cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of the Atlantic Warm Pool on the Florida panhandle sea breeze

[1] In this paper we examine the variations of the boreal summer season sea breeze circulation along the Florida panhandle coast from relatively high resolution (10 km) regional climate model integrations. The 23 year climatology (1979–2001) of the multidecadal dynamically downscaled simulations forced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy (NCEP-DOE) Reanalysis II at the lateral boundaries verify quite well with the observed climatology. The variations at diurnal and interannual time scales are also well simulated with respect to the observations. We show from composite analyses made from these downscaled simulations that sea breezes in northwestern Florida are associated with changes in the size of the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP) on interannual time scales. In large AWP years when the North Atlantic Subtropical High becomes weaker and moves further eastward relative to the small AWP years, a large part of the southeast U.S. including Florida comes under the influence of relatively strong anomalous low-level northerly flow and large-scale subsidence consistent with the theory of the Sverdrup balance. This tends to suppress the diurnal convection over the Florida panhandle coast in large AWP years. This study is also an illustration of the benefit of dynamic downscaling in understanding the low-frequency variations of the sea breeze.
Impact of structural optimization with aeroelastic/multidisciplinary constraints on helicopter rotor design

This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art in the field of structural optimization when applied to vibration reduction of helicopters in forward flight with aeroelastic and multidisciplinary constraints. It emphasizes the application of the modern approach where the optimization is formulated as a mathematical programming problem and the objective function consists of the vibration levels at the hub and behavior constraints are imposed on the blade frequencies, aeroelastic stability margins as well as on a number of additional ingredients which can have a significant effect on the overall performance and flight mechanics of the helicopter. It is shown that the integrated multidisciplinary optimization of rotorcraft offers the potential for substantial improvements which can be achieved by careful preliminary design and analysis without requiring additional hardware such as rotor vibration absorbers or isolation systems.
Search path of a fossorial herbivore, Geomys bursarius , foraging in structurally complex plant communities

The influence of habitat patchiness and unpalatable plants on the search path of the plains pocket gopher ( Geomys bursarius ) was examined in outdoor enclosures. Separate experiments were used to evaluate how individual animals explored (by tunnel excavation) enclosures free of plants except for one or more dense patches of a palatable plant ( Daucus carota ), a dense patch of an unpalatable species ( Pastinaca sativa ) containing a few palatable plants ( D. carota ), or a relatively sparse mixture of palatable ( D. carota ) and unpalatable ( Raphanus sativus ) species. Only two of eight individuals tested showed the predicted pattern of concentrating search effort in patches of palatable plants. The maintenance of relatively high levels of effort in less profitable sites may reflect the security afforded food resources by the solitary social system and fossorial lifestyle of G. bursarius . Unpalatable plants repelled animals under some conditions, but search paths in the sparsely planted mixed-species treatment suggest animals can use visual or other cues to orient excavations. Evidence supporting area-restricted search was weak. More information about the use of visual cues by G. bursarius and the influence of experience on individual search mode is needed for refining current models of foraging behavior in this species.
Pathogenesis of experimental Hantaan virus infection in laboratory rats.

Weanling Fischer rats inoculated intramuscularly with Hantaan virus (strain 76–118) developed subclinical infections characterized by transient viremia and shedding of virus in saliva, persistence of virus in lung, pancreas, spleen and liver, and development of fluorescent and neutralizing antibodies in serum with immune complex deposition in lung. Viremia and virus shedding in saliva occurred 10 to 13 days after inoculation. Horizontal intracage transmission of infection occurred between 35 and 63 days post-inoculation, long after disappearance of virus in oropharyngeal secretions and blood. Multiple attempts to demonstrate infectious virus in feces and urine during this period were unsuccessful. The inability to detect virus in urine samples of experimentally infected rats may have resulted from intermittent or low-titered viruria. This contrasts sharply with the prolonged high-titered viruria reported in striped field mice(Apodemus agrarius) infected with Hantaan virus, suggesting differences in the mode(s) of virus transmission in nature.
Effect of pendent group structures on the chemical selectivity and performance of sulfonated copolymers as novel pseudophases in electrokinetic chromatography.

Amphiphilic copolymers of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) with dihydrocholesteryl acrylate (pDHCHAt) or tert-octyl acrylamide (ptOAm) as comonomers were synthesized, characterized and used as new polymeric pseudostationary phases in electrokinetic chromatography. High-efficiency separations with theoretical plates around 500 000 to 870 000/m were achieved. Linear solvation energy relationships analysis of 20 solutes was performed to investigate the retention mechanism. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were separated under 30% v/v acetonitrile. The separation of nine aromatic model solutes by pDHCHAt showed significantly different selectivity from that of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although only minor difference in selectivity was found for small aromatic compounds on pDHCHAt and poly(AMPS-lauryl acrylate), significantly different retention mechanism was found for PAHs and n-dodecanophenone comparing both copolymers. Significant chemical selectivity difference was found for selected small aromatic compounds on ptOAm and poly(AMPS-stearyl acrylamide).
3M: A Tool for Teaching Symptom Assessment and Management to Medical Students (743)

Other complications include effects on skeletal structure, impotence, and menstrual abnormalities, which may affect cancer survivors. The purpose of this poster is to raise awareness of this little recognized complication and prompt more research efforts in this area. II. Aims. (i) Improve detection of opioid-induced endocrinopathy; (ii) Recognize how endocrine effects of opioids can add to symptom burden; (iii) Understand how opioids affect hormonal function; and (iv) Learn how to manage opioid-induced endocrinopathy. III. Method/Session Description. A systematic review of the impact of opioids on the endocrine system was conducted and a poster was generated to provide an overview of the topic. IV. Conclusion. The endocrine effects of opioids can overlap with the symptoms of advanced disease. Improved recognition and treatment can improve quality of life and decrease symptom burden for patients.
Sickle hemoglobin polymer stability probed by triple and quadruple mutant hybrids.

As part of an effort to understand the interactions in HbS polymerization, we have produced and studied a recombinant triple mutant, D6A(α)/D75Y(α)/E121R(β), and a quadruple mutant comprising the preceding mutation plus the natural genetic mutation of sickle hemoglobin, E6V(β). These recombinant hemoglobins expressed in yeast were extensively characterized, and their structure and oxygen binding cooperativity were found to be normal. Their tetramer-dimer dissociation constants were within a factor of 2 of HbA and HbS. Polymerization of these mutants mixed with HbS was investigated by a micromethod based on volume exclusion by dextran. The elevated solubility of mixtures of HbS with HbA and HbF in dextran could be accurately predicted without any variable parameters. Relative to HbS, the copolymerization probability of the quadruple mutant/HbS hybrid was found to be 6.2, and the copolymerization probability for the triple mutant/HbS hybrid was 0.52. The pure quadruple mutant had a solubility slightly above that of its hybrid with HbS. One way to explain these results is to require significant cis-trans differences in the polymer and that HbA assemble above 42.5 g/dl. A second way to explain these data is by the modification of motional freedom, thereby changing vibrational entropy in the polymer.
Plasma Sintering of Ceramics

Although the first plasma sintering of ceramics was reported a number of years ago,1,2 there has been relatively little follow-up work.3–8 Bennett et al.1 inserted a quartz glass or alumina tube through a waveguide, excited plasmas at 2450 MHz at gas pressures of 100-7000 Pa, and sintered Al2O3 and a few other ceramic powders. They heated small pressed compacts for various lengths of time at various temperatures in the plasma and at the same times and temperatures in a conventional furnace. At all temperatures, that is, 1300°–1700° for Linde A alumina in air, the densities of the plasma sintered pellets were significantly higher than those of the conventionally sintered pellets. Moreover, the grain size was smaller and the strength was higher for the plasma sintered specimens. They observed that various gases gave the same densities at the same specimen temperatures and times.
Mars: A possible discrepancy between the radio spectrum and elementary theory

Abstract The available radio observations of Mars have been assessed. The radio spectrum does not turn up at short wavelengths, as predicted by elementary theory, but appears to be flat or perhaps slightly convex. Our ideas about the origin of the radio spectrum of Mars may require re-examination if future accurate and precise short millimeter-wave observations confirm the present spectrum.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease of pulmonary vasculature characterized by increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and elevated vascular resistance with normal left-sided pressures, differentiating it from left-sided heart disease. The pathogenesis involves thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and remodeling of small pulmonary arteries. It presents with common symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and decreased exercise tolerance. Left untreated, progressive increase in right ventricular overload leads to right heart failure and death. Over the course of the past decade, better understanding of the pathogenesis and an increasing number of treatment options have resulted in improved prognosis and quality of life.
Using formal methods to specify the functional properties of engineering software

Abstract This paper describes the use of formal methods in specifying the functional properties of engineering software components, an approach that enables one to deal more effectively with the complexities of large-scale engineering software systems. Because they are formal objects, these specifications can be manipulated using ordinary mathematics, validated with respect to formal requirements, and shown to satisfy properties such as consistency and completeness. In addition, their concise and unambiguous nature makes them suitable for both communication and commentary, which are not possible with substantial program texts. We present detailed examples of formally defined abstract data types, and discuss the role and potential benefits of formal specifications in engineering program design.
Systemic adjuvant treatment of high-risk melanoma: the role of interferon Alfa-2b and other immunotherapies

Abstract Until recently, the prognosis of patients with deep primary melanomas or regionally metastatic nodal disease has been poor, with 5-year survival rates of 25–50%. The results of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) trial 1684 represent the first evidence of effective adjuvant therapy for these patients. Interferon alfa-2b (IFN-α2b) administered at maximally tolerated doses for 1 year significantly improved both relapse-free and overall survival. The impact of interferon therapy was observed early during treatment and the effect was durable. The results of this trial represent a breakthrough in the treatment of high-risk resected cutaneous melanoma and identify the new reference standard for new cytokines, vaccines and combinations. The favourable results provide a strong impetus for redoubled research into immunotherapy for treatment of melanoma. Specifically, ganglioside vaccines have been identified that induce antibody responses and may affect patient outcome and peptide/protein vaccines that are recognised by the T-cell have been identified in large numbers. ECOG and the U.S. Intergroup are conducting a phase III trial (E1694) that compares GM2 vaccine to IFN-α2b and a phase II trial evaluating concurrent or sequential use of interferon and vaccines for patients with resectable melanoma. They are also planning phase II trials of peptides for patients with metastatic unresectable melanoma. Laboratory analyses of the immune responses induced by IFN and the several vaccines are anticipated to reveal the fundamental immune mechanisms that are important for relapse-free survival and immunological control of melanoma.
Efavirenz Induces Neuronal Autophagy and Mitochondrial Alterations

Efavirenz (EFV) is a non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor in wide use for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Although EFV is generally well tolerated, neuropsychiatric toxicity has been well documented. The toxic effects of EFV in hepatocytes and keratinocytes have been linked to mitochondrial perturbations and changes in autophagy. Here, we studied the effect of EFV on mitochondria and autophagy in neuronal cell lines and primary neurons. In SH-SY5Y cells, EFV induced a drop in ATP production, which coincided with increased autophagy, mitochondrial fragmentation, and mitochondrial depolarization. EFV-induced mitophagy was also detected by colocalization of mitochondria and autophagosomes and use of an outer mitochondrial membrane tandem fluorescent vector. Pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy with 3-methyladenine increased the cytotoxic effect of EFV, suggesting that autophagy promotes cell survival. EFV also reduces ATP production in primary neurons, induces autophagy, and changes mitochondrial morphology. Overall, EFV is able to acutely induce autophagy and mitochondrial changes in neurons. These changes may be involved in the mechanism leading to central nervous system toxicity observed in clinical EFV use.
Apparent Enzyme Inhibition Through Enzyme-Induction Studies as a Possible Mode of Action of Certain Cobalt Compounds

The results of this investigation show that cobaltous chloride and sodium cobaltinitrite may inhibit cortisone-induced cleft palate and methylcholanthrene tumorigenesis in albino mice via enzyme inhibition.
Effects of local atomic order on the pre-edge structure in the Ti K x-ray absorption spectra of perovskite CaTi 1 − x Zr x O 3

The effects of local B-cation (Ti, Zr) distribution and octahedral tilting on the pre-edge structure in the Ti x-ray absorption $K$-spectra of the ${\mathrm{CaTi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskite solid solutions were investigated. Experimental spectra for the disordered ${\mathrm{CaTi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ samples revealed systematic variations of the pre-edge peak intensities with the $x$ values. Multiple-scattering calculations using 75-atom clusters $\mathrm{Ti}({\mathrm{TiO}}_{6}{)}_{6\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{n}}({\mathrm{ZrO}}_{6}{)}_{\mathrm{n}}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{8}{\mathrm{O}}_{24}$ were conducted to interpret these differences. The origin of the lowest unoccupied states in the conduction band of the ${\mathrm{CaTi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Zr}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ was determined from the analyses of x-ray absorption near-edge structure of the O $K$-edge. The calculations reproduced the experimental spectra and demonstrated that the differences in the intensities of certain pre-edge feature are dominated by the probability of finding a Zr atom in the first B-cation coordination sphere around the absorbing Ti. The pre-edge structure appeared to be sensitive to small changes in the value of this probability, so that the pre-edge intensities could be used effectively to compare the extent of local B-site order in perovskite solid solution samples having similar chemical composition but processed differently.
Short-term results of robotic sacrocolpopexy using the Quill SRS bi-directional polydioxanone (PDO) suture

The aim of the study was to evaluate the short-term success of robotic sacrocolpopexy using the Quill bi-directional polydioxanone (PDO) suture. This was a retrospective observation study of women undergoing robotic sacrocolpopexy performed by a single surgeon between May 2008 and August 2010. Pelvic organ prolapse was determined using the pelvic organ prolapse quantification scale (POP-Q). Baseline exam were performed preoperatively and scheduled at 6 weeks, 3 months, and yearly thereafter. Treatment success defined as a POP-Q measurement of point C that did not descend for more than one-half the total vaginal length and a measurement for point Ba that was less than −1. A total of 36 patients were eligible for enrolment in the study. The mean age was 70 years (range 49–86 years), and mean body mass index was 27 kg/m2 (range 19–41 kg/m2). The mean interval follow-up was 166 days (median 116; range 34–772 days). Anatomic success was 92% (33/36). In the short term, the Quill SRS PDO suture provided sufficient fixation of an Amid type I polypropylene mesh to the vagina to result in excellent anatomic success with only rare complications.
Measurement of the 10B(n, α)7Li, 7Li* relative cross sections in the keV region

Boron 10 absorption cross sections from counting ratios measurements of boron trifluoride proportional counter used to monitor neutron fluxes
The glutamate analogue quisqualic acid is neurotoxic in striatum and hippocampus of immature rat brain.

To assess the neurotoxic properties of the glutamate agonist quisqualic acid (QA) in immature brain, we injected this compound (100 nmol QA/I/11) directly into the striatum of 7-day-old rats. QA produced neuronal necrosis and glial infiltration in 14 pups and reduced the size of the striatum and hippocampus on the side of injection. Intracerebral injection of QA provides a new method for producing neuronal lesions in the developing brain. Multiple excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes have been identified in mammalian brain [13]. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-, quisqualic acid (QA)-, and kainic acid (KA)-preferring glutamate receptors have been distinguished both by biochemical and electrophysiologic criteria. The immature brain is relatively resistant to neuronal damage from KA, a conformationally restricted glutamate analogue with convulsant and neurotoxic properties in adult animals [2]. Development of susceptibility to excitotoxic lesions from KA with maturity has been correlated with the expression of presynaptic markers for corticostriatal glutamate pathways. However, the immature brain, both in rats and human infants, contains high concentrations of postsynaptic glutamate receptors in the corpus striatum, globus pallidus and hippocampus. Moreover, in the globus pallidus, which has virtually no glutamate receptors in adults, there is a high density of glutamate receptors in 7-day-old rats; these receptors disappear over the next two postnatal weeks [5]. In the corpus striatum, glutamate receptors reach adult levels by day 7 although the presynaptic glutamate uptake process lags behind. In contrast to the adult striatum, which is enriched in NMDA receptors, [4], preliminary studies have demonstrated that the immature striatum contains a large proportion of QA-preferring glutamate receptors (J.T. Greenamyre, personal
A Methodology for Mapping Launch Vehicle Buffet Loads

Buffet loads represent the primary source of high frequency loading for launch vehicles during the ascent portion of flight. Currently, experimental techniques establish the nature of buffeting using a rigid scale model of the vehicle. The buffet forcing functions resulting from such tests are then applied to reduced finite-element models of the full-scale vehicle to determine the response and consequent loading. This paper discusses the techniques required to translate model-derived, empirical buffet forcing functions into responses for the full-scale launch vehicle, as used to determine the buffet loading for NASA's Ares I launch vehicle.
Resistance to 4-aminopyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine.

Abstract From H. Ep.#2 cells in culture, a subline was selected for high resistance to 4-aminopyrazolo (3,4-d)pyrimidine (APP). Upon culture in the absence of APP, the selected line reverted partially to sensitivity. The APP-resistant cells were also highly resistant to APP-ribonucleoside and 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleoside, but showed a much smaller degree of resistance to 2-fluoroadenine, 2-fluoroadenosine, tubercidin and certain other analogs of purines and purine nucleosides. There was generally good correlation between concentrations of purine and nucleoside analogs required to produce inhibition of de novo synthesis of purines and those required to produce growth inhibition. Metabolic and other studies showed that: (1) sensitive and resistant cells were equally permeable to APP; (2) extracts of sensitive and resistant cells had about the same activities of AMP and IMP-pyrophosphorylases and some capacity to convert APP to its nucleotide; (3) extracts of resistant cells had adenosine kinase activity, but it was less than in extracts of sensitive cells; (4) intact resistant cells grown in the presence of APP- 14 C or 6-methylthiopurine- 35 S ribonucleoside contained little or no radioactive nucleotides, whereas they metabolized 2-fluoroadenosine- 3 H to phosphate derivatives to about the same extent as did sensitive cells; (5) extracts of resistant cells were more active than extracts of sensitive cells in dephosphorylating nucleotides (5'-AMP, 5'-IMP, APP-ribonucleotide, and 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleotide); (6) when treated with azaserine, sensitive cells incorporated formate- 14 C predominantly into formylglycinamide ribonucleotide, whereas in resistant cells the corresponding ribonucleoside was the principal product; (7) resistant cells were more active than sensitive cells in metabolizing adenine (inosine and hypoxanthine were the major soluble products). Resistance to APP thus appears to be associated with incapacity of the cells to accumulate APP-ribonucleotides and this incapacity may be related to the higher rate of degradation of APP-ribonucleotides in resistant cells. Sensitive cells grown in the presence of APP- 14 C contained, in addition to APP-ribonucleotides, small amounts of APP-ribonucleoside and its deamination product, 4-hydroxypyrazolo (3,4- d )pyrimidine ribonucleoside. APP-ribonucleoside was a substrate for calf intestinal adenosine deaminase; the K m value was 2.5 ×1O −4 M and the V max was 15 μmoles/min/mg protein.
On the production of emphysema in Syrian hamsters by aerosol inhalation of papain.

(1968). On the Production of Emphysema in Syrian Hamsters by Aerosol Inhalation of Papain. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 59-60.
The organization of the motoneurons innervating the axial musculature of vertebrates. I. Goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) and mudpuppies ( Necturus maculosus )

The motoneurons innervating different regions of the myomeres in goldfsh and mudpuppies were examined by applying HRP to the musculature or to branches of spinal nerves. In goldfish, the populations of motoneurons innervating epaxial or hypaxial muscle occupied similar positions in the motor column and had similar size distributions. There was no relationship between the size or location of a motoneuron in the motor column and the dorsoventral location of the muscle it innervated in the myomeres. Instead, different populations of motoneurons innervated the functionally different red and white musculature. The red muscle was innervated only by small motoneurons that occupied the ventral portion of the motor column. Their small axons passed lateral to the Mauthner axon in the cord, and most of them traveled in a separate branch of each spinal nerve that ran in the horizontal septum to the red muscle. The white muscle was innervated by a population of motoneurons that did not innervate red. They were large and they occupied a characteristic position in the extreme dorsal part of the motor column. Their large axons traveled medial to the Mauthner axon in the cord and entered branches of spinal nerves running deep in the epaxial or hypaxial muscle. The white muscle was probably also innervated by some smaller motoneurons similar to those innervating red; however, these may have been motoneurons whose axons ran through white muscle to reach other muscle. The large motoneurons innervating only white muscle are similar to the primary motoneurons identified in developmental studies in teleosts (Myers: Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 9:848, '83); the smaller ones, innervating both red and white, are like secondary motoneurons. Therefore, in goldfish, motoneurons having different morphology and developmental history also innervate different regions in the myomeres. The motor column in mudpuppies was, in general respects, similar to the column in goldfish. There were large primary motoneurons and small secondary ones. Though there were slight differences in the locations of motoneurons filled from nerves entering epaxial and hypaxial muscle, their distributions in the cord overlapped substantially. The motor columns in these two anamniotes differ substantially from the motor columns in those amniotes that have been studied. In amniotes, the motoneurons innervating epaxial and hypaxial muscles are spatially segregated in the cord (Smith and Hollyday: J. Comp. Neurol. 220:16-28, '83; Fetcho: J. Comp. Neurol. 249:551-563, '86). The absence of a comparable segregation in goldfish and mudpuppies implies that the medial motor column has undergone a major reorganization during the evolution of vertebrates.
Alloying and microstructure stability in the high-temperature Mo Si B system

Abstract Multi-phase alloys in the Mo–Si–B system are identified as high-temperature structural materials due to their high melting points (above 2000 °C) and excellent oxidation resistance attributed to the self-healing characteristics of borosilica layer up to 1400 °C. In the current study, the effect of alloying additions to achieve a reduced weight density has been examined in terms of changes in the microstructure and phase stability. The critical factor underlying the microstructural changes is related to the influence of the alloying additions on the stability of the high melting temperature ternary-based Mo 5 SiB 2 (T 2 ) borosilicide phase.
Exploring new treatments for chronic kidney disease

To the Editor: We read with interest the excellent review by Turner et al. of both established and non-traditional treatment options for slowing progression of chronic kidney disease. The authors are to be commended for their consideration of novel applications of established therapies and metabolic targets not traditionally associated with treatments to slow disease progression. We wish to point out an omission in this report of a therapy with great promise. Pentoxifylline has been studied prospectively in more than 1000 patients enrolled in 19 clinical trials to date, with consistently positive results across disparate populations, without apparent toxicity, and with an excellent adverse-effect profile. Pentoxifylline is a non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor with renal anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic activity. The drug targets a distinctly different pathophysiological mechanism of chronic kidney disease progression than that of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. Pentoxifylline reduces proteinuria and preserves kidney function among patients with diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease, with or without concomitant inhibition of the renin–angiotensin axis, an important consideration given that a substantial proportion of diabetic patients either cannot tolerate or develop tachyphylaxis to such therapies. Health-care resources in the United States and globally will become increasingly constrained in the years to come; it is therefore essential that the nephrology community continues to explore new applications of existing therapies with demonstrated efficacy for slowing the progression of a disease that may impact X10% of the world’s adult population. We would be foolish to do otherwise.
A small (58-nm) attached sphere perturbs the sieving of 40-80-kilobase DNA in 0.2-2.5% agarose gels: Analysis of bacteriophage T7 capsid-DNA complexes by use of pulsed field electrophoresis

Although the icosahedral bacteriophage T7 capsid has a diameter (58 nm) that is 234-fold smaller than the length of the linear, double-stranded T7 DNA, binding of a T7 capsid to T7 DNA is found here to have dramatic effects on the migration of the DNA during both pulsed field agarose gel electrophoresis (PFGE; the field inversion mode is used) and constant field agarose gel electrophoresis (CFGE). For these studies, capsid-DNA complexes were obtained by expelling DNA from mature bacteriophage T7; this procedure yields DNA with capsids bound at a variable position on the DNA. When subjected to CFGE at 2-6 V/cm in 0.20-2.5% agarose gels, capsid-DNA complexes arrest at the electrophoretic origin. Progressively lowering the electrical potential gradient to 0.5 V/cm results in migration; most complexes form a single band. The elevated electrical potential gradient (3 V/cm) induced arrest of capsid-DNA complexes is reversed when PFGE is used instead of CFGE. For some conditions of PFGE, the mobility of capsid-DNA complexes is a function of the position of the capsid on the DNA. During either CFGE (0.5 V/cm) or PFGE, capsid-DNA complexes increasingly separate from capsid-free DNA as the percentage of agarose increases. During these studies, capsid-DNA complexes are identified by electron microscopy of enzymatically-digested pieces of agarose gel; this is apparently the first successful electron microscopy of DNA from an agarose gel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of different observational systems and time sequences upon non-participant observers' behavioral rating☆

Abstract Four different observational systems and two time sequences were employed to determine the extent to which they would yield different incidences of anti-social behavior. Two videotapes, randomly chosen from a pool of 30 tapes, were utilized. These illustrated the behaviors of anti-social children in a natural setting. Six observers were reliably trained in the observational systems. Observers, systems, time sequences, and tapes were assigned randomly and counter-balanced, thus providing for a within experimental replication.The results of the experiment indicate no significant differences for time sequences or observational systems. The results are discussed briefly in terms of their significance for time sampling methods used in behavioral analyses.
Money supply announcements and interest rates: Does monetary policy matter?

Abstract Most current explanations of the effect of money supply announcements on the rate of interest center on central bank policy. This paper analyzes a flexible price macroeconomic model where present and future monetary policy have no influence on either interest rates or real output, but monetary data signal information about real economic activity which influences both short- and long-term real rates of interest. The magnitude of the interest rate response is shown to depend on the difference in the income elasticities of currency and deposit demand and the relative size of monetary and real disturbances to the economy.
The properties of synovial fluid beta-mannosidase activity.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the β-mannosidase activity (β- d -mannoside mannohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.25) of human synovial fluid. It was shown to have a pH requirement of 3.5–4.0 and a K m value of 3.4·10−3 M using a p- nitro-phenyl-β-mannopyranoside as the substrate. β-Mannosidase is significantly more heat-labile than mammalian α-mannosidase; substrate competition studies suggest it is an independent glycosidase; and p- nitrophenyl-β-galactoside is observed to inhibit this enzyme. A wide distribution of β-mannosidase activity in mammalian tissue was demonstrated.
GPU-Based Quantitative Second-Harmonic Generation Imaging

We adapt a graphics processing unit (GPU) to quantitative second-harmonic generation imaging. In comparison to our previously reported CPU-based approach, our GPU-based image analysis results in ~10x improvement in computational time.
A motion-sensing enabled personalized exercise system for cardiac rehabilitation

This work describes a motion-sensing enabled personalized exercise system for cardiac rehabilitation called CAROLS, capable of assisting healthcarers to find evidence-based effective exercise program for individual, and then motivating cardiac outpatients to improve their health recovery throughout a series of effective personalized rehabilitation exercises. In addition to making home-based cardiac rehabilitation exercise more effective and efficient, the CAROLS system can provide an interactive and user-friendly virtual gaming-environment for rehabilitation exercise in terms of monitoring real-time vital signs, increasing outpatient compliance for doctor prescription, as well as evaluating exercise efficiency and patient safety via a fusion function between a motion sensing technology and a wearable sensor device. The experimental system is in service trials with preliminary verification results including heart rate variability (HRV) analyses and motion similarity analysis of the 3-minute step test for normal users. Therefore, in addition to monitoring the exercise intensity and posture accuracy of outpatients, the CAROLS system provides clinical experts with a valuable reference for adjusting the exercise prescription in future scheduled return.
Mantle cell lymphoma presenting as a slowly enlarging lesion of the floor of mouth in a healthy 72-year-old female: Report of a case.

Lesions of the floor of mouth are frequently noted by clinicians. Often these are incidental findings noted during routine physical examinations. Many of these entities are asymptomatic processes. The differential diagnosis of an asymptomatic lesion of the floor of mouth is broad, and includes infectious, inflammatory, obstructive, developmental, and neoplastic processes. The formulation of a reasonable differential diagnosis is important in the evaluation and management of these conditions. Even so, unusual pathologic conditions can present in the context of a very benign history and minor physical findings.
Analytic Relativistic Three-Fermion Harmonic-Oscillator Wave Functions

The hyperspherical method is applied to the three-body Dirac equation. Three spin −1/2 particles of equal masses are considered. A solution for the three-fermion wave function in a given configuration consists of an eight-component radial wave function in the two-component Dirac notation. A central diagonal quadratic harmonic oscillator two-body potential energy is added to the relativistic mass and kinetic-energy operators. Harmonic-oscillator-type Gaussian solutions of the three-body Dirac equation, analytic in the energy and mass, are found for the various natural-parity configurations likely to be important in the three-body descriptions of the nucleon, if one chooses an appropriate two-body potential. The configurations considered are the (1+/2)3, the (1−/2)21+/2 positive-parity configurations, and the (1+/2)21−/2 as well as (1−/2)3 configurations of negative parity. Analytic solutions are obtained for a relativistic parameter defined as S = (E− 3M) / (E+ 3M) ranging from zero to one. This is from the completely non-relativistic to the extreme relativistic case. E is the total energy of the system and M is the rest mass of each of the fermions. Other more realistic potentials will couple these configurations together into a coupled set of equations. These analytic Gaussian-type solutions are convenient for studying the effect of using other potentials on a bound wave function that includes the relativistic mass and kinetic energy. For certain hyper-harmonic potentials these configurations will decouple from each other. This relativistic solution also allows one to determine the importance of relativistic effects by comparing results for a given potential in a non-relativistic Schrodinger equation to results using the same potential in this three-body Dirac equation approach. The analytic solutions found here remain tractable even in the limit of mass M tending to zero.
Cloud Federations in the Sky: Formation Game and Mechanism

The amount of computing resources required by current and future data-intensive applications is expected to increase dramatically, creating high demands for cloud resources. The cloud providers’ available resources may not be sufficient enough to cope with such demands. Therefore, the cloud providers need to reshape their business structures and seek to improve their dynamic resource scaling capabilities. Federated clouds offer a practical platform for addressing this service management issue. We introduce a cloud federation formation game that considers the cooperation of the cloud providers in offering cloud IaaS services. Based on the proposed federation formation game, we design a cloud federation formation mechanism that enables the cloud providers to dynamically form a cloud federation maximizing their profit. In addition, the proposed mechanism produces a stable cloud federation structure, that is, the participating cloud providers in the federation do not have incentives to break away from the federation. We analyze the performance of the proposed mechanism by performing extensive experiments. The results of the experiments show that the cloud federation obtained by our proposed mechanism is stable, yielding high profit for the participating cloud providers.
CorrigendumCorrigendum to “Serological cross-reactivity of members of the Metapneumovirus genus” [Virus Res. 105 (2004) 67–73]

The Authors regret that there were errors present in the above paper, when originally submitted. The corrected text for the second and third sentences of the third paragraph is printed below. To generate cross-reactive hyperimmune antisera reactive against AMPV and HMPV/CAN98-75 (Group 2a) isolated at the Research Center in Infectious Diseases, CHUQ-CHUH, Canada, and propagated at the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, a conserved N protein amino acid sequence with predicted high antigenicity was determined by computer alignment and modeling using GeneWorks computer software (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, CA). Amino acids 10–29 in the N protein (DLSYKHAILKESQYTIKRDV) were identified as having 100% identity between group C AMPV (accession #AAF05909) and HMPV/CAN98-75 (accession #AY297748), and approximately 80% identity between groups A, B, or C AMPV based on computer analysis.
Immunofluorescent localization of a phase-specific protein in Neurospora tetrasperma perithecia

Neurospora tetrasperma perithecial sections were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated antibodies produced against a Neurospora phase-specific perithecial protein. Analysis of the sections demonstrates the localization of the protein antigen in the non-cellular material surrounding the asci.
E‐Negotiations: Creating a Framework for Online Commercial Negotiations

E-Commerce, or purchasing goods or services electronically over the Internet, is having a huge impact on traditional modes of commerce. This essay provides an overview of some of the negotiation models (auctions, state-your-price buying, and person-to-computer haggling) that are being used by four firms that are leading the E-Commerce revolution. The author also considers: characteristics of consumers who are engaging in e-negotiation; matching e-negotiation models to context; the possibility of integrative negotiation in such transactions; the role of power in e-negotiation; and suggestions for business managers as they implement e-negotiation forums.
A comparison of imagery, dialogue and drawing prewriting strategies with second‐grade students in Guam

Summary The purpose of this study was to examine Guamanian second‐graders’ short‐ and long‐term prewriting preferences. Good literature books were used to stimulate writing; thus the study also examined if a child's favourite or longest story would be influenced by the good literature selection, the prewriting strategy or the phase of the study in which the story was written. The children wrote three times weekly. Prewriting strategies, trained classroom instructors and good literature selections were counterbalanced. Likert‐scale preference measures were administered to assess short‐ and long‐term student preferences. In addition, children chose their favourite prewriting strategy and favourite story written at the conclusion of the six‐week study. Teachers’ perceptions of the prewriting strategies used in the study were examined using an evaluation instrument containing open‐ended items. Frequency counts were used to assess when favourite and longest stories were written. Mean scores were calculated to ...
(Un)Ethical Leadership and Identity: What Did We Learn and Where Do We Go from Here?

The purpose of this article is to highlight and comment on the key findings emerging from the collective efforts of the special issue on leadership, ethics, and identity. Highlights include definitional advancements, processes comprising ethical leadership, as well as outcomes and moderating factors. In addition, I attempt to synthesize work across authors by identifying common themes as well as conflicting elements in the article. I conclude with a discussion on emerging areas in need of future research investigation in the leadership and ethics arena.
Role of indentation fracture in free abrasive machining of ceramics

Abstract Free abrasive machining (FAM) is widely used for stock removal and surface finishing of ceramics. In FAM, material removal results from mechanical action between the abrasive slurry, which is trapped between the workpiece and a rotating lapping block, and the workpiece. Microscopic observations of the machined surface show that lateral cracking due to indentation by the abrasive particles contributes substantially to material removal. A simple model of FAM is developed which is based on indentation fracture and takes into account the abrasive particle distribution in the slurry. The model is used to predict the number of particles actually involved in the machining process, the distribution of load among these particles, and the depth of the plastically deformed layer on the workpiece surface. Many of the predictions of the model are well supported by experimental observations from the FAM of aluminum oxide, Ni-Zn ferrite, and glass using a silicon carbide slurry.
Electron Beam Coupling to an NRI Transmission-Line Metamaterial

A backward-wave amplifier topology based on a coaxial negative refractive index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterial is introduced. The dispersion relation of the isolated coaxial metamaterial is derived rigorously using a mode-matching technique. The structure is then homogenized to derive its effective material parameters. The electron beam is subsequently introduced by means of an anisotropic, spatially dispersive permittivity. With the electron beam present, the homogenized metamaterial is analyzed to obtain a coupled-mode dispersion relation that accounts for electron beam–metamaterial interaction. Solutions to this dispersion relation yield complex coupled modes. The analytical solutions are compared with full-wave simulation of the NRI-TL with electron beam present, and show close agreement.
A privacy policy model for enterprises

Privacy is an increasing concern in the marketplace. Although enterprises promise sound privacy practices to their customers, there is no technical mechanism to enforce them internally In this paper we describe a privacy policy model that protects personal data from privacy violations by means of enforcing enterprise-wide privacy, policies. By extending Jajodia et al.'s flexible authorization framework (FAF) with grantors and obligations, we create a privacy control language that includes user consent, obligations, and distributed administration. Conditions impose restrictions on the use of the collected data, such as modeling guardian consent and options. Access decisions are extended with obligations, which list a set of activities that must be executed together with the access request. Grantors allow to define a separation of duty between the security officer and the privacy officer.
Counting structures in the Mo¨bius ladder

Abstract The Mobius ladder, M n , is a simple cubic graph on 2 n vertices. We present a technique which enables us to count exactly many different structures of M n , and somewhat unifies counting in M n . We also provide new combinatorial interpretations of some sequences, and ask some questions concerning extremal properties of cubic graphs.
Mouse ooplasm confers context-specific reprogramming capacity

Enucleated oocytes have the distinctive ability to reprogram somatic nuclei back to totipotency. Here, we investigate genome-scale DNA methylation patterns after nuclear transfer and compare them to the dynamics at fertilization. We identify specific targets for DNA demethylation after nuclear transfer, such as germline-associated promoters, as well as unique limitations that include certain repetitive element classes.
Prostanoid derivatives in experimental flap delay with formic acid

Abstract The physiological changes that allow increased flap survival after flap delay have never been clearly defined. Inflammation has been postulated as a critical factor in flap delay and prostaglandins are known to be mediators of the inflammatory response. To evaluate the role of prostanoid derivatives in experimental flap delay, 0.2% formic acid was injected under the outline of modified McFarlane flaps in 20 rats and saline was injected under the flap outline in 20 control rats. Two weeks later the flaps were raised on all the rats. Average flap survival one week after flap elevation was 65.5% after formic acid delay and 42.9% after saline delay. Biopsies were taken from the flaps both during the delay period and after flap elevation. The specmens were stained for PGE 2 , PGF 2α and throm☐ane. Changes noted in the levels of these prostanoid derivatives suggest that they may indeed mediate flap delay.
Autocrine IFN-γ Promotes Naive CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Synergizes with IFN-α To Stimulate Strong Function

Autocrine IFN-γ signaling is important for CD4 differentiation to Th1 effector cells, but it has been unclear whether it contributes to CD8 T cell differentiation. We show in this paper that naive murine CD8 T cells rapidly and transiently produce low levels of IFN-γ upon stimulation with Ag and B7-1, with production peaking at ∼8 h and declining by 24 h. The autocrine IFN-γ signals for upregulation of expression of T-bet and granzyme B and induces weak cytolytic activity and effector IFN-γ production. IFN-α acts synergistically with IFN-γ to support development of strong effector functions, whereas IL-12 induces high T-bet expression and strong function in the absence of IFN-γ signaling. Thus, IFN-γ is not only an important CD8 T cell effector cytokine, it is an autocrine/paracrine factor whose contributions to differentiation vary depending on whether the response is supported by IL-12 or type I IFN.