cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-Fermentation Recovery of Biobased Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are common products produced from the bioconversion of renewable feedstocks. In these processes the separation of the acid product from fermentation broth is the most energy and cost intensive unit operation. Thus, the development of robust, scalable separation approaches that can be applied to a variety of carboxylates is of critical importance to the development of processes that utilize carboxylic acids as platform chemicals. Here we report a batch separation method that includes cell and particulate removal, cation exchange, activated carbon treatment, dewatering with a polymer resin, and product recovery. This method is demonstrated on two unique fermentation broths both derived from corn stover hydrolysate to separate neat succinic and propionic acid. For succinic acid, a crystallization yield of 91% with a product purity of 99.93% was achieved. To our knowledge this is the highest reported crystallization yield and purity for the recovery of succinic acid. Additionally, the method ...
GP85 The irish experience in paediatric parry romberg syndrome- a case series highlighting management and surgical outcomes

Parry Romberg Syndrome (PRS) - also known as Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy- is a rare disorder primarily affecting the soft tissues on one side of the scalp and face, existing on a spectrum with linear scleroderma and ‘en coup de sabre’ morphoea. Its myriad presenting features, ranging from skin dyspigmentation, thickening or atrophy, hair loss, ophthalmic, dental involvement or even seizures, mean these patients often encounter a variety of specialists before arriving at a diagnosis or commencing on a treatment regimen. Primarily a clinical diagnosis, many children undergo adjunctive blood-based and radiological investigations. Thermographic imaging is also utilised as a non-invasive measure of disease activity, and has been demonstrated to compliment clinical assessment in our cohort. Dermatologists are key in the instigation and monitoring of responses to treatment, which are primarily a regimen of methotrexate and/or pulsed methylprednisolone. Lesions that do not regress with treatment may leave significant facial soft tissue contour defects of the forehead, periocular region, cheek or jaw, which can be socially stigmatising and stressful for these children. Our case series assessed the outcomes for ten children with PRS who underwent facial fat-grafting for these residual sequelae. This included five male and five females, with an age of symptom onset ranging from 3 to 11 years. All completed a single course of immunosuppressant therapy under dermatologic supervision without relapse. After a mean time to stabilisation of 3.5 years, referral to a dedicated Paediatric Plastic and Craniofacial surgeon was made. Thereafter, time to lipofilling ranged from one to twelve months. Patients underwent a mean of 1.3 autologous fat grafting procedures, with very favourable results and no complications. There were no relapses following treatment. To date, this is one of the largest paediatric series reporting outcomes regarding the efficacy of surgery in the management of Parry Romberg Syndrome. It demonstrates a safe, reproducible and well-tolerated procedure for paediatric patients with a condition requiring true multidisciplinary management, and highlights a need for increased awareness across specialties.
PreView: a Randomized Trial of a Multi-site Intervention in Diverse Primary Care to Increase Rates of Age-Appropriate Cancer Screening

Women aged 50–70 should receive breast, cervical (until age 65), and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening; men aged 50–70 should receive CRC screening and should discuss prostate cancer screening (PSA). PreView, an interactive, individually tailored Video Doctor Plus Provider Alert Intervention, adresses all cancers for which average risk 50–70-year-old individuals are due for screening or screening discussion. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in 6 clinical sites. Participants were randomized to PreView or a video about healthy lifestyle. Intervention group participants completed PreView before their appointment and their clinicians received a “Provider Alert.” Primary outcomes were receipt of mammography, Pap tests (with or without HPV testing), CRC screening (FIT in last year or colonoscopy in last 10 years), and PSA screening discussion. Additional outcomes included breast, cervical, and CRC screening discussion. A total of 508 individuals participated, 257 in the control group and 251 in the intervention group. Screening rates were relatively high at baseline. Compared with baseline screening rates, there was no significant increase in mammography or Pap smear screening, and a nonsignificant increase (18% vs 12%) in CRC screening. Intervention participants reported a higher rate of PSA discussion than did control participants (58% vs 36%: P < 0.01). Similar increases were seen in discussions about mammography, cervical cancer, and CRC screening. In clinics with relatively high overall screening rates at baseline, PreView did not result in significant increases in breast, cervical, or CRC screening. PreView led to an increase in PSA screening discussion. Clinician-patient discussion of all cancer screenings significantly increased, suggesting that interventions like PreView may be most useful when discussion of the pros and cons of screening is recommended and/or with patients reluctant to undergo screening. Future research should investigate PreView’s impact on those who are hesitant or reluctant to undergo screening. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02264782
Update on the relationship between bacterial infection and asthma

Asthma pathogenesis seems to be a result of a complex mixture of genetic and environmental influences.There is evidence showing that viral and some atypical bacterial play a role in promoting airway inflammation that could contribute to the onset and clinical course of asthma.However, the role of bacterial in asthma is not completely explained.This article is to explain the relationship between airway bacterial infections and asthma and assessed the mechanism of asthma induced by bacterial infection. Key words: Asthma; Bacteria; Infection; Mechanism
Florida Peach and Nectarine Varieties

The University of Florida has developed high-quality, low-chilling, early maturing peach and nectarine cultivars that can be grown from the panhandle of Florida to as far south as Immokalee. Low-chilling cultivars can grow and produce fruit under Florida conditions that are much warmer in winter than in northern states. Furthermore, ripening of these cultivars during April and May ensures an early spring market window for tree-ripe fresh fruit in Florida before peaches and nectarines from other southeastern states and California come to market. Both commercial and dooryard recommended varieties span the growing season. This 8-page fact sheet was written by Mercy Olmstead, Jose Chaparro, Pete Andersen, Jeff Williamson, and James Ferguson, and published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, May 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg374
After Karimov and Nazarbayev: change in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan?

Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan have new leaders for the first time since 1989: Shavkat Mirziyoyev as Uzbek president and Kassym-Jomart Tokayev as Kazakh president. This article uses a theoretical framew...
Plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition of thin film Li1+xMn2−xO4 for realization of all solid-state 3D lithium-ion microbatteries

The plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) process for MnO2 was demonstrated, exhibiting self-limiting growth as well as stable composition and stable growth rate over a temperature window of 205–265 °C. The PEALD process for MnO2 was combined with the thermal ALD process for LiOH to synthesize Li1+xMn2−xO4 thin film cathodes, where the stoichiometry was effectively controlled to allow for crystallization in the electrochemically active spinel phase. A 3D nanostructure consisting of an Li1+xMn2−xO4 cathode layer, ALD LixAlySizO solid electrolyte, and SiGe nanowire anode was fabricated and characterized via TEM. The Li1+xMn2−xO4 thin films maintained 66% of the areal capacity upon a 100× increase in the rate (4–360 μA cm−2) as well as 97% capacity retention over 100 cycles at ∼5C. The ALD Li1+xMn2−xO4 thin films exhibited a volumetric capacity of 52 μAh cm−2 μm−1 at a C-rate of ∼0.5C and, coupled with the high operating voltage (4.0 V), offer some of best areal energy densities for ALD thin film cathodes, making it a viable material for integration with 3D lithium-ion microbatteries.
1103. Respiratory Virus Infections In Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Single Center Experience

Background Community acquired respiratory virus infections (RVI) are a major concern in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients due to severe complications such as lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), superimposed fungal and bacterial pneumonia, intensive care admission and mortality Besides influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), there is paucity of data of RVI in SOT recipients Table 1: Patients characteristics Table 2: Concomitant infections Methods Retrospective cohort study of a single large transplant center was performed Data of multiplex qualitative PCR-based respiratory viral panel (RVP) samples collected between January 2017 and December 2019 were included It is important to mention that our institution generally performs the RSV/influenza rapid detection assay as an initial test;if negative, the multiplex PCR panel is usually done We did not include results from the RSV/influenza rapid test in this study Results One hundred transplant patients with a single positive RVP were included (table 1) Transplanted organs include kidney (40%), followed by lung (33%) and liver (9%) Most common presenting symptoms were cough (52%), shortness of breath (28%) and rhinorrhea (26%) Of note fever was seen in only 24% Most common RVI was Rhinovirus/Enterovirus (RHV/ENT) (59%), followed by non-SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (19%) and Parainfluenza (PIV) (14%) None of the patients had neutropenia, however, 52% had lymphocytopenia Lung transplant patients developed LRTI in 70% of cases compared to non-lung transplant 64% (p=0 412) Multivariate analysis showed patients with PIV 3 were less likely to develop LRTI (p= 0 038) Significant Cytomegalovirus DNAemia (>137 IU/mL) was noted in 9 8% of the recipients No proven or probable pulmonary fungal infection were noted within 3 months after diagnosis of RVI Five patients were admitted to the Intensive care unit due to septic shock Three patients died at 4, 5 and 35 days after diagnosis of RHV/ENT, PIV-3 and RHV/ ENT respectively Conclusion Most of the cases of RVI were due to RHV/ENT Patients with PIV 3 were less likely to develop LRTI Lung transplant recipients developed LRTI with similar incidence to non-lung recipients Our data shows a very low mortality of 3% after RVI in our SOT cohort, which warrants larger studies
Semiotic technologies, temporal reckoning, and the portability of meaning. Or: Modern modes of temporality – just how abstract are they?

This essay is about meaning and measurement, with particular emphasis on the relation between semiotic technologies and temporal reckoning. It begins by theorizing four ways of framing time. Temporality as metricality focuses on the repetition of tokens of common types. Temporality as performativity focuses on the roots and fruits of a given event. Temporality as reckoning focuses on how one determines when an event occurred or how long an event lasted. And temporality as worldview focuses on the ways a given community (genre, public, discipline, philosophy, register, etc.) frames the nature of time. Temporality as reckoning is then used to question some entrenched claims about temporality as worldview. In particular, the claim that modern modes of temporality are ‘abstract’ (in comparison to so-called premodern, traditional, or everyday modes of temporality) is called into question. In place of pre-theoretical notions like abstraction (and similarly inadequate concepts, such as ‘commensuration’, ‘quantif...
The cellular and functional complexity of thermogenic fat

Brown and beige adipocytes are mitochondria-enriched cells capable of dissipating energy in the form of heat. These thermogenic fat cells were originally considered to function solely in heat generation through the action of the mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In recent years, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the ontogeny, bioenergetics and physiological functions of thermogenic fat. Distinct subtypes of thermogenic adipocytes have been identified with unique developmental origins, which have been increasingly dissected in cellular and molecular detail. Moreover, several UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms have been described, expanding the role of these cells in energy homeostasis. Recent studies have also delineated roles for these cells beyond the regulation of thermogenesis, including as dynamic secretory cells and as a metabolic sink. This Review presents our current understanding of thermogenic adipocytes with an emphasis on their development, biological functions and roles in systemic physiology.
A Critical Review on the Multiple Roles of Manganese in Stabilizing and Destabilizing Soil Organic Matter

Manganese (Mn) is a biologically important and redox-active metal that may exert a poorly recognized control on carbon (C) cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Manganese influences ecosystem C dynamics by mediating biochemical pathways that include photosynthesis, serving as a reactive intermediate in the breakdown of organic molecules, and binding and/or oxidizing organic molecules through organo-mineral associations. However, the potential for Mn to influence ecosystem C storage remains unresolved. Although substantial research has demonstrated the ability of Fe- and Al-oxides to stabilize organic matter, there is a scarcity of similar information regarding Mn-oxides. Furthermore, Mn-mediated reactions regulate important litter decomposition pathways, but these processes are poorly constrained across diverse ecosystems. Here, we discuss the ecological roles of Mn in terrestrial environments and synthesize existing knowledge on the multiple pathways by which biogeochemical Mn and C cycling intersect. We demonstrate that Mn has a high potential to degrade organic molecules through abiotic and microbially mediated oxidation and to stabilize organic molecules, at least temporarily, through organo-mineral associations. We outline research priorities needed to advance understanding of Mn-C interactions, highlighting knowledge gaps that may address key uncertainties in soil C predictions.
Private Rates of Return on Social Security and Their Relation to Mortality for Groups Defined by Socioeconomic Characteristics

In the previous chapters we have looked for causes of differential death rates among various groups. These differences can have effects on public policy issues. In this chapter we consider the implications of differential death rates on the variation in expected private rates of return on individual and group “investments” in the Social Security System. These investments take the form of Social Security taxes paid (by employer and employee) while the returns take the form of old-age benefits received by the individual and sometimes a current or former spouse. We use the Retirement History Survey again (as in Chapters 2 and 5), which has been matched to Social Security records for each respondent. While the RHS is a random sample of household heads aged 58 to 63 in 1969, it may not be typical of other cohorts because of the rapid increase in the maximum taxable ceiling on covered wages, much of which occurred after 1970. However, the results are indicative of the impact of differential death rates on the rates of return to Social Security.
Performance Management and its Influence on Academics' Employment Relationships and Careers. Lincoln University Since 1990

With the increasing financial pressures being experienced by New Zealand universities, greater attention is being placed on the performance of academic staff. The primary aim of this paper is to explore the role of performance management in the management of universities; and its influence on academics' employment relationships and careers. The paper reviews the overt contractual changes which have occurred in the period 1990-1996, and contrasts them with the covert changes to academics' related psychological contracts. A mixture of methods including participatory action research and participant observation of management policies and processes over the period is used based around a survey of academic colleagues. Conclusions are drawn about the outcomes of changes in management policy and practice and suggestions are made for improving university-academic employment relations and academic careers.
Egomotion And The Stabilized World

This paper formulates the tasks of moving-object detection and motion-based depth recovery as a problem of sensor fusion in the presence of uncertainty. We utilize two sensor systems, one providing information about the local image velocity (spsecifying a point in image-velocity space), and the othter providing information about the camera motion (specifying a line segment in image-velocity space). 1Ne utilize Mahalanobis distance as a threshold rule for determining consistency between the measurements from the two sensor systems. We also suggest a framework for using the resulting segmented flow field to update estimates of the egomotion parameters.
Spermatogenesis in animal as revealed by electron microscopy. V. Spermatid differentiation of Drosophila and grasshopper.

Abstract A systematic study of differentiation of the spermatids in Drosophila melanogaster et virilis and Gelastorrhinus bicolor de Haan was made with the electron microscope. The chromidial bodies with a concentric laminated structure, possibly related to the cytoplasmic membrane-bound apparatus, have been found in the juxtanuclear region of the undifferentiated spermatid. At a particular stage in the evolution of spermatid, namely after the caudal migration of the paired nebenkern derivatives, a conspicuous membrane-bound apparatus appears in the ground substance of the cytoplasm. This apparatus consists of broad, flattened cisternae 5 mμ or less in width, but no fine granules lie between this membrane-bound system and on the surface of the membrane. However, the apparatus is associated with the chromidial body, the Golgi complex, and the nebenkern derivative. The dense body appears in the matrix of the nebenkern derivative in a particular stage of differentiation and grows by accretion of new material to its surface, thus bringing about its progressive enlargement. The origin and fate of the dense body have been discussed. The structure of the insect sperm tail flagellum is fundamentally very similar to that of the mammalian sperms: the middle-piece of the insect sperm is enclosed by the elongated nebenkern derivative; the main-piece by the loosely running fibrous helical sheath; the end-piece is devoid of the helical sheath; the axial filaments consist of two sets, a central set and a peripheral set.
Support Vector Machines for Classification in Nonstandard Situations

The majority of classification algorithms are developed for the standard situation in which it is assumed that the examples in the training set come from the same distribution as that of the target population, and that the cost of misclassification into different classes are the same. However, these assumptions are often violated in real world settings. For some classification methods, this can often be taken care of simply with a change of thresholds for others, additional effort is required. In this paper, we explain why the standard support vector machine is not suitable for the nonstandard situation, and introduce a simple procedure for adapting the support vector machine methodology to the nonstandard situation. Theoretical justification for the procedure is provided. Simulation study illustrates that the modified support vector machine significantly improves upon the standard support vector machine in the nonstandard situation. The computational load of the proposed procedure is the same as that of the standard support vector machine. The procedure reduces to the standard support vector machine in the standard situation.
Pediatric Adverse Childhood Experiences: Implications for Life Course Health Trajectories

lems have their origins early in life. 1 The timing, intensity, and cumulative burden of adversities, especially in the relative absence of protective factors, can affect gene expression, the conditioning of stress responses, and the development of immune system function. Individuals affected by a high burden of adverse experiences may adopt compensatory high-risk behaviors that can further erode their health and mental health. Not all adversity occurs in childhood(eg,military combat),but a highburden of cumulative intrafamilial (child maltreatment, domestic violence, impaired caregiving) and other adversities (income and food insecurity) in childhood can have profound lifelong effects unless mitigated by protective factors within the family or the community, or through specific interventions. Two of the articles in this issue indicate that the impact of intrafamilial adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on health and mental health begin to manifest in childhood. Kerker et al 2 used the nationally representative longitudinal National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being study toassessthe ACEscoresofchildrenunder theageof6years who remained at home after child protective investigation and found they were similar to those of children who were removed and placed in foster/kinship care. The authors also reported that higher ACE scores in this population were associated with more mental health (Child Behavior Checklist score >64) and chronic medical problems, and, for preschool children, lower social scores. Earlier studies of children informally placed with kinship caregivers after child welfare investigation showed a high prevalence of health problems, although fewer mental health problems, compared to children in nonrelative foster care, indicating that almost all children involved with child welfare are at high risk for poor outcomes that may be rooted in cumulative childhood trauma. 3 In a second article in this issue, Thompson et al 4 used LONGSCAN longitudinal data to
Ethics in the Digital Age: A Comparison of the Effects of Moving Images and Photographs on Moral Judgment

This study used a controlled experiment to see if moving images can improve moral judgment the same way that still images have in previous research. It found that watching a video only once caused participants' reasoning about ethical issues to decline significantly compared with those who saw a still photograph. This adds to the mounting evidence that still images elevate the quality of reasons used to make ethical decisions.The media have the power to not only set the public's agenda but also to shape ethical decision making regarding how citizens solve problems in society. In order to help audiences think more ethically about issues in the news, using still photographs is better than showing video, especially when stories are ethically charged, and improved ethical thinking can help achieve a more just society.
Hemodynamic Profiles of Antianginal Agents

The 3 main classes of antianginal drugs are nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers. Nitrates have been viewed classically as affecting myocardial demand by reducing intraventricular volume and lowering the filling pressure of the left ventricle. They have been used increasingly to improve oxygen supply in myocardial ischemia by increasing coronary blood flow and actually causing coronary vasodilatation, and by having an effect on endothelial competence. Beta blockers are used to decrease myocardial blood flow by reducing myocardial demand, with reduction of myocardial contractility, afterload, and heart rate. No major improvement of oxygen supply is seen with this class of medication, and in fact, there is some potential for augmenting coronary vasoconstriction. Calcium channel blockers not only reduce myocardial demand by reducing afterload and, in some cases, heart rate, but similar to nitrates, they enhance myocardial oxygen supply.
Anion-exchange mechanisms in bacteria.

This article discusses the physiological, biochemical, and molecular properties of bacterial anion-exchange reactions, with a particular focus on a family of phosphate (Pi)-linked antiporters that accept as their primary substrates sugar phosphates such as glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), mannose 6-phosphate, or glycerol 3-phosphate. Pi-linked antiporters may be found in both gram-positive and gram-negative cells. As their name suggests, these exchange proteins accept both inorganic and organic phosphates, but the two classes of substrate interact very differently with the protein. Thus, Pi is always accepted with a relatively low affinity, and when it participates in exchange, it is always taken as the monovalent anion. By contrast, when the high-affinity organic phosphates are used, these same systems fail to discriminate between monovalent and divalent forms. Tests of heterologous exchange (e.g., Pi: G6P) indicate that these proteins have a bifunctional active site that accepts a pair of negative charges, whether as two monovalent anions or as a single divalent anion. For this reason, exchange stoichiometry moves between limits of 2:1 and 2:2, according to the ratio of mono- and divalent substrates at either membrane surface. Since G6P has a pK2 within the physiological range (pK of 6.1), this predicts a novel reaction sequence in vivo because internal pH is more alkaline than external pH. Accordingly, one expects an asymmetric exchange as two monovalent G6P anions from the relatively acidic exterior move against a single divalent G6P from the alkaline interior. In this way an otherwise futile self-exchange of G6P can be biased towards a net inward flux driven (indirectly) by the pH gradient. Despite the biochemical complexity exhibited by Pi-linked antiporters, they resemble all other secondary carriers at a molecular level and show a likely topology in which two sets of six transmembrane alpha-helices are connected by a central hydrophilic loop. Speculations on the derivation of this common form suggest a limited number of structural models to accommodate such proteins. Three such models are presented.
Functional Restoration of Social-Forestry Systems Across Spatial and Temporal Scales

Functional restoration of forests can be addressed as a combined socioeconomic and ecological complex system that involves both spatial and temporal hierarchies. Neither socioeconomic nor ecological systems are stable or have any central control or organization. Instead, they can change at different scales in many ways and be more or less vibrant—and more or less useful to people for different values. Restoration can direct these changes by determining what to control at each hierarchical level and what to allow to change on its own at a given time. Restoration at longer times and broader spatial scales involves much imprecision and uncertainty and is done with a few, careful controls. These controls are passed to each smaller spatial and temporal scale and other, more specific controls are added. Much has changed since most United States forest policies were instituted, so many of these policies need to be reevaluated. Rather than repeat policies and practices that worked in the past, we can look for new...
Stimulation of bleomycin-induced fragmentation of DNA by intercalating agents

Summary The effect of three intercalative drugs on the in vitro reaction of bleomycin with DNA was determined. In the presence of proflavine, ethidium bromide, or actinomycin D, the bleomycin-induced breakage of native, double-stranded DNA is enhanced. This increased level of fragmentation is seen in the presence or absence of 2-mercaptoethanol, and is dependent on the presence of the native, double-stranded DNA structure.
Scriven and MacKay on Unpredictability and Free Choice

Consider the questions of how much freedom or how much unpredictability would be in human behaviour on the hypothesis that determinism is true. These seem to be conceptual questions, as opposed to empirical ones, since the issue is not whether determinism actually applies to human beings, but rather whether determinism is logically compatible with unpredictability and freedom. I propose to argue, however, that the discussions of these issues by Michael Scriven and D. M. MacKay are not based solely on conceptual premises, but rather presuppose an empirical premise. I will argue further that the only available way of supporting this premise makes the doctrine of unpredictability relatively uninteresting, and leads to an untenable view of free choice because the agent cannot control which particular choice results. I will begin with Michael Scriven's doctrine that because of contrapredictive motivation, there is an essential unpredictability in human behaviour.' The situation which Scriven discusses is the following. A predictor makes a prediction about an agent on the basis of his knowledge of the relevant initial conditions and laws. The agent, however, is motivated to falsify the prediction, and acts so that the prediction fails. The agent may do this whether or not the predictor tells him the prediction, since he can replicate the prediction: for there is no reason to suppose that the predictor has greater ability in obtaining knowledge of the initial conditions and in using the relevant laws to obtain the prediction. In order to sort out the issues involved in regard to contrapredictivity, I will distinguish one rather complex conceptual issue and three empirical issues:
Spectrum-splitting photovoltaic system using transmission holographic lenses

The optical efficiency of a holographic spectrum-splitting optical system with transmission holographic lenses is investigated. Spectrum-splitting is a promising approach to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems. By removing the lattice-matching constraints, it is possible to utilize low-cost thin-film PV materials and fabrication techniques. Transmission holograms are fabricated with the recording of the interference patterns of two or more coherent beams. It is also possible to use converging construction wavefronts to record holographic gratings that are matched to the focusing beam from the primary concentrator optics. Experimental holograms are fabricated in dichromated gelatin, and high diffraction efficiency is obtained. A single holographic lens is used to divide a broad spectrum into two types of PV cells. The position and orientation of the PV cells are chosen to match the dispersion properties of the holographic lens. The optical transfer efficiency of the holographic lens is measured to be ∼90% at the peak with fast transitions between the high diffraction efficiency and the high transmission spectral regions. With a GaAs solar cell and a 2.1-eV bandgap solar cell, the system efficiency is 31.0% under one-sun which is improved by 11.9% over the best single PV cell. The achievable system efficiency with the prototype filter is 96% compared to that of the ideal system.
Patent protection through discriminatory exclusion of imports

Section 337 of the U.S. Tariff Act empowers the ITC to order the exclusion of imported products found to infringe a U.S. intellectual property right. The EC and other countries have charged that section 337 and its procedures create discrimination, by offering stronger protection in the U.S. market against infringement by foreign products than by domestic. The EC's policy towards gray market imports has a similar discriminatory flavor. This paper analyzes the economic costs to the home country implicit in such discriminatory protection of intellectual property. Excluding infringing imports when their true costs are lower results in the domestic market being served by higher cost production. Moreover, tolerating infringement by domestic products dilutes the gains accruing to a patent holder when imports are excluded. The upshot is that for plausible assumptions about cost differences internationally and about the scope for domestic infringement, discriminatory exclusion of imports can be an expensive way to protect intellectual property. Other mechanisms can reward innovators in a more efficient manner.
Demonstration of a direct capture immunoaffinity separation for C-reactive protein using a capillary-based microfluidic device.

Abstract C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment, was selected as a model antigen to demonstrate a direct labeling/direct capture immunoaffinity separation. The miniaturized device for immunoaffinity chromatography was constructed from two syringe pumps, a gradient mixing microchip, micro-injector with 250 nL capillary injection loop, a capillary column, and a diode laser-induced fluorescence detector fitted with a fused-silica capillary flow cell. Monoclonal anti-CRP was biotinylated and attached to 5.0 μm streptavidin-coated silica beads to make the solid support for separation columns. CRP in simulated serum matrix was fluorescently labeled in a one-step reaction and directly injected onto the immunoaffinity capillary. The purified antigen was then eluted in an acid gradient and measured. The antibody binding of CRP was evaluated in two physiological buffers, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and Dulbecco's PBS (DPBS). A quadratic calibration model produced % relative errors of −15.9 to 12.6 for CRP concentration levels ranging from 0.47 to 95.0 μg/mL. The accuracy (% difference from nominal) and precision (% relative standard deviation) of replicate injections were within 17.0%. The limit of detection was 57.2 ng/mL and chromatographic run times were less than 10 min. The instrument design is simple, and potentially portable, while the assay procedure may be modified for other clinically relevant markers by changing the capture antibody.
The Functions of Implementation

Communication need to be effective as it is crucial for the success of organization. Essentially, managers have to be well-skilled in communication as they have to find and meet the expectations of the employees. Moreover, the special goal of manager is to make others behave in certain desired way. Consequently, employees work according to long-term strategic goals.Nowadays ethics in business is necessity when making decision in organization and in interactions with element from its business environment. The ethics code determines the required patterns of behaviors defining what is acceptable and what is unacceptable. It is applied by all members of organizations - from simple line workers to high-level managers. However, the implemented business ethics need to have the acceptance from the public as it is used for the well-being of the public in general too.Decision-making from the viewpoint of managers is totally different. There is huge number of decision made every day. However, they have small, big or no influence on the whole organizations and its members. Therefore, this process is not so simple but rather complex and difficult.Implementation is understood as putting a plan into action. Managers start with a particular problem they want to solve or a strategy they want to fulfill and develop a plan to do it. Decision making process covers: defining a problem, creating a variety of alternative different solutions, finding and choosing the best one and implementing it into the organization.
The influence of race and gender on time to initial electrocardiogram for patients with chest pain.

Objectives: To determine whether race or gender affected time to initial electrocardiogram (ECG) for patients who presented to an emergency department with chest pain. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of patients with chest pain. Patients were divided into three groups based on final diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina and all others with noncardiac chest pain. Data were analyzed using ranks in a two-way analysis of covariance adjusted for age. Results: A total of 4,358 patients were studied; 58.6% were women and 41.4% men, and 70.3% were African American, 26.0% white, and 3.6% other. Overall, nonwhite patients had longer times to initial ECG compared with white patients. These effects were consistent regardless of ultimate diagnosis. Overall, women had longer times to initial ECG than men. However, ECG time differed by final diagnosis. There were no differences in time to ECG for women compared with men with acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina, but women received an ECG significantly slower than men for noncardiac chest pain. Conclusions: The first screening test for acute coronary syndrome, the ECG, took longer to obtain for nonwhite patients, regardless of final diagnosis. This was unfortunately consistent with the literature that shows racial disparities in all aspects of emergent cardiac care. For women, the overall delay in ECG time can be explained by delays for those women with noncardiac chest pain.
Some Endemic Insects that Feed upon Introduced Tansy Ragwort (Senecio jacobaed) in Western United States

In Washington, California, and Oregon, 15 endemic species of insects were reared to maturity on tansy ragwort ( Senecio jacobacea L.), an undesirable plant introduced from Europe. Arranged by families, these insects are: Thripidae— Frankliniella minuta Moulton, F. occidentalis (Pergande), and Thrips tabaci Lindeman; Cercopidae— Philaenus leucophthalmus (L.) ; Aphididae— Anuraphis cardui (L.), A. helichrysi (Kaltenbach), and Aphis lugentis Williams; Geometridae— Eupithecia coagulata Guenee, E. bivittata Hulst, and E. miserulata zela Swett and Cassino; Tortricidae— Argyrotaenia citrana (Fernald) ; Pterophoridae— Platyptilia williamsii Grinnell; Phycitidae— Homoeosoma sp. prob. electellum (Hulst); Agromyzidae— Phytomyza atricornis Meigen; Tephritidae— Paroxyna genalis (Thomson). These insects appear to range from oligophagous to polyphagous. Many are of minor importance and some are rare. Around Fort Bragg, Calif., only 4 were sufficiently numerous to permit a meaningful evaluation of their feeding damage. The 3 Eupithecia species destroyed 3.3% and 4.5% of total seed production in 1961 and 1962, respectively. Larvae of Paroxyna genalis destroyed 1.5% and 1.3% of the total seed crop.
Automatic motion correction of clinical shoulder MR images

A technique for the automatic correction of motion artifacts in MR images was developed. The algorithm uses only the raw (complex) data from the MR scanner, and requires no knowledge of the patient motion during the acquisition. It operates by searching over the space of possible patient motions and determining the motion which, when used to correct the image, optimizes the image quality. The performance of this algorithm was tested in coronal images of the rotator cuff in a series of 144 patients. A four observer comparison of the autocorrelated images with the uncorrected images demonstrated that motion artifacts were significantly reduced in 48% of the cases. The improvements in image quality were similar to those achieved with a previously reported navigator echo-based adaptive motion correction. The results demonstrate that autocorrelation is a practical technique for retrospectively reducing motion artifacts in a demanding clinical MRI application. It achieves performance comparable to a navigator based correction technique, which is significant because autocorrection does not require an imaging sequence that has been modified to explicitly track motion during acquisition. The approach is flexible and should be readily extensible to other types of MR acquisitions that are corrupted by global motion.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Community of Voices: Using Allegory as an Interpretive Device in Action Research on Organizational Change

Organizational change involves patterns of engagement across organizational lines and thus carries important cultural implications for participants and groups within communities of organizations. This article proposes using allegory as an interpretive device in the study of organizational change. Allegory allows organizational research to appreciate the way “characters” introduce distinct qualities into the change experience. Based on an action research program with public organizations in the state of Delaware, the article reveals the promise of allegory both for explicating theory and informing reflexive practice.
Nanomechanical sequencing of collagen: tropocollagen features heterogeneous elastic properties at the nanoscale

Collagen is the most important structural protein in biology and is responsible for the strength and integrity of tissues such as bone, teeth, cartilage and tendon. Here we report a systematic computational sequencing of the effect of amino acid motif variations on the mechanical properties of single tropocollagen molecules, with a particular focus on elastic deformation at varying applied strains. By utilizing a bottom-up computational materiomics approach applied to four model sequence motifs found in human type I collagen, we show that variations in the amino acid motif severely influence the elastic behavior of tropocollagen molecules, leading to softening or stiffening behavior. We also show that interpeptide interactions viaH-bonds vary strongly with the type of motif, which implies that it plays a distinct role in the molecule’s stability. The most important implication of our results is that deformation in tropocollagen molecules is highly inhomogeneous, since softer regions deform more than stiffer regions, potentially leading to strain and stress concentrations within collagen fibrils. We confirm the hypothesis of inhomogeneous molecular deformation through direct simulation of stretching of a segment of tropocollagen from human type I collagen that features the physiological amino acid sequence. Our results show that the biomechanical properties of tropocollagen must be understood in the context of the specific amino acid sequence as well as the state of deformation, since the elastic properties depend strongly on the amount of deformation applied to a molecule.
Small molecule cytokine mimetics

A number of reports describe small peptides, and even bona fide small organic molecules, that activate homodimeric cytokine receptors and show cytokine-like activity in vitro and in vivo. These cases can be examined in light of the mechanistic and thermodynamic principles that govern cytokine-receptor activation.
Isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus from the peripheral blood of a human subject.

Summary A filtrable virus has been isolated from the blood of a patient whoseclinical manifestations were suggestive of a virus infection with minimal central nervous system involvement. The infectious agent isolated is neutralized by serum of a rabbit immunized to a known strain (Hubbard) of St. Louis encephalitis virus. During the clinical course the patient developed increasing antibody titer to the newly isolated virus and to known St. Louis encephalitis virus (Hubbard). Two criteria for the diagnosis of a virus disease have been satisfied; namely, isolation of an infectious agent from the patient, and development during the course of clinical illness of type-specific humoral antibodies. This work represents the first instance of the isolation of the St. Louisencephalitis virus from a human subject during life. It is the fourth instance in which the St. Louis virus has been isolated from natural sources, the first being the initial isolation from human brain tissue taken at autopsy, 19, 20 the second from mosquitoes collected in nature during an epidemic, 21 the third from the bodies of chicken mites collected in nature during a nonepidemic period. 22 The intraperitoneal injection of young mice with relatively large inoculamay prove to be generally applicable for the isolation of virus, especially for the detection of small amounts.
GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION POTENTIAL FROM STORMWATER INFILTRATION PRACTICES

Abstract The potential effects of stormwater on groundwater quality was estimated based on the likely presence of problem constituents in the stormwater, their mobility through soils, the type of treatment received before infiltration, and the infiltration method used. The constituents of most concern include chloride, certain pesticides (lindane and chlordane), organic toxicants (1,3-dichlorobenzene, pyrene and fluoranthene), pathogens, and some heavy metals (nickel and zinc). Reported instances of groundwater contamination associated with stormwater was rare in residential areas where infiltration occurred through surface soils (except for chloride), but was more common (especially for toxicants) in commercial and industrial areas where subsurface infiltration was used.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Isoform Expression in the Perisutural Tissues of Craniosynostotic Rabbits

Abstract Objective: To describe the expression patterns of the various transforming growth factor-β (Tgf-β) isoforms, known to be involved in suture development, in the perisutural tissues of rabbits with naturally occurring craniosynostosis and relate such differential expression to the pathogenesis of premature suture fusion. Method: Twenty-one coronal sutures were harvested from six wild-type control New Zealand White rabbits and five rabbits with familial coronal suture synostosis at 25 days of age for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Tgf-β isoform immunoreactivity was assessed using indirect immunoperoxidase procedures with specific antibodies. Results: Synostosed sutures had significantly (p < .01) greater bone area and relatively more osteoblasts and osteocytes in the osteogenic fronts, compared with wild-type sutures. Tgf-β isoform immunoreactivity showed differential staining patterns between wild-type and synostosed perisutural tissues. In wild-type sutures, Tgf-β1 and Tgf-β3 ...
The control of axillary meristem fate in the maize ramosa pathway

Plant axillary meristems are composed of highly organized, self-renewing stem cells that produce indeterminate branches or terminate in differentiated structures, such as the flowers. These opposite fates, dictated by both genetic and environmental factors, determine interspecific differences in the architecture of plants. The Cys2-His2 zinc-finger transcription factor RAMOSA1 (RA1) regulates the fate of most axillary meristems during the early development of maize inflorescences, the tassel and the ear, and has been implicated in the evolution of grass architecture. Mutations in RA1 or any other known members of the ramosa pathway, RAMOSA2 and RAMOSA3, generate highly branched inflorescences. Here, we report a genetic screen for the enhancement of maize inflorescence branching and the discovery of a new regulator of meristem fate: the RAMOSA1 ENHANCER LOCUS2 (REL2) gene. rel2 mutants dramatically increase the formation of long branches in ears of both ra1 and ra2 mutants. REL2 encodes a transcriptional co-repressor similar to the TOPLESS protein of Arabidopsis, which is known to maintain apical-basal polarity during embryogenesis. REL2 is capable of rescuing the embryonic defects of the Arabidopsis topless-1 mutant, suggesting that REL2 also functions as a transcriptional co-repressor throughout development. We show by genetic and molecular analyses that REL2 physically interacts with RA1, indicating that the REL2/RA1 transcriptional repressor complex antagonizes the formation of indeterminate branches during maize inflorescence development. Our results reveal a novel mechanism for the control of meristem fate and the architecture of plants.