cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
226Ra in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract A total of 29 vertical Ra profiles has been measured from the Pacific as part of the GEOSECS program. These profiles are located on an east-west section along ∼30°N, and a north-south section, close to the western boundary of the major basins in the western Pacific. Profiles from the northeast Pacific show a deep Ra maximum, with an excess concentration relative to the potential temperature and salinity. This maximum extends westward in the direction with decreasing Ra content, and finally vanishes completely in the northwest Pacific near Japan. Ra profiles along the western boundary show a mid-depth maximum around 3 km and a near-bottom minimum due to southward intrusion of the high-Ra Pacific Deep Water and a northward spreading of the low-Ra Antarctic Bottom Water. The contrast between the maximum and the minimum intensifies toward the south, where the benthic front has clearly separated these two water masses. Ra is thus a useful tracer for the studies of oceanic mixing and circulation in the Pacific.
Pattern analysis: a web-based tool for analyzing response patterns in low-replication, many-treatment gene expression data

Analysis of microarray data with several treatments is an important problem in gene expression studies. We previously introduced a method that employs directed graphs to represent gene response to pairs of treatments. In our method, genes sharing the same directed-graph patterns hypothetically share similar or related biological functions. This method has been applied and found useful in identifying and differentiating genes sharing similar functional pathways. We introduce a web-based tool for analyzing gene response patterns in low-replication, many-treatment microarray data. This software predicts possible directed-graph patterns of gene response to multiple treatments in studies with small number of replicates. This is done by using synthetic replicates in a proper way to produce the most probable patterns for each pattern that is observed based on few experimental replicates. Users can examine the effect and consequence of having different number of synthetic replicates on resulting gene response patterns. To facilitate subsequent functional analyses of gene clusters with the same patterns, the tool incorporates established external tools, such as DAVID and GeneMANIA, which hypothesize gene functions based on user-input gene lists. Although this software has only been applied to microarray data, conceptually, it can be adapted to other high-throughput technologies. The main reason is biological variation in gene response is independent of technologies. Consequently, this tool is useful for any studies that analyze comparatively response patterns in gene expression data with multiple treatments (chemicals, cell types, etc.). The software is freely available at http://cetus.cs.memphis.edu/pa.
Genetic differentiation in the colonising lizard anolis grahami

Taylor and Gorman's (1975) gene frequency data from the Jamaican and Bermudan populations of Anolis grahami are reanalysed by using Fst statistics. Statistical drawbacks of the original analysis are indicated. The present analysis shows that the data are consistent with the theory of random genetic drift of selectively neutral mutations.
Inverse Gillespie for inferring stochastic reaction mechanisms from intermittent samples

Gillespie stochastic simulation is used extensively to investigate stochastic phenomena in many fields, ranging from chemistry to biology to ecology. The inverse problem, however, has remained largely unsolved: How to reconstruct the underlying reactions de novo from sparse observations. A key challenge is that often only aggregate concentrations, proportional to the population numbers, are observable intermittently. We discovered that under specific assumptions, the set of relative population updates in phase space forms a convex polytope whose vertices are indicative of the dominant underlying reactions. We demonstrate the validity of this simple principle by reconstructing stochastic models (reaction structure plus propensities) from a variety of simulated and experimental systems, where hundreds and even thousands of reactions may be occurring in between observations. In some cases, the inferred models provide mechanistic insight. This principle can lead to the understanding of a broad range of phenomena, from molecular biology to population ecology.
Post hoc analysis of data from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) trial on the effects of three years of raloxifene treatment on glycemic control and cardiovascular disease risk factors in women with and without type 2 diabetes

Background: The long-term effects of the selective estrogen-receptor modulator raloxifene hydrochloride on glycemic control and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus are unknown. Objective: The aim of this analysis was to compare the effects of 3-year treatment with raloxifene 60 mg/d versus placebo on glycemic control and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in osteoporotic postmenopausal women with and without type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this analysis, we included women from the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation trial (a multicenter, double-masked trial) who were randomized to receive raloxifene 60 mg/d (n = 2557) or placebo (n = 2576). Baseline and 36-month fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and total cholesterol (TC) were measured for all participants. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B, and fibrinogen were assessed in ∼1800 participants from selected larger sites. Results: At baseline, 202 of all 5133 women (3.9%) had type 2 diabetes. Of the ∼1800 women who were assessed for HbA1c, LDL-C, TGs, apo A-I, apo B, and fibrinogen, 70 (3.9%) had type 2 diabetes at baseline. Compared with placebo, raloxifene did not significantly affect HbA1c, FPG, HDL-C, or TGs in women with or without diabetes. Raloxifene produced statistically significant reductions in TC, LDL-C, and fibrinogen both in women with diabetes (all P ≤ 0.004) and without diabetes (all P < 0.001). Raloxifene significantly increased apo A-I (P < 0.001) and reduced apo B (P < 0.001) in women without diabetes. In the raloxifene-treated group, body weight increased by a mean 0.31 kg (P < 0.001) in women without diabetes. Conclusions: In osteoporotic postmenopausal women with or without type 2 diabetes, raloxifene 60 mg/d did not affect glycemic control and had favorable effects on TC, LDL-C, and fibrinogen levels.
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated impairment of chondrogenesis and fracture healing by cigarette smoke and benzo(α)pyrene

The clinical literature strongly suggests that bone healing in cigarette smokers is impaired. Since cigarette smoke (CS) contains numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and since dioxins impair bone formation in vivo via the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR), we investigated the impact of PAH/AHR signaling on chondrogenesis and on healing in a mouse tibial fracture model. We established that CS activates AHR signaling in fractures by up-regulating the AHR target gene cytochrome p4501A1 (Cyp1A1). For in vitro studies, we employed the mouse limb bud micromass chondrogenesis model. After confirming that chondrocytes express AHR during differentiation, we treated cells with a prototypical PAH found in CS, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), or cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Both BaP and CSE strongly inhibited chondrogenesis in mesenchymal cells generated from E11 limb buds, with BaP also accelerating chondrocyte hypertrophy in cultures generated from E12 limb buds. Detection of DNA adducts in the BaP-treated cultures suggests that the distinct phenotypic effects of BaP may be due to the formation of reactive metabolites. Blockade of AHR signaling with the AHR antagonist MNF reverses the effects of BaP, but not CSE, suggesting that CSE inhibition of chondrogenesis is AHR-independent. Correlating with these results, tibial fracture calluses from BaP-treated mice were smaller and contained less mineralized tissue than vehicle controls. Overall, BaP is identified as a potent inhibitor of chondrogenesis in vitro with correlated effects on fracture healing similar to those of CS itself, suggesting a basis for PAHs as key compounds in the influence of CS on fracture repair.
On the calculation of the exciton ZFS hamiltonian for organic molecular crystals

Abstract The method of calculating exciton ZFS constants and ZFS tensor principla axes in the theoretical framework of Sternlicht and McConnell is presented. The molecular ZFS hamiltonians are transformed into a common coordinate system and averaged, and the ZFS tensor is then diagonalized. Results are presented for benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, phenanthrene, fluorene, and coronene, and compared with experimental values where available.
Intestinal absorption of insulin in the rat.

The intestinal absorption of insulin in the rat has been investigated. Amorphous zinc-free insulin and proteolytic inhibitors (soybean trypsin inhibitor and diisopropylfluorophosphate) were injected into ligated sections of jejunum and absorption of insulin measured by the concomitant depression of blood glucose. The effect on insulin absorption of previously injected indole-3-acetate was alsodetermined. Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) is effective as a depressant of insulin digestion and biologically active insulin is absorbed in small quantities in the presence of this inhibitor. Soybean trypsin inhibitor is not effective. Intraperoneal injection of indole-3-acetate one hour previous to the intestinal administration of insulin and DFP enhances the hypoglycemic action of absorbed insulin. Using an everted sac technique, insulin was shown to pass through the intestinal wall. This wasdemonstrated by chromatographing the sac contents and by the hypoglycemic action of the sac contents when injected into nor...
Solid modeling for optimizing metal removal of three-dimensional NC end milling

Abstract A solid modeling system has been developed for optimizing metal removal rate of numerical control and milling. The solid modeler can continuously simulate in-process workpiece geometry for three-dimensional (up to 5-axis) NC milling. Integrated with a metal cutting model and a machinability database, the solid modeler can estimate the chip load and cutting force for each tool motion (block of NC data). Using the simulation, an adaptive feed rate is computed for each tool motion according to the conditions of the part, the cutting tool, and the machine tool. The adaptive feed rates are automatically added to the NC codes to achieve a higher metal removal rate than conventional constant feed rates can achieve. Furthermore, common problems such as chatter, ot tool breakage are minimized. The modeling of in-process workpiece geometry and metal removal, an algorithm for adjusting feed rates, and examples of its practical applications are discussed in this paper.
Studies of the Energy Requirements of Chickens 2. Effect of Dietary Energy Level on the Basal Metabolism of Growing Chickens

Abstract THE studies reported here were designed to supplement other investigations in these laboratories on the effects of dietary productive energy level upon the growth, feed consumption, and body composition of the chick (Hill and Dansky, 1954; Dansky and Hill, 1953). The purpose of the present work was to measure the effects of various levels of productive energy upon the basal metabolism of growing chickens. An important feature of the experiments was that the diets used, while differing in energy level, had identical levels of protein and met the recognized requirements of the growing chick for protein, minerals, and vitamins. The productive energy values of the rations used in these studies were based on data of Fraps (1946). It has long been recognized that the metabolic rate of animals and humans is lowered during prolonged inanition or starvation. Restricted caloric intake over a considerable period of time has been reported to …
The hydrazide/hydrazone click reaction as a biomolecule labeling strategy for M(CO)3 (M = Re, 99mTc) radiopharmaceuticals

Facile reactivity of hydrazides and aldehydes was explored as potential coupling partners for incorporation into M(CO)3 (M = Re, 99mTc) based radiopharmaceuticals. Both ‘click, then chelate’ and ‘prelabel, then click’ synthetic routes produced identical products in high yields and lacked metal-hydrazide/-hydrazone interactions, highlighting the potential of this click strategy.
Inferences on Correlation Coefficients in Some Classes of Nonnormal Distributions

Correlation coefficients have many applications for studying the relationship among multivariate observations. Classical inferences on correlation coefficients are mainly based on the normality assumption. This assumption is hardly realistic in the real world, which implies that the procedures on correlation coefficients used in many statistical software packages may not be relevant to most data sets in practice. However, we show that the classical procedures, possibly after simple corrections, are also valid in classes of distributions with large skewnesses and heterogeneous marginal kurtoses. A useful class of nonnormal distributions is identified for each of several types of correlation coefficients. The marginals of these distributions may include a variety of univariate distributions with different shapes. The results generalize the classical procedures to much larger classes of distributions than previously known and give a better understanding of the historical controversy regarding the behavior of the sample correlation coefficient. An implication is that one need not be worried so much by the nonnormality of data sets when using these classical procedures, providing simple corrections are evaluated and possibly undertaken.
The calculation of time-correlation functions for molecular collisions☆

Abstract A general formalism relating cross sections to collisional time-correlation functions is applied to the calculation of energy transfer in molecular collisions. Basic aspects of the formalism are reviewed, followed by a detailed description of methods suitable for the calculation of quantal state-to-state cross sections. These methods are particularly useful in the description of scattering by large systems, or of systems with high total energies where expansions in target basis sets are unsuitable. We review applications of quantal time-correlation functions (TCFs) to vibrational-rotational energy transfer in molecular collisions. Doubly differential cross sections (in scattering angles and transferred energy) are obtained from Fourier transforms of TCFs of the transition operator by means of two complementary treatments: multiple-scattering expansions for impulsive energy transfer, and a semiclassical limit for short translational wavelengths. The TCFs are evaluated by operator algebra, yielding efficient computational procedures that incorporate large numbers of vibrational-rotational transitions. The treatments are thus well suited to scattering by complex polyatomic targets. Examples are given for inelastic scattering of atoms from diatomic and linear triatomic molecules at hyperthermal collision energies, and the calculated results are compared with experimental measurements. These methods are also applicable to scattering by solid surfaces and by adsorbates, and can include temperature effects. The review lists 140 references to related work on the formalism, methods of calculation and applications.
NOx storage and reduction with H2 on Pt/BaO/Al2O3 monolith : Spatio-temporal resolution of product distribution

Abstract The regeneration of a model Pt/BaO/Al 2 O 3 monolith catalyst was studied with hydrogen as the reductant to elucidate the reaction pathways to molecular nitrogen and ammonia. NO x storage and reduction experiments (NSR) were conducted with a 2 cm length monolith for a wide range of feed conditions. The NSR experiments were replicated for a series of monoliths of progressively decreasing length, enabling the construction of spatio-temporal profiles of reactant and product concentrations. The results show that there are two primary competing routes to the desired N 2 product; specifically a direct route from the reduction of stored NO x by H 2 (H 2 + NO x → N 2 ) or by a sequential route through NH 3 (H 2 + NO x → NH 3 ; NH 3 + NO x → N 2 ). A comparison between H 2 and NH 3 as reductant feeds during NSR revealed H 2 is a more effective reductant in terms of NO x conversion for temperatures below approximately 230 °C. At higher temperatures (230–380 °C), the regeneration of stored NO x is feed-limited and the difference between the reductants H 2 and NH 3 is found to be small with H 2 being a slightly superior reductant. Experimental measurements of the traveling front velocity are compared with a simple feed-limited model that assumes complete consumption of H 2 as stored NO x is depleted. At lower temperatures the regeneration is limited by chemical processes at the Pt/Ba interface. The findings are pieced together to establish a phenomenological description of the spatio-temporal features of the lean NO x trap with hydrogen as the reductant.
Fluorinated electrolytes for Li-ion battery: An FEC-based electrolyte for high voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/graphite couple

Abstract A new electrolyte based on fluorinated solvents was studied in a high voltage Li-ion cell using graphite as the anode and 5 V spinel LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 as the cathode. The electrolyte shows significantly enhanced voltage stability compared with the conventional electrolytes at elevated temperature (55 °C). Post-test study of the harvested cathode using FT-IR and SEM indicated that the buildup of organic decomposition product on the cathode surface is negligible for the fluorinated electrolyte.
Seismic sensitivity to variations of rock properties in the productive zone of the Marcellus Shale, WV

Summary The productive zone of the Marcellus Shale has variations in rock properties such as clay content, kerogen content and aspect ratio of structural kerogen. These variations may also cause elastic anisotropy. We studied the seismic response of the Marcellus Shale for three types of models with variations in a specific parameter such as kerogen content, aspect ratio and anisotropic parameters. The reservoir was assumed transversely isotropic with vertical axis of symmetry (VTI). The seismograms were numerically simulated by applying a vertical impulse source and three component receivers. For kerogen content models, scenarios for 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of kerogen in the host matrix were considered. For both kerogen content and aspect ratio models, PP amplitudes were most sensitive at zero to near offset while PS and SS amplitudes were most sensitive at mid offsets (12 to 30 degree angle of incidences).The anisotropic effect to angular amplitude variations for PP, PS and SS reflections were found to be dominantly controlled by the Thomsen Ɛ parameter. The anisotropic effect to PP data can be seen at large offsets (>15 o incidence angle). The most sensitive portion of PS reflections was observed at mid offsets (15 o -30 o ). The findings from these synthetic data may ultimately be applied to real data for the improved characterization of shale gas reservoirs.
Large deformation mechanism of glassy polyethylene polymer nanocomposites: Coarse grain molecular dynamics study

Abstract The polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have shown substantially enhanced mechanical properties compared to the conventional polymers without nano-fillers. However, the dominating deformation mechanism of PNCs and the influence of nanoparticles (NPs) on the mechanical response remain elusive, especially at large deformation. In this study, we used coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) model to investigate the large deformation mechanism of polyethylene (PE)-based PNCs at glassy state. Spherical NPs are modeled by the Lennard-Jones (LJ) sites placed on spherical shells and interact with PE polymer through LJ potential. We found that NP/polymer interaction strength between NP and polymer as well as NP volume fraction are the key factors that determine the mechanical properties of PE PNCs. The addition of NPs affects the mechanical behaviors of PNCs under tension and compression differently. PNCs deform affinely during compression and can be reinforced by adding NP – as long as the interaction strength of NP/polymer is higher than the polymer/polymer strength. However, PNCs are very susceptible to localized deformation upon tension as NP addition could introduce non-uniform stress distribution in the PE matrix and reduce the number of polymer/polymer entanglements. The localized deformation during tensile loading can be inhibited when the volume fraction of NPs is sufficiently large and when NP/polymer interaction strength is much higher than polymer/polymer interaction strength.
Posetic Cluster Expansion for Substitution-Reaction Networks and Application to Methylated Cyclobutanes

Substitution-reaction networks frequently arise in chemistry and are naturally identifiable as “partially ordered sets” (or posets). The direction of the reaction identifies the partial ordering of the set of the member molecular species, for which various properties may be developed in light of the partial ordering. Here some general characteristics of such posets are noted, and a chemically appealing posetic cluster-expansion analysis of molecular properties is described and illustrated for methyl substitutions on cyclobutane. The results for computed energies and a few further selected properties are compared to alternative posetic approaches.
Monte Carlo Statistical Mechanical Simulations of the Competition of Intermolecular Electrostatic and Poling-Field Interactions in Defining Macroscopic Electro-Optic Activity for Organic Chromophore/Polymer Materials†

Monte Carlo statistical mechanical computer simulations of the electric-field poling of second-order nonlinear optical chromophores, characterized by large dipole moments, polarizabilities, and hyperpolarizabilities, are presented. Such theoretical analysis is critical to defining the structure/function relationships that permit maximization of electro-optic activity for π-electron chromophore-containing polymeric materials. Polymeric electro-optic materials may, in turn, be important for high-bandwidth telecommunications, new forms of radar, and high-speed data processing. The experimentally observed maxima in plots of electro-optic activity versus chromophore number density (loading) in polymer matrices are theoretically reproduced, as are the shifts of the maxima to lower loading with increasing chromophore dipole moment. Modification of the chromophore shape to realize the maximum achievable electro-optic activity for a given π-electron structure is discussed, as is the role of polymer electrical perm...
The effectiveness of postischemic oxypurinol administration upon myocardial function in the isolated rat heart

The Langendorff isolated rat heart preparation was used to determine the effect of oxypurinol, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on myocardial function when administered during reperfusion after 30 min of warm ischemia. Twenty rats were randomly sorted into 2 groups of 10, and an isolated heart preparation made from each rat. The isolated hearts were perfused for 15 min with a modified Krebs-Henseleit solution to permit stabilization of the preparation. Each heart was then subjected to 30 min of total ischemia at 37°C followed by 40 min of reperfusion with either saline-treated perfusate or oxypurinol-treated perfusate (1.3 mM). The maximum power produced and the preload required to produce maximum power were both determined prior to ischemia and every 10 min after ischemia during 40 min of reperfusion. The saline-treated group, but not the oxypurinol-treated group, showed significantly less maximum power output at all testing times during reperfusion compared to the preischemic value (P < 0.05). There was a significantly greater maximum power output (P < 0.02) in the oxypurinol-treated group compared to the saline-treated group after 20, 30, and 40 min of reperfusion. There were no differences within either group, or between groups, for the preload required to produce maximum power at any of the testing times. Ultrastructural examination of myocardium after reperfusion showed severe mitochondrial and myofibrillar disruption in the saline-treated group but not in the oxypurinol-treated group. We conclude that oxypurinol administered following 30 min of total ischemia at the onset of reperfusion, can preserve myocardial function during the early reperfusion period in the isolated rat heart.
Teaching Memorized Spelling with a Microcomputer: Time Delay and Computer-Assisted Instruction

A computer-assisted instruction program was evaluated that used a constant time-delay procedure to teach 5 students 18 spelling words. In addition to delivering the instructional procedure, the program managed the presentation of training content based on individual student responding and collected instructional data on individual student performance. The procedure was effective at teaching 4 of the 5 students the words, and generalization occurred from the computer-delivered keyboard response format to a teacher-delivered hand-written response format. Maintenance data varied among the students. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using microcomputers to deliver time-delay instruction in special education classrooms and suggested several research questions related to specific features of microcomputer-delivered time-delay instruction.
The microbial degradation of nicotine. II. The mode of action of Achromobacter nicotinophagum.

Abstract Achromobacter nicotinophagum can oxidize nicotine by two distinct pathways. In rapidly dividing cultures the alkaloid is degraded via 6-hydroxynicotine to aliphatic products. Mature, resting cells convert nicotine to a nonmetabolizable product, 6-hydroxy-3-succinoylpyridine. The enzymes which catalyze this transformation are apparently formed adaptively. Interruption of cell division results in adaptation to this second pathway. Of the alkaloids studied, nicotine is the only one oxidized by this organism.
Teacher Beliefs in Action: A Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal Follow-Up Study of Teachers' Personal Practical Theories

Based on a cross-sectional, longitudinal follow-up study of graduates from our master's-level elementary education program, in this article we examined changes in espoused beliefs elicited in the form of personal practical theories (PPTs) of three graduates with 2, 4, and 6 years of experience teaching in the same partnership school where they did their student teaching. We compared their original PPTs collected during their teacher education program with their current PPTs elicited in follow-up interviews, and then observed their classroom practices. Case summaries of these teachers are presented, and analysis and implications focus on changes in their PPTs, how their PPTs played out in their classrooms, and perceived barriers and supports to enacting their beliefs.
U Scorpii 2010 outburst: observational evidence of an underlying ONeMg white dwarf (Corrigendum)

We have found a computational error in the application of formula (1) of the paper. When this is corrected the [Ne/O] ratios computed from the 2010 April 11 and May 12 U Sco nebular spectra are −0.4 and −0.71 respectively, suggesting only a mild Ne enrichment in the ejecta, possibly consistent with a CO white dwarf (WD). The [Ne/O] ratio computed for V832 Vel (Table 3 in Della Valle et al. 2001), which we used as cross check, also results in lower values than initially estimated in the range −0.3 to +0.2, depending on the considered spectrum/epoch. Note, however, that V832 Vel is an ONe nova (Shore et al. 2003). Most important, the use of the [Ne iii]λ3869/[O iii]λ5007 flux ratio for approximating the ejecta abundances is not reliable when ne is higher than the critical density of the individual lines. In particular, electron densities higher than ∼106 cm−3 (the [O iii] and [Ne iii] D2 critical densities are ∼7 × 105 cm−3 and ∼7.9 × 106 cm−3, respectively, Osterbrock 1989) produce F(3869)/F(5007) flux ratios >1 even for solar abundances (following Seaton 1975 and Ferland & Shields 1978 derivations), which makes the conclusion of enhanced Ne abundances ambiguous. It is interesting to note that most of the known ONe novae for which there are optical spectra in the literature showed F(3869)/F(5007) flux ratios in the range ∼1−2 over several epochs during their late decline (QU Vul, Saizar et al. 1992; V351 Pup, Saizar et al. 1996; V382 Vel, Della Valle et al. 2002; V1974 Cyg, Vanlandingham et al. 2005; V1065 Cen, Helton et al. 2010; V959 Mon, Shore et al. 2013). The only remarkable exceptions were V838 Her and V4160 Sgr with flux ratios in the range 20−46 and 2−7, respectively (Schwarz et al. 2007). These same objects show a flux ratio [O iii](1)/[O iii](2) <5−10 for few to several hundreds of days after maximum, indicating densities in excess of 106 cm−3 (Seaton 1975). In addition, high-energy incident flux will favor higher ionization energy transitions (e.g. [Nev] as observed in the bluer optical spectra) which “reduces” the intensity of the lower ionization energy lines. It is therefore necessary to compare all the ionization levels observing the UV range as well, where the O3+ and O4+ transitions occur. While the optical nebular spectra of the U Sco 2010 outburst show strong [Nev], [Ne iii], and, possibly, weak [Ne iv]λ4714, they are no sufficient diagnostic of the ejecta density and temperature. Hence, lacking a nebular phase UV spectrum for the
Ambient ammonia measurements in coastal southeastern Virginia

Abstract Results are presented from a measurement program to test an in situ ammonia measurement technique and to document the temporal and spatial variability associated with ammonia. The ammonia data were accumulated for two sites in coastal Southeastern Virginia from 15 Aug. 1979 to 31 Dec. 1979.
Altered ATP utilization by the poIR mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus maps to the N-RNA template.

Abstract In a continuation of previous efforts to study the modified ATP requirements for RNA synthesis by poIR mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), we have used a novel reconstitution assay to show that it is the template moiety of the mutants, not the polymerase proteins, which governs both the increased utilization of the ATP analog, β, γ-imido ATP (AMP-PMP), and the loss of a positive cooperativity-like response to varying ATP concentrations. Assays utilized uv-irradiated virus as a source of polymerase proteins and purified N-RNA as templates. Homologous and heterologous transcriptase reactions were carried out with wild-type (wt) virus and each of the two independently isolated poIR mutants. We show that in the presence of wt N-RNA template, substitution of AMP-PNP for ATP resulted in only ∼5% of control RNA synthesis regardless of which source of polymerase was used. Furthermore, all reactions containing wt N-RNA template responded to varying ATP concentrations with a concave, upward-shaped Lineweaver-Burke plot generally indicative of positive cooperativity effects. In contrast, all reactions which utilized N-RNA templates from the poIR mutants showed an increased utilization of AMP-PNP (>20%) and a more characteristic Michaelis-Menten response to changing ATP concentrations. These findings strongly support the notion that the template-associated nucleocapsid protein modulates the utilization of an ATP site which is directly or indirectly involved in VSV RNA synthesis.
The evolution of articulate speech: comparative anatomy of the oral cavity inPan andHomo

Anatomical capacity for articulate speech is primarily determined by the limitations of the oral cavity. Nonetheless, previous research and reconstructions of the vocal tracts of early hominids have focused upon the pharyngeal cavity and the phonation of vowels. Investigators have misleadingly addressed the issue of articulation with data reflecting phonation. Articulation of speech sounds is a function of lingual position in the oral cavity. Production of consonants, not reported for chimpanzees and important for intelligibility for humans, is delimited by the extrinsic tongue and suprahyoid muscles. With similar configurations and identical innervations, these muscles in chimpanzees have different inclinations or angles of insertion than their homologs in humans. Such muscular features restrict articulation of consonants in the chimpanzee. This research concentrated on the greater length of the palate and mandible in the chimpanzee as a possible model for the earliest hominids. The position of these bony structures was correlated with the position of the hyoid bone and therefore, the tongue. Through the use of comparative radiological data, variation in anatomical relationships was documented. Differing measurements between the bony structures of the oral and pharyngeal cavities reflect variation in the anatomical ability or potential to produce articulate speech. Preliminary measurements of two fossil hominids were comparable to measures of the modern human sample. Subsequent measures of fossil hominids may provide insights into their relative “position” between chimpanzees and humans with regard to their potential for articulate speech.
Catalysts and inhibitors for MEA oxidation

Aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) was subjected to oxidation by O2/CO2 at 55 ∘C. Hydroxyethyl-formamide (HEF) and hydroxyethylimidazole (HEI) are the major oxidation products of MEA. Dissolved metals catalyze oxidation in the order copper > chromium/nickel > iron > vanadium. Inhibitors A, B and ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) are effective degradation inhibitors. The addition of the expected inhibitors formaldehyde, formate or sodium sulfite had unintended effects on MEA losses. Total carbon and nitrogen analysis shows a greater than 90% closure of the material balance.
Safety, tolerability and efficacy of levodopa-carbidopa treatment for cocaine dependence: two double-blind, randomized, clinical trials.

Abstract Rationale The role of dopamine in cocaine abuse has been long recognized. Cocaine use can profoundly alter dopaminergic functioning through depletion of this monoamine and changes in receptor functioning. Based on these facts, levodopa (L-dopa) pharmacotherapy may be helpful in reducing or abolishing cocaine use. Objective The current studies sought to evaluate the safety, tolerability and efficacy of L-dopa as a treatment for cocaine dependence. Methods In Study 1, 67 cocaine-dependent subjects were randomized in a 5-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled safety trial. Subjects received either placebo, or 400 mg L-dopa plus 100 mg of the peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, carbidopa, in a sustained-release preparation (Sinemet CR®). In Study 2, 122 cocaine-dependent subjects were enrolled in a 9-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to compare placebo to 400/100 mg and 800/200 mg L-dopa/carbidopa treatments. Placebo or L-dopa were administered twice daily in both studies. Results L-dopa was well tolerated with similar retention and medication adherence rates compared to placebo. Only two side effects occurred more often in L-dopa-treated patients: nausea and dizziness. L-dopa lowered diastolic blood pressure in a dose-dependent fashion. In these trials, L-dopa had no effect on cocaine use, cocaine craving, or mood. Conclusion These two studies demonstrate the safety and tolerability of L-dopa pharmacotherapy in cocaine-dependent patients. No evidence for greater efficacy of L-dopa compared to placebo was observed. The possibility of enhancing treatment effects by combining L-dopa with other behavioral or pharmacological interventions is discussed.
Japonisme in western painting from Whistler to Matisse

(1994). Japonisme in western painting from Whistler to Matisse. History of European Ideas: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 150-150.
Secure Electronic Voting: A Framework

We describe a single framework in which to view the end-to-end-independently-verifiable (E2E) polling-place voting systems with a mixnet back-end. We use the framework to invent new systems that combine front and back-ends from existing systems.
UNDECIDABILITY, AUTOMATA, AND PSEUDOVARITIES OF FINITE SEMIGROUPS

The author proves for each of the operations # equalling *, °, **, □ or m, there exist pseudovarieties of finite semigroups and with decidable membership problems, such that has an undecidable membership problem. In addition, if denotes the pseudovariety of all finite aperiodic semigroups, denotes the pseudovariety of all finite groups, and (E) denotes the pseudovariety of all finite aperiodic semigroups satisfying the finite number of equations E, then it is proved that there exists E such that (E) has an undecidable membership problem. Note equals all semigroups of complexity ≤1. Section 6 is expanded into a joint paper with B. Steinberg, following this paper.
Physician asthma education program improves outcomes for children of low-income families.

Study objectives: To determine whether an interactive physician seminar that has been shown to improve patient/parent satisfaction and to decrease emergency department visits for children with asthma was also effective for those children from low-income families. Design: Seventy-four pediatricians and 637 of their patients were randomized to receive two asthma seminars or no educational programs and were observed for 2 years. Setting: Physicians in the New York, NY, and Ann Arbor, MI, areas were enrolled, and, on average, 10 patients with asthma per provider were surveyed and observed for 2 years. Patients or participants: A total of 637 subjects were enrolled, and 369 subjects remained in the study after 2 years. Of these, 279 had complete medical and survey information. Interventions: Physicians were randomized, and then a random sample of their patients was enrolled and surveyed regarding the physician's communication style, the child's asthma symptoms, medical needs, and asthma care. Low income was defined as annual income of Measurements and results: The families of 36 children (13%) had an income of Conclusions: The educational program for physicians improved asthma outcomes for their low-income patients. Provider interventions targeted to these high-risk patients may diminish hospital and emergency department asthma care.
Common skin disorders in the newborn Negro infant: Observations based on the examination of 1,000 babies

Observations were made on 1,000 newborn infants for the occurrence of skin disorders. Approximately 87 per cent of the subjects were full-term and 13 per cent were premature infants. Each infant was cleansed with pHisohex on admission to the nursery. Thereafter, pHisohex was used on premature babies whereas tap water was used for the daily skin care of full-term infants. The most commonly observed dermatoses were milia, miliaria crystalina, erythema toxicum, xerodermia, and perianal dermatitis. The occurrence rate of these conditions was 19, 17, 16, 15, and 7 per cent, respectively. The 2 most frequently observed incidental findings were Mongolian spots (75 per cent) and port-wine marks (nevus flammeus) which occurred in 23 per cent of the infants.
Electro-optic modulator capable of generating simultaneous amplitude and phase modulations

We report on the analysis and prototype characterization of a dual-electrode electro-optic modulator that can generate both amplitude and phase modulations with a selectable relative phase, termed a quadrature variable modulator (QVM). All modulation states can be reached by tuning only the electrical inputs, facilitating real-time tuning, and the device has shown good suppression and stability properties. A mathematical analysis is presented, including the development of a geometric-phase representation for modulation. The experimental characterization of the device shows that relative suppressions of 38, 39, and 30 dB for phase, single sideband, and carrier-suppressed modulations, respectively, can be obtained as well as that the device is well behaved when scanning continuously through the parameter space of modulations. The QVM is compared with existing optical configurations that can produce amplitude and phase-modulation combinations in the context of applications such as the tuning of lock points in optical-locking schemes, single-sideband applications, modulation fast-switching applications, and applications requiring combined modulations.
Medium Throughput pK a Determination of Drugs and Chemicals Using an HPLC Equipped with a DAD as a Flow Injection Apparatus

Abstract A semi‐automated method to determine pK a values of drugs and chemicals spectrophotometrically is described. The method uses the capabilities of a HPLC with a diode array detector (DAD) as a flow injection apparatus and a binary solvent delivery system. The advantages of this method are low sample consumption (less than 0.1 mg compound needed), high sample throughput, easy set up, high sensitivity, and low cost, precision within a 0.2 unit. Experimental pK a values obtained for over thirty model compounds are consistent with literature values.
Third-harmonic generation from all-trans β-carotene in liquid solution

Abstract The third-order nonlinear susceptibility of all-trans β-carotene dissolved in benzene or carbon tetrachloride has been measured by third-harmonic generation at several incident laser wavelengths from 1.030 to 1.221 μm. Its magnitude grows from 1.8×10 −11 esu at 1.030 μm to 3.8×10 −11 esu at 1.221 μm. Its phase is close to 180° and constant indicating the essential lack of one-, two-, and three-photon resonances in each of their corresponding spectral regions. The absence of any two-photon resonance in the 515–611 nm spectral region is particularly significant, for it is here where the photobiologically important 2 1 A g electronic state of β-carotene is thought to be located.
The significance of single and multiple shigella infections in institutionalized children

Summary Three hundred seventy-two strains of Shigella were isolated from 331 inmates of State institutes of the greater Chicago area during 1943. New admissions to children's hospitals yielded 14.4 per cent carriers and hospitals for adults, 0.3 per cent carriers. Chronically institutionalized children harbored Shigella in 21.7 per cent of the examined cases; 3.4 per cent of the specimens of mentally ill adults contained these organisms. Double and triple carriers occurred in 12.3 per cent of children harboring Shigella and in 5.9 per cent of the adults. The recovery of less common Shigella types, as Sh. ceylonensis, Sh. madampensis , and Sh. gintottensis , and of organisms erroneously classified Shigella , as Sh. gallinarum and Sh. rettgeri , are discussed. Sh. gintottensis, Sh. equirulis -like organisms, and microbes of the Sh. dispar subgroup, namely, Sh. ceylonensis and Sh. madampensis , do not seem to have importance other than that of secondary invaders. Serologic reactions failed to reveal agglutinin production to a significant level for lactose-fermenting Shigella in double and triple carriers. In infections with other Shigella, the use of alcohol-treated antigens and formamide extracts with the one-tube technique gave satisfactory results.
A precious-metal free regenerative fuel cell for storing renewable electricity

There have been extensive research efforts focusing on developing technologies for renewable electricity, particularly solar photovoltaics and wind turbines. However, the intermittent and localized nature of wind and solar energy necessitates the development of a cost-effective way to balance energy supply and demand and to deliver electricity from remote places to cities.[1] The short-term option is the electricity grid; however, it can only support intermittent renewable electricity in a stable fashion up to approximately 20 % of grid capacity which means that fossil resources would still account for the remaining 80 % of grid electricity.[2] Clearly, the development of cost-effective energy storage devices is needed to establish a path toward fossil-free energy. Pumped hydro currently dominates grid-scale energy storage due to its low cost but is hindered by a lack of suitable geographical sites.[3] Hence, there has been interest in developing alternative cost-effective energy storage technologies that can be rapidly scaled-up. Regenerative fuel cells (RFCs) are interesting candidates: a RFC is an electrochemical energy storage and conversion device that typically uses H2 as an energy carrier. RFCs possess high specific energies, enjoy economies-of-scale advantages, are modular in nature, and use only environmentally friendly and inexpensive reactants.[4,5] However, RFCs are currently too expensive to compete with existing energy storage technologies.[5] Herein, we demonstrate a prototype alkaline exchange membrane unitized RFC (AEM-URFC) that stores energy based on electrochemical interconversions among H2O, H2, and O2, with the key development of having done so in a low-temperature, precious-metal free device operating at low temperatures while avoiding the use of precious metal catalysts. The prototype device we have developed obtains round trip efficiencies of 34-40 % at 10 mA/cm over 8 cycles, with a peak power density of 17 mW/cm in fuel cell mode. This report of a preciousmetal free AEM-URFC opens up new possibilities for enabling cost-effective and widespread deployment of renewable electricity.
Not everything is child abuse

When an infant presents in the emergency room with a single bone fracture, almost immediately the parents or caretakers become suspected of child abuse. This can lead to awkward problems of false accusation. The trouble stems from the fact that we have become so sensitized to child abuse that often we forget to consider other possible explanations for a fracture. This paper deals with this difficulty and discusses entities such as birth trauma, fractures in metabolically weakened bones, fractures through dysplastic bones, the “pulled elbow”, and hematologic disease.
SenseCam: a wearable camera that stimulates and rehabilitates autobiographical memory.

SenseCam is a wearable digital camera that captures an electronic record of the wearer's day. It does this by automatically recording a series of still images through its wide-angle lens, and simultaneously capturing a log of data from a number of built-in electronic sensors. Subsequently reviewing a sequence of images appears to provide a powerful autobiographical memory cue. A preliminary evaluation of SenseCam with a patient diagnosed with severe memory impairment was extremely positive; periodic review of images of events recorded by SenseCam resulted in significant recall of those events. Following this, a great deal of work has been undertaken to explore this phenomenon and there are early indications that SenseCam technology may be beneficial to a variety of patients with physical and mental health problems, and is valuable as a tool for investigating normal memory through behavioural and neuroimaging means. Elsewhere, it is becoming clear that judicious use of SenseCam could significantly impact t...
Essential amino acids determined in the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina, Tetranychidae) with glucose-U-C14

Amino acids were determined by the indirect method in young adult Tetranychus urticae females. The mites were maintained on bean plants in the greenhouse, starved overnight, then fed for 24 hr on a chemically defined diet containing glucose-U-C14. During the starvation period the concentrations of the amino acids dropped to about 10 per cent of those in mites taken directly off bean plants and analysed. Eighteen protein amino acids and three non-protein amino acids were detected. The relatively high labelling found in alanine, aspartic acid, cysteic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, serine, and threonine indicated that the mite is capable of synthesizing these amino acids from glucose; therefore these are classified as nutritionally non-essential. Arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and valine showed sufficiently low activity to be classified as essential in the diet of T. urticae. Ornithine, citrulline, and α-amino butyric acid were present but not labelled.