cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote-sensing and radiosonde datasets collected in the San Luis Valley during the LAPSE-RATE campaign

Abstract. In July 2018, the International Society for Atmospheric Research using Remotely piloted Aircraft (ISARRA) hosted a flight week to showcase the role remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPASs) can have in filling the atmospheric data gap. This campaign was called Lower Atmospheric Process Studies at Elevation – a Remotely-piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE). In support of this campaign, ground-based remote and in situ systems were also deployed for the campaign. The University of Oklahoma deployed the Collaborative Lower Atmospheric Mobile Profiling System (CLAMPS), the University of Colorado deployed two Doppler wind lidars, and the National Severe Storms Laboratory deployed a mobile mesonet with the ability to launch radiosondes. This paper focuses on the data products from these instruments that result in profiles of the atmospheric state. The data are publicly available in the Zenodo LAPSE-RATE community portal ( https://zenodo.org/communities/lapse-rate/ , 19 January 2021). The profile data discussed are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780623 ( Bell and Klein , 2020 ) , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3780593 ( Bell et al. , 2020 b ) , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3727224 ( Bell et al. , 2020 a ) , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3738175 ( Waugh , 2020 b ) , https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3720444 ( Waugh , 2020 a ) , and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3698228 ( Lundquist et al. , 2020 ) .
Rule 1.1 Duty of Competency and Internet Research: Benefits and Risks Associated with Relevant Technology

The world has changed and technology is the primary driver. The legal industry has changed and yet many lawyers still brag about their lack of technology skills. These skills are not advanced programming and software design, rather the competent use of basic office applications. Technology competence is broad, it is more than data security and e-discovery. It does not mean knowing how to code. Nor does it mean knowing everything about all technology. It is knowing about the technology which is or could relate to what you do for a living. It means knowing what technology is out there that could help your clients and help you be better at performing your job. It means knowing what this technology can and cannot do. Competency requires a baseline understanding of, and reasonable proficiency in, the technology at hand. Of course, specific proficiencies and competencies will vary between lawyers and practice areas. It also means we should be as inquisitive and knowledgeable about technology as we are the substantive law. When discussing technology competency it is important to distinguish the various types of software that we find in most law offices. This article touches on duties found in Rule 1.1 (competence), Rule 1.5 (ethical billing), Rule 1.6 (confidentiality), and Rules 5.1 and 5.3 (supervisory responsibilities). The interconnectedness of the ethics rules suggests we must shift our thinking about the role of technology in delivering legal services. Technology is the mechanism to improve efficiency and provide better client service. Incompetent use of technology when doing legal work is incompetence under Rule 1.1. Initially created for a Georgia Bar Association CLE presentation.
Examining elementary social studies preservice teachers’ dispositional thinking about museum pedagogy

Abstract Evidence is limited on how elementary social studies preservice teachers make sense of museum settings and the use of museum artifacts for instruction, especially while consumed with learning how to teach. This study explored 81 elementary preservice teachers' dispositional thinking toward museum pedagogy in a teacher education program. Objectives were to determine an overall dispositional thinking profile and also investigate possible distinct dimensions. The study employed descriptive and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to establish systematically reliable factor solutions representing a profile of preservice teachers' dispositions. Results indicate preservice teachers' museum pedagogy dispositional thinking can be measured with three dimensions and one overall generic form of dispositional thinking. Representing the dimensions are these factor structures: (a) willingness to use museum settings and their artifacts to support social studies teaching, (b) capacity to interact with museum artifacts for K-6 social studies teaching, and (c) recognizing the prospect of museum pedagogy as an approach to enhance K-6 social studies education. Based on the factor structures, we introduce a conceptual framework to represent elementary social studies preservice teachers' dispositional thinking about museum pedagogy. Engaging in preliminary work to first understand preservice teachers’ thoughts and dispositions, before creating or adopting curricula, may deepen and strengthen their agentic growth in museum education for social studies teaching.
The Societal Impact of Sharing Economy Platform Self-Regulations—An Empirical Investigation

The rise of the sharing economy has disrupted traditional industries and has had many unforeseen societal impacts. This has sparked policy debates on whether and how the sharing economy should be r...
Infection in the Organ Transplant Recipient

During the past 25 years, remarkable strides have been made in organ transplantation—the success of which can be regarded as one of the outstanding achievements of 20th century biomedical science. From a fascinating experiment in human immunobiology, organ transplantation has evolved into the best opportunity for rehabilitation for patients with end-stage disease of an increasing number of organs: today, the kidney, heart, liver, and lungs; tomorrow, the pancreas or pancreatic islets and small bowel (two organs being successfully transplanted in increasing numbers today, but not yet regarded as the standard of care for the diseases that affect these organs). In the United States at the present time, the 1-year graft and patient survival for these organs are as follows: cadaver donor kidney allograft, 77%, with 93% patient survival; living related kidney allograft, 90%, with 97% patient survival; heart allograft, 81%, with 82% patient survival; liver allograft, 64%, with 72% patient survival; single lung allograft, 52%, with 54% patient survival; heart-lung allograft, 53%, with 53% patient survival; and pancreas allograft (usually in association with a kidney allograft), 70%, with 89% patient survival (in the case of the liver and heart recipients, the fact that patient survival is higher than graft survival reflects success of re-transplantation for failing allografts in selected patients).
Light and nutrient effects on the settling characteristics of the sea ice diatom Nitzschia frigida

Sea ice-algae contribute significantly to Arctic primary production and play an important role in the life histories of planktonic and benthic consumers after the algae are released from the sea ice habitat. Following export from the ice, the extent to which fresh algal material is available to planktonic or benthic consumers is dependent on residence time in the water column, initially related to particle settling rate. Laboratory experiments using isolated Nitzschia frigida, a common sea ice diatom, were conducted to ascertain the effects of nutrient (N, P, and Si) and light limitation on settling characteristics of the algal material. While settling characteristics of N- and P-limited cultures were not significantly different from controls grown under light and nutrient-replete conditions, significant differences from the controls were found for light and Si limitation. Differences between treatments were evidenced by changes in the proportion of each population that had particular settling rates, rather than by changes in the range of settling rates measured within a treatment. Thus, fast (> 20 m d−1) and slow-sinking particles (< 2 m d−1) were found in all cultures, but compared to the controls, a larger percentage of fast-sinking particles were observed under Si limitation while a larger percentage of slow-sinking material was observed under light limitation. While N. frigida is just one member of the sea ice algal assemblage, its prevalence in Arctic land-fast sea ice means these results may be representative of the broader Arctic nearshore ice-algae community. As such, abiotic conditions within Arctic sea ice, such as nutrient availability and depth of overlying snow (which affects the light field in the ice), could influence the amount of algae-derived material available to different components of the underlying marine food web.
Attention Deficit Disorders

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is the most recent label for children who display developmentally inappropriate degrees of poor sustained attention, impulsivity, overactivity, and problems with adherence to rules and instructions.1 Children with ADD comprise a heterogeneous population with there being considerable variation across children in the extent to which they demonstrate all these symptoms. Moreover, a large percentage of ADD children display a higher prevalence of other medical, psychiatric, and developmental disorders, further contributing to the diversity of characteristics of this group. The disorder represents one of the most common reasons children are referred to child guidance centers in this country, and is one of the most prevalent of the childhood psychiatric disorders. This chapter will review briefly the history of the disorder, its nature, and its present definitions, as well as recently proposed research and clinical diagnostic criteria for identification of children with the disorder.
The Effect of Learning Styles on Academic Performance in Technology Mediated Learning

REQUIRED) In this document we describe the formatting requirements for the Proceedings of the AMCIS Conference. Please review this document carefully. You can use this document as a template and copy/paste your paper content here (this might be the best or easiest way). Please be sure to adhere to the formatting requirements as this will be your camera-ready version, and a PDF format will be generated directly from your submitted final Word version. Please note several limitations on length: (1) your abstract should be no more than 150 words, as the abstract will also be used for the conference program, (2) your entire paper should be no more than 5,000 words, including all materials and sections such as figures, tables, and references. This paper length is intended to encourage authors to publish full-length papers in journals or other outlets at a later date.
Differences in Language Skills: Heritage Language Learner Subgroups and Foreign Language Learners.

Using both proficiency tests and self-assessment measures, this study investigated (a) whether 3 subgroups of Japanese heritage language (JHL) learners would demonstrate language behaviors distinctively different from those of traditional Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) learners, and (b) which domains of language use and skills would specifically identify such differentiation. Statistical analyses of data collected from 185 JFL and JHL students aged 17–22 indicated that there were striking similarities between the JFL Learner group and 2 JHL groups (JHL students with at least 1 Japanese-speaking grandparent but without a Japanese-speaking parent as 1 group, and JHL students of Japanese descent without either a Japanese-speaking parent or grandparent as the other). In contrast, another group of JHL students (those with at least 1 Japanese-speaking parent) proved to be substantially different from other groups in (a) grammatical knowledge, (b) listening and reading skills, (c) self-assessed use/choice of Japanese, and (d) self-ratings of a number of can-do tasks (Clark, 1981) that represented a wide range of abilities.
Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum : An overview

Abstract Lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum is a rare, but increasingly recognized, anomalous developmental or neoplastic lesion of the heart. This entity was first described in 1964 at autopsy and is identified before death based on its distinctive characteristics on echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Although it is often asymptomatic, the mass has been associated with supraventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. In rare patients who experience intractable symptoms, surgical excision of the lesion may provide relief. Therefore, lipomatous hypertrophy of the interatrial septum is of interest to the pathologist when a cardiac mass is received for evaluation or at autopsy when a patient has experienced sudden death from an unknown cause.
Integration of object-oriented software components for distributed application software development

The process of component integration for distributed application software development requires identifying the candidate components and performing compatibility checks based on the functional as well as non-functional requirements of the target application software. Since these requirements vary, it is important that distributed components themselves provide a set of specific services to facilitate component integration. In this paper, an approach to component integration for distributed application software is given. An object-oriented distributed component framework and a distributed connector model are presented to facilitate component integration.
AMERICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE: PRINCIPALES CONDICIONANTES PARA EL DESAFIO ACTUAL DE LA INTEGRACION REGIONAL

Este primer tema se presenta de manera por demas resumida, pero trata de dar elementos para definir criterios en cuanto a la insercion de Latinoamerica en el mercado mundial, en el reforzamiento de sus procesos productivos internos, en la generacion de bienestar social, y en la promocion de procesos de desarrollo humano sostenible. De manera mas puntual la asignacion de recursos es un tema vital en economia. Se tiene por finalidad lograr el mayor beneficio con el menor esfuerzo fisico y economico. Este es un aspecto esencial de la competitividad, que debe observarse tanto en terminos concretos de tiempo, y de seleccion de alternativas que reducen tanto costos de oportunidad en el corto plazo, como en funcion de plazos mas prolongados.
Theoretical Studies of Atomic-Scale Processes Relevant to Crystal Growth

The study of adsorption, diffusion, island formation, and interlayer transport of atoms on a growing surface has been an active field in the past decade, because of both experimental and theoretical advances. Experiments can give detailed images of patterns formed on growing surfaces. An important challenge to the theoretical studies is the identification of dynamical processes controlling the pattern formation and overall surface morphology. This can be achieved by accurate modeling of the atomic interactions, a thorough search for active atomic-scale processes, and simulation of the growth on the experimental timescale to allow for detailed comparison with the experimental measurements. An overview of some of the theoretical methodology used in these studies and results obtained for one of the most extensively studied systems, Pt(111), is given here. A remarkable richness of phenomena has emerged from these studies, where apparently small effects can shift the balance between competing molecular processes and thereby change the morphology of a growing surface. The article concludes with a discussion of possible future directions in this research area.
45° Induced Magnetic Anisotropy for Isotropic High-Frequency Permeability

High-frequency permeability spectra and magnetic domain structures of CoZrTa films with 45° induced magnetic anisotropy were investigated in order to realize integrated flux-closed magnetic inductors. Isotropic permeability was experimentally achieved for both in-plane parallel and transversal directions. The obtained relative permeability of $\sim 380$ for both the directions of the unpatterned sample is approximately half of the conventional hard-axis permeability as expected from a magnetization rotation model. Once the films are micropatterned, permeability is typically degraded by the formation of spike domains in addition to the demagnetization effect. Through the observations of the magnetic domain structures using magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy, we found that the formation of the spike domains is suppressed for the smaller patterned structures due to the domain walls along the 45° axis. The relative permeability of $\sim 360$ is achieved in the low-frequency range for the micropatterned structure, promising the possibility of flux-closed magnetic inductors with large inductance enhancement.
Measurement of rapid mass transport along individual dislocations in aluminum

Abstract Measurements were made of rapid mass transport by self-diffusion along individual dislocations in aluminum. Voids (200–400 A in diameter) were first produced throughout thin film specimens, and a number of them were “hooked-up” to the specimen surfaces by individual dislocations which were of the usual slip type with Burgers vectors b = a 2〈110〉 . Upon subsequent annealing, electron microscope observations showed that atoms from the surfaces diffused rapidly along the dislocations to the hooked-up voids causing them to anneal out more rapidly than isolated voids which were otherwise similar. An analysis of void shrinkage rates measured between 50 and 180°C, assuming that the dislocation diffusion occurred via vacancies, yielded the expression Λ d v = AD T d ξ T d = 7.0 × 10 −17 exp (− 0.85eV kT ) cm 4 Sec −1 for the average value of the self-diffusional mass transport parameter, Λdv, for a considerable number of dislocations making angles, θ, with respect to b over the range at least 20° ⪯ θ ⪯ 80°. Here, A = effective dislocation area, DTd = dislocation tracer self-diffusivity and ξTd = dislocation tracer correlation factor. A similar result, (within a factor of two) was obtained using a phenomonological analysis independent of mechanism. The Λvd data for individual dislocations showed a relatively large scatter, and no systematic variation with θ was evident. It was concluded that any variation of Λvd with θ in the range 20° ⪯ θ ⪯ 80° was less than a factor of ten. The results were compared to selected existing measurements of tracer self-diffusion along dislocations, and it was pointed out that the data were not inconsistent with a vacancy mechanism in which the correlation factor was relatively temperature independent and of magnitude of the order of a few tenths.
An introduction to ion optics for the mass spectrograph

A mass spectrograph is an instrument that separates and simultaneously focuses ions, along a focal plane, of different mass/charge ratios that are diverging in direction and that have a variable velocity. With these instruments and a spatially sensitive ion detector, simultaneous detection can be employed, which has been shown to improve precision and throughput (as compared to a mass spectrometer that can only detect one mass at a time). Knowing how an ion beam focuses throughout the mass spectrograph and onto the focal plane is crucial. We present here rudimentary ion optics of the mass spectrograph in a simple yet useable manner. From there, we investigate the direction and energy focal lines of some mass-spectrograph geometries, using the ion optics presented. Lastly, other mass spectrograph geometries that fall outside the field of knowledge of the ion optics covered are discussed. With this review, we hope to provide an understandable and universal ion optic theory that encompasses a wide range of mass spectrographs and that is palatable to the novice as well as the expert. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
426 HORMONES AND ZINC. Mariano Castro-Magana

We have shown that children with constitutional growth delay (CGD) have reduced zinc concentration (Zn C) in hair (160.6 ± 31.0 ug/g) and that oral testosterone (T) administration resulted in raising the Zn C (189.2 ± 10.4 ug/g). Furthermore, a linear relationship between serum T and hair Zn C (r=0.65) was found. Zn supplementation to children with low hair Zn C produced a marked improvement in their growth hormone (HGH) responses to standard stimuli and in their rates of growth, suggesting an influence of Zn in HGH synthesis or release. To further understand these relationships between Zn and hormones we have measured hair Zn C and urinary zinc excretion (U Zn E) in 30 children with HGH deficiency (HGH-D) before and after HGH administration (0.1 u/kg) three times a week × 3 months) and in 26 children with juvenile diabetes mellitus (JDM). Children with HGH-D and JDM had a significant lower hair Zn C (HGH-D: 147±32, JDM: 141±31 ug/g) than age-matched control children (185±23 ug/g). Following HGH administration to HGH-D children there was an increase in the hair Zn C (168.7±36.1 ug/g) with concomitant decrease in the U Zn E (514±170 ug/g creat. before, and 353±162 ug/g creat. after). U Zn E in children with JDM (1449±550 ug/g creat.) was markedly increased in spite of the lower hair Zn C. These results suggest that the anabolic hormone status (HGH, insulin, testosterone) is directly related to the zinc nutritional status.
Interactions of embryonic and fetal neural retina cells with carbohydrate-binding phytoagglutinins: Cell surface changes with differentiation

Abstract Agglutination of embryonic and fetal chick neural retina cells by concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and castor bean agglutinin (ricin) was examined to determine the availability of carbohydrate-containing receptor sites for these lectins on the cell surface at different stages of development. Cells in suspensions obtained from retina tissue by treatment with EGTA and by trypsinization were compared. Consistent patterns of differences in the reaction of retina cells with these lectins were found, reflecting the developmental state of the cells, procedure of preparation of cell suspension, and kind of lectin. Ricin agglutinated to the same degree cells of all developmental ages, obtained by EGTA treatment or by trypsinization, suggesting abundance of receptor sites for this lectin throughout the surface of these cells at all developmental stages examined. WGA agglutinated only trypsinized cells, which suggests that WGA receptors on retina cells are masked at all developmental stages tested by a trypsin-sensitive material. Con A readily agglutinated EGTA-separated retina cells from earlier embryos, but was less effective or ineffective on EGTA-separated cells from fetal stages; the latter could be made to agglutinate with Con A by treatment with trypsin, which shows that, as the retina differentiates and matures Con A receptors on its cells become masked with a trypsin-sensitive material. The results provide definitive evidence of changes in the surface of embryonic cells correlated with differentiation and maturation.
Insight into the pitting corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys

Abstract On the basis of the literature data and the current results, a mechanism for the pitting corrosion of Al alloys is proposed. An assumption is made that the transport of Cl− ions through defects in the passive film of aluminum and aluminum alloys is not a rate determining step in pitting. The pit development is controlled by the solubility of the oxidized alloying elements in acid solutions. A very good correlation was found between the pitting potential and the oxidized alloying elements for metastable AlCr, AlZr, AlW and AlZn alloys.
Haemodynamic consequences of warm cardiac irrigation during cardiac surgery.

Following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and prior to closing the chest, some surgeons irrigate the heart and pericardium with warm saline. This prospective study, using each patient as his own control, evaluated the haemodynamic effects of warm (44 +/- 5 degrees C) irrigation on the heart and pericardium following CPB. Following discontinuation of CPB, a Mon-a-therm model 6500 thermocouple monitor measured the myocardial septum and the irrigating fluid temperatures. Immediately before, during and two minutes after irrigation of the heart and pericardium, we measured heart rate (HR), systemic blood pressure (BP), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), central venous pressure (CVP), thermodilution cardiac output, and calculated systemic vascular resistance (SVR). During warm irrigation, HR increased from 93 +/- 15 to 101 +/- 13 min-1 and systolic BP increased from 111 +/- 17 to 131 +/- 27 mmHg. After irrigation, HR decreased to 96 +/- 12 min-1 with no change in systolic BP. The calculated SVR after irrigation increased to 1117 +/- 413 dynes.sec.cm-5 from the pre-irrigation value of 821 +/- 243 dynes.sec.cm-5, while cardiac index decreased to 2.4 L.min-1.m-2 from its pre-irrigation value of 2.99 L.min-1.m-2. Warm irrigation of the pericardial pouch causes tachycardic and hypertensive responses in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Correlates of AUDIT Risk Status for Male and Female College Students

Abstract Objective: The current study identified gender-specific correlates of hazardous drinker status as defined by the AUDIT. Participants: A total of 462 college student volunteers completed the study in 2006. The sample was predominantly Caucasian (75%) and female (55%). Methods: Participants completed a survey assessing demographics, alcohol use patterns, and health indices. Scores of 8 or more on the AUDIT defined the at-risk subsample. Logistic regression models determined which variables predicted AUDIT risk status for men and women. Results: The at-risk participants reported higher alcohol use and related problems, elevated sleep problems and lower health ratings. High typical blood alcohol concentration (BAC), lifetime drug use, and psychosocial problems predicted risk status for males. Binge frequency and psychosocial problems predicted risk status for females. Conclusions: Different behavioral profiles emerged for men and women identified as hazardous drinkers on the AUDIT. The efficacy of br...
Stimulation of the receptor for melanocyte-stimulating hormone by retinoic acid.

Treatment of Cloudman S91 melanoma cells with retinoic acid (RA) inhibits MSH-induced tyrosinase activity and melanin formation [(1990) J. Invest. Dermatol. 94, 461-464]. We report here, however, that in spite of inhibiting MSH-induced pigmentation, RA treatment caused a marked increase in MSH binding capacity for both cell surface and internal MSH binding sites. The stimulation was dose- and time-dependent and reversible, with half-maximal effects seen at 2 μM RA. Stimulation of MSH binding was seen as early as 3 h after exposure of cells to RA. Cell surface and internal binding activity increased in concert. Scatchard analyses indicated that increased MSH binding resulted from a 3–4-fold increase in the number of sites with no significant difference in their affinity for MSH. It appears that in suppressing MSH-induced melanogenesis, RA elicited a compensatory up-regulation of the MSH receptor system.
Calculation of divergent channel flows with a multiple-time-scale turbulence model

Numerical calculations of turbulent reattaching shear layers in a divergent channel are presented. The turbulence is described by a multiple-time-scale turbulence model. The turbulent flow equations are solved by a control-volume-based finite-difference method. The computational results are compared with those obtained using K-e turbulence models and algebric Reynolds stress turbulence models.
Nikolaĭ semenovich kurnakov, the reaction (1893) and the man (1860–1941) a ninety-year retrospective view

Abstract Kurnakov's classic thiourea reaction, proposed ninety years ago and still used to differentiate cis from trans isomers of dipositive platinum and palladium, represents his best known contribution to coordination chemistry. The circumstances surrounding its discovery, its implications, and its relationship to Peyrone's and Jorgensen's reactions and Chernyaev's trans effect are discussed. A brief discussion of Kurnakov's other studies of coordination compounds, and a short biography are also provided.
Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease: Reevaluation of a Patient with Carney Complex 27 Years after Unilateral Adrenalectomy

A 45-yr-old man with primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is described. This patient underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS) in 1969. Although his daily urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion rate normalized, and the major clinical manifestations of CS subsided, loss of a circadian cortisol rhythm persisted after surgery. Twenty-seven years later, the patient presented again with short stature, severe osteopenia, skeletal deformities, thinning of the skin, and myopathy.
Sexual activity decreases oxytocin receptor densities in the thymus.

Abstract Sexual interactions have multiple effects on oxytocin systems in the brain. In the present study we observed that allowing estrogen-progesterone treated ovariectomized rats to be mounted ten times by a male significantly decreased the density ( β max ) of thymic oxytocin receptors. Animals were ovariectomized and after recovery injected once daily for three consecutive days with 0.5 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) followed by an injection of 500 μg progesterone on the fourth day 4–5 hr before testing. They were either placed in a cage with a sexually-active male until mounted ten times (mounted) or were briefly placed in the cage and removed before being mounted (unmounted). Both groups were then killed and their thymuses aseptically removed. Computerized analysis of saturation binding data showed that the densities of oxytocin receptors from mounted animals werev significantly (p β max for unmounted animals = 8.45 ± 0.84 fmol/mg protein; and for mounted rats = 5.5 ± 0.33 fmol/mg protein; t 6 = 3.23). The possibility is discussed that sexual activity reduces thymic oxytocin receptors which may alter immune responsiveness to sexually-transmitted diseases.
A new approach for willingness test in biometric systems

Biometrics identifies/verifies a person using his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics. It is becoming an important ally for law enforcement and homeland security. However, there are some safety and privacy concerns: biometric based systems can be accessed when users are under threat, reluctant or even unconscious states. In this paper, we introduce a new method which can identify a person and detect his/her willingness. Our experimental results show that the new approach can enhance the security by checking the consent signature while achieving very high recognition accuracy.
A Simple, Inexpensive, Versatile Optical Bench for Spectroscopic Research

We have been using an inexpensive, simple, versatile optical bench and mounts (similar to the ones used in the Optical Institute, University of Rochester) for optical components for the past several years, and as a result of the interest visitors to our laboratory have expressed over this system, we felt that it should be described in some detail in the open literature. The optical benches consisted simply of flat steel plates (although several sizes have been used, convenient sizes are 4 [to 8]ft X 2 [to 4]ft X ½ in. [to 1 in.] thick). Building vibrations are minimal if the plates are supported by rubber stoppers placed under each corner of the plate. We obtained all of our steel plates from government surpluses for a few dollars and then sanded the surfaces to remove rust. All optical components were mounted with inexpensive movable quick release magnetic mounts (for example, type 5–716U magnetic mounts from National Camera, Englewood, Colo.); these mounts cost only a few dollars and have an attracting force of 40 lb in the “on” position (other amounts with a greater attracting force can also be purchased). Over a period of months, no significant creepage of motor-operated components, e.g., mechanical choppers, occurred. Alignment of optical components can be achieved in a matter of a few minutes with the assistance of a low power (¼-mW) He-Ne laser and with height reference markers (several “X”—inscribed glass squares set at equal heights, and small front surface mirrors. If components are to be changed quite often, triangular optical benches, held with magnetic mounts, can be used. Because of the simplicity of moving and aligning components, it is possible to convert from an atomic absorption spectrometer to an atomic fluorescence spectrometer in a matter of minutes as compared to hours or even days if components are held in place with screws, cement, etc. A photograph of one of our atomic fluorescence spectrometers mounted on a steel plate is shown in Fig. 1. We feel plate optical benches with magnetic mounts are ideal for spectroscopic research and as a result have three other systems besides the one in Fig. 1 in use in our laboratory.
Volumetric measurements from an isosurface algorithm

Scientific visualization methods have become the new standards for analyzing scientific datasets. However, while these visualization routines provide an excellent qualitative means for data analysis, many researchers still require quantitative information about their data. This paper describes how the marching cubes iso-surface algorithm can be modified to produce not only the qualitative information about the shape of a surface but also some quantitative information regarding the volume of space contained within or beneath that surface. The original marching cubes algorithm decomposes a dataset into cubes based on the grid structure provided. It then searches each cube, determining whether or not the surface intersects that particular cube. During this search, volume calculations can be performed for each cube or partial cube that is contained within or beneath the surface. The results of these calculations can then be summed to obtain a measurement for the volume of space that is within or beneath the surface. These additional tasks can easily be incorporated into the marching cubes algorithm, providing the researcher with a volumetric measurement to support the more qualitative visual information generally produced by an iso-surface algorithm.
Afferent connections of the entorhinal area in the rat as demonstrated by retrograde cell-labeling with horseradish peroxidase

The entorhinal cortex (EC) of the rat has been divided into medial (MEA) and lateral (LEA) subdivisions. In order to analyze its afferent connections, small deposits of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed at various loci within EC. The patterns of retrograde cell-labeling charted in 18 such cases suggested that EC is projected upon by several allocortical and subcortical structures and that there are differences in the afferent connections of the two subdivisions. Thus, although HRP injection of either division of EC led to cell-labeling in the hippocampal formation, most in ammonic field CA1 and the subiculum, several cells of the presubiculum were preferentially labeled by injection of MEA. Injections of LEA, but not those in MEA, resulted in substantial cell-labeling in the anterior piriform cortex of both hemispheres. Regardless of the location of its injection site within EC, the enzyme labeled cells in the diagonal band nucleus of Broca, amygdala and claustrum. The pattern of cell-labeling in the diagonal band nucleus extended into the ventrolaterally contiguous nucleus basalis after injection of LEA and into the dorsally contiguous medial septal nucleus after injection of MEA Whereas HRP deposits in either division of EC resulted in cell-labeling in the cortical and medial nuclei of the amygdala, only those deposits which involved LEA led to cell-labeling in the posterior part of the lateral nucleus. In the thalamus, labeled cells were found in the rostral part of the paratenial, periventricular and reuniens nuclei. Finally, at midbrain levels, numerous labeled cells appeared in the dorsal raphe nucleus, a few in the median raphe and locus coeruleus, and, only after rostral EC injection, in the ventral tegmental area.
Interpositional Materials for Feline Stifle Implant Arthroplasty

Xenogenic cartilage grafts and Dacron were tested as interpositional materials between osteotomy surfaces and a silicone rubber prosthesis to protect it from wear, fragmentation, and eventual failure. The histologic appearance of healing adjacent to interpositional materials was compared to that of unprotected silicone prostheses. Prosthetic wear and lipid uptake were quantitated using extraction and gravimetric techniques. Both interpositional materials were found to reduce prosthetic wear and the accompanying tissue reaction to the silicone wear products compared to unprotected prostheses. Both interpositional materials were equally effective in providing a thick interface. Interpositional cartilage was being replaced by fibrous tissue, whereas macrophages and giant cells were unable to degrade the Dacron, and therefore persisted in the pores of the material. However, the advantages of using Dacron outweighed those of fresh xenogenic cartilage.
Biomarkers and immune-modulating therapies for Type 2 diabetes

Recent advances in understanding the etiology of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) have established involvement of the immune system. These developments highlight the potential of immunomodulatory therapies for treatment of these conditions. Here, we discuss current and new immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of T2D, the need for stratification of patients based on immune and autoimmune status, and biomarkers for evaluating treatment efficiency. The time has come to re-evaluate the clinical management of T2D patients using metabolic parameters alone, and to realize that patients should be stratified based on their immune and/or autoimmune status prior to initiation of therapy to realize fully the potential of immunomodulatory strategies for T2D.
Modeling an enhancement of the lunar sodium tail during the Leonid Meteor Shower of 1998

A region of non-terrestrial sodium emission seen in the sky on the nights of November 18–20, 1998, has been interpreted as the Moon's distant sodium tail, possibly enhanced by micrometeor impact vaporization of the lunar regolith by the Leonid meteor shower. We show that the location and morphology of the spot can be explained by standard steady-state models of the Moon's sodium atmosphere. Moreover, using a new time-dependent simulation of the lunar atmosphere, we find that the Na escape rate from the Moon increased to 2 or 3 times its normal level during the most intense period of the 1998 Leonid meteor shower on November 16th and 17th.
GETTING MORE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION FOR LESS MONEY: A PRACTITIONER'S GUIDE

The European Community is in the process of implementing a movement of products liability from a negligence basis towards a rule of strict producer liability. This paper considers the theoretical arguments in favor of strict liability and reviews some of the difficulties that must be resolved in implementing strict liability in practice. There are a number of limitations to the effectiveness of producer liability as an instrument for reducing product-related accidents. Consequently the final part of this paper considers how producer liability can be combined with instruments intended to improve the risk information available to consumers and to eliminate highly risky products from the market, in order to improve the efficiency of product safety and reduce accidents. Copyright 1993 by Oxford University Press.
Infant feeding mode affects early growth and body composition.

Background. Differences in the growth pattern of breastfed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants are well-recognized and have been attributed to differences in nutrient intake. However, the impact of qualitative and quantitative differences in nutrient intake on the body composition of BF and FF infants has been unclear. Furthermore, it is unknown whether putative differences in body composition persist beyond weaning. Design. Prospective cohort study. Methods. Repeated anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed on 40 BF and 36 FF infants at 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. A multicomponent body composition model based on total body water by deuterium dilution, total body potassium by whole body counting, and bone mineral content by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Independent measurements of FFM and FM were made using total body electrical conductivity and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. By design, infants were either exclusively BF or FF from birth to 4 months of age; thereafter, the feeding mode was at the discretion of the parents. Infant food intake was measured at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age using 3-day weighed-intake records. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. Results. Weight velocity was higher in FF than BF infants age 3 to 6 months, and higher in FF than BF girls 6 to 9 months of age. Adjusted for gender and baseline values, BF infants had lower total body water at 3 months, lower total body potassium at 3 to 24 months, and lower bone mineral content at 12 months. The multicomponent model indicated that FFM was lower in BF than FF infants at 3 months, and FM and %FM were higher in BF than FF infants at 3 and 6 months (boys only). Total body electric conductivity confirmed lower FFM in BF than FF infants at 3 months, as well as at 6 and 9 months; FM and %FM were higher in BF than FF at 3 and 6 months, and 9 months (boys only). Intakes of energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate were lower in BF than FF infants at 3 and 6 months, and were positively correlated with weight gain and FFM gain, but not FM gain. No differences in nutrient intakes were observed at 12 or 24 months. Conclusion. Infant feeding mode is associated with differences in body composition in early infancy which do not persist into the second year of life.
Low-pressure growth of single-crystal silicon carbide

Abstract We report on a low-pressure, reproducible process for producing large-area device-quality single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) on 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 p-type silicon substrates. The process has been used to produce epitaxial layers up to 20 μm thick, and 2″ in diameter. The unintentional doping (n-type) was in the 10 17 cm −3 range with mobilities of several hundred cm 2 /V s.
Purification and properties of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase from sweet corn.

A 40-fold purification of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase from sweet corn (Zea mays var. Golden Beauty) revealed the enzyme to be specific for adenosine triphosphate. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for Mg2+ and is activated by 3-phosphoglycerate and to a lesser extent by ribose-5-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. The apparent Km values of the enzyme for glucose-1-phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, pyrophosphate, and adenosine diphosphoglucose are 1.9 × 10−4, 3.2 × 10−5, 3.3 × 10−5, and 6.2 × 10−4m, respectively. Pyrophosphate inhibits adenosine diphosphoglucose synthesis competitively (Ki = 3.8 × 10−7m), while orthophosphate and sulfate appear to inhibit the reacion noncompetitively. These results show that the production of this sugar nucleotide can be controlled by the concentration of pyrophosphate.
Drinking Like a Guy: Frequent Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Women

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine why there has been an increase in frequent binge drinking among the most recent generation of female undergraduate students. Specifically, we examined whether female undergraduate women associated being able to "drink like a guy" (e.g., drink large amounts of alcohol, drinking competitively) with gender equality. Focus groups were conducted in March of 2003 with 42 female undergraduate women who consumed alcohol. Participants were recruited from respondents of a random sample survey of undergraduate students attending a large, public university and reflected the demographic characteristics of this population: traditional-age college students (i.e., attending college between 18 and 22 years of age), who were primarily white from middle or upper middle class families and living on or near the college campus. Focus groups were based on drinking trajectories during college (Stable High, Stable Low, Decreasers, Increasers) and sorority status. While women of all drinking levels reported feeling pressure to drink "heavily" because of the favorable impression they could make on their male peers, primarily women who were frequent binge drinkers throughout college felt that "drinking like a guy" described their own drinking behaviors. While women reported that being able to "drink like a guy" provided them with a sense of equality with their male peers, analysis of the transcripts suggests that "drinking like a guy" had less to do with gender equality and more to do with emphasizing women's (hetero)sexuality. Findings are discussed in terms of how "heavy alcohol consumption" affords college women positive attention from their male peers, but likely increases their vulnerability to sexual assault and alcohol use related health problems.
Illusory rebound motion and the motion continuity heuristic.

Abstract A new motion illusion, “illusory rebound motion” (IRM), is described. IRM is qualitatively similar to illusory line motion (ILM). ILM occurs when a bar is presented shortly after an initial stimulus such that the bar appears to move continuously away from the initial stimulus. IRM occurs when a second bar of a different color is presented at the same location as the first bar within a certain delay after ILM, making this second bar appear to move in the opposite direction relative to the preceding direction of ILM. Three plausible accounts of IRM are considered: a shifting attentional gradient model, a motion aftereffect (MAE) model, and a heuristic model. Results imply that IRM arises because of a heuristic about how objects move in the environment: In the absence of countervailing evidence, motion trajectories are assumed to continue away from the location where an object was last seen to move.
Exercise and Lipids: How Much Exercise Is Adequate to Increase HDL and Lower Triglycerides

The association of elevated cholesterol and coronary artery disease is evident in so many epidemiological studies that the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute consider this association as causal. More explicitly, elevated plasma cholesterol and triglycerides are the identified culprits. Cholesterol is transported to target organs via the blood stream, which is mostly hydrophobic in nature. For the fatty cholesterol to travel through blood it must attach to a lipoprotein. There are several major ones that we pay attention to: the low-density lipoprotein (LDL; the “bad cholesterol”), highdensity lipoprotein (HDL; “good cholesterol”), verylow-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides. VLDL, originating in the liver, interacts with lipoprotein lipase, resulting in hydrolysis of triglycerides to form intermediate lipoproteins and LDL. Cholesterol attaches to LDL and is transported from the liver to various organs/tissue in the body. If the blood level of the LDL complex is elevated, it sets up ideal conditions for plaque formation, leading to atherosclerosis. On the other hand, HDL picks up LDL circulating in the blood stream and transports it to the liver, thereby lowering serum cholesterol levels to reduce the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation. Triglycerides are thought to be an independent risk factor according to a meta-analysis of 17 studies, which is the best evidence to date of the role triglycerides play in cardiovascular disease. According to the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel (2002), plasma levels of lipoproteins that reduce the risk for coronary artery disease are as follows: LDL 60 mg/dL, total cholesterol (TC) <200 mg/dL, and triglyceride (TG) <150 mg/dL.