cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convenient Regioselective Formation of 2′-O-Tosyladenosine

Abstract 2′-O-Tosyladenosine (1) was obtained in 50% yield from the reaction of adenosine and sodium p-toluenesulfinate in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. The sequential intermediacy of N6−monochloroadenosine (2) and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride during this process is proposed on the basis of their individual reactions with sodium ptoluenesulfinate and adenosine, respectively.
Nelson: a low-cost social robot for research and education

A social robot is a robotic platform that supports natural interaction with people in a human-scale environment. Such a platform allows interesting opportunities for both traditional Computer Science students and students from other disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, design and communications. In this paper, we describe a new social robotic platform for educational uses that is equipped with a social face, arms for gesturing, advanced sensory, mobile base, and ROS integration. By using off-the-shelf and rapidly prototyped components, together with open source software, this platform is low-cost, easy to use, and easy to reproduce.
Comparative cost advantage and trade performance: a panel data approach

This article examines the relationship of the components of labor cost—unit cost, productivity, compensation—to the structure of U.S. trade flows in manufacturing industries for the period 1967-1982. Earlier cross-sectional models do not account for differential trade barriers among industries while time series studies do not include changes in either trade barriers or exchange rates. This study addresses these problems by using a panel data model with fixed time effects. Because this model had limited success in estimating the labor compensation parameter, a panel data model with individual industry effects was also estimated.
Post-embryonic expression of C. elegans microRNAs belonging to the lin-4 and let-7 families in the hypodermis and the reproductive system

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules that negatively control gene expression by binding to complementary sequences on target mRNAs. The most thoroughly characterized miRNAs, lin-4 and let-7, direct cell fate determination during the larval transitions in C. elegans and act as key regulators of temporal gene expression. lin-4 and let-7 are founding members of two distinct families of miRNA genes sharing strong sequence homology primarily in the 5' end of the mature miRNAs. In this report, we characterize the temporal and spatial expression patterns of lin-4 and let-7 family members using northern blot analysis and mir::gfp fusion studies. Our results show that lin-4 and let-7 homologues possess distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns during nematode development and that known heterochronic genes regulate their expression. We find that certain lin-4 and let-7 family members display overlapping expression patterns in the hypodermis and the reproductive system, suggesting that combinations of miRNAs from across families may control common developmental events.
Disarmament, unemployment, budgets, and inflation

One of the most important considerations which impedes the reduction of the defence budget to a level that makes sense even from a military point of view is the fear of unemployment. Even most militarists are willing to concede, if pressed, that retaining 20 000 nuclear warheads and building more attack submarines makes little sense when 1000 nuclear bombs would be sufficient to destroy civilization, and additional submarines would be of little use in the event of hostilities with Saddam Hussein, Qadhafi, Mobutu or North Korea. Yet the representative from New London or the senators from Connecticut may well feel that their political future is tied up with the fate of workers on submarines at the Electric Boat Company in Groton.
POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION: DOES IT IMPROVE THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OF PRACTITIONERS WITH TIME?

AbstractPurpose: We evaluate the effect of the provision of postgraduate educational material on improving practitioner knowledge base during a 3-year period.Materials and Methods: A total of 210 urologists were provided 67 monographs in a 2-year period. They were given a pretest before and posttest 1 year after receipt of all monographs.Results: There was significant improvement in posttest scores for the group as a whole. Improvement correlated with years post-training and number of monographs read. Multivariate analysis revealed the number of monographs read was the only independent predictor of outcome.Conclusions: Although the improvement in test scores was significant and did correlate with the postgraduate educational material read, it was modest. This finding raises significant concerns about the usefulness of this format for graduate medical education.
Maternal-placental interactions of oxidative stress and antioxidants in preeclampsia.

This review addresses the general hypothesis that the pathogenesis of preeclampsia is related to an imbalance of increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation coupled to a deficiency of antioxidant protection. Evidence will be presented that this imbalance is present in both the maternal compartment and the placental compartment and that interactions between these two compartments result in the clinical manifestations of this disorder. We suggest the following as a scenario for the development of preeclampsia: Oxidative stress in the maternal compartment affects the placenta in such a way as to bring about a decrease in placental antioxidant enzyme protection. The oxidative stress in the maternal compartment may be preexisting (e.g., obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia) or may be caused by placental secretion of lipid peroxides. Decreased placental antioxidant enzyme protection leads to a cascade of events in the placenta of uncontrolled lipid peroxidation with increased thromboxane production and increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) production. Increased placental secretion of lipid peroxides and/or TNF-alpha results in activation of leukocytes as they circulate through the intervillous space. The activated leukocytes serve as circulating mediators that link the increased oxidative stress of the placenta with a widespread increase in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in the mother. In the third trimester, when the placenta is growing rapidly, the mother's antioxidant capacity is no longer able to compensate, and the clinical symptoms of preeclampsia appear.
Plenary Speech: Spin Excitation Spectroscopy with the STM

We have extended the spectroscopic abilities of the scanning tunneling microscope to include the measurement of spin-excitation spectra. Utilizing spin-excitation spectroscopy as our primary tool, we are now capable of extracting exchange coupling energies, anisotropy energies, and information on the spin configuration of nanometer-scale structures. What we learn from these experiments will hopefully allow us to engineer the "energy landscape" of a system of spins in order to achieve nanometer-scale binary logic circuits that operate using only the spin degree of freedom.
Green tea catechins inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro through suppression of VE-cadherin phosphorylation and inactivation of Akt molecule.

Studies have indicated that the consumption of green tea is associated with a reduced risk of developing certain forms of cancer and angiogenesis. The mechanism of inhibition of angiogenesis by green tea or its catechins, however, has not been well-established. Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an adhesive molecule located at the site of intercellular contact, is involved in cell-cell recognition during vascular morphogenesis. The extracellular domain of VE-cadherin mediates initial cell adhesion, whereas the cytosolic tail binding with beta-catenin is required for interaction with the cytoskeleton and junctional strength. Therefore, the cadherin-catenin adhesion system is implicated in cell recognition, differentiation, growth and migration of capillary endothelium. Using tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) in culture as an in vitro model of angiogenesis, we reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced tube formation is inhibited by anti-VE-cadherin antibody and dose-dependently by green tea catechins. We also demonstrated here that inhibition of tube formation by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the green tea catechins, is in part mediated through suppression of VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt activation during VEGF-induced tube formation. These findings indicate that VE-cadherin and Akt, known downstream proteins in VEGFR-2-mediated cascade, are the new-targeted proteins by which green tea catechins inhibit angiogenesis.
Super's Work Values Inventory Scales as Intrinsic or Extrinsic Constructs

Factor analysis provides a quantitative basis for ascription of scales in the Work Values Inventory into “intrinsic” and “extrinsic” categories.
Effect of Citric Acid and Citric Acid–Sucrose Mixtures on Swallowing in Neurogenic Oropharyngeal Dysphagia

The ability of sour and sweet–sour mixtures to improve swallowing in 11 nursing home residents with neurogenic oropharyngeal dysphagia was investigated using fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Citric acid (2.7%) significantly reduced aspiration and penetration compared with water. Teaspoon delivery of liquids significantly reduced aspiration and penetration compared with natural cup drinking. Subjects tended to appropriately self-regulate the cup volume they consumed after the first trial. A significant increase in spontaneous dry swallows was observed after both taste stimuli. The mechanisms for improved swallowing due to citric acid are not understood but may be due to increased gustatory and trigeminal stimulation of acid to the brainstem in neurologically impaired subjects.
Non-hodgkin's lymphomas: Characteristics of long-term survivors following conservative treatment

Gram-negative osteomyelitis frequently responds poorly to conventional therapy. Ciprofloxacin displays excellent in vitro activity against gram-negative bacilli and offers the potential for outpatient therapy. In this ongoing study, ciprofloxacin therapy is being evaluated for the treatment of gram-negative osteomyelitis. Twenty-three patients (16 men and seven women) have been treated under the protocol (750 mg orally twice daily for 1.5 to six months), and 14 patients have completed therapy. All patients had either growth on bone cultures from an open or percutaneous biopsy, or an arthrocentesis to confirm the diagnosis. Involved sites included ankle or tibia (seven patients), vertebra (four patients), hip (five patients), metatarsal (four patients), phalanx (two patients), and metacarpal (one patient); 16 patients had chronic disease, and seven patients had acute disease. Patients had a total of 28 gram-negative bacilli, 12 gram-positive cocci, and one anaerobic gram-negative rod, for an average of 1.8 pathogens per patient. Eighteen of the 28 gram-negative bacilli were Pseudomonas species. The geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentration for all the gram-negative bacilli was 0.15 microgram/ml. The geometric mean minimal inhibitory concentration for the gram-positive isolates was 0.41 microgram/ml. All patients who completed therapy experienced a cure, with a mean follow-up of 6.1 months. Infections in all patients, except for two who are still taking ciprofloxacin, are resolving, both clinically and radiologically. One patient who was not eligible for the protocol experienced a superinfection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Side effects have included urticaria, lethargy, nausea, and transient elevations of liver and renal function test results. Overall, ciprofloxacin therapy was well tolerated. This study suggests that ciprofloxacin holds promise for the outpatient treatment of gram-negative osteomyelitis.
One-visit, randomized, placebo-controlled, conjunctival allergen challenge study of scanning and imaging technology for objective quantification of eyelid swelling in the allergic reaction with contralateral use of olopatadine and artificial tears.

Abstract Background: The eyelids are more susceptible than other tissues to swelling, acute inflammation, and resultant long-term damage. However, no precise, objective means of measuring eyelid swelling in the clinical setting has been developed. Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the novel use of scanning and imaging technology for quantifying eyelid swelling and to use positive and negative controls to assess this new method for potential use in future clinical studies of eyelid swelling and pharmaceutical agents' effects on it. Methods: This was a 1-visit, single-center, prospective, randomized, doublemasked, placebo-controlled study using the conjunctival allergen challenge (CAC). After baseline examinations and eyelid scanning, medication was instilled as follows: olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% ophthalmic solution in 1 eye and placebo in the other. An allergen solution to which patients had a history of reaction was instilled in each eye 15 minutes after instillation of medication. Evaluations were performed for itching (3, 5, and 7 minutes after CAC), redness and chemosis (10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes), subjective eyelid evaluation (15 and 30 minutes), and 3-dimensional (3D) objective eyelid scan (15 and 30 minutes). Results: One hundred seven patients were randomized. Fifty-six patients (35 women, 21 men; mean age, 44.7 years) were evaluable for efficacy. Results of the objective and subjective evaluations of eyelid swelling were consistent, indicating significantly less eyelid swelling in olopatadine-treated eyes than in those that received placebo (objective evaluation, P P P P Conclusions: In this study, eyelid swelling was quantifiably measured with 3D imaging technology. In this model, the standard antiallergy medication olopatadine, used as a positive control, significantly modulated eyelid swelling when used prophylactically. A negative control, artificial tears, did not significantly affect the allergic eyelid-swelling reaction. These results concurred with subjective grading but offered a more precise assessment of eyelid swelling.
Macromolecular complexes: SMN — the master assembler

Recent studies indicate that the protein affected in spinal muscular atrophy, SMN, plays a role in the assembly of a number of macromolecular complexes that function in the nucleus, interacting with its partner proteins via their arginine- and glycine-rich domains.
Comparison of Methods to Estimate Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in Texas Soils with Grass

AbstractOne of the primary objectives for irrigation and drainage engineers, soil physicists, and hydrologists is to develop effective methods to estimate soil saturated hydraulic conductivity on the basis of readily available soil survey data. Although a few models have been derived from large ranges of soil texture data and successfully applied to many kinds of hydrologic analysis of agricultural lands and watershed for many years, there are few efforts to specifically investigate these models in soils with healthy grass growing. A field study was conducted to investigate and compare the performance of three readily applied models, including the Campbell model, Smettem and Bristow model, and Saxton et al. model, in Texas soils with established grass from September 2009 to May 2010. The results showed that two-parameter models, Campbell and Saxton et al. models, had better performance than the one-parameter model, Smettem and Bristow model. All three models need to be calibrated with local knowledge and ...
Oxygen desaturation during sleep in hepatopulmonary syndrome

Sleep alters respiratory mechanics and gas exchange, which can adversely affect arterial oxygenation. Whether sleep affects oxygenation in hepatopulmonary syndrome is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess oxygen desaturation during sleep in hepatopulmonary syndrome. Twenty adults with cirrhosis including 10 controls and 10 patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome underwent home pulse-oximetry during sleep. Subjects at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea were excluded through the Berlin questionnaire. Subjects who spent more than 10% of total sleep time with arterial oxygen saturation < 90% were classified as sleep-time oxygen desaturators. Sleep-time desaturation was correlated with clinical variables. The results showed that 7 of 10 hepatopulmonary syndrome subjects and none of the 10 controls had sleep-time oxygen desaturation. The median percentage of total sleep time with arterial oxygen saturation < 90% was significantly higher in hepatopulmonary syndrome subjects than in controls (medians 25% versus 0%, P = 0.005). Hepatopulmonary syndrome subjects had significantly lower wake-time arterial oxygen saturation level (median, 97% versus 95%; P = 0.003) and mean sleep-time arterial oxygen saturation level (median, 96% versus 91%; P = 0.0008) than did the controls. Sleep-time desaturation directly correlated with alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (P = 0.0007) and inversely correlated with wake-time arterial oxygen tension (P = 0.0007) and oxygen saturation (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Oxygen desaturation occurred during sleep in 70% of hepatopulmonary syndrome subjects, the degree of which correlated with the severity of hepatopulmonary syndrome. Marked hypoxemia during sleep may occur in hepatopulmonary syndrome patients who, according to wake-time oxygen values, have only mild to moderate hypoxemia. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Well-Posedness and Long Time Behavior of the Non-Isothermal Viscous Cahn-Hilliard Equation with Dynamic Boundary Conditions

We consider a model of non-isothermal phase transition taking place in a conned container. The order parameter is governed by a Cahn- Hilliard type equation which is coupled with a nonlinear heat equation for the temperature . The former is subject to a nonlinear dynamic boundary condition recently proposed by some physicists to account for interactions of the material with the walls. The latter is endowed with a boundary condi- tion which can be a standard one (Dirichlet, Neumann or Robin). We thus formulate a class of initial and boundary value problems whose local exis- tence and uniqueness is proven by means of a Faedo-Galerkin approximation scheme. The local solution becomes global owing to suitable a priori estimates. Then we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the solutions within the theory of innite-dimension al dynamical systems. In particular, we demonstrate the existence of a nite dimensional global attractor as well as of an exponential attractor.
A review of the effects of covapors on adsorption rate coefficients of organic vapors adsorbed onto activated carbon from flowing gases

Abstract Published breakthrough time, adsorption rate, and capacity data for components of organic vapor mixtures adsorbed from flows through fixed activated carbon beds have been analyzed. Capacities (as stoichiometric centers of constant pattern breakthrough curves) yielded stoichiometric times τ , which are useful for determining elution orders of mixture components. Where authors did not report calculated adsorption rate coefficients k v of the Wheeler (or, more general, Reaction Kinetic) breakthrough curve equation, we calculated them from breakthrough times and τ . Ninety-five k v (in mixture)/ k v (single vapor) ratios at similar vapor concentrations were calculated and averaged for elution order categories. For 43 first-eluting vapors the average ratio (1.07) was statistically no different (standard deviation 0.21) than unity, so that we recommend using the single-vapor k v for such. Forty-seven second-eluting vapor ratios averaged 0.85 (standard deviation 0.24), also not significantly different from unity; however, other evidence and considerations lead us to recommend using k v (in mixture)=0.85 k v (single vapor). Five third- and fourth-eluting vapors gave an average of 0.56 (standard deviation 0.16) for a recommended k v (in mixture)=0.56 k v (single vapor) for such.
Pursuing a Purpose: The Role of Career Exploration Courses and Service-Learning Internships in Recognizing and Developing Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities.

The purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSAs) undergraduate psychology students were able to articulate while engaging in a career preparation seminar with a...
Dynamic Analysis of a High Load, High-Speed Actuator for Rock Deformation Experimentation

Experimental investigation of the sliding-velocity dependence of friction in rock is necessary to understand slip instability and earthquake phenomena, but a capability to conduct sliding friction experiments at high normal loads and at earthquake slip rates (1 m/s) must be developed. Velocity-dependent friction is ideally studied by imposing step-wise changes in rate of sliding. Velocity steps to earthquake slip rates must occur in a few milliseconds and requires high accelerations, so feedback control is not applicable because the rise time of actuators that can be used for our application is large relative to the rise time of the required velocity response. For this reason, we analyze the capability of a high-speed loading system with high load capacity to impose a velocity step, followed by constant rate of sliding, using only several preset passive-control variables. Assuming representative transient-friction response of rock test-samples, preset passive-control variables of the loading system may be obtained such that the deviation from the ideal velocity-step is minimized. A parametric exploration of the preset passive-control variables and test-sample behavior is used to define the machine workspace, and to optimize the key design characteristics of the loading system, such that the desired load paths for a range of expected sample behaviors may be achieved.© 2014 ASME
Thermal neutron focussing by tapered rectangular collimators

Abstract Exact analytical expressions are derived for the transmission and reflection of thermal neutrons through tapered rectangular collimators. Focussing and cold-neutron enrichment by such a collimator is investigated by simulation on a computer.
Characterizing the diffusion/perfusion mismatch in experimental focal cerebral ischemia

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is widely used to investigate hyperacute cerebral ischemia both in experimental stroke models and in patients with ischemic stroke, detecting early ischemic abnormalities related to reduction of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of brain water.1–8 Perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) provides information about the hemodynamic status of brain tissue and detects regions with impaired cerebral perfusion.9,10 Clinical reports have demonstrated that the impaired perfusion region is typically larger than the lesion detected by DWI early after stroke onset.11–13 The difference between the PWI and DWI abnormalities was termed the diffusion/perfusion mismatch, and the DWI lesion usually enlarges over time until it coincides with the perfusion deficit.11–13 The mismatch region may represent potentially salvageable brain tissue with timely and appropriate therapy.14 The diffusion/perfusion mismatch evolution has not been well characterized during the first few hours in individual patients, nor in animal models. The aims of this study were to delineate the temporal evolution of the diffusion/perfusion mismatch volume in a rat permanent and temporary focal ischemia model and to confirm that the mismatch region identifies salvageable tissue if subjected to early reperfusion.
Crack Path Selection in Microstructurally Tailored Inhomogeneous Polymers

In this work the photodegradation of a polyethylene co-polymer, ECO, is exploited to generate inhomogeneous arrangements of model “granular” media that aids in the experimental study of crack path selection problems. The advantage of our approach is that the well-known sensitivity of ECO’s properties to ultraviolet (UV) light allows knowledge of both grain and grain boundary response a priori to performing the experiments. A model granular arrangement with identical grain structure and of three different levels of grain boundary strength was constructed. Each microstructure was loaded in uniaxial tension, and the resulting strain fields were recorded using digital image correlation (DIC). Depending on the applied load and the local microstructure, crack initiation and growth occurred differently: either one main crack developed and became responsible for failure, or an initial crack formed but arrested, and a host of secondary cracks appeared at different critical locations, including grain boundaries and grain interiors. Thus, the experimental configuration can be used to produce controllable amounts of intergranular vs. transgranular failure. The DIC results were correlated with global load–displacement measurements and were compared to finite element models using ABAQUS that simulated the configurations tested in each case. A von Mises and Tresca yield criterion was used to illustrate areas where failure was possible, and the results were favorably compared with the experimental failure initiation sites in each case.
Preparing for emerging infections

New infectious diseases continue to emerge, yet there is no clear strategy for managing them. A model response should be devised in the light of past events such as the recent US outbreak of a previously unknown hantavirus.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI INFECTION IN MICE WITH L-FURALTADONE.

Abstract The levo-isomer of furaltadone, in a 50 mg per kilogram per day oral dose for 2 weeks favorably modified the outcome of fatal experimental American trypanosomiasis in mice. When the therapeutic dose was followed by a continued suppressive dose, using 25% of the therapeutic dose, therapeutic results were materially improved. Apparently the drug is lethal to the blood forms (trypanosomes) rather than to the intracellular leishmania stage.
Sagittarius A* Companion S0-2: A Probe of Very High Mass Star Formation

The star S0-2, which is orbiting Sgr A* with a 15 yr period, almost certainly did not form in situ. We propose that it was injected into this close orbit by the tidal disruption of a massive-star binary, whose primary was more massive than S0-2 and at least 60 M☉. From numerical integrations we find that 1%-2% of incoming binaries with closest approach equal to 130 AU leave the secondary in an orbit with eccentricity within 0.01 of that of S0-2. If additional stars are found orbiting Sgr A* with relatively short periods, they could be used to probe the formation of massive stars in the Galactocentric region, even though the massive stars themselves have long since perished.
The kinetics of the reaction of superoxide radical with Fe(III) complexes of EDTA, DETAPAC and HEDTA

To gain an understanding of the mechanism by which the hydroxyl free radical can arise in superoxide generating systems and learn how different chelaters of iron can inhibit this reaction, a pulse radiolysis kinetic study of the reaction of O;- with Fe(III)EDTA, Fe(III)HEDTA and Fe(III)DETAPAC (or DTPA) was undertaken. Superoxide reacts readily with Fe(III)EDTA and Fe(III)HEDTA with a pH-dependent second-order rate constant having values of 1.9 x lo6 M-l. s-’ and 7.6 x 16 M-‘. s-’ at pH 7, respectively. However, the rate constant for the reaction of O;- with Fe(III)DETAPAC was found to be much slower, the upper limit for the rate constant being 104 M-l. s-l. These results in conjunction with spin-trapping experiments with Fe(II)EDTA, Fe(II)HEDTA, Fe(II)DETAPAC and Hz02 suggests that DETAPAC inhibits the formation of ‘OH by slowing the reduction of Fe(II1) to Fe(I1) and not by inhibiting the Fenton reaction. Superoxide Fenton reaction Hydroxyl radical Haber- Weiss reaction Iron complex
Localized Changes in Immediate-Early Gene Regulation during Sensory and Motor Learning in Zebra Finches

A complex neural system controls birdsong learning, but its organization is not understood, nor is it known why learning only occurs during a critical period in adolescence. Here, we analyzed developmental regulation in zebra finches of zenk, an immediate-early gene (IEG) implicated in memory consolidation. Basal expression was elevated within auditory telencephalon (specifically, within the caudomedial neostriatum [NCM]) during song acquisition. Expression could be further induced by song playbacks 30 days after hatching but not at 20 days nor in juveniles reared in severe isolation. Singing itself induced zenk in song production nuclei, including Area X, even in adults. Within a compartment of the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA), however, this response dwindled as singing matured. These results suggest that the onset of sensory memory storage may be regulated in part at NCM, and motor plasticity may be regulated at RA.
Gesturing has a larger impact on problem-solving than action, even when action is accompanied by words.

The coordination of speech with gesture elicits changes in speakers’ problem-solving behaviour beyond the changes elicited by the coordination of speech with action. Participants solved the Tower of Hanoi puzzle (TOH1); explained their solution using speech coordinated with either Gestures (Gesture + Talk) or Actions (Action + Talk), or demonstrated their solution using Actions alone (Action); then solved the puzzle again (TOH2). For some participants (Switch group), disc weights during TOH2 were reversed (smallest = heaviest). Only in the Gesture + Talk Switch group did performance worsen from TOH1 to TOH2 – for all other groups, performance improved. In the Gesture + Talk Switch group, more one-handed gestures about the smallest disc during the explanation hurt subsequent performance compared to all other groups. These findings contradict the hypothesis that gesture affects thought by promoting the coordination of task-relevant hand movements with task-relevant speech, and lend support to the hypothesis that gesture grounds thought in action via its representational properties.
SIETAR survey: perceived contributions of the social sciences to intercultural communication

Abstract This paper presents the results of a survey of SIETAR members assessing their opinions on the value of contributions from various social science disciplines to intercultural communication. Anthropology received the highest ratings overall, with psychology chosen most frequently as the field from which more intercultural work is desired. Among intercultural communication scholars, an anthropologist stands out as most widely read with the greatest acknowledged influence on SIETAR members.
Electron-Nuclear Double-Resonance study of an H Center in LiF

An electron-nuclear double-resonance study of the $H$ center produced by x rays in reagent-grade LiF shows the defect to be a ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ molecule located on a single lattice site but associated with a ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ impurity. Attempts to produce isolated $H$ centers in high-purity LiF have been unsuccessful.
A supplier's pricing model under a customer's economic purchasing policy

Abstract This paper develops a pricing model from the perspective of a supplier who produces and supplies a product to order from a single customer on a lot-for-lot basis. Assuming that the customer's ordering behavior is optimal, i.e. the customer follows his economic purchasing policy, the objective of the supplier is to determine the product's selling price, so that a specified gross profit goal is achieved. The algebraic interactions between the price of the product, the customer's EOQ and the supplier's profit level are taken into consideration during the model construction process. The concepts developed are illustrated through a numerical example, which attempts to demonstrate the usefulness of the model in setting an appropriate price for a product under the conditions described.
Contact allergic dermatitis. Old problems and new techniques.

• The problem of contact allergic dermatitis in humans and contact hypersensitivity in laboratory animals begins with the observation that certain reactive compounds, when placed on skin, lead to a reproducible and characteristic inflammatory reaction. The immunologic processes that conspire to produce this damaging tissue reaction are derived from the normal immunologic balance between a protection of self and a destruction of nonself . Experimental work in the last decade has focused on the role of antigen-presenting cells, and specifically Langerhans' cells, in its initiation, as well as on the competing roles of subsets of T lymphocytes in its regulation. For humans, an important goal has been the development of techniques by which tolerization and desensitization may be achieved, and for those who work with laboratory animals, contact hypersensitivity has provided methods to examine immunoregulation in general. In the coming decade, new techniques from molecular biology, molecular genetics, tissue culture, and, above all, shrewd clinical observation will provide a new array of ideas and possibilities. ( Arch Dermatol 1989;125:276-279)
The role of carbohydrate in the activation of plasminogen 2 glycoforms by streptokinase

Summary Plasminogen 2 has six glycoforms that differ in their sialic acid content. In this study we have examined the effect that this differential sialylation has on activation of these glycoforms by streptokinase (SK). We find that increases in sialic acid content, above a threshold level, result in a decrease in the catalytic efficiency of activation. This decrease in catalytic efficiency appears to be due to an increase in Km values and a decrease in Kcat values. This phenomenon is most apparent in the activation of plasminogen 2, the most extensively sialyated glycoform with 13 mols of sialic acid/mol protein. Gel filtration demonstrated that SK forms an activator complex with plasminogen 2, indicating that the carbohydrate on plasminogen 2 interferes with the stability of the Michaelis complex, rather than the ability of streptokinase to form activator complexes with plasminogen 2 glycoforms. For comparison we also show data pertaining to activation of plasminogen 2 glycoforms by urinary plasminogen activator and tissue-type plasminogen activator.
Are Body Dissatisfaction, Eating Disturbance, and Body Mass Index Predictors of Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents? A Longitudinal Study.

Disordered eating, body dissatisfaction, and obesity have been associated cross sectionally with suicidal behavior in adolescents. To determine the extent to which these variables predicted suicidal ideation and attempts, the authors examined these relationships in a longitudinal design. The study population included 2,516 older adolescents and young adults who completed surveys for Project EAT-II (Time 2), a 5-year follow-up study of adolescents who had taken part in Project EAT (Time 1). Odds ratios for suicidal behaviors at Time 2 were estimated with multiple logistic regression. Predictor variables included Time 1 extreme and unhealthy weight control behaviors (EWCB and UWCB), body dissatisfaction, and body mass index percentile. Suicidal ideation was reported by 15.2% of young men and 21.6% of young women, and suicide attempts were reported by 3.5% of young men and 8.7% of young women. For young women, suicidal ideation at Time 2 was predicted by Time 1 EWCB. The odds ratio for suicide attempts was similarly elevated in young women who had reported EWCB at Time 1. These odds ratios for both suicidal ideation and suicide attempts remained elevated even after controlling for Time 2 depressive symptoms. In young men, EWCB was not associated with suicidal ideation or suicide attempts 5 years later. Body mass index and body dissatisfaction did not predict suicidal ideation or suicide attempts in young men or young women. These results emphasize the importance of EWCB.
Imaginable surprise in global change science

Decisionmakers at all scales (individuals, firms, and local, national, and international governmental organizations) are concerned about reducing their vulnerability to (or the likelihood of) unexpected events, 'surprises.' After briefly and selectively reviewing the literature on uncertainty and surprise, we adopt a definition of 'surprise' that does not include the strict requirement that it apply to a wholly unexpected outcome, but rather recognizes that many events are often anticipated by some, even if not most observers. Thus, we define 'imaginable surprise' as events or processes that depart from the expectations of some definable community. Therefore, what gets labelled as 'surprise' depends on the extent to which what happens departs from community expectations and on the salience of the problem. We offer a typology of surprise that distinguishes imaginable surprises from risk and uncertainty, and develops several kinds of impediments to overcoming ignorances. These range from the need for more '...
Infrared spectra of the GeSi and SnSi molecules in argon matrices

Abstract Extending our recent studies of Si2, Ge2, and Sn2, absorption spectra of the GeSi and SnSi molecules were observed at frequencies up to 3000 cm−1 in argon matrices at 4 K. In each case the vibrational frequency in the ground state was determined, and the transition to the low-lying electronic state, 3Π←X 3Σ−, was observed as a vibrational progression. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical calculations of two groups.
A high-efficiency method to replace essential genes with mutant alleles in yeast

Temperature-sensitive (TS), internally deleted and truncated alleles are important tools to facilitate the characterization of essential genes. We have developed a straightforward method to replace a wild-type gene with a mutant allele at the endogenous locus. This method is an efficient alternative to the two-step method for integration of alleles that are compromised in function or contain multiple mutations. A strain is constructed that has the essential gene of interest disrupted by a selectable marker. Strain viability is maintained by a plasmid carrying a copy of the essential wild-type gene and the ADE3 gene. The mutant allele is cloned into an integratable vector carrying a selectable/counter-selectable marker, such as URA3. The plasmid is linearized and transformed, directing integration to the 5' or 3' region flanking the essential open reading frame (ORF). Transformants that have integrated the mutant gene at the endogenous locus can lose the autonomous plasmid carrying the wild-type copy of the essential gene and the ADE3 gene. These transformants are identifiable as white sectoring colonies, display the mutant phenotype and may be characterized. An optional second selection step on 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) selects for popouts of the integrating vector sequences, leaves the mutant allele at the endogenous locus, and recycles selectable markers. We have used this method to integrate a TS allele of SPC110 that could not be integrated by standard methods.
A new era in understanding diabetes disparities among U.S. Latinos--all are not equal.

Latinos currently comprise 15% of the U.S. population. It is estimated that by 2050, 1 out of 3 U.S. residents will be Latino (1). The Latino population is a heterogeneous mix of people born in and outside the U.S., with different social, cultural, and behavioral attitudes that may affect health. The prevalence of diabetes in adults over the age of 20 years is higher among Latinos compared with non-Hispanic whites (2). However, the differences in diabetes and obesity prevalence among Latino subgroups are masked when all individuals are combined into a single group. Specifically, the higher overall diabetes prevalence is driven by Puerto Rican and Mexican Americans, while Cuban, Central, and South Americans have similar prevalence to non-Hispanic whites (2,3). The Endocrine Society’s Scientific Statement on Health Disparities in Endocrine Disorders identified that “a major gap in our current understanding of race/ethnic disparities in endocrine disorders is a failure of most studies to specify Hispanic-American and Asian-American subgroups” and recommended that “future studies accurately identify ethnic subgroups” (2). The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is the first U.S. population-based study to address this knowledge gap with 16,415 Latino women and men (3,4). Prior to the creation of this cohort, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was unable to estimate the total prevalence of diabetes among Latinos (5). In this issue, two articles published from the HCHS/SOL fill in this void in diabetes epidemiology (5,6). Both articles demonstrate high prevalence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome among Latinos, and their major strength is highlighting the heterogeneity in prevalence among U.S. Latinos of diverse origins. …
Emergent mechanics of biological structures.

Mechanical force organizes life at all scales, from molecules to cells and tissues. Although we have made remarkable progress unraveling the mechanics of life's individual building blocks, our understanding of how they give rise to the mechanics of larger-scale bio- logical structures is still poor. Unlike the engineered macroscopic structures that we com- monly build, biological structures are dynamic and self-organize: they sculpt themselves and change their own architecture, and they have structural building blocks that generate force and constantly come on and off. A description of such structures defies current traditional mechanical frameworks. It requires approaches that account for active force-generating parts and for the formation of spatial and temporal patterns utilizing a diverse array of building blocks. In this Perspective, we term this framework "emergent mechanics." Through exam- ples at molecular, cellular, and tissue scales, we highlight challenges and opportunities in quantitatively understanding the emergent mechanics of biological structures and the need for new conceptual frameworks and experimental tools on the way ahead.
Impact of a Clinical Pharmacy Admission Medication Reconciliation Program on Medication Errors in “High-Risk” Patients

Background: Medication errors are common upon hospital admission. Clinical pharmacist involvement in medication reconciliation is effective in identifying and rectifying medication errors. However, data is lacking on the economic impact, time requirements, and severity of errors resolved by clinical pharmacists. Objective: To determine the incidence of unintended admission medication discrepancies resolved by clinical pharmacists. Secondary objectives were to determine the type of discrepancies, potential severity, proximal cause, and economic impact of this clinical pharmacy program. Methods: This was a single-center, prospective, observational study conducted at a major teaching medical institution. Following institutional review board approval, data collection was conducted over a 4-week period (August 22, 2011, to September 16, 2011). Descriptive statistical methods were performed for all data analyses. Results: A total of 517 patients involving 5006 medications were included in this study. More than ...
Highly Selective Sensing of Nitroaromatics Using Nanomaterials of Ellagic Acid

We report the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanobelts and nanowires of ellagic acid for sensing nitroaromatics. The nanostructures are composed of aggregated ellagic acids that are held together by hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions. The molecules are oriented with their long axis perpendicular to the nanowire or nanobelt and the π–π stacking direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the wire or belt. Both the conductivity and fluorescence of the nanobelts change selectively in the presence of the vapor of nitrobenzene, a representative nitroaromatic compound, suggesting the nanobelt of ellagic acid may be used for selective detection of explosives.
Mechanical Stress-Induced Sarcomere Assembly for Cardiac Muscle Growth in Length and Width

article i nfo A ventricular myocyte experiences changes in length and load during every beat of the heart and has the ability to remodel cell shape to maintain cardiac performance. Specifically, myocytes elongate in response to increased diastolic strain by adding sarcomeres in series, and they thicken in response to continued systolic stress by adding filaments in parallel. Myocytes do this while still keeping the resting sarcomere length close to its optimal value at the peak of the length-tension curve. This review focuses on the little understood mechanisms by which direction of growth is matched in a physiologically appropriate direction. We propose that the direction of strain is detected by differential phosphorylation of proteins in the costamere, which then transmit signaling to the Z-disc for parallel or series addition of thin filaments regulated via the actin capping processes. In this review, we link mechanotransduction to the molecular mechanisms for regulation of myocyte length and width.
Poisson Regression and the Case-Crossover Design: Similarities and Differences

Poisson regression and case-crossover are frequently used methods to estimate transient risks of environmental exposures such as particulate air pollution on acute events such as mortality. Roughly speaking, a case-crossover design results from a Poisson regression by conditioning on the total number of failures. We show that the case-crossover design is somewhat more generally applicable than Poisson regression. Stratification in the case-crossover design is analogous to Poisson regression with dummy variables, or to a marked Poisson regression. Poisson regression makes it possible to express case-crossover likelihood functions as multinomial likelihoods without making reference to cases, controls, or matching. This derivation avoids the counterintuitive notion of basing inferences on exposures that occur post-failure.
Validation of a method for combining biplanar radiography and magnetic resonance imaging to estimate knee cartilage contact

Combining accurate bone kinematics data from biplane radiography with cartilage models from magnetic resonance imaging, it is possible to estimate tibiofemoral cartilage contact area and centroid location. Proper validation of such estimates, however, has not been performed under loading conditions approximating functional tasks, such as gait, squatting, and stair descent. The goal of this study was to perform an in vitro validation to resolve the accuracy of cartilage contact estimations in comparison to a laser scanning gold standard. Results demonstrated acceptable reliability and accuracy for both contact area and centroid location estimates. Root mean square errors in contact area averaged 8.4% and 4.4% of the medial and lateral compartmental areas, respectively. Modified Sorensen-Dice agreement scores of contact regions averaged 0.81 ± 0.07 for medial and 0.83 ± 0.07 for lateral compartments. These validated methods have applications for in vivo assessment of a variety of patient populations and physical activities, and may lead to greater understanding of the relationships between knee cartilage function, effects of joint injury and treatment, and the development of osteoarthritis.
Electromagnetic Simulations of Helical-Based Ion Acceleration Structures

Helix structures have been proposed [1] for accelerating low energy ion beams using MV/m fields in order to increase the coupling efficiency of the pulsed power system and to tailor the electromagnetic wave propagation speed with the particle beam speed as the beam gains energy. Calculations presented here show the electromagnetic field as it propagates along the helix structure, field stresses around the helix structure (for voltage breakdown determination), optimizations to the helix and driving pulsed power waveform, and simulations showing test particles interacting with the simulated time varying fields.