cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
E-cigarette Use and Beliefs Among Urban Public High School Students in North Carolina.

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence, attitudes, and risk factors associated with electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among high school students in tobacco growing state. Methods A 47-item e-cigarette questionnaire modeled after Monitoring the Future with additional information about demographics, adolescent and family nicotine use, and school and health care interventions was designed, piloted, and administered to public high school students (N = 3,298) in May 2013, in an urban county in North Carolina. Results Completers (2,769/3,298) were aged 16.4 years (standard deviation ± 1.4) with 48.9% males and 43.9% African-American, 38% white, and 4.6% Hispanics. The majority (77.3%) knew about e-cigarettes; 15.2% reported that they had tried an e-cigarette, and 60% reported that e-cigarettes were safe or had minimal health hazards. Only 5.4% reported that schools had offered information about e-cigarette use. One quarter (24.9%) reported ever cigarette smoking, and 13.3% reported ever using smokeless tobacco. E-cigarette use was positively associated with older age, tobacco use, male gender, Caucasian race, mother's e-cigarette use, biological parents' tobacco use, and lower academic performance, whereas negatively associated with having a mother who never used e-cigarettes, not knowing any e-cigarette users, and living with mother (p Conclusions E-cigarette use and awareness is evident among high school students in North Carolina. A high number of smokers and smokeless tobacco users are using e-cigarettes simultaneously, and many perceive e-cigarettes as healthy and with minimal health hazards. Also, there is limited school-based education about e-cigarettes.
Consequential Utilitarianism: Addressing Ethical Deficiencies in the Municipal Landfill Siting Process

This paper examines ethical concerns of the utilitarian paradigm, the greatest good for the greatest number, advocated by many proponents and consultants in siting landfills. The implications of the consequentialist utilitarian approach are considered through the examination of a landfill-site-search case study in Ontario, Canada. Limitations to such an approach, in terms of differing values, equal consideration, equitable participation, distributive justice and the emphasis on non-quantifiable factors are discussed. Recommendations to improve the process are made based on the ethical analysis of the case study.
Predicting Outcomes After Glioma Surgery: Model Behavior

The ability to predict outcomes for individual patients undergoing craniotomy for resection of gliomas would be of great value to physicians, patients, families, and thirdparty payers. For instance, having precise knowledge of the personal potential for complications as well as the relative frequency of these unanticipated outcomes could help prepare patients and their loved ones for appropriate postoperative recovery. At present, of course, this is not a reality; however, neurosurgical oncologists are well versed in using molecular biomarkers such as isodehydrogenase-1 or methylguanine methyltransferase methylation status as well as histologic grade to help predict patient overall survival. They also have convincing evidence of the influence of their surgical efforts and patient demographics on overall survival. It is understood that overall survival and progression-free survival can be predicted by age, preoperative Karnofsky Performance Score, and extent of resection (8, 12). Nevertheless, it has not been possible to provide a patient with an individualized expectation of risk for postoperative complications. In a paper recently published in WORLD NEUROSURGERY, Missios et al. have attempted the task of determining preoperative predictive indicators of potential postoperative complications for patients undergoing craniotomy for glioma resection. They have a track record of doing similar analysis for other intracranial tumors: In a study similar to this, they described a predictive model of unfavorable outcomes for patients undergoing resection of benign intracranial tumors (2). Using multivariate analysis of a national database, they identified the effect of various risk factors on the incidence of death (1.3%), unfavorable discharge (22.7%), hydrocephalus (4.2%), cardiac (1.1%) or respiratory (0.9%) complications, deep venous thrombosis (DVT) (0.5%), pulmonary embolus (2.3%), and acute renal failure (1.5%). In their article in this month’s issue, they evaluated the records of over 20,000 patients with glioma included in a national database who underwent craniotomy and identified similar inpatient postoperative risks, including a 1.6% risk of mortality, and morbidity risk of 25.8% for discharge to rehabilitation, 4.0% for treated hydrocephalus, 0.7% for cardiac complications, 0.5% for respiratory complications, 0.8% for deep wound infection, 0.6% for DVT, 3.1% for pulmonary embolus, and 1.3% for acute renal failure. These numbers proved to be very similar for benign and malignant intracranial disease. Mortality is almost identical in both studies, as is true of most of the other postoperative complications. Discharge to rehabilitation is slightly higher for the glioma group but the difference is small and it is unclear whether it would be of statistical significance.
Psychopathological and Clinical Aspects Introduction

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the robustness of claims on behalf of the ocular motor systems as powerful indices of brain function. It represents diverse disciplines, but each investigator is fundamentally a neurobiologist capitalizing on the unique window to the brain provided by the study of eye movements. Neurologists and bioengineers have recognized the value of studying eye movements for many years. This tradition of linking ocular motor control to neurological function and of describing the dynamic characteristics of eye movement systems is reflected in the papers by Johnston, Lass et al. , Bronstein and Kennard and Buizza et al . Johnston describes the two forms of inattention that affect the regulation of visual–motor behavior. Comparing right hemisphere stroke patients with normal control, he shows that degree of oculomotor impersistence, or fixation instability, is proportional to the severity of visual hemi-inattention and postulates a similar underlying mechanism. Starting with the premise that the perceptual and conceptual consequences of left and right hemisphere brain damage should differ, Lass et al ., characterize the information processing of patients with these two conditions. Using a sequence of changing visual stimuli, they examine the effects of modality (picture or word) and structure (partial or global changes) on performance.
Knowledge discovery using the Tech OASIS: meeting the information infrastructure needs

Summary form only given. Management decisions, generally, rely on corporate knowledge infrastructures, which most often are based solely on subject area expert knowledge, insights and recommendations. Expert opinions, formal and informal researcher, network interactions, and focused research literature reviews, along with actual R&D experiences, create the corporate knowledge base. The accelerated pace of research innovations, and the expanding accessibility of technology documentation have made this knowledge infrastructure process model inefficient and sub-optimal in respect to fully exploiting the available R&D information. Analytical techniques for knowledge discovery in large databases (KDD) offer the opportunity to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of organizations' knowledge infrastructures. However, the use of KDD tools, specifically the Technology Opportunities Analysis of Scientific Information System (Tech OASIS) addressed in this paper, requires an understanding of a cadre of new tools. These tools are based on statistical analyses, text mining and bibliometric measures, which are founded on concepts of how the technological innovation process works. Most often, technology subject matter experts and R&D managers have no time for developing this new skill set, thereby creating apathy toward KDD concepts and resistance to implementation. Implementation of this new technology, KDD, therefore, requires original approaches to gain user infrastructure acceptance, even as the technology itself is being developed.
The optimum position of arthrodesis of the ankle. A gait study of the knee and ankle.

Findings from biomechanical analyses of gait were used to estimate the optimum position of arthrodesis of the ankle. Nineteen patients who were followed for an average of 10.4 years (range, four to seventeen years) were studied. By including the knee in the analysis as well as studying the effects on gait of different ground conditions, objective data for the weight-bearing extremities in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes were generated. Genu recurvatum was shown to be associated with a plantar-flexion position of fusion of the ankle. Laxity of the medial collateral ligament of the knee was noted in twelve patients (63 per cent). Among these patients, in three (16 per cent) the laxity was graded as moderate to severe, possibly due to external rotation of the extremity during gait to avoid rolling over the rigid plantar-flexed ankle. The patterns of gait showed that a valgus position of the arthrodesis is more advantageous and provides more normal gait, particularly on uneven ground. To attain more normal function of the knee and improve performance on rough ground, the optimum position of arthrodesis of the ankle appears to be neutral flexion, slight (zero to 5 degrees) valgus angulation, and approximately 5 to 10 degrees of external rotation. Posterior displacement of the talus under the tibia tends to produce a more normal pattern of gait and decreases the stress at the knee. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study has shown the ideal position of fusion of the ankle to be neutral flexion, slight (zero to 5 degrees) valgus angulation of the hind part of the foot, and 5 to 10 degrees of external rotation. This position allows the greatest compensatory motion at the foot and places the least strain on the knee.
John Stuart Mill and the Utopian Tradition

John Stuart Mill is principally remembered as one of the pre-eminent political economists and social scientists of the nineteenth century. Less remembered is that much of his thought, at its core, was heavily utopian. While Mill penned many passages thoroughly in harmony with the orthodox classical tradition, a substantial part of his work in his Principles of Political Economy and elsewhere was lovingly dedicated to dreams and passions for the perfection of society through a total makeover of its institutions and values.
Kinematics and Dynamics Simulation of a New Type Direct-Drive NC Turret Tool Post

Building 3D model for a new type direct-drive NC Turret tool post, and introduce the model into ADAMS for further kinematics and dynamics simulation. In the kinematics simulation, observing the motion process of the direct-drive NC turret tool post and plots the trajectory of moving parts to a curve. Simulate the force condition of the NC turret tool post in actual situation, calculate the axial load and verify the clamping force in dynamics simulation.
Non-extractable stationary phases for gas chromatography cross-linked by exposure to low-temperature plasmas

Abstract Non-polar and medium-polarity stationary phases, such as SE -30, SE -52 and SE -54, can be completely cross-linked by exposure to low-temperature plasmas. Plasma-exposed polymers on glass coverslips resist solvent dissolution and were judged fully cross-linked SE-30 coated on glass beads was also rendered insoluble by plasma treatment. Columns packed with treated beads show no reduction in chromatographic performance. A simple method for generating plasmas within evacuated capillaries is presented. Tests made with in situ cross-linked capillary columns demonstrate plasma exposure does not affect retention characteristics. The advantages of plasmas are described, and additional applications are proposed.
Imaging and Receptor Status as Predictors of Pathologic Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer

Results: Median follow-up was 16 months. The minimum balloon-to-skin distance was\7 mm in 16% (7/45) of Contura patients and 12% (17/137) of MammoSite patients (p=0.78). The maximum skin dose was 100% of the prescribed dose with a Contura catheter vs. 145% of the prescribed dose with a MammoSite catheter. Air/fluid next to the Contura balloon was at least partially removed in 71% (32/45) of patients. The volume of air/fluid next to the Contura balloon was 5.0% ± 0.7% (mean ± standard error) of the planning target volume for plan evaluation (PTV_EVAL) before suctioning vs. 1.3% ± 0.2% after suctioning (p\ 0.001). Eighty-nine percent (40/45) of Contura plans satisfied both treatment planning goals vs. only 36% (16/45) of hypothetical MammoSite plans (p \ 0.0001). A Contura catheter did not require explantation in 16% (7/45) of patients where balloon-toskin spacing was only 3-6 mm and in 11% (5/45) of patients where there was an air/fluid pocket next to the balloon .10% of PTV_EVAL prior to suctioning. A MammoSite catheter was explanted in 10% (15/152) of cases where the minimum balloon-to-skin distance was \7 mm and in 13% (20/157) of cases where there was an air/fluid pocket next to the balloon .10% of PTV_EVAL. The incidence of acute toxicity with a Contura catheter was similar to that with a MammoSite catheter. Conclusions: A Contura catheter does not require explantation in cases where balloon-to-skin spacing is only 3-6 mm or an air/ fluid pocket next to the balloon is .10% of PTV_EVAL prior to suctioning, thereby increasing the applicability of accelerated partial breast irradiation. Phase III clinical trials will help to determine whether accelerated partial breast irradiation offers advantages over standard whole breast irradiation.
Possible Roles of Free Radicals in Alcoholic Tissue Damage

Hepatic microsornes metabolize ethanol to a free radical metabolite which forms adducts with the spin trapping agents PBN (phenyl-N-t-butylnitrone) and DMPO (5,5-dimethyl-l-pyrroline N-oxide). This ethanol radical has been identified as the I-hydroxyethyl radical through the use of 13C-labelled ethanol. A role of the cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the generation of the I-hydroxyethyl radical was suggested by requirements for oxygen and NADPH. as well as inhibition in the presence of SKF 525-A and imidazole. In contrast. the ESR signal intensity of the I-hydroxyethyl radical was diminished when either catalase. or the iron chelating agent deferoxdmine. was added to the microsomal incubations, and was increased by the addition of ADP-Fe. These observations suggest that the ethanol radicals may arise secondary to iron-catalyzed formation of hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide. This possibility was supported by enhanced rates of I-hydroxyethyl radical formation when microsomal catalase activity was inhibite...
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE PARADIGM: A TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TEAM APPROACH

Summary.-To reduce professional discord among admission and discharge committee members charged with placement and treatment decisions involving exceptional children, a cognitive dissonance paradigm is proposed. The paradigm allows each team member to present assumptions and his interpretations of causes of the problem without critical review by fellow team members. This problem-solving, goal-oriented procedure is advocated to facilitate communication among team members by diminishing the need for each team member to compete for professional supremacy. The subsequent reduction of cognitive dissonance will enhance the admission and discharge committee's ability to determine the essential features of a proposed solution as well as to establish a meaningful delivery system. Placement and treatment decisions involving exceptional children are now being made jointly by various professionals while they function as members of an admission and discharge committee. This increasing reliance on a team procedure has modified the school psychologist's role to that of team consultant. Therefore, a school psychologist must be prepared to make the transition from the traditionally direct treatment method to an indirect one. To achieve this plateau, school psychologists need to cultivate consultation skills which will allow them to function as productive team members. Maximizing the appropriateness of a team's decision-making is proportional to the maintenance of a goal-directed attitude which is free from a professional supremacy contest. A team effort which de-emphasizes professional discord is apt to achieve a high level of proficiency. Mackey and Hassler (1966) found that favorable consultation among team members not only improved effectiveness of treatment but also enhanced those who participated professionally. Unfortunately, some limitations to ream decision-making do exist. Arbuckle (1967) suggested that most team members are not doing what they are supposed to be doing but rather they appear to be doing what they personally prefer. This has resulted in situations where team members are not providing services in their assigned areas and/or have over-extended their boundaries to such a degree that they now are in direct competition with their fellow team members. Both concerns may contribute to a dilemma about role differentiation which may create cornmunicacion barriers among team members.
ER Tubules Mark Sites of Mitochondrial Division

Mitochondrial structure and distribution are regulated by division and fusion events. Mitochondrial division is regulated by Dnm1/Drp1, a dynamin-related protein that forms helices around mitochondria to mediate fission. Little is known about what determines sites of mitochondrial fission within the mitochondrial network. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria exhibit tightly coupled dynamics and have extensive contacts. We tested whether ER plays a role in mitochondrial division. We found that mitochondrial division occurred at positions where ER tubules contacted mitochondria and mediated constriction before Drp1 recruitment. Thus, ER tubules may play an active role in defining the position of mitochondrial division sites.
An investigation of the electronic factors that influence structural differences between cis-(CpMoCl)2(μ,η4-Ar4C4) (Ar = p-tolyl or phenyl) and trans-(CpNbCO)2(Ph2C2)2

Abstract The influence of geometric factors, such as cis/trans isomerism, and electronic factors, such as π donor vs π acceptor ligands and coupled and uncoupled acetylene ligands, on the stability of cis -(CpMoCl) 2 (μ,η 4 -Ar 4 C 4 ) and trans -(CpNbCO) 2 (Ph 2 C 2 ) 2 is investigated through patterns in molecular orbital diagrams, size of HOMO/LUMO gap and total energies. The comparison between the two dimers involves rationalization of why the observed structures appear so different, when in fact both clusters have the same number of valence electrons. In the course of the investigation, other stable niobium chlorine complexes are discussed and the kinetic vs thermodynamic stability of trans -(CpNbCO) 2 (Ph 2 C 2 ) 2 is analysed.
Transnational Religion and the Shaping of Politics, Ethnicity, and Culture:

Fascism. Chapel Hill: University of North Car olina Press. Dulles, Avery. 1987. "The Reception of Vatican II at the Extraordinary Synod of 1985" in Recep tion of Vatican II. Giuseppe Alberigo, Jean Pierre Jossua, and Joseph A. Komonchak, (eds.) Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press. Menozzi, Daniele. 1987. "Opposition to the Coun cil (1966-84)" in Reception of Vatican II. Giuseppe Alberigo, Jean-Pierre Jossua, and Joseph A. Komonchak, (eds.). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University Press. Seligman, Adam. 2000. Modernity's Wager: Author ity, the Self, and Transcendence. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Taylor, Charles. 2007. A Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Is the First or Second Periovulatory Surge of FSH Responsible for Follicular Recruitment in the Hamster

AbstractProestrous hamsters were injected at 1300 hr with phenobarbital to block ovulation. The animals were bled via cardiac puncture every 6 hr beginning at 1600 hr of proestrus until 1000 hr of estrus. The ovaries were then removed and a quantitative evaluation of follicular development carried out. In saline-injected proestrous hamsters, there was a peak of serum FSH and LH at 1600 hr followed by a second prolonged peak of FSH at 0400 and 1000 hr of estrus accompanied by low tonic levels of LH. This hormone profile was associated at 1000 hr of estrus with an average of 9.3 large preantral follicles (stage IV follicles) per ovary. In contrast, the phenobarbital-treated hamsters showed no increases in either gonadotropin at any time and the ovaries contained large antral follicles and an average of only 1.7 stage IV follicles per ovary (three of four animals). Injection of 1 mg progesterone concurrent with phenobarbital restored the first surge of LH but not FSH and partially restored the second peak of...
The Telescope Array and its Low Energy Extension

The Telescope Array (TA) experiment is being built in Millard County, Utah. In its basic configuration it will combine a scintillator ground array with HiRes-type fluorescence detectors for the highest energy cosmic rays in the northern hemisphere. Beyond the aims of this basic configuration we will discuss plans to expand TA's reach towards lower energies for systematic studies of cosmic ray spectrum and composition.
Effects of wave averaging on estimates of fluid mixing in the surf zone

[1] Irrotational surface gravity waves approach the beach and break at a relatively high frequency, while vorticity generated by each new wave breaking event strongly interacts with the existing vorticity distribution at relatively low frequencies, leading to a surf zone that is energetic over a wide range of temporal scales. This poses a challenge to any surf zone model to accurately resolve all relevant scales. One approach to sidestep this issue is to use a short-wave-averaged model, where fast-scale wave effects are included as forcing terms for the mean current. This is in contrast to Boussinesq wave-resolving models, where each individual wave is resolved along with any ambient current. In general, these two models will predict different current fields for the same wave and bathymetric input and therefore predict different mixing behavior of the flow. Using Lagrangian methods, we compare wave-averaged and wave-resolving model results to data from the RCEX experiment, which mapped the rip current circulation over a rip-channeled bathymetry using nearshore surface drifters. Absolute and pair dispersion estimates, including the finite size Lyapunov exponent, based on virtual trajectories are shown to be consistent with field observations, except for scales less than 5 m, where field drifters predict greater pair dispersion than both models because of either unresolved subgrid processes or GPS error. A simple Lagrangian stochastic model is able to reproduce some of this short time and length scale diffusivity found in the observational data.
PDS activity acts as a rheostat of retrograde signaling during early chloroplast biogenesis

Chloroplasts are crucial for the process of photosynthesis, as well as for developmental and environmental sensing. One of the important mechanisms of sensing is retrograde (plastid-to-nucleus) signaling, whereby the state of the chloroplast is signaled to the nucleus, resulting in alterations in gene expression for chloroplast proteins, usually at the transcriptional level. Retrograde signaling was early studied in carotenoid-deficient plants that contain, upon exposure to high light, photooxidized plastids that arise because of an inability to quench ROS produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is required for one of the early steps of the carotenogenic pathway, and impaired PDS activity during early chloroplast biogenesis results in a highly reduced plastoquinone pool (high excitation pressure), accumulation of the colorless C40 intermediate, phytoene, and white photooxidized plastids. Here, we discuss results from global transcript profiling of white leaf tissue...
Fundamental study of the dissolution of calcium phosphonates from porous media

Phosphonate-scale inhibitors are commonly used to prevent scale formation in many industrial processes involving high-salinity brine solutions. To effectively prevent scale formation in these industrial processes, one must have a fundamental understanding of how phosphonates are released into high-salinity brines. Because phosphonates can precipitate with divalent cations such as calcium, their release into aqueous media is often governed by many dissolution mechanisms. This study focuses on the release of calcium-phosphonate precipitates from porous media (as related to oil-field applications) and a mathematical model describing these release mechanisms based on mechanistic studies of pore-level phenomena. The phosphonate used was 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). The release of two distinct calcium-HEDP precipitates from porous media was studied: soluble, fibrous 1:1; insoluble, spherical 2:1. Visual studies using etched-glass micromodels showed that five distinct regimes govern the release of 1:1 calcium-HEDP precipitate from porous media. Conversely, the release of 2:1 calcium-HEDP precipitate was dominated by two distinct regimes. A continuum model developed describes the release of both precipitates from porous media by mathematically describing each of the distinct release regimes and defining conditions under which the transition between release regimes occurred. Experimental data agreed excellently with model simulations for both precipitates.
The effects of preoperative chemotherapy on the resectability of non-small cell lung carcinoma with mediastinal lymph node metastases (N2 M0).

Abstract We have defined "clinical N2" disease in non-small cell lung cancer to mean the presence of enlarged metastatic mediastinal nodes evident on plain chest roentgenograms or widening of the carina at bronchoscopy. Forty-one patients with non-small cell carcinoma of the lung and clinical N2 M0 disease presumed operable received 2 to 3 cycles of high-dose cisplatin with vindesine (or vinblastine sulfate) with or without mitomycin-C. Following chemotherapy, 30 patients (73%) had a major radiographic response. Of these patients, 28 had thoracotomy, and 21 (75%) of them had complete resection of the disease, 8 of whom had total sterilization of the tumor proven histologically. An additional 4 patients had limited microscopic foci of residual tumor either in lung or lymph nodes. Survival at 3 years from diagnosis was 34% for all patients, 40% for those who completed the combined treatment (chemotherapy and surgery), and 54% for those who had complete resection with a median follow-up of 44 months and a median survival not yeat attained.
Complement-Targeted Therapies in Lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex disease affecting most organs in the body. Deficiency of early components of the classical complement pathway is a key predisposing genetic factor for lupus in both mice and humans. Activation of the complement cascade downstream of C3 is a key factor in tissue inflammation and damage in lupus. Thus, lupus provides an interesting puzzle for how and when to block complement activation as a therapy. Interventions blocking C5, the alternative pathway, the lectin pathway, and the terminal membrane attack complex are all effective in treating murine models of lupus. Over 20 complement-directed therapies are in clinical trials for various diseases. Despite the promising results regarding efficacy of complement inhibition in murine lupus, the overall lack of effective therapies in lupus, and the availability of a number of complement inhibitors for human trials, there have been and currently are no trials of complement inhibitors for treating lupus. The complexity of lupus and the failure of many recent clinical trials in lupus have perhaps discouraged industry sponsors from testing their complement therapies in lupus. There may also be concern that blocking complement alone may not be effective in treating lupus as other inflammatory mediators are also involved in disease pathogenesis. Despite these possible confounders, it is clear that complement is a key mediator of tissue inflammation and damage in lupus. Complement inhibitors may not be effective at long-term chronic management of lupus, but would appear to be very attractive as an acute intervention during disease flares, especially in lupus nephritis. Ongoing efforts by the NIH and by the lupus organizations to bring new lupus drugs to patients will hopefully lead to clinical trials of complement inhibitors in lupus in the near future.
Current scientific views of psychopathy

It is not impossible that there is some value in making diagnoses of psychopathy in a forensic context, but this review ( Skeem, et al; doi: 10.1177/1529100611426706 ) should give everyone pause until research has actually established the validity of such applications. If in fact the construct of psychopathy does not have important predictive value, it is morally dubious to make important decisions on the basis of the diagnosis. Language: en
Whole-body rocking motion of a fusion peptide in lipid bilayers from size-dispersed 15N NMR relaxation.

Biological membranes present a highly fluid environment, and integration of proteins within such membranes is itself highly dynamic: proteins diffuse laterally within the plane of the membrane and ...
The Politics of Participation in Watershed Modeling

While researchers and decision-makers increasingly recognize the importance of public participation in environmental decision-making, there is less agreement about how to involve the public. One of the most controversial issues is how to involve citizens in producing scientific information. Although this question is relevant to many areas of environmental policy, it has come to the fore in watershed management. Increasingly, the public is becoming involved in the sophisticated computer modeling efforts that have been developed to inform watershed management decisions. These models typically have been treated as technical inputs to the policy process. However, model-building itself involves numerous assumptions, judgments, and decisions that are relevant to the public. This paper examines the politics of public involvement in watershed modeling efforts and proposes five guidelines for good practice for such efforts. Using these guidelines, I analyze four cases in which different approaches to public involvement in the modeling process have been attempted and make recommendations for future efforts to involve communities in watershed modeling.
Magnetic and Thermoelectric Properties of Cobalt Ferrite

Vacuum sintering has been found to result in large decrease in the electrical resistivity of cobalt ferrite samples which led to the enhancement of the thermoelectric properties compared to samples prepared by other methods. Magnetization of the sample was found to be affected by a (Co1-xFex)O phase developed due to the reducing nature of the vacuum chamber in which the samples were sintered. The Curie temperature obtained for the samples is similar.
Postharvest Use of Sucrose Polyesters for Extending the Shelf-life of Stored ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples

The post-storage uses of a sucrose-fatty acid polyester (SPE) formulation, commercial fruit wax and a combination of both were investigated on ‘Golden Delicious’ apples after fruit were removed from both controlled atmosphere (CA) and refrigerated storage. Quality parameters measured included color (skin and internal), firmness, soluble solids and titratable acidity. Physiological parameters measured were carbon dioxide and ethylene concentrations both evolved and internal. Refrigerated stored apples, treated with SPE, displayed retarded color development, higher acid and greater firmness values compared to controls. CA stored, treated apples possessed similar attributes but no firmness retention. Ethylene evolution was reduced in SPE-coated apples. In comparison to control apples, an internal accumulation of carbon dioxide and a reduction in ethylene was observed.
Aggregate-scale spatial heterogeneity in reductive transformation of ferrihydrite resulting from coupled biogeochemical and physical processes

Abstract Iron (hydr)oxides are ubiquitous in soils and sediments and play a dominant role in the geochemistry of surface and subsurface environments. Their fate depends on local environmental conditions, which in structured soils may vary significantly over short distances due to mass-transfer limitations on solute delivery and metabolite removal. In the present study, artificial soil aggregates were used to investigate the coupling of physical and biogeochemical processes affecting the spatial distribution of iron (Fe) phases resulting from reductive transformation of ferrihydrite. Spherical aggregates made of ferrihydrite-coated sand were inoculated with the dissimilatory Fe-reducing bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN-32, and placed into a flow reactor, the reaction cell simulates a diffusion-dominated soil aggregate surrounded by an advective flow domain. The spatial and temporal evolution of secondary mineralization products resulting from dissimilatory Fe reduction of ferrihydrite were followed within the aggregates in response to a range of flow rates and lactate concentrations. Strong radial variations in the distribution of secondary phases were observed owing to diffusively controlled delivery of lactate and efflux of Fe(II) and bicarbonate. In the aggregate cortex, only limited formation of secondary Fe phases were observed over 30 d of reaction, despite high rates of ferrihydrite reduction. Under all flow conditions tested, ferrihydrite transformation was limited in the cortex (70–85 mol.% Fe remained as ferrihydrite) because metabolites such as Fe(II) and bicarbonate were efficiently removed in outflow solutes. In contrast, within the inner fractions of the aggregate, limited mass-transfer results in metabolite (Fe(II) and bicarbonate) build-up and the consummate transformation of ferrihydrite – only 15–40 mol.% Fe remained as ferrihydrite after 30 d of reaction. Goethite/lepidocrocite, and minor amounts of magnetite, formed in the aggregate mid-section and interior at low lactate concentration (0.3 mM) after 30 d of reaction. Under high lactate (3 mM) concentration, magnetite was observed only as a transitory phase, and rather goethite/lepidocrocite and siderite were the dominant secondary mineralization products. Our results illustrate the importance of slow diffusive transport of both electron donor and metabolites concentrations and concomitant biogeochemical reactions within soils and sediments, giving rise to heterogeneous products over small spatial (μm) scale.
Odd nitrogen formed by energetic electron precipitation as calculated from TIROS data

Daily odd nitrogen formation due to energetic electron precipitation has been calculated for 840101 through 841231. Electron energy spectra between 4.25 and 1050 keV were used as derived from TED and MEPED observations made aboard NOAA spacecraft. Results indicate the importance of electron precipitation to the middle atmospheric NOy budget between 70 and 111 km. The column NOy source for 42≤Z≤111 km and for invariant latitudes between 63° and 76° in both hemispheres is calculated to be ≈13 times that of the global source of NOy derived from N2O. This source is larger in the southern hemisphere and is dominated by electrons which deposit their energy above 80 km.
Personality, attraction, and social ambiguity.

Summary Social Desirability (5) and Anxiety (10) were examined as mediators of similarity-attraction effects. Subjects were placed in an ambiguous face-to-face situation in which an accomplice agreed with the subject on seven of 14 attitude issues. It was hypothesized that in making interpersonal judgments (a) high anxiety subjects would attend to disagreeing information, and (b) high social desirability subjects would tend to agreeing information. Results supported both hypotheses.
Fractured resistances : The debate over assimilationism among gays and lesbians in the United States

This article analyzes the arguments of two of the central positions in the debate over assimilationism in the gay and lesbian community as a means of exploring the meaning of resistance, opposition...
Rich Models for Steganalysis of Digital Images

We describe a novel general strategy for building steganography detectors for digital images. The process starts with assembling a rich model of the noise component as a union of many diverse submodels formed by joint distributions of neighboring samples from quantized image noise residuals obtained using linear and nonlinear high-pass filters. In contrast to previous approaches, we make the model assembly a part of the training process driven by samples drawn from the corresponding cover- and stego-sources. Ensemble classifiers are used to assemble the model as well as the final steganalyzer due to their low computational complexity and ability to efficiently work with high-dimensional feature spaces and large training sets. We demonstrate the proposed framework on three steganographic algorithms designed to hide messages in images represented in the spatial domain: HUGO, edge-adaptive algorithm by Luo , and optimally coded ternary ±1 embedding. For each algorithm, we apply a simple submodel-selection technique to increase the detection accuracy per model dimensionality and show how the detection saturates with increasing complexity of the rich model. By observing the differences between how different submodels engage in detection, an interesting interplay between the embedding and detection is revealed. Steganalysis built around rich image models combined with ensemble classifiers is a promising direction towards automatizing steganalysis for a wide spectrum of steganographic schemes.
Performance comparison between multihomed network mobility protocols

Network mobility (NEMO) protocols are required to maintain connectivity of ongoing sessions for mobile networks that can be formed in bus, train, aircrafts with a wide variety of on-board IP-enabled devices. However, basic NEMO suffers from large delay and packet loss and fails to ensure seamless handover. Multi-homed network mobility solutions can facilitate seamless handover of mobile networks by making use of multiple network interfaces of NEMO. Previous works have not evaluated and compared the performance of multi-homed network mobility protocols that work in two different layers: network layer and transport layer. In this work, we compare the performance of two multi-homed network mobility protocols that exploits make-before-break strategy to ensure seamless handover for NEMO. Using experimental testbed, we have presented a detailed performance evaluation of these two multihomed NEMO protocols. Results demonstrate that transport layer-based mobility solution performs better than network layer-based protocol when the handing off between heterogeneous-capacity networks.
Factors mediating smoothness in epitaxial thin-film growth

Surface-sensitive diffraction techniques are often used to monitor the smoothness of epitaxial thin films during growth, i.e., the propensity for layer-by-layer growth. Interpretation of such data requires an understanding of the relative importance of various factors that mediate smoothness. These include the adsorption-site geometry, the dynamics of atoms during deposition, and possible transient mobility following deposition, as well as thermal diffusion. Here we present a systematic study of the first three factors, emphasizing the interplay between geometry and dynamics. This is achieved by a comparison of several ``low-temperature'' far-from-equilibrium growth models where adsorption occurs at on-top sites, bridge sites, or threefold or fourfold hollow sites. Film structure is elucidated through determination of the interface width, density of steps and adsorption sites, the kinematic Bragg intensity, and short-range-order parameters. Exact analysis of nonasymptotic properties of these statistical-mechanical models is in general impossible, and so most results presented are from Monte Carlo simulation.
The role of antipsychotics in smoking and smoking cessation

Persons with severe and persistent mental illnesses, e.g. schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder, smoke at a much higher rate than the general population. Treatment options for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder often include the first-generation (typical) and second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics, which have been shown to be effective in treating both psychotic and mood symptoms. This article reviews studies examining the relationship between antipsychotic medication and cigarette smoking. These studies suggest that in persons with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, typical antipsychotics may increase basal smoking and decrease people's ability to stop smoking, whereas atypical antipsychotics decrease basal smoking and promote smoking cessation. However, we found that the data available were generally of moderate quality and from small studies, and that there were conflicting findings. The review also critically assesses a number of potential mechanisms for this effect: the use of smoking as a form of self-medication for the side effects of antipsychotics, the effect of antipsychotics on smoking-related cues and the effect of antipsychotics on the appreciation of the economic cost of smoking behaviour. Gaps in the research are noted and recommendations for further study are included. More study of this important issue is needed to clarify the effect of antipsychotics on smoking behaviours.
Effect of six weeks of oral echinacea purpurea supplementation on nitric oxide production

Background Echinacea purpurea, a purple coneflower plant of the compositae family (Asteraceae), is native to North America and commonly used as an herbal supplement to enhance immune function. Echinacea purpurea has been shown to stimulate macrophage activity which is a known stimulator of nitric oxide (NO) production. Echinacea purpurea supplementation (8,000 mg·d) in untrained (42.5 ± 1.6 mL·kg·min) males was shown to elicit a 63% increase (p < 0.05) in serum erythropoietin (EPO) following two weeks of supplementation. This is supported in part by earlier findings which indicated that four weeks of Echinacea purpurea supplementation demonstrated a non-significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). It is plausible that Echinaceainduced EPO production may stimulate physiological responses independent of and/or in addition to erythropoiesis. There is also evidence suggesting EPO has vasculo-protective effects including the activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Based on these findings, a proposed non-hematological response to the Echinacea-induced increase in EPO could be enhanced NO production. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether six weeks of oral Echinacea purpurea supplementation augmented NO production as a result of an Echinacea-induced increase in EPO and/or Echinaceainduced macrophage activity.
Implications of Piaget's talks for curriculum

In this paper Langer discusses the implications of Piaget's theories for curriculum in theoretical terms. These implications are discussed in terms of communication between the “community” and the individual regarding forms of knowledge. This communication, this expression of the forms of accumulated knowledge is seen as influencing the, learning task. Several intriguing interpretations and extensions of Piaget's theories are offered.
State-Dependent Mass Corrections to Hyperfine Structure in Hydrogenic Atoms

The $\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}m}{M}$ corrections to the ratio of the hyperfine structure of the $1s$ and $2s$ states of hydrogenic atoms have been evaluated using a Foldy-Wouthuysen reduction of the Dirac Hamiltonian for the electron plus additional nuclear motion terms. The covariant two-fermion Bethe-Salpeter equation gives the same result, as does an approximately covariant calculation based on the Breit equation, a simple nuclear model, and the correspondence principle. In units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, the $\frac{{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}m}{M}$ corrections to $R=(\frac{8{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}})\ensuremath{-}1$ total -0.115, -0.029, and -0.101 for H, D, and T, respectively. The corresponding theoretical $R$ values are 34.45\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, 34.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02, and 34.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02. These agree with the available experimental values which are 34.495\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.060 and 34.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6 for H and D, respectively.
Two-photon detachment cross section of H-

The differential and total cross sections for two-photon detachment of H- are computed analytically within the asymptotic model for both linearly and circularly polarized light. The total cross section for unit flux is of the order 10-48 cm2. The differential cross section for linearly polarized light is nearly isotropic near the two-photon absorption threshold but is sharply peaked along the polarization direction just below the threshold for one-photon detachment. The circular polarization efficiency is very small near the two-quantum threshold but is close to its theoretical maximum near the one-quantum threshold.
Pregnancy-induced Physiological Heart Hypertrophy Is Associated With Lower P38 Activity And Higher Phospho-akt Nuclear Labeling

We have previously characterized physiological heart hypertrophy which occurs during pregnancy in mice. Hypertrophic stimuli, including volume overload, mechanical stretch, together with hormonal changes are potential triggers of pregnancy-induced heart hypertrophy1. The underlying molecular mechanisms of pregnancy-induced heart hypertrophy, which makes the heart work more efficiently, are not well understood. The mechanical stretch of cardiomyocytes can activate second messengers such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). MAPK will facilitate the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and P38. The protein kinase Akt, which regulates the growth and survival of many cell types, has been proposed to be required for physiological heart hypertrophy. Here we performed Western Blot analysis together with high resolution confocal microscopy as to measure protein levels and subcellular distribution of cardiac MAPKs (P38, JNK1/2, ERK1/2) and Akt in non-pregnant (NP, at diestrus stage, as this stage has been exposed to low levels of estrogen for the longest time) and late pregnant (LP) mice. Western Blot analysis of heart lysates showed that only phospho-P38 protein levels were decreased ∼ 2 fold at the end of pregnancy (n=7 NP and n=5 LP mice). High resolution confocal microscopy showed that P38, phospho-P38, JNK1/2, phospho-JNK, ERK1/2 and phospho-ERK were distributed in discrete clusters in the cytoplasm, T-tubules as well as in the nucleus, and their subcellular distribution did not change with pregnancy (n=3 NP and n=3 LP mice). As expected, for a protective Akt activity, nuclear phospho-Akt labeling was significantly higher in LP compared to NP, forming discrete aggregates in the nuclear region.1. Eghbali M, Deva R, Alioua A, Minosyan TY, Ruan H, Wang Y, Toro L, Stefani E. Molecular and functional signature of heart hypertrophy during pregnancy. Circ Res. 2005;96:1208-16.
Donor dendritic cells dance the do-si-do in allogeneic transplantation.

In this issue of Blood , Taylor and colleagues studied the effect of CpG oligonucleotide ligands for TLR9 on host and donor APCs in a murine model of allogeneic bone marrow transplantion. The article describes an unexpected result: administration of CpG activated both donor and host DCs, resulting in enhanced rates of graft rejection and accelerated GVHD.