cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing models of optimal diet assembly by the generalist herbivorous lizard Cnemidophorus murinus

The diet of the predominantly herbivorous Bonaire Island whiptail lizard (Teiidae: Cnemidophorus murinus) was examined to assess three models of diet selection by generalist herbivores. These models were: single-nutrient maximizing, toxin avoiding, and nutritional wisdom. At three sites we gathered data on the diet of the lizard over a full year (both wet and dry seasons), on the relative abundance of all plant food types available to the lizards during that period, and on the nutritional composition of each plant type. Thirteen nutritional variables were measured, including content of energy, protein, minerals, water, and potentially toxic plant secondary compounds, and digestibility of protein. The lizards were generalist feeders, consuming a wide variety of flowers, fruits, leaves, nectar, and some animal material. Most stomachs contained more than one food type, suggesting C. murinus typically samples several kinds of plant materials each day. The lizards were selective with regard to foods eaten; most foods were not taken in proportion to their availability in the environment. Potential plant foods varied in nutritional quality, but no one nutrient was correlated with dietary preferences. Multivariate analysis revealed that preference or avoidance of a potential food type could be predicted by a combination of nutritional properties, but these differed among sites. Despite differing plant assemblages at each site, annual intake of nutrients by the lizards was similar among sites. The results best support the nutritional wisdom hypothesis; the Bonaire whiptail lizard may assemble its diet to obtain the proper balance of required nutrients, while avoiding dangerous levels of plant secondary compounds.
Effect of dietary propylene glycol on growth, survival, histology, and carcass composition of Atlantic salmon

Abstract Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed diets containing 0, 5, 10, 15, or 25% propylene glycol (a compound used to maintain high dietary moisture levels) to determine beneficial or detrimental effects. Weight gain and feed conversion efficiency were better for fish fed the diets containing 5–15% propylene glycol than in those fed diets containing either 0 (control) or 25% propylene glycol. No histological aberrations were noted in fish from any treatment. These results indicate that propylene glycol can effectively be used to elevate moisture level in diets for Atlantic salmon and may enhance diet palatability by improving texture, flavor, or moisture content.
Electrical properties of multilayered Nb 3 Sn superconducting power line conductors

Nb 3 Sn films and multilayer composites for possible application as superconducting power transmission line (SPTL) conductors have been fabricated using electron-beam coevaporation techniques. Both growth morphology and low field superconducting properties of the conductors have been studied and compared with SPTL requirements. The behavior of the critical current as a function of temperature and magnetic field is presented together with a study of the enhancement of flux pinning due to the inclusion of thin layers of normal metal in the superconductor. Temperature and field dependence of the 50 Hz ac loss is presented and a detailed Comparison is made between the measured field-dependent dc critical current, the ac loss, the flux entry wave forms, and standard models for ac loss in the critical state. It is shown that fine-scale multilayered composite conductors can be fabricated which satisfy the ac loss and critical current requirements for SPTL operation at 10°K on the basis of bulk properties alone without the necessity of a large surface barrier.
FROM THE DRUG INFORMATION CENTRES: A STUDY OF THE ENQUIRY WORKLOAD IN A REGIONAL DRUG INFORMATION CENTRE

In a study of the workload in a regional drug information centre, 65% of enquiries received were classed as urgent and required an answer on the day of receipt. The number varied considerably from day to day but no discernible pattern of either urgent or non-urgent enquiries was found. Manpower requirements are discussed on the basis of workload on the busiest days for urgent enquiries. It is calculated that with an annual workload of 1,106 enquiries the mean utilization of a full-time pharmacist on this work is 64% rising to 93% on the busiest days.
Yield of take‐all infested winter wheat as influenced by inhibiting nitrification with dicyandiamide

Abstract The potential for using dicyandiamide (DCD) to enhance yield of take‐all‐infested winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated in six field experiments on four acid soils (pH 5.7–6.2). Ammonium and NO3 ‐ concentrations and NH4 +: NO3 ‐ ratios in 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths were measured for ten weeks after spring topdressing 180 kg N/ha as urea with 0, 13, or 27 kg DCD/ha. Nitrification was strongly inhibited for 6 to 10 weeks by either 13 or 27 kg DCD/ha. Averaged over the ten‐week sampling period, NH4 +: N03 ‐ ratios in the 0–10 cm depth of soil were 36: 1 for DCD‐treated plots as compared to 2: 1 for plots receiving only urea. Ratios in DCD‐treated plots were considerably wider than ratios associated with take‐all suppression (10: 1 to 3: 1) in earlier studies. Extractable NH4 + + NO3 ‐ concentrations in soil were high in DCD‐treated plots after 30 to 40 days, suggested that DCD had reduced crop uptake of N because of the lower mobility of NH4 + as compared to NO3 ‐. In four of the six ...
Identification of two focal adhesion targeting sequences in the adapter molecule p130(Cas)

The adapter molecule CAS is localized primarily within focal adhesions in fibroblasts. Because many of the cellular functions attributed to CAS are likely to be dependent on its presence in focal adhesions, this study was undertaken to identify regions of the protein that are involved in its localization. The SH3 domain of CAS, when expressed in isolation from the rest of the protein, was able to target to focal adhesions, whereas a variant containing a point mutation that rendered the SH3 domain unable to associate with FAK remained cytoplasmic. However, in the context of full-length CAS, this mutation did not prevent CAS localization to focal adhesions. Two other variants of CAS that contained deletions of either the SH3 domain alone, or the SH3 domain together with an adjoining proline-rich region, also retained the capacity to localize to focal adhesions. A second focal adhesion targeting region was mapped to the extreme carboxy terminus of CAS. The identification of this second focal adhesion targeting domain in CAS ascribes a previously unknown function to the highly conserved C terminus of CAS. The regulated targeting of CAS to focal adhesions by two independent domains may reflect the important role of CAS within this subcellular compartment.
Electronic structure of UPt3 and UBe13: An auger and electron energy loss study

Abstract The electronic structure of UBe13 and UPt3 heavy fermions were investigated with Auger and core level electron energy loss spectroscopy (CEELS). A comparison of the CCC, CCV and CVV Auger transitions of elemental thorium and uranium showed that the valence electrons (V) involved in the uranium Auger peaks were predominately the 5f electrons. As a result the uranium O5VV Auger line shape represents the self-fold of the U(5f) local density of states in uranium, UBe13 and UPt3. For UBe13 the O5VV line shape is nearly identical to that of uranium indicating a weak degree of hybridization. For UPt3 the O5VV line shape differed significantly from that of uranium or UBe13 indicating the presence of an intense U(5f) tail state distribution suggestive of a strong degree of hybridization. Auger intensity ratios of CCV to CCC Auger transitions gave evidence of charge transfer of U(5f) electrons away from the uranium sites for both UBe13 and UPt3. The low loss energy component of the 5d CEELS spectra could be interpreted on the basis of 5d95fn + 1 final state with n = 3 for UBe13 and n = 2 for UPt3. For both UPt3 and UBe13 this work suggests that the uranium ligand interactions are stronger than previously suspected.
Sensitivity analysis of the pond heating and temperature regulation (PHATR) model

Abstract The PHATR model was designed to determine: (1) the temperature and (2) the size of the energy transfer mechanisms for research-sized (400 m 3 ) outdoor aquaculture ponds in Louisiana. Because various environmental parameters affect the model's output, a sensitivity analysis was used to identify which factors had a greater affect on the pond temperature. Four environmental parameters (air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and flow rate of water used to control the pond temperature) were varied one at a time. The temperature for 1 m 3 ponds was modeled for 48 h. The output (pond temperature) for each trial model run was compared to the output of a standard model run. The model's sensitivity to air temperature varied linearly ( r = 0.999) from 0.10 to 0.35 °C/°C. The model's sensitivity to solar radiation ranged from 0.04 to 0.14 °C/W. The model's sensitivity to wind speed (dependent on wind speed) ranged from −0.003 to −1.64 °C/(m/s). The model's sensitivity to the flow of warm water (dependent on the flow of warm water) ranged from 158,074 to 620,845 °C/(m 3 /s)/m 3 . The model's sensitivity to the flow of cool water (dependent on the flow of cool water) ranged from 46,375 to 844,873 °C/(m 3 /s)/m 3 . For all cases, time was found to have an effect on the model's sensitivity. Ultimately, this data is useful for the design and management of outdoor earthen aquaculture ponds in the Southeastern United States or similar areas.
Short-term administration of rhGH increases markers of cellular proliferation but not milk protein gene expression in normal lactating women

Growth hormone is one of few pharmacologic agents known to augment milk production in humans. We hypothesized that recombinant human GH (rhGH) increases the expression of cell proliferation and mil...
Unknown primary nasopharyngeal melanoma presenting as severe recurrent epistaxis and hearing loss following treatment and remission of metastatic disease: A case report and literature review

Abstract Introduction Primary nasopharyngeal melanoma is an exceedingly rare pathology with unclear etiology and oftentimes obscure clinical presentation. Despite improved diagnostic capabilities, these lesions are often diagnosed at an advanced stage and associated prognosis is poor, partly due to high rates of recurrences and metastasis. Presentation of case A 74-year-old woman was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma to the liver, of unknown primary. Just prior to the time of diagnosis, she experienced several episodes of severe epistaxis which she managed conservatively. Her symptoms eventually subsided without further medical evaluation. The patient was initially treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2) for her advanced disease, but her cancer progressed. She was then enrolled in a protocol for percutaneous hepatic perfusion (PHP) with melphalan and had complete radiographic resolution of disease, yet her nosebleeds recurred and persisted despite conservative measures. Six years after her initial diagnosis, a nasopharyngoscopy demonstrated a pigmented lesion in the posterior nasopharynx. Surgical resection was performed (pathology consistent with mucosal melanoma) followed by radiation therapy. She has since had complete resolution of bleeding and shows no evidence of cancer. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first report of a diagnosis of primary nasopharyngeal melanoma 6-years following complete remission of metastatic disease. Surgery remains the primary treatment for disease and symptom control in this setting. Conclusion Timely diagnosis of nasopharyngeal melanomas remains challenging. Thorough clinical evaluations should be performed in such patients, and attention should be paid to recurrent and persistent symptoms, such as epistaxis and hearing loss. This may allow for earlier detection of primary disease.
The Synaptotagmin C2A Domain Is Part of the Calcium Sensor Controlling Fast Synaptic Transmission

Abstract Synaptotagmin is a synaptic vesicle protein that has been proposed to be the calcium sensor responsible for fast neurotransmitter release at synapses. Synaptotagmin's two C2 domains, C2A and C2B, each provide a calcium binding pocket lined with negative charges contributed by five conserved aspartates. We find that even when all of C2A's conserved aspartates are neutralized by replacement with asparagines, neurotransmitter release still occurs at hippocampal synapses in culture. Because exocytosis continues to be dependent on extracellular calcium concentration, the C2A domain cannot represent the entire calcium sensor. C2A does appear to be part of the calcium sensor, however, because substitution of D232 alters the calcium dependence of release, perhaps by reducing the number of calcium ions that must bind to trigger exocytosis. We conclude that neutralization of the negative charge at D232 by coordination of a calcium ion is necessary—but not sufficient—for fast neurotransmission at mammalian CNS synapses.
Enhancements in travelling wave ion mobility resolution

The use of ion mobility separation to determine the collision cross-section of a gas-phase ion can provide valuable structural information. The introduction of travelling-wave ion mobility within a quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer has afforded routine collision cross-section measurements to be performed on a range of ionic species differing in gas-phase size/structure and molecular weight at physiologically relevant concentrations. Herein we discuss the technical advances in the second-generation travelling-wave ion mobility separator, which result in up to a four-fold increase in mobility resolution. This improvement is demonstrated using two reverse peptides (mw 490 Da), small ruthenium-containing anticancer drugs (mw 427 Da), a cisplatin-modified protein (mw 8776 Da) and the noncovalent tetradecameric chaperone complex GroEL (mw 802 kDa). What is also shown are that the collision cross-sections determined using the second-generation mobility separator correlate well with the previous generation and theoretically derived values.
Interface trap generation in MOS transistors at high current densities

A new interface trap generation pathway is demonstrated in MOS transistors. The pathway is due to the electrical activation or dehydrogenation of the electronic traps at the SiO/sub 2/-Si interface via chemical reduction by atomic hydrogen released from the interconnect during high-current density low-voltage stress.
New Glassy and Polymorphic Oxide Phases Using Rapid Quenching Techniques

Splat and other rapid quenching techniques were applied to a systematic study of simple oxides, and four new pure oxide glasses were obtained (V2O5, TeO2, MoO3, and WO2). The high-temperature tetragonal form of WO3 coexists with a metastable short-range-order-only phase. The structure of a new metastable high-temperature phase, δ-Ta2O6, resembles δ-Nb2O6. Predominant phases found in quenched Al2O3 belong to the γ-(spinel type) series.
Transforming Growth Factor Alpha is a Critical Mediator of Radiation Lung Injury

Radiation fibrosis of the lung is a late toxicity of thoracic irradiation. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling has previously been implicated in radiation lung injury. We hypothesized that TGF-α, an EGF receptor ligand, plays a key role in radiation-induced fibrosis in lung. Mice deficient in transforming growth factor (TGF-α–/–) and control C57Bl/6J (C57-WT) mice were exposed to thoracic irradiation in 5 daily fractions of 6 Gy. Cohorts of mice were followed for survival (n ≥ 5 per group) and tissue collection (n = 3 per strain and time point). Collagen accumulation in irradiated lungs was assessed by Masson's trichrome staining and analysis of hydroxyproline content. Cytokine levels in lung tissue were assessed with ELISA. The effects of TGF-α on pneumocyte and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production were analyzed in vitro. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) expression and activity were measured in vitro and in vivo. Irradiated C57-WT mice had a median survival of 24.4 weeks compared to 48.2 weeks for irr...
Thermal aware clock synthesis considering stochastic variation and correlations

In this paper, we have proposed a thermal aware routing based parameterization to generate a clock model that takes the stochastic temperature variation into consideration. The worst-case skew is calculated by using the transient analysis. The proposed Thermal Aware Routing based Clock Tree Optimization (TARCO) is performed level by level via the use of sensitivities from the proposed macromodel. The experimental results show that our algorithm reduces up to 5X worst-case skew in comparison to the existing bonded-skew based Deferred Merge Embedding (DME) approach, and 1.7X worst-case skew compared to Perturbation based Clock Optimization (PECO) and 2.1X compared to Temperature Aware Clocktree Optimization (TACO).
Apatite- and monazite-bearing glass-crystal composites for the immobilization of low-level nuclear and hazardous wastes

This study demonstrates that glass-crystal composite waste forms can be produced from waste streams containing high proportions of phosphorus, transition metals, and/or halides. The crystalline phases produced in crucible-scale melts include apatite, monazite, spinels, and a Zr-Si-Fe-Ti phase. These phases readily incorporated radionuclide and toxic metals into their crystal structures, while corrosion tests have demonstrated that glass-crystal composites can be up to 300-fold more durable than simulated high-level nuclear waste glasses, such as SRL 202U.
Transmissiveness of Ultrasound Through Tap Water, Glycerin, and Mineral Oil

Transmissiveness of ultrasonic energy through large volumes of tap water, glycerin, and mineral oil was studied to determine whether there was a meaningful difference in the liquids' capability to allow energy transfer from the transducer to the receiver (patient). The experimental design was intended to simulate clinical conditions in which immersion techniques would be used. There were statistically significant differences ( p <.01) in energy transfer among each of the liquids at each intensity and each distance. Significant differences ( p <.05) in temperature changes occurred in each of the liquids and at each intensity.
A Comparative Analysis of Media Reports of U.S. Parricide Cases With Officially Reported National Crime Data and the Psychiatric and Psychological Literature

This article is a content analysis of 150 unique cases of children killing parents in the United States as reported in the electronic news media. The accuracy of online coverage of U.S. parricide incidents is assessed using two types of resources: officially reported national statistics on known parricidal incidents and the psychological and psychiatric literature on matricide and patricide. Comparisons of news accounts of media-reported U.S. parricide cases with Supplementary Homicide Report data indicate that electronic media coverage of parricide cases focused on the more sensational and unusual parricides. Analyses of these media accounts by offender age found 13 significant differences between juvenile and adult offenders. Ten of these 13 differences related to motive and Heide's parricide offender types (severely abused, severely mentally ill, and dangerously antisocial) and were consistent with the mental health-related literature in this area. The limitations and directions for future research are discussed at length.
Exploring Nursing Perspectives on Power

In this column, the concept of power is introduced as basic to the nursing discipline, critical to practice and specific to nursing science as well as nursing practice.
Maternal Aggression in Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase-Deficient Mice

Lactating female rodents protect their pups by expressing fierce aggression, termed maternal aggression, toward intruders. Mice lacking the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (nNOS-/-) exhibit significantly impaired maternal aggression, but increased male aggression, suggesting that nitric oxide (NO) produced by nNOS has opposite actions in maternal and male aggression. In contrast, mice lacking the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (eNOS-/-) exhibit almost no male aggression, suggesting that NO produced by eNOS facilitates male aggression. In the present study, maternal aggression in eNOS-/- mice was examined and found to be normal relative to wild-type (WT) mice in terms of the percentage displaying aggression, the average number of attacks against a male intruder, and the total amount of time spent attacking the male intruder. The eNOS-/- females also displayed normal pup retrieval behavior. Because a significant elevation of citrulline, an indirect marker of NO synthesis, occurs in neurons of the hypothalamus of lactating WT mice in association with maternal aggression, we examined the brains of eNOS-/- females for citrulline immunoreactivity following an aggressive encounter. The aggressive eNOS-/- females exhibited a significant elevation of citrulline in the medial preoptic nucleus and the subparaventricular zone of the hypothalamus relative to unstimulated lactating eNOS-/- females. Taken together, these results suggest that NO produced by eNOS neither facilitates nor inhibits maternal aggression and that NO produced by eNOS has a different role in maternal and male aggression.
Comprehending compounds: evidence for metaphoric skill?

Previous studies of children's comprehension of compound nouns show that three-year-olds can identify the appropriate referent for a compound when shown picture arrays that include salient distractors. The four studies presented here investigate comprehension of one kind of compound, metaphoric compounds (i.e. noun-noun compounds in which one noun expresses similarity to another object, as in catfish). Forty-four three-year-olds, 45 five-year-olds and 22 adults were shown a series of picture arrays and were asked to identify referents of various types of metaphoric compounds. The arrays included target pictures that had metaphoric resemblances based on shape (e.g. bug shaped like a stick) or on colour/pattern (e.g. shells with black and white stripes, like a zebra). Results showed that three- and five-year-olds can comprehend a shape-based metaphoric compounds such as stick-bug, even when faced with salient distractors (e.g. a stick, a bug next to a stick). The younger children had some difficulty with colour-based compounds, such as zebra-shells. Overall, five-year-olds outperformed three-year-olds but performed significantly less well than adults. However, even at age 3, children did not show a general expectation to interpret the compounds literally.
Multiobjective evolutionary optimization of periodic layered materials for desired wave dispersion characteristics

An important dispersion-related characteristic of wave propagation through periodic materials is the existence of frequency bands. A medium effectively attenuates all inci- dent waves within stopbands and allows propagation within passbands. The widths and locations of these bands in the frequency domain depend on the layout of contrasting mate- rials and the ratio of their properties. Using a multiobjective genetic algorithm, the topologies of one-dimensional peri- odic unit cells are designed for target frequency band struc- tures characterizing longitudinal wave motion. The decision variables are the number of layers in the unit cell and the thickness of each layer. Binary and mixed formulations are developed for the treatment of the optimization problems. Designs are generated for the following novel objectives: (1) maximum attenuation of time harmonic waves, (2) maximum isolation of general broadband pulses, and (3) filtering sig- nals at predetermined frequency windows. The saturation of performance with the number of unit-cell layers is shown for the first two cases. In the filtering application, the trade-off between the simultaneous realization of passband and stop- band targets is analyzed. It is shown that it is more difficult to design for passbands than it is to design for stopbands. The design approach presented has potential use in the de- velopment of vibration and shock isolation structures, sound isolation pads/partitions, and multiple band frequency filters, among other applications.
Complexity as a measure for machine health evaluation

This paper presents a machine health evaluation technique using the Lempel-Ziv complexity as a numerical measure. Comparing to conventional techniques such as spectral and time-frequency analysis, the presented approach does not require a linear transfer function of the physical system to be evaluated, and is thus suited for the condition monitoring of machine systems under varying operation and loading conditions. Theoretical foundation of the technique is introduced, and its performance is investigated through experimental study of realistic vibration signals measured from a rolling bearing system. The results demonstrated that complexity provides an effective measure for machine health condition evaluation.
Divorce and Death A Meta-Analysis and Research Agenda for Clinical, Social, and Health Psychology

Divorce is a relatively common stressful life event that is purported to increase risk for all-cause mortality. One problem in the literature on divorce and health is that it is fragmented and spread across many disciplines; most prospective studies of mortality are based in epidemiology and sociology, whereas most mechanistic studies are based in psychology. This review integrates research on divorce and death via meta-analysis and outlines a research agenda for better understanding the potential mechanisms linking marital dissolution and risk for all-cause mortality. Random effects meta-analysis with a sample of 32 prospective studies (involving more than 6.5 million people, 160,000 deaths, and over 755,000 divorces in 11 different countries) revealed a significant increase in risk for early death among separated/divorced adults in comparison to their married counterparts. Men and younger adults evidenced significantly greater risk for early death following marital separation/divorce than did women and older adults. Quantification of the overall effect size linking marital separation/divorce to risk for early death reveals a number of important research questions, and this article discusses what remains to be learned about four plausible mechanisms of action: social selection, resource disruptions, changes in health behaviors, and chronic psychological distress.
Two-modulator generalized ellipsometry: theory

A new ellipsometer is described that uses two photoelastic modulator–polarizer pairs, where the photoelastic modulators are operating at differing resonant frequencies. The time-dependent intensity of the light beam is extremely complicated but can be analyzed so that all elements of the sample Mueller matrix are obtained. For a given configuration, nine of the Mueller matrix elements can be measured at any one time; the other seven elements are accessible when the azimuthal angles of the photoelastic modulators are changed. The single-configuration measurement is often sufficient to characterize a number of real situations completely, such as film growth in a vacuum environment, anisotropic samples, and simple depolarization.
The Institutional Cost of Acquiring 100 mL of Human Milk for Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Background: Human milk from the biologic mother (HM) reduces disease burden and associated costs of care during and after neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitalization for very low birth weight (VLBW; birth weight 100 mL daily, the exact day of pumping where the cost of HM was less expensive than DHM or CF was 4 to 7 days and 6 to 19 days, respectively. Conclusion: Human milk from the biologic mother has lower acquisition cost than DHM and CF when mothers provided ≥ 100 mL daily and pumped for a sufficient number of days (range, 4-19). Neonatal intensive care units should prioritize resources to ensure that mothers achieve this daily milk volume.
Exaggerated Responses to Chlorine Inhalation Among Persons With Nonspecific Airway Hyperreactivity

Although chlorine gas is a common irritant exposure, little is known about airway responses to chlorine inhalation among persons with baseline airway hyperreactivity. We wished to determine whether such persons manifest an exaggerated response to chlorine compared with normal subjects. We studied 10 subjects, five with and five without airway hyperresponsiveness (HR) after exposure to 1.0 ppm chlorine and five persons, all with HR, to 0.4 ppm chlorine. After 1.0 ppm inhalation, there was a significant (p 1 immediately following exposure among normal (-180±37 mL) and HR subjects (-520±171 mL). The fall was greater among the HR compared with the normal subjects (p=0.04). Specific airway resistance (Sraw) increased to a greater degree among the HR group compared with normal subjects (p=0.04). Among all subjects (n=10), the proportional change in FEV 1 after 1.0 ppm chlorine correlated with baseline reactivity (Spearman rank correlation r=0.64, p
Endangered Seabird Habitat Management as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process

AbstractThe marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) is an endangered seabird that nests in coastal forests from Alaska to California. The value of these forests for human use, coupled with the difficulty of determining whether a forest stand is occupied by nesting marbled murrelets, poses a dilemma for land managers. Should they implement a costly survey to gather information on whether a potential nest site is occupied, or should they allow human use, effectively assuming the site is unoccupied? This article demonstrates the application of the partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) as a framework for addressing this question. The analysis yields a policy in which the optimal action is a function of the decision-maker’s subjective probability that a potential nest site is occupied by marbled murrelets. By incorporating stochastic state dynamics and the choice of whether to invest in learning, the POMDP provides a formal representation of adaptive management when active learning is possible.
The Representation Operator and Its Applications

This chapter applies the material of the previous chapters to some particular topics, specifically the Wigner–Eckart theorem, selection rules, and gamma matrices and Dirac bilinears. We begin by discussing the perennially confusing concepts of vector operators and spherical tensors, and use these to give a quick overview of the Wigner–Eckart theorem and selection rules. These latter subjects are then made precise using the notion of a representation operator. We conclude by showing that Dirac’s famous gamma matrices can be understood in terms of representation operators, which then immediately gives the transformation properties of the “Dirac bilinears” of QED.
Internet-Savvy U.S. and Middle Eastern Extremist Groups

Using an interdisciplinary perspective, this study provides a hyperlink and content analysis of 44 U.S. domestic and 40 Middle Eastern extremist groups' websites to analyze their use of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to support collective identity and mobilization. The findings contrast Middle Eastern extremist groups' use of the Internet to develop virtual communities and support their virtual command/control operations with the U.S. domestic groups' focus on communication and ideological indoctrination. Finally, the results suggest that the usages of CMC are underpinned by the geographical reach of extremist groups' campaign as well as their strategic goals, ideologies, needs, and political legitimacy, driving the various groups to use CMC in a distinctive manner.
Public Speaking Anxiety Scale: Preliminary psychometric data and scale validation

Abstract Public speaking anxiety (PSA) is one of the most prevalent forms of anxiety and effects approximately one in five people. There are a handful of scales used to measure PSA, but these scales have limited psychometric data, bringing their validity into question. In addition, few of these scales include both positively and negatively worded items, making them susceptible to acquiescence. Many are limited to measuring a single aspect of anxiety (e.g., cognitive) and do not address the three components of anxiety (i.e., cognitive, behavioral, and physiological). Valid, empirically based psychological assessment is a vital predecessor to successful treatment and tracking treatment outcomes. This paper describes preliminary psychometric data of the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS), an instrument measuring cognitions, behaviors, and physiological manifestations of speech anxiety. Results of this study suggest that the PSAS is a highly reliable and valid measure to assess public speaking anxiety.
Acoustic Measurement of the Penetration of a Molten Metallic Pool into Concrete

In conjunction with the small-scale, melt/concrete interaction tests being conducted at Sandia Laboratories, an acoustic technique has been used to monitor the penetration of a molten, metallic pool into concrete. Real-time plots of the position of the melt/concrete interface have been obtained, and they illustrate that the initial penetration rate of the melt may be on the order of 80 mm/min. Phenomena deduced by the technique include a nonwetted melt/concrete interface.
SOME RESULTS ON THE MINIMAL PERIOD PROBLEM OF NONCONVEX SECOND ORDER HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS

The authors study the existence of periodic solutions with prescribed minimal period for superquadratic and asymptotically linear autonomous second order Hamiltonian systems without any convexity assumption. Using the variational methods, an estimate on the minimal period of the corresponding nonconstant periodic solution of the above-mentioned system is obtained.
Bleeding duodenal ulcer. Role of gastric acid hypersecretion.

Basal gastric acid output was analyzed prospectively in 110 patients with endoscopically documented duodenal ulcer disease to determine the frequency of gastric acid hypersecretion in patients with bleeding versus nonbleeding ulcers. Thirty-eight patients with stigmata of an actively or recently bleeding duodenal ulcer had a mean basal output of 12.6±8.9 meq/hr. In comparison, 72 patients with nonbleeding duodenal ulcers (and no history of prior bleeding) had a significantly lower mean basal acid output of 8.7±7.5 meq/hr (P<0.05). Twenty-four of the 38 patients (63%) with bleeding and 28 of the 72 (39%) with nonbleeding duodenal ulcers had gastric acid hypersecretion, defined as a basal acid output of greater than 10.0 meq/hr. There was a statistically significant association between bleeding duodenal ulcer and acid hypersecretion (P=0.01). All 110 patients were treated with standard doses of H2-receptor antagonists for eight weeks. In that time, 87 patients healed and 23 patients (14 with prior bleeding and nine with nonbleeding duodenal ulcers) remained unhealed. Significantly more patients who had bled had nonhealing duodenal ulcers (P=0.004). Irrespective of bleeding history, all 23 patients with nonhealing duodenal ulcers at eight weeks had basal acid outputs of greater than 10.0 meq/hr (range 10.1–49.1 meq/hr). These 23 patients with nonhealing duodenal ulcers were treated with increased doses of ranitidine (mean 690 mg/day, range 600–1200 mg/day) for up to eight additional weeks. All were observed to have complete endoscopic healing documented within that period. These results suggest that bleeding duodenal ulcers are often associated with gastric acid hypersecretion and that these ulcers are less likely to heal after eight weeks of standard dose H2-receptor antagonist therapy. Similarly, nonbleeding duodenal ulcers associated with gastric acid hypersecretion are also less likely to heal after standard doses of antisecretory therapy.
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR TREATMENT OF TOWN AND VILLAGE DOMESTIC SEWAGE

Using the unpowered anaerobic biochemical pool + constructed wetland treatment in a model of town and village domestic sewage,the running results show that,the removal rate of CODcr is 80 %,the removal rate of BOD5 is 85 %,the removal rate of SS is 77 %,the water quality met the" integrated wastewater discharge standard"(GB8978-1996) the level of emissions standards.This process has low operating cost,water quality,easy operation,etc.
Anticipatory Planning for Human-Robot Teams

When robots work alongside humans for performing collaborative tasks, they need to be able to anticipate human’s future actions and plan appropriate actions. The tasks we consider are performed in contextually-rich environments containing objects, and there is a large variation in the way humans perform these tasks. We use a graphical model to represent the state-space, where we model the humans through their low-level kinematics as well as their high-level intent, and model their interactions with the objects through physically-grounded object affordances. This allows our model to anticipate a belief about possible future human actions, and we model the human’s and robot’s behavior through an MDP in this rich state-space. We further discuss that due to perception errors and the limitations of the model, the human may not take the optimal action and therefore we present robot’s anticipatory planning with different behaviors of the human within the model’s scope. In experiments on Cornell Activity Dataset, we show that our method performs better than various baselines for collaborative planning.
Sample Size Determination Using Exact Approaches

Exact approaches may be considered in study design to overcome the unreliable sample size determination based on traditionally used asymptotic approaches. Among these exact approaches, the one with a good performance of power could be used in the exact sample size calculation for a study, such as a clinical trial with historical controls.
Average achievable throughput in D2D underlay networks

Device-to-device (D2D) is a close-range data transmission technique where users directly communicate with each other bypassing the base stations (BSs). D2D networks have been envisioned to coexist with cellular networks in an underlay manner. However, analyzing performance of D2D underlay cellular networks is non-trivial. In this paper, we quantify the average achievable throughput metric for a realistic network where D2D pairs are located based on a Poisson point process (PPP) and experience Rician fading. We derive closed-form results of average achievable throughput in D2D communication for a practical case with path loss exponent of 4. This paper provides a tractable framework to understand the performance of D2D underlay cellular networks, which may be used in a wide range of endeavors related to power control, mode selection and resource allocation in D2D underlay cellular networks.
Dityrosine Cross-Linking in Designing Biomaterials

The development of functional biomaterials for tissue engineering and medical applications has received increasing attention. While it has been known for decades that dityrosine bonds are a key component to many biopolymer materials in native tissues, only recently have these motifs been exploited in the development of new biomaterials. Here, we first review the importance of tyrosine–tyrosine chemical bonds in the assembly and mechanical properties of natural materials. Next, we discuss the chemistries available for cross-linking via tyrosine bonds and how these interactions have been applied to biomaterials. The goal of this Review is to highlight dityrosine bonding in biomaterial development, the reactions used to form them, and their utility in cross-linking native and chemically substituted phenolic side chains, as an underutilized tool in the de novo development of biomaterials.
From Balcony to Barricade: Nationalism and Popular Mobilisation in Georgia, Ukraine, and Russia

AbstractThis article examines the dynamics of popular mobilisation in autocratic post-communist regimes, focusing on how opposition groups manoeuvre around cultural and structural constraints to inspire ordinary citizens to join street protests, despite the real dangers associated with political action. Using evidence from original interviews with activists in Georgia, Ukraine, and Russia, the article analyses the comparative challenges facing Russian activists in constructing new collective identities for the people they hope will become their followers, through the use of an inclusive, civic nationalism and a narrative that links action in the present to an ongoing, shared historical process.
An Introduction to the Limnology of Lake Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico

This chapter describes some of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of Lake Chapala. It brings together descriptive data from several sources and provides a reference for the more specific papers, which follow. Lake Chapala, located at the western edge of the neo-volcanic zone of Mexico, is a tectonic lake of great age and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. At approximately 1000 km2 it has the greatest area of any Mexican lake. Never the less, because of its’ age and because of water extraction, it is extremely shallow and, with a relative depth of 25 µg L−1) in shallow regions with a favorable light climate. Phytoplankton photosynthesis in the water column is low. Because of the light-limited phytoplankton photosynthesis, bacterioplankton production is unusually important is the formation of small grazable particles as the base of the food web. The lake’s zooplankton has been studied taxonomically, but poorly with regard to community function. The benthos is less well known either taxonomically or functionally. Little of the taxonomic data on zooplankton and benthos has been published in peer-reviewed literature. The lake’s fish community is rather well known taxonomically and from a fishery perspective. The importance of the fishery to the local economy has necessitated serious study of the abundance and distribution of harvested fish species. The unusual occurrence of the Chirostoma species flock has attracted evolutionary biologists for study of this taxon. The functional role of the fishes in the lake ecosystem has not been investigated, but study of niche partitioning in the Chirostoma flock is now underway. Opportunities abound for both descriptive and functional investigations of many lake communities.
Marijuana and Breastfeeding

Marijuana remains illegal in many parts of the world. In some regions, women may find themselves at a disadvantage in legal or custody proceedings if they choose to breastfeed after inhalation or ingestion of marijuana. Despite the existence of these concerns, there remains a relative lack of evidence regarding the harm of marijuana during breastfeeding to the mother, infant, or mother–infant dyad. While some evidence exists that supports the idea for subtle changes in some areas of reasoning in children of women who use marijuana, multiple studies have shown no effects, or positive effects, in certain cultural settings. As marijuana is commonly smoked, and there is an association with maternal tobacco smoking and childhood illness and mortality, it seems appropriate to recommend that women not use marijuana while breastfeeding. If they choose to use marijuana and breastfeed, they should smoke the drug away from their infant.
Toward a New Understanding of Community-Based Education: The Role of Community-Based Educational Spaces in Disrupting Inequality for Minoritized Youth

Community-based educational spaces (CBES; afterschool programs, community-based youth organizations, etc.) have a long history of interrupting patterns of educational inequity and continue to do so...
Strategies to enhance the distribution of nanotherapeutics in the brain

Convection enhanced delivery (CED) provides a powerful means to bypass the blood-brain barrier and drive widespread distribution of therapeutics in brain parenchyma away from the point of local administration. However, recent studies have detailed that the overall distribution of therapeutic nanoparticles (NP) following CED remains poor due to tissue inhomogeneity and anatomical barriers present in the brain, which has limited its translational applicability. Using probe NP, we first demonstrate that a significantly improved brain distribution is achieved by infusing small, non-adhesive NP via CED in a hyperosmolar infusate solution. This multimodal delivery strategy minimizes the hindrance of NP diffusion imposed by the brain extracellular matrix and reduces NP confinement within the perivascular spaces. We further recapitulate the distributions achieved by CED of this probe NP using a most widely explored biodegradable polymer-based drug delivery NP. These findings provide a strategy to overcome several key limitations of CED that have been previously observed in clinical trials.
Tests of the sorption and olfactory 'fovea' hypotheses in the mouse.

Two classical ideas concerning olfaction’s receptor-surface two-dimensional organization—the sorption and olfactory fovea hypotheses—were found wanting in this study that afforded unprecedented com...
Pigment pur e o Corpo da côr: prática pós-pictórica e transmodernidade.

This article analyzes a near-contemporaneous incidence of post-painterly practice—the use of raw pigment—utilized by the French neo-avant-garde artist Yves Klein and the Brazilian artist Helio Oiticica. The use of raw pigment by both artists was conditioned by a self-conscious relationship to the history of modernist art and the monochrome as a limit and origin of painting. Despite the confluence of such orientations, Klein’s Pigments purs (pure pigments) and Oiticica’s Corpo da cor (body of color) resulted in radically divergent orientations towards the industrially-produced commodity and hence the readymade. By exploiting inconsistencies characteristic of the commodity in developmentalist Brazil, Oiticica orchestrated a transfer of making from artist to viewer, initiating a newly participatory dimension within modernist color.
Providing Feedback to Residents

Providing feedback to orthopaedic residents is crucial for them to become competent and independent surgeons. From the clinic to the operating room, faculty have multiple settings to provide feedback. Providing effective feedback can be one of the hardest skills for faculty to master and this chapter explains the components of effective feedback as well as the different types. Multiple models for delivering feedback and different personality types are explained so that faculty can tailor one to their teaching style and resident personality. In addition, the chapter details differences between clinical and operative feedback and how to optimize effective feedback in each scenario. This chapter provides a great foundation for faculty to learn about and deliver effective feedback, so that they can have the greatest impact on their resident’s learning and development.
Theory of Sequence Effects in Amyloid Aggregation.

We present a simple model for the effect of amino acid sequences on amyloid fibril formation. Using the HP model we find the binding lifetimes of four simple sequences by solving the first passage time for the intermolecular H-bond reaction coordinate. We find that sequences with identical binding energies have widely varying binding times depending on where the aggregation prone amino acids are located in the sequence. In general, longer binding times occur when the aggregation prone amino acids are clustered in a single “hot spot”. Similarly, binding times are shortened by clustering weakly bound residues. Both of these effects are explained by an increase in the multiplicity of unbinding trajectories that comes from adding weak binding residues. Our model predicts a transition from ordered to disordered fibrils as the concentration of monomers increases. We apply our model to Aβ, IAPP, and apomyoglobin using binding energy estimates derived from bioinformatics. We find that these sequences are highly s...