cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Brief Discussion about the Reduction of the Classical Compatibility Equations

The present work arises from a didactic approach to solving the so-called linear elastic problem. It is found that the six classical ‘compatibility equations' (CE) deduced by Saint-Venant in 1864 [1] can be reduced in practice to only three, which are equivalent to the six. Being three, and not the six traditionally presented, and because of the linearity in all the equations involved, the problem of conjuncting equilibrium, compatibility and Hooke's law, becomes a mathematically determined one. The scope of the present paper is essentially academic and mathematical since, in general, the solution of eventual problems using the proposed CE could obviously be tackled by the classical Saint-Venant equations. In the two equivalent groups presented herein all the CE are in terms of the strain tensor components and arbitrary functions.
Characterization of the network properties of poly(ethylene glycol)–acrylate hydrogels prepared by variations in the ethanol–water solvent composition during crosslinking copolymerization

The characteristics of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)–acrylate hydrogel networks were investigated as a function of the ethanol–water solvent composition during free-radical crosslinking copolymerization. Macromonomer (88% ω-methoxy-PEG–acrylate and 10% ω-phenoxy-PEG–acrylate) and crosslinker (2% PEG–diacrylate) concentrations were kept constant. As the copolymerization progressed, the polymer solution in 100% ethanol became increasingly turbid, indicating the development of a heterogeneous network structure. In 100% water, however, the initially turbid polymer solution became increasingly transparent as the crosslinking copolymerization progressed. All the gels were optically clear upon equilibration in water. Kinetic studies, with attenuated total reflectance-infrared, showed a long induction period, along with a lowered reaction rate, in 100% ethanol, and a decrease in conversion with an increase in ethanol content. These results agree with the UV analysis of the sol fractions, which indicated an increase in the amounts of unreacted PEG–acrylates with an increase in the ethanol content. The gels which were formed with a high ethanol concentration exhibited lower Young's modulus and higher swelling ability, suggesting that the network structure was significantly affected by the solvent composition during free-radical crosslinking copolymerization. From the stress–strain and swelling experiments, the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter was evaluated. The creep characteristics of the hydrogels were modeled with two Kelvin elements. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2677–2684, 2002
A Priest Responds to the Bean Counters: Leo Katz on Evasion, Blackmail, Fraud, and Kindred Puzzles of the Law

In Ill-Gotten Gains, a delightful book, Leo Katz explores an important philosophical fault line that runs through modem legal scholarship. Katz describes the camps arrayed along this line as the consequentialists and the deontologists. A colleague of mine, who best remains nameless, calls them the "bean counters" and the "priests." Consequentialists, or bean counters, believe that the law should maximize human happiness, human welfare, or wealth.' This camp includes self-avowed utilitarians, many pragmatists,2 as well as many scholars who believe that the most important thing to know about the law is how it affects human behavior (that is, much of the law and society movement is in the camp of the bean counters). It is not so easy to say what the deontologists, or priests, believe in. Katz defines his position mostly in terms of opposition to consequentialism.3
Prevalence, Clinical Correlates, and Longitudinal Course of Severe Mood Dysregulation in Children

Background Controversy concerning the diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) has focused attention on children with chronic irritability and hyperarousal. This syndrome has been called the "broad BD phenotype" or severe mood dysregulation (SMD). This study examines prevalence, concurrent Axis I diagnoses, and longitudinal outcome of SMD in an epidemiologic sample. Methods Data were drawn from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, a longitudinal epidemiological study. Items from the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment were used to generate SMD criteria. Results Among 1420 children, the lifetime prevalence of SMD in children ages 9–19 was 3.3%. Most (67.7%) SMD youth had an Axis I diagnosis, most commonly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (26.9%), conduct disorder (25.9%), and/or oppositional defiant disorder (24.5%). In young adulthood (mean age 18.3 ± 2.1 years), youth who met criteria for SMD in the first wave (mean age 10.6 ± 1.4 years) were significantly more likely to be diagnosed with a depressive disorder (odds ratio 7.2, confidence interval 1.3–38.8, p = .02) than youth who never met criteria for SMD. Conclusions Severe mood dysregulation is relatively common in childhood and predicts risk for early adulthood depressive disorders. Research should continue to explore the course of illness in children with SMD.
Technical note: Puzzhull: Cavity and protrusion hierarchy to fit conformal polygons

In this paper, we present a simple definition for, and a method to find, cavities and protrusions of a 2D polygon. Using these, we fit conformal polygons with each other, which is similar to a jigsaw puzzle and in a general case is NP-hard to solve. We first build a hierarchy of cavities and protrusions for each polygon and use this hierarchy to check for matches between these geometric features of two polygons. This data structure allows for early rejection of mismatches and thus speeds up the fitting process. We show using many examples, that most of the common configurations in exact polygon fitting can be handled by this algorithm in polynomial time. In case of exact, yet non-unique matches, this algorithm will solve the problem in exponential time.
Isolating and identifying atmospheric ice-nucleating aerosols : a new technique

Abstract Laboratory studies examined two key aspects of the performance of a continuous-flow diffusion chamber (CFD) instrument that detects ice nuclei (IN) concentrations in air samples: separating IN from non-IN, and collecting IN aerosols to determine chemical composition. In the first study, submicron AgI IN particles were mixed in a sample stream with submicron non-IN salt particles, and the sample stream was processed in the CFD at −19°C and 23% supersaturation with respect to ice. Examination of the residual particles from crystals nucleated in the CFD confirmed that only AgI particles served as IN in the mixed stream. The second study applied this technique to separate and analyze IN and non-IN particles in a natural air sample. Energy-dispersive X-ray analyses (EDS) of the elemental composition of selected particles from the IN and non-IN fractions in ambient air showed chemical differences: Si and Ca were present in both, but S, Fe and K were also detected in the non-IN fraction.
Tendon surface modification by chemically modified HA coating after flexor digitorum profundus tendon repair

Carbodiimide derivatized HA (cd-HA) is less soluble in water than normal HA, and therefore has an increased tissue residence time. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of cd-HA gel on gliding and repair integrity during simulated repetitive motion of a repaired tendon in vitro. A total of 36 flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons from six adult mongrel dogs were used and divided into three groups of control, simple HA, and cd-HA. The gliding resistance between the FDP and the proximal pulley, FDS, and bone was measured before laceration and after modified Kessler technique repair at 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 cycles. After gliding testing, failure load, tendon stiffness, and resistance to gap formation were measured. The results showed from the first cycle to the 10th cycle, there were no significant differences in gliding resistance between the three testing groups (p > 0.05). From the 50th cycle onwards, the friction was significantly lower in the cd-HA gel group than in the control group (p 0.05). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 68B: 15–20, 2004
The Dental Hygienist as a Preventodontist

The dental hygienist has become a specialist in two areas: patient education and preventive periodontics. The skill and training of the hygienist must be utilized fully by the dental profession if the current and future needs of the public are to be met.
Functional carbon nanotube material-based enzyme biosensors for glucose sensing

Carbon nanotubes exhibit excellent properties which make them a good candidate as the electrode material for bioapplications. In this paper, various carbon nanotube based electrodes were prepared by thick film technique. After enzyme immobilization, they can be used as biosensors for glucose detection. We present our fabrication steps, electrochemical measurement of functional nanotube based biosensors. Also, influences of Ph value and interferences were tested. Preliminary results show purified carbon nanotubes electrodes exhibit better electrochemical performance for glucose detection, compared with other nanotube based electrodes.
Development of laboratory tolerance to phosphorous acid, fosetyl-Al, and metalaxyl in Phytophthora capsici

A total of three phosphorous acid (H3PO3)-tolerant and five metalaxyl-tolerant mutants of Phytophthora capsici were recovered in vivo when populations of ˜ 107 zoospores were exposed to the chemical mutagen N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine. No mutants tolerant of H3PO3 or metalaxyl were recovered by mass selection procedures. Two H3PO3-tolerant isolates had EC50 values in vitro of 69 and 415 μg/mL compared with 21 and 37 μg/mL, respectively, for the parental isolates from which they were derived. These H3PO3-tolerant isolates were still pathogenic to bare-rooted green pepper seedlings treated with 900 μg/mL H3PO3, whereas sensitive isolates were controlled by only 150 mL μg/mL H3PO3. Tolerant isolates were pathogenic to peppers growing in soil drenched with either 4500 μg/mL H3PO3 or 4317 μg/mL fosetyl-Al. In contrast, sensitive isolates were controlled by a soil drench of 500 μg/mL H3PO3 or 719 μg/mL fosetyl-Al applied 24 hr prior to inoculation. Metalaxyl-tolerant isolates were also insensitive to s...
What are we doing to improve recruitment and retention in information technology majors

Excluding a few years surrounding the so called "dot.com boom" (i.e., 1998-2000) when people were pursuing IT majors as a likely way of making money, enrollments in information technology majors of students have continually dropped every year since 2001 (Babbitt, 2001; Frauenheim, 2004), suggesting that there is a general lack of interest in pursuing IT related majors among U.S. students (Vegso, 2005). On the other hand, there is growing evidence that it is critical for all organizations and countries to have qualified people who will work efficiently with current and emerging information technologies. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of the U.S. Department of Labor provides employment projections with information about the labor market for the U.S. as a whole for 10 years in the future.According to the latest projections presented by the BLS, computer related occupations is one of the three groups of occupations that is projected to grow the fastest and to add more workers than other groups and account for three-quarters of the job growth until 2012 (Hecker, 2004). Based on this factual information, numerous studies conducted in higher education and other education levels have studied the general lack of interest, and have developed different research and academic programs to understand what can be done to increase the interest in young students to pursue information technology related majors The present panel is composed by academics who have been working in related issues for many years and some of them working in research projects funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). In this panel, they will discuss recent research findings and academic initiatives as well as provide practical suggestions on how to improve recruitment and retention in IT related majors based on their work.
EFFECTIVENESS OF CALORIC RESTRICTION IN PREVENTING AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN RAT SKELETAL MUSCLE

Abstract The dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and ryanodine receptor (RYR1) are needed for excitation–contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. Previous studies from this laboratory have shown DHPR–RYR1 uncoupling in 33-month-old Fischer 344 × Brown Norway F1 (F344BNF1) rats fed ad libitum. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether caloric restriction prevents age-related impairments in skeletal muscle function and expression of DHPR and RyR1. Bundles of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were studied from rats fed ad libitum and on 60 percent caloric restriction. Significant differences were found in peak twitch or tetanic tension between the ad libitum and calorie-restricted groups in soleus and EDL muscles. A significant increase in the expression of DHPR and RyR1 was observed in caloric restricted rats. These results show that calorie restriction preserves the mechanical properties of aging hind-limb skeletal muscle and maintains the level of DHPR and RyR1 in aged F344BNF1 rats fed ad libitum.
Characterization of endothelium-dependent vasodilation and vasoconstriction in coronary arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats

Coronary artery disease often occurs in patients with hypertension. The present study was designed to evaluate coronary vascular function in isolated coronary arteries of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats and to determine the effect of antihypertensive treatment on coronary vascular responsiveness. Male SHR and WKY rats (12 to 14 weeks old) were divided into control and hydralazine-treated (120 mg/L drinking water for 10 days) groups. After 10 days, arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded while rats were conscious and unrestrained. Left ventricular coronary arteries (200 to 300 microns diameter) were isolated and intraluminal diameter was continuously recorded while vessels were maintained at a constant intraluminal pressure of 40 mm Hg. Relaxation of coronary arteries to both acetylcholine and nitroprusside was slightly, but significantly, enhanced in vessels from SHR compared to WKY rats. The enhanced relaxation was a specific effect, since isoproterenol induced similar relaxation in coronary arteries from SHR and WKY rats. Contraction to phenylephrine, but not endothelin-1, was augmented in coronary arteries from SHR compared to WKY rats. Treatment with hydralazine significantly lowered arterial pressure in SHR and WKY rats, but did not alter the enhanced contraction to phenylephrine or the enhanced relaxation to acetylcholine and nitroprusside in coronary arteris from SHR. These results indicate that coronary arteries of 12 to 14 week-old SHR do not have impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation, but to exhibit enhanced alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction that is not reduced by lowering arterial pressure.
Criteria for Business Graduates' Employment: Human Resource Managers' Perceptions

Abstract In this national study, conducted in cooperation with the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), the perceptions of human resource managers (HRMs) regarding criteria for the screening and selection of college and university business graduates for employment were identified and analyzed. The criteria included initial screening criteria, initial interview criteria, and knowledges and skills identified in the literature as possible criteria for screening business graduates. The resume was perceived to be the most important criterion at the initial interview stage, and interviewee poise at the interview stage. HRMs rely most on communication skills to screen and evaluate applicants. Other highly important skills used as criteria include problem-solving skills and human relations skills.
Optical Detectors for Long-Wavelength Lightwave Communication

We compare the basic detector structures used in receivers for optical communication system applications. The three types of detectors most commonly considered for the direct detection of digital signals are the photoconductor, the p-i-n detector and the avalanche photodiode (APD). A comparison of these structures from a noise (and hence, sensitivity) and bandwidth perspective indicates that reversed biased detectors such as p-i-n photodiodes and APDs afford the greatest advantages, although the latter structure can be extremely difficult to fabricate.
The Wilsonian Moment and the Rise of Anticolonial Nationalism: The Case of Egypt

This article examines the influence of Woodrow Wilson's rhetoric of national self‐determination on the Egyptian nationalist movement in 1918–20 as a case study in the impact of the Wilsonian Moment on emerging anticolonial movements. It traces the impact of Wilsonian discourse on Egyptian expectations for the postwar international order, on the way they envisioned their place within it, and on the rhetoric and actions they utilized to fulfil these expectations. It concludes that the experiences of the Wilsonian Moment radicalized Egyptian national demands, transformed the Anglo‐Egyptian colonial relationship, and left a legacy of disappointment and bitterness among Egyptians towards liberal internationalism. The article ends by contextualizing the Egyptian case within the surge of anticolonial nationalism in the wake of World War I, and positing the Wilsonian Moment as a watershed in the transformation of colonial relations.
Calculation of optical constants and related quantities from optical to x-ray frequencies

We discuss an efficient approach for calculations of optical to x-ray response based on a spectral function formalism which is implemented in an extension to the real-space Green's function code FEFF. This formalism avoids the need to compute wave-functions explicitly, and is applicable to arbitrary, aperiodic systems. Starting from the complex dielectric constant, the approach gives a number of linear optical constants, including the complex index of refraction the photoabsorption coefficient and energy-loss spectra over a very broad spectral range. These results provide a theoretical complement to standard tables and are useful in a variety of applications including ab initio calculations self-energy shifts, inelastic losses, mean-free paths, and stopping powers. For example, a many-pole self-energy model based on these results makes possible improved, parameter free calculations of various photon- and electron-spectra. The method is compared with experiment and with a pseudopotential-planewave Bethe-Salpeter Equation method.
The Synthesis of Guanosine 5′-Diphosphate l-Fucose from Guanosine 5′-Diphosphate 3,5-d-[3H]Mannose Catalyzed by an Enzyme Extract from Fruits of the Flax

An enzyme system from fruits of the flax plant is described that catalyzes the synthesis of the sugar nucleotide guanosine 5′-diphosphate l-fucose from guanosine 5′-diphosphate d-mannose with the intermediate formation of guanosine 5′-diphosphate 4-keto-6-deoxy-d-mannose. Tritium from-[3H]H2O was incorporated into the l-fucose portion of the sugar nucleotide in the course of the reaction, and tritium at the 3,5-carbons of the d-mannose moiety of GDP-d-mannose was exchanged with protons in the medium. These results support a mechanism of synthesis analogous to that proposed for the formation of l-rhamnose and other 6-deoxy sugars.
Refinement of the supercontinent cycle with Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes

Abstract The combined use of Hf, Nd and Sr isotopes is more useful in understanding the supercontinent cycle than the use of only Hf isotopic data from detrital zircons. Sr and Nd seawater isotopes, although not as precise as ɛ Nd and ɛ Hf distributions, also record input from ocean ridge systems. Unlike detrital zircons where sources cannot be precisely located because of crustal recycling, both the location and tectonic setting often can be constrained for whole-rock Nd isotopic data. Furthermore, primary zircon sources may not reside on the same continent as derivative detrital zircons due to supercontinent breakup and assembly. Common to all of the isotopic studies are geographic sampling biases reflecting outcrop distributions, river system sampling, or geologists, and these may be responsible for most of the decorrelation observed between isotopic systems. Distributions between 3.5 and 2 Ga based on ɛ Hf median values of four detrital zircon databases as well as our compiled ɛ Nd database are noisy but uniformly distributed in time, whereas data between 2 and 1 Ga data are more tightly clustered with smaller variations. Grouped age peaks suggest that both isotopic systems are sampling similar types of orogens. Only after 1 Ga and before 3.5 Ga do we see wide variations and significant disagreement between databases, which may partially reflect variations in both the number of sample locations and the number of samples per location. External and internal orogens show similar patterns in ɛ Nd and ɛ Hf with age suggesting that both juvenile and reworked crustal components are produced in both types of orogens with similar proportions. However, both types of orogens clearly produce more juvenile isotopic signatures in retreating mode than in advancing mode. Many secular changes in ɛ Hf and ɛ Nd distributions correlate with the supercontinent cycle. Although supercontinent breakup is correlated with short-lived decreasing ɛ Hf and ɛ Nd (≤100 Myr) for most supercontinents, there is no isotopic evidence for the breakup of the Paleoproterozoic supercontinent Nuna. Assembly of supercontinents by extroversion is recorded by decreasing ɛ Nd in granitoids and metasediments and decreasing ɛ Hf in zircons, attesting to the role of crustal reworking in external orogens in advancing mode. As expected, seawater Sr isotopes increase and seawater Nd isotopes decrease during supercontinent assembly by extroversion. Pangea is the only supercontinent that has a clear isotopic record of introversion assembly, during which median ɛ Nd and ɛ Hf rise rapidly for ≤100 Myr. Although expected to increase, radiogenic seawater Sr decreases (and seawater Nd increases) during assembly of Pangea, a feature that may be caused by juvenile input into the oceans from new ocean ridges and external orogens in retreating mode. The fact that a probable onset of plate tectonics around 3 Ga is not recorded in isotopic distributions may be due the existence of widespread felsic crust formed prior to the onset of plate tectonics in a stagnant lid tectonic regime, as supported by Nd and Hf model ages.
The U.S. legalization program: a preliminary final report.

The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 made 4 types of aliens eligible to receive legalization benefits: 1) those who resided "continuously" in the US since January 1 1982; 2) those who had worked in the US perishable-crop agriculture for 90 "man-days" in specified time periods (Special Agricultural Workers [SAWS]); 3) those who were in the US since before January 1 1972; and 4) those classified as Cuban/Haitian entrants and who had been in the US since January 1 1982. Estimates of the number of aliens eligible for legalization not including SAWS ranges from 1.834 million to 2.56 million. Estimates of undercounts of undocumented aliens are 10% for those who entered before 1975 and 37.5% for those who arrived after 1975. Other refinements in the estimates of undocumented aliens include adjustments for 1) ethnic group and location 2) the growth of the undocumented population between the census date and the legalization eligibility date under IRCA and 3) emigration and deportation rates. Out of the 1581800 applicants entered into the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) computers (from a total of 2.15 million applicants) as of May 20 1988 73.7% were Mexican nationals. Only 5 other countries contributed more than 1%: El Salvador (6.5%) Haiti (2.3%) Guatemala (2.2%) the Philippines (1%) and Colombia (1%). The Mexican percentage was unexpectedly high perhaps because the legalization had been much more successful in the Southwest than anywhere else in the country. Reasons that Mexicans have a higher legalization participation rate than other nationalities include 1) the distant eligibility date; 2) ethnic differences among non-Mexican nationalities; 3) particularly in the northeast fears of exposing ones illegal status to INS; 4) the difficulty of information reaching ethnic communities 5) the reluctance of those already undergoing the naturalization process to risk the legalization process; and 6) the reluctance of employees to admit employment of undocumented aliens. In the end more than 90% of applicants are expected to be granted temporary resident alien status (and about 70% of agricultural workers) for a total of more than 2 million people. Researchers estimate that 2.5 - 3 million more persons remain in an undocumented status in the US.
Methods to Avoid Post-Filtration Precipitation in Treatment of High-Level Waste

The Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant, currently under construction for treating high level waste at the Hanford Site, will rely on ultrafiltration to provide solids/liquid separation as a core part of the treatment process. A series of bench-scale simulant tests have been performed to evaluate the potential for post-filtration precipitation. These tests focused on identifying precipitation from a range of potential feed compositions and providing the data required to evaluate mitigation options. This data is also important to the Savannah River Site as they are also attempting to dissolve saltcake from their tanks. Inadvertent solids formation after saltcake dissolution, either within a staging tank or in transfer piping can have serious repercussions on the eventual retrieval and transfer of the waste. A series of tests were performed using a variety of simulant samples. These tests identified the expected extent of supersaturation that develops under normal operations and identified...
Global analysis of allele-specific expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Gene expression is a complex trait determined by various genetic and nongenetic factors. Among the genetic factors, allelic difference may play a critical role in gene regulation. In this study we globally dissected cis (allelic) and trans sources of genetic variation in F1 hybrids between two Arabidopsis thaliana wild accessions, Columbia (Col) and Vancouver (Van), using a new high-density SNP-tiling array. This array tiles the whole genome with 35-bp resolution and interrogates 250,000 SNPs identified from resequencing of 20 diverse A. thaliana strains. Quantitative assessment of 12,311 genes identified 3811 genes differentially expressed between parents, 1665 genes with allele-specific expression, and 1688 genes controlled by composite trans-regulatory variation. Loci with cis- or trans-regulatory variation were mapped onto sequence polymorphisms, epigenetic modifications, and transcriptional specificity. Genes regulated in cis tend to be located in polymorphic chromosomal regions, are preferentially associated with repressive epigenetic marks, and exhibit high tissue expression specificity. Genes that vary due to trans regulation reside in relatively conserved chromosome regions, show activating epigenetic marks and generally constitutive gene expression. Our findings demonstrate a method of global functional characterization of allele-specific expression and highlight that chromatin structure is intertwined with evolution of cis- and trans-regulatory variation.
Loss of function variants in human PNPLA8 encoding calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ recapitulate the mitochondriopathy of the homologous null mouse

Mitochondriopathies are a group of clinically heterogeneous genetic diseases caused by defects in mitochondrial metabolism, bioenergetic efficiency, and/or signaling functions. The large majority of proteins involved in mitochondrial function are encoded by nuclear genes, with many yet to be associated with human disease. We performed exome sequencing on a young girl with a suspected mitochondrial myopathy that manifested as progressive muscle weakness, hypotonia, seizures, poor weight gain, and lactic acidosis. She was compound heterozygous for two frameshift mutations, p.Asn112HisfsX29 and p.Leu659AlafsX4, in the PNPLA8 gene, which encodes mitochondrial calcium-independent phospholipase A2 γ (iPLA2 γ). Western blot analysis of affected muscle displayed the absence of PNPLA8 protein. iPLA2 s are critical mediators of a variety of cellular processes including growth, metabolism, and lipid second messenger generation, exerting their functions through catalyzing the cleavage of the acyl groups in glycerophospholipids. The clinical presentation, muscle histology and the mitochondrial ultrastructural abnormalities of this proband are highly reminiscent of Pnpla8 null mice. Although other iPLA2 -related diseases have been identified, namely, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy, this is the first report of PNPLA8-related disease in a human. We suggest PNPLA8 join the increasing list of human genes involved in lipid metabolism associated with neuromuscular diseases due to mitochondrial dysfunction.
A solid-state impulse flowmeter☆

Abstract This paper describes a solid-state flowmeter that will record blood flows over a wide range (0.1–30 ml/min). The flowmeter is activated by a photoelectric cell in a drop chamber that produces input impulses from the breaking of a light beam by drops of blood falling through the chamber which is filled with silicone fluid. The flowmeter is accurate to ±1% within a range of 3-fold changes in flow and will operate almost any laboratory recorder or oscillograph. Self-checking circuits are provided for making initial calibrations and to test performance during operation. The instrument is also equipped with a register recording total flow over a desired period of time (total number of drops). Performance data and advantages as used in microcirculatory studies have been discussed.
Computability theory, semantics, and logic programming

This book describes computability theory and provides an extensive treatment of data structures and program correctness. It makes accessible some of the author's work on generalized recursion theory, particularly the material on the logic programming language PROLOG. It also considers LISP programming language and shows its relation to the PROLOG type of language. Advanced first-degree and graduate students of computer science; researchers in computer science and logic.
Modelling Flocculated Cell Suspensions using a Population Balance Approach: Applications to Microfiltration

Experimental results for flocculation of yeast and CHO cells using cationic polyelectrolytes are presented. These results suggest the existence of a self-similar floc size distribution. The experimentally determined floc size distributions have been modelled using a population balance approach. For flocculated yeast suspensions, the variation of the floc volume fraction with dimensionless particle diameter is predicted by the population balance model assuming a binary fragment distribution function. However, for CHO cell flocs, the floc volume fraction is predicted using a log normal fragment distribution function. Since the efficiency of unit operations such as microfiltration may be improved by flocculation of the feed suspension characterization of the particle size distribution is of great importance.
Open Source, Smart Grid, and Mobile Apps

The modern communication world leverages various kinds of platforms to accelerate the development of innovative applications. Communication standards arising from the Internet and the Smart Grid programs, together with open source software and programmable mobile platforms contribute to an extremely rich, invention-friendly environment that is accessible to virtually anyone with a new idea.
Systems analysis and cost estimates for large scale capture of carbon dioxide from air

Abstract This paper explores the resource intensity and major cost elements of direct air capture of carbon dioxide. The levelized cost of carbon removal is calculated as the sum of costs resulting from interdependent capture devices, energy supplies, water supplies and sequestration resources. The analysis considers “generic” air capture technology characterized only by its energy use, capture footprint, and water use. Capital costs dominate the analysis, followed by energy efficiency. Four dedicated energy resources are considered: Wind, enhanced geothermal, natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), and NGCC with 90% carbon capture. Nearly carbon-free energy is critical to keeping overall cost of carbon mitigation low. The analysis shows that high second law capture efficiencies (on the order of 10%) and relatively inexpensive capture devices (on the order $0.5 M for an individual device capturing one tonne CO 2 /day) must be achieved if the cost of air capture is to approach $300/tonne- CO 2 . Reaching those goals is likely to require substantial research into the kinetics and thermodynamics of capture chemistry which, respectively, keep the capital and energy costs as low as possible.
Temperature rise in pulpal chamber during fabrication of provisional resinous crowns

Abstract Statement of problem. The heat generated during the exothermic polymerization reaction of autopolymerizing resinous materials and the heat generated by ultraviolet lamps during irradiation of photopolymerizing resinous materials could cause pulpal damage when a direct technique is used to fabricate provisional restorations. This could occur if temperature elevations overcome the physiological heat dissipating mechanisms of the dental-periodontal system. Purpose. This in vitro study compared the rise in temperatures in the pulpal chamber during fabrication of provisional complete veneer crowns by direct method with different autopolymerizing and photopolymerizing resins. The effect of curing resinous crowns in different matrices, such as a polyvinyl siloxane impression and a vacuum-formed polypropylene sheet, was also evaluated. Results. The results demonstrated that the amount of heat generated during resin polymerization and transmitted to the pulpal chamber could be damaging to pulpal tissues including odontoblasts. When curing of provisional resinous crowns was performed in the polyvinyl siloxane impression, significantly lower temperatures were recorded compared with curing in the vacuum-formed polypropylene sheet. Conclusions. To prevent pulpal damage, effective cooling procedures are strongly recommended when directly fabricating resinous provisional crowns. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:441-6.)
Optically Pumped FIR Laser Lines from CH3OH: New Laser Lines, Frequency Measurements, and Assignments

We report the identification and characterization of eight new FIR laser lines from methanol (CH3OH) in the range 48.4 to 453.7 µm pumped by sequence and hot bands of a cw CO2 laser. Frequency measurements for most of the new FIR laser lines and from previously reported ones were obtained in the range 0.6-6.8 THz with a one-sigma reproducibility of two parts in 10(7). We propose an assignment of energy levels for two of the new laser lines and for five pumped by 10R(46) previously reported. The high frequency lines with absorption centers outside of the tuning range of the CO2 laser pump showed doublets. These were used to evaluate the offsets of the CO2 absorption transitions.
Implementation of combustion chemistry by in situ adaptive tabulation of rate-controlled constrained equilibrium manifolds

A general methodology called in situ adaptive tabulation-rate-controlled constrained equilibrium (ISAT-RACCE) is developed to treat detailed chemistry in turbulent combustion calculations. This method combines dimension reduction and tabulation and can be implemented in a single computer program, which is independent of the detailed mechanism and of the level of reduction selected. The dimension reduction of a detailed mechanism is achieved by the RCCE approach, which is based on the maximum entropy principle of thermodynamics: and the tabulation is performed in situ during the combustion calculations and is made in the low-dimensional constraint subspace. This method is particularly attractive for very large kinetic mechanisms (e.g., including thousands of species) because the constrained equilibrium state depends on only a small number of constraints (or constrait potentials) which form the constraint subspace. Moreover, the unique and continuous maximum-entropy manifold determined by the RCCE assumption is well suited to the ISAT algorithm—an efficient computational technique for the implementation of combustion chemistry. Test calculations are performed for non-premixed methane/air combustion in a statistically homogeneous turbulent reactor, using a detailed kinetic mechanism with 31 species and 175 reactions. A direct approach of numerically integrating the full reaction equations (32-dimensional) is performed and the result is taken as the exact solution. The ISAT-RCCE calculations based on 10- to 16-dimensional constraint subspaces show good agreement with the accurate solution, and the accuracy of the results from the 16-dimensional ISAT-RCCE calculation is comparable to that of a reference calculation using ISAT and a 17-dimensional augmented reduced mechanism (derived from the same detailed mechanism). A speed-up factor of about 500 is obtained for the ISAT-RCCE calculation compared to the direct integration approach, which demonstrates the high efficiency of the new method.
The Concord School of Philosophy and the Legacy of Transcendentalism

During its ten summer sessions (1879–88), the Concord School of Philosophy attracted hundreds of attendees who, for intellectual improvement and a glimpse of aging transcendentalists, endured lectures on the classics, philosophy, and comparative religions. This essay explores reporters', attendees', and school leaders' attitudes toward transcendentalism, suggesting why the school sought to downplay the antebellum movement's radical implications.
The effects of dietary additives on faecal levels of Lactobacillus spp., coliforms, and Escherichia coli, and faecal prevalence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in US production nursery swine.

Aims: In the United States, carbadox and copper sulfate are growth promoters commonly used in combination in nursery swine diets. Our aim was to determine how selected dietary additives affect selected bacterial populations and pathogens in nursery swine, and compare to larch extract, which contains potential antibacterial activities. Methods and Results: Piglets were weaned and sorted into one of the four treatments: (i) basal diet without antimicrobials; (ii) basal diet with carbadox + copper sulfate; (iii) basal diet + 1000 ppm larch extract; or (iv) basal diet + 2000 ppm larch extract. Diets were fed for a 4-week period after weaning. In both trials, the carbadox + copper sulfate group consumed more feed over the 4-week period relative to the other three diet groups (P < 0·05), but did not gain significantly more weight. Faecal shedding of Salmonella spp. was not affected by dietary supplement in either trial, but faecal shedding of Campylobacter spp. was the lowest for the carbadox + copper sulfate diet. In faecal samples collected at the end of each trial, Lactobacillus spp. cell counts for the basal and larch extract diets were nearly 1·0 log10 g−1 faeces greater (P < 0·05) than the carbadox + copper sulfate group, whereas the coliforms and Escherichia coli were nearly 1·0 log10 g−1 faeces lower (P < 0·05). Conclusions: Compared to basal fed animals, supplementation with carbadox + copper sulfate significantly altered faecal E. coli, coliform bacteria and Lactobacillus spp. Larch extract has no benefit up to 0·2% of diet in regard to pathogen shedding, whereas carbadox + copper sulfate decreased faecal shedding of Campylobacter spp. Significance and Impact of the Study: Current swine management practices in the United States may be beneficial to managing Campylobacter spp. shedding in nursery swine, but also result in significant changes in the resident gastrointestinal microflora.
THINKING TOWARD A FUTURE

Dans son oeuvre « Ethics in an Age of Technology », Ian Barbour donne un apercu du sujet de l'ethique et de la technologie en presentant differents points instruits par la science, la philosophie et la religion
Current practice of occupational therapy for children with autism.

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the current practice patterns of occupational therapists experienced in working with children with autism spectrum disorders. Method Occupational therapists experienced in providing services to 2-year-old to 12-year-old children with autism completed a mail questionnaire describing practice patterns, theoretical approaches, intervention techniques, and preferred methods of preparation for work with children with autism. Results Of those contacted, 72 occupational therapists met the study criteria and returned completed questionnaires. Practice patterns included frequent collaboration with other professionals during assessment and intervention. Intervention services were typically provided in a one-to-one format with the most common techniques being sensory integration (99%) and positive reinforcement (93%). Theoretical approaches included sensory integration (99%), developmental (88%), and behavioral (73%). Evaluations relied heavily on nonstandardized tools and clinical observations. Educational methods identified as most helpful were weekend workshops (56%) and on-the-job training (52%). Conclusion This study clarified the nature of current occupational therapy practice patterns for 2-year-old to 12-year-old children with autism. Additional studies are needed to examine the efficacy of current evaluation and intervention methods, as well as to explore the relevance of available standardized assessments for this population.
Death, Life, Scarcity, and Value: An Alternative Perspective on the Meaning of Death

That the scarcity of objects enhances their value is a widely known principle in the behavioral sciences. In addition, research has demonstrated that attaching high value to an object produces biased perceptions of its scarcity. Three studies applied this bidirectional link between scarcity and value to the meaning of death, testing the prediction that death represents the scarcity of life. In Study 1, reminders of death led to enhanced evaluations of life. In Studies 2 and 3, the monetary (Study 2) and psychological (Study 3) value of life were manipulated. In both studies, when human life was highly valuable, the concept of death was more accessible, as predicted from the association between value and scarcity. Previous theoretical treatments of the meaning of death have shared the notion that death is essentially a threat requiring psychological defenses. The present results suggest that, from an informational perspective, death represents the scarcity of life.
The Extraterritorial Reach of the American Antitrust Laws Remedial Aspects

In this chapter we will focus on the problems of foreign business enterprises caused by their participation in the American market, in so as far as these problems relate to American antitrust enforcement.
School Choice and the Creation of Social Capital Reexamined

Scholars have argued that by spurring parental involvement in school activities, school choice creates social capital. While government policies may be able to create social capital, we doubt that school choice is such a policy and argue that participation in school activities is largely determined by individual-level attributes and the school context, rather than choice per se. To assess this claim we use the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study data. Unlike most school choice studies, this data set has a large, representative national sample. More importantly, the panel structure of the data allows us to examine the same parents both before and after the school choice decision has been made, permitting a true dynamic analysis. The results demonstrate that actively choosing a child's school does not make parents more likely to participate in school activities. Some institutional attributes of schools do appear to increase parental involvement in school activities, however.
Testis Sparing Surgery for Steroid Unresponsive Testicular Tumors of the Adrenogenital Syndrome

ABSTRACTPurpose: Surgical management of steroid unresponsive testicular tumors of the adrenogenital syndrome has been orchiectomy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of these tumors accurately delineates the extent of disease. Testis sparing surgery is an important consideration, since male individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are potentially fertile. We present our results of surgical management of this tumor based on MRI findings.Materials and Methods: Four boys with steroid unresponsive testicular tumors of the adrenogenital syndrome were evaluated with MRI, testicular ultrasound and color flow Doppler examinations preoperatively and postoperatively. Three patients had 21-hydroxylase deficiency and 1 had 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency. Contralateral testicular abnormalities included a vanished testis, testicular atrophy due to trauma and bilateral tumors in 1 boy each. Bilateral orchiectomy and surgical enucleation were performed in 1 and 3 patients, respectively. Followup rang...
Specular spectroscopic scatterometry

Scatterometry is one of the few metrology candidates that has true in situ/in-line potential for deep submicrometer critical dimension (CD) and profile analysis. Most existing scatterometers are designed to measure multiple incident angles at a single wavelength on periodic gratings. We extend this idea by deploying specular spectroscopic scatterometry. Specular spectroscopic scatterometry (SS) is designed to measure the zeroth-order diffraction response at a fixed angle of incidence and multiple wavelengths. This mechanism allows the use of existing thin-film metrology equipment, such as spectroscopic ellipsometers, to accurately extract topographic profile information from one-dimensional (1-D) periodic structures. In this work, we developed the grating tool-kit (gtk), which implements several variants of rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) to accurately and efficiently simulate diffraction behavior of 1-D gratings. Theoretical simulations using this package show that specular spectroscopic scatterometry can be applied in the current semiconductor manufacturing technology, and can be easily extended to the 0.07-/spl mu/m generation. We have also applied a library-based profile extraction methodology to resist and poly focus-exposure matrices patterned using 0.25and 0.18-/spl mu/m lithography and etch technology, respectively, to extract their cross-sectional profiles. Discrepancies between CD-SEM, CD-AFM, and SSS measurements are discussed and explained.
Biodegradable microparticles and nanoparticles by electrospraying techniques

PurposeBiodegradable microparticles and nanoparticles are receiving increased attention for their ability to serve as a viable carrier for site-specific delivery of genes, drugs and other biomolecu...
A Study of Mixed Group-V Nitrides Grown by Gas-Source Molecular Beam Epitaxy Using a Nitrogen Radical Beam Source

We report a study of N incorporation in GaAs and InP by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy using a N radical beam source. For GaNAs grown at high temperatures, phase separation was observed, as evidenced from the formation of cubic GaN aside from GaNAs. By lowering the growth temperature, however, GaNAs alloys with N as high as 14.8% have been obtained without showing any phase separation. For InNP, no phase separation was observed in the temperature range studied (310 – 420 °C). Contrary to GaNAs, incorporating N in InP is very difficult, with only less than 1% N being achieved. Optical absorption measurement reveals strong red shift of bandgap energy with direct-bandgap absorption. However, no semimetallic region seems to exist for GaNAs and a composition-dependent bowing parameter has been observed.