cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human capital, infrastructure, and the productivity of Indian rice farmers

Abstract Along with investments in agricultural research, extension, and education, limited investment in transportation and communication infrastructure is often identified as an important constraint on the diffusion and use of new agricultural technology. Yet there are few systematic studies of the relationship between agricultural infrastructure and agricultural productivity, and there do not appear to be any studies which model and measure the productivity effect of infrastructure at the farm level. The aim of this paper is to fill this theoretical and empirical hiatus by investigating how human capital and infrastructure constrain the choice of technology and hence productivity. The effects of these capital constraints are translated into a ‘variable coefficient’ production function to measure their productivity effects on Indian rice farmers. The findings indicate that productivity is a function of the farmer's schooling, extension programs, transportation and communication infrastructure, irrigation availability, the utilization of high yielding varieties, and climatic factors. These findings thus support the hypothesis that agricultural productivity is a function of transportation and communication infrastructure, and suggest that infrastructure development is important to both growth and equity concerns in policy planning.
Wheat Landraces: A mini review -

Traditional farmers planted diverse assemblages of wheat landraces to lower the risk of failure and increasefood security because they had limited capacity to control the spatially heterogeneous and temporallyunpredictable environments. This practice led to the development of landrace meta-populations of wheat andthe emergence of farmers ' seed systems through which they accessed and exchanged diverse genetic material.During the last ~50 years, the introduction of high-yielding wheat varieties into, and the structural changes inwheat farming systems in developing countries, led to the loss of genetic diversity and fragmentation of metapopulationstructures of wheat landraces from large parts of the Fertile Crescent, the center of origin anddiversity of wheat landraces. However, the persistence cultivation of some wheat landraces attests to theircontinued value to farmers, or to their competitive agronomic or nutritional advantage relative to modernvarieties. For farmers to continue to grow, select, and manage local wheat landraces, and to reverse thefragmentation of their meta-populations, especially in their center of diversity, and allow evolutionary processesthat mold landrace diversity to continue, their value should be raised to approximate or exceed the social valueof high-yielding wheat varieties. This review provides information on wheat domestication and the origin ofwheat landraces; their dynamic on-farm conservation and utilization in improving modern wheat cultivars andreversing the genetic erosion of wheat genetic diversity.
Hydrodynamic and paleogeographic interpretation of turbidite deposits from the Archean Fig Tree Group of the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa

Sediments in the Fig Tree Group, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa, are interpreted in terms of existing submarine fan-slope models. Midfan beds display close affinities with classical Bouma turbidites; they vary from 20 to 100 cm in thickness and are defined on the basis of upward-decreasing grain sizes and sedimentary structures. Sole marks at the base of beds developed through scouring in the heads of the turbidity currents. Initial sedimentation in the bodies of the currents produced massive graded units under conditions of rapid mass deposition. With slower sedimentation rates, traction deposits developed at the base of beds; these are mainly plane bedded and less commonly contain antidune cross-stratification. Continued waning of the turbidity currents produced lower-flow-regime ripple-drift cross-laminae indicative of high ratios of bedload to suspension load. Overlying horizontally laminated siltstones are interpreted as suspension deposits in the tails of the currents. Background fallout of suspended clays and chemical precipitation of chert followed the passing of individual turbidity currents. In vertical sequence, a-e and complete Bouma cycles are randomly interbedded and signify channel and interchannel deposition on the midfan. Overlying thick shale-banded iron formation–chert sequences, with abundant soft-sediment folding and occasional graywacke interbeds, are interpreted as slope deposits of a prograding fan. These pass upward into massive graywackes with intercalated channel-fill, matrix-supported conglomerates of the feeder channel, which are, in turn, gradational into fluvial conglomerates of the Moodies Group.
Quantum graphs: I. Some basic structures

A quantum graph is a graph equipped with a self-adjoint differential or pseudo-differential Hamiltonian. Such graphs have been studied recently in relation to some problems of mathematics, physics and chemistry. The paper has a survey nature and is devoted to the description of some basic notions concerning quantum graphs, including the boundary conditions, self-adjointness, quadratic forms, and relations between quantum and combinatorial graph models.
The Multinational Corporation Empowers the Nation-State

In the next ten years, who will win and who will lose from globalization? In thinking about this question, I avoid speculating on the broad impact of globalization on economic outcomes. Instead, I limit my treatment to the impact of multinational corporations (MNCs) on developed and developing countries, especially how competition to attract firms affects domestic politics and national economies.Nathan Jensen (njensen@artsci.wustl.edu) is assistant professor of political science at Washington University in St. Louis. The author thanks Sophie Fortin, Geoff Garrett, Quan Li, Rene Lindstadt, Bill Lowry, Guillermo Rosas, Andy Sobel, and Jana von Stein for their comments and suggestions.
Sensitivity of Influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (HswlNl) Virus to Amantadine●HCI

The appearance of a swine type of influenza A among recruits in Fort Dix, New Jersey, in 1976 prompted an evaluation of the sensitivity of this virus to amantadine - HCl. Well-tolerated levels of the drug effectively blocked replication of the influenza A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hsw1N1) virus isolate in three laboratory models: monkey kidney cells, embryonated eggs, and intranasally infected mice. On a comparative basis this virus would appear to be more sensitive to amantadine - HCl than human influenza A strains, including the recent Victoria (1975) strain. All strains of influenza A virus continue to be sensitive to amantadine - HCl.
A Hedonic Price Model for Rough Rice Bid/Acceptance Markets

Several quality factors are important in valuing rough rice. This paper first evaluates the ability of federal grades to explain these factors. Second, the discounts associated with various quality factors are estimated. Finally, the factors affecting acceptance of a bid are investigated. The results indicate grades are useful but inadequate in explaining observed quality differentials. The major quality factor in determining price was head yield. Stinkbug damage was the most important quality factor of those that producers could control. The probability of acceptance increased with higher than expected bids, smaller lot sizes, more bidders, and as the marketing season progressed.
A sensitive method for the assay of hyaluronidase activity

Abstract A spectrophotometric method for the assay of hyaluronidase activity, based on the binding of a carbocyanine dye (1-ethyl-2-[3-(1-ethyl-naphtho[1,2 d ]thiazolin-2-ylidene)-2-methyl-propenyl]naphtho[1,2d]thiazolium bromide) to undegraded substrate, is described. The binding results in a spectral shift with an absorbance maximum at 640 nm which is proportional to the amount of hyaluronic acid within a prescribed range. The end products of hyaluronidase activity do not cause a shift in the dye spectrum. The method allows the determination of an amount of hyaluronidase equivalent to 0.00005 NF unit.
An unusual cause of right lower quadrant pain in a prepubertal child

The clinical course of a five-year-old girl with right lower abdominal pain is presented. The differential diagnosis of right lower quadrant abdominal pain in a prepubertal child and a discussion of this child's diagnosis, ovarian torsion, are provided. The need always to consider gynecologic disease in any female patient presenting with a history of colicky lower abdominal pain or an acute abdomen is emphasized.
The inapplicability of the dictionary— Encyclopedia distinction to the semantics of natural languages

Abstract It is argued that there is no distinction between the “dictionary” and “encyclopedia” knowledge—hence between the linguistic and non-linguistic skills—members of a community possess. Two arguments presented by Jerrold Katz which purport to show that the dictionary-encyclopedia distinction is of importance in the study of natural languages are examined and rejected. Five kinds of semantical rules which incorporate allegedly “non-linguistic” knowledge are distinguished and their roles in disambiguating utterances and classifying deviant utterances are discussed. The implications of the breakdown of the dictionary-encyclopedia distinction for the construction of linguistic idealizations and for the development of mechanical translation and information retrieval systems are noted.
MONOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH GENETIC DEFICIENCY OF THE THIRD COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT (C3) PRODUCE C3 IN VITRO

A method has been described for maintenance of human monocytes in culture for up to six months. The cells synthesize and secrete the second (C2) and third (C3) components of complement and lysozyme, phagocytose latex beads, rosette with IgG or C3 coated erythrocytea, and kill L. monocytogenes. Monocytes from two unrelated C3 deficient patients, one of whom has been described (J. Clin. Invest. 56, 703, 1975), were examined in culture. Serum from each of the patients contained less than 1% of the normal C3 concentration (not due to hypercatabolism) but monocytes from each produced C3 at approximately 25% of the normal rate when studied after two weeks in vitro. The C3 produced in vitro by monocytes from one of the patients was shown to have the molecular weight of normal serum C3 and to dissociate appropriately under reducing conditions. Monocytes from C3 deficient patients could not be distinguished from normals on the basis of morphology, resetting with C3 coated erythrocytes, or rates of C2 and total protein synthesis. The ability of monocytes from C3 deficient patients to produce C3 in vitro is in contrast to studies of monocytes from C2 deficient humans and macrophages from C4 deficient guinea pigs in which specific biosynthetic defects for C2 and C4, respectively, persisted in vitro.
Resistance of rat thyroid iodoprotein to proteolysis following large doses of radioiodine

Intact iodine-replete or iodinedeficient rats were injected with doses of 10–500 μCi 131I. One week later, they were injected with a tracer dose of 125I 4 or 24 hr before autopsy. One thyroid lobe was examined histologically. The other lobe was homogenized and its resistance to 4-hr digestion with 1% pancreatin or with 0.003% pancreatin after pretreatment of the iodoprotein with 0.05M mercaptoethanol was studied. Distribution of both 131I and 125I radioactivity was also determined by quantitative chromatography after 24-hr digestion with 1% pancreatin. In both the iodine-replete and iodine-deficient rats, a dose of 250 or 500 μCi 131I produced increased resistance to digestion in both the 131Iand 125I-labeled iodoprotein and a reduction in the percent of total chromatograph radioactivity of both labels in the iodothyronine component. There was no change in MIT*/DIT* or T3,*/T4* ratios in iodine-replete rats receiving any dose of 131I. However, there was a marked decrease in these ratios for both 131I and ...
Lifetime of carbon foils used as heavy-ion strippers

A procedure for increasing the lifetime of carbon foils used as electron strippers for energetic heavy ions is described. The foils are heated to a temperature in the vicinity of 500°C and the temperature gradients and charge concentrations in the foil are decreased by a slow motion of the foils. With this procedure, lifetimes in excess of 2 h are obtained for 3-MeV 58Ni+ beams with 1 μA/mm2.
The development of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS): A retrospective

Abstract Contrary to common opinion, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been with us for more than half a century under various guises, the most recent reincarnation being FAB (fast atom bombardment). This retrospective traces the SIMS lifetime from its roots in the 1930s, through basic studies in the 1950s and 1960s, to the present explosive development of inorganic and organic applications. Special attention is given to the various desorption modes of organic ions from solid and liquid surfaces.
The role of vitamin A status in the conversion of all-trans retinoyl β-glucuronide to retinoic acid in male Sprague-Dawley rats

Abstract Orally administered all-trans retinoyl β-glucuronide, after its absorption from the intestine, is distributed widely in the tissues, except for brain, of both vitamin A-sufficient (A+) and vitamin A-deficient (A−) rats. Although the digestion and rate of absorption of retinoyl β-glucuronide are similar in A+ and A− rats, the rates of hydrolysis of retinoyl β-glucuronide to retinoic acid markedly differ. Thus, after an oral dose (6.3 μmol) of all-trans retinoyl β-glucuronide in corn oil, retinoic acid peaks at 4 hr in the plasma at a concentration of 2.5 to 4.2 μM in A− rats, up to 40-fold higher than in A+ rats. The peak retinoic acid concentration in A− rats increased with the severity of the deficiency. Similarly, the ratio of retinoic acid/retinoyl β-glucuronide in various tissues of A− rats is 1.3 to 12.5-fold higher than in those of A+ rats. In the absence in tissues of retinol or its ester, A− rats clearly use administered retinoyl β-glucuronide as a ready source of retinoic acid.
The energy gap of pristine silicon clusters

Abstract Studies of the fundamental energy gap of pristine silicon clusters have been performed using STM and STS. Clusters with sizes between 2.5 and 40 A are studied. The size dependence of the gap is determined. For particles below 15 A, gaps up to 450 meV are found. Larger particles exhibit zero gaps. The results are explained in terms of a transformation from diamond to compact structure occurring at 15 A (∼44 atoms per cluster). For clusters with diamond structure the surface dangling bond density is high leading to electronic states filling the energy gap. On the other hand, the compact arrangement of the smaller clusters tends to eliminate dangling bonds. Therefore, finite-gap values are observed for clusters with less than ∼44 atoms.
Abstract 5655: 3,3′-Diindolylmethane selectively induces proteasomal degradation of the class I histone deacetylases

This study aims to identify the molecular target of 3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM), an anti-cancer agent that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through unknown mechanisms. Previously, we have shown that DIM can enhance the efficacy of butyrate in colon cancer prevention in the APCmin/+ mouse model [Cancer Prevention Research, 2(6):581-9, 2009]. In our studies trying to identify the intracellular target of DIM, we found that DIM selectively induced proteasome-mediated degradation of the class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC8) in colon cancer cells, without affecting other HDAC proteins (class II or class III HDACs). DIM-induced down-regulation of the class I HDACs was also observed in vivo in tumor xenografts in nude mice. The depletion of the HDACs by DIM caused a reduction of the HDAC activity on the promoters of CDKN1A/WAF1/CIP1 and CDKN1B/KIP1 genes (encoding cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, respectively) and significantly increased the expression of p21 and p27, which arrested cells at the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The degradation of the HDACs also caused DNA damage and triggered apoptosis. Based on these data, we conclude that DIM acts by selectively targeting the class I HDACs to promote their degradation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5655.
Identification of gene co-regulatory modules and associated cis-elements involved in degenerative heart disease

Cardiomyopathies, degenerative diseases of cardiac muscle, are among the leading causes of death in the developed world. Microarray studies of cardiomyopathies have identified up to several hundred genes that significantly alter their expression patterns as the disease progresses. However, the regulatory mechanisms driving these changes, in particular the networks of transcription factors involved, remain poorly understood. Our goals are (A) to identify modules of co-regulated genes that undergo similar changes in expression in various types of cardiomyopathies, and (B) to reveal the specific pattern of transcription factor binding sites, cis-elements, in the proximal promoter region of genes comprising such modules.
An examination of field evaporation theory

Abstract Contrary to opinions expressed by earlier investigators, thorough examination of the existing models for field evaporation indicates that they are capable of predicting changes in the relative abundance of ionic species as temperature is changed and evaporation rate is held constant, without assuming atomic tunneling or slowness of electronic transition. However, this need not imply that atomic tunneling and slowness of electronic transition do not exist. Furthermore, the inclusion of energy level shifts in field evaporation theory results in the prediction of higher charge states than would be otherwise expected. This is in agreement with the observations of various investigators on copper and other metals. The examination further reveals that very significant differences in the predicted variation of evaporation rate with field exist between the image-hump and intersection models. This suggests a means by which one can attempt to determine experimentally the “correct” model to apply in a given situation. Furthermore, rigorous interpretation of the intersection model in conjunction with the experimental data of Tsong and Muller can result in significantly different values for the distance of the equilibrium position of the surface atom from the metal surface and the polarizability of the surface atom, than obtained using linear approximations.
Impact of a dollar depreciation on the prices of foreign academic journals: A supply and demand analysis

This article discusses the ability of publishers to “pass through” a depreciation of the U.S. dollar by increasing the prices of foreign academic journals. A dollar depreciation is analyzed as a decrease in the supply of foreign academic journals. The price elasticities of demand and supply are defined and illustrated. The relative strengths of the price elasticities are shown to determine the amount of “pass through” and the distribution of the burden of a dollar depreciation between the buyers and the publishers.
Modeling the learning progressions of computational thinking of primary grade students

We introduce the Progression of Early Computational Thinking (PECT) Model, a framework for understanding and assessing computational thinking in the primary grades (Grades 1 to 6). The model synthesizes measurable evidence from student work with broader, more abstract coding design patterns, which are then mapped onto computational thinking concepts. We present the results of a pilot-test study of the PECT Model in order to demonstrate its potential efficacy in detecting both differences in computational thinking among students of various ages as well as any clear overall progressions in increasing computational sophistication. Results of this sort are vital for establishing research-based and age-appropriate curricula for students in the primary grades, i.e., developing non-trivial, challenging but not overly daunting lesson plans that utilize the cognitive development stage of each grade level most effectively.
The U.S. Metropolitan System: Regional Change, 1950-1970

This article confronts three persistent problems in the analysis of the U.S. urban system by (a) employing a continuous, rather than a discrete, classification scheme that (b) has been replicated successfully for three time periods to (c) describe regional variations and changes in the U.S. metropolitan system from 1950 to 1970. Two fundamental dimensions describe the system in 1950, 1960, and 1970; an industry structure (manufacturing-service) continuum and a financial-commercial hierarchy. Familiar regional variations in the structure of metropolitan areas are summarized by these dimensions. Unique to this analysis is a description of clear regional changes in the metropolitan system from 1950 to 1970. Northeastern SMSAs became more service oriented, North Central SMSAs became more manufacturing oriented and less financially dominant, and Southern SMSAs increased dramatically in their degree of financial-commercial dominance. Theoretical interpretations of these regional shifts are discussed.
FORCED CONVECTIVE HEAT AND MASS. TRANSFER FROM A FALLING FILM TO A LAMINAR EXTERNAL BOUNDARY LAYER

Abstract Simultaneous momentum, heat- and mass-transfer rates from a vertical falling liquid film to an upward flow of gas are reported. The gas forms an external boundary layer along the liquid film. In all cases dimensionless transport rates were determined from property gradients measured at the inner edge of the boundary layer. The velocity, temperature and concentration profiles were measured using hot wire anemometric, thermocouple probe and isokinetic sampling with gas Chromatographie analysis techniques. Particular numerical and integral solutions to the boundary-layer equations are in good agreement with the data.
Identifying disgruntled employee systems fraud risk through text mining: A simple solution for a multi-billion dollar problem

Occupational fraud is a $652 billion problem to which disgruntled employees are a major contributor. Much security research addresses reducing fraud opportunity and increasing fraud detection, but detecting motivational factors like employee disgruntlement is less studied. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that companies archive email, creating an untapped resource for deterring fraud. Herein, protocols to identify disgruntled communications are developed. Messages cluster well according to disgruntled content, giving confidence in the value of email for this task. A highly accurate naive Bayes model predicts whether messages contain disgruntled communications, providing extremely relevant information not otherwise likely to be revealed in a fraud audit. The model can be incorporated into fraud risk analysis systems to improve their ability to detect and deter fraud.
An Improved Approach to Conductive Boundary Conditions for the Rayleigh-Bénard Instability

A technique is developed for predicting the stability limit of conductively coupled horizontal fluid layers heated from below and cooled above. The approach presented gives exact solutions of the stability problem and is numerically much simpler than previous multilayer solutions. Critical Rayleigh numbers are obtained for the case of three and four fluid layers separated by equally spaced identical midlayers of various thicknesses and conductivities with isothermal outer walls and for the symmetric two-layer problem with outer walls of finite thermal conductivity. Other configurations are considered briefly.
Differences in nitric oxide steady-states between arginine, hypoxanthine, uracil auxotrophs (AHU) and non-AHU strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae during anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrite

Neisseria gonorrhoeae can grow by anaerobic respiration using nitrite as an alternative electron acceptor. Under these growth conditions, N. gonorrhoeae produces and degrades nitric oxide (NO), an important host defense molecule. Laboratory strain F62 has been shown to establish and maintain a NO steady-state level that is a function of the nitrite reductase/NO reductase ratio and is independent of cell number. The nitrite reductase activities (122–197 nmol NO2 reduced·min–1·OD600–1) and NO reductase activities (88–155 nmol NO reduced·min–1·OD600–1) in a variety of gonococcal clinical isolates were similar to the specific activities seen in F62 (241 nmol NO2 reduced·min–1·OD600–1 and 88 nmol NO reduced·min–1·OD600–1, respectively). In seven gonococcal strains, the NO steady-state levels established in the presence of nitrite were similar to that of F62 (801–2121 nmol·L–1 NO), while six of the strains, identified as arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil auxotrophs (AHU), that cause asymptomatic infection in m...
Using Fluctuation Analysis to Establish Causal Relations between Cellular Events without Experimental Perturbation

Experimental perturbations are commonly used to establish causal relationships between the molecular components of a pathway and their cellular functions; however, this approach suffers inherent limitations. Especially in pathways with a significant level of nonlinearity and redundancy among components, such perturbations induce compensatory responses that obscure the actual function of the targeted component in the unperturbed pathway. A complementary approach uses constitutive fluctuations in component activities to identify the hierarchy of information flow through pathways. Here, we review the motivation for using perturbation-free approaches and highlight recent advances made in using perturbation-free fluctuation analysis as a means to establish causality among cellular events.
Conservation laws and Calapso-Guichard deformations of equations describing pseudo-spherical surfaces

The relation between the Chern and Tenenblat approach to conservation laws of equations describing pseudo-spherical surfaces (conservation laws from pseudo-spherical structure) and the more familiar “Riccati equation” approach (conservation laws from associated linear problem) is investigated. Two examples [cylindrical Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) and Lund–Regge equations] are presented. Chern and Tenenblat’s point of view is then connected with the theory of soliton surfaces. A generalization of the original Chern–Tenenblat construction of conservation laws results, and a reasonable family of large deformations for scalar equations describing pseudo-spherical surfaces, the “equations describing Calapso–Guichard surfaces,” can be introduced. It is shown that these equations are also the integrability condition of linear problems.
Optimal Heat Integration in a Coal-Natural Gas Energy Park with CO2 Capture☆

Abstract Computational techniques are used to optimize the design of an integrated energy park consisting of a coal-fired power plant, a CO 2 capture system, and an auxiliary natural gas combined cycle plant. Emphasis is placed on the design of heat integration in the combined cycle system, as this heat constitutes most of the energy required for temperature-swing CO 2 capture. The facility is constrained to meet a maximum CO 2 emission intensity limit while flexibly capturing CO 2 to maximize profit. The process and capital cost models of the facility include a detailed treatment of the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Computational optimization techniques are used to select gas turbine size, CO 2 capture capacity, and the sizes and pressures of HRSG components for HRSG configurations with one, two, and three pressure levels. Facility design is jointly optimized with dispatch using an electricity price- duration curve and natural gas price scenarios of $3/MMBtu, $4.50/MMBtu and $6/MMBtu. System configuration is shown to have a significant impact on economics, with spread in net present value (NPV) among configurations of $39-54 million (2.6-26% of NPV). Joint optimization of design with optimized flexible dispatch is observed to improve NPV by $18-56 million (1.2-27%) as compared to optimization with constant dispatch. Gains from optimization increase with higher natural gas price. Optimal capital cost, approximately $2.1-2.2 billion in all configurations, is higher for configurations with higher number of pressure levels, but does not exhibit strong trends with gas price.
Social media and protests: An examination of Twitter images of the 2011 Egyptian revolution

Whereas the role of social media in political activism has received much attention in recent years, the role of social media images remains largely understudied. Given the potential of emotional and efficacy-related visual content for motivating activism, this exploratory content analysis examined the content of Twitter images of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. The analysis of 581 images revealed more efficacy-eliciting (crowds, protest activities, national and religious symbols) than emotionally arousing (violent) content, especially posted by Egyptian users. However, emotionally arousing content decreased, whereas efficacy-eliciting content increased at times of instability. Furthermore, popularity of images was more associated with user information than the content itself. Images posted by activists and users outside Egypt received the most attention. The findings are discussed in terms of possible explanations for the content patterns and their potential impact on Twitter audience, as well as their cont...
The Effect of Differential Depletion on Recovery by Solution-Gas Drive

Differential depletion is the term applied to that phenomenon in solution-gas drive reservoirs in which large pressure and saturation gradients develop as a result of high production rates, high oil viscosities, or low formation permeabilities. This paper describes an investigation to ascertain the degree to which variations in the initial production rate and in reservoir fluid properties cause differential depletion to occur in a low permeability (10 md) reservoir, and the resultant effect on recovery at a reasonable economic abandonment rate. The results of the rate-effect investigation indicate that for the type of reservoir modeled, i.e., thin, linear, horizontal, homogeneous, and isotropic, the recovery at economic abandonment is almost completely independent of initial production rate. The producing gas/oil ratio behavior and time to abandonment are very definitely rate- sensitive. From an economic rate of return standpoint, it appears that an operator can produce oil at a high rate, and thus achieve a greater present worth, while losing very little of the total recoverable oil. (27 refs.)
Kinetic linked-function analysis of the multiligand interactions on Mg(2+)-activated yeast pyruvate kinase.

The multiligand interactions governing the allosteric response of Mg2+-activated yeast pyruvate kinase (YPK) during steady-state turnover were quantitated by kinetic linked-function analysis. The substrate, PEP, the enzyme-bound divalent metal, Mg2+, and the allosteric effector, FBP, positively influence each other's interaction with the enzyme in the presence of saturating concentrations of the second substrate, MgADP. The presence of Mg2+ enhances the interaction of PEP and of FBP with YPK by −2.0 and −1.0 kcal/mol, respectively. The simultaneous interaction of PEP, Mg2+, and FBP with YPK is favored by −4.1 kcal/mol over the sum of their independent binding free energies. The coupling free energies measured for Mg2+-activated YPK are weaker than the corresponding coupling free energies measured for Mn2+-activated YPK [Mesecar, A., and Nowak, T. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 6792, 6803], but are consistent with results of thermodynamic measurements with the Mg2+−YPK complex [Bollenbach, T. J., and Nowak, T. (2...
Isotontic regression for interval censored survival data using an e-m algorithm

This paper develops a nonparametric model of the relationship between survival S and a dichotomous random variable X under the order constraint that P(X=1|S=s) is increasing (or decreasing) with s. The estimation procedure, called isotonic regression, has been studied in some depth for the case of uncensored data, but we give a methodology which is appropriate in the more general context of right, left, and interval censored data. An E-M Algorithm (Dempster et. al., 1977) is used for maximum likelihood estimation.
Isobaric beam purification for high precision Penning trap mass spectrometry of radioactive isotope beams with SWIFT

Abstract The Stored Waveform Inverse Fourier Transform (SWIFT) technique offers general and versatile broadband, mass-selective excitation schemes. The method has hitherto been unharnessed for high precision Penning trap mass spectrometry, in which the atomic mass is determined, and is of particular importance at radioactive isotope beam facilities. Herein, we present the first implementation of SWIFT to clean isobaric contaminants at such a spectrometer. The isobaric separation of CO+ and N 2 + as well as a high-accuracy mass measurement with SWIFT cleaning were demonstrated at the Low Energy Beam and Ion Trap (LEBIT) facility; resolving powers of 4 × 104 (Δν = 300 Hz) and 2 × 105 (Δν = 60 Hz) were achieved for 23Na+ for cleaning times of 20 and 100 ms respectively. These measurements demonstrate the viability of SWIFT for fast, efficient, and universal beam purification at high-precision Penning trap mass spectrometers.
An expirimental system for the measurement of vacuum UV below 115 nm from pulsed plasma in an N 2 /O 2 environment

Summary form only given. Limited experimental literature exists for measuring radiation with wavelengths shorter than 115 nm primarily due to the difficulty associated with measuring VUV radiation due to the high absorption in molecular oxygen and optical materials. Furthermore, there is an increasing interest in quantifying the role of this radiation in the generation of low temperature plasmas. This paper describes a system for studying the early mechanisms of vacuum UV generation below 115 nm by inducing breakdown in an air environment near atmospheric pressure. However to avoid the attenuating effects of O2, the experiment is set up such that the pressure drops to deep vacuum (i.e. ~10-6 torr) within a distance of several millimeters from the location of breakdown without the use of a solid barrier. In order to perform this measurement, the experiment consists of an enclosure at high vacuum, a pair of electrodes, and a micro puff valve. The puff value releases an above atmospheric pressure wave of air in the vicinity of the electrodes, whose differential electrical potential is then raised to about 20kV with a rise-time on the order of 100 nanoseconds. With application of the pulsed electric field, the radiation emitted from the excited species escapes the very localized puff of air and propagates through the high vacuum largely unattenuated where it is resolved by vacuum UV-sensitive optics and detectors. With this setup, the generation of vacuum UV radiation below 115 nm can be studied in detail and in the future the data recorded with this system will be used in our modeling approaches for further understanding of low temperature plasma generation.
Enter the Dragon: Mordecai as Agonistic Combatant in Greek Esther

Mordecai’s refusal to bow before Haman provokes the central conflict of the Book of Esther. In the Hebrew version of this story, Mordecai’s defiance is never explained. By contrast, in both Greek versions, he claims to have acted out of pious motives (“so as not to set human glory above God’s glory”). While most readers of Greek Esther take Mordecai’s words at face value, I argue that, when read in connection with other passages in the book, the credibility of his defense is called into question. The author of Greek Esther depicts Haman and Mordecai as “two great dragons, both ready to come forth to wrestle,” an image that hints at agonistic self-assertion on the part of both characters. This article explores the valence of dragons and wrestling in their Hellenic and Judean cultural contexts.
Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation, Revision 4, Volume IV: Inherent Optical Properties: Instruments, Characterizations, Field Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols

This document stipulates protocols for measuring bio-optical and radiometric data for the Sensor Intercomparision and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Project activities and algorithm development. The document is organized into 6 separate volumes as Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation, Revision 4. Volume I: Introduction, Background, and Conventions; Volume II: Instrument Specifications, Characterization and Calibration; Volume III: Radiometric Measurements and Data Analysis Methods; Volume IV: Inherent Optical Properties: Instruments, Characterization, Field Measurements and Data Analysis Protocols; Volume V: Biogeochemical and Bio-Optical Measurements and Data Analysis Methods; Volume VI: Special Topics in Ocean Optics Protocols and Appendices. The earlier version of Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation, Revision 3 is entirely superseded by the six volumes of Revision 4 listed above.
Prevalence and Correlates of Relationship Abuse Among a Community-Based Sample of Low-Income African American Women

This study examined the relationship between social and economic power and incidence of male-perpetrated abuse among low-income African American women with partners (N = 102). Relationship abuse was common among participants; 48% reported verbal abuse, threats of physical abuse, or physical abuse in the past 3 months. Findings also illustrated that disempowerment of women, particularly in relationships, increases female vulnerability to abuse. Regression analyses revealed lower education, partner jealousy, and lower partner empathy account for significant variance in relationship abuse in the past 3 months. Results suggest that social and contextual issues must be included in our examination of male abuse of female partners.
Single Hf atoms inside the ultrathin SiO 2 interlayer between a HfO 2 dielectric film and the Si substrate: how do they modify the interface?

We show that individual Hf atoms may get incorporated into the SiO2 interlayer which is formed between the HfO2 dielectric film and the Si substrate during rapid thermal annealing. We report atomically-resolved Z-contrast images of a Si/SiO2/HfO2 structure together with first-principles calculations which demonstrate that single Hf atoms are in fact present in the interlayer. The location of individual Hf atoms within the interlayer oxide is closely related to the structure of the amorphous oxide near the Si/SiO2 interface. The Hf defects may affect channel mobility and leakage currents in the HfO2/Si electronic devices.
A note on estimating visitor spending on a per-day/night basis

Abstract There are two approaches to calculate a per-night spending average when visitor expenditures are gathered on a per-trip basis. The first and correct approach is to individually compute averages for trip spending and length of stay from the sample and then divide the two figures. The second approach, although more convenient and instinct-driven, is to compute per-night spending on a case-by-case basis and then compute the average of the per-night figures across all samples. This calculation procedure will generally produce an inflated per-night spending average, as per-day spending tends to decline with length of stay, and a biased variance.
Chemoreceptors in Caulobacter crescentus: Trimers of Receptor Dimers in a Partially Ordered Hexagonally Packed Array

Chemoreceptor arrays are macromolecular complexes that form extended assemblies primarily at the poles of bacterial cells and mediate chemotaxis signal transduction, ultimately controlling cellular motility. We have used cryo-electron tomography to determine the spatial distribution and molecular architecture of signaling molecules that comprise chemoreceptor arrays in wild-type Caulobacter crescentus cells. We demonstrate that chemoreceptors are organized as trimers of receptor dimers, forming partially ordered hexagonally packed arrays of signaling complexes in the cytoplasmic membrane. This novel organization at the threshold between order and disorder suggests how chemoreceptors and associated molecules are arranged in signaling assemblies to respond dynamically in the activation and adaptation steps of bacterial chemotaxis.
Web-based hypothermia information: a critical assessment of Internet resources and a comparison to peer-reviewed literature

Aims:Hypothermia is a medical condition characterized by a drop in core body temperature, and it is a considerable source of winter weather-related vulnerability in mid-/high-latitude areas. Heat vulnerability research, including assessments of internet-based resources, is more thoroughly represented in the peer-reviewed literature than cold-related vulnerability research. This study was undertaken to summarize available web-based hypothermia information, and then determine its scientific validity compared to the peer-reviewed literature.Methods:This research takes a similar approach used by Hajat et al. for web-based heat vulnerability research, and utilizes this framework to assess hypothermia information found on the internet. Hypothermia-related search terms were used to obtain websites containing hypothermia information, and PubMed (medical literature search engine) and Google Scholar were used to identify peer-reviewed hypothermia literature. The internet information was aggregated into categories (...
Role of Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. in structuring benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in a southern Appalachian river

AbstractPodostemum ceratophyllum Michx. has been associated with extremely high secondary production of benthic macroinvertebrates in open-canopy rapids. We conducted an experiment in the 7th-order Little Tennessee River, North Carolina, to test whether varying amounts of Podostemum influenced macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, community composition, and functional feeding group structure. The experiment consisted of 3 treatments in which P. ceratophyllum was completely, partially, or not removed from portions of 4 bedrock outcrops at 2 sites. Macroinvertebrates were sampled at 0, 3, and 6 wk post treatment. Complete removal of P. ceratophyllum greatly reduced overall macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass and altered assemblage structure, but had relatively little effect on functional structure. The lack of change in functional feeding group structure was probably a result of the importance of P. ceratophyllum as a substrate for epiphytic algae, and the availability of nearby colonists in undisturbed...
Radio wave propagation characteristics in lossy circular waveguides such as tunnels, mine shafts, and boreholes

We present the characteristics of radio propagation in a circular lossy waveguide whose walls are composed of earth soil materials with frequency-dependent properties. This type of structure is used to represent a radio link for an underground wireless communication channel such as a tunnel, mine shaft, or borehole. We present calculated results of the attenuation constant for various propagation modes in the soil waveguide structure for various soil constituents and moisture levels. Transverse field plots of the various modes for different soil types are also presented. Finally, it is shown that for small |k/sub 2/a| (where k/sub 2/ is the wavenumber in the soil and a is the radius of the waveguide) some modes in the waveguide disappear and a discussion of this behavior and how it relates to excitation problems is given.
Techniques for recording holographic lenses for infrared wavelengths

Abstract Three approaches for recording holographic lenses for infrared wavelengths are discussed. For long wavelengths such as the 10.6 μm line from CO 2 lasers holographic lenses are best made as computer-generated holograms. For the near infrared holographic lenses can be made using visible wavelengths with a computer-generated hologram to provide aberration correction. Finally a two step procedure is described which can be used to make holographic lenses for most infrared wavelengths.
A strategic model for information markets

Information markets, which are designed specifically to aggregate traders' information, are becoming increasingly popular as a means for predicting future events. Recent research in information markets has resulted in two new designs, market scoring rules and dynamic parimutuel markets. We develop an analytic method to guide the design and strategic analysis of information markets. Our central contribution is a new abstract betting game, the projection game, that serves as a useful model for information markets. We demonstrate that this game can serve as a strategic model of dynamic parimutuel markets, and also captures the essence of the strategies in market scoring rules. The projection game is tractable to analyze, and has an attractive geometric visualization that makes the strategic moves and interactions more transparent. We use it to prove several strategic properties about the dynamic parimutuel market. We also prove that a special form of the projection game is strategically equivalent to the spherical scoring rule, and it is strategically similar to other scoring rules. Finally, we illustrate two applications of the model to analysis of complex strategic scenarios: we analyze the precision of a market in which traders have inertia, and a market in which a trader can profit by manipulating another trader's beliefs.
An analytical study on the impact of authentication in wireless local area network

Authentication can provide security by preventing unauthorized usage and negotiating the credentials for secure communications. Nevertheless, it induces heavy overhead to communications, further deteriorating the quality of service (QoS). Therefore, analyzing the QoS and security impact of authentication becomes critical to developing efficient authentication schemes. In this paper, we first introduce a system model for the analysis of challenge/response authentication in wireless networks. Then, we evaluate authentication cost, delay, and call dropping probability for different security levels. By considering traffic and mobility patterns, we show the numerical results to illustrate the impact of authentication on security and system performance
Plutonium uptake by marine phytoplankton in culture

Abstruct At environmentally realistic atom conscentrations ns7Pu tracer was used to examine Pu uptake by unialgal cultul’es of Thalassiosiru pseudonanu (live and dead), Thalassiosira sp., and Plutymonus sp., as well as by glass particles. Live or dead cells and glass particles accumulated Pu at similar rates, indicating that initial uptake was a passive phenomenon. Uptake was strongly affected by the nature of particle surfaces, but much less by composition of the media. Cells from rapidly growing cultures took up more Pu than did those from late log or senescent cultures. Acid-washed glass took up more Pu, faster, than did unwashed glass. Cells accumulated more Pu from UV-treated seawater than from seawater untreated or enriched with f/50+level EDTA or f/50 vitamins; from complete f/50 medium uptake was even less, as with f/50 trace metals + EDTA. After a short uptake Pu was 25% removable in tracerfree media, but after 3 days of uptake none was removable in seawater or exometabolite media, and only 15% in f/50-level EDTA. The data support the hypothesis that Pu in marinc environments associates with suspended particles that could act as vertical vectors for this element.