cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and structural characterization of a binuclear oxomolybdenum(VI) tropolonate complex, (n-Bu4N)2[Mo2O6(trop)2], displaying the novel [MoO2(μ-O)2MoO2]° core

Abstract Reaction of (n-Bu4N)2[Mo2O7] with tropolone (C7H6O2) in acetonitrile yields (n-Bu4N)2[Mo2O6(trop)2]. The title complex is a unique example of a binuclear oxomolybdenum(VI) species exhibiting the [MoO2(μ-O)2MoO2]° core. Crystal data: monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 10.092(2), b = 14.867(3), c = 17.002(4) A, β= 93.05(1)°, V = 2547.4(11) A3, Z = 2, Dcalc. = 1.37 g cm−3; 3764 reflections to give R = 0.035.
The gastroscopic yield from the negative upper gastrointestinal series.

In a series of nearly 2300 patients, there were 843 normal or negative upper gastrointestinal roentgen examinations. Indications for gastroscopic study were primarily abdominal pain and anemia or bleeding. Thirteen percent of patients with normal or negative x-ray examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract showed significant lesions, including 59 gastric ulcers and 4 cancers, by gastroscopy.
Magnetic Interactions and Spiral Ground States in Spinels, with Application to Zn Cr 2 Se 4

It is found that five distinct distant-neighbor interactions must be considered in order to characterize adequately the Heisenberg energy in normal cubic spinels having diamagnetic $A$-site ions. The classical theory of the ground spin state is presented in terms of these interactions, which span a five-dimensional parameter space. It is demonstrated that the ground state consists of a spiral spin configuration with $\mathrm{k}=(0, 0, l)$ if and only if the parameter values fall inside a limited region, which is determined rigorously by means of the Luttinger-Tisza method. Because of the circumscription of this spiral ground-state region, agreement with the experimental findings for Zn${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{4}$ requires that at least one of the distant-neighbor interactions be ferromagnetic. Furthermore, these interactions can be analyzed into their constituent superexchange terms, which can in turn be related by standard superexchange theory. The resulting criteria for physical reasonability place additional limits upon the acceptable range of values for the interactions. This range is found to exclude those sets of interactions which have previously been proposed in the literature. A simplified superexchange model is used to illustrate the determination of physically reasonable fits to the data and to study their dependence upon the degree of $A$-site covalence.
A Probabilistic Approach to Aeropropulsion System Assessment

A probabilistic approach is described for aeropropulsion system assessment. To demonstrate this approach, the technical performance of a wave rotor-enhanced gas turbine engine (i.e. engine net thrust, specific fuel consumption, and engine weight) is assessed. The assessment accounts for the uncertainties in component efficiencies/flows and mechanical design variables, using probability distributions. The results are presented in the form of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and sensitivity analyses, and are compared with those from the traditional deterministic approach. The comparison shows that the probabilistic approach provides a more realistic and systematic way to assess an aeropropulsion system.
NAVIGATION ON THE GREENLAND ICESHEET

In his article on icecap Navigation1 Major Mogensen gives an excellent description of the conditions and problems met with while navigating on a polar icesheet. It is the purpose of thsi article to describe how these conditions and problems were dealt with during the summer of 1955 by Project "jello" of the Snow, Ice, and Permafrost Research Establishment.
Bubble routing: A scalable algorithm with guaranteed delivery in 3D sensor networks

Compared with its 2D counterpart, the scalability problem is greatly exacerbated in a 3D wireless sensor network. In this paper, we propose a scalable routing algorithm, dubbed Bubble Routing. It preprocesses global knowledge via a distributed algorithm, such that a node only needs to store a small constant information to make correct and efficient local routing decisions and achieve guaranteed delivery at the same time. More specifically, the proposed bubble routing algorithm first decompose a 3D network into a set of hollow spherical cells (HSCs). A continuous and one-to-one mapping is applied and a virtual tree structure is established inside each HSC to enable greedy routing. On the other hand, routing across HSCs is guided by a small routing table whose size is bounded by the number of interior holes. Our simulation results show that bubble routing can achieve guaranteed data delivery, low stretch factor, and well balanced traffic load.
The effects of the menstrual cycle, race, and gender on adrenergic receptors and agonists.

Objective To examine possible effects of race, sex, and the menstrual cycle on adrenergic receptors (β2 and α2) and agonists. Methods Sixty-three normotensive black men and women and white men and women were studied twice, approximately 6 weeks apart. Women were studied once during the follicular phase and once during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. β2-Adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase activity were examined on lymphocytes, and α2-adrenergic receptors were examined on platelets. Norepinephrine and epinephrine were determined in plasma. Results Women showed greater lymphocyte β2-receptor sensitivity (isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate; p = 0.009). Women also showed greater postreceptor adenylate cycle activity independent of the β-receptor (forskolin stimulation; p = 0.006). When these differences were controlled for, the gender-related differences in β2-receptor sensitivity were no longer evident. Black women had a reduced β2-receptor sensitivity in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase, whereas white women showed no significant change (p = 0.018). Black subjects had lower lymphocyte β2-receptor density (Bmax) values than white subjects (p = 0.047). There were no significant effects on α2-adrenergic receptors. Conclusion The findings suggest that although there is no generalized effect of the menstrual cycle on adrenergic receptors in white women, such an effect may occur in black women. The findings also suggest that previously reported gender-related differences in β2-receptor sensitivity may be due to gender-related differences in postreceptor activity and not the β2-receptor per se. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (1996) 60, 99–104; doi:
The role of trypsin in the pre-treatment of chromosomes for Giemsa banding.

The role of trypsin in the elicitation of G-banding on human chromosomes was studied in two separate laboratories. Enzyme activity and ability of trypsin to chelate calcium were manipulated by dilution of the treatment solution, and by inhibition with diisopropylphosphofluoridate, diphenylcarbamyl chloride, or soybean trypsin inhibitor. In all cases, chromosomes were affected in proportion to the enzyme activity of the treatment solution rather than the ability of the solution to bind calcium. It is concluded that calcium chelation is not sufficient to explain G-banding by trypsin, but that proteolytic activity is required.
Equity Returns and Monetary Policy

When U.S. companies need funds, they obtain these funds primarily from the banking system rather than the financial markets. In the financial markets, companies obtain funds mostly by issuing debt instruments rather than stocks. Despite these well-known facts, the stock market is the most closely watched market in the United States. There may be several reasons for this; however, the fact that half of all American households have a stake in the behavior
Thyroid hormone metabolism in primary cultures of fetal rat brain cells.

Abstract The metabolism of thyroxine 3,5,3′,5′-tetraiodothyronine, (T 4 ) and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) was studied in primary cultures of dispersed fetal rat brain cells. Cultured brain cells actively metabolized both T 4 and T 3 by enzyme catalyzed deiodination reactions which increase (type II 5′-deiodinase) or decrease (type I 5′-deiodinase and type III 5-deiodinase) the bioactivity of thyroid hormone. Homogenates of cultured brain cells showed both type I and type II 5′-deiodinating activities and these two enzymes tended to differ in their time course of appearance. Cultures exposed to 10 μM cytosine arabinoside for 16 h showed up to a 70% reduction in type I activity without decreasing the type II enzyme suggesting that the type II enzyme is associated with non-dividing neuronal cells. The pre-dominant pathway for T 4 and T 3 metabolism in situ was tyrosyl-ring or type III 5′-deiodination which followed first order kinetics with a t 1/2 of 70 min. T 4 to T 3 conversion by the type II enzyme was consistently observed after correcting for the degradation of newly formed T 3 by the type III enzyme. In situ, both type II and type III enzymes were thiol-dependent and both activities were inhibited by iopanoic acid. Type III 5-deiodination of T 4 produced 34 fmol 3,3,5′-triiodothyronine (rT 3 )/h per 10 6 cells at 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and 97 fmol of rT 3 /h per 10 6 cells at 50 mM DTT. T 3 production by the II enzyme was 1.2 and 4.4 fmol of T 3 /h per 10 6 cells at 10 and 50 mM DTT, respectively. Thyroid hormone deficient culture conditions increased type II enzyme activity by 4–5-fold within 48 h and this was prevented in a dose-dependent fashion by supplementing the media with increasing amounts of T 3 . These data indicate that primary cultures of dispersed brain cells mimic the intact cerebral cortex with respect to the metabolism of thyroid hormone and the regulatory mechanisms which defend cerebrocortical T 3 levels. The vigorous metabolism of both T 4 and T 3 by these cultures may explain some of the difficulties in demonstrating thyroid hormone-dependent biochemical changes at physiologically relevant levels of thyroid hormone.
Variation in the number, location and size of synaptic vesicles provides an anatomical basis for the nonuniform probability of release at hippocampal CA1 synapses

Abstract Synaptic vesicles, synaptic clefts and postsynaptic areas were measured in three dimensional reconstructions at representative axonal boutons in hippocampal area CA1. Both docked and non-docked vesicles were counted and measured. Small boutons on thin spines had about 2–6 docked vesicles from a pool of more than 200 vesicles. Medium-sized boutons on medium-sized mushroom-shaped dendritic spines contained about 13–16 docked vesicles from a pool of more than 450 vesicles. A large bouton synapsing with a large mushroom-shaped dendritic spine had two clusters of vesicles totaling more than 1000 vesicles. The postsynaptic density was segmented into two discrete zones under the two clusters of vesicles and 36 docked vesicles were distributed over its surfaces. Two multiple-synapse boutons contained more than 500 vesicles with 2–12 docked vesicles observed at each of the two postsynaptic densities on each bouton. This nonuniform number of docked vesicles provides an anatomical basis for the non-uniform probability of release that occurs across hippocampal synapses of different sizes. In addition, the volume of each synaptic vesicle was determined to be 0.4–5.2% of the total volume of the reconstructed synaptic clefts into which they presumably release their contents. However, since each vesicle contains more than 10 times the concentration of glutamate needed to saturate the postsynaptic receptors, these data also support the hypothesis that release of even a single synaptic vesicle will activate all of the postsynaptic receptors.
TH‐C‐351‐04: 18F‐FLT PET Imaging of Proliferative Response to An EGFR Inhibitor in HNSCC Xenograft Mouse Models

Purpose: Growing interest in targeted cancer therapies requires increasingly sophisticated understanding of response in tumor microenvironments. This work quantifies the proliferative response of two murine xenograft tumormodels to an EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitor, cetuximab, using FLT‐PET imaging.Method and Materials: Athymic mice harboring human head and neck squamous cellcarcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts were injected with 18 F‐FLT , a proliferation marker, and imaged on an Inveon microPET/CT scanner. MicroPET/CT imaging was performed on days one and five. Mice were then treated with cetuximab on days two and four with appropriate IgG controls. PET values were normalized by injected dose and weight (%ID/g) and evaluated in the tumor region. Results: Inhibition of FLT proliferation signal following cetuximab administration was statistically significant in a paired t‐test. Average FLT uptake in the tumor decreased from 54 ± 15 % ID / g to 26 ± 7 % ID / g ( p = 0.037) in cetuximab‐treated SCC‐1483 xenografts and from 45 ± 12 % ID / g to 22 ± 6 % ID / g ( p = 0.035) in cetuximab‐treated SCC‐1 xenografts. Maximum and cumulative FLT uptake showed similar trends. Initial proliferation rates and magnitude of treatment response were greater in the SCC‐1483 cell line. IgG controls did not show a significant change in FLT uptake. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the capability to measure the effect of a molecular inhibitor of EGFR signaling on proliferation within the tumor microenvironment as measured by 18 F‐FLT PET. This technique should improve understanding of tumor response to EGFR inhibitor therapy and may provide a valuable tool to assess early treatment response to cetuximab in humans.
The Societal Cost of the Exclusionary Rule: An Empirical Assessment

A key criticism that has emerged in the debate over the search and seizure exclusionary rule is that it exacts heavy societal costs in the form of lost prosecutions and that such costs outweigh any demonstrated social benefits. This article examines the costs of three exclusionary rules using data collected for 7,500 cases in a nine-county study of criminal courts in three states. It emphasizes motions to suppress physical evidence but for comparative purposes also includes motions to suppress confessions and identifications. The results show that the various exclusionary rules exact only marginal social costs. Motions to suppress physical evidence are filed in fewer than 5% of the cases, largely drug and weapons cases, while serious motions to suppress identifications and confessions are filed in 2% and 4% of the cases. The success rate of motions to suppress is equally marginal. Successful motions to suppress physical evidence occur in only 0.69% of the cases, while successful motions to suppress identifications or confessions occur much less often. Moreover, not all who successfully suppressed evidence escaped conviction, especially when only an identification or a confession was suppressed. In all, only 46 cases—less than 0.6% of the cases studied—were lost because of the three exclusionary rules combined, most of them involving offenses that would have incurred less than six months’ imprisonment or first offenders. Finally, the impact of unsuccessful motions on subsequent plea bargaining was found to be marginal; only unsuccessful motions to exclude confessions resulted in any real sentencing concessions.
Functional abnormality of lambda phage particles from complemented FII-mutant lysates.

Abstract Lambda FIIam mutants produce a normal yield of head particles which contain mature DNA, but are defective in head-tail joining. All the FII-heads can be complemented by in vitro addition of FII protein. After complementation, they bind tails and become physically complete phage particles. These particles are normal in sedimentation properties and in adsorption, but a majority are defective in injection. Genetic function of λDNA in the injectable subpopulation is apparently normal, when the phage are prepared by complementation of FII heads extracted 65 min after heat induction. The abnormal complemented particles are specifically abnormal in the function of injection.
Progress Toward Personalized Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has advanced significantly over the past decade, in part because of the identification of key elements in the immunopathogenesis of the disease, leading to the development of targeted immune-based therapies. Despite the availability of many highly specific therapies, the process of selecting a treatment regimen for an individual patient remains empirical. Personalized treatment, focused on predicting efficacy, non-response, and toxicity to better guide medication selection, moves closer to realization as genomic methods continue to be extended and refined. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 92 4, 440–442. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.124
Spectral Variability of LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper And Multispectral Scanner Data for Selected Crop And Forest Cover Types

The performance of both the Landsat-4 TM and MSS sensors is evaluated through the analysis of image and digital data simultaneously acquired over agricultural and forestry study sites in California. Spectral statistics extracted for selected cover types include band means, variances, coefficients of variation, range values, skewness, kurtosis, and covariance and correlation matrices. Spectral characteristics are evaluated through analysis of these statistics and interpretation of image products. Image products are used to visually represent significant spectral variations between the TM bands. Significant results include: 1) the overall spectral, spatial, and radiometric quality of the TM data are excellent; 2) discrimination of crop types on single-date image data is significantly improved by the addition of the first short-wave infrared band (TM5); 3) the thermal infrared data (TM6) allows the discrimination of agricultural and forestry cover types based on differences in their radiant temperature responses; and 4) the higher TM spatial resolution (28.5 m versus 57 m) provides the ability to discriminate small agricultural fields and boundaries, forest stand boundary conditions, road and stream networks in rough terrain, and small clearings resulting from various forest management practices.
WKB calculation of quantum adiabatic phases and nonadiabatic corrections

Berry discovered that wave functions may acquire a geometrical phase factor, in addition to the usual dynamical phase, during an adiabatic cycle with period T. The dynamical and Berry phases are here recognized as the first two terms in a systematic WKB expansion in powers of e=1/T. We thus provide a simple method for the calculation of adiabatic phases and for a consistent inclusion of nonadiabatic corrections Berry a decouvert que les fonctions d'onde peuvent acquerir ― en plus de la phase dynamique habituelle ― un facteur de la phase geometrique, pendant un cycle adiabatique de periode T. Les phases dynamique et de Berry sont ici identifiees comme les deux premiers termes d'un developpement WKB systematique en puissance de e=1/T. Nous donnons ainsi une methode simple pour le calcul des phases adiabatiques et pour l'inclusion coherente de corrections non adiabatiques
Swallowing and deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.

The purpose of this review is to assess the current state of the literature on the topic of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and its effects on swallowing function in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Pubmed, Cochrane review, and web of science searches were completed on all articles addressing DBS that contained a swallowing outcome measure. Outcome measures included the penetration/aspiration scale, pharyngeal transit time, oropharyngeal residue, drooling, aspiration pneumonia, death, hyolaryngeal excursion, epiglottic inversion, UPDRS scores, and presence of coughing/throat clearing during meals. The search identified 13 studies specifically addressing the effects of DBS on swallowing. Critical assessment of the 13 identified peer-reviewed publications revealed nine studies employing an experimental design, (e.g. “on” vs. “off”, pre- vs. post-DBS) and four case reports. None of the nine experimental studies were found to identify clinically significant improvement or decline in swallowing function with DBS. Despite these findings, several common threads were identified across experimental studies and will be examined in this review. Additionally, available data demonstrate that, although subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation has been considered to cause more impairment to swallowing function than globus pallidus internus (GPi) stimulation, there are no experimental studies directly comparing swallowing function in STN vs. GPi. Moreover, there has been no comparison of unilateral vs. bilateral DBS surgery and the coincident effects on swallowing function. This review includes a critical analysis of all experimental studies and discusses methodological issues that should be addressed in future studies.
Smoothing curvature and torsion with spring splines

A method is presented for generating piecewise parametric cubic spline functions with derivatives free of spurious oscillations. The tradeoff between smoothness and goodness of fit is controlled by adjusting the stiffness ratio of the spline and springs. Beam on elastic foundation theory is used to derive a set of transfer functions that relate the amplitude of the noise in the data to the amplitude of the noise in the curvature and torsion. Guidance is provided for specifying the stiffness ratio and the end conditions of the spring spline.
Low Frequency of p57KIP2 Mutation in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome

Summary Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of increased prenatal growth and predisposition to embryonal cancers such as Wilms tumor. BWS is thought to involve one or more imprinted genes, since some patients show paternal uniparental disomy, and others show balanced germ-line chromosomal rearrangements involving the maternal chromosome. We previously mapped BWS, by genetic linkage analysis, to 11p15.5, which we and others also found to contain several imprinted genes; these include the gene for insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) and H19, which show abnormal imprint-specific expression and/ or methylation in 20% of BWS patients, and p57 KIP2 , a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, which we found showed biallelic expression in one of nine BWS patients studied. In addition, p57 KIP2 was recently reported to show mutations in two of nine BWS patients. We have now analyzed the entire coding sequence and intron-exon boundaries of p57 KIP2 in 40 unrelated BWS patients. Of these patients, only two (5%) showed mutations, both involving frameshifts in the second exon. In one case, the mutation was transmitted to the proband's mother, who was also affected, from the maternal grandfather, suggesting that p57 KIP2 is not imprinted in at least some affected tissues at a critical stage of development and that haploinsufficiency due to mutation of either parental allele may cause at least some features of BWS. The low frequency of p57 KIP2 mutations, as well as our recent discovery of disruption of the K v LQT1 gene in patients with chromosomal rearrangements, suggest that BWS can involve disruption of multiple independent 11p15.5 genes.
Tandem duplication of D-loop and ribosomal RNA sequences in lizard mitochondrial DNA

Some Cnemidophorus exsanguis have mitochondrial DNA's (mtDNA's) that are 22.2 kilobases (kb) in size, whereas most have mtDNA's of 17.4 kb. Restriction site mapping, DNA transfer hybridization experiments, and electron microscopy show that the size increment stems from the tandem duplication of a 4.8-kb region that includes regulatory sequences and transfer and ribosomal RNA genes. This observation is notable in that sequences outside of the control region are involved in major length variation. Besides revealing a novel form of mtDNA evolution in animals, these duplications provide a useful system for investigating the molecular and evolutionary biology of animal mtDNA.
Residual error based CSI feedback enhancement for downlink multiuser MIMO

In this paper, we consider a downlink (DL) multiuser (MU) multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) channel with linear precoding in advanced cellular systems. We propose a general residual error based channel state information (CSI) feedback framework to improve the MU-MIMO performance. In particular, we propose a simple form of the enhanced feedback, i.e., residual error norm (REN) feedback in addition to the conventional implicit CSI report, in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular systems. We also illustrate mechanisms that the base station uses to exploit the proposed enhanced CSI feedback for rate-matching. The system level simulations demonstrate that the proposed residual error based enhanced CSI feedback with REN provides substantial system throughput improvements in both homogenous and heterogenous networks.
Regenerative medicine: Noodle gels for cells.

Heating and cooling of peptide amphiphile suspensions converts disorganized nanofibres into liquid-crystalline nanofibre bundles that gel on addition of salts. The noodle-shaped strings of gel can entrap and align cells.
Operational efficiency of decentralized Internet auction mechanisms

The recent consumer-to-consumer (C2C) Internet auction boom at eBay, Yahoo, Amazon, and other sites has added new theoretical challenges to the science of auctions. This paper uses experiments with economically-motivated human subjects to measure the operational efficiency of decentralized Internet auction mechanisms as they compare to centralized double auction mechanisms. Subjects are recruited randomly from the undergraduate population of a large urban university to be buyers or sellers in a simulated trading environment. They are randomly assigned costs and values for 10 units of a virtual product. During the experiment subjects trade these units through computer terminals in auctions similar to those held on eBay and generate profits, which subjects receive at the end of the experiment. The paper uses data from this experiment and previous laboratory experiments to compare operational efficiency and convergence pattern of prices to equilibrium levels in continuous double auctions versus online Internet auctions based on two variables: auction size and time. Experimental results suggest that, because of their decentralized nature, Internet auctions require a few more participants and more time to achieve operational efficiency levels than centralized markets which use continuous double auction mechanisms.
The low yield of routine radiographic screening of tuberculin-positive hospital employees

On the basis of limited benefit in relation to cost, mass radiographic screening for tuberculosis was challenged and abandoned in the 1970s. In the 1980s the value of such periodic screening of hospital employees with known positive tuberculin reactions was queried on the same grounds but without comparable data. We report here the results of 11 years of radiographic screening of tuberculin-positive employees of a university hospital. Although 3900 chest films were obtained at considerable cost, only one proved and six suspect cases of tuberculosis were detected, all of which were symptomatic. Even in the absence of symptoms all could have been identified by other screening criteria, five on the basis of recent tuberculin conversion and two as tuberculin-positive new employees. These data support the recent statement that periodic chest roentgenograms of hospital employees with known positive reactions to tuberculin skin testing are not justified.
Designing building energy efficiency programs for greenhouse gas reductions

Abstract Costs and benefits of building energy efficiency are estimated as a means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Pittsburgh, PA and Austin, TX. The analysis includes electricity and natural gas consumption, covering 75% of building energy consumption in Pittsburgh and 85% in Austin. Two policy objectives were evaluated: maximize GHG reductions given initial budget constraints or maximize social savings given target GHG reductions. This approach evaluates the trade-offs between three primary and often conflicting program design parameters: initial capital constraints, social savings, and GHG reductions. Results suggest uncertainty in local stocks, demands, and efficiency significantly impacts anticipated outcomes. Annual GHG reductions of 1 ton CO 2 eq/capita/yr in Pittsburgh could cost near nothing or over $20 per capita annually. Capital-constrained policies generate slightly less social savings (a present value of a few hundred dollars per capita) than policies that maximize social savings. However, sectors and end uses targeted for intervention vary depending on policy objectives and constraints. Optimal efficiency investment strategies for some end uses vary significantly (in excess of 100%) between Pittsburgh and Austin, suggesting that resources and guidance conducted at the national scale may mislead state and local decision-makers. Results are used to provide recommendations for efficiency program administrators.
The Frequency of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion Regulates Expression of α and Luteinizing Hormone β-Subunit Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Male Rats

The influence of GnRH pulse frequency on LH subunit mRNA concentrations was examined in castrate, testosterone-replaced male rats. GnRH pulses (25ng/pulse) or saline to controls, were given via a carotid cannula at intervals of 7.5–240 min for 48 h. αand LHβ mRNA concentrations were 109 ± 23 and 30 ± 5 pg cDNA bound/100 μg pituitary DNA, respectively, in saline controls. GnRH pulse intervals of 15,30, and 60 min resulted in elevated α and LHβ mRNAs (P < 0.01) and maximum responses(4-fold, α; 3-fold, LHβ) were seen after the 30-min pulses. Acute LH release to the last GnRH pulse was seen after the 15-, 30-, and 60-min pulse intervals. In contrast, LH subunit mRNAs were not increased and acute LH release was markedly impaired after the rapid (7.5 min) or slower (120 and 240 min) pulse intervals. Equalization of total GnRH dose/48 h using the 7.5- and 240-min intervals did not increase LH subunit mRNAs to levels produced by the optimal 30-min interval. These data indicate that the frequency of the pulsatile ...
BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMYLASE ISOZYMES FROM GAMMARUS PALUSTRIS. A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Two major alpha-amylase isozymes from Gammarus palustris were purified and characterized. These isozymes, Amy IW and Amy Ic, exhibit a seasonal pattern of expression. In this article we investigate whether the seasonal variation has an adaptive significance. In addition, the species-specific properties of amylases were studied. Purification of the isozymes was achieved by sequential glycogen-ethanol precipitation, Sephadex G-200 and ion exchange chromatography. Characterization in terms of Km, activity patterns at different temperatures, pH values and salt concentrations was done for both isozymes. In addition, the distribution of enzymatic products was analyzed in a high-performance liquid chromatography system. In all conditions tested, the two isozymes gave similar results. This observation suggests that the seasonal change in amylase expression pattern does not result in enzymes differentially suited for seasonal variation in conditions. A comparative analysis showed that G. palustris amylases are apparently distinct from other amylases. These distinctions were seen as an unusually low Km value, an activity peak at low NaCl concentration, a relatively high pH optimum and the predominant formation of maltotriose.
Quadratic resonance in the three-dimensional oscillations of inviscid drops with surface tension

The moderate‐amplitude, three‐dimensional oscillations of an inviscid drop are described in terms of spherical harmonics. Specific oscillation modes are resonantly coupled by quadratic nonlinearities caused by inertia, capillarity, and drop deformation. The equations describing the interactions of these modes are derived from the variational principle for the appropriate Lagrangian by expressing the modal amplitudes to be functions of a slow time scale and by preaveraging the Lagrangian over the time scale of the primary oscillations. The equations describing the motion of axisymmetric resonant modes are integrable. Stochastic motions are predicted for nonaxisymmetric deformations starting from most initial conditions, even those arbitrarily close to the axisymmetric shapes. The stochasticity is characterized by a redistribution of the energy contained in the initial deformation over all the degrees of freedom of the interacting modes.
Use of satellite-derived landscape imperviousness index to characterize urban spatial growth

Abstract Urban change analysis has traditionally been supported through land use/cover classification and map-to-map comparison. In this research, we investigate the usefulness of satellite-derived imperviousness index as an alternative for urban spatial growth characterization. The study area, Pensacola, FL, has witnessed considerable growth in population and regional economies during the past decade. The research consists of a number of procedures. First, we identify a method for landscape imperviousness estimation by synergistic use of medium-resolution satellite imagery and high-resolution color orthophoto through multivariate statistical analysis. We apply this method to map landscape imperviousness index for the years of 1989 and 2002, respectively. We assess the maps’ accuracy with the imperviousness estimation from high-resolution DOQQ imagery as the reference. The overall error is estimated to be less than 10%. Then, we analyze the spatio-temporal changing trend of landscape imperviousness index with the emphasis upon some ‘hot’ spots of development areas. We find that this trend is compatible with the urban land use/cover changing trend detected through image interpretation. We conclude that satellite-derived landscape imperviousness index is able to serve as an invaluable alternative for quick and objective assessment of urban spatial growth, particularly over large areas.
Model Predictive Control (MPC) Based Combined Wheel Torque and Steering Control Using a Simplified Tire Model

Wheel torque control and active front steer are effective means of improving vehicle handling and stability. In this paper, a vehicle chassis control system that controls both wheel torques at each wheel and front steer has been developed using model predictive control in order to enhance vehicle yaw motion and ability to track the desired trajectory. A simplified nonlinear tire model that is computationally efficient and easy to implement in the control algorithms and an 8 degree of freedom (DOF) vehicle model are used in the controller. The performance of this controller is compared to that based on well known Magic Formula tire model. The effectiveness and limitations of the proposed controller are discussed through simulation.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Finding happiness in negative emotions: An experimental test of a novel expressive writing paradigm

Using an experimental writing design, this study pitted a novel emotion regulation strategy, integrating psychological acceptance and positive reappraisal, against two established strategies for increasing psychological well-being: emotional disclosure (Pennebaker, 1997) and positive reappraisal (DeNeve & Cooper, 1998; Gross & John, 2003). 315 undergraduate students wrote on four consecutive days about the biggest problem in their lives and were randomly assigned to use one of the three strategies: (1) emotional disclosure, (2) positive reappraisal, or (3) acceptance + positive reappraisal. Results indicated that the integrative condition led to optimal emotional well-being outcomes at post-intervention, including: greater happiness and positive emotions, marginally fewer negative emotions, and greater overall psychological acceptance. Findings indicate that accepting one's negative emotions and then trying to seek out positives might be an optimal strategy for building happiness.
Lymphosarcoma in children

Forty-three cases of lymphosarcoma are reported with an analysis of age and sex incidence, site of original tumor, leukemic transformation, and survival. A compilation of these cases and several recently documented series shows an increased incidence between 3 to 5 years of age and a male to female ratio of 2.6:1. Peripheral lymph nodes were most commonly involved initially. Leukemic transformation occurred in 29.8 per cent of the cases. Nine per cent were survivors of 5 years. Only 50 per cent were alive at the end of 6 months and 10 per cent at the end of 15 month.
Meta-Analysis of Microarray Results: Challenges, Opportunities, and Recommendations for Standardization

Microarray profiling of gene expression is a powerful tool for discovery, but the ability to manage and compare the resulting data can be problematic. Biological, experimental, and technical variations between studies of the same phenotype/phenomena create substantial differences in results. The application of conventional meta-analysis to raw microarray data is complicated by differences in the type of microarray used, gene nomenclatures, species, and analytical methods. An alternative approach to combining multiple microarray studies is to compare the published gene lists which result from the investigators’ analyses of the raw data, as implemented in Lists of Lists Annotated (LOLA: www.lola.gwu.edu) and L2L (depts.washington.edu/l2l/). The present review considers both the potential value and the limitations of databasing and enabling the comparison of results from different microarray studies. Further, a major impediment to cross-study comparisons is the absence of a standard for reporting microarray study results. We propose a reporting standard: standard microarray results template (SMART), which will facilitate the integration of microarray studies.
Measured neutron flux parameters in the USGS TRIGA MARK I reactor

Using the Westcott convention, the Westcott flux, $$ \varphi_{\text{w}} $$ ; modified spectral index, $$ r\sqrt {T_{n} /T_{0} } $$ ; neutron temperature, T n; and gold-based cadmium ratios were determined for various sampling positions in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Training, Research, Isotopes, General Atomic (TRIGA) Mark I reactor. Westcott parameters were determined by a bare multi-monitor method. Thermal-neutron temperature measurements were made using lutetium foils. The differential neutron energy spectrum measurement was obtained using the computer iterative code SAND-II-SNL. Measurement of the neutron spectrum has resulted in a better knowledge of the reactor core and will improve predictive radioisotope production calculations necessary for neutron activation analysis and medical isotope production.
T-bet, a Th1 transcription factor, is up-regulated in T cells from patients with aplastic anemia

In aplastic anemia, immune destruction of hematopoietic cells results in bone marrow failure. Type 1 cytokines, especially IFN-γ, have been implicated in the pathophysiology of T-cell–mediated, Fas-mediated stem cell apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. Here, we show that the transcription factor T-bet (T-box expressed in T cells) is increased in T cells from patients with aplastic anemia. Patients' T-bet bound directly to the proximal site of the IFN-γ promoter without any prior stimulation, in contrast to healthy controls. Increased levels of Itk kinase participated in T-bet up-regulation and active transcription of the IFN-γ gene observed in these patients. Blocking PKC-θ, a kinase that lies downstream of Itk kinase, decreased T-bet protein and IFN-γ intracellular levels. These data suggest that the increased IFN-γ levels observed in aplastic anemia patients are the result of active transcription of the IFN-γ gene by T-bet. Blocking the transcription of the IFN-γ gene with kinase inhibitors might lead to the development of novel therapeutic agents for patients with aplastic anemia and other autoimmune diseases.
Effects and Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Rat/Human Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Rhesus Monkeys

The biological effects and pharmacokinetic properties of the recently sequenced rat/human corticotropinreleasing factor (r/hCRF) were evaluated in the rhesus monkey and compared to those of the previously studied ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (oCRF). An iv bolus of 0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/kg r/hCRF and 1 μg/kg oCRF were given to rhesus monkeys (four to five tests per dose). Serial blood samples were drawn before and up to 180 min after the injection for determination of plasma immunoreactive (IR) ACTH, cortisol, and IRr/hCRF or IR-oCRF concentrations. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were monitored. r/hCRF stimulated ACTH and cortisol secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Its potency was similar to that of oCRF. r/hCRF, however, had a shorter half-life and a 3-fold higher MCR than oCRF. A dose-dependent decrease in the MCR of r/hCRF was observed, which may indicate a saturation of the clearance mechanisms. Significant decreases in mean arterial blood pressure, increases in heart rate,...
Calculation of the atomic structure of the ∑ = 13 (θ = 22.6°) [001] twist boundary in gold

Abstract The structure of the ∑ = 13 ( θ = 22.6°) [001] twist boundary in gold is computed using the Embedded Atom Method (EAM). The atomic positions near the boundary are computed and found to be in good agreement with the recent X-ray diffraction results of Fitzsimmons and Sass. The amplitude of the thermal displacements is also computed from the EAM using Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the results for the average Debye-Waller factor of the boundary obtained by Fitzsimmons. Burkel and Sass. The vibrational amplitudes of the atoms adjacent to the boundary are found to be larger than in the bulk and the enhancement is greater for vibrations in the plane of the boundary than for vibrations normal to the boundary. These results obtained using the EAM are also compared to results obtained using two different pair interactions. The main difference between the results using the many-body EAM interactions and the pair interactions is that the overall expansion of the boundary is found to be smaller using the EAM.
Novel and Potent 6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl Ligands for the α4β2 Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor‡

1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-2-imidazolidine (1), the N-desnitro metabolite of the major insecticide imidacloprid, is known to have similar potency to that of (−)-nicotine as an inhibitor of [3H](−)-nicotine binding at the rat recombinant α4β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR); IC50 values in the present study are 3.8 nM for (−)-nicotine, 6.0 nM for 1, and 155 nM for imidacloprid. Synthesis of new analogues of 1, modified only in the heterocyclic moiety (five-, six-, or seven-membered rings with NH, S, O, and CH2 substituents), gave compounds varying from 4-fold higher potency (2-iminothiazole analogue 10) to >6000-fold less active than (−)-nicotine. Other potent N-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl] compounds are those in which the heterocyclic imine is replaced with pyrrolidine (19) (IC50 9 nM) or trimethylammonium (22) (IC50 18 nM). A novel conversion of (−)-nicotine to its 6-chloro analogue increased the potency 2-fold. These 6-chloro-3-pyridinyl compounds are of interest as novel nAChR...
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based Detection of Profilin-VASP Interaction.

Profilins belong to a family of small G-actin binding proteins which are thought to assist in F-actin elongation at the leading edge of migrating cells through their interactions with a host of actin-binding proteins including Ena (enabled)/VASP (vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein). Profilin’s interactions with the major actin regulators have been studied almost exclusively using biochemical methods. Therefore spatiotemporal features of these protein–protein interactions have not been resolved so far. In this paper, we for the first time demonstrate the feasibility of GFP-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique to detect VASP’s interaction with profilin-1, a ubiquitously expressed member of profilin family of genes. Specifically, we performed acceptor photobleaching FRET in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to show prominent VASP–Pfn1 interaction at the membrane ruffles near the leading edge.
Using Microcomputers to Manage Student Records.

The purpose of this paper is to describe how microcomputers can be used to manage the records of students enrolled in special education personnel preparation programs. A rationale for the use of data-base management systems is provided and an example of the use of one such system is provided.
Enhanced vulnerability to the rewarding effects of nicotine during the adolescent period of development

This study compared the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine in adolescent, adult, and adult rats pre-exposed to nicotine during adolescence. Prior to conditioning, the rats were tested for their initial preference for either of 2 distinct compartments. Adolescent and adult rats then received various nicotine doses in their initially non-preferred side on one day and saline in the other side on alternate days. This 2-day procedure was repeated over 8 consecutive days. Following conditioning, rats were re-tested for their preference. Another cohort of adolescent and adult rats were conditioned with various doses of d-amphetamine. Nicotine produced CPP in an inverted U-shaped manner in both age groups. However, adolescents displayed a larger upward shift in CPP that was significant across a wider dose range relative to adults. There were no developmental differences to CPP produced by d-amphetamine. In a final study, adolescents were prepared with pumps that delivered nicotine for 14 days. These rats were conditioned later as adults using the same procedures used previously. Pre-exposure to nicotine during adolescence diminished the aversive effects produced by the highest nicotine dose in naive adults. Taken together, these studies provide a basis for enhanced vulnerability to nicotine during adolescence.
Agobard and Amalarius: a Comparison

The rich diversity of thought and life in the ninth-century church may be illustrated by an inquiry concerning two dignitaries of the empire of Louis the Pious, Agobard of Lyons (769–840) and Amalarius of Metz ( c. 780– c. 850). These two clerics, whose lives were virtually contemporaneous but whose careers crossed only once, during the interval 834–838, were almost as different as it is possible for two men to be; so different indeed that any contact they might have with each other would inevitably be sharply antagonistic. The single point at which their lives did meet was in effect an intellectual duel.
Review of existing monographs and books on radar polarimetry and polariemtric SAR with the aim of justifying the need of updates

Radar Polarimetry, Radar Interferometry and Polarimetric SAR Interferometry represent the current culmination in active 'Microwave Remote Sensing' technology, but we still need to progress considerably more in order to reach the limits of physical realizability. Whereas with radar polarimetry the textural fine-structure, target orientation, symmetries and material constituents can be recovered with considerable improvement above that of standard 'amplitude-only radar', by implementing 'radar interferometry' the spatial (in depth) structure can be explored. With Polarimetric Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (POL-IN-SAR) imaging, it is possible to recover such co-registered textural and spatial information from POL-IN-SAR digital image data sets simultaneously, including the extraction of Digital Elevation Maps (DEM) from either Polarimetric (scattering matrix) or Interferometric (dual antenna) SAR systems. However, in order to further advance this promising technology, we require pertinent basic educational and advanced research texts plus application oriented books for the practicing engineering scientists and users. Hitherto there are not available satisfactory updated sets of basic books or application oriented handbooks. Therefore, in this paper a succinct review of the existing pertinent monographs, books and guides will be presented with the aim of identifying particular topics that still need to be covered. We do now require these urgently associated sets of revised and updated multi-lingual (English, Japanese, Korean, Chinese) books.