cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D pulmonary airway color image reconstruction via shape from shading and virtual bronchoscopy imaging techniques

The dependence on macro-optical imaging of the human body in the assessment of possible disease is rapidly increasing concurrent with, and as a direct result of, advancements made in medical imaging technologies. Assessing the pulmonary airways through bronchoscopy is performed extensively in clinical practice however remains highly subjective due to limited visualization techniques and the lack of quantitative analyses. The representation of 3D structures in 2D visualization modes, although providing an insight to the structural content of the scene, may in fact skew the perception of the structural form. We have developed two methods for visualizing the optically derived airway mucosal features whilst preserving the structural scene integrity. Shape from shading (SFS) techniques can be used to extract 3D structural information from 2D optical images. The SFS technique presented addresses many limitations previously encountered in conventional techniques resulting in high-resolution 3D color images. The second method presented to combine both color and structural information relies on combined CT and bronchoscopy imaging modalities. External imaging techniques such as CT provide a means of determining the gross structural anatomy of the pulmonary airways, however lack the important optically derived mucosal color. Virtual bronchoscopy is used to provide a direct link between the CT derived structural anatomy and the macro-optically derived mucosal color. Through utilization of a virtual and true bronchoscopy matching technique we are able to directly extract combined structurally sound 3D color segments of the pulmonary airways. Various pulmonary airway diseases are assessed and the resulting combined color and texture results are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the presented techniques.
Quantum-resolved analysis of electronically-stimulated NO2 dissociation on Pt(111)

The electronically-stimulated dissociation of NO2 on Pt(111) has been studied through state-selective, time-of-flight detection of the NO product above the surface. The NO leaves as a direct dissociation product resulting from 5-800 eV electron impact, whereas the O atom remains on the surface. The quantum-resolved analysis of the NO reveals fundamental aspects of the stimulated surface process such as dominant excitation channels and dynamics. Because of rapid decay via resonant tunneling from substrate levels, the 3 eV shallow valence excitations prominent in gas-phase photodissociation of NO2 have lifetimes that are too short to produce observable dissociation on the metal surface. Instead, we find a 10-15 eV threshold which corresponds to ionization of 3b2 and double ionization of 1a2 levels which cannot be resonantly filled by substrate electrons and thus have the longest lifetimes relative to Auger decay. Screening of the hole(s) by the metal through the 6a1 orbital of the molecule not only determines the lifetime, but is found to influence the extent of internal excitation in the NO product.
The Mre11 Nuclease Is Critical for the Sensitivity of Cells to Chk1 Inhibition

The Chk1 kinase is required for the arrest of cell cycle progression when DNA is damaged, and for stabilizing stalled replication forks. As a consequence, many Chk1 inhibitors have been developed and tested for their potential to enhance DNA damage-induced tumor cell killing. However, inhibition of Chk1 alone, without any additional exogenous agent, can be cytotoxic. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of this sensitivity is critical for defining which patients might respond best to therapy with Chk1 inhibitors. We have investigated the mechanism of sensitivity in U2OS osteosarcoma cells. Upon incubation with the Chk1 inhibitor MK-8776, single-stranded DNA regions (ssDNA) and double-strand breaks (DSB) begin to appear within 6 h. These DSB have been attributed to the structure-specific DNA endonuclease, Mus81. The Mre11/Rad50/Nbs1 complex is known to be responsible for the resection of DSB to ssDNA. However, we show that inhibition of the Mre11 nuclease activity leads, not only to a decrease in the amount of ssDNA following Chk1 inhibition, but also inhibits the formation of DSB, suggesting that DSB are a consequence of ssDNA formation. These findings were corroborated by the discovery that Mre11-deficient ATLD1 cells are highly resistant to MK-8776 and form neither ssDNA nor DSB following treatment. However, once complimented with exogenous Mre11, the cells accumulate both ssDNA and DSB when incubated with MK-8776. Our findings suggest that Mre11 provides the link between aberrant activation of Cdc25A/Cdk2 and Mus81. The results highlight a novel role for Mre11 in the production of DSB and may help define which tumors are more sensitive to MK-8776 alone or in combination with DNA damaging agents.
The Impact of Rough Forcing on Systems with Multiple Time Scales

Abstract In a series of numerical experiments, Williamson and Temperton demonstrated that the interaction of the high-frequency gravity waves with the low-frequency Rossby waves in a three-dimensional adiabatic model is very weak. However, they stated that this “might not be the case when the model includes realistic physical processes, such as release of latent heat, which are strongly influenced by the vertical motion.” The bounded derivative theory is valid for inhomogeneous hyperbolic systems with multiple time scales, but the magnitude of any forcing term must be less than or equal to that of the horizontal advection terms in the same equation. When diabatic effects are added to the basic dynamical equations for the atmosphere, in the smaller scales of motion forcing terms can appear in both the entropy and pressure equations that do not satisfy this restriction. Assuming that the heating terms are only functions of the independent variables, the forcing term in the entropy equation can be eliminated...
The Effect of Deposition Temperature on the Microstructure of Lpcvd Polysilicon Films

The microstructure, of unannealed and annealed polysilicon films was studied using TEM and XRD. The LPCVD films were grown at 600°C and 620°C with 320 mTorr of silane, and at 580°C with 220 mTorr of silane. The substrates were [001] Si with a thin oxide film. The stress state of the films changed from compressive at 580°C and 620°C, to tensile in a narrow region around 600°C. The same materials were annealed at 1100°C. The unannealed films vary from partially amorphous at 580°C, where the slowest growth rate was observed, to randomly oriented and equiaxed at 600°C, to columnar and highly oriented at 620°C. The grains in the 620°C material have a high stacking fault and polytype density, and it was proposed that these occurred on growth, and not from dislocation motion. The grain size increased from 40–250run to 100–300 nm in the 600°C samples when annealed at 1100°C, and the density of twins and stacking faults was reduced. The hexagonal phase was observed only in unannealed materials in SAED and as broad “wings” at the base of the 111d.c (diamond cubic) peak in XRD. Within the limits of SAED, no change in lattice parameter of the hexagonal phase was observed.
TTB OR NOT TTB, THAT IS THE QUESTION: A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE ON TRAVEL TIME (AND MONEY) BUDGETS

Abstract This paper summarizes and analyses findings from more than two dozen aggregate and disaggregate studies of travel time (and sometimes money) expenditures, exploring the question of the existence of a constant travel time budget. We conclude (with prior researchers) that travel time expenditures are not constant except, perhaps, at the most aggregate level. Nevertheless, individuals’ travel time expenditures do show patterns that can be partly explained by measurable characteristics. Travel time expenditure is strongly related to individual and household characteristics (e.g., income level, gender, employment status, and car ownership), attributes of activities at the destination (e.g., activity group and activity duration), and characteristics of residential areas (e.g., density, spatial structure, and level of service). To the extent that travel time expenditures are constant at the aggregate level, the underlying mechanisms explaining that regularity are not well understood. Consequently, further research into explaining travel time and money expenditure patterns is justified.
Preparation, Properties and Structure of Phenylthionophosphine Oxide (Phenylmonothiophosphonic Anhydride), [C6H5P(S)O]3

Interaction of phenylthiophosphonic dichloride with H2S in the presence of triethylamine in benzene solution yields phenylthionophosphine oxide (I) which, in solution as well as in the solid state, is a trimer (Ib); an X-ray structural analysis indicates a nearly planar sixmembered ring structure with PO bonds in the ring.
Organization of serotonin 1A and 1B receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract

We utilized 3H-8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (3H-DPAT) and 125I-iodocyanopindolol (125I-CYP) to label serotonin (5HT) 1A and 5HT1B receptors, respectively, in sections of the rat brain after characterizing the pharmacologic specificity of these agents. We then used quantitative autoradiography to measure the concentrations of 5HT1A and 5HT1B receptors in individual subnuclei of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and adjacent structures of the dorsal vagal complex. The highest 5HT1A receptor concentrations were observed within the central and intermediate subnuclei of the NTS, with low quantities of 3H-DPAT binding sites observed in the hypoglossal nucleus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In contrast, the density of 5HT1B receptors was relatively homogeneous through all NTS subnuclei, with the highest concentrations localized within the ventrolateral subnucleus. The hypoglossal and dorsal motor nuclei had slightly higher 5HT1B receptor densities than the NTS subnuclei, whereas the area postrema had a very low density. These data suggest that 5HT1A receptors are organized in a manner consistent with the cytoarchitectural and hodological parcellation of the NTS into individual subnuclei. The high concentrations of 5HT1A receptors in the central and intermediate subnuclei suggest a role for these receptors in medullary reflex pathways subserving deglutition. The relatively high density of 5HT1B receptors in the ventrolateral subnucleus suggests that these receptors modulate respiratory neurons, whereas the diffuse organization of 5HT1B receptors in the remaining subnuclei suggests that they are associated with central 5HT afferent pathways to the NTS. Further studies will be required to understand the physiologic role of 5HT1 receptors within the NTS.
Synthesis of individual ribosomal proteins in Escherichia coli B/r.

Abstract The differential synthesis rates of individual ribosomal proteins (r-proteins) were measured in Escherichia coli B/r during the transition period following a nutritional shift-up from succinate minimal to glucose/ammo acids medium. These rates were observed to respond sequentially to the shift-up; the differential synthesis rate of protein L28 begins to increase within 0.1 of a minute following the shift-up, while the protein L29 synthesis rate begins to increase only after a lag of 2.5 minutes. The onset of induction of the remaining r-proteins occurs within this 2.5-minute interval. Furthermore, there was a twofold variation in the acceleration of the differential synthesis rates of individual r-proteins. Within the initial two to ten-minute period following the shift-up the differential synthesis rates of most r-proteins reached values ranging from 2.2 to 3.0-fold higher than the pre-shift rates, before declining to the post-shift steady-state values. It is suggested that the increases in the differential synthesis rates of r-proteins result in part from increases in the translational efficiency of messenger RNA in the post-shift growth medium and in part from increases in the amount of r-protein mRNA that is present.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled acetaminophen (4‐hydroxyphenylacetamide, carbonyl‐14C)

A simple and convenient method for the condensation of paminophenol (I) with 14C-acetic anhydride (II) yields up to 76% of 14C-labelled 4-hydroxyphenylacetamide (carbonyl-14C) (III). Typical synthesis time is 60 minutes. Radioactive yield is 51%, and specific activity is 0.22 μCi/mg.
Are the results of pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer improving

Although pancreatectomy is still performed in a few patients with pancreatic cancer, and nearly all patients who develop pancreatic cancer eventually die of their disease, significant improvements have been made recently. Pancreatectomy is now safer, with major morbidity (hemorrhage, pancreatic anastomotic leak, intraabdominal sepsis) occurring in only about 20% and operative mortality of less than 5%. Two (seemingly subtle) issues cannot be overemphasized when someone carefully studies the literature: (1) There is a crucial difference between actuarial and actual survival, with the former generally being higher whereas the latter is true; and (2) careful re-review of pathologic specimens (especially in long-term survivors) initially diagnosed as pancreatic cancer, preferably by an independent pathologist before publishing long-term results is essential. (Erroneous inclusion of patients with nonductal carcinoma substantially and artificially increases survival.) After curative resection, 5-year actual survival is realistically about 10% with median survivals of 12 to 18 months. In certain subgroups with favorable pathologic characteristics (neoplasms < 2 cm without nodal or perineural invasion) the prognosis appears to be significantly better, with the 5-year survival about 20%. The recent improvements in postoperative morbidity and mortality and long-term outcome (resulting also in decreased cost of care of such patients) have occurred typically in centers with an invested interest in and proven record with pancreatic surgery. Further improvements in survival should be sought at the areas of earlier diagnosis and novel treatments designed to prevent locoregional recurrences; the role of extended resections must be determined by prospective, randomized trials.
Maternal aggression in hamsters: Effects of stage of lactation, presence of pups, and repeated testing

This study investigated maternal aggression in hamsters and examined the effects of early versus late lactation, presence or absence of the litters during the tests, and prior aggressive encounters. There was a total of six experimental groups. Two groups were tested in the presence of their litters on both Days 5 and 15 of lactation; two groups were presented with intruders after a 6-hr interval of mother-litter separation on Days 5 and 15 of lactation. The last two experimental groups were tested on Day 15 only in the presence of their litters or after a 6-hr separation from their litters. Estrous-cycling animals were also tested twice (10 days apart) or once to control for periods of social isolation. Animals were tested in their home cages for 10 min with weight-matched estrous-cycling intruders. Sexually receptive females were not used as controls or intruders. Measures of aggression included fights, attacks, chases, and intruder retreats. Lactating animals initiated significantly higher levels of all measures of aggression than cycling controls. There were no differences in aggression between Days 5 and 15 of lactation or between the groups tested in the presence or absence of their litters. Prior testing on Day 5 had little effect on aggressive responses on Day 15. The results are discussed in terms of comparisons to other species and the factors responsible for high levels of aggression during lactation.
Controlled black liquor viscosity reduction through salting-in

Black liquor viscosity increases exponentially with solids content and therefore causes processing problems for the paper industry by being a limiting factor in the Kraft pulp process. This study investigates a new approach for achieving viscosity reduction by salting-in black liquor through the addition of thiocyanate salts. These salts generally increase the solubility of the polymer constituents in black liquor, leading to a decrease in its viscosity. Several thiocyanate salts capable of reducing liquor viscosity by more than two orders of magnitude have been identified, with viscosity reduction greatest at high solids content. Salting-in of black liquor depends on the cation paired with the thiocyanate anion, as well as on solution pH and temperature. Comparative studies reveal the most effective viscosity-reducing agent of the series examined and that lignin plays an important role in the viscosity behavior of both unmodified and salted-in black liquor at high solids concentrations. These experimental findings are interpreted in terms of the underlying principles that describe salting-in and how it affects aqueous solution structure.
Fracture of glass bead/epoxy composites: on micro-mechanical deformations

To understand the fracture behavior of inorganic particle filled polymers, glass bead filled epoxies having different glass bead contents and sizes were prepared as model systems. Although their macroscopic fracture behavior was brittle, diffuse matrix shear yielding and micro-shear banding were found to occur around crack paths. Besides these plastic deformations, debonding of glass beads, step formation on fracture surface, and birefringence due to thermal residual misfit between glass beads and matrix were identified and studied. The fracture toughness and modulus of composites generally increased with increase in the volume fraction of glass beads. Micro-shear band zone size, debonding zone size, and the areal density of steps also followed increases in the volume fraction. The effect of glass bead size on fracture toughness and modulus was not significant, but the areal density of steps was found to increase as the size decreased. Differential thermal contraction between glass beads and matrix was found to cause the thermal residual misfit, resulting in birefringence around glass beads. Microscopy studies revealed that this thermal residual misfit might not have an extensive influence on crack propagation.
Enzymes in aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis: strategies for identifying pertinent genes.

Recent work on the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway is reviewed, with special emphasis on the enzymes of the late stages of the pathway involving conversion of sterigmatocystin (ST) to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) through an O-methylsterigmatocystin intermediate. Two enzyme activities were discovered in subcellular fractions of cell-free extracts of a mutant strain ofAspergillus parasiticus (SRRC 163): 1)A post-microsomal methyltransferase (MT) catalyzed conversion of ST to OMST, and 2) a microsomal-associated activity (oxido-reductase) converted OMST to AFB1. The 168 KDa, anionic MT was purified to homogeneity and characterized (two subunits, 110 KDa and 58 KDa). Preliminary evidence indicated the presence of a cationic isozyme of the MT in mycelial extracts. The oxido-reductase has been partially purified and characterized. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared to the anionic MT and the enzyme's amino acid composition determined. A cDNA library has been constructed from mRNA isolated fromAspergillus parasiticus mycelia during the onset of AFB1 biosynthesis for the purpose of identifying the genes responsible for aflatoxin biosynthesis.
Postimplementation costs of HACCP and SSOP's in great plains meat plants

The objective of this analysis was to determine the costs of the development and implementation of HACCP, SSOP's, Salmonella Performance Standards, and Generic E. coli Process Control Testing for small meat and poultry plants. USDA estimated these costs to be $0.0024 per pound with the release of the Pathogen Reduction Ruling. Weighted averages from two other studies estimating implementation costs were $0.0005 and $0.0139 per pound. To collect data and measure actual implementation costs, phone surveys and personal interviews were conducted with small meat (defined as having 10 or more employees but less than 500) slaughter and processing plants in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The analysis suggests that the plants incurred an average of $0.009 per pound in development and implementation costs for these regulations. L'analyse des risques et la maitrise des points critiques (HACCP), les procedures operationnelles de decontamination normalisees (SSOP), les tests de controle du genre E. coli dans les procede et les normes de performance sur Salmonelle sont 4 programmes destines a reduire les bacteries pathogenes a travers toutes les etapes des transformation de la viande et de la volaille. Les premieres estimations effectuees sur les preimplementations sont tres variables. Cette etude presente les estimations du cout de postimplementation pour le programme de reduction des pathogenes dans des usines de transformation de viande de 10-500 employes.
Mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 supported Co–Mo catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene in distillate fuels

Abstract A mesoporous aluminosilicate molecular sieve with MCM-41 type structure was synthesized using aluminum isopropoxide as the Al source. Supported Co–Mo/MCM-41 catalysts were prepared by co-impregnation of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and (NH4)6Mo7O24 followed by calcination and sulfidation. For comparison, conventional Al2O3-supported sulfided Co–Mo catalysts were also prepared using the same procedure. These two types of catalysts were examined at two different metal loading levels in hydrodesulfurization of a model fuel containing 3.5 wt% sulfur as dibenzothiophene in n-tridecane. At 350–375°C under higher H2 pressure (6.9 MPa), sulfided Co–Mo/MCM-41 catalysts show higher hydrogenation and hydrocracking activities at both normal and high metal loading levels, whereas Co–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts show higher selectivity to desulfurization. Co–Mo/MCM-41 catalyst at high metal loading level is substantially more active than the Co–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts.
Applications of a miniaturized fluorimetric photodiode array detector for capillary liquid chromatography

A high sensitivity, multichannel fluorescence detector with small volume has been developed for capillary column liquid chromatography. Using an intensified linear photodiode array to monitor fluorescence emission, several important mixtures exhibiting native fluorescence have been examined following high efficiency separation on a capillary column. By correlating mass spectral, fluorescence spectral, and retention time data, information of potential utility in the structural elucidation of aromatic molecules contained in complex mixtures can be obtained. Examples include the separation and spectral examination of the polyaromatic compounds in samples of both biological and environmental interest.
Instructional communication in the televised classroom: The effects of system design and teacher immediacy on student learning and satisfaction

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of conveyance system design and social presence, in the form of teacher immediacy behavior, on perceived student learning and satisfaction in the televised classroom. Results indicate that system design and teacher immediacy behavior strongly impact student learning and satisfaction. System variables such as interactivity and clear audio and video transmission positively influenced perceived learning and satisfaction. Further, instructors who engaged in immediate behaviors such as encouraging involvement, offering individual feedback, maintaining relaxed body posture and using vocal variety were viewed more favorably.
An overview of development and application of acoustic emission methods in the United States

Abstract Beneficial uses being made of acoustic emission (AE) technology for flaw or fault detection both inside of and outside of the nuclear industry tend to be obscured by some of the earlier disappointing efforts to utilize the technology. The objective of this paper is to counter that tendency by providing an overview of a variety of AE applications being made in the United States. In addition to nuclear power applications, the paper discusses applications in other nuclear areas, fossil power plant applications, and other industrial uses including aircraft monitoring. Major AE research and development programs in progress in the United States are also summarized.
Rhythm and language change in English

Abstract Disyllabic English nouns tend to be stressed on the first syllable, whereas disyllabic verbs tend to be stressed on the second syllable. In concert with other papers, this report argues that the stress asymmetry was partially caused by two factors: (1) a rhythmic preference for alternations between strong and weak beats, and (2) contextual differences between nouns and verbs that bias verbs toward second syllable stress. In particular, verbs are more likely than nouns to receive inflections that take a syllabic form. Because such syllabic inflections are weakly stressed, their appearance on disyllabic words with first syllable stress will produce two consecutive unstressed syllables. Verbs might therefore be pressured toward second syllable stress, which would establish rhythmic alternation. Prior research has found that stress assignments of disyllabic pseudowords acting as verbs can be modified in the predicted ways through syllabic -ed and -ing inflections. The experiments reported here extend these findings to (1) nouns, (2) plural and third person present singular -es, and (3) actual English words. A final experiment indicates that the locus of the alternation preference is in speech perception and not speech production. The discussion examines reasons why other modifications that could create rhythmic alternation are not observed, the implications of the analysis for stress patterns on trisyllabic English words, and implications of the noun-verb stress difference for one type of language creativity. The paper in general illustrates how basic research in psycholinguistics can be used to study long-term structural changes in language.
Aspect Ratio Effects on Partially Premixed Flames From Elliptic Burners in Coflow

In this paper, partially premixed flames of propane-hydrogen blends from elliptic burner geometries in coflow environment have been experimentally studied. Two different elliptic burner geometries with aspect ratios (AR) of 3:1 and 4:1 were used. A circular burner with the same discharge area as that of the elliptic burner was employed for comparison. Measurements were taken at stoichiometric and three other equivalence ratios. Global flame characteristics such as visible height, emission indices, and flame radiation were measured. Flame structure data such as transverse profiles of inflame concentrations of combustion products and local flame temperature were also measured at three axial locations in the flame. Results indicate that elliptic burner flames were shorter, more radiating, and produced lower NO and CO emissions than the corresponding circular burner flames. Results from the inflame measurements of NO and CO were in good agreement with the corresponding global data. Further, the 4:1 AR elliptic burners exhibited a twin-jet flame structure at fuel-rich conditions. The twin-flame structure was evident from the inflame measurements of temperature and combustion species. This study suggests that the combination of elliptic burner geometry and coflow reduces NO and CO emissions from combustion systems, which could potentially lead to cleaner environment.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Microwave Sanitization of Polyester and Cotton

The potential of using 2450-MHz microwave radiation to dry and sterilize polyester and cotton fabrics was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus. B. cereus spores were the most tolerant microorganisms of microwave radiation, and E. coli were the most sensitive. All S. aureus and E. coli cells were killed within seven minutes of exposure to microwave radiation. Fabric conditions of steam released and steam retained did not affect the percentage reduction in microorganisms. Microwave drying was substantially more effective than convection oven drying. Microwave exposure had no effect on the elongation of polyester and cotton, but cotton's strength decreased 10% after five minutes of microwave exposure.
Objective function to obtain multiple representative waveforms for a novel helical CT scan protocol.

Purpose: To develop objective functions for selecting multiple representative respiratory waveforms. A specific application considered is to reduce the number of swiping scans in a novel helical CT scan protocol to harvest efficiency and dose reduction benefit. Methods: The authors consider a general class of potential objective functions consisting of weighted norms on pointwise profile differentials. The authors utilize the Lagrangian approach and derive proper conditions on the formulation based on first and second order optimality conditions. The derived objective functions are applied to clinically acquired respiratory trajectories for swipe subset selection to verify the validity and generality of the proposed rationale. An end-to-end 4DCT reconstruction comparison is performed using a swipe subset of data corresponding to 3 out of the full 25 waveforms to assess the consequence in image quality and dose. Results: Their results show that maximizing the proposed objective function with the suggested parameters yields maximal spread of trajectories among the selected subset. 4DCT Reconstruction using the chosen subset of data indicates the potential for further dose reduction by about 5 to 10 folds without significant sacrifice in image quality. Experimental results also support further generalization to include slice prioritization. Conclusions: The authors have derived a formulation that is both simple and general as a metric to quantify the spread of a set of respiratory trajectories, which can be used for subset selection with potential computation and dose reduction benefit when applied to a newly developed helical 4DCT scan protocol.
A Carpenter's Rule of Thumb

means from functions f and their tangent lines, which is a special case of the means in Horwitz [6]. Under the assumption that f"(x) is nonzero and continuous, a mean is given by the x-coordinate of the intersection of the tangent lines to y = f(x) at x = a and x = b. In this case, taking f(x) to be x2, .,1 and 1/x generates A, G, and H, respectively. The slope mean also belongs to this family, generated by f (x) = N/x2 Some families of means do not contain the slope mean because the means are homogeneous, and yet there are still other families [10] where it is not clear whether or not the slope mean is a member. In their study of the three classic means, Bullen, Mitrinovi6, and Vasi` implicitly characterized these means through a family of functions as follows. Let
Spouse/partner violence education as a predictor of screening practices among physicians

Introduction: Spouse/partner violence is a major public health problem that affects 3 to 6 million women per year. Many studies show that the majority of health care practitioners do not detect or respond to cases of spouse/partner violence in their practice. Research suggests that there are potential barriers to reporting or detecting this problem. A barrier often cited is lack of proper education or training regarding spouse/partner violence. The objective of this study was to determine if physicians who received spouse/partner violence education at various stages of their careers were more likely to screen patients for spouse/partner violence. Methods: A survey was developed and administered to family physicians and obstetricians/gynecologists in Virginia. The data were analyzed to determine screening practice and spouse/partner violence education among respondents. Four different educational opportunities were analyzed to determine potential determinants of screening. Results: All respondents who had spouse/partner violence education were more likely to screen every patient than those who were lacking this education. Receiving lectures during residency training was found to be a significant predictor of screening every patient for spouse/partner violence among respondents. Discussion: Screening every patient for exposure to spouse/partner violence is the ideal situation. This study indicates that education about spouse/partner violence has a significant impact on screening tendencies if provided during a physician's residency program.
Evolved ethics and efficient ethics

Abstract The rise of the great society is far too recent an event to have given man time to shed the results of a development of hundreds of thousands of years, and not to regard as artificial and inhuman those abstract rules of conduct which often conflict with the deeply ingrained instincts to let himself be guided in action by perceived needs. [Hayek (1976, p. 146)]
Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an increasing problem in the USA and worldwide. Current treatments for HCC include chemoembolization, radioembolization, liver resection, and liver transplantation in the setting of selected cirrhotic patients. Liver transplantation for HCC was controversial initially, but is now widely accepted as a curative approach. Cirrhotic patients who meet standards for transplantation and have a tumor burden within Milan criteria are eligible for transplantation and receive Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) exception points once listed. Given the decline in availability of donor organs, rewarding MELD exception points and performing liver transplants in these patients remain controversial. Despite this, various guidelines propose expanding eligibility criteria for cirrhotics with HCC, due to post-transplant outcomes comparable to patients transplanted without HCC. Following the transplant, issues include optimizing the type and amount of immunosuppression and screening for and treating recurrence of HCC.
Grown junction GaAs solar cells with a thin graded band-gap AlxGa1−xAs surface layer

Abstract Liquid phase epitaxial growth techniques were used to fabricate (n)GaAs:Sn-(p)GaAs:Ge-(p)AlxGa1−xAs:Ge heterostructure solar cells. Graded band-gap AlxGa1−xAs layers with thicknesses between 1500 and 2500 A were prepared by isothermal growth from an undersaturated solution. Spectral response measurements show that the resulting built-in electric field at the surface of the solar cell reduces the surface recombination velocity and improves the collection efficiency.
Drosophihla topoisomerase I: isolation, purificatioann and characterization

Abstract We have purified and characterized topoisomerase I from Drosophila melanogaster. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 135,000; 100,000, 90,000, and 65,000 molecular weight products result from degradation of the enzyme. The enzyme relaxes both positive and negative supercoiled DNA. Mg++ is not absolutely required, but stimulates the enzymatic activity considerably.
Association of fungal infection and increased mortality in liver transplant recipients

Abstract Background: Invasive fungal infection is associated with increased morbidity and mortality following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). Understanding the risk factors associated with fungal infection may facilitate identification of high-risk patients and guide appropriate initiation of antifungal therapy. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of fungal infections, identify the most common fungal pathogens, and determine the risk factors associated with fungal infections and mortality in OLTx recipients. Methods: Medical records from 96 consecutive OLTx in 90 American veterans (88 males, 2 females; mean age 48 years, range 32 to 67) performed from January 1994 to December 1997 were retrospectively reviewed for fungal infection in the first 120 days after transplantation. Infection was defined by positive cultures from either blood, urine ( Results: Thirty-five patients (38%) had documented infection with one or more fungal pathogens, including Candida albicans (25 of 35; 71%), C torulopsis (7 of 35; 20%), C tropicalis (2 of 35; 6%), non- C albicans (2 of 35; 6%), Aspergillus fumigatus (4 of 35; 11%), and Cryptococcus neoformans (1 of 35; 3%). The crude survival for cases with or without fungal infection was 68% and 87%, respectively ( P P 2.5 mg/dL), biliary/vascular complications, and retransplantation. Conclusions: Fungal infections were associated with increased morbidity and mortality following OLTx, with Candida albicans being the most common pathogen. Treatment strategies involving antifungal prophylaxis for high-risk patients and earlier initiation of antifungal therapy in cases of presumed infection are warranted.
Zinc alters actin filaments in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells

Abstract Exposure of semiconfluent cultures of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells to 10 μ m zinc leads to a change in the organization of the actin filament system. Most of the stress fibers at the basal end of the cell are lost and the actin associated with the lateral membrane and junctional regions appears to retract into the cytoplasm. In addition, at the base of the cell in regions of cell-substratum contact, dense, actin-rich plaques appear. These alterations in actin filaments are associated with a change in cell shape. Microtubules were unaffected by exposure to 10 μ m zinc. At zinc concentrations ≥50 μ m the microtubules depolymerized. Exposure to cadmium alters the actin filaments as well but the effect is different from the change seen with zinc. When the cells are exposed simultaneously to zinc and cadmium the cells appear the same as they would if exposed to zinc alone. Exposure of MDCK cells to either metal, individually or in combination, results in a significant and similar increase in F-actin content as determined spectrofluorometrically. The changes in organization and amount of F-actin are associated with a reduction in the ability of the cells to remain attached to the substrate, a toxic effect of these metals with regard to epithelial function. The results indicate that zinc, an essential metal, and cadmium, a highly toxic metal, interact with the actin cytoskeleton in intact cells.
Decay of density fluctuations in gels.

Near the sol-gel transition, gelling systems exhibit an extremely slow relaxation of thermally driven density fluctuations. We have made a detailed quasielastic light scattering study of the decay of density fluctuations in reacting silica sol-gels in the pre- and post-gel regimes, and at the gel point. In the pre-gel regime the dynamic structure factor {ital S}({ital q},{ital t}) for the branched polymer melt has a stretched exponential tail whose characteristic time diverges at the gel point. This {ital critical} {ital slowing} {ital down} is due to the divergence of the average cluster size and is distinct from the usual critical slowing down observed in second-order thermodynamic phase transitions, since the initial decay rate of {ital S}({ital q},{ital t}) is nondivergent at the gel point. In fact, at the gel point, {ital S}({ital q},{ital t}) becomes a power law, indicating a fractal time set in the scattered field. These observations are accounted for by considering the dynamics of percolation clusters, and in this connection the analogy to viscoelasticity is described. Beyond the gel point {ital S}({ital q},{ital t}) remains a power law, but the amplitude of the relaxing part of the intensity autocorrelation function diminishes. Finally, the dynamics of clusters dilutedmore » from the reaction bath is studied, and a crossover from power law to stretched exponential decay of {ital S}({ital q},{ital t}) is observed. It is shown that at infinite dilution the long-time tail of the correlation function describes the internal modes of a single percolation cluster.« less
Coronary CTA: Stenosis classification and quantification, including automated measures

The development of larger multidetector computed tomography (CT) systems has allowed increased accuracy in quantifying obstructive lesions involving the coronary arteries. This article reviews the accuracy of coronary CT angiography (CTA) in quantifying obstructive lesions, evaluating the extent of coronary artery disease, and classifying the composition of coronary plaques. In addition, several outcomes studies and some promising automated techniques for quantifying coronary CTA are reviewed.
Reduction of the Lane-Robson “calculable” reaction theory to standard R-matrix form

Abstract General dynamical equations derived from the Lane-Robson calculable reaction formalism are cast into a form amenable to standard R-matrix treatment, permitting the resonance content of the equations to be made explicit. Formulae are given which enable the collision matrix and the amplitudes of physical eigenfunctions to be calculated directly from the R-matrix with or without the isolation of resonance contributions. The present methodology permits a significant reduction of effort in numerical investigations of the energy dependence inherent in dynamical models of the nucleus. The formalism is illustrated by calculational results obtained from a potential model fitted to 16O + n scattering data.
He Loves Her, He Loves Her Not Attachment Style As a Personality Antecedent to Men’s Ambivalent Sexism

The authors present an integrative account of how attachment insecurities relate to sexism. Two studies showed that attachment avoidance predisposes men to endorse hostile but to reject benevolent sexism (BS), whereas attachment anxiety predisposes men toward ambivalent (both hostile and benevolent) sexism. The authors also tested predicted mediators, finding that men’s social dominance orientation (a competitive intergroup ideology) mediated the avoidance to hostile sexism link. In addition, romanticism (an idealized interpersonal ideology) mediated attachment insecurity to BS links: (a) Avoidant men tended to reject romanticism (i.e., were cynical about romance) and, in turn, were likely to reject BS, whereas (b) anxious men tended to endorse romanticism (i.e., were idealistic about romance) and, in turn, likely to endorse BS. The authors conclude that men’s sexism stems in part from dispositional attachment working models, both directly and through the interpersonal and intergroup ideologies they generate.
Blending Synchronous Face-to-Face and Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning in a Hybrid Doctoral Seminar.

Online education is often assumed to be synonymous with asynchronous instruction, existing apart from or supplementary to face-to-face instruction in traditional bricks-and-mortar classrooms. However, expanding access to computer- mediated communication technologies now make new models possible, including distance learners synchronous online attendance of face-to-face courses. Going beyond traditional uses of videoconferencing (e.g., real-time remote viewing with limited student interaction), this article describes the use of freely available technologies to support synchronous cooperative learning activities involving both face-to-face and hybrid doctoral students. Specifically, we describe the rationale behind pedagogical choices and specify how various technologies were re-purposed to create a virtual classroom space in which all possible combinations of face-to-face and hybrid students worked together in multiple small-groups across single class sessions. Implications for course development, the implementation of cooperative learning activities in online settings, and the use of both synchronous and asynchronous methods of online instruction are discussed.
Neuroendocrine effects of endogenous opioid peptides in human subjects: A review

In the decade since the discovery of specific opioid receptors in the brain, there have been rapid advances in our understanding of the physiological and pathological roles of the endogenous opioid systems in humans. Endogenous opioid peptides have been demonstrated to play a role as modulators of a number of hormonal functions in humans. In particular they appear to inhibit luteinizing hormone and ACTH release, and the response of arginine vasopressin to osmotic stimuli. They appear to participate in the modulation of carbohydrate homeostasis. In pathophysiological states, they appear to play a role in the decreased pulsatile luteinizing hormone release seen in patients with prolactinomas. Circulating beta-endorphin appears to be an important regulator of immune function. Preliminary studies in humans have suggested a role for endogenous opioid peptides in appetite regulation. In the last few years, a few case reports have suggested the possibility of a series of syndromes due to endogenous opioid excess. Within the next decade, we can expect to see the routine use of opioid antagonists in a variety of pathophysiological states.
THE ROLE OF THE PIGMENT EPITHELIUM IN THE ETIOLOGY OF INHERITED RETINAL DYSTROPHY IN THE RAT

Visual cell outer segment renewal was studied in eyes of mutant Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) and Sprague-Dawley (control) rats by a combination of microscopy and radioautography with the light and electron microscopes. RCS and control rats were injected with amino acids-3H at 11 days of age. Radioactive rod outer segment discs were assembled at the outer segment base from radioactive proteins synthesized in the rod inner segments. In controls, all radioactive discs assembled at 11 days of age were displaced the length of the outer segments, removed from outer segment tips, and phagocytized by the pigment epithelium by 8 days after injection. In the RCS rats, disc assembly and displacement resembled controls for the first 3 days after injection. However, as disc assembly continued for some time thereafter, a layer of labeled, disorganized, lamellar debris accumulated between the outer segment tips and the pigment epithelium. The buildup of debris was accompanied by visual cell death. At no time during the study was there evidence for phagocytic activity by the pigment epithelium. 61 days after injection, the layer of debris was the only heavily radioactive component in the retina. In the retina of RCS rats, the outer segment renewal mechanism malfunctions because the pigment epithelium does not fulfill its normal phagocytic role. The end result is visual cell death and blindness.
Scattering of 15.7-Mev Electrons by Nuclei

Electrons removed from the 20-Mev betatron are focused to a 0.08-inch spot about 10 feet from the betatron by a magnetic lens. The electrons impinge on thin foils at the center of a highly evacuated scattering chamber having a diameter of 20 inches. Elastically scattered electrons, selected by a $\frac{3}{8} \mathrm{inch}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 \mathrm{inch}$ aperture, are focused by means of a 75\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} magnetic analyzer with 3 percent energy resolution and are detected by coincidence Geiger counters. Corrections are applied for multiple scattering and for energy losses which remove the electrons from the range of energies accepted by the detector arrangement. The scattering cross section for gold at 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is found to be about 2.6 times that given by Mott's formula in the Born approximation and about one-half of that expected for the scattering by a point nucleus. This result is in good agreement with the calculations for electrons of this energy if the nuclear charge is assumed to be distributed uniformly throughout the nuclear volume.The results for the scattering from C, Al, Cu, and Ag are also in agreement with the assumption of a uniformly distributed nuclear charge within the uncertainties involved in the theory and the experimental results.
Lithium ion insertion in porous metal oxides

Abstract Sol–gel processing of transition metal oxide precursors has been used to produce porous materials of high surface area. The technique has permitted the synthesis of solid amorphous vanadium and manganese oxides that are capable of reversibly intercalating large amounts of lithium ions. Therefore, these materials may function as high capacity (500–600 mAh/g), high-energy positive electrodes in lithium batteries. Methods to improve the kinetics and the cycle performance of these positive electrodes are showing promise.