cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of yellow strapleaf of chrysanthemum & similar disorders by amino acid treatment.

An apparent physiological disease, Yellow Strapleaf (YSL) of Chrysanthemnum morifolium Ram., was described by Jackson and Woltz (1) in 1959. The disease has been observed in Florida plantings during the last 6 years and has been noted in Massachusetts 3. Symptoms include chlorosis of new growth, green netting of leaves, and narrow strapshaped leaves that hook at the distal ends (fig 1A). The condition may persist for 2 to 8 weeks causing mild to severe stunting of plants and has been found in 20 commercial chrysanthemum varieties. YSL has not been corrected by the application of inorganic nutrient elements or linked directly with any fungal, bacterial, or viral pathogen. Chemical analyses of plant and soil have not indicated any significant differences in content of inorganic nutrients. Higher soil pH was usually associated with the disorder. Woltz and Jackson (6) presented results of experiments that linked frenching of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) and YSI, of chrysanthemum as being apparently caused by similar soil conditions and resulting in similar syndromes. Both disorders are favored by relatively high soil pH, periods of high soil moisture levels, and high soil temperatures. The symptoms displayed with the diseases (1, 5) have three common features: A: green netting or reticular chlorosis of leaves, B: narrow, strap-shaped leaves, and C: growth retardation. Tobacco and chrysanthemum plants growing together in containers of soil that had produced YSL in the field developed symptoms of the respective diseases of frenching and YSL. Following the information set forth by Steinberg (5) that isoleucine and certain other amino acids were effective in producing frenching, DL-isoleucine with DL-alloisoleucine was applied to the root zone of chrysanthemum plants. This amino acid treatment uniformly and quickly produced YSL symptoms with plants growing in solution culture, steamed soil, methyl bromide-treated soil, untreated soil, quartz sand and expanded volcanic glass (perlite). Six chrysanthemum varieties of varying degrees of susceptibility to YSL were treated with isoleucine in this experiment. YSL symptoms developed in all varieties with severity approximately in the order of observed field susceptibility. This report presents data on the effects of certain specific amino acids on the growth of chrysanthe-
A novel theoretical approach to correct for pathlength amplification and variable sampling loading in measurements of particulate spectral absorption by the quantitative filter technique

A simple theoretical model is described that takes into account the combined effects of pathlength amplification and variable sample loading in measurements of particulate spectral absorp- tion by the quantitative filter pad technique. The model differs from previous methods to correct for pathlength amplification by explicitly considering variability in absorptance of sample material on the filter pad, Afp, as a result of different degrees of particle loading on the filter. Functional expressions were evaluated that describe the relationship between Afp and the product of a dimensionless path factor, r, and pathlength amplification factor, b. The path factor, r, represented the product of the absorption coefficient of sample material on the filter and the geometric pathlength of the sample. A simple function was shown to adequately describe the relationship for varying filtration volumes with a variety of sample types, including phytoplankton cultures and coastal waters. Patterns predicted by the model are compared with previously published formulae developed for correction of filter pad absorption measurements. The functional form given here simplifies the approach for determining pathlength amplification.
Learning about violence against women in research methods: A comparison to traditional pedagogy.

The current study examined whether a community-engaged class in undergraduate psychology research methods was able to educate students about violence against women without sacrificing acquisition of research methods knowledge. We compared student outcomes in a traditional research methods course to those in a community-engaged research methods course. Students in the community-engaged course completed a research project on violence against women that was informed by the research needs of community partners. Drawing on pre- and post-assessments, we determined that students in both community-engaged and traditional courses showed significant increases in knowledge of research methods core concepts. In addition, students in the community-engaged course showed significant increases in knowledge about violence against women and beliefs about their ability to conduct engaged research in the future. Thus, the community-engaged course offered an opportunity to teach students about violence against women using engaged-learning practices without sacrificing acquisition of core research methods knowledge, relative to the comparison class. This study demonstrates that integrating trauma topics (in this case, violence against women) into the existing curriculum is a viable route to educating undergraduate students about trauma. Implications for incorporating trauma and community engagement into undergraduate curricula are discussed.
Maximizing Aggregated Information in Sensor Networks Under Deadline Constraints

We study the problem of maximizing the aggregated information in sensor networks with deadline constraints. Our model is that of a sensor network that is arranged in the form of a tree topology, where the root corresponds to the sink node, and the rest of the network detects an event and transmits data to the sink over one or more hops. We assume a time-slotted synchronized system and a node-exclusive (also called a primary) interference model. We formulate this problem as an integer optimization problem and show that for unit capacity links, the optimal solution involves solving a Bipartite Maximum Weighted Matching problem at each hop. We propose a polynomial time algorithm that uses only local information at each hop to obtain the optimal solution. Thus, we answer the question of when a node should stop waiting to aggregate data from its predecessors and start transmitting in order to maximize aggregated information within a deadline imposed by the sink. We extend our model to allow for practical considerations such as arbitrary link capacities, and also for multiple overlapping events. Further, we show that our framework is general enough that it can be extended to a number of interesting cases such as incorporating sleep-wake scheduling, minimizing aggregate sensing error, etc.
Venom from the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis increases Na+ influx and activates phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 dependent signal transduction pathways in cultured insect cells

The mode of action of venom from the ectoparasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis in eliciting cell death was examined using an in vitro approach with BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells, and the cell responses were compared to those evoked by the extensively studied wasp toxin mastoparan. Wasp venom increased plasma membrane permeability to Na+, resulting in cellular swelling and death due to oncosis. When ouabain was used to disable Na+, K+-ATPases, the effects of venom were enhanced. Measurements of intracellular calcium using fluo-4 AM revealed a rearrangement and an increase in cytosolic [Ca+2]i within 30 min after exposure of BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells to venom. This venom-mediated increase in Ca+2 was apparently due to mobilization of intracellular stores since the changes occurred in the absence of extracellular Ca+2. Phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors, neomycin and U-73122, blocked the venom-induced death temporarily (<3h), but by 24h, all venom-treated cells swelled and lysed. Pre-treatment of cells with caffeine or theophylline but not ryanodine attenuated the induction of oncosis by wasp venom. Anti-inflammatory peptide 1 (antiflammin 1) but not bromophenacyl bromide, agents that block phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity, abolished the responsiveness of BTI-TN-5B1-4 cells to venom. These results suggest that venom initiates cell death by inducing Ca+2 release from intracellular stores probably via phospholipase C and IP3. A possible mode of action for venom from N. vitripennis requiring dual activation of PLC and PLA2 is discussed and compared to the pathways known to be activated by mastoparan.
Addendum: Recent Developments in Phase Transfer Catalysis

Because phase transfer catalysis is such a rapidly moving field, this volume will inevitably lack some of the more recently published work. In an effort to minimize such omissions, we have included here articles which appeared after the body of the manuscript was complete. In some cases, this includes articles dating from the middle of 1976 due to the problems of mail service and library bindings. We have included with each article only a brief description of the work; a description which in many cases does not do the effort justice. It is our hope that a more detailed discussion can be included in a later edition.
Silica: A lung carcinogen

Silica has been known to cause silicosis for centuries, and evidence that silica causes lung cancer has accumulated over the last several decades. This article highlights 3 important developments in understanding the health effects of silica and preventing illness and death from silica exposure at work. First, recent epidemiologic studies have provided new information about silica and lung cancer. This includes detailed exposure-response data, thereby enabling the quantitative risk assessment needed for regulation. New studies have also shown that excess lung mortality occurs in silica-exposed workers who do not have silicosis and who do not smoke. Second, the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration has recently proposed a new rule lowering the permissible occupational limit for silica. There are approximately 2 million US workers currently exposed to silica. Risk assessments estimate that lowering occupational exposure limits from the current to the proposed standard will reduce silicosis and lung cancer mortality to approximately one-half of the rates predicted under the current standard. Third, low-dose computed tomography scanning has now been proven to be an effective screening method for lung cancer. For clinicians, asking about occupational history to determine if silica exposure has occurred is recommended. If such exposure has occurred, extra attention might be given to the early detection of silicosis and lung cancer, as well as extra emphasis on quitting smoking.
Gene Therapy for Restenosis: Getting Nearer the Heart of the Matter

Abstract —Intensive work over the past decade has been directed to the study of vascular gene transfer as an approach to the unresolved problem of restenosis. This effort has resulted in a significant foundation of knowledge relative to the activities of potentially therapeutic gene products as well as the capabilities and limitations of vector systems and mechanical delivery modalities available for effecting the vascular expression of these gene products. In several instances, significant progress has been made by experiments highlighting unexpected difficulties and the need for more comprehensive understanding. It is thus now possible to clearly define and address specific challenges that must be overcome in order to make feasible progress from the preclinical to the clinical arena. The key challenges at present appear to include the evolution of clinically practical delivery methods that meet the kinetic requirements of achieving efficient gene transduction and the availability of vectors that maximize efficiency while minimizing undesirable host responses. Emerging data suggest that approaches to solving each of these issues may have recently been developed. Basic research evaluating these new delivery mechanisms and molecular vectors is essential to establish their true potential for use in the clinical arena.
Double Dirac Semimetals in Three Dimensions.

A search of the 230 crystallographic symmetry groups find seven that can host double Dirac points. These materials have the same transport properties as single Dirac semimetals, but possess an eight-fold degeneracy which can be tuned into either a topological or a trivial insulator by applying strain in different directions.
Focus on . . . Catch-Up Contributions

This article provides a thorough examination of issues associated with catch-up contributions. It is replete with examples, considers recently issued proposed regulations in addition to the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA), and raises questions that future IRS guidance will have to address.
State Tax Incentives: The Reel Attraction for the Film Industry

The author surveys state tax incentives for the film industry. Incentives seem to have succeeded in attracting film productions, the author writes.
Absence of human herpesvirus 6B detection in association with illness in children undergoing cancer chemotherapy

The lymphotropic herpesviruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) can reactivate and cause disease in organ transplant recipients; the contributions of HHV-6A and HHV-7 to disease are less certain. Less is known about their pathogenic roles in children undergoing treatment for malignancies. Children with newly diagnosed cancer were followed for 24 months. Clinical information and blood samples were collected during routine visits and during acute visits for fever or possible viral infections. Lymphotropic herpesvirus DNA in blood was measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Although HHV-6B DNA was detected at least once in about half of the patients; the other viruses were seldom detected. There was no association between HHV-6B detection and individual acute clinical events, however, HHV-6B detection was more common in children who experienced more frequent acute clinical events. In children being treated for various malignancies, HHV-6B detection was common, but was not associated with individual events of acute illness. Thus, if HHV-6B is not assessed longitudinally, clinical events may be misattributed to the virus. The elevated frequency of detection of HHV-6B in sicker children is consistent with prior reports of its detection during apparently unrelated acute clinical events. J. Med. Virol. 88:1427-1437, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alzheimer's Biomarkers are Correlated with Brain Connectivity in Older Adults Differentially during Resting and Task States.

s-amyloid (As) plaques and tau-related neurodegeneration are pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The utility of AD biomarkers, including those measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in predicting future AD risk and cognitive decline is still being refined. Here we explored potential relationships between functional connectivity patterns within the default-mode network (DMN), age, CSF biomarkers (As42 and pTau181) and cognitive status in older adults. Multiple measures of functional connectivity were explored including a novel time series based measure (Total Interdependence; TI). In our sample of 27 cognitively normal older adults, no significant associations were found between levels of As42 or pTau181 and cognitive scores or regional brain volumes. However, we observed several novel relationships between these biomarkers and measures of functional connectivity in DMN during both resting-state and a short-term memory task. First, increased connectivity between bilateral anterior middle temporal gyri was associated with higher levels of CSF Aβ42 and Aβ42/pTau181 ratio (reflecting lower AD risk) during both rest and task. Second, increased bilateral parietal connectivity during the short-term memory task, but not during rest, was associated with higher levels of CSF pTau181 (reflecting higher AD risk). Third, increased connectivity between left middle temporal and left parietal cortices during the active task was associated with decreased global cognitive status but not CSF biomarkers. Lastly, we found that our new TI method was more sensitive to the CSF Aβ42-connectivity relationship whereas the traditional cross-correlation method was more sensitive to levels of CSF pTau181 and cognitive status. With further refinement, resting-state connectivity and task-driven connectivity measures hold promise as non-invasive neuroimaging markers of Aβ and pTau burden in cognitively normal older adults.
Response to "Does a Deep-Plane Facelift Restore Malar Volume Without Simultaneous Fat Injection?".

We appreciate the thoughtful commentary1 to our study.2 While the concerns raised are insightful, we believe our response will quell the author's apprehensions. Dr Swanson states that there is a 10-fold error in our calculations. He explains this by a simple calculation multiplying the flat surface area of the cheek by the increase in projection of 0.5 mm. Although multiplying these 2 numbers seems logical, this is an inaccurate representation of volume change of a 3-dimensional (3D) structure such as the cheek. This method would only calculate the change in volume on the surface of the shape, not the change that has occurred inside the shape. It is the volume that is added internal to that shape that has a transmitted effect on the projection of the surface area; for example, adding 3 cc of volume (the volume change of this study) to a balloon that is already filled with 50 cc of water will have a much smaller transmitted effect on the surface projection of the balloon. The correct way to calculate volume of a 3D shape is to use a formula that calculates volume of that shape. The cheek is more accurately characterized as a spherical structure with internal space, not a flat surface. The formula used for calculation of the volume of a sphere is 4/3πr3. Because it is only half of the sphere projecting exteriorly, the more accurate representation of cheek volume is (4/3πr3)/2. The area used in this study to define the malar region spans from the nasofacial groove to the cheek lateral to the most prominent projection of the zygoma, which coincides with a sphere diameter that ranges between 6 and 7 cm (depending upon the size of the face and cheek of the individual patient) or a radius …
Immunogenicity of Particles isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Summary1. By following a carefully standardized procedure highly immunogenic particles uniformly were obtained by ultra-centrifugation from ground extracts of the H37Ra strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. hominis. These particles, which ranged in size from 20-200 mμ, were just as effective as the living whole cells of this strain in protecting mice against a severe tuberculous infection. 2. The sediment comprised of the particles prepared from H37Ra cells was red in color and therefore has been termed the “red fraction.” The immunogenic activity of this fraction was almost eliminated when the particles were diluted 5 times or more with 0.25 M sucrose buffer, autoclaved at 126°C for 15 minutes, or filtered through a Berkefeld filter. However, lyophilization in 0.25 M sucrose buffer significantly reduced their immunogenic activity while lyophilization in 0.88 M sucrose buffer did not. Sonic oscillation appeared to have no significant effect on the activity of the particles. When the cells were washed ...
A Large-Eddy Simulation of a High Reynolds Number Mach 0.9 Jet

Large-eddy simulation (LES) was used to investigate the flowfield of a Mach 0.9 jet. The jet was round with a Reynolds number based on diameter of 1.1 million. The Favre-filtered Navier-Stokes equations were solved using a numerical scheme consisting of an explicit lowdispersion Runge-Kutta time discretization and a central dierence spatial discretization. Sub-grid scale turbulence is modeled using a compressible version of Smagorinsky’s model. A grid of 2.4 million points (243x155x64) was used, in which only the largest turbulent structures will be resolved by the numerical scheme. This type of simulation places a large emphasis on the accuracy of the sub-grid scale model. The simulation results are compared to experimental data obtained at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Results indicate that solution accuracy is highly dependent on the value of the coecient in the Smagorinsky model. For the solution using the typical value of 0.012, significant large-scale turbulence is seen in the mixing layer just downstream of the nozzle exit. This turbulence leads to a rapidly spreading jet with a potential core much shorter than the experimental data. A second solution using a coecient of 0.10 is also presented. For this solution, the sub-grid scale model removes all large-scale turbulence near the nozzle exit and the mixing layer spreads at a much lower rate. The resulting potential core is longer than the experiment, but is in much closer agreement with the data. Turbulence statistics including two-point correlations are also presented.
Survey and Analysis of Utilizing Reading Strategies by English Majors

How and to what degree do English majors utilize the reading strategies during their reading courses? To solve this problem,a survey by questionnaire is conducted in this thesis.The result indicates that the English majors can't utilize the reading strategies rationally in their reading courses,so teachers should instruct the students how to utilize the reading strategies reasonably and direct them to improve their abilities to utilize the reading strategies effectively.
Case study of linking dental and medical healthcare records.

Objective To link the administrative data of a large dental carrier and an integrated health plan in Washington State to conduct an observational study of diabetes and periodontal disease. Study design Evaluation of variable suitability, testing of linkage variables, and performing an n - 1 deterministic linkage strategy. Methods We examined a variety of administrative data variables for their consistency over time and their information richness to use as matching variables. After choosing social security number, date of birth, first name, and last name, we tested their reliability as linking variables among a population with dual dental and medical insurance. Lastly, we performed four n - 1 deterministic linkage steps to obtain our study population. Results With a success match rate of more than 96% with the 4 test variables, we extracted the entire population who met the study criteria with the understanding that only a subset would successfully link. We linked 78,230 individuals (55.2% of the Group Health Cooperative population). Of these matches more than 50% occurred within a last name-first name-birth date deterministic match. Conclusions Employer groups who provide dental-medical benefits for their employees send identical administrative data to dental and healthcare plans. The n - 1 deterministic linkage was accomplished by using a relatively straightforward approach because these data were fairly homogeneous and of high quality. Until medical care and dental care are integrated, it is possible to link these data to assess the impact of oral disease on overall health.
Late-Life Death and Dying in 21st-Century America

Publisher Summary The social and medical changes of the twentieth century have been remarkable, and expectations for such change in the twenty-first century seem almost without bounds. Medical technology assists physicians to identify ways in which life can be extended. This chapter examines how social factors and institutions affect and contextualize death. All societies must manage death, but cultural responses differ substantially both across and within societies. Age, a critical social factor, influences perceptions about death, as do religiosity and education. Death is the end of life and biological functioning. Several theories now offer perspectives for understanding and studying death and dying. Changing mortality rates and causes of death were driving forces that increased the use of institutions as places of death. Extensive empirical evidence suggests that care for the terminally ill has high human and resource costs. The heterogeneity of the American population—especially in late life—results in wide variability of beliefs and attitudes toward death and dying. Age, race/ethnicity, SES, and gender all influence how people will cope with short-term and long-term consequences of death and dying.
Increasing the applicability of density functional theory. V. X-ray absorption spectra with ionization potential corrected exchange and correlation potentials

Core excitation energies are computed with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) using the ionization energy corrected exchange and correlation potential QTP(0,0). QTP(0,0) provides C, N, and O K-edge spectra to about an electron volt. A mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.77 and a maximum error of 2.6 eV is observed for QTP(0,0) for many small molecules. TD-DFT based on QTP (0,0) is then used to describe the core-excitation spectra of the 22 amino acids. TD-DFT with conventional functionals greatly underestimates core excitation energies, largely due to the significant error in the Kohn-Sham occupied eigenvalues. To the contrary, the ionization energy corrected potential, QTP(0,0), provides excellent approximations (MAE of 0.53 eV) for core ionization energies as eigenvalues of the Kohn-Sham equations. As a consequence, core excitation energies are accurately described with QTP(0,0), as are the core ionization energies important in X-ray photoionization spectra or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis.
The Indirect Effects of Changes in Product Market Competition

We investigate the timing, magnitude, and direction of the relation between changes in product market competition across vertically related industries over the period 1978-2008. We document that changes in customer industry concentration are positively related to subsequent changes in supplier industry concentration consistent with changes in customer industry concentration prompting changes in supplier industry concentration. We find evidence that increased concentration in customer and supplier industries, perhaps reflecting countervailing power motives for horizontal mergers and acquisitions, explain in part the observed positive relation; however, we also find robust evidence that decreases in concentration perhaps reflecting entry waves in vertically related industries are also important determinants of the observed relation. Our results have implications for those papers that examine the association between the level of product market competition and important corporate finance policy choices and asset pricing.
Photoacoustic and dielectric spectroscopic studies of 4-dimethylamino-n-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate single crystal: An efficient terahertz emitter

Abstract Bulk terahertz emitting single crystal of 4-dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) was synthesized by condensation method and grown by slow solvent evaporation technique from methanol. The structure and cell parameters of the grown crystals were derived from single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction analyses and the optical properties of the crystal were analyzed by UV–Vis Spectrophotometer. The presence of functional groups was identified by FTIR and FT-Raman spectroscopic studies. We demonstrated that in DAST crystal, the thermal transport properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and thermal effusivity are better than several well recognized standard materials using photoacoustic spectrophotometer. The dielectric measurement was made as a function of frequency (1 Hz–35 MHz) at different temperatures (30−200 °C). The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were found to be strongly dependent on temperature and frequency of the applied electric field. The semicircle in the cole-cole plot showed the presence of dielectric relaxation in the crystal with its diameter representing the resistance of the crystal. The resistivity and ac conductivity were calculated from the measured dielectric data.
Instanton method of post-error-correction analytical evaluation

We present a theoretical tool for evaluation of error code performance on graphs. The method is known under the name of instanton calculus and is common in theoretical physics. We introduce the instanton calculus for linear block codes, and give a closed form expression for the bit error rate for a class of codes whose graphical model is approximated locally by a tree.
Lumbopelvic rhythm in the sagittal plane: A review of the effects of participants and task characteristics.

Objectives: Abnormalities of lumbopelvic coordination have been suggested to relate to risk of developing low back pain. The objective of this study is to review and summarize the findings of studi...
Synthesis of Mesochannel Carbon Nanowall Material from CO2 and Its Excellent Performance for Perovskite Solar Cells

It takes intensive efforts to convert CO2 into valuable materials. Perovskite solar cells have rapidly risen to the forefront of emerging photovoltaic technologies. So far, however, there is not any attempt to relate CO2 conversion to perovskite solar cells. In this study, we successfully synthesized mesochannel carbon nanowalls directly from CO2 via its exothermic reaction with liquid Na at 550 °C. Furthermore, the mesochannel carbon nanowalls exhibited excellent performance for a hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cell, achieving a high power conversion efficiency of 10.43%. This efficiency is much larger than that of a perovskite solar cell (4.74%) with a chemical-exfoliated-graphene counter electrode. This work provides not only a promising method to synthesize efficient electrode materials but also a novel approach to utilize CO2.
Study of simple land battles using agent-based modeling: Strategy and emergent phenomena

In this paper, we expand upon our recent studies of an agent-based model of a battle between an intelligent army and an insurgent army to explore the role of modifying strategy according to the state of the battle (adaptive strategy) on battle outcomes. This model leads to surprising complexity and rich possibilities in battle outcomes, especially in battles between two well-matched sides. We contend that the use of adaptive strategies may be effective in winning battles.
Exploring trust and distrust as conceptually and empirically distinct constructs: Association with symmetrical communication and public engagement across four pairings of trust and distrust

ABSTRACTExisting relationship research has interpreted low trust as being equivalent to high distrust and high trust as the evidence of low distrust, which has failed to capture the full scope of the functions of trust and distrust in organization–public relationships. Recent research in this area suggests that trust and distrust might simultaneously exist during relational interactions and might play uniquely positive and negative functions in certain social contexts. The main purpose of this study was to offer a new insight in trust–distrust research by providing distinctions in conceptualization and operationalization between trust and distrust. This study also empirically tested the functions of four pairings of trust and distrust on two core public relations concepts (i.e., symmetrical communication and public engagement). The results from the surveys (N = 704; in 20 companies) of US consumers showed sound discriminant validity of trust and distrust. Further, the statistical results revealed that sym...
Lower Critical Ordering Transition of an All-Hydrocarbon Polynorbornene Diblock Copolymer

A new diblock copolymer chemistry, hydrogenated poly(n-hexyl norbornene)-block-poly(cyclohexyl norbornene), is demonstrated to undergo a lower critical ordering transition (LCOT) upon heating. Diblock copolymers exhibiting LCOT behavior are rare, and to our knowledge, the system described in this work is the first all-hydrocarbon species to do so. Furthermore, the tendency toward demixing for this polymer at high temperatures does not arise from a large free volume mismatch between its components, the mechanism most commonly invoked to explain an LCOT in block copolymers or a lower critical solution temperature in polymer blends. We compare the LCOT-type polymer with a homologous family of other norbornene-based polymers exhibiting the more common upper critical ordering transition and demonstrate that the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between blocks, which is related to the mismatch in free volumes, does not dictate the type of phase behavior.
A Tale of Two Genes: Microglial Apoe and Trem2.

Microglial cell function is implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease by human genetics. In this issue of Immunity, Krasemann et al. (2017) describe a gene expression signature associated with an APOE- and TREM2-dependent response of microglia to brain tissue damage that accumulates in aging and disease, defining an axis that might be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
Comparative risk of serious hypoglycemia with oral antidiabetic monotherapy: A retrospective cohort study.

Purpose To examine and compare risks of serious hypoglycemia among antidiabetic monotherapy-treated adults receiving metformin, a sulfonylurea, a meglitinide, or a thiazolidinedione. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of apparently new users of monotherapy with metformin, glimepiride, glipizide, glyburide, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, nateglinide, or repaglinide within a dataset of Medicaid beneficiaries from California, Florida, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. We did not include users of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, or sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. We identified serious hypoglycemia outcomes within 180 days following new use using a validated, diagnosis-based algorithm. We calculated age- and sex-standardized outcome occurrence rates for each drug and generated propensity score–adjusted hazard ratios vs metformin using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results The ranking of standardized occurrence rates of serious hypoglycemia was glyburide > glimepiride > glipizide > repaglinide > nateglinide > rosiglitazone > pioglitazone > metformin. Rates were increased for all study drugs at higher average daily doses. Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) vs metformin were 3.95 (3.66-4.26) for glyburide, 3.28 (2.98-3.62) for glimepiride, 2.57 (2.38-2.78) for glipizide, 2.03 (1.64-2.52) for repaglinide, 1.21 (0.89-1.66) for nateglinide, 0.90 (0.75-1.07) for rosiglitazone, and 0.80 (0.68-0.93) for pioglitazone. Conclusions Sulfonylureas were associated with the highest rates of serious hypoglycemia. Among all study drugs, the highest rate was seen with glyburide. Pioglitazone was associated with a lower adjusted hazard for serious hypoglycemia vs metformin, while rosiglitazone and nateglinide had hazards similar to that of metformin.
Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast: Is Adjuvant Radiotherapy Necessary?

Phyllodes tumor of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial tumor that accounts for 60 synonyms have been reported. In 1982 the World Health Organization (WHO) designated phyllodes tumor as the appropriate nomenclature, and adopted the recommendation of Azzopardi et al. (1979) to sub-classify phyllodes tumors histologically as benign, borderline, and malignant (WHO, 1982). An extensive description of the subtleties related to histology is beyond the scope of this chapter but the interested reader would do well to read the summary penned by Parker and Harries (2001) and chapters by Tan et al., and Esposito and Dabbs in this volume.
Statin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults.

L.D., a 66-year-old generally healthy white man, presents for his annual physical. He has no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD); he has had consistent systolic blood pressure measurements of 140 mm Hg; he is not taking any medications; he does not smoke; he exercises three times per week; and his body mass index is 25 kg per m2.
Deep convolutional neural network for the classification of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide.1 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer accounting for approximately 80% of cases. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a rare liver cancer, arising in patients with the same risk factors as HCC, but treatment options and prognosis differ. The diagnosis of HCC is based primarily on imaging but distinguishing between HCC and ICC is challenging due to common radiographic features.2-4 The aim of the present study is to classify HCC and ICC in portal venous phase CT. 107 patients with resected ICC and 116 patients with resected HCC were included in our analysis. We developed a deep neural network by modifying a pre-trained Inception network by retraining the final layers. The proposed method achieved the best accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 69.70% and 0.72, respectively on the test data.
Students’ Academic Language Use When Constructing Scientific Explanations in an Intelligent Tutoring System

In the present study, we examined the use of academic language in students’ scientific explanations in the form of written claim, written evidence, and written reasoning (CER) statements during science inquiry within an intelligent tutoring system. Results showed that students tended to use more academic language when constructing their evidence and reasoning statements. Further analyses showed that both the number of words and pronouns used by students were significant predictors for the quality of students’ written CER statements. The quality of claim statements was significantly reduced by the lexical density (type-token ratio), but the quality of reasoning significantly increased with lexical density. The quality of evidence statements increased significantly with the inclusion of causal and temporal relationships, verb overlap, and descriptive writing. These findings indicate that students used language differently when constructing their CER statements. Implications are discussed in terms of how to increase students’ knowledge of and use of academic language.
Relationship of growth and puberty in beef heifers fed monensin.

An experiment was designed to determine the effects of dietary monensin on age and weight at puberty in Bos taurus crossbred beef heifers. One hundred and forty heifers were allotted to two weight classes: heavy (H) and light (L) groups, consisting of heifers above and below the average weaning weight, respectively. Heifers within each weight class were assigned to one of three diets during a 203-d winter feeding period: (1) R, 80% roughage: 20% concentrate; (2) M1, R diet plus monensin (200 mg/head daily) with feed intake restricted to produce average daily gains (ADG) similar to R and (3) M2, R diet plus monensin (200 mg/head daily). ADG was higher (P less than .001) for M2 heifers than for R and M1 heifers, which performed similarly. Age and weight at puberty were similar across treatments in L heifers. However, in the H group, HM1 and HM2 heifers were younger (P less than .07) at puberty than HR heifers and this difference was not removed by covariate adjustment of either ADG or body weight. Weigh at puberty was greater (P less than .01) for HM2 heifers than for HM1 or HR heifers; however, this difference was removed by covariate adjustment of either ADG or body weight. Ninety-one percent of LM2 heifers and 100% of all other groups had reached puberty before the breeding season. Pregnancy rates did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Supplementation of a high roughage diet with monensin decreased age at puberty of heifers in the heavy weight class and this decrease was not due to increased body weight or ADG. Perhaps heifers with above average weaning weight possess a greater inherent growth potential than heifers below the average weaning weight and hence are more capable of utilizing monensin to an advantage.
Brief Review of the Archeological Record in a Context of Environmental Change

The detail emerging from the paleoenvironmental record provides important context for the archeological record. Some of the oldest evidence of humans in the Americas is found in the Pacific Northwest. In this very brief chapter, we examine the correlation of dates of important archeological sites with the well-dated events of the paleoenvironmental record described in Chap. 4. We give special consideration to relative sea-level history, and to the paleoseismic history with respect to the archeological record.
Head Start, Pre-Kindergarten, and Academic School Readiness: A Comparison Among Regions in the U.S

Child care programs (including Head Start, pre-Kindergarten [pre-K], and other center-based care) can differ, with patterns of use based on their location. Yet little research has examined how Head Start and pre-K programs affect children's academic school readiness, including vocabulary and reading skills at school entry, in the South as compared to other regions. To examine this further, secondary data (n = 2,803) collected in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study were examined. Overall findings suggest, regardless of region, that Head Start and pre-K participants had higher academic skills at school entry than their counterparts. In addition, when Head Start was compared to other center-based care and pre-K was compared to other care arrangements, both had larger effects on improving academic skills in the South than in other regions. These findings imply that Head Start and pre-K programs should target children who otherwise would receive non-parental non-center-based care. Future research should focus on why the effects of Head Start and pre-K vary between the South and other regions.
Differences in muscle contraction onset as determined by ultrasound and electromyography.

Introduction We characterize the agreement between the timing of muscle contraction onset detected by surface electromyography (sEMG), fine wire EMG (fwEMG), and motion-mode (M-mode) ultrasound for improved interpretations of clinical outcomes. Methods Eighteen healthy adults participated. Differences in contraction onset were compared between sEMG, fwEMG, and M-mode ultrasound collected during concentric contractions of the vastus lateralis and biceps brachii. Results The mean difference of 13.1 ms (-33.3-59.9) between sEMG and fwEMG was non-significant (intraclass correlation [ICC] = 0.60). Ultrasound was significantly different from surface and fine wire EMG (ICC = 0.65 and ICC = 0.40, respectively), occurring 98.6 ms (72.3-124.9) and 111.7 (60.3-163.0) before sEMG and fwEMG, respectively. Nonparametric interquartile ranges were also wide. Conclusions Due to high variability, comparisons between EMG methods should be interpreted with caution. Ultrasound detected onset before either EMG method, which may indicate motion from adjacent muscles during voluntary contractions. Muscle Nerve 59:494-500, 2019.
The Interconversion of δ 2 H Values of Collagen Between Thermal Conversion Reactor Configurations

Rationale Different thermal conversion reactor packings result in distinct δ2 H values in nitrogen-containing materials, such as bone collagen. An older 'traditional' glassy carbon packing method causes incomplete conversion of N-containing samples into H2 gas, resulting in altered δ2 H values compared with the complete conversion of hydrogen obtained with a chromium-packed reactor. Given that δ2 H values from collagen are gaining importance in palaeoecological and archaeological studies, a determination of the relationship between δ2 H values produced with a glassy-carbon-packed and a chromium-packed reactor is needed. Methods We obtained δ2 H values (normalized on the VSMOW-SLAP scale) from both glassy-carbon-packed (GP) and chromium-packed (Cr) reactor configurations from bone collagen (n = 231) from a variety of archaeological sites, using a High-Temperature Conversion Elemental Analyzer (TC/EA) coupled to a Delta Plus XP isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Results δ2 H values from both methods are linearly correlated (r2 = 0.934) and yield the following interconversion equation, δ2 H(Cr) = 1.054 δ2 H(GP) + 11.6‰ (95% conf. slope 1.020-1.090, intercept 10.6-12.6), and a mean difference of δ2 H(Cr) - δ2 H(GP) = 10.1‰ (1 sd 5.2, 1 se 0.3, n = 231). Conclusions We recommend adopting this interconversion between δ2 H values produced with a glassy-carbon-packed and chromium-packed reactor for bone collagen only, with appropriate propagation of uncertainty.
Beginning with the End in Mind

This book is intended for use by both academic and behavioral health care programs. This chapter maps what readers will learn about the discourse in behavioral health care, social services, and academic programs as they sought to clarify and embrace, to provide and teach the selection and implementation of evidence-based practice. Throughout the chapters, we identify content and processes to improve workforce preparation and behavioral health care service provision. Our premises are simple. Evidence-based practice is logical and, when well implemented, is effective and sustainable. Eclectic practice is neither proven nor sustainable. Sound research can easily be explored to identify effective practices that, if well implemented, can be sustained to improve consumer outcomes in less time and at less cost.
STAT: Mean and Variance Characterization for Robust Inference of DNNs on Memristor-based Platforms

An emerging solution to accelerate the inference phase of deep neural networks (DNNs) is to utilize memristor crossbar arrays (MCAs) to perform highly efficient matrix-vector multiplication in the analog domain. An adverse challenge is that memristor devices may suffer stuck-at-fault defects, which may compromise the classification accuracy. Stuck-at-fault defects have previously been handled by neuron permutation or by retraining neural networks. In this paper, we propose the STAT framework that utilizes statistics to guide optimization techniques that provide robustness to stuck-at-fault defects. In particular, bias weights are modified to minimize the input error to each neuron with respect to an input vector. The input vector is selected to be equal to the mean from a statistical characterization. Variance statistics are used to define a weight significance metric, which is used to prioritize assigning weights connected to neurons with large (small) variance to non-defective (defective) memristors using neuron permutation, as errors introduced by neurons with small variance can be eliminated by modifying the bias weights. The experimental results demonstrate that the STAT framework improves the normalized classification accuracy from 62.1% to 96.1% without any hardware overhead.