cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Site of action of atractyloside in mitochondria: I. Inhibition of outer membrane functions by atractyloside

Abstract Two enzymic processes that are localized in the mitochondrial outer membrane, namely fatty acid oxidation and substrate level phosphorylation, have been found to be inhibited by atractyloside. This sensitivity was demonstrated not only in the intact mitochondrion but also in isolated fractions prepared from the outer membrane. Atractyloside inhibition of these two processes was reversed by sulfhydryl agents and by reducing agents but not by adenine nucleotides. One of the enzymic activities responsible for the atractyloside sensitivity of the β-oxidation sequence was found to be the β-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase. This enzymic activity was as sensitive to atractyloside as was the overall oxidation of fatty acids; the inhibition was reversed by mercaptoethanol. Two of the enzymes involved in substrate level phosphorylation, succinyl thiokinase and nucleoside diphosphokinase, were found to be atractyloside-sensitive. Succinyl thiokinase was identified with the atractyloside-sensitive site of substrate-level phosphorylation because it was as sensitive to the inhibitor as was the overall process; nucleoside diphosphokinase was considerably less sensitive to atractyloside. Individual enzymes in the outer membrane that participate in fatty acid oxidation and substrate-level phosphorylation accounted fully for the atractyloside sensitivity of these processes.
Operations for Peptic Ulcer

Any peptic ulcer requires free acid to sustain it. Reducing the acid peptic content of gastric secretions cures the ulcer. This can be accomplished surgically by resecting three-quarters of the stomach to remove a large number of acid-secreting parietal cells. Unfortunately, such operations have produced a high incidence of undesirable postoperative symptoms. With the development of vagotomy, however, extensive resection of the stomach has become unnecessary. Vagotomy, then, should be routinely employed in surgery for duodenal ulcer. Which type of vagotomy, and which type of resection or drainage procedure should be employed, is a controversial question.
Female Condoms=Missed Opportunities: Lessons Learned from Promotion-centered Interventions.

Introduction: The female condom is a barrier contraceptive device that is underutilized despite its effectiveness at preventing both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Prior research has highlighted that the underuse of the female condom as a contraceptive option is owing in large part to social stigma, and lacking or incorrect information about the product. Methods: In an attempt to better understand the discrepancy between the female condom’s documented effectiveness and its general lack of uptake, we conducted a systematic search and qualitatively reviewed 20 published intervention studies that focus on efforts to promote the female condom. The strategies that each intervention used were coded and carefully examined. We obtained information regarding relevant characteristics of the studies, including intervention setting, sampling strategy, participant demographics, and methodology used. Results: We found that the majority of the studies had significant positive findings concerning the female condom, for example, many were effective at demonstrating participant uptake as well as increasing the number of protected sex acts. Additionally, perceived ability to use the device was a significant predictor of female condom use in multiple studies. Finally, the studies tended to include younger women; only 10.0% (n ¼ 2) reported having participants with a mean age older than 30), meaning that older women generally have not been well-served by previous efforts to promote the use of the female condom. Conclusions: We offer guidelines for improving female condom uptake and recommendations for future research that seeks to establish and utilize best practice promotional strategies for female condoms. Copyright 2015 by the Jacobs Institute of Women’s Health. Published by Elsevier Inc.
When Does a Paper Clip Become a Sundial? Exploring the Progression of Originality in the Alternative Uses Test

The Alternative Uses Test is a measure of divergent thinking in which participants are asked to list non-obvious uses for a common object in a fixed amount of time. The goals of this study were to better understand this creativity test, explore how original ideas emerge, and provide suggestions for improvement to the test. Participants were asked to list alternative uses for a paperclip in three minutes. 293 participants, including engineers, designers and students, were tested and evaluated. Using infrequency of responses as a measure of originality, it was found that participants that produced more responses had more original responses. Later responses were significantly more original than early responses and originality of responses increased with quantity. On average, a participant would list 9 responses before arriving at highly original responses. Participants that did not reach 9 responses in the study were likely to have few if any highly original responses. Participants that were more elaborate in their responses had fewer responses in total and therefore fewer original responses. If this test maps to real world idea generation, it suggests that the first ideas we think of are likely to have been suggested already by others and thus not original. The results of this study can help restructure the format of the Alternative Uses Test and provide a database for a digital version of this test.
The adsorption of ethylene on ethylidyne-covered Pd(1 1 1)

Abstract Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy shows that ethylene adsorbs on ethylidyne-saturated Pd(1 1 1) (Θsat(CH3–C)=0.25) at 80 K exhibiting a feature at 1100 cm−1, assigned to di-σ-bonded ethylene adsorbed on the palladium surface. Since adsorbed ethylidyne also has a vibrational mode at ∼1090 cm−1, the assignment of the 1100 cm−1 mode to adsorbed ethylene was confirmed by adsorbing it on an ethylidyne-covered surface grown using deuterated ethylene. The adsorption of ethylene on ethylidyne-covered Pd(1 1 1) was further confirmed using temperature-programmed desorption which revealed that the saturation ethylene coverage on ethylidyne-covered Pd(1 1 1) is 0.25 compared to 0.33 for ethylene on clean Pd(1 1 1).
Melting and Freezing of Microclusters

One of the most intriguing unsolved problems in the physical sciences is the elucidation at the atomic level of freezing and melting. Despite the great advances in the description of the critical region, the “simple” first-order phase transition remains as elusive a problem as ever. This topic has belonged, traditionally, to condensed matter science, so that it has been addressed with the tools we use to study bulk materials. This in turn means that virtually all attempts to understand freezing and melting have been carried out in schemes based on infinite numbers of atoms. Some simulations done in the 1970’s, however, gave powerful signals that we could learn a great deal about freezing and melting from the study of small clusters. We shall review these briefly and then go on to describe how following those signals has indeed led to new insights into the nature of the equilibrium between solids and liquids. This journey has exposed new phenomena we should expect to see in finite clusters, phenomena in a sense richer and more varied than the simple first-order phase transition between bulk solids and bulk liquids.
About forensic phonetics

This article sets forth the goals and content of Forensic Phonetics and its major elements. Considered are 1) the processing and analysis of spoken utterances, 2) enhancement of speech intelligibility (re: surveillance and other recordings), 3) authentication of recordings, 4) speaker identification, and 5) detection of deception, intoxication, and emotions in speech. Stress in speech, and the psychological stress evaluation systems that some individuals attempt to use as lie detectors also will be considered.
Modeling Gravity and Turbidity Currents: Computational Approaches and Challenges

In this review article, we discuss recent progress with regard to modeling gravity-driven, high Reynolds number currents, with the emphasis on depth-resolving, high-resolution simulations. The initial sections describe new developments in the conceptual modeling of such currents for the purpose of identifying the Froude number–current height relationship, in the spirit of the pioneering work by von Karman and Benjamin. A brief introduction to depth-averaged approaches follows, including box models and shallow water equations. Subsequently, we provide a detailed review of depth-resolving modeling strategies, including direct numerical simulations (DNS), large-eddy simulations (LES), and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations. The strengths and challenges associated with these respective approaches are discussed by highlighting representative computational results obtained in recent years.
Comparison of a Baculovirus-Based VP2 Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) to an Escherichia coli-Based VP1 EIA for Detection of Human Parvovirus B19 Immunoglobulin M and Immunoglobulin G in Sera of Pregnant Women

A split-sample study was conducted to evaluate the clinical performance of an enzyme immunoassay that detects the human parvovirus B19 virus (B19V) immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgG in the sera of pregnant women. The initial study compared a baculovirus-expressed VP2 enzyme immunoassay (BVP2 EIA) (Biotrin International Inc., Dublin, Ireland) with the currently available and commonly used Escherichia coli-expressed VP1 enzyme immunoassay (EVP1 EIA) (MRL Diagnostics, Cypress, Calif.). There was a high degree of agreement between the two assays in the detection of IgM antibodies (283 of 307 [92.2%]) or IgG antibodies (279 of 311 [89.7%]), with the majority of discrepancies (IgM, 17 of 24 [71%]; IgG, 16 of 31 [50%]) being due to equivocal data obtained with the EVP1 EIA. Specimens with discordant BVP2 EIA and EVP1 EIA results (23 of 24 IgM and 32 of 32 IgG results) were analyzed further by baculovirus-based VP1 immunofluorescence assays (BVP1 IFAs) (Biotrin International). The BVP2 EIA and BVP1 IFA results for 20 of 23 and 28 of 32 specimens for IgM and IgG, respectively, were concordant. In contrast, the EVP1 EIA and BVP1 IFA data for only 3 of 23 and 4 of 32 specimens for IgM and IgG, respectively, were in agreement, despite the fact that the same capsid antigen was used. Both the BVP2 EIAs and BVP1 IFAs utilize a conformational viral capsid antigen, while the EVP1 EIA uses a denatured viral capsid antigen. In conclusion, the BVP2 EIAs produced far fewer equivocal results for IgM and IgG, correlating more closely to the confirmatory BVP IFAs, than did the EVP1 EIAs and proved to be more accurate for detecting B19V antibodies in the sera of pregnant women.
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity, Conceptual Mapping, and Underlining: Their Effects on Expository Text Recall in a Writing Task.

(1987). Directed Reading-Thinking Activity, Conceptual Mapping, and Underlining: Their Effects on Expository Text Recall in a Writing Task. Journal of College Reading and Learning: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 78-86.
Is surgical decontamination definitive treatment of “body-packers”?

Abstract The current recommendations for body-packers are based on packet content, the presence of drug toxicity, or of bowel obstruction. Asymptomatic patients are usually treated with activated charcoal and whole bowel irrigation (WBI). Surgical removal of packets is advocated in symptomatic cocaine body-packers and in those with bowel obstruction. Currently, surgery is regarded as definitive. However, we report 2 body-packers who show the limitations of this technique. These cases show the importance of confirming the absence of drug packets in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as the definitive end-point in the treatment of body-packers. (Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:593-596. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Statistical methods for modeling the risk of runway excursions

The goals of this paper are to: (i) enhance the manner in which fatal airport runway excursions are modeled and quantified and (ii) explore a means to mitigate their occurrence and severity. While other research in predicting runway excursions has focused on the type of excursion, this work focuses on predicting if the excursion will generate fatalities. As the adverse effects of fatalities can be extreme in nature, there exists a need to be able to: (i) understand the root causes of fatal excursions, (ii) predict the likelihood of fatal excursions, and (iii) measure the efficacy of risk management strategies employed to prevent them. This work summarizes and applies techniques of data analysis for runway excursions, a significant problem in air travel safety which can lead to fatalities. The techniques deployed in this work to model excursions include logistic regression and Bayesian logistic regression, each of which have strengths and weaknesses in terms of descriptive (e.g. highlighting factors that i...
Discovery of germ cell-specific transcripts by expressed sequence tag database analysis.

Abstract Objective: To identify transcripts whose expression is restricted to germ cells. Design: Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from unfertilized egg libraries were utilized to perform in silico subtraction and identify germ cell–specific transcripts. Setting: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Animal(s): C57BL/6J/129SvEv hybrid. Intervention(s): Tissue harvesting from mice. Main Outcome Measure(s): Identification of germ cell–specific transcripts. Result(s): We have used the Unigene collection of mouse cDNA libraries to identify ESTs derived from unfertilized egg libraries. A total of 3,499 ESTs were identified from Knowles Solter and Ko unfertilized egg cDNA libraries. In silico subtraction identified 258 ESTs, which were found in these unfertilized egg libraries, but not in adult mouse tissue cDNA libraries. We performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on multiple adult tissues with 43 selected ESTs and found 5 of them where expression was absent in heart, lung, liver, brain, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, and uterus, but restricted to ovaries and testes. Three ESTs were further analyzed, and they were exclusively localized to the oocytes by in situ hybridization. Conclusion: We have shown that utilization of publicly available ESTs from murine EST libraries is a simple and rapid in silico approach to the identification of transcripts preferentially expressed in germ cells.
Impulsivity in the general population: a national study.

Objective The construct of impulsivity is an important determinant of personality differences, psychiatric disorders, and associated risk-taking behaviors. Most existing knowledge about impulsivity comes from clinical samples. To date, no study has estimated the prevalence of impulsivity and examined its correlates in the general population.
CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Is a Cell Surface Receptor for Extracellular Ubiquitin

Ubiquitin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in eukaryotes and plays major biological roles as a post-translational protein modifier. Ubiquitin is also a natural constituent of plasma, and several lines of evidence suggest that extracellular ubiquitin is an immune modulator with anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, ubiquitin treatment has been shown to limit inflammation and reduce organ injury in various disease models and species in vivo. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. Here we show that extracellular ubiquitin is a natural CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4 and CD184) agonist. Extracellular ubiquitin promotes intracellular Ca2+ flux and reduces cAMP levels through a G protein-coupled receptor that signals via a Gαi/o protein in THP1 cells. Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation reduces ubiquitin-binding sites, which enabled identification of four Gαi/o PCRs as ubiquitin receptor candidates. Overexpression of candidate genes in HEK293 cells, gene silencing in THP1 cells, competition binding, and signaling studies with the CXCR4 agonist stromal cell-derived factor-1α (chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 12) and inhibitor AMD3100 identify CXCR4 as a functional ubiquitin receptor. Our finding uncovers a fundamentally new aspect of the role of ubiquitin in biology, has implications for the understanding of CXCR4-mediated events, and is expected to facilitate development of new therapeutic avenues for a variety of diseases.
Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology

Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology. Peter Pels and Oscar Salemink, eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. vii. 364 pp., index.
Simultaneous sample preparation for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of Vitamin A and β-carotene in emulsified nutritional supplements after solid-phase extraction

Abstract Determination of small amounts of the fat-soluble species Vitamin A (VA) (2.5 μg/g) and β-carotene (9 μg/g) from emulsified nutritional supplements containing 50 kinds of co-existing compounds and a fat content between 2000 and 8000 times higher was performed by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection set at ex. 350 nm and em. 480 nm, and visible detection at 450 nm using an Inertsil ODS 80A (5 μm) analytical column. Mobile phases of methanol–ethanol (50:50) and acetonitrile–ethanol (70:30) were used for the both vitamins. A Bond Elut C 18 cartridge was chosen for SPE after comparison with eight other types of SPE cartridge. Retention time of VA and β-carotene was 7 and 8 min, respectively, giving a limit of detection of ca. 0.1 ng per injection at a signal-to-noise ratio 3:1. Recoveries of VA and β-carotene were over 90% by the standard addition method. Relative standard deviation of VA and β-carotene were ca. 2.9 ( n =5) and 2.3% ( n =5), respectively.
A priority queue in which initialization and queue operations takeO(loglogD) time

Many computer algorithms have embedded in them a subalgorithm called a priority queue which produces on demand an element of extreme priority among elements in the queue. Queues on unrestricted priority domains have a running time of Θ(nlogn) for sequences ofn queue operations. We describe a simple priority queue over the priority domain {1,⋯,N} in which initialization, insertion, and deletion takeO(loglogD) time, whereD is the difference between the next lowest and next highest priority elements in the queue. In the case of initialization,D=Θ(N). Finding a least element, greatest element, and the neighbor in priority order of some specified element take constant time. We also consider dynamic space allocation for the data structures used. Space can be allocated in blocks of size Θ(N 1/p ), for small integerp.
Sugarcane response to high water tables and intermittent flooding.

Sugarcane production has engendered environmental concerns of nutrient transfer and subsidence of organic soils. Retaining water on fields would ameliorate these environmental issues. The objective of this research was to document the growth of sugarcane subjected to various high water-table treatments. Two experiments were conducted across two years using three sugarcane cultivars grown outdoors in large pots. Key aspects were to examine the timing of when water-table treatments were imposed and the influence of intermittent flooding. Continuous flooding at all growth stages was deleterious. A continuous water table at a 15 cm depth below the soil surface resulted in no negative effect on cane yield. Intermittent flooding in cycles of 6 d flooding, followed by 15 d at either a 15 cm or 45 cm water table, did not decrease yields. These results indicated that there may be practical management options for sustaining sugarcane production at high water tables.
Elastoplastic Fracture Behavior of Structural Adhesives Under Monotonic Loading

Abstract Elastic-plastic fracture behavior of a structural adhesive in the bulk and bonded forms is discussed. The model adhesive chosen, Metlbond 1113 (with scrim carrier cloth) and 1113-2 (neat resin) solid film adhesives exhibit a relatively brittle material behavior to justify the use of LEFM methods. The solid film adhesives are first cast in the form of tensile coupons to determine the bulk fracture properties with the use of single-edge-cracked specimen geometry. KIc evaluation is done using the procedure suggested by the ASTM standard. A K-calibration method based on application of boundary collocation procedure to the William's stress function is utilized to relate the measured critical loads to the KIc values. The yield stresses and elastic moduli values in the bulk tensile mode are also evaluated. The availability of KIc a y E and v (Poisson's ratio) values makes the calculation of crack tip plastic zone radii (ryc ) and fracture energy (GIc ) values possible on the basis of Irwin's theory. The...
An analytical elastic-perfectly plastic contact model

Abstract A new formulation for elastic-perfectly plastic contact in the normal direction between two round surfaces that is solely based on material properties and contact geometries is developed. The problem is formulated as three separate domains: the elastic regime, mixed elastic–plastic behavior, and unconstrained (fully plastic) flow. Solutions for the force–displacement relationship in the elastic regime follow from Hertz’s classical solution. In the fully plastic regime, two well supported assumptions are made: that there is a uniform pressure distribution and there is a linear force–deflection relationship. The force–displacement relationship in the intermediate, mixed elastic–plastic regime is approximated by enforcing continuity between the elastic and fully plastic regimes. Transitions between the three regimes are determined based on empirical quantities: the von Mises yield criterion is used to determine the initiation of mixed elastic–plastic deformation, and Brinell’s hardness for the onset of unconstrained flow. Unloading from each of these three regimes is modeled as an elastic process with different radii of curvature based on the regime in which the maximum force occurred. Simulation results explore the relationship between the impact velocity and coefficient of restitution. Further comparisons are made between the model, experimental results found in the literature, and other existing elastic–plastic models. The new model is well supported by the experimental measurements of compliance curves for elastic–plastic materials and of coefficients of restitution from impact studies, and in elastic-perfectly plastic regimes is demonstrated to be more accurate than existing models found in the literature.
Campylobacter Enteritis Associated With a Healthy Cat

IN THE short time since Campylobacter jejuni has become recognized as a significant enteric pathogen of humans, information on the epidemiology of infection has been increasing rapidly. 1 Although direct contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated water or foods of animal origin are generally suspected as being the important modes of transmission, in only the minority of cases can this be documented. Recent work has implicated contact with infected household pets as one avenue of transmission. 2-4 The pets involved in such cases were puppies and kittens with diarrhea who were shedding C jejuni . We now report a case of Campylobacter enteritis that occurred in association with infection in an apparently healthy adult cat. Report of a Case On Oct 15, 1980, nausea, vomiting, and severe abdominal cramps developed in a 23-year-old woman, and she began having up to five bloody bowel movements per day. On Oct 19,
Purine modulation of LH action in gonadal cells

Abstract A rapid and marked amplification of LH and FSH-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and steroid secretion is produced by adenosine in luteal and granulosa cells, respectively, of both the rat and the human ovary. The rat Leydig cell response to LH, however, was unaffected by adenosine. In the luteal cell, adenine nucleotides and adenosine were equipotent with decreasing activity shown by inosine, adenine and hypoxanthine—guanosine, guanine, xanthine and pyrimidines were inactive. Both an extra-cellular and intracellular site appears to be involved in adenosine amplification of LH—the extracellular site accounted for about 20% of the response and may be a catalytic receptor site. The intracellular site was directly related to an increase in luteal cell ATP levels in which adnosine appears to serve as a selective prosubstrate for hormone activated adenylate cyclase. The luteal antigonadotropic action of PGF2α was blocked by adenosine and these modulators were shown to be competitive antagonists of LH-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation. Due to the ubiquitous nature of both adenosine and PGF2α, (conditions have been described in other systems for their rapid release,) it is suggested that they may serve as important local humoral modulators of gonadotropin action for regulation and control of ovarian function.
Do imaginary companions die? An exploratory study.

Adults in this exploratory study usually recalled that their childhood imaginary companions faded away or were dismissed as other options for social interaction became more appealing. However, eigh...
Structure of Simian virus 40 chromosomes in nuclei from infected monkey cells.

Previous analysis of the structure of isolated simian virus 40 chromosomes in this and other laboratories has suggested that they consist of nucleosomes separated by stretches of non-nucleosomal DNA highly variable in length. However, the appearance of internucleosomal DNA may have been an artifact resulting from isolation procedures and methods of analysis. To avoid such potential artifacts, we have examined the arrangement of nucleosomes in SV40† chromosomes by micrococcal nuclease digestion of both viral and cellular chromatin together in nuclei isolated from SV40-infected CV-1 cells. This allowed a direct comparison between the structure of viral chromosomes and those of the host. Following electrophoresis of purified DNA digestion products, viral DNA was identified using the blotting-hybridization technique of Southern (1975), while cellular DNA was identified either by the same technique or by simply staining with ethidium bromide. While as many as 18 cellular DNA bands were detected in agarose gels, no more than six viral DNA bands were observed, and the viral DNA bands appeared broader and less well-resolved than the corresponding DNA bands from CV-1 chromatin. The average repeat distance between DNA oligomers from SV40 nucleosomes, 187 ± 11 base-pairs, was essentially the same as that observed for its host, 182 ± 6 base-pairs. These observations were independent of the extent of digestion and of the time after infection when nuclei were isolated. Since micrococcal nuclease digestion of SV40 chromosomes, both isolated and remaining in the nuclei, gave essentially the same results, the isolated chromosomes were not altered during their preparation. The results of these experiments, together with other data, have been used to construct a model for the arrangement of an average of 22 nucleosomes per genome in SV40 chromosomes that includes regions of non-nucleosomal DNA between some or all of the nucleosomes.
Nonparametric Maximum Likelihood Estimation of a Mixing Distribution

Abstract The nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate of a mixing distribution is shown to be self-consistent, a property which characterizes the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimate of a distribution function in incomplete data problems. Under various conditions the estimate is a step function, with a finite number of steps. Its computation is illustrated with a small example.
The Role of Supervision in Dialectical Behavior Therapy

ABSTRACT Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is utilized for clients with problems that include deficits in emotion regulation, including those with borderline personality disorder. These clients generally present with long-standing behavior patterns that are severely debilitating and difficult to change. Providing effective therapy for this population is extremely challenging. Training and supervision are critical to the implementation of competently done DBT. The supervision process mirrors the therapeutic process in terms of the application of a dialectical approach, the use of behavioral methods, and the balancing of acceptance and change. The important and unique aspects of supervision in Dialectical Behavior Therapy are described in this paper, including the nature of the supervisor? relationship, and the techniques used by the supervisor.
Accurate Wavelength Calibration of an Etalon-tuned Dye Laser

A method to set accurately an etalon-tuned dye laser to any preselected wavelength within its lasing region is presented. The method involves a unique procedure to determine accurately the etalon thickness, so that the correct etalon order can be found for each wavelength and corresponding etalon setting. An equation relating the dial reading on the optical mount of the intracavity etalon to lasing wavelength is derived and evaluated for the Chromatix CMX-4 pulsed tunable dye laser. The procedure used to evaluate the equation parameters is described in detail. After establishing the value of all the equation parameters, a comparison is made between lasing wavelengths as predicted by the equation and as experimentally determined using laser-induced impedance changes to detect spectral lines in hollow cathode lamps. Agreement is found to be better than ±0.05 A for all spectral lines used, with 68% of the predicted wavelengths within ±0.02 A of their actual values. The micrometer drive for the birefringent filter, used in the CMX-4 to select an etalon order, is also calibrated using a quadratic polynominal equation, which gives predictions better than ±0.25 A for all wavelengths tried in the regions of 5890 A to 6050 A and 6350 A to 6720 A, corresponding to the dyes R6G and R640, respectively.
A simplified degradation model for nylon 6,6 polymerization

A simplified reaction scheme for nylon 6,6 degradation that is consistent with all the published data is described. The degradation model has been incorporated into a flowing film polymerizer model with a distribution of residence times in order to predict molecular weight, amount of undegraded (amine and carboxyl) and degraded chain ends, and the extent of crosslinking. The outlet average molecular weight and water concentration come to steady state in about one mean residence time after a change in polymerizer operating conditions, whereas the degradation products continue to change slowly even after four residence times. Also, it is possible to choose the operating conditions of the polymerizer so the same molecular weight is produced at two different temperatures but with very different amounts of degradation products giving rise to products of significantly different quality.
Stigma starts early: gender differences in teen willingness to use mental health services

Abstract Purpose To explore gender differences and the role of stigma in teen willingness to use mental health services. Methods Self-administered, written questionnaires were conducted with 274 eighth graders in a suburban community in a mid-Atlantic state. Teens reported on social support for emotional concerns, mental health experience and knowledge, and stigma and barriers associated with mental health service use. Data analysis included chi-square statistics and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine associations between gender and independent variables of interest. Logistic regression analyses assessed the relationship of gender, stigma, and willingness to use mental health services, adjusting for race and receipt of mental health services. Results More girls than boys turned to a friend for help for an emotional concern, whereas more boys turned to a family member first. Boys had less mental health knowledge and experience and higher mental health stigma than girls. In adjusted analyses, girls were twice as likely as boys to report willingness to use mental health services (odds ratio [OR] 2.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–4.99). Parental disapproval and perceived stigma helped to explain the relationship between gender and willingness to use mental health services (OR 1.65, 95% CI .72–3.77). Conclusions Gender differences in negative mental health attitudes and willingness to use mental health services are present early in adolescence. Enhanced mental health education and services in middle school may reduce gender disparities by incorporating stigma reduction efforts that actively involve parents and address differences in knowledge and exposure to mental health issues.
Sequential system combination for machine translation of speech

System combination is a technique which has been shown to yield significant gains in speech recognition and machine translation. Most combination schemes perform an alignment between different system outputs in order to produce lattices (or confusion networks), from which a composite hypothesis is chosen, possibly with the help of a large language model. The benefit of this approach is two-fold: (i) whenever many systems agree with each other on a set of words, the combination output contains these words with high confidence; and (ii) whenever the systems disagree, the language model resolves the ambiguity based on the (probably correct) agreed upon context. The case of machine translation system combination is more challenging because of the different word orders of the translations: the alignment has to incorporate computationally expensive movements of word blocks. In this paper, we show how one can combine translation outputs efficiently, extending the incremental alignment procedure of (A-V.I. Rosti et al., 2008). A comparison between different system combination design choices is performed on an Arabic speech translation task.
Dispelling the myths: Can psychoeducation change public attitudes towards sex offenders?

Abstract The public desires more punitive sentencing for sex offenders; however, treatment has been shown to be most effective in increasing public safety. It has been suggested that public education about the benefits of sex offender treatment could influence public policy. The purpose of this study was to determine if a brief psychoeducational intervention could influence individuals’ attitudes towards the treatment of sex offenders. Overall, findings showed that a psychoeducational intervention can affect subsequent attitudes; furthermore, the nature of the intervention will be significant in determining the level of attitude change.
The effects of group stereotypes on adolescents' reasoning about peer retribution

This study examined the effects of negative group stereotypes on adolescents' reasoning about peer retribution. The sample of adolescents was drawn from central and northern Israel and consisted of 2,604 Arab and Jewish students (ages 13-17; grades 7-11). A quasi-experimental, between-subject design was used, in which the students in each grade were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 peer retribution scenarios. The findings provide evidence that Arab and Jewish students have stereotypes about one another and that in-group bias affected their approval and reasoning about peer retribution only in specific situations. This inquiry provides evidence that it was the number of justifications endorsed within a specific domain that distinguished Arab and Jewish respondents. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The euler scheme for hilbert space valued stochastic differential equations

Here we consider stochastic differential equations whose solutions take values in a Hilbert space. The Euler Scheme for approximating these solutions is used, and the global error is estimated. In addition, solutions are approximated by means of a process which takes values in a finite-dimensional subspace.
Combinatorial properties of some classes of matrices over GF(2)

We study several classes of matrices of GF(2) constructed from lists of subsets of finite sets In this paper. We show that all matrices in these classes are representations of connected equicardinal matrix over GF(2). In Matrix terms, these irreducible (defined below) matrices all have the property that every minimal dependent set of column has the same cardinality over GF(2). This fact is shown directly in this paper by elementary matrix considerations. In a subsequent paper, we shall show that these classes of matrices are in fact the classes of canonical forms for all representations of nontrivial binary connected equicardinal matroids.
Serum amyloid A concentration in mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis

among repeated measures within the same mare. A linear regression model was used to assess the correlation between the daily mean relative VP and RI. A relative increase in VP was detected at D3 (29%; P 1⁄4 0.028), D4 (31%; P 1⁄4 0.027) and D5 (32%; P 1⁄4 0.026). A mean decrease of 24% in RI and PI in relation to D0were detected at D5 (P1⁄4 0.018 for both contrasts). A strong negative correlation was detected between relative VP and RI (R2 1⁄4 0.79; P < 0.01). Results of previous studies indicate an increase in uterine blood flow during the beginning of diestrus when evaluations of large vessels during the estrous cycle [1] and of small uterine vessels of inseminated mares [2] were performed. Nonetheless, it was questionable whether the increased uterine perfusion at D5 was a result of entry of the embryo into the uterus or if it was part of a uterine preparation for a possible entrance. The present study suggests that an increase in uterine local VP during the beginning of diestrus occurs in non-bred mares, which indicates that this is a natural alteration of the estrous cycle that coincides with the entry of the embryo into the uterus. More studies are still needed to confirm and to add more information to these findings.
An overview of solid—liquid separation in coal liquefaction processes

Abstract A number of coal liquefaction processes are in various stages of development. Process slurries emanating from reactors generally contain 5 to 10 wt.% of solids. Solid—liquid separation processes must be used to separate the mineral residue and unconverted carbon from liquefied coal. Difficulties in removing those solid components represent a major obstacle to economic production of liquefied coal products. Various methods of solid—liquid separation (SLS) for coal liquefaction processes are reviewed. An overall perspective of the four stages of SLS is essential to solution of SLS problems. Filtration theory has been revised to explain filtration behaviour of liquefied coal.
Casein production during differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in collagen gel culture.

Mouse mammary epithelial cells cultivated on floating collagen gels secrete, as judged by immunoblotting, the full array of caseins found in mouse milk. The secreted caseins are all phosphorylated and have estimated minimum molecular weights (MWs) of 45, 40, 27, and 23 kD in SDS—PAGE. Intracellular caseins of epithelia from collagen gel cultivation or from lactating mammary glands are a combination ofmature caseins identical with the secreted molecules and novel caseins whose apparent size in SDS—PAGE is different from the secreted molecules. The novel caseins were shown to be non-phosphorylated species apparently insufficiently mature for secretion. Our data indicate that, with regard to casein expression, cultivation of mouse mammary epithelia on collagen gels essentially duplicates their behavior in the lactating mouse mammary glands.
Biomass burning recorded in the GISP2 ice core: a record from eastern Canada?:

Combustion byproducts from biomass burning are preserved in annually stratified layers in the Greenland ice sheet. Electrical conductivity (ECM) and ammonium records from the GISP2 ice core in central Greenland have been used to develop a 6000-year record of biomass burning. Although there is some uncer tainty regarding the source area for the combustion byproducts, it is likely that the majority of the material originates in eastern Canada. Time periods of high biomass-burning activity occurred in 0-150 BP, 350-750 BP, and 5000 to >6000 BP. The period 1150-3250 BP is characterized by moderately elevated levels of biomass-burning activity. These periods are associated with drier conditions. The 5000 to >6000 BP period of high biomass-burning activity may also be related to forest successional sequences following the removal of the Laurentide ice sheet. This paper explains how ice cores can be used to develop records of biomass burning and offers suggestions for future studies.
Length Dependence of Force Generation is Controlled by Phosphorylation of cTnI at Serines 23/24

The steepness of the Frank-Starling relationship is modulated by numerous physiological factors including beta-adrenergic stimulation, which steepens the relationship. This arises in part from increased myofibrillar length dependence of force and power by PKA, a downstream signaling molecule of the beta-adrenergic system. Since PKA has multiple myofibrillar substrates including titin, myosin binding protein-C (MyBP-C), and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), we sought to define if phosphorylation of one of these molecules was sufficient to control length-tension relationships. We focused on cTnI since (i) we previously observed a relationship between cTnI phosphorylation and the steepness of ventricular function curves in rat working hearts, (ii) 2D-DIGE indicated a distribution of cTnI phosphorylation states consistent with our previous observation of two populations of length-tension relationships (one shallow the other steep) in rat skinned cardiac myocytes, and (iii) troponin can be more readily exchanged in permeabilized striated muscle cell preparations. To test if PKA-mediated phosphorylation of cTnI is sufficient to mediate length dependence of force we used skinned rat slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers, which exhibit shallow length-tension relationships that are unaltered by PKA. A sarcomere length-tension relationship was measured during submaximal Ca2+ activation, then the fiber was incubated in a troponin (Tn) exchange solution, which replaced ∼80% of the endogenous slow-skeletal Tn with cTn. After cTn incorporation the length-tension relationship remained shallow as predicted since the purified cTnI lacks phosphate incorporation. Next, the fiber was incubated in PKA, which caused the length-tension relationship to shift from shallow to steep. In addition, exchange with cTn having cTnI serines 23/24 modified to aspartic acids to mimic phosphorylation steepened the length-tension relationship. These results indicate that phosphorylation of cTnI serines 23/24 is sufficient to control length dependence of force generation in striated muscle.
Coaxial transthoracic fine-needle biopsy in patients with a history of malignant lymphoma.

Efficacy and safety of coaxial transthoracic fine-needle biopsy were evaluated in 54 patients with a history of malignant lymphoma and new chest lesions. Twenty-one patients had recurrent lymphoma. Correct diagnosis was made in 17 of the 21 patients (81%) after one biopsy. The sensitivity increased to 95% with repeat needle biopsy in three patients. Immunophenotyping (determining phenotype by means of immunologic examination) was essential for a definitive diagnosis of lymphoma in three patients. Non-lymphomatous malignancies were correctly diagnosed in 14 patients. An infectious organism was identified in 11 of 19 patients (58%) with benign lesions. Pneumothorax occurred in eight patients (15%), necessitating placement of a chest tube in two (4%). Mild hemoptysis was observed in four patients (7%). The authors conclude that coaxial transthoracic fine-needle biopsy in patients with a history of lymphoma is safe and accurate. The use of large cutting needles or surgical biopsy can be restricted to patients...
Group Work: An international conversation highlighting diversity in practice by Tully, G., Dolan-Reilly, G., Bacon, J., and Lo Re, A.

Having attended the 2012 International Symposium for the International Association for Social Work with Groups in Long Island, New York, I was anxious to read the selected chapters for the proceedi...
Research and the Politics of Education.

(1978). Research and the Politics of Education. The Educational Forum: Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 490-501.
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Formations of Eastern Virginia and Maryland

Introductory. The crystalline rocks of the Piedmont region in Virginia and Maryland are flanked eastward by an overlapping series of deposits of later Mesozoic and Cenozoic age, which extend thence to the Atlantic ocean, a distance averaging one hundred miles. This district has been designated the “coastal plain,” and is in general terms the continuation of the Piedmont plains which, with gradually decreasing elevation, finally pass beneath sea-level. The eastward inclination of the crystalline rock-surface on which the coastal plain deposits lie is slight, and the width of the zone of overlap from the feather edges and outliers of the formations to the final disappearance of this floor below tide-level usually averages about ten miles. The irregular western terminations of the various formations usually do not give rise to notable topographic features, and in the larger drainage depressions the crystalline rocks finally disappear below the clastics, generally at a Considerable . . .
The Determination of Selenium and Tellurium in Stainless Steel, White Cast Iron, and Nickel Base Alloy Standard Reference Materials by Isotope Dilution Spark Source Mass Spectrometry

Procedures using stable isotope dilution spark source mass spectrometry were developed for the simultaneous determination of selenium and tellurium in stainless steels, white cast irons, and nickel based alloys. The selenium and tellurium were reduced using hypophosphorous acid except in the nickel based alloy where electrodeposition onto gold was also used for tellurium. A gold carrier was used to scavenge the selenium and tellurium efficiently during reduction. The samples were homogenized with gold and introduced into the mass spectrometer as electrodes. The concentrations calculated from the general isotope dilution equation ranged from 0.14 μg/g for selenium to 353 μg/g for tellurium. The materials tested were ten different Standard Reference Materials available from the NBS.
The impact of gender and status in a university setting on importance of EAP services

ABSTRACT Employee groups vary in their perceptions of the importance of EAP services. Women value them more than men, and, in a university setting, office and service workers value EAP services more than do administration and faculty.