cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foundational actions: teaching software engineering when time is tight

Often Software Engineering courses approach educating undergraduates in good processes and practices by using a simulated product development environment, following all of the steps for product development in a single semester. Some also create multi-semester projects to improve the student experience. We are in the group using multi-semester projects, but our approach differs in that we have only a single semester of project work per team, focused on the core actions used in all processes from waterfalls to XP. We call this foundational actions. Using industrial tools, processes, and evaluation methods, the students develop and integrate components of a well-specified, but major product. Emphasis is placed on teamwork, communication, and ultimately, working production code created with the foundational actions. The approach has also spun off related independent study opportunities for advanced students and even non-CS majors.
We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans

A review of Donna R. Gabaccia’s We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans.
Generalized Functional Linear Models for Gene‐Based Case‐Control Association Studies

By using functional data analysis techniques, we developed generalized functional linear models for testing association between a dichotomous trait and multiple genetic variants in a genetic region while adjusting for covariates. Both fixed and mixed effect models are developed and compared. Extensive simulations show that Rao's efficient score tests of the fixed effect models are very conservative since they generate lower type I errors than nominal levels, and global tests of the mixed effect models generate accurate type I errors. Furthermore, we found that the Rao's efficient score test statistics of the fixed effect models have higher power than the sequence kernel association test (SKAT) and its optimal unified version (SKAT-O) in most cases when the causal variants are both rare and common. When the causal variants are all rare (i.e., minor allele frequencies less than 0.03), the Rao's efficient score test statistics and the global tests have similar or slightly lower power than SKAT and SKAT-O. In practice, it is not known whether rare variants or common variants in a gene region are disease related. All we can assume is that a combination of rare and common variants influences disease susceptibility. Thus, the improved performance of our models when the causal variants are both rare and common shows that the proposed models can be very useful in dissecting complex traits. We compare the performance of our methods with SKAT and SKAT-O on real neural tube defects and Hirschsprung's disease datasets. The Rao's efficient score test statistics and the global tests are more sensitive than SKAT and SKAT-O in the real data analysis. Our methods can be used in either gene-disease genome-wide/exome-wide association studies or candidate gene analyses.
Yield prediction using critical area analysis with inline defect data

This paper presents methodologies for using critical area analysis with inline defect data to predict random defect limited yield and for partitioning yield losses by process step. The procedure involves (1) calculating critical areas, (2) modeling defect size distributions, and (3) combining critical area information and defect size distributions to estimate yield loss. We introduce a method to model defect size distribution from inline defect data. We develop two yield prediction methods that can overcome the difficulties caused by the inaccuracies in determining defect size when using laser scatterometry detection. We compare the predicted yield with the actual yield and show that the two are in good agreement.
Robust control for rigid serial manipulators: a general setting

We design a robust control for serial-link mechanical manipulators with revolute and/or prismatic joints. The properties of the inertia matrix are first analyzed. It is shown that the inertia matrix can indeed be used to construct Lyapunov functions, even though some of the joints are prismatic. A robust control is proposed without assuming properties of the manipulator system other than uniform positive definiteness of the inertia matrix. The generic properties of the inertia matrix are also readily applied for other control designs.
Supporting multiple protection strategies in optical networks

This paper develops a framework to support multiple protection strategies in optical networks, which is in general applicable to any connection-oriented network. The capacity available on a link for routing primary and backup connections are computed depending on the protection strategy. The paper also develops a model for computing service outage and failure recovery times for a connection where notifications of failure location are broadcast in the network. The effectiveness of employing multiple protection strategies is established by studying the performance of three networks for traffic with four types of protection requirement.
Recombivax-HB: perspectives past, present and future

Hepatitis B disease has caused a heavy burden worldwide. The development of an immunogenic, efficacious and safe vaccine to combat this problem has already eased this burden to some extent. The incorporation of the vaccine into the infant and childhood immunization schedule has led to a decrease in the number of new hepatitis B cases reported each year, and there has been a significant decline in hepatocellular carcinoma in children. This implies that the future will see less hepatitis B disease as the infant and adolescent population that has been immunized ages, meaning that the disease burden should fall even further.
The Polycomb protein, Bmi1, regulates insulin sensitivity

Objective: The Polycomb Repressive Complexes (PRC) 1 and 2 function to epigenetically repress target genes. The PRC1 component, Bmi1, plays a crucial role in maintenance of glucose homeostasis and beta cell mass through repression of the Ink4a/Arf locus. Here we have explored the role of Bmi1 in regulating glucose homeostasis in the adult animal, which had not been previously reported due to poor postnatal survival of Bmi1 � /� mice. Methods: The metabolic phenotype of Bmi1 þ/� mice was characterized, both in vivo and ex vivo. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps were performed. The insulin signaling pathway was assessed at the protein and transcript level. Results: Here we report a negative correlation between Bmi1 levels and insulin sensitivity in two models of insulin resistance, aging and liverspecific insulin receptor deficiency. Further, heterozygous loss of Bmi1 results in increased insulin sensitivity in adult mice, with no impact on body weight or composition. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp reveals increased suppression of hepatic glucose production and increased glucose disposal rate, indicating elevated glucose uptake to peripheral tissues, in Bmi1 þ/� mice. Enhancement of insulin signaling, specifically
Providing the Psychosocial Benefits of Mentoring to Women in STEM: CareerWISE as an Online Solution

This chapter outlines the psychosocial aspects of mentoring that help women combat the barriers they commonly face in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The authors describe the CareerWISE online resilience training and how it can address the shortage of effective mentors and role models who have been shown to increase the persistence of women in STEM fields.
Integral and shell-MIP display algorithms in MR and CT three-dimensional models of the brain surface.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our purpose was to demonstrate the use of integral and shell maximum intensity projection (shell-MIP) display algorithms in the 3-D CT and MR depiction of cerebral gyral and surface venous anatomy and disorders. These new algorithms are compared against MIP and shaded-surface-display (SSD) algorithms. METHODS: Integral and shell-MIP displays were generated from a specified number of proximal surface voxel layers in a 3-D model. Algorithmic models were compared on nine contrast-enhanced spoiled gradient-recalled acquisition in a steady state (SPGR) MR venograms for brain surface anatomic identification and detail. Seven CT venograms were compared for conspicuity of filling defects. Twelve contrast-enhanced preoperative planning 3-D MR models were rated for neurosurgical utility. RESULTS: A shell-MIP score of 7.00 and an integral score of 6.78 represented the highest mean subjective MR gyral quality (1-10 scale) followed by an SSD score of 3.89 and an MIP score of 1.06. Mean confidence scores for MR central sulcus identification (1-10 scale) were shell-MIP, 7.67; integral, 7.00; SSD, 3.22; and MIP, 1.00. Mean superficial venous quality MR ratings (1-10 scale) were shell-MIP, 8.22; MIP, 7.39; integral, 7.00; and SSD, 3.72. The mean number of cortical veins draining into each side of the superior sagittal sinus on MR was as follows: MIP, 6.19; integral, 6.06; shell-MIP, 5.94; and SSD, 3.81. Mean confidence scores for filling defect identification on CT venograms (1-5 scale) revealed a shell-MIP score of 4.36 and an integral score of 4.29 to be superior to a MIP score of 3.00. In selected cases, 3-D presurgical planning, prior to tumor resection, was clinically useful. CONCLUSION: Integral and shell-MIP are useful 3-D display algorithms for simultaneous display of superficial cerebral veins and gyri on MR images and of thrombosis on CT venograms.
Automated Stream Diversion for Reservoir Protection

This technical note describes the automated monitoring and control system to protect the reservoirs during highway construction.
Optical computing

Dozens of research workers in more than a hundred leading laboratories of the world are working on creating the foundations for a new field of engineering that promises to have a revolutionary impact on almost every field of science and technology. Resulting from the introduction of a variety of new techniques and devices?including the laser?as well as from the development of new photo-sensitive and electron-beam recording materials?including thermoplastics, codable films, and mass-storage holographic memories?this new technology, known as optical computing, is based upon mathematical concepts known as coherent or Fourier optics and holography. In terms of future developments and applications, the most dramatic results very likely will emerge from the implementation of real-time image processing in various forms. But the great power of optical computing derives primarily from its newly recognized capability of parallel processing, a natural property of the lens! In a general way, all aspects of this new field can be characterized by established concepts of electric and electronic signal processing and communications.
Determination of aqueous aluminum with the fluorescent chelating ligand, 2-hydroxy-1-carbazole carboxylate

Abstract The compound 2-hydroxy-1-carbazole carboxylate (HCC−) exhibits a shift in its fluorescence spectrum upon binding to aluminum in aqueous solution. Fluorescence studies at a variety of solution pHs and aluminum concentrations have been used to detemrine the most probable species in solution and binding constants of the complexes formed. The fluorescent chelating agent described in this paper can be used for the rapid determination of unperturbed free aluminium in aqueous solution.
Novel Method for Measuring Chromia Evaporation from SOFC Interconnect Materials

One of the major factors limiting solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) performance is the degradation of chromium containing interconnects during operation. Under SOFC operating conditions chromium ions are vaporized by the cathode gas and reduced at catalytic sites within the cathode to form Chromium (III) Oxide. The formation of Cr2O3 blocks catalytically active sites and results in significant degradation in performance over the life of a fuel cell stack. This degradation has been traditionally measured via the transpiration measurement system; however, this method is expensive and time consuming. A novel method has been proposed to supplement the standard transpiration measurement system utilizing low cost solution conductivity measurement. Conductivity is linearly correlated to the amount of dissolved chromium species in a deionized water (DI water) solution and initial tests indicate that chromium concentration can be continuously monitored as a function of time using the solution conductivity method.
Incorporation of nitrogen into oxynitride dielectric through thermal nitridation of silicon

A novel oxynitride processing scheme has been developed to provide improved performance over thermal oxides. These dielectrics were formed by nitridation of bare silicon wafers followed by deposition of low pressure chemical vapor deposited (LPCVD) oxides at 450°C and reoxidation at 900°C. This novel process provides a good control of dielectric thickness and the amount of nitrogen incorporated at the silicon/silicon dioxide interface. It also reduces the incorporation of the hydrogen-related electron traps in the bulk of the dielectric. Excessive electron trapping is a potential problem of the nitrided oxides. These oxynitride dielectrics referred to as “LPCVD Oxynitride” or “Reoxidized CVD Oxide on Nitrided Silicon” also exhibit relatively large charge-to-breakdown (Qbd). considerable reduction in electron trapping and interface state (Dit) generation. The dielectric integrity of these LPCVD Oxynitride was also compared to other oxynitrides which were formed by oxidation of nitrided silicon (“Oxidized-Nitrided Silicon Dielectric”). It was found that the electrical characteristics of the oxidized nitrided silicon dielectrics are inferior compared to the LPCVD oxynitrides (e.g., Qbd is substantially lower). Furthermore, for the case of LPCVD oxynitrides, higher nitridation temperatures leads to larger Qbd. These results might be explained by the model in which microdefects are incorporated into the oxide when the silicon is consumed as in the cases of oxidized-nitrided silicon dielectrics.
Semantic SOA framework orient to aviation repair

In view of the dispersive,closed,heterogeneous knowledge,system and resource of fault diagnosis of the aviation-repairindustry enterprises in different roles,which causes uneasy sharing and reusing problems of fault knowledge,it uses ontology to construct a fault diagnosis knowledge base.In order to express the uncertainty relation between fault phenomenon and fault conclusion,a ontology model structure is built.It designs the corresponding inference rules,and puts forward an uncertainty reasoning system based on ontology.In aircraft engine fault diagnosis the method is verified.
Irradiation Hardening and Deformation

Exposure of metals to irradiation results in an increase in the yield strength over a wide temperature range and is most pronounced at T irr < 0.3T m. Typical engineering stress–stress curves for fcc and bcc steels are shown in Fig. 12.1. Note that for both crystal structures, in addition to increasing the yield strength, the ductility (measured either by total elongation or by uniform elongation) is reduced. Irradiation also increases the yield strength, σ y much more than it does the ultimate tensile strength (σ UTS or UTS) for both fcc and bcc metals. The approach of σ y to σ UTS results in a loss of ductility to the limit where σ y = σ UTS and uniform elongation is zero. In bcc metals tested at low temperature, high fluences may even result in the disappearance of necking deformation with fracture occurring on the elastic line, rendering them totally brittle.
Collaborative data networks for public service: governance, management, and performance

This study aims to advance the theory and practice of managing collaborative data networks for information and decision-support services that exist in over 400 US metropolitan areas. Integrating in...
Direct Measurement of Traction–Separation Law of Concrete–Epoxy Interfaces Subjected to Moisture Attack under Mode-I Loading

AbstractA proper traction–separation law based on the physical behaviors of the concrete–epoxy interface is needed to simulate the debonding behavior of fiber-reinforced polymers–strengthened concr...
Mental Health Services, Free Appropriate Public Education, and Students with Disabilities: Legal Considerations in Identifying, Evaluating, and Providing Services.

In the past few years, the provision of mental health services in public schools has received considerable attention. When students with disabilities are eligible for special education and related services under the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), mental health services are required if such services are needed to provide students with a free appropriate public education (FAPE). That is, when a student’s individualized education program (IEP) team determines that he or she needs mental health services to receive a FAPE, a school district is required to provide these services. Our purpose is to discuss when school district personnel should identify, evaluate, and serve students with disabilities who may have mental health needs.
Combinatorial Testing in Cloud Computing

This chapter gives an introduction to combinatorial testing. In particular, it describes the applications and challenges of combinatorial testing in cloud environment and briefly introduces solutions to address challenges. It also discusses and compares existing faulty location analysis solutions of combinatorial testing.
Sex Differences in Sex Hormones, Carotid Atherosclerosis, and Stroke

There are notable sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Although the cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease in women lags behind that of men by ≈7 to 10 years, strokes comprise a larger proportion of cardiovascular events in women than in men.1 In terms of clinical impact, aspirin used for primary prevention is associated with a significance reduction in stroke women but not myocardial infarction in men.2 Differences in endogenous sex hormones have been hypothesized to underlie these substantial sex differences, but clinical data are limited on the relationship between endogenous levels and cardiovascular disease occurrence. Article, see p 97 In this issue, Glisic et al3 examine the relationship of endogenous sex hormone levels and carotid plaque composition, as well as incident stroke, in >2100 older men and women in the Rotterdam Study. Notably, presence of carotid atherosclerosis (carotid intimal–medial thickness of >2.0 mm on carotid screening) was more common among men than women in the study. Among those with established atherosclerosis, the prevalence of calcified plaques was similar in men and women, whereas women were less likely to have a lipid core (36.9% of women; 49.5% of men) and less likely to have intraplaque hemorrhage than men (29.0% of women; 40.0% of men). Endogenous hormones, specifically estradiol and testosterone, were correlated with carotid plaque composition. Higher estradiol levels were associated with increased odds of a lipid core in carotid plaque in both men and women. Women with detectable estradiol levels had a 58% increased odds of having intraplaque hemorrhage compared with women with low estradiol, whereas higher total testosterone levels were associated with decreased odds. No relationship was observed for total testosterone and carotid plaque composition features in men.3 Endogenous hormones were also related to incident stroke in women. Among women with carotid plaque, …
An Examination of Menkiti’s Conception of Personhood and Gyekye’s Critique

This chapter provides an interpretation of Ifeanyi Menkiti’s normative conception of personhood and communalism, in order to use such interpretation as a backdrop for critically examining the criticisms by Kwame Gyekye. Menkiti’s account of communalism indicates that the community plays a significant role in shaping the normative nature of a person. However, Gyekye criticizes Menkiti’s view as a radical form of communitarianism, which implies that the community is ontologically constitutive of the person. This means that personhood is dependent totally on the community, such that the community overrides individual freedom, rights, and autonomy. I argue that Gyekye’s criticism of Menkiti’s view involves a misunderstanding. I clarify Menkiti’s view in order to show that the community does not override individual rights and freedom.
Integrating critical and trans-affirming pedagogies in argumentation and debate: A heuristic narrative

Courses: Storytelling, persuasion, gender and communication, argumentation and debate.Objectives: In this essay, I map a unit-specific activity for an undergraduate class in argumentation and debat...
Correlation of the most probable kinetic energy of fission fragments and ηp

Abstract This paper presents the investigation of correlating the most probable kinetic energy 〈Ek〉 of the fission fragments and the Coulomb energy Z 2 /A sol1 3 Further correlation of the average number of prompt neutrons emitted per fission_, vs. 〈Ek〉 and Z 2 /A sol1 3 , respectively, is also established. For comparative study, a new parameter Z2√A, as suggested by Okolovich et al. (1963), is employed for correlating 〈Ek〉 and v p . It is found that this parameter Z2√A gives better consistency, when compared with experimental values of (Ek) and ηp, for each family of isotopes in the present study by considering the logarithmic derivative 1/〈Ek〉 d〈Ek〉/dA. Six sets of semi-empirical polynomial equations have been derived for the correlation as mentioned above. The data for both 〈Ek〉 and v p , are based on the most recent experimental investigations in this field. The formulae presented herein may be utilized to predict the values of ν p for the new isotopes produced in nuclear reactors with emphasis on the heavy nuclides which have no experimental data available. The range of atomic mass numbers under study is from 228–256.
A Comment on La Vaque and Rossiter

The paper by La Vaque and Rossiter recommends that placebo-controlled trials only be conducted when “best proven” treatments are not available. In this comment, I review evidence suggesting that identifying “best proven” treatments is a complex task involving many variables and that making such a decision entails many real-world difficulties.
Agricultural conservation practices in Iowa watersheds: comparing actual implementation with practice potential

As part of the solution to reduce the size of the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, the state of Iowa has created the Iowa Nutrient Reduction Strategy (INRS) to reduce total nitrogen and phosphorous loads by 45% by 2035. A major component of the strategy is implementation of conservation practices to reduce loads of non-point source pollution from agricultural lands. To identify potential locations for conservation practices in Iowa watersheds, the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) is being used. In addition, the location of existing implemented practices are being identified by the Iowa Best Management Practices Mapping Project (IBMP). From these two products, a methodology was developed to compare the differences between actual implementation and practice placement potential. The compared conservation practices are grassed waterways, wetlands and ponds, and water and sediment control basins (WASCOBs). The comparison is performed in three hydrologic unit code 12 (HUC-12) watersheds in three distinct landform regions of Iowa. Analyses show that grassed waterways are widely implemented (at least 78% of the potential) in the three watersheds. For ponds and wetlands, the majority of the existing structures were smaller than the ACPF potential wetlands (average drainage area between 7 and 20 ha compared to between 89 and 109 ha). WASCOB implementation was only present in one watershed, most likely due to regional differences in conservation preferences. Coupled together the IBMP and ACPF will be important for stakeholders of watersheds in planning future investment and advancing towards a more systems-based approach to conservation.
Outcomes and Patterns of Healthcare Utilization After Hospitalization for Pediatric Critical Illness Due to Respiratory Failure.

OBJECTIVES To quantify home care needs, healthcare utilization, and 2-year mortality after pediatric critical illness due to respiratory failure, and evaluate the impact of new morbidity and abnormal function at hospital discharge on resource use and outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Quaternary care PICU. PATIENTS Patients less than or equal to 18 years with respiratory failure from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patient demographics, hospitalization characteristics, and healthcare utilization were quantified and compared according to morbidity development and discharge functional status. Multivariable regression methods evaluated 2-year readmission rates and mortality by morbidity development and discharge functional status. Of 163 patients, the median age was 2.1 years (interquartile range, 0.6-10.9 yr), 61 (37.4%) had a comorbidity, and 73 (44.8%) had abnormal function at admission. Median ventilation duration was 6.0 days (interquartile range, 3.0-11.7 d), and median PICU and hospital length of stay were 8 (interquartile range, 4-15) and 14 days (interquartile range, 8-23 d), respectively. At hospital discharge, eight of 163 (4.9%) had died, and 14 of 163 (8.6%) had a new morbidity. Of the surviving 155 patients at hospital discharge, 87 (56.1%) had abnormal function, 120 (77.4%) had new medications, 24 (15.5%) had new medical devices, and 43 (27.7%) had new home care equipment. Cumulative 2-year mortality was 14 of 163 (8.6%) with six of 163 (3.7%) occurring after discharge. Within 2 years, 81 of 155 of patients (52.2%) were readmitted, often (58/81, 71.6%) to the PICU. Abnormal function at discharge was associated with elevated odds of readmission to the hospital (odds ratio, 1.49; 1.28-1.74; p < 0.0001) and PICU (odds ratio, 1.47; 1.27-1.71; p < 0.0001) within 2 years. CONCLUSIONS After critical illness, children have significant new healthcare burdens heretofore unrecognized. Abnormal functional status at hospital discharge was associated with increased healthcare utilization up to 2 years thereafter.
Optimal Identity Testing with High Probability

We study the problem of testing identity against a given distribution with a focus on the high confidence regime. More precisely, given samples from an unknown distribution $p$ over $n$ elements, an explicitly given distribution $q$, and parameters $0< \epsilon, \delta < 1$, we wish to distinguish, {\em with probability at least $1-\delta$}, whether the distributions are identical versus $\varepsilon$-far in total variation distance. Most prior work focused on the case that $\delta = \Omega(1)$, for which the sample complexity of identity testing is known to be $\Theta(\sqrt{n}/\epsilon^2)$. Given such an algorithm, one can achieve arbitrarily small values of $\delta$ via black-box amplification, which multiplies the required number of samples by $\Theta(\log(1/\delta))$. We show that black-box amplification is suboptimal for any $\delta = o(1)$, and give a new identity tester that achieves the optimal sample complexity. Our new upper and lower bounds show that the optimal sample complexity of identity testing is \[ \Theta\left( \frac{1}{\epsilon^2}\left(\sqrt{n \log(1/\delta)} + \log(1/\delta) \right)\right) \] for any $n, \varepsilon$, and $\delta$. For the special case of uniformity testing, where the given distribution is the uniform distribution $U_n$ over the domain, our new tester is surprisingly simple: to test whether $p = U_n$ versus $d_{\mathrm TV}(p, U_n) \geq \varepsilon$, we simply threshold $d_{\mathrm TV}(\widehat{p}, U_n)$, where $\widehat{p}$ is the empirical probability distribution. The fact that this simple "plug-in" estimator is sample-optimal is surprising, even in the constant $\delta$ case. Indeed, it was believed that such a tester would not attain sublinear sample complexity even for constant values of $\varepsilon$ and $\delta$.
Uniqueness and Stability in the Cauchy Problem

In this chapter we formulate and in many cases prove results on the uniqueness and stability of solutions of the Cauchy problem for general partial differential equations. One of the basic tools is Carleman-type estimates. In Section 3.1 we describe the results for a simplest problem of this kind (the backward parabolic equation), where a choice of the weight function in Carleman estimates is obvious, and the method is equivalent to that of the logarithmic convexity. In Section 3.2 we formulate general conditional Carleman estimates and their simplifications for second-order equations, and we apply the results to the general Cauchy problem and give numerous counterexamples showing that the assumptions of positive results are quite sharp.
CHAPTER 8 – STATISTICS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the basic principles of statistics. A random variable is a rule that assigns a numerical value to each outcome of an experiment. A random variable is called (1) finite discrete if it can take on only finitely many possible values; (2) infinite discrete if it can take on infinitely many values that can be arranged in a sequence; and (3) continuous if its possible values form an entire interval of numbers. If X is a random variable and x is a number, then P(X = x) is the probability that X will take on the value x. The chapter also discusses the arithmetic average or mean of the numbers, the standard deviation, and Chebyshev's theorem. It highlights that eExperiments for which there are only two possible outcomes are called Bernoulli experiments or Bernoulli trials. It is traditional to label arbitrarily one of the two outcomes success and the other failure.
Biofuels: Perspective for Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation

Soaring fuel prices and climate change are two major problems the world is facing now. There has long been argued that the commercial fuel stocks will only remain for some more time now. Since the human population depends vastly on the non-renewable sources of energy for much of its transport, creating alternatives to liquid fuels has become obligatory. Hence, there is global urgency to harness liquid fuels from non-fossil sources. This chapter argues that biofuels are a possible “greener” alternative to fossil fuels. They are globally sustainable and available. Because biomass is green and carbon neutral, it can lead to sustainable development and global environmental conservation. Apparent benefits of biofuels are indicated by the fact that a greater number of countries are willing to implement and plan increase share of biofuels in their energy requirements. In order to do so, substantial production increases are needed quickly to accommodate rising global demand. Technologies must be advanced to obtain biofuels from terrestrial as well as aquatic plants/algae. Policies both, nationally in respective countries as well as internationally, need to incorporate greater role of biofuel as a substitute to fossil-based fuels.
Draft Genome Sequences of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa Strains OK3, VB11, and NOB1, Isolated from Bunch and Muscadine Grapes Grown in Southern Mississippi

We report here high-quality draft whole-genome assemblies of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa strains OK3, VB11, and NOB1, which were isolated from symptomatic bunch and muscadine grape plants grown in southern Mississippi.
Experimental measurement and finite element simulation of elastic-body vibration in planetary gears

Abstract Modal vibration experiments and finite element modeling reveal elastic-body continuum vibration in planetary gear components at frequencies within operating speeds. Sixteen equally-spaced accelerometers measure elastic-body vibration of the ring gear in ten vibration modes. Several of these modes were predicted – with good frequency accuracy – by a lumped-parameter model because their elastic-body vibration is moderate but not dominant compared to discrete-body vibrations. Other modes dominated by elastic-body vibration were missed entirely by the model. One mode has dominant planet elastic-body vibration. Experiments showing elastic-body vibration are compared to an established finite element/contact mechanics model with good agreement. Additionally, experimentally measured ring gear nodal diameter components agree with analytical model predictions in the literature. Elastic-body vibration persists for the same system configured with three, four, and five planets. Each mode has significant tooth mesh deformation, so dynamic mesh excitation sources are likely to strongly excite them. The test planetary gear, which is closely based on a conventional helicopter planetary gear, is not intentionally designed to highlight elastic vibration behavior, so elastic-body modes are likely active in numerous practical systems.
“We Still Keep Going”: The Multiplicitous Socioemotional States & Stressors of Undocumented Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Using a framework of socioemotional development, this study focused on understanding the socioemotional states of 20 undocumented/DACAmented students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study describ...
Brief of Environmental Law Professors as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents

This is an amicus brief written by Professors Jim May (Widener) and Jared Goldstein (Roger Williams) on behalf of law professors in support of Respondent Riverkeeper, in a case before the U.S. Supreme Court, Entergy v. EPA, PSEG Fossil v. Riverkeeper, and Utility Water Group v. Riverkeeper, _ U.S. _, Nos. 07-588, 07-589 and 07-597, respectively. While the certified question seems improbably simple, Whether section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. 1326(b), authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to compare costs with benefits in determining the best technology available for minimizing adverse environmental impact at existing cooling water intake structures, what is at stake is much more complex and sweeping. The outcome of this case could have profoundly negative effects not only on the environmental concerns 316(b) was designed to protect, but also on the technology-based undergirding of the CWA and the rest of Environmental Law. This amicus brief examines the relevant language, structure and history of the CWA, including the role of costs in setting technology-based standards. The history of water pollution regulation before 1972 demonstrates that Congress wisely chose to meet water quality standards by adopting performance-based standards based on technological capabilities rather than balancing costs and benefits based on water quality impacts. Experience under the Clean Water Act vindicates Congress's choice: the technology-based standards adopted under the Clean Water Act have produced significant environmental benefits without causing economic disruption or absurd results.
Impartial endorsements: Influencer and celebrity declarations of non-sponsorship and honesty

Abstract Effects of sponsorship disclosures on Instagram and other social media have been experimentally tested in advertising research, but effects of impartiality claims are relatively unknown. In this study, we built on two previous experiments that tested effects of claiming non-sponsorship or “honest opinions.” In addition to testing these in conjunction, we examine the potential for order effects of claims, and differences between celebrities and influencers. How do impartiality claims about brand-focused social media posts influence persuasion knowledge, credibility, intentions to engage with the message, attitudes, and purchase intentions? This manuscript reports findings from 287 women students in the U.S. who participated in a within-subjects experiment. We observed that posts claiming non-sponsorship were perceived as less likely to be advertisements or have selling intention. These non-sponsorship claims also enhanced trustworthiness. Honesty claims enhanced expertise. Honesty and non-sponsorship worked together to boost trustworthiness, expertise, attitudes, and purchase intentions, yet messages with no claims at all yielded the most positive attitudes and intentions. This illustrates that impartiality claims work better together than in isolation. Impartiality claims performed similarly for influencers and celebrities. Presenting impartiality claims at the beginning of a post aided ad recognition but reduced intentions to share or follow a source.
The Representation of Skin Colors in Images of Patients with Lupus Erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE Lupus presents earlier and more severely among patients with skin of color (SOC), and this population suffers from worse outcomes. Providers rely on medical education materials when developing skills to care for patients, yet these resources historically underrepresent SOC and marginalize vulnerable populations. In this study, we investigated if this publication bias extends to images depicting patients with lupus. METHODS We reviewed published images of patients with lupus from rheumatology, dermatology, and internal medicine textbooks and medical journals, SOC atlases, online image libraries, UpToDateTM , and GoogleTM Images. We selected materials published from 2014 through 2019 available through our university's online medical library. We used the search terms "lupus" and "lupus rash" to identify images. We rated the skin color in each image using the New Immigrant Survey Skin Color Scale, and categorized them as light, medium or dark. We compared the frequencies of published skin tones with chi-square and odds ratio analyses. RESULTS We assessed the skin tone of 1,417 images. The significant majority (56.4%) of the images represented light skin (χ2 = 490.14, p < 0.001). After SOC atlases, journals were the most inclusive of images depicting dark skin tones. The specialty of dermatology was most inclusive of medium and darker skin tones. CONCLUSION Published images of lupus underrepresent SOC, which may limit providers' ability to deliver care to the patients who are at greatest risk for complications.
Generating the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score Using Multivariable Predictive Models and Computer Adaptive Testing to Reduce Survey Burden

Background:The preferred patient-reported outcome measure for the assessment of shoulder conditions continues to evolve. Previous studies correlating the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Infor...
Use of complexing agents for selective separation in high-performance capillary electrophoresis: Chiral resolution via cyclodextrins incorporated within polyacrylamide gel columns

Abstract The incorporation of a complexing agent within a polyarcylamide gel column provides a general means of manipulating the selectivity of a capillary electrophoresis separation. As an example of this approach, chiral resolution of dansylated amino acids by high-performance capillary electrophoresis has been achieved by adding β-cyclodextrin within the gel matrix. A retention model has been developed which can be used for selectivity optimization. Various parameters, such as concentration of cyclodextrin, addition of methanol to the buffer, and temperature, have been examined in terms of their influence on retention and selectivity. From this study high-performance separations have been developed. Efficiencies as high as 100 000 plates in 15 cm have been achieved.
Modulation of silver nanoparticle cytotoxicity with thermoresponsive polymer surface coatings

There is great interest in better understanding the complex interactions between engineered nanoparticles and biological systems. In this study, the effect of variable surface chemistry on silver nanoparticle induced cytotoxicity and cell uptake was investigated. L929 fibroblasts were incubated with silver nanoparticles coated with the thermoresponsive copolymer poly(MEO 2 MA-co-OEGMA) at monomer ratios of 80∶20, 90∶10 and 95∶5. Microscopic images show that higher MEO 2 MA content in the nanoparticle coating leads to enhanced aggregation at 37°C. Silver nanoparticle induced cytotoxicity was assessed by LDH assay and the highest cytotoxic response was elicited by nanoparticles with 95% MEO 2 MA in the surface coating. Similarly, cell uptake of nanoparticles was highest with nanoparticles with 95% MEO 2 MA and progressively diminished as the ratio of MEO 2 MA:OEGMA decreased.
THE FAIR TAX: A Tax Reform to Alleviate Recessions and Reduce Biases in the Tax Code

The present tax code implicitly treats profits and losses asymmetrically. The government shares in profits but firms bear full cost of losses. The paper argues that giving tax payments to firms suffering losses would decrease the volatility of the business cycle, reduce tax biases against small firms and new ventures, mitigate distortions caused by capital market imperfections, and encourage risk taking. By having the government share in both profits and losses, these tax credits would move the corporate tax code closer to symmetry. Since losses are the greatest during recessions, the tax credits would prevent some recessions and mitigate the severity of others. The transfers would automatically be focused on the regions and industries in which slumps are the most severe. Fraud could be minimized by using the payments only to purchase debt or equity held by unaffiliated investors.
Syntenic conservation between humans and cattle: II. Human chromosome 12

Abstract Bovine × hamster and bovine × mouse hybrid somatic cells have been used to investigate the syntenic relationship of nine loci in the bovine that have homologous loci on human chromosome 12. Eight loci, including A2M, GLI, HOX3, IFNG, INT1, KRAS2, NKNB, and PAH, were assigned to the previously identified bovine syntenic group U3 represented by GAPD. However, a single locus from the q-terminus of HSA 12, ALDH2, mapped to a new, previously unidentified autosomal syntenic group. These results indicate the existence of a very large ancestral syntenic group spanning from the p-terminus to q24 of HSA 12 and containing over 4% of the mammalian genome. Additionally, the results predict that ALDH2 is distal to PAH and IFNG on HSA 12, the type II keratin gene complex will reside between q11 and q21 of HSA 12, A2M will map to MMU 6, and LALBA and GLI will map to MMU 15.
Manufacturing for design: putting process control in the language of the designer

A methodology is presented for evaluation of process control from the designer's perspective, that of overall electrical performance. Technology tables and a comprehensive set of strategically chosen wafer electrical tests are used to capture and maintain the electrical signature of a process.
Teaching NeuroImages: Neurocutaneous melanosis.

A 3-month-old boy presented with a giant congenital melanocytic nevus involving his back. He was developing normally with no neurologic symptoms. Brain MRI demonstrated a T1-bright lesion in right amygdala without necrosis, hemorrhage, edema, or enhancement (figure). MRI spine was normal. The imaging findings in the clinical setting are consistent with a diagnosis of neurocutaneous melanosis.
Initial public offerings and the acquisition of entrepreneurial firms

Information asymmetries between buyers and sellers can create inefficiencies in mergers & acquisition (M&A) markets and prevent acquirers from gaining access to valuable resources and capabilities via acquisitions. Entrepreneurial firms face similar problems in raising external capital, due to the asymmetric information that separates them from prospective investors. In this article, we bring together the strategy, financial economics and entrepreneurship literatures and exploit the initial public offering (IPO) context to examine the informational characteristics of newly public entrepreneurial firms. We construct hazard models that offer strong evidence that certain IPO characteristics signal the value of entrepreneurial firms and thereby attract M&A suitors.
Women with hip fracture have a greater rate of decline in bone mineral density than expected: another significant consequence of a common geriatric problem.

Introduction Hip fracture is a major public health problem, annually affecting over 350,000 persons in the United States and 1.6 million worldwide. Consequences include decreased survival, loss of independence, and increased risk of subsequent fractures. A substantial decline in bone mineral density (BMD) also occurs, yet the magnitude of the decline specifically attributable to hip fracture has not been documented.
Show me the pathway! Regulation of paracellular permeability by Na+-glucose cotransport

The physiological impact of Na(+)-nutrient cotransport-dependent regulation of intestinal tight junction permeability has been controversial. Nonetheless, increased permeability of small intestinal mucosae and enterocyte tight junctions as a consequence of Na(+)-nutrient cotransport has been documented by a significant number of in vivo and in vitro studies. Some details of the intracellular signaling events that regulate this process have been described recently. The aims of this article are to: (i) review studies of tight junction regulation and paracellular nutrient absorption in mammalian intestine, (ii) identify potential applications of tight junction regulation, and (iii) summarize recent progress in defining molecular mechanisms that lead to altered tight junction permeability.
Back pain in seniors: the Back pain Outcomes using Longitudinal Data (BOLD) cohort baseline data

Background Back pain represents a substantial burden globally, ranking first in a recent assessment among causes of years lived with disability. Though back pain is widely studied among working age adults, there are gaps with respect to basic descriptive epidemiology among seniors, especially in the United States. Our goal was to describe how pain, function and health-related quality of life vary by demographic and geographic factors among seniors presenting to primary care providers with new episodes of care for back pain.
Analysis of Breit-Wigner line shapes in the Raman spectra of graphite intercalation compounds

We perform an analysis of the \ensuremath{\sim} 1500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ Breit-Wigner interference feature in the Raman spectra of stage-1 (${\mathrm{C}}_{8}X$, $X=\mathrm{K},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{b},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{s}$) graphite-alkali-metal intercalation compounds based on new ${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$Cs data found a wider frequency range. Unlike previous studies of this interference feature we take into account the frequency dependence of the continuum scattering. Our analysis of the ${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$Cs spectrum strongly suggests that the Breit-Wigner resonance at \ensuremath{\sim} 1500 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in these ${\mathrm{C}}_{8}X$ donor compounds is due to an interference of a continuum with an in-plane carbon-layer vibration corresponding to the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$-point mode of pristine graphite, rather than to the graphitic zone-folded $M$-point mode suggested previously.
Vector-Meson Sum Rules from Current Commutators. I

Vector-meson sum rules are obtained from a charge commutator and from three mixed charge-current commutators using the noncovariant approach. In deriving these results, we use the most general form for the matrix elements of the weak hadron currents and for strong-interaction vertices, consistent with Lorentz covariance. Our results are compared with those obtained by dispersion-relation, covariant techniques, and with available experimental data.