cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CSMA-Based MAC Protocol For Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radios (CR) technology enables wireless devices to dynamically switch between channels in a wide range of frequency bands and utilize unused parts of licensed and unlicensed frequency bands. The CR-enabled devices can either form a stand-alone multi-hop wireless network or form a multi-hop wireless backbone network that can connect different types of devices together. In a multi-hop wireless network composed of CR-enabled devices the number and the set of available channels vary from one node to another. This is in contrast to the existing multi-hop wireless mesh networks where all the nodes have the same set of channels available. In this paper we present a CSMA-based MAC protocol for CR-based multihop network. This protocol is based on the channel segregation technique proposed for cellular networks. Simulation results indicate that the protocol incurs low latency and achieves reasonable throughput.
Neogene sedimentation and erosion in the Amirante Passage, western Indian Ocean

Twenty piston cores from the northern Mascarene Basin and Amirante Passage reflect the effects of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) upon the lithologic and stratigraphic record of the late Cenozoic. The cores span a depth interval of 3350 to 5200 m, representing the transition zone between modern North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)-Circumpolar Water (CPW) and the underlying Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). During the late Cretaceous and for much of the Paleogene, pelagic sedimentation occurred in the absence of significant bottom current activity. The formation of the global psychrosphere near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary initiated the DWBC, part of which could enter the Madagascar Basin via deep fractures in the Southwest Indian Ridge. The DWBC was well developed before the early Miocene, transporting course detrital sands northward into the passage from turbidite deposits along the continental margin of Madagascar. The DWBC was confined to depths below ∼ 4 km until the middle Miocene, when the flow strengthened and shoaled to depths <3300 m. Strong DWBC flow continued intermittently until the latest Pleistocene, producing extensive erosional surfaces. Today the flow of the DWBC is relatively weak, with strong only below ∼ 3850 m in the western channels. Pleistocene and late Tertiary erosion at intermediate depths (3 to 4 km) in the Indian Ocean contrasts with depositional continuity at the same depths farther ‘upstream’ in NADW. Fluctuations in the intensity of circumpolar flow rather than in the rate of production of NADW may have been the major controlling factor in the late Tertiary erosional history of the Amirante Passage.
Hepatic gluconeogenesis from alanine: 13C nuclear magnetic resonance methodology for in vivo studies

This paper describes an experimental protocol designed to optimize 13C NMR spectra from the liver of the living anesthetized rat at 1.9 T. The protocol involves the use of a Helmholtz NMR coil which is positioned around the liver after surgical exposure. 1H decoupling is facilitated by double tuning this coil to both the 1H and the 13C frequencies. The protocol was shown to be suitable for studying the hepatic metabolism of 13C-labeled substrates in vivo by investigating the metabolism of [3-13C] alanine. Labeled glucose, glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate were formed and detected by 13C NMR in vivo in this experiment. The labeling patterns in these metabolites provided evidence that the major flow of alanine carbon into the Krebs cycle is via the pyruvate carboxylase reaction rather than through pyruvate dehydrogenase. © 1986 Academic Press, Inc.
Lithium Concentration Dependent Elastic Properties of Battery Electrode Materials from First Principles Calculations

This paper aims to help fill a gap in the literature on Li-ion battery electrode materials due to the absence of measured elastic constants needed for diffusion induced stress models. By examining results from new first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations of LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, (and their delithiated hosts, CoO2 and MnO2), LixAl alloys, and data from the extant literature on LiFePO4 (and FePO4), LiTi2O4 (and Li2Ti2O4), LixSi, LixSn and lihtium graphite-interaction-compounds, a compelling picture emerges on the dependency of the elastic properties on Li concentration. Specifically, three distinct categories of behavior are found: (a) the averaged Young’s moduli change very minimally upon lithiation of the spinel and olivine structures; (b) lithiation induced stiffening is observed only when new and stronger bonds between the Li ions and the host materials are formed in layered compounds; and (c) for alloy-forming electrode materials, such as Si, β-Sn and Al, the averaged Young’s moduli of lithiated compounds follow the linear rule of mixtures. The tendency of ductile or brittle behavior electrode materials is investigated with the Pugh criterion, and a ductile to brittle transition was found to occur during lithiation of Al and β-Sn, but not in Si. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0031411jes] All rights reserved.
Repetition in the transcortical aphasias

Abstract Transcortical aphasic patients were assessed on a repetition task comprised of both well-formed and deviant sentences. The patients faithfully repeated those sentences that were factually incorrect but grammatically well formed, and those sentences that were ungrammatical because of selection restriction violations. In contrast, presented with sentences featuring only minor syntactic violations (e.g., lack of number agreement), the patients spontaneously, and without awareness, resisted exact repetition; moreover, the resultant changes most often served to correct the syntactic deviations. Repetitions of sentences of this latter type also revealed a difference between the patients as a function of level of comprehension. The transcortical motor aphasic patient was influenced by semantic factors in his alterations of the minor syntactic violations, while the transcortical sensory aphasic was not. These findings are discussed in relation to the notion of autonomous syntactic processing. They are taken to suggest that syntactic facts such as number agreement are represented at a level in the processing chain that is distinct from that of semantic representation.
The nasal crease sign in segmental facial hemangioma--an early sign of cartilage destruction.

: Although the majority of hemangiomas of infancy do not require treatment, a subset of patients have complications such as ulceration, functional impairment or severe disfigurement that necessitate intervention. It is often difficult to predict which hemangiomas will lead to permanent disfigurement and medical complications. We present three patients with segmental facial hemangiomas involving the nose which resulted in nasal cartilage destruction. All three patients had a linear gray atrophic crease in the inferior columella visualized on clinical examination prior to the onset of nasal collapse. We propose that this ‘‘nasal crease sign’’ in infants with segmental facial hemangioma involving the nose and philtrum may be a premonitory clinical finding of impending nasal cartilage destruction. Dermatologists should be aware of this clinical sign which may help identify patients at high risk of nasal destruction. Unfortunately, aggressive medical intervention may not always prevent devastating disfigurement.
An interactive fault diagnosis expert system for a helpdesk application

: This paper presents work on an interactive fault diagnosis expert system for a helpdesk application. A knowledge representation and inference algorithm is proposed to satisfy three design specifications: (1) no parallel event exists in human fault reporting; (2) the diagnostic sequence is unpredictable, and (3) the inference engine is passive in an event-driven environment. A lattice data structure is designed for knowledge representation, which is generated automatically from a script of decision rules. The inference engine works in a transaction-like style by prompting and responding to the user according to the knowledge in the lattice. It can explicitly guide the inference sequence, as well as respond to ad hoc input from the user.
Temperature tolerance of nitrite-exposed channel catfish

Abstract Upper temperature tolerances of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were determined with the critical thermal maximum (CTM) method after fish were exposed to various sublethal concentrations of nitrite for 24 hours at 20°C. The CTM was inversely related to nitrite concentration (r = -0.71; P < 0.01); group means ranged from 38.0°C for controls to 35.9°C for fish exposed to 1.4 mg NO2/L. As expected from previous studies, percent methemoglobin (a nonoxygen-carrying form of hemoglobin) was correlated with nitrite concentration (r = 0.85; P < 0.01), and thus was inversely correlated with CTM (r = -0.68; P < 0.01). These results indicate that nitrite-temperature interactions have the potential of adversely affecting the productivity of high-density channel catfish aquaculture systems, particularly those located in the southern U.S. during summer. Received June 5, 1984 Accepted November 28, 1984
Specific Binding Activity of Isolated Light Chains of Antibodies

Free light chains isolated from specifically purified antibody have been shown to bind specific hapten. This proves that part of the binding site does exist on the light chain. The light chains were obtained from antibody directed against the 4-azonaphthalene-1-sulfonate group, and the binding of the simple hapten 4-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate was determined by the fluorescence-enhancement technique. Since this hapten undergoes a striking increase in fluorescence on binding to light chains (and also on binding to specific antibody), the presence of small amounts of bound hapten could be determined, even in the presence of the high concentrations of unbound hapten required because of the low binding constant.
Design and Synthesis of an Artificial Pulmonary Pleura for High Throughput Studies in Acellular Human Lungs

Whole organ decellularization of complex organs, such as lungs, presents a unique opportunity for use of acellular scaffolds for ex vivo tissue engineering or for studying cell–extracellular matrix interactions ex vivo. A growing body of literature investigating decellularizing and recellularizing rodent lungs has provided important proof of concept models and rodent lungs are readily available for high throughput studies. In contrast, comparable progress in large animal and human lungs has been impeded owing to more limited availability and difficulties in handling larger tissue. While the use of smaller segments of acellular large animal or human lungs would maximize usage from a single lung, excision of small acellular segments compromises the integrity of the pleural layer, leaving the terminal ends of blood vessels and airways exposed. We have developed a novel pleural coating using non-toxic ionically crosslinked alginate or photocrosslinked methacrylated alginate which can be applied to excised acellular lung segments, permits inflation of small segments, and significantly enhances retention of cells inoculated through cannulated airways or blood vessels. Further, photocrosslinking methacrylated alginate, using eosin Y and triethanolamine at 530 nm wavelength, results in a mechanically stable pleural coating that permits effective cyclic 3-dimensional stretch, i.e., mechanical ventilation, of individual segments.
Search for the optimal linker in tandem hairpin polyamides.

In order to target specific DNA sequences ≥10 base pairs in size by minor groove binding ligands, a search for the optimal linker in dimers of hairpin polyamides was initiated. Two series of tandem polyamides ImPyIm-(R)[ImPyIm-(R)^(H2N)γ-PyPyPy-L]^(HN)γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp (1a–e), where L represents a series of 4–8 carbon long aliphatic amino acid linkers, and ImPyIm-(R)[ImPyIm-(R)^(H2N)γ-PyPyPyIm-L]^(HN)γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp (2a–e), where L represents a series of 2–6 carbon long aliphatic amino acid linkers, were synthesized and characterized by quantitative DNase I footprinting. β, γ and Dp represents β-alanine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and 3-(dimethylamino)propylamine, respectively. It was found that the five-carbon 5-aminovaleric acid (δ), is suitable to span one base-pair (bp) of DNA when incorporated into a tandem polyamide. ImPyIm-(R)[ImPyIm-(R)^(H2N)γ-PyPyPy-δ]^(HN)γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp (1b) binds the 10 bp binding-site 5′-AGTGAAGTGA-3′ with equilibrium association constant K_a=3.2×10^(10) M^(−1) and ImPyIm-(R)[ImPyIm-(R)^(H2N)γ-PyPyPyIm-δ]^(HN)γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp (2d) binds the 11 bp binding-site 5′-AGTGATAGTGA-3′ with K_a=9.7×10^9 M^(−1). Tandem 1b also bind the 11 bp site but with lower affinity affording a 15-fold specificity for the shorter binding site. Replacing a methylene group in the amino acid linker with an oxygen atom to form tandem polyamide ImPyIm-(R)[ImPyIm-(R)^(H2N)γ-PyPyPy-E]^(HN)γ-PyPyPy-β-Dp (4) where E represents the ether linker, resulted in that an 80-fold specificity for the 10 bp binding site over the 11 bp site.
Limited mandibular mobility and potential jaw dysfunction.

Summary This investigation studied relationships between signs and symptoms of potential mandibular dysfunction and limitations of maximum active depression and maximum active lateral excursion of the mandible in young adult males. Mouth opening capacity was not associated with symptoms and signs thought to be clinically indicative of the status of the mandibular locomotor system. Limitations of mandibular lateral excursions, on the other hand, were associated with signs and symptoms of potential mandibular dysfunction, but not with signs and symptoms from the tem-poromandibular joints.
A gas handling system for exacting crystal growth preparations

Abstract A system is described which allows for the efficient purification of gases as well as the pretreatment of crystal growth materials and precise filling of vapor transport ampoules. The operation of the system is illustrated by considering the preparation and filling of an ampoule for the chemical transport of TiO 2 with in-situ synthesized TeCl 4 and the pretreatment of alkali chlorides with purified Cl 2 /HCl.
Manganese stimulates incorporation of [3H]inositol into an agonist-insensitive pool of phosphatidylinositol in brain membranes.

Abstract In a particulate preparation from rat brain, manganese ions stimulate the incorporation of [3H]inositol into inositol phospholipids in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation with CDP-diacylglycerol (0.5 mM) alone had no effect on the incorporation of [3H]inositol but potentiated the stimulatory effect of manganese. Despite the increase in [3H]inositol incorporation into phosphatidylinositol, the carbachol-induced accumulation of [3H]inositol-1-phosphate was unaltered in membranes preincubated with manganese but when coincubated with CDP-diacylglycerol the carbachol-induced accumulation of [3H]inositol-1-phosphate was increased. These data suggest that manganese stimulates the incorporation of [3H]inositol into an agonist-insenstive pool of phosphatidylinositol.
High-yield selection criteria for cranial computed tomography after acute trauma.

Objective: To develop and prospectively evaluate criteria for selecting head-injured patients requiring cranial CT. Methods: A two-phased prospective observational study design was implemented at a university ED. Physicians completed a form with 51 variables for 540 patients in Phase I. Ten high-yield variables were identified and prospectively tested on 273 patients in Phase II. Prediction rule performance for identification of patients with abnormal CT scans was determined. Results: The combined criteria had a sensitivity of 97% for CT-scan abnormalities in Phase I; sensitivity was 96% in Phase II. Negative predictive values were 97% and 94%, respectively. Prevalence of disease in Phase I was 17%; prevalence in Phase II was 16%. Had the Phase I criteria been implemented during Phase II, 43 of 273 patients (16%) would not have been scanned, including two patients with positive results who did not require operative intervention. Conclusions: Fifty-one clinical variables from head-injured patients were narrowed to ten of statistical significance and consistent interpretation for prospective evaluation. Patients with none of these criteria were found to be at low risk of having sustained significant head injury.
Comparative Review of Dopamine Receptor Agonists in Parkinson's Disease.

Limitations of long term levodopa therapy for Parkinson’s disease represent a major problem in the management of many patients. Dopamine receptor agonists provide antiparkinsonian effects and their use is most clearly defined in the context of complications from levodopa therapy. As such, dopamine receptor agonists are useful adjunctive agents to levodopa. Because typical adverse effects of dopamine receptor agonists may differ from those of levodopa, combination therapy is often effective and well tolerated.
Determination of sensation threshold from small pulse trains of 2.01μm laser light

The determination of sensation thresholds has applications ranging from uses in the medical community such as neural pathway mapping and for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy, to potential uses in determining safety standards. This study sought to determine the sensation threshold, and the distribution of sensation probabilities, for pulse trains ranging from two 10 ms pulses to nine 10 ms pulses from 2.01 μm laser light incident on a human forearm and chest. Threshold was defined as the energy density that would elicit sensation 50% of the time (ED50). A method of levels approach was used in conjunction with a monovariate binary response model to determine the ED50. We determined the ED50 and also a distribution of threshold probabilities. Threshold was found to be largely dependant on total energy deposited for smaller pulse trains, and thus independent of the number of pulses. Total energy becomes less important as the number of pulses increases however, and a decrease in threshold was measured for a nine pulse train as compared to one through four pulse trains. Thus we have demonstrated that this method is a useful and easy way for determining sensation thresholds from a 2.01 μm laser for possible clinical use. We have also demonstrated that lower power lasers when pulsed can elicit sensation at comparable levels to higher power single pulse lasers.
Characterization of cyano-functionalized stationary gas chromatographic phases by linear solvation energy relationships

The characterization of four cyano-containing gas chromatography stationary phases using a linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) of the type log K = c + r1R2 + s1π2∗H + a1ϵ α2H + b1ϵ β2H + l1 logL16 was performed, and the results compared with LSER coefficients for other, previously studied phases. The coefficients obtained indicate that the presence of CN groups in these phases contributes significantly to the dipolarity-polarizability and H-bond acceptor (s and a values in the above LSER, respectively), but that these phases have very low or statistically insignificant r values and b values. The results are evaluated in terms of the development of quantitative structure solubility relationships to predict LSER coefficients.
Transparency Versus Collective Action Fujimori's Legacy and the Peruvian Congress

During the 1990s, the Peruvian Congress was thoroughly dominated by the presidential administration of Alberto Fujimori. In 2000, during the scandals that brought down Fujimori and his associates, the legislature was exposed as riddled with corruption. In the wake of these events, one might expect the congress to be thoroughly discredited and institutionally weakened. I argue that the Peruvian Congress made significant strides toward legislative transparency and strengthening the accountability of individual legislators to voters and that, ironically, some of the key steps in this direction were taken during the Fujimori era. This same trend, however, presents potential obstacles to collective action in the legislature. I support these claims with analysis of changes in the legislative party and coalition system from the late 1990s through the transition, examination of legislative voting patterns, and interviews with key actors inside and outside congress.
Indomethacin or flurbiprofen treatment of periodontitis in beagles: effect on crevicular fluid arachidonic acid metabolites compared with effect on alveolar bone loss.

The effect of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin and flurbiprofen, on the progression of alveolar bone loss and on the crevicular fluid (CF) levels of four arachidonic acid metabolites was compared in 16 beagle dogs over a 12-month period. Standardized radiographs were used to measure the rate of bone loss. Radioimmunoassay was used to measure CF levels of PGE2, PGF2α, TxB2 and 6K-PGF1α. Following a 6-month pretreatment baseline period, 5 dogs were dosed daily with 1.0 mg/kg indomethacin, 5 dogs were dosed daily with 0.02 mg/kg flurbiprofen, and 6 dogs were dosed with empty gelatin capsules for a 6-month period. With the administration of either indomethacin or flurbiprofen. the CF levels of PGE2, PGF2α, and TxB2 were similarly significantly decreased; 6K-PGF1α levels were not altered. Indomethacin and flurbiprofen did not have a similar effect on reducing the rate of alveolar bone loss. Flurbiprofen significantly decreased rate of bone loss from baseline whereas indomethacin did not. The data indicate that indomethacin and flurbiprofen inhibit CF arachidonic acid metabolite levels in a similar manner, but not rate of bone loss. The data suggest that flurbiprofen's striking effect on inhibiting rate of bone loss cannot be solely attributed to simple cyclooxygenase inhibition with a reduction in CF prostaglandin levels.
Fracture modeling of an embedded crack in self-healing polymers

The healing process exhibited by biological structures has inspired the creation of engineered materials capable of mimicking this behavior, providing adaption to impeding crack propagation and subsequently healing it. Recently, a new approach to self-healing was devised in which a sensing network was combined with shape memory polymers (SMPs) to allow the controlled response of the material to damage. The system was designed such that in the presence of a crack the polymer locally modified its modulus to toughen the damaged region and arrest crack growth. This process is followed by the shape memory response, closing the crack and healing the system. This paper will study the mechanics of the toughening portion of this self-healing system and specifically develop models to predict the stress intensity factor of a crack tip in a nonhomogeneous inclusion. The models will be formulated using finite element analysis (FEA) and a single inclusion model based on Eshelby’s equivalent theory with the elastic gradient defined by a point source thermal load. It will be shown that as the temperature of the crack tip passes the glass transition temperature of the polymer, the stress intensity factor at crack tip decreases to 95% of the original material stress intensity factor. This is due to the formed elastic gradient and deflection of the stress concentration away from the crack tip into the bulk polymer.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Secular Trends of Precipitation Amount, Frequency, and Intensity in the United States

Abstract Twentieth century trends of precipitation are examined by a variety of methods to more fully describe how precipitation has changed or varied. Since 1910, precipitation has increased by about 10% across the contiguous United States. The increase in precipitation is reflected primarily in the heavy and extreme daily precipitation events. For example, over half (53%) of the total increase of precipitation is due to positive trends in the upper 10 percentiles of the precipitation distribution. These trends are highly significant, both practically and statistically. The increase has arisen for two reasons. First, an increase in the frequency of days with precipitation ]6 days (100 yr)−1[ has occurred for all categories of precipitation amount. Second, for the extremely heavy precipitation events, an increase in the intensity of the events is also significantly contributing (about half) to the precipitation increase. As a result, there is a significant trend in much of the United States of the highest...
Forest science and forest policy in the Americas: building bridges to a sustainable future

Abstract Making forest policies that help bridge from the current situation to a sustainable future requires sound scientific information. Too often, scientific information is available, yet policy makers do not use it. At a workshop in Costa Rica, attendees from the Americas reviewed 16 case studies where forest science influenced forest policies and identified six reasons. Two reasons related to the content of research programs and four to personal characteristics of researchers. Research programs that practice continuous innovation and adaptive management retained their relevancy to policy makers. Market-based and incentive approaches work better than regulatory ones, so economic and social sciences are critical parts of the research portfolio. Key attributes of influential scientists include an understanding of the policy process and how it differs from the science process; a willingness to engage in the policy arena and bear the associated risks; an adeptness at communicating early and often, matching the means and message to various audiences; and a penchant for collaboration that builds the trust essential to influence policy.
Web Activities in an Introductory Class

The students in an introductory physics class for non-science majors are not likely to have sophisticated computer skills. However, many of them have become Web surfers and can be enticed to use the Web as part of their study of physics. Our initial efforts have focused on using the Web to improve courses for elementary and secondary education majors. Materials available to the students include both academic and administrative activities. Students may have access to items such as the course syllabus and up-to-date information on their grades. On the academic side, practice tests, textbook pages, and some interactive programs are available. In developing these materials we have incorporated a variety of techniques including HTML files, C programs, the Macromedia Director Shockwave plug-in, and the Adobe Acrobat plug-in. In all of the efforts we have attempted to minimize the amount of time spent on software development.
Phase Selection and Energetics in Chiral Alkaline Earth Tartrates and Their Racemic and Meso Analogues: Synthetic, Structural, Computational, and Calorimetric Studies

The hydrothermal reactions of calcium, strontium, and barium with l-, meso-, and d,l-tartaric acid were examined from room temperature to 220 °C. We report the synthesis of 13 new phases and crystal structures of 11 alkaline earth tartrates, including an unusual I3O0 framework, [Ba(d,l-Tar)] (Tar = C4H4O62−), with 3-D inorganic connectivity. Each alkaline earth exhibits different phase behavior in the reactions with the three forms of tartaric acid. Calcium forms unique l-, meso-, and d,l-tartrate phases which persist to 220 °C. Strontium forms three unique phases at lower temperatures, but above 180 °C reactions with l- and d,l-tartaric acid yield the meso phase. Likewise, Ba forms three unique low-temperature phases, but above 200 °C reactions with l- and meso-tartaric acid yield the d,l phase. Computational and calorimetric studies of the anhydrous calcium phases, [Ca(l-Tar)] and [Ca(meso-Tar)], strontium phases, [Sr(l-Tar)] and [Sr(meso-Tar)], and barium phases, [Ba(l-Tar)] and [Ba(d,l-Tar)], were per...
Discrete simulation of gas-liquid bubble columns and gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds

A computational scheme for three-dimensional (3-D), discrete simulation of bubble dynamics in gas-liquid bubble columns and gas-liquid-solid fluidized beds is presented. This scheme describes the motion of the gas, liquid, and solid phases, respectively, based on the level-set interface tracking method, the locally averaged time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the Smagorinsky Sub-Grid Scale stress model, and the Lagrangian particle motion equations. Various gas, liquid, and solid interactive forces are considered, which include those due to drag, added mass, interfacial tension, bubble-particle collision and particle-particle collision. The accuracy and validity of the simulation based on this scheme is examined through computational experiments on some well-known bubbling phenomena including the rise behavior of a single gas bubble in liquids and the bubble formation process from an orifice embedded in liquids. The computed bubble rise velocity, bubble shapes and their fluctuations, and bubble formation behavior in liquids show a good agreement with existing theories and experimental findings. The simulation is extended to investigate the effects of solids concentration on bubble formation and rise behavior. It is found that the bubbles are less coalesced in a fluidized bed with a higher solids concentration. A circulatory motion of particles with an upward flow in the center region and a downward flow near the wall, and a lateral solids concentration distribution in a gas-liquid-solid fluidized bed can also be predicted. The bubble formation and rise behavior in a multi-nozzle bubble column are simulated, and the limitation of the Smagorinsky Sub-Grid Scale stress model is discussed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 288–301, 2004
Removing cadmium ions from water via nanoparticle-enhanced ultrafiltration.

Here we evaluate removal of cadmium ions from water by nanoparticle-enhanced ultrafiltration using polymer and zeolite nanoparticles. This evaluation considered nanoparticle physical−chemical properties, metal-binding kinetics, capacity and reversibility, and ultrafiltration separation for a Linde type A zeolite nanocrystals, poly(acrylic acid), alginic acid, and carboxyl-functionalized PAMAM dendrimers in simple, laboratory prepared ionic solutions. The three synthetic materials exhibited fast binding kinetics and strong affinity for cadmium, with good regeneration capabilities. Only the zeolite nanoparticles were completely rejected by the ultrafiltration membranes tested. Overall, colloidal zeolites performed similar to conventional metal binding polymers, but were more easily recovered using relatively loose filtration membranes (i.e., lower energy consumption). Further, the superhydrophilic colloidal zeolites caused relatively little flux decline even in the presence of divalent cations which caused ...
Overview of hadronic parity violation

The subject of hadronic parity violation is nearly fifty years old, but a good deal of uncertainty remains, despite many efforts both theoretical and experimental. A brief summary of the field is presented and a plan is proposed for new experimental work which, when combined with a new theoretical tack based on effective field theory, should lead to resolution of the present difficulties.
Spaces for Dynamic Bilingualism in Read-Aloud Discussions: Developing and Strengthening Bilingual and Academic Skills

A substantial body of research has collectively concluded that encouraging students to draw flexibly on multiple aspects of their linguistic repertoires is positively associated with developing bilingualism, metalinguistic awareness, and academic skills. However, most bilingual education programs—including transitional and dual-language—limit, discourage, and/or stigmatize such practices. This study examines literature discussion in a fifth-grade bilingual education classroom, in which the teacher valued, supported, and facilitated hybrid language practices. The findings illuminate the ways in which the teacher and students flexibly used their linguistic and cultural resources to understand the text content and language.
Death Discomfort Differential

The differential correlations of death depression and death anxiety were explored. Death anxiety was more highly correlated with general anxiety, the four subscales of the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale, female gender, and less religiosity. Death depression was more associated with general depression. Such differentiation could not be made with the raw scores of the Death Depression Scale and the Death Anxiety Scale. A differentiation was made, however, using a new ten-item scale based upon factor scores of the two above scales.
Collisional perturbation of regular and irregular intramolecular dynamics: A model quantum-mechanical study

A quantum-mechanical study is presented of energy transfer in collinear atom-molecule inelastic collisions. The molecular potential is the well studied two-mode, Henon-Heiles potential. Two atom-molecule interaction potentials are considered: a weak exponential repulsive potential (previously considered in a classical study by Schatz), and a Morse attractive interaction. For these two potentials, the mean energy transfer and transition probabilities, classified according to the “category of chaos” (normal-mode, local-mode, or mixed-mode states), are compared, as functions of the total energy. The classical critical energy for the molecular potential plays no role in the energy dependence of the mean collisional energy transfer. In addition, preservation of memory (hysteresis) about the initial category of chaos is larger for collisions involving the weak repulsive potential.
Process of Care and Outcomes in Peripheral Arterial Disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a prevalent illness that most commonly affects patients older than 60 years. As the population ages, the prevalence of PAD and its associated adverse outcomes will also increase. Adverse outcomes in PAD are either systemic (ie, cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarctions or strokes) or localized to the legs (ie, bypass surgery or amputation). Although much research has focused on adverse systemic outcomes in patients with PAD, less is known about those factors related to adverse limb events. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that more than 100,000 amputations are performed in the United States each year. What remains to be determined is the association between how physicians manage patients with PAD (ie, process of care) and the development of adverse limb outcomes. Determining the association of the management of PAD with adverse limb outcomes will highlight those areas in which to focus to improve the quality of care for patients with this disease. Understanding the relationship between risk factors, process of care, and outcomes will be of importance to patients, clinicians, and policy makers. The purpose of this article is to review the burden of PAD and to discuss the association of process of care with adverse limb outcomes in patients with PAD.
Increased catalytic activity of cytochrome P-450IIE1 in pericentral hepatocytes compared to periportal hepatocytes isolated from pyrazole-treated rats

Abstract Cytochrome P-450IIE1 is induced by a variety of agents, including acetone, ethanol and pyrazole. Recent studies employing immunohistochemical methods have shown that P-450IIE1 was expressed primarily in the pericentral zone of the liver. In order to evaluate whether catalytic activity of P-450IIE1 is preferentially localized in the pericentral zone of the liver acinus, the oxidation of aniline and p-nitrophenol, two effective substrates for P-450IIE1, by periportal and pericentral hepatocytes isolated from pyrazole-treated rats was determined. Periportal and pericentral hepatocytes were prepared by a digitonin-collagenase procedure; the marker enzymes glutamine synthetase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase indicated reasonable separation of the two cell populations. Viability, yield and total cytochrome P-450 content were similar to the periportal and pericentral hepatocytes. Pericentral hepatocytes oxidized aniline and p-nitrophenol at rates that were 2–4-fold greater than periportal hepatocytes under a variety of conditions. Carbon monoxide inhibited the oxidation of the substrates with both preparations and abolished the increased oxidation found with the pericentral hepatocytes. Pyrazole or 4-methylpyrzaole, added in vitro, effectively inhibited the oxidation of aniline and p-nitrophenol and prevented the augmented rate of oxidation by the pericentral hepatocytes. Western blots carried out using isolated microsomes revealed a more than 2-fold increase in immunochemical staining with microsomes isolated from the pericentral hepatocytes, which correlated to the 2–4-fold increase in the rate of oxidation of aniline or p-nitrophenol by the pericentral hepatocytes. These results suggest that functional catalytic activity of cytochrome P-450IIE1 is preferentially localized in the pericentral zone of the liver acinus, and that most of the induction by pyrazole of P-450IIE1 appears to occur within the pericentral zone.
Query term ranking based on dependency parsing of verbose queries

Query term ranking approaches are used to select effective terms from a verbose query by ranking terms. Features used for query term ranking and selection in previous work do not consider grammatical relationships between terms. To address this issue, we use syntactic features extracted from dependency parsing results of verbose queries. We also modify the method for measuring the effectiveness of query terms for query term ranking.
Novels behind Glass: Commodity Culture and Victorian Narrative

Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Longing for sleeve buttons 3. Spaces of exchange: interpreting the Great Exhibition of 1851 4. The fragments and small opportunities of Cranford 5. Rearranging the furniture of Our Mutual Friend 6. Owning up: possessive individualism in Trollope's Autobiography and The Eustace Diamonds 7. Middlemarch and the solicitude of material culture Afterword Notes Bibliography.
Urodynamic abnormalities in toilet trained children with primary vesicoureteral reflux.

Purpose: We investigated associated urodynamic abnormalities in toilet trained children with vesicoureteral reflux.Materials and Methods: A total of 298 toilet trained children with primary vesicoureteral reflux underwent urodynamic evaluation. Urodynamic parameters were reviewed and correlated with age, gender, presence of lower urinary tract symptoms and reflux severity.Results: Symptomatic lower urinary tract symptoms were present in 111 children (37.2%, group 1). Children with lower urinary tract symptoms had significantly decreased severity of vesicoureteral reflux compared to children without these symptoms (187 patients, group 2). The majority of the patients had normal early bladder compliance regardless of presence of lower urinary tract symptoms or reflux grade. On the other hand, decreased late bladder compliance was more common in group 1 vs group 2. Ratio of cystometric bladder capacity to expected bladder capacity was higher in group 2. Detrusor overactivity was observed in 28.5% of the chil...
DEFECT INTERACTIONS IN IRRADIATED CALCIUM-DOPED POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

The marked enhancement of the rate of formation of F centers in alkali halides containing alkaline earth impurities is well recognized. A mechanism is described which employs the isolated cation vacancy and satisfies the experimental requirements of small energy absorption and small volume change per F center. A description is given of the decomposition products of the center. Results from optical density measurements suggest that the proposed mechanism for the enhancement of F-center production in alkali halides is reasonable. The primary step is hole capture at a cation vacancy. The subsequent rearrangement creates an anion vacancy and a halogen atom in the cation site. Illustrations are included which show photon energies as a function of optical density and the change in optical density. (B.O.G.)
Design of a positive-tone water-soluble resist

We report the study of a novel class of resists designed to be coated from and developed in pure water, avoiding both the need for the traditional organic solvents and the developers containing organic bases in aqueous solution. We have previously reported on the design of several negative tone resists that operate on the basis of radiation-induced crosslinking. The performance of these negative tone systems meets our fundamental objective of coating from and development in pure water, but their design involving the crosslinking of a matrix polymer limits the resolution that may be achieved because of the swelling that occurs during development. We have now explored novel designs involving positive tone water developable resists that may help alleviate this limitation. For example, water-soluble polymers containing pendant oxazoline units may be insolubilized in situ through their heat-activated reaction with additives containing carboxylic acid groups. Exposure to UV radiation is then used to cleave these solubility modifiers hence restoring solubility to the exposed areas. Analogous materials that involve the addition of divinyl ethers to poly(acrylic acid), followed by photogenerated acid cleavage of the crosslinks have been used generate water-developed positive tone images.
Dynamics of exciton trapping in β-methylnaphthalene-doped naphthalene crystals: phonon-assisted detrapping of the electronic energy funnel state

Abstract Results showing impurity-induced shallow trap (X-trap) effects on singlet exciton trapping in β-methylnaphthalene-doped naphthalene crystals are presented. The energy transfer rate between the X-trap and β-methylnaphthalene chemical trap was measured by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence. An Arrhenius plot of this transfer rate gives an apparent trap depth of 19 ± 2 cm −1 , which is consistent with observed X-trap depths measured by absorption spectroscopy. Also measured was the exciton to chemical trap energy transfer rate for comparison. The data are consistent with models where impurity X-traps act as electronic energy funnels around chemical trap molecules in singlet energy transfer.
Genetic analysis of the cloned genome of phage Mu

Abstract Randomly sheared fragments of Mu cts 62 DNA have been cloned into the Eco RI cleavage site of plasmid p0P203(UV-5)-3, a derivative of pMB9 containing the lactose operator promoter, using poly (dA · dT) tailing with terminal transferase. The extent of Mu DNA carried by the recombinant plasmids was determined genetically by crosses with known markers in essential genes of Mu in rec + backgrounds. Plasmids which rescued essential genes were transformed to rec − backgrounds to check for expression of the Mu genes. Plasmids were found which rescued and complemented 23 of the 24 essential genes of Mu. Many of these plasmids carried overlapping segments of the Mu genome. The plasmid library was also screened for clones containing the nonessential genes gin and mom . Clones carrying gene A were not found in the initial screening, however, several clones which were resistant to infection by Mu due to expression of the Mu repressor were able to rescue and complement a D108 cts -Mu Ats hybrid phage at 43°.
Birth Outcomes after Maternal Use of Medications for Mental Health Illnesses During Pregnancy

Purpose The use of medications for mental health illnesses (MHI) has increased in prevalence, particularly for women of childbearing age. Recent investigations into the use of such medications during pregnancy have had inconsistent results. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between maternal use of medications for MHI during pregnancy and risk of select birth outcomes using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). Methods PRAMS is a population-based survey of women who delivered live-born infants. Michigan asked state-specific questions regarding the use of medication for MHI during pregnancy from 2000–2003. Complete information on key variables was available for 3,793 women. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to model the association between the use of medications for MHI and birth outcomes (specifically, low birth weight [defined as Results Women who reported using medications for MHI during pregnancy had a slight increased risk of delivering a low birth weight baby after adjustment for race/ethnicity and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy (OR=1.14; 95% CI: 0.71, 1.84). The association between medication use for MHI and preterm delivery was similar after adjustment for the same confounding factors (OR=1.13; 95% CI: 0.61, 2.07). Conclusion In this study, the use of medication for MHI was associated with slight increased risks of low birth weight and preterm delivery; however, these risks were not statistically significant. Women who discontinue the use of these medications may risk a relapse of their illness. Women and healthcare professionals need to discuss the risks and benefits of using medications for MHI during preconception and prenatal care counseling sessions in order to make personalized decisions as to whether to continue their use during pregnancy.
The dollar, the euro and the role of emerging economies

Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods Global International System in 1971, the world economy has experienced significant currency volatility. The major economies of the world have addressed such volatility differently. The European Union (EU) has chosen to follow a monetary union and introduced successfully a new currency. The USA has paid less attention to the fluctuations of the dollar and has pursued an independent monetary policy to promote national economic stability. Japan has seen its currency appreciate significantly. This paper argues that while trade and growth across the globe are doing well, financial developments are intensifying the competition between the US dollar and the euro. We also study the role of emerging economies in this competition between the dollar and the euro.
TU-C-AUD A-04: Designing and Implementing Clinical Studies Involving New Technology

Many of the most important advances in modern radiotherapy have been developed, implemented, tested, and/or perfected through in‐house clinical research work. Study of the possible benefits of new technology and new techniques for treatment planning and delivery is crucial if we are to learn when and how to effectively use these capabilities. This presentation will use our experience designing clinical studies of normal tissue toxicity, tumordose escalation, use of functional imaging, and other on‐going clinical efforts to illustrate both the challenges involved in clinical studies as well as some of the methods that have proven to be helpful to our research efforts. Performing clinical studies which have appropriate goals, are designed to include adequate clinical support, and which eventually result in clinically documented improvements for our patients can be a very valuable and satisfying contribution to improved patient care. Educational Objectives: 1. To illustrate clinical study design techniques. 2. To discuss some of the methods which help make clinical studies viable in a busy clinic. 3. To highlight some of the challenges associated with clinical research efforts.
Photon-absorption cross sections between 3 and 30 MeV

Photon absorption by Al, Ta, and Bi between 3 and 30 MeV was measured using as a photon spectrometer a photoneutron time-of-flight detector and a liquid deuterium target. The atomic cross sections of Ta and Bi at the lowest energies (and of Al at higher energies) agree with calculated values appearing in published tabulations but exceed them at 25 MeV by about 2% in Ta and 3% in Bi. Calculations by others using empirical Coulomb corrections and improved screening corrections to the cross section for pair production by the nucleus agree with experiment to within (0.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)%. Best experimental values of the combined correction for Bi are given.