cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changing knowledge and beliefs through an oral health pregnancy message

Objectives: Pregnancy can be a critical and important period in which to intervene to improve oral health in both the mother and her child. This study examined an online approach for promoting awareness of oral health messages targeted at pregnant women, and whether this type of health messaging impacts oral health knowledge and beliefs. Methods: The study was conducted in three parts: production and pilot testing of a brief commercial, Web site/commercial launch and testing, and dissemination and monitoring of the commercial on a video-sharing site. The brief commercial and pre- and postsurveys were produced and pilot tested among a convenience sample of pregnant women (n = 13). The revised commercial and surveys were launched on a newly created Web site and monitored for activity. After 2 months, the commercial was uploaded to a popular video-sharing Web site. Results: Fifty-five individuals completed both the pre- and postsurveys after the Web site was launched. No one responded 100 percent correctly on the presurvey; 77.4 percent responded correctly about dental visits during pregnancy, 66.0 percent about cavity prevention, and 50.9 percent about transmission of bacteria by saliva. Most respondents recalled the correct information on the posttest; 100 percent or close to 100 percent accurately responded about visiting the dentist during pregnancy and preventing cavities, while 79.2 percent responded correctly to the transmission question. Conclusion: Social media can effectively provide dental health messages during pregnancy. This approach can play an important role in increasing awareness and improving oral health of both mother and child.
Polyvalent Dendrimer-Methotrexate as a Folate Receptor-Targeted Cancer Therapeutic

Our previous studies have demonstrated that a generation 5 dendrimer (G5) conjugated with both folic acid (FA) and methotrexate (MTX) has a higher chemotherapeutic index than MTX alone. Despite this, batch-to-batch inconsistencies in the number of FA and MTX molecules linked to each dendrimer led to conjugate batches with varying biological activity, especially when scaleup synthesis was attempted. Since the MTX is conjugated through an ester linkage, there were concerns that biological inconsistency could also result from serum esterase activity and differential bioavailability of the targeted conjugate. In order to resolve these problems, we undertook a novel approach to synthesize a polyvalent G5–MTXn conjugate through click chemistry, attaching the MTX to the dendrimer through an esterase-stable amide linkage. Surface plasmon resonance binding studies show that a G5–MTX10 conjugate synthesized in this manner binds to the FA receptor (FR) through polyvalent interaction showing 4300-fold higher affinity...
Intellectual Evaluation of Brain-Damaged Patients with a Wais Short Form

The routine usage of intellecmal tests in research and diagnosis makes a short-form test desirable. However, recent criticisms of short forms have been made (Kramer & Francis, 1965; Silverstein, 1965). The purpose of this study was to give consideration to these criticisms and ro develop a short form of the WAIS for the evaluation of patients with organic brain damage. The standard form WAIS (11 subtests) was administered to 142 patients with organic brain damage (100 males, 42 females). Their age range was 16 to 72 yr. (M = 48.05, SD = 16.93). The Full Scale IQ range was 56 to 139 (M = 92.48, SD = 16.05). Brain damage was determined by standard neurological and neurosurgical techniques. Two short forms were developed. The four-subtest form consisted of Similarities and Vocabulary from the verbal scale and Block Design and Picture Arrangement from the performance scale. The six-subtest form included Information, Similarities, and Vocabulary from the verbal scale and Picture Completion, Block Design, and Picmre Arrangement from the performance scale. The scaled scores from each of the short forms were prorated to provide estimates of the standard form. The intraclass correlation, R, was used (Haggard, 1958). Next the short forms were compared with the standard form for agreement as to intellectual classification. Finally, a frequency distribution was worked out for the differences between the short forms and standard form IQ scores. The correlations between the four-subtest form and the standard form were: Verbal IQ .92, Performance IQ 92, Full Scale IQ .95. The correlations between the six-subtest form and the standard form were: Verbal IQ 96, Performance IQ .96, Full Scale IQ .97. The four-subtest form, in comparison to the standard form, misclassified as follows: Verbal 1Q 3796, Performance IQ 3796, Full Scale IQ 32%. The six-subtest form, in cornparlson to the standard form, misclassified as follows: Verbal IQ 2876, Performance IQ 21 C/o, Full Scale IQ 18%. With regard to deviation of the short-form IQs from the standard form IQs, the four-subtest form required a 20-point range, and the six-subtest form required a 14-point range to encompass 95% of the scores. The present evidence tends to support the position that a short-form WAIS is a valid instrument for evaluating intellecrual functioning of patients with organic brain damage, especially where time limits are imposed.
Pathways through which a regimen of melatonin and retinoic acid induces apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

It has been established that melatonin (Mlt) and retinoic acid, individually, inhibit the proliferation of the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER alpha)-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated that Mlt and all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) not only inhibit the proliferation, but also induce apoptosis of MCF-7 cells when used in a sequential regimen of Mlt followed 24 h later by atRA. Using this same MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, we investigated the potential pathways through which apoptosis is being induced. We found that treatment of MCF-7 cells with Mlt for 24 h before the addition of atRA decreased the protein levels of the death suppressor, Bcl-2, and increased, although with different time courses, the levels of the death promoters, Bax and Bak; however, there was no change in the levels of the tumor suppressor gene, p53. MCF-7 cells treated sequentially with Mlt and atRA also demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity to the apoptotic effects of atRA, which did not appear to be due to increased expression of the retinoic acid receptors, RAR alpha or RXR alpha, but rather to enhanced transcriptional activity of the RAR alpha. These data suggest that the sequential treatment regimen of Mlt and atRA may induce apoptosis by modulation of members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Thus, this combinatorial regimen, which reduces the concentration of atRA needed for clinical efficacy while enhancing its anti-tumorigenic activity, could be of great therapeutic benefit, and may, in fact, specifically induce the regression of established breast tumors due to its apoptosis-promoting effects.
Static and dynamic properties of high-density metal honeycombs

Abstract Metal honeycombs are commonly used to absorb energy in applications involving impact because of their high-energy capacity to weight ratio. The energy capacity of a material will be affected by any strain-rate effect in the material; thus knowledge of this property is necessary for design purposes. The materials studied in this work were a thick-walled aluminum and stainless-steel honeycomb. A method of testing the specimens in a state approximating uniaxial strain was developed for the large compressive deformations required with honeycombs, and used for both static and dynamic tests. For the dynamic tests, a gas gun was used to propel projectiles into fixed specimens of the test materials, and measurements of the force at the fixed ends of the specimens were used to determine the energy absorption properties of the materials. Initial strain rates to about 2000/s were obtained. Both materials showed a strain-rate effect.
The iPSC/2 direct-connect communications technology

This paper describes the hardware architecture and protocol of the message routing system used in the iPSC®/2 concurrent computer. The Direct-Connect router was developed by Intel Scientific Computers to replace the store-and-forward message passing mechanism used in the original iPSC system. The router enhances the performance of the iPSC/2 system by reducing the message passing latency, increasing the node-to-node channel bandwidth and allowing simultaneous bi-directional message traffic between any two nodes. The new communication system has nearly equal performance between any pair of processing nodes, making the network topology more transparent to the user.The Direct-Connect router is a specialized self-contained hardware module attached to each hypercube node. The router is implemented in CMOS programmable gate-arrays with advanced CMOS buffering. Routers are connected by full-duplex bit-serial channels to form a Boolean n-cube network. The router also provides a high performance interface between the node memory bus and the network.
Cutaneous lesions resulting from sinuses of dental origin.

The subject of dental sinus exiting upon skin is briefly reviewed. Salient clinical data of eight cases are tabulated and typical clinical appearances of cutaneous lesions from sinuses of dental origin are illustrated.
The heawood map-coloring problem—Cases 1, 7, and 10

This paper gives a proof of the fact that the chromatic number of an orientable surface of genus p is equal to the integral part of (7+1+48p)/2 whenever the latter is congruent to 1, 7 or 10 modulo 12.
Major histocompatibility complex controls susceptibility and dominant inheritance, but not the severity of the disease in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis.

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 and proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA) in BALB/c mice are the most frequently used mouse models for studying clinical, immunological and genetic factors contributing to rheumatoid arthritis. DBA/1 (H2 q ) mice are susceptible to CIA but resistant to PGIA, whereas BALB/c mice (H2 d ) are susceptible to PGIA and resistant to CIA. To gain insight into the mechanisms of how the major clinical (disease susceptibility, severity and onset of arthritis) and immunological traits (antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses) are influenced by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), we have generated a unique intercross of BALB/c and DBA/1 parent strains, and the F1 and F2 hybrids were immunized for either CIA or PGIA. The major clinical and immunological traits were identified as either binary (qualitative) or quantitative traits on Chromosome 17 with a peak at MHC when the entire population was analyzed. In contrast, when only arthritic (susceptible) mice were selected and analyzed, the major clinical traits (severity and onset) 'lost' the linkage to MHC. Thus, MHC dictates disease susceptibility, but not the severity of arthritis. This was even more evident in the case of the H2 q allele, which was clearly responsible for the dominant inheritance of arthritis in F2 hybrids (either CIA or PGIA). In conclusion, while certain MHC alleles strongly affect disease susceptibility and determine the mode of inheritance of a polygenic autoimmune disease, neither the type of inheritance (dominant vs recessive) nor other MHC components have evident effects upon the clinical symptoms of arthritis.
Evolution of rarefaction pulses into vortex rings

The two-dimensional solitary waves of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili limit are unstable with respect to three-dimensional perturbations. We elucidate the stages in the evolution of such solutions subject to perturbations perpendicular to the direction of motion. Depending on the energy (momentum) and the wavelength of the perturbation different types of three-dimensional solutions emerge. In particular, we present new periodic solutions having very small energy and momentum per period. These solutions also become unstable and this secondary instability leads to vortex ring nucleation.
Including behavioral data in demographic models improves estimates of population viability

Individual differences in behavior and social status can determine the rate of population change and thus the threat that imperiled species face in the real world. One way that behavior may be manifested in terms of an annualized population growth rate (λ) is through the effects of sex ratio biases. A population's operational sex ratio (OSR) typically deviates from the actual sex ratio (ASR), leading to pronounced sexual dimorphism in fecundity. This paper provides a framework for integrating behavioral estimates of OSR into population models used for conservation. Male and female fertility is estimated at six island study sites for California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), using population census data (ASR) and behavioral data (OSR). These estimates are used to construct alternate projection matrices to examine the impacts on. Inclusion of behavioral data in population models not only allows for explicit analysis of the effects of behaviors on viability, but may also help to identify behavioral attr...
Modeling School Facility Requirements in New Communities

This is an exploratory paper developing new formulations for modeling selected social and economic phenomena in a new or existing community. The demand for educational facilities is shown to be dependent on the mix of housing designs and their sequence of construction. A Markov model, cast in a linear programming format, is developed that explores the relation between alternative growth curves of the student population and the housing mix and construction sequence. Objective functions and constraints are formulated that allow for a wide variety of school planning objectives to be related to the housing mix and schedule as defined by market, social, economic or administrative constraints. The use of linear programming models to facilitate the analysis of complex social phenomena is detailed.
Practical contributions of occupational science to the art of successful ageing: How to sculpt a meaningful life in older adulthood

Abstract Given that the longevity revolution has already arrived and will continue to flourish in the upcoming decades, Western societies are confronted with the urgent challenge of promoting the goal of successful ageing for untold millions of citizens. With regard to this goal, current thinking points to the optimistic conclusion that potentially controllable lifestyle factors play a crucial role in enabling people to experience health and satisfying lives well into older adulthood. In this paper, the importance of occupation as providing a fundamental, personally relevant context for the enactment of sustainable lifestyle choices that foster successful ageing is described. This stress on the significance of occupation is supported by the successful outcome of an experimental test of a preventive occupational therapy intervention designed to promote health and psychosocial well‐being in community dwelling elders. Based on the theory and research that is discussed, a practically oriented synthetic overvi...
Performance testing with a gas-liquid-solid system in a mechanically-stirred reactor: The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Abstract Careful attention to reactor operating procedures and methods of product trapping and analysis is required to obtain accurate and reliable data on selectivity and kinetics when a wide variety of products are formed. Useful methods are discussed in detail. The focus of attention is on use of iron-based Fischer—Tropsch catalysts studied in a well-mixed slurry reactor, but many of the findings apply to other catalysts and reactor systems used for Fischer—Tropsch synthesis or to other reactions in which a complex mixture of products is formed. Some apparent discrepancies in the literature regarding catalyst activity and selectivity in Fischer—Tropsch synthesis are explained by analysis of the pertinent experimental systems.
Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis: Part 16. Effect of peanut oil on pre-established lesions

Rabbits were fed an atherogenic diet (2% cholesterol and 6% corn oil) for 8 weeks and then divided into groups of equal average serum cholesterol levels. One group was autopsied, and the others were returned to cholesterol-free diets consisting of commercial laboratory ration or ration augmented with 6% corn oil, peanut oil or PGF, a fat designed to resemble peanut oil minus arachidic and behenic acids. The animals were maintained on the diets for 8 more weeks. On all regimens, severity of atherosclerosis was exacerbated. The extent of exacerbation was significantly less in rabbits fed corn oil than in the others. The extent of exacerbation of lesions appears to be a function of the level of unsaturation of the dietary fats.
Rapid response of tree cellulose radiocarbon content to changes in atmospheric 14 CO 2 concentration

A detailed radial profile for the 14 C concentration in tree stem cellulose, covering growth rings for the years 1962–1964, was obtained for a Sitka spruce of the US Pacific Coast using accelerator mass spectrometry. The tree cellulose 14 C closely follows atmospheric 14 CO 2 concentrations, responding to changes with an apparent delay of 5 to 6 weeks. The delay in response is mostly due to the addition of between 13% and 28% of biospheric CO 2 to the canopy-air CO 2 used by the tree for stem cellulose. Delayed incorporation and the use of stored photosynthate of the previous fall appear less important. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00131.x
Daptomycin against multiple drug-resistant staphylococcus and enterococcus isolates in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic that exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria. In pursuit of potential clinical dosing regimens for endocarditis, we evaluated two, once-daily daptomycin regimens against multiple, drug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens. Daptomycin susceptibility was determined in the absence and presence of physiologic concentrations of albumin. An in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations incorporating protein was used to simulate regimens of daptomycin at 6 and 8 mg/kg/day and vancomycin at 1 g every 12 h against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA-67 and 494) and S. epidermidis (MRSE-R227 and R617), glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus and S. epidermidis (GISA-992 and GISE-12333), and vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF-SF12047 and 12366). Bacterial quantification occurred over 72 h. Daptomycin MIC results for study isolates in the absence or presence of albumin ranged from 0.125 to 4 and 1 to 8, respectively. Both daptomycin regimens achieved greater than 99.9% kill by 8 h and demonstrated greater bacterial reduction than vancomycin against all tested isolates at 24, 48, and 72 h (p < 0.05). Undetectable limits of bacterial quantification was achieved and maintained by 8 mg/kg/day against MRSA-494 and 67, GISA-992, and VREF-590 for the study duration. Although slight regrowth was noted only for 6 mg/kg/day against MRSA-67, 99.9% kill was maintained throughout the study period without development of resistance. Pharmacodynamic profiles and drug exposure of daptomycin at 6 mg/kg/day corresponds to previously reported AUC/MIC requirements. These results suggest that 6 and 8 mg/kg/day of daptomycin represent potential regimens for further clinical evaluation in drug-resistant Gram-positive endocarditis.
SU-E-T-363: Investigation of PRESAGE® Dosimeters for Proton Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate a formulation of PRESAGE® intended for proton therapy and to use it to compare measurements with calculations for a spot scanning pencil proton beam and a passively scattered proton beam.Methods: Two 7.5 cm high by 9.5 cm diameter cylindrical PRESAGE® dosimeters were used. CTimages were used to design two treatment plans with an Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS). The first plan used a single pencil beam of energy 153.2 MeV to provide a range of 16 cm in water. Four regions of the dosimeter were irradiated delivering doses in the peak of approximately 6, 10, 13 and 19 Gy(RBE) by rotating the dosimeter between spot deliveries. The second plan used a single passively scattered field with a spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) of 4 cm. This plan delivered approximately 10 Gy(RBE). The dosimeters were analyzed using an optical CT scanner. The measured optical densities were converted to dose via a calibration curve, exported to the CERR environment and fused to the treatment plan. Dose distributions were scaled to the SOBP plan. Dose profiles were taken along the axis of each spot and the SOBP and perpendicularly across the SOBP.Results: The dose measured in the peak of single spot irradiations increased proportionally to the MU setting. The distal falloff was steeper than predicted by the TPS. The cross profiles for the SOBP plan matched within 2 mm with the TPS. The depth profile was noisy within the modulated area. Noise decreased as dose increased for both dosimeters Conclusions: This formulation of PRESAGE® shows promise as a 3D dosimeter for proton therapy. A dose calibration specific to protons will facilitate further analysis and enable measurement of complex distributions. Work supported by PHS CA010953 and CA081647, awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Comment on ``superrotation of the upper atmosphere by global deposition of meteoroids''

Abstract The hypothesis that superrotation of the Earth's atmosphere results from meteoroid influx is untenable. Meteor observations are not of sufficient precision to substantiate direct rotation when the meteoroid influx is treated macroscopically. Detailed dynamic studies argue against any possible direct rotation.
Methods and approaches used by FDA to evaluate the safety of food packaging materials

In the Federal Register of July 17 1995 (60 FR 36582), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established a ‘threshold of regulation’ process. This process was established for determining when the extent of migration to food is so trivial that safety concerns would be negligible. The process exempts materials in food‐contact articles whose use results in dietary concentrations at or below 0.5ppb (μg/kg) from the food additive listing regulation requirement. Carcinogens or substances that may be carcinogens are excluded from this regulation. This paper explores some of the ramifications of the threshold of regulation policy with respect to traditional migration testing. It examines the use of the threshold approach and migration modelling to estimate food additive exposures. These results indicate that modelling may be a reasonable alternative to traditional migration testing.
Gas-cooled fast breeder reactor designs with advanced fuel and cladding

This paper examines the potential impact of some alternative cladding and fuel materials being considered for the liquid metal fast breeder reactor (LMFBR) on the performance and design of large commercial gas-cooled fast breeder reactors (GCFRs). Mixed carbide fuel and Inconel 718 cladding material were examined. Another cladding alternative considered was silicon carbide (SiC), which presents some interesting possibilities in high-temperature performance. Design concepts based on the above fuel and claddings were examined and compared with a reference oxide/316 stainless steel design based on a commercial 4000 MW(th) [∼1500 MW(e)] system. Substantial benefits can be derived from a high-temperature cladding material such as Inconel 718 or 16Pe; core volume and steam generator heat transfer area could be reduced by 20% or more, and significant reductions in core inventory and doubling time are possible. Carbide fuels would reduce the number of fuel rods by 50% because of higher linear power, and doubling time would be lowered.
Triple oxygen isotope composition of tropospheric carbon dioxide as a tracer of terrestrial gross carbon fluxes

[1] Stratospheric photochemistry leads to anomalous oxygen isotope enrichments in CO2 (for which Δ17O = δ17O − 0.516 × δ18O ≠ 0). This isotope anomaly is not lost until air returns to the troposphere and CO2 undergoes isotope exchange with water primarily in the terrestrial biosphere and oceans. A two-box model is used to investigate the contribution of stratospheric production and contemporary surface carbon fluxes to tropospheric Δ17OCO2. The predicted magnitude of ∼0.15‰ is large enough that measurement of a globally averaged tropospheric Δ17OCO2 should provide a new constraint for gross carbon exchanges between the biosphere and atmosphere in terrestrial carbon cycle models. Importantly, Δ17OCO2 should be complementary to the primary isotopic tracer of gross carbon exchanges, δ18OCO2, but is not dependent on numerous hydrologic variables. Furthermore, with improved measurement precision, Δ17OCO2 could serve as a direct tracer of gross carbon exchanges and their variations.
Conformational analysis of cycloheptane, oxacycloheptane, 1,2‐dioxacycloheptane, 1,3‐dioxacycloheptane, and 1,4‐dioxacycloheptane

The conformational analysis of cycloheptane (1), oxacycloheptane (2), 1,2-dioxacycloheptane (3), 1,3-dioxacycloheptane (4), and 1,4-dioxacycloheptane (5) has been carried out using B3LYP, CCD, CCSD, and QCISD with the 6-311+G(d,p) and cc-pVDZ basis sets. The twist chair conformers are predicted to be lower in energy than their corresponding boat and chair conformations. All levels of theory predict (4) to be lower in energy than (3) and (5). CCSD predicts remarkably similar activation barriers for the conformational interconversion of the twist chair conformers to their corresponding boat conformers. Small barriers to pseudorotation are also predicted. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Use of recall data in survey research on human sexual behavior

Abstract A critical, but often neglected, concern in survey research is the use of recall data. This article identifies two sources of possible error in restrospective accounts, particularly of human sexual behavior. “Faulty recall” is unintentional false reporting due to poor memory or changing perception of past reality. “Falsified accounts” involve intentional false reporting due to a fear of being honest with the interviewer or a desire to present a false image for ego enhancement. Previous warnings about the use of recall data are reviewed. The variety of ways and the circumstances under which faulty recall and falsified accounts can influence research findings are elaborated. However, with care in data collection and analysis, these problems need not preclude the use of recall data in survey research.
A Naturalistic Observation of Social Behaviours during Preschool Drop-Off.

The present study utilised naturalistic observation to assess the impact of parental departure during daily drop-off at preschool on children's settling into daily preschool routines. Forty-six 3–5...
Global proteomic signature of undifferentiated human bone marrow stromal cells: Evidence for donor-to-donor proteome heterogeneity

The clinical application of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) largely depends on their capacity to expand in vitro. We have conducted a comprehensive comparative proteomic analysis of culture-expanded hBMSCs obtained from different human donors. The data reveal extensive donor-to-donor proteomic heterogeneity. Processing and database-searching of the tandem MS data resulted in a most comprehensive to date proteomic dataset for hBMSC. A total of 7753 proteins including 712 transcription and translation regulators, 384 kinases, 248 receptor proteins, and 29 cytokines were confidently identified. The proteins identified are mainly nuclear (43.2%) and the share of proteins assigned to more than one subcellular location constitutes 10% of the identified proteome. Bioinformatics tools (IPA, DAVID, and PANTHER) were used to annotate proteins with respect to cellular locations, functions, and other physicochemical characteristics. We also compared the proteomic profile of hBMSCs to recently compiled datasets for human and mouse pluripotent stem cells. The result shows the extent of similarity between the three cell populations and also identified 253 proteins expressed uniformly by all lines of hBMSCs but not reported in the proteomic datasets of the two pluripotent stem cells. Overall, the proteomic database reported in this paper can serve as a reference map for extensive evaluation of hBMSC to explain their biology as well as identify possible marker candidates for further evaluation.
Perception and Misperception: The Role of Culture in American-Japanese Relations

Book reviewed in this article: Joseph M. Henning, Outposts of Civilization: Race, Religion, and the Formative Years of American-Japanese Relations
Trace metal composition of photosynthetic bacteria.

Abstract The manganese content of various photosynthetic bacteria (Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Chromatium) has been determined and compared with those of other metals (Cu, Zn, Fe) in cells grown photosynthetically and, in the case of the two photoheterotrophs, also aerobically in the dark. In addition, Rps. spheroides was grown photosynthetically in manganese-deficient media. The relevance of these results to the question of the role of manganese in bacterial photometabolism is discussed.
Determination of the anomeric configuration in carbohydrates by longitudinal cross-correlated relaxation studies: application to mono- and disaccharides.

The role of cross-correlated relaxation between the anomeric proton chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) and its dipolar relaxation with nearby proton on the longitudinal relaxation in mono- and disaccharides at two magnetic field strengths has been investigated and shown to directly report the identity of their anomeric configuration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Documentation method for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve paresthesias

The article presents a method of documenting paresthesias that is quick, accurate, and immediately part of the patient's record. The method uses a simplified anatomic drawing and a scale based on the patient's response to painful stimuli. Related anatomy and neurology are reviewed.
Effects of preharvest calcium sprays on apple and pear quality

Abstract Fruit from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees sprayed with calcium chloride (CaCl2) had higher fruit calcium (Ca) concentrations by 10% or more than the unsprayed control trees. In ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, the incidences of bitter pit, scald, and internal breakdown were substantially reduced with CaCl2 sprays. In most instances, firmness, total acidity, and juiciness ratings of apples were improved with CaCl2 sprays. In ‘Anjou’ pears, the incidence of cork spot was reduced with CaCl2 sprays. Only sprays of NutriCal and CaCl2 + Regulaid showed substantial increases in fruit firmness of ‘Anjou’ pear. In 1991, yield of ‘Anjou’ pear trees was increased by 36% with CaCl2 sprays compared with the control trees.
Emergence of classicality via decoherence described by Lindblad operators

Zurek, Habib, and Paz [Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1187 (1993)] have characterized the set of states of maximal stability defined as the set of states having minimum entropy increase due to interaction with an environment and shown that coherent states are maximal for the particular environment model examined. To generalize these results, I consider entropy production within the Lindblad theory of open systems, treating environment effects perturbatively. I characterize the maximally predicitive states that emerge from several forms of effective dynamics, including decoherence from spatially correlated noise. Under a variety of conditions, coherent states emerge as the maximal states.
Another Microbial Pathway for Acetate Assimilation

Countless students in introductory biochemistry classes have heard the adage “fats burn in the flame of carbohydrates.” It refers to the inability of vertebrates to convert acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), an important metabolic molecule, into intermediate compounds that replenish carbon in the citric acid cycle and enable the synthesis of glucose. In contrast, plants and certain bacteria, fungi, and invertebrates have solved this barrier to “anabolism from acetate” by using a variation of the citric acid cycle. This variation is called the glyoxylate cycle, and it allows acetyl-CoA to be used as a replenishing source for carbon in the synthesis of glucose and other important reactions ( 1 ). However, a number of acetate-using microorganisms lack one of the signature enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle, isocitrate lyase, demonstrating that other pathway(s) for acetate assimilation must exist ( 2 – 4 ). In 2007, fully 50 years after the discovery of the glyoxylate cycle, investigators revealed the first complete details of one of these alternate pathways ( 5 ). Now, on page 334 of this issue, Khomyakova et al. ( 6 ) describe yet another acetate-assimilation pathway. It is in a salt-loving (halophilic) microorganism belonging to the Archaea, and incorporates features not seen in previously described pathways.
Reduction of bacterial translocation and intestinal structural alterations by heparin in a murine burn injury model

Burn injury produces acute gastrointestinal (GI) derangements that may predispose the burn victim to bacterial translocation (BT). We studied the effects of heparin on gastrointestinal (GI) anatomic alterations and BT after 25% and 32% total body surface area (TBSA), full-thickness murine burn injuries. Heparin (100 U/kg) was administered with 1 mL of normal saline (NS) resuscitation solution immediately postburn and 4 hours and 18 hours postburn in volumes of 0.5 mL NS. Mice with 25% TBSA burns treated with heparin maintained small intestine weight, measured 24 hours postburn, and ileal mucosal height was preserved, whereas burned, untreated mice lost organ weight and mucosal height. Bacterial translocation was decreased in mice with 25% TBSA burn injuries treated with heparin (35.0% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.025). After 32% TBSA burn injuries, BT was also decreased in heparin-treated animals (64.3% vs. 31.6%; p < 0.025). Analysis of mixed venous blood gases showed that heparin did not affect the severe metabolic acidosis that follows burn injury in this animal model, indicating that general tissue perfusion was not improved. Heparin administered in the acute postburn period ameliorates GI structural and functional damage in this murine burn model and decreases BT.
Modeling injury severity of multiple occupants of vehicles: Copula-based multivariate approach

Research to date on crash injury severity has focused on the driver of the vehicle or the most severely injured occupant. Though useful, these studies have not provided injury profiles of all occupants in crashinvolved vehicles. This lack of a comprehensive picture has limited the ability to devise measures that enhance the safety and reduce the severity of the injury sustained by all vehicular occupants. Moreover, such studies ignore the possible presence of correlated, unobserved factors that may simultaneously affect the injury severity levels of multiple occupants. This paper aims to fill the gap by presenting a simultaneous model of injury severity to apply to crashes that involve any number of occupants. A copula-based methodology, which could be used to estimate such complex model systems, was applied to a data set of crashes drawn from the 2007 General Estimates System in the United States. The model estimation results provide strong evidence of the presence of correlated unobserved factors that a...
Non-redundant summary scores applied to the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium dataset

After performing a genome-wide association study, it is often difficult to know which regions to follow up, especially when no one marker reaches genome-wide significance. Researchers frequently focus on their top N findings, knowing that true associations may be buried deeper in the list. Others focus on genes or regions that have multiple markers showing evidence of association. However, these markers are often in high linkage disequilibrium with one another (r2 > 0.80), which indicates that these additional markers are providing redundant information. I propose a novel method that identifies regions with multiple lines of evidence, by down-weighting the contribution of additional markers in proportion to pairwise linkage disequilibrium. I have used this non-redundant summary score in my analysis of the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium dataset released as part of Genetic Analysis Workshop 16. Three regions were identified that had a genome-wide empirical p-value less than 0.01, including one novel region on chromosome 20 near the KCNB1 and PTGIS genes.
Some experiments in the near wake of cones.

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Pelvic pain in women and men: recent findings.

Purpose of reviewAll Pubmed-listed articles generated by the search terms ‘pelvic’ and ‘pain’ from the year 2004 (plus or minus 6 months) were examined for relevance to pain management therapeutics. An emphasis was given to clinical studies related to chronic pain disorders.Recent findingsUse of the
Renormalization of general relativity on a background of spacetime foam

Abstract We show that a distribution of virtual black holes in the vacuum at shorter than Planck scales can have a profound effect on the perturbative high-energy behavior of a quantum field theory. This follows if we make the assumption that only perturbations which vanish inside the apparent horizons of virtual black holes can make a coherent contribution to scattering amplitudes. As a result there is a cutoff-dependent contribution to the density of states which comes from the scale dependence of the density of virtual black holes in the vacuum. This results in a modification in the divergence-structure of perturbation theory on a background of spacetime foam. The divergence structure then depends on how fast the volume of a typical spacelike surface fills up with virtual black holes as the cutoff scale is decreased to zero. If the distribution of virtual black holes is scale invariant then the result is to decrease the spectral dimension of spacetime to a nonintegral value less than four. In this case general relativity becomes renormalizable in a 1 N expansion without additional dimension-four counterterms. This case can also be understood in terms of recent work on density of states functions on fractals, because the set of points which are not contained within a scale-invariant distribution of black holes will be fractal. If the distribution of virtual black holes fills up faster, asymptotically, than the scale-invariant distribution, all sums over virtual states are cut off by exponential factors and are finite. In both cases, as the dynamics is generated by the hamiltonian of general relativity, the energy is bounded from below and the theory will be stable.
Surface morphology of high-temperature superconductor thin films using scanning tunnelling microscopy

The surface morphology of laser-deposited superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films has been studied using scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Very high resolution of the surface morphology has been obtained showing well-textured surfaces with very distinct growth patterns. The thin films produced byin situ laser deposition are highly oriented with typicalJc values > 1× 106A cm−2 at 77 K. The morphology of these surfaces as revealed by STM is a terraced, layer-like structure with a discrete rise of each terrace level approximately equal to thec-axis lattice spacing. These terraces are stacked upon each other in an ordered fashion. These terraces can also be viewed as a series of chip-like morphologies which increase in size at the lower levels. The surface structure (amount of texturing and size of terraces near the surface) shows a small but observable dependence upon the deposition conditions, with lower deposition rates producing larger grain sizes. We have also studied the chemical etching of these surfaces and the resultant morphologies have been followed using atomic force microscopy. Upon chemical etching the individual grains are revealed and due to the epitaxial growth of these films, most likely represent mutually aligned but separate grains. These etching studies provide valuable information about substructures. A model for film growth based upon nucleation and growth will be described.
Gender Differences in the Effect of the Subjective Experience of Diabetes and Sense of Control on Distress

A unique feature of diabetes is the extent to which individuals must engage in self-management in order to successfully cope with their condition. Because of the role of self-regulation in diabetic care, subjective sense of control may be a particularly salient psycho-social resource among diabetic people. We examine the influence on distress of mastery, and the subjective experience of diabetes, measured as interference, dissatisfaction, andembarrassment. We also examine gender differences in the influence of these subjective experiences on diabetic people’s distress. We find that gender differences in distress are explained by the greater salience for women’s distress of role-related sense of control, measured as how much diabetes interferes with the performance of roles, and general sense of control, measured as mastery. Results are discussed in terms of gender differences in the experience of roles, and in terms of the implications of results for the management of chronic conditions requiring self-care.
Angiomyolipoma with epithelial cysts: mimic of renal cell carcinoma

Angiomyolipoma with epithelial cysts (AMLEC) is a rare variant of angiomyolipoma with minimal fat that contains epithelial-lined cysts and may mimic a cystic renal cell carcinoma. While 17 cases have been described in the pathology literature since this entity was first described in 2006, the radiologic appearance was not demonstrated in any of these cases. We report the CT and MRI appearance of AMLEC found incidentally in a patient with lupus nephritis.
Lateral line stimulation patterns and prey orienting behavior in the Lake Michigan mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdi )

Information contained in the spatial excitation pattern along arrayed sensors in the lateral line system of Lake Michigan mottled sculpin, as well as other surface-feeding fish and amphibians, is thought to play a fundamental role in guiding prey-orienting behaviors. However, the way in which prey location is encoded by the excitation pattern and used by the nervous system to direct orienting behaviors is largely unknown. In this study, we test the hypothesis that mottled sculpin use excitation peaks (local ‘hot spots’) to determine the somatotopic location of an artificial prey (vibrating sphere/dipole source) along the body surface. Dipole orientation (axis of sphere vibration re: long axis of the fish) is manipulated to produce excitatory peaks in different body locations without changing the actual sphere location. Our results show that orienting accuracy is largely independent of source orientation, but not source distance and that turning directions are not guided by local hot spots in the somatotopic activation pattern of the lateral line.
Weight Lifting in Patients With Lower-Extremity Lymphedema Secondary to Cancer: A Pilot and Feasibility Study

Abstract Katz E, Dugan NL, Cohn JC, Chu C, Smith RG, Schmitz KH. Weight lifting in patients with lower-extremity lymphedema secondary to cancer: a pilot and feasibility study. Objective To assess the feasibility of recruiting and retaining cancer survivors with lower-limb lymphedema into an exercise intervention study. To develop preliminary estimates regarding the safety and efficacy of this intervention. We hypothesized that progressive weight training would not exacerbate leg swelling and that the intervention would improve functional mobility and quality of life. Design Before-after pilot study with a duration of 5 months. Setting University of Pennsylvania. Participants Cancer survivors with a known diagnosis of lower-limb lymphedema (N=10) were directly referred by University of Pennsylvania clinicians. All 10 participants completed the study. Intervention Twice weekly slowly progressive weight lifting, supervised for 2 months, unsupervised for 3 months. Main Outcome Measures The primary outcome was interlimb volume differences as measured by optoelectronic perometry. Additional outcome measures included safety (adverse events), muscle strength, objective physical function, and quality of life. Results Interlimb volume differences were 44.4% and 45.3% at baseline and 5 months, respectively (pre-post comparison, P =.70). There were 2 unexpected incident cases of cellulitis within the first 2 months. Both resolved with oral antibiotics and complete decongestive therapy by 5 months. Bench and leg press strength increased by 47% and 27% over 5 months ( P =.001 and P =.07, respectively). Distance walked in 6 minutes increased by 7% in 5 months ( P =.01). No improvement was noted in self-reported quality of life. Conclusions Recruitment of patients with lower-limb-lymphedema into an exercise program is feasible. Despite some indications that the intervention may be safe (eg, a lack of clinically significant interlimb volume increases over 5mo), the unexpected finding of 2 cellulitic infections among the 10 participants suggests additional study is required before concluding that patients with lower-extremity lymphedema can safely perform weight lifting.
Disposition of Inhaled Cadmium Oxide Aerosol in the Rat

AbstractMale F344/N rats were exposed to target air concentrations of 0.0, 0.10, 0.25, or 1.0 mg CdO/m3 for approximately 6 h/day, 5 days/wk, for 13 wk. The lung burdens of Cd, the concentration of Cd in whole blood, and the concentration of Cd in the kidneys from exposure groups were determined at study days 3, 9, 30, and 93. Accumulated lung burdens were not directly proportional to the exposure concentration, but became progressively less than expected when exposure concentrations were increased. This was attributed to differences in exposure material deposition at different exposure concentrations, although the basis for these differences was not determined. Based on lung burden measurements made during the study, the lung clearance rate of Cd in F344 rats agreed well with values reported in the literature for Long-Evans and Wistar rats. Lung clearance half-lives did not change significantly with exposure concentration. Estimation of the deposition rate and the clearance rate constant allowed calculat...