cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsteady Aerodynamic Model Tuning for Precise Flutter Prediction

A simple method for an unsteady aerodynamic model tuning is proposed in this study. This method is based on the direct modification of the aerodynamic influence coefficient matrices. The aerostructures test wing 2 flight-test data is used to demonstrate the proposed model tuning method. The flutter speed margin computed using only the test validated structural dynamic model can be improved using the additional unsteady aerodynamic model tuning, and then the flutter speed margin requirement of 15 percent in military specifications can apply towards the test validated aeroelastic model. In this study, unsteady aerodynamic model tunings are performed at two time invariant flight conditions, at Mach numbers of 0.390 and 0.456. When the Mach number for the unsteady aerodynamic model tuning approaches to the measured fluttering Mach number, 0.502, at the flight altitude of 9,837 ft, the estimated flutter speed is approached to the measured flutter speed at this altitude. The minimum flutter speed difference between the estimated and measured flutter speed is -0.14 percent.
Digital homotopy relations and digital homology theories

In this paper we prove results relating to two homotopy relations and four homology theories developed in the topology of digital images. We introduce a new type of homotopy relation for digitally continuous functions which we call ``strong homotopy.'' Both digital homotopy and strong homotopy are natural digitizations of classical topological homotopy: the difference between them is analogous to the difference between digital 4-adjacency and 8-adjacency in the plane. We also consider four different digital homology theories: a simplicial homology theory by Arslan et al which is the homology of the clique complex, a singular simplicial homology theory by D. W. Lee, a cubical homology theory by Jamil and Ali, and a new kind of cubical homology for digital images with $c_1$-adjacency which is easily computed, and generalizes a construction by Karaca \& Ege. We show that the two simplicial homology theories are isomorphic to each other, but distinct from the two cubical theories. We also show that homotopic maps have the same induced homomorphisms in the cubical homology theory, and strong homotopic maps additionally have the same induced homomorphisms in the simplicial theory.
The Liquid Metallic Hydrogen Model of the Sun and the Solar Atmosphere III. Importance of Continuous Emission Spectra from Flares, Coronal Mass Ejections, Prominences, and Other Coronal Structures

The solar corona and chromosphere are often marked by eruptive features, such as flares, prominences, loops, and coronal mass ejections, which rise above the photospheric surface. Coronal streamers and plumes can also characterize the outer atmosphere of the Sun. All of these structures, fascinating in their extent and formation, frequently emit continuous spectra and can usually be observed using white-light coronagraphs. This implies, at least in part, that they are comprised of condensed matter. The continuous spectra associated with chromospheric and coronal structures can be viewed as representing the twenty-eighth line of evidence, and the eighth Planckian proof, that the Sun is condensed matter. The existence of such objects also suggests that the density of the solar atmosphere rises to levels well in excess of current estimates put forth by the gaseous models of the Sun. In this work, the densities of planetary atmospheres are examined in order to gain insight relative to the likely densities of the solar chromosphere. Elevated densities in the solar atmosphere are also supported by coronal seismology studies, which can be viewed as constituting the twenty-ninth line of evidence that the Sun is composed of condensed matter.
On finite generation of the Johnson filtrations

We prove that every term of the lower central series and Johnson filtrations of the Torelli subgroups of the mapping class group and the automorphism group of a free group is finitely generated in a linear stable range. This was originally proved for the second terms by Ershov and He.
Improved Metabolite Prediction Using Microbiome Data-Based Elastic Net Models.

Microbiome data are becoming increasingly available in large health cohorts, yet metabolomics data are still scant. While many studies generate microbiome data, they lack matched metabolomics data or have considerable missing proportions of metabolites. Since metabolomics is key to understanding microbial and general biological activities, the possibility of imputing individual metabolites or inferring metabolomics pathways from microbial taxonomy or metagenomics is intriguing. Importantly, current metabolomics profiling methods such as the HMP Unified Metabolic Analysis Network (HUMAnN) have unknown accuracy and are limited in their ability to predict individual metabolites. To address this gap, we developed a novel metabolite prediction method, and we present its application and evaluation in an oral microbiome study. The new method for predicting metabolites using microbiome data (ENVIM) is based on the Elastic Net Model (ENM). ENVIM introduces an extra step to ENM to consider variable importance (VI) scores and thus achieves better prediction power. We investigate the metabolite prediction performance of ENVIM using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data in a supragingival biofilm multi-omics dataset of 297 children ages 3-5 who were participants of a community-based study of early childhood oral health (ZOE 2.0) in North Carolina, United States. We further validate ENVIM in two additional publicly available multi-omics datasets generated from studies of gut health and vagina health. We select gene-family sets based on variable importance scores and modify the existing ENM strategy used in the MelonnPan prediction software to accommodate the unique features of microbiome and metabolome data. We evaluate metagenomic and metatranscriptomic predictors and compare the prediction performance of ENVIM to the standard ENM employed in MelonnPan. The newly-developed ENVIM method showed superior metabolite predictive accuracy than MelonnPan when trained with metatranscriptomics data only, metagenomics data only, or both. Better metabolite prediction is achieved in the gut microbiome compared to the oral microbiome setting. The top predictable compounds have been reported in all these three datasets from two different body sites. For example, the metabolites trehalose, maltose, stachyose, and ribose are all well predicted by the supragingival microbiome.
Knowledge-based learning of nonlinear dynamics and chaos

Extracting predictive models from nonlinear systems is a central task in scientific machine learning. One key problem is the reconciliation between modern data-driven approaches and first principles. Despite rapid advances in machine learning techniques, embedding domain knowledge into data-driven models remains a challenge. In this work, we present a universal learning framework for extracting predictive models from nonlinear systems based on observations. Our framework can readily incorporate first principle knowledge because it naturally models nonlinear systems as continuous-time systems. This both improves the extracted models’ extrapolation power and reduces the amount of data needed for training. In addition, our framework has the advantages of robustness to observational noise and applicability to irregularly sampled data. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheme by learning predictive models for a wide variety of systems including a stiff Van der Pol oscillator, the Lorenz system, and the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation. For the Lorenz system, different types of domain knowledge are incorporated to demonstrate the strength of knowledge embedding in data-driven system identification.
Bayesian decision-making under misspecified priors with applications to meta-learning

Thompson sampling and other Bayesian sequential decision-making algorithms are among the most popular approaches to tackle explore/exploit trade-offs in (contextual) bandits. The choice of prior in these algorithms offers flexibility to encode domain knowledge but can also lead to poor performance when misspecified. In this paper, we demonstrate that performance degrades gracefully with misspecification. We prove that the expected reward accrued by Thompson sampling (TS) with a misspecified prior differs by at most $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(H^2 \epsilon)$ from TS with a well specified prior, where $\epsilon$ is the total-variation distance between priors and $H$ is the learning horizon. Our bound does not require the prior to have any parametric form. For priors with bounded support, our bound is independent of the cardinality or structure of the action space, and we show that it is tight up to universal constants in the worst case. Building on our sensitivity analysis, we establish generic PAC guarantees for algorithms in the recently studied Bayesian meta-learning setting and derive corollaries for various families of priors. Our results generalize along two axes: (1) they apply to a broader family of Bayesian decision-making algorithms, including a Monte-Carlo implementation of the knowledge gradient algorithm (KG), and (2) they apply to Bayesian POMDPs, the most general Bayesian decision-making setting, encompassing contextual bandits as a special case. Through numerical simulations, we illustrate how prior misspecification and the deployment of one-step look-ahead (as in KG) can impact the convergence of meta-learning in multi-armed and contextual bandits with structured and correlated priors.
Analysis of non-local multicontinuum upscaling for dual continuum model

Abstract In this paper, we develop and analyze a rigorous multiscale upscaling method for dual continuum model, which serves as a powerful tool in subsurface formation applications. Our proposed method is capable of identifying different continua and capturing non-local transfer and effective properties in the computational domain via constructing localized multiscale basis functions. The construction of the basis functions consists of solving local problems defined on oversampling computational region, subject to the energy minimizing constraints that the mean values of the local solution are zero in all continua except for the one targeted. The basis functions constructed are shown to have good approximation properties. It is shown that the method has a coarse mesh dependent convergence. We present some numerical examples to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.
Detect and Perturb: Neutral Rewriting of Biased and Sensitive Text via Gradient-based Decoding.

Written language carries explicit and implicit biases that can distract from meaningful signals. For example, letters of reference may describe male and female candidates differently, or their writing style may indirectly reveal demographic characteristics. At best, such biases distract from the meaningful content of the text; at worst they can lead to unfair outcomes. We investigate the challenge of re-generating input sentences to ‘neutralize’ sensitive attributes while maintaining the semantic meaning of the original text (e.g. is the candidate qualified?). We propose a gradient-based rewriting framework, Detect and Perturb to Neutralize (DEPEN), that first detects sensitive components and masks them for regeneration, then perturbs the generation model at decoding time under a neutralizing constraint that pushes the (predicted) distribution of sensitive attributes towards a uniform distribution. Our experiments in two different scenarios show that DEPEN can regenerate fluent alternatives that are neutral in the sensitive attribute while maintaining the semantics of other attributes.
Lower Bounds and Improved Algorithms for Asymmetric Streaming Edit Distance and Longest Common Subsequence.

In this paper, we study edit distance (ED) and longest common subsequence (LCS) in the asymmetric streaming model, introduced by Saks and Seshadhri [SS13]. As an intermediate model between the random access model and the streaming model, this model allows one to have streaming access to one string and random access to the other string. Our first main contribution is a systematic study of space lower bounds for ED and LCS in the asymmetric streaming model. Previously, there are no explicitly stated results in this context, although some lower bounds about LCS can be inferred from the lower bounds for longest increasing subsequence (LIS) in [SW07][GG10][EJ08]. Yet these bounds only work for large alphabet size. In this paper, we develop several new techniques to handle ED in general and LCS for small alphabet size, thus establishing strong lower bounds for both problems. In particular, our lower bound for ED provides an exponential separation between edit distance and Hamming distance in the asymmetric streaming model. Our lower bounds also extend to LIS and longest non-decreasing sequence (LNS) in the standard streaming model. Together with previous results, our bounds provide an almost complete picture for these two problems. As our second main contribution, we give improved algorithms for ED and LCS in the asymmetric streaming model. For ED, we improve the space complexity of the constant factor approximation algorithms in [FHRS20][CJLZ20] from $\tilde{O}(\frac{n^\delta}{\delta})$ to $O(\frac{d^\delta}{\delta}\;\mathsf{polylog}(n))$, where $n$ is the length of each string and $d$ is the edit distance between the two strings. For LCS, we give the first $1/2+\epsilon$ approximation algorithm with space $n^{\delta}$ for any constant $\delta>0$, over a binary alphabet.
IDEAL: An Open-Source Identifier Name Appraisal Tool.

Developers must comprehend the code they will maintain, meaning that the code must be legible and reasonably self-descriptive. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of research and tooling that supports developers in understanding their naming practices; whether the names they choose make sense, whether they are consistent, and whether they convey the information required of them. In this paper, we present IDEAL, a tool that will provide feedback to developers about their identifier naming practices. Among its planned features, it will support linguistic anti-pattern detection, which is what will be discussed in this paper. IDEAL is designed to, and will, be extended to cover further anti-patterns, naming structures, and practices in the near future. IDEAL is open-source and publicly available, with a demo video available at: this https URL
Synthetic peptides as probes of function of viral envelope proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the methods used to study the interaction of viral peptides with biological and phospholipid model membranes. The ability of the synthetic peptides to induce membrane fusion, in addition to inserting into membranes, not only provides information on the possible mode of action of these segments of viral envelope proteins, but also on the minimal molecular requirements for protein-mediated membrane fusion. Site-directed mutagenesis studies show that the N termini of influenzavirus HA 2 and of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41 are clearly involved in the fusion of these viruses. Thus, studies on the membrane-destabilizing effects of the N-terminal peptides, and on the molecular and structural requirements for these effects, appear to be more relevant to understanding the way these segments of the viral envelope proteins mediate membrane fusion than are investigations of the induction of membrane fusion by these peptides.
Dissecting Open Source Cloud Evolution: An OpenStack Case Study.

Open source cloud platforms are playing an increasingly significant role in cloud computing. These systems have been undergoing rapid development cycles. As an example, OpenStack has grown approximately 10 times in code size since its inception two and a half years ago. Confronting such fast-pace changes, cloud providers are challenged to understand OpenStack’s up-to-date behaviors and adapt and optimize their provisioned services and configurations to the platform changes quickly. In this work, we use a black-box technique for conducting a deep analysis of four versions of OpenStack. This is the first study in the literature that tracks the evolution of a popular open source cloud platform. Our analysis results reveal important trends of SQL queries in OpenStack, help identify precise points for targeted error injection, and point out potential ways to improve performance (e.g. by changing authentication to PKI). The OpenStack case study in this work effectively demonstrates that our automated black-box methodology aids quick understanding of platform evolution and is critical for effective and rapid consumption of an open-source cloud platform.
Keratin 6 is not essential for mammary gland development

Introduction Keratin 6 (K6) has previously been identified as a marker of early mammary gland development and has also been proposed to be a marker of mammary gland progenitor cells. However, the function of K6 in the mammary gland was not known, so we examined the expression pattern of the protein during both embryonic and postnatal mammary development, as well as the mammary gland phenotype of mice that were null for both K6a and K6b isoforms.
Cathode Thermal Delamination Study for a Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell with Functional Graded Properties: Experimental Investigation and Numerical Results

Solid oxide fuel cell in nature acts as a functional ceramic material for power conversions. Three-layer formation of electrolyte, cathode and anode system, or five- layer formation that is consisted of two more barrier layers between electrolyte and electrodes, usually exhibits bimaterial properties with discontinuities in elastic modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and thermal conductivity. Due to relatively lower sintering temperature, cathode can delaminate during the in-service operation. 10 mol% scandia stabilized zirconia (10ScSZ) and 10 mol% scandia stabilized zirconia (6ScSZ) electrolytes were investigated for elastic properties, hardness and fracture toughness by nanoindentation together with microindentation techniques. Interfacial energy release rate for lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSF) cathode: 6ScSZ electrolyte was determined experimentally. 2-D Thermal fracture of mechanically functional graded material (FGM) system including cathode and electrolyte is studied numerically with considering spatially continuous and temperature dependent material properties. The thermal stress intensity factors, and strain energy release rate were compared for both conventional bimaterial system and functional graded material experiencing uniform temperature change, as well as locally exponential varying temperature change.
The other side of the slippery slope

Much of the suffering in the dying and their families does not fit into the usual categories of mental disease, and palliative care mental health researchers are now examining formulations that integrate psychological, spiritual, and relational domains. For example, William Breitbart is examining the essential role of finding "meaning" at the end of life, and Harvey Chochinov and colleagues have proposed that a fractured sense of "dignity" can be diagnosed, quantified, associated with decreased quality of life, and treated with dignity-conserving therapies. (1) In a similar vein, David Kissane and others have hypothesized that "demoralization" is a diagnostic entity characterized by hopelessness, loss of meaning, and existential distress. Such research holds great promise for improving the lives of the dying. A promise is a future possibility, however. Dr. Kissane's claims in this issue of the Hastings Center Report should be read cautiously. There are no published, empirically validated studies to confirm that demoralization is a distinct psychiatric diagnosis. Dr. Kissane asserts that demoralization seems to meet the criteria for a diagnosis, but the paper he cites contains almost no data about distinctive symptoms, etiology, course, or treatment outcomes.(2) The research evidence provided barely represents a beginning on the work necessary for official acceptance in the International Classification of Disease (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM). Even if there were studies to support demoralization as a diagnostic entity, its presence might not render a person unable to make decisions, including decisions that may hasten death. Patients are determined to lack capacity to make medical decisions if they are unable to understand or to appreciate the nature of their illness and the risks, benefits, or alternatives of different courses of action to address the illness. But patients lack appreciation when they are irrational, unrealistic or distorting reality to a severe degree, and denying a patient choice because she lacks appreciation poses a serious risk of error, resulting in an unwarranted deprivation of patient autonomy. Just as the legalization of physician-assisted suicide may become a slippery slope to reckless killing, the politically motivated use of psychiatric labels to prevent euthanasia may become a slippery slope to unwarranted paternalism. The most important consequence of Kissane's proposal would not be the rare case of rendering a choice for assisted suicide incompetent. …
Plasma kinetics of complement component C4: comparison of three models.

Plasma C4 kinetics were studied in members of a kindred with hereditary incomplete C4 deficiency and in control subjects. Test subjects received iodine /sup 125/-labeled C4 intravenously, and plasma disappearance curves for 125I-C4 were plotted. By nonlinear least-squares analysis, we fit two-, three-, and four-exponential models of plasma disappearance to the plasma curves of each subject. Goodness of fit was significantly better for all subjects with the three-exponential versus the two-exponential model (p less than 0.0005). No further improvement in curve fit was accomplished by using a four-exponential model (p greater than 0.5). Metabolic rates and extravascular/plasma ratios calculated from the two- and three-exponential models were significantly different. As judged by extravascular/plasma ratio, the two-exponential model underestimated the amount of extravascular C4. Furthermore, the two-exponential model significantly over-estimated catabolic and synthetic rates. Hence, our results show that C4 kinetics are not optimally described by a conventional, two-exponential model. A possible explanation for our findings is that in previous studies of C4 metabolism, the analysis of plasma radioactivity disappearance curves was done by inspection, whereas we used least-squares analysis, a method that determines the number of exponentials with greater reliability.
α-Mangostin: a dietary antioxidant derived from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. inhibits pancreatic tumor growth in xenograft mouse model.

Abstract Aims: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most aggressive malignant disease, ranking as the fourth most leading cause of cancer-related death among men and women in the United States. In this study, we provide evidence of chemotherapeutic effects of α-mangostin, a dietary antioxidant isolated from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. against human PC. Results: The chemotherapeutic effect of α-mangostin was determined using four human PC cells (PL-45, PANC1, BxPC3, and ASPC1). α-Mangostin resulted in a significant inhibition of PC cells viability without having any effects on normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cells. α-Mangostin showed a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis in PC cells. Also, α-mangostin inhibited the expression levels of pNF-κB/p65Ser552, pStat3Ser727, and pStat3Tyr705. α-Mangostin inhibited DNA binding activity of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator 3 (Stat3). α-Mangostin inhibited the expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), cyclin ...
Beyond Developmentality: Constructing Inclusive Freedom and Sustainability – By Debal Deb

Any book that makes the statement “like the ever changing coat proteins of Trypanosoma, the blood parasite causing sleeping sickness, the capitalist ideology keeps changing its garb every so often,...
Overlapping spin synchrotron sideband resonances

The synchrotron sideband spin resonances are shown to arise from the kinematic effect of spin phase modulation with resonance strengths proportional to that of the primary spin resonance. We develop a method to analyze overlapping spin resonances and apply it to fit polarization data of SPEAR and data recently obtained from polarized beam experiments at the IUCF cooler ring. The implication of our analyses is that synchrotron sidebands can only be corrected by correcting its principle resonance. Furthermore, the effect of synchrotron sidebands in proton synchrotrons is to change the resonance phase without affecting the magnitude of the strength. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Functional assessment and treatment of pica: a single‐case experiment

The pica of a 6-year-old girl diagnosed with autism was initially shown to persist in the absence of socially mediated consequences. In an attempt to provide a competing source of oral stimulation, we used a stimulus preference assessment to identify food items that were subsequently presented noncontingently. However, the noncontingent schedule could not be thinned to a practical variation while still maintaining reductions in pica. A subsequent multielement evaluation of response blocking and verbal reprimands demonstrated that neither intervention both produced and maintained low levels of pica. Verbal reprimands were then used in conjunction with noncontingent food presentation, but this intervention did not produce significant reductions in pica. Suppression of pica was ultimately obtained in both a clinic setting and in the child's natural environment using contingent, varied auditory stimulation. The results are discussed in the context of the ‘least restrictive alternative’ model of treatment selection. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Abrogates Myocardial Inflammation but Not Hypertrophy in Cytokine-Induced Cardiomyopathy

Background—Transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α develop dilated cardiomyopathy. The present study was designed to evaluate therapeutic effects of adenovirus-mediated neutralization of TNF-α on this model. Methods and Results—An adenovirus encoding the 55-kDa TNF receptor–IgG fusion protein (AdTNFRI) was injected intravenously into 6-week-old transgenic mice, which resulted in high levels of TNFRI in both plasma and myocardium. AdTNFRI did not reverse cardiomegaly but abrogated myocardial inflammation. Furthermore, AdTNFRI blocked the myocardial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and downstream cytokines, including interleukin-1β and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Downregulation of α-myosin heavy chain was restored by the treatment, whereas upregulation of β-myosin heavy chain was not reversed. In contrast, the downregulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase and phospholamban was normalized by AdTNFRI. Echocardiographic measurements showed...
Prediction of biomechanical trabecular bone properties with geometric features using MR imaging

Trabecular bone parameters extracted from magnetic resonance (MR) images are compared in their ability to predict biomechanical properties determined through mechanical testing. Trabecular bone density and structural changes throughout the proximal tibia are indicative of several musculoskeletal disorders of the knee joint involving changes in the bone quality and the surrounding soft tissue. Recent studies have shown that MR imaging, most frequently applied in soft tissue imaging, also allows non-invasive 3-dimensional characterization of bone microstructure. Sophisticated MR image features that estimate local structural and geometric properties of the trabecular bone may improve the ability of MR imaging to determine local bone quality in vivo. The purpose of the current study is to use whole joint MR images to compare the performance of trabecular bone features extracted from the images in predicting biomechanical strength properties measured on the corresponding ex vivo specimens. The regional apparent bone volume fraction (appBVF) and scaling index method (SIM) derived features were calculated; a Multilayer Radial Basis Functions Network was then optimized to calculate the prediction accuracy as measured by the root mean square error (RSME) for each bone feature. The best prediction result was obtained with a SIM feature with the lowest prediction error (RSME=0.246) and the highest coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.769). The current study demonstrates that the combination of sophisticated bone structure features and supervised learning techniques can improve MR imaging as an in vivo imaging tool in determining local trabecular bone quality.
Cardiac myxoma - clinical experience in 24 patients

Abstract We reviewed our clinical experience in 24 patients with cardiac myxoma. There were 8 males and 16 females, their ages ranged from 14 to 73 (mean, 48) years. Prior to echocardiographic examination, cardiac myxoma was suspected clinically in only 2 cases. The remaining patients were initially diagnosed as having mitral valvar disease (9 cases), infective endocarditis (3 cases), congestive cardiomyopathy (4 cases), pericardial effusion (1 case), systemic embolism of unknown cause (1 case), cerebrovascular accident (2 cases), ventricular septal defect (1 case) and Ebstein's malformation (1 case). The tumor was in the left atrium in 16, in the right atrium in 2, in the biatrium in 1, while one was in the right ventricle and peripheral arterial occlusion had been produced by myxoma without demonstrable cardiac tumors in the other two. Twenty-two patients underwent open heart surgery for excision of myxoma and there was no surgical mortality. Abdominal embolectomy was carried out in 2 patients; one of these 2 patients survived and 1 died. Follow-up for a mean period of 32 months (range 2 to 99 months) was possible in 18 patients with no evidence of recurrence. We conclude that cardiac myxoma may mimic many cardiovascular diseases, so a high index of suspicion is important for its diagnosis. Echocardiography is the most useful diagnostic screening tool.
Work and the mental well-being of the elderly.

associated with longer life and improved physical, mental, and social well-being (5). Data were collected at the annual Illinois State Fair. AU persons aged 55 years and older visiting the Fair's Senior Citizen Center on the three days of heaviest fair attendance were asked to complete a brief questionnaire measuring their mental well-being and work involvement. This cross-sectional approach l~rn~ts conclusions to the domain of association. Subscale scores on the General WeU.being Schedule, a validated measure of mental health, were tested by one-way analysis ol varlance for differences between levels of occupational status (retired, retired but work part of year, retired but volunteer, homemaker, and employed) and between levels of type of employment (Full time, part-time, and temporary). Where differences were found across groups, post hoc analyses with the Duncan multiple-range test (p = .05) were used to identify the differences. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences on only one subscale-that which measures interest in and satisfaction with daily life. Significant Uferences were found both across levels of occupational status (p = .05) and type of employment (p = .02). The former explained 8.9% of the variance in life satisfaction and the latter 26.8%. Post hoc analysis showed those subjects who were still employed (8.8% of the sample) or active in volunteer work (30 4%) being more satisfied with the~r dally lives than those who are homemakers (10.4%), retired but occasionally employed (14 49b), or fully retired (36 0%) Those who worked full time (33.3% of those who work) found rheu daily lives more satlsfymg than those who worked part-time (36.6%) or temporarily (30.0%). This may afford some protection against depression and other emotional problems and so might contribute to better general health and greater longevity (4). Lack of association between retirement and depression could be an artifact of the sampling for persons suffering from depression might be under-represented among those attending a state fair.
Entry-Level Employment Prospects for Women in College-Student Personnel Work.

Women are no longer underrepresented in student-personnel preparation programs. Although this situation is noteworthy, it may not be without potentially frustrating consequences for the increased number of female master's degree graduates who are seeking a limited number of entry-level positions. Whether the increase in women will have deleterious effects on placement remains to be seen. In the meantime, women (and men) should be made aware of the inherent free-market employment risks when contemplating a career in student-personnel work.
Wireless for Communities: Empowering Communities through Wireless Connectivity

Wireless technologies can provide cost-effective Internet connectivity to dispersed communities located in challenging terrain. The Internet Society, in partnership with the Digital Empowerment Foundation and the Nepal Wireless Networking Project, has helped establish a mesh-type Wi-Fi networking to provide basic connectivity to remote Chanderi, India.
The characterization of finite groups with dihedral Sylow 2-subgroups. I☆

Abstract This is the second of three parts. A description of the contents may be found in the introduction given in the first part which was published in this journal, volume 2, no. 1, pp. 85–151 (April 1965).
Fly Ash Size Distributions: Use of coulter multisizer and fitting to truncated lognormal distributions

Accurate information on the size distribution of fly ash is needed to determine its role in the radiation transfer process in pulverized coal combustors. The Coulter Multisizer was used to determine the size distribution in the particle diameter range 1 -200 μm. To size over such large diameter ranges, data must be obtained using several orifices, and then combined. In order to use the smaller orifices, the larger particles have to be removed from the sample. A wet-sieving apparatus, designed for accurate separation of the particles by size, is described. A scheme for combining data obtained using orifices of different diameters is presented. It appears from this study that the lower limit of size measurement using an orifice is set by sensitivity, rather than by signal/noise
EVOLUTION OF THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES DURING THE REACTIVE PROCESSING OF THERMOPLASTIC/THERMOSET EPOXY

The melt state reaction, or fusion process of bisphenol-A and the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A can produce both linear phenoxy backbone chains and crosslinked network structures. The linear chains can be thought of as thermoplastic polymer, while the crosslinked molecular matrix is a thermoset; therefore, this resin system can be termed a thermoplastic/thermoset epoxy. Rheological analysis has been performed on this system to determine the occurrence of the crossover of the storage and loss moduli during the reaction using three techniques: isothermal cure, interval frequency sweep, and interval stress relaxation. Determination of the activation energy of the reaction by consideration of the conventional gel-point determination prove unsatisfactory as compared to that which is determined by FTIR. An alternative technique is presented which yields a value in good agreement with that obtained by following epoxide consumption. The thermoplastic/thermoset nature of this material leads to the deviation from traditional thermoset cure behavior.
Capillary rheometry of corn endosperm: glass transition, flow properties, and melting of starch.

ABSTRACT A capillary rheometer was manufactured to study the properties of corn endosperm. Samples were tested at or near the pressures and temperatures encountered in high-temperature, short-time extrusion. The rheometer was designed to prevent moisture loss during testing. At a set pressure, raising the temperature caused corn endosperm particles to soften and change shape, resulting in a pressure drop as the voids in the sample were reduced. The temperature at which the pressure drop occurred was considered the glass transition temperature. Continued heating caused the pressure to rise and drop a second time as the sample softened and flowed through the capillary. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry showed that complete melting of starch crystals was not necessary to permit capillary flow. Pressure and temperature conditions sufficient to initiate flow were measured for opaque and vitreous corn flours and expressed as a boundary curve defining the flow region. The position of the curv...
Comparative aspects of neuroendocrine communication

Abstract Both vertebrates and invertebrates possess analogous neuroendocrine complexes which regulate bodily functions. The efficiency of these control systems is dependent on effective channels of communication between the neural and the endocrine integrative systems. Such communication is accomplished in a variety of ways, both conventional and nonconventional. 1. (1) Control of endocrine cells by direct innervation exists but, because of the specialized features of synaptic interactions, seems to play only a limited role. 2. (2) The major type of neurochemical mediation available to endocrine centers is that provided by special neurosecretory neurons and conveyed by circulatory pathways. Classical neurohormones differ from standard neurotransmitters both in their chemistry and in their mode of operation which allows for simultaneous and sustained signals to multiple effector cells capable of reading the code. 3. (3) Intermediate forms of instruction are represented by arrangements whereby the release site of the messenger substance is separated from the endocrine tissue by a zone of extracellular stroma, or in which peptidergic neurosecretory fibers form “neurosecretomotor junctions” with endocrine cells. This diversity of existing possibilities seems to be the key to the optimal operation of the all-important neuroendocrine axis.
A Note on Super-Gain Antenna Arrays

Numerical calculations have been made for linear broadside super-gain arrays. Using arrays having an over-all length of a quarter wavelength as an example, it is shown that as the required directive gain is increased, tremendous currents are required to produce only a small radiated field. For a 9-element array which produces a power gain of 8.5, the currents must be adjusted to their correct value to an accuracy of better than 1 part in 1011. The efficiency is less than 10-14 per cent.
Have health care professionals adopted the marketing concept

The marketing concept is a philosophical foundation of marketing which states that an organization's key task is to discover what target markets want and need, and to deliver the desired products and services with more satisfaction than does the competition. This study surveyed nurses, physicians and hospital administrators to determine the degree of acceptance of the marketing concept as a managerial orientation for hospitals.
Programs for computer-assisted sequential assignment of proteins

Abstract A set of computer programs for assisting in the sequential assignment of proton chemical shifts in proteins is presented. These programs use peak coordinates and intensities directly as input. The major tasks performed by the programs include (1) use of scalar coupling information to find N, C-α, and C-β proton chemical shifts for the spin systems; (2) use of nuclear Overhauser effect data for the identification of pairs of spin systems which may be adjacent in the primary sequence; and (3) assembly of long lists of spin systems which are sequential in the primary sequence. The output of these programs may be combined with knowledge of spin system types obtained manually to quickly and unambiguously assign the majority of the spin systems. Operation of the programs on a test data set acquired for a mutant of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor correctly placed 48% of the spin systems with finger print peaks in sequential lists of length 3 or longer, and lists of possible next and previous spin systems were created for most of the other spin systems. By combining knowledge of the spin system types (determined manually) with the program output, it was possible to assign unambiguously 86% of the spin systems.
Relative effectiveness of kinetic analysis vs single point readings for classifying environmental samples based on community-level physiological profiles (CLPP)

The relative effectiveness of average-well-color-development-normalized single-point absorbance readings (AWCD) vs the kinetic parameters mu(m), lambda, A, and integral (AREA) of the modified Gompertz equation fit to the color development curve resulting from reduction of a redox sensitive dye from microbial respiration of 95 separate sole carbon sources in microplate wells was compared for a dilution series of rhizosphere samples from hydroponically grown wheat and potato ranging in inoculum densities of 1 x 10(4)-4 x 10(6) cells ml-1. Patterns generated with each parameter were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA) to test relative resolving power. Samples of equivalent cell density (undiluted samples) were correctly classified by rhizosphere type for all parameters based on DFA analysis of the first five PC scores. Analysis of undiluted and 1:4 diluted samples resulted in misclassification of at least two of the wheat samples for all parameters except the AWCD normalized (0.50 abs. units) data, and analysis of undiluted, 1:4, and 1:16 diluted samples resulted in misclassification for all parameter types. Ordination of samples along the first principal component (PC) was correlated to inoculum density in analyses performed on all of the kinetic parameters, but no such influence was seen for AWCD-derived results. The carbon sources responsible for classification differed among the variable types with the exception of AREA and A, which were strongly correlated. These results indicate that the use of kinetic parameters for pattern analysis in CLPP may provide some additional information, but only if the influence of inoculum density is carefully considered. c2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The status of pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorders.

The use of pharmacologic agents as a component of treatment for children and adults with autism spectrum disorders is common and a substantial body of literature describing controlled and open-label clinical trials now exists to guide clinical practice. Empiric evidence of efficacy of risperidone, methylphenidate and some selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors for maladaptive behaviors commonly associated with autism spectrum disorders has increased substantially in recent years. Preliminary controlled trials of valproate, atomoxetine, α-2 adrenergic agonists and olanzapine are promising. In addition to traditional psychotropic medications, investigators have examined the potential role of a variety of agents with glutamatergic or cholinergic mechanisms, and the results warrant further investigation. Although psychotropic medications are effective in treating some important associated behaviors, evidence of significant impact on the core features of autism spectrum disorders is very limited.
First-Overtone CO Variability in Young Stellar Objects*

We have monitored the 2.3 μm Δv = 2 CO bands toward young stellar objects that are predominantly of low luminosity (L < 10,000 L☉) and show evidence of mass loss. The CO emission can be highly variable, on timescales as short as a few days. In DG Tau, the bands have been observed to disappear and reappear and may also have a periodic modulation. For the BN object, the equivalent width has varied by a factor of 3; and for V1331 Cyg, the equivalent width doubled in 9 days. Changes in equivalent width also occurred in SSV 13, AS 353A, and 1548C27, while WL 16 and S106 have not shown variations. Of the nine CO absorption sources reobserved, only the FU Ori-type star V1057 Cyg went through a significant change in equivalent width. It also presents an unusual and variable band profile.
Review of "minitransplantation": nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have been developed over the past few years as important alternatives to conventional myeloablative conditioning regimens for older or medically unfit patients with hematologic malignancies, as well as for patients with certain nonmalignant hematologic diseases or renal cell cancer. This review summarizes the biological background, current clinical applications, and indications for this novel treatment approach for treating hematologic malignancies. Historically, allogeneic HSCT has been based on the use of cytotoxic and myeloablative chemotherapy and radiotherapy conditioning regimens that are intended both to eradicate malignancy and to eliminate host hematopoiesis and immune cells. Such a regimen was followed by the infusion of histocompatible donor marrow or peripheral blood stem cells to rescue hematopoiesis. For older patients or for those who had previously been treated with intensive chemotherapy or radiotherapy, the toxicity of myeloablative conditioning was prohibitive. Although most hematologic malignancies occur in older patients, these patients had not been previously eligible for the potentially curative therapy offered by allogeneic HSCT. Based in large part on preclinical studies with the dog model of HSCT and on an improved understanding of the mechanisms for controlling immune modulation, successful development of nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens for clinical use has occurred. Clear evidence of a therapeutic graft-versus-tumor effect mediated by allogeneic T-cells prompted an exploration for HSCT regimens that rely solely on nonmyeloablative immunosuppression to facilitate allogeneic engraftment. In lieu of intensive chemoradiotherapy before transplantation, engrafted donor T-cells are used to accomplish the task of eradicating the host’s malignant cells. We review the updated results of an ongoing multicenter study to investigate the safety and efficacy of nonmyeloablative HSCT using a regimen of 2 Gy total body irradiation in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies who were ineligible for conventional myeloablative conditioning. In addition, we review the results of reduced-intensity HSCT trials from other transplantation centers.
Photoelectron spectra of quaternary salts in solution

Abstract The ionisation energies, measured by He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy, are reported for I − , Cl − , Br − , CNS − and NO − 2 in adiponitrile solution. These energies give a straight line when plotted against the energies of the electron transfer to solvent absorption bands of the ions in acetonitrile solution. The intercept gives the electron affinity of the solvent; for acetonitrile, assumed to be spectroscopically equivalent to adiponitrile, the electron affinity is found to be 1.85 eV; for water it is 1.65 eV. The energies of electron transfers not observable in the UV absorption spectrum of NO − 2 solutions are estimated from the photoelectron spectra.