cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Margin of Stability May Be Larger and Less Variable during Treadmill Walking Versus Overground

Margin of stability (MOS) is considered a measure of mechanical gait stability. Due to broad application of treadmills in gait assessment experiments, we aimed to determine if walking on a treadmill vs. overground would affect MOS during three speed-matched conditions. Eight healthy young participants walked on a treadmill and overground at Slow, Preferred, and Fast speed-matched conditions. The mean and variability (standard deviation) of the MOS in anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions at heel contact were calculated. Anterior-posterior and mediolateral mean MOS values decreased with increased speed for both overground and treadmill; although mediolateral mean MOS was always wider on the treadmill compared to overground. Due to lack of optic flow and different proprioceptive inputs during treadmill walking, subjects may employ strategies to increase their lateral stability on treadmill compared to overground. Anterior-posterior MOS variability increased with speed overground, while it did not change on treadmill, which might be due to the fixed speed of treadmill. Whereas, lateral variability on both treadmill and overground was U-shaped. Walking at preferred speed was less variable (may be interpreted as more stable) laterally, compared to fast and slow speeds. Caution should be given when interpreting MOS between modes and speeds of walking. As sagittal plane walking is functionally unstable, this raises the consideration as to the meaningfulness of using MOS as a global measure of gait stability in this direction.
A Novel Modeling-Attack Resilient Arbiter-PUF Design

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have been considered as promising lightweight primitives for random number generation and device authentication. Thanks to the imperfections occurring during the fabrication process of integrated circuits, each PUF generates a unique signature which can be used for chip identification. Although supposed to be unclonable, PUFs have been shown to be vulnerable to modeling attacks where a set of collected challenge response pairs are used for training a machine learning model to predict the PUF response to unseen challenges. Challenge obfuscation has been proposed to tackle the modeling attacks in recent years. However, knowing the obfuscation algorithm can help the adversary to model the PUF. This paper proposes a modeling-resilient arbiter-PUF architecture that benefits from the randomness provided by PUFs in concealing the obfuscation scheme. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed structure in countering PUF modeling attacks.
Substances from Marine Organisms Influencing Tumor Growth and Immune Responses

The sea which is a readily accessible receptacle for man-made wastes and pollution of coastal water has become the concern of environmentalists and public health authorities alike. What has escaped their attention is that, in addition to exogenous pollution, the sea can receive conglomerates of substances produced by its inhabitants which can affect its biosphere in a favorable or deleterious way.
Presentation of the John Phillips Memorial Prize

Excerpt Dr. Avery, Fellows of the American College of Physicians, Associates and Guests: John Phillips was born in Welland, Ontario, February 18, 1879. With a personality marked by simplicity, dire...
The effects of initial conditions and circulation deposition on the inclined-interface reshocked Richtmyer–Meshkov instability

An experimental study of a twice-accelerated Richtmyer–Meshkov instability, where reshock provides the second acceleration, focusing on the effects of initial conditions and circulation deposition is presented. Experiments were performed using the inclined shock tube facility at the Shock Tube and Advanced Mixing Laboratory. Three experimental cases are presented that have the same Atwood number, inclination angle, and Mach number, but are differentiated by their pre-reshock development time. Both Mie scattering and particle image velocimetry diagnostics were implemented. Velocity statistics were ensemble-averaged over instantaneous realizations for each case before and after reshock. Results show that while the mix width decreases after reshock, the interface length continues to increase because the reshock wave amplifies small-scale perturbations on the pre-reshock interface, resulting in greater mixing. A more developed interface also experiences greater circulation deposition after reshock. After reshock, the sign of the vorticity near the interface reverses due to a second application of baroclinic torque by the reshock wave. Velocity statistics showed that the cross-correlation ( $$\overline{u'v'}$$ ) is nonzero over much of the mixing layer, which indicates that shear and anisotropy are present. Turbulent kinetic energy spectra for the most developed case after reshock exhibited a $$k^{-5/3}$$ inertial range.
BAYES VS. RESAMPLING: A REMATCH ∗

We replay an investment game that compares the performance of a player using Bayesian methods for determining portfolio weights with a player that uses the Monte Carlo based resampling approach advocated in Michaud (1998). Markowitz and Usmen (2003) showed that the Michaud player always won. However, in the original experiment, the Bayes player was handicapped because the algorithm that was used to evaluate the predictive distribution of the portfolio provided only a rough approximation. We level the playing field by allowing the Bayes player to use a more standard algorithm. Our results sharply contrast with those of the original game. The final part of our paper proposes a new investment game that is much more relevant for the average investor - a one-period ahead asset allocation. For this game, the Bayes player always wins.
The Egg, Shape and Nature

It is suggested that the characteristcs of emerged entities, identities, is specific path, path length, and path length time determined, mostly within folds that are not witnessible consistently from the investigation of reverse processes. Examined in this presentation is the topic of form and surface from the perspective of the philosophy of Bertrand Russell, theory in physics and a graphical egg representation that contradicts modernly accepted precepts in physics theory. Shape in nature is discussed in relation to cause and effect, the universal attribute of contingency and a special verses general case to describe the world. Argument is presented for the application effort in interpretation to consider criteria of shape and form though associated interpretation may result to be insufficient or incomplete according to theoretical rationale.
Genome-wide profiling of in vivo RNA structure at single-nucleotide resolution using structure-seq

Structure-seq is a high-throughput and quantitative method that provides genome-wide information on RNA structure at single-nucleotide resolution. Structure-seq can be performed both in vivo and in vitro to study RNA structure-function relationships, RNA regulation of gene expression and RNA processing. Structure-seq can be carried out by an experienced molecular biologist with a basic understanding of bioinformatics. Structure-seq begins with chemical RNA structure probing under single-hit kinetics conditions. Certain chemical modifications, e.g., methylation of the Watson-Crick face of unpaired adenine and cytosine residues by dimethyl sulfate, result in a stop in reverse transcription. Modified RNA is then subjected to reverse transcription using random hexamer primers, which minimizes 3' end bias; reverse transcription proceeds until it is blocked by a chemically modified residue. Resultant cDNAs are amplified by adapter-based PCR and subjected to high-throughput sequencing, subsequently allowing retrieval of the structural information on a genome-wide scale. In contrast to classical methods that provide information only on individual transcripts, a single structure-seq experiment provides information on tens of thousands of RNA structures in ∼1 month. Although the procedure described here is for Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in vivo, structure-seq is widely applicable, thereby opening new avenues to explore RNA structure-function relationships in living organisms.
Volcanoes, Observations and Impact

Volcanoes are critical geologic hazards that challenge our ability to make long-term forecasts of their eruptive behaviors. They also have direct and indirect impacts on human lives and society. As is the case with many geologic phenomena, the time scales over which volcanoes evolve greatly exceed that of a human lifetime. On the other hand, the time scale over which a volcano can move from inactivity to eruption can be rather short: months, weeks, days, and even hours. Thus, scientific study and monitoring of volcanoes is essential to mitigate risk. There are thousands of volcanoes on Earth, and it is impractical to study and implement ground-based monitoring at them all. Fortunately, there are other effective means for volcano monitoring, including increasing capabilities for satellite-based technologies.
Is broadcast plus multiaccess optimal for Gaussian wireless networks

In this paper we show that "separation"-based approaches in wireless networks do not necessarily give good performance in terms of the capacity of the network. Therefore in optimal design of a wireless network, its total structure should be considered. In other words, achieving capacity on the subnetworks of a wireless network does not guarantee globally achieving capacity. We will illustrate this fact by considering some examples of multistage Gaussian wireless relay networks. We will consider a wireless Gaussian relay network with one stage in both fading and nonfading environment. We show that as the number of relay nodes, n, grows large, the capacity of this network scales like log n. We then show that with the "separation"-based scheme, in which the network is viewed as the concatenation of a broadcast and a multiaccess network, the achievable rate scales as log log n and as a constant for fading and nonfading environment, respectively, which is clearly suboptimal.
Chapter 14 Solvent Effects on Organic Reactions from QM/MM Simulations

Publisher Summary A QM/MM approach, where reactants are treated quantum mechanically in the presence of a large number of explicit solvent molecules modeled with molecular mechanics, is better suited to explore solute–solvent interactions. This chapter focuses on determining the origin of solvent effects for three different organic reactions: Menshutkin, nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S N Ar), and Kemp decarboxylation. QM/MM/MC simulations have been applied to a series of organic reactions with good success in reproducing the observed substrate and solvent effects on the free energies of activation and reaction. The overall quantitative success supports the utility of the present QM/MM/MC approach using PDDG/PM3 as the QM method. The importance of variations in specific solute–solvent interactions along the reaction paths is evident in the ion pairing in chloroform for the Kemp decarboxylation, in the failure of DFT/PCM calculations to reproduce the rate retardation in the S N Ar reaction, and in the rate enhancement computed for the Menshutkin reaction in water over dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
Performance of trellis-coded modulation for equalized ISI channels

The performance of trellis-coded modulation (TCM) for equalized multipath fading channels with different equalization schemes is examined. Trellis codes that are effective for flat fading channels with interleaving are also tested for equalized multipath fading channels. Different receiver structures are compared.
Validating a Practice-Informed Definition of Employee Engagement

Employee engagement is a relatively new construct in academic literature and an increasingly popular idea in practice. Proponents claim a strong positive relationship between employee engagement and business success, and outcomes including retention, productivity, profitability, and customer loyalty and satisfaction. Despite numerous academic and practitioner publications, no consistently-accepted conceptualization of engagement or its sub-dimensions exists, and there is an ongoing debate regarding whether it is a new idea or a re-hashing of old ideas. Similarly, no consistently accepted tool to measure employee engagement exists. Drawing on prior literature and practitioner interviews, the present study defines employee engagement as an attitude towards one’s work in one’s organization, comprising feelings of vigor, dedication, and absorption; cognitive appraisals of psychological empowerment; and motivation to act, both within role and extra role, in the service of the organization’s goals. In addition, the present study validates a self-report instrument to measure this practitioner-informed conceptualization.
Surveying a supercoil domain by using the gamma delta resolution system in Salmonella typhimurium.

A genetic system was developed to investigate the supercoil structure of bacterial chromosomes. New res-carrying transposons were derived from MudI1734 (MudJr1 and MudJr2) and Tn10 (Tn10dGn). The MudJr1 and MudJr2 elements each have a res site in opposite orientation so that when paired with a Tn10dGn element in the same chromosome, one MudJr res site will be ordered as a direct repeat. Deletion formation was studied in a nonessential region (approximately 100 kb) that extends from the his operon through the cob operon. Strains with a MudJr insertion in the cobT gene at the 5' end of the cob operon plus a Tn10dGn insertion positioned either clockwise or counterclockwise from cobT were exposed to a burst of RES protein. Following a pulse of resolvase expression, deletion formation was monitored by scoring the loss of the Lac+ phenotype or by loss of tetracycline resistance. In exponentially growing populations, deletion products appeared quickly in some cells (in 10 min) but also occurred more than an hour after RES induction. The frequency of deletion (y) diminished with increasing distance (x) between res sites. Results from 15 deletion intervals fit the exponential equation y = 120 . 10(-0.02x). We found that res sites can be plectonemically interwound over long distances ( > 100 kb) and that barriers to supercoil diffusion are placed stochastically within the 43- to 45-min region of the chromosome.
Karl Brandt: The Nazi Doctor, Medicine and Power in the Third Reich – By Ulf Schmidt

Karl Brandt is one of the most important individuals from the Third Reich who has not been examined in a biography. He was Adolf Hitler's personal physician, one of the people most responsible for ...
Cultural usability: a localization study of mobile text messaging use

The success of mobile text messaging poses many questions for usability studies. Considering the inherent usability weaknesses of mobile phones such as the small display, poor input methods, the moving environment, and noisy surroundings, this success is hard to explain with traditional usability theories that ignore the social-cultural context. A new model -- cultural usability -- is proposed for studying the intriguing processes of how cultural factors and contextual issues affect the consumption of mobile text messaging in contexts of use.
Robotic ileal ureter: a completely intracorporeal technique.

Introduction The first laparoscopic case of ileal interposition was reported in 2000, proving the feasibility of the procedure in a minimally invasive fashion by duplicating the principles of open surgery. Robotic applications in urology are expanding worldwide, given the unique features of the robotic platform, which facilitates more advanced laparoscopic procedures. In this study, we report a case of completely intracorporeal robotic ileal ureter and thoroughly describe our technique for this complex minimally invasive procedure. Technical Considerations A 50-year-old gentleman with a history of right renal stones underwent multiple right ureteroscopies and thereafter developed 2 proximal ureteral strictures of 5 mm. Preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate was 71 mL/min/1.73 m2. Renal scan showed preserved function. The treatment options were discussed, and the patient elected to undergo a robotic ileal ureter interposition. Total operative time was 7 hours, the estimated blood loss was approximately 50 mL, and the patient progressed to regular diet on postoperative day 4 without any problem, being discharged without complications. On the postoperative day 12, a cystogram demonstrated no extravasation, and the Foley catheter was removed. After 1 month, renal scan showed the left kidney with 60.1% and the right kidney with 39.9% of total renal function. At 2 years follow-up, his serum creatinine was 1.14 and estimated glomerular filtration rate was 70 mL/min/1.73 m2. Conclusion Robot-assisted laparaoscopic ileal ureter with a completely intracorporeal technique is feasible and appears to be safe. A larger number of procedures using this technique and longer follow-up are needed to further define its role in the treatment of ureteral strictures.
A model of interference in a shared resource multiprocessor

This paper presents a generalized model of tightly-coupled multiprocessor systems which is then simplified to form a stochastic model for the study of interference. Analysis is performed on the resource contention which is characteristic of such systems in order to find a measure of system performance. After reviewing the problem of memory interference, the analysis is extended to contention in other individual resources, then combined to form a model for the interacting effects of contention in systems where processors contend for several shared resources.
Temporal bone histopathology of open mastoidectomy cavities.

Open cavity mastoidectomy remains the principle surgical treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma in the United Kingdom. A significant proportion of mastoid cavities are prone to intermittent or continuous discharge.In this study the temporal bone histopathology of four patients who had undergone open cavity mastoidectomy is presented. Cavities were predominantly lined with stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium. Residual air cells were obliterated by fibrous tissue, with no evidence of persistent respiratory epithelium. Where inflammatory changes were found, these consisted of areas of granulation tissue in association with epithelial ulceration. Residual cholesteatoma pearls (epidermoids) were not associated with significant inflammatory changes.
The effect of pioglitazone treatment on 15-epi-lipoxin A4 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Objectives Arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids (lipoxins and 15-epilipoxins) have a major role in resolution of inflammation. 15-epi-lipoxin A 4 (15-epi-LXA 4 ) is a lipid mediator with strong anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving effects. We examined the effect of pioglitazone therapy on plasma 15-epi-LXA 4 in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods T2DM patients (Age = 56 ± 2 y, BMI = 33 ± 1.8, HbA1c = 7.8 ± 0.3%) not on thiazolidinedione therapy for at least 12 months were randomized to receive either pioglitazone 15 mg/daily for two months (PIO 15) or pioglitazone 15 mg/day for one month followed by a dose escalation to 30 mg/day for an additional one month (PIO 30). Results PIO 15 increased plasma 15-epi-LXA 4 levels (0.63 ± 0.06–1.05 ± 0.08 ng/mL, p p p p p 4 (0.64 ± 0.10–1.08 ± 0.09 ng/mL, p p p p p p p Conclusion In T2DM, low dose pioglitazone (15 mg/day) increases 15-epi-LXA 4 and adiponectin levels in the absence of significant changes in body weight. Dose escalation of pioglitazone to 30 mg/day is associated with a similar increase in 15-epi-LXA 4 despite a greater increase in plasma adiponectin concentrations.
Malignant Melanoma Metastatic to the Testis: A Report of Three Cases with Clinically Significant Manifestations

Three cases of malignant melanoma metastatic to the testis, each of which was a challenge in pathologic interpretation, are reported. The patients were 43, 55, and 80 years of age, respectively. A history of malignant melanoma was not known to the initial examining pathologist in two of the cases. The testicular tumors were all unilateral. One took the form of multiple nodules, but the others were discrete solitary masses. On microscopic examination diffuse, nested, follicular, and fascicular patterns, usually in combination, were seen. The tumor cells had moderate to abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm in two cases, but scanty cytoplasm in a third. In one case there was also a component of cells with copious foamy cytoplasm. Rare areas of melanin pigment were identified in two tumors. Immunohistochemistry for S-100 and HMB-45 was positive in the two cases in which it was performed. In the third case electron microscopy revealed aberrant melanosomes within the tumor cells. The differential diagnosis in these and rare other cases of malignant melanoma involving the testis during life is broad and includes seminoma, malignant lymphoma, and Leydig cell tumor. When the diagnosis is entertained, a search for melanin pigment, immunohistochemical stains for S-100 protein and HMB 45, and further inquiry into the clinical history are often crucial. Int J Surg Pathol 8(1):49-57 2000
A spatial decomposition of the Gini coefficient

The paper introduces a spatial decomposition of the Gini coefficient that supports the detection of spatial autocorrelation conjointly with an indicator of overall inequality. An additive pairwise decomposition based on a spatial weights matrix partitions inequality between observations that are geographically neighbors and those that are not. A framework for inference on the spatial decomposition is also suggested. The statistical properties of the decomposition measure are evaluated in a Monte Carlo simulation and an empirical illustration involving per capita income inequality in the US states is also provided.
On the finite temperature red shift in Ar12–HF: can isomerizations in clusters be observed by spectroscopy?

Abstract We carry out a set of classical canonical and Fourier path integral simulations to obtain the finite temperature red shift of Ar 12 –HF. We obtain two approximate estimators for the red shift based on Monte Carlo methods. Our results show a pronounced dependence of the red shift on temperature and isomerizations. The quantum effects on the red shift are substantial even at relatively elevated temperatures.
Goursat problem for a fourth-order equation with the biwave operator

We consider the Goursat problem for a fourth-order linear partial differential equation with the biwave operator. By using the energy inequality method and averaging operators with variable increment, we prove the existence and uniqueness of a strong solution.
Accelerated Testing For Resistance to Erosion-Corrosion

Abstract Because some metals used in appliances must have both erosion and corrosion resistance, a series of accelerated tests was made on several stainless unhardened wrought steels, hardened wrou...
Afterword: Virtual Sex Ed

This essay compares the impact of two technologies—the invention of the birth control pill and the Internet—on sexual practices in the USA. The birth control pill helps spark the sexual revolution of the 1960s and the conservative counter-revolt ever since. This essay argues that while the Internet does allow for new forms of communication, access to computers is still highly stratified by class, gender, race, and region, thus limiting the impact and reach of computer-based health education materials.
Correction of atmospheric effects on remote sensing (new mathematical models and approximation solutions)

Abstract In this paper we develop methods to remove the atmospheric effects on ground radiance distribution. One method applies to satellite data, i.e. the case where the remote sensor is above the atmospheric layer. The other is designed for airplane data, i.e. the case where the remote sensor is inside of the atmospheric layer. We consider a 3-D radiative transfer model and solve an inverse problem. The results are suitable for large computer computation.
Design of a plasmonic photonic crystal for single bio-molecule spectroscopy

We present the design and initial characterization of a device geometry that is suitable for measuring the direct midinfrared absorption of single molecules. The devices are based on a metal-dielectric-metal sandwich with optically thick gold cladding layers which squeeze the gap mode, the optical mode in the dielectric layer, in the electric field direction; with a photonic crystal cavity defect which can squeeze the gap mode in the planar direction. Simulations show a field enhancement of 10000 times the incident field in the cavity defect at an excitation frequency of 87 THz. Experimentally, devices with varying periods were made using a free standing Si 3 N 4 film of 15 nm or 50 nm as the inner dielectric. These devices show a red shift as the period is increased and more interesting there is also a red shift for the thinner dielectric devices showing that the field is further squeezed in this layer. By placing a molecule into the cavity, there should be a strong enough interaction between the light and the analyte so that its absorption spectra can be resolved.
Simulated cataract does not reduce the benefit of RSVP

Normally sighted younger and older (mean age 71 years) observers read sentences and random lists of words from a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) display and a scroll display using their normal vision and through two levels of cataract simulators. Unlike patients with central field loss (CFL), there was no decrease in the benefit of RSVP with reduced vision due to the cataract simulators. However, the usefulness of sentence-level context was reduced as visual acuity was reduced. In addition, older readers did not benefit as much from RSVP as younger readers, and many in the older group were unable to read using the more severe cataract simulators from either display format. From these data we conclude that the benefits of RSVP are not reduced with reduced acuity and contrast sensitivity, and that there are age-related changes in reading rates from dynamic text displays not related to acuity.
An open-source approach to accelerating power system dynamic simulation

Power systems are inherently dynamic machines, but the majority of real-time operational tools are based on a static estimation of inherently dynamic states. Such a discrepancy is primarily due to the fact that the software tools for simulating power system dynamics are not able to keep up with real-time requirements for large-scale systems. Advanced computing holds the promise for significantly accelerating dynamic simulation. There are various options in utilizing advanced computing hardware and programming models for the purpose of parallelizing dynamic simulation. But the barrier in moving from today's sequential software tools to parallel platforms is the lack of a readily accessible and usable parallel numerical library that would expose parallelism in dynamic simulation problems but hide parallel computing complexity. Several generic numerical libraries for parallel computing exist, but using them for developing power grid simulation software tools is time consuming and thus hinders the application and adoption of parallel computing for power system simulation. This presentation explores the development of fast dynamic simulation using an open-source numerical library — GridPACKTM — that is specifically tailored for power system applications. The goal of GridPACKTM is to provide developers with a comprehensive set of modules that can substantially reduce the complexity of writing software for parallel computers while still providing efficient and scalable software solutions. GridPACKTM leverages existing numerical libraries and provides access to a wide range of mathematical solvers in those libraries. The approach of dynamic simulation powered by GridPACKTM is presented and contrasted with other approaches to demonstrate the efficiency in software development and the speedup of performance while maintaining the accuracy of simulation. Such an open-source approach facilitates integration of mathematics and models and enables interoperability among software modules as opposed to the traditional approach of vertically integrated software infrastructure. It also has the benefit of sharing achievements and lessons learned and thus accelerating innovations and reducing software validation and verification costs.
Evaluating Differences in Landscape Interpretation between Webcam and Field-Based Experiences

Field trips have become less common due to issues including budget constraints and large class sizes. Research suggests that virtual field trips can substitute for field visits, but the role of webcams has not been evaluated. To investigate the potential for webcams to substitute for field trips, participants viewed urban and physical landscapes either in-person or by webcam. Differences in landscape interpretation responses between webcam viewers and field trip participants were often statistically insignificant, suggesting that webcams hold potential as substitutes for field trips. However, upon reflection, field trip participants valued their experience, while webcam participants had mixed views.
The immunological and cytochemical characterization of T-cell lymphoproliferative diseases.

Surface markers, terminal transferase, cytochemical staining, and function of peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined in nine patients with T-cell lymphoproliferative disease. Anti-T-cell antiserum proved useful in characterizing the phenotypes of the abnormal cells when only a minority of the abnormal cells formed E-rosettes. Anti-B-cell antiserum was consistently unreactive with the abnormal cells. Terminal transferase was elevated in T-cell ALL but low in T-cell CLL, lymphoma-leukemia, or Sezary syndrome. Lymphocyte proliferative response to nonspecific mitogens was generally depressed as was the response to allogeneic cells. The cells also failed to stimulate in mixed lymphocyte culture, implying a lack of Ia antigens on their surface. Acid phosphatase stain was positive in three patients tested. Peroxidase and esterase stains were negative, whereas PAS was positive in five of eight patients tested. Prognosis in general, regardless of the clinical picture, (ie, acute, chronic, or lymphoma-leukemia), was poor with seven of the nine patients dying within 14 months of diagnosis. Therefore, the use of anti-T-cell antisera and the E-rosette surface marker should be used to characterize the phenotype of the malignant cells in lymphoproliferative disease to enable more vigorous treatment of those that are of T-cell origin and that therefore carry a poor prognosis.
The frustration effect as a function of runway length

It was hypothesized that the frustration effect in a tandem runway apparatus is a function of the length of the first runway. The frustration effect was obtained, but the hypothesis was not supported.
RhoB mRNA is stabilized by HuR after UV light

RhoB is a small GTP-binding protein that is involved in apoptotic signal transduction. We have cloned the mouse RhoB mRNA including a 1377 nucleotide 3'-untranslated region (UTR) that contains six AU-rich elements (AREs) as well as several uridine-rich stretches. There is 94% homology overall between the mouse and rat RhoB genes and 92% homology between the mouse and a putative human clone. Ultraviolet light (UVL) induces RhoB production through regulated changes in gene transcription and mRNA stabilization although the latter mechanism is unknown. We observed that UVL increased the half-life of RhoB mRNA from 63 min to 3.3 h in NIH/3T3 cells and from 87 min to 2.7 h in normal human keratinocyte cells. In vitro mobility shift assays demonstrated that HuR bound the 3'-UTR of RhoB at three distinct locations (nucleotides 1342-1696, 1765-1920 and 1897-1977) suggesting a regulatory role for this RNA-binding protein. HuR immunoprecipitations were positive for RhoB mRNA indicating an in vivo association, and Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence demonstrated that HuR rapidly partitions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm after UVL. Therefore, we propose a model in which UVL induces stress-activated signal transduction leading to nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling of HuR and subsequent stabilization of RhoB mRNA.
Behavioral effects of amphetamine in a group of rhesus monkeys with lesions of dorsolateral frontal cortex

Four macaques with lesions of dorsolateral frontal cortex and 4 normal monkeys were injected with 1 mg/kg d-amphetamine. Observations of social behaviors and motor activity were conducted over a 1-month period. The results of this experiment show a partial dissociation of effects of amphetamines on behavior of normal and frontally lesioned animals. The frontal monkeys showed a dramatic increase in hyperactivity while normal monkeys showed a variable motor response to the drug. Conspecific social interactions were disrupted by amphetamine in normal as well as lesioned animals. A functional system featuring the caudate nucleus and dorsolateral frontal cortex is presented. In addition, the possible influence of these areas on the balance of behavior modulated by limbic structures is explored. Changes in catecholamine levels are also hypothesized.
Coherent Raman scattering with incoherent light for a multiply resonant mixture: Theory

The theory for coherent Raman scattering (CRS) with broadband incoherent light is presented for a multiply resonant, multicomponent mixture of molecules that exhibits simultaneous multiple resonances with the frequencies of the driving fields. All possible pairwise hyperpolarizability contributions to the signal intensity are included in the theoretical treatment---(resonant-resonant, resonant-nonresonant, and nonresonant-nonresonant correlations between chromophores) and it is shown how the different types of correlations manifest themselves as differently behaved components of the signal intensity. The Raman resonances are modeled as Lorentzians in the frequency domain, as is the spectral density of the incoherent light. The analytic results for this multiply resonant mixture are presented and applied to a specific binary mixture. These analytic results will be used to recover frequencies and dephasing times in a series of experiments on multiply resonant mixtures.
Bone and the regulation of global energy balance

The skeleton, populated by large numbers of osteoblasts and long-lived osteocytes, requires a constant supply of energy-rich molecules to fuel the synthesis, deposition and mineralization of bone matrix during bone modelling and remodelling. When these energetic demands are not met, bone acquisition is suppressed. Recent findings suggest that key developmental signals emanating from Wnt low-density lipoprotein-related receptor 5 and hypoxia-inducible factor pathways impact osteoblast bioenergetics to accommodate the energy requirements for bone cells to fulfil their function. In vivo studies in several mutant mouse strains have confirmed a link between bone cells and global metabolism, ultimately leading to the identification of hormonal interactions between the skeleton and other tissues. The hormones insulin and leptin affect postnatal bone acquisition, whilst osteocalcin produced by the osteoblast in turn stimulates insulin secretion by the pancreas. These observations have prompted additional questions regarding the nature of the mechanisms of fuel sensing and processing in the osteoblast and their contribution to overall energy utilization and homeostasis. Answers to such questions should advance our understanding of metabolic diseases and may ultimately improve management of affected patients. In this review, we highlight recent studies in this field and offer a perspective on the evolutionary implications of bone as a metabolic endocrine organ.
Parameter-specific ring oscillator for process monitoring at the 45 nm node

Parameter-specific ring oscillator (RO) experimental results are reported, demonstrating the ability to electronically distinguish and quantify sources of variations from gate lithography focus, gate-to-active overlay, nitride contact etch stop layer (CESL) strain, and Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) stress. A 2% RO frequency change due to gate focus variations, a three-four nm overlay error, a 20% increase in RO frequency per 1 um increase in length of diffusion (LOD), and a 3% speed-up per 0.3 um change in STI width are measured. Typical standard-deviation/mean (σ/μ) among 36 ROs within-chip is 0.2–0.3%.
Concepts for Lift Improvements of a High-Lift Military Airfoil.

Abstract : This paper describes the computational analysis of several concepts to improve the maximum lift of a military high-lift airfoil configuration. The computational results are compared with the wind-tunnel data obtained for a gap and overhang study and a Gurney flap study. In the wind tunnel experiments, optimizing the gap and over-hang and adding a Gurney flap provided the largest increases, on the order of 3-4%. These trends were duplicated in the CFD analyses. Incremental lift improvements were found using the Gurney flap and by adjusting the gap and overhand of the flap. Life improvement was also obtained by perturbing the leading edge portion of the trailing edge flap. It was found that the lift enhancements were additive, the maximum lift increased by 14% using a Gurney flap and the flap at the optimum gap and overlap. The CFD analyses used an unstructured Navier-Stokes code. The wind tunnel tests were a cooperative effort between the Navy, Boeing (St. Louis), and NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) and were conducted in the NASA LaRC Low Turbulence Pressure Tunnel. Forces and moments and other parameters were measured on a two-dimensional airfoil model of an advanced fighter win section configured with a deflected leading edge flap, shroud and a slotted trailing edge flap.
A comparison of chromatic and achromatic versions of the Stroop color-word test

Achromatic and chromatic versions of the color-word test were given to 25 Ss. When the patches were rectangles, achromatic shades were named slightly faster than colors. With interference to naming from the use of incongruent names as stimuli, achromatic shades were named much faster than colors. Interference from incongruent names thus appears to amplify processing time differences and may prove useful for temporal analysis of the visual processing of hue, luminance, and saturation. Extensions of the Stroop test to other perceptual attributes should allow similar analyses of these attributes.
Comparison of classical vs. inverse sampling for estimating plant cover using Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract Inverse and classical point techniques for estimating percent cover of rare species are considered. A Monte Carlo simulations is used to study the statistical properties of these estimators as influenced by the spatial distribution and association of individual species and to examine the effect of an error in estimating percent cover for the purpose of determining sample sizes. In each case considered, the performance of inverse sampling is comparable with or better than the classical tehcnique. This improvement is due to the fact that inverse sampling fixes the number of hits required to achieve a specified bound on the error of estimation insted of fixing the sample size as with the classical technique.
An increase in cardiac alpha1-adrenoceptors following chronic clonidine treatment

Chronic treatment (22 days) of rats with clonidine (0.5 mg/kg s.c. twice a day followed by 20 h of withdrawal) resulted in a significant increase in the specific [3H]WB4101 binding to ventricular and intraventricular septal α1-adrenoceptors but no alteration of the atrial α1-adrenoceptors. Scatchard analysis indicated that the increase in the [3H]WB4101 binding to the clonidine-treated cardiac tissues was due to an enhancement of the α1-adrenoceptor density since there was a significant increase in the Bmax value for the [3H]WB4101 binding to the treated ventricles without a change in the Kd value. The specific [3H]WB4101 binding to cardiac α1-adrenoceptors was not altered by the acute (1 day) or 7 days treatment with clonidine. Chronic treatment with clonidine had no significant effect on the specific [3H](−)DHA binding to the atrial and ventricular β-adrenoceptors. The noradrenaline (NA) concentrations in the clonidine-treated ventricles and intraventricular septae were decreased by 16–20%. These data provide biochemical evidence compatible with a significant reduction of sympathetic outflow to the ventricular myocardium by clonidine.
Rodent-repellent Studies. I. Method for the Evaluation of Chemical Repellents

A biological assay procedure and a method for the numerical expression of results have been devised for the determination of the repellency to rodents of different chemical compounds. The procedure is based upon the degree of acceptability of foods containing the candidate repellents, and has been shown to offer a rapid, reliable measure of repellent activity.
Diagnostic utility of APOE, soluble CD40, CD40L, and Aβ1–40 levels in plasma in Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract A continuous inflammatory state is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) evidenced by an increase in proinflammatory cytokines around beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits. In addition, functional loss of CD40L is shown to result in diminished Amyloid precursor proton (APP) processing and microglial activation, supporting a prominent role of CD40–CD40L in AD etiology. We therefore hypothesize that a peripheral increase in Aβ may result in corresponding increase of sCD40 and sCD40L further contributing to AD pathogenesis. We measured plasma Aβ, sCD40 and sCD40L levels in 73 AD patients and compared to 102 controls matched on general demographics. We demonstrated that Aβ1–40, levels of sCD40 and sCD40L are increased in AD and declining MMSE scores correlated with increasing sCD40L, which in turn, correlated positively with Aβ1–42. We then combined sCD40, sCD40L, Aβ and APOE and found that this biomarker panel has high sensitivity and specificity (>90%) as a predictor of clinical AD diagnosis. Given the imminent availability of potentially disease modifying therapies for AD, a great need exists for peripheral diagnostic markers of AD. Thus, we present preliminary evidence for potential usefulness for combination of plasma sCD40, sCD40L along with Aβ1−40 and APOE e4 in improving the clinical diagnosis of AD.
A probable case of gigantism in a fifth Dynasty skeleton from the Western Cemetery at Giza, Egypt

Pituitary gigantism is a rare endocrine disorder caused by excess secretion of growth hormone during childhood. Individuals with this condition exhibit unusually tall stature due to prolonged growth as well as associated degenerative changes. Continued secretion of excess growth hormone during adulthood results in acromegaly, a related condition that results in bony overgrowth of the skull, hands and feet. The remains of a large adult male, probably in his late 20s or early 30s, from a Fifth Dynasty tomb (2494–2345 BC) were excavated in 2001 from Cemetery 2500 in the Western Cemetery at Giza, Egypt, as part of the Howard University Giza Cemetery Project. This individual exhibits characteristics of pituitary gigantism, including tall but normally-proportioned stature, delayed epiphyseal union, a large sella turcica, advanced arthritis and a transepiphyseal fracture of the left femoral head. Additional pathological features, including osteopenia and thinness of the parietal bones, suggest that this individual may also have been hypogonadal. Craniometric comparisons with other ancient Egyptian groups as well as modern normal and acromegalic patients show some tendency toward acromegalic skull morphology. Differential diagnosis includes eunuchoid gigantism, Sotos syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria, Weaver syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. In conclusion, the pathological features associated with this skeleton are more consistent with pituitary gigantism than any of the other syndromes that result in skeletal overgrowth. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fostering Second Graders' Scientific Explanations: A Beginning Elementary Teacher's Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practice

Teaching science as explanation is fundamental to reform efforts but is challenging for teachers—especially new elementary teachers, for whom the complexities of teaching are compounded by high demands and little classroom experience. Despite these challenges, few studies have characterized the knowledge, beliefs, and instructional practices that support or hinder teachers from engaging their students in building explanations. To address this gap, this study describes the understandings, purposes, goals, practices, and struggles of one third-year elementary teacher with regard to fostering students' explanation construction. Analyses showed that the teacher had multiple understandings of scientific explanations, believed that fostering students' explanations was important for both teachers and students, and enacted instructional practices that provided opportunities for students to develop explanations. However, she did not consistently take up explanation as a goal in her practice, in part because she di...
Molecular and Cellular Cognition: The Unraveling of Memory Retrieval

While the study of molecular and cellular cognition has begun to elucidate the mechanisms of acquisition, consolidation, and storage of memories, the understanding of retrieval has lagged behind. In this issue of Cell, Murchison et al. (2004) use molecular genetic approaches combined with pharmacology to demonstrate that β-adrenergic receptor function regulates retrieval of certain forms of memory.
Nationwide evaluation of 60Co teletherapy calibrations.

As a result of a reported incident which resulted in the unintended overexposure of several hundred patients, teletherapy installations throughout the United States were evaluated to verify the accuracy of teletherapy equipment calibrations. Selected licensees received TLDs for exposure under specified conditions. Site visits were made to each licensee showing an apparent discrepancy greater than ± 5% and intercomparison measurements made. This paper describes results of a sampling of 373 teletherapy licensees and the success of site visits in reducing final discrepancies to less than ± 5%. TLD and site visit measurement techniques, results, comparison with data from other studies, and possible sources of uncertainty in the management of a large‐scale screening program are discussed.
An experimental investigation and a numerical prediction of a transonic normal shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction

Detailed pitot, static and wall pressure measurements have been obtained for a transonic normal shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction at free-stream Mach numbers of 1.28, 1.37 and 1.48 and at a constant unit Reynolds number of 4.92 x 10 to the 6th per meter in an axisymmetric, internal flow. Measurements have also been obtained at a unit Reynolds number of 9.84 x 10 to the 6th per meter at a free-stream Mach number of 1.29. The interaction depends very strongly on the Mach number. The effect of Reynolds number under study is small. Flow confinement due to the wind-tunnel wall boundary layer produces a weaker interaction and a much larger supersonic tongue than is observed for planar flows. Comparisons are made with solutions to the time-dependent, mass-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations incorporating a two-equation, Wilcox-Rubesin turbulence model (1980). The computations are in agreement with the experimental results.