cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CloudSat 2C-ICE product update with a new Ze parameterization in lidar-only region.

The CloudSat 2C-ICE data product is derived from a synergetic ice cloud retrieval algorithm that takes as input a combination of CloudSat radar reflectivity (Ze ) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation lidar attenuated backscatter profiles. The algorithm uses a variational method for retrieving profiles of visible extinction coefficient, ice water content, and ice particle effective radius in ice or mixed-phase clouds. Because of the nature of the measurements and to maintain consistency in the algorithm numerics, we choose to parameterize (with appropriately large specification of uncertainty) Ze and lidar attenuated backscatter in the regions of a cirrus layer where only the lidar provides data and where only the radar provides data, respectively. To improve the Ze parameterization in the lidar-only region, the relations among Ze , extinction, and temperature have been more thoroughly investigated using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement long-term millimeter cloud radar and Raman lidar measurements. This Ze parameterization provides a first-order estimation of Ze as a function extinction and temperature in the lidar-only regions of cirrus layers. The effects of this new parameterization have been evaluated for consistency using radiation closure methods where the radiative fluxes derived from retrieved cirrus profiles compare favorably with Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System measurements. Results will be made publicly available for the entire CloudSat record (since 2006) in the most recent product release known as R05.
Synergistic Efficacy from Gene Therapy with Coreceptor Blockade and a β2-Agonist in Murine Pompe Disease

Pompe disease (glycogen storage disease type II; acid maltase deficiency) is a devastating myopathy resulting from acid α-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency in striated and smooth muscle. Despite the availability of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human GAA (rhGAA), the limitations of ERT have prompted the preclinical development of gene therapy. Gene therapy has the advantage of continuously producing GAA, in contrast to ERT, which requires frequent injections of rhGAA. An adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector containing a muscle-specific promoter, AAV-MHCK7hGAApA, achieved high GAA expression in heart and skeletal muscle in mice with Pompe disease. However, elevated GAA activity was not sufficient to completely clear accumulated glycogen in skeletal muscle. The process of glycogen clearance from lysosomes might require improved trafficking of GAA to the lysosomes in skeletal muscle, previously achieved with the β2-agonist clenbuterol that enhanced glycogen clearance in skeletal muscle without ...
A Nonlinear Frame Test Structure with Repeatable Behavior for Experimental Dynamic Response History Investigation

This article describes a novel, small-scale nonlinear beam-column connection and an associated six-story frame test structure for the experimental dynamic response investigation of multi-story buildings subjected to earthquake loading. The objective is to create a re-configurable, reusable experimental platform on which several aspects of nonlinear dynamic response can be investigated through successive, exhaustive testing under suites of earthquake records. Static and dynamic calibration tests demonstrate excellent test-to-test repeatability of four structure configurations. These results confirm that the properties of each configuration (period, strength, energy dissipation) remain invariant, thus allowing future experimental investigations (e.g., of peak engineering demands) under earthquake loading.
Meanings of Capitalism

While it is inevitable that the word “capitalism” will be used by various participants at the Congress in various senses, some mutual understandings concerning the different meanings likely to be intended may help to clarify the discussions. The following is an attempt (a) to indicate the different usages which will probably occur, (b) to suggest modifying adjectives or substitute terms by which the different meanings may be distinguished, and (c) to indicate relevant historical questions.
Comparison between pre-log and post-log statistical models in low-dose CT iterative reconstruction

X-ray detectors in clinical computed tomography (CT) operate in energy-integrating mode. Their signal statistics is complicated by a cascade of random processes which prevent a highly accurate model of signal statistics from being practical for CT iterative reconstruction algorithms. Since all models are approximations, it is natural to ask whether incremental refinement of their accuracy may be beneficial in practice. In the design of CT model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR), pre-log and post-log models are the two major categories of statistical models being considered, but it is rather uncertain whether one model could lead to notably improved image quality over the other in realistic situations. In this study, we compare pre-log and post-log MBIR methods using real phantom data acquired on a GE Discovery CT750 HD system over a wide range of x-ray dose levels. The pre-log MBIR included Beer's law, beam-hardening effects, and all major data calibration factors in a nonlinear forward model to perform three-dimensional image reconstruction directly from raw multi-slice CT measurements, whereas the post-log MBIR used pre-corrected and log-converted data so that a simpler linear forward model was used. We found that pre-log MBIR achieved better CT number accuracy in low dose settings when compared to post-log MBIR, but the two methods produced very similar images at high and medium dose settings. Although a few potentially attractive options remain to be explored to further improve the image quality of both pre-log and post-log methods, we conclude that accurate noise models may be important for iterative reconstruction of very low dose CT datasets, and careful design and optimization of the models should not be overlooked in the design of CT MBIR.
New pottery from the Psychro Cave and its implications for Minoan Crete1

Recently discovered pottery from David Hogarth's 1899 excavation in the Psychro Cave is published in this study. The great majority of these vases can, on the basis of their fabric and decoration, be traced to Malia, Knossos and the Lasithi Plain. During the MM I-LM I A period most of the fine ware pottery dedicated at the Psychro came from Malia. The monumental size of the sanctuary and the large number (and the elite character) of the votives indicates that during MM I B-LM I A Psychro was the main extra-urban sanctuary for the polity centred at Malia. During LM I B-III A1/2 virtually all of the decorated vases from Psychro are Knossian. This change suggests that Mycenaean Knossos assumed control of the sanctuary during this time, and that some of these vases are those referred to in the Linear B tablet from Knossos KN. Fp 1 that lists dedications of oil sent to Dictaean Zeus.
Two-Dimensional Continuous Extraction in Multiphase Lipid Bilayers To Separate, Enrich, and Sort Membrane-Bound Species

A new method is presented to separate, enrich, and sort membrane-bound biomolecules based on their affinity for different coexisting lipid phases in a supported lipid bilayer using a two-dimensional, continuous extraction procedure. Analogous to classic liquid–liquid phase extraction, we created two distinct lipid phases in our planar membrane system: a liquid-ordered (lo) phase and a liquid-disordered (ld) phase arranged in parallel stripes inside a microfluidic device. Membrane-bound biomolecules in an adjacent supported lipid bilayer are convected in plane along the microfluidic channel and brought into contact with a different lipid phase using hydrodynamic force. A mixture of two lipid species, a glycolipid and a phospholipid, with known affinities for the two lipid phases employed here are used to demonstrate continuous extraction of the lipid-microdomain preferring glycolipid to the lo phase, while the phospholipid remains primarily in the ld phase. In this demonstration, we characterize the perfor...
Magnitude of anemia at discharge increases 30-day hospital readmissions

Anemia during hospitalization is associated with poor health outcomes. Does anemia at discharge place patients at risk for hospital readmission within 30 days of discharge? Our objectives were to examine the prevalence and magnitude of anemia at hospital discharge and determine whether anemia at discharge was associated with 30-day readmissions among a cohort of hospitalizations in a single health care system. From January 1, 2009, to August 31, 2011, there were 152,757 eligible hospitalizations within a single health care system. The endpoint was any hospitalization within 30 days of discharge. The University HealthSystem Consortium’s clinical database was used for demographics and comorbidities; hemoglobin values are from the hospitals’ electronic medical records, and readmission status was obtained from the University HealthSystem Consortium administrative data systems. Mild anemia was defined as hemoglobin of greater than 11 to less than 12 g/dl in women and greater than 11 to less than 13 g/dl in men; moderate, greater than 9 to less than or equal to 11 g/dl; and severe, less than or equal to 9 g/dl. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of anemia and 30-day readmissions adjusted for demographics, comorbidity, and hospitalization type. Among 152,757 hospitalizations, 72% of patients were discharged with anemia: 31,903 (21%), mild; 52,971 (35%), moderate; and 25,522 (17%), severe. Discharge anemia was associated with severity-dependent increased odds for 30-day hospital readmission compared with those without anemia: for mild anemia, 1.74 (1.65–1.82); moderate anemia, 2.76 (2.64–2.89); and severe anemia, 3.47 (3.30–3.65), P < 0.001. Anemia at discharge is associated with a severity-dependent increased risk for 30-day readmission. A strategy focusing on anemia treatment care paths during index hospitalization offers an opportunity to influence subsequent readmissions.
Effect of Anesthetic Technique on Acute Formalin-induced Pain in Mice

Background and Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine if anesthetic technique influences the degree of acute formalin-induced pain in mice. Methods. Mice were randomized to receive either combined spinal/general anesthesia or general anesthesia prior to a subcutaneous injection of formalin in a hindpaw. The mice in the combined spinal/general anesthesia group received halothane anesthesia and subarachnoid lidocaine. The mice in the general anesthesia group received halothane anesthesia only. After the mice recovered from anesthesia, paw-licking behavior was recorded for 1 hour. A statistical comparison was made using analysis of variance and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Results. The mice in the combined spinal/general anesthesia group (n = 20) had a significantly shorter time to first paw lick (mean ± SD) after formalin injection compared to the mice in the general anesthesia group (n = 20) (16.1 ± 4.5 vs. 22.1 ± 6.3 min, P = .002). No difference was observed in the number of paw licks in the mice receiving either combined spinal/general anesthesia or general anesthesia (40 ± 15 vs. 44 ± 18, P = .47). No difference was observed in the duration of paw licking in either group (231 ± 76 vs. 237 ± 124 s, P = .84). Conclusions. The administration of a pre-emptive subarachnoid lidocaine block in the combined spinal/general anesthesia group did not reduce the degree of formalin-induced paw-licking behavior. Combined spinal/general anesthesia did not decrease acute formalin-induced pain in mice.
DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY: PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN STUDY

ABSTRACT Although now defunct, in 1980 the U.S. Department of Energy sought to encourage the adaptation and acceptance of passive solar design. Manufactured housing operators were encouraged to consider designs they could readily produce within their existing plants. The following report provides marketing information in relation to three passive solar designs. Consumers expressed a willingness to spend more initially for a passive solar house but expected a 50-75% reduction in utility costs.
Recent Progress in Semionic Pairing Theory of High Temperature Superconductivity

It is a pleasure to speak to you about some recent theoretical developments of semionic pairing mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity. The concept of fractional statistics has become familiar to condensed matter physicists since the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect. I would like to remind you of two facts-that particles obeying fractional statistics exist in nature and that 1/2 fractional statistics has the ability to cause superconductivity. The first one has its precedent in the fractional quantum Hall effect and the second one was established by the work of Laughlin et al.1,2 The more difficult question of whether fractional statistics accounts for superconductivity in the cuprite oxides is, however, unclear. Substantial progress towards answering that question has been made. This includes the establishment of complete equivalence of the original Baskaran-Zou-Anderson3,4 Gutzwiller projection and gauge field5,6 approach to the Kalmeyer-Laughlin7 quantum Hall analogy. We have shown8,9,10 that Anderson’s procedure3 of Gutzwiller projecting a particle-hole pair makes excitations equivalent to the quantum Hall quasiparticles. These holons have surprisingly high mobility and thus form a good variational basis set for the t-J Hamiltonian. It has also been shown that the commensurate flux state, first suggested by Anderson,11 maps exactly onto the chiral spin-liquid state of Wen, Wilczek and Zee12 with a macroscopic number of holons. A consequence of this is that the work of Liang and Trivedi13 amounts to a variational study of semion gas on a lattice, which shows that the chiral spin-liquid state can be energetically competitive.
General Consequences of High Field Intensity on a Two-Body Bound System

The principal aim of the work reported here is to examine the effect of a very intense external plane-wave electromagnetic field on a two-body bound system of charged particles. A major qualitative conclusion which emerges is that magnetic effects acquire major significance as a result of field intensity, despite the assumed nonrelativistic character of the bound system.
Food Source Prediction of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Outbreaks Using Demographic and Outbreak Characteristics, United States, 1998-2014.

Abstract Background: Foodborne illness is a continuing public health problem in the United States. Although outbreak-associated illnesses represent a fraction of all foodborne illnesses, foodborne outbreak investigations provide critical information on the pathogens, foods, and food-pathogen pairs causing illness. Therefore, identification of a food source in an outbreak investigation is key to impacting food safety. Objective: The objective of this study was to systematically identify outbreak-associated case demographic and outbreak characteristics that are predictive of food sources using Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1998 to 2014 with a single ingredient identified. Materials and Methods: Differences between STEC food sources by all candidate predictors were assessed univariately. Multinomial logistic regression was used to build a prediction model, which was internally validated using a split-sample approach. ...
Body Mass Index Predicts 24-Hour Urinary Aldosterone Levels in Patients With Resistant Hypertension

Prospective studies indicate that hyperaldosteronism is found in 20% of patients with resistant hypertension. A small number of observational studies in normotensive and hypertensive patients suggest a correlation between aldosterone levels and obesity while others could not confirm these findings. The correlation between aldosterone levels and body mass index (BMI) in patients with resistant hypertension has not been previously investigated. Our objective was to determine whether BMI is positively correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, aldosterone:renin ratio, and 24-hour urinary aldosterone in black and white patients. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a large diverse cohort (n=2170) with resistant hypertension. The relationship between plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin activity, aldosterone:renin ratio, 24-hour urinary aldosterone, and BMI was investigated for the entire cohort, by sex and race (65.3% white, 40.3% men). We demonstrate that plasma aldosterone concentration and aldosterone:renin ratio were significantly correlated to BMI (P<0.0001) across the first 3 quartiles, but not from the 3rd to 4th quartile of BMI. Plasma renin activity was not correlated with BMI. Twenty-four-hour urinary aldosterone was positively correlated across all quartiles of BMI for the cohort (P<0.0001) and when analyzed by sex (men P<0.0001; women P=0.0013) and race (P<0.05), and stronger for men compared with women (r=0.19, P<0.001 versus r=0.05, P=0.431, P=0.028) regardless of race. In both black and white patients, aldosterone levels were positively correlated to increasing BMI, with the correlation being more pronounced in black and white men. These findings suggest that obesity, particularly the abdominal obesity typical of men, contributes to excess aldosterone in patients with resistant hypertension.
A canine model for neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis highlights the promise of gene therapy for lysosomal storage diseases

Patients with lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) have abnormal lysosomal accumulation of waste products, due in most cases to enzyme deficiencies (1).
Impella 5.0 Fracture and Transcatheter Retrieval.

A 35-year-old man with a history of Kawasaki disease presented in cardiogenic shock following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. He underwent percutaneous intervention of the culprit vessel. He subsequently sustained cardiac arrest, during which time an Impella 5.0 device (Abiomed, Danvers
Multiple Continuous Random Variables

In Chapter 7 we discussed multiple discrete random variables. We now proceed to parallel that discussion for multiple continuous random variables. We will consider in this chapter only the case of two random variables, also called bivariate random variables, with the extension to any number of continuous random variables to be presented in Chapter 14. In describing bivariate discrete random variables, we used the example of height and weight of a college student.
Computational fluid dynamic modeling of nose-to-ceiling head positioning for sphenoid sinus irrigation.

Background After sinus surgery, patients are commonly instructed to irrigate with saline irrigations with their heads over a sink and noses directed inferiorly (nose-to-floor). Although irrigations can penetrate the sinuses in this head position, no study has assessed whether sphenoid sinus penetration can be improved by irrigating with the nose directed superiorly (nose-to-ceiling). The purpose of this study was to use a validated computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of sinus irrigations to assess the difference in sphenoid sinus delivery of irrigations after irrigating in a nose-to-floor vs nose-to-ceiling head position. Methods Bilateral maxillary antrostomies, total ethmoidectomies, wide sphenoidotomies, and a Draf III frontal sinusotomy were performed on a single fresh cadaver head. CFD models were created from postoperative computed tomography maxillofacial scans. CFD modeling software was used to simulate a 120-mL irrigation to the left nasal cavity with the following parameters: flow rate 30 mL/second, angle of irrigation 20 degrees to the nasal floor, and either nose-to-floor or nose-to-ceiling head positioning. Results In the postoperative CFD models, the sphenoid sinuses were completely penetrated by the irrigation while in a nose-to-ceiling head position. However, no sphenoid sinus penetration occurred in the nose-to-floor position. Other sinuses were similarly penetrated in both head positions, although the ipsilateral maxillary sinus was less penetrated in the nose-to-ceiling position. Conclusion CFD modeling demonstrated that the nose-to-ceiling head position was superior to the nose-to-floor position in delivering a 120-mL irrigation to the sphenoid sinuses.
Pediatric pyoderma gangrenosum: a systematic review and update

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a sterile neutrophilic disorder that rarely affects children. Clinical, epidemiological, and therapeutic data on pediatric PG is poor as there are many newly reported associated diseases and drugs. This paper aims to review all recent available data on pediatric PG. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases. A total of 132 articles were included in the review. The most commonly reported underlying diseases in pediatric PG are inflammatory bowel diseases followed by hematologic disorders, vasculitis, immune deficiencies and Pyogenic Arthritis, Pyoderma gangrenosum and Acne (PAPA) syndrome. More than half of the cases occur with no underlying disease. The most frequently reported clinical presentation is multiple disseminated ulcers. Treatment should be tailored according to the underlying etiology. It includes systemic steroids, corticosteroid sparing agents such as dapsone and cyclosporine, and TNF-alpha inhibitors such as adalimumab and infliximab. Response to treatment is high with cure rates reaching 90%. A high index of suspicion and a thorough workup are mandatory in the management of pediatric PG.
Studies of hadron-electron separators for the ZEUS barrel calorimeter

Abstract Two possible upgrades, a shower maximum detector and a presampler, designed to improve the low energy electron/hadron separation capabilities of the ZEUS barrel calorimeter are described and test-beam results are reported. The presampler can also be used to correct for energy loss of particles traversing the dead material in front of the calorimeter.
CDC'S Testing Makes Us Stronger (TMUS) Campaign: Was Campaign Exposure Associated With HIV Testing Behavior Among Black Gay and Bisexual Men?

This study assessed exposure among Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (BMSM) to a communication campaign, Testing Makes Us Stronger (TMUS), and its association with HIV testing to determine campaign effectiveness. Data from an online survey (N = 3,105) were analyzed using propensity score weight-adjusted logistic regression to examine the effect of exposure on HIV testing. Among BMSM aged 18–44 (n = 702), 43.2% reported TMUS exposure. The majority of those exposed were aged 25–34 (54%), HIV-negative (65%), and had some college education (87%). TMUS exposure was associated with reported increased HIV testing behaviors at 6- and 12-month frequencies. Communication campaigns with clear implementation strategies, focused objectives, and online and event presence can be associated with longer-term outcomes such as HIV testing.
County Estimation of Crop Acreage Using Satellite Data

The National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has published county estimates of crop acreage, crop production, crop yield and livestock inventories since 1917. These estimates assist the agricultural community in local agricultural decision making. Also the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) and the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) of the USDA use NASS county crop yield estimates to administer their programs involving payments to farmers if crop yields are below certain levels. The primary source of data for these estimates has always been a large non-probability survey of U.S. farmers, ranchers, and agribusinesses who voluntarily provide information on a confidential basis (see Chapter 7). In addition, the U.S. Census of Agriculture, conducted by the Bureau of the Census every five years, serves as a valuable benchmark for the NASS county estimates.
Research on Statistics

Since ETS’s founding in 1947, staff members have made important contributions to both theoretical and applied statistics, especially in the areas of linear models, latent regression, Bayesian statistics and causal inference. Although much of this work was inspired by challenges arising in the course of operational activities, the developments often had broader implications, not only for the testing industry as a whole but also for general statistical practice. This chapter offers a comprehensive historical account of statistical research at ETS, with particular emphasis on those topics that are not covered in other chapters.
Impact of Medicaid reimbursement and eligibility policies on receipt of cancer screening.

6514 Background: State Medicaid programs cover receipt of cancer screening services. However, coverage of cancer screening tests does not guarantee access to these services. Medicaid beneficiaries ...
Stabilization of Mutant Tetrameric Structures by Calixarene Derivatives

Li-Fraumeni syndrome, a hereditary disorder characterized by familial clusters of early-onset multiple tumors, is caused by mutation of the TP53 gene, which encodes the p53 tumor suppressor protein. Mutation of Arg337 to histidine in the tetramerization domain of p53 is most frequently observed in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. This mutation is reported to destabilize the tetrameric structure and decrease transcriptional activity of p53. To stabilize the tetrameric structure of mutant R337H, we designed and synthesized calix[6]arene derivatives, which have six imidazole or pyrazole groups at the upper rim. Imidazole-calix[6]arene could enhance the tetrameric structure of p53-R337H tetramerization domain peptide in physiological condition. In this study, we report, for the first time, the enhancement of the in vivo transcriptional activity of the most common Li-Fraumeni p53 mutant by imidazole-calix[6]arene through stabilization of the oligomer formation.
Electrosurgery: Part I. Basics and principles

The term electrosurgery (also called radiofrequency surgery) refers to the passage of high-frequency alternating electrical current through the tissue in order to achieve a specific surgical effect. Although the mechanism behind electrosurgery is not completely understood, heat production and thermal tissue damage is responsible for at least the majority—if not all—of the tissue effects in electrosurgery. Adjacent to the active electrode, tissue resistance to the passage of current converts electrical energy to heat. The only variable that determines the final tissue effects of a current is the depth and the rate at which heat is produced. Electrocoagulation occurs when tissue is heated below the boiling point and undergoes thermal denaturation. An additional slow increase in temperature leads to vaporization of the water content in the coagulated tissue and tissue drying, a process called desiccation. A sudden increase in tissue temperature above the boiling point causes rapid explosive vaporization of the water content in the tissue adjacent to the electrode, which leads to tissue fragmentation and cutting.
THORIUM-COLUMBIUM AND THORIUM-TITANIUM ALLOY SYSTEMS

On the basis of data obtained from microscopic examination, melting observations, cooling curves, X-ray analyses, and resistance measurements, phase diagrams have been proposed for the Th-Cb and Th-Ti alloy systems. Both are simple eutectic systems and have no terminal solid solubility or intermediate phases. The eutectic between thorium and columbium occurs at a composition of about 8 wt pet Cb and a temperature of 1435°C. The Th-Ti eutectic occurs at 1190°C at the composition 12 wt pet Ti. No change was observed in the transformation temperature of thorium in either system or in the titanium transformation.
Pilot study of markers for high-grade anal dysplasia in a southern cohort from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS)

Background Anal cancer rates have increased in HIV+ women. Factors associated with anal cancer precursor high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) in HIV+ and at-risk-HIV- women were assessed. Methods HIV+ and HIV- women from the Atlanta WIHS cohort were enrolled in a cross-sectional pilot study. All anal (AS) and cervical (CS) swab samples were analyzed for HPV-genotyping (Linear-Array® HPV-Genotyping Test, LA-HPVGT) and FAM19A4 and microRNA-124-2 promoter methylation. All women underwent high resolution anoscopy with biopsy of suspicious lesions and anal cytology (AC) collection. Logistic regression was conducted with anal HSIL histology (A-HSIL) as the dependent variable. Results 75 women were enrolled: 52(69%) were HIV+ with 3/4 having undetectable viral load, 64(86%) Black, with mean age 49. 44(59%) AC samples were ASCUS/+hrHPV or higher, 38(51%) of all AS were +hrHPV by LA-HPVGT.13 anal biopsies were confirmed A-HSIL. 69(95%) AS and 19(26%) CS tested positive for hypermethylation, respectively. A-HSIL model included ASCUS/+hrHPV or greater on AC and cervical hypermethylation as covariates (Table 1). AS hypermethylation was not associated with A-HSIL. Conclusions Our results suggest AC with hrHPV testing and/or cervical gene promoter hypermethylation measurements as promising non-invasive screening strategies for A-HSIL in both HIV+ and HIV- women. Lack of association between AS hypermethylation and A-HSIL may reflect characteristics of the anal milieu and warrants further investigation.
Lessons Learned on Protection Coordination Considerations Within Inverter-Based Microgrids

A microgrid is a collection of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources (DER) within clearly defined electrical boundaries that act as a single controllable entity with respect to the grid. A microgrid can connect and disconnect from the grid to enable it to operate in both grid-connected and island-mode. One of the main drivers for Microgrids is it provide opportunities for system reliability and resilience. The operational mode and types of generation sources of the DERs within the Microgrid, and the existing distribution protection schemes; amongst others, presents challenges to Microgrid protection. For a Microgrid to be reliable and resilient, a robust, sensitive, selective, dependable and reliable protection scheme is required; to effectively respond to various Microgrid operational modes. This paper summarizes the lessons learned from protection coordination and design implemented within two utility service territories - an urban network system and a residential radial neighborhood. The investigation assesses the viability of various protection schemes. Protection response has been reviewed with respect to real world application; including, benefits and limitations of selectivity, sensitivity and reliability.
High-resolution imaging of distinct human corpus callosum microstructure and topography of structural connectivity to cortices at high field

Characterization of the microstructural properties and topography of the human corpus callosum (CC) is key to understanding interhemispheric neural communication and brain function. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that high-resolution T1 relaxometry at high field has adequate sensitivity and specificity for characterizing microstructural properties of the human CC, and elucidating the structural connectivity of the callosal fibers to the cortices of origin. The high-resolution parametric T1 images acquired from healthy subjects (N = 16) at 7 T clearly showed a consistent T1 distribution among individuals with substantial variation along the human CC axis, which is highly similar to the spatial patterns of myelin density and myelinated axon size based on the histology study. Compared to the anterior part of the CC, the posterior midbody and splenium had significantly higher T1 values. In conjunction with T1-based classification method, the splenial T1 values were decoded more reliably compared to a conventional partitioning method, showing a much higher T1 value in the inferior splenium than in the middle/superior splenium. Moreover, the T1 profile of the callosal subdivision represented the topology of the fiber connectivity to the projected cortical regions: the fibers in the posterior midbody and inferior splenium with a higher T1 (inferring a larger axon size) were mainly connected to motor–sensory and visual cortical areas, respectively; in contrast, the fibers in the anterior/posterior CC with a lower T1 (inferring a smaller axon size) were primarily connected to the frontal/parietal–temporal areas. These findings indicate that high-resolution T1 relaxometry imaging could provide a complementary and robust neuroimaging tool, useful for exploring the complex tissue properties and topographic organization of the human corpus callosum.
Racial differences in future care planning in late life

Objectives: Although many older adults fear frailty and loss of independence in late life, relatively few make plans for their future care. Such planning is particularly limited among racial minori...
Abstract 140: Predictors of Patient Self-Advocacy (PSA) in Heart Failure (HF)

Objective: Patients with heart failure self-manage by communicating with various providers. Knowing what impacts patient communication must inform how providers relate to these chronically ill pati...
Good statistical practice in utilizing real-world data in a comparative study for premarket evaluation of medical devices

Observational (non-randomized) comparative studies have been adopted in the pre-market safety/effectiveness evaluation of medical devices. There has been an increased interest in utilizing this design with the growing available real-world data. However, in such studies, biases that are introduced in every stage and aspect of study need to be addressed. Otherwise, the objectivity of study design and validity of study results will be compromised. In this paper, challenges and opportunities are discussed from the regulatory perspective. Considerations and good statistical practice to mitigate the potential bias are presented.
Comparison of Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Influenza B and D Viruses in Pigs

Influenza viruses are important pathogens causing respiratory disease in humans and animals. In contrast to influenza A virus (IAV) that can infect a wide range of animal species, other influenza viruses, including influenza B virus (IBV), influenza C virus (ICV), and influenza D virus (IDV) have a limited host range. Swine can be infected with all four different genera of influenza viruses. IAV infection of pigs causes the well-known swine influenza that poses significant threats to human and animal health. However, influenza virus infection of pigs with IBV, ICV, and IDV are not well-characterized. Herein, we compared pathogenicity of IBV and IDV using intratracheal and intranasal infection of pigs, which are IAV seropositive, and commingled naive pigs with the infected animals to determine their transmissibility. Both viruses caused fever and some lung lesions, replicated in the lungs of infected pigs, but only IDV transmitted to the contact animals. Although IBV and IDV displayed differing levels of replication in the respiratory tract of infected pigs, no significant differences in pathogenicity of both viruses were observed. These results indicate that both IBV and IDV can replicate, and are pathogenic in pigs.
MRI of the Adrenal Glands

Early in the history of abdominal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) publications on its ability to image adrenal glands and adrenal disorders appeared [1, 2]. Despite limits of the MRI technology of the time, these studies showed MRI could depict normal and pathologic adrenals, and provided new features for analysis. Initial diagnostic criteria rested largely on signal intensity characteristics on T1 and T2 weighted sequences. Later, with release of intravenous gadolinium based contrast agents, the varying enhancement patterns of different masses was reported [3, 4] to be discriminatory. The recognition that MRI techniques could document the presence of lipid in adrenal masses [5] was the last key piece in classic MRI methods for adrenal evaluation. Despite high statistical accuracy for MRI diagnosis of adrenal disease, the role of MRI in practice has been persistently limited. This is due to continued high expense of MRI compared to computed tomography (CT), as well as limited availability and expertise in adrenal imaging. In addition, both technical advances (helical, then multislice CT, Positron Emission Tomography (PET )) as well as increased knowledge (CT attenuation, CT assessment of washout, histogram analysis) in other methodologies has continued to limit the utility of MRI. In no area except perhaps suspected pheochromocytoma, is MRI clearly the first and preferred imaging method. For most other uses, MRI is considered equivalent, and used either in patients for whom P.J. Kenney (*) Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, JT N370, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35249-6830, USA E-mail: pkenney@uabmc.edu
Crystal structure of a 1:1 adduct of tri-phenyl-tin chloride with 3-cyclo-hexhyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one.

In the centrosymmetric (racemic) title compound, chlorido­(3-cyclo­hexhyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thia­zolidin-4-one-κO)tri­phenyl­tin(IV), [Sn(C6H5)3Cl(C15H19NOS)], the tin(IV) atom exhibits a trigonal–bipyramidal coordination geometry with the three phenyl groups in equatorial positions and the chloride anion and ligand oxygen atom present at axial sites [O—Sn—Cl = 175.07 (14)°]. The thia­zolidinone ring of the ligand adopts an envelope conformation with the S atom as the flap. The dihedral angles between the heterocycle ring plane (all atoms) are 44.3 (9)° with respect to the pendant C-phenyl plane and 34.3 (11)° to the N-cyclo­hexyl ring (all atoms). The C-phenyl and N-cyclo­hexyl ring are close to orthogonal to each other, with a dihedral angle of 81.1 (4)° between them. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by weak C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds to generate [001] chains.
Plasma volume expansion across healthy pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

Plasma volume expansion is an important physiologic change across gestation. High or low expansion has been related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet there is a limited understanding of normal/healthy plasma volume expansion. We aimed to evaluate the pattern of plasma volume expansion across healthy pregnancies from longitudinal studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify original studies that measured plasma volume in singleton pregnancies of healthy women. Specifically, we included studies that measured plasma volume at least two times across gestation and one time before or after pregnancy in the same women. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, CINAHL, and clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched from the beginning of each database to February 2019. We combined data across studies using a random effects model. Ten observational studies with a total of 347 pregnancies were eligible. Plasma volume increased by 6% (95% CI 3–9) in the first trimester compared to the nonpregnant state. In the second trimester, plasma volume was increased by 18% (95% CI 12–24) in gestational weeks 14–20 and 29% (95% CI 21–36) in weeks 21–27 above the nonpregnant state. In the third trimester, plasma volume was increased by 42% (95% CI 38–46) in weeks 28–34 and 48% (95% CI 44–51) in weeks 35–38. The highest rate of increase occurred in the first half of the second trimester. Included studies were rated from moderate to high quality; 7 out of 10 studies were conducted over 30 years ago. In healthy pregnancies, plasma volume begins to expand in the first trimester, has the steepest rate of increase in the second trimester, and peaks late in the third trimester. The patterns observed from these studies may not reflect the current population, partly due to the changes in BMI over the last several decades. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to better characterize the range of normal plasma volume expansion across maternal characteristics.
Oversampling of Minority Populations Through Dual-Frame Surveys

Previous studies have shown disparities in health conditions and behaviors among different ethnic groups. Sampling designs that do not consider oversampling certain minority populations, such as American Indians or African Americans, may not produce sufficient sample sizes for estimating health parameters for minority populations. Oversampling is one of the most common approaches that researchers use to achieve required precision levels for small domain estimation. However, it has not been rigorously investigated in dual-frame survey settings. To take advantage of extra information for minority populations in the Marketing Systems Group database, we propose a novel optimal oversampling strategy that minimizes the domain variance subject to total cost restriction or vice versa. We further extend the method to oversample multiple minorities simultaneously. Empirical study using a population-based community survey shows the benefits of our proposed methods compared with traditional methods in terms of statistical efficiency and cost balance.
Morphological and Molecular Characterisation of Myxidium kudoi Meglitsch, 1937 from the Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus, Valenciennes in Oklahoma, USA.

Myxidium kudoi Meglitsch, 1937 has been described from the type host, blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus, with no additional host records or molecular data available for this species. To provide molecular data and a novel host locality for this species and carry out phylogenetic analyses to infer the evolutionary relationship of the species to other members of the family Myxidiidae for which DNA sequence data is available. These data were collected using myxospores from the gallbladder of a blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus collected from Lake Texoma, Oklahoma, USA. Myxospores were morphologically consistent with the only other account of this species and not any other Myxidium species described from siluriform fishes. Myxospores were oblong with rounded ends and were 10.8–12.6 (11.6 ± 0.5) µm in length and 4.7–6.6 (5.7 ± 0.5) µm in width. Polar capsules were subspherical and 2.7–3.9 (3.4 ± 0.3) µm in length and 2.4–3.5 (3.1 ± 0.3) µm in diameter, with each capsule containing a polar filament with 3–4 coils. Molecular data consisted of a 2918-bp sequence of the partial 18S, complete ITS1, 5.8S, ITS2, and partial 28S ribosomal rRNA regions as well as a 2455-bp sequence of partial 28S ribosomal RNA. The partial 18S and 28S data was used in a concatenated Bayesian phylogenetic analysis to further infer the evolutionary relationships of the Myxidiidae. Additionally, the partial 18S data was used in a separate phylogenetic analysis. The present work reports novel morphological and molecular data for Myxidium kudoi as well as a novel locality of occurrence for this species. In concatenated phylogenetic analysis using 18S and 28S data and other molecular data from Myxozoa, M. kudoi grouped with other freshwater Myxidiidae. In the single-locus, 18S analysis, M. kudoi grouped with Myxidium rhodei from Rutilus rutilus and Myxidium amazonense from Corydoras melini, the only other Myxidium species of catfish for which molecular data are available.
The New Boys of Summer: Baseball’s Radical Transformation in the Late Sixties

In his second monograph, Paul Hensler provides us with a close examination of the myriad issues facing professional baseball in the late 1960s. The New Boys of Summer: Baseball’s Radical Transforma...
Factors Associated with Declining to Participate in a Pediatric Oncology Next Generation Sequencing Study.

PURPOSEFor the advances of pediatric oncology next-generation sequencing (NGS) research to equitably benefit all children, a diverse and representative sample of participants is needed. However, li...
“Togetherness:” the role of intergenerational and cultural engagement in urban American Indian and Alaskan Native youth suicide prevention

In a collaborative study with an Urban Indian Health Organization (UIHO) and a University, we conducted six talking circles over three years with American Indian and Alaskan Native (AI/AN) elders, ...
Are Scientists Smart? Kindergarteners’ Gendered Understanding and Use of Descriptors About Science and Intelligence:

Do kindergarten-aged children associate scientists with intelligence? Do they hold gender stereotypes about these topics? What is related to these stereotypes? Do they affect children’s choice of a...
Law Office Originalism

Originalism as practiced by Supreme Court Justices has long been described as “law office history,” or cherry picking shallow historical evidence to achieve pre-determined, political results. However, none has provided a systematic review of these claims, including the Supreme Court’s historical methodology and its purchase power to cabin judicial will. This empirical study—which canvases the entire universe of the Court’s 299 references to the Constitutional Convention—is the first to supply that deficiency. To test both normative historical methodology and Originalism’s constraint function, this study hypothesizes that 1) the Court’s historical methodology is generally bad, 2) that Originalist Justices’ historical methodology was no better; and 3) that Justices’ engagement in better historical methodology would result in significant political deviations. Results of this study show that the Court references the Convention without having looked at the primary record or, indeed, any source nearly half of the time, over-relies on non-historical secondary sources for context, and fails to cite to both primary and secondary sources in all but a small minority of its references. In all this, the first hypothesis was confirmed: the Court is a poor historian according to history’s standards. Likewise, based on a comparison of eight Justices—three Originalist Justices, three with non-Originalist jurisprudential commitments, and two “index” Justices—to all Justices since 1935, Originalist Justices proved they were no better at historical methodology than their peers, confirming the second hypothesis. Finally, through adding an interactive variable of political deviation to the previous test, the third hypothesis was rejected in large part: deeper historical methodology did not result in consistent significant political deviations. Originalism may thus appropriately be deemed “law office history.” However, using deeper historical methodology did result in significant political deviations for the two “index” Justices who lacked previous interpretive commitments, and a non-significant deviating trend for all other Justices but Justice Thomas, who deviated not at all. These results suggest that it is better history, not better theory, which constrains judicial will. Herein lies history’s promise for the Court: better historical methodology grounded in primary sources can have the power to constrain Justices, perhaps providing hope for a methodology with bite. To capitalize on its constraint function, this article concludes by making multiple practical suggestions for improving the historical methodology for the Supreme Court bench and bar.