cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HADRON SPIN DYNAMICS

Spin effects in exclusive and inclusive reactions provide an essential new dimension for testing QCD and unraveling hadron structure. Remarkable new experiments from SLAC, HERMES (DESY), and Jefferson Lab present many challenges to theory, including measurements at HERMES and SMC of the single spin asymmetries in ep {yields} e{prime}{pi}X where the proton is polarized normal to the scattering plane. This type of single spin asymmetry may be due to the effects of rescattering of the outgoing quark on the spectators of the target proton, an effect usually neglected in conventional QCD analyses. Many aspects of spin, such as single-spin asymmetries and baryon magnetic moments are sensitive to the dynamics of hadrons at the amplitude level, rather than probability distributions. I will illustrate the novel features of spin dynamics for relativistic systems by examining the explicit form of the light-front wavefunctions for the two-particle Fock state of the electron in QED, thus connecting the Schwinger anomalous magnetic moment to the spin and orbital momentum carried by its Fock state constituents and providing a transparent basis for understanding the structure of relativistic composite systems and their matrix elements in hadronic physics. I also present a survey of outstanding spin puzzles in QCD,more » particularly A{sub NN} in elastic pp scattering, the J/{psi} {yields} {rho}{pi} puzzle, and J/{psi} polarization at the Tevatron.« less
The Terceira Rift as hyper-slow, hotspot-dominated oblique spreading axis: A comparison with other slow-spreading plate boundaries

Abstract We suggest the 550 km long Terceira Rift (TR, Azores Plateau) is the world’s slowest-spreading (hyper-slow, 4 mm/a plate separation; 2.3–3.8 mm/a perpendicular to oblique axial segments) organized accreting plate boundary. In its slightly sinuous (ca. 300 km radius of curvature) axial trace, its oblique spreading angles (ca. 40°–65°), and in frequency and first motions of earthquakes, the TR resembles better-known ‘ultra-’ or ‘super-’ slow spreading ridges (e.g. Gakkel and Southwest Indian ridges). Interpreted simply as volcanically ‘unfilled’ rift valley segments, the inter-island basins (e.g. the 3200 m deep Hirondelle Basin) are slightly wider (30–60 km), but not significantly deeper (1000–2200 m) than the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) median valley (20–28 mm/a; 10°N–53°N). However, along-axis segmentation wavelengths (ca. 100 km) are double those along the central MAR, but make TR comparable to the ‘ultra-slow’ (15–16 mm/a) Southwest Indian and Gakkel (7–13 mm/a) ridges. If this segmentation wavelength reflects Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities, the viscosity contrast between the overlying axial lithosphere and the partial melt zones is about an order of magnitude greater at ca. 4–16 mm/a than at 20–30 mm/a. The TR differs dramatically from ultra-slow ridges only in the large amplitude of along-strike topography (2000–4000 m; 4200 m total variation) owing perhaps to a copious melt flux from the Azores ‘hotspot’, combined with a spreading-rate-determined greater axial flexural strength and plate thickness, and slower export of volcanics from the rift axis. The probable TR youth (ca. 1 Ma?, requiring less than 4 km new oceanic crust) suggests lack of steady-state spreading conditions, which may explain the published gravity evidence against TR spreading. Absolute plate motions support the creation of the Azores Plateau by successive NE jumps of the rift axis to maintain its position over a fixed ‘hotspot’.
Experimental studies of elastic properties of crystals by Brillouin scattering

Abstract The use of Brillouin scattering as a tool for the investigation of elastic properties of materials is briefly reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of Brillouin scattering compared with ultrasonic techniques are discussed. Examples of Brillouin scattering applied to the study of phase transitions are presented.
Prematurity and Perinatal Mortality in Pregnancies Complicated by Maternal Chlamydia trachomatis Infections

In a prospective study of morbidity associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infections during pregnancy, we isolated C trachomatis from the endocervix of 18 (6.7%) of 268 women examined before 19 weeks' gestation. Infected women were significantly younger than noninfected women, and significantly more often unmarried, supported by public assistance, and pregnant for the first time. Among women followed up from 19 weeks' gestation until delivery, the mean duration of gestation was significantly shorter for those with antepartum chlamydial infection. Stillbirth or neonatal death occurred in six (33%) of the 18 pregnancies of infected women compared with eight (3.4%) of the 238 pregnancies of noninfected women followed up from the 19th week of gestation through delivery. Stillbirth or neonatal death occurred ten times more often among Chlamydia infected women than among uninfected controls matched for age, marital status, socioeconomic status, pregnancy order, and race. ( JAMA 1982;247:1585-1588)
On the determinants of fiscal centralization: Theory and evidence

Abstract This paper presents a simple model that unifies most of the results of the literature on fiscal federalism. The model describes an economy characterized by two levels of government, one public good, and a private good. The predictions of the model are tested by using a new set of measures of fiscal centralization. The main findings are that country size, income per capita, ethnic fractionalization, and level of democracy are negatively correlated with the degree of fiscal centralization. The model is tested using OLS, Tobit, and semi-parametric estimators. The paper also shows that the variables included in the regression are helpful in the prediction of changes in the level of centralization.
On the constancy regions for mixed test ideals

Abstract In this note we study the partition of R ⩾ 0 n given by the regions where the mixed test ideals τ ( a 1 t 1 … a n t n ) are constant. We show that each region can be described as the preimage of a natural number under a p-fractal function φ : R ⩾ 0 n → N . In addition, we give some examples illustrating that these regions do not need to be composed of finitely many rational polytopes.
Weighted fusion frame construction via spectral tetris

Fusion frames consist of a sequence of subspaces from a Hilbert space and corresponding positive weights so that the sum of weighted orthogonal projections onto these subspaces is an invertible operator on the space. Given a spectrum for a desired fusion frame operator and dimensions for subspaces, one existing method for creating unit-weight fusion frames with these properties is the flexible and elementary procedure known as spectral tetris. Despite the extensive literature on fusion frames, until now there has been no construction of fusion frames with prescribed weights. In this paper we use spectral tetris to construct more general, arbitrarily weighted fusion frames. Moreover, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for when a desired fusion frame can be constructed via spectral tetris.
Fragmentation of transversely polarized quarks probed in transverse momentum distributions

Abstract It is shown that the azimuthal dependence of the distribution of hadrons in a quark jet is a probe of the transverse spin of the quark initiating the jet. This results in a new spin-dependent fragmentation function that acts at the twist-2 level. One example of a process where it contributes is semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering with a transversely polarized nucleon target but with an unpolarized electron beam. This process is treated in detail. Another process in the cross section for singly polarized hadron-hadron scattering when two high-p ⊥ hadrons are measured in the final state and are close to back-to-back in azimuth. The new fragmentation function is sensitive to the coupling of the fragmentation process to (spontaneous) chiral symmetry breaking.
PTAS for maximum weight independent set problem with random weights in bounded degree graphs

Finding the largest independent set in a graph is a notoriously difficult N P-complete combinatorial optimization problem. Moreover, even for graphs with largest degree 3, no polynomial time approximation algorithm exists with a 1.0071-factor approximation guarantee, unless P = N P [BK98].We consider the related problem of finding the maximum weight independent set in a bounded degree graph, when the node weights are generated i.i.d. from a common distribution. Surprisingly, we discover that the problem becomes tractable for certain distributions. Specifically, we construct a randomized PTAS (Polynomial-Time Approximation Scheme) for the case of exponentially distributed weights and arbitrary graphs with degree at most 3. We extend our result to graphs with larger constant degrees but for distributions which are mixtures of exponential distributions. At the same time, we prove that no PTAS exists for computing the expected size of the maximum weight independent set in the case of exponentially distributed weights for graphs with sufficiently large constant degree, unless P=NP. Our algorithm, cavity expansion, is new and is based on the combination of several powerful ideas, including recent deterministic approximation algorithms for counting on graphs and local weak convergence/correlation decay methods.
Post-test evaluation of oxygen electrodes from solid oxide electrolysis stacks

The oxygen electrodes from two solid oxide electrolysis stacks that performed high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE) and produced hydrogen for 1000 and 2000 h, respectively, were examined using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), four-point resistivity, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman micro-spectroscopy to determine possible causes for the degradation in stack performance over the test periods. These techniques yielded information such as elemental distribution, oxidation state, phases present, electrode delamination, and porosity within the electrode layers. From these studies, we found two phenomena that were likely the cause of increasingly poor oxygen electrode performance over time. The first source of degradation was chromium substitution into the oxygen electrode bond layer, which serves to bond the cell to the flow field and interconnect. This is caused by migration of a chromium species from the bipolar plate. The effect of this is a significant increase in the electrical resistance of the bond layer material. The other source of degradation identified was oxygen electrode delamination. The cause of electrode delamination, which is locally catastrophic to the operation of the cell, is unclear; however, we will discuss two possible mechanisms that might cause this phenomenon.
Scaling Distortion in Numerical Conjoint Measurement

Proponents of numerical conjoint measurement gen erally assume that the technique's goodness-of-fit mea sure will detect an inappropriate composition rule or the presence of random response error. In this paper a number of hypothetical and real preference rank order ings are analyzed using both axiomatic conjoint mea surement and numerical conjoint measurement to dem onstrate that this assumption is not warranted and may result in a distorted scaling.
One‐step methods to prepare cryptands and crowns containing reactive functional groups

A one-step synthesis of cryptand [2.2.2] containing three methylenyl substituents in a 25% yield from the reaction of triethanolamine and 3-chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene is described. A similar cryptand was prepared in 56% yield by a two-step process. One-step syntheses of N,N'-hydroxyethyl-diaza-18-crown-6 and crown-6 compounds containing two alkene functional groups are also described.
Capital market seasonality: The case of stock returns

Abstract In this paper we present evidence on the existence of seasonality in monthly rates of return on the New York Stock Exchange from 1904–1974. With the exception of the 1929–1940 period, there are statistically significant differences in mean returns among months due primarily to large January returns. Dispersion measures reveal no consistent seasonal patterns and the characteristic exponent seems invariant among months. We also explore possible implications of the observed seasonality for the capital asset pricing model and other research.
Computing topological invariants without inversion symmetry

We consider the problem of calculating the weak and strong topological indices in noncentrosymmetric time-reversal ($\mathcal{T}$) invariant insulators. In 2D we use a gauge corresponding to hybrid Wannier functions that are maximally localized in one dimension. Although this gauge is not smoothly defined on the two torus, it respects the $\mathcal{T}$ symmetry of the system and allows for a definition of the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ invariant in terms of time-reversal polarization. In 3D we apply the 2D approach to $\mathcal{T}$-invariant planes. We illustrate the method with first-principles calculations on GeTe and on HgTe under $[001]$ and $[111]$ strain. Our approach differs from ones used previously for noncentrosymmetric materials and should be easier to implement in ab initio code packages.
Cobbett's Two-Penny Trash

"Two-Penny Trash" was an important instrument of a new drive for English parliamentary reform by Cobbett. It was a periodical published from July 1830 to July 1832. One sees Cobbett in the pages of Two-Penny Trash a kettle of prejudices, boiling over with rage at injustices, vain and egotistical.
First direct fluorination of tyrosine-containing biologically active peptides

Abstract Using acetyl hypoflurite a regiospecific electrophilic fluorination of the tyrosine ring of the N-terminal tetrapeptide amide (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Gly-NH 2 ) sequence of the opiate peptide dermorphin has been achieved in good yields.
Simulations of shock waves in solids

Abstract Molecular dynamic shock wave simulations have been carried out for face centered cubic (f.c.c.) and body centered cubic (b.c.c.) solids using Lennard-Jones and Morse potentials for the interatomic interactions. The Hugoniot conservation relations were accurately obeyed in all of these calculations. The shock wave profiles may vary with the interatomic potential and the crystal structure, effects most clearly shown by the temperature profile near the shock front. The Lennard-Jones solids are intensitive to a change in structure but the Morse solids appear sensitive to crystal structure, at least in comparing b.c.c. with f.c.c. It was shown that the average shock wave temperature can be calculated from a combination of the Hugoniot conservation relations and the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state. The temperature calculated this way is in good agreement with the average shock wave temperature obtained in the computer simulations.
Web accessibility highlights and trends

This article describes work of the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) at the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It highlights recent developments, issues, and trends which can affect the progress of Web accessibility.
Duty Bound: Elder Abuse and Family Care

The Other Side of the Mountain Prestige and Power or Pity and Poverty An Historical Overview of Elderly in America Parenting Your Parent A Contemporary Analysis of the Problem Elders and Their Caregivers A Profile In Their Best Interest To Care or Not to Care Is it Worth the Effort? The Impact of Stress on Caregivers and Their Families Elder Abuse Victims and Perpetrators Patterns, Perceptions and Predictions
Preparation of Benz[b]Indeno[1,2-e]Pyran-11(6H)-Ones and Benz[b]Indeno[1,2-e]Thiopyran-11(6H)-One from Dilithiated 2-Indanone and Lithiated Methyl Salicylates or Lithiated Methyl Thiosalicylate

Abstract Dilithiated 2-indanone was prepared with excess lithium diisopropylamide, and the resulting intermediate was condensed with several lithiated methyl salicylates or lithiated methyl thiosalicylate, which was followed by acid cyclization to benz[b]indeno[1,2-e]pyran-11(6H)-ones 3--9 or benz[b]indeno[1,2-e]thiopyran-11(6H)-one 10, which are rare fused-ring indeno-chromones and a new indeno-thiochromone, respectively.
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?

In a complete theory there is an element corresponding to each element of reality. A sufficient condition for the reality of a physical quantity is the possibility of predicting it with certainty, without disturbing the system. In quantum mechanics in the case of two physical quantities described by non-commuting operators, the knowledge of one precludes the knowledge of the other. Then either (1) the description of reality given by the wave function in quantum mechanics is not complete or (2) these two quantities cannot have simultaneous reality. Consideration of the problem of making predictions concerning a system on the basis of measurements made on another system that had previously interacted with it leads to the result that if (1) is false then (2) is also false. One is thus led to conclude that the description of reality as given by a wave function is not complete.
On the Bragg, Leibfried, and modified Leibfried numbers

The Bragg, Leibfried, and modified Leibfried numbers are defined in the context of a theory of dislocation-mediated melting, and their values are determined from the properties of the dislocation ensemble at the melting temperature. The approximate numerical coincidence of the Bragg and modified Leibfried numbers is explained. The parameter K in the definition of the modified Leibfried number is shown to be the natural logarithm of the effective coordination number. Our analysis reveals that the Bragg number can be considered an elemental constant, in contrast to the Leibfried and modified Leibfried numbers.
Crystal structure and thermal expansion of a CsCe2Cl7 scintillator

Here we used single-crystal X-ray diffraction data to determine crystal structure of CsCe2Cl7. It crystallizes in a P1121/b space group with a = 19.352(1) Å, b = 19.352(1) Å, c = 14.838(1) Å, γ = 119.87(2) ° , and V = 4818.6(5) Å3. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements combined with the structural evolution of CsCe2Cl7 via X-ray diffractometry over a temperature range from room temperature to the melting point indicates no obvious intermediate solid-solid phase transitions. The anisotropy in the average linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the a axis (21.3 10-6/ °C) with respect to the b and c axes (27.0 10-6/ °C) was determined through lattice parameter refinement of the temperature dependent diffraction patterns. Lastly, these findings suggest that the reported cracking behavior during melt growth of CsCe2Cl7 bulk crystals using conventional Bridgman and Czochralski techniques may be largely attributed to the anisotropy in thermal expansion.
El Niño-Southern Oscillation Link to South Florida Hydrology and Water Management Applications

This study evaluates the relationships between El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices and South Florida hydrology and proposes applications to water management decision making. ENSO relations to the Upper Kissimmee Basin rainfall, watershed for Lake Okeechobee, and cumulative sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies at Nino 3.4 were evaluated. Additionally, relationship between ENSO and Lake Okeechobee inflows, Arbuckle Creek and Josephine Creek flows were analyzed. Hydrology of the northern watersheds of the South Florida water management system is linked to ENSO events. Dry season (November-May) rainfall and flows are higher than average during El Nino years and lower during La Nina years, at the 90% confidence level or higher. The relationship is strongest when the ENSO event is strong as shown with analysis of correlation. ENSO prediction has more certainty than hydrologic prediction for a region. Identifying ENSO and hydrologic relationships can aid water management decision making by providing a lead-time of months to mitigate drought or flood impacts. The ENSO tracking method, which was published in a previous study, is presented to track ENSO strength and event type to provide supplemental outlook on dry season rainfall for Lake Okeechobee operations. Lake Okeechobee, which is the main storage in the South Florida water management system, is regulated by a schedule with a limited band of stage fluctuation because of susceptibility of the Herbert Hoover Dike to wave erosion and seepage at high stages. An early decision making approach to storage management with respect to ENSO related hydrology, is presented based on tracking the strength of ENSO events.
A Search for L Dwarf Binary Systems

We present analysis of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) planetary camera images of 20 L dwarfs identified in the course of the Two Micron All Sky Survey. Four of the targets, 2MASSW J0746425+200032, 2MASSs J0850359+105716, 2MASSW J0920122+351742, and 2MASSW J1146345+223053, have faint red companions at separations between 007 and 029 (1.6?7.6 AU). Ground-based infrared imaging confirms the last as a common proper motion companion. The surface density of background sources with comparable colors is extremely low, and we identify all four as physical binaries. In three cases, the bolometric magnitudes of the components differ by less than 0.3 mag. Since the cooling rate for brown dwarfs is a strong function of mass, similarity in luminosities implies comparable masses. The faint component in the 2M0850 system, however, is over 1.3 mag fainter than the primary in the I band and ~0.8 mag fainter in Mbol. Indeed, 2M0850B is ~0.8 mag fainter in I than the lowest luminosity L dwarf currently known, while the absolute magnitude we deduce at J is almost identical with MJ for Gl 229B. We discuss the implications of these results for the temperature scale in the L/T transition region. 2M0850 is known to exhibit 6708 ? Li I absorption, indicating that the primary has a mass less than 0.06 M?. Theoretical models predict that the magnitude difference implies a mass ratio of ?0.75. The apparent binary fraction of the current sample, 20%, is comparable to the results of previous surveys of late-type M dwarfs in the field and in the Hyades. However, the mean separation of the L dwarf binaries in the current sample is smaller than the M dwarf value by a factor of 2, and only one system would be detected at the distance of the Hyades. We discuss the likely binary frequency among L dwarfs in light of these new data.
Investigation of the fracture and fragmentation of explosively driven rings and cylinders

Abstract Cylinders and rings fabricated from AerMet ® 100 alloy and AISI 1018 steel have been explosively driven to fragmentation in order to determine the fracture strains for these materials under plane-strain and uniaxial-stress conditions. The phenomena associated with the dynamic expansion and subsequent break up of the cylinders are monitored with high-speed diagnostics. In addition, complementary experiments are performed in which fragments from the explosively driven cylinders are recovered and analyzed to determine the statistical distribution associated with the fragmentation process as well as to determine failure mechanisms. The data are used to determine relevant coefficients for the Hancock–McKenzie (Johnson–Cook) fracture model. Metallurgical analysis of the fragments provides information on damage and failure mechanisms.
The Mental Retardation Report Framework

The Mental Retardation Report Framework (MR Framework) assists in reporting the results of psychological evaluations of patients who are either known or suspected to be mentally retarded. The program allows the psychologist to produce the framework of a report in a few minutes, accepting keyboard input for free-form text and mouse clicks for selecting from lists of choices. Input includes the patient’s history, the psychologist’s observations, an adaptive behavior scale, and an intelligence test. The report may be edited and printed from within the program, or saved to a file that can be loaded into the psychologist’s favorite word processor.
Application of Large Eddy Simulation to an Oscillating Flow Past a Circular Cylinder

Three-dimensional sinusoidally oscillating flows around a circular cylinder are investigated by using a viscous flow method (VFM) and a large eddy simulation (LES). A second-order accurate in time fractional step method and a combined finite-difference/spectral approximation are employed to solve the filtered incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. To demonstrate the viability and accuracy of the method, we calculate two cases of steady approach flows at Reynolds numbers Re = 100 using VFM and Re = 10 4 using LES. For sinusoidally oscillating flows at β = 1035, the flow is 2D for KC 2. For KC = 0.5, 0.8 and 1, the flow is calculated using VFM. For KC = 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 10, we have simulated the flow using LES with the Smagorinsky subgrid scale model. The drag and inertia coefficients are calculated from the in-line force acting on the cylinder.
The Infrared Absorption Spectrum and the Molecular Structure of Ozone

Of the seven known infrared absorption bands of ozone, four (4.7\ensuremath{\mu}, 7.39\ensuremath{\mu}, 9.6\ensuremath{\mu}, and 11.38\ensuremath{\mu}) have been investigated for the first time with a grating spectrometer. The band at 4.7\ensuremath{\mu} shows three branches, not very sharply defined, while the one at 7.39\ensuremath{\mu} shows only a single peak. The strongest band, at 9.6\ensuremath{\mu}, has been resolved into two main branches which probably belong to two different vibrations. The band at 11.38\ensuremath{\mu} has been tentatively ascribed to nitrogen pentoxide, which often occurs as an impurity in ozone. Three fundamental vibrational frequencies, viz., 528 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, 1033 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and 1355 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, have been selected from the observational data. The rotational fine structure could not be completely resolved; it appears to have the irregularity characteristic of an asymmetrical rotator. The envelopes of the four observed bands have been completely mapped out. The infrared absorption spectrum of ozone is discussed and it is shown that the molecule cannot have the form of a straight line nor an equilateral triangle but it is probably represented by an isosceles triangle where the angle at the apex is less than 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. By making use of these assumptions it was possible to order the observed frequencies in a fashion consistent with their envelopes. This general shape of isosceles triangle is the only one allowed by the observational data; the other shape of isosceles triangle, with apex angle greater than 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, is ruled out.
Receiver control for the submillimeter array

Efficient operation of a submillimeter interferometer requires remote (preferably automated) control of mechanically tuned local oscillators, phase-lock loops, mixers, optics, calibration vanes and cryostats. The present control system for these aspects of the Submillimeter Array (SMA) will be described. Distributed processing forms the underlying architecture. In each antenna cabin, a serial network of up to ten independent 80C196 microcontroller boards attaches to the real-time PowerPC computer (running LynxOS). A multi-threaded, gcc-compiled program on the PowerPC accepts top-level requests via remote procedure calls (RPC), subsequently dispatches tuning commands to the relevant microcontrollers, and regularly reports the system status to optical-fiber-based reflective memory for common access by the telescope monitor and error reporting system. All serial communication occurs asynchronously via encoded, variable-length packets. The microcontrollers respond to the requested commands and queries by accessing non-volatile, rewriteable lookup-tables (when appropriate) and executing embedded software that operates additional electronic devices (DACs, ADCs, etc.). Since various receiver hardware components require linear or rotary motion, each microcontroller also implements a position servo via a one-millisecond interrupt service routine which drives a DC-motor/encoder combination that remains standard across each subsystem.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Tissue-type plasminogen activator should not be used in acute ischemic stroke.

Two recentrandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies 1,2 demonstrated a statistically significant improved neurological outcome at 3 months when patients were treated within 3 to 6 hours of the onset of acute ischemic stroke with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA). Do these 2 studies, however, suggest that rt-PA should now be used to treat acute ischemic stroke? To rationally address this question, an accurate assessment of the benefits and hazards of rt-PA must be identified. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CHOICE If decisions regarding therapeutic options are rational, one might expect them to be consistent. However, physicians and patients make therapeutic decisions based on the outcomes they prefer. Physicians and patients will choose therapies presented from the perspective of benefit and survival and reject the very same therapies when presented from the perspective of hazard and mortality. 3,4 The psychology of choice is heavily dependent on the framing of decisions. A classic example
A Blotto game with multi-dimensional incomplete information

Abstract We examine a multi-dimensional incomplete information Colonel Blotto game in which each player’s n -tuple of battlefield valuations is drawn from a common n -variate joint distribution function that is uniform on the non-negative orthant of the surface of a sphere.
Millimeter Wave Channel Modeling and Cellular Capacity Evaluation

With the severe spectrum shortage in conventional cellular bands, millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz have been attracting growing attention as a possible candidate for next-generation micro- and picocellular wireless networks. The mmW bands offer orders of magnitude greater spectrum than current cellular allocations and enable very high-dimensional antenna arrays for further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing. This paper uses recent real-world measurements at 28 and 73 GHz in New York, NY, USA, to derive detailed spatial statistical models of the channels and uses these models to provide a realistic assessment of mmW micro- and picocellular networks in a dense urban deployment. Statistical models are derived for key channel parameters, including the path loss, number of spatial clusters, angular dispersion, and outage. It is found that, even in highly non-line-of-sight environments, strong signals can be detected 100-200 m from potential cell sites, potentially with multiple clusters to support spatial multiplexing. Moreover, a system simulation based on the models predicts that mmW systems can offer an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks with no increase in cell density from current urban deployments.
New Strategies for System-Level Design

With complexities of Systems-on-Chip (SOCs) rising almost daily, the design community has been searching for a new methodology that can handle given complexities with increased productivity and decreased time-to-market. The obvious solution that comes to mind is increasing levels of abstraction, or in other words, increasing the size of the basic building blocks. However, it is not clear what these basic blocks should be and what should be the strategy for creating a system design out of these basic blocks. To make things more difficult, the difference between software and hardware is becoming indistinguishable which, in turn, requires sizable change in the industrial and academic infrastructure. In order to find the solution, we will look first at the system gap between SW and HW designs and derive requirements for the system design flow that includes software as well as hardware. In order to enable new tools for model generation, simulation, synthesis and verification, the design flow has to be well defined with unique abstraction levels, model semantics and model transformations that correspond to design decisions made by designers. We will introduce the concept of model algebra that supports such a design flow and can serve as an enabler for the new approach in globally-collaborative system design and, consequently, global system industry. In order to demonstrate our approach we will use MP3 example and show increased simplicity and huge productivity gains for complex systems. We will explain the benefits and finish with a prediction and a roadmap toward the final goal of increasing productivity by several orders of magnitude while reducing expertise level needed for design of billion-transistor systems to the basic principles of design science only.
Structure Determination of Two New Incommensurate Compounds, Ba1+x[(CuxRh1-x)O3] with x = 0.1605 and x = 0.1695, Using a General Method Based on the Superspace Group Approach

The single-crystal structures of two incommensurate compounds, Ba1+x[(CuxRh1-x)O3] with x = 0.1605 and x = 0.1695, were solved by a general method using the superspace group approach. A saw-tooth function was used to model both the occupational and displacive modulations. This approach requires very few refineable parameters and leads to low residuals, R = 0.0370 and R = 0.0330 for x = 0.1605 and x = 0.1695, respectively. The idealized structures of these two compounds consist of [(CuxRh1-x)O3]∞ chains containing groups of five face-shared (RhO6) octahedra separated by (CuO6) trigonal prisms. These chains in turn are separated from each other by [Ba]∞ chains. The idealized composition of both phases is Ba7CuRh5O18. Their modulated structures, described in the text, deviate from the ideal composition and structure. The approach used for the structure determinations of these compounds is completely general and can be applied to other modulated composite structures of this series.
Weighted-Set Graph Colorings

We study a weighted-set graph coloring problem in which one assigns q colors to the vertices of a graph such that adjacent vertices have different colors, with a vertex weighting w that either disfavors or favors a given subset of s colors contained in the set of q colors. We construct and analyze a weighted-set chromatic polynomial Ph(G,q,s,w) associated with this coloring. General properties of this weighted-set chromatic polynomial are proved, and illustrative calculations are presented for various families of graphs. This study extends a previous one for the case s=1 and reveals a number of interesting new features.
Two-dimensional Hydrodynamics of Pre-Core Collapse: Oxygen Shell Burning

By direct hydrodynamic simulation, using the piecewise parabolic method code PROMETHEUS, we study the properties of a convective oxygen-burning shell in a SN 1987A progenitor star (20 M☉) prior to collapse. The convection is too heterogeneous and dynamic to be well approximated by one-dimensional diffusion-like algorithms that have previously been used for this epoch. Qualitatively new phenomena are seen. The simulations are two-dimensional, with good resolution in radius and angle, and used a large (90°) slice centered at the equator. The microphysics and the initial model were carefully treated. Many of the qualitative features of previous multidimensional simulations of convection are seen, including large kinetic and acoustic energy fluxes, which are not accounted for by mixing length theory. Small but significant amounts of 12C are mixed nonuniformly into the oxygen-burning convection zone, resulting in hot spots of nuclear energy production that are more than an order of magnitude more energetic than the oxygen flame itself. Density perturbations (up to 8%) occur at the edges of the convective zone and are the result of gravity waves generated by interaction of penetrating flows into the stable region. Perturbations of temperature and Ye (or neutron excess η) at the base of the convective zone are of sufficient magnitude to create angular inhomogeneities in explosive nucleosynthesis products and need to be included in quantitative estimates of yields. Combined with the plumelike velocity structure arising from convection, the perturbations will contribute to the mixing of 56Ni throughout supernovae envelopes. Runs of different resolution and angular extent were performed to test the robustness of these simulations.
Infrared Imaging of Planetary Nebulae from the Ground Up

New ground-based telescopes and instruments, the return of the NICMOS instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and the recent launch of the Spitzer Space Telescope have provided new tools that are being utilized in the study of planetary nebulae. Multiwavelength, high spatial resolution ground-based and HST imaging have been used to probe the inner regions of young PNe to determine their structure and evaluate formation mechanisms. Spitzer/IRAC and MIPS have been used to image more evolved PNe to determine the spatial distribution of molecular hydrogen, ionized gas, and dust in the nebulae and halos. Infrared imaging has been an important observational technique for planetary nebulae (PNe) for several reasons. First, the ejected matter from the star often obscures the inner regions of the nebula. In the infrared, one can penetrate the surrounding dust and gas and see into the regions near the central star, which may be key in understanding the formation mechanisms that lead to the PN structure. Second, there are many infrared lines that are important tracers and diagnostics of shocks and photodissociation regions (PDRs). These include the bright H2 line at 2.12 µm and many other lines from 2 - 28 µm, the (Fe II) 1.64 µm line, and several other bright diagnostic lines such as 4.05 µm Br�, 12.81 µm (Ne II), and other lines. Finally, there are components of the nebula that can only be observed in the infrared. These include the PAH emission features at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.2 µm, and thermal continuum emission from hot, warm, or cool dust. Since the last PNe symposium, observers have made use of improved facilities and instruments to probe PNe in the infrared. There are now several telescopes in the 8- 10 m class in both hemispheres that provide a significant increase in sensitivity and resolution over what was previously available. The capability of the instruments on these telescopes has also been greatly enhanced with large-format IR imagers, many with adaptive optics (AO) that can deliver nearly diffraction-limited image quality at longer wavelengths. These systems utilize narrow-band filters to isolate spectral features and nearby continuum wavelengths to map the emission components of the nebula. Previous and current space missions have also provided new resources for infrared imaging. Surveys such as the MSX survey of the Galactic Plane, and the all-sky 2MASS survey are important datasets that are being utilized to find or study PNe in the infrared. The HST/NICMOS instrument has been used to study the compact structure of young PNe in the near-IR. Finally, the Spitzer Space Telescope (Werner et al. 2004) was launched in August 2003 with three instruments that have imaging capability from 3 - 200 µm. In this review I will summarize some representative published results since the last IAU
Social Functioning, Victimization, and Mental Health among Female Offenders:

Females who have experienced victimization or abuse during childhood tend to have poorer outcomes in adulthood with regard to criminal behavior, mental health, and social relationships. Although sc...
Lessons to Be Learned from Harvard Pilgrim HMO's Fiscal Roller Coaster Ride:

The recent high-profile financial difficulties of Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, the largest HMO in Massachusetts and consistently rated as one of the top ten HMOs in the nation, shed light on many problems common to health insurers throughout the country. This article explores those difficulties in the context of the short but complicated history of Harvard Pilgrim, and its regulatory and competitive environments. The state legislation which made a receivership proceeding possible for Harvard Pilgrim offered some protection for subscribers, but failed to provide the means for achieving a long term solution. The statute merely presented a method for staving off immediate collapse by temporarily protecting the plan from dissolution, and forcing the plan's contracting providers to continue delivering care even if owed money by the plan. The article concludes by drawing lessons for understanding and ideally avoiding similar managed care nearfatalities in the future.
Non-monetised multi-objective decision making system for road management

This paper presents a performance-based optimisation approach for conducting trade-off analysis between safety (roads) and condition (bridges and roads). Safety was based on potential for improvement (PFI). Road condition was based on surface distresses and bridge condition was based on apparent age per subcomponent. The analysis uses a non-monetised optimisation that expanded upon classical Pareto optimality by observing performance across time. It was found that achievement of good results was conditioned by the availability of early age treatments and impacted by a frontier effect preventing the optimisation algorithm from realising of the long-term benefits of deploying actions when approaching the end of the analysis period. A disaggregated bridge condition index proved capable of improving levels of service in bridge subcomponents.
Requirements of federated trust management for service-oriented architectures

Trust management plays a critical role to smooth collaboration among component services from different trust domains and information sharing between trust domains. The federation of these component services makes new demands for managing trust-related behavior. Although many extant trust management systems deal with intra-domain trust behaviors, there is a growing need for effective strategies for managing inter-domain behaviors. In this paper we explore requirements for a federated trust management system from four aspects, and then examine a set of suitable criteria for evaluation of such a system. The purpose of this paper is not to suggest a complete set of evaluation metrics covering all necessary features; instead, its purpose is to initiate a discussion and to offer a context in which to evaluate current and future solutions, in order to encourage the development of proper models and systems for federated trust management.
THE ALLEN TELESCOPE ARRAY Pi GHz SKY SURVEY. III. THE ELAIS-N1, COMA, AND LOCKMAN HOLE FIELDS

We present results from a total of 459 repeated 3.1 GHz radio continuum observations (of which 379 were used in a search for transient sources) of the ELAIS-N1, Coma, Lockman Hole, and NOAO Deep Wide Field Survey fields as part of the Pi GHz Sky Survey. The observations were taken approximately once per day between 2009 May and 2011 April. Each image covers 11.8 square degrees and has 100'' FWHM resolution. Deep images for each of the four fields have rms noise between 180 and 310 μJy, and the corresponding catalogs contain ~200 sources in each field. Typically 40-50 of these sources are detected in each single-epoch image. This represents one of the shortest cadence, largest area, multi-epoch surveys undertaken at these frequencies. We compare the catalogs generated from the combined images to those from individual epochs, and from monthly averages, as well as to legacy surveys. We undertake a search for transients, with particular emphasis on excluding false positive sources. We find no confirmed transients, defined here as sources that can be shown to have varied by at least a factor of 10. However, we find one source that brightened in a single-epoch image to at least six times the upper limit from the corresponding deep image. We also find a source associated with a z = 0.6 quasar which appears to have brightened by a factor ~3 in one of our deep images, when compared to catalogs from legacy surveys. We place new upper limits on the number of transients brighter than 10 mJy: fewer than 0.08 transients deg–2 with characteristic timescales of months to years; fewer than 0.02 deg–2 with timescales of months; and fewer than 0.009 deg–2 with timescales of days. We also plot upper limits as a function of flux density for transients on the same timescales.
Using Cluster Abundances and Peculiar Velocities to Test the Gaussianity of the Cosmological Density Field

Comparing the frequency of typical events with that of unusual events allows one to test whether the cosmological density distribution function is consistent with the normally made assumption of Gaussianity. To this end, we compare the consistency of the tail-inferred (from clusters) and measured values (from large-scale flows) of the rms level of mass fluctuations for two distribution functions: a Gaussian, and a texture (positively skewed) probability distribution function (PDF). We find that if we average the recent large-scale flow measurements, observations of the rms and the tail at the 10 h-1 Mpc scale disfavor a texture PDF at ~1.5 σ in all cases. If we take the most recent measurement of the rms, that from Willick et al., the comparison disfavors textures for low Ω0 = 0.3, and disfavors Gaussian models if Ω0 = 1 (again at ~1.5 σ). Predictions for evolution of high-temperature clusters can also be made for the models considered, and, as is known (e.g., Henry), strongly disfavor Ω0 = 1 Gaussian models, while we find Ω0 = 1 marginally disfavored in texture models. Taking the suite of tests as a whole, and using all of the quoted data, it appears that textures are strongly disfavored and only the low-Ω0 Gaussian models are consistent with all the data considered. But given evidence for the internal inconsistency of the observational data, had we only used the recent Willick et al. results, the strength of our conclusion would have been reduced to the ~1 σ level.
Organic synthesis: the art and science of replicating the molecules of living nature and creating others like them in the laboratory

Synthetic organic chemists have the power to replicate some of the most intriguing molecules of living nature in the laboratory and apply their developed synthetic strategies and technologies to construct variations of them. Such molecules facilitate biology and medicine, as they often find uses as biological tools and drug candidates for clinical development. In addition, by employing sophisticated catalytic reactions and appropriately designed synthetic processes, they can synthesize not only the molecules of nature and their analogues, but also myriad other organic molecules for potential applications in many areas of science, technology and everyday life. After a short historical introduction, this article focuses on recent advances in the field of organic synthesis with demonstrative examples of total synthesis of complex bioactive molecules, natural or designed, from the author’s laboratories, and their impact on chemistry, biology and medicine.
Catalytic generation of activated carboxylates: Direct, stereoselective synthesis of β-hydroxyesters from epoxyaldehydes

The catalytic generation of activated carboxylates from epoxyaldehydes enables the direct, stereoselective synthesis of β-hydroxyesters under mild, convenient reaction conditions. In addition to providing a new method for the synthesis of anti-aldol adducts, this chemistry unveils a mechanistically viable solution to the catalytic, waste-free synthesis of esters.