cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leaders Who Lust: Power, Money, Sex, Success, Legitimacy, Legacy

Among our greatest leaders are those driven by impulses they cannot completely control - by lust. Lust is not, however, an abstraction, it has definition. Definition that, given the impact of leaders who lust, is essential to extract. This book identifies six types of lust with which leaders are linked: 1. Power: the ceaseless craving to control. 2. Money: the limitless desire to accrue great wealth. 3. Sex: the constant hunt for sexual gratification. 4. Success: the unstoppable need to achieve. 5. Legitimacy: the tireless claim to identity and equity. 6. Legacy: the endless quest to leave a permanent imprint. Each of the core chapters focuses on different lusts and features a cast of characters who bring lust to life. In the real world leaders who lust can and often do have an enduring impact. This book therefore is counterintuitive - it focuses not on moderation, but on immoderation.
A meta-analysis of suicide prevention programs for school-aged youth

Abstract Suicide is an increasingly prevalent cause of death among adolescents across all demographics. Schools can be effective settings for identification and prevention of suicide due to the amount of time that students spend in school. This study presents a meta-analysis of school-based suicide prevention programs for students and school staff on the following outcomes: suicide awareness, helping skill, suicide behavior, psychological wellness, and psychological distress outcomes. A total of 27 studies were identified via 5 databases. Results suggest that suicide prevention programs have the largest impact on suicide awareness (k = 18, g = 0.72) and helping skill (k = 15, g = 0.43) compared to suicide behavior (k = 8, g = 0.17), psychological wellness (k = 7, g = 0.16), and psychological distress (k = 9, g = 0.16). However, results are limited by the availability of previous research. We conclude with a discussion of limitations, implications for practice, and directions for future research.
Fight or Flight? Defending Against Sequential Attacks in the Game of Siege

This paper examines theory and behavior in a two-player game of siege, sequential attack and defense. The attacker’s objective is to successfully win at least one battle while the defender’s objective is to win every battle. Theoretically, the defender either folds immediately or, if his valuation is sufficiently high and the number of battles is sufficiently small, then he has a constant incentive to fight in each battle. Attackers respond to defense with diminishing assaults over time. Consistent with theoretical predictions, our experimental results indicate that the probability of successful defense increases in the defenders valuation and it decreases in the overall number of battles in the contest. However, the defender engages in the contest significantly more often than predicted and the aggregate expenditures by both parties exceed predicted levels. Moreover, both defenders and attackers actually increase the intensity of the fight as they approach the end of the contest.
A Longitudinal Investigation Into Marital Quality as a Mediator Linking Childhood Abuse to Affective Symptoms.

OBJECTIVE Childhood abuse is positively associated with adult mental health problems and adult interpersonal relationships have been previously suggested to be a mediator. The role of marital partners, however, is less well understood. The current study will investigate marital quality as a mediator linking childhood abuse and positive and negative affective symptoms. METHOD The current study utilized 3 waves of data from the Midlife Development in the United States. Using a sample of 1,104 married adults (95.4% White), structural equation modeling examined the mediating effect of marital quality linking childhood abuse to positive and negative affective symptoms over a 20-year period. RESULTS Structural equation modeling revealed that childhood abuse was inversely associated with marital quality but was not directly associated with positive or negative affective symptoms. Marital quality was positively associated with greater positive affect and negatively associated with lower negative affect over a 9-year period, controlling for prior symptoms. Tests of indirect effects indicate that marital quality mediated the relationship between childhood abuse to both positive and negative affective symptoms, fully accounting for the association. DISCUSSION It appears that childhood abuse impacts the quality of adults' marriages, which may have significant implications for both positive and negative aspects of adult mental health. Marriages may be an important factor in understanding mental health in midlife and older adults among adults who were abused. Interventions should target the quality of adult marriages, and focusing on marital support, strain, and disagreement may be particularly effective.
Abstract 911: In vitro and in vivo activity of DHES0815A, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting HER2/neu in uterine serous carcinoma

Objective: Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive histologic variant of endometrial cancer which portends a poor prognosis. DHES0815A is a novel antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) which binds specifically to HER2 overexpressing tumors at a distinct epitope from that bound by trastuzumab and pertuzumab after which it delivers the toxic payload, PBD-MA, a DNA mono-alkylating agent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preclinical activity of DHES0815A against primary USC cell lines and xenografts. Methods: Twelve primary USC cell lines were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2 protein expression and for C-erbB2 gene amplification using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Cell viability and bystander killing in USC cell lines after exposure to DHES0815A, the non-targeted ADC, and the unconjugated antibody (i.e. MHES0488A) were evaluated using flow cytometry-based-assays. In vivo activity of DHES0815A was tested against HER2/neu overexpressing USC xenografts. Results: High HER2/neu protein expression was seen in 25% (3/12) of the primary USC cell lines. USC cell lines overexpressing HER2/neu were significantly more sensitive to DHES0815A when compared to the non-targeted control ADC (p Conclusions: DHES0815A is both highly selective and toxic to USC tumors overexpressing HER2/neu both in vitro and in vivo. HER2-directed ADCs, alone or in combination with other HER2/neu targeted agents may represent a novel treatment option for patients with tumors harboring HER2/neu overexpression refractory to trastuzumab and traditional chemotherapy. Citation Format: Joan Tymon R. Tymon-Rosario, Elena Bonazzoli, Stefania Bellone, Arancha Manzano, Paola Manara, Luca Zammataro, Silvia Pelligra, Adele Guglielmi, Barbara Gnutti, Burak Zeybek, Justin Harold, Dennis Mauricio, Elena Ratner, Peter Schwartz, Alessandro D. Santin. In vitro and in vivo activity of DHES0815A, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting HER2/neu in uterine serous carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 911.
Association Between NEDD4L Variation and the Genetic Risk of Acute Appendicitis: A Multi-institutional Genome-Wide Association Study.

Importance The familial aspect of acute appendicitis (AA) has been proposed, but its hereditary basis remains undetermined. Objective To identify genomic variants associated with AA. Design, setting, and participants This genome-wide association study, conducted from June 21, 2019, to February 4, 2020, used a multi-institutional biobank to retrospectively identify patients with AA across 8 single-nucleotide variation (SNV) genotyping batches. The study also examined differential gene expression in appendiceal tissue samples between patients with AA and controls using the GSE9579 data set in the National Institutes of Health's Gene Expression Omnibus repository. Statistical analysis was conducted from October 1, 2019, to February 4, 2020. Main outcomes and measures Single-nucleotide variations with a minor allele frequency of 5% or higher were tested for association with AA using a linear mixed model. The significance threshold was set at P = 5 × 10-8. Results A total of 29 706 patients (15 088 women [50.8%]; mean [SD] age at enrollment, 60.1 [17.0] years) were included, 1743 of whom had a history of AA. The genomic inflation factor for the cohort was 1.003. A previously unknown SNV at chromosome 18q was found to be associated with AA (rs9953918: odds ratio, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98-1.00; P = 4.48 × 10-8). This SNV is located in an intron of the NEDD4L gene. The heritability of appendicitis was estimated at 30.1%. Gene expression data from appendiceal tissue donors identified NEDD4L to be among the most differentially expressed genes (14 of 22 216 genes; β [SE] = -2.71 [0.44]; log fold change = -1.69; adjusted P = .04). Conclusions and relevance This study identified SNVs within the NEDD4L gene as being associated with AA. Nedd4l is involved in the ubiquitination of intestinal ion channels and decreased Nedd4l activity may be implicated in the pathogenesis of AA. These findings can improve the understanding of the genetic predisposition to and pathogenesis of AA.
Differentiating plant species within and across diverse ecosystems with imaging spectroscopy

Abstract Imaging spectroscopy has been used successfully to map species across diverse ecosystems, and with several spaceborne imaging spectrometer missions underway (e.g., Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI), Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP)), these data may soon be available globally. Still, most studies have focused only on single ecosystems, and many different classification strategies have been used, making it difficult to assess the potential for mapping dominant species on a broader scale. Here we compare a number of classification approaches across five contrasting ecosystems containing an expansive diversity of species and plant functional types in an effort to find a robust strategy for discriminating among dominant plant species within and across ecosystems. We evaluated the performance of combinations of methods of training data selection (stratified random selection and iterative endmember selection (IES)), spectral dimension reduction methods (canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR)) and classification algorithms (linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA)). Accuracy was assessed using an independent validation data set. Mean kappa coefficients for all strategies ranged from 0.48 to 0.85 for each ecosystem. Maximum kappa values and overall accuracies within each ecosystem ranged from 0.56 to 0.90 and 61–92%, respectively. Our findings show that both LDA and MESMA are able to discriminate among species to a high degree of accuracy in most ecosystems, with LDA performing slightly better. Spectral dimension reduction generally improved these results, particularly in conjunction with MESMA. Within each ecosystem, both the number and identities of functional types present, as well as the spatial distribution of dominant species, played a strong role in classification accuracy. In a pooled ecosystem classification, using CDA and LDA, we discriminated among 65 classes with an overall accuracy of 70% for the validation library, using only a 6% training sample. Our results suggest that a spaceborne imaging spectrometer such as HyspIRI will be able to map dominant plant species on a broader scale.
A parametric model for wireless propagation channels in tunnels

Wireless communication channels in large tunnels at microwave frequencies involve an interaction among many guided wave modes. It has been reported that spatial records of field strength versus axial distance in straight tunnels can be divided into two zones. Close to the transmitting source (near zone), the field consists of many modes interacting in such it way as to produce rapid decay and strong local variations. For greater distances (far zone), the field appears dominated by only a few principal modes, or a single mode, with less rapid decay and smoother variations. We form a parametric model that includes these characteristics in the two regions.
lontophoretic Delivery Across the Skin: Electroosmosis and Its Modulation by Drug Substances

Purpose. The long-term objective of this research is to understand how the efficiency of iontophoresis depends upon the structural and physicochemical properties of the administered drug. Specifically, the ability of certain drug species to alter the permselective properties of the skin was examined.
Robotic exploration of surfaces and its application to legged locomotion

It is noted that material properties like penetrability, compliance, and surface roughness are important in the characterization of the environment. The authors have designed and implemented exploratory procedures on a robotic system to actively explore a surface to extract its material properties. The exploratory procedures for exploration are integrated into an active perceptual scheme for legged locomotion. The perceptual scheme is designed around creating the ability for the robot to sense variations in terrain properties while it is walking, so that it may be able to avoid sinking, slipping, and falling due to unexpected changes in the terrain properties, and make suitable changes in its foot forces to continue locomotion. The active perceptual scheme is implemented by simulating a leg-ankle-foot system with a PUMA arm-compliant wrist-foot system and an accelerometer mounted on the foot to detect slip. >
Formality of the Security Specification Process: Benefits Beyond Requirements

An important difference among approaches to software requirements specification is the degree of formality of the specification process itself. In this paper we explore 12 approaches to security requirements specification. We divide the 12 approaches into two distinct groups, those that follow a formal specification process and those that follow an informal one. We evaluate and compare the benefits that each group of approaches offers in six key areas, including resulting system's security, scalability, security requirements integration, constraint consideration, testing benefits, and integration of other requirements. Our analysis shows that security requirements specified using a formal process are highly correlated with benefits that go beyond the requirements stage, compared to requirements specified using an informal process.
Use of anticoccidial drugs in broiler chickens in the USA: analysis for the years 1995 to 1999.

Abstract Data collected by Agri Stats Inc. in the US for the years 1995 to 1999 was evaluated to determine the types of anticoccidial drug programs used by broiler plants, their frequency and duration, and whether there was any correlation with performance of the birds. Information was available for five feed types (prestarter, starter, grower, first withdrawal, and final withdrawal). The most popular program was an ionophore (ION; principally salinomycin) in starter and grower feeds. A chemical (principally nicarbazin) was also used in the starter feed followed by an ION in the grower feed, or two different ION in the starter and grower feeds. Seasonal differences were apparent in the type of program and in the frequency of program changes. There was no consistent pattern in the sequence with which different programs were employed. There were no significant differences in calorie conversion or the number of days to produce a 2.27 kg bird, whether a single ION or a chemical followed by an ION was used, but mortality was significantly higher for the latter. For 1999, calorie conversion and mortality were higher in plants where chemical-ION programs had been used for more than 40% of the time during the previous 4 yr. The duration and frequency with which different programs were employed were similar whether birds were raised to final weights of 1.5 to 2.0 kg, 2.0 to 2.5 kg, or more than 2.5 kg. There were significant differences in the use of salinomycin and nicarbazin in different regions of the US.
A LOW-COST, TWO-AXIS, PRECISION ROBOT FOR AUTOMATED FLUORESCENCE IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION ASSAYS

Genetics research often relies on experiments that require repetitive, time-consuming handling of small volumes of liquid (1 mL) and biomass (10–20 μL) such as fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), β-galactosidase staining, immunohisto chemistry, skeletal and tunel assays. Often manual, these experiments are time intensive and error-prone. We report on the design, fabrication, and testing of a low-cost, two-axis, precision robot for FISH assays on whole mice embryos. The robot can complete 20 successive embryo immersions in unique isothermal solutions in minutes for 6 samples. Repeatability of the orthogonal axes is 66 and 214 μm, near the measurement uncertainty limit and sufficient for operation. Accuracy is achieved by systematic error compensation. Low-cost and precision are obtained using design and manufacturing techniques and processes, resulting in a cost of 15% of comparable instruments (e.g., InsituStain, Intavis Bioanalytical Instruments). This design demonstrates a simple, automated platform to perform a typically manual experimental genetics technique.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Readmission Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract A national quality improvement initiative identifies certain avoidable complications as “never events,” and includes venous thromboembolism (VTE). This study examines the incidence and cost of VTE following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) compared to other causes of readmission and the degree to which VTE was preventable. One hundred twenty-one readmissions (105 patients) were reviewed to determine the reason for readmission, cost, and compliance with SCIP VTE prophylaxis guidelines. The most common reasons for readmission were limited motion (18.2%), wound complication (14%), surgical site infection (9.9%), and bleeding (9.9%). VTE was less common (3.3%), and all occurred despite adequate prophylaxis. The cost of bleeding, wound complications, infection, and limited motion each exceeded the cost of VTE. These results challenge the identification of VTE as a “never event.”
TU‐A‐AUD A‐01: LINAC and MLC QA for IMRT

Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) is now common in many therapy centers. Quality assurance (QA) procedures for a linear accelerator(linac) and multi‐leaf collimator(MLC) designed for conventional static fields do not address the unique dosimetric issues pertinent to IMRT planning and delivery. IMRT portals are composed of many irregular, small, off‐center, and abutting field segments throughout the target volume, each delivering only a few MU. In these regards, emphasis should be placed on beam stability for small MU and leaf position accuracy with gantry rotation. At the same time, the target volume, shielded by the MLC for much of the treatment, sees a larger transmitted dose, especially for MLC with rounded leaf ends, The impact of delivery technique, segmented (step and shoot) or dynamic (sliding window), on the required leaf position tolerance is not fully appreciated and will be addressed. While the mechanics and software of the various linacs and MLC distinguish them, there are many aspects of QA in common. This course will discuss: (1) the specific QA related to the MLC design; (2) additional QA for linear accelerators pertinent to the small MU and small field sizes used in IMRT; (3) tools and procedures often used to perform these QA tasks; (4) specific QA issues for different IMRT delivery methods. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand different IMRT delivery methods and their specific QA issues. 2. Understand effect of QA on the IMRT delivery accuracy. 3. Understand the importance of proper commissioning of the planning system to avoid confusion with dose delivery issues.
Exploring the limiting timing resolution for large volume CZT detectors with waveform analysis

This paper presents a study for exploring the limiting timing resolution that can be achieved with a large volume 3-D position sensitive CZT detector. The interaction timing information was obtained by fitting the measured cathode waveforms to pre-defined waveform models. We compared the results from using several different waveform models. Timing resolutions, of ~9.5 ns for 511 keV full-energy events and ~11.6 ns for all detected events with energy deposition above 250 keV, were achieved with a detailed modeling of the cathode waveform as a function of interaction location and energy deposition. This detailed modeling also allowed us to derive a theoretical lower bound for the error on estimated interaction timing. Both experimental results and theoretical predications matched well, which indicated that the best timing resolution achievable in the 1 cm3 CZT detector tested is ~10 ns. It is also showed that the correlation between sampled amplitudes in cathode waveforms is an important limiting factor for the achievable timing resolution.
Interpretation of static time-of-flight ion mass spectral images of adsorbed protein films on topographically complex surfaces

In an earlier study, we demonstrated the use of statistical modeling using mixture models and principal components analysis (PCA) in characterizing samples having a relatively simple chemistry and coupled with topographical features [Proc. Am. Vac. Soc. (in press)]. This study involves the extension to analysis of samples with more complex chemistry, such as with proteins. In this study, polystyrene microspheres were adsorbed with different proteins and statistical models such as PCA and mixture models were used to analyze the ToF-SIMS images. Discrimination of protein spectra from the images was then performed using the afore-mentioned techniques, without a priori information about the type of protein adsorbed onto the sphere surfaces. In one set of experiments, each sample was prepared by coating the microspheres with a certain type of protein. Using PCA, we could differentiate between these samples based on their protein spectra. In another experiment, the sample consisted of a set of microspheres, each coated with a different kind of protein. Mixture models were used to contrast between these microspheres on ToF-SIMS images.
Sex Differences in Inflammation during Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide, yet more men die from atherosclerosis than women, and at a younger age. Women, on the other hand, mainly develop atherosclerosis following menopause, and particularly if they have one or more autoimmune diseases, suggesting that the immune mechanisms that increase disease in men are different from those in women. The key processes in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis are vascular inflammation, lipid accumulation, intimal thickening and fibrosis, remodeling, and plaque rupture or erosion leading to myocardial infarction and ischemia. Evidence indicates that sex hormones alter the immune response during atherosclerosis, resulting in different disease phenotypes according to sex. Women, for example, respond to infection and damage with increased antibody and autoantibody responses, while men have elevated innate immune activation. This review describes current knowledge regarding sex differences in the inflammatory immune response during atherosclerosis. Understanding sex differences is critical for improving individualized medicine.
DNA Damage as the Cause of Ionizing Radiation-Induced Gene Activation

Tyrosine kinases have been shown to be activated by both UVA and UVC light and γ irradiation. For UV exposure, a non-DNA target has been proposed. Here the possibility of a non-DNA target for ioniz...
Reduction reactions of water soluble cyano-cobalt(III)-porphyrins: Metal versus ligand centered processes

Reduction reactions of dicyano-cobalt(III)-porphyrins [potential in vivo cyanide scavenger drugs] were studied by radiolytic and electrochemical methods using the water soluble tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS) and tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP). For [(CN)2CoIIITPPS]-, reduction occurs stepwise to the CoII, CoI, and finally to the phlorin anion. This behavior is similar to that of the cobalt porphyrins in the absence of cyanide, except that the cyanide ligand shifts the reduction potentials to much more negative values. On the other hand, under radiolytic conditions, [(CN)2CoIIITMPyP]- is reduced on the porphyrin macrocycle by one electron to give the CoIII pi-radical anion, which disproportionates into the initial complex and the two-electron ring reduced CoIII phlorin. The radical anion is also formed by intramolecular electron transfer subsequent to the reaction of CoIITMPyP and cyanide. The results are compared with the chemistry of Vitamin B-12.
Congenital heart defects: trapping the genetic culprits.

More children die from congenital heart disease (CHD) each year than are diagnosed with cancer. Although CHD is the most common human birth defect, the etiology of the vast majority of CHDs remains unknown. The difficulty in elucidating the molecular and genetic bases for CHD reflects the complex nature of this and other birth defects. Most CHD occurs sporadically, but the recurrence risk in subsequent pregnancies of parents with one affected child is ≈5%, or 5-fold higher than in other pregnancies. For some types of CHD, the recurrence risk can be as high as 10% to 15%.1 Thus, a genetic predisposition to CHD is likely present in affected individuals, but a second or third insult may occur during embryogenesis to contribute to the cardiac defects observed clinically. This possibility is similar to the multiple-hit theory in the pathogenesis of cancer and could come in the form of environmental or other genetic factors that accentuate effects of predisposing genetic mutations. Evidence for this theory in CHD comes from patients with similar genetic mutations who display widely varying forms of CHD or no CHD at all.2 3 This complexity and the often lethal nature of CHD have resulted in a paucity of large human families amenable to genetic linkage analysis,4 5 limiting the usefulness of classical genetic analyses. The study by Lee et al6 in this issue of Circulation Research provides evidence that a more systematic approach directed at identifying genes important in cardiac formation may yield insight into the bases of CHD. Lyons and his …
Dynamic model for sedimentation of supercoiled molecules.

Abstract An experimental curve for the sedimentation of SV40 DNA has been fitted by using a three parameter theory. The chain stiffness parameter is evaluated at each point, and the general behavior as a function of the number of loops (superhelix density) has been described. The chain stiffness, like the sedimentation ratio, also depends on the superhelical density in a complicated way.
Glutathione transferase activity of fall armyworm larvae toward α,β-unsaturated carbonyl allelochemicals and its induction by allelochemicals

Abstract Glutathione transferase activity toward a variety of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds including allelochemicals was examined in larvae of the fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)] using the soluble fraction prepared from midgut homogenates as enzyme source. Glutathione transferase activity toward trans-4- phenyl-3-buten-2-one (TPBO) was fairly active in this insect and was induced by dietary indole 3-acetonitrile, flavone, and its own substrate (TPBO). This transferase activity appeared to be different from that toward the model substrate 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene on the basis of its distribution pattern in the protein fractions isolated by ammonium sulfate fractionation of the cytosol, and its differential induction in response to inducers. The TPBO transferase system also metabolized the allelochemicals trans- cinnamaldehyde , trans-2- hexenal , trans, trans-2,4- decadienal and benzaldehyde, with trans- cinnamaldehyde being a preferred substrate. In all instances, the transferase activities toward these allelochemicals were induced by various dietary allelochemicals including, in most cases, its own substrates. Bioassay results revealed that these allelochemicals were all toxic to fall armyworms causing delayed development and mortality in larval and pupal stages.
A novel synthesis of hexakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclotriphosphazene. Single-crystal X-ray structures of N3P3(CF3)6 and N3P3F6.

Reaction of hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (N3P3F6) with trimethyl(trifluoromethyl)silane in the presence of a catalytic amount of cesium fluoride in THF produced hexakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclotriphosphazene [N3P3(CF3)6] in 90% isolated yield. N3P3(CF3)6 is fully characterized by melting point, IR, NMR (19F, 13C, 31P), MS, and elemental analysis data. Single-crystal X-ray structures of N3P3(CF3)6 and N3P3F6 are reported.
Cadmium accumulation and toxicity in the kidney of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians

Specimes of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, collected from shallow-water eel-grass beds near Beaufort, North Carolina (USA) in September 1979, were exposed to 0.7 ppm cadmium in flowing seawater for 5 d. This exposure resulted in a massive extrusion of the calcified concretions of most of the kidney epithelial cells, although marked morphological damage consisting of cytoplasmc degeneration was apparent in only a few focal areas of the kidney. In addition, unique cytoplasmic membrane-bound bodies were observed in epithelial cells of cadmium-treated but not control scallop kidneys. In some cells, these bodies appeared to fuse with the main concretion vacuole. Kidneys of cadmium-treated scallops accumulated cadmium to 200 ppm on a wet wt basis; of this 60% was associated with concretions (2 000 ppm dry wt) and 38% with the membranous pellet obtained after ultracentrifugation at 105 000 g for 1 h. Approximately 2% of total kidney cadmium was associated with the cytosolic fractions but, unlike zinc or manganese, which were bound to either high or low molecular weight species, a large component of the cadmium in this fraction was bound to a protein peak of approximately 21 000 daltons. Results of this study indicate that kidney concretions of A. irradians play a major role in the control of renal cadmium accumulation and excretion and hence the toxicity of cadmium to this organism.
STUDIES ON LYSOSOMES XII. Redistribution of Acid Hydrolases in Human Lymphocytes Stimulated by Phytohemagglutinin

Subcellular fractions were isolated by differential centrifugation from pure suspensions of human blood lymphocytes incubated with and without phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Between 30 and 120 min after addition of PHA to intact cells, redistribution of acid hydrolases (beta glucuronidase, acid phosphatase), from a 20,000 g x 20 min granular fraction into the corresponding supernatant, was observed. No increase in total acid hydrolase activity was found at these times. The mitochondrial marker enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, did not undergo redistribution. Granules derived from PHA-treated cells became more fragile upon subsequent incubation with membrane-disruptive agents in vitro (streptolysin S, filipin). These changes were associated with an increase in the over-all permeability of the stimulated cell to substances in the surrounding medium, such as neutral red. Augmentation of dye entry into lymphocytes required intact metabolism as judged by response to temperature and inhibitors (cyanide, antimycin A, 2,4-dinitrophenol). PHA, however, did not release enzyme activity from hydrolase-rich granules in vitro or render them more susceptible to subsequent challenge with membrane-disruptive agents. These studies suggest that PHA induces early changes in the surface of lymphocytes. The consequent redistribution of acid hydrolases may play a role in remodeling processes of the stimulated cells.
Issues in nonlinear equation solving in chemical engineering

Abstract Ten full-matrix problems and thirteen sparse-matrix problems, all based on chemical engineering problems, are used to perform a comprehensive test of iterative nonlinear equation solving techniques, in particular the techniques used for computing the correction step, and for updating sparse Jacobian matrices. Comparisons are made on the basis of both efficiency and reliability. Results indicate that Powell's dogleg correction step performs slightly better than the quasi-Newton step. Schubert's sparse Jacobian update performs very well, but the best overall is Bogle and Perkins's new least-relative-change update, at least when combined with the dogleg correction step.
PROLONGING THE SURVIVAL OF Tsc2 CONDITIONAL KNOCKOUT MICE BY GLUTAMINE SUPPLEMENTATION

The genetic disease tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by loss of function mutations in either TSC1 (hamartin) or TSC2 (tuberin), which serve as negative regulators of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. TSC patients exhibit developmental brain abnormalities and tuber formations that are associated with neuropsychological and neurocognitive impairments, seizures and premature death. Mechanistically, TSC1 and TSC2 loss of function mutations result in abnormally high mTORC1 activity. Thus, the development of a strategy to inhibit abnormally high mTORC1 activity may have therapeutic value in the treatment of TSC. mTORC1 is a master regulator of growth processes, and its activity can be reduced by withdrawal of growth factors, decreased energy availability, and by the immunosuppressant rapamycin. Recently, glutamine has been shown to alter mTORC1 activity in a TSC1-TSC2 independent manner in cells cultured under amino acid- and serum-deprived conditions. Since starvation culture conditions are not physiologically relevant, we examined if glutamine can regulate mTORC1 in non-deprived cells and in a murine model of TSC. Our results show that glutamine can reduce phosphorylation of S6 and S6 kinase, surrogate indicators of mTORC1 activity, in both deprived and non-deprived cells, although higher concentrations were required for non-deprived cultures. When administered orally to TSC2 knockout mice, glutamine reduced S6 phosphorylation in the brain and significantly prolonged their lifespan. Taken together, these results suggest that glutamine supplementation can be used as a potential treatment for TSC.
The formal posterior of a standard flat prior in MANOVA is incoherent

A standard improper prior for the parameters of a MANOVA model is shown to yield an inference that is incoherent in the sense of Heath and Sudderth. The proof of incoherence is based on the fact that the formal Bayes estimate, sayδ 0 , of the covariance matrix based on the improper prior and a certain bounded loss function is uniformly inadmissible in that there is another estimatorδ l and an ɛ>0 such that the risk functions satisfyR(δ l ,Σ)⩽R δ 0 ,Σ)−e for all values of the covariance matrix Σ. The estimatorδ I is formal Bayes for an alternative improper prior which leads to a coherent inference.
Differences in ionic compositions and behavior in winter rain and snow

Abstract Winter (November–March) precipitation for 1978–1981 at nine sites in the northeastern United States showed statistically significant (5 % level) differences in the concentrations of sulfate and nitrate in rain and snow. The results were analyzed on a precipitation-weighted means basis for each site and on a total sample basis for the whole network. Overall, snow contained higher precipitation-weighted mean concentrations of nitrate than did rain in winter (rain/snow ratio = 0.72), whereas the opposite occurred for sulfate (rain/snow = 1.38). In addition, snow showed higher molar concentrations of nitrate than sulfate (sulfate/nitrate ratio = 0.48 for snow vs 1.02 for rain). These results are compared with those of other investigators. Sites and samples with the highest network rain acidities tended to have the highest network sulfate and nitrate concentrations, whereas sites with the highest snow acidity tended to have the highest nitrate concentrations. Acidity in both rain and snow was strongly correlated with 2SO42− + NO32− − NH4+.
A Review of “Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Couples and Families: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinicians” by Frank M. Dattilio

Cognitive-Behavioral Couple and Family Therapy (CBCFT) has come of age in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Couples and Families: A Comprehensive Guide for Clinicians. Many couple and family therap...
Convexity Properties of the Erlang Loss Formula

We prove that the throughput of the M/G/x/x system is jointly concave in the arrival and service rates. We also show that the fraction of customers lost in the M/G/x/x system is convex in the arrival rate, if the traffic intensity is below some Ii* and concave if the traffic intensity is greater than Ii*. For 18 or less servers, Ii* is less than one. For 19 or more servers, Ii* is between 1 and 1.5. Also, the fraction lost is convex in the service rate, but not jointly convex in the two rates. These results are useful in the optimal design of queueing systems.
THE ROLE OF LITERAL MEANING IN THE COMPREHENSION OF NON‐LITERAL CONSTRUCTIONS

Based on psychological studies which show that metaphors and other non-literal constructions are comprehended in the same amount of time as comparable literal constructions, some researchers have concluded that literal meaning is not computed during comprehension of non-literal constructions. In this paper, we suggest that the empirical evidence does not rule out the possibility that literal meaning is constructed. We present a computational model of comprehension of non-literal expressions which is consistent with the data, but in which literal meaning is computed. This model has been implemented as part of a unification-based natural language processing system, called LINK.
Acute Colitis Enhances Responsiveness of Lumbosacral Spinal Neurons to Colorectal Distension in Rats

Aim of this study was to examine excitability and responsiveness of lumbosacral spinal neurons to colorectal distension (CRD) in rats with colitis induced by dextran sulphate sodium (DSS). Extracellular potentials of single L6-S2 spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized and paralyzed rats. Results showed that 40/154 (26%) and 53/156 (34%) neurons responded to noxious CRD (80 mmHg, 20 s) in DSS-treated and control animals, respectively. Neurons with long-lasting and low-threshold excitatory responses to CRD were more frequently encountered in DSS-treated than in control groups (P < 0.05). The mean maximal excitatory responses of neurons to noxious CRD in DSS-treated animals were significantly greater and the duration of responses was longer than those in control animals (P < 0.05). It was suggested that lumbosacral spinal neurons with colorectal input had increased excitability and responsiveness following colitis, which might play an important role in development of colonic hypersensitivity and viscerosomatic referred pain.
Applications Of Meteor-Burst Telemetry To Coastal Engineering Data Collection

Meteor-burst telemetry uses low cost radio equipment to transmit information up to 2000 km via ionized meteor trails in the upper atmosphere. It has been applied in two large scale data collection networks in the United States and successfully tested in other areas of the world. Its present uses for coastal engineering data collection include transmission of wind and wave summary statistics from remote sites in Alaska. Limitations on data transmission rates require a careful choice of statistics, but meteor-burst telemetry offers an affordable reliable alternative to data retrieval by physical means.
One Tangerine/Grapefruit Hybrid (Tangelo) Contains Trace Amounts of Furanocoumarins at a Level Too Low To Be Associated with Grapefruit/Drug Interactions

Tangelos are citrus hybrids with grapefruit and tangerine parentage and are a significant crop in Florida, marketed as specialty fruit. Because tangelos contain genetic material from grapefruit, there is the question of whether or not they contain furanocoumarins and exhibit an interaction with the drugs that have been associated with the grapefruit-drug interaction. Authentic samples of 13 tangerine-grapefruit hybrids (tangelos), 1 tangerine-orange hybrid, and 1 mandarin tangerine from Florida were obtained and screened for furanocoumarin monomer and dimer contents. None of the tangerine or tangerine hybrids were found to contain any furanocoumarins except for the K-Early variety, which contained trace amounts of 6,7-dihydroxybergamottin (0.028 ppm ± 0.0034), bergapten (0.011 ppm ± 0.005), and bergamottin (0.025 ppm ± 0.011). These amounts are low and insignificant in that they are not at levels that would significantly inhibit CYP3A4 enzyme and affect absorption of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. This information presents strong evidence that the commercial tangerine and tangelo varieties grown in Florida are unlikely to cause any interaction with the drugs affected by grapefruit.
Comparison of fibre and coaxial link for access network in microcellular PCS

The Letter examines the feasibility of using coaxial cable as against a fibre link for the access network of future microcellular personal communication systems. It is shown that while for link lengths longer than 1.4 km, coaxial cable cannot be used as it cannot provide sufficient carrier/noise ratio, for microcells needing shorter communication links than 1 km coaxial cable and fibre may both be feasible solutions.
Diagnosis of the Surface Momentum Balance over the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate the suitability of using linear drag as a proxy for surface friction in the observed climatological-mean momentum balance over the tropical Pacific Ocean. The linear drag parameterization of kinetic energy dissipation in the planetary boundary layer is widely used in simplified models of the tropical atmosphere, and in numerous observational studies of the surface momentum balance. Climatological seasonal-mean fields of sea level pressure and surface wind from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set are used to calculate the pressure gradient, Coriolis, and acceleration terms in the momentum budget; friction is derived as a residual. It is found that when friction is parameterized as a linear dissipation of kinetic energy, the damping time scale for the meridional wind is ∼2−3 times faster than the damping time for the zonal wind. The preceding formulation fits the observations well, especially in the trade-wind regions. It is suggested that the differ...
Cholecystokinin stimulates growth of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma SW-1990

The effect of a synthetic analogue of CCK (Thr4,Nle7CCK-9) on growth of SW-1990 human pancreatic cancer was examined in two experimental models. Nude mice bearing SW-1990 pancreatic cancer xenografts were injected with CCK (5, 15, or 25μg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 20 days. Animals were then sacrificed and tumor volume, weight, protein, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content were evaluated. SW-1990 cells were grown in vitro and the effects of CCK, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and proglumide (a CCK-receptor antagonist) on cell number and DNA synthesis were determined. The highest dose of CCK, 25 μg/kg, significantly increased tumor weight, protein content, and DNA content P<0.005). In vitro, CCK caused significant increases in cell counts of up to 47% at six days and 66% at 12 days compared to control. Graded concentrations of CCK had a biphasic effect on DNA synthesis with significant increases of up to 65% P<0.005). CCK-induced cell proliferation was inhibited by proglumide. Secretin slightly increased cancer cell growth, although not as potently as CCK. VIP or secretin in combination with CCK did not show potentiation. These results indicate that growth of some human pancreatic cancers may be influenced by gastrointestinal peptides, of which CCK is the most potent.
An empirical model of the earth's plasmasphere

An empirical model is developed for plasmaspheric low-energy plasma consisting of H(+). The model is developed from a data base derived from measurements taken by the Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer on the DE-1 satellite. An analytical expression that reproduces the density profiles for moderate geomagnetic activity is given and discussed. This expression reproduces the density fall-off in the ionosphere as well as the sharp density decrease at the plasmapause.
Rapid prototyping of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane)

This paper describes a procedure that makes it possible to design and fabricate (including sealing) microfluidic systems in an elastomeric materialpoly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)in less than 24 h. A network of microfluidic channels (with width >20 μm) is designed in a CAD program. This design is converted into a transparency by a high-resolution printer; this transparency is used as a mask in photolithography to create a master in positive relief photoresist. PDMS cast against the master yields a polymeric replica containing a network of channels. The surface of this replica, and that of a flat slab of PDMS, are oxidized in an oxygen plasma. These oxidized surfaces seal tightly and irreversibly when brought into conformal contact. Oxidized PDMS also seals irreversibly to other materials used in microfluidic systems, such as glass, silicon, silicon oxide, and oxidized polystyrene; a number of substrates for devices are, therefore, practical options. Oxidation of the PDMS has the additional advantage that it ...
Measuring and correlating diffusivity in polymer–solvent systems using free-volume theory

Abstract This paper provides a review of the measurement, data reduction, and correlation of diffusivities using the free-volume theory for polymer–solvent systems, particularly in the range of very low solvent concentration. The experimental methods discussed are inverse gas chromatography, gravimetric sorption, and pressure decay. The free-volume model is described in terms of its potential and limitations for correlation and extrapolation of diffusion data. Data are given and analyzed for a number of systems including two of practical importance: solvents in poly(vinyl alcohol) and bisphenol-A in poly(vinyl chloride).