cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of the morantel sustained release bolus in second-season grazing cattle

Abstract The efficacy of the morantel sustained release bolus in controlling gastrointestinal helminth infection in second-season grazing cattle was invesigated on a total of seven farms in southeast England. On each farm only animals which had grazing experience from the previous summer pasturing season were used. The animals on each farm were allotted into two equal groups and turned out onto divided pastures of equal size. All the cattle in one group received a bolus at turnout while the cattle in the other group remained as nontreated controls. Assessment of the efficacy of treatment was based on comparisons of faecal worm egg output, herbage larval counts, weight gain, and the incidence of clinical parasitic gastroenteritis during the grazing season. Use of the morantel sustained release bolus led to the cessation of worm egg excretion in bolus-treated cattle during the early part of the grazing season thereby results from worm egg and herbage larval counts demonstrated little measurable effect of treatment, clinical parasitic gastroenteritis was prevented in two trials where control animals became clinically affected by parasitism. Overall, the bolus-treated animals outperformed the controls by a mean of 15.1 kg (P
The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation

Glossary Preface 1 Mediona: A Community in the Counter Reformation 2 Philip II and the Catalases 3 The Revolution in Public Worship 4 Community and Counter Reformation 5 The Inquisition 6 The Reshaping of Marriage and Sexuality 7 Taking the Message to the People 8 The Encounter with Europe 9 Conclusion: A Christian Society? Notes Sources: I Select Bibliography III Early Printed Books III Archival Sources IV Contemporary Manuscripts Index.
Contributions of cell subsets to cytokine production during normal and impaired wound healing

The objective of this study was to determine the relative contributions of different cell subsets to the production of cytokines and growth factors during normal and impaired wound healing. Cells were isolated from wounds of non-diabetic and diabetic mice and separated by magnetic sorting into neutrophils/T cells/B cells (NTB cell subset), monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mp subset) and non-leukocytic cells including keratinocyte/fibroblast/endothelial cells (KFE subset). On both per cell and total contribution bases, the Mo/Mp subset was the dominant producer of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 in both non-diabetic and diabetic mice and was a significant producer of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)-A, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. The NTB subset was also a significant producer of TNF-α and IL-10 whereas the KFE subset contributed significant amounts of VEGF, IGF-1 and TGF-β1. Sustained production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and impaired production of healing-associated factors were evident in each subset in diabetic mice. These data will be useful for further experimental and modeling studies on the role of cell subsets in wound healing as well as for designing therapeutic strategies for improving healing.
Dermatitis herpetiformis in two American blacks: HLA type and clinical characteristics

Dermatitis herpetiformis is a rare blistering skin disease characterized in part by granular IgA deposits at the dermoepidermal junction, an associated gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and a strong association with the human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A1 (74% of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis),-B8 (88%),-DR3 (95%), and -DQw2 (100%). Dermatitis herpetiformis is rarely seen in American blacks and some investigators have postulated that this finding may be due to the decreased frequency of HLA-A1 and -B8 in American blacks compared with Caucasians (American blacks: HLA-A1 = 15.3%, HLA-B8 = 10.7%; Caucasian: HLA-A1= 26.4%, HLA-B8 = 18.3%). This report describes two American blacks with dermatitis herpetiformis and reports the results of HLA typing of these subjects for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ antigens. HLA typing revealed that neither patient expressed HLA-A1 or -B8; however, both patients did express the class II antigens most frequently seen in dermatitis herpetiformis, HLA-DR3 and -DQw2. Comparison of HLA class II antigen frequency in normal American blacks and Caucasians reveals a similar frequency of HLA-DR3 and -DQw2 (American blacks: HLA-DR3 = 27.6%, HLA-DQw2 = 40.9%; Caucasian: HLA-DR3 = 22.6%, HLA-DQw2 = 32.9%). These data confirm the importance of the HLA class II region in the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis. In addition, these data suggest that the rare occurrence of dermatitis herpetiformis in American blacks is not due to the decreased frequency of the HLA class I antigens -A1 and/or -B8 but rather is related to differences in the HLA class II region not detected by routine HLA typing.
Iron isotope fractionation by Fe(II)-oxidizing photoautotrophic bacteria

Photoautotrophic bacteria that oxidize ferrous iron (Fe[II]) under anaerobic conditions are thought to be ancient in origin, and the ferric (hydr)oxide mineral products of their metabolism are likely to be preserved in ancient rocks. Here, two enrichment cultures of Fe(II)-oxidizing photoautotrophs and a culture of the genus Thiodictyon were studied with respect to their ability to fractionate Fe isotopes. Fe isotope fractionations produced by both the enrichment cultures and the Thiodictyon culture were relatively constant at early stages of the reaction progress, where the ^(56)Fe/^(54)Fe ratios of poorly crystalline hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) metabolic products were enriched in the heavier isotope relative to aqueous ferrous iron (Fe[II]_(aq)) by ∼1.5 ± 0.2‰. This fractionation appears to be independent of the rate of photoautotrophic Fe(II)-oxidation, and is comparable to that observed for Fe isotope fractionation by dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. Although there remain a number of uncertainties regarding how the overall measured isotopic fractionation is produced, the most likely mechanisms include (1) an equilibrium effect produced by biological ligands, or (2) a kinetic effect produced by precipitation of HFO overlaid upon equilibrium exchange between Fe(II) and Fe(III) species. The fractionation we observe is similar in direction to that measured for abiotic oxidation of Fe(II)_(aq) by molecular oxygen. This suggests that the use of Fe isotopes to identify phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidation in the rock record may only be possible during time periods in Earth’s history when independent evidence exists for low ambient oxygen contents.
Time-dependent marinade absorption and retention, cooking yield, and palatability of chicken filets marinated in various phosphate solutions

The time course of phosphate marinade absorption and its influence on the cooking yield and sensory characteristics of chicken filets were investigated. Water uptake by the filets was rapid in the initial 5 min, and was substantially slower from 15 to 30 min during tumble marination. The rate of marinade absorption increased markedly (P tripolyphosphate (TPP) > hexametaphosphate (HMP). Salt (8% NaCl) also promoted (P < 0.05) moisture absorption but tended to diminish the effects of phosphates. Percentage marinade retention after 24 h, which was also influenced by phosphates and salt, was well correlated (r2 = 0.93) with marinade absorption. Cooking yields increased gradually (P < 0.05) with marination time except for water-marinated control filets and filets treated with HMP and salt, which had reduced cooking yields as the marination time increased. All phosphate solutions, whether containing NaCl or not, improved (P < 0.05) cooking yield when compared to the water-marination control. Taste panel detected little differences, except for saltiness (P < 0.10), between high- and low-level phosphate treatments, and considered TPP-treated filets to be similar to PP-treated but higher than HMP-treated filets in juiciness, saltiness, and overall flavor intensity (P < 0.10).
Computer simulation of multipulse and fourier transform NMR experiments. III. Density matrix simulations of some repetitively pulsed experiments

Abstract The density matrix method has been used to simulate some repetitively pulsed Fourier mode NMR experiments in spin systems with two or three nuclei of spin I = 1 2 . In order to simplify the calculations, it was assumed that all the off-diagonal density matrix elements, in the basis in which the high-resolution NMR Hamiltonian is diagonal, either remain zero during the course of the experiment or decay rapidly to zero in the time interval between the pulses. The experiments simulated in this paper are: 1. (1) the repetitively pulsed Fourier NMR experiment, 2. (2) the Fourier mode progressive saturation experiment for investigating relaxation behavior, and 3. (3) the “gated decoupling” or “alternately pulsed” experiment for obtaining undecoupled Fourier mode spectra with Overhauser enhancement of the signal. The effects of intermolecular dipolar relaxation, external random field relaxation, and chemical exchange relaxation are included.
Succinate dehydrogenase activity and soma size of motoneurons innervating different portions of the rat tibialis anterior

The spatial distribution, soma size and oxidative enzyme activity of gamma and alpha motoneurons innervating muscle fibres in the deep (away from the surface of the muscle) and superficial (close to the surface of the muscle) portions of the tibialis anterior in normal rats were determined. The deep portion had a higher percentage of high oxidative fibres than the superficial portion of the muscle. Motoneurons were labelled by retrograde neuronal transport of fluorescent tracers: Fast Blue and Nuclear Yellow were injected into the deep portion and Nuclear Yellow into the superficial portion of the muscle. Therefore, motoneurons innervating the deep portion were identified by both a blue fluorescent cytoplasm and a golden-yellow fluorescent nucleus, while motoneurons innervating the superficial portion were identified by only a golden-yellow fluorescent nucleus. After staining for succinate dehydrogenase activity on the same section used for the identification of the motoneurons, soma size and succinate dehydrogenase activity of the motoneurons were measured. The gamma and alpha motoneurons innervating both the deep and superficial portions were located primarily at L4 and were intermingled within the same region of the dorsolateral portion of the ventral horn in the spinal cord. Mean soma size was similar for either gamma or alpha motoneurons in the two portions of the muscle. The alpha motoneurons innervating the superficial portion had a lower mean succinate dehydrogenase activity than those innervating the deep portion of the muscle. An inverse relationship between soma size and succinate dehydrogenase activity of alpha, but not gamma, motoneurons innervating both the deep and superficial portions was observed. Based on three-dimensional reconstructions within the spinal cord, there were no apparent differences in the spatial distribution of the motoneurons, either gamma or alpha, associated with the deep and superficial compartments of the muscle. The data provide evidence for an interdependence in the oxidative capacity between a motoneuron and its target muscle fibres in two subpopulations of motoneurons from the same motor pool, i.e. the same muscle.
Third Molar Periodontal Pathology and Caries in Senior Adults

Purpose This study was designed to assess the prevalence at enrollment and incidence over 36 months of periodontal pathology and caries affecting third molars in a community-based study of people over the age of 65 years in North Carolina. Subjects and Methods A sub-sample of 818 subjects with dental examinations taken from the Piedmont 65+ Study was available for analysis. All visible teeth were examined. Periodontal probing (PD) measures were taken at 2 sites, mesiobuccal and buccal/facial. Clinical data on caries experience were collected by visual-tactile examination. At enrollment, 342 subjects had at least 1 visible third molar that could be examined. PD measures were available for 276 of these same subjects. The significance of comparisons between third molars and nonthird molars were determined by χ2 tests and the statistical significance was set at .05. Results Most of the 342 subjects with at least 1 visible third molar were female (57%) or African American (63%). Mean age was 73 years (SD 5.5 years). Of the 197 subjects with caries experience, third molars were affected in 49% of subjects, less than the 87% in nonthird molars. Third molar caries experience was associated with caries experience on nonthird molar teeth (P Conclusions Data on the prevalence of third molar periodontal pathology and third molar caries experience in an elderly population should be useful to both clinicians and their younger patients when considering the merits of retaining or removing third molars with no evidence of pathology.
On elastic crack-inclusion interaction

Abstract The problem of a crack near an inclusion is treated using the projection integral equation method. An approximation for elastic fields and the energy of interaction is obtained. Relations between J- and M-integrals and those integrals with the interaction energy are established.
Polytetrafluoroethylene interposition grafts for carotid reconstruction

Abstract Polytetrafluoroethylene interposition grafts were used for carotid reconstruction in 26 operations performed in 23 patients during a 7-year period. There were 10 men and 13 women with a mean age of 66 years. The indication for interposition graft placement was recurrent stenosis with inability to perform endarterectomy in nine operations, a severe kink or technical problem during endarterectomy in nine, aneurysmal changes of the artery in six, and thrombosis of the endarterectomy site segment with stroke in two. There were no perioperative deaths and no further perioperative neurologic complications. Follow-up with performance of yearly duplex scans was obtained in all patients, and the mean duration of follow-up was 36 months. One patient (4%) died of end-stage pulmonary disease during the study interval. Occlusion of the polytetrafluoroethylene graft occurred at 12 months in one patient (4%). Hemodynamically significant restenosis developed in two patients (8%), and two patients (8%) had mild restenosis. Evidence of a second restenosis developed in three of the nine patients who underwent polytetrafluoroethylene interposition graft placement for carotid restenosis. On the basis of our study results, we conclude that polytetrafluoroethylene can be used effectively for carotid reconstruction when an interposition graft is required. However, recurrent stenosis occurs. Patients who undergo polytetrafluoroethylene interposition graft placement for carotid restenosis appear to be at high risk for a second restenosis. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:601–8.)
A program for generating on-line raster dot displays of single unit activity.

Abstract A computer program, DOTS, is described which is designed to generate, ON-LINE, raster dot displays of single unit activity. The response dot pattern is displayed on a CRT screen in groups of 5 lines and a total of 35 lines of data can be handled by the program. A digitized version of the stimulus can be represented on the lower part of the screen along with a series of equally spaced dots that are used as timing markers. The initial portion of the pattern can be expanded so that the examination of the response can be made in more detail. In addition, the data can be stored on magnetic DECtape and recalled at a later time for further analysis.
FORMATION OF MASSIVE BLACK HOLES IN DENSE STAR CLUSTERS. II. INITIAL MASS FUNCTION AND PRIMORDIAL MASS SEGREGATION

A promising mechanism to form intermediate-mass black holes is the runaway merger in dense star clusters, where main-sequence stars collide and form a very massive star (VMS), which then collapses to a black hole (BH). In this paper, we study the effects of primordial mass segregation and the importance of the stellar initial mass function (IMF) on the runaway growth of VMSs using a dynamical Monte Carlo code for N-body systems with N as high as 106 stars. Our code now includes an explicit treatment of all stellar collisions. We place special emphasis on the possibility of top-heavy IMFs, as observed in some very young massive clusters. We find that both primordial mass segregation and the shape of the IMF affect the rate of core collapse of star clusters and thus the time of the runaway. When we include primordial mass segregation, we generally see a decrease in core-collapse time (t cc). Although for smaller degrees of primordial mass segregation this decrease in t cc is mostly due to the change in the density profile of the cluster, for highly mass-segregated (primordial) clusters, it is the increase in the average mass in the core which reduces the central relaxation time decreasing t cc. The final mass of the VMS formed is always close to ~10–3 of the total cluster mass, in agreement with previous studies and is reminiscent of the observed correlation between the central BH mass and the bulge mass of the galaxies. As the degree of primordial mass segregation is increased, the mass of the VMS increases at most by a factor of three. Flatter IMFs generally increase the average mass in the whole cluster, which increases t cc. For the range of IMFs investigated in this paper, this increase in t cc is to some degree balanced by stellar collisions, which accelerate core collapse. Thus, there is no significant change in t cc for the somewhat flatter global IMFs observed in very young massive clusters.
Evidence of the voice-related cortical potential: An electroencephalographic study

Abstract The Bereitschaftspotential (BP) is a slow negative-going cortical potential associated with preparation for volitional movement. Studies since the 1960s have provided evidence for a BP preceding speech-related volitional motor acts. However, the BP associated specifically with voice initiation (i.e. a volitional motor act involving bilateral true vocal fold adduction) has not to date been systematically investigated. The current investigation utilizes a novel experimental design to address methodological confounds typically found in studies of movement-related cortical potentials, to demonstrate the existence and localization of generators for the voice-related cortical potential (VRCP). Using high-density EEG, we recorded scalp potentials in preparation for voice onset and for exhalation in a stimulus-induced voluntary movement task. Results showed a slow, increasingly negative cortical potential in the time window of up to 2500 ms prior to the mean onset of phonation. This VRCP peaked at a greater amplitude and shorter latency than the BP associated with exhalation alone. VRCP sources were localized to the anterior rostral regions of the medial frontal gyrus (Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)) and in bilateral laryngeal motor areas before and immediately following the mean initiation of phonation. Additional sources were localized to the bilateral cerebellum and occipital lobe in the time window following the mean onset of phonation. We speculate that these results provide additional support for fine somatotopic organization of the SMA. Further examination of the spatiotemporal change of the VRCP yielded source models which indicated involvement of the laryngeal motor cortices and cerebellum, likely responsible for the initiation and continuation of phonation.
The Relief of Acute Right Ventricular Strain by the Production of an Interatrial Septal Defect

Since sudden resistance increase in the pulmonary circulation leads to right ventricular overdistension and subsequent failure, the question was studied whether or not the existence of an experimentally produced interatrial septal defect could prevent an overstretching of the right myocardium in acute pulmonary stenosis. It was found that myocardial overdistention could be prevented by a small interatrial septal perforation without essentially changing normal interatrial pressure relations. A large defect, which also protected the right heart muscle from overstretching, changed atrial pressure relations and cardiac dynamics entirely.
A ground‐based multisensor cloud phase classifier

[1] A method for classifying cloud phase from a suite of ground-based sensors is outlined. The method exploits the complementary strengths of cloud radar, depolarization lidar, microwave radiometer, and temperature soundings to classify clouds observed in the vertical column as ice, snow, mixed-phase, liquid, drizzle, rain, or aerosol. Although the classification has been specifically designed for observations of Arctic clouds, the general framework is applicable to other locations with minor modifications. An example classification demonstrates the application to actual measurements.
A tripartite interprofessional collaboration in Limpopo province: Community health worker training in diabetes and hypertension

For example, the Yale/Stanford Johnson & Johnson Physician Scholars in International Health Program became a model for many other programs focusing on building human capacity in low-resource settings. This program offers opportunities for selected physicians and physicians in training to become familiar with the social, political, and medical challenges to improving the health of individuals and populations in resource-poor environments. This program embraces “twinning,” a means of building institutional capacity by building human capacity through long-term, two-way partnerships with institutions in low-resource settings. This type of partnership is identified as a proven strategy for improving health worker education and training, according to the Task Force for Scaling Up Education and Training for Health Workers; this program aspires to what others describe as interdependent, transformative learning. There is also a growing consensus among NGOs, funders, and governments that leadership and management (L&M) development for health professionals is critical to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of health systems. Current models of L&M involve business school faculty designing and delivering classroom as well as distance learning around standard leadership and management topics often including work with case studies. Leadership and management development is increasingly seen as a quantifiable means to improving health care access and delivery as well as improving patient care. A recent study by McKinsey and the London School of Economics demonstrated statistically significant changes in health care delivery, patient care and patient outcomes in hospitals in the United States and the United Kingdom attributable to L&M training and development. The session will also address issues around measuring the effectiveness of these partnerships. In the case of the Johnson & Johnson leadership and development program portfolio, we arrived at a set of agreed-on indicators for the majority of global programs. Recent research in Kenya, for example, points to promising evidence of the positive effects of leadership and management training in strengthening health systems. These models and others will be discussed by representatives from Yale University, UCLA, and the Global Business School Network. Structure/Method/Design: Panel Results (Scientific Abstract)/Collaborative Partners (Programmatic Abstract): Global Business School Network Yale University UCLA Summary/Conclusion: Measurement challenges will be discussed
Social capital as a product of class mobilization and state intervention: Industrial workers in Kerala, India

Abstract This paper argues that state intervention and class mobilization in the state of Kerala, India, have produced two forms of social capital. Kerala's high level of social development and successful; redistributive reforms are a direct result of mutually reinforcing interactions between a programmatic labor movement and a democratic state. This synergy between state and labor has also created the institutional forms and political processes required for negotiating the class compromises through which redistribution and growth can be reconciled. These dynamics are explored through a close examination of both the organized factory sector and the unorganized (informal) sector.
Alignment Considerations Of Thin-Film Reflection Phase Retarders To Achieve Optimum Polarization (Circular) For CO 2 Laser Applications

The near-circular polarization state of a CO 2 laser beam (with λ = 10.6 μm) is investigated as the beam emerges from a two-reflection thin-film quarterwave phase retarding system, as a function of three typical alignment errors: the polarization azimuth angle φ, the incidence angle 0 of both reflectors simultaneously and a non-parallel mirror set. The ellipticity e, describing the polarization state of the laser beam, is first investigated as a function of the total phase shift and the p and s polarization reflectances through the two-reflection system, and the azimuth angle of linearly polarized incident beam. The ellipticity is then investigated for two actual systems: a quarter wave retarder (QWR)-zero phase shift reflector pair, and two eighth-wave retarders. The resultant ellipticity from each reflector pair is separately plotted as a function of the three above mentioned alignment errors and compared with actual measurements.
Neurosecretion in the pineal gland of Macaca rhesus.

In der Epiphyse von Rhesusaffen (Macaca rhesus) wurden neurosekrete histochemisch nachgewiesen und gezeigt, dass die Affenepiphyse Nervenfortsatze mit farberisch und histochemisch mannigfach darstellbarem Neurosekret enthalten, was ebenso fur den perivaskularen Raum und die Wande der Blutgefasse gilt.
An investigation of intrinsic gravity wave signatures using coordinated lidar and nightglow image measurements

Simultaneous observations of gravity waves using an Na wind/temperature lidar and a multi-wavelength all-sky nightglow imager were obtained, for the first time, during the ALOHA-93 campaign. A novel investigation of intrinsic wave parameters has been made by combining measurements of the horizontal wave components imaged in four nightglow emissions (height range ∼80-100 km) with Na lidar soundings of the horizontal wind field and temperature profiles over the same height interval. On October 19 both instruments registered marked monochromatic wave motions. The intrinsic periods of several of these waves have been determined and were found to vary considerably with altitude, often resulting in a significant increase over their observed wave periods. It is shown that these two instrumental techniques generally sampled different regions of the gravity wave spectrum: the lidar exhibiting most sensitivity to short vertical wavelength waves (less than about 10 km) while the imager was most responsive to larger vertical wavelength waves. This study illustrates the significant advantages of combining wind/temperature lidar and multi-wavelength image observations for intrinsic gravity wave measurements.
Single-Sideband Holography*

In making in-line holograms of amplitude objects with a strong background, the single-sideband technique can be used to improve the quality of the reconstruction. The main advantage of this method is the suppression of the twin image. Modifications of the same technique are also presented for making holograms of complex objects and objects with a weak background.
Promoting School-Centered Professional Development through Teaching Portfolios A Case Study

This article presents a case study in which teaching portfolios evolved as a mechanism to promote school-centered professional development in an urban elementary school. Data were primarily derived from open-ended interviews with the principal, staff developer, and teachers, complemented by other relevant documentation. This study examines the impact of the portfolio project on professional learning and professional collaboration. The data reveal that a wide range of conditions contributed to professional learning and collaboration through teaching portfolios. These conditions can be categorized into three groups: (a)conditions supporting both professional learning and professional collaboration in general, (b) conditions more specifically supporting professional learning, and (c) conditions more specifically supporting professional collaboration. The article discusses both methodology and results in the context of recent theoretical frameworks. In addition, it suggests directions for future research, the...
Does the Sun appear brighter at night in neutrinos

We calculate accurately the number of solar neutrino events expected as a function of solar zenith angle, with and without neutrino oscillations, for detectors at the locations of Super-Kamiokande, SNO, and the Gran Sasso National Laboratory. Using different Earth models to estimate geophysical uncertainties, and different solar models to estimate solar uncertainties, we evaluate distortions predicted by the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect in the zenith angle distributions of solar neutrino events. The distortions are caused by oscillations and by $\ensuremath{\nu}$-$e$ interactions in the Earth that regenerate ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ from ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ or ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}.$ We show that the first two moments of the zenith-angle distribution are more sensitive to the small mixing angle MSW solution than the conventionally studied day-night asymmetry. We present iso-$\ensuremath{\sigma}$ contours that illustrate the potential of Super-Kamiokande, SNO, BOREXINO, ICARUS, and HERON/HELLAZ for detecting the Earth regeneration effect at their actual locations (and at the equator). MSW solutions favored by the four pioneering solar neutrino experiments predict characteristic distortions for Super-Kamiokande, SNO, BOREXINO, and ICARUS that range from being unmeasurably small to $g5\ensuremath{\sigma}$ (stat) after only a few years of observations.
The role of the general hospital in modern community psychiatry.

Technical advantages of general hospital psychiatry are well known: laboratory facilities, personnel recruitment, referral and follow-up opportunities. Increasing social acceptance leads to earlier case detection and referral. Psychotherapeutic advantages of the community's proximity include minimizing the patient's social isolation by involving and focusing on transactions of family, community and group. Hospitalization is seen, not as curative, but as a therapeutic intervention permitting the patient's return to the community prepared for follow-up treatment.
Type inference for record concatenation and subtyping

Record concatenation, multiple inheritance, and multiple-object cloning are closely related and part of various language designs. For example, in Cardelli's untyped Obliq language, a new object can be constructed from several existing objects by cloning followed by concatenation; an error is given in case of field name conflicts. Type systems for record concatenation have been studied by Wand, Harper and Pierce, Remy, and others; and type inference for the combination of record concatenation and subtyping has been studied by Sulzmann and by Pottier. In this paper we present a type inference algorithm for record concatenation, subtyping, and recursive types. Our example language is the Abadi-Cardelli object calculus extended with a concatenation operator. Our algorithm enables type checking of Obliq programs without changing the programs at all. We prove that the type inference problem is NP-complete.
Monoclonal antibodies for radioimmunoscintigraphy of breast cancer.

Abstract Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among females, and it is estimated that each year, one in ten American women will be newly diagnosed as having the disease. It is therefore not surprising, that a great deal of effort has been made to better understand the biology of breast cancer, and that investigators keep up the search for new tools to better characterize, diagnose and treat these tumours. In this regard, the introduction of the hybridoma technique in 1975 by Kohler and Milstein has lead to an extensive work in the characterization of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against breast cancers. A large number of antibodies has been raised to different epitopes present in normal and neoplastic breast tissue; but unfortunately we have yet to find a highly sensitive and specific monoclonal antibody for breast cancer that can successfully be used for scintigraphic detection of nodal metastases and for radioimmunotherapy treatment of this disease. As possible radioimmunodiagnostics, antibodies are known which react with the following antigens: 1. (1) cytoskeletal proteins 2. (2) breast cell products 3. (3) steroid receptors 4. (4) putative tumor-associated antigens 5. (5) oncogene products 6. (6) pregnancy-related products 7. (7) basement membrane antigens 8. (8) degradative enzymes 9. (9) cell receptors for extracellular matrix molecules 10. (10) multidrug resistance gene product (p-glycoprotein) 11. (11) proliferative markers.
Multiple Kernel Completion and its application to cardiac disease discrimination

Data is only as good as the similarity metric used to compare it. The all important notion of similarity allows us to leverage knowledge derived from prior observations to predict characteristics of new samples. In this paper we consider the problem of compiling a consistent and accurate view of similarity given its multiple incomplete and noisy approximations. We propose a new technique called Multiple Kernel Completion (MKC), which completes given similarity kernels as well as finds their best combination within a Support Vector Machine framework, so as to maximize the discrimination margin. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique on datasets from UCI Machine Learning repository as well as for the task of heart valve disease discrimination using CW Doppler images. Our empirical results establish that MKC consistently outperforms existing data completion methods like 0-imputation, mean-imputation and matrix completion across datasets and training set sizes.
Exact vibrational energies of non-rotating H2O and D2O using an accurate ab initio potential

Abstract Variationally exact vibrational energies are reported for non-rotating H 2 O and D 2 O using the recent CCSDT-1 ab initio potential of Bartlett, Cole, Purvis, Ermler, Hsieh and Shavitt as fit to an SPF quartic force field by Ermler. Twenty vibrational states are calculated for H 2 O and D 2 O and compared with experimental data. The agreement with experiment is fairly good; however, when the second-order bending force constant is reduced slightly, the agreement with experiment improves significantly. For eighteen states of H 2 O the largest error is 15 cm −1 and the average absolute error is 6 cm −1 . For eight states of D 2 O the largest error is 7 cm −1 and the average absolute error is 4 cm −1 .
HALOGENATED NUCLEIC ACIDS: STRUCTURE AND CONFORMATIONAL STUDIES OF 5-FLUOROCYTIDINE BY X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY AND NMR SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract The stereochemistry and the conformational equilibria of 5-fluorocytidine (5FCyd) have been determined by X-ray crystallography and correlated with NMR spectroscopy in the solution state. Crystals of 5FCyd have unit cell dimensions a=9.854(1), b=l5.012(2), c=15.290(2)A, α=β=γ=90° with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Both molecules are in the anti-conformation, C3′-endo sugar pucker and a ϒ (C4′-C5′) of g+. The two molecules in the asymmetric unit show slight variation in their bond distances and bond angles but their overall solid state conformation is similar. The NMR results indicate the 5FCyd has an anti-conformation, a mixed sugar pucker of 36% C2′- endo and 64% C3′-endo and an exocyclic furanose conformation (ϒ) of 74%(g+), 19%(t) and 7%(g−). Certain purine and pyrimidine analogues readily replace the natural bases in nucleic acid if they are present during replication. Halogenated nucleic acids have been known for the past thirty years when for the first time it was found that 5-iodou...
Structural studies of TiO2(110) using scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract The structure of the (110) plane of TiO2 has been studied as a function of temperature and oxygen coverage using scanning tunneling microscopy. Three stable phases are observed above 700 K at which temperature surface mobility is sufficient to generate long range order. Above 1000 K, oxygen is lost from the sample unless the heating is carried out in an appreciable partial pressure of oxygen. The 1 × 1 phase has the structure expected from a normal termination of the bulk structure. If a surface with this structure is heated in vacuum to temperatures above 1000 K, it will convert to the 1 × 2 phase. This phase differs from the 1 × 1 phase principally through the elimination of alternate rows of bridging oxygens. Additional relaxation in the plane of the surface also occurs. We have observed enhanced tunneling through the 1 × 2 phase which makes coplanar two-phase regions of 1 × 1 and 1 × 2 appear to have different heights relative to the surface plane. Heating the surface in the 1 × 2 phase to 1000 K in oxygen generates a long period structure rather than the 1 × 1 phase. This phase is characterized by the formation of crosslinking rows which stabilize the missing row structure. Argon ion bombardment of the surface leads to disorder which is annealed out above 700 K. Annealing to 900 K leads to the formation of a well-ordered 1 × 1 phase through a network of crosslinking elements.
Compact phase-sensitive multichannel detection system with array measurements of biosensor chips

In many medical, biological, chemical, and environmental applications it is desirable not only to monitor one specific chemical or biological species, but several simultaneously. Thus, we have focused our efforts on development of a detection system for multi-analyte sensor arrays that is able to monitor the changes in fluorophore lifetimes (via the detection of phase shifts) corresponding to the presence of many analytes of interest in near-real time. We describe a phase-sensitive electronic detection system employing a multianode photomultiplier tube. This system utilizes the frequency-domain method of time-resolved spectroscopy and is also suitable for lifetime-based imaging.
Criteria supporting the study of drugs in the newborn

Abstract Background: Profound changes in the development and the maturation of neonates' organs and organ systems over variable periods of time potentially place neonates at increased risk and/or at different risks compared with adults or older children on exposure to pharmaceutical agents. Most studies of drugs in neonates focus on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic end points and include insufficient numbers of patients to permit evaluation of safety. Only one fourth to one third of approved drugs have received adequate pediatric study to permit labeling for treatment of all appropriate pediatric populations. Objective: The initial goal of the Newborn Drug Prioritization Group was to develop a reproducible, objective process for evaluating drugs most in need of study in the neonatal population based on a universally acceptable priority ranking. The criteria would be applicable across therapeutic classes and would identify those drugs for which immediate study was most needed. Methods: Because the therapeutic requirements of the neonate are unique in comparison to older infants and children, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed the Newborn Drug Development Initiative to address the limited study of off-patent drugs in newborns. In March 2003, they convened a meeting of pediatric pharmacologists and pediatric specialists from the FDA, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Institutes of Health, and academic institutions to discuss how to increase the study of drugs for the newborn. One of the working groups was charged to develop generic criteria for overall prioritization of drugs for study in newborns. Because resources are limited, and not all drugs identified by the 4 clinically focused working groups can receive study at the same time, a process for priority ranking is necessary. Results: The panel identified 4 general categories containing different numbers of criteria as important for ranking drugs for priority investigation: (1) the disease and indication, including elements such as the potential for adverse outcomes, frequency in newborns, and level of evidence for treatment of newborns; (2) drug characteristics, including elements such as duration of dosing, lack of age-appropriate formulation, clinically relevant drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, and drug disposition in newborns; (3) feasibility and methodology for newborn studies, including both analytical considerations and clinical end points; and (4) the ethical basis for study, including elements to address benefit or harm due to exposure to the study drug, study methodology, and benefit of the new treatment relative to established standard therapy. Based on these categories, a list of criteria to warrant study of a drug in newborns was developed. Conclusion: A process for judicious use of limited resources to rectify these deficiencies remains an urgent public health need.
Convex optimization of wafer temperature trajectories for rapid thermal processing

In this paper, we expand on the framework for achieving the tight control of the wafer temperature essential in rapid thermal processing (RTP) of semiconductor wafers. In our previous paper (1992), we established a method for identifying a state-space model of an RTP system at a processing condition of interest and designing a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller for disturbance regulation. In this paper we describe how convex optimization is used to obtain an approximation to the desired trajectory, close enough to allow high gain feedback controllers to reduce temperature nonuniformity. Temperature errors less than 30/spl deg/C peak-to-peak, limited almost entirely by our system geometry, were achieved throughout a typical wafer recipe, which included ramps from room temperature to 900/spl deg/C and from 900/spl deg/C to 600/spl deg/C, at the rate of 40/spl deg/C per second. The benefits of convex optimization together with the LQG feedback control are demonstrated by experimental results obtained from an RTP system. >
Taste and pheromone perception in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

Taste is an essential sense for detection of nutrient-rich food and avoidance of toxic substances. The Drosophila melanogaster gustatory system provides an excellent model to study taste perception and taste-elicited behaviors. "The fly" is unique in the animal kingdom with regard to available experimental tools, which include a wide repertoire of molecular-genetic analyses (i.e., efficient production of transgenics and gene knockouts), elegant behavioral assays, and the possibility to conduct electro- physiological investigations. In addition, fruit flies, like humans, recognize sugars as a food source, but avoid bitter tasting substances that are often toxic to insects and mammals alike. This paper will present recent research progress in the field of taste and contact pheromone perception in the fruit fly. First, we shall describe the anatomical properties of the Drosophila gustatory system and survey the family of taste receptors to provide an appropriate background. We shall then review taste and pheromone perception mainly from a molecular genetic perspective that includes behavioral, electrophysiological and imaging analyses of wild type flies and flies with genetically manipulated taste cells. Finally, we shall provide an outlook of taste research in this elegant model system for the next few years.
Surface characterization using regularity models and frequency-diverse measurements

Regularity models are parametric point-process models used to stochastically describe surfaces on which scatterers are regularly spaced to some degree. The authors develop closed form approximations to the mean power spectrum of surface measurements and show how they may be used in an optimized parameter estimation algorithm utilizing frequency-diverse measurements. The general performance limitations of such an optimization procedure suggest that such a procedure can provide sub-resolution information when used with sparse narrow-band frequency measurements. >
A Cross-National Analysis on the Effect of Moral Individualism on Murder Rates

The modernization and inequality explanations of crime were the two main theses describing the variations of murder rates across nations. Both theses assumed that adverse economic and demographic changes such as unequal distribution of income, urbanization, industrialization, maternal absence and population density correlated positively with national murder rates. However, these two theses failed to explain what forces restrain most people from killing each other. Durkheim believed that moral individualism, characterized by respect for personal dignity and individual rights, was a barrier to committing murder. A multivariate analysis of 29 countries for the years 1975 through 1980 was conducted to test Durkheim's hypothesis that the greater a society's moral individualism the lower its murder rate. Results of the analysis supported Durkheim's prediction concerning the inverse relationship between moral individualism and murder.
The impact of instability in latin and South America

This article uses a system dynamics methodology to examine the geopolitical significance of narcoterrorism dynamics currently observed in Colombia and the Andean Ridge region. Through influence diagrams, it presents a systemic analysis of the phenomenon. It argues that the interaction between drug production, insurgency is a system characterized by dynamic instability. Moreover, it suggests that the extensive quantity of positive feedback relations in this system could allow the current violence and social chaos could spread across the region and overwhelm the capability of governments to respond, more rapidly than a traditional analysis of narcoterrorism and other regional phenomenon suggests.
Maintaining Defender's Reputation in Anomaly Detection Against Insider Attacks

We address issues related to establishing a defender's reputation in anomaly detection against two types of attackers: 1) smart insiders, who learn from historic attacks and adapt their strategies to avoid detection/punishment, and 2) nai?ve attackers, who blindly launch their attacks without knowledge of the history. In this paper, we propose two novel algorithms for reputation establishment-one for systems solely consisting of smart insiders and the other for systems in which both smart insiders and nai?ve attackers are present. The theoretical analysis and performance evaluation show that our reputation-establishment algorithms can significantly improve the performance of anomaly detection against insider attacks in terms of the tradeoff between detection and false positives.
Natural rubber biosynthesis: Perspectives from polymer chemistry

Abstract: Natural rubber is an important strategic raw material for manufacturing a wide variety of industrial products. There are at least 2,500 different latex-producing plant species; however, only Hevea brasiliensis (the Brazilian rubber tree) is a commercial source. The chemical structure of natural rubber is cis -1,4-polyisoprene, but the exact structure of the head and end groups remains unknown. Since synthetic cis -1,4-polyisoprenes cannot match the superior properties of natural rubber, understanding the chemistry behind the biosynthetic process is key to finding a possible replacement. This chapter summarizes our current understandings from the perspective of a polymer scientist by comparing synthetic polyisoprenes to natural rubber. The chapter also highlights ‘biomimetic’ polymerization, research towards a synthetic match of natural rubber and the role of natural rubber in health care.