cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steric and Electronic Control over the Reactivity of a Thiolate-Ligated Fe(II) Complex with Dioxygen and Superoxide: Reversible μ-Oxo Dimer Formation

The reactivity between a thiolate-ligated five-coordinate complex [FeII(SMe2N4(tren))]+ (1) and dioxygen is examined in order to determine if O2 activation, resembling that of the metalloenzyme cytochrome P450, can be promoted even when O2 binds cis, as opposed to trans, to a thiolate. Previous work in our group showed that [FeII(SMe2N4-(tren))]+ (1) reacts readily with superoxide (O2−) in the presence of a proton source to afford H2O2 via an FeIII–OOH intermediate, thus providing a biomimetic model for the metalloenzyme superoxide reductase (SOR). Addition of O2 to 1 affords binuclear μ-oxo-bridged [FeIII(SMe2N4(tren))]2(μ2-O)(PF6)2•3MeCN (3). At low temperatures, in protic solvents, an intermediate is detected, the details of which will be the subject of a separate paper. Although the thiolate ligand does not appear to perturb the metrical parameters of the unsupported μ-oxo bridge (Fe–O=1.807(8) A, and Fe–O–Fe= 155.3(5)° fall in the usual range), it decreases the magnetic coupling between the irons (J = −28 cm−1) and creates a rather basic oxo site. Protonation of this oxo using strong (HBF4, HCl) or weak (HOAc, NH4PF6, LutNHCl) acids results in bridge cleavage to cleanly afford the corresponding monomeric anion-ligated (OAc− (6), or Cl− (7)) or solvent-ligated (MeCN (4)) derivatives. Addition of OH− converts [FeIII(SMe2N4-(tren))(MeCN)]2+ (4) back to μ-oxo 3. Thus, μ-oxo bridge cleavage is reversible. The protonated μ-hydroxo-bridged intermediate is not observed. In an attempt to prevent μ-oxo dimer formation, and facilitate the observation of O2-bound intermediates, a bulkier tertiary amine ligand, tren-Et4= N-(2-amino-ethyl)-N-(2-diethylamino-ethyl)-N′,N′-diethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine, and the corresponding [FeII(SMe2N4(tren-Et4))]+ (5) complex was synthesized and structurally characterized. Steric repulsive interactions create unusually long FeII-N(3,4) amine bonds in 5 (mean distance = 2.219(1) A). The [(tren-Et4)N4SMe2]1− ligand is unable to accommodate iron in the +3 oxidation state, and consequently, in contrast to most thiolate-ligated Fe(II) complexes, [FeII(SMe2N4(tren-Et4))]+ (5) does not readily react with O2. Oxidation of 5 is irreversible, and the potential (Epa = +410 mV (vs SCE)) is anodically shifted relative to 1 (E1/2 = −100 mV (vs SCE))
Nations without Nationalism: Ethno-Political Theory and the Demise of the Nation-State

This paper examines the relationship between the ethnic group, the nation, and the state. In addition to the analysis of related concepts such as modes of production and world-systems theory, it us...
Territoriality: The Transcendental, Primordial Feature of Modern Societies

. This article argues that one feature of all societies is territoriality and that one element of territoriality is the transcendental, primordial attachment. Consequently, the article is critical of arguments which view territoriality, including that of modem society, as primarily a post-Cartesian strategy of control or access. The phenomenon of the territoriality of modern societies and the this-worldly, transcendental referents in the collective self-consciousness which it presupposes also call into question the assumption of the putatively pervasive, contractarian individualism of modem society.
The Structure of Precocious Reading Ability.

ABSTRACT Observation has suggested that different subgroups of precocious readers might be distinguishtd by different patterns of strengths and weaknesses. In particular, it seems that one group of children might be distinguished by the strength of their top-down, conceptuallydriven1pLocesses,,And another by their strong bottoms-up, text driven processes."To determine if these impressions of precocious readers' strategies provide a valid description of more than a few-cases, 87 teacher-designated precocious readers'at the kindergarten level were studied. The children completed a reading comprehension test; tests of reading, verbal ability, and short term memqry; and a batters, of oral reading measures. In addition, their parents completed questionnaires describing the reading histories and reading habits of their children. Results indicated that precocious readers were especially adept at tasks that drew on processes above the individual word level. However, any generalizatfods about this group must be tempered by consideration of individual differences. within the group. (FL)
Structural Composition of Polymers Relative to Their Plasma Etch Characteristics

The etch rates of a variety of polymer films have been determined in and discharges under high pressure (0.55–1.1 Torr) plasma etching conditions. In general, polymers with aromatic structure were found to etch at 0.25–0.5 the rate of nonaromatic polymers. This result and other facets of the etch data are discussed relative to the development of future positive‐working E‐beam/RIE resists.
Finite Groups of Chain Difference One

A finite group G is said to have chain difference one if the lengths of any two unrefinable subgroup chains of G differ by at most one. Finite simple groups of chain difference one were classified by B. Brewster et al. (1993, J. Algebra160, 179–191) using the classification of finite simple groups. We give an more elementary proof of this result. In particular we give an elementary proof that a minimal counterexample has dihedral or semidihedral Sylow 2-subgroups.
The Trends in IS/IT Research for AMCIS Conferences: 1995 to 2004 (The Early Years): Research in Progress

The Americas Conference for Information Systems (AMCIS) celebrates its 10 th anniversary in New York City. Already AMCIS is viewed as one of the leading conferences for presenting the broadest variety of research done by and for IS/IT academicians in the Western Hemisphere. This research-in-progress article presents the beginning stage of an initiative to provide a systematic examination of the composition of each of the first ten AMCIS programs. Furthermore, it intends to provide a “living history” of the decisions and events that shaped each program, based on both the written and oral commentaries of the members of past and present conference committees. If there is any truth to the adage that research in proceedings proceeds research in IS journals, then there should be a sharp increase in Ecommerce publications at the expense of IS management research.
The Sm protein methyltransferase PRMT5 is not required for primordial germ cell specification in mice

PRMT5 is a type II protein arginine methyltransferase with roles in stem cell biology, reprograming, cancer and neurogenesis. During embryogenesis in the mouse, it was hypothesized that PRMT5 functions with the master germline determinant BLIMP1 to promote primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. Using a Blimp1-Cre germline conditional knockout, we discovered that Prmt5 has no major role in murine germline specification, or the first global epigenetic reprograming event involving depletion of cytosine methylation from DNA and histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation from chromatin. Instead, we discovered that PRMT5 functions at the conclusion of PGC reprograming I to promote proliferation, survival and expression of the gonadal germline program as marked by MVH. We show that PRMT5 regulates gene expression by promoting methylation of the Sm spliceosomal proteins and significantly altering the spliced repertoire of RNAs in mammalian embryonic cells and primordial cells.
Distributed broadband frequency translator

We present the first frequency translator based on a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) phase shifter. Rather than excite shock waves on the NLTL in large signal mode, we use its voltage-variable delay to modulate the phase of a 0.5-3.0 GHz microwave signal, incorporating both amplitude and phase linearization. This enables coherent heterodyning with 42 dBc carrier and spurious suppression. The technique has significant applications in both instrumentation and sensing.
Use of linkage disequilibrium for quantitative trait loci mapping in livestock

The goal of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping in livestock is to find genes underlying traits of economic importance for genetic improvement through marker assisted selection (MAS). The studies presented in this thesis address several important issues in QTL detection and fine mapping using candidate gene analysis and linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping using high density genotyping. Tests for candidate genes in F2 populations for QTL mapping were developed and evaluated. Results show that the extensive between-breed LD that is present in a cross can result in significant associations for candidate genes at considerable distances from the QTL. Tests that removed the impact of between-breed LD were not powerful in detecting candidate genes closely linked to the QTL, unless the candidate gene was the QTL. Therefore, candidate gene tests in QTL mapping populations must be interpreted with caution. Effectiveness of QTL mapping and MAS using LD in outbred populations depends on the extent of LD between markers and QTL which can differ between populations. Nine measures of LD between multi-allelic markers were evaluated as predictors of usable LD when LD is generated by drift. A standardized chi-square statistic ( ' ) was found to be the best predictor of usable LD of multi-allelic markers with QTL, while three other measures ( , 2 χ 2 df χ 2 r and ) were found to be good predictors of usable LD of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with QTL. The effect of various factors on power and precision of QTL detection was evaluated and power and precision of regressionand identical by descent (IBD)-based LD mapping methods were compared. Power and precision of QTL detection increased with sample size, marker density and QTL effect. * D
Compliance with screening guidelines for diabetic retinopathy in a large academic children's hospital in the Bronx.

Abstract Objective As the rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in children is increasing, the number of children with complications of DM, such as retinopathy, will also increase. American Diabetes Association and American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines recommend annual eye exams for children with type 1 DM who are older than 10 years, starting 3–5 years after diagnosis. Adolescents with type 2 DM should have an exam when diagnosed. This study was designed to determine if these guidelines are followed and to determine factors that influence providers to follow them. Patients and methods We identified all 15- to 20-year-old patients seen in a pediatric diabetes clinic over 6 months. All patients with type 2 DM and those with type 1 DM diagnosed at least 5 years prior were included. Charts were reviewed for 18 months to determine whether patients were referred for an eye exam. Data extracted included demographics, DM type, DM duration, hemoglobin A 1C , and presence of microalbuminuria. Results Of 80 patients, 28 (35%) were referred for an eye exam. Patients with a longer duration of DM ( P =.006) and those with microalbuminuria ( P =.02) were more likely to be referred for screening. Conclusions As only 35% of the patients in this study were referred for eye exams, patients at risk for retinopathy are missing opportunities for screening and early treatment. With the increasing number of children with type 2 DM, more patients will be at risk for retinopathy and its consequences. Pediatricians and endocrinologists should be educated about referring for annual eye exams.
Up-regulation of Na,K-ATPase β1 Transcription by Hyperoxia Is Mediated by SP1/SP3 Binding

The sodium pump, Na,K-ATPase, is an important protein for maintaining intracellular ion concentration, cellular volume, and ion transport and is regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. We previously demonstrated that hyperoxia increased Na,K-ATPase beta(1) gene expression in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. In this study, we identify a DNA element necessary for up-regulation of the Na,K-ATPase beta(1) transcription by hyperoxia and evaluate the nuclear proteins responsible for this up-regulation. Transient transfection experiments in MDCK cells using sequential 5'-deletions of the rat Na,K-ATPase beta(1) promoter-luciferase fusion gene demonstrated promoter activation by hyperoxia between -102 and +151. The hyperoxia response was localized to a 7-base pair region between -62 and -55, which contained a GC-rich region consistent with a consensus sequence for the SP1 family, that was sufficient for up-regulation by hyperoxia. This GC element exhibited both basal and hyperoxia-induced promoter activity and bound both transcription factors SP1 and SP3 in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated increased binding of SP1/SP3 in cells exposed to hyperoxia while mutation of this element eliminated protein binding. Other GC sites within the proximal promoter also demonstrated up-regulation of transcription by hyperoxia, however, the site at -55 had higher affinity for SP proteins.
Compiler and runtime support for running OpenMP programs on Pentium- and Itanium-architectures

Exploiting Thread-Level Parallelism (TLP) is a promising way to improve the performance of applications with the advent of general-purpose cost effective uni-processor and shared-memory multiprocessor systems. In this paper, we describe the OpenMP* implementation in the Intel/spl reg/ C++ and Fortran compilers for Intel platforms. We present our major design consideration and decisions in the Intel compiler for generating efficient multithreaded codes guided by OpenMP directives and pragmas. We describe several transformation phases in the compiler for the OpenMP* parallelization. In addition to compiler support, the OpenMP runtime library is a critical part of the Intel compiler. We present runtime techniques developed in the Intel OpenMP runtime library for exploiting thread-level parallelism as well as integrating the OpenMP support with other forms of threading termed as sibling parallelism. The performance results of a set of benchmarks show good speedups over the well-optimized serial code performance on Intel/spl reg/ Pentium- and Itanium-processor based systems.
The Gene Expression Messy Genetic Algorithm

Introduces the Gene Expression Messy Genetic Algorithm (GEMGA)-a new generation of messy genetic algorithms that directly search for relations among the members of the search space. GEMGA is an O[/spl Lambda//sup k/(l/sup 2/+k)] sample complexity algorithm for the class of order-k delineable problems (problems that can be solved by considering no higher than order-k relations). GEMGA is designed based on an alternate perspective of natural evolution, as proposed by the SEARCH (Search Envisioned As Relation and Class Hierarchizing) framework, that emphasizes the role of gene expression. GEMGA uses the transcription operator to search for relations. This paper also presents test results of the GEMGA for large multimodal order-k delineable problems.
VNTR DNA Variation in Siberian Indigenous Populations

The VNTR loci D7S104, D11S129, D18S17, D20S15, and D21S112 in three indigenous Siberian populations were analyzed to determine the populations' genetic structure. Using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, we found that the Siberian indigenous populations of Surinda and Sulamai are separated at the D11S129 locus (p < 0.05). However, the population of Poligus is genetically homogeneous compared with the villages of Sulamai and Surinda. Principal component plots for the sets of VNTR loci cluster the Siberian groups together, reflecting the homogeneity of these populations. An analysis of mean per locus heterozygosity versus the distance from the centroid of distribution suggests gene flow into Sulamai but little genetic exchange with Surinda and Poligus. Ultimately, the VNTR data reflect the genetic distinctiveness of the Kets and the Evenki.
Residential Modifications and Decline in Physical Function Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to quantify the effect of residential modifi cation on decreasing risk of physical function decline in 2 years. Design: Cohort study using propensity scores method to control for baseline differences between individuals with residential modifi cations and those without residential modifi cations. Participants: Participants ( N = 9,447) were from the Second Longitudinal Study on Aging, a nationally representative sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, aged 70 years and older in the United States at the time of baseline interview in 1994 ‐ 1995. Methods: Participants self-reported residential modifi cations at baseline (e.g., railings, bathroom modifi cations). Decline in physical functioning was measured by comparing self-reported activities of daily living at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Results: Compared with individuals without baseline modifi cations, a higher proportion of those with baseline modifi cations were aged 85 years and older (16% vs. 10%), used special aides (36% vs. 14%), and lived alone (40% vs. 31%). Using a weighted propensity score method, we found a modest decrease in risk of decline at Wave 2 for those with baseline modifi cations (risk difference = 3.1%). Respondents with a baseline residential modifi cation were less likely to experience subsequent decline in functional ability (adjusted odds ratio = 0.88, 95% confi dence interval = 0.79 ‐ 0.97) after adjusting for quintile of propensity score in a survey-weighted regression model. Implications: Baseline modifi cations may be associated with reduced risk of decline among a nationally representative sample of older community-dwelling adults. Widespread adoption of residential modifi cations may reduce the overall population estimates of decline.
Agroecology and Alternative Agri-Food Movements in the United States: Toward a Sustainable Agri-Food System

The concept of agroecology in the United States is born out of a dialectical process of co-production of knowledge whereby the science of agroecology has shaped and been shaped by alternative agri-food movements, policy, and local practice. This article examines the relationship between agroecology and alternative agri-food movements and identifies opportunities for greater engagement. The article concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities to scaling up agroecology and sustainable agri-food systems.
Gender differences in caregiver strain, needs for support, social support, and quality of life among spousal caregivers of persons with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND Caregivers of individuals with MS may experience unique caregiver strain due to the age at onset and progressive nature of the disease. Additionally, because MS is more prevalent in women, men often become spousal caregivers. However, gender differences in psychosocial adjustment among caregivers have not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore gender differences in the need for various supports and type of social support needed, caregiver strain, and quality of life among caregivers for individuals with MS. METHODS 106 caregivers participated in this study. Independent sample t-tests and multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in strain, need for supports, social support, and quality of life. RESULTS Analyses revealed gender difference among important psychosocial variables. Specifically, women reported higher levels of caregiver strain, higher needs for emotional support, and higher perceived social support. Additionally, multiple regression analyses revealed an inverse relationship between expressed emotional needs and quality of life for men, but not for women. CONCLUSIONS MS caregivers experience significant strain that diminishes quality of life. Social support and needs fulfillment can act to buffer this stress; however, results indicate that this varies by gender, with gender differences observed in strain, perceived support, and expressed needs among MS caregivers. The study implications for rehabilitation research are discussed.
Damages for Breach of Contract: Measurement and Limitations

Tort lawsuits get more press attention, but contract cases outnumber tort cases in many courts. The most important aspect of most contract lawsuits is the determination of damages; few lawsuits are undertaken merely for a declaration of rights or to recover nominal damages. Yet comparatively little has been written on the topic of contract damages. This article summarizes the legal principles recognized by Michigan courts as governing the measurement of, and limitations on, damages for breach of contract.
Marginalization of Cultural Groups

We recently heard some frightening statements related to inclusivity and diversity from the political arena threatening the human dignity of all marginalized persons. As an American citizen, I am saddened by these comments and am even more saddened that so many people have reacted positively to them. I believe these reactions come out of fear and anger. During times of unrest, war, terror attacks, and injustice, we want to live in peace—not frightened to go out in public. However, there are other ways to deal with these situations without alienating our country and putting Americans at risk in a global perspective. How does this have anything to do with transcultural nursing? Everything! It sets the stage of how we will treat anyone who is “different” across the globe. It goes back to the marginalization of people who do not deserve such judgement and accusations. This is not anything new—the internment of Japanese after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the killing of Jews during World War II, the Civil Rights movement, and, more recently, refugees from Syria. Our society thrives on recognizing and heightening our differences rather than looking at similarities. Hate and increasing intolerance does not make our goal to provide culturally congruent health care easy in our health care settings. Implications to these actions result in poor health outcomes in groups that are ostracized or marginalized. Our practice becomes more difficult as the trust between the health care provider and the patient worsens. Individuals, families, and communities all feel the results of fear and impulsive reactions to terrorism. As health care providers, we must be prepared to treat all persons with equality and respect. And to take it a step further—as advocates for inclusivity and diversity, we have to show others how to do this. We have to be the examples and the role models. We have to speak out about why it is not right to target certain groups. We have to be brave enough to speak out—when it is not an acceptable thing to do. We have to talk about it and teach our students, mentees, and peers about how we stand for inclusivity and diversity. In the spirit of our journal, we must acknowledge how these actions have direct implications for the delivery of culturally congruent health care and how it affects the preparation of health care professionals who will provide that care. We must do everything we can to prevent continued marginalization of groups and heal rather than feed into the propaganda of politics. 627495 TCNXXX10.1177/1043659615627495Journal of Transcultural NursingCuellar editorial2016
What Have We Learned? Macroeconomics After the Crisis

Starting with the March 2008 collapse of Bear Stearns, the steep slide into economic and financial turmoil took the public, elected officials, and many economists around the world by surprise. As f...
Lectin binding by crustacean cuticle: the cuticle of Callinectes sapidus throughout the molt cycle, and the intermolt cuticle of Procambarus clarkii and Ocypode quadrata

ABSTRACT Pieces of dorsal carapace from the crayfish Procambarus clarkii, the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata, and the blue crab Callinectes sapidus were fixed in Rossman's fluid or alcoholic Formalin, decalcified, paraffin-embedded, and probed with up to 21 fluorescein-conjugated lectins in order to determine the composition and distribution of their carbohydrate moieties. Unfixed, frozen sections were also employed. Tissue was examined from the crayfish and the ghost crab at intermolt (C4), and from the blue crab at premolt (all D stages), ecdysis, postmolt (all A and B stages, and stage C,) and intermolt. Different lectins showed different binding patterns at intermolt, but patterns of binding for individual lectins were consistent among the different species. A number of lectins showed different binding patterns at different stages of the molt cycle. Lectin binding was influenced by the method of fixation, with Rossman's-fixed tissue binding more lectins and more intensely. The overall pattern of lectin binding indicated that different carbohydrate moieties exist in the different layers of the integument, and that the availability of these lectin-binding sites may change over the molt cycle.
Activity following partially reinforced trials: Evidence for a residual frustration effect due to conditioned frustration

Activity measures in an open field were taken following partially and continuously reinforced trials in a straight alley. Not only was there increased activity following nonreinforced trials under conditions of partial reinforcement, but significantly more activity was obtained following the reinforced trials in the partial group than following comparable trials in the continuous group. There was also a significant increase in activity during extinction following continuous reinforcement. Results were interpreted in terms of frustration occurring in the goal box on both reinforced and nonreinforced trials under partial reinforcement.
The Particle Theory of Light

what, according to Newton, is a ray of light? And why do rays of light obey the laws of optics which he laid out so succinctly in Book I of his Optics? The next two chapters are drawn from Newton’s Queries included in Book III of his Opticks. These Queries take the form of rhetorical questions by which Newton articulates his theory of light. He begins slowly, exploring the relationship between light, heat and matter. In particular, in the first 24 Queries Newton suggests that when a body vibrates—whether due to heat, friction, percussion, or chemical action—it emits light. Conversely, when light strikes a substance it initiates vibrations within the substance. For instance, when light strikes the eye, vibrations arise in the vitreous humor; these vibrations, in turn, cause the visual perception of color. Likewise, when light strikes a transparent medium—such as water, air or even aether—vibrations arise in the medium; these vibrations, in turn, affect the trajectory of the light within the medium. Indeed, far from rejecting the existence of aether, Newton actually argued that its existence (or rather, inhomogeneities in its density) are responsible for the bending of light rays. Newton, however, carefully distinguishes light itself from vibrations of the aether. This is critical to Newton: vibrations of the aether can certainly affect the trajectory of a ray of light, but light is not a vibration of the aether. We join the discussion at Query 25, where Newton begins to articulate the specific properties that a ray of light must have in order to explain the curious phenomenon of birefringence observed in Iceland crystal.
Comparative Statics and Equilibrium

In the previous chapters a simple definition of ‘equilibrium’ was used — markets were in equilibrium if there was neither unsatisfied demand nor unsold supply. In anticipation of the introduction of money into the analysis, a more precise definition is required. For the rest of this book, the following definition will be used: A market or set of markets is in equilibrium if the agents participating in that (or those) market(s) have no cause to to alter their plans (how much they desire to buy and sell).
The ‘Abbāsid State

At the head of the state stood the caliph, who was, in theory at least, the fountainhead of all power. He could and did delegate the exercise of his civil authority to a vizir (wazīr), of his judicial power to a judge (qāḍi), of his military function to a general (amīr), but the caliph himself ever remained the final arbiter of all governmental affairs. In their imperial conduct and function the early caliphs of Baghdād followed the older Persian pattern. Taking advantage of the popular reaction against the ungodliness of the later Umayyads, the ‘Abbāsids made their debut with emphasis on the religious character and dignity of their office as an imāmate, an emphasis which in later years increased in inverse proportion to their actual power. With the eighth caliph, al-Mu‘taṣim bi-Allāh (833–42), and continuing till the end of the dynasty, they began to assume honorific titles compounded with Allāh. In the period of decline their subjects started to shower on them such extravagant titles as khalīfat Allāh (God’s caliph) and later ẓill Allāh ‘ala al-arḍ (God’s shadow on earth). These were evidently first bestowed on al-Mutawakkil (847–61),1 and persisted until the last days of the Ottoman caliphate.
Nanoimprint Lithography of Polymers

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is fast becoming an important nanofabrication technique for the lithography needs of the twenty-first century. Within this chapter, various NIL techniques, such as thermal nanoimprint lithography, ultraviolet-assisted nanoimprint lithography, and roll-to-roll nanoimprint lithography, are described in detail. Materials used in NIL are elaborated upon, with particular attention paid to functional materials, as well as applications that are utilizing NIL for patterning.
Association Between Radiation Necrosis and Tumor Biology After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Brain Metastasis

Background The primary dose-limiting toxicity of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is radiation necrosis (RN), which occurs after approximately 5% to 10% of treatments. This adverse event may worsen neurologic deficits, increase the frequency and cost of imaging, and necessitate prolonged treatment with steroids or antiangiogenic agents. Previous investigations have primarily identified lesion size and dosimetric constraints as risk factors for RN in small populations. We hypothesized that disease histology, receptor status, and mutational status are associated with RN. Methods and Materials All patients presenting with brain metastasis between 1997 and 2015 who underwent SRS and subsequent radiographic follow-up at a single tertiary-care institution were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was the cumulative incidence of radiographic RN. Multivariate competing risks regression was used to identify biological risk factors for RN. Results 1939 patients (5747 lesions) were eligible for inclusion; 285 patients (15%) experienced radiographic RN after the treatment of 427 (7%) lesions. After SRS, the median time to RN was 7.6 months. After multivariate analysis, graded prognostic assessment, renal pathology, lesion diameter, and the heterogeneity index remained independently predictive of RN in the pooled cohort. In subset analyses of individual pathologies, HER2 -amplified status (hazard ratio [HR] 2.05, P =.02), BRAF V600+ mutational status (HR 0.33, P =.04), lung adenocarcinoma histology (HR 1.89, P =.04), and ALK rearrangement (HR 6.36, P Conclusions In the present investigation constituting the largest series of RN, several novel risk factors were identified, including renal histology, lung adenocarcinoma histology, HER2 amplification, and ALK / BRAF mutational status. These risk factors may be used to guide clinical trial design incorporating biological risk stratification or dose escalation. Future studies determining the optimal timing of targeted therapies are warranted to further define the risk of RN.
Structural Evolution of Core–Shell Gold Nanoclusters: Aun– (n = 42–50)

Gold nanoclusters have attracted great attention in the past decade due to their remarkable size-dependent electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. However, the structures of large gold clusters are still not well-known because of the challenges in global structural searches. Here we report a joint photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and theoretical study of the structural evolution of negatively charged core–shell gold nanoclusters (Aun–) for n = 42–50. Photoelectron spectra of size-selected Aun– clusters are well resolved with distinct spectral features, suggesting a dominating structural type. The combined PES data and density functional calculations allow us to systematically identify the global minimum or candidates of the global minima of these relatively large gold nanoclusters, which are found to possess low-symmetry structures with gradually increasing core sizes. Remarkably, the four-atom tetrahedral core, observed first in Au33–, continues to be highly robust and is even present in clusters ...
A Novel Clustering Algorithm to Capture Utility Information in Transactional Data

We develop and design a novel clustering algorithm to capture utility information in transactional data. Transactional data is a special type of categorical data where transactions can be of varying length. A key objective for all categorical data analysis is pattern recognition. Therefore, transactional clustering algorithms focus on capturing the information on high frequency patterns from the data in the clusters. In recent times, utility information for category types in the data has been added to the transactional data model for a more realistic representation of data. As a result, the key information of interest has become high utility patterns instead of high frequency patterns. To the best our knowledge, no existing clustering algorithm for transactional data captures the utility information in the clusters found. Along with our new clustering rationale we also develop corresponding metrics for evaluating quality of clusters found. Experiments on real datasets show that the clusters found by our algorithm successfully capture the high utility patterns in the data. Comparative experiments with other clustering algorithms further illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.
A Randomized Algorithm for Multivariate Function Approximation

The randomized Kaczmarz (RK) method is a randomized iterative algorithm for solving (overdetermined) linear systems of equations. In this paper, we extend the RK method to function approximation in a bounded domain. We demonstrate that by conducting the approximation randomly one sample at a time the method converges. Convergence analysis is conducted in terms of expectation, where we establish sharp upper and lower bounds for both the convergence rate of the algorithm and the error of the resulting approximation. The analysis also establishes the optimal sampling probability measure to achieve the optimal rate of convergence. Various numerical examples are provided to validate the theoretical results.
Sciautonics autonics in the DARPA grand challenge

Abstract The Sci Autonics vehicles in the DARPA Grand Challenge employ a combination of Lidar and Radar sensors for far look-ahead distance and a suite of ultrasonic and optical sensors for short-range obstacle detection. A pinhole camera is used to detect visual path boundaries. The vehicle is a 4-wheel drive ruggedized All-Terrain-Vehicle (ATV). A differential GPS in conjunction with inertial sensors provides input to the low-level vehicle control to keep the vehicle on course between a series of closely spaced waypoints.
Inequality and unionization within the United States

Abstract Using data on U.S. state-level inequality from Frank, Sommeiller, Price, and Saez (2016) and state-level unionization data from Hirsch et al. (2001), this paper shows that unions have a negative impact on income inequality in U.S. states. In particular, higher rates of unionization decreased inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, the share of income accruing to the top 1% of earners, and the share of income accruing to the top 10% of earners. The findings are robust across several estimation methods and also when union coverage is used as an alternative to the percent of workers in unions.
Manual Metal Arc Welding and Gas Metal Arc Welding

Welding is a joining process that is being applied to an ever-widening range of fabrication activities, from inland, underground, underwater to outerspace in transportation, manufacturing, construction and mining, marine and ship-building, oil and gas pipelines, offshore structures, and nuclear structures, etc. In pipeline construction and offshore structures, welding is essential. Welding is a complex process with successful outcomes dependent on a range of input parameters. Often the physical properties of welded joints are critical to structural integrity. Thermal problems which are associated with welding are intrinsic and they include: induced postweld residual stress and distortion; and altered microstructural properties, which stem from the intense localized nonuniform heating and cooling, applied to the materials during the welding process. Traditionally management of welding processes has been achieved by experimental, trial and error approaches but increasingly computer simulation tools have been applied. Refined numerical tools are the ideal way to test process variations, such as weld procedure or preheat conditions; and these may ultimately become the ‘virtual’ welding machine. Mathematical simulation of welding and related phenomena is termed computational weld mechanics which is, now, an established and growing field of research endeavor; and one that is significant in international welding research. In this chapter some very basics of manual metal arc and gas metal arc welding processes are discussed briefly, and these two processes are used very heavily by all fabrication industries.
When Good Things Happen to Harmed People

The problem of justified harm is the problem of explaining why it is permissible to inflict harm for the sake of future benefits in some cases but not in others. In this paper I first motivate the problem by comparing a case in which a lifeguard breaks a swimmer’s arm in order to save her life to a case in which Nazis imprison a man who later grows wiser as a result of the experience. I consider other philosophers’ attempts to explain why the lifeguard’s action was permissible but the Nazis’ action was not. After arguing that principles having to do with consent, expected utility, and the types of harms and benefits at issue do not fully solve the problem, I argue for a causal solution to the problem. The causal solution includes both a causal account of harming and a distinction between causes and mere conditions. It then distinguishes between the lifeguard and Nazi cases with following principle: A harmful action that causes greater benefits can sometimes be justified by those benefits, but a harmful action that does not cause greater benefits cannot be justified by any subsequent benefits that the action, itself, does not cause.
The role of disgust sensitivity in volunteer recruitment and retention

In the United States, many volunteers contribute unpaid labor to nonprofit organizations. This labor includes direct volunteer service (working in close physical proximity to individuals who receive assistance, such as homeless and elderly individuals) and indirect volunteer service (administrative or fundraising tasks that do not require direct engagement with the target population). This paper extends the marketing theory of product contagion, in which proximity to disgust-inducing stimuli devalues consumer products, to preferences for direct versus indirect volunteer activities. A study conducted among U.S.-based adults found that higher sensitivity to disgust led to a greater preference for indirect volunteer service opportunities over direct volunteer opportunities. This result—which did not differ by gender—was mediated by the likelihood that indirect (vs. direct) volunteering was perceived as representative of volunteer work. Disgust sensitivity did not predict the total amount of volunteer work performed. Implications for recruitment and retention of volunteers are discussed.
Treating a novel plasticity defect rescues episodic memory in Fragile X model mice

Episodic memory, a fundamental component of human cognition, is significantly impaired in autism. We believe we report the first evidence for this problem in the Fmr1-knockout (KO) mouse model of Fragile X syndrome and describe potentially treatable underlying causes. The hippocampus is critical for the formation and use of episodes, with semantic (cue identity) information relayed to the structure via the lateral perforant path (LPP). The unusual form of synaptic plasticity expressed by the LPP (lppLTP) was profoundly impaired in Fmr1-KOs relative to wild-type mice. Two factors contributed to this defect: (i) reduced GluN1 subunit levels in synaptic NMDA receptors and related currents, and (ii) impaired retrograde synaptic signaling by the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Studies using a novel serial cue paradigm showed that episodic encoding is dependent on both the LPP and the endocannabinoid receptor CB1, and is strikingly impaired in Fmr1-KOs. Enhancing 2-AG signaling rescued both lppLTP and learning in the mutants. Thus, two consequences of the Fragile-X mutation converge on plasticity at one site in hippocampus to prevent encoding of a basic element of cognitive memory. Collectively, the results suggest a clinically plausible approach to treatment.
Frequency-Domain Analysis

By frequency-domain analysis one generally means an analysis of systems based on representing input and output as linear combinations of sinusoidal functions. Such an analysis is most useful for studying the steady-state behavior of linear and time-invariant systems. In terms of noise analysis, the frequency-domain approach is especially useful in communication problems, where the steady-state behavior is generally the main thing of interest. In control problems the dynamical or transient behavior of the systems is of greater importance. There, frequency-domain analysis loses some of its effectiveness. We take up the dynamical approach in Chapter 6.
Axonal mRNA transport and translation at a glance

Localization and translation of mRNAs within different subcellular domains provides an important mechanism to spatially and temporally introduce new proteins in polarized cells. Neurons make use of this localized protein synthesis during initial growth, regeneration and functional maintenance of their axons. Although the first evidence for protein synthesis in axons dates back to 1960s, improved methodologies, including the ability to isolate axons to purity, highly sensitive RNA detection methods and imaging approaches, have shed new light on the complexity of the transcriptome of the axon and how it is regulated. Moreover, these efforts are now uncovering new roles for locally synthesized proteins in neurological diseases and injury responses. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of how axonal mRNA transport and translation are regulated, and discuss their emerging links to neurological disorders and neural repair.
Status desviado: Mujeres estigmatizadas en el cristianismo primitivo

Las Cartas Pastorales estan escritas en un contexto de lucha intracomunitaria. La polemica que se produce en el interior de la comunidad entre la doctrina sana y la «heterodidascalia» es reflejo de las luchas de poder entre dos grupos que pugnan por establecer modelos normativos de organizacion. El presente estudio pretende mostrar las dinamicas mediante las cuales el autor de las cartas pretende deslegitimar la posicion de sus oponentes y expulsarlos de la comunidad. Al mismo tiempo, las cartas muestran que algunas mujeres participaron activamente en el movimiento de oposicion y que reclamaron para si papeles de autoridad y protagonismo. El objetivo de la presente investigacion es estudiar el status de las mujeres en la comunidad de las Cartas Pastorales y analizar las propuestas normativas que ambos grupos disenaron para ellas.
Comparison and Critique of Government Regulations for Behavioral Teratology

Behavioral teratogenesis is a well-established phenomenon in experimental animals (Barlow & Sullivan, 1975; Hutchings, 1983; Vorhees & Butcher, 1982). This fact alone should probably have been enough to trigger government agencies responsible for the protection of public health and the environment to incorporate this new aspect of risk into regulations for safety assessment. Unfortunately, the world seldom operates so simply. Health and environmental protection agencies seldom react to evidence derived exclusively from animal research, and behavioral teratology received modest attention until several human behavioral teratogens were identified (Hattan, Henry, Montgomery, Bleiberg, Rulis, & Bolger, 1983). This identification began with prenatal methylmercury poisoning in congenital Minamata disease (Reuhl & Chang, 1979; Takeuchi, Eto, & Eto, 1979), followed by the fetal alcohol syndrome (Jones & Smith, 1973; Jones, Smith, Ulleland, & Streissguth, 1973), the fetal hydantoin syndrome (Hanson & Smith, 1975), the fetal trimethadione syndrome (Feldman, Weaver, & Lovrien, 1977; German, Kowal, & Ehlers, 1970; Zackai, Mellman, Neiderer, & Hanson, 1975), and the neonatal withdrawal and longer-term effects produced by prenatal narcotic addiction (Kandall, 1977; Kandall, Albin, Gartner, Lee, Eidelman, & Lowinson, 1977; Lodge, 1977; Wilson, Desmond, & Verniaud, 1973).
The Age of the South Atlantic

This paper attempts to further delineate the pattern of continental drift that has taken place in the South Atlantic since mid-Mesozoic time. The history presented is based on the analysis of the magnetic anomaly pattern associated with the mid-Atlantic ridge which indicates the age of the basement rock and may be used to determine to a first approximation the pattern of drift between the continental masses that surround the Atlantic.
Switching Dynamical Systems

In this chapter, dynamics of switching dynamical systems will be presented. A switching system of multiple subsystems with transport laws at switching points will be discussed. The existence and stability of switching dynamical systems will be discussed through equi-measuring functions. The G-function of the equi-measuring functions will be introduced. The local increasing and decreasing of switching systems to equi-measuring functions will be presented. The global increasing and decreasing of the switching systems to equi-measuring functions will be discussed. Based on the global and local properties of the switching dynamical systems to the equi-measuring function, the stability of switching systems can be discussed. To demonstrate flow regularity and complexity of switching systems, the impulsive system is as a special switching system to present, and the quasi-periodic flows and chaotic diffusion of impulsive systems will be presented. A frame work for periodic flows in switching systems will be presented. The periodic flows and stability for linear switching systems will be discussed. This framework can be applied to nonlinear switching systems. The further results on stability and bifurcation of periodic flows in nonlinear switching systems can be discussed.
A Research Agenda for the Science and Design of Assessment for Deep Learning

In this paper, I argue for use-inspired basic research on assessment for deep learning of core abilities in interdisciplinary fields of study essential to meet the scientific, technological, educational, and workforce challenges of the 21st century. I emphasize the critical role of technology as an object of research and development, and as a means of organizing, conducting, and communicating research and applications.