cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autopsy diagnoses of malignant neoplasms: how often are clinical diagnoses incorrect?

Context.—Autopsy often reveals new diagnoses of malignant neoplasms, but as technological advances to improve diagnosis during life have improved, autopsy rates have declined dramatically.Objective.—To determine if there is still a high discordance rate between clinical and autopsy diagnoses of malignant neoplasms despite increasing technological advances in diagnostic methods.Design and Setting.—A 10-year retrospective study (1986-1995) of all autopsies performed at the Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans.Participants.—All patients autopsied, excluding preterm fetuses, at the Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans, by both Tulane and Louisiana State University Schools of Medicine in which consent was obtained or authorization given from the Orleans Parish Coroner's Office.Main Outcome Measures.—Discordance between clinical and autopsy diagnoses of malignant neoplasms.Results.—A total of 1625 cases were reviewed of which 520 preterm fetuses were excluded. Of the remaining 1105 cases, 654 were male and 451 were female. The mean age was 48.3 years (range, 1-98 years). A total of 433 neoplasms were diagnosed, 250 of which were malignant. One hundred eleven malignant neoplasms in 100 patients had been either undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, and in 57 patients, the immediate cause of death could be attributed to the malignant neoplasm. The discordance between clinical and autopsy diagnoses of malignant neoplasms in this study is 44%, which is similar to previously reported studies.Conclusion.—The discordance rate between clinical and autopsy diagnoses of malignant neoplasms is large and confirms the importance of the postmortem examination.
Human Living: An Intergrated Course In Psychology, Philosophy and Religion

For our students to achieve the objectives in Human Living they should: 1. Acquire useful information from the fields of psychology, philosophy and religion for the solution of life problems. 2. Grasp the meaning and significance of life through the understanding of its source and development. 3. Achieve healthy emotional maturity. 4. Understand and make best use of the intellectual powers. 5. Acquire a working knowledge of the Bible and apply its teachings to the problems of modem living. 6. Develop and use ethical and religious motivation for the solution of personal and social problems. 7. Develop a Christian and ethical philosophy of life and live by it.
The force/work differencing of exceptional points in the discrete, compatible formulation of Lagrangian hydrodynamics

This study presents the force and mass discretization of exceptional points in the compatible formulation of Lagrangian hydrodynamics. It concludes a series of papers that develop various aspects of the theoretical exposition and the operational implementation of this numerical algorithm. Exceptional points are grid points at the termination of lines internal to the computational domain, and where boundary conditions are therefore not applied. These points occur naturally in most applications in order to ameliorate spatial grid anisotropy, and the consequent timestep reduction, that will otherwise arise for grids with highly tapered regions or a center of convergence. They have their velocity enslaved to that of neighboring points in order to prevent large excursions of the numerical solution about them. How this problem is treated is given herein for the aforementioned numerical algorithm such that its salient conservation properties are retained. In doing so the subtle aspects of this algorithm that are due to the interleaving of spatial contours that occur with the use of a spatially-staggered-grid mesh are illuminated. These contours are utilized to define both forces and the work done by them, and are the central construct of this type of finite-volume differencing. Additionally, difficulties that occur due to uncertainties in the specification of the artificial viscosity are explored, and point to the need for further research in this area.
The occultation of AG+29°398 by 93 Minerva

The occultation of AG + 29 deg 398 by 93 Minerva on 22 November 1982 was successfully observed at 10 sites. The data are best fitted by a circular limb profile having a diameter of 170.8 + or - 1.4 km, a value that agrees well with the published radiometric diameter for this asteroid. However, evidence of significant departure from a spherical shape is found in the occultation observations and in photometric measurements of Minerva made at Lowell Observatory over several months. Additional observations are needed to specify definitively the three-dimensional figure of Minerva.
Internuclear dependence of the polarizability of N2

A study is made of the internuclear dependence of the polarizability of N2. Specifically, the dependencies of parallel and perpendicular polarizabilities on internuclear separation is found for the N2 molecule in its ground state. Results are presented for vibrationally elastic cross sections as functions of incident electron energy in an eight-state calculation and for the excitation of the first vibrational state.
The thermal degradation of poly-p-xylylene

The thermal stability of poly-p-xylylene prepared in solution by the Hofmann reaction has been measured by a viscometric method. The polymer decomposes by a first-order random cleavage mechanism with an activation energy of 58 kcal./mole. The latter value is identified with the bond strength of the carbon-carbon bond between methylene groups connecting benzene rings. The stability of this polymer is thus limited only by the strength of the weakest link along the chain. The polymer is shown to be more stable thermally and more soluble than polymer prepared from p-xylene by the pyrolytic method. The effect of chain transfer agents on the thermal stability was investigated.
Ethambutol compared to streptomycin in original treatment of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis.

Abstract In this randomized three year study of the primary treatment of 332 patients with cavitary or far advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, ethambutol (EMB) was compared to streptomycin (SM). One hundred eighty days of SM was compared to 180 days of EMB with each drug part of a three-drug regimen including isoniazid (INH) and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS). A regimen of EMB-INH was compared to the three-drug regimens. The losses to the study due to drug usage showed differences with definite significance in favor of the EMB-INH regimen. The losses were due particularly to reactions to PAS, less often to SM. There were a few instances of intolerance to INH. No patient had definite evidence of retrobulbar neuritis due to EMB. The findings indicated no significant superiority of 180 days of SM compared to 180 days of EMB combined with INH and PAS. The EMB-INH regimen appeared as effective as the three drug combinations.
AAEE Minimonograph #33: electrodiagnostic approach to defects of neuromuscular transmission

Clinical testing for neuromuscular dysfunction is supported by an extensive amount of excellent basic information about normal and abnormal subcellular physiology and ultrastructure. This information provides an essential frame of reference for describing the rationale of single-fiber electromyography (SFEMG). SFEMG in turn helps to explain the more conventional clinical testing of neuromuscular function by repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS). Electrical findings in myasthenia gravis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, and botulinum intoxication are discussed from the subcellular level via the cellular level (SFEMG) to the integrated responses of whole muscle (RNS) as a rational means of understanding the technique of clinical repetitive nerve stimulation.
African American Feminist Fathers’ Narratives of Parenting

This study investigated father involvement among African American feminist fathers. Five interrelated parenting themes emerged from a narrative analysis of individual semistructured interviews that...
Reactivity of an ambiphilic carbene - a nonlinear hammett correlation

Abstract Methoxychlorocarbene behaves as an ambiphile in addition reactions with styrene derivatives.
Face Threatening and Face Supportive Communication in Postdivorce Relational Turning Points

Using face as a theoretical framework, this mixed-method study explored divorcees’ postdivorce turning points. Participants (N = 149 divorcees, M age = 39.43) were randomly assigned to report on either a positive or negative turning point, face threats, and face support. Data revealed positive turning points new to extant literature labeled emotional support, practical assistance, civility, distance, and moving forward. Positive turning points were associated with less face threat and more face support than negative turning points. Finally, perceived face threats and face support did not differ based on whether the divorcees had children.
Mission assurance policy and risk management in cybersecurity

Mission assurance policy and risk management are essential in enabling decision makers to ensure successful completion of missions by addressing the security status of cyber assets. This paper presents a novel mission assurance policy that adapts to the dynamic security status of all mission assets to quickly and automatically determine mission assurance level and to decide what changes are needed accordingly. The novelty of this mission assurance policy stems from using a time Petri net model for determining the security status of cyber assets, and then employing binary or multi-valued logic decision diagrams to assess the mission assurance level. The ability of a mission assurance policy to successfully complete its objectives depends mainly on whether a risk management scheme is provided to reduce risk to an acceptable level. To that end, this paper also describes a risk management scheme to systematically deal with the main factors of risk management such as the temporal interdependencies of cyber assets, impact of attacks, and risk mitigation. Given that the status of cyber assets changes due to the dynamic cybersecurity environment of asset vulnerabilities, threats, and recovery, the proposed mission assurance policy and risk management scheme enable decision makers to cope with the real-time assessment of mission assurance level.
Prediction of Kinematic and Kinetic Performance in a Drop Vertical Jump with Individual Anthropometric Factors in Adolescent Female Athletes: Implications for Cadaveric Investigations

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are common, expensive to repair, and often debilitate athletic careers. Robotic manipulators have evaluated knee ligament biomechanics in cadaveric specimens, but face limitations such as accounting for variation in bony geometry between specimens that may influence dynamic motion pathways. This study examined individual anthropometric measures for significant linear relationships with in vivo kinematic and kinetic performance and determined their implications for robotic studies. Anthropometrics and 3D motion during a 31 cm drop vertical jump task were collected in high school female basketball players. Anthropometric measures demonstrated differential statistical significance in linear regression models relative to kinematic variables (p-range 0.20) relative to peak flexion moment, peak adduction moment, flexion moment range, abduction moment range, and internal rotation moment range. The current findings indicate that anthropometric measures are less associated with kinematics than with kinetics. Relative to the robotic manipulation of cadaveric limbs, the results do not support the need to normalize kinematic rotations relative to specimen dimensions.
Cardenolide sequestration by the dogbane tiger moth (Cycnia tenera; Arctiidae)

Cycnia tenera adults, reared as larvae onAsclepias humistrata, had 10 times higher cardenolide concentrations, and contained 15 times more total cardenolide, than did moths reared onA. tuberosa. Thin-layer chromatography confirmed that each individual cardenolide visualized in the adult moths reared on the former host plant corresponds to one present in the plant, thus demonstrating that the insects' cardenolides are indeed derived from the larval food. Adult weights were significantly greater when the larvae had been fed upon the higher cardenolide plant species,A. humistrata. Similar results for other milkweed-feeding insects have been interpreted by some authors as evidence against a metabolic cost of handling cardenolides. However, such interpretations confound cardenolide differences among milkweed species with other differences in plant primary and secondary chemistry that affect insect growth and development. While the cooccurrence inC. tenera of other noxious chemicals (e.g., alkaloids) is not precluded, cardenolides sequestered from larval host plants have probably contributed to the evolution of visual and auditory aposematism in this species. As the eggs are laid in large clutches and larvae are gregarious, such aposematism may have evolved via kin selection.
Multi-Dimensional Radiative Transfer in Nongray Gases—General Formulation and the Bulk Radiative Exchange Approximation

The present paper presents a general formulation of the radiative heat flux and its divergence for multi-dimensional radiative problems involving nongray absorbing-emitting gases. The expressions obtained are in terms of total band absorptance rather than the spectral absorption coefficient. Thus the frequency integration is eliminated, and the expressions are more compact. They avoid the necessity of detailed spectral absorption coefficient data for radiative transfer computations. Also presented is the bulk radiative exchange approximation together with its refinement. It is proposed to circumvent the mathematical complexity inherently imbedded in nongray multidimensional problems. The approximation, which is valid in the opticlly thin and thick limits, is found to be general and useful, not only because its simplicity, but also because of its accuracy in all optical conditions.
Facial Nerve Recovery in bcl2 Overexpression Mice After Crush Injury

ObjectivesTo develop a mouse model for measuring facial nerve injury and recovery and to test the hypothesis that overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene, bcl2, enhances recovery of facial nerve f...
Evolution of solar wind structures from 0.72 to 1 AU

Abstract Understanding the evolution of solar wind structures in the inner heliosphere as they approach the Earth is important to space weather prediction. From the in situ solar wind plasma and magnetic field measurements of Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) at 0.72 AU (1979–1988), and of Wind/Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) missions at 1 AU (1995–2004), we identify and characterize two major solar wind structures, stream interaction regions (SIRs) and interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs). The average percentage of SIRs occurring with shocks increases significantly from 3% to 24% as they evolve from 0.72 to 1 AU. The average occurrence rate, radial extent, and bulk velocity variation of SIRs do not change from 0.72 to 1 AU, while peak pressure and magnetic field strength both decrease with the radial evolution of SIRs. Within the 0.28 AU distance from the orbit of Venus to that of Earth, the average fraction of ICMEs with shocks increases from 49% to 66%, and the typical radial extent of ICMEs expands by about a fraction of 1.4, with peak pressure and magnetic field strength decreasing significantly. The mean occurrence rate and expansion velocity of ICMEs do not change from 0.72 to 1 AU.
Natural light, generalized Verdet–Stokes conditions, and the covariance matrix of the Stokes parameters

Necessary and sufficient conditions (termed the generalized Verdet–Stokes conditions) for light to be natural are derived. The general Verdet–Stokes conditions are requirements placed on all the moments and product moments of the two intensity projections in the Stokes–Verdet approach. The generalized Verdet–Stokes conditions are shown to be necessary and sufficient to guarantee that light be natural in that (1) all moments of the two projected intensities are independent of the rotation of the axes of the reference coordinate system, the phase retardation introduced into one of the components, and the time; (2) the product moments of the two projected intensities always decompose into products of their respective moments; (3) the probability-density functions of the projected intensities are negative exponential with the same variance. Additionally, the product moments of the Stokes parameters are obtained in order to study the behavior of the two intensity projections when the light is partially correlated. An equation governing the transfer of the covariance matrix of the Stokes parameters through a scattering medium is derived and studied. Finally a discussion of other versions of natural light in the context of the generalized Verdet–Stokes conditions is given.
The Effect of Transplanting One or Two Suprachiasmatic Nuclei on the Period of the Restored Rhythm

A fundamental property of circadian rhythms is the free-running period expressed by organisms when isolated from environmental periodicity. The physiological determinants of the free-running period, including variation among and within individuals and among species, are not known. The circadian rhythms of mammals are regulated by a circadian pacemaker within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. To examine possible determinants of the free-running period, one or two SCNs were transplanted into hamsters that had their own SCNs ablated. Wheel-running behavior was measured to estimate the free-running period of restored rhythmicity. Hosts received grafts containing either the left or right SCN from a single fetus or both SCNs from a single fetus. In some cases, both the left and right SCNs from a single fetus restored rhythmicity in different hosts, demonstrating that each of the right and left SCN alone is a competent circadian pacemaker. The average free-running period of the restored rhyt...
"Nano-Technologies for Biomedical Applications"

My research in biomaterials and tissue engineering focuses on the synthesis development and application of novel biofunctional materials and on the use of biomaterials and engineering approaches to study biological problems. Several of the projects ongoing in my laboratory are described below. Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts: There is tremendous need for materials for small diameter vascular grafts. Synthetic materials have not proved suitable, and tissue transplantation is limited. Tissue engineering may provide an answer. My laboratory is approaching this problem from two directions; synthesis of novel scaffold materials that mimic extracellular matrix and genetic manipulation of the cells seeded into these scaffolds. The scaffold materials under development provide signals to promote cell adhesion, to control synthesis of matrix proteins, to regulate cell growth, and to allow degradation of the polymer as new tissue forms. The goals for genetic engineering of smooth muscle and endothelial cells are to reduce thrombosis and improve the mechanical properties of the engineered arteries. Medical Applications of Metal Nanoshells: Nanoshells are a new type of nanoparticle with tunable optical properties. For medical applications, these particles can be designed to strongly absorb or scatter light in the near infrared where tissue and blood are relatively transparent. In a cancer therapy application, nanoshells are designed to absorb light and convert the energy to heat for tumor destruction.
Basic Technology of Voluntary Cardiorespiratory Synchronization in Electrocardiology

Ordinary respiration produces surprisingly large and highly variable changes in the electrocardiogram of many subjects, healthy as well as diseased. By responding voluntarily to a visual signal developed by special but simple electronic circuitry, or by a small computer, the subject can ``breathe with the lights'' and thus pace his breathing to an exact submultiple of his own heart rate without requiring forced breathing or constant respiratory rate. The flexible stationarity introduced by this technique allows two goals to be approached. One is the ``epitome'' electrocardiogram, a sequence of VCG-ECG patterns highly reproducible and highly characteristic of the individual as his heart responds to normal respiratory influences. The other is a set of indices characterizing quantitatively the physiological dynamics of the cardiorespiratory interaction in the individual. This pattern, expressed as respiratory heart-rate modulation index and pattern dynamics indices, may contain important medical indicators of autonomic and cardiovascular systems response status. The technology of producing these cardiorespiratory synchrograms (CRSG) is discussed with a brief outline of their medical and research utility.
An Entropy Threshold for Strong Hα and Radio Emission in the Cores of Galaxy Clusters

Our Chandra X-Ray Observatory archival study of intracluster entropy in a sample of 222 galaxy clusters shows that H? and radio emission from the brightest cluster galaxy are much more pronounced when the cluster's core gas entropy is 30 keV cm2. The prevalence of H? emission below this threshold indicates that it marks a dichotomy between clusters that can harbor multiphase gas and star formation in their cores and those that cannot. The fact that strong central radio emission also appears below this boundary suggests that AGN feedback turns on when the intracluster medium starts to condense, strengthening the case for AGN feedback as the mechanism that limits star formation in the universe's most luminous galaxies.
HLA antibodies as a cause of false-positive reactions in screening enzyme immunoassays for antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus Type III

15,680 volunteer blood donors were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EIA) for antibodies to human T-lymphotropic virus Type III (HTLV-III). On at least two of three determinations, 0.37 percent were found to be reactive. When the first 38 of these samples were sent for repeat EIA and Western blot, the EIA was positive in 14. In only three of these 14 samples was the EIA result confirmed by Western blot. Eight of these eleven false-positive samples were from women who were found to have HLA antibodies. In seven of these women, the HLA antibodies were directed to Class II antigens expressed on the cell used to grow HTLV-III in the preparation of screening EIA kits. We conclude that HLA antibodies are an important cause of false-positive reactions in the screening test for HTLV-III antibody.
Preparation of certain derivatives of ursolic acid and their antimicrobial activity

The authors studied the industrial wastes from the production of an antitumorigenic preparation rosevin, in which about 18% of ursolic acid was found. They obtained several oxygen-substituted derivatives of ursolic acid by oxidation with chromic acid and KMnO/sub 4/ in different media to study their biological activity. The structure of the compounds obtained was confirmed by the data of IR and PMR spectra and also by the data of molecular mass spectroscopy with ionization of the molecules under an electron impact.
Patterns in Work Functioning and Vocational Rehabilitation Associated with Coexisting Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders

Archival data from 25,480 adults entering the Compensated Work Therapy (CWT) program of the Veterans Health Administration were analyzed to identify differences in work functioning and vocational r...
Substrate Specificity of RdgB Protein, a Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphate Pyrophosphohydrolase

We have previously reported the identification of a DNA repair system in Escherichia coli for the prevention of the stable incorporation of noncanonical purine dNTPs into DNA. We hypothesized that the RdgB protein is active on 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triphosphate (dHAPTP) as well as deoxyinosine triphosphate. Here we show that RdgB protein and RdgB homologs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mouse, and human all possess deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase activity and that all four RdgB homologs have high specificity for dHAPTP and deoxyinosine triphosphate compared with the four canonical dNTPs and several other noncanonical (d)NTPs. Kinetic analysis reveals that the major source of the substrate specificity lies in changes in K(m) for the various substrates. The expression of these enzymes in E. coli complements defects that are caused by the incorporation of HAP and an endogenous noncanonical purine into DNA. Our data support a preemptive role for the RdgB homologs in excluding endogenous and exogenous modified purine dNTPs from incorporation into DNA.
Operating lines in cascade separation of binary mixtures

The general case of cascade operation is treated without any restriction on the value of the separation factor. Equilibrium curves are briefly discussed. These are generally a function of the cut. The equations of operating lines for both of enriching and stripping sections are derived for the general case by appropriate material balances. Also, three specific applications are presented in detail, by showing graphical constructions and discussing characteristic features for each case. Le cas general d'operation cascade est traite sans aueune restriction sur la nature du facteur de separation. On dis-cute brievement les courbes d'equilibres. On derive pour ce cas general, a l'aide de bilans materiels, les equations des lignes d'operation pour les sections d'enrichissement et d'epuration. On presente, di plus, trois applications specifiques avec construction gra-phique et discussion des points characteristiques pour chaque cas.
An archival study of depression before and after age 55.

In this archival study, 58 patients with unipolar depression who were 55 years of age or older were compared to 155 depressed control patients age 54 years or less. The older patients with unipolar depression had a significantly worse outcome, with only 51.7% experiencing a period of full remission during follow-up. Medical disorders were common, and older depressed patients showed a clear excess of cardiovascular disorders. Clinical symptoms did not separate the two groups, with the exception of psychomotor retardation and agitation. Electroconvulsive therapy was associated with less continuous hospitalization and an overall superior outcome. Language: en
Dynamic Compaction of Cubic Boron Nitride Powders

Compacts of cubic boron nitride with 94% of theoretical density and a Vickers microhardness of 30.3 GPa were produced from coarse c-BN powder by a shock compaction technique. The density and microhardness of these compacts depend strongly on the grain size of the starting powders.
Supersonic turbulent boundary-layer flows with tangential slot injection.

An implicit finite-difference method has been developed for the solution of the compressible boundary-layer equations. This method is applied to tangential slot injection into supersonic turbulent boundary-layer flows. In addition, the effects induced by the interaction between the boundary-layer displacement thickness and the external pressure field are considered. Three different eddy viscosity models have been used to specify the turbulent momentum exchange. One model depends on the species concentration profile, and the species conservation equation has been included in the system of governing partial differential equations. For air injected into air, the freestream and injected gases are treated as separate species which have common fluid properties. Calculations were made and results were compared with experimental data at freestream Mach numbers of 2.4 and 6.0 and with results of another finite-difference method. Good agreement was obtained for the reduction of wall skin friction with slot injection.
Spectrally resolved anti-Brownian electrokinetic (ABEL) trapping of single peridinin-chlorophyll-proteins in solution

We use an Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trap to probe spectral emission shifts in solution-phase single Peridinin-Chlorophyll-Proteins (PCPs). The ABEL trap allows localization of single biomolecules in solution in a small volume for extended observation without immobilization. The essential idea combines fluorescence-based position estimation with fast electrokinetic feedback in a microfluidic geometry to counter the Brownian motion of a single nanoscale object, hence maintaining its position in a sub-micron-sized field of view for hundreds of milliseconds to seconds. Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein is a water-soluble antenna protein found in dinoflagellates which uses peridinins (carotenoids) as accessory light harvesting pigments to absorb sunlight in the green region of the spectrum before transferring electronic excitation to chlorophyll. PCP is simpler than many other antenna complexes in that there are only two chlorophyll pigments per monomer which do not form an exciton. We use the ABEL trap to study single PCP monomers in solution for several seconds each. A significant fraction of the molecules show slow spectral shifts (spectral diffusion) relative to the bulk PCP spectrum. This is the first spectral emission measurement conducted in the ABEL trap.
Replication-associated activities of purified human papillomavirus type 11 E1 helicase.

Abstract Replication of human papillomavirus type11 (HPV11) requires both the E1 and the E2 proteins. E1 is structurally and functionally similar to SV40 large T-antigen and is a DNA helicase/NTPase that binds to the origin of replication and initiates viral DNA replication. The biochemical characterization of HPV E1 is incompletely documented in the literature in part because of difficulties in expressing and purifying the protein. Herein, we report a method for the overexpression of full-length, untagged E1 (73.5 kDa) in baculovirus-infected Trichoplusia ni insect cells and the purification to homogeneity using a two-step procedure. The purified protein is a nonspecific NTPase that hydrolyzes ATP, dATP, UTP, or GTP equally well. Point mutations were made in the putative NTPase domain to verify that the activities observed were encoded by E1. Purified mutant D523N had negligible ATPase and helicase activities but retained DNA-binding activity. Sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation and glycerol gradient centrifugation demonstrated that the wild-type protein is primarily a hexamer in its purified form. Secondary structure determination by circular dichroism revealed a large percentage of α-helical structure consistent with secondary structure predictions. These data define a fundamental set of biochemical and kinetic parameters for HPV E1 which are a critical prerequisite to future mechanistic studies of the enzyme.
Disc electrophoretic and serological studies of the capsule proteins obtained from two strains of a granulosis virus of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta

The synergistic (Hawaiian) and nonsynergistic (Oregonian) strains of a granulosis virus of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, could be differentiated on the basis of immunodiffusion and disc electrophoresis of their capsule proteins. However, these tests indicated some similarities between the two strains. One or two bands that separated by disc electrophoresis were associated with the synergistic factor present in the capsule proteins of the Hawaiian strain.
Continuum limit of the upper critical field H c @f | 2 for superconducting networks

Recently Rammal et al. investigated the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}^{\mathrm{*}}$ for various superconducting networks and proposed the formula ${H}_{c2}^{\mathrm{*}}$= d / 2 ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}$ / \ensuremath{\pi}${\ensuremath{\xi}}^{2}$(T) =${\mathrm{dH}}_{c2}^{(\mathrm{bulk})}$ (with d the spatial dimension of the network) as the universal limiting behavior of ${H}_{c2}^{\mathrm{*}}$(T) as T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${T}_{c0}$,${H}_{c2}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. We demonstrate with several examples that this is not true for networks with low point-group symmetry. We then propose that the above universal formula be changed to an inequality ${H}_{c2}^{\mathrm{*}}$\ensuremath{\ge}2${H}_{c2}^{(\mathrm{bulk})}$, which reduces to an equality for two-dimensional networks with an n-fold rotational symmetry with n\ensuremath{\ge}3. For three dimensional networks ${H}_{c2}^{\mathrm{*}}$/${H}_{\mathrm{cs}}^{(\mathrm{bulk})=3}$ if the network has a cubic symmetry. Otherwise we find that the ratio can be larger or smaller than 3.
Tribulations of trials for antibacterial drugs: interview with Sumathi Nambiar

Sumathi Nambiar is deputy director for safety in the division of anti-infective products at the US FDA. She has participated in discussions between industry, academia and regulatory bodies in workshops designed to address the current concerns regarding non-inferiority design in antibacterial trials, and has also contributed towards the follow-up guidance released by the FDA. Sumathi Nambiar spoke with Laura Harvey at Clinical Investigation on some of the key issues facing clinical trials in this arena.
Flashpoint Temperatures of Methanol-Hydrocarbon Solutions

Abstract Experimental flashpoint temperatures are reported for n-hexane-methanol, n-heptane-methanol, n-octane-methanol, and n-hexane-n-octane binary solutions. Results are discussed in terms of non-ideal thermodynamic solution behavior. A lower bound for methanol-n-alkane flashpoint temperatures is derived and validated.
Threatened Freshwater Fishes of the United States

Abstract Threatened, native freshwater fishes are listed for 49 of the 50 U.S. States, the first such compilation. Over 300 kinds are included in a formal classification, cross-indexed to states (Table 1), followed by state lists and the status of each fish, whether rare, endangered, depleted, or undetermined. The concern for native fishes and the important factors responsible for threats to their existence are briefly outlined. Although the lists vary from those based on extensive recent state surveys to others in which current information is sparse, publication is expected to enhance the chances for survival through protective legislation (already enacted by a number of states) and stronger concern for such natural resources.
Protocol for Tuberculosis Screening in Pregnancy

Tuberculosis persists as a public health problem in the United States.1 Background information related to the disease is presented. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and effects related to pregnancy are discussed. A tuberculosis seening protocol is described.
Applications Of Adaptive Least Square Filtering To Image Restoration

Images in real life are inhomogeneous while the transmission channels are time varying, hence, adaptive schemes are suitable for tracking slow variations on system identification and inverse filtering. In this paper we report theoretical and experimental study of the application of adaptive filtering to two dimensional signals. In particular, we focus on the recursive least square transversal filter applied to image restoration. A multichannel extension of the well known one dimensional recursive least square (RLS) algorithm is presented. Finally simulation results on real world images are given.
Polymer-mediated synthesis of metal nanostructures

A solution-phase approach has been developed for the large-scale synthesis of metal nanostructures with well-defined shapes in the presence of a polymeric surfactant, i.e., poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). As a demonstration, nanowires and nanocubes of silver have been synthesized through a modified polyol process that involved the reduction of silver nitrate with ethylene glycol heated at 160°C. Both reactant concentrations and the molar ratio between PVP and silver nitrate played critical roles in determining the shape and dimension of the final products. Relatively high concentrations of silver nitrate were favorable for the formation of silver nanocubes, while nanowires or nanorods became the dominated products if the concentration of silver nitrate was below 0.1 mM. The edge lengths of nanocubes and the lateral dimensions of nanowires synthesized with this method could be varied in the ranges of 50-180 nm and 30-60 nm, respectively. Nanocubes were single crystals mainly bounded by {100} facets. Each nanowire/nanorod, however, was characterized with a pentagonal cross-section, five straight side edges, and five flat side surfaces. It is believed that these silver nanostructures with well-defined shapes should find uses in a number of areas such as electronics, photonics, and catalysis.
A bias caused by ectopic development produces sexually dimorphic sperm in nematodes.

Summary Self-fertile hermaphrodites have evolved independently several times in the genus Caenorhabditis [1, 2]. These XX hermaphrodites make smaller sperm than males [3, 4], which they use to fertilize their own oocytes. Because larger sperm outcompete smaller sperm in nematodes [3–5], it had been assumed that this dimorphism evolved in response to sperm competition. However, we show that it was instead caused by a developmental bias. When we transformed females of the species Caenorhabditis remanei into hermaphrodites [6], their sperm were significantly smaller than those of males. Because this species never makes hermaphrodites in the wild, this dimorphism cannot be due to selection. Instead, analyses of the related nematode Caenorhabditis elegans suggest that this dimorphism might reflect the development of sperm within the distinct physiological environment of the hermaphrodite gonad. These results reveal a new mechanism for some types of developmental bias—the effects of a novel physical location alter the development of ectopic cells in predictable ways.
Hemodialysis and estrogen levels in postmenopausal (HELP) patients: the multicenter HELP study

Abstract Background: Low serum estrogen levels are associated with increased risk for hip fractures in healthy postmenopausal women. Although the rate of hip fractures is 4- to 24-fold greater in postmenopausal hemodialysis-dependent women (PHDW) compared with the general population, no published study has examined the prevalence of low serum estrogen levels or factors associated with low serum estrogen levels in this population. Methods: We measured serum estrone (E 1 ) and total estradiol (E 2 ) levels in PHDW and investigated the independent association between serum estrogen levels and demographic and dialysis-related factors. Results: Of 186 PHDW not administered postmenopausal hormones, 44% and 30% had low serum E 1 ( 2 levels ( 1 and total E 2 levels were significantly lower in Caucasian women compared with non-Caucasian women and in women with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25 kg/m 2 versus 25 kg/m 2 or greater. After adjusting for age, BMI, dialysis vintage, dialysis dose, and history of bilateral oophorectomy, Caucasian race was associated with an increased risk for low serum E 1 (odds ratio [OR], 3.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63 to 7.19) and total E 2 levels (OR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.11 to 5.49) compared with non-Caucasians. In addition, we noted a significant and independent association between BMI and serum estrogen levels. For every 1-kg/m 2 increase in BMI, risk for low serum E 1 and total E 2 levels decreased by 12% (OR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.94) and 15% (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.80 to 0.91), respectively. No significant association was noted between age, dialysis vintage, or dialysis dose and low serum E 1 or total E 2 levels. Conclusion: A substantial number of PHDW have low serum estrogen levels. Caucasian race and low BMI are independently associated with low serum estrogen levels in PHDW, whereas dialysis-related factors are not.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of triethylphosphine gold (Auranofin) and gold sodium thiomalate (GST)

The pharmacokinetics of gold sodium thiomalate (GST) and triethylphosphine gold (auranofin; AF) are different. Gold sodium thiomalate (GST) is completely bioavailable while only 15–25% of auranofin (AF) is absorbed. Protein binding of AF occurs to a larger extent to macroglobulins than does GST and total body retention of GST is much greater than AF at six months (30% versus approximately 1%). While terminal serum half-lives are approximately equal, total body half-lives are 250 days for GST and 69 days for AF. In addition, excretory pathways contrast markedly, with 85% of AF appearing in the feces while only 30% of GST is excreted by this route; 15% of AF gold appears in the urine and approximately 70% of GST gold is excreted via this route. With all the above differences one would expect that organ and cellular distribution of these compounds would differ. While gold from both drugs is concentrated in kidney, the percent of the dose found in the kidneys is less for AF than GST, at least in animals (0.4% vs 4.8%). Minute quantities are found in other organs but more study is needed to more clearly define organ distribution of these gold compounds, particularly in man.
Isolation and properties of phytoene.

Abstract Phytoene, a new noncrystalline, colorless polyene, has been isolated from tomatoes and carrot oil by an improved adsorptive procedure. It was adsorbed less strongly than the known carotenes and polyenes on magnesia and alumina. It produced a very weak Carr-Price reaction, but it did give a characteristic color reaction with the Liebermann-Burchard test. At maximal absorption, 286 mμ, phytoene showed an absorbancy index of 85 in hexane or isooctane (1 mg./ml., 1-cm. cell).
Dynamics of Pneumocystis carinii‐Specific Immune Complexes in AIDS Patients with P. carinii Pneumonia

Pneumocystis carinii-specific immune complexes were detected by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 53% of sera from Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients with P. carinii pneumonia (PCP). Resolution of glycoprotein antigenemia (50-55 kd = dominant species) appears to correlate with successful PCP drug therapy and recovery. An epitope map has been constructed from immunoblots of P. carinii hydrolysates and from human and murine serum containing P. carinii antigens.
Spontaneous motor activity in the perinatal infant before and after birth: stability in individual differences.

This study was undertaken to determine if a relationship existed between the duration of spontaneous general movements before and after birth. Twenty-two infants were examined three times as fetuses between 38 and 40 weeks gestational age and three times as neonates between 2 and 4 weeks postnatal age. Motor activity level during active sleep periods was quantified by direct sonographic visualization for fetuses and by videotaped images of trunk movement for neonates. We found that both fetuses and neonates exhibited stable individual differences in motor activity level. In addition, infants who moved at a certain rate as fetuses generally moved at the same relative rate as neonates up to 4-weeks postnatal age. Our findings suggested that individual differences in motor activity level in the 1st month following birth probably arise during fetal life.
An architecture for a collaborative bibliographic database

CoBib is a system that will allow affinity groups to effectively collaborate to maximize the searching and browsing utility of an academic paper database. The system will facilitate the process of surveying literature in a specific field by using the community's annotations and referrals. The database architecture for CoBib provides users within research communities the means to collaboratively index and annotate citations by supporting both searching and browsing behavior. This extensible architecture is a novel solution that is interoperable with existing data formats and systems and incorporates recommendations gathered from the community for the discovery of new citations.
Signature file hashing using term occurrence and query frequencies

Signature files act as a filter on retrieval to discard a large number of nonqualifying data items. Linear hashing with superimposed signatures (LHSS) provides an effective retrieval filter to process queries in dynamic databases. This study is an analysis of the effects of reflecting the term occurrence and query frequencies to signatures in LHSS. This approach relaxes the unrealistic uniform frequency assumption and lets the terms with high discriminatory power set more bits in signatures. The simulation experiments based on the derived formulas explore the amount of page savings with different occurrence and query frequency combinations at different hashing levels. The results show that the performance of LHSS improves with the hashing level and the larger the difference between the term discriminatory power values of the terms, the higher the retrieval efficiency. The authors also discuss the benefits of this approach to alleviate the imbalance between the levels of efficiency and relevancy in the unrealistic uniform frequency assumption case. >
Temporal Development of Autoreactive Th1 Responses and Endogenous Presentation of Self Myelin Epitopes by Central Nervous System-Resident APCs in Theiler’s Virus-Infected Mice

Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease is a chronic-progressive, immune-mediated CNS demyelinating disease and a relevant model of multiple sclerosis. Myelin destruction is initiated by TMEV-specific CD4 + T cells targeting persistently infected CNS-resident APCs leading to activation of myelin epitope-specific CD4 + T cells via epitope spreading. We examined the temporal development of virus- and myelin-specific T cell responses and acquisition of virus and myelin epitopes by CNS-resident APCs during the chronic disease course. CD4 + T cell responses to virus epitopes arise within 1 wk after infection and persist over a >300-day period. In contrast, myelin-specific T cell responses are first apparent ∼50–60 days postinfection, appear in an ordered progression associated with their relative encephalitogenic dominance, and also persist. Consistent with disease initiation by virus-specific CD4 + T cells, CNS mononuclear cells from TMEV-infected SJL mice endogenously process and present virus epitopes throughout the disease course, while myelin epitopes are presented only after initiation of myelin damage (>50–60 days postinfection). Activated F4/80 + APCs expressing high levels of MHC class II and B7 costimulatory molecules and ingested myelin debris chronically accumulate in the CNS. These results suggest a process of autoimmune induction in which virus-specific T cell-mediated bystander myelin destruction leads to the recruitment and activation of infiltrating and CNS-resident APCs that process and present endogenous myelin epitopes to autoreactive T cells in a hierarchical order.
What is Family-Centered Care for Nursing Home Residents With Advanced Dementia?

To understand family members’ perspectives on person- and family-centered end-of-life care provided to nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia, we conducted a qualitative follow-up interview with 16 respondents who had participated in an earlier prospective study, Choices, Attitudes, and Strategies for Care of Advance Dementia at End of Life (CASCADE). Family members of NH residents (N = 16) with advanced dementia participated in semistructured qualitative interviews that inquired about overall NH experience, communication, surrogate decision making, emotional reaction, and recommendations for improvement. Analysis identified 5 areas considered important by family members: (1) providing basic care; (2) ensuring safety and security; (3) creating a sense of belonging and attachment; (4) fostering self-esteem and self-efficacy; and (5) coming to terms with the experience. These themes can provide a framework for creating and testing strategies to meet the goal of person- and family-centered care.
Prediction and estimation for fractal processes using multiscale state-space algorithms

The 1/f family of fractal processes provides useful models for the extraordinary variety of natural and man-made phenomena that exhibit long-term dependence. Using algorithms based on a multiscale-state-space representation, we address the problems of parameter estimation of discrete 1/f signals in white noise, estimation of deterministic signals in 1/f noise, and prediction of discrete 1/f processes. Among other results, distant past data are shown to have a dramatically greater effect on these estimators than when ARMA processes are involved.