generated two S. aureus COL variants that showed diminished susceptibilities to an oxadiazole antibiotic. The MICs for the oxadiazole against one strain (designated S. aureus COL(I)) increased reproducibly 2-fold (to 4 μg/ml), while against the other strain (S. aureus COL(R)), they increased >4-fold (to >8 μg/ml, the limit of solubility). The COL(R) strain was derived from the COL(I) strain. Whole-genome sequencing revealed 31 mutations in S. aureus COL(R), of which 29 were shared with COL(I). Consistent with our previous finding that oxadiazole antibiotics inhibit cell wall biosynthesis, we found 13 mutations that occurred either in structural genes or in promoters of the genes of the cell wall stress stimulon. Two unique mutations in S. aureus COL(R) were substitutions in two genes that encode the putative thioredoxin (SACOL1794) and MmpL (SACOL2566). A role for mmpL in resistance to oxadiazoles was discerned from gene deletion and complementation experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first report that a cell wall-acting antibiotic selects for mutations in the cell wall stress stimulon and the first to implicate MmpL in resistance to antibiotics in S. aureus.
On The “Stickiness’ Of The Economic Equilibrium Paradigm

. Thomas S. Kuhn, Imre Lakatos and Mark A. Zupan have made important contributions to our understanding of why paradigms of thought tend to be quite resistant to displacement, or even revision. Their work is extended in an attempt to explain the staying power of the economic equilibrium paradigm. It is argued that this paradigm is particularly “sticky” due to its pedagogical, methodological and protective properties. The implications of this for paradigm assessment and evolution are discussed.
The Pascal Triangle of a Discrete Image: Definition, Properties and Application to Shape Analysis

We define the Pascal triangle of a discrete (gray scale) image as a pyramidal arrangement of complex-valued moments and we explore its geometric significance. In par- ticular, we show that the entries of row k of this triangle correspond to the Fourier series coefficients of the moment of order k of the Radon transform of the image. Group actions on the plane can be naturally prolonged onto the entries of the Pascal triangle. We study the prolongation of some common group actions, such as rotations and reflections, and we propose simple tests for detecting equivalences and self-equivalences under these group ac- tions. The motivating application of this work is the problem of characterizing the geometry of objects on images, for example by detecting approximate symmetries. N 1;0 0;1 1;1 2;1 N 1;1 0;2 1;2 N 1;2 0;3 N 1;3 . . 0;N 1 1;N 1 N 1;N 1 1
The incidence, attitudes and practices of the removal of pubic hair as a body modification.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the incidence, attitudes, and practices of the removal of pubic hair as a body modification. Design A voluntary, anonymous survey was conducted among adolescents and young women 12-20 years of age seen in gynecology clinics in Houston, Texas. Results There were a total of 171 adolescent participants surveyed, of whom 70.4% of reported routinely shaving or waxing their pubic hair. More traditional body modification methods were evaluated, and 3.5% reported tattoos and 57.1% reported piercings. Sexually active participants were more likely to remove pubic hair routinely. The areas of the body where the participants felt there was “too much” hair included the genital area, upper lip, and abdomen. Of total respondents, 14.7% reported feeling “pressure” from friends or family to participate in body modification such as tattooing, piercing, or removal of pubic hair. The decision to participate in body modification was mostly influenced by friends and family. Conclusion Based on this study, removal of pubic hair as a body modification is common. The results of this study demonstrated that removal of pubic hair was more common in sexually active participants compared to non-sexually active participants. Therefore, providers should additionally be aware that removal of pubic hair may be a warning sign of sexual behaviors or impending sexual activity.
The Most Deeply Conserved Noncoding Sequences in Plants Serve Similar Functions to Those in Vertebrates Despite Large Differences in Evolutionary Rates

In vertebrates, conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) are functionally constrained sequences that can show striking conservation over >400 million years of evolutionary distance and frequently are located megabases away from target developmental genes. Conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs) in plants are much shorter, and it has been difficult to detect conservation among distantly related genomes. In this article, we show not only that CNS sequences can be detected throughout the eudicot clade of flowering plants, but also that a subset of 37 CNSs can be found in all flowering plants (diverging ∼170 million years ago). These CNSs are functionally similar to vertebrate CNEs, being highly associated with transcription factor and development genes and enriched in transcription factor binding sites. Some of the most highly conserved sequences occur in genes encoding RNA binding proteins, particularly the RNA splicing–associated SR genes. Differences in sequence conservation between plants and animals are likely to reflect differences in the biology of the organisms, with plants being much more able to tolerate genomic deletions and whole-genome duplication events due, in part, to their far greater fecundity compared with vertebrates.
Razonamiento animal: Negación y representaciones de ausencia

En este trabajo rechazo la posibilidad de que el razonamiento animal, en particular la negacion, involucre necesariamente la representacion de Ausencia, como sugiere Jose Luis Bermudez, pues esta operaria como una negacion logica (no disponible para criaturas no linguisticas). Experimentos de creencias falsas, fingimiento y comunicacion muestran que animales no humanos (al menos ciertos primates) tienen dificultades para representar entidades o propiedades ausentes. Ofrezco una explicacion alternativa recurriendo a los juicios sub-simbolicos de semejanza propuestos por Vigo & Allen e introduzco la nocion de expectativa: la negacion se da a traves de la incompatibilidad entre una representacion esperada y la actual. Finalmente, sostengo que el paradigma de expectativas puede ser extrapolado a otros experimentos en psicologia cognitiva (tanto con ninos prelinguisticos como con animales) para disenar experimentos ―justos‖ que examinen otras mentes considerando sus habilidades reales. Animal Reasoning: Negation and Representations of Absence. In this paper I reject the possibility that animal reasoning, negation in particular, necessarily involves the representation of Absence, as suggested by Jose Luis Bermudez, since this would still work as a logical negation (unavailable for non-linguistic creatures). False belief, pretense, and communication experiments show that non-human animals (at least some primates) have difficulties representing absent entities or properties. I offer an alternative account resorting to the sub-symbolic similarity judgments proposed by Vigo & Allen and I introduce the notion of expectation: animal proto-negation takes place through the incompatibility between an expected and the actual representation. Finally, I propose that the paradigm of expectations can be extrapolated to other experiments in cognitive psychology (both with pre-linguistic children and animals) in order to design ―fair‖ experiments which test other minds considering their true abilities.
Increased aortic stiffness in the insulin-resistant Zucker fa/fa rat

Accumulating clinical evidence indicates increased aortic stiffness, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, in type 2 diabetic and glucose-intolerant individuals. Th...
Nanowire/nanotube array tandem cells for overall solar neutral water splitting

In this study, we report the fabrication and characterization of a novel PEC tandem cell, consisting of p-Si/TiO2/Fe2O3 core/shell/hierarchical nanowire (csh-NW) array photocathode and TiO2/TiO2 core/shell nanotube (cs-NT) array photoanode, for overall solar water splitting in a neutral pH water. The p-Si/n-TiO2/n-Fe2O3 csh-NWs, made mainly by solution-processed methods, offer significantly improved performance in the neutral pH water with a low (positive) onset potential and photoactivity at zero bias, due to the increased reaction surface area, effective energy band alignment among p-Si, n-TiO2 and n-Fe2O3 enhancing the charge separation, improved optical absorption, and enhanced gas evolution. Nitrogen modification (annealing under N2) is used to further enhance the csh-NWs photocathodic performance. The PEC tandem cell is then able to handle overall solar water splitting in the neutral pH water with a solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency of ~0.18%. The achieved results demonstrate initial steps toward the realization of full PEC devices using earth-abundant materials for solar hydrogen generation suggesting competitive performance when solar matched photoanode core material and co-catalysts are used.
Education and Transnational Nationalism: The Rhetoric of Integration in Chinese National and Moral Education in Hong Kong

ABSTRACTGiven the fraught political relationship between Hong Kong and China for the last 10 years, China has been attempting to integrate the semi-autonomous region economically and ideologically. This article uses rhetorical analysis to examine how China strategically adapts its nationalist rhetoric in the Hong Kong education curriculum, in an attempt to integrate Hong Kong citizens politically and ideologically in a transnational context. It argues that China's rhetorical and political project in Hong Kong had failed because the Chinese government had underestimated cultural power behind Hong Kong's cultural history and its self-constructed identity as a transnational site.
The difference of gross motor function between spastic cerebral palsy(CP) and dyskinetic CP

Objective:To investigate the difference of gross motor function between spastic cerebral palsy(CP) and dyskinetic CP.Methods:232 children with spastic CP and 32 children with dyskinetic CP,aging from 2 to 6 years,were measured by the Gross Motor Function Measure-88(GMFM-88).The total scores and each domain's percentages were compared between them.Results:The spastic and non-random pediatric patients with CP in percentage of the A zone,B zone and C zone comparison to the total score was significantly(P0.05),while the CP percentage in D and E zone had no significant difference(P0.05).Conclusion:The hypoevolutism of gross motor function in children with different CP types are different.All in all,the children with spastic CP are better than with dyskinetic CP in gross motor function development.
Racism Without Racists

Racism without racists is a concept popularized by sociologist Eduardo Bonilla-Silva to describe contemporary racial matters in the United States. Bonilla-Silva uses the concept of racism without racists to explain how racial inequality persists despite claims by some whites that racism no longer exists. By focusing on the four frames of the contemporary racial ideology of color-blind racism, Bonilla-Silva unveils how most white Americans (and some Americans of color) understand racial matters and are, subsequently, complicit in the perpetuation of racial inequality and structural racism. By highlighting nonracial factors as the causes of racial inequality, the color-blind ideology allows whites to ignore and obscure the structural and institutional causes of contemporary racial stratification. Thus, structural racism is perpetuated and only persons (not institutions or social systems) are called “racist” when they fail to follow the dictates of color blindness. Keywords: ideology; inequality; racism; white supremacy
Pathogenicity of some Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma species in the lungs of gnotobiotic calves.

Cloned cultures of 16 strains, representing nine different species of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma, were inoculated intratracheally into gnotobiotic calves. Strains of M bovirhinis, M canariense, M verecitn-(lum, A axanthum and A modicum did not produce visible pneumonic lesions and were not reisolated from the lungs. Strains of M alkalescens and M arginini colonised the lower respiratory tract but failed to produce visible pneumonia. M bovigenitalittm (strain M99I/70) and M dispar (strain Gri 226) both colonised the respiratory tract and induced pneumonic lesions estimated to involve up to 8 per cent (M bovigeni-talittm) and 17 per cent (M dispar) of the lung. Histologically M bovigenitalittm produced a culling pneumonia and M dispar produced an interstitial alveolitis.
Cross-regional digital soil carbon modeling in two contrasting soil-ecological regions in the US

Two states in the U.S. were selected: Colorado and Florida, which are extremely different in terms of ecoregion, climate zone, topography and other ecological conditions.2.1 ColoradoColorado is a U.S. state that encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains (Fig. 1). Colorado is the 8th most extensive (size: 269,601 km2). Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of1 INTRODUCTIONSoil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration has received much attention recently as the concentration of CO2 rises in the atmosphere, intensifying climate change. Considering global issues of significance, such as food security, land degradation, and global climate change, more emphasis is needed on maintaining soil’s natural condition under the impact of disturbances and human activities (Grunwald et al., 2011). Characterizing organic carbon (C) pools across large regions is critical to understanding the dynamics of soil C in the context of climate change.
Forced Aeration Composting

Composting enhances the acceptability of sewage sludge for land application especially in high density population areas. A relatively simple method of forced-aeration pile composting was developed at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. Pilot tests of full scale composting were conducted to determine process control and facility design requirements. The amount of bulking materials needed to condition the sludge for composting is related to the percentage of sludge solids. Aeration is discussed as it relates to oxygen consumption, temperature control and moisture removal. The process is readily adaptable to many operating conditions, to a variety of materials, and to a wide range of levels of compost production.
Bovine Leukemia Virus and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Are Not Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding in Cattle.

ABSTRACT Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leukosis in cattle, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of Johne's disease in cattle. Both diseases are chronic in nature and can lead to the disruption of normal immunological or physiological processes. Cattle are the major reservoir of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC), a cause of foodborne illness in humans. We tested the hypothesis that cattle infected with BLV or MAP are more likely to shed STEC. We conducted a cross-sectional study during the summers of 2011 and 2012 in 11 Michigan cattle herds. A fecal sample from each animal was collected for STEC culture, and multiplex PCR for stx1, stx2, and eaeA was used to screen suspect colonies for STEC confirmation. Antibody detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for BLV and MAP were used to screen serum from each animal. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the percentage of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils in a...
Interaction of the Macrophage and Primitive Erythroid Lineages in the Mammalian Embryo

Two distinct forms of erythropoiesis, primitive and definitive, are found in mammals. Definitive erythroid precursors in the bone marrow mature in the physical context of macrophage cells in “erythroblastic islands”. In the murine embryo, overlapping waves of primitive and erythro-myeloid definitive (EMP) hematopoietic progenitors, each containing macrophage potential, arise in the yolk sac prior to the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Primitive erythroblasts mature in the bloodstream as a semi-synchronous cohort while macrophage cells derived from the yolk sac seed the fetal liver. Late-stage primitive erythroblasts associate with macrophage cells in erythroblastic islands in the fetal liver, indicating that primitive erythroblasts can interact with macrophage cells extravascularly. Like definitive erythroblasts, primitive erythroblasts physically associate with macrophages through α4 integrin-VCAM-1-mediated interactions and α4 integrin is redistributed onto the plasma membrane of primitive pyrenocytes. Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that fetal liver macrophage cells engulf primitive pyrenocytes. Taken together, these studies indicate that several aspects of the interplay between macrophage cells and maturing erythroid precursor cells are conserved during the ontogeny of mammalian organisms.
Detection of Giardia Cysts in Drinking Water

The detection, identification, and enumeration of microbiological contaminants, and in the present discussion specifically Giardia cysts in water supplies, are of concern to workers in a number of different disciplines. The microbiologist and the epidemiologist need to know the source of contamination, the level of contamination, the relationship to indicator organisms, and the reservoirs of infection. The engineer and the utility operator need to know how to remove Giardia or how to inactivate it by water treatment. Those responsible for administering drinking water programs want to know where and when the organism occurs in water, the suitability and availability of monitoring methods, and whether or not maximum contaminant levels, treatment requirements or guidance should be developed.
Activity of PU-H71, a novel HSP90 inhibitor, and bortezomib in Ewing sarcoma preclinical models.

3101 Background: Heat shock protein (HSP) 90 regulates the disposition and activity of a large number of deregulated proteins in Ewing sarcoma. We have shown pre-clinical efficacy of PU-H71, a nove...
Research support services for the field of agriculture: Ithaka S+R interviews and themes for libraries.

ABSTRACTAs part of a larger, national survey, we performed an in-depth qualitative analysis using semistructured interviews and a standard set of questions. We wished to examine the research practices of faculty in agriculture, to understand what they need to be successful in their teaching and research. We plan to use this information to make improvements to research support services. The national survey results should help pinpoint opportunities for developing new research support services for agriculture. This study adds to library and information sciences by examining the specific needs of faculty members in agriculture and agricultural extension, groups that have been previously underrepresented in the library literature.
Mechanistic Social Probability: How Individual Choices and Varying Circumstances Produce Stable Social Patterns

structure Mechanisms, Explanation, and Causation 198 OUP UNCORRECTED PROOF KINCAID-Chapter 09-PageProof 198 March 10, 2012 2:38 PM from one end of the input space to the other. (This remark is only intended to be suggestive, though. I’ll give a fuller characterization of bubble size shortly. At this point an informal presentation with a few slightly inaccurate remarks will make it easier to follow the more systematic description of mechanistic probability below.) For a given croupier, we can graph the number of spins she imparts at any given velocity. Figure 9.3(a) illustrates this idea for a croupier who spins the wheel many, many times, but who tends to give the wheel faster spins more often than slower ones. The height of the curve at each point reflects the number of spins the croupier gives at the velocity represented by that point on the horizontal axis. This curve is called a density curve, since it represents the “density” of spins at each velocity. (On the other hand, the graph in figure 9.3(a) represents the croupier as generating spins at every velocity possible for human croupiers; this is of course unrealistic. I’ll come back to this shortly.) To summarize what’s to come: Very roughly, it can be proven that if bubbles are small and if the slope of a croupier’s density curve over inputs is not extremely steep in any region, the frequency of red will be close to the proportion of the input space occupied by points leading to red (Strevens, 2003; Abrams, forthcoming). The same claim holds for the black outcome. In other words—again very roughly—if the red and black intervals can be paired so that each pair (bubble) is small compared to the entire range of possible spin velocities, and if the height of the croupier’s density curve is roughly the same in both parts of each bubble, then the relative frequencies of outcomes will be close to the relative sizes of red and black wedges. The relevant proofs provide at least a partial explanation of what it is about the wheel of fortune
Cultural capital as whiteness? Examining logics of ethno-racial representation and resistance

There is a significant, longstanding tradition in British sociological research that renders cultural capital synonymous with whiteness. This article suggests that one substantive factor that contr...
Frequency support comparison for vanadium and lithium-ion BESSs using a converter-based grid emulator

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are commonly used for frequency support services in power systems because they have fast response times and can frequently inject and absorb active power. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) BESSs dominate the grid energy storage market now, but Vanadium redox flow (VRB) BESSs are predicted to contend in future markets for large-scale storage systems. Previously, a Li-ion BESS emulator has been developed for a grid emulation system known as the Hardware Testbed (HTB), which consists of converters controlled to emulate different power system components. In this paper, we develop a VRB BESS emulator with a VRB-specific internal battery model and a power electronics interface similar to that of the Li-ion BESS emulator. Then, we compare the effectiveness of the VRB and Li-ion technologies for primary frequency regulation and inertia emulation applications. It is concluded that these two technologies are virtually indistinguishable from the power system's perspective when conducting these services over a short period of time.