cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive prioritized admission over CDMA [cellular radio applications]

The TDMA-based dynamic guard channel scheme supports prioritized call admission control and adapts new call and handoff request admission priorities in response to nonstationary request arrivals or loading. We present an adjusted multimode dynamic guard bandwidth (AM-DGB) scheme that extends the blocked-calls-dropped dynamic guard bandwidth concept to CDMA-based systems, supporting multiple admission priority classes, based on request types and traffic classes. AM-DGB employs operation modes that temporarily block one or more lower-priority classes completely when pure dynamic guard operation is unable to keep long-term blocking rates under predefined targeted thresholds. Analytical and simulation results show that AM-DGB is able to maintain consistent performance guarantees in terms of dropping probabilities.
Recovery rate and prognosis in older persons who develop acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Although the survival rate among mechanically ventilated patients 70 years of age or older in this study was high, these patients were twice as likely to die of acute lung injury compared with thei...
Single chip, 2-wire, 4–20mA current loop RTD temperature transmitter design

A single chip, cost effective solution is designed for a typical RTD (resistance temperature detector) temperature transmitter for a 2-wire 4–20mA current loop system. The design leverages available integrated analog components on the MSP430F2274 microcontroller. The voltage controlled current source of the transmitter design is enabled by the general purpose operational amplifiers on the device. Biasing of the current source was carried out via a PWM-DAC implementation which allowed for a 12-bit resolution of the output signal. The signal conditioning of the sensed RTD value was carried out via a differential amplifier of a bridge circuit, also incorporating on-chip analog components. The single chip solution provides further flexibility due to the additional processing enabled by the microcontroller. This allows for linearization through software. The observed measured values for both the output of the signal conditioning circuit and that of the transmitter design correlate well to SPICE simulation results.
Anatomy of Red Cell Damage by Plasmodium falciparum in Man

The manner in which the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, invades and destroys human red cells is uncertain. Surface and internal anatomy of erythrocytes from subjects with parasitemia was examined in an effort to understand this process better. P. falciparum causes marked distortion of the surface of red cells. In parasitized cells, the bulk of the organism lies under a smooth erythrocyte exterior, but part of it is often associated with a highly irregular red cell surface defect. Many cells without parasites have cavitary surface defects. Their appearance suggests that they previously may have contained parasites. These morphologic observations offer possible explanations for premature destruction of parasitized as well as nonparasitized red cells.
Picornaviruses: epitopes, canyons, and pockets.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on focuses on studies of human rhinovirus 14 and some recent results that have begun to clarify interrelationships among the modes of action of antibodies, receptors, and antiviral drugs. The structures of several picornaviruses are now known in atomic detail. Together with virological and biochemical examination, these structures have revealed antigenic sites and possible receptor contact regions. For rhino-, polio-, and coxsackie viruses, studies using antiviral drugs have illuminated the process of viral uncoating and have shown how these nonenveloped viruses exist in a precarious state, poised between premature uncoating and inability to release their genomic payload. Finally, structural and immunological techniques have been used to study a number of antibody-virion complexes to ascertain how antibodies, the major protective agent in the immunological arsenal against picornaviruses, can neutralize viral infectivity. Discriminating among the various models may prove to be difficult because any of a large number of small hydrophobic compounds in the cell could act as pocket factors.
Prion protein diversity and disease in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Publisher Summary PrP associated with TSE disease (PrP-res) can induce its own formation, an essential prerequisite for a protein-only infectious agent. This “replication” is clearly influenced by prion protein (PrP) primary sequence and conformation. Supporting data are now available for how, in the absence of any nucleic acid component, these variations in PrP sequence and conformation could account for TSE species and strain characteristics. As a transmissible neurodegenerative disease, involving protein misfolding and amyloid formation, the TSE diseases are undoubtedly biologically unique. The question remains whether PrP-res alone can directly dictate all aspects of TSE pathogenesis or whether as yet unidentified factors or more conventional viral components are also involved.
LARGE‐SCALE PATTERNS OF DIVERSIFICATION IN THE WIDESPREAD LEGUME GENUS SENNA AND THE EVOLUTIONARY ROLE OF EXTRAFLORAL NECTARIES

Unraveling the diversification history of old, species-rich and widespread clades is difficult because of extinction, undersampling, and taxonomic uncertainty. In the context of these challenges, we investigated the timing and mode of lineage diversification in Senna (Leguminosae) to gain insights into the evolutionary role of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). EFNs secrete nectar, attracting ants and forming ecologically important ant-plant mutualisms. In Senna, EFNs characterize one large clade (EFN clade), including 80% of its 350 species. Taxonomic accounts make Senna the largest caesalpinioid genus, but quantitative comparisons to other taxa require inferences about rates. Molecular dating analyses suggest that Senna originated in the early Eocene, and its major lineages appeared during early/mid Eocene to early Oligocene. EFNs evolved in the late Eocene, after the main radiation of ants. The EFN clade diversified faster, becoming significantly more species-rich than non-EFN clades. The shift in diversification rates associated with EFN evolution supports the hypothesis that EFNs represent a (relatively old) key innovation in Senna. EFNs may have promoted the colonization of new habitats appearing with the early uplift of the Andes. This would explain the distinctive geographic concentration of the EFN clade in South America.
Amelioration of zinc toxicity in cotton using lime or mushroom compost

Limited areas of cropland in Georgia have been amended with a high‐Zn flue‐dust material, which is causing Zn toxicities to crops. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of lime and mushroom compost in reducing Zn uptake by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L). A pot experiment was carried out using a high‐Zn toxic soil anda low‐Zn non‐toxic soil. There were four lime rates (0, 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 Mg ha−1) and two compost treatments (67.2 Mg ha−1 compost and the same rate of compost plus 4.48 Mg ha−1 lime). There was a steady decline in plant Zn with increasing lime rates for the low‐Zn soil up to 8.96 Mg ha‐1 (soil pH 7.1). For the high‐Zn soil, the lime did little to increase growth up to 8.96 Mg ha−1 (soil pH 6.3), but the compost and compost plus lime gave normal plants (soil pH 6.9). The DTPA‐extractable Zn responded to lime and compost treatments, but Mehlich‐1 Zn was not responsive to treatments. Liming and compost amendments redistributed Zn from the exchangeable fraction to the Mn o...
State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace

Figures Tables Preface Introduction 1. Repression and the search for peace 2. Disaggregation and contextualization 3. Data and methodology 4. Democratic pacification: the direct effects of voice and veto 5. Peace under fire: the interactive effect of democracy and conflict 6. (Re)considering domestic peace Appendices Bibliography Index.
Turning Points in Leadership: Shipping Technology in the Portuguese and Dutch Merchant Empires

This paper focuses on the implications of organizational control on the race for economic leadership across merchant empires. Poor organizational choices reduce incentives to invest, which in turn stifle technological improvements and make leading empires lag behind new entrants. Using historical evidence on shipping technology, I show that this may have been a factor behind the loss of leadership of the Portuguese merchant empire in the late sixteenth century.
Correlation Methods for Tomographic Images Using Two and Three Dimensional Techniques

The aim of any project which involves the use of radionuclides, is to determine whether or not an organ is functioning correctly. Two areas of great concern at present, are the evaluation of cardiac function and of brain function. Tomographic methods have proved to be very valuable in both cases. The problems encountered have many things in common as well as many differences.
Control performance as an entropy: An integrated theory for intelligent machines

Using the equivalence of the average Lagrangian to an Entropy established in Theoretical Thermodynamics, this paper expresses the average value of the performance criterion of a feedback control problem as an entropy. Thus, the optimal control problem may be recast as an information theoretic, one which minimizes the entropy of selecting the feedback controls. This unifies the treatment of all the levels of a Hierarchically Intelligent Control System by minimizing the sum of their entropies. Such a system is composed of three levels hierarchically ordered in decreasing intelligence with increasing precision: the organization level, performing information processing tasks like planning, decision making, learning and storage and retrieval of information from a long-term memory; the coordination level, dealing again with information processing tasks like learning, lower level decision making and dealing with short term memory only and the control level, which performs the execution of various tasks through hardware using feedback control methods. A mathematical programing algorithm which utilizes one step ahead entropies may be used to approximate the optimal solution of the intelligent machine problem.
Mixed Acid–Base Disorders

A mixed acid–base disorder is defined as the coexistence of two or three primary disorders in the same patient. These disorders can occur simultaneously or at different times. Two groups of patients are at risk for mixed acid–base disturbances: the critically ill patients in the intensive care units and the elderly. Also, diabetic or alcoholic subjects may present to the emergency department with a double or triple acid–base disturbance.
Entry of genital Chlamydia trachomatis into polarized human epithelial cells.

Abstract To study the initial invasion process(es) of genital chlamydiae, a model system consisting of hormonally maintained primary cultures of human endometrial gland epithelial cells (HEGEC), grown in a polarized orientation on collagen-coated filters, was utilized. After Chlamydia trachomatis inoculation of the apical surface of polarized HEGEC, chlamydiae were readily visualized, by transmission electron microscopy, in coated pits and coated vesicles. This was true for HEGEC maintained in physiologic concentrations of estrogen (proliferative phase) and of estrogen plus progesterone (secretory phase), despite the finding that association of chlamydiae with secretory-phase HEGEC is significantly reduced (P = 0.025; A.S. Maslow, C.H. Davis, J. Choong, and P.B. Wyrick, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 159:1006-1014, 1988). In contrast, chlamydiae were rarely observed in the clathrin-associated structures if the HEGEC were cultured on plastic surfaces. The same pattern of coated pit versus noncoated pit entry was reproducible in HeLa cells. The quantity of coated pits associated with isolated membrane sheets derived from HeLa cells, grown on poly-L-lysine-coated cover slips in medium containing the female hormones, was not significantly different as monitored by radiolabeling studies and by laser scanning microscopy. These data suggest that culture conditions which mimic in vivo cellular organization may enhance entry into coated pits for some obligate intracellular pathogens.
Positrons as probes of Si(100) surface with adsorbed hydrogen and oxygen

Abstract Positron annihilation induced Auger spectra from the Si(100) surface exposed to hydrogen and oxygen are analyzed by performing calculations of positron surface states and annihilation characteristics of surface trapped positrons. Positron binding energies and work functions are also computed. It is found that the adsorption of hydrogen and oxygen on the Si(100) surface leads to a displacement of the positron surface state wave function away from the substrate Si atoms. As a result of this displacement, the overlap of the positron wave function with Si core electrons and, consequently, the annihilation probability of Si core electrons reduce, in agreement with experimental data.
Syntheses and evaluation of macrocyclic engelhardione analogs as antitubercular and antibacterial agents.

The natural product engelhardione is an underexplored chemotype for developing novel treatments for bacterial infections; we therefore explored this natural product scaffold for chemical diversification and structure–activity relationship studies. Macrocyclic engelhardione and structural regioisomers were synthesized using a series of aldol condensations and selective hydrogenations to generate the 1,7-diarylheptan-3-one derivatives, followed by microwave-assisted intramolecular Ullmann coupling to afford a series of macrocyclic diaryl ether analogs. An extended macrocyclic chemical library was then produced by oxime formation, reductive amination and O-alkylation. Antibacterial evaluation revealed that the reductive amination derivatives 7b and 7d showed moderate activities (minimum inhibitory concentrations: 12.5–25 μg ml−1) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Gram-positive pathogens, as well as anti-Gram-negative activity against an efflux impaired Escherichia coli strain. These results provide validated leads for further optimization and development.
The chemical biology of methanogenesis

Abstract Two distinct pathways account for most of the CH 4 produced in the majority of the diverse and vast anaerobic environments of Earth’s biosphere by microbes that are classified in the Archaea domain of life: conversion of the methyl group of acetate to CH 4 in the aceticlastic pathway and reduction of CO 2 with electrons derived from H 2 , formate or CO in the CO 2 reduction pathway. Minor, albeit ecologically important, amounts of CH 4 are produced by conversion of methylotrophic substrates methanol, methylamines and methyl sulfides. Although all pathways have terminal steps in common, they deviate in the initial steps leading to CH 4 and mechanisms for synthesizing ATP for growth. Hydrogen gas is the major reductant for CO 2 -reducing methanogens in the deep subsurface, although H 2 is also utilized by CO 2 -reducing microbes from the Bacteria domain that produce acetate for the aceticlastic methanogens. This review presents fundamentals of the two major CH 4 -producing pathways with a focus on understanding the potential for biologically-produced CH 4 on Mars.
ARCHEMY at the Interface Between Art and Science

Chemistry and art synthesize by melding old knowledge with new observations to provide us with novel concepts of nature or of the human relationship to nature. As Paul Klee puts it, we set out to make the invisible visible, the unknowable knowable.
Religious Orientation and Life Aspirations

The effects of religiosity on well-being appear to depend on religious orientation, with intrinsic orientation being related to positive outcomes and extrinsic orientation being related to neutral or negative outcomes. It is not clear, however, why intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity has the relationships they do. Self-determination theory may provide a useful framework of intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations that may help to answer this question. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity would be related to intrinsic and extrinsic life aspirations. We hypothesized that intrinsic religiosity would be positively related to intrinsic life aspirations and negatively related with extrinsic life aspirations, and that extrinsic religiosity would be positively related to extrinsic life aspirations and negatively related to intrinsic aspirations, and that life aspirations would partially mediate the relationships between religious orientation and outcome. To study these hypotheses, a random national sample (total number of 425, average age of 52, 59 % female) completed the measures of religious orientation, life aspirations, affect, and life satisfaction. It was found that intrinsic religiosity was positively related to positive affect, life satisfaction, and intrinsic life aspirations and was negatively related to negative affect and extrinsic life aspirations. Extrinsic religiosity was positively related to extrinsic life aspirations and was not related to the intrinsic life aspirations. When both religious orientation and life aspiration variables were included together in the model predicting outcome, both remained significant indicating that religious orientation and life aspirations are independent predictors of outcome. In conclusion, although religious orientation and life aspirations are significantly related to each other and to outcome, life aspirations did not mediate the effects of religious orientation. Therefore, self-determination theory does not appear to completely account for the effects of religious orientation.
The practical application of the oil blast principle of circuit interruption

The oil-blast principle of circuit interruption may be applied to oil circuit breakers of many types which cover a wide range of service, voltage and interrupting requirements. Although the mechanical construction and configuration of the interrupting elements varies widely for varying requirements, nevertheless the same principle of operation applies. It is shown that the oil-blast utilized for efficient arc extinction may be produced electrically by decomposition of oil or mechanically by a spring driven piston in an oil cylinder. Whichever of the two methods is employed, comparable performance results. Several types of breakers which operate on the oil-blast principle are described and test data given. In all designs of breakers on which the new principle has been used, marked reductions in arc duration and arc length result, even at the higher rates of recovery voltage rise. The principle is therefore applicable to breakers of the high speed type.
Können Frauen regieren? Schillers Maria Stuart: Poesie, Geschichte und der Feminismus

Die feministische Aufwertung Elisabeths besagt: Diese musse auf ihre Weiblichkeit verzichten; sonst konnte sie im Patriarchat keine Karriere machen, nicht Konigin sein. Maria Stuart dagegen verwirkliche sich zwar als Frau, scheitere deshalb aber als Regentin. Noch ihre Verklarung vor dem Tod sei Flucht aus der politischen Wirklichkeit, in der dadurch nichts geandert werde. Der Text, der sich an bestimmte geschichtliche Uberlieferungen halt, belegt jedoch eindeutig das Gegenteil: Elisabeth braucht ihre Weiblichkeit durchaus nicht zu unterdrucken und bewahrt sich weder als Konigin noch als Frau. Sie versagt nicht, weil sie Frau, sondern weil sie diese Frau ist. In Sachen Marias ist ihre Politik inkompetent und kriminell. Diese dagegen bewahrt politisches Denken von hoher Moralitat und Kompetenz — nicht obwohl sie Frau, sondern weil sie diese Frau ist. Ubereinstimmend mit den Quellen inszeniert sie ihren Gang zum Tod als Christin, die personlich bereut und vergibt, zugleich aber Gottes Rache fur ihre ungerechte und verraterische Behandlung durch Elisabeth und Leicester an- und vor der Weltoffentlichkeit ausruft als Warnung vor Tyrannei — weithin ohne Erfolg…
WEIGHT CHANGES AND MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN HAIR OF INSTITUTIONALIZED MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN

Since recent investigations suggest that mild malnutrition may be present among children in institutions for the mentally retarded, and since malnutrition is accompanied by morphological alterations in hair, a study was undertaken to evaluate nutritional status in 26 subjects aged 8 to 19 years residing in a state hospital by correlating growth (estimated by weight gain) with changes in the diameter of the hair shaft. The body weights were measured and samples of hair obtained in Sept., 1972 and again in Sept., 1973. Changes in body weight during this period were expressed as percentages of the expected weight changes according to the Iowa Growth Charts. The results indicated that 8 subjects gained weight appropriately for age (Group A) while 18 subjects did not (Group B). The mean diameter of the hair shaft for Group A was 7.5 ± 0.5 × 10−2 mm (Mean ± SD) and for Group B was 5.9 ± 1.1 × 10−2 mm. The difference between these mean values was statistically significant (P <0.02). These findings suggest that serial measurements of hair shaft diameters may be a useful tool for identifying individuals with prolonged mild undernutrition.
Promiscuity and Fertility: Comments on Greenfield's “The Bruce Effect and malinowski's hypothesis on Mating and Fertility”

Recently, Greenfield has invoked the “Bruce effect‘ (pregnancy block caused by odors from a strange male) in mice and studies on antisperm antibodies in the serum of prostitutes as support for the hypothesis that promiscuity reduces the fertility of women. This paper disagrees with Greenfield's interpretation and explains why it is invalid to extrapolate such findings in mice to the human condition. Reference is made to studies of human populations that indicate veneral disease may be an important factor in any observed negative correlation between promiscuity and fertility in adults. The phenomenon of adolescent sterility seems likely to be determined mainly by adolescent endocrine imbalance and by immaturity of the female reproductive tract. [population, fertility, promiscuity, sexual relations, adolescent sterility]
Calcific Myonecrosis of the Upper Extremity: Case Report

Calcific myonecrosis is an uncommon late sequela of limb trauma that results in calcification and necrosis of damaged muscle. It almost exclusively occurs in the lower extremity. We present a second case of calcific myonecrosis in the upper extremity.
Effect of Lattice Vibrational Spectrum on Intrinsic Electrical and Thermal Resistivity of Metals

The primary purpose of this calculation is to develop a method for incorporating recently calculated lattice vibrational spectra into the present theory of transport properties of metals. A secondary objective is incorporating into the calculation all of the well-known contributions to the electron-phonon part of electrical and thermal resistivities. Included are Umklapp processes, electron-transverse wave interactions, and the Bardeen scattering probability. A final objective of the study is to determine qualitatively the effect of this calculation on the agreement between theory and experiment.The results indicate an appreciable change in the theoretical predictions, the general trend being in the right direction. The relative importance of details of the phonon system versus details of the electron system is greatest for electrical resistivity, intermediate for thermal resistivity, and least for thermoelectric power. For this reason, the results of this calculation, as might be expected, are most significant for electrical resistivity, of some importance still in thermal resistivity, and inadequate for thermoelectric power.
Modification of poly(lactic acid) films: Enhanced wettability from surface-confined photografting and increased degradation rate due to an artifact of the photografting process

The major objective of this research was to modify PLA film surfaces with the ultimate aim of making a bioactive surface that will show faster degradation. The PLA film was solvent-cast, and the film surfaces were grafted with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(acrylamide) (PAAm) using a UV-induced photopolymerization process. The film surface resulting from each reaction step was analyzed using ATR−FTIR spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Results showed that PAA was grafted from PLA film surfaces in 2 or 3 h, while PAAm was grafted in 3 or 5 h depending on the method of activation. Films grafted with PAA and PAAm exhibited improved wettability. The neat and surface-modified films were incubated in different pH solutions, viz., pH = 4, 7, and 10, for specified time periods. The films resulting from each treatment were analyzed using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The molecular weights of the incubated films were measured using chloroform-based GPC. Results established that faster degradation of th...
Ventricular ectopic activity: prevalence and risk.

Abstract Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and the frequent use of stress electrocardography have been important tools in characterizing the prevalence and prognostic importance of ventricular ectopic activity in both healthy persons and patients with organic heart disease. These studies have demonstrated that ventricular ectopy is not uncommon in persons with no evidence of heart disease. However, it is rarely of high density or repetitive, and even when frequent or repetitive, or both, carries little, if any, risk of sudden death in patients without syncope. However, in patients with organic heart disease and in certain clinical settings, frequent and repetitive ventricular ectopy identifies a population at high risk for arrhythmia-induced syncope or sudden death. These rhythm disturbances have particular prognostic importance in ischemic heart disease with depressed left ventricular function and hypertrophic cardlomyopathy. Patients with presyncope or syncope and structural heart disease who demonstrate frequent and repetitive ventricular ectopy are also a high-risk group. Therefore, individual risk stratification is important in deciding whether and how to treat patients with ventricular ectopy.
IPNS Distributed Processing Data Acquisition System

The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory is a major new useroriented facility which has come on line for basic research in neutron scattering and neutron radiation damage. This paper describes the distributed processing data acquisition system which handles data collection and instrument control for the time-of-flight neutron scattering instruments. The topics covered include the overall system configuration, each of the computer subsystems, communication protocols linking each computer subsystem, and an overview of the software which has been developed.
Formation of amphibole after clinopyroxene by dehydration reactions: Implications for pseudomorphic replacement and mass fluxes

The replacement of anhydrous by hydrous minerals is commonly used to infer infiltration of a rock by H 2 O. However, our work indicates that the formation of pseudomorphic amphibole after clinopyroxene (uralitization) in low-grade metavolcanic rocks is a net dehydration process. In the ophiolitic Slate Creek complex, northern California, clinopyroxene exhibits four textural stages of alteration: (1) clinopyroxene, (2) clinopyroxene + chlorite ± amphibole, (3) amphibole + chlorite, and (4) amphibole. This transformation occurs in subgreenschist to greenschist facies rocks with a common matrix assemblage: quartz, albite, chlorite, epidote, titanite, ± amphibole, ± white mica, ± rare pumpellyite. A simple reaction space model based on these observations indicates that consumption of chlorite in the rock matrix releases more water than required to produce amphibole pseudomorphs of clinopyroxene. Thus, the net flux of H 2 O during uralitization of greenschist facies metavolcanic rocks is outward. These results imply that uralitization in metavolcanic rocks results from heating rather than whole-rock hydration, and that natural mass fluxes may be counter to fluxes inferred from textural evidence alone.
Which postsynaptic action of dopamine is mediated by cyclic AMP

Abstract The experimental basis, for proposals that adenosine 3' ,5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) acts as intracellular mediator of one or the other postsynaptic actions of dopamine (DA) in mammalian sympathetic ganglia, is analyzed. These synaptic actions of DA are (I) a hyperpolarizing one, as the direct transmitter for the slow-inhibitory postsynaptic potential (s-IPSP); and (II) a modulatory one, inducing an enduring enhancement of the slow-excitatory postsynaptic response (s-EPSP) to another transmitter, acetylcholine (ACh). (A) Stimulation of adenyl cyclase by DA or appropriate neural input appears generally to support either role; however, the comparative characteristics of DA and norepinephrine (NE) in relation to adenyl cyclase do not appear to be in accord with those in relation to hyperpolarizing actions. (B) Postsynaptic actions of cAMP do not support a role in DA action-I, but they are fully appropriate for DA action-II. (C) Phosphodiesterase inhibition by the relatively potent and selective agent RO-20-1724, under conditions reported to protect and increase cAMP in these ganglia, is shown not to augment the s-IPSP or DA-hyperpolarization; although theophylline does augment these responses, this effect is shown not to be attributable to an inhibition of phosphodiesterase, and it does not provide support for a role in DA action-I. Effects of these inhibitors are at least compatible with the proposed modulatory role-II for cAMP. (D) The timing of the putative chemical reactions involved in a mediation by cAMP would appear to be far too slow for the purposes of DA action-I (s-IPSP response), but it is readily accommodated by the slow onset and development of the modulatory change induced by DA action-II. The suggestion that guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) may mediate the slow muscarinic depolarizing response to ACh (s-EPSP) has gained definitive experimental support. Suitable cholinergic stimulation of guanyl cyclase has been demonstrated. The postsynaptic action of cGMP in a low concentration range fits with the unique characteristics of the s-EPSP, at least for cells with normal, not already depolarized, resting membrane potentials. cGMP has also been found capable of antagonizing the modulatory action of either DA (action-II) or of cAMP, but only in a remarkably time-dependent manner. It is concluded that cAMP does not mediate the inhibitory synaptic DA action-I (s-IPSP response), but that it probably does mediate the enduring modulatory change in the s-EPSP (DA action-II). cGMP probably does mediate the production of the s-EPSP by ACh. cAMP would thus have a synergistic, rather than opposing, physiological action in relation to cGMP. A re-examination of the functional significance of related DA-activated adenyl cyclase systems in the brain is suggested.
A Comparison of Air-Blast and Flow-Blurring Injectors Using Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer Technique

Recent research on biofuels for power generation has typically focused on biodiesel because the biodiesel feedstrock, e.g., vegetable oil, poses significant combustion problems related to poor atomization. Existing injectors cannot effectively atomize high viscosity fuels such as vegetable oil. However, a new, novel flow-blurring (FB) injector concept has shown promise in overcoming the atomization problems. In this study, a FB injector is compared to a commercial air-blast (AB) injector operated with water at ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Laser sheet visualization and Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) systems are used to obtain the spray characteristics for a range of air to liquid (ALR) ratios. Results show significant difference in distributions of Sauter Mean Diameters (SMDs), and mean and root-mean square axial velocity for the two injectors operated at a fixed ALR. In comparison to the AB injector, the FB injector produced spray with smaller SMDs, a smaller SMD range over the spray volume, higher RMS and mean axial velocities in the center region, and a compact spray with spray angle nearly independent of ALR. Results show that the FB injector is an effective way of atomizing liquids at relatively low ALRs compared to a traditional AB injector, without the additional pressure drop penalty.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Contamination flashover theory and insulator design

Abstract The long, unpleasant history of contamination flashover is reviewed briefly, followed by a discussion of some of the physical processes involved. The numerous flashover theories are critically examined, and recent experimental results are presented. Although there is at present no comprehensive flashover theory, it has nevertheless been possible to improve insulator design over the years by a judicious combination of intuition, experiment and physical insight. Some existing designs as well as some proposed modifications are examined in the light of present theoretical understanding, and suggestions are made for future research in areas where more complete knowledge might lead to better insulation.
On the rules of low-power design (and how to break them)

Energy and power constraints have emerged as one of the greatest lingering challenges to progress in the computing industry. In this talk, I will highlight some of the "rules" of low-power design and show how they bind the creativity and productivity of architects and designers. I believe the best way to deal with these rules is to disregard them, through innovative design solutions that abandon traditional design methodologies. Releasing oneself from these ties is not as hard as one might think. To support my case, I will highlight two rule-breaking design trends from my work and the work of others. The first trend combines low-power designs with resiliency mechanisms to craft highly introspective and efficient systems. The second trend embraces subthreshold voltage design, which holds great promise for highly energy efficient systems.
Disinhibition in the human visual system.

By the method of binocular photometry, the present experiment has demonstrated that it is possible to reduce the magnitude of simultaneous brightness contrast through an increase in the number of inducing targets presented to an observer. This demonstration is thought to be important for two reasons: (1) it is a perceptual analog of the indirect inhibitory phenomena uncovered in the primitive eye of Limulus polyphemus; (2) it shows that interpretations of brightness contrast solely in terms of entoptic stray illumination are inadequate, since the results are the opposite of those which would be expected under a stray illumination hypothesis, i.e., the present findings involve an increase in stray illumination and a reduction in brightness contrast.
Remote sensing of soil processes.

Abstract Estimates of ecosystem structure and function using remotely sensed data are based on the information contained in reflected and emitted radiation. Soil plays an integral role in almost all remote observations of the land surface either because the vegetation cover is discontinuous or because multiple scattering of the radiation occurs between vegetation and the underlying soil surface. However, since vegetation covers most of the land surface, we should consider the plant canopy as a primary interface to soil processes. In many ways, the canopy is an integrated expression of (and is mutually linked to) below-ground processes and can, as such, be used to infer ecosystem properties. Classifications of satellite imagery into vegetation communities in which soil processes have been characterized can be used to extrapolate those processes across the landscape based on the areal extent of the associated cover type. Ratios of reflectance values measured in the region of chlorophyll absorption to those in the highly reflected near-infrared region are sensitive to biomass quantity and, when integrated over time, strongly correlate with primary productivity. Imaging spectrometers which measure the reflected spectrum in many narrow contiguous bands enable the development of spectral mixture models to deconvolve the reflectance signal from each pixel in an image into each of the components contributed by spectrally distinct materials on the ground, e.g. vegetation and soil. High spectral resolution measurements of the absorption characteristics of major foliar chemical constituents may permit assessment of canopy-level concentrations and related processes such as decomposition and nitrogen mineralization. Predicting the types of soil processes and their rates from remote sensing data will depend on strong correlations between canopy variables and the process of interest. This paper discusses the potential for measuring canopy indicators of below-ground processes using current and emerging remote sensing technology, and how we might begin to construct a set of measurements relevant to studies of soil processes and their dynamics over time and space. Basic remote sensing principles are presented with an emphasis on the visible and short-wave infrared spectral region (0.4–2.5 μm), followed by a discussion of the spectral properties of soil and vegetation.
Abstract IA5: Epigenetic genome control by heterochromatin machinery and non-coding RNAs

Abstract Heterochromatin assembly involving posttranslational modifications of histones is critical for various chromosomal processes including the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genomic integrity. Defective heterochromatin formation has been linked to cancer. Our previous work has shown that non-coding RNAs and the RNAi machinery, involved in the processing of non-coding RNAs, play prominent roles in the assembly of heterochromatin structures. Indeed, the loss of factors involved in RNAi such as Argonaute, Dicer and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase cause severe defects in centromeric heterochromatin formation, leading to missegregation of chromosomes during cell division. An Argonaute-containing RNAi effector complex named RITS has been identified that facilitates the loading of a conserved histone methyltransferase Clr4/Suv39h, which is essential for heterochromatin assembly. We have recently discovered an unexpected role for heterochromatin factors in the RNA quality control. Heterochromatin factors localize broadly across the genome and collaborate with RNAi machinery to suppress potentially deleterious RNAs, the uncontrolled accumulation of which can cause DNA damage and modify epigenetic genomic profiles. I will present our recent findings showing that non-coding RNAs and heterochromatin play important roles in dynamic regulation of genomes, which has important implications for human health and disease. Citation Format: Shiv Grewal. Epigenetic genome control by heterochromatin machinery and non-coding RNAs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA5.
Overexpressed ribosomal proteins suppress defective chaperonins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The chaperonin Cct complex of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is composed of eight different subunits encoded by eight essential genes, CCT1-CCT8. This Cct complex is responsible for the folding of a number of proteins including actin and tubulin. We have isolated and characterized 22 multicopy suppressors of the temperature-sensitive allele, cct4-1, which encodes an altered protein with a G345D replacement that diminishes ATP hydrolysis. Fourteen of the suppressors encode ribosomal proteins, four have roles in ribosome biogenesis, two have phosphatase activities, one is involved in protein synthesis and one of the suppressors corresponded to Cct4p. Some of the suppressors also acted on certain cct1, cct2, cct3 and cct6 mutations. We suggest that certain overexpressed ribosomal and other proteins can act as weak chaperones, phenotypically alleviating the partial defects of mutationally altered Cct subunits.
Zinc effects of Fathead minnow cell cultures

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of zinc on cell cultures of the Fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas ) were studied. With the addition of higher concentrations of zinc (up to 50 mg Zn/l) to the growth medium, the cultures exhibited decreases in cell population. 2. 2. Cellular diameter and cell volume increased in cells grown in medium containing higher zinc concentrations. 3. 3. Soluble, insoluble and total protein contents of the cells also increased with increasingly higher zinc concentration. 4. 4. Atomic absorption data indicated increased zinc content in cells grown in higher concentrations of the metal. The accumulation of zinc was also evident in cells grown in zinc for a long-term period. 5. 5. O 2 consumption studies revealed a decrease in oxygen consumption per mg total protein in cells grown in increasingly higher zinc concentrations.
Antibiotic treatment of experimentally Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ponies

The objective of this study is to determine whether doxycycline, ceftiofur or tetracycline could be effectively used to treat equine Lyme disease. Ponies experimentally infected with Borrelia burgdorferi by tick exposure were treated with doxycycline, ceftiofur or tetracycline for 4 weeks (28 days). Doxycyline and ceftiofur treatment were inconsistent in eliminating persistent infection in this experimental model. However, tetracycline treatment seems to eliminate persistent infection. Although serum antibody levels to B. burgdorferi in all ponies declined gradually after antibiotic treatment, three out of four ponies treated with doxycline and two out of four ponies treated with ceftiofur, serum KELA titers were raised again 3 month after treatment was discontinued. Five months after antibiotic treatment, tissues aseptically collected at necropsy from ponies with increased antibody levels after antibiotic treatment also showed culture positive to B. burgdorferi in various post-mortem tissues. However, all four-tetracycline treatment ponies showed a negative antibody level and culture negative from post-mortem tissues. Untreated infected ponies maintained high KELA titers throughout the study and were tissue culture positive.
The Anisotropy Factor in Dense Scattering Media

It has been found that the Pitts-Giovanelli formula gives a good account of diffuse reflectance over a large concentration range in model systems containing a soluble absorber in a dispersion of nonabsorbing particles. However, a very anisotropic scattering phase function is required. The concentration and wavelength dependence of the anisotropy factor are explored in the present work and are found to follow trends which are reminiscent of those predicted on the basis of the Mie theory of single scatter. This lends further support to the applicability of the Pitts-Giovanelli method to model systems of this type.
Effect of Quantum Fluctuations on the Peierls Instability: A Monte Carlo Study

The effect of quantum fluctuations of the phonon field on the ground-state character of one-dimensional electron-phonon systems is studied with a numerical simulation technique. Two different electron-phonon models are studied, both for spinless and spin-\textonehalf{} electrons, in the half-filled-band case. In both models, it is found that in the spinless case quantum fluctuations destroy the long-range dimerization order for small electron-phonon coupling constant $\ensuremath{\lambda}$. For the spin-\textonehalf{} case, the results are consistent with the Peierls transition occurring at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=0$.
Countersinging as a signal of aggression in a territorial songbird

Abstract Neighbouring territorial songbirds often interact through countersinging, where birds sing in response to the singing of neighbours such that their song bouts are temporally related. Complex forms of countersinging such as song type matching or song overlapping appear to be correlated with aggressiveness and readiness to escalate confrontations. Less attention has been paid to the importance of simpler forms of countersinging, where matched song types are not used and where individual songs do not temporally overlap. I examined countersinging behaviour in male Carolina wrens, Thryothorus ludovicianus , which countersing regularly. Why they countersing and how countersinging is perceived by neighbours is unknown. By comparing singing behaviour before and after simulated intrusions, I determined that subjects countersing with their neighbours more readily when highly aroused. Comparing responses to countersinging and noncountersinging playbacks showed that countersinging elicited more aggressive responses than did noncountersinging. Carolina wrens appear to exchange aggressive signals regularly through countersinging. Copyright 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
Negative pressure pulmonary oedema secondary to airway obstruction in an intubated infant.

We report the case of a healthy one-month-old male infant who underwent an uneventful endotracheal anaesthetic for hernia repair. During transport to the recovery room (a < 30 second trip), the endotracheal tube in the spontaneously breathing infant became obstructed, possibly due to impaction of the tip in the right main bronchus. Restoration of the airway was followed by fulminant pulmonary oedema. Several days of vigorous respiratory and pharmacologic therapy were required for resolution of the infant’s respiratory distress. We review other reported cases of acute airway obstruction associated with pulmonary oedema in children and briefly describe the proposed mechanisms. The difficulties of gauging proper endotracheal tube depth in the infantare noted. This case report demonstrates the importance of continuous monitoring during patient transport to the recovery room.
Determination of Germanium in Coal Ashes by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

With the increased use of coal for electrical power generation as well as for synthetic gaseous and liquid fuels production, there has been speculation that a windfall in valuable metals might result from the processing of vast quantities of coal. Copper, tin, iron, and other metals have been mentioned as elements that may be recoverable in significant amounts from coal. Germanium is another one of the valuable metals which may be recovered economically from coal resources. Germanium is an important component of transistors, diodes, and other electronic devices. It occurs in coals in varying concentrations from 1–20 μg/g, though some isolated samples have been found to contain as much as 1% Ge.
Mark Allam Lecture—1983: Postsurgical Convalescence

A discussion of postsurgical convalescence as presented before the New York Academy of Sciences is reviewed with an update and a detailed discussion of some factors that influence immediate postsurgical recovery.
Hooking Mortality of Lake Trout Angled through Ice by Jigging and Set-Lining

Abstract Hooking mortality was determined for 96 lake trout Salvelinus namaycush caught through the ice by jigging and by set-lining with large dead baits on Gunflint Lake, Cook County, Minnesota, in January 1991. The estimated mortality rate for all released lake trout was 24%; estimated mortality rates for lake trout caught by set-lining and jigging were 32 and 9%, respectively. Hooking location strongly influenced lake trout mortality. Mortalities of lake trout hooked in the gills or gut, inside the mouth, or in the lip were 36, 29, and 0%, respectively. Seventy percent of the lake trout caught by set-lining were hooked in the gills or gut, compared with 9% of the lake trout caught by jigging. The lack of mortality for lip-hooked lake trout suggested that capturing fish from deep water (25–50 ft), handling in cold temperatures (–20 to 20°F), fin-clipping, and cribbing had little effect on mortality during the study. High hooking mortality rates for lake trout taken by set-lining suggested that the use ...