cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decoding individual differences in STEM learning from functional MRI data

Traditional tests of concept knowledge generate scores to assess how well a learner understands a concept. Here, we investigated whether patterns of brain activity collected during a concept knowledge task could be used to compute a neural ‘score’ to complement traditional scores of an individual’s conceptual understanding. Using a novel data-driven multivariate neuroimaging approach—informational network analysis—we successfully derived a neural score from patterns of activity across the brain that predicted individual differences in multiple concept knowledge tasks in the physics and engineering domain. These tasks include an fMRI paradigm, as well as two other previously validated concept inventories. The informational network score outperformed alternative neural scores computed using data-driven neuroimaging methods, including multivariate representational similarity analysis. This technique could be applied to quantify concept knowledge in a wide range of domains, including classroom-based education research, machine learning, and other areas of cognitive science.
Differential estrogen-receptor activation regulates extracellular matrix deposition in human airway smooth muscle remodeling via NF-κB pathway.

Altered airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in airways are characteristic features of remodeling in asthma. Increased ECM production modulates ASM cell prolife...
Chapter Twenty-Three – Adenovirus

This chapter discusses Adenovirus, basic microbiology, natural history of the organism, clinical features and epidemiology of waterborne outbreaks, including transmission, distribution in the environment, removal by treatment and waterborne outbreaks. Tables summarizing the occurrence of adenoviruses in sewage, surface and ground water and drinking water are presented. Adenoviruses infect the respiratory tract, the eye and the gastrointestinal tract. Asymptomatic infections are common and shedding of virus from pharynx and gut may be prolonged. The respiratory illness caused by adenoviruses is often associated with pharyngitis, fever, cough and cold-like symptoms. The role of Adenovirus in outbreaks from drinking water remains unclear, as other pathogens have been isolated from outbreak-related drinking water samples found to contain Adenovirus. Routes of exposure include direct, aerosolization and ingestion. The main route of exposure for enteric adenovirus infection is most likely faecal–oral. Limited data that are available suggest that adenoviruses are inactivated by free chlorine and are more resistant to the action of UV light than other enteric viruses.
l-Arginine sensing regulates virulence gene expression and disease progression in enteric pathogens

Microbiota, host and dietary metabolites/signals compose the rich gut chemical environment, which profoundly impacts virulence of enteric pathogens. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) engages a syringe-like machinery named type-III secretion system (T3SS) to inject effectors within host cells that lead to intestinal colonization and disease. We previously conducted a high-throughput screen to identify metabolic pathways that affect T3SS expression. Here we show that in the presence of arginine, the arginine sensor ArgR, identified through this screen, directly activates expression of the genes encoding the T3SS. Exogenously added arginine induces EHEC virulence gene expression in vitro. Congruently, a mutant deficient in arginine transport (ΔartP) had decreased virulence gene expression. ArgR also augments murine disease caused by Citrobacter rodentium, which is a murine pathogen extensively employed as a surrogate animal model for EHEC. The source of arginine sensed by C. rodentium is not dietary. At the peak of C. rodentium infection, increased arginine concentration in the colon correlated with down-regulation of the host SLC7A2 transporter. This increase in the concentration of colonic arginine promotes virulence gene expression in C. rodentium Arginine is an important modulator of the host immune response to pathogens. Here we add that arginine also directly impacts bacterial virulence. These findings suggest that a delicate balance between host and pathogen responses to arginine occur during disease progression.
Analysis of surveillance results on iodine deficiency disorders in Haining City of Zhejiang Province from 2009 to 2014

Objective To evaluate the effects of preventive and control measures on iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Hanning City in 2009-2014, we investigated the status of iodine nutrition level and IDD. Methods The wholesale salt was sampled irregularly for salt iodine test yearly in Haining City, Zhejiang Province. In the investigation, a random sampling was carried out as following: in 2009-2011, 2 towns were selected from each of the east, west, south, north areas of the city, 1 town was selected from the middle area of the city, 4 villages were selected from each town, and edible salt samples were collected in 8 households from each village. However, in the year of 2012-2014, only 1 town was selected from 5 areas (east, west, south, north, middle) of the city, still 4 villages were selected from each town, and then edible salt samples were collected in 15 households from each village. A central primary school was selected in each sampled town, at least 40 students aged 8-10 years old were selected for detection of thyroid volume, and at least 20 of these students' instant urine samples were collected for detecting urinary iodine. Salt iodine was tested using direct titration method, thyroid volume was measured by palpation method; urinary iodine was tested using arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. Results A total of 339 wholesale salt samples were tested, the median of salt iodine was 25.08-32.64 mg/kg in 2009-2013, and all the sampled wholesale salt samples were found to be qualified. A total of 1 764 household salt samples were collected in 2009-2014, the median of salt iodine was 23.40-28.15 mg/kg, and the consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were all higher than 90% each year. Monitoring results of 1 241 children aged 8-10 years old showed the goiter rates were all equal or lower than 2%, urinary iodine medians were 102.5-210.5 μg/L in 708 urine samples, the proportion of urinary iodine under 50 μg/L was less than 20%, while the urinary iodine proportion in appropriate level in 100-< 200 μg/L rose significantly over the last two years. Conclusions Measures with iodized salt as the principal way have good effects in Haining. However, the government needs to strengthen the regulation of salt industry market in the future to prevent unqualified salt come into the market. Key words: Iodine; Salts; Monitoring; Child
Loss of Uncoupling Protein 3 Attenuates Western Diet–Induced Obesity, Systemic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance in Rats

Objective Uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) is a mitochondrial carrier related to fatty acid metabolism. Although gene variants of UCP3 are associated with human obesity, their contribution to increased adiposity remains unclear. This study investigated the impact that loss of UCP3 has on diet-induced obesity in rats. Methods Male UCP3 knockout rats (ucp3-/- ) and wild-type littermates (ucp3+/+ ) were fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate Western diet for 21 weeks. Body composition was analyzed by EchoMRI. Whole-body insulin sensitivity and rates of tissue glucose uptake were determined by using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Changes in tissue physiology were interrogated by microscopy and RNA sequencing. Results Loss of UCP3 decreased fat mass gain, white adipocytes size, and systemic inflammation. The ucp3-/- rats also exhibited preserved insulin sensitivity and increased glucose uptake in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT). Brown adipocytes from ucp3-/- rats were protected from cellular degeneration caused by lipid accumulation and from reactive oxygen species-induced protein sulfonation. Increased glutathione levels in iBAT from ucp3-/- rats were linked to upregulation of genes encoding enzymes from the transsulfuration pathway in that tissue. Conclusions Loss of UCP3 partially protects rats from diet-induced obesity. This phenotype is related to induction of a compensatory antioxidant mechanism and prevention of iBAT whitening.
Sedation and Analgesia in Brain-Injured Children

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children is one of the most common reasons for PICU admission. The understanding of the pathophysiology and the pharmacological management of intracranial hypertension is critical to good outcomes. Focus is on prevention of secondary brain injury by careful use of sedation, paralysis, and pharmacological coma. Management of seizures and reduction of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygenation are important components of TBI management in the PICU.
Medical management of children with type 1 diabetes on low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diets.

Objectives Low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diets are becoming increasingly popular choices for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) aiming to achieve optimal glycemic control. A carbohydrate-restricted diet in children has been associated with negative health effects including poor linear growth and inadequate bone mineralization. Guidelines for monitoring children and adolescents choosing to follow a carbohydrate-restricted diet do not exist. We aimed to create a clinical protocol outlining how to clinically and biochemically follow patients choosing a carbohydrate-restricted diet with the goal of medical safety. Methods An interdisciplinary committee was formed and reviewed current consensus guidelines for pediatric patients on carbohydrate-restricted diets for epilepsy and metabolic disorders. A literature search was done to determine management strategies for children with T1D on a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet. Key health parameters that require monitoring were identified: growth, glycemic control, bone health, cardiometabolic health, and nutritional status. These health outcomes were used to develop a protocol for monitoring children on carbohydrate-restricted diets. Results A one-page protocol for medical providers and educational materials for families interested in following a low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diet were developed and successfully implemented into clinical care. Conclusion Implementing a protocol for children on carbohydrate-restricted diets in clinic allows medical providers to ensure medical safety while being open to discussing a family's dietary preferences. Following children in the protocol over time will lead to informed clinical guidelines for patients with T1D who choose to follow a carbohydrate-restricted diet.
Auxin Plays Multiple Roles during Plant–Pathogen Interactions

The plant hormone auxin governs many aspects of normal plant growth and development. Auxin also plays an important role in plant-microbe interactions, including interactions between plant hosts and pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease. It is now well established that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most well-studied form of auxin, promotes disease in many plant-pathogen interactions. Recent studies have shown that IAA can act both as a plant hormone that modulates host signaling and physiology to increase host susceptibility and as a microbial signal that directly impacts the pathogen to promote virulence, but large gaps in our understanding remain. In this article, we review recent studies on the roles that auxin plays during plant-pathogen interactions and discuss the virulence mechanisms that many plant pathogens have evolved to manipulate host auxin signaling and promote pathogenesis.
Approaching Strategic Planning

Principles of strategic planning borrowed from the literature of business administration can be applied in the field of radiation oncology at the level of the professional society, academic department, and individual career development. Successful implementation of a strategic plan within an organization calls for awareness of the culture and working environment of the organization. The development of novel technologies can occasionally disrupt the direction of an entire industry. Mentors and sponsors who advise and promote junior faculty members’ interests can be vitally important for mapping our individual academic career success.
A zebrafish model for calcineurin-dependent brain function.

Abstract Small-molecule modulators of calcineurin signaling have been proposed as potential therapeutics in Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. Models predict that in Down syndrome, suppressed calcineurin-NFAT signaling may be mitigated by proINDY, which activates NFAT, the nuclear factor of activated T-cells. Conversely, elevated calcineurin signaling in Alzheimer’s disease may be suppressed with the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Such small-molecule treatments may have both beneficial and adverse effects. The current study examines the effects of proINDY, cyclosporine and tacrolimus on behavior, using zebrafish larvae as a model system. To suppress calcineurin signaling, larvae were treated with cyclosporine and tacrolimus. We found that these calcineurin inhibitors induced hyperactivity, suppressed visually-guided behaviors, acoustic hyperexcitability and reduced habituation to acoustic stimuli. To activate calcineurin-NFAT signaling, larvae were treated with proINDY. ProINDY treatment reduced activity and stimulated visually-guided behaviors, opposite to the behavioral changes induced by calcineurin inhibitors. The opposing effects suggest that activity and visually-guided behaviors are regulated by the calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway. A central role of calcineurin-NFAT signaling is further supported by co-treatments of calcineurin inhibitors and proINDY, which had therapeutic effects on activity and visually-guided behaviors. However, these co-treatments adversely increased excitability, suggesting that some behaviors are regulated by other calcineurin signaling pathways. Overall, the developed methodologies provide an efficient high-throughput platform for the evaluation of modulators of calcineurin signaling that restore neural function, while avoiding adverse side effects, in a complex neural system.
Precision-porous polyurethane elastomers engineered for application in pro-healing vascular grafts: Synthesis, fabrication and detailed biocompatibility assessment.

Abstract Unmet needs for small diameter, non-biologic vascular grafts and the less-than-ideal performance of medium diameter grafts suggest opportunities for major improvements. Biomaterials that are mechanically matched to native blood vessels , reduce the foreign body capsule (FBC) and demonstrate improved integration and healing are expected to improve graft performance. In this study, we developed biostable, crosslinked polyurethane formulations and used them to fabricate scaffolds with precision-engineered 40 μm pores. We matched the scaffold mechanical properties with those of native blood vessels by optimizing the polyurethane compositions. We hypothesized that such scaffolds promote healing and mitigate the FBC. To test our hypothesis, polyurethanes with 40 μm pores, 100 μm pores, and non-porous slabs were implanted subcutaneously in mice for 3 weeks, and then were examined histologically. Our results show that 40 μm porous scaffolds elicit the highest level of angiogenesis , cellularization , and the least severe foreign body capsule (based on a refined assessment method). This study presents the first biomaterial with tuned mechanical properties and a precision engineered porous structure optimized for healing, thus can be ideal for pro-healing vascular grafts and in situ vascular engineering. In addition, these scaffolds may have wide applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and implantable device .
Dropout as a Regularizer of Interaction Effects.

We examine Dropout through the perspective of interactions. This view provides a symmetry to explain Dropout: given $N$ variables, there are ${N \choose k}$ possible sets of $k$ variables to form an interaction (i.e. $\mathcal{O}(N^k)$); conversely, the probability an interaction of $k$ variables survives Dropout at rate $p$ is $(1-p)^k$ (decaying with $k$). These rates effectively cancel, and so Dropout regularizes against higher-order interactions. We prove this perspective analytically and empirically. This perspective of Dropout as a regularizer against interaction effects has several practical implications: (1) higher Dropout rates should be used when we need stronger regularization against spurious high-order interactions, (2) caution should be exercised when interpreting Dropout-based explanations and uncertainty measures, and (3) networks trained with Input Dropout are biased estimators. We also compare Dropout to other regularizers and find that it is difficult to obtain the same selective pressure against high-order interactions.
Impact of PSMA Targeted Gold Nanoparticles on Prostate Cancer Radiation Bystander Effect.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are effective radiosensitizers due to their ability to enhance ionizing radiation absorptance and deposit elevated dose in their vicinity. Radiation induced bystander effect (RIBE) expands radiation effects to non-targeted cells close to radiation-targeted cells, further improving radiation outcome. In this study, we investigated the impact of PSMA-targeted GNPs on RIBE. We hypothesize that the PSMA-targeted GNPs would intensify radiation effects by augmenting RIBE consequence as well as enhancing sensitivity of bystander cells to RIBE. MATERIALS/METHODS Anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) antibodies were conjugated onto PE Gylated GNPs through EDC/NHS chemistry. UV-Vis spectrophotometry and real time cell analysis were employed to evaluate the cellular uptake and biocompatibility, respectively, when LNCaP prostate cancer cells were treated with PSMA-targeted GNPs at varying concentrations. Then GNPs with biocompatible dosage were used for cancer cell treatments. The media transfer technique was performed to induce the RIBE effects on bystander cells. First, LNCaP cells pretreated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or GNPs for 24hrs were irradiated with 160kvP X-rays at varying doses (0∼8 Gy). The culture media from irradiated cells were collected and filtered (sterile 0.2µm polyethersulfone) to acquire PBS conditioned media (PBS-CM) and GNP conditioned media (GNP-CM). Then, the collected PBS-/GNP-CMs were transferred to non-irradiated LNCaP cells with/without GNPs for 24hrs to investigate RIBE effect. The final GNP-induced RIBE was evaluated via MTT cellular viability assay, clonogenic assay, γ-H2AX assay, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) assessment through 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining. RESULTS PSMA-targeted GNPs showed minimal cytotoxicity in LNCaP cells up to 1mg/mL concentrations. Cellar uptake analysis demonstrated that GNPs were bound to cells within 30 mins, with maximum uptake at 250µg/mL. Compared to 2 Gy PBS-CM, 8 Gy PBS-CM demonstrated much higher RIBE response on the non-irradiated cells, showing the dose dependent RIBE in LNCaP cells. Compared to PBS-CM, GNP-CM exhibited much higher cell death in MTT assay, as well as demonstrated RIBE enhancement in γ-H2AX (133%) and clonogenic assays (120%) analysis. Moreover, GNP-CM showed elevated ROS expression (125%) than PBS-CM. In the presence of PBS-CM, the non-irradiated cells with GNPs showed increased cell death compared to that without GNPs, indicating that GNP would enhance the sensitivity of bystander cells to RIBE. This sensitivity enhancement ratio was also validated in γ-H2AX (120%) and clonogenic assays (120%). CONCLUSION PSMA directed GNPs were associated with physical dose enhancement along with the enhanced RIBE, playing a critical role in increasing the overall radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells. Our results also showed that PSMA-targeted GNPs enhanced the sensitivity of bystander cells to RIBE.
The theology of the Gospel of John

D. Moody Smith treats the theology of the Gospel of John in its narrative form and historical context, both ancient Jewish and early Christian. His work draws upon the most recent scholarly investigations of the Gospel's historical purpose and setting. The major theological themes of the Gospel, especially its christology, are treated in relation to the context of the work, since Johannine theology is not simply a by-product of controversies that produced the Gospel, but is rather related to them in significant ways. As Professor Smith shows, John marks an important watershed between Christianity and Judaism. His study will thus serve equally well as an introduction to the question of the origin of John and as an introduction to its theology. It also consistently pays attention to the relationship of the Gospel to other major New Testament witnesses as well as to its important influence upon the development of later Christian doctrine.
Kv1 channels selectively prevent dendritic hyperexcitability in rat Purkinje cells

Purkinje cells, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex, encode the timing signals required for motor coordination in their firing rate and activity pattern. Dendrites of Purkinje cells express a high density of P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels and fire dendritic calcium spikes. Here we show that dendritic subthreshold Kv1.2 subunit-containing Kv1 potassium channels prevent generation of random spontaneous calcium spikes. With Kv1 channels blocked, dendritic calcium spikes drive bursts of somatic sodium spikes and prevent the cell from faithfully encoding motor timing signals. The selective dendritic function of Kv1 channels in Purkinje cells allows them to effectively suppress dendritic hyperexcitability without hindering the generation of somatic action potentials. Further, we show that Kv1 channels also contribute to dendritic integration of parallel fibre synaptic input. Kv1 channels are often targeted to soma and axon and the data presented support a major dendritic function for these channels.
Fractionation of Limulus amebocyte lysate. Characterization of activation of the proclotting enzyme by an endotoxin-mediated activator.

Abstract Limulus amebocyte lysate was fractionated by heparin-Sepharose chromatography into four components (fractions A, B, C and D). Major coagulation factors, i.e., proclotting enzyme, coagulogen, and proclotting enzyme activating factor precursor (proactivator) in the lysate were eluted, respectively, in fraction A, fraction B and fraction C. Clotting enzyme activity was detected only following recombination of fraction A and fraction C in the presence of endotoxin. The conversion of proactivator to its active form (activator) was an endotoxin-dependent reaction and was inhibited by polymyxin B. Either proactivator is an endotoxin-sensitive factor or another endotoxin-sensitive factor, which activates proactivator, is present in fraction C. Optimal pH for proclotting enzyme activation by activator was broad and ranged from pH 6.0 to 8.0, while that for the endotoxin-mediated activation of proactivator was pH 7.0. No initial latent period was observed during activation of the proactivator or proenzyme. The activator was inhibited by benzamidine, leupeptin, soybean trypsin inhibitor and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, suggesting that the activator is a trypsin-type serine protease. Trypsin, but not thrombin, urokinase, plasmin, papain or α-chymotrypsin activated the proclotting enzyme. Therefore, limited proteolysis, i.e., of an arginyl- or lysyl-X bond(s), of the proenzyme molecule is probably involved in its activation.
Perfluorocarbon Vapor Ventilation Prevents Seconday Lung Injury due to Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion • 200

Perfluorocarbon Vapor Ventilation Prevents Seconday Lung Injury due to Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion • 200
Resisting Urban Spectacle: The 1984 Louisiana World Exposition and the Contradictions of Mega Events:

This paper examines the planning and staging of the 1984 Louisiana Exposition, the last world’s fair in the United States, and makes comparisons with other US world’s fairs, to provide insight into the sources of opposition and resistance to urban spectacles. Drawing on the work of Guy Debord and his concept of the ‘society of the spectacle’, this paper advances a conception of mega events as spectacles of contestation that embody contradictory tendencies and articulate conflictual and opposing meanings of urban space and reality. Rather than obscuring and camouflaging urban problems, mega events like world’s fairs express social inequalities and display highly contradictory urban representations that can spawn resistant agendas, complicate elite redevelopment agendas and divide pro-growth coalitions. Through a critical interrogation of the Debordian concept of spectacle, the analysis in this paper suggests a new theory of mega events as sites of struggle and articulators of political dissent, a conception that helps to explain the increasing international opposition and protest against the Olympics and the mega-event strategy.
AC systems session summary

The sixth and final session of the Sixth Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference consisted of four papers which illustrated well the breadth of concerns which engage engineers charged with the design of electronic power processing equipment. The first paper by L. L. Ogborn presents a new SCR inverter configuration which permits the injection of power from an auxiliary energy source, such as solar cells, into a standard 60 Hz utility system. The motivation for such a system is to avail one's self of locally-available but less-dependable energy sources, thereby effecting economies and reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. The second paper by J. M. Hudak presents some ideas and electronic circuits that are useful in protecting electrical power systems from undesirable overload and under-load conditions. The third paper by T. J. Hart is concerned with the level of acoustic noise generated by molybdenum permalloy powder cores used in dc-to-dc converters applications. A model is presented for the magnetostrictive effects which are the principal contributor to the acoustic output. The fourth paper was in the form of a late-news oral presentation by D. F. Partridge on the evaluation of a series of new concepts and improved SCR commutation circuits. The latter paper is not included in the published proceedings.
Fatal Disseminated Fusarium Infection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive Patient

Systemic mycotic infections have been increasing in incidence in immunocompromised patients. Although yeasts are most often isolated, opportunistic fungal infections may also be caused by filamentous fungi, including Aspergillus and Fusarium. Like Aspergillus, Fusarium is angioinvasive with an ability to disseminate widely. Disseminated fusariosis is most commonly linked to prolonged neutropenia. Disseminated infections due to Fusarium are rare in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive patients but have been reported in HIV positive patients with neutropenia and lymphoma. We describe an HIV positive patient without neutropenia, skin lesions, or concomitant malignancy, who developed fatal disseminated infection with possible endocarditis due to Fusarium solani. Early identification of Fusarium is important because of its high level of resistance to several antifungal drugs, with response often requiring combination therapy.
The effect of Hurricane Katrina on nekton communities in the tidal freshwater marshes of Breton Sound, Louisiana, USA

Hurricanes are climatically-induced resource pulses that affect community structure through the combination of physical and chemical habitat change. Estuaries are susceptible to hurricane pulses and are thought to be resilient to habitat change, because biotic communities often return quickly to pre-hurricane conditions. Although several examples provide evidence of quick recovery of estuarine nekton communities following a hurricane, few studies take place in tidal freshwater habitat where physical habitat effects can be extensive and may not be readily mitigated. We examined nekton communities (density, biomass, α and β diversity, % occurrence by residence status) in tidal freshwater marshes in Breton Sound, Louisiana, before and after a direct hit by Hurricane Katrina (2005). Vegetative marsh loss in the study area was extensive, and elevated salinity persisted for almost 6 months. Post-Katrina nekton density and biomass increased significantly, and the nekton community shifted from one of tidal freshwater/resident species to one containing brackish/migrant species, many of which are characterized by pelagic and benthic life history strategies. By spring 2007, the nekton community had shifted back to tidal freshwater/resident species, despite the enduring loss of vegetated marsh habitat.
Assessment of Precision of Circular Track Meter and Dynamic Friction Tester

As part of the evaluation of the potential use of the international friction index as the standard for the reporting of friction measurements, the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) conducted an assessment of the precision of the dynamic friction tester (DFT) and circular track meter (CTM) test methods. The FDOT CTM equipment and DFT equipment were compared with similar portable equipment owned and operated by the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) in an attempt to quantify both the repeatability and the reproducibility of the test data obtained. The FDOT portable equipment was mobilized to Auburn, Alabama, for side-by-side testing with the NCAT equipment. This paper summarizes the results of an assessment of the precision of the DFT and CTM equipment on 10 different test surfaces at the NCAT Pavement Test Track. Tests with DFT and CTM were performed at five different locations within each of the 10 different test sections by using both NCAT and FDOT equipment. On the basis of the results of this comparison testing, proposed precision statements are presented for both the repeatability and the reproducibility of the data for the respective pieces of equipment. Correlation relationships are also presented for the portable equipment and the full-scale equipment currently used by FDOT and others.
The thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities of some Tetra-μ-carboxylatodirhodium(II) adducts

Abstract The stability constants and forward and reverse rate constants have been determined for adduct formation reactions involving tetra-μ-acetato, tetra-μ-propionate and tetrakis-μ-methoxyacetatodirhodium(II) with the ligands pyridine, picolinic acid, niacin and isonicotinic acid. The experimentally observed stability trend is isonicotinic acid > pyridine ⋍ niacin ⪢ picolinic acid. It appears that the π bonding ability of the ligands determines the order of stability of these adducts. The variation of the stabilities of the adducts formed from different tetra-μ-carbox-ybtodlrhodium(II) complexes and a given ligand is related to an inductive effect as well as the lipophylic nature of the carboxylate side chain. The more hydropholic character of the propionate species apparently exerts a desolvating effect at the two axial positions resulting in a more rapid ligand exchange.
Arrangement of four photodetectors for measuring the state of polarization of light

A new photopolarimeter for the simultaneous measurement of all four Stokes parameters of light is described. The light beam, whose state of polarization is to be determined, strikes at oblique incidence three photodetector surfaces in succession, each of which is partially specularly reflecting and each of which generates an electrical signal proportional to the fraction of the radiation that it absorbs. A fourth photodetector captures the remainder of the light. The four outputs thus developed form a 4 x 1 signal vector I, which is linearly related, I = AS, to the input Stokes vector S. Consequently, S is obtained by S = A(-1)I. The 4 x 4 instrument matrix A must be nonsingular, and this requires that the light beam not remain in one plane. For a given arrangement of four detectors, A can be either computed or determined by calibration. The advantages of this polarimeter are enumerated.
Body image and weight changes in a multisite comprehensive very-low-calorie diet program

Substantial evidence points to the negative body-image experiences of obese persons. Limited evidence suggests that after successful weight loss a “vestigial” negative body image may be retained. This prospective investigation repeatedly assessed obese participants' weight and body images over the course of a comprehensive VLCD program. Of an initial sample of 88 female subjects, 36 were available for post-reduction assessments and 20 for maintenance assessments. VLCD completers reduced their weight by 24% and displayed marked improvements in most aspects of body image. A modest weight increase during maintenance partially, albeit significantly, diminished some body-image gains. Systematic analyses of attrition implicated several body-image variables as predictors of attrition independent of the extent of weight loss, including poor fitness-related attitudes and less prominent gains in body image. A revised perspective on the phenomenon of vestigial body image is offered. The potential value of cognitive-behavioral body-image therapy for obese persons is discussed.
High Apparent Dielectric Constants in the Interior of a Protein Reflect Water Penetration

A glutamic acid was buried in the hydrophobic core of staphylococcal nuclease by replacement of Val-66. Its pK(a) was measured with equilibrium thermodynamic methods. It was 4.3 units higher than the pK(a) of Glu in water. This increase was comparable to the DeltapK(a) of 4.9 units measured previously for a lysine buried at the same location. According to the Born formalism these DeltapK(a) are energetically equivalent to the transfer of a charged group from water to a medium of dielectric constant of 12. In contrast, the static dielectric constants of dry protein powders range from 2 to 4. In the crystallographic structure of the V66E mutant, a chain of water molecules was seen that hydrates the buried Glu-66 and links it with bulk solvent. The buried water molecules have never previously been detected in >20 structures of nuclease. The structure and the measured energetics constitute compelling and unprecedented experimental evidence that solvent penetration can contribute significantly to the high apparent polarizability inside proteins. To improve structure-based calculations of electrostatic effects with continuum methods, it will be necessary to learn to account quantitatively for the contributions by solvent penetration to dielectric effects in the protein interior.
Initial numerical studies of the behaviour of Z-pinch plasma under liner implosion conditions

The principle of achieving thermonuclear temperatures by compression of a z-pinch plasma with a solid liner is demonstrated by one- and two-dimensional numerical calculations of the behaviour of the plasma under liner implosion conditions. The magnetohydrodynamic plasma model used includes radiation, thermal conduction, and resistive diffusion. The magnetohydrodynamic partial differential equations are solved by a computer code employing implicit finite-difference methods. The liner is represented by a moving, rigid wall, and the entire Eulerian finite-difference mesh linearly contracts as the liner moves inward. The effects of end losses and unstable boundary layer formation are demonstrated. The plasma is shown to behave significantly non-adiabatically, although some plasma is nearly adiabatically compressed. For an assumed initial plasma/magnetic-field configuration and an assumed liner velocity of 1 cm μs−1, plasma of 1018 cm−3 and 600 eV is heated to peak temperatures of nearly 20 keV when the plasma volume is reduced by a factor of 900.
The singleton dipole

The space of solutions of the dipole equation $$(\square - \frac{5}{4}\varrho )^2 \phi (x) = 0,$$ in a 3+2 de Sitter space with curvature constant ϱ, contains a complete Gupta-Bleuler triplet, consisting of pure gauge modes, physical modes, and “scalar” or “auxiliary” modes. Indefinite metric quantization is carried out precisely as in more conventional gauge theories. The associated Lagrangian and Hamiltonian field theory formulations reveal an interesting interplay between fields on the de Sitter manifold and their boundary values at spatial infinity.
The possible role of intracellular polyamines in mitochondrial metabolic regulation

Abstract Studies were made on the effects of very low concentrations of the polyamine, spermine, on rat liver mitochondrial metabolism associated with β-hydroxybutyrate. The respiratory control ratio and the rate of respiration during ADP-ATP conversion are significantly altered with shifts in spermine concentrations of as little as 15.7 nMoles/ml within the physiological Mg++ concentration range. These spermine concentration changes are small compared to the estimated hepatic intracellular levels of spermine which have been reported to be between 200 and 1200 nMoles/gm wet weight under normal conditions. There is now evidence that exposure of an animal to certain environmental conditions induces changes of 164 nMoles/gm wet weight in intracellular levels of liver spermine in a few hours. Also there is evidence that the concentration of intracellular polyamines is influenced by endocrines since the levels of the enzymes responsible for their synthesis are markedly affected by hormonal changes. Therefore, alterations of polyamine levels may play a role in mitochondrial metabolic regulation in vivo .
A new pulse model for NaI(Tl) detection systems

Abstract A model-based digital pulse analysis method is one of the new technologies for nuclear pulse processing. To accurately process the pulse measured from the NaI(Tl) detector, a convolution model is put forward based on physics process analysis. The fitting result of this model is much better than those of existing models, which proves to be the simplified version of this new model. This convolution method can be applied to many radiation detection applications with scintillation detectors, especially for pulses deconvolution.
Translational and rotational dynamics in liquids. comparison of experiment, kinetic theory and hydrodynamics

Abstract Experimental translational and rotational diffusion data for about 30 molecules dissolved in n -hexane are compared with the predictions of slip hydrodynamics as well as the hard body kinetic theories of Enskog and Evans. The results indicate that slip hydrodynamics and Enskog theory are generally successful in quantitatively predicting both translational and rotational diffusion coefficients while Evan's generalization of Enskog theory appears to overestimate the effects of correlated collisons.
Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Method for Analysis of Mixing in Laminar Flows

We report a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) experimental method that is able to quantify dye concentration in a laminar three-dimensional flow. The geometry of interest is a stirred tank reactor agitated by three impellers. The method is employed to reveal the spatial structure of the evolving mixing patterns and its statistical properties. For chaotic flow conditions, the statistics of the passive scalar reveals a non-Gaussian concentration probability density function with an exponential tail. We find that the concentration patterns, once established, do not change with time; i.e., they are self-similar. This LIF method also provides detailed flow structures that are of importance to the study of mixing. Flow structure varies considerably as a function of Reynolds number (Re). However, we find that the mixing patterns are structurally invariant and they slowly decay as a result of a nonequilibrium state between stretching and diffusion.
In vivo effects of mammalian thyrocalcitonin on bone growth and alkaline phosphatase activity in the chick embryo.

Abstract o 1. The influence of chronic procine thyrocalcitonin treatment on skeletal development in the avian embryo has been investigated in vivo . 2. Daily hormone injections, of two dose levels, were initiated on day 7·5 of incubation, and embryos were sacrificed on day 12·5, 14·5, 16·5 and 20·5. 3. Gross parameters of femur growth, i.e. linear dimensions and bone weights, were examined, as well as bone alkaline phosphatase activities. 4. Following chronic calcitonin administration, bone lengths and weights were significantly increased at all developmental intervals studied. 5. Simultaneously, a significant elevation of enzyme activity was noted in both femoral diaphyses and epiphyses. 6. The greater change in bone weight and bone shaft enzyme activity, than in bone length and epiphyseal enzyme activity, may indicate that calcitonin has a more pronounced effect on ossification than on chondrogenesis in development. 7. High dose levels of calcitonin suppressed bone growth and alkaline phosphatase activities, possibly due to an embryonic secondary hyperparathyroidism.
As raízes de uma planta que hoje é o Brasil: os índios e o Estado-Nação na era Vargas

This article looks at the construction of the Indian by government off i c i a l s and intellectuals during the Estado Novo (1937-45), and the efforts of indigenous peoples to engage these images. State officials ‐ concerned with national consolidation, territorial defense, and racial pedigree ‐ upheld the Indian as na icon who had made invaluable contributions to Brazilian historical and cultural formation. The proto-patriot, however, could only be fully redeemed through government tutelage. Confronted by na ambiguos state project, indigenous groups demons
Lobe-dependent Regulation of Ryanodine Receptor Type 1 by Calmodulin

Abstract Calmodulin activates the skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel RYR1 at nmCa2+ concentrations and inhibits the channel at μm Ca2+ concentrations. Using a deletion mutant of calmodulin, we demonstrate that amino acids 2–8 are required for high affinity binding of calmodulin to RYR1 at both nmand μm Ca2+ concentrations and are required for maximum inhibition of the channel at μmCa2+ concentrations. In contrast, the addition of three amino acids to the N terminus of calmodulin increased the affinity for RYR1 at both nm and μm Ca2+concentrations, but destroyed its functional effects on RYR1 at nm Ca2+. Using both full-length RYR1 and synthetic peptides, we demonstrate that the calmodulin-binding site on RYR1 is likely to be noncontiguous, with the C-terminal lobe of both apocalmodulin and Ca2+-calmodulin binding to amino acids between positions 3614 and 3643 and the N-terminal lobe binding at sites that are not proximal in the primary sequence. Ca2+binding to the C-terminal lobe of calmodulin converted it from an activator to an inhibitor, but an interaction with the N-terminal lobe was required for a maximum effect on RYR1. This interaction apparently depends on the native sequence or structure of the first few amino acids at the N terminus of calmodulin.
A Chebyshev polynomial interval-searching method (“Lanczos economization”) for solving a nonlinear equation with application to the nonlinear eigenvalue problem

To search a given real interval for roots, our algorithm is to replace f(λ) by fN(λ), its N-term Chebyshev expansion on the search interval λ ∈ [λmin, λmax], and compute the roots of this proxy. This strategy is efficient if and only if f(λ) itself is expensive to evaluation, such as when f(λ) is the determinant of a large matrix whose elements depend nonlinearly on λ. For such expensive functions, it is much cheaper to search for zeros of fN(λ), which can be evaluated in O(N) operations, than to iterate or look for sign changes on a fine grid with f(λ) itself. It is possible to systematically increase N until the Chebyshev series converges acceptably fast, without wasting previously computed values of f(λ) , by imitating the Clenshaw-Curtis quadrature. Our strategy of replacing f(λ) by fN(λ) is similar to Lanczos economization of power series, which also replaces an expensive function by a Chebyshev approximation that is more rapidly evaluated. The errors induced by the Chebyshev approximation can be eliminated by a final step of one or two iterations with f(λ) itself, using the zeros of fN(λ) as initial guesses. We show through numerical examples that the algorithm works well. The only sour note is that it is sometimes necessary to split the search interval into subintervals, each with a separate Chebyshev expansion, when f(λ) varies by many orders of magnitude on the search interval.
Comparison of laboratory rates of predation of five species of marine fish larvae by three planktonic invertebrates: effects of larval size on vulnerability

Rates of predation by the invertebrates Aurelia aurita, Thysanoessa raschi and Euchaeta norvegica on larval stages of cod (Gadus morhua L.), flunder (Platichthys flesus L.), plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.), herring (Clupea harengus L.), and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) were determined. Experiments were conducted in late winter and early spring 1982 with predators collected in Loch Etive, Scotland and prey obtained from several locations in Great Britain. Early stages of the smallest species, cod, flounder and turbot, tended to be most vulnerable to all three predators, while the early stages of the larger species, plaice and herring, and older stages of all species, were less vulnerable. For all stages and species of larvae, predation rates by the three predators were most closely related to larval length and escape swimming speed. Larval length itself was closely correlated to indices of larval escape ability. Low predation rates on large larvae by E. norvegica could be due to handling difficulties, whereas for A. aurita and T. raschi these low rates were due to escape abilities of the larger larvae. Prey movement is an important stimulus eliciting predation in E. norvegica but not in A. aurita or T. raschi.
Mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, mycotoxicology and Mycopathologia

Mycotoxins are fungal poisons. This definition does not stipulate whether fungi are the targets of poisoning or are the producers of the poisons. The following is suggested as a useful working definition: Mycotoxins are natural products produced by fungi that evoke a toxic response when introduced in low concentration to higher vertebrates and other animals by a natural route. Some mycotoxins have multiple effects, and may cause phytotoxic and antimicrobial syndromes in addition to animal toxicity. By convention, mushroom and yeast poisons are usually excluded from discussions of mycotoxins. The eclectic nature of the discipline and the international scope of the problem has attracted scientists from many different backgrounds. The publishers and editors of Mycopathologia intend for this journal to become a major forum for mycotoxin research.
Care of the Adult Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivor

Of those individuals diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma, 85% will survive and may be affected by residual effects of their cancer and its therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation). Hodgkin lymphoma survivors are at risk of developing secondary malignancies, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, thyroid disease, infertility, premature menopause, chronic fatigue, and psychosocial issues. These conditions usually have a long latency and therefore present years or decades after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment, when the patient's care is being managed by a primary care provider. This review summarizes these unique potential medical and psychologic sequelae of Hodgkin lymphoma, and provides screening and management recommendations.