cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue thresholds of Ni-Ti alloy near the shape memory transition temperature

The fatigue thresholds of nickel-titanium alloy with martensite start temperature of 80°C were measured in air from room temperature to 150°C and load ratios of 0.1 to 0.9. The ΔK versus K max fundamental threshold curves are characteristic of ductile metals at all temperatures tested and are consistent with the existence of two threshold parameters, ΔK th * and K max,th * , for cyclic and maximum stress intensity, respectively. ΔK th * increases linearly with temperature, while K max,th * , exhibits a transition between 80 and 100°C, decreasing by half as a function of temperature. Compliance curves suggest the existence of crack closure in the stable martensite regime below 100°C, but little or no crack closure in the stress-induced martensite regime above 100°C up to 150°C. The results suggest that both crack closure and the existence of an intrinsic fundamental threshold curve with both ΔK and K max thresholds as a function of load ratio are necessary to fully account for R dependence of ΔK th .
Gene expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 is altered in rat hippocampus during normal aging

Brain aging is associated with inflammatory changes. However, data on how the brain arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is altered as a function of age are limited and discrepant. AA is released from membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) and then further metabolized to bioactive prostaglandins and thromboxanes by cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and -2. We examined the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))/COX-mediated AA metabolic pathway in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of 4-, 12-, 24- and 30-month-old rats. A two-fold increase in brain thromboxane B(2) level in 24 and 30 months was accompanied by increased hippocampal COX-1 mRNA levels at 12, 24, and 30 months. COX-2 mRNA expression was significantly decreased only at 30 months. Hippocampal Ca(2+)-independent iPLA(2) mRNA levels were decreased at 24 and 30 months without any change in Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) expression. In the cerebral cortex, mRNA levels of COX and PLA(2) were not significantly changed. The specific changes in the AA cascade observed in the hippocampus may alter phospholipids homeostasis and possibly increase the susceptibility of the aging brain to neuroinflammation.
The beginning of decoding

It is widely agreed that children recognize their first words in a different way than they later decode. One hypothesis is that sight words are recognized as wholes, another that they are recognized by parts. Two experiments were devised to compare these hypotheses. In one, children were taught a sight word accompanied by a salient extraneous cue and then tested for recognition of the word and the cue. In the other, children were taught sight words, then tested for recognition of each half of the word. The children were found to recognize the cue but not the word; they recognized one half of the word but not the other. The results support the idea that first words are recognized by selective association.
Pre-operative and post-operative risk factors associated with neurologic complications in patients with advanced heart failure supported by a left ventricular assist device.

Background Neurologic complications (NCs) are the major adverse events after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) surgery. Pre-operative and post-operative factors associated with NCs in patients with LVADs were investigated. Methods We reviewed 307 consecutive patients undergoing LVAD surgery (167 HeartMate I and 140 HeartMate II devices) at Columbia University Medical Center between November 2000 and December 2010. Clinical characteristics and hemodynamic and laboratory indexes were analyzed. NC was defined according to the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support definition of neurologic dysfunction, including transient ischemic attack (TIA) and ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Results NCs developed in 43 patients (14.0%) at 91.8 ± 116.3 days post-operatively. The frequency of NC development was similar in HeartMate I and II patients. Patients with NC showed a higher frequency of pre-LVAD CVA history (27.9% vs 15.5%, p = 0.046), lower pre-operative sodium (129.0 ± 7.0 vs 132.1 ± 8.1 mg/dl, p = 0.018) and albumin concentrations (3.5 ± 0.7 vs 3.7 ± 0.6 mg/dl, p = 0.049), lower post-operative hematocrit (34.9% ± 5.1% vs 37.8% ± 6.1%, p = 0.0034), sodium (131.6 ± 7.7 vs 134.4 ± 6.4 mg/dl, p = 0.010) and albumin concentrations (3.7 ± 0.5 vs 3.9 ± 0.5 mg/dl, p = 0.0016), and higher frequency of post-operative infection (39.5% vs 19.3%, p = 0.003) than those without NC. Multiple regression analysis revealed that CVA history (odds ratio, 2.37, 95% confidence interval, 1.24–5.29; p = 0.011) and post-operative infection (odds ratio, 2.99, 95% confidence interval, 1.16–10.49; p = 0.011) were highly associated with NC development. The combination of CVA history, pre-operative and post-operative sodium and albumin, and post-operative hematocrit and infection could discriminate patients developing NCs with a probability of 76.6%. Conclusions Previous stroke, persistent malnutrition and inflammation, severity of heart failure, and post-LVAD infections are key factors associated with development of NCs after LVAD implantation.
Prevention and Treatment of Smoking in School Age Children

Considerable erosion of gains have often been found during follow-up periods for behavioral treatment programs directed towards adult smokers. Focusing more attention on preventing smoking among youngsters currently not smoking or reducing smoking among those just beginning the habit might produce more favorable results. The present study used role playing, an economical and easy to administer technique with children. Two ninth grade treatment classes engaged in seven weekly role playing sketches, depicting everyday encounters with smoking. A fifteen minute discussion followed each role play. At program end, rates of smoking decreased for E children and increased for Cs. Gains in the E group were maintained at a three-month follow-up period.
Characterization of the Chloranilate(•3−) π Radical as a Strong Spin-Coupling Bridging Ligand

Dinuclear [(TPA)CoII(CA2-)CoII(TPA)](BF4)2·2MeOH (1) [TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine] and [(TPA)CoII(CA•3-)CoII(TPA)](BF4)·2Et2O (2) with a bridging chloranilate radical ligand formed by reduction of 1 are crystallographically and magnetically characterized. 1 has shown a weak antiferromagnetic coupling within the CoII dimer [J/kB = −0.65 K (−0.45 cm-1)], while 2 has a 2 orders of magnitude stronger antiferromagnetic interaction between the CoII ion and a radical [J/kB = −75 K (52 cm-1)].
Immune complexes containing citrullinated fibrinogen costimulate macrophages via Toll‐like receptor 4 and Fcγ receptor

Objective RA is associated with the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA). Nearly two thirds of patients with ACPA-positive RA have immune complexes (IC) that contain citrullinated fibrinogen (cFb), and these cFb-containing IC (cFb-IC) can exacerbate disease in murine models of RA; however, the exact role of such ACPA IC in RA pathogenesis has remained elusive. Here, we investigate a novel mechanism by which ACPA specifically targeting citrullinated fibrinogen may directly stimulate macrophage TNF production.
Second Find of Thomomys talpoides from Late Pleistocene in Kansas

The University of Michigan palaeontological field party, led by Dr. Claude W. Hibbard, collected on August 27,1953, in Clark County, Kansas, the anterior part of a skull containing the incisors, the left P3-M2, and the right P3-M1 (No. 31378 U.M.M.P.) of Thomomys talpoides (Richardson). This specimen was taken approximately 15 feet below the surface from a late Pleistocene terrace along the east side of Kiger Creek, on the south side of U.S. 160, in the NE corner of NW ¼sec. 10, T. 33 S., R. 24 W. The deposits are considered by Hibbard to be late Wisconsin in age. The terrace consisted of stream-deposited sand and sandy silts. In association with this specimen were found two left maxillaries of Citellus richardsonii (Sabine), one possessing the P3-M2, and the other the P2-Ml (No. 32461 U.M.M.P.). Also found in association with these specimens …
TEN-YEAR DIFFERENCES IN LEVEL OF ENTERING STUDENTS' PROFILE ON THE CALIFORNIA PSYCHOLOGICAL INVENTORY

Student counselors, admission commirtees and teachers need information regarding applicants to programs. Differences in profile level for the California Psychological Inventory have been shown in Registered Nurses for age, education and administrative level (I), peer nomination (3), and consistency of configuration between male and female nurses (2). Level of profile may also reflect changing actirudes of female university students. Comparisons of the personality profiles of baccalaureate nursing students entering academic year 1970-71 (N = 172) with those entering 1980-81 (N = 193) show that the configurations of test profiles were about the same. However, the level of the profile was about half a standard deviation higher in the 1980-81 group with two exceptions: (a) Cammunality was nearly the same for both groups and (b) Flexibility and Femininity were lower for the 1980-81 group. Students entering in the 1980-81 academic year were more assertive, verbal, outgoing, sociable, responsible in social matters, and more desirous of creating a favorable impression. They also had higher intellectual scores and were more achievement oriented. Lower scores on Flexibility and Femininity indicate a shift toward a more rigid thought strucrure and more masculine interests and behaviors.
The application of open standards to enhance the interoperability of geoscience information

Abstract We can adequately study broad global issues and policies only by taking geosciences into account. Our research and decision-making must share and make effective use of interdisciplinary data sources, models, and processes. Non-interoperability impedes sharing of data and computing resources. Standards from the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and other organizations are the basis for successfully deploying a seamless, distributed information infrastructure for the geosciences. Several specifications now adopted by the OGC consensus process are the result of OGC interoperability initiatives. The OGC standards, deployment architectures, and interoperability initiatives are described showing how the OGC standards baseline has been developed and applies to the geosciences.
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric solid tumors.

While advances in the treatment of pediatric cancers have increased cure rates, children with metastatic or recurrent solid tumors have a dismal prognosis despite initial transient responses to therapy. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation takes advantage of the steep dose–response relationship observed with many chemotherapeutic agents. While clearly demonstrated to improve outcomes in patients with metastatic neuroblastoma, autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also frequently used to treat patients with other high-risk diseases such as Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms’ tumor, retinoblastoma, germ cell tumors, lymphomas and brain tumors. Most published experience consists of retrospective, single-arm studies; randomized clinical trials are lacking, due in part to the rarity of pediatric cancers treatable by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. These published literature demonstrate that autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation re...
Aes studies of the interfacial cross-linking of the chromium(III) fumarato coupling agent in the formation of the aluminum-polyethylene composite film

Abstract Chromium (III) fumarato coordination compound (Volan 82) has proved to be a very successful bonding agent for the adhesion between metal and low density polyethylene. When an aluminum foil was treated with Volan 82 and laminated with low density polyethylene by extrusion coating, the composite film possessed extraordinary water-resistance and durability, in this research, AES sputter depth profiling was used to investigate the possible formation of the interfacial cross-linking of the coupling agent during the extrusion coating of polyethylene to the aluminum foil. The formation of the interfacial cross-linking of the chromium (III) fumarato coupling agent under extrusion conditions may significantly contribute to the excellent aluminum-polyethylene adhesion in the composite film.
Dynamics of a sliding control with a first-order plus integral sliding condition

Sliding control consists of ans dynamics and an error dynamics where thes dynamics filters the uncertainties. The filtered uncertainties are further filtered by the error dynamics to obtain a desired system response. Thes dynamics rejects the uncertainties and affect the system response significantly. In this article, a SISO sliding control enhances the control of thes dynamics, and the desired system response may be obtained with a straight-forward tuning procedure. The dynamics of the sliding control is analyzed, and a tuning mechanism is presented. Thes dynamics is derived from a first-order plus integral sliding condition. The lower bound of the damping ratio and the equivalent spring constant in thes dynamics are two control parameters. The bandwidth of thes dynamics is determined by the selection of the equivalent spring constant, and the thickness of the boundary layer is controlled by the choice of the lower bound of the damping ratio. The integral ofs in thes dynamics guarantees zero steady-states, and therefore zero steady-state error is warranted.
Two physiologically distinct populations of neurons in the ventrolateral medulla innervate the locus coeruleus

Recent anatomic studies indicate that the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi), located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla, strongly innervates the locus coeruleus (LC) while no such input derives from the more caudally located lateral reticular nucleus (LRN). In the present study, focal electrical stimulation of the LC was used to antidromically activate neurons in the ventrolateral medulla. A substantial number of PGi neurons were antidromically driven from the ipsilateral LC, while antidromic activation was virtually absent in LRN. Furthermore, several physiologic properties of antidromically driven cells in PGi define two populations within this group of neurons afferent to LC. These findings provide physiologic confirmation of an anatomically identified input to LC.
Morbidity of flank incision for renal donors.

Abstract Objectives. To analyze the short and long-term morbidity of flank incision in renal donors. The flank incision has been widely used by urologists for decades, and its morbidity has always been an issue. Methods. A questionnaire assessing the morbidity and quality of life was sent to the last 100 living donors at our institution. All operations had been performed through the flank approach. Fifty-two questionnaires were returned. The mean age was 45 years. The mean follow-up was 29.5 months (range 7 to 58). The questionnaire was composed of questions regarding pain, cosmesis of the incision, and quality-of-life issues after surgery. Results. No patients had any major postoperative complications. Pain was described in the first postoperative day as severe, moderate, or mild by 36 (69.3%), 6 (11.5%), and 10 (19.2%) patients, respectively. On the day of discharge (mean 4 days), 17 patients (32.7%) reported severe pain. Pain was completely or somewhat controlled with analgesics after surgery in all but 3 patients. Most (81%) discontinued pain medication by the end of fourth postoperative week (54% by the end of second week). Only 3 patients (5.8%) related being very bothered by the incision at the time of the questionnaire. Bother relates to pain, location, length, and unsightliness of scar. In 43 patients (83%), the incision did not impact negatively on their self-esteem and quality of life, and 93% of patients in retrospect would undergo the same procedure without any reservation. Conclusions. The short and long-term morbidity of the flank incision for living donor nephrectomy is acceptable. Most patients are content after the kidney donation, and all would undergo the same procedure all over again, the vast majority without any reservation.
Estimation of structural and sorption characteristics of activated bentonite

The influence of concentration, solution pH, and temperature on the adsorption of a cationic surfactant on activated bentonite is studied. It is shown that changes in the chemical properties of the surface of the mineral promote variations in its sorption characteristics with respect to methylene blue and do not affect significantly the sorption of phenol.
Superior outcomes for rural patients after abdominal aortic aneurysm repair supports a systematic regional approach to abdominal aortic aneurysm care.

Objective The impact of geographic isolation on abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) care in the United States is unknown. It has been postulated but not proven that rural patients have less access to endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), vascular surgeons, and high-volume treatment centers than their urban counterparts, resulting in inferior AAA care. The purpose of this study was to compare the national experience for treatment of intact AAA for patients living in rural areas or towns with those living in urban areas. Methods Patients who underwent intact AAA repair in 2005 to 2006 were identified from a standard 5% random sample of all Medicare beneficiaries. Data on patient demographics, comorbidities, type of repair, and specialty of operating surgeon were collected. Hospitals were stratified into quintiles by yearly AAA volume. Primary outcomes included 30-day mortality and rehospitalization. Results A total of 2616 patients had repair for intact AAA (40% open, 60% EVAR). Patients from rural and urban areas were equally likely to receive EVAR (rural 60% vs urban 61%; P = .99) and be treated by a vascular surgeon (rural 48% vs urban 50%; P = .82). Most rural patients (86%) received care in urban centers. Primary outcomes occurred in 11.6% of rural patients (1.3% 30-day mortality; 10.3% rehospitalization) vs 16.0% of urban patients (3% 30-day mortality, 13% rehospitalization; P = .04). In multivariate analyses, rural residence was independently associated with treatment at high-volume centers (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.01; P P = .03). Conclusions Despite geographic isolation, patients in rural areas needing treatment for intact AAAs have equivalent access to EVAR and vascular surgeons, increased referral to high-volume hospitals, and improved outcomes after repair. This suggests that urban patients may be disadvantaged even with nearby access to high-quality centers. This study supports the need for criteria that define centers of excellence to extend the benefit of regionalization to all patients.
Adenylate cyclases in the vertebrate retina: distribution and characteristics in rabbit and ground squirrel.

: Adenylate cyclase activity and the effects of EGTA, 5′-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GPP(NH)P), and dopamine were measured in microdissected layers of rod-dominant (rabbit) and cone-dominant (ground squirrel) retinas. The distribution of basal enzyme activity was similar in both species, with the highest levels found in the inner plexiform and photoreceptor cell inner segment layers. EGTA inhibited adenylate cyclase in the inner retina of both species and stimulated activity in rabbit outer and inner segment layers, but had no effect in these layers from ground squirrel. Enzyme activity was stimulated in all regions by GPP(NH)P, except in the outer segments of the photoreceptors. Dopamine stimulated the enzyme in the outer and inner plexiform and inner nuclear layers in rabbit, but only in the inner plexiform layer in ground squirrel. These data demonstrate that the enzymatic characteristics of adenylate cyclase vary extensively from region to region in vertebrate retina and suggest that cyclic AMP may have multiple roles in this tissue. A model for the distribution of the different forms of adenylate cyclase in retina is proposed.
Disinhibition of delay in fixed-interval instrumental conditioning

A novel stimulus (change of key color) was presented intermittently to three pigeons during discrete-trial FI performance. When the new stimulus was presented, the usual FI scallop disappeared and responding by the Ss was at a moderate, steady rate throughout the entire interval. The novel stimulus effect in FI performance is similar to “disinhibition of delay” in Pavlovian salivary conditioning. With extended training on the new key color, the FI scallop quickly reappeared. Testing with the former training stimulus then evoked the novel stimulus effect.
Characterizing the Influence of System Noise on Large-Scale Applications by Simulation

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the impact of system noise on large-scale parallel application performance in realistic settings. Our analytical model shows that not only collective operations but also point-to-point communications influence the application's sensitivity to noise. We present a simulation toolchain that injects noise delays from traces gathered on common large-scale architectures into a LogGPS simulation and allows new insights into the scaling of applications in noisy environments. We investigate collective operations with up to 1 million processes and three applications (Sweep3D, AMG, and POP) with up to 32,000 processes.We show that the scale at which noise becomes a bottleneck is system-specific and depends on the structure of the noise. Simulations with different network speeds show that a 10x faster network does not improve application scalability. We quantify noise and conclude that our tools can be utilized to tune the noise signatures of a specific system.
Fabric reinforced embankment test section, plaquemine Parish, Louisiana, USA

Abstract This paper describes the results of an instrumented high strength woven geotextile fabric reinforced levee test section that was designed and constructed utilizing some of the latest procedures practiced by the US Army Corps of Engineers. The levee test section was instrumented with settlement plates, slope inclinometers, and piezometers. Resistive potentiometers and strain gages were attached to the embedded fabric. The purpose of the test section was to determine the technical feasibility, construction practicality, and the economic feasibility of geotextile reinforced levees for future projects in the Corps of Engineers New Orleans District involving very soft, highly compressible foundations. The strains and loads measured on the fabric were within the range of values estimated during design. The first six months of the test section's performance has been successful. From the test section results, it is anticipated that significant cost savings will be realized when reinforced levees are utilized.
Association between alcohol consumption and systolic ventricular function: a population-based study.

Background Although moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased clinical heart failure, there are no population-based studies evaluating the relationship between alcohol consumption and left ventricular (LV) systolic function. We sought to evaluate the relationship between alcohol consumption and LV systolic function in the community. Methods In a population-based random sample of 2,042 adults, age ≥45 years, we assessed alcohol consumption by a self-administered questionnaire. Responders were categorized by alcohol consumption level: abstainer, former drinker, light drinker ( 2 drinks a day). Systolic function was assessed by echocardiography. Results We identified 38 cases of systolic dysfunction in 182 abstainers, 309 former drinkers, 1,028 light drinkers, 251 moderate drinkers, and 146 heavy drinkers. A U-shaped relationship was observed between alcohol consumption and moderate systolic dysfunction (LV ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤40%), with the lowest prevalence in light drinkers (0.9%) compared to the highest prevalence in heavy drinkers (5.5%) (odds ratio 0.14, 95% CI 0.04-0.43). This association persisted across different strata of risk factors of systolic dysfunction as well as in multivariate analysis. No significant association between alcohol consumption and systolic function was seen in subjects with LVEF >50% or ≤50%. Conclusions There is a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption volume and LVEF, with the lowest risk of moderate LV dysfunction (LVEF ≤40%) observed in light drinkers (
Model calculations of radiation induced damage in 1-methylthymine:9-methyladenine

Abstract Detailed electron paramagnetic resonance and electron nuclear double resonance experiments on the co-crystalline complex of 1-methylthymine:9-methyladenine (MTMA) have revealed that the major radiation induced products at low temperatures (10 K) are MTMA1, a radical formed by net hydrogen abstraction from the C5 methyl group on thymine, and MTMA2, a radical formed by net hydrogen abstraction of the N1 methyl group on thymine. The following four minor products were also observed: MTMA3, the C4–OH protonated anion of thymine, MTMA4, the C6 H-addition product of thymine, and MTMA5 and MTMA6, radicals formed by net H-addition to C2 and C8 of the adenine base. The geometries, energetics and hyperfine properties of all possible radicals of MT and MA, the primary anions and cations, as well as radicals formed via net hydrogen atom abstraction (deprotonated cations) or addition (protonated anions) were investigated theoretically. All systems were optimized using the hybrid Hartree–Fock density functional theory functional B3LYP, in conjunction with the 6-31G(d,p) basis set of Pople and co-workers. Calculations of the anisotropic hyperfine couplings for all the radicals observed in MTMA are presented, and are shown to compare favorably with the experimentally measured hyperfine couplings. The calculated ionizations potentials indicate that MA would be the preferred oxidation site. However, in MTMA neither the adenine cation nor its N4-deprotonated derivative were observed. The adenine cation in MTMA is not stabilized by deprotonation, and is thus likely subject to recombination. The calculated electron affinities indicate that MT would be the preferred reduction site. Reduction of MT is believed to result in protonation of the anion at C4O. The calculated hyperfine couplings for the MT anion are very similar to those of the C4–OH protonated anion, and therefore, the theoretical calculations are not useful in deciding the actual protonation state of this reduction product.
The Impact of Gender Role on Recovery from Bone Marrow Transplantation

Few works have looked at the social impact of surviving bone marrow transplantation, a highly invasive treatment that challenges social roles and relationships with social institutions. No work to ...
Computational studies of small (AlP)N clusters

We have carried out extensive LDA calculations to investigate the structures of small (AlP)N clusters.We find that the polarity of the Al-P bond has a significant effect on the cluster geometries and that the need to minimize electrostatic repulsion between relatively diffuse lone pair electrons on phosphorous atoms is a dominant energetic consideration in the structural arrangement.
The ultraviolet reflectance of Enceladus: Implications for surface composition

Abstract The reflectance of Saturn’s moon Enceladus has been measured at far ultraviolet (FUV) wavelengths (115–190 nm) by Cassini’s Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS). At visible and near infrared (VNIR) wavelengths Enceladus’ reflectance spectrum is very bright, consistent with a surface composed primarily of H2O ice. At FUV wavelengths, however, Enceladus is surprisingly dark – darker than would be expected for pure water ice. Previous analyses have focused on the VNIR spectrum, comparing it to pure water ice (Cruikshank, D.P., Owen, T.C., Dalle Ore, C., Geballe, T.R., Roush, T.L., de Bergh, C., Sandford, S.A., Poulet, F., Benedix, G.K., Emery, J.P. [2005] Icarus, 175, 268–283) or pure water ice plus a small amount of NH3 (Emery, J.P., Burr, D.M., Cruikshank, D.P., Brown, R.H., Dalton, J.B. [2005] Astron. Astrophys., 435, 353–362) or NH3 hydrate (Verbiscer, A.J., Peterson, D.E., Skrutskie, M.F., Cushing, M., Helfenstein, P., Nelson, M.J., Smith, J.D., Wilson, J.C. [2006] Icarus, 182, 211–223). We compare Enceladus’ FUV spectrum to existing laboratory measurements of the reflectance spectra of candidate species, and to spectral models. We find that the low FUV reflectance of Enceladus can be explained by the presence of a small amount of NH3 and a small amount of a tholin in addition to H2O ice on the surface. The presence of these three species (H2O, NH3, and a tholin) appears to satisfy not only the low FUV reflectance and spectral shape, but also the middle-ultraviolet to visible wavelength brightness and spectral shape. We expect that ammonia in the Enceladus plume is transported across the surface to provide a global coating.
Agro-export production and peasant land access: Examining the dynamic between adoption and accumulation☆

Abstract New technologies and export opportunities have often contributed to dualistic agrarian structure and intense social conflict in Latin American. A switching regression model developed in this paper explicitly links export adoption and land accumulation patterns controlling for pre-existing differentiation processes. Applied to survey data gathered from peasant households in Guatemala, the model provides evidence of equitable structural change induced by a recent export boom in vegetable crops. However, the optimism of these results is tempered by consideration of the unfavorable longer term market dynamics confronting small-scale producers.
Connectivity of Pore Space as a Control on Two-Phase Flow Properties of Tight-Gas Sandstones

We predict capillary-pressure (drainage) curves in tight-gas sandstones which have little matrix or microporosity using a quantitative grain-scale model. The model accounts for the geometric results of some depositional and diagenetic processes important for porosity and permeability reduction in tight-gas sandstones, such as deformation of ductile grains during burial and quartz cementation. The model represents the original sediment as a dense, disordered packing of spheres. We simulated the evolution of this model sediment into a low-porosity sandstone by applying different amounts of ductile grains and quartz precipitation. A substantial fraction of original pore throats in the sediment is closed by the simulated diagenetic alteration. Because the percolation threshold corresponds to closure of half of the pore throats, the pore space in this type of tight-gas sandstone is poorly connected and is often close to being completely disconnected. The drainage curve for different model rocks was computed using invasion percolation in a network taken directly from the grain-scale geometry and topology of the model. Some general trends follow classical expectations and were confirmed by experimental measurements: increasing the amount of cement shifts the drainage curve to larger pressures. This is related to reduction of the connectivity of pore space resulting from closure of throats. Existence of ductile grains in the ductile grain model also reduces the connectivity of pore space but it treats the throats distribution differently causing the drainage curves to be shifted to larger irreducible water saturation when cement is added to the model. The range of porosities in which these connectivity effects are important corresponds to the range of porosities common for tight gas sandstones. Consequently these rocks can exhibit small effective permeability to gas even at large gas saturations. This problem occurs at larger porosities in rocks with significant content of ductile grains because ductile deformation blocks a significant fraction of pore throats even before cementation begins. Predicted drainage curves agree with measurements on two samples with little microporosity, one dominated by rigid grains, the other containing a significant fraction of ductile grains. We conclude that connectivity of the matrix pore space is an important factor for an understanding of flow properties of tight-gas sandstones.
Electromagnetic energy in negative index materials

An exact separation of both electric and magnetic energies into stored and lost energies is shown to be possible in the special case when the wave impedance is independent of frequency. Using an example metamaterial response that provides a negative refractive index, it is shown that negative time-averaged stored energy can occur, with total energy that remains positive.
Job Rotation: Using Job Assignments to Differentiate and Integrate Leaders

In this paper, we argue for conceptualizing job rotation as a system comprising multiple objectives including career development, succession management, and staffing. Because system functioning is ...
On Properties of the ξ-Function in Semi-finite von Neumann Algebras

Versions of the Birman-Schwinger principle for (relative) trace class perturbation problems of dissipative operators in a semi-finite von Neumann algebra and self-adjoint operators affiliated with the algebra are obtained and applied in the study of the spectral shift function.
Location and propagation of shock associated noise from supersonic jets

Shock associated noise from unheated supersonic jets is investigated through acoustic measurements in both the near and far fields. The peak Helmholtz number of broadband shock noise is found to be independent of nozzle pressure ratio when based on the length of the shock cells and the ambient speed of sound. This indicates that the acoustic wavelengths generated in the shock noise process are limited in size by the shock cell spacing. Excellent agreement between power spectral densities measured at various far-field angles is obtained at and above the peak shock noise frequency when source convection effects are included. Results show a directivity of broadband shock noise pointed in the upstream direction, with omnidirectionality being approached only at high pressure ratios. The relative importance of shock noise with respect to jet mixing noise is found to be maximum near the pressure ratio at which a Mach disc begins to form in the jet. Near-field measurements point to the downstream shock cells as the region where the dominant shock noise eminates from the jet.
Hypothetical Three-Dimensional Metallic Compounds of C60 with Transition Metal Clusters

Solid C{sub 60} crystallizes at room temperature in a face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice, a = 14.11 A, with a shortest C-C contact of 3.10 A. The fcc lattice has tetrahedral and octahedral interstices, into which alkali and alkaline earth metal atoms enter, in the remarkable superconducting M{sub 3}C{sub 60} species, M = Na, K, Rb, Cs. The parent C{sub 60} fcc lattice expands just a little (a = 14.24 A for K{sub 3}C{sub 60}) in the process. The holes in the fcc C{sub 60} lattice are in fact quite large. And {pi}-bonded substructure of the fullerene surround the holes - so 8 of the 20 C{sub 6} rings of C{sub 60} face the 8 tetrahedral holes around. The octahedral holes all face a C-C bond connecting two 5-membered rings, or a 6,6-ring junction. We suggest these interstices might be filled with transition metal clusters, not just donating electrons to the C{sub 60}, but bonded to the fullerenes. What we see is that the bonding in these hypothetical solids is quite different from that of the well-studied alkali-metal fullerene systems. While the latter can be regarded as nearly pure ionic systems - the valence electrons of the metal are practically fully more » transferred to the empty C{sub 60} orbitals - the hypothetical transition-metal cluster fullerenes discussed by us display significant degrees of covalent metal-carbon bonding. Our calculations suggest that the two C{sub 60}(M{sub 4}){sub 2} phases will be conductors, but we cannot say if they will be superconducting. 17 refs., 1 fig. « less
Synthesis, biodistribution, and primate imaging of fluorine-18 labeled 2β-carbo-1'-fluoro-2-propoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)tropanes. Ligands for the imaging of dopamine transporters by positron emission tomography

2beta-(R)-Carbo-1-fluoro-2-propoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl) tro pane ((R)-FIPCT, R-6) and 2beta-(S)-carbo-1-fluoro-2-propoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl) tro pane ((S)-FIPCT, S-6) were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo for dopamine transporter (DAT) selectivity and specificity. High specific activity [(18)F](R)-FIPCT and [(18)F](S)-FIPCT were synthesized in 5% radiochemical yield (decay-corrected to end of bombardment (EOB)) by preparation of the precursors 2beta-carbo-R-1-mesyloxy-2-propoxy-3beta-(4-chlorop hen yl)tropane (R-12) and 2beta-carbo-S-1-mesyloxy-2-propoxy-3beta-(4-chlorop hen yl)tropane (S-12) followed by treatment with no carrier-added potassium[(18)F]fluoride and kyrptofix K222 in acetonitrile. Competition binding in cells stably expressing the transfected human DAT and serotonin transporter (SERT) labeled by [(3)H]WIN 35428 and [(3)H]citalopram, respectively, demonstrated the following order of DAT affinity (K(i) in nM): GBR 12909 (0.36) > CIT (0.48) > (S)-FIPCT (0.67) >> (R)-FIPCT (3.2). The affinity of (S)-FIPCT and (R)-FIPCT for SERT was 127- and 20-fold lower, respectively, than for DAT. In vivo biodistribution studies were performed in male rats and demonstrated that the brain uptake of [(18)F](R)-FIPCT and [(18)F](S)-FIPCT were selective and specific for DAT rich regions (caudate and putamen). PET brain imaging studies in monkeys demonstrated high [(18)F](R)-FIPCT and [(18)F](S)-FIPCT uptake in the caudate and putamen which resulted in caudate-to-cerebellum and putamen-to-cerebellum ratios of 2.5-3.5 at 115 min. [(18)F](R)-FIPCT uptake in the caudate/putamen achieved transient equilibrium at 75 min. In an imaging experiment with [(18)F](S)-FIPCT in a rhesus monkey with its left hemisphere lesioned with MPTP, radioactivity was reduced to background in the caudate and putamen of the lesioned hemisphere. The high specific activity one-step radiolabeling preparation and high specificity and selectivity of [(18)F](R)-FIPCT and [(18)F](S)-FIPCT for DAT indicate [(18)F](R)-FIPCT and [(18)F](S)-FIPCT are potential radioligands for mapping brain DAT in humans using PET.
Mixed Methods for Implementation Research: Application to Evidence-Based Practice Implementation and Staff Turnover in Community-Based Organizations Providing Child Welfare Services

Many public sector services systems and provider organizations are in some phase of learning about or implementing evidence-based interventions. Child welfare service systems represent a context where implementation spans system, management, and organizational concerns. Research utilizing mixed methods that combine qualitative and quantitative design, data collection, and analytic approaches are particularly well-suited to understanding both the process and outcomes of dissemination and implementation efforts in child welfare systems. This paper describes the process of using mixed methods in implementation research and provides an applied example of an examination of factors impacting staff retention during an evidence-based intervention implementation in a statewide child welfare system. We integrate qualitative data with previously published quantitative analyses of job autonomy and staff turnover during this statewide implementation project in order to illustrate the utility of mixed method approaches in providing a more comprehensive understanding of opportunities and challenges in implementation research.
Band-to-band and sub-band gap cathodoluminescence from GaAsP/GaInP epistructures grown on GaAs substrates

Abstract Lattice-matched GaAsxP1−x/GaInP double heterostructures (DHs) are grown on GaAs substrates by step grading the intervening lattice mismatch when x 1 . Cathodoluminescence (CL) measurements on these structures reveal a broad peak approximately 0.15 eV below the band-to-band (BB) emission. While the intensity of the BB peak is strong at room temperature, the sub-band-gap (SBG) feature quenches rapidly between 77 and 300 K. Beam energy-dependent and cross-sectional CL demonstrate that the SBG emission originates in the active layer near the lower interface of the DH. At 77 K, spectrally resolved plan-view CL images show little spatial correlation between the BB and SBG peaks, but when the SBG peak is observed at room temperature, the BB and SBG emission are highly correlated. The temperature-dependent spatial correlation is attributed to differences in thermal quenching of the radiative SBG recombination mechanism.
Instantaneous current prediction for naval operations

Naval operations depend highly upon environmental conditions that can either adversely affect successful completion or hinder the safety of personnel. Each warfare community has defined environmental thresholds and operating limits that restrict the execution of any intended maneuver. As the warfare environment continues to shift from the open ocean to the littoral, prediction of the shallow water environment is an urgent need in order to support these operations. The value-aided of using a hydrodynamic model (WQMAP) for the mission planning of the naval operations in San Diego Bay is demonstrated in this study. A new model verification procedure (i.e., compatibility verification) is proposed for the tidal dominated littoral basin prediction.
RACE COGNIZANCE AND COLORBLINDNESS

Latino racial/ethnic intermarriage has grown over time, increases with each generation in the United States, and occurs most frequently with non-Hispanic Whites. This article answers the question: How does intermarriage change racial/ethnic consciousness for both partners? Drawing on in-depth interviews with thirty intermarried Latinos and non-Hispanic Whites, I critique assimilation, Whiteness, and colorblindness theories, finding two predominant racial consciousness outcomes of intermarriage: race cognizance and racial colorblindness. First, intermarriage can enhance Whites’ understanding of race/ethnicity and racism, a phenomenon I call race cognizance. Second, intermarriage can produce colorblind discourse that focuses on similarity, yet in ways inconsistent with colorblind racism. Racial consciousness varies by ethnicity: most intermarried Whites reported race cognizance, an outcome unforeseen by traditional theories of integration, whereas Latinos more often espoused colorblindness. These understandings are used in different contexts: race cognizance is stimulated by the public domain, whereas colorblindness is evoked in private space. These findings demonstrate that racial consciousness is fluid, and influenced by intermarriage and ethnicity.
HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE OF HARBOURS

The resonant response of a harbour H of depth scale d and area A to excitation of frequency ω through a mouth M of width a is calculated in the joint limit a2/Aω2A/gd↓0. The results are relevant to the tsunami response of narrow-mouthed harbours. 16 is assumed that an adequate approximation to the radiation impedance of the external domain is available (Miles 1972). The boundary-value problem for H is reduced to the solution of ∇. (h∇ϕ) = −1/A, where h is the relative depth, the normal derivative of ϕ is prescribed in M and vanishes elsewhere on the boundary of H, and the spatial mean of ϕ must vanish. The kinetic energy in H is proportional to an inertial parameter M that is a quadratic functional of ϕ. It is demonstrated that decreasing/increasing h increases/decreases M. Explicit lower bounds to M are developed for both uniform and variable depth. The results are extended to coupled basins (inner and outer harbours). Several examples are considered, including a model of Long Beach Harbor, for which the calculated resonant frequency of the dominant mode is within 1% of the measured value. The effects of entry-separation and bottom-friction losses are considered; the latter are typically negligible, whereas the former may be comparable with, or dominate, radiation losses.
Influence of Oleandomycin and Penicillin on Intestinal Tract Microflora of Chickens

Abstract IN RECENT comparative experiments, oleandomycin has outperformed penicillin as a growth promotant for poultry. (McGinnis et al., 1958; Sherman et al., 1959). Despite apparent similarity in antimicrobial spectra of the two antibiotics, it is possible that quantitative differences in growth-promoting ability might be attributed to different actions on the micro-flora of the gastro-intestinal tract. The present paper reports investigations of the influence of oleandomycin, penicillin, and an oleandomycin-penicillin combination on several microorganism populations in the gut of chickens. In addition, the influence of antibiotic supplementation on the in vitro susceptibility of Micrococcus intestinal isolates to penicillin and oleandomycin was determined. This phase of the study was instituted to determine whether a growth response to oleandomycin in the absence of a response to penicillin could be attributed to the presence of penicillin-resistant, oleandomycin-susceptible bacteria. Such a hypothesis has been recently brought forward to account for low or negligible responses to “old” …
Pathogenic Rickettsiae as Bioterrorism Agents

Because of their unique biological characteristics, such as environmental stability, small size, aerosol transmission, persistence in infected hosts, low infectious dose, and high associated morbidity and mortality, Rickettsia prowazekii and Coxiella burnetii have been weaponized. These biological attributes would make the pathogenic rickettsiae desirable bioterrorism agents. However, production of highly purified, virulent, weapon-quality rickettsiae is a daunting task that requires expertise and elaborate, state-of-the art laboratory procedures to retain rickettsial survival and virulence. Another drawback to developing rickettsial pathogens as biological weapons is their lack of direct transmission from host to host and the availability of very effective therapeutic countermeasures against these obligate intracellular bacteria.
Nanoparticles for multiplex diagnostics and imaging

The drive to understand biology and medicine at the molecular level with accurate quantitation demands much of current high-throughput analysis systems. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology combined with modern instrumentation have the potential to address this emerging challenge. Using a variety of nanomaterials for multiplex diagnostics and imaging applications will offer sensitive, rapid and cost-effective solutions for the modern clinical laboratory. New nanomaterials have been developed with optical-encoding capabilities for selective tagging of a wide range of medically important targets, including bacteria, cancer cells and individual molecules, such as proteins and DNA, in a single assay. We envision further development in this field will provide numerous advanced tools with increased sensitivity and improved multiplexing capability, for unique applications in molecular biology, genomics and drug discovery.
Development of New Lifting-Parachute Designs with Increased Trim Angle

The trim angle of attack of a high-strength ribbon lifting parachute has been increased by a combination of modifications including increased liner area, increased slanted ribbon area, and the addition of flow-directin g side vents. Ram air inflated leading-edge chambers were used to prevent canopy collapse at high angles of attack. Small-scale wind-tunnel models with the most beneficial combination of modifications had trim angles as high as at =46 deg. Full-scale parachutes had trim angles greater than at =40 deg in wind-tunnel and flight tests. Yawroll interaction was identified as a source of aerodynamic roll moment which would probably necessitate active control of roll orientation.