cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception of Safety Culture: Surveying the Aviation Divisions of Ministry of National Defense, Taiwan, Republic of China

Abstract The Aviation Divisions of the Ministry of National Defense (ADMND), Taiwan, Republic of China (ROC) have established internal independent safety audit systems across various divisions to improve aviation safety performance and maintain safety records. The safety audit systems include a pilot reporting system, operation risk management, operation information resource management, flight and base service reporting system, etc. that are similar to the key elements of Safety Management Systems (SMS). SMS shapes the local culture and is thus, a safe operational environment. As the safety culture is one of the critical deliverables of SMS implementation, this study examined the architecture of the relationships between components of organizational safety culture, including informed, reporting, just and learning/adaptive subcultures–all embedded within the ADMND in Taiwan. A total of 915 valid questionnaires, collected from crewmembers (pilots and ground support staff) of ADMND, were analyzed and formed the basis for structural equation modeling and subsequent analyses. The analytical results indicated that safety culture has been well-established within the ADMND which is fully in compliance with the fundamental implementation of SMS (AC 120-32C) issued by the Civil Aviation Administration of the Ministry of Transportation, Taiwan, ROC.
New Frontiers: Territory, Social Spaces, and the State

L'A. passe en revue les ouvrages publies concernant les processus de globalisation. Il s'interesse plus particulierement aux analyses concernant la formation de l'Etat moderne ainsi que celles concernant la notion de territorialite. Il met en exergue le concept de «territoire moral» afin de mieux saisir la signification de l'espace territorial. Il envisage les nouveaux modes de marquage social et souligne que de nouveaux espaces politiques tendent a se constituer dans la periode actuelle
A Link Distance Ratio Based Stable Multicast Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

We present the design and development of a new multicast routing protocol, referred to as the Multicast Link Distance Ratio (MLDR) routing protocol, which yields stable trees with longer lifetime and without incurring any substantial increase in the number of edges and the hop count per source-receiver path. The proposed multicast protocol is based on the idea of assigning each link a weight, called the Link Distance Ratio (LDR), corresponding to the ratio of the actual physical Euclidean distance between the constituent nodes of the link to that of the maximum transmission range per node. The multicast tree construction procedure of MLDR focuses on discovering source-receiver paths that have the lowest sum of the LDR values of the constituent links. An aggregate of all such source-receiver paths yields the MLDR multicast tree. The lifetime of MLDR multicast trees is 25% - 63% longer than that of the well-known minimum hop based Multicast Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol and at the same time the number of edges per tree and hop count per source-receiver path are slightly larger than that of MAODV, by factors of 11% and 8% respectively.
Problem Set 1.1 – Physical Foundations: Pressure and Electrical Forces and Flows

Publisher Summary This chapter presents various problem sets related to the physical foundations of pressure and electrical forces and flows.
Abstract P3-08-01: Characteristics, outcomes and prognostic factors of luminal androgen receptor (LAR) triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)

Background: The LAR subtype is a genomically distinct subset of TNBC. Using a large cohort of non-metastatic TNBC patients (pts) with long term follow-up, we sought to further characterize the clinicopathologic features and outcomes of LAR vs non-LAR TNBC. Methods: From a cohort of 9982 women with surgically-treated non-metastatic breast cancer, 605 met criteria for TNBC (ER/PR Results: 58 (20%) tumors were classified as LAR and 225 (80%) as non-LAR. Compared to non-LAR, LAR pts were older (mean age 65 vs 54) and more often postmenopausal (79%vs53%), both p=0.01. Apocrine histology was more common among LAR tumors (21%vs0%), which were also lower grade (grade3: 69%vs95%) and had lower Ki-67 (Ki-67>15%: 64%vs82%), all p Conclusions: LAR TNBCs occurred in older women, were lower grade, and had lower TIL density than nonLAR tumors. While significant differences in IDFS or OS were not demonstrated, LAR pts exhibited a numerically lower risk of a disease event at 3yrs, but higher risk by 10yrs compared to nonLAR pts. In the entire cohort, higher N stage, absence of AdjCT and lower TILs were independently associated with poorer outcomes. Citation Format: Leon-Ferre RA, Polley M-Y, Liu H, Kalari KR, Boughey JC, Liu MC, Cafourek V, Negron V, Ingle JN, Thompson KJ, Tang X, Barman P, Carlson E, Visscher DW, Carter JC, Couch FJ, Goetz MP. Characteristics, outcomes and prognostic factors of luminal androgen receptor (LAR) triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-01.
Long-lasting Analgesia via Targeted in vivo Epigenetic Repression of Nav1.7

ABSTRACT Current treatments for chronic pain rely largely on opioids despite their unwanted side effects and risk of addiction. Genetic studies have identified in humans key targets pivotal to nociceptive processing, with the voltage-gated sodium channel, NaV1.7 (SCN9A), being perhaps the most promising candidate for analgesic drug development. Specifically, a hereditary loss-of-function mutation in NaV1.7 leads to insensitivity to pain without other neurodevelopmental alterations. However, the high sequence similarity between NaV subtypes has frustrated efforts to develop selective inhibitors. Here, we investigated targeted epigenetic repression of NaV1.7 via genome engineering approaches based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-dCas9 and zinc finger proteins as a potential treatment for chronic pain. Towards this end, we first optimized the efficiency of NaV1.7 repression in vitro in Neuro2A cells, and then by the lumbar intrathecal route delivered both genome-engineering platforms via adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) to assess their effects in three mouse models of pain: carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain, paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain and BzATP-induced pain. Our results demonstrate: one, effective repression of NaV1.7 in lumbar dorsal root ganglia; two, reduced thermal hyperalgesia in the inflammatory state; three, decreased tactile allodynia in the neuropathic state; and four, no changes in normal motor function. We anticipate this genomically scarless and non-addictive pain amelioration approach enabling Long-lasting Analgesia via Targeted in vivoEpigenetic Repression of Nav1.7, a methodology we dub pain LATER, will have significant therapeutic potential, such as for preemptive administration in anticipation of a pain stimulus (pre-operatively), or during an established chronic pain state. One sentence summary In situ epigenome engineering approach for genomically scarless, durable, and non-addictive management of pain.
The Role of Collaboration in Integrated Programs Aimed at Supporting Underrepresented Student Success in STEM

The persistent underrepresentation of low-income, first-generation, and underrepresented minority students among those who complete an undergraduate degree in science, technology, engineering, and ...
Application of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Dosage Forms in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases.

Abstract Chronic disease management has been a significant burden in many countries. As most treatment options involve long-term pharmacotherapy, patient compliance has been a challenge, as patients have to remember taking medications on time at the prescribed dose for each disease state. Patients are often required to split the dosage unit, which may lead to under- or over-dose and dose-related adverse effects. However, 3D printing technologies have been used for fabricating personalized medications and multiple drugs in a single dose unit (polypills), which might greatly reduce treatment monitoring, dosing errors, and follow-ups with the health care providers. Extrusion-based 3D printing is the most used technology to fabricate polypills and to customize the dose, dosage form, and release kinetics, which might potentially reduce the risk of patient non-compliance. Although extrusion-based 3D printing has existed for some time, interest in its potential to fabricate dosage forms for treating chronic diseases is still in its infancy. This review focuses on the various extrusion-based 3D printing technologies such as fused deposition modeling, pressure-assisted microsyringe, and direct powder extrusion 3D printing in the preparation of customizable, multi-drug dosage forms for treating chronic diseases.
Multiphase Drug Release in Hollow Multishelled Structures

Recently in Nature Communications, Profs. Dan Wang, Suojiang Zhang, and colleagues report a highly versatile drug-delivery platform showing a promising step toward a sequential-release capability. In careful detail, they report drug-release profiles, mass-transport phenomena, and applications for enhanced bacterial sterilization.
The Standard Story of Action and the Problem of Agential Guidance

espanolEl problema de la agencia guiada consiste en explicar la posibilidadde guiar una accion puramente en terminos reduccionistas causales. Despues deexaminar la articulacion que Harry Frankfurt ofrece de este problema, la respuestacausal comunmente aceptada es explorada y cuestionada. Dos desafios explicativosgenerales se identifican como decisivos para evaluar la viabilidad de una respuestacausal al problema de la agencia guiada: primero, el poder identificar correctamentelas fuentes detras de las acciones guiadas a traves de intenciones guias, y, segundo,el reconocimiento de los limites de una estrategia basada en el contenido como elmodo de identificar una accion que es guiada EnglishThe problem of agential guidance consists in explaining the possibilityof guiding an action in purely reductive causal terms. After examining Harry Frank-furt’s articulation of this problem, the standard systemic reductive causal answeris explored and found wanting. Two general explanatory challenges are singled outas decisive in assessing the viability of a causal answer to the problem of agentialguidance: first, the correct identification of the actual sources of action guidance inthe form of guiding intentions, and, second, the recognition of the limitations of acontent-based strategy to identify an action under guidance.
Gamma oscillations in the auditory cortex of awake rats

Numerous reports of human electrophysiology have demonstrated gamma (30–150 Hz) frequency oscillations in the auditory cortex during listening. However, only a small number of studies in non-human animals have provided evidence for gamma oscillations during listening. In this report, multi-site recordings from primary auditory cortex (A1) were carried out using a 16-channel microelectrode array in awake rats as they passively listened to tones. We addressed two fundamental questions: 1) Is passive listening associated with an increase in gamma oscillation in A1?; if so, 2) Are A1 gamma oscillations during passive listening coherent within local networks and/or over long distances? All sites within A1 showed a short-latency burst of activity in the low-gamma (30–70 Hz) and high-gamma (90–150 Hz) bands in the local field potential (LFP). Additionally, 53% of sites within A1 also showed longer-latency bursts of gamma oscillation that occurred episodically for up to 350 ms after tone onset, but these varied both in latency and occurrence across trials. There was significant coherence in the low-gamma band between spike activity and the LFP recorded with the same electrode. However, neither LFPs nor the spike activity between sites spaced at least 300 μm apart showed coherent activity in the gamma band. The experiments demonstrated that gamma oscillations are present, but not uniformly expressed, throughout A1 during passive listening and that there is strong local coherence in the spatiotemporal organization of gamma activity.
Conflicts of Interest in Lawyer Referral Arrangements with Nonlawyer Professional

The law of lawyering imposes significant regulatory constraints on the attomey-client relationship. For example, lawyers owe clients a general fiduciary duty to keep client interests above those of the lawyer. Lawyers can only charge clients a reasonable fee. In addition, lawyers owe clients an obligation to avoid conflicts of interests. Some of these constraints impose significant disclosure and client consent obligations upon the lawyer. In other cases, however, lawyers are simply forbidden to enter into transactions that would be permissible outside of the context of the attorney-client relationship.
Unwired: Student Use of Technology in the Ubiquitous Computing World

This study examines how college students use technology in their everyday life on a campus with ubiquitous computing and communication. The primary areas of focus will include how effectively technology is being used in and out of the classroom, how the students use the technology in every facet of their lives, and how dependent these students have become on technology, all taken from the student’s point of view. This study is particularly important because the campus being studied has a universal wireless network connection and has a mandatory laptop program in effect for half of the current student body.
Getah virus infection of Indian horses.

An outbreak of disease, characterized by depression, anorexia, fever, limb oedema and lymphocytopenia, occurred on a farm for thoroughbreds in India in 1990. Twenty-six of the 88 horses on the farm were affected, predominantly adults. Signs were present in affected horses for 7–10 days, and the outbreak lasted 21 days. Seven of the 26 affected horses were tested for exposure to Getah virus using paired serum samples, acute and convalescent. Four of the 7 horses seroconverted to Getah virus, and the other three showed a 4-fold or greater rise in titre. The clinical and laboratory findings were similar, but not indentical, to those described in natural and experimental infections in Japanese horses. This is the first description of disease caused by Getah virus infection in horses outside Japan. In addition serum samples from 152 horses from 3 regions of India were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to Getah virus. The seroprevalence was found to be 17%, indicating exposure to the virus elsewhere in Indian horses.
Isolation and sequence of peptides at the active center of bovine carboxypeptidase B.

Abstract The tyrosyl residue at the active center of bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase B has been labeled with 4-bromoacetamido-1-14C-butylguanidine. The labeled protein was hydrolyzed with chymotrypsin after alkylation of the free sulfhydryl group with iodoacetamide. Two 14C-containing peptides were isolated in 12.5 and 33.6% yields, respectively, by a combination of gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and ion exchange chromatography on Dowex 50-X4 and 1-X2. Composition, end group analysis, and enzymatic hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase A, aminopeptidase M, and papain suggest the following amino acid sequences for the active center peptides: Peptide A, Thr-Ile-Tyr-Pro-Ala-Ser-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asp-Asp-Trp; Peptide B, Ile-Tyr-Pro-Ala-Ser-Gly-Gly-Ser-Asp-Asp-Trp. The two peptides are derived from the same portion of the enzyme. Comparison with an active center peptide containing tyrosine from carboxypeptidase A revealed certain similarities in the amino acid sequence of the two enzymes.
On the design of optimal orthogonal finite order transmitter and receiver filters for data transmission over noisy channels

The design of orthogonal multirate finite order digital filters for data transmission over noisy channels has received considerable attention, due to the fact that, these filters play a key role in multicarrier communication systems such as xDSL and CDMA. The problem of designing such filters for maximum energy concentration in the channel bandwidth is revisited. The key constraint in this work is the computational efficiency of the filter design procedure as well as the cost of implementing the filter. For the FIR case, we propose a new semidefinite program (SDP) formulation. The SDP finds the globally optimum product filter H(z)H(z/sup -1/) and is more efficient than the existing solution. A new characterization of the minimum phase spectral factor H/sub min/(z) is also presented. We then consider the optimum design of a special class of IIR multirate filters, namely the class of IIR filters that are the sum of two all pass. Despite its constrained nature, we show that a low order IIR filter can be as "spectrally efficient" as an FIR filter with much more parameters.
Complete information outcomes without common knowledge

In this paper we examine the robustness of existing models of agent decision making which rely on the assumption of common knowledge. The research we report on involves testing equilibria predicted by traditional, common-knowledge intensive models in laboratory settings wherein the underlying common knowledge assumptions are violated in a specified manner. This approach provides insight into when we may employ narrow but tractable models in an "as if" mode: when common knowledge is lacking, are models that assume common knowledge still likely to perform well? In general we find that with an opportunity to coordinate plans, either through communication or via histories, cooperative outcomes emerge. Furthermore, these collusive outcomes often extensively and efficiently exploit the multi-period nature of the interaction, achieving the complete information collusive allocation of profits. This strongly suggests that predictions of collusive behavior in repeated play settings are quite robust with respect to relaxing common knowledge assumptions: a small degree of information exchange or coordination yields outcomes that are generally indistinguishable from the complete information outcomes.
Catalytically enhanced spectrophotometric determination of manganese in seawater by flow-injection analysis with a commercially available resin for on-line preconcentration

The sensitive, laboratory- and ship-based, flow-injection (FI) method for the determination of dissolved manganese in seawater developed by Resing and Mottl (Anal. Chem. 1992;64:2682-2687) has been significantly modified and improved by incorporating five significant changes. The three major changes are the use of a commercially available iminodiacetate (IDA) resin (Toyopearl AF-chelate 650M) in place of 8-hydroxyquinoline for on-line preconcentration of manganese and matrix removal, the addition of nitrilotriacetic acid as an activator ligand which increases sensitivity by a factor of 7 and decreases the limit of detection, and the on-line buffering of acidified samples before column loading. Two minor improvements include use of the more soluble sodium periodate in place of potassium periodate and elimination of Brij-35 surfactant. To accommodate these changes, the pH of samples was adjusted to 8.5 (vs. 7.8), a higher acid concentration was required to elute the Mn from the IDA resin, and stronger reaction buffer was required to neutralize the acid. The accuracy of the method was evaluated with the use of NASS-4 standard seawater and by a comparison study of samples from the California coast that were analyzed by this method and an FI method coupled to inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry detection. The detection limit and precision of the method depend on the amount of sample preconcentrated onto the column. By preconcentrating 1.6 mL of sample, a detection limit of 0.03 nM (3 times the standard deviation of a blank) and precision of 3.2% (as percent relative standard deviation) were obtained. The method was used on board ship to determine dissolved manganese in coastal waters off Oregon and Washington.
CADILLAC DEVILLE THERMAL IMAGING NIGHT VISION SYSTEM

This paper describes the Cadillac DeVille Night Vision system designed to provide drivers with visual information beyond the range of headlamps and also accommodate the glare of oncoming vehicles' headlamps. The system consists of a thermal imaging camera, a head-up display, and image controls. The system requirements and parameters of the vision system are discussed.
The Harlan Renaissance: Colorblindness and White Domination in Justice John Marshall Harlan’s Dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson

Justice John Marshall Harlan’s dissent in Plessy v. Ferguson remains a contested flashpoint in the conversation over black equality over a century after the Supreme Court’s ignominious decision installed legal racial inequality as the law of the land. While myriad commentators extol Harlan as an inspirational beacon of racial justice for his eloquent and solitary stand against Jim Crow, this article questions such praises and argues that, in the context of white material supremacy and black material deprivation, Harlan was every bit as “racist” as the justices comprising Plessy’s majority. This article centrally contends that Harlan unsuccessfully attempted to inform his Supreme Court colleagues that legalized segregation was unnecessary in keeping whites the master race of the social realm; as Harlan conceived it, the “color-blind Constitution” would function equally well in trapping blacks in the maelstrom of political powerlessness and economic destitution.
Individualized two-stage multiple testing procedures with corresponding interval estimates

Multiple testing models have become an important part of statistical applications. Typically they can be presented as having M hypotheses each of which concerns an individual parameter. In addition to testing each of these hypotheses, there is often a desire to obtain interval estimates for the parameters. The use of stepwise procedures arises because single-step procedures are extremely conservative. Unfortunately research into the construction of useful, computationally feasible interval estimates corresponding to stepwise procedures has been slow. We present an alternative method of constructing multiple testing procedures (MTPs) that easily admits corresponding interval estimates. The new method places greater focus on each hypothesis separately while still using all the data. This method is particularly effective in the dependent case. Not only do these new MTPs perform as well as commonly used stepwise procedures but they also have a practical interval property not usually shared by stepwise procedures. That is, acceptance regions have desirable convexity properties. Furthermore, interval estimates associated with these tests are easily obtained. In addition, these intervals (i) are typically shorter than those based on the Bonferroni, Scheffe, Tukey or Dunnett method when they are applicable, (ii) are less likely to contain the null point falsely than other methods do, (iii) are informative, i.e. they are all finite in the two-sided case, unlike some constructed by other methods which often are infinite, (iv) have a form of the interval property.
Introduction to the Special Issue: “Self-Determination” as a Social Construct: Cross-cultural Considerations

This special issue of the Review of Disability Studies is meant to stimulate thinking and dialogue about how self-determination is conceived and promoted by and for people with disabilities, and how the concept and its application might be enhanced to better empower and improve the quality of life of people with disabilities around the world. We decided to devote time and effort to this topic because of our observations that self-determination as typically presented is not a good fit for cultural milieu in Hawaii and across the Pacific region. A likely reason for this lack of fit emerged as we read a large proportion of the many publications on self-determination and people with disabilities: the self-determination concept as typically defined is rooted in the individualistic values common to Western cultures, whereas most residents of Hawaii and other Pacific Islands come from collectivistic cultural backgrounds.
The timing of alkali metasomatism in Paleosols

We have measured the concentrations of rubidium and strontium and 87Sr/86Sr values of whole-rock samples from three paleosols of different ages. The oldest of the three weathering horizons, the 2,760 Ma Mt. Roe #1 paleosol in the Fortescue Group of Western Australia, experienced addition of Rb, and probably Sr, at 2,168 +/- 10 Ma. The intermediate paleosol, developed on the Hekpoort Basalt in South Africa, is estimated to have formed at 2,200 Ma, and yields a Rb-Sr isochron age of 1,925 +/- 32 Ma. The youngest of the three paleosols, developed on the Ongeluk basalt in Griqualand West, South Africa ca. 1,900 Ma, yielded a Rb-Sr age of 1,257 +/- 11 Ma. The Rb-Sr systematics of all three paleosols were reset during post-weathering metasomatism related to local or regional thermal disturbances. The Rb-Sr systematics of the paleosols were not subsequently disturbed. The near-complete removal of the alkali and alkaline earth elements from these paleosols during weathering made them particularly susceptible to resetting of their Rb-Sr systematics. Paleosols of this type are therefore sensitive indicators of the timing of thermal disturbances.
How Do Teachers Talk About Economic Inequality? The Complexity of Teaching at a Socioeconomically Integrated Elementary School

This study examined elementary school teachers’ experiences at a socioeconomically integrated school. Specifically we focused on the ways that teachers address privilege and promote friendships among economically diverse students and the challenges they face in doing so. Open-ended interviews were conducted with teachers (N = 25) in prekindergarten through sixth grades. Results indicated that while socioeconomic status (SES) was the most frequently mentioned domain of student difference, teachers were unsure about how to effectively address SES in the classroom. Some teachers reported working (unsuccessfully) to mask SES differences among students, though this became increasingly difficult in the upper elementary grades. Additionally, teachers described challenges associated with having an economically heterogeneous student body including parents’ differential power and involvement at the school and the lack of geographic proximity among students. Findings highlight the need for clear and specific classroom- and school-based strategies to better address SES differences among students in socioeconomically integrated school settings. Implications for teacher practice are discussed.
The Phosphatase Cdc14 Triggers Mitotic Exit by Reversal of Cdk-Dependent Phosphorylation

Exit from mitosis requires the inactivation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) by an unknown mechanism. We show that the Cdc14 phosphatase triggers mitotic exit by three parallel mechanisms, each of which inhibits Cdk activity. Cdc14 dephosphorylates Sic1, a Cdk inhibitor, and Swi5, a transcription factor for SIC1, and induces degradation of mitotic cyclins, likely by dephosphorylating the activator of mitotic cyclin degradation, Cdh1/Hct1. Feedback between these pathways may lead to precipitous collapse of mitotic CDK activity and help coordinate exit from mitosis.
Determining vehicle operating speed and lateral position along horizontal curves using linear mixed-effects models

Objective: Despite recent improvements in highway safety in the United States, serious crashes on curves remain a significant problem. To assist in better understanding causal factors leading to this problem, this article presents and demonstrates a methodology for collection and analysis of vehicle trajectory and speed data for rural and urban curves using Z-configured road tubes. Methods: For a large number of vehicle observations at 2 horizontal curves located in Dexter and Ames, Iowa, the article develops vehicle speed and lateral position prediction models for multiple points along these curves. Linear mixed-effects models were used to predict vehicle lateral position and speed along the curves as explained by operational, vehicle, and environmental variables. Behavior was visually represented for an identified subset of “risky” drivers. Results: Linear mixed-effect regression models provided the means to predict vehicle speed and lateral position while taking into account repeated observations of th...
Modeling of the globulitic solidification of a binary metal alloy

Abstract A model is presented for the globulitic solidification of a binary metal alloy based on the volume averaging and two-phase approaches. The microscopic processes of nucleation and impingement are included in the model, as well as the modeling of species diffusion in the solid and liquid phases while accounting for the movement of the interface. Limiting case results are derived for the Scheil and Lever Rule models, respectively. Simulations are conducted for the A1-4 wt.% Cu system in which the effects of liquid undercooling, cooling rate, impingement, thermophysical properties and spatial effects are studied.
Cerebellar atrophy in chronic rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata: a potential role for phytanic acid and calcium in the death of its Purkinje cells

Cerebellar atrophy, consequent to the postdevelopmental degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells and granular neurons, has been identified in three patients with rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP). Cerebellar atrophy in our two chronic patients was symmetrical, but the vermis and medial portions of both hemispheres, particularly the dorsal lobules, displayed more severe atrophy than the lateral hemispheres. The distal tips of folia showed the greatest neuronal loss. Residual Purkinje cells showed progressive degenerative changes that appeared to be due, in part, to their topography. The precise mode of death of Purkinje cells in RCDP has not been established, but it does not appear to be mediated by entrance into the cell cycle or by ubiquitination; however, alterations in intracellular calcium levels and mitochondria may be involved. Elevated serum/CSF phytanic acid, decreased levels of tissue plasmalogens and increased chronological age are believed to play synergistic pathogenetic roles in this lesion.
BOUNDS FOR OPTIMAL FLOW CONTROL WINDOW SIZE DESIGN WITH APPLICATION TO HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS

Abstract In this paper, we study the problem of optimal window size design that arises in flow control of communications protocols. We consider both the sliding and pacing window flow control mechanisms. We address the case of one data transfer session between a sender and a receiver. The assumption is that the sending station is transmitting a large volume of data in a burst to the receiving station. There are no restrictions on the distribution of arrival or service times at the intermediate packet switching stations in the communication path connecting the sender and receiver. Our criterion for optimal window size design is the maximization of the network power. We derive upper and lower bounds of the optimal window size that depend on the network performance characteristics. The main result of this paper is that the upper bound is a simple function of the number of hops, the round trip propagation delay, and the maximum throughput of the communication path. Our analysis and results incorporate the round trip propagation delay which may be very important in the design of window sizes for high-speed networks. This work could be applied to a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection over a Wide Area Network (WAN), or to a virtual Advanced Peer to Peer Networking (APPN) session.
Code-selective frequency shifting by RF photonic mixing in a dual-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator

Code-selective frequency shifting by RF photonic mixing that may be used to demultiplex direct sequence encoded CDMA signals in the optical domain has been demonstrated. The technique exploits the bipolar nature of the optical field without requiring an optical local oscillator, and spectrally isolates the desired channel before photodetection.
Evolution of pancreatic function during the first year in infants with cystic fibrosis.

Objective To describe pancreatic function during the first year of life in infants diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF) using serial fecal elastase measurements. Study design This was a longitudinal study of 82 infants diagnosed with CF through newborn screening. Monthly stool samples were sent to a central laboratory for fecal elastase measurements. Results A total of 61 infants had an initial stool sample obtained at age 9 months. Twenty-six of 29 infants with a fecal elastase value 200 μg/g but had a final stool fecal elastase value 200 μg/g. Eleven of 13 infants with an initial fecal elastase value of >200 μg/g still had a value >200 μg/g at the end of the first year. Conclusion Infants with CF exhibit variability in fecal elastase values during the first year. Infants with a fecal elastase level of 50-200 μg/g at diagnosis should be treated with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, but fecal elastase should be remeasured at age 1 year to ensure that those with a falsely low value do not continue to receive pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy unnecessarily. Those with a fecal elastase value >200 μg/g initially can become pancreatic insufficient with time.
The novel dry extract BNO 1011 stimulates chloride transport and ciliary beat frequency in human respiratory epithelial cultures.

BACKGROUND Herbal remedies predate written history and continue to be used more frequently than conventional pharmaceutical medications. The novel dry extract BNO 1011 is based on a combination of five herbs that is used to treat acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. We evaluated the pharmacologic effects of the novel dry extract BNO 1011 on human respiratory epithelial cultures specifically addressing electrolyte transport and cilia beat frequency (CBF). METHODS Well-differentiated human bronchial epithelial cultures grown at an air-liquid interface were treated on the apical or basolateral surface with varying concentrations of dry extract BNO 1011. Changes in transepithelial sodium and chloride transport were determined in Ussing chambers under voltage-clamped conditions. Changes in CBF were determined using the Sissons-Ammons Video Analysis system (Ammons Engineering, Mt. Morris, MI). RESULTS When applied to the apical surface, dry extract BNO 1011 activated forskolin-stimulated chloride secretion and ciliary beat in a dose-dependent fashion. Basolateral application of dry extract BNO 1011 did not alter the measured physiological properties. CONCLUSION Apical application of dry extract BNO 1011 stimulates both chloride secretion and CBF and therefore may augment mucociliary clearance.
Coupled barrier island–resort model: 1. Emergent instabilities induced by strong human‐landscape interactions

[1] As humans increasingly occupy and modify marginal landscapes, previously unobserved long timescale, emergent behaviors related to interactions between natural processes and human agency are possible. Barrier islands, which are low-lying strips of sand separated from a coast by lagoons, cut by inlets and topped by sand dunes, have been significantly modified through the development of tourist resorts. Resorts and barrier islands are dynamically coupled through storm damage and beach erosion, and measures taken to prevent or mitigate them. In response to rising sea level, a natural barrier island migrates steadily up the continental shelf. In contrast, we show that in a novel numerical model-coupling barrier island processes with resort development, storm damage, and hazard mitigation, policy decisions driven by market dynamics destabilize barrier island response to rising sea level, giving rise to emergent, episodic boom and bust cycles, which alternate in phase alongshore, and less frequent, regionally extensive resort destruction events. Developed barrier islands are precariously maintained at lower elevations and further offshore than their natural counterparts, a situation exacerbated by insurance, which can lead to island inundation. Our results suggest that coastal areas that have recently instituted protection measures eventually will experience a widespread upsurge in damage if these practices are sustained, even in the absence of climate-change-induced increased storminess.
Basal lamina degradation: the identification of mammalian-like collagenase activity in mesenchymal-derived matrix vesicles.

Abstract Isolated matrix vesicles from 26-day embryonic New Zealand White rabbit incisor tooth organs were incubated on 14 C labeled reconstituted Type I collagen at 25°C for 18 hours. Under these conditions the matrix vesicles demonstrated the ability to degrade collagen as demonstrated by radio-activity solubilized. Analysis of the released radioactivity using SDS-PAGE demonstrated the presence of two molecular species with molecular weights of 67,000 and 32,000 daltons. These results are in accordance with the presence of a mammalian-like collagenase associated with the matrix vesicles, whose function may be the degradation of the basal lamina.
Dense cermet membranes for hydrogen separation.

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) are developing dense ceramic-based membranes for separating hydrogen from the products of coal gasification and other partial-oxidation streams. Hydrogen separation with these membranes is nongalvanic, i.e., it does not use electrodes or an external power supply to drive the separation, and hydrogen selectivity is nearly 100% because the membranes contain no interconnected porosity. Novel cermet (i.e., ceramic-metal composite) membranes have been developed to separate hydrogen from gas mixtures at high temperature and pressure. Hydrogen permeation rates have been measured in the temperature range of 600-900 C for three classes of cermet membranes (ANL-1, -2, and -3). ANL-3a membranes, with a thickness of 40 {micro}m, provide the highest hydrogen flux ({approx}20 cm{sup 3} [STP]/min-cm 2 at 900 C with 100% H{sub 2} as the feed gas). The effects of membrane thickness and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogen flux indicate that the bulk diffusion of hydrogen is rate-limiting in ANL-3 membranes with a thickness >40 {micro}m. ANL-3b membranes were tested in simulated syngas at several temperatures, and no performance degradation was observed for times that approached {approx}200 h; this observation suggests that the membrane is chemically stable and may be suitablemore » for long-term operation. The performance of membranes in separating hydrogen from high-pressure gas streams is being evaluated with NETL's in-house R and D facilities. The present status of membrane development at ANL/NETL will be presented in this paper.« less
Interactions between Chemokines REGULATION OF FRACTALKINE/CX3CL1 HOMEOSTASIS BY SDF/CXCL12 IN CORTICAL NEURONS

The soluble form of the chemokine fractalkine/CX3CL1 regulates microglia activation in the central nervous system (CNS), ultimately affecting neuronal survival. This study aims to determine whether CXCL12, another chemokine constitutively expressed in the CNS (known as stromal cell-derived factor 1; SDF-1), regulates cleavage of fractalkine from neurons. To this end, ELISA was used to measure protein levels of soluble fractalkine in the medium of rat neuronal cultures exposed to SDF-1. Gene arrays, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot were used to measure overall fractalkine expression in neurons. The data show that the rate of fractalkine shedding in healthy cultures positively correlates with in vitro differentiation and survival. In analogy to non-neuronal cells, metalloproteinases (ADAM10/17) are involved in cleavage of neuronal fractalkine as indicated by studies with pharmacologic inhibitors. Moreover, treatment of the neuronal cultures with SDF-1 stimulates expression of the inducible metalloproteinase ADAM17 and increases soluble fractalkine content in culture medium. The effect of SDF-1 is blocked by an inhibitor of both ADAM10 and -17, but only partially affected by a more specific inhibitor of ADAM10. In addition, SDF-1 also up-regulates expression of the fractalkine gene. Conversely, exposure of neurons to an excitotoxic stimulus (i.e. NMDA) inhibits α-secretase activity and markedly diminishes soluble fractalkine levels, leading to cell death. These results, along with previous findings on the neuroprotective role of both SDF-1 and fractalkine, suggest that this novel interaction between the two chemokines may contribute to in vivo regulation of neuronal survival by modulating microglial neurotoxic properties.
Bereavement and Complicated Grief

Bereavement is a common experience in adults aged 60 and older. Loss of a loved one usually leads to acute grief characterized by yearning and longing, decreased interest in ongoing activities, and frequent thoughts of the deceased. For most, acute grief naturally evolves into a state of integrated grief, where the bereaved is able to reengage with everyday activities and find interest or pleasure. About 7 % of bereaved older adults, however, will develop the mental health condition of Complicated Grief (CG). In CG, the movement from acute to integrated grief is derailed, and grief symptoms remain severe and impairing. This article reviews recent publications on the diagnosis of CG, risk factors for the condition and evidenced-based treatments for CG. Greater attention to CG detection and treatment in older adults is needed.
Stereoselective Differentiation between Ribonucleosides and Deoxynucleosides by Reaction with the Copper(II) Acetate Dimer

METAL ions are involved in the distinction between ribonucleosides and deoxynucleosides in biochemical processes. For example, RNA polymerase incorporates only ribonucleotides into RNA in the presence of magnesium ions, whereas manganese ions may bring about the misincorporation of deoxy-nucleotides1. Therefore it is of interest to examine ways in which metal ions can distinguish between these two types of molecules.
Effects of male kinship and agonistic behaviour on reproduction and odour preferences of female house mice, Mus domesticus

In gregarious species, males may wound or kill females during intermale contest competition, which directly affects females fitness. However, male–male agonistic encounters may also have more subtle effects on females by creating a stressful social environment in which females live. We examined whether male–male aggression affects female fitness and odour preference in house mice. We tested (1) whether pairs of brothers would be less likely to fight than pairs of nonbrothers; (2) whether females housed with two males that were brothers would have higher reproductive success than females housed with two males that were not brothers and (3) whether females would show a preference for the odours of brother or nonbrother pairs. Males that were brothers were less aggressive towards each other than were nonbrothers, and females housed with males that were brothers produced significantly more litters than those housed with males that were not brothers. Females did not show a preference for the odours of brothers or nonbrothers, but they did prefer odours of less aggressive pairs of males. These findings suggest that while contest competition favours fighting among males, female choice and kin selection favour tolerance.
Picture archiving and communication in radiology: an American perspective.

A comprehensive image management and communication (IMAC) network has been installed at Georgetown University Hospital (GUH) for an extensive clinical evaluation. The network is based on the AT&T commView system and includes interfaces to 12 imaging devices, 15 workstations (inside and outside the radiology department), a teleradiology link to an imaging center, an optical jukebox, and a number of advanced image display and processing systems. Two years of clinical experience with the network enable us to develop a plan for future activities from an American perspective. The IMAC project is not just a technical challenge, but also a professional, organizational, and administrative one. Several obstacles remain, but they are gradually being overcome as more cost-effective and streamlined technologies become available and as users and developers gain more operational experience in managing diagnostic images in an electronic environment.
The energy-independent optical potential and its physical interpretation

Abstract It is shown that the recently proposed energy-independent optical potential is in fact the abstract form of Feshbach's generalized optical potential appropriate for time-dependent scattering theory. Thus the concept carries no new physical content.
Development of the cerebellum: from gene expression patterns to circuit maps

The internal structure of the cerebellum reflects an intriguing paradox; its cytoarchitecture is relatively simple and repeated throughout, yet the connections between its neurons are wired into a complex array of gene expression domains and functional circuits. The developmental mechanisms that coordinate the establishment of cerebellar structure and circuitry provide a powerful model for understanding how functional brain networks are formed. Two primary germinal zones generate the cells that make up the cerebellum. Each zone expresses a specific set of genes that establish the cell lineages within the cerebellar anlage. Then, cohorts of differentiated projection neurons and interneuron progenitors migrate into the developing cerebellum. Thereafter, a number of remarkable patterning events occur including transformation of the smooth cerebellar surface into an intricately patterned series of folds, formation of three distinct cellular layers, and the demarcation of parasagittal gene expression domains. Together, these structural and molecular organizations are thought to support the proper connectivity between incoming afferent projections and their target cells. After birth, genetic programs and neural activity repattern synaptic connections into topographic neural networks called modules, which are organized around a longitudinal zone plan and are defined by their molecular, anatomic, and functional properties. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:149-164. doi: 10.1002/wdev.65 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
LIVING THE QUESTIONS: RILKE’S CHALLENGE TO OUR QUEST FOR CERTAINTY

In this essay, Mordechai Gordon explores the significance of Rilke’s challenge to “live the questions” and embrace uncertainty with respect to the quest for certainty in education. The quest for certainty in education refers to our desire to gain a sense of psychological security and more control over a field that is fundamentally indeterminate. This quest implies an unwillingness to live with the inherent complexities and risks of education. After exploring the meaning and import of Rilke’s challenge and comparing it to the position of Socrates, Gordon uses Rilke’s insight to analyze a specific educational experience and then discusses some of its educational implications for teacher education.