cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Involvement of the multiple tumor suppressor genes and 12-lipoxygenase in human prostate cancer. Therapeutic implications.

A substantial amount of evidence suggests that neoplastic transformation may result from alterations in tumor suppressor genes whose products negatively regulate cell growth. To date, a number of tumor suppressor genes (e. g., RB, p53, DCC, APC/MCC, NF1, NF2, WT1, VHL, BRCA1, MST1, and WAF1/CIP1 genes) have been identified and have been shown to be important in a variety of human malignancies such as cancers of the colon, lung, breast, and esophagus (see refs. 1 and 2 for reviews). Tumor suppressor genes are potential targets for various inactivational events leading to prostatic tumorigenesis. However, it is possible that the genes which play a critical role in cancer development of one cell type may not necessarily be involved in the carcinogenesis of other cell types. For example, certain proto-oncogenes are only expressed in a tissue and cell type specific manner, and thus the deregulation of the expression of these genes would result in cell type specific neoplastic transformation. Accumulative evidence supports the cell type specific involvement of tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor gene is one such example. While allelic deletions or mutations of the RB gene were demonstrated in approximately 75% of retinoblastomas, similar molecular alterations of this gene were found in less than 10% of colorectal cancers. This suggests that the RB gene may not play an important role in the development of colorectal cancers. Investigations by Vogelstein and associates demonstrated allelic deletions of chromosome 5q, 17p, and 18p in more than 55–85% of colorectal cancer patients studied3. These results showed that such mutational events occurred in a majority of colorectal cancers and suggested that genes located on these subchromosomal regions may play key roles in the genesis of this cancer type.
Chromosomal Instability (CIN) in Cancer

Chromosomal instability is definied as an increased rate of gross chromosomal abnormalities combined with loss of heterozygosity and change in ploidy of genes structural CIN, and the inability of cells to maintain a diploid karyotype numerical CIN. Keywords: chromosome instability; cancer; selection; Darwinian evolution, microsatelite instability
Chapter 2 NOE Studies of Solvent–Solute Interactions

Abstract Intermolecular Overhauser effects resulting from interactions of solvent molecules with a solute are readily detected with modern instrumentation. After a discussion of how these effects arise, applications of intermolecular Overhauser effects in studies of solute–solvent and other interactions in solution are reviewed. Observed effects may reflect (a) a local concentration of solvent molecules near the solute that is different from the concentration of the bulk, (b) kinematic behavior of solvent molecules near the solute that is different from that characteristic of the bulk solvent, or (c) formation of solute–solvent complexes that are long-lived relative to the time associated with diffusive encounters of solute and solvent. In mixed solvents, a solute–solvent Overhauser effect may indicate preferential association of one solvent component with the solute; such interactions may be regiospecific. Determination of solvent–solute intermolecular Overhauser effects have been done in systems that range from solutions of monoatomic gases to proteins. It is shown that additional experimental developments are needed to enable unambiguous interpretation of observed effects.
Fast field calculation by a multilevel fast multipole algorithm for large complex radiators and scatterers

Field calculation is an important. post-processing step for integral equation (IE) based electromagnetics solvers. However, the cost. of field calculation is often ignored because it takes a relatively small portion of simulation time compared with those for impedance matrix setup and iterative solution. For some applications where the field must be calculated repeatedly for large observation planes, a fast field formulation can significantly reduce the cost. The improvement is obvious when the scatterers and radiators are electrically large and the number of observation points is close to the number of current basis functions. We present a fast field calculation that is fundamentally different from current techniques. Instead of using the physics of specific structures and FFT, a multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is applied to reduce the number of interactions between observation points and current bases for arbitrary structures. Moreover, the fast far field calculation by MLFMA does not require prior knowledge of the near field as in a NF-FF transformation. Once the radiation pattern of the root box in MLFMA has been set up, the far field in any observation angle can be extracted at very little cost. We briefly review the fast field formulation and apply it to vehicle antenna simulation.
Detectability of tensor perturbations through anisotropy of the cosmic background radiation.

Detection of the tensor perturbations predicted in inflationary models is important for testing inflation as well as for reconstructing the inflationary potential. We show that because of cosmic variance the tensor contribution to the square of the cosmic background radiation quadrupole anisotropy must be greater than about 14% of the scalar contribution to ensure a statistically significant detection of tensor perturbations. This sensitivity could be achieved by full-sky measurements on angular scales of 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 0.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}.
The Assessment of Sultriness. Part II: Effects of Wind, Extra Radiation and Barometric Pressure on Apparent Temperature

Abstract A scale is derived in which any likely combination of summer temperature, humidity, wind and extra radiation can be expressed as apparent temperature. The effect of extra radiation (direct and indirect insolation; terrestrial and sky radiation) is considerable. The effect of wind is relatively slight in summer. The total direct effect of altitude (barometric pressure) is negligible. These results are compared with the use of globe thermometers and linear formulas. Maps show wind and extra-radiation effects which combine with ambient temperature and humidity to give the distribution of summer-noon apparent temperature in Anglo-America.
Women’s appeals for equity at American universities

Statistics indicate that sex discrimination is still very evident at American universities. To explore whether inadequate university responses when individuals complain of inequities may be a factor, a qualitative study was conducted using individual interviews with 14 students and faculty who experienced sex discrimination. Results indicated the women first made attempts to address their situations informally and were hopeful that changes would result. Although changes sometimes occurred, responses to these informal appeals were generally characterized by non-response, denial of responsibility, or retaliation. Fewer of the women reported hopes for the formal processes they used following the informal ones and many had difficulty accessing these processes. For the most part, the universities responded to the formal complaints in the same way as they had responded to the informal ones, stimulating the women to seek justice outside the university.
Democracy in Latin America : patterns and cycles

Part 1 I. What is Democratization in Latin America? Chapter 2 Democracy and Development: An Overview Chapter 3 Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America Part 4 II. The Political Heritage: Culture, Structures, and Authoritarianism Chapter 5 Two Cultures and Political Behavior in Latin America Chapter 6 Political Culture and Democratization in Latin America Chapter 7 Lost Promise: Explaining Latin American Underdevelopment Chapter 8 Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America: The Modal Pattern Part 9 III. Agents of Political Change: Religion, Militarism, Electioneering, and Nongovernmental Organizations Chapter 10 Civil-Military Relations in a Democratic Framework Chapter 11 From Church and State to Religion and Politics and Back Again Chapter 12 Electioneering in Latin America Chapter 13 Nongovernmental Organizations in Latin America Part 14 IV. Consequences of Democratization: Case Studies in Change Chapter 15 Brazil under Collor, Anatomy of a Crisis Chapter 16 The Political Impact of Free Trade on Mexico Chapter 17 Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience Chapter 18 Suggested Readings
Participation: Making a difference? Critical analysis of the participatory claims of change, reversal and empowerment

Participation has become very popular as a new strategy and approach in research, in policy, in private and public affairs. As an alternative to top-down approaches participation promises to empower people, to acknowledge and to build competence and (local) knowledge, to recognise and to be responsive to people's different and differentiated needs and interests. The difference participation promises to make concerns above all an engagement with questions of difference.
MicroRNA silencing and the development of novel therapies for liver disease

In recent years microRNAs have emerged as crucial small non-coding RNA molecules with diverse roles in various diseases including diseases of the liver. In this review, we highlight the latest advances in the field of microRNA biology and their potential as emerging therapeutic targets in liver disease.
Contact Force Simulation of Granular Media Using Explicit Finite Element Method

Granular flow behavior is of fundamental interest to the engineering and scientific community because of the prevalence of these flows in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, food service, and powder manufacturing industries. When granular media come under external load, inter-particle forces in the granular media form an inhomogeneous distribution. In this study, a simulation of the contact forces in granular media was carried out using an explicit finite element method on a biaxial cell of approximately 2500 particles. Some of the key results included the capturing of normal force and tangential force distributions within a granular shear cell.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effect of digital rectal examination on monoclonal hybritech and polyclonal yang prostatic-SPECIFIC antigen

Abstract Objective To determine the effect of digital rectal examination (DRE) onserum prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Methods We performed both Hybritech and Yang PSA assays on 169 men prior to DRE and again in 4–5 days after DRE. Results Statistical analysis comparing the Hybritech pre-DRE to Hybritech post-DREand Yang pre-DRE to Yang post-DRE results showed no increase in PSA following DRE in either group. Further division of PSA values into groups with value ranges of 0.1–4.0 ng/mL, 4.1–10.0 ng/mL, and > 10 ng/mL showed that only the Hybritech 0.1–4.0 group demonstrated a statistically significant increase (p Conclusion We conclude, therefore, that the PSA level is not significantly altered afterDRE.
Preswirl Maneuvering Propulsor

Recent concept studies have demonstrated the potential to utilize a preswirl propulsor configuration with adjustable upstream stator blades to generate propulsor side forces. These studies led to a set of experiments and corresponding computations to validate this concept. Ducted and open preswirl propulsors were configured with an upstream stator row and downstream rotor. During normal operation, the upstream stator blades are all situated at the same pitch angle and preswirl the flow into the propulsor while generating a roll moment to counter the moment produced by the rotor. By varying the pitch angles of the stator blade about the circumference, it is possible to both generate a mean stator side force and subsequently vary the axial velocity and swirl that is ingested into the rotor. The rotor then generates side forces in response to the modified inflow. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to measure the steady, spatially varying stator wake flows for various stator geometric configurations using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. Water tunnel experiments were conducted to measure the forces produced. Experimental data were used to validate computations, which utilized fully viscous 3-D [Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)] computations to predict the stator forces, velocity field, and rotor response. Both methods provided insight into the underlying mechanisms of side force generation. Optimized rotor designs were specifically investigated to isolate the blade forces as well as the induced body forces. In this way, RANS provided high fidelity performance predictions of the final propulsor design. Experimental and computational data demonstrated that total side force coefficients on the order of 0.26 could be generated by the open propulsor. This amount of control authority exceeds current control surface capabilities for Navy 21" (0.5334 m) unmanned undersea vehicles and is comparable to novel thrust-vectored designs.
POLLUTANT BUILD UP & RUN OFF ON HIGHWAYS; EXPANDING THE CURRENT METHODOLOGY FOR ADDITIONAL DETERMINANDS

Pollutants build up on highways and are washed off during a rainfall event; and are usually discharged via an outfall to a watercourse. CIRIA report 142 (1994) guidance for evaluating wafer quality downstream of a highway outfall considers only copper and zinc in the water quality assessment of highway outfalls; determinands thought to occur in significant concentrations in highway runoff. This guidance has since been adopted in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges environmental assessment. However, recent investigations suggest that other determinands may occur in unacceptably high concentrations. This paper demonstrates that additional determinands should be considered in the water quality assessment downstream of a highway outfall.
Rapid settling rates observed in sediments resuspended by boat wavesv over a tidal flat

Abstract A series of boat waves were directed across the tidal flat at varying water depths to ( 1 ) compare the different amounts of wave energy expended in each area of the tidal flat and ( 2 ) examine the post-boat wave effects on sediment resuspension and deposition. More of the boat wave energy appears to be expended on the outer portion of the tidal flat (near low tide mark) than the inner portion when comparable water depths are observed. This observation coupled with the fact that the low tide area is under water for more of the tidal cycle than the upper tidal zone indicates that a decreasing energy gradient exists across the tidal flat. Because of this energy gradient, the outer portion of the tidal flat appears to be the most dynamic with alternate periods of resuspension and deposition. In contrast, the inner area is primarily depositional. Near the low tide mark, sediments are easily resuspended—yet just as easily deposited. Their apparent high deposition rates are anomalous for the bottom sediment texture (pipette analysis) of the area and it is inferred the sediment particles are behaving more like low density aggregates may be local pelletization by benthic fauna or physical aggregation caused by reworking of the botton sediments by waves.
A resonance Raman study of Cl2O photochemistry in solution: evidence for ClClO formation

Abstract The first resonance Raman spectra of Cl 2 O dissolved in CCl 4 are reported. The dependence of the resonance Raman spectrum on incident energy is investigated and found to be consistent with the photochemical production of both ClO and ClClO. Both of these photoproducts appear linearly with incident energy at low power, but the scattering intensity of ClO is found to increase quadratically at higher energies. This behavior is proposed to be consistent with photodissociation of Cl 2 O into ClO and Cl followed by partial geminate recombination of these fragments, resulting in ClClO formation. At higher excitation energies, photodissociation of ClClO is proposed to occur resulting in ClO production. Finally, the photochemical behavior of Cl 2 O is compared to that of OClO, where geminate recombination does not result in formation of the analogous ClOO isomer. This comparison suggests that although geminate recombination is a characteristic feature of halo-oxide photochemistry in condensed environments, the products formed by recombination are species dependent.
FAST-Future Academic Scholars in Teaching: A High-Engagement Development Program for Future STEM Faculty.

Doctoral granting institutions prepare future faculty members for academic positions at institutions of higher education across the nation. Growing concerns about whether these institutions are adequately preparing students to meet the demands of a changing academic environment have prompted several reform efforts. We describe a professional development model designed to prepare the future faculty to integrate the multiple components of academic careers. The program emphasizes the study and application of effective teaching practices centered on student learning and assessment and expectations for faculty careers. We describe the impact of the program on its participants.
PHENYL N-BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)-N'-PHENYLPHOSPHORODIAMIDATE (1): CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND APPARENT 31P-13C COUPLING ANOMALIES

Abstract The title compound (1) was synthesized by reacting phenyl phosphorodichloridate with bis(2-chlorethyl)amine hydrochloride to form 2 in 89–92% yield followed by reaction of 2 with aniline to form 1 in 62% yield. 1 crystallizes from benzene as a solvate with a ratio of 2 molecules of 1 to one of benzene. The solvate can be converted to the desolvated compound by heating in vacuo. Both the solvated and desolvated varieties of 1 were characterized by NMR, IR, MS, and elemental analyses. A single crystal x-ray structure determination of solvated 1 showed the position of benzene in the crystal lattice with respect to the rest of the molecule. The previously reported1 1 is a partially solvated substance. Anomalous features of 31P-13C coupling can be minimized by reducing the Hz/Pt ratio.
Relationships between marrow fat and bone turnover in ovariectomized and intact rats

Abstract It is known that marrow fat content increases in a variety of osteoporoses. This study sought to clarify this phenomenon by combining bone and marrow histomorphometry, and to determine (1) whether the marrow fat increase follows or precedes diminishment of bone volume, and (2) whether the increase in fat volume is due to adipocyte growth or proliferation. The relationship between marrow fat content and bone turnover was studied in the metaphysis and epiphysis of the proximal tibia in 20 Ovariectomized and 20 intact 200 gm Sprague-Dawley rats. The results were examined after one and three months. The epiphysis had greater trabecular bone volume than the metaphysis. The metaphysis exhibited a decrease in bone volume with time; the epiphysis did not. Following ovariectomy, the bone volume diminished twice as much in the metaphysis as in the epiphysis. In the epiphysis, as bone volume fraction fell following ovariectomy, the vacated space was filled by both hemopoietic and adipose tissue. In the metaphysis, space-filling was time-dependent: hemopoietic tissue at one month and adipose tissue at three months. Marrow fat content increased with both time and ovariectomy in the metaphysis, but only with time in the epiphysis. Thus, marrow fat increased after bone volume began to decline in the metaphysis, and not at all in the epiphysis. Ovariectomy increased erosion surface in both the epiphysis and the metaphysis, but bone formation rate was increased only in the epiphysis. There was a reciprocal relationship between marrow fat content and bone formation rate.
Cosmic axion thermalization

Axions differ from the other cold dark matter candidates in that they form a degenerate Bose gas. It is shown that their huge quantum degeneracy and large correlation length cause cold dark matter axions to thermalize through gravitational self-interactions when the photon temperature reaches approximately 500 eV. When they thermalize, the axions form a Bose-Einstein condensate. Their thermalization occurs in a regime, herein called the ``condensed regime,'' where the Boltzmann equation is not valid because the energy dispersion of the particles is smaller than their interaction rate. We derive analytical expressions for the thermalization rate of particles in the condensed regime, and check the validity of these expressions by numerical simulation of a toy model. We revisit axion cosmology in light of axion Bose-Einstein condensation. It is shown that axions are indistinguishable from ordinary cold dark matter on all scales of observational interest, except when they thermalize or rethermalize. The rethermalization of axions that are about to fall in a galactic potential well causes them to acquire net overall rotation as they go to the lowest energy state consistent with the total angular momentum they acquired by tidal torquing. This phenomenon explains the occurrence of caustic rings of dark matter in galactic halos. We find that photons may reach thermal contact with axions and we investigate the implications of this possibility for the measurements of cosmological parameters.
Natural 15N abundance as a method of estimating the contribution of biologically fixed nitrogen to N2-fixing systems: Potential for non-legumes

The15N abundance of plants usually closely reflects the15N abundance of their major immediate N source(s); plant-available soil N in the case of non-N2-fixing plants and atmospheric N2 in the case of N2 fixing plants. The15N abundance values of these sources are usually sufficiently different from each other that a significant and systematic difference in the15N abundance between the two kinds of plants can be detected. This difference provides the basis for the natural15N abundance method of estimating the relative contribution of atmospheric N2 to N2-fixing plants growing in natural and agricultural settings. The natural15N abundance method has certain advantages over more conventional methods, particularly in natural ecosystems, since disturbance of the system is not required and the measurements may be made on samples dried in the field. This method has been tested mainly with legumes in agricultural settings. The tests have demonstrated the validity of this method of arriving at semi-quantitative estimates of biological N2-fixation in these settings. More limited tests and applications have been made for legumes in natural ecosystems. An understanding of the limits and utility of this method in these systems is beginning to emerge. Examples of systematic measurements of differences in15N abundance between non-legume N2-fixing systems and neighbouring non-fixing systems are more unusual. In principle, application of the method to estimate N2-fixation by nodulated non-legumes, using the natural15N abundance method, is as feasible as estimating N2-fixation by legumes. Most of the studies involving N2-fixing non-legumes are with this type of system (e.g., Ceanothus, Chamabatia, Eleagnus, Alnus, Myrica, and so forth). Resuls of these studies are described. Applicability for associative N2-fixation is an empirical question, the answer to which probably depends upon the degree to which fixed N goes predominantly to the plant rather than to the soil N pool. The natural15N abundance method is probably not well suited to assessing the contribution of N2-fixation by free-living microorganisms in their natural habitat, particularly soil microorganisms.
Ecomorphological correlates in ten species of subtropical seagrass fishes: diet and microhabitat utilization

Ecomorphological correlates were sought among ten species of distantly related subtropical seagrass fishes. Morphometric data associated with feeding and microhabitat utilization were compared by principal components analysis, cluster analysis, and canonical correspondence analysis to dietary data. Morphology was generally a poor predictor of diet except for a group of mid-water planktotrophic filter feeders. Separation of the species along morphological axes appears to be related more to microhabitat utilization resulting in three major groups: (1) a group of planktotrophic, mid-water fishes specialized for cruising and seeking out evasive prey characterized by a compressed fusiform body, forked caudal fin, long, closely spaced gill rakers, short to intermediate! length pectoral fin, pointed pectoral fin, large lateral eye, short head, and a terminal or subterminal mouth; (2) slow swimming, less maneuverable epibenthic fishes that pick or suck their prey off the substrate. They are united by more rounded caudal and pectoral fins, and short or no gill rakers; and (3) a group of more mobile and maneuverable epibenthic foragers characterized by a more compressed, sub-gibbose body, long, pointed pectoral fins, forked caudal fins, large lateral eyes, subterminal mouth, and greater jaw protrusibility. Cases of convergence in trophic and microhabitat utilization characters were apparent in some of the groups.
Efficacy of orally administered amphipathic polyaminocarboxylic acid chelators for the removal of plutonium and americium: comparison with injected Zn-DTPA in the rat.

Chelators are used to promote excretion of actinides and some other metals, but few are orally effective. The relative efficacies of orally administered triethylenetetraminepentaacetic acids (TT) with varying lipophilic properties on the removal of 241 Am and 239 Pu and comparison with parenteral Zn-DTPA was determined. The actinides were administered to adult rats 2 weeks prior to initiation of 30 d of chelation treatment. The TT compounds were given orally while Zn-DTPA was given twice weekly by injection. Total body content of "'Am was measured before and during the treatment period and organ contents of 'Am and 239 Pu were measured at the end of the study. Significant reductions in 241 Am occurred within the first week, with Zn-DTPA being the most effective. By 3 weeks, the most lipophilic chelator, C 22 TT was as effective as Zn-DTPA. After 30 d, reductions in organ content of 239 Pu and 241 Am directly correlated with increasing lipophilicity of the TT chelators. Oral C 22 TT was as effective as injected Zn-DTPA in liver and bone, the major organs of actinide deposition. The removal of 239 Pu from the liver and reduction of redeposition of 239 Pu in newly formed bone by C 22 TT was confirmed by neutron-induced autoradiographs. The amphipathic TT chelators may be useful as orally administered alternatives to current parenteral DTPA for the removal of actinide elements from the body, particularly for longer-term therapeutic applications.
Tiling of the body wall by multidendritic sensory neurons in Manduca sexta.

A plexus of multidendritic sensory neurons, the dendritic arborization (da) neurons, innervates the epidermis of soft-bodied insects. Previous studies have indicated that the plexus may comprise distinct subtypes of da neurons, which utilize diverse cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate signaling pathways and could serve several functions. Here, we identify three distinct classes of da neurons in Manduca, which we term the alpha, beta, and gamma classes. These three classes differ in their sensory responses, branch complexity, peripheral dendritic fields, and axonal projections. The two identified alpha neurons branch over defined regions of the body wall, which in some cases correspond to specific natural folds of the cuticle. These cells project to an intermediate region of the neuropil and appear to function as proprioceptors. Three beta neurons are characterized by long, sinuous dendritic branches and axons that terminate in the ventral neuropil. The function of this group of neurons is unknown. Four neurons belonging to the gamma class have the most complex peripheral dendrites. A representative gamma neuron responds to forceful touch of the cuticle. Although the dendrites of da neurons of different classes may overlap extensively, cells belonging to the same class show minimal dendritic overlap. As a result, the body wall is independently tiled by the beta and gamma da neurons and partially innervated by the alpha neurons. These properties of the da system likely allow insects to discriminate the quality and location of several types of stimuli acting on the cuticle. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:271–283, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The kernel of a Toeplitz operator

Let Tu be a Toeplitz operator on H2 of the unit disk. If the kernel of Tu is non-trivial, it equals g(H2 ⊝ zbH2) where g is an outer function and where b is inner. Moreover, f→gf is an isometry of H2 ⊝ zbH2 onto Ker Tu.
Probing the interaction of alkali and transition metal ions with bradykinin and its des-arginine derivatives via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and postsource decay mass spectrometry

Abstract The complexes of the peptides (Pep) bradykinin (RPPGFSPFR), des-Arg 1 -bradykinin, and des-Arg 9 -bradykinin with the metal (M) ions Na + , K + , Cs + , Cu + , Ag + , Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , and Zn 2+ are generated in the gas phase by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and the structures of the corresponding [Pep + M + ] + or [Pep − H + + M 2+ ] + cations are probed by postsource decay (PSD) mass spectrometry. The PSD spectra depend significantly on the metal ion attached; moreover, the various metal ions respond differently to the presence or absence of a basic arginine residue. The Na + and K + adducts of all three peptides mainly produce N-terminal sequence ions upon PSD; the fragments observed point out that these metal ions are anchored by the PPGF segment and not the arginine residue(s). In contrast, the adducts of Cu + and Ag + show a strong dependence on the position of Arg; complexes of des-Arg 1 -Pep (which contains a C-terminal Arg) produce primarily y n ions whereas those of des-Arg 9 -Pep generate exclusively a n and b n ions. These trends are consistent with Cu + ligation by Arg’s guanidine group. The [Pep + Cs + ] + ions mainly yield Cs + ; a second significant fragmentation occurs only if a C-terminal arginine is present and involves elimination of this arginine’s side chain plus water. This reaction is rationalized through a salt bridge mechanism. The most prominent PSD products from [Pep − H + + Co 2+ ] + and [Pep − H + + Ni 2+ ] + contain at least one phenylalanine residue, revealing a marked preference for these divalent metal ions to bind to aromatic rings; the fragmentation patterns of the complexes further suggest that Co 2+ and Ni 2+ bind to deprotonated amide nitrogens. The coordination chemistry of Zn 2+ combines features found with the divalent Co 2+ /Ni 2+ as well as the monovalent Cu + /Ag + transition metal ions. Generally, the structure and fragmentation behavior of each complex reflects the intrinsic coordination preferences of the corresponding metal ion.
Status of cochlear implantation in children

The cochlear implant is a medical device, part of which is placed surgically, that uses electrical stimulation to provide hearing. For almost a decade, investigational studies have been ongoing to define its safety and efficacy in profoundly deaf children. During this period, more than 500 children aged 2 through 17 years have been implanted with either a single-electrode or multielectrode device. Extensive auditory, speech, educational and psychologic testing has been performed before and after implantation. Results show that the cochlear implant provides auditory defection over much of the speech signal. Compared with the preimplant period, there is significant improvement in auditory discrimination and speed production skills. Limited open-set word and sentence recognition is possible for at least some children. Complications with the device have been minimal. The cochlear implant can provide sound to deaf children unable to benefit from hearing aids. The complex assessment, rehabilitation, and parent counseling should be performed by centers with the multidisciplinary staffs necessary to provide effective care for patients with this specialized auditory prosthesis.
A new approach to resonance line scattering in planetary atmospheres

The invariant imbedding technique is applied to the problem of resonance line scattering with frequency redistribution. By applying the principles of invariance to the resonance line scattering problem a set of non-linear, integrodifferential equations for the scattering and transmission functions are derived. Thus, an alternate approach to the resonance line scattering problem is presented. Rather than solving for the specific intensity directly the invariant imbedding equations may be solved for the scattering and transmission functions from which the specific intensity may be calculated. The technique is very general and in principle, can accommodate scattering in inhomogeneous atmospheres with arbitrary frequency redistribution and scattering phase functions. Solutions to the invariant imbedding equations in some simple cases are presented. If the scattering is isotropic and completely noncoherent and the atmosphere may be modeled as homogeneous, the scattering and transmission functions may be expressed in terms of generalized H, X and Y functions. This technique is extended to the problems of coupled spectral lines and scattering of radiation from internal sources.
Quantum Control of Trapped Atomic Ions

Precise control of quantum systems currently occupies many labs throughout the world, with recent interest focusing on quantum information. This talk will focus on quantum-state manipulation in the context of trapped ions, one example of similar work that is being carried out with many other AMO and condensed matter systems. Article not available.
The emotional basis of linguistic and nonlinguistic intonation: implications for hemispheric specialization.

Clinical and experimental studies suggest that the right cerebral hemisphere is dominant for intonation or the "melody of language." In light of this brain-behavior correlation, an assessment of intonation is a useful adjunct of the linguistic, cognitive, and neurological evaluation of patients with brain damage. However, the neural basis of intonation is controversial. This article examines 1 of the unresolved issues-the hypothesis that emotional versus linguistic categories of intonation are lateralized to the opposite hemispheres. A review of linguistic and neurobehavioral evidence fails to support the claim that intonation is divided into dichotomous categories. Linguistic analysis suggests that even intonation patterns traditionally described as nonemotional have their underpinnings in the speaker's emotions. Similarly, studies of adults and children with brain damage indicate that intonation patterns described as either linguistic or emotional are mediated by right-hemisphere substrate specialized f...
Predictive value of transvaginal cervical length in triplet pregnancies for spontaneous preterm delivery at ≤ 32 weeks

Objective: To establish whether cervical length is a predictor of spontaneous preterm delivery at ≤ 32 weeks in triplet pregnancies. Methods: This was a case-control study of all triplet pregnancies followed with more than three sonographic assessments of cervical length at 4-week intervals from 1995 to 2000. Cervical length in women delivered spontaneously at ≤ 32 weeks (cases) was compared with that of the remaining women (controls). Statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test, χ2 test, one-way analysis of variance, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to determine optimal cervical length thresholds for spontaneous preterm delivery at ≤ 32 weeks. Results: Of the 58 women included in the study, 17 (29%) delivered spontaneously at ≤ 32 weeks. The preterm delivery group had similar demographic and obstetric variables, but a higher rate of cerclage placement (65% vs 17%, p < 0.001) than controls. Mean ± standard deviation cervical length was significantly shorter among...
Performance evaluation of adaptive MPI

Processor virtualization via migratable objects is a powerful technique that enables the runtime system to carry out intelligent adaptive optimizations like dynamic resource management. Charm++ is an early language/system that supports migratable objects. This paper describes Adaptive MPI (or AMPI), an MPI implementation and extension, that supports processor virtualization. AMPI implements virtual MPI processes (VPs), several of which may be mapped to a single physical processor. AMPI includes a powerful runtime support system that takes advantage of the degree of freedom afforded by allowing it to assign VPs onto processors. With this runtime system, AMPI supports such features as automatic adaptive overlapping of communication and computation, automatic load balancing, flexibility of running on arbitrary number of processors, and checkpoint/restart support. It also inherits communication optimization from Charm++ framework. This paper describes AMPI, illustrates its performance benefits through a series of benchmarks, and shows that AMPI is a portable and mature MPI implementation that offers various performance benefits to dynamic applications.
No-choice host range tests for Allotropa sp. near mecrida, a parasitoid of the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Abstract Host range studies of the parasitoid Allotropa sp. near mecrida (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) were conducted prior to applying for a permit to release it against the pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in southern California. Using M. hirsutus as a control, four mealybug species were tested as potential hosts. Allotropa sp. near mecrida did not successfully reproduce in any of the mealybug species tested, except for the target species, M. hirsutus. The parasitoid was found to host feed upon one of the non-target species within the confined test environment. Subsequently a USDA-APHIS importation and release permit was granted.
Sealing, whaling and caribou: the skeletal isotope chemistry of Eastern Arctic foragers

Abstract We obtained stable isotope signatures ( δ 13 C, δ 15 N) and AMS radiocarbon dates for a small set of Dorset remains, Thule-era burials from northwest Hudson Bay and proto-historic burials from Southampton Island to assess the importance of whaling in eastern Canadian Arctic economies. Classic Thule occupation of the Eastern Arctic (ca. AD 1000–1350) coincided with the Medieval Warm Period and was thought to have been facilitated by dog traction and open-sea hunting of bowhead whale. Despite the potential economic importance of whaling, dietary reconstructions for this period are based on the relative frequency of common prey types in midden faunal assemblages and rarely include bowhead whale skeletal elements, which often comprise the superstructure of Classic Thule residential dwellings. Although our findings are constrained by the paucity of Classic Thule burials at sites under study, they provide an empirically derived estimate of reliance on whaling for the Modified Thule, those who post-date AD 1350, indicating whaling accounted for approximately 12% of dietary intake. We also examine the relationship between Thule whaling and indicators of status and identify a Dorset-aged burial and three individuals with European diets among the proto-historic collection from Southampton Island.
Effect of a chromium-containing fuel additive on hot corrosion

Four superalloys were tested at 900 C in high velocity combustion gases containing synthetic sea salt and, in some cases, a chromium containing fuel additive. While the additive reduced hot corrosion of the alloys over the 100 hour test period, the attack was not eliminated nor was the mode of attack changed. Reduction of the number of thermal cycles had as large a beneficial effect as the Cr additive. Intermittent washing during testing had either small beneficial or adverse effects depending on the alloy.
Role of the charge-transfer states in feeding and thermally emptying the 5D states of Eu+3 in yttrium and lanthanum oxysulfides

Abstract Excitation into the charge-transfer states (CTS) of Eu +3 directly feeds certain 4f states whose energies are brought into resonance with the CTS by nuclear rearrangement. In Y 2 O 2 S and La 2 O 2 S, the emitting 5 D states are directly fed; in Y 2 O 3 , higher 4f states are fed. In either case, the CTS are positioned such that the preferred 4f states are in resonance near the CTS minimum, as if thermalization within the CTS precedes 4f feeding. The low energy of the CTS in the oxysulfides (the CTS minimum is near that of 5 D 3 allows the 5 D states to come into thermal contact with the CTS. The resultant thermal emptying of the 5 D states via the CTS produces a sequential quenching of the 5 D emissions. Placements of the CTS derived from 5 D quenching data and from CTS absorption data agree.
Permeability alteration due to mineral dissolution in partially saturated fractures

[1] During reactive fluid flow in saturated fractures, the relative rates of dissolved mineral transport and local reactions strongly influence local aperture alterations and the resulting changes in fracture permeability (or transmissivity). In the presence of an entrapped residual nonaqueous phase (e.g., CO2 or oil), the spatial distribution of the entrapped phase will influence flow and transport and thus, local aperture alterations. These aperture alterations will in turn alter the balance of forces acting on immobile regions of the trapped phase. The resulting mobilization of the entrapped phase may subsequently alter flow pathways and fracture transmissivity in a manner that defies quantification with currently used constitutive relationships. I present results from quantitative visualization experiments in which fracture aperture and entrapped phase distribution were directly measured at high spatial resolution (75 × 75 μm) during reactive fluid flow. The experiments differed only in the orientation of the fracture with respect to gravity, which influenced both the initial entrapped phase geometry and the evolution of the entrapped phase as dissolution altered fracture apertures. The presence of the entrapped phase leads to a much earlier formation of distinct dissolution channels than has been observed in saturated fractures. Compared to a similar experiment in a fully saturated fracture, dissolution in the partially saturated fractures leads to as much as a 6-fold increase in transmissivity after an equal amount of dissolution from the fracture surface (doubling of the mean fracture aperture). Furthermore, the relative influence of gravity determines whether trapped bubbles mobilize because of capillary forces (against prevailing viscous forces) or gravitational forces, which is in the direction of prevailing viscous forces for the experiments presented here.
Functional expression of the FeMo-cofactor-specific biosynthetic genes nifEN as a NifE-N fusion protein synthesizing unit in Azotobacter vinelandii

The nifEN encodes an E2N2 tetrameric metalloprotein complex that serves as scaffold for assembly of the FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase. In most diazotrophs, the NifE and NifN are translated as separate polypeptides and then assembled into tetrameric E2N2 complex. However, in Anabaena variabilis which has two nif clusters that encode two different NifEN complexes, the NifEN2 is encoded by a single nifE-N like gene, which has high homology to the NifE at amino-terminus and to the NifN at the carboxy-terminus. These observations implied that a metalloprotein like NifEN can accommodate large variations in their amino acid composition and also in the way they are synthesized (as two separate proteins or as a single protein) and yet remain functional. In Azotobacter vinelandii NifE and NifN are synthesized separately. To test whether NifEN could retain its functionality when encoded by a single gene, we generated a translational fusion of the nifE and nifN genes of A. vinelandii that could encode a large NifE-N fusion protein. When expressed in the nifEN-minus strain of A. vinelandii, the nifE-N gene fusion could complement the NifEN function. Western blot analysis by using polyclonal NifEN antibodies revealed that the complementing nifEN product is a large NifE-N fusion protein unit. The fact that the gene fusion of nifE-N specifies a functional NifE-N fusion protein reflects that these metalloproteins can accommodate a wide range of flexibility in their gene organization, structure, and assembly.
Temperature dependent formation of microcrystal and amorphous silicon by vacuum evaporation

Abstract In silicon films deposited in vacuum by electron beam evaporation of solid silicon, the substrate temperature dependence of the formation temperature of amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon is determined. On steel and alumina substrates, below 520°C, the silicon film is amorphous. Above this temperature, the film is crystalline with a pronounced optical band gap of 1.7 eV. With thermal treatment in vacuum, a transformation from an amorphous to a crystalline state is observed at 650°C.
Action Agenda for Child Care Education in the 80s: From Settings to Systems

Based on an analysis of the papers prepared for the Conference-Research Sequence in Child Care Education, this paper presents an agenda of seven key issues around which it is suggested that child care educators might orient their efforts in the coming decade. These cover such areas as professionalization, organizing perspectives for the field, and structure and content of educational programs.
Comparative bioautography of vitamin B12 and related growth factors using Euglena gracilis and Lactobacillus leichmannii.

Summary1. A method for the use of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris as a bioautograph organism for the paper chromatographic study of vit. B12 and related growth factors has been described. 2. Evidence has been presented to indicate the value of comparative bioautographs, using E. gracilis and Lactobacillus leichmannii 313, in the study of these growth factors.
Collection Development Trip to Moscow, Tallinn, Riga, and Vilnius, May 3–23, 2013

The author traveled to Moscow, Tallinn, Riga, and Vilnius in May 2013. The primary purpose of the trip was to acquire materials written by former participants in the University of Iowa’s (UI) International Writing Program (IWP). The UI Libraries has an approval plan for works written by IWP authors from selected countries, including those she visited, but this trip was an opportunity to locate harder to identify materials and to learn from the writers themselves about their current projects.
FOLIC ACID IN TOE PREVENTION OF FASTING-INDUCED HYPOGLYCEMIA

Since folic acid (FA) in pharmacological doses may affect gluconeogenesis in liver (Lv) and small intestinal mucosa (s.i.m.), we studied the effecta of FA in preventing fasting-induced hypoglycemia (Hy). Three groups of male rats 70-90 g were fed diets containing either 18% protein (Pr) with 70% carbohydrate (CHO) (C); 4% Pr with 70% CHO (D); or 4% Pr with 45% CHO (M). Rats from each group were given a daily dose of 20 mg FA p.o. (FA+), while other rats received no supplement (FA−). Following 4 wks of treatment, they were either killed or fasted for 48 hr and then killed. FA+ treatment was associated with higher blood glucose (Glc) after 48 hr of fasting in all groups. C, FA+ rats maintained a normal blood Glc at the end of the fasting period (means ± SEM: FA+=81.5±6.6 vs FA−=47.0±1.8 mg/dl, p<0.001). Also, Hy was prevented in the malnourished rats (D,FA+=47.3±4.9 vs D,FA−=34.4±4.9, p<0.05 and M,FA+=48.4±4.8 vs M,FA−=33.9±1.8, p<0.02). C,FA+ rats had a milder ketonemia than C,FA− after fasting (16.8±2.8 vs 26.8±2.6 mg/dl, p<0.02). There were no differences under other conditions. FA+ treatment induced higher Lv G6Pase and FDPase in all groups following fasting stress; differences being very marked in D and M rats. The G6pase in s.i.m. also was enhanced by FA, but FDPase was not modified by it. These data suggest that FA affects gluconeogenesis through stimulation of key Lv and s.i.m. enzymes and thus prevents fasting-induced Hy in malnutrition.