cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals

Elevated seawater temperatures are causing widespread coral bleaching and mortality, and threaten to damage some of these important ecosystems irreversibly. Bleaching occurs when the symbiotic microalgae that normally provide corals with food are released from the host coral, which then loses its pigment and appears almost white. Some corals survive bleaching, but the mechanisms that ensure survival are poorly understood. To date, studies have focused on the microalgae: the role of coral host physiology in bleaching and recovery has been largely overlooked. A study of bleached and recovering corals from Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii now shows that the host can have a significant role in coral recovery and resilience. Increased coral feeding on zooplankton can provide an alternative food source and dramatically enhance coral survival in bleaching events. Mass coral bleaching events caused by elevated seawater temperatures1,2 have resulted in extensive coral mortality throughout the tropics over the past few decades3,4. With continued global warming, bleaching events are predicted to increase in frequency and severity, causing up to 60% coral mortality globally within the next few decades4,5,6. Although some corals are able to recover and to survive bleaching7,8, the mechanisms underlying such resilience are poorly understood. Here we show that the coral host has a significant role in recovery and resilience. Bleached and recovering Montipora capitata (branching) corals met more than 100% of their daily metabolic energy requirements by markedly increasing their feeding rates and CHAR (per cent contribution of heterotrophically acquired carbon to daily animal respiration), whereas Porites compressa (branching) and Porites lobata (mounding) corals did not. These findings suggest that coral species with high-CHAR capability during bleaching and recovery, irrespective of morphology, will be more resilient to bleaching events over the long term, could become the dominant coral species on reefs, and may help to safeguard affected reefs from potential local and global extinction.
Light-induced alterations of retinal pigment epithelium in black, albino, and beige mice.

Abstract Apparent acceleration in the phagocytosis of rod outer segment tips by the retinal pigment epithelium was induced, using white light of 400 ft cd, in black, beige, and albino mice by varying the exposures from 5 days to a few hours. In black and albino mice the enhanced phagocytosis led to only minor modifications in the processing of ingested outer segment membranes. In beige mice, however, remnants of outer segment membranes accumulated in giant secondary lysosomes and in giant pigment granules, suggesting an impairment in intracellular digestion like that reported for leukocytes of beige mice and patients manifesting the Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Defective digestion by the retinal pigment epithelium could alter the turnover rates of rod outer segment membranes and decrease the reversibility from damage by light. Microperoxisomes, which are cell organelles known to contain oxidative enzymes and catalase, were closely associated with lipid droplets that accumulated at the lateral cell boundaries during light exposure.
Magnetic resonance studies of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum-based organic light-emitting devices

The electroluminescence (EL)-, electrical current density (J)-, and photoluminescence (PL)- detected magnetic resonance (ELDMR, EDMR, and PLDMR, respectively) of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 )-based organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) and Alq 3 films is described. At low temperatures, a positive spin-½ resonance is observed, i.e., the changes in J. the EL intensity I E L , and the PL intensity I P L are positive (ΔJ/J, ΔI E L /I E L , and ΔI P L /I P L >0). ΔJ/J and ΔI E L /I E L are insensitive to the nature of the Alq 3 /cathode interface. They weaken with increasing T and become unobservable above 60 K. ΔI P L /I P L also decreases with T. but is still observable at 250 K. Since the resonances all have the same g value, similar linewidths, and a similar dependence on T and the excitation level (J or the laser power), they are all attributed to the same mechanism. That mechanism is either the reduction of singlet exciton (SE) quenching by a reduced population of polarons in the bulk of the Alq 3 layer ("the quenching mechanism"), or the enhanced formation of SEs from singlet polaron pairs at the expense of triplet excitons (TEs) ("the delayed PL mechanism"). However, the latter mechanism implies that the yield of SEs in Alq 3 -based OLEDs is greater than 25%. Due to evidence to the contrary, and other evidence which is inconsistent with the delayed PL mechanism, we conclude that the positive spin-½ resonance is due to the quenching mechanism. At T60 K, another spin-½ resonance, which reduces both J and I E L (but is unobservable in the PL), emerges and grows with increasing T. This negative EDMR and ELDMR is sensitive to the buffer layer between Alq 3 and the cathode, and is attributed to the magnetic resonance enhancement of the spin-dependent formation of negative spinless bipolarons from spin-½ negative polarons at the organic/cathode interface. The increased trapping of injected electrons at the interface reduces J and consequently I E L . However, at 295 K, the ratio ‖ΔI E L /I E L ‖ in Alq 3 /AlO x /Al devices to that in Alq 3 /CsF/Al devices is significantly lower than the ratio of ‖ΔJ/J‖ in these devices. Hence we suspect that other mechanisms, unidentified at this point, are also contributing to the negative ELDMR.
Interplanetary Magnetic Fields

Preliminary analysis of Mariner II magnetometer data indicates a persistent interplanetary field varying between a least 2 and 10 gamma (1γ = 10^(-5) gauss). The interplanetary field appears to lie mainly in the ecliptic plane, although there is a substantial, fluctuating, transverse component. The Mariner II data agree reasonably well with the prior Pioneer V observations. Typically, variations as large as 5 to 10 gamma in the field component radial from the sun are measured. Correlations with the Mariner II plasma measurements have been observed.
On explaining certain male-female differences in the phonetic realization of vowel categories

Abstract The scaling between female and male formant frequencies tends to be highly nonuniform across vowel categories with the result that female vowels exhibit greater between-category dispersion in the F1×F2plane than male vowels. Vocal tract modeling studies strongly suggest that this greater dispersion of female vowels is partly behavioral, rather than purely anatomical, in origin. The present study tested one explanation for this behavioral difference between females and males,viz.,that without the compensatory effect of greater dispersion, the typically higher fundamental frequency (f0) of female talkers would yield reduced identifiability of vowels because of sparser harmonic sampling of spectral envelopes. The specific question addressed was whether, all else being equal, a higher f0has the assumed deleterious effect on vowel identifiability. In two experiments, the overall effect of increasing f0beyond 150 Hz was to reduce vowel labeling accuracy. Across individual vowel categories, the effect of raising f0varied. Auditory modeling suggests that this category variation is partly attributable to differing degrees to which a high f0obscured the distinctive auditory properties of each vowel category. Consistent with the spectral undersampling account, the performance decline at high f0s was reduced or eliminated when f0was time-varying rather than constant.
A measurement of the spin-rotation coupling in NaXe molecules

Abstract The mean spin-rotation coupling γ N for NaXe molecules is measured and found to be in reasonable agreement with a recent theoretical expression for the coefficient γ.
Development of a Cycle-Resolved Mechanism for Carbon Monoxide Formation

This paper presents an investigation into CO formation in large-bore two-stroke cycle (2SC) lean-burn engines. On March 5, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed a new rule to addressing National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) for existing stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines. Specifically, the 2009 Proposed Rule identifies carbon monoxide (CO) as a surrogate for HAP and requires reductions in CO for 2SC lean-burn engines. This future promulgation has created the need for a comprehensive kinetic CO formation model. The CO model itself integrates equilibrium concentration values of CO with the CO concentration created later in the cycle from the dissociation of equilibrium CO2 . The previously developed variable-geometry multi-cylinder Turbocharged-Reciprocating Engine Compressor Simulation (T-RECS) has been modified with a mechanism to model cycle-resolved CO formation using a calibrated kinetic reaction scheme. The simplified chemical kinetic CO reaction scheme has been tuned and validated with exhaust concentration data collected on a Cooper GMVC large-bore two-stroke cycle engine, and directly relates the impact of engine operating conditions and in-cylinder geometry.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Local phase transformations in alloys during charged-particle irradiation

Abstract Among the various mechanisms and processes by which energetic irradiation can alter the phase stability of alloys, radiation-induced segregation is one of the most important phenomena. Radiation-induced segregation in alloys occurs as a consequence of preferential coupling between persistent fluxes of excess defects and solute atoms, leading to local enrichment or depletion of alloying elements. Thus, this phenomenon tends to drive alloy systems away from thermodynamic equilibrium, on a local scale. During charged-particle irradiations, the spatial nonuniformity in the defect production gives rise to a combination of persistent defect fluxes, near the irradiated surface and in the peak-damage region. This defect-flux combination can modify the alloy composition in a complex fashion, i.e. it can destabilize pre-existing phases, causing spatially- and temporally-dependent precipitation of new metastable phases. The effects of radiation-induced segregation on local phase transformations in Ni-based alloys during proton bombardment and high-voltage electron-microscope irradiation at elevated temperatures are discussed.
Structure and functions of the GNAT superfamily of acetyltransferases

The Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferases are an enormous superfamily of enzymes that are universally distributed in nature and that use acyl-CoAs to acylate their cognate substrates. In this review, we will examine those members of this superfamily that have been both structurally and mechanistically characterized. These include aminoglycoside N-acetyltransferases, serotonin N-acetyltransferase, glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase, the histone acetyltransferases, mycothiol synthase, protein N-myristoyltransferase, and the Fem family of amino acyl transferases.
Intramuscular progesterone versus 8% Crinone vaginal gel for luteal phase support for day 3 cryopreserved embryo transfer.

Objective To compare outcomes after intramuscular progesterone (IMP) or 8% Crinone vaginal gel for luteal support for day 3 cryopreserved embryo transfer (CET). Design Retrospective cohort study with multivariable analysis. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) All autologous and donor egg in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients who had a day 3 CET from January 1, 2008, to April 30, 2011, with luteal support using 25–50 mg/d IMP or 8% Crinone twice daily, initiated 3 days before the CET. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Implantation rate, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates per CET. Result(s) IMP (n = 440) and Crinone (n = 298) recipients were similar for all demographic characteristics and cycle parameters assessed. Although implantation rates did not differ significantly between the two groups (Crinone vs. IMP: 19.6% vs. 30.4%), women supplemented with Crinone had significantly lower rates of clinical pregnancy (36.9% vs. 51.1%) and live birth (24.4% vs. 39.1%) compared with those on IMP. Conclusion(s) We observed that day 3 CET cycles with 8% Crinone luteal support had a 44% and 49% lower odds of clinical pregnancy and live birth, respectively, compared with those with IMP support. Further studies are required to identify the optimal timing and dose of 8% Crinone vaginal gel for use in CET cycles.
Anestrus in cycling beef heifers experimentally inoculated with

Abstract Normal estrous cycles were established for twenty beef heifers. Ten heifers were inoculated with blood from a known Anaplasma marginale carrier. The inoculated heifers experienced anemia, anorexia, and positive Anaplasma marginale complement-fixing antibody titers, and A . marginale was observed on the erythrocytes while uninoculated control heifers remained normal. Further observation following inoculation revealed that five of ten inoculated heifers experienced anestrus while controls continued to cycle normally. Anestrus coincided with clinical signs of acute anaplasmosis. Normal estrus patterns returned following treatment and recovery. This study provides evidence that acute anaplasmosis in beef heifers may cause anestrus and therefore lead to reproductive inefficiency.
The Archaeological Survey of India and Communal Violence in Post‐independence India

This article argues that that the discipline of archaeology as practised by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) significantly contributed to communal violence in post‐Independence India. The essay investigates several legacies handed down from the colonial ASI to the post‐Independence ASI, with a goal of explaining the contribution of archaeology to the ongoing disturbances at Ayodhyā in Uttar Pradesh. The colonial ASI was marked by four characteristics: it was a monument‐based archaeology based on geographical surveys, literary traditions and Orientalist scholarship. These four characteristics combined to form a traditionalist, location‐driven excavation agenda that privileged specific holy sites in the post‐Partition era, sustaining the violent disagreements between Hindu and Islamic populations of India and Pakistan.
Analysis of repeated measures incomplete block designs using R-estimators

Abstract Using a dispersion function, a rank-based inference is developed for repeated measures incomplete block designs (IBD). Asymptotic distributions of rank estimators follow from the approximate linearity of the gradient vector of the dispersion function. Three asymptotically equivalent test statistics are developed for testing the equality of the treatment effects. Estimation and testing are tied together.
Do clinically relevant transthoracic defibrillation energies cause myocardial damage and dysfunction

Sufficiently strong defibrillation shocks will cause temporary or permanent damage to the heart. Weak defibrillation shocks do not cause any damage to the heart but also do not defibrillate. A relevant and practical question is what range of shock energies is most likely to defibrillate while not causing damage to the heart. This question is most difficult to answer in the pre-hospital defibrillation setting where the patients' size and shape vary, placement of the defibrillation patches vary, and the etiology of their arrhythmia varies. Unlike internal defibrillators, which are tested at implantation, efficacy of an external defibrillator is determined only once, when it is most needed. This review discusses shock damage and dysfunction caused by monophasic waveforms as well as biphasic waveforms. Evidence is presented suggesting that for perfused hearts, the threshold for damage is well above any shock size delivered clinically. For non-perfused hearts, both in humans and animals, evidence is presented that monophasic shocks of up to 5 J/kg do not cause any more cardiac damage/dysfunction than that associated with smaller shocks and that much of this damage is caused by the ischemic period itself rather than the shock. Although many patients can be defibrillated with 150 J (2.2 J/kg) biphasic shocks, some patients may require biphasic shocks up to 360 J (5 J/kg) to be defibrillated. Studies still need to be performed comparing the efficacy and damaging effects of 360 J biphasic shocks to 150 J biphasic shocks. Until those studies are completed, it seems reasonable to use the same 360 J (5 J/kg) energy limit for biphasic shocks as for monophasic shocks.
Why Did the Electron Cross the Road? A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) Study of Molecular Conductance for the Physical Chemistry Lab

A series of experiments employing scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) have been developed for the physical chemistry laboratory. These experiments are designed to engage students in cutting edge research techniques while introducing and reinforcing topics in physical chemistry, quantum mechanics, solid-state chemistry, and the electronic structure of molecules and materials. In the first of three experiments, students are introduced to the basics of STM operation while imaging and conducting spectroscopy on the highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface. Images of the surface are used to determine the crystal structure of the material, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy is used to determine the electronic properties of the material and study the tunneling phenomenon. In the second experiment, the students image the Au(111) surface as well as a series of alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of different chains lengths on the Au(111) surface. They examine the structural and electronic properties of the metal surface and the adlattice structure of the film. Finally, in the third experiment, the students examine the conductance of molecules adsorbed onto the Au(111) surface, including the alkanethiol SAMs and a thiol-tethered porphyrin molecule or a dimercaptostilbene embedded into the SAM matrix. By measuring the tunneling efficiency and spectroscopic characteristics of these molecules, the students can explore the relationship between chemical structure and charge transport efficiency. The experiments provide advanced chemistry students an opportunity to view and study materials at the atomic and molecular length scales and provide an opportunity to apply their understanding of quantum mechanical concepts to real systems.
Geochemical and hydrologic considerations and the use of enthalpy-chloride diagrams in the prediction of underground conditions in hot-spring systems

Abstract Thermal water ascending in a hot-spring system may cool by conduction of heat to the surrounding rock, by boiling, by mixing with cooler water, or by a combination of these processes. Complete or partial chemical reequilibration may occur as a result of this cooling. In spite of these complexities, in many places chemical compositions of hot-spring waters may be used to estimate underground conditions. A plot of enthalpy versus chloride is particularly useful for determining underground temperatures, salinities, and boiling and mixing relations. The utility of this approach is illustrated using hot-spring composition data from Cerro Prieto, Mexico, Orakeikorako, New Zealand, and Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming.
Use of magnetic enrichment for detection of carcinoma cells in fluid specimens.

BACKGROUND Ascites fluid or a pleural effusion are common events in metastatic carcinoma, but they also can be associated with several other medical conditions. The standard for determination of malignancy in these situations is cytologic evaluation of these fluids. Although this method is frequently successful, there are times when it fails, even when the patient has a malignancy, either because of insufficient cells in the fluid or for other reasons. This study addresses this problem taking advantage of the recent advances in technology for detection of rare epithelial cells in liquid specimens. METHODS The authors examined fluid specimens from 59 patients to determine the frequency of recovery of epithelial cells compared with that achieved by conventional cytopathology. The Dynal CELLection Epithelial Enrich (Dynal AS, Oslo, Norway) method was used. This method is based on immunomagnetic selection of cells binding to EpCAM antibodies. Carcinoma cells were confirmed by morphology and, when there was sufficient material, by E-cadherin staining. RESULTS Grouping the cases by cytologic diagnosis, the authors found malignant cells using the cell enrichment assay in 11 of 12 malignant cases, 2 of 5 atypical cases, and 3 of 42 negative cases. Further investigations were conducted on the five cases that were cytologically negative or atypical but yielded epithelial cells after immunomagnetic enrichment. Four cases ultimately were proven malignant by other methods and one had incomplete follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The new methods available for epithelial cell enrichment in liquids may be used successfully on cytologic fluid specimens and may lead to increased sensitivity for detection of malignancy, and consequently more accurate staging. Cancer 2002;94:205–11. © 2002 American Cancer Society.
Efficacy of a Modified Opercular Hypophysectomy Technique in Tilapia as Determined by Serum Cortisol Levels

Abstract White tilapias, the hybrids of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × blue tilapia O. aureus, were rapidly hypophysectomized with a 2-mm, high-speed mototool cutter via an opercular approach. Two weeks post-hypophysectomy, serum cortisol levels were nondetectable in 98 of the surviving test fish. The remaining 6 test fish and the nonhypophysectomized and shamoperated control fish had blood cortisol levels of 62–125 ng/mL. Necropsy confirmed complete and partial or unsuccessful hypophysectomies with results congruent with serum cortisol levels. The use of cortisol radioimmunoassay eliminates the need for visual observation and confirmation of pituitary removal at necropsy.
Development of a method to determine operator location using electromagnetic proximity detection

Researchers at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) are advancing the emerging technology of electromagnetic proximity detection, which provides a promising means of protecting workers around any machinery that presents striking, pinning or entanglement hazards. This technology is particularly applicable to mobile underground mining equipment such as remote-control continuous mining machines, which offer perhaps the most difficult safety challenges in the mining industry. Other industries have effectively implemented proximity detection technology, with successful test cases at surface and underground mines. However, applying this technology to remote-control continuous mining machines presents uniquely difficult challenges. These machines typically weigh close to 100,000 pounds and have heavy, articulated parts. Due to visibility and space limitations, machine operators often work in very close proximity to the machine despite the clear hazards that this proximity creates. To protect miners without preventing them from doing their jobs or causing nuisance alarms, intelligent electromagnetic proximity detection technology is now being developed at the NIOSH research facility in Pittsburgh. At the heart of this technology are a number of electromagnetic field generators mounted on a mining machine and magnetic flux density sensors built into a Personal Alarm Device (PAD) worn by the operator. In this paper, the authors present a novel algorithm created to calculate an accurate position based on PAD readings from multiple field generators coupled with a previously developed model of the generated magnetic field. The use of this algorithm allows for the calculation of an accurate PAD location relative to the mining machine. A prototype of this intelligent proximity detection system has been successfully implemented and demonstrated on a Joy 14CM continuous mining machine at the NIOSH research facility in Pittsburgh. This technology has the potential to significantly affect the mining industry by greatly advancing the current state-of-the-art in proximity detection technology, leading to increased operator safety and preventing serious injuries and fatalities.
Growth dynamics of red abalone shell: a biomimetic model

Abstract A model of shell formulation was developed in red abalone in which the nacre forms over the prismatic section. The model was based on roughness variations of the growing edge of the mollusc determined by atomic force microscopy. These variations were spatially distinguished and related to various sections of the shell, i.e., nacreous, prismatic, and the interface in between. With a diffusional growth model, it was estimated that for a relatively rough, zrms=(1.34±0.23) μm, surface, it will take (16.5±2.5) days for this surface to become flat, zrms=1 nm. This is the time it takes what was once a rough prismatic surface eventually smoothening to become a nacreous layer. For this time interval, the shell will have grown radially by approximately 1.2 mm. The smoothening coefficient, which measures the rate at which the nacre forms over the prismatic surface, was found to be es=(0.042±0.005) μm2/day. The model may have implications both for better understanding of biological hard tissue formation and their biomimetic regeneration.
Effect of residual surface stress on the fatigue behavior of a low-alloy powder metallurgy steel

In this study we have characterized the fatigue behavior of a low-alloy powder metallurgy (P/M) sintered steel, composed mainly of martensite and bainite with 10.4% porosity. After each processing step, the residual axial surface stress was measured by X-ray diffraction. Significant compressive surface stresses were generated during the machining of the fatigue specimens. A heat-treatment at 175 °C after machining had no effect on these residual stresses, but polishing the surface resulted in a 20% reduction in compressive stresses. The residual surface stresses had no apparent effect on the fatigue behavior of the sintered steel. Rather, the fatigue behavior was controlled by sub-surface defects consisting of weakly bonded particles located in regions of high porosity.
Work activities and musculoskeletal complaints among preschool workers.

The potential for musculoskeletal trauma among preschool workers has been largely unexplored in the United States. This case report describes an investigation conducted to identify and evaluate possible causes of back and lower extremity pain among 22 workers at a Montessori day care facility. Investigators met with and distributed a questionnaire to school employees, and made measurements of workstation and furniture dimensions. Investigators also recorded the normal work activities of school employees on videotape, and performed a work sampling study to estimate the percentage of time employees spend performing various tasks and in certain postures. Questionnaire results from 18 employees indicated that back pain/discomfort was a common musculoskeletal complaint, reported by 61% of respondents. Neck/shoulder pain, lower extremity pain and hand/wrist pain were reported by 33, 33 and 11% of respondents, respectively. Observation and analysis of work activities indicated that employees spend significant periods of time kneeling, sitting on the floor, squatting, or bending at the waist. Furthermore, staff members who work with smaller children (i.e. six weeks to 18 months of age) performed more lifts and assumed more awkward lower extremity postures than employees who work with older children (3-4 years of age). Analysis of two lifting tasks using the revised NIOSH lifting equation indicated that employees who handle small children may be at increased risk of lifting-related low back pain. Investigators concluded that day care employees at this facility are at increased risk of low back pain and lower extremity (i.e. knee) injury due to work activities that require awkward or heavy lifts, and static working postures. Recommendations for reducing or eliminating these risks by modifying the workplace and changing the organization and methods of work are presented.
Numerical stability of incompletely integrated shape functions

Abstract Finite element stiffness matrices formed by “unstable” integration schemes regain positive definiteness with a sufficient number of imposed boundary conditions. Moreover, the feared decline in the condition of these matrices does not materialize; their spectral condition number being O(h−2m) as for the strictly variational elements.
Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of α- and β-MnAs: LDA and GGA investigations

Zinc-blende (\ensuremath{\alpha}-) and NiAs-type (\ensuremath{\beta}-) MnAs are investigated with a combined first-principles linearized argumented plane wave and ${\mathrm{DMol}}^{3}$ study within both the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). First-principles calculations within the GGA predict the lattice volume for \ensuremath{\beta}-MnAs much better than LDA (which underestimates it by 15%) compared with experiment. The LDA calculated equilibrium lattice volume of \ensuremath{\alpha}-MnAs is 10% smaller than that of GaAs, which is in contradiction to the well-accepted fact that the lattice volume of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}\mathrm{As}$ increases with x. In contrast, the GGA predicts a reasonable lattice volume for \ensuremath{\alpha}-MnAs. The ferromagnetic \ensuremath{\alpha}-MnAs is shown to be a metal at $a=5.7 \AA{},$ and to undergo a transition to a half-metallic phase when it expands to $ag5.8 \AA{}$ due to the decreased bandwidth. Further, the calculated cohesive energy of \ensuremath{\beta}-MnAs is nearly 0.87 eV greater than that of \ensuremath{\alpha}-MnAs, which provides theoretical support for the instability of \ensuremath{\alpha}-MnAs.
Vocational decision status and the effect of four types of occupational information on cognitive complexity

Abstract Because most vocational counseling interventions focus on giving occupational information, research investigating effects of information giving on cognitive processing styles has governed attention in the recent past. The present study was intended to determine some aspects of occupational information relevance while assessing differences in cognitive complexity between vocationally decided and undecided subjects. Two hundred eighty college student volunteers were assigned to eight groups based on their decision status (decided versus undecided) and random distribution of four types of occupational information packets. Cognitive complexity levels were measured, using the Cognitive Differentiation Grid, 48 hr after the packets were distributed. A 2 × 4 analysis of variance found no differences between decided and undecided subjects' cognitive complexity scores as a function of type of occupational information received. There was a significant main effect for information received. There was a significant main effect for information across decision status in the positively and negatively toned information groups: the positive information was associated with relatively greater cognitive simplicity scores and the negative information was associated with relatively greater cognitive complexity scores. Implications of results and further necessary research is specified.
Crystallographic phasing of myristoyl-CoA-protein N-myristoyltransferase using an iodinated analog of myristoyl-CoA.

Myristoyl-CoA–protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt; E.C. 2.1.3.97) catalyzes the covalent attachment of myristate to the N-terminal glycine amine of many eukaryotic and viral proteins. The molecular structure of the ternary complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nmt1p with a bound non-hydrolyzable myristoyl-CoA analog, S-(2-oxopentadecyl)-CoA, and a competitive peptidomimetic inhibitor, SC-58272, was solved to 2.9 A resolution by X-ray crystallography. The structure determination utilized diffraction data from an iodinated ternary complex in which a newly designed and synthesized compound, S-(13-iodo-2-oxotridecyl)-CoA, was substituted for S-(2-oxopentadecyl)-CoA. Replacing the two terminal fatty acid C atoms of myristate by iodine produced, under the same crystallization conditions, heavy-atom-derivatized crystals of defined site occupancy that were isomorphous to the native complex. This approach for obtaining experimental phase information can be extended to other crystal structures of protein–fatty acyl complexes. The synthesis of S-(13-iodo-2-oxotridecyl)-CoA and the phasing procedure are described.
Tissue distribution and elimination of indium in male Fischer 344 rats following oral and intratracheal administration of indium phosphide.

The use of indium phosphide (InP) in the semiconductor industry has raised concerns about potential occupational exposure. The tissue distribution and elimination of indium were investigated in adult male Fischer 344 rats following either a single or 14 consecutive daily oral doses, or following an intratracheal instillation of InP (10 mg/kg). The concentrations of indium ions in blood, urine, feces, and tissues were quantified either using direct acid digestion followed by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ET‐AAS) or using an extraction method with methyltricapryl ammonium ions to remove indium from the matrix followed by ET‐AAS. Indium was poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract in both single and multiple oral dose studies. Upon its absorption, indium was relatively evenly distributed among the major organs such as liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and testes. By 96 h after oral dose treatment, less than 0.11% of the dose of indium was recovered from tissues in the single‐ or multi...
Activation of glycosyl trichloroacetimidates with perchloric acid on silica (HClO4–SiO2) provides enhanced α-selectivity

Obtaining high stereoselectivity in glycosylation reactions is often challenging in the absence of neighboring group participation. In this study, we demonstrate that activation of glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donors with immobilized perchloric acid on silica (HClO4–SiO2) provides higher α-selectivity than trimethylsilyl triflate (TMSOTf) for reactions that do not involve neighboring group participation.
Transcriptional control: Versatile molecular glue

CBP and p300 are versatile coactivators that physically connect many DNA-binding factors to the basal transcription machinery. Phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent or signal-induced protein kinases may regulate their function.
Radiographic Appearance of Diffuse Splenic Hemangiomatosis

The evaluation of splenomegaly in a patient with a consumptive coagulopathy included a liver-spleen scan, an abdominal sonogram, and an abdominal computed tomographic scan, which demonstrated an enlarged spleen with a diffuse parenchymal textural abnormality. A diffuse hemangiomatous pattern was present on splenic angiography. A splenectomy was performed and splenic hemangiomatosis was confirmed. The radiographic findings in this rare entity are presented and discussed.
Benefits of Electronic Clearance for Enforcement of Motor Carrier Regulations

The transparent borders concept of the Federal Highway Administration's Intelligent Transportation System for Commercial Vehicle Operations program could enhance regulatory efficiency by improving motor carrier compliance and reducing the costs of compliance. Discussion focuses on the cost of enforcement for motor carriers, which is one of the components of compliance cost. Motor carrier regulations are typically enforced concurrently with weight and safety enforcement efforts. To determine the burden, the amount and value of time spent by motor carriers on enforcement activities was estimated. Recognizing that differences among trucking firms exist, burdens were estimated separately for truckload and less-than-truckload carriers. Values were based on labor and opportunity costs. Time requirements were taken from existing literature. Current weight enforcement efforts cost the industry between $167 and $283 million annually. Furthermore, over 99.4 percent of the burden is borne by compliant carriers. Tech...
A colorimetric sensor array for detection of triacetone triperoxide vapor.

Triacetone triperoxide (TATP), one of the most dangerous primary explosives, has emerged as an explosive of choice for terrorists in recent years. Owing to the lack of UV absorbance, fluorescence, or facile ionization, TATP is extremely difficult to detect directly. Techniques that are able to detect generally require expensive instrumentation, need extensive sample preparation, or cannot detect TATP in the gas phase. Here we report a simple and highly sensitive colorimetric sensor for the detection of TATP vapor with semiquantitative analysis from 50 ppb to 10 ppm. By using a solid acid catalyst to pretreat a gas stream, we have discovered that a colorimetric sensor array of redox sensitive dyes can detect even very low levels of TATP vapor from its acid decomposition products (e.g., H2O2) with limits of detection (LOD) below 2 ppb (i.e., <0.02% of its saturation vapor pressure). Common potential interferences (e.g., humidity, personal hygiene products, perfume, laundry supplies, volatile organic compoun...
Induction of specific CD8+ memory T cells and long lasting protection following immunization with Salmonella typhimurium expressing a lymphocytic choriomeningitis MHC class I-restricted epitope

Numerous studies have shown the potential of Salmonella typhimurium as a vector for delivery of heterologous proteins for vaccination against other pathogens. Earlier studies showed that the inefficient elicitation of MHC class I-restricted responses could limit the use of S. typhimurium as a heterologous antigen delivery vector for vaccination. We recently developed an approach to overcome this limitation by using a bacterial-encoded specialized protein secretion system, termed type III, to deliver proteins into the class I antigen presenting pathways. Thus, peptides of interest fused to proteins bearing the type III secretion signal, which can elicit protective CTL responses. Because protective immunity is usually assessed a few weeks after vaccination, there is a paucity of information regarding duration of protective immunity induced by this system. We show here that mice immunized orally with S. typhimurium vectors expressing a MHC class I-restricted epitope of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein developed specific antiviral CTL responses. CD8+ T cells were found to be necessary for this CTL activity against targets presenting the LCMV epitope. The survival of mice challenged with lethal doses of LCMV 60 or 135 days after vaccination was as complete as the survival of mice challenged 2 weeks after immunization with the same vectors. By demonstrating their ability to induce prolonged protective immunity after oral delivery, S. typhimurium vectors have met an essential requirement in support of their development as vectors for heterologous vaccination.
State aid formulas and the local incentive to chase (or shun) ratables

Most programmes of state aid to local governments in the US are designed to fix problems of interjurisdictional or interpersonal equity, not to address the effect that local tax reliance might have...
Spinal cord stimulation and T-wave alternans.

Ferrero et al. 1 in a study published online in the Europace Journal evaluated T-wave alternans (TWA) before and after spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to ascertain whether this SCS alters the arrhythmic substrate and thus has an effect on TWA. The authors evaluated three patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, who had undergone implantation of both implantable cardioverter/defibrillator (ICD) for sudden cardiac death prophylaxis and an SCS device for intractable angina. T-wave alternans was elicited during pacing via the ICDs while …
Virulence Factors Encoded by Legionella longbeachae Identified on the Basis of the Genome Sequence Analysis of Clinical Isolate D-4968

Legionella longbeachae causes most cases of legionellosis in Australia and may be underreported worldwide due to the lack of L. longbeachae-specific diagnostic tests. L. longbeachae displays distinctive differences in intracellular trafficking, caspase 1 activation, and infection in mouse models compared to Legionella pneumophila, yet these two species have indistinguishable clinical presentations in humans. Unlike other legionellae, which inhabit freshwater systems, L. longbeachae is found predominantly in moist soil. In this study, we sequenced and annotated the genome of an L. longbeachae clinical isolate from Oregon, isolate D-4968, and compared it to the previously published genomes of L. pneumophila. The results revealed that the D-4968 genome is larger than the L. pneumophila genome and has a gene order that is different from that of the L. pneumophila genome. Genes encoding structural components of type II, type IV Lvh, and type IV Icm/Dot secretion systems are conserved. In contrast, only 42/140 homologs of genes encoding L. pneumophila Icm/Dot substrates have been found in the D-4968 genome. L. longbeachae encodes numerous proteins with eukaryotic motifs and eukaryote-like proteins unique to this species, including 16 ankyrin repeat-containing proteins and a novel U-box protein. We predict that these proteins are secreted by the L. longbeachae Icm/Dot secretion system. In contrast to the L. pneumophila genome, the L. longbeachae D-4968 genome does not contain flagellar biosynthesis genes, yet it contains a chemotaxis operon. The lack of a flagellum explains the failure of L. longbeachae to activate caspase 1 and trigger pyroptosis in murine macrophages. These unique features of L. longbeachae may reflect adaptation of this species to life in soil.
Electrochemical nanofabrication using crystalline protein masks.

We have developed a simple and robust method to fabricate nanoarrays of metals and metal oxides over macroscopic substrates using the crystalline surface layer (S-layer) protein of Deinococcus radiodurans as an electrodeposition mask. Substrates are coated by adsorption of the S-layer from a detergent-stabilized aqueous protein extract, producing insulating masks with 2−3 nm diameter solvent-accessible openings to the deposition substrate. The coating process can be controlled to achieve complete or fractional surface coverage. We demonstrate the general applicability of the technique by forming arrays of cuprous oxide (Cu2O), Ni, Pt, Pd, and Co exhibiting long-range order with the 18 nm hexagonal periodicity of the protein openings. This protein-based approach to electrochemical nanofabrication should permit the creation of a wide variety of two-dimensional inorganic structures.
Depressive Symptoms Before, During, and After Delirium: A Literature Review.

Background Delirium and depression are often thought of as mutually exclusive conditions. However, several studies cite depression as a risk factor for delirium whereas others note that patients with delirium often manifest depressive symptoms. Whether these depressive symptoms persist after delirium resolves remains unclear. Objectives This article reviews published studies that have investigated the relationship between depression and delirium. Methods Literature searches on PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PsycInfo were conducted using search criteria “delirium” AND “depress⁎” as keywords or MeSH terms. Results Of 722 search results, 10 prospective cohort studies were identified for inclusion. These studies were categorized regarding the time of assessment for depressive symptoms. Included studies varied greatly (regarding their index population, their methods of assessment, and their timing of assessments). Of the studies, 3 involved patients undergoing hip fracture repair. They demonstrated more severe depressive symptoms both during delirium and after delirium ended. Conversely, the other studies did not find any statistically significant correlations between the 2 conditions. Conclusions The literature suggests a correlation between depression and delirium in patients with hip fracture. Whether other specific populations have higher comorbidity is unclear. Unfortunately, studies varied widely in their methods, precluding a meta-analysis. Nonetheless, our review provides a foundation for future research.
Micromechanical characterization of chemically vapor deposited ceramic films

In this study, nanoindentation is used to determine Young’s modulus of chemically vapor deposited films consisting of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron carbide, boron nitride, and silicon dioxide. Diethylsilane and ditertiarybutylsilane were used as precursors in the synthesis of the silicon-based material, while triethylamine borane complex was used for the boron-based material. The modulus of these films was observed to be dependent on the processing conditions and resulting composition of the deposits. For the silicon carbide, silicon nitride, boron carbide, and boron nitride films, the carbon content in the films was observed to increase significantly with higher deposition temperatures, resulting in a corresponding decrease in values of Young’s modulus. The composition of the silicon dioxide films was near stoichiometry over the investigated deposition temperature range (375–475 °C) with correspondingly small variations in the micromechanical properties. Subsequent annealing of these oxide films resulted in a significant increase in the values of Young’s modulus due to hydrogen and moisture removal.
In vitro conversion of testosterone-4-14c to androgens of the 5α-androstane series by a normal human ovary

Abstract In a previous communication (1) the identification of Δ 4 -3-oxo-steroids and estrogens as metabolites of testosterone-4- 14 C incubated with normal post-ovulatory human ovaries was reported. Thin-layer chromatography of the extracts of those ovaries which contained no corpus luteum yielded zones of radioactivity which were not associated with any of these products. Detailed investigation of these zones from the extract of one of these glands resulted in identification of the following radiometabolites of the 5α-androstane series: 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, androsterone, 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one, 5α-androstane-3ga, 17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol. The capacity of a normal human ovary to produce these 5α-reduced androgens, especially the potent 17β-hydroxy-steroids, suggests a regulatory role of these compounds in ovarian function.
Guided-wave couplers and amplifier based on the second-order Bragg interaction

Guided radiated wave coupling by means of a second-order surface relief grating etched onto a thin-film optical waveguide is investigated for the transverse magnetic mode. The necessary governing equations derived from a quasi-optic analysis are summarized. The quasi-optic analysis is an asymptotically exact perturbation procedure that is valid, in particular, for amplitudes of the grating that are small relative to the film thickness. The interference effect in the guided waves is employed to deduce the design criteria for optimizing the performance of the output and the input couplers, the frequency-selective reflector, and the surface-emitting amplifier. The device characteristics are found to be insensitive to small changes in the physical parameters about their designed values.
Going Negative: Press Responses to Candidate Attack Messages

In this paper we explore the relationship between candidate attack messages and news coverage during the earliest stages of the presidential nomination process. How effective are attack messages in...