cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations between structure and function are different in healthy and glaucomatous eyes.

Purpose To assess if there are differences in the structure-function associations between healthy and glaucomatous eyes. Methods Structure-function associations were assessed in healthy and glaucomatous eyes in three datasets, globally and in the six sectors of the optic nerve head. Structural parameters included rim area (RA) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT). Functional parameters included unweighted mean of sensitivity thresholds (MS) and unweighted mean of total deviation values (MD), assessed with standard automated perimetry, short-wavelength automated perimetry, frequency-doubling technology perimetry, or contrast sensitivity perimetry. All structural and functional parameters were expressed as percent of mean normal. SF associations were assessed with correlation analyses (Pearson, Spearman and Kendall). We also assessed the SF associations with linear regression analyses: the generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to adjust for inter-eye correlations and ordinary least squares (OLS) linear models were used when these adjustments were not necessary. We applied Bonferroni corrections to adjust for the impact of multiple comparisons. Results Overall, none of the Pearson correlations tested in healthy eyes were significant (correlations ranged from -0.17 to 0.37), whereas 77% of the correlations tested in glaucomatous eyes were significant (correlations ranged from 0.01 to 0.79). Similarly, none of the slopes obtained with GEE and OLS were significant in healthy eyes (slopes ranged from -0.30 to 0.87), whereas 82% of the slopes obtained in glaucomatous eyes were significant (slopes ranged from 0.02 to 1.38). Conclusions Significant associations between structure and function were consistently observed in glaucomatous eyes, but not in healthy eyes. These differences in association should be considered in the design of structure-function models for progression.
Outcomes and prognostic factors for parotid acinic cell Carcinoma: A National Cancer Database study of 2362 cases.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the demographics, clinical features, survival outcomes, and prognostic indicators of patients with acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the parotid gland with emphasis on the roles of grade, tumor size, and nodal status in survival. Materials and methods A retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed between 2004 and 2012 from the National Cancer Database was performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with survival. Results 2362 cases were identified. Most patients were females (61.3%) and Caucasian (85.4%) with a median age of 54 years (range, 18–90 years). Most tumors were 70 years (hazard ratio [HR]: 10.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.64–17.91), high-grade (HR: 5.30, 95% CI: 3.39–8.29), tumor size of 3 to 6 cm (HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.10–2.12), tumor size >6 cm (HR: 2.98, 95% CI: 1.681–5.289), pN2+ (HR: 3.14, 95% CI: 2.10–4.69), T4 (HR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.74–4.80) were significant prognosticators. Conclusion Although patients with ACC generally are considered to have a favorable prognosis, an aggressive subgroup with poor outcomes was identified. This group is characterized by high-grade, advanced T classification, tumors larger than 3 cm, with regional metastases and age greater than 70 years. Histologic grade is a substantially stronger predictor of survival than T and N classifications.
Overexpression or Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-Mediated Induction of an Apparently Novel Class 3 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cells and its Relationship to Oxazaphosphorine-Specific Acquired Resistance

Oxazaphosphorines such as cyclophosphamide are widely used in the treatment of certain neoplasms (Sladek, 1988). Because they are, perse, without cytotoxic activity, their metabolism, Figure 1, has been the subject of intensive investigation. In the course of these investigations, it was established that certain aldehyde dehydrogenases catalyze the irreversible detoxification of the oxazaphosphorines when they catalyze the oxidation of aldophosphamide to carboxyphosphamide. Class 1 aldehyde dehydrogenases, e.g., mouse AHD-2 and human ALDH-1, are particularly important in this regard (Manthey et al., 1990; Dockham et al., 1992). Other “aldehyde” dehydrogenases, e.g., human ALDH-2 and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, also catalyze the reaction albeit less well as judged by Km values (Dockham et al., 1992). Still others, e.g., human ALDH-4, ALDH-5 and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, do not catalyze the reaction at all (Dockham et al., 1992). The pharmacological upshot is that a relative oxazaphosphorine-insensitivity is conferred on those cells in which constitutive or induced expression of the relevant enzyme(s) occurs.
Labor Market Segmentation, Human Resource Utilization, and Economic Development: The Case of Japan in Historical Perspective

Publisher Summary It was hypothesized that the deficient proletarianization and homogenization of Japanese labor before World War I resulted in a much more pronounced labor market segmentation in later years in Japan than in the United States. This chapter discusses this hypothesis and its implications with the help of relevant information on Japan's cultural and social changes. It discusses what is meant by a more pronounced labor market segmentation of labor for Japan than for the United States. The chapter discusses premodern values and institutions as constraints on the development of the Japanese labor market in earlier days, how clashes of traditional and modern values produced the initial exploration of segmentation as a compromise, how segmentation itself was subsequently consolidated and modernized, and how it is likely to change in the future.
Intracochlear Sound Pressure Measurements in Normal Human Temporal Bones During Bone Conduction Stimulation.

Bone conduction (BC) is heavily relied upon in the diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss, but is poorly understood. For example, the relative importance and frequency dependence of various identified BC sound transmission mechanisms that contribute to activate the cochlear partition remain unknown. Recently, we have developed techniques in fresh human cadaveric specimens to directly measure scalae pressures with micro-fiberoptic sensors, enabling us to monitor the input pressure drive across the cochlear partition that triggers the cochlear traveling wave during air conduction (AC) and round-window stimulation. However, BC stimulation poses challenges that can result in inaccurate intracochlear pressure measurements. Therefore, we have developed a new technique described here that allows for precise measurements during BC. Using this new technique, we found that BC stimulation resulted in pressure in scala vestibuli that was significantly higher in magnitude than in scala tympani for most frequencies, such that the differential pressure across the partition—the input pressure drive—was similar to scala vestibuli pressure. BC (stimulated by a Bone Anchored Hearing Aid [Baha]) showed that the mechanisms of sound transmission in BC differ from AC, and also showed the limitations of the Baha bandwidth. Certain kinematic measurements were generally proportional to the cochlear pressure input drive: for AC, velocity of the stapes, and for BC, low-frequency acceleration and high-frequency velocity of the cochlear promontory. Therefore, our data show that to estimate cochlear input drive in normal ears during AC, stapes velocity is a good measure. During BC, cochlear input drive can be estimated for low frequencies by promontory acceleration (though variable across ears), and for high frequencies by promontory velocity.
Indicators and Community Well-Being: Exploring a Relational Framework

Indicators are used in a variety of contexts for exploring community and regional conditions, progress towards goals, and gauging current conditions. We explore the role indicators play in aiding assessment of community well-being, including how they are applied. We consider community well-being to be a comprehensive concept in many dimensions of community life and explore its relations to indicators. Based on ideas around domains and sub-domains as well as relevant indicators, we find that indicators may serve a role in conceptualizing and assessing community well-being. It is a complex undertaking but there exists enough conceptualization and application that a relational framework is proposed with the intent of aiding in tying the use of indicators to assessment of community well-being.
Association Between Critical Thinking and Academic Performance in Dental Hygiene Students

Critical thinking is a key element of complex problem-solving that facilitates health professionals' clinical practice and professional behavior. Despite the importance of critical thinking, the measurement of critical thinking skills and its associations with academic performance remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between critical thinking and academic performance among undergraduate dental hygiene students. All 63 third- and fourth-year baccalaureate degree dental hygiene students (Class of 2018 and Class of 2017, respectively) in The Ohio State University Dental Hygiene Program were invited to participate in this quantitative, cross-sectional research study. Critical thinking was measured with the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI) and the Health Sciences Reasoning Test with Numeracy (HSRT-N). A total of 45 students completed the two tests, for an overall response rate of 71.4%. For the Class of 2018, the response rate was 90.6% (n=29), and for the Class of 2017, the response rate was 51.6% (n=16). The results showed the CCTDI and HSRT-N scores were higher for the Class of 2017 than the Class of 2018, suggesting that critical thinking skills were being developed across the course of the curriculum. The CCTDI was not significantly correlated with or a predictor of academic performance. The HSRT-N was more correlated with clinical performance than was the CCTDI, and HSRT-N components were found to be predictors of clinical performance. Continued attention is needed in the development and measurement of critical thinking skills to improve the academic and clinical performance of undergraduate dental hygiene students.
Challenging genitourinary ultrasound cases

In this talk we will review challenging cases involving the female and male urinary tract and scrotum. Correlative imaging findings will be presented and differential diagnoses will be offered.
Morphology and electronic properties of Ni supported on Mn-doped CeO2(1 1 1) thin films

Abstract Well-ordered CeO2(1 1 1) thin films were prepared on a Ru(0001) single crystal substrate in an oxygen environment. Co-deposition of Ce and Mn during the CeO2(1 1 1) thin film growth can produce well-ordered Ce1-xMnxO2−δ(1 1 1) mixed oxide films with a low Mn composition of ~6%. The incorporated Mn atoms in the ceria film exhibit the +2 oxidation state. Segregation of Mn to the ceria surface and formation of MnO islands occur upon heating with the increase of the Mn metal composition above 9%. Addition of Mn into the ceria lattice causes the reduction of ceria. Mn-doped ceria was also prepared by depositing submonolayer coverage of Mn over CeO2(1 1 1) thin films at room temperature followed by heating to 700 K, which forms two dimensional triangular structures of MnO at the CeO2−δ surface. Mn is oxidized to Mn2+ at the cost of Ce4+ reduction. Effects of Mn dopants in ceria were investigated for deposited Ni. Both metallic Ni and Ni2+ species are present in the particles upon Ni deposition over both types of Mn-doped ceria surfaces. Compared to pure ceria, addition of Mn dopants can provide different anchoring sites for Ni that can affect the size, thermal stability and interaction between deposited Ni and modified ceria.
Annals Clinical Decision Making: Communicating Risk and Engaging Patients in Shared Decision Making

Patients must be involved in weighing risks and benefits when deciding on their care, particularly when uncertainty exists regarding outcomes. This article in the Annals Clinical Decision Making se...
Reciprocal inhibitory paracrine pathways link histamine and somatostatin secretion in the fundus of the stomach.

The present study was designed to examine the functional linkage between histamine and somatostatin secretion in the fundus of the stomach. In segments of rat fundic mucosa, superfusion with thiope...
A Factor-Graph Approach for Optimization Problems with Dynamics Constraints.

In this paper, we introduce dynamics factor graphs as a graphical framework to solve dynamics problems and kinodynamic motion planning problems with full consideration of whole-body dynamics and contacts. A factor graph representation of dynamics problems provides an insightful visualization of their mathematical structure and can be used in conjunction with sparse nonlinear optimizers to solve challenging, high-dimensional optimization problems in robotics. We can easily formulate kinodynamic motion planning as a trajectory optimization problem with factor graphs. We demonstrate the flexibility and descriptive power of dynamics factor graphs by applying them to control various dynamical systems, ranging from a simple cart pole to a 12-DoF quadrupedal robot.
A Gaussian Process-Based Receding Horizon Adaptive Control Strategy for Energy-Efficient Exploration of Spatiotemporally Varying Environments, with Application to Airborne Wind Energy Systems

Numerous mobile systems face the challenge of simultaneously exploring and exploiting a stochastic, spatiotemporally varying environment. The present work focuses on the development of an adaptive control strategy that fuses Gaussian process modeling and receding horizon control to ideally manage the tradeoff between exploration (i.e., maintaining an adequate map of the resource) and exploitation (i.e., carrying out a mission, which consists in this work of harvesting the resource). The use of a receding horizon formulation aids in the consideration of limited mobility, which is characteristic of dynamical systems. In this work, we focus on an airborne wind energy (AWE) system as a case study, where the system can vary its elevation angle (tether angle relative to the ground, which trades off higher efficiency with higher-altitude operation) and flight path parameters in order to maximize power output in a wind environment that is changing in space and time. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach through a data-driven study on a rigid wing-based AWE system.
Analyzing Electric Vehicle Load Impact on Power Systems: Modeling Analysis and a Case Study for Maldives

Electric vehicles (EVs) can have massive benefits in energy sector especially for a small island country like the Maldives that imports oil with high transportation costs while power could have been generated from abundantly available local renewable resources. However, EV charging may also impose significant investment requirement for the power system that needs to be analyzed carefully including the capacity of the existing distribution network system, investments needed in solar PV together with battery storage and additional diesel capacity to meet the incremental demand from EVs. We explore an EV adoption scenario for Maldives for 2030 with 30% of all vehicles including two-wheelers that dominate the transport on the island under two different charging regimes: uncoordinated and optimized coordinated mode. The latter is achieved through a system wide optimization using a modified version of the World Bank Electricity Planning Model (EPM) that optimizes charging load subject to a range of constraints on allowable timing for different categories of vehicles. If charging from the fleet is uncoordinated, a relatively small increase in energy requirement of 3.1% due to EV may lead to a 26.1% increase in generation capacity requirement and hence 15.7% additional investment. While the optimized charging regime helps to drastically cut down on generation capacity requirements to just 1.8% increase and also considerably eases feeder loading, it may also lead to higher emissions as more EV load during off-peak hours lead to an increase in diesel-based generation. We have therefore explored an additional scenario wherein the annual emissions from the power sector are constrained to the baseline (“No EV”) scenario. The analysis shows the importance of focused modeling analysis to understand the ramifications of EV load impact on the power system including significant increase in generation capacity and potential increase in power sector emissions in a fossil-fuel dominated system.
Urban density, law and the duration of real estate leases

Abstract This study explores the relationship between a country’s legal system and how its cities develop by examining the considerable variations in commercial real estate lease duration (or term) across both countries and cities. We find that the cross-country variation in lease duration and building construction is related to the content (common versus civil law) and efficiency (integrity and enforceability) of the legal system in the respective countries. First, we find that countries with a common law system and lower levels of corruption tend to have longer leases. Second, we find that in the United States, high-rise Class A office buildings tend to have tenants with longer term leases, suggesting that the advantages associated with being able to write and enforce a long term lease is particularly important for the development of high-rise office buildings. Finally, we find that there are in fact more high-rise office buildings in countries with more efficient legal systems.
Applications and Future Perspectives of Virtual Reality in the Treatments of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

The experience of severe trauma serves as the causation of several mental health disorders. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common example. The traditional treatments for this kind of mental health disorder have achieved some positive effects. Still, they cannot create an isolated and interactive environment, teaching patients how to overcome the disorders by repeatedly simulating the problematic trauma environment. This ability is the advantage of virtual reality (VR) treatments. This paper will focus on the principle of VR treatments for this mental disorder, some examples of practical application through several historical research and experiments, the shortcomings and problems faced by this treatment, and some further thoughts and perspectives about this kind of treatment. The result of this research revealed the significantly positive effects of VR treatment for PTSD and even other related mental disorders. It also shows that VR has an excellent future prospect.
The Prejudiced Personality? Using the Big Five to Predict Susceptibility to Stereotyping Behavior:

Although long privileged by scholarship in psychology, personality has only recently been considered as an influential factor for political orientations and actions. In this article, we consider pe...
A Performance-Based Approach to Quantify Atmospheric River Flood Risk

Abstract. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are a class of meteorologic phenomena that cause significant precipitation and flooding on the US West Coast. This work presents a new Performance-based Atmospheric River Risk Analysis (PARRA) framework that adapts existing concepts from probabilistic risk analysis and performance-based engineering for application in the context of AR-driven fluvial flooding. The PARRA framework is a chain of physically based models that link the atmospheric forcings, hydrologic impacts, and economic consequences of AR-driven fluvial flood risk together at consistent “pinch point” variables. Organizing around these pinch points makes the framework modular, in that models between pinch points can be updated without affecting the rest of the model chain, and it produces a probabilistic result that quantifies the uncertainty in the underlying system states. The PARRA framework can produce results beyond analyses of individual scenario events and can look towards prospective assessment of events or system changes that have not been seen in the historic record. The utility of the PARRA framework is demonstrated through a series of analyses in Sonoma County, California. Evaluation of a February 2019 case study AR event shows that the individual component models produce simulated distributions that capture the observed precipitation, streamflow, inundation, and damage. The component models are then run in sequence to generate a first-of-its-kind AR flood loss exceedance curve for Sonoma County. The prospective capabilities of the PARRA framework are presented through the evaluation of a hypothetical mitigation action. It was found elevating 150 homes, selected based on their proximity to the Russian River, was able to reduce the average annual loss by half. The loss results from the mitigated building portfolio are compared against the original case. While expected benefits were minimal for the smallest events, the larger, more damaging ARs were expected to see loss reductions of approximately $50 million per event. These results indicate the potential of the PARRA framework for examining other changes to flood risk at the community level, including future changes to the hazard, through climate change; exposure, through development; and/or vulnerability, through flood mitigation investments.
Gleanings into the Second Best Debate

The theory of the second best was a major topic of interest and concern in the field of economics beginning in the late 1950s and extending all the way to the present. Stimulated by observations made by Paul Samuelson in his Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947) and formalized by Lipsey and Lancaster (1956), the theory represented a formidable challenge to the accepted model of free enterprise and perfect competition. It concluded that if even just one sector of the economy did not act in the way described by the perfectly competitive model, and thus the first best solution was not being attained, then it was possible that the “second best” solution would require that no sector act in the manner prescribed in the perfectly competitive environment. In addition, due to the complexity of the second best requirements, it would be very unlikely that even the second best solution, or “third best,” etc., solutions could be attained in real world applications. However, a combination of discovery and insights by Negishi (1960) and Davis and Whinston (1965) redeemed the virtues of the laissez faire principle. In this paper the author attempts to clarify the original and most important controversy surrounding the theory of the second best
Exact Regularization, and Its Connections to Normal Cone Identity and Weak Sharp Minima in Nonlinear Programming

The regularization of a nonlinear program is exact if all solutions of the regularized problem are also solutions of the original problem for all values of the regularization parameter below some positive threshold. In Deng (Pac J Optim 8(1):27–32, 2012), we show that, for a given nonlinear program, the regularization is exact if and only if the Lagrangian function of a certain selection problem has a saddle point, and the regularization parameter threshold is inversely related to the Lagrange multiplier associated with the saddle point. The results in Deng (Pac J Optim 8(1):27–32, 2012) not only provide a fresh perspective on exact regularization but also extend the main results in Friedlander and Tseng (SIAM J Optim 18:1326–1350, 2007) on a characterization of exact regularization of a convex program to that of a nonlinear (not necessarily convex) program. In this paper, we will examine inner-connections among exact regularization, normal cone identity, and the existence of a weak sharp minimum for certain associated nonlinear programs. Along the way, we illustrate by examples, how to obtain both new results and reproduce many existing results from a fresh perspective.
Light-element geochemistry of the lunar surface

Abstract Measurements of the abundance and isotopic composition of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in lunar samples, carried out in the laboratory of Ian Kaplan at UCLA, led to several important insights into lunar, and possibly solar, processes. Sulfur isotope systematics in the lunar regolith record both addition of meteoritic sulfur and loss of sulfur from the lunar surface. Regolith nitrogen reveals complex, long-term isotopic variations of large magnitude which may originate in the Sun. Only the carbon isotope systematics defy explanation at this time.
Entity Resolution: Overview and Challenges

Entity resolution is a problem that arises in many information integration scenarios: We have two or more sources containing records on the same set of real-world entities (e.g., customers). However, there are no unique identifiers that tell us what records from one source correspond to those in the other sources. Furthermore, the records representing the same entity may have differing information, e.g., one record may have the address misspelled, another record may be missing some fields. An entity resolution algorithm attempts to identify the matching records from multiple sources (i.e., those corresponding to the same real-world entity), and merges the matching records as best it can. Entity resolution algorithms typically rely on user-defined functions that (a) compare fields or records to determine if they match (are likely to represent the same real world entity), and (b) merge matching records into one, and in the process perhaps combine fields (e.g., creating a new name based on two slightly different versions of the name).
Rupture of splenic artery aneurysm during pregnancy.

Abstract Sixty-one cases of splenic artery aneurysm in pregnancy are reviewed. Only 17 survivors have been recorded. Successful treatment usually demands heroic measures in which rapid replacement of blood and prompt ligation of the bleeding vessel are the cardinal features. Packing of the aneurysm has never been successful. The abdominal incision should be generous and time should not be wasted in emptying the uterus until bleeding has been controlled.
Uniqueness for an inverse problem for the wave equation

Soit Ω⊂R n un domaine borne. On considere □u+q≡u tt −Δ x u+q(x)u=0 dans Ω×[O, T], u(x, o)=Φ(x),u t (x, o)=Ψ(x) si x∈Ω, ∂u(x, t)/∂n=f(x, t) sur ∂Ω×[O, T]. Pour q(x) fixe c'est un probleme aux valeurs limites et initiales bien pose. On demontre l'unicite pour le probleme inverse
Lakota Culture, World Economy.

Lakota Culture, World Economy. Kathleen Ann Pickering. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 188 pp.
SU-E-T-297: Dosimetric Assessment of An Air-Filled Balloon Applicator in HDR Vaginal Cuff Brachytherapy Using the Monte Carlo Method

Purpose: As an alternative to cylindrical applicators, air inflated balloon applicators have been introduced into HDR vaginal cuff brachytherapy treatment to achieve sufficient dose to vagina mucosa as well as to spare rectum and bladder. In general, TG43 formulae based treatment planning systems do not take into account tissue inhomogeneity, and air in the balloon applicator can cause higher delivered dose to mucosa than treatment plan reported. We investigated dosimetric effect of air in balloon applicator using the Monte Carlo method. Methods: The thirteen-catheter Capri applicator with a Nucletron Ir-192 seed was modeled for various balloon diameters (2cm to 3.5cm) using the MCNP Monte Carlo code. Ir-192 seed was placed in both central and peripheral catheters to replicate real patient situations. Existence of charged particle equilibrium (CPE) with air balloon was evaluated by comparing kerma and dose at various distances (1mm to 70mm) from surface of air-filled applicator. Also mucosa dose by an air-filled applicator was compared with by a water-filled applicator to evaluate dosimetry accuracy of planning system without tissue inhomogeneity correction. Results: Beyond 1mm from air/tissue interface, the difference between kerma and dose was within 2%. CPE (or transient CPE) condition was deemed existent, and in this region no electron transport was necessary in Monte Carlo simulations. At 1mm or less, the deviation of dose from kerma became more apparent. Increase of dose to mucosa depended on diameter of air balloon. The increment of dose to mucosa was 2.5% and 4.3% on average for 2cm and 3.5cm applicators, respectively. Conclusion: After introduction of air balloon applicator, CPE fails only at the proximity of air/tissue interface. Although dose to mucosa is increased, there is no significant dosimetric difference (<5%) between air and water filled applicators. Tissue inhomogeneity correction is not necessary for air-filled applicators.
Observations of the galactic center 511 keV line

A review of observations of the positron annihilation 511 keV line from the Galactic center and plane is presented. Emphasis is given to the new data from balloon observations in 1988 and 1989. The positron annihilation source in the direction of the center was found to be turned on again in 1988 October after being observed in a quiescent state since the early 1980s. There is evidence for variability between May and October in 1988. The new observations give the first data in which the line is spectrally resolved and in which the Galactic center and plane components of the annihilation radiation are independently measured. These data support the two-component model of the emission with a variable point source near the center and a steady-state source distributed along the galactic plane. Comparing measurements of narrow and wide field instruments in the 1980s gives a flux of about 8 x 10 exp -4 photons/sq cm/s for the point source in its high state and a flux of about 1.2 x 10 exp-3 photons/sq cm/s/rad for the galactic plane component with a relatively flat distribution over the central radian. The line width for the point source component is about 3 keV FWHM.
Imagining America: The Simpsons Go Global

This article interrogates the Americanization/cultural imperialism thesis’ presumptions about the textual encoding of “America” by examining the semiotics and reception of notions of America in the global hit television program, The Simpsons. While in recent years, the cultural imperialism thesis has been both questioned and revised from a variety of angles, often the key assumption remains that all American cultural products are encoded with a uniform and chauvinistic attitude that promotes America as a nation and culture, and that champions contemporary American capitalist values. This article examines both the text of The Simpsons and its reception by a group of international viewers, showing how, contrary to many of its televisual colleagues, one of America's most globally successful television products may actually be circulating a parodic-satiric suspicion of America and American capitalist values.
Efficient label collection for unlabeled image datasets

Visual classifiers are part of many applications including surveillance, autonomous navigation and scene understanding. The raw data used to train these classifiers is abundant and easy to collect but lacks labels. Labels are necessary for training supervised classifiers, but the labeling process requires significant human effort. Techniques like active learning and group-based labeling have emerged to help reduce the labeling workload. However, the possibility of collecting label noise affects either the efficiency of these systems or the performance of the trained classifiers. Further, many introduce latency by iteratively retraining classifiers or re-clustering data. We introduce a technique that searches for structural change in hierarchically clustered data to identify a set of clusters that span a spectrum of visual concept granularities. This allows us to efficiently label clusters with less label noise and produce high performing classifiers. The data is hierarchically clustered only once, eliminating latency during the labeling process. Using benchmark data we show that collecting labels with our approach is more efficient than existing labeling techniques, and achieves higher classification accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate the speed and efficiency of our system using real-world data collected for an autonomous navigation task.
Extracellular connective tissue fibrils in the chick embryo.

An electron microscopic study of extracellular connective tissue fibrils in the chick embryo is reported herein. Primary fibrils (40–45 A) are first to appear, being present in the primordia of ectodermal boundary (basement) membranes in freshly laid eggs. Free microfibrils (40–150 A) appear by delamination from boundary membranes from 24 hours incubation onward. The notochord becomes intensely active in forming microfibrils toward the end of the second day. By 72 hours free mesenchymal cells are producing microfibrils. Axial periodicity is acquired relatively slowly by microfibrils in their transition to unit collagen fibrils. At one week's incubation fibrillar diameters and periodic banding still do not match the recognized adult pattern. The hypothesis that a single developmental line of fibrils leads to all extracellular connective tissue fibrous elements is supported by the ontogeny of fine structure in the chick. Microfibrils first arise in close association with primary fibrils, then from notochordal cells and later, more directly from free mesodermal cells (mesenchyme, fibroblasts). The collagen, reticular and elastic fibers of light microscopy arise from aggregations and alterations of fibrillar material whose line of descent is traceable to the microfibril.
Ibn al-Haytham's lemmas for solving “Alhazen's problem”

"Alhazen ' s p r o b l e m " , * or "problema Alhaseni (or Alhazeni)", is the name given by seventeenth-century mathemat ic ians to a p rob l em which they encounte red in the Optics of AL-HASAN IBN AL-HAYTHAM. The Optics, composed in the first ha l f o f the eleventh century, h a d been t rans la ted into La t in in the late twelf th o r ear ly th i r teenth century, 1 and an edi t ion o f it by FRIEDRICr~ RISNER had been publ i shed at Basel in 1572. 2 CHRISTIAAN t-ItJYCENS fo rmula t ed the p r o b l e m as
HANDEDNESS AND SEXUAL PREFERENCE: A RE-ANALYSIS OF DATA PRESENTED BY ROSENSTEIN AND BIGLER '

Rosenstein and Bigler reported in 1987 that sexual orientation (exclusively versus nonexclusively heterosexual) was not related to right- versus nonright-handedness. However, re-analysis of their published data indicated that nonexclusive heterosexuals were 3.13 times more likely to be nonright-handed than were exclusively heterosexual subjects (p < .03).
Distribution of vitamin B12 in natural materials.

SummaryThe vitamin B12 content of a number of natural materials as determined by the rat assay is presented. Fish solubles, streptomycin “slops”, sheep rumen contents and glandular meats are excellent sources of vitamin B12. Muscle tissue, eggs and milk products contain lesser amounts, whereas plant materials show no measurable activity.
Factors affecting the magnitude of the Ponzo perspective illusion among the Baganda

The magnitude of the Ponzo perspective illusion, utilizing stimuli with varying amounts of context, was determined for a population of Ugandan villagers. The subjects were classified as two-dimensional, three-dimensional, or mixed perceivers based upon their verbal responses to photographs portraying symbolic depth cues. The illusion magnitude among those subjects classified as three-dimensional was similar to that of college observers who demonstrate an increase in illusion magnitude with increasing background context. The two-dimensional observers’ responses were similar to those of villagers tested previously, showing no significant increase for the same conditions. The role of two-dimensional flatness cues was eliminated on the basis of a control experiment. The data are interpreted as reflecting the operation of a. cognitive factor determining responsiveness to symbolic depth cues in two-dimensional reproductions.
VISUAL ATTENTION OF PRETERM (PT) INFANTS AT 35 WEEKS (WKS) POST MENSTRUAL AGE(PMA) AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL (ND) OUTCOME. † 1647

VISUAL ATTENTION OF PRETERM (PT) INFANTS AT 35 WEEKS (WKS) POST MENSTRUAL AGE(PMA) AND NEURODEVELOPMENTAL (ND) OUTCOME. † 1647
High recovery in the Yuma desalting plant

Abstract The 363 400 m 3 /d capacity Yuma Desalting Plant has been designed to operate using membrane desalting at about 70 percent product water recovery with the remaining 30 percent being wasted reject brine. An engineering feasibility study was undertaken to identify the best methods of achieving higher recoveries and thus of reducing the brine volume. Results indicate that 90 percent recovery can be attained most economically by increasing the membrane area by roughly 50 percent through additional desalting equipment and by better pretreatment removal of calcium and silica through use of partial lime softening- clarification followed by additional ion-exchange softening. Reject desalting brine would regenerate the ion exchangers. A test program is underway intended to develop this approach and to provide the required design data should it be decided later to alter the Yuma Desalting Plant for high recovery.
Synthesis and characterization of RhIII corroles: unusual reactivity patterns observed during metalation reactions

A new approach to the synthesis of RhIII corrole complexes is developed and an unusual activation of C–C and C–N bonds is disclosed.
Cloning of the yeast tyrosine transfer RNA genes in bacteriophage lambda.

Abstract Lambda bacteriophage containing yeast tyrosine transfer RNA genes were prepared by molecular recombination. These phage were identified by hybridization of 125 I-labeled yeast tRNA Tyr to plaques from lambda-yeast recombinant phage pools. The cloned yeast Eco RI fragments that hybridize to 125 I-labeled tRNA Tyr were compared in size with the fragments in total yeast DNA that hybridize to the same probe. These comparisons indicate that seven of the eight different tRNA Tyr genes have been isolated. Unambiguous evidence that these seven fragments contain tRNA Tyr coding regions was obtained by showing that they hybridize to aminoacylated [ 3H] Tyr-tRNA Tyr . Only one of the fragments hybridizes to 32 P-labeled total yeast tRNA in the presence of competing unlabeled tRNA Tyr ; the tRNA Tyr genes, therefore, are not predominantly organized into heteroclusters of tRNA genes.
Testing whether drugs that weaken norepinephrine signaling prevent or treat various types of cancer

Recently, I put forth the hypothesis that the signaling molecule, norepinephrine (NE), is an etiological factor in a number of types of cancer. In this brief commentary, I summarize evidence that NE plays a role in cancer and describe details involved in testing the hypothesis in humans through epidemiological investigation of existing medical records of persons who have taken pharmaceutical drugs that affect NE. If NE plays an etiological role in cancers of a number of organs, then taking a single pharmaceutical drug (such as clonidine, prazosin, or propranolol) that weakens NE signaling systemically, may simultaneously prevent or treat many different types of cancer, and this may represent a breakthrough in pharmaceutical prevention and possibly treatment of cancer.
Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation Caused by Paramagnetic Impurities

The behavior of the nuclear magnetization has been examined for the transient region immediately following saturation of the nuclear spin system in the case in which the nuclear relaxation is limited by spin diffusion to paramagnetic impurities. Relaxation effects in the absence of diffusion and the presence of rapid diffusion are discussed. An experiment is reported which substantiates the calculations for the case of diffusion-limited relaxation and, in addition, allows a determination of the correlation time of the magnetic moment of the paramagnetic ion and the coefficient of nuclear spin diffusion.
flhF, a Bacillus subtilis flagellar gene that encodes a putative GTP‐binding protein

We describe the sequence and characterization of the Bacillus subtilis flhF gene. flhF encodes a basic polypeptide of 41 kDa that contains a putative GTP-binding motif. The sequence of FlhF reveals a structural relationship to two Escherichia coli proteins, Ffh and FtsY, as well as to other members of the SRP54 family, in a domain presumed to bind GTP. flhF is located in a large operon consisting of chemotaxis and flagellar genes. Cells deficient in flhF are nonmotile. Through the use of anti-flagellar antibodies we have established that flhF is a flagellar (fla) gene. Thus, flhF is a unique flagellar gene in that it encodes a GTP-binding protein with similarities to members of the SRP54 family of proteins. These data suggest that flagellar biosynthesis in B. subtilis requires GTP.
Text analytics for life science using the unstructured information management architecture

Biomedical text plays a fundamental role in knowledge discovery in life science, in both basic research (in the field of bioinformatics) and in industry sectors devoted to improving medical practice, drug development, and health care (such as medical informatics, clinical genomics, and other sectors). Several groups in the IBM Research Division are collaborating on the development of a prototype system for text analysis, search, and text-mining methods to support problem solving in life science. The system is called "BioTeKS" ("Biological Text Knowledge Services"), and it integrates research technologies from multiple IBM Research labs. BioTeKS is also the first major application of the UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture) initiative also emerging from IBM Research. BioTeKS is intended to analyze biomedical text such as MEDLINETM abstracts, medical records, and patents; text is analyzed by automatically identifying terms or names corresponding to key biomedical entities (e.g., "genes," "proteins," "compounds," or "drugs") and concepts or facts related to them. In this paper, we describe the value of text analysis in biomedical research, the development of the BioTeKS system, and applications which demonstrate its functions.
Superfluid flow in porous stainless steel

Abstract This Paper shows that porous plug material can serve as a control device during liquid transfer. The application of heat flux directly relates to the temperature and pressure gradient across the plug in the flow regime 1. For a given porous material an empirical relation exists that predicts the first critical state which is the upper limit for low pressure drop liquid transfer. Thus, the porous plug can serve a dual purpose for liquid helium transfer in space: the plug can serve as a phase separator during zero gravity storage: and the plug can serve as a low pressure drop control device during liquid transfer.
Knowledge, risk, and policy support: Public perceptions of nuclear power

Nuclear energy was becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to air polluting fossil fuel technologies through the latter half of the 2000s. The tragic events of March 11, 2011 in Fukushima, Japan appear to have instantly killed any momentum the nuclear industry had gained. While unfortunate, many argue that nuclear power is still a safe alternative and that the Fukushima disaster resulted from insufficient safety regulations in Japan, a problem that does not exist in the United States. This project examines U.S. public support for nuclear energy one year after the Fukushima tragedy, seeking to understand the influence of knowledge and risk perceptions on policy support. We evaluate public support for nuclear energy policy from several perspectives using risk and attitudinal measurements that are more specific than often found in the literature to obtain a greater understanding of the connection between policy and risk.
The effects of a high-energy diet on hippocampal-dependent discrimination performance and blood–brain barrier integrity differ for diet-induced obese and diet-resistant rats

Rats that consume high-energy (HE) diets (i.e., diets high in saturated fats and sugar) show impaired hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (e.g., Kanoski and Davidson (2011) [1]). To further investigate this effect, we trained rats given restricted access to low-fat lab chow on hippocampal-dependent serial feature-negative (FN) and hippocampal-independent simple discrimination problems. When training was completed, Group Chow received ad libitum lab chow. The remaining rats received ad libitum HE diet. Performance on both discrimination problems was tested following 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of HE diet exposure. FN, but not simple discrimination, was abolished initially for all rats, and then re-emerged for Group Chow. For rats fed HE diet, those that weighed the least and had the lowest amount of body fat (HE-diet resistant (HE-DR) rats), performed like Group Chow on both discrimination problems. However, HE diet-induced obese (HE-DIO) rats (i.e., rats that weighed the most weight and had the most body fat) performed like Group Chow on the simple discrimination problem, but were impaired throughout testing on the FN problem. Subsequent assessment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability revealed that concentrations of an exogenously administered dye were elevated in the hippocampus, but not in the striatum or prefrontal cortex for HE-DIO rats relative to the HE-DR and Chow groups. The results indicate that the adverse consequences of HE diet on hippocampal-dependent cognitive functioning are associated with detrimental effects on the BBB and that both of these outcomes vary with sensitivity to HE diet-induced increases in weight and adiposity.
Managing patients at high risk for hereditary breast cancer: a guide for the practicing physician.

Breast cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and affects as many as one in seven women in Western countries. Of the 5–10% of breast cancers that follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern, 30% of these are due to BRCA1 or BRCA2 germ-line mutations. The principal objective of breast cancer risk assessment is to identify the carriers of the BRCA gene mutation, ideally before they develop breast cancer. When combined, familial and hereditary breast cancer comprise over 25% of breast cancers; fortunately the skills required to perform the initial breast cancer risk assessment are as basic as taking a thorough family history and conducting a complete physical examination. Determining the actual risk of an individual patient can be perceived as time-consuming and cumbersome, and is therefore often omitted in the busy clinic setting. The challenges for care providers who are responsible for assessing breast cancer risk can be ascribed in part to the lack of standardized tools for managing extensive family histories and calculating risk, the reluctance to utilize web-based risk assessment instruments, and the requirement in some cases of information systems (IS) support to operate these web-based instruments. As a result, the primary role of care providers and surgeons is often reduced to the rudimentary identification of patients who may be at high risk for developing hereditary breast cancer, followed by the referral of those patients for genetic counseling and possible DNA testing. Most importantly, the care providers’ role in identifying patients who may be at risk is the first step in the risk assessment process. For the surgical oncologist accurate assessment and management of breast cancer risk are critical components of the initial clinical evaluation that may lead to potentially life-saving interventions. To assess and manage breast cancer risk well, the surgical oncologist must understand the uses and limitations of risk assessment tools, clearly communicate the results of the risk assessment to patients and relatives, and effectively incorporate the results into a long-term management strategy that is acceptable to the patient.