cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case 48: This Is a Serious Problem

You are a new attending anesthesiologist at a university hospital. It is late in the evening and you are on second call. A craniotomy has been ongoing for 4 h and there is 1 h to go. Your resident (32-year-old married male), although competent, does not seem particularly interested in what you are trying to teach with him. You have worked with him before but at that time he had seemed much more interested and willing to learn. Today he also complains about being cold, although you feel warm. He is wearing a long-sleeved gown. He has been to the rest room at least three times in this period. He now wants to go again. You ask him if there is anything wrong, but he states that he is fine but needs to go to the bathroom. He is in the rest room when your colleague, who is first call, comes into the OR to send you home. You tell him about the case and remark to the first call attending that the resident seems to have TB (tiny bladder). He tells you that this has been his impression also. No more comments are made and you leave the OR. As you get out into the corridor, a nurse calls you urgently to say that there is a person lying unconscious in the hallway outside the men’s rest room. You run to the scene. The collapsed person is your resident. He is cyanotic and not breathing. With a firm jaw trust he starts to breath, albeit slowly. You call for an oxygen cylinder and give 100% oxygen via a face mask. With the help of your nurse you attach an oxygen saturation monitor and BP cuff and establish that his vital signs are within normal limits but he still unconscious. You pinch his arm and he pulls the arm away. You are very concerned and call for more help. Aided by the nurse, you quickly establish an IV with Lactate Ringer. You give him an ampoule of 50% glucose as you think he may be hypoglycemic, but there is no improvement in his consciousness level. What will you do?
Cadmium Transport Through Molten Salts in the Reprocessing of Spent Fuel for the Integral Fast Reactor

The reprocessing of spent fuel from the Integral Fast Reactor is to be accomplished with a pyrochemical process employing molten LiCl-KCl salt covering a pool of cadmium. An examination of this sys...
Changes in soil carbon stocks across the Forest-Agroforest-Agriculture/Pasture continuum in various agroecological regions: A meta-analysis

Abstract The contribution of agroforestry systems (AFS) to enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in soil layers due to the presence of deep tree roots are of interest in the context of promoting carbon sinks and greenhouse gas mitigation. To quantify the relative soil C contribution from trees in agroforestry systems (AFS), this study assessed the reported differences in SOC stocks under agroforestry systems in comparison with other land-use systems (Agriculture, Forestry, Pasture, or Uncultivated Land) in various soil-depth classes in four agroecological regions (arid and semiarid, ASA; lowland humid tropics, LHT; Mediterranean, MED; and temperate, TEM) around the world. Using mixed-effect models and a meta-analytical approach, we synthesized data from 78 peer-reviewed studies that generated 858 data points (sites) on SOC stock under various AFS practiced globally. Comparing Agroforest vs. Agriculture or Agroforest vs. Pasture, SOC stocks under AFS were higher by +27% in the ASA region, +26% in LHT, and +5.8% in TEM, but –5.3% in the TEM in the 0–100 cm soil depth. The Agroforest aged between 10–20 years had higher SOC stock than newly established, as well as
Development and application of a quantitative bioassay to evaluate maize silk resistance to corn earworm herbivory among progenies derived from Peruvian landrace Piura

Corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a major insect pest of corn (Zea mays spp. mays L.). CEW larvae feed on silks, kernels and cobs, causing substantial yield and quality losses both through herbivory and by vectoring pathogens. The long-term goal of this work is to elucidate the genetic and biochemical basis of a potentially novel CEW resistance source discovered in silk tissue of Piura 208, a Peruvian landrace of maize (PI 503849). We developed a quantitative CEW bioassay and tested it on four populations that contrast alleles from Piura 208 with those from GT119, a CEW-susceptible maize inbred line. In replicated analyses of two populations of F1:2 families, corn genotype accounts for 84% and 68% of the variance in CEW larval weights, and up to 60% of the variance in CEW pupation percentage, demonstrating both the success of the quantitative bioassay and the strength of the Piura 208 resistance mechanism. Analyses of two corresponding populations of BC1:2 families revealed substantially diminished effects of corn genotype on CEW weight gain and pupation. This loss of Piura 208-derived CEW resistance during backcrossing suggests complex (multi-genic) inheritance of a threshold-dependent mechanism. Technical factors in bioassay performance were also assessed, often by analyzing the 1,641 CEW larvae that were raised on control diet (meridic with no corn silks added). Minor, but statistically significant impacts on CEW weight gain, pupation, and mortality were attributable to multiple technical factors in the preparation, incubation and evaluation phases of the bioassay, demonstrating the importance of randomization, stratification, replication, and variable-tracking across the many steps of this quantitative CEW bioassay. Overall, these findings indicate that this scaled-up, quantitative CEW bioassay is fundamentally sound and that Piura 208-derived resistance alleles are experimentally tractable for genetic and mechanistic research using this approach.
Discretion, Discrimination, and Oversight in Federal Contracting: Examining New Theory and Evidence

In 2017, the U.S. federal government awarded over $100 billion in procurement contracts to small businesses, including firms owned by members of under-represented groups (minorities, women, and ser...
Radiocarbon dating peatland development: Key steps in reconstructing past climate in the central Appalachian Mountains

Abstract Canaan Valley in West Virginia contains a greater area of peatlands than any other locality in the mid-Atlantic Highlands. Extensive fieldwork focused on peat stratigraphy, combined with high-resolution radiocarbon dating, was used to evaluate five peatlands within Canaan Valley National Wildlife Refuge (CVNWR). One hundred soil cores were profiled and described, 30 with laboratory analysis, including 52 radiocarbon dates. Calibrated basal peat dates from the five peatlands indicate the onset of peat genesis ranged from ∼18,600 to ∼15,200 cal yr BP. Basal peat dates on the two oldest cores are 1800 to 2200 years older than published dates on peat initiation in any other Appalachian Mountain peatlands. Peat accumulation rates varied from 0.02 mm/yr to 1.34 mm/yr, with a mean of 0.14 mm/yr. Results of age-depth profiles for six well-dated cores consistently exhibit: rapid accumulation during the late Pleistocene (Heinrich Stadial 1, Bolling-Allerod interstadial, and Younger Dryas cold stadial), lower accumulation rates in the early Holocene (Greenlandian Age), even lower accumulation rates during the mid-Holocene (Northgrippian Age), and the most rapid peat accumulation at the onset of the late Holocene (early Meghalayan Age). A paucity of shallow peat dating younger than 2000 BP may reflect a reduction in peat accumulation, or mixing of surface vegetation into near-surface soil horizons. Soil cores from CVNWR suggest a somewhat different peat development history than the process of terrestrialization previously proposed for other peatland ecosystems in the region.
20902 Elucidation of Cardioprotective Mechanisms via Human Models of Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity

ABSTRACT IMPACT: This work should provide further insights to mechanisms of the negative consequences of chemotherapy drugs, specifically in the cardiovascular system. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Cardiotoxicity remains a safety concern in the development or utilization of chemotherapeutics largely due to the gap in knowledge of the mechanisms of toxicity. The pathophysiology of this cardiotoxicity has not been fully elucidated but data from our lab as well as other recent studies hint toward implications of mitochondrial (mito) biogenesis. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Prophylactic use of the beta-blocker carvedilol as well as the ACE inhibitor enalapril have been shown to inhibit the development of anthracycline-induced toxicity, but the mechanism of this cardio-protection remains elusive. To explore this, human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells will be either treated with the anthracycline doxorubicin or pretreated with carvedilol or enalapril followed by doxorubicin treatment before cellular lysates are harvested. Western blotting and qPCR will be performed to determine the expression of mito biogenesis markers including Nrf1, TFAM and the master regulator of mito biogenesis, PGC-1α. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We anticipate that doxorubicin treatment alone will result in decreased expression of the mito biogenesis markers Nrf1, TFAM and PGC-1α and that pretreatment with either carvedilol and/or enalapril prior to doxorubicin treatment will either prevent or reverse this. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Doxorubicin’s role in causing mitochondrial dysfunction as well as suppression of biogenesis has already been established. Ideally, generation of new mitochondria would offset the occurrence of dysfunctional mitochondria. Confirming carvedilol/enalapril’s involvement with mito biogenesis would provide a mechanism of cardio-protection.
Introduction - In-Session Use of Digital Material in Child Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy

This section on digital media in child psychoanalysis and psychotherapy is intended to help fill in a gap in the psychoanalytic literature where much more has been written about the cultural and de...
Boosting mitochondrial metabolism with dietary supplements in heart failure.

Dietary supplementation with NAD+ precursors or ketone esters has been shown to improve mitochondrial function in preclinical models of heart failure with either reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Both supplementation approaches hold promise but are in the early stages of development as clinical therapies for heart failure.
Market architecture: limit-order books versus dealership markets $

We analyze the customer’s choice with respect to a limit-order book, a dealership market, and a hybrid market structure that combines the two. The customer’s sell order is competed for and divided among a finite number of risk-averse market makers. We present a general characterization of equilibrium in the limit-order book. We show that when the order flow has a linear hazard ratio, the limit order book is preferred by risk neutral customers. However, a risk averse customer will prefer to trade in a dealership market when the number of market makers is large. Further, for risk averse customers, the hybrid market structure can dominate the dealership market and the limit-order book. The results are driven by a tradeoff between two features of the equilibrium demand schedules: a bid-shading effect that operates differently in a limit-order book compared with a dealership market, and a zero-quantity bid–ask spread that is present in the limit-order book only. r 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. JEL classificaion: D43; D44; D82; G19
Host genetics but not commensal microbiota determines the initial development of systemic autoimmune disease in BXD2 mice.

OBJECTIVE To determine the extent of gut microbiome in influencing systemic autoimmunity, we generated germ-free (GF) BXD2 lupus mice, which otherwise develop spontaneous germinal centers (GCs) and high titers of serum autoantibodies. METHODS The GF status was confirmed by gut bacterial culture. The autoimmune phenotypes in 6- and 12-mo-old gnotobiotic GF BXD2 mice and specific pathogen-free (SPF) BXD2 mice were compared. Serum levels of autoantibody were measured using ELISA. Histologic sections of kidney and joints were evaluated. Flow cytometry was used to analyze GC and age-associated B cells (ABCs). CD4+ T cells were analyzed for PD-1+ ICOS+ activated T cells, follicular T-regulatory cells (Tfr, Foxp3+ CD25+ PD-1+ CXCR5+ ), and PMA/ionomycin stimulated IL-17A+ or interferon-gamma (IFN-i)+ PD-1+ ICOS+ T cells. RESULTS At 6-mo of age, the GF status did not affect splenomegaly, GC B cells, ABCs or serum autoantibodies except for IgG anti-histone. GF BXD2 mice exhibited a significantly higher percent of Tfr cells, compared to the SPF counterpart. At 12-mo-old, however, there were significantly diminished IgG autoantibodies and a lower percent of GC B cells and ABCs in GF BXD2 mice. Following stimulation, PD-1+ ICOS+ CD4 T cells expressed significantly lower IL-17A but not IFN-i in GF BXD2 mice, compared to SPF mice. Both SPF and GF BXD2 mice developed equivalent renal and joint disease with no significant differences in severity. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a model in which genetics play a dominant role in determining the initial development of autoimmunity. In contrast, gut microbiomes may regulate the persistence of certain aspects of systemic autoimmunity.
Lincoln's Ethics

1. Introduction Part I. Lincoln the Politician and Commander in Chief: 2. Lincoln's evolving policies regarding slavery: compromise and utilitarianism 3. Habeas corpus, colonization, and the status and rights of free African-Americans 4. Did the union have a just cause for fighting the American civil war? 5. Jus in bello: did the union fight the war justly? 6. Moral luck and Lincoln's good moral luck Part II. Lincoln's Moral Character: 7. Lincoln's virtues 8. Other salient features of Lincoln's character and personality 9. Lincoln's marriage and family life and what they reveal about his character 10. Was Lincoln a racist? 11. Conclusion.
AQR in Wonderland: Down the Rabbit Hole of 'Deactivating Active Share' (and Back Out Again?)

The April 2015 paper “Deactivating Active Share”, released by AQR Capital Management, aims to debunk the claim that Active Share (a measure of active management) predicts investment performance. The claim of the AQR paper is that “neither theory nor data justify the expectation that Active Share might help investors improve their returns,” arguing that previous results are “entirely driven by the strong correlation between Active Share and the benchmark type.” This paper’s first and main aim is to establish that the AQR paper should not be interpreted using typical academic standards. Instead, our conjecture is that this AQR paper falls into a wonderfully creative but altogether different genre, which we label the Wonderland Genre, as its main characteristic seems to be “Sentence First, Verdict Later.” For example, the results in the AQR-WP cannot be taken at face value, as the information that is not shared reverses their main conclusion.Secondarily, we consider the plausible claim that benchmark styles matter and find that controlling for the main benchmark style, the predictability of Active Share is robust. While Active Share is only one tool among many to analyze investment funds and needs to be carefully interpreted for each fund individually, Active Share may indeed plausibly help investors improve their returns. Thirdly and finally, we impolitely consider why AQR may not be a big fan of Active Share by taking a look at the AQR mutual funds offered to retail investors. We find that these tend to have relatively low Active Shares, have shown little outperformance to date (with performance data ending in 2014) and thus seem fairly expensive given the amount of differentiation they offer.
Lower Heat Shock Factor Activation and Binding and Faster Rate of HSP-70A Messenger RNA Turnover in Heat Sensitive Human Leukemias

Abstract Normal bone marrow progenitors and some leukemic cells develop only a limited amount of thermotolerance. Further, once developed, thermotolerance decays at a faster rate than that normally observed in cells of nonhemopoietic origin. Thermotolerance induction and maintenance correlates with reduced levels of expression of various M r 70,000 heat shock proteins (HSP-70) mRNAs after heat shock. We have now compared the accumulation of HSP-70 proteins in heat-shocked human leukemic cells KG-1, HL-60, and K562 to that in Ht1080, a colon carcinoma cell line. We have found reduced accumulation of HSP-70 proteins in all leukemic cells. The rate of decay of HSP-70A mRNA, measured following heat shock by using actinomycin D treatment to inhibit further RNA synthesis, was more rapid in KG-1 and HL-60 cells compared to Ht1080 cells. The half-life of HSP-70A mRNA was 2 h in KG-1 and HL-60 cells while in Ht1080 cells it was a7 h. HSP-70A mRNA is known to decay with a half-life of 2 h in unheated cells; this is increased to a7 h following heat shock. We therefore postulate that leukemic cells lack the mechanism to stabilize HSP-70A mRNA after heat shock. One postulated mechanism for HSP-70 mRNA decay rate is known to be due to the nucleotide sequences at the 3′-untranslated region. We examined the 3′-untranslated region in leukemic cells. No sequence variations, however, were observed at either the genomic or the complementary DNA levels between leukemic or nonleukemic tumor cells. Heat shock factor activation and binding by gel retardation assays showed that KG-1 and HL-60 cells had a reduced heat shock factor binding to the heat shock element when compared to K562 and Ht1080 cells. Furthermore, HSF-1 mRNA was found to be expressed at relatively lower levels in HL-60 cells when compared to Ht1080 or KG-1 cells. In conclusion, reduced HSP synthesis and accumulation of leukemic cells after heat shock correlates with the reduction in heat shock factor-heat shock element binding and a faster HSP-70A mRNA decay rate that is observed in these cells. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy to the Study of Corrosion

Corrosion research, and the need to fully understand the effects that environmental conditions have on the performance of structural steels, is one area in which Mossbauer spectroscopy has become a required analytical technique. This is in part due to the need to identify and quantify the nanophase iron oxides that form on and protect certain structural steels, and that are nearly transparent to most other spectroscopic techniques. A review is given of the most recent Mossbauer characterization of rusts that have formed on structural steels exposed to different environments. Mossbauer spectroscopy is playing an important role in a new corrosion program in the United States in which steel bridges, old and new, are being evaluated for corrosion problems that may reduce their serviceable lifetimes. Mossbauer spectroscopy has been used to characterize the corrosion products that form the protective patina on weathering steel, as well those that form in adverse environments in which the oxide coating is not adherent or protective to the steel. Mossbauer spectroscopy has also become an important analytical technique for investigating the corrosion products that have formed on archeological artifacts, and it is providing guidance to aid in the removal of the oxides necessary for their preservation.
CDPD and emerging digital cellular systems

This paper presents the framework of a wireless data network architecture. Minimizing the coupling between the RF technology and the land based infrastructure using standard network protocols such as IP allows the parallel and independent evolution of the RF data carriage and application technologies. Cellular digital packet data (CDPD) is an overlay on the existing AMPS analogue cellular network. Digital airlink technology is emerging as the vehicle for new cellular and PCS networks. This paper outlines how CDPD conforms to this flexible architecture and facilitates the migration of access methods to include AMPS circuit switched and the emerging CDMA digital technologies. The CDPD architecture is also compared with that of the emerging GSM GPRS model. It is shown how both architectures follow the same general framework. The services offered by these wireless architectures are discussed together with example applications.
Satellites and education: a case study on Nilesat in Egypt

In this paper we propose some possible satellite uses in education with special emphasis on interactive data services such as digital data broadcast and turbo Internet. The case of the Nilesat satellite in Egypt is considered. A contribution to the identification and formulation of the best use of Nilesat to support national education programs in Egypt is given. Different satellite-based education applications suitable for the basic education, higher education and continuous education sectors in Egypt are proposed.
Design considerations for low-power ultra wideband receivers

This paper studies design considerations for low-power ultra wideband (UWB) receiver architectures. First, three different architectures for the impulse-radio UWB transceiver are studied, while investigating the power-performance trade-offs. As is elaborated in the paper, a more power-efficient architecture should undertake part of the signal processing in the analog-domain. Next, the multiband UWB transceiver is studied and power-efficient circuits for the front-end of the UWB transceiver are presented. Finally, the performance and power consumption of these transceivers are compared and a number of design indications are provided.
Cancer incidence in California farm workers, 1988-2010.

Background Farmers and farm workers have previously been found to experience decreased risk of some causes of death but elevated risks of certain types of cancer. A previous report on cancer incidence in a farm worker labor union between 1987 and 1997 found increased leukemia, brain, stomach, and uterine cervix cancer rates in this working population. Methods A roster of farm workers was created and electronically linked to the database of the California Cancer Registry. Proportionate cancer incidence (PCIR), stage, and age at diagnosis and histological subtypes of cancer were compared between the United Farm Workers (UFW) members and the Hispanic population of California as well as to the non-Hispanic whites (NHW). Results In this population of 139,000 farm workers in California, more than 3,600 cancer diagnoses were recorded between 1988 and 2010. Proportionately more cancer was noted in the UFW than among California NHW for kidney and renal pelvis cancer (PCIR = 1.60), liver (PCIR = 4.24), prostate (PCIR = 1.13), and uterine cervix cancer (PCIR = 2.08). Proportionately less breast (PCIR = 0.85), lung (PCIR = 0.75), skin melanoma (PCIR = 0.18), and urinary bladder cancer (PCIR = 0.59) was found. Stage at diagnosis was more advanced in the farm workers for several cancer sites, although, not for colorectal cancer. Conclusions These farm workers experience proportionally more prostate, kidney and renal pelvis, brain, liver, stomach, cervix and leukemia and less breast, melanoma, and colorectal cancer than reference populations. For many sites, cancer is not diagnosed as early in the farm workers as in the comparison groups, except for colorectal cancer in females and melanoma in males. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:737–747, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Monster Violence in the Book of Job

In this paper, I explore the book of Job in terms of the symbolic and ideological warfare waged between God and the human protagonist, Job. Specifically, I argue that the invocation of various kinds of creatures under the “monster” rubric (such as Leviathan, Rahab, Yamm, the Twisting Serpent, and Behemoth) can be illuminated through a consideration of contemporary work—in the history of religions, literary theory, and film studies—that categorizes the monstrous in terms of ecological disorientation, metaphors of the torn human body, and the boundaries of the “home.” Moreover, I draw on the work of Marie Helene Huet in her book Monstrous Imagination to argue that some of God’s showcase animals in Job 38–41 (most prominently Behemoth and Leviathan, but also others) should be discussed as monsters with reference to their ambiguous species representation and their “false resemblance” to other known creatures. When considered within the context of Job’s pervasive themes of geological and animal violence, Joban monsters take their place among the menagerie of creatures adduced by Job’s speaking characters as rhetorical gestures of disorientation, community redemption, and the meaning of small community experience within empire.
Computer vision issues during eye-in-hand robotic tasks

Our previous work has introduced the framework of controlled active vision that provides a bridge between computer vision and control theory. This paper presents some of the computer vision techniques that were employed in order to detect targets, automatically select features, measure feature displacements, and evaluate measurements during the various applications of the controlled active vision framework. We experimented with a lot of different techniques, but the most robust proved to be the sum-of-squared differences (SSD) optical flow technique. Search optimizations and dynamic pyramiding are proposed in order to provide real-time performance. In addition, several techniques for the evaluation of the measurements are presented. One important characteristic of these techniques is that they can also be used for the selection of features for tracking in conjunction with several numerical criteria that guarantee the robustness of the servoing. These techniques are important aspects of our work since they can be implemented either on-line or off-line. The paper concludes with results from the application of these techniques to real images.
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES ON THE GLYCOGENOLYSIS OF SURVIVING RAT LIVER THE INFLUENCE OF CORTICAL HORMONE ADDED IN VITRO1

IN TWO preceding communications (1, 2) the in vitro influence of bile salts and insulin on the glycogenolysis of surviving rat liver slices has been investigated with the view of explaining the pathogenesis of Von Gierke's glycogen disease. The next hormone to be considered in this series of experiments was the cortical hormone of the adrenals. It has been demonstrated during the last decade that the adrenal cortex plays an important part in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in mammals. Whereas these studies have been made in vivo, it is the purpose of the present paper to examine the direct in vitro influence of cortical hormone on the process of hepatic glycogenolysis in surviving tissue slices. The methods applied were essentially the same as those described in the first and second communications (1, 2). Liver slices were prepared from non-fasted male rats 5 to 8 months of age with only 2 female animals in the series.
MONITORING CONTAMINANT PARTICLES IN GASES: A REVIEW

ABSTRACT Especially in the microelectronics and pharmaceutical industries, particles that are microns in size and even smaller lessen the quality and quantity of the products produced. Reducing losses due to contamination requires detecting particles in air, in other gases, and in liquids, as well as on surfaces. This review covers the monitoring of particles in gases, from the perspective of contamination control primarily in the microelectronics industry.
Optimal bundle pricing

Bundle pricing is a widespread phenomenon. However, despite its importance as a pricing tool, surprisingly little is known about how to find optimal bundle prices. Most discussions in the literature are restricted to only two components, and even in this case no algorithm is given for setting prices. Here we show that the single firm bundle pricing problem is naturally viewed as a disjunctive program which is formulated as a mixed integer linear program. Multiple components, and a variety of cost and reservation price conditions are investigated with this approach. Several new economic insights on the role and effectiveness of bundling are presented. An added benefit of the solution to the bundle pricing model is the selection of products which compose the firm's product line. Computational testing is done on problems with up to 21 components over one million potential product bundles, and data collection issues are addressed.
Understanding the effects of electrochemical parameters on the areal capacitance of electroactive polymers

A number of variables contribute to the electropolymerization, and the electrochemical properties, of electroactive polymers. However, few studies have attempted to acquire a unified understanding of the effects of all these variables, specifically as it relates to the capacitance of the material, as the number of experiments and resources required is large. Here, the effects of seven variables on the areal capacitance of the electropolymerized dimethyl derivative of poly(3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT-Me2) films are analyzed utilizing a fractional factorial design of experiments to reduce the number of experiments an order of magnitude. From this analysis, PProDOT-Me2 films were electropolymerized from an optimal set of variables to reproducibly afford films displaying the highest capacitances observed within this study. Devices were assembled from the optimized conditions, and the capacitance, energy, and power densities are reported in a framework that allows for meaningful comparison and understanding relative to commercially available supercapacitors. The supercapacitors fabricated in this study show promise towards being integrated as power sources for low-power, lightweight and flexible organic electronic devices.
Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of Chromosome Markers

The clinical significance of marker chromosome depends on the origin of the marker, size and presence of euchromatin. We report the results of fluorescence “in situ” hybridization (FISH) studies on ten marker chromosomes. Six of these markers were derived from chromosome 15 and ranged in size from a small bi-satellite supernumerary marker to a large isodicentric inverted duplication including the euchromatic region 15q11-q13. This large marker was found in a 25-year-old severely mentally retarded male with oval face, seizures and abnormal speech and gait. Two of the medium size inv dup(15) were detected prenatally. These markers had a small euchromatic region labeled with the whole chromosome 15 probe and no signal for GABR3 and SNRPN of the 15q11-q13 region. Two chromosome 18 markers were analyzed and one of them was an isochromosome 18p labeled with 18p specific probe. The other two markers were derived from chromosome 13. One was a small centromeric supernumerary chromosome, the other was a small metacentric chromosome with two signals for the 13q32-q33 region and for the telomeric probe 13q34→qter and no signal for any alpha satellite centromere. Thus, this isodicentric 13q marker had a functional neo-centromere. The patient was a mosaic with one and two extra markers causing tetrasomy and polysomy 13q32→qter and clinical features of trisomy 13q3.
Search duration ofDrosophila melanogaster on Homogeneous sucrose patches: Relative effects of starvation period, sucrose concentration and patch size

Search duration of adultDrosophila melanogaster on homogeneous sucrose patches increased with the period that flies were starved, the concentration of sucrose which they ingested, and the size of a patch onto which they were released. Since in all conditions the sucrose concentration tested in patch experiments was above the taste threshold, the results indicate that a fly has a set of rules for specifying search duration that integrates external information (resource quality and size) and internal information (period of starvation).
2012 Special Issue: Real-time human-robot interaction underlying neurorobotic trust and intent recognition

In the past three decades, the interest in trust has grown significantly due to its important role in our modern society. Everyday social experience involves ''confidence'' among people, which can be interpreted at the neurological level of a human brain. Recent studies suggest that oxytocin is a centrally-acting neurotransmitter important in the development and alteration of trust. Its administration in humans seems to increase trust and reduce fear, in part by directly inhibiting the amygdala. However, the cerebral microcircuitry underlying this mechanism is still unknown. We propose the first biologically realistic model for trust, simulating spiking neurons in the cortex in a real-time human-robot interaction simulation. At the physiological level, oxytocin cells were modeled with triple apical dendrites characteristic of their structure in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. As trust was established in the simulation, this architecture had a direct inhibitory effect on the amygdala tonic firing, which resulted in a willingness to exchange an object from the trustor (virtual neurorobot) to the trustee (human actor). Our software and hardware enhancements allowed the simulation of almost 100,000 neurons in real time and the incorporation of a sophisticated Gabor mechanism as a visual filter. Our brain was functional and our robotic system was robust in that it trusted or distrusted a human actor based on movement imitation.
Evaluation of diverse peptidyl motifs for cellular delivery of semiconductor quantum dots

Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have rapidly become a mainstay technology for facilitating the delivery of a wide variety of nanomaterials to cells and tissues. Currently, the library of CPPs to choose from is still limited, with the HIV TAT-derived motif still being the most used. Among the many materials routinely delivered by CPPs, nanoparticles are of particular interest for a plethora of labeling, imaging, sensing, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. The development of nanoparticle-based technologies for many of these uses will require access to a much larger number of functional peptide motifs that can both facilitate cellular delivery of different types of nanoparticles to cells and be used interchangeably in the presence of other peptides and proteins on the same surface. Here, we evaluate the utility of four peptidyl motifs for their ability to facilitate delivery of luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in a model cell culture system. We find that an LAH4 motif, derived from a membrane-inserting antimicrobial peptide, and a chimeric sequence that combines a sweet arrow peptide with a portion originating from the superoxide dismutase enzyme provide effective cellular delivery of QDs. Interestingly, a derivative of the latter sequence lacking just a methyl group was found to be quite inefficient, suggesting that even small changes can have significant functional outcomes. Delivery was effected using 1 h incubation with cells, and fluorescent counterstaining strongly suggests an endosomal uptake process that requires a critical minimum number or ratio of peptides to be displayed on the QD surface. Concomitant cytoviability testing showed that the QD-peptide conjugates are minimally cytotoxic in the model COS-1 cell line tested. Potential applications of these peptides in the context of cellular delivery of nanoparticles and a variety of other (bio)molecules are discussed.
Comparison of two different CPAP systems by tidal breathing parameters

Comparison of tidal breathing and pressure fluctuation of the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) associated with the use of the valveless Infant Flow System versus the conventional constant-flow CPAP (Babylog 8000) in preterm infants. Randomized cross-over trial. Neonatal intensive care unit level III. Twenty infants; median (range): birth weight 1,035 g (640–4,110 g), actual weight 1,165 g (820–4,250 g), gestational age at birth 27 (26–40) weeks. After extubation two CPAP devices (Infant Flow System vs Babylog 8000) were applied in a random order to the same infant. Fluctuations of the applied pressure during the breathing cycle and tidal breathing parameters were measured by the flow-through technique. Using the Infant Flow System the mean (standard deviation) inspiratory flow [1.5 (0.1) vs 1.3 (0.1) l·min-1·kg-1, P<0.05] and tidal volume were significantly increased [5.3 (1.3) vs 4.7 (1.3) ml/kg-1, P<0.05] compared to Babylog 8000. The fluctuations of the applied pressure of the Infant Flow System during the breathing cycle were significantly lower [0.1 (0.03) kPa vs 0.15 (0.08) kPa, P<0.05] compared to Babylog 8000. No differences were seen in the duration of inspiration and expiration and the time to peak tidal flow. In the Infant Flow System pressures during expiration remained stable whereas they increased during the use of Babylog 8000. Within-subject comparisons of tidal breathing parameters of the two CPAP devices Infant Flow System and Babylog 8000 show: (1) a significant influence of the system used; and (2) that the valveless Infant Flow System increases air flow and tidal volume with less fluctuations in CPAP pressures during the breathing cycle.
The basis of meshless domain discretization: the meshless local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG) method

The MLPG method is the general basis for several variations of meshless methods presented in recent literature. The interrelation of the various meshless approaches is presented in this paper. Several variations of the meshless interpolation schemes are reviewed also. Recent developments and applications of the MLPG methods are surveyed.
"Hey, I Saw Your Grandparents at Walmart": Teacher Education for Rural Schools and Communities.

This is a case study about how teacher education might better prepare rural teacher candidates for rural schools. Parents, teachers, community members, and students associated with a rural school described what is important in the preparation of teachers for today's rural schools. Their goals and wishes for their children's school and community were complex and contradictory at times, precluding any possibility of a “one best” model for preparing teachers for their schools, but their descriptions suggested direction for programs of teacher preparation. The study concludes with a discussion of priorities for the preparation of teachers for rural schools.
Supersymmetry breaking at large N

Abstract Supersymmetry breaking at large N in (0 + 1) and (1 + 1) dimensions is discussed in a number of models including that of Davis, Salomonson and van Holten and one in which supersymmetry is broken by an amount of O(exp(−N)).
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF 1,2-BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)ETHANE COMPLEXES OF COPPER(I) ACETATE. CATALYSTS FOR THE DECARBOXYLATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Abstract Several dimeric complexes of copper(I) acetate with bidentate phosphine ligands have been synthesized. The solid-state structure of one of these derivatives, dppe(CuO2CCH3)2, where dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, has been determined. The complex is shown to exist in the solid-state as a polymeric chain of dimeric copper(I) units containing a dppe and two acetate ligands, with the dimers being linked together via weaker Cu-O interactions. The Cu-Cu bond length in the dimeric units is considerably longer, at 2.712(2) A, than that observed in copper(I) acetate of 2.556(2) A. The use of these derivatives as catalyst precursors for the catalytic decarboxylation of cyanoacetic acid to acetonitrile and carbon dioxide is discussed. Crystal data for dppe(CuO2CCH3)2: space group P2i/n,a = 14.976(6) A, b = 11.676(3) A, c = 16.999(6) A, β = 107.59(3)°, Z = 4, R = 7.33%
Adolescent Fatigue, POTS, and Recovery: A Guide for Clinicians

Many teenagers who struggle with chronic fatigue have symptoms suggestive of autonomic dysfunction that may include lightheadedness, headaches, palpitations, nausea, and abdominal pain. Inadequate sleep habits and psychological conditions can contribute to fatigue, as can concurrent medical conditions. One type of autonomic dysfunction, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, is increasingly being identified in adolescents with its constellation of fatigue, orthostatic intolerance, and excessive postural tachycardia (more than 40 beats/min). A family-based approach to care with support from a multidisciplinary team can diagnose, treat, educate, and encourage patients. Full recovery is possible with multi-faceted treatment. The daily treatment plan should consist of increased fluid and salt intake, aerobic exercise, and regular sleep and meal schedules; some medications can be helpful. Psychological support is critical and often includes biobehavioral strategies and cognitive-behavioral therapy to help with symptom management. More intensive recovery plans can be implemented when necessary.
Oxidation of octylphenol by ferrate(VI)

The rates of the oxidation of octylphenols (OP) by potassium ferrate(VI) (K(2)FeO(4)) in water were determined as a function of pH (8.0-10.9) at 25 degrees C. The rate law for the oxidation of OP by Fe(VI) was found to be first order with each reactant. The observed second-order rate constants, k(obs), for the oxidation of alkylphenols decreased with an increase in pH. The speciation of Fe(VI) (HFeO(4)(-) and FeO(4)(2 -)) and OP (OP-OH and OP-O(-)) species were used to determine individual rate constants of the reactions. Comparison of rate constants and half-lives of oxidation of OP by Fe(VI) with nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol-A (BPA) were conducted to demonstrate that Fe(VI) efficiently oxidizes environmentally relevant alkylphenols in water.
The Need For Open And Interactive Inquiry

I know that the organizers fully realized that this session seemed particularly appropriate, not only in the light of events at scientific and engineering meetings in the last few years, the somewhat eager (perhaps even over-eager) administration of the Export Administration Act and the enforcement of the Export Administration regulations, the Arms Export Control Act, and the International Traffic in Arms regulations - but also because it is 1984. We should remember, of course, that George Orwell was not predicting what 1984 would be like but was giving a warning of what could happen if we do not stay alert and cherish and respect our basic freedoms.
TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C INDUCED BY MEMBRANE IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN B LYMPHOCYTES

Ligation of membrane IgM on B lymphocytes causes activation of a protein-tyrosine kinase(s) (PTK) and of phospholipase C (PLC). To determine whether these are elements of a common signal-transduction pathway, the effect of three PTK inhibitors on the rise in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) in human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines was assessed. Tyrphostin completely suppressed the increase in [Ca2+]i and the generation of inositol phosphates induced by ligation of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) M. Herbimycin and genistein reduced by 30% and 50%, respectively, the rise in [Ca2+]i caused by optimal ligation of mIgM, and they abolished it in cells activated by suboptimal ligation of mIgM. Tyrphostin had no effect on the capacity of aluminum fluoride to increase [Ca2+]i. To determine whether a function of PTK is the phosphorylation of PLC, immunoprecipitates obtained with anti-phosphotyrosine from detergent lysates of B-lymphoblastoid cells were assayed for PLC activity. Ligation of mIgM increased immunoprecipitable PLC activity 2-fold by 90 sec and 4-fold by 30 min. Specific immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis identified tyrosine phosphorylation of the gamma 1 isoform of PLC after 60 sec of stimulation. Activation of PLC in B cells by mIgM requires PTK function and is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma 1, suggesting a mechanism of PLC activation similar to that described for certain receptor PTKs.
BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FALL AND ORIGINAL SIN

Abstract. The paper consists of an argument that goes as follows. Symbols and their elaboration into myths constitute Homo sapiens's most primitive reading of the world and the relation of humans to that world. They are, in other words, primordial units of cultural information, emerging very early in human history, representing a significant achievement in the evolution of human self-consciousness and reflection. The classic myths of Fall and Original Sin, as well as the doctrines to which they gave rise, are further interpretations of this primordial information. The doctrinal traditions of the first four centuries of Christianity are surveyed. Three sets of data as interpreted by the biological sciences are offered as resources for understanding the biogenetic grounds of the experience that the symbols, myths, and doctrines of Fall and Original Sin seek to interpret. The conclusions to be drawn are that (1) the symbolic material is indeed commensurate with the scientific understandings, and (2) the scientific interpretations deepen our understanding of the symbols, while (3) the conversation between the symbols and the science once again raises certain perennial questions about human existence.
Pharmacogenetic response to albuterol among asthmatics

Pharmacogenetics offers to individualize asthma treatment by identifying genetic variants associated with drug efficacy or adverse events. Several studies have focused on pharmacogenetic associations with albuterol, the most commonly prescribed medication for asthma worldwide. However, pharmacogenetic associations have varied within and between studies and across populations. Herein, we focus on pharmacogenetic associations between genetic variants in the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene and bronchodilator response to albuterol among subjects with asthma.
Comparison of P100 and P300 cortical potentials in spatial frequency discrimination

The P300 cortical evoked potential was compared to the P100 wave of the visual evoked potential by means of appearance/disappearance gratings. The spatial frequency of the novel stimulus was varied to compare the effect of task sensory difficulty on both P100 and P300 potentials. The P100 showed a steady increase in latency with the spatial frequency of the uncommon stimulus, and a degree of amplitude tuning consistent with the contrast sensitivity function. The P300 showed marked changes in both amplitude and latency dependent almost wholly on the proximity of the uncommon stimulus spatial frequency to that of the common stimulus. Motor reaction time showed elements of both the P100 and P300 response patterns. The results are consistent with a model in which, after visual information arrives at the visual cortex, processing is parallel and interdependent. In this model, the amplitude and latency of the P100 cortical evoked potential are governed solely by properties intrinsic to the stimulus, whereas the amplitude and latency of the P300 are functions of the degree of stimulus mismatch.
Country Profiles of International Planning Education in Europe

Within the many changes happening at the global level, the integration by the end of 1992 of diverse European countries in a unified EC will represent one of the major socioeconomic and political accomplishments to happen at the eve of the twenty-first century. This integration is intended to produce a Europe infused with a “continental mindset” and totally open, in all sectors, to academic and professional mobility. Planning as an academic discipline and a profession will influence and be influenced by this process of unification. Already, planning schools and their representative organization AESOP, see their roles, activities, and future in a different emerging context. To mediate the differences among the countries, in language, legislation, institutions, and planning processes, the planning schools are turning whatever they have as international planning education, inwards and toward each other. They seem to shy away from their historic attention to the problems of less developed countries; many seek...