cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tropical sprue in travelers and expatriates living abroad

Abstract Changes in the world political situation, the rapidity of transportation, and the availability of effective therapy have altered the pattern of sprue in persons going to the tropics. Gone, for the most part, are the days when expatriates lived for years in tropical areas, progressed on to the full-blown pattern of debilitating disease when they acquired sprue, and then were never totally cured either by return home or by the then-available forms of therapy. Today, visitors to the tropics usually return home by jet aircraft within weeks or months after acquiring the disease, and thus they present just with manifestations of small bowel disease in the absence of nutritional deficiencies. In this circumstance, the differential diagnosis usually lies between sprue and giardiasis. Both of these disorders are caused by chronic contamination of the small bowel by enteric pathogens, and both can be cured by specific therapy directed at eradicating these organisms. In contrast to the situation in travelers, sprue among the indigenous population of the tropics remains largely unchanged: a chronic debilitating disorder that represents a significant contributory factor to the pathogenesis of morbidity and malnutrition in some areas.
Location and distribution of a receptor for the 987P pilus of Escherichia coli in small intestines.

Abstract Frozen sections of rabbit or pig small intestines were stained with fluorescein-labeled antibody specific for the 987P receptor isolated from adult rabbit small intestines. The 987P receptor was present along the entire villous surface and in goblet cells in adult rabbits, but only in goblet cells in infant rabbits. In adult rabbits, the receptor was distributed equally in the jejunum and the ileum. Material antigenically similar to the rabbit 987P receptor was demonstrated in goblet cells in neonatal piglet ileum.
Cis-10-tetradecenyl acetate, an attractant component in the sex pheromone of the oak leaf roller moth (Archips semiferanus Walker).

Weibehen der Oak Leaf Roller,Archips semiferanus Walker, benutzen ein Geschlechtspheromon, um die Mannchen der Artzur Paarung zu locken. Ein Lockstoffbestandteil im Pheromon wurde von den Bauchextrakten der Weibchen isoliert und alscis-10-Tetradecenyl-Acetat, eine in Insekten bisher unbekannte Verbindung, identifiziert. Fangversuche im Freien mit dem synthetischen Pheromon bestatigten seine Rolle als Lockstoff.
Liberation Theology and "Democratic Futures" (By way of Karl Barth and Friedrich Schleiermacher)

To engage the question of democratic futures, this essay considers Christian liberation theologies. It pursues an interpretative, constructive, and political agenda. Interpretatively, it identifies parallels between the methods and claims of liberation theologians and two classical theologians: Friedrich Schleiermacher and Karl Barth. Constructively, it suggests ways in which liberationist thought might improve theology in its Schleiermacherian and Barthian modes. Politically, it proposes that liberation theology— a mode of reflection both continuous with and constructively critical of classical theological outlooks— be viewed as a vanguard discourse that could dynamize the project of radical democracy
TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORY: RETHINKING THE PARADIGM

ABSTRACT Criminology, like other behavioral/social sciences, has an abundance of causal theories concerning why people do the things they do (or do not do the things that they do not). Also, like the other behavioral/social sciences, theories in criminology have been driven by very narrow and limited paradigms. Consequently, despite all of our theorizing we have been able to arrive at very little in the way of real understanding; begging the question, “where do we go from here?” This article attempts to partially address this question by generally exploring the potential for incorporating the transpersonal psychology (TP) paradigm into criminological theory and criminal justice practice. TP has evolved as an extension and expansion of humanistic and existential psychological perspectives and strives to integrate Western scientific explanations with the more “Spiritual” approaches to understanding characteristic of Eastern consciousness disciplines. It calls for an expanding of our conceptualizations (and ...
An approach for qualitative structural analysis

In preliminary design, the details of a structure are insufficient to warrant the use of numeric tools traditionally used in structural analysis. However, an accurate prediction of the behavior of a structure and its components in the preliminary design phase can have a significant effect on the final design process in reducing the number of alternative solutions, avoiding the costly design revisions, and improving the quality of design. Presently, there are few tools available for preliminary analysis of structures. This study represents an initial effort towards the development of a tool that can be used in the conceptual design stage to qualitatively evaluate the behavior of a structure.This paper describes a prototype system, QStruc, for qualitative structural analysis, which combines first principles in structural engineering and experiential knowledge of structural behavior. The purposes of QStruc are: (1) to generate qualitative models from the schematics of a structure; and (2) to infer the qualitative response of the structure in terms of deflected shape, moments, and reactions. The qualitative analysis strategy employs: (1) a greedy depth-first approach that tries to expand the derived response as much as possible from known parameter values; (2) a causal ordering mechanism, which enables the system to identify the solution path for the qualitative analysis; (3) qualitative calculus, which enables the qualitative evaluation of the physical quantities of the causal model that describes the behavior of the structure; and (4) Quantity Lattice (Simmons, 1986) which enables the system to reason about partial ordering among physical quantities and to reduce some of the ambiguous conclusions caused by the impreciseness of the information. Examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and limitations of the prototype system.
Reflectors in the Light Organ of Anomalops (Anomalopidae, Teleostei)

The suborbital light organ of Anomalops contains luminous bacteria which are housed in tubules perpendicular to the outer surface. It has two reflectors. One (external) is differentially transparent and lies in front of the tubules. The other (internal) is opaque, lies behind the tubules, and forms a concave backing to the organ. The internal reflector consists of a thick layer of cells containing stacks or packets of hexagonal crystals. The reflecting material is guanine. Reflectivity is high throughout most of the visible spectrum: about 70%. The internal reflector has a mat white appearance, and the diffuse reflectance comes about because the outer crystal stacks follow the curved bases of the tubules and have, therefore, diverse orientations. Stacks located in deep cells have the most varied orientations and may or may not contribute to the reflectivity. Oxygen diffusion from the organ may be reduced by the dense packing of crystals and thickness of this reflector. The external reflector lies at the lower ventral edge of the outer face of the organ and consists of a layer of cells containing a row of thin crystals lying oblique to the surface. It is a specular reflector which directs the luminescence outwards and upwards and dims light emission ventrally. In both reflectors the crystals form a system of quarter-wavelength films, reflecting light by constructive interference. The crystals are enclosed in membrane-bounded chambers which lie in crystal sacs; other cell organelles are sparse. These and other features of the light organ are compared with those of other luminescent fish.
Microwave-source time-resolved infrared radiometry for monitoring of curing and deposition processes

Thermal wave methods employing optical heating sources have been used successfully in the past to determine layer thicknesses or thermal diffusivities. However, monitoring of curing or deposition processes can be difficult with such techniques due to changes in the sample surface properties such as optical absorption during processing. The method introduced in this paper, microwave-source time-resolved infrared radiometry (TRIR) in conjunction with intentionally embedded carbon or metal fibers allows the determination of surface layer thickness and thermal diffusivity almost independently of the surface properties of the layer. This suggests the use of fibers as embedded sensors in applications where layer thickness or thermal properties need to be controlled during processing.
Improved pyrogallol determination of niobium based upon extraction of a quaternary ammonium ion complex

Abstract The optical absorbance produced by mixing niobium V with pyrogallol in a slightly alkaline solution is increased approximately 60% by the presence of a long-chain quaternary ammonium compound. In addition, the interferences from molybdenum VI , tungsten VI and chromium VI can be virtually eliminated and that from vanadium V halved by an extraction of the niobium complex with ethyl acetate. Tantalum accompanies niobium but, by selection of the wavelength, interference from moderate amounts can be minimised. Interference by titanium is very serious but somewhat less than in the original procedure of Hunt and Wells.
Methodological issues in studying rates and predictors of migraine progression and remission.

Background.— The progression and remission of migraine and the risk factors that determine the course of illness have been intensively studied for the past decade. Methods.— In this fourth paper in a series of methodological articles, we summarize crucial issues that influence studies of migraine clinical course, and suggest directions and opportunities for future research. Results.— Defining chronic migraine (CM) based on 15 or more headache days per month is problematic because headache frequency varies from month to month. We propose methods of defining CM as a trait and not as a state of headache frequency. Our notions of progression and remission, defined by the crossing of an arbitrary frequency boundary, are also problematic; we propose alternative approaches. Measuring headache frequency is challenging because of measurement error, temporal sampling error, and real change over time. Conclusions.— We suggest alternative approaches for defining migraine subtypes, measuring change in frequency, defining progression and remission, and modeling change over time. Our suggestions are intended to encourage dialogue and need refinement and evaluation. Our long-term goal is to improve classification and measurement to facilitate the discovery of risk factors, genes, and other biological processes that determine the onset and course of migraine.
Ecosystem analysis in the southeastern Bering sea

Abstract During a 7-year study of the food-chain dynamics of the outer and middle shelves of the southeastern Bering Sea, numerical models were developed to test ecological hypotheses posed at the event, seasonal, and annual scales of habitat variability. Interannual variations in year class strength of Alaska pollock between warm and cold years are attributed to an order of magnitude decline in prey availability during larval drift in cold years. In cold years delayed increases in seasonal abundance of copepod nauplii, the prey of these larval fish, are attributed to low temperature effects on crustacean metabolism rather than to changes in food availability (phytoplankton). Sinking diatoms, uneaten by the zooplankton in the water column during warm or cold years, are resuspended by wind events and advected seaward every 3 to 5 days during the spring. The ungrazed phytoplankton from the outer shelf are moved offshore and deposited on the adjacent slope. Because of the unusual width of the Bering shelf (∼500km) and a seasonal decline in the number of upwelling, favorable wind events, diatoms of the middle shelf are not exported. They are consumed instead by the benthos, with 10-fold larger infaunal biomass found here than on the outer shelf. An annual carbon budget for the middle shelf suggests consumption of all the primary production in this regime, compared to an apparent export of 48% of the outer shelf primary production to the continental slope.
Proprietary schools: Beyond the issue of profit

This chapter provides an overview of the literature on proprietary schools; the diverse students they serve, their distinctive educational characteristics, and an agenda for institutional researchers.
Survey of overhead assessments of academic health center radiology departments

M ost academic health centers impose assessments, or "taxes," on faculty-generated patient care reve nues. Assessments require departments to contribute some portion of patient care earnings to meet broader health center goals. These assessments are used to fund certain overhead and research costs, such as the dean's office, building programs, practice plan administration, billing services, and research that does not command external funding. Although the level of assessments can be somewhat misleading because deans can withhold hard funds in lieu of assessments, it is still important that assessment mechanisms be understood and considered fair and equitable by all interested parties [1]. Cur rently, tensions are common between deans and department chairpeople regarding the allocation of practice plan revenues [2]. At meetings of the Society of Chairmen of Academic Radiology Departments (SCARD), concerns have been expressed regarding the diverg~ence in department assessments among academic health centers. Consequently, the SCARD supported a survey to increase understanding of the types and levels of assessments placed on academic departments of radiology. Prelimi nary findings were presented at two meetings of the SCARD, and recommendat ions received were incorporated into the study. Although the survey did not consider the overall distribution of funds in surveyed centers, it did profile existing characteristics of assessments and measure central tendencies. These data may foster improved comprehension and development of equitable assessment systems. The integrity of assessment systems is particularly important because it is unclear whether practice plans can continue to support academic health centers at established levels if practice revenues are constrained by federal or state health reform efforts [3] and if reform entails using patient care dollars to build and sustain community-based delivery systems [4]. In addition, greater reliance of academic health centers on patient care revenues can further exacerbate the existing dilemma of faculty in spending increased time generating patient care revenues at the expense of teaching and research [5].
Figural Materialism: Renovating Marriage through the American Family Home

This article attempts to revitalize figural study by putting the rhetorical tradition of tropology into conversation with feminist theories of figuration and proposing a new method called “figural materialism” that draws on rhetorical analysis of discursive figures as well as feminist theories addressing the political import of figurations. To illustrate this method, I provide a case study of the refiguration of marriage and the American family home and explore its implications for heteronormativity. The case study illustrates how figurations of the couple run through literary, visual, and spatial discourses in ways that colonize eroticism in the service of traditional social institutions, reinscribing gendered and classed subjectivities and constraining sexual agency.
The implications of the fiber truss concept for creep properties of laminated composites

A numerical procedure based on classical lamination theory has accurately predicted time-dependent creep in laminated composites with only two fiber directions. Predictions for laminates with more than two fiber orientations have been accurate as short times, but have fallen well below the longer-time experimental results obtained on narrow (12 mm) specimens. Further testing has helped establish that relaxation of the fiber trusses along the free edges of narrow specimens is much more significant for time-dependent behavior than under static conditions.
Variability in forelimb bone strains during non-steady locomotor activities in goats

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of non-steady locomotor activities on load predictability in two goat forelimb bones and to explore the degree to which bone curvature influences load predictability. We measured in vivo bone strains in the radius and metacarpus of juvenile goats performing a variety of natural behaviors in an outdoor arena and compared these strain magnitudes and loading patterns with those measured during steady-state treadmill locomotion. We sought to test two hypotheses: our first hypothesis expects an increase in the variability of strain magnitude and pattern during outdoor non-steady behavior when compared to treadmill locomotion. Our second hypothesis was that the curved radius experiences higher peak strains but less variability during non-steady activities than the straighter metacarpus. We found that unsteady, outdoor locomotion generally caused more variable strain patterns (consistent with the first hypothesis), but not more variable strain magnitudes, than treadmill locomotion in both bones. During outdoor locomotion, higher magnitude strain events in the radius showed more constrained loading patterns than in the metacarpus (consistent with the second hypothesis). In addition to the radius experiencing significantly greater bending strains compared to the straighter metacarpus, these results support the idea of a trade-off between increased predictability of loading pattern and increased bending-induced strain. Strain magnitudes recorded during both outdoor and treadmill locomotion showed a lognormal frequency distribution, but the outdoor bone strain distributions had a greater range because they included high magnitude loading events that did not occur during steady treadmill locomotion.
Role of Enzymatic Wall-Softening in Plant Morphogenesis: Hormonal Induction in Achlya

Sexual hormone A, which induces antheridial branching in male strains of Achlya, also elicits a rise in cellulase. The peak of induced cellulase corresponds in time with the appearance of branches that are the male sexual organ primordia; only those strains that branch in response to the hormone show a concomitant rise in cellulase. The response to the hormone is inhibited by compounds that block protein synthesis, for example, p-fluorophenylalanine and puronmycin. Vegetative branching, induced by substrates such as casein hydrolysate, is also accompanied by a rise in cellulase.
Ventricular assist devices and total artificial hearts: A combined registry experience

Data submitted voluntarily to the combined registry for the past 6 years on the use of ventricular assist devices for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock in 965 patients and for circulatory support in conjunction with cardiac transplantation in 544 patients were analyzed. Of those patients whose ventricular function was expected to recover, approximately 45% were weaned from circulatory support and 25% were discharged from the hospital. Weaning status and hospital discharge were not different regardless of the type of original operative procedure or the pump design used. In the potential cardiac transplant group, 69% ultimately underwent transplantation and 66% were discharged from the hospital. The demographics (age and sex) of this group parallel those of patients undergoing isolated cardiac transplantation, and the 1- and 2-year survival estimates for patients requiring only univentricular support were equivalent to those of patients having isolated orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Ventricular assist devices are able to provide reasonable and safe circulatory support in both the postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock and the bridge-to-transplantation applications.
Additive and testcross genetic variances in crosses among recombinant inbreds

Breeders desire populations with a high mean performance and a large genetic variance. Theory and methods are lacking for predicting additive variance (V A ) and testcross variance (V T ) in biparental populations. Breeders have unsuccessfully attempted to predict V A based on the coefficient of coancestry ( f ) or molecular-marker similarity between parents. In this paper, we derive the expected values of V A and V T in biparental populations, examine the variability of V A among biparental crosses, and discuss how V A and V T may be predicted in applied breeding programs. Suppose i is a recombinant inbred derived from the cross between inbreds P 1 and P 2, and inbred j is not a direct descendant of i. Let V A(i,j) be the additive variance in the F2 of the (i×j) biparental cross. Let V T(i, j) be the variance among testcrosses of F2 individuals with a specific unrelated inbred or population. Assuming linkage equilibrium and the absence of epistasis, V A(i, j) =λV A(P1, j) +(1−λ) V A(P2, j) , where λ= parental contribution of P 1 to i. Similarly, V T(i, j) = λV T(P1, j) +(1−λ) V T(P2, j) . Additive variance in crosses between recombinant inbreds cannot be modelled as a function of f if, as indicated in the literature, V A differs among crosses of founder inbreds. If molecular-marker similarity between parents is used as an estimate of f, then a strong linear relationship is likewise not expected between V A and marker similarity. Differences between the actual and expected λ led to variation in V A . In applied breeding programs, modelling V A or V T in biparental crosses may be feasible with estimates of V A or V T in prior crosses and information on λ obtained from molecular-marker data.
Parents, Friends, and Serious Delinquency An Examination of Direct and Indirect Effects Among At-Risk Early Adolescents

Family context has been identified as a central domain in the study of delinquency, particularly during early childhood. As youth enter adolescence peer associations become a much stronger influence. Using a sample of preadolescent youth, this research examines the effect of family and peer relationships on delinquency. Specifically, path analysis is used to test the effects of family structure, parental supervision, and parental attachment on serious delinquent behavior to determine if a youth's family life has a unique effect on serious delinquent behavior, or if familial relationships are mediated by peer associations. Findings suggest that parental variables are indirectly related to subsequent, serious delinquency, whereas delinquent peer association exerts a strong, direct effect. The study offers insight into the roles that a youth's family life and peer associations play in explaining delinquent behavior. In addition, the findings highlight the need for interventions that encourage pro-social rela...
Resealing of electroporation of porcine epidermis using phospholipids and poloxamers.

Abstract The resealing of porcine epidermis after electroporation is investigated. Porcine epidermis was subjected to electroporation (30 pulses at 100 V, 1 ms and at 1 Hz) in a vertical diffusion apparatus, in the presence of 2 mg/ml dimyristoylphosphatidylserine, to produce a long lasting permeable state. Resealing treatments include incubation in 0.0625–0.25 mM poloxamer 188 (P188), or incorporation of phosphatidylcholines (PC) and/or cationic lipids with additional pulses. The recovery of electric resistance of the epidermis samples after electroporation with or without resealing treatments was monitored. The transports of carboxyfluorescein and glucose were measured during the recovery process. Both P188 and PC were effective in resealing in terms of electric conductance and transport, with P188 reacting more rapidly and completely. P188 mediated lipid exchange between stratum corneum lipid particles was measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Lipid reorganization facilitated by P188 and PC is suggested to be a major resealing mechanism of electroporation damage.
Assessment of effects of lossy compression of hyperspectral image data

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensors provide imagery with hundreds of spectral bands, typically covering VNIR and/or SWIR wavelengths. This high spectral resolution aids applications such as terrain classification and material identification, but it can also produce imagery that occupies well over 100 MB, which creates problems for storage and transmission. This paper investigates the effects of lossy compression on a representative HSI cube, with background classification serving as an example application. The compression scheme first performs principal components analysis spectrally, then discards many of the lower-importance principal-component (PC) images, and then applies JPEG2000 spatial compression to each of the individual retained PC images. The assessment of compression effects considers both general-purpose distortion measures, such as root mean square difference, and statistical tests for deciding whether compression causes significant degradations in classification. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of proper PC-image rate allocation, which enabled compression at ratios of 100-340 without producing significant classification differences. Results also indicate that distortion might serve as a predictor of compression-induced changes in application performance.
Far-field holography at non-image planes for size analysis of small particles

In-line Fraunhofer holography is described when the reconstruction is studied at non-image planes, where the pattern size is found to be much larger than the image size in the image plane. This should be generally very helpful for accurate size analysis of smaller particles of known shapes. The general methodogy for two-dimensional object crosssections is discussed with particular solutions for circular cross-section particles. Experimental verification is also presented.
Liver Failure after Hydroxycut™ Use in a Patient with Undiagnosed Hereditary Coproporphyria

We report the case of a young male presenting with cholestatic liver failure. After an extensive workup, the etiology of the liver failure was determined to be due to hereditary coprophorphyria (HCP). The inciting event was the use of Hydroxycut™, an over-the-counter supplement to promote weight loss that has been reported to cause oxidative liver injury in vulnerable populations. Although HCP is a rare cause of cholestatic liver failure, it is treatable if diagnosed correctly and in a timely manner. In this clinical vignette, we discuss a case that highlights the genetic susceptibility to disease that can be unmasked by environmental exposures. We also review the relevant literature on Hydroxycut™ and how it can affect hepatic function.
Movement as a Necessary Stimulus of Octopus Predation

IT is usually supposed that movement is a necessary stimulus to initiate the attack of Octopus vulgaris on a crab and, for example, Boycott and Young say1 that “this movement is absolutely necessary; a crab which remains still, even in full view of an octopus, is not attacked”. In many experiments, the presentation of stimuli has been based on this conclusion; the stimuli were moved to attract the octopus2,3. My observations indicate, however, that O. vulgaris frequently attacks crabs which are not moving at the time and for some time before.
Flow cytometry for determination of the efficacy of contact lens disinfecting solutions against Acanthamoeba spp.

Flow cytometric analyses of cellular staining with fluorescent viability dyes and direct microscopic observations of methylene blue exclusion were compared for evaluation of the effects of a chlorhexidine gluconate-based contact lens disinfectant solution and a polyhexamethylene biguanide solution against cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. The flow cytometric procedure with propidium iodide (used to stain dead cells) indicated that more than 90% of trophozoites of both species (inocula of 105 to 106/ml) at 22°C lost their viability after 4 h of exposure to chlorhexidine. When propidium iodide was used in combination with fluorescein diacetate (for live cells), the apparent number of propidium iodide-stained cells was reduced, but the relative efficacies of the two biguanide solutions appeared unchanged from those evident with the single dyes; the chlorhexidine solution was more effective than the polyhexamethylene biguanide solution. Similar data were obtained with the more cumbersome methylene blue exclusion procedure. Flow cytometric analyses provided a statistically reproducible and rapid procedure for determining the relative antiamoebal efficacies of the disinfecting solutions.
Optimal synthesis of process systems Necessary condition for optimal system and its use in synthesis of systems

Abstract The necessary condition for the optimal process system structure which includes both the optimal interconnection and optimal design of processing units is derived in terms of the structural parameters. The structural parameters are essentially splitting factors of process streams connecting processing units. The necessary condition requires the structural parameters and the design vectors to satisfy the weak maximum condition of the Hamiltonian type scalar functions. On the basis of the condition, a search method, evolutionary search for optimal structure (ESOS), for attaining the optimal structure starting from a simple structure is developed and its convergence is proved. An example of synthesizing a reactor-separator system illustrates its use.
Pressure-induced structural phase transitions in solid xenon.

Pressure-induced structural phase transitions have been observed in solid xenon by high-pressure x-ray diffraction methods up to 137 GPa (1.37 Mbar). The face-centered cubic structure is unstable above 14 GPa and transforms to an intermediate, close-packed phase. Above 75 GPa a further transition takes place to the hexagonal close-packed structure which remains stable to at least 137 GPa. At this pressure, where $V=10.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/mol ($\frac{V}{{V}_{01}}=0.30$), there is no evidence for band-gap closure.
A numerical scheme for the study of Poynting effect in wave propagation problems with finite boundaries

Abstract A second order effect, involving a change of length or an axial force, is present in hyperelastic cylindrical rods subjected to a finite twist. This second order effect leads to a coupling of torsional and longitudinal waves in such rods when they are subjected to finite deformations. In this paper, effects of such a coupling has been studied for cylindrical rods of finite length. The resulting finite deformation elastodynamic problem has been solved by a finite difference method which is a finite deformation elastodynamic problem has been solved by a finite difference method which is a MacCormack two-step variant of Lax-Wendroff second order accurate scheme. The accuracy of the numerical technique has been calibrated by comparing solutions with reported similarity solutions for semi-infinite rods. New results have been presented for finite rods and different loading conditions.
Influence of authority on convergence in collaborative learning

Teachers and students have established social roles, norms and conventions when they encounter Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) systems in the classroom. Authority, a major force in the classroom, gives certain people, objects, representations or ideas the power to affect thought and behavior and influences communication and interaction. Effective computer-supported collaborative learning requires students and teachers to change how they understand and assign authority. This paper describes two studies in which students' perceptions of authority led to learning difficulties while they were engaged in collaborative learning. Students converged on either a representation or representational style that they believed was authoritative instead of basing their choice on how well the available representations communicated a concept. Methods to help students avoid such premature convergence are suggested.
RFID in Healthcare: A Framework of Uses and Opportunities

With its potential and unique uses, healthcare is one of the major sectors where radio frequency identification (RFID) is being considered and adopted. Improving the healthcare supply chain, patient safety, and monitoring of critical processes are some of the key drivers that motivate healthcare industry participants to invest in this technology. Many forward-looking healthcare organizations have put the potential of RFID into practice and are realizing the benefits of it. This study examines these empirical applications and provides a framework of current RFID deployment in the healthcare industry and opportunities for continued deployment. This framework also presents a categorical analysis of the benefits that have been observed by the healthcare industry. In addition, major implementation challenges are discussed. The framework suggests asset management, inventory management, authenticity management, identity management, and process management are the broad areas in which RFID adoptions can be categorized.
Post-Katrina: study in crisis-related program adaptability.

Objective To discuss disaster planning, didactic reorganization, and clinical realignments useful in rebuilding academic otolaryngology residency programs after disaster. Summary We describe our reorganization and analysis of objective measures in resident education before and after Hurricane Katrina. Post-Katrina, the number of full-time faculty and part-time clinical instructors/gratis faculty has decreased (4 vs 9 and 36 vs 43, respectively), but the number of part-time LSU faculty (private-academic partnership) has increased (0 vs 3) with overall improved resident supervision. Resident complement decreased by 9.3%. Surgical case loads are essentially unchanged. Reorganization of the didactic schedule has increased attendance and maintained examination scores above national averages. Establishment of two new practice sites provided an adequate number of patients for residency training. Conclusion Poststorm reorganization has maintained or exceeded pre-Katrina performance standards. Establishment of communication and data retrieval proved irreplaceable and demand advance preparation.
Revision of the tribe Phyllyphantini in the Oriental Region, with descriptions of new genera and new species (Homoptera: Flatidae)

Abstract Oriental genera included in the tribe Phyllyphantini are Geisha Kirkaldy, Neosalurnis Distant, Pulastya Distant, Phyllyphanta Amyot & Serville, Salurnis Stal, Unnata Distant, and 4 new genera: Amasha, Lasura, Umidena, and Saurana. The tribe contains 29 valid species, including 17 new species: Amasha abrupta, A. decepta, A inepta, Neosalurnis bonenda, N. decalis, N. insignis, N. insula, N. teralis, Geisha fangi, Lasura separata, Salurnis dilina, S. estora, S. hesita, S. kryala, S. lastendis, Saurana aberrans, and Umidena bilinea. New synonymy: Colobesthes taprobana Kirkaldy, junior synonym of Pulastya acutipennis (Kirby); Salurnis formosanus Jacobi, junior synonym of Salurnis marginella (G-M). New status: Phyllyphanta dubia Kirby, restored as a valid species of Pulastya. New combination: Phyllyphanta albopunctata Kirby transferred to Cromna albopunctata (Kirby). Keys and illustrations of the head, tegmen and male genitalia are presented to aid in determinations of the species.
Complications of Wrist Arthroplasty

Total wrist arthroplasty is an alternative for patients with severe wrist arthritis who have specific requirements or desires to preserve motion. However, wrist replacement has its own unique risks and potential complications, and is not appropriate for patients with high physical demands. This article discusses these risks and complications and provides strategies to minimize risks and manage complications.
Moral Responsibility for Distant Collective Harms

While it is well recognized that many everyday consumer behaviors, such as purchases of sweatshop goods, come at a cost to the global poor, it has proven difficult to argue that even knowing, repeat contributors are somehow morally complicit in those outcomes. Some recent approaches contend that marginal contributions to distant harms are consequences that consumers straightforwardly should have born in mind, which would make consumers seem reckless or negligent. Critics reasonably reply that the bad luck that my innocent purchase contributes distantly to harm provides insufficient grounds for moral blame; moreover, such distant and seemingly inevitable collective effects are not by themselves obvious reasons for agents to refrain from acting. Granting these criticisms, I argue that the harm that agents do through knowing contributions to distant collective harm actually builds on the morally sparse agential phenomenology of everyday purchases and decisions: contributors who knowingly disregard distant harms, rather than being reckless or negligent about consequences they should have foreseen, very directly perpetuate the moral invisibility and the lack of recognition from which the global poor generally suffer. This provides agents with clearer moral reasons to refrain from knowing participation in unstructured collective harms, and clearer reason to bear them in mind in acting.
The Lower-Stratospheric Response to 11-Yr Solar Forcing: Coupling to the Troposphere–Ocean Response

The stratospheric MLR analyses were supported in part under Grant NNX10AQ63G from the NASA Living With a Star Targeted Research and Technology program and in part through a subcontract from the Naval Research Laboratory under Grant NNH08AI67 (J. McCormack, P.I.) issued through the LWS TR&T program. Comparisons with WACCM model simulations are supported under a grant from the Climate Dynamics branch of the National Science Foundation.
The Common γ Chain (γc) Is a Required Signaling Component of the IL-21 Receptor and Supports IL-21-Induced Cell Proliferation via JAK3†

The common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gamma c), an essential component of the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15, is critical for the development and function of lymphocytes. Recently, a novel lymphokine (IL-21) and its receptor (IL-21R alpha) were described which profoundly affect the growth and activation state of B, T, and NK cells in concert with other lymphokines or stimuli [Parrish-Novak, J., et al. (2000) Nature 408, 57-63]. In this report, we show that gamma c is also a required signaling component of the IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) using the gamma c-deficient X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) lymphoblastoid cell line JT, and JT cells reconstituted with gamma c (JT/gamma c). Moreover, we demonstrate a functional requirement for both gamma c and the gamma c-associated Janus family tyrosine kinase 3 (JAK3) in IL-21-induced proliferation of pro-B-lymphoid cells engineered to express human IL-21R alpha (BaF3/IL-21R alpha). Retroviral-mediated transduction of wild-type gamma c into XSCID JT cells restored function to the IL-21R, as shown by IL-21-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK1 and JAK3, and downstream activation of STAT5, in JT/gamma c cells as well as BaF3/IL-21R alpha and primary splenic B cells. In contrast, IL-21 failed to activate the JAK-STAT pathway in nonreconstituted JT cells. Monoclonal antibodies specific for the gamma c chain effectively inhibited IL-21-induced growth of BaF3/IL-21R alpha cells, supporting a functional role for this molecule in the IL-21R complex. In addition, the specific JAK3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor WHI-P131 significantly reduced IL-21-induced proliferation of BaF3/IL-21R alpha cells. Taken together, these results definitively demonstrate that IL-21-mediated signaling requires the gamma c chain, and indicate that JAK3 is an essential transducer of gamma c-dependent survival and/or mitogenic signals induced by this cytokine.
Assessment of the mutagenic properties of diquat and paraquat in the murine dominant lethal test.

Summary The mutagenic potentials of 1,1′-ethylene-2,2′-bipyridylium (diquat) and 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridylium (paraquat) were assessed in fertile male mice with the dominant lethal test. No mutagenic effects on any maturation stage of spermatogenesis in treated males were detected, i.e. , there was no significant increase in the rates of postimplantational early fetal deaths or preimplantational egg losses in females mated with the treated males. However, both chemicals induced an antifertility effect detected as significantly reduced pregnancy rates. The antifertility effect of paraquat treatment was restricted to postmeiotic late spermatids, while with diquat treatment all postmeiotic maturation stages and also premeiotic early and late spermatocytes were affected.
Dynamic Scaling in Chemical Ecology

Natural rates of chemical production, release, and transport of fluid-borne molecules drive fundamental biological responses to these stimuli. The scaling of the field signaling environment to laboratory conditions recreates essential features of the dynamics and establishes ecological relevance. If appropriately scaled, laboratory simulations of physical regimes, coupled with natural rates of chemical cue/signal emission, facilitate interpretation of field results. From a meta-analysis of papers published in 11 journals over the last 22 years (1984-1986, 1994-1996, 2004-2006), complete dynamic scaling was rare in both field and laboratory studies. Studies in terrestrial systems often involved chemical determinations, but rarely simulated natural aerodynamics in laboratory wind tunnels. Research in aquatic (marine and freshwater) systems seldom scaled either the chemical or physical environments. Moreover, nearly all research, in all environments, focused on organism-level processes without incorporating the effects of individual-based behavior on populations, communities, and ecosystems. As a result, relationships between chemosensory-mediated behavior and ecological function largely remain unexplored. Outstanding exceptions serve as useful examples for guiding future research. Advanced conceptual frameworks and refined techniques offer exciting opportunities for identifying the ecological significance of chemical cues/signals in behavioral interactions and for incorporating individual effects at higher levels of biological organization.
Multipolynomial resultant algorithms

Computational methods for manipulating sets of polynomial equations a re becoming of greater importance due to the use of polynomial equations in various applications. In some cases we need to eliminate variables from a given system of polynomial equations to obtain a "symbolically smaller" system, while in others we desire to compute the numerical solutions of non-linear polynomial equations. Recently, the techniques of Grobner bases and polynomial continuation have received much attention as algorithmic methods for these symbolic and numeric applications. When it comes to practice, these methods are slow and not effective for a variety of reasons. In this paper we present efficient techniques for applying multipolynomial resultant algorithms and show their effectiveness for manipulating system of polynomial equations. In particular, we present efficient algorithms for computing the resultant of a system of polynomial equations (who se coefficients may be symbolic variables). The algorithm can also be used for interpolating polynomials from their values and expanding symbolic determinants. Moreover, we use multipolynomial resultants for computing the real or complex solutions of non-linear polynomial equations. It reduces the problem to computing eigenvalues of matrices. We also discuss implementation of these algorithms in the context of certain applications.
Interaction of a starting vortex as well as a vortex street with a traveling shock wave

The passage of a shock front and the associated drift flow over a two-dimensional airfoil, at an angle of attack mounted in a shock tube, generated a columnar spiral starting vortex that interacted with the normal reflected shock. Interferometric investigations of this interaction extended considerably earlier schlieren observations by Hollingsworth and Richards. The generation of a progressive cylindrical acoustic wave front centered on the transmitted vortex and its alternate compression-rarefaction nature, as predicted by linearized analyses by Hollingsworth and Richards and later by Ribner, was experimentally verified and deviations from the predicted pressure amplitude distribution were discovered. A semiempirical relation for the wave-front pressure-amplitude distribution (expressed as a linear combination of quadrupole, dipole, and monopole acoustic sources) was found to represent closely the experimental results. The time variation of the core density of the transmitted vortex was deduced. The spiral vortex decayed essentially as a circular, incompressible viscous vortex until a neighboring high-density region appeared and the vortex decayed at a faster rate. The interaction of the reflected shock with the vortex street generated behind a circular cylinder, resulted in an abrupt change in vortex spacing and rapid dissolution of the vortex street. No well-defined acoustic wave fronts were evident behind the reflected shock front.
The effects of static and adaptive performance feedback in game-based training

Training in virtual environments (VEs) has the potential to establish mental models and task mastery while providing a safe environment in which to practice. Performance feedback is known to contribute to this learning; however, the most effective ways to provide feedback in VEs have not been established. The present study examined the effects of differing feedback content, focusing on adaptive feedback. Participants learned search procedures during multiple missions in a VE. A control group received only a performance score after each mission. Two groups additionally received either detailed or general feedback after each mission, while two other groups received feedback that adapted based on their performance (either detailed-to-general, or general-to-detailed). Groups that received detailed feedback from the start of training had faster performance improvement than all other groups; however, all feedback groups showed improved performance and by the fourth mission performed at levels above the control group. Results suggest that detailed feedback early in the training cycle is the most beneficial for the fastest learning of new task skills in VEs.
Diffractive Optics Meets Electro-optics: A Review of Holography’s Impact on Electro-Optic Devices

This talk reviews several applications of holography in laser system design. Among these are Bragg reflectors in fiber lasers, intra-cavity mode selecting and mode shaping elements, integrated lenses, and beam samplers and homogenizers.