cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase transition of Sr on Si (0 0 1): First principles prediction and experiment

Abstract The ability to understand and predict the phase diagrams of surface phases from first principles can be valuable for developing processes for growth of epitaxial structures. In the growth of epitaxial oxides on Si (0 0 1), a submonolayer phase of Sr plays a key role. The physical structure for this phase, which has 2 × 3 symmetry and occurs at 1/6 monolayer Sr coverage, was recently elucidated using both first principles theory and diffraction experiments [J.W. Reiner, K.F. Garrity, F.J. Walker, S. Ismail-Beigi, C.H. Ahn, Role of strontium in oxide epitaxy on silicon (0 0 1), Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 (10) (2008) 105503.]. Our approach to understanding the broader Sr/Si phase diagram combines density functional theory with a thermodynamic analysis of the phase equilibrium between a Sr lattice gas and the 2 × 3 structure. We use reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) to experimentally determine the phase diagram, finding good agreement with theoretical predictions.
An Abundance Analysis of Two S Stars at High Galactic Latitude

We present abundances of Ti, Fe, and Ni as well as 10 post-iron-peak elements in two Galactic S stars, S UMa and Stephenson 1303. Based upon the presence or absence of Tc in their spectra, S UMa is an intrinsic S star and Stephenson 1303 is an extrinsic S star. Both stars are slightly metal-poor and at high Galactic latitude; they thus make an interesting comparison as well as a further test of current models of nucleosynthesis in low-mass stars. In addition, the abundance ratio of heavy to light s-process elements, [hs/ls], correlates with the metallicities of Stephenson 1303 and S UMa as expected if the 13C neutron source drives the s-process.
Simultaneous measurement of the heat capacity and superfluid density of 4He films in vycor glass

Abstract A simultaneous measurement of the heat capacity and superfluid density of thin 4He films on Vycor glass has been made. We have conclusively established the 3D nature of the critical region by the observation of a heat capacity peak coincident with Tc of the film. In addition, we find reasonable agreement when two scale factor universality is used to compare the critical region of the film transition to that of the bulk lambda transition.
Some thoughts and reflections on the use of illustration in Biodiversity Education Campaigns

The need to appreciate the interconnectedness of all life on Earth has never been more important than it is today, as our own species, mostly through ignorance, threatens to unravel the rich biological tapestry of which we are a part, and upon which we ultimately depend. Art, and especially imagery, can play a crucial role in reestablishing the profound and vital link between ourselves as individuals and the natural world. Recognizing this, conservationists are making ever more use of illustration in education campaigns worldwide on behalf of endangered wildlife and ecosystems. In this article I have tried to articulate my own feelings about nature, to trace the path that led me to work in this specialized area of art, and to relate some of the lessons I have learned applying illustration to conservation.
Pseudogaps and correlations in metals with electron-electron interactions

I discuss the low-energy electrodynamics of various metals where electron-electron interaction effects are important. The examples include the heavy-fermion metal UPt3, K0.3MoO3 a material with one-dimensional charge-density-wave fluctuations and (TMTSF)2PF6 a quasi-one-dimensional metal with a half-filled (or quarter-filled) band which undergoes a spin-density-wave transition at low temperatures.
Effect of peracetic acid reprocessing on the transport characteristics of polysulfone hemodialyzers.

Peracetic acid is used extensively for reprocessing hemodialyzers, despite several indications that reprocessing alters the dialyzer transport characteristics. The objective of this study was to obtain quantitative data for the effects of peracetic acid reprocessing on the clearance and sieving coefficients of urea, vitamin B 1 2 , and polydisperse dextrans using Fresenius F80A polysulfone dialyzers. Reprocessing restored the urea and vitamin B 1 2 clearance to close to their original values. However, the reprocessed dialyzers had substantially lower clearance of the larger molecular weight dextrans, which was attributed to reductions in the effective pore size caused by residual plasma proteins within the membrane. Storage in peracetic acid provided some additional removal of residual proteins, although the clearance and sieving coefficients of the larger dextrans remained well below their original values. Peracetic acid caused no degradation of the membrane polymer, in sharp contrast to results obtained with bleach reprocessing.
Analysis of optimal composite feedback‐feedforward control

We have developed analytic design methods for combination feedback-feedforward control systems and have evaluated systems yielding optimal performance while subject to constraints commonly encountered in the chemical industry. Using the mathematical techniques pioneered by Wiener for the solution of the design equations, we have based the optimization on minimization of the mean square output of a system subject to a random disturbance. Side conditions for the constraint on mean square control effort, signal-to-noise ratio in the feedback system, and minimization of error output caused by misidentification of plant parameters were found to be necessary to give physically realizable and meaningful designs. The analytic design methods are useful for analysis of control system performance and capabilities under a variety of constraints, but the optimal designs are marginally superior to ideal or invariant feedforward controllers coupled with tuned proportional feedback controls. The principal improvement in the optimal design is in conservation of control effort when compromises in system performance are necessary because of this restriction.
J-curve effect and exchange rate pass-through: an empirical investigation of the united states

The J-curve theory predicts that the balance of trade will initially deteriorate before improving after a currency depreciation. This article finds empirical evidence that some of the 1985-1987 tra...
Identification and characterization of beta1-adrenergic receptors in rat parotid membranes

Abstract • Beta-adrenergic receptor identification and properties are probed in rat parotid membranes utilizing the high affinity β-adrenergic antagonist(−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol. • The binding of (−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol to membrane preparations of parotid is rapid, equilibrium being reached in 5 min. Strict stereospecificity is observed, (−)-propanolol being 100 times more potent than (+)-propranolol in competing with (−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol for binding sites. Beta-adrenergic agonists compete for the binding sites with (−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol with the same characteristics, i.e., much higher concentrations of the (+)-stereoisomers than the (−)-stereoisomers are required to produce 50% inhibition, the range varies from 14-fold for epinephrine to 300-fold for isoproterenol. Among the (−)-stereoisomers, the relative potency of inhibitory action is (−)-propranolol > (−)-isoproterenol > (−)-epinephrine ≡ (−)-norepinephrine. (−)-Isoproterenol is about 20 times as potent as norepinephrine, the least potent agonist among all the catecholamine (−)-stereoisomers. • The binding of (−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol is saturable, with a maximum number of binding sites equalling 450 fmol/mg protein and a dissociation constant of 7.9 nM. The Scatchard plots show no significant curvilinear character. Hill plots consistently give a Hill coefficient close to unity (0.92–1.05). Both pieces of evidence suggest a single-component system with no significant cooperativity. • Dissociation kinetics study after the method of De Metys et al. (1973) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 155, 154, indicates a lack of site-to-site interactions among the binding sites. The rate of dissociation of bound (−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol is the same in the presence and absence of 1 · 10 −5 M (±)-alprenolol. • Based on the binding of (−)-[ 3 H]dihydroalprenolol, it is concluded that the beta-adrenergic receptors can be identified in rat parotid and that these binding sites display β 1 character. Results of the study indicate a one-component system with no observable site-to-site interactions.
Regional integration and productivity growth: The case of the EU

Recent research has emphasised the role of trade in productivity growth. The purpose of the present paper is to investigate how regional integration, and the different treatment of member and non-member imports, affects the relation between imports and productivity growth. We focus on the European Union and find intra-union imports to have more of an effect on total factor productivity growth than imports from the outside of the EU, even if only developed nonmember countries are considered.
On the Stability of Grasping: Three Fingers and a Planar Polygon

The approach in a stable grasp is examined for the 2-D case of a triangle in contrast with two fixed fingers and one moving finger without mass or friction. A large class of motions is found to result in an equilibrium grip. Realistic application of these results in three dimensions is discussed. Optimum target points for grasping poorly known objects are given. >
Subcutaneous 5-Azacitidine Treatment of Naturally Occurring Canine Urothelial Carcinoma: A Novel Epigenetic Approach to Human Urothelial Carcinoma Drug Development

Purpose: We determined the efficacy, biological activity, pharmacokinetics and safety of the hypomethylating agent 5-azacitidine (Celgene Corp., Summit, New Jersey) in dogs with naturally occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma.Materials and Methods: We performed a preclinical phase I trial in dogs with naturally occurring invasive urothelial carcinoma to examine once daily subcutaneous administration of 5-azacitidine in 28-day cycles at doses of 0.10 to 0.30 mg/kg per day according to 2 dose schedules, including days 1 to 5 (28-day cohort) or days 1 to 5 and 15 to 19 (14-day cohort). Clinical efficacy was assessed by serial cystosonography, radiography and cystoscopy. Urinary 5-azacitidine pharmacokinetic analysis was also done. Pretreatment and posttreatment peripheral blood mononuclear cell and invasive urothelial carcinoma DNA, respectively, was analyzed for global and gene specific [CDKN2A (p14ARF)] methylation changes.Results: Enrolled in the study were 19 dogs with naturally occurring invasive urot...
Putting data integration into practice: using biomedical terminologies to add structure to existing data sources.

A major purpose of biomedical terminologies is to provide uniform concept representation, allowing for improved methods of analysis of biomedical information. While this goal is being realized in bioinformatics, with the emergence of the Gene Ontologya as a standard, there is still no real standard for the representation of clinical concepts. As discoveries in biology and clinical medicine move from parallel to intersecting paths, standardized representation will become more important. A large portion of significant data, however, is mainly represented as free text, upon which conducting computer-based inferencing is nearly impossible. In order to test our hypothesis that existing biomedical terminologies, specifically the UMLS Metathesaurus® and SNOMED CT®, could be used as templates to implement semantic and logical relationships over free text data that is important both clinically and biologically, we chose to analyze OMIMTM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). After finding OMIM entries’ conceptual equivalents in each respective terminology, we extracted the semantic relationships that were present and evaluated a subset of them for semantic, logical, and biological legitimacy. Our study reveals the possibility of putting the knowledge present in biomedical terminologies to its intended use, with potentially clinically significant consequences.
A Memory-Balanced Linear Pipeline Architecture for Trie-based IP Lookup

Rapid growth in network link rates poses a strong demand on high speed IP lookup engines. Trie-based architectures are natural candidates for pipelined implementation to provide high throughput. However, simply mapping a trie level onto a pipeline stage results in unbalanced memory distribution over different stages. To address this problem, several novel pipelined architectures have been proposed. But their non-linear pipeline structure results in some new performance issues such as throughput degradation and delay variation. In this paper, we propose a simple and effective linear pipeline architecture for trie-based IP lookup. Our architecture achieves evenly distributed memory while realizing high throughput of one lookup per clock cycle. It offers more freedom in mapping trie nodes to pipeline stages by supporting nops. We implement our design as well as the state-of-the-art solutions on a commodity FPGA and evaluate their performance. Post place and route results show that our design can achieve a throughput of 80 Gbps, up to twice the throughput of reference solutions. It has constant delay, maintains input order, and supports incremental route updates without disrupting the ongoing IP lookup operations.
Maximum power estimation for sequential circuits using a test generation based technique

With the high demand for reliability and performance, accurate estimation of maximum instantaneous power dissipation in CMOS circuits is essential to determine the IR drop on supply lines and optimizing the power and ground routing. However, the problem of determining the input patterns to induce maximum current, and hence, the maximum power, is NP-complete. In this paper, we present an Automatic Test Generation (ATG) based technique to efficiently estimate maximum power dissipation in sequential circuits. The technique can generate tight lower bounds of maximum instantaneous power within very short CPU time compared to random simulation based techniques. In addition, we also generate the measure of the quality or effectiveness of our approach from, a statistical point of view. Experiments were performed on ISCAS-89 sequential circuit benchmarks. Results show that the ATG-based estimation is superior to traditional simulation-based technique in both speed and performance. For large circuits, the ATG approach is on an average 29% better and 37099% faster than simulation based technique.
Two-dimensional, vision-based μN force sensor for microrobotics

We present a two-dimensional, vision-based force sensor, capable of sensing μN level forces. There are currently no reliable, off-the-shelf, commercially-available force sensors to measure forces at this scale, that can be easily integrated into standard microrobotic test-beds. Our design consists of a planar, elastic mechanism with known force-deflection characteristics. A CCD camera is used to track the deformation of the mechanism as it is used to manipulate objects in a micro/meso-scale robotic manipulation test-bed. By observing the displacements of select points in the mechanism, the manipulation forces can be estimated. The modeling, design, microfabrication, calibration and experimental validation of the force sensor are presented with a brief discussion of an application to a robotic manipulation tasks such as microassembly.
Growth-dependent alterations in production of serotype-specific and common antigen lipopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was grown in various media and at different temperatures, and the heterogeneity of the extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The size distributions of the serotype-specific LPS and the common antigen LPS were analyzed on Western blots (immunoblots). Cells grown at high, near-growth-limiting temperatures, at low pH, in low concentrations of phosphate, or in high concentrations of NaCl, MgCl2, glycerol, or sucrose produced decreased amounts of the very long chain population of O-antigen LPS molecules. Lower temperatures and lowered glycerol, lowered sucrose, low sulfate, lower salt concentrations, and elevated pH did not significantly affect the level of this LPS population. The size and amount of common antigen LPS was either unaffected or increased slightly when the cells were grown under the above stress conditions. Cells grown under normal, nonstressed conditions were agglutinated only by serotype-specific antibodies. In contrast, cells grown under stress conditions, in which the long-O-polymer LPS was absent, were agglutinated by both serotype-specific and common antigen-specific antibodies. The results indicate that the long O polymers cover and mask the shorter common antigen. However, specific growth conditions limit the production of the long O polymer, allowing the exposure and reactivity of the common antigen on the cell surface. Images
Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein Pglyrp2 Protects Mice from Psoriasis-like Skin Inflammation by Promoting Regulatory T Cells and Limiting Th17 Responses

Skin protects the body from the environment and is an important component of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Psoriasis is a frequent inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause determined by multigenic predisposition, environmental factors, and aberrant immune response. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (Pglyrps) are expressed in the skin, and we report in this article that they modulate sensitivity in an experimentally induced mouse model of psoriasis. We demonstrate that Pglyrp2(-/-) mice (but not Pglyrp3(-/-) and Pglyrp4(-/-) mice) are more sensitive to the development of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced psoriasis-like inflammation, whereas Pglyrp1(-/-) mice are less sensitive. The mechanism underlying this increased sensitivity of Pglyrp2(-/-) mice to 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced psoriasis-like inflammation is reduced recruitment of regulatory T cells to the skin and enhanced production and activation of Th17 cells in the skin in Pglyrp2(-/-) mice, which results in more severe inflammation and keratinocyte proliferation. Thus, in wild type mice, Pglyrp2 limits overactivation of Th17 cells by promoting accumulation of regulatory T cells at the site of inflammation, which protects the skin from the exaggerated inflammatory response.
Reflections of Ritual in Paul

Alongside the doctrine that our Gospels, in their general structure as well as their individual anecdotes, reflect the beliefs and practice of the primitive brotherhoods which gave them currency, should stand (if the theory be valid) some corresponding reflection in the still older Pauline Epistles. Especially should we expect Baptism and the Eucharist to affect the mode of teaching.
Wave-particle duality and the de Broglie relation

We show quite generally, using the classification of the relevant fiber bundle, that a field which behaves like a semi-classical periodic wave and also has pointlike interactions is characterized byn inequivalent bundles wheren is an integer. We also show that the de Broglie relation arises from the bundle structure in much the same way as the Dirac quantization condition arises in the theory of magnetic monopoles.
PHOTOCHEMICAL ESTIMATION OF OXYGEN SOLUBILITY

— A photochemical technique for estimating the solubility of oxygen in a solvent has been developed and used to estimate the solubility of oxygen in chloroform. From a measurement of the change in rubrene concentration and rubrene fluorescence lifetime as a sealed rubrene solution is irradiated and from the fluorescence lifetime of rubrene in nitrogen, air and oxygen-saturated solvent the oxygen solubility constant and rate constant for oxygen quenching of rubrene fluorescence can be measured. For chloroform these values are 9.8 mM/atm and 7.9 109M-1 s-1 respectively.
Service opportunities for fiber to the home

The deployment of fiber in the local loop in combination with broadband switching facilities will enable a wealth of new services to be offered to the residential customer from an arbitrary large number of competing service providers. Several of the service concepts are outlined, and possible local exchange carrier strategies for addressing the switched broadband opportunity are discussed. Switched broadband is not likely to displace cable television. On the contrary, one scenario for the cable operator would be to deliver the basic cable channels via existing cable directly to cable-ready TVs, and to provide the premium channels via the switched broadband network. This would eliminate the need for scrambling while providing a higher quality signal. Since these premium channels would be switched, they would be totally immune to theft, and could be offered on a pay-per-view basis. >
ENSO Signals in Global Upper-Ocean Temperature

Abstract The time-space evolution of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation in sea surface temperature (SST) and heat storage of the upper 400 m (HS400) for the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans is investigated for 13 years (1979–1991). EOF and rotated EOF (Varimax or VRX) analyses are performed using the time series of normalized anomalies for each ocean separately and then for the global ocean. In the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the two dominant EOF modes for both SST and H5400 are associated with ENSO. For SST they account for 49% of the total variance in each mean, while for H5400 they account for over 35% of the total variance in each ocean. In the Pacific Ocean, the first EOF modes for SST and HS400 display peak values during spring-summer of 1983 and 1987. They are characterized by maximum positive loadings (or warmer temperature) in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean straddling the equator. These modes represent the peak phase of El Nino off the west coast of South America. The second modes for SST...
Erratum to Examining racial/ethnic disparities in the association between adolescent sleep and alcohol or marijuana use [Sleep Health 1 (2015) 104-108].

Similar to past month alcohol use, we found that later weekday and weekend bedtimes and shorter TST on weekdays and weekends were risk factors for marijuana use in the past month (Table 3). Similar to thefindingswithalcoholuse, for every10minutes later that respondents went to bed, therewas a 4% (weekday) or 6% (weekend) increase in the odds of past month marijuana use. Similar associations were evident
Examining social media use among parents of children with cancer

Americans are increasingly using social media for health-related communication. Facebook is the most widely used social media platform in the US. Much of the previous research on social media and health communication has focused on Facebook Groups related to a specific disease, or Facebook Pages related to an advocacy organization. However, less is known about how people communicate about health on personal Facebook Pages. In this study we expand upon previous research by examining the patterns of Facebook use among one unique population: parents caring for a child with cancer. We examined themes in cancer-related exchanges through a content analysis of 12 months of data from 18 publically available Facebook Pages hosted by parents of children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (15,852 total posts). Four categories of health-related Facebook usage emerged: documenting the cancer journey, (2) promoting awareness and advocacy about pediatric cancer, (3) sharing emotional strain associated with caregiving, and (4) mobilizing symbolic and instrumental forms of support. Our findings show that Facebook Pages offer a platform for people to share their cancer experiences, promote advocacy and awareness, and mobilize social support. Information professionals, particularly those who work with consumer and patient populations, should remain aware that social media platforms can provide layperson-generated, user-centered content that meets the informational, emotional, and logistical needs of caregivers and patients.
NCI-60 Cell Line Screening: A Radical Departure in Its Time

The year 2015 marked the 30th anniversary of National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) initial effort to establish a human cell line panel as the basis for discovering new cancer drugs. At its inception, the NCI-60 panel was a controversial departure, born of frustration with previous efforts that employed murine tumors and grounded in the hope that the biology of human tumors was diverse and somehow quite different than the murine leukemia used for the previous 30 years. And while the NCI-60 has not revolutionized cancer drug discovery in terms of the new drugs that resulted, it represents a turning point in the philosophy and practice of cancer drug research.
From cytomorphology to molecular pathology: maximizing the value of cytology of lymphoproliferative disorders and soft tissue tumors.

Objectives: The field of cytopathology has been rapidly advancing in the era of molecular pathology and personalized medicine. On-site cytologic evaluation for adequacy and triaging specimens for small core biopsy or fine-needle aspiration (FNA) are often required. Cytopathologists face the challenge of how to best triage small specimens for diagnosis, molecular testing, and personalized treatment. Owing to its minimally invasive nature, FNA alone or combined with core biopsy for lymphoproliferative disorders and soft tissue tumors has gained popularity. Methods: Literature review and author’s institutional experience are used for this review article. This article will focus mainly on lymphoproliferative disorders and soft tissue tumors. Results: Evaluation combining cytomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and/or molecular pathology is often needed to accurately diagnose and classify lymphomas and soft tissue tumors. Many molecular tests have been performed on cytologic specimens, such as tests for BRAF and RET in thyroid FNA. Conclusions: Molecular pathology has been widely integrated into conventional cytopathology for diagnosing lymphoproliferative disorders and soft tissue tumors, and the diagnostic value of FNA on those tumors has increased significantly. Cytology will play a more important role in the era of personalized medicine,
Honey Bees Avoiding Ant Harassment at Flowers Using Scent Cues

Pollinators require resources throughout the year to maintain healthy populations. Along the urban-natural interface, floral resource availability may be limited especially when the system experiences extreme drought and fire threats. In such areas, succulents, such as Aloe spp., are commonly planted to serve as functional drought-tolerant, fire-protective landscaping, which can also support pollinator populations. However, access to this resource may be restricted by competition from other floral foragers, including invasive pests. We measured free-foraging honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) visitation rate and visitation duration to aloe flowers with and without Argentine ants (Linepithema humile (Mayr)) in a drought-stressed environment and found that bees actively avoided foraging on the ant-occupied flowers. To determine the mechanisms of avoidance, our subsequent experiments assessed visitation in the absence of ants and compared aloe flowers treated with ant pheromone to unmanipulated flowers lacking ant pheromone. Bees approached all flowers equally, but accepted flowers without ants at a higher rate than flowers with ants. Visitation duration also increased twofold on ant-excluded flowers, which suggests that Argentine ants may limit resource acquisition by bees. Honey bees similarly avoided flowers with Argentine ant pheromone and preferentially visited unmanipulated flowers at threefold higher rate. This study demonstrates that honey bees avoid foraging on floral resources with invasive Argentine ants and that bees use ant odors to avoid ant-occupied flowers. Resource limitation by this invasive pest ant may have serious implication for sustaining healthy pollinator populations at the urban-natural interface.
FONTICULA ALBA: A NEW CELLULAR SLIME MOLD (ACRASIOMYCETES)

SUMMARY Fonticula alba fits no presently recognized genus of the Acrasiomycetes. The slime mold grows and fruits well at 25-28 C with Klebsiella pneumoniae upon weakly buffered nutrient agar. The myxamoebae are small, variable in form and dimensions, uninucleate or less commonly binucleate and with nucleoli indistinct. Myxamoebae form no streams but aggregate along definite paths to form low rounded mounds. From these mounds narrow tapering columns of cells develop vertically, up to 1.0 mm, each bounded by a thin, tube-like covering that is closed above and extends downward over a broader basal reservoir of cells. Later the covering ruptures apically and the cells within ascend, as if projected under pressure, and collect into a spherical droplet to differentiate as spores. When mature, the naked sorus thus formed may rest upon the emptied hyaline tube for several da before the structure collapses. In no other cellular slime mold are sorocarps known to be formed in a similar manner. Myxamoebae that fail to aggregate differentiate individually as microcysts.
Feudal Lebanon: the Mans

The Ottoman conquest marked the end of the Tanukh-Buhtur hegemony in central Lebanon and the beginning of the Mans. Buhturi amirs were apprehended and jailed by the wali of Damascus. Fakhr-al-Din I al-Mani (d. 1544), we learned before, derived his authority directly from Sultan Salim as the leading feudal lord of the mountain.
Autographic Peritexts and Expanding Footnotes in Díaz’s Novel

This chapter focuses on those peritexts attached to the text itself that the author controls, and the unique migration of a key authorial peritext to a space outside the novel in an innovative digital experiment that Diaz undertook in 2013. Authorially created peritexts such as the dedication, epigraphs, chapter titles, and the extensive network of footnotes profoundly affect reading and textuality. Later, in an exciting digital intervention, Diaz created 23 new footnotes for the novel on the online site Poetry Genius, as “footnotes to a footnote,” extending the novel beyond its borders while carrying on the paratextual strategy of autographic footnotes.
Regional Superpower Equations

Deployment of missile defences in the Asian-Pacific region will have significant implications for Asian-Pacific nations; but defences will also affect the US—Soviet balance in the region. US and Soviet forces in Asia are earmarked for particular missions, and both sides stand to gain and lose from the introduction of missile-defence technologies. This chapter will outline the implications of missile defences for superpower conflict in the Asian-Pacific theatre, beginning with strategic considerations and later analysing tactical notions of regional naval or land warfare. Hopefully, a coherent picture of the effects of local or global missile defence systems on the super-power balance in the Pacific region will emerge.
Loss of Ewing sarcoma EWS allele promotes tumorigenesis by inducing chromosomal instability in zebrafish.

The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors expresses aberrant EWSR1- (EWS) fusion genes that are derived from chromosomal translocation. Although these fusion genes are well characterized as transcription factors, their formation leaves a single EWS allele in the sarcoma cells and the contribution that the loss of EWS makes towards disease pathogenesis is unknown. To address this question, we utilized zebrafish mutants for ewsa and tp53. The zebrafish tp53(M214K)w/m line and the ewsaw/m, zygotic ewsam/m and Maternal-Zygotic (MZ) ewsam/m lines all displayed zero to low incidence of tumorigenesis. However, when the ewsa and tp53 mutant lines were crossed with each other, the incidence of tumorigenesis drastically increased. Furthermore, 27 hour post fertilization (hpf) MZ ewsam/m mutant embryos displayed a higher incidence of aberrant chromosome numbers and mitotic dysfunction compared to wildtype zebrafish embryos. Consistent with this finding, tumor samples obtained from ewsam/m;tp53w/m zebrafish displayed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the wildtype tp53 locus. These results suggest that wildtype Ewsa inhibits LOH induction, possibly by maintaining chromosomal stability. We propose that the loss of ewsa promotes tumorigenesis and EWS deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of EWS-fusion-expressing sarcomas.
Buspirone in ADHD

Buspirone monotherapy (0.5 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks) was evaluated in 12 children (10 boys, 2 girls), aged 6 to 12 years, with ADHD at the Maudsley Hospital, London, UK.
Natural disasters: Cities build their vulnerability

Tornadoes pose a significant threat across vast portions of the US. Now research suggests that growth in the human-built environment will be more influential than climate change in driving future disaster potential.
Severe Aortic Insufficiency in a Patient with a Functionally Bicuspid Quadricuspid Aortic Valve.

• Quadricuspid aortic valve is an uncommon congenital cardiac malformation often discovered incidentally at the time of valve surgery or at autopsy.
Robertson, J. (2016). Diplomatic Style and Foreign Policy: A Case of South Korea

Diplomacy as a theoretical discipline and a high politics practice retains a special place in academic fields and international negotiations. A traditional interpretation of diplomacy defines it as...
Ureteroscopic Management of Ureteral and Renal Pelvic Tumors: Overcoming the Difficulties

The techniques for endoscopic treatment of urinary tumors have been carried from the bladder into the ureter and intrarenal collecting system with the development of appropriate, small endoscopes and other working devices. Ureteroscopy has been extremely important in both the diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract neoplasms. Small rigid and flexible ureteroscopes can provide access to the entire upper tract to deliver devices to not only sample tissue but also to ablate neoplasm. Thus, the minimally invasive diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of upper tract pathology have become possible.
The ARPA-E MOSAIC Program: Advancing Micro-scale Concentrated Photovoltaics

The MOSAIC program aims to exploit novel micro-optical concentrating techniques to achieve the efficiency of CPV within a low-profile panel. The technical approaches and challenges for the various projects in the program are reviewed.
Searching for the gut microbial contributing factors to social behavior in rodent models of autism spectrum disorder

Social impairment is one of the major symptoms in multiple psychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Accumulated studies indicate a crucial role for the gut microbiota in social development, but these mechanisms remain unclear. This review focuses on two strategies adopted to elucidate the complicated relationship between gut bacteria and host social behavior. In a top-down approach, researchers have attempted to correlate behavioral abnormalities with altered gut microbial profiles in rodent models of ASD, including BTBR mice, maternal immune activation (MIA), maternal valproic acid (VPA) and maternal high-fat diet (MHFD) offspring. In a bottom-up approach, researchers use germ-free (GF) animals, antibiotics, probiotics or pathogens to manipulate the intestinal environment and ascertain effects on social behavior. The combination of both approaches will hopefully pinpoint specific bacterial communities that control host social behavior. Further discussion of how brain development and circuitry is impacted by depletion of gut microbiota is also included. The converging evidence strongly suggests that gut microbes affect host social behavior through the alteration of brain neural circuits. Investigation of intestinal microbiota and host social behavior will unveil any bidirectional communication between the gut and brain and provide alternative therapeutic targets for ASD. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 474-499, 2018.
Rapid and inexpensive lab deployment using open source software

The availability of low-cost hardware and a variety of open source software packages makes it possible to quickly set up a small- to medium-sized computer laboratory that can be used by a effectively single course in a dedicated mode. This article will describe setting up a small lab using an open source operating system on new and existing hardware which was needed for a specific elective course, but the principles can be applied to numerous situations because of the wealth, availability, and interchangeability of open source software.
Micro-topographic roughness analysis (MTRA) highlights minimally eroded terrain in a landscape severely impacted by historic agriculture

Abstract The 190 km2 Calhoun Critical Zone Observatory in the Piedmont region of South Carolina, USA lies in an ancient, highly weathered landscape transformed by historic agricultural erosion. Following the conversion of largely hardwood forests to cultivated fields and pastures for ~200 years, excess runoff from fields led to extreme sheet, rill, and gully erosion across the landscape. Roads, terraces, and a variety of other human disturbances have increased the landscape's surface roughness. By the 1950s, cultivation-based agriculture was largely abandoned across most of the Southern Piedmont due to soil erosion, declining agricultural productivity, and shifting agricultural markets. Secondary forests, dominated by loblolly and shortleaf pines, have since regrown on much of the landscape, including the 1500 km2 Sumter National Forest, which was purchased from farmers and private land owners in the 1930s. Although this landscape was intensively farmed for approximately 150 years, there are a few hardwood forest stands and even entire small watersheds that have never been plowed and degraded by farming. Such relatively old hardwood stands and watersheds comprise relic landforms whose soils, regoliths, and vegetation are of interest to hydrologists, environmental historians, biogeochemists, geomorphologists, geologists, pedologists, and others interested in understanding the legacy of land-use history in this severely altered environment. In this work we champion the need for high-resolution terrain mapping and demonstrate how Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) digital elevation model (DEM) data and microtopographic terrain roughness analyses (MTRA) can be used to infer land use history and management. This is accomplished by analyzing fine scale variation in terrain slope across the 1190 km2 CCZO using data derived from three independent and overlapping LiDAR datasets at varying spatial resolutions. Terrain slope variability MTRA is further compared to three other methods of capturing and quantifying fine-scale surface roughness. We lastly demonstrate how these analyses can be employed in concert with historic aerial photography from the 1930's, contemporary Landsat remote sensing data, and ecological field data to identify reference relic landforms: hardwood stands, hillslopes, and small watersheds that have experienced minimal anthropogenic erosion for study and conservation.
Building Capacity of the Public Health Education Workforce through Partnerships

The Global Health Disparities CD-ROM Project reaffirmed the value of professional associations partnering with academic institutions to build capacity of the USA public health education workforce to meet the challenges of primary prevention services. The Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) partnered with the California State University, Chico to produce a CD-ROM that would advocate for global populations that are affected by health disparities while providing primary resources for public health educators to use in programming and professional development. The CD-ROM development process is discussed.
Modelling and control of a spatial dynamic cable

We study the problem of dynamically controlling the shape of a cable that is fixed at one end and attached to an actuated robot at another end. This problem is relevant to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) tethered to a base. While rotorcrafts, such as quadcopters, are agile and versatile in their applications and have been widely used in scientific, industrial, and military applications, one of the biggest challenges with such UAVs is their limited battery life that make the flight time for a typical UAVs limited to twenty to thirty minutes for most practical purposes. A solution to this problem lies in the use of cables that tether the UAV to a power outlet for constant power supply. However, the cable needs to be controlled effectively in order to avoid obstacles or other UAVs. In this paper, we develop methods for controlling the shape of a cable using actuation at one end. We propose a discrete model for the spatial cable and derive the equations governing the cable dynamics for both force controlled system and position controlled system. We design a controller to control the shape of the cable to attain the desired shape and perform simulations under different conditions. Finally, we propose a quasi-static model for the spatial cable and discuss the stability of this system and the proposed controller.
Curcumin in Neurological Disorders

Abstract Curcumin (C21H20O6) or diferuloylmethane (bis-α,β-unsaturated β-diketone) is a hydrophobic polyphenolic compound present in the Indian spice turmeric (curry powder). It is derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa, which belongs to family Zingiberaceae. Curcumin produces antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antiarthritic effects. The underlying mechanisms associated with these effects are due to the regulation of various molecular targets, such as transcription factors (nuclear factor-κB), growth factors (vascular endothelial cell growth factor), inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6], and enzymes (protein kinases such as mitogen-activated protein kinase, Akt, cyclooxygenase-2, and 5-lipoxygenase). Curcumin also modulates various levels of neurotransmitter in the brain and prevents cell death by inhibiting reactive astrocyte expression. In recent years, curcumin has been used for the treatment of stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis epilepsy, major depression, and other related neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Enantioselective synthesis of α-hydroxy carboxylic acids: Direct conversion of α-oxocarboxylic acids to enantiomerically enriched α-hydroxy carboxylic acids via neighboring group control

Abstract α-Oxocarboxylic acids can be reduced to the corresponding α-hydroxy carboxylic acids employing DIP-C1 tm as a reducing agent. The α-carboxylic substituent exerts a remarkable neighboring group effect on the reduction. The reaction presumably proceeds in an intramolecular fashion through a “rigid” bicyclic transition state assembly, which produces enantioselectivities approaching 99%.
Routes of Atlantic Slave Voyages: Revised Framework and New Insights

This study explores data on the Atlantic slave trade through a revised framework, focusing not simply on voyages of individual slave ships but on aggregating them by route, linking an African region of departure with an American region of arrival. The result shows a total of 40 slave routes, for which documented voyages are aggregated by decade from the 1650s through the 1860s. Within this framework, analysis is conducted at the level of documented voyages (by route and by decade) and also at the level of documented captive flows (by route and by decade). This intermediate frame of analysis lies between analysis of individual voyages and aggregate figures for the whole slave trade. Results of this analysis show the variation among routes: ten out of the forty routes account for 85% of the voyages. For each route, it is shown that the average numbers of captives departing Africa remained roughly constant from the 1650s through the 1830s; the same is true for the numbers of captives arriving in the Americas. These and other characteristics of the routes, as seen through voyages and captive flows, allow for new insights into the character and the changes in the Atlantic slave trade over two centuries.
Two-sided Net Untangling with Internal Detours for Single-layer Bus Routing

It is known that one-sided net untangling can be used to untangle the twisted nets inside a bus for single-layer bus routing. However, limited space behind one pin-row may make one-sided net untangling unsuccessful for single-layer bus routing. In this article, the concept of using internal detours on untangled nets can be introduced into two-sided net untangling. Given a set of 2-pin nets inside a bus, based on two one-sided untangling results with internal detours on untangled nets [8], an efficient algorithm first uses a minimal set of internal detours to guarantee that the crossing conditions of the given nets inside the bus can be eliminated in one initial two-sided untangling result with no capacity constraint behind two pin-rows and between two adjacent pins inside any pin-row. Furthermore, based on the maintenance of the non-crossing constraint on any pair of nets and the capacity constraint behind two pin-rows in one initial two-sided untangling result, an iterative rip-up-and-reassign algorithm can be proposed to eliminate the possible capacity violations between two adjacent pins inside two pin-rows to route a maximal set of nets in two-sided net untangling. Compared with Yan's one-sided net untangling [8] for 12 tested examples with different capacity constraints, the experimental results show that our proposed two-sided untangling algorithm can improve 3.5% of routability and use the benefit of more routing space behind two pin-rows to reduce 86.4% of the used internal detours on average in reasonable CPU time. Compared with Yan's two-sided net untangling [9] for 12 tested examples with different capacity constraints, the experimental results show that our proposed two-sided untangling algorithm can improve 2.8% of routability by introducing some internal detours and using iterative rip-up-and-reassign on the average in reasonable CPU time.
The Role of Adjuvant Therapy in Advanced Thymic Carcinoma: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

Background There is area of controversy and variability in the recommendation for the role of adjuvant therapy after R0 resection of a Masaoka stage IIB and III thymic carcinoma. This study investigated the role of adjuvant therapy in patients who had complete surgical resection for thymic carcinoma. Methods Patients with stage IIB and III thymic carcinoma who underwent curative resection were queried and categorized according to Masaoka-Koga stage groups from the National Cancer Database. Patients were grouped by treatment status (surgery only or surgery followed by adjuvant therapy). Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall survival and univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed. Results From 2004 to 2013, 632 surgical patients with stage IIB and III thymic carcinoma were selected for analysis. In stage IIB patients, the adjuvant therapy group had improved survival compared with the surgery only group (P = .01), although no survival difference was observed in patients who had R0 resection between the 2 groups (P = .59). In multivariate analysis, age (P Conclusions Adjuvant therapy showed no benefit in patients with stage IIB cancer who had R0 resection. Use of adjuvant therapy should be strongly considered for stage IIB cancer patients with positive margins and all stage III thymic cancer patients.
Birth Order and Alcoholism; a Review

In 20 out of 27 separate samples of alcoholic men, representing geographically diverse areas of Western European culture, there were more lastborn than firstborn cases from families of 2 or more ch...