cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CMAS degradation of environmental barrier coatings

Abstract Environmental barrier coatings (EBCs) based on Ba1 − xSrxAl2Si2O8 (BSAS) have demonstrated potential for the protection of Si-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) against moisture-induced degradation in gas turbines. However, EBCs are susceptible to attack by calcium–magnesium alumino-silicate (CMAS) melts produced when siliceous debris is ingested with the intake air and deposits on component surfaces. The mechanism involves the dissolution of BSAS into CMAS and re-precipitation as a modified Celsian phase incorporating Ca, as well as secondary crystalline silicates that may degrade the durability and efficiency of the EBC. The process is aggravated by grain boundary penetration of CMAS into the polycrystalline BSAS. The mechanisms and their potential implications for durability are discussed.
Random group effects and the precision of regression estimates

Abstract When explanatory variable data in a regression model are drawn from a population with grouped structure, the regression errors are often correlated within groups. Error component and random coefficient regression models are considered as models of the intraclass correlation. This paper analyzes several empirical examples to investigate the applicability of random effects models and the consequences of inappropriately using ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation in the presence of random group effects. The principal findings are that the assumption of independent errors is usually incorrect and the unadjusted OLS standard errors often have a substantial downward bias, suggesting a considerable danger of spurious regression.
Clinically relevant effects of convection-enhanced delivery of AAV2-GDNF on the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in aged rhesus monkeys.

Abstract Growth factor therapy for Parkinson's disease offers the prospect of restoration of dopaminergic innervation and/or prevention of neurodegeneration. Safety and efficacy of an adeno-associated virus (AAV2) encoding human glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was investigated in aged nonhuman primates. Positron emission tomography with 6-[18F]-fluoro-l-m-tyrosine (FMT-PET) in putamen was assessed 3 months before and after AAV2 infusion. In the right putamen, monkeys received either phosphate-buffered saline or low-dose (LD) or high-dose (HD) AAV2-GDNF. Monkeys that had received putaminal phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) infusions additionally received either PBS or HD AAV2-GDNF in the right substantia nigra (SN). The convection-enhanced delivery method used for infusion of AAV2-GDNF vector resulted in robust volume of GDNF distribution within the putamen. AAV2-GDNF increased FMT-PET uptake in the ipsilateral putamen as well as enhancing locomotor activity. Within the putamen and caudate, the...
Ionization and soot formation in premixed flames

Total ion concentration profiles were measured in laminar, premixed, low pressure, 2.7 kPa, acetylene-oxygen flames at equivalence ratios, , from 1.5 to 4.0. Peak total ion concentrations decrease with increasingup to and beyond the soot threshold (c=2.4). Near the soot threshold, a second peak appears in the ion profiles. This second peak contains some of the same ions, e.g., C13H9+, C15H11+, C18H11+, and C19H11+, as the first peak which is ascribed to chemi-ionization. The second peak reaches a minimum, at =2.9, well on the fuel rich side of the soot threshold, and then rises again with increase in equivalence ratio. These results refute the arguments against an ionic mechanism based on reported observations that the total ion concentration increases at the soot threshold. In a sooting, =3.0, flame the ion concentration profiles measured are in excellent agreement with measurements by others using molecular beam sampling techniques. The decay in the total ion concentration profile occurs simultaneously with an increase in soot concentration, consistent with the viewpoint that neutral soot particles are produced by ion recombination. The results support the chemi-ionization, ion-molecule mechanism of soot formation in flames.
Near-Infrared Limitations To Silicon Photodetector Self-Calibration

Recent improvements in silicon photodiode fabrication technology and our understanding of their properties have led to NBS development of a self-calibration technique yielding errors less than 0.1% in spectral responsivity over the spectral range 400-800nm. The wavelength range beyond 800nm has not been fully explored, most likely because of the lack of convenient laser sources in this region. We have successfully used conventional sources to study the response of silicon photodiodes in this region. Several types of photodiode (conventional, inversion layer and YAG) have been characterized to determine the longest wavelength feasible for self-calibration. Comparisons of empirical results were made with device theory. The limiting factors for metallurgical-junction diodes are the ability to deplete the bulk region with sufficient reverse bias prior to the onset of breakdown and absorption at the rear surface. The maximum wavelength appears to be about 920nm.
Collaboration in photonics education and training

Three Rivers Community College, with funding with the Connecticut Business & Industry Association (CBIA), partnered with Connecticut’s photonics industry to provide innovative training programs in optics, lasers, and fiber optics. This summary highlights a collaborative training effort to provide a distance learning Certificate in Fiber Optics. Best practice for blended learning features assistance by company mentors. This approach was developed to address training objectives and company goals.
Thermal Gelation Properties of Protein Fractions from Pork and Chicken Breast Muscles

Thermal gelation properties of myosin, actin, myofibrils (MF), sarcoplasmic protein (SP) and connective tissue (CTS) from pork semimem-branosus and chicken breast (CB) were evaluated. Gels were prepared at pH 6.0, 2% NaCl and cooked to 70°C at 0.7°C/min. Pork myosin had a higher gel strength and a lower cooking loss than CB myosin at 7% protein. Actin from both species did not form a measurable gel. MF gels from pork and CB had the lowest cooking loss while CTS and SP had the highest cooking loss. Difference in gel strength between muscle and MF+SP+CTS at 7% protein was not consistent with that at 10% protein.
When is breastfeeding not best? The dilemma facing HIV-infected women in resource-poor settings.

The impact of the use of breast milk substitute on infant mortality is presented in this article. Investigations have shown that there is nearly a doubling of the risk of HIV infection among HIV-exposed breastfed infants. Several studies have indicated that the highest risk of transmission is found among exclusively breastfed infants with partially breastfed infants having a lower risk and formula-fed infants having the lowest risk. The Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS recommends that voluntary counseling and testing should be offered to all pregnant women and that HIV-infected women should be made aware of the transmission risk associated with breastfeeding. Further studies will test the use of passive and active immune products current understanding of the infectious cell the role of host immunogenetics local antibodies and other factors in breast milk and breast conditions such mastitis cracked nipples and Candida infections.
Gas-formed ribbon growth

Abstract There are many ways to grow single-crystal ribbons. However, the gas-formed crystal ribbon growth method described here has the advantage of avoiding chemical contamination from a die and has the potential for high quality ribbons. The difficulty in the gas process has been tapering of the width. Progress is reported here in solving this problem. The two-dimensional nozzle pressure distribution has been studied and improved. It has also been found that the critical value of seed width is the lateral nozzle opening. Polycrystalline tin ribbons, 20 cm long by 4 cm wide by 0.08 cm thick, were obtained under the following growth conditions: external pressure, 4.2 kPa; pulling speed, 0.18 cm s −1 . A model for stable growth conditions using coupled thermal and external pressure effects is presented.
Becoming Jewish in Early Modern France: Documents on Jewish Community-Building in Seventeenth-Century Bayonne and Peyrehorade

This article sheds light on the complex process by which Ibero-Catholic refugees of Jewish origin, known collectively as conversos and New Christians, adopted normative Judaism and forged Jewish communities in the southern Aquitainian towns of Saint-Esprit-les Bayonne and Peyrehorade in the latter half of the seventeenth century. Through an examination of testimony that two of the refugees rendered to officers of the Spanish Inquisition, the work reconstructs the social context and practical means by which Iberian immigrants obtained and internalized the knowledge—the models of belief, ritual practice, and quoti- dian behavior—that would cause others in the Jewish Diaspora to recognize the makeshift colonies, and more importantly, cause the refugees to view themselves, as normatively and unambiguously Jewish. Against a dominant historiographical tendency to impute a deep-seated Jewishness to conversos, therefore, my analysis explores the constructed and contingent quality of the Franco-Sephardi communities in question.
The Intersection of Patient Complexity, Prescriber Continuity and Acute Care Utilization

BACKGROUND Care continuity is considered a critical characteristic of high-performing health systems. Few studies have examined the continuity of medication management of complex patients, who often have multiple providers and complex medication regimens.
Welding of irradiated stainless steel

Abstract Previous experiments in irradiated and tritium doped stainless steel (SS) have shown that helium concentrations as low as 2 to 3 appm can lead to catastrophic cracking along the heat affected one (HAZ) upon cooling following welding. The objective of this study was to investigate the threshold helium concentration for weld cracking and to determine whether the application of a compressive stress would suppress cracking. To simulate welding of irradiated material, annealed 316SS was doped with helium to levels of 0.7, 1.5, 5.2 and 10 appm and welded using the gas tungsten arc process (GTA). A threshold level for cracking in the helium doped material of approximately 1.0 appm was observed. The percentage of the weld length that cracked was found to increase with increasing helium from 3% for the 1.5 appm samples to 66% for the 10 appm samples. The application of a compressive stress was found to suppress the weld cracking and yield mechanical properties similar to that of the base metal.
Influence of Dietary Protein and Supplemental Niacin on Lactational Performance of Cows Fed Normal and Low Fiber Diets

Forty-seven cows (24 primiparous) were assigned to one of four normal (20.5%) ADF diets for wk 2 to 5 postpartum. Dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design were diets of 13.8 versus 18.8% CP and 0 versus 12 g/d of niacin per cow. During wk 6 to 13 postpartum, cows were fed low (11.8%) ADF diets while maintaining CP and niacin treatments. Low CP diets contained solvent-extracted soybean meal; rumen soybean meal with enhanced undegradable protein was used in high CP diets. High CP diets increased milk protein percentage in multiparous cows and yields of milk, 4% FCM, fat, protein, and SNF in primiparous cows during the normal fiber period. High dietary CP also increased yields of 4% FCM, fat, protein, and SNF in primiparous cows fed normal fiber diets. When switched to low fiber diets, primiparous cows fed high CP diets decreased more in 4% FCM and fat yields than those fed low CP. Primiparous cows fed niacin decreased more in 4% FCM than controls. High dietary CP increased DMI in primiparous cows fed normal fiber diets, but those fed low CP diets increased more in DMI when switched to low fiber diets. Supplemental niacin appeared to interact with dietary CP in multiparous cows, increasing blood glucose and decreasing blood beta-hydroxybutyrate and NEFA concentrations with the high CP, normal fiber diet. Increased dietary CP improved yields of milk and milk components in primiparous cows.
The slot technique for rock magnetic sampling

Abstract We have developed a new technique for paleomagnetic sampling that allows one to sample extremely friable, poorly to moderately lithified sedimentary and volcanic materials. The method uses a portable electric drill and a dual blade masonry wheel (or two sharp steel cutting blades) with a 2 cm separation, which cuts two parallel slots in the material being sampled. A second set of cuts at right angles to the first produces a fixed, cubic pedestal around which a plastic sample box can be inserted, oriented and extracted. The method has allowed us to take samples at localities where we were not able to sample using other methods. To test the method we have sampled the Bandelier Tuff in northeast New Mexico and have measured the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) on boxes taken using the new method and on cylinders drilled at the same sites using standard techniques. Results show better AMS within-site precision for box samples taken using the new method. We conclude that the method is convenient, reliable and may be preferred in certain types of paleomagnetic studies.
Changing Faces: Professional Image Construction In Diverse Organizational Settings

I integrate social identity and impression management theories to capture the dual impact of personal characteristics and group affiliations on professional image construction. In so doing, I describe how and why individuals proactively negotiate their personal and social identities during interpersonal encounters. The model highlights the multilevel impact of credible and authentic professional image construction on intrapsychic, interpersonal, workgroup, and organizational outcomes.
Preparation of α-Fe particles by reduction of ferrous ion in lecithin/cyclohexane/water association colloids

Abstract Ferromagnetic α-Fe particles were prepared by reduction of Fe2+ by sodium borohydride in the presence of lecithin/cyclohexane/water association colloids. The particles consisted of a chains of iron spheres, 50–150 nm in diameter, held together by worm-like lecithin assemblies, about 100 nm in diameter and micrometers in length. The coercivity depended on the reaction medium and ranged from 4 to 419 Oe, with the highest coercivity particles obtained in the cyclohexane-rich region of the ternary phase diagram.
Radiolaria and pollen records from 0 to 50 ka at ODP Site 1233: continental and marine climate records from the Southeast Pacific

Abstract Site 1233 drilled during Leg 202 of the Ocean Drilling Program provides a detailed record of marine and continental climate change in the Southeast Pacific and South American continent. Splits from over 500 samples taken at 20 cm intervals for quantitative analysis of radiolarian and pollen populations yield a temporal resolution of 200–400 years. In each sample, 39 pollen taxa and 40 radiolarian species and genera were evaluated. Age control is provided by 25 AMS 14C dates [Lamy, F., Kaiser, J., Ninnemann, U., Hebbeln, D., Arz, H.W., Stoner, J., 2004. Science 304, 1959–1962]. Multivariate statistical analyses of these data allow us to conclude the following: (1) During the past 50 ka, the region of the central Chile coast is not directly influenced by polar water from the Antarctic region. (2) Changes in ocean conditions off central Chile during this time interval primarily reflect north–south shifts in the position of the South Pacific transition zone. (3) Changes in Chilean vegetation reflect comparable latitudinal shifts in precipitation and the position of the southern westerlies. (4) The first canonical variate of radiolarian and pollen records extracted from Site 1233 are remarkably similar to each other as well as to temperature records from the Antarctic, which suggests that marine and continental climate variability in the region is tightly coupled at periods longer than 3000 years. (5) The phase coupling of these climate records, which lead variations of continental erosion based on iron abundance at the same site, are consistent with a hypothesis that erosion is linked to relatively long (i.e, few thousand years) response times of the Patagonian ice sheet, and thus is not a direct indicator of regional climate.
Robust quantum state transfer using tunable couplers

tally. The emission of a proper (exponential) waveform of a quantum signal has been demonstrated in Ref. [21], while the capture of such a waveform with 99.4% efficiency has been demonstrated in Ref. [22]. The combination of these two procedures in one experiment would demonstrate a complete quantum state transfer (more precisely, the complete first half of the procedure). In this work we extend the theoretical analysis of the state transfer protocol proposed in Ref. [14], focusing on its robustness against various imperfections. In this protocol a quantum state is transferred from the emitting resonator to the receiving resonator through a transmission line. The procedure essentially relies on the cancellation of back-reflection into the transmission line via destructive interference at the receiving end, which is achieved by modulation of the tunable couplers between the resonators and the transmission line. In Ref. [14], it was shown that nearly perfect transfer efficiency can be achieved if identical resonators and proper time-varying transmission amplitudes of the two couplers are used. However, in obtaining this high-efficiency state transfer, only ideal design parameters were assumed. Also, various experimentally relevant effects, including multiple reflections and frequency mismatch between the two resonators, were not analyzed quantitatively. In this paper we study in detail (mostly numerically) the effect of various imperfections that affect the transmission amplitudes of the couplers. In the simulations we focus on two values for the design efficiency: 0.99 and 0.999. We find that the transfer protocol is surprisingly robust to parameter variations, with a typical decrease in the efficiency of less than 1% for a 5% variation of the design parameters (the scaling is typically quadratic, so half of the variation produces a quarter of the effect). We also study the effect of Gaussian filtering of the signals and find that it is practically negligible. The addition of noise to the ideal waveforms produces only a minor decrease in the transfer efficiency. Numerical analysis of multiple reflections also shows that the corresponding ef
Chemometric solid-state 13C NMR analysis of morphology and dynamics in irradiated crosslinked polyolefin cable insulation

Abstract The relative concentrations and carbon spin–lattice relaxation constants ( T 1,C ) of the amorphous, intermediate, and crystalline phases of unaged crosslinked polyolefin cable insulation (ultimate elongation, e =310%), 60 Co γ-irradiated ( e =22%), and irradiated+annealed ( e =220%) samples were determined by chemometric analyses of directly polarized solid-state 13 C NMR spectra. The T 1,C relaxation curves of the intermediate and amorphous components were found to be mono-exponential. The intermediate component contains 23±5% of the CH 2 segments in the unaged sample and has an T 1,C relaxation constant of 1.4±0.3 s. γ-Irradiation caused a slight decrease in the amount of intermediate component to 19±5% and an increase of the relaxation constant to 1.8±0.3 s. The subsequent annealing of the irradiated sample resulted in an additional increase of the relaxation constant to 2.1 s and a slight loss of crystallinity. The amorphous T 1,C relaxation constants were found to be identical in all three samples and have a value of 0.38±0.03 s. At ambient temperature, the crystalline phase was found to relax via chain diffusion from the intermediate component. The rate of helical jumps was twice as fast in the irradiated and irradiated+annealed samples compared with the unaged material.
Cation self-diffusion and the isotope effect in Fe2O3☆

Abstract Self-diffusion of 59Fe parallel to the c axis in single crystals of Fe2O3 has been measured as a function of temperature (1150–1340°C) and oxygen partial pressure (2 × 10−3 ⩽ pO2 ⩽ 1 atm) The temperature dependence of the cation diffusivity in air is given by the expression D Fe ∗ = (1.9 −1.4 +5.2 × 10 9 exp (− 141.4 ± 4.0 kcal/mole RT ) cm 2 / s . The unusually large value of D0 is interpreted in terms of the values of the preexponential terms in the reaction constants for the creation of defects in Fe2O3. The oxygen-partial-pressure dependence of the diffusivity indicates that cation self-diffusion occurs by an interstitial-type mechanism The simultaneous diffusion of 52Fe and 59Fe has been measured in Fe2O3. The small value of the isotope effect suggests that iron ions diffuse by an noncollinear interstitialcy mechanism, which is consistent with the crystal structure of Fe2O3.
Intercalation of trichloroethene by sediment-associated clay minerals

The objective of this research was to examine the potential for intercalation of trichloroethene (TCE) by clay minerals associated with aquifer sediments. Sediment samples were collected from a field site in Tucson, AZ. Two widely used Montmorillonite specimen clays were employed as controls. X-ray diffraction, conducted with a controlled-environment chamber, was used to characterize smectite interlayer d-spacing for three treatments (bulk air-dry sample, sample mixed with synthetic groundwater, sample mixed with TCE-saturated synthetic groundwater). The results show that the d-spacing measured for the samples treated with TCE-saturated synthetic groundwater are larger (~26%) than those of the untreated samples for all field samples as well as the specimen clays. These results indicate that TCE was intercalated by the clay minerals, which may have contributed to the extensive elution tailing observed in prior miscible-displacement experiments conducted with this sediment.
Social Components in Economics

There is a significant difference in the interplay between man and his physical environment and the interrelationship among men when engaged in economic provisioning. It is still a widely held view that "no new principles are required to explain social behavior that were not needed to explain how a man acts when he is alone with the physical environment." [Huppe, p. 12]1 Identical principles presuppose additive units so that social utility is nothing but the sum of the individual utilities. Since strict utilitarians saw in social values
A taxonomy for alternative equipment groupings in batch environments

There is much ambiguity and variation in what the term cellular manufacturing refers to in both academia and industry. To help clarify the definition of cellular manufacturing a taxonomy for equipment groupings in batch environments is presented. The taxonomy categorizes equipment groupings on two continuous dimensions: the purpose for grouping equipment together into cells, and the amount of interdependence between the cells. Operational implications and insights obtained by mapping academic studies and actual case studies onto the taxonomy are discussed.
Fluorous reagents and scavengers versus solid-supported reagents and scavengers, a reaction rate and kinetic comparison

Reactions using fluorous reagents and scavengers are compared side-by-side with their solid-supported counterparts. Fluorous triphenylphosphine is used in the bromination reaction of alcohols, fluorous thiol is used as an electrophile scavenger for α-bromoketones, fluorous isatoic anhydride is used as a nucleophile scavenger for primary and secondary amines. Reactions involving fluorous reagents and scavengers occur in homogeneous media with solution-phase reaction kinetics. Reactions with solid-supported reagents and scavengers occur in a heterogeneous media, and the reaction kinetics are greatly affected by the nature of the solid-support and reaction environment. Significantly larger amounts of reagents and more time are usually required to complete the solid-supported reaction.
Reply to Comment on “Multimodal coupling of optical transitions and plasmonic oscillations in rhodamine B modified gold nanoparticles” by I. Blakey

In answer to Blakey’s comment concerning the role of solution absorbance on emission spectra of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) recorded under the resonance elastic light scattering (RELS) conditions of a synchronous scan with λem = λex, we provide new evidence of a complex behaviour of plasmonic responses of functionalized AuNP down to very low concentrations, CAuNP = 7 pM. We have demonstrated that there is no threshold on the RELS spectra and that from the lowest concentration under study there is a continuous shift of the RELS peak toward longer waves. Since the absorbance of a 7 pM AuNP solution is A < 0.008, there cannot be any direct effect of A on λmax for the RELS peak and the observed approximately-linear correlation between λmax and ASP is therefore an expression of a dependence of λmax on CAuNP.
On a Class of Composition Semigroups in Hardy Spaces

The purpose of this note is to show that R(1., r,) is not always compact and then to give conditions for com- pactness. The separation of the semigroups giving rise to compact resolvent from those which do not, seems to be very delicate. Our conditions are in terms of a certain associated univalent function to be introduced below.
Mercury distribution in sediments and bioaccumulation by fish in two oregon reservoirs: point-source and nonpoint-source impacted systems.

Mercury pollution was compared in two Oregon reservoirs of similar size and age, located within the same ecoregion. Cottage Grove Reservoir was distinguished by a history of mercury mining and processing within its watershed, while Dorena Reservoir was not. Mercury concentrations in sediments of the reservoirs, tributary streams, and three species of fish were measured. Sediment mercury concentrations in the main tributary of Cottage Grove Reservoir, which drains the subbasin where past mercury mining occurred, was tenfold higher than mercury in sediments from other reservoir tributaries. There were no significant differences between sediment mercury concentrations in the tributaries of Dorena Reservoir. The average mercury concentration in the basin sediment of Cottage Grove Reservoir (0.67 ± 0.05 μg/g dry wt) was higher than for Dorena Reservoir (0.12 ± 0.01 μg/g dry wt). At Cottage Grove Reservoir, maximum mercury concentrations were near or exceeded 1 μg/g wet wt for largemouth bass (Micropterus salmonides) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) epaxial muscle. Muscle mercury concentrations in largemouth bass and crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) from Cottage Grove Reservoir were significantly higher than from the same species from Dorena Reservoir. Numbers of bluegill of the same age available from both reservoirs were too small for statistical comparisons. Mercury concentrations in largemouth bass muscle fluctuated annually in both reservoirs. Fish ages were consistently positively correlated with muscle mercury concentrations in only the point-source-impacted reservoir. These results indicated that a point source, Black Butte Mine, contributed amounts of mercury greatly in excess of mobilization from natural deposits, atmospheric deposition, and small-scale uses of the metal as an amalgamating agent in gold mining.
Solid phase synthesis of heterocyclic compounds from linear peptides: Cyclic ureas and thioureas

Abstract The solid phase synthesis of cyclic ureas and thioureas is described. The reduction of acylated dipeptides followed by treatment with carbonyldiimidazole or thiocarbonyldiimidazole affords the corresponding cyclic urea or thiourea in good yield and high purity. This is an example of a broader approach to the solid phase synthesis of individual heterocyclic compounds and combinatorial libraries using peptides as starting materials.
Supercell Tornadogenesis over Complex Terrain: The Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Tornado on 29 May 1995

Abstract The process of tornadogenesis in complex terrain environments has received relatively little research attention to date. Here, an analysis is presented of a long-lived supercell that became tornadic over complex terrain in association with the Great Barrington, Massachusetts (GBR), F3 tornado of 29 May 1995. The GBR tornado left an almost continuous 50–1000-m-wide damage path that stretched for ∼50 km. The apparent rarity of significant tornadogenesis in rough terrain from a supercell well documented in operational Doppler radar motivated this case study. Doppler radar observations showed that the GBR supercell possessed a midlevel mesocyclone well prior to tornadogenesis and that the mesocyclone intensified as it crossed the eastern edge of New York’s Catskill Mountains and entered the Hudson Valley. Tornadogenesis occurred as the GBR mesocyclone crossed the Hudson Valley and ascended the highlands to the east. Subsequently, the mesocyclone weakened as it approached the Taconic Range in western ...
Rational behavioral response and the transmission of STDs

The susceptible-infected (SI) model is extended by allowing for individual optimal choices of self-protective actions against infection, where agents differ with respect to preferences and costs of self-protection. It is shown that a unique endemic equilibrium prevalence exists when the basic reproductive number of a STD is strictly greater than unity, and that the disease-free equilibrium is the unique steady state equilibrium when the basic reproductive number is less than or equal to one. Unlike in models that take individual behavior as given and fixed, the endemic equilibrium prevalence need not vary monotonically with respect to the basic reproductive number. Specifically, with endogenously determined self-protective behavior, a reduction in the basic reproductive number may in fact increase the endemic equilibrium prevalence. The global stability of the endemic steady state is established for the case of a homogeneous population by showing that, for any non-zero initial disease prevalence, there exists an equilibrium path which converges to the endemic steady state.
PREVENTION OF TUBERCULOSIS AND REVERSAL OF TUBERCULIN REACTION IN GUINEA PIGS.

SummaryReversal of the tuberculin reaction occurred in 70% of animals treated with INH following development of a positive test. One year of INH treatment failed to sterilize the tissues in 15% of the animals. Evidence is presented that INH completely protected guinea pigs from tuberculosis when treatment was initiated prior to inoculation of a minimal dose. All non-treated controls developed visceral tuberculosis.
An interactive time-shared simulation using the basic language

The author was recently engaged in a simulation project making use of a time-sharing utility. The results of this research are thought to have a broader scope of interest since time-shared simulation is a rather recent possibility and as yet little has been published in the area.
HIV-Induced Immunopathogenesis

The author thanks Ms. Susan Payne for preparing and editing the manuscript; Drs. Claire Chougnet, Keith Fowke, Barbara Mittleman (National Institutes of Health), and Alan Landay (Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois) for reviewing the manuscript; and Dr. Michael Hoffmann (New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York) for helpful discussions.
The direct fluorination of borohydrides and lithium aluminium hydride. A new route to fluoroborates and fluoroaluminates

Abstract The controlled reactions of the extremely reactive species sodium borohydride, potassium borohydride, lithium borohydride and lithium aluminium hydride with elemental fluorine have been investigated. The products obtained are sodium tetrafluoroborate, NaBF 4 ; potassium tetrafluoroborate, KBF 4 ; lithium tetrafluoroaluminate, LiAlF 4 . This direct fluorination process establishes a new preparation for the fluoroborates and has produced the new compound lithium tetrafluoroaluminate. Yields near 100% have been obtained.
Integrated Impact Assessment

AbstractImpact assessment studies the effects on society of proposed projects, programs or policies. It is perhaps best known in the forms of technology assessment and environmental impact assessment. Here the institutionalization of impact assessment, the principal features of impact assessment and its performance are discussed, keynoting interdisciplinarity as a critical factor. Substantial progress in performance has occurred over the past decade, especially in environmental and social analyses, pointing to some critical issues for the decade ahead. Within studies, integration across disciplinary components, between contributions from professionals and parties-at-interest, and between producers and users must be improved. Across studies, practitioners of impact assessment need to intercommunicate to advance the state of their art.
Composite Vertical Structure of Vertical Velocity in Nonprecipitating Cumulus Clouds

AbstractVertical transects of Doppler vertical velocity data, obtained from an airborne profiling millimeter-wave cloud radar, are composited for a large number of cumulus clouds (Cu) at various stages of their life cycle, to examine typical circulations patterns. The Cu clouds range in depth between ~500 and 6000 m and are generally nonprecipitating. They were sampled on board the University of Wyoming King Air over a mountain in southern Arizona during the summer monsoon, and over the high plains of southeastern Wyoming. The composite analysis shows clear evidence of an updraft/downdraft dipole in the upper cloud half, consistent with a horizontal vortex ring. A single cloud-scale toroidal circulation emerges notwithstanding the complex finescale structure with multiple vortices, commonly evident in individual transects of Cu clouds. The stratification of all Cu samples as a function of their buoyancy and mean vertical velocity shows that the vortex ring pattern tends to be more pronounced in positively...
A note on representation theorems for linear discrete‐space systems with stochastic inputs

The cornerstone of the theory of discrete-space single-input–single-output linear systems is the idea that every such system has an input–output map that can be represented by a convolution or the familiar generalization of a convolution. This thinking involves an oversight which, for the case of bounded inputs mapped continuously into bounded outputs, was recently corrected by adding an additional term to the representation. Here, we give a corresponding corrected result for discrete-space systems with stochastic inputs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial Predictors of Children's Postoperative Pain:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of psychosocial variables in the prediction of children's pain intensity following surgery. Forty-two children, ages 7 to 17 years (M = 12.26, SD = 3.06), completed an interview 1 week prior to surgery assessing anticipatory distress related to their forthcoming surgery and history of coping strategy use. Following surgery, children reported the intensity of their pain using visual analog scales. Findings demonstrated that the majority of children experienced moderate to severe postoperative pain, Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that psychosocial variables added to the prediction of children's postoperative pain after controlling for the influence of surgery-related and demographic variables. These findings lend initial support for the inclusion of psychosocial assessment measures (e.g., anticipatory surgery distress) in the preoperative assessment of pediatric patients who may be at risk for excessive postsurgical pain.
Asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene from Centella asiatica, is neuroprotective in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia.

Asiatic acid, a triterpenoid derivative from Centella asiatica, has shown biological effects such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and protection against glutamate- or β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity. We investigated the neuroprotective effect of asiatic acid in a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischemia. Various doses of asiatic acid (30, 75, or 165 mg/kg) were administered orally at 1 hr pre- and 3, 10, and 20 hr postischemia, and infarct volume and behavioral deficits were evaluated at day 1 or 7 postischemia. IgG (blood–brain barrier integrity) and cytochrome c (apoptosis) immunostaining was carried out at 24 hr postischemia. The effect of asiatic acid on stress-induced cytochrome c release was examined in isolated mitochondrial fractions. Furthermore, its effects on cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential were studied in HT-22 cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Asiatic acid significantly reduced the infarct volume by 60% at day 1 and by 26% at day 7 postischemia and improved neurological outcome at 24 hr postischemia. Our studies also showed that the neuroprotective properties of asiatic acid might be mediated in part through decreased blood–brain barrier permeability and reduction in mitochondrial injury. The present study suggests that asiatic acid may be useful in the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
Visual perception: Mind and brain see eye to eye

Recent functional imaging studies have identified neural activity that is closely associated with the perception of illusory motion. The mapping of the mind onto the bin appears to be one-to-one: activity in visual 'motion area' MT is highly correlated with perceptual experience.
Studies with Tritiated Digoxin in Anephric Human Subjects

Tritiated digoxin was given to 11 patients when anephric prior to renal transplant. These patients exhibited high digoxin serum levels, increased digoxin serum half-times, and reduced excretion of digoxin compared to those of patients with congestive heart failure and normal BUN and are similar in this respect to patients with severe compromise of renal function. The stool excretion of digoxin is increased in anephric patients, but this does not compensate for the lack of renal excretion of digoxin. These findings indicate the need for prudent administration of digoxin to anephric patients, as well as those with renal failure. Often the dose of digoxin may be reduced as much as one third to one half of the usual maintenance dose.
Gravity Wave Propagation Directions Inferred from Satellite Observations including Smearing Effects

We simulate space-based, sublimb viewing observations of airglow brightness fluctuations caused by atmospheric gravity wave interactions with the O2 atmospheric airglow, and we demonstrate that because of the geometry associated with such observations, the brightness fluctuations observed for the optically thick 0–0 band emission will always appear stronger for waves traveling toward the observer (the satellite). The effect should be most noticeable for waves having relatively small vertical wavelengths (∼10 km) and horizontal wavelengths of 50 km or greater. For waves of short (∼100 km) horizontal wavelength, the brightness fluctuation anisotropy with respect to viewing direction may also be evident in the optically thin 0–1 band emission. We demonstrate that the waves will be observable despite the fact that an instrument requires a certain finite integration time to achieve a desired signal-to-noise ratio. Therefore the 180° ambiguity in wave propagation direction associated with space-based observations may be eliminated for waves of small vertical wavelength that are dissipating in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. It is these same waves that may be expected to be important to the energy and momentum budgets of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere region.
Multi-channel magnetic resonance spectroscopy through time domain multiplexing

Abstract Time domain multiplexing (TDM) is presented as a viable approach to increasing the sensitivity and efficiency of magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) experiments through multi-channel signal acquisition. By switching very rapidly between coils of a receive phased array, TDM receiver extensions allow the acquisition of multiple, independent spectra through a single channel magnetic resonance console. A TDM receiver extension designed for imaging and spectroscopy is described, and the impact of this hardware extension on the processing and quantitation of MRS data is addressed. The primary complication involves the use of fixed bandwidth RF band-pass filters that can not be adjusted to match the spectral width of the desired MRS experiment. MRS sequences whose bandwidths are narrower than the bandwidth provided by TDM band-pass filters can be acquired through TDM with minimal loss of SNR as long as two constraints are met. The first constraint requires that the entire bandwidth of the band-pass filters be sampled at or more rapidly than the Nyquist rate associated with their bandwidth, to prevent extra noise from aliasing into the final spectrum. The second requirement is that spectral resolution be held constant to that of the desired experiment. Results from a two-channel multiplexed MRS experiment, conducted according to these guidelines, illustrate that TDM can be used to allow acquisition of multi-channel MRS experiments through single channel console systems with a minimal loss in SNR.
Temporal adaptation of tubuloglomerular feedback: Effects of COX-2

Temporal adaptation of tubuloglomerular feedback: Effects of COX-2. Background Reductions in proximal reabsorption cause increases in delivery of sodium chloride to the macula densa (MD), which activates the tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) mechanism and reduces glomerular filtration rate. TGF undergoes temporal adaptation, permitting filtration rate to rise in spite of elevated MD delivery of NaCl. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase I (NOS I) prevent TGF adaptation, but angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have no effect. COX-2 activity moves in parallel with changes in NOS I and intrarenal renin. We examined the impact of COX-2 inhibition on TGF temporal adaptation and effects of inhibition of COX-2 and NOS I on plasma and kidney angiotensin II (Ang II). Methods Kidney blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured before and during benzolamide (BNZ) infusion in control Wistar rats and rats concurrently receiving COX-2 inhibitors. Plasma and kidney angiotensin II content was evaluated by radioimmunoassay in control rats, rats after 60 minutes of BNZ, and during COX-2 and NOS-1 inhibition after BNZ. Results BNZ reduced both RBF and GFR in all groups. During BNZ, RBF and GFR returned to normal control values within 60 minutes. COX-2 inhibitors totally prevented TGF adaptation. Plasma and kidney Ang II did not change after BNZ, and NOS I and COX-2 inhibitors had no effect on plasma or intrarenal Ang II. Conclusion Within 1 hour after BNZ, rats undergo TGF temporal adaptation. Administration of COX-2 inhibitors prevented TGF temporal adaptation, identical to the effect of NOS I inhibition. Changes in intrarenal Ang II cannot explain this prevention of TGF temporal adaptation.
Critical comparison of approximate and accurate quantum-mechanical calculations of rate constants for a model activated reaction in solution

Accurate quantum‐mechanical calculations of rate constants for a model of reaction in solution are used as benchmarks for two approximate methods: variational transition‐state theory with semiclassical corrections for reaction coordinate motion, and the path‐integral centroid density method. The reaction model corresponds to a single solute coordinate coupled to a harmonic bath mode. When the harmonic frequency of the bath oscillator is sufficiently high, the results of the approximate methods agree well with the accurate quantum‐mechanical ones. For the lowest‐frequency bath oscillator considered, the agreement is not as good, but still satisfactory; the worst discrepancies are a factor of 2.0 for the centroid density methods and a factor of 3.3 for variational transition‐state theory with semiclassical tunneling corrections. Applications of the approximate methods to models including up to ten bath oscillators indicate that a single bath oscillator provides a reasonable model of a converged harmonic bath.
IAU nomenclature for topographic features on Mercury

Abstract The proposed new International Astronomical Union nomenclature for topographic features on Mercury, as uncovered by Mariner 10, is briefly outlined.
A variational boundary integral method for the analysis of 3‐D cracks of arbitrary geometry modelled as continuous distributions of dislocation loops

A finite element methodology for analysing propagating cracks of arbitrary three-dimensional geometry is developed. By representing the opening displacements of the crack as a distribution of dislocation loops and minimizing the corresponding potential energy of the solid, the kernels of the governing integral equations have mild singularities of the type 1/R. A simple quadrature scheme then suffices to compute all the element arrays accurately. Because of the variational basis of the method, the resulting system of equations is symmetric. By employing six-noded triangular elements and displacing midside nodes to quarter-point positions, the opening profile near the front is endowed with the correct asymptotic behaviour. This enables the direct computation of stress intensity factors from the opening displacements. The special but important cases of periodic and semi-infinite cracks are addressed in some detail. Finally, the geometry of propagating cracks is updated incrementally by recourse to a pseudodynamic crack-tip equation of motion. The crack is continuously remeshed to accommodate the ensuing changes in geometry. The performance of the method is assessed by means of selected numerical examples.
Exploring universal personality characteristics: an objective approach

Mental health practitioners have long wondered whether there is a common core to psychopathology or whether mental illness is largely culturally based. Mental health problems could result primarily from cultural factors. Yet, many professionals have observed the similar ways psychiatric disorders become manifest regardless of the unique cultural and educational backgrounds of their people. Several mental disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) that one can find in DSM-IV-TR or ICD-10 have been shown to have many characteristics that are similar in symptoms across cultural boundaries. The question as to the similarity of abnormal behavior across cultures can only be adequately understood if a common methodology for researching mental health problems is used across cultures. The use of objective research strategies, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) can provide a valuable means of objectively comparing mental health problems across cultures. This theoretical study addresses the value of cross-cultural personality research and exami- nes the utility of comparing mental health problems with an instrument, like the MMPI- 2, that has been shown to have both validity and utility across cultures. Important steps to improve cross-cultural mental health research are considered.
Near optimal battery-aware energy management

The paper addresses the problem of battery lifetime maximization for a job sequence executing on a processor with discrete voltage/frequency states under a deadline constraint. We consider a nonlinear electrochemical discharging model of the battery, and present a pseudo-polynomial time optimal algorithm and a fully polynomial time approximation algorithm as solutions. This is the first work that proposes both optimal and approximation algorithms for battery aware energy management based on voltage/frequency scaling techniques. Our experimental results show that the approximation algorithms widely outperform an existing technique. Further, for a number of realistic and synthetic benchmarks, the qualities of the solutions produced by our approximation techniques are much better than the required quality bounds imposed by the designer.