cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Look at High Pressures: ABSTRACT

Formation pressures higher than hydrostatic have been found in all parts of thw world during oil and gas drilling operations. The present paper analyzes the worldwide distribution of these high pressures. Data used include wells from western Europe, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, Russia, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Japan, the Arctic, the African West Coast, the Red Sea, South America, and the United States. A statistical analysis to define the main geologic characteristics of high-pressure reservoirs was carried out using data from wells penetrating more than 5,000 reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, Santa Barbara Channel, and the Anadarko, Permian, and Uinta basins. The probability of finding high pressures in a given depth rang for each of these basins has been established. The main mechanisms responsible for the creation of these high pressures are concluded to be (1) gravitational compaction, (2) the montmorillonite-illite transformation, (3) wax seals, and (4) tectonic compression. Although in certain instances one of the mechanisms predominates, in most places a combination of them is responsible for the high pressures. Modeling of the geologic processes that have created a basin allows us to recognize in advance the type of pressures to be found there. End_of_Article - Last_Page 775------------
A variational perturbation treatment of the hydrogen molecular ion using the green function method on the united atom

We calculated the second-order perturbed energy and the first-order perturbed wave function of the hydrogen molecular ion by the Green function method based on a united atom with effective nuclear charge, Z. Since the perturbation is given by (Z/r) — (1/rA) — (1/rB), its magnitude depends on the parameter Z. We obtain an analytical expression for the second-order perturbed energy as a function of Z and the internuclear distance R. We discuss a variety of methods to determine the best values for Z and to derive the potential energy curve and the force constant for H; these methods vary in the accuracy of their results.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Control and the Regulation of Shyness in Children

Shyness is associated with social-emotional maladjustment in some, but not all, children. The ability to flexibly regulate attention under conditions of potential conflict may protect shy children from developing internalizing problems. In the current study, the associations between shyness, the N2 event related potential (ERP) response, and social-emotional adjustment were examined in a sample of 36 typically developing 9- to 13-year-old children. It was hypothesized that the N2 amplitude, an ERP measure associated with aspects of cognitive and attention control, would moderate the associations between shyness and social-emotional functioning (negative attribution style, social self-perceptions, social anxiety). Shyness was unrelated to behavioral or ERP measures collected during a modified Flanker task; however, shyness and N2 amplitude were alone and in combination associated with all three measures of social adjustment. In general, shyness was associated with poor outcomes primarily among children with relatively large amplitude, or enhanced, N2 responses. The results are discussed in terms of the role of conflict sensitivity in the regulation of attention and emotions associated with shyness and the importance of studying the combined influences of reactive and self-regulatory aspects of temperament in relation to adjustment in childhood.
Helium and lead isotopes reveal the geochemical geometry of the Samoan plume

Hotspot lavas erupted at ocean islands exhibit tremendous isotopic variability, indicating that there are numerous mantle components1, 2 hosted in upwelling mantle plumes that generate volcanism at hotspots like Hawaii and Samoa3. However, it is not known how the surface expression of the various geochemical components observed in hotspot volcanoes relates to their spatial distribution within the plume4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Here we present a relationship between He and Pb isotopes in Samoan lavas that places severe constraints on the distribution of geochemical species within the plume. The Pb-isotopic compositions of the Samoan lavas reveal several distinct geochemical groups, each corresponding to a different geographic lineament of volcanoes. Each group has a signature associated with one of four mantle endmembers with low 3He/4He: EMII (enriched mantle 2), EMI (enriched mantle 1), HIMU (high µ = 238U/204Pb) and DM (depleted mantle). Critically, these four geochemical groups trend towards a common region of Pb-isotopic space with high 3He/4He. This observation is consistent with several low-3He/4He components in the plume mixing with a common high-3He/4He component, but not mixing much with each other. The mixing relationships inferred from the new He and Pb isotopic data provide the clearest picture yet of the geochemical geometry of a mantle plume, and are best explained by a high-3He/4He plume matrix that hosts, and mixes with, several distinct low-3He/4He components.
Penalty Factor Calculations Incorporating Interchange Constraints

The use of penalty factors to account for the effect of transmission losses in the equal incremental cost criterion for economic dispatch of generating units has been firmly established and applied to the real-time dispatch and control. For real-time applications, the methodology has been to generate several sets of _?-coefficients off-line and select one that approximates the network configuration and the system load level. More recently Jacobianbased algorithms have been proposed and several implementations are reported. Such algorithms have been proven feasible for on-line applications and produce results close to the real-time state of the system. However, most of the existing formulations are based on the overall system behavior and its performance. Whereas, in actual power utility operation interconnected with neighboring companies, the predominant objective is to minimize operational cost while maintaining the net interchange schedule. A Jacobian-based method is presented in this paper for use in such multi-area dispatch problems. The algorithm determines the generator penalty factors for the internal units such that the produced lambda is the incremental cost of delivering powerto the load center of the internal area while maintaining a fixed net interchange power. This is in contrast to the Lambda obtained from the single area technique which represents the incremental cost incurred to deliver power to the system load center. In addition, formulation for the penalty factor at the net interchange boundary of the internal area is developed. This is useful for the evaluation of the interchange transactions with the neighboring utilities.
Concentrations and distribution of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine and its congeners in environmental samples from Lake Macatawa.

Abstract Release of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine (DCB), an intermediate in dye manufacturing processes, is of environmental concern due to its carcinogenic nature. An 11-year field study has been conducted to elucidate the fate and behavior of DCB and its congeners in the Lake Macatawa (Holland, MI, USA) sediment–water system. The sediments were variable in composition, ranging from sandy sediments with 1–8.7% total organic carbon (OC) to silty-clay sediments with 7.5–20.6% total OC. The pH ranged from 6.3 to 7.4. The findings from this field study confirmed that DCB and its congener, benzidine, are transported over long distances. The concentration of DCB in the water phase was found to be from non-detectable to approximately 1300 times greater than the water quality criteria established for DCB (0.021 μg/l). Its congener, benzidine, which is substantially more toxic for humans than its parent compound has been found up to approximately 12 300 times higher levels than the EPA guidelines suggest (0.000086 μg/l). Both DCB and benzidine were found in the sediment phase. DCB was observed at almost 70 mg/kg in a sample collected in 1993. The concentrations in both phases have declined in recent years. To assess the threat of the released pollutants, it is necessary to understand how pollutants tend to behave in various media. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and quantify all sources of the chemical and its congeners in order to meaningfully predict the fate (and transport) of a hydrophobic organic compound (HOC) in the environment.
Diurnal rhythms in nociceptive thresholds of rats.

Abstract Paw lick, tail flick, and other nociceptive reaction latencies were observed in rats to be longer in the evening than in the daytime, suggesting an endogenous opiate mediated decrease in pain sensitivity in the evening in comparison with the daytime.
Resistivity damage rates in fusion-neutron-irradiated metals at 4. 2 K

Abstract Changes in electrical resistivity at liquid helium temperature have been used to monitor the production of damage in dilute alloys of vanadium, niobium and molybdenum, and pure tungsten, aluminum and copper irradiated with high energy neutrons. The neutrons were produced at the Livermore rotating-target neutron sources (RTNS-I and RTNS-II). Further experiments on V, Nb and Mo were carried out with 30 MeV d-Be neutrons and slightly degraded fission-spectra neutrons. The results for all six materials are compared to those obtained in a pure fission spectrum. The relative damage production rates are in agreement with predictions based on damage energy calculations.
Tackling the Sustainability Dilemma: A Holistic Approach to Preparing Students for the Professional Organization

Increased knowledge of business sustainability as the basis of a holistic approach to value creation has inspired many managers to integrate ecological and social stewardship into their strategic b...
The cell and molecular biology of glaucoma: biomechanical factors in glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of diseases that progressively damage the optic nerve, leading to visual impairment and blindness. One major risk factor for most forms of glaucoma is the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure [IOP]). IOP is involved in both the development and progression of glaucoma. It can directly affect pressure-sensitive cells and tissues in the eye, especially those cells involved in glaucomatous damage to the eye. These pressure-sensitive cells and tissues are (1) the trabecular meshwork (TM); (2) cells in the optic nerve head (ONH), including lamina cribrosa cells and optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs); (3) the peripapillary sclera around the ONH; (4) retinal ganglion cells (RGCs); and (5) RGC axons in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and in the ONH (Fig. 1A). These biological cells and tissues experience and respond to pressure-induced mechanical deformation, such as stretching and compression (i.e., biomechanical stress). In addition, cells in certain regions of the TM are subjected to sheer stress from the flow of the aqueous humor, the nutritive fluid in the anterior portion of the eye, through the outflow pathway. The eye experiences normal physiological fluctuations in IOP caused by eye blinking and movement, eye rubbing, and the daily variations in the rate of aqueous humor production that do not damage the eye. However, the pressure-sensitive tissues of the eye are pathologically affected by the chronically elevated IOP and abnormal IOP spikes associated with glaucoma. In addition, there are molecular, morphologic, and physiological changes in the eye that occur with aging and may make the eye more susceptible to the biomechanical insults associated with glaucoma.
Survey of training programs in clinical neuropsychology

Reported the results of a survey of the membership of the International Neuropsychology Society with regard to patterns of training in clinical neuropsychology. Considerable variations in pre- and postdoctoral training and internship programs were found.
A new method for injecting charged particles across a magnetic field

Abstract A new method is described for injecting charged particles across a magnetic field, in which an electrostatic reflector (bouncer) reverses the direction of the ions after they travel around a half orbit in the magnetic field. This method can be used for radial injection of charged particles into a cyclotron, or possibly into a plasma confined by a magnetic field.
Effect of short-term digoxin treatment on ouabain-sensitive sodium transport of erythrocytes.

In studies of human erythrocytes, we previously observed that the inter-personal variability in ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux is much less than that observed for intracellular sodium concentration or the number of Na, K ATPase sites per red blood cell [I]. This observation suggests that maintenance of a relatively constant rate of sodium efflux may be a major feature of ma~a~an cells. Our findings in the red blood cell indicate that sodium efflux rate is dependent on both intracellular sodium concentration (Nai) and the number of Na, K ATPase sites on the cell surface. Further, we suggested that the relatively constant sodium efflux rate of the erythrocyte is maintained by virtue of an inverse relationship between Nai and the number of sites per erythrocyte. Such a hypothesis, if confirmed, may be important in understanding sodium transport by cells other than erythrocytes, such as vascular smooth muscle cells or those in the renal tubule which influence sodium handling by the kidney. To test whether the erythrocyte would maintain constant sodium efflux even when perturbed we examined the effects of digoxin, an agent known to affect ouabain-sensitive sodium transport [2-41. We determined ouabain-sensitive sodium transport, intracellular sodium concentration, and the number of Na, K ATPase sites per erythrocyte sodium transport, before and after digoxin administration in healthy subjects.
How safe is acetaminophen for the treatment of pain and fever in newly-abstinent patients with alcoholism?

How safe is acetaminophen for the treatment of pain and fever in newly-abstinent patients with alcoholism?
Radiation therapy or prostatectomy: An old conflict revisited in the PSA era. A radiation oncologist's viewpoint

A close examination of the outcomes for the radical treatment of prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era shows no clear advantage to radical prostatectomy over external-beam radiation. Both modalities are highly effective against small impalpable tumors of low Gleason grade and with PSA values less than 10 ng/mL. Both modalities struggle against all other stages of prostate cancer. Radiation and surgery are currently in states of rapid evolution, and the results emerging become quickly outdated. It is hoped that the newer, more aggressive approaches will help a significant number of patients, perhaps the majority, not currently being cured by radical therapy.
Stress‐ and cell cycle‐associated regulation of RGS2 mRNA levels

Regulators of G-protein signaling family members, such as RGS2, are thought to primarily be involved in regulating the activity of second messenger systems by attenuating heterotrimeric G-protein actions. However, we found previously that RGS2 is predominantly located in the nucleus, not at the plasma membrane where most G-proteins exist, and that stressful conditions increased RGS2 expression. Here we report that induction of DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest with camptothecin caused prolonged increases in RGS2, and decreases in RGS4, mRNA levels. Cell cycle arrest caused by nocodazole also increased RGS2, and decreased RGS4, mRNA levels. Additionally, using synchronization to minimize cell stress, RGS2 mRNA levels were low in G0 and G1, and elevated in the other phases of the cell cycle. These results demonstrate that RGS2 expression is coupled to cellular stress and the cell cycle, and that these conditions cause opposite effects on RGS2 and RGS4 mRNA levels.
The competitive effects of horizontal mergers in the hospital industry: a closer look.

Abstract Woolley (1989) attempted to analyze the competitive impact of horizontal hospital mergers using the ‘event study’ method. Woolley characterized his results as consistent with traditional ‘oligopoly’ theories of market behavior. We scrutinize in detail a large number of his events, however, and find that most either generated concentration increases too small to plausibly produce market power, or could not have conferred monopoly returns on firms improperly characterized as rivals. Accordingly, any observed abnormal returns are likely attributable to some other cause; we suggest some alternative interpretations of his results. Our paper highlights the need for care in the selection of events and the identification of rivals when applying the event study method to the analysis of mergers.
Photoinduced electron transfer from porphyrins to quinones in micellar systems: an FT-EPR study

Abstract The photoinduced electron transfer from zinc tetrakis (4-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (ZnTPPS) to duroquinone (DQ) in several micellar solutions was investigated with Fourier transform-electron paramagnetic resonance (FT-EPR). The measurements give information on the formation and decay of free radicals, following pulsed-laser excitation of ZnTPPS, with nanosecond time resolution. It was found that the characteristics and time evolution of the EPR spectra depend strongly on surfactant properties. In particular, long-lived [ZnTPPS 3− … DQ − ] spin-correlated radical pairs (lifetime > 1 μs) were observed in solutions of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). By contrast, radical pair lifetimes in anionic and neutral micelles are shorter than 100 ns. The experimental data can be rationalized in terms of the Coulombic and hydrophobic interactions that determine the spatial organization and stability of the different species (reactants and products) in the microheterogenous systems.
Disentangling ensemble, electronic and coverage effects on alloy catalysts: Vinyl acetate synthesis on Au/Pd(1 1 1)

Abstract The activation energies for the reaction of gas-phase ethylene with adsorbed acetate species on Au/Pd(1 1 1) alloys are measured as a function of gold coverage in the alloy to probe the elementary steps in gold–palladium alloy catalyzed vinyl acetate monomer (VAM) synthesis. The activation energy decreases with increasing gold coverage in the alloy up to a gold coverage of ∼0.25 ML and then increases. The reaction exhibits a kinetic isotope effect when using C 2 D 4 for gold coverages below ∼0.25 ML, and no isotope effect for alloys with larger gold coverages. This is ascribed to a change in rate-limiting step for the reaction, which is postulated to proceed via an initial coupling between ethylene and adsorbed acetate species to form an acetoxyethyl intermediate, which decomposes via a β -hydride elimination reaction to form VAM. For low gold coverages, the second step is rate limiting, while at higher coverage, the coupling step becomes rate limiting. This allows the reaction energies for each of the steps to be obtained as a function of gold coverage, where it is found that both energies decrease with increasing gold coverage, causing an increase in overall reaction rate. The activation energy for β -hydride elimination decreases more rapidly than that for the coupling step. The contributions to the energy change are estimated, and it is found that the effect of coverage on the reaction energies is comparable to the more commonly considered ensemble and electronic effects.
Elevated troponin levels associated with hemolysis

A 75-year-old African American man with a history of gastroesophageal reflux reported chest pain during an episode of intravascular hemolysis. Although the electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were unchanged from baseline, cardiac troponin I was persistently elevated. Cardiac catheterization showed no critical disease, and the elevated troponin was attributed to interference by free hemoglobin and/or bilirubin. Hemoglobinemia and hyperbilirubinemia may produce either false-positive or false-negative troponin levels, depending on the assay used and the form or subunit of troponin measured. In the presence of hemolysis, troponin levels must be interpreted with caution.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE GENUS ANTHURIUM

A B S T R A C T Chromosome numbers were determined for 63 Anthurium species. Thirty-eight of these were newly determined. Generally the present work confirmed existing chromosome counts when these were available for comparison. The most common somatic chromosome number found was 30, but counts ranged from 2n = 20 to 90. In a few instances conflicting counts were obtained. B chromosomes were found frequently in Sect. Cardiolonchium and varied in number from one to three. Four polyploid series were evident from all available counts: 2040, 24-30-48-84, 28-56 and 30-60-90-ca 124. Most species were part of the polyploid complex based on 30. Although species were not observed with n = 5, 6 or 7, movement among the basic numbers was considered to have occurred at this level. The relationship among these basic numbers and n = 15 (x2) is still obscure. ANTHURIUM SCHOTT with over 500 species is the largest genus of the family Araceae and comprises about one-third of the number of species of the family. This genus extends from central South America to central Mexico and the West Indies, and is easily distinguishable from other related genera. Engler (1905) divided the genus into 18 sections with the primary categorization based upon the number of ovules per locule. Further categorizations of the sections were based on leaf shape and texture, and inflorescence shape, but the characteristic used to separate the majority of the sections was the berry shape. Chromosome counts of 60-70 different species have been reported to date which includes about 10-15 % of the known species. The majority of the counts were recorded by Gaiser (1927), Pfitzer (1957), and Marchant (1973). Gaiser reported counts for 43 species and hybrids. Pfitzer was the first to indicate the presence of B chromosomes in Anthurium. Marchant extended the number of species counted, and his report of ca 124 for a species was the highest chromosome number observed in Anthurium. The present investigation was initiated to clarify chromosome numbers and species relationships in the genus Anthurium.
Analyses of Seed Samples from 113 Plant Families

Such classical works as those by Wiesner (15) and Wehmer (14) cover much of the earlier chemical knowledge of plant constituents. More recently, specialized research teamns have expended considerable effort in particular fields of plant eomposition, with emphasis on constituents of pharmaceutical iinportance, such as alkaloids (16), steroids (13), and tranquilizers. The current U. S. Department of Agriculture program of searching for potential new crops to provide raw miiaterials for industry (other than the pharmaceutical industry) is probably the most comprehensive effort of this type ever attempted under coordinated sponsorship of one agency and encompasses botanical, chemical, and agronomic talents. More than 3,000 seed samples from a wide spectrum of the plant kingdom have been screened in this search for new sources of industrial raw materials. The present paper reports analytical results on nearly half of these.3 Similar reports will be published as data are compiled on later accessions. As in the past (1-4, 6-12, 17), reports on oils of unusual composition or on plant groups of special promise will be fortheoming as the screening program progresses. In such a program more leads are developed than can be pursued. It is hoped that analytical data of the type in this paper will stimulate chemists and plant scientists to undertake research on some of the uncultivated or little-known species.
Sound scattering from bubbles

Abstract Scattering of sound waves from spherical bubbles is investigated where fluid or air contained in the bubble is assumed to have a density different from the surrounding medium. The present analysis yields more general results than other known studies. Furthermore, the boundary conditions used have been derived consistently from the conservation equations. Differential and total scattering cross-sections are obtained and special cases are discussed.
Habitat Specialization Along a Wetland Moisture Gradient Differs Between Ammonia-oxidizing and Denitrifying Microorganisms

Gradients in abiotic parameters, such as soil moisture, can strongly influence microbial community structure and function. Denitrifying and ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, in particular, have contrasting physiological responses to abiotic factors such as oxygen concentration and soil moisture. Identifying abiotic factors that govern the composition and activity of denitrifying and ammonia-oxidizing communities is critical for understanding the nitrogen cycle. The objectives of this study were to (i) examine denitrifier and archaeal ammonia oxidizer community composition and (ii) assess the taxa occurring within each functional group related to soil conditions along an environmental gradient. Soil was sampled across four transects at four locations along a dry to saturated environmental gradient at a restored wetland. Soil pH and soil organic matter content increased from dry to saturated plots. Composition of soil denitrifier and ammonia oxidizer functional groups was assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) community analysis, and local soil factors were also characterized. Microbial community composition of denitrifiers and ammonia oxidizers differed along the moisture gradient (denitrifier: ANOSIM R = 0.739, P < 0.001; ammonia oxidizers: ANOSIM R = 0.760, P < 0.001). Individual denitrifier taxa were observed over a larger range of moisture levels than individual archaeal ammonia oxidizer taxa (Wilcoxon rank sum, W = 2413, P value = 0.0002). Together, our data suggest that variation in environmental tolerance of microbial taxa have potential to influence nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems.
Characterization of Strained Layer Superlattice Solar Cells by X-ray Diffraction and Current-Voltage Measurements

InGaAs can be used to enhance the response of solar cells past the 1.43 eV cutoff of GaAs. Strained-layer superlattice (SLS) structures with high indium and phosphorus compositions (up to 35% and 68% respectively) have been grown successfully. SLS solar cells with indium and high phosphorus compositions (up to 15% and 85% respectively) have been grown successfully. The spectral response of the solar cells has been extended to as low as 1.27 eV. This enhancement is also shown by an increase in the short circuit current, with a small reduction in the short circuit voltage as compared to standard GaAs p-n junction for AM1.5 and one sun. Dark current curves show the extent of recombination in the superlattice. The reverse saturation current in the recombination region (0.2-0.8 V) was determined using a non-linear least squares fitting routine. An Arrhenius plot was generated by finding the reverse saturation current over a temperature range of 300-370 K. The low recombination devices show non-ideality constants of 1.7 with activation energies of 1.3-1.4 eV. The high recombination devices have non-ideality constants (˜2.3) and lower activation energies of 1.1 eV.
The rate of decarboxylation of the benzoyloxy radical as determined by CIDNP

Abstract Analysis of the CIDNP spectrum of ethylbenzoate (BzOEt) and ethylbenzene (PhEt) produced as recombination products of the decomposition of benzoylpropionyl peroxide is reported. Mathematical expressions for the yields and CIDNP intensities of both products are derived using an extension of the radical pair model. Two methods are employed to estimate the decarboxylation rate constant, k, for the benzoyloxy radical: (a) comparison of enhanced and unenhanced intensities of the PhEt quartet, and (b) comparison of the CIDNP intensities of the quartets from BzOEt and PhEt. The two methods give estimates of k agreeing within a factor of three. The lower limit to the value of k so obtained at 130°C in o-dichlorobenzene solution is 1 × 108 s−1. This is 2 to 3 orders of magnitude larger than previous estimates and implies that the lifetime of benzoyloxy radical may be considerably shorter than usually assumed.
“Small Peoples”: The Existential Uncertainty of Ethnonational Communities

This exploratory paper attempts to extend the boundaries of research on the “smallness” of polities. It introduces the concept of “small peoples,” a term coined by Czech author Milan Kundera to denote communities that lack a “sense of an eternal past and future.” The paper posits “small peoples” as ethnic communities characterized by prolonged and deep-rooted uncertainty regarding their own existence. I argue that in modern times, “small peoples” doubt the validity of their past-based ethnic identity and the viability of their future-driven national polity . Empirically, I analyze two distinct “small peoples”—Israeli Jews and French Canadians (Quebecois)—and argue that while the former have been more concerned with the future survival of their polity, the latter have been more concerned with insecurity about their identity. The paper suggests that a focus on communities and their intersubjective processes can enrich the study of states and their objective state.
Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Ammonia to Nitrogen over Fe2O3–TiO2 Prepared with a Sol–Gel Method

Fe2O3–Al2O3, Fe2O3–TiO2, Fe2O3–ZrO2, and Fe2O3–SiO2 were prepared with a sol–gel method and they showed high activities for selective catalytic oxidation (SCO) of ammonia to nitrogen in the presence of excess oxygen. The Fe2O3–TiO2 catalysts prepared from iron sulfate yielded a higher selectivity for N2 than those prepared from nitrate. More than 92% of N2 yields were obtained on the 10 wt% Fe2O3–TiO2 (SO42−) and 20 wt% Fe2O3–TiO2 (SO42−) at 400–450°C under the condition of GHSV=2.0×105 h−1. Also, after the Fe2O3–TiO2 prepared from nitrate was treated with SO2+O2 at 450°C, the N2 selectivity and yield were enhanced significantly at 450–500°C, suggesting a promoting role by SO2. But H2O decreased the N2 yield slightly. The N2 selectivity for the SCO reaction is in good agreement with their surface acidity and the activity for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia. This further supports the two-step SCO mechanism in which NH3 is first oxidized to NO and then NO is reduced to N2 by unreacted NH3 adsorbed species through a SCR reaction. The presence of sulfate species on Fe2O3–TiO2 (SO42−) increased surface acidity and thus improved SCO performance. Temperature-programmed desorption and temperature-programmed surface reaction of ammonia showed that gaseous, adsorbed, and lattice oxygen may participate in the SCO reaction.
Tensins: A New Switch in Cell Migration

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is an important regulator of normal epithelial and carcinoma cell migration. The mechanism by which EGF induces cell migration is not fully understood. A recent report in Nature Cell Biology (Katz et al., 2007) demonstrates that EGF regulates migration through a switch in the expression of two tensin isoforms, weakening the association of β1 integrin with the actin cytoskeleton in focal adhesions.
Model of the attenuation coefficient of daily photosynthetically available radiation in the upper ocean

Abstract Penetration of the photosynthetically available radiation (PAR, over 400–700 nm) in the upper ocean is important for many processes such as water radiant heating and primary productivity. Because of this importance, daily PAR at sea surface ( PAR ¯ ( 0 + ) ) is routinely generated from ocean-color images for global studies. To propagate this broadband solar radiation through the upper ocean, an attenuation coefficient of PAR ( K PAR ) is also generated from the same ocean-color measurements. However, due to the empirical nature of the K PAR algorithm, this K PAR product corresponds to an instantaneous PAR at a fixed sun angle, with no diurnal variability. It is hence necessary to have an attenuation coefficient matching the temporal characteristics of daily PAR. This paper represents an effort to meet this need. Using ECOLIGHT, the subsurface light field for a wide range of water bodies was simulated, from which the attenuation coefficient ( K PAR ¯ ) of daily PAR was calculated. We presented the diurnal and vertical variation of this attenuation coefficient, and found that it can be well predicted (within ∼ 7%) as a function of the total absorption coefficient and backscattering coefficient at 490 nm and the noontime solar zenith angle. This new model offers an efficient and reasonably accurate approach for quantifying daily upper water column PAR within the global ocean from satellite measurements of water color.
Control of adhesion and surface forces via potential-dependent adsorption of pyridine.

The orientation and extent of adsorption of pyridine on a gold electrode is known to depend on applied potential and is well characterized. By use of the electrochemical surface forces apparatus, we measured the potential dependence of the double-layer interactions and adhesive forces between a gold electrode and a mica surface for different pyridine concentrations. We observed that, unlike mica-mica interactions, the gold-mica interactions were strongly affected by the presence of small concentrations of pyridine. We are able to reach high negative surface potentials (as determined by applying Derjaguin-Landau-VerwayOverbeek theory to our force measurements), which is similar to what is observed in the absence of pyridine. This demonstrates the electronic nature of the forces measured and shows that pyridine does not displace potential-determining ions on the surface. At positive potentials, where the interaction between gold and mica is attractive, pull-off measurements are a strong function of applied potential. The major effect of the presence of pyridine is on the observed shift in the potential of zero force (PZF), moving it to more negative potentials. This effect is caused by the strong dipole of the pyridine molecule. When the applied potential is cast as a deviation from the PZF, the effect of pyridine is to reduce adhesion between gold and mica. We modeled the potential-dependent adhesion of this system using an electrocapillary framework developed previously, and in doing so, we establish the relationship between the gold-liquid and gold-mica surface energies. In addition, we show that pyridine adsorption affects the capacitance of the gold -mica interface.
The eosinophil: New aspects of structure and function☆☆☆

The distinguishing feature of the eosinophil under the light microscope is the dense eosinophilic granulation which may completely fill the cytoplasm. When viewed under the electron microscope, the eosinophil granule, as shown in Fig. 1, is seen as a membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle with a distinctive internal structure.” In most cases, the eosinophil granule has an electron-dense core and a less dense matrix. The core occurs in a variety of sizes and shapes. When eosinophils are stained for peroxidase activity, there is a reversal of the usual pattern of granule staining; in this case the matrix is electrondense and the core is less dense. This finding is consistent with the view that the eosinophil peroxidase is localized in the matrix because the electron-dense product frclm the peroxidase reaction deposits in the granule matrix. As seen in Fig. 2, when the core of the granule is examined under high magnification, there appears to be a periodicity in both the longitudinal and cross-sectional dimensions.4 Because of this regular structure, the core of the eosinophil granule has been termed a crystalloid and some authors have suggested that the Charcot-Leyden crystal (CLC) is derived from the core.5’ ’ In addition to the typical eosinophil granules described above, another type of granule has recently been described in human eosinophils.’ This granule is membra.ne-bounded, is smaller in diameter than the crystalloid-containing granules, and is enriched
A fuzzy approach for selecting project membership to achieve cognitive style goals

Abstract Decision makers select employees for a project to match a particular set of goals pertaining to the multiple criteria mix of skills and competencies needed. Cognitive style influences how a person gathers and evaluates information and consequently, provides skills and competencies toward problem solving. The proposed fuzzy set-based model facilitates the manager’s selection of employees who meet the project goal(s) for the preferred cognitive style. The paper presents background information on cognitive styles and fuzzy logic with an algorithm developed based on belief in the fuzzy probability of a cognitive style fitting a defined goal. An application is presented with analysis and conclusions stated.
Genres of memory and the memory of genres: Forgetting lament in Bangladesh

This article seeks to place lament in the context of Asian modernities, theorize memory in relation to genres of performance, and introduce the notion of social technologies of forgetting. Evidence suggests that Bangladeshi culture is changing in ways congruent with some models of globalizing modernity. Indeed, my data indicate that displacing certain performance genres may be key to modernist transformation. Yet, several persons I describe here endured hardship over several years to continue performing genres their neighbors deemed dated or sacrilegious. This problematizes teleological visions of the progress of a monolithic modernity stamping out older expressive forms. If the construction of memory is a core theoretical issue in history, understanding how memories give way to forgetfulness also requires attention. This paper is about technologies of commemoration-amongst which we must count lament-and of forgetting. It must therefore concern metadiscoursestalk about forms of talk (forms, here, that serve or efface memory). Lamenttuneful, texted weeping-is a technique for keeping memories alive and transforming them. I will examine how Islamization or Christianization can serve as technologies of forgetting. Cultural and individual agency are at work in active forgetting; forgetting is not simply a matter of "false consciousness." Memory is never about the past alone and, at least in its guise as commemoration, never private (Casey 1987). It is a tenuous achievement, partly because commemorations may be contested. The contestations and commemorations I describe are about the present as well as about the past, since commemoration tends to make past and present consubstantial (Casey 1985:254). The "present" at stake
Bromocresol purple dye-binding method for the estimation of serum albumin adapted to the SMA 12/60.

We describe a method for the determination of serum albumin on the SMA 12/60 that utilizes the anionic dye bromocresol purple (BCP). This dye is more specific than the commonly used bromocresol green (BCG) in that it does not bind to globulins. The SMA module requires two simple changes for the BCP method to be adopted: a 600 nm interference filter replaces the 630 nm filter; and a gray-gray pump tube (rated at 1.00 mL/min) replaces a green-green tube (rated at 2.00 mL/min) in the predilution assembly. The precision of this method is comparable to the BCG method with a CV of 2.9% at mean values of 30.6 and 38.3 g/L. This method was compared to the BCP method of the DuPont aca using 51 patient samples over an approximate albumin range of 15 to 80 g/L. The correlation is very good as indicated in the linear regression data: (SMA) = 0.884(aca) + 3.46; coefficient of determination (r2) is 0.986; and standard error of the estimate (Sy.x) is 1.39 g/L. Neither hemoglobin nor bilirubin interferes with this BCP method up to levels of 9 g/L and 633 mumol/L, respectively.
Simple Explanation for the X ( 3872 ) Mass Shift Observed in the Decay X ( 3872 ) → D * 0 D ¯ 0

We propose a simple explanation for the increase of approximately 3 MeV/c2 in the mass value of the X(3872) obtained from D{sup *0} {bar D}{sup 0} decay relative to that obtained from decay to J/{psi}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup -} If the total width of the X(3872) is 2-3 MeV, the peak position in the D{sup *0} {bar D}{sup 0} invariant mass distribution is sensitive to the final state orbital angular momentum because of the proximity of the X(3872) to D{sup *0} {bar D}{sup 0} threshold. We show that for total width 3 MeV and one unit of orbital angular momentum, a mass shift {approx}3 MeV/c2 is obtained; experimental mass resolution should slightly increase this value. A consequence is that spin-parity 2{sup -} is favored for the X(3872).
Constructing Workers: Working-Class Formation under Neoliberalism

This introduction to “Constructing Workers” places the contributions to the special issue in the context of a review of central themes in a broader literature on the definition of workers, their public identities, and their rights. This literature has developed over the past 30 years in sociology and, especially, in social and labor history. At the same time, a more recent literature has emerged, most clearly in the USA, but also in other national settings, on the changing role of labor unions and other types of labor organization in an increasingly global economy. The two sets of scholarship are growing closer together and addressing importantly related themes, relevant both to more incisive sociological and historical understanding of the modes of labor organizing and regulation and to contemporary efforts to combat neoliberal restructuring of labor and class relations.
Effect of Substrate Misorientation on the Structual Strain and Defect Distribution of Mocvd Grown GaAs on Si

A systematic study of the structural properties and defect distribution of GaAs layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on Si substrates misoriented 1°, 1.5°, 2°, 4°, and 6° from [100] toward [011] is reported. Double crystal x-ray rocking curves, cross-section and plan-view Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are used to characterize the structural strain and defect distribution of as-grown and annealed GaAs layers. Both strain and defect density in the GaAs layers are found to be dependent of the degree of substrate misorientation as well as the direction in which measurements are made. Plan-view TEM shows an asymmetric distribution of microtwins in two perpendicular directions. There exists a correlation between the directionality of the strain and of the defect density. Furnace annealing at 850°C for 30 minutes in an arsine overpressure can reduce significantly the defects, the strain and the strain anisotropy. It is found that microtwins are of the highest density when the substrate is misoriented about 4 degrees for the as-grown samples. Though a reduction of defects after annealing occurs for all samples, the least misoriented one shows the most improvement.
Putrescine diffusion in cat brain and capillary permeability in rat brain: Relation to CSF putrescine levels in brain tumor patients☆

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) putrescine (Pu) levels are extremely useful measures of active tumor growth in patients harboring medulloblastoma but not in patients harboring most supratentorial malignant gliomas. This study was designed to determine the diffusion coefficient (D) for Pu in cat brain and the capillary permeability coefficient (Pc) in rat brain to explain the failure of supratentorial gliomas to manifest a consistent increase in CSF Pu with progressive tumor growth. The Pc for Pu was found to be greater than the Pc for urea, while the apparent brain D for Pu was lower than that for urea. This implies that Pu crosses capillaries and enters cells more rapidly than urea, which would reduce the amount of Pu that might ultimately reach the CSF by diffusion from tumor. These data explain why CSF levels of Pu are correlated best in medulloblastoms—generally located adjacent to the CSF pathways—and why levels are correlated least in malignant supratentorial gliomas—usually located within the brain hemispheres, from which diffusion to the ventricles and into the CSF would be difficult.
ORIGIN OF STRONG SCARRING OF WAVE FUNCTIONS IN QUANTUM WELLS IN A TILTED MAGNETIC FIELD

The anomalously strong scarring of the electronic wave functions of quantum wells in a tilted magnetic field is shown to be due to special properties of the classical dynamics of this system. A certain subset of periodic orbits is identified which is nearly stable over a very large interval of variation of the system parameters; hence this subset exhibits strong scarring. Semiclassical arguments shed further light on why these orbits dominate the experimentally observed tunneling spectra.
A practical system for recording instrument interactions during live robotic surgery

We have developed a system for measuring and recording the high-frequency vibrations that characterize instrument interactions during minimally invasive robotic surgery. Consisting of simple circuitry and a DVD recorder, this system is low-cost and easily implementable, requires no sterilization, and enables measurement of a validated, objective technical skill metric in both the simulated setting and the operating room. The vibration recordings of fourteen sleeve gastrectomies were processed by segmenting the operation into seven phases and calculating the root mean square (RMS) vibration within each phase. Statistical analysis showed that the observed differences match expectations drawn from knowledge of the operation, substantiating the premise that RMS vibration provides a good measure of the intensity of instrument interactions during live robotic surgery.
A theory for developmental control by a program encoded in the genome

A new genetic mechanism is proposed to explain the evident order seen in embryonic development. This theory postulates control DNA, a set of genetic elements activated in a specific sequence, one at a time. With each cell division, control of gene expression passes to the next control unit in the series. The complete series of control units would constitute the encoded (and inherited) development program of an organism.