cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PI3K/AKT and ERK regulate retinoic acid-induced neuroblastoma cellular differentiation.

Neuroblastoma, the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in infants and children, is characterized by a high rate of spontaneous remissions in infancy. Retinoic acid (RA) has been known to induce neuroblastoma differentiation; however, the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are responsible for RA-mediated neuroblastoma cell differentiation remain unclear. Here, we sought to determine the cell signaling processes involved in RA-induced cellular differentiation. Upon RA administration, human neuroblastoma cell lines, SK-N-SH and BE(2)-C, demonstrated neurite extensions, which is an indicator of neuronal cell differentiation. Moreover, cell cycle arrest occurred in G1/G0 phase. The protein levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21 and p27Kip, which inhibit cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression at G1/S phase, increased after RA treatment. Interestingly, RA promoted cell survival during the differentiation process, hence suggesting a potential mechanism for neuroblastoma resistance to RA therapy. Importantly, we found that the PI3K/AKT pathway is required for RA-induced neuroblastoma cell differentiation. Our results elucidated the molecular mechanism of RA-induced neuroblastoma cellular differentiation, which may be important for developing novel therapeutic strategy against poorly differentiated neuroblastoma.
Effects of hoechst 33342 on survival and growth of two tumor cell lines and on hematopoietically normal bone marrow cells

Our objective in this investigation was to determine whether Hoechst 33342, which is widely recognized as a DNA specific fluorochrome for living cells, is in fact nontoxic and kinetically nonperturbing at dye concentrations required to achieve acceptable DNA distributions. Three cell types were tested: HeLa S-3; SK-DHL2, a human lymphoma cell line; and hematopoietically normal human bone marrow cells. In the third system, only the cloning efficiencies were determined. Results differed considerably for the different cell types. While HeLa cells yielded excellent DNA distributions and were almost completely resistant to the cytotoxic and cytokinetic effects of the dye, SK-DHL2 cells were highly sensitive to the fluorochrome even at dye concentrations which produced very poor DNA distributions. Human bone marrow cells were intermediate in their stainability and toxicity response, and acceptable DNA distributions could be obtained at the nontoxic dye concentration of 2.5 muM. Clearly, different cell types differ considerably with respect to their cytotoxic and kinetic responses to Hoechst 33342. In some cases it may not be possible to ensure adequate staining of the cells for flow cytometry without significantly altering their viability and/or proliferative behavior.
Development and the continuum of dimensional separability.

Recent studies of adult perception may be interpreted in terms of a continuum from the integral to the separable perception of multidimensional variation. Three experiments examined the existence of such a continuum across developmental levels. These experiments are important because several developmental studies suggest that the separability of dimensions increases with age. Despite this assumed developmental trend, it was hypothesized that therelative separability of dimensions does not change with age. The results of the three experiments did not support the hypothesis. The ordering of dimensions by their relative separability changes with development. These results suggest that the relative separability and potential separability of dimensions are not fixed. In light of the results, it is hypothesized that the integrality or separability of dimensions in adult perception is primarily determined by perceptual learning and not by the inherent characteristics of combinations of stimulus dimensions.
Abstract 822: The molecular diversity of Luminal A breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a collection of diseases with distinct molecular traits, prognosis, and therapeutic options. Luminal A breast cancer is the most heterogeneous, both molecularly and clinically. Using genomic data from nearly 1000 Luminal A tumors from multiple studies, we identified at least four major subtypes defined by distinct copy-number and mutation profiles. Here we show an atypical Luminal A subtype characterized by high genomic instability, TP53 mutations, and increased Aurora kinase signaling. These genomic alterations lead to a worse clinical prognosis. Copy number heterogeneity comes in tandem with distinct mutation spectra. We find a prevalence of PIK3CA, GATA3, and AKT1 mutations in the subtypes characterized by relatively diploid genomes subtypes. Moreover, we highlight a strong association between MAP3K1 mutations and gains and losses of chromosomes 8 and 16. Finally, an unbiased pathway analysis revealed multiple rare, but mutually exclusive, alterations linked to loss of activity of co-repressor complexes N-Cor and SMRT. These rare alterations are prevalent in Luminal A tumors and may predict response to endocrine therapy. Our work shows how comprehensive genomic characterization of tumor subtypes is fundamental to inform clinical trials and to move towards personalized therapies. Figure 1: Luminal A subtypes as determined by copy-number clustering. Citation Format: Ciriello Giovanni, Charles M. Perou, Chris Sander, Nikolaus Schultz. The molecular diversity of Luminal A breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 822. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-822 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Surgical management of the hyperflexed thumb interphalangeal joint in the hand with ulnar intrinsic palsy

Abstract A great deal of attention has been paid to the need to restore balance about the metacarpophalangeal joint when clawing complicates ulnar nerve palsy. Less commonly addressed but perhaps more disabling are the consequences of ulnar palsy on function of the thumb. The hyperflexion of the thumb’s interphalangeal joint (IPJ), popularly termed Froment’s sign, leads to an unstable pinch. When surgically addressed, a common recommendation is fusion of this joint. A simple operative procedure, introduced to provide stability to the tetraplegic hand as part of key grip reconstruction can be equally well applied to the hyperflexed thumb of ulnar nerve palsy. Tenodesis of one half of the flexor pollicis longus into the extensor pollicis longus provides a check-rein against excessive IPJ flexion, promotes a more stable pinch posture, and avoids fusion of the joint.
'Prosuming' conservation? Web 2.0, nature and the intensification of value-producing labour in late capitalism

Recent insights from critical social theory suggest that consumption and production co-constitute each other; a phenomenon referred to as ‘prosumption’. It is further suggested that contemporary pr...
Efficacy of clobetasol spray: Factors beyond patient compliance

Clobetasol 0.05% spray, a topical clobetasol propionate, is a non-greasy formulation that has shown increased clinical efficacy in a head-to-head comparison with foam formulation. Moreover, available data from randomized, controlled, double-blind trials suggests that clobetasol spray is, in fact, slightly more effective than most, if not all, other preparations of clobetasol. The fact that clobetasol spray is exceptionally easy to comply with may have played a major role in this outcome; however, other factors must be considered. These include vehicle metamorphosis post-application as well as vehicle and excipient effects on stratum corneum permeability. Basic concepts in topical drug delivery and how they apply to this spray vehicle may further explain the greater efficacy of clobetasol spray.
An object-oriented electromagnetic PIC code

Abstract The object-oriented paradigm provides an opportunity for advanced PIC modeling, increased flexibility, and extensibility. Particle-in-cell codes for simulating plasmas are traditionally written in structured FORTRAN or C. This has resulted in large legacy codes which are difficult to maintain and extend with new models. In this ongoing research, we apply the object-oriented design technique to address these issues. The resulting code architecture, OOPIC (object-oriented particle-in-cell), is a two-dimensional relativistic electromagnetic PIC code. The object-oriented implementation of the algorithms is described, including an integral-form field solve, and a piecewise current deposition and particle position update. The architecture encapsulates key PIC algorithms and data into objects, simplifying extensions such as new boundary conditions and field algorithms.
Human Wild-Type Tau Interacts with wingless Pathway Components and Produces Neurofibrillary Pathology in Drosophila

Pathologic alterations in the microtubule-associated protein tau have been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we show that tau overexpression, in combination with phosphorylation by the Drosophila glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) homolog and wingless pathway component (Shaggy), exacerbated neurodegeneration induced by tau overexpression alone, leading to neurofibrillary pathology in the fly. Furthermore, manipulation of other wingless signaling molecules downstream from shaggy demonstrated that components of the Wnt signaling pathway modulate neurodegeneration induced by tau pathology in vivo but suggested that tau phosphorylation by GSK-3β differs from canonical Wnt effects on β-catenin stability and TCF activity. The genetic system we have established provides a powerful reagent for identification of novel modifiers of tau-induced neurodegeneration that may serve as future therapeutic targets.
Historical Ramblings in Algebraic Geometry and Related Algebra

(1976). Historical Ramblings in Algebraic Geometry and Related Algebra. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 83, No. 6, pp. 409-448.
Use of tanninsulfonic acid in the synthesis of water‐dispersible polyaniline

Polyaniline was synthesized in the presence of tanninsulfonic acid to yield a product tanninsulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (TANI-PANI) that is water-dispersible. Several samples ranging from 0 to 70% tanninsulfonate (TS) were prepared. These samples were then evaluated for differences in dispersibility, particle size, and conductivity. As the percent of TS in the samples was increased, the water-dispersibility of the TANI-PANI also increased. The particle size of the samples as well as the conductivity of the samples decreased with increasing percentages of TS in the samples. After extensive washings, however, the conductivity remained fairly constant (∼0.5 S/cm) regardless of the amount of TS in the samples. Additionally, elemental analysis, TGA, and IR data were used to demonstrate that the TS may be grafted to polyaniline during the synthesis of TANI-PANI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2113–2119, 2007
Fault Tolerance in Regular Network Architectures

Computer systems with large numbers of processors pose serious reliability problems. One solution is to build redundant communication paths and dynamic reconfiguration into network designs.
Abstract 5471: Notch-antibody drug conjugates have a different mechanism of action than Notch signaling inhibitors and induce tumor regression.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC There are four different Notch receptors in mammalian cells that have overlapping patterns of expression in embryonic and adult tissues, but fulfill non-redundant roles during hematopoietic stem cell specification, T cell development, intestinal crypt cell specification and vascular development. Notch receptors are over-expressed or amplified in certain human tumors and regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival through an intracellular domain that functions as a transcriptional activator. Several strategies are in development to block Notch signaling for therapeutic purposes in cancer, including gamma-secretase inhibitors that block all Notch signaling and antibody-based targeting of individual receptors. However, blocking pathway activation with inhibitory antibodies has proven to be less efficacious than originally anticipated. Therefore, we have targeted Notch with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that combine the specificity of high affinity anti-Notch antibodies with the cytotoxicity of microtubule inhibitors. These ADCs enhance efficacy and also allow targeting in tumors that overexpress Notch but are not driven by its signaling. Notch antibodies were conjugated though cleavable and non-cleavable linkers to novel tubulin inhibitor-based payloads. Notch-ADCs inhibited the in vitro growth of lung, breast and ovarian cancer cell lines in the low ng/ml range and in vivo regressed the growth of established human tumor xenografts. Our data demonstrate that Notch-ADCs are more potent than small molecule inhibitors and unconjugated antibodies, and induce sustained tumor regression in pre-clinical models. Citation Format: Kenneth G. Geles, Yijie Gao, Latha Sridharan, Andreas Giannakou, Ting-Ting Yamin, Jonathan Golas, Manoj Charati, Kiran Khandke, Judy Lucas, Andreas Maderna, Christopher J. O'Donnell, Lioudmila Tchistiakova, Hans-Peter Gerber, Puja Sapra. Notch-antibody drug conjugates have a different mechanism of action than Notch signaling inhibitors and induce tumor regression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5471. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5471
Addition of polyadenylic acid to RNA by ATP: polynucleotidylexotransferase partially purified from HeLa cells.

Abstract An enzyme that catalyzes the addition of polyadenylic acid to several RNAs was partially resolved by salt precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography from the cytoplasmic component of HeLa cells. ATP and manganese are required for the sequential addition of AMP moieties to lengthen RNA primers. The presence of endogenous primer and endonucleolytic activity associated with the enzyme are indicated.
Self-assembled monolayers: Recent developments and applications

Recent developments in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have yielded materials of diverse structure and function. Useful tools based on SAMs are now available for probing molecular recognition at interfaces, analyzing the binding of proteins and other biologically relevant molecules, and spatially tailoring the chemical properties of a solid surface. SAMs have been developed which are suited to the modification of a wide range of complex substrates. Patterned growth techniques based on SAMs have been developed which might be applied to the fabrication of microelectronic and other complex molecular-scale devices.
Diamagnetic Moment of Gaseous Plasmas measured by Spin Resonance Techniques

WE report here typical experimental results obtained in measuring the diamagnetic moment of plasmas immersed in static or quasi-static magnetic fields. Nuclear and electron spin resonance techniques were used for detection of magnetic field shifts ; the results indicate that such techniques may be of value as a diagnostic tool in high-energy plasma research.
Cryptanalysis of the Quasigroup Block Cipher

This article presents preliminary results on the cryptanalysis of a quasigroup block cipher, which was previously proposed. The quasigroup block cipher provides an attractive encryption system for resource constrained environments. Here, we identify the \odd-bit" and\identical-word"problems with the cipher and recommend configurations of the QGBC to counter these.
Potentials of the National Corn Genome Initiative

The present paper summarizes future needs in information and tools, technology, infrastructure, training, funding, and bioinformatics, to provide the genomic knowledge and tools for breeding and biotechnological goals in maize. The National Corn Genome Initiative (NCGA) has developed through actions taken by the National Corn Growers Association (NCGA) and participation in a planning process by institutions, companies, and organizations. At the web address for the NCGI, http://www.inverizon.com/ncgi, are detailed analyses of goals and costs, impact and value, and strategy and approaches. The NCGI has also produced an informative and perceptive video suitable for public groups or schools, about agricultural contributions to life and the place of maize in these contributions. High potential can be expected, from cross-application of knowledge obtained in maize and other cereals. Development of information and tools for all crops, whether monocots or dicots, will be gained through an initiative, and each crop will be positioned to advance with cost-effective parallels, especially for expressed sequences, markers, and physical mapping.
SU-E-J-44: Dual Energy Subtraction Imaging to Improve Tumor Visibility at Oblique Angles.

Purpose: To characterize the contrast improvement of simulated tumors in an anthropomorphic phantom using Dual Energy (DE) subtraction with a clinical on‐board imager (OBI) at oblique angles. Methods: An Alderson lung/chest anthropomorphic phantom with simulated tumors in the thoracic cavity was imaged using a sequential DE imaging methodology. High (120kVp) and low (60kVp) planar images were obtained in pairs every 100 in a full (3600) rotation using the OBI (Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA). Optimal mAs settings for DE component images were determined byvarying the x‐ray exposure time, while maintaining a constant tube current. DE images were created to best suppress the bone overlaying the simulated tumors.Tumorvisibility in DE images was quantified using the Contrast‐to‐Noise Ratio (CNR). The ratio of the CNR from the DE image relative to a single image (standard protocol) was evaluated as a function of gantry angle.Results: CNR was improved with DE imaging by an average ratio of 1.66 over all gantry angles. The greatest improvement occurred at gantry angles where the tumor was obstructed by the ribs alone. More modest improvements were observed where the tumor overlapped other soft tissue structures (such as the heart) or the dense spine, on a given projection. Conclusions: This study illustrates the feasibility of performing DE imaging at oblique gantry angles using a clinical on‐board imaging system. Incorporating DE imaging into clinical practice may allow for verification of tumor position at oblique gantry angles, and may facilitate the development of markerless motion tracking techniques. Supported by a grant from Varian Medical Systems.
A Prevotella ruminicola B 1 4 Operon Encoding Extracellular Polysaccharide Hydrolases

When Escherichia coli XL1-Blue MRA (P2) was infected with λ DNA containing Prevotella ruminicola B14 chromosomal DNA, only a few plaques produced β-1,4-endoglucanase activity, and all of these had mannanase activity. Positive phage contained a 17-kb SacI DNA fragment that gave six bands after EcoRI digestion. The EcoRI fragments were ligated into pBluescript and sequenced. The order of the fragments was verified by PCR and by restriction mapping. The DNA sequence contained 6 open reading frames (ORFs). The 4th and 5th ORFs encoded two related β-1,4-endoglucanases. E. coli clones carrying ORF5 and ORF6 had β-1,4-endoglucanase and mannanase activities, while a clone carrying only ORF6 hydrolyzed mannan but not carboxymethylcellulose. The 6th ORF had three regions of homology to mannanase A from Pseudomonas fluorescens. Based on these results, ORF6 encoded the mannanase gene. The 3rd ORF had 10 regions of homology with cellulose-binding protein A from Clostridium cellulovorans. The 1st and 2nd ORFs had no significant homology to genes or amino acid sequences in GeneBank or SwissProt. All of the ORFs except 1 encoded a potential signal peptide sequence. The upstream region of ORF1 contained four direct repeats and four inverted repeat elements, but no apparent σ70 sequence-like promoter was present. The segment of DNA containing the 6 ORFs was preceded and followed by potential transcription termination signals suggesting a single transcriptional unit.
Neptune: a hypertext system for CAD applications

Even though many of the essential notions of hypertext were first contained in the description of a “memex,” written by Vannevar Bush in 1945 [Bus45], there are today only a few scattered implementations of hypertext, let alone any serious use of it in a CAD environment. In what follows, we describe what hypertext is all about. We describe a prototype hypertext system, named Neptune, that we have built. We show how it is useful, especially its broad applicability to CAD.
Structural Characterization and Fine Chromosomal Mapping of the Human P2Y1 Purinergic Receptor Gene (P2RY1)

Using P2Y1 specific oligonucleotide primers in a Polymerase Chain Reaction on human genomic DNA, we have amplified a region encoding the P2Y1 receptor. Restriction analysis and Southern hybridization of the PCR product revealed that the entire open reading frame of the human P2Y1 receptor is coded by an intronless gene. We have previously localized the P2Y1 receptor gene to human chromosome 3. The gene was further localized to a region of chromosome 3 using a subchromosomal hybrid panel containing different segments of chromosome 3. Based on the specific PCR product obtained and its Southern hybridization to the human P2Y1 receptor cRNA, the P2Y1 receptor gene was mapped to human chromosome 3q25.
Improving surface finish in pulsed laser micro polishing using thermocapillary flow

Abstract Thermocapillary flows can be generated in pulsed laser micro polishing by using longer melt durations, significantly reducing surface roughness at the expense of creating residual high spatial frequency process features. However, polishing with short melt durations, with no thermocapillary flows, effectively smoothens high spatial frequency surface features. This paper presents a two-pass polishing process in which the first pass takes advantage of thermocapillary flows in significantly reducing the surface roughness, and the second pass removes the residual process features. Experimental results of polishing micro end milled Ti6Al4V surfaces are presented that indicate 72% improvement in average surface roughness.
Post‐offence characteristics of 19th‐century American parricides: An archival exploration

Using archival records from the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune, 1851–1899, the current project examines the post-offence characteristics of 19th-century American parricides. Post-offence behaviours of 100 parricide offenders were gathered. Results indicate that post-offence behaviours of parricide offenders can be thematically classified into those that reflect a continuity of violence, attempts to cover up the crime, and unusual behaviours. The implications of post-offence behaviours of parricide offenders in the context of law, mental illness, and criminological theory are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential-algebraic equations and nonstandard singularly perturbed control systems

A class of control systems is studied that are represented by equations which are not in the standard singularly perturbed form. Assumptions are introduced which guarantee that an equivalent representation can be obtained which is in the standard singularly perturbed form, thereby justifying the two time scale property. It is then possible to show that the equations for the slow dynamics can be characterized by a set of differential-algebraic equations which are easily derived from the original equations by setting the parameter to zero; the original assumptions guarantee the existence of solutions of the obtained differential-algebraic equations. In addition, the equations for the fast dynamics can be expressed in terms of matrices that define the original control system. Control design for the system being considered is studied using the composite control approach. As an example, the problem of contact force and position regulation in a robot with its end effector in contact with a stiff surface is considered. >
The prenatal diagnosis of the 48,XXYY syndrome.

A 48,XXYY fetus was diagnosed prenatally in a 34-year old female who was seen at 18-5 weeks of pregnancy for genetic counselling and amniocentesis for advanced maternal age. The pregnancy was terminated, and skin and peripheral blood samples were obtained at the time of delivery. These samples also exhibited the 48,XXYY chromosomal complement.
Developmental validation of a real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous quantification of total human and male DNA

Multiplex human short tandem repeat analysis demands reliable DNA quantification to consistently produce interpretable genotypes. The Plexor HY System is a multiplex quantitative PCR assay to quantify total human and male DNA. We performed developmental validation of the Plexor HY System to demonstrate the performance capabilities and limitations of the assay for forensic applications. Validation studies examined: (a) human specificity, (b) sensitivity, (c) quantification of degraded DNA, (d) impact of inhibitors, (e) male/female mixture and Y-assay male specificity, (f) reproducibility and concordance and (g) population studies.
Real-time active noise control of multi-tones and MRI acoustic noise in fMRI bore with signal decomposition and parallel hybrid RLS-NLMS adaptive algorithms

This paper presents a real-time implementation of a cost-effective adaptive feedback Active Noise Control (FANC) method for attenuating acoustic multi-tone noise and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) acoustic noise in a fMRI bore test-bed. Periodic property of the signal is used to decompose it into dominant periodic components and residual random components using linear prediction (LP) filtering. After decomposition, a hybrid combination of Recursive Least Squares (RLS) and Normalized Least Mean Squares (NLMS) filters is used to effectively attenuate each of the periodic and random components of noise separately. Real time implementation of proposed FANC method on fMRI test bed is discussed and Noise attenuation levels (NAL) obtained are presented which support the effectiveness of the FANC method in practice.
On electron attraction

It is assumed, on the basis of recent supercomputer simulations, that two electrons in the same molecular orbital attract, rather than repel, and the consequences are explored by means of three-dimensional, supercomputer, molecular mechanics type simulations of ground state H1 2, H2 2, H1H2, H3 2, H1H3. Using spectroscopic data, it is shown that, in every case, the resulting vibrational frequency and molecular diameter are entirely in agreement with experiment.
A piezoelectric biaxial loading device for interfacial fracture experiments

In this paper we describe the development of a new biaxial loading device for investigating mixed-mode fracture at bimaterial interfaces. The new device makes use of piezoelectric actuators and specially arranged flexures to provide independent displacements normal and tangential to the interface. Capacitive probes and special washer load cells were used for measuring the displacements and reactive loads, respectively. A closed-loop circuit was formed with a personal computer to control the applied displacements to within 10 nm. Preliminary experiments with quartz/epoxy/aluminum sandwich specimens with cracks growing between the quartz and the epoxy found that the intrinsic toughness of this interface was 30% lower than the value for a glass/epoxy interface. Crack opening interferometry measurements having a resolution of 30 nm revealed the presence of a cohesive zone whose size was about 0.5 μm.
Motivated or paralyzed? Individuals' beliefs about intelligence influence performance outcome of expecting rapid feedback

Abstract The current research examines whether and how beliefs about intelligence moderate the effects of expecting rapid feedback on exam performance. Thirty‐six undergraduates participated in a field experiment with two between-subjects independent variables: anticipated feedback proximity and beliefs about intelligence. The results show that expecting same-day feedback significantly lowered exam performance of students who were primed with an entity belief about intelligence, compared to a 3-day delay. However, students who were primed with an incremental belief about intelligence showed an enhancement trend in exam performance in anticipation of same-day feedback, relative to a 3-day delay. The findings contribute to our understanding of individual differences in performance outcome of expecting rapid feedback and have significant educational implications.
Student teachers' beliefs about developmentally appropriate practice: Pattern, stability, and the influence of locus of control

Abstract Student teacher beliefs about developmentally appropriate practice (DAP) were investigated in relation to socialization influences. Sixty student teachers (25 with elementary plus early childhood preparation, 35 with elementary only preparation) completed the Primary Teacher Questionnaire (PTQ), the Internal Locus of Control Index (ICI), and an adaptation of the PTQ rating cooperating teacher beliefs. Early childhood student teachers endorsed developmentally-based practices more than did elementary student teachers; the elementary group endorsed traditional practices more than did the early childhood group. Between-group patterns remained stable over the student teaching placement, indicating a strong preservice influence on beliefs. No within-group changes were found, indicating a continuity in beliefs across the student teaching experience. Results only partially supported the view that student teacher beliefs become similar to those of their cooperating teachers. Internal locus of control orientation had no effect on the convergence of student teacher and cooperating teacher beliefs.
Growth and characterization of GaAs1−xSbx barrier layers for advanced concept solar cells

The InAs∕GaAsSb material system is a promising medium for the implementation of a quantum dot solar cell due to a favorable valence band alignment. The quantum dot solar cell requires a highly dense, highly ordered array of quantum dots for overlap of wave functions to form a band in the band gap of the host material. Since the GaAsSb barriers are a III-V-V ternary the alloy composition is particularly sensitive to variations in temperature. We have studied the variation in Sb content for thin layers of GaAsSb in GaAs for various fluxes of Sb. The purpose was to be able to predict the required Sb flux at a particular temperature to obtain a desired Sb composition. The target Sb composition for this study was 12% with the composition obtained confirmed by x-ray diffraction. By also studying the reciprocal space maps of the 12% samples, it is inferred that the composition can be maintained for a large temperature range. The implications of these results for the growth of InAs quantum dots on GaAsSb barriers...
Nanopatterning: Surfaces feel the heat.

Thermochemical lithography is able to produce features just 28 nanometres wide on polymer surfaces.
Abstract A36: Fibronectin promotes glioma progression by modulating survivin expression and regulatory T cell infiltration

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor. Current therapies include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy which only modestly improve patient survival. Glioma progression depends upon exponential growth of the tumor cells accompanied by an increase in acute immunosuppression due to tumor infiltration by regulatory T cells (CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + , Tregs). Although several markers responsible for glioma progression have been described, none have been identified as key elements responsible for both glioma growth and immunosuppression. In this study we characterize the role of fibronectin, a high‐molecular weight extracellular matrix glycoprotein secreted by tumor cells, in controlling glioma progression and mediating immunosuppression. Fibronectin binds to membrane‐spanning receptor proteins called integrins and plays an important role in cell signaling and defining cellular shape, mobility, and regulate the cell cycle. Inhibition of fibronectin expression in glioma cells using RNA‐silencing delayed cell division in vitro . Analysis of the mechanism for this delayed cell division showed reduced phosphorylation of Src kinase and STAT‐3 (Tyr705) resulting in inhibition of survivin, an important marker for glioma progression. In an animal model of glioma, the mean survival of experimental animals increased from 30 days for wild‐type tumors to 53 days in fibronectin knockdown tumors. In vitro expression of Treg‐recruiting chemokines was reduced in fibronectin knockdown tumor cells. Moreover, brain samples of animals bearing fibronectin knockdown tumors showed delayed infiltration of Tregs. Collectively, we propose that fibronectin is a key marker for glioma progression, as it enhances both tumor progression and immunosuppression. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A36.
CALCULATED THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF LA-FILLED SKUTTERUDITES

The thermoelectric properties of La-filled skutterudites are discussed from the point of view of their electronic structures. These are calculated from first principles within the local-density approximation. The electronic structure is in turn used to determine transport related quantities. Virtual-crystal calculations for La(Fe,Co)${}_{4}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{12}$ show that the system obeys near rigid band behavior with varying Co concentration, and has a substantial band gap at a position corresponding to the composition LaFe${}_{3}{\mathrm{CoSb}}_{12}.$ The valence-band maximum occurs at the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point and is due to a singly degenerate dispersive band, which by itself would not be favorable for high thermopower. However, very flat transition-metal-derived bands occur in close proximity and become active as the doping level is increased, giving a nontrivial dependence of the properties on carrier concentration and explaining the favorable thermoelectric properties.
The role of surfactant and non-invasive mechanical ventilation in early management of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants

Surfactant replacement therapy has been used for few decades for the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and has significantly improved morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Non-invasive respiratory support has recently emerged as a strategy in the early management of RDS. In this review, we discuss the different strategies of early management of RDS. A literature search of PubMed database was conducted to review the subject. The quality of evidence of key clinical studies was graded according to a modified grading system of the international GRADE group. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) with selective surfactant is a safe alternative to routine intubation, surfactant and mechanical ventilation in preterm infants with spontaneous breathing, and such an approach has been associated with decreased risk of death and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. There is a risk of pneumothorax when using a high pressure of CPAP (≥8 cm of H2O), a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2 >75 mm of Hg), and a high fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2 >0.6) as a threshold for intubation while on CPAP. Not all preterm infants need surfactant treatment, and non-invasive respiratory support is a safe and effective approach.
First-instar western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: chrysomelidae) response to carbon dioxide

Responses of first-instar western corn rootworm to CO/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/ gas gradients were studied in a laboratory test arena. Number of larvae reaching the gas source, number of turns toward and away from the gas source, larval velocity, and number of turns per cm traveled were recorded. Larvae exhibited a positive chemotactic response to CO/sub 2/ but not N/sub 2/ or air. There was no indication that a kinesis of any type was involved because velocities and turning rates were not significantly different among treatments. Results indicate that newly hatched larve may use CO/sub 2/ to locate corn roots.
Spatial, temporal, and size-specific variation in mortality estimates of red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, from mark-recapture data in California

Abstract Estimates of size-specific mortality were made for red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, from mark-recapture data for three size classes at six sites in California. Instantaneous mortality for the smallest size class (≤100 mm) was 0.67 y−1 (0.52–0.84 y−1, mean ± S.E.) to 1.02 y−1 (0.84–1.24 y−1, mean ± S.E.) and decreased with increasing size in both northern and southern California. Mortality was spatially variable for legal size abalone (>178 mm), 0.05 y−1 (0.0–0.14 y−1, mean ± S.E.) to 1.35 y−1 (1.17–1.56 y−1, mean ± S.E.) in northern California and varied temporally in southern California, 0.27 y−1 (0.15–0.42 y−1, mean ± S.E.) to 0.89 y−1 (0.73–1.08 y−1, mean ± S.E.). Estimates of fishing mortality were 0.97 y−1 (±0.21S.E.) and 1.29 y−1 (±0.17S.E.) at two sites in northern California. Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of mortality estimates is critical for fishery management and conservation.
Prenatal screening for structural congenital heart disease

Congenital heart defects can be diagnosed during fetal life using echocardiography. Prenatal diagnosis allows full investigation of affected fetuses for coexisting abnormalities, and gives time for parents to be informed about the prognosis of the fetus and treatments that might be required. In a minority of cases, where the natural history suggests an unfavourable outcome, prenatal diagnosis provides an opportunity for fetal cardiac intervention. For some cardiac lesions, notably hypoplastic left heart syndrome, transposition of the great arteries, and coarctation of the aorta, prenatal diagnosis has been shown to reduce postnatal morbidity and mortality. Some costs of care, notably the transport of critically ill infants, are reduced by prenatal diagnosis. Prenatal screening programmes typically recommend detailed assessment of fetuses judged to be at high risk of congenital heart disease. However, most cases of congenital heart disease arise in the low-risk population, and detection of affected fetuses in this setting depends on recognizing abnormalities of the heart during the midtrimester scan. Evidence supports the use of structured training interventions and feedback to those undertaking sonographic examinations, to improve the prenatal detection of congenital heart disease.
Must an Educated Being Be a Human Being

This paper argues that an educated being logically does not have to be a human. Philosophers analyzing the concept of education have reached a consensual notion of the matter; but in applying that idea, they have barely discussed whether or not human beings are the only entities that may be educated. Using their notion as the core of a heuristic conception of education, this paper attempts to show that in some contexts it might make sense to predicate education of certain non-human entities. In addition, the paper examines the place of beliefs, reflective intelligence, practical thinking, and feelings in education. It concludes by discussing its implications for educational theory and practice and for the connections between the educated being and personhood and the right to education.
Russian Investment in the Commonwealth of Independent States

The paper by three RAND Corporation specialists analyzes the extent, rationale, and role of Russian investment in other member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Based on a unique, comprehensive survey, it evaluates differences between Russian and Western investors—in particular, the effects of Russian business practices in promoting or retarding reforms directed at expanding market activities, improving governance, and reducing corruption. The authors also assess the extent of Russian government involvement in investment decisions and explore whether that government has an operational agenda for encouraging investment in other countries of the CIS. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F21, F23, O18. 4 figures, 4 tables, 37 references, 2 appendices.
Physical Layer Attacks on Unlinkability in Wireless LANs

Recent work has focused on hiding explicit network identifiers such as hardware addresses from the link layer to enable anonymous communications in wireless LANs. These protocols encrypt entire wireless packets, thereby providing unlinkability. However, we find that these protocols neglect to hide identifying information that is preserved within the wireless physical layer. We propose a technique using commodity wireless hardware whereby packets can be linked to their respective transmitters using signal strength information, thus degrading users' anonymity. We discuss possible countermeasures, but ultimately we argue that controlling information leakage at the physical layer is inherently difficult.
Benefits of multicasting in all-optical networks

All-optical WDM networks are fast becoming the natural choice for future backbone. In this paper, we establish the efficiency of multicasting over unicasting in all-optical WDM networks, assess the usefulness of wavelength conversion for multicasting, and explore the issues related to the splitting (or copying) capability of the nodes. The comparison between multicasting and unicasting is based on the number of wavelengths as well as the amount of bandwidth required for a given set of multicasting sessions. For each multicasting session, a source-specific multicasting forest (or trees) is constructed first, taking into account the sparse splitting capability of the nodes in the network. Then, each multicasting tree is partitioned into segments according to the sparse wavelength conversion capability of the nodes on the tree such that each segment needs to be assigned the same wavelength. Simulation results obtained for a practical network such as NSFNET and randomly generated networks show that multicasting can reduce both the bandwidth consumed and the number of wavelengths required by as much as 50% or more when the size (i.e. the number of destinations) of each multicasting session is reasonably large. Such a reduction due to multicasting is not affected much by the wavelength conversion capability, the number of multicasting sessions and the size of the networks whose topology is more or less random. The results have also shown that sparse splitting can be nearly as effective as full splitting for multicasting.
Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of theC4Δ–X4Φ System of ZrCl

Abstract The high-resolution spectrum of ZrCl has been investigated in emission in the region 3000–10 000 cm−1using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The bands were excited in a microwave discharge through a flowing mixture of ZrCl4and helium. New ZrCl bands observed in the interval 3600–4400 cm−1have been assigned to a newC4Δ–X4Φ electronic transition. Four bands withRheads at 4305.7, 4208.0, 4064.7, and 3897.4 cm−1have been assigned as the 0–0 bands of the4Δ1/2–4Φ3/2,4Δ3/2–4Φ5/2,4Δ5/2–4Φ7/2, and4Δ7/2–4Φ9/2subbands. A rotational analysis of the 0–0, 1–1, and 2–2 vibrational bands of the four subbands has been obtained and molecular constants have been extracted. Although there is no proof that the lower4Φ state is the ground state of ZrCl, we have labeled this transition asC4Δ–X4Φ, consistent with the corresponding near-infrared transition of TiCl (R. S. Ram and P. F. Bernath,J. Mol. Spectrosc.,in press).
Nucleotide sequence and genetic organization of the ferric enterobactin transport system: homology to other periplasmic binding protein-dependent systems in Escherichia coli.

Summary The nucleotide sequence of the Escherichia coli fep genomic region has been determined. Three new loci were identified. One of these, P43, encodes a membrane protein that is not essential for ferric enterobactin transport. Two others, fepD and fepG, were found to be essential for transport and their translational products showed extensive homology to other integral membrane proteins involved in TonB-dependent transport processes. The FepC amino acid sequence suggested a peripheral membrane location and revealed conserved ATP-binding domains. Together these data indicate that ferric enterobactin is transported through a typical periplasmic binding protein-dependent system, in addition, the transcriptional organization of these genes was examined and primer extension analysis identified a single iron-regulated bidirectional promoter between the P43 gene and the fepDGC operon.
A Vygotskian Perspective on Literacy Development

L.S. Vygotsky's theory of the sociocultural approach to development is examined in relation to a school-aged child's learning to write in an inner city after-school computer program. Case study material on an 8-year-old African American girl and the variety of people she interacted with in writing is presented in order to trace how the arrangements of relationships in the activity setting made possible the development of new forms of skill and expertise for her and the adults facilitating her efforts. The case study documents Vygotsky's concept of 'transformation' (1978) as a function of the dynamics in the significant relationships supporting her over time.
HISTOCHEMICAL MAPPING OF LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE AND MONOAMINE OXIDASE IN THEMEDULLA OBLONGATA AND CEREBELLUM OF SQUIRREL MONKEY (SAIMIRI SCIUREUS)

— —The gross distribution of LDH and MAO was studied in a caudo-cranial series of 50 μ thick sections through the medulla oblongata and cerebellum. In general, LDH exhibited a stronger reaction in the neuropil and in the perikarya, whereas MAO showed moderate activity in the neurons and mild to moderate activity in the neuropil. The axonal processes and nerve fibres showed comparatively stronger MAO activity. The nuclei gracilis, cuneatus medialis and lateralis, cranial nerve nuclei, olivaris inferior, vestibularis and cochlearis nuclei showed particularly strong LDH and equally weak MAO activities. The lateral part of the formato reticularis myelencephali showed much more MAO than did the medial part, whereas the LDH reaction was uniformly strong. The reticularis lateralis showed uniformly strong LDH and very mild MAO activities. In the cerebellar cortex, the MAO activity was concentrated in the molecular layer and nerve fibre layer, whereas LDH activity was particularly strong in the Purkinje cells and their processes in the molecular layer. The cerebellar nuclei showed strong LDH and weak MAO in the neutrons and stronger MAO and moderate LDH in the neuropil.
Heritability Estimates of Transformations of Normally Distributed Records

Abstract Milk yields were simulated for identical twin and parent-progeny parts to determine effect of transformations on genetic variance. Use of identical twin pairs excludes variability due to Mendelian sampling and contribution by the other parent present in parent-progeny records. Phenotypic variances of 616,800; 1,439,200, and 2,261,600 and means from 2267 to 13,603 by increments of 2267 were used for linear scale records. Phenotypic variances of .01000, .01875, and .02750 and means equal to the natural logarithm of the means for linear scale were used for log scale records. Heritability varied from .05 to .95 by increments of .10. For each combination of parameters, 10 replicates of 10,000 pairs of relatives were created. Data normally distributed on a linear scale were log transformed. Log normally distributed data were exponentially transformed. Heritability estimates from correlations among relatives indicated heritability is larger for normally distributed data than for transformed data. For parent-progeny pairs, the difference increased as heritability increased, and for identical twin pairs, the differences were least at extremely large and small heritabilities. For both types of relative pairs, the difference increased as phenotypic variance increased Absolute differences in heritability ranged from .0000 to .0089, a difference of little practical importance.