cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some observations on the opiate peptides and schizophrenia.

• With the discovery of the opiate peptides, several major avenues of research became apparent. These peptides produced a great deal of focused attention on their anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology. In this article, we present an overview of some of the main research issues and recent findings in the field of opiate peptides. The possible relationship of the opiate peptide neuronal systems to schizophrenia is discussed in light of attempts to alter schizophrenic symptoms with opiate antagonists, β-endorphin, and dialysis. It is hypothesized that if the opiate peptides are involved in schizophrenia, then their involvement with dopamine systems and/or with stress responses may be critical.
Ultrashort processes and biology

Abstract An attempt is made to answer the question ‘Have we reached the temporal boundaries of biology?’ In the author's opinion, which is based largely on experience with early events in photosynthesis, the answer depends on the time scale on which processes highly specific to life can be identified, thus, to a large extent on definitions rather than on the possibilities afforded by technological development. Bohr's “complementarity principle for living systems” is discussed in this context.
The Red Heifer: a Biblical Purification Rite in Rabbinic Literature

The nineteenth chapter of the book of Numbers deals with the Red Heifer (parah adumah; literally, red cow). Father de Vaux interprets this, with a high degree of probability, as a rite "of ancient origin... accepted by Yahwism" (Ancient Israel, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1961, p. 461). Verses i to io of the chapter discuss the preparation of a water of purification (me niddah; literally, water of purification from sin). The rite involved the burning to ash of a Red Heifer by an assistant, possibly a layman, after slaughter in the sight of a priest and a ritual sprinkling of the Heifer's blood by "Eleazar the priest." The Heifer had to be without spot or blemish and never to have borne the yoke. The officiating priest became ritually unclean as a result of his part in the ceremony; so, too, did his assistant. A third person, again not specified as a priest, but only as one who was ritually clean, was then required to gather up the ashes of the Heifer and to store them in a place "outside the camp" (mihutz lammahaneh). This participant was also rendered unclean by his action and required purification. This section (verses i to io) concludes, without reference to the specific method of mixing the ashes of the Heifer with water or to the specific uses to which the water of purification was to be put, with the words: "and it shall be unto the children of Israel and unto the
Nutrient and mineral composition of commercial US goat milk yogurts

Eight varieties of commercial goat milk yogurts (two plain and six flavored) produced in the US were evaluated. Overall mean percentage of total solids, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash for plain varieties from three companies were: 11.5 ±0.56, 3.99 ± 0.12, 2.25 ± 0.13, 4.49 ± 0.56, and 0.818 ± 0.019, respectively. Mean concentrations (ppm, wet basis) for the pooled data of plain yogurts were: 1405 Ca, 149 Mg, 1253 P, 1417 K, 736 Na, 240 S, 1.02 Fe, 0.345 Mn, 0.303 Cu, 3.37 Zn, 3.54 Al, and 0.148 Mo. Plain varieties contained significantly (P<0.05) lower total solids and carbohydrates, but significantly (P<0.05) more protein and fat than the four fruit varieties. Cherry-almond flavored yogurt had significantly (P < 0.05) lower ash than the other varieties. Differences in Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn and Al levels between varieties for the pooled or separate manufacturer data were significant (P<0.05), whereas K, Na, and S were different only for separate manufacturer data. Correlation coefficients (r) between levels of nutrients were variable, with total solids having significant r values with several nutrients, while Na, Mn and Mo did not correlate with any other parameters. Commercial goat yogurts tested in this study contained lower total solids and carbohydrates compared to cow counterparts, indicating that less amount of nonfat powder milk and fruits were added to the goat yogurt products.
The unstable apophyseal joint: An early sign of lumbar disc disease

When a lumbar nucleus pulposus deteriorates, instability and abnormal apophyseal joint motion ensues. Cadaver experiments showed abnormal apophyseal joint motion immediately after incision of the corresponding disc. In a retrospective study there was a high positive correlation between abnormal apophyseal joint motion and surgically demonstrated abnormal discs, demonstrated as early as one week following injury. Criteria for abnormal motion include overall widening of the apophyseal joint space, uneven widening of the joint space, and faulty facet apposition — overriding or underriding.
Maternal influences on fetal microbial colonization and immune development

While critical for normal development, the exact timing of establishment of the intestinal microbiome is unknown. For example, although preterm labor and birth have been associated with bacterial colonization of the amniotic cavity and fetal membranes for many years, the prevailing dogma of a sterile intrauterine environment during normal term pregnancies has been challenged more recently. While found to be a key contributor of evolution in the animal kingdom, maternal transmission of commensal bacteria may also constitute a critical process during healthy pregnancies in humans with yet unclear developmental importance. Metagenomic sequencing has elucidated a rich placental microbiome in normal term pregnancies likely providing important metabolic and immune contributions to the growing fetus. Conversely, an altered microbial composition during pregnancy may produce aberrant metabolites impairing fetal brain development and life-long neurological outcomes. Here we review the current understanding of microbial colonization at the feto-maternal interface and explain how normal gut colonization drives a balanced neonatal mucosal immune system, while dysbiosis contributes to aberrant immune function early in life and beyond. We discuss how maternal genetics, diet, medications, and probiotics inform the fetal microbiome in preparation for perinatal and postnatal bacterial colonization.
To avoid a mating mishap, yeast focus and communicate.

During mating, yeast cells must perforate their rigid cell walls at the right place to allow cell–cell fusion. In this issue, Dudin et al. (2015; J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/jcb.201411124) image mating fission yeast cells with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. The authors find that when mating cells come into contact, they form aster-like actin structures that direct cell wall remodeling precisely to the point of contact.
Effect of Solvent Polarity in Ionomer Solutions

A model polyurethane ionomer is synthesized with regularly spaced ionic groups along the polymer backbone. This model system allows study of the effect of ionic interactions on polymer solutions and to understand the behavior of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions which suffer from the disadvantages of weak scattering and difficulty in filtration and purification. The ionomer has been studied in a variety of solvents by dynamic light scattering. The underivatized polyurethane exists as single chains in solution. The ionomer solution structure depends on the polarity of the solvent and solvent quality with respect to the ionomer backbone. In low-polarity solvents ionic aggregation takes place, and characteristic polyelectrolyte behavior is observed in polar solvents that are good solvents for the ionomer backbone. It is found that in toluene, a low-polarity solvent, the aggregates consist of physically cross-linked chains whereas in dimethylacetamide, a polar solvent, the aggregates consist of polyions and...
Steroidogenic factor-1 is an essential transcriptional activator for gonad-specific expression of promoter I of the rat prolactin receptor gene

The expression of the prolactin receptor is under the control of two putative tissue-specific (PI, gonads; PII, liver) and one common (PIII) promoters (Hu, Z. Z., Zhuang, L., and Dufau, M. L. (1996) J. Biol. Chem.271, 10242–10246). The three promoter regions were co-localized to the rat chromosomal locus 2ql6, in the order 5′-PIII-PI-PII-3′. To investigate the mechanisms of gonad-specific utilization of PI, the promoter domain, regulatory cis-elements, and trans-factors were identified in gonadal cells. The promoter domain localized to the 152-base pair 5′ of the transcriptional start site at −549 is highly active in gonadal cells but has minimal activity in hepatoma cells. It contains a steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) element (−668) that binds the SF-1 protein of nuclear extracts from gonadal cells and is essential for promoter activation. A CCAAT box (−623) contributes minimally to basal activity in the absence of the SF-1 element, and two adjacent TATA-like sequences act as inhibitory elements. Thus, PI belongs to a class of TATA-less/non-initiator gene promoters. These findings demonstrate an essential role for SF-1 in transcriptional activation of promoter I of the prolactin receptor gene, which may explain the tissue-specific expression of PI in the gonads but not in the liver and the mammary gland.
The Cross-Wavelet Transform and Analysis of Quasi-periodic Behavior in the Pearson-Readhead VLBI Survey Sources

We introduce an algorithm for applying a cross-wavelet transform to analysis of quasi-periodic variations in a time series and introduce significance tests for the technique. We apply a continuous wavelet transform and the cross-wavelet algorithm to the Pearson-Readhead VLBI survey sources using data obtained from the University of Michigan 26 m paraboloid at observing frequencies of 14.5, 8.0, and 4.8 GHz. Thirty of the 62 sources were chosen to have sufficient data for analysis, having at least 100 data points for a given time series. Of these 30 sources, a little more than half exhibited evidence for quasi-periodic behavior in at least one observing frequency, with a mean characteristic period of 2.4 yr and standard deviation of 1.3 yr. We find that out of the 30 sources, there were about four timescales for every 10 time series, and about half of those sources showing quasi-periodic behavior repeated the behavior in at least one other observing frequency.
High-Power Integrated Photodetectors for Microwave Photonics Applications

This talk will review modified uni-traveling carrier photodiodes that have reached high RF output power levels. Discrete photodiodes, photodiodes with microwave matching circuits, and heterogeneously integrated waveguide photodiodes will be described.
Structured Dietary Interventions in the Treatment of Severe Pediatric Obesity: A Pilot Study

Background: Structured dietary interventions have been associated with improved outcomes in adult weight-control programs, but virtually no research has focused on children. Thus, we conducted an uncontrolled pilot study to determine the potential utility of structured approaches to enhance the dietary component of family-based treatment of severe pediatric obesity (body mass index [BMI] >97th percentile for age and sex). Method: Children aged 8–12 years participated with a parent or guardian. Individualized menu plans were provided (MENU, n=12) alone, or along with meals and snacks for the child (MENU+MEAL, n=6). All families received up to $30/week reimbursement for foods included in the menus. Results: Median BMI change was −1.2 kg/m2 for MENU (n=12), and −1.8 kg/m2 for MENU+MEAL (n=6). Both approaches were associated with significant reductions in BMI (p<0.05). Conclusion: Structured dietary interventions for severe pediatric obesity are acceptable to families and warrant further development.
Femtosecond carrier-induced screening of dc electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation at the Si(001) SiO(2) interface.

Carrier-induced screening of the dc electric field at the Si(001)–SiO2 interface is observed by intensity-dependent and femtosecond-time-resolved second-harmonic spectroscopy. The screening occurs on a time scale of ∼ωp-1, the reciprocal plasma frequency of the generated carriers.
Quantitative spectrophotometric amino acid submicro analysis with a multicolumn system

Abstract A substantial increase in sensitivity for quantitative and automatic amino acid analysis is achieved by combining the Beckman Amino Acid Analyzer model 120 with the Gilford 2000 Multiple Sample Absorbance Recording System. This combination allows the analysis of up to six samples simultaneously. Four of these samples may contain as little as 1–10 nanomoles of each amino acid. The accuracy of quantitation at this level was found to be within ±5%.
ON EXISTENCE CRITERIA FOR FLUID INTERFACES IN THE ABSENCE OF GRAVITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the equilibrium interfaces between two fluids, such as the liquid-gas free surface of a liquid that partly fills its container. The shape of the equilibrium free surface is determined by the interaction of surface and gravitational forces, in such a manner that the mechanical energy of the configuration is stationary with respect to displacements that satisfy prescribed constraints. Of principal interest are stable equilibria, for which the energy is minimized. The chapter focuses on cylindrical containers of general section. A cylindrical container with axis oriented vertically has been considered and it is assumed that the equilibrium free surface of a liquid partly filling the container projects simply onto a section of the cylinder. The condition, that the surface plus gravitational energy be stationary subject to the constraint of fixed liquid volume, leads to the Laplace-Young equation.
Bifunctional Synthetic Enzymes via Alternating Copolymerization. I. Copolymers Containing Alternating Imidazole and Hydroxamic Functions

Abstract The synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of bifunctional synthetic enzymes via alternating copolymerization was carried out. It was desired to obtain copolymers containing alternating placements of complementary functional groups to determine whether “cooperativity” between the groups (in the hydrolysis of ester substrates) would be greater than in the corresponding random copolymers containing the same functional groups. The bifunctional alternating copolymer, N-(β-vinyloxyethyl)imidazole-N-hydroxymaleimide, was synthesized and evaluated as a catalyst in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate. The effectiveness of this copolymer as an esterolysis catalyst was compared with imidazole and the homopolymer of N-hydroxymaleimide. Monomer syntheses, polymerization, and copolymer properties are also reported.
Down-regulation of Cdc6, a cell cycle regulatory gene, in prostate cancer.

CDC6 plays a critical role in regulation of the onset of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. We have found that Cdc6 expression is down-regulated in prostate cancer as detected by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR of prostate cell lines and laser-captured microdissected prostate tissues. This result was substantiated by immunohistochemical analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue sections and immunoblot analysis of benign (BPH-1) and adenocarcinomatous prostatic cells. Furthermore, a 100-fold reduction in the transcription efficiency of the Cdc6 promoter-luciferase construct was noted in the metastatic PC3 cells compared with that in BPH-1 cells. Concentration of the E2F and Oct1 transcription factors that have putative binding sites in the Cdc6 promoter was substantially low in PC3 cells compared with BPH cells. Mutagenesis of the two E2F binding sites on the Cdc6 promoter resulted in increased promoter activity in PC3 cells owing to elimination of the negative regulation by pRb.E2F complex but not to the level of that obtained in BPH cells. We conclude that an altered interaction of transcription factors may be responsible for the down-regulation of Cdc6 transcription in PC3 cells. Our study suggests a potential use of the lack of CDC6 expression as an index of prostate cancer development.
An application of statistical techniques to estimate engineering man‐hours on major aircraft programs

Data on 23 lots of various aircraft programs were gathered. Total engineering man-hours, and information on performance, weight, area, avionics systems, data, and schedule were subjected to least squares analysis. An equation is presented which indicates a relationship between total engineering manhours and a set of seven predictor variables. While the equation derived could only be used with confidence by the manufacturer whose data was analyzed, this article should be looked upon as demonstrating a method of data analysis which others may also find useful, not only for predicting engineering manhours in major aircraft programs, but also in other situations where there is an abundance of possible predictor variables, and the problem is to sort out a meaningful subset of these variables. In order to demonstrate the viability of the formula obtained, comparisons were made with various bid programs.
Escherichia coli formate dehydrogenase mutants with altered selenopolymer profiles.

Four classes of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in either or both of their anaerobic selenium-containing formate dehydrogenases (FDH) were isolated. A class I mutant devoid of FDHH activity specifically linked to benzyl viologen (BV) produced a small amount of the FDHH 80,000 dalton selenopeptide. Three class II mutants were deficient in FDHN activity specifically linked to phenazine methosulfate (PMS) and exhibited a selenopeptide “doublet” rather than the FDHN 110,000 dalton selenosubunit. Three class III mutants were selenium incorporation deficient and did not exhibit either FDH activity or 75Selabeled selenopolymers. A class IV mutant was devoid of PMS-linked FDHN activity; neither its FDHN 110,000 dalton selenosubunit nor its BV-linked FDHH activity was fully regulated by nitrate.
Two Wrongs Do Not Make a Right: Sacrificing the Needs of Gifted Students Does Not Solve Society's Unsolved Problems.

Gifted students in our nation's schools are being denied needed services because enrollment of underserved minorities in special classes is typically disproportionate. This disproportionality is a direct result of long-standing social inequities and the consequences of poverty. We are punishing the innocent for the sins of a society that has been unable to conquer these problems. A number of well-intentioned remedies have been attempted, but we need to take care that we do not, in the name of fairness, detract from the availability or effectiveness of the programs we have. An action agenda is proposed that may improve matters; but, in the meantime, the author urges that we not abandon rigorous efforts to serve academically advanced children, whatever their backgrounds.
Diversity in the Post Affirmative Action Labor Market: A Proxy for Racial Progress?

This article explores how concepts of diversity fit into the problem of racial progress and workplace inequality. Diversity can be viewed functionally as part of an ongoing effort in Corporate America to resolve conflict and reduce racial inequality in job allocation. On the other hand, consistent with new institutional theory, diversity can be viewed as a rubric for a set of activities meant to signal corporate ‘good will’. In this case, the role it plays may forestall durable change in corporate cultures; as an organizing concept for human resource development diversity would be a tool that obscures underlying bias against racialized (i.e. black-oriented) private sector employment policies. I suggest that the concept of diversity is purposively fluid in organizations so that its meaning can shift to protect — rather than change — the racial status quo.
A heterogeneous population code for elapsed time in rat medial agranular cortex

The neural mechanisms underlying the temporal control of behavior are largely unknown. Here we recorded from medial agranular cortex neurons in rats while they freely behaved in a temporal production task, the peak-interval procedure. Due to variability in estimating the time of food availability, robust responding typically bracketed the expected duration, starting some time before and ending some time after the signaled delay. These response periods provided analytic “steady state” windows during which subjects actively indicated their temporal expectation of food availability. Remarkably, during these response periods, a variety of firing patterns were seen that could be broadly described as ramps, peaks, and dips, with different slopes, directions, and times at which maxima or minima occur. Regularized linear discriminant analysis indicated that these patterns provided sufficiently reliable information to discriminate the elapsed duration of responding within these response periods. Modeling this across neuron variability showed that the utilization of ramps, dips, and peaks, with different slopes and minimal/maximal rates at different times, led to a substantial improvement in temporal prediction errors, suggesting that heterogeneity in the neural representation of elapsed time may facilitate temporally controlled behavior.
Political Trust and Trustworthiness

After addressing the meaning of “trust” and “trustworthiness,” we review survey-based research on citizens' judgments of trust in governments and politicians, and historical and comparative case study research on political trust and government trustworthiness. We first provide an overview of research in these two traditions, and then take up four topics in more detail: (a) political trust and political participation; (b) political trust, public opinion, and the vote; (c) political trust, trustworthy government, and citizen compliance; and (d) political trust, social trust, and cooperation. We conclude with a discussion of fruitful directions for future research.
Impact of Recanalization, Reperfusion, and Collateral Flow on Clinical Efficacy

The goal of acute stroke therapy is reperfusion of salvageable ischemic tissue. Acute stroke trials have typically focused on inclusion of patients who present within a short time after the onset of symptoms. The assumption underlying this approach is that the time from symptom onset is a surrogate for the volume of salvageable tissue. It has been estimated that in patients with a large vessel occlusion presenting with acute ischemic stroke, about 120 million neurons die each hour.1 However, more recent data support the concept that the rate at which ischemic neurons become irreversibly injured after stroke onset is actually highly variable and depends on numerous factors, including the site of occlusion and the extent of collateral circulation. It seems that some patients lose neurons at an alarmingly high rate and that even very early reperfusion may be futile. In contrast, there seems to be a subgroup of stroke patients in whom irreversible ischemic injury evolves over many hours. These patients may be ideal candidates for reperfusion therapies administered at late time points. Although there has been controversy regarding the accuracy of acute diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for identification of irreversible ischemic injury, recent clinical and laboratory studies have confirmed that permanent and complete tissue salvage in regions of early DWI positivity is limited to no more than a few milliliters of tissue in the vast majority of large artery infarcts.2,3 Reports of large volume reversal may …
Medsat: A Remote Sensing Satellite For Malaria Early Warning And Control

A remote sensing, medical satellite (MEDSAT) aids in the control of carrier (vector) borne disease. The prototype design is a light satellite to test for control of malaria. The design features a 340-kg satellite with visual/IR and SAR sensors in a low inclination orbit observing a number of worldwide test sites. The approach is to use four-band visual/IR and dual-polarized L-band SAR images obtained from MEDSAT in concert with in-situ data to estimate the temporal and spatial variations of malaria risk. This allows public health resources to focus on the most vulnerable areas at the appropriate time. It is concluded that a light-satellite design for a MEDSAT satellite with a Pegasus launch is feasible.
The Teenage Brain Adolescent Brain Research and the Law

In this article, we explore the emerging and potential influence of adolescent brain science on law and public policy. The primary importance of this research is in policy domains that implicate adolescent risk taking; these include drug and alcohol use, driver licensing, and criminal justice. We describe the emerging importance of brain science in the Supreme Court and other policy arenas. Finally, we argue that current research cannot contribute usefully to legal decisions about individual adolescents and should not be used in criminal trials at the present time, except to provide general developmental information.
Gamma frailty transformation models for multivariate survival times

We propose a class of transformation models for multivariate failure times. The class of transformation models generalize the usual gamma frailty model and yields a marginally linear transformation model for each failure time. Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation is used for inference. The maximum likelihood estimators for the regression coefficients are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal, and their asymptotic variances attain the semiparametric efficiency bound. Simulation studies show that the proposed estimation procedure provides asymptotically efficient estimates and yields good inferential properties for small sample sizes. The method is illustrated using data from a cardiovascular study.
Consequences of non‐random species loss for decomposition dynamics: experimental evidence for additive and non‐additive effects

Summary 1. Although litter decomposition is a fundamental ecological process, most of our understanding comes from studies of single-species decay. Recently, litter-mixing studies have tested whether monoculture data can be applied to mixed-litter systems. These studies have mainly attempted to detect non-additive effects of litter mixing, which address potential consequences of random species loss ‐ the focus is not on which species are lost, but the decline in diversity per se . 2. Under global change, species loss is likely to be non-random, with some species more vulnerable to extinction than others. Under such scenarios, the effects of individual species (additivity) as well as of species interactions (non-additivity) on decomposition rates are of interest. 3. To examine potential impacts of non-random species loss on ecosystems, we studied additive and non-additive effects of litter mixing on decomposition. A full-factorial litterbag experiment was conducted using four deciduous leaf species, from which mass loss and nitrogen content were measured. Data were analysed using a statistical approach that first looks for additive identity effects based on the presence or absence of species and then significant species interactions occurring beyond those. It partitions non-additive effects into those caused by richness and/or composition. 4. This approach addresses questions key to understanding the potential effects of species loss on ecosystem processes. If additive effects dominate, the consequences for decomposition dynamics will be predictable based on our knowledge of individual species, but not statistically predictable if non-additive effects dominate. 5. We found additive (identity) effects on mass loss and non-additive (composition) effects on litter nitrogen dynamics, suggesting that non-random species loss could significantly affect this system. We were able to identify the species responsible for effects that would otherwise have been considered idiosyncratic or absent when analysed by the methods used in previous work. 6. Synthesis . We observed both additive and non-additive effects of litter-mixing on decomposition, indicating consequences of non-random species loss. To predict the consequences of global change for ecosystem functioning, studies should examine the effects of both random and non-random species loss, which will help identify the mechanisms that influence the response of ecosystems to environmental change.
Size and UV Germicidal Irradiation Susceptibility of Serratia marcescens when Aerosolized from Different Suspending Media

Experimental systems have been built in laboratories worldwide to investigate the influence of various environmental parameters on the efficacy of UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for deactivating airborne microorganisms. It is generally recognized that data from different laboratories might vary significantly due to differences in systems and experimental conditions. In this study we looked at the effect of the composition of the suspending medium on the size and UVGI susceptibility of Serratia marcescens in an experimental system built in our laboratory. S. marcescens was suspended in (i) distilled water, (ii) phosphate buffer, (iii) 10% fetal calf serum, (iv) phosphate-buffered saline (saline, 0.8% sodium chloride), and (v) synthetic saliva (phosphate-buffered saline with 10% fetal calf serum). At low humidity (36%), S. marcescens suspended in water-only medium was the most susceptible to UVGI, followed by those in serum-only medium. The count median diameters (CMDs) for culturable particles from water-only and serum-only media were 0.88 and 0.95 μm, respectively, with the measurements based on their aerodynamic behavior. The bacteria suspended in phosphate buffer, synthetic saliva, and phosphate-buffered saline had similar UVGI susceptibility and CMD at 1.0, 1.4, and 1.5 μm, respectively. At high humidity (68%) the CMD of the particles increased by 6 to 16%, and at the same time UVGI susceptibility decreased, with the magnitude of decrease related to the type of suspending medium. In conclusion, the choice of suspending medium influenced both size and UVGI susceptibility of S. marcescens. These data are valuable for making comparisons and deciding on the use of an appropriate medium for various applications.
The Persulfate Oxidation of Phenols and Arylamines (The Elbs and the Boyland–Sims Oxidations)

A phenolate anion reacts with persulfate ion in alkaline solution to yield a product in which a sulfate group enters the ring para or ortho to the phenolic group. Para substitution predominates. Subsequent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis yields the dihydric phenol. The reaction was discovered by Karl Elbs in 1893 and named the Elbs persulfate oxidation. The reaction is generally applicable to ortho-, meta-, and para-substituted phenols with isomer distributions. The yields are not very high, particularly from para-substituted phenols, but the major contaminant is usually unchanged starting material that can be separated easily from the intermediate sulfate ester by solvent extraction. Other generally oxidizable groups such as an aldehyde or a double bond are usually not affected under the reaction conditions. The reaction was last thoroughly reviewed in 1951. T. R. Seshadri has made major contributions to the development of the Elbs oxidation. Nearly 30% of the references in this chapter are due to him and his colleagues. By analogy with the Elbs persulfate oxidation of phenols, it might be expected that aromatic amines would react with persulfate to give p-aminoaryl sulfates. Although the Elbs reaction had been known since 1893, it was not until 60 years later that Boyland et al. reported the extension of this reaction to aromatic amines. In accordance with expectations, aminoaryl sulfates were indeed the major products of the reaction, but, unexpectedly, the substitution took place exclusively ortho to the amino group rather than predominantly in the para position as in the phenol oxidation. Para substitution takes place only if the ortho positions are occupied by substituents other than hydrogen. Boyland and Sims explored the preparative aspects of this reaction in a series of papers. It seems appropriate to name the reaction the Boyland–Sims oxidation. Primary, secondary, and tertiary aromatic amines are all converted to the corresponding o-aminoaryl sulfates under conditions similar to those used for the Elbs oxidation, that is, room temperature or below, aqueous alkali, and equimolar quantities of amine and persulfate. Keywords: persulfate oxidation; phenols; Elbs oxidation; Boyland-Sims oxidation; mechanism; experimental procedures; phenols; naphthols; hydroxyquinones; coumarins; flavones; flavanones; chromones; xanthones; anilines; pyridines; indoles; quinolines; pyrimides; phenoxazine; napthylamines; scope; limitations; unsuccessful oxidations
The Global Strategy on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property: Notes on the Implementation and Suggestions for Change

This paper analyzes the 2008 Global Strategy on Public Health, Innovation and Intellectual Property released by the World Health Organization. The Global Strategy was an effort by WHO to increase innovation for pharmaceutical technology in developing countries. This paper introduces the Global Strategy, traces early efforts to implement the policy, and makes suggested changes based on other evidence.
Taking Stock of the S.T.O.C.K. Act

In the Spring of 2012, in response to infamously low approval ratings and a direct request from the President, Congress passed a law to stop itself and other federal officials from insider trading. The measure was offered and received as a remedy for a loophole. In actuality, the law added little to the prosecutor’s insider trading arsenal, but, like many celebrated proposals of the year, did send messages about tolerance and priorities. In short, in addition to there being no empirical support for the notion that Congress enjoys immunity from prosecution for insider trading, there is scant evidence that the S.E.C.’s arsenal needed enhancing. Analyzed as either an employer-employee relationship or simply one characterized by confidences, the position of United States Congressman or staffer placed its holder on (at best) equal footing with every other citizen in the crosshairs of an insider trading investigation. The novel, targeted insider trading prohibition thus both replicates precedent and augurs poorly for future cases.Indeed, since 1997, so thoroughly open-ended has been the S.E.C.’s Misappropriation Theory that leading textbook authors concluded (well before the passage of the STOCK Act) that the theory would reach the law clerk trading ahead of her judge’s opinion, and the government employee improperly benefitting from a confidential government report. Not surprisingly, the Commission’s website has long summarily described government employees as subject to the Misappropriation Theory. The STOCK Act, while adding its own vagaries, at times counters the gains heroically achieved by the S.E.C. through nearly 50 years of case law. But the symbolic contribution of the STOCK Act cannot be overlooked. By attempting to tighten the reporting periods for stock trades by Congress and others, the Act strengthens post-Watergate ethics legislation while signaling obligations of public officials akin to the regime governing corporate officers. Analyzed as either an investigative supplement or a wake-up call to federal officials, the law hit the mark. Whether that mark continues to garner prioritized attention is a wholly separate question.
Socio-Semantic Health Information Access

We describe Cobot, a mixed initiative socio-semantic conversational search and recommendation system for finding health information. With Cobot, users can start a real time conversation about their health concerns. Cobot then connects relevant users together in the conversation also providing contextual recommendations relevant to the conversation. Conventional search engines and content portals provide a solitary search experience inundating the health information seeker with a hoard of information often confusing and frustrating them. Cobot brings relevant healthcare information directly or through other users without any search through natural language conversation.
The Social Characteristics of Entertainers

W E E EXAMINE herein the social background of those persons who are intimately connected with entertainment in American societv. Such data shed considerable light on the nature of the entertainment field, and are highly significant for sociologists concerned with social mobility and stratification.' Although entertainers as a group may not be important in terms of sheer numbers, they are of crucial symbolic significance in American society. Moreover, functional interrelationships appear to exist between the social mobility and personal instability of entertainers which help to explain the character of the popular arts in America.
Meeting the mental health needs of rural men.

It is the purpose of this paper to provide an overview of the problems faced by rural men and the challenges faced by those mental health professionals seeking to prevent and intervene in the mental health problems of rural men. To be discussed is the fact that men, in general, and rural men, in particular, are greatly affected by their gender role socialization which influences both their life styles and their attitudes and behavior in seeking needed mental health assistance. Language: en
Developing Serial Communication Interfaces for Rapid Prototyping of Navigation and Control Tasks

*† This work is intended to be a simple guide in developing RS232 interfaces for the Mathwork’s RTW/xPC target. The work discusses the details of system level programming of serial interfaces and provides a simple means of developing data decoding routines. The technique presented herein allows one to easily work with an RS232 device during a system development without detailed knowledge about either the hardware or the low-level hardware programming. This valuable technique has been developed and successfully tested at the Naval Postgraduate School during several long-term projects primarily targeting design and implementation of GNC algorithms for various UAV applications.
Effects of Shock and Gold on Mouse Liver Sulfhydryl.

SummaryMice were subjected to severe stress by scalding, ligation trauma, injection of a toxic dose of a bacterial polysaccharide, or exposure to cold. Each of these procedures produced a marked decrease in liver non-protein sulfhydryl concentration. In some experiments, a moderate decrease in liver protein sulfhydryl concentration also occurred. Mice recovering from scalding exhibited marked increases in liver non-protein sulfhydryl concentration to values well above the original control level.
206 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEFT AND RIGHT ACETABULAR ANTEVERSION IS A FACTOR TO CONSIDER DURING COMPUTER-ASSISTED NAVIGATION.

Computer-assisted surgical navigation has been introduced into orthopedic surgery to increase precision and to improve the postoperative success of hip osteotomies and replacement. This technology allows for greater precision, which allows for a more patient-specific approach but requires that differences in acetabular geometry be assessed. Incorrect orientation of implant components results in decreased range of motion and instability of the hip. Mean acetabular anteversion and abduction angles have been established with an average range of 16-20(and 30-45°, respectively. These geometries can vary significantly from individual to individual, and similar studies have found a difference between anteversion of the left and right femur and tibia. We hypothesize that acetabular geometry will vary significantly between the right and left hip, and this study hopes to document that asymmetry. Twenty-five well-preserved pelvic samples were selected from a collection of Nubian skeletons at the University of Colorado. The age and gender of each specimen were determined by anthropologic technique. The frontal plane of each pelvis was defined by laying a grid on the anterior superior illiac spines (ASIS) and pubic tubercles so that all points were in contact with the surface. The rim of each acetabulum was traced using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) with ± 0.02 mm accuracy and analyzed using Rhinoceros software. Three different researchers took three measurements of each acetabulum, and a best-fit plane was defined. Acetabular angles were determined by comparison between the acetabular plane and derived sagittal and transverse planes. An interclass correlation was performed to determine inter- and intraobserver reliability. A paired t-test was used to determine significance. The mean left anteversion of the measured samples was 18.3 ± 7.7 and the mean right anteversion was 20.8 ± 7.1. The mean difference between left and right acetabular anteversion was -2.4, with a p value of .05. There was a 97% and 94% confidence interval established for inter- and intraobserver reliability, respectively. Our data support the hypothesis that there is a significant difference between left and right acetabular anteversion. Large standard deviations about the mean indicate a large degree of intersubject variability. These data further support the hypothesis that acetabular angles are specific to each hip. Minimal inter-/intraobserver variability validates the repeatability of our technique.
Epidermal growth factor in human follicular fluid stimulates mouse oocyte maturation in vitro.

Objective To study the effect of human follicular fluid (FF) and the specific contribution of its epidermal growth factor (EGF) component on the in vitro maturation of cumulus-enclosed mouse oocytes. Design A previously described mouse oocyte model system was used to study the effect of FF on oocyte maturation before and after extraction of EGF by immunoprecipitation. Follicular fluid specimens enclosing both mature and immature human oocytes were tested. Main Outcome Measures The endpoints assessed were the percentage of oocytes undergoing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and polar body one formation at different intervals over a 24-hour period and the final degree of cumulus expansion achieved. Results A concentration-related stimulatory effect of mature FF was noted when compared with the spontaneous increase of GVBD and polar body one formation observed for the EGF-free control medium. Overall, the effect of immature FF was inhibitory. After extraction of EGF from FF by immunoprecipitation from both immature and mature FF, the rates of GVBD and polar body one formation were decreased in both groups. The addition of 5ng/mL of EGF to the extracted groups reversed this effect on polar body one formation. Cumulus expansion was maximal for oocytes incubated with mature FF and minimal for those incubated with EGF-free media. Conclusions The positive effect of mature human FF on mouse oocyte maturation and cumulus expansion is to a large extent because of the presence of EGF.
Respiratory dose-response study of normal and asthmatic volunteers exposed to sulfuric acid aerosol in the sub-micrometer size range.

Twenty-one healthy and 21 asthmatic volunteers were exposed to respirable sulfuric acid aerosol (mass median particle diameter approximately 0.9 micron, geometric standard deviation 2.5) in a chamber at 21 degrees and 50% relative humidity. Measured sulfuric acid concentrations averaged 0, 380, 1060, and 1520 micrograms/m3 (in the occupational range, higher than concentrations observed in ambient air pollution). Exposures to different concentrations occurred in randomized order 1 week apart. They lasted 1 hr and included three 10-min periods of heavy exercise. Healthy volunteers showed no statistically significant changes in pulmonary function, airway reactivity to inhaled methacholine, or overall reporting of irritant symptoms which could be attributed to acid exposure. They did show a slight statistically significant (P less than .01) increase in cough with increasing acid concentration. At the two highest acid concentrations, asthmatics showed significant increases in irritant symptoms and decrements in pulmonary function, without significant changes in airway reactivity. Their function decrements appeared to increase with time during exposure. Previous studies in fog (10 degrees, median particle diameter approximately 10 micron) with similar concentrations of sulfuric acid showed more symptoms but less pulmonary function change, perhaps reflecting different sites of particle deposition in airways and/or different degrees of neutralization by airway ammonia. This and earlier evidence predicts little, if any, acute irritant response in short-term (1 hr or less) exposures to sulfuric acid at concentrations found in ambient air pollution.
STRAIN FIELDS ASSOCIATED WITH FRACTURE UNDER HIGH PRESSURE, VIEWED WITH HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY

Abstract Holographic interferometry is used to observe the strain field and the development of an intensive deformation zone in Westerly Granite specimens under loading. Copper-jacketed samples were subjected to differential stress under confining pressure up to 0.8 kbar. An elliptical bulging of the sample was observed to form at the onset of dilatancy. The ultimate failure plane and the major axis of the intense deformation zone are coincident. A bulge outlining the incipient failure plane becomes apparent below 90% of ultimate strength of the rock. In the post-failure regime, strain concentrations prior to frictional sliding of the sample are largely confined to this zone. The anelastic bulge in the intense deformation zone amounts to about twice that outside the zone at the ultimate failure of the sample.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Richter Syndrome.

Abstract Treatment combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy as well as novel targeted therapies have shown limited efficacy in Richter syndrome. Overall response rates after chemoimmunotherapy range from 43% to 67%, but remissions are generally short-lived. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (all-HCT) is considered a potentially curative treatment modality, yielding 3-year overall survival rates exceeding 50% and a plateau in survival curves. In Richter syndrome, efficacy of allo-HCT depends on demonstrating an objective response (complete remission or partial response) before allografting, with resulting 3-year survival rates of 41% to 75%. On the other hand, the efficacy of autologous HCT is limited, especially when considering that patients autografted for Richter syndrome might relapse with CLL in 35% of cases. Notwithstanding the scarcity of published data, we recommend that patients with Richter syndrome should be referred to transplant centers as soon as the diagnosis is confirmed to evaluate their candidacy for allo-HCT. Establishing a clonal relationship to CLL is important considering the more aggressive disease course in clonally related Richter syndrome. Moreover, achievement of a complete remission or partial response to salvage therapy must be a prerequisite before moving forward with allografting for Richter syndrome. Patients who fail to demonstrate an objective response to salvage therapy should be considered for enrollment in clinical trials.
Application of Multi-Robot Systems to Disaster-Relief Scenarios with Limited Communication

In this systems description paper, we present a multi-robot solution for intelligence-gathering tasks in disaster-relief scenarios where communication quality is uncertain. First, we propose a formal problem statement in the context of operations research. The hardware configuration of two heterogeneous robotic platforms capable of performing experiments in a relevant field environment and a suite of autonomy-enabled behaviors that support operation in a communication-limited setting are described. We also highlight a custom user interface designed specifically for task allocation amongst a group of robots towards completing a central mission. Finally, we provide an experimental design and extensive, preliminary results for studying the effectiveness of our system.
Public Interests: Media Advocacy and Struggles Over U.S. Television, by Allison Perlman: New Brunswick, NJ: Routledge, 2016, 241 pp., ISBN No. 978-0-8135-7229-1 (paperback)

Progressive advocates of media reform are, for now at least, on a roll. Recent years have brought victories both on defense (e.g., the defeats of the Stop Online Piracy Act in 2012 and the Comcast–...