cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hawthorne, Topeka, and the Issue of Science Versus Advocacy in Organizational Behavior

Many organizational behaviorists adopt dual roles in the course of their careers: as scientists with an academic responsibility for scholarship and as consultants advocating what they believe to be more effective organizational forms and managerial methods. This paper examines how these dual roles potentially can create problems for the literature of organizational behavior. The Hawthorne studies and the General Foods Topeka Plant are selected us examples.
A Trial Study: The Effect of Low Dose Human Chorionic Gonadotropin on the Symptoms of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

ABSTRACTPurpose: Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a glycoprotein hormone with multiple physiological functions. It interferes with mammary tumorigenesis and modulates growth and tumorigenesis in prostate cancer cells. In addition, HCG receptor transcripts and protein have been demonstrated in normal and hyperplastic prostate glands. Functionally HCG has a growth modulating effect on androgen independent prostate cell lines. We investigated the possible clinical effects of HCG on the symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in this trial study.Materials and Methods: We performed a multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized pilot study evaluating the effects of low dose HCG vs placebo in 101 men (50 to 79 years old) with BPH. The primary efficacy measure was the American Urological Association total symptom index score. Secondary efficacy parameters included peak urinary flow and sexual self-efficacy questionnaire changes.Results: Low dose HCG appeared to positively ef...
Comparative Evaluation of the Moisture Permeation of Polyurethane, Polyethylene, and Fluoropolymer Tubing

Polymer tubing is used for a variety of applications such as the transport of dry nitrogen and other gases in order to purge systems of moisture and other contaminants. While some polymer tubing are marketed for low-moisture applications, permeation data are often not reported to aid in material selection. Tests were performed to compare moisture permeation for a variety of tubing materials that could be used in dry gas purged systems. The results demonstrated that polyethylene and fluoropolymer tubing exhibited practically no moisture permeation, while polyurethane tubing exhibited a noticeable amount of moisture permeation. The results were compared with the moisture permeation of thin films. The permeation was found to be influenced by many factors as dictated by the various results derived from different brands and different durometers within the same brand. The effect of external relative humidity on permeation was also measured. Approximations can also be made on the internal relative humidity based on the external relative humidity. These approximations can be used as well to determine the maximum possible moisture exposure level outside the tubing or the purge time required for a specific application. The results could assist in material selection based on the desired application.
Resting Lymphocyte Kinase (Rlk/Txk) Targets Lymphoid Adaptor SLP-76 in the Cooperative Activation of Interleukin-2 Transcription in T-cells

Rlk/Txk is a T-cell-specific member of the Btk/Tec family of tyrosine kinases, whereas SLP-76 is a lymphoid adaptor that is essential for pre-TcR and mature TcR signaling. Although Rlk deficient T-cells show partial defects in T-cell proliferation, Rlk can complement ITK−/− cells with multiple defects in TcR initiated early events and interleukin (IL)-2 production. A key question is the nature of the target of Rlk responsible for bridging the TcR with the activation of IL-2 transcription. In this study, we identify a pathway in which Rlk phosphorylates SLP-76 leading to the phosphorylation of PLCγ1, activation of ERKs, and the synergistic up-regulation of TcR-driven IL-2 NFAT/AP-1 transcription. Rlk phosphorylated the N-terminal region of SLP-76, a region that has been previously shown to serve as a target for ZAP-70. Loss of N-terminal YESP/YEPP sites of SLP-76 or the Rlk kinase activity attenuated cooperativity between Rlk and SLP-76. These observations support a model where the TcR can utilize Rlk (as well as ZAP-70) in the phosphorylation of key sites in SLP-76 leading to the up-regulation of Th1 preferred cytokine IL-2.
Assessment of peripheral nerve crush injury with cortical somatosensory evoked potentials in the cat

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from anesthetized cats to assess regeneration of the superficial radial nerve after crush injury. SEPs were recorded by epidural electrodes chronically implanted over the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) and elicited by electrical stimulation of the dorsal surface of the contralateral forepaw. The stimulation intensity and impedances measured across the skin-stimulating electrodes were maintained constant for each animal throughout the experimental period. SEPs which disappeared after the radial nerve crush were elicited within the first week by stimulation applied to skin nearest the nerve crush site. Radial nerve crush also affected the SEP elicited by stimulating the intact ulnar side of the forepaw. In all animals examined, the SEP amplitude evoked by stimulation of the skin supplied by the ulnar nerve increased immediately after radial nerve crush. As early as 4 days after nerve crush, SEPs were elicited by stimulating the distal region of the digits that had been denervated. This phenomenon might be accounted for by peripheral collateral sprouting of intact neighboring nerves and/or by central unmasking of ulnar median input from the denervated radial skin area. Within 117 days, SEPs were elicited by stimulation applied anywhere in the previously denervated forepaw area. The topographical amplitude distribution of SEPs after reinnervation was not identical to that obtained under baseline conditions. The use of SEPs for chronic recording is an effective means to monitor reinnervation of skin after peripheral nerve injury.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Children and Adolescents With Disruptive Behavior

This article reviews the literature from 1996 to 2007 to update the 1998 Brestan and Eyberg report on evidence-based psychosocial treatments (EBTs) for child and adolescent disruptive behavior, including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Studies were evaluated using criteria for EBTs developed by the task force on promotion and dissemination of psychological procedures (Chambless et al., 1998; Chambless et al., 1996). Sixteen EBTs were identified in this review, up from 12 in the earlier report, and 9 “possibly efficacious” treatments (Chambless & Hollon, 1998) were identified as well. This article describes the EBTs and their evidence base and covers research on moderators and mediators of treatment outcome, as well as the clinical representativeness and generalizability of the studies. Best practice recommendations from the current evidence base also are offered, as well as calls for future research that increases understanding of the moderators and mechanisms of change for children an...
Hyperspectral lidar for bioaerosol size distribution determinations

Current lidar system used for bioaerosol detection utilize either elastic backscatter to detect the presence of any aerosol cloud, or use UV induced fluorescence to detect a potential bioaerosol. We are examining the possibility of using a broad bandwidth (hyperspectral) lidar system to estimate size distributions of aerosol clouds that may possess respirable biological particles. An optical parametric oscillator has been specially designed and fabricated for broad bandwidth operation in the 1.4 to 1.8 micrometer spectral region when pumped with a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. We have determined the spectral bandwidth, output, and pumping power characteristics of this device, and we have modeled the feasibility of using this as a source for an aerosol sizing lidar. A novel inverse Monte Carlo (IMC) technique was developed to analyze backscattering data that would result from a lidar system based on this device. Lidar simulation results show that good estimates of size distributions can be extracted for aerosols which have a 1 to 10 micrometer size range even when the signal to noise ratio is only 3:1.
Is male homosexuality maintained via kin selection

Abstract We tested the kin selection hypothesis of male homosexuality using questionnaire data in a community sample of homosexual and heterosexual men. Homosexual men were no more likely than heterosexual men to channel resources toward family members. Indeed, heterosexual men tended to give more financial resources to siblings than homosexual men. Furthermore, homosexual men were somewhat more estranged from family members, especially from fathers and oldest siblings.
An experimental silver study of the ascending projections of the central gray substance and adjacent tegmentum in the rat with observations in the cat

The ascending projections of the central gray substance and adjacent tegmentum in the rat and cat were studied with the Fink-Heimer (1967) modification of the Nauta method. Following lesions of the circumaqueductal gray, degeneration was traced along the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus of Schutz, a reciprocal association pathway between the central gray and the hypothalamus, into the dorsal and posterior hypothalamus, midline and intralaminar regions of the thalamus, and the zona incerta of the subthalamus. Another group of fibers travelled ventrally from the central grey to reach the ventral tegmental area of Tsai; some of these fibers continued rostrally to terminate in the lateral hypothalamus. Other fibers distributed to the midbrain tegmentum as components of Weisschedel's radiatio grisea tegmenti. Lesions which extended into the adjacent tegmentum produced a larger quantity of degeneration than did lesions confined to the central gray, but the patterns of degeneration were similar in both cases. The ascending projections of the central gray in the rat and cat were found to have similar distributions but were slightly more massive in the cat. No evidence of fiber degeneration was detected in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Negative results, however, must be interpreted with caution, for they may be due to an excessively small caliber of axons and/or peculiar modes of axon termination in hypothalamic tissue.
Qualitative differences in the lymphocyte phytohemagglutinin (pha) response between the bone marrow and other lymphoid organs.

Bone marrow exhibits a limited response to the “T cell mitogen” phytohemagglutinin (PHA) which differs qualitatively from the response obtained with other populations of lymphocytes. Since conventional techniques were not sufficiently sensitive for analyzing the meager response of the marrow, a highly sensitive microculture assay system was devised which relies on purification of bone marrow lymphocytes by sucrose gradient centrifugation and on strict adherence to culture conditions optimal for the marrow. Using these techniques in CBA mice, PHA responsive cells in the marrow were found to differ qualitatively from responsive cells of other lymphoid organs in spite of the fact that they were morphologically identical. Maximal stimulation of bone marrow lymphocytes by PHA occurred at a mitogen concentration five times the optimal dose for thymus, lymph node and spleen cells. Furthermore, the BML PHA response peaked in a broad plateau between Days 4 and 7 of incubation whereas the other lymphoid organs demonstrated an early “spike” response to PHA maximal at 2–3 days of culture. The unique kinetics of the BML PHA response are compatible with a hypothesis which suggests that the marrow response to PHA is mediated by precursor T cells, whereas the responding cells in other lymphoid organs are mature T cells.
Data Automata in Scala

The field of runtime verification has during the last decade seen a multitude of systems for monitoring event sequences (traces) emitted by a running system. The objective is to ensure correctness of a system by checking its execution traces against formal specifications representing requirements. A special challenge is data parameterized events, where monitors have to keep track of the combination of control states as well as data constraints, relating events and the data they carry across time points. This poses a challenge wrt. efficiency of monitors, as well as expressiveness of logics. Data automata is a form of automata where states are parameterized with data, supporting monitoring of data parameterized events. We describe the full details of a very simple API in the Scala programming language, an internal DSL (Domain-Specific Language), implementing data automata. The small implementation suggests a design pattern. Data automata allow transition conditions to refer to other states than the source state, and allow target states of transitions to be inlined, offering a temporal logic flavored notation. An embedding of a logic in a high-level language like Scala in addition allows monitors to be programmed using all of Scala's language constructs, offering the full flexibility of a programming language. The framework is demonstrated on an XML processing scenario previously addressed in related work.
Determination of both polarisation and power gain of antennas by a generalised 3-antenna measurement method

A method enabling determination of polarisation and power gain of three unknown antennas, requiring no prior quantitative knowledge of polarisation, is developed. An application of the method using a new near-zone extrapolation technique (introduced by Wacker and Bowman), which permits accurate antenna measurements at reduced distances in spite of proximity effects, is described.
Constructing 3D package component broadband electrical models with correct DC values

Accurate channel simulations of package interconnections require passive and causal models that faithfully represent the full frequency response from tens of gigahertz to DC. In this paper, we propose and test a method to create accurate models extending to DC while retaining passivity and causality. The model derived by this method is suitable for transient simulations of packaging interconnect systems.
Phenotypic and functional profiling of mouse intestinal antigen presenting cells

The microbiota that populates the mammalian intestine consists of hundreds of trillions of bacteria that are separated from underlying immune cells by a single layer of epithelial cells. The intestinal immune system effectively tolerates components of the microbiota that provide benefit to the host while remaining poised to eliminate those that are harmful. Antigen presenting cells, especially macrophages and dendritic cells, play important roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis via their ability to orchestrate appropriate responses to the microbiota. Paramount to elucidating intestinal macrophage- and dendritic cell-mediated functions is the ability to effectively isolate and identify these cells from a complex cellular environment. In this review, we summarize methodology for the isolation and phenotypic characterization of macrophages and DCs from the mouse intestine and discuss how this may be useful for gaining insight into the mechanisms by which mucosal immune tolerance is maintained.
Hydrologic support of carbon dioxide flux revealed by whole-lake carbon budgets

[1] Freshwater lakes are an important component of the global carbon cycle through both organic carbon (OC) sequestration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Most lakes have a net annual loss of CO2 to the atmosphere and substantial current evidence suggests thatbiologic mineralization of allochthonous OC maintains this flux. Because net CO2 flux to the atmosphere implies net mineralization of OC within the lake ecosystem, it is also commonly assumed that net annual CO2 emission indicates negative net ecosystem production (NEP). We explored the relationship between atmospheric CO2 emission and NEP in two lakes known to have contrasting hydrologic characteristics and net CO2 emission. We calculated NEP for calendar year 2004 using whole-lake OC and inorganic carbon (IC) budgets, NEPOC and NEPIC, respectively, and compared the resulting values to measured annual CO2 flux from the lakes. In both lakes, NEPOC and NEPIC were positive, indicating net autotrophy. Therefore CO2 emission from these lakes was apparently not supported by mineralization of allochthonous organic material. In both lakes, hydrologic CO2 inputs, as well as CO2 evolved from net calcite precipitation, could account for the net CO2 emission. NEP calculated from diel CO2 measurements was also affected by hydrologic inputs of CO2. These results indicate that CO2 emission and positive NEP may coincide in lakes, especially in carbonate terrain, and that all potential geologic, biogeochemical, and hydrologic sources of CO2 need to be accounted for when using CO2 concentrations to infer lake NEP.
Personality, Criminal Behavior, and Risk Assessment: Implications for Theory and Practice

The present study explores the relationship between personality and long-term recidivism. A longitudinal design is used that examines recidivism rates for a cohort of federal prison inmates during a period of 10 to 12 years. The study explores whether personality, as measured by the Jesness Inventory, is related to recidivism, defined as any new arrest and arrest for a specific charge including drugs, property offenses, or violence. The Jesness Inventory types are collapsed into four groups: neurotics, aggressives, dependents, and situationals. Findings from the survival analysis indicate that personality (e.g., neurotics and aggressives) is related to recidivism. The analysis pertaining to type of charge concludes that personality (e.g., neurotics) is significant in the models predicting drug offenses. The research explores whether corrections should extend personality research beyond its traditional focus (e.g., responsivity) to a greater consideration of personality as a risk factor.
Induction of physical dependence upon ethanol in rats using intravenous infusion

Abstract Intravenous infusions were used to produce physical dependence upon ethanol in rats. The procedure proved to be safe, rapid, and reliable. Ethanol (30% v/v) was administered over a 7-day period. The mean daily dose ranged from 10–14 g/kg/day. Control rats were exposed to a comparable procedure except that saline, rather than ethanol, was infused. All ethanol treated rats that survived the intoxication period (n=11) showed signs of physical dependence (moderate to severe3 n=8; mild, n=3) following ethanol withdrawal. Saline treated rats (n=8) did not show any of these symptoms. The most reliable ethanol withdrawal signs observed were: spontaneous seizure (n=7), audiogenic seizure (n=7), tremors (n=6), tail stiffening (n=10) and body rigidity (n=9). These symptoms were analyzed in terms of their hour of onset and hour of maximum intensity following ethanol withdrawal. Application of the intravenous method for the study of ethanol self-administration is discussed.
Elevated cytokine concentrations in the nasopharyngeal and tracheal secretions of children with respiratory syncytial virus disease

Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract disease in infants. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of RSV disease is not well-understood. The present study was designed (1) to determine whether RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted), macrophage-inflammatory protein-1-alpha (MIP-1-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and IL-10 can be detected in respiratory secretions of children with RSV infection and (2) to assess whether the concentrations of these cytokines in respiratory secretions correlate with white blood cell (WBC) counts and RSV concentrations and with disease severity. Methods. During the 1996 to 1997 RSV season, we studied prospectively 14 intubated and 14 nonintubated children hospitalized with RSV disease. Nasal wash (NW) and tracheal aspirate (TA) samples were obtained from intubated patients on Hospital Days 1, 3 and 5. NW samples were obtained from nonintubated patients on hospital days 1 and 3. Seven healthy children undergoing elective surgery served as controls. All samples were analyzed for: (1) WBC and differential counts; (2) concentrations of RANTES, MIP-1-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10; and (3) quantitative RSV cultures, except in control patients. Results. RANTES, MIP-1-alpha, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were detected in NW and TA samples from all children with RSV infection. The concentrations of these cytokines in samples obtained from children with RSV infection were significantly greater than those in samples obtained from control children. NW WBC counts significantly correlated with NW RANTES, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 concentrations, whereas TA WBC counts significantly correlated with TA IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and MIP-1-alpha concentrations. NW RSV concentrations correlated with NW WBC counts and with NW cytokine concentrations. Among children with RSV infection nonintubated patients had greater NW WBC counts and NW RANTES concentrations than intubated patients. TA RANTES, IL-8 and IL-10 concentrations inversely correlated with clinical markers of RSV disease severity. Conclusion. The presence of cytokines in NW and TA samples of children with RSV infection suggests that they have a role in mediating the respiratory tract inflammation induced by RSV. These observations could have implications for designing new therapeutic strategies directed at immunomodulation of RSV disease.
Generation of lattice Wannier functions via maximum localization

A method is presented for generating approximate lattice Wannier functions (LWFs) for lattice dynamics problems, using the dynamical matrix for a supercell as input. The lattice Wannier functions fit selected phonon frequencies and eigenvectors exactly, are orthonormal, and are optimized to be maximally localized. The method easily generalizes to the case where LWF centered on more than one distinct chemical species are desired, as well as to the case of solid solutions. The method is successfully applied to a one-dimensional toy model.
Interpretation of current-induced noise for detection of ULSI/VLSI interconnection reliability problems

This paper summarizes several different types of current induced (excess) noise time domain waveforms and the power spectra behavior associated with specific ULSI/VLSI interconnection problems. Importance of maintaining waveform stationarity when using 1/f2 noise to detect electromigration is illustrated. In addition, non-stationary waveforms, associated with thin films with high degrees of stress are reported. A discussion of large magnitude 1/f spectra associated with the presence of film voids, poor step coverage and/or wire bonding problems is presented.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Increased AMPA GluR1 receptor subunit labeling on the plasma membrane of dendrites in the basolateral amygdala of rats self-administering morphine.

Glutamate-dependent synaptic plasticity is emerging as an important neural substrate of addiction. These drug-dependent neural adaptations may occur within brain systems that mediate reward, emotion, and cognitive function such as the amygdala complex. Modification of glutamate receptor targeting may be a key mechanism mediating neural plasticity; however, evidence for alteration of amygdala AMPA receptor localization in response to drug self-administration is lacking. High-resolution immunogold electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to compare surface and intracellular labeling of the calcium sensitive AMPA GluR1 receptor subunit in the basolateral (BLA) and central (CeA) nuclei of the amygdala in rats self-administering escalating doses of morphine or saline. Morphine self-administration was associated with regionally diverse effects on dendritic GluR1 targeting in the BLA and CeA. In the BLA of morphine self-administering animals, there was a significant increase in the proportion of immunogold particles for GluR1 on the plasma membrane of dendrites, particularly in association with extrasynaptic sites, which was most prominent in large (2–4 μm) profiles. In contrast, there were no significant differences in surface or intracellular immunogold labeling in the CeA between morphine self-administering and control animals. In both amygdala regions, GluR1 and the μ-opioid receptor, the major cellular target of morphine, were only infrequently colocalized. These results indicate that GluR1 targeting is a dynamic process that can be differentially affected in distinct amygdala regions in response to chronic self-administration of morphine. Homeostatic adaptations in the subcellular localization of calcium sensitive AMPA receptors within the BLA may be an important neural substrate for alterations in reward, autonomic function, and behavioral processes associated with opiate addiction. Synapse 58:1–12, 2005 © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Short-term pain for long-term gain: the role of experiential avoidance in the relation between anxiety sensitivity and emotional distress

Research has provided evidence of an interactive effect between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and experiential avoidance (EA) in predicting both anxiety and posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptomatology. Additionally, theory suggests that EA alleviates distress in the short-term, but exacerbates it in the long-term. The present cross-sectional study was developed to replicate the noted findings and examine the interaction (EA × AS) in the context of an emotionally evocative task. It was predicted that, among high AS participants, high EA would (a) reduce the likelihood of experiencing short-term increases in negative affect following the task, and (b) increase the likelihood of anxiety and PTS symptomatology. Undergraduate participants (N=199) completed a battery of self-report questionnaires and an emotionally evocative task. As predicted, positive associations were observed between AS and both anxiety and PTS symptoms, but only among high EA participants. Additionally, AS only predicted increases in negative affect following the emotionally evocative task for those with lower levels of EA, thus providing empirical evidence of the affect regulatory function of EA among those who fear anxiety-related bodily sensations. These findings help to elucidate the motives for the use of avoidance among those high in AS. Conceptual and clinical implications are discussed.
D3-brane action in a supergravity background: the fermionic story

Using the kappa-symmetric action for a D3-brane, we study the interaction between its world-volume fermions and a bosonic type IIB supergravity background preserving 4-dimensional Lorentz invariance. We find that the renormalizable terms in the action include only coupling between the fermions and the 3-form flux in the combination *G_3-iG_3, which is zero for a class of supersymmetric and nonsupersymmetric solutions. We also find the magnetic and electric dipole moments for the fermions, which are proportional to the derivative of the dilaton-axion. We show that different gauges to fix the kappa-symmetry give the same interaction terms, and prove that these terms are also SL(2,R) self-dual. We interpret our results in terms of N=1 supersymmetric gauge theory on the D-brane.
Effects of extra Wilson fermions with large negative mass

Abstract We study effects of extra Wilson fermion with large negative mass coupled to domain-wall fermions (DWF) for improving the chiral properties. The relation between unwanted violation of the chiral symmetry and the translational invariant modes in the 5th direction is discussed in detail.
Some velocity field results from the thermocapillary flow experiment aboard USML-1 Spacelab

Results are reported of the Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment (STDCE) aboard USML-1 Spacelab. Steady and transient thermocapillary flows were investigated in a 10 cm dia. circular container filled with 10 Cs silicone oil. The velocity and temperature fields were studied in detail under various conditions. It is shown in this paper how the Marangoni number affects the velocity field. A numerical analysis of the flows was also conducted and its results were compared to the experimental data. Good agreement is shown.
Characterization of anisotropic myocardial backscatter using spectral slope, intercept and midband fit parameters.

The specific myocardial structural components that contribute to the observed level of backscatter from the heart and its dependence on the angle of insonification have not been completely identified. The objectives of this study were to measure the anisotropy of backscatter from myocardium using the approach first introduced by Lizzi et al. [J Acoust Soc Am 73, 1366–1373 (1983)] and to use the extracted spectral parameters (spectral slope, intercept and midband fit) to characterize changes in the apparent scatterer size, spatial concentration and acoustic impedance properties as functions of the angle of insonification. Backscatter measurements were performed in vitro on eight cylindrical formalin-fixed lamb myocardial specimens using a 5 MHz focused transducer. The backscattered spectral data as a function of angle of insonification relative to the myocardial fiber direction were analyzed over the frequency range of 4 to 6 MHz. The spectral parameters describing features of backscatter were determined b...
Distinct effects of contraction-induced injury in vivo on four different murine models of dysferlinopathy.

Mutations in the DYSF gene, encoding dysferlin, cause muscular dystrophies in man. We compared 4 dysferlinopathic mouse strains: SJL/J and B10.SJL-Dysfim/AwaJ (B10.SJL), and A/J and B6.A-Dysfprmd/GeneJ (B6.A/J). The former but not the latter two are overtly myopathic and weaker at 3 months of age. Following repetitive large-strain injury (LSI) caused by lengthening contractions, all except B6.A/J showed ~40% loss in contractile torque. Three days later, torque in SJL/J, B10.SJL and controls, but not A/J, recovered nearly completely. B6.A/J showed ~30% torque loss post-LSI and more variable recovery. Pre-injury, all dysferlinopathic strains had more centrally nucleated fibers (CNFs) and all but A/J showed more inflammation than controls. At D3, all dysferlinopathic strains showed increased necrosis and inflammation, but not more CNFs; controls were unchanged. Dystrophin-null DMDmdx mice showed more necrosis and inflammation than all dysferlin-nulls. Torque loss and inflammation on D3 across all strains were linearly related to necrosis. Our results suggest that (1) dysferlin is not required for functional recovery 3 days after LSI; (2) B6.A/J mice recover from LSI erratically; (3) SJL/J and B10.SJL muscles recover rapidly, perhaps due to ongoing myopathy; (4) although they recover function to different levels, all 4 dysferlinopathic strains show increased inflammation and necrosis 3 days after LSI.
Silicon Nanophotonics for On-Chip High-Speed Parametric Optical Processing

Utilizing all-optical parametric processing in a silicon photonic chip, we demonstrate wavelength conversion for 10 and 40-Gb/s NRZ as well as 160-Gb/s pulsed-RZ data signals, and demonstrate eight-way wavelength multicasting at 40-Gb/s NRZ data rates.
Increasing Hospice Services for Elderly Patients Maintained with Hemodialysis

Abstract Few dying patients undergoing dialysis receive hospice care. An intervention to facilitate hospice referral was evaluated in a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Five hemodialysis units in Massachusetts were divided into intervention sites (N = 3 clinics) and control sites (N = 2 clinics). Five hundred twelve patients were screened to identify those with indicators of poor prognoses; 133 met the eligibility criteria and consented to participate. Eighty-two intervention subjects and 51 control subjects were followed for a median of 17 months. During that time, 45 died and 16 received hospice services. Directors from the community hospices were approached by the researchers and agreed to provide an educational outreach to the intervention clinics. Renal supportive care teams (RSCTs) consisting mainly of volunteer health-care providers recruited from the dialysis clinics and local hospices were notified about the high-mortality patients. Staff met periodically to discuss their contacts with subj...
Curvature based gauge invariant perturbation theory for gravity: A New paradigm

A new approach to gravitational gauge-invariant perturbation theory begins from the fourth-order Einstein-Ricci system, a hyperbolic formulation of gravity for arbitrary lapse and shift whose centerpiece is a wave equation for curvature. In the Minkowski and Schwarzschild backgrounds, an intertwining operator procedure is used to separate physical gauge-invariant curvature perturbations from unphysical ones. In the Schwarzschild case, physical variables are found which satisfy the Regge-Wheeler equation in both odd and even parity. In both cases, the unphysical ``gauge'' degrees of freedom are identified with violations of the linearized Hamiltonian and momentum constraints, and they are found to evolve among themselves as a closed subsystem. If the constraints are violated, say by numerical finite differencing, this system describes the hyperbolic evolution of the constraint violation. It is argued that an underlying raison d'\^etre of causal hyperbolic formulations is to make the evolution of constraint violations well posed.
Interpreting references to group membership in context: feelings about intergroup contact depending on who says what to whom

Contact research often manipulates the salience of group membership, with little consideration of how such manipulations affect feelings toward intergroup contact, and how contextual features may moderate its effects. We propose that feelings toward intergroup contact may not depend solely on the degree to which group membership appears to be salient, but on how references to group membership are interpreted in the intergroup context. Two experimental studies examined how references to group membership may be interpreted differently depending on their source (ingroup or outgroup) and the recipient (minority or majority), and how these interpretations predict feelings toward cross-group interactions. In Study 1, references to group membership were interpreted more negatively from an outgroup source among majority participants, yet a reverse pattern was observed for minority participants. Similar effects were obtained in Study 2, yet participants tended to respond negatively when an outgroup member referred specifically to their group. Moreover, feelings about cross-group interactions were predicted only (Study 1) and strongly (Study 2) by the degree to which outgroup members' references were interpreted negatively, beyond what was predicted by participants' general awareness of group membership. Implications of these findings for future research on contact and salience are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power flow control in DC distribution systems

This paper presents a detailed description of a proposed topology for connecting DC buses in a DC distribution system. The power available at the DC system under study is assumed mainly dependent on renewable energy sources. The proposed topology utilizes a controlled series current compensator (CSCC) technique for power flow control. The proposed topology has certain features like full power flow controllability among all DC buses while keeping the voltage level constant and relative simplicity of applying protection scheme. Simulation results verified the applicability of the proposed topology. Moreover, a prototype system has been designed and built in hardware to examine the performance of the proposed system. The experimental results show the validity of the proposed system as a powerful technique to interconnect DC buses.
Hemochromogens and related compounds in liquid ammonia.

Summary1. A study of the reactions and reaction products of hemin and coordinating substances and certain compounds and conjugates related to them has been made in liquid ammonia.2. The nomenclature used to describe new compounds and conjugates that are formed in liquid ammonia has been adopted primarily from the nomenclature as used by Keilin for derivatives of hemin and from the nomenclature as used by Franklin in his studies of the nitrogen system of compounds.3. A new derivative of hemin and liquid ammonia has been described, which exists only in liquid ammonia and which absorbs strongly at 555 mμ.4. A compound has been prepared by dispersing liquid ammonia treated hemin in water. This compound absorbs at 620 m/x, which is the same spectral region as that found for some hemin compounds occurring in the blood of patients suffering from black water fever. The ammano-hemin is soluble in water at pH 5.5 and it is also soluble in ethylene glycol.5. A new preparation has been made by combining egg albumin w...
Echocardiographic study of malfunction of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position.

Abstract This report presents an echocardiographic study of four cases of malfunction of the Bjork-Shiley prosthetic heart valve in the mitral position. The malfunction was proved in all patients by cardiac catheterization, observation at cardiac surgery or findings at postmortem examination. Two distinctive motion patterns of the malfunctioning valves were detected in the echocardiogram. One was a rounded and slowed pattern of opening and closure that correlated with the presence of abnormal clotting on the prosthesis (two patients). The other was an unusual “hump” during the opening phase that correlated with significant perivalve leak (two patients). These patterns along with other observations appear to be valuable in recognizing mitral valve Bjork-Shiley prosthetic malfunction with echocardiography.
Integrating Leadership Processes: Redefining the Principles Course.

Abstract Current research indicates the gap between what a student can do in public relations upon graduation and what professionals, both academic and practitioner, ideally would like is a statistically significant disparity. This finding should concern professionals greatly as the future of the field of public relations is currently being challenged by other disciplines. This article revamps the principles of public relations course, the first professional course in the public relations sequence, by integrating a leadership process and a service-learning component. With 5 years of experience with this approach, the project results indicate more students are reflecting the interpersonal and team skills desired in the 1998 national study on public relations. Employers need students who understand organizational systems, who can work independently as well as effectively in teams, and who can see the long-term goals of a project and/or campaign. Finally, the certification and accreditation programs sponsored by professional organizations must reflect these new standards.
Recent Developments in the Treatment of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: A Review of Several New Drug Classes

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) receptor leading to severe elevations in plasma levels of LDL-c which results in premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Statins, ezetimibe, and bile acid sequestrants significantly lower LDL-c levels in these patients and subsequently markedly improve survival; however, even with these interventions LDL-c goals often are not met. Several new drug classes are in development and have the potential to make reaching these cholesterol goals easier. In this article we review the most recent trials of several classes of drugs with the potential to change the future of familial hypercholesterolemia management: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors, apolipoprotein B synthesis inhibitors (mipomersen), cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors and inhibitors of pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9). Each class has shown promise with regard to their effects on the lipid profile. However, the potential side-effects of each drug are also being determined and have limited the development of certain agents. Therefore, the long-term effects of these drug classes, both in terms of side-effects and their effect on clinical outcomes such as cardiovascular events and mortality, continue to be determined.
Experiments with Tangential Blowing to Reduce Buffet Response on an F-15 Model

A concept employing upstream tangential blowing was investigated experimentally as a means for mitigating buffet response of fighter aircraft empennage, notably twin vertical tails. Wind-tunnel tests of a 4.7%-scale model of the F-15 fighter were conducted in the Subsonic Aerodynamics Research Laboratory, Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Tangential blowing was introduced from three points: the nose, the wing-root leading edge, and the gun bump, flowing back to the tails in a Coanda-like effect. Several blowing pressure values were used at angles of attack from 0 to 32 deg. Blowing was seen to lower the buffet pressures on the tails and to reduce the structural response. The level of response, and trends varied somewhat between bending and torsion moments and acceleration data. Also, the trends depended upon angle of attack and yaw, and frequency bands. In some cases blowing actually increased the response slightly. The most effective blowing position was the wing blowing position; the gun position was the next most effective; and the nose position was the least effective.
The vocabulary of the international electrotechnical commission

The publication, in 1938, of an international vocabulary of electrical terms marked the first time that such a list of definitions had been produced upon which international agreement had been reached. Advances during and since World War II, however, have necessitated the current process of revision, work in which the United States, previously inadequately represented, is taking an active part.
Effect of halothane and methoxyflurane anaesthesia on plasma cortisol concentration in relation to major surgery.

Serial assays of plasma cortisol concentrations were carried out before, during, and after major surgical procedures in 68 patients, employing halothane and methoxyflurane as the primary anaesthetic agents. A simple fluorimetric assay procedure was used which provided accurate data rapidly. Synacthen® (synthetic β 1–24 corticotropin) was employed in place of natural ACTH as a chemical stimulus of the adrenal cortex and was found to be an effective and safe test of the patients’ response to stress. No immunological reactions occurred with this preparation. Atropine and meperidine premedication did not affect the response to the test. The initial rise in the plasma cortisol levels after induction of anaesthesia was slower than that produced by the injection of β 1–24 corticotropin, probably due to the administration of thiopentone during induction of anaesthesia. The plasma cortisol levels rose to quite high levels during surgical operations with methoxyflurane anaesthesia when synthetic β 1–24 corticotropin was administered, whereas they were somewhat depressed when halothane anaesthesia was employed. However, there was no striking difference between the two anaesthetics and surgery when no β 1–24 corticotropin was given. The significance of the plasma cortisol level with respect to circulatory homeostasis is not known, but an adequate level appears to be essential during induction of anaesthesia and the performance of major surgery. Elderly patients had the same general response on the plasma cortisol level during anaesthesia and surgery as younger patients, and there were no apparent differences due to the sex of the patient provided adrenocortical insufficiency was not present. This test may be particularly useful in patients who have received steroid therapy in the past, in order to determine whether they require supportive therapy during an operation.
A 3D view of sodium channels

The voltage-gated sodium channel is essential for nerve cells to function. But how does it work? A low-resolution, three-dimensional structure provides some provocative insights.
Development of a mechanistic model of liver metabolism in the lactating cow

Abstract In order to accurately predict nutrient requirements and utilization in ruminants, an assessment of hepatic nutrient utilization must be made. A mechanistic, dynamic, deterministic model of liver metabolism was constructed to integrate available data toward this end. The objective of the modeling exercise was to develop a mechanistic model of ruminant liver metabolism, based on known metabolic pathways, which was capable of predicting whole-organ metabolism and simulating 14C-radiotracer kinetics. The program was written in the Advanced Continuous Simulation Language and run on a VAX computer. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta procedure was used for numerical integration. Development of kinetic arguments and subsequent parametrization relied heavily on in-vivo input: output data and underlying biochemistry. The model was evaluated using a combination of behavioral analyses, sensitivity analyses, and challenges from independent data sets.
The utility of fine needle aspiration in parotid malignancy.

Objective To determine clinical utility of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in parotid neoplasia. Study Design and Setting Retrospective cohort study. Methods FNA and final pathology data were reviewed for patients who underwent parotidectomy for malignancy. Surgical outcomes were compared between patients with malignant cytology versus nonmalignant/nondiagnostic cytology. Results Twenty-seven of 33 primary malignant parotid lesions underwent FNA. Seventeen (63.0%) patients were diagnosed with cancer on FNA. The remaining 16 patients did not undergo FNA (n = 6), had a nondiagnostic FNA specimen (n = 5), or were incorrectly diagnosed with a benign lesion (n = 5). Patients who went on to parotidectomy with intent to treat malignancy based on FNA had significantly higher rates of upfront neck dissections (47.1% vs 12.5%, P = 0.036) as well as clear pathological margins (70.6% vs 31.3%, P = 0.027) vs those with nonmalignant FNA diagnoses. Conclusions Preoperative FNA diagnosis of malignancy improves surgical treatment of parotid cancer. Significance FNA in the evaluation of parotid masses should strongly be considered.
Allometric growth and allocation in forests: a perspective from FLUXNET.

To develop a scheme for partitioning the products of photosynthesis toward different biomass components in land-surface models, a database on component mass and net primary productivity (NPP), collected from FLUXNET sites, was examined to determine allometric patterns of allocation. We found that NPP per individual of foliage (Gfol), stem and branches (Gstem), coarse roots (Gcroot) and fine roots (Gfroot) in individual trees is largely explained (r2 = 67–91%) by the magnitude of total NPP per individual (G). Gfol scales with G isometrically, meaning it is a fixed fraction of G (∼25%). Root–shoot trade-offs were manifest as a slow decline in Gfroot, as a fraction of G, from 50% to 25% as stands increased in biomass, with Gstem and Gcroot increasing as a consequence. These results indicate that a functional trade-off between aboveground and belowground allocation is essentially captured by variations in G, which itself is largely governed by stand biomass and only secondarily by site-specific resource avail...