cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hybrid inductor modeling for successful filter design

A method for deriving accurate L-band inductor models using I-port fixtured S-parameter measurements is presented, along with examples of successful filter designs using the models. Models were developed for a number of surface-mount and leaded devices with values ranging from 4.7 nH to 470 nH. The devices were measured in a coaxial test fixture on an HP8510B network analyzer, with fixture de-embedding performed using CAD software. The models are seen to fit measured data over a broadband, from low RF through resonance. To further validate the models, several filter circuits were developed and fabricated. The results of 5th- and 9th-order lowpass filter designs are presented here. The 9th-order filter was optimized for the desired performance using the parasitic inductor models. Measurements confirm that the use of the models led to a successful design on the "first pass." Finally, simulations show that this success would not have been achieved without the developed inductor models. >
Expression of leptin mRNA and CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins in response to insulin deprivation during preadipocyte differentiation in primary cultures of porcine stromal-vascular cells

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs) and leptin gene expression in response to insulin deprivation in preadipocytes and adipocytes. Adipose tissue from 7 d-old pigs was digested enzymatically and stromal-vascular (S-V) cells were seeded and plated for 3 d in fetal bovine serum (FBS) with dexamethasone (DEX) followed by 6 d (Days 3–9) in serum-free medium with insulin (850 nM or 10 nM), transferrin, and selenium. During FBS+DEX treatment (Days 0–3) a large number of preadipocytes develop with no lipid accretion. In contrast, preadipocyte number does not change with lipid accretion during insulin treatment (Days 3–9). Total RNA and cells were harvested from S-V cultures after periods with and without insulin after FBS+DEX. Northern-blotting and Western blot analysis were used to study leptin mRNA and C/EBP protein expression in cultures, respectively. Insulin deprivation from Days 3–4 reduced leptin mRNA and C/EBP-α protein expression. Treatment with 850 nM or 10 nM insulin from Days 3–9 induced leptin mRNA and C/EBP-α expression at a similar level. In cultures treated with 10 nM insulin from Days 3–7, leptin and C/EBP-α expression were reduced markedly by insulin deprivation from Days 7–9, but were restored by insulin treatment for 6 hr before harvesting. The restoration of leptin expression by insulin was blocked by cycloheximide treatment. However, C/EBP-β protein levels did not change regardless of insulin deprivation. Insulin deprivation from Days 7–9 in cultures treated with 850 nM insulin from Days 3–7 did not influence C/EBP-α or leptin mRNA expression, whereas C/EBP-α and leptin expression were reduced after treating these cultures with 1.5 uM okadaic acid for 45 min before harvesting on Day 9. However, cycloheximide treatment for 6 hr before harvesting did not reduce leptin mRNA expression. These results suggest that 1) leptin expression is positively correlated with C/EBP-α expression, and 2) the maintenance of leptin expression after insulin deprivation in 850 nM insulin-treated cultures on Day 9 may be associated with the presence of C/EBP-α expression and/or activation.
Observation and interpretation of the seafloor vertical electric field in the eastern North Pacific

A 37 day long recording of the seafloor vertical electric field collected on the East Pacific Rise and south of the mouth of the Gulf of California is examined. The principal barotropic ocean tides are detected by regression analysis and display electric field values that yield typical open ocean water velocities of 1 cm/s or less. Spectral analysis and modeling indicate that internal wave-induced electric fields consistent with the Garrett-Munk kinematic description explain the data between the local inertial frequency of 0.033 cph and about 1 cph. At lower frequencies, a variance enhancement near 90 h period of unknown origin is also present. Low but significant coherence of the VEF with land magnetic observatory data is also demonstrated; this is probably due to motion of the electric field instrument in ambient water currents.
The Money-Creation Model: An Alternative Pedagogy.

A graphical and algebraic presentation of money creation is shown to complement the traditional T-account development.
Evaluation and validation of the Mikulecky Behavioral Reading Attitude Measure

This study examined the Mikulecky Behavioral Reading Attitude Measure (MBRAM) to ascertain whether or not the scale measures Krathwohl's five stages of attitude internalization and is a Guttman typ...
Mechanisms of soot nucleation in flames—A critical review

Abstract Data in the literature have been organized to give a detailed description of the chemical sequences leading to soot formation in a premixed laminar flame. Neutral free radical, polyacetylene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mechanisms are not consistent with this description. However, when chemiions are assumed to be the precursor on which the free radicals, polyacetylenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons repeatedly add in fast ion-molecule reactions, a mechanism can be developed which is consistent with experiment. This mechanism should be tested further by careful observations of both ion and neutral species (including free radical) profiles in flames and by developing a computer model of the process to compare with experiment.
Volatiles in submarine volcanic rocks from the Mariana Island arc and trough

High temperature mass spectrometric analyses of glasses from quenched pillow rims of andesites dredged from 1170 m water depth in the northern portion of the Mariana Island arc indicate substantially less H2O (~ 1 wt.%) and more CO2 (~ 0.24 wt.%) than previously reported for volcanic arc rocks. Glass-vapor inclusions within plagioclase phenocrysts from quenched rims have CO2H2O ratios of 1:1. These results are similar to analyses of basaltic samples from the Mariana Trough (a back-arc basin). Generally, F and Cl contents are higher and S lower in the arc rocks compared to the samples from the back-arc basin. These results favor models for the production of island arc magmas which involve melting of the subducted slab, rather than just melting of the overlying mantle wedge because of the high volatile content needed to produce island arc magmas from peridotite (10–15 wt.%). The trough samples, although similar in non-volatile composition to mid-ocean ridge rocks, have much higher H2O. somewhat higher CO2 and lower S contents. Either near surface addition of voiatiles has enriched the magmas or H2O must be a more important component in the generation and evolution of back-arc basin lavas than in the genesis of mid-ocean ridge basalts.
Flaubert's Pearl Necklace: Weaving a Garland of Images in the Reader's Memory

(2000). Flaubert's Pearl Necklace: Weaving a Garland of Images in the Reader's Memory. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 169-187.
Neutron yields from the 4–12 MeV proton bombardment of 11B, 13C and 18O as related to the production of 11C, 13N and 18F

Total neutron yields resulting from the proton bombardment of infinitely thick targets of 11B, NAT C and 28Si NAT O2 have been measured for bombarding proton energies below 12 MeV. From the NAT C data, the yield from 13C has been derived. From the 28Si NAT O2 data the yield for NAT O has been determined. The measured yields are compared to those calculated from the known thin-target cross sections. The relationship of these neutron yields to the production of the pharmaceutically important short-lived positron emitters, 11C, 13N and 18F is discussed.
Analysis of steady-state operation of a multistack variable-reluctance stepper motor using qd0 variables

An approximate method of calculating the steady-state characteristics of a multistack, variable-reluctance stepper motor operating in the continuous speed mode is developed. The mathematical model of the motor is set forth, and the unipolar inverter drive of interest is discussed. The differential equation which governs the flux linkage is then solved explicitly using numerical integration to evaluate the flux linkage waveform. As an alternative to the direct solution, the Floquet transformation is used to obtain a time-invariant differential equation. The qd0-variables are used with the reference frame fixed in the rotor. This approach provides a means of accurately accounting for the harmonic components of the current. The method is shown to be more accurate than existing approximate methods, with a marked computational advantage over exact methods. >
Dibutyryl cyclic amp affects hyaluronate synthesis and macromolecular organization in normal adult articular cartilage in vitro

When normal adult dog articular cartilage was cultured in the presence of dibutyryl cyclic AMP a higher proportion than normal of newly synthesized 35S-labeled glycosaminoglycans was released from the tissue into the culture medium, although their net synthesis was not affected. In conjunction with this release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans, 24 times more [3H]glucosamine-labeled hyaluronic acid was released from the cartilage into the medium, and net hyaluronate synthesis was enhanced 3-fold. Virtually all of the newly synthesized hyaluronic acid in the medium was associated with proteoglycans. The proteoglycans in the medium of the dibutyryl cyclic AMP treated cultures were normal in hydrodynamic size and interacted normally with hyaluronic acid to form large aggregates. These results suggest that the increase in hyaluronate synthesis caused by dibutyryl cyclic AMP mayt have destabilized the interaction of proteoglycans with the collagen meshwork of the cartilage. The changes seen in normal adult articular cartilage after incubation with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, therefore, are similar to those which are observed in cartilage of osteoarthritic joints.
First principles calculations of the adsorption and diffusion of hydrogen on Fe(1 0 0) surface and in the bulk

Abstract First-principles plane wave calculations based on spin-polarized density-functional theory (DFT) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been used to study the adsorption of hydrogen on Fe(1 0 0) surface and in the bulk. It was found that H2 adsorption takes place dissociatively with a classical activation energy of about 3.5 kcal/mol. In the low coverage regime at θ = 0.25, H atom adsorbs at both two-folded and four-folded sites with a slight preference for the four-folded site. In the full coverage regime, there is a clear distinction between two-folded and four-folded adsorption sites with a net preference for adsorption at four-folded site. The dependence of H binding energy on coverage in the range 1.0 ≤ θ ≤ 3.0 was also determined and the corresponding sequence of sites filling has been analyzed. After filling all four-folded sites, it was found that occupation of two-folded followed by one-folded sites is possible while adsorption at nearby mixed two-folded and one-folded sites leads to H–H recombination. The minimum energy pathways for surface diffusion of atomic H between selected pairs of local minima indicate the existence of small classical barriers with values of about 1.9 kcal/mol. These barriers increase slightly with the increase of coverage. When H diffuses from surface to subsurface sites, the corresponding barriers are larger than on the surface with values in the range 7.5–9.5 kcal/mol. At these subsurface sites, the absorption energy is still exothermic relative to gas phase H2 and increases with coverage. Once H penetrates the first two surface layers, the corresponding diffusion barriers decrease to values close to those obtained in bulk Fe. Absorption of H in bulk bcc Fe is endothermic relative to isolated gas phase H2 and takes place at tetrahedral sites. The most favorable diffusion pathway among tetrahedral sites was found to pass through a trigonal site and has a low barrier of about 1.1 kcal/mol.
The preparation of rat liver high molecular weight mitochondrial RNA free of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA.

Abstract The high molecular weight rat liver mitochondrial RNA's, which sediment at 13S and 16S in sucrose-SDS ∗ gradients and which are presumably derived from mitochondrial ribosomes, can be prepared free of cytoplasmic ribosomal RNA contamination and lysosomal contamination by a procedure involving the use of low concentrations of digitonin and a ribonuclease inhibitor, polyvinylsulfate, or a ribonuclease competitive substrate, bacterial tRNA.
Isolation and sequence analysis of a nuclear tRNAmet-i gene from soybean

A gene encoding the initiator methionine transfer RNA (tRNAmet-i) has been isolated from a soybean genomic library. The nucleotide sequence of the gene is colinear with the previously determined sequence of bean and wheat germ tRNAmet-i (3, 8) except for a transversion at site 51/63 in stem IV. Microinjection of the soybean gene into Xenopus oocytes caused the transcription of an RNA product equal in size to mature Xenopus tRNAmet-i. Hybridization of a restriction fragment containing the tRNAmet-i gene to digests of soybean DNA reveals that the gene occurs in only one to a few copies per haploid genome.
Personality Disorder Factors Predict Recovery of Employment Functioning Among Treated Cocaine Abusers

Background: Identifying treatments that produce specific benefits in nondrug psychosocial functioning areas such as employment functioning has been illusive. Examination of dimensions of clinical status that moderate such effects may be useful in planning more effective interventions. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to determine if life stress and four dimensions of personality and psychopathology previously found to predict early post-treatment relapse in diverse groups of substance abusers, predict less recovery in employment functioning among 240 cocaine dependent males after completion of residential treatment. Methods: Latent growth curve analysis was used to determine if antisocial, avoidant, dependent, paranoid-delusional personality dimensions, and life event stress predict employment problem severity evident at drug treatment discharge and change in employment problems over three 3-month follow-up intervals. Results: Individuals with higher employment severity at intake and those who spe...
Lysophosphatidylcholine increases 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase gene expression in CaCo-2 cells

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: The small intestine plays an important role in cholesterol homeostasis. The aim of this study was to examine the regulation of cholesterol synthesis by lysophosphatidylcholine in intestinal cells. METHODS: CaCo-2 cells cultured on semipermeable supports were incubated with taurocholate and lysophosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol synthesis rate, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity, mass, and messenger RNA abundance were estimated. RESULTS: Lysophosphatidylcholine increased the rate of cholesterol synthesis as estimated by HMG-CoA reductase activity and acetate or water incorporation into sterols. Reductase was also increased by lysophosphatidylinositol or lysophosphatidylethanolamine but not by lysophosphatidylserine. Lysophosphatidylcholine increased HMG-CoA reductase messenger RNA and mass, suggesting that lysophosphatidylcholine regulated reductase at the level of gene expression. The various lysophospholipids caused the efflux of cellular cholesterol into the apical medium, and the amount effluxed correlated with the observed increase in reductase activity. Adding cholesterol to micelles containing lysophosphatidylcholine prevented the increase in HMG-CoA reductase activity and mass. CONCLUSIONS: Lysophosphatidylcholine increased cholesterol synthesis by increasing the expression of HMG-CoA reductase at the level of the gene and protein. Efflux of cellular cholesterol and the need to replace this lost cholesterol account for the observed changes in cholesterol metabolism. (Gastroenterology 1996 Apr;110(4):1068-76)
ORIENTATIONS TO PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION: UNDERSTANDING THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO PD OUTCOMES ACROSS MULTIPLE PROJECTS

Given the large investment in teacher professional development (PD), further understanding of the factors that impact PD success is needed. In a previous study, the authors established a framework for categorizing PD projects using the notion of orientations. A PD orientation is comprised of project characteristics that drive the PD design and implementation for that project. In this study, we applied this orientation framework to 14 science and mathematics PD projects and examined the relationship between projects of differing orientations and PD outcomes (e.g. perceived improvement in teaching practices). The results provide support for the value of the framework and demonstrate that PD projects with different orientations exhibit differing participant outcomes. This study also provides evidence of the value of this research framework for understanding how PD implementation characteristics are related to PD outcomes, as well as points to the value of a “balanced” orientation where both content and pedagogy are addressed in equal parts.
An enantioselective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-3-amino-7-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,8]naphthyridin-2-one

Abstract An enantioselective synthesis of (R)- and (S)-3-amino-7-methyl-3,4-dihydro-1H-[1,8]naphthyridin-2-one via an asymmetric reduction and spontaneous cyclisation is reported.
The effects of a sudden reduction in anticipated “relief”

Rats were trained to escape from an aversive cold-water alley for five 25-trial sessions at two levels of “relief” or reinforcement magnitude. In the sixth session, the high “relief” group was shifted to low “relief” and then continued for two additional 25-trial sessions. Competing behavior was found to play an important role in preshift performance differences as well as in the immediate postshift period where a “negative contrast effect” was obtained.
Approximations to the halting problem

The halting set K"@f={x|@f"x(x) converges}, for any Godel numbering @f={@f"0, @f"1,...}, is nonrecursive. It may be possible, however, to approximate K"@f by recursive sets. We note several results indicating that the degrees of recursive approximability of halting sets in arbitrary Godel numberings have wide variation, while restriction to ''optimal Godel numberings'' only narrows the possibilities slightly.
The effect of dietary fat on the activity, content, rates of synthesis, and degradation and translation of messenger RNA coding for malic enzyme in mouse liver.

Abstract The specific activity (units activity/mg cytosolic protein) of malic enzyme was found to be three-fold higher in the livers of mice fed a semipurified diet containing 50% ( w w ) glucose and 15% ( w w ) saturated and monounsaturated but no polyunsaturated fat (hydrogenated cottonseed oil) over an 11-day period than in the livers of mice fed a standard laboratory mouse chow (Purina) diet. In contrast, when other lab chow-fed mice were fed an isocaloric diet containing 15% ( w w ) polyunsaturated fat (corn oil), no change in the specific activity of malic enzyme occurred over a similar period of time. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis performed on cytosols from both dietary groups demonstrated that the livers of mice consuming the hydrogenated cottonseed oil diet contained approximately three times more malic enzyme protein than did the livers from the corn oil-fed animals. In mice pulse-labeled with l -[4,5-3H]leucine, the rate of hepatic malic enzyme synthesis (relative to that for total protein) was approximately twofold greater in the hydrogenated cottonseed oil-fed mice than in their corn oil-fed counterparts whereas the rate of hepatic malic enzyme degradation was similar for both groups. Immunotitration of liver malic enzyme from hydrogenated cottonseed oil-fed and corn oil-fed mice revealed identical equivalence points, demonstrating that the catalytic efficiency of mouse liver malic enzyme had not been affected by the type of dietary fat administered. When total liver RNA, isolated from the hydrogenated cottonseed oil- and the corn oil-fed animals, was translated in cell-free translation systems (wheat germ extract and reticulocyte lysate) we found that both dietary treatments had resulted in an increase in the activity of malic enzyme messenger RNA. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between the two dietary groups in this regard. These results suggest that hepatic malic enzyme specific activity in high-carbohydrate polyunsaturated fat-fed mice is regulated principally by dietary-induced changes in the rate of enzyme synthesis and not by the activity of messenger RNA coding for the enzyme.
Understanding the Geophysical Sources of Uncertainty for Satellite Interferometric (SRTM)-Based Discharge Estimation in River Deltas: The Case for Bangladesh

Like most river deltas, Bangladesh represents a geographically small region with numerous crisscrossing rivers. The total number of rivers in Bangladesh exceeds 300, of which 57 rivers are transboundary. Given the widespread unavailability of flow data across the entire river basins of Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna, combined with a declining measurement network and political challenges of sharing the data, satellite remote sensing of discharge has recently become a viable alternative. This study was motivated by the need to understand the geophysical sources of uncertainty of satellite interferometric-based discharge estimation in Bangladesh. A consequential goal of this study was to contextualize the understanding as a function of river’s geophysical characteristics (river width, reach averaging length, and bed/water slope) and also to explore a pragmatic approach to uncertainty reduction using water level climatology. Discharge was estimated according to the slope-area (Manning’s) method using elevation data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). A high-resolution hydrodynamic (HD) model was accurately calibrated to simulate water level and flow dynamics along the river reaches of the river network and serve as reference for comparison with satellite-based estimates. It was found that satellite interferometric (SRTM)-based discharge estimates yielded estimation error variance an order smaller than the natural flow variability only if the river width was at least three times larger the width of the native resolution of satellite elevation data. Rivers narrower than this width (for SRTM, this cutoff is 270 m) yielded a coefficient of variation larger than 1 due to contamination of land elevation data in hydraulic parameter calculations. It was also found that water level climatology can be useful in significantly reducing the estimation uncertainty for these narrow rivers. While reach averaging length appeared insensitive to accuracy for wide rivers (width ${\bf \gt\! 1\nbsp\hbox{km}}$ ), a few rivers seemed to have an optimal reach averaging length at which the highest accuracy is obtained. Finally, it was found that if reach-averaged hydraulic parameters (area, slope, and radius) are used for the calculation of reach-averaged discharge, the needed linear (bias) correction factors, although unique and arbitrary for each river reach, can improve accuracy of flow simulations.
Optimized inspection of advanced reticles on the TeraScan reticle inspection tool

Advanced wafer fabs are currently fabricating devices with 90nm and 65nm design rules using 193nm lithography. To meet the challenges at these sub-wavelength technology nodes, mask designers are using a variety of resolution enhancement techniques (RETs) in lithography which require new methods of processing, inspecting and qualifying photomasks. As a result, reticle inspection tools need to be capable of detecting smaller defects on ever tighter critical dimensions and background patterns that are considerably more complicated than before. To meet the challenges of current and future technology nodes, a variety of new inspection modes have been developed on the KLA-Tencor Deep UV TeraScan reticle inspection tool. These new inspection modes include Reflected light (Die-to-Die and Die-to-Database) modes, a Transmitted light Tritone (Die-to-Database) mode for inspecting Embedded Attenuated Phase Shift Masks (EAPSMs) with chrome in the inspection area, as well as a STARlight2 (SL2) mode for contamination detection. The SL2 inspection mode is the natural successor to the STARlight contamination detection algorithm on the previous generation of KLA-Tencor reticle inspection tools. Each of the inspection modes comes with its own set of inspectability and sensitivity capabilities and therefore the selection and/or optimization of a mode can depend upon a number of factors. In this paper we will present the inspection modes that are available on the TeraScan platform and discuss the appropriate use cases for each of the modes, based on reticle type and the intended objectives of the inspection.
Diastereofacial Selection in Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition Reactions. The Anti-Directing Effect of an Allylic Oxygen and Some New Results on the Ring Metalation of Isoxazolines. A Synthesis of (±)-Blastmycinone

The extent of diastereoselectivity associated with the reactions of nitrile oxides with alkenes bearing an allylic oxygen substituent has been studied. Reasonable levels of such diastereoselectivity have been found when the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether derivative of 3-buten-2-ol (5) or (+)-(S)-isopropylidene-3-butene-1,2-diol (1) are employed as dipolarophiles. The stereochemical course of these cycloaddition reactions has been proven rigorously through the transformation of the adducts to known γ-lactones. The stereochemistry associated with the metalation/alkylation of 5-alkoxymethyl-substituted isoxazolines has also been probed in order to further expand the use of these heterocycles as aldol equivalents in natural products total synthesis. A synthesis of (±)-blastmycinone (34) is reported which combines the two foregoing aspects of stereocontrol. The levels of regio- and stereoselectivity found in the cycloaddition reactions of the cis- and trans-disubstituted alkenes 35 and 39 prepared from isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde are also discussed. A single example of the reaction of a chiral alkene with a chiral nitrile oxide is presented.
Juvenile Detention Reform in New York City: Measuring Risk Through Research

This article is excerpted from Jennifer Fratello, Annie Salsich, & Sara Mogulescu9s longer article of the same name published by the Vera Institute of Justice in April 2011. In 2006, faced with the challenges of a juvenile justice system nearing crisis, New York City officials concluded that they had to rethink the city9s juvenile detention policies and practices. The development and implementation of the risk-assessment instrument (RAI) and community-based alternatives to detention (ATD) programs represent an important shift in New York City9s juvenile detention policy. The RAI provides reliable guidance on risks of failure to appear or rearrest. The ATDs provide effective program alternatives to detention for moderate-risk youth. Given early outcomes, it appears that New York City9s reform effort could serve as a model for other jurisdictions seeking to improve outcomes for youth while preserving public safety.
A Framework for Three Dimensional Solid Model Reconstruction

3D object construction by reverse engineering falls into two categories: surface reconstruction and solid model reconstruction. The 3D surface reconstruction techniques are intended to extract only the geometric information from the measured point cloud and are commonly used in computer graphics and computer vision, whereas the 3D solid model reconstruction techniques are expected to extract the geometric as well as the topological information from the measured point cloud and has application in the field of CAD/CAM. This paper presents a novel framework for 3D solid model reconstruction, which will enable reconstruction of a B-rep model of a physical object based on the 3D point cloud data captured from the surface of the object. In this framework, we use a magnetic position sensor for measuring the data from the surface of the object. This has numerous advantages over conventional methods of data acquisition that use laser scanner or coordinate measuring machine. For segmenting the measured point cloud data into sub-regions, a non-iterative region growing algorithm is developed and implemented. Our surface detection scheme is based on a Modified Gaussian image (MGI) of the sub-region and least-square techniques are used for fitting a surface to the points in a sub-region. The reconstructed B-Rep model is stored in an ISO 10303 (STEP) file format so that it can be imported in to standard CAD/CAM systems for future modifications or analysis.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Sequences that omit a box (modulo 1)

Abstract Let S = ( a j ) j = 1 ∞ be a strictly increasing sequence of real numbers satisfying (0.1) a j + 1 − a j ⩾ σ > 0 . For an open box I in [ 0 , 1 ) d , we write E I ( d ) ( S ) = { x ∈ R d : a j x ∉ I ( mod 1 ) for j ⩾ 1 } . It is shown that the Hausdorff dimension of E I ( d ) ( S ) is d − 1 whenever lim j → ∞ a j + 1 a j = 1 . The case d = 1 is due to Boshernitzan. The proof builds on his approach. Now let S 1 , … , S d be strictly increasing in N . Define E 1 ′ = E I ′ ( S 1 , … , S d ) to be the set of x in [0, 1) for which x ( n 1 , … , n r ) ∉ I ( mod 1 ) for n j ∈ S j , n 1 ⋯ n d . A sequence S is said to fulfill condition D ( C ) if it contains B r = [ u r , v r ] ∩ S for which v r − u r → ∞ and 1 + v r − u r ⩽ C # ( B r ) . Kaufman has shown that E I ′ is countable whenever S 1 , … , S d fulfill condition D ( C ) . Here it is shown that E I ′ is finite under this hypothesis. An upper bound for # ( E I ′ ) is provided.
Bio-mimetic approach to improving emulsion stability: Cross-linking adsorbed beet pectin layers using laccase

Abstract The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize stable oil-in-water emulsions containing oil droplets coated by multilayered biopolymer interfaces that were cross-linked by the enzyme laccase. Laccase is an enzyme that can cross-link ferulic acid groups present in beet pectin. Emulsions were prepared that contained 0.1 wt% corn oil, 0.05 wt% β-lactoglobulin, and 0.02 wt% beet pectin at pH 7. The emulsions were then adjusted to pH 4.5 to promote electrostatic deposition of the beet pectin molecules onto the surfaces of the protein-coated droplets. Laccase was then added to the emulsions to promote cross-linking of the adsorbed beet pectin molecules. We have shown that stable emulsions can be formed that are coated by cross-linked β-lactoglobulin–beet pectin interfaces, and that these emulsions have improved stability to NaCl addition over conventional one-layer or non-cross-linked two-layer emulsions.
Politics of the Possible: Essays on Gender, History, Narratives, Colonial English

The essays in this volume speak of Indians British American Latin American narratives with an emphasis on forms ideologies and class relations.
Biliproteins: Some Relationships Among Aggregation States, Spectra, and Excitation-Energy Transfer

The key aggregation steps for C-phycocyanin consist of denatured subunits (α and β polypeptide chains), monomers, trimers, hexamers and stacks. For allophycocyanin the steps are denatured subunits, monomers and trimers. Ultimately these assembly states lead to the formation of phycobilisomes in blue-green and red algae. The spectroscopic changes that accompany each stage in the assembly can be monitored as a function of the ratio of visible to near-UV absorption. For C-phycocyanin, monomers and hexamers are the important levels in the modulation of tetrapyrrole conformation by protein-chromophore interaction. The effect of protein aggregation on the protein-chromophore interactions is the key to solar-energy harvesting and excitation-energy migration in photosynthesis.
Early hominid behavioural ecology: a personal postscript

Abstract Recent work in the field of early hominid behavioural ecology is discussed, and some currently significant issues outlined. Present methods are evaluated from the point of view of approaches formerly employed.
Otoacoustic emissions in an adult with severe hearing loss.

The present study describes the unexpected finding of evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOAEs) from the left ear of a subject with severe-to-profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. No EOAEs coul...
Comparative Analysis of Enzyme and Pathway Engineering Strategies for 5FC-Mediated Suicide Gene Therapy Applications

Bacterial- and yeast- encoded cytosine deaminases (bCD and yCD, respectively) are widely investigated suicide enzymes used in combination with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to achieve localized cytotoxicity. Yet characteristics such as poor turnover rates of 5FC (bCD) and enzyme thermolability (yCD) preclude their full therapeutic potential. We previously applied regio-specific random mutagenesis and computational design to create novel bCD and yCD variants with altered substrate preference (bCD(1525)) or increased thermostability (yCD(double), yCD(triple)) to aid in overcoming these limitations. Others have utilized pathway engineering in which the microbial enzyme uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) is fused with its respective CD, creating bCD/bUPRT or yCD/yUPRT. In this study, we evaluated whether the overlay of CD mutants onto their respective CD/UPRT fusion construct would further enhance 5FC activation, cancer cell prodrug sensitivity and bystander activity in vitro and in vivo. We show that all mutant fusion enzymes allowed for significant reductions in IC(50) values relative to their mutant CD counterparts. However, in vivo the CD mutants displayed enhanced tumor growth inhibition capacity relative to the mutant fusions, with bCD(1525) displaying the greatest tumor growth inhibition and bystander activity. In summary, mutant bCD(1525) appears to be the most effective of all bacterial or yeast CD or CD/UPRT enzymes examined and as such is likely to be the best choice to significantly improve the clinical outcome of CD/5FC suicide gene therapy applications.
Magnetic-field-induced two-dimensional electron lattice with a conjugate flux lattice

Abstract We propose a new type of electron crystal in two-dimensional (2D) electron systems in the presence of a strong magnetic field. The energy spectrum of the electron lattice exhibits a series of energy minima at certain magnetic fields. For magnetic fields in the vicinity of an energy minimum, the magnetic flux is quantized with the flux lines forming a flux lattice intersecting the electron lattice. Universal mapping of the proposed 2D electron lattice to the observed quantum Hall effect will be discussed.
A model for predicting enrolment yields

Predicting enrolment yields is central to any enrolment projection model. In order to more effectively assess the impact of financial aid strategies on the institutions budget, both revenues (tuition) and expenses (financial aid), one must start with an effective predictive model for yields. This paper will present a statistical model for assessing the relationship between enrolment yield, financial aid, applicant quality and applicant demographics. The approach employed in this work is logistic regression. The model is developed and preliminarily tested using actual 2009 admissions data. The same model is then employed to predict enrolments for the 2010 academic year.
Cracker craic: the politics and economics of Scots-Irish cultural promotion in the USA

A growing number of festivals celebrate ‘Scots-Irish’ heritage in the USA, spreading out of the southern highlands traditionally associated with the eighteenth-century settlement of migrants from Ulster. Myths and confusion still abound with respect to Scots-Irish identities, yet the newfound visibility is undeniable. Does this cultural revival represent a consequence of the genealogy boom or an attempt to capitalize on it? Is it part of a turn in depressed regions toward cultural heritage tourism as an economic development strategy? Does it represent an outgrowth of multiculturalism or white ethnic backlash against ridicule and ‘reverse’ discrimination? State tourism offices and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, supported by federal government grants, have played a central role in encouraging commemoration of Scots-Irish culture. Heritage, genealogy, and economic development have come together in these projects, with implications for both the cultural legacy of Ulster Scots migrants to the US...
Ligand-mediated Induction of Thymidylate Synthase Occurs by Enzyme Stabilization IMPLICATIONS FOR AUTOREGULATION OF TRANSLATION

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is indispensable in thede novo synthesis of dTMP. As such, it has been an important target at which anti-neoplastic drugs are directed. The fluoropyrimidines 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine are cytotoxic as a consequence of inhibition of TS by the metabolite 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (FdUMP). This inhibition occurs through formation of a stable ternary complex among the enzyme, the nucleotide analog, and the co-substrateN 5,N 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. Numerous studies have shown that cellular concentrations of TS undergo about a 2–4-fold induction following treatment with TS inhibitors. An extensive body of in vitro studies has led to the proposal that this induction occurs because of relief of the translational repression brought on by the binding of TS to its own mRNA. In the current study, we have tested several predictions of this autoregulatory translation model. In contrast to expectations, we find that fluoropyrimidines do not cause a change in the extent of ribosome binding to TS mRNA. Furthermore, mutations within the mRNA that abolish its ability to bind TS have no effect on the induction. Finally, enzyme turnover measurements show that the induction is associated with an increase in the stability of the TS polypeptide. Our results, in total, indicate that enzyme stabilization, rather than translational derepression, is the primary mechanism of TS induction by fluoropyrimidines and call into question the general applicability of the autoregulatory translation model.
Fabrication and Rate Performance of a Microfiber Cathode in a Mg – H2O2 Flowing Electrolyte Semi-Fuel Cell

Three-dimensional electrodes based on an array of carbon microfibers were prepared by a process called direct-charging electrostatic flocking. The cathodes comprised carbon fibers 11 μm in diameter and 500 μm long that protruded from a titanium foil support like blades of grass. The fiber density was 125,000 fibers per cm 2 of geometric area. The fibers were coated with an alloy of Pd and Ir to catalyze hydrogen peroxide reduction. The electrochemical performance of catalyst-coated carbon microfiber arrays (CMAs) was investigated in a flowing electrolyte Mg-H 2 O 2 semi-fuel cell. In these studies, CMA-based cathodes showed higher voltages at high current densities, better power densities, and equivalent H 2 O 2 utilization compared to planar cathodes with the same loading of catalyst.
Neutrophil β2 integrins: moderators of life or death decisions

β 2 integrins are leukocyte-specific membrane receptors that are crucial for host defense. They are best known for promoting neutrophil recruitment into inflamed tissue and pathogen phagocytosis. More recent data suggest that they also modulate neutrophil apoptosis. Neutrophils are terminally differentiated cells, which undergo constitutive apoptosis, and their apoptosis and clearance is required for the resolution of inflammation. Engagement of the β 2 integrin Mac-1 through its adhesion to its ligands, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and fibrinogen, signals survival cues in neutrophils. However, in the presence of pro-apoptotic signals, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Mac-1 engagement accelerates apoptosis. Furthermore, Mac-1-dependent phagocytosis of complement-opsonized pathogens triggers rapid neutrophil apoptosis, which is dependent on NADPH oxidase-generated reactive oxygen species and caspase activation. This is also associated with changes in the transcription profiles of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes. In this review, the β 2 integrin-dependent mechanisms that modulate the decision between life and death in neutrophils are overviewed.
Lipids and Atherosclerosis (Advances in Translational Medical Science). Chris J. Packard, Daniel J. Rader, eds. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Group, 2006, 238 pp., $149.95, hardcover. ISBN 1 84214 229 1.

Great strides have been made in recent years in our understanding of lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. As a consequence of these discoveries, we now have a better understanding of the many proteins, both intracellular and extracellular, that modulate lipoprotein metabolism and how they relate to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This book provides a comprehensive overview of lipoprotein metabolism, which entails a wide variety of topics spanning several different disciplines. A unifying theme …
Lymphoid cell lines: activation of a latent herpes-like virus particle?

SINCE the discovery1 of the herpes-like virus particle (EBV) in cell cultures of Burkitt's lymphoma, the virus has been found in many (but not all) lymphoid cell cultures derived from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma2 and other lymphoid neoplasms3 or infectious mononucleosis4 as well as from normal individuals5. The virus has also been found in some biopsies of Burkitt tumours6. Serological evidence has implicated it as a causal or associated agent in heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis7, 8, although its relationship to Burkitt's lymphoma is less clear. Antigenic studies suggest a relationship between the herpes-like virus and antigens detected by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) techniques in fixed cells9, surface antigens on viable cells10 and complement-fixing (CF) antigens in extracts of Burkitt cell cultures11.
Nanoemulsion Composite Microgels for Orthogonal Encapsulation and Release

Polymer hydrogels and microgels have been widely exploited for the controlled storage, delivery and detection of active compounds, including small molecules and biologics. [ 1 , 2 ] However, due to their intrinsically hydrated microenvironment, the development of hydrogels for encapsulation and/or release of poorly water-soluble cargos remains a persistent challenge. [ 3 ] As such, the development of novel hydrogels with well-controlled hydrophobic compartments remains important to a number of delivery applications including pharmaceuticals, [ 3 , 4 ] cosmetics, [ 5 ]
The structure and dynamics of the heliospheric current sheet

It has been suggested that the sector structure observed in the interplanetary magnetic field may be interpreted in terms of a warped equatorial current sheet in the heliosphere. The reported study seeks to investigate this suggestion and to provide a clear picture of the topology of the current sheet. An analysis is presented of the magnetic field data obtained by the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft during the time from 1972 to 1976, taking into account a range of heliocentric distances from 1 to 8.5 AU. The single most convincing observation in support of the warped current sheet hypothesis is the almost complete disappearance of the sector structure in the Pioneer 11 data when the spacecraft reaches a heliographic latitude of 16 deg in 1976. The observation suggests that the spacecraft was consistently above the current sheet for a period of several months.
1376 Assessment of pluridisciplinary mobile team support in terminal care

The aim of the study was to determine nurses expectations regarding the interventions of a pluridisciplinary mobile team for pain management and palliative care when dealing with terminally ill patients. A questionnaire was sent to 100 nurses working in all the departments of the university hospital. Amongst the 47 nurses who answered, 76% worked with patients in terminal care and 54% thought that pain management was a problem. They mainly expected the consulting nurse to provide suggestions for pain management and appropriate nursing interventions (57%), as well as support for patients and for themselves (33%). The nurses expected of the consulting physician that he provide antalgic treatments (72%) and information on pain management (33%). Their global appreciation was that supervision and support would help in coping with the stress of terminal care (39%) and that the consultants didn’t offer enough support (39%). Conclusion This study underlines the need for psychological support for the nursing teams who work with terminally ill patients in a general hospital. In terminal care, team support should be a priority and be given the same attention as technical aspects of symptom management.
Biogenesis, cellular localization, and functional activation of the heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (guanylyl cyclase C)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli elaborate a peptide called heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), which binds to and activates the intestinal ST receptor (STaR). STaR, also known as guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), is a member of the transmembrane guanylyl cyclase receptor family. The mRNA for STaR encodes an approximately 120 kDa protein with the N-terminal ligand binding domain on the cell surface. Ligand affinity cross-linking studies have previously demonstrated several species of potential ST binding proteins, ranging in size from approximately 50 to 160 kDa. Although these smaller forms of STaR (50-80 kDa) have been proposed to act in vivo as toxin binding proteins, their biogenesis and localization have not previously been examined. Using pulse labeling in vivo and synchronized translation in vitro, we demonstrate that these smaller forms represent incomplete translational products and are not formed through limited proteolysis of the full-length receptor, as had previously been believed. We determined, using fluorescence confocal microscopy and surface labeling, that only approximately 25% of cellular receptors are expressed at the surface, while the remaining population is retained within the endoplasmic reticulum. Only full-length receptor is found at the surface of the cell, indicating this to be the biologically active form of STaR responsible for interacting with the heat-stable enterotoxin and other luminal intestinal peptides. The large intracellular receptor population, and potential for function before translocation to the cell surface, may impact on how pharmacologic modulators of this clinically important receptor are designed.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Pd-X(X= Ag, Co, Fe, Ni) systems

A set of self-consistent thermodynamic model parameters is presented to describe the phase equilibria of the Ag-Pd, Co-Pd, Fe-Pd, and Ni-Pd systems. In most cases, the calculated values using the optimized model parameters agree very well with the experimental data. The FePd and FePd3 phases with large homogeneity ranges are described by the compound energy formalism. At present, insufficient thermodynamic data are available for these two phases. Therefore, experimental data on the heat of formation and/or the first-principle calculation of cohesive energies will be very useful for further refinement of thermodynamic parameters of FePd and FePd3 phases.