cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparing discrimination and recognition of unfamiliar voices

This study compared listeners' abilities to discriminate among the remember the voices of 10 young male Californians, and examined the strategies listeners used in the two tasks. One group of listeners (n = 24) judged whether pairs of voices represented the same or two different speakers; a second (n = 100) heard a single voice and then tried to identify it in a “voice lineup” one week later. Signal detection analyses revealed no significant differences between discrimination and recognition accuracy. Both correct and incorrect “same” responses were more frequent for the voice discrimination task than for the recognition task. Multidimensional scaling analyses suggested that forgetting does not affect all voice “features” equally: some kinds of information were lost, while others were well-preserved over time. Comparisons of patterns of confusions for the two tasks supported the notion that voices are remembered in terms of a “prototype” and a set of deviations from that prototype, and that over time the deviations are forgotten so that identification responses converge on the most “typical” sounding voices.
10-m optical telescope for deep-space communications

Optical communications using laser light in the visible spectral range is being considered for future deep-space missions. Such a system will require a large telescope in earth vicinity to be used as a receiving station for data return from the spacecraft. A preliminary discussion for a ground-based receiving station consisting of a 10-meter hexagonally segmented primary with high surface tolerance and a unique sunshade is presented.
Altered peptide ligands and MS treatment.

There are serious discrepancies in Jennifer Couzin's article “Gently soothing a savage immune system” (News Focus, 19 April, p. [456][1]) regarding a trial using altered peptide ligands in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). She quotes Roland Martin of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Out-of-Plane Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Wind Turbine Blades

In this work, the out-of-plane equation of motion of a wind turbine blade modeled as a beam is developed using the Lagrange formulation. The modeling of aerodynamic loads is done with the blade element momentum theory. The equation of motion has combined effects of parametric and direct excitations and is reduced to a single mode. Perturbation analysis based on previous work shows how various terms affect the steady-state responses near resonance. Numerical simulations using parameters from a real turbine, reveal that these resonance become critical as the blades increase in size. The out-of-plane vibration model shows resonances that would not be expected by blade designers without analysis and modeling techniques presented in this work. The influence of these superharmonic blade vibration responses on the increased loads on the gearbox components would provide insight into premature failure of wind turbine blades and gearboxes.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Autosomal-Dominant Woolly Hair Resulting from Disruption of Keratin 74 (KRT74), a Potential Determinant of Human Hair Texture

Autosomal-dominant woolly hair (ADWH) is a rare disorder characterized by tightly curled hair. The molecular basis of ADWH has not previously been reported. In this study, we identified a Pakistani family with ADWH. The family showed linkage to chromosome 12q12-q14.1, containing the type II keratin gene cluster. We discovered a heterozygous mutation, p.Asn148Lys, within the helix initiation motif of the keratin 74 (KRT74) gene in all affected family members. KRT74 encodes the inner root sheath (IRS)-specific epithelial (soft) keratin 74. We demonstrate that the mutant K74 protein results in disruption of keratin intermediate filament formation in cultured cells, most likely in a dominant-negative manner. Furthermore, we sequenced the mouse Krt71-74 genes in the dominant Caracul-like 4 (Cal4) allele, which is characterized by a wavy-coat phenotype and maps to the same region of mouse chromosome 15 as the Caracul (Ca) and Reduced coat (Rco) alleles. We identified a heterozygous mutation, p.Glu440Lys, not in Krt74 but in the neighboring gene, Krt71. Krt71 was previously reported to harbor Ca and Rco mutations, as well as a coding SNP that is associated with curly-coated dogs. In this study, we define the ADWH phenotype resulting from a mutation in a hair-follicle-specific epithelial keratin in humans. Our findings not only further underscore the crucial roles of the IRS-specific epithelial keratin genes Krt71-74 in hair disorders but also open the possibility that these genes might function as genetic determinants of normal variation in hair texture across mammalian species.
American Board of Surgery examinations: can we identify surgery residency applicants and residents who will pass the examinations on the first attempt?

Abstract Background The Residency Review Committee requires that 65% of general surgery residents pass the American Board of Surgery qualifying and certifying examinations on the first attempt. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of successful first-attempt completion of the examinations. Methods Age, sex, Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society status, class rank, honors in third-year surgery clerkship, interview score, rank list number, National Board of Medical Examiners/United States Medical Licensing Examination scores, American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination scores, resident awards, and faculty evaluations of senior residents were reviewed. Graduates who passed both examinations on the first attempt were compared with those who failed either examination on the first attempt. Results No subjective evaluations of performance predicted success other than resident awards. Significant objective predictors of successful first-attempt completion of the examinations were Alpha Omega Alpha status, ranking within the top one third of one's medical student class, National Board of Medical Examiners/United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 (>200, top 50%) and Step 2 (>186.5, top 3 quartiles) scores, and American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination scores >50th percentile (postgraduate years 1 and 3) and >33rd percentile (postgraduate years 4 and 5). Conclusions Residency programs can use this information in selecting residents and in identifying residents who may need remediation.
Study of radiolabeled indium-111 and yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan in primary central nervous system lymphoma.

BACKGROUND. Therapeutic options for refractory or recurrent primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) are limited. The blood–brain barrier makes many agents used in systemic lymphomas ineffective in CNS lymphomas. The objective of this study was to determine whether intravenous radioimmunotherapy using anti-CD20 antibody can be delivered to PCNSL. METHODS. This was a single-institution prospective study. Indium-111 ibritumomab tiuxetan was used for imaging and dosimetry. Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan at doses of 0.3 to 0.4 mCi/kg were subsequently given for the treatment of recurrent or refractory PCNSL. 111In data were used to estimate radiation doses to lesions delivered by 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan therapy. RESULTS. Six patients (4 men, 2 women) with a median age of 60 years and median Karnofsky performance status of 70 received both indium-111 and yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan. The median absorbed dose delivered to the CNS lymphoma was 701 cGy compared with 70 cGy to normal brain. The median progression-free and overall survival times were 6.8 weeks and 14.3 weeks, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. The results from this study suggest that it may be feasible to deliver radiolabeled monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies as a component of therapy for PCNSL. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A photosystem II-phycobilisome preparation from the red alga, Porphyridium cruentum: oxygen evolution, ultrastructure, and polypeptide resolution.

Abstract The photosystem II-phycobilisome preparation, isolated by lauryldimethyl amine oxide treatment, had a greatly reduced chlorophyll content, with an average ratio of 90 chlorophyll a/phycobilisome as compared to approximately 1200 Chl/phycobilisome in unfractionated thylakoids. P700 was not detected in the particles. By electron microscopy the preparations were relatively homogeneous and were generally devoid of chloroplast membranes. In negatively stained preparations phycobilisome particles were seen often in clusters of two and three, probably due to retention of hydrophobic thylakoid fragments. The preparation was deficient in photosystem I chlorophyll complexes, but enriched in polypeptides of 85 to 92, ~43, and ~26 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 43- and 26-kDa polypeptides are attributable to the PS II core and the oxygen-evolving complex, respectively.
Cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms: Clinical features, histologic findings, and treatment options

Abstract Cutaneous smooth muscle is present in 3 separate locations: arrector pili muscles, blood vessel walls, and genital/areolar skin. Benign or malignant smooth muscle neoplasms may arise from each of these locations. This review discusses the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, histologic findings, prognosis, treatment options, and controversial areas of cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms. ( J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:477-90.) Learning objective: At the completion of this learning activity, participants should be able to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, histologic findings, prognosis, and treatment options of cutaneous smooth muscle neoplasms.
Mass Spectrum of N-Octadecaborane, N-B18H22

Abstract The mass fragmentation pattern of N-B18H22 from m/e 53 to 220 is presented. The major intensities occur from m/e 190 to m/e 220 and in the doubly charged region from m/e 90 to m/e 106. The calculated monoisotopic 70eV and 15eV spectra for the parent region are also presented. A comparison to other spectra is made.
Primary trisomics and SSR markers as tools to associate chromosomes with linkage groups in soybean

a complete set of primary trisomic individuals (each chromosome is trisomic in one member of the set) has Primary trisomics provide an excellent cytogenetic tool to associate allowed the establishment of cytogenetic maps. The trigenes and linkage groups with their respective chromosomes. A complete set of 20 primary trisomics (2x 1 41) has been established somic sets have been useful in positioning classical genes in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A linkage map of soybean with and molecular markers on specific chromosomes by the 20 consensus linkage groups has recently been defined. Because simple use of modified genetic ratios associated with trisomic sequence repeat (SSR) markers map to defined single positions in inheritance or by dosage effects from the extra chromothe soybean genome, the association of a SSR locus with a chromo- some (Tsuchiya, 1983; Carlson, 1988; Khush et al., 1984, some will provide an unambiguous association of a linkage group to McCouch et al., 1988; and Young et al., 1987). a specific chromosome. The objective of this work was to demonstrate In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], the complete the use of SSR markers to associate linkage groups with chromosomes set of primary trisomics (2x 1 41) has been difficult by means of primary trisomics. One population of F2 plants was devel- to establish because mitotic metaphase chromosomes oped from an F1 hybrid trisomic for chromosome 13 (Triplo 13) and are morphologically indistinguishable. Early attempts a second F2 population was obtained from a F1 hybrid trisomic for
The omentum and omentectomy in epithelial ovarian cancer: A reappraisal: Part II — The role of omentectomy in the staging and treatment of apparent early stage epithelial ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective This article reviews the literature concerning the role of omentectomy in the staging and treatment of clinically apparent early stage epithelial ovarian cancer. Methods A review of the English language literature based on a MEDLINE (PubMed) database search using the keywords: ovary, cancer, carcinoma, omentum, and omentectomy. An additional collection of reports was found by systematically reviewing all references from retrieved papers. Results Historically, the realization that ovarian cancer cells have a predisposition to metastasize to the omentum has led to the inclusion of omentectomy, both for the purpose of accurate staging of ovarian cancer and for its possible therapeutic benefit. In apparently early stage epithelial ovarian cancer, microscopic disease in the omentum is found in 0–22% of the cases; however extra-ovarian disease isolated to the omentum is found in 2–7% of cases at most. There are no specific guidelines as to how much of the omentum should be removed, but pathology studies show that for the purpose of staging and detecting microscopic disease, omental biopsies are probably sufficient in a grossly normal appearing omentum. In cases where adjuvant chemotherapy is planned, the role of omentectomy appears to be primarily for staging, while its therapeutic role remains unclear in microscopic omental disease. Conclusions In apparent early stage ovarian cancer, the presence of isolated omental metastases is relatively rare. For staging purposes in such cases, random omental biopsies rather than total omentectomy may suffice. Furthermore, chemotherapy appears to effectively treat microscopic disease and therefore if this is already planned the benefit of omentectomy is unclear.
Relationships among conceptual, abstracted, and concrete systems

General systems theory must by definition encompass a variety of fields. One challenge for general systems theory is to achieve generality without superficiality and without sacrificing the diversity of the systems studied. This can be accomplished through the construction of taxonomies of systems. This paper uses principles of systems philosophy, the process of substruction, and the notion of isomorphism among systems to generate a taxonomy and to analyze the relationships among various types. Emphasis is upon the relationships among abstracted, conceptual, and concrete systems, but other types are also discussed. The substruction identifies two dimensions—the conceptual/empirical/model dimension, and the object/variable dimension. When combined these two dimensions yield a six-celled typology. The original three types can be recognized within this typology, thus enabling us clearly to distinguish them and to recognize the basis for relationships among types. The abstracted type has been the most troublesome, figuring in most cases of confusion. Thus, particular attention is given to its role. Specifically, abstracted systems are shown to be R-systems having variables as their basic units, while concrete systems are Q-systems, having objects such as organisms as their basic units. Thus, Q-systems can be living systems at various levels such as the organism, group, organization, or society. R-systems can also be derived from living systems of various levels as long as the system units are characteristics of objects at a given level. For example, at the societal level, characteristics of whole societies could be used for R-analysis. The reverse relationship between abstracted and concrete systems which was previously established verbally in the literature is established statistically.
Free Market Economists and Human Values

(1974). Free Market Economists and Human Values. Review of Social Economy: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 86-93.
A bootstrap procedure in linear regression with nonstationary errors

In the context of linear regression with dependent and nonstationary errors, the classical moving-block bootstrap (MBB) fails to capture the nonstationarity of the errors. A new bootstrap procedure called the blocking external bootstrap (BEB) is proposed to overcome the problem. The consistency of the BEB in estimating the variance of the least-squares estimator is studied in the case of α-mixing and nonstationary sequence of errors. It is shown that the BEB only achieves partial correction if the block size is fixed. Complete consistency is achieved by the BEB when the block size is allowed to go to infinity. We also study the first-order consistency of the least squares estimator based on the BEB. A simulation study is carried out to assess the performance of the BEB versus the MBB in estimating the variance of the least-squares estimator. Finally, some open problems are discussed. Dans le contexte de la regression lineaire avec la presence d'erreurs dependantes et non-stationnaires, le bootstrap des blocs mobiles classique (MBB) ne parvient pas a capturer la non-stationnarite des erreurs. Nous proposons une nouvelle procedure bootstrap appelee bootstrap bloquant externe (BEB) pour resoudre ce probleme. Nous etudions l'uniformite de BEB lors de l'estimation de la variance de l'estimateur des moindres carres dans le cas d'une sequence d'erreurs α-melangeantes et non-stationnaire. Nous demontrons que BEB ne parvient qu'a une correction partielle lorsque la taille du bloc est fixee. BEB parvient a l'uniformite complete lorsque Ton permet a la taille du bloc de croǐtre jusqu'a l'infinite. Nous etudions egalement l'uniformite de premier ordre de l'estimateur des moindres carres base sur BEB. Nous realisons une etude de simulation afin d'evaluer la performance de BEB par rapport a MBB lors de l'estimation de la variance de l'estimateur des moindres carres. Finalement, nous discutons certains problemes ouverts.
A comparative study of the interaction of ochratoxins with bovine serum albumin

Abstract The interaction of different ochratoxins with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied by equilibrium dialysis, solubility and spectrophotometric analyses. Spectrophotometric analyses revealed that the absorption maxima of ochratoxin B (OB) and ochratoxin C (OC) shift to longer wavelengths (365–377 nm for OB. 380–390 nm for OC) as a result of interaction. The spectra of ochratoxins α (Oα) and β (Oβ) were not altered in the presence of BSA. Equilibrium dialysis results indicate that 1 mole of BSA binds 1.03, 1.02, 1.93 and 3.24 moles of Oα, Oβ, OB and OC, with binding constant of 1.5 × 10 6 M −1 , 5.1 × HF M −1 . 7.1 and 8.9 × 10 5 M −1 respectively. Spectrophotometric titrations of the 1:1 molar ratio of BSA ochratoxin complexes indicate that the p K values of OB and OC decrease on binding, whereas the p K values of Oα and Oβ remain unaltered. The dissociation of the phenolic hydroxyl group in the isocoumarin ring of ochratoxins A, B and C appears responsible for the binding of the second molecule of these toxins with albumin. The overall results suggest that both ionic and hydrophobic forces are important in the binding of ochratoxins with BSA.
Placental inflammation and oxidative stress in the mouse model of assisted reproduction.

Higher rates of low birth weight and prematurity are observed in pregnancies generated with assisted reproduction technologies (ART). Both conditions have been associated with placental inflammation and oxidative stress. Since placental and fetal levels of progesterone, a major anti-inflammatory steroid, are decreased in murine ART, we investigated placental inflammation and oxidative stress in this model as potential mediators of negative birth outcomes. After generating mouse pregnancies by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) we evaluated the antioxidant defense network and major inflammatory cytokines in maternal, placental and fetal tissues. Additionally, placentas were analyzed for total lipid levels, fibrosis, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and integrity of intracellular nucleotides. Placentas from ART contained significantly less lipids, with greater levels of apoptosis and degraded nucleotides. Placentas from ICSI pregnancies had lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), xanthine oxidase (XO), catalase, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase (GR). Furthermore, GR, GST and SOD were also lower in fetal livers from ICSI pregnancies. Placentas from IVF pregnancies had decreased levels of SOD, TrxR and XO only. In placentas from both ICSI and IVF pregnancies IL-6 levels were significantly increased. These data suggest that ART is associated with placental inflammation (IL-6), oxidative stress and apoptosis but not fibrosis or remodeling. These effects are markedly greater with the ICSI technique. Since ICSI is ubiquitous, oxidative stress and placental inflammation associated with this method may be a critical factor in negative birth outcomes such as prematurity and low birth weight.
Endothelial delivery of antioxidant enzymes loaded into non-polymeric magnetic nanoparticles

Antioxidant enzymes have shown promise as a therapy for pathological conditions involving increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However the efficiency of their use for combating oxidative stress is dependent on the ability to achieve therapeutically adequate levels of active enzymes at the site of ROS-mediated injury. Thus, the implementation of antioxidant enzyme therapy requires a strategy enabling both guided delivery to the target site and effective protection of the protein in its active form. To address these requirements we developed magnetically responsive nanoparticles (MNP) formed by precipitation of calcium oleate in the presence of magnetite-based ferrofluid (controlled aggregation/precipitation) as a carrier for magnetically guided delivery of therapeutic proteins. We hypothesized that antioxidant enzymes, catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), can be protected from proteolytic inactivation by encapsulation in MNP. We also hypothesized that catalase-loaded MNP applied with a high-gradient magnetic field can rescue endothelial cells from hydrogen peroxide toxicity in culture. To test these hypotheses, a family of enzyme-loaded MNP formulations were prepared and characterized with respect to their magnetic properties, enzyme entrapment yields and protection capacity. SOD- and catalase-loaded MNP were formed with average sizes ranging from 300 to 400 nm, and a protein loading efficiency of 20-33%. MNP were strongly magnetically responsive (magnetic moment at saturation of 14.3 emu/g) in the absence of magnetic remanence, and exhibited a protracted release of their cargo protein in plasma. Catalase stably associated with MNP was protected from proteolysis and retained 20% of its initial enzymatic activity after 24h of exposure to pronase. Under magnetic guidance catalase-loaded MNP were rapidly taken up by cultured endothelial cells providing increased resistance to oxidative stress (62+/-12% cells rescued from hydrogen peroxide induced cell death vs. 10+/-4% under non-magnetic conditions). We conclude that non-polymeric MNP formed using the controlled aggregation/precipitation strategy are a promising carrier for targeted antioxidant enzyme therapy, and in combination with magnetic guidance can be applied to protect endothelial cells from oxidative stress mediated damage. This protective effect of magnetically targeted MNP impregnated with antioxidant enzymes can be highly relevant for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and should be further investigated in animal models.
Partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas over MgO-supported Rh catalysts: the effect of precursor of MgO

Abstract Five magnesium-containing precursors were used to prepare magnesium oxides of different surface areas. With these oxides as supports, catalysts (1 wt.% Rh loading) with different Rh dispersions after reduction were prepared. At a Tfurnace of 750°C and 1 atm, all these catalysts provided a conversion >80% and selectivities of 95–96% to CO and 96–98% to H2, at the high space velocity of 7.2 × 105 ml g−1 h−1, with very high stability. No significant deactivation of the catalyst was observed for up to 96 h of reaction. However, no notable effect of the precursor of MgO was noted and possible explanations are provided. Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) experiments indicated the presence of up to three kinds of rhodium-containing species, Rh2O3, Rh2O3-interacting with the support, and MgRh2O4, in the oxidized MgO-supported Rh catalysts. The strong interactions between rhodium and magnesium oxides are suggested to be responsible for the high stability of the catalyst. It was found that the methane conversion increased with the amount of catalyst when it was below 5.0 mg, but remained almost unchanged when it was greater than 5.0 mg. The catalytic assays also provided some information about the reaction mechanism.
Some Observations Regarding Stochasticity of Dynamic Response of 2D Disordered Brittle Lattices

It had been long recognized that the tensile strength of brittle materials increases with increase of the loading rate. In the present article, a statistical approach to rupture of a disordered 2D triangular truss lattice consisting of fragile nonlinear springs is attempted in hope to elucidate some generic effects of structural and geometrical disorder on the tensile strength and the (stress-peak and post-peak) damage energy rates. The simulation results reveal increase of the mean and decrease of the standard deviation of the macroscopic tensile strength with increase of the structural and geometrical order till the ‘theoretical strength’ saturation. At the same time, the increase in lattice disorder results in increase of the mean and standard deviation of the stress-peak damage energy rate, followed by the decrease of the same in the softening regime.
Mechanism of Safening Action of Dymuron and Its Two Monomethyl Analogues against Bensulfuron-methyl Injury to Rice (Oryza sativa)

Abstract The comparative efficacy and mechanism of action of the herbicide dymuron and its two optically active monomethyl analogues, ( R )-1-(α-methylbenzyl)-3-( p -tolylurea) (R-MBTU) and S-MBTU, as safeners of rice against injury from bensulfuron-methyl were investigated. Bioassays using etiolated seedlings of rice ( Oryza sativa L., cv. Lemont), grown either in agar or in liquid media containing bensulfuron-methyl, showed that this sulfonylurea herbicide is a potent inhibitor of rice root growth ( I 50 = 120 n M ). Similar studies with the herbicide dymuron and its two optically active monomethyl analogues (R-MTBU and S-MTBU) showed that at 10 μ M, dymuron and R-MBTU reduced rice root length by 25 and 17%, respectively, whereas S-MBTU had no effect on root growth of Lemont rice. Combined treatments with bensulfuron-methyl and dymuron or each of its two analogues confirmed that S-MTBU is an excellent safener of rice against bensulfuron-methyl, far more effective than either dymuron or R-MTBU. The protective action of S-MTBU appeared to result mainly from a drastic reduction in the uptake of bensulfuron-methyl by safened rice seedlings. Dymuron and R-MTBU reduced also the uptake of bensulfuron-methyl by rice seedlings, but to a lesser extent than S-MTBU. Quantitative changes in the metabolism of bensulfuron-methyl by safened rice seedlings were also observed, but did not appear to support the involvement of enhanced herbicide metabolism in the safening action of S-MBTU, R-MBTU, and dymuron. The major metabolites of bensulfuron-methyl detected in both safened and unsafened rice seedlings were tentatively identified as methyl-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl-carbamoylsulfamoyl)- o -toluate; methyl-(aminosulfonyl)- o -toluate; and 1 H -2,3-benzothiazin-4-(3 H )-one-2,2-dioxide.
Recrystallization initiated by low-temperature grain boundary motion coupled to stress

Abstract We propose a new mechanism of recrystallization of cold-deformed metals. During the cold deformation, some of the high-angle grain boundaries are moved by the applied stresses, producing low-curvature bulges and leaving almost defect-free regions behind. The driving force for this motion is very high and can be comparable to the yield stress of the material. Upon subsequent heating without applied stresses, such moved boundaries can continue to move without encountering an energy barrier (which is typical of most nucleation models) under the much smaller driving force arising from the stored energy difference across the boundary.
Duplex Filter Tuning using Time Domain Transforms

The author has continued development on advanced techniques in tuning coupled-resonator filters based on the time domain response of a filter. This paper updates techniques to precisely tune filter coupling and resonators, accounting for effects of transmission zeros from cross-coupled resonators, and presents new methods for tuning duplex filters.
Diffuse interstellar bands: a comprehensive laboratory study.

Abstract As a result of the search for the identity of the chromophores responsible for producing the diffuse interstellar bands, a comprehensive exposition of experimental data is presented, which implicates the following molecules: (1) The extremely stable organic molecules, magnesium tetrabenzoporphyrin (MgTBP) and H2TBP. (2) A paraffin matrix (referred to as “grains”) containing TBPs. (3) A low concentration of pyridine (also within the grains), whose transmission window at 2175 A, accounts for the ubiquitous UV bump. The blue emission spectra associated with the central star, HD44179, of the Red Rectangle displays the fluorescence excitation spectra of bare MgTBP. This unique spectrum matches the low temperature lab data of MgTBP in the vapor phase. An effective grain temperature of 2.728 K (±0.008) was deduced, based on MgTBP's lowest measured vibrational state of 341 GHz.
An iterative metric method for solving the inverse tokamak equilibrium problem

A method is presented for solving the toroidal magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium equation in a coordinate system based on the magnetic field lines. Both fixed boundary (conducting shell) and free boundary (external coil) boundary conditions are considered. A comparison with a special analytic solution is made. The method is useful for obtaining equilibria to use in tokamak stability and transport calculations.
Designing optimal aviation baggage screening strategies using simulated annealing

Terrorist activities are a critical threat to domestic aviation security. Current aviation security models created to address this threat are descriptive rather than prescriptive; they evaluate a given baggage screening strategy rather than identify optimal baggage screening strategies. Moreover, these models only incorporate costs associated with purchasing and operating baggage screening security devices. This research introduces a comprehensive cost function that not only includes direct costs associated with the purchase and operation of baggage screening security devices, but also includes indirect costs associated with device errors. A methodology is presented to determine the best selection of baggage screening security devices that minimizes the expected annual total cost of a baggage screening strategy. Computational experiments with this methodology are presented.
Tissue Structure and Ventricular Wall Mechanics

Considering that the left ventricle is a thick-walled body that maintains its volume while reducing intracavitary volume by two thirds, it should come as no surprise that the ventricular wall thickens during systole and that there is a transmural gradient in wall thickening. Wall thickening on the inner wall may exceed values of 40% measured by a variety of techniques. These values far exceed the 8% diameter increase estimated by simple conservation of volume in an individual myocyte shortening by 15%. Physiologists have long understood that changes in the macrostructure of the wall (cellular rearrangement) must account for the difference between wall thickening and estimates of cell thickening.1 Reorientation of laminae or sheets of muscle cells has been proposed to account for this change in macrostructure.2,3 The dichotomy between wall thickening and estimated change in myocyte diameter has been elegantly framed by Cheng et al4 in this issue of Circulation , which shows nearly identical transmural fiber shortening at 2 ventricular sites, with very different wall thickening in the ovine ventricle. Similar data have been shown for other species.5,6 However, the data presented by Cheng et al4 provide strong evidence that the cellular rearrangements are different at the 2 sites. Cheng et al4 used a method developed by Costa et al5 in which regional histological measurements of muscle fiber and sheet orientations were used to resolve 3-dimensional transmural strain distributions obtained from implanted arrays of radiopaque markers into components. These components were defined by local axes that are parallel to the fibers, transverse to the fibers in the sheet plane, and transverse to the sheets. Wall thickening then can be resolved into components of sheet motion. Costa et al5 and Takayama et al6 reported that the interlaminar shear-strain term (Esn) and …
Structure of the catalytic domain of human DOT1L, a non-SET domain nucleosomal histone methyltransferase.

Abstract Dot1 is an evolutionarily conserved histone methyltransferase that methylates lysine-79 of histone H3 in the core domain. Unlike other histone methyltransferases, Dot1 does not contain a SET domain, and it specifically methylates nucleosomal histone H3. We have solved a 2.5 A resolution structure of the catalytic domain of human Dot1, hDOT1L, in complex with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). The structure reveals a unique organization of a mainly α-helical N-terminal domain and a central open α/β structure, an active site consisting of a SAM binding pocket, and a potential lysine binding channel. We also show that a flexible, positively charged region at the C terminus of the catalytic domain is critical for nucleosome binding and enzymatic activity. These structural and biochemical analyses, combined with molecular modeling, provide mechanistic insights into the catalytic mechanism and nucleosomal specificity of Dot1 proteins.
Human cardiomyopathy mutations induce myocyte hyperplasia and activate hypertrophic pathways during cardiogenesis in zebrafish

To assess the effects during cardiac development of mutations that cause human cardiomyopathy, we modeled a sarcomeric gene mutation in the embryonic zebrafish. We designed morpholino antisense oligonucleotides targeting the exon 13 splice donor site in the zebrafish cardiac troponin T (tnnt2) gene, in order to precisely recapitulate a human TNNT2 mutation that causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). HCM is a disease characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, myocyte and myofibrillar disarray, as well as an increased risk of sudden death. Similar to humans with HCM, the morphant zebrafish embryos displayed sarcomere disarray and there was a robust induction of myocardial hypertrophic pathways. Microarray analysis uncovered a number of shared transcriptional responses between this zebrafish model and a well-characterized mouse model of HCM. However, in contrast to adult hearts, these embryonic hearts developed cardiomyocyte hyperplasia in response to this genetic perturbation. The re-creation of a human disease-causing TNNT2 splice variant demonstrates that sarcomeric mutations can alter cardiomyocyte biology at the earliest stages of heart development with distinct effects from those observed in adult hearts despite shared transcriptional responses.
Cancer in the Elderly: a Societal Perspective from the United States

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the USA and will probably surpass heart disease, the current leader, over the next few years. As in other affluent nations, cancer in the USA is a disease of ageing, with a median age at diagnosis of 67 years. Moreover, men and women in average health who reach age 65 years will probably live an average of 20 more years and it is estimated that by 2025 20% of Americans will be 65 years and older compared with 12% of the present population. This will place an increasing burden on providers of cancer care and complicate the medical management of many elders. There is now great interest in educating primary care physicians about the management of cancer care of the elderly. Professional groups, such as the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the American Association of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-sponsored co-operative groups and the National Institutes on Aging, continue to support programmes to improve geriatric training of physicians and provide research money for those interested in geriatric oncology. Access to cancer care varies in the USA and older patients have not had the same standard of care as younger patients. This has probably resulted in poor outcomes for many. Also, clinical trial participation by elders has been poor. Several more recent trials focusing on older patients have been more successful, but accrual remains a major issue. Financial constraints have limited trial opportunities for elders and hopefully will improve in the future. A major challenge for those in North America will be to provide the health care for elders with cancer and other diseases in the coming years. To meet this challenge we must expand and train the number of health care providers at all levels.
The rate of vaporization of methanol

Abstract The rate of vaporization of methanol was measured in the apparatus described in an earlier paper. The experimental method is based on measurement of the pressure rise in a closed system during evaporation while simultaneously measuring the surface temperature. The condensation coefficient was found to be 0·017, 0·022 and 0·030 at +7, −10 and −27°C respectively. The value of 0·045 previously reported by B aranaev appears to reflect an error in calculation. Recalculating the condensation coefficient from B aranaev 's data gives 0.0176 at −3°C.
Fat distribution and plasma lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in pre- and postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE: In the postmenopausal years, women develop a central pattern of fat distribution and an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The possibility that these events are related has not been extensively investigated. The object of the present study was to test the hypotheses that, 1) menopause-related differences in lipids are associated with greater estimated intra-abdominal adiposity, and 2) the relationship between individual adipose depots and plasma lipids differs with menopausal status. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SUBJECTS: 141 healthy pre- and postmenopausal women aged 35 ‐ 65 y. MEASUREMENTS: Total body fat by hydrodensitometry was used as an index of whole-body adiposity, the sum of five central skinfold measurements as an index of subcutaneous upper-body adiposity, and estimated intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAF) as an index of visceral adiposity. Fasting plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (total-C), highand low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, LDL-C), and triglycerides were used as indices of CVD risk. RESULTS: Postmenopausal women had greater total body fat (P< 0.001), summed central skinfolds (P< 0.01), estimated IAF (P< 0.001), higher plasma concentrations of total-C (P< 0.001), LDL-C (P< 0.001) and triglycerides (P< 0.001), than premenopausal women. The relationship between central skinfolds and LDL-C differed with menopausal status, being significant in pre- but not postmenopausal women. Adjustment for estimated IAF with analysis of covariance decreased menopause-related differences in levels of total-C, LDL-C and triglycerides by approx 40 ‐ 70%. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that, 1) menopause-related changes in IAF may adversely affect the plasma lipid profile, and 2) menopausal status affects the relationship between central subcutaneous fat and LDL-C. Studies with measured IAF are needed to confirm present results.
Is music downloading the new prohibition? What students reveal through an ethical dilemma

Although downloading music through unapproved channels is illegal, statistics indicate that it is widespread. The following study examines the attitudes and perceptions of college students that are potentially engaged in music downloading. The methodology includes a content analysis of the recommendations written to answer an ethical vignette. The vignette presented the case of a subject who faces the dilemma of whether or not to download music illegally. Analyses of the final reports indicate that there is a vast and inconsistent array of actions and underlying feelings toward digital music downloading. The findings reveal inconsistencies between participants' recommendations (what the subject should do) and their attitudes and opinions on the matter (what they would do in a similar situation). These inconsistencies support the notion that as technology evolves, it creates discrepancies between the way things are and the way the law expects them to be, leaving society in a muddle, trying to reconcile the two. What remains to be seen is whether the discrepancy in the case of music downloading becomes extreme enough that the law changes to accommodate an increasingly prevalent behavior, or whether new business models will emerge to bridge the gap between legality and reality.
The design of conformal cooling channels in injection molding tooling

Solid Freeform Fabrication technologies have demonstrated the potential to produce tooling with cooling channels, which are conformal to the molding cavity. 3D Printed tools with conformal cooling channels have demonstrated simultaneous improvements in production rate and part quality as compared with conventional production tools. Conformal cooling lines of high performance and high complexity can be created, thus presenting a challenge to the tooling designer. A systematic, modular approach to the design of conformal cooling channels is presented. Cooling is local to the surface of the tool, so the tool is divided into geometric regions and a channel system is designed for each region. Each channel system is itself modeled as composed of cooling elements, typically the region spanned by two channels. Six criteria are applied, including: a transient heat transfer condition, which dictates a maximum distance from mold surface to cooling channel; considerations of pressure and temperature drop along the flow channel; and considerations of the strength of the mold. These criteria are treated as constraints, and successful designs are sought that define windows bounded by these constraints. The methodology is demonstrated through application to a complex core and cavity for injection molding.
Trigonometric simplification of a class of conservative nonlinear oscillators

This paper deals with a class of conservative nonlinear oscillators of the form \(\ddot x(t)+f(x(t))=0\), where f(x) is analytic. A transformation of time from t to a new time coordinate τ is defined such that periodic solutions can be expressed in the form x(τ) = A0+A1 cos 2τ. We refer to this process of trigonometric simplification as trigonometrification. Application is given to the stability of nonlinear normal modes (NNMs) in two-degree-of-freedom systems.
Unsteady Naval Hydrodynamic Computations Using Lagrangian Vorticity Methods

A novel method to compute the 3-D unsteady hydrodynamics with application to undersea vehicles is presented. This approach solves the vorticity equation, which is derived from the momentum equation of the Navier-Stokes equations. Most problems of Navy interest involve incompressible flow, that may be described in terms of the vorticity alone. Specific geometries are represented using surface source and vortex panels whose strength is prescribed to satisfy the no-slip and no-flux boundary conditions. Vorticity is diffused from the vortex sheets onto the body surface to maintain a vorticity balance. Vorticity in the flow is specified at points and the vorticity at any other point in the field is obtained via linear interpolation. Interpolation is performed by constructing tetrahedra using Delaunay triangularization. Tetrahedra provide the control volume to integrate over to obtain the velocity and the connectivity of the control points provides a basis to construct derivatives. A sub-grid scale eddy viscosity model was implemented into the solution algorithm to model turbulent flow effects. This method was then validated for a sphere at Reynolds numbers of 1.14 million and unsteady flow development past a cone. Quality of the computed flows was compared with data obtained with experimental data. Lastly, unsteady propeller turbulent inflow computations were performed for the purpose of establishing boundary conditions for unsteady blade force computations.
Regulation of protein synthesis in sea urchin eggs

Abstract Treatment of unfertilized sea urchin eggs with cycloheximide results in a 150% increase in polyribosome content, as contrasted with a 10% increase in fertilized eggs under identical conditions. Removal of CO 2 from sea water reversibly stimulates protein synthesis (and polyribosome content) in unfertilized eggs, and changes their response to cycloheximide to correspond with that of fertilized eggs. The stimulation of protein synthesis produced by CO 2 removal is proportional to the initial stimulation of protein synthesis by fertilization in both species studied, and accounts for the major portion of the rate change which occurs in the first 20 minutes after fertilization. Eggs fertilized after stimulation in this way attain the same post-fertilization rate of protein synthesis as control eggs. The evidence presented suggests that the increase in the rate of protein synthesis which accompanies fertilization is due principally to a step up in the rate of chain initiation, and not to the “unmasking” of messenger RNA.
Analysis of spectral changes and filter design in tagged cardiac MRI

Tagged cardiac magnetic resonance images are often pre-filtered before tag lines are tracked to reduce noise, emphasize tag lines, and, in grid tagged images, suppress tag lines in one of the two directions. Cardiac deformation causes changes in the spectrum at each time frame, and an effective pre-filter should cover as much of the deformed spectrum as possible around the peaks from a given tag line direction while minimizing the leakage from peaks in the other tag line direction. In this paper, we propose a model for spectral changes due to cardiac deformation, and use this model to motivate the design of a composite Gabor (C-Gabor) pre-filter. The performance of this filter was compared to standard Gabor and HARP filters in ten human imaging studies. Experimental results demonstrated that the C-Gabor filter was superior to the other two filters because it achieved better performance over the largest range of parameters.
The Effectiveness of a Multisensory Alphabetic Phonetic Approach With College Students Who Are Learning Disabled

College students diagnosed as learning disabled were studied to determine whether they would make more progress in a summer program if taught by an adaptation of the Orton-Gillingham (O-G) approach. Progress of those exposed to this approach was compared to progress of those exposed to (a) a nonphonetic approach or (b) no educational activity. Pre- and posttest results are reported for the Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised and Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests. The subjects were 30 college students aged 17 to 24, who were diagnosed as LD. They were divided into groups of 10 and exposed to the indicated educational intervention. The O-G group was found to achieve statistically significant improvement in reading when compared to the group using the nonphonetic approach or no educational activity. No statistically significant difference was noted between the latter two groups. This study indicates that a modified O-G approach is useful in the teaching of reading to college students who are LD.
PLANNING MAIL SURVEYS: A MANAGERIAL MODEL

Typically the market research manager faced with implementing a multiple-wave mail survey has certain requirements in terms of response rate, quality, and representativeness. The existing research literature provides some excellent insights into the effects of certain Wave 1 response stimuli. Unfortunately, very little research has been conducted on post-Wave 1 stimuli, and no research has been done on multiple-wave managerial strategy. The authors have developed a prototypic managerial planning model for evaluating various mail survey strategies over multiple-response waves. Subject Areas: Marketing Management and Marketing Research.