cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic exercise shifts the operating point and reduces the gain of the arterial baroreflex in rats

We tested the hypothesis that dynamic exercise resets the operating point and attenuates the gain of the arterial baroreflex regulation of heart rate (HR) in rats. Seven adult female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were chronically instrumented with left carotid arterial catheters. After the rats recovered, arterial baroreflex function was examined by recording reflex changes in HR in response to spontaneous changes in arterial pressure (AP) during a preexercise condition and during steady-state treadmill running at 6 and 18 m/min. Dynamic exercise at 6 and 18 m/min, respectively, reduced the spontaneous range (by 55 and 70%) and spontaneous gain (by 64 and 82%) of the arterial baroreflex control of HR. Dynamic exercise at 6 and 18 m/min, respectively, also increased the pressure at the midpoint of the spontaneous pressure range (by 7 and 12%), the spontaneous minimum HR response (by 35 and 59%), the HR at the midpoint of the spontaneous HR range (by 31 and 52%), and the spontaneous maximum HR response (by 27 and 46%). Sinoaortic denervation eliminated the relationship between AP and HR by reducing the spontaneous gain 95%. These results demonstrate that dynamic exercise shifted the operating point of the arterial baroreflex to a higher pressure and reduced the spontaneous gain in female SHR.
Cell membrane shape control--effects of chloromethyl ketone peptides.

The shape of the human erythrocyte is normally maintained in vivo as a biconcave disc for 120 days. In vitro, the cell shape can be altered readily by amphipathic compounds; however, given time and an energy source, the cells can recover the discoid morphology. An active shape control mechanism is postulated to regulate erythrocyte shape. The shape recovery process is a necessary element in reversing perturbations of shape and is basic to our understanding of how membrane shape is altered. We report here that the process of shape recovery from crenation is dramatically accelerated upon pretreatment of the cells with micromolar (20–100 microM) concentrations of chloromethyl ketone peptides [such as N-alpha-tosyl-L-phenylalanine- chloromethyl ketone (tos-pheCH2Cl)]. Such pretreatments do not appear to affect cellular viability, as judged by their normal biconcave disc shape, their sensitivity to crenators, their lactic acid production, or the ATP-dependent shape change of the purified membranes. Treatment with high concentrations of tos-pheCH2Cl does cause normal cells to become stomatocytic by an energy-requiring process, i.e., it requires glucose, incubation at 37 degrees C, and will not occur in ATP-depleted cells. We suggest that the chloromethyl ketone peptides affect a metabolic process that is associated with the hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt. Through the alteration of the HMP shunt metabolism, they modify an active stomatocytic process in the erythrocyte that can correct for the perturbation caused by crenators. Implications of these findings for analogous phenomena in cultured cells are discussed.
Emergency reconstructive endovascular management of intraoperative complications involving the internal carotid artery from trans-sphenoidal surgery.

Purpose To report our experience with intraoperative complications involving the internal carotid artery (ICA) during trans-sphenoidal surgery and their outcome with reconstructive endovascular management. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of patients with an ICA injury related to trans-sphenoidal surgery from 2000 to 2012. Demographic data, clinical charts, indications for treatment, radiographic images, lesion characteristics, operative notes, endovascular procedure notes and post-procedure hospital course were reviewed. Results Three men and one woman of mean age of 52 years (range 33–74) were identified. The lesions included two macroadenomas, one meningioma and one chondrosarcoma. Risk factors for ICA rupture included two patients with carotid dehiscence, one with sphenoid septal attachment to the ICA, two with revision surgery, one with prior radiation to the tumor, one with bromocriptine treatment and two with acromegaly. In three patients, covered stent placement achieved hemostasis at the site of injury within the ICA. One patient developed delayed bleeding 6 h after covered stent placement and underwent successful endovascular occlusion of the ICA but died 6 days after the injury. The fourth patient had an intraoperative ICA stroke requiring suction thrombectomy, thrombolysis, stent placement and evacuation of an epidural hematoma. At 1-year follow-up, two patients had a modified Rankin score (mRS) and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 0; in the patient who had a stroke the mRS score was 1 and the NIHSS score 2. Conclusions Endovascular management with arterial reconstruction is helpful in the treatment of ICA injuries during trans-sphenoidal surgery.
Social Structure and Participation in Different Types of Formal Associations

T HE complexity and heterogeneity of modern urban society have fostered a social organization highly differentiated in interests. The tendency for persons having similar stakes in society to organize formally into groups for the pursuit of mutual goals has resulted in a kaleidoscope of interest groupings within contemporary large-scale society. Persons with similar interests, however, are not found randomly occupying the various social positions in the larger society, rather their similarity of interest seems to follow from their similarity with respect to the social statuses which they hold. The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationship between membership in certain types of interest groupings, as revealed by formal association membership, and certain positions in the social structure, as revealed by residence in certain types of neighborhoods.
A New Hybrid Pvd/Omcvd Route to High-Tc Superconducting Thin Films of Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O

Superconducting thin films of Tl‐Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐0 have been prepared by a unique hybrid technique that combines electron beam evaporation with organometallic chemical vapor deposition (OMCVD). Multilayer thin films of Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O are prepared by sequential electron beam evaporation of BaF 2 , CaF 2 , and Cu sources onto single crystal MgO (100) or yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates followed by annealing in a water vapor‐saturated oxygen atmosphere. Thallium is then incorporated into these films in either of two ways: (1) via OMCVD using thallium(cyclopentadienide) as the source, or (2) rapid annealing of the Ba‐Ca‐Cu‐O film in the presence of bulk thallium superconductor. The resultant films primarily consist of single phase TlBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O x with the Cu‐O planes preferentially oriented parallel to the substrate surface. Resistivity measurements indicate superconducting onset temperatures above 120 K with zero resistance by 104 K. By eliminating the water vapor anneal, residual fluoride, originating from the sources, may be left in the film. This leads to formation of predominantly c‐axis oriented crystallites of the TlBa 2 CaCu 2 O x phase.
Changes of smoking status before and after the implementation of "Provisions of Beijing Municipality on the Smoking Prohibition Scope in Public Venues"

Objective:To explore the changes of smoking status and associated influencing factors among the residents of Beijing before and after the implementation of "Provisions of Beijing Municipality on the Smoking Prohibition Scope in Public Venues" (hereinafter the "Provisions") which became effective in May 2008, as commissioned by Beijing Patriotic Health Campaign Committee.Method:Two indoor investigations were carried out using multi-stage stratified clustering random sampling methods,one in September 2007 and the other one in October 2008,5 months after the implementation of "Provisions".Result:The smoking rate of Beijing residents decreased by 1.5% after the implementation of the "Provision",0.57% in men and 2.2% in women.The decline of smoking rates was relatively large in the age group of 25-45,with the most significant drop observed among the group of 25-35 year old (6%).Stratified analysis by occupations showed a significant increase in smoking rates among enterprise ownews and middle school students.The smoking rates did not decrease significantly among people who had junior or senior high school or secondary education.Conclusion:The implementation of the "Provisions" has a big influence on the smoking behavior of the residents in Beijing.The "Provisions" has a high compliance.The legislation on tobacco control in Beijing plays a positive role.
Evaluation of the use of Zelaya′s HIV/AIDS stigma scale among floating population in Shaoxing county

Objective To assess the reliability and validity of Chinese version Zelaya′s HIV/AIDS stigma scale used in floating population,to understand AIDS related knowledge,discrimination attitudes of migrant workers. Methods Two hundred and forty-four floating population aged 18or older who lived in Shaoxing county at least 3months were randomly enrolled using a convenient sampling method and received face-to-face survey.Chinese version Zelaya′s HIV/AIDS stigma scale was used to assess the discrimination status toward AIDS patients and Cronbach′sαcoefficient was used for the evaluation. Results The average age of participants was 29.9±8.2years with 165males and 79females.The Cronbach′s coefficients of four domains were all higher than 0.7,and also higher than the correlation coefficients with other domains,indicating the internal consistency of the scale.The cumulative contribution rate was 58.75%by five public factors based on factorial analysis.Except for No.13,all other factors were in accordance with the original one.The overall average awareness rate about HIV/AIDS was 61.1%.There was negative correlation between HIV/AIDS knowledge and stigma. Conclusions The Zelaya′s HIV/AIDS stigma scale(Chinese version)is proved to have high reliability and validity and can be used among floating population.
In Vivo Models for Pathotyping and Vaccine Efficacy for Swine Influenza

Swine influenza is a disease of the respiratory tract caused by influenza A virus (IAV). Experimental inoculation of pigs involves either aerosolization of virus and inhalation or the direct introduction of virus into the upper or lower respiratory tract. This chapter covers methods for experimental IAV infection of pigs and collection of specific samples to study the pathogenesis of swine influenza and vaccine efficacy.
Cell proliferation Rate by MIB-1 Immunohistochemistry in Meningiomas Correlates with World Health Organization Histopathologic Grade and Recurrence

Determining the grade and predicting the clinical behavior of meningiomas based on histologic evaluation alone is often difficult. In this retrospective study, the MIB-1 staining index was compared to the conventional histopathologic WHO grading system to determine the …
Some Novel Observations on Inhibitors of Platelet Activating Factor Induced Reactions

Previously our laboratory had shown that long chain unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, inhibited platelet activating factor (PAF) induced platelet activation, but did not block PAF binding to its putative receptor. In this current study, two synthetic phospholipids, hexadecylphosphocholine (HDPC) and 2-methoxy PAF also show a differential inhibitory activity towards PAF and PAF analogue induced human platelet activation.
Digital Pipelined Hardware Median Filter Design For Real-Time Image Processing

A hardware median filter is described which is designed to filter imagery at a real-time rate of 10X106 pixels/second. The data is windowed with line buffers, and propagates through n pipe lined stages where n is the number of bits in a pixel. The algorithm described is a form of the radix method of Atamanl modified to reduce the decisionmaking at each stage. Each stage is nearly identical thus making the filter very structured and modular. The filter can be implemented with available logic components and would be useful as a preprocessor in a pattern recognition system.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Efficacy of teaching creative thinking skills: A comparison of multiple creativity assessments

The purpose of this study was tri-fold: (1) to evaluate the efficacy of a creative thinking course using three different assessments; (2) to analyze changes in creativity as a result of the training for individual participants; and (3) to investigate reasons for individual decreases in creativity after the training. Data was collected at the beginning and the end of a creative thinking course at a large land-grant Midwestern university. After the course, students had the most significant increase in belief in their own creative abilities, followed by an increase in attitude toward risk-taking, and creative thinking evaluated by experts. While as a group, participants had significantly increased their creative abilities, several of them demonstrated a decrease in creative abilities after the course. A statistical phenomenon, regression to the mean, was employed to explain why some participants demonstrated lower creative thinking after completing the course.
17.3 A 60GHz on-chip linear radiator with single-element 27.9dBm P sat and 33.1dBm peak EIRP using multifeed antenna for direct on-antenna power combining

A major challenge for low-cost silicon-based mm-wave wireless links, e.g., for the 5G communication, is to provide large transmitter (Tx) output power (P out ) with high energy efficiency and linearity from a limited supply voltage, so that the high path loss and limited link budget at mm-wave can be compensated. Power combining is often required for high-power mm-wave Tx. The existing power-combining techniques are mainly in two categories. Passive on-chip/on-package networks can combine P out from multiple power amplifiers (PAs) and feed a single antenna port [1–4]. However, lossy power combiners and large impedance transformation ratios degrade the total P out delivered to the antenna and lower the Tx efficiency. Alternatively, spatial power combining using antenna array increases the total EIRP but at the expense of a large array-panel size. Moreover, a large antenna array often presents an exceedingly narrow (or even pencil-sharp) beamwidth; this complicates the Tx/Rx alignment and is challenging for dynamic and mobile mm-wave applications, such as 5G links. In addition, adding silicon lens enhances EIRP but increases cost and packaging complexity.
Covering the vibrational spectrum with microjoule mid-infrared supercontinuum pulses in nonlinear optical applications

Nonlinear spectroscopies focused on molecular vibrations require high-energy [several microjoule (μJ)] laser pulses in the mid-infrared (IR). Current methods of generating μJ pulses in the mid-IR exhibit limited spectral coverage, while pulses that span the mid-IR range display insufficient pulse energies for nonlinear spectroscopy. Here we present the generation of high-energy mid-IR supercontinuum laser pulses by focusing 70 fs, 30 μJ mid-IR pulses in commercially available bulk chalcogenide glasses. The resulting supercontinuum pulses exhibit pulse energies of several μJ, which is sufficient for nonlinear spectroscopic applications, while spanning the important wavelength range from below 2.5 μm to over 10 μm at the 10% level (2.5–11 μm at −20 dB)—more than two octaves within the mid-infrared. This facilitates capturing most of the fundamental transitions (v=0→1) of molecular vibrations in a wide range of applications including nonlinear experiments, as demonstrated with sum-frequency generation spectroscopy.
Commissioning of a motor-generator unit

This paper describes the process of commissioning a motor-generator unit for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle. The system consists of a permanent-magnet synchronous machine, a power converter to enable torque control, and a lithium-ion battery pack. Methods used to test proper system function are discussed, along with experimental measurement results.
Paul Erdős and the Rise of Statistical Thinking in Elementary Number Theory

It might be argued that elementary number theory began with Pythagoras who noted two-and-a-half millennia ago that 220 and 284 form an amicable pair. That is, if s(n) denotes the sum of the proper divisors of n (“proper divisor” means d │ n and 1 ≤ d < n), then $$s(220) = 284\quad and\quad s(284) = 220.$$ When faced with remarkable examples such as this it is natural to wonder how special they are. Through the centuries mathematicians tried to find other examples of amicable pairs, and they did indeed succeed. But is there a formula? Are there infinitely many? In the first millennium of the common era, Thâbit ibn Qurra came close with a formula for a subfamily of amicable pairs, but it is far from clear that his formula gives infinitely many examples and probably it does not.
Net Neutrality and Its Potential Impact on Free Speech

For hundreds of years, free speech has basically had a limited range and audience. You could speak and anyone within your voice range could hear what you had to say. Then came the printing press and books. You could write your thoughts and they could be published, but many people did not have access or the ability to read them. Radio, television, and other transmission media widened the potential range of your audience. Your words could be heard or read by people not in your general vicinity. But there were still limitations. People may have had access to your written or spoken words, but they did not understand the language in which the words were printed or transmitted in. Stopping your words from being able to be heard or understood created an impediment to free speech. You could verbalize your thoughts, but many people did not have access to hear them. There were still many barriers to inhibit free speech, including language and the ability of the receiver to ﬁ nd your words in a sea of other writings and recordings.
Adding trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to cephalexin did not increase clinical cure in uncomplicated cellulitis

Source Citation Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Mower WR, et al. Effect of cephalexin plus trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole vs cephalexin alone on clinical cure of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized cli...
Cx43 Isoform GJA1-20k Promotes Microtubule Dependent Mitochondrial Transport

Connexin 43 (Cx43, encoded by GJA1) is a cell-cell communication gap junction protein expressed in all organ systems. It was recently found that GJA1 mRNA undergoes alternative translation to generate N-terminal truncated isoforms, of which GJA1-20k is the most abundant. Here we report a surprising finding that, unlike full length GJA1-43k, GJA1-20k have a strong tropism for mitochondria. Exploring function, we found that GJA1-20k appears to be an organelle chaperone and that overexpression of GJA1-20k is sufficient to rescue mitochondrial localization to the cell periphery upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide, which effectively limits the network fragmentation that occurs with oxidative stress. By high-resolution fluorescent imaging and electron microscopy, we determined that GJA1-20k is enriched at the interface between mitochondria and microtubules, appearing to load organelles for transport. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that although the microtubule-binding domain (MTBD) in GJA1-20k is not necessary for protein localization to mitochondria, the MTBD is essential for GJA1-20k to facilitate mitochondrial transport and maintain mitochondrial localization at the periphery. These results reveal an unexpected role for the alternatively translated isoform of the Cx43 gap junction protein, GJA1-20k, which is to facilitate microtubule-based mitochondrial transport and to maintain mitochondrial network integrity during cellular stress.
Tacrolimus as a rare cause of pericardial effusion in a renal transplant recipient

Pericardial effusion in a renal transplant recipient represents a diagnostic conundrum with a variety of differential diagnoses. Immunosuppressive medications such as sirolimus have been linked to pericardial effusions in the reported literature. Tacrolimus has been reported to be associated with pleural effusions and ascites. We present a case of a patient with tacrolimus as the likely cause of a recurrent pericardial effusion.
Photography as a Design Research Tool into Natureculture

We use photography as a research method to cultivate a designerly sensibility of the theoretical concept natureculture, a provocation to transgress the dichotomy of nature and culture. We investigate the visual language of natureculture through an iterative practice of creating, editing, organizing, and reflecting on images. Specifically, we explore natureculture as spatiotemporal movements, sediment-like layers, heterogeneous gatherings, formal homonyms, emotional experiences, and aestheticized expressions of style. Each of these has a materioformal concreteness and symbolic density that supports design ideation on topics such as environmental sustainability, agroecological systems, human-animal cohabitation, urban informatics, and more.
COX-2 specific inhibitors offer improved advantages over traditional NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely prescribed medications worldwide and are often the first choice of treatment for acute myalgias, orthopedic injuries, postoperative pain, chronic rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. The mechanism through which NSAIDs provide analgesia and suppress inflammation is the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, resulting in decreased prostaglandin synthesis. The suppression of prostaglandin synthesis can also produce gastric and renal toxicity, as well as impair normal platelet function. Thus, NSAIDs are associated with potentially harmful side effects. Cyclooxygenase exists in two isoenzymatic forms, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cyclooxygenase-1 appears to be constitutively expressed in many tissues and produces prostaglandins, which regulate normal cellular functions. However, COX-2 activity is induced by proinflammatory cytokines and produces prostaglandins that mediate the inflammatory response and pain signaling transmission. Traditional nonspecific NSAIDs inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, and in doing so, not only decrease inflammation and pain, but also promote gastrointestinal tract damage and bleeding. The potential clinical benefit of COX-2 inhibitors is significant due to the number of patients chronically treated with NSAIDs and the three- to ten-fold higher risk of gastrointestinal injury and death associated with traditional NSAIDs. Recently, a class of anti-inflammatory medications has been developed that primarily inhibits COX-2 while sparing the enzymatic activity of COX-1 at therapeutic dosages. Two medications that predominantly inhibit only COX-2, rofecoxib and celecoxib, are currently available by prescription in the United States.
Mössbauer Spectrometry of Lunar Samples from the Apollo 11 Mission

Mossbauer effect spectrometry employing the 14.4-keV resonance in Fe57 has been applied to lunar soil and rock specimens returned from Mare Tranquillitatis by the Apollo 11 expedition. Analyses of the lunar soil spectra (measured using the transmission technique) lead to the conclusion that the soil contains approximately 12 wt. % iron, distributed as follows: 73% in the silicate phases (including iron-bearing glasses, pyroxenes, and olivine), 19% in ilmenite, 5% in metallic iron, and 1% in troilite.
Constant-pattern design method for the separation of ternary mixtures of rare earth elements using ligand-assisted displacement chromatography.

Abstract A constant-pattern design method for separating ternary mixtures using ligand-assisted displacement chromatography was developed for non-ideal systems. The general correlation for the minimum column length required to achieve the constant–pattern state for binary separations from our previous study was extended to ternary separations. Additionally, an equation for the yield of a target component as a function of key dimensionless groups was derived based on the constant-pattern mass transfer zone lengths. The column length and operating velocity solved from the two equations ensured the yields and the constant–pattern state for the target components. A selectivity weighted composition factor was developed to allow the design method to specify a minimum target yield for one or multiple components. The design method was verified using simulations and experiments for different targeted yields (70–95%), ligand concentrations (0.03–0.06 M), and feed compositions (1/12–5/6). The targeted yields were achieved or exceeded in all cases tested. The minimum column length required to achieve a constant pattern-state and the productivity of LAD are limited by the lowest selectivity or by a minority component with a low concentration in the feed, even when it does not have the lowest selectivity. Sacrificing the yields of minor components can increase the total productivity significantly. The productivities achieved using this design method are 839 times higher than literature results for ternary separations with the same purity and similar yields.
Predator Cues Increase Silkmoth Mortality

While prey responses to predators reduce the threat of consumption, the physiological costs of these responses can be considerable. This is especially true for organisms that lack effective anti-predator defenses and must rely on camouflage or mimicry for protection. The luna moth, Actias luna, is a large saturniid native to Eastern North America that is preyed on by a wide variety of predators and parasitoids. We report the results of two separate experiments assessing the responses of Actias larvae to predatory wasps (Vespula maculifrons) that were rendered non-lethal but remained able to move freely, as well as in a control (wasp-free) treatment. We determined whether these responses were predator-specific by also testing the response of Actias larvae to a similarly-sized but harmless scavenging fly. In both experiments, A) Actias larvae in the wasp treatment died at a higher rate than those in the control treatments; and B) larval survival in the fly and control treatments did not differ. Despite similar Actias survival in the fly and control treatments, fly-treatment larvae that died appeared to respond similarly to flies as other larvae did to wasps. In both years, larvae that died in the fly and wasp treatments gained virtually no weight between the start of the experiment and their death, suggesting that they may have succumbed to starvation. Our results, replicated over two years, illustrate the high cost of anti-predator responses and are the first report of lethal risk effects in caterpillars.
Recommendation for the minimum number of steps to analyze when performing the uncontrolled manifold analysis on walking data

Abstract The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) analysis quantifies the extent to which co-variation among a set of variables facilitates consistent performance by partitioning variance in those variables into two components then calculating their normalized difference (i.e., the synergy index). Although UCM-derived measures are thought to depend on the number of data points analyzed, the minimum number needed to reasonably approximate true values of these measures is unknown. For each of two performance variables related to mechanical stability of gait, we evaluated changes in UCM-derived measures when increasing the number of analyzed points, here steps. Fourteen older adults walked on a treadmill while motion capture tracked movement. For each subject, n steps (where n = 2–99) were randomly sampled from the first 100, then used to calculate UCM-derived variables. For each subject, variables were expressed as a percent of the subject-specific value with n = 100 and averaged across 50 simulations. For each n, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated from group data. The minimum number of steps to “reasonably approximate” a variables was defined as the value of n for which the lower CI was >90% of the value with n = 100. Regardless of performance variable, reasonable approximations of the synergy index were attained with n = 16 steps, whereas n = 50 steps were needed for each of the variance components However, the differences between using 16 steps and 50 steps were small. Collecting 15–20 steps is recommended for a reasonable approximation of the synergy indices considered herein, particularly when data collection is constrained to a limited number of steps.
PACKAGING AND INTERCONNECTION OF GaAs DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS.

Publisher Summary The development of digital GaAs integrated circuits has advanced to an extent that designers of signal and data processors and of analog conversion modules can begin to discern the systems applications for which they are best suited. It has been commented that GaAs can be forced to compete directly with silicon very-large-scale integration (VLSI) or very-large-scale integration in a majority of instances. Purely architectural solutions to large-signal and data processing problems can often be implemented in VLSI-complexity silicon integrated circuits, provided that the economic constraints of design costs, per-unit costs, and development schedules can be resolved. Although the advantages of silicon VLSI have been frequently stated, it should be noted that as VLSI densities become greater, the power per gate should decrease linearly with the number of gates to keep the overall chip power dissipation at acceptable levels. Decreases in the gate lengths of silicon field-effect transistors would result in speed improvements of the transistors themselves; however, interconnect parasitics between logical elements would constrain average gate propagation delays to 1 nsec or slightly less for the chip power budgets.
Leading Through Values and Ethical Principles

The purpose of this chapter is to introduce a view of leadership that infuses ethics into its definition. This chapter will demonstrate that previous conceptions of leadership within management literature define leadership as either amoral or having an instrumental use for values. However, we are able to develop an ethical view of leadership from research outside the management literature. As we will demonstrate, the common principles that cross different types of leadership situations, organizations, and goals are infused with moral implications - one could say that the only commonality across various types of leadership is ethics. The implications to theory, research, and practice are outlined based on these ethical leadership principles. After examining how dominant leadership theories treat leader, constituents, process/skills, situation, and outcomes, we develop ethical principles. These ethical leadership principles include: Leader: The ethical leader articulates and embodies the purpose and values of the organization. The ethical leader separates criticism from ego. Constituents: The ethical leader finds the best people and develops them. Process/Skills: The ethical leader creates a conversation about ethics, values, and the creation of value for stakeholders that is alive. The ethical leader creates mechanisms of dissent. The ethical leader takes a charitable understanding of other's values. Situation: The ethical leader makes tough calls while being imaginative. The ethical leader knows the limits of the values and ethical principles they live. Outcomes: The ethical leader frames actions in ethical terms. The ethical leader connects the basic value proposition to stakeholder support and societal legitimacy.
Software-Defined Networking Enhanced Edge Computing: A Network-Centric Survey

Edge computing is burgeoning along with the rapidly increasing adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT). While there are studies on various aspects of edge computing, we find there is a lack of network perspective. In this paper, we, thus, first present an overview of how software-defined networking (SDN) and related technologies are being investigated in edge computing. Our purpose is to survey the state of the art and discuss the potential (remaining) challenges for future research. For this, we survey how SDN and related technologies are integrated to facilitate the management and operations of edge servers and various IoT devices. For the former, we review how SDN has been utilized in the access network, the core network, and the wide area network (WAN) between the edge and the cloud. For the latter, we focus on how SDN is leveraged to provide unified and programmable interfaces to manage devices. Through our discussion, we suggest that the SDN-related network support for edge computing deserves more in-depth investigations. We also identify several challenges and open issues to be addressed in the future.
Web-Based Intelligence for IDS

We and others have shown that machine learning can detect and mitigate web-based attacks and the propagation of malware. High performance machine learning frameworks exist for the major computer languages used to program both web servers and web pages. This paper examines the factors required to use the frameworks as an effective distributed deterrent.
Characterization of bacterial pathogens causing fruit soft rot and stem blight of bell pepper in Georgia, USA.

Bacterial soft rot is one of the major destructive diseases affecting crop production worldwide. In summer 2017, soft rot of fruit and stem blight was observed on bell pepper in commercial fields in south Georgia, USA. Bacteria were isolated from infected fruits and stems, and 5 isolates (MPS05, MPS06, PF01–2, PF04–3 and PF05–3) were characterized in the study. The isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (Pcb) and P. aroidearum (Pa) by morphological characteristics, biochemical and physiological tests, PCR amplification using Pcb-specific primers, and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences. Pathogenicity tests on bell pepper seedlings indicated that isolates MPS05 (Pcb) and PF05–3 (Pa) were aggressive, causing plant tissue discoloration, lesions on leaves and stems, plant wilt and death. Inoculation of bell pepper fruit with MPS05 and PF05–3 at different concentrations (105, 106, 107 and 108 CFU/ml) resulted in fruit tissue maceration and complete fruit rot. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of disease caused by P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense on pepper in the United States and the first report of P. aroidearum causing disease on pepper in the world.
How Safety Can Undermine Creativity.

OBJECTIVE. Safety and creativity are important but are not entirely convergent medical goals: Physicians are responsible to avoid harm, but progress in medicine requires creativity and risk taking....
Dressed to the Form: An Examination of Dress Form Asymmetry and Its Relation to Garment Fit

Dress forms have been used throughout history to reference the fit of the garment while working on it. When clothing was marketed to the masses, the abstracted-form dress form was born to reflect an average. With the current advancements in 3D body scanning technology, dress forms have seen another evolution towards more realistic forms. Nonetheless, the dress forms currently used do not fully represent body variations and diversions from the average. Moreover, patternmaking methods focus on developing patterns from one side and using symmetrical halves to create the other side. However, the human body is not perfectly symmetrical. Therefore, the present study examined the ways a women’s romper created with a standard symmetrical dress form would differ from those created with a custom 3D body scanned dress form of the same measurements. The differences that emerged as a result of seven drapes were visually evaluated to determine what draping processes translated into the most realistic, best-fitting garments.
An Excised Leaf Assay to Measure Acquisition of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ by Psyllids Associated with Citrus Huanglongbing Disease

Huanglongbing, or citrus greening disease, is the most serious disease of citrus worldwide and is associated with plant infection by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas) and other Liberibacte...
The integration of abortion into obstetrician-gynecologists' practice after comprehensive family planning resident training.

Abstract Objectives To explore the impacts of routine family planning and abortion training during residency on abortion practice between three and ten years after residency. Study Design In 2018, we surveyed 771 graduated obstetrician-gynecologists at least three years after residency about their current abortion practice. Respondents consented to join a prospective cohort as part of routine, post-rotation evaluation of the Kenneth J. Ryan Residency Training Program in Abortion and Family Planning. We matched and then de-identified post-rotation and post-residency surveys, and conducted bivariate and multivariable analyses. Results Of 463 respondents (60% response rate), 188 (41%) reported that they provide abortions (median of eight abortions per month) in their current practice. Eighty-eight (19%) do not provide abortions but would if not restricted by their practice. One hundred-fifty respondents (32%) reported abortions are out of their practice scope or that someone else in their practice provides abortions, and 38 (8%) do not desire to provide abortion care. Two hundred twenty-six (54%) reported practice or hospital group restrictions to abortion care. In multivariable analyses controlling for demographics, training, attitude and practice factors; geographic location, practice restrictions and logistical barriers, among other variables, correlated with abortion practice (practice in the West: odds ratio (OR) 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3-4.2; p = 0.01; logistical barriers: OR 0.3, CI 0.1 to 0.7, p = 0.01; and practice restrictions OR 0.5, CI 0.3 to 0.8, p = 0.01). Conclusions Nearly half of Ryan Program-trained obstetrician-gynecologists provide abortions. However, many barriers prevent the integration of abortion into practice. Healthcare providers and leaders should work to eliminate barriers to the provision of abortion care. Implications Regardless of their intentions at the time of training, nearly half of Ryan Program-trained obstetrician-gynecologists provide abortions in practice, and another 19% would if not restricted by their practice. Integrated training is critical to abortion care, and efforts to overcome practice barriers could improve access to comprehensive health care.
Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data.

Abstract Objective To estimate changes in life expectancy in 2010-18 and during the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 across population groups in the United States and to compare outcomes with peer nations. Design Simulations of provisional mortality data. Setting US and 16 other high income countries in 2010-18 and 2020, by sex, including an analysis of US outcomes by race and ethnicity. Population Data for the US and for 16 other high income countries from the National Center for Health Statistics and the Human Mortality Database, respectively. Main outcome measures Life expectancy at birth, and at ages 25 and 65, by sex, and, in the US only, by race and ethnicity. Analysis excluded 2019 because life table data were not available for many peer countries. Life expectancy in 2020 was estimated by simulating life tables from estimated age specific mortality rates in 2020 and allowing for 10% random error. Estimates for 2020 are reported as medians with fifth and 95th centiles. Results Between 2010 and 2018, the gap in life expectancy between the US and the peer country average increased from 1.88 years (78.66 v 80.54 years, respectively) to 3.05 years (78.74 v 81.78 years). Between 2018 and 2020, life expectancy in the US decreased by 1.87 years (to 76.87 years), 8.5 times the average decrease in peer countries (0.22 years), widening the gap to 4.69 years. Life expectancy in the US decreased disproportionately among racial and ethnic minority groups between 2018 and 2020, declining by 3.88, 3.25, and 1.36 years in Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White populations, respectively. In Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations, reductions in life expectancy were 18 and 15 times the average in peer countries, respectively. Progress since 2010 in reducing the gap in life expectancy in the US between Black and White people was erased in 2018-20; life expectancy in Black men reached its lowest level since 1998 (67.73 years), and the longstanding Hispanic life expectancy advantage almost disappeared. Conclusions The US had a much larger decrease in life expectancy between 2018 and 2020 than other high income nations, with pronounced losses among the Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations. A longstanding and widening US health disadvantage, high death rates in 2020, and continued inequitable effects on racial and ethnic minority groups are likely the products of longstanding policy choices and systemic racism.
Impact of biosolids amendment and wastewater effluent irrigation on enteric antibiotic-resistant bacteria - a greenhouse study.

Abstract Reuse of wastewater effluent and biosolids in agriculture is essential to sustainable water and nutrient resource management practices. Wastewater and biosolids, however, are reportedly the recipients, reservoirs, and sources of antibiotic-resistant enteric pathogens. While decay rates of fecal bacterial indicators in soil are frequently studied, very few studies have reported on the persistence of the antibiotic-resistant sub-populations. Little is known about how multi-drug resistance phenotypes of enteric bacteria in agricultural soil change over time. In this study, germinated carrot seeds were planted in soil that received biosolids amendment and/or wastewater effluent irrigation in a greenhouse setting. We quantified total and antibiotic-resistant fecal bacterial indicators (Escherichia coli and enterococci) weekly in soil and total E. coli at harvest (day 77) on carrots. Antibiotic susceptibility of 121 E. coli and 110 enterococci collected isolates were determined. E. coli or enterococci were not recovered from the soil without biosolids amendment regardless of the irrigation water source. After biosolids amendment, soil E. coli and enterococci concentrations increased more than 3 log10 CFU/g-TS within the first week, declined slowly over time, but stayed above the detection limit (0.39 CFU/g-TS) over the entirety of the study. No statistical difference was found between effluent wastewater or water irrigation in soil total and antibiotic-resistant E. coli and enterococci concentrations or carrots E. coli levels. Soil antibiotic-resistant E. coli and enterococci decayed significantly faster than total E. coli and enterococci. Moreover, the prevalence of multi-drug resistant (resistance to three or more antibiotics) E. coli declined significantly over time, while almost all collected enterococci isolates showed multi-drug resistance phenotypes. At harvest, E. coli were present on carrots; the majority of which were resistant to ampicillin. The survival of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in soil and on harvested carrots indicates there are transmission risks associated with biosolids amendment use in root crops.
A fully-coupled water-vapor flow and rock deformation/damage model for shale and coal: Its application for mine stability evaluation

Abstract Roof instability is a pervasive hazard that may cause injuries and fatalities in underground coal mines. Variations in air humidity and the duration of roof exposure are known to significantly influence the stability of shale roof strata. Moisture-sensitive shales progressively deteriorate over time due to humidity-interaction and matrix swelling which can trigger skin failure and roof falls. Quantifying the evolution of dynamic mechanical and petrophysical properties of the shale roof requires a comprehensive understanding of the retention behavior of multiphase fluids in the shale and of the induced alterations associated with air-water-shale/coal interactions. This study presents a mechanism-based framework for modeling the integrative deformation and failure behaviors of the rock structure, shale roof and coal pillar—and integrates the coupled effects of water vapor flow, elastic deformation , and damage. A Time-Dependent Rock-Fluid-Geomechanics Model (TD-RFG Model) was developed to evaluate the time-dependent rock structure dynamics. The interactions across the elastic deformation field, the transient fluid transport field and the discontinuous damage field are analyzed and modeled using TD-RFG. The established TD-RFG platform provides a pathway for multi-field and time-dependent rock structure stability assessment. A case study of shaly roof stability in an Illinois Basin coal mine and an analysis of it are presented. In the analysis we investigate the time- and location-dependent propagation of rock fractures that create connected channels that allow for rapid water penetration. The analysis indicates that, because of damage-induced increases in permeabilities, moisture transport is facilitated and so seasonal relative humidity variations at the mine opening are quickly reflected at interior locations in the shale roof, coal pillars and ground floor. The results of the modeling can ultimately provide the approach and data for quantifying and evaluating the water retention behavior and suction potential in an unsaturated air-water-shale/coal system and define strategies for ground control.
The Spatial Context of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells Associates with Improved Ovarian Cancer Survival.

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. Multi-omics techniques have provided a platform for improved predictive modeling of therapy response and patient outcomes. While high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC) tumors are immunogenic and numerous studies have defined positive correlation to immune cell infiltration, immunotherapies in clinical trials have exhibited low efficacy rates. There is a significant need to better comprehend the role and composition of immune cells in mediating ovarian cancer therapeutic response and progression. We performed multiplex immunohistochemistry with an HGSOC tissue microarray (n=127) to characterize the immune cell composition within tumors. After analyzing the composition and spatial context of T cells (CD4/CD8), macrophages (CD68), and B cells (CD19) within the tumor, we found that increased B cell and CD4 T cell presence correlated with overall survival. More importantly, we observed that the proximity between tumor-associated macrophages and B cells or CD4 T cells significantly correlated with overall survival. Implications: The results highlight the anti-tumor role of B cells and CD4 T cells, and that the spatial interactions between immune cell types are a novel predictor of therapeutic response and patient outcomes.