cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Per Mile Emissions Taxes And Lump Sum Emissions Taxes: A Comparative Study Using A Mathematical Approach To Demand Estimation

The primary purpose of this study was to utilize the mathematical approach to demand estimation developed in Culp (2004) to compare two common emissions based taxes. The model assumes Cournot-Nash behavior and divides the automobile market into five homogenous segments. A global optimization program is utilized to mathematically determine the range of values the coefficients of demand must take in each segment to satisfy market equilibrium. Simulations were performed to examine the comparative impact on social welfare of both the per mile emission tax (PMET) and the lump sum emission tax (LSET) in the automotive and travel markets. In the simulations, a global optimization program allows market conditions to change while holding constant the level of pollution reduction, satisfying the other constraints of the model, and satisfying each firm’s first order profit-maximizing conditions. The simulation found that in five of the thirty-two quarters examined, and regardless of market conditions, that the LSET produced more gains from trade. In simulations of the remaining quarters, the outcomes varied depending upon the cross price elasticity of vehicle demand and upon the sensitivity of consumers to vehicle operating cost. The simulations also show that an approximately 20 percent reduction in emissions from new vehicles is achieved by the LSET with a median tax rate of $155.74 per gram of average CO emissions per mile. Consequently, a vehicle that emits an average of two grams of CO per mile would pay a one-time fee of $311.48. The median tax rate required by the PMET is $0.00666 per gram per mile. Accordingly, a vehicle that emits two grams of CO per mile on average would pay $0.0103 per mile or $1332.46 for every 100,000 miles traveled. The difference between the two tax rates, required to achieve the same pollution reduction goal, is likely the result of consumer’s insensitivity to the rise in vehicle operating costs caused by the PMET. This result is consistent with the view that consumers highly discount future payments.
Platycuma bamberconfabulor sp. nov. (Crustacea: Cumacea: Nannastacidae) from Antarctica, with a note on the gut of Platycuma

Platycuma bamberconfabulor sp. nov. is based on a specimen from the Ross Sea. The species can be distinguished from the other species in the genus through the combination of a laterally expanded and somewhat dorsoventrally flattened carapace, anterior margin of the carapace excavate in dorsal view, uropod peduncles less than twice as long as pleonite 6, and subequal pleonites 4 and 5.
Neuroaccounting, Part II: Consilience Between Accounting Principles and the Primate Brain

We develop the hypothesis that culturally evolved accounting principles are ultimately explained by their consilience with how the human brain has biologically evolved to evaluate opportunities for exchange. The primary function of accounting in evaluating exchange is providing information on the net benefits of past exchanges. Accounting's comparative advantage arises because it provides information based on reliable quantified data that is well suited to multi-period settings where reputation and trust are of first-order importance. We review evidence documented by neuroscientists that is consistent with the hypothesis that longstanding accounting principles such as Revenue Realization, Expense Matching, Objectivity, Historical Cost, Going Concern and Conservatism have distinct parallels in brain behaviors. We conclude that NeuroAccounting has important implications for how we think about accounting principles and the ultimate forces behind their emergence and persistence.
Effects of Target Timing and Contract Frame on Individual Performance

AbstractThis study experimentally examines the effects of target timing and contract frame on individual performance. We study four target-based incentive contracts, categorised by when participants learn the performance target (ex ante, or before production starts, vs. ex post, or after production ends) and how the incentive contract is framed (bonus vs. penalty). The performance target in this study is determined by a peer group's average productivity. We find that performance is significantly higher for bonus-framed contracts when the performance target is revealed ex post, as opposed to ex ante. In contrast, revealing the peer-based performance target ex ante or ex post has no impact on performance for penalty-framed contracts. We also find that the ex post, bonus-framed contract significantly outperforms the other three contracts. This finding supports practitioners' claim that employers should reward (as opposed to punish) individuals based on their performance, relative to that of their peers, ex post.
Measuring Friction of Patterned and Textured Pavements: A Comparative Study

The Florida Department of Transportation initiated a field study to compare the suitability of two friction-testing devices for measuring the friction characteristics of patterned and textured crosswalks: (a) a site-specific dynamic friction tester (DFT) and (b) a semicontinuous locked wheel tester. The locked wheel testing was performed with both ribbed and smooth tires at 20, 30, and 40 mph (30, 50 and 65 km/h), respectively. Ten test sections were randomly selected to include the different types of patterned and textured processes currently approved for use in Florida. The results of this study indicated that the smooth tire measurements were, generally, in good agreement with the DFT, regardless of test speed. The correlation between the DFT and the ribbed tire test improved with the increasing speed of the locked wheel testing. In addition, for a given test method, harmonization of different test speeds was also performed to allow for the speed conversion of the friction coefficients. The flexibility...
The effect of egg yolk in diets on anaphylactic arthritis (passive Arthus phenomenon) in the guinea pig.

Whole egg yolk incorporated as a supplement in the diet of baby guinea pigs afforded protection against anaphylactic arthritis as determined: (a) by measurement of joint swelling; (b) by the rise in serum level of some substance which reacts with diphenylamine; (c) by histologic examination. The active material in egg yolk was shown to be in the alcohol-soluble fraction. Attempts to identify the active material with any known lipid have to date been unsuccessful. In the screening of lipid substances for protection against anaphylactic arthritis, it is shown that the weanling guinea pig is suitable, that a 3 week period is adequate, and that the test substance can be administered satisfactorily in the diet.
Moving-Baseline Localization

The moving-baseline localization (MBL) problem arises when a group of nodes moves through an environment in which no external coordinate reference is available. When group members cannot see or hear one another directly, each node must employ local sensing and inter-device communication to infer the spatial relationship and motion of all other nodes with respect to itself. We consider a setting in which nodes move with piecewise-linear velocities in the plane, and any node can exchange noisy range estimates with certain sufficiently nearby nodes. We develop a distributed solution to the MBL problem in the plane, in which each node performs robust hyperbola fitting, trilateration with velocity constraints, and subgraph alignment to arrive at a globally consistent view of the network expressed in its own "rest frame." Changes in any node's motion cause deviations between observed and predicted ranges at nearby nodes, triggering revision of the trajectory estimates computed by all nodes. We implement and analyze our algorithm in a simulation informed by the characteristics of a commercially available ultra-wideband (UWB) radio, and show that recovering node trajectories, rather than just locations, requires substantially less computation at each node. Finally, we quantify the minimum ranging rate and local network density required for the method's successful operation.
Effects of hyperoxia on ventilation and pulmonary hemodynamics during immersed prone exercise at 4.7 ATA: possible implications for immersion pulmonary edema

Immersion pulmonary edema (IPE) can occur in otherwise healthy swimmers and divers, likely because of stress failure of pulmonary capillaries secondary to increased pulmonary vascular pressures. Pr...
Metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 by liver tissue from male Fischer F344 rats of various ages

The effect of aging on the ability of the liver to activate chemical procarcinogens was studied using 12-, 18-, and 27-month-old male Fischer F344 rats. The cytochrome P-450 content of the S9 and microsomal fractions of the liver decreased approximately 30% between 12 and 18 months of age. The structural conformation of cytochrome P-450 in microsomes from 12-, 18-, and 27-month-old rats was studied using electron-spin resonance spectroscopy. An age-related decrease in the amount of cytochrome P-450 ferric iron in the liver microsomes was observed. The conversion of the chemical procarcinogen aflatoxin B1 to mutagenic compounds by the S9 and microsomal fractions of liver was measured using the Salmonella typhimurium bioassay. A 40-50% decrease in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 was observed between 12 and 18 months of age. However, the activation of aflatoxin B1 did not change after 18 months of age. The age-related decrease in the activation of aflatoxin B1 by liver appears to be due to a decrease in the metabolic activity of the mixed-function oxidase system.
The use of transthoracic electrical bioimpedance in assessing thoracic fluid status in emergency department patients

Abstract Baseline transthoracic electrical bioimpedance (Z) was measured in 26 serlously ill emergency department (ED) patients in order to determine the usefulness of this noninvasive method of assessing thoracic fluid (TF) status. Patients were divided, on the basis of clinical and radiographic information, into three groups: group A (11 patients), with clinically normal TF status; group B (12 patients), with elevated TF status; and group C (3 patients), with decreased TF status. The mean Z values measured in each group were: 26.5 ohms in group A, 21.8 ohms in group B, and 37.4 ohms in group C (differences significant at P
Urban Response to Federal Program Flexibility: Politics of Community Development Block Grant

Categorical programs, considered the backbone of "creative federalism" in the 1960s, are no longer in vogue in the 1980s. The increasing prominence of block grants in our federal grant system merits a closer look at the likely policy consequences following program consolidation. Our longitudinal study of the Community Development Block Grant in two large cities suggests that the increased level of local discretion resulted in less emphasis on the redistributive needs of low-income residents. Moreover, decisions with respect to the block grant inevitably become part of the local political process, and in these two cities, were influenced by mayoral preferences.
DETERMINANTS OF VALUATION EFFECTS FOR SECURITY OFFERINGS OF COMMERCIAL BANK HOLDING COMPANIES

In this study, the impact of security issuance by bank holding companies is examined in light of two hypotheses: the regulation or asymmetry reduction hypothesis and the bank capital hypothesis. Announcements of the issuance of common stock are associated with a significant negative effect, and the magnitude of this effect is similar to that found previously for utilities and smaller than that found for industrial firms. The market does not appear to treat subordinated debt announcements as similar to equity, although the debt qualifies as “capital” for regulatory purposes. Cross-sectional regressions do not support asymmetric information models where all unexpected external announcements are viewed negatively. Rather, the type of security being issued is an important determinant of the announcement effect.
High resolution ultraviolet-to-visible image conversion using self-assembled CdSe/ZnCdMgSe quantum dot photoluminescence

High resolution ultraviolet-to-visible image conversion using photo-luminescence emitted by self-assembled CdSe/ZnCdMgSe quantum dots was investigated. The visible images centred at 585 nm with a resolution of 2 µm and 5 µm were obtained using a cw-He-Cd laser at the 325 nm excitation wavelength and with 150 fs laser pulses tuned to the second harmonic generation at 400 nm, respectively. The resolution limitations of visible images are discussed, and a high resolution optical system for the ultraviolet-to-visible image conversion is proposed.
Palatal canalicular adenoma: Report of 12 cases and review of the literature

Canalicular adenoma is the second most common type of adenoma of the oral region and arises almost exclusively in the upper lip. Other locations include the buccal mucosa, the palate, and the parotid gland. We report 12 cases of canalicular adenoma that arose in the palates of nine women and three men between the ages of 42 and 76 years. The tumor presented as a nonulcerated (eight patients) or ulcerated (four patients) lesion, usually at the junction of the hard and soft palates. Two tumors were misdiagnosed: one as adenoid cystic carcinoma and the other as low-grade adenocarcinoma. Both patients had had partial maxillectomy; the patient diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma also received radiotherapy. One patient reported having had an adenoma removed from the palate 10 years previous to presentation; thus, the tumor was classified as a recurrence. Evidence of tumor metastasis was absent in all cases during the follow-up period, which ranged from 1 to 25 years. Eleven patients are alive and disease free; one died of other causes. Canalicular adenoma does not commonly occur in the palate. This tumor has an excellent prognosis after conservative surgical treatment in all locations. Pathologists should be aware of the occurrence of this neoplasm in the palatal region and of its histopathology so they can distinguish it from malignant tumors of the salivary gland.
Cross-priming of T cells to intracranial tumor antigens elicits an immune response that fails in the effector phase but can be augmented with local immunotherapy

Abstract Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are thought to be poorly immunogenic. However, whether defective anti-tumor immunity is a consequence of a relative failure of T cell priming versus a deficient effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response is not clear. We utilized a well-defined model system of B16 melanoma expressing the model antigen SIY-GFP to evaluate tumor antigen cross-priming and tumor rejection from the CNS versus subcutaneous compartments. We observed that B16-SIY cells implanted in the CNS were capable of inducing T cell priming as measured by IFN-γ ELISPOT in the spleen. Cross-priming occurred in the absence of detectable systemic dissemination of the tumor. Despite the induction of a T cell response, CNS tumors grew progressively and were fatal, whereas the same tumor implanted in the flank was rejected. To study the effector phase of the immune response in more detail, in vitro primed 2C/RAG2 −/− TCR transgenic CD8 + cells, which recognize the SIY peptide, were adoptively transferred. In addition, the CNS microenvironment was modulated by intracranial delivery of IL-2. While mice that received primed 2C cells alone showed an increase in survival, co-administration of intracranial IL-2 led to a marked prolongation of survival, with 20% of mice surviving at least 120 days. Our results demonstrate that CD8 + T cell cross-priming does indeed occur in response to a CNS tumor, but that manipulation of the brain tumor microenvironment may be necessary to support the effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response.
The late-spring maximum of rainfall over the U.S. central plains and the role of the low-level jet.

Abstract The seasonal rainfall over the U.S. central plains features a late-spring maximum. A spring–fall annual mode revealed from the empirical orthogonal function analysis on rainfall delineates a maximum center over the central plains that coincides with the large late-spring rainfall. This paper examines the large-scale dynamical and hydrological processes in forming the rainfall center. The NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) reanalysis 2 data reveal that the baroclinic structure of the continental-scale circulation during late spring (May and June) induces a vertically out-of-phase divergent circulation forming strong convergence of water vapor flux over the central plains. Such circulation features generate concentrated convective activity in this region. The upper-level anticyclone development with the North American monsoon in July replaces the late-spring baroclinic structure and, in turn, reduces the convective activity. The Great Plains low-level jet (LLJ) plays a role in the downscaling process ...
Maturation of Renal Organic Acid Transport: Substrate Stimulation by Penicillin

Renal p-aminohippurate transport in rabbits increased rapidly from birth to 4 weeks of age and then declined to that observed in adults. Penicillin administration to pregnant does or newborn rabbits stimulated the developing transport system, but did not increase the peak observed at 4 weeks. Therefore the continued presence of substrate (penicillin) during development significantly enhances the rate of maturation.
Design and analysis of an optical interface processor for signal processing applications

A preliminary design is presented for an Optical Interface Message Processor (OPTIMP) which exploits the high bandwidth, parallelism, multidimensional capability, and high storage density offered by optics. In the proposed system, the time-consuming operations in parallel processing networks, such as switching and routing, are fully implemented in optics. The design is free from optical/electrical conversion bottlenecks and can perform switching and routing in the Gigabits/s range. The design can be adapted for interconnection networks for massively parallel computers.
Multiple-cell modeling of fiber-reinforced composites with the presence of interphases using the boundary element method

In this paper, an advanced boundary element method (BEM) with thin-body capabilities is applied to model multiple cells of fiber-reinforced composites with the consideration of the interphases. Effects of the multiple-cell models, as compared to the unit-cell model, in determining the effective material constants in the transverse plane, are studied. In this BEM approach, the interphases are modeled as thin elastic layers based on the elasticity theory, as opposed to spring-like models in the previous BEM and some models based on the finite element method (FEM). The BEM approach to the multiple-cell modeling is compared with the FEM approach. The advantages and disadvantages of the BEM as compared with the FEM for the analysis of fiber-reinforced composites are discussed. It is shown that the developed BEM is very accurate and efficient in the modeling and analysis of fiber-reinforced composites, and that different cell models can have marked influences on the evaluations of the effective modulus of fiber-reinforced composites.
Process Design for the Controlability of Chemical Vapor Deposition Grown Vertically Aligned Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have received much attention from both the scientific and industrial communities due to their structural properties and unique morphology. There has also been growing interest in vertically aligned single walled carbon nanotubes (VA-SWNTs) because of their suitability for building devices such as hydrogen storage and super capacitors. Various methods including chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have been developed for growing VA-SWNTs. Among them is alcohol catalytic CVD which is well known for its economic viability, comprehensive substrates selectivity and good yield of VA-SWNTs. In order to fully understand the growth mechanism of those CNTs, an examination of the role of inputs like hydrocarbon flow rate, reaction time, chamber temperature, and pressure is essential. This work studies the controllability of VA-SWNTs growth by a hybrid process model of an experimental design and an artificial neural network (ANN). Process analysis shows that CVD pressure and temperature are the most significant input factors. In addition, interactions and response surface plots confirm these results and add that higher temperature and pressure will yield VA-SWNTs with high probability.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Sliding Mode Control of a Non-Collocated Flexible System

A new control method is developed for position tracking control of a flexible, non-collocated system. The desired trajectory is specified for the free end of a flexible beam that moves along a horizontal track actuated by a linear motor. First, a system model is reformulated based on a pendulum with stiffness and dampening. Small angle approximations are used so that a linear model can be obtained. Next, variable structure control is chosen as the control method due to its seemingly robust nature. The sliding surface and feedback gains are designed using the developed model based on literature describing various variable structure control techniques. Simulations are then conducted to verify the control method and examine its robustness. Finally, the method is implemented on an actual system using a Kalman filter to estimate the states.© 2003 ASME
Behavior Modification Therapy in Hyperactive Children Research and Clinical Implications

One hundred fifty-seven studies employing behavior modification in the management of hyperactive and disruptive children were reviewed. The studies were analyzed against standards of scientific validity. The review found: (1) behavior modification was effective in alleviating problem behaviors; (2) token programs were the most commonly used; (3) both positive reinforcement and punishment were effective; positive reinforcement, however, had the advantage of improving self-esteem; (4) behavioral problems occurring in the home most likely require a home-based program; (5) behavior modification and stimulant medication can be used simultaneously, often with additive effects; and (6) long-term benefits beyond one year have not been assessed.
DNA polymerase beta substrate specificity: side chain modulation of the "A-rule".

Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are continuously generated in genomic DNA. Left unrepaired, AP sites represent noninstructional premutagenic lesions that are impediments to DNA synthesis. When DNA polymerases encounter an AP site, they generally insert dAMP. This preferential insertion is referred to as the A-rule. Crystallographic structures of DNA polymerase (pol) β, a family X polymerase, with active site mismatched nascent base pairs indicate that the templating (i.e. coding) base is repositioned outside of the template binding pocket thereby diminishing interactions with the incorrect incoming nucleotide. This effectively produces an abasic site because the template pocket is devoid of an instructional base. However, the template pocket is not empty; an arginine residue (Arg-283) occupies the space vacated by the templating nucleotide. In this study, we analyze the kinetics of pol β insertion opposite an AP site and show that the preferential incorporation of dAMP is lost with the R283A mutant. The crystallographic structures of pol β bound to gapped DNA with an AP site analog (tertrahydrofuran) in the gap (binary complex) and with an incoming nonhydrolyzable dATP analog (ternary complex) were solved. These structures reveal that binding of the dATP analog induces a closed polymerase conformation, an unstable primer terminus, and an upstream shift of the templating residue even in the absence of a template base. Thus, dATP insertion opposite an abasic site and dATP misinsertions have common features.
Remodeling after stroke.

A promising approach to treating ischemic stroke, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may need to be rethought. Previous work suggested that inhibitors of MMPs could protect the brain, but now it seems that such inhibitors might contribute to damage ( pages 441–445 ).
Age changes in hepatic metabolic characteristics and their modulation by dietary manipulation

Abstract Starting at 6 weeks of age, male Fischer 344 rats were provided five different dietary regimens: group 1, fed ad libitum; group 2, restricted to 60% of the food intake of group 1; group 3, restricted to 60% of the food intake of group 1 until 6 months of age and then fed ad libitum; group 4, fed ad libitum until 6 months of age and then restricted to 60% of the food intake of group 1; group 5, given the same caloric intake as group 1 but 60% of the protein intake. The weight of the liver was maintained at about 2.5% of body weight over the wide range of body weight, age (6 through 30 months of age) and diets of this study. Liver cholesterol concentration increased with age in the rats of group 1 but not in the other groups, the hepatic cholesterol concentration was lower in the rats of groups 2 and 4 than in the others. The liver microsomal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity was higher in 4-month-old rats than in rats 12 months of age and older; also, the microsomal activity from group 2 and group 4 rats was higher than that from rats of the other groups. Liver triglyceride levels increased with age in groups 1, 2, 3 and 5 but not in group 4. At all ages, postabsorptive (15 h without food) hepatic glycogen concentrations were much higher in groups 2 and 4 than in the other groups. Liver phospholipid concentration was not affected by age or diet. Basal adenylate cyclase activity in liver homogenates increased with age in all but group 4, but hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was little affected by age or diet. The age-related hepatic changes in lipids and in hormone responsiveness noted in the present study were much less marked than those previously found in blood and adipose tissue.
Treatment of Acute Stroke in Patients on Dabigatran: A Survey of US Stroke Specialists

Background There are no guidelines for thrombolysis in stroke patients taking dabigatran, or dabigatran reversal strategies in patients with ICH. We sought to assess how vascular neurologists plan to care for these patients. Methods An Internet-based questionnaire was sent to US board-certified vascular neurologists. Case scenarios for patients on dabigatran with acute ischemic stroke or ICH were presented; questions assessed preferred treatment strategies. Results In all, 221 vascular neurologists responded. For a typical ischemic stroke patient eligible for intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) except for use of dabigatran (time of last dose unknown), 49% would not treat with tPA regardless of PTT, 28% would treat if PTT was normal, 9% would treat if PTT was less than 40 seconds, and 4% would treat regardless of PTT. Even more variability in responses was seen when presented with a normal PTT but variable times from last dabigatran dose. Between 8%-14% of respondents were not sure what they would do. For catheter-based thrombolysis, 25% indicated they would treat with IV tPA but would prefer catheter thrombolysis, 30% would use IV tPA and consider catheter thrombolysis as for any patient, 36% would only use catheter thrombolysis, and 9% would not use IV tPA or catheter thrombolysis. For a patient with dabigatran-associated ICH, 73% said they would attempt reversal of dabigatran with the following modalities: FFP 53%; factor VIIa 24%; prothrombin complex concentrates 61%; platelet transfusion 7%; and hemodialysis 24%. Conclusions There is a remarkable lack of consensus among vascular neurologists regarding the assessment and treatment of acute stroke patients on dabigatran.
Suppression of play fighting by amphetamine: Effects of catecholamine antagonists, agonists and synthesis inhibitors

Abstract Moderate doses of amphetamine and methylphenidate profoundly depress play fighting in juvenile rats. To test the idea that this behavioral effect was dependent on the release of catecholamines (CAs) we administered haloperidol (0.05–0.8 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (0.5–5 mg/kg), phenoxybenzamine (0.5–20 mg/kg) or propranolol (0.5–20 mg/kg) alone or in combination with 0.5 ro 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate. None of these CA antagonists reversed the suppression of play fighting (indexed by pinning) caused by amphetamine, but at higher doses haloperidol, chlorpromazine and phenoxybenzamine depressed both pinning and rearing. The presynaptic NE agonist clonidine (0.05–0.2 mg/kg) also failed to block the effects of amphetamine on play; instead it too depressed both pinning and rearing. Finally the CA synthesis inhibitor, α-methyltyrosine (total dose: 100 mg/kg) did not attenuate the suppression of play by amphetamine. Ephedrine (10–80 mg/kg) mimicked the effects of amphetamine on pinning, but apomorphine did not. At doses from 0.125–0.5 mg/kg apomorphine stimulated pinning while 1 mg/kg had no effect. The present findings confirm earlier reports that amphetamine suppresses play fighting but the mechanism of action remains obscure.
Visual sensitivity to spatially sampled modulation in human observers

Thresholds were measured for detecting spatial luminance modulation in regular lattices of visually discrete dots. Thresholds for modulation of a lattice are generally higher than the corresponding threshold for modulation of a continuous field, and the size of the threshold elevation, which depends on the spacing of the lattice elements, can be as large as a one log unit. The largest threshold elevations are seen when the sample spacing is 12 min arc or greater. Theories based on response compression cannot explain the further observation that the threshold elevations due to spatial sampling are also dependent on modulation frequency: the greatest elevations occur with higher modulation frequencies. The idea that this is due to masking of the modulation frequency by the spatial frequencies in the sampling lattice is considered.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY AS A FUNCTION OF COGNITIVE STYLE '

Can a person's cognitive style influence the efficiency of his short-term memory system? A series of earlier experiments (1, 2) has shown a definite relationship between dream recall and cognitive style. The present investigation sought to determine whether general recall is affected by the cognitive framework used in processmg. Sixty women students, ranging m age from 18 to 22 yr., were given the Cognitive Processes Survey which measures degree of imagmal hfe, attitude about imaginal life, and degree of suppression (2). Subjects were then categorized on the basis of their scores as high or low imagers and as having positive or negative attitudes about imaginal life, The crlterla used were the mean scale values for women obtained from the normative data for The Cogn~t~ve Processes Survey (2). Short-term memory was measured by the Digit Span Subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (1). Digits Forward and Digits Backward were administered to subjects individually in accordance with instructions in the WAIS manual. The subject's total short-term memory score was the sum of the hlghest scores obtained for digits forward plus digits backward. High score was defined as the longest series of digits repeated without error. Analysis of variance on the dependent measures yielded significant differences between subjects for the variable, degree of imaginal Me (F,,,, = 5.38. pe.05). The mean number of digits recalled for high imagers was 13.23 (SD =2.08) and for low imagers 12.07 (SD = 1.74). On the variable, attitude toward imaginal life, means were not significantly different (F,,>, = 0.11, p>.10). The mean recall for positive attitude was 12.73 (SD=2.13) and for negative attitude 12.57 (SD = 1.87). These data suggest that the element of cognitive style which has the most influence on short-term memory is the degree of imaginal activities experienced. The person's attitude about these experiences does not seem to affect the processing of short-term memory. Perhaps individuals with richer imaginal lives develop codification processes which, through repetition, allow a more effective transfer from sensory to short-term memory. It is also possible that high imagers have a longer attention span than low imagers and consequently hold stimuli for a longer period of time in the short-term memory buffer system. Research should focus on learning strategies of high imagers as well as the effect of suppression on short-term memory and attitude toward imaginal life.
Does ultraviolet light enhance postreplication repair in mammalian cells

D'AMBROSIO AND SETLOW reported an apparent enhancement of postreplication repair in Chinese hamster V79 cells1. A first exposure of cells to ultraviolet (UV) light was said to make it possible, after re-exposure to UV, for the cells to join the DNA together to form high molecular weight DNA more rapidly than if the cells had not been previously exposed. They irradiated cells with 2.5 J m−2 of UV 2 h before a second exposure to 5.0 J m−2, and then pulse-labelled the cells with 3H-thymidine before chasing for 1 h. When analysed by alkaline sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation, the DNA of these cells showed a profile of radioactivity very different from that of cells irradiated only once with 5.0 J m−2 before pulse-labelling and chasing. For cells irradiated twice the peak of labelled DNA was at a position corresponding to a higher molecular weight than the peak for cells irradiated once. I report here results confirming the data of D'Ambrosio and Setlow, but use of an alternative method of data presentation suggests that interpretations other than the one assumed by D'Ambrosio and Setlow are equally possible or maybe more likely.
On the relationship between kinetic and fluid formalisms for convection in the inner magnetosphere

[1] In the inner magnetosphere, the plasma flows are mostly slow compared to thermal or Alfven speeds, but the convection is far away from the ideal magnetohydrodynamic regime since the gradient/curvature drifts become significant. Both kinetic (Wolf, 1983) and two-fluid (Peymirat and Fontaine, 1994; Heinemann, 1999) formalisms have been used to describe plasma dynamics, but it is not fully understood how they relate to each other. We explore the relations among kinetic, fluid, and recently developed "average" (Liu, 2006) models in an attempt to find the simplest yet realistic way to describe the convection. First, we prove analytically that the model of (Liu, 2006), when closed with the assumption of a Maxwellian distribution, is equivalent to the fluid model of (Heinemann, 1999). Second, we analyze the transport of both one-dimensional and two-dimensional Gaussian-shaped blob of hot plasma. For the kinetic case, it is known that the time evolution of such a blob is gradual spreading in time. For the fluid case, Heinemann and Wolf (200 la, 2001b) showed that in a one-dimensional idealized case, the blob separates into two drifting at different speeds. We present a fully nonlinear solution of this case, confirming this behavior but demonstrating what appears to be a shocklike steepening of the faster drifting secondary blob. A new, more realistic two-dimensional example using the dipole geometry with a uniform electric field confirms the one-dimensional solutions. Implications for the numerical simulations of magnetospheric dynamics are discussed.
Groundwater level changes in a deep well in response to a magma intrusion event on Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i

[1] On May 21, 2001, an abrupt inflation of Kilauea Volcano's summit induced a rapid and large increase in compressional strain, with a maximum of 2 μstrain recorded by a borehole dilatometer. Water level (pressure) simultaneously dropped by 6 cm. This mode of water level change (drop) is in contrast to that expected for compressional strain from poroelastic theory, and therefore it is proposed that the stress applied by the intrusion has caused opening of fractures or interflows that drained water out of the well. Upon relaxation of the stress recorded by the dilatometer, water levels have recovered at a similar rate. The proposed model has implications for the analysis of ground surface deformation and for mechanisms that trigger phreatomagmatic eruptions.
Developing and Assessing a Library Instruction Module for a Core Business Class

This article reports on a successful faculty–librarian collaboration to develop a library instruction module for a core undergraduate business course. The module consisted of three library instruction sessions, each with an accompanying graded online exercise and an assigned research memo. To evaluate the effectiveness of the sessions, scores from the online exercises and research memos were compared between those who attended the sessions and those who did not. The results indicate a significant statistical difference in the online exercise scores between those students who attended the corresponding session versus those who were absent. Although there was a trend for students attending all three library instruction sessions to have higher mean rankings on the research memo assignment than those who did not; this trend was not significant. This study contributes to the body of literature exploring faculty–librarian collaborations, the integration of information literacy concepts into courses, and offers ...
Families' use of the 1982 tax cut income

The likely allocation of extra income from the 1982 U.S. income lax rate reduction by a group of consumers was investigated. Eighty-five percent of the sample indicated they were likely to spend the additional income and 75% that they would save or invest it. Saving was related to income and age. Those indicating they were likely to save said they would require a larger sum of money as a result of the tax cut in order to make a decision about its use than did those who were most likely to spend it.
The Redox Properties of Bleomycin and Tallysomycin and a Series of Their Metalloderivatives

D‐c polarographic and cyclic voltammetric studies on bleomycin A2 (BLM‐A2), tallysomycin A (TLM‐A), a series of their metalloderivatives, and four of their components have been conducted. The antibiotics exhibit two reduction processes. The first, at −1.22V, has been assigned to the two electron reduction of the 4‐amino pyrimidine moiety of the drugs. A second multielectron reduction process appears to be associated with the bithiazole portion of the antibiotics. The first polarographic wave, due to the pyrimidine moiety, is sensitive to metal binding phenomena. The binding of Fe (II), Co (II, III), Ni (II), and Zn (II) to the antibiotics, causes this wave to disappear from the polarogram of the metalloderivatives. Thus, for these metal ions the pyrimidine moieties of the drugs appear to be metal ligating sites. The involvement of this group in metal ligation in the case of Fe (III) is highly dependent on the mode of preparation of the complex, and Fe (III) complexes containing both bound and unbound pyrimidine residues are possible. The impact of the electrochemical results on the proposed mechanism of action of the pharmaceuticals is also discussed.
Fast color quantization using weighted sort-means clustering

Color quantization is an important operation with numerous applications in graphics and image processing. Most quantization methods are essentially based on data clustering algorithms. However, despite its popularity as a general purpose clustering algorithm, K-means has not received much respect in the color quantization literature because of its high computational requirements and sensitivity to initialization. In this paper, a fast color quantization method based on K-means is presented. The method involves several modifications to the conventional (batch) K-means algorithm, including data reduction, sample weighting, and the use of the triangle inequality to speed up the nearest-neighbor search. Experiments on a diverse set of images demonstrate that, with the proposed modifications, K-means becomes very competitive with state-of-the-art color quantization methods in terms of both effectiveness and efficiency.
Structural styles of an accretionary wedge south of the island of Sumba, Indonesia, revealed by SeaMARC II side scan sonar

The accretionary wedge south of Sumba Island, Indonesia, is in the early stages of continent-island arc collision. Australian continental shelf sediments are being actively accreted to the Sunda arc at the Timor trough. We have correlated SeaMARC II side-scan images and bathymetry with 3.5-kHz and seismic-reflection profiles to construct a structural interpretation of this zone. Deformation is concentrated on the lower slope of the accretionary wedge, within 15 to 25 km of the thrust front, above which the strain rate appears to decrease abruptly. Three distinct structural styles are developed in the survey area. The characteristics of the easternmost region are (1) deformation in a fold-and-thrust geometry; (2) presence of mud volcanoes and mud ridges parallel to the thrust front, indicating elevated fluid pressure; and (3) the development of a long decollement extending 10 to 15 km from the thrust front. In contrast, the central region shows a more homogeneous thickening, resulting mainly from closely spaced faulting. Seaward-verging thrust faults and conjugate strike-slip faults are the main structures in this segment of the accretionary wedge. Mud volcanoes and a very long decollement are absent in the central region. We present a hypothesis in which structural style is controlled by the length of the decollement developed in front of the thrust front. Short, thick thrust sheets may favor uniform shortening, whereas long thin sheets may be unstable to buckling and deform by folding. High fluid pressure may facilitate propagation of the decollement. In contrast to the accretion occurring in the other two regions, the western part of the accretionary wedge is in the process of being indented and redeformed by a basement ridge.
Using Carrier Fringes to Study the High Temperature Deformation Behavior of a BGA Package Under Extended Dwell Times

There is a compelling need to experimentally understand solder joint deformation behavior at high temperatures over an extended period of time. Accordingly, the deformation behavior of solder joints in a Ceramic Ball Grid Array (CBGA) package mounted on an organic FR4 board under extended dwell time at a high temperature has been studied using laser moire interferometry. The warpage and the in-plane horizontal deformation of the ceramic substrate and the organic board as a function of time were determined. The variation of the normal strains and shear strains in the solder joints with time were also investigated. It was found that increased sensitivity was necessary to accurately determine the strains in the small sized solder joints. A new method utilizing carrier fringes to increase the sensitivity of the moire interferometry system is proposed and has been used to determine the strains in the small sized solder joints. Increased sensitivity can be obtained merely by changing the incident angle of the laser light on the surface of the specimen, thereby making it unnecessary to use expensive phase shifting apparatus with the traditional laser moire system.
Delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and late mortality.

Delirium, defined as an acute confusional state with fluctuating impairment in attention and cognition,1 occurs in 15–60% of hospitalized patients, with even higher numbers among those in the ICU.2 It incurs tremendous health care costs, with an estimated national burden of $38 billion to $152 billion per year.3 It has been estimated that between 2% and 57% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery develop delirium, depending on the type of surgery, and the assessment and definition of delirium.4–6 Delirium after cardiac surgery has been reported for years. In one review from the 1970’s, this “postcardiotomy delirium” was felt to be attributable to long periods of cardiopulmonary bypass, arterial hypotension during surgery, emboli, and low postoperative cardiac output, in addition to sensory overload or deprivation in the recovery room or ICU.7 Delirium may be attributed to the long list of medical problems and the resultant long list of medications used to treat postoperative pain, agitation, arrhythmia, and infection. The presence of delirium after CABG can be predicted in individuals who are older, more frequently male, and have preexisting cerebral disease, particularly dementia.4, 6, 8 Compared with other surgical types, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and vascular surgery are associated with twice as high rates of postoperative delirium.8 Nonetheless, despite the frequency of delirium in this postoperative setting, the consequence of a transient episode of postoperative delirium on a patient’s long-term outcomes has not been well studied.4, 6, 8 It is likely that its impact on both in-hospital and long-term outcomes may be underestimated. In this study, we sought to determine the role of postoperative delirium in the risk of late postoperative mortality, among a cohort of over 5000 individuals who had CABG surgery at a single institution over a 10-year interval. We hypothesized that mortality would be higher in individuals with an episode of postoperative delirium.
Business Incentive Use Among U.S. Local Governments: A Story of Accountability and Policy Learning

Use of business incentives is one of the most common local economic development strategies. The authors analyze national surveys of 700 to 1,000 local governments from 1994, 1999, and 2004 to track...
Flow cytometric study of differentiating cultures of Bacillus subtilis

We report on 1) the development of a flow cytometry-based technique for detecting beta-galactosidase in differentiating cultures of Bacillus subtilis and 2) the application of this technique in the study of early developmental gene expression. The problems associated with generating detectable signals (despite the small size of B. subtilis cells) have been overcome using the fluorogenic substrate 5-octanolyaminofluorescein di-beta-D-galactopyranoside (C8-FDG). Additionally, to control for background fluorescence during the staining process, we included a control population in the C8-FDG staining mixture that consists of cells devoid of the lacZ gene prestained with another dye, PKH26. The distinct emission spectra of C8-fluorescein and PKH26 allow nonspecific C8-FDG staining in this control population to be monitored using two-color analysis. This technique has been applied in the study of developmental gene expression in sporulating cultures of B. subtilis, and it has been found that such cultures are heterogeneous, comprising two cell populations. One population is induced for expression of early sporulation genes, which is determined using lacZ fusions, whereas the other remains uninduced. These results have allowed us to understand better the patterns of gene expression exhibited by wild-type and mutant cultures early during the development process of spore formation.
The effect of toenail onychomycosis on patient quality of life.

Background Onychomycosis is a common fungal infection of the toenails which has historically been regarded as a cosmetic problem. A previous study has suggested that this is not the case and that toenaii and fingernail onychomycosis adverseiy impacts patient quality of iife (QOL). - .s .V.-L:-M:« L Methods A survey was used to self-assess the physicai symptoms and psychosocial dimensions of toenail onychomycosis in 93 patients. Positive responses scored one point each, and points were summed for each patient. Results Ninety-two per cent of patients reported experiencing negative psychosocial and/ or physical effects. Forty-four per cent indicated that their toenails had a negative effect on their self-image, and 41% reported experiencing pain or discomfort as a result of onychomycosis. Conclusions Toenail onychomycosis has a significant impact on the overall QOL of patients, and should be evaluated further to develop guidelines for total patient care.