cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The metabolic relation between methionine and adenine thiomethylriboside in yeast.

Abstract Adenine thiomethylriboside is accumulated in growing yeast if the medium contains large amounts of methionine. Sulfate, cysteine, glutathione, and homocystine cannot replace methionine. The adenine supply is not a critical factor in accumulation of the nucleoside in yeast. When yeast rich in adenine thiomethylriboside is transferred into a medium containing no methionine the nucleoside disappears gradually. The biological implications of these observations are discussed.
A Uses and Gratifications Study of Contemporary Christian Radio Web Sites

Following the uses and gratifications approach, this study explores why people visit and use Web sites for Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) radio stations. An online survey of 320 visitors to 9 CCM radio Web sites found that listening online is the most commonly used feature of these Web sites followed by features related to finding information. A factor analysis identified two underlying gratification dimensions: lifestyle management and information seeking. Simple regression analysis found that different gratifications sought are related to using different features on these Web sites.
One‐dimensional models for superionic conductors

Three one-dimensional models, interstitialcy-like, vacancy-like, and interstitial-like, are constructed to study general properties of superionic conductors. Potential energy curves along the diffusion path due to all ions other than conducting species are simulated by (Vo/2) (1-cos(2πx/a)), where a is the lattice constant. By considering only the Coulomb and repulsive potentials among conducting ions, the activation energies, Ea, are calculated as functions of Vo. It is shown that due to local correlated motions of conducting ions, the values of Ea are much smaller than those of Vo. For instance, for the interstitialcy-like mechanism, Ea changes from 0.02 eV to only 0.4 eV while Vo changes from 0.8 eV to 3.2 eV. For the vacancy-like mechanism, Ea is less than 0.2 eV for Vo below 0.9 eV, and is less than 0.05 eV for Vo less than 0.4 eV. Other properties such as attempt frequency, conductivity, ion distribution, and diffuse X-ray scattering pattern are discussed. The correspondences between the models and actual superionic conductors, such as β-alumina, β″-alumina, and α-AgI are also discussed. Comments on existing theories of superionic conductors are presented.
A Stalemate on Test-Tube Baby Research

M ore and more "test tube" babies are being born. By January 1984, over 200 children had been born in the United States and abroad following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. In this procedure, an egg or eggs are removed from a woman's ovary, fertilized by sperm in a laboratory dish, cultured, and then transferred back into the uterus. According to the American Fertility Society, at least forty-six centers in the United States have or are planning to establish in vitro fertilization clinics. The demand is substantial. A recent re-
Ethical issues in human reproduction: Catholic perspectives

The catholic perspective in human reproduction is based on the concept that the human being is to be respected and treated as a person from the moment of conception. In this paper the ethical implications derived from such a principle are discussed.
The initial oxidation of polycrystalline thorium

The initial oxidation of clean, polycrystalline α-Th from background CO/CO2 and saturation of the Th surface by O2 has been examined by angle-resolved Auger electron spectroscopy (ARAES) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Following dissociative adsorption of very low doses of background CO/CO2 (<1 L), the carbon surface population was dominant and spontaneously formed thorium carbide. The accompanying oxygen population increased at a rate roughly one-third that of the carbon, suggesting simultaneous oxygen incorporation into the bulk. To further corroborate the surface kinetics of adsorbed oxygen, O2 was admitted, following heating and sputter cleaning of the Th; some oxygen atoms continued to diffuse into the bulk until formation of stoichiometric ThO2 at ∼37 L. ARAES measurements showed an oxygen concentration gradient in the near-surface region confirming rapid oxygen incorporation at low doses; however, once the surface is saturated, virtually no variation in the oxygen intensity is observed. AES and ToF-SIMS depth profiling revealed complete oxide formation to a depth of 2 nm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ON THE RATE OF OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED EGGS : IV. CHAETOPTERHS AND ARBACIA PUNCTULATA.

1. Unfertilized eggs of Chaetopterus consume about 2.4 mm.(3) O(2) per hour per 10 mm.(3) eggs at 21 degrees C. 2. In the 1st hour after fertilization, the fertilized eggs consume oxygen at about 53 or 54 per cent of this rate, which is about 1.3 mm.(3) O(2) per hour per 10 mm.(3) eggs at 21 degrees C. 3. For the first 6 hours after fertilization, at 21 degrees C., the curve of the rate of oxygen consumption is slightly asymmetrically sigmoid. The prefertilization rate is regained between 4(1/2) and 5 hours after fertilization. Soon after 6 hours, ciliary activity begins, and the rate of oxygen consumption rises rapidly. 4. The unfertilized eggs of Arbacia punctulata consume about 0.36-0.5 mm.(3) O(2) per hour per 10 mm.(3) eggs at 21 degrees C. The absolute determination is difficult as these eggs are highly sensitive to shaking in the manometer vessels, and these difficulties are discussed. 5. The fertilized eggs of Arbacia punctulata consume oxygen at the rate of about 2.0 mm.(3) O(2) per hour per 10 mm.(3) 21 degrees C. At 1 hour after fertilization the rate is already rising. 6. A comparison of the absolute rates of oxygen consumption, and the changes in rate at fertilization of these and a number of other eggs, together with a theoretical discussion, and a discussion of discrepancies in measurements on the eggs of Arbacia punctulata, is contained in the fifth paper of this series (21).
The genetics of aneurysms: a complex pathophysiology requiring complex analysis.

formation by developing a genetic risk scale composed of 7 validated SNPs (2, 8). This genetic risk scale was able to demonstrate a stronger association with MCA aneurysms than aneurysms in other locations. This finding represents the first of many needed steps toward using the growing stream of genomic information provided by newer studies. This finding is also consistent with studies on sporadic disease such as meningiomas that have demonstrated a relationship between locality and RNA expression, suggesting that further associations exist but remain unrecognized (3). Future studies must account for phenotypic variability to advance the field toward meaningful clinical applications in aneurysmal therapy. The exclusion of fusiform and irregular aneurysmal morphologies is notable in that this too is likely associated with the biochemistry of aneurysm formation. The primary weakness of the study by van’t Hof et al. (7), the inclusion of a small number of SNPs into the genetic risk scale, should be seen as a call to continue multicenter compilations of genetic data. Differences even between the 2 studied white populations were notable in that multiple SNPs had different associations with MCA location as well as different frequencies of SNP presence within the populations as a whole. Both cohorts were sizable, but it is feasible that the variability in both SNP frequency and demographic characteristics such as familial history (13% in Dutch cohort vs. 39% in Finnish cohort) was secondary to differences in the recruited samples rather than population differences. This variability emphasizes the need for individual and compiled genetic studies if a useful predictive algorithm is to be generated from a comprehensive database of aneurysm-associated genes. Many of the currently known genes associated with aneurysms
Environmental and seasonal adaptations of the adrenocortical and gonadal responses to capture stress in two populations of the male garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis.

Stress and reproduction are generally thought to work in opposition to one another. This is often manifested as reciprocal relationships between glucocorticoid stress hormones and sex steroid hormones. However, seasonal differences in how animals respond to stressors have been described in extreme environments. We tested the hypothesis that garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, with limited reproductive opportunities will suppress their hormonal stress response during the breeding season relative to conspecifics with an extended breeding season. The red-sided garter snake, T.s. parietalis, of Manitoba, Canada, has a brief breeding season during which males displayed no change in either plasma levels of testosterone or corticosterone, which were both elevated above basal levels, in response to capture stress. During the summer, capture stress resulted in increased plasma corticosterone and decreased testosterone. During the fall, when mating can also occur, males exhibited a significant decrease in testosterone but no increase in corticosterone in response to capture stress. The red-spotted garter snake, T.s. concinnus, of western Oregon, has an extended breeding season during which males displayed a stress response of increased plasma corticosterone and decreased testosterone levels. The corticosterone response to capture stress was similar during the spring, summer, and fall. In contrast, the testosterone response was suppressed during the summer and fall when gametogenesis was occurring. These data suggest that male garter snakes, in both populations, seasonally adapt their stress response but for different reasons and by potentially different mechanisms. J. Exp. Zool. 289:99-108, 2001.
Effect of an Individual Readiness Assurance Test on a Team Readiness Assurance Test in the Team-Based Learning of Physiology.

We examined whether requiring an individual readiness assurance test (iRAT) before a team readiness assurance test (tRAT) would benefit students in becoming better problem solvers in physiology. It was tested in the form of tRAT scores, the time required to complete the tRAT assignment, and individual performance on the unit examinations. Students in one section were given the iRAT at the beginning of the team-based learning session. The same set of questions was given to students as their tRAT immediately after their iRAT. Students in the second section were not given the iRAT before the tRAT. This pattern was reversed for the next scheduled team-based learning activity between the two sections. We found that the section having both the iRAT and tRAT scored higher on the tRAT and completed their assignments in less time than the section with the tRAT alone. This suggests that the tRAT combined with the iRAT is an effective team-based approach to the teaching of physiology compared with the tRAT alone.
Electrophysiological and biochemical derangements in ischemic myocardium: interactions involving the cell membrane.

Several lines of evidence indicate that metabolites accumulating in ischemic tissue may have a profound influence on membrane function and may thereby mediate many of the electrophysiological derangements characteristic of ischemic tissue in vivo. Recently, we have detected the accumulation of lysophosphoglycerides (LPG), intermediate metabolites of membrane phospholipids, in ischemic tissue in vivo, in effluents from ischemic isolated hearts and in venular effluents from ischemic regions in vivo. Furthermore, LPG, at comparable concentrations, induces reversible electrophysiological alterations in normoxic Purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle in vitro closely analogous to those changes characteristic of ischemic tissue in vivo. Concentration-dependent changes seen include a reduction in resting potential, Vmax of phase 0, action potential duration and amplitude, with profound decreases in conduction velocity, heterogenous phase 0 depolarization, enhanced automaticity at reduced membrane potentials, and post-repolarization refractoriness. Experiments utilizing 14C-lysophosphatidyl choline (14C-LPG) indicated that incorporation by LPC to a level of less than 1% of total cellular phospholipid is sufficient to induce electrophysiological derangements in isolated ventricular muscle. Based on the observations that venular effluents from ischemic regions in vivo exert deleterious electrophysiological effects in vitro, we have recently demonstrated a two-fold increase in LPC in venular effluents from ischemic regions in vitro. at Although this two-fold increase did not produce significant electrophysiological effects in vitro at normal pH, concomitant acidosis (pH = 6.7) comparable to that seen during ischemia in vivo, resulted in dramatic electrophysiological derangements after exposure to LPC. Subsequent experiments indicated that acidosis alone had modest electrophysiological effects but decreased the LPC concentrations three-fold required to induce membrane effects but did not enhance the incorporation of 14C-LPC into the cellular phospholipid fraction. Since long-chain acyl carnitine also accumulate in ischemic myocardium and are also amphiphilic metabolites with many structural similarities to LPC, the effects of these compounds were also assessed in vitro. Palmitoyl carnitine at concentrations identical to LPC, induced electrophysiological derangements similar to LPC. In addition, the effects of the two compounds were additive and as with LPC, acidosis (pH = 6.7) decreased three-fold the concentration of palmitoyl carnitine required to induce membrane derangements. The additive nature of the effects of these two different amphiphiles suggests that
Night-time plasma transport in the topside ionosphere using backscatter Nh profiles

Abstract Electron density profiles observed by means of incoherent backscatter technique at Arecibo (18·4°N, 67°W) have been used to study the vertical transport of plasma in the topside ionosphere during night-time. The height profiles of the transport velocity and the charged particle flux are calculated from the F-region continuity equation for the case of an optimum downward flux from the protonosphere, an estimate for which has been arrived at from the consideration of the limiting upward flux during daytime. During the period 06.00–18.00 hr L.M.T. the limiting flux is found to vary in the range 2·5 × 1011 to 6·0 × 1011 m−2 sec−1 with an average value of about 4·0 × 1011 m−2 sec−1. The night-time downward flux has a maximum value that decreases with height from ∼5 × 1012 to 1012 m−2 sec−1 in the range 400–625 km during the early hours when the plasma temperature is falling at a rate of about 3·5°K min−1. The magnitude of the downward transport velocity is found to be less than 25 m sec−1 at 400 km and 80 m sec−1 at 625 km throughout the night-time. A post-midnight enhancement observed in the F-layer peak electron density has shown a significant dependence on the magnitude of the topside plasma transport velocity.
The finite embeddability property for noncommutative knotted extensions of RL

The finite embeddability property (FEP) for knotted extensions of residuated lattices holds under the assumption of commutativity, but fails in the general case. We identify weaker forms of the commutativity identity which ensure that the FEP holds. The results have applications outside of order algebra to non-classical logic, establishing the strong finite model property (SFMP) and the decidability for deductions, as well as to mathematical linguistics and automata theory, providing new conditions for recognizability of languages. Our proofs make use of residuated frames, developed in the context of algebraic proof theory.
Development of a new error field correction coil (C-coil) for DIII-D

The C-coil recently installed on the DIII-D tokamak was developed to reduce the error fields created by imperfections in the location and geometry of the existing coils used to confine, heat, and shape the plasma. First results from C-coil experiments include stable operation in a 1.6 MA plasma with a density less than 1.0/spl times/10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/, nearly a factor of three lower density than that achievable without the C-coil. The C-coil has also been used in magnetic braking of the plasma rotation and high energy particle confinement experiments. The C-coil system consists of six individual saddle coils, each 60/spl deg/ wide toroidally, spanning the midplane of the vessel with a vertical height of 1.6 m. The coils are located at a major radius of 3.2 m, just outside of the toroidal field coils. The actual shape and geometry of each coil section varied somewhat from the nominal dimensions due to the large number of obstructions to the desired coil path around the already crowded tokamak. Each coil section consists of four turns of 750 MCM insulated copper cable banded with stainless steel straps within the web of a 3 in. /spl times/3 in. stainless steel angle frame. The C-coil structure was designed to resist peak transient radial forces (up to 1800 Nm) exerted on the coil by the toroidal and poloidal fields. The coil frames were supported from existing poloidal field coil case brackets, coil studs, and various other structures on the tokamak.
Photoinitiated Alternating Copolymerization of Dialkyl Maleates and Fumarates with Vinyl Ethers

A systematic study of the free radical photoinitiated alternating crosslinking copolymerizations of dialkyl maleates and furmarates with multifunctional vinyl ethers was carried out. The photocopolymerizations were fast and highly efficient when carried out using a variety of α-cleavage photoinitiators. The effects of the structures of the both the unsaturated esters and the vinyl ether monomers were examined. Dialkyl maleates were observed to be more reactive than the corresponding fumarate esters. The photopolymerization rates of several of these comonomer pairs were compared with standard diacrylate and dimethacrylate monomers. A range of different physical properties can be obtained by varying the length of the alkyl chain on alcohol portion of the unsaturated ester monomer. Prospects for the use of these comonomer systems in UV curable coatings, adhesives, printing inks, and composites are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Cultural and Blind-Specific Issues and Implications to Visual Thinking in Mathematics

In this chapter, we explore cultural and blind-specific issues and their implications to visual thinking in mathematics. Issues on culture refer to those patterns of knowledge and skills, tool use, thinking, acting, and interacting that are favored by, and specific to, groups that support them. It is interesting to consider the possibility that students’ developing explicit knowledge in a lifeworld-dependent context interacts with macroconditions such as taken-as-shared cultural practices, which are likely to influence the way they perform visualization without them being aware of them.
Iron content of ferritin modulates its uptake by intestinal epithelium: implications for co-transport of prions

The spread of Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in the deer and elk population has caused serious public health concerns due to its potential to infect farm animals and humans. Like other prion disorders such a sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease of humans and Mad Cow Disease of cattle, CWD is caused by PrP-scrapie (PrPSc), a β-sheet rich isoform of a normal cell surface glycoprotein, the prion protein (PrPC). Since PrPSc is sufficient to cause infection and neurotoxicity if ingested by a susceptible host, it is important to understand the mechanism by which it crosses the stringent epithelial cell barrier of the small intestine. Possible mechanisms include co-transport with ferritin in ingested food and uptake by dendritic cells. Since ferritin is ubiquitously expressed and shares considerable homology among species, co-transport of PrPSc with ferritin can result in cross-species spread with deleterious consequences. We have used a combination of in vitro and in vivo models of intestinal epithelial cell barrier to understand the role of ferritin in mediating PrPSc uptake and transport. In this report, we demonstrate that PrPSc and ferritin from CWD affected deer and elk brains and scrapie from sheep resist degradation by digestive enzymes, and are transcytosed across a tight monolayer of human epithelial cells with significant efficiency. Likewise, ferritin from hamster brains is taken up by mouse intestinal epithelial cells in vivo, indicating that uptake of ferritin is not limited by species differences as described for prions. More importantly, the iron content of ferritin determines its efficiency of uptake and transport by Caco-2 cells and mouse models, providing insight into the mechanism(s) of ferritin and PrPSc uptake by intestinal epithelial cells.
The Anaphase-Promoting Complex Is a Dual Integrator That Regulates Both MicroRNA-Mediated Transcriptional Regulation of Cyclin B1 and Degradation of Cyclin B1 during Arabidopsis Male Gametophyte Development

The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), an essential ubiquitin protein ligase, regulates mitotic progression and exit by enhancing degradation of cell cycle regulatory proteins, such as CYCB1;1, whose transcripts are upregulated by DUO POLLEN1 (DUO1). DUO1 is required for cell division in male gametophytes and is a target of microRNA 159 (miR159) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whether APC/C is required for DUO1-dependent CYCB1;1 regulation is unknown. Mutants in both APC8 and APC13 had pleiotrophic phenotypes resembling those of mutants affecting microRNA biogenesis. We show that these apc/c mutants had reduced miR159 levels and increased DUO1 and CYCB1;1 transcript levels and that APC/C is required to recruit RNA polymerase II to MIR159 promoters. Thus, in addition to its role in degrading CYCB1;1, APC/C stimulates production of miR159, which downregulates DUO1 expression, leading to reduced CYCB1;1 transcription. Both MIR159 and APC8–yellow fluorescent protein accumulated in unicellular microspores and bicellular pollen but decreased in tricellular pollen, suggesting that spatial and temporal regulation of miR159 by APC/C ensures mitotic progression. Consistent with this, the percentage of mature pollen with no or single sperm-like cells increased in apc/c mutants and plants overexpressing APC8 partially mimicked the duo1 phenotype. Thus, APC/C is an integrator that regulates both microRNA-mediated transcriptional regulation of CYCB1;1 and degradation of CYCB1;1.
CCR10 Is Important for the Development of Skin-Specific γδT Cells by Regulating Their Migration and Location

Unlike conventional αβ T cells, which preferentially reside in secondary lymphoid organs for adaptive immune responses, various subsets of unconventional T cells, such as the γδ T cells with innate properties, preferentially reside in epithelial tissues as the first line of defense. However, mechanisms underlying their tissue-specific development are not well understood. We report in this paper that among different thymic T cell subsets fetal thymic precursors of the prototypic skin intraepithelial Vγ3 + T lymphocytes (sIELs) were selected to display a unique pattern of homing molecules, including a high level of CCR10 expression that was important for their development into sIELs. In fetal CCR10-knockout mice, the Vγ3 + sIEL precursors developed normally in the thymus but were defective in migrating into the skin. Although the earlier defect in skin-seeding by sIEL precursors was partially compensated for by their normal expansion in the skin of adult CCR10-knockout mice, the Vγ3 + sIELs displayed abnormal morphology and increasingly accumulated in the dermal region of the skin. These findings provide definite evidence that CCR10 is important in sIEL development by regulating the migration of sIEL precursors and their maintenance in proper regions of the skin and support the notion that unique homing properties of different thymic T cell subsets play an important role in their peripheral location.
Distribution of selenium, mercury, and methylmercury in surficial Missouri River sediments.

Sediment deposition into Lewis and Clark Lake, an impoundment of the Missouri River, has caused substantial storage capacity reductions. Current proposals to hydrologically flush sediment would disturb river and reservoir sediment that may contain heavy metals. We quantified existing concentrations of selenium (Se), mercury (Hg), and methylmercury (MeHg) in surficial sediments upstream of and in Lewis and Clark Lake. We found elevated levels of Se (range 0.12–9.62 μg/g) and Hg (range 0.02–1.55 μg/g) at several sites throughout the study area; however, few sites contained levels of MeHg above detection limits. Sites with highest MeHg concentrations were found in Lewis and Clark Lake and ranged from below detection limit to 0.79 ng/g. We conclude that further investigation of sediment-sequestered contaminants in Lewis and Clark Lake should be conducted.
Survey of carbamate and organophosphorous pesticide export from a South Florida (USA) agricultural watershed: Implications of sampling frequency on ecological risk estimation

The objectives of the present study were to characterize the presence of selected carbamate and organophosphorous pesticides in Ten Mile Creek (Fort Pierce, FL, USA) and to evaluate the implications of sampling frequency on ecological risk estimates. Ten Mile Creek originates in a predominately agricultural watershed that is drained by an extensive network of crosslinked canals. Water samples were collected daily or every other day and were analyzed for azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dimethoate, ethion, fenamiphos, malathion, methidathion, carbaryl, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, methiocarb, methomyl, oxamyl, and propoxur. A total of 457 samples were analyzed for the carbamate suite, and a total of 332 samples were analyzed for the organophosphorous suite. Carbaryl was detected in eight samples; half of these detections occurred on four consecutive days (October 26–29, 2001) at concentrations ranging from 0.33 to 0.95 μg/L. Methomyl was detected in samples collected on five consecutive days (March 30–April 3, 2002) at concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 2.2 μg/L. Oxamyl was detected in four samples, three of which occurred on three consecutive days (February 17–19, 2002) at concentrations ranging from 6.2 to 6.8 μg/L. The carbamates propoxur, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, carbofuran, and methiocarb were not detected. Diazinon and ethion were the only organophosphorous pesticides detected. Diazinon was detected at 0.9 and 0.7 μg/L on January 5, 2002, and on January 6, 2002, respectively. Ethion was detected in 18 consecutive samples (August 3–20, 2001). The mean, maximum, minimum, and median detected concentrations were 0.38, 0.61, 0.30, and 0.33 μg/L, respectively. Results indicate that frequent sampling is necessary to characterize the presence of these pesticides in this intensively drained watershed. This conclusion also may apply to similar canalized watersheds.
Quantum computing with defects

The successful development of quantum computers is dependent on identifying quantum systems to function as qubits. Paramagnetic states of point defects in semiconductors or insulators have been shown to provide an effective implementation, with the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond being a prominent example. The spin-1 ground state of this center can be initialized, manipulated, and read out at room temperature. Identifying defects with similar properties in other materials would add flexibility in device design and possibly lead to superior performance or greater functionality. A systematic search for defect-based qubits has been initiated, starting from a list of physical criteria that such centers and their hosts should satisfy. First-principles calculations of atomic and electronic structure are essential in supporting this quest: They provide a deeper understanding of defects that are already being exploited and allow efficient exploration of new materials systems and “defects by design.”
Republicanism, a Radical View: The Question of Non-Dominated Labor

Neo-republicans agree that among the implications of a republican theory of liberty is that the socio-economic independence of the citizen be guaranteed. This commitment to socio-economic independence appears most clearly in the modern republican preoccupation with 'free labor.' Most neo-republicans believe that free labor is guaranteed through provision of a universal basic income, which ensures no particular employee is dependent upon or, in the language of neo-republicanism, 'dominated by,' any given employer. In contrast, I argue that this conclusion is based on an excessively narrow reading of the core problem of domination, and also misrepresents the modern republican tradition. Drawing on nineteenth century labor republicans, I argue that a republican understanding of the kind of economic independence guaranteeing 'non-dominated labor' involves two further principles: equal access to productive assets, and rights of residual control over the work activity.
Tax Enforcement with Differentiated Evasion Abilities

Taxpayers differ in ability to evade tax, and the likelihood of getting caught for cheating may depend on such ability. By assuming that the tax collection agency can classify taxpayers into different audit classes on the basis of a parameter which represents evasion ability, I derive the revenue-maximizing audit rates for these audit classes. I show that, other things being equal, audit classes with intermediate evasion abilities should be audited more frequently than those with either very high or very low abilities. Nevertheless, under such policies, compliance level is higher in audit classes with lower evasion abilities.
History of the MAA Since World War II

1. Preamble. Perhaps I may be permitted a personal remark which explains why I am so pleased to be given an opportunity to participate in this celebration: my father, a charter member of the Association, received his Ph.D. here at Cornell. I early came to know the mathematical names in Ithaca: Carver, Gillespie, Ranum, Silverman, Snyder, . . . and Hurwitz, who directed my father's thesis. It is a widely held opinion that mathematicians are especially attracted by two activities -music making and punning. It was Hurwitz, I have been told, who nicknamed a colleague with a reputation for making off with the magazines from the common room of Willard Straight: Procrastination, he called him, the thief of Time. The summer meeting just 20 years ago was cancelled because of the war, and the first big post-war meeting was here at Cornell in August of 1946, with 277 M\4AA members in attendance. It's interesting to note some of the names: W. D. Cairns of Oberlin; Newsom, also of Oberlin; Allendoerfer of Haverford (before Winger persuaded him to defect to the West); Carver, Hurwitz, Agnew, and Walker of Cornell; Feller, Jones, Kac, LeVeque, and Rosser, also of Cornell. It looks as though fewer than half of us stay put. But there were (and are) stalwarts, like Gehman, of Buffalo; McShane, of Virginia; Meder, of Rutgers; Tucker, of Princeton. The war was still with us in various ways: The Reverend J. T. O'Callahan of the College of the Holy Cross was awarded the Medal of Honor; the mathematics departments of several overseas colleges for servicemen were staffed by MAA members; the NRC offered fellowships to promising young people whose work had been interrupted by the war; the problems of rebuilding faculties, of allocating manpower, were pressing, especially in the face of droves of veterans returning to college under the G.I. bill. We were on the threshold of a new era, involving dramatic changes for the role of mathematics in our culture and of mathematicians in our society, and the MAA was bound to be deeply affected. I shall not attempt to chronicle the details of these changes, but rather to sort out some of the dominant features of the period. My notions of historiography have been influenced by Carlyle's "On Heroes and Hero-Worship," and I shall continue with reference to personalities. Mathematics, after all, is made by mathematicians; and our Association bears the imprint of their interests and enthusiasms, their devotion and hard work, their prudence and logic, their emotions and prejudices. I can select only some examples and will of necessity omit acknowledgement of the equally important contributions of many others. One of our heroes is the embodiment of our virtues, although he might not appear heroic in other subcultures. I refer to Paul Erdos, whose contributions
Bone changes in the cat in experimentally produced injury to the peripheral nerves.

These experiments indicate that atrophy of bone does not result from denervation of an extremity, or from immobilization of a denervated extremity. When atrophy of bone was observed, in rare instances, it occurred as the result of ulceration, overlying the bone and joint. When ulceration occurred in extremities which had been immobilized and denervated, it was more severe than in cases in which the extremity had not been immobilized, and a greater number of cases of bone atrophy occurred.
Differential association of the pleckstrin homology domains of phospholipases C-beta 1, C-beta 2, and C-delta 1 with lipid bilayers and the beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins.

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are recognized in more than 100 different proteins, including mammalian phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes (isotypes β, γ, and δ). These struc...
The Institutional Effects of Executive Scandals.

In The Institutional Effects of Executive Scandals, Brandon Rottinghaus, one of the political science discipline's top rising presidency scholars, has applied his considerable talents to a much stu...
Session 5 — Memory for emerging applications

This session presents advances in memory circuit technologies for emerging applications like IoE and deep learning accelerators.
Enhancing Adaptivity and Resilience Through Team Member Change

The interest in aligning college graduates’ skills, competencies, and experiences with what employers desire continues across academia. Employers seek higher levels of resilience than they see in m...
Antagonism of the kappa opioid receptor attenuates THC-induced place aversions in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract Rationale Prior research with transgenic mice in which the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) has been suppressed or activated suggests that the aversive effects of THC are mediated by activity of this receptor subtype. If the activity of the KOR system is responsible for mediating the THC's aversive effects, then selective antagonism of the KOR by norBNI should block such aversive effects. To test this hypothesis, rats were pretreated with norBNI 24 h prior to place conditioning with THC to assess its effect on the acquisition of THC-induced place aversions. Methods In Experiment 1, rats pretreated with norBNI (0 or 15 mg/kg) were exposed 24 h later to one side of a place conditioning chamber and injected with THC (0, 0.56, 1 and 3.2 mg/kg). On the next day, they were injected with vehicle and placed on the opposite side of the chamber. This was repeated for a total of five cycles followed by a test of the animal's aversion to the THC-paired side. In Experiment 2, rats were pretreated with norBNI (0 or 30 mg/kg) prior to place conditioning 24 h later with THC (0 or 3.2 mg/kg). Results In Experiment 1, THC produced dose-dependent place aversions that were unaffected by norBNI (15 mg/kg). In Experiment 2, THC induced significant place aversions that were fully attenuated by norBNI (30 mg/kg). Conclusions Although 15 mg/kg norBNI was ineffective in antagonizing the aversive effects of THC, 30 mg/kg norBNI blocked the ability of THC to induce a place aversion. The results of the latter assessment are consistent with prior research with transgenic manipulations of the KOR and provide further evidence for the role of the KOR system in the aversive properties of THC.
Impaired theory of mind in adults with traumatic brain injury: A replication and extension of findings.

Abstract Objective To replicate a previous study of Theory of Mind (ToM) task performance in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) under different working memory (WM) demands, and determine if there are sex-based differences in effects of WM load on ToM task performance. Method 58 adults with moderate-severe TBI (24 females) and 66 uninjured adults (34 females) matched group-wise for age, sex, and education viewed a series of video vignettes from the Video Social Inference Task (VSIT) ( Turkstra, 2008 ) and answered ToM questions. Vignette presentation format required updating and maintenance of information, and WM load was manipulated by varying presence of distracters. Results There were main effects of group and WM load, no significant effect of sex, and a marginal interaction of group by WM load, with larger between-group differences in conditions with higher WM load. VSIT scores for the condition with the highest WM load were significantly correlated with scores on the first trial of the California Verbal Learning Test. Conclusions We replicated findings of lower scores in adults with TBI on a video-based ToM task, and provided additional evidence of the effect of WM load on social cognition task performance. There were no significant accuracy differences between men and women, inconsistent with prior evidence – including our own data using the same test. There is strong evidence of a female advantage on other social cognition tasks, and the parameters of this advantage remain to be discovered.
The House and the Hallucination in Tana French’s New Irish Gothic

Johnsen analyzes the relation of Tana French’s crime novels to earlier constructions of the gothic by Irish writers Sheridan Le Fanu and Elizabeth Bowen. The chapter demonstrates that French’s Dublin Murder Squad series transforms tropes of traditional Irish gothic into contemporary domestic noir. Houses are a typical gothic nexus, and in French’s fictional Dublin real-estate tour, everything flows through the house. Bowen’s notion of hallucination offers a fruitful way to analyze character and identity. French’s two novels with female narrators, The Likeness (2008) and The Trespasser (2016), are the primary focus of analysis, and Johnsen’s conclusion makes connections between French’s fictional exploration of modern Ireland to the Tuam babies scandal.
A longitudinal perspective on women’s risk perceptions for sexual assault

Much effort has been directed toward developing effective rape prevention programs. Genuine prevention programs must be directed toward men; programs directed toward women are really deterrence programs.1 However, until effective programs for men are developed, there is a continuing need to fmd strategies for empowering women to reduce their chances of victimization. Recent research has begun to address the question of how women recognize cues associated with the risk of an assault. One aspect of this work has been a focus on cognitive processes related to risk perception2. However, unless a woman believes that she is at risk it is unlikely that she will engage in vigilance strategies that alert her to danger cues in a particular situation. Many sexual assaults are committed by acquaintances, often in contexts where women’s past experiences indicate they are in safe situations, i.e., dates Thus, the present study examines women’s general belief that they are at risk for sexual assault, premised on the assumption that if they do not believe they are at risk they will not engage in risk-reducing behaviors.
Pre-existing autoimmune disease and the risk of immune-related adverse events among patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors for cancer.

Patients with pre-existing autoimmune diseases have been excluded from clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for cancer. Real-world evidence is necessary to understand ICI safety in this population. Patients treated with ICIs from 2011 to 2017 were identified using data from a large health insurer. Outcomes included time to (1) any hospitalization; (2) any hospitalization with an irAE diagnosis; and (3) outpatient corticosteroid treatment. The key exposure was pre-existing autoimmune disease, ascertained within 12 months before starting ICI treatment, and defined either by strict criteria (one inpatient or two outpatient claims at least 30 days apart) or relaxed criteria only (any claim, without meeting strict criteria). Of 4438 ICI-treated patients, pre-existing autoimmune disease was present among 179 (4%) by strict criteria, and another 283 (6%) by relaxed criteria only. In multivariable models, pre-existing autoimmune disease by strict criteria was not associated with all-cause hospitalization (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.998–1.62), but it was associated with hospitalization with an irAE diagnosis (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.21–2.71) and with corticosteroid treatment (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.35–2.76). Similarly, pre-existing autoimmune disease by relaxed criteria only was not associated with all-cause hospitalization (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.91–1.34), but was associated with hospitalization with an irAE diagnosis (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.06–2.01) and corticosteroid treatment (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.13–1.88). Pre-existing autoimmune disease was not associated with time to any hospitalization after initiating ICI therapy, but it was associated with a modest increase in hospitalizations with irAE diagnoses and with corticosteroid treatment.
Dr. BFS: Data Centric Breadth-First Search on FPGAs

The flexible architectures of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) lend themselves to an array of data analytical applications, among which Breadth-First Search (BFS), due to its vital importance, draws particular attention. Recent attempts that off load BFS on FPGAs either simply imitate the existing CPU-or Graphics Processing Units (GPU)-based mechanisms or suffer from scalability issues. To this end, we introduce a novel data centric design which extensively extracts the potential of FPGAs for BFS with the following two techniques. First, we advocate to partition and compress the BFS algorithmic metadata in order to buffer them in fast on-chip memory and circumvent the expensive metadata access. Second, we propose a hierarchical coalescing method to improve the throughput of graph data access. Taken together, our evaluation demonstrates that the proposed design achieves, on average, $1.6\times$ and $2.2\times$ speedups over the state-of-the-art FPGA designs TorusBFS and Umuroglu, respectively, across a collection of graph datasets.
Cancer-Associated Muscle Dysfunction: It's Not Just Cachexia

Abstract Cancer cachexia is a serious paraneoplastic syndrome, characterized by loss of muscle mass, weakness and fatigue that leads to impaired functional status, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Cancer cachexia manifests as a result of complex tumor metabolism and tumor-microenvironment interactions. The complete picture of how tumor cells and microenvironmental changes drive cancer cachexia is not fully understood. So far, cachexia has been predominantly studied from the perspective of loss of muscle and fat mass. However, muscle weakness is an important endpoint in cancer cachexia. Recent evidence has shown that muscle function is significantly reduced due to bone-muscle crosstalk in a model of cancer cachexia that is caused by osteolytic cancer in bone and bone destruction. The scope of this article is to briefly provide an update on the clinical aspect of cancer cachexia and describe the molecular mechanisms of bone-muscle crosstalk in osteolytic bone metastases and the impact to overall musculoskeletal health in cachexia.
The effect of complete substitution of D for H in succinic acid dehydrogenase on its enzymic activity

A completely deuteriated enzyme, succinic dehydrogenase, was prepared by growing E. coli in medium containing 99.5 atom% excess deuterium. Kinetic studies were carried out using normal and deuterio-enzyme and substrate. The isotope effect noted when normal enzymes act on deuteriosuccinate was abolished when heavy enzymes acted on deuteriosuccinate. Malonate inhibition studies of the enzyme suggest structural changes are responsible. The implications of these findings are discussed. (auth)
Reassessment and circumscription of ipomopsis multiflora and ipomopsis polyantha (polemoniaceae)

Two infraspecific taxa previously treated as varieties of Gilia polyantha Rydb. are recognized as belonging to Ipomopsis multiflora (Nuttall) V.E.Grant, which requires lectotypification. The new combinations, Ipomopsis multiflora (Nuttall) V.E.Grant subsp. brachysiphon (Wooton & Standley) Wilken, comb. & stat. nov. and subsp. whitingii (Kearney & Peebles) Wilken, comb. & stat. nov. are necessary for the treatment of Ipomopsis in a forthcoming volume of the Flora North America North of Mexico.
Natural Polymers as Alternative Adsorbents and Treatment Agents for Water Remediation

This review examines the roles of different natural polymers, composites, and nanoengineered materials that have been studied in the last 10 years for their use in water treatment. As water quality is a global concern, the use of natural and sustainable materials is fundamental to obtain high value products that can remediate water systems without generating other pollution sources or require extra energy inputs or high side costs. Filtration systems often can provide an ideal alternative to conventional water treatment. Herein the attention is focused on polysaccharides, as these can be easily obtained from green processes and can be sourced from what nowadays are considered as agricultural waste. The inherent variety of functional groups that they have provides a better interaction with certain types of pollutants. Thus, biomaterials have been harnessed to generate filtration systems and other water treatment options.
Empowerment and HIV Risk Behaviors in Couples: Modeling the Theory of Gender and Power in an African Context.

Background: Young women and girls in Eastern and Southern Africa are at elevated risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared with men, largely due to power dynamics within heteros...
Type-II fractons from coupled spin chains and layers

We describe a construction of topological orders from coupled lower-dimensional symmetry-protected topological orders, which is closely related to gauging a subsystem symmetry. Our construction yields both conventional topological orders and exotic fracton topological orders of type-I and type-II. In particular, we find a coupled spin-chain construction of Haah's cubic code, and a coupled-layer construction of Yoshida's fractal spin liquids.
Structure-activity relationship studies and bioactivity evaluation of 1,2,3-triazole containing analogues as a selective sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitors.

Abstract Sphingosine kinase (SphK) is primarily responsible for the production of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) that plays an important role in many biological and pathobiological processes including cancer, inflammation, neurological and cardiovascular disorders. Most research has focused on developing inhibitors of SphK1 rather than inhibitors of the other isoform SphK2 which has great importance in several pathophysiologic pathways. Exploration of new analogues for improving the potency and selectivity of SphK2 inhibitors is critical. We now have designed, synthesized, and evaluated eighteen new 1,2,3-triazole analogues for their SphK2 inhibitory activity using a ADP-Glo kinase assay, and explored their in vivo anti-tumor bioactivity. Several compounds including 21c, 21e, 21g, 25e-h, 29a-c have high selectivity for SphK2 over SphK1; compound 21g displayed the highest potency with an IC50 value of 0.23 μM. In addition, three compounds 21a, 21b, and 25b have high anti-tumor activity against U-251 MG human glioblastoma cells. Molecular modeling study was performed to elucidate the polar head group and 1,2,3-triazole pharmacophore impact on the SphK2 selectivity.
From the Angus

As part of its new Friends of the Angus initiative, The Angus Library and Archive has organised a series of online lectures, ‘Opening the Angus’, for Friends to enjoy. In the following report, our ...