cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toxoplasma gondii Sporozoites Form a Transient Parasitophorous Vacuole That Is Impermeable and Contains Only a Subset of Dense-Granule Proteins†

Toxoplasma gondii sporozoites form two parasitophorous vacuoles during development within host cells, the first (PV1) during host cell invasion and the second (PV2) 18 to 24 h postinoculation. PV1 is structurally distinctive due to its large size, yet it lacks a tubulovesicular network (C. A. Speer, M. Tilley, M. Temple, J. A. Blixt, J. P. Dubey, and M. W. White, Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 75:75-86, 1995). Confirming the finding that sporozoites have a different electron-dense-granule composition, we have now found that sporozoites within oocysts lack the mRNAs encoding the 5' nucleoside triphosphate hydrolases (NTPase). NTPase first appears 12 h postinfection. Other tachyzoite dense-granule proteins, GRA1, GRA2, GRA4, GRA5, and GRA6, were detected in oocyst extracts, and antibodies against these proteins stained granules in the sporozoite cytoplasm. In contrast to tachyzoite invasion of host cells, however, sporozoites did not exocytose the dense-granule proteins GRA1, GRA2, or GRA4 during PV1 formation. Even after NTPase induction, these proteins were retained within cytoplasmic granules rather than being secreted into PV1. Only GRA5 was secreted by the sporozoite during host cell invasion, becoming associated with the membrane surrounding PV1. Microinjection of sporozoite-infected cells with fluorescent dyes showed that PV1 is impermeable to fluorescent dyes with molecular masses as small as 330 Da, indicating that PV1 lacks channels through which molecules can pass from the host cytoplasm into the vacuole. By contrast, lucifer yellow rapidly diffused into PV2, demonstrating the presence of molecular channels. These studies indicate that PV1 and PV2 are morphologically, immunologically, and functionally distinct, and that PV2 appears to be identical to the tachyzoite vacuole. The inaccessibility of PV1 to host cell nutrients may explain why parasite replication does not occur in this vacuole.
A Combined PIV / Force Balance Study of a Fin-Wake Aerodynamic Interaction

A sub-scale experiment has been constructed using fins mounted on one wall of a transonic wind tunnel to investigate the influence of fin tip vortices upon downstream control surfaces. Data are collected using a fin balance mounted on the downstream fin to measure the aerodynamic forces of the interaction, combined with stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry to measure vortex properties. The fin balance data show that the response of the downstream fin essentially is shifted from the baseline single-fin data dependent upon the angle of attack of the upstream fin. Freestream Mach number and the spacing between fins have secondary effects. The velocimetry shows that the vortex strength increases markedly with upstream fin angle of attack, though even an uncanted fin generates a noticeable wake. No Mach number effect can be discerned in the normalized data, but measurements taken progressively further from the fin trailing edge show the decay in vortex strength with downstream distance. Correlations between the force data and the velocimetry suggest that the interaction is fundamentally a result of an angle of attack induced upon the downstream fin by the vortex shed from the upstream fin tip.
Low-cost associative memory

The authors describe the design of two high-density MOS associative memory cells. The first cell is suitable for data management applications, having three internal states including the DON'T CARE (mask) condition. The second cell is suitable for parallel processing applications and has the capability of selected bit writing. Both cells consume about 20 mil/SUP 2/ of silicon area, which allows the implementation of 512 bits on a chip. Varactor bootstrapping is used to enhance the storage node voltage for improved cell operation. The use of a compatible bipolar transistor is discussed.
Impairment of NF-κB activation and modulation of gene expression by calpastatin

To address the involvement of the calpain system in both basal and silica-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, several human bronchial epithelial cell lines were established in which an intracellular inhibitor of calpain, calpastatin, was stably expressed. Reduced basal and silica-induced inhibitor (IκBα) degradation and NF-κB activation were observed in cells stably overexpressing calpastatin. In addition, the cells in which calpain was constitutively inhibited by the overexpression of calpastatin exhibited a notable morphological change. Whereas empty vector-transfected cells displayed a morphology indistinguishable from that of parental cells, cells overexpressing calpastatin exhibited a mosaic morphological change with reduced formation of lamella 30 min after the cells were seeded. Genefilter microarray experiments, in which 3,965 human genes can be evaluated for their expression at the same time, showed that calpastatin downregulated genes encoding several membrane-associated proteins or nuclear proteins and upregulated genes of collagen α2, DAZ, and mitochondrial capsule selenoprotein. These results suggest that, in addition to their proteolytic activities on cytoskeletal proteins and other cellular regulatory proteins, calpain-calpastatin systems can also affect the expression levels of genes encoding structural or regulatory proteins.
Impacts of pavement types on in-vehicle noise and human health

ABSTRACTNoise is a major source of pollution that can affect the human physiology and living environment. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an exposure for longer than 24 hours to noise levels above 70 dB(A) may damage human hearing sensitivity, induce adverse health effects, and cause anxiety to residents nearby roadways. Pavement type with different roughness is one of the associated sources that may contribute to in-vehicle noise. Most previous studies have focused on the impact of pavement type on the surrounding acoustic environment of roadways, and given little attention to in-vehicle noise levels. This paper explores the impacts of different pavement types on in-vehicle noise levels and the associated adverse health effects. An old concrete pavement and a pavement with a thin asphalt overlay were chosen as the test beds. The in-vehicle noise caused by the asphalt and concrete pavements were measured, as well as the drivers’ corresponding heart rates and reported riding comfort. Resu...
Voltage stability and control in autonomous electric power systems with variable frequency

This work focuses on the safe and stable operation of an autonomous power system interconnecting an AC source with various types of power electronic loads. The stability of these systems is a challenge due to the inherent nonlinearity of the circuits involved. Traditionally, the stability analysis in this type of power systems has been approached by means of small-signal methodology derived from the Nyquist stability criterion. The small-signal analysis combined with physical insight and the adoption of safety margins is sufficient, in many cases, to achieve a stable operation with an acceptable system performance. Nonetheless, in many cases, the margins adopted result in conservative measures and consequent system over designs. This work studies the system stability under large-perturbations by means of three different tools, namely parameter space mapping, energy functions, and time domain simulations. The developed parameters space mapping determines the region of the state and parameter space where the system operation is locally stable. In this way stability margins in terms of physical parameters can be established. Moreover, the boundaries of the identified stability region represent bifurcations of the system where typical nonlinear behavior appears. The second approach, based on the Lyapunov direct method, attempts to determine the region of attraction of an equilibrium point, defined by an operation condition. For this a Lyapunov function based on linear matrix inequalities was constructed and tested on a simplified autonomous system model. In Addition, the third approach simulates the system behavior on a computer using a detailed system model. The higher level of model detail allows identifying unstable behavior difficult to observe when simpler models are used. Because the stability of the autonomous power system is strongly associated with the characteristics of the energy source, an improved voltage controller for the generator is also presented. The generator of an autonomous power system must provide a good performance under a wide variety of regimes. Under these conditions a model based controller is a good solution because it naturally adapts to the changing requirements. To this extent a controller based on the model of a variable frequency synchronous generator has been developed and tested. The results obtained show a considerable improvement performance when compared to previous practices.
Concentration and ratio of essential fatty acids influences the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide challenged mice

The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of both the % of dietary, 18-carbon PUFA (2.5%, 5% and 10%) and the n-6:n-3 ratio (1:1, 10:1 and 20:1) on the acute inflammatory response. Mice were fed diets for 8 weeks and injected intraperitoneally with LPS to induce acute inflammation. After 24h mice were sacrificed and plasma cytokines measured. Diets significantly affected the erythrocyte PUFA composition and the effect of PUFA ratio was more prominent than of PUFA concentration. The % dietary PUFA affected feed efficiency (p<0.05) and there was a PUFA×ratio interaction with body fat (p<0.01). In mice fed high %kcal from PUFA, those given a low n-6:n-3 ratio had more body fat than those fed a high ratio. Of the twelve cytokines measured, eleven were significantly affected by the % PUFA (p<0.05), whereas five were affected by the ratio (p<0.05). For seven cytokines, there was a significant PUFA×ratio interaction according to a two way ANOVA (p<0.05). These data indicate that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids can affect LPS induced-inflammation.
The Celebrity of Exilic Romance: Francisco de Miranda and Lord Byron

ABSTRACTThis comparative analysis argues that Lord Byron's celebrity, and the ways in which he sought to deploy it, was anticipated by Francisco de Miranda (1750–1816), the Venezuelan exile, adventurer, and revolutionary. Miranda inspired a type of transnational celebrity classified here as “exilic romance.” Defined by the appropriation and performance of several often contradictory identities, exilic romance operated as a living text, one that was being constantly edited, revised, and reinterpreted. Its many poses, which included the reinterpretation of courtly love, episodic adventure, and erotic symbolism, drew on literary genres (romance, picaresque, epic, and drama) and on classic Hispanic cultural symbols (such as El Cid, Don Juan, Don Quixote, and el picaro). These literary “reenactments” were shaped in numerous ways by exile: the exotic distance of physical, cultural, and anachronistic separation that existed between the celebrity object and his public reception. This exilic distance enabled a flu...
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Pathogens Associated with Medical Progress

Coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteremia and infections of prosthetic medical devices have become major clinical problems. Efforts to differentiate contaminating from infecting isolates consume the time of microbiology laboratory personnel; decisions over when and with what to institute therapy for multiresistant isolates consume the energy of clinicians; and the need to institute expensive parenteral antimicrobial therapy consumes the hospital pharmacy budget. It is clear that the increased incidence of coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections is the result of medical progress and is due to the use of invasive and indwelling medical devices. Multiresistant organisms have evolved that will survive in the presence of antimicrobial agents designed to eradicate more traditional pathogens. They have an ecological niche on human skin from which they are difficult to eradicate, and they have adapted themselves to survive on inert devices designed to persist indefinitely in the human body. Since it is likely that the use of prosthetic medical devices will continue to increase, we need to device innovative strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infections of these indwelling foreign bodies. Studies that will address these issues should be a major goal of future research on hospital-acquired infections.
Photochemistry of UV-Excited Trifluoroacetylacetone and Hexafluoroacetylacetone I: Infrared Spectra of Fluorinated Methylfuranones Formed by HF Photoelimination

The photochemistry of gas-phase 1,1,1-trifluoroacetylacetone (TFAA) excited with ultraviolet (UV) light involves a significant photoelimination channel that produces hydrogen fluoride and a fluorinated methylfuranone, 2,2-difluoro-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone (2FMF). This pathway is remarkable because it is a gas-phase unimolecular reaction that forms a five-membered ring product. This report is the first of such a TFAA photoelimination channel, which is similar to one observed with 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetone (HFAA), resulting in 2,2-difluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-3(2H)-furanone. We present infrared spectral observations of 2FMF produced by pulsed, UV-laser excitation of TFAA, along with analogous results from HFAA, supported by density functional theory (DFT) computational studies. DFT results for the infrared spectrum of 5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone, the expected comparable acetylacetone photoelimination product, help suggest that UV excitation of acetylacetone fails to follow a similar type of photoeliminat...
Who Cares If X2 + 1 = 0 Has a Solution?

(1998). Who Cares If X2 + 1 = 0 Has a Solution? The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 141-144.
The inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction by cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate.

SummaryProstaglandin E1, theophylline and dibutyryl cyclic AMP uniformly suppressed the [3H]thymidine incorporation in human mixed lymphocyte culture in a dose dependent manner. The inhibitory effects were time dependent, with the maximum when the agents were added at the time of the initiation of the culture, decreasing gradually when added at 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr and becoming undetectable when added at 96 hr or later. When prostaglandin E1 and theophylline or dibutyryl cyclic AMP and theophylline were added together an additive effect was found. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP also inhibited the stimulation of protein synthesis in mixed lymphocyte culture. It is concluded that the T-cell response in the MLC reaction is modulated by the intracellular level of cyclic AMP as observed with a variety of other immune reactivities.
Experimental and theoretical characterization of acoustic noise from a 7.6 m diameter teetered rotor wind turbine

An experimental investigation into the acoustic noise from a small (7.6 m diameter) teetered rotor wind turbine, set at various yaw angles up to 90 degrees of yaw, was conducted. The results revealed 1/3-octave spectra dominated by a broad peak in the higher frequency range, at all yaw angles and wind speeds investigated. This prompted a theoretical investigation to reveal the mechanisms producing the dominant feature in the experimentally obtained noise spectra and resulted in the development of a wind turbine aerodynamic noise prediction code, WTNOISE. The location near busy roads and the relatively rough terrain of the wind test site caused difficulties in obtaining useful noise spectral information below 500 Hz. However, sufficiently good data was obtained above 500 Hz to clearly show a dominant "hump" in the spectrum, centered between 3000 and 4000 Hz. Although the local Reynolds number for the blade elements was around 500,000 and one might expect Laminar flow over a significant portion of the blade, the data did not match the noise spectra predicted when Laminar flow was assumed. Given the relatively poor surface quality of the rotor blades and the high turbulence of the test site it was Copyright © 1998 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved. therefore assumed that the boundary layer on the blade may have tripped relatively early and that the turbulent flow setting should be used. This assumption led to a much better correlation between experiment and predictions. The WTNOISE code indicated that the broad peak in the spectrum was most likely caused by trailing edge bluntness noise. Field data confirmed this hypothesis and also showed the beneficial effect of sharpening the trailing edge.
Does corruption ever help entrepreneurship

The current literature contains mixed results regarding the impact of corruption on entrepreneurship and economic growth. In this paper, we examine a much larger set of countries and time periods to attempt to gain insights into this relationship. In particular, the central question is whether corruption can compensate for a bad business climate. Our results are clear; corruption hurts entrepreneurship. The impact is smaller, but remains negative, when business climates are bad. This is in contrast to previous literature that suggests corruption may increase entrepreneurship under a bad business climate. We find corruption never improves entrepreneurship; it simply hurts less when business climates are not conducive to growth in the first place.
Research on distribution network remote-control based on carrier communication through mixed lines

The research on distribution network remote-control based on carrier communication through 10 kV cable and overhead mixed lines was presented.Relevant field tests were conducted in Songjiang area,and the results showed that the mixed line carrier communication can meet the requirements of automatic remote-control of distribution networks and can be considered as a solution for urban distribution network automation.
The Use of a Portable Dental X-Ray Unit for Intraoperative Renal Roentgenograms

AbstractWe herein describe a simplified technique for intraoperative roentgenograms of the kidney using a portable dental x-ray unit.
Why do physicians have difficulty accepting clinical decision support systems

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) have not consistently demonstrated improvements in clinical care. This may partly be due to the lack of user acceptance. The purpose of this paper was to conduct a systematic literature review and task analysis to develop a model for CDSS design in order to achieve user acceptance.
Transaxial tomography with thallium-201 for detecting remote myocardial infarction: Comparison with planar imaging☆

Abstract Transaxial tomograhic imaging with thallium-201 was compared with standard, planar imaging in 38 patients with remote myocardial infarction and in 15 normal patients. Tomographic images were reconstructed from 64 views collected by a gamma camera that rotated about the anterior circumference of the patient's chest. A series of consecutive transverse-section images which encompassed the cardiac volume were reconstructed at a 6 mm plane spacing by filtered back-projection. No correction was made for attenuation losses. The set of transverse-section images was reformatted by 3-dimensional interpolation to obtain tomograms along the long and short axes of the myocardium. Tomographic and planar images were interpreted qualitatively. Overall, tomography detected 33 of 38 (87%) prior infarctions whereas planar imaging detected 24 of 38 (63 %) (p = 0.01). Improvement of the tomographic imaging method occurred only in the combined subset of transmural inferior and subendocardial infarctions, and not in transmural anterior infarctions. Peak increases in creatinine phosphokinase were smaller in patients detected only by tomography compared with those detected by both the planar and the tomographic approach (3.1 × normal versus 10.4 × normal, p = 0.04). Five patients (13%) with prior infarction were not detected by either approach. For 6 of the 9 patients detected by tomography alone, realignment of the image data along the short and long axes of the heart was essential for making the diagnosis. Fourteen of 15 patients without infarction were normal on both planar and tomographic imaging. A single normal patient had a defect detected by both techniques, yielding a specificity of 93% for each. We conclude that transaxial tomography significantly improves the detection of thallium-201 myocardial perfusion defects in patients with prior myocardial infarction.
The Interaction of Coherent Radiation with Matter

When coherent radiation impinges on a target consisting of a uniform distribution of atomic (molecular) scattering sites, an induced macroscopic time dependent dipole moment is obtained.
Commonalities and Contrasts in the Organization of the Maize and Sorghum Nuclear Genomes

Analysis of plant genome organization has long been the realm of plant geneticists and cytogeneticists. The multipartite (several chromosome) nature of the nuclear genome, heritable and line-specific variations in the cytology or number of chromosomes (Blakeslee, 1922; Randolph and McClintock, 1926; Stadler, 1928; Kostoff, 1929; Philip and Huskins, 1931; McClintock, 1932; Creighton, 1934; Sears, 1939; Swanson, 1940), the linear order of genes whose linkage could be determined by analysis of crossover exchanges in meiosis, the physical exchange of chromosomal segments associated with recombination (Creighton and McClintock, 1931), the properties of telomeres (McClintock, 1941), the behavior of primary and secondary constrictions as centromeres in mitosis and meiosis (Prakken and Muntzing, 1942; Rhoades and Vilkomerson, 1942), the contribution of a particular chromosomal segment (the nucleolar organizer, NOR) to formation of the nucleolus (McClintock, 1934), the existence and preferential transmission of supernumerary (B) chromosomes (Longley, 1927; Darlington and Thomas, 1941; Roman, 1947), the biology of one class of highly repetitive DNA (the knob satellite) (Rhoades and Dempsey, 1966; Peacock et al., 1981), and the properties of a key class of middle repetitive DNAs (transposable elements) (McClintock, 1950) were all identified in plants concurrent with, or prior to, their discovery in other species. Much of this initial work was performed with maize, partly due to the early and excellent characterization of its karyotypic properties (Longley, 1924).
Identification of Key Cellular Regulators That Interact with Id1 To Control Hematopoietic Stem Cell Behavior.

Abstract The ability of hematopoietic stem cells to tightly regulate the transition from relative quiescence and self-renewal to the transiently amplifying, differentiating progenitor fate is critical for HSC homeostasis as well as their regenerative capacity. We have recently described the diminished frequency and rapid exhaustion of HSC self-renewal capacity in the absence of the dominant negative helix-loop-helix molecule Id1. Furthermore, Id1 null HSCs have an increased rate of cycling, coupled with accelerated myeloid commitment both in vivo and in vitro. This is reflected in the elevated expression of myelo-erythroid transcription factors (c/EBPalpha and GATA1) within the Lin−c-kit+Sca-1+ population - “myeloid priming”. The major targets of Id1 mediated transcriptional repression are the ubiquitous E protein E2A as well as Ets transcription factors (Ets1 and Ets2). We hypothesized that the unrestrained activity of these and/or other targets of Id1 transcriptional repression leads to premature HSC commitment in Id1 null animals. Indeed, we show that HSC differentiation in culture can be delayed by transduction of E2A directed shRNA specifically in Id1 null, but not in wild-type Id1 expressing cells. This indicates an abnormal E2A activity in Id1 null HSCs that could be responsible for their increased differentiation status. To further define the transcriptional deregulation in Id1 null HSCs, we have used the Affymetrix microarray technology. We observed ~3 fold increased expression of the CDK inhibitor p21 in freshly isolated Id1 null HSCs and have confirmed this result by multiple independent qPCR measurements. The transcriptional induction of p21 by E2A as well as its repression by Id1 have been well established. Therefore, the observed p21 induction could be explained by the elevated level of E2A activity in HSCs in the absence of Id1 expression. To explore the functional significance of Id1 mediated p21 regulation in HSCs, we have generated p21/Id1 double knockout animals. Surprisingly, despite its reported function in restricting the cell cycle entry of normal HSCs, we show that in the context of Id1 loss, p21 expression is required for the accelerated HSC cycling, and unlike Id1 single null HSCs, p21/Id1 double knockout HSCs do not show accelerated myeloid differentiation in culture. Therefore, we propose that Id1 actively represses E2A activity in HSCs, as well as the induction of p21, which could be an important component of the HSC commitment program. Further studies will be presented defining the in vivo relevance of the Id1/p21 genetic interaction for HSC growth and differentiation.
Plasticity in Brainstem Mechanisms of Pain Modulation by Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in the Rat.

Individuals with chronic pain may be driven to smoke more because the analgesic efficacy of nicotine diminishes. To determine whether persistent pain diminishes the actions of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonist in pain modulatory pathways, we examined the effects of epibatidine in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) of rats with and without inflammatory injury induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). In uninjured rats, epibatidine produced a dose-dependent antinociception that was completely blocked by dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE; α4β2 antagonist) and partially blocked by methyllycaconitine (MLA; α7 antagonist). Epibatidine reversed heat hyperalgesia when microinjected in the RVM 4 h, 4 d, or 2 weeks after CFA treatment. Although DHβE completely blocked epibatidine's antihyperalgesic effect at 4 h, at 2 weeks it elicited only partial antagonism. Methyllycaconitine was ineffective at both time points. Epibatidine's antinociceptive efficacy in the uninjured hind paw progressively declined, and it was without effect 2 weeks after CFA. Moreover, as early as 4 h after CFA, the antinociceptive effect of epibatidine was no longer antagonized by DHβE. Neither antagonist alone altered paw withdrawal latency in uninjured or CFA-treated rats, suggesting that neither α4β2 nor α7 nAChRs are tonically active in the RVM. The Bmax and Kd of α4β2 nAChRs in the RVM were unchanged after CFA treatment. These observations provide the first evidence of pharmacological plasticity of the actions of α4β2 nAChR agonists in a critical brainstem pain modulatory pathway and may in part explain why people with chronic pain smoke more than the general population.
Targeting the CD44/EMT phenotype for improving response to therapy in pancreatic cancer models.

e15291 Background: Heterogeneity of cancer cells within tumors and established cancer cell lines is well known. We found that CD44, a non-kinase transmembrane receptor that binds hyaluronan, showed...
Alan Hirsch, MD

Quite unexpectedly, Alan T. Hirsch died suddenly Friday, April 14, 2017. Those of us in the vascular medicine community, his family, professional colleagues, friends, and patients are devastated. But the light of Alan Hirsch cannot be quenched, and his light will shine in the darkness of our loss. I have been a close friend and professional colleague of Alan for the past 25 years, primarily regarding his work in vascular medicine but extending to our personal lives as we journeyed through the challenges and joys of life. He loved the wilderness in the Rocky Mountains, Minnesota, and abroad. Adventure travel and his family occupied his time outside his profession. Looking back at his academic beginnings, Alan graduated from Harvard University Magna Cum Laude and Summa with Highest Honors in 1976—something that most of us growing up in Colorado could only dream about. His early career development spanned the country, with medical school at University of California, San Francisco, residency at the University of California and Cardiology fellowship at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston. Alan then joined the faculty of the recently formed Vascular Medicine Division at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, where his passion for vascular medicine was kindled. This was followed by his recruitment to join the faculty at the University of Minnesota, where he ultimately created his own program in Vascular Medicine. Early in his career, Alan became a dominant voice in Vascular Medicine. He was …
The Political Theory of the American Founding: Natural Rights, Public Policy, and the Moral Conditions of Freedom

This book provides a complete overview of the American Founders' political theory, covering natural rights, natural law, state of nature, social compact, consent, and the policy implications of these ideas. The book is intended as a response to the current scholarly consensus, which holds that the Founders' political thought is best understood as an amalgam of liberalism, republicanism, and perhaps other traditions. West argues that, on the contrary, the foundational documents overwhelmingly point to natural rights as the lens through which all politics is understood. The book explores in depth how the Founders' supposedly republican policies on citizen character formation do not contradict but instead complement their liberal policies on property and economics. Additionally, the book shows how the Founders' embraced other traditions in their politics, such as common law and Protestantism.
Exercise participation and shared decision-making in patients with inherited channelopathies and cardiomyopathies

Sports eligibility and disqualification of patients with cardiac diseases are important considerations for adult and pediatric cardiologists. The 2005 guidelines that addressed this issue have recently been revised and updated, and the new guidelines advocate for a shared decision-making approach in which the well-informed athlete and family participate in the discussion. In this review, we focus on the benefits of sports participation and review the revised guidelines related to sports participation in patients with channelopathies and cardiomyopathies.
THE FUNCTION OF CYTOCHROME c IN MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANES

SUMMARY The function of cytochrome c in the electron-transport chain is validated by the observations of its oxidation in a time of 8 msec in the uncoupled state, and a value of over 25 msec in the coupled state. Cytochrome c is apparently a part of a redox-buffered pool which needs the specificity requirements of both cytochrome c1 and a and operates between energy coupling site III (a3)(17) and II (T if indeed it operates as a pool, some increase or decrease would not alter the function of the membrane. The location of cytochrome c on the outside surface of the inner membrane, together with cytochrome c peroxidase in yeast mitochondria and accessible to this oxidant in intact mitochondria if the outer membrane is removed, affords a peripheral location which allows assembly of cytochromes in the membrane following membrane biosynthesis. Furthermore, the multiplicity of binding sites permits the acquisition of variable amounts of cytochrome c depending upon the amount synthesized. Thus it is apparent that the electron-donating site of cytochrome c is not buried in the membrane, but rather accessible to the membrane-bound oxidase, and, in yeast mitochondria, to the membrane-bound peroxidase as well. In this location, cytochrome c has a reasonable translational and rotational mobility, so that its active region may be alternatively accessible to both oxidases. The failure of cytochrome c to exhibit redox equilibration at rates equal to those observed in the membrane suggests that there is a catalyst for the equilibration in the membrane reaction.
Test for Cyanogenic Compounds in Plants

Many plants contain cyanogenic compounds. A disproportionate number of the most important cultivated human food plants are cyanogenic. Cyanogenic plants or plant parts resist microorganisms, insects, and vertebrate herbivores both in vivo and in storage and so it is possible that these plants were the successful ones during domestication because they were naturally protected against pests (Jones 1998). The production of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, termed cyanogenesis, depends on the degradation of a naturally occurring cyanogenic glycoside by an enzyme. A living plant normally keeps the substrate and the enzyme separate. They come together when the plant tissue is damaged, as by an herbivore chewing a leaf. Plants such as birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and white clover (Trifolium repens) are polymorphic with regard to cyanogenesis. This means that different plant specimens of these species can range from being completely acyanogenic to showing various degrees of cyanogenesis. This variation can be correlated with presence of herbivores such as molluscs (Jones 1962; Ellis et al. 1977; D. Jones, pers. comm. 2009). Herbivores eat the acyanogenic specimens and therefore select for cyanogenic plants in a given population. Among the samples in the figure of this chapter, birdsfoot trefoil is cyanogenic, while white clover is not. Both samples came from a rural area near Syracuse, NY.
The Life Cycle of Supplementary Services in Retailing: Implications for Management

Supplementary services, which facilitate the sale of offerings for many retailers, have largely been ignored by researchers. The present paper describes the role of supplementary services in retailing; proposes a life cycle for services with implications for management; and suggests some possible avenues of research.
The Street Is Ours: Community, the Car, and the Nature of Public Space in Rio de Janeiro

The streets of Rio de Janeiro have long been characterized as exuberant and exotic places for social commerce, political expression, and the production and dissemination of culture. The Street is Ours examines the changing uses and meanings of Rio de Janeiro's streets and argues that the automobile, by literally occupying much of the street's space and by introducing death and injury on a new scale, significantly transformed the public commons. Once viewed as a natural resource and a place of equitable access, deep meaning, and diverse functions, the street has changed into a space of exclusion that prioritizes automotive movement. Taking an environmental approach, Shawn William Miller surveys the costs and failures of this spatial transformation and demonstrates how Rio's citizens have resisted the automobile's intrusions and, in some cases, even reversed the long trend of closing the street against its potential utilities.
Numerical simulation of mineral precipitation in hydrocarbon reservoirs and wellbores

Abstract Mineral precipitation or scale formation in reservoirs, injection, and production wells is recognized as an obstacle for hydrocarbon recovery. Significant production drops and injection losses can occur as a result of mineral precipitations during water flooding. Several attempts have been made to better understand the underlying mechanisms of mineral precipitation through experimental and numerical simulation studies. In this study, we have investigated the impact of mineral precipitation on oil recovery and injection performance of a synthetic reservoir through numerical simulations. Additionally, we studied the scaling (scale formation) tendency and precipitation amount of various minerals in wellbore based on water compositions from the Gulf of Mexico. We also studied the impact of mineral precipitation on water flooding efficiency by analyzing saturation profiles of the injected water. Our results indicate that the reservoir experiences severe damage with respect to ultimate recovery, and injectivity loss due to the scale formation. Water saturation profiles reveal that mineral precipitation in reservoirs not only leads to non-ideal displacement of the in-situ hydrocarbon, but also causes earlier water breakthrough. The results of mineral precipitation in wellbore show that while some minerals (e.g., calcite) precipitate in large amounts, other minerals (e.g., gypsum) remain in equilibrium with the flowing brine in wellbore under the same pressure and temperature conditions.
Individuals With Stroke Use Asymmetrical Anticipatory Postural Adjustments When Counteracting External Perturbations

The authors investigated anticipatory postural adjustments in persons with unilateral stroke using external perturbations. Nine individuals with stroke and five control subjects participated. The e...
Lead removal using biochars obtained from slow pyrolysis of dry and water-soaked pecan shell biomass

Dried (nonactivated) and water-soaked (activated) pecan shells were pyrolyzed at 450°C for 1 h. The pecan shells were heated in a reduced oxygen environment and cooled under positive pressure of ni...
Geometric model of the fracture as a manifold immersed in porous media

In this work, we analyze the flow filtration process of slightly compressible fluids in porous media containing man made fractures with complex geometries. We model the coupled fracture-porous media system where the linear Darcy flow is considered in porous media and the nonlinear Forchheimer equation is used inside the fracture. We develop a model to examine the flow inside fractures with complex geometries and variable thickness, on a Riemannian manifold. The fracture is represented as the normal variation of a surface immersed in $\mathbb{R}^3$. Using operators of Laplace Beltrami type and geometric identities, we model an equation that describes the flow in the fracture. A reduced model is obtained as a low dimensional BVP. We then couple the model with the porous media. Theoretical and numerical analysis have been performed to compare the solutions between the original geometric model and the reduced model in reservoirs containing fractures with complex geometries. We prove that the two solutions are close, and therefore, the reduced model can be effectively used in large scale simulators for long and thin fractures with complicated geometry.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a substantial public health challenge. Efforts focused at prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure are the cornerstone of SCA preventive therapy, while identification of novel predictors specific to SCA risk is an ongoing public health priority. Improvements in resuscitation also offer a meaningful opportunity to reduce SCA mortality. Public health gains through better resuscitation will require more complete implementation of established health service tenets such as layperson CPR and hypothermia as well as improvements in our understanding that enable innovative treatments. When combined, advances in prevention and resuscitation are a complementary and effective approach to reduce mortality from SCA and in turn improve public health.
Prospective motion and B0 shim correction for MR spectroscopy in human brain at 7T.

Purpose To demonstrate feasibility and performance of prospective motion and B0 shim correction for MRS in human brain at 7T. Methods Prospective motion correction using an optical camera and linear B0 shim correction using FASTMAP-like navigators were implemented into a semi-LASER sequence. The effect of motion on spectral quality was assessed without and with prospective correction in prefrontal cortex in 11 subjects. Results Without prospective motion and shim correction, motion resulted in considerable degradation of MR spectra (broader linewidth, lower signal-to-noise ratio, degraded water suppression). With prospective motion and shim correction, spectral quality remained excellent despite motion. Prospective motion correction alone was not sufficient to prevent degradation of spectral quality. Conclusion Prospective motion and B0 shim correction is feasible at 7T and should help improve the robustness of MRS, particularly in motion-prone populations.
Standards and Their (Recurring) Stories: How Augmented Reality Markup Language Was Built on Stories of Past Standards:

This article focuses on the role of past standards stories and how they are deployed strategically in ways that shape the process of standards creation. It draws upon an ethnographic study over mul...
The role of fatigue in limiting cognitively and physically demanding activities in stroke survivors

Date Presented 04/06/19 This study focused on the extent to which activity demands limit participation in high cognitively- and high physically-demanding activities. Various assessments of participation, fatigue, cognition, and motor ability were included. Results showed that perceived physical ability and cognitive ability were correlated with retention of these activities, but that fatigue had little effect. This study helps to better understand how activity demands relate of participation poststroke. Primary Author and Speaker: Julianne Mitchell Additional Authors and Speakers: Lisa Connor Contributing Authors: Carolyn Baum, Marjorie Nicholas
Using OSHA Investigation Summaries to Profile Fatal Work Injuries Involving Fire

Research into workplace injuries traditionally focuses upon discrete injury events, such as falls, violence, contact with machinery and other traumatic events. By comparison, research literature on work-related injury events involving fire is sparse, despite the fact that fires can produce particularly severe injuries and involve multiple victims. Comparatively little is consequently known about the workplaces and workers involved in fire incidents and the circumstances surrounding these ignitions. This research addresses this knowledge gap by reviewing workplace investigation reports of fatal fires conducted by the Occupational Health and Safety Administration in order to identify critical factors in fatal fire incidents between 2013 and 2017. The research indicates that fatal injuries involving fire encompassed a broad range of occupations and work processes. Greater attention to training in hazard recognition and prevention are needed to reduce the threat of fire in work environments where ignition sources coexist with combustible materials.
Starshade formation flying II: formation control

Several starshade concepts for imaging exo-Earths would operate at the second Earth–Sun Lagrange point (L2) and consist of a starshade flying in formation tens to hundreds of thousands of kilometers from a telescope. The starshade would need to maintain meter-level lateral alignment with the line of sight from telescope to target star. A companion paper describes an optical sensing scheme using a pupil imaging camera in the telescope that can sense the relative lateral position to a few centimeters. A full flight-traceable formation flying framework that leverages this sensor is presented. In particular, a two-dimensional “disk deadbanding” algorithm is introduced for lateral control. The framework also maximizes the drift time between thruster burns to reduce interruption to scientific observations. The main sources of uncertainty affecting the control performance are compared, and it is found that spacecraft mass uncertainty is a driving factor. The formation flying environment is also analyzed to identify conditions that lead to worst-case differential gravity and solar radiation pressure disturbances. Finally, for a representative observation scenario with the Wide Field Infrared Space Telescope, this control system is tested through Monte Carlo simulations. The results show robust meter-level control with essentially optimal drift time between thruster burns.
Beavers cut, but do not prefer, an invasive shrub, Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)

The North American beaver is a keystone riparian obligate which creates and maintains riparian areas by building dams. Invasive shrubs are common in riparian zones in the eastern U.S., but it is not known if beavers promote or inhibit these invasions. In southwest Ohio, we investigated beaver preference for Amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii), a prevalent riparian invader, compared to other woody species. At each of eight sites, we identified woody stems greater than 2.5 cm diameter on two 120 × 2 m transects parallel to the water’s edge and six, 25 m secondary transects perpendicular to these, recording diameter, distance to the water’s edge, and whether cut by beaver. The roles of plant genus, diameter, and distance to water in determining which stems were cut by beaver were determined by binomial generalized regression. Beaver preference for each genus and each site was quantified with an electivity index, which utilizes the proportion of stems cut compared to available stems. Probability of stem cutting depended on genus, diameter, and distance; stems closer to water and with smaller diameter had a higher probability of being cut. Although L. maackii comprised 41% of cut stems, it was low preference for beaver at six of eight sites. Beaver electivity for L. maackii was negatively associated with the density of small diameter stems of preferred taxa (Salix, Ligustrum, Pyrus, Carya and Acer negundo). These findings indicate that beaver do not hinder L. maackii. Another non-native shrub, Elaeagnus umbellata, had high electivities, suggesting beavers may impede its invasion.
Characterization of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells, Microbial Sequences, and Identification of a Candidate Public T-Cell Clone in Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease.

ObjectivesKikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) is a self-limited lymphadenitis of unclear etiology. We aimed to further characterize this disease in pediatric patients, including evaluation of the CD123 ...
Agriculture Sector Importance

Agriculture sector is very important for every country. No country economy cannot run with out Agriculture.
Henry Eyring and Morris S. Kharasch

The next round of choices from my photo album are Henry Eyring and Morris Kharasch. The original pictures were taken with fl ash and a slow, but very fi ne grain, 35-mm Kodachrome slide fi lm. Although almost a half-century old, the colors are still very vivid and fresh-looking.
Rethinking Bodies in the Traditional Classroom

This essay is meant to challenge one of the more pervasive critiques of online education: that online education is a pale substitute for the traditional classroom experience because traditional education is embodied and online education is — somehow — disembodied. This is an odd critique because it suggests that there are some places or times when people can literally be without their bodies. As this is impossible, we can assume the critique is driving at the idea that having bodies together in the traditional classroom space creates a more humanizing learning environment. I want to question this assumption by drawing attention to the ways that students — and even teachers — are actually embodied in rather inhumane ways in the traditional classroom space. Critics of online education tend to derogate the “absence” of bodies in a classroom, while not attending to the ways that bodies are shaped by disciplinary regimes in real time and space in the traditional classroom. To be clear, in this essay I will not suggest that online education is better than the material classroom experience. I am suggesting that we need to take a closer look at the ways bodies are actually used/produced in schooling spaces.