cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicamera phase measuring profilometry for accurate depth measurement

Structured light illumination refers to a scanning process of projecting a series of patterns such that, when viewed from an angle, a camera is able to extract range information. Ultimately, resolution in depth is controlled by the number of patterns projected which, in turn, increases the total time that the target object must remain still. By adding a second camera sensor, it becomes possible to not only achieve wrap around scanning but also reduce the number of patterns needed to achieve a certain degree of depth resolution. But a second camera also makes it possible to reconstruct 3-D surfaces through stereo-vision techniques and triangulation between the cameras instead of between the cameras and the projectors. For both of these two tasks, correspondence between points from two cameras is essential. In this paper, we develop a new method to find the correspondence between the two cameras using both the phase information generated by the temporal multiplexed illumination patterns and stereo triangulation. We also analyze the resulting correspondence accuracy as a function of the number of structured patterns as well as the geometric position of projector to cameras.
Effect of package film on the quality of fresh-cut salad savoy

Abstract Salad savoy (Brassica oleracea L.) is a vegetable crop that is becoming a valued addition to fresh-cut salad mixes. This study was conducted to develop a modified atmosphere packaging system for fresh-cut salad savoy and to evaluate the effect of film oxygen transmission rate (OTR) on package atmospheres, and consequently product quality changes during storage. Two varieties of salad savoy (white and violet) were cut into approximately 5 cm ×5 cm slices and sanitized in 100 μl l−1 chlorine solution. The products (85 g each) were packaged in sealed 19 cm ×22 cm polyethylene bags prepared with films of selected OTRs at 8.0, 16.6, 21.4, and 29.5 pmol s−1 m−2 Pa−1 and stored at 5°C for 25 days. Evaluation parameters included package atmospheres, product respiration rate, color, cut-end discoloration (browning), off-odor, decay, and overall quality. Results indicated that the OTR of the package film significantly (P
Project Team Dynamics and Cognitive Style

Problem-solving styles and interpersonal dynamics of project teams are often critical factors for a team to function effectively. To study problem-solving styles and track intra-team interactions, the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) was used to determine the cognitive styles of engineering and management students in Bucknell’s Institute for Leadership in Technology and Management (ILTM). KAI scores allowed interpretation and characterization of data from student journaling assignments that recorded observations about project team members’ abilities to work and communicate with each other. KAI results show correlations with both positive and negative aspects of project team experiences. The results indicate potential sources of conflicts in project teams comprised of mature individuals working in a corporate environment.
Experimental Observation of Injection Rate Influence on the Hydraulic Fracturing Behavior of a Tight Gas Sandstone

It has been widely accepted in hydraulic fracturing that the higher the pressurization rate, the higher the breakdown pressure. However, linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) suggests the opposite. In an effort to clarify this “injection rate paradox,” three controlled laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted using different injection rates. These tests showed that the higher the injection rate, the lower the breakdown pressure. Further investigations indicated that the elastic- and poroelastic- models were not able to properly predict the observed breakdown pressures. Using Griffith’s energy balance concept, an LEFM-based breakdown pressure model was derived which gives satisfactory predictions.
Effect of number of chemical bonds on the strength of adhesion between glass and polybutadiene

Abstract : Studies of the effect of chemical bonding on the joint strength of bonds formed between polybutadiene and glass were carried out. The number of chemical bonds was determined using 14C labelled interfacial bonds and measuring the resulting radioactivity. The strength of the joint was found to increase as the number of chemical bonds increases. The presence of essentially all the radioactivity on the glass surface after peeling at 180 degrees indicated that fracture occurred without breaking the interfacial bonds. (Author)
The Value of Modern Mammography Screening in the Control of Breast Cancer: Understanding the Underpinnings of the Current Debates

Since the introduction of mammography screening, debates about the value of screening have endured and been contentious. Recent reviews of the randomized controlled trials reach different conclusions about the absolute benefit of screening, as do evaluations of population trends in breast cancer mortality and the evaluations of service screening. Conclusions about the value of screening commonly are expressed in terms of the balance of benefits and harms, which can differ greatly even when derived seemingly from the same data. It can be shown when different estimates are adjusted to a common screening and follow-up scenario, differences in balance sheet estimates diminish substantially. The strong evidence of benefit associated with exposure to modern mammography screening suggests that it is time to move beyond the randomized controlled trial estimates of benefit and consider policy decisions on the basis of benefits and harms estimated from the evaluation of current screening programs.
Electron transfer with TD-Split, a linear response time-dependent method

Abstract We present a simple method, time-dependent split (TD-Split) for A → B electron transfer by a TD evaluation of the lowest excitation energy from the ground state of the combined (AB) − system. As an example, we study transfer between substituted fullerenes, primarily PCBM. Electron transfer in such fullerene systems is important as it is often the bottleneck in organic solar cells. The TD-Split method is described in detail, including numerical linearization which reduces the number of required iterations, and comparison to other possible approaches. We also compare to other molecules such as C 60 Me 5 H, and find similar trends as experiment.
Seasonal use of habitat by shrub-breeding birds in a southeastern national forest

Abstract Populations of shrub-breeding birds are declining in eastern North America, and loss of habitat has been implicated in these declines. Seasonal use of habitat by shrub-breeding birds in the southeastern US remains understudied despite the fact that it is well documented that species resident within a region can shift habitat use dramatically between seasons. To better understand year-round habitat occupancy by shrub-breeding birds, we conducted bird counts and vegetation surveys during summer and winter 2008–2009 within Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama. We used multi-season occupancy models to examine use of habitat and to contrast seasonal occupancy patterns of four species of resident shrub-breeding birds—Brown Thrashers (Toxostoma rufum), Eastern Towhees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis) and Carolina Wrens (Thryothorus ludovicianus). Brown Thrashers and Eastern Towhees are partially migratory—meaning some populations have separate breeding and wintering are...
The Small States of Western Europe in the United Nations

Only six of the small states of Western or Western oriented Europe participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco. They were Belgium, the Netherlands, Greece, Norway, Luxembourg, and, after a struggle between the Soviet Union and its wartime allies, Denmark. Their participation followed, for the most part, the model of the “honorable, independent, disinterested small state”: sober, responsible, speaking mainly when spoken to, but assiduously seeking out ways to make their voices heard in the alleviation of international conflict. True, they were there as part of the winning coalition in World War II and shared the hopes and expectations of the larger Western powers concerning the role of the United Nations. But they joined similar countries outside Europe, particularly Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, in helping to shape a UN Charter which in certain ways differed from the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals. The role of the General Assembly was, for example, enlarged, thus modifying the special position of the Great Powers, and the scope of the United Nations in economic and social fields was expanded. The influence of the small states in Europe stemmed from the desire of the major Western allies, particularly the United States, to ensure the success of the enterprise by concessions to those whose participation would be necessary to make it a worthwhile undertaking.
Mentoring guidelines for wildlife professionals

Mentoring is the process by which one or more senior professionals guide a protege through the institutional or organizational socialization process. One common misconception is that the benefits of mentoring primarily accrue to the protege. We suggest that mentors and proteges benefit in numerous dimensions. The benefits of being a mentor include personal satisfaction, social change, building professional capital, career enhancement, and resource development. The benefits of being mentored include career and psychosocial benefits (Kram 1985). Formalized mentoring can be used to increase recruitment and retention, especially for ethnic minorities and women. In addition, mentoring provides an opportunity to transfer cultural and organizational knowledge associated with specific disciplines to developing professionals. We provide guidelines for mentoring relationships during the preparing, negotiating, enabling, and closing phases of mentoring. Finally, we conclude with some strategies for successful matching and managing the mentoring process.
Negative regulation of miR-145 by C/EBP-β through the Akt pathway in cancer cells

MicroRNAs are master gene regulators that can also be under the control of transcriptional regulation. We have previously shown that miR-145 is a tumor suppressor capable of silencing c-Myc and the tumor suppressor p53 induces miR-145 by directly binding to the miR-145 promoter, demonstrating the role of miR-145 in p53-mediated c-Myc repression. However, little is known as to why miR-145 is often downregulated in tumors. In this study, we identify CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBP-β) as a negative regulator for miR-145 expression by direct interaction with the putative C/EBP-β binding site in the miR-145 promoter. In the wild-type p53 background, C/EBP-β counteracts the ability of p53 to induce miR-145. Moreover, C/EBP-β is able to suppress miR-145 in the mutant p53 background, suggesting the p53 independent regulation of miR-145. Of interest, both the large isoform (LAP-2) and the small isoform (LIP) of C/EBP-β can exert suppressive function for miR-145. Finally, we further show that, like serum starvation and PI3K inhibitor LY29, the antioxidant resveratrol suppresses pAkt and phosphorylation of C/EBP-β and at the same time, it induces miR-145. Together, these results suggest a miR-145 regulatory system involving the Akt and C/EBP-β, which may contribute to the downregulation of miR-145 in cancer cells.
The Role of the Polo Kinase Cdc5 in Controlling Cdc14 Localization

In budding yeast, the protein phosphatase Cdc14 controls exit from mitosis. Its activity is regulated by a competitive inhibitor Cfi1/Net1, which binds to and sequesters Cdc14 in the nucleolus. During anaphase, Cdc14 is released from its inhibitor by the action of two regulatory networks. The Cdc Fourteen Early Anaphase Release (FEAR) network initiates Cdc14 release from Cfi1/Net1 during early anaphase, and the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN) promotes Cdc14 release during late anaphase. Here, we investigate the relationship among FEAR network components and propose an order in which they function to promote Cdc14 release from the nucleolus. Furthermore, we examine the role of the protein kinase Cdc5, which is a component of both the FEAR network and the MEN, in Cdc14 release from the nucleolus. We find that overexpression of CDC5 led to Cdc14 release from the nucleolus in S phase-arrested cells, which correlated with the appearance of phosphorylated forms of Cdc14 and Cfi1/Net1. Cdc5 promotes Cdc14 phosphorylation and, by stimulating the MEN, Cfi1/Net1 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we suggest that Cdc14 release from the nucleolus only occurs when Cdc14 and Cfi1/Net1 are both phosphorylated.
Satisfaction with Health Coverage and Care: Findings from the 2011 EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey

This paper examines satisfaction with various aspects of health care by type of health plan among three groups of health-plan enrollees: those with a consumer-driven health plan (CDHP), those with a high-deductible health plan (HDHP), and those with traditional coverage. The findings presented in this paper are derived from the 2011 EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey, an online survey that examines issues surrounding consumer-directed health care, including the cost of insurance, the cost of care, satisfaction with health care, satisfaction with health care plans, reasons for choosing a plan, and sources of health information. This paper also incorporates findings from the 2011 survey as well as findings from the 2005, 2006, and 2007 EBRI/Commonwealth Fund Consumerism in Health Care Survey, and the 2008, 2009, and 2010 EBRI/MGA Consumer Engagement in Health Care Survey. Satisfaction levels have been trending up among CDHP enrollees, and trending down among traditional-plan enrollees. Satisfaction levels with getting doctor appointments were high relative to other aspects of health care, regardless of plan type. Individuals in consumer-driven health plans (CDHPs) and high-deductible health plans (HDHPs) were less likely than those in traditional plans both to recommend their health plan or to stay with their current plan, if they had the opportunity to switch. Dissatisfaction with out-of-pocket costs may be driving overall satisfaction trends.The PDF for the above title, published in the August 2012 issue of EBRI Notes, also contains the fulltext of another August 2012 EBRI Notes article abstracted on SSRN: “Is Working to Age 70 Really the Answer for Retirement Income Adequacy?”
Neoplastic meningitis in unknown primary neoplasms

11517 Background: Neoplastic meningitis (NM) is diagnosed in 5–8% of patients with solid tumors. Unknown primary cancers (UPC) constitute 1% to 7% of NM cases. There is scattered data addressing NM...
General Mathematical Ability Predicts PASAT Performance in MS Patients: Implications for Clinical Interpretation and Cognitive Reserve.

Objectives: The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is used to assess cognitive status in multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the mathematical demands of the PASAT seem minor (single-digit arithmetic), cognitive psychology research links greater mathematical ability (e.g., algebra, calculus) to more rapid retrieval of single-digit math facts (e.g., 5+6=11). The present study evaluated the hypotheses that (a) mathematical ability is related to PASAT performance and (b) both the relationship between intelligence and PASAT performance as well as the relationship between education and PASAT performance are both mediated by mathematical ability. Methods: Forty-five MS patients were assessed using the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading, PASAT and Calculation Subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson-III. Regression based path analysis and bootstrapping were used to compute 95% confidence intervals and test for mediation. Results: Mathematical ability (a) was related to PASAT (β=.61; p<.001) and (b) fully mediated the relationship between Intelligence and PASAT (β=.76; 95% confidence interval (CI95)=.28, 1.45; direct effect of Intelligence, β=.42; CI95=−.39, 1.23) as well as the relationship between Education and PASAT (β=2.43, CI95=.81, 5.16, direct effect of Education, β=.83, CI95=−1.95, 3.61). Discussion: Mathematical ability represents a source of error in the clinical interpretation of cognitive decline using the PASAT. Domain-specific cognitive reserve is discussed. (JINS, 2016, 22, 375–378)
Family Structure and Changes in Living Arrangements Among Elderly Nonmarried Parents

We used Longitudinal Study of Aging data to investigate change between 1984 and 1986 in living arrangements of older nonmarried parents, focusing on transitions from living alone and living with children to living alone, with children, with others, and institutionalization. Predictors reflect opportunities for coresidence (number and gender of children), resources, needs, and (indirect measures of) attitudes. We find that those with more children are more likely to change from living alone to living with a child. However, number of children does not affect the odds of moving from living with a child to other arrangements (including institutionalization). Gender of children does not affect tendencies to begin coresidence, although there is slight evidence of more movement out of coresidence for those with sons. Findings are interpreted in terms of the influence of adult children's and parents' needs in determining coresidence.
Bemerkungen zur Frage des Prioritätsprinzips in der Zoologischen Nomenklatur

Le resultat du conseil de la I.C.Z.N. a Londres 1958 est interprete et salue par quelques rapporteurs comme victoire du principe de la priorite stricte pour les noms «fossiles». L'auteur montre que les decisions de Londres signifient le contraire, parce que desormais la I.C.Z.N. doit consentir exceptionnellement a la validite de ces noms en chaque cas particulier. De plus les decisions de Londres n'ont pas encore force de loi, trois annees apres leur resolution; pour ces raisons, les decisions de Copenhague 1953 et l'abolition generale de la priorite des noms fossiles sont encore valables.
High-accuracy estimates for the vinylidene-acetylene isomerization energy and the ground state rotational constants of :C═CH2.

Highly accurate calculations are reported for properties of vinylidene (H2C═C:), specifically the position of its zero-point vibrational level relative to that of acetylene and its equilibrium structure and ground state rotational constants. The isomerization energy of vinylidene calculated at the HEAT-456QP level of theory is 43.53 ± 0.15 kcal mol(-1), in agreement with the previous best estimate, but associated with a much smaller uncertainty. In addition, the thermochemical calculations presented here also allow a determination of the H2CC-H bond energy of the vinyl radical at the HEAT-345(Q) level of theory, which is 77.7 ± 0.3 kcal mol(-1). The equilibrium structure of vinylidene, estimated with an additivity scheme that includes treatment of correlation effects beyond CCSD(T) as well as relativistic and adiabatic (diagonal Born-Oppenheimer correction) contributions, is rCC = 1.2982 ± 0.0003 A, rCH = 1.0844 ± 0.0003 A, and θCCH = 120.05 ± 0.05°, with zero-point rotational constants (including vibrational contributions and electronic contributions to the moment of inertia) estimated to be A0 = 9.4925 ± 0.0150 cm(-1), B0 = 1.3217 ± 0.0017 cm(-1), and C0 = 1.1602 ± 0.0016 cm(-1).
Seeding Controversy: Did Israel Invent the Cherry Tomato?

This research brief explores the controversial history of the cherry tomato and analyzes its role in the construction of Israel9s national identity. Since 2003, mentions of Israel having “invented” the cherry tomato have appeared in both Israeli and international media. However, such claims have sparked outrage on various blogs and websites, and questions have been raised about the veracity of Israel9s claims—as well as about the true origin of the cherry tomato. I explore the history of the cherry tomato, tracing mentions of it from the Renaissance period to modern times. In addition, I clarify the assertions of Israeli scientists credited with the development of the cherry tomato—that their research transformed the cherry tomato into a commodity in the 1980s. Finally, I discuss the cherry tomato claim in light of the Israeli government9s hasbara (Hebrew for “explanation”) efforts, which attempt to counter negative images of Israel in the international press. While much previous scholarship on food and nationalism has focused on the relationship between the cultivation, preparation, or consumption of a food and the construction of a national identity, the present work focuses on the relationship between the food9s invention narrative and national identity. By transforming the cherry tomato into an embodiment of technological innovation, I argue that hasbara separates the cherry tomato from its essence as a food and co-opts it into a symbol of modernity and progress.
The Nature of Argument Comprehension

The nature of research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is highly experimental and can be viewed from two complementary perspectives: (1) understanding the basic components of intelligence; and (2) replicating intelligent behavior in computers. To achieve these goals, researchers design, implement, and experiment with computer models involving skills central to human intelligence. One such skill is the ability to understand and engage in arguments. This ability is essential to understanding newspaper editorials, TV debate programs, and defense/prosecution arguments in trials. Similarly, humans use this ability to express and defend their opinions when discussing world affairs, presenting court cases, giving expert advice, and writing newspaper editorials.
Republicanism in Eclipse

It can happen that the constitution is free and that the citizen is not. The citizen can be free and the constitution not. In these instances, the constitution will be free by right and not in fact; the citizens will be free in fact and not by right. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws , book 12, chapter 1 (Cohler, Miller, & Stone trans.) DEMOCRATIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION We have traced the close association between freedom and the market in Western political thought to the contingent fact that the rise of modern commercial societies in early modern Europe appeared as a threat to the freedom of the people concerned, and that the conception of freedom that was inherited from classical antiquity was ambiguous and flexible enough that it could be used to defend as well as to criticize this development. The resulting ideological crisis created the conceptual space for the invention of market freedom, a view that was built out of a synthesis of republican and juristic ideas. In particular, the commercial republican claim that the pursuit of self-interest provides the most reliable path to collective prosperity was woven together with the Lockean appeal to consent as the foundation of legitimate political rule – the difference being that consent was now seen as something that is given day to day and moment to moment in the market, rather than as something that was given at a hypothetical founding moment.
Helical Conformation in the CA-SP1 Junction of the Immature HIV-1 Lattice Determined from Solid-State NMR of Virus-like Particles.

Maturation of HIV-1 requires disassembly of the Gag polyprotein lattice, which lines the viral membrane in the immature state, and subsequent assembly of the mature capsid protein lattice, which encloses viral RNA in the mature state. Metastability of the immature lattice has been proposed to depend on the existence of a structurally ordered, α-helical segment spanning the junction between capsid (CA) and spacer peptide 1 (SP1) subunits of Gag, a segment that is dynamically disordered in the mature capsid lattice. We report solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) measurements on the immature lattice in noncrystalline, spherical virus-like particles (VLPs) derived from Gag. The ssNMR data provide definitive evidence for this critical α-helical segment in the VLPs. Differences in ssNMR chemical shifts and signal intensities between immature and mature lattice assemblies also support a major rearrangement of intermolecular interactions in the maturation process, consistent with recent models from elec...
Molecular Detection and Diagnosis of Cancer

The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide, owing to the trends toward increased lifespan and adaptation to western lifestyle. Although progress has been made in therapeutic and diagnostic strategies contributing to a slight reduction in mortality, cancer still remains a serious health condition and is often fatal. Many cancer deaths occur because the disease is usually diagnosed at advanced stages and has spread to distant organs with lymph node involvement, where most of the treatment options fail. It has been well demonstrated that if the disease is detected earlier the chances of 5-year cancer-free survival and reduction in mortality are better. For example, colon cancer survival rates for localized disease are 82–93 %, compared with only 5–8 % for cases with distant disease. Similarly, significant mortality reduction in cervical cancer cases is mainly due to the availability of effective screening strategies. Some cancers such as ovarian, pancreatic, and lung remain asymptomatic and are diagnosed at advanced stages with poor survival.
Simulation of a Software-Defined Network as One Big Switch

Software-defined networking (SDN) technology promises centralized and rapid network provisioning, holistic management, low operational cost, and improved network visibility. Researchers have developed multiple SDN simulation and emulation platforms to expedite the adoption of many emerging SDN-based applications to production systems. However, the scalability of those platforms is often limited by the underlying physical hardware resources, which inevitably affects the simulation fidelity in large-scale network settings. In this paper, we present a model abstraction technique that effectively transforms the network devices in an SDN-based network to one virtualized switch model. While significantly reducing the model execution time and enabling the real-time simulation capability, our abstracted model also preserves the end-to-end forwarding behavior of the original network. To achieve this, we first classify packets with the same forwarding behavior into smaller and disjoint Equivalence Classes (ECes) by analyzing the OpenFlow rules installed on the SDN devices. We then create a graph model representing the forwarding behavior of each EC. By traversing those graphs, we finally construct the rules of the big-switch model to effectively preserve the original network's end-to-end forwarding behavior. Experimental results demonstrate that the network forwarding logic equivalence is well preserved between the abstracted model and the original SDN network. The model abstraction process is fast, e.g., 3.15 seconds to transform a medium-scale tree network consisting of 53,260 rules. The big-switch model is able to speed up the simulation by 4.3 times in average and up to 6.69 times among our evaluation experiments.
Interval setting selection affects ambulatory activity outputs in children with cerebral palsy.

Abstract Introduction Accelerometer based devices have been widely used to assess the ambulatory activity of children with and without functional disabilities. Many researchers who utilize the StepWatch Activity Monitor (SAM) collect at a 60 second (60sec) interval setting. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of SAM interval settings on ambulatory activity outputs in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and typically developing youth. Methods Participants wore a SAM which recorded the number of strides every 10 seconds (10 s) for one week. Raw 10 s data was downsampled to combine strides into 60sec intervals. Strides were ensembled into walking bouts with the Intensity/Duration calculated as a percentage of Total Ambulatory Time (TAT). Results Twenty-eight children with CP (14 boys; avg. 12 yrs. 4 mths.; GMFCS Level I n = 4, Level II n = 19, Level III n = 5) completed testing and 28 age matched typically developing youth (14 boys; avg. 12 yrs. 6 mths.) were included. Using the 10sec interval, ∼80% of walking bouts in both groups were less than or equal to 60 s. Data recorded at 60sec intervals had higher daily TAT but fewer walking bouts. In children with CP, daily steps were higher using the 60sec interval. At the Easy intensity, the 60sec interval reported an increased volume of Long duration walking, and it rarely identified any Moderate+ intensity activity. Conclusions 60sec interval data overestimated low intensity and long duration ambulatory activity. It is imperative that investigators choose a finer interval setting (10sec) to maximize the detection of gait transitions and rest periods which are critical in describing community ambulation of patients with cerebral palsy.
A rare case of Candida parapsilosis osteomyelitis: a literature review and proposed treatment algorithm

Candida parapsilosis is a rare opportunistic pathogen that can be found in immunosuppressed patients. There are seldom-reported cases of fungal osteomyelitis surrounding orthopedic implants. This is a case of chronic Candida parapsilosis osteomyelitis in an immunocompromised patient with a prior open reduction and internal fixation for a closed bimalleolar ankle fracture that went on to neglected wound complications. The patient underwent series of treatments including removal of hardware, serial irrigation and debridements, negative pressure wound therapy, and intravenous antifungal therapy. Our case illustrates the possibility of this rare pathogen involved in orthopedic surgery particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Fungal and atypical pathogens should always be considered in such patients or if another diagnosis is not clear. Protracted time to culture specimens should be considered for at least four weeks in such situations. This article outlines a review of the literature and treatment algorithm to guide physicians when managing patients with this rare infection.
Enforcing the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition in explicitly conservative local time stepping schemes

Abstract An optimally efficient explicit numerical scheme for solving fluid dynamics equations, or any other parabolic or hyperbolic system of partial differential equations, should allow local regions to advance in time with their own, locally constrained time steps. However, such a scheme can result in violation of the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition, which is manifestly non-local. Although the violations can be considered to be “weak” in a certain sense and the corresponding numerical solution may be stable, such calculation does not guarantee the correct propagation speed for arbitrary waves. We use an experimental fluid dynamics code that allows cubic “patches” of grid cells to step with independent, locally constrained time steps to demonstrate how the CFL condition can be enforced by imposing a constraint on the time steps of neighboring patches. We perform several numerical tests that illustrate errors introduced in the numerical solutions by weak CFL condition violations and show how strict enforcement of the CFL condition eliminates these errors. In all our tests the strict enforcement of the CFL condition does not impose a significant performance penalty.
Comparison of retropupillary fixated iris-claw lenses and sulcus placed intraocular lenses for the treatment of aphakia

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the visual outcomes and safety profile of retropupillary fixated iris claw lenses (RPICLs) and sulcus placed posterior chamber intraocular lenses (SIPCIOL) in the management of aphakia. Materials and Methods: This was a comparative, observational study, which included 87 eyes of 84 patients who underwent RPICL or SIPCIOL for aphakia. BCVA at 6 weeks, mean prediction error, post-eperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: Group 1 (RPICL group) consisted of 47 eyes of 45 patients and Group 2 (SIPCIOL group) consisted of 40 eyes of 39 patients. Mean age was 67.13 ± 9.33 years in Group 1 and 59.91 ± 16.62 years in Group 2. There was statistically significant difference between preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and post op BCVA at 6 weeks in Group 1 (P = 0.001, paired t-test) and Group 2 (P = 0.001, paired t-test). There was no significant difference in BCVA between the groups at 6 weeks (P = 0.54, unpaired t-test). There was no statistically significant difference in BCVA at 6 weeks between primary surgery and secondary surgery in Group 1 (P = 0.34, unpaired t-test) and Group 2 (P = 0.59, unpaired t-test). The mean prediction error in Group 1 was 0.41 ± 0.58 D and in Group 2 was 0.18 ± 0.20 and was not significant (P = 0.61, unpaired t-test). There was no significant difference between the two groups in mean intraocular pressure at 1 week (P = 0.43, paired t-test) and at 6 weeks (P = 0.83, paired t-test). There was no significant difference between the two groups in operative complications. Conclusion: RPICL was comparable with SIPCIOLs in terms of BCVA at 6 weeks, intraocular lens prediction error, and operative complications.
Passive do so

The received view is that the VP pro-form do so cannot be a verbal passive, although it can be unaccusative. I show that this is incorrect: do so can be passive. It can also take a raising to subject verb as its antecedent. This means that do so is compatible with all types of A-movement, although it does not permit A-bar movement of an object. I construct an analysis of do so where it is simply an intransitive verb plus an adverb. Do so combines with a Voice head, which can be unaccusative, passive, or active transitive. The subject of do so is base-generated in Spec-VoiceP, and does not move in unaccusatives or passives. Instead, do so must copy a function from its antecedent in the semantics. The subject of do so can be interpreted semantically as an internal argument if Voice is passive or unaccusative and the antecedent includes a trace, because of the way lambda abstraction works in A-movement. This analysis reconciles the evidence against movement in do so itself with arguments for A-movement in its antecedent. The copy mechanism explains voice and category mismatches, as well as split antecedents and ellipsis-containing antecedents.
Experimental observations and computer simulations of spherical aluminum-alloy projectiles impacting plane limestone targets

The stress distribution within spherical aluminum-alloy (2024) projectiles impacting plane limestone (calcite) targets was observed by converting residual microhardness maps obtained for cross-sections of recovered projectiles impacting from 0.8 to 1.3 km/s. A maximum residual yield stress zone was observed to migrate toward the rear of the impacting projectiles with increasing impact velocity. The maximum occurred at a normalized depth z′/am ≅ 0.5 (where am is the contact radius); consistent with the theoretical result for elastic impacts. Computer simulations showed good agreement with experiment, and demonstrated that elastic assumptions were valid well into the plastic deformation regime.
A THREE-DIMENSIONAL TWO-PHASE MODEL FOR THERMAL PLASMA CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION WITH LIQUID FEEDSTOCK INJECTION

In this paper, a comprehensive model for thermal plasma chemical vapor deposition (TPCVD) with liquid feedstock injection is documented. The gas flow is assumed to be steady, of a single temperature. Radiation and charged species contributions are excluded, but extensive homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry is included. The liquid phase is traced by considering individual droplets. Discussion on the model's application to diamond production from acetone in a hydrogen–argon plasma is included. The major conclusions are: (1) Liquid injection possesses a capability to deliver the hydrocarbon precursor directly onto the deposition target. (2) For the case of complete evaporation of the droplet before reaching the substrate, the deposition rate is similar to that obtained with gaseous precursors. (3) The computational results compare well with experimental data. The modeling results can be used to optimize the injection parameters with regard to the deposition rate.
Food justice, intersectional agriculture, and the triple food movement

Emerging as an intersectional response to social inequalities perpetuated by the mainstream food movement in the United States, the food justice movement is being used by marginalized communities to address their food needs. This movement relies on an emancipatory discourse, illustrated by what I term intersectional agriculture. In many respects, the mainstream food movement reflects contention between marketization (corporate agriculture) and social protectionist (local food) discourses, while the role of food justice remains somewhat unclear as it relates to the mainstream movement. Each movement attempts to restructure the ways in which food is distributed, consumed, and produced, impacting the social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental dimensions of food. Using the lens of Nancy Fraser’s triple movement framework, I construct an interpretation of food justice as the emancipatory pole of what I term the triple food movement to explore the role of food justice as it relates to the mainstream movement. Specifically, I draw upon the cases of black farmers and queer people in the U.S. creating and (re)creating spaces to address their community food needs and counter systems of domination constructed around race, class, gender, sexuality, agriculture, and food.
EARLY EFFORTS OF THE U.S. PUBLIC ACCOUNTING PROFESSION TO INVESTIGATE THE USE OF STATISTICAL SAMPLING

The study suggests that the AICPA's efforts to investigate the use of statistical sampling appear to have been catalyzed by the confluence of the growing dissatisfaction with the traditional approach to sampling and the widespread recognition of the benefits of statistical sampling which were being realized in other professions and in industry. The fact that large corporations had begun to use statistical sampling in accounting and auditing lent additional urgency to the need to address the issue. In addition, some doubted the tenability of traditional sampling if challenged in court by a statistician. The study also examines the research efforts of the AICPA which include case studies, legal opinions, a review of the mathematical underpinning of statistical sampling, and the initiation of an interdisciplinary collaborative effort with the American Statistical Association. The research suggests that from the very beginning, the AICPA was most cognizant of the legal implications of statistical sampling and...
Censorship’s Effect on Incidental Exposure to Information: Evidence From Wikipedia:

The fast-growing body of research on internet censorship has examined the effects of censoring selective pieces of political information and the unintended consequences of censorship of entertainme...
Summary-Based Methylome-Wide Association Analyses Suggest Potential Genetically Driven Epigenetic Heterogeneity of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no curative treatment available. Exploring the genetic and non-genetic contributors to AD pathogenesis is essential to better understand its underlying biological mechanisms, and to develop novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. We investigated potential genetically driven epigenetic heterogeneity of AD through summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR), which combined results from our previous genome-wide association analyses with those from two publicly available methylation quantitative trait loci studies of blood and brain tissue samples. We found that 152 probes corresponding to 113 genes were epigenetically associated with AD at a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of 5.49E-07. Of these, 10 genes had significant probes in both brain-specific and blood-based analyses. Comparing males vs. females and hypertensive vs. non-hypertensive subjects, we found that 22 and 79 probes had group-specific associations with AD, respectively, suggesting a potential role for such epigenetic modifications in the heterogeneous nature of AD. Our analyses provided stronger evidence for possible roles of four genes (i.e., AIM2, C16orf80, DGUOK, and ST14) in AD pathogenesis as they were also transcriptionally associated with AD. The identified associations suggest a list of prioritized genes for follow-up functional studies and advance our understanding of AD pathogenesis.
CyanoTRACKER: A cloud-based integrated multi-platform architecture for global observation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms

Abstract Over the past decade, the global proliferation of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) have presented a major risk to the public and wildlife, and ecosystem and economic services provided by inland water resources. As a consequence, water resources, environmental, and healthcare agencies are in need of early information about the development of these blooms to mitigate or minimize their impact. Results from various components of a novel multi-cloud cyber-infrastructure referred to as “CyanoTRACKER” for initial detection and continuous monitoring of spatio-temporal growth of CyanoHABs is highlighted in this study. The novelty of the CyanoTRACKER framework is the collection and integration of combined community reports (social cloud), remote sensing data (sensor cloud) and digital image analytics (computation cloud) to detect and differentiate between regular algal blooms and CyanoHABs. Individual components of CyanoTRACKER include a reporting website, mobile application (App), remotely deployable solar powered automated hyperspectral sensor (CyanoSense), and a cloud-based satellite data processing and integration tool. All components of CyanoTRACKER provided important data related to CyanoHABs assessments for regional and global water bodies. Reports and data received via social cloud including the mobile App, Twitter, Facebook, and CyanoTRACKER website, helped in identifying the geographic locations of CyanoHABs affected water bodies. A significant increase (124.92%) in tweet numbers related to CyanoHABs was observed between 2011 (total relevant tweets = 2925) and 2015 (total relevant tweets = 6579) that reflected an increasing trend of the harmful phenomena across the globe as well as an increased awareness about CyanoHABs among Twitter users. The CyanoHABs affected water bodies extracted via the social cloud were categorized, and smaller water bodies were selected for the deployment of CyanoSense, and satellite data analysis was performed for larger water bodies. CyanoSense was able to differentiate between ordinary algae and CyanoHABs through the use of their characteristic absorption feature at 620 nm. The results and products from this infrastructure can be rapidly disseminated via the CyanoTRACKER website, social media, and direct communication with appropriate management agencies for issuing warnings and alerting lake managers, stakeholders and ordinary citizens to the dangers posed by these environmentally harmful phenomena.
Assessment of Tracking Small UAS Using IR Based Laser and Monocular-Vision Pose Estimation

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a widely available tracking solution from aircraft to smartphones. Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (sUAVs) are also heavily dependent on GNSS to fly autonomously from location to location. However, sUAVs have limited battery life and most sUAVs change batteries and pick up cargo manually by human operators. However, GNSS is insufficient when sUAVs are used in large quantities for patrol, delivery, and construction were picking up various payloads and changing batteries are frequently required. GNSS is sufficient for taking the sUAVs from point A to point B in open air space with communication to the satellites. If the fully autonomous operation were to only rely on GNSS navigation, the landing hubs would be limited to open spaces such as rooftops or parking lots. Commercial grade GNSS receivers also have limited update rates of 1-10Hz, limiting the capability of the landing sUAV. The purpose of this project is to investigate tracking methods available for supplementing the existing GNSS solution that will assist the sUAVs in landing at more flexible locations. Methods include: 1) ground-based IR LED array markings identified by a monocular camera onboard the sUAV, and 2) IR laser sweeping identified by IR photodiodes onboard the sUAV. Each of these methods is capable of localizing the sUAVs at rates of 15Hz to 120Hz without location limitations such as using GNSS. These methods can expand the landing capability of the sUAVs to confined spaces such as warehouses and building floors under construction, or mobile locations such as delivery trucks and patrol cars, even landing/docking for aerial vehicles on Mars. The scope of this paper includes implementation and assessment of SteamVR tracking and IR marker-based monocular-vision pose estimation on sUAV platforms to perform two types of maneuvers, a continuous circular flight path and a flight path based on stop-and-go waypoints. Findings suggested that Lighthouse can achieve high accuracy and tracking fidelity in an ideal environment, but subject to interference from large reflective surfaces. The IR marker-based pose estimation can achieve centimeter accuracy in ideal conditions but largely limited by its hardware specifications.
The Politics of Innovation Policy: Building Israel’s “Neo-developmental” State:

This article contributes to an emerging literature on the “neo” or “entrepreneurial” developmental state that emphasizes the role of innovation policy in promoting the structural transformation of ...
Fe-Based Superconducting Transition Temperature Modeling through Gaussian Process Regression

Extensive research has been conducted to find new superconducting materials that exhibit high critical temperature T $$_{c}$$ , in order to fulfill the needs of practical applications with liquid-helium-free refrigeration or even at room temperature. Iron-based superconductors show high T $$_{c}$$ and high upper critical field. The research, however, requires significant manpower for materials synthesis and characterization, and costly equipment and facilities. Computational approaches have contributed greatly to investigate the properties of solid-state matter in many fields, which can be integrated to machine learning and big-data analysis. In this work, the Gaussian process regression model is developed to predict Fe-based superconductor critical temperature based on lattice parameters. This modeling approach demonstrates a high degree of accuracy and stability that lead to the statistical relationship between the lattice parameters and T $$_{c}$$ . The results disclosed by this work can also lead to a better understanding of the origin of superconductivity in these materials.
Probing the structure and function of acyl carrier proteins to unlock the strategic redesign of type II polyketide biosynthetic pathways

Type II polyketide synthases (PKSs) are protein assemblies, encoded by biosynthetic gene clusters in microorganisms, that manufacture structurally complex and pharmacologically relevant molecules. Acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) play a central role in biosynthesis by shuttling malonyl-based building blocks and polyketide intermediates to catalytic partners for chemical transformations. Because ACPs serve as central hubs in type II PKSs, they can also represent roadblocks to successfully engineering synthases capable of manufacturing ‘unnatural natural products.’ Therefore, understanding ACP conformational dynamics and protein interactions is essential to enable the strategic redesign of type II PKSs. However, the inherent flexibility and transience of ACP interactions pose challenges to gaining insight into ACP structure and function. In this review, we summarize how the application of chemical probes and molecular dynamic simulations has increased our understanding of the structure and function of type II PKS ACPs. We also share how integrating these advances in type II PKS ACP research with newfound access to key enzyme partners, such as the ketosynthase-chain length factor, sets the stage to unlock new biosynthetic potential.