cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational methods for wake modeling and blade airload determination in hover and forward flight

Abstract Two methods for calculating the wake geometry and blade loads for a hovering helicopter rotor are presented. One approach assumes that the wake trailed from the rotor rolls up into discrete vortices according to the Betz criterion for conservation of momentum. A simplified model is used to represent the vortex system. These vortices are then tracked according to the cortex transport law as they move under the influence of the velocities induced by the complete wake and rotor. Induced velocities are determined from the kinematic relationships (Biot-Savart law). The other approach incorporates the same simplified free wake model of the rotor in a finite difference calculation of the flow field. A variation of the “cloud-in-cell” technique, modified to eliminate self-induced velocity errors for curved vortex filaments, is used. Calculations showing the effect of vortex core size and the number of vortex filaments representing the wake are presented. For large numbers of vortices it is seen that the wake geometry fails to converge. However, only a few vortices are needed to adequately represent the wake. Comparisons with experimental results are presented for both methods. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of a recently developed method for computing blade airloads in forward flight.
On the points-lines-planes conjecture

Abstract It has been conjectured that in any matroid, if W1, W2, W3 denote the number of points, lines, and planes respectively, then W22 ≥ W1W3. We prove this conjecture (and some strengthenings) for matroids in which no line has five or more points, thus generalizing a result of Stonesifer, who proved it for graphic matroids.
Permanent Pervenous Atrial Synchronized Ventricular Pacing

Permanent pervenous atrial synchronized ventricular pacing was successfully accomplished in three patients. Atrial sensing was obtained from an electrode positioned in the coronary vein. Atrial electrograms with P waves greater than 1.5 mv were present in all three cases. Ventricular stimulation was accomplished through a separate electrode placed in the right ventricular apex. The left cephalic vein admitted both catheters, and the two electrodes were connected to an implantable P wave synchronized unit. The beneficial hemodynamic effects of atrial synchronized ventricular pacing were clinically evident. This new pervenous technique provides an optimal method of synchronized pacing in patients with heart block, intact sinoatrial activity and significantly compromised cardiac function.
The measurement of oxygen fugacities in flowing gas mixtures at temperatures below 1200°C

We measured oxygen fugacities in H_2-CO_2 and CO-CO_2 gas mixtures in the temperature interval 700–1350°C using an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) oxygen sensor. At high temperatures in excess of 1200°C, measured emfs are consistent with expectations based on the gas composition. At lower temperatures in H_2-CO_2 gas mixtures, the oxygen fugacity (f_(O2)) obtained assuming Nernstian behavior of the oxygen sensor is as much as two log units more reducing (∼900°C) to one log unit more oxidizing (∼700°C) than expected by assuming equilibrium speciation. The deviations in H_2-CO_2 gas mixtures arise from two sources: (1) poor contact between the electrode and the zirconia electrolyte, leading to apparent f_(O2) values that are higher than expected and (2) disequilibrium in the vapor, leading to lower than expected f_(O2) values in the temperature range ∼700–1200°C (for experiments near the iron-wustite (IW) buffer) and higher than expected f_(O2) at lower temperatures. The first problem can be alleviated by spring-loading and lightly sintering a Pt mesh internal electrode against the electrolyte and the second by forcing the entire gas stream to equilibrate by passing it through a Pt catalyst. With these measures, experiments employing H_2-CO_2 gas mixtures can be conducted routinely in the temperature range 700–1200°C and the f_(O2) determined with an accuracy comparable to that obtained at higher temperatures (2σ < ±0.1 log units). Above ∼770°C, apparent oxygen fugacities measured using an oxygen sensor in CO-CO_2 gas mixtures near IW are consistent with equilibration in the vapor regardless of whether or not a Pt catalyst is present. At lower temperatures, however, the measured values are more oxidizing than the expected equilibrium values. Under more reducing conditions, the deviations begin to occur at even higher temperatures, ∼930°C for IW-3. The anomalously high f_(O2) values are probably related to the condensation of graphite, which removes C from the gas and generates a lower temperature limit for practical gas mixing experiments using CO-CO_2 gas mixtures.
The obscure act of perception

Finding disjunctivist versions of direct realism unexplanatory, Mark Johnston [(2004). Philosophical Studies, 120, 113–183] offers a non-disjunctive version of direct realism in its place and gives a defense of this view from the problem of hallucination. I will attempt to clarify the view that he presents and then argue that, once clarified, it either does not escape the problem of hallucination or does not look much like direct realism.
Differential Expression of Fibulin Family Proteins in the Para-cervical Weak Zone and Other Areas of Human Fetal Membranes

Abstract Objective Human fetal membranes (FM) at term have been shown to contain a weak zone in the region overlying the cervix which exhibits characteristics of increased collagen remodeling and apoptosis. It has been hypothesized that the FM rupture initiation site is within this weak zone. Although the FM weak zone has been partially characterized, it is unclear what structural differences in the extracellular matrix result in its decreased rupture strength. A screen for differentially expressed proteins in the amnion of the weak zone versus other FM areas demonstrated that fibulin 1 was decreased. We investigated potential regional differences in all fibulin protein family members. Methods FM fibulins were localized by immunohistochemistry. Detected fibulins were screened by Western blot for differences in abundance in the amnion of the weak zone versus non-weak zone FM regions. Amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells were also screened for fibulin production. Results Fibulins 1 and 5 were detected in the cytoplasm of and in a pericellular pattern surrounding all FM cells, and in a dense extracellular pattern in the amniotic compact zone. Fibulin 3 was detected within the cytoplasm of amnion epithelial and chorion trophoblast cells. Fibulins 2 and 4 were not detected. Fibulins 1, 3 and 5 demonstrated decreased abundance of 33%, 63% and 58% (all P Conclusion Fibulins 1, 3 and 5 were localized coincident with major microfibrillar networks in amnion. Each showed decreased abundance in the amnion component of the FM weak zone. Amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells produced all three fibulins and their abundance was inhibited by TNF. We speculate that the amnion microfibrillar layer undergoes significant remodeling with the development of the FM weak zone.
Magnesium deficiency produces spasms of coronary arteries: relationship to etiology of sudden death ischemic heart disease

Isolated coronary arteries from dogs were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate isolation and exposed to normal, high, and low concentrations of magnesium in the medium. Sudden withdrawal of magnesium from the medium increased whereas high concentrations of magnesium decreased the basal tension of the arteries. The absence of magnesium in the medium significantly potentiated the contractile responses of both small and large coronary arteries to norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, angiotensin, and potassium. These data support the hypothesis that magnesium deficiency, associated with sudden death ischemic heart disease, produces coronary arterial spasm.
Chip Level Modeling of LSI Devices

The advent of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology has rendered the gate level model impractical for many simulation activities critical to the design automation process. As an alternative, an approach to the modeling of VLSI devices at the chip level is described, including the specification of modeling language constructs important to the modeling process. A model structure is presented in which models of LSI devices are constructed as single entities. The modeling structure is two layered. The functional layer in this structure is used to model the input/output response of the LSI chip. A second layer, the fault mapping layer, is added, if fault simulations are required, in order to map the effects of hardware faults onto the functional layer. Modeling examples for each layer are presented. Fault modeling at the chip level is described. Approaches to realistic functional fault selection and defining fault coverage for functional faults are given. Application of the modeling techniques to single chip and bit slice microprocessors is discussed.
AERA and Peer Review: An Example of Government Liaison

spent considerable time addressing precisely these questions of our members. We concluded (a) that we have some very good reasons for our GPL activites, (b) that there are some ways we can improve those activities to meet our goals even better, and (c) that we on Council should do a better job of informing members about the reasons for and activities of GPL. In the last issue of Educational Researcher, Richard Shavelson addressed the goals and responsibilities of AERA in this area. In this article, I discuss a recent example of AERA's GPL activities on the issue
Transformation by v-sis occurs by an internal autoactivation mechanism

Transformation by the v-sis oncogene appears to require an interaction of its protein product, p28v-sis, with the receptor for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). However, this interaction may not occur at the cell surface as predicted by the autocrine hypothesis because phenotypic transformation was not reversed by incubation of SSV-NRK cells with antisera to PDGF and because morphological transformation did not occur when nontransformed NRK cells were cultured continuously with p28v-sis. A mutant of the wild-type v-sis gene was constructed that encodes a v-sis protein targeted for retention within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. NRK cells expressing the mutant v-sis gene did not secrete any detectable v-sis protein but were as fully transformed as wild-type v-sis transfectants. The results support a mechanism of transformation by v-sis in which internal activation of the PDGF receptor occurs before expression of either p28v-sis or the PDGF receptor at the cell surface.
Children's Understanding of Indirect Requests

Abstract Philosophers of language have argued that indirect requests are more difficult to understand than direct requests. Research has indicated, however, that young children respond no differently to these two types of requests. The purpose of the present study was (a) to investigate young children's understanding of direct and indirect requests; (b) to determine how significantly the nonlinguistic context helps children to understand requests; and (c) to explore whether or not young children expect utterances of adults to be requests, thus leading them to respond accordingly. Thirty-five girls and 43 boys ranging from 39 to 77 months of age served as subjects. An analysis of variance demonstrated that (a) very young children understand direct requests significantly better than they understand indirect requests (p < .05), and (b) the nonlinguistic context does not seem to play a significant role in that understanding. Moreover, the responses of the children indicated that they do not necessarily expect...
Distal femoral fracture fixation utilizing the Less Invasive Stabilization System (L.I.S.S.): the technique and early results.

The treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures in the past three decades has evolved from non-operative to operative treatment. While operative fixation utilizing either plate fixation or rigid intramedullary nail fixation has improved patient outcomes, the problems of malunion, nonunion, need for bone grafting, joint stiffness, and infection persist. An emphasis on maintenance of the soft tissue envelope around fractures has improved efficacy in increasing osseous healing and decreasing infection. Out of this movement grew the concept of submuscular plating for distal femoral fractures, and subsequently L.I.S.S. fixation (Less Invasive Stabilization System) for distal femoral fractures. The technique and early results utilizing the L.I.S.S. for distal femoral fractures is described. The technique of L.I.S.S. fixation first begins with traditional direct visualization and internal fixation of the articular surface. Closed reduction is then performed on the metaphyseal / diaphyseal component of the fracture, followed by submuscular fixation utilizing the L.I.S.S. fixation. The L.I.S.S. can best be thought as an "internal" external fixator.
Henry's Law Constant for Trichloroethylene between 10 and 95 °C

Experimental data on air−water partitioning of organic contaminants at temperatures above 40 °C is extremely scarce. We present Henry's law constants for trichloroethylene (TCE) in water between 10...
The ingenious marketing of modern paintings

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the marketing of paintings and related visual products from its nascent stages in England around 1700 to the development of the modern art market by 1900, with a brief discussion connecting to the present. Design/methodology/approach – Sources consist of a mixture of primary and secondary sources as well as a series of econometric and statistical analyses of specifically constructed and unique data sets that list nearly more than 50,000 different sales of paintings during this period. One set records sales of paintings at various English auction houses during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; the second set consists of all purchases and sales of paintings recorded in the stock books of the late nineteenth-century London art dealer, Arthur Tooth, during the years of 1870/1871. The authors interpret the data under a commoditization model first introduced by Igor Kopytoff in 1986 that posits that markets and their participants evolve toward maximiz...
Is Common Stock Obsolete

Agency theory rests on a well-defined relationship between shareholders and managers. That relationship is examined and found to be a poorly denned state-contingent contract. The implications of that finding, and the existence of only a weak market for managers, lead to the conclusion that the traditional assumptions about the rights of shareholders no longer apply and that common stock (ordinary share capital) is obsolete.
Characterization and analysis of biphalin: an opioid peptide with a palindromic sequence.

: Among the many opioid peptides developed to date as nonaddictive analgesics, biphalin has exhibited extraordinary high potency and many other desirable characteristics. Biphalin is an octapeptide consisting of two monomers of a modified enkephalin, attached via a hydrazine bridge, and with the amino acids assembled in a palindromic sequence. Its structure is (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH-)-2. However, this unique peptide, like any other synthetic peptide, needs strict quality control because of certain drawbacks associated with peptide synthesis. This paper discusses our approaches to characterizing and analyzing biphalin. Many techniques were used, including elemental analysis, amino acid analysis, amino acid sequence analysis (AASA), mass spectrometry (MS), 1H-NMR, 1H-correlated spectroscopy (COSY)-NMR, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE). Electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, which included both ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS, was performed to confirm the full sequence because AASA results alone verified only the monomer sequence, and not the full sequence. Although the 1H-NMR results led to a preliminary assignment of many protons, the 1H COSY-NMR results allowed for unequivocal assignment of almost all protons. Peptide purity was determined using two techniques, reversed-phase HPLC and CE. The counter-ion of the peptide, trifluoroacetic acid, was determined by CE, using an indirect detection method developed previously in our laboratory. This paper illustrates successful application of nonconventional techniques to characterize and analyze a structurally modified peptide, biphalin, when standard techniques for peptide analysis are inadequate.
The relationship between men's endogenous levels of testosterone and their penile responses to erotic stimuli.

Abstract The endogenous levels of testosterone of six nonclinical, sexually functional men were compared to the magnitude and speed of development of their objectively measured penile erections to repeated presentations of an erotic film und to their self-reported sexual activity. Plasma testosterone concentrations were significantly correlated with two measures of the magnitude of film-elicited sexual arousal (i.e., both peak and mean erection) and with one measure of the speed of development of sexual arousal (i.e., the latency to 90% of full erection) but not with the other (i.e., the latency to 20% of full erection). There was also a significant inverse relationship between testosterone levels and their reported frequency of orgasm by any means. but the reported time from their last orgasm was not related to testosterone levels.
Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with surgical repair of Ebstein's anomaly

Preoperative, perioperative and postoperative arrhythmias in 52 consecutive patients who underwent operation for Ebstein's anomaly were reviewed. There were 25 male and 27 female patients (mean age 18 years, range 11 months to 64 years). Thirty-four patients had one or more documented arrhythmias preoperatively (18 had paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, 10 had paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter, 13 had ventricular arrhythmia and 3 had high grade atrioventricular block). Seven patients without documented arrhythmias had a history typical of tachyarrhythmias. During the perioperative and early postoperative periods, 14 patients had atrial tachyarrhythmias and 8 had ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. There were seven deaths between day 1 and 27 months after operation. Five of these deaths were sudden (all in male patients, aged 12 to 34 years), and four of the patients had had perioperative ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. One patient was taking one antiarrhythmic agent and another patient was taking two at the time of sudden death. Of the 18 patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and 9 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter preoperatively who were followed up for a mean of 40 and 36 months, respectively, 22 and 33% continued to have symptomatic tachycardia. Of the 11 patients (mean age 9 years) without preoperative documentation or symptoms of arrhythmia, follow-up data were obtained (range 1 to 144 months, mean 31) in 9 patients. None died suddenly or developed symptomatic arrhythmia.
Incidence and MR imaging features of fractures of the anterior process of calcaneus in a consecutive patient population with ankle and foot symptoms

To determine the incidence, appearances and associated injuries of fractures affecting the anterior process of calcaneus from a general population with foot and ankle symptoms. A retrospective review of foot and ankle MR imaging procedures was performed for detection of cases with a fracture affecting the anterior process of calcaneus over a four year period. Radiographs, MR imaging studies, radiology reports, medical records, and operative notes were reviewed. Imaging analysis included fracture pattern, displacement, associated fractures, and presence of tendon and ligamentous injuries. The incidence of anterior process of calcaneus fracture on MR imaging was 0.5% (14/2577). Fractures were more common in female subjects (71%, 10/14). Fracture orientation was predominantly vertical (93%, 13/14). No comminuted fractures were seen and only three fractures were displaced. Three of the eight MR imaging evident fractures of anterior process of calcaneus were seen on radiographs. Associated fractures of the talus (n=5), navicular bone (n=3), cuboid (n=2), and calcaneal body (n=1) were noted. Associated injuries to the anterior talofibular ligament (n=3) and tears of the peroneus brevis (n=3) and peroneus longus (n=1) tendons were present. All fractures were treated non-operatively. Two patients had subtalar joint steroid injection for symptomatic relief. Fractures of the anterior process of the calcaneus are uncommon in MR examinations of a general population of patients with foot and ankle symptoms. Although anterior process of calcaneus fractures are rare, there was a moderately high incidence of associated bone and soft-tissue injuries.
Effects of Assembly Process Parameters on the Structure and Thermal Stability of Sn-Capped Cu Bump Bonds

Non-collapsible Cu-Sn bumps (Cu pillars capped with a thin layer of Sn) have been studied recently as a means to vertically interconnect device layers, achieving 3D integrated circuits. The use of Cu-Sn bump structures is attractive for 3D integration for two primary reasons: 1) the rigid nature of the Cu bump allows for very fine pitch interconnections to be made with less risk of bridging than would exist with collapsible solder bumps, and 2) the joint created when bonding Cu and Cu-Sn bumps remelts at a higher temperature than the formation temperature, which allows for the stacking of multiple layers of devices without disturbing the interconnections achieved in previous bonding events. In order to understand the optimal structure and bonding process for fine pitch Cu-Sn bumps, a study was done to investigate the effects of Sn thickness and bonding pressure on the thickness and chemical composition of the bondline between Cu and Cu-Sn bumps. The thermal stability of the bondline was studied by subjecting bonded test samples to multiple temperature/pressure cycles. The bonding strength was evaluated through die shear tests, and the results were correlated with the parameters of the bump structure and with process parameters.
Solvent dependence of the chemical shifts and coupling constants of 1,2-dichlorofluoro-ethylenes☆

Abstract A detailed study has been made of the solvent-induced variations in 1JCH, 1JCF, and 3JHF and 1H and 19F chemical shifts in cis- and trans-1,2-dichlorofluoroethylene. A linear relationship was found between all three coupling constants and the respective δ 1 H and o 19 F values. Based on a consideration of various factors expected to influence chemical shifts and coupling constants, it is concluded that the dominant factor affecting these parameters (in the present systems) is the reaction field of the solvent. The differences in coupling constants between geometrical isomers as well as the alteration of the coupling constant caused by solvent change are discussed and compared with empirical relationships reported in the literature. In addition, the changes in 1JCH and 1JCF coupling constants are rationalized in terms of the MO theory of Pople and Santry. On the basis of a correlation with coupling constants from the literature, and the solvent behavior of these coupling constants, it is proposed that the signs of the 2JCCH coupling constants in the cis and trans isomers as well as the 3JHF coupling in the cis isomer are positive. In an earlier study it was shown that the solvent dependence of the 1JCH and 1JCF coupling constants is consistent with positive and negative signs respectively. No correspondence was noted between the 2J values and the nature of the isomer. An unusually low value of 2JCCF = 20.0 Hz was observed for the trans isomer.
A topological map of the locust flight system motor neurons

Abstract Flight motor neuron somata in the mesothoracic ganglion of the locust, Schistocerca gregaria, were identified and mapped in a three-dimensional model. The somata fell into three clusters, and the topology of one neuron from each group was determined by dye injection. The arrangement of cell bodies could be described by several general principles, including bilateral symmetry, association by root of axon exit, association by motor pool, and projection of muscle position. Main branching patterns of the neurons are described and seen to reflect a logical organization. Neurons could be driven by depolarization of the soma.
The long-term fate of neurons in allografts of ganglia in AG-B-compatible normal and immunologically tolerant rats.

Neurons in Ag-B-incompatible allografts of ganglia are acutely rejected while those in Ag-B-compatible grafts are able to survive the immune reaction directed against them. The present study was undertaken to determine the long-term fate of neurons in allografts of ganglia in Ag-B-compatible rats. Isogenic strains of Ag-B-compatible adult Lewis (LE) and Fischer (FR) rats were used. The sensory nodose ganglia were reciprocally exchanged between normal LE and FR and between LE and FR animals rendered immunologically tolerant of each other's histocompatibity antigens. The findings were similar in both rat strains and revealed that although neurons and glial cells (i.e., satellite and Schwann cells) could survive for prolonged periods they were nevertheless eventually rejected by normal (nonimmunosuppressed) recipients. On the other hand, neurons and glial cells survived indefinitely in allografts in tolerant rats. Moreover, these neurons were functional because they regenerated nerve fibers into cotransplanted isografts of tongue and exerted the neurotrophic influence of inducing taste bud regeneration. The results demonstrate that, unlike kidney and heart, neurons in ganglia allografts cannot survive indefinitely without immunosuppression in Ag-B-compatible animals. Nevertheless, the permanent survival and function of neurons in Ag-B-compatible grafts can be achieved, as it is in Ag-B-incompatible ganglia grafts, by rendering the recipient immunologically tolerant.
LCZ696: The Next Step in Improving RAS Inhibition?

LCZ696 is a single molecule which combines the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan with the neprilysn inhibitor sacubitril (AHU377). In the recently published PARADIGM-HF trial, LCZ696 proved superior to enalapril in reducing overall mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, and other endpoints in patients with systolic dysfunction heart failure. Increases in counter-regulatory natriuretic peptides which oppose sodium retention, vasoconstriction, and the deleterious structural changes which follow neurohormonal activation are thought to account for these improved outcomes. In two large hypertension studies, LCZ696 has proved to be a potent, effective antihypertensive agent with tolerability similar to valsartan and placebo and potency comparable to amlodipine. Although several have occurred in the heart failure population, there have been no cases of angioedema noted in the hypertension trials, although few black patients—a group at high risk for its occurrence—have been studied. Whether LCZ696 will displace angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) as preferred renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blocking agents in hypertension will require demonstration of improved long-term outcomes compared with currently preferred first-line drugs. In this regard, experience has shown that it is difficult to extrapolate results achieved in heart failure to the treatment of hypertension, a condition in which neurohormonal activation is less critical in determining long-term prognosis. It will be particularly important to demonstrate renal protection with LCZ696 in patients with diabetes, proteinuria, and hypertension—the only therapeutic area other than heart failure in which RAS blockade has proved essential for optimal endpoint reduction. Superiority over available RAS blockers in terms of ‘vascular protection’ in high-risk populations represents another path to acceptance of LCZ696 as a preferred agent in cardiovascular medicine.
Internal Atrial Defibrillation in Humans Improved Efficacy of Biphasic Waveforms and the Importance of Phase Duration

Background The optimal waveform for internal atrial defibrillation (IAD) in humans is unknown. This study tested the effect of waveform duration and phase duration on the efficacy of biphasic waveforms for IAD. Methods and Results Electrodes were positioned in the right atrial appendage and coronary sinus in 13 patients. In part 1, the atrial defibrillation thresholds (ADFTs) for 5 monophasic waveforms (2, 4, 6, 10, and 20 ms) and 5 symmetrical biphasic waveforms (1/1, 2/2, 3/3, 5/5, and 10/10 ms) were compared in 6 patients. In part 2, the ADFTs for two asymmetrical biphasic waveforms (7.5/2.5 and 2.5/7.5 ms) were compared with those for a symmetrical biphasic waveform (5/5 ms) and a monophasic waveform (10 ms) in 7 patients. In part 1, biphasics with total durations of 4 to 20 ms had significantly lower ADFTs than monophasic waveforms of the same total duration. For a total duration of 2 ms, there was no significant difference in ADFTs between the biphasic and the monophasic waveforms. There was no diff...
Stress amplification in the neighborhood of an eccentric large hole in a strip in tension

The problem of stress amplification in the thin ligaments (of thickness $\delta_i$ ) in an eccentrically placed hole in a strip in tension is analyzed by a beam theory approximation. The stress amplifies as $O(R/\delta)$ .
Experimental design for study of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs

Many different designs for studies of various aspects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in dogs are described in the literature. No single technique is generally accepted. We present a systematized approach to the study of CPR in the canine model. Cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and electrocardiogram were recorded for three different methods. The methods studied were closed chest compression, closed chest compression with an automatic gas-powered chest compressor, and open chest manual cardiac massage. Cardiac output for both types of external chest compression were less than 17% of control in all cases. With open chest cardiac massage, systemic arterial blood pressures were in the 50 mm Hg to 100 mm Hg range and cardiac output of up to 70% of control was achieved. Using a metronome to obtain compression rate and the arterial blood pressure to guide the efficacy of compression, consistent levels of cardiac output could be achieved for up to 30 minutes using open chest cardiac massage. Closed chest massage in man results in a cardiac output of 25% to 30% of normal when performed under optimal conditions. A cardiac output of 25% to 30% of control cannot be achieved in large dogs with external chest compression, and hence is not a good model to simulate CPR in man.
Clergy Response to Domestic Violence: A Preliminary Survey of Clergy Members, Victims, and Batterers

Although the presence of both religious organizations and violence in American communities is pervasive, scant attention has focused on how to best enroll clergy and religiously oriented resources in the battle against family violence. Given that it is not uncommon for women or couples to seek counseling or advice from clergy before accessing community-based resources, the frequency, nature, and utility of these contacts were assessed in this exploratory study from the perspectives of 47 female victims and 70 male perpetrators of domestic violence. Forty-one clergy members from various denominations were also surveyed about their contacts with those seeking help for domestic violence. Results indicated that 43% of the victims and 20% of the perpetrators did seek help from clergy. Almost all of the victims who contacted clergy reported satisfaction with the counsel they received. All clergy respondents reported counseling people who had experienced domestic violence during their career, and 80% had violence-related contacts in the past year. The service-related implications of these clergy contacts from victim, perpetrator, and clergy perspectives are discussed.
High abundance calmodulin from Blattella germanica eggs binds to vitellin subunits but disappears during vitellin utilization

Abstract A Ca 2+ -binding protein has been purified and characterized from Blatella germanica eggs. This protein has biochemical features in common with calmodulin (CaM). These common features include a relative low molecular weight of ∼ 19 kDa, thermal stability, an acidic pI of 4.0, a low specific absorbance ( E 277nm 1% = 2.9), an altered electrophoretic mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 1 mM Ca 2+ , and calcium-dependent binding to the CaM antagonist W-7. These features, considered together with activation of CaM-dependent phosphodiesterase in a Ca 2+ -dependent manner and cross-reactivity with anti-bovine brain CaM antibody, are sufficient to define this protein as bone fide CaM. CaM comprises 1–1.5% of soluble protein of newly ovulated eggs depending on the mode of assay. A rabbit antibody specific for the B. germanica CaM cross-reacts with bovine brain CaM. 14 C-Labeled cockroach CaM in a gel-overlay technique binds to vitellin, the major yolk protein of B. germanica egg. The CaM-binding site of vitellin is located on the 95 kDa subunit before degradation and 53 kDa fragment after 95 kDa subunit breakdown. There is sufficient CaM to bind stoichiometrically (1:1) with the vitellin trimer. CaM is present at uniformly high levels until vitellin utilization starts then it is undetectable until the pharate larval stage at the end of embryogenesis.
Social Expectancy and Self-Presentation in a Status Hierarchy.

Abstract A common link between expectancy and social conformity has often been assumed. On the other hand, expectations may sometimes serve to engender counter-conformity. The present study attempted to establish a set of conditions under which the avoidance of expectations will occur. Candidates in a naval training program participated in a study of group task performance. Half the subjects were informed that their partner was senior to them in status while the remaining subjects were told they outranked their partner. Half the subjects in each of these conditions were to work on a task where group productivity was emphasized; for the remaining subjects group solidarity was the primary goal. Subjects were then exposed to the personal expectations of their supposed partner. As predicted, high-status subjects in the productivity condition subsequently presented themselves in such a way as to avoid the expectations of their partner. In the remaining groups, conformity to expectations prevailed. The study further showed that when no expectations were present, lowstatus subjects in the productivity context presented themselves more positively; in the solidarity setting they become more self-demeaning. High-status subjects remained unaffected.
2. NO ROOM FOR GOD? HISTORY, SCIENCE, METAPHYSICS, AND THE STUDY OF RELIGION

Despite widespread beliefs to the contrary within the secular intellectual culture of the modern academy, scientific findings are not necessarily incompatible with religious truth claims. The latter include claims about the reality of God as understood in traditional Christianity and the possibility of divinely worked miracles. Intellectual history, philosophy, and science's own self-understanding undermine the claim that science entails or need even tend toward atheism. By definition a radically transcendent creator-God is inaccessible to empirical investigation. Denials of the possibility or actual occurrence of miracles depend not on science itself, but on naturalist assumptions that derive originally from a univocal metaphysics with its historical roots in medieval nominalism, which in turn have deeply influenced philosophy and science since the seventeenth century. The metaphysical postulate of naturalism and its correlative empiricist epistemology constitute methodological self-limitations of science -only an unjustified move from postulate to assertion permits ideological scientism and atheism. It is entirely possible that religious claims consistent with the empirical findings of the natural and social sciences might be true. Therefore historians of religion not only need not assume that atheism is true in their research, but they should not do so if they want to understand religious people on their own terms rather than to impose on them an undemonstrated and indemonstrable ideology. Exhortations to critical thinking apply not only to religious views, but also to uncritically examined secular ideas and assumptions, however widespread or institutionally embedded.
Distribution of practice effects on imprinting

In support of a basic similarity, rather than difference, between imprinting and associative learning imprinting in chicks was found to be facilitated by distribution of practice. Specifically, as compared to a continuous 12-min. session, two 6-min. imprinting sessions with 10 or 30-min. inter-session-intervals reduced subsequent generalization of following from the parent to a strange model.
An evaluation of reactor cooling and coupled hydrogen production processes using the modular helium reactor

Abstract The high-temperature characteristics of the modular helium reactor (MHR) make it a strong candidate for producing hydrogen using either thermochemical or high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) processes. Using heat from the MHR to drive a sulfur-iodine (SI) thermochemical hydrogen production process has been the subject of a U.S. Department of Energy sponsored Nuclear Engineering Research Initiative (NERI) project led by General Atomics, with participation from the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Texas A&M University. While the focus of much of the initial work was on the SI thermochemical production of hydrogen, recent activities included development of a preconceptual design for an integral HTE hydrogen production plant driven by the process heat and electricity produced by a 600 MW MHR. This paper describes ATHENA analyses performed to evaluate alternative primary system cooling configurations for the MHR to minimize peak reactor vessel and core temperatures while achieving core helium outlet temperatures in the range of 900–1000 °C that are needed for the efficient production of hydrogen using either the SI or HTE process. The cooling schemes investigated are intended to ensure peak fuel temperatures do not exceed specified limits under normal or transient upset conditions, and that reactor vessel temperatures do not exceed American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code limits for steady-state or transient conditions using standard light water reactor vessel materials. Preconceptual designs for SI and HTE hydrogen production plants driven by one or more 600 MW MHRs at helium outlet temperatures in the range of 900–1000 °C are described and compared. An initial SAPHIRE model to evaluate the reliability, maintainability, and availability of the SI hydrogen production plant is also described. Finally, a preliminary flowsheet for a conceptual design of an HTE hydrogen production plant coupled to a 600 MW modular helium reactor is presented and discussed.
Effects of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on catalytic properties of kidney microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase, inorganic pyrophosphate-glucose phosphotransferase and inorganic pyrophosphatase activities

Abstract The modifying effects of the cationic detergent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on catalytic properties of kidney microsomal d - glucose-6-P phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.9) and associated inorganic pyrophosphatase and PP 1 -glucose phosphotransferase activities have been studied. Initial reaction velocities, apparent Michaelis constant values and apparent maximal reaction velocity values were determined at various H + concentrations with microsomal preparations which had been supplemented with the detergent to a final concentration (w/v), of 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20 or 0.30% 15 min prior to assay. Measurements of initial reaction velocities at various assay pH values indicated that CTAB treatment produced a shift in pH optimum of glucose-6-P phosphohydrolase activity towards acid pH values and in that of inorganic pyrophosphatase and phosphotransferase activities in the direction of neutrality. Both on the basis of initial reaction velocity values and apparent maximal reaction velocity values extrapolated to infinite substrate concentrations, lower concentrations of CTAB (0.05 and 0.10%, w/v) were found to elevate all activities, while higher concentrations (0.20 and 0.30%, w/v) were less effective in this respect or actually inhibited. In contrast with these polyphasic effects of the detergent on velocity values, apparent Michaelis constant values for all phosphate substrates, assayed at pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5, all decreased progressively as CTAB concentrations were increased from 0.05% to 0.30% (w/v). Plots (see J. S. Friedenwald and G. D. Meangwyn-Davies , in W. D. McElroy and B. Glass , The Mechanism of Enzyme Action , Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore 1954, p. 180), of reciprocals of apparent Michaelis constant values for these compounds versus CTAB concentrations were linear, supporting the concept that CTAB acts as a “coupling” activator at lower concentrations and as a noncompetitive inhibitor at higher concentrations. Apparent Michaelis constants for PP i —0.3–0.4 mM with 0.30% (w/v) CTAB (pH 5.5)—are the lowest such values yet reported. The apparent Michaelis constant value for glucose in the phosphotransferase reaction, in contrast, was only modestly changed by CTAB treatment of microsomes. Several alternative mechanistic interpretations are considered briefly.
Modeling and simulation in public health: a little help can go a long way

The United States spends more per capita on health than any other nation, yet has worse health outcomes than many other countries. Moreover, expenditures on health in the U.S. are growing rapidly, and are taking up an increasingly larger share of per capita gross domestic product. Elsewhere in the world, some nations struggle with basic health issues such as sanitation and control of infectious diseases, while others are beginning to see epidemics of "Western style" diseases such as obesity, heart disease and cancer. In all cases, resources for health are insufficient to meet the need for disease prevention and treatment, so difficult resource allocation choices must be made.This talk will describe examples from past and ongoing model-based analyses of public health policy questions, emphasizing the role that simulation can play. For example, how should the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revise national immunization recommendations so that gaps in immunization coverage will be filled in a cost-effective manner? What is the most cost effective way to use limited HIV prevention and treatment resources? How much contact tracing should public health departments perform in their attempts to control infectious diseases? What logistical plans should local communities make to prepare for response to a potential bioterror attack? We describe example policy problems, the simulation analyses and resulting policy findings. We also provide perspectives on key elements of a successful policy analysis, ways in which such analysis can influence policy, and modeling and policy challenges for the future.
Beach sand from Cancun Mexico: a natural macro- and mesoporous material

Sand particles from Cancun, Mexico were studied using a number of advanced spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The main chemical composition of sand particles was confirmed to be calcium carbonate by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and IR spectroscopic analysis. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the sand particles are aragonite, which has an Orthorhombic—Dipyramidal crystal structure. The morphological study of the sand particles by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of a highly porous channel-like structure in the sand particles. The sorption isotherm indicates that Cancun sand is a mesoporous material. The specific surface area of Cancun sand was determined to be 2.259 m2/g by BET measurement, which is significantly higher than that of Florida sand and other forms of natural aragonite and calcite. Furthermore, it was found that the porous sand particles can adsorb gold nanoparticles of the size of a few nanometers very efficiently. The distribution of gold nanoparticles demonstrated a channel-like porous inner structure of the sand particles. We also prepared a polymer composite material by mixing the sand particles with a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix. SEM analysis of the composite materials showed a good interfacial adhesion between sand particles and polymer matrix. These results suggest that Cancun sand, as a natural macro- and mesoporous material, may find promising applications in filtration, pollution control, composite materials and biomaterials development.
Cooperation strategies for secrecy in MIMO relay networks with unknown eavesdropper CSI

We investigate secure communications for a four-node relay-eavesdropper channel with multiple data stream transmission, assuming that the eavesdropper's channel state information (ECSI) is unavailable. Our approach is to allocate part of the global transmit power to satisfy a fixed target rate for the relay link, and then use the remaining power for jamming the eavesdropper. Two cooperative jamming strategies are investigated. In the first, jamming signals are only broadcast by the terminals that are also transmitting data. In the second scheme, the normally inactive nodes in the relay network are used as cooperative jamming sources. Algorithms are proposed for allocating the transmit power and the number of signal dimensions that carry data. Simulation results show that, under a global transmit power constraint, the secrecy rate is dramatically increased when the normally inactive nodes in the relay network provide jamming support for the relayed signals.
Prophylactic Colectomy in Patients with Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer

Prophylactic colectomy is indicated in patients whose colons are at very high risk of developing cancer. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the best example of a situation where prophylactic surgery is clearly necessary to prevent cancer, and has been shown to be effective in doing so. Recent advances in the molecular genetics of colorectal cancer have allowed presymptomatic diagnosis of patients with another dominantly inherited syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Prior to this, prophylactic colectomy had not been a consideration for patients in HNPCC families. A review of the outcome of colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis in FAP patients shows that although it is a major abdominal surgery there is a relatively low complication rate and the functional outcome is acceptable for a prophylactic procedure. The decision to apply colectomy to HNPCC patients depends on careful consideration of factors such as comorbidity, age, sphincter function, likely compliance with future surveillance and likely efficiency of colonoscopy as a cancer prevention strategy. In general, prophylactic colectomy is indicated in HNPCC gene carriers, because their lifetime risk for colorectal cancer is 80%.
FOREIGN NEWS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AMERICAN PRESS

Most people in the United States and the other American nations learn about world events through the mass media rather than by direct contact; hence the foreign news coverage of the major newspapers can have a great influence on international relations. Here is a study of the amounts and kinds of foreign news carried in outstanding United States and South American dailies and a comparative analysis of the press treatment of foreign news. James W. Markham is Professor and Chairman of Graduate Studies and Research in the School of Journalism, Pennsylvania State University.