cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determining the number of operational modes in baseline multivariate SPC data

When building a multivariate SPC model, it is commonly assumed that there is only one operational mode in the baseline data. However, multiple operational modes may exist. It is important to know the number of modes in the data in order to construct an effective process control system. Each operational mode appears as a cluster in the baseline data. This paper proposes a method to identify the correct number of clusters in baseline data. None of the existing methods for finding the number of clusters has all three of the following critical features: (i) the proposed method can determine if there is only one cluster, the most common case in baseline data; (ii) it can identify clusters that are convex or non-convex; and (iii) it is insensitive to user-specified parameters. The paper includes a comparison of the existing and proposed methods on four datasets. The proposed method consistently gives the correct number of clusters whereas the existing methods are unable to do so.
Fast Implementation for Normal Mixed Effects Models With Censored Response

We propose an EM algorithm for computing the maximum likelihood and restricted maximum likelihood for linear and nonlinear mixed effects models with censored response. In contrast with previous developments, this algorithm uses closed-form expressions at the E-step, as opposed to Monte Carlo simulation. These expressions rely on formulas for the mean and variance of a truncated multinormal distribution, and can be computed using available software. This leads to an improvement in the speed of computation of up to an order of magnitude. A wide class of mixed effects models is considered, including the Laird–Ware model, and extensions to different structures for the variance components, heteroscedastic and autocorrelated errors, and multilevel models. We apply the methodology to two case studies from our own biostatistical practice, involving the analysis of longitudinal HIV viral load in two recent AIDS studies. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the R package lmec. An appendix which includes further...
Degenerating families of rank two bundles

We construct families of rank two bundles e t on P 4 , in characteristic two, where for t ¬= 0, e t is a sum of line bundles, and e 0 is non-split. We construct families of rank two bundles e t on P 3 , in characteristic p, where for t ¬= 0, e t is a sum of line bundles, and e 0 is non-split.
Migraine-preventive medications: Ensuring their appropriate use

Abstract Objectives To emphasize the magnitude and burden of migraine, the need for greater use of migraine-preventive medications in patients who could most benefit from them, and the role that pharmacists can play in migraine prevention. Data sources PubMed and Medline-based literature searches were conducted to determine the need for migraine-preventive medications, the treatment of migraine, and how pharmacists can assist patients in preventing and treating migraines. The literature search included articles from the previous 6 years, as well as earlier articles for historical perspective. Data synthesis Migraine is a prevalent, chronic, neurologic condition that imposes substantial disability on affected patients, leading to a poor quality of life. However, migraine remains underrecognized, underdiagnosed, and under- or suboptimally treated. In particular, migraine-preventive medications are greatly underused, which contributes to avoidable disability. Community pharmacists can play important roles in identifying these and other patients with headache who are in need of medical care, referring appropriate patients to a health care provider, and educating and counseling patients with respect to abortive and preventive medications. Conclusion Pharmacists are in a unique position to assist in migraine management, particularly with regard to migraine-preventive medications, because many patients may not be familiar with the benefits and use of these agents. Pharmacist involvement can have a measurable effect on patient care and improve the lives of migraine patients.
Certifications in occupational health and safety.

(1976). Certifications in occupational health and safety. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 37, No. 12, pp. 677-679.
Postinjection sciatic nervepalsies in infants and children

Summary 1. Twenty-one cases of postinjection sciatic palsy in infants and children are reviewed. 2. Penicillin and tetracycline are the onlytwo antibiotics directly implicated, although multiple drugs were involved by association. 3. Immediate neurolysis is opposed in themajority of cases unless a deep granuloma can be felt in the buttock containing the affected nerve. 4. On the basis of anatomic, experimental, pathologic, and clinical observations, it is suggested that the buttock be abandoned as a site of injection in infants and children. 5. The lateral distal third of the thigh is recommended as a preferable injection site.
Predictive Model for Plasma Concentration-Versus-Time Profiles of Investigational Anticancer Drugs in Patientsi

We report a model that provides a strong correlation between mouse toxicity data [mouse lethal dose 10% (LD10)] and human plasma concentration-versus-time (CXT) data for 22 commonly used anticancer agents. Mouse toxicity data (LD10) from two dosing schedules, daily times one and daily times seven, were evaluated for the two mouse strains BDF/1 and Swiss. Data from BDF/1 mice were selected for analysis because they were more abundant. Strong correlations were found between LD10 and human plasma CXT data for both daily times one and daily times seven dosing schedules--ln (CXT) = -1.6504 + [0.8408 X ln (LD10)], r = .84, P less than .0001, and ln (CXT) = -0.0754 + [0.8954 X ln (LD10)], r = .90, P less than .0001, respectively. These correlations may serve as useful models to predict the maximally tolerated dose of an investigational anticancer agent prior to entry into clinical trials and to assist in the selection of clinically relevant in vitro CXTs for new-agent screening against human tumors.
Ultrafast kinetics in Pb ∕ Si ( 111 ) from the collective spreading of the wetting layer

Although quantum size effects in $\mathrm{Pb}∕\mathrm{Si}(111)$ control the selection of uniform island heights, the fast formation time (after deposition of few minutes at $\mathrm{T}\ensuremath{\sim}180\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) has been puzzling so far. By studying the island growth in stepwise deposition experiments, we demonstrate the important role of the wetting layer in the kinetics. Pb is transferred to unstable islands, not by independent atom hops, but by the continuous spreading of the wetting layer from the surrounding area to the island top. As Pb is moved to the top in ring-like morphology the underlying $7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7$ reconstruction in the surrounding area emerges gradually.
Particle Charge Distribution Measurement for Commonly Generated Laboratory Aerosols

ABSTRACT An improved particle charge analyzer system has been developed to measure the absolute charge distribution of common generated laboratory aerosols. The charge analyzer system consists of an integral cylindrical mobility analyzer used in conjunction with an optical aerosol spectrometer, with computer assisted operation and data reduction. The charge analyzer collects aerosol particles over an absolute electrical mobility range from 4.2*10−4 to 400 cm2/(stat · Volt second) and flow rates that can vary from 0.3 to 30 liters per minute. The charge analyzer has been used to investigate the nature of spray and contact electrification during aerosol generation by measuring the residual charge distribution on the liquid and solid generated particles. In addition, the neutralization of charged particles by bipolar ions also was studied using conventional neutralizers that use ionizing radiation from alpha and beta sources. Charge distribution measurements were performed on alumina dust (Al), Arizona road ...
A case report of laser resurfacing as a skin cancer prophylaxis.

Background.Many patients suffer from multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers. We recently encountered two such patients who requested some form of prophylaxis against future skin cancers.Objective.To highlight the potential utility of laser resurfacing as a skin cancer prophylaxis.Methods.Two patients wit
Asynchronous and distributed maximum power point tracking of series-connected photovoltaic sub-modules using differential power processing

This work describes a distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control scheme that requires no perturb and observe (P&O) synchronization and little communication among power converters. Design and benefits of this architecture with respect to control, communication, and converter efficiency are analyzed. Isolated dc-dc converter prototypes are constructed and employed within a string of series-connected photovoltaic sub-modules to experimentally validate the proposed control method. An experimental extraction efficiency of 98.47% is achieved for a 3 sub-module connection with approximately 30% mismatch- a 9.66% improvement from the conventional, non-DPP architecture.
Challenges of metagenomics and single-cell genomics approaches for exploring cyanobacterial diversity

Cyanobacteria have played a crucial role in the history of early earth and continue to be instrumental in shaping our planet, yet applications of cutting edge technology have not yet been widely used to explore cyanobacterial diversity. To provide adequate background, we briefly review current sequencing technologies and their innovative uses in genomics and metagenomics. Next, we focus on current cell capture technologies and the challenges of using them with cyanobacteria. We illustrate the utility in coupling breakthroughs in DNA amplification with cell capture platforms, with an example of microfluidic isolation and subsequent targeted amplicon sequencing from individual terrestrial thermophilic cyanobacteria. Single cells of thermophilic, unicellular Synechococcus sp. JA-2-3-B'a(2-13) (Syn OS-B') were sorted in a microfluidic device, lysed, and subjected to whole genome amplification by multiple displacement amplification. We amplified regions from specific CRISPR spacer arrays, which are known to be highly diverse, contain semi-palindromic repeats which form secondary structure, and can be difficult to amplify. Cell capture, lysis, and genome amplification on a microfluidic device have been optimized, setting a stage for further investigations of individual cyanobacterial cells isolated directly from natural populations.
Modulation transfer function of active pixel focal plane arrays

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is an important figure of merit in focal plane array sensors, especially for accurate target positions such as star trackers. In-situ evaluation by MTF in different stages of imager system developments is necessary for an ideal design of different sensors and their signal processing. Understanding the tradeoff between different figures of merit will enable designers to achieve the most efficient design in specific missions. Advanced active pixel test sensors have been designed and fabricated where different pixel shapes were placed. Research on analyzing the MTF for the proper pixel shape is currently in progress for a centroidal configuration of a star. Explicit formulas for the modulation transfer function have been studied for the rectangular shaped pixel array. MTF will give us a more complete understanding of the tradeoffs opposed by the different pixel designs and by the signal processing conditions. In this paper, preliminary results of two different active pixel sensor (APS) focal plane arrays are presented in terms of crosstalk using a laser. MTF measurements of the APS arrays are achieved by applying only a single image. A rising or falling edge rather than the conventional bar target of slit scanning is needed to perform the measurement in each direction for the evaluation of the design efficiency.
Comparative effects of stereoisomers of psychotomimetic phenylisopropylamines.

Abstract Stereoisomers, R(−) and S(+), of five psychotomimetic phenyliso-propylamines contracted isolated strips of sheep umbilical arteries. The compounds exhibited the following order of potency: 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromo-amphetamine (DOB) > 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-amphetamine DOET) > 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-amphetamine (DOM) > 2,5-dimethoxy-amphetamine (2,5-DMA) > 4-methoxy-amphetamine (PMA). Stereoselectivity was observed in that the R(−) isomers were more active than the S(+) isomers except for PMA. Evidence was obtained for the action of these hallucinogens on 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. There was a general correlation of smooth muscle stimulating activity with known hallucinogenic activity.
Mono- and Bicyclic Analogs of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein. 2. Conformational Analysis of Antagonists by CD, NMR, and Distance Geometry Calculations†

The conformation of the three cyclic antagonist analogs of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)-(7−34) {[Lys13, Asp17]PTHrP-(7−34)NH2, [Lys26, Asp30]PTHrP-(7−34)NH2, [Lys13, Asp17, Lys26, As...
Enzyme Injection as a Nonoperative Treatment for Dupuytren's Disease

AbstractClostridial collagenase has shown potential efficacy in vitro as an agent for clinical enzymatic fasciotomy for the nonoperative treatment of Dupuytren's disease, a fixed flexion contracture deformity of the hand caused by increased collagen deposition. In this study, the effects of clostridial collagenase (enzyme) injection into rat tail tendons were investigated in vivo for safety to assess potential adverse extravasation from the injection site to adjacent collagen containing structures. Results indicate that, at doses of 150 and 300 units purified clostridial collagenase, there was no adverse extravasation from the sacrocaudalis ventralis lateralis rat tail tendon injection site to adjacent tissue, including muscle, nerve, other tendons, vessels, bone, and skin. Clostridial collagenase appears safe as a nonoperative treatment for Dupuytren's disease but will require future clinical testing for efficacy.
Interaction of disulfides with methylcobaloxime

Abstract Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of disulfides has been found to be accelerated by the presence of methyl(aquo)cobaloxime and to lead to the formation of methyl(thiolato)cobaloximes. This acceleration is prevented in the presence of a large excess of pyridine suggesting that disulfides associate to methylcobaloxime at the labile, axial ligand position. If such association occurs, it must be quite weak since no direct spectroscopic evidence for interaction of disulfides with methylcobaloxime in the absence of base could be obtained.
Relative esterifiability of the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups of glycerol

A method has been devised for determining the relative esterifiability of the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups of glycerol. Contrary to the theory previously advanced by Feuge and Bailey, the primary and secondary hydroxyls are not equally esterifiable. The equilibrium constant favoring esterification of primary hydroxyl over secondary isca. 2.3 at reaction temperature (200°C.) and between 6 and 10 at room temperature. Since the equilibrium constant is substantially different at room temperature from that at reaction temperature, monoglycerides as customarily prepared are not at equilibrium at room temperature and undergo intramolecular migration of acyl groups frombeta toalpha hydroxyl positions. The rate of migration depends on the physical form of the ester and is accelerated by basic catalysts. In the vicinity of room temperature intermolecular rearrangement occurs only over very prolonged periods. The method of calculating relative esterifiability of primary and secondary hydroxyls should be applicable to other polyols.
Public reporting: A neglected aspect of nonprofit accountability

Nonprofit organizations have a compulsory external accountability (largely involving financial reporting) to government agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service and state regulators. They also have a pragmatic “must-do” accountability to their funders, clients, and other obvious stakeholders. But are nonprofits also accountable to the public at large? If so, how can such accountability be implemented, given the diffuseness and breadth of the public as an audience? This article suggests that nonprofits should consider the citizenry as a stakeholder, if only due to the substantial taxpayer subsidy of the sector. The theory of public reporting that emerged in public administration literature beginning in the 1920s and 1930s can be helpful. Using principles, templates, and examples from public administration, nonprofit organizations can pursue more vigorous public reporting as one method to increase citizen confidence in their activities and in the sector as a whole.
New broadband lidar for greenhouse carbon dioxide gas sensing in the Earth's atmosphere

We present demonstration of a novel broadband lidar technique capable of dealing with the atmospherically induced variations in CO2 absorption using a Fabry-Perot based detector and a broadband laser. The Fabry-Perot solid etalon in the receiver part is tuned to match the wavelength of several CO2 absorption lines simultaneously. The broadband technique tremendously reduces the requirement for source wavelength stability, instead putting this responsibility on the Fabry- Perot based receiver. The instrument technology we are developing has a clear pathway to space and realistic potential to become a robust, low risk space measurement system.
Protein and acidosis alter calcium-binding and fluorescence spectra of the calcium indicator indo-1

The fluorescent indicator indo-1 is widely used to monitor intracellular calcium concentration. However, quantitation is limited by uncertain effects of the intracellular environment on indicator properties. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of protein and acidosis on the fluorescence spectra and calcium dissociation constant (Kd) of indo-1. With 350 nm excitation light, the ratio of indo-1 fluorescence in the absence versus the presence of saturating Ca2+ at wavelength lambda (S lambda) and Kd increased with [protein]. At pH 7.3, Kd, S400, and S470, which were 210 nM, 0.033, and 1.433 in the absence of protein, increased to 808 nM, 0.161, and 2.641, respectively, by adding proteins from frog muscle and to 638 nM, 0.304, and 3.039, respectively, by adding proteins from rat heart. Effects of protein on indo-1 fluorescence were reduced at higher [indo-1]. Acidosis (pH 6.3) had separate effects, which were additive to those of protein: in the absence of protein, acidosis increased Kd to 640 nM; frog muscle proteins further increased Kd to 1700 nM. Acidosis also changed S lambda slightly. In summary, interaction with protein or protons alters indo-1 calcium-binding and fluorescence. These findings are consistent with several previous studies and suggest that indo-1 calibration constants need to be derived in the presence of appropriate types of protein, ratio of [indo-1]/[protein], and pH.
Feynman's Propagator Applied to Network Models of Localization

Network models of dirty electronic systems are mapped onto an interacting field theory of lower dimensionality by interpreting one space dimension as time. This is accomplished via Feynman's interpretation of antiparticles as particles moving backwards in time. The method developed maps calculation of the moments of the Landauer conductance onto calculation of correlation functions of an interacting field theory of bosons and fermions. The resulting field theories are supersymmetric and closely related to the supersymmetric spin-chain representations of network models recently discussed by various authors. As an application of the method, the two-edge Chalker-Coddington model is shown to be Anderson localized, and a delocalization transition in a related two-edge network model (recently discussed by Balents and Fisher) is studied by calculation of the average Landauer conductance.
Standardization of Care: Impact of an Enhanced Recovery Protocol on Length of Stay, Complications, and Direct Costs after Colorectal Surgery

Background Colorectal surgery is associated with considerable morbidity and prolonged length of stay (LOS). Recognizing the need for improvement, we implemented an enhanced recovery (ER) protocol for all patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery at an academic institution. Study Design A multidisciplinary team implemented an ER protocol based on: preoperative counseling with active patient participation, carbohydrate loading, multimodal analgesia with avoidance of intravenous opioids, intraoperative goal-directed fluid resuscitation, immediate postoperative feeding, and ambulation. Discharge requirements remained identical throughout. A before and after study design was undertaken comparing patients before (August 2012 to February 2013) and after implementation of an ER protocol (August 2013 to February 2014). Risk stratification was performed using the NSQIP risk calculator to calculate the predicted LOS for each patient based on 23 variables. Results One hundred and nine consecutive patients underwent surgery within the ER protocol compared with 98 consecutive historical controls (conventional). The risk-adjusted predicted LOS was similar for each group at 5.1 and 5.2 days. Substantial reductions were seen in LOS, morphine equivalents, intravenous fluids, return of bowel function, and overall complications with the ER group. There was a $7,129/patient reduction in direct cost, corresponding to a cost savings of $777,061 in the ER group. Patient satisfaction as measured by Press Ganey improved considerably during the study period. Conclusions Implementation of an ER protocol led to improved patient satisfaction and substantial reduction in LOS, complication rates, and costs for patients undergoing both open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery. These data demonstrate that small investments in the perioperative environment can lead to large returns.
CT fluid bronchogram: observation in postobstructive pulmonary consolidation.

Abstract Twelve patients with bronchial obstruction secondary to either cancer or broncholith were evaluated with chest radiography and computed tomography (CT). Chest radiography showed nonspecific lobar consolidation (12 cases), bulging fissure (6 cases), and air bronchogram (1 case). CT revealed air bronchogram, CT angiogram sign, bulging fissure, and fluid bronchogram in all six cases with partial bronchial obstruction (except for absence of air bronchogram in one case). CT fluid bronchograms were also present in the remaining six cases with total bronchial obstruction. Because of the lobar atelectasis, bulging fissure was absent in all six of these patients. CT angiogram signs and air bronchograms were observed in only half of the patients. CT is, therefore, very useful in detailed evaluation of postobstructive pulmonary consolidation. We particularly stress that the term “fluid bronchogram” should be applied when the bronchi are filled with fluid instead of air.
Enzyme-Controlled Nitrogen-Atom Transfer Enables Regiodivergent C–H Amination

We recently demonstrated that variants of cytochrome P450BM3 (CYP102A1) catalyze the insertion of nitrogen species into benzylic C–H bonds to form new C–N bonds. An outstanding challenge in the field of C–H amination is catalyst-controlled regioselectivity. Here, we report two engineered variants of P450BM3 that provide divergent regioselectivity for C–H amination—one favoring amination of benzylic C–H bonds and the other favoring homo-benzylic C–H bonds. The two variants provide nearly identical kinetic isotope effect values (2.8–3.0), suggesting that C–H abstraction is rate-limiting. The 2.66-A crystal structure of the most active enzyme suggests that the engineered active site can preorganize the substrate for reactivity. We hypothesize that the enzyme controls regioselectivity through localization of a single C–H bond close to the iron nitrenoid.
Circular dichroic titration of dihydrofolate reductase with TPNH.

Abstract Dihydrofolate reductase from Streptococcus faecium shows a marked aromatic side chain Cotton effect in the 260–310 nm region of its circular dichroic spectrum. This effect consists of three distinct ellipticity bands with maxima centered at 305 nm, 295 nm and 270 nm. Titration of the enzyme with TPNH to a 1:1 stoichiometry results in the generation of an extrinsic Cotton effect at ca. 340 nm and a decrease in the magnitude of the side chain Cotton effect. This is the first such example of a TPNH-generated extrinsic Cotton effect. The data suggest the involvement of tryptophyl residues in coenzyme binding.
Comment on “Wetland drying and succession across the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska”Appears in Can. J. For. Res. 35: 1931-1941 (2005).

Klein et al. (2005, Can. J. For. Res. 35: 1931–1941) compare aerial photographs and report dramatically lower lake levels on the northern Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. They hypothesize that the lower lake levels may be caused by a decline in moisture surplus driven by climate change. However, the reported decline in surplus appears to be insufficient to explain the lower lake levels. Here I develop a simple sensitivity analysis to test their hypothesis and also show how tectonic processes such as the Great Alaskan earthquake could dramatically lower lake levels by fracturing an underlying aquitard. Tectonic processes, therefore, could potentially alter forest succession and wetland ecosystems by inducing hydrologic changes that mimic changes in climate.
Treating the Leading Killer

Injection of a growth factor in a self-assembling nanofiber scaffold has the potential to create a suitable microenvironment and recruit endogenous cells for cardiac repair (Lin et al., this issue).
Wear Particles of Polyethylene in Biological Systems

Wear of materials causes different consequences depending on the type of the system in which it occurs. In engineering systems, wear leads to loss of tolerance, higher friction, contamination, and so on. In biological systems, particles produced by wear elicit an environmental response, terminating the life of the bearing system as in hip and knee joint prostheses. In this paper, atomic force microscopy of retrieved polyethylene wear particles generated in vitro has been performed. It is shown that polyethylene wear produces submicrometer particles which are known to contribute to osteolysis and implant loosening. Irradiation sterilization, surface topography, and other operating conditions affect both the particle size distribution and wear mechanisms and are investigated. The mechanisms responsible for production of polyethylene wear particles are mainly plowing and abrasion by hard asperities and/or wear particles, as well as delamination wear. The delaminated wear particles can be as small as a few te...
Put that where? voice and gesture at the graphics interface

A person stands in front of a large projection screen on which is shown a checked floor. They say, "Make a table," and a wooden table appears in the middle of the floor."On the table, place a vase," they gesture using a fist relative to palm of their other hand to show the relative location of the vase on the table. A vase appears at the correct location."Next to the table place a chair." A chair appears to the right of the table."Rotate it like this," while rotating their hand causes the chair to turn towards the table."View the scene from this direction," they say while pointing one hand towards the palm of the other. The scene rotates to match their hand orientation.In a matter of moments, a simple scene has been created using natural speech and gesture. The interface of the future? Not at all; Koons, Thorisson and Bolt demonstrated this work in 1992 [23]. Although research such as this has shown the value of combining speech and gesture at the interface, most computer graphics are still being developed with tools no more intuitive than a mouse and keyboard. This need not be the case. Current speech and gesture technologies make multimodal interfaces with combined voice and gesture input easily achievable. There are several commercial versions of continuous dictation software currently available, while tablets and pens are widely supported in graphics applications. However, having this capability doesn't mean that voice and gesture should be added to every modeling package in a haphazard manner. There are numerous issues that must be addressed in order to develop an intuitive interface that uses the strengths of both input modalities.In this article we describe motivations for adding voice and gesture to graphical applications, review previous work showing different ways these modalities may be used and outline some general interface guidelines. Finally, we give an overview of promising areas for future research. Our motivation for writing this is to spur developers to build compelling interfaces that will make speech and gesture as common on the desktop as the keyboard and mouse.
Wireless ad hoc networks connectivity assessment and relay node deployment

We consider the network connectivity problem in a wireless ad hoc network. Network connectivity is measured by the conductance of the network, also called the Cheeger constant of the graph. A partition algorithm based on this measure is developed that divides the network at the bottleneck area. After the network is bisected, a relay node may be deployed between the two parts to increase the conductance of the network. The relay node deployment problem is formulated as an integer linear program to maximize the number of connections between the nodes on the two sides of the cut, and then a convex optimization algorithm is used to find the precise location of the relay node, which is within the convex hull defined by the radio transmission ranges of all the nodes that can connect to the relay node. The relay node significantly relieves the bottleneck, and the graph connectivity measured by other metrics such as the widely used Fiedler value are also increased.
Management of Patellofemoral Arthritis Without Arthroplasty

Management of patellofemoral arthritis without arthroplasty is a difficult but achievable task. More and more young individuals present with disabling patellofemoral chondrosis that can be treated with cartilage restoration procedures often in combination with patellofemoral alignment procedures. This chapter will focus on the key elements necessary to evaluate the young patient with patellofemoral pain and will explain the different available techniques of cartilage restoration. We demonstrate the role of distal patellofemoral alignment, single stage techniques (i.e. microfracture, mosaic/oats techniques), two stage techniques and allograft options. The most recent literature dealing with these techniques is reviewed and recommendations are being given based upon the literature and the author's experience.
Abundant solitons solutions for several forms of the fifth-order KdV equation by using the tanh method

In this work we use the tanh method for solving several forms of the fifth-order nonlinear KdV equation. The forms include the Lax, Sawada-Kotera (SK), Kaup-Kupershmidt (KK), and the Ito forms and other related special cases. Abundant solitons solutions are derived. Two necessary criteria are established to build up reliable strategies that govern the relation between the parameters of the equation. Previously known solutions are recovered and entirely new bell shaped solitons are determined.
Variables affecting subjects' ethical ratings of proposed experiments.

The present study examined students' ratings of ethics in psychological research. Four levels of research presentation were employed: traditional deception, sensitization, consumer-review, and informed consent. The results reaffirmed findings that students responded with significantly less concern about traditional deception in experimentation than did psychologists. Some differences were noted as a function of how the research was presented; sensitized students and consumer-review students responded in a somewhat more ethically stringent manner than did students in the other groups.
Multimodal Synthesis and the Voice of the Multimedia Author in a Japanese EFL Context

Abstract This paper examines a powerful potential of multimodal design: meaning that transcends the total semiotic contribution of a text's constituent parts. With reference to data drawn from the digital storytelling practices of Japanese university students, the author argues and demonstrates that in the current semiotic climate, characterised by the increasing availability and complexity of communication tools and ready appropriation of available designs, practices of multimedia authorship truly can evince expression that is authentically multiplicative. However, this sort of meaning making does not automatically come about. Controlling the inherent polysemy of multimodal texts, in the author's view, is a matter of recognising points of semantic correspondence among co-deployed images, language, etc. and creating syntheses of potential meaning that cut across these semiotic modes. The author further argues that it is in this way that the voice of the multimodal author can most clearly be heard, particu...
An exploratory study of factors associated with customer perceptions of paying above and below market prices

This paper studies the relationships between customer and supplier exchange benefits, relational marketing, customer size, environmental uncertainty, competition and industrial customer perceptions of when they are paying above or below market prices for their supplier product. The results indicate that customers perceive they are paying above average market prices in situations characterised by lower levels of customer exchange benefits, reduced supplier resource allocations, transactional relationships, high environmental uncertainty and elevated levels of competition. These results offer marketing managers with insights into factors associated with enhanced revenue through above market prices and factors associated with revenue reductions through below market prices.
PRESENT AND FUTURE FREQUENCY AND TIMING CAPABILITIES OF THE DEEP SPACE NETWORK

The world-wide Deep Space Network (DSN), with facilities in the United States, Spain, and Australia, uses atomic frequency standards to generate stable frequency and timing signals to meet the telemetry and tracking requirements for space exploration missions. Outer planet navigation requires doppler accuracy of 30 micrometers per second, range accuracy of two meters, angle accuracy of a few nanoradians (using Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) techniques), and high reliability. These needs impose stability requirements on frequency standards of parts in 1014 over several hours and 1012 at one second. In addition, a low drift rate is necessary so as to minimize the number of measurements needed to maintain clock synchronization to 100 nanoseconds and frequency syntonization to 3 x 10-13 between the three complexes. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), which operates the DSN for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), uses ensembles of active hydrogen masers, cesium beam frequency standards, and high resolution clocks to achieve the required performance reliably. Time synchronization between complexes is currently achieved by the use of VLBI techniques, traveling clocks, and Loran-C. Use of the Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) is under active investigation as a less costly and more accurate alternative. This article covers the above requirements, equipment, techniques, and more stringent requirements of the 1990 time frame.
Dr Lewis Kitchener Dahl, the Dahl Rats, and the “Inconvenient Truth” About the Genetics of Hypertension

The year 2014 is a special year for the Dahl lecture because it marks the Centennial birth year of Dr Lewis Dahl (Born on December 11, 1914). Hence, I am especially privileged to be commemorating the occasion with this year’s Dahl memorial lecture. It is traditional for memorial lectures to be presented with a note of reverence to the iconic investigators who influenced our thinking in profound ways. Because my entire research career is based on the Dahl rats, which were generated by Dr Lewis Dahl, I was familiar with Dr Dahl’s scientific contributions not just through his articles, but through conversations with my mentor, Dr John Paul Rapp, who was technically the scientific successor of Dr Dahl as he inherited the Dahl rats before Dr Dahl’s sad demise in 1975. An additional source of brief information preceding the death of Dr Dahl is presented in an article by Dr Brian J. Morris,1 the 2010 Dahl Award honoree. Thus, in preparing for this lecture, it was obvious to me that the scientific community barely knows Dr Dahl as a person. Because learning about the personal history of scientists, especially prominent ones, inspires one to relate and grow likewise; the first part of this lecture article highlights the life and times of Dr Dahl. This will be followed by an update on the work that we have conducted using the Dahl rat as a genetic model of hypertension. My attempt to reintroduce Dr Dahl would not have been possible but for the World Wide Web (Internet), searches through which eventually lead me to the source—the eldest daughter of Dr Dahl, Dr Karen Dahl. The data being presented was collected mainly through personal communication with her a few days before the Dahl Award Lecture was delivered in San Francisco, as well …
Testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-androstene-3, 17-dione concentrations in maternal and fetal plasma in the last days of ovine gestation.

Catheters were implanted in the femoral artery, uterine vein and umbilical blood vessels of 12 pregnant ewes to obtain sequential plasma samples for the determination of testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione by radioimmunoassay during the last weeks of gestation. Delivery occurred at 147.8 ± 0.7 days of gestation (mean ± SEM). The concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone was 12-27 times greater than that of testosterone or 4-androstene3,1 7-dione which were of the same order of magnitude. The mean dehydroepiandrosterone concentration in all the uterine vein samples, 4.32 ± 0.50, was significantly greater than in the femoral artery, 2.97 ± 0.19 ng/ml (mean ± SEM). An analysis of variance of these data grouped by 1-day intervals showed a progressive decrease in plasma dehydroepiandrosterone in the uterine vein as the time of parturinon approached. A similar analysis for 4-androstene-3,1 7-dione in umbilical vein plasma samples showed a significant increase to 550 ± 108 pg/mi (mean ± SEM) in the last day of gestation. There was a tendency for the values of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone to be greater in the fetal than in the maternal samples, while the levels of 4-androstene-3,1 7-dione were greater in the femoral than in the umbilical artery. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the rate of transformation of extraplacental dehydroepiandrosterone to other C,9 steroids, and perhaps estrogens, increases during the last few days of pregnancy.
Endogenous risk in rational-expectations commodity models: A multivariate generalized ARCH-M approach

Abstract The feasibility of including endogenous risk in a rational-expectations model is examined by using a multivariate GARCH-M setup. Unlike previous attempts to model risk under the rational-expectations hypothesis (REH), the model's full covariance structure is allowed to be time varying. The application is with a market model of the U.S. broiler industry; results indicate broiler production is responsive to time-varying price volatility, although the estimated effects are not large. The GARCH-M model is compared with one that uses a two-step approach. Evidence indicates the informationally efficient GARCH-M approach is superior.
Religion and Attitudes Toward Divorce Laws Among U.S. Adults

This study examines religious differences in attitudes toward divorce laws among U.S. adults. Using pooled data from the 2000-2006 NORC General Social Surveys (N = 5,683), we find that frequency of religious attendance and belief that the Bible is the Word of God are strong predictors of support for stricter laws governing divorce. Indeed, these religious indicators are much more important than conservative affiliation. Conversely, more secular individuals, that is, those who do not attend religious services and consider the Bible only a book of fables and moral teachings, are substantially less supportive of tightening existing divorce laws. Understanding the role of religion in shaping Americans’ attitudes toward divorce laws can illuminate the scope and boundaries of connections between the institutions of marriage and religion in the contemporary United States as well as inform policy implications for the future of divorce law reform.
High density integrated capacitors using multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The development of high density integrated capacitors is crucial for the implementation of high performance mixed-signal integrated circuits. In this paper, we propose three possible high density integrated capacitor configurations based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). We develop an RLC model for the MWCNT-based capacitor configurations and examine the design trade-off between capacitance per area and losses due to parasitic resistance and inductance. The results indicate that the proposed MWCNT based capacitor configurations can potentially offer orders of magnitude larger capacitance per area and comparable quality factors to traditional metal-based integrated capacitors.
Analysis of tubulin oligomers by analytical ultracentrifugation.

Abstract This chapter describes the use of analytical ultracentrifugation in a Beckman XLA to study the self-association properties of tubulin and the interaction of tubulin with antimitotic drugs. Procedures for sample preparation, operation of the ultracentrifuge, and collection of data conform to standard modern methods. Analysis of sedimentation velocity data initially includes generation of g ( s ) sedimentation coefficient distributions with DCDT +2 and determination of weight average sedimentation coefficients S w . S w versus concentration data are then fit to isodesmic or indefinite assembly models to extract K iso values, the association constant for each successive assembly step. Alternatively the raw data can also be analyzed by direct boundary analysis methods using the program Sedanal. Direct boundary analysis also extracts the K iso value by fitting to the shape of the sedimentation boundary as a function of total concentration. While the fitting of weight average data as a function of protein or drug concentration to indefinite assembly models has been shown to be equivalent to direct boundary fitting of multiple data sets with Sedanal, direct boundary fitting is preferred because it robustly identifies the presence of irreversible aggregation or mechanisms that are more complex.
Computing Maximal “Polymatroidal” Network Flows

In the “classical” network flow model, flows are constrained by the capacities of individual arcs. In the “polymatroidal” network flow model introduced in this paper, flows are constrained by the capacities of sets of arcs. Yet the essential features of the classical model are retained: the augmenting path theorem, the integral flow theorem and the max-flow min-cut theorem arc all shown to yield to straightforward generalization. We describe a maximal flow algorithm which finds augmenting paths by labeling arcs instead of nodes, as in the case of the classical model. As a counterpart of a known result for the classical model, we prove that the number of augmentations required to achieve a maximal value flow is bounded by the cube of the number of arcs in the network, provided each successive augmentation is made along a shortest augmenting path, with ties between shortest paths broken by lexicography.
Measurement of the MIMO UWB OFDM channel

The designation of the 3–10 GHz frequency band for ultra-wideband (UWB) communications has led to the emergence of competing standards designed to facilitate high data-rate personal area networks (PAN). In particular, the IEEE 802.15.3 standard provides a multi-band physical layer to use all of the wide bandwidth while avoiding the frequency selective fading common to UWB channels. None of the proposed UWB techniques make use of spectrum efficient multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques in part because the characteristics of MIMO UWB OFDM channels are not well understood. This paper presents the results of measurements that characterize the MIMO UWB OFDM wireless channel over the frequencies from 3–6 GHz. Analysis of these measurements demonstrates the clear benefit of incorporating MIMO techniques into UWB OFDM communications to increase network capacity and system reliability.
Optical determination of particulate abundance and production variations in the oligotrophic ocean

Observed diurnal variations of the beam attenuation coefficient at 660 ran (c) are used to estimate variations of particulate concentration and production in the open ocean. The diurnal cycles of c are found to be statistically siotmificant throughout the euphotic zone (the upper 95 m), but not below this depth. Their amplitudes are nearly uniform with respect to depth with characteristic peak to peak values of -0.0065 m -1. The minimum (maximum) of these daily variations occurs during local sunrise (sunset), indicating a daytime accumulation of particles. Specific particle production rates (r0) calculated with beam transmissometer data alone have maximum noontime values of -0.5 d -1 and are well-correlated with the incident solar radiative flux. The high correlation between the optically determined specific production rates and solar radiation allows r0 to be decomposed into light-dependent and light-independent which are interpreted as particle-specific growth and grazing rates. The resulting specific growth and grazing rates are balanced (i.e. net daffy production is approximately zero) and are consistent with previous biological determinations for the open ocean. Daffy mean specific growth and grazing rates are found to be ~0.15 d -~. The value of the water column integrated community production estimated using the optical data is ~ 160 mg C m -2 d -~, which compares well with both simultaneous and seasonal mean carbon uptake rate measurements. This optical method should prove useful for in situ observations of particulate production in the oligotrophic ocean.
Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration

Objectives: To determine the effects of aging on the toxicity of sidestream tobacco smoke, the complex chemical mixture that enters the air from the lit end of burning cigarettes and constitutes the vast bulk of secondhand smoke. Design: Statistical analysis of data from controlled experimental exposures of Sprague Dawley rats to fresh and aged (for more than 30 minutes) sidestream smoke for up to 90 days followed by histological sectioning of the respiratory epithelium. The data were obtained from a series of experiments conducted at Philip Morris’ formerly secret INBIFO (Institut fur Biologische Forschung) laboratory in Germany. Results: Using total particulate material as the measure of smoke exposure, aging sidestream cigarette smoke for at least 30 minutes increases its toxicity fourfold for 21 day exposures and doubles the toxicity for 90 day exposures, relative to fresh sidestream smoke. Conclusions: These results help explain the relatively large biological effects of secondhand smoke compared to equivalent mass doses of mainstream smoke.