cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
European Public Spheres and the EU's Communication Strategy: From Deficits to Policy Fit?

Abstract The European Union (EU) currently faces various political challenges surrounding questions of the Union's self-understanding with regards to processes of enlargement and self-definition. This paper analyses the newly created communication strategy devised by the European Union Commissioner for Institutional Relations and Communication and contrasts the mismatch between theoretical concepts of trans-national communication in the social sciences on the one hand and the problematic nature of the EU's communicative approach relating to the national public spheres on the other. I argue that while some theorists propagate idealistic-normative expectations rather than empirically based policy recommendations, the Commission has begun to listen to academics and politicians who rightfully call for more transparency and interaction with media outlets on a national level. Based on an analysis of the communication and information deficits between the Union's institutions, the national governments and the mas...
Rupture of aneurysm of aortic sinus of Valsalva associated with acute bacterial endocarditis.

A case of ruptured aortic sinus of Valsalva aneurysm secondary to acute bacterial endocarditis is presented. In diagnosis of this entity emphasis is placed on the character, location, and radiation of the murmur. Importance of correct diagnosis is mentioned, since in some cases surgical correction may be carried out.
Catheter balloon adjustment of the pulmonary artery band: feasibility and safety.

The study aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of increasing pulmonary artery band (PAB) diameter by catheter-based PAB balloon dilation (PABBD). Eight dilations were performed between October 2006 and December 2008. Hemoclips were used to fix PABs surgically in a procedure designed to permit progressive clip dislodgment in a controlled manner. The PABBD resulted in gradual band loosening until the desired physiologic state was achieved. At time of PABBD, the patients had a mean age of 6 months (range 3–14 months) and a mean weight of 5 kg (range 2.6–7.3 kg). The median time from PAB placement until PABBD was 4.5 months (range 1–9 months). The single-balloon technique was used in seven cases (serial dilations in 5 cases) and the double-balloon technique in one case. The PABBDs were successful for all the patients, who experienced a mean saturation increase of 75–89% (P = 0.01) (mean increase of 20%), a mean PAB gradient decrease from 69 to 36 mmHg (P = 0.002) (mean decrease of 49%), and a mean band site diameter increase from 4.1 to 6.1 mm (P = 0.01) (mean increase of 45%). The only complication was transient pulmonary edema in one patient. The PABBD procedure is a feasible and safe method for increasing pulmonary blood flow in a staged manner and may eliminate the need for surgical band removal in some cases.
Energy-conscious compilation based on voltage scaling

As energy consumption has become a majorconstraint in current system design, it is essential to look beyond the traditional low-power circuit and architectural optimizations. Further, software is becoming an increasing portion of embedded/portable systems. Consequently, optimizing the software in conjunction with the underlying low-power hardware features such as voltage scaling is vital.In this paper, we present two compiler-directed energy optimization strategies based on voltage scaling: static voltage scaling and dynamic voltage scaling. In static voltage scaling, the compiler determines a single supply voltage level for the entire input program. We primarily aim at improving the energy consumption of a given code without increasing its execution time. To accomplish this, we employ classical loop-level compiler optimizations. However, we use these optimizations to create opportunities for voltage scaling to save energy, rather than increase program performance.In dynamic voltage scaling, the compiler can select different supply voltage levels for different parts of the code. Our compilation strategy is based on integer linear programming and can accommodate energy/performance constraints. For a benchmark suite of array-based scientific codes and embedded video/image applications, our experiments show average energy savings of 31.8% when static voltage scaling is used. Our dynamic voltage scaling strategy saves 15.3% more energy than static voltage scaling when invoked under the same performance constraints.
Current Molecular Imaging Positron Emitting Radiotracers in Oncology

Molecular imaging is one of the fastest growing areas of medical imaging. Positron emission tomography (PET) has been widely used in the clinical management of patients with cancer. Nuclear imaging provides biological information at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular level in living subjects with non-invasive procedures. In particular, PET imaging takes advantage of traditional diagnostic imaging techniques and introduces positron-emitting probes to determine the expression of indicative molecular targets at different stages of cancer. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), the only FDA approved oncological PET tracer, has been widely utilized in cancer diagnosis, staging, restaging, and even monitoring response to therapy; however, 18F-FDG is not a tumor-specific PET tracer. Over the last decade, many promising tumor-specific PET tracers have been developed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies. This review provides an overview of the current non-18F-FDG PET tracers in oncology that have been developed based on tumor characteristics such as increased metabolism, hyperproliferation, angiogenesis, hypoxia, apoptosis, and tumor-specific antigens and surface receptors.
Cognitive distraction in female sexual arousal.

This study was designed to assess the relationship between subjective and physiological measures of female sexual arousal during the presentation of an erotic stimulus and when an erotic stimulus was presented concurrently with a distracting stimulus. Twenty-four females were exposed to baseline, erotic stimulus, and erotic stimulus plus distraction conditions while subjective and vaginal photoplethysmographic indices of sexual arousal were monitored. The erotic stimulus was an audiotaped description of explicit sexual activity, primarily from the perspective of a female. The cognitive distraction consisted of a series of visually presented, simple addition tasks. The results suggested significant increases in subjective and photoplethysmographic measures of sexual arousal from baseline to erotic stimulus conditions and significant decreases in both measures of sexual arousal when the distraction task was added to the erotic stimulus. Correlations between subjective and photoplethysmographic measures of sexual arousal were nonsignificant during the erotic condition, but significant when the distraction task was added to the erotic stimulus. The women were divided into “frequently” and “infrequently” orgasmic groups to further investigate the relationship between subjective and physiological measures of sexual arousal. Analyses revealed no between-group differences in subjective or photoplethysmographic measures during any condition. Correlations between the two measures of sexual arousal were significant during all conditions for the “frequently” orgasmic groups and nonsignificant during all conditions for the “infrequently” orgasmic group.
The effects of a stimulating intron on the expression of heterologous genes in Arabidopsis thaliana

Introns are often added to transgenes to increase expression, although the mechanism through which introns stimulate gene expression in plants and other eukaryotes remains mysterious. While introns vary in their effect on expression, it is unknown whether different genes respond similarly to the same stimulatory intron. Furthermore, the degree to which gene regulation is preserved when expression is increased by an intron has not been thoroughly investigated. To test the effects of the same intron on the expression of a range of genes, GUS translational fusions were constructed using the promoters of eight Arabidopsis genes whose expression was reported to be constitutive (GAE1, CNGC2 and ROP10), tissue specific (ADL1A, YAB3 and AtAMT2) or regulated by light (ULI3 and MSBP1). For each gene, a fusion containing the first intron from the UBQ10 gene was compared to fusions containing the gene's endogenous first intron (if the gene has one) or no intron. In every case, the UBQ10 intron increased expression relative to the intronless control, although the magnitude of the change and the level of expression varied. The UBQ10 intron also changed the expression patterns of the CNGC2 and YAB3 fusions to include strong activity in roots, indicating that tissue specificity was disrupted by this intron. In contrast, the regulation of the ULI3 and MSBP1 genes by light was preserved when their expression was stimulated by the intron. These findings have important implications for biotechnology applications in which a high level of transgene expression in only certain tissues is desired.
A novel focusing injection technique for chemiluminescent detection of volatile sulfur compounds separated by HRGC

A one meter stainless steel capillary column coated with a 20μm film of polydimethylsiloxane was used to replace the Teflon gas sampling loop of a HRGC – flameless SCD system. This column trap was equilibrated with the gaseous sample and then purged with carrier gas while being sequentially, resistively heated in ten 10 cm sections. The sequential heating of the 10cm sections was timed such that the velocity of the moving heated zone was approximately the same as the velocity of the carrier gas. The thick stationary phase film served to retard the front end of the injection band while the ballistic heating accelerated the back end. The net result was focusing of the injection, which gave rise to a narrower injection profile than that obtained with the original Teflon loop.
Alexander Hamilton's influence on John Marshall's judiciary speech in the 1788 Virginia federal ratifying convention

(1958). Alexander Hamilton's influence on John Marshall's judiciary speech in the 1788 Virginia federal ratifying convention. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 31-39.
Mechanisms responsible for the shifts of core-level binding energies between surface and bulk atoms of metals

Abstract Interpretations are given for the core-level binding energies, BE's, of the surface and bulk atoms of metals; in particular, the origin of possible differences, or shifts, between these BE's is considered. The mechanisms which are responsible for the BE shifts are identified and characterized through theoretical analyses of the surface electronic structure. The dominant mechanisms for the BE shifts are those which lead to the initial-state changes in the orbital energies and, hence, the Koopmans' Theorem BE's. This is particularly important because it means that the shifts can be directly related to the chemistry and physics of the systems. The surface electronic structure is described with molecular-orbital wavefunctions for cluster models of the surface; this theoretical approach is particularly well suited for the study of local chemical interactions. The different mechanisms act in a cancelling fashion which leads to rather small net shifts between the BE's of bulk and surface atoms. The mechanisms which explain the surface and bulk core-level BE shifts are rather general and may provide a basis for understanding other cases of core-level BE shifts.
Collagen uses in dermatology - an update.

Collagen-derived materials have been used in medicine for many decades. Sutures, hemostatic devices and matrices which stimulate cell growth and soft tissue augmentation are the major applications. In this update, we discuss the two major applications for collagen in dermatology: tissue augmentation and wound healing.
Antiretroviral Activity and Vif Sensitivity of Rhesus Macaque APOBEC3 Proteins

The inability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1(HIV-1) to replicate in rhesus macaque cells is in part due to the failure of HIV-1 Vif to counteract the restriction factor APOBEC3G. However, in this study we demonstrate that several rhesus macaque APOBEC3 (rhAPOBEC3) proteins are capable of inhibiting HIV-1 infectivity. There was considerable variation in the ability of a panel of Vif proteins to induce degradation of rhAPOBEC3 proteins, and mutations within HIV-1 Vif that render it capable of degrading rhAPOBEC3G did not confer activity against other antiviral rhAPOBEC3 proteins. These findings suggest that multiple APOBEC3 proteins can contribute to primate lentivirus species tropism.
Conformations of Thioamide-Containing Dipeptides: A Computational Study

Four model dipeptides, Ac-ψ[CSNH]-Gly-NHMe, Ac-Gly-ψ[CSNH]-NHMe, Ac-ψ[CSNH]-Ala-NHMe, and Ac-Ala-ψ[CSNH]-NHMe, each containing a thioamide bond, were studied by high-level ab initio calculations. For each model compound, a conformational potential energy surface was generated by constrained optimization at the HF/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* level of 144 starting geometries, resulting from the systematic variation of the two flexible backbone torsions φ and ψ. Selected regions of each potential energy surface were used as starting points for full geometry optimization at the HF/6-31G*//HF/6-31G* and MP2/6-31G*//MP2/6-31G* levels. The structures and energies of the resulting minima were used to examine the conformational behavior of the model compounds. Whereas the conformations of the C-terminal thioamides were generally close to those of the corresponding peptides, the N-terminal thioamides displayed markedly different conformational behavior. The changes in the conformational profile of thioamide-containing peptid...
Cross‐country determinants of satisfaction with life

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the social, economic, and cultural factors that impact satisfaction with life (SWL) in 63 countries. The intent is to determine empirically the extent to which self‐reported SWL truly reflects well‐being.Design/methodology/approach – A cross‐sectional data set of 63 countries in the 1990s is used to develop a model that explains SWL using social, economic, and cultural variables. The regression errors indicate that some countries are inexplicably happy or unhappy. If behavioral variables in these countries, such as suicide and fertility rates, are better explained by the model's fitted values than actual SWL, then cross country comparisons of subjective SWL surveys are invalid.Findings – Social and economic factors explain about 66 percent of the variation in self‐reported happiness across countries. Respondents in former socialist‐bloc countries report surprisingly low levels of SWL given their circumstances while Latin Americans report higher‐than‐expected levels...
The management of strategy

Abstract This article is based upon a case which was written from General Electric's experience. It sets out to illustrate some of the lessons which might be learned from the case with respect to the management of corporate strategy. The author emphasizes the importance of effective strategy development in modern business given the rapidly changing environment in which business operates.
Studies in asymmetric synthesis. Highly stereoselective reactions of organosulfur compounds

Abstract The history of and need for asymmetric syntheses are reviewed briefly with special mention of recently developed methods of high efficiency. The conditions for a viable asymmetric synthesis are stated. Highly stereoselective syntheses involving sulfonium salts and 1,3-dithianes are detailed.
Biochemical effects of methylmercuric chloride, cadmium chloride, and lead nitrate on embryos and alveins of the brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

Abstract Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) embryos and alevins were exposed to methylmercuric chloride (0.00005–0.0051 μ m , 0.010–1.03 ppb of Hg), cadmium chloride (0.00031–0.0305 μ m , 0.035–3.43 ppb of Cd), and lead nitrate (plumbous, 0.00028–2.56 μ m , 0.057–530 ppb of Pb) as a part of a study to evaluate biochemical responses to three important water pollutants during early stages of life. After exposures of 16–17 days for embryos and continuing to 21 days after hatching for alevins, the specimens were weighed and then homogenized, and biochemical analyses were carried out. The factors measured were weight, protein, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, l -aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1), alkaline phosphatase (ALP, orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1), acetylcholine esterase (ACH, acetylcholine acetyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7), and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP). A statistical evaluation (p
Three-Month-Old Infants Can Learn Task-Specific Patterns of Interlimb Coordination

Three-month-old infants cannot yet coordinate and control their limbs for functional tasks like reaching or locomoting This study demonstrates that given an appropriate, novel task, infants can transform their seemingly spontaneous kicking movements into new and efficient patterns of interlimb coordination even at this early age Three-month-old infants were allowed to control the movement of an overhead mobile by means of a string attached to their left ankles In addition, some groups had their two legs yoked together at the ankle with a soft elastic The elastic permitted kicks to be coordinated in any pattern—alternating, single, or simultaneous—but simultaneous kicks provided the most vigorous activation of the mobile All infants kicked more and faster when their kicks were reinforced by mobile movement than when their kicks did not activate the mobile However, only the yoked infants increasingly moved their legs in a simultaneous, or in-phase, pattern The study suggests that learning processes are in p...
Similarity invariant classification of events by KL divergence minimization

This paper proposes a novel method for recognition and classification of events represented by Mixture distributions of location and flow. The main idea is to classify observed events into semantically meaningful groups even when motion is observed from distinct viewpoints. Events in the proposed framework are modeled as motion patterns, which are represented by mixtures of multivariate Gaussians, and are obtained by hierarchical clustering of optical flow in the four dimensional space (x, y, u, v). Such motion patterns observed from varying viewpoints, and in distinct locations or datasets, can be compared using different families of divergences between statistical distributions, given that a transformation between the views is known. One of the major contributions of this paper is to compare and match two motion pattern mixture distributions by estimating the similarity transformation between them, that minimizes their Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. The KL divergence between Gaussian mixtures is approximated by Monte Carlo sampling, and the minimization is accomplished by employing an iterative nonlinear least squares estimation method, which bears close resemblance to the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. We present a robust framework for matching of high-dimensional, sampled point sets representing statistical distributions, by defining similarity measures between them, for global energy minimization. The proposed approach is tested for classification of events observed across several datasets, captured from both static and moving cameras, involving real world pedestrian as well as vehicular motion. Encouraging results are obtained which demonstrate the feasibility and validity of the proposed approach.
Charge storage model for hysteretic negative-differential resistance in metal-molecule-metal junctions

Experimental results on the electrical characteristics of Hg-alkanethiol∕arenethiol-Au molecular junctions are used to develop a physical model for the hysteretic negative-differential resistance (NDR) for these, and possibly other, metal-molecule-metal junctions. The dependence of the room-temperature current-voltage characteristic on sweep direction and sweep rate is examined. Based on several specific electronic behaviors, it is concluded that the NDR is caused by slow charge capture (reduction or oxidation) during the forward sweep and the resultant effect on tunneling. The implications of this model on potential electronic applications are discussed.
Dual Enrollment: Measuring Factors for Rural High School Student Participation

The purpose of this study was to explore the reasons 162 rural area high school students participate in the dual enrollment program. Dual enrollment programs allow high school students to enroll in college courses for credit prior to high school graduation with local school districts covering the cost of tuition. Participants in this study were recruited from two rural agricultural counties from Washington State attending a local college. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that dual enrollment participation was related to academics, financial, social, and choice reasons. Results showed no significant differences between 11th and 12th grade participants regarding financial and choice reasons to participate. However, statistically significant differences were found regarding academic and social reasons for participation. Implications for rural educators and recommendations for future research regarding dual enrollment programs are discussed.
A systemic granulomatous response to Schistosoma mansoni eggs alters responsiveness of bone marrow‐derived macrophages to Toll‐like receptor agonists

Macrophages play a pivotal role in innate and acquired immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni. Classical (M1) or alternative (M2) activation states of these cells further delineate their roles in tissue damage through innate immunity or fibrotic remodeling, respectively. In the present study, we addressed the following question: Does systemic Th2-type cytokine polarization evoked by S. mansoni affect macrophage differentiation and activation? To this end, we analyzed bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice with S. mansoni egg-induced pulmonary granulomas and unchallenged (or naive) mice to determine their activation state and their response to specific TLR agonists, including S. mansoni egg antigens. Unlike naive macrophages, macrophages from Th2-polarized mice constitutively expressed significantly higher "found in inflammatory zone-1" (FIZZ1) and ST2 (M2 markers) and significantly lower NO synthase 2, CCL3, MIP-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-12 (M1 markers). Also, compared with naive macrophages, Th2-polarized macrophages exhibited enhanced responses to the presence of specific TLR agonists, which consistently induced significantly higher levels of gene and protein levels for M2 and M1 markers in these cells. Together, these data show that signals received by bone marrow precursors during S. mansoni egg-induced granuloma responses dynamically alter the development of macrophages and enhance the TLR responsiveness of these cells, which may ultimately have a significant effect on the pulmonary granulomatous response.
Influenza and Pneumonia in Pregnancy

Influenza is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality from febrile respiratory illness worldwide. Influenza in pregnant women has historically been associated with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, and it is the number one cause of death from an infectious disease. Although pregnant women do not get pneumonia more often than nonpregnant women, it can result in greater morbidity and mortality because of the physiologic adaptations of pregnancy. Pregnant patients who have either of these conditions require a higher level of surveillance and intervention.
Labour migration in southern and eastern England, 1861–1901

This paper examines the determinants of migration from 19 southern counties to six major destinations in England and Wales from 1861–70 to 1891–1900. I find that, while the size of origin-destination wage gaps and the distance between origin and destination areas were important determinants of migration flows, as expected, migration was also strongly influenced by the number of previous migrants from an origin county living in a destination. The assistance provided by previous migrants to friends and relatives contemplating migration led to a perpetuation of earlier migration patterns, and helps to explain the continued dominance of London as a destination for migrants in the 1890s.
Vocabulon: a dictionary model approach for reconstruction and localization of transcription factor binding sites

Motivation: Gene expression arrays enable measurements of transcription values for a large number or all genes in the genome. In order to better interpret these resluts and to use them to reconstruct transcription networks, information on location of binding sites for regulatory proteins in the entire genome is needed. In particular, this represents an open problem in Escherichia coli. Results: We describe the first implementation of dictionary-style models to the study of transcription factors binding sites in an entire genome. Vocabulon's unique feature is that it can both reconstruct binding sites characterized by unknown motifs and impute locations of known binding sites in long sequences by simultaneous search. On one hand, the dictionary model specifies a probability for the entire sequence taking simultaneously into account all the possible binding sites. This greatly reduces the number of false positives. On the other hand, the possibility of refining motif description, as an increasig number of binding sites are identified, augments the sensitivity of the method. We illustrate these properties with examples in E.coli. The results of gene expression arrays are used both to guide the search and corroborate it. Availability: For copy of the Vocabulon program and other details please contact csabatti@mednet.ucla.edu Contact: csabatti@mednet.ucla.edu
Images of Slavery in the early Church: Hatred Disguised as Love?

Keith Bradley points out that, in many ways, Christianity was a revolutionary religious development. Its members acquired spiritual fulfillment as well as salvation and eternal life. And all were welcomed. Bradley describes in some detail the social reform that the Church prompted. In fact, he states that the Church at Rome supported more than 1500 widows and beggars by the middle of the third century, successfully blending belief and social action. But those in positions of authority never fully accepted that slaves were equals, either socially or religiously, and therefore worthy of love, and for some reason, Christianity brought about little or no change for slaves. 2 And, in place of the love that Christianity advocated, oftentimes the writings of the early fathers of the Church contain words of disdain or even hatred.
IL-10 production differentially influences the magnitude, quality, and protective capacity of Th1 responses depending on the vaccine platform.

The quality of a Th1 response can be a prospective correlate of vaccine-mediated protection against certain intracellular pathogens. Using two distinct vaccine platforms, we evaluate the influence of interleukin (IL) 10 production on the magnitude, quality, and protective capacity of CD4+ T cell responses in the mouse model of Leishmania major infection. Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to delineate the CD4+ T cell production of interferon (IFN) γ, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-10 (or combinations thereof) after vaccination. Immunization with a high dose of adenovirus (ADV) expressing leishmanial proteins (MML-ADV) elicited a limited proportion of multifunctional IFN-γ+IL-2+TNF+ Th1 cells, a high frequency of IL-10–producing CD4+ T cells, and did not protect against subsequent challenge. Surprisingly, in the absence of IL-10, there was no change in the magnitude, quality, or protective capacity of the Th1 response elicited by high-dose MML-ADV. In contrast, after immunization with MML protein and CpG (MML + CpG), IL-10 limited the production of IL-12 by DCs in vivo, thereby decreasing the generation of multifunctional Th1 cells. Consequently, three immunizations with MML + CpG were required for full protection. However, inhibiting IL-10 at the time of immunization enhanced the magnitude and quality of the Th1 response sufficiently to mediate protection after only a single immunization. Overall, we delineate distinct mechanisms by which vaccines elicit protective Th1 responses and underscore the importance of multifunctional CD4+ T cells.
Laurdan Spectral Phasor Detects Membrane Micro-Heterogeneity and Lipid Domains in Live Cells

The fluorescent probe Laurdan is sensitive to membrane lateral packing and lipid order. Laurdan is commonly used in model and biological membranes to report on different lipid phases. Here we describe a novel approach to detect Laurdan spectral changes due to membrane packing in vivo: the Laurdan spectral phasor. By Fourier transformation of Laurdan's spectrum into a spectral phasor we obtain two coordinates for each pixel of an image. The linear combination of two spectral components always falls in the line joining the phasors representing the two components, which allows quantification of the relative contribution of the different lipid phases. If, however, there is a different environment for Laurdan in a pixel, the phasor of that pixel cannot be represented by the linear combination of the phasor of two components. Therefore, non-linear environment interactions can be immediately detected. We use this approach to perform a comprehensive analysis of membrane heterogeneity in NIH3T3 live cells. We take advantage of a greater sensitivity, compared to conventional techniques, and we are able to detect highly packed micro-domains and to monitor changes in membrane packing due to acute and chronic cholesterol manipulation in vivo. Work supported in part by NIH-P41 P41-RRO3155, 8P41GM103540 and P50-GM076516.
Herodotus's statistics: quantitative commentary

The ancient Greeks were admired for many things, but particularly for their lack of the corrosive, self-centered complex that leads many authors today to believe that everything started with, and e...
Pathophysiology of Postpneumonectomy Pulmonary Edema

Pulmonary edema is a rare, potentially fatal complica tion associated with major resection of the lung, usually pneumonectomy. Although pulmonary edema in this setting can often be attributed to a variety of causes such as cardiac failure, bacterial pneumonia, and fluid overload, the specific syndrome of postpneumonec tomy pulmonary edema (PPE) occurs in the absence of these factors. PPE remains a diagnosis of exclusion, and its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Overzealous perioperative fluid administration has traditionally been implicated in clinical cases of postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema, but there is a body of evidence suggesting several other potential mechanisms. These include increases in cardiac output secondary to cat echolamine release, interruption of mediastinal lym phatic drainage, endothelial injury secondary to release of humoral factors or stretching of intercellular junc tions, hyperinflation, and other unknown factors.
Threat: a concept analysis for a new era.

TOPIC. Living in a post–September 11 world, the concept of threat has never been more apparent in people's minds. PURPOSE. To reviews past analyses, capture the critical elements, and clarify a newly defined meaning of threat. SOURCES. Walker and Avant's method was used to conduct the analysis. CONCLUSIONS. Understanding an individual's perceived threat and the emotions experienced by this phenomenon can help develop research-based interventions, decrease perceived threat, increase positive coping strategies, and decrease negative emotions.
Verifying algorithms for autonomous aircraft by simulation - generalities and example

An open question in Air Traffic Management is what procedures can be validated by simulation where the simulation shows that the probability of undesirable events is below the required level at some confidence level. The problem is including enough realism to be convincing while retaining enough efficiency to run the large number of trials needed for high confidence. The paper first examines the probabilistic interpretation of a typical requirement by a regulatory agency and computes the number of trials needed to establish the requirement at an equivalent confidence level. Since any simulation is likely to consider only one type of event and there are several types of events, the paper examines under what conditions this separate consideration is valid. This paper establishes a separation algorithm at the required confidence level where the aircraft operates under feedback control as is subject to perturbations. There is a discussion where it is shown that a scenario three to four orders of magnitude more complex is feasible. The question of what can be validated by simulation remains open, but there is reason to be optimistic.12
Fish assemblage stability over fifty years in the Lake Pontchartrain Estuary; Comparisons among habitats using canonical correspondence analysis

We assessed fish assemblage stability over the last half century in Lake Pontchartrain, an environmentally degraded oligohaline estuary in southeastern Louisiana. Because assemblage instability over time has been consistently associated with severe habitat degradation, we attempted to determine whether fish assemblages in demersal, nearshore, and pelagic habitats exhibited change that was unrelated to natural fluctuations in environmental variables (e.g., assemblage changes between wet and dry periods). Collection data from three gear types (trawl, beach seine, and gill nets) and monthly environmental data (salinity, temperature, and Secchi depth) were compared for four collecting periods: 1954 (dry period), 1978 (wet period), 1996–1998 (wet period), and 1998–2000 (dry period). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that although the three environmental variables were significantly associated with the distribution and abundance patterns of fish assemblages in all habitats (with the exception of Secchi depth for pelagic samples), most fish assemblage change occurred among sampling periods (i.e., along a temporal gradient unrelated to changing environmental variables). Assemblage instability was the most pronounced for fishes collected by trawls from demersal habitats. A marked lack of cyclicity in the trawl data CCA diagram indicated a shift away from a baseline demersal assemblage of 50 yr ago. Centroid positions for the five most collected species indicated that three benthic fishes, Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), and hardhead catfish (Arius felis), were more dominant in past demersal assemblages (1954 and 1978). A different situation was shown for planktivorous species collected by trawls with bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) becoming more dominant in recent assemblage and Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patromus) remaining equally represented in assemblages over time. Changes in fish assemblages from nearshore (beach seine) and pelagic (gill net) habitats were more closely related to environmental fluctuations, though the CCA for beach seine data also indicated a decrease in the dominance ofM. undulatus and an increase in the proportion ofA. mitchilli over time. The reduced assemblage role of benthic fishes and the marked assemblage change indicated by trawl data suggest that over the last half century demersal habitats in Lake Pontchartrain have been impacted more by multiple anthropogenic stressors than nearshore or pelagic habitats.
Neps in Cotton Processing

A test requiring only one gram of raw stock has been developed for estimating nepping potential. The test has been applied to follow nep formation within three cotton cultivars during processing. V...
Synthesis of triazole derivatives of sugars by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition from acetylenic and azido precursors

Abstract 1,2,3-Triazoles having sugar chains at C-4, and others having the chain at N-1, were prepared. Condensation of 3- O -acetyl-4,5- O -isopropylidene-1-pentyne- D - threo -3,4,5-triol ( 1 ) with phenyl azide, followed by removal of substituents, gave 1-phenyl-4-( D - threo -trihydroxypropyl)-1,2,3-triazole ( 2 ), whose structure was proved by oxidation to known derivatives of 1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole. The 1-benzyl analog ( 4 ) of 2 was prepared similarly. The 4- C -substituted 1,2,3-triazole 12 was obtained in the same way from the acetylenic sugar derivative 11. By condensing phenylacetylene with the sugar azides 13 (primary azide), 15 (secondary azide), and 17 (glycosyl azide), the 1-substituted 4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazoles 14, 16, and 18, respectively, were obtained. The 4-substituted 1-phenyl-1,2,3-triazoles and 1-substituted 4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazoles here reported show π→π* absorption near 246 nm, in contrast to the 4-substituted 2-phenyl-1,2,3-triazoles (phenylosotriazoles), which absorb near 268 nm. The optical rotatory dispersion spectrum of 2 shows a negative Cotton effect and is closely similar to that of the 2-phenyl analog ( D - threo -pentulose phenylosotriazole).
Compact deep-space optical communications transceiver

Deep space optical communication transceivers must be very efficient receivers and transmitters of optical communication signals. For deep space missions, communication systems require high performance well beyond the scope of mere power efficiency, demanding maximum performance in relation to the precious and limited mass, volume, and power allocated. This paper describes the opto-mechanical design of a compact, efficient, functional brassboard deep space transceiver that is capable of achieving megabyte-per-second rates at Mars ranges. The special features embodied to enhance the system operability and functionality, and to reduce the mass and volume of the system are detailed. System tests and performance characteristics are described in detail. Finally, lessons learned in the implementation of the brassboard design and suggestions for improvements appropriate for a flight prototype are covered.
Theory and application of X-ray diffraction compound analysis to high-volume filter samples

Abstract High-volume aerosol samples consist of very thin layers of aerosols embedded in glass fiber or cellulose filter material. Reliable quantitative analysis of material in such samples may be carried out only after appropriate correction for matrix absorption and masking by internal standards. A technique is described which permits analysis of all crystalline components of such collected aerosols by the addition of a thin layer of “reference” component followed by X-ray diffraction and analysis. The resulting intensities are corrected by the masking effect of the reference component, the absorption of the matrix, and the transparency of both reference and sample components. An aerosol suspension chamber has been constructed and used to simulate high-volume sample collection for verification of the correction theory and to provide a technique for adding the necessary reference intensity layer in actual high-volume filter analysis. A numerical example is presented which illustrates the successive steps required for intensity correction and weight fraction determination
Engineering education in the era of global markets

The authors present brief overview of various systems of engineering education with emphasis on identifying their common features and differences. Educational systems in several countries, including France, Germany, Japan, Russia, UK, and the USA, were reviewed. Regardless of the country examined, there was always an intricate relationship between engineering, education, the national educational hierarchy, the economy, the level of development, history, social makeup, and international alliances. However, engineering's core as a profession is not a function of the country it is practiced in, and, hence, educational systems in various parts of the world share common features. It is concluded that the globalization of markets and the information explosion in the last decade have been driving engineering education systems worldwide closer to each other as never before. >
Tetrahedral collapse: a rotational toy model of simultaneous dark-matter halo, filament and wall formation

We discuss an idealized model of halo formation, in which a collapsing halo node is tetrahedral, with a filament extruding from each of its four faces, and with a wall connecting each pair of filaments. In the model, filaments generally spin when they form, and the halo spins if and only if there is some rotation in filaments. This is the simplest possible fully three-dimensional halo collapse in the ‘origami approximation’, in which voids are irrotational, and the dark-matter sheet out of which dark-matter structures form is allowed to fold in position–velocity phase space, but not stretch (i.e. it cannot vary in density along a stream). Up to an overall scaling, the four filament directions, and only three other quantities, such as filament spins, suffice to determine all of the collapse's properties: the shape, mass, and spin of the halo; the densities per unit length and spins of all filaments; and masses per unit area of the walls. If the filaments are arranged regular-tetrahedrally, filament properties obey simple laws, reminiscent of angular-momentum conservation. The model may be most useful in understanding spin correlations between neighbouring galaxies joined by filaments; these correlations would give intrinsic alignments between galaxies, essential to understand for accurate cosmological weak-lensing measurements.
Repetitive DNA in Drosophila

Among the higher eukaryotes, Drosophila Melanogaster has one of the smallest reported genome sizes. According to the spectrophotometric data of Rasch et al. (1971) the haploid DNA content is 1.8 × 10−13g, corresponding to 1.1 X 1011 daltons or approximately 40 times the genome size of E. Coli. For this reason alone, analysis of the organization of DNA in Drosophila should be easier than in organisms with larger amounts of DNA in the haploid chromosome set. Furthermore, D. Melanogaster has only four chromosome pairs, its formal genetics is better known than that of any other eukaryote, and cytological analysis is facilitated by the existence of the giant polytene chromosomes in larval salivary glands.
5 – THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES

The lifting of a constraint in a composite system in an equilibrium state that is compatible with the constraint leads to a new state of equilibrium. The transition from one state to another state is called a “process.” This chapter looks at these thermodynamic processes and begins with quasistatic processes. Any real physical process is a temporal evolution of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium states and proceeds at a finite rate. In the limit that the process evolves infinitely slowly, it becomes an infinitely dense succession of equilibrium states—that is, it becomes quasistatic. In reversible process the system and its surroundings are at equilibrium with each other at all times, and a reversal of the direction of the process does not require any external agency. The process thus proceeds at constant total entropy. A reversible—that is, isentropic quasistatic process is essentially a useful artifice representing an ideal limiting case. Many real physical processes do, however, approach reversibility surprisingly closely. Any real physical process is irreversible. The very fact that the process is assumed to proceed implies that the entropy in the final state is greater than that in the initial state. It is impossible to reverse the process by manipulating constraints within the same isolated system because a manipulation resulting in a decrease in entropy in the isolated system would be a violation of the entropy maximum principle.
Bohm, Spin, and the Bell Inequalities

In this paper I discuss how Bohm's interpretation models spin measurements and how the two ways in which spin is a contextual property pertains to the Kochen-Specker theorem. I then present locality principles from which a Bell Inequality can be derived, and I identify which of the locality principles Bohm's interpretation violates at which times. I also present reasons why the spin vector should not be attributed to the Bohmian particles.
Role of Resilient Floor Covering Manufacturing in the Economy of Lancaster County

Resilient floor covering manufacturing is an important part of the history and economy of Lancaster County in Pennsylvania. The industry creates jobs and compensation for workers and generates tax revenues in the County.
Identity Twists and Turns: How Never-Married Men Make Sense of an Unanticipated Identity

Marriage rates in the United States are declining, but being married remains a potent status marker. In this article, I examine how white, middle-aged, never-married men understand their unmarried ...
Shock Wave Synthesis of Diamond and other Phases

Shock wave synthesis of diamond was an unexpected result of experiments designed to explore the effects of shock waves on a variety of materials. The initial announcement in 1959 was controversial; shock synthesis of diamond had been shown to be unlikely, on the basis of kinetic arguments. Jamieson confirmed the identification and suggested a diffusionless mechanism, c-axis compression of rhombohedral graphite. Subsequent work has provided strong evidence that shock wave synthesis of cubic diamond is a conventional thermally activated nucleation and growth process. Thermal inhomogeneities provide the requisite high temperatures; quenching via thermal equilibration is implicit in the process. Shock synthesis of adamantine BN phases appears to be quasi-martensitic; a martensitic mechanism may partially account for the Lonsdaleite (hexagonal diamond) observed in some meteorites and in some artificial shock products. Diamond is also formed as a detonation product in oxygen-deficient explosives. The polycrystalline product of shock synthesis is similar to natural carbonado. The association of carbonado with an ancient giant impact crater is noted.
Psychological Factors Associated with Delayed Symptom Resolution in Children with Concussion

Objective To characterize the psychological factors associated with persistent symptoms after pediatric concussion. Study design Longitudinal cohort study of 179 children with concussion 8-18 years old evaluated in a pediatric emergency department. Participants were followed for 1 month for delayed symptom resolution, defined as ≥3 symptoms that were new/worse than preinjury symptoms measured by the use of graded symptom inventory. Preinjury psychological traits were measured by parental report on subscales of the Personality Inventory for Children-2 (maladjustment, cognitive abilities, somatization). Child report of postinjury anxiety and injury perception were measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and Children's Illness Perception Questionnaire. Psychological instrument scores were compared between those with and without delayed symptom resolution via a Kruskal-Wallis test. Associations between psychological traits and delayed symptom resolution were investigated by the use of logistic regression. Results Delayed symptom resolution occurred in 21% of participants. Score distributions were significantly worse on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (38 [IQR 33-40] vs 35 [IQR 31-39]; P = .04) and somatization subscale (1 [IQR 0-3] vs 1 [IQR 0-1]; P = .01) among children with delayed symptom resolution compared with children with early symptom resolution. Somatization was associated with delayed symptom resolution (aOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.08-1.69). The proportion of children with abnormal somatization scores was significantly greater in the delayed symptom resolution group (34.2%) than the early symptom resolution group (12.8%; P Conclusion Somatization is associated with delayed symptom resolution in this cohort of children with concussion. Postconcussive symptoms lasting at least 1 month may warrant referral to a neuropsychologist familiar with postconcussion care.