cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Experimental Extended-Delivery Granular Preemergent Herbicide Formulations for Direct Application to Nursery Containers

Studies evaluated the efficacy of experimental extended-delivery herbicide formulations for direct application to containers. The purpose for direct application to containers is to reduce non-target loss from the current practice of broadcast applications. A separate laboratory study was also conducted to evaluate the rate response of oryzalin on germination of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L.). Results of the laboratory study indicate that crabgrass germination is reduced when seeds are exposed to the preemergence herbicide oryzalin at concentrations of ? 0.025 parts per million. Experimental herbicides were produced by formulating polymeric exchange resins and cellulose complex carriers with oryzalin. Experimental herbicides reduced weed shoot dry weight at 120 DAT and 150 DAT when compared to Rout ® , Surflan ® and the untreated control.
Modelling the Growth Statistics of Economic Organizations

We apply methods and concepts of statistical physics to the study of economic organizations. We identify robust, universal, characteristics of the time evolution of economic organizations. Specifically, we find the existence of scaling laws describing the growth of the size of these organizations. We study a model assuming a complex evolving internal structure of an organization that is able to reproduce many of the empirical findings.
Unified Formulation for Real Time Dynamic Hybrid Testing

This paper proposes a unified formulation for Real time dynamic hybrid testing (RTDHT), which is a structural seismic response simulation method com- bining the numerical simulation of the computational substructure and the physi- cal testing of the experimental substructure. By introducing a set of splitting coef- ficient matrices to the general equation of motion of the structural model subjected to investigation, various seismic testing methods can be formulated, including real time pseudo-dynamic substructure testing, effective force testing and shake table testing. This paper first reviews the seismic testing methods currently used in earthquake engineering with a brief introduction about the RTDHT. Then the uni- fied formulation is presented with a detailed discussion of the splitting coefficient matrices. Hardware components necessary to implement the unified formulation RTDHT are integrated into a unified test platform. While a number of tests were performed in medium scale, a small-scale pilot setup was used in the verification tests. Test results which validated the concept of the proposed unified formulation and the feasibility of the corresponding platform for RTDHS are discussed at last.
Peer Relationships and Positive Youth Development

The peers of adolescents can be the source of both positive and problematic development among youth. Positive peer relationships are associated with school engagement, perceived academic competence, school achievement, and character virtues, whereas involvement with problematic peer groups is linked with risk behaviors (e.g., delinquent acts and bullying, respectively) and lowered school functioning. Although over time youth spend increasingly more time with peers than with their family, parents remain a primary source of support for most adolescents. In studies of adolescents, parental monitoring, warmth, and communication have been associated with academic achievement, lower levels of risk taking, and positive mood. In this chapter we discuss the importance of peers in promoting positive youth development (PYD) and recommend ways schools can build environments rich with supportive peers who value achievement. Furthermore, we show that young people typically do not turn away from parents to embrace their peers but rather both parents and peers can cumulatively support youth. We also discuss how the school-wide peer culture can promote both positive peer relationships and positive behaviors among youth, for example, through the creation of peer mentoring programs. Finally, we explore how strengthening the connections between in-school programs and out-of-school-time (OST) youth development programs can enhance across the ecology of youth the positive contributions of peer relationships to PYD. We call for policy innovations that build bridges among the key contexts of youth.
Active biomonitoring with Corbicula for USEPA priority pollutant and metal sources in the Anacostia River (DC, Maryland, USA).

The freshwater Anacostia River watershed (Maryland, DC, USA) was surveyed for the sources of bioavailable US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Priority Pollutants and toxic metals by active biomontoring (ABM) using the freshwater Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea. The Anacostia River is a 456 km(2) tributary of the tidal freshwater Potomac River that includes the city of Washington, DC where edible fish are highly contaminated with PCBs and chlordane. From 1999 to 2011, Corbicula were collected for ABM from a Potomac reference site and translocated in cages placed at 45 sites in the tidal and nontidal Anacostia watershed. Minimum clam mortality and maximum contaminant bioaccumulation was with 2-week translocation. The clam tissues (28-50) were combined at sites and analyzed by TestAmerica for 66 USEPA Priority Pollutants plus technical chlordane, benz(e) pyrene, and 6 metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb). Tissue contaminants reflected water, not sediment, levels. To compare sites, all contaminant data above detection or reference were grouped as total metals (TMET), total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAH), total PCB congeners (TPCB), total pesticides (TPEST), and total technical chlordane (TCHL). Tidal Anacostia ABM found highest TPAH and TCHL upstream at Bladensburg Marina (MD) except for TCHL at site PP near the confluence. Five nontidal MD subtributaries (94% of flow) had 17 sites with bioavailable TPAH, TPCB, or TCHL 2 to 3 times higher than found at the toxic-sediment "hotspots" near Washington. The only TMET noted was Fe at 1 site. TPAH in MD subtributaries was highest near industrial parks and Metro stations. A naphthalene spill was detected in Watts Branch. TPCB (low molecular weight) originated upstream at 1 industrial park. Total technical chlordane (80% of TPEST) was 2 to 5 times the US Food and Drug Administration action in 4 nontidal tributaries where heptachlor indicated legacy chlordane dumpsites. Total technical chlordane fell to reference below a stormwater pond, suggesting transport via suspended sediment. Controlling the formation and movement of contaminated TSS in MD should enable the uncontaminated-sediment capping of Washington DC's toxic-sediment "hot-spots" that are presently considered responsible for fish contamination. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2016;12:548-558. © 2015 SETAC.
Toxicity to the Codling Moth Larva of Derivatives of Benzene Containing Halogen and Nitro Groups

In the search for organic compounds which might replace the arsenicals now commonly employed for the control of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella L., p-iodonitrobenzene was found by Smith, Siegler & Munger (1936) to have high initial toxicity. As a result of the effectiveness of this compound a study has been made of the toxicity of the halogenated benzenes, nitrobenzene and the three isomeric monohalogenated nitrobenzenes, dihalogenated (except difluoro) benzenes and dinitrobenzenes.
DISPOSITIONS, STATES AND CAUSES

IIN his book, A Materialist Theory of Mind, D. M. Armstrong advocates what he calls a 'realist' theory of dispositions (cf. pages 8 5-88). His position seems to be this: for a thing a to have a disposition d is for a to be in some state s which is causally responsible for any events which are manifestations of d in a, or which would be causally responsible for such events were there to be any. Armstrong holds in addition that the state s must, in principle anyway, be specifiable in non-dispositional terms, and in particular be specifiable independently of dispositional terms describing d. In the light of this, Armstrong advocates the identification of a particular disposition in a particular object (d in a) with the underlying state or 'categorical basis' (s) which is causally responsible for manifestations of that disposition in that object, and hence claims that dispositions are causes. A subsequent discussion in ANALYSIS did not lead Armstrong to modify his position substantially. Nevertheless, his position does need modification, though not for the reasons advanced by his critics. Indeed, we shall see that Armstrong has much the better ground, if not better arguments. In what follows, I shall argue that (i) dispositions are not causes, except in a derivative sense, (ii) there is no objection to identifying a disposition of a particular object with the underlying state, if any, and (iii) an object a's having a disposition d which can be acquired or lost by a does require that there be a nondispositionally specifiable state of a reference to which explains (would explain) manifestations of d by a.
Capture of a recombination activating sequence from mammalian cells

We have developed a genetic trap for identifying sequences that promote homologous DNA recombination. The trap employs a retroviral vector that normally disables itself after one round of replication. Insertion of defined DNA sequences into the vector induced the repair of a 300 base pair deletion, which restored its ability to replicate. Tests of random sequence libraries made in the vector revealed a putative recombination signal (CCCACCC). When this heptamer or an abbreviated form (CCCACC) were reinserted into the vector, they stimulated vector repair and other DNA rearrangements. Mutant forms of these oligomers (eg CCCAACC or CCWACWS) did not. Our data suggest that the recombination events occurred within 48 h after transfection.
Fibrinoid and hydroxyproline of the rheumatoid subcutaneous nodule.

SummaryThree subcutaneous nodules and one specimen of synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis have been subjected to analysis for water, lipid, collagen, elastin and hydroxyproline. The hydroxyproline content of the collagen in these tissues was similar to that found in collagen from other sources. The total hydroxyproline content of the nodules and the synovial tissue was accounted for completely by the collagen and elastin fractions. The suggestion is made on this basis that the fibrinoid material of the rheumatoid nodule is not of collagenous origin.
Information approach to industrial pollution control and its applications in China

Based on the summary of actually evidential studies on the pollutant discharger behavior in several developed and developing countries, it is discussed in the paper that information can provide independent incentive to above mentioned behavior through market and community; and preliminary probe has been made to apply the information approach to control pollution in china, after introduction of the studies and examples for the information approach.
Analysis on the Deaths of Senior Injury in Xuhui District,Shanghai during 2002-2006

[Objective]To describe and analyze the characteristics and distribution of deaths in senior residents over 60 years old in Xuhui District of Shanghai,and to provide the evidence of comprehensive prevention and effective interventions among the seniors. [Methods] According to the data of diseases surveillance and death-reporting system in Xuhui District of Shanghai during 2002-2006,the causes of death for injury were analyzed.[Results] The average mortality of injury during 2002-2006 was 118.37/105 and standardized mortality was 83.86/105. The standardized gender ratio was 0.74. The mortality of injury increased with age. Fall(56.36/105)was the leading cause of injury death among the seniors,accounting for 64.87% of total deaths. The characteristics and distribution of mortality of injury were different from the age of the seniors. Five leading causes of injury deaths were the same in both gender,but different in the rank of deaths.[Conclusion] Injury has become an important cause affecting the health and life of the seniors. It should be highly recognized that injury of seniors is severe and very harmful but preventable. Effective prevention and control programs for the seniors should be strengthened to promote the health of the seniors.
The NerveSeeker: a system for automated nerve localization.

Background and Objectives. The NerveSeeker is a new instrument for locating peripheral nerves. Like existing nerve stimulators, it is based on injecting current through the needle used for drug injection. However, the NerveSeeker was designed to automatically adjust the amplitude of the stimulating current pulses. It does this by feedback control to hold the level of response constant at a small but reliably detectable fraction of a maximal neural response. We report experimental tests of the NerveSeeker using an excised frog nerve in a transparent chamber, where we could observe the needle approach. Methods. A control voltage proportional to the stimulus magnitude was used to indicate the proximity of the needle tip to the nerve. The proximity was validated by direct measurement of the distance from the tip of the needle to the nerve. Parameters governing the performance of the NerveSeeker in tracking needle movement were analyzed. Results. The following combined strategy was found effective: As the needle approached the nerve, the stimulus was reduced in proportion to the amplitude of the recorded response; as the needle moved away, the stimulus magnitude was incremented by a constant amount (enough to increase the neural response by approximately 1% of its maximum amplitude) after each stimulus that failed to elicit a neural response exceeding the criterion value. Stimulation throughout simulated penetrations was at a frequency of 10 Hz or higher to give more immediate guidance during insertion. Optimal settings for each control parameter were determined, reflecting both engineering and physiologic tradeoffs. With these settings, the device proved successful in localizing nerves, closely tracking needle movements at velocities as high as 2 mm/second. Conclusion. These experimental results suggest that clinical tests of the NerveSeeker would be appropriate.
Diuretic Doppler sonography following successful repair of renal obstruction in children.

Abstract The measurement of resistive index (RI = [peak systolic velocity − end diastolic velocity]/peak systolic velocity) by Doppler sonography has demonstrated variable reliability as an indicator of pediatric urinary obstruction. By modifying Doppler studies with the addition of furosemide (diuretic Doppler sonography), we previously found significant differences between 10 nonobstructed and 10 obstructed kidneys in children (median age 7 months). The obstructed kidneys have since undergone surgical repair, and postoperative reevaluation has been performed by diuretic Doppler sonography and diuretic renography. Diuretic Doppler sonography was performed on well hydrated catheterized patients, with resistive index measurement of the renal interlobar and arcuate arteries obtained before and 10 minutes after 1 mg./kg. furosemide infusion. Following surgical repair of obstruction all 10 kidneys had stable glomerular filtration rate with improved pelvic emptying times as demonstrated by half-time. Of 6 kidneys evaluated by diuretic Doppler sonography before 3 months 2 had resistive index levels greater than 75. Of the 9 kidneys measured at 3 months or more postoperatively all had resistive index values of less than 75, even after furosemide infusion (5 kidneys underwent repeat evaluation). In our study the previously demonstrated post-diuretic elevation of resistive index in pediatric urinary obstruction was eventually reversed following surgical repair. Diuretic Doppler sonography appears to be a promising noninvasive method for evaluating pediatric hydronephrosis, providing an alternative physiological parameter with which to measure renal obstruction.
Systematic Socialization: A Programmed Environment for the Habilitation of Antisocial Retardates

This paper describes a residential training program which is exploring the effectiveness of behavior modification techniques with antisocial behavior. Mildly retarded adolescent boys who frequently engage in antisocial behavior are placed in a controlled environment where reinforcement and punishment are administered systematically in accordance with principles of operant conditioning. Two experiments are reported which pertain to the effectiveness of the techniques being utilized.
Flow Cytometric Determinations of Ploidy and Proliferation Patterns of Adrenal Neoplasms: An Adjunct to Histological Classification

AbstractFlow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid measurements were performed with propidium iodide on 7 adrenal neoplasms and 4 normal adrenal glands to determine how useful this technique would be in defining malignancy. The 4 cases classified histologically as carcinoma all had aneuploid stemlines of 2.7, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.6c respectively, whereas the 4 normal glands and an aldosteronoma had only a small percentage (less than 10 per cent) of hyperdiploid cells (greater than 2c) at the tetraploid level (4c). A pheochromocytoma and benign adenoma had significant tetraploid populations of 30 and 18 per cent, respectively, with no evidence of aneuploid cells. Flow cytometry determination of deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy values is an accurate, objective, quantitative mean to identify adrenal malignancy and should have a role in the pathological evaluation of adrenal neoplasms.
Noun classes and pronouns

In this chapter we discuss two topics relating to the syntax, morphology and semantics of nouns and noun phrases. In the first section we will look at ways in which the nouns in a particular language may be sub-classified on the basis of grammatical markers. In the second section we will look at pronouns and pronoun systems. Noun classes and gender In the preceding chapter we made several references to the “gender” of a noun. The term gender has a very specific meaning in linguistics. Essentially, a gender system is a partitioning of the category N which has morphological consequences of a particular kind. In languages that have grammatical gender, each noun of the language is assigned to one of a small, fixed set of sub-classes, and the sub-class of each noun is reflected in some type of agreement morphology. In chapter 7 we saw examples of determiners and adjectives agreeing with the gender of their head noun in Portuguese (33), and of Russian past tense verbs agreeing with the gender of singular subjects (25). Another common strategy for marking the sub-class of a noun is through the use of noun classifiers . Classifiers are separate words that occur inside the NP in certain contexts (e.g. when the NP also contains a numeral or quantifier) and serve to indicate the sub-class of the head noun. We will discuss each of these strategies in turn. Then in section 8.1.3 we will summarize the crucial differences between gender and classifier systems.
Poverty, Wealth, and Human Aspirations

The years that ended the first decade of the new millennium were not kind to the economic situations of most people and institutions in the United States and much of the rest of the world, nor to the economic and financial theories that once explained and operated our economies so well, or so it seemed. For the majority of people it has become more difficult to meet basic obligations such as rent or mortgage payments or feeding or educating a family, and especially to do this when diminishing asset values, particularly home ­values, threaten future financial security. Ten to twenty percent of Americans have no job at all, a poorly paying job in the service sector, or work part time. Incomes for the middle class have been stagnant at best for decades while the size of the middle class shrinks. Many, perhaps most, new college graduates have had to greatly reduce their aspirations. The stock market and real estate have become far less reliable ways to amass wealth. Some 46 of our 50 states and many of our municipalities face crippling budget deficits, and many colleges, pension plans, charities, and other institutions are operating with diminished funds or going bankrupt. Even the U.S. government faces the prospect of seeing its credit rating diminished. “Tea Partiers” seek to cut debt and the role of government even while poll after poll shows the public does not want its health or most other benefits cut. There are many pronouncements about “waiting, or borrowing, until the economy grows again,” but little evidence of that growth happening. The inflation-corrected GDP of the United States was about the same in 2010 as it was in 2004.
Theory and Principles of Membrane Electrodes

Modern ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are based on passive membranes, regions of space that separate two phases in such a way that material transport between the outer, contacting phases is in some way modified or inhibited compared to transport that would occur when the phases are in direct contact. Material transport can include both neutral and charged complex species or simple ions and electrons (or holes). The reason that membrane transport is interesting and useful in analytical chemistry is that membrane-modified transport can lead to development of electrostatic potential differences across membranes. These so-called membrane potentials reflect the composition of the exterior phases, usually the contacting bathing solutions on either side, and can be related, in most cases, to the activities of ions in the exterior solutions. When membrane potentials can be interpreted in a definitive way in terms of ion activities, one has the beginning of an analytical technique for single measurement or continuous monitoring of solutions adjacent to a membrane.
Patterns of Recurrence After Postprostatectomy Fossa Radiation Therapy Identified by C-11 Choline Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography

Purpose To evaluate C-11 choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CholPET) in staging and determining patterns of recurrence in prostate cancer patients with rising prostate-specific antigen levels after prostatectomy radiation therapy (RT). Methods and Materials The study includes patients with biochemical failure after postprostatectomy RT who underwent CholPET between 2008 and 2015. Patient and disease characteristics were examined in relation to sites of recurrence. All RT dosimetry records were reviewed, and recurrences were mapped on a representative computed tomography dataset with their relationship relative to the irradiated fossa field as out of field (OOF), edge of field (EOF; recurrence within Results Forty-one patients were identified with 121 sites of recurrence (median 2 sites; interquartile range [IQR], 1-4). The median prostate-specific antigen level at CholPET was 3.1 (IQR, 1.9-5.6) ng/mL. Median interval from RT to biochemical failure was 24 (IQR, 10-46) months, with recurrence identified on CholPET at a median of 15 (IQR, 7-28) months from biochemical failure. Histologic confirmation of recurrence was obtained in 20 patients (49%), with the remainder confirmed by treatment response. Five patients (12%) had IF recurrences, 10 patients (24%) had EOF recurrences (median dose 10 Gy; IQR, 5-30 Gy), and 36 patients (88%) had OOF recurrences. Ten patients had combination failures: 6 (15%) EOF/OOF and 4 (10%) IF/OOF. Fifty-seven recurrences (47%) were pelvic nodal sites inferior to the L5-S1 interspace, of which 52 (43%) were within a pelvic RT field. Eighty-one recurrences (67%) were nodal and inferior to the aortic bifurcation. Conclusions Using CholPET, we found that the majority of patients evaluated for biochemical failure recurred outside of the postprostatectomy RT field. Furthermore, most recurrence sites were nodal and inferior to the aortic bifurcation. These results provide data that may be useful for examining strategies that include elective lymph node irradiation in postprostatectomy patients.
Dynamic, robust models to quantify the impact of decentralization in post-disaster health care facility location decisions

Abstract We consider post-disaster health care facility location problems in which the need for facilities is not known until post-disaster, the need changes spatially and temporally as the response unfolds, and multiple organizations wish to open and close facilities over short time horizons based on dynamic needs and resource levels. In this context, accessibility , or the opportunity for individuals to receive services provided by facilities, and equity , or fairness, among individuals are both important. Accessibility and equity can be negatively impacted when facility location decisions are not coordinated among responding organizations, but coordination is difficult in large-scale humanitarian response efforts. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to quantify the impact on accessibility and equity resulting from lack of coordination in locating post-disaster health care service facilities. Our method includes a dynamic, scenario-based, robust optimization model to choose facility locations that optimize accessibility while ensuring equity. This hypothetical centralized solution may then be compared with actual uncoordinated facility location decisions to identify opportunities for improvement and build support for enhanced coordination. We demonstrate our approach using data from the international response to the 2010 Haiti cholera outbreak.
PLCε1 regulates SDF-1α–induced lymphocyte adhesion and migration to sites of inflammation

Regulation of integrins is critical for lymphocyte adhesion to endothelium and migration throughout the body. Inside-out signaling to integrins is mediated by the small GTPase Ras-proximate-1 (Rap1). Using an RNA-mediated interference screen, we identified phospholipase Ce 1 (PLCe1) as a crucial regulator of stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha (SDF-1α)-induced Rap1 activation. We have shown that SDF-1α-induced activation of Rap1 is transient in comparison with the sustained level following cross-linking of the antigen receptor. We identified that PLCe1 was necessary for SDF-1α-induced adhesion using shear stress, cell morphology alterations, and crawling on intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-expressing cells. Structure-function experiments to separate the dual-enzymatic function of PLCe1 uncover necessary contributions of the CDC25, Pleckstrin homology, and Ras-associating domains, but not phospholipase activity, to this pathway. In the mouse model of delayed type hypersensitivity, we have shown an essential role for PLCe1 in T-cell migration to inflamed skin, but not for cytokine secretion and proliferation in regional lymph nodes. Our results reveal a signaling pathway where SDF-1α induces T-cell adhesion through activation of PLCe1, suggesting that PLCe1 is a specific potential target in treating conditions involving migration of T cells to inflamed organs.
Targeted radiofrequency ablation of metastatic posterior vertebral body lesions in patients with soft tissue sarcomas.

10585 Background: Metastatic spinal lesions can be debilitating with significant impact on patients quality of life. Concern for damage to adjacent neural elements during treatment exist due to high radiation doses required to treat certain radioresistant spinal lesions such as soft tissue sarcoma. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of metastatic lesions has been shown to be effective in bone. Spine anatomy presents challenges for minimally invasive (MI) treatment of posterior vertebral body lesions. Targeted RFA (t-RFA) using a novel tumor ablation system, designed for spinal anatomy is evaluated in patients with symptomatic posterior vertebral wall spinal lesions. Methods: Five patients with metastatic leiomyosarcoma or liposarcoma and posterior vertebral body spine lesions, treated by prior radiation with continued progression of lesion size and pain received t-RFA, using a novel spinal tumor ablation system (STAR, DFINE), which contains an articulating bipolar, extensible electrode for navigation. Device t...
Genera of the Bivalvia: a Systematic and Bibliographic Catalogue -addenda and Errata

In the early 1950's the writer prepared a mimeographed bibliographic list of the genera of the Bivalvia as an aid to those engaged in the preparation of that section of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. This list proved to be of such interest that in 1967, at the suggestion of the late Katherine V. W. Palmer, it was published in the Bulletins of American Paleontology (Vol. 51, No. 232). As a supplement to the Treatise (Vols. N 1-3), it rapidly became out-of-print. A revised and updated version issued by the Paleontological Research Institution in 1980 has also proved to be a popular tool for students of the Bivalvia.
Minimum Wage Impacts on Inequality, Job Formality and the Ethnic Wage Gap in Urban China

This paper examines the effects of a minimum wage on wage inequality and employment outcomes in China’s urban minority regions and whether those effects vary for Han and ethnic minorities. Minimum wage data is combined with a proprietary datasource obtained from China’s Household Ethnic Survey (CHES) project. Results reveal that a higher minimum wage reduces wage inequality and leads to larger positive effects for lower-wage minority workers compared to their Han counterparts. In terms of employment, a higher minimum wage promotes formalization of the labour market without any evidence of adverse effects on the likelihood of being unemployed in the formal sector, although some adjustments are made at the intensive margin. The results are robust to alternate estimations that take into account censoring and endogeneity. The findings’ policy implications indicate that the minimum wage is an effective social policy tool that reduces the Han-minority wage gap, as well as induces non-wage benefits, which in turn, should promote social cohesion in China’s urban minority regions.
Expanding the molecular-ruler process through vapor deposition of hexadecanethiol

The development of methods to produce nanoscale features with tailored chemical functionalities is fundamental for applications such as nanoelectronics and sensor fabrication. The molecular-ruler process shows great utility for this purpose as it combines top-down lithography for the creation of complex architectures over large areas in conjunction with molecular self-assembly, which enables precise control over the physical and chemical properties of small local features. The molecular-ruler process, which most commonly uses mercaptoalkanoic acids and metal ions to generate metal-ligated multilayers, can be employed to produce registered nanogaps between metal features. Expansion of this methodology to include molecules with other chemical functionalities could greatly expand the overall versatility, and thus the utility, of this process. Herein, we explore the use of alkanethiol molecules as the terminating layer of metal-ligated multilayers. During this study, it was discovered that the solution deposition of alkanethiol molecules resulted in low overall surface coverage with features that varied in height. Because features with varied heights are not conducive to the production of uniform nanogaps via the molecular-ruler process, the vapor-phase deposition of alkanethiol molecules was explored. Unlike the solution-phase deposition, alkanethiol islands produced by vapor-phase deposition exhibited markedly higher surface coverages of uniform heights. To illustrate the applicability of this method, metal-ligated multilayers, both with and without an alkanethiol capping layer, were utilized to create nanogaps between Au features using the molecular-ruler process.
Student courage: An essential for today's health education.

AIM The aim of this concept analysis is to propose the new concept of student courage as it operates within the context of healthcare professionals' education. BACKGROUND Nurses have a moral obligation that often requires courage. However, nursing students do not have the capacity to act with moral courage until they are close to licensure. Student courage is propositioned as a precursor to moral courage. DESIGN The Walker and Avant approach is used to examine the attributes, antecedents, consequences, and empiric referents of student courage. Cases are provided to represent how student courage can be operationalized and to distinguish student courage from moral courage. RESULTS The analysis demonstrates that the concept of student courage has four critical attributes: (a) persistence, (b) bravery, (c) overcoming fear, and (d) self-advocacy. Positive and negative consequences are associated with student courage and include: (a) moral distress, (b) criticism, (c) empowerment, and (d) self-knowledge. CONCLUSIONS This concept analysis helps fill the gap for nursing students transitioning into a professional role as well as clarifying a nursing student's role in patient care.
Essential Domains in Transition Planning and the Roles of Various Constituents

The child and adolescent psychiatrist (CAP) has a unique role in helping choreograph the transition to college of youths with special needs. In collaboration with the youth and his/her parents, school personnel, and other mental health providers, the CAP can help focus the youth’s skill development and familiarity with a body of information needed for a successful transition to college. The skills and information needed for a smooth transition can be organized into six essential domains: Health Condition Knowledge and Skills; Self-Advocacy Knowledge and Skills; Independent Life Skills; Psychosocial Development; Academic Skills and Executive Function; and Anticipatory Guidance. The purpose of skill development is to improve the youth’s independent functioning prior to matriculation at college, so that the youth can handle the demands of college life, while maintaining treatment regimens and healthy living. Possessing specific information about the college system of care, as well as anticipating some of the socioemotional challenges of life on a college campus are also essential to emotional stability and relapse prevention. Parents, providers, and the transitional age youth, all, have specific tasks to carry out to assist with a successful and healthy move to college.
Energy Efficiency Standards in the U.S.

Energy efficiency standards have played an important role in the U.S. as a successful way to reduce energy consumption. National energy efficiency standards started for some appliances in 1988 and now cover all major household appliances. Setting and improving these standards have been a high priority for the Department of Energy.
Fibrinopeptide A reactive peptides and procoagulant activity in bronchoalveolar lavage: Relationship to rheumatoid interstitial lung disease

Extravascular, primarily, alveolar fibrin deposition is commonly associated with the alveolitis of many interstitial lung diseases including the interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We therefore hypothesized that coagulation pathways, which promote fibrin formation, would be activated in the alveolar lining fluids of patients with rheumatoid interstitial lung disease. To test this hypothesis, we studied the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids from patients with rheumatoid interstitial lung disease (n = 7) and patients with RA unassociated with interstitial lung disease (n = 10) to characterize and quantitatively compare the BAL procoagulant material and levels of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), which is cleaved from fibrinogen by thrombin. FPA reactive peptide concentrations were significantly greater in rheumatoid interstitial lung disease than RA when normalized per ml of concentrated BAL fluid (p = 0.02), per mg BAL total protein (p = 0.01) or BAL albumin content (p = 0.03) and correlated with BAL antigenic neutrophil elastase concentrations (r = 0.87). Procoagulant activity was present in similar concentration of BAL of patients with RA and rheumatoid interstitial lung disease and was mainly attributable to tissue factor associated with factor VII (or VIIa). Our results demonstrate that tissue factor and factor VII are endogenous in the alveoli of subjects with RA and interstitial lung disease and could interact with distal coagulation substrates which may enter the alveoli in interstitial lung disease to locally promote fibrin deposition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Glycal Metallanitrenes for 2-Amino Sugar Synthesis: Amidoglycosylation of Gulal-, Allal-, Glucal-, and Galactal 3-Carbamates.

The rhodium(II)-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of glycal 3-carbamates with in situ incorporation of an alcohol nucleophile at the anomeric position provides access to a range of 2-amino sugars having 1,2-trans-2,3-cis stereochemistry, a structural motif present in compounds of medicinal and biological significance such as the streptothricin group of antibiotics and the Chitinase inhibitor allosamidin. All of the diastereomeric d-glycal 3-carbamates have been investigated, revealing significant differences in anomeric stereoselectivity depending on substrate stereochemistry and protecting groups. In addition, some substrates were prone to forming C3-oxidized dihydropyranone byproducts under the reaction conditions. Allal- and gulal 3-carbamates provided uniformly high stereo- and chemoselectivity, while for glucal substrates, acyclic, electron-withdrawing protecting groups at the 4O and 6O positions were required. Galactal 3-carbamates have been the most challenging substrates; formation of their amidogly...
Full Calculus in Asplund Spaces

This chapter is devoted to developing a comprehensive calculus for our basic generalized differential constructions: normals to sets, coderivatives of set-valued and single-valued mappings, and subgradients of extended-real-valued functions. A useful part of the generalized differential calculus has been presented in Chap. 1 in the setting of arbitrary Banach spaces. However, a number of important results therein impose differentiability assumptions on some mappings involved in compositions. In this chapter we don’t require any smoothness and/or convexity of sets and mappings under consideration developing a full calculus in the framework of Asplund spaces at the same level of perfection as in finite dimensions. The main impact to this development comes from the results of Chap. 2 on the extremal principle and variational properties of Frechet-like constructions in Asplund spaces. In this way we obtain general calculus rules for our basic objects using a geometric approach, i.e., starting with calculus rules for normal cones and then deriving from them sum and chain rules as well as other results for coderivatives and subdifferentials. It happens that the calculus rules obtained involve sequential normal compactness (SNC) assumptions on sets and mappings that are automatic in finite dimensions and reveal one of the most principal differences between finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional variational theories.
Comparative analysis of metabolism of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene among mouse tissues and strains.

Abstract Trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are structurally similar chemicals that are metabolized through oxidation and glutathione conjugation pathways. Both chemicals have been shown to elicit liver and kidney toxicity in rodents and humans; however, TCE has been studied much more extensively in terms of both metabolism and toxicity. Despite their qualitative similarities, quantitative comparison of tissue- and strain-specific metabolism of TCE and PCE has not been performed. To fill this gap, we conducted a comparative toxicokinetic study where equimolar single oral doses of TCE (800 mg/kg) or PCE (1000 mg/kg) were administered to male mice of C57BL/6J, B6C3F1/J, and NZW/LacJ strains. Samples of liver, kidney, serum, brain, and lung were obtained for up to 36 h after dosing. For each tissue, concentrations of parent compounds, as well as their oxidative and glutathione conjugation metabolites were measured and concentration-time profiles constructed. A multi-compartment toxicokinetic model was developed to quantitatively compare TCE and PCE metabolism. As expected, the flux through oxidation metabolism pathway predominated over that through conjugation across all mouse strains examined, it is 1,200–3,800 fold higher for TCE and 26–34 fold higher for PCE. However, the flux through glutathione conjugation, albeit a minor metabolic pathway, was 21-fold higher for PCE as compared to TCE. The degree of inter-strain variability was greatest for oxidative metabolites in TCE-treated and for glutathione conjugation metabolites in PCE-treated mice. This study provides critical data for quantitative comparisons of TCE and PCE metabolism, and may explain the differences in organ-specific toxicity between these structurally similar chemicals.
Enantioselective α-Allylation of Aryl Acetic Acid Esters via C1-Ammonium Enolate Nucleophiles: Identification of a Broadly Effective Palladium Catalyst for Electron-Deficient Electrophiles

We have identified a generally effective Pd catalyst for the highly enantioselective cooperative Lewis base/Pd-catalyzed α-allylation of aryl acetic esters using electron-deficient electrophiles. Changing between aldehyde, ketone, ester, and amide substituents at the terminus of intermediate cationic π-(allyl)Pd species affects both the efficiency of the reaction and, in the case of amides, control over the stereochemistry of the product alkene, as a function of the ligand. Tris[tri(2-thienyl)phosphino]Pd(0) serves as a broadly effective catalyst and overcomes these challenges to provide a general, high-yielding, and operationally simple C(sp3)–C(sp3) bond-forming method that gives products with high levels of enantioselectivity.
Institutional Captives: US Women Trapped in the Medical/Correctional/Welfare Circuit

Based on a five-year ethnographic study of formerly incarcerated Massachusetts women, this paper explores interconnections among the penal, welfare and healthcare bureaucratic institutions in the United States. The authors use the term ‘institutional captivity’ to describe the experiences of women trapped in a circuit made up of battered women’s shelters, homeless shelters, prisons, jails, probation, parole, rehabilitation facilities, detoxification facilities, clinics, respite care, hospitals, welfare offices, food stamp and Women Infant & Children offices, psychiatric units, child welfare offices, family court, drug courts, public housing, sober houses, recovery meetings and parenting classes. These interlocking institutions frame public policies and personal lives. Despite ostensibly different mandates, all preach and reinforce a cultural ethos that individualises suffering rather than recognising the institutionalised and gendered patterns of these women’s life experience. Their shared ideology casts women as victims while simultaneously holding women responsible for their own victimisation. Representative of the larger sample, the stories of two women who navigate the institutional circuit serve to illustrate the larger bureaucratic and gendered social issues addressed in the paper.
Using simulation to examine the effect of MPI message matching costs on application performance

Abstract Attaining high performance with MPI applications requires efficient message matching to minimize message processing overheads and the latency these overheads introduce into application communication. In this paper, we use a validated simulation-based approach to examine the relationship between MPI message matching performance and application time-to-solution. Specifically, we examine how the performance of several important HPC workloads is affected by the time required for matching. Our analysis yields several important contributions: (i) the performance of current workloads is unlikely to be significantly affected by MPI matching unless match queue operations get much slower or match queues get much longer; (ii) match queue designs that provide sublinear performance as a function of queue length are unlikely to yield much benefit unless match queue lengths increase dramatically; and (iii) we provide guidance on how long the mean time per match attempt may be without significantly affecting application performance. The results and analysis in this paper provide valuable guidance on the design and development of MPI message match queues.
Evaluation of maxillary anterior teeth width: A systematic review.

Abstract Statement of problem Estimating the width of the maxillary anterior teeth when creating an esthetic smile can be challenging. Valid metrics to assist in this process are needed. Purpose The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the validity of interalar distance and inner canthal distance with the golden proportion, golden mean, and recurring esthetic dental proportion in predicting intercanine distance and the combined width of central incisors to potentially provide a guide for tooth restoration. Material and methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, EMBASE, CNKI, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Collaboration, identifying English- and non–English-language articles reporting on interalar width, inner canthal width, and maxillary anterior tooth width. Additional studies were identified by searching reference lists of the articles identified. Only studies that fulfilled inclusion criteria were included. Two examiners independently performed the literature search and data extraction. Using a meta-analysis software program, data extracted from each selected study were statistically combined using the random-effects model. Weighted mean differences, 95% confidence intervals, and heterogeneity were calculated for each measurement. Results The search strategy resulted in a total of 282 articles, but only 41 articles fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The interalar distance was found to be significantly larger than intercanine distance, and the inner canthal distance was found to be substantially smaller than the intercanine distance. When predicting the central incisors combined width by interalar distance, both the golden proportion and golden mean predicted value were larger than the combined width of the central incisors. Only the recurring esthetic dental proportion (70%) predicted value showed no significant difference from the combined width of central incisors. When predicting the central incisors combined width by inner canthal distance, the golden proportion predicted value was larger than the combined width of central incisors, whereas both the golden mean and recurring esthetic dental proportion (70%) predicted value were found to be significantly smaller than the combined width of central incisors. Conclusions By analyzing the data from the literature, only the recurring esthetic dental proportion (70%) with interalar distance could be an accurate method for predicting the combined width of central incisors. Neither interalar distance nor inner canthal distance could directly be used to predict the intercanine distance.
The Development of Plant Conservation in Botanic Gardens and the Current and Future Role of Conservation Genetics for Enhancing Those Conservation Efforts

Botanic gardens play major roles in plant conservation globally. Since the 1980s, the number of botanic gardens worldwide and their involvement in integrating ex situ and in situ plant conservation...