cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurobehavioral Functioning and Survival Following Lung Transplantation

Background Neurobehavioral functioning is widely recognized as being an important consideration in lung transplant candidates, but little is known about whether these factors are related to clinical outcomes. The present study examined the relationship of neurobehavioral functioning, including measures of executive function and memory, depression, and anxiety, to long-term survival among lung transplant recipients. Methods The sample was drawn from 201 patients who underwent transplantation at Duke University and Washington University who participated in a dual-site clinical trial investigating medical and psychosocial outcomes in transplant candidates with end-stage lung disease. All patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory at baseline and again after 12 weeks, while a subset of 86 patients from Duke University also completed neurocognitive testing. Patients were followed for survival up to 12 years after completing baseline assessments. Results One hundred eleven patients died over a mean follow-up of 10.8 years (SD = 0.8). Baseline depression, anxiety, and neurocognitive function were examined as predictors of posttransplant survival, controlling for age, 6-min walk distance, FEV, and native disease; education and cardiovascular risk factors were also included in the model for neurocognition. Lower executive function (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.09, P = .012) and memory performance (HR = 1.11, P = .030) were independently associated with greater mortality following lung transplant. Although pretransplant depression and anxiety were not predictive of mortality, patients who scored > 13 on the BDI-II at baseline and after 3 months pretransplant had greater mortality (HR = 1.85 [95% CI, 1.04, 3.28], P = .036). Conclusions Neurobehavioral functioning, including persistently elevated depressive symptoms and lower neurocognitive performance, was associated with reduced survival after lung transplantation. Trial registry http://ClinicalTrials.gov ; No.: NCT00113139; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov
Determination of a Cefuroxime and Aminophylline/Theophylline Mixture by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of cefuroxime and aminophylline/theophyIline has been developed. Cefuroxime was separated from aminophylline/theophylline within 8 min using a octadecylsilane column and a mobile phase consisting of a 10:1 mixture of 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 3.4—acetonitrile at ambient temperature. Orcinol was used as internal standard and the analytes were monitored at 254 nm. The method was free of interference from degradation products related to any of the analytes. Drug to internal standard peak area ratios were linear (r2 ≥ 0.9998) for each analyte with good precision (RSD ≤ 2.1%) and accuracy (≤ 2.3%).
Field studies on endoparasites of Thoroughbred foals on seven farms in central Kentucky in 2004

Fecal samples (n=1,584) for a parasite study were collected from Thoroughbred foals (n=349), 28 to 330 days old, on seven farms in central Kentucky during 49 monthly trips from May to October, November, or December 2004. The main purpose was to determine possible drug resistance of ascarids, also of strongyles, to ivermectin (IVM) and other commercially available compounds [fenbendazole, moxidectin (MOX), oxibendazole (OBZ), and pyrantel pamoate]. In addition, interest was on prevalence of foal parasites. Qualitative data were obtained by recording presence or absence of ascarid and strongyle eggs in feces from 7 to 25 days after treatment of some of the foals. None of the compounds completely eliminated ascarid eggs in feces of all foals posttreatment. Activity on ascarids was significantly the highest for OBZ and lowest for IVM. Activity on strongyles was significantly higher for IVM and MOX than for the other compounds. Prevalence (mean percentage of foals infected) was recorded for eggs of Parascaris equorum (39%), of strongyles (32%), and of Strongyloides westeri (2%) and oocysts of Eimeria leuckarti (28%) in feces of foals. One or more foals had infections of P. equorum on six farms (86%), strongyles on seven farms (100%), S. westeri on two farms (29%), and E. leuckarti on six farms (86%). The oldest foal infected with E. leuckarti was 301 days of age. Comparison was made on the prevalence of parasites in foals on five of the same farms in the 2004 study, which were part of a similar 14-farm project in 2003 (Lyons and Tolliver in Parasitol Res (2004) 92:400-404).
Anticipatory Socialization of Pregnant Women: Learning Fetal Sex and Gendered Interactions

Although doctors still frequently call out “It’s a girl!” when a baby girl is born, the majority of mothers now use ultrasound to find out the sex months earlier. This study examines how women who learn the sex of their fetus before birth are engaging in gendered verbal interactions throughout pregnancy. These include types of conversations, usage of gendered pronouns, and calling the unborn baby by a given name. These changes in behaviors by pregnant woman once fetal sex is known can be seen as a form of anticipatory socialization, as they begin to practice the behaviors and values associated with the role of being either a mother of a son or mother of a daughter. Findings also discuss general differences between mothers who choose to find out fetal sex and those who choose not to. The research is based on in-depth interviews with middle-class mothers in the United States.
Continuous EEG in therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: Prognostic and clinical value

Objectives: To determine the prognostic value of an EEG grading scale and clinical outcome of treated seizures detected with continuous EEG (cEEG) during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and rewarming post cardiac arrest (CA). Methods: Our cohort study retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records and cEEGs of all patients undergoing TH after CA under protocol over 2 years. cEEG was initiated during TH and continued until restoration of normothermia (NT). EEGs were graded 1–3 (3 = most severe) using a departmentally developed EEG severity grading scale by 2 authors blinded to clinical outcome. Outcome was measured using the Cerebral Performance Category scale; grades 1–2 were considered a “good” outcome, 3–5 “poor.” Results: Fifty-four patients were included; 51 remained on cEEG through NT. Nineteen died. EEG severity grading during both TH and NT statistically correlated with outcome (grade 1 = good, grade 3 = poor). Other EEG features correlating with poor outcome included seizures, nonreactive background, and epileptiform discharges. Changes in EEG grade during monitoring did not statistically correlate with outcome. Five patients had seizures; all occurred in patients with grade 3 EEG backgrounds and all had a poor outcome. Conclusion: Grades 1 and 3 on our EEG severity grading scale during TH and NT correlated with outcome. Treating seizures did not improve outcome in our cohort.
Test procedures for detection of in-flight propeller-induced structure-borne noise

A potentially important source of structure-borne interior noise transmission in advanced turboprop aircraft is the impingement of the propeller wake/vortex on downstream aerodynamic surfaces. It can only be safely assumed that this potential source of interior noise may well hold up achievable interior noise levels unless noise control measures are conscientiously incorporated into the aircraft design. Through the use of a laboratory based test apparatus, techniques were developed to estimate the level of in-flight structure-borne noise transmission from combined frequency response function ground testing and in-flight structural response measurements. All phases of the test procedure were simulated in the laboratory and the expected level of accuracy of the procedure is addressed.
Application of High Surface Area Tin-Doped Indium Oxide Nanoparticle Films as Transparent Conducting Electrodes

Metal complex derivatized, optically transparent nanoparticle films of Sn(IV)-doped In2O3 (nanoITO) undergo facile interfacial electron transfer allowing for rapid, potential controlled color changes, direct spectral (rather than current) monitoring of voltammograms, and multilayer catalysis of water oxidation.
Outcomes associated with introduction of a shoulder dystocia protocol

The objective of this study was to assess outcomes that are associated with the implementation of a shoulder dystocia protocol that is focused on team response. We identified women who had a shoulder dystocia during 3 time periods: 6 months before (period A), 6 months during (period B), and 6 months after (period C) the institution of a shoulder dystocia protocol. Documentation and health outcomes were compared among the time periods. During the study period, 254 women (77, 100, and 77 in periods A, B, and C, respectively) had a shoulder dystocia. There were no differences among study periods in patient characteristics. However, complete and consistent documentation increased (14% to 50% to 92%; P < .001), and brachial plexus palsy that was diagnosed at delivery (10.1% to 4.0% to 2.6%; P = .03) and at neonatal discharge (7.6% to 3.0% to 1.3%; P = .04) declined.
Injectivity Improvement in the Grayburg Formation at a Waterflood in Lea County, NM

The purpose of this project was to improve water injectivity into the Grayburg formation at MORANCO's Rice-Hardin Waterflood in Lea County, NM. The project was a cooperative effort between the Petroleum Recovery Research Center, the New Mexico Energy and Minerals Department, the New Mexico Energy Research and Development Institute, and MORANCO of Hobbs, NM. Laboratory tests with reservoir cores were conducted at the Petroleum Center. These tests indicated that certain chemical treatments had the ability to increase water permeability about 30%. The treatments were designed to reduce the oil saturation in a region about 8 to 10 feet out from the injection wellbore, and to improve injectivity by increasing the relative permeability to water. Two of the most promising treatments were selected for the field trial. Rice No. 1 injection well was treated with a surfactant solution, and Hardin No. 3 was treated with an aromatic solvent followed by a surfactant solution. Costs of chemicals were approximately $3,000 per well. As a result of these treatments, slightly more water could be injected at pressures 400 psi less than the before-treatment levels. Since improvement in flow efficiency, observed from the injection rate and pressure data, is on the order of 50more » to 60%, the field treatments apparently worked somewhat better than indicated by the laboratory tests. Based on the encouraging results obtained from the trial, these concepts should have applicability in other waterflood projects and may also have potential in certain enhanced recovery projects where low injectivity is a problem.« less
Structural organization of the Chromatium vinosum reaction center associated c-cytochromes

Magnetic interactions operating between the Chromatium vinosum reaction center associated c-cytochromes and the electron carriers of the reaction center have been assayed by comparing the magnetic properties of these components alone, and in various combinations with paramagnetic forms of the reaction center electron carriers. These studies have yielded the following results. 1. 1. The oxidized paramagnetic forms of the high potential cytochromes c-555 produce no discernable alteration of the light-induced (BChl)2⨥ signal 2. 2. Similarly, analysis of the lineshape of the light-induced (BChl)2⨥ signal shows that a magnetic interaction with the oxidized low potential cytochromes c-553 is likely to produce less than a 1 gauss splitting of the (BChl)2⨥ signal, which corresponds to a minimum separation of 25 ± 3 A between the unpaired spins if the heme and (BChl)2 are orientated in a coplanar arrangement, suggesting a minimum separation of 15 ± 3 A between the heme edge and the (BChl)2 edge. 3. 3. A prominent magnetic interaction is observed to operate between the cytochrome c-553 and c-555, which results in a 30–35 gauss splitting of these spectra, and suggests an iron to iron separation of about 8 A. 4. 4. Magnetic interactions are not observed between the c-cytochromes and the reaction center “primary acceptor” (the iron · quinone complex) nor with the reaction center intermediate electron carrier (which involves bacteriopheophytin) suggesting separations greater than 10 A. 5. 5. Magnetic interactions are not discerned between the two cytochrome c-553 hemes, nor between the two cytochrome c-555 hemes, implying that the distance between the cytochromes of the same pair is greater than 10 A. 6. 6. EPR studies of oriented chromatophores have demonstrated that the cytochrome c-553 and c-555 hemes are perpendicular to each other, and suggest that the cytochrome c-553 heme plane lies parallel to the plane of the membrane, while the cytochrome c-555 heme plane lies perpendicular to the plane of the membrane surface.
Simultaneous Detection of Pyrethroid, Organophosphate, and Cyclodiene Target Site Resistance in Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction

The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L., 1758) (Diptera: Muscidae), is an important pest that causes significant economic losses to the livestock industry, but insecticide resistance in horn fly populations has made horn fly control increasingly difficult to achieve. In this study, we developed a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to simultaneously detect target site resistance to pyrethroids (kdr mutation), organophosphates (G262A acetylcholinesterase mutation), and cyclodienes (Rdl mutation) and used the new procedure to follow the progression of these three mutations after exposure to different insecticide pressure. We assayed flies collected at the Macon Ridge research station, Winnsboro, LA, from 2008 to 2012. The multiplex PCR showed robust results in all our assays. The kdr mutation remained at high frequencies during all years, even after 4 yr with no use of pyrethroids. The G262A acetylcholinesterase mutation fluctuated from 7.5 to 23.8% during the studied years, while the Rdl mutation was rare in 2008, 2009, and June 2010, and then significantly increased after the first use of endosulfan. The possibility of screening for all the known target site resistance mutations in a single PCR reaction makes the multiplex PCR a useful and affordable tool that can be used to help diagnose insecticide resistance.
Family Time and the Psychosocial Adjustment of Adolescent Siblings and Their Parents

This study examined the implications of family time for firstborn and secondborn adolescent offspring, mothers, and fathers in 192 dual-earner families, defining family time as time shared by the foursome in activities across 7 days. Data were gathered in daily telephone interviews. For firstborns, higher levels of family time at Time 1 predicted less involvement in risky behavior 2 years later, controlling for Time 1 risky behavior. Longitudinal analyses predicting depressive symptoms revealed family time X parent education interactions for firstborns, fathers, and mothers, suggesting that the implications of family time depended on social class. The pattern of results suggests that family time is protective when chosen by family members but not when it represents a default use of time.
A Cartographic Analysis of Water Development Referenda in Texas, 1957‐85

State-level financial assistance programs for water projects are expected to become more important as federal funding levels drop and mechanisms change. In some western states such as Texas and California, constitutional restrictions are placed on tax and spending limits and the issuance of general obligation bonds to finance projects is subject to voter approval through a referendum process. Seven water-related referenda have been held in Texas between 1957 and 1985. Election results indicate that through 1968 voters from across the state supported the concept of state-level financial assistance for water projects and ratified three consecutive referenda, thus establishing the Water Development Fund and its $400 million authorization limit. Between 1969 and 1981, three amendments intended to increase authorization and expand the Fund's scope were defeated in elections that exhibited a regionalized voting pattern between East and West Texas voters. In 1985, this cleavage was not evident and the Water Development Fund was increased by an additional $980 million. These shifts reflect changes in voter perceptions of the state's water development policy and coincide with release of the 1968 and 1984 versions of the Texas Water Plan. The Texas experience, which is particularly relevant to California, could also be useful to other states considering similar state-level financial programs that would require voter approval.
Dispositional predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Motives, motive fulfillment, and role identity

Constructs from a conceptual model of the volunteer process were applied to discretionary helping in the workplace (Organizational Citizenship Behavior or OCB). A total of 193 employees at 4 private companies completed anonymous surveys measuring amount of OCB, motives for engaging in citizenship behavior, and the extent to which those motives were fulfilled by the behavior. Also assessed was the degree to which respondents developed an organizational citizen role identity. Amount of OCB and the strength of a citizen identity correlated with two motives for helping, concern for coworkers and concern for the organization, as well as with the fulfillment of those motives. Impression management motives were related to citizenship behaviors directed toward coworkers but not to citizenship activities targeting the organization per se. Impression management goals also were unrelated to formation of a citizen role identity. The findings suggest that similar dispositional factors are involved in sustaining volunteerism and OCB.
Products, and ratios for a bivariate gamma distribution

We derive the distributions of P=XY and W=X/(X+Y) and the corresponding moment properties when X and Y follow a bivariate gamma distribution. The expressions turn out to involve several special functions. We also provide extensive tabulations of the percentage points associated with the two distributions. These tables-obtained using intensive computing power-will be of use to practitioners of the bivariate gamma distribution.
Scaling and root planing treatment for periodontitis to reduce preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: The aim of this study is to perform an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy of scaling and root planing (SRP) in reducing the preterm-birth and low-birth-weight risks to analyze important subgroups and to further explore heterogeneity and bias risks in the pooled studies.Methods: The entire Cochrane Library was searched (from 1990 to September 2011), MEDLINE (from 1950 to September 2011), CINAHL (from 1980 to September 2011), University of Michigan School of Dentistry “Dentistry and Oral Sciences” database (from 1990 to September 2011), conference proceedings, and the ClinicalTrials.gov database. Authors were contacted when clarification was needed. Selection criteria included the following: 1) RCTs that reported preterm-birth risk ( 4 mm or clinical attachment loss >2 mm for ≥1...
Immune System: Success Owed to a Virus?

In his News Focus Story “On the origin of the immune system” (1 May, p. [580][1]), J. Travis addresses the mysterious origins of the immune system's ability to create specific antibodies. He first describes how this occurs: RAG enzymes mediate a recombination process that results in specific
Neutralization of crotalid venoms by fractions from snake sera.

Abstract Neutralization of crotalid venoms by fractions from snake sera. Toxicon16, 603–609, 1978.—A protein fraction is present in the sera of snakes belonging to Crotalidae and Colubridae. which protects mice from the lethal effect of 5 ld 50 of crotalid venoms injected i.p. When the sera were subjected to ammonium sulfate fractionation, the 0–45% fraction afforded little or no protection. The 45–90% precipitate on the other hand contained the neutralizing agent(s). Molecular sieving of this fraction on Sephadex G-200 gave two distinct protein bands. The neutralizing agent(s) was recovered in the second band containing proteins with mol. wt. of 50,000–100,000. The protective effect of this fraction was completely destroyed by pronase treatment. The most pronounced effect of the purified serum factor(s) was its ability to inhibit venom protease activity. The venom esterase activity and many other venom enzyme activities were not affected by the serum factor(s). It has been observed that venom protease in the presence of plasma produces large amounts of bradykinin. The serum fraction which protects mice from the lethal action of the venoms also blocks the release of bradykinin. It is proposed that the lethal action of venoms is related to the action of unique proteases which release bradykinin from plasma proteins and destroy fibrinogen. This combined action sets the stage for extensive hemorrhage. The neutralizing effect of crotalid and colubrid sera is due in part to a powerful antiprotease activity.
Industrial and Medical Applications of Accelerators with Energies Less than 20 MeV

In this paper the medical and industrial application of small accelerators is reviewed. Most of the material is taken from the Seventh Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, which was held in Denton, Texas in November of 1982. The areas covered will include medical linacs, cyclotron design and production of medical radioisotopes, radiation processing, ion implantation for the metallurgical and semiconductor industries, oil and mineral exploration, trace, surface and bulk analysis, and unique accelerators for all of the above applications.
Reconciling the many faces of lateral gene transfer

The various methods for detecting potential lateral gene transfer events typically uncover different sets of genes. Because the procedures used to recognize transferred genes ask different types of questions, the sets of genes identified by each procedure must be interpreted in the appropriate context. The integration of biological information, along with these analytical procedures, makes it possible to assess the total impact of lateral gene transfer on microbial genomes.
Evaluating longitudinal projects combining technology with temporal arts

The integration of interactive technology with temporal art such as dance is an exciting, emerging area. The design space for such collaborations is immense, with variations in sensors, visualizations, and how these interact with dancers and choreography. This paper presents the evaluation methodology and results of Dance.Draw, a longitudinal project spanning two years and three productions, which aimed to develop a deep, interdisciplinary understanding of this space. Given that this is pioneering work, there is little guidance on how to evaluate such collaborations. We describe the significant confounds in doing evaluation in this area, and we present our evolving mixed-methods approach, which includes two unique methods to address the multiple stakeholders in a holistic manner: dancer focus groups and repeated presentations. Our approach has generated insights, such as differing perspectives of audience members and the responses of dancers to technological variables. We conclude by discussing the challenges and successes of our evaluation approach.
Haptic controlled functional electrical stimulation of the lower extremities

With approximately 7,800 spinal cord injuries occurring in the United States a year it has become a goal of researchers, scientists, and engineers to develop an apparatus that will restore ambulation and sensation to the lower extremities. One proposition for paraplegic patients is to integrate haptic technology with functional electrical stimulation. Using currently available technology such as SensAble System's PHANTOMs and Electronic Data Systems' motion capture software, JACK, a prototype ringer guided haptic device with force-feedback will be developed.
MEN'S AND WOMEN'S SELF-CONFIDENCE IN PERFORMING FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

It has been suggested that observed differences in self-confidence between the sexes may be dependent on the context and domain of items tested. Expressed self-confidence toward financial analysis ...
Trans-10, trans-12 conjugated linoleic acid does not affect milk fat yield but reduces Δ9-desaturase index in dairy cows

Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis, and the magnitude of milk fat depression is often correlated with the fat content of this isomer. However, the trans-10, cis-12 CLA content does not always correspond to the extent of milk fat depression, and in some instances, an increase in the milk fat content of trans-10, trans-12 CLA has been observed. We synthesized trans-10, trans-12 CLA (>90% purity) and investigated its effect on milk fat synthesis and incorporation into plasma lipids. Three rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 3 x 3 Latin square experiment. Treatments were a 4-d abomasal infusion of 1) ethanol (control), 2) a trans-10, cis-12 CLA supplement (positive control), and 3) a trans-10, trans-12 CLA supplement; 5 g/d of the CLA isomer of interest was provided. Milk yield, dry matter intake, and milk protein were unaffected by treatment. Treatment with trans-10, trans-12 CLA had no effect on milk fat yield, whereas treatment with trans-10, cis-12 CLA reduced milk fat yield by 28%. Incorporation of CLA was greatest for the plasma triglyceride fraction, and the milk fat content was subsequently elevated within the respective treatment groups. The milk fatty acid composition indicated that delta9-desaturase was reduced significantly for both CLA treatments, but the reduction was greater for the treatment with trans-10, trans-12 CLA. Overall, abomasal infusion of trans-10, trans-12 CLA and trans-10, cis-12 CLA altered the desaturase ratios, but only trans-10, cis-12 CLA reduced milk fat synthesis.
Hepatic Stellate Cells Function as Regulatory Bystanders

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute significantly to the tolerogenic nature of the liver. The mechanisms, however, underlying liver-associated Treg induction are still elusive. We recently identified the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), as a key controller that promotes TGF-β-dependent Foxp3(+) Treg induction but inhibits TGF-β-driven Th17 differentiation. To investigate whether the RA producing hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are part of the liver tolerance mechanism, we investigated the ability of HSC to function as regulatory APC. Different from previous reports, we found that highly purified HSC did not express costimulatory molecules and only upregulated MHC class II after in vitro culture in the presence of exogenous IFN-γ. Consistent with an insufficient APC function, HSC failed to stimulate naive OT-II TCR transgenic CD4(+) T cells and only moderately stimulated α-galactosylceramide-primed invariant NKT cells. In contrast, HSC functioned as regulatory bystanders and promoted enhanced Foxp3 induction by OT-II TCR transgenic T cells primed by spleen dendritic cells, whereas they greatly inhibited the Th17 differentiation. Furthermore, the regulatory bystander capacity of the HSC was completely dependent on their ability to produce RA. Our data thus suggest that HSC can function as regulatory bystanders, and therefore, by promoting Tregs and suppressing Th17 differentiation, they might represent key players in the mechanism that drives liver-induced tolerance.
Direct Observation of Respiratory Treatments in Cystic Fibrosis: Parent–Child Interactions Relate to Medical Regimen Adherence

men adherence. Results Parent positive attention, instructions, and avoidance of negative statements were significantly related to child cooperation during respiratory treatments. Parental presence, positive attention, instructions, and child cooperation during treatments were related to higher respiratory adherence rates. Conclusions Direct observation methodology has led to effective nutritional adherence intervention for children with CF. These preliminary data demonstrate that an observational method could also be used to develop interventions to promote respiratory medication adherence.
Regulatory Perspectives: One Academic Viewpoint From the United States

The development of new drugs to treat vascular dementia and other conditions in which cognitive impairment is due at least in part to vascular pathology will require future interaction among academic, industry, and government regulatory clinicians and scientists. This article offers the author's perspective on the positive involvement of the Food and Drug Administration in development of conceptual frameworks and practical approaches to treatment of conditions characterized by vascular burden of the brain.
The geographical distribution of the dermaptera (insecta) with reference to continental drift.

In this exercise, the centres of evolution of the main forficuline taxa have been determined using the techniques of Nelson and Rosen (1981). This has shown that the Forficulina arose in an area of land now comprising north east Brazil and north west Africa. From here some taxa spread westwards into the Americas and others going eastwards to the rest of Africa, Madagascar, and Australia. The Cretaceous separation of India from Africa and its subsequent drift across the Indian Ocean to fuse with south east Asia resulted in the Oriental Region becoming a secondary centre of forficuline evolution, from whence various taxa have subsequently spread into Burma, China, Japan and Micronesia. Other taxa spread through the East Indies into New Guinea, Australia and associated islands. A few migrated from central Gondwanaland into Antarctica and thence to New Zealand and associated Polynesian islands. During the Miocene orogenesis of the Sea of Tethys, some families spread from north Africa into southern Europe and ...
Under the Cloak of Whiteness: A Circuit of Culture Analysis of Opportunity Hoarding and Colour-blind Racism Inside US Advertising Internship Programs

Drawing on qualitative fieldwork at three large agencies, this article adapts Richard Johnson’s “circuit of culture” (1986) as a framework to examine both the material practices that help reproduce an overwhelmingly white labour force within US advertising agencies and the ideological screens that conceal them from scrutiny, critique, and reform. I argue that efforts to diversify advertising through internship-based affirmative action programs are ultimately undermined and overwhelmed by the more widespread systems of white privilege whereby agency executives and powerful clients bypass the application process and directly place personal friends and relatives into highly sought after internship slots. Furthermore, I contend that such material practices of class preference are masked, and thereby enabled, by ideological screens of colour-blind meritocracy. I argue that colour-blindness leads to meritocracy in theory, but race discrimination in practice, and conclude with a discussion of some possible implications for communication theory in general and critical media industry studies in particular.
Cross-Layer Channel-Quality-Fair Scheduling for Video Uplink of Camera Networks over WiMAX

We propose a systematic cross-layer joint scheduling and resource allocation algorithm to provide enhanced quality of service (QoS) for real-time video uplink of camera networks over WiMAX. Under the constraint of limited available OFDMA resource, how to fairly schedule all mobile camera stations (CSs) with varying channel quality and maintain system performance simultaneously is always a critical issue for practical QoS design of a WiMAX base station (BS). The proposed system uses video encoding rate adaptation in application (APP) layer of CSs and effectively incorporates with the medium access control (MAC) QoS mechanisms of the BSs to greatly improve the spectrum efficiency of WiMAX.
Postnatal development of monosaccharide transport in pig intestine

In vitro brush-border transport of three monosaccharides by pig intestine was studied as a function of postnatal age from immediately after birth before suckling to after weaning. Rates of transport normalized to tissue weight or surface area for glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), and fructose (Fru) were highest at birth, with a steep decline after the onset of suckling, probably caused by any combination of three or more factors: reduced transporter site density, shifts in relative abundances of different monosaccharide transporters, and/or changes in activities of individual transporters. Whereas highest rates of Glc and Fru transport shifted from proximal to midintestine after weaning, Gal transport remained highest in proximal intestine. Postnatal increases in Km values for Gal, but not Glc, indicate there are multiple aldohexose transporters that undergo separate developmental trajectories. The presence of Fru transport in neonatal pigs may reflect a more advanced state of development than neonatal rats and rabbits, or may be an adaptation for early weaning. Changes in Fru-to-Glc and Gal-to-Glc transport ratios before weaning suggest transporter development is partly genetically hard-wired, apparently to prepare pigs for weaning. Curiously, Fru-to-Glc transport ratios were lower than those of rat and rabbit, but closely paralleled those of the carnivorous cat.
Effect of light and density on yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) root growth and soil moisture use

21 and quickly reached the bottom of the 100-cm tube. When plants were grown under 80 and 92% shading, roots grew 45 and 64% slower, respectively, than when plants were grown unshaded. Using a neutron probe, we evaluated the effect of yellow starthistle density on soil moisture depletion to 180 cm in the soil profile. At the end of the growing season, we also measured aboveground biomass and seedhead production. Total plant dry weight and seedhead number at the lowest density (0.6 plants m 22 ) were 43 and 97% of the maximum values, respectively, suggesting that yellow starthistle is capable of reaching near-maximum yield at low densities. Moisture depletion was density dependent, and plants in low-density plots used more soil moisture from deep in the profile than from shallow soil (30 cm) early in the season. In contrast, yellow starthistle densities . 90 plants m 22 rapidly depleted moisture from all depths in the soil profile by preflowering growth stages. High yellow starthistle density expands the moisture depletion zone and leads to increased shallow moisture depletion. In high-density plots, soil moisture did not recharge, compared with bare-ground plots, after subnormal winter and spring precipitation. These results illustrate the importance of reducing yellow starthistle densities in grassland restoration efforts, where shallow soil moisture is critical to the establishment of seeded perennial grasses or annual forbs and where moderate to deep soil moisture is essential for the establishment and survival of transplanted shrubs and trees. Nomenclature: Yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis L. CENSO.
Allocation of resources to cyber-security

Cyber-security is increasingly seen as an important determinant of firm-specific financial risk. Agency theory suggests that managers and investors have different preferences over such risk because investors can diversity their capital over different firms to reduce firm-specific risk but managers cannot diversify their investment of human capital in their firm. Therefore managers face greater personal cost of financial distress during their limited tenure. We develop an analytical model for optimally allocating investments to general productive assets and specific cyber-security assets incorporating costs of security breaches, borrowing and financial distress. We note that investment in productive assets can generate cash flows that allow the firm to better withstand security threats in the long run but investment in specific security-enhancing assets reduce security breaches in short run while leaving the firm's finances vulnerable over a longer period. Using our model, we show that managers over-invest in specific security-enhancing assets to reduce security breaches during their tenure. We then incorporate cyber-insurance in our model and show that it has the effect of reducing managers' over-investment in specific security-enhancing assets. Unlike investors, managers have limited tenure and cannot diversify their human capital investment in a firm resulting in misalignment of interest.The risks of security threats and consequent financial distress costs are therefore viewed differently by managers and investors.We use model the effect of differential incentives between managers and investors on cyber-security fund allocation.We find thatmanagers over-invest in security to reduce breaches during their tenure.We also show that cyber-insurance is feasible and serves to reduce the adverse consequences of misalignment of interests.
Asset pricing with expectation shocks

This paper adds persistent shocks into the adaptive learning expectation formation process in stochastic growth asset pricing production and endowment economies. These expectation shocks, designed to capture psychological elements which can arise from news, changes in sentiment, herding and bandwagon effects, generate waves of optimism and pessimism in equity price forecasts. The paper estimates parameters of the expectation shock and adaptive learning process with the method of simulated moments, and compares simulation results to U.S. economic and financial market stylized facts. Numerical results for both the estimated production and endowment economies show that the expectation shock model matches several of the stylized facts better than does a model that assumes rational expectations or adaptive learning alone.
Role of shame and body esteem in cortisol stress responses

Studies assessing the role of shame in HPA axis reactivity report mixed findings. Discrepancies may be due to methodological difficulties and inter-individual differences in the propensity to experience shame in a stressful situation. Hence, the current study combined self-report of shame and facial coding of shame expressions and assessed the role of body esteem as a moderator of the shame–stress link. For this, 44 healthy students (24F, age 20.5 ± 2.1 years) were exposed to an acute psychosocial stress paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test: TSST). Salivary cortisol levels were measured throughout the protocol. Trait shame was measured before the stress test, and state shame immediately afterwards. Video recordings of the TSST were coded to determine emotion expressions. State shame was neither associated with cortisol stress responses nor with body esteem (self-report: all ps ≥ .24; expression: all ps ≥ .31). In contrast, higher trait shame was associated with both negative body esteem (p = .049) and stronger cortisol stress responses (p = .013). Lastly, having lower body esteem predicted stronger cortisol stress responses (p = .022); however, it did not significantly moderate the association between shame indices and cortisol stress responses (all ps ≥ .94). These findings suggest that body esteem and trait shame independently contribute to strength of cortisol stress responses. Thus, in addition to trait shame, body esteem emerged as an important predictor of cortisol stress responses and as such, a potential contributor to stress-related negative health outcomes.
Control of Photosynthetic Rate: Influence of Light Harvesting and Electron Transport Capacity in Different Environments

Using iron deficiency, the influence of light harvesting and electron transport capacity on in vivo photosynthesis was explored for sugar beet plants cultured in a standard growth environment. Individual attached leaves were exposed to different levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and to different ambient CO2 concentrations, and the net rate of photosynthetic 002 uptake (P) determined by gas exchange. P/area at light saturation increased nearly linearly with increase in the total amount of light harvesting and electron transport components (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene, xanthophyll, P700, Q and cytochrome f) and with increase in in vitro electron transport activity per leaf area. This occurred at ambient CO2 concentrations of 300, 600 and 1000 pl 1−1. At the ambient CO2 concentration of 300 pl 1−1, i.e., similar to that experienced by plants under field conditions, light-saturated P/area increased by 36% with increase in chlorophyll/area from the low to the high end of the normal range, i.e. the range of chlorophyll contents associated with iron-sufficient control plants. Extractable activities of four major Calvin cycle enzymes (including ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) did not change over this range of chlorophyll contents. Although photosynthetic electron transport capacity colimited P/area most at light saturation (about 2000 μE PAR m −2 s −1), it was also colimiting at lower irradiances which were limiting to photosynthesis. Measurement of P/area with intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) showed that photosynthesis was colimited by photochemical energy supply (varied by altering light intensity or photosynthetic electron transport capacity) at very low and limiting values of Ci. These results suggest that chlorophyll/area may be used as an index for genetic selection to improve photosynthetic yield.
Central HIV-1 Tat exposure elevates anxiety and fear conditioned responses of male mice concurrent with altered mu-opioid receptor-mediated G-protein activation and β-arrestin 2 activity in the forebrain.

Abstract Co-exposure to opiates and HIV/HIV proteins results in enhanced CNS morphological and behavioral deficits in HIV + individuals and in animal models. Opiates with abuse liability, such as heroin and morphine, bind preferentially to and have pharmacological actions through μ-opioid-receptors (MORs). The mechanisms underlying opiate-HIV interactions are not understood. Exposure to the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein causes neurodegenerative outcomes that parallel many aspects of the human disease. We have also observed that in vivo exposure to Tat results in apparent changes in morphine efficacy, and thus have hypothesized that HIV proteins might alter MOR activation. To test our hypothesis, MOR-mediated G-protein activation was determined in neuroAIDS-relevant forebrain regions of transgenic mice with inducible CNS expression of HIV-1 Tat. G-protein activation was assessed by MOR agonist-stimulated [ 35 S]guanosine-5′-O-(3-thio)triphosphate ([ 35 S]GTPγS) autoradiography in brain sections, and in concentration-effect curves of MOR agonist-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in membranes isolated from specific brain regions. Comparative studies were done using the MOR-selective agonist DAMGO ([D-Ala 2 , N-MePhe 4 , Gly-ol]-enkephalin) and a more clinically relevant agonist, morphine. Tat exposure reduced MOR-mediated G-protein activation in an agonist, time, and regionally dependent manner. Levels of the GPCR regulatory protein β-arrestin-2, which is involved in MOR desensitization, were found to be elevated in only one affected brain region, the amygdala; amygdalar β-arrestin-2 also showed a significantly increased association with MOR by co-immunoprecipitation, suggesting decreased availability of MOR. Interestingly, this correlated with changes in anxiety and fear-conditioned extinction, behaviors that have substantial amygdalar input. We propose that HIV-1 Tat alters the intrinsic capacity of MOR to signal in response to agonist binding, possibly via a mechanism involving altered expression and/or function of β-arrestin-2.
Variation in laboratory oviposition by Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in relation to mating status

In the laboratory, females of R. pomonella were allowed to mate once, twice, or multiply, and to oviposit into artificial fruit. Females mated once did not differ from virgin females in total fecundity, rate of egg laying, or egg-laying longevity. Twice-mated and multiply-mated females had significantly greater total fecundity and demonstrated trends toward higher egg-laying rate and egg-laying longevity than virgin and once-mated females. Average female fertility increased and was maintained at a higher level over time with more matings. Female R. pomonella require multiple matings to achieve maximal reproduction (total number of hatching eggs) in the laboratory, apparently because sperm depletion occurs. In addition, increased oviposition results from behavioral interactions among R. pomonella individuals
The purification of an organic cation-specific binding protein from dog kidney.

A carrier-mediated mechanism has been postulated for the renal transport of organic cations. An indirect assay, based upon the capacity of an organic cation, N 1 -methylnicotinamide, to protect against [ 14 C]dibenamine alkylation, was used to quantitate the carrier protein during the isolation procedures. Following solubilization from kidney membranes with the nonionic detergent Lubrol WX, the carrier protein was purified to apparent homogeneity as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein has both lipid and carbohydrate associated with it. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-gel electrophoresis separated the components, with the bulk of the material appearing as a carbohydrate-lipid-protein complex that migrated faster than the tracking dye. In the SDS-gel experiments [ 14 C]dibenamine was found to be covalently bound at a narrow locus, and this binding was "protected" by N 1 -methylnicotinamide. The data are insufficient to prove that the isolated protein is the carrier for organic cations, but are consistent with this interpretation.