cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of cycled versus noncycled lighting on growth and development in preterm infants.

Abstract Little is known about the effects of ambient lighting on infant growth and development. Although some studies suggest that cycled lighting is beneficial to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), research has been needed to examine the long-term effects of lighting on infants as well as the impact of lighting on NICU staff behavior. In this study, 41 preterm infants in structurally identical critical care units were provided either cycled or noncycled lighting during a lengthy hospital stay. The study examined the relationship of lighting, in conjunction with infant birth status (birth weight, gestational age, 5-min Apgar), to multiple aspects of infant development, and staff behavior. Compared to infants in the noncycled lighting condition, infants assigned to the cycled lighting condition had a greater rate of weight gain, were able to be fed orally sooner, spent fewer days on the ventilator and on phototherapy, and displayed enhanced motor coordination. Thus, infants who were exposed to diurnally cycled lighting while in intensive care experienced both physical and behavioral developmental benefits. Findings emphasize the critical effects that the newborn ICU environment can have on the development of premature infants.
Serrated Adenoma is a Risk Factor for Subsequent Adenomatous Polyps

Background Serrated adenomas (SA) are histologically defined by the presence of both hyperplastic and adenomatous features. These uncommon polyps are thought to play an important role in the development of sporadic colorectal cancers (CRC) with microsatellite instability (MSI). There is paucity of data on the risk of progression of SA to CRC. This study was undertaken to define the relationship between SA and the future development of adenomatous polyps. Methods Colonoscopic biopsies that contained a pathologic diagnosis of SA were identified from a pathology database of a major urban academic medical center. Those patients with absence of concomitant malignancy, complete colonoscopy, good or adequate prep and presence of at least one follow-up procedures were identified. These were matched to controls by age, sex, indication for colonoscopy, polyp type and number and duration of follow-up. Outcomes of the follow-up procedures were compared. Results Between January 1997 and June 2005 17,226 colonoscopic biopsies and polypectomies were performed. Of these, 80 patients (0.5%) with SA were found, and of these SA, 80% were found in the left colon. The average age of patients undergoing colonoscopy was 58.5 years, and the average age of patients with SA was 68 years (P = 0.004). Of all patients with SA, 7 (9%) had concomitant CRC. The final groups contained 17 patients and 17 controls, respectively, and were well matched. The mean follow-up interval in the patient group was 29 months vs. 31 months in the control group (P = 0.82). On follow-up examination four patients (24%) and no controls had adenomatous polyps (P = 0.01). Conclusions While SA are uncommon, they are commonly associated with colorectal cancer. Serrated adenomas appear to be found more commonly in the left colon and in older patients. This study found a significant association between SA and the subsequent development of adenomatous polyps. Further studies are needed to define appropriate preventive strategies for these patients.
Bayesian Shrinkage Estimation of Quantitative Trait Loci Parameters

Mapping multiple QTL is a typical problem of variable selection in an oversaturated model because the potential number of QTL can be substantially larger than the sample size. Currently, model selection is still the most effective approach to mapping multiple QTL, although further research is needed. An alternative approach to analyzing an oversaturated model is the shrinkage estimation in which all candidate variables are included in the model but their estimated effects are forced to shrink toward zero. In contrast to the usual shrinkage estimation where all model effects are shrunk by the same factor, we develop a Bayesian method that allows the shrinkage factor to vary across different effects. The new shrinkage method forces marker intervals that contain no QTL to have estimated effects close to zero whereas intervals containing notable QTL have estimated effects subject to virtually no shrinkage. We demonstrate the method using both simulated and real data for QTL mapping. A simulation experiment with 500 backcross (BC) individuals showed that the method can localize closely linked QTL and QTL with effects as small as 1% of the phenotypic variance of the trait. The method was also used to map QTL responsible for wound healing in a family of a (MRL/MPJ × SJL/J) cross with 633 F2 mice derived from two inbred lines.
Clinical wear study of three commercially available artificial tooth materials: thirty-six month results.

Abstract Statement of problem. Excessive wear of artificial resin teeth has been a concern to both the patient and the dentist because of unfavorable associated sequelae. The search for a more wear resistant resin tooth material resulted in the development of modified resin teeth that displayed acceptable wear resistance. Purpose. This study compared clinical wear of a new modified resin tooth material with two other commercially available modified resin materials over a period of 36 months. Differences in wear by gender, cuspal anatomy, arch, individual tooth type, and chewing side preference were also evaluated. Material and methods. A total of 67 patients were randomized into one of three treatment groups in this double-blind study; group 1, Ivoclar-Vivodent and Orthotyp; group 2, Dentsply-Trublend SLM; and group 3, Dentsply-Bioblend IPN. Tooth wear was determined by measuring vertical heights of contacting points at baseline and 36 months with a computerized coordinate measuring machine and computer-controlled positioning stages. Measurements were completed at 36 months for 55 patients who remained in the study. Results. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in total wear by gender or tooth material at 36 months. There was also no significant difference by chewing side preference or cuspal anatomy. However, there was a significant difference in individual tooth wear (canine, premolar, molar) and by arch. Conclusion. New modified resin teeth have displayed clinically acceptable wear resistance for most patients. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;79:145-51.) CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In this study, no difference in wear was found among the types of modified resin tooth materials studied. The most important consideration in predicting wear was found to be the patient factors. New modified resin tooth materials appears to offer acceptable wear resistance for most patients.
The Fathers of “Fatherless” Black Children

This qualitative study of the roles and functions of Black noncustodial fathers explored the fathers' perspective on fatherhood in the context of the traditional view of fatherhood in the United States. Thirty-eight adult Black noncustodial fathers participated in the study. Black fathers based their perception of what noncustodial fathers should do as fathers on their childhood experiences with their own fathers. Their perspective on the roles and responsibilities of fatherhood contrasted sharply with that of the dominant culture.
Genetic evidence that protease-activated receptors mediate factor Xa signaling in endothelial cells.

The coagulation protease Factor Xa (Xa)1 triggers a variety of cellular responses that may be important for inflammatory reactions to tissue injury. Protease-activated receptors (PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4) can mediate Xa signaling in heterologous expression systems. However, other candidate Xa receptors have been described, and the extent to which one or more PARs account for Xa signaling in relevant differentiated cells is unknown. We examined Xa signaling in endothelial cells from wild-type and PAR-deficient mice. Wild-type endothelial cells responded to agonists for PAR1, PAR2, and PAR4. Relative to wild-type, Xa-triggered phosphoinositide hydrolysis was reduced by 60–75% in Par2−/− endothelial cells, by 20–30% in Par1 −/− endothelial cells, and by ∼90% in Par2 −/− endothelial cells treated with a PAR1 antagonist. Similar results were obtained when ERK1/2 phosphorylation was used to assess Xa signaling. Thus PAR2 is the main endogenous Xa receptor in these endothelial cell preparations and, together, PAR2 and PAR1 appear to account for ∼90% of endothelial Xa signaling. By contrast, in fibroblasts, PAR1 by itself accounted for virtually all Xa-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis. This information is critical for the design and interpretation of knockout mouse studies to probe the possible roles of Xa signaling in vivo.
Immunoelectrophoresis with cellulose acetate.

PREVIOUS results with immunoelectrophoresis, using human serum and its equine antiserum, have shown 25 serum constituents1. This communication shows that more than 35 precipitin lines may be obtained with an improved method.
Autoerotic death — characteristic features and diagnostic difficulties

Autoerotic death refers to the accidental death of individuals of either sex due to failure of devices, or unexpected effect of materials, that were being used to enhance the sexual experience. Although asphyxia from hanging has been described most frequently, a wide variety of other lethal situations have been reported. As there is great variability in the number and types of sexual aids that may be used by individuals, careful death scene examination is essential in helping to exclude suicide and more rarely homicide. The clandestine nature of this paraphilia may, however, make subsequent identification and diagnosis difficult unless the death scene features are typical. This is particularly so in the rare cases involving women. In the following paper the typical features of this disorder are reviewed with a description of less obvious cases and possible diagnostic pitfalls.
A comprehensive vapor-liquid equilibrium computer program—KVALUE

Abstract The KVALUE routine was developed as an integrated package for calculating multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibrium K-values at low to moderate pressures. Included as optional subroutines are the calculation of vapor phase fugacity coefficients via the virial or Redlich-Kwong equations of state, and the calculation of liquid phase activities via the equations of Wilson, Van Laar and Hildebrand. Also included is an auxiliary program CURFIT for fitting vapor pressure data and obtaining equation-of-state constants from experimental data. Extensive use is made of the Marquardt method for solving multi-dimensional, non-linear equations; the criteria of equilibrium being that of equal vapor and liquid fugacities. The system, which has been thoroughly tested, will solve dew point or bubble point problems with either T or P as the independent variable, as well as over-specified cases. The KVALUE routine consists of 23 subroutines and approximately 2000 FORTRAN instructions which require 21,454 words of storage when loaded into an IBM 360 Model 44 computer.
Active echolocation beam focusing in the false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens

SUMMARY The odontocete sound production system is highly complex and produces intense, directional signals that are thought to be focused by the melon and the air sacs. Because odontocete echolocation signals are variable and the emitted click frequency greatly affects the echolocation beam shape, investigations of beam focusing must account for frequency-related beam changes. In this study we tested whether the echolocation beam of a false killer whale changed depending on target difficulty and distance while also accounting for frequency-related changes in the echolocation beam. The data indicate that the false killer whale changes its beam size according to target distance and difficulty, which may be a strategy of maximizing the energy of the target echo. We propose that the animal is using a strategy of changing the focal region according to target distance and that this strategy is under active control.
Parental perceptions of child well-being: relations to family structure, parental depression, and marital satisfaction

Abstract This study examined the extent to which parental perceptions of children's well-being were related to family structure, parental depression, and marital satisfaction. Data were taken from the National Survey of Families and Households. Subjects were both spouses in 1,446; 336; 57; and 32 first-marriage, stepfather, stepmother, and complex stepparent families, respectively. For both husbands and wives, parents in first-marriage families reported more positive parent-child relationships than did stepparents. In addition, parental depression and marital satisfaction were positively associated with perceptions of child well-being, although these relations were independent of those between family structure and child well-being. The unique and combined contributions of family structure, parental depression, and marital satisfaction to child well-being were small.
Distribution of sulfur in urine of patients with cystathioninuria before and during administration of pyridoxine.

During administration of 400 mg daily of vitamin B6 as pyridoxine hydrocholoride to two patients with homozygous cystathioninuria, cystathionine excretion fell in a characteristic manner. Inorganic sulfate excretion did not change significantly when considered by itself. Total sulfur excretion, determined as sulfate after oxidation, decreased slightly in both patients and this decrease was statistically significant in one. The ratio of sulfate to total sulfur excretion increased significantly in both patients during vitamin B6 administration. The difference between total sulfur and free plus bound or ethereal sulfate is largely accounted for by cystathionine and lesser amounts of N-acetyl-cystathionine. The results indicate that cystathionine sulfur is not excreted other than as sulfate during vitamin B6 administration and support the hypothesis that cystathionase activity is enhanced by pyridoxine, the resultant cysteine, α-ketobutyrate, and ammonia being added to large body pools.
The cultural politics of constructivist pedagogies: Teacher education reform in the United Republic of Tanzania

Abstract This article examines recent educational reforms in Tanzania by looking at the cultural politics of pedagogical change in secondary and teacher education. It presents an ethnography of a teachers college founded on the principles of social constructivism in a country where formalistic, teacher-centered pedagogy is the norm. Using data collected through a year of participant observation, it argues that the cultural, economic, and political dimensions of teachers’ practice need to be considered alongside efforts to reform the country's educational system. It offers contingent constructivism as an alternative to the international consensus on a single model of excellent teaching.
Polymer fiber-image-guide-based embedded optical circuit board.

We propose a poly(methyl methacrylate) fiber-image-guide-based embedded optical circuit board for future optoelectronic array-interconnection applications. An experimental prototypical board that embeds perfect-shuffle and banyan interconnect patterns of 16 × 16 parallel links, each of which offers a fiber pixel density of >1000 pixels/mm2, are demonstrated experimentally.
Reactions of (100) Multilayered Metal Structures Containing Fe Grown on (100) Si

latter metals deposited on (I00) Si with proper respective seed layers, have been heated to 600°C, and their thermal stabilities assessed. The Fe layers were found to stay little changed, both structurally and magnetically, up to an anneal of 30 mai around 400°C. At higher temperatures, the Fe layers change in structure and degrade magnetically, but with different mechanisms for different structures. For the ones with Pt or only with Pd, the consumption of the metal layers for the silicide formation below 400°C causes less changes of the Fe layers than those in the other structures. For the one with Ag, Fe apparently mixes with Ag above 400°C, with Ag being nearly intact up to 600°C, resulting in a rapidly decreasing magnetic moment of Fe. For the structure with Au, the formation of the Au-Si eutectic melt at 363°C completely destroys the structure and magnetic moment of Fe above 400°C.
Hole burning in multilayer structures: effect of the third order susceptibility

The refractive index dependence on temperature and electric field can cause drastic modifications on the optical properties of optical filters. A simulation has been developed which handles electric field and temperature dependent refractive indices in multilayer stacks. In this paper we have restricted ourselves to an electric field dependence and results obtained for single line rugate filters designed by the modified Fourier transform technique, are presented.
A team effort blocks the ribosome in its tracks

A complex of PUF (named after founding members Pumilio and Fem-3 binding factor) and Argonaute proteins can stall translation elongation on bound mRNAs by interacting with eEF1A and inhibiting its GTPase activity.
Clinical self-disclosure: A reexamination of its cognitive control

This report represents a systematic reexamination of the Wilson and Dulany (1983) study that involved an analysis of the cognitive control of self-disclosure. Using a clinical analogue, the 48 male and 48 female subjects (a) were exposed to a role inducement requiring them to be either completely cooperative or completely resistant in psychotherapy, (b) completed assessments that represented models of the theory of propositional control (TPC) and of social learning theory (SLT), and (c) role-played an initial psychotherapy session according to their role inducements. The initial results demonstrated that the TPC model was superior to the SLT model in predicting reports of wanting to self-disclose and intention to self-disclose, and, in turn, those reports predicted self-disclosure. While both models contain subjective outcome components, the advantage of the TPC model was attributed to its inclusion of social and personal components. After determining that the results of the Wilson and Dulany (1983) study and the current study were equivalent, a reanalysis, which combined the two data sets, was conducted on a sample of 192 subjects. The outcome of the final regression analysis was discussed in terms of implications for the practical cognitive assessment of clinical self-disclosure.
A method of quantitating injury inflicted in acute spinal cord studies.

Spinal cord trauma was induced in cats and Rhesus monkeys using an improved method which allows for accurate quantitation of the force delivered. The materials and methods described consist of a weight which is dropped down a centre shaft on to a strain gauge arch assembly which transfers the force to a teflon impounder resting on the exposed dura of the cord. The force transferred from the weight to the impounder is recorded by the strain gauge and the force curve can be displayed on a storage oscilloscope. The force delivered to the cord can thus be photographed and quantitated. The construction of the strain gauge assembly and the application of the apparatus are discussed.
Differentiation of Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria novel resistance phenotypes in Lycopersicon peruvianum and derived bridge-lines.

Lycopersicon peruvianum PI 270435 clone 2R2 and PI 126443 clone 1MH were crossed reciprocally with three L. esculentum-L. peruvianum bridge-lines. The incongruity barrier between the two plant species was overcome; F1 progeny were obtained from crosses between four parental combinations without embryo-rescue culture. Hybridity was confirmed by leaf and flower morphology and by the production of nematode-resistant F1 progeny on homozygous susceptible parents. Clones of the five F1 bridgeline hybrids were highly resistant to Mi-avirulent root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) at both 25°C and 30°C soil temperatures. However, only clones from PI 270435-3MH and PI 126443-1MH, and hybrids from PI 126443-1MH, were resistant to Mi-virulent M. incognita isolates at high soil temperature. Clones and hybrids from PI 270435-2R2 were not resistant to two Mi-virulent M. incognita isolates at high soil temperature. A source of heat-stable resistance was identified in bridge-line EPP-2, and was found to be derived from L. peruvianum LA 1708. Accessions of the L. peruvianum ‘Maranon races’, LA 1708 and LA 2172, and bridge-line EPP-2, segregated for heat-stable resistance to Mi-avirulent M. incognita, but were susceptible to Mi-virulent M. incognita isolates. Clone LA 1708-I conferred heat-stable resistance to M. arenaria isolate W, which is virulent to heat-stable resistance genes in L. peruvianum PI 270435-2R2, PI 270435-3MH, and PI 126443-1MH. Clone LA 1708-I has a distinct heat-stable factor for resistance to Mi-avirulent M. arenaria isolate W, for which the gene symbol Mi-4 is proposed. A Mi-virulent M. arenaria isolate Le Grau du Roi was virulent on all Lycopersicon spp. accessions tested, including those with novel resistance genes.
The value of grip test as an index of autonomic function in hypertension

The autonomic sympathetic adjustments to sustained handgrip, upright tilt, and the Valsalva maneuver, were tested in a total of 52 patients, 26 with labile and 26 with fixed essential hypertension. Sustained handgrip (SHG) increased arterial pressure, heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), and tension time index (TTI) (p less than 0.01), but had no effect on total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) and left ventricular ejection rate index (LVERI) in either group of patients. The response to upright tilt and the Valsalva maneuver was different in the two groups. Upright tilt in labile hypertensives increased diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), HR, and TPRI (p less than 0.001), and decreased CI, stroke index (SI), and LVERI (p less than 0.01), and had no effect on systolic arterial pressure (SAP). In fixed hypertensives, it decreased (SAP, MAP, CI, SI, and LVERI (p less than 0.001), increased HR (p less than 0.01), and had no effect on DAP and TPRI. The diastolic pressure overshoot of the Valsalva maneuver was attenuated in fixed hypertensives compared to labile hypertensives (P less than 0.001). Also, when the percent changes from control in diastolic and mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and total peripheral resistance index after sustained handgrip and upright tilt between the two groups of patients were compared, only upright tilt brought out the differences between the two groups. The results of this study indicate that upright tilt and the Valsalva maneuver are better predictors of autonomic function in hypertension than the grip test.
Electronic and vibrational properties of nickel sulfides from first principles

We report the results of first-principles calculations (generalized gradient approximation–Perdew Wang 1991) on the electronic and vibrational properties of several nickel sulfides that are observed on Ni-based anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) upon exposure to H2S contaminated fuels: heazlewoodite Ni3S2, millerite NiS, polydymite Ni3S4, and pyrite NiS2. The optimized lattice parameters of these sulfides are within 1% of the values determined from x-ray diffraction. The electronic structure analysis indicates that all Ni–S bonds are strongly covalent. Furthermore, it is found that the nickel d orbitals shift downward in energy, whereas the sulfur p orbitals shift upward with increasing sulfur content; this is consistent with the decrease in conductivity and catalytic activity of sulfur-contaminated Ni-based electrodes (or degradation in SOFC performance). In addition, we systematically analyze the classifications of the vibrational modes at the Γ point from the crystal symmetry and calculate the co...
Introduction : Gender and Contemporary U.S. Immigration

This article discusses the trajectory of scholarship as it has moved from the “immigrant women only” approach, one closely aligned with sex-role theory, to one that examines both men and women as g...
Fabrication of Pop-up Detector Arrays on Si Wafers

High sensitivity is a basic requirement for a new generation of thermal detectors. To meet the requirement, close-packed, two-dimensional silicon detector arrays have been developed in NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The goal of the task is to fabricate detector arrays configured with thermal detectors such as infrared bolometers and x-ray calorimeters to use in space fliGht missions. This paper focuses on the fabrication and the mechanical testing of detector arrays in a 0.2 mm pixel size, the smallest pop-up detectors being developed so far. These array structures, nicknamed "PUDS" for "Pop-Up Detectors", are fabricated on I pm thick, single-crystal, silicon membranes. Their designs have been refined so we can utilize the flexibility of thin silicon films by actually folding the silicon membranes to 90 degrees in order to obtain close-packed two-dimensional arrays. The PUD elements consist of a detector platform and two legs for mechanical support while also serving as electrical and thermal paths. Torsion bars and cantilevers connecting the detector platform to the legs provide additional flexures for strain relief. Using micro-electromechanical structure (MEMS) fabrication techniques, including photolithography, anisotropic chemical etching, reactive-ion etching, and laser dicing, we have fabricated PLTD detector arrays of fourteen designs with a variation of four parameters including cantilever length, torsion bar length and width, and leg length. Folding tests were conducted to test mechanical stress distribution for the array structures. We obtained folding yields and selected optimum design parameters to reach minimal stress levels. Computer simulation was also employed to verify mechanical behaviors of PUDs in the folding process. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was utilized to examine the flatness of detectors and the alignment of detector pixels in arrays. The fabrication of thermistors and heaters on the pop-up detectors is under way, preparing us for the next step of the experiment, the thermal test.
The effects of composition, structure and age on the torsional properties of the human radius

A standard site in the distal shaft of the radius is commonly used to monitor the skeletal status of aging individuals by photon absorptiometry. Since the adjacent metaphysis of this bone is a common site for fractures, it is important to know whether bone mineral content (BMC) is a good indicator of mechanical integrity. In concert with previous studies, the BMC of the scan site declined significantly (p < 0.005) with age in women but in men showed no change to age 90. In spite of the loss of BMC, there was no decrease in torsional rigidity in women. In men torsional rigidity increased significantly (p < 0.05) with age even though BMC did not change. Thus, measurements of BMC alone do not adequately reflect the mechanical integrity of a clinically significant skeletal site, and assessment of skeletal health based on such criteria may be misleading.
Ultrasensitivity part III: cascades, bistable switches, and oscillators

Switch-like, ultrasensitive responses – responses that resemble those of cooperative enzymes but are not necessarily generated by cooperativity – are widespread in signal transduction. In the previous installments in this series, we reviewed several mechanisms for generating ultrasensitivity: zero-order ultrasensitivity; multistep ultrasensitivity; inhibitor ultrasensitivity; and positive feedback (or double negative feedback) loops. In this review, we focus on how ultrasensitive components can be important for the functioning of more complex signaling circuits. Ultrasensitivity can allow the effective transmission of signals down a signaling cascade, can contribute to the generation of bistability by positive feedback, and can promote the production of biochemical oscillations in negative feedback loops. This makes ultrasensitivity a key building block in systems biology and synthetic biology.
Multi-dimensional Schrödinger operators with some negative spectrum

Abstract We obtain conditions on the negative spectra of Schrodinger operators with potentials V and −V which guarantee that the positive real line is covered by the absolutely continuous spectrum.
Demodicosis (Acari: Demodicidae) in the California sea lion, Zalophus californianus.

Demodectic mange from the California Sea Lion ( Zalophus californianus ) is described. The gross pathology and histopathology of the infestation are Identical, with fee exceptions, to demodectic mange of canines and the White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virgininus. Therapeutic measures similar to those used in demodectic mange of canines are suggested.
A national population-based study of incidence of colorectal cancer and age. Implications for screening in older Americans

Background. Population-based screening programs with flexible sigmoidoscopy have been advocated as a means to reduce the death rate from colorectal cancer. Because other studies have suggested a greater prevalence of lesions inaccessible to sigmoidoscopy in older patients, the expected yield of this procedure may differ in these subgroups. Methods. A 100% sample of Medicare beneficiaries 65 years or older with a first known diagnosis of colorectal cancer in 1987 was studied. Tumor site was divided into rectum, distal colon (distal to splenic flexure) and proximal colon. The analysis was also stratified by sex, race, and presence or absence metastatic disease, and incidence rates at each site by 5-year age group were calculated. Results. Among the 75,266 patients studied, the incidence of colorectal cancer increased from 1.59 patients/1000 in patients age 65-69 years to 3.87 patients/1000 in patients age 85 years and older. Although the incidence rates at all three sites increased, the increment was greatest for proximal tumors. The incidence trends with age also persisted in an analysis of only metastatic lesions. Moreover, incidence rates were consistently higher in men than in women and higher in whites than in blacks at all sites, though the age-related increase in incidence was consistent among all four groups. Conclusions. The proportion of tumors beyond the reach of sigmoidoscopy increased with age, as did the actual incidence of accessible lesions. These patterns were also consistent in subgroup analyses. As the age-related increase in incidence was observed for metastatic tumors at all sites in the colon, age-related differences in screening and diagnostic evaluation alone do not adequately explain the findings. These data underscore the need for further studies of the relative benefits of cancer screening and pathogenic factors in tumor development in different subgroups of the older population. Cancer 1995;75:775-81.
Antígenos empleados en las pruebas inmunodiagnósticas para detectar anticuerpos de malaria

La serologia en malaria se emplea de rutina para: 1) evaluar las areas malaricas en estudios epidemiologicos: 2) confirmar por laboratorio los casos sospechosos en los cuales no se ha podido definir un diagnostico por el estudio de la gota gruesa y extendidos de sangre periferica, y 3) el control de potenciales donantes de sangre. Historicamente, en cada una de estas variables. las pruebas se han aplicado para detectar o estimar los anticuerpos malaricos que, cuando estan presentes, se encuentran con frecuencia en relativos bajos niveles; por lo tanto, en el desarrollo de pruebas serologicas para malaria se ha hecho enfasis en el hallazgo de tecnicas de alta sensibilidad, minimizando la atencion puesta a la especificidad de las reacciones antigenoanticuerpo.
The surface composition of binary metal alloys. The regular solution theory

Abstract A theory predicting the surface composition of binary metal alloys on the basis of thermodynamic data is presented. The equation describing the surface composition is derived for the random solution model and the short range order model. The surface compositions calculated for both models are found not to differ significantly. The experimentally determined surface compositions of binary metal alloys by means of the Auger electron spectroscopy are reviewed and compared with the theory. The theory is found to predict the direction of surface enrichment, but the extent of surface segregation is overestimated in most of the cases.
An Examination of the Free Amino Acids of the Common Onion (Allium cepa)a

SUMMARY Free amino acids in four onion cultivars were studied by two-dimensional ascending paper chromatography with the following solvents: 1) phenol-water, 8:2 (v/v), 2) n-butanol-acetic acid-water, 4:1:5 (v/v) (upper layer); and 1) sec butanol–tert butanol-methylethyl ketone–water, 4:4:8:5 (v/v), 2) n-butanol–acetic acid-water, 4:1:5 (v/v) (upper layer). The amino compounds identified in the extracts were: glutathione, aspartic acid, cysteine, cystine, glutamic acid, serine, canavanine, asparagine, glycine, arginine, lysine, threonine, tyrosine, methionine sulfoxide, alanine, dihydro-alliine, S-methyl cysteine, tryptophan, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, and mixed leuycines. Suspected as present was α-L-glutamyl-S-[β-carboxy-n-propyI]-L-cysteinyl glycine. Densitometry and colorimetry were used to determine the relative approximate amounts of alanine, aspartic acid, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, leucines, lysine, methionine sulfoxide, phenylalanine, serine, S-methyl cysteine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. The more abundant amino acids were: arginine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, leucines, tyrosine, lysine, and methionine sulfoxide.
Identification of genes expressed by human airway eosinophils after an in vivo allergen challenge.

Background The mechanism for the contribution of eosinophils (EOS) to asthma pathophysiology is not fully understood. Genome-wide expression analysis of airway EOS by microarrays has been limited by the ability to generate high quality RNA from sufficient numbers of airway EOS.
Thermal isoeffect dose: Addressing the problem of thermotolerance

A method of calculating a thermal isoeffect dose by converting thermal exposure into equivalent-minutes at 43°C (EQ43) has been described previously by this investigator and others. Some investigators have suggested variations in the constants of this approach based on evaluations of the available in vivo data. The selection of these constants affect thermal dose calculations most at temperatures below 43°C. Since treatment response appears to be most closely related to the dose in the coolest part of the tumour, the selection of appropriate constants may be quite important. The data suggest that these variations in constants are a consequence of thermotolerance. A more appropriate approach to address this problem is presented.The phenomena of thermotolerance complicates the practical application of this thermal isoeffect dose model. The dose modification caused by chronic thermotolerance which occurs during exposure at mild hyperthermic temperatures can be estimated by calculating the thermotolerance dos...
Periodic frequency conversion with time dependent pump amplitude and phase

Abstract We prove a theorem on the sufficient condition for continuous periodic energy exchange in a quantum frequency converter with time dependent pump amplitude and phase and give the exact solution if the stated condition is fulfilled.
EFFECT OF WAVES ON CONTAINMENT BOOM RESPONSE

ABSTRACT A series of generic model booms were developed, built, and tested in the Stevens towing tank. Precise measurements were made of heave response to waves for catenary tows. Drag force was also measured. Test variables included model size, buoyancy I weight ratio, speed, wave size and gap/length ratio.
Hemodynamic effects of oral nicorandil in congestive heart failure

Twenty-five patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) underwent a double-blind randomized study of the acute hemodynamic effects of orally administered nicorandil, a newly developed vasodilator drug. A dose range of 10 to 60 mg was studied. Nicorandil, at a dose of 60 mg, caused statistically significant decreases in systemic systolic and diastolic blood pressure, right atrial pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance and systolic and diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure. A brief increase in cardiac index attributable to an increase in stroke volume without a change in heart rate was also observed. A dose of 40 mg produced similar results in cardiac index and systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, but changes in other hemodynamic parameters were much smaller in magnitude and usually not of statistical significance. No significant hemodynamic response was seen to doses of 10 and 20 mg of nicorandil. Duration of action was short with nearly all hemodynamic parameters returning close to baseline within 3 hours. This rapid decrease in activity occurred in concert with a rapid plasma clearance of nicorandil as determined by serial measurements of plasma drug concentration. This study suggests that first-dose orally administered nicorandil elicits favorable, but brief, hemodynamic effects in CHF at doses greater than or equal to 40 mg.
Mixed-mode interface toughness of wafer-level Cu–Cu bonds using asymmetric chevron test

Abstract Characterization of interfacial adhesion is critical for the development of wafer bonding processes to manufacture microsystems with high yield and reliability. It is imperative that the test method used in such adhesion studies corresponds to the loading conditions present during processing and operation of the devices. In most applications in which wafers and die are bonded, the interface experiences a combination of shear and normal loading (i.e. mixed-mode loading) with the relative magnitude of the Mode I and II components varying in different scenarios. In the current work, the toughness of Cu–Cu thermocompression bonds, which are of interest for the fabrication of three-dimensional integrated circuits, is analyzed using a bonded chevron specimen with layers of different thickness that allows for the application of interfacial loading with variable mode mixity. The phase angle (a function of the degree of mode mixity at the interface) is varied from 0° to 24° by changing the layer thickness ratio from 1 to 0.48. The Cu–Cu bond toughness increases from 2.68 to 10.1 J/m2, as the loading is changed from Mode I (pure tension) to a loading with a phase angle of 24°. The energy of plastic dissipation increases with increasing mode mixity, resulting in the enhanced interface toughness. The Mode I toughness of Cu–Cu bonds is minimally affected by plasticity, and therefore, provides the closest estimate of the interfacial work of fracture under the bonding conditions employed.
Cellular immunological aspects of rheumatoid arthritis.

arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis has been regarded as an autoimmune disease largely because of its association with antiimmunoglobulin antibody. Since the concept of immune surveillance and autoimmunity was first proposed by Burnett in 1959,” much information on cellular autoimmunity has been gained. We shall attempt to review this information and outline the various ways in which a breakdown in the self-recognition system can result in disease. We would like to admit first of ail that a single coherent hypothesis for the cellular pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis is not possible at the moment. This is primarily because many new insights into lymphocyte function and pathology gained in laboratory animals have not yet been satisfactorily extended to the human lymphocyte. Although rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic disease,9 arthritis is usually the predominant factor and the only factor shared by all patients. Thus in this review we shall confine discussion to those pathological processes leading to joint inflammation that are of special interest to cellular immunologists for the following reasons: 1. There is evidence suggesting that cell-mediated immunity (CMI)* may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. 2. The science of cellular immunology is concerned first with CMI, which includes the production of mediators of cellular immunity and direct toxicity of lymphocytes on target cells, and second with the characteristics of all the cells
Using “ethics labs” to set a framework for ethical discussion in an undergraduate science course

Teaching ethics across the curriculum is a strategy adopted by many universities. One of the fundamental aims of teaching ethics across the curriculum is to get students to see ethics as truly relevant to the subjects they are studying. Ideally, students will come to see that ethics is a thread woven deeply in the fabric of all knowledge and practice. The standard approach, in which students are required to take a separate ethics course, is not especially well suited to this task, but incorporating ethics into science courses presents significant challenges and is likely to meet with resistance, if only because professors in the sciences are often untrained in the teaching of ethics. In an effort to raise the standard of science education as well as comply with a university-wide curricular mandate, we as a team developed the concept of an "ethics lab." We discuss the design of the exercises done during laboratory sections, the training of the graduate students who run the exercises, and the iterations of the exercises over time. We report unanticipated rapid positive outcomes of an attempt to integrate ethics education into a sophomore/junior level science course, Introduction to Genetics.
Severe dialyzer dysfunction undetectable by standard reprocessing validation tests

Severe dialyzer dysfunction undetectable by standard reprocessing validation tests. It is generally accepted that careful monitoring of total cell volume and ultrafiltration rates will ensure adequate function of reprocessed dialyzers. During routine urea kinetic measurements we noted that the percent of patients with clearances less than 200ml/min increased from 5% to 48% despite adherence to these validation tests. As these patients did not have evidence of recirculation in the vascular access, possible causes of dialyzer dysfunction were investigated. Injection of methylene blue into the dialysate port revealed non-uniform flow of dialysate in dialyzers from patients with markedly reduced clearances. In vitro studies of dialyzers subjected to sequential daily reprocessing, without patient exposure, demonstrated that in vitro clearances declined in one lot but not another. The initial clearances of 218 ± 4ml/min fell progressively to 112 ± 18 (P
Polymorphism and page tables: systems programming from a functional programmer's perspective

With features that include lightweight syntax, expressive type systems, and deep semantic foundations, functional languages are now being used to develop an increasingly broad range of complex, real-world applications. In the area of systems software, however, where performance and interaction with low-level aspects of hardware are central concerns, many practitioners still eschew the advantages of higher-level languages for the potentially unsafe but predictable behavior of traditional imperative languages like C. It is ironic that critical applications such as operating systems kernels, device drivers, and VMMs - where a single bug could compromise the reliability or security of a whole system - are among the least likely to benefit from the abstractions and safety guarantees of modern language designs.Over the last few years, our group has been investigating the potential for using Haskell to develop realistic operating systems that can boot and run on bare metal. The House system, developed primarily by Thomas Hallgren and Andrew Tolmach, demonstrates that it is indeed possible to construct systems software in a functional language. But House still relies on a layer of runtime support primitives - some written using unsafe Haskell primitives and others written in C - to provide services ranging from garbage collection to control of the page table structures used by the hardware memory management unit. We would like to replace as much of this layer as possible with code written in a functional language without compromising on type or memory safety.Our experiences with House have led us to believe that a new functional language is required to reflect the needs of the systems domain more directly. Interestingly, however, we have concluded that this does not require fundamental new language design. In this invited talk, I will give an update on the current status of our project and I will describe how we are leveraging familiar components of the Haskell type system - including polymorphism, kinds, qualified types and improvement - to capture more precise details of effect usage, data representation, and termination. I will also discuss the challenges of writing and compiling performance-sensitive code written in a functional style. It was once considered radical to use C in place of assembly language to construct systems software. Is it possible that functional languages might one day become as commonplace in this application domain as C is today?
Characteristics and advantages of new theatre architecture

(1965). Characteristics and advantages of new theatre architecture. Today's Speech: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 3-40.
Does a Bloch electron in a constant electric field oscillate

Abstract The existence of the generally believed oscillations of a Bloch electron in a constant electric field have been reconsidered. It is shown that the proof based on Houston's function is incorrect and there is no reason to believe that the oscillations exist.
Evidence for multiple molecular weight forms of the chick intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor.

Abstract Studies from many laboratories have reported apparent molecular weights for the chick intestinal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] receptor varying from 47,000 to 67,000 daltons. We report here that in the presence of the protease inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF, 0.3 mM) and in the presence or absence of ligand, the apparent molecular weight of the receptor is 99,700 ± 9,400 (SD) daltons (as determined by gel filtration). In the absence of PMSF, however, the unoccupied receptor migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 51,400 ± 5,700 (SD) daltons. This smaller form of the 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor, upon incubation with [3H]-1,25(OH)2D3 in the presence of PMSF, then migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 95,900 ± 7,300 (SD) daltons. These results suggest the presence of heretofore unappreciated multiple molecular forms of the chick intestinal 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor.
Ideological dimensions of community participation in Latin American health programs

Abstract A comparative analysis of community participation in urban and agricultural programs, and health programs in Latin America suggests that the promotion of community participation was based in all cases on two false assumptions: (1) the belief that the traditional values of the poor were the main obstacle for development and for health improvement; and (2) the idea that the poor were incapable of organizing themselves. A country by country examination indicates that health participation programs in Latin America, in spite of promotional efforts by international agencies, have not succeeded. Then, the article discusses the political objectives behind international support for these programs. It is argued that, through symbolic participation, international agencies had two purposes in mind: (1) the legitimization of low quality care for the poor, also known as primary health; and (2) the generation of much needed support from the masses for the liberal democracies and authoritarian regimes of the region.