cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What made Allen run? The process of communication in residential treatment.

Residential treatment means many things to many people. The past decade has seen this term applied to a wide variety of settings, treatment philosophies, and therapeutic methodologies, ranging from the minimal ward programs of custodial institutions to the intensive therapeutic practices of various child care centers. In this paper we shall be discussing a setting in which residential treatment is interpreted in a particular way, as milieu therapy. The Residential Treatment Center of the Convalescent Hospital for Children is an open cottage setting located five miles from Rochester, New York, on 45 acres of woods and fields. School, psychotherapy, and recreational facilities are located on the grounds. At present there are three cottages, each of which contains quarters for eight children in single and double rooms. There are nineteen boys and five girls, ranging in age from five to twelve years. Each cottage is staffed by at least two sociotherapists (usually a male and female) every hour of the day except for the time when the children are asleep, when there is only one adult in each cottage. The professional staff consists
Novel Dispersions of Iron in Amorphous Glasslike Carbons: Exploratory Magnetic Studies

One of us (LNM) reported extensive studies on the super-paramagnetic behavior of dispersions of iron species (atoms, ions) in the silicate1–3 and zeolite type matrices4. In a search for novel methods for dispersing iron, this author noticed the possibility of dispersing Fe species in a diamagnetic carbon host lattice. As such this exploratory work was undertaken. A number of samples of amorphous glasslike carbon containing iron were supplied to us by Professor R. Kammareck++ and Dr. Nakamizo. A schematic of their synthesis is shown in the following diagram.
A Simplified Method for Three-Dimensional Optical Imaging and Measurement of Patients with Chest Wall Deformities

Abstract Background: Pectus excavatum and carinatum are two of the most commonly observed chest wall deformities in pediatrics. The standard diagnostic evaluation for these conditions includes eith...
When Mom Has Migraine: An Observational Study of the Impact of Parental Migraine on Adolescent Children

OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to describe the impact of parental migraine on adolescent children (aged 11-17) living at home with a parent with migraine. BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that migraine impacts the family members of people with migraine. However, there has been little research to evaluate the perspective of the child of a parent with migraine. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study included parents who met International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria for migraine and their 11-17-year-old children currently living with the parent with migraine recruited from neurologist offices and online. Parents completed measures of demographics, a diagnostic migraine criteria screener, parental illness impact (Parental Illness Impact Survey - Revised; subscales = Burden of Daily Help, Emotional Impact, Social Impact, Communication and Understanding, Impact on Personal Future, Friends Reactions, Parent/Child Relationship, and Global Well-Being), migraine-related disability (MIDAS), headache attack frequency, and headache attack pain intensity. Children completed measures of demographics, parental illness impact, and a migraine diagnostic screener if applicable. RESULTS Children (n = 40) reported the greatest impact of their parent's migraine on the Global Well-Being (M = 3.3, SD = 0.9) and Parent/Child Relationship (M = 3.5, SD = 0.6) subscales. There were no significant differences between the average child and parent rating of parental migraine impact on children. Correlations between parent and child ratings of parental migraine impact were strongest for the Social Impact subscale (ρ = 0.55, P < .001), and non-significant for the Parent/Child Relationship (ρ = 0.13, P = .416) and Friends Reactions (ρ = 0.18, P = .257) subscales. Higher attack frequency and endorsing severe disability on the MIDAS were associated with higher child-rated impact (eg, lower scores) on Global Well-Being (frequency ρ = -0.35, P = .028; MIDAS t(38) = 2.74, P = .009) and Impact on Personal Future (frequency ρ = -0.41, P = .009; MIDAS t(35.7) = 2.49, P = .017) subscales. Higher attack pain intensity was associated with higher child-rated impact (eg, lower scores) on Burden of Daily Help (r = -0.34, P = .031) and Emotional Impact (r = -0.40, P = .010). Over half of children (23/40, 57.5%) reported some kind of service or intervention to help them manage the impact of their parent's migraine on their lives would be helpful. CONCLUSIONS Parental migraine impacts children aged 11-17 living in the home, particularly in the domains of global well-being and the parent/child relationship. Parent and child reports are not strongly correlated across all domains of parental impact.
Bony Incarceration of the Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon Mimicking Rupture.

Background Distal radius fractures are a relatively common injury, and rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) has been known to occur in a small number of nondisplaced distal radius fractures. In contrast, bony incarceration of the EPL tendon is an exceedingly rare occurrence and warrants special attention. Case Description Here we present a case of bony incarceration of the EPL tendon following distal radius fracture that mimicked tendon rupture. Following EPL release, the patient had improved function and pain in the wrist. Literature Review We identified three case reports of EPL tendon entrapment following distal radius fracture, and compared and contrasted the clinical features of tendon rupture versus bony entrapment. Clinical Relevance Our results suggest that both the type of fracture (displaced vs. nondisplaced) and the chronicity of symptoms may provide important diagnostic clues for the hand surgeon managing distal radius fracture patients presenting with EPL dysfunction.
Optimal Multi-Source Inference Privacy — A Generalized Lloyd-Max Algorithm

Information sanitization to protect an underlying label from being inferred through multiple data sources is investigated in this work. The problem is posed as an optimal mapping from a set of underlying distributions that reveal classes/labels for the data to a target distribution with minimum distortion. The optimal sanitization operation are transformed to convex optimization problems corresponding to the domain of the source and target distributions. In particular, when the target distribution is discrete, a parallel is drawn to a “biased” quantization method and an efficient sub-gradient method is proposed to derive the optimal transformation. The method is extended to a scenario where multiple source continuous distributions are to be mapped to an unknown target discrete distribution. A generalized version of the classical Lloyd Max iterative algorithm is proposed to derive the optimal biased quantizers that achieve perfect inference privacy. A real time system is investigated where the sanitizer does not have apriori information about the source distribution save for the class of possible source distributions. In the real time framework, an algorithm is proposed that achieves asymptotically the same distortion as if the source distribution were known apriori.
Neuroligin-2 Determines Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in the Lateral Septum to Optimize Stress-Induced Neuronal Activation and Avoidance Behavior.

Abstract Background Investigations in the neocortex have revealed that the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission (E/I ratio) is important for proper information processing. The disturbance of this balance underlies many neuropsychiatric illnesses, including autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. However, little is known about the contribution of E/I balance to the functioning of subcortical brain regions, such as the lateral septum (LS), a structure that plays important roles in regulating anxiety-related behavior. Methods We manipulated E/I balance in the mouse LS by localized conditional deletion of neuroligin-2, a postsynaptic cell adhesion protein located at gamma-aminobutyric acidergic synapses and important for inhibitory synaptic transmission. We then performed analyses of synaptic transmission in the LS, stress-induced expression of immediate early gene c-fos, and anxiety-related and depression-related behavior. Results The absence of neuroligin-2 in the LS in the mature mouse brain resulted in postsynaptic impairment of inhibitory synaptic transmission. Importantly, the reduced inhibition and resulting E/I imbalance decreased the responsiveness of LS neurons to stress. Furthermore, this E/I imbalance in the LS was associated with impaired stress-induced activation of downstream hypothalamic nuclei and reduced avoidance behavior of the animals in the elevated plus maze. Conclusions Our results described the synaptic function of neuroligin-2 in the LS, uncovered a positive association between c-Fos–expressing neurons in the LS and downstream hypothalamic areas and avoidance behavior, and demonstrated that intact inhibitory synaptic transmission and proper E/I balance are required for the optimal functioning of this subcortical circuit.
The Political Economy of Niggerdom: W. E. B. Du Bois and Martin Luther King Jr. on the Racial and Economic Discrimination of Black Males in America:

In The Color of Money, Baradaran argues that the defining feature of America’s racial divide is the wealth gap which is where the seeds of historic anti-Black injustice and the present economic suf...
Strategies Utilized by Speech-Language Pathologists to Effectively Address the Communication Needs of Migrant School-Age Children.

Background/aims The number of migrant children referred to speech-language pathologists (SLPs) is increasing in the United States. SLPs need to be competent in distinguishing between a language disorder and language differences associated with children who are learning English as a new language. Methods SLPs need to acquire the knowledge, skills, and cultural attitudes to evaluate language of bilingual children to competently assess and intervene with linguistically diverse children and families. Often children separated from their biological parents at the border are placed in foster homes, and the foster parents often do not have essential information regarding the children's developmental history to share with the SLP. The children described in this article include school-age children in the United States who are learning to speak English as a second language and are migrants. Results This article presents the difficulties faced when working with children learning a new language, effective strategies used with this population, and some of the resources available in the United States for children and families. Conclusion This article highlights some challenges SLPs experience, assessment protocols used in different states and local school districts, successful strategies that involve working with interpreters, and varied service delivery options.
Wind direction estimation using SCADA data with consensus-based optimization

Abstract. Wind turbines in a wind farm typically operate individually to maximize their own performance and do not take into account information from nearby turbines. To enable cooperation to achieve farm-level objectives, turbines will need to use information from nearby turbines to optimize performance, ensure resiliency when other sensors fail, and adapt to changing local conditions. A key element of achieving a more efficient wind farm is to develop algorithms that ensure reliable, robust, real-time, and efficient operation of wind turbines in a wind farm using local sensor information that is already being collected, such as supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data, local meteorological stations, and nearby radars/sodars/lidars. This article presents a framework for developing a cooperative wind farm that incorporates information from nearby turbines in real time to better align turbines in a wind farm. SCADA data from multiple turbines can be used to make better estimates of the local inflow conditions at each individual turbine. By incorporating measurements from multiple nearby turbines, a more reliable estimate of the wind direction can be obtained at an individual turbine. The consensus-based approach presented in this paper uses information from nearby turbines to estimate wind direction in an iterative way rather than aggregating all the data in a wind farm at once. Results indicate that this estimate of the wind direction can be used to improve the turbine's knowledge of the wind direction. This estimated wind direction signal has implications for potentially decreasing dynamic yaw misalignment, decreasing the amount of time a turbine spends yawing due to a more reliable input to the yaw controller, increasing resiliency to faulty wind-vane measurements, and increasing the potential for wind farm control strategies such as wake steering.
A Cyberinfrastructure for Big Data Transportation Engineering

Big data-driven transportation engineering has the potential to improve utilization of road infrastructure, decrease traffic fatalities, improve fuel consumption, and decrease construction worker injuries, among others. Despite these benefits, research on big data-driven transportation engineering is difficult today due to the computational expertise required to get started. This work proposes BoaT, a transportation-specific programming language, and its big data infrastructure that is aimed at decreasing this barrier to entry. Our evaluation, that uses over two dozen research questions from six categories, shows that research is easier to realize as a BoaT computer program, an order of magnitude faster when this program is run, and exhibits 12–14× decrease in storage requirements.
The Chlamydomonas flagellar membrane glycoprotein FMG-1B is necessary for expression of force at the flagellar surface

ABSTRACT In addition to bend propagation for swimming, Chlamydomonas cells use their flagella to glide along a surface. When polystyrene microspheres are added to cells, they attach to and move along the flagellar surface, thus serving as a proxy for gliding that can be used to assay for the flagellar components required for gliding motility. Gliding and microsphere movement are dependent on intraflagellar transport (IFT). Circumstantial evidence suggests that mechanical coupling of the IFT force-transducing machinery to a substrate is mediated by the flagellar transmembrane glycoprotein FMG-1B. Here, we show that cells carrying an insertion in the 5′-UTR of the FMG-1B gene lack FMG-1B protein, yet assemble normal-length flagella despite the loss of the major protein component of the flagellar membrane. Transmission electron microscopy shows a complete loss of the glycocalyx normally observed on the flagellar surface, suggesting it is composed of the ectodomains of FMG-1B molecules. Microsphere movements and gliding motility are also greatly reduced in the 5′-UTR mutant. Together, these data provide the first rigorous demonstration that FMG-1B is necessary for the normal expression of force at the flagellar surface in Chlamydomonas. This article has an associated First Person interview with authors from the paper.
How Does Resident Participation Alter the Outcome of Surgery for Pectus Excavatum

Background General surgery resident participation in the operating room is critical in training the next generation of surgeons. As of yet, the impact of resident participation on outcomes of surgery for pectus excavatum and many complex subspecialty operations has not been well studied. Methods A multi-institutional retrospective study of patients undergoing operative repair for pectus excavatum was performed. All relevant data were analyzed (IRB 11144). Results Two hundred and fourteen patients underwent operative correction (195 Nuss, 19 Ravitch). There were 185 males. Average age at repair was 14.7 years with a Haller index of 4.5. Average surgery time was 144 minutes (57-255) for the Nuss procedure and 263 minutes (141-373) for the Ravitch procedure. The presence of a second pediatric surgeon reduced the surgery time from 170 to 135 minutes (p Conclusions Resident participation increases operative time, but with no demonstrable effect on hospital stay or long-term outcomes. Complication rates are low regardless of operating team composition. Thus, continuing to allow resident involvement, especially in subspecialty operations such as the Nuss and Ravitch procedures, may be worthwhile for resident education and surgical experience.
Prevalence of Pediatric Dizziness and Imbalance in the United States.

ObjectivesUnderstand the prevalence of vestibular symptoms in US children.Study DesignCross-sectional analysisSetting2016 National Health Interview Survey.Subjects and MethodsResponses from the 201...
The relationship between inflammatory dietary pattern in childhood and depression in early adulthood.

Background Inflammation may be a hidden process in the relationship between dietary intake and depression, but no study has evaluated the role of diet and inflammation jointly in explaining depression risk in early life. The current study aims to investigate the relationship between inflammatory dietary pattern (IDP) in childhood and depression in early adulthood. Methods This study used data prospectively collected over 10 years from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort (n ​= ​6939) free from depression at baseline (age 8.5 years). An IDP score was empirically derived via reduced rank regression and stepwise linear regression based on dietary intake data from the food frequency questionnaire at 8.5 years and levels of inflammatory biomarkers, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, at 9.5 years. At age 18 years, depression cases were identified via the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnosis and the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R) depression score. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between the IDP score and risk of depression adjusted for potential confounders. Analyses stratified by weight status were also conducted. Multiple imputations were utilized to minimize bias due to loss-to-follow-up. Results Participants in the highest tertile of IDP score had 1.34 times odds to develop depression compared to those in the lowest tertile (95% CI, 1.08-1.66; P-trend<0.01), after dietary misreporting status and energy intake were adjusted. After all covariates were adjusted, the relationship between IDP tertiles and depression was attenuated (highest tertile vs. lowest tertile: OR ​= ​1.21; 95% CI, 0.96-1.51); in addition, the relationship was marginally significant among participants who were not overweight or obese (p ​< ​0.10) but not significant among participants who were overweight or obese. Conclusions Higher IDP in childhood seems to be associated with higher depression risk in early adulthood. The study provides preliminary evidence that chronic inflammation may underlie the relationship between diet and depression even for children, especially those who are not overweight or obese.
Open Proctocolectomy with Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis (IPAA)

This chapter describes the technical aspects of open proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis including patient positioning, instrumentation, type of incision, and approach. Steps of dissection and resection and steps of reconstruction are similar to the laparoscopic technique and discussion in Chap. 18.
Chromatin: Liquid or Solid?

In this issue of Cell, Strickfaden et al. reveal that condensed chromatin shows a solid-like behavior at mesoscales both in vitro and in living cells. Using fluorescent microscopy, fluorescent recovery after photobleaching, and transmission electron microscopy, this work investigates chromatin condensates, providing new insights into the physical organization of the genome.
High-ET inclusive jet cross sections in photoproduction at HERA

Inclusive jet differential cross sections for the reaction $e^+p\rightarrow e^+ +{\rm jet} + {\rm X}$ with quasi-real photons have been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA. These cross sections are given for the photon-proton centre-of-mass energy interval 134 $ < W < $ 277 GeV and jet pseudorapidity in the range $-1 < \eta^{jet} < 2$ in the laboratory frame. The results are presented for three cone radii in the $\eta-\varphi$ plane, $R=1.0, 0.7{\rm and} 0.5$ . Measurements of $d\sigma/d\eta^{jet}$ above various jet-transverse-energy thresholds up to 25 GeV and in three ranges of W are presented and compared to next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD calculations. For jets defined with $R=1.0$ differences between data and NLO calculations are seen at high $\eta^{jet}$ and low $E_T^{jet}$ . The measured cross sections for jets defined with $R=0.7$ are well described by the calculations in the entire measured range of $\eta^{jet}$ and $E_T^{jet}$ . The inclusive jet cross section for $E_T^{jet}>21$ GeV is consistent with an approximately linear variation with the cone radius R in the range between 0.5 and 1.0, and with NLO calculations.
Agricultural Development Prospects until the Year 2000

In order to provide governments with a long-term perspective of food and agriculture, FAO circulated a study titled “Agriculture: Toward 2000” in 1979. It is a detailed assessment of the implications for agriculture of a faster rate of economic growth in each of 90 developing countries as well as a continuation of trend rates in developed countries to 1990–2000. Between now and the end of the century food production in the developing world must approximately double if significant nutritional improvements are to be secured without further deterioration in food self-sufficiency. The scope for production strategies, including problems of investment and assistance requirements, is scrutinized along with other aspects such as opportunities for expanding international trade. The study finds, however, that malnutrition cannot be reduced significantly unless accelerated production is complemented by improved distribution.
Along-strike variability of rupture duration in subduction zone earthquakes

[1] Subduction zone earthquakes exhibit a wide spectrum of rupture times that reflect conditions on the megathrust fault. Tsunami earthquakes are examples of slower than expected ruptures that produce anomalously large tsunamis relative to the surface-wave magnitude. One model explaining tsunami earthquakes suggests slip within patches of low rigidity material at shallow depths. Heterogeneous fault conditions, such as having patches of low rigidity material surrounded by higher strength material, should produce heterogeneous earthquake rupture parameters. Here we investigate along-strike variation in rupture duration for 427 shallow thrust earthquakes (Mw = 5.0–7.0) in the Peru, Chile, Alaska, Tonga, Kuril, Izu, and Java-Sumatra subduction zones to explore how heterogeneous seismic and tectonic characteristics, such as differences in sediment type, thickness, and roughness of subducting bathymetry, affect earthquake properties. Earthquake source parameters, including rupture durations, are estimated using multi-station deconvolution of teleseismic P and SH waves to solve for earthquake source time functions, and all events are relocated using additional depth phase information. We classify events into shallow (≤26 km) and deep (>26 km and ≤61 km) groups based on the overall mean depth and focus on the longest duration events with moment normalized rupture durations of >1 standard deviation above the mean duration for each group. We find long-duration events at all depths within the study regions except Peru and Chile. We find no correlation with incoming sediment thickness or type, and limited spatial correlation with regions of past tsunami earthquakes, regions of observed afterslip, and subducting bathymetric features.
Insulin receptors in 3T3 fibroblasts: Relationship to growth phase, transformation and differentiation into new cell types

Abstract The amount of [ 125 I]insulin binding per 2 × 10 6 cells is measured in three lines of mouse embryonic 3T3 fibroblast at different growth stages. Insulin binding is found to be lowest in growing cells of all three types, increasing as cells reach stationary phase. Binding in 3T3-M cells approaches a plateau as cells become stationary. Insulin binding in 3T3-L cells, many of which differentiate into adipocytes following cessation of growth, show further increase in insulin binding post-confluence, in parallel with their differentiation into adipocytes. Binding of insulin in spontaneously transformed cells is higher at all phases of growth than the other two lines, rising to a much higher eventual plateau at approx. 17 days post-confluence. Scatchard plots of insulin binding tend to reflect the same degree of relative insulin binding in these three cell lines. Previously starved cells of all three types exhibit a drop in insulin binding following their first feeding, which corresponds with a second growth spurt in response to nutrients in fresh serum. These results suggest that insulin, as reflected by binding per cell, may play only a minor role in actively growing adequately fed cells of all three types, its major role developing as these cells approach confluence. It is also suggested that higher insulin binding in transformed vs non-transformed cells may indicate a special role for insulin in the loss of contact inhibition, by preserving transport of limiting nutrients in dense, nutrient-depleted transformed cultures.
Together we can: Collaborating to meet the needs of at-risk students.

With an annual dropout rate of roughly 1.2 million students, far too many children and youth are being left behind in our nation’s schools. As a consequence of the large dropout rate, it is estimated that the United States loses almost $320 billion in potential earnings each year (CNN.com, 2010). It is apparent that educational reform is needed in order to identify at-risk students, and to develop programs to prevent them from leaving our schools. With the increasingly diverse educational needs of all students, it takes a team of professionals to ensure student success. School librarians can be integral members of these professional teams. Through collaborative activities, librarians can meet the needs of at-risk students by working to implement strategies designed to help them experience academic success and prevent them from dropping out of school. As stated in the common beliefs of the American Association of School Librarians (AASL)
A Review of “A Political Nation: New Directions in Mid-Nineteenth-Century American Political History”

In the beginning, political history was king. “History is past politics,” declared Leopold von Ranke, the nineteenth-century prophet of Germanic scientific history. Its reign was brief, however. To...
Kinetics and polarization phenomena of a sulfate electrolyte cell

Abstract A low-current galvanostatic technique has been used to study the polarization phenomena at the gaseous electrode of a two-phase sulfate electrolyte cell. Experimental results show that the variation of polarization current with overpotential is linear. The slope of the polarization lines varies with sulfur trioxide and oxygen partial pressures. The exchange current density is proportional to the SO 3 partial pressure and to the square root of the oxygen partial pressure. The exchange current density for the platinum-mesh electrode is four times greater than that obtained with the gold-mesh electrode.
Flavonoids from Gutierrezia texana var. texana

Abstract Eleven flavonoids, including two new compounds, were isolated from Gutierrezia texana : the structures of the new compounds are 5,7,2′,5′-tetrahydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxyflavone and 5′-acetoxy-5,7,2′-trihydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxyflavone. The nine known compounds are 5,4′,5′-trihydroxy-3,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,7,2′,5′-tetrahydroxy-3,6,4′-trimethoxyflavone, 5,7,3′-trihydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone, 3,5,7,3′,4′- pentahydroxyflavone, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone, 5,6,7,3′,4′,-pentahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone 7- O -glucoside and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentahydroxyflavanone.
THE STARBURST-ACTIVE-GALACTIC-NUCLEUS CONNECTION: A SPITZER SEARCH FOR ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN INFRARED-SELECTED STARBURST GALAXIES

We present observations of a sample of 28 luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) from the IRAS Bright Galaxy Catalog. These galaxies were previously observed by Goldader et al. using 2 {mu}m spectroscopy on UKIRT. They found that stellar population synthesis models constrained by the spectroscopic diagnostics implied star formation rates that accounted for their infrared luminosities, and there was also no spectroscopic evidence for 'buried' active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at 2 {mu}m. To search for evidence of AGNs buried deeply in extinction we have supplemented the UKIRT spectra with Spitzer mid-infrared (5.2-38.0 {mu}m) spectra. Using a variety of spectroscopic diagnostics we find that {approx}50% of the sample shows some evidence for an AGN. We also find that the luminosity of about {approx}(17 {+-} 4)% of our sample is probably dominated by emission from AGNs, and the remaining {approx}(80 {+-} 4)% have luminosities dominated by starbursts. Since {approx}50% of the sample shows some evidence of concurrent AGN and starburst activities this suggests that both AGNs and starbursts commonly coexist in the LIRGs' phase of evolution. The sample consists of galaxies that show no AGN signatures at wavelengths less than 2 {mu}m, so it appears that at wavelengths below 2 {mu}m extinction inmore » these galaxies masks the detection of AGNs in these and other LIRGs.« less
Servants of Socrates in the Land of Oz.

Time magazine recently designated the microcomputer as its "Man of the Year."' For 55 years, Time has selected an individual or a group of people who have had a major impact on American life during the year. The magazine, in making the selection, noted that the microcomputer has the capacity for ". .. great . . . influence for good or evil on American society." One can presume that this includes American education.
Superradiant lifetime: Its definitions and relation to absorption length

The literature contains three definitions of superradiant lifetime, standing in the ratio 1:2:4. The first may be defined by ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{RE}}=\frac{{T}_{1}}{N\ensuremath{\mu}}$, where $\ensuremath{\mu}$ is the geometrical factor of Rehler and Eberly. The second appears naturally in Dicke's equation $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}={({\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{D}})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}sin\ensuremath{\varphi}$. The third may be defined, following Arecchi and Courtens, by $I=\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{AC}}}$ for a maximally superradiant sample. For large Fresnel number, $\ensuremath{\mu}=(\frac{3}{8\ensuremath{\pi}})\frac{{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}}{A}$; the numerical coefficient has been calculated incorrectly by some authors, so that the resulting formulas for superradiant lifetime do not match the definitions. The many superradiant lifetimes in current use are identified with the above three.
Educational performance and vocational participation after spinal cord injury in childhood.

Abstract Objective: To examine educational achievement and vocational success of children with SCI. Design: Surveys administered to students and teachers, and content analysis of school records. Setting: Regional pediatric rehabilitation program. Participants: Participatns were selected from 144 children with SCI treated from 1979 through 1992; 98 met inclusion criteria of onset of SCI before the age of 18 years, older than 3 years, residual paresis, and no cognitive impairment; 29% were lost to follow-up, and 53 of the 70 contacted were enrolled. Main Outcome Measures: School completion rates, absenteeism, grades, ratings of participation; education and living situations after high school; history of paid employment. Results: The 53 responders were: 33 boys, 20 girls; 25 with paraplegia (47%), 28 with tetraplegia (53%); mean length of disability=9.4 years; 12 primary students (23%), 19 secondary students (36%), and 22 postsecondary participants (41%). Students and teachers rated student participation and performance as average or above compared to peers; 84% of secondary students planned to attend college after graduation. Only 33% of high school students over age 15 had been employed. Ninety-one percent of postsecondary subjects had graduated from high school. Seven (32%) had graduated from college or a vocational program, 11 (50%) were enrolled in college full- or part-time, and 4 others (18%) were neither in school nor employed. Current employment rates were 71% of college graduates, 36% of those in college, and 0% of those who had never enrolled. Level of SCI was not related to employment. Conclusions: Students with SCI demonstrate adequate participation and performance in educational settings, but may benefit from more vocational counseling and opportunities for paid employment.
Citizen information levels and grassroots opposition to new hazardous waste sites: are nimbyists informed?

Abstract Some industry representatives, government officials and policy analysts have argued that the Not-in-My-Backyard (NIMBY) phenomenon is a result of an ill-informed public. They insist that opposition to new sites and technologies stems from ignorance of the facts—namely, that the new and stricter federal regulations imposed on waste disposal adequately protect public health and safety. Indeed, some have called for government-sponsored education programs regarding hazardous waste treatment. But environmentalists respond by claiming that knowledge and awareness increase citizen activism and resistance to facility siting. They argue that lack of knowledge or education is not the problem, and point to other sources such as the failure of regulatory agencies, loopholes in the law, or detection avoidance practices by waste companies. This study was conducted to assess the relative influence of knowledge on citizens' attitudes and behavior regarding the siting of hazardous wastes. The results reveal a moderately strong relation between site-relevant knowledge and NIMBYism. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for further research are made.
UNDERGRADUATE UNDERSTANDING OF THE SUM OF SQUARED ERRORS IN MODELING WITH LEAST SQUARES

ABSTRACT Students find the computational aspects of model fitting with least squares straight forward and most can use the software provided to perform linear regression techniques. However, some basic conceptual understanding is lacking and can be discovered easily be asking students to comment about a model whose sum of squared error (SSE) is large. This basic misconception leads the student to make one of two common errors. Students either associate a large SSE with a poor model or are often lured into accepting a “transformed” least squares solution in the transformed space because of the lower sum of squared errors. Two illustrative examples are provided to help illustrate and correct the misconceptions concerning the magnitude of the sum of squared errors.
CSF-1 and TPA stimulate independent pathways leading to lysosomal degradation or regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the CSF-1 receptor

The CSF-1 receptor is a protein-tyrosine kinase that has been shown to undergo regulated intramembrane proteolysis, or RIPping. Here, we have compared receptor downregulation and RIPping in response to CSF-1 and TPA. Our studies show that CSF-1 is a relatively poor inducer of RIPping and that CSF-1-induced receptor downregulation is largely independent of RIPping. TPA is a strong inducer of RIPping and TPA-induced receptor downregulation is mediated by RIPping. We further found that RIPping is dependent on TACE or a TACE-like protease, that CSF-1 and TPA use independent pathways to initiate RIPping, and that the intracellular domain is targeted for degradation through ubiquitination.
Enhancing energy price stability through consistent and balanced energy technology R&D

Abstract Despite the significant decline in energy prices and the large budget deficit, the US government must maintain a well-balanced energy technology development programme ranging from basic science through to the demonstration of technical feasibility and technology transfer. Having technology in technical readiness before an energy price shock will moderate economic problems due to the price shock and thereby promote economic stability. Based on evolving knowledge about the relationships among energy prices, technology commercialization, and recessions and depressions, development of efficient energy technologies must be far better managed by government and the private sector during both normal economic growth and energy crisis.
Finite dimensionality and regularity of attractors for a 2-D semilinear wave equation with nonlinear dissipation

We consider a semilinear wave equation, defined on a two-dimensional bounded domain Ω, with a nonlinear dissipation. Our main result is that the flow generated by the model is attracted by a finite dimensional global attractor. In addition, this attractor has additional regularity properties that depend on regularity properties of nonlinear functions in the equation. To our knowledge this is a first result of this type in the context of higher dimensional wave equations.
Determination of Bioavailable Fe in Lake Erie Using a Luminescent Cyanobacterial Bioreporter

Low Fe bioavailability has been suggested as a potential constraint on primary production in the Great Lakes. Here we report on the use of a cyanobacterial bioreporter to assess available Fe in Lake Erie during summer and fall field seasons in 2001–02. Bioreporter luminescence was derived from a luciferase reporter controlled by iron-responsive promoter element isiAB. Filtered ( 21). Contrary to the characterization provided by the filtered samples, assay of bioreporter response in unfiltered water conducted during the September 2002 cruise indicated these samples to be Fe sufficient (pFe < 20.6). Although this suggests that the dominant pool of bioavailable Fe is contained in the particulate fraction, we cannot discount the possibility that the bioreporter was rendered Fe sufficient by Fe regenerated predominantly from bioreporter cells themselves. Thus, while it is clear that regenerative processes contribute to the pool of bioavailable Fe, it is equally clear that future efforts using the bioreporter with unfiltered water samples must account for the potential influence of Fe introduced by the added reporter cells.
Reactive Secondary Sequence Oxidative Pathology Polymer Model and Antioxidant Tests.

AIMS To provide common Organic Chemistry/Polymer Science thermoset free-radical crosslinking Sciences for Medical understanding and also present research findings for several common vitamins/antioxidants with a new class of drugs known as free-radical inhibitors. STUDY DESIGN Peroxide/Fenton transition-metal redox couples that generate free radicals were combined with unsaturated lipid oils to demonstrate thermoset-polymer chain growth by crosslinking with the α-β-unsaturated aldehyde acrolein into rubbery/adhesive solids. Further, Vitamin A and beta carotene were similarly studied for crosslink pathological potential. Also, free-radical inhibitor hydroquinone was compared for antioxidant capability with Vitamin E. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomaterials, University of Alabama at Birmingham, between June 2005 and August 2012. METHODOLOGY Observations were recorded for Fenton free-radical crosslinking of unsaturated lipids and vitamin A/beta carotene by photography further with weight measurements and percent-shrinkage testing directly related to covalent crosslinking of unsaturated lipids recorded over time with different concentrations of acrolein. Also, hydroquinone and vitamin E were compared at concentrations from 0.0-7.3wt% as antioxidants for reductions in percent-shrinkage measurements, n = 5. RESULTS Unsaturated lipid oils responded to Fenton thermoset-polymer reactive secondary sequence reactions only by acrolein with crosslinking into rubbery-type solids and different non-solid gluey products. Further, molecular oxygen crosslinking was demonstrated with lipid peroxidation and acrolein at specially identified margins. By peroxide/Fenton free-radical testing, both vitamin A and beta-carotene demonstrated possible pathology chemistry for chain-growth crosslinking. During lipid/acrolein testing over a 50 hour time period at 7.3wt% antioxidants, hydroquinone significantly reduced percent shrinkage greatly compared to the standard antioxidant vitamin E, %shrinkage at 11.6 ±1.3 for hydroquinone and 27.8 ±2.2 for vitamin E, P = .001. CONCLUSION Free radicals crosslinked unsaturated lipid fatty acids into thermoset polymers through Fenton reactions when combined with acrolein. Further, hydroquinone was a superior antioxidant to vitamin E.
Manipulation and transport of spin coherence in semiconductors

Summary form only given. Coherent spin information can flow across interfaces of dissimilar materials in engineered structures. The interfaces appear surprisingly permeable over a broad range of temperatures, and the transport of spin information can be controlled with both electric and magnetic fields. Even in materials where momentum scattering is strongly enhanced by defects, spin coherence persists to room temperature. In order to manipulate these states, we have developed additional techniques with the potential for coherent all-optical control over electron spins in nanostructures on femtosecond time scales. Spin splittings corresponding to effective magnetic field strengths of 20 T have been produced using circularly-polarized, below-bandgap pulses with the optical Stark effect. Changes in the magnetization of resonantly tipped nuclei demonstrate the ability to perform all-optical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This sensitive and spatially selective NMR technique may serve as a basis for the coherent manipulation of nuclear moments at the atomic level.
Separation and loss: Assessing the impacts on foster parent retention

Foster family homes are utilized as the primary substitute care arrangement for over one-quarter million dependent children annually in the United States. An unsuccessful retention of foster family homes permeates the country's foster care system, thus requiring a determination of the major factors which contribute to foster parent retention or loss. To this end, a comparative census survey of a statewide foster parent population was conducted. When respondents from currently licensed homes were compared with those previously licensed on factors pertaining to the separation and loss experience, significant differences were found in two major dimensions: (1) training and (2) agency services and supports. Both dimensions were indicated to be viable factors of foster parent retention.
Irreversible electroporation ablation of the liver can be detected with ultrasound B-mode and elastography

Background Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a novel ablation technique that induces permanent membrane permeability and cell death. We are interested in ultrasound B-mode and elastography to monitor IRE ablation in the liver. Methods Yorkshire pigs underwent IRE ablation of the liver and were imaged with ultrasound B-mode and elastography. Histologic evaluation of cell death by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed. Results Elastography showed that liver ablated by IRE exhibited increased tissue stiffness with a peak strain ratio of 2.22. The IRE lesion had a discrete border without bubble artifact, and the lesion size significantly correlated with area of cell death on histology. IRE ablation was unaffected by presence of large blood vessels or bile ducts. Conclusion IRE ablation led to increased tissue stiffness that was detectable by elastography and indicative of cell death. Elastography may complement B-mode ultrasonography to monitor IRE ablation of the liver.
The circumstellar gas surrounding 51 Ophiuchi - A candidate proto-planetary system similar to Beta Pictoris

Combined archival and recent International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) observations of the star, 51 Oph, reveal the presence of variable, accreting gas with velocities as large as + 100 km/s relative to the system. The electron number density of the circumstellar gas is comparable to that observed around the candidate proto-planetary system, Beta Pic. In addition to the cooler gas, absorption from Al III, Si IV, and C IV is present over the velocity range of the accreting gas. The presence of Si IV and C IV in the spectrum of a B9.5 star provides evidence for collisional ionization of the circumstellar gas like that observed in Beta Pic. The combination of H-alpha profiles with double emission peaks to comparable strength, together with detection of transient mass ejection events similar to those observed in other Be stars, suggests that the inclination of the 51 Oph system is within 10-15 deg of the equatorial plane. Collectively these data imply that the 51 Oph system is similar to Beta Pic in both system constituents and orientation, and may be in a similar evolutionary state.
Prediction of Response to Antidepressants : Is Quantitative EEG (QEEG) an Alternative?

Selecting the most effective antidepressant for depressed subjects having failed previous treatments is difficult; the rates of success are relatively low. There is a clear need for objective biomarkers which could assist and optimize such treatment selection. We review here the current literature and recent developments on the role of quantitative EEG (QEEG) predictors of treatment outcome in major depressive disorder.
Spherical Particle Motion in Harmonic Stokes Flows

An analytical study is presented on the periodic motion of a small particle in a viscous fluid. Previous analytical and numerical contributions to the understanding of particle motion in time-dependent flows are reviewed. Previous works in this field addressed the long-term behavior of the particle (stationary solution) as opposed to the problem treated in this study, which includes initial transient effects. Also presented are the relative scaling of the virtual mass, Stokes, and history drag forces for the long-term solution following the fractional calculus theory. The general solution of the particle momentum equation for unsteady Stokes flows is particularized to a harmonic background fluid velocity. The effect of a nonzero initial relative velocity is studied, and a discussion on the relevance of the results to the Lagrangian simulation of turbulent multiphase flows is presented. The present theoretical results are relevant to the transient motion of small particles in viscous flows such as the ones found in crystal growth processes, fluid markers, and dilute turbulent multiphase flows in general
INTRODUCTION - Links between recombination and replication: Vital roles of recombination

There has been a sea change in how we view genetic recombination. When germ cells are produced in higher organisms, genetic recombination assures the proper segregation of like chromosomes. In the course of that process, called meiosis, recombination not only assures segregation of one chromosome of each type to progeny germ cells, but also further shuffles the genetic deck, contributing to the unique inheritance of individuals. In a nutshell, that is the classical view of recombination. We have also known for many years that in bacteria recombination plays a …