cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CRITERIA-BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR SELECTING HIGHWAY ALIGNMENTS

At the planning stages of a highway development process a number of candidate highway alignments are explored. While computerized highway optimization models can seek optimized horizontal and vertical alignments by minimizing aspects of total highway cost, selection of the final alignments is often influenced by environmental impact assessment and public and political participation. In order to ensure that there are no adverse impacts on the environment and the living conditions of the residential community, the Federal Highway Administration has initiated a context-sensitive design approach to highway design. A criteria-based decision support system is developed in this research for selecting highway alignments using genetic algorithms and geographic information systems, which can assist in estimating trade-offs among alignment-sensitive cost, alignment circuity, floodplain and wetland impacts, and intersections with existing highways. A procedure for selecting notably different alignments is proposed by evaluating alignments obtained at intermediate search generations by genetic algorithms. A set of different alignments can provide enough leeway to explore trade-offs among cost and environmental and roadway impacts. An example using Maryland's geographic database is presented.
A comprehensive multilocus phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae, Aves) with a comparative evolutionary analysis of breeding system and plumage dimorphism and a revised phylogenetic classification

The Neotropical cotingas (Cotingidae: Aves) are a group of passerine birds that are characterized by extreme diversity in morphology, ecology, breeding system, and behavior. Here, we present a comprehensive phylogeny of the Neotropical cotingas based on six nuclear and mitochondrial loci (� 7500 bp) for a sample of 61 cotinga species in all 25 genera, and 22 species of suboscine outgroups. Our taxon sample more than doubles the number of cotinga species studied in previous analyses, and allows us to test the monophyly of the cotingas as well as their intrageneric relationships with high resolution. We analyze our genetic data using a Bayesian species tree method, and concatenated Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods, and present a highly supported phylogenetic hypothesis. We confirm the monophyly of the cotingas, and present the first phylogenetic evidence for the relationships of Phibalura flavirostris as the sister group to Ampelion and Doliornis, and the paraphyly of Lipaugus with respect to Tijuca. In addition, we resolve the diverse radiations within the Cotinga, Lipaugus, Pipreola, and Procnias genera. We find no support for Darwin’s (1871) hypothesis that the increase in sexual selection associated with polygynous breeding systems drives the evolution of color dimorphism in the cotingas, at least when analyzed at a broad categorical scale. Finally, we present a new comprehensive phylogenetic classification of all cotinga species.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

ABSTRACT The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990 prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability in employment, government services, public accommodations, and telecommunications. The author offers a review of the ADA, including the definition of a disability under the ADA, and places particular emphasis on the employment provisions of the ADA. The paper offers situational analyses that will help human services employees increase their understanding of the workplace requirements for compliance with the ADA.
RNA in Cecropia moth ovaries: Sites of synthesis, transport, and storage†

Azure B staining of Cecropia moth ovarian follicles indicated that the pattern of RNA concentrations characteristic of vitellogenic oocytes is disrupted by a gross redistribution and dispersion, beginning with the final discharge of the cytoplasm of the nurse cells into the oocyte. The cytoplasmic redistribution is largely complete two days later when chorion formation begins, the germinal vesicle breaks down, and the first meiotic spindle forms. At this stage the follicle contains 30 μg of RNA, of which 27 μg are in the follicle cells and only 3 μg in the oocyte itself. The proportionately large amount of follicle cell RNA apparently reflects the synthetic functions of these cells in the formation of yolk and the secretion of chorion. Of the 3 μg in the oocyte, only 1 μg is incorporated into the early embryo while the remainder is found in the yolk cells and serosa. Autoradiography of follicles labeled with H3-uridine either in vivo or by a “pulsechase” procedure in vitro indicated that, as in other polytrophic insect ovaries, the nurse cell nuclei are the most conspicuous source of oocyte RNA. The germinal vesicle incorporated labeled uridine in previtellogenic follicles. In vitellogenic and later stages neither a germinal vesicle nor a follicle cell contribution to oocyte RNA was detected by the procedures used.
Effects of Biogenic Amines on Broiler Performance

Abstract This study was designed to determine whether the biogenic amines phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and histamine, alone or in combination, if added at levels above those commonly found in complete mixed rations containing animal by-product meals, would cause lesions or reduce performance in broilers. The levels of biogenic amines used were double those that have been previously reported to cause problems for broilers. Data collected on performance, gross pathology, and histopathology at 3 and 6 wk indicated no significant differences in production parameters among amine treatments. No significant gross lesions or histopathologic changes were evident. This study suggests that the four studied biogenic amines are of little concern to the broiler industry when fed in the amounts utilized.
Physician-Assisted Death: Doctrinal Development vs. Christian Tradition

Physician-assisted suicide offers a moral and theological Rorschach test. Foundational commitments regarding morality and theology are disclosed by how the issue is perceived and by what moral problems it is seen to present. One of the cardinal differences disclosed is that between Western and Orthodox Christian approaches to theology in general, and the theology of dying and suicide in particular. Confrontation with the issue of suicide is likely to bring further doctrinal development in many of the Western Christian religions, so as to be able to accept physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia.
The Interaction of Sodium Chloride Levels in Poultry Drinking Water and the Diet of Broiler Chickens

SUMMARY A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Na and Cl levels in drinking water on the performance of broilers and the interaction with Na and Cl levels in the diet. Diets with Na and Cl levels ranging from 0.02% Na and 0.04% Cl to 0.25% Na and 0.40% Cl were fed from 0 to 21 d in conjunction with water levels of 0 mg/L Na and 0 mg/L Cl to 500 mg/L Na and 750 mg/ L of Cl. Levels of Na and Cl in drinking water and in the diet significantly affected live performance of broilers, with a significant interaction between dietary and water levels. Water sources of Na and Cl can be used to provide part or all of a chick’s needs for these minerals, and adjustments in dietary levels of Na and Cl should be made based on levels of these minerals in the drinking water. This should aid in reducing litter moisture for situations in which water supplies are high in saline content.
Social Distinctions and Emergent Student Groups in a Desegregated School

Ethnographic studies of desegregated schools indicate a prominent pattern of informal segregation among the students. In this paper, we examine conditions which influence the emergence of these patterns in a desegregated elementary school in the South. The role of school structure in cross-color relationships is of primary interest, especially those circumstances under which the color barrier seems to dissolve.
Using Search-Logs to Improve Query Tagging

Syntactic analysis of search queries is important for a variety of information-retrieval tasks; however, the lack of annotated data makes training query analysis models difficult. We propose a simple, efficient procedure in which part-of-speech tags are transferred from retrieval-result snippets to queries at training time. Unlike previous work, our final model does not require any additional resources at run-time. Compared to a state-of-the-art approach, we achieve more than 20% relative error reduction. Additionally, we annotate a corpus of search queries with part-of-speech tags, providing a resource for future work on syntactic query analysis.
Contrasting the representation of scripts and categories

Recent findings have suggested that script actions are not sequentially organized in memory. Instead investigators have argued that (1) the positions of actions within scripts are represented by temporal properties stored with actions, this being analogous to how properties represent the size, color, and other characteristics of exemplars in categories, and (2) actions are organized by centrality in scripts, this being analogous to how exemplars are organized by typicality in categories. To compare the representation of scripts and categories, this study observed timed production of script actions and category exemplars. Subjects generated actions from scripts either in whatever order they came to mind, from most to least central, from first to last, or from last to first. Subjects generated exemplars from categories either in whatever order they came to mind, from most to least typical, from smallest to largest, or from largest to smallest. The results clearly demonstrated that script actions are sequentially organized in memory and that properties are not the means by which script actions are normally ordered during production. The results are also not consistent with the view that ease of production simply depends on the efficiency of retrieval strategies. It is concluded that scripts and categories share invariant properties of abstract representations and that their differences reflect constraints associated with their respective domains.
Abused Pregnant Women’s Interactions With Health Care Providers During the Childbearing Year

Objective To explore how intimate partner abuse during pregnancy influences women’s decisions about seeking care and disclosing abuse and their preferences for health care professionals’ responses. Design A qualitative, grounded theory approach using dimensional analysis. Data were collected via 21 interviews. Setting Participants were interviewed in their homes , at their prenatal clinic , at a hospital , and at the investigator’s office. Participants A convenience sample of 12 Englishspeaking women abused during pregnancy. Five participants were recruited from two prenatal clinics in the Pacific Northwest; 7 were recruited via snowball sampling . Results The grounded theory “living two lives: women’s experiences of intimate partner abuse during pregnancy” emerged from the investigation. Abused pregnant women engaged in a process of guarding and revealing their public and private lives. This process affects how women seek and attend prenatal care, their perceptions of health care providers’ interventions, and abuse disclosure. Conclusions Intimate partner abuse profoundly affects women’s pregnancies and pregnancy-related decisions. Embarrassment, shame, and fear are common emotions. Pregnant, abused women want health care providers to treat them respectfully and empathetically, to recognize the conflict between their public and private lives, to support their decisions, and to be available to help them. They do not expect or want health care providers to fix their situation.
Shifted inferior frontal laterality in women with major depressive disorder is related to emotion-processing deficits.

Background. Facial emotion perception (FEP) is a critical human skill for successful social interaction, and a substantial body of literature suggests that explicit FEP is disrupted in major depressive disorder (MDD). Prior research suggests that weakness in FEP may be an important phenomenon underlying patterns of emotion- processing challenges in MDD and the disproportionate frequency of MDD in women. Method. Women with (n=24) and without (n=22) MDD, equivalent in age and education, completed a FEP task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Results. The MDD group exhibited greater extents of frontal, parietal and subcortical activation compared with the control group during FEP. Activation in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) appeared shifted from a left >right pattern observed in healthy women to a bilateral pattern in MDD women. The ratio of left to right suprathreshold IFG voxels in healthy controls was nearly 3 : 1, whereas in the MDD group, there was a greater percentage of suprathreshold IFG voxels bilaterally, with no leftward bias. In MDD, relatively greater activation in right IFG compared with left IFG (ratio score) was present and predicted FEP accuracy (r=0.56, p<0.004), with an inverse relationship observed between FEP and subgenual cingulate activation (r=x0.46, p=0.02). Conclusions. This study links, for the first time, disrupted IFG activation laterality and increased subgenual cingulate activation with deficient FEP in women with MDD, providing an avenue for imaging-to-assessment translational applications in MDD.
As Health Care Technology Advances: Benefits and Risks

Technology permeates every dimension of critical care. Bedside technology is integral to the assessment and monitoring of patients and to the provision of treatment. It also helps with access to vital information and can enhance communication. Although it offers extraordinary benefits to patients and clinicians, technology may also create problems. Our research addresses the wise use of technology in the care of critically ill patients. It examines the appropriate and safe use of technology, its equitable distribution, and the human-machine interface. Given that some devices are more effective and safe than others, it is important to assess the appropriateness of a specific technology in a specific situation. Just because a particular device is available, is it necessary to use it in every possible situation? Do we use it just because it is there? Do we employ "heroic" measures sometimes when it would be kinder not to? Studies on the safe use of technology in patient care lead to a consideration of the risk-benefit ratio. Our research on gender and racial differences in the use of cardiac procedures in patients with acute myocardial infarction focused on the equitable distribution of technology. The results of this line of research, along with those of numerous other studies, suggest possible racism in our health care practices. The human-machine interface, or how clinicians and patients interact with health care technology, is a crucial focus of research. Technology is at the heart of critical care. It allows clinicians to perform miracles, but is also a seductive and self-perpetuating force that needs careful monitoring by those who use it.
Multireceptor GABAergic regulation of synaptic communication in amphibian retina

The synaptic output of retinal bipolar cells was monitored by recording light-evoked EPSCs in ganglion cells. Application of (RS)-2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-tert-butyl-4-isoxazolyl (ATPA), a selective agonist at kainate receptors, depolarized amacrine cells and reduced the light-evoked excitatory current (L-EPSC) in ganglion cells. ATPA had only a slight effect on the light responses of bipolar cells. Therefore, ATPA suppresses bipolar cell synaptic output to ganglion cells. ATPA reduced the transient L-EPSC, but had comparatively little effect on sustained L-EPSC, of ganglion cells. The transient ON L-EPSC was more suppressed than the transient OFF L-EPSC. Thus, ATPA preferentially suppressed transient output from bipolar cells.GABA receptor antagonists blocked the effect of ATPA. This indicates that ATPA stimulated an endogenous inhibitory feedback pathway that suppressed bipolar cell output.CGP55845 and CGP35348 reduced the ATPA-induced suppression of L-EPSCs in ganglion cells, signifying that part of the feedback pathway is mediated by metabotropic GABA receptors.(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) and picrotoxin, GABAC receptor antagonists, reduced the ATPA effect. Picrotoxin was more effective than ATPA. However, picrotoxin blocked only a part of this GABAC effect, while imidazole-4-acetic acid (I4AA) blocked another segment of the effect. This indicates that two pharmacologically distinct GABAC receptors mediate feedback to bipolar cells. SR95531 produced a very small suppression of the ATPA effect. Thus, GABAA receptors provide a negligible component to this feedback pathway. The experiments indicate that endogenous GABAergic feedback to bipolar cells suppresses their output, and that this feedback is mediated by at least three types of GABA receptor, both metabotropic and ionotropic.In conjunction with previous studies, the results indicate that feedback inhibition is the predominant factor regulating transient signalling in ganglion cells, while feedforward inhibition is the primary regulator of tonic ganglion cell signals.
Effect of Weight Gain on Cardiac Autonomic Control During Wakefulness and Sleep

Obesity has been associated with increased cardiac sympathetic activation during wakefulness, but the effect on sleep-related sympathetic modulation is not known. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fat gain on cardiac autonomic control during wakefulness and sleep in humans. We performed a randomized, controlled study to assess the effects of fat gain on heart rate variability. We recruited 36 healthy volunteers, who were randomized to either a standardized diet to gain ≈4 kg over 8 weeks followed by an 8-week weight loss period (n=20) or to serve as a weight-maintainer control (n=16). An overnight polysomnogram with power spectral analysis of heart rate variability was performed at baseline, after weight gain, and after weight loss to determine the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power and to examine the relationship between changes in heart rate variability and changes in insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels. Mean weight gain was 3.9 kg in the fat gain group versus 0.1 kg in the maintainer group. Low frequency/high frequency increased both during wakefulness and sleep after fat gain and returned to baseline after fat loss in the fat gain group and did not change in the control group. Insulin, leptin, and adiponectin also increased after fat gain and fell after fat loss, but no clear pattern of changes was seen that correlated consistently with changes in heart rate variability. Short-term fat gain in healthy subjects is associated with increased cardiac sympathetic activation during wakefulness and sleep, but the mechanisms remain unclear.
Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Old-World monkey tribe Papionini.

The evolution of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini, composed of macaques, baboons, mandrills, drills, and mangabeys, was examined using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data on the cytochrome ox&se subunit II gene. When analyzed cladisticahy, these data support a baboon clade of savannah (Pupio) plus gelada ( Theropithecus) baboons, as well as a clade containing drill (Mandrillus) plus mangabey (Cercocebus) genera. This result stands in opposition to most morphological phylogenies, which break up the baboon clade by placing Papio and Mandrillus as sister taxa and Theropithecus as a more distantly related lineage. Analyses of CO11 gene sequences also suggest that the papionin ancestral stock divided into two lineages, one leading to macaques and the other to the purely African genera. From a molecular evolutionary perspective, the papionin CO11 gene sequences reveal a pattern of amino acid replacements concentrated in the regions spanning the mitochondrial membrane.
Racial Disparities after Vascular Trauma Are Age-Dependent

Objective: Different racial disparities exist between white and black all-cause trauma patients depending on their age group; however, the effects of race and age on outcomes after vascular trauma are unknown. We assessed whether the previously described age-dependent racial disparities after all-cause trauma persist in the vascular trauma population. Methods: Vascular trauma patients were identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (January 2005 to December 2012) using International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Edition codes. Univariable and multivariable analyses were used to compare in-hospital mortality and amputation for blacks vs whites for younger (16-64 years) and older ($65 years) age groups. Results: Black patients (n [ 937) were younger, more frequently male, without insurance, and suffered from more penetrating and nonaccidental injuries than white patients (n [ 1486; P < .001). On univariable analysis, blacks had a significantly higher risk of death (odds ratio, [OR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.74) and a significantly lower risk of amputation (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.77), but these differences were not sustained after adjusting for baseline differences between groups. When stratified by age, there were significant racial disparities in mortality and amputation on univariable analysis. After risk adjustment, these differences persisted in the older group (mortality: OR, 5.95; 95% CI, 1.42-25.0; amputation: OR, 4.21; 95% CI, 1.28-13.6; P < .001) but not the younger group (mortality: OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.71-2.42; amputation: OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.58-1.46; P[ not significant). Differences in survival and amputation after vascular trauma appear to be related to a higher prevalence of nonaccidental penetrating injuries in the younger black population. Race was the single greatest predictor of poor outcomes in the older population (P # .008). Conclusions:Older black patients are nearly five-times more likely to experience death or amputation after vascular trauma than their white counterparts. Contrary to reports suggesting that younger white patients have better outcomes after all-cause trauma than younger black patients, racial disparities among patients with traumatic vascular injuries appear to be confined to the older age group after risk adjustment. (J Vasc Surg 2016;-:1-7.)
Recombinant gibbon interleukin 3 supports formation of human multilineage colonies and blast cell colonies in culture: comparison with recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor.

The genetic sequences encoding the gibbon and human interleukin 3 (IL 3) proteins were molecularly cloned. The amino acid sequence of the mature gibbon IL 3 protein proved to share 93% homology with the corresponding human protein. We examined the effects of biosynthetic (recombinant) gibbon IL 3 on the proliferation and differentiation of an enriched population of human hematopoietic progenitors and compared the results with the effects of recombinant human granulocyte- macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Gibbon IL 3 supported the formation of various types of single lineage as well as multilineage colonies by My-10+ bone marrow cells in the presence of human erythropoietin (Ep). In contrast, recombinant human GM-CSF supported the formation of single-lineage colonies and only a small number of multilineage colonies. Both IL 3 and GM-CSF had significant erythroid burst-promoting activity (BPA). Delayed addition of gibbon IL 3 to low serum culture of My-10+ marrow cells supported the formation of blast cell colonies with variable but high replating capability. Human GM-CSF was less effective than IL 3 in support of multipotential blast cell colonies. These results are analogous to the effects of murine IL 3 and GM-CSF on murine progenitors and support the notion that the primary factor for multipotential progenitors is IL 3.
The development and evaluation of a natural helpers' training program to increase the engagement of urban, Latina/o families in parent-child interaction therapy

Latina/o immigrant children are at increased risk for developing conduct disorders, and are simultaneously less likely to access services. Natural helpers are uniquely positioned to promote effective parent training programs to address service disparities in these communities. This study describes one effort to train natural helpers to increase engagement in parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT), an evidence-based parent training program. An academic-community partnership prompted the development and evaluation of this natural helpers training program. Five natural helpers were trained to recruit Latina/o families into PCIT, address barriers to treatment, and support parents' skill development. Over the course of training, natural helpers increased their knowledge of PCIT and their ability to use and model treatment targeted parenting skills. Additional consultation was necessary to improve the natural helpers' abilities to conduct behavioral observations of parent skill use and provide feedback on these skills. Natural helpers expressed overall satisfaction with PCIT and the training program. Suggestions for incorporating natural helpers into PCIT services are discussed based on the strengths and challenges identified from the evaluation of this training program.
Measurements of Ablation-Products Transport in a Mach 5 Turbulent Boundary Layer using Naphthalene PLIF

Ablation is a multi-physics process involving heat and mass transfer and codes aiming to predict ablation are in need of experimental data pertaining to the turbulent transport of ablation products for validation. Here, a technique developed at The University of Texas at Austin that uses planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of a low-temperature sublimating ablator (naphthalene) to enable quantitative visualization of the ablation products in a hypersonic flow is employed. Although high-temperature ablation is difficult and expensive to recreate in a laboratory environment, low-temperature sublimation creates a limited physics problem that can be used to explore ablation-products transport in a hypersonic flow-field. In the current work, the transport of ablation products in a Mach 5 turbulent boundary layer is investigated using the PLIF technique. Naphthalene vapor is introduced into the flow by ablation of a solid naphthalene plug located upstream of the imaging field of view and mounted flush with the wind tunnel floor. Additionally, necessary spectroscopic measurements were made to enable the conversion of naphthalene fluorescence signal into naphthalene mole fraction. The spectroscopic measurements included making flowing test cell measurements of the naphthalene fluorescence lifetime and integrated fluorescence signal over a range of 100-525 K and 1-100 kPa in air. The fluorescence lifetime and signal were both observed to increase monotonically up to approximately 400 K. Additionally, the effect of oxygen quenching was evident in the fluorescence-lifetime data as the measured lifetimes exhibited the expected Stern-Volmer behavior, decreasing with increasing air pressure. These results were then used to develop empirical relationships for naphthalene fluorescence yield and absorption cross section. Using these spectroscopic data and a first order approximation for the mean temperature profile across the boundary layer, the naphthalene PLIF images were converted into twodimensional fields of naphthalene mole fraction with an uncertainty of ± 20%. The images revealed large-scale naphthalene vapor structures in the turbulent boundary layer out to wall distances of approximately y/δ = 0.6. Naphthalene mole fraction in these structures was calculated to be approximately 1% of the saturation mole fraction at the temperature and pressure conditions present in the boundary layer. The mean profile of mole fraction in the boundary layer was similar to a classic scalar profile with high concentration at the wall decaying to a constant near-zero value in the freestream. Additionally, converting the PLIF images to naphthalene mole fraction showed that a high signal region near the wall (y/δ < 0.05)—previously discounted as either laser scatter or fluorescence from deposition of solid-phase naphthalene on the wall—could potentially be signal from a high-concentration naphthalene-vapor layer, since the calculated mole fraction is on the order of 5% of the saturation mole fraction.
Intramuscular Pentamidine for the Prevention of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 96 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who received intramuscular pentamidine for the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). These patients, all of whom had either a history of PCP or a CD4 lymphocyte count of < or = 0.2 x 10(9)/L, were intolerant of sulfa drugs, neutropenic, or intolerant of aerosolized treatment. Intramuscular pentamidine was given monthly by the Z-track technique at a dosage of 300 mg (4 mg/kg if the patient weighed < 50 kg). During a total of 350 months of primary prophylaxis in 47 patients and 426 months of secondary prophylaxis in 49 patients, only three cases of PCP occurred. More than 73% of the patients were receiving zidovudine concomitantly. Adverse reactions to intramuscular pentamidine included two episodes of hypotension, three of sterile abscess, two of glucose intolerance, and one of asymptomatic hypoglycemia. The administration of intramuscular pentamidine by the Z-track technique for PCP prophylaxis appears to be highly effective and minimally toxic.
Service Quality: The Public Policy Dimension

The prominence of the service sector in the U.S. economy has led to sustained interest in and prolific research on various aspects of services marketing, perhaps the most visible of which is the research on service quality. Despite the extent of research, one area that appears to have been neglected by researchers is that of public policy implications of service quality. This paper highlights the public policy role of quality in service industries and delineates an agenda for research in the nexus between service quality and public policy issues. The paper reviews existing treatment of quality in policy oriented literature, outlines the shortcomings therein, and makes a case for the need to consider service quality as an important decision variable in policy issues and research.
Modeling and Simulation of a Ground Based Sense and Avoid Architecture for Unmanned Aircraft System Operations

The safe operation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) in the National Airspace System necessitates a capability to sense and avoid other airborne objects. One solution is a Ground Based Sense and Avoid (GBSAA) concept, where data from ground-based radars are fused in a specially tuned tracking system that can provide traffic information to manual (flight crews) or automatic collision avoidance systems. In this paper, we will present a modeling and simulation approach to assess site-specific radar detection and tracking performance. High fidelity primary surveillance radar and tracking system models enable simulation studies to determine target probability of detection and distributions of expected track initiation times across the surveillance volume. Atmospheric and environmental conditions, terrain, and land coverage type affect radar wave propagation. Models take into account these sources of degradation, as well as target characteristics, site-specific radar performance, tracking system filtering, and...
“You Will See My Family Became So American”: Toward a Minor Comparativism

How does the appearance of racial difference shape our view of citizenship and national identity? This Article seeks to address that question by examining two early twentieth-century cases involving the naturalization of Indian immigrants to the United States. In United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind (1923), the Supreme Court determined that “Hindus” were not eligible for citizenship within the terms of the Naturalization Act because they were not “white persons.” The Court recognized that, although individual immigrants from India had proven themselves capable of cultural assimilation, as a group, they were disqualified because they would remain visually inassimilable. Through a close reading of the Court's analysis, this Article examines the ways in which law participates in the visual construction of both racial difference and national identity. Dinshah P. Ghadiali was one of several Indian immigrants whom the United States sought to denaturalize in the wake of Thind. Since the Supreme Court announced that visual assimilability was the relevant test for naturalization, in 1932, Ghadiali found himself in the peculiar position of having to defend his citizenship by demonstrating to a judge that he looked white. At his denaturalization trial, he submitted into evidence several photographs of himself, his children, and his properties, assuring the judge, “You will see my family became so American.” Through these photographs, I explore the demands of visual conformity that the law imposes on racialized minorities. Finally, this Article seeks to introduce to comparative legal scholarship a method of engaging the reflections of minority subjects to challenge the authority of legal texts, a method of analysis I call “minor comparativism.”
Nearest Neighbor Methods for Time Series, with Application to Rainfall/Runoff Prediction

The nearest neighbor technique is a general, powerful, intuitively-appealing approach to nonparametric estimation problems. We offer a rudimentary survey of this method, with special attention to recent results extending the theory to dependent random sequences. The classical rainfall/runoff prediction problem serves as focus for this study, but the methodology offered potentially has much wider application.
TETRIS: Scalable and Efficient Neural Network Acceleration with 3D Memory

The high accuracy of deep neural networks (NNs) has led to the development of NN accelerators that improve performance by two orders of magnitude. However, scaling these accelerators for higher performance with increasingly larger NNs exacerbates the cost and energy overheads of their memory systems, including the on-chip SRAM buffers and the off-chip DRAM channels.This paper presents the hardware architecture and software scheduling and partitioning techniques for TETRIS, a scalable NN accelerator using 3D memory. First, we show that the high throughput and low energy characteristics of 3D memory allow us to rebalance the NN accelerator design, using more area for processing elements and less area for SRAM buffers. Second, we move portions of the NN computations close to the DRAM banks to decrease bandwidth pressure and increase performance and energy efficiency. Third, we show that despite the use of small SRAM buffers, the presence of 3D memory simplifies dataflow scheduling for NN computations. We present an analytical scheduling scheme that matches the efficiency of schedules derived through exhaustive search. Finally, we develop a hybrid partitioning scheme that parallelizes the NN computations over multiple accelerators. Overall, we show that TETRIS improves mthe performance by 4.1x and reduces the energy by 1.5x over NN accelerators with conventional, low-power DRAM memory systems.
The response of substance use disorder treatment providers to changes in macroeconomic conditions

Abstract Objective To study how substance use disorder (SUD) treatment providers respond to changes in economic conditions. Data sources 2000–2012 National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS) which contains detailed information on specialty SUD facilities in the United States. Study design We use fixed-effects regression to study how changes in economic conditions, proxied by state unemployment rates, impact treatment setting, accepted payment forms, charity care, offered services, special programs, and use of pharmacotherapies by specialty SUD treatment providers. Data collection Secondary data analysis in the N-SSATS. Principal findings Our findings suggest a one percentage point increase in the state unemployment rate is associated with a 2.5% reduction in outpatient clients by non-profit providers and a 1.8% increase in the acceptance of private insurance as a form of payment overall. We find no evidence that inpatient treatment, the provision of charity care, offered services, or special programs are impacted by changes in the state unemployment rate. However, a one percentage point increase in the state unemployment rate leads to a 2.5% increase in the probability that a provider uses pharmacotherapies to treat addiction. Conclusions Deteriorating economic conditions may increase financial pressures on treatment providers, prompting them to seek new sources of revenue or to change their care delivery models.
Negative force on free carriers in positive index nanoparticles

We theoretically demonstrate the reversal of optical forces on free charge carriers in positive refractive index nanostructures. Though optical momentum in positive refractive index materials is necessarily parallel to the local energy flow, reversal of optical momentum transfer can be accomplished by exploiting the geometry and size of subwavelength particles. Using the Mie scattering theory and separation of optical momentum transfers to the bound and free charges and currents, we have shown that metal nanoparticles can exhibit strong momentum transfer to free carriers opposite to the direction of incident electromagnetic waves. This can be explained for small particles in terms of a reversal of Poynting power inside the material resulting in a negative net force on free carriers in small particles. Two-dimensional simulations further illuminate this point by demonstrating the effect of incident wave polarization.
Hermes: A Real Time Hypervisor for Mobile and IoT Systems

We present Hermes, a hypervisor for MMU-less microcontrollers. Hermes enables high-performance bare metal applications to coexist with RTOSes and other less time-critical software on a single CPU. We experimentally demonstrate that a real-time operating system scheduler does not always provide deterministic response times for I/O events, which can cause real-time workloads to be unschedulable. Hermes solves this problem by adding a layer of abstraction between the hardware I/O devices and the software that services them, making I/O transactions truly deterministic. Virtualization on low-power mobile and embedded systems also enables some interesting software capabilities like secure execution of third-party apps, software integrity attestation, and bare metal performance in a multitasking software environment. These features otherwise require additional hardware (i.e. multiple CPUs, hardware TPM, etc) or may not be available at all. In other projects, we have anecdotally noticed that real time operating systems are not always able to respond quickly and deterministically enough to time-sensitive operations, particularly under high I/O load. We validate this observed timing problem by measuring interrupt latency in an RTOS environment and comparing to an experimental implementation of Hermes. We find that not only is the interrupt latency lower in the virtualized environment, but it is also much more deterministic---a key figure of merit for real-time software systems. We discuss challenges of implementing a hypervisor on a CPU with no memory management unit, and we present some preliminary solutions and workarounds. We go on to explore some other applications of virtualization to mobile and IoT software.
Beliefs about Vaccinations: Comparing a Sample from a Medical School to That from the General Population

The current study compares health care professionals’ beliefs about vaccination statements with the beliefs of a sample of individuals from the general population. Students and faculty within a medical school (n = 58) and a sample from the general population in the United States (n = 177) were surveyed regarding their beliefs about vaccinations. Participants evaluated statements about vaccinations (both supporting and opposing), and indicated whether they thought the general population would agree with them. Overall, it was found that subjects in both populations agreed with statements supporting vaccination over opposing statements, but the general population was more likely to categorize the supporting statements as beliefs rather than facts. Additionally, there was little consensus within each population as to which statements were considered facts versus beliefs. Both groups underestimated the number of people that would agree with them; however, the medical affiliates showed the effect significantly more. Implications for medical education and health communication are discussed.
Diversity and Disagreement

The extraordinary variety of beliefs and practices that is possible within and across human societies has been a rich source of philosophical reflection; this article focuses on philosophical accounts of specifically ethical diversity and disagreement. Philosophers want to know what ethical diversity and disagreement might tell us about the nature of ethical argument and inquiry, as well as consider the implications of diversity and disagreement for ethical practice. This article discusses the most influential philosophical treatments of these issues, drawing on historical as well as contemporary accounts. It will be shown that these accounts have often shaped and, in turn, been shaped by related work in the social sciences, and that as a consequence they have frequently given rise to similar methodological worries. It will also be shown that these accounts will continue to be shaped by concern about how best to understand argument and inquiry in natural science, as well as by increasingly urgent concerns to adjudicate ethical and political conflict in culturally complex societies.
Quantitative analysis of substrate preference in Carboniferous stem group echinoids

Abstract A wealth of knowledge exists concerning echinoid substrate preference in recent and post-Paleozoic environments, however, relatively little is known of the environmental distribution and paleoecology of echinoids during the Paleozoic. The Paleozoic echinoids encompass the vast majority of the echinoid stem group, and were generally rare, but often present in Carboniferous communities across a range of paleoenvironments. We analyzed substrate preference in stem group echinoids during the Carboniferous Period, utilizing a dataset of echinoid occurrences compiled from museum collections and the literature. We focused on preference for substrate lithology (carbonate vs. siliciclastic) and grain size (fine-grained vs. coarse-grained). Using three different quantitative metrics, we analyzed substrate preferences in five families of echinoids, the Palaechinidae, the Archaeocidaridae, the Proterocidaridae, the Lepidesthidae, and the Lepidocentridae. Broadly, we found that most families showed a preference for carbonate environments, however relative affinities varied amongst families. The palaechinids showed a strong relative affinity for carbonate environments and were relatively more tolerant of coarse-grained environments than other echinoids. The Archaeocidaridae showed the widest environmental tolerance of any clade, with a high tolerance for siliciclastic and coarse-grained substrates. The Proterocidaridae and Lepidesthidae tended to have a relative affinity for fine-grained substrates. These differential tolerances and affinities for particular environments may have controlled the varying macroevolutionary histories of these clades in the Late Paleozoic.
Acute brain injury, NMDA receptors, and hydrogen ions: Observations in cortical cell cultures

Excess stimulation of NMDA receptors by endogenous glutamate likely contributes to the neuronal cell loss associated with several types of acute brain injury in vivo (Meldrum, 1985; Rothman and Olney, 1987, Choi, 1988), including ischemia (Simon et al., 1984), hypoglycemia (Wieloch, 1985), epilepsy (Labuyere et al., 1986) and trauma (Faden and Simon, 1988). Among the experiments supporting this statement are those studying the controlled delivery of insults to dispersed neuronal and glial cells in primary culture. Demonstration that a given pharmacological manipulation is neuroprotective in such cultures establishes that a beneficial effect can be produced directly on brain parenchyma, without involvement of systemic metabolism or alterations in blood flow. While organizational features of the intact nervous system are not expressed in cell culture, many intrinsic aspects of neuronal and glial cell behavior do appear to be qualitatively preserved. In particular, basic mechanisms relevant to glutamate transmission and glutamate neurotoxicity are present in cultured brain cells.
Polyploidy in Gymnosperms

A discussion in gymnosperms as a group is somewhat meaningless so far as discerning trends or ascertaining general principles. It is now generally recognized (1, 2) that g3niinosperms as a class probably never existed, and that gymnospermy should be regarded as a way of life rather than suggesting that the plants possessing naked seeds are somehow closely related. So before surveying the occurrence of Polyploidy in gymnosperms, it might be appropriate to indicate the kinds and degree of relationships of plants that are loosely included in the group.
VISUAL-VESTIBULAR INTERACTION DURING OFF-VERTICAL AXIS ROTATION

The aim of this study was to further define the eye movement response to combined visual and vestibular stimulation, especially during linear acceleration. Subjects included 15 asymptomatic healthy individuals (8 females and 7 males) between the ages of 20 and 31 years. Vestibular stimulation consisted of earth-vertical axis rotation and off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR). Visual stimuli consisted of projected vertical stripes that were rotated for optokinetic trials and stationary for visual augmentation trials. A small laser target (0.5 mW, 0.5 degree arc) that rotated with the subject was used for fixation trials. Eye movements were measured with electro-oculography. Results showed that visual-vestibular interaction during sinusoidal rotation was not affected by a 15 degree off-vertical tilt. Constant velocity OVAR induced a continuous nystagmus whose slow component velocity contained a nonzero baseline, that is, a bias, and a periodic fluctuation at the rotation frequency, that is, a modulation component. The modulation component during visual fixation was reduced as compared with that seen during rotation in the dark, but was not absent. Constant velocity OVAR in the presence of earth-fixed stripes induced a consistent sinusoidal modulation. Our results suggest that visual-vestibular interaction for otolith stimulation differs from visual-vestibular interaction for semicircular canal stimulation. The modulation component of the response to OVAR appears to be modified by visual stimulation to a lesser extent than other vestibular-induced eye movements and thus may reflect a more "direct" vestibulo-ocular response. The bias component of the response to OVAR can be substantially influenced by vision and thus may depend upon more "indirect" pathways.