cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING, UNCERTAINTY, AND DISASSEMBLY ACTION CHARTS IN DEMANUFACTURE COST ASSESSMENTS

In this paper, the development of an Activity-based Cost (ABC) model is presented for use in design for demanufacture under the presence of uncertainty. Demanufacture is defined as the process opposite to manufacturing involved in recycling materials and product components after a product has been taken back by a company. The crux in developing an ABC model is to identify the activities that will be present in the demanufacturing process of a product, and afterwards assign reliable cost drivers and associated consumption intensities to the activities. Uncertainty distributions are assigned to the numbers used in the calculations, representing the inherent uncertainty in the model. The effect of the uncertainty on the cost and model behavior are found by employing a numerical simulation technique - the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The additional use of disassembly action charts allows the influence of the uncertainty to be traced through the cost model to specific demanufacture process and product design parameters.
Recommendations for the reporting of tissues removed as part of the surgical treatment of cutaneous melanoma

The Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology have developed recommendations for the surgical pathology report for common malignant tumors. The recommendations for cutaneous melanoma are reported herein.
Propagation of the mammary tumor milk agent in tumors from C57 black mice.

SummaryMice of some sublines of the C57 black stock may propagate and transmit the mammary tumor agent. The agent may be recovered from spontaneous mammary cancers which developed in mice of the strain and may survive for at least 10 passages of these tumors in mice without the agent.
Lobbying, political connectedness and financial performance in the air transportation industry

While there is a deeper understanding of the outcomes to firm-level political activities in general, there are very few papers that address this relationship in transportation studies. In this paper, I empirically test firm-level rent-seeking through corporate political activity (CPA) in the air transportation industry. I find, in a sample of 46 firms over 15 years, that lobbying intensity and political connections are positively related to subsequent profitability in both fixed-effects and random-effects estimations. I also test the interaction of these two main effects and find mixed support for the moderating effect of political connections on lobbying intensity. This paper contributes to the theoretical literature on political rent-seeking and the topical literature on political action in air transportation.
The relationship of cognitive performance to concurrent symptoms, cancer- and cancer-treatment-related variables in women with early-stage breast cancer: a 2-year longitudinal study

Purpose Cognitive dysfunction in women with breast cancer continues to be an area of intense research interest. The prevalence, severity, timing, and cognitive domains that are most affected, as well as the contribution of cancer and its treatments to cognition, remain unresolved. Thus, longitudinal studies are needed that examine cognitive function during different stages of breast cancer treatment and survivorship. This longitudinal trial followed women with early-stage breast cancer, prior to chemotherapy through 2 years survivorship.
Inhibition of cell division and of microtubule assembly by elatone, a halogenated sesquiterpene.

Elatone, the 9-keto derivative of the marine natural product elatol, produces an irreversible dose-dependent inhibition of cell cleavage in synchronously dividing Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin embryos. When added early in the cell cycle, elatone produces a significant and progressive inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake within 45 min after fertilization, and nearly complete inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation during both the S1 and S2 replicative periods. Incorporation studies using eggs preloaded with [3H]thymidine demonstrate that elatone blocks incorporation during S2, a DNA replication period which partially overlaps mitosis. By utilizing the inherent synchrony of this cell-culture system we examined the time course of elatone inhibition. We found that inhibition of cell division and S2-DNA synthesis dropped precipitously if exposure to elatone was withheld until the onset of mitosis, suggesting that the events immediately prior to and/or at the beginning of the M-phase are critical to elatone’s mode of action. By using purified beef brain microtubules we have further demonstrated that elatone inhibits the rate of initiation of microtubule assembly in vitro, with consequent reduction in the steady-state levels of polymerized microtubules. Although the possibility for other modes of action certainly exists, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that elatone inhibits egg cleavage through inhibition of mitosis.
Disasters Are Gendered: What’s New?

A vast academic, policy, practitioner, and activist literature, stretching back at least two decades, documents and analyzes the gendered dimensions of “natural” disasters and, more recently, of climate change.
Optically Induced Molecular Distortion in Nematics: Visualization of the Incident Beam Aberrations

ABSTRACTWhen a strong aberrated laser beam is focussed onto a homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal, it produces, above the threshold, a molecular distortion, the profile of which depends upon the point spread function of the incident wave. The strong zero spatial frequency component creates a highly distorted center in the crystal and it diffracts strongly to produce a spherical reference wave which interferes with the directly transmitted aberrated wave. This interference phenomenon takes place in the extraordinary wave and shows the constant phase contours of the incident wavefront. The explanation based on the two beam interference effect is supported by experimental results.
Interiors of the Giant Planets

Abstract The giant, or Jovian planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—account for 99.5% of all the planetary mass in the solar system. The internal composition and structure of all these planets thus provide important clues about the conditions in the solar nebula during the time of planet formation. But such information does not come easily. The familiar faces of these planets, such as the cloud-streaked disk of Jupiter, tell relatively little about what lies beneath. Knowledge of these planetary interiors must instead be gained from analysis of the mass, radius, shape, and gravitational fields of the planets. For the majority of giant planets around other stars, at best only the mass and radius can be discerned. Thus for both solar and extrasolar planets, theoretical models of the planetary interiors must be compared to the available data in order to infer what lies within the planets. The study of the behavior of planetary materials at high densities and pressures provides additional constraints for connecting mass, radius, and internal composition. Once constructed, interior models provide a window into the internal structure of these planets and shed light on processes that led to planet formation in our solar system and others.
Actuating Fibers: Design and Applications

Actuators are devices capable of moving or controlling objects and systems by applying mechanical force on them. Among all kinds of actuators with different shapes, fibrous ones deserve particular attention. In spite of their apparent simplicity, actuating fibers allow for very complex actuation behavior. This review discusses different approaches for the design of actuating fibers, and their advantages and disadvantages. We also discuss the prospects for the design of fibers with advanced architectures and complex actuation behavior.
Adolescent alcohol use: protective and predictive parent, peer, and self-related factors

Adolescent alcohol use has been linked with a multitude of problems and a trajectory predictive of problematic use in adulthood. Thus, targeting factors that enhance early prevention efforts is vital. The current study highlights variables that mitigate or predict alcohol use and heavy episodic drinking. Using Monitoring the Future (MTF) data, multiple path analytic models revealed links between parental involvement and alcohol abstinence and initiation. Parental involvement predicted enhanced self-esteem and less self-derogation and was negatively associated with peer alcohol norms for each MTF grade sampled, with stronger associations for 8th and 10th graders than 12th graders. For younger groups, self-esteem predicted increased perceptions of alcohol risk and reduced drinking. Self-derogation was associated with peers’ pro-alcohol norms, which was linked to lower risk perceptions, lower personal disapproval of use, and increased drinking. Peer influence had a stronger association with consumption for 8th and 10th graders, whereas 12th graders’ drinking was related to personal factors of alcohol risk perception and disapproval. In all grades, general alcohol use had a strong connection to heavy episodic drinking within the past 2 weeks. Across-grade variations in association of parent, peer, and personal factors suggest the desirability of tailored interventions focused on specific factors for each grade level, with the overall goal of attenuating adolescent alcohol use.
Corporate Ethical Branding on YouTube: CSR Communication Strategies and Brand Anthropomorphism

Even as ethical branding gains increasing prominence, the effectiveness of specific communication and branding strategies remains somewhat unexplored. A content analysis was conducted to examine Fo...
Minority accrual on a prospective study targeting a diverse U.S. breast cancer population: An analysis of Wake Forest CCOP research base protocol 97609.

6564 Background: Clinical trial accrual rates are lower among minority patients. Wake Forest CCOP RB protocol 97609 designed to accrue 400 non-Hispanic White (NHW) and 600 minority patients to a st...
Autophagy and Related Phenomena

Autophagy—the lysosomal degradation of part of a cell’s own cytoplasm—is a common phenomenon. Autodegradation of this sort was first clearly recognized in the early 1960s by Ashford and Porter, Essner and Novikoff, Swift and Hruban, and others. It is observable in many cell types under normal circumstances but is enhanced by stresses such as injury or nutritional deprivation.
Effect of Gamma-Ray and Neutron Heating as Interfering Input for the Measurement of Temperature Using Optical Fiber Sensor System

This paper accounts for gamma-ray and neutron heating of an optical fiber/capillary tube temperature sensor by including current sources in the fiber and capillary tube in the electrical analog of the capillary tube/fiber sensor system. The resulting model is examined to determine the conditions for which gamma-ray and neutron heating of the capillary tube/fiber sensor system is a significant interfering input for the measurement of the steady-state temperature of the medium in which the capillary tube/fiber sensor system is immersed, or the temperature of the component to which the capillary tube/fiber sensor system is attached. The model predicts that gamma-ray and neutron heating may result in a discrepancy, on the order of tens of degrees centigrade, in the sensed temperature, in comparison to the temperature of the medium, for a bare fiber in stagnant air for a power reactor. However, for the case of bonding of a capillary tube/fiber sensor system to metal, or the placement of the sensor in a liquid for which the heat transfer coefficient exceeds approximately $1\times 10^{+4}~(\text {W}/{\text {m}^{2}\cdot \text {K}})$ , the discrepancy in the sensed temperature is predicted to be negligible for power reactor neutron and gamma-ray absorbed dose rates.
Use of Shoulder Imaging in the Outpatient Setting: A Pilot Study.

Purpose Characterize the clinical utility of diagnostic shoulder imaging modalities commonly used in the outpatient workup of shoulder pain. Materials/Methods Retrospective review of adults imaged for outpatient shoulder pain from 1/1/2013 to 9/1/2015. To be categorized as “useful”, a study had to meet one of the following criteria: change the clinical diagnosis or treatment plan, provide a final diagnosis, or guide definitive treatment. A utility score was assigned to each study based on the number of utility criteria met (range 0-4). A score of 1 was considered low utility; a score of greater than or equal to 2 was considered high utility. Statistical analysis included binary logistic regression and generalized estimating equations. Results 210 subjects (65% male); mean age 47 (range 18-84), underwent 302 imaging studies (159 X-ray, 137 MRI, 2 CT, 4 ultrasound) during the study period. 92.1% of all studies met minimum criteria for utility (score >1). Most commonly, diagnostic studies obtained during the outpatient workup of shoulder pain were found to guide definitive treatment (70.5%) or provide a final diagnosis (53%). Most X-rays were categorized as no or low utility (85.5%). 97.8% of the MRI studies were categorized as useful with most being high utility (73%). Overall, MRI was the most useful modality in all clinical scenarios (P = 0.002) and more likely to be high utility (P Conclusion Our study suggests that both radiographs and MRI are useful in the evaluation of adult unilateral shoulder pain in the outpatient setting. MRI appears to be the most useful imaging modality in terms of helping guide diagnosis and treatment selection. This serves as a potential first step towards the development of evidence based imaging algorithms that can be used and tested in future studies.
Alternate Reductants with VB12 to Transform C8 and C6 Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates: Limitations and Insights into Isomer-Specific Transformation Rates, Products and Pathways

Previous studies evaluating Vitamin B12 (VB12) with Ti(III)-citrate for potential use in in situ remediation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) found that linear (L)-PFOS was unaltered. We explored if alternate reductants could overcome this limitation with a primary focus on nanoscale zerovalent zinc (nZn0). Transformation over time with VB12-nZn0 was quantified at 22, 70, and 90 °C for PFOS, at 70 °C for perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), and VB12-nFe0 and VB12-Pd0/nFe0 at 70 °C for PFOS. Only branched (br-) isomers were transformed generating F– (no SO42–) and polyfluoroalkyl intermediates/products. The absence of L-PFOS transformation by VB12 appears to be due to the inability of L-perfluoroalkyl sulfonates to complex with VB12 and not an activation energy issue that can be overcome by stronger reductants/catalysts. At 90 °C, 95% of br-PFOS isomers were transformed within 5 days. Isomer-specific removal rates were positively correlated to the br-CF3’s proximity to the terminal CF3. Br-PFHxS transformat...
Incidence, Predictors, and Outcomes Associated With Hypotensive Episodes Among Heart Failure Patients Receiving Sacubitril/Valsartan or Enalapril: The PARADIGM-HF Trial (Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure).

Background In PARADIGM-HF (Prospective Comparison of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor With Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure), heart failure treatment with sacubitril/valsartan reduced the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization compared with enalapril but resulted in more symptomatic hypotension. Concern on hypotension may be limiting use of sacubitril/valsartan in appropriate patients. Methods and results We characterized patients in PARADIGM-HF by whether they reported hypotension during study run-in periods (enalapril, followed by sacubitril/valsartan) and after randomization and assessed whether hypotension modified the efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan. Of the 10 513 patients entering the enalapril run-in, 136 (1.3%) experienced hypotension and 93 (68%) were unable to continue to the next phase; of 9419 patients entering the sacubitril/valsartan run-in period, 228 (2.4%) patients experienced hypotension and 51% were unable to successfully complete the run-in. After randomization, 388 (9.2%) participants had 501 hypotensive events with enalapril, and 588 (14.0%) participants had 803 hypotensive events with sacubitril/valsartan (P 0.90). Conclusions Hypotension was more common with sacubitril/valsartan relative to enalapril in PARADIGM-HF but did not differentially affect permanent discontinuations. Patients with hypotension during run-in derived similar benefit from sacubitril/valsartan compared with enalapril as those who did not experience hypotension.
Race and the Race for the White House: On Social Research in the Age of Trump

As it became clear that Donald Trump had a real base of political support, even as analysts consistently underestimated his electoral prospects, they grew increasingly fascinated with the question of who was supporting him (and why). However, researchers have also tended to hold strong negative opinions about Trump, and have approached research with uncharitable priors about the kind of person who would support him and what they would be motivated by. This essay presents a series of case studies showing how analyses of the roles of race and racism in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election seem to have been systematically distorted as a result. However, motivated reasoning, confirmation bias, prejudicial study design, and failure to address confounds are not limited to questions about race (a similar essay could have been done on the alleged role of sexism/ misogyny in the 2016 cycle, for instance). And while Trump does seem to generate particularly powerful antipathy from researchers – perhaps exacerbating negative tendencies – ideologically-driven errors likely permeate a good deal of social research. Presented evidence suggests that research with strong adversarial or advocacy orientations may be most susceptible to systemic distortion. Activist scholars and their causes may also be among those most adversely impacted by the resultant erosion of research reliability and credibility. Ultimately, however, these are problems which all social scientists must remain vigilant against, and which we all have a stake in working to address.
Regulation of Leydig Cell Function as it Pertains to the Inflammatory Response

The immune-endocrine interactions that govern Leydig cell function are described in relation to both positive, trophic interactions of immune regulatory effects during development and in the normal, healthy noninflamed testis, and inhibitory effects of the same mediators in response to inflammation, infection, and chronic illness. The unique immune environment of the testes is detailed with particular emphasis on the functional significance of the close physical association between testicular interstitial macrophages and Leydig cells. The role of four classes of inflammatory mediators in the regulation of Leydig cell functions is discussed in detail: proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins. The role of immune-dysregulation in the decline of steroidogenic function is addressed in the context of how macrophage-Leydig cell interactions change in the aging male.
Effect of Local Irradiation on Tumor Oxygenation, Perfused Vessel Density, and Development of Hypoxia

Based on both direct and indirect studies, tumor oxygenation has been shown to play an important role in clinical radiotherapeutic response. With this in mind, numerous strategies have been devised to minimize or eliminate regions of tumor hypoxia, or low oxygenation. These have included both methods for increasing oxygen delivery to the tumor7 and techniques for directly targeting the hypoxic cells using radiosensitizers or hypoxic cell cytotoxic agents.1 When combining such agents with radiotherapy, it is important to appreciate the effects of the irradiation itself on both tumor blood flow and oxygen distribution. The current study presents a method for combining several sophisticated techniques to obtain a comprehensive two-dimensional mapping of the relationships among tumor vascular configuration, oxygen transport, and hypoxic development following local tumor irradiation. First, tumor oxygen availability is spatially defined by measuring intravascular blood oxygen saturations (HbO2) cryospectrophotometrically in a frozen tumor block. Second, hypoxia development, in relation to the intravascular oxygen availability, is quantified in adjacent histological sections, using immunohistochemical detection of a nitroheterocyclic hypoxia marker (EF5). Third, a combination of fluorescent (DiOC7(3)) and immunohistological (PECAM-1/CD31) stains is used to define the distribution of distances between the tumor cells and the nearest anatomical or perfused blood vessel.
Prediction of biopersistence of hydrocarbons using a single parameter

Aerobic biodegradation is an important attenuation process for petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) in the natural environment. It has also been frequently used in engineered systems to remediate PHC-contaminated sites. A model such as a quantitative structure property relationship (QSPR) that can predict the biodegradation rate of PHCs would be helpful prior to implementing any extensive environmental measurements and bioremediation strategies. Existing QSPRs either have a large number of predictor variables that may cause overfitting or are based on a small dataset of PHCs. The goal of this study is to develop a simple, portable QSPR that has only a few predicator variables but can accurately predict the biodegradation half-lives of a large group of PHCs. To this end, more than 500 molecular variables were screened, and candidate variables were refined by a feature selection method and fitted to biodegradation data of a group of structurally heterogeneous PHCs (n = 173). The model was established by means of hierarchical clustering and classification and regression tree algorithms, which was optimized by an internal validation procedure and validated by an external dataset. The optimal QSPR model, containing only one predictor variable (the number of bonds that do not contain hydrogen), was able to accurately predict biodegradation half-lives for a wide variety of PHCs. The internal validation test indicated an overall prediction accuracy of 93%, and predictions applied to an independent external set of 64 PHCs yielded 95% accuracy. The new model is transparent and easily portable from one user to another.
Novel manufacturing of advanced smart garments: knitting with spatially-varying, multi-material monofilament

In this paper, we propose a novel method for knitting advanced smart garments (e.g., garments with targeted electrical or mechanical properties) using a single, spatially-varying, multi-material monofilament created using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. By strategically varying the constitutive functional materials that comprise the monofilament along its length, it is theoretically possible to create targeted functional regions within the knitted structure. If spaced properly, functional regions naturally emerge in the knit as loops in adjacent rows align. To test the feasibility of this method, we evaluated the ability of a commercially available knitting machine (a Passap® E6000) to knit a variety of experimental and commercially available, spatially-variant monofilament. Candidate materials were tested both to characterize their mechanical behavior as well as to determine their ability to be successfully knitted. A repeatable spatial mapping relationship between 1D filament location and 2D knit location was established, enabling the ability to create a variety of 2D functional pathways (straight, linear, nonlinear) in the knit structure using a single monofilament input. Using this approach, a multi-material monofilament can be designed and manufactured to create advanced functional knits with spatially-variant properties.
“Free Transposition”: The Use of Nō by Jacques Copeau and Suzanne Bing

This chapter approaches Jacques Copeau’s interest in—and his use of—Nō in light of Suzanne Bing’s contribution, which has not been given enough credit. It demonstrates how Bing interpreted and used Nō in the context of Copeau’s theory and practice. It looks closely at the views of Copeau’s contemporaries (such as Harley Granville-Barker, Adolphe Appia, Andre Gide, and Roger Martin du Gard) on Copeau’s work, especially his and Bing’s work on Nō, and it examines the way the influence of Nō helped shape Copeau’s artistic vision and the way his perception of Nō and his approach to it were shaped by his religious and artistic vision. Copeau’s perception of Nō and its influence on his art must be considered in the historical context of his artistic and religious views, which ultimately conditioned his perception of Nō and his approach to it.
Quantitative easing and median income: a state-level analysis

Due to the Great Recession, the Federal Reserve engaged in unconventional monetary policy (QE) to fight the effects of the economic downturn. Literature asserts that QE did have impacts on economic...
P142 Ethnicity Differences in Nutrient Intake, Diet Quality, and Mealtime Behaviors Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Background Nutritional and mealtime behavior concerns are common in families of children with ASD. However, ethnic differences have not been examined in previous research. Objective To explore differences in nutrient intake, diet quality, and mealtime behaviors by ethnicity, especially between white and Hispanic children living in Florida. Study Design, Settings, Participants This is a comparative analysis using data from a cross-sectional study assessing dietary intake and mealtime behavior among children aged 2 to 17 with ASD. The majority of the participants were white (n = 16) or Hispanic (n = 15). Measurable Outcome/Analysis A 24-hour recall phone call and mealtime behavior survey were completed by a parent of each child. Dietary intake data were analyzed with Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR) Pilot-Pack. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). Independent t-tests and Chi-square tests were used to examine group differences. Results Hispanic children exhibited greater intake of fiber (P = .039), vitamin E (P = .033), calcium (P = .017), phosphorus (P = .039), potassium (P = .019), selenium (P = .034), and choline (P = .019), and a greater percent of Hispanic children met recommendations for percent protein (P Conclusion The findings suggest that there are differences in nutrient intake and diet quality by ethnicity in children with ASD. Further research is needed on cultural factors associated with nutrient intake and diet quality. Funding University of South Florida.
Status of Wolf-Rayet Models

In the last decade there has been a tremendous advance in our understanding of the atmospheres and stellar winds of Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars. This has arisen through improved observations, and through the application of extensive radiative transfer codes which has allowed us to model some of the complex processes occurring in WR envelopes. Present models are able to simultaneously treat detailed atomic models for H, He, C, N, O and Si. In the near future we will be able to treat Fe, and to more accurately treat the formidable problem of non-LTE line-blanketing. In this review we address current limitations in modeling the extended atmospheres of WR atmospheres. These limitations fall into two classes — those reflecting our inability to accurately compute the “Standard Model”, and those referring to assumptions in the “Standard Model” that need to be relaxed. Under the first category we include inaccuracies in the atomic data, the neglect of line-blanketing in the model calculations, and the inability of the present generation of models to compute the velocity law. Under the second category we include the assumption of spherical geometry, the assumption of homogeneity, the neglect of rotation, and the influence of X-rays arising from shocks in the stellar wind.
Disparities between Antibody Occupancy, Orientation, and Cytotoxicity in Immunotherapy.

We report fusion proteins designed to bind spatially distinct epitopes on the extracellular portion of HER2, a breast cancer biomarker and established therapeutic target, and recruit IgG (either anti-His6 or serum IgG) to the cell surface. When the proteins were incubated with anti-His6 antibody and various concentrations of a single HER2-binding protein His6 fusion, we observed interference and a decrease in antibody recruitment at HER2-binding protein concentrations exceeding ∼30 nM. In contrast, concomitant treatment with two or three distinct HER2-binding protein His6 fusions, and anti-His6 , results in increased antibody recruitment, even at relatively high HER2-binding protein concentration. In some instances, increased antibody recruitment leads to increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity. While a fusion protein consisting of a HER2-binding nanobody and Sac7d, a protein evolved to recognize the Fc domain of IgG, binds IgG from serum, antibody recruitment does not lead to ADCC activity. Rationales for these disparities are provided. Collectively, our findings have implications for the design of efficacious targeted immunotherapeutic biologics, and ensembles thereof.
Incremental melting in the ureilite parent body: Initial composition, melting temperatures, and melt compositions

Ureilites are carbon‐rich ultramafic achondrites that have been heated above the silicate solidus, do not contain plagioclase, and represent the melting residues of an unknown planetesimal (i.e., the ureilite parent body, UPB). Melting residues identical to pigeonite‐olivine ureilites (representing 80% of ureilites) have been produced in batch melting experiments of chondritic materials not depleted in alkali elements relative to the Sun’s photosphere (e.g., CI, H, LL chondrites), but only in a relatively narrow range of temperature (1120 oC–1180 oC). However, many ureilites are thought to have formed at higher temperature (1200 oC–1280 oC). New experiments, described in this study, show that pigeonite can persist at higher temperature (up to 1280 oC) when CI and LL chondrites are melted incrementally and while partial melts are progressively extracted. The melt productivity decreases dramatically after the exhaustion of plagioclase with only 5–9 wt% melt being generated between 1120 oC and 1280 oC. The relative proportion of pyroxene and olivine in experiments is compared to 12 ureilites, analyzed for this study, together with ureilites described in the literature to constrain the initial Mg/Si ratio of the UPB (0.98–1.05). Experiments are also used to develop a new thermometer based on the partitioning of Cr between olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene that is applicable to all ureilites. The equilibration temperature of ureilites increases with decreasing Al2O3 and Wo contents of pyroxene and decreasing bulk REE concentrations. The UPB melted incrementally, at different fO2, and did not cool significantly (0 oC–30 oC) prior to its disruption. It remained isotopically heterogenous, but the initial concentration of major elements (SiO2, MgO, CaO, Al2O3, alkali elements) was similar in the different mantle reservoirs.
Hispanics in the United States: Origins and Destinies

Author(s): Rumbaut, Ruben G | Abstract: In 2019 the Hispanic population of the United States surpassed sixty million—or sixty-four million if the inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are included. Only Mexico is larger among Spanish-speaking countries in the world. The rapid growth of the Hispanic population—which had been estimated at only four million in 1950—has been stunning. The US Census Bureau has projected that, given moderate levels of immigration and natural increase, Hispanics would grow by 2060 to an estimated 111 million people (about 28 percent of the US population), significantly exceeding the proportions of other ethnic or racial minorities. And while Hispanic Americans now account for one of every six persons in the United States, their impact—social, cultural, political, and economic—is much more profound because of their concentration in particular states and localities. Hispanics are at once a new and an old population, made up both of recently arrived newcomers and of old timers with deeper roots in American soil than any other ethnic groups except for the indigenous peoples of the continent. They comprise a population that can claim both a history and a territory in what is now the United States that precede the establishment of the nation. At the same time, it is a population that has emerged seemingly suddenly, its growth driven by immigration from the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America—above all from Mexico—and by high rates of natural increase. Today, a third of the Hispanic population is foreign- born, and another third consists of a growing second generation of US-born children of immigrants. And the label itself—“Hispanic”— is new, an instance of a pan-ethnic category that was created by official edict in the 1970s. The ethnic groups subsumed under this label were not “Hispanics” or “Latinos” in their countries of origin; rather, they only became so in the United States. But the Spanish roots of the United States antedate by a century the creation of an English colony in North America and have left an indelible if ignored Spanish imprint, especially across the southern rim of the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In US popular culture and in official narrative and ritual the American past has been portrayed as the story of the expansion of English America, suppressing if not silencing the Hispanic presence from the nation’s collective memory. But past is prologue, and no understanding of the Hispanic peoples in the United States today or of the category under which they are now grouped can ignore the historical and geographic contexts of their incorporation.
Firewall Configuration and Path Analysis for SmartGrid Networks

Firewalls are needed in electrical utility companies to protect their substations, control centers, and their communication with the balancing authorities. Firewalls also allow the creation of demilitarized zones (DMZ’s) in the utilities, where information about the utility’s operation can be accessed by the corporate network and outside contractors. As an additional step in creating a cyber topology for a synthetic power system, in this paper we model an electrical utility and the main data flows in and out of its control center. This allows the creation of use cases and firewall rules for each case. The path of selected use cases are analyzed in terms of open ports and risk level.
Treatment strategy for intracavernous aneurysms of internal carotid artery: report of 13 cases with extracranio-intracranial bypass

Objective To analyze the indications and factors that influence the effectiveness of the treatment of intracavernous internal carotid aneurysms. Method From Oct. 2006 to Mar. 2010,13 cases of intracavemous internal carotid aneurysms were operated with EC - IC bypass, sacrifice of the internal carotid artery,and trapping of the aneurysms. The age of these patients was from 11 to 69 years old( median age 55). 12 patients were female. Only ones aneurysm was moderate,and the others were large or giant Results The bypass grafts were patent in 12 cases by post-operative DSA or CTA. One patient was reoperated but the bypass vessel was occluded finally. 8 cases had very good results without any neural deficit. 5 cases had severe complications such as hemiplegia,aphasia and coma. Of these 5 cases,2 recovered to GOS 4 finally, and 3 remained GOS 3. Thrombosis was found in all aneurysms in CT scan and disappearance of aneurysms was confirmed by CTA or DSA. Conclusions In conjunction with bypass surgery, IC A trapping constitutes an effective treatment strategy. With continued improvement of bypass techniques and perioperative care to decrease the occurrence of ischemic complications, the cure ratio will be elevated obviously in the future. Key words: Intracranial aneurysm; Internal carotid artery; Cavernous sinus; EC -IC bypass
On Stieltjes Integrals.

THERE are few topics in elementary calculus that elicit as much interest and spirited activity as that of the Riemann integral and its applications. Even with a moderate proficiency in the subject, a student can sense and appreciate the power of the concept. Unless a student pursues advanced courses in analysis, however, this is usually the only type of integral to which he is exposed, and his formal mathematical studies are termi nated without his having seen any of its possible modifications. There are, in fact, a great number of integrals derived through various and successive modifica tions of the Riemann integral. Among them are Stielt jes integrals.1 Stielt jes integrals have the advantage of allowing for a unification of concepts and formulas. For example, in the study of both mass distributions in physics and probability distributions in probability theory, these integrals make it possible to deal with discrete and continuous dis tributions simultaneously. Also, any finite sum or convergent infinite series of real numbers can be expressed as a Stielt jes integral. Since the Riemann integral can also be expressed by this integral, both summation and Riemann integration be come special cases of one general process, Stieltjes integration.2 In this paper I shall consider two types of Stieltjes integrals, together with some examples of their useful application. Stielt jes integrals involve two real valued functions f(x) and g(x) defined on a closed interval [a,b], while the Riemann integral appears to involve only one. The Riemann sum is
Fundamental Trade-Offs Between Power and Data Transfer in Inductive Links for Biomedical Implants

This paper studies the fundamental trade-offs between power transfer efficiency (PTE) and spectral efficiency that occur during simultaneous power and data transfer through near-field inductive links. A mathematical analysis is used to establish the relationship between PTE and channel capacity as a function of link parameters such as coupling coefficient ( $k$ ), load resistance, and surrounding environment. The analysis predicts that the optimum trade-off between power and data transfer is particularly dependent on $k$ , which is a monotonically-decreasing function of axial distance ( $d$ ) between the coils. Real-time adaptation of the link parameters (such as load resistance and modulation type) is proposed to automatically optimize the power-data trade-off over a wide range of distances and coupling coefficients. A bench-top prototype of such an adaptive link is demonstrated at a center frequency of 13.56 MHz. The prototype uses an ultrasound transducer to measure $d$ with accuracy $ mm, and uses this information to autonomously optimize both data rate (up to $\sim$ 50 Mbps) and PTE (up to $\sim$ 25%) as the coil-coil distance varies within the 4-15 mm range.
Nobody Prays Alone: the Practice of Prayer Among Catholics in Three Latin American Cities

While some scholarship considers the reports on “personal prayer” in surveys as a sing of religious individualism, this article argues that prayer, from a sociological perspective, is a social activity. Based on a sample of 112 Catholic respondents in the cities of Montevideo (Uruguay), Lima (Peru), and Cordoba (Argentina), this research analyzes the content of interview and object elicitation meetings’ transcripts and participants’ produced photos, exploring the practice of prayer that is connecting with God. After analyzing different dimensions of prayer (quantity, style, content, interlocutors, and emotions), the article shows that personal prayer does not necessarily mean religious individualization and that while praying, respondents engage their webs of human and supra-human relations. This research, an exploratory study, gives us a better empirical understanding of prayer from a sociological perspective, in Latin America.
Earlier Resolution of Symptoms and Return of Function After Bridge-Enhanced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Repair As Compared With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction:

Background:Bridge-enhanced anterior cruciate ligament repair (BEAR) has noninferior patient-reported outcomes when compared with autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) at 2 year...
The Fallacy in the Treatment of the Ad Baculum as a Fallacy

The ad baculum is not a fallacy. Many supposed examples of the ad baculum are not cases of it at all because no arguing is going on. Even when arguing is going on, the ad baculum is objectionable, not because some fallacy in argument has been committed or some procedural rule for discussion has been violated, but because intimidation is used instead of argument to put an end to further discussion. These are some of the points I want to make in this essay.
The Burdens of Empire: 1539 to the Present

Despite the long history of debate and the recent resurgence of interest in empires and imperialism, no one seems very clear as to what exactly an empire is. The Burdens of Empire strives to offer not only a definition but also a working description. This book examines how empires were conceived by those who ruled them and lived under them; it looks at the relations, real or imagined, between the imperial metropolis (when one existed) and its outlying provinces or colonies; and it asks how the laws that governed the various parts and various ethnic groups, of which all empires were made, were conceived and interpreted. Anthony Pagden argues that the evolution of the modern concept of the relationship between states, and in particular the modern conception of international law, cannot be understood apart from the long history of European empire building.
On being a good library supervisor

Purpose – This article’s purpose is to discuss what is necessary to being a good library supervisor. Design/methodology/approach – The article defines the meaning of being a good supervisor and then expands on that definition, including what it takes to get there. Findings – The article finds that being a good library supervisor requires much more than knowledge of the profession. Practical implications – The person aspiring to being a good supervisor must know what is required and be willing to take the steps to get there. Social implications – Being a good supervisor involves managing the complex interrelationships between the supervisor, his or her supervisor, the supervisees, the clients and anyone else involved in the workplace environment. Originality/value – The value of the article is in forming a picture of the complex nature of good supervision.
Strategies for Expressing Concise, Helpful Answers

An intelligent help system needs to take into account the user's knowledge when formulating answers. This allows the system to provide more concise answers, because it can avoid telling users things that they already know. Since these concise answers concentrate exclusively on pertinent new information, they are also easier to understand. Information about the user's knowledge also allows the system to take advantage of the user's prior knowledge in formulating explanations. The system can provide better answers by referring to the user's prior knowledge in the explanation (e.g., through use of similes). This process of refining answers is called answer expression. The process of answer expression has been implemented in the UCExpress component of UC (UNIX Consultant), a natural language system that helps the user solve problems in using the UNIX operating system. UCExpress separates answer expression into two phases: pruning and formatting. In the pruning phase, subconcepts of the answer are pruned by being marked as already known by the user (and hence do not need to be generated), or marked as candidates for generating anaphora or ellipsis (since they are part of the conversational context). In the formatting phase, UCExpress uses information about the user's prior domain knowledge to select among specialized expository formats, such as similes and examples, for expressing information to the user. These formats allow UCExpress to present different types of information to the user in a clear, concise manner. The result of UCExpress' answer expression process is an internal form that a tactical level generator can easily use to produce good English.
Lower Bounds on Testing Functions of Low Fourier Degree

We consider the problem of testing whether a Boolean function has Fourier degree $\leq k$ or it is $\epsilon$-far from any Boolean function with Fourier degree $\leq k$. We improve the known lower bound of $\Omega(k)$ \cite{BBM11,CGM10}, to $\Omega(k/\sqrt{\epsilon})$. The lower bound uses the recently discovered connections between property testing and communication complexity by Blais \textit{et. al.} \cite{BBM11}
TBLR1 regulates the expression of nuclear hormone receptor co-repressors

Transcription is regulated by a complex interaction of activators and repressors. The effectors of repression are large multimeric complexes which contain both the repressor proteins that bind to transcription factors and a number of co-repressors that actually mediate transcriptional silencing either by inhibiting the basal transcription machinery or by recruiting chromatin-modifying enzymes. TBLR1 [GenBank: NM024665] is a co-repressor of nuclear hormone transcription factors. A single highly conserved gene encodes a small family of protein molecules. Different isoforms are produced by differential exon utilization. Although the ORF of the predominant form contains only 1545 bp, the human gene occupies ~200 kb of genomic DNA on chromosome 3q and contains 16 exons. The genomic sequence overlaps with the putative DC42 [GenBank: NM030921] locus. The murine homologue is structurally similar and is also located on Chromosome 3. TBLR1 is closely related (79% homology at the mRNA level) to TBL1X and TBL1Y, which are located on Chromosomes X and Y. The expression of TBLR1 overlaps but is distinct from that of TBL1. An alternatively spliced form of TBLR1 has been demonstrated in human material and it too has an unique pattern of expression. TBLR1 and the homologous genes interact with proteins that regulate the nuclear hormone receptor family of transcription factors. In resting cells TBLR1 is primarily cytoplasmic but after perturbation the protein translocates to the nucleus. TBLR1 co-precipitates with SMRT, a co-repressor of nuclear hormone receptors, and co-precipitates in complexes immunoprecipitated by antiserum to HDAC3. Cells engineered to over express either TBLR1 or N- and C-terminal deletion variants, have elevated levels of endogenous N-CoR. Co-transfection of TBLR1 and SMRT results in increased expression of SMRT. This co-repressor undergoes ubiquitin-mediated degradation and we suggest that the stabilization of the co-repressors by TBLR1 occurs because of a novel mechanism that protects them from degradation. Transient over expression of TBLR1 produces growth arrest. TBLR1 is a multifunctional co-repressor of transcription. The structure of this family of molecules is highly conserved and closely related co-repressors have been found in all eukaryotic organisms. Regulation of co-repressor expression and the consequent alterations in transcriptional silencing play an important role in the regulation of differentiation.