cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A real-time world model for multi-robot teams with high-latency communication

In this paper, we present in detail our approach to constructing a world model in a multi-robot team. We introduce two separate world models, namely an individual world model that stores one robot's state, and a shared world model that stores the state of the team. We present procedures to effectively merge information in these two world models in real-time. We overcome the problem of high communication latency by using shared information on an as-needed basis. The success of our world model approach is validated by experimentation in the robot soccer domain. The results show that a team using a world model that incorporates shared information is more successful at tracking a dynamic object in its environment than a team that does not use shared information.
Determination of optimal reactive power generation schedule using line voltage drop equations and genetic algorithm

The reactive power generation schedule in a power system determines the bus voltage profile. The available reactive power capabilities of the generators have to be optimally deployed so that bus voltages are kept within specified limits. While applying the standard power flow algorithms, the voltage and real power injection are set for a generator bus. After running the power flow analysis, or while running the power flow analysis, reactive power limit is checked and if violated the voltage setting is removed and the generator treated as a PQ bus. The final reactive power generation schedule is determined by such trial and error procedures. Further the reactive power from the slack or swing bus is left totally free to assume any value. The basic feature of the new approach in this paper tends to recognize the weak coupling between real power flow and voltage. This facilitates focusing on the voltage/reactive power problem keeping the real power flows fixed to values determined from a base case load flow analysis. The reactive power flow in each line will determine the voltage drop in each line and indirectly the bus voltage profile. The line reactive power flows and the bus reactive power injections are kept in focus by writing two sets of equations, viz., reactive power balance at every bus including the slack, and line voltage drop equations. Generator reactive power injections are kept as variables and the total set of equations constitute the equality constraints. The objective function is to minimize the total generated reactive power. Reactive power generation limits and/or bus voltage magnitude limits are specified as allowable range of values of these variables in an optimization procedure using Genetic Algorithm (GA).
The Proper Role of the Interference Control Plan

The interference control plan, as required by leading military interference specifications, has been misunderstood and misused to the extent that its real purpose and value have been obscured. Instead of being a valuable and controlling interference document for a system, many companies submit a plan of no technical value prepared by contract administration personnel. This paper is intended to show what an adequate plan should contain and how it should be utilized.
Renewable and Sustainable Transportation Fuels

Currently a total of 17 states in the US use bio-ethanol to replace methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) as a safer oxygenate for gasoline formulations (www.eia.gov ). Moreover, E15 (15% ethanol blend) was recently approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use in select automobiles from 2001 and newer model years, and in all flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs). It has been projected that in the US by the year 2035, 63% of the bio-ethanol produced in the US will be used for E10 and E15, while 37% will be used in FFVs operating on E85 (85% ethanol blended with 15% gasoline), which should significantly reduce US consumption of petroleum- based transportation fuel (http://www.
Radiative impact of biomass burning aerosols

Using collocated data from the Visible Infrared Scanner (VIRS) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Budget Scanner (CERES) from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, observational estimates of the instantaneous shortwave aerosol radiative forcing (SWARF) of smoke aerosols at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) are calculated for biomass burning aerosols over land and ocean areas. The smoke aerosols are characterized as an internal mixture of viscous organic liquids surrounding a spherical black carbon core and aerosol optical thickness at the visible wavelength (T/sub 0.63/) is calculated. We also use high temporal resolution GOES-8 imager data to retrieve aerosol optical thickness to compare against ground-based sunphotometer derived optical thickness values. Our results indicate that the SWARF changes from -24 to -99 Wm/sup -2/ as /spl tau//sub 0.63/ changes from 0.2 to 2.2 from VIRS and CERES. The GOES-8 retrieved aerosol optical thickness is also in excellent agreement with AERONET values. This is among the first studies to provide observational estimates of the direct radiative forcing of biomass burning aerosols.
O-Sulfinylation with methanesulfonyl cyanide or p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide and DBU

Abstract Reaction of methanesulfonyl cyanide or p-toluenesulfonyl cyanide with alcohols in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclop[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) gives sulfinates in good yield. A mechanistic scheme involving sulfinyl cyanates is suggested.
Premorbid IQ and intrinsic progression rate explain substantial variance in observed progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) on multiple measures

negative for 34 subjects and positive for 36 (see figure). The visual assessments were negative and quantitative assessments were positive in 14 subjects. The visual assessments were positive and quantitative assessments were negative in 12 subjects. Conclusions: In this population, 26 of 96 subjects had discordant reads between the two methods. This may be a result of averaging regions in the quantitative assessment while only 1 region was required to be positive for the visual assessment. The quantitative threshold could be modified or visual assessment scores of 2 could be also considered positive but these alternative approaches would predominantly shift the balance between false positives and false negatives without substantially changing the discordant pairs.
An AC conductance technique for measuring self-heating in SOI MOSFET's

In this paper, we present a new technique for isolating the electrical behavior of an SOI MOSFET's from the self-heating effect using an AC conductance method. This method reconstructs an I-V curve by integrating high frequency output conductance data. The heating effect is eliminated when the frequency is much higher than the inverse of the thermal time constant of the SOI device. We present measurement results from SOI MOSFET's that demonstrate that heating can indeed be significant in SOI devices. >
An evaluation of the emulsifying properties of carrageenin

A comparison between various emulsions made with carrageenin and acacia as a standard was made. Individual emulsions were evaluated on the basis of viscosity and particle counts.
Hamiltonian formalism for space charge dominated beams in a uniform focusing channel

Halo formation for a test particle in a mismatched KV beam is studied. Parametric resonances of the particle Hamiltonian due to envelope modulation are studied with particular emphasis on period 2 resonance which plays dominant role in halo formation. It is shown that the onset of global chaos exhibits a sharp transition when the amplitude of modulation is larger than a critical value which is a function of a single parameter, /spl kappa/, i.e., the ratio of the space charge perveance to the focusing strength.
Constraint Reasoning about Repeating Events: Satisfaction and Optimization

Effective manipulation of temporal information about periodic events is required for solving complex problems such as long-range scheduling or querying temporal information. Furthermore, many problems involving repeating events involve the optimization of temporal aspects of these events (e.g., minimizing make-span in job-shop scheduling). In this paper, a constraint-based formulation of reasoning problems with repeating events is presented, and its complexity is analyzed for a range of problems. Optimization constraints are interpreted formally using the Semiring CSPs (SCSP) representation of optimization in constraint reasoning. This allows for familiar algorithms such as branch-and-bound to be applied to solving them.
This is a pretty place: visions of smokestacks and factories in 1910 and 2010

Postcards were important means of communication in the early 1900s among family and friends in the rural USA. The images and written words can offer insights into the attitudes and beliefs of the day. One hundred years ago, the comment ‘this is a pretty place’ was written on a postcard with the image of the largest tin plate manufacturing factory at the time. We examined this comment in the context of public perceptions in 1910 and what we now know of the impacts of ‘the four Ps’ of industrialization on public health: politics, population, poverty and pollution.
Extending the Knapsack: Using the White Privilege Analysis to Examine Conferred Advantage and Disadvantage

This article describes a self-awareness activity that utilizes a directed reading on privilege and a small-group discussion format to examine unearned disadvantage and unearned advantage in one’s life. This exercise can help clinicians to better understand systemic and individual sources of power and privilege in society. Beginning with my previous work on white privilege, students can extend this analysis to other domains of privilege, including, for example, gender, class, sexuality, age, nationality, and physical ability, to name a few. The primary goals of this reflective exercise are to help clinicians understand how clients’ lives are influenced by societal disadvantages and advantages, to encourage a new understanding of oneself, and to increase empathy towards clients.
Well Hydraulics in Vertically Heterogeneous Formations

Comparative analysis of time-dependent drawdown alterations caused by the heterogeneous properties of stratified formations is given based on solutions developed under different assumptions on interlayered crossflow. The assumption of proportionality of leakage to the differential flow depletion, which is widely used in leaky aquifers developments, severely modifies the calculated drawdown values for both the aquifer and the aquitard as compared to those values obtained by assuming the diffusivity distribution process for the flow within each layer. The drawdown pattern is particularly affected at the early times. It is shown that if the compressibility of the low-permeability layer is taken into account, the shape of transient drawdown curves is a function not only of the ratio of permeabilities of the permeable and the semi-permeable layers but of the ratio of their storages as well.
Hidden blood loss in anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) surgery

Abstract Background A retrospective study was performed to determine the factors affecting the total perioperative blood loss during anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF). Measurements of intraoperative blood loss underestimate the true blood loss during surgery. Our research project was to examine the hidden blood loss in lumbar spine surgery. Hidden blood loss in elective knee and hip replacement surgeries range between 100% and 30%. Hidden blood loss was about 40% in posterior spine surgery. Methods The factors analyzed included gender, body mass index (BMI), duration of surgery, type of surgery, aspiration, and number of fusion levels. Estimated blood loss (EBL) was obtained from the clinical records of patients as the blood collected from suctioning and the cumulative weight of the saturated sponges. Actual blood loss (ABL) was calculated from the estimated blood volume and hemoglobin level of patients. Hidden blood loss was calculated as the difference between ABL and EBL. Results Seventy-eight consecutive patients who underwent ALIF were reviewed. The average values (mean ± SD) for EBL and ABL were 700.1 ± 562.3 mL and 1150.6 ± 770.0 mL, respectively ( P = 0.001, Student's t -test). The hidden blood loss averaged 39.2% of the ABL. According to linear regression analysis, surgical duration, type of surgery, and the inclusion of the L4/5 level were independent factors contributing to the ABL ( P Conclusions ALIF is associated with substantial perioperative hidden blood loss. Length of surgery, type of surgery, and the inclusion of L4/5 in the procedure are significant risk factors for increased blood loss. Level of evidence Level IV: retrospective or historical series.
Comparison of myocardial ATP, blood flow, and cytosolic adenosine in demand ischemia and coronary occlusion

To investigate the relationship between flow and energy metabolism during coronary underperfusion, regional myocardial ATP content, cytosolic adenosine concentrations, and blood flow were measured during segmental coronary artery occlusion (complete ligation, n = 10) and demand ischemia (catecholamines plus atrial pacing with subtotal stenosis, n = 6) in halothane anesthetized open-chest dogs. During coronary occlusion or demand ischemia, L-homocysteine thiolactone was infused for 20 min, after which left ventricular tissue was rapidly frozen and analyzed for regional blood flow (microspheres) and content of ATP and S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), an index of cytosolic adenosine. In nonischemic regions, ATP and SAH contents in both groups were the same as in unstimulated control animals with intact coronary circulation (n = 7), indicating that adrenergic stimulation during unrestricted flow had no effect on ATP or cytosolic adenosine. In the ischemic regions of both groups, there were decreases in regional flow, ATP content, and systolic wall thickening, and increases in SAH content. To compare the indexes of energy metabolism in tissue regions receiving equal blood flow, tissue samples were grouped into intervals of equal blood flow (ml.min-1.g-1). At every level of flow, ATP content in demand ischemia was 25-39% higher than in coronary occlusion. Estimates of cytosolic adenosine concentrations (using a mathematical model) in the lowest flow interval averaged 5 microM in demand ischemia, approximately twice as high as in coronary occlusion. It is concluded that in tissue regions receiving equal blood flow, ATP was better maintained and cytosolic adenosine was higher in demand ischemia than in coronary occlusion. The differences in ATP content and cytosolic adenosine were not due to different blood flows but rather to more favorable energy metabolism in demand ischemia.
A Low-Pollution On-Site, Energy Storage System for Peak-Power Supply

This paper describes a scheme whereby surplus power during reduced demand periods is used to liquefy air which can be stored and used later to supply peak power with considerably reduced fuel requirements. All the component processes of the system are established techniques, are very largely automatic in operation, and the location is on-site. Such a system can be constructed and placed on-line in a minimum of time and with greatly reduced pollution control requirements. It is capable of considerable flexibility in the use of the liquefied product as air or as the separated constituents as O2 and N2, and thus furnishes a number of ways of optimum utilization as operating conditions and economic circumstances change.Copyright © 1974 by ASME
The influence of harvesting time and geographical location on susceptibility to physiological peel disorders associated with four Florida grapefruit cultivars

SummaryMajor cultivars of grapefruit (‘Flame’, ‘Ruby Red’, ‘Rio Red’ and ‘Marsh’) were harvested at 4–6 week intervals from Central Florida and the Indian River area on the Eastern Coast of Florida, from September through June 2001–2002 and 2002–2003. Generally, post-harvest pitting (PP) was less severe if fruit were harvested in February compared to fruit harvested after March. Chilling injury (CI) was high from October to December (early season), low from January to March (mid-season) and increased in all cultivars if fruit were harvested between April and June (late season). Higher PP and CI were found consistently in white ‘Marsh’ grapefruit than in coloured grapefruit cultivars; however, there was little difference in the incidence of CI and PP among three coloured cultivars. White grapefruit harvested from Central Florida developed more severe CI and PP compared to those from the Indian River area. These results are demonstrated in the factorial analyses of harvest month and cultivar or location ove...
Depletion of splenic norepinephrine in rat by celiac ganglionectomy.

SummaryExcision of the celiac ganglion of the rat results in total depletion of splenic norepinephrine, indicating the necessity of an intact sympathetic innervation for maintenance of normal levels of catecholamines in the spleen of this species.
Der Einstieg in die Welt verteilter Informationssysteme aus Anwendersicht

Seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre sind leistungfahige und preiswerte Mikrorechner und lokale Netzwerke verfugbar. In zunehmender Anzahl und zunehmendem Umfang werden Softwareprodukte zum Rechnerbetrieb, zur Rechnerkommunikation und zur Programmierung verteilter Anwendungsprogramme entwickelt. Zusammen mit der Hardware ermoglichen sie, verteilte betriebliche Anwendungen zu erstellen und einzusetzen.
Evaluation of Corn Earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) , Economic Injury Levels in Mid-South Reproductive Stage Soybean

Field experiments were conducted in Starkville and Stoneville, MS; Marianna, AR; Winnsboro, LA; and Jackson, TN, during 2012 and 2014 to evaluate the relationship of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), larval density and yield and the relationship between the percentage of damaged pods and yield in Mid-South soybean systems. Corn earworm moths were infested into field cages at R2 for 5–11 d to achieve a range of larval densities within each plot. Larval density was estimated at 14 d after infestation. Total pods and damaged pods were determined at 19 days after infestation to obtain the percentage of damaged pods. Plots were harvested at the end of each growing season and yield recorded. Data were subjected to regression analysis, and the relationship between larval density and yield and the relationship between the percentage of damaged pods and yield both can be described by a linear relationship. Each increase of one larvae per row-m resulted in a yield loss of 45.4 kg/ha. Similarly, each increase of 1% damaged pods resulted in a yield loss of 29.4 kg/ha. From these data, economic injury levels were developed for a range of crop values and control costs. These data suggest that current corn earworm threshold use in the Mid-South should be reduced.
Pyrogallol, a microbial metabolites from mango tannins (Mangifera Indica L.) suppresses breast cancer ductal carcinoma in situ proliferation in both in vitro and in vivo

It is estimated that 1 in 10 newly diagnosed cancer cases will be female breast cancer, and therefore there is an ongoing need to research novel treatment options. Polyphenolics are secondary plant...
The double cannula negative pressure drainage preventing serous after radical mastectomy

Objective:Comparing the single catheters with the double cannula negtive pressure drainage in the effect of preventing serous after radical mastectomy of breast cancer . Methods:A total of 190 cases were divided into the single catheters negtive pressure drainage group and the double cannula negtive pressure drainage group randomly to compare the two groups' fluid accumulation incidence. Results:The rate of wound hydrops in the single catheters negtive pressure drainage was 17.48%, while those of the double cannula negtive pressure drainage was 5.88% (P0.05), the difference was significant. Conclusion: Application of the double cannula negative pressure drainage in radical mastectomy is more effective than that of the single catheters compressive bandage in decreasing the rate of serous after radical mastectomy of breast cancer.
Triple Valvulopathy and Jaccoud’s Arthropathy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Cardiac involvement is fairly common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It may involve all layers of the heart and coronary arteries as well as the heart valves. We report an extremely rare presentation of valvulitis and valvular dysfunction associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. This is the first case of lupus valvulitis which required three mechanical prosthetic valve replacements with disease recurrence leading to a fatal outcome. This is, in our point of view, the consequence of aggressive natural history of the disease and perhaps late diagnosis and treatment of underlying SLE which was unsuccessful.
Understanding search behavior via search landscape analysis in design optimization of optical structures

Search algorithms play a crucial role in systematic design optimization of optical structures. We demonstrate how search landscape analysis sheds light on the behavior of search algorithms in this context and thereby leads to valuable insight. Specifically, we present a case study in which search landscape analysis demystifies the surprisingly good performance of a simple stochastic local search algorithm—restarted iterative best improvement—on a challenging design optimization problem—combinatorial design optimization of a multi-spatial-mode photonic crystal waveguide bend that preserves modal content. Moreover, the search landscape analysis leads to insight potentially valuable in design optimization of a broad class of optical structures.
Low-power image recognition challenge

Significant progress has been made in recent years using computer programs recognizing objects in images. Meanwhile, many cameras are embedded in battery-powered systems (such as mobile phones, wearable devices, and drones) and energy efficiency is essential. Even though many research papers have been published on the topics related to low power and image recognition, there does not exist a common metric for comparing different solutions in terms of (1) energy efficiency and (2) accuracy in recognition. Low-Power Image Recognition Challenge (LPIRC) is, to our knowledge, the only on-site competition that considers both energy consumption and recognition accuracy. LPIRC was held as one-day workshops in the Design Automation Conference in 2015 and 2016. Each participating team brought their own system to the workshops. The referee system of LPIRC includes (1) an intranet, (2) a power meter, and (3) an HTTP server that provided the images and accepted the answers from the contestants' systems. The scores were the ratio of recognition accuracy and the energy consumption. The winner of 2016 was able to analyze 7,347 images and achieve 9.44% normalized mAP (mean average precision) with average power consumption of 4.7 W. Another team analyzed 1,020 images and achieved 25.7% normalized mAP.
The History and Development of the Small Bowel Capsule/Comparison of Current Available Capsule Platforms

Small bowel video capsule endoscopy (VCE) was approved for use by the FDA in August 2001. Its auspicious introduction to the world of gastroenterology and endoscopy in May 2000 by Dr. Paul Swain at Digestive Disease Week (DDW) ushered in a major advance in the field of gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, opening up the so-called final frontier of GI endoscopy, the small bowel which up until that point was relatively inaccessible to endoscopists. Thousands of abstracts and papers have been written on the topic of VCE. VCE is the first-line modality to investigate for pathology of the small bowel. Today, five separate companies manufacture capsule endoscopes that are now not only designed to view the small bowel but also the esophagus and colon. Today, more than three million capsules have been ingested worldwide.
Educational Enclosure and the Existential Commons: Settler Colonialism, Racial Capitalism, and the Problem of the Human

In recent years, educational theory has largely focused on conceptualizing and thinking through what an educational politics of the commons might look like. A politics of the commons remains attractive to those who want to find an educational exit point from the aggressive and violent nature of capitalist forces that continue to destroy humans and ecosystems within the current neoliberal moment. This concern is especially relevant since schools in the neoliberal phase of capitalism, as this literature points out, play a pivotal role in maintaining and reproducing the ongoing processes of primitive accumulation.
Abstract 362: Akt-Dependent Interaction with EBP50 Regulates Skp2 Localization and Stability

The PDZ domain-containing scaffolding protein, Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin-Binding Phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50) regulates vascular stenosis following endoluminal vessel injury. Its expression in vascular smo...
Anisotropic electrodynamics of type-II Weyl semimetal candidate WTe 2

We investigated the $ab$-plane optical properties of single crystals of ${\mathrm{WTe}}_{2}$ for light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the W-chain axis over a broad range of frequency and temperature. At far-infrared frequencies, we observed a striking dependence of the reflectance edge on light polarization, corresponding to anisotropy of the carrier effective masses. We quantitatively studied the temperature dependence of the plasma frequency, revealing a modest increase of the effective mass anisotropy in the $ab$ plane upon cooling. We also found strongly anisotropic interband transitions persisting to high photon energies. These results were analyzed by comparison with ab initio calculations. The calculated and measured plasma frequencies agree to within 10% for both polarizations, while the calculated interband conductivity shows excellent agreement with experiment.
International assessment of functional skills in people with schizophrenia

Disability is very common in schizophrenia and is related to cognitive impairments, some illness symptoms, and deficits in skills needed to function in the everyday environment (i.g., functional capacity). Research on measurement of the ability to perform the skilled acts required for successful everyday functioning has advanced considerably in the past five years. However, different environmental situations require different skill sets, and one of the major challenges in research on functional capacity is identification of the differences in skills that are required across environments. This article reviews the challenges associated with international measurement of functional capacity. The authors present their perspectives on what can be done with existing measures and what needs to be done in the future. As America becomes more multicultural, these challenges will also occur close to home as well.
Phenotypic effects of PBAN RNAi using oral delivery of dsRNA to corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and tobacco budworm larvae.

Insect neuropeptides represent more than 90% of all insect hormones. The pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN)/pyrokinin family is a major group of insect neuropeptides. These neuropeptides regulate a variety of biological functions from embryo to adult in moths including, sex pheromone biosynthesis and diapause. Other functions are yet to be determined. The identification of suitable target genes is most important for the successful application of RNA interference (RNAi) for pest insect control. Insect neuropeptide genes including PBAN are known to have multiple functions and could be a good target for RNAi suppression. In this study, we selected the PBAN gene and its neuropeptide products as an RNAi target for two economically important moth species, the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius). We investigated RNAi effects on immature moths that had ingested the specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) starting at the first instar larva through pupation. We report that RNAi treatments resulted in delay of larval growth, interference of pupal development, and mortality in the two pest moths. In addition, we selected small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to determine if they have negative phenotypic effects similar to their full-length RNAi parents. This is one of the few examples of negative RNAi effects on lepidopteran pests via feeding and suggests possible RNAi-based control of pest moths.
Taxation and the Revolutionary Inheritance: Tax Proposals, Legitimacy, and the Irish Free State, 1922–32

Irish revolutionary leaders were generally not original economic thinkers, but important economic assumptions underlay Irish revolutionary ideology. Central among these was a belief that British economic policy harmed Ireland by squashing its industries, reducing its population, and overtaxing its residents, and that economic success would follow from repealing the Union. This chapter analyses the ways in which politicians’ economic visions intersected with the revolutionary legacy, the quest for political legitimacy, and the attempt to create a taxation policy suitable for a postcolonial state. These debates revealed significantly different visions for the Free State, as well as disagreements over whether political legitimacy should be measured by international markets or by the standards of living and distribution of wealth within Irish society.
Determining the Effect of Diet on Renal Health and Function in 2 Strains of Mice

Diet remains a key contributor to health and disease worldwide. However, diet is routinely overlooked or oversimplified in basic biomedical research. Most preclinical animal studies are performed i...
State Authority to Regulate Mobile Source Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Part 2: A Legislative and Statutory History Assessment

In September 2019, the Trump Administration finalized regulations that dramatically upended the nation’s approach to regulating greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks by purporting to determine that California’s emissions standards are preempted by the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975 (EPCA). This article evaluates the Administration’s position through a review of the relevant statutory and legislative history. Specifically, the article examines the history of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, and a number of subsequent Congressional acts, including the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act of 2015. The article finds abundant evidence of Congress’s consistent intent to ensure that state emissions standards are protected from preemption. Importantly, this evidence is not limited to the ample legislative history. It also includes statutory history – actual changes in the law that demonstrate Congress’s desire to preserve state authority to adopt and enforce greenhouse gas emissions standards for cars and trucks. While the interpretative value of legislative history has been discounted by some in recent years, statutory history remains relevant in the interpretation of law to even the staunchest textualist. The article discusses why this history is compelling and concludes that the best reading of the law is that Congress has preserved – not encroached upon – California’s authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks.
Compensating differentials in teacher labor markets

Abstract In reviewing empirical teacher labor market literature across: compensating wage differentials, teacher retention, and policy intervention, we find several emerging patterns. Empirical literature on compensating wage differentials point out that there are positive compensating wage differentials for teaching in schools with higher minority enrollment. That magnitude ranges from a few percentage points to 14 percentage points. There is no consensus on whether there is a compensating wage differential for teaching in schools with higher share of free and reduced lunch students. From teacher retention studies, those previous studies collectively indicate that there is a positive wage differential for teaching in both high minority and low-income schools. From quasi-experimental policy intervention studies, we find that the labor supply elasticity ranges from slightly larger than one to 4.30. Using evidence from a recent random assignment experiment, we find suggestive evidence that we need close to $7,000 as combat pay to attract and retain teachers in schools with high share of minority and low-income students.
Indoor radio triangulation using only RSSI data

This paper outlines an approach for indoor radio triangulation using only RSSI data. The method employs the incoherent reception of the transmission from a radio of unknown location by several identical indoor radios. These radios also communicate with one another, and the data are used to create an indoor propagation model. The resulting propagation model together with the received signals from the hidden radio is used to triangulate its position.
TCAD Process/Device Modeling Challenges and Opportunities for the Next Decade

Technology CAD process and device simulation tools play a critical role in advanced technology development by giving insight into the relationships between processing choices and nanoscale device performance that cannot be obtained from physical metrology tools alone. TCAD makes its greatest impact when a detailed understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms is tightly coupled within the technology development cycle so that physical insights feed directly into technology direction. Since the pace of introduction for new materials, impurities, and device structures continues to increase, the criticality of such physically-based analyses is greater than ever. This paper highlights progress in front-end process and device modeling over the past decade that has enabled TCAD’s successes, and the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead.
The Role of Enterprise Crowdsourcing Systems on Knowledge Application

Organizations are using crowdsourcing systems to collect innovative ideas from their employees harnessing their insights of companies’ products, processes, customers, and competitors. While crowd w...
Multiclass moisture classification in woodchips using IIoT Wi-Fi and machine learning techniques

Abstract For the pulping process in a pulp & paper plant that uses woodchips as raw material, the moisture content (MC) of the woodchips is a major process disturbance that affects product quality and consumption of energy, water and chemicals. Existing woodchip MC sensing technologies have not been widely adopted by the industry due to unreliable performance and/or high maintenance requirements that can hardly be met in a manufacturing environment. To address these limitations, we propose a non-destructive, economic, and robust woodchip MC sensing approach utilizing channel state information (CSI) from industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) based Wi-Fi. While these IIoT devices are small, low-cost, and rugged to stand for harsh environment, they do have their limitations such as the raw CSI data are often very noisy and sensitive to woodchip packing. To address this, statistics pattern analysis (SPA) is utilized to extract physically and/or statistically meaningful features from the raw CSI data, which are sensitive to woodchip MC but not to packing. The SPA features are then used for developing multiclass classification models using various linear and nonlinear machine learning techniques to provide potential solutions to woodchip MC estimation for the pulp and paper industry. This work also demonstrates that classification accuracy alone is not a good performance metric for industrial applications, and the practical implications of misclassification must also be considered.
Individual variability in animal-specific hemodynamic compensation following myocardial infarction.

Abstract Ventricular enlargement and heart failure are common in patients who survive a myocardial infarction (MI). There is striking variability in the degree of post-infarction ventricular remodeling, however, and no one factor or set of factors have been identified that predicts heart failure risk well. Sympathetic activation directly and indirectly modulates hypertrophic stimuli by altering both neurohormonal milieu and ventricular loading. In a recent study, we developed a method to identify the balance of reflex compensatory mechanisms employed by individual animals following MI based on measured hemodynamics. Here, we conducted prospective studies of acute myocardial infarction in rats to test the degree of variability in reflex compensation as well as whether responses to pharmacologic agents targeted at those reflex mechanisms could be anticipated in individual animals. We found that individual animals use very different mixtures of reflex compensation in response to experimental coronary ligation. Some of these mechanisms were related – animals that compensated strongly with venoconstriction tended to exhibit a decrease in the contractility of the surviving myocardium and those that increased contractility tended to exhibit venodilation. Furthermore, some compensatory mechanisms – such as venoconstriction – increased the extent of predicted ventricular enlargement. Unfortunately, initial reflex responses to infarction were a poor predictor of subsequent responses to pharmacologic agents, suggesting that customizing pharmacologic therapy to individuals based on an initial response will be challenging.
On the Spatial Distribution of High Velocity Al-26 Near the Galactic Center

We present results of simulations of the distribution of 1809 keV radiation from the decay of Al-26 in the Galaxy. Recent observations of this emission line using the Gamma Ray Imaging Spectrometer (GRIS) have indicated that the bulk of the AL-26 must have a velocity of approx. 500 km/ s. We have previously shown that a velocity this large could be maintained over the 10(exp 6) year lifetime of the Al-26 if it is trapped in dust grains that are reaccelerated periodically in the ISM. Here we investigate whether a dust grain velocity of approx. 500 km/ s will produce a distribution of 1809 keV emission in latitude that is consistent with the narrow distribution seen by COMPTEL. We find that dust grain velocities in the range 275 - 1000 km/ s are able to reproduce the COMPTEL 1809 keV emission maps reconstructed using the Richardson-Lucy and Maximum Entropy image reconstruction methods while the emission map reconstructed using the Multiresolution Regularized Expectation Maximization algorithm is not well fit by any of our models. The Al-26 production rate that is needed to reproduce the observed 1809 keV intensity yields in a Galactic mass of Al-26 of approx. 1.5 - 2 solar mass which is in good agreement with both other observations and theoretical production rates.
Greenhouse gas dynamics in lakes receiving atmospheric nitrogen deposition

[1] Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) inputs have been found to influence emissions of greenhouse gases from a variety of ecosystems; however, the effects of N loading on greenhouse gas dynamics in lakes are not well documented. We measured concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) in 26 lakes in the Colorado Rocky Mountains (USA) receiving elevated (5 – 8 kg N ha−1 yr−1) or low (<2 kg N ha−1 y−1) levels of atmospheric N deposition. The mean CO2 concentration in surface waters was 27 μmol L−1 and did not differ between deposition regions. The CH4 concentration was greater in low-deposition lakes (167 nmol L−1) compared to high-deposition lakes (48 nmol L−1), while the opposite was true for N2O. The concentration of N2O in surface water averaged 29 nmol L−1 in high-deposition lakes compared to 22 nmol L−1 in low-deposition lakes. Nitrous oxide is of particular interest because it is more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas and because of its role in the destruction of stratospheric ozone. To understand the potential magnitude of lake N2O production related to atmospheric N deposition, we applied two published methodologies for determining emissions from aquatic ecosystems to available data sets. We estimated contemporary global N2O emissions from lakes to be 0.04 – 2 Tg N y−1, increasing to 0.1 – 3.4 Tg N y−1 in 2050. The contemporary estimates represent 13–95% of emissions from rivers and estuaries, suggesting that further research is required to better quantify emission rates from lentic ecosystems.
The hydrogen fluoride solvent system-V: The thermodynamic solubility product constant of CaF2 and the basicity of water in liquid HF

Abstract Activity coefficients for CaF 2 in liquid HF were determined by solubility measurements on CaF 2 in the presence of varying concentrations of NaF ranging from 0·1175 to 0·7295 moles per 1000 g of HF. The thermodynamic solubility product constant of CaF 2 in liquid HF was determined to be 1·52 5 × 10 −3 at 0°C. From the effect of small amounts of water on the solubility of CaF 2 in liquid HF, a minimum ionization constant of 0·55 for water as a base in HF was determined at the same temperature.
Regulatory mechanisms of the immune response to heterologous insulins: I. Development and regulation of plaque-forming cell responses in vitro

We, as well as many other investigators, have been studying the regulation of immune responses to insulin as a model system of H-2 linked immune response (Ir) gene control. Although antibody responses by mice to heterologous insulins are qualitatively controlled, antibodies that are generated to one species of heterologous insulin cross react extensively with other species. The exquisite control of responsiveness is regulated by T cells that appear to recognize differences in the amino acid sequences of the A-chain loop of insulin. Our previous studies of the mechanism(s) by which Ir genes regulate T cell activity to insulin have been confined to an adoptive transfer model because traditional cell culture techniques using normal or insulin-primed spleen cells have failed to generate insulin-specific plaque-forming cell responses in vitro. In this communication we demonstrate that more vigorous immunization protocols and the use of lymph node T cells as a source of helper T cells can circumvent this problem. More importantly, all of the major features of the regulation of responses to insulin that have been observed in vivo are reflected in this in vitro system. Thus, these experiments provide the essential foundation for future dissection of the mechanism of Ir gene control of responses to insulin.
PAC learning axis-aligned mixtures of gaussians with no separation assumption

We propose and analyze a new vantage point for the learning of mixtures of Gaussians: namely, the PAC-style model of learning probability distributions introduced by Kearns et al. [13]. Here the task is to construct a hypothesis mixture of Gaussians that is statistically indistinguishable from the actual mixture generating the data; specifically, the KL divergence should be at most e. In this scenario, we give a poly(n/e) time algorithm that learns the class of mixtures of any constant number of axis-aligned Gaussians in Rn. Our algorithm makes no assumptions about the separation between the means of the Gaussians, nor does it have any dependence on the minimum mixing weight. This is in contrast to learning results known in the “clustering” model, where such assumptions are unavoidable. Our algorithm relies on the method of moments, and a subalgorithm developed in [9] for a discrete mixture-learning problem.
Extreme Measures: The Ecological Energetics of Birds and Mammals

McNab focuses on “how the availability of energy affects the lives of, and forces restrictions on, the most energy-intensive organisms on earth: birds and mammals” (p. ix). He is chiefly concerned ...
Book Review, David R. Boyd, The Right to a Healthy Environment, Revitalizing Canada's Constitution (UBC Press, W. Wesley Pue General Ed., 2012)

Boyd’s new book, The Right to a Healthy Environment, attempts to prove that Canadians would benefit if they amended their constitution to recognize the right to a healthy environment. Throughout this work, he emphasizes the general benefits of recognizing environmental rights as human rights and the positive impact recognizing these rights in the Canadian constitution would have on the lives of Canadian citizens. He examines the gradual domestic emergence of environmental rights both in Canadian law and from a global perspective. By including both viewpoints, Boyd attempts to identify the complexities and intricate questions that arise regarding various environmental issues both at local and global levels. He asserts that the environmental rights of today will affect future generations and encourages Canadians to think of what they will be passing on to their children.
Supervisory teleoperation control using computer graphics

A description is given of a system developed for supervisory control of a telemanipulator to deal with unique characteristics of teleoperation. A six-degree-of-freedom telemanipulator is graphically simulated on an IRIS workstation. There are two modes to control the telemanipulator: manual mode and supervisory mode. In the manual mode, the operator guides the manipulator using a 6D optical sensor ball; in the supervisory mode, the operator specifies a task using a menu and a mouse to point an object and a location. The system checks possible manipulator collisions with obstacles in the environment. If the system detects an impending collision in the supervisory mode, it uses heuristics to avoid it. The system can generate virtual obstacles that occupy space that the operator cannot observe through a camera. Virtual obstacles are updated by geometric logic operations whenever viewing conditions such as the camera position are changed. Such virtual obstacles are used for collision checking and collision avoidance. >
Induction of penicillinase by staphylococci in vitro and in vivo

Eyckmans, Luc (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.), and Edward W. Hook. Induction of penicillinase by staphylococci in vitro and in vivo. J. Bacteriol. 91:997–1003. 1966.—Staphylococci in mice with peritoneal infection showed no significant increase in penicillinase activity 6 hr after administration of penicillin G. In contrast, induction of penicillinase was readily demonstrated in leukopenic animals under similar conditions. Induction of penicillinase by staphylococci in vitro was inhibited by including leukocytes and immune serum in the mixtures. The role of leukocytes in inhibiting induction of penicillinase by staphylococci in response to penicillin was investigated.
Skin Color and Ear Oximetry

Measurements of arterial blood oxygen saturation from two ear oximeters were compared with 655 simultaneously drawn arterial blood samples in 187 patients grouped by skin color quantified by the Munsell color system. Technical problems including warning lights and messages with the two ear oximeters were recorded. There were significantly more technical problems in patients with the darkest skin color associated with inability to obtain a reading or warning messages indicating poor tissue penetration of the signal (18 and 15 percent vs 1 percent). When readings could be obtained, the ear oximetry readings were found to be slightly less accurate in the darker patient groups. These findings suggest that dark skin color may affect the performance and accuracy of ear oximeters, including the newer type of pulse oximeters. (Chest 1989; 96:287–90)