cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal interaction of two streams in boundary-layer flow separated by a plate

Abstract The problem of heat exchange between two fluid streams in boundary layer flow separated by a flat plate is considered. A general analysis applicable to cocurrent or countercurrent, laminar or turbulent flow is presented. An exact solution for the temperature distribution and the heat transfer along the plate is obtained for the special case of constant property, cocurrent, inviscid flow. In the less-restrictive case of constant property laminar or turbulent flow, the wall temperature and heat flux are predicted using the method of superposition for which results of a desired degree of accuracy are possible. For the most general case of variable physical properties the finite difference solution of the momentum and energy equations in von Mises form is indicated. Finally, some illustrative results for cocurrent, constant property, laminar flow in the streams are reported. It is shown that heat exchange analyses which neglect the thermal interaction between the fluid streams could be in serious error.
On the extrapolation of Galerkin methods for parabolic problems

The use of Richardson extrapolation in conjunction with several discrete-time Galerkin methods for the approximate solution of parabolic initialboundary value problems is investigated. It is shown that the extrapolation of certain two- and three-level Galerkin approximations which arep th order correct in time yields an improvement ofp orders of accuracy in time per extrapolation, wherep=1, 2. Both linear and quasilinear problems are considered.
The Analysis of Changes in Throwing Task's Movement Pattern Derived by Practice

運動練習が及ぼす，Open Taskの性質を持った多関節運動パターンの変化の構造を分析する事を目的に，標的志向運動課題についての運動練習を通した運動学的変数の変化を観察，検討した。4名の健常男性を対象に投球動作の手関節および肘関節における矢状面上の関節角度変化および筋活動を測定した。肘関節と手関節の協調を示す変数の標準偏差は運動練習により低下した。また，手関節と肘関節の運動範囲および運動速度は運動練習により増大した。肘関節と手関節問の変数の相関は運動練習を通して運動速度で増加し，運動範囲で減少した。しかし，各変数の変化は個体間，変数間，関節間で多様な傾向を示し，投球動作時の運動パターン変化の一般的傾向を結論することは困難であった。
Upper-extremity H-reflex measurement post-stroke: reliability and inter-limb differences.

Abstract Objective To establish test–retest reliability of flexor carpi radialis (FCR) H-reflexes in non-disabled and stroke participants. We also investigated inter-limb differences and effects of chronicity post-stroke compared to non-disabled group and age-related effects in the non-disabled group. Methods Sixteen chronic stroke and twenty-two non-disabled participants were recruited. Bilateral FCR H-reflexes were tested on two separate days by stimulating the median nerve and recording surface electromyography responses. FCR recruitment curves were plotted for H-reflex (H) and motor (M) waves and normalized as a percentage of maximal M-wave (ordinate) and motor threshold (abscissa). Statistics Intraclass correlation coefficients [two-way mixed model-ICC (1, 2)], one-way ANOVA, Bland–Altman plots, standard error of measurement (SEM), and smallest real difference (SRD). Results ICCs ranged from 0.55 to 0.95 (stroke) and 0.69–0.88 (non-disabled). SEM% (% of the mean) ranged from 9% to 24% (stroke) and 18–38% (non-disabled); SRD% ranged from 18% to 66% (stroke) and 6% to 50% (non-disabled). H-reflex amplitude and slope were greater in the paretic vs. non-paretic arm post-stroke (p = 0.07 and 0.01, respectively) and the paretic arm vs. non-disabled participants (p = 0.007 and 0.002, respectively). Stroke participants with longer chronicity (mean 9.4 years) revealed a significantly greater Hslp/Mslp on the paretic side compared to shorter chronicity (2.5 years; p = 0.05). Mean Hslp/Mslp was significantly greater in the young (mean 29 years) compared to the older group (62 years; p = 0.045). Conclusions These results establish reliability of FCR H-reflexes in stroke and non-disabled participants. SEM and SRD measurements can be used to interpret recovery patterns and longitudinal effects of therapeutic interventions. Significance FCR H-reflex amplitude and slope can be reliably measured and used to investigate neurophysiological mechanisms of motor recovery post-stroke.
Two-Pion exchange contribution in proton compton scattering

674-8(Aug. l6, 1961). (In English) The inclusion of two-pion exchange effects, with appropriate phase and strength, significantly improves the theoretical predictions in proton Compton scattering of relatively short range at low photon energies. Results (graphical) show that the differential cross sections for proton Compton scattering at THETA /sub cm/ equals 90 and l35 deg are good up to 270 Mev, apart from the points at about 240 Mev, THETA /sub cm/ equal 135 deg (N.W.R.)
Effects of pharmacologic antagonists of epidermal growth factor receptor, PI3K and MEK signal kinases on NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation and IL-8 and VEGF expression in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines.

We previously reported that expression of angiogenesis factors interleukin-8 (IL-8) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is promoted by coactivation of transcription factors nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) by interleukin-1α in human head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, expression of IL-1 receptor antagonist incompletely blocked reporter gene activity and cytokine expression, suggesting that other upstream signals may contribute to activation. Overexpression and autocrine activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is detected in 90% of HNSCC, and EGFR inhibitors have been reported to inhibit IL-8 and VEGF expression, but the intermediary signal pathways and transcription factors by which EGFR modulates proangiogenic factors is unknown. EGFR can activate the phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) pathways, which can potentially modulate activation of NF-κB and AP-1, respectively. In our study, we examined the effect of EGF and antagonists of EGFR, PI3K and MEK on NF-κB and AP-1 activation and IL-8 and VEGF expression in HNSCC cell lines UM-SCC-9 and 11B in which EGFR is overexpressed and activated. Recombinant EGF induced EGFR phosphorylation, activation of NF-κB and AP-1 reporter genes and IL-8 and VEGF expression, indicating that EGFR can mediate coactivation of both transcription factors and cytokine genes in HNSCC. EGFR antagonist PD153035 and anti-EGFR antibody C225 completely inhibited EGF-induced reporter activity and cytokine expression, but only partially inhibited constitutive activity. MEK inhibitor U0126 preferentially blocked AP-1 activity and expression of both IL-8 and VEGF, while PI3K inhibitor LY-294002 or a dominant negative inhibitor-κB preferentially blocked NF-κB activation and expression of IL-8 but not VEGF. EGFR, PI3K and MEK antagonists inhibited growth of HNSCC. We conclude that antagonists of EGFR, PI3K and MEK signal pathways have inhibitory activity against EGFR-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activation, IL-8 and VEGF expression and growth by HNSCC. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing the pattern of fatty acids synthesized by cell-free preparations of lactating rat mammary gland

Abstract 1. 1. The pattern of fatty acids synthesized from [1- 14 C]acetate, [1- 14 C]acetyl-CoA, [1,5- 14 C 2 ]citrate and [l,3- 14 C 2 ]malonyl-CoA by various homogenate preparations of mammary glands of lactating rats was studied with the aid of gas-liquid chromatography. 2. 2. Addition of microsomes to the 100000× g supernatant fraction significantly decreased the incorporation of labeled acetate into C 10 and C 12 fatty acids and increased that into C 16 and C 18 acids. 3. 3. When [ 14 C]acetate or acetyl-CoA were the substrates in experiments with the 100000× g supernatant fraction, the isotope was incorporated predominantly into C 10 fatty acid. The labeled malonyl-CoA was predominantly converted to C 16 fatty acid. The pattern of incorporation of the 14 C of [1,5- 14 C 2 ]citrate was intermediate between these two. 4. 4. When an ammonium sulfate fraction of the 100000× g supernatant fluid, precipitating between 0 and 40% saturation, was used as the source of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) and fatty acid synthetase, the pattern of conversion of all labeled substrates to fatty acids was the same, i.e., predominautely to C 16 acids. Addition of fractions precipitating at higher satuiations of ammonium sulfate had no effect on the pattern of conversion. 5. 5. When the ammonium sulfate fraction (0–29% saturation) rich in acetyl-CoA carboxylase was added to incubation mixtures containing a constant amount of a fraction (29–40% saturation) rich in fatty acid synthetase, the average chain length of the fatty acids synthesized from acetyl-CoA was decreased as the concentration of acetyl-CoA carboxylase was decreased, but the chain length of the fatty acids formed from the labeled malonyl-CoA was unchanged. 6. 6. The results indicate that the concentration of malonyl-CoA is a factor in determining the pattern of fatty acids formed by mammary gland. The mechanism for expression of this influence is discussed, along with other factors that might affect the pattern of fatty acids synthesized.
Confirmatory Factor Analytic Procedures for the Determination of Measurement Invariance

Confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) procedures can be used to provide evidence of measurement invariance. However, empirical evaluation has not focused on the accuracy of common CFA steps used to detect a lack of invariance across groups. This investigation examined procedures for detection of test structure differences across groups under several conditions through simulation. Specifically, sample size, number of factors, number of indicators per factor, and the distribution of the observed variables were manipulated, and 3 criteria for assessing measurement invariance were evaluated. Power and Type I error were examined to evaluate the accuracy of detecting a lack of invariance. Results suggest that the chi-square difference test adequately controls the Type I error rate in nearly all conditions, and provides relatively high power when used with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and normally distributed observed variables. In addition, the power of the test to detect group differences for dichotomous ob...
Policy and Perspective

(1971). Policy and Perspective. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 64, No. 6, pp. 241-241.
Multidrug resistance reversal activity of key ningalin analogues

Key analogue derivatives of the ningalins, potent multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal compounds, were examined resulting in the discovery of a potent MDR reversal agent that hypersensitizes P-gp resistant tumor cell lines to front-line conventional therapeutic agents.
Heat transfer analysis of a rolling-piston rotary compressor

Abstract Mathematical modelling of the heat transfer of a rolling-piston compressor is described. Experiments have been done to validate the model, and excellent agreement has been found between the theoretical predictions and the experimental data. Heat transfer analysis enhances understanding of the energy efficiency of the compressor. In addition, it helps understanding of the lubricant breakdown and lubricant viscosity at clearance passages.
Terrorism and the media: An empirical analysis

The conventional wisdom is that media attention causes terrorism, yet empirical investigation of this widely held belief has been sparse. This research uses a terrorism micro data set with media variables to explore the link between terrorism and media attention. Using coverage of terrorist incidents in the New York Times as a proxy for media attention, we determine which specific characteristics of terrorist events attract notice by the media and measure the effects that these characteristics have on media coverage. We also investigate whether media coverage empirically causes terrorism. Results indicate that media attention does not Granger cause terrorism.
Giant organ confined prostatic adenocarcinoma: a case report

Giant prostatic adenocarcinoma represents a rare and challenging treatment dilemma. We describe a case of an otherwise healthy 71-year-old African male who presented with a PSA of 5800 ng/ml and a prostate volume of over 1000cc. Unique aspects of this case include the size of the prostate, the apparent absence of distant metastases, and the safe usage of transabdominal biopsy of this mass. We present this case report and review of literature to generate further discussion amongst readers as to management options for this difficult case.
VSTAT120 REDUCES THE INNATE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INFECTION AND ENHANCES ONCOLYTIC VIRAL THERAPY FOR GLIOBLASTOMA.

BACKGROUND: A major barrier to oncolytic virus (OV) efficacy for the treatment of Glioblastoma is the innate immune response; this response limits virus replication and reduces tumor cell destruction. Our lab developed a novel OV, RAMBO, which expresses the anti-angiogenic fragment Vasculostatin (Vstat120). In addition to its anti-angiogenic effects, we observe the RAMBO virus replicates more efficiently and persists longer in vivo than a control virus (rHSVQ1). The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects RAMBO directed Vstat120 expression on microglia/macrophage activation and OV efficacy. METHODS: Mice bearing intracranial tumors were treated with RAMBO, rHSVQ1, or PBS, and flow cytometry utilized to examine monocyte/microglia activation/recruitment. Coculture of i9nfected glioma cells with microglia were utilized in in vitro experiemnts. Cytokines were analyzed via qPCR and ELISA. Virus replication was determined by plaque forming unit (PFU) assays. RESULTS: Treatment of intracranial tumors with OV resulted in significant monocyte infiltration into the tumor. Surprisingly, this infiltration was reduced 4.5 fold in tumors treated with the RAMBO virus as compared to rHSVQ1 (p < 0.05). Infiltrating monocytes from RAMBO treated tumors had significantly less MHCII, Ly6C, and CD86 than rHSVQ1 treated tumors (p < 0.05). The microglia of RAMBO treated tumors had significantly less MHCII and CD206 expression than those treated with rHSVQ1 (p< 0.05). To further examine the interaction of Vstat120 with microglia/monocytes we developed a coculture system with murine microglia and infected human glioma cells. Glioma cells were treated with PBS, rHSVQ1, or RAMBO and cocultured with microglia. We observed a 75-fold induction of TNF-α expression in microglia cultured with rHSVQ1 infected glioma cells compared to untreated microglia (p < 0.05). Interestingly, we observed a 3.4-fold reduction in microglia TNF-α expression in RAMBO treated cocultures compared to rHSVQ1 cocultures (p < 0.01). Consistent with this ELISA confirmed a 6.9 fold decrease in microglia TNF-α secretion (p < 0.01), and virus titers revealed a 2.6 fold increase in infectious virus in RAMBO Vs eHSVQ1 treated cocultures (p < 0.01). Cocultures treated with a microglia (murine) specific TNF-α blocking antibody rescued the differences in viral replication between rHSVQ1 and RAMBO virus titers. There was no difference in virus replication of glioma cells or microglia alone. These results suggest Vstat120 reduces inflammation and enhances OV replication in part through the suppression of TNF-α expression/secretion on microglia/monocytes. This transient suppression of the microglia/monocyte inflammatory response enhances OV replication and promotes anti-tumor efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Vasculostatin affects macrophage recruitment and activity to improve viral replication and efficacy. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Immunobiology & Immunotherapy.
Active aseismic creep on the Alto Tiberina low-angle normal fault, Italy

The existence of active low-angle normal faults has been questioned because the standard theory of fault mechanics precludes normal faults from slipping at low (
Vocabulary growth in late talkers: lexical development from 2;0 to 3;0

Vocabulary growth from 2;0 to 3;0 was studied in 28 late talkers using expressive vocabulary inventories reported bimonthly on the Language Development Survey (LDS). Group milestones were 18 words at 2;0, 89 words at 2;6, and 195 words at 3;0. A sub-group of 11 children (Group 1) showed a rapid vocabulary spurt between 2;2 and 2;8, reached the 150-180 word mark by 2;6, and attained the LDS ceiling of about 300 words by 2;10. In contrast, the 17 children in Group 2 still had a mean vocabulary of fewer than 30 words at 2;6, had less of a vocabulary spurt when they did start acquiring words, and attained the 150-180 vocabulary mark at 3;0. All 3;0 language outcome measures were significantly predicted by LDS vocabulary size from 2;2 to 2;4.
Improper solutions under existence assumptions: An example

Pursuit problem improper solutions under existence assumptions emphasizing control parameters and pursuer trajectory
Prediction and evaluation of route dependent dosimetry of BPA in rats at different life stages using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model

Bisphenol A (BPA) has received considerable attention throughout the last decade due to its widespread use in consumer products. For the first time a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed in neonatal and adult rats to quantitatively evaluate age-dependent pharmacokinetics of BPA and its phase II metabolites. The PBPK model was calibrated in adult rats using studies on BPA metabolism and excretion in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and pharmacokinetic data with BPA in adult rats. For immature rats the hepatic and gastrointestinal metabolism of BPA was inferred from studies on the maturation of phase II enzymes coupled with serum time course data in pups. The calibrated model predicted the measured serum concentrations of BPA and BPA conjugates after administration of 100μg/kg of d6-BPA in adult rats (oral gavage and intravenous administration) and postnatal days 3, 10, and 21 pups (oral gavage). The observed age-dependent BPA serum concentrations were partially attributed to the immature metabolic capacity of pups. A comparison of the dosimetry of BPA across immature rats and monkeys suggests that dose adjustments would be necessary to extrapolate toxicity studies from neonatal rats to infant humans.
The action of N-bromosuccinimide on trypsinogen and its derivatives.

Abstract The reactions of trypsin, trypsinogen, acetyltrypsinogen, and an enzymically active fragment of trypsinogen with N-bromosuccinimide have been explored. Under the conditions used, the reagent selectively oxidized the tryptophan residues without significant cleavage of tryptophyl peptide bonds. The marked difference in reactivity of tryptophan in trypsin and trypsinogen is ascribed to differences in their secondary or tertiary structure. Enzymic inactivation (trypsin) or loss of activatability (trypsinogen) was studied as a function of the oxidative modification of tryptophan. Such partially inactivated enzyme preparations still had their DFP phosphorylation sites intact. At least one tryptophan residue may be needed for activity. This demonstrates that an intact phosphorylation site per se is not sufficient for enzymic activity.
Identity and Writing in the Diaries of Plath and Woolf: Defining, Abjectifying, and Recovering the Self

The ordering, de-abjectifying function of language is often harnessed by the diary writer: re-living and re-writing a fictive self through diary writing allows the writer control and understanding of the self which has experienced and then changed in the interval of time between the event, the recording, and the rereading. The diaries of Sylvia Plath and Virginia Woolf lend credence to this possibility of recovering abject identity through language. Their diary accounts of mental illness wield mastery over their experiences and emotional responses by choosing to recount them (or not). My paper seeks to reveal how Plath’s and Woolf’s distancing and retelling does not simply divide their selves (the pre- and post- trauma selves, the physical and textual selves), but allows them a greater range of movement, enabling mediation and reconciliation of many self-identities from the past, present, and future, and granting the authority to narrate their own continuums of becoming. This article was submitted to the EJLW on 13 October 2013 and published on 13 October 2014.
Have diffusion rates been accelerating over time

It is widely believed that products are diffusing within the marketplace at an increasing pace. To empirically investigate this belief, diffusion model parameters are estimated for a large set of consumer durables in the home appliance industry, Multiple measures of diffusion rates are then computed and compared across products by year of introduction. Contrary to conventional wisdom, no statistical relationship is found. These results suggest that diffusion rates havenot been systematically accelerating over time.
Differential potentiation of early and late components evoked in olfactory cortex by stimulation of cortical association fibers

The present study examined in detail the development and decay of potentiation induced in vivo by repeated high-frequency stimulation of cortical association fibers (AF) in piriform cortex (PC). Male Long-Evans rats with chronically-implanted stimulating and recording electrodes were administered potentiating AF stimulation (thirty 10-pulse 100-Hz trains) on 8 consecutive days, followed by a ninth administration after an 8-day layoff. The time course of potentiation was monitored by local field potentials evoked in the PC and olfactory bulb (OB) by 0.1 Hz single-pulse AF test stimulation before, during, and following each potentiating treatment. AF test stimulation evoked two distinct components in the PC, an early component (EC) and a late component (LC). High-frequency AF stimulation produced potentiation of each component, but with very different characteristics. EC potentiation consisted of a brief augmentation during each bout of potentiating stimulation that persisted <2 min after the last high-frequency train and showed no cumulative effects following repeated induction across days. In contrast, LC potentiation developed gradually, requiring several daily potentiation treatments to reach maximum amplitude, and decayed more slowly each time it was induced. Furthermore, LC potentiation persisted in latent form for at least 8 days following its apparent decay and could be reinstated by repeated test stimulation that was without effect at the beginning of the experiment. Potentiation in the OB resembled LC potentiation in its characteristics, but with less latent potentiation. These results indicate that the potentiation reported here is distinctly different from the long-term potentiation previously demonstrated in vitro in the PC, and suggest that this potentiation represents an increase in excitability within the cortical association fiber system that can be stored in latent form and retrieved at a later time. These characteristics make this potentiation a suitable candidate for participation in long-term functional changes within olfactory cortex.
Low-voltage activated calcium currents in ganglion cells of the tiger salamander retina : Experiment and simulation

We examined the functional properties of a low-voltage-activated (LVA) calcium current in ganglion cells of the neotenous tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) retina. Our analysis was based on whole-cell recordings from acutely dissociated ganglion cell bodies identified by retrograde dye injections. Using a continuously perfused cell preparation, the LVA current was isolated with the use of potassium channel blocking agents added to the bathing medium and the pipette solution, while tetrodotoxin was added to the bathing medium to block Na+ channels. Approximately 70% of ganglion cells had an easily identified LVA current. The LVA current activated at membrane potentials more positive than -90 mV, and inactivated rapidly. It was relatively insensitive to nickel (IC50 > 500 microM) and amiloride (IC50 > 750 microM). Voltage- and current-clamp studies allowed us to generate a model of this current using the NEURON simulation program. Studies were also carried out to measure the LVA Ca2+ current in ganglion cells with dendrites to confirm that it had a significant dendritic representation. Physiological mechanisms that may depend on LVA Ca2+ currents are discussed with an emphasis on the role that dendrites play in ganglion cell function.
Influence of animals on perceived likability of people.

Previous studies have reported positive health and social benefits of pet ownership; however, most of these studies have been correlational in nature, so the directionality of effects remained unclear. The present study attempted to measure likability of pet owners in an experimentally controlled setting and to assess whether likability varies with type of pet. Subjects were 175 college students in introductory psychology classes. Analysis indicated that individuals are perceived as more likable when they are accompanied by a dog than when accompanied by a cat, a bird, or no animal.
Analysis of trabecular bone using site-specific fractal values calculated from cone beam CT images

The purpose of the study was to explore the use of cone beam CT (CBCT) images to calculate fractal values of trabecular bone. Seventy-nine CBCT scans were used. Seven sites were selected from each scan. These sites were: coronal views of the (1) right and (2) left side of the mandible; coronal views of the (3) right and (4) left maxilla; axially corrected coronal views of the (5) right and (6) left condylar heads through the largest width, and (7) a sagittal section through the second cervical vertebral (C2) body. Fractal values were calculated from a total of 553 images using the box-counting method. These values were categorized and analyzed for site- and gender-specific differences. Fractal values decreased in most of the sites with increasing age. Values in males were generally higher than those in females. Values did not change significantly from right side to left side of the jaw. However, values from the mandible, maxilla, condyle and C2 vertebrae differed significantly from each other, suggesting a site-specific nature of the fractal value (p < 0.001). The lowest and highest fractal values were in the mandible and C2 vertebrae, respectively (1.313 and 1.536, respectively). Fractal values can detect differences in the trabecular bone morphology in different parts of the jaw. Fractal values can potentially be used for objective analysis of the trabecular bone using CBCT images.
The nucleotide sequence of a major glycine transfer RNA from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori L.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of tRNA1Gly isolated from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori has been determined. This transfer RNA is present in high amounts in the posterior silk gland during the fifth larval instar. It has a GCC anticodon, capable of decoding a major glycine codon in the fibroin messenger RNA, GGU. Structural features of Bombyx tRNA1Gly and its homology to other eukaryotic glycine tRNAs are discussed.
Flow structure on finite-span wings due to pitch-up motion

The flow structure on low-aspect-ratio wings arising from pitch-up motion is addressed via a technique of particle image velocimetry. The objectives are to: determine the onset and evolution of the three-dimensional leading-edge vortex; provide complementary interpretations of the vortex structure in terms of streamlines, projections of spanwise and surface-normal vorticity, and surfaces of constant values of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor (iso- surfaces); and to characterize the effect of wing planform (rectangular versus elliptical) on this vortex structure. The pitch-up motion of the wing (plate) is from 0 to over a time span corresponding to four convective time scales, and the Reynolds number based on chord is 10 000. Volumes of constant magnitude of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor are interpreted in conjunction with three-dimensional streamline patterns and vorticity projections in orthogonal directions. The wing motion gives rise to ordered vortical structures along its wing surface. In contrast to development of the classical two-dimensional leading-edge vortex, the flow pattern evolves to a strongly three-dimensional form at high angle of attack. The state of the vortex system, after attainment of maximum angle of attack, has a similar form for extreme configurations of wing planform. Near the plane of symmetry, a large-scale region of predominantly spanwise vorticity dominates. Away from the plane of symmetry, the flow is dominated by two extensive regions of surface-normal vorticity, i.e. swirl patterns parallel to the wing surface. This similar state of the vortex structure is, however, preceded by different sequences of events that depend on the magnitude of the spanwise velocity within the developing vortex from the leading edge of the wing. Spanwise velocity of the order of one-half the free stream velocity, which is oriented towards the plane of symmetry of the wing, results in regions of surface-normal vorticity. In contrast, if negligible spanwise velocity occurs within the developing leading-edge vortex, onset of the regions of surface-normal vorticity occurs near the tips of the wing. These extremes of large and insignificant spanwise velocity within the leading-edge vortex are induced respectively on rectangular and elliptical planforms.
Analytic ultracentrifuge calibration and determination of lipoprotein‐specific refractive increments

Accurate quantification of the major classes and subfractions of human serum lipoproteins is an important analytical need in the characterization and evaluation of therapy of lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities. For calibrating the analytic ultracentrifuge (AnUC), we routinely use a Beckman calibration wedge cell with parallel scribed lines 1 cm apart. Such a cell gives a rectangular pattern in the schlieren diagram, which determines magnification and also provides an area corresponding to an invariant refractive increment. We have independently validated this wedge calibration cell using a special boundary-forming cell in which 1.174% sucrose is overlayered with distilled water. Comparing wedge cell area with extrapolated zero time boundary area refractive increment gives agreement to within less than 1%, corresponding to a refractive increment error of +/- 0.00002 delta n. Complete calibration for AnUC analysis of lipoproteins also requires accurate determination of the specific refractive increments (SRI) of the major lipoprotein classes, namely low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). These are measured in the density in which they are analyzed, i.e., 1.061 g/ml for LDL and 1.200 g/ml for HDL. Five fresh serum samples were fractionated for total LDL and total HDL and their SRI determined. Total lipoprotein mass was determined using precise CHN elemental analysis and compositional analyses. The results yielded corrected SRI of 0.00142 and 0.00135 delta n/g/100 ml for LDL and HDL. Thus, our current values using 0.00154 and 0.00149 delta n/g/100 ml underestimate LDL and HDL by 9% and 11%. Corrections of all previous LDL and HDL AnUC data can be made using appropriate factors of 1.087 and 1.106.
A Comparative Analysis of Nineteenth Century Pharmacopoeias in the Southern United States: A Case Study Based on the Gideon Lincecum Herbarium1

A Comparative Analysis of Nineteenth Century Pharmacopoeias in the Southern United States: A Case Study Based on the Gideon Lincecum Herbarium. The Gideon Lincecum Herbarium represents the pharmacopoeia of Dr. Gideon Lincecum, a botanical physician practicing in Mississippi and Texas during the first half of the nineteenth century. The herbarium contains 313 specimens representing 309 species, 242 genera, and 96 families, and includes ethnobotanical annotations for 286 medicinal taxa. The collection data provided by Lincecum indicate that the specimens were collected between 1835 and 1852. With the exception of 22 specimens considered by Campbell (1951), this is the first study to place this pharmacopoeia in a historical context. Taxonomic determinations of the herbarium specimens were confirmed or corrected. Comparative analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship of Lincecum’s pharmacopoeia to those of six other medical traditions practiced in the southern United States during the nineteenth century. Cluster analyses based on Jaccard co-efficient placed the historical pharmacopoeias of medical traditions in the early nineteenth century into distinct Euro–American and American Indian groups. Despite the recognition of distinct allopathic and botanical medical traditions, an extensive overlap in the composition of their pharmacopoeias is observed. This may reflect the reliance of these traditions on allopathic principles and drugs of plant origin during the first half of the nineteenth century. In contrast, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Creek pharmacopoeias show limited overlap with each other in composition despite a long history of interaction between these groups. Lincecum’s pharmacopoeia shares a larger Jaccard co–efficient value with the Choctaw pharmacopoeia than would be expected based on their placement in distinct Euro–American and American Indian groups in the dendrogram. The large proportion of Lincecum’s citations that reference Choctaw informants provides direct evidence for the incorporation of Choctaw medical knowledge and taxa into Lincecum’s pharmacopoeia. These data suggest that the composition of historical pharmacopoeias is influenced by both contemporary medical practices and the regional and cultural contexts in which the pharmacopoeias are utilized.
Ruthenium-modified proteins. Reactions of cis-[ Ru(NH3)4(OH2)2]2+ and cis-[ Ru(en)2(OH2)2]2+ with azurin, myoglobin and cytochrome c

Abstract Reactions of cis -[Ru(en) 2 (OH 2 ) 2 ] 2+ (or cis -[Ru (NH 3 ) 4 (OH 2 ) 2 ] 2+ ) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa azurin (Az), horse heart myoglobin (Mb h ), and horse heart cytochrome c (cyt c) give Ru-labelled proteins. The ruthenium binding sites in the singly modified derivatives are His-83 (Az), His-81 (Mb h ), and His-33 (cyt c). Spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements indicate that the structures of the proteins are not perturbed by the surface-bound ruthenium complexes. The E ° f values of the Ru(III)/(II) couple in these Ru-modified proteins fall between −0.07 and −0.13 V vs. NHE.
All Roads Lead to ATF4

Abstract Multiple intracellular stress pathways converge on a single event—phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α and subsequent translational activation of the transcription factor ATF4. Exploring the consequences of this event has highlighted the ways in which stress is sensed and responded to via many distinct pathways.
Direct Spectroscopic Characterization of a Transitory Dirhodium Donor-Acceptor Carbene Complex

A multitude of organic transformations catalyzed by dirhodium(II) complexes are thought to proceed via the intermediacy of highly reactive, electrophilic carbenoid intermediates that have eluded direct observation. Here, we report the generation of a metastable Rh2-carbenoid intermediate supported by a donor-acceptor carbene fragment. This intermediate is stable for a period of ~20 hours in CHCl3 solution at 0°C, allowing for an exploration of its physical and chemical properties. The Rh=C bond—characterized by vibrational and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, extended x-ray absorption fine-structure analysis, and quantum-chemical calculations—has weak sigma and pi components. This intermediate performs stoichiometric cyclopropanation and C–H functionalization reactions to give products that are identical to those obtained from analogous Rh2 catalysis.
Ba2TiGe2O8 and Ba2TiSi2O8 pyroelectric glass-ceramics

Pyroelectric glass-ceramics of composition Ba2TiGe2O8 and Ba2TiSi2O8 were prepred by crystallizing the glasses in a temperature gradient. High pyroelectric responses up to 50% of the single-crystal values were observed because of the high degree of orientation of the crystallites in the glass-ceramic samples. The piezoelectric and dielectric properties of the glasses and the glass-ceramics are also consistent with the properties of the single crystals.
The connective tissue reaction around implanted pellets of steroid hormones

It is established that cortisone and hydrocortisone may prevent inflammation but their precise mode of action remains unknown. Therefore, it is desirable to examine the histological modifications which these hormones elicit in connective tissue under varied experimental conditions. This investigation has two objectives, the first being to compare the changes which occur in connective tissue surrounding implanted pellets of cortisone with those which appear near implanted pellets of other steroid substances. A second aim was to study the effect of subcutaneously injected adrenocortical and gonadal hormones on the foreign body reaction elicited by implanted pellets of cholesterol. The first objective is particularly important because implantation of pellets is a potentially useful method of administering cortisone or hydrocortisone in clinical therapy.
Efficiency Improvement for Alamouti Codes

In this paper, an approach to improve the code efficiency of Alamouti codes is proposed for high data rate communications over multiple-antenna channels. Unlike most of the existing methods which are designed to achieve full-rate and/or full-diversity, we aim at increasing the spectral efficiency. The proposed scheme carries more information bits in each transmission block than the Alamouti code does and still allows maximum likelihood decoding for sub-streams to be decoupled at the receiver. Simulation results also indicate that the full transmit diversity is retained with the improvement of code efficiency. Although the case of two transmit antennas is the main focus of this paper, the same idea can be directly applied to Alamouti codes with more than two transmit antennas.
Genome evolution in polyploids

Polyploidy is a prominent process in plants and has been significant in the evolutionary history of vertebrates and other eukaryotes. In plants, interdisciplinary approaches combining phylogenetic and molecular genetic perspectives have enhanced our awareness of the myriad genetic interactions made possible by polyploidy. Here, processes and mechanisms of gene and genome evolution in polyploids are reviewed. Genes duplicated by polyploidy may retain their original or similar function, undergo diversification in protein function or regulation, or one copy may become silenced through mutational or epigenetic means. Duplicated genes also may interact through inter-locus recombination, gene conversion, or concerted evolution. Recent experiments have illuminated important processes in polyploids that operate above the organizational level of duplicated genes. These include inter-genomic chromosomal exchanges, saltational, non-Mendelian genomic evolution in nascent polyploids, inter-genomic invasion, and cytonuclear stabilization. Notwithstanding many recent insights, much remains to be learned about many aspects of polyploid evolution, including: the role of transposable elements in structural and regulatory gene evolution; processes and significance of epigenetic silencing; underlying controls of chromosome pairing; mechanisms and functional significance of rapid genome changes; cytonuclear accommodation; and coordination of regulatory factors contributed by two, sometimes divergent progenitor genomes. Continued application of molecular genetic approaches to questions of polyploid genome evolution holds promise for producing lasting insight into processes by which novel genotypes are generated and ultimately into how polyploidy facilitates evolution and adaptation.
A characterization of short curves of a Teichmuller geodesic

We provide a combinatorial condition characterizing curves that are short along a Teichmuller geodesic. This condition is closely related to the condition pro- vided by Minsky for curves in a hyperbolic 3-manifold to be short. We show that short curves in a hyperbolic manifold homeomorphic to S×R are also short in the corresponding Teichmuller geodesic, and we provide examples demon- strating that the converse is not true.
Monitoring long term transition processes of a metropolitan area with remote sensing

The Phoenix metropolitan area is one of the fastest growing urbanized regions in the U.S. This results in rapid change of land use/land cover pattern for this area which has been developed over the last 1000 years. This research uses satellite imagery acquired over the time period 1973-2003 to identify and outline these changes, as well as the transition processes of one land use type to another. In this study a segment based, object oriented classification approach was used. A rough classification was performed on a higher level with large image segments first. On a level with much more detailed segments the image was classified in finer classes using the inherited class features of the upper level as well as neighborhood relations to bordering segments. This led to an overall classification accuracy of 83%. The finer classes were resampled again on a higher level according to the three major land use/land cover classes. Based on these classes a change detection analysis and the transition processes were calculated
Type-based data structure verification

We present a refinement type-based approach for the static verification of complex data structure invariants. Our approach is based on the observation that complex data structures are typically fashioned from two elements: recursion (e.g., lists and trees), and maps (e.g., arrays and hash tables). We introduce two novel type-based mechanisms targeted towards these elements: recursive refinements and polymorphic refinements. These mechanisms automate the challenging work of generalizing and instantiating rich universal invariants by piggybacking simple refinement predicates on top of types, and carefully dividing the labor of analysis between the type system and an SMT solver. Further, the mechanisms permit the use of the abstract interpretation framework of liquid type inference to automatically synthesize complex invariants from simple logical qualifiers, thereby almost completely automating the verification. We have implemented our approach in dsolve, which uses liquid types to verify ocaml programs. We present experiments that show that our type-based approach reduces the manual annotation required to verify complex properties like sortedness, balancedness, binary-search-ordering, and acyclicity by more than an order of magnitude.
Biocytin wide‐field bipolar cells in rabbit retina selectively contact blue cones

The biocytin wide-field bipolar cell in rabbit retina has a broad axonal arbor in layer 5 of the inner plexiform layer and a wide dendritic arbor that does not contact all cones in its dendritic field. The purpose of our study was to identify the types of cones that this cell contacts. We identified the bipolar cells by selective uptake of biocytin, labeled the cones with peanut agglutinin, and then used antibodies against blue cone opsin and red-green cone opsin to identify the individual cone types. The biocytin-labeled cells selectively contacted cones whose outer segments stained for blue cone opsin and avoided cones that did not. We conclude that the biocytin wide-field bipolar cell is an ON blue cone bipolar cell in the rabbit retina and is homologous to the blue cone bipolar cells that have been previously described in primate, mouse, and ground squirrel retinas.
Introductory Statistics Education and the National Science Foundation

This paper describes 27 National Science Foundation supported grant projects that have innovations designed to improve teaching and learning in introductory statistics courses. The characteristics of these projects are compared with the six recommendations given in the Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE) College Report 2005 for teaching an introductory course in statistics. Through this analysis, we are able to see how NSF-supported introductory statistics education projects during the last decade achieve the GAISE ideals. Thus, materials developed from many of these projects provide resources for first steps in implementing GAISE recommendations.
Chiral Luttinger liquid and the edge excitations in the fractional quantum Hall states.

The low-energy effective theory of the edge excitations in the fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states is derived. The edge excitations are shown to form a new kind of state which is called the chiral Luttinger liquid (\ensuremath{\chi}LL). The effective theory is exactly soluble. This enables us to easily calculate all the low-energy properties of the edge excitations. We calculate the electron propagator and the spectral function, which clearly demonstrate the non-Fermi-liquid behaviors of the \ensuremath{\chi}LL. We also calculate the interference effects between excitations on different edges. We demonstrate that the properties of the edge excitations are closely related to the properties of the FQH states on compacted spaces. Thus the properties of the edge excitations can be used to characterize the topological orders in the FQH states. We also show that the FQH states with filling fractions \ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\ne}1/l must have at least two branches of edge excitations.
A decomposition algorithm for distributed hash join query processing

Database systems are increasing in importance as stage repositories for applications like CAD and AI. These applications demand efficient support for queries that are more complex than the common business queries that are supported well by most systems. More queries are also of an ad-hoc nature, limiting the utility of precompilation approaches. The need for fast response to make AI and CAD applications feasible also has further motivated research into techniques for exploiting resources in a distributed system for improved performance. This paper explores query decomposition techniques for complex query processing in distributed database systems and exposes the deficiencies associated with current algorithms. >
A 370-MHz memory built-in self-test state machine

Hardware and simulation results for a 370 MHz memory built-in self-test state machine are presented. Dynamic differential cascode voltage switch logic, unique clocking techniques, and logic pipelining were used to achieve the 370 MHz performance. Testing of multiple SRAMs and content addressable memories is accomplished with deterministic patterns generated by the state machine. Inclusion of a programmable pattern implemented via scan initialization provides test-pattern flexibility. Failing addresses are stored for redundancy implementation. >
Three different missense suppressor mutations affecting the tRNA GGG Gly species of Escherichia coli.

The Escherichia coli suppressor mutation, supT, has been shown to cause a C → U substitution in the middle position of the tRNAGGGGly anticodon. This is the same tRNA species that is altered by the glyUsuAGA mutation studied previously. This finding indicates that the supT mutant tRNA reads the glutamic acid codon, GAG. The supT suppressor has also been converted to a new suppressor, called glyUsuGAA, which will suppress the GAA mutation, trpA46. The in vivo suppression efficiencies of each of these three missense suppressors has been measured and are as follows: glyUsuAGA, 3.6%; supT, 1.6%; and glyUsuGAA, 0.4%. Mistranslation by these mutant glycine tRNA species has no adverse affects on cell growth since cultures possessing the suppressors grow as fast as cells without. The supT tRNA species can be observed as a peak in the profile of glycyl-tRNA fractionated on a RPC-5 chromatographic column, indicating that the mutant tRNA can be aminoacylated with reasonable efficiency. This finding contrasts with previous findings concerning the glyUsuAGA mutant tRNA which is not significantly aminoacylated under the same conditions.