cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservation Biology of the Cave Bats of Mexico

The available information on use of caves by Mexican bats was examined to determine the effectiveness of a conservation strategy based on diversity. Diversity was estimated by species richness, or the number of bat species present in a cave. Sixty of the 134 Mexican species of bats regularly roost in caves. Seventeen of these species tend to roost in caves with low species richness (segregationists), 14 tend to roost in caves with high species richness (integrationists), and 29 show no tendency in terms of the species richness of the caves (indifferent). Of the 215 caves included in this study, 80% support few (three or less) species, whereas only 10% harbor six or more species. In general, species that share caves with many species form small or medium-sized colonies, and there is no positive correlation between species richness and total number of individuals in the caves. Few of the fragile and vulnerable species of Mexican bats roost in caves with high species richness or with large populations. A conservation plan based solely on diversity is not adequate for the protection of cave bats in Mexico.
Distinct and complex bacterial profiles in human periodontitis and health revealed by 16S pyrosequencing

Periodontitis has a polymicrobial etiology within the framework of a complex microbial ecosystem. With advances in sequencing technologies, comprehensive studies to elucidate bacterial community differences have recently become possible. We used 454 sequencing of 16S rRNA genes to compare subgingival bacterial communities from 29 periodontally healthy controls and 29 subjects with chronic periodontitis. Amplicons from both the V1-2 and V4 regions of the 16S gene were sequenced, yielding 1 393 579 sequences. They were identified by BLAST against a curated oral 16S database, and mapped to 16 phyla, 106 genera, and 596 species. 81% of sequences could be mapped to cultivated species. Differences between health- and periodontitis-associated bacterial communities were observed at all phylogenetic levels, and UniFrac and principal coordinates analysis showed distinct community profiles in health and disease. Community diversity was higher in disease, and 123 species were identified that were significantly more abundant in disease, and 53 in health. Spirochaetes, Synergistetes and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in disease, whereas the Proteobacteria were found at higher levels in healthy controls. Within the phylum Firmicutes, the class Bacilli was health-associated, whereas the Clostridia, Negativicutes and Erysipelotrichia were associated with disease. These results implicate a number of taxa that will be targets for future research. Some, such as Filifactor alocis and many Spirochetes were represented by a large fraction of sequences as compared with previously identified targets. Elucidation of these differences in community composition provides a basis for further understanding the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Osmotically-induced trapping of terbium ions in axonal membrane vesicles

Abstract 1. Using terbium ions as fluorescence probes of calcium-binding sites and osmotic shock to induce trapping of Tb3+ in the vesicle interior, direct binding assays have been developed to study the competition between calcium and local anesthetics for binding sites at the cytoplasmic surface of axonal membrane vesicles. 2. Pharmacologically active concentrations of the membrane-permeable local anesthetic, lidocaine, competitively displace bound Tb3+ in the vesicles, while QX-314, a quaternary ammonium analog of lidocaine that has poor access to the vesicle interior, exhibits no significant displacement of osmotically-loaded, internally-bound Tb3+. 3. These experiments support the hypothesis that local anesthetics may function by displacing Ca2+ from a functionally specific binding site in nerve membranes.
Interval and symmetry approaches to uncertainty — Pioneered by wiener — Help explain seemingly irrational human behavior: A case study

It has been observed that in many cases, when we present a user with three selections od different price (and, correspondingly, different quality), then the user selects the middle selection. This empirical fact - known as a compromise effect - seems to contradicts common sense. Indeed, when a rational decision-maker selects one of the two alternatives, and then we add an additional option, then the user will either keep the previous selection or switch to a new option, but he/she will not select a previously rejected option. However, this is exactly what happens under the compromise effect. If we present the user with three options a < a ' < a '' , then, according to the compromise effect, the user will select the middle option a ' , meaning that between aand a '' , the user will select a ' . However, if instead we present the user with three options a ' < a '' < a ''' , then, according to the same compromise effect, the use will select a previously rejected option a '' . In this paper, we show that this seemingly irrational behavior actually makes sense: it can be explained by an application of a symmetry approach, an approach whose application to uncertainty was pioneered by N. Wiener (together with interval approach to uncertainty).
Fish use of artificial dike structures in a navigable river

Artificial structures have been used to potentially increase fish production by providing cover, feeding and spawning areas. In some rivers, the United States Army Corps of Engineers has constructed dikes to provide additional habitat for river fishes and to mitigate for navigation impacts to young fishes. This study was designed to test whether such structures function as viable habitats as evidenced by increased abundances relative to reference areas lacking artificial dike structures. Dikes and reference sites in the Kanawha River, West Virginia were sampled 21 times between July 2002 and October 2003. We found a difference in taxonomic composition among fish using dikes relative to reference areas. Artificial dike structure use was most important among Centrarchidae species, especially juveniles, including black bass and several species of Lepomis. Further, distribution of fish between areas with and without dikes appears most affected by water temperature in 2002 and by short-term river flow in 2003. These patterns suggest these artificial structures are viable mitigation measures that target and benefit fish of economic interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Echocardiographic Findings That May Help Identify Occult Intermittent Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertensive Patients at Risk for a Second (or First) Ischemic Stroke

To the Editor: In their review, Liao et al1 found that Holter or event monitoring of patients after ischemic stroke identified 5% to 7% with intermittent atrial fibrillation not present on the admission ECG. They suggest that such monitoring is justified even if the yield is only 1 in 20. We recently studied the records of 827 patients with ischemic stroke and identified risk factors for atrial fibrillation in this population that might narrow the number of ischemic stroke patients requiring prolonged monitoring and might …
Preparation of Cationic Starch Ether: A Reaction Efficiency Study *

Cationic starch ether, important as a papermaking additive, was prepared from native corn starch and 2-chloro-3-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride in aqueous media in a study to ascertain conditions yielding maximum reaction efficiency (RE). Based on the amount of monomer retained after exhaustive washing procedures, RE values of 84–88% were achieved with 0.025–0.05 mole of monomer/mole of starch. Degrees of substitution of up to 0.075 were investigated. A number of variables were studied that allow high RE under a variety of reaction conditions, including those involving low energy input. The excellent stability of the monomer during etherification suggests that the water-soluble active monomer and salts could be recycled in subsequent reactions.
Beispiel: Rekursive Modellierung von Buerosystemen

Zum Anwendungsbereich erweiterter Datenmodelle konnen - neben den bereits in Kapitel 3 erwahnten Gebieten - in zunehmendem Mase auch der Entwurf und die Entwicklung von automatisch unterstutzten Informationssystemen fur Buroanwendungen gezahlt werden. Buroinformationssysteme sind dabei nach [HaKu80] „grosere Programmsysteme, die versuchen, die Ausfuhrung von Buroprozeduren insgesamt, d. h. nicht nur die Durchfuhrung spezieller Teilaufgaben, zu unterstutzen und - wenn immer es angemessen erscheint - auch zu automatisieren.“ Das Hauptproblem dabei ist nach Ansicht von Hammer und Kunin, das sich Buroanwendungen durch eine grose Abhangigkeit von Eigenheiten spezieller Anwendungen auszeichnen und daher generell verwendbare Buroinformationssysteme besonders aufwendig zu implementieren sind. Einen wesentlichen Grund fur den hohen Implementationsaufwand sehen sie vor allem im Fehlen geeigneter sprachlicher Ausdrucksmittel, mit denen die typischen Eigenschaften von Burosystemen auf angemessene und ‘naturliche’ Weise beschrieben werden konnen.
Workforce Planning in Small Local Governments

The current milieu of public personnel administration is bustling with reform ideas and practices. As the public sector moves from a “civil service” to a “human resources” paradigm, adapting innova...
Analysis of adsorption isotherms : Lattice Theory predictions, classification of isotherms for gas-solid equilibria, and similarities in gas and liquid adsorption behavior

Abstract Adsorption at fluid–solid interfaces is considered in the framework of a lattice with boundaries. Using ideas proposed by S. Ono and S. Kondo (in“Molecular Theory of Surface Tension in Liquids” (S. Flugge, Ed.), Encyclopedia of Physics, Vol. 10, p. 134. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1960), a lattice model is derived, both rigorously and phenomenologically, and applied to macro-, meso-, and microporous adsorbents by imposing different boundary conditions. It is shown that this lattice theory can predict the entire spectrum of behavior observed when gases, liquids, or supercritical fluids adsorb on solid surfaces. In particular, it is able to predict steps in the isotherms, scaling behavior near saturation conditions, supercritical behavior, and adsorption hysteresis. It is shown that there is a profound analogy in the adsorption behavior of a one-component gas to that of a binary liquid mixture. This analysis leads to a new classification of physisorption isotherms for fluid/solid equilibria.
What Drives ETF Flows

The value of ETF assets has increased from $66 billion in 2000 to almost a trillion dollars in 2010. We use this massive expansion in ETF assets to study what drives ETF flows. Using a data set of over 500 ETFs from 2001 to 2010, we show that ETF investors chase returns in the same way as mutual fund investors. While there is an active debate about whether return chasing by mutual fund investors represents the pursuit of superior talent, the existence of return chasing in this passively managed environment shouldn’t represent a search for skilled managers. We also show that ETF flows increase following high volume, small spreads, and high Price/NAV ratios. Finally, we find little evidence of superior market timing in ETF flows. Our results suggest that return chasing in both mutual funds and ETFs is more likely the result of naive extrapolation bias on the part of investors that has contributed to the growth of the ETF industry.
An Historical Review of the Legal and Personal Background to Jackson v. Indiana

The landmark case of Jackson v. Indiana is well known to forensic psychiatrists, but little is known of the personal and legal background of this case. Mr. Jackson's state hospital records were reviewed, as were available transcripts and decisions of the Indiana court proceedings, before and after the U.S. Supreme Court decision, and local newspaper coverage, to understand how this case developed.
Target localization from bearings-only observations

Present a new method for the determination of the distance to a fixed or moving point (or target) from measurements of its direction (or bearing). The article makes none of the usual presumptions concerning random or systematic errors. Rather, it follows a new estimation principle that is designed to deal with both types of errors and allows one to make predictions regarding the "observability" of various aspects of the kinematic state of the target. Numerical examples for the sonar version of the problem are also included.
Content Analysis of a Stratified Random Selection of JVME Articles: 1974–2004

A content analysis was performed on a random sample (N=168) of 25% of the articles published in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education (JVME) per year from 1974 through 2004. Over time, there were increased numbers of authors per paper, more cross-institutional collaborations, greater prevalence of references or endnotes, and lengthier articles, which could indicate a trend toward publications describing more complex or complete work. The number of first authors that could be identified as female was greatest for the most recent time period studied (2000–2004). Two different categorization schemes were created to assess the content of the publications. The first categorization scheme identified the most frequently published topics as admissions, descriptions of courses, the effect of changing teaching methods, issues facing the profession, and examples of uses of technology. The second categorization scheme identified the subset of articles that described medical education research on the basis of the purpose of the research, which represented only 14% of the sample articles (24 of 168). Of that group, only three of 24, or 12%, represented studies based on a firm conceptual framework that could be confirmed or refuted by the study's results. The results indicate that JVME is meeting its broadly based mission and that publications in the veterinary medical education literature have features common to publications in medicine and medical education.
Binary Relations from Tournament Solutions, and Back Again

We present a generalization of an abstract model of group choice in which the process of collective choice is modeled as a cooperative process of consideration and reconsideration of alternatives. We develop a general framework for studying choice from a finite set of alternatives, using the idea that one alternative may challenge – or displace from consideration – another in the course of a group choosing. From this binary relation – the “challenges” relation – new tournament solutions are obtained, the limit of which is the central object of the present study. The model presented generalizes that of contestation [Schwartz, 1990] and we characterize the set of alternatives that can be chosen in a collective choice setting when the process of collective choice is viewed as cooperatively considering and reconsidering alternatives. Basic properties of the family of tournament solutions studied is given as well.
A progress report on international auditing reciprocity

During the past decade a series of treaties, culminating in the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), has been aimed at achieving progressive liberalization of world trade in services as well as goods. The accounting profession was first to finalize a framework of operations under the GATS treaty that will be used as a model for other professions. This paper begins with a brief review of accounting regulation and attempts at trade liberalization. It then reports the responses of a survey administered to those who availed themselves of early opportunities for international reciprocity through agreements negotiated between individual US states and Canadian provinces. The author concludes that those with dual certification are increasingly moving into positions with employers who require knowledge of the laws and tax codes of both countries. Although still a small group, the efforts of those who seek reciprocity may soon make a measurable economic impact on international trade in services.
Coalitions, Science, and Belief Change: Comparing Adversarial and Collaborative Policy Subsystems

Arguments for collaborative rather than adversarial approaches to governance rest partly on two axioms: first, that collaborative approaches mitigate conflict to intermediate levels and second, that collaborative approaches help integrate science and values through various joint fact-finding strategies. Using questionnaire data in 1984 and 2001 of policy participants involved in Lake Tahoe water quality policy, this article investigates whether a shift from an adversarial to a collaborative policy subsystem is associated with (i) convergence in beliefs regarding water quality problems and policy proposals; and (ii) an increase in the use of science-based empirical beliefs and a decrease in the use of normative beliefs in supporting policy proposals. The findings send a mixed message to policymakers and researchers about science and collaboration. The analysis suggests that collaborative policy subsystems are associated with convergence in some beliefs between rival coalitions, but it also suggests that policy participants are no more likely to rely on science-based, empirical beliefs in collaborative than in adversarial policy subsystems.
Gold at the end of the digital library rainbow: forecasting the consequences of truly effective digital libraries

This paper contemplates a truly effective digital library from the user's point of view. It will contain vast amounts of information, comparable to, but different from, the public web; it will help the user make real sense of that information by organizing, evaluating, and testing the reliability or authenticity of needed information; it will help the user manage, adapt, and reuse the information gathered. We will have to understand the digital library as both consumer of information and as publisher and partner with the scholarly author. Digital preservation is and will be a paramount concern.
Client and Counselor Discussions of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Counseling: An Exploratory Investigation

Fifty-one clients were surveyed to examine the effect of counselor discussion of racial and ethnic differences in counseling. Analyses revealed that White counselors who discussed these differences with their clients of color were rated as more credible and as having stronger working alliances than those who did not discuss such differences. Se entrevisto a cincuentay un clientes para examinar los efectos de la discusion por parte del consejero de las diferencias raciales y etnicas en consejeria. Los analisis revelaron que los consejeros Blancos que discutieron estas diferencias con sus clientes de color fueron valorados como mas fiables y con alianzas de trabajo mas solidas que aquellos que no discutieron tales diferencias.
FIFTH™: a stack based GP language for vector processing

FIFTH™, a new stack-based genetic programming language, efficiently expresses solutions to a large class of feature recognition problems. This problem class includes mining time-series data, classification of multivariate data, image segmentation, and digital signal processing (DSP). FIFTH is based on FORTH principles. Key features of FIFTH are a single data stack for all data types and support for vectors and matrices as single stack elements. We demonstrate that the language characteristics allow simple and elegant representation of signal processing algorithms while maintaining the rules necessary to automatically evolve stack correct and control flow correct programs. FIFTH supports all essential program architecture constructs such as automatically defined functions, loops, branches, and variable storage. An XML configuration file provides easy selection from a rich set of operators, including domain specific functions such as the Fourier transform (FFT). The fully-distributed FIFTH environment (GPE5) uses CORBA for its underlying process communication.
To be or not to be a stem cell: dissection of cellular and molecular components of haematopoietic stem cell niches.

Recent studies have identified multiple cell types that regulate haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs); however, proof that a specific cell type produces a specific factor important for HSC function and maintenance is largely lacking. Ding et al (2012) reported recently that conditional deletion of stem cell factor (SCF) in Leptin receptor ( Lepr ) expressing perivascular cells or endothelial and haematopoietic cells resulted in significant reductions in number but less profound reduction in function of HSCs. Although the long‐term fate of HSCs in these models is largely unexplored and an underlying mechanism for reduction in HSCs not yet reported, these findings further implicate the vascular niche in the functional maintenance of HSCs in vivo and also raise intriguing questions for future studies in this field.
Potassium Fluxes in Dialyzed Squid Axons

Measurements have been made of K influx in squid giant axons under internal solute control by dialysis. With [ATP](i) = 1 microM, [Na](i) = 0, K influx was 6 +/- 0.6 pmole/cm(2) sec; an increase to [ATP](i) = 4 mM gave an influx of 8 +/- 0.5 pmole/cm(2) sec, while [ATP](i) 4, [Na](i) 80 gave a K influx of 19 +/- 0.7 pmole/cm(2) sec (all measurements at approximately 16 degrees C). Strophanthidin (10 microM) in seawater quantitatively abolished the ATP-dependent increase in K influx. The concentration dependence of ATP-dependent K influx on [ATP](i), [Na](i), and [K](o) was measured; an [ATP](i) of 30 microM gave a K influx about half that at physiological concentrations (2-3 mM). About 7 mM [Na](i) yielded half the K influx found at 80 mM [Na](i). The ATP-dependent K influx responded linearly to [K](o) from 1-20 mM and was independent of whether Na, Li, or choline was the principal cation of seawater. Substances tested as possible energy sources for the K pump were acetyl phosphate, phosphoarginine, PEP, and d-ATP. None was effective except d-ATP and this substance gave 70% of the maximal flux only when phosphoarginine or PEP was also present.
Spiroplasma spp. from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy brains or ticks induce spongiform encephalopathy in ruminants

Spiroplasma, small motile wall-less bacteria, are linked by molecular and serological studies to the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), which include scrapie in sheep, chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans. In this study, two experiments were undertaken to determine the role of spiroplasma in the pathogenesis of TSE. In experiment 1, Spiroplasma mirum, a rabbit tick isolate that had previously been shown to experimentally induce spongiform encephalopathy in rodents, was inoculated intracranially (IC) into ruminants. S. mirum-inoculated deer manifested clinical signs of TSE after 1.5 to 5.5 months incubation. The deer, as well as sheep and goats, inoculated with S. mirum developed spongiform encephalopathy in a dose-dependent manner. In experiment 2, spiroplasma closely related to S. mirum were isolated from TSE-affected brains via passage in embryonated eggs, and propagated in cell-free M1D media. Spiroplasma spp. isolates from scrapie-affected sheep brain and from CWD-affected deer brain inoculated IC into sheep and goats induced spongiform encephalopathy closely resembling natural TSE in these animals. These data show spiroplasma to be consistently associated with TSE, and able experimentally to cause TSE in ruminant animal models, therein questioning the validity of studies that have concluded the prion, a miss-folded protease-resistant protein that builds up in TSE brains during the course of the disease, to be the sole causal agent. The spiroplasma infection models reported here will be important for investigating factors involved in the pathogenesis of TSE since ruminants are the natural hosts.
SCAM analysis of Panx1 suggests a peculiar pore structure

Vertebrates express two families of gap junction proteins: the well-characterized connexins and the pannexins. In contrast to connexins, pannexins do not appear to form gap junction channels but instead function as unpaired membrane channels. Pannexins have no sequence homology to connexins but are distantly related to the invertebrate gap junction proteins, innexins. Despite the sequence diversity, pannexins and connexins form channels with similar permeability properties and exhibit similar membrane topology, with two extracellular loops, four transmembrane (TM) segments, and cytoplasmic localization of amino and carboxy termini. To test whether the similarities extend to the pore structure of the channels, pannexin 1 (Panx1) was subjected to analysis with the substituted cysteine accessibility method (SCAM). The thiol reagents maleimidobutyryl-biocytin and 2-trimethylammonioethyl-methanethiosulfonate reacted with several cysteines positioned in the external portion of the first TM segment (TM1) and the first extracellular loop. These data suggest that portions of TM1 and the first extracellular loop line the outer part of the pore of Panx1 channels. In this aspect, the pore structures of Panx1 and connexin channels are similar. However, although the inner part of the pore is lined by amino-terminal amino acids in connexin channels, thiol modification was detected in carboxyterminal amino acids in Panx1 channels by SCAM analysis. Thus, it appears that the inner portion of the pores of Panx1 and connexin channels may be distinct.
RADISH: always-on sound and complete Ra D etection i n S oftware and H ardware

Data-race freedom is a valuable safety property for multithreaded programs that helps with catching bugs, simplifying memory consistency model semantics, and verifying and enforcing both atomicity and determinism. Unfortunately, existing software-only dynamic race detectors are precise but slow; proposals with hardware support offer higher performance but are imprecise. Both precision and performance are necessary to achieve the many advantages always-on dynamic race detection could provide. To resolve this trade-off, we propose Radish, a hybrid hardware-software dynamic race detector that is always-on and fully precise. In Radish, hardware caches a principled subset of the metadata necessary for race detection; this subset allows the vast majority of race checks to occur completely in hardware. A flexible software layer handles persistence of race detection metadata on cache evictions and occasional queries to this expanded set of metadata. We show that Radish is correct by proving equivalence to a conventional happens-before race detector. Our design has modest hardware complexity: caches are completely unmodified and we piggy-back on existing coherence messages but do not otherwise modify the protocol. Furthermore, Radish can leverage type-safe languages to reduce overheads substantially. Our evaluation of a simulated 8-core Radish processor using PARSEC benchmarks shows runtime overheads from negligible to 2x, outperforming the leading software-only race detector by 2x-37x.
Replication of hepatitis C virus RNA on autophagosomal membranes

Previous studies indicated that hepatitis C virus (HCV) perturbs the autophagic pathway to induce the accumulation of autophagosomes in cells. To understand the role of autophagosomes in the HCV life cycle, we established a stable Huh7 hepatoma cell line that contained an HCV subgenomic RNA replicon and also expressed a GFP-LC3 fusion protein. The GFP-LC3 protein is localized to autophagosomes during autophagy and served as a convenient marker for autophagosomes. Our results indicate that the silencing of the expression of LC3 or Atg7, two protein factors critical for the formation of autophagosomes, suppresses the replication of HCV RNA. Confocal microscopy studies revealed the localization of HCV NS5A and NS5B proteins, which are two important components of the HCV RNA replication complex, and nascent HCV RNA to autophagosomes. The association of the HCV RNA replication complex with the autophagosomal membranes was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and immunoelectron microscopy studies. Interestingly, inhibition of Class III PI3K activity had no effect on the autophagosomes induced by HCV. These results indicate that HCV induces autophagosomes via a Class III PI3K-independent pathway and uses autophagosomal membranes as sites for its RNA replication.
Some Modest Propositions About an Immodest Subject

Few subjects arouse emotions like religion and politics. And when combined, few subjects raise more obstacles to balanced and objective scholarly analysis. Many strong and competing biases among both religious and political groups together with a scholar's own ideological and religious views may make it difficult to examine dispassionately the issues raised. Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority on the right and Norman Lear's People for the American Way on the left pose perplexing problems for American democracy. Each group speaks fervently with immodest assurance that its views of American democracy is correct.
Revisiting “Organizations as Discursive Constructions”: 10 Years Later

In this article, we express our appreciation for the honor accorded our 2004 Communication Theory article, “Organizations as Discursive Constructions.” We do this through situating the 2004 article historically so the reader can appreciate the milieu that surrounded the publication of this piece. We also trace the different ways that scholars have applied the ideas in this publication, including the debates and critiques of this perspective. Finally, we look to the ways in which “organizations as discursive constructions” might be extended to research on materiality and the dialectical interplay between organization and disorganization
Relationship of Antimicrobial Cellular Immunity to Delayed Hypersensitivity in Listeriosis

The relationship of antimicrobial cellular immunity to delayed hypersensitivity (DH) was studied in mice antigenically stimulated by living Listeria monocytogenes confined to diffusion chambers in peritoneal cavities or by subcutaneous inoculation of sublethal doses of the organism. Mice showed DH reactions when tested 6 days after inoculation, and reactions were positive for at least 90 days in some mice. DH also became established when the mice were stimulated by antigens diffusing from peritoneal chambers containing viable Listeria. Mice were categorized as DH positive or DH negative if they developed more or less than a 5% increase in foot volume 24 h after the injection of Listeria antigen. Some antigenically stimulated mice did not elicit the DH reaction. Consequently, the animals were arranged as immunized groups (DH positive and DH negative) and Listeria chamber implant groups (DH positive and DH negative). When challenged with L. monocytogenes, all four groups were significantly resistant as compared with controls. Thus, the in vivo tests for immunity and DH did not show direct correlation. The results suggested that antimicrobial cellular immunity can occur as a phenomenon independent of DH. Evidence for antimicrobial cellular immunity as the principle mechanism of resistance in murine listeriosis is discussed with consideration for possible heterogeneity of function by thymus-derived lymphocytes.
Effects of environmental temperature and corn particle size on response of broilers to pelleted feed.

Abstract Corn was ground by hammer mill with either 4.76 or 6.35-mm screen openings and used to formulate starter diets that were fed to broilers for 21 days in crumble form (rolled pellets) and grower diets in either crumble or pellet form that were fed from 21 to 42 or 45 days in two environmental temperatures, 21 and 27 C. The size of ground corn used in the starter diets had no effect on body weights or feed conversions at either 21 days or at market age. Feeding grower diets in pellet form increased weights at market age by 6.5% in the 21 C environment but only 1.8% in the 27 C temperature. Pellets, when compared with crumbles, significantly improved feed conversion in the cooler environment, but the difference was not significant in the warm environment. There was a trend toward better performance for chicks fed the coarser ground corn when crumbles were used, but this pattern was reversed for the pellet-fed birds. Chick performance differences due to size of grind were minor. Increasing the hammer mill screen opening from 4.76 to 6.35 mm increased mill capacity by 27%. Pellet quality was not affected by corn particle size.
Effect of hydrogen bonding and ionic aggregation on the melt rheology of an ethylene–methacrylic acid copolymer and its sodium salt

A study has been made of the dynamic and steady shear melt theology of an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, its methyl ester, and 70% neutralized sodium salt. Measurements were made with a Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer using the eccentric rotating disks and cone-and-plate geometries over a temperature range of 120–180°C and frequency range of 10−3 to 102 rad/sec. Correspondence was found between steady shear viscosity and the complex dynamic viscosity for the ester and acid materials. Over the temperature and frequency range studied the time-temperature superposition principle was applicable to G′ data for each of the derivatives and a supermaster curve could be constructed from the three individual master curves. Time-temperature superposition was found not applicable to G″ data for the sodium salt. Differences in rheological response between the ester and acid copolymers are explained by differences in Tg. It is suggested that differences in temperature shifts ΔT required to produce G′ superposition between the three derivatives reflect differences in ΔH for interchain interactions. A mechanism for flow of clustered ionomers is consisting of an initiation and a propagation step.
Who loses? Tracking ecosystem service redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Peruvian Amazon

Development projects must increasingly include mitigation actions to offset their negative environmental and social impacts. However, current mitigation approaches can exacerbate social inequality by ignoring how the spatial location of offsets affects the benefits local people receive from ecosystem services (ES). Here, we present a method for tracking changes in ES benefits resulting from development and mitigation actions. To demonstrate this approach, we use as an example a proposed road through the Peruvian Amazon. We assessed the road's ES impacts and prioritized offsets in a socially equitable way. We found that the road is likely to have a disproportionate negative effect on drinking-water quality for nearby indigenous communities, and that offsets cannot fully compensate for these impacts. Equity was improved by including ES in spatial prioritization of mitigation. Including ES information in a “serviceshed”-based approach reduced average remaining, unmitigated impacts to drinking-water quality m...
Electronic Voting and Perceptions of Election Fraud and Fairness

This paper contributes to a growing body of research on voting technology and voter confidence, which generally concludes that voters are less confident in technology—particularly in developed democracies. Using a unique survey experiment, this paper demonstrates that far fewer individuals are concerned about election fraud involving electronic voting, compared with other potential forms of election fraud such as registering ineligible voters or voter suppression. Other interesting findings emerge from the data: Older individuals are more concerned about fraud with electronic voting but the effects of age appear to be conditioned on political polarization. This paper advances our understanding of the impact of voting technology on electoral confidence, and raises important substantive and methodological questions about priming.
Olson's Logic Revisited: The Role of Small Fixed Costs of Participation

Recent work by Pecorino (1998, 1999) and Esteban and Ray (2001) has called into question one of the central propositions of Olson (1965) relating public good provision to group size. Pecorino addresses this issue in a repeated game context, while Esteban and Ray introduce a technology under which there is an increasing marginal cost of effort in providing the public good in a framework that allows credit market imperfections and non monetary contributions. In this paper we analyze the robustness of these results to a simple, but realistic extension of the respective models. In particular, we consider small fixed costs of participation which must be borne by potential contributors before their contributions can have a marginal impact on provision of the public good. If the public good is nonrival, then the results of Pecorino and Esteban and Ray are robust to the consideration of these fixed costs. However, if the public good is fully rival (but nonexcludable), then the existence of small fixed participation costs will generally restore one of Olson's central propositions: public goods will fail to be provided in large groups.
Abstract P176: Associations of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors with Aorto-Iliac Bifurcation Location

Objectives: We investigated associations of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and calcified atherosclerosis with the aortic bifurcation location. Background: In older persons, the aorto-iliac bifurcation is found in a more caudal position along the lumbar spine. Little is known about what other factors may play a role in the location of the bifurcation. Methods and Results: We evaluated community living individuals, free of clinical CVD, who had completed abdominal, computed tomography (CT) scans. The aorto-iliac bifurcation distance (AIBD), bifurcation to L5-S1 disc space, was determined from CT scans. The 1,711 participants (51% male) in this study had a mean age of 62 ± 10 years, and a mean AIBD of 26 ± 15mm. Age was a strong correlate of AIBD, such that on average, individuals > 80 years had bifurcations positioned 16mm lower than individuals Conclusions: A more caudal position of the aorto-iliac bifurcation is associated with some, but not all, CVD risk factors. Future studies should access the position of the bifurcation as a useful surrogate for vascular aging, or a prognosticator for CVD.
Improved Performance via the Inverted Classroom

This study examined student performance in an inverted thermodynamics course (lectures provided by video outside of class) compared to a traditional lecture class. Students in the inverted class performed better on their exams. Students in the bottom third of the inverted course showed the greatest improvement. These bottom third students had a C exam average compared to a D+ average of their traditional lecture counterparts. When material was presented in videos longer than 15 minutes, students did not perform as well when compared to material presented in shorter videos. Students also needed to be quizzed on video material frequently to incentivize the students to keep up with the video lectures and spend the time to comprehend the material presented outside of class.
Hip Arthroscopy A Brief History

Hip arthroscopy is a fast-growing and evolving field. Like knee and shoulder arthroscopy, hip arthroscopy began as a diagnostic procedure and then progressed to biopsy and resection of abnormalities. Subsequently, it has evolved to repair of various tissues and treatment of underlying causes. As the understanding of the hip joint and its associated pathophysiology grows, indications will continue to expand for this diagnostic and therapeutic modality. This article outlines the historic developments of hip arthroscopy, including advancements in instrumentation and techniques from the days of the first hip arthroscopies to the present day.
High fat diet promotes prostatic basal-to-luminal differentiation and accelerates initiation of prostate epithelial hyperplasia originated from basal cells

Recent lineage tracing studies showed that the prostate basal and luminal cells in adult mice are two independent lineages under the physiological condition, but basal cells are capable of generating luminal progenies during bacterial infection-induced prostatitis. Because acute bacterial infection in human prostate tissues is relatively rare, the disease relevance of the bacterial infection-induced basal-to-luminal differentiation is uncertain. Herein we employ a high fat diet-induced sterile prostate inflammation model to determine whether basal-to-luminal differentiation can be induced by inflammation irrespective of the underlying etiologies. A K14-CreER model and a fluorescent report line are utilized to specifically label basal cells with the green fluorescent protein. We show that high fat diet promotes immune cell infiltration into the prostate tissues and basal-to-luminal differentiation. Increased cell proliferation accompanies basal-to-luminal differentiation, suggesting a concurrent regulation of basal cell proliferation and differentiation. This study demonstrates that basal-to-luminal differentiation can be induced by different types of prostate inflammation evolved with distinct etiologies. Finally, high fat diet also accelerates initiation and progression of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia that are originated from basal cells with loss-of-function of the tumor suppressor Pten. Because prostate cancer originated from basal cells tends to be invasive, our study also provides an alternative explanation for the association between obesity and aggressive prostate cancer.
Numerical prediction of water-drags and flow fields for ferrying raft

By using CFD commercial software to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the ferrying rafts, the governing equations were discretized in finite volume method and a series of numerical simulations were carried out for flow fields and water-drags for two ferrying raft models. The turbulence and free-surface motion were simulated by solving RNG (renormalization group) k-e turbulence model and fluid volume fraction equation respectively. And in the numerical simulations two styles of raft model were handled, i.e., the ribbon raft and multi-hull raft. Comparison of the simulated results with the experimental data shows that the simulated results are credible. The numerical method can be the important complement to the study on ferrying raft hydrodynamics.
On ambiguity and query-specific ontology mapping

In the course of developing an ontology-based data integration system (OBDI) that includes automatic integration of data sources, and thus, includes algorithmic ontology mapping, we have made the following observations. A mapping method may determine that an entity in one ontology maps with equal likelihood to two or more entities in the other ontology. The mapping and reformulation of certain queries is correct only if one pairing is chosen. The correct choice may be different for different queries. Finally, the query itself may lend additional semantics that correctly resolve the ambiguity. These observations suggest a targeted ontology mapping problem, query-specific ontology mapping. In addition to the two ontologies, a query serves as a third argument to the mapping algorithm. Further, the mapping algorithm need not produce a complete mapping, but only a partial mapping sufficient to correctly reformulate the query. We detail a number of open issues on how this problem statement might be refined, and consider features of its evaluation.
Contributions of the Individual Differences Approach to Cognitive Aging

OBJECTIVE To review selected research in cognitive aging incorporating an individual differences approach. METHOD Three contributions of the individual differences perspective in cognitive aging are illustrated with data from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project. RESULTS Research capitalizing on the variability among individuals has been used to: (a) improve sensitivity and validity of measurement of cognitive functioning, and evaluate possible age differences in the meaning of the measures; (b) investigate relations between age and individual cognitive measures in the context of other types of cognitive measures; and (c) examine the degree to which age-related influences on target measures are statistically independent of age-related influences on other cognitive measures. DISCUSSION Although the primary focus of much of the research in cognitive aging has been on mean differences between people of different ages, people differ in many respects besides age. A fundamental assumption of the individual differences perspective is that at least some of those differences may be informative about the nature, and causes, of the relations between age and cognitive functioning.
Changes in water content in response to an acute bout of eccentric loading in a patellar tendon with a history of tendinopathy: A case report.

ABSTRACTObjective: This case-based report assessed resting water content and exercise-driven water exchange within a tendon with a history of tendinopathy and compared the response to that of a healthy uninvolved tendon. Design: Case Report. Setting: University imaging center. Participant: The participant was a 27-year-old female basketball player 39 months following knee trauma. Patellar tendinopathy developed 12 months after the injury episode and was treated with eccentric exercises. Eighteen months from the beginning of the first eccentric training bout, the participant reported full resolution of symptoms and returned to her pre-injury sport participation without symptoms. Intervention: Eccentric decline squat exercise. Main Outcome Measures: Tendon water content obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: MRI acquired 39 months post-injury demonstrated increased resting water content of the involved tendon (involved: 91.1% vs. uninvolved: 84.6%). Immediately after the eccentric squat ma...