cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distances in Residential Space: Implications from Estimated Metric Functions for Minimum Path Distances

To date, theories and conceptual frameworks formulated in geography and regional science assume Euclidean space frequently, Riemannian space (i.e., a landscape occurs on a sphere, and hence great circle distance measures separation) rarely, or networks embedded in Euclidean space, which is non-Euclidean in nature. Minkowskian space furnishes another family of non-Euclidean spaces, with both Euclidean and Manhattan space being special cases of it. This paper explores the non-Euclidean nature of network spaces, including Lobachevskian space (via the Poncaŕe disc). Metric functions for the various spaces are estimated for minimum path distances across various ideal and empirical networks, including selected regional and urban-region transport arteries, limited-access urban mass transit rail systems, and limited-access neighborhoods. The regional and urban-region landscapes involve nested transportation arteries, with findings addressing the question of whether or not increasing road density moves a network c...
Integrated environmental management: strengthening the conceptualization

Although espoused by many, integrated environmental management (IEM) has been difficult to accomplish in practice. There are many reasons for this shortfall, but certainly a key factor is the lack of agreement among scholars and practitioners regarding the concept and its defining elements. Our purpose here is to sharpen the conceptual basis for IEM by elaborating and pragmatically characterizing a framework for the practice of more integrated environmental management. We outline four fundamental dimensions of IEM: (1) comprehensive, (2) interconnective, (3) strategic, and (4) interactive/coordinative. IEM efforts in the Black Earth Creek watershed in Wisconsin illustrate specific attributes and examples pertaining to our conceptualization of IEM. Acceptance of the conceptual framework elaborated here should alleviate some of the confusion associated with IEM and help move this widely heralded approach from theory into practice.
Facilitative Style, Individual Innovation, and Emergent Leadership in Problem Solving Groups

This study responded to an issue raised in a recent review of leadership research regarding the lack of available data concerning leader characteristics and management of creative work groups. Specifically, the effects of facilitative leadership style and individual creative contributions on emergent leadership were assessed in an initially leaderless creative problem solving situation. Participants were 34 university security officers who were divided into four groups to play Island Commission. At the end of the session, participants rated each other on facilitative style, innovative contribution, and leadership behavior. Both independent variables made a significant contribution to perceptions of leadership (R = .82, p < .0001). Results are discussed in terms of leadership theory, and implications for personnel selection, training, and development of creative problem solving teams.
Estimating recharge using relations between precipitation and yield in a mountainous area with large variability in precipitation

Abstract Estimates of recharge to bedrock aquifers from infiltration of precipitation can be difficult to obtain, especially in areas with large spatial and temporal variability in precipitation. In the Black Hills area of western South Dakota and eastern Wyoming, streamflow yield is highly influenced by annual precipitation, with yield efficiency (annual yield divided by annual precipitation) increasing with increasing annual precipitation. Spatial variability in annual yield characteristics for Black Hills streams is predictably influenced by precipitation patterns. Relations between precipitation and yield efficiency were used to estimate annual recharge from long-term records of annual precipitation. A series of geographic information system algorithms was used to derive annual estimates for 1000- by 1000-m grid cells. These algorithms were composited to derive estimates of annual recharge rates to the Madison and Minnelusa aquifers in the Black Hills area of western South Dakota and eastern Wyoming during water years 1931–1998 and an estimate of average recharge for water years 1950–1998. This approach provides a systematic method of obtaining consistent and reproducible estimates of recharge from infiltration of precipitation. Resulting estimates of average annual recharge (water years 1950–1998) ranged from 1 cm in the southern Black Hills to 22 cm in the northwestern Black Hills. Recharge rates to these aquifers from infiltration of precipitation on outcrops was estimated to range from 0.9 m 3 /s in 1936 to 18.8 m 3 /s in 1995.
Sex and strain differences in the circadian rhythm fluctuation of endocrine and immune function in the rat: implications for rodent models of autoimmune disease

This study compares 24-h basal patterns of corticosterone and immunoreactivity for Lewis and Fischer (F344) strain rats. Significant differences in the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone were found across sex and strain. Male Lewis rats exhibited significantly lower 24-h corticosterone levels relative to female Lewis and male F344 rats. In addition, male Lewis rats were found to have higher mononuclear cell counts than female Lewis or male F344 rats, particularly in the peripheral blood and spleen compartments. Levels of CD4-bearing lymphocytes in blood, lymph node, and spleen were found to be higher in Lewis rats compared to the F344 strain over a 24-h period. In general, percentages of CD8- and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-bearing lymphocytes were shown to vary over 24 h in all compartments across strains. Given that the Lewis rat has low basal levels of circulating corticosterone, and comparatively higher numbers of CD4-bearing lymphocytes, these factors may play a causative role in the known susceptibility of this strain to many experimental models of autoimmune disease.
Tessellation structures for reproduction of arbitrary patterns

For an arbitrary state alphabet A, one- and two-dimensional tessellation structures are defined that have the ability to reproduce any finite pattern (formed from the symbols in A) in the sense of Moore [5]. The reproduced patterns will occur in quiescent environments if #A is prime.
Resonant tunneling transport at 300 K in GaAs‐AlGaAs quantum wells grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Resonant tunneling transport was studied in GaAs‐AlGaAs single well, double barrier structures. Negative differential resistance at 77 and 300 K was observed in devices grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The observed peak to valley ratios were 6 to 1 and 1.48 to 1, respectively. The presence of GaAs spacer layers was found to have a distinct effect on the 300 K current versus voltage characteristics. Microwave oscillation at frequencies up to 3.0 GHz was observed at 300 K. A short discussion of the oscillation frequency limits of our structure is presented.
Healed cuff repairs impart normal shoulder scores in those 65 years of age and older.

Background It is unclear whether repaired rotator cuffs heal in older patients and whether the function in those shoulders compares with those of similarly aged patients with untreated tears.
Acquisition of unprecedented phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate rise in hyperosmotically stressed 3T3-L1 adipocytes, mediated by ArPIKfyve-PIKfyve pathway.

Unlike yeast, where hyperosmotic stress induces a dramatic increase in phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns 3,5-P2) synthesis, in mammalian cells, although activating a complex array of signaling events, hyperosmotic stress fails to up-regulate PtdIns 3,5-P2, indicating the PtdIns 3,5-P2 pathway is not involved in mammalian osmo-protective responses. Here we report an unexpected and marked PtdIns 3,5-P2 increase in response to hyperosmotic stress in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Because this effect was not observed in the precursor preadipocytes, a specific role during acquisition of the adipocyte phenotype and transition into insulin-responsive cells could be suggested. However, acute insulin action did not result in a measurable PtdIns 3,5-P2 rise, indicating the PtdIns 3,5-P2 pathway is a specific hyperosmotically activated signaling cascade selectively operating in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Hyperosmolarity activates different components of several kinase cascades, including p38 mitogen-activated protein and tyrosine kinases, but these appear to be separate from the activated PtdIns 3,5-P2 pathway. Because PtdIns 3,5-P2 is primarily produced by PIKfyve-catalyzed synthesis and requires the upstream activator hVac14 (called herein ArPIKfyve) that physically associates with and activates PIKfyve, we examined the contribution of ArPIKfyve-PIKfyve for the hyperosmotic stress-induced rise in PtdIns 3,5-P2. Small interfering RNA-directed gene silencing to selectively deplete ArPIKfyve or PIKfyve in 3T3-L1 adipocytes determined the ArPIKfyve-PIKfyve axis fully accountable for the hyperosmotically activated PtdIns 3,5-P2. Together these results reveal a previously uncharacterized PtdIns 3,5-P2 pathway activated selectively in hyperosmotically stressed 3T3-L1 adipocytes and suggest a plausible role for PtdIns 3,5-P2 in the osmo-protective response mechanism in this cell type.
The use of a portable delayed auditory feedback unit in stuttering therapy

Abstract A portable on-the-body delayed auditory feedback was used in the establishment and transfer modes of fluent speech in a stutterer while he was on the Monterey Fluency Program. The performance of the client was compared with a “standard” population of stutterers. The portable DAF was comparable to the larger DAF in establishment and superior in transfer with minimal behavioral and technical problems. Use and potential value of the portable DAF in transfer and maintenance phases of therapy are discussed.
Identification of specific transmembrane residues and ligand-induced interface changes involved in homo-dimer formation of a yeast G protein-coupled receptor.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor pheromone receptor, Ste2p, has been studied as a model for G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) structure and function. Dimerization has been demonstrated for many GPCRs, although the role(s) of dimerization in receptor function is disputed. Transmembrane domains one (TM1) and four (TM4) of Ste2p were shown previously to play a role in dimerization. In this study, single cysteine substitutions were introduced into a Cys-less Ste2p, and disulfide-mediated dimerization was assessed. Six residues in TM1 (L64 to M69) that had not been previously investigated and 19 residues in TM7 (T278 to A296) of which 15 were not previously investigated were mutated to create 25 single Cys-containing Ste2p molecules. Ste2p mutants V68C in TM1 and nine mutants in TM7 (cysteine substituted into residues 278, 285, 289, and 291 to 296) showed increased dimerization upon addition of an oxidizing agent in comparison to the background dimers formed by the Cys-less receptor. The formation of dime...
Amphibian cornea as a model for studying intrinsic activities of loop diuretics

Abstract The inhibitory activity of various standard diuretics and compounds on Cl − transport in the toad cornea has been investigated. The relative potency of these diuretics shows a pattern and follows a sequence similar to their inhibitory potency on salt reabsorption in the isolated mammalian cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. The suitability and convenience of using toad cornea as an in vitro model for that segment of the mammalian nephron is well demonstrated.
Density Functionals for Coulomb Systems

The idea of trying to represent the ground state (and perhaps some of the excited states as well) of atomic, molecular, and solid state systems in terms of the diagonal part of the one-body reduced density matrix ρ(x) is an old one. It goes back at least to the work of Thomas [1] and Fermi [2] in 1927. In 1964 the idea was conceptually extended by Hohenberg and Kohn (HK) [3]. Since then many variations on the theme have been introduced. As the present article is not meant to be a review, I shall not attempt to list the papers in the field. Some recent examples of applications are Refs. 4 and 5. Some recent examples of theoretical papers which will play a role here are Refs. 6–12. A bibliography can be found in the recent review article of Bamzai and Deb [13].
Direct computational approaches to a magnetohydrodynamic model system

The magnetohydrodynamic model system is integrated numerically as an initial-value problem. The system is integrated using two-different numerical methods. The first uses a special finite difference scheme introduced byBellman. The second makes use of the classical method of converting a partial differential equation into an infinite system of ordinary differential equations. The formulation for each computational scheme is discussed and numerical example presented.
Elastic buckling of cylindrical shells with elastic cores—II. Experiments

Abstract The analysis of the previous, companion paper showed that the buckling resistance of a cylindrical shell with a compliant core is greater than that of an equivalent weight shell without a core. Here, we describe uniaxial compression and four point bending tests on silicone rubber shells with and without compliant foam cores. The analysis describes the results of the mechanical tests well.
The other end of the rainbow: infrared and skin.

Although infrared radiation (IRR) is ubiquitous in the terrestrial milieu, its effects on human skin have until now been largely ignored. Recent studies suggest an important role for infrared A (IRA) radiation (760–1440 nm) in dermal inflammation, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. In this issue, Calles et al. identify and analyze the IRA-induced transcriptome in human dermal fibroblasts. Their work paves the way for new research directions in IRA photobiology and raises important clinical questions regarding photoprotection and IRR-based dermatotherapy.
Irritable bowel syndrome in female patients is associated with alterations in structural brain networks.

Alterations in gray matter (GM) density/volume and cortical thickness (CT) have been demonstrated in small and heterogeneous samples of subjects with differing chronic pain syndromes, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aggregating across 7 structural neuroimaging studies conducted at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA, between August 2006 and April 2011, we examined group differences in regional GM volume in 201 predominantly premenopausal female subjects (82 IBS, mean age: 32 ± 10 SD, 119 healthy controls [HCs], 30 ± 10 SD). Applying graph theoretical methods and controlling for total brain volume, global and regional properties of large-scale structural brain networks were compared between the group with IBS and the HC group. Relative to HCs, the IBS group had lower volumes in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus, bilateral insula, bilateral amygdala, bilateral hippocampus, bilateral middle orbital frontal gyrus, left cingulate, left gyrus rectus, brainstem, and left putamen. Higher volume was found in the left postcentral gyrus. Group differences were no longer significant for most regions when controlling for the Early Trauma Inventory global score, with the exception of the right amygdala and the left postcentral gyrus. No group differences were found for measures of global and local network organization. Compared to HCs, in patients with IBS, the right cingulate gyrus and right thalamus were identified as being significantly more critical for information flow. Regions involved in endogenous pain modulation and central sensory amplification were identified as network hubs in IBS. Overall, evidence for central alterations in patients with IBS was found in the form of regional GM volume differences and altered global and regional properties of brain volumetric networks.
Macroinvertebrate Community Structure Along the Longitudinal Gradient of an Agriculturally Impacted Stream

/ Lapwai Creek, an agriculturally impacted stream in northern Idaho, was sampled seasonally over a two-year period to determine if macroinvertebrate community composition changed along the longitudinal gradient and if changes followed predictions of the river continuum concept. Possible relationships between changes in food resource availability and community structure were also examined. Benthic invertebrates were collected at eight locations along the longitudinal gradient of Lapwai Creek using a Hess sampler. Random skewer analysis suggested there was no longitudinal gradient for either number of individuals or functional feeding group composition. Cluster analysis revealed that all locations, excluding a site receiving outflow from a small, eutrophic reservoir, had a similar community structure, further suggesting that invertebrate community composition remained consistent along the longitudinal gradient of the stream. The community was dominated at all sites, excluding the site below the reservoir, by functionalgrazers. Shredders were rare throughout Lapwai Creek, even in areas where healthy riparian vegetation still remained. Studies of other streams within the drainage basin show that many species found in the upper reaches of these streams, where agricultural impacts are low, were absent throughout the length of Lapwai Creek. Data collected concurrently with macroinvertebrates indicated that the input, storage, and transport of particulate organic matter was low throughout the stream, whereas periphyton abundance was high. The absence of longitudinal changes, despite flowing through three distinct geomorphological regions, and the grouping of all sites except one by cluster analysis for both dominant taxa and functional feeding groups suggest that agricultural alteration has influenced community structure of Lapwai Creek, resulting in a relatively homogeneous assemblage of macroinvertebrates capable of tolerating agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Additional support for this hypothesis is the high abundance of one food source, periphyton, and the small quantities of terrestrially derived organic matter. The abundance of the former and the rarity of the latter can be attributed to alteration of the drainage basin resulting from agricultural activities through inputs of fertilizers that generated high nutrient concentrations and the removal of riparian vegetation to clear more land for agriculture and provide increase access to the stream.KEY WORDS: Agriculture; Longitudinal patterns; Macroinvertebrates; Nonpoint source; River continuum
Taking purpose into account in experimental psychology: testing for controlled variables.

Summary.—Experimental research in psychology is based on a causal model—the General Linear Model (GLM)—that assumes behavior has causes but not purposes. Powers (1978) used a control theory analysis to show that the results of psychological experiments based on such a model can be misleading if the organisms being studied are purposeful (control) systems. In the same paper, Powers presented evidence that organisms are such systems. Nevertheless, psychologists continue to use methods that ignore purpose because the behavior in most experiments appears to be non-purposeful (a caused result of variations in the independent variable). The experiments described in this paper show how purposeful behavior can appear to be caused by the independent variable when an organism's purposes are ignored. The results show how taking purpose into account using the control theory-based “Test for the Controlled Variable” can provide a productive new methodological direction for experimental research in psychology.
Narrowband Mid-Infrared Images and Models of the H II Complex G34.3+0.2

We present mid-infrared images of the ultracompact H II region complex G34.3+0.2 taken on the IRTF through a 1.8% circular variable filter wheel at 8.0, 9.7, 11.2, 12.8, and 13.2 μm and through a 6.8% filter at 20.6 μm. Infrared emission was detected at the radio components A, C (the "cometary" component), and D. In addition, two new sources of emission were found south of C at 20.6 μm; we assign them names of E and F. Infrared emission was not detected at B, and C does not have the famous cometary shape that is observed in radio continuum emission. Photometric flux densities and source sizes are determined for A, C, and E. Radiative transfer models are then presented to match the observed dust emission for these sources. Based on the observations and models, an overview of the complex is suggested in which C is an approximately spherical centrally heated source that was not formed from material in the adjacent ultracompact molecular core. C is not a blister source, and it is not colliding with the molecular core.
Phase-space integrals for beta decay and nuclear matrix elements

Abstract The use of phase-space integrals to determine nuclear matrix elements is discussed. The procedure for determining matrix elements is illustrated by analysing the allowed and super-allowed beta decays of isotopes with mass numbers in the range five to ten, utilizing the recent summary of the properties of nuclei in this region compiled by Ajzenberg-Selove and Lauritsen. Some f values for other beta decays of interest are also given.
Four-dimensional quantum gravity by dynamical triangulations

Abstract The possibility of a sensible continuum limit of four-dimensional simplicial quantum gravity in the dynamical triangulation formulation is investigated. The existence of a phase transition with critical fluctuations in the curvature is established, and a number of indicators of the order of the transition computed. Judging from these results from lattices up to 16k simplices, the transition is of second order. The general appearance of the transition, as well as a preliminary estimate of the critical exponent for the susceptibility is in agreement with results obtained by Hamber in another formalism, as a strong indication of universality.
FDA Implementation of the Expanded Access Program in the United States

The key question that must be addressed when making investigational drugs available for treatment use is how to fairly balance the interests of various stakeholders—patients’ desire for access to i...
An Investigation of the Predictive Validity of Computer Anxiety and Computer Aptitude.

The predictive validity of computer aptitude, as measured by four aptitude subtests on the Computer Aptitude, Literacy, and Interest Profile and two computer anxiety instruments (the Computer Anxiety Scale and the Computer Anxiety Factor), was investigated using non programming computer performance as the criterion variable. The effects of computer anxiety on performance were inconsistent, and the suggestion is made that computer anxiety may be related to computer experience. The effects of computer aptitude on performance also yielded inconsistent results. The relationship between computer anxiety and computer aptitude varied. The reliability of the instruments is also reported.
Current enforcement actions against auditors

In the wake of accounting scandals, Congress and investors have favored subjecting auditors to increased sanctions. What lessons can we learn from the most recent enforcement actions against auditors? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced order models for describing dispersion and reaction in monoliths

Abstract We consider a detailed model describing the transient diffusion, convection and reaction in a monolith channel with a porous washcoat layer and average it over the small transverse scales to obtain a reduced order model expressed in terms of physically meaningful or measurable concentration modes. We provide a physical interpretation of the various effective transport coefficients and also obtain the appropriate inlet and initial conditions to be used on the reduced order model. We examine various limiting cases, present the solutions of the reduced order model and compare our results with the exact solution and those in the literature. For the case of no reaction, the low-dimensional model may be expressed as a hyperbolic equation in terms of the cup-mixing concentration. For the steady-state case, the model may be expressed in multi-mode form with intra and interphase mass transfer coefficients. However, in the general transient case, we show that the traditional external mass transfer coefficient concept is not applicable as the interfacial flux depends on three concentration modes. Finally, we compare the predictions of the reduced order model with those of the traditional two-phase model (for time varying inlet conditions) and show that the latter may lead to significant errors due to neglect of the dispersion in the fluid phase.
Computerized detection of clustered microcalcifications in digital mammograms: applications of artificial neural networks.

Artificial neural networks have been applied to the differentiation of actual ‘‘true’’ clusters from normal parenchymal patterns and also to the differentiation of actual clusters from false‐positive clusters as reported by a computerized scheme for the detection of microcalcifications in digital mammograms. The differentiation was carried out in both the spatial and frequency domains. The performance of the neural networks was evaluated quantitatively by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. It was found that the networks could distinguish clustered microcalcifications from normal nonclustered areas in the frequency domain, and that they could eliminate approximately 50% of false‐positive clusters of microcalcifications while preserving 95% of the positive clusters, when applied to the results of the automated detection scheme. A large, comprehensive training database is needed for neural networks to perform reliably in clinical situations.
A tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current mediates inflammatory pain in the rat

We report evidence for a contribution of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current (TTX-R INa) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced hyperalgesia. Behavioral experiments were performed in rats chronically implanted with spinal cannulae. The study employed intrathecal administration of oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) antisense to the recently cloned channel underlying TTX-R INa (PN3/SNS). The nociceptive flexion reflex was employed to determine changes in mechanical stimulus-induced paw-withdrawal threshold. Administration of antisense but not of sense or mismatch ODN, led to a decrease in PGE2-induced hyperalgesia. PGE2-induced hyperalgesia returned to normal 7 days after the last injection of antisense ODN. Antisense ODN selectively and significantly reduced TTX-R INa current density in cultured sensory neurons. Our observations support the hypothesis that modulation of TTX-R INa, present in peripheral terminals of primary afferent nociceptors, contributes, at least in part, to inflammatory hyperalgesia. Since TTX-R INa is found only in primary afferent nociceptors, our findings suggest TTX-R INa as a promising target for novel therapeutic interventions for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
Effects of zinc deficiency and testosterone treatment on the activities of dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase and other enzymes in the testis of rats.

Abstract Testicular dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (TDC) activity, which is regulated by testosterone, increases in germinal cells of the rat as it matures. TDC activity and testosterone production are depressed in zinc-deficient rats during this period. Experiments were conducted to determine if testosterone supplements would maintain TDC activity in zinc-deficient rats. Three dietary treatments were used; zinc-deficient, fed ad libitum; zinc-adequate, pair-fed to the deficient group; and zinc-adequate, fed ad libitum. One-half of the rats in each group received daily subcutaneous injections of testosterone. Overall, TDC activity was lower in zinc-deficient rats than zinc-adequate controls. Testosterone treatment of zinc-deficient rats lowered TDC activity even further while having intermediate or no effect on activity in zinc-adequate controls. Activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was higher in the testis of zinc-deficient rats than in pair-fed or ad libitum-fed controls. However, only the latter was significantly different from the deficient group. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was lower in the testis of zinc-deficient rats than either of the two control groups. Activities of GGT and AP were affected only marginally or not at all by testosterone treatment.
Low temperature carbene-to-carbene homologations

Since alkynes have higher symmetry than olefins, it is not easy to infer the mechanism of a triplet carbene’s addition to an alkyne by traditional product analysis studies. Specifically, no stereochemical information which might offer insight into the carbene’s spin state can be extracted from the cyclopropene products. In 1971, Hendrick, Baron, and Jones showed that diphenylcarbene reacts with terminal alkynes in solution to produce indenes via a “self-trapping” vinylcarbene. They also examined the diphenylcarbene reaction with disubstituted alkynes and found at most trace amounts of the “self-trapping” indene product.
Calculation of electrostatic fields surrounding finite circular cylindrical conductors

Analytical expressions are derived for the calculations of electric potentials and fields surrounding circular cylinders of finite lengths. Results of several examples are presented.
Children of Latino immigrants, 4-8 years, in rural Nebraska are adequate in vitamin B-6.

Plasma concentrations of B-6 vitamers and homocysteine as well as erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity coefficients and vitamin B-6 (dietary + supplement) intakes of apparently healthy you...
Neonatal, lethal noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium is allelic with Barth syndrome

Loss-of-function mutations in the G4.5 gene have been shown to cause Barth syndrome (BTHS), an X-linked disorder characterized by cardiac and skeletal myopathy, short stature, and neutropenia. We recently reported a family with a severe X-linked cardiomyopathy described as isolated noncompaction of the left ventricular myocardium (INVM). Other findings associated with BTHS (skeletal myopathy, neutropenia, growth retardation, elevated urinary organic acids, and mitochondrial abnormalities) were either absent or inconsistent. A linkage study of the X chromosome localized INVM to the Xq28 region near the BTHS locus, suggesting that these disorders are allelic. We screened the G4.5 gene for mutations in this family with SSCP and direct sequencing and found a novel glycine-to-arginine substitution at position 197. This position is conserved in a homologous Caenorhabditis elegans protein. We conclude that INVM is a severe allelic variant of BTHS with a specific effect on the heart. This finding provides further structure-function information about the G4.5 gene product and has implications for unexplained cases of severe infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in males.
Measurement of the condensation nuclei profile to 31 km in the Arctic in January 1989 and comparisions with Antarctic measurements

The first measurement of the condensation nuclei (CN) profile in the Arctic during winter was made to 31 km on 30 January 1989 from Kiruna Sweden (68{degree}N). Enhanced levels of CN were observed in the colder regions above 18 km suggesting homogeneous or ion nucleation of CN as observed previously in Antarctica. A CN layer reaching a concentration of about 40 cm{sup {minus}3} was observed between 22.5 and 26 km. Comparison with data obtained in Antarctica in 1987 and 1988 indicate that this layer is similar to those observed at the same altitude in Antarctica under similar solar illumination conditions. The latter are believed to be of photochemical origin as suggested by measurements before and after stratospheric sunrise. This CN layer may thus serve as a measure of the amount of time an air parcel has spent in sunlight, an important parameter during the early stages of spring ozone depletion.
Complete heart block complicating bacterial endocarditis.

Among 142 cases of bacterial endocarditis (BE), complete heart block (CHB) was found in six cases (4%) and first-degree (1°) or second-degree (2°) A-V block in 14 cases (10%). The aortic valve was involved in 18 of 20 cases with atrioventricular (A-V) conduction disturbance, including all six cases of CHB. Anatomic observations (four autopsy, one operative) were made in five of the six cases of CHB. In these cases, a common finding, in addition to involvement of the aortic valve, was extension of the infection to adjacent structures resulting in cardioaortic fistulae. CHB likely resulted from extension of infection to the major conduction tissues. Five of the six patients with CHB died suddenly while in the hospital. One patient was treated with electric pacing while the infection was being controlled and, 38 days later, underwent successful replacement of the aortic valve. Conduction abnormalities are important possible complications of aortic valvular BE. Prompt pacing may be a lifesaving procedure, all...
Addressing disproportionality and disparity in child welfare: Evaluation of an anti-racism training for community service providers

article i nfo Anti-racism Disproportionality Disparity Undoing Racism Concerns persist about the overrepresentation and differential treatment of children and families of color within the child welfare system. Although many researchers and practitioners have considered ways to combat these problems, there continues to be a shortage of empirical support for proposed interventions. This article describes the evaluation of an anti-racism training designed to address disproportionality and disparity by educating members of the child welfare community about issues of race, power, and oppression. Pre- and post-training evaluation questionnaires were completed by 462 training participants between June 2007 and June 2008. Questionnaires measured changes in participants' attitudes toward race and knowledge of key concepts regarding race and racism, as well as their satisfaction with the training, and expected practice changes. Preliminary findings indicate that participants were very satisfied with the training, increased their knowledge of issues pertaining to race and racism, and became more aware of racial dynamics.
Tinnitus suppression by electric stimulation of the auditory nerve

Electric stimulation of the auditory nerve via a cochlear implant (CI) has been observed to suppress tinnitus, but parameters of an effective electric stimulus remain unexplored. Here we used CI research processors to systematically vary pulse rate, electrode place, and current amplitude of electric stimuli, and measure their effects on tinnitus loudness and stimulus loudness as a function of stimulus duration. Thirteen tinnitus subjects who used CIs were tested, with nine (70%) being “Responders” who achieved greater than 30% tinnitus loudness reduction in response to at least one stimulation condition and the remaining four (30%) being “Non-Responders” who had less than 30% tinnitus loudness reduction in response to any stimulus condition tested. Despite large individual variability, several interesting observations were made between stimulation parameters, tinnitus characteristics, and tinnitus suppression. If a subject's tinnitus was suppressed by one stimulus, then it was more likely to be suppressed by another stimulus. If the tinnitus contained a “pulsating” component, then it would be more likely suppressed by a given combination of stimulus parameters than tinnitus without these components. There was also a disassociation between the subjects' clinical speech processor and our research processor in terms of their effectiveness in tinnitus suppression. Finally, an interesting dichotomy was observed between loudness adaptation to electric stimuli and their effects on tinnitus loudness, with the Responders exhibiting higher degrees of loudness adaptation than the Non-Responders. Although the mechanisms underlying these observations remain to be resolved, their clinical implications are clear. When using a CI to manage tinnitus, the clinical processor that is optimized for speech perception needs to be customized for optimal tinnitus suppression.
Single injection caudal for obstetrical analgesia and the use of pontocaine.

Abstract 1. This report details observations on single injection pontocaine caudal anesthesia in labor and delivery. 2. A technique is described by which the volume of the caudal and epidural space can be estimated by injecting 1 per cent procaine solution thus permitting the injection of the proper amount of pontocaine solution. 3. Analgesia lasting from three to five hours may be obtained by single injections of pontocaine solution. 4. The relief of pain during labor and delivery is satisfactory when adequate levels of anesthesia are obtained. 5. This single injection technique is clinically easier than the continuous methods.
STUDIES IN CREATIVITY: III. EFFECT OF OVERLEARNING ON RECALL AND USAGE OF INFORMATION

When Ss are instructed to write creative stories, using as many words from a learned list of paired words as they can, they show striking differences. Some tend to keep the pairs intact, others tend to fragment them, and still others make up new groupings. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the influence of the strength of associative bonds on word usage. The first story was written after 4 repetitions of the list of 12 pairs of words (presented in varied order) and a second story was written after 12 repetitions. The results showed no significant differences in the usage of the experimental words for the two stories, although the memory tests revealed difference in the degree of learning. Furthermore, it was found that the measures of word usage did not differ significantly from a pilot study (Maier, Julius, & Thurber, 1967) in which both stories were written after 12 repetitions of the list of paired words. The concepts of associative bonds, reinforcement, and overlearning derived from le...
The Lake Michigan contaminant transport and fate model, LM2-toxic: Development, overview, and application

Abstract The Lake Michigan contaminant transport and fate model LM2-Toxic was developed to gain a better understanding of PCB cycling dynamics and to predict environmental exposure concentrations of 54 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in Lake Michigan water and sediment from 1994 to 2055 as a function of a variety of forcing functions including constant conditions, continued recovery forecasts, and load reduction scenarios. LM2-Toxic couples the organic carbon sorbent and chemical dynamics conceptualized for a natural water system. Based on 1994–1995 model results, a mass budget analysis showed that air–water exchange was the most important mass transfer process. Volatilization was the largest PCB loss and gas absorption was the largest PCB input to Lake Michigan. Model-predicted environmental exposure concentrations suggest that the water quality criterion for protection of wildlife (0.074 ng/L) and human health (0.026 ng/L) will be attained in approximately 2018 and 2045, respectively, based on a slow recovery scenario. For this scenario, atmospheric components, including vapor phase concentration and wet and dry particulate loadings, were assumed to decline with a 20 year half-life, and tributary loadings were assumed to decline with a 13 year half-life.
Site specific identification of endogenous S-nitrosocysteine proteomes.

Abstract Cysteine S-nitrosylation is a post-translational modification regulating protein function and nitric oxide signaling. Herein the selectivity, reproducibility, and sensitivity of a mass spectrometry-based proteomic method for the identification of endogenous S-nitrosylated proteins are outlined. The method enriches for either S-nitrosylated proteins or peptides through covalent binding of the cysteine sulfur with phenylmercury at pH = 6.0. Phenylmercury reacts selectively and efficiently with S-nitrosocysteine since no reactivity can be documented for disulfides, sulfinic or sulfonic acids, S-glutathionylated, S-alkylated or S-sulfhydrylated cysteine residues. A specificity of 97 ± 1% for the identification of S-nitrosocysteine peptides in mouse liver tissue is achieved by the inclusion of negative controls. The method enables the detection of 36 S-nitrosocysteine peptides starting with 5 pmol S-nitrosocysteine/mg of total tissue protein. Both the percentage of protein molecules modified as well as the occupancy by S-nitrosylation can be determined. Overall, selective, sensitive and reproducible enrichment of S-nitrosylated proteins and peptides is achieved by the use of phenylmercury. The inclusion of appropriate negative controls secures the precise identification of endogenous S-nitrosylated sites and proteins in biological samples. Biological significance The current study describes a selective, sensitive and reproducible method for the acquisition of endogenously S-nitrosylated proteins and peptides. The acquisition of endogenous S-nitrosoproteomes provides robust data that is necessary for investigating the mechanism(s) of S-nitrosylation in vivo, the factors that govern its selectivity, the dependency of the modification on different isoforms of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), as well as the physiological functions of this protein modification. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
Identification of Barbiturates in Blood by Paper Chromatography

A paper chromatographic method for the analysis of barbiturate in blood is presented. The Rf values and ratios of 8 standard barbiturates are given and compared with the values obtained from patients suspected of having taken barbiturate overdoses.
High Compliance Vascular Grafts Based on Semi‐Interpenetrating Networks

Current synthetic vascular grafts have poor patency rates in small diameter applications (<6 mm) due to intimal hyperplasia arising from a compliance mismatch between the graft and native vasculature. Enormous efforts have focused on improving biomechanical properties; however, polymeric grafts are often constrained by an inverse relationship between burst pressure and compliance. We have developed a new, semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) approach to improve compliance without sacrificing burst pressure. The effects of heat treatment on graft morphology, fiber architecture, and resultant biomechanical properties are presented. In addition, biomechanical properties after equilibration at physiological temperature were investigated in relation to polyurethane microstructure to better predict in vivo performance. Compliance values as high as 9.2 ± 2.7 %/mmHg x 10-4 were observed for the semi-IPN graft while also maintaining high burst pressure, 1780 ± 230 mm Hg. The high compliance of these heat-treated poly(carbonate urethane) (PCU) and semi-IPN grafts is expected to improve long-term patency rates beyond even saphenous vein autografts by preventing intimal hyperplasia. The fundamental structure-property relationships gained from this work may also be utilized to advance biomedical device designs based on thermoplastic polyurethanes.
Choosing Constituent Cues: Reference Group Influence on Clergy Political Speech

Though constituent reference groups have been shown to impact clergy political behavior, studies have largely cast group influence as a fixed effect. In an update of how specific constituent groups may affect clergy political speech, I assess whether clergy intentionally select cues from specific constituencies in determining whether to sermonize on an issue of political controversy. Copyright (c) 2009 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
Application of running Hartley transforms in adaptive antenna arrays

The running discrete Hartley transform (RDHT) has been introduced along with its applications in adaptive digital filtering. The authors present the application of RDHT to adaptive antenna arrays. This algorithm is applied to a very simple adaptive array problem to show its effectiveness, an array of nine equidistant isotropic radiating elements. It is shown that the algorithm converges to the desired solution in less than ten iterations. Advances in VLSI technology allow hardware implementation of the transformation, so that the transform-domain LMS (least-mean-squares) algorithm will produce faster convergence of the adaptation process. >
GU81, a VEGFR2 antagonist peptoid, enhances the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin in the murine MMTV-PyMT transgenic model of breast cancer

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a primary stimulant of angiogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions. Anti-VEGF therapy is a clinically proven strategy for the treatment of a variety of cancers including colon, breast, lung, and renal cell carcinoma. Since VEGFR2 is the dominant angiogenic signaling receptor, it has become an important target in the development of novel anti-angiogenic therapies. We have reported previously the development of an antagonistic VEGFR2 peptoid (GU40C4) that has promising anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we utilize a derivative of GU40C4, termed GU81 in therapy studies. GU81 was tested alone or in combination with doxorubicin for in vivo efficacy in the MMTV-PyMT transgenic model of breast cancer. The derivative GU81 has increased in vitro efficacy compared to GU40C4. Single agent therapy (doxorubicin or GU81 alone) had no effect on tumor weight, histology, tumor fat content, or tumor growth index. However, GU81 is able to significantly to reduce total vascular area as a single agent. GU81 used in combination with doxorubicin significantly reduced tumor weight and growth index compared to all other treatment groups. Furthermore, treatment with combination therapy significantly arrested tumor progression at the premalignant stage, resulting in increased tumor fat content. Interestingly, treatment with GU81 alone increased tumor-VEGF levels and macrophage infiltration, an effect that was abrogated when used in combination with doxorubicin. This study demonstrates the VEGFR2 antagonist peptoid, GU81, enhances the anti-tumor activity of doxorubicin in spontaneous murine MMTV-PyMT breast tumors.
Photoacoustic detection of functional responses in the motor cortex of awake behaving monkey during forelimb movement

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging was applied to detect the neuronal activity in the motor cortex of an awake, behaving monkey during forelimb movement. An adult macaque monkey was trained to perform a reach-to-grasp task while PA images were acquired through a 30-mm diameter implanted cranial chamber. Increased PA signal amplitude results from an increase in regional blood volume and is interpreted as increased neuronal activity. Additionally, depth-resolved PA signals enabled the study of functional responses in deep cortical areas. The results demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing PA imaging for studies of functional activation of cerebral cortex in awake monkeys performing behavioral tasks.
The Roles of Working Memory Capacity, Visual Attention and Age in Driving Performance

Older adult drivers' disproportionate involvement in traffic fatalities coupled with growing population projections for this age group present a need for public policy that regulates the safety of our roadways. Before such a policy can be developed, a highly predictive model of the cognitive factors responsible for successful driving performance is necessary. The present study investigated the relationship between age and cognitive control on simulated driving performance to develop a predictive model for individual driving ability. Visual attention and working memory capacity of young adult college students and community dwelling older adults were tested using Useful Field of View® and Operation Span which are thought to measure aspects of attention. These scores were correlated with participants' simulated driving performance. Preliminary results indicated that attentional measures are important predictors of driving performance. Results are discussed in terms of implications for public policy related t...