cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Myosin light chain phosphorylation to the rescue

A common cause of heart failure is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with a prevalence of at least 1 in 500 in adults (1); more recent data suggest that the prevalence of HCM may be as high as 1 in 200 (2). HCM is characterized by disorganized myocyte structure; formation of excess connective tissue (fibrosis); and, importantly, enlargement of cardiac myocytes that increases the ventricular wall thickness and lowers the ventricular chamber volume (1). Clinical manifestations of HCM vary among patients from mild shortness of breath to end-stage heart failure; HCM can also result in sudden cardiac arrest in young adults, especially in vigorously exercising athletes (3). In the majority of patients, HCM is an inherited disease (1). The first identified mutation to cause dilated cardiomyopathy was in myosin heavy chain, the molecular motor that underlies contraction of the heart (4). Since the discovery of this first mutation, more than 1,000 distinct gene mutations have been identified to cause HCM (5). Most of these gene mutations affect proteins that comprise the thin, thick, and titin myofilaments of the sarcomere (the contractile unit of the heart) (Fig. 1). HCM is therefore considered a disease of the sarcomere. It is not possible to revert HCM-causing mutations back to their WT state, and it is therefore important to study the mechanisms of disease that are triggered by the mutations and to identify therapeutic targets that could lessen disease progression and improve quality of life. Such targets have, so far, been elusive. The work of Yuan et al. (6) in PNAS shows that normalizing the phosphorylation status of the myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) rescues the HCM phenotype due to an RLC mutation. This …
Effects of Salinity on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Rice at Different Seeding Densities

One possible management option for growers in dealing with decreases in rice (Oryza saliva L.) production caused by salinity is to compensate yield reduction by increasing seeding density. Our objectives were to Investigate the effects of salinity and seeding density on grain yield and yield components, and analyze the relationships of the yield components to final grain yields at different seeding densities under salinity. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in sand irrigated with nutrient solutions. The treatments included seeding densities of 400, 600, and 720 seeds m -2 and salt levels of 1.0, 3.9, and 6.5 dS m -1 . Salinity effects were highly significant on grain yield, plant stand, seed weight per plant, seed weight per panicle, and spikelets per panicle, but not significant on panicle density, kernel weight, and shoot weight per plant at seeding densities tested. Grain yield was not significantly increased with an increase of seeding density. Plant stand and panicle density were significantly increased, while seed weight per plant, fertility, and harvest index were significantly decreased with increases of seeding densities. The density-dependent seed weight per plant under salinity was explained by the competition within and among plants at high-density populations affected by salinity. Seed weight per panicle accounted for 62% of total variation and contributed more than panicle density to the grain yield under salinity. It was concluded that yield loss under moderate salinities may not be compensated for by increasing seeding density above normal density levels.
Kernel RX : A new nonlinear anomaly detector

In this paper we present a nonlinear version of the well-known anomaly detection method referred to as the RX-algorithm. Extending this algorithm to a feature space associated with the original input space via a certain nonlinear mapping function can provide a nonlinear version of the RX-algorithm. This nonlinear RX-algorithm, referred to as the kernel RX-algorithm, is basically intractable mainly due to the high dimensionality of the feature space produced by the non-linear mapping function. However, it is shown that the kernel RX-algorithm can easily be implemented by kernelizing it in terms of kernels which implicitly compute dot products in the nonlinear feature space. Improved performance of the kernel RX-algorithm over the conventional RX-algorithm is shown by testing hyperspectral imagery with military targets.
Attitudes toward National Health Insurance: dentists, dental students, and dental hygiene students

The attitudes toward National Health Insurance held by 126 second year dental students and 108 second year dental hygiene students enrolled in the state of Wisconsin, U.S.A., were measured and compared with the attitudes held by practicing dentists in the U.S.A. Although some similarities were noted, marked differences were revealed, with students, generally, preferring broader coverage and more government involvement than practicing dentists. There is virtually no published data in this area, and more research is needed, as the success or failure of any National Health Insurance plan depends critically on the attitudes of both health care providers and those studying to become health care providers.
Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), American Inventor, on the Bicentennial of His Birth

Goodyear was neither a chemist nor scientist and, like Thomas Edison, used trial-and-error methods. He recognized rubber’s valuable properties—elasticity, plasticity, strength, durability, electrical nonconductance, and resistance to water, and he became preoccupied with this elastomer. His vulcanization process, accidentally discovered in 1839 after five years of countless experiments, transformed rubber from a smelly, virtually useless substance that became sticky in summer, hardened and cracked in winter, and was attacked by various solvents into a stable, versatile commercial product with literally hundreds of uses. He devoted the last quarter-century of his life to experimenting with ways to improve, promote, and exhibit it to the great detriment of his own and his family’s finances and health.
DEVELOPMENTAL SEQUENCES IN PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF AMBIGUOUS SENTENCES

The present research assessed the normal development of ability to perceive and interpret lexical and syntactic ambiguities in 40 grade school children, 10 kindergarteners, 10 second-graders, 10 fourth-graders, 10 sixth-graders, and 10 college students. Eight lexically ambiguous, eight syntactically ambiguous, and four unambiguous control sentences were presented for interpretation of their alternatives in meaning. Each experimental sentence was associated with four pictorial choices. Significant increases in the ability to perceive and interpret the alternative meanings of the lexical ambiguities occurred at or before the fourth grade (mean age 10 yr., 0 mo.) while significant changes for the syntactic and deep-structure ambiguities occurred at or before the sixth grade (mean age 12 yr., 0 mo.). Reaction times proved significantly shorter for the unambiguous than for the ambiguous sentences but remained stable over the present age range with the exception that the median reaction times between first and ...
Chromium(III) complexes from CrO42− reduction at pH 7

Abstract Chromate was reduced by L-cysteine ethyl ester at neutral pH in the presence of potential ligands. Reduction products were isolated and compared to complexes produced from the direct thermal reaction between Cr(III) and the same ligand. Ligands used in the reduction studies were AMP, aspartic acid and aspartame. Results showed that the better the ligand, and the higher the concentration of the ligand, the more products similar to known Cr(III) complexes were produced. New Cr(III) complexes which were synthesized by direction reaction for this study were Cr(aspartame)2+, Cr(aspartame)2+ and Cr(2,5-PDCA)3.
The Digital Divide and First-Year Students

ABSTRACT Current cross-campus computing initiatives demand both access and skill inemploying technology as a tool for academic success. Consequently, lack ofcomputer skills can affect first-year students’ potential for success becausemany courses assume students are computer literate. In this study, 888first-year students completed a survey—administered for three years—thatexamined technology variables. A chi-square statistic and associated p -valueindicated that students’ access to computers increased over a three-yearperiod, albeit it was income-related. Results showed an improvement in wordprocessing, Internet and library-searching skills, and developing computer-enhanced presentations. However, results from the last year of the studyshowed that more than 50% of students rated themselves unskilled at library-searching and developing computer-enhanced presentations, with approxi-mately one-third of students rating themselves unskilled at e-mail. Impli-cations for first-year student computer-training support are discussed.
Explicit construction of anomalies

Abstract We demonstrate explicitly the dimensional ladder which links the d + 2 dimensional chiral anomaly, the d + 1 dimensional parity anomaly and the d -dimensional gauge anomaly. We solve the two- and three-dimensional problems of massless fermions in a background instanton gauge potential, discuss the structure of the anomalous effective actions and show the equality of the topological invariants relevant to the different anomalies.
Approaches to hepatitis C treatment and cure using NS5A inhibitors

Recent progress in the understanding of hepatitis C virus (HCV) biology and the availability of in vitro models to study its replication have facilitated the development of direct- acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that target specific steps in the viral replication cycle. Currently, there are three major classes of DAA in clinical development: NS3/4A protease inhibitors, NS5B polymerase inhibitors, and NS5A directed inhibitors. Several compounds thought to bind directly with NS5A are now in various clinical trial phases, including the most advanced, daclatasvir (BMS-790052), ledipasvir (GS-5885), and ABT-267. While many NS5A-targeted compounds demonstrate picomolar potency, the exact mechanism(s) of their action is still unclear. In the clinic, NS5A HCV inhibitors show promise as important components in DAA regimens and have multifunctionality. In addition to inhibiting viral replication, they may synergize with other DAAs, possibly by modulating different viral proteins, to help suppress the emergence of resistant viruses. Structure-based models have identified target interaction domains and spatial interactions that explain drug resistance for mutations at specific positions (eg, residues 93 and 31) within NS5A and potential binding partners. This review provides, insights into the unique complexity of NS5A as a central platform for multiple viral/host protein interactions, and possible mechanism(s) for the NS5A inhibitors currently undergoing clinical trials that target this nonstructural viral protein.
Flourescent lifetimes and yields of molecules adsorbed on silver-island films

Abstract When molecules are absorbed on silver island films, their flourescent lifetimes are found to be shortened by about three orders of magnitude and their decay is found to be non-exponential in time. This behavior is a result of the electromagnetic interaction between the molecules and the silver islands. The emission process of the molecule-island system can be quite efficient, and the increased radiative rate can lead to an improved effective quantum yield for adsorbates on silver-island films.
Growth of highly ordered relaxed InAs/GaAs quantum dots on non-lithographically patterned substrates by molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Highly ordered arrays of InAs quantum dots are grown on GaAs (1 0 0) substrates that have been patterned non-lithographically using self-organized anodized aluminum oxide membranes as an etching mask. The process and benefit of pre-coating the substrate with a protective SiO2 film are explained in terms of preserving topographic contrast between the etched and unetched regions. The influence of the growth parameters (growth time, InAs rate, and substrate temperature) are determined. In particular, we find that decreased growth temperature enhances the pattern-driven growth mechanism and increases selectivity. Growths with different InAs exposure time reveal the nanopore filling process and a self-limiting dot size. Analysis of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images suggests that the dots consist of completely relaxed InxGa1−xAs with x = 0.9 2 .
Some biochemical changes in spermatozoa due to freezing.

Summary Several chemical analyses were conducted in an attempt to assess differences in extracellular medium before and after freezing semen of the bull, boar, and turkey. The objectives of the study were 1) to take advantage of some of the chemical components that are primarily associated with the cell, testing the leakage of these components into the extracellular medium, and 2) to demonstrate a few methods of how the analysis may be employed in selecting extenders, cryophylactic agents, and freezing rates that may improve the quality of spermatozoa after freezing. Data indicated that wide differences in some chemical constituents can be analyzed and taking advantage of these differences may be used as indicators of cell damage. Although limited data are reported, the analysis of GOT, LDH, and possibly acid phosphatase may be used as indicators of cell damage by their release into the extracellular medium. Other tests that are being investigated at the present time include lipids, protein, oxidases, and hyaluronidase. It is hoped that a sensitive test or a combination of tests may be developed to assess cellular damage due to freezing.
Photonic bound states in periodic dielectric materials

It is demonstrated that lattice imperfections in a periodic array of dielectric material can give rise to fully localized electromagnetic states. Calculations are performed by using a plane-wave expansion to solve Maxwell's equations. The frequency of these localized states is tunable by varying the size of the defect. Potential device applications in the microwave and millimeter wave regime are proposed.
Improving the microenvironment for enzyme immobilization at electrodes by hydrophobically modifying chitosan and Nafion® polymers

Previous work in our group has shown that hydrophobic modification of chitosan and Nafion® membranes can be used to alter the transport properties of chemically modified electrodes. In this paper, we employ the same hydrophobically modified chitosan and Nafion® membranes to form and characterize enzyme modified electrodes for biofuel cell applications. This paper details the voltammetric characterization of the electrochemical flux at alcohol dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase, and formaldehyde dehydrogenase modified glassy carbon electrodes, where the enzymes were immobilized in both hydrophobically modified Nafion® and chitosan membranes where the degree of hydrophobic modification was systematically altered. The results conclude that the electrochemical flux is a function of both the transport and extraction properties of the membrane, as well as the size and catalytic activity of the enzyme. Finally, this paper details the first evidence that hydrophobically modified chitosan can be used at the anode of a biofuel cell.
The Summer‐Porter Controversy at Yale: Pre‐Paradigmatic Sociology and Institutional Crisis*

This reappraisal of the dispute between William Graham Sumner and Noah Porter at Yale (1879-1881) emphasizes the conjunction of disciplinary unxieties (over the academic establishment of sociology) and institutional crisis (over Yale's classical curriculum). Theoretical implications are developed through further explication of Thomas Kuhn's notion of “pre-paradigmatic” science.
Evaluating the Effects of Land Use on Headwater Wetland Amphibian Assemblages in Coastal Alabama

Anthropogenic land use is known to impact aquatic ecosystems in several ways, including increased frequency and intensity of floods, stream channel incision, sedimentation, and loss of microtopography. Amphibians are susceptible to changes in wetland and surrounding habitats. This study evaluated amphibian assemblages of fifteen headwater slope wetlands in coastal Alabama across a gradient of land uses. Amphibians were surveyed on a seasonal basis and land use was delineated within wetland watersheds and within a 200-m buffer surrounding each wetland. Amphibian presence/absence and land use data were used to develop species occupancy models. Both urban and agricultural land use were shown to influence amphibian occurrence. Species richness ranged from five to ten species across sites; however, five species only occurred in wetlands surrounded by forested lands. Many species were detected more frequently on these wetlands compared to wetlands surrounded by urban or mixed land uses. Occupancy models showed Acris gryllus was negatively associated with the amount of agriculture within a buffer around the wetland. Hyla squirella, Lithobates clamitans, and L. sphenocephalus were positively associated with agricultural land within a watershed. Anaxyrus terrestris and the non-native Eleutherodactylus planirostris were positively associated with the amount of impervious surface area within the wetland buffer.
The order‐disorder phase transformation in ion‐irradiated rare earth sesquioxide Dy2O3

In this report, we examine an irradiation-induced order-disorder phase transformation in polycrystalline pellets of the rare earth sesquioxide Dy2O3 using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This sesquioxide is characterized by a cubic C -type rare earth structure known as bixbyite. Samples were irradiated with heavy ion Kr++ (300 keV) at cryogenic temperature. GIXRD and cross-sectional TEM observations reveal that the ordered body-centered cubic bixbyite structure transforms to a disordered (anion deficient) fluorite structure in this irradiated sesquioxide. This observation is consistent with a radiation-induced disordering process in which the oxygen superlattice associated with the bixbyite structure is destroyed and the material adopts an anion disordered fluorite structure as evidenced by the disappearance of characteristic GIXRD diffraction peaks resulting from ordering of the oxygen superlattice, and similar electron diffraction pattern features. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Commentary On the allocation of critical care resources

0 AREA of medicine has escaped the rising tide of ethical concerns wrought by our present health care system, particularly those brought about by an increasing commitment on the part of many health care providers to some form of health care rationing. This fact is certainly true for critical care medicine. The very nature of critical care, however, makes it inordinately difficult to objectively address any idea of rationing health care resources. To begin with, the idea of restricting such resources is prima facie antithetical to our understanding of the philosophy and moral principles that undergird the discipline. In addition, the public’s expectations are tied to the traditional Hippocratic patient-centered model of commitment on the part of the clinician, a commitment that has no room for withholding any beneficial resources from a patient in need. Nonetheless, recognition of the ethical dilemmas created by the national belief that health care rationing is inevitable, and their impact on the care of patients and the ethics of the physician-patient relationship are matters of wide public concern. Among these concerns are many serious questions pertaining to rationing of critical care resources that need to be examined at some depth. For example, how can critical care practitioners be equipped to practice moral medicine when they are besieged to practice cost-efficient and profitable medicine? How can the moral dimension of medicine be preserved in a cost-conscious and cost-driven environment? These are not easy questions to respond to in a time of unparalleled structural and economic uncertainty in the delivery of health care.
Early Formula Feeding Practices and Their Potential Contribution To Later Obesity Risk

Background and Aims Early feeding practices, including early introduction to solid foods and overfeeding, are known risk factors for childhood obesity. This study aimed to assess maternal formula feeding practices and infant formula feeding patterns, factors that are known to potentially contribute to later obesity risk. Methods This Irish prospective observational study involved the recruitment and follow-up of 450 eligible mother-infant pairs to 6 weeks postpartum. Data related to formula milk consumption patterns, formula type/brand changing, additions of solids to bottle feeds were examined, and available infant 6 week weight measurements recorded. Results In total, 368 (81.8%) mothers provided any formula milk to their infants at 6 weeks; of these, 14 (3.8%) reported to adding solid foods to their infant’s bottle feeds. Almost 50% of formula feeding mothers ( n = 181) reported to changing their infant’s formula type/brand at least once during the first 6 weeks, mainly due to increased hunger and feeding frequency (2–3 hourly) (54.8%). Where 6 week infant weight measurements were available ( n = 184), a mean of 205ml (SD 45ml) of formula milk/kilogram body weight/day was consumed by these infants. Conclusion Several formula feeding practices with potential implications for later obesity risk were identified in this study including premature introduction to solids (≤ 6 weeks) and consumption of excessive formula milk volumes at 6 weeks relative to infant feeding guidelines. Early provision of recommended feeding guidelines including specific advice on age-appropriate milk volumes to parents who formula feed should be considered in obesity prevention programmes.
Localization and synthesis of the hormone-binding regions of the human thyrotropin receptor.

Abstract Two regions of human thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) receptor (TSHR) (residues 12-44 and 308-364) were selected on the basis that they exhibit no sequence resemblance to luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor. Five synthetic overlapping peptides (12-30, 24-44, 308-328, 324-344, and 339-364) were studied for their ability to bind 125I-labeled human TSH (hTSH), its isolated alpha and beta subunits, bovine TSH, ovine TSH, human luteinizing hormone, and human follicle-stimulating hormone. The human TSHR peptides 12-30 and 324-344 exhibited remarkable binding activity to human, bovine, and ovine TSH and to the beta chain of hTSH. Lower binding activity resided in the adjacent overlapping peptides, probably due to the contribution of the shared overlap to the binding. The specificity of TSH binding to these peptides was confirmed by their inability to bind human luteinizing hormone, human follicle-stimulating hormone, and the alpha chain of hTSH. Thyrotropins did not bind to bovine serum albumin or to peptide controls unrelated to the TSHR system. Furthermore, the binding of hTSH to TSHR peptides 12-30 and 324-344 was almost completely (approximately 90%) inhibited by rabbit antibodies against hTSH but not by antisera against unrelated proteins. It is concluded that the binding of TSH to its receptor involves extensive contacts and that the TSHR peptides 12-30 and 324-344 contain specific binding regions for TSH that might be either independent sites or two faces (subsites) within a large binding site.
Words and Gestures: Infants' Interpretations of Different Forms of Symbolic Reference

In 3 experiments, we examine the relation between language acquisition and other symbolic abilities in the early stages of language acquisition. We introduce 18- and 26-month-olds to object categories (e.g., fruit, vehicles) using a novel word or a novel symbolic gesture to name the objects. We compare the influence of these two symbolic forms on infants' object categorization. Children at both ages interpreted novel words as names for object categories. However, infants' interpretations of gestures changed over development. At 18 months, infants spontaneously interpreted gestures, like words, as names for object categories; at 26 months, infants spontaneously interpreted words but not gestures as names. The older infants succeeded in interpreting novel gestures as names only when given additional practice with the gestural medium. This clear developmental pattern supports the prediction that an initial general ability to learn symbols (both words and gestures) develops into a more focused tendency to use words as the predominant symbolic form.
Student Evaluation of Teaching Effectiveness

(1970). Student Evaluation of Teaching Effectiveness. Improving College and University Teaching: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 275-278.
Parameterized subscriptions in publish/subscribe systems

Traditional publish/subscribe systems commonly deal with static subscriptions, whose event filtering criteria stay fixed once defined. Although systems with static subscriptions are simpler to implement, there are cases where the subscription criterion involves state that changes frequently over time. Rather than having the user re-submit his/her subscription repeatedly, we propose parameterized subscriptions as a systematic solution for adaptive subscriptions. Parameterized subscriptions depend on one or more parameters, which are state variables stored and maintained automatically by the publish/subscribe servers. In this paper, we modify traditional publish/subscribe protocols in order to deal with parameterized subscriptions. We then look at certain optimizations that improve the efficiency by controlling where and how much state is allocated in the system. Finally, we present a simple evaluation framework to illustrate the fundamental operating differences between several schemes.
Real-Time Stereo Matching on CUDA Using an Iterative Refinement Method for Adaptive Support-Weight Correspondences

High-quality real-time stereo matching has the potential to enable various computer vision applications including semi-automated robotic surgery, teleimmersion, and 3-D video surveillance. A novel real-time stereo matching method is presented that uses a two-pass approximation of adaptive support-weight aggregation, and a low-complexity iterative disparity refinement technique. Through an evaluation of computationally efficient approaches to adaptive support-weight cost aggregation, it is shown that the two-pass method produces an accurate approximation of the support weights while greatly reducing the complexity of aggregation. The refinement technique, constructed using a probabilistic framework, incorporates an additive term into matching cost minimization and facilitates iterative processing to improve the accuracy of the disparity map. This method has been implemented on massively parallel high-performance graphics hardware using the Compute Unified Device Architecture computing engine. Results show that the proposed method is the most accurate among all of the real-time stereo matching methods listed on the Middlebury stereo benchmark.
Comparative electrophoresis of spotted fever group rickettsial proteins.

Abstract Electrophoretic analyses were performed to establish the polypeptide profiles of the following tick-borne typhus rickettsiae of the spotted fever group: Rickettsia rickettsii (Sheila Smith, Bitter Root, Iowa and R strains), R. sibirica , R. conorii , R. parkeri , R. australis and R. akari . Organisms were propagated in chick embryo fibroblast cells in roller bottles and purified by density centrifugation. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, comparative electrophoretic profiles were examined by densitometric scanning. Of the more than 20 separate polypeptides detected, six of the most prominent were found in all rickettsiae examined except R. akari . No carbohydrate-containing moieties were detected in electrophoretic gels.
Data Assimilation in a Quasi-geostrophic Open-Ocean Model of the Gulf Stream Region Using the Adjoint Method

Abstract The method of adjoint data assimilation is applied in a quasi-geostrophic (QG) open-ocean model of the Gulf Stream region. The results of data assimilation experiments are presented in which simulated AXBT and satellite altimeter observations are assimilated into the QG model. The adjoint data assimilation scheme has the ability to correct for large errors in the speed and position of the Gulf Stream jet. These experiments provide valuable insight into the dynamics of the assimilation procedure, and highlight the limitations of the adjoint method in the Gulf Stream region. The adjoint variables of the linearized QG model are approximations of the Green's functions of the adjoint equations. By examining maps of the adjoint variables, one can determine the domain of influence of individual observations. The results of assimilation experiments in which GEOSAT sea surface height observations are assimilated into the QG model are also presented. The results of the GEOSAT assimilation experiments can b...
Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale—PTPB Version (BMSLSS-PTPB): Psychometric Properties and Relationship with Mental Health Symptom Severity Over Time

Youth life satisfaction is a component of subjective well-being, an important part of a strengths-based approach to treatment. This study establishes the psychometric properties of the Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale—PTPB Version (BMSLSS-PTPB). The BMSLSS-PTPB showed evidence of construct validity with significant correlations as expected to measures of youth hope and youth symptom severity, and no relationship as expected to youth treatment outcome expectations. A longitudinal analysis was conducted examining the relationship between youth-reported life satisfaction and mental health symptom severity (youth-, caregiver-, and clinician-report) for 334 youth (aged 11–18 years) receiving in-home treatment. Results indicated that life satisfaction consistently increased over the course of treatment but increased faster in youth whose symptom severity, as rated by all reporters, decreased over the course of treatment. Implications, future directions, and limitations of the study are discussed.
MultiGbit/s optical LAN utilizing a passive WDM star: toward an experimental prototype

STARNET is an optical broadband local area network based on a physical passive star topology intended for backbone applications. Over a single physical network, STARNET offers all users both a moderate-speed packet switched subnetwork and a reconfigurable high- speed (up to 2.5 Gbps) Wavelength Division Multiplexed (WDM) circuit switched subnetwork. Based on these two data transport facilities, several topological and protocol solutions are available to the users. As a result, STARNET supports traffic of widely different speed and continuity characteristics. This paper describes an ongoing experimental effort aimed at the realization of a STARNET prototype network at the Optical Communication Research Laboratory of Stanford University. The prototype nodes are FDDI data rate and format compatible in the packet switched subnetwork and currently use 8B/10B encoded data at a rate of 1.25 Gbps in the circuit switched subnetwork. The STARNET network serves high performance workstations running distributed multimedia applications, including video- conferencing. In this paper, the electronic hardware which interfaces the workstation to the STARNET optics is described. The moderate-speed interface uses an off-the-shelf FDDI-on- copper module to interface to the STARNET optics; a custom high-speed interface module provides fast packet switching (electronic) over the circuit switched (wavelength) subnetwork.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Piezoelectric field-enhanced second-order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in wurtzite GaN/AlGaN quantum wells

Second-order nonlinear optical processes including second-harmonic generation, optical rectification, and difference-frequency generation associated with intersubband transitions in wurtzite GaN/AlGaN quantum well (QW) are investigated theoretically. Taking into account the strain-induced piezoelectric (PZ) effects, we solve the electronic structure of the QW from coupled effective-mass Schrodinger equation and Poisson equation including the exchange-correlation effect under the local-density approximation. We show that the large PZ field in the QW breaks the symmetry of the confinement potential profile and leads to large second-order susceptibilities. We also show that the interband optical pump-induced electron-hole plasma results in an enhancement in the maximum value of the nonlinear coefficients and a redshift of the peak position in the nonlinear optical spectrum. By use of the difference-frequency generation, THz radiation can be generated from a GaN/Al(0.75)Ga(0.25)N with a pump laser of 1.55 micron.
Interdisciplinary research and academic sustainability: managing knowledge in an age of accountability

For the past 125 years the university has been the home of knowledge production. The 20th century research university combined a Kantian belief in disciplinarity, a Humboldtian commitment to linking research and education and upholding academic autonomy, and a Cartesian allegiance to infinite knowledge production. This approach to knowledge creation was seen as sufficient, for knowledge products themselves were understood as automatically relevant to society, and no one imagined a problem with endless knowledge production. The 20th century model of knowledge production is now under pressure from a number of sources: information technologies, neoliberal assumptions and demands for greater accountability. ‘Interdisciplinarity’ has become the term of art for addressing this crisis. But interdisciplinarity is no panacea to the challenges facing knowledge production today. In addition to knowledge on sustainability, knowledge production itself must now be made sustainable. This requires clearly connecting knowledge production and use, and ending the bad infinity of knowledge production.
Nucleotide sequence of the tripartite Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus and presence of the virus in the Americas

The plant used in the characterization of Fragaria chiloensis latent virus (FClLV) contained double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) bands that did not correspond in size to the genomic or subgenomic RNAs of known strawberry viruses. Using shotgun cloning, sequences of a cryptic virus, named Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus (FCCV), were obtained. This communication presents the complete genome sequence of FCCV. The genome of FCCV consists of three monocistronic RNAs, an unusual feature for cryptic viruses that are normally bipartite. The largest molecule encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, while the other two encode closely related proteins predicted to be the coat proteins of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that FCCV is related most closely to members of the fungi-infecting Partitivirus genus rather than members of the plant-infecting Alphacryptovirus, providing a possible insight into the evolution of cryptic viruses. More than 300 strawberry plants from North and South America were tested for FCCV, and the virus was only detected in plants from South America.
Painlevé property and geometry

Abstract The Painleve property for discrete Hamiltonian systems implies the existence of a symplectic manifold which augments the original phase space and on which the flows exist and are analytic for all times. The augmented manifold is constructed by expanding the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. A complete classification of the types of poles allowed in complex time is given for Hamiltonians which separate into the direct product of hyperelliptic curves. For such systems, bounds on the degrees of the (polynomial) separating variable change, and the other integrals in involution can be found from the pole series and the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. It is shown how branching can arise naturally in a Painleve system.
Pay equity in occupations: the nursing profession

The issue of comparable worth has been discussed in great detail, both in the media and in academic journals. This study provides an in-depth look at one female-dominated profession - the nursing profession. The focus of the analysis is on the determinants of individuals' decisions to participate or not participate in the nurse labor market. If the determinants are economic in nature, then comparable worth can be discussed in an economic framework. If, however, the decision is based on real or socialized differences in preferences, then other approaches may prove more valuable. This study finds that the choices made by the surveyed nurses were non-economic in nature.
Copolymerization Reactions of Cinnamic Acid, Its Derivatives, and Some Related Compounds

Abstract A study of the copolymerization of butadiene with cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, methyl cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, and trans-cinnamonitrile showed that all these monomers yield rubbery copolymers with butadiene and certain of these have been evaluated and compared to current synthetic rubbers of the GR-S type. In general, these monomers to the extent of 10 to 90 parts of butadiene yield copolymers roughly equivalent to the standard GR-S which contains approximately 25 parts of styrene. The cinnamic acid-butadiene copolymer has excellent tensile strength. The trans-cinnamonitrile copolymer shows no improvement in oil resistance over GR-S. These cinnamic acid derivatives all enter the growing butadiene copolymer chain somewhat more slowly than does butadiene, so that the copolymers contain a lower percentage of the comonomer than does the charging stock used. Some experiments were conducted on the copolymerization of these cinnamic acid derivatives with other monomers than butadiene, the copolymer...
Model-based inspection of texture web materials

In this paper we develop digital image processing techniques to describe the microstructure of fibrous polymeric materials characterized by random texture patterns and to predict their performance. The proposed techniques are discussed in the content of a fibrous non-woven material, obtained by melt blowing polypropylene resin and used for air filtration. The material microstructure is described by measurements of fiber orientation and estimates of pore area and perimeter. The latter involves using either detailed image analysis or a statistical model, in this case Poissonian line tessellation. The first approach is appropriate for laboratory studies while the statistical model lends itself to on-line quality assurance applications.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Finite-frequency sensitivity kernels for global seismic wave propagation based upon adjoint methods

SUMMARY We determine adjoint equations and Frechet kernels for global seismic wave propagation based upon a Lagrange multiplier method. We start from the equations of motion for a ro- tating, self-gravitating earth model initially in hydrostatic equilibrium, and derive the cor- responding adjoint equations that involve motions on an earth model that rotates in the opposite direction. Variations in the misfit function χ then may be expressed as δχ = � V Km δ ln md 3 r + � � Kd δ ln dd 2 r + � � FS Kd ·∇ � δ ln dd 2 r, where δ ln m = δm/m denotes relative model perturbations in the volume V , δ ln d denotes relative topographic variations on solid-solid or fluid-solid boundaries � , and ∇ � δ ln d denotes surface gradients in relative topographic variations on fluid-solid boundariesFS. The 3-D Frechet kernel K m determines the sensitivity to model perturbations δ ln m, and the 2-D kernels K d and Kd determine the sensitivity to topographic variations δ ln d. We demonstrate also how anelasticity may be in- corporated within the framework of adjoint methods. Finite-frequency sensitivity kernels are calculated by simultaneously computing the adjoint wavefield forward in time and reconstruct- ing the regular wavefield backward in time. Both the forward and adjoint simulations are based upon a spectral-element method. We apply the adjoint technique to generate finite-frequency traveltime kernels for global seismic phases (P, P diff, PKP, S, SKS, depth phases, surface- reflected phases, surface waves, etc.) in both 1-D and 3-D earth models. For 1-D models these adjoint-generated kernels generally agree well with results obtained from ray-based methods. However, adjoint methods do not have the same theoretical limitations as ray-based methods, and can produce sensitivity kernels for any given phase in any 3-D earth model. The Frechet kernels presented in this paper illustrate the sensitivity of seismic observations to structural parameters and topography on internal discontinuities. These kernels form the basis of future 3-D tomographic inversions.
Infrared beak treatment method compared with conventional hot-blade trimming in laying hens

Infrared lasers have been widely used for noninvasive surgical applications in human medicine, and their results are reliable, predictable, and reproducible. Infrared lasers have recently been designed for the express purpose of providing a less painful, more precise beak-trimming method compared with conventional beak trimming. This study was designed to examine the potential of the infrared (IR) beak treatment to provide a welfare-friendly alternative to the conventional hot-blade method for chickens. The birds were beak trimmed by IR at the hatchery or by hot blade at 7 to 10 d of age in a commercial production setting, in accordance with standard procedures. The beak morphology and associated physiological characteristics, including production and aggressive behavior of the birds, were analyzed at 30 wk of age. There was no difference in egg production or bird BW between the 2 beak-trimming treatments. Birds also exhibited no difference in stress physiology measured in the study, such as fluctuating asymmetry and heterophil and lymphocyte profiles. However, birds receiving the IR treatment showed a superior feather condition and reduced aggressiveness under high light intensity, even though they had longer beak stumps. The results may indicate that the IR beak treatment may reduce the damage done by aggressive pecking and feather pecking. Indeed, IR trimming may provide a more welfare-friendly alternative to conventional beak trimming without compromising productivity.
Anterior glenohumeral joint dislocations

The glenohumeral joint is the most mobile articulation in the body and the most commonly dislocated diarthroidal joint. Anterior dislocation is by far the most common direction and can lead to instability of the glenohumeral joint, which ranges from subtle increased laxity to recurrent dislocation. Overtime, understanding of anterior shoulder dislocations and the resulting instability has improved. Likewise, significant advances in arthroscopic equipment have allowed use of the arthroscope to address anatomically the various lesions that cause instability. This article reviews the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and treatment of anterior shoulder instability.
Eigenvalue Inequalities and Poincar\'{e} Duality in Noncommutative Geometry

In the context of Connes' noncommutative geometry, eigenvalue inequalities of the type discovered by Vafa and Witten are shown to be a characteristic feature of those spectral geometric spaces of finite topological type that satisfy rational Poincare duality in K-theory.
Report of the Workshop on Environmentally Related Nononcogenic Lung Disease: March 13–18, 1983, Airlie conference center, Airlie, Virginia

Abstract During the week of March 13–18, 1983, 37 government and university health scientists participated in the Workshop on Environmentally Related Nononcogenic Lung Disease. The workshop, which was chaired by James L. Whittenberger of the University of California's Southern Occupational Health Center with Dr. Robert Frank of Johns Hopkins University, cochairman, represented a major effort by the interagency Task Force on Environmental Cancer and Heart and Lung Disease to address in fiscal year 1983 its mandate to assess current evidence and recommend integrated federal research programs toward relating human illness with environmental pollution. The subject of nononcogenic lung disease was approached through three concurrent discussion sessions: epidemiology, statistics, and risk assessment; clinical research; and basic and animal research. Participants were assigned to one of the three group sessions, based on their backgrounds and interests, but were encouraged to interact and attend the other sessions. Each session produced an immediate set of recommendations on research needs, complete with background information and literature references. In compiling this report on the workshop findings, the sets of recommendations were consolidated to avoid duplication, and the text was condensed to ensure that each argument and rationale was presented cogently. This lengthy and laborious process, which required careful review and critical analysis, was undertaken by the workshop chairmen, the session chairmen, and finally the participants. The result is a document that, it is hoped, both accurately reflects the current state of knowledge on environmentally related nononcogenic lung disease and adequately responds to the Task Force's mandate. The views expressed are those of the participating scientists and should not be construed to represent any official agency position.
Inference of Atmospheric Structure from Remote Radiation Measurements

A detailed analysis of the structure of the atmosphere, including the three-dimensional distribution of temperature and water vapor, can be obtained from the spectral variation of its thermal radiation as viewed from a reconnaissance aircraft or earth satellite. In order that the measurements be capable of unambiguous interpretation, however, it is essential that the selection of spectral intervals to be used are based on a carefully planned interpretation scheme.A possible program is outlined, in which the temperature distribution is obtained by measurements in the 15-μ CO2 band and the water vapor distribution obtained by simultaneous measurements in the rotational band. The temperature-and-pressure dependence of the absorption coefficients must be taken into account.The instrument should be a multiple-slit or multiple-detector grating spectrometer, capable of resolving 10 cm−1 at 15 μ.Spectral models and methods of analysis of the spectra are discussed briefly.
Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of species-specific face processing

Several recent reports suggest that the behavioral and cortical specificity of face processing may be influenced by experience. To test this hypothesis, behavioral and electrophysiological data were recorded from adults in response to human and monkey faces differing in familiarity and orientation. An analysis of event-related potential and behavioral data revealed differentiation across species, familiarity, and orientation. Behavioral measures were correlated with amplitude and latency measures for each factor of interest. These analyses revealed that accuracy was positively related to the amplitude of the vertex positive potential in the human face task but not in the monkey face task. These findings suggest that previous experience with different categories of faces modulates the link between behavioral and electrophysiological measures of face processing.
An empirical test of the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale : panel responses to the clinton candidacy

A panel of 178 university students used the Leathers Personal Credibility Scale to rate Governor Bill Clinton before and after a television interview and ten weeks later before and after a televised debate. The findings show a significant difference in personal credibility among the test scores and new scale findings emerge from the data.