cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parental Engagement through School Choice: Some Reasons for Caution.

Implementing school choice programs and bolstering parental engagement are both frequently touted as critical steps in improving educational outcomes in US schools. Many policy makers contend that by providing parents with more schooling options for their children, parents will become more involved in their children’s education, resulting in better and more equitable opportunities. The authors consider whether more school choices necessarily translate into more robust parental involvement, by chronicling for 5 years both the opportunities for and barriers to engagement that parents encountered in the Clarksville School District as it underwent a significant period of reform. The authors conclude that school choice does not always have a positive impact on parental engagement, and engagement in turn does not always translate into better or more equitable opportunities. In some cases, increased choice may present additional challenges to parents as they struggle to find accurate information, weigh a variety...
A circuit-level model for accurately modeling 3rd order nonlinearity in CMOS passive mixers

Many MOSFET models have discontinuities in the 2nd derivative of their drain current with respect to their drain-source voltage. Because these discontinuities occur at V ds = 0V, they have little effect on simulations of active circuits, but matter when simulating transistors in deep triode, such as CMOS passive mixers. These discontinuities result in qualitatively incorrect simulations of the effects of third order nonlinearity, with the 3rd harmonic behaving proportional to the square of the input signal amplitude, A 2 , instead of A 3 . In this paper, we present a schematic-level modeling technique that can be easily implemented over any model that fails the Gummel Symmetry Test (e.g. BSIM4) without altering underlying physical equations. We then show how the model performs with respect to IM3 simulations ensuring correct magnitude and slope by comparing our model to measurements from an 8-phase passive mixer manufactured in a deep sub-micron process.
Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in lichens and mosses from King George Island, maritime Antarctica.

Abstract Lichens and mosses are considered good indicators of atmospheric pollution as they absorb contaminants directly from the air. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are man-made chemicals used as flame retardants in materials such as plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry and furnishing foam. Few studies have investigated PBDEs in the southern hemisphere including Antarctica. This paper presents the first evaluation of PBDEs in lichens ( Usnea antarctica and Usnea aurantiaco-atra ) and mosses ( Sanionia uncinata ) collected at King George Island, maritime Antarctica. PBDEs were detected at low levels in all lichen and moss samples. On average, the levels of PBDEs in mosses (818 pg g −1 dry weight; 101 ng g −1 lipid) were significantly higher than in lichens (168 pg g −1 dry weight; 9.11 ng g −1 lipid). This difference is most likely due to the differing mechanisms of PBDEs uptake from the atmosphere which are controlled by a number of chemical, environmental and plant variables. Contaminant concentrations were not statistically different at sites close to and distant from human facilities. Long-range atmospheric transport is believed to be the primary source of PBDEs to King George Island. The pattern of congeners in plants resembles those found in commercial mixtures of Penta-BDE. In addition, the presence of BDE-183 in lichens and mosses suggests that other technical formulations (e.g., Octa-BDE and Deca-BDE) have reached Antarctica. Further studies are needed to better understand the role of Antarctic vegetation as a sink for anthropogenic organic pollutants.
Intensity of quartz cathodoluminescence and trace-element content in quartz from the porphyry copper deposit at Butte, Montana

Textures of hydrothermal quartz revealed by cathodoluminescence using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-CL) refl ect the physical and chemical environment of quartz formation. Variations in intensity of SEM-CL can be used to distinguish among quartz from superimposed mineralization events in a single vein. In this study, we present a technique to quantify the cathodoluminescent intensity of quartz within individual and among multiple samples to relate luminescence intensity to specific mineralizing events. This technique has been applied to plutonic quartz and three generations of hydrothermal veins at the porphyry copper deposit in Butte, Montana. Analyzed veins include early quartz-molybdenite veins with potassic alteration, pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration, and Main Stage veins with intense sericitic alteration. CL intensity of quartz is diagnostic of each mineralizing event and can be used to fingerprint quartz and its fluid inclusions, isotopes, trace elements, etc., from specific mineralizing episodes. Furthermore, CL intensity increases proportional to temperature of quartz formation, such that plutonic quartz from the Butte quartz monzonite (BQM) that crystallized at temperatures near 750 °C luminesces with the highest intensity, whereas quartz that precipitated at ~250 °C in Main Stage veins luminesces with the least intensity Trace-element analyses via electron microprobe and laser ablation-ICP-MS indicate that plutonic quartz and each generation of hydrothermal quartz from Butte is dominated by characteristic trace amounts of Al, P, Ti, and Fe. Thus, in addition to CL intensity, each generation of quartz can be distinguished based on its unique trace-element content. Aluminum is generally the most abundant element in all generations of quartz, typically between 50 and 200 ppm, but low-temperature, Main Stage quartz containing 400 to 3600 ppm Al is enriched by an order of magnitude relative to all other quartz generations. Phosphorous is present in abundances between 25 and 75 ppm, and P concentrations in quartz show little variation among quartz generations. Iron is the least abundant of these elements in most quartz types and is slightly enriched in CL-dark quartz in pyrite-quartz veins with sericitic alteration. Titanium is directly correlated with both temperature of quartz precipitation, and intensity of quartz luminescence, such that BQM quartz contains hundreds of ppm Ti, whereas Main Stage quartz contains less than 10 ppm Ti. Our results suggest that Ti concentration in quartz is controlled by temperature of quartz precipitation and that increased Ti concentrations in quartz may be responsible for increased CL intensities.
Automatic generation of boundary conditions using Demons non-rigid image registration for use in 3D modality-independent elastography

Modality-independent elastography (MIE) is a method of elastography that reconstructs the elastic properties of tissue using images acquired under different loading conditions and a biomechanical model. Boundary conditions are a critical input to the algorithm, and are often determined by time-consuming point correspondence methods requiring manual user input. Unfortunately, generation of accurate boundary conditions for the biomechanical model is often difficult due to the challenge of accurately matching points between the source and target surfaces and consequently necessitates the use of large numbers of fiducial markers. This study presents a novel method of automatically generating boundary conditions by non-rigidly registering two image sets with a Demons diffusion-based registration algorithm. The use of this method was successfully performed in silico using magnetic resonance and X-ray computed tomography image data with known boundary conditions. These preliminary results have produced boundary conditions with accuracy of up to 80% compared to the known conditions. Finally, these boundary conditions were utilized within a 3D MIE reconstruction to determine an elasticity contrast ratio between tumor and normal tissue. Preliminary results show a reasonable characterization of the material properties on this first attempt and a significant improvement in the automation level and viability of the method.
Examining the personal experience of student skill learning: a narrative perspective.

Examining the meaning of student skill learning from the learner's perspective is a valued but understudied topic in physical education. This paper investigated the learner's perspective as a storied experience and used narrative theory to interpret the meanings students derived from their learning experiences. Four narrative accounts were presented involving university students enrolled in a beginning level bowling class. The narratives centered on describing student goals and the conflicts and resolution of conflicts experienced by these students during skill learning. Two sources of generating meaning from experience were delineated: (a) an individual's active construction of meaning and (b) the enculturating influence of the social context. These narratives provided an opportunity for teachers and researchers to examine the realities constructed by students as a result of their learning experiences.
Exploring advanced mask repair options

The extension of 193 nm lithography to the 65 and 45nm nodes transfers the development challenges from those associated with a new wavelength to those required to push an existing technology further. With respect to mask repair, new challenges are introduced as the mask features shrink and OPC becomes increasingly aggressive. These same factors increase mask costs to provide strong motivation for enhancing existing repair capabilities. The business case for investing in repair has only become stronger for leading edge 193 nm masks. This paper evaluates several repair techniques on a range of clear and opaque defects in Cr, MoSi and quartz features. A systematic approach is used to evaluate options for understanding the quality of a repair. Though conventional reconstruction techniques are used, we also explore non-intuitive repairs. These non-standard repairs attempt to reconstruct the printed image without duplicating the designed physical structure. An understanding of each method's process latitude is gained. AIMS analysis, lithographic simulations, and wafer print results are used to refine the understanding of repair specifications.
Immune network simulations in multicriterion design

A modification to the genetic algorithm (GA) based search procedure, based on the modeling of a biological immune system, is proposed as an approach to solving the multicriterion design problem. Such problems have received considerable attention, given that decisions in engineering design practice typically require allocation of resources to satisfy multiple, and frequently conflicting requirements. The approach is particularly amenable to problems with a mix of continuous, discrete, and integer design variables, where the GA has been shown to perform in an effective manner. The approach considered in the present work is based on the concept of converting the multicriterion problem into one with a scalar objective through the use of the utility function. The strength of the approach is in its ability to generate the Pareto-Edgeworth front of compromise solutions in a single execution of the GA. A characteristic feature of biological immune systems which allows for the generation of multiple specialist antibodies, is shown to be an effective approach to facilitate the generation of the Pareto-Edgeworth front. Solutions to problems in structural design are presented in support of the proposed approach.
Evaluating state cooperative technology programs: With a Virginia case study, and comparative data from Illinois

Abstract One of the strategies for economic development to emerge during the 1970s and 1980s to stem decline due to industrial restructuring in the United States was the formation of science and technology initiatives in many states. This strategy was of interest because it suggests the creation of high-wage jobs through the application and development of technology. States in the industrialized part of the United States were losing large numbers of high-wage industrial jobs, as restructuring occurred and the jobs moved offshore or were replaced with technology. These initiatives took several forms including, in some states, departments or secretariats of technology, the formation of authorities that were state agencies but one step removed from the legislature and executive branches and the initiatives that were set up as nonprofit corporations. Today, science and technology programs exist in every state of the United States. In the mid-1990s, the authors were asked to develop a methodology to measure the outputs and outcomes of one of the state centers in science and technology, a program that was increasingly being focused on technology and commercialization rather than primarily on basic or pure research. A methodology was created by the authors in collaboration with the Battelle Institute and was implemented first in 1996. The purpose of this paper is to explain the methodology developed and how it was implemented in an effort to illustrate a number of issues that arise around the issue of evaluating such programs and to explore the policy impact of such studies. The issues include sample selection, survey design, interview protocol, management of client and research team relations, validity and research protocol.
Direct transcriptional targets of sex steroid hormones in bone

The sex steroid hormones, androgens and estrogens, via their respective nuclear receptors, regulate bone mineral density in humans and mice. Very little is known about the direct targets of the androgen and estrogen receptors in bone cells. First, models of hormone and receptor deficiency in mouse and human bone are discussed. This review then focuses on the direct targets of the receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. A direct target of a NR is defined here as a gene that is regulated by NR binding to the DNA (either through DNA binding or association with a DNA binding protein) at an enhancer or promoter of that gene. The experimental evidence that illustrates androgen and estrogen gene regulation in osteoblasts and osteoclasts will be summarized and compared with the phenotype of the hormones in vivo.
Supercapacitor Capacitance Exhibits Oscillatory Behavior as a Function of Nanopore Size

Supercapacitors composed of slit-shaped micropores ranging in size from 0.67 to 1.8 nm in a room-temperature ionic liquid were studied to investigate the dependence of capacitance (C) on the pore size (d) using molecular dynamics simulations. The capacitance versus pore size (i.e., the C–d curve) was found to exhibit two peaks located at 0.7 and 1.4 nm, respectively. Specifically, as the pore shrinks from 1.0 to 0.7 nm, the capacitance of the micropore increases anomalously, in good agreement with experimental observations. We report herein that the second peak within 1.0 to 1.8 nm is a new feature of the C–d curve. Furthermore, by analogy to the wave interference, we demonstrate that the interference of two electrical double layers near each slit wall does not only explain the entire C–d curve, including the anomalous character, but also predicts the oscillatory behavior of C–d curve beyond 1.8 nm.
Does the asymptomatic limb harbor deep venous thrombosis

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a great masquerader that cannot be reliably predicted by a patient's symptoms, history, or risk factors. Bilateral lower extremity duplex ultrasonography scans were made of 2,511 patients and analyzed to identify, if possible, a population in which a unilateral study would be appropriate. A total of 1,086 (43%) patients were found to have deep venous thrombosis—742 (30%) unilateral and 344 (14%) bilateral. Of the patients with DVT for whom side-of-symptom information was recorded, 64% had symptoms referable to the involved extremity and 36% had symptoms referable to the contralateral extremity. Of the 362 patients who had asymptomatic lower extremities, 128 (35%) had DVT. Moreover, clots were found in asymptomatic limbs in an additional 263 patients whose contralateral limb was symptomatic. Logistic regression analysis did not reveal combinations of symptoms and risk factors that could predict DVT. If DVT is suspected, the patient should undergo bilateral lower extremity duplex scanning.
Synthesis and biological activity of vitamin D2 3β-glucosiduronate and vitamin D2 3β-sulfate: Role of vitamin D2 conjugates in calcium homeostasis

Abstract To ascertain the physiologic function of vitamin D 2 conjugates in calcium homeostasis, we synthesized vitamin D 2 3β-glucosiduronate and vitamin D 2 3β-sulfate in pure form and tested their biological activity in vitamin D deficient rats fed a low calcium diet. Vitamin D 2 3β-glucosiduronate was active in promoting calcium transport in the intestine at a dose of 100 pmol per rat. It increased calcium mobilization from bone and soft tissue at a dose of 1000 pmol per rat. This conjugate was less active than equimolar doses of vitamin D 2 . These results demonstrate that vitamin D 2 3β-glucosiduronate can be utilized by the rat as a source of vitamin D. In contrast, vitamin D 2 3β-sulfate was biologically inert. It failed to increase calcium transport in the duodenum of vitamin D deficient rats except at the highest doses tested (⪢100,000 pmol/rat). It was similarly ineffective in increasing calcium mobilization from bone and soft tissue. Our results lead us to conclude that vitamin D 2 3β-glucosiduronate is probably utilized by the rat after hydrolysis to the free sterol; on the contrary, the sulfate is not biologically active except at the highest doses tested.
Effects of morphine on sleep in the cat.

The effects of morphine sulfate, 300 μg/kg s.c., on the sleep of cats was studied by electroencephalographic techniques. In contrast to placebo experiments the animals were awake for approximately 6 h after administration of morphine; the return of regular sleep patterns occurred after about 11 h. A rebound increase in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time and percentage was noted during the 11th through the 17th hour of the study. Sleep following manual sleep deprivation for 10 h showed a rebound increase in REM and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time. NREM sleep rebound after manual sleep deprivation exceeded that occurring after morphine. The alerting actions of morphine could be blocked by naloxone, 100 μg/kg s.c., for about 90 min. Naloxone alone increased REM sleep time and percentage. Single (84 mg/kg) or multiple (51 mg/kg for 4 injections) doses of dl-α-methyltyrosine i.p. did not block the alerting action or REM sleep rebound caused by morphine. 5-Hydrotryptophan (30 mg/kg) i.p. did not antagonize the alerting action of morphine.
Analysis of an Activator:Coactivator Complex Reveals an Essential Role for Secondary Structure in Transcriptional Activation

Ser-133 phosphorylation of CREB within the kinase-inducible domain (KID) promotes target gene activation via complex formation with the KIX domain of the coactivator CBP. Concurrent phosphorylation of CREB at Ser-142 inhibits transcriptional induction via an unknown mechanism. Unstructured in the free state, KID folds into a helical structure upon binding to KIX. Using site-directed mutagenesis based on the NMR structure of the KID:KIX complex, we have examined the mechanisms by which Ser-133 and Ser-142 phosphorylation regulate CREB activity. Our results indicate that phospho-Ser-133 stablizes whereas phospho-Ser-142 disrupts secondary structure-mediated interactions between CREB and CBP. Thus, differential phosphorylation of CREB may form the basis by which upstream signals regulate the specificity of target gene activation.
Effect of pressure on the thermal expansion of MgO up to 8.2 GPa

Isobaric volume measurements for MgO were carried out at 2.6, 5.4, and 8.2 GPa in the temperature range 300–1073 K using a DIA-type, large-volume apparatus in conjunction with synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. Linear fit of the thermal expansion data over the experimental pressure range yields the pressure derivative, (∂α/∂P) T , of −1.04(8) × 10−6 GPa−1 K−1 and the mean zero-pressure thermal expansion α0, T = 4.09(6) × 10−5 K−1. The α0, T value is in good agreement with results of Suzuki (1975) and Utsumi et al. (1998) over the same temperature range, whereas (∂α/∂P) T is determined for the first time on MgO by direct measurements. The cross-derivative (∂α2/∂P∂T) cannot be resolved because of large uncertainties associated with the temperature derivative of α at all pressures. The temperature derivative of the bulk modulus, (∂K T/∂T) P , of −0.025(3) GPa K−1, obtained from the measured (∂α/∂P) T value, is in accord with previous findings.
Effect of diflubenzuron on the maturation and reproductive success of the copepod Eurytemora affinis.

The insect growth regulator diflubenzuron (DFB) may have substantial effects on non-target organisms, especially crustaceans. By targeting the moulting process, DFB would be expected to elicit the most obvious effects on subadult crustaceans which moult frequently. Previous studies in this laboratory have demonstrated acute and chronic effects of DFB on survival and development of nauplii of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis at water concentrations of less than 1 p.p.b. The present study examines the effects on maturation to adulthood and brood production. Effects on brood production were observed at 0.8 p.p.b. DFB in individuals exposed only during the copepodite stages. Significant effects on production of nauplii were documented only in the early exposure to 0.93 p.p.b. DFB. Inability of post-moult copepodites to completely cast exuviae also was documented in the exposed treatments. At salinities of 2, 10 and 15 p.p.t., survival from naupliar to adult stages was significantly reduced at 0.84 p.p.b. and none survived to adulthood at 1.7 p.p.b. These results suggest that DFB has substantial effects on survival and development of E. affinis at a water concentration of less than 1 p.p.b. DFB concentrations exceeding this concentration have been reported from Chesapeake Bay surface waters although there is no current evidence of potentially toxic concentrations overlapping with the known distribution of E. affinis in the bay.
Anomolous path taken by branch of medial gastrocnemius nerve

Abstract An anomolous branch of the cat medial gastrocnemius nerve was found to travel with the combined lateral gastrocnemius and soleus nerves in the popliteal fossa before innervating muscle fibers in the medial gastrocnemius. The innervation pattern was confirmed by EMG recording, elicitation of contraction in the medial gastrocnemius by stimulating the branch, isolation of a single motor unit innervating the medial gastrocnemius whose axon traveled in the branch, and glycogen depletion of medial gastrocnemius muscle fibers by stimulating the branch. Awareness of such anatomic variation is important, for exmple, in interpreting studies of synaptic connections and of mechanical properties during reinnervation of muscle.
Potential of Using Plant Row Yield Trials to Predict Soybean Yield

Plant row yield trials PRYT) are measured as an indicator of yield potential for many private and public soybean breeding programs. To identify elite lines and develop new cultivars, the highest yielding PRYT lines are usually advanced to multiple replications in different environments. Early generation PRYT testing has the advantage of identifying elite lines in the initial phases of the selection process. The objective of this study was to determine if single row PRYT testing is a reliable predictor of yield in multiple environment advanced yield testing. In 1996, five F 2:3 populations of crosses between different elite cultivars were grown as single row PRYT. After the 1996 PRYT test, the top 10, middle 10, and bottom 10 yielding PRYT lines from each population were selected for advanced testing in 1997 and 1998. Yield and yield rank correlations between selected 1996 PRYT and advanced yield testing were highest for the Jack' × Resnik' and Asgrow A3733' × Burlison' populations, respectively. Matrix analysis indicated that the lines selected from the Asgrow A3733 × Burlison population were the most stable when 1996 PRYT data are compared with advanced yield test data. Approximately five lines can be identified from each population that are the highest yielding in PRYT testing and advanced yield testing. Additionally, approximately five lines could be identified from each population that are the lowest yielding in PRYT testing and advanced yield tests. In the populations examined it can be concluded that early generation PRYT testing would allow for progress to be made in identifying elite soybean lines with high yield potential.
Nitrogen Transformation and Ammonia Volatilization From Biosolids and Compost Applied to Calcareous Soil

One benefit of the use of composts and biosolids in agriculture is their nitrogen supplying capacity. Redeposition of ammonia volatilized from surface applied composts and biosolids may contaminate surface water and sandy soils. Laboratory incubation studies were conducted to quantify NH3 volatilization from a West Palm cocompost (WPCC) and biosolids (BSD) either surface applied or soil incorporated and to determine the relationship between NH3 volatilization and nitrogen mineralization. Such information is required to formulate guidelines for field application of composts or biosolids. Ammonia volatilization from the WPCC- or BSD amended soil was closely related to nitrogen mineralization and application method. More NH3 was volatilized from the BSD than the WPCC, which likely resulted from higher total N concentration and lower C/N ratio of the BSD. Nitrogen volatilization losses were greater with surface application than with soil incorporation. The amounts of NH3-N volatilized during an 180-d incubati...
Perception of the Horizontal and Vertical in Tangible Displays: Minimal Gender Differences

A study is reported of gender differences in a haptic version of three Piagetian tests that assess understanding of Euclidian space. A raised-line drawing kit was used both for subject responses and for production of stimuli. To test understanding of the horizontal, subjects felt pictures of a jar at four tilts and were asked to draw the water line. Two methods were used to examine understanding of the vertical. First, subjects drew a hanging electrical cord and light bulb, attached to the ceiling of a bus, parked on hills of four different angles. Subsequently, subjects drew telephone poles (represented by a single line) on hills of four different angles. In the jar task, males and females showed comparable performance, both groups showing large errors. Judgments of the vertical were very similar for males and females in the bus task, but errors diminished considerably for both genders when subjects drew telephone poles on hills. It is suggested that better judgments of the vertical in the pole task probably derive from the use of body-centered spatial reference information.
Cryosphere: Greenland's lurking aquifer

Runoff estimates from the Greenland ice sheet carry uncertainty because the fate of surface melt in permanently snow-covered regions is unconstrained. In situ and airborne observations reveal large-scale liquid water storage in buried layers of aged and compacted snow.
A 4-channel 4-beam 24-to-26GHz spatio-temporal RAKE radar transceiver in 90nm CMOS for vehicular radar applications

The promise of ambient intelligence is a future environment that is adaptive and responsive to the objects and human beings that occupy it. Wideband RF and mm-Wave radar and imaging sensors will play a key role for indoor and outdoor surveillance, search and rescue, intelligent transportation and automotive active-safety systems, and wireless health monitoring [1].
Treatment of mice with 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin markedly increases the levels of a number of cytochrome P450 metabolites of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the liver and lung

We previously reported that 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increased the levels of several cytochrome P450 metabolites of the omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), arachidonic acid (ARA) and linoleic acid in the serum, liver, lung and spleen of C57BL/6 mice in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-dependent fashion. These increases correlated with increased levels of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and/or CYP1B1. In the current study, we measured 77 oxylipins, including 59 that we had not measured previously, and demonstrate that TCDD also markedly increases the levels of many epoxide and diol metabolites of the omega-3 PUFAs, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docasahexaenoic acid (DHA) in these mice. Since these epoxide metabolites have been reported to have opposite effects on angiogenesis, tumor growth and tumor metastasis compared with the equivalent metabolites of omega-6 PUFA, these observations have important implications with regard to the potential involvement of the cytochrome P450 metabolites of PUFAs in mediating the biological effects of TCDD and other agonists of AHR.
Polyclonal activation of salmonid B lymphocytes.

The process of invitro polyclonal activation of coho salmon (Oncorhynchuskisutch) lymphocytes was examined with respect to the induction of mitogenesis, total immunoglobulin production, and the production of specific antibodies or plaque forming cells. These studies demonstrate that antigen specific stimulation of antibody production is not linked to mitogenic activity, or total immunoglobulin production, while the polyclonal activation of specific antibody production is closely linked to these functions. Stimulation of immunoglobulin production by phytohemagglutinin suggests that this mitogen may not be limited to T cell activation in salmonids or, alternatively, it may induce the production of lymphokines capable of polyclonally activating B cells. Further, fetal calf serum was found to cause production of large amounts of immunoglobulin in without antigenic stimulation.
Transfusion of fresh concentrated platelets to children with acute leukemia

The effects of transfusions of fresh preparations of concentrated platelets have been studied in patients with acute leukemia on 34 occasions. With the exception of melena all bleeding was arrested when the recipient platelet count was increased by more than 40,000 platelets per cubic millimeter. The percentage of transfused platelets recovered in vivo was greater in patients without infection; the in vivo survival of such platelets is short in patients with active disease. The incidence of transfusion reactions or other side effects following repeated infusions of platelets did not exceed that following administration of whole blood or other blood products. The recommended dose of concentrated platelets is 8 to 10 concentrates (each from 500 ml. whole fresh blood) per 100 pounds body weight. Repeated infusions daily or twice daily may be required for adequate control of bleeding in patients with advanced disease.
Trends in health care resource use for hepatitis C virus infection in the United States

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects approximately 3 million people in the United States and places tremendous demands on the health care system. As many observers have predicted, the disease burden continues to grow as the infected population ages. In this study, we analyzed inpatient data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, outpatient data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and drug data from the Verispan Source Prescription Audit. We examined recent growth in the use of health care resources among HCV patients by age group and found average annual increases of 25% to 30% for hospitalizations, charges, hospital days, and physician visits. Corresponding time-trend coefficients were positive (P < .001). From 1994 to 2001, the HCV burden increased among patients aged 40 to 60 years, reflecting the natural history of disease progression. In sensitivity analysis, HCV outcome growth rates remained significant, unless more than 3 out of 4 cases were initially underreported. Also, patients co-infected with HIV and HCV in 2001 constituted 7.5 times as many hospitalizations and incurred 2.9 times the charges in 1994, relative to all HIV hospitalizations and charges. Our findings highlight the urgency concerning HCV outcomes. In conclusion, as patients continue to age and disease burden progresses, suboptimal decisions regarding HCV treatments will bring increasing opportunity costs for the health care system and society.
Degrading mixtures of monodisperse poly-α-methylstyrenes: Rates and anomalous molecular weight distributions

When a mixture of two monodisperse samples of poly-α-methylstyrene is thermally degraded, the components behave independently, as a first approximation, as shown by GPC and rate of volatilization data. The ratio Mw/Mn, before approaching the ultimate value of 2.0, first goes through a minimum at a much lower value.
Developmental profile in a patient with monosomy 10q and Dup(17p) associated with a peripheral neuropathy

We report on a patient with dup(17p) and monosomy (10q) resulting from a familial translocation. Manifestations typical of both syndromes were present. The overall development of this patient was better by comparison with similar reported cases of either anomaly. Our evaluation detected severe gross motor delay and signs of a demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. This patient is trisomic for the region of 17p which includes the peripheral myelin protein-22 (PMP-22) gene, known to be duplicated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1A (CMT1A). Our analysis in this patient suggests that trisomy for the PMP-22 gene led to the demyelinating neuropathy and contributed to his severe motor developmental delay.
Development of the functional simulator for the Galileo attitude and articulation control system

A simulation program for verifying and checking the performance of the Galileo Spacecraft's Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem's (AACS) flight software is discussed. The program, which is called Functional Simulator (FUNSIM), provides a simple method of interfacing user-supplied mathematical models coded in FORTRAN which describes spacecraft dynamics, sensors, and actuators; this is done with the AACS flight software, coded in HAL/S (High-level Advanced Language/Shuttle). It is thus able to simulate the AACS flight software accurately to the HAL/S statement level in the environment of a mainframe computer system. FUNSIM also has a command and data subsystem (CDS) simulator. It is noted that the input/output data and timing are simulated with the same precision as the flight microprocessor. FUNSIM uses a variable stepsize numerical integration algorithm complete with individual error bound control on the state variable to solve the equations of motion. The program has been designed to provide both line printer and matrix dot plotting of the variables requested in the run section and to provide error diagnostics.
Studies of Silica‐Structure Phases: I, GaPO4, GaAsO4, and GaSbO4

In the course of work on all compositions which would probably yield silica-structure phases, a detailed study was made of the A3+B5+O4-type compounds with gallium as the trivalent element. Two forms of GaPO4 exist corresponding to quartz and cristobalite; the quartz form has a thermal expansion of the low-quartz type and no stable α-β transition is found in this phase. It inverts stably to the cristobalite form at 933°± 4°C. The cristobalite form melts at 1670°C. and the liquid cannot be made to form a glass. The cristobalite form also has a metastable displacive transition at 616°± 2°C. GaAsO4 exists only in a form corresponding to the lowquartz structure. It disproportionates into Ga2O3 and As2O5 at about 1000°C. GaSbO4 could only be prepared in one form corresponding to the rutile structure. The influence of such phases on SiO2 was determined by studying a few mixtures in the system SiO2-GaPO4. The SiO2 end member appears to admit about 25% GaPO4 into solid solution in the cristobalite phase at the highest temperature. Even under hydrothennal conditions, however, equilibrium cannot be easily attained at the lower temperatures in a few hundred hours. The results are presented in a not-impossible diagram for the system GaPO4-SiO2.
Influence of X-ray dose fractionation on the frequency of somatic mutations induced in tradescantia stamen hairs

Abstract X-rays were used to investigate the influence of dose fractionation on the induction of pink and colorless somatic mutations in stamen hair cells of Tradescantia clone 02. Inflorescences were exposed to a single acute dose of 60 rad, two acute doses of 30 rad, or three acute doses of 20 rad. The dose rate in all cases was 30 rad/min. Intervals between dose fractions were varied from 35 sec to 48 h and the mutation frequency was compared with that resulting after the single dose of 60 rad. The data show a reduction in mutation frequency for fractionation intervals longer than 15 and 6 min for pink and colorless mutations, respectively, but not for shorter intervals. One interpretation of the data predicts that pink mutation frequencies are reduced by 11% for fraction intervals of from 30 min to 6 h, and that colorless mutation frequencies are reduced by 24% for intervals of from 15 min to 6 h. The corresponding sparing effect of dose fractionation is equal to 6 rad for pink mutations and 9 rad at the colorless mutation endpoint. A calculation has been made which indicates that the percentages of the total repairable (presumably two-hit) damage that is repaired during fraction intervals up to 6 h, are 16 and 35% for pink and colorless mutations respectively.
Stand-alone wiring program for Josephson logic

This paper describes a channel routing wiring program and its interface to the user. Of particular interest are its interface facilities, which permit manual update of the routing, pre-routing, and incremental routing. A hierarchical organization of the logic is feasible, which permits moving of complex entities, such as latches, adders and others, as complete entities. The internal wiring of these entities could either be done manually and be fixed before layout, which would be desirable when the wiring was used as a delay line, or could be left to the wiring program, which would route them more flexibly. The features above are made possible by the special-interface organization used here. In this interface the pins on the devices can be directly addressed, relatively addressed, and indirectly addressed; a simple macrocompiler permits the hierarchical organization of the data.
Do Cuban American Women Suffer From Eating Disorders? Effects of Media Exposure and Acculturation

This study examined the dual roles of continued close ties with the Cuban community and culture of origin as well as influences of print and broadcast media in the development of attitudes toward body type and propensity toward eating disorders among young Cuban American women. Continued exclusive or primary use of Spanish language in the home as well as frequent consumption of Cuban meals were associated with lower (less prob- lematic) scores on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Regular attendance at parties and social functions attended primarily by Cubans did not appear related to lower scores on the EAT. Unlike some previous studies, no relationship was found between levels of media exposure and propensity toward eating disorders as measured by the EAT. The prevalence and increase in eating disorders such as anorexia and buli- mia among young women in the United States presents a formidable chal- lenge. Although a number of studies have examined factors associated with eating disorders among Caucasian women, far less attention has been paid to other women, even though several reviews of the literature suggest that eating disorders are increasing among minority groups in the United States as well (Hsu, 1987; Root, 1980). Yet, in spite of evidence that eating disorders are increasing among all women, there may be important group differences in etiology and mitigating factors as well. The research that has examined Hispanic and Caucasian differences in eating disorders has been equivocal, with several studies finding similar inci- dence rates (Gross & Rosen, 1988; Hiebert, Felice, Wingrad, Munoz, &
Reconstituted basement membrane influences prolactin, LH, and FSH secretion from adult and fetal adenohypophyseal cells in vitro.

These investigations tested the hypothesis that secretion of prolactin (PRL), LH, and FSH in vitro is influenced by the substratum on which adult or fetal adenohypophyseal cells are cultured. Adenohypophyses were removed from adult male Golden Syrian hamsters and from fetal hamsters on day 16 of gestation. The glands were dissociated and cultured in a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) and Ham's F-12 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 25 mM Hepes, and antibiotics. The cells were cultured on three substrata: glass, laminin, and the reconstituted basement membrane of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor (Matrigel). Medium was collected and replaced every 48 h for 14–22 days. Concentrations of PRL, LH, and FSH in medium were measured by RIA. The substratum influenced hormone secretion. PRL concentrations were elevated in cultures of adult cells on Matrigel in each of four experiments. Adenohypophyseal cells on Matrigel maintained a rounded shape longer than cells on glass or laminin. In studies using fetal adenohypophyseal cells, PRL concentrations were elevated significantly in medium from cultures on Matrigel at and after 2 days as were concentrations of LH and FSH after 6 days. Additional experiments showed that the higher PRL concentrations in medium surrounding adult cells plated on Matrigel were not due to the release of soluble factors from Matrigel, differential cell attachment on Matrigel, the differential presence of adenohypophyseal fibroblasts, nor differential rates of cell proliferation. The results show that Matrigel maintains the secretion of PRL from adult adenohypophyseal cells in vitro more effectively than glass or laminin substrata and support the hypothesis that cell-matrix interactions mediate the observed differences. The results also show that in long-term cultures (14–22 days), fetal adenohypophyseal cells secrete significantly more PRL, LH, and FSH on Matrigel than they secrete when cultured on glass or laminin. Thus, Matrigel influences the function and possibly the maturation of adenohypophyseal cells in vitro. Furthermore, although laminin is the most abundant component in Matrigel, the effects of Matrigel on lactotrophs and gonadotrophs in vitro are probably not attributable solely to its laminin content. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human Muscle Strength: Definition, Generation and Measurement:

With recent advances regarding underlying theories, experimental approaches, and instrumentation techniques, the t opic of human strength exertion and measurement can now be defined, analyzed, and researched systematically. Given the a cute interest in modelling the humanltasklequipment system, definite knowledge of human strength capabilities is needed.
Allogeneic cord blood recipients have delayed immune recovery associated with a deficiency in dendritic cells

Abstract Analysis of patients receiving ex-vivo expanded cord blood (ExCB) has demonstrated delayed recovery of immune cells. We therefore monitored T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells) and blood dendritic cells defined as (CMRF44+, CD14−, and CD19− DCs) in this patient population. Cord blood products have low, and in some cases lack DCs. Prior to transplant, patients had DC levels of 2.03 × 10 4 /ml and CD3 levels of 7.58 × 10 5 /ml (n = 11). However, thirty days post-transplant, these ExCB recipients had a deficiency of DC (3.91 × 10 2 /ml) and CD3 cell levels (4.2 × 10 4 /ml) that were 18-fold lower than pre-transplant levels (n = 5). As a control for immunosuppressive therapy we analyzed matched unrelated peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) and bone marrow recipients. Initial results show a return of CD3 cells to pre-transplant levels coincidental with the presence of DCs by day 30-post transplant. This suggests that the delayed recovery in ExCB recipients was not due to immune suppressive therapy. For a comparison of immune recovery in ExCB recipients, we have analyzed DC and T cell levels of patients receiving autologous PBPC. These patients had comparable pre-transplant levels of DCs and CD3 cells (1.72 × 10 3 /ml and 1.09 × 10 6 /ml, respectively n=24). However, thirty days after autologous PBPC transplant, the DCs and CD3 cells had returned to pre-transplant levels (8.26 × 10 3 /ml and 3.49 × 10 5 /ml, respectively n=9). Mouse models have demonstrated the requirement of DCs for peripheral proliferation of T cells. We propose that the delayed recovery to T cells in ExCB recipients is due to low levels or absence of DCs in CB products and the subsequent lack of DC in the blood of recipients post transplant.
Comparison of hemoglobin A1c and hemoglobin A1 in diabetic patients

Hemoglobin A1 (HbA1) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values were compared in 934 samples from 686 subjects with diabetes mellitus. Linear regression analysis revealed the two parameters to be highly related with HbA1 = 1.18 HbA1c + 1.67, and a correlation coefficient of 0.97. Samples with HbA1 greater than predicted from the measured HbA1c had been stored significantly longer (approximately 1 day) than other samples, suggesting that sample storage may slightly alter the relationship between these parameters. Serial HbA1 and HbA1c values in all 9 patients for whom data was available from at least 5 time points changed in parallel regardless of the time interval between sampling or the magnitude of the interval change of HbA1c and HbA1. These data indicate that the potentially simpler measurement of HbA1 gives results equivalent to HbA1c for clinical applications.
Temperature effects during the storage of cottonseed

A recently published formula (1) enables persons storing cottonseed to predict the amount of deterioration to be expected as a function of storage time. It permits expected storage losses to be weighed against other economic alternatives such as accelerated processing. However, the formula has a serious limitation inasmuch as it is useful only when the storage temperature remains constant. This paper discusses the effect of temperature upon the seed deterioration rate and it extends the formula to cover the effect of changing temperature conditions.
Extending computer-based critiquing to a new domain: ATTENDING, ESSENTIAL-ATTENDING, and VQ-ATTENDING.

The paper describes a research project which is developing expert computer systems to critique a physician’s plan of medical management. In particular, the paper outlines the evolution of three computer systems: 1) ATTENDING, a system designed to critique anesthetic management, 2) ESSENTIAL-ATTENDING, a domain-independent system-building system, and 3) VQ-ATTENDING, a prototype system implemented using ESSENTIAL-ATTENDING to critique aspects of ventilator management. The goals of the research project are 1) to explore the critiquing approach in several different medical domains, 2) to understand the design problems involved in implementing such systems, and 3) to help other researchers build critiquing systems in further domains.