cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural changes in a cobalt-based alloy after high fluence ion implantation

Abstract Structural changes in a cobalt-based alloy (Co-31Cr-12.5W-2.2C where the composition is in approximate weight per cent; Stoody 3) as a result of high fluence nitrogen or titanium ion implantations were investigated via transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction examinations of unimplanted and implanted foils. The alloy microstructure was found to consist of several morphologies of single-crystal carbides (CrCoW solutions) in a cobalt-rich f.c.c. matrix phase of high planar defect density. Titanium implantation (5 × 10 17 Ti + cm −2 at 190 keV) produced a surface layer with an amorphous matrix phase and recrystallized carbides, while nitrogen implantation (4 × 10 17 N + cm −2 at 50 keV) greatly increased the planar fault density in the matrix phase. Previously reported effects of titanium and nitrogen implantations on the tribological behavior of the alloy are discussed in terms of the results of these investigations.
Zinc analysis in biological specimens by x-ray fluorescence

An x-ray fluorescence analysis technique is described which allows for the direct determination of the weight fraction of zinc in biological specimens from the male reproductive tract of several mammalian species. It can also be used for absolute determinations of zinc content in small biological specimens with a limit of detectability of about 4 × 10−9 gm in a 5-min integration period. The same instrumentation, with modifications, can be applied to the determination of a number of elements above atomic number 11 found in biological material.
Plant calorimetry: A window to plant physiology and ecology

Abstract The use of calorespirometry in developing models for biological growth is discussed. The relationships between respiratory heat, CO2, and O2 rates and physiological parameters such as substrate carbon conversion efficiency, and substrate and biomass carbon oxidation states are presented and discussed. A biochemical model relating ratios of the respiratory rates to the physiological parameters and biochemical pathways in plants is presented. Examples of applications of these models and equations to plant physiology and ecology are given.
Evaluation and outcome of patients with syncope.

We studied 433 patients with syncope to derive insights into the diagnostic evaluation and outcome of patients with this common problem. This study shows that the etiology of syncope was not found in approximately 41% of patients. When a cause of syncope was determined, it was most frequently established on the basis of initial history, physical examination and an electrocardiogram (EKG). Furthermore, many of the other entities (e.g., aortic stenosis, subclavian steal) were suggested by findings on the history and physical examinations that required directed diagnostic testing. Initial EKG was abnormal in 50% of patients but led to a cause of syncope infrequently (less than 7%). Prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring, which has assumed a central role in the evaluation of syncope, led to a specific cause in only 22% of patients. Other tests were less often helpful in assigning a cause of syncope. At 5 years, the mortality of 50.5% in patients with a cardiac cause of syncope was significantly higher than the 30% mortality in patients with a noncardiac cause or 24.1% in patients with an unknown cause. At 5 years, a mortality of 50.5% in patients with a cardiac cause of syncope was noted. There were 54 actual deaths in this group as compared to 10.7 expected deaths based on 1980-86 mortality data from Allegheny County, PA (standardized mortality ratio = 5.02). At 5 years, a 33.1% incidence of sudden death was noted in patients with cardiac cause of syncope, as compared with 4.9% in patients with a noncardiac cause and 8.5% in patients with an unknown cause. Mortality and sudden death remained significant for the first 3 years after which the survival curves were parallel. A cardiac cause of syncope was an independent predictor of sudden death and mortality. Recurrences were common but were not associated with an increased risk of mortality or sudden death. Major vascular events were also more frequent in patients with cardiac causes of syncope. The results of this study will be helpful in designing future studies to evaluate the usefulness of newer diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, short- and long-term outcome data will be useful in planning intervention strategies in these patients.
Elektrochemisches Verhalten von N-Aryl-Δ2-pyrazolinen. VI. Kinetische Untersuchungen an der rotierenden Scheibenelektrode zum Mechanismus der anodischen Dimerisierung von 1,3,5-Triaryl-Δ2-pyrazolinen

Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten k2 der anodischen Dimerisierung einer Reihe von 1-Phenyl-3,5-diaryl-Δ2-pyrazolinen 1 zu 4,4′-Bis-[3,5-diaryl-Δ2-pyrazolinyl-(1)]-biphenylen 3 wurden mit Hilfe von Grenzstrommessungen an der rotierenden Scheibenelektrode in Acetonitril bestimmt und liegen in Abhangigkeit von der Gruppierung an der 3-Arylgruppe zwischen 4,1 · 103 und 1,0 · 106 1 mol−1 s−1. Eine fur den Zusammenhang zwischen lg k2 und dem Halbstufenpotential der ersten anodischen Stufe von 1 gefundene lineare Freie-Enthalpie-Beziehung zeigt, das die Reaktivitat der Radikalionen 2 des Monomeren in der Dimerisierungsreaktion um so groser ist, je mehr ihre oxydative Bildung unter dem Einflus von Substituenten erschwert wird. Hingegen wird k2 durch Zusatz von Basen nicht verandert, wie aus Versuchen am Triphenylamin in Pyridin-haltiger Losung hervorgeht, so das eine Erklarung des polaren Substituenteneffektes durch geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Deprotonierung von Zwischenstufen der Kupplungsreaktion auszuschliesen ist. Das elektrochemische Verhalten meta-substituierter N-Phenyl-Δ2-pyrazoline wurde untersucht und der Einflus polarer und sterischer Effekte auf die moglichen Reaktionsmechanismen diskutiert.
A Feasible Bayesian Estimator of Quantiles for Projectile Accuracy From Non-iid Data

Abstract An important measure of accuracy for problems of directing projectiles at targets is the circular error probable (CEP), a bivariate version of a 50% quantile point. This article presents a Bayesian procedure for estimating CEP when the projectile impact measurements are not iid, which is the case of usual practical interest. Our interest in a Bayesian procedure is motivated by a desire to combine accuracy information from several different sources. Except for the simplest problem settings, however, it is not possible to compute the standard Bayesian conditional mean estimate due to the associated computationally infeasible high-dimensional integrals. Thus we present an estimator that is closely related to the conditional mean (based on asymptotic theory and empirical experience) but is computationally feasible in all settings of practical interest. We demonstrate the procedure on a problem in missile accuracy analysis. The article also includes some comments on the potential application of severa...
Neurovirulent simian immunodeficiency virus induces calbindin-D-28K in astrocytes.

Astrocyte activation has been postulated to be a major contributor to functional changes in the brain of AIDS patients. We assessed astrocyte activation in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model. Four groups of macaque brains were examined: uninoculated controls, animals inoculated with virus that did not cause disease, animals inoculated with virus that caused AIDS but did not cause encephalitis, and animals with SIV encephalitis. We examined expression of calbindin-D-28K, a calcium binding protein that is upregulated in astrocytes during excitotoxic events, as well as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The presence of calbindin in astrocytes was confirmed by double-labeling using confocal microscopy. Increases in calbindin staining were most apparent in the white matter, but increases in GFAP staining were most apparent in middle layers of the cerebral cortex. Six of the seven animals with SIV encephalitis had calbindin immunoreactive astrocytes in the subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, pontine white matter, and cerebellar white matter. Very rarely, a few, very lightly calbinding-immunoreactive astrocytes were present in the uninoculated control brains. The increase in calbindin expression by astrocytes in SIV encephalitis suggests that these cells are subject to calcium toxicity. In uninoculated control macaques, and in macaques inoculated with virus that did not cause disease, GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes were present throughout the subcortical white matter and in layer I, but very few were found in layers III–V of the cerebral cortex. Two animals that died of AIDS without encephalitis had somewhat higher numbers of GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes in middle cortical layers. In seven animals that received passaged neurovirulent virus and developed both AIDS and encephalitis, the number of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in middle cortical layers was high, indicating widespread astrocyte activation.
The Effect of Repetition of Relevant and Irrelevant Tasks over Day and Night Work Periods

Abstract The effects of repetition on the Wilkinson Vigilance Task and an unobtrusive performance measure (crossword completion) were examined in 18 subjects over two 8 h work periods. Vigilance trials alternated with breaks in 25min segments across a work period from 0900 to 1700 h and a period from 2400 to 0800 h. Performance decrements were seen in hit rate and on the irrelevant task measure across the night session, and in hit rate across the day session. Decrements were greater at night than during the day on both measures. The number of attempts on the vigilance task decreased across trials similarly in both testing sessions. It was concluded that specific task repetition results in performance decrements, even when circadian incremental effects would be predicted, and that the placement of such task repetition at night magnifies those decrements and extends them to intrinscially as well as extrinsically motivated tasks.
Third Generation Familons, B Factories, and Neutrino Cosmology

We study the physics of spontaneously broken family symmetries acting on the third generation. Massless familons (or Majorons) $f$ associated with such broken symmetries are motivated especially by cosmological scenarios with decaying tau neutrinos. We first note that, in marked contrast to the case for the first two generations, constraints on third generation familon couplings are poor, and are, in fact, non-existent at present in the hadronic sector. We derive new bounds from ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{B}^{0}$ mixing, ${B}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{l}^{+}{l}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{-}},$ $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{b}s\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}},$ and astrophysics. The resulting constraints on familon decay constants are still much weaker than those for the first and second generation. We then discuss the promising prospects for significant improvements from searches for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\tau}}lf,$ $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{B}(\ensuremath{\pi},K)f,$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{b}(d,s)f$ with the current CLEO, ARGUS, and CERN LEP data. Finally, we note that future constraints from CLEO III and the $B$ factories will probe decay constants beyond ${10}^{8}\mathrm{GeV},$ well within regions of parameter space favored by proposed scenarios in neutrino cosmology.
On the Propagation of Bulges and Buckles

On decrit deux exemples de propagation de modes d'instabilite dans des conditions quasi-statiques et quasi-stationnaires: 1) gonflement d'un ballon a partie cylindrique dans lequel un renflement se propage dans le sens de la longueur; 2) affaissement d'un tube sous effet d'une pression externe par suite du flambage. Dans chacun de ces exemples il existe une barriere importante a l'initiation du mode d'instabilite. Existence d'une pression critique
Towards an epistemological understanding of healthcare informatics: Academic backgrounds of the faculty

Healthcare informatics is a relatively new field to academia and is multi-disciplinary by nature. Although the field of health informatics encompasses several disciplines and subject areas that are familiar and long standing, the field itself is still in a formative state that allows many disciplines to contribute to the field through teaching and curriculum development in a way that may not be possible in more established educational programs. The purpose of this pilot study was to start to define the cross-disciplinary nature of a Healthcare Informatics faculty. Researchers in the field agree that the discipline includes a full spectrum of courses, but the diversity of faculty backgrounds remains vague. In this pilot study, one trend was apparent in the academic backgrounds of the Healthcare Informatics faculty; Computer Science was the most common academic background of the faculty (10 PhD’s, 8 Graduate and 6 Undergraduate Degrees). Interestingly, four faculty members earned a PhD in Health Informatics and no faculty member had earned a graduate/undergraduate degree in Healthcare informatics. The faculty members of the ten universities investigated in this pilot study indicated 45 unique Doctoral disciplines. By any measure, that would be considered inter-disciplinary.
Membrane alterations in cerebral cortex when using PIPES buffer.

When used for vascular perfusion of brain, 0.1m PIPES-buffered 3% glutaraldehyde resulted in the formation of expanded, vesicle-filled cell processes limited by multiple membrane layers. These structures, termed multivesicular myelin figures and interpreted as artefacts, were most common in layer 2 of the cerebral cortex. When cacodylate or phosphate buffer was used instead of PIPES buffer in the primary fixative, such structures were not seen. The use of a more concentrated initial aldehyde fixative, PIPES-buffered, markedly reduced the size and numbers of these artefacts when compared to PIPES-buffered 3% glutaraldehyde only. Slowing the initial perfusion rate increased the size and frequency of occurrence of multivesicular myelin figures with PIPES buffer when compared to optimum perfusions. Prolonged initial exposure to PIPES buffer by using it to wash out the blood and then perfusing with fixative 5 min later did not increase the number or size of multivesicular myelin figures but did reduce the multivesicular nature of the artefacts. We suggest that the non-toxic nature of PIPES buffer allowed the formation of these membranous artefacts, while phosphate and cacodylate interfered with the cellular activity during the process of fixation.
Long-term trends of precipitation and runoff in Louisiana, USA

Changing precipitation patterns and their impact on surface water resources is an important climatic problem facing society today, especially as it relates to potential global change. Therefore, this paper analyses temporal variability and trends in the empirical precipitation record and modelled runoff in Louisiana, USA, during the past century. Long-term trends in precipitation were identified and impacts on surface water resources were found. If general circulation model predictions for increasing precipitation in the south-eastern US prove to be correct, surface water will likely increase at a disproportionately higher rate which should be of concern to water resource planners in the region.
Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Surface Patterning for Improved Digital Image Correlation in a Scanning Electron Microscope

A self-assembled gold nanoparticle surface patterning technique is presented that enables nanometer spatial resolution for digital image correlation (DIC) experiments in a scanning electron microscope. This technique, originally developed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates, results in the assembly of individual 15–136 nm diameter gold nanoparticles over the surface of the test sample. The resulting dense, randomly isotropic, and high contrast pattern enables DIC down to an unprecedented image resolution of approximately 4 nm/pixel. The technique is inexpensive, fast, results in even coverage over the entire surface of the test sample, and can be applied to metallic and non-metallic substrates as well as curved or delicate specimens. In addition, the pattern is appropriate for multi-scale experimental investigations through the utilization of nanoparticle aggregates that collect on the surface in combination with the pattern formed by individual nanoparticles.
RENORMALIZATION OF THE SINE-GORDON MODEL AND NONCONSERVATION OF THE KINK CURRENT

We renormalize the (1+1)-dimensional sine-Gordon model by placing it on a Euclidean lattice, and study the renormalization group flow. We start with a compactified theory with controllable vortex activity. In the continuum limit the theory has a phase in which the kink current is anomalous, with divergence given by the vortex density. The phase structure is quite complicated. Roughly speaking, the system is normal for small coupling T. At the Kosterlitz-Thouless point T=π/2, the current can become anomalous. At the Coleman point T=8π, either the current becomes anomalous or the theory becomes trivial.
Compaction of Aggregated Alumina Powder

The behavior of aggregated powders during compaction was studied using powders differing only in their aggregate size distribution. The relations between aggregate size distribution, compaction pressure, and green density were determined. The crushing of aggregates during compaction was followed by determining the changes in the aggregate size distribution. The presence of aggregates retards the compaction at all stages in the compaction process.
Microeconomics of College Choice, Careers, and Wages:

Understanding the economic payoff to human capital investments is very important from the standpoint both of individuals and of society. However, this article argues that correctly estimating these impacts necessitates having a well-developed idea of the microeconomic determinants of human behavior. Without this, empirical analyses of such topics as career choice, college choice, or wage determination will be flawed. The authors begin the article with a discussion of why these choice models are important—using examples of similar attempts that do not capture sufficient information—and illustrate their usefulness in a variety of contexts. They also describe the results of their attempts to examine college choice using microeconomic models.
Autism and autism spectrum disorders: diagnostic issues for the coming decade

A decade and a half have elapsed since DSM-IV and ICD-10 appeared. During this time the convergent definitions of autism and related disorders in these two diagnostic systems have stimulated tremendous research. In this brief review we summarize areas of progress and continuing controversy, including approaches to diagnosis in more cognitively able individuals on the autism spectrum, diagnosis in very young infants, the issue of subtypes, and the potential contribution of genetic research. The use of dimensional assessments has some advantages as do the insights from prospective studies. At this point it will be important to study not only causative factors but developmental processes disrupted in these disorders.
Stratification of learning and problem solving materials

A significant number of freshman students entering Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria (UTFSM), Valparaiso, Chile, lack the abilities and personal characteristics needed to meet the requirements of the first year engineering courses. In this work we apply the idea of stratification to contents or subject matter, guidelines and problem solving processes. In fact, we order and present the corresponding material taking into account the growing complexity and level of difficulty providing the student the opportunity and support to develop systematically the experience and ability to learn and apply mathematics.
An approach to the design of distributed Bayesian detection structures

A computationally efficient approach to the design of decentralized Bayesian detection systems is presented. This procedure is based on an alternate representation of the minimum average cost in terms of a modified form of the Kolmogorov variational distance. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by applying it to the design and performance evaluation of three decentralized detection structures. In all these structures, the design of the optimum systems reduces to the optimization of a single function of a certain number of variables. Numerical examples are presented for illustration. >
Editors’ Pick: Normal aging versus Alzheimer’s disease – expression patterns may discern the differences

“The Times They Are a-Changin’” one of Bob Dylan’s albums of the 1960’s, reflected the social change of the time. These same words reflect science today as it has and continues to change, providing advances that once would have been thought to be impossible or would require monumental efforts as applied to the human genome project. These tools will have a tremendous impact on society and individuals with a promise of improving the quality of life. An example of the possibilities that the wave of molecular biology advances affords is the recent publication by Podtelezhnikov et al. [1]. They show convincingly the value of the technology of expression arrays for studying pathways of complex diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), that may affect many of us, either directly or indirectly, through a family member or friend. Podtelezhnikov et al. [1] investigated global structure of age- and disease-dependent gene expression patterns in three brain regions from 600 individuals. The brains were obtained post mortem from individuals who died from AD, Huntington’s disease or from normal aging. They defined four metagene complexes and their variance with AD. Each metagene was a large group of genes that varied as a function of age and disease status. The first group of genes (BioAge) was related to biological age and, as expected, presented key gene expression patterns that explained the largest component of variance among the cohorts. The other three metagene groups - Alz (Alzheimer), Inflame (inflammation), and NdStress (neurodegenerative stress) - contribute less than BioAge but all together allow for detection of novel molecular biomarkers for prediction and prognosis of AD progression. The authors suggest, and rightly so, that “AD can be viewed as an aberrant aging of the brain, which retains the gene expression hallmarks of normal aging combined with additional patterns associated with pathological drivers of the disease and response of the brain tissue to disease-related processes.” Their data suggest an AD progression model of injury obviously associated with age, the primary factor, with chronic neuroinflammation, and with brain cells transitioning to a new state. While the study lacks samples from brains at early stages of AD, the data still may provide therapeutic strategies for AD lipid metabolism and inflammation. Perhaps, if such strategies could be administered at the earliest stages of AD or in individuals at high risk, the effects of AD could be delayed or, better yet, eliminated. Yes, the times of science have changed and all for the better. We live longer today than in any time in human history and the price is that a good portion of us, almost half of us over 85, will be affected by AD. With advances in sciences, as shown in the example above, the ravaging effects of AD and many other diseases may in our lifetimes no longer be the feared afflictions that they are today.
Spatial information in multiresolution histograms

Intensity histograms have been used extensively for recognition and for retrieval of images and video from visual databases. Intensity histograms of images at different individual resolutions have also been used for indexing. They suffer, however, from the inability to encode spatial image information. Spatial information can be incorporated into histograms simply by taking histograms of an image at multiple resolutions together to form a multiresolution histogram. Multiresolution histograms can also be computed, stored, and matched efficiently. The authors analyze and quantify the relation and sensitivity of the multiresolution histogram to spatial image information as well as to properties of shapes and textures in an image. They verify the analytical results experimentally and demonstrate the ability of multiresolution histograms to discriminate between images, as well as their robustness to noise.
A new method of parameter estimation in linear systems

A time domain method is given for estimating the matrix of related parameters in linear systems with constant coefficients and real eigenvalues. The method consists of a one-dimensional search for the local minima of a scalar function μ(λ), which provide the eigenvalues of the system matrix and the matrix itself when observable. Applications are given to the determination of a transfer function and the estimation of the rate matrix of a monomolecular reaction system. Questions of accuracy, number, and type of measurements required are discussed.
In vivo transfection of lamprey brain neurons by gene gun delivery of DNA.

Abstract The lamprey has been used extensively in studies of CNS axon regeneration. Progress in determining molecular mechanisms involved in regeneration will require the ability to manipulate expression of target genes or to introduce new genes, but in vivo neuronal transfection has posed difficulties in the mature intact nervous system of vertebrates, including the lamprey. In this paper we report successful transfection of neurons in the brain of living lampreys by means of a hand-held Helios Gene Gun. Particle-mediated (“gene gun”) gene transfer has been applied to a variety of cell and tissue types but although it has been used in brain slices and dissociated cultured neurons, to our knowledge it has not been reported as a method for transfection of brain cells in a living animal. Gold particles coated with plasmids containing the gene for the reporter β-galactosidase were propelled by helium at 150–200 psi toward the exposed floor of the 4th ventricle. Transfected animals were examined by X-gal histochemistry at various recovery times. β-glactosidase activity was detected as early as 2 days after gene transfer and lasted for at least 6 weeks, the longest time studied. Transgene expression lasted longer in neurons than in glia. The expression product was transported anterogradely into reticulospinal axons and by 6 weeks could be traced into the spinal cord for 8–10 mm caudal to the obex. This raises the possibility of identifying the growth cones of developing or regenerating axons belonging to transfected neurons in functional studies of manipulated genes.
Aristophanes, Lysistrate 264

Aristophanes, Lysistrate 256–65 ∼ 271–80 runs as follows. I print the muchdiscussed and frequently emended2 lines 260–65 ∼ 275–80 as they appear in the manuscripts (the strophe survives only in R) and testimonia, and shall argue that they are sound with the exception of 264, for which I suggest an emendation.
The Navi Activity Monitor : Toward Using Kinematic Data to Humanize Computer Music

Motivated by previous work aimed at developing mathematical models to describe expressive timing in music, and specifically the final ritardandi, using measured kinematic data, we further investigate the linkage of locomotion and timing in music. The natural running behavior of four subjects is measured with a wearable sensor prototype and analyzed to create normalized tempo curves. The resulting curves are then used to modulate the final ritard of MIDI scores, which are also performed by an expert musician. A Turing-inspired listening test is conducted to observe a human listener’s ability to determine the nature of the performer.
Influence of filament winding parameters on composite vessel quality and strength

Abstract An experimental design investigation of manufacturing and design variables that affect composite vessel quality, strength, and stiffness was conducted. Eight 20-in. cylinders (with one additional cylinder as a replicate) were manufactured and tested for hoop strength, hoop stiffness, fiber and void volume fraction distribution through thickness, residual stress, and interlaminar shear strength. Material and processing variables were divided into five categories: (a) resin, (b) fiber, (c) fabrication process, (d) design, and (e) equipment. Five variables were selected (from a list of 12) for study using a 1 4 fractional factorial design of experiment setup. The five variables were: (a) winding tension, (b) stacking sequence, (c) winding-tension gradient, (d) winding time, and (e) cut-versus-uncut helicals. Statistical analysis of the data shows that the composite vessel strength was affected by the manufacturing and design variables. In general, it was found that composite strength was significantly affected by the laminate stacking sequence, winding tension, winding-tension gradient, winding time, and the interaction between winding-tension gradient and winding time. The mechanism that increased composite strength was related to the strong correlation between fiber volume in the composite and vessel strength. Cylinders with high fiber volume in the hoop layers tended to deliver high fiber strength.
Stationary relativistic bunch in space-charge-dominated regime

The self-consistent treatment of a space-charge-dominated beam is generalized for the case of a relativistic bunch. Analytical derivations are performed in the limit of a high brightness beam. The shape of the stationary bunch profile as well as expression for the space charge limited beam current are derived. The applicability of a wellknown ellipsoidal model for the bunched beam in an RF field is discussed.
2.2.5 Analysis of the Rational Unified Process

Recently, Rational wrote a white paper that introduces a derivative of the Rational Unified Process (RUP) that addresses the problem of system specification, analysis, design, and development. This paper describes an analysis of suitability of the extended RUP for use in the engineering of systems. A comparative analysis is performed between RUP and two systems engineering standards—ANSI/EIA 632 and the C4ISR Architecture Framework.
Novel application of quantum well intermixing implant buffer layer to enable high-density photonic integrated circuits in InP

We demonstrate a novel technique for free-carrier absorption reduction using an InP buffer layer with quantum well intermixing. Application of this technique enabled fabrication of monolithic tunable optical routers with more than 200 functions.
The Study of International Relations: New Approaches to a Familiar Subject

Three recent texts on international relations, chosen out of the welter of new books and revisions that have appeared in the last few years, are the subject of this review. They have been picked because in some ways each is an excellent and important work. They are also books which in their strengths and weaknesses complement each other. Each author or set of authors has a distinct emphasis in outlook and in method, but at the same time the books exhibit a core of agreement about certain fundamental aspects of world politics today that indicates a growing consensus among contemporary analysts and scholars. A comparative review of this type can thus be used not only to evaluate the suitability of these books as texts and their contributions to international relations theory, but also to assess this consensus and to indicate its main outlines.
Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) of the uterine cervix associated with intraabdominal "PEComatosis": A clinicopathological study with comparative genomic hybridization analysis.

Background The World Health Organization recently recognized a family of neoplasms showing at least partial morphological or immunohistochemical evidence of a putative perivascular epithelioid cell (PEC) differentiation. These tumors include angiomyolipoma (AML), clear cell "sugar" tumors of the lung (CCST), lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), clear cell myomelanocytic tumors of the falciform ligament and distinctive clear cell tumors at various other anatomic sites.
Rationality and Dialectical Necessity

As the name of this chapter implies, I apply my previous characterizations of rationality, rationalism, and naturalism to the prominent dialectical ethical theories of Hare, Gewirth, and Habermas. All three theories share important commonalities with regards to pragmatic consistency and practical justification. These commonalities constitute a major strength in their theories and thus actually offer a powerful collective dialectical model, but their accounts fail to address and incorporate many important features of rationality as I have characterized it and, as such, fail to recognize the meta-theoretical basis for aretaic and teleological conceptions of action, behavior, and general states of affairs. Not only does the dialectical approach inherently de-emphasize the theoretical consequences of experiential rationality and thereby fail to have application to what might be considered general questions of value (such as the questions cited at the beginning of this book, as well as even such questions as “What is good?” and “What is better?”), but its dialectical conception of logical judgment is also limited by its depiction of ethical judgment as purely dialectical. I show, therefore, that there are major semantic and conceptual gaps in this theoretical framework with regards to definitions of “good,” “better,” “ought,” and “must” and that, without accompanying analyses and characterizations of these concepts, certain major components of their theories are exposed as vapid and lacking in directional content. It can be shown, I argue, that, because such theoretical frameworks overlook such analyses, they miss a vital foundational component of their own theories, a component that is inherently aretaic in nature.
Effect of hemorrhage on regional morphometric indexes of cerebral capillarity.

This study was performed to determine whether the brain can increase the number of perfused capillaries and arterioles supplying it regionally during hemorrhage. This was done using a technique to simultaneously determine total and perfused regional arteriolar and capillary morphology. Conscious Long-Evans rats served as unbled controls or were bled 65 mmHg or to 40–45 mmHg and stabilized for 30 min. Regional cerebral blood flow was determined using [14C]iodoantipyrine in half of these animals and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran was injected in the other half for determination of perfused cerebral microvascular morphometric indexes. The total microvasculature was labeled postmortem via an alkaline phosphatase stain. Regional cerebral blood flow was significantly increased in animals bled to 65 mmHg. During hemorrhage to 40–45 mmHg, cerebral blood flow was reduced 50% (from 59 +/- 28 to 26 +/- 11 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1, mean +/- SD) with no regional redistribution. For all treatments, total capillary density ranged from 400 to 500 capillaries/mm2, and in controls 47% were perfused. Animals bled to 65 mmHg did not mobilize their unperfused microvascular reserve even though they showed a slight tendency to do so. During hemorrhage to 40–45 mmHg, this percent increased significantly to 57% with the largest increase occurring in the pons. Approximately 51% of arterioles were perfused in controls and this was not different compared with the percent perfused during hemorrhage. Despite the overall lack of mobilization of unperfused arterioles, some regions within the brain significantly mobilized their reserves with severe hemorrhage, e.g., hippocampus (78%), hypothalamus (67%), and medulla (73%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Authentic Engagement Of Patients And Communities Can Transform Research, Practice, And Policy

The engagement of patients and the public is increasingly important in the design and conduct of research. Some researchers still cling to the outdated notion that laypeople cannot contribute meaningfully to science; for some, “community engagement” is another term for recruiting patients for trials. Authentic engagement encompasses far more, involving stakeholders as full partners in all phases of research, as research funders increasingly require. Such engagement, although challenging, can enhance the quality and impact of studies on many levels, from ensuring that data are relevant to users’ needs to elevating the moral plane of research by showing respect to patients and vulnerable populations. We share examples from our work, including the engagement of patients in a study of cancer screening decisions and the engagement of inner-city residents in addressing social determinants of health. These engagement principles are of growing relevance to health systems and policy makers responsible for populati...
Wither Mario Factory? The Role of Tools in Constructing (Co)Creative Possibilities on Video Game Consoles

This article examines the role that game development tools have in the design and creation of video games. It does so through the lens of a series of patents by Nintendo that outlined the technolog...
Analysis on Case Teaching Methods of Economic Management Professional in College

Case teaching,as one educational model,has obvious advantages in the modern management instruction.In order to realize its advantages and improve the quality of education,it is of great importance for teachers to understand and utilize case teaching properly.In this essay,there will be analysis on the effect of case teaching in the teaching process of Economic Management,the proper teaching methods for the teachers and the protection measures of the effective utilization of case teaching.
Pursuit-evasion with fixed beams

We introduce a complete algorithm for solving a pursuit-evasion problem in a simply-connected two-dimensional environment, for the case of a single pursuer equipped with fixed beam sensors. The input for our algorithm is an environment and a collection of sensor directions, in which each is capable of line-of-sight detection in a fixed direction. The output is a pursuer motion strategy that ensures the detection of an evader that moves with unbounded speed, or a statement that no such strategy exists. The intuition of the algorithmis to decompose the environment into a collection of convex conservative regions, within which the evader cannot sneak between any pair of adjacent sensors. This decomposition induces a graph we call the pursuit-evasion graph (PEG), such that any correct solution strategy can be expressed as a path through the PEG. For an instance defined by m beams and an environment with n vertices, the algorithm runs in time O(2mn2). We implemented the algorithm in simulation and present some computed examples illustrating the algorithm's correctness.
Chapter 42 – Blood group system and protein-based facts

Publisher Summary This chapter presents carbohydrate-based blood group systems. The chapter discusses blood group systems located on single-pass membrane protein. Blood group systems located on multipass membrane proteins are also discussed in the chapter. Blood group systems carried on glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins are presented. The chapter presents blood group systems located on proteins adsorbed from the plasma. The chapter also explores several RBC membrane proteins that include Rh associated glycoprotein, CD47, LFA3, and CD59. Proteins those are more abundant on reticulocytes than on erythrocytes such as 4F2, and α4β41 are also discussed in the chapter.
Outcomes after combined phacoemulsification and trabecular microbypass stent implantation in controlled open-angle glaucoma

Purpose To study the effect of combined phacoemulsification cataract surgery and iStent (trabecular microbypass stent) implantation on intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication use in open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients with a low mean preoperative IOP. Setting University of Colorado Health Eye Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Treatment outcomes analyzed included IOP, medication use, and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA). Treatment success was defined as a 20% or more IOP reduction or discontinuation of at least 1 medication. Results Sixty-four eyes of 45 patients were included in the analysis. At 1 year, the mean IOP was significantly reduced from 14.7 ± 3.2 mm Hg (SD) to 13.2 ± 2.8 mm Hg ( P P = .0001). The estimated IOP reduction at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months was 3.5% ( P = .23), 7.9% ( P = .04), 9.7% ( P = .01), and 12.2% ( P = .002), respectively. Treatment success at 1 year was achieved in 76.1% of patients, and 41% of patients were medication free at 1 year. The CDVA was significantly improved from 0.4 ± 0.38 logMAR at baseline to 0.17 ± 0.35 at 1 year ( P Conclusions Combined cataract surgery and trabecular microbypass stent implantation was statistically effective in reducing IOP and/or medication burden in OAG patients with a low preoperative IOP. During the informed surgical consent process, the physician and patient should consider the clinical benefit of modest IOP lowering and/or a decrease in medication use. Financial Disclosure Drs. Seibold, SooHoo, Pantcheva, and Kahook have received grant support from Glaukos Corp. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Service Organizations and Their Communities: Perspectives and New Directions for Management Research

This paper expands management scholarship by reviewing and integrating literatures describing multiple facets of the relationship between service organizations and their communities. Three perspect...
A Cysteine-Rich Protein Kinase Associates with a Membrane Immune Complex and the Cysteine Residues Are Required for Cell Death

Membrane-localized proteins perceive and respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. We performed quantitative proteomics on plasma membrane-enriched samples from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) treated with bacterial flagellin. We identified multiple receptor-like protein kinases changing in abundance, including cysteine (Cys)-rich receptor-like kinases (CRKs) that are up-regulated upon the perception of flagellin. CRKs possess extracellular Cys-rich domains and constitute a gene family consisting of 46 members in Arabidopsis. The single transfer DNA insertion lines CRK28 and CRK29, two CRKs induced in response to flagellin perception, did not exhibit robust alterations in immune responses. In contrast, silencing of multiple bacterial flagellin-induced CRKs resulted in enhanced susceptibility to pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae, indicating functional redundancy in this large gene family. Enhanced expression of CRK28 in Arabidopsis increased disease resistance to P. syringae. Expression of CRK28 in Nicotiana benthamiana induced cell death, which required intact extracellular Cys residues and a conserved kinase active site. CRK28-mediated cell death required the common receptor-like protein kinase coreceptor BAK1. CRK28 associated with BAK1 as well as the activated FLAGELLIN-SENSING2 (FLS2) immune receptor complex. CRK28 self-associated as well as associated with the closely related CRK29. These data support a model where Arabidopsis CRKs are synthesized upon pathogen perception, associate with the FLS2 complex, and coordinately act to enhance plant immune responses.
Foundations for Protecting Renewable-Rich Distribution Systems.

High proliferation of Inverter Interfaced Distributed Energy Resources (IIDERs) into the electric distribution grid introduces new challenges to protection of such systems. This is because the existing protection systems are designed with two assumptions: 1) system is single-sourced, resulting in unidirectional fault current, and (2) fault currents are easily detectable due to much higher magnitudes compared to load currents. Due to the fact that most renewables interface with the grid though inverters, and inverters restrict their current output to levels close to the full load currents, both these assumptions are no longer valid - the system becomes multi-sourced, and overcurrent-based protection does not work. The primary scope of this study is to analyze the response of a grid-tied inverter to different faults in the grid, leading to new guidelines on protecting renewable-rich distribution systems.
Abstract 434: The Epidemic of Hypertension Related Disease and Changing Patterns of Leading Causes of Hospitalization in Patients with Comorbid Hypertension Among US Adults Aged 35 and Older

Objective: To examine the longitudinal trend of hospitalization due to hypertension related diseases and patterns of leading causes of hospitalization in those with comorbid hypertension among US adults aged 35 and older. Method: We used sample data (n=4,598,488 thousand hospitalized cases) from 1980-2007 National Hospital Discharge Surveys to test trends of patients with 1st diagnosis of hypertension (HT) related hospitalization, and any of 2nd to 7th diagnosis of HT, and HT associated with 10 primary causes of hospitalization. Diseases were coded using ICD-9-CM criteria. Age-adjusted rates of disease were calculated using US 2000 standard population. Trends of hospitalization due to HT related disease and associations between primary cause of hospitalized diseases and HT as comorbidity were tested using multivariate logistic regression models. Results: Crude hospitalization rates due to 1st diagnosis of HT related disease significantly increased from 1.93% (2327295 / 120579000) in 1980 to 2.14% (5091906/237551000) in 2007. The corresponding age-adjusted hospitalization rates were 1.81% in 1980 and 2.17% in 2007 (test for trend, p Conclusion: The study, using a nationally representative dataset, is the first to demonstrate a 28-years trend that hospitalization due to HT related diseases significantly increased from 1980 to 2007 in the US adults. The study further highlights that patients with primary diagnosis of renal disease or diabetes with comorbid HT have emerged as top causes of hospitalization.
Effect of Brain Tumor Presence During Radiation on Tissue Toxicity: Transcriptomic and Metabolic Changes.

Purpose Radiation therapy (RT) causes functional and transcriptomic changes in the brain; however, most studies have been carried out in normal rodent brains. Here, the long-term effect of irradiation and tumor presence during radiation was investigated. Methods and Materials Male Wistar rats ∼7 weeks old were divided into 3 groups: sham implant, RT+sham implant, and RT+tumor implant (C6 glioma). Hypofractionated irradiation (8 or 6 Gy/day for 5 days) was localized to a 1-cm strip of cranium starting 5 days after implantation, resulting in complete tumor regression and prolonged survival. Biopsy of tissue was performed in the implant area 65 days after implantation. RNA was hybridized to GeneChip Rat Exon 1.0 ST array. Data were analyzed using significant analysis of microarrays and ingenuity pathway analysis. 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) imaging was performed in the implantation site 65 to 70 days after implantation using a 9.4 T Biospec magnetic resonance imaging scanner with a quadrature rat brain array. Immunohistochemical staining for astrogliosis, HMG-CoA synthase 2, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and taurine was performed at ∼65 days after implantation. Results Eighty-four genes had a false discovery rate 1 H-MRS showed significant reduction in taurine levels ( P P =.02). Hippocampal taurine levels were only significantly reduced in the RT+tumor group ( P =.03). HMG-CoA synthase 2, GABA and taurine levels were confirmed using staining. Glial fibrillary acidic protein staining demonstrated a significant increase in inflammation that was heightened in the RT+tumor group. Conclusions Our data indicate that tumor presence during radiation significantly affects long-term functional transcriptomics landscape and neurotransmitter levels at the tumor implantation site/normal tissue, accompanied by increased inflammation (astrogliosis).