cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in patients who develop st segment elevation during stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

Abstract Background: There is evidence that patients with ST elevation on stress EKG coupled with reversible perfusion defects on MPI are likely to benefit from cardiac intervention. Since there is limited data regarding the frequency and significance of these findings in male and female patients we analyzed the occurrence of ST elevation according to gender in a large group of patients undergoing stress MPI. Methods: We examined stress MPI tests done on 9,273 consecutive patients undergoing MPI for routine clinical indications. Stress tests were done utilizing the Bruce protocol or pharmacologically with adenosine, dipyridamole or dobutamine infusion. MPI was performed with Tl-201 and/or Tc99m sestamibi or tetrafosmin SPECT. ST segment elevation was determined to be present if there was1mm ST segment elevation from baseline present in two contiguous leads. Myocardial perfusion defects at rest and stress were determined to be present according to standard ASNC criteria. Results: Of 9,273 total patients there were 4,357 females and 4,916 males. 74 out of 4,357(1.7%) females and 150 out of 4,916(3.1%) males developed ST segment elevation on stress EKG. MPI demonstrated that 16 out of these 74 women (22%) had reversible perfusion defects compared to 61 out of 150 men (41%) with reversible perfusion defects. 11/16 (69%) female patients underwent left heart catheterization and all 11 (100%) had critical flow limiting lesions amenable to intervention or surgery. 32/61 (52%) male patients underwent left heart catheterization and 24 (75%) had critical flow limiting lesions amenable to intervention or surgery. Of 16 women with reversible perfusion defects, 4 underwent dobutamine, 4 adenosine/dipyradimole and 8 exercise stress. Of 61 men with reversible perfusion defects, 21 underwent dobutamine, 13 dipyradimole/adenosine and 27 exercise stress. Conclusions: ST elevation on stress EKG is less common in females (1.7%) than in males (3.1%) and is likely to be associated with a reversible perfusion defect although less so than in males (22% versus 41%). These females are as likely as males to undergo left heart catheterization and have flow limiting coronary lesions.
Stereoselective Reduction of α-Alkoxy-β-Keto Esters. Synthesis of (±)-Trachelanthic Acid and (±)-Viridifloric Acid.

Abstract Reduction of the isopropylidene derivative of α-hydroxy-α-isopropyl-β-keto-butyric acid 2b with potassium tri(sec.-butyl)-borohydride and zinc borohydride followed by hydrolysis stereose-lectivity produces (±) trachelanthic acid, 3, and (±)-viridiflorie acid, 4, respectively.
Persistent effects of chronic clozapine on the cellular and behavioral responses to LSD in mice

Rationale In schizophrenia patients, optimal treatment with antipsychotics requires weeks to months of sustained drug therapy. However, single administration of antipsychotic drugs can reverse schizophrenia-like behavioral alterations in rodent models of psychosis. This raises questions about the physiological relevance of such antipsychotic-like activity.
A Learning Strategy for Disassembly Process Planning

To aid in the disassembly process of various obsolete products, expert systems can be used to model the process and provide valuable insight pertaining to the decisions made within the process. This paper discusses such a model that integrates a Disassembly Petri Net (DPN) with a Hybrid Bayesian Network (HBN). The rationale for this framework as well as its construction is presented in detail. With the incorporation of human factors and condition of disassembled units, this model proves to be more applicable to real industry setting. The suggestions for parameter learning are also discussed, allowing for the BN to give better results when many products have been disassembled.
Enhancing allele-specific PCR for specifically detecting short deletion and insertion DNA mutations

Allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR) has been widely used for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism. But there are some challenges in using AS-PCR for specifically detecting DNA variations with short deletions or insertions. The challenges are associated with designing selective allele-specific primers as well as the specificity of AS-PCR in distinguishing some types of single base-pair mismatches. In order to address such problems and enhance the applicability of AS-PCR, a general primer design method was developed to create a multiple base-pair mismatch between the primer 3'-terminus and the template DNA. This approach can destabilize the primer-template complex more efficiently than does a single base-pair mismatch, and can dramatically increase the specificity of AS-PCR. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, the method of primer design was applied in colony PCR for identifying plasmid DNA deletion or insertion mutants after site-directed mutagenesis. As anticipated, multiple base-pair mismatches achieved much more specific PCR amplification than single base-pair mismatches. Therefore, with the proposed primer design method, the detection of short nucleotide deletion and insertion mutations becomes simple, accurate and more reliable.
A Small-Molecule, Tight-binding Inhibitor of the Integrin α4β1 Blocks Antigen-induced Airway Responses and Inflammation in Experimental Asthma in Sheep

The leukocyte integrin very late antigen-4 ( α4β1, CD49d/CD29) is an adhesion receptor that plays an important role in allergic inflammation and contributes to antigen-induced late responses (LAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In this study, we show that single doses of a new small-molecule, tight-binding inhibitor of α4, BIO-1211, whether given by aerosol or intravenously, either before or 1.5 h after antigen challenge blocks allergen- induced LAR and post–antigen-induced AHR in allergic sheep. Multiple treatments with doses of BIO-1211 that were ineffective when given singly, were protective. BIO-1211 also provided dose-dependent inhibition of the early airway response (EAR) to antigen. In conjunction with the functional protection against the antigen-induced LAR and AHR, sheep treated with BIO-1211 before challenge showed significantly reduced: (1) numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), (2) BAL levels of the inflammatory marker tissue kallikrein, and (3) numbers of inflammatory...
Prevalence and Social Distribution of Men Who Have Sex with Men: United States and Its Urban Centers

Prevalence data on the social distribution and AIDS‐related risk behavior of men who have sex with men are presented from two national probability surveys [General Social Survey (GSS) and National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)] and a probability survey of urban centers in the U.S. [National AIDS Behavioral Surveys (NABS)]. Men residing in large cities, the highly educated, and Whites were more likely to report sex with men. In the urban sample (NABS), one third reported sex with women. In addition, minority men were more likely to report sex with men and women. More than half of the men with an HIV risk factor reported consistent condom use. The surveys were based on two different modes of interviewing (self‐administered and telephone), conducted independently of each other and by different organizations. The prevalence estimates from these surveys are consistent with each other and with other population‐based surveys in the United States and Europe. We discuss these data in light of the ongoing d...
The functional study of DR-positive human epidermal Langerhans cells in mixed cell cultures with allogeneic lymphocytes.

Abstract Human epidermal Langerhans cells have been known to express DR alloantigens and to possess Fc and C3b receptors characteristic of cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. However, while assignment of specific immunological functions, such as stimulation of allogeneic lymphocytes, has been made to guinea pig Langerhans cells, such functional activities had not yet been shown for human Langerhans cells. We now describe evidence that allows assignment of the capacity for primary stimulation of allogeneic lymphocytes to human epidermal Langerhans cells. This evidence includes (1) the observations that lymphocytes from DR-incompatible donors respond much better than lymphocytes from DR-compatible donors to epidermal cell suspensions containing Langerhans cells; (2) that monoclonal anti-DR antisera and allospecific human anti-DR antisera can specifically block this allogeneic stimulation; and (3) that enrichment of epidermal cell fractions for Langerhans cells provides a parallel enhancement of the allogeneic stimulating activity. Significant enrichment was accomplished in these studies by positive selection of epidermal cells forming rosettes with antibody-coated ox red blood cells and subsequent centrifugation on a neutral density gradient of colloidal silica polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Residual allogeneic lymphocyte stimulation by the depleted fraction was due to DR-positive, FC receptor-negative cells which may represent a subpopulation of Langerhans cells.
Chorionic villus sampling and transverse limb deficiencies: Maternal age is not a confounder

Advanced maternal age is a frequent indication for performing chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and it might be a confounder of the association between transverse limb deficiencies (TLD) and early CVS. We have first analyzed the maternal age-specific rates of TLD in the population monitored by the Italian Multicentric Birth Registry; then we updated a case control study controlling for maternal age. The rate of all limb deficiencies (LD) was 5.9 per 10,000 births. No trend for an excess risk for TLD or other LD with advancing maternal age was found. The relative risk for women 35 years of age and older vs. those under 35 was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.72–1.19) for any LD and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.71–1.39) for TLD. In the case control study, 11 mothers of case patients with a TLD had been exposed to CVS out of a total of 206 (5.3%), compared to 54 mothers of control patients with defects other than TLD out of a total of 12,140 (0.4%). The risk estimate for TLD associated with CVS was high in the overall analysis (OR, 12.63) and did not decrease after stratification, both in the overall sample (Mantel-Haenszel OR, 14.01) and in each gestational age stratum. Thus, advanced maternal age does not explain the association between CVS and TLD found in this study and it is unlikely to explain that observed in the several other positive studies. We recommend that any study addressing the relationship between CVS and LD should include a careful evaluation of the type of LD and the timing of CVS, and present the results for specific gestational age periods. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plastic bending of an annular plate by uniform impulse

Abstract The dynamic bending of a thin circular rigid perfectly plastic plate with central hole subject to a strong uniform blast is investigated. Both the cases of a simply supported and clamped outer edge are considered. In the limiting case of a hole of zero radius, the results agree with those for continuous plates known previously. A formula for the permanent deformation of a simply supported plate is obtained and exhibited graphically. Numerical values for the final deflection of the free edge for the clamped plate with different hole radii are given.
A low‐order, hexahedral finite element for modelling shells

A thin, eight-node, tri-linear displacement, hexahedral finite element is the starting point for the derivation of a constant membrane stress resultant, constant bending stress resultant shell finite element. The derivation begins by introducing a Taylor series expansion for the stress distribution in the isoparametric co-ordinates of the element. The effect of the Taylor series expansion for the stress distribution is to explicitly identify those strain modes of the element that are conjugate to the mean or average stress and the linear variation in stress. The constant membrane stress resultants are identified with the mean stress components, and the constant bending stress resultants are identified with the linear variation in stress through the thickness along with in-plane linear variations of selected components of the transverse shear stress. Further, a plane-stress constitutive assumption is introduced, and an explicit treatment of the finite element's thickness is introduced. A number of elastic simulations show the useful results that can be obtained (tip-loaded twisted beam, point-loaded hemisphere, point-loaded sphere, tip-loaded Raasch hook, and a beam bent into a ring). All of the gradient/divergence operators are evaluated in closed form providing unequivocal evaluations of membrane and bending strain rates along with the appropriate divergence calculations involving the membrane stress and bending stress resultants. The fact that a hexahedral shell finite element has two distinct surfaces aids sliding interface algorithms when a shell folds back on itself when subjected to large deformations.
On the mechanism of allylic alkylations catalyzed by palladium

Abstract Reults are reported indicating the intermediacy of a symmetrical π-allyl species in the alkylation of an allylic lactone. A previous report indicating that another mechanism was operative is disputed.
Mesd Encodes an LRP5/6 Chaperone Essential for Specification of Mouse Embryonic Polarity

Specification of embryonic polarity and pattern formation in multicellular organisms requires inductive signals from neighboring cells. One approach toward understanding these interactions is to study mutations that disrupt development. Here, we demonstrate that mesd, a gene identified in the mesoderm development (mesd) deletion interval on mouse chromosome 7, is essential for specification of embryonic polarity and mesoderm induction. MESD functions in the endoplasmic reticulum as a specific chaperone for LRP5 and LRP6, which in conjunction with Frizzled, are coreceptors for canonical WNT signal transduction. Disruption of embryonic polarity and mesoderm differentiation in mesd-deficient embryos likely results from a primary defect in WNT signaling. However, phenotypic differences between mesd-deficient and wnt3(-)(/)(-) embryos suggest that MESD may function on related members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, whose members mediate diverse cellular processes ranging from cargo transport to signaling.
Predictive Analytical and Thermal Modeling of Orthogonal Cutting Process—Part II: Effect of Tool Flank Wear on Tool Forces, Stresses, and Temperature Distributions

In this paper, predictive modeling of cutting and ploughing forces, stress distributions on tool faces, and temperature distributions in the presence of tool flank wear are presented. The analytical and thermal modeling of orthogonal cutting that is introduced in Part I of the paper is extended for worn tool case in order to study the effect of flank wear on the predictions. Work material constitutive model based formulations of tool forces and stress distributions at tool rake and worn flank faces are utilized in calculating nonuniform heat intensities and heat partition ratios induced by shearing, tool-chip interface friction, and tool flank face-workpiece interface contacts. In order to model forces and stress distributions under the flank wear zone, a force model from Waldorf (1996) (“Shearing Ploughing, and Wear in Orthogonal Machining ,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL) is adapted. Model is tested and validated for temperature and force predictions in machining of AISI 1045 steel and AL 6061-T6 aluminum.
In vitro retrograde neuritic transport of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes by sympathetic neurons

Abstract Superior cervical ganglia from newborn rats were cultured as expiants in compartmental culture dishes consisting of three growth chambers separated by a grease barrier. During 2 weeks of culture, extensive neurite sprouting occurred across the grease barrier. Uptake and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes by these sympathetic neurons were studied by selectively exposing one culture chamber to the protein for 2 h. The expiants were examined by electron microscopy after cytochemical processing, and morphometric analyses were performed on the samples. In the neurite terminals, the labeled organelles included coated and uncoated vesicles, tubules, and vacoules. With concentrations of 1 and 4 mg/ml of horseradish peroxidase, approx 4 times as many vesicles were labeled by horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme C as horseradish peroxidase isoenzyme A. When the neuronal somata were examined for retrograde transport of the protein (at 1 mg/ml), 10 of 86 cells showed labeling with horseradish peroxidase-C, and only one of 99 cells was labeled with horseradish peroxidase-A. Based on organelle counts of the labeled cells, eight times as many organelles were labeled by horseradish peroxidase-C as horseradish peroxidase-A. Thus, cultured sympathetic neurons express similar selectivity of retrograde neuritic transport of horseradish peroxidase isoenzymes as other in vivo axonal systems so far studied. This selectivity appeared to operate at the levels of both initial uptake and subsequent neuritic transport. The compartmental culture technique should be useful for studies requiring isolation of neuronal somata from neurite terminals.
Getting arthritis gene therapy into the clinic

Gene transfer technologies enable the controlled, targeted and sustained expression of gene products at precise anatomical locations, such as the joint. In this way, they offer the potential for more-effective, less-expensive treatments of joint diseases with fewer extra-articular adverse effects. A large body of preclinical data confirms the utility of intra-articular gene therapy in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. However, relatively few clinical trials have been conducted, only one of which has completed phase II. This article summarizes the status in 2010 of the clinical development of gene therapy for arthritis, identifies certain constraints to progress and suggests possible solutions.
Therapeutic options for acute thrombosed in situ saphenous vein arterial bypass grafts

Abstract Abnormalities of the conduit, outflow tract, and graft hemodynamics are important elements in the mechanism of vein graft thrombosis, and their role must be defined when planning reoperation. In a consecutive series of 353 in situ saphenous vein bypass graftings performed for occlusive or aneurysmal disease, graft thrombosis occurred in 18 (5%) patients during the perioperative period and unexpectedly in 14 (4%) patients after discharge from the hospital. Assessment of graft hemodynamics (calculation of blood flow velocity) before thrombosis was helpful in predicting success after graft revision. Five grafts with known low flow (systolic flow velocity n = 4), and graft replacement with normal autologous vein ( n = 5) or prosthetic graft ( n = 1) were successful in relieving limb ischemia. After discharge from the hospital, unexpected graft thrombosis was successfully treated by a variety of secondary procedures (thrombolysis/thrombectomy, autologous or prosthetic replacement) if prior surveillance with duplex scanning demonstrated low flow as a result of graft stenosis ( n = 7) or normal graft hemodynamics ( n = 5). Prosthetic replacement of two failed bypass grafts with low flow caused by diseased outflow did not remain patent. Scrutiny of graft hemodynamics and limb arterial anatomy for alternative outflow sites can identify patients likely to benefit from reoperation after in situ bypass thrombosis. (J VASC SURG 1990;11:680-7.)
Evaluating Change in Social Climate in a Close Security State Correctional Facility

ABSTRACT Changes in the social climate of a correctional institution were evaluated with the Correctional Institutions Environment Scale (CIES; Moos, 1987). Assessment occurred prior to, and 22 mon...
Combining structural subtyping and external dispatch

By-name subtyping (or user-defined subtyping) and structural subtyping each have their own strengths and weaknesses. By-name subtyping allows programmers to explicitly express design intent, and, when types are associated with run time tags, enables run-time "type" tests and external/multimethod dispatch. On the other hand, structural subtyping is flexible and compositional, allowing unanticipated reuse. To date, nearly all object-oriented languages fully support only one subtyping paradigm or the other.I propose a language that combines the key aspects of by-name and structural subtyping in a unified framework. The goal is to provide the flexibility of structural subtyping while still allowing static typechecking of external methods. The work offers a clean foundation for the designof future languages that enjoy the benefits of both by-name and structural subtyping.I also propose a language extension to Java that combines by-name and structural subtyping, and includes parametric polymorphism. The practical utility of this language will be illustrated through case studies that show that code written in the new language is more flexible and easier to modify than the original code.
Cyclotron isotopes and radiopharmaceuticals—XXIII

The 20Ne(d, α)18F reaction and a high purity nickel target passivated with an anhydrous film of nickel fluoride were utilized for the preparation of anhydrous 18F-labeled fluorinating reagents. A recovery yield of ∼8.8 mCi/μAh of 18FF2 was obtained with 11 MeV deuterons incident on neon and F2 carrier at a pressure of 2.63 atm. 18FF2 was obtained at a production rate of 11.8 mCi/μAh with the 19F(p, pn)18F and 19F(p, 2n)18Ne → 18F nuclear reactions at 31.7 MeV on 11.5 mmole of F2. The 20Ne(3He, x)18F and 18Ne 1.5 s 18F nuclear reactions (ifx = 3p2n, αn, 3He2n and 2p3n, 3Hepn, respectively) with 55.7–10 MeV 3He and the 20Ne(α,α2n) 18Ne1.5 s18F and 20Ne(α,αpn)18F reactions at 45-33 MeV were evaluated. At the 3He beam energies available on all but the smallest compact cyclotrons the 18F production rate was ∼ 70% of that obtainable for the (d, α) reaction on a given accelerator. The methodology and targetry for the production of 18FF2, 18FCF4, H18F, NO18F and Cl18F are described.
Semantic and structural elaboration in L2 lexical acquisition

This study examined the effects of semantic and structural elaboration on second language (L2) lexical acquisition. English-speaking low-intermediate L2 Spanish learners attempted to learn 24 new Spanish words in three conditions: (a) make pleasantness ratings about each word referent based on previous experiences (+semantic); (b) count letters in each word (+structural); and (c) “do your best” only (no elaboration). Dependent variables were free recall of the target words in Spanish, free recall of the target words in English, and cued recall (generate Spanish words when presented with pictures). Results indicated higher Spanish free recall for +structural than for +semantic; higher English free recall for +semantic than for +structural; higher overall recall for no elaboration than for +semantic and +structural; and higher cued recall for control than for +semantic and +structural. The results provide evidence that increased semantic processing can inhibit one's ability to encode the formal properties of new words.
Adiabatic temperature gradient and potential temperature correction in pure and saline water: an experimental determination

Abstract The direct experimental determinations described in this paper yield values of the adiabatic temperature gradient, β, for pure and saline water. The measurements confirm Bryden's ( Deep-Sea Research , 20 , 401–408, 1973) formula over its range within its stated uncertainty. From data covering the range − 2 to 40 ° C, 0 to 40%, and 0 to 1380 bar a formula, which gives β with an estimated uncertainty of 5.5 × 10 −6 °C bar −1 , is computed. A formula for the potential temperature correction, which confirms Bryden's formula within his stated uncertainty and yields values of less estimated uncertainty over the full range of the data, is given.
Characterization of the biophysical properties of human tumor and bone marrow cells as a preliminary step to the use of centrifugal elutriation in autologous bone marrow transplantation.

Abstract The principle of centrifugal elutriation (CE) depends on a balance of an outwardly directed centrifugal force and inwardly directed fluid flow and buoyant forces. This method (CE) can be used effectively to separate cells on the basis of size. In the murine model, neoplastic cells from different tumors are generally larger than bone marrow cells and can be removed from bone marrow almost completely with centrifugal elutriation. In order to determine if CE is capable of eliminating human tumor cells from harvested bone marrow (BM), the biophysical characteristics of a variety of human tumor cells and bone marrow cells were determined. Human tumor cells were dispersed into single cell suspensions by several enzymatic digestion and mechanical dissociation methods. The size and density characteristics of these cells were determined with an electronic particle counter and channelyzer and density gradients. Of 40 solid tumors studied, 29 tumors had cell size distribution distinctively larger than BM, as was found in the experimental animal model. The cell size distributions of tumor cells from 11 solid tumors and 7 leukemias were not substantially different from that of BM. Mixtures of Bm and cultured human hypernephroma, ovarian, and neuroblastoma cells, were separated into BM and tumor fractions by CE. The separation results as indicated by the labeling index and colony forming efficiency of tumor cells in each fraction showed that a BM fraction virtually free of tumor cells could be obtained. Thus, CE should be able to separate BM cells from most tumor cells metastic to BM.
Photoemission Studies of the Noble Metals. II. Gold

Photoemission from evaporated gold films, measuring quantum yield, photoelectric energy distribution curves and optical density states
Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Doppler Radar System for Heart and Respiratory Rate Measurements

A CMOS Doppler radar sensor has been developed and used to measure motion due to heart and respiration. The quadrature direct-conversion radar transceiver has been fully integrated in 0.25-mum CMOS, the baseband analog signal conditioning has been developed on a printed circuit board, and digital signal processing has been performed in Matlab. The theoretical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is derived based on the radar equation, the direct-conversion receiver's properties, oscillator phase noise, range correlation, and receiver noise. Heart and respiration signatures and rates have been measured at ranges from 0.5 to 2.0 m on 22 human subjects wearing normal T-shirts. The theoretical SNR expression was validated with this study. The heart rates found with the radar sensor were compared with a three-lead electrocardiogram, and they were within 5 beats/min with 95% confidence for 16 of 22 subjects at a 0.5-m range and 11 of 22 subjects at a 1.0-m range. The respiration rates found with the radar sensor were compared with those found using a piezoelectric respiratory effort belt, and the respiration rates were within five respirations per minute for 18 of 22 subjects at a 0.5-m range, 17 of 22 subjects at a 1.0-m range, and 19 of 22 subjects at a 1.5-m range.
Privacy in browser-based attribute exchange

Browser-based attribute-exchange protocols enable users of normal web browsers to conveniently send attributes, such as authentication or demographic data, to web sites. Such protocols might become very common and almost mandatory in general consumer scenarios over the next few years. We derive the privacy requirements on such protocols from general privacy principles and study their consequences for the protocol design. We also survey to what extent proposals like Microsoft's Passport, IBM's e-Community Single Signon, SAML, Shibboleth, the Liberty Alliance specifications and a protocol BBAE of our own conform to these design consequences, and how one could go forward.
Speeding up the generalized adaptive neural filters

A new class of adaptive filters called generalized adaptive neural filters (GANFs) has emerged. They share many things in common with stack filters and include all stack filters as a subset. The GANFs allow a very efficient hardware implementation once they are trained. However, the training process can be slow. This paper discusses structural modifications to allow for faster training. In addition, these modifications can lead to an increase in the filter's robustness, given a limited amount of training data. This paper does not attempt to justify use of a GANF; it only presents an alternative implementation of the filter. To verify the results, several simulations were performed by corrupting two images with varying amounts of mixture noise and Gaussian noise.
Mythic Incantations of American Empire

American empire is sustained by the mythic incantations of rhetorical rituals constituting an attitude of war. The discourse of empire consists of dead metaphors that lend a sense of necessity and inevitability to war by depicting it as rhythmical, timeless, migratory, clean, and heroic. It is a persistent but declining discourse. Its totalizing worldview resists critique, leaving it politically moribund and exposed to transformation by tricksters.
Islamic Fundamentalism and Political Islam

Abstract Political Islam is a movement that began in the late 1920s, after secular governments failed to secure economic independence, prosperity and good governance in the Muslim world. Convinced that a return to the sovereignty of Islamic law would be the only hope for progress in the Muslim world, Islamists – proponents of ‘political Islam’, what Western commentators often inaccurately call ‘fundamentalism’– began to agitate for new, Islamic governments. This article surveys the range of interpretations of this central issue, including traditionalists – those who believe that the law to be reintroduced into society is contained in traditional Islamic legal codes; progressives – those who believe that Islamic codes must be updated through the standard hermeneutic known as ijtihad; those who advocate a peaceful approach to sociopolitical transformation through preaching; and the jihadists – those who believe that only violent revolution will achieve the desired goal. History Compass fourth PODCAST is now available This free podcast offers a discussion between Professor Yoav Di-Capua, co-editor of the Middle & Near East section of History Compass, and Prof. Tamara Sonn, Editor-in-Chief of Religion Compass and History Compass author. Here they skilfully examine the article: ‘Islamic Fundamentalism and Political Islam’. This succinct and engaging podcast explores common misconceptions about political actors from the Muslim world. An important distinction is made between Islamic fundamentalism and political Islam. Click here to download the podcast: http://wiley.cdn.palmerhargreaves.com/podcast/hic3/hic3-04.mp3 (9.7mb, 13 minutes 55 seconds)
Sleep spindle deficits in antipsychotic-naïve early course schizophrenia and in non-psychotic first-degree relatives

Introduction: Chronic medicated patients with schizophrenia have marked reductions in sleep spindle activity and a correlated deficit in sleep-dependent memory consolidation. Using archival data, we investigated whether antipsychotic-naive early course patients with schizophrenia and young non-psychotic first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia also show reduced sleep spindle activity and whether spindle activity correlates with cognitive function and symptoms. Method: Sleep spindles during Stage 2 sleep were compared in antipsychotic-naive adults newly diagnosed with psychosis, young non-psychotic first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients and two samples of healthy controls matched to the patients and relatives. The relations of spindle parameters with cognitive measures and symptom ratings were examined. Results: Early course schizophrenia patients showed significantly reduced spindle activity relative to healthy controls and to early course patients with other psychotic disorders. Relatives of schizophrenia patients also showed reduced spindle activity compared with controls. Reduced spindle activity correlated with measures of executive function in early course patients, positive symptoms in schizophrenia and IQ estimates across groups. Conclusions: Like chronic medicated schizophrenia patients, antipsychotic-naive early course schizophrenia patients and young non-psychotic relatives of individuals with schizophrenia have reduced sleep spindle activity. These findings indicate that the spindle deficit is not an antipsychotic side-effect or a general feature of psychosis. Instead, the spindle deficit may predate the onset of schizophrenia, persist throughout its course and be an endophenotype that contributes to cognitive dysfunction.
The Valuation Effects of Majority Ownership for Parent and Subsidiary Shareholders

This study provides evidence of disproportional pricing related to the ability to control subsidiary activities. Parent companies have the ability to control subsidiary operating, investing, and financing activities to the benefit of the parent shareholders. For majority-owned subsidiaries, the benefits of control come at the expense of minority shareholders. Our tests for disproportional pricing indicate that subsidiary net assets and net income arepriced higher to parent shareholders. The valuations, however, appear representative of the pricing of the net assets and net income of similar but diffusely-held companies. Our tests, therefore, suggest that the pricing of subsidiary net assets and net income to minority shareholders is discounted relative to their pricing for the parent shareholders. The implication is that majority shareholders do not accrue a control premium but that minority shareholders price protect.
Prevalence of asymmetry of mamillary body and fornix size on MR imaging.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Mamillary body and fornix asymmetry are frequent findings on MR imaging of the brain. We sought to determine the prevalence of asymmetry of the fornix and mamillary body on MR imaging in patients with or without seizures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR images were retrospectively evaluated for asymmetry of the mamillary body and fornix in 178 patients who had a history of seizures, of whom 35 had suspected mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Additionally, 353 patients who had no limbic system pathology were reviewed. All patients were examined with spin-echo MR imaging, consisting of contiguous axial and/or coronal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2-weighted, and sagittal T1-weighted imaging. Additionally, the patients with seizures had oblique coronal 3-mm T2-weighted, FLAIR, and 1.5-mm magnetization-preparation rapid gradient echo scanning through their temporal lobes. RESULTS: In the patients who had no limbic system pathology or seizure history, 6.5% (23/353) had MR imaging evidence of asymmetric mamillary bodies and 7.9% (28/353) had asymmetric fornix size. Asymmetry of the mamillary body and fornix size was found in 37.1% (13/35) and 34.3% (12/35), respectively, of subjects with suggested hippocampal sclerosis. The prevalence of asymmetry of the mamillary body and fornix was statistically significantly higher in the patients with MTS (χ 2 test, P CONCLUSION: Although asymmetry of the mamillary bodies and fornices is highly associated with MTS, this could also be seen as a normal variation or congenital abnormality.
A safe alternative to invasive Caulerpa taxifolia (Chlorophtya)? Assessing aquarium-release invasion potential of aquarium strains of the macroalgal genus Chaetomorpha (Chlorophyta)

Aquarium releases threaten the ecological integrity of aquatic systems by introducing non-native species. Following aquarium-release invasions by Caulerpa taxifolia, other genera of marine macroalgae were promoted by aquarists as alternatives for aquarium hobbyist use. The most popular, Chaetomorpha, was named a preferable alternative to invasive Caulerpa with desirable characteristics including rapid nutrient uptake, broad environmental tolerances and ease of acquisition. As these same characteristics are also associated with invasion success, we assessed the risk posed if aquarium release activities extend to Chaetomorpha. Here we address the propensity for vegetative fragmentation, a primary contributor to the breadth of the Caulerpa invasions, as a potential invasion risk for Chaetomorpha. We monitored fragment generation of 10 purchases of Chaetomorpha from aquarium hobby retailers and tested viability of fragments 0.5–10 mm in length at 5, 22 and 30 °C. We found that Chaetomorpha can survive from fragments as small as 0.5 mm (one live cell). Abundance of viable fragments generated during shipping ranged from 28 to 6,266 per purchase. In 9 of 10 trials, survival was independent of starting length, indicating that small size will not limit potential establishment. Fragments in these purchases had low survival at 5°, but one purchase showed high survival at all temperatures. With high survivorship of small fragments and large numbers of fragments generated, we caution that aquarium strains of Chaetomorpha may pose a threat if released into natural waterways and encourage educational outreach strategies which focus on changing releasing behaviors rather than promoting “safe” alternatives to invasive ornamentals.
Mechanism of AP-1-mediated gene expression by select organochlorines through the p38 MAPK pathway

Organochlorine compounds have been demonstrated to have detrimental health effects in both wildlife and humans, an effect largely attributed to their ability to mimic the hormone estrogen. Our laboratory has studied cell signaling by environmental chemicals associated with the estrogen receptor (ER) and more recently via ER-independent mechanisms. Here, we show that the organochlorine pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites induce a stress mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that leads to AP-1 activation. Through the use of a dominant negative c-Fos mutant, we show that DDT exposure induces the collagenase promoter in an AP-1-dependent manner. DDT stimulates an AP-1 complex shift at the DNA to one favoring c-Jun/c-Fos dimers through both increasing c-Jun levels and by post-translational activation of c-Jun and c-Fos in HEK 293 and human endometrial Ishikawa cells. DDT treatment induces phosphorylation of ERK and p38, while JNK phosphorylation levels are slightly decreased. Using pharmacological and molecular inhibitors of the various MAPKs, we implicate the p38 signaling cascade, and to a lesser extent ERK, as necessary pathways for AP-1-mediated gene expression induction by organochlorines. Taken together, these results demonstrate that organochlorines induce the collagenase promoter via sequential activation of the p38 kinase cascade and AP-1.
Production and probing of atomic wavepackets with ultrafast laser pulses: applications to atomic and molecular dynamics

We demonstrate that atomic wavepackets can serve as sensitive detectors for investigating atomic and molecular dynamics. In concert with parametric four-wave mixing, the interference between coherent superpositions of atomic excited states produced by ultrafast (/spl sim/150 fs) pump and probe pulses provides a new and powerful tool with which fundamental processes, such as molecular dissociation and Rydberg-Rydberg atomic collisions, can be observed with the extraordinary sensitivity afforded by a coherent nonlinear optical process. Experiments are described in which the dissociation of an electronically excited molecule (Rb/sub 2/) and the distribution of atomic fragments into excited states spanning >10 000 cm/sup -1/ are observed. Also, resonant collisions between Rb atoms in the 7s and 5d states are detected by monitoring the shift in the frequency of an atomic wavepacket induced by the dipole-dipole interaction.
Apparent diffusion coefficient measurements of the middle cerebellar peduncle differentiate the Parkinson variant of MSA from Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes such as the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from Parkinson's disease is difficult in the early stage of the disease. In order to identify objective markers for differential diagnosis, we studied these three groups of patients with diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI). Sixteen MSA-P patients, 16 with PSP, 16 with Parkinson's disease and 15 healthy volunteers were studied. Regional apparent diffusion coefficients (rADC) were determined in different brain regions including basal ganglia, thalamus, white matter, pons and middle cerebellar peduncles (MCPs). rADC calculated in the MCP completely differentiated MSA-P patients (median: 0.93 x 10(-3) mm2/s) from PSP patients (median: 0.82 x 10(-3) mm2/s, P < 0.001), Parkinson's disease patients (median: 0.79 x 10(-3) mm2/s, P < 0.001) and healthy volunteers (median: 0.81 x 10(-3) mm2/s, P < 0.001). Other regions considered showed an overlapping among groups. DWI discriminates MSA-P from PSP and Parkinson's disease and healthy volunteers on the basis of MCP rADC values. These in vivo results confirm the pathological findings that the majority of MSA-P patients have moderate or severe degenerative changes not only in the nigrostriatal but also in the olivopontocerebellar systems. Our findings indicate that, in order to substantially contribute to the in vivo differential diagnosis of MSA-P, PSP and Parkinson's disease, rADC measurements should not be limited to the basal ganglia but should also include the MCP.
A probability model of oligopoly pricing

This paper discusses a method for analyzing the pricing and production behaviour of a mature oligopoly, characterized by stable market shares and well established patterns of price leadership. The oligopoly utilized as an example is the US primary producers of copper. The paper develops three pricing/production strategies which are felt to be most relevant to the US primary producers. While one of these strategies (collusive monopolistic pricing) is more desirable to the oligopoly, the ability of the oligopoly to impose any of the strategies depends upon market conditions and government stockpile intervention. A generalized logit probability model is developed and estimated to indicate the effects of market conditions and government action upon the ability of the oligopoly to impose its desired pricing/production strategies.
PERSISTENT ANTIBODY DEPLETION AFTER RITUXIMAB IN THREE CHILDREN WITH AUTOIMMUNE CYTOPENIAS

We report 3 children who developed persistent antibody depletion and abnormal response to bacteriophage after rituximab treatment for autoimmune cytopenias. Whether these patients have developed immunodeficiency secondary to an underlying disease process, to rituximab, or both, is not understood. Rituximab is an efficacious drug for a number of pediatric conditions. However, some patients who receive the drug have prolonged suppression or absence of B-cell function. Families should be counseled of this possibility prior to therapy. Patients should have baseline measurement of quantitative immunoglobulins and specific antibody levels and should be monitored for long term changes in immune function after rituximab.
PCS-photoformed conductors on ceramic substrates

PCS, a system for the formation of high-definition metal powder images that are transformed into the corresponding conductive patterns by firing, is described with particular reference to gold conductors. The PCS process consists of coating precleaned alumina substrates with a thin, amorphous layer of a mixture of nitrophenyl dihydropyridine derivatives, exposing this layer through a mask to UV light thereby changing the exposed material into a tacky state, toning the exposed areas, and firing the toned substrate by a conventional thick-film method. The PCS process creates high resolution conductors, up to 25-microns-resolution line/space with an excellent edge definition of +or-3 microns, which can be fired several times. The sheet resistivity, which depends on the toner materials used, can be adjusted in the range of 10-20 m Omega /square at fired thicknesses in the range of 3-5 microns. Bondability is comparable to that of conventional thick film gold pastes with pull forces higher than 10 cN for 37.5-micron gold wire. Compatibility with dielectric and resistor pastes as well as with light-sensitive dielectric thick-film materials is shown. >
Phenomenal Qualities of Nightmare Experience in a Prospective Study of College Students

The present study investigated the relationship between both state and global measures of phenomenal qualities of nightmare experience and nightmare prevalence as measured prospectively by dream logs. Sixty three frequent nightmare individuals and 53 controls completed a retrospective measure of their sleep and dreaming processes and kept a dreaming and nightmare log for 21 consecutive nights. Nightmare prevalence was unrelated to all three state-based rating dimensions including a concurrent rating of how distressing the actual nightmare was but was significantly associated with a global measure of nightmare distress. Similarly, global ratings of dream and nightmare saliency showed greater predictive validity than ratings of the same dimensions rated concurrently. The results suggest that whether a person reports having a nightmare on any given night is more associated with how they view their global dreaming processes than with the phenomenal qualities of the actual nightmare itself.
Primary Sources of Cognate Research in Human Performance Technology.

This article is third in a series written to address questions regarding the need for more empirical research in the field of human performance technology (HPT) and the need to determine the future direction of HPT research. The call for more empirical research has been published in journals such as Performance Improvement Quarterly and Performance Improvement (formerly Performance and Instruction) for nearly 20 years.
3-D position sensitive CdZnTe spectrometer performance using third generation VAS/TAT readout electronics

Three-dimensional (3-D) position-sensitive CdZnTe (CZT) gamma-ray spectrometers employing new VAS3.1/TAT3 ASIC readouts were developed and tested. Each spectrometer is a 1.5 /spl times/ 1.5 /spl times/ 1 cm/sup 3/ CdZnTe crystal with 11 /spl times/ 11 pixellated anodes wire-bonded to the readout electronics using an intermediate ceramic substrate with plated-through-via. The signals from the anode pixels and the cathode were all read out using these ASICs. The pixel position provides the lateral coordinates of interactions, while the cathode to anode signal ratio and electron drift times are used to obtain interaction depths. Using the 3-D position information, the variation in weighting potential, electron trapping and material nonuniformity can be accounted for to the scale of the position resolution, /spl sim/1.27 /spl times/ 1.27 /spl times/ 0.2 mm. The new VAS3.1/TAT3 ASIC has less gain and baseline drift, lower cross-talk noise, more uniform thresholds, better linearity and better timing resolution than our previous VAS2/TAT2 system. For example, the 32 keV K X-ray from a /sup 137/Cs source was observed for the first time. Two 3-D position sensitive CZT spectrometers were tested and both achieved better than 1% FWHM energy resolution (at 662 keV, room temperature operation, with an uncollimated source) for single-pixel events. The experimental results for these two 3-D position sensitive CZT spectrometer systems are presented and discussed.