cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal-Dependent Phosphorylation of the Membrane-Bound NarX Two-Component Sensor-Transmitter Protein of Escherichia coli: Nitrate Elicits a Superior Anion Ligand Response Compared to Nitrite

The Nar two-component regulatory system, consisting of the dual sensor-transmitters NarX and NarQ and the dual response regulators NarL and NarP, controls the expression of various anaerobic respiratory pathway genes and fermentation pathway genes. Although both NarX and NarQ are known to detect the two environmental signals nitrate and nitrite, little is known regarding the sensitivity and selectivity of ligand for detection or activation of the sensor-transmitters. In this study, we have developed a sensitive anion-specific in vitro assay for NarX autophosphorylation by using Escherichia coli membranes highly enriched in the full-length NarX protein. In this ATP- and magnesium-dependent reaction, nitrate elicited a greater signal output (i.e., NarX autophosphorylation) than did nitrite. Nitrate stimulation occurred at concentrations as low as 5 microM, and the half-maximal level of NarX autophosphorylation occurred at approximately 35 microM nitrate. In contrast, nitrite-dependent stimulation was detected only at 500 microM, while 3.5 mM nitrite was needed to achieve half-maximal NarX autophosphorylation. Maximal nitrate- and nitrite-stimulated levels of NarX phosphorylation were five and two times, respectively, over the basal level of NarX autophosphorylation. The presence of Triton X-100 eliminated the nitrate-stimulated kinase activity and lowered the basal level of activity, suggesting that the membrane environment plays a crucial role in nitrate detection and/or regulation of kinase activity. These results provide in vitro evidence for the differential detection of dual signaling ligands by the NarX sensor-transmitter protein, which modulates the cytoplasmic NarX autokinase activity and phosphotransfer to NarL, the cognate response regulator.
Lateral restoring force on a magnet levitated above a superconductor

The lateral restoring force on a magnet levitated above a superconductor is calculated as a function of displacement from its original position at rest using Bean's critical-state model to describe flux pinning. The force is linear for small displacements and saturates at large displacements. In the absence of edge effects the force always attracts the magnet to its original position. Thus it is a restoring force that contributes to the stability of the levitated magnet. In the case of a thick superconductor slab, the origin of the force is a magnetic dipole layer consisting of positive and negative supercurrents induced on the trailing side of the magnet. The qualitative behavior is consistent with experiments reported to date. Effects due to the finite thickness of the superconductor slab and the granular nature of high-Tc materials are also considered.
Effect of food and oral simulating fluids on structure of adhesive composite systems

This work evaluates the degradation of three adhesive/composite systems (Tenure/Marathon One, Scotchbond Multi-Purpose/Z100 and Optibond/Herculite XRV) upon immersion in 75% ethanol solution and in an artificial saliva (Moi-Stir). Shear bond strength (SBS) and diametral tensile strength (DTS) specimens were employed for this study. For the SBS specimens, the bonded interface and composite were exposed to food and oral simulating fluids at 37 °C for up to 30 days. A similar control series was stored in air. DTS specimens were stored in 75% ethanol at 37 °C for up to 30 days. The SBS specimens were sheared to failure. Small quantities of bonding resin were removed from the tooth side of the fractured surface and from the non-fractured end of the composite for Fourier transform infrared microscopic evaluation. Similar scrapings were taken from DTS specimen surfaces. The infrared absorbance intensity (AI) of the major peaks was measured as a function of storage time and ratioed against the aromatic CC (1609.4 cm−1) peak. The data were analysed using ANOVA and the Tukey LSD test. The AI of major peaks was similar for the materials stored either in air or in Moi-Stir for all testing periods. Storage in ethanol caused the AI of aliphatic CC (1638 cm−1) and of OH (~3500 cm−1) bonds to significantly decrease (30–50%) for specimens of bonding resin while the AI of CO bonds (1730 cm−1) increased (60–120%). In both composite specimens, there were similar 25–45% reductions in aliphatic CC and in OH, while CO increased 50–90% after the same treatment. The decrease in aliphatic CC bonds or OH bonds correlates to increased C O groups for both bonding resins and composites (P < 0.001). The increase in CO bonds was a power function of time (i.e. (time)x, where x varied from 0.12 to 0.23 (P < 0.001)). This suggests a complex, rate-determining process, such as hydroperoxidation or transesterification. An increase in AI (4–6 times) versus the control occurred between 1300 and 900 cm−1. The increase was attributed to the exposure of filler material as the resin degraded.
Long-term immunological memory in the resistance of rats to transplanted intracerebral 9L gliosarcoma (9LGS) following subcutaneous immunization with 9LGS cells.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary human brain tumor. About 7000 new cases are diagnosed yearly in the USA. Despite current neurosurgical and postoperative radiotherapeutic tumor cytoreduction methods, in most cases occult foci of tumor cells infiltrate surrounding edematous brain tissues and cause recurrent disease within one year. GBM is almost invariably fatal within a few years after it is diagnosed. Our goal is to achieve long-term control of GBM by combining immunoprophylaxis with a radiation-based technique, such as boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT), potentially capable of specifically targeting the infiltrating tumor cells while sparing the surrounding normal brain tissue.
Proxy-based recovery for applications on wireless hand-held devices

The low communication bandwidth, slow processor and limited memory of hand-held devices make it undesirable for them to store their own checkpoints or send process state information over a wireless network. The paper describes an approach to failure recovery for three-tier client and server application environments where the client applications execute on wireless handheld devices. The key idea is to have the middle-tier proxy transparently monitor the client's interaction with the back-end server and continuously maintain a copy of the client's state based on messages exchanged between the client and the server. The proxy also sustains the client's connection to the back-end server when a client unexpectedly disconnects. The client does not participate in checkpointing nor message logging, thereby saving power, processor cycles and bandwidth. The proxy is scalable and enhances backend server performance. Experimental results are provided for recovery time and runtime overhead.
Maneiras criativas de não gostar de Bakhtin: Lydia Ginzburg e Mikhail Gasparov

This article contributes to our understanding of how Russians received Bakhtin’s concepts, primarily two influential Russian scholars critical of Bakhtin, each from a different perspective. The study of such criticisms is valuable, as it encourages us to re-examine our own sometimes complacent perceptions of Bakhtin’s theories. Mikhail Gasparov (1937-2005), an important classicist and preeminent scholar of verse, published virulent criticisms of Bakhtin between 1979 and 2004. His problem with Bakhtin was essentially methodological. Lydia Ginzburg (1902-1990), known for her Notes of a Blockade Person and for scholarship on the genres of diary, memoir, personal letter, and writer’s notebook, questioned the psychological presuppositions behind Bakhtin’s theories of sympathy and love. Ginzburg also had serious doubts about Bakhtin’s idea of the polyphonic novel, and his use of the opposition between the monological and the dialogical to characterize the novels of Tolstoi and Dostoevsky. A close examination of the positions of Bakhtin and Ginzburg on love reveals interesting parallels and differences. The article concludes with suggestions about how Gasparov’s and Ginsburg’s criticisms can help us read Bakhtin in creative ways.
Infringement of Fundamental Right to Privacy: U.S. Government Employees’ Right to Privacy Regarding the Record Release of Unsubstantiated Allegations of Misconduct

The issue at hand is whether U.S. government employees’ fundamental right to privacy protects a record of an unsubstantiated allegation of misconduct from being released through the Public Records Act (PRA). A narrower version of this question has been brought before the Court several times, but not completely answered. In 2008, the Court reasoned that because the public records request was broad and included many government employees, redacting the names would provide sufficient privacy. The Court held that “[t]he teachers' identities are clearly “personal information” because they relate to particular people.” However, in practice that meant that the report was still released, only with all of the names redacted. The Court’s holding side stepped the issue of constitutional privacy rights that the teachers raised. Next, in 2011, the Court held that “[u]nder the PRA, [the government employee, a police officer] maintains his right to privacy in his identity, regardless of the media coverage of this unsubstantiated allegation. An agency should look to the contents of the document, and not the knowledge of third parties when deciding if the subject of a report has a right to privacy in their identity.” Again, in practice this meant that the report was still released, but that the officer’s name was redacted. The question of a fundamental right to privacy was not raised. Finally, in 2015, in Predisik v. Spokane Sch. Dist., the Court found that the records of unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct by government employees did not implicate a privacy interest and were not subject to the personal information exemption. However, the Court did state that “[a]gencies and courts must review each responsive record and discern from its four corners whether the record discloses factual allegations that are truly of a private nature, using the Restatement as a guide.” Even after the above three landmark cases on this issue, there is still an open question regarding privacy as a fundamental right and how that should affect the release of unsubstantiated allegations of government employee misconduct.The following four sections are covered below: First, the definition of a record for purposes of the PRA. Second, the federal and state constitutional right to privacy and related analysis. Third, the applicable exemptions within the PRA. Fourth, and finally, a closing argument calling for privacy as a fundamental right, resulting in records of unsubstantiated allegations of government employee misconduct being withheld from release through the PRA.
An effective TEC data detrending method for the study of equatorial plasma bubbles and traveling ionospheric disturbances

Using a mechanical analogy of rolling a cylindrical barrel on a rough uneven surface, we developed a special method for detrending the GPS-derived total electron content (TEC) data. This method is specifically designed to recognize the presence of depletions in the TEC time series data and handle them differently from wavelike features. We also demonstrate a potential application of this technique to map the detailed geographic profile of TEC depletions over the equatorial region, using the South American sector as an example.
Detection of fast electrons in pulsed argon inductively-coupled plasmas using the 420.1–419.8 nm emission line pair

Pulsed rf plasmas exhibit many differences as compared to continuous wave plasmas with the same average power levels, including large temporal variations in the electron temperature, with a sharp spike when the power is applied and falling dramatically in the afterglow. We present a comparison of time-resolved measurements of the effective electron temperature in pulsed inductively-coupled plasmas by means of (i) optical emission spectroscopy (OES) using different sets of argon emission lines and (ii) Langmuir probe measurements. One OES diagnostic used six strong Ar() emission lines in the 700–800 nm wavelength range, the second used only the Ar 420.1–419.8 nm line pair. For pulsed plasmas with long afterglow periods, the line pair method reveals the presence of a significant number of hot electrons ( eV) at the start of the pulse. Under these conditions, the metastable atom density is very low, and the diagnostic using the Ar() emission lines is ineffective for determining the electron temperature. For later parts of the pulse and pulsed plasmas with short periods (i.e. 10 μs), the metastable density is high and the two OES methods yield similar results which are also in agreement with probe measurements.
Emphasizing the Complexity of the Relationship: The Next Decade of Attachment-Based Psychotherapy Research

This article focuses on the future of attachment-based psychotherapy research and begins with a brief summary of the research that has been done and then explores 8 predictions for the future. The main emphasis of these predictions is the growing complexity in our research needed to capture the mechanisms that facilitate or hinder the therapy process for patients with different attachment styles. Future researchers will focus more on the interactions between the patient and therapist within the sessions, will apply more complex statistical analyses to study the dyad, and will integrate different research methods. In addition, attachment researchers will focus studies on the changing landscape of psychotherapy and explore how attachment can inform Internet-based treatments and misperceptions of attachment based on the patients' culture. All in all, attachment researchers will start to tackle the more practical issues clinicians face, and their work has the potential to significantly improve psychotherapy treatment.
Effect of gentamicin on growth of yeasts, yeast-like organisms, and Aspergillus fumigatus.

The growth of 26 strains of various Candida species, five strains each of Torulopsis glabrata and Aspergillus fumigatus , two strains of Saccharomyces cervisiae , and six strains of various Cryptococcus species was studied on inhibitory mold agar with and without gentamicin at 5 μ g. per ml. There was no apparent inhibition of the organisms tested by the concentration of gentamicin used. This study gives further support to the use of gentamicin as a bacterial inhibitor in media used for the isolation of pathogenic fungi.
A stable intermediate wetting state after a water drop contacts the bottom of a microchannel or is placed on a single corner.

It is considered that, after a water drop contacts the base of a roughness groove, water should immediately fill this roughness groove. Subsequently, Cassie–Baxter wetting state is transited to that of Wenzel. Accordingly, one of the criteria used to judge the transition from Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel states is whether a water drop has contact with the base of a roughness groove. In this work, through theoretical and experimental investigations, we show that this transition criterion does not always hold true in the case of microchannels. We first theoretically prove that, when an angle criterion is satisfied, there may exist an intermediate wetting state inside a microchannel after a water drop contacts the bottom of the microchannel. In this wetting state, water does not completely fill the microchannel, and air pockets still exist in its bottom corners. Also, the wetting state is stable in the sense that its energy state is lower than that of the Wenzel model. According to the angle criterion, such inter...
Bond disorder in even-leg Heisenberg ladders

Random bond disorder in antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg ladders is investigated using the stochastic series expansion quantum Monte Carlo method. We find that the effects of individual bond impurities vary strongly, depending on their positions on legs and rungs. We initially focus on how the distribution of local bond energies depends on the impurity concentration. Then we study how the phase diagram of even-leg ladders is affected by random bond doping. We observe Bose glass phases in two regimes (${h}^{\ensuremath{'}}lh\ensuremath{\lesssim}{h}_{c1}$ and ${h}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}lhl{h}_{c2}$) and a Bose-Einstein Condensate in between. Their presence is discussed in relation to the local bond energies.
3'-Deamino-4'-epi-3'-hydroxy-daunorubicin and -doxorubicin. Synthesis and antitumor activity.

3'-Deamino-4'-epi-3'-hydroxy-daunorubicin (11) and -doxorubicin (14) have been synthesized.In the in vivo murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia assay, these two compounds were more active than daunorubicin (1) and doxorubicin (2), respectively. Comparative studies in the P-388 assay indicated 3'-deamino-3'-hydroxydoxorubicin (3) to be more active than its 4'-epimer 14.
Assessing Infinite Regress Arguments

A common form of argument in philosophy claims that some philosophical thesis, T, generates an infinite regress, whereupon the reader is supposed to see that T must therefore be rejected (see Chapter 2). Such arguments often prove controversial, and the controversy usually centers on whether the infinite regress in question is vicious or benign. In this chapter, I offer an account of when an infinite regress is vicious, which I deploy to assess the six infinite regresses discussed in Chapter 2.
Inverse Lax–Wendroff Procedure for Numerical Boundary Treatment of Hyperbolic Equations

Abstract We discuss a high-order accurate numerical boundary condition for solving hyperbolic conservation laws on fixed Cartesian grids, while the physical domain can be arbitrarily shaped and moving. Compared with body-fitted meshes, the biggest advantage of Cartesian grids is that the grid generation is trivial. The challenge is, however, that the physical boundary does not usually coincide with grid lines. The wide stencil of the high-order interior scheme makes a stable boundary treatment even harder to realize. There are two main ingredients of this method. The first one is an inverse Lax–Wendroff procedure for inflow boundary conditions and the other one is a robust and high-order accurate extrapolation for outflow boundary conditions. This method is high-order accurate, stable, and easy to implement. It has been successfully applied to simulate interactions between compressible inviscid flows and rigid (static or moving) bodies with complex geometry.
A revision of the rugulosus group of Otostigmus subgenus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae)

To facilitate a revision of Otostigmus (Otostigmus) which currently comprises 61 species, the subgenus is here subdivided into nine species groups based on Attems’ (1930a) monograph. The largest, the rugulosus group, is the subject of this paper. In most cases, the type material is redescribed and variation discussed. The following species are valid: Otostigmus rugulosus Porat, 1876, O. spinosus Porat, 1876, O. astenus (Kohlrausch, 1881), O. punctiventer (Tomosvary, 1885) (lectotype designated), O. olivaceus Attems, 1934, O. noduliger Verhoeff, 1937 (lectotype designated), O. angusticeps schindleri Wurmli, 1972, O. martensi Lewis, 1992, and O. beroni Lewis, 2001. O. feae Pocock, 1891, O. fossuliger Verhoeff, 1937 and O. rugulosus striaturatus Verhoeff, 1937 are retained as valid but more data are required to establish their true status. Reasons for previous confusion between O. rugulosus and O. scaber Porat, 1876 are discussed as are reasons for specimens of O. astenus being identified as O. punctiventer and some O. punctiventer as O. spinosus. A lectotype is designated for Otostigmus armatus Attems, 1958 which is a junior subjective synonym of O. multidens Haase, 1887. Otostigmus owenii Pocock, 1892, is a junior subjective synonym of O. rugulosus and O. lewisi Song et al., 2005 a junior subjective synonym of O. beroni. Otostigmus rugulosus var. mertoni Ribaut, 1912, O. celebensis Attems, 1934, and O. dammermani Chamberlin, 1944, are nomina dubia. A key to the species is provided.
Getting to the heart of the sphingolipid riddle

Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome induce dyslipidemia resulting in inundation of peripheral organs with fatty acids. These not only serve as substrates for energy production, but also contribute to aberrant production of bioactive lipids. Moreover, lipid metabolism is affected in many cardiac disorders including heart failure, ischemia reperfusion injury, and others. While lipids serve crucial homeostatic roles, perturbing biosynthesis of lipid mediators leads to aberrant cell signaling, which contributes to maladaptive cardiovascular programs. Bioactive sphingolipids, in particular, have been implicated in pathophysiology in the heart and vasculature by a variety of studies in cells, animal models, and humans. Because of the burgeoning interest in sphingolipid-driven biology in the cardiovascular system, it is necessary to discuss the experimental considerations for studying sphingolipid metabolism and signaling, emphasizing the caveats to some widely available experimental tools and approaches. Additionally, there is a growing appreciation for the diversity of ceramide structures generated via specific enzymes and bearing disparate cellular functions. While targeting these individual species and enzymes constitutes a major advance, studies show that sphingolipid synthesis readily adapts to compensate for experimental targeting of any individual pathway, thereby convoluting data interpretation. Furthermore, though some molecular mechanisms of sphingolipid action are known, signaling pathways impacted by sphingolipids remain incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss these issues and highlight recent studies as well as future directions that may extend our understanding of the metabolism and signaling actions of these enigmatic lipids in the cardiovascular context.
The Use of Photo-Activatable Materials for the Study of Cell Biomechanics and Mechanobiology

In biomechanical and mechanobiological applications, the ability of photo-activatable materials to change properties in response to a light (photo) stimulus offers key potential advantages over other activatable materials. Not only can photo-activatable materials be used in close contact or proximity to cells and tissues without the cells or tissues being affected by the photostimulus, but photo-activatable materials also offer a level of spatiotemporal control unavailable with many other forms of smart material triggering, such as ambient heating or hydration. This chapter will give an overview of photo-activatable materials that have been developed to study cell biomechanics and mechanobiology and discuss future potential applications for these promising materials.
Modelo para implementar la Norma Técnica de Gestión NTC 6001, Empresas Mypes

The model facilitates the implementation and certification management system NTC 6001 micro and small enterprises (MSEs), equivalent to the NTC ISO 9001, designed for all sizes of company; MSEs unable to demonstrate that implementation has been affecting them when in the selection process require suppliers to be certified, MSEs have shortages in resources for the process to implement and achieve certification; ICONTEC, designed the NTC management standard 6001 for MSEs, with which achieved business formality, legal regulations, improving administrative, operational and support processes; its implementation is achievable, contributes to the quality, safety, satisfaction, low uncertainty, transforming them into sustainable, competitive companies with the same conditions.
Differential expression of alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin during murine ocular development.

PURPOSE To compare the temporal and spatial expression patterns of alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin mRNA during ocular development. METHODS Tissue samples from embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) through postnatal day 14 were collected from FVB/N strain mice. The specimens were fixed in paraformaldehyde, histologically processed, and assayed for alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin mRNA expression by in situ hybridization. RESULTS During ocular development, alpha B-crystallin transcripts are present in the lens placode at E9.5. Transcripts of alpha A-crystallin are first observed in the lens cup at E10 to 10.5. During subsequent development of the lens, alpha A crystallin transcripts are most abundant in the fiber cells, and alpha B crystallin mRNA is preferentially expressed in epithelial cells. Transcripts of alpha A-crystallin were detected only in the lens. In contrast, alpha B-crystallin transcripts are present in retinal pigment epithelium, optic nerve, extraocular muscle, iris, ciliary body, cornea, and several nonocular sites, such as heart and nasal epithelium. CONCLUSIONS Transcription of alpha B-crystallin precedes the expression of alpha A-crystallin during murine ocular development. Furthermore, the patterns of alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin expression in the lens are distinctive: alpha A is upregulated and alpha B is downregulated during prenatal fiber cell differentiation. These results indicate that the alpha-crystallin genes are not identically regulated either within or outside the lens.
Drug Development for Pediatric Diseases with Bone Loss

Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. It is characterized by a marked decrease in bone mineral density and strength, resulting in fragility fractures associated with high morbidity and mortality. Osteoporosis is becoming a global public health concern and represents a considerable medical and socioeconomic burden for modern societies. It is generally known as a health problem affecting adults; however, pediatric osteoporosis is a new and evolving area, with unique diagnostic and clinical challenges. Although prevention and treatment of pediatric osteoporosis are less well established than in adults, awareness and recognition of osteoporosis in children are increasing. Some genetic mutations and enzyme deficiencies have been associated with primary pediatric osteoporosis. In this chapter, we will discuss current treatment of orthopedic diseases with bone loss in children. We will provide the rationale for developing new anabolic drugs for treatment of bone loss in children. Three different approaches for drug discovery will be described, and new development of bone biology related to drug discovery target will be discussed in detail. Finally, we will talk about drug development approval process in the USA.
Effects of sub-chronic MPTP exposure on behavioral and cognitive performance and the microbiome of wild-type and mGlu8 knockout female and male mice

Motor dysfunction is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, non-motor symptoms such as gastrointestinal dysfunction often arise prior to motor symptoms. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been proposed as the earliest event in PD pathogenesis. PD symptoms often demonstrate sex differences. Glutamatergic neurotransmission has long been linked to PD pathology. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu), a family of G protein-coupled receptors, are divided into three groups, with group III mGlu receptors mainly localized presynaptically where they can inhibit glutamate release in the CNS as well as in the gut. Additionally, the gut microbiome can communicate with the CNS via the gut-brain axis. Here, we assessed whether deficiency of metabotropic glutamate receptor 8 (mGlu8), group III mGlu, modulates the effects of the neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), on behavioral and cognitive performance in female and male mice. We studied whether these effects are associated with changes in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and the gut microbiome. Two-week sub-chronic MPTP increased activity of female and male wild-type (WT) and mGlu8 knockout (KO) mice in the open field. MPTP also showed genotype- and sex-dependent effects. MPTP increased the time WT, but not KO, females and males spent exploring objects. In WT mice, MPTP improved sensorimotor function in males but impaired it in females. Further, MPTP impaired cued fear memory in WT, but not KO, male mice. MPTP reduced striatal TH levels in WT and KO mice but these effects were only pronounced in males. MPTP treatment and genotype affected the diversity of the gut microbiome. In addition, there were significant associations between microbiome α-diversity and sensorimotor performance, as well as microbiome composition and fear learning. These results indicate that specific taxa may directly affect motor and fear learning or that the same physiological effects that enhance both forms of learning also alter diversity of the gut microbiome. MPTP's effect on motor and cognitive performance may then be, at least in part, be mediated by the gut microbiome. These data also support mGlu8 as a novel therapeutic target for PD and highlight the importance of including both sexes in preclinical studies.
Racial, ethnic and gender inequities in farmland ownership and farming in the U.S.

This paper provides an analysis of U.S. farmland owners, operators, and workers by race, ethnicity, and gender. We first review the intersection between racialized and gendered capitalism and farmland ownership and farming in the United States. Then we analyze data from the 2014 Tenure and Ownership Agricultural Land survey, the 2012 Census of Agriculture, and the 2013–2014 National Agricultural Worker Survey to demonstrate that significant nation-wide disparities in farming by race, ethnicity and gender persist in the U.S. In 2012–2014, White people owned 98% and operated 94% of all farmland. They generated 98% of all farm-related income from land ownership and 97% of income from farm owner-operatorship. Meanwhile, People of Color farmers (African American or Black, Asian American, Native American, Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, and Hispanic farmers) were more likely to be tenants rather than owners, owned less land, and generated less farm-related wealth per person than their White counterparts. Hispanic farmers were also disproportionately farm laborers. In addition to racial and ethnic disparities, there were disparities by gender. About 63% of non-operating landowners, 86% of farm operators, and 87% of tenant farmers were male, and female farmers tended to generate less income per farmer than men. This data provides evidence of ongoing racial, ethnic and gender disparities in agriculture in the United States. We conclude with a call to address the structural drivers of the disparities and with recommendations for better data collection.
Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Current Technology and Future Directions

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been heralded as the next big wave in the computing revolution and touted as a transformative technology for many industries including health care. In radiology, considerable excitement and anxiety are associated with the promise of AI and its potential to disrupt the practice of the radiologist. Radiology has often served as the gateway for medical technological advancements, and AI will likely be no different. We present a brief overview of AI advancements that have driven recent interest, offer a review of the current literature, and examine the most likely ways that AI will change radiology in the coming years.
Russel Wright and Handicraft Transnational Collecting Practices

This essay surveys the understudied collecting practices of Russel Wright (1903–1976) in and in relation to Southeast Asia during the mid twentieth century, with emphasis on Vietnam. On behalf of t...
An evaluation of turbulence and tile models at server rack level for data centers

Abstract In recent decades, computational tool is popularly used for thermal management of large data centers to meet the high demand of IT services which causes an increase in thermal load density. In this study, an evaluation of various available tile models at different tile-to-rack airflow rate ratios is carefully conducted using experimental data for one single server rack in a dada center laboratory from the available literature. In addition, several turbulence models are thoroughly studied, and recommendations are provided for the most accurate and less time-consuming turbulence models depending on targeting purposes when applying to a single rack model. A proposed composite performance index is introduced and used for evaluating various tile and turbulence models. It is an interesting finding that the zero-equation produces a very decent result when compared to the widely used standard k- e . As for the tile model investigated, it is found that the body force and modified body force model are the best candidates for tile modelling applications. The use of zero equation with either body force or modified body force tile model yields either an equivalent or better results in terms of time and accuracy compared to the standard k-e case combined with the same tile models.
Comment on Frauchiger and Renner paper (Nat. Commun. 9, 3711 (2018)): the problem of stopping times

The Gedankenexperiment advanced by Frauchiger and Renner in their Nature paper is based on an implicit assumption that one can synchronize stochastic measurement intervals between two non-interacting systems. This hypothesis, the author demonstrates, is equivalent to the complete entanglement of these systems. Consequently, Frauchiger and Renner's postulate Q is too broad and, in general, meaningless. Accurate reformulation of the postulate, Q1 does not seem to entail any paradoxes with measurement. This paper is agnostic with respect to particular interpretations of quantum mechanics. Nor does it refer to the collapse of the wavefunction.
Given Keynes's Definitions of Logical Probability and Evidential Weight, It Is Impossible for Keynes’s Approach to Measurement to Be an Ordinal Theory; His 'Non Numerical' Probabilities Must Be Based on Inexact and Imprecise Measurement Using Approximation Involving Boolean Upper and Lower Probability Bounds and Bounded Outcomes

Keynes spent all of his introductory Chapter One of the A Treatise on Probability emphasizing that his logical relation of probability (a relation of similarity – dissimilarity based on analogy) P(a/h)=α, where α came in degrees and 0≤α≤1. In chapter 6, Keynes introduced his logical relation of the evidential weight of the argument, V(a/h), but did not specify what it equaled, although he clearly stated that he would integrate both probability and weight together later. In chapter 26, Keynes specified that V(a/h)= w, where we came in degrees and 0≤w≤1. Keynes showed how to integrate both probability and weight together in his conventional coefficient of weight and risk, c, in chapter 26 of the A Treatise on Probability. Probability and weight were also integrated together by Keynes using the theory of inexact measurement or approximation based on intervals with upper and lower bounds or limits. Ordinal probability can do none of these things. Advocates of the claim that Keynes’s theory was an ordinal theory of probability concentrate exclusively on a misinterpreted diagram that appears near the end of chapter 3 of the A Treatise on Probability. Thus, while Keynes’s theory can easily deal with ordinal probability with the aid of the Principle of Indifference, it is not part of Keynes’s main or major analysis in the A Treatise on Probability, which was interval probability. The same conclusion holds for numerical probability and rational expectations. Rational expectations are a very special case that occurs if w=1. The heterodox, institutionalist, or Post Keynesian approaches, involving irreducible, fundamental, or radical uncertainty, are a very, very special case that occurs only if w=0 in the very long run. Their argument, that measurement is not possible at all, be it exact or inexact, is rejected by Keynes in chapter 4 of the General Theory. Thus, while Keynes’s theory can easily deal with ordinal probability, it is impossible for the ordinal probability to deal with inexact and imprecise interval-valued probability measurement. Keynes’s theory of measurement involves interval-valued probability in the A Treatise on Probability with the numerical and ordinal probability being very special cases of his general theory of interval-valued probability. Keynes’s approach to measurement in the General Theory also involved inexact and imprecise measurement as deployed by Keynes in chapter 4 of the General Theory. No ordinal probability approach to measurement is used by Keynes in the General Theory. The great value of the 1936-1938 Keynes-Townshend exchanges is that they show that Keynes presented an approach to measurement that was imprecise and inexact in both the A Treatise on Probability and the General Theory.
An Interdisciplinary Ecological Framework: Intervention for LGBTQ Interpersonal Violence

This manuscript explores an interdisciplinary ecological framework to more effectively address LGBTQ interpersonal violence in schools. Specifically, authors utilize ecological systems theory, as well as social goals, to better understand points of intervention across contexts such as community, school, and Internet settings. An illustrative example is used to demonstrate how professional counselors, as well as related mental health and youth services professionals, can utilize social goals and ecological systems theory to intervene at different systemic levels and within their respective contexts. Implications for the interdisciplinary ecological framework are discussed, including cautions and areas for future research.
Low volumetric bone density is a risk factor for early complications after spine fusion surgery

This study aims to investigate lumbar spine (LS) volumetric bone density (vBMD) as a risk factor for complications (pseudoarthrosis, instrumentation failure, adjacent fractures), re-operation, and time to complication after fusion. Lumbar spine (LS) fusion surgery is increasingly performed worldwide. Complications after fusion result in significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Multiple factors, including osteoporosis, have been suggested to contribute to risk of complications and re-operation. However, most studies have used DXA, which is subject to artifact in patients with spine pathology, and none have investigated the relationship between BMD and timing of post-operative complications. This study aims to investigate LS volumetric bone density (vBMD) as a risk factor for complications (pseudoarthrosis, instrumentation failure, adjacent fractures), re-operation, and time to complication after fusion. We evaluated a cohort of 359 patients who had initial LS fusion surgery at our institution, had pre-operative LS CTs and post-operative imaging available for review. Demographic factors, smoking status, vBMD, and details of surgical procedure were related to likelihood and timing of post-operative complications. Mean age was 60 ± 14 years, vBMD 122 ± 37 g/cm3. Median follow-up was 11 months. Skeletal complications occurred in 47 patients (13%); 34 patients (10%) required re-operation. Low vBMD (directly measured and estimated using HU) and smoking were associated with increased risk of skeletal complications. Each increase in baseline vBMD of 10 g/cm3 decreased the complication hazard and increased the complication-free duration in time-to-event analysis (hazard ratio 0.91, 95% CI 0.83–0.98, p < 0.02). Low vBMD was a significant risk factor for early post-operative complications in patients undergoing LS fusion. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate the optimal timing for follow-up and strategies for prevention of post-operative complications in this population.
RETURN TO PLAY ASSESSMENTS: RATES OF NEUROMUSCULAR ASYMMETRIES IN HEALTHY ADOLESCENT ATHLETES:

Background:Return to play (RTP) assessments after ACL reconstruction attempt to identify patients with residual deficits that haven’t regained their preinjury function, in hopes of decreasing the h...
Assessing the potential of milk iodine intake to mitigate iodine deficiency in pregnant women of the United States via supplementation of Ascophyllum nodosum meal to dairy cows: A sensitivity analysis

The brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum is known to bioaccumulate iodine (I). Previous research showed a linear relationship between A. nodosum meal (ASCO) intake and milk I concentration in dairy cows. Thus, improving milk I concentration by supplementation of ASCO to dairy cows may be a compelling strategy to naturally boost I intake in humans. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to gain insights regarding how different milk I intakes affect the I status of pregnant women relative to the United States Institute of Medicine (US IOM) recommended dietary allowance (RDA; 220 µg/d) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended nutrient intake (RNI; 250 µg/d) for I. Four studies in which dairy cows received various amounts of ASCO generated the milk I data set used in the sensitivity analysis. The annual per capita consumption of 2% reduced-fat milk in the United States, converted to daily intake (i.e., 0.26 cup; 1 cup = 236.6 mL), was used as the actual milk intake in the simulations. Five additional milk intake scenarios (2, 3, 4, and 5 times the actual per capita milk consumption and the 3 cups-equivalent recommended by the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for American were also included in the sensitivity analysis with varying milk I concentrations (180, 765, and 483 µg/L). The 180, 765, and 483 µg/L values are milk I concentrations derived from cows not receiving ASCO or fed various amounts of ASCO in the diet or a single level (113 g/d) during the grazing season, respectively. With the actual United States milk per capita consumption of 0.26 cup/d and milk I concentrations of 180, 765, and 483 µg/L, 5.09, 21.7, and 13.6% of the RDA for I for pregnant women were met based on the US IOM, respectively. Similarly, 4.48, 19, and 12% of the RNI for I advised by the WHO was achieved with intake of 0.26 cup/d of milk containing I concentrations of 180, 765, and 483 µg/L, respectively. When 3 cups/d was included in the simulations, 58.2, 247, and 156% (US IOM), and 51.2, 217, and 137% (WHO) of the RDA or RNI for I required by gestating women was satisfied with milk I concentrations of 180, 765, and 483 µg/L, respectively. A regression analysis between I intake and milk I concentration revealed that 103 g/d of ASCO in the diet of dairy cows reached the maximum 500 µg/L threshold of I in milk recommended by the European Food Society Authority. Overall, milk from dairy cows fed ASCO can prevent I deficiency in pregnant women, but the amount of ASCO fed to cows needs to be fine-tuned to avoid excess I in milk. Further research is required to better understand the interactions between goitrogenic compounds from forages and concentrates and milk I concentration in cows fed ASCO. Research to evaluate the concentration of I in retail organic milk should be also conducted because of the high prevalence of ASCO fed in organic dairies in the United States.
Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Complications in Hospitalized Cats: An Observational Pilot Study.

Abstract Objectives There is little information about complications associated with peripheral catheter use in cats. The primary objective of this study was to determine the main reason for catheter removal in cats hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit at a university teaching hospital. The secondary objective was to describe catheter-associated complications in cats hospitalized. Methods All feline patients with peripheral intravenous catheters admitted to the Intensive Care Unit between June and August 2017 were prospectively enrolled in this study. All catheters were evaluated at least 3 times a day per institutional Intensive Care Unit protocol. The catheters were monitored throughout the cat's hospitalization period for development of complications, including occlusion, phlebitis and extravasation. Data collected included patient signalment, reason for hospitalization, catheter size and location, number of hours the catheter remained in place, reason for removal and if the catheter was replaced once removed. Results Thirty-four cats were enrolled in the study, and a total of 42 catheters were placed in those cats. Median peripheral IV catheter duration was 23.8 hours (interquartile range [IQR] 13.8-41.3 hours). The most frequent reason for catheter removal was patient discharge from the hospital (24/42, 57.1%). Overall catheter complication rate was 21.4% (9/42). Complications observed included phlebitis, extravasation, patient removal, occlusion, and edema formation. Clinical significance The results of this study conclude that the majority of peripheral IV catheters in cats are removed due to discharge from hospitalization. More studies with a larger population of cats are needed to see if there is a relationship between length of indwelling catheterization and risk of catheter-associated complications.
Article Commentary: Controversies Regarding the Diagnosis and Management of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a premalignant condition, whose incidence is increasing in the current era of widespread screening mammography. While eminently treatable, there are innumerable c...
A physics-constrained dictionary learning approach for compression of vibration signals

Abstract Monitoring the health condition of rotating machinery in manufacturing systems usually requires vibration signals to be continuously collected, transmitted, and stored. The available bandwidth in communication channels for transmission of a large amount of data is limited in an industry setting. Therefore, reducing the amount of data in communication and storage without sacrificing the amount of information collection is necessary. Here, a new technique called physics-constrained dictionary learning is proposed to reduce the volume of data in storage and communication using compressed sensing. In compressed sensing, the original signals can be reconstructed with a much smaller amount of data determined by a measurement matrix, if the representation of signals in the reciprocal space is sparse. The proposed physics-constrained dictionary learning approach optimizes the measurement and basis matrices simultaneously to improve the accuracy of reconstruction, where physical constraints of time stamps of sampling and sampling intervals are considered. New training algorithms are developed. The proposed scheme is applied to compress the vibration signals of roller bearings. It is shown that the reconstruction performance of the proposed scheme is significantly improved from traditional dictionary learning.