cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of performance characteristics in a diallel among Simmental, Limousin, Polled Hereford and Brahman beef cattle. I. Growth, hip height and pelvic size.

Progeny of a diallel among Simmental, Limousin, Polled Hereford and Brahman breeds of cattle were evaluated over 5 yr for preweaning and postweaning growth, hip height and pelvic size. Calves from Brahman and Simmental dams had the highest preweaning gains and weaning weights, and those from Polled Hereford dams had the lowest (P less than .05). Differences in the availability of milk and postpartum compensatory gains in progeny of Brahman dams could have contributed to these results. However, calves from Simmental, Limousin and Polled Hereford dams had significantly greater feedlot daily gains than those from Brahman dams. Yearling hip height and pelvic area were lower for progeny of Polled Hereford dams, whereas calves from Simmental, Limousin and Brahman dams were not different for these traits. A series of linear comparisons among these four breeds using least-squares means to estimate general and specific combining ability and maternal effects found significant, negative maternal effects for Polled Hereford for preweaning gain and weaning weight. A positive maternal effect (P less than .05) for Limousin was found for feedlot gain. General combining ability and maternal estimates were significant and variable in most comparisons for yearling hip height and pelvic area. Heterosis estimates were positive and significant in all crosses with Brahman for preweaning gain, weaning weight, yearling weight, hip height and pelvic area. Significant, positive heterosis was also found in Polled Hereford crosses with Limousin and Simmental for preweaning gain, weaning weight and yearling weight.
Academic nursing administrators' workplace satisfaction and intent to stay

Abstract Background In nursing education, the academic administrator is critical given the multitude of challenges associated with program delivery (e.g., shortages of faculty, strict and changing regulations for program accreditation, and the sheer demand for more nurses). Unfortunately, with the focus on recruiting and retaining new novice faculty to teach students, academic nursing administrators have been overlooked in recent studies. Purpose As such, this study aims to explore the workplace satisfaction and intent to stay of academic nursing administrators by considering their relation to a variety of demographic and work related variables. Methods A secondary data source was used from the Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education (COACHE). One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Fisher's Least Significant Difference tests and t -tests were used in the analysis. Discussion/Conclusion Results indicate that several modifiable work factors positively relate to both job satisfaction and intent to stay.
Epigenetic Regulation of the GnRH and Kiss1 Genes

This chapter focuses on epigenetic regulation of the GnRH and Kiss1 genes in the context of neuronal development, puberty onset, and reproductive function. Diverse epigenetic phenomena including the formation of chromatin loops, activation of bivalent domains, maintenance of “stable” histone modifications, and DNA methylation, active demethylation, and hydroxymethylation dynamics are covered. When possible, particular effort is made to focus on how these phenomena may be related to each other and which enzymes or binding factors are involved in these processes. In highlighting similar epigenetic mechanisms between these distinct peptidergic neuronal populations, we hope to impress upon the reader the potential relationships between those mechanisms and the development of hypothalamic peptidergic neurons in general. While this chapter does not cover relationships between peptidergic systems and psychiatric conditions, it does cover epigenetic mechanisms related to puberty. Because puberty represents a developmental period when neuropsychiatric diseases commonly present, understanding the epigenetic processes operating in the hypothalamus during that window could be instrumental to deciphering the onset, exacerbation, or resolution of neuropsychiatric diseases.
The Evolution of CPU Packaging Technology and Future Challenges

The demand for high performance and robustness drive CPU to evolve from MHz to GHz and from single core to multi-core packages. This paper describes the changes in CPU packaging technology and its evolution in the past three decades.
(p, 2p) reactions at 600 MeV on deuterium and helium-4

Cross sections measured for symmetric /p, 2p/ reactions on deuterium and He, discussing nonsymmetric /p, 2p/ events in He
Epidemiology and Environmental Health

In order to establish effective environmental health programs, locally, nationally, or globally, we must have some basis for resource allocation that will optimize those programs to the greatest health benefit for the most people. Unfortunately, such allocation faces seemingly insurmountable obstacles in the form of political reality and scientific limitations. Nonetheless, there must be links between epidemiological knowledge, surveillance to determine the magnitude of problems, and ultimate environmental (or public health) intervention strategies. The foundation of public health is the concept that it is preferable (in both the personal and the societal realms) to prevent illness rather than to depend on cures. Thus, Public Health has always encountered a visibility problem in that it is most successful when disease is not occurring and therefore not newsworthy for the mass media.
Utility of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy/stereotactic body radiation therapy in the setting of oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer.

Oligometastatic disease treatment has become one of the highlights of radiation treatment in recent years. Phase II study results from UT Southwestern published in September 2017 in JAMA Oncol showed a near threefold benefit to progression-free survival favoring local ablative radiation therapy, leading to a stopping in accrual earlier than anticipated (1). The study directly compared stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR), also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), with maintenance chemotherapy versus maintenance chemotherapy alone, both arms after receiving induction chemotherapy. The study population was limited to patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including up to five metastatic lesions with no targetable mutations and no disease progression after induction chemotherapy.
Optimally-Directed Innovative Design

Innovative designs, having some relation to previous design prototypes, are derived by manipulating the design space to generate new design features or prototypes. Our research effort [1,2] is aimed at developing a computer-based innovative design methodology known as 1stPRINCE (FIRST PRINciple Computational Evaluator) which incorporates the qualitative, functional, and numerical levels of reasoning outlined by Agogino [3]. These methods utilize monotonicity analysis, which observes the sign of the algebraic first derivative of design variables, to make qualitative decisions that direct globally optimal behavior and detect flaws in the problem formalization. Mathematical functional information is used by computer algebra routines as deemed important from the monotonicity analysis. Monotonicity analysis and functional backsubstitution are implemented in the SYMON-SYMFUNE programs [4,5]. If constraints cannot be met or a designer wishes to investigate alternative designs, 1stPRINCE goes one step further in modifying the design space by breaking integrals into smaller ranges to create novel design prototypes. Algebraic solutions to the design problem are reduced by computer algebra routines which can be solved numerically to obtain specific solutions and quantitative comparisons between solutions. 1stPRINCE has been applied to a beam under torsion load and a beam under flexure load. In each case the system was told to minimize the weight of the beam subject to various physical constraints (maximum stress, deflection, weight, etc.) By starting with a solid round beam as the only structural prototype for the torsion load, 1stPRINCE derives a hollow and composite rod. For the flexural beam, a series of stepped beams are created, approaching a tapered beam. Some designs proposed by 1stPRINCE may be unusual, but all geometric modifications that lead to new design prototypes satisfy all assumed constraints and are optimally-directed within those constraints. Because 1stPRINCE treats material properties as design variables, combinations of various materials lead to optimally-directed composite beam configurations.
Open Questions and Research Problems

In the chapters of this book, we have developed some of the central themes in the study of Hopf algebras and Hopf orders. As one might expect, there are many outstanding problems in this field that have not been solved. We now revisit some of the topics in this book and give an account of some open questions and research problems.
Checking W3C WAI User Agent Guidelines Against Browsers Following UI4ALL Principle

The Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has created a set of guidelines to make the Internet accessible to everybody. The principle of “User Interfaces for All” has been proposed to design systems accessible to a larger group of users, including persons with special needs like disabled and older people. This paper will examine how browsers following the UI4ALL principle are compliant with the “User Agent Accessibility Guidelines 1.0”.
Youth Subjective Social Status (SSS) is Associated with Parent SSS, Income, and Food Insecurity but not Weight Loss Among Low‐Income Hispanic Youth

Objective Subjective social status (SSS), perceived rank in the social ladder, is associated with weight, but determinants of SSS in youth remain unknown. Relationships between youth SSS and income, food insecurity, parent SSS, and BMI change were investigated during an obesity intervention. Methods Data came from a family-centered, community-based obesity intervention for low-income families. Parent and youth SSS were assessed using a validated, age-appropriate SSS scale. Food insecurity and socioeconomic factors were assessed in parents; child and parent weight-related data were measured at baseline and post intervention. Results Participants included 110 primarily Hispanic (97%) low-income youth and their parents. Food insecurity was reported in 66.4% of families. Youth SSS was positively associated with parent SSS (P = 0.0014). In both parents and children, the association between income and SSS was moderated by food insecurity such that lower income was more strongly associated with lower SSS among food-insecure households (P = 0.0286 and P = 0.0327, respectively). Youth SSS was not associated with youth BMI reduction. Conclusions Youth SSS was not predictive of weight loss in this intervention. Intriguingly, the association between income and SSS was modified by food insecurity, suggesting that food insecurity shapes the contribution of socioeconomic factors to one's perceived social status.
Hydrologic Context Alters Greenhouse Gas Feedbacks of Coastal Wetland Salinization

Changes in sea-level rise and precipitation are altering patterns of coastal wetland hydrology and salinization. We conducted paired laboratory (20 weeks) and field (15 weeks) marine salt addition experiments to disentangle the effects of hydrology (permanent versus intermittent flooding) and elevated marine salts (sulfate versus other salt ions) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from freshwater forested wetland soils. Marine salt additions strongly affected GHG emissions in both experiments, but the magnitude, and even the direction, of GHG responses depended on the hydrologic context in which marine salt exposure occurred. Under permanent flooding, carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were unaffected by marine salts, whereas methane (CH4) fluxes were significantly suppressed by the addition of sulfate (as K2SO4) both with and without marine salts. In contrast, in intermittently flooded field and laboratory soils elevated salinity reduced carbon mineralization and CO2 fluxes, but enhanced CH4 fluxes relative to both controls and treatments with elevated sulfate. Thus, elevated salinity or alkalinity (and not sulfate) controlled both gaseous carbon fluxes under intermittent flooding. Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes had contrasting responses in the field and laboratory. In the laboratory, N2O fluxes were not significantly related to chemical treatment but increased with porewater ammonium concentrations, which increased in salinity treatments via cation exchange. In intermittently flooded field conditions, elevated salinity strongly suppressed N2O fluxes because ammonium did not accumulate in porewater; it was likely lost through advection, dispersion, or plant uptake. Understanding dynamic hydrologic and vegetation patterns across wetland landscapes will be critical for predicting both the magnitude and direction of wetland GHG responses to increasing marine salt across broad spatial scales.
Washback of ACTFLâ€™s Integrated Performance Assessment in an intensive summer language program at the tertiary level

Washback, that is, the effect of tests on teaching and learning, has captured the interest of scholars in applied linguistics for almost 30 years. However, most research has been conducted on large-scale tests, rather than classroom-based language assessments like ACTFLâ€™s Integrated Performance Assessment (IPA). The present study explored washback of the IPA on teachers of Arabic, Chinese, and Spanish in a higher education intensive summer language program. Through a series of interviews, participants explained ways in which the IPA influenced not only their practices, but also their thinking about language teaching. Directions for future research and considerations for changes to IPA implementation are shared based on these findings.
Influence of the Homochronism Number of the Liquid in a Spherical Layer on the Heat Exchange in it and its Magnetic Hydrodynamics

Results of numerical simulation of the nonstationary convective heat exchange in the electrically conducting liquid flowing in the space between two concentric isothermal spheres are presented. The influence of the homochronism number of the liquid on the structure of its flow, the temperature and magneto-induction fields in it, and the distribution of local Nusselt numbers in the spherical liquid layer was investigated.
Satellites, war, climate change, and the environment: are we at risk for environmental deskilling?

Currently, we find ourselves in a paradigm in which we believe that accepting climate change data will lead to a kind of automatic action toward the preservation of our environment. I have argued elsewhere (Fried 2020) that this lack of civic action on climate data is significant when placed in the historical, military context of the technologies that collect this data––Earth remote sensing technologies. However, I have not yet discussed the phenomenological or moral implications of this context, which are deeply interconnected. In this paper, I assert that Earth remote sensing technologies can, if we are not careful, lead us to a kind of environmental deskilling. This assertion comes in four parts. First, the military context of Earth remote sensing technologies––which collect important data on climate change––acts as a kind of stability, as defined by Don Ihde and others. Second, I invoke Sir Patrick Heelan to argue that the theoretical underpinnings of Earth systems science do not translate from military to environmental praxes as we imagine they do. Third, Hannah Arendt makes the case that a state’s trust in simplifying narratives like that of climate data, meant to create “islands” of certainty in an uncertain world, can be self-defeating. That is to say, they can silence public action. I extend these arguments through Vallor’s analysis of moral deskilling, in which she points out that an overemphasis on autonomous data collection––and trust in a kind of automated decision-making on that data––can deskill us from important questions relevant to our collective flourishing. In all of these examples, the lines between environmental and military research are blurry.
Youth and their Families: A Guide to Treating Adolescent Substance use Through Family Systems, Therapy: by Julie Anne Laser-Maira, David Blair, Jamie Blair Echevarria, Darin Wallis, Orion Castro and Jason Conger, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2019, 220 pp., $30.00 (Paperback), ISBN 978-0-19-007940

Laser-Maira et al. delve into adolescent substance use and family systems therapy in their book Youth and Their Families: A Guide to Treating Adolescent Substance Use through Family Systems Theory....
Ligand structure and adsorption free energy of nanocrystals on solid substrates

We present an investigation on the absorption of alkylthiolated nanocrystals on a solid substrate. We calculate adsorption free energies and report a number of effects induced by the substrate. Nearest neighbor distances and bonding free energies are significantly different than for a free floating case, there is a weakening of bonding free energies among nanocrystals, and the adsorption is manifestly anisotropic, i.e., stronger along certain directions of the nanocrystal core. We contend that this last result accounts for the Bain transition (fcc → bcc) observed in experimental results. We report the presence of vortices induced by the substrate, which explain the increased nearest neighbor distance among nanocrystals, which is in excellent quantitative agreement with experimental results and with the predictions of the Orbifold Topological Model. Implications for the assembly of nanostructures and future experiments are also discussed.
Abstract 16061: Antihypertensive Therapy Prescribing Pattern Among Patients With Markedly Elevated Blood Pressure in a Real-world Setting

Introduction: Combination therapy with two or more antihypertensive agents is recommended for management of patients with markedly elevated blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥160 mmHg o...
Teaching Slides on Short and Long Horizon Behavioral Factors

We propose a theoretically-motivated factor model based on investor psychology and assess its ability to explain the cross-section of U.S. equity returns. Our factor model augments the market factor with two factors which capture long- and short-horizon mispricing. The long-horizon factor exploits the information in managers' decisions to issue or repurchase equity in response to persistent mispricing. The short-horizon earnings surprise factor, which is motivated by investor inattention and evidence of short-horizon underreaction, captures short-horizon anomalies. This three-factor risk-and-behavioral model outperforms other proposed models in explaining a broad range of return anomalies. Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Sun (2020) is available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3086063. Note: For further details, see Daniel, Hirshleifer, and Sun, “Short- and Long-Horizon Behavioral Factors,” Review of Financial Studies, 2020, 33(4): 1673-1736.
Exploring Relationship Between Driver's Behavior and Cognitive Measures Observed by fNIRS in a Driving Simulator.

The data from World Health Organization and the National Highway Safety Administration show that traffic crash is the leading cause of death. In particular, the distracted driving behavior of young drivers (15–20 age) is identified as the main contributor to fatal crashes. Proper driving behaviors (e.g., keeping the vehicle within the lane, observing traffic signs) are regarded as complex activities that involve diverse cognitive processes such as attention, memory, vision, spatial orientation, and decision making. Therefore, it is imperative to explore how the cognitive processes related to the driving to understand the underpinnings of the driving behavior and ultimately develop various countermeasures to reduce fatal crashes. The advances in technology allowing the design of high-fidelity driving simulators and the wearable neuroimaging modalities have offered possibilities for the investigation of cognitive mechanisms of driving behavior in naturalistic settings, safely and effectively. This preliminary study examines an innovative approach to analyze the underlying cognitive activity changes among the young drivers while performing the driving task with and without a secondary task. In this study, the emerging sensing technologies, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and the state-of-art driving simulator were applied. Our initial results suggest that the driving and the chosen cognitive task conditions performed separately did not generate brain activations in prefrontal cortex (PFC) in young drivers. On the contrary, increased PFC activations were observed when driving and cognitive interference task were performed simultaneously. Furthermore, our study findings indicate that additional neural resources are required in the PFC during high speeds driving condition compared to the lower speeds case during dual task driving.
Christ as Yogi: The Jesus of Vivekananda and Modern Hinduism

Swami Vivekananda was the most influential pioneer of a Yogi Christ, illustrating well over a century ago how the life and teachings of Jesus might be incorporated within a larger Hindu worldview—and then presented back to Western audiences. Appropriation of Jesus, one of the central symbols of the West, might be viewed as the ultimate act of counter-Orientalism. This article begins by providing a brief biography of Vivekananda and the modern Hinduism that nurtured him and that he propagated. He articulated an inclusivist vision of Advaita Vedanta as the most compelling vision of universal religion. Next, the article turns to Vivekananda's views of Christianity, for which he had little affection, and the Bible, which he knew extraordinarily well. The article then systematically explores Vivekananda's engagement with the New Testament, revealing a clear hermeneutical preference for the Gospels, particularly John. Following the lead of biblical scholars, Vivekananda made a distinction between the Christ of the Gospels and the Jesus of history, offering sometimes contradictory conclusions about the historicity of elements associated with Jesus's life. Finally, the article provides a detailed articulation of Vivekananda's Jesus—a figure at once familiar to Christians but, in significant ways, uniquely accommodated to Hindu metaphysics. Vivekananda demonstrated a robust understanding and discriminating use of the Christian Bible that has not been properly recognized. He deployed this knowledge to launch an important and long-lived pattern: an attractive, fleshed out depiction of Jesus of Nazareth, transformed from the Christian savior into a Yogi model of self-realization. Through his efforts, Jesus became an indisputably Indian religious figure, no longer just a Christian one. The Yogi Christ remains a prominent global religious figure familiar to Hindus, Christians, and those of other faiths alike.
A new graphical depiction of the barn and pole paradox

A novel graphical depiction of the relativistic barn and pole paradox is constructed in such a way that the space-time plot axes are dimensionless for both observers. Times of events over the entire range of pole-to-barn length ratio and relative speeds can be displayed in one plot for each observer. That for the barn frame clearly depicts the range of pole-to-barn length ratio over which the paradox appears, while that for the pole frame shows that the pole vaulter will only see the pole within the barn if the proper length of the pole is smaller than the contracted length of the barn.
Direct optical injection locking of monolithically integrated In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/In 0.52 Al 0.48 As MODFET oscillators

The authors have fabricated monolithically integrated In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As/In(0.52)Al(0.48)As 0.25-micron gate MODFET oscillators. The results of direct optical subharmonic injection locking of these oscillator circuits at 10.159 and 19.033 GHz are presented.
A User Study of Netflix Streaming

Netflix and Hulu are examples of HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming (HAS). HAS is unique because it attempts to manage the user’s perceived quality by adapting video quality. Current HAS research fails to address whether adaptations actually make a difference? The main challenge in answering this is the lack of consideration for the end user’s perceived quality. The research community is converging on an accepted set of ‘component metrics’ for HAS. However, determining an objective Quality of Experience (QoE) estimate is an open issue. A between-subject user study of Netflix was conducted to shed light on the user’s perception of quality. We found that users prefer to receive lower video quality levels first with marginal improvements made over time. Currently, content providers switch between the highest and lowest level of quality. This paper seeks to explain a better method that led to higher user satisfaction based on Mean opinion score values (MOS).
Spore Structural Proteins

Each spore coat and nucleoid structure contains a large amount of protein, with spore coats comprising ~50% and spore nucleoid proteins greater than are equal to 5% of total Bacillus subtilis spore protein; spores of other Bacillus species have comparable amounts of protein in these two structures. Thus, both spore coat and spore nucleoid components are major spore structural proteins; both types of proteins consist of multiple species coded for by monocistronic genes scattered around the B. subtilis chromosome. Understanding the structure and function of their individual protein components can give insight into spore coat and nucleoid structures. The majority of the B. subtilis spore coat appears to be composed of protein (~50% of total spore protein), although small amounts of lipid should be present in spore coat preparations, since the outer forespore membrane is often extracted with spore coat proteins. The proteins associated with the spore coat and nucleoid are unique both to the spore stage of the B. subtilis life cycle and also to this group of organisms. A number of the spore coat proteins have highly unusual amino acid compositions that may be important in their specific functions in the complex spore coat. α/ β-Type small acid-soluble spore proteins (SASP), on the other hand, do not have unusual amino acid compositions but have properties in vitro that clearly indicate how these proteins function in determining forespore nucleoid structure and properties in vivo.
The Postnikov Tower and the Steenrod problem

The Steenrod problem asks: given a G-module, when does there exist a Moore space realizing the module? By using the equivariant Postnikov Tower, it is shown that a ZG-module is ZG-realizable if and only if it is ZHrealizable for all p-Sylow subgroups H, for all primes pl GI. Let G be a finite group. Let M be a finitely generated ZG-module. We say that M is a Steenrod representation if there exists a Moore space X with G-action such that the homology of X is isomorphic to M as a ZG-module. Recall that a Moore space is a topological space whose reduced homology vanishes in all dimensions except one. Without loss of generality, M will be assumed 2-free [1] from now on. In this paper, the following statement will be proved: M is a Steenrod representation as a ZG-module if and only if M is a Steenrod representation as a 7H-module for all p-Sylow subgroups H of G, for all primes pII GIC. This statement is inspired by papers by J. Arnold [1, 2] and P. Vogel [18]. Arnold [2] showed that if G is cyclic, then every finitely generated ZG-module is a Steenrod representation. And Vogel showed that if for any ZG-module M, we can always find a G-Moore space X realizes M, then G has only cyclic Sylow subgroups. Let us first consider a Moore space X whose homology is isomorphic to M as a 2-module. Let G(X) denote the space of self homotopy equivalences of X and let BG(X) [9] denote the classifying space of the H-space G(X) for a certain fibration defined by Dold and Lashof [10]; see also Stasheff [15]. Since a homotopy equivalence of X induces an automorphism on M, there is a map G(X) -* Aut(M). And the map G(X) -* Aut(M) induces another map a : BG(X) -' BAut(M). On the other hand, since M is a ZG-module, there is a map G -* Aut(M) (= GL(n, 2) if M = Zn), which induces .p : BG -) BAut(M). Following Cooke's theory [9], as pointed out in [12], M is a Steenrod representation as a ZG-module if and only if the lifting f exists in
Leaf developmental age controls expression of genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis in pea (Pisum sativum L)

The effects of leaf developmental age on the expression of three nuclear gene families in pea (Pisum sativum L.) coding for enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis have been examined. The steady-state levels of mRNAs encoding aminolevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase, porphobilinogen (PBG) deaminase, and NADPH:protochlorophyllide reductase were measured by RNA gel blot and quantitative slot-blot analyses in the foliar leaves of embryos that had imbibed for 12 to 18 h and leaves of developing seedlings grown either in total darkness or under continuous white light for up to 14 d after imbibition. Both ALA dehydratase and PBG deaminase mRNAs were detectable in embryonic leaves, whereas mRNA encoding the NADPH:protochlorophyllide reductase was not observed at this early developmental stage. All three gene products were found to increase to approximately the same extent in the primary leaves of pea seedlings during the first 6 to 8 d after imbibition (postgermination) regardless of whether the plants were grown in darkness or under continuous white-light illumination. In the leaves of dark-grown seedlings, the highest levels of message accumulation were observed at approximately 8 to 10 d postgermination, and, thereafter, a steady decline in mRNA levels was observed. In the leaves of light-grown seedlings, steady-state levels of mRNA encoding the three chlorophyll biosynthetic enzymes were inversely correlated with leaf age, with youngest, rapidly expanding leaves containing the highest message levels. A corresponding increase in the three enzyme protein levels was also found during the early stages of development in the light or darkness; however, maximal accumulation of protein was delayed relative to peak levels of mRNA accumulation. We also found that although protochlorophyllide was detectable in the leaves immediately after imbibition, the time course of accumulation of the phototransformable form of the molecule coincided with NADPH:protochlorophyllide reductase expression. In studies in which dark-grown seedlings of various ages were subsequently transferred to light for 24 and 48 h, the effect of light on changes in steady-state mRNA levels was found to be more pronounced at later developmental stages. These results suggest that the expression of these three genes and likely those genes encoding other chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway enzymes are under the control of a common regulatory mechanism. Furthermore, it appears that not light, but rather as yet unidentified endogenous factors, are the primary regulatory factors controlling gene expression early in leaf development.
Evening ambient light exposure can reduce circadian phase advances to morning light independent of sleep deprivation

Summary Short sleep/dark durations are common in modern society. We investigated if exposure to additional evening ambient light, often associated with later bedtimes and short sleep, reduces circadian phase advances to morning bright light. Twelve healthy subjects participated in two conditions that differed in the distribution of sleep before exposure to morning bright light. Subjects had a consolidated 9-h night time sleep opportunity, or a 3-h daytime nap followed by a 6-h night time sleep opportunity, each before morning bright light. Eight of the 12 subjects obtained similar amounts of sleep in both conditions, and yet still showed significant reductions in phase advances with 6-h nights (1.7 versus 0.7 h, P < 0.05). These results suggest that the exposure to additional evening ambient light often associated with short sleep episodes can significantly reduce phase advances to morning light, and may therefore increase the risk for circadian misalignment.
Firm Size, Targetiveness, and Acquirer Announcement Returns

An acquisition changes the size of an acquirer firm and affects its own attractiveness as a prospective target during future years. We examine the role of this effect in determining the acquirer announcement returns. Using a comprehensive sample of firm-years, we first document an inverted-U relation between the firm size and the probability of becoming the target of a successful acquisition (which we term as the targetiveness). Thus, small acquirers increase their targetiveness by acquiring another firm and moving toward the crest of the targetiveness function while large acquirers do the opposite. We next calibrate the stock price effect of a change in targetiveness by including the stochastic arrival of an acquisition offer in the valuation model. This effect is quite large and it explains a significant part of the difference between the announcement returns of small versus large acquiring firms documented by Moeller, Schlingemann, and Stulz (2004).
Understanding Acts of Consent: Using Speech Act Theory to Help Resolve Moral Dilemmas and Legal Disputes

Understanding what it means toconsent is of considerable importance sincesignificant moral issues depend on how this actis defined. For instance, determining whetherconsent has occurred is the deciding factor insexual assault cases; its proper occurrence isa necessary condition for federally fundedhuman subject research. Even though mosttheorists recognize the legal and moralimportance of consent, there is still littleagreement concerning how consent should bedefined, or whether different domains involvingconsent demand context-specific definitions.Understanding what it means to consent isfurther complicated by the fact that currentlegal conceptions are not necessarily groundedin argument; they typically depend on appealsto authority and precedent. The purpose ofthis paper is to use speech act theory toprovide a theoretically grounded conception ofconsent; such a conception can aid in the justresolution of legal and moral disputes thathinge on whether an act of consent occurred.
East-West Swerves: Cārvāka Materialism and Akbar's Religious Debates at Fatehpur Sikri

This essay investigates the reemergence of Cārvāka materialist philosophy in late sixteenth-century Mughal India and its possible relation to and impact on the European Renaissance and Enlightenment. India's ancient tradition of materialist philosophy (originally called Lokāyata, “prevalent in the world”) arose at approximately the same time that materialism developed independently in ancient Greece. Like the atomistic philosophies of Epicurus and later Lucretius in the West, this form of materialism was strongly condemned by other philosophical and religious sects of India because of its denial of an afterworld. Beginning in the mid-1570s, the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great instigated a series of religious and philosophical debates at his court at Fatehpur Sikri in India. Assembled representatives of many religions and philosophies of the world, including the Cārvākas, debated the nature of truth and the best possible worldview. Though its proponents did not win the debate, did Cārvāka materialism have a “renaissance” in Mughal India, as Lucretian atomism arguably had in Europe? Moreover, did early modern debates about materialism in one part of the world prompt or influence similar discussions in another? This essay investigates the writings of Jesuit missionaries at the court of Akbar and his heirs as possible vectors of influence between disparate regions of the world and traces information flows that, following Lucretius and Stephen Greenblatt, might be called “swerves,” to argue that the so-called rise of modernity was, in part, a product of early modern globalization.
Pair creation constrains superluminal neutrino propagation.

The OPERA collaboration claims that muon neutrinos with a mean energy of 17.5 GeV travel 730 km from CERN to the Gran Sasso at a speed exceeding that of light by about $7.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{km}/\mathrm{s}$ or 25 ppm. However, we show that superluminal neutrinos may lose energy rapidly via the bremsstrahlung of electron-positron pairs ($\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\nu}+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{e}^{+}$). For the claimed superluminal velocity and at the stated mean energy, we find that most of the neutrinos would have suffered several pair emissions en route, causing the beam to be depleted of higher energy neutrinos. This presents a significant challenge to the superluminal interpretation of the OPERA data. Furthermore, we appeal to Super-Kamiokande and IceCube data to establish strong new limits on the superluminal propagation of high-energy neutrinos.
Cooperative caching techniques for increasing the availability of MANET certificate authority services

Summary form only given. There are many issues that should be considered when porting systems or applications to mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) environments. In particular, security and performance of MANET have gained wide attention; yet, PKI (public key infrastructure) is no exception. There were some serious attempts to address the issues of providing certificate authority (CA) services in MANETs. In this paper, we present an enhanced design over the existing approaches in order to provide CA services in MANET. We show a new approach that utilizes cooperative caching between the clients to increase system availability even when the network is partitioned. Moreover, it reduces the need to increase the number of participant mobile certificate authority (MOCA) nodes used to increase the availability of the system; thus reducing the overhead of replicas synchronization and key refreshing occurred when the number of MOCAs is relatively large. By careful design and under reasonable assumptions, we show that certificate caching could be integrated and deployed in MANET without sacrificing the system security.
Elder abuse and neglect: when home is not safe.

The prevalence and seriousness of elder abuse and neglect require the collaboration of health care professionals with many other disciplines for adequate assessment and intervention. The home visit provides a unique opportunity for the visitor to evaluate risk factors. Interventions and reporting depend on available resources, expertise and local reporting laws. Possible reasons for low physician and victim self-reporting are reviewed. Domestic violence persists into late life and requires diffferent approaches than dealing with caregiver burnout or self-neglect. Involvement of health professionals in educating others in the community about elder abuse and neglect may allow isolated at-risk elders to be identified.
The partitioning of Sc, Y, and the rare earth elements between high-Ca pyroxene and natural mafic to intermediate lavas at 1 atmosphere

The effects of composition and temperature on the partitioning behavior of Sc, Y, and the rare earth elements (REEs) between high-Ca clinopyroxene and natural silicate melts were evaluated from doped experiments on natural mafic to intermediate composition lavas at 1 atmosphere pressure. Partition coefficients for these elements were found to be dependent on temperature and composition. The most important compositional parameters controlling clinopyroxene-melt partitioning for Y, Sc, and REEs are Al content of the liquid and pyroxene Ca content. Towards the goal of deriving expressions describing partitioning behavior, approximations were made of equilibrium constants for reactions involving a REE-Al component in the pyroxene. Regression of these equilibrium constants over the experimental temperature range (1180-1050°C) produced expressions which, when applied to the experimental glasses, reproduced the clinopyroxene trace element contents with precisions between 9 and 32% (1σ). The most important conclusion of this work is that pyroxene-melt partition coefficients for trivalent cations have different compositional dependencies than divalent cations because of the participation of Al in paired substitution. Values for high-Ca pyroxene Sc, Y, and REE partition coefficients have a range of over a factor of two between alkali basalts, andesites, and tholeiitic basalts (e.g., 0.2-0.7 for Sm at 1100°C). This represents a large proportion of the total range for D values from all mafic and intermediate magmas. Our contribution is to describe the parameters that control partitioning behavior. This will allow us to more accurately determine REE partitioning for specific systems.
Worlding Literatures between Dialogue and Hegemony

In his article "Worlding Literatures between Dialogue and Hegemony" Marko Juvan claims that during its late capitalist renaissance, the Goethean idea of Weltliteratur is interpreted either in terms of intercultural dialogism or hegemony embodied in the asymmetrical structure of the world literary system. Launching the concept of Weltliteratur during the emergence of the early industrial globalization, Goethe initiated a long-lasting transnational meta-discourse that influenced the development of transnational literary practices. In his aristocratic, cosmopolitan humanism, Goethe expected world literature to open up an equal dialogue between civilizations and languages encouraging cross-national networking of the educated elite. However, his notion of dialogue is marked by the hegemony of Western aesthetic and humanistic discourse based on the European classics. Marx and Engels exposed aesthetic and humanist cosmopolitanism as the ideology masking European bourgeoisie's global economic hegemony and the worldwide expansion of Western geoculture. It is within this ambivalence of dialogism and hegemony that the process of "worlding" (Kadir) and nationalizing of European literatures has taken place since the early nineteenth century.
Exotic Species, Naturalisation, and Biological Nativism

Contrary to frequent characterisations, exotic species should not be identified as damaging species, species introduced by humans, or species originating from some other geographical location. Exotics are best characterised ecologically as species that are foreign to an ecological assemblage in the sense that they have not significantly adapted with the biota constituting that assemblage or to the local abiotic conditions. Exotic species become natives when they have ecologically naturalised and when human influence over their presence in an assemblage (if any) has washed away. Although the damaging nature and anthropogenic origin of many exotic species provide good reasons for a negative evaluation of such exotics, even naturally-dispersing, nondamaging exotics warrant opposition. Biological nativists’ antagonism toward exotics need not be xenophobic and can be justified as a way of preserving the diversity of ecological assemblages from the homogenising forces of globalisation. Implications for Yellowstone National Park policy are explored.
Characterizing output for dynamic wedges.

The output factor for the dynamic wedge, unlike that for the physical wedge, is a complex function of the field dimension along the moving jaw and wedge angle. The large change in output (varying as much as 40% for 45° and 60° wedge angles) can be attributed clearly to the segmented treatment tables (STTs), which specify cumulative monitor unit weighting as a function of jaw position, y. We found that the output factor (in air or water) on the central axis for the dynamic wedge can be characterized by multiplying the output factor (in air or water) for an open field by a normalization factor, which is determined from the STTs, thus indicating that collimator scatter is similar for both the dynamic wedge field and the open field. The introduction of the normalization factor decreases the commissioning time for dynamic wedges significantly and is useful for quality assurance.
Transport Limited Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowires

Vertical arrays of crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires grown on various substrates find applications in dye-sensitized and hybrid organic/inorganic bulk-heterojunction solar cells. The ability to grow dense nanowires at high rates and the fundamental understanding of the growth process are important for these applications. Herein, we show that heterogeneous growth of ZnO nanowires on substrates seeded with ZnO nanoparticles in an aqueous solution of methenamine and zinc nitrate is mass transport limited. Mass transport limited growth leads to an inverse relationship between the nanowire dimensions (height and diameter) and the nanowire number density. This mass transport limitation also leads to nonuniform growth near the boundaries between seeded and unseeded regions. Stirring the reaction solution increases the nanowire growth rate. Experimental results were interpreted within the framework of two simple but nontrivial models of the solution phase species transport and the nanowire growth. Additional...
The role of caveolin-1 in PCB77-induced eNOS phosphorylation in human-derived endothelial cells.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may contribute to the pathology of atherosclerosis by activating inflammatory responses in vascular endothelial cells. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is c...
From circadian rhythms to clock genes in depression

Depression, particularly unipolar depression, has often been linked to circadian (i.e. approximately 24-h) rhythm abnormalities. The observation that many diverse rhythms are disrupted in depressed patients indicates that such disturbances are not unique to specific rhythms, but instead are of a more central origin (i.e. involve the central circadian pacemaker and/or the molecular circadian clock core machinery). One rhythm that is often disrupted in depression is the sleep-wake cycle - a disruption that, in turn, might lead to other rhythm disturbances. Thus, there are two general ways in which disrupted circadian rhythms could lead to depression: (i) disorganization within the circadian system could itself lead to neurobiological dysfunction and (ii) a circadian disturbance of the normal sleep-wake cycle could facilitate or exacerbate the depressed state. The recent discovery of the molecular clock responsible for the generation of circadian rhythms provides novel mechanistic insights into how rhythm abnormalities might lead to disrupted behavioural states, and offers new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of the timing abnormalities that might underlie depression. The finding that the molecular circadian clock is present in many cells in the central nervous system and regulates the timing of the expression of at least 10% of the transcripts in many tissues emphasizes how circadian dysfunction could have drastic consequences for normal physiological function in the brain.