cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flexible Skins for Morphing Aircraft Using Cellular Honeycomb Cores

This study presents and examines the concept of flexible skins for morphing aircraft applications comprising of a cellular honeycomb core covered by a compliant face-sheet. The overall properties of the flexible skins are then largely governed by the characteristics of the cellular honeycomb core, which are in turn dependent on the cell parameters. The results of this study showed that the cellular cores could easily undergo global strains over 10 times greater than the virgin material of which they were built. The in-plane stiffness of the cellular cores is generally several orders of magnitude lower than the virgin material. Using cores that are thicker than isotropic sheet skins, the out-of-plane stiffness can be many times greater than the sheet skin for comparable mass (due to porosity of the cellular core). In general, honeycomb cores with positive cell angles (as opposed to auxetic cores) produce a higher out-of-plane stiffness. For cellular cores made from high-strain capable materials and undergo...
The family of later life: Strategies and interventions

The concerns of the family of later life have only recently become evident. Unlike other age groups, when problems of an elder surface, they almost always involve other family members. Family members tend to become highly involved, alter their lives, and offer support. All this provides a ready condition for family pathology to assert itself. Accordingly, three common strategies used by families of later life are presented and discussed. The effect on the whole family system is stressed. Also, two therapeutic interventions are presented. Since problems related to elders are particularly resistant to therapy, these two interventions are designed for “well” family members. Case material is presented.
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Activated During Action Potentials in Layer V Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons

To investigate voltage-gated potassium channels underlying action potentials (APs), we simultaneously recorded neuronal APs and single K(+) channel activities, using dual patch-clamp recordings (1 whole cell and 1 cell-attached patch) in single-layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons of rat brain slices. A fast voltage-gated K(+) channel with a conductance of 37 pS (K(f)) opened briefly during AP repolarization. Activation of K(f) channels also was triggered by patch depolarization and did not require Ca(2+) influx. Activation threshold was about -20 mV and inactivation was voltage dependent. Mean duration of channel activities after single APs was 6.1 +/- 0.6 ms (mean +/- SD) at resting membrane potential (-64 mV), 6.7 +/- 0.7 ms at -54 mV, and 62 +/- 15 ms at -24 mV. The activation and inactivation properties suggest that K(f) channels function mainly in AP repolarization but not in regulation of firing. K(f) channels were sensitive to a low concentration of tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1 mM) but not to charybdotoxin (ChTX, 100 nM). Activities of A-type channels (K(A)) also were observed during AP repolarization. K(A) channels were activated by depolarization with a threshold near -45 mV, suggesting that K(A) channels function in both repolarization and timing of APs. Inactivation was voltage dependent with decay time constants of 32 +/- 6 ms at -64 mV (rest), 112 +/- 28 ms at -54 mV, and 367 +/- 34 ms at -24 mV. K(A) channels were localized in clusters and were characterized by steady-state inactivation, multiple subconductance states (36 and 19 pS), and inhibition by 5 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) but not by 1 mM TEA. A delayed rectifier K(+) channel (K(dr)) with a unique conductance of 17 pS was recorded from cell-attached patches with TEA/4-AP-filled pipettes. K(dr) channels were activated by depolarization with a threshold near -25 mV and showed delayed long-lasting activation. K(dr) channels were not activated by single action potentials. Large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels were not triggered by neuronal action potentials in normal slices and only opened as neuronal responses deteriorated (e.g., smaller or absent spikes) and in a spike-independent manner. This study provides direct evidence for different roles of various K(+) channels during action potentials in layer V neocortical pyramidal neurons. K(f) and K(A) channels contribute to AP repolarization, while K(A) channels also regulate repetitive firing. K(dr) channels also may function in regulating repetitive firing, whereas BK channels appear to be activated only in pathological conditions.
A high-performance lateral bipolar transistor fabricated on SIMOX

Double-diffused, lateral n-p-n bipolar transistors were fabricated in a simple CMOS-like process using SIMOX silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. Excellent device characteristics were achieved, with peak h/sub FE/=120, BV/sub CEO/=10 V, and peak f/sub t/=4.5 GHz. The f/sub t/ versus BV/sub CEO/ trade-off was studied as a function of n/sup -/ collector width. f/sub t/>25 GHz is predicted for this structure with an improved device layout and optimized basewidth. This process may be easily extended in order to fabricate complementary BJTs in a C-BiCMOS thin-film SOI technology. >
Intergenerational Support, Relationship Quality, and Well-Being A Bicultural Analysis

Exchanges of intergenerational support were assessed in a bicultural (Anglo/European-American and Latin American) sample of young-adult women, their mothers, and their maternal grandmothers. The goals of the study were (a) to describe the extent of supportive intergenerational exchange, with a particular focus on the balance of exchange across generations, (b) to evaluate the association of support with intergenerational relationship quality, and (c) to explore links between supportive exchange, relationship quality, and personal well-being. Support exchanges were imbalanced across generations, with middlegeneration women providing more support to mothers and daughters than they received. Support and relationship quality were linked for younger mother-daughter dyads, but perceptions of older women regarding relations with daughters were positively biased and not tied significantly to support exchange. Intergenerational relationship quality was associated with well-being for each generation. The cross-cult...
Nanoscale photosynthesis: photocatalytic production of hydrogen by platinized photosystem I reaction centers.

Abstract A study of the photocatalytic production of molecular hydrogen from platinized photosystem I (PSI) reaction centers is reported. At pH 7 and room temperature metallic platinum was photoprecipitated at the reducing end of PSI according to the reaction, [PtCl6]2− + 4e− + hν → Pt↓ + 6Cl−, where it interacted with photogenerated PSI electrons and catalyzed the evolution of molecular hydrogen. The reaction mixture included purified spinach PSI reaction centers, sodium ascorbate and spinach plastocyanin. Experimental data on real-time catalytic platinum formation as measured by the onset and rates of hydrogen photoevolution as a function of time are presented. The key objective of the experiments was demonstration of functional nanoscale surface metalization at the reducing end of isolated PSI by substituting negatively charged [PtCl6]2− for negatively charged ferredoxin, the naturally occurring water-soluble electron carrier in photosynthesis. The data are interpreted in terms of electrostatic interac...
Woody tissue maintenance respiration of four conifers in contrasting climates.

We estimate maintenance respiration for boles of four temperate conifers (ponderosa pine, western hemlock, red pine, and slash pine) from CO2 efflux measurements in autumn, when construction respiration is low or negligible. Maintenance respiration of stems was linearly related to sapwood volume for all species; at 10°C, respiration per unit sapwood volume ranged from 4.8 to 8.3 μmol CO2 m-3 s-1. For all sites combined, respiration increased exponentially with temperature (Q 10 =1.7, r 2=0.78). We estimate that maintenance respiration of aboveground woody tissues of these conifers consumes 52-162 g C m-2 y-1, or 5-13% of net daytime carbon assimilation annually. The fraction of annual net daytime carbon fixation used for stem maintenance respiration increased linearly with the average annual temperature of the site.
Effects of periphyton stoichiometry on mayfly excretion rates and nutrient ratios

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of periphyton elemental composition on the rate and ratios of N and P excretions by heptageniid mayfly larvae (Ephemeroptera). We predicted that excretion N:P ratios would relate primarily to mismatches between periphyton N:P and mayfly N:P. We immersed periphyton grown in a stream above (inlet: high N) and below (outlet: low N) a lake in P-amended or control (no P) water for 12 h to increase periphyton P content and reduce periphyton N:P. We then measured release rates and ratios of N and P from Cinygmula sp. larvae that had consumed periphyton from 1 of the 4 treatments. Reducing periphyton N:P increased consumer P excretion rates (range for P-amended periphyton: 0.055 ± 0.010 to 0.076 ± 0.022 μg P g−1 dry mass [DM] h−1; range for control periphyton: 0.027 ± 0.008 to 0.031 ± 0.006 μg P g−1 DM h−1). Mayflies that consumed P-amended periphyton from the inlet excreted N at a higher rate than did mayflies that consumed P-amended periphyton from the outlet (inlet P-amended: 0...
Modification of mean flow and turbulent energy by a change in surface roughness under conditions of neutral stability

A theory is developed which describes the adjustment of the flow of a hydrostatically neutral fluid in the lower portion of a fully-turbulent boundary layer, after an abrupt change in surface roughness. The model is based on the hypothesis that the horizontal shear stress is proportional to the turbulent energy. The theory postulates that the flow is primarily governed by the dominant terms of the horizontal-momentum, continuity, and turbulent-energy equations. The model was solved by numerical techniques on a digital computer. Unlike previous models there are no a priori assumptions about the distribution of velocity or stress, the behaviour of the nondimensional wind shear, mixing length, or momentum-exchange coefficient in the transition region. The theory, in contrast to earlier theories, suggests the distribution of turbulent energy, as well as velocity. An inflection point is predicted in the transition velocity-profile. The nondimensional wind shear is found to differ significantly from unity in the transition region. These predictions agree with observation.
Stereo for Image-Based Rendering using Image Over-Segmentation

In this paper, we propose a stereo method specifically designed for image-based rendering. For effective image-based rendering, the interpolated views need only be visually plausible. The implication is that the extracted depths do not need to be correct, as long as the recovered views appear to be correct. Our stereo algorithm relies on over-segmenting the source images. Computing match values over entire segments rather than single pixels provides robustness to noise and intensity bias. Color-based segmentation also helps to more precisely delineate object boundaries, which is important for reducing boundary artifacts in synthesized views. The depths of the segments for each image are computed using loopy belief propagation within a Markov Random Field framework. Neighboring MRFs are used for occlusion reasoning and ensuring that neighboring depth maps are consistent. We tested our stereo algorithm on several stereo pairs from the Middlebury data set, and show rendering results based on two of these data sets. We also show results for video-based rendering.
Imaging Single Photons in Non-Separable States of Polarization and Spatial-Mode

Non-separable superpositions of polarization and spatial mode of a single photon produce a state that has a polarization that depends on the transverse position, and contains all states of polarization represented on the Poincare sphere. We have done measurements of the space-dependent state of polarization of single photons prepared in distinct 2×2 (qubit-qubit) and 2×3 (qubit-qutrit) non-separable superpositions of Laguerre-Gauss spatial and polarization states. Detection was done by polarimetry of the light projected at distinct locations in the transverse plane. The polarization patterns had a C-point polarization singularity (lemon, star or monstar) at the center of the transverse wavefunction.
Mental health service use by children with serious emotional and behavioral disturbance: results from the LAMS study.

Objective:The study described service utilization among children with emotional and behavioral disorders making a first visit to outpatient mental health clinics in four Midwest cities. Methods:Data were from the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study. A total of 707 youths aged six to 12 years 11 months and their parents completed diagnostic assessments; demographic information and mental health service use was self-reported. Analyses examined the relationship of demographic variables, diagnoses, impairment, and comorbidity with type and level of services utilized. Results:Utilization was multimodal; half the youths had received outpatient and school services during their lifetime. Factors unrelated to need (age, sex, race, and insurance) were associated with service type. Children with a bipolar spectrum disorder had higher use of inpatient services than those with depressive or disruptive disorders and were more likely to currently use two or more services. More than half of youths with bipola...
Adaptive Challenges Rising from the Life Context of African-American Caregiving Grandmothers with Diabetes: A Pilot Study

To understand the challenges arising from the context within which diabetic African-American caregiving grandmothers self-manage their diabetes we used the Adaptive Leadership Framework. Additionally, challenges to retaining this population in a longitudinal study were examined. In this exploratory, longitudinal, qualitative pilot study, data were collected at five time-points over 18 months. We coded the data using content analysis and conducted the within-case and cross-case analyses using data matrices. Lack of awareness of available resources, represented a technical challenge within the life context of these grandmothers and the remaining three themes: family upheaval; priority setting (with subthemes of difficulty meeting basic needs and competing demands); and self-silencing and self-sacrifice represented adaptive challenges. The context of African-American grandmothers’ lives created primarily adaptive challenges that were complex and without immediate solutions. Research is needed to develop culturally and contextually appropriate interventions to help this vulnerable group develop capacity for adaptive work.
Selective Induction of CTL Helper Rather Than Killer Activity by Natural Epitope Variants Promotes Dendritic Cell-Mediated HIV-1 Dissemination

The ability of HIV-1 to rapidly accumulate mutations provides the virus with an effective means of escaping CD8 + CTL responses. In this study, we describe how subtle alterations in CTL epitopes expressed by naturally occurring HIV-1 variants can result in an incomplete escape from CTL recognition, providing the virus with a selective advantage. Rather than paralyzing the CTL response, these epitope modifications selectively induce the CTL to produce proinflammatory cytokines in the absence of target killing. Importantly, instead of dampening the immune response through CTL elimination of variant Ag-expressing immature dendritic cells (DC), a positive CTL-to-DC immune feedback loop dominates whereby the immature DC differentiate into mature proinflammatory DC. Moreover, these CTL-programmed DC exhibit a superior capacity to mediate HIV-1 trans -infection of T cells. This discordant induction of CTL helper activity in the absence of killing most likely contributes to the chronic immune activation associated with HIV-1 infection, and can be used by HIV-1 to promote viral dissemination and persistence. Our findings highlight the need to address the detrimental potential of eliciting dysfunctional cross-reactive memory CTL responses when designing and implementing anti–HIV-1 immunotherapies.
Parental Perceptions of a Motivational Interviewing–Based Pediatric Obesity Prevention Intervention

Motivational interviewing (MI) shows promise for pediatric obesity prevention, but few studies address parental perceptions of MI. The aim of this study was to identify correlates of parental perceptions of helpfulness of and satisfaction with a MI-based pediatric obesity prevention intervention. We studied 253 children 2 to 6 years of age in the intervention arm of High Five for Kids, a primary care–based randomized controlled trial. In multivariable models, parents born outside the United States (odds ratio [OR] = 8.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.44, 31.8), with lower household income (OR = 3.60; 95% CI = 1.03, 12.55), and with higher BMI (OR = 2.86; 95% CI = 1.07, 7.65) were more likely to perceive MI-based visits as helpful in improving children’s obesity-related behaviors after the first year of the intervention. Parents of female (vs male), black (vs white), and Latino (vs white) children had lower intervention satisfaction. Our findings underscore the importance of tailoring pediatric obesity...
Shifting frames of the palestinian movement in US news

In this research, we explore the conditions under which US news media coverage of the Palestinian movement for independence has shifted over time, in relation to changes in the movement and in the ...
Necessity and Color Incompatibility

A traditional view is that all necessary truths are analytic. A frequent objection is that certain claims of color incompatibility – e.g., ‘Nothing is both red and green all over’ – are necessarily true but not analytic. I argue that this objection to the traditional view fails because such color incompatibility claims are either analytic or contingent.
DETACHED EDDY SIMULATIONS OF AN ICED-AIRFOIL

A computational investigation was conducted to simulate the aerodynamics of a NLF 0414 airfoil with a spanwise-ice shape, using the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) technique. This technique was incorporated into WIND, a parallel unsteady finite-volume code developed by the NPARC Alliance and conventionally used for RANS simulations. The WIND-DES modified code was then validated with a backward-facing step flow, where the reattachment lengths agreed reasonably with the experimental results of Driver and Seegmiller. Two-dimensional time-accurate DES simulations were conducted with the iced NLF 0414 airfoil to examine time step and grid resolution effects. The computationally intensive 3-D DES technique was then employed for angles of attack of 5° and 7°, where the vorticity plots indicated well-developed 3-D vortical structures. The resulting time-averaged lift coefficients at two angles-of-attack showed some improvement from the RANS simulations when compared to experimental results. However, additional testing and more development is needed to ascertain and improve the predictive ability and robustness for such flows.
High-efficiency target-ion sources for RIB generation

In this report, emphasis is placed on issues related to selection and design of high-temperature ion sources that have demonstrated the high ionization efficiency, species versatility, and operational reliability required at ISOL based radioactive ion beam facilities. In designing sources for ISOL applications, careful attention must be given to the following: selecting the most appropriate materials of construction, coupling of the vapor transport system, ion optics,, operational parameters, thermal transport properties, emittances, ionization efficiencies and engineering details for safe handling in the high-level radioactivity radiation fields incumbent at such facilities. Included in the article are descriptions and performance data for high temperature, positive (electron-impact and surface-ionization) and negative (kinetic-ejection and surface-ionization) ion sources, as well as, low temperature, batch-mode negative-ion sources, developed for processing long-lived isotopes, that have been principal contributors to recent successes held at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility.
Ancient hillslope deposits: Missing links in the study of climate controls on sedimentation

Rare outcrops of Miocene-Pliocene buried hillslopes and colluvium present in proximal basin-fill exposures in the arid southwestern United States, in settings free of tectonic influences, reveal hillslope-sediment production and delivery to piedmonts that vary as a function of climate change. A petrologic weathering index for sand, clay-mineral data, and stratigraphic relations indicates that episodes of greater production and delivery of colluvium from hillslopes coincide with more intense chemical weathering and thus greater effective moisture. Strata recording limited colluviation, less intense weathering, and piedmonts dominated by eolian processes very likely correspond to drier conditions. The mode of climate-driven hillslope and piedmont landscape responses evident in these older stratigraphic records corroborates the conceptual model developed by Quaternary researchers for arid environments—even though climate change was operating at higher amplitudes and different frequencies in the Quaternary. This evidence of long-term continuity in the mode of landscape response to climate change provides a new level of support for using the geologic record to understand the effects of future climate change.
Integrin and cytoskeletal regulation of growth factor signaling to the MAP kinase pathway

Integrin-mediated anchorage of NIH3T3 fibroblasts to the extracellular matrix component fibronectin permits efficient growth factor signaling to the p42 and p44 forms of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Since integrins bridge the extracellular matrix to focal adhesion sites and to the actin cytoskeleton, we analyzed the role of these integrin-associated structures in efficient growth factor activation of p42 and p44-MAPKs. Use of specific reagents that disrupt actin stress fiber and focal adhesion formation demonstrated that upon readhesion of NIH3T3 cells to fibronectin, cells that were poorly spread and lacked prominent focal adhesions but that formed cortical actin structures, efficiently signaled to p42 and p44-MAPKs upon EGF stimulation. In contrast, failure to form the cortical actin structures, despite attachment to fibronectin, precluded effective EGF signaling to p42 and p44-MAPKs. Actin cytoskeletal changes induced by expression of dominant-negative and constitutively active forms of Rho GTPases did not alter EGF activation of MAPK in adherent cells. However, active Cdc42, but not active Rac1 or RhoA, partially rescued EGF signaling to p44-MAPK in cells maintained in suspension. These data indicate that a limited degree of adhesion-mediated cytoskeletal organization and focal adhesion complex formation are required for efficient EGF activation of p42 and p44-MAPKs. Our studies exclude a major role for the GTPases RhoA and Rac1 in the formation of cytoskeletal structures relevant for signaling, but indicate that structures regulated by Cdc42 enhance the ability of suspension cells to activate MAPK in response to growth factors.
Thermal and material transfer in turbulent gas streams: Local transport from spheres

Local convective thermal transfer is difficult to predict for nonuniform three-dimensional boundary flows. Direct measurements of local transfer from objects of practical interest are therefore useful in the prediction of thermal transfer and in an understanding of multidimensional boundary flows. Measurements of the gross and local transfer were made upon a silver sphere 0.5 in. in diameter and a ceramic porous sphere of the same size from which n-heptane was permitted to evaporate. The air stream had a level of turbulence of approximately 5.4% and only small variation in velocity with position. Temperature distributions in the boundary flows around these spheres were determined, and from these distributions local transfer coefficients were established for the forward hemisphere. The gross transfers were established from the electrical energy added to the silver sphere and from the quantity of n-heptane evaporated from the porous sphere. The local thermal transfers were in reasonable agreement with some of the theoretical analyses based upon a three-dimensional laminar-boundary layer. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between spatial integration of the local transfer and the simultaneously measured over-all values. These, in turn, were in fair agreement with correlated values of the gross thermal and material transfer from spheres.
THE ROLE OF GABA IN ANXIETY DISORDERS

Anxiety stems from and perpetuates dysregulation of neurobiological systems, but the exact mechanisms of anxiety disorders are still only partially understood. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter known to counterbalance the action of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Several pharmacologic agents target the GABA system and modulate the overall effect of GABA. This article highlights multiple neurobiological interactions that play a role in anxiety and reviews selected studies of plasma neurosteroid levels, plasma GABA levels, and benzodiazepine binding site sensitivity and density in patients with anxiety disorders. The article concludes with further support for the role of the GABA system in anxiety by summarizing the current evidence supporting the use of novel GABAergic agents including tiagabine in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Purification and Host Specificity of Predatory Halobacteriovorax Isolates from Seawater

Halobacteriovorax (formerly Bacteriovorax) is a small predatory bacterium found in the marine environment and modulates bacterial pathogens in shellfish. Four strains of Halobacteriovorax originally isolated in Vibrio parahaemolyticus O3:K6 host cells were separated from their prey by an enrichment-filtration-dilution technique for specificity testing in other bacteria. This technique was essential, since 0.45-μm filtration alone was unable to remove infectious Vibrio minicells, as determined by scanning electron microscopy and cultural methods. Purified Halobacteriovorax strains were screened for predation against other V. parahaemolyticus strains and against Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104, all potential threats to seafood safety. They showed high host specificity and were predatory only against strains of V. parahaemolyticus. In addition, strains of Halobacteriovorax that were predatory for E. coli O157:H7 and S. Typhimurium DT104 were isolated from a tidal river at 5 ppt salinity. In a modified plaque assay agar, they killed their respective prey over a broad range of salinities (5 to 30 ppt). Plaques became smaller as the salinity levels rose, suggesting that the lower salinities were optimal for the predators' replication. These species also showed broader host specificity, infectious against each other's original hosts as well as against V. parahaemolyticus strains. In summary, this study characterized strains of Halobacteriovorax which may be considered for use in the development of broad-based biocontrol technologies to enhance the safety of commercially marketed shellfish and other foods.
Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children: Variceal and Nonvariceal

Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) bleeding is generally defined as bleeding proximal to the ligament of Treitz, which leads to hematemesis. There are several causes of UGI bleeding necessitating a detailed history to rule out comorbid conditions, medications, and possible exposures. In addition, the severity, timing, duration, and volume of the bleeding are important details to note for management purposes. Despite the source of the bleeding, acid suppression with a proton-pump inhibitor has been shown to be effective in minimizing rebleeding. Endoscopy remains the interventional modality of choice for both nonvariceal and variceal bleeds because it can be diagnostic and therapeutic.
EFFECT OF TRISODIUM CALCIUM DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTAACETATE ON BIVALENT CATIONS IN THALASSEMIA MAJOR.

The effect of a chelating agent, trisodium calcium diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), in seven patients with thalassemia major and secondary hemochromatosis is reported. Urinary excretion of iron, copper, magnesium and calcium was measured prior to and following intramuscular injections of DTPA. As much as a 16-fold increase in excretion of iron (up to 40 mg./24 hours) and a 3½-fold increase in excretion of copper were achieved. Magnesium and calcium in urine remained consistently below the average range for normal individuals although excretion of magnesium increased 15-60 per cent and calcium as much as 550 per cent following administration of this agent. While serum levels of copper were high and plasma calcium levels low normal or slightly reduced, plasma magnesium levels were found to be slightly to significantly low in all patients studied. The latter were transiently further reduced following injection of DTPA and may have been related to symptoms of magnesium deficiency in one patient. This agent was effective in removal of iron particularly in the older patients with secondary hemochromatosis. However, attention is drawn to the possible hazardous effect of DTPA on magnesium metabolism in patients with thalassemia major.
Decision Making in Enterprise Crowdsourcing Services

Enterprises are increasingly employing crowdsourcing to engage employees and public as part of their business processes, given a promising, low cost, access to scalable workforce online. Common examples include harnessing of crowd expertise for enterprise knowledge discovery, software development, product support and innovation. Crowdsourcing tasks vary in their complexity, required level of business support and investment, and most importantly the quality of outcome. As such, not every step in a business process can successfully lend itself to crowdsourcing. In this paper, we present a decision-making and execution service, called CrowdArb, operating on crowdsourcing tasks in the large global enterprise. The system employs decision theoretic methodology to assess whether to crowdsource or not a selected step of the knowledge discovery process. The system addresses the challenges of trade-off between the quality and time of the crowdsourcing responses, as well as the trade-off between the cost of crowdsourcing experts and time required to complete the entire campaign. We present evaluation results from simulations of CrowdArb in enterprise crowdsourcing campaign that engaged over 560 client representatives to obtain actionable insights. We discuss how proposed solution addresses the opportunity to close the gap of semi-automated task coordination in crowdsourcing environments.
Plastic deformation of polyethylene by rolling and drawing

High density polyethylene film in a wide temperature range may be easily drawn by neck propagation to draw ratios between 7 and 30. Lower draw ratios between 1 and 10 may be obtained by rolling. The two types of plastic deformation differ to some extent in crystal lattice and lamella orientation but are rather similar as far as long period and the number of tie molecules are concerned. At large draw ratio the long period depends nearly uniquely on the temperature of drawing or rolling and is independent of the long period of the starting material. At low draw ratio the opposite is true. The number of tie molecules increases with the draw ratio and finally reaches a limiting value, but does not depend on the temperature of drawing or rolling in the temperature range investigated. The longitudinal elastic modulus and tensile strength of the samples seem to be roughly proportional to the number of tie molecules.
Enlargement of Halloysite Clay Nanotube Lumen by Selective Etching of Aluminum Oxide

Halloysite clay tubes have 50 nm diameter and chemically different inner and outer walls (inner surface of aluminum oxide and outer surface of silica). Due to this different chemistry, the selective etching of alumina from inside the tube was realized, while preserving their external diameter (lumen diameter changed from 15 to 25 nm). This increases 2-3 times the tube lumen capacity for loading and further sustained release of active chemical agents such as metals, corrosion inhibitors, and drugs. In particular, halloysite loading efficiency for the benzotriazole increased 4 times by selective etching of 60% alumina within the tubes' lumens. Specific surface area of the tubes increased over 6 times, from 40 to 250 m(2)/g, upon acid treatment.
Porifera of the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale, from the Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, in western Utah

Continued collection of trilobites and the associated fauna out of the Elrathia kingii beds of the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale, in the Wheeler Amphitheater of the House Range in western Millard County, Utah, has yielded a varied fauna of sponges. Included and described from the collection are Choia carteri Walcott, 1920; Choia utahensis Walcott, 1920; Diagoniella cyathiformis (Dawson & Hinde, 1890) and Chancelloria eros Walcott, 1920. In addition to those forms, the new species, Diagoniella robisoni, Chancelloria pentacta and a large-spiculed Chancelloria sp., are de- scribed and figured. Diagoniella cyathiformis is reported from the Wheeler Shale for the first time. Protospongia fenestrata Hicks, listed by Walcott from the Wheeler Shale, could be a fragment of Diagoniella for orientation of the fragment is impossible to determine. Kiwetinokia utahensis Walcott, 1920 occurs as disassociated spicules in the basal part of the formation, well below the Elrathia kingii beds which include the most fossiliferous and productive part of the formation. Chancelloria pentacta is distinguished by a preponderance of spicules with five tangential rays, in addition to the buttonlike, proximal-distal rays. Diagoniella robisoni is a small thin-walled, keg-shaped to goblet-shaped, stalked sponge. It lacks pronounced marginalia and prostalia, other than the basal stalk. These species, plus Sentinelia draco Walcott, 1920 and Hintzespongia bilamina Rigby & Gutschick, 1976 comprise the known sponge fauna of the Wheeler Shale.
Research to Beier depression west of Beier slope depositional character

On the basis of studying the materials of the drilling core,the logging and the indoor analysis combining the tectonic background,using of the theory and method of the modern sediment logy,this article analysis the type and character of depression to Beier depression Beier slope south 1 fragment then confirmed this region is fan-delta-lake-lade bottom fan depositional system at last using sequence stratum view analysis to depositional facies band time-space evolutions rule in this region.
Investigation and Design of the Repeater Uplink System with Automatic Gain Control for WCDMA

This paper introduces the uplink system with automatic gain control for WCDMA frequency selective repeater. Based on the system function diagram, the algorithm of analog automatic gain control are analyzed.The results of ADS simulations show that the proposed system is performed well, which has the characteristic of large pass band gain, high adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) and steady controllable output, and that it can be used for WCDMA.
Book review: Clammer, John. 2015: Art, Culture and International Development: Humanizing Social Transformation

Clammer, John. 2015:Art, Culture and International Development: Humanizing Social Transformation. London and New York: Routledge. 168 pp. £90.00 (hardback), £48.93 (paperback), £25.64 (ebook). ISBN: 978 1 138 02471 7 (hardback), 978 1 138 02472 4 (paperback), 978 315 77555 5 (ebook).
Genetic disorders associated with mental retardation. Clinical aspects.

Definable physical abnormalities or patterns of malformation are often seen in the 10 to 25 per cent of the mentally retarded population whose IQ’s fall below 45. A variety of genetically determined entities exist, and the clinical manifestations of several of these, including the various chromosomal abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism, and some lysosomal disorders, are discussed.
Corpus-Based Transitivity Biases in Individuals with Aphasia.

ABSTRACTBackground: This study investigated whether individuals with aphasia (IWA) retain verb biases in expressive language. Verb biases refer to the likelihood that a given verb will occur in different sentence structures. We focused on the likelihood of verbs occurring in transitive and intransitive structures.Aims: The main goal of this study was to determine whether IWA and controls show similar verb biases or whether IWA show a preference for transitive or intransitive structures that supersedes individual verb biases. We also investigated whether IWA show a preference for intransitively or transitively biased verbs, whether verb biases differ as a function of aphasia type, and how verb bias affects errors in IWA’s speech production.Methods & Procedures: The current study analysed 236 transcribed interviews of IWA from AphasiaBank. All uses of 54 verbs were coded based on the sentence structure and the presence of errors. We report data from 11 transitively biased and 11 intransitively biased verbs....
Cross Leg Flap

Soft tissue defects of the lower third of the leg pose a difficult reconstructive challenge due to the paucity of adjacent soft tissue. Recent advances in microsurgery have allowed free tissue transfer procedure to supplant loco-regional flaps as the gold standard treatment for these complex wounds. However, the cross-leg flap remains an effective alternative in situations that require an alternative to free tissue transfer.
Understanding Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Processed Aluminum-Bearing High-Chromium Ferritic Stainless Steel

Kanthal APMT® steel (Fe–22Cr–5Al–3Mo) was developed mainly for using as high temperature furnace elements. This kind of high-Cr ferritic steels is not considered to have good weldability because of a variety of metallurgical issues. Friction stir welding (FSW), a solid state welding process, was applied to a Kanthal APMT® plate in a bead-on-plate configuration using a PcBN tool with a tool rotation rate of 600 RPM and a traverse speed of 25.4 mm/min. Microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated to determine the weld quality and examine the feasibility of applying FSW as a joining technique for this steel. Microstructural characteristics were mainly studied by optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The stir zone contained equiaxed grain structure with an average grain size of 13.7 μm. Interestingly, Vickers microhardness profile across the processed zone has revealed no significant change in microhardness.
Is percutaneous medial hamstring myofascial lengthening as anatomically effective and safe as the open procedure

Abstract Background Medial hamstring fractional lengthening is commonly performed in children with cerebral palsy (CP) to decrease contracture and/or to improve gait. Percutaneous procedures are gaining more and more popularity, even in the paediatric population, with equivocal results. The purpose of this paper was to determine the efficacy and safety of percutaneous medial hamstring myofascial lengthening (PHL). Methods This is a prospective randomised controlled trial including 31 knees from 18 consecutive patients with CP scheduled for medial hamstring lengthening in the setting of multilevel tendon lengthening procedures in a university hospital. Other concomitant lower extremity surgeries were not exclusionary. A first paediatric orthopaedic surgeon executes the PHL at one level, as recently described in the literature. Another surgeon opens and extends the wound to explore what had been cut during the PHL and completes fractional lengthening (OHL) of both the semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus...
The Diederich–Fornæss Exponent and Non-existence of Stein Domains with Levi-Flat Boundaries

We study the Diederich–Fornaess exponent and relate it to non-existence of Stein domains with Levi-flat boundaries in complex manifolds. In particular, we prove that if the Diederich–Fornaess exponent of a smooth bounded Stein domain in an $$n$$ -dimensional complex manifold is greater than $$k/n$$ , then it has a boundary point at which the Levi-form has rank greater than or equal to k.
Writ on the Landscape: Racialization, Whiteness, and River Street

Prior to the civil rights movement, most cities in the United States had at least one racially segregated neighborhood—a place where the Others lived. This was typically a geographic location designated by the White community as the area in which non-Whites could reside. In Boise, Idaho, African Americans and other non-Whites lived in the River Street neighborhood, a multiethnic and multiracial enclave that provided shelter from discrimination. While African Americans comprised only a portion of the neighborhood’s population, it was stigmatized as a Black neighborhood and was segregated from the rest of the town. Oral-history interviews and archival research conducted as part of the River Street Digital History Project revealed the way the neighborhood was remembered by both Black and White residents. As a segregated place on the landscape, the River Street neighborhood provides an opportunity to examine the role structural racial hierarchies played in the creation of Whiteness for Boise’s European American community.
State Forfeiture Rules and Federal Review of State Criminal Convictions

The doctrines regulating federal scrutiny of state criminal convictions have undergone substantial revision in the last few years.' Nonetheless, some principles seem to have remained constant. One such principle is the pattern of choice between federal and state preclusion standards on direct Supreme Court review and federal habeas corpus in cases in which federal constitutional rights have arguably been forfeited by waiver or procedural default.2 The preclusion standards at issue here are those that specify whether a federal reviewing court may address the merits of a constitutional claim not previously litigated or whether, in contrast, that claim has been "forfeited." To say that the pattern of choice has remained constant, however, is not to say that it is either simple or adequately explained in the cases or literature. On the contrary, most discussion focuses on one piece of the puzzle or another, without addressing how these jumbled pieces fit together.8 Yet
Trigger Point Injections for Pelvic Floor Myofascial Spasm Refractive to Primary Therapy

IntroductionA retrospective chart review was conducted of visual analog scale (VAS) scores completed before and after trigger point injections (TPIs) for pelvic floor myofascial spasm to evaluate r...
Patient satisfaction with chronic HIV care provided through an innovative pharmacist/nurse-managed clinic and a multidisciplinary clinic.

Background:Pharmacist/nurse-led clinics are an established model for many chronic diseases but not yet for HIV. At our centre, patients with HIV are seen by a multidisciplinary team (physician, nur...
Mathematical Music Theory and the Musical Math Game—Two Creative Ontological Switches

Mathematical Music Theory (MaMuTh) can be understood as a creative support of the musical ontology, a toolset for composition, or a model for theoretical approaches. Several MaMuTh scholars who are also musicians have asked about the opposed possibility, a Musical Math Game (MuMaGm), namely the creative musical support of the mathematical ontology, setting up conjectures, mathematical theories and eventually helping solve mathematical problems. We discuss this idea and our related proposal of music and mathematics being adjoint functors between (the categories of) formulas and gestures. We illustrate this bidirectional ontological shift of creativity between music and mathematics through the history of counterpoint.
Classification of Breast Masses Using a Computer-Aided Diagnosis Scheme of Contrast Enhanced Digital Mammograms

Contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) is a promising imaging modality in breast cancer diagnosis. This study aims to investigate how to optimally develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme of CEDM images to classify breast masses. A CEDM dataset of 111 patients was assembled, which includes 33 benign and 78 malignant cases. Each CEDM includes two types of images namely, low energy (LE) and dual-energy subtracted (DES) images. A CAD scheme was applied to segment mass regions depicting on LE and DES images separately. Optimal segmentation results generated from DES images were also mapped to LE images or vice versa. After computing image features, multilayer perceptron based machine learning classifiers that integrate with a correlation-based feature subset evaluator and leave-one-case-out cross-validation method were built to classify mass regions. When applying CAD to DES and LE images with original segmentation, areas under ROC curves (AUC) were 0.759 ± 0.053 and 0.753 ± 0.047, respectively. After mapping the mass regions optimally segmented on DES images to LE images, AUC significantly increased to 0.848 ± 0.038 (p < 0.01). Study demonstrated that DES images eliminated overlapping effect of dense breast tissue, which helps improve mass segmentation accuracy. The study demonstrated that applying a novel approach to optimally map mass region segmented from DES images to LE images enabled CAD to yield significantly improved performance.
Can a discrete dynamic model ever perfectly simulate a continuum

Abstract This article elaborates on the seemingly impossible notion that a continuous elastic body subjected to dynamic sources on its outer surface could ever be substituted in all of its essential qualities by a discrete model accomplished with finite elements. This topic is taken up herein and discussed in the context of a very simple two-dimensional model involving the propagation of SH shear waves (or acoustic waves) in a homogeneous elastic half-space. It is shown that there exists at least one discrete solid, referred to here as the Guddati Solid, which from its external surface behaves exactly like the continuum and is able to transmit waves of any frequency and any wavelength. This is a rather surprising finding in that it seems to contradict some well-known elastodynamic representation theorems, not to mention falsify the widespread belief that a discrete system can never behave like the continuum it purports to model. The purpose of this article is thus to present one example which disproves this widely believed postulate.
Highlights Role of Reflux in Renal Damage

Reflux of urine up the ureters provides a way in which infection can be conveyed to the kidney from an infected bladder. Once infected urine reaches the pelvi-calyceal system it may invade the parenchyma by one of several routes. In the first place it may invade the parenchyma by reflux up the ducts of Bellini, the so-called intrarenal reflux or calicotubular reflux. In the rat the kidney may be invaded in the fornicial region close to the insertion of the calyceal wall and it is likely that this also occurs in the newborn. Invasion via the veins — pyelovenous route — is also considered possible but is not so well documented as the other routes. Once infection has been established in the kidney remarkable degrees of tubular destruction take place and the acute inflammatory focus heals with considerable scar formation.
Enzymatic browning of foods

Quantitative relationships between enzymatic browning of foods and the responsible food constituents (e.g. phenol oxidase, phenolic substrates, inhibitors) are discussed. Attention is also given to the effects of extrinsic factors (e.g., climatic factors, fertilizers, phytohormones, pesticides,γ-irradiation, storage time and temperature) on the rates of browning.