cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Innovative Concepts for Large-Scale Drag and Heat Transfer Reductions in High-Speed Flows

*† ‡ A numerical investigation of forward facing injection from blunt bodies in high-speed flows when coupled with upstream deposition of energy is shown to result in large decreases in overall drag and heat transfer. The problem of upstream-directed injection jet instability is shown to be significantly reduced by the coupling of the two techniques (injection and upstream energy deposition); this allows the jet to penetrate far upstream and stabilize within bounds. When hydrogen is used as the core injectant, the substantial production of water in and near the zone of upstream energy deposition may assist in the efficiency of energy deposition systems. Additionally, by sheathing the hydrogen core with an inert injectant such as nitrogen, the body is cooled and the heat release and resulting zones of water production are removed from the vicinity of the blunt body. Cases are shown in which the overall drag is only 20 to 30% of the base-line drag, heat transfer is minimal, and jet stabilization and forward penetration is ensured. The impact of turbulence on drag reduction and flow stability (for combined energy deposition and forward-facing injection) is also shown. Although the impact of turbulence on drag reduction results is found to be similar to laminar flow, the turbulence generally increases the stability of the forward-facing injection, delays the partial collapse of the forward-facing jet, and increases the mixing of hydrogen and air. This increase in mixing is shown to result in a more effective energy release associated with the reaction, which is found to further stabilize the injection and results in lower drag. Further studies also indicate that minimum drag and maximum penetration and stability of the jet at the point of maximum penetration can be maintained by active control of the energy deposition location.
ANALYSIS OF THE INVESTMENTAL SITUATION AND THE COUNTERPLAN CHOSEN IN THE MUTUAL INVESTMENT BETWEEN CHINA AND KOREA

The cooperation between Korea and China has been lasting over 20 years,our country has a great achievement in using the capital from Korea.However,the investment of China to Korea does not have a large scale.The mutual invest ment between China and Korea is enlarging,there are also some problems to be solved.This article analyzes and gives some suggestions to the issues to be solved.
Taking Humanism Back to the Bedside.

After attending The Arnold P. Gold Foundation’s “Barriers to Sustaining Humanism in Medicine” symposium in 1996, Steve Miller and Richard Sarkin proposed a Traveling Fellows program for the foundation. The program was approved, and Steve and Rich served as the program’s 2 Traveling Fellows until their untimely death on October 19, 2004. Steve and Rich, both Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics presidents known for their creativity and charisma, brought to our collective consciousness the need to promote humanism in our work as clinicians, teachers, and role models. When they died, Steve’s Chair at Columbia, John Driscoll, urged that their memory be honored by devoting time each October to promoting humanism.1 It is in this spirit that COMSEP Perspectives provides the following article. – Kenneth B. Roberts, MD Reflecting on our journey through medicine, we may recall pivotal moments that re-affirmed our commitment to the values of our profession. These moments may relate to the spirit of discovery inherent in the practice of medicine, to the recognition afforded by society to medical practitioners, or to service toward those who are suffering and in need of care. This last attribute, which encompasses a spirit of sincere concern for the centrality of human values in every … Address correspondence to Jennifer Plant, MD, MEd, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, 2516 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817. E-mail: jplant{at}ucdavis.edu
Applying Computational Linguistic Techniques in a Documentary Project for Q’anjob’al (Mayan, Guatemala)

This paper reports on a number of experiments in which we applied standard techniques from NLP in the context of documentation of endangered languages. We concentrated on the use of existing, freely available toolkits. Specifically, we explore the use of Finite-State Morphological Analysis, Maximum Entropy Part-of-Speech Tagging, and N-Gram Language Modeling.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation as treatment for accelerating chronic myelogenous leukemia

Sixteen patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) when they presented with or developed objective signs suggesting acceleration of disease. Patients have been followed for a median of 515 days (range 216–806 days). Seven patients are alive from 319 to 732 days (median 538 days). Four patients are in complete remission 501–732 days after BMT. Three patients have developed cytogenetic evidence of relapse after BMT; however, these patients are alive and not dependent on therapy and have normal activity levels at 319, 515, and 550 days following BMT. Three additional patients have developed cytogenetic and hematologic evidence of relapse after BMT, progressed to blast crisis, and died. Six patients have died of other causes. Allogeneic BMT can eradicate the abnormal clone and provide normal hematopoiesis when performed during the accelerated phase of CML; however, this approach is associated with relapse and with relatively high mortality. The long-term efficacy of this approach and the relative efficacy of transplant during acceleration rather than during the chronic phase of CML have yet to be established.
Business Cycles, Manias and Panics in Industrial Societies

Let me clear the decks by first limiting my discussion to the cycles of about ten years, disregarding the Braudel cycle of 150 years (with peaks in 1350, 1650, 1817 and 1973–4 (Braudel, 1984, p. 78), the Kondratieff (1935) of fifty years, and the Kuznets cycle of twenty years (Kuznets, 1958), not to mention the Brinley Thomas international cycles linked across the Atlantic by migration, again of twenty years (Thomas, 1954). I have in mind much more the nineteenth- and twentieth-century cycles with breaks in 1816, 1825, 1836, 1847, 1857, 1866, 1873, 1890, 1907, 1914, 1921, 1929, 1937, perhaps 1949, and then again perhaps 1974–5 and 1981–2. I will have great difficulty in explaining the cyclical character of the movements, but am unwilling to accept that there is anything in nature, apart from human nature, that makes for the regularity, such as it is.
The Reign of God and Constantine’s Disputed Legacy: Religious Freedom, Sacred Empire, and the American Experience

Every generation of Christians embraces Jesus’ prayer for the coming of the reign of God. In many contexts around the world today, hope for the realization of the reign of God offers Christians a basis for social engagement and, at times, for embracing religious pluralism. Chinese-American theologian C. S. Song places the reign of God at the center of his theology as the hermeneutical key to Jesus and Christian discipleship: “The reign of God was Jesus’ vision. It is a vision that has inspired countless men and women after him to live not just for themselves, but for their community and for God. From the standpoint of the Christian faith, that vision is the heart of life, both individual and communal.”1 For Song, the reign of God is a challenge to traditional powers: “The reign of God does not consist of concepts; it consists of power for the powerless and the disinherited.”2 In Sri Lanka, Protestant biblical scholar Lynn de Silva proposed the Kingdom of God as a way to integrate Buddhist and Christian perspectives into a united vision of human fulfillment: “In the idea of the Kingdom of God, I suggest, we have an answer to the Buddhist quest for self-negation as well as for a form of self-fulfilment, without one contradicting the other.”3
Acute chest pain after bench press exercise in a healthy young adult

Bench press exercise, which involves repetitive lifting of weights to full arm extension while lying supine on a narrow bench, has been associated with complications ranging in acuity from simple pectoral muscle strain, to aortic and coronary artery dissection. A 39-year-old man, physically fit and previously asymptomatic, presented with acute chest pain following bench press exercise. Diagnostic evaluation led to the discovery of critical multivessel coronary occlusive disease, and subsequently, highly elevated levels of lipoprotein (a). Judicious use of ancillary testing may identify the presence of "high-risk" conditions in a seemingly "low-risk" patient. Emergency department evaluation of the young adult with acute chest pain must take into consideration an extended spectrum of potential etiologies, so as to best guide appropriate management.
Direct Comparison of Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, and Apixaban for Effectiveness and Safety in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background The introduction of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) has been a major advance for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (AF). Patients and clinicians now have a choice between different NOACs, but there is no direct comparative effectiveness evidence to guide decision-making. We aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban in clinical practice. Methods Using a large US administrative claims database, we created three one-to-one propensity-score-matched cohorts of patients with nonvalvular AF who were users of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban between October 1, 2010 and February 28, 2015 (rivaroxaban vs dabigatran, n = 31,574; apixaban vs dabigatran, n = 13,084; and apixaban vs rivaroxaban, n = 13,130). The primary outcomes were stroke and systemic embolism (effectiveness) and major bleeding (safety) that occurred during treatment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare outcomes in propensity-score-matched cohorts. Results We found no differences between the three NOACs in the risk of stroke or systemic embolism (hazard ratio [HR], 1.00; 95% CI, 0.75-1.32 for rivaroxaban vs dabigatran; HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.51-1.31 for apixaban vs dabigatran; and HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.64-1.72 for apixaban vs rivaroxaban). Apixaban was associated with a lower risk of major bleeding (HR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.36-0.70; P Conclusions Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban appear to have similar effectiveness, although apixaban may be associated with a lower bleeding risk and rivaroxaban may be associated with an elevated bleeding risk.
Retention of Assessment Center Rater Training

Abstract. The purpose of this research was to examine frame-of-reference (FOR) training retention in an assessment center (AC) rater training context. In this study, we extended Gorman and Rentsch’s (2009) research showing FOR training effects on performance schemas by examining the effects immediately after training and again after a two-week nonuse period. We examined the retention effects of FOR training on performance ratings and on performance schema accuracy. The results indicated that the FOR training condition, compared to a control condition, yielded performance ratings and performance schemas more similar to expert ratings and to an expert schema, respectively. FOR training also had positive effects on ratings and performance schema accuracy assessed two weeks after training. These results support and extend the theory of FOR training, which posits that the instructed theory of performance replaces the preexisting rater schemas (Lievens, 2001), and they contribute to the research on FOR training...
Electrochemistry in Molten LiF-BeF2 Salt for Fluoride Salt-Cooled High Temperature Reactor Applications

A dynamic beryllium reference electrode has been developed for in situ electrochemistry studies of molten LiF-BeF2 (66-34 mol%) (FLiBe) salt which is being considered as the primary coolant for the fluoride salt-cooled high temperature reactor (FHR). Measurement and control of the salt redox potential can mitigate corrosion which is an important challenge in high temperature molten fluoride salts. This three electrode probe has demonstrated good reproducibility in the measurement of the salt’s redox potential with an error of ±4 mV at 500 °C. The response of the probe to changes in salt chemistry was investigated by the intentional additions of fluorides of nickel, iron, and chromium, which are corrosion products of common structural materials. The equilibrium potentials of these metal impurity fluorides were measured in solutions containing approximately 250 ppm of each impurity using cyclic voltammetry. This approach is being extended to study electrochemical purification of molten FLiBe.
You've Been Framed – Moral vs. PragmaticArguments and Their Effects on Public Opinion

This paper examines the effects of moral versus pragmatic arguments on how people think about political issues. It tests the idea that moral frames should shift the balance of opinion more strongly than pragmatic frames. It also analyses whether the distributions across frames appear more polarized in moralized frames than in pragmatic frames. We conduct an experiment that assesses the effects of moral and pragmatic frames and investigate the hypothesis that exposure to moral frames causes bigger shifts in issue positionings than pragmatic frames. Respondents completed an online survey where they were exposed to six frames on the issue of Eminent Domain, or Takings, and Minimum Wage in seven treatment groups. They were then asked to indicate their opinion on both issues on a Likert response scale. Standardized regression was used on all treatment groups to calculate the respective framing effects. The results are mixed. Supporting frames support the hypothesis of moral frame superiority, but opposing frames do not. The data also does not confirm moralization theory and increased moral rigidity. These results are to be treated with caution, though, as the null hypothesis of no treatment effect could not be rejected for most treatment groups.
Benjamin Franklin: A Masonic Enlightener in Paris

IN an interesting letter to his mother in April of 1738, Benjamin Fra klin s ated that the Free asons "have no principles or practices that are inconsistent with religion and good manners."1 After his induction into St. John's Lodge of Philadelphia between 1730 and 1731, Franklin held several positions in Pennsylvania Masonry; he served as secretary of his lodge between 1735 and 1738, was elected as Grand Master of Pennsylvania in 1734, and fifteen years later was appointed for a short period as the colony's Provincial Grand Master.2 Although not easily documented, the motives ascribed to the interest of Franklin in Pennsylvania Masonry can be suggested. This organization assuredly enabled him to meet craftsmen, businessmen, and political leaders in Philadelphia and in other colonial towns. Affiliation with the order seemed to enhance his status as a printer, and he was the first in the colonies to issue copies of the Constitutions of the order in 1734.3 Moreover, he endorsed the philanthropic aims of Masonry, displayed interest in its ancient legends and architectural symbols, and subscribed to its deistic doctrines and universal moral teachings. Franklin evidently perceived Masonry, like the Junto or Leather-Apron Club, as being an important educational and humanitarian institution in colonial urban centers.4 However, while serving as an American minister to the court of France, Franklin spent his most active years in Masonry and became intimately involved with the Parisian Lodge of the Nine Sisters.5 The role and behavior of Franklin in this lodge and learned society have not been extensively investigated and thus are the focus of this article.6 It will be shown that the participation of Franklin in the Lodge of the Nine
Where the Sunshine Meets the Shade: Using FOIA Exemption 4 to Protect Confidential Compliance Information after the 2016 FOIA Improvement Act

Governments must constantly balance transparency and confidentiality—not too much sunshine, not too much shade. In the United States, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) illustrates this balancing act between transparency and confidentiality. FOIA provides transparency by giving requesters a broad right of access to agency records, but FOIA also provides several exemptions that allow agencies to maintain confidentiality by withholding certain requested records. The FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 unnecessarily disturbs FOIA’s balance by codifying several pro-transparency directives without also codifying counter-balancing directives that protect the confidentiality of commercial information submitted to agencies by private parties. This imbalance is of particular concern for government contractors, whose competitively valuable compliance practices may be subject to FOIA requests by competitors. Thankfully, two recent judicial decisions, referred to herein as the Public Citizen decisions, provide some assurance that confidential information about contractors’ compliance practices must be withheld from disclosure pursuant to FOIA Exemption 4. Nevertheless, Congress should consider additional FOIA amendments to codify the counter-balancing procedural protections that are currently provided by President Reagan’s Executive Order 12,600. Doing so would help restore FOIA’s balance and provide a much-needed sliver of shade to contractors that submit valuable information to the government.
The Application of Composite Materials for Prosthetic Devices

In order that a material may qualify for prosthetic implant application it should be capable of coping with certain environmental and physiological problems. Metals have long been used while ceramics and polymers have been extensively investigated. Each of these materials has its merits and limitations. It is felt that composite materials which combine the advantages of their constituents may prove to give superior performance.
Forecasting infectious disease emergence subject to seasonal forcing

Despite high vaccination coverage, many childhood infections pose a growing threat to human populations. Accurate disease forecasting would be of tremendous value to public health. Forecasting disease emergence using early warning signals (EWS) is possible in non-seasonal models of infectious diseases. Here, we assessed whether EWS also anticipate disease emergence in seasonal models. We simulated the dynamics of an immunizing infectious pathogen approaching the tipping point to disease endemicity. To explore the effect of seasonality on the reliability of early warning statistics, we varied the amplitude of fluctuations around the average transmission. We proposed and analyzed two new early warning signals based on the wavelet spectrum. We measured the reliability of the early warning signals depending on the strength of their trend preceding the tipping point and then calculated the Area Under the Curve (AUC) statistic. Early warning signals were reliable when disease transmission was subject to seasonal forcing. Wavelet-based early warning signals were as reliable as other conventional early warning signals. We found that removing seasonal trends, prior to analysis, did not improve early warning statistics uniformly. Early warning signals anticipate the onset of critical transitions for infectious diseases which are subject to seasonal forcing. Wavelet-based early warning statistics can also be used to forecast infectious disease.
Patient-Related Risk Factors for Infection Following Open Carpal Tunnel Release: An Analysis of Over 450,000 Medicare Patients

Purpose To establish the rate of postoperative infection after open carpal tunnel release (CTR) on a national level using an administrative database and define relevant patient-related risk factors associated with its occurrence. Methods The PearlDiver patient records database was used to query the 100% Medicare Standard Analytic Files retrospectively from 2005 to 2012 for patients undergoing open CTR using Current Procedural Terminology code 64721. Postoperative infection within 90 days of surgery was assessed using both International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes for diagnoses of postoperative infection or pyogenic arthritis of the wrist and Current Procedural Terminology codes for procedures for these indications, including either open or arthroscopic irrigation and debridement. We used a multivariable binomial logistic regression model that allows for assessment of the independent effect of a variable while controlling for remaining variables to evaluate which patient demographics and medical comorbidities were associated with an increased risk for postoperative infection. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each risk factor, with P Results A total of 454,987 patients met all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these patients, 1,466 developed a postoperative infection, corresponding to an infection rate of 0.32%. Independent positive risk factors for infection included younger age, male sex, obesity (body mass index of 30 to 40), morbid obesity (body mass index greater than 40), tobacco use, alcohol use, and numerous medical comorbidities including diabetes, inflammatory arthritis, peripheral vascular disease, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic lung disease, and depression. Conclusions The current study reinforced conventional wisdom regarding the the overall low infection rate after CTR and revealed numerous patient-related risk factors that are independently associated with an increased risk of infection after open CTR in patients enrolled in Medicare. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
Principles and methods of in-silico prioritization of non-coding regulatory variants

Over a decade of genome-wide association, studies have made great strides toward the detection of genes and genetic mechanisms underlying complex traits. However, the majority of associated loci reside in non-coding regions that are functionally uncharacterized in general. Now, the availability of large-scale tissue and cell type-specific transcriptome and epigenome data enables us to elucidate how non-coding genetic variants can affect gene expressions and are associated with phenotypic changes. Here, we provide an overview of this emerging field in human genomics, summarizing available data resources and state-of-the-art analytic methods to facilitate in-silico prioritization of non-coding regulatory mutations. We also highlight the limitations of current approaches and discuss the direction of much-needed future research.
Information Theory-Based Measurement of Software

Abstractions of software may take the form of complex graphs. This chapter presents methods for measurement of hypergraph abstractions of software, using information theory, rather than counting. Even though the context of this chapter is software engineering, the measurement methods are applicable to any hypergraph. The software-metrics literature often assumes that complex software has more bugs than simple software. Thus, if one measures a software system, one can identify which modules are more likely to have bugs. This chapter presents measures of size, complexity, and coupling in terms of the amount of information, building on formal definitions of these software-metric families proposed by Briand, Morasca, and Basili. Kolmogorov complexity and its information theory-based approximations are the foundation for our measure of size. Excess entropy is the foundation for our measures of complexity and coupling. These concepts make the metrics sensitive to the configuration of hypergraph connections, and thus, may be preferred to corresponding counting metrics.
Appreciating Anonymity: An Exploration of Embarrassing Products and the Power of Blending In

Abstract While most research suggests using ostentatious packaging as a strategy to increase sales, using such packaging for embarrassing products can actually decrease purchase intentions. Five studies explore two components of packaging that influence product anonymity and the relationship between anonymity, embarrassment, and purchase intentions. The studies use a variety of methods including one field study, three scenario-based experiments, and one virtual reality video study with a behavioral component. This research contributes to retailing literature by examining the effect of packaging dimensions on product anonymity and the subsequent impact on embarrassment and purchase intentions. We consistently show more anonymously packaged products are perceived as less embarrassing and are more likely to be purchased than less anonymously packaged products. Consumers are able to circumvent undesirable stigmas associated with embarrassing products by selecting products that are more anonymously packaged and positioned in the store. Additionally, increased sales due to product packaging differences are more likely when an embarrassing product is positioned in an aisle versus on an endcap. Promotional incentives, such as coupons, in-store discounts, or bonus buys, can mitigate the negative effect of embarrassment onto purchase intentions. These findings have important implications to our understanding of shopper behavior when threatened with embarrassment.
Self: The Unity of Self, Self-Consistency

Summary and Conclusions The development and maintenance of a self-conceptisexceedinglyrareintheanimalkingdom.A few other species (the great apes and dolphins)reach the cognitive threshold required for self-awareness, but humans alone have the capacity todevelop a mental representation that consistsof personal characteristics ranging from physicalfeatures to personality traits, beliefs, and values.This human tendency is generally considered tohave important evolutionary advantages, butthe expression of these advantages requires a self-concept that is sufficiently unified and coherentto provide a platform for regulating other psycho-logical processes.Attention is focused on one’s own characteris-tics and processes when one is faced with real orperceived problems centering on self-control anddecision-making. The self is rarely activated whenother psychologicalprocessesareeffectiveandrun-ning smoothly in accordance with environmentaldemands, personal and interpersonal expectations,and social rules. The restricted range of relevancesuggests that the basic function of the self is toidentify and repair processes that are not per-forming at a level that is personally adaptive. It isnoteworthyinthisregardthatself-focusedattentionis associated with performance impairment, criticalevaluationbyotherpeople,andasetofunique‘self-conscious emotions’ that typically have negativerather positive valence.The self-regulatory function of explicit self-focusedattentionhasbeenexploredanddocumen-tedwithinseveralresearchparadigmsoverthepasttwodecades.Acommonthreadtotheseaccountsisthe assumption that people compare their past,present, or possible action to a personal standardor characteristic when evaluating the action. Ifthis comparison process suggests that the actionisinconsistentwiththeregulatorystandard,avari-ety of cognitive, affective, and behavioral mech-anisms are engaged to eliminate or reduce theinconsistency.Self-regulation would be impossible without arelatively coherent self-concept in the domain forwhich self-control or decision making is at issue.To control one’s impulses, resist temptations,delay immediate gratification in favor of a distantreward,take on challenges andrisks, and behaveinan altruistic manner require a stable andunambig-uous frame of reference for deciding the person-ally appropriate course of action. An internallyinconsistentviewoftheselfintherelevantdomainwould lead to equivocation, ambivalence, indeci-sion, and cognitive distortion in service of the lineof least resistance.The self-concept must also retain sufficientflexibility toaccommodatethe inherent dynamism
Complement-derived Chemotactic Factors

ABSTRACT Human C5a is a 74 residue polypeptide that is produced as a consequence of human complement activation and serves as the predominant serum-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor in man. The chemotactic and lysosomal enzyme releasing activities of C5a and several of its structural analogs have been quantitatively established in vitro . Such biological responses follow binding of these factors to specific receptors that are present on the human neutrophil. Following interaction with these receptors, cell-bound C5a is internalized and degraded to a biologically inactive form.
Application of electrical resistivity measurements to an evaluation of a potential landfill site in a karstic terrain

The proposed site for a new solid waste disposal facility was identified by a municipal government in a north Florida area characterized by Miocene Hawthorn Group sedimentary sequences and active karst development. An evaluation of the sinkhole potential and subsurface stability was conducted with a total of 300 electrical resistivity Wenner array sounding traverses with electrode spacings extending to 30 m. Data were interpreted to identify vertical sequences of the Hawthorn Group confining layer, and the underlying Ocala Limestone. Electrical evidence identified an intermediate, discontinuous limestone layer present in limited areas, but absent in much of the area investigated. No evidence was detected to identify breeches within the confining layer over the Floridan Aquifer within the Ocala Limestone. The data were combined with lithologic logs from deep boreholes to prepare a series of continuous and interconnecting fence diagrams to portray the geologic configuration throughout the proposed site. The results demonstrate the value of electrical resistivity measurements to augment borehole data in economical investigations of sinkhole potential in karstic terrains.
Liquid Mixing Studies with an Integrated Mixer/Valve

This work presents the design, fabrication, and testing of an integrated mixer/valve and a method for determining its mixing performance. The method correlates the mixing time to a quantitatively measurable observable. We present modeling and experimental results using this method.
Risk factors associated with the development of double‐inlet ventricle congenital heart disease

Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect group and a significant contributor to neonatal and infant death. CHD with single ventricle anatomy, including hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), tricuspid atresia (TA), and various double-inlet ventricle (DIV) malformations, is the most complex with the highest mortality. Prenatal risk factors associated with HLHS have been studied, but such data for DIV are lacking. Methods We analyzed DIV cases and nonmalformed controls in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a case-control, multicenter population-based study of birth defects. Random forest analysis identified potential predictor variables for DIV, which were included in multivariable models to estimate effect magnitude and directionality. Results Random forest analysis identified pre-pregnancy diabetes, history of maternal insulin use, maternal total lipid intake, paternal race, and intake of several foods and nutrients as potential predictors of DIV. Logistic regression confirmed pre-pregnancy diabetes, maternal insulin use, and paternal race as risk factors for having a child with DIV. Additionally, higher maternal total fat intake was associated with a reduced risk. Conclusions Maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes and history of insulin use were associated with an increased risk of having an infant with DIV, while maternal lipid intake had an inverse association. These novel data provide multiple metabolic pathways for investigation to identify better the developmental etiologies of DIV and suggest that public health interventions targeting diabetes prevention and management in women of childbearing age could reduce CHD risk.
Anthropometric Dimensions of Individuals With High Body Mass Index.

Objective:This study presents anthropometric data for individuals with high body mass index (BMI). Modified anthropometric dimensions were also developed to address the challenges of obtaining accu...
Increasing heart transplant donor pool by liberalization of size matching.

BACKGROUND The heart transplant (HT) guidelines recommendation to match recipient and donors within 30% of body weight lacks a strong evidence base and is not well established in patients bridged to transplant with left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). In light of the scarcity of donor hearts, we investigated the effect of size mismatch on hemodynamics, one-year survival and length of stay (LOS) following HT. METHODS Single-center retrospective analysis of consecutive HT patients from April 2007 to September 2017. Recipients were divided into 3 cohorts based on donor-to-recipient weight ratio (DRWR): (1) undersized ( 1.3). RESULTS 288 consecutive patients were identified (mean age 53 ± 11 years; 76% male), 46 were undersized (0.61 ± 0.05), 210 size-matched (0.94 ± 0.16), and 32 oversized (1.65 ± 0.38). There was no significant difference in donor left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) between the 3 groups (p = 0.11). The donor/recipient (D/R) predicted heart mass (PHM) was lowest in the undersized group (0.92 ± 0.13). There were no significant differences in 1-year survival in the overall and LVAD cohort (p = 0.65 and 0.59, respectively). Neither donor LVEDD nor D/R PHM differed among survivors or non-survivors. LOS was longer in the undersized group than the size-matched cohort (p = 0.004). The undersized group had hearts with the highest filling pressures and lowest cardiac index at 1 week among the remaining groups (p = 0.009, 0.017, and p = 0.05, respectively). There were no clinically significant differences in hemodynamics at 1 or 6 months. CONCLUSIONS HT undersizing affects hemodynamics early but not later in the course and does not impact 1-year survival. The liberalization of size matching may increase the HT donor pool significantly.
An Inverse Agonist Ligand of the PTH Receptor Partially Rescues Skeletal Defects in a Mouse Model of Jansen's Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia.

Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC) is a rare disease of bone and mineral ion physiology that is caused by activating mutations in PTHR1. Ligand-independent signaling by the mutant receptors in cells of bone and kidney results in abnormal skeletal growth, excessive bone turnover, and chronic hypercalcemia and hyperphosphaturia. Clinical features further include short stature, limb deformities, nephrocalcinosis, and progressive losses in kidney function. There is no effective treatment option available for JMC. In previous cell-based assays, we found that certain N-terminally truncated PTH and PTHrP antagonist peptides function as inverse agonists and thus can reduce the high rates of basal cAMP signaling exhibited by the mutant PTHR1s of JMC in vitro. Here we explored whether one such inverse agonist ligand, [Leu11 ,dTrp12 ,Trp23 ,Tyr36 ]-PTHrP(7-36)NH2 (IA), can be effective in vivo and thus ameliorate the skeletal abnormalities that occur in transgenic mice expressing the PTHR1-H223R allele of JMC in osteoblastic cells via the collagen-1α1 promoter (C1HR mice). We observed that after 2 weeks of twice-daily injection and relative to vehicle controls, the IA analog resulted in significant improvements in key skeletal parameters that characterize the C1HR mice, because it reduced the excess trabecular bone mass, bone marrow fibrosis, and levels of bone turnover markers in blood and urine. The overall findings provide proof-of-concept support for the notion that inverse agonist ligands targeted to the mutant PTHR1 variants of JMC can have efficacy in vivo. Further studies of such PTHR1 ligand analogs could help open paths toward the first treatment option for this debilitating skeletal disorder. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Septic Arthritis in Immunosuppressed Patients: Do Laboratory Values Help?

Previous studies have recommended synovial fluid cell count thresholds of 50,000 cells/mm-3 to diagnose septic arthritis; however, data to support this are limited. It is also unknown if this value is valid in immunosuppressed patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 33 immunosuppressed patients treated at our institution from 2008 to 2018. We compared culture-positive patients with culture-negative patients. Results We found no statistically significant differences in synovial fluid cell count, percent synovial fluid neutrophils, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, or C-reactive protein between the groups (all P = 0.081). The median synovial fluid cell count in the culture-positive cohort was 29,000 cells/mm-3, with only 31.2% having >50,000 cells/mm-3. Conclusion Traditional synovial fluid cell thresholds are not a reliable method of diagnosing septic arthritis in immunosuppressed patients.
Mobilization and partitioning of rare earth elements in the presence of humic acids and siderophores

Abstract Developing rare earth elements (plus yttrium, REY) as a group of environmental tracer requires comprehensive understandings in their geochemical behaviors associated with natural organic matter. Recent work highlighted the promotions on REY mobilization and cerium oxidation by siderophores during silicate dissolution, but the mechanism remained ambiguous. Here, we performed batch fluid-rock interaction experiments to explore the functions of siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and humic acids (HA) towards REY mobility and partitioning during REY-bearing ferrihydrite dissolution. To acquire in-depth knowledge of organic controls on REY, we used multiple strategies, including elemental, multispectral, and electrochemical analyses, to investigate the organic regulation on REY geochemistry. This study sheds light on the function of ligand-specific selectivity and solid-fluid organic molecular fractionation, primarily dependent on hydrochemical settings (pH, organic compounds, ionic strength, and oxicity). Our results confirm the catalytic oxidation ability of ligand, which forms DFOB-Ce(IV) (K = 1042, electrochemistry), producing positive Ce anomalies in solutions by ligand-driven redox shifting. Both HA and DFOB showed high affinities to HREY, and facilitated LREY/HREY partitioning. The mobilization of REY and the development of Ce anomalies were limited by HA coatings that modified surface properties and disturbed the approach of DFOB. Excess siderophores attack inert HA coatings, facilitating REY liberation and Ce redox activities. The release of REY and catalytic oxidation of Ce can be inhibited at high ionic strength or under oxygen deficiency. Our study reveals that natural organic matter significantly influences the fate of REY in iron oxides, and crucial for the biogeochemical cycles of REY in nature.
Using a vulnerability-stress-adaptation framework to model intimate partner violence risk factors in late life: A systematic review

Abstract Intimate partner violence (IPV) is prevalent among romantic dyads. While rates decline as couples age, a significant number of couples continue to experience IPV. Given the detrimental effect of IPV on intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning, the current systematic review aimed to identify risk factors among older adult couples. Further, this paper aimed to apply a well-validated framework for understanding marital quality and IPV, the Vulnerability Stress Adaptation (VSA) model, to aggression among older adults. Using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses standards, results demonstrated that low socioeconomic status, cognitive impairment, caregiver burden, psychological distress, and social isolation are key risk factors IPV among older adults. These, and other risk factors, are conceptualized using the VSA model.
Experimental Demonstration of Time Resolving Quantum Receiver for Bandwidth and Power Efficient Communications

We developed Coherent Frequency Shift Keying and Hybrid Frequency-Phase Shift Keying protocols optimized for quantum measurement. Paired with our new quantum receiver, these protocols experimentally demonstrate the record energy efficiency and improve communication channel capacity.
An Examination of COVID-19 Outbreaks in Prisons and Jails in North America, Central America, and the Caribbean

This article documents the extent of COVID-19 outbreaks in the North American, Central American, and Caribbean regions, and then compares the country-specific COVID-19 mitigation strategies impleme...
The Not-So-Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in Antibiotic Research: An Interdisciplinary Opportunity

Literary-rhetorical devices like figurative language and analogy can help explain concepts that exceed our capacity to grasp intuitively. It is not surprising these devices are used to discuss virulence, pathogenesis, and antibiotics. Allusions to Robert Louis Stevenson’s Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde seem to be used with particular frequency in research pertaining to pathogens, especially in studies contemporary with our evolving understanding of antibiotic resistance. More recent references to the text have appeared in research parsing definitions of virulence and acknowledging the role of anti-virulence in future therapeutics. While it is obvious that scientists invoke Stevenson’s story for stylistic purposes, its use could go beyond the stylistic—and might even generate rhetorical and imaginative possibilities for framing research. This perspective discusses the first published allusion to Jekyll and Hyde in reference to virulence and pathogenesis; comments on a select number of specific instances of Jekyll and Hyde in contemporary scientific literature; briefly contextualizes the novel; and concludes with the implications of a more productive engagement with humanistic disciplines in the face of antibiotic resistance.
Looking in the Rearview Mirror: The Effect of Managers' Professional Experience on Corporate Financial Policy

This paper examines how CEOs’ prior work experiences affect firms’ financial policies. Using employment data on more than 8,500 CEOs, we study the effects of being previously employed at a firm that faced financial difficulties. Our identification strategy exploits exogenous CEO turnovers and past employment in other firms, including those early in the manager’s career and in roles other than the CEO. We find that firms run by CEOs who experienced financial difficulties save more cash, hold less short-term debt, and have significantly lower net debt ratios. The effects are stronger in poorly governed firms and are value-reducing. We find similar, yet weaker effects for CFOs.
A Cross-Sectional Survey Exploring Nursing Students' Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Opioids and the Opioid Epidemic.

Abstract Background The opioid epidemic continues to be a serious public health crisis in the United States. One way to address this issue is to effectively educate future healthcare providers, especially nurses, who play a key role in managing pain and improving opioid-related outcomes. Methods A 34-item electronic survey was administered to traditional baccalaureate student nurses at a large, public University School of Nursing. The survey was used to assess participant demographics, general knowledge, and attitudes regarding opioids and the opioid epidemic, and relevant personal and professional experiences. Quantitative responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVAs, and logistic regression; free-text responses were categorized by frequency of keywords. Results In all, 134 students (response rate 42.3%) completed the survey. Increases in student opioid knowledge and confidence scores over the 4 years were statistically significant (p Conclusions Although opioid knowledge and confidence scores were higher for 4th year compared with 1st year nursing students, there is room for continued improvement. Curricula and clinical experiences must thoughtfully integrate opioid and pain management content longitudinally across all years of a nursing program to optimize care for both patients in pain and those coping with substance use disorders.
A Dose-Response Relationship to Radiotherapy for Cutaneous Lesions of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease, afflicting approximately 4.6 and 1-2 per 1 million children and adults, respectively. While LCH can involve numerous organ systems such as the lung or bone, it is uncommon for the disease to be limited to the skin. Radiotherapy has an established role for osseous lesions. However, the efficacy and dose for nonosseous manifestations of the disease are not well described. In the current case report, we detail a 49-year-old adult male with skin-limited LCH requiring palliative radiotherapy (RT) to numerous sites for pain control. The patient was initially diagnosed and treated with single agent cytarabine for approximately 6 months. Despite treatment, he had little symptomatic response of his cutaneous lesions. We delivered a single dose of 8 Gray (Gy) to 3 separate skin lesions, including the bilateral groin, right popliteal region, and right axillary lesion, which resulted in pain reduction and partial response at four-month follow-up. Subsequently, we decided to treat the left axillary untreated lesion to a higher dose of 24 Gy in 12 fractions. At four-month follow-up, the left axilla RT resulted in complete clinical response and improved pain control compared to the right axilla. Following RT treatments, the patient was found to have a BRAF mutation, and vemurafenib was initiated. Further follow-up with positron emissions tomography demonstrated complete metabolic response in numerous disease areas, including both axillae. Based on this case report's findings, a higher radiotherapy dose may be more effective for treating cutaneous LCH.
Glaucoma Care of Incarcerated Patients at an Academic Institution: A Case-Control Study.

Purpose To evaluate medication and follow-up adherence in incarcerated patients examined at an academic glaucoma clinic, in comparison to nonincarcerated controls. Methods Retrospective, case-control study. Consecutive prisoners presenting for initial visits in the Glaucoma Clinic at the Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary between December 2015 and December 2017 were included in the study. Nonincarcerated patients seen in the same Glaucoma Clinic with similar initial visit dates, age, race, sex, and disease severity were selected as controls. Glaucoma Clinic visits from each patient were reviewed until December 2018. Examination information, surgical intervention, follow-up and treatment recommendations, and patient-reported medication usage were recorded for each visit. Number of visits, loss to follow-up, follow-up delays, and medication nonadherence were studied as primary outcome measures. Results Twenty-four prisoners and 24 nonincarcerated controls were included. Prisoners had an average of 2.46 ± 2.38 visits during the study period, compared to 5.04 ± 3.25 for controls (P = 0.001). Follow-up visits occurred more than 30 days after the recommended follow-up time in 57.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 44.2%-70.6%) of prisoners, compared to 17.9% (95% CI: 10.2%-25.6%) of controls (P Conclusions Glaucoma follow-up adherence was significantly worse in prisoners compared to a nonincarcerated control population. Further study into causative factors is needed.