cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent object-oriented real-times systems research

This research investigates how to build real-time systems using a concurrent object-oriented programming language based on the actor model [Agha86]. The close parallels between the characteristics of concurrent object oriented languages and real-time systems motivates this investigation. Successful use of the actor model in closely related problem domains [Bake78, Barr87, Atha87, Yone87, Dela88] also suggests that this a fruitful line of inquiry. The research is composed of three interrelated projects:• designing a concurrent object-oriented programming language, named ACT++, for real-time system applications.• using ACT++ in representative real-time applications.• constructing a distributed real-time kernel, named REACT, to support the execution of ACT++ applications.The language and the kernel are distinctive because they (1) use fine-medium grained concurrency, termed ultralight processes, (2) support the combination of inheritance with the actor model of computation, and (3) are based on automatic, distributed, incremental real-time garbage collection of concurrent objects - removing error-prone management concerns from developers and unifying process (time) and memory management. An extended "white paper" describing these projects is available from the author on request.
The variability of population densities

The variability of population densities over time (henceforth called population variability) is one of several meanings of ecological stability1. Here we show that estimates of the variability of population densities increase as we increase the number of years included in their calculation. This result appears for the majority of populations surveyed and over almost all the time intervals over which we calculate the variability. This result has implications for the debate over whether populations have an equilibrium.
Investigations of anthralin free radicals in model systems and in skin of hairless mice

The antipsoriatic compound anthralin (1.8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone) is converted in skin into several oxidized products, including persistent free radicals that are not well characterized. Anthralin oxidation was investigated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy in a biological system and in a chemical system. Free radical formation in the skin of hairless mice is reduced by the antioxidant tocopherol. The data indicate that tocopherol acts by interfering with free radical formation rather than by scavenging persistent anthralin radicals directly. The skin radicals do not correspond to 10-anthranyl, the initial paramagnetic anthralin oxidation product. Similar radicals obtained in skin are formed by anthralin exposed to ultraviolet light or alkaline solution and by mitochondria and microsomes. The pertinent skin radical is attributed to products derived from anthralin dark structures, the final oxidation products of anthralin. It is suggested that resonance stabilized, paramagnetic polycyclic hydrocarbons are the compounds detected. Their stability and low reactivity indicate a low potential for cutaneous irritation and tumor promotion. Reactive oxygen species, which have been reported to be formed concomitantly during oxidation of anthralin, and the initially formed highly reactive 10-anthranyl radical are more potent candidates for mediating tumor promotion and inflammation.
Endocrine Function in Nineteen Patients with Empty Sella Syndrome

Endocrine studies have been performed on 19 patients with the “empty sella” syndrome. Although none manifested hormonal deficits clinically, abnormal pituitary function was demonstrated in 11 of these individuals. A decreased response of plasma growth hormone to insulin induced hypoglycemia was present in eight of 13 patients. Plasma luteinizing hormone was low in five of 11 patients, but plasma folliclestimulating hormone was normal in all 11. In patients with this syndrome, abnormal pituitary function, when present, may result from the pulsatile pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid acting on the gland in an enlarged intrasellar extension of the subarachnoid space.
Effect of prolonged illumination (phototherapy) on the concentration of TSH and T 4 in human neonates

Phototherapy (Ph) used as a therapeutic tool in the newborn, may constitute a model of functional pinealectomy. With this assumption we have been searching for changes in pituitary function in newborns undergoing Ph. We have found that Ph in the newborn alters LH (Science 199:1229, 1978) and FSH levels (ESPE 1978) while prolactin is not significantly affected. In this report we present our findings on serum TSH and T4 values in newborns receiving Ph and in controls (C). T4 is significantly lower in Ph newborns than in C during Ph and up to the 12th day post-phototherapy (p<0.02). TSH values do not increase in response to the decrease in T4 concentration, possibly indicating a central effect of Ph. However other mechanisms may also be responsible for these hormonal alterations.
Risks and Benefits of Antihypertensive Medications in Older Adults

To the Editor The recent observational study by Tinetti et al 1 reported that treatment with antihypertensive medications is associated with an increased risk of serious fall injuries among community-living older adults with a mean age of 80 years. One reason for this study was to examine a population that may be less healthy than those enrolled in clinical trials and who may have had a higher risk of serious injuries from falls. Approximately 9% of the cohort experienced a serious injury over the follow-up period, most of which were fractures. Although the mean follow-up time is not stated, the annual rate of fractures appears to have been approximately 1.5% to 2.0%. In the Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial (HYVET), among 3845 participants (mean age, 83 years) followed up for 2.1 years, the annual fracture rate was roughly similar at approximately 1.3%. 2 In HYVET, the risk of fractures was not higher in the group randomized to receive antihypertensive treatment (42 fractures) compared with the group randomized to receive placebo (60 fractures [hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.46-1.05; P = .086). In contrast to the null findings for fractures, the trial was stopped early because of a significant reduction in stroke, total mortality, and other serious cardiovascular events in the actively treated group. 3 The number of cardiovascular events (n = 331) was more than triple the number of fractures (n = 102). Likewise, the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Trial, which compared the thiazide-like diuretic chlorthalidone vs placebo, found a reduction in the risk of stroke and other serious cardiovascular events in the actively treated group, but no difference in falls and fractures. 4,5
Adult learning in free-choice, environmental settings: What makes it different?

Environmental learning in adults is a continuous, lifelong process. Institutions focused on environmental learning need to channel a portion of their effort into a better understanding of how people learn.
Dynamic adaptive parallel architecture integrates advanced technologies for petaflops-scale computing

Teraflops-scale computing systems are becoming available to an increasingly broad range of users as the performance of the constituent processing elements increases and their relative cost (e.g. per Mflops) decreases. To the original DOE ASCI Red machine has been added the ASCI Blue systems and additional 1 Teraflops commercial systems at key national centers. Clusters of low cost PCs employing COTS network technologies (e.g. Beowulf-class systems) will make peak Teraflops performance available for less than 2M in the near future for certain classes of well behaved problems. Future larger systems include the Japanese Earth Simulator with a peak performance of 40 Teraflops and three larger ASCI systems anticipated to provide peak performance of 10, 30, and 100 Teraflops culminating in 2005. These systems use existing or near term conventional technologies and architectures with some specialized integration logic and networking. While the peak performance goals can be satisfied through this strategy over the next decade, two major challenges confront the high performance computing community: (1) how to aggressively accelerate performance to the operational regime beyond a Petaflops, and (2) how to achieve high efficiency for a wide range of applications. The Hybrid Technology Multithreaded (HTMT) computer is under development by an interdisciplinary team of investigators to address both problems through an innovative combination of advanced technologies and dynamic adaptive architecture. This paper describes the strategy embodied by the HTMT architecture and discusses the key factors that may enable it to achieve two to three orders of magnitude performance with respect to today's largest systems at a cost and power consumption of only a factor of two to three times those same present day systems.
Genome-Wide Association Mapping in Dogs Enables Identification of the Homeobox Gene, NKX2-8, as a Genetic Component of Neural Tube Defects in Humans

Neural tube defects (NTDs) is a general term for central nervous system malformations secondary to a failure of closure or development of the neural tube. The resulting pathologies may involve the brain, spinal cord and/or vertebral column, in addition to associated structures such as soft tissue or skin. The condition is reported among the more common birth defects in humans, leading to significant infant morbidity and mortality. The etiology remains poorly understood but genetic, nutritional, environmental factors, or a combination of these, are known to play a role in the development of NTDs. The variable conditions associated with NTDs occur naturally in dogs, and have been previously reported in the Weimaraner breed. Taking advantage of the strong linkage-disequilibrium within dog breeds we performed genome-wide association analysis and mapped a genomic region for spinal dysraphism, a presumed NTD, using 4 affected and 96 unaffected Weimaraners. The associated region on canine chromosome 8 (pgenome =3.0 × 10(-5)), after 100,000 permutations, encodes 18 genes, including NKX2-8, a homeobox gene which is expressed in the developing neural tube. Sequencing NKX2-8 in affected Weimaraners revealed a G to AA frameshift mutation within exon 2 of the gene, resulting in a premature stop codon that is predicted to produce a truncated protein. The exons of NKX2-8 were sequenced in human patients with spina bifida and rare variants (rs61755040 and rs10135525) were found to be significantly over-represented (p=0.036). This is the first documentation of a potential role for NKX2-8 in the etiology of NTDs, made possible by investigating the molecular basis of naturally occurring mutations in dogs.
Piezoelectric Transducer-Controlled Dual-Mode Switchable Bandpass Filter

A piezoelectric transducer-controlled dual-mode switchable bandpass filter is introduced. A piezoelectric transducer is used to lift up or pull down the attached dielectric substrate perturbation. When the dielectric substrate is pulled down, the perturbation excites dual modes and the dual-mode filter is on. The return loss is better than 10 dB and the insertion loss is less than 3 dB from 2.92 to 3 GHz. When the dielectric substrate is lifted up, the dual-mode resonator is unperturbed and the dual-mode filter is off. The isolation is 21 dB at 3 GHz. The on-off ratio is 18 dB
Collagen degradation and synthesis in experimental corneal grafts.

Abstract Thirty-two weanling New Zealand white rabbits were labelled repeatedly with [2,3-3H]-proline for 4 weeks. Four weeks after the end of labelling, 32 rabbits underwent bilateral 6 mm trephinations for donor purposes. One control cornea of each pair was frozen at −70°C. The contralateral corneas were used for autografts, allografts, and xenografts. Grafts were observed from 7–200 days, then retrephined out for determination of loss in total radioactivity in hydroxyproline (specific for collagen), increase in newly synthesized collagen, and net change in collagen mass, by comparing with the matched, ungrafted control corneas. For all three transplant groups there was a small, but significant, decrease early in total radioactivity (loss of original collagen) and a significant increase in new collagen. These data also indicated that the loss of original collagen was replaced by an equivalent or greater increase in new collagen in all transplant groups. Significant relationships between graft clarity and collagen turnover were noted in both the auto- and allograft groups. The degradation of old collagen was significantly greater in the cloudy vs. the clear grafts; however, there was no significant difference in the increase in new collagen between these groups. A progressive loss of original collagen over time was noted in the cloudy autografts, but not the allografts. A trend toward a progressive increase in new collagen was noted over time in both the cloudy auto- and allografts. No relation for these variables to time, however, was noted in the clear grafts.
Gray-scale adjacent pixel luminance nonlinearity compensation with three-color guns

The luminance of a given display pixel depends not only on the present input voltage but also on the input voltages for the preceding pixel or pixels along the display raster. This effect which we refer to as the adjacent pixel nonlinearity is never compensated for when 2D stimulus patterns are presented on standard display monitors. To compensate for the adjacent pixel nonlinearity, we summarize in this paper the methods for generating a 2D lookup table which corrects for the nonlinearity over most of the displays luminance range. This table works even if the current pixel luminance depends on more than one preceding pixel. The creation of a 2D lookup involves making a series of calibration measurements and a least squares data fitting procedure to determine the parameters for a model of the adjacent pixel nonlinearity proposed by Mulligan and Stone. Once the parameters are determined for a particular display the 2D lookup table is created. To increase the available mean luminance we have evaluated the utility for 2D lookup table use when multiple color guns are in use.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Human resource specialists ‐ guardians of ethical conduct?

Explores the moral issues which underpin the personnel function and considers the ethical challenges in policy making and the policy/practice gaps being thrown up by the radical global changes. Discusses the subject of axiology, together with deontology, to explore how these underpin company integrity and the rules of ethical custom. Emphasizes the need to raise the subject of ethics in the many areas associated with the employment of people. Recommends that this is an appropriate time with the change in emphasis from personnel to human resource management, and the need for proactive approaches to change. Concludes with a personal plea for HR specialists to be responsible for raising awareness, facilitating learning and ensuring that standards of ethical conduct are practised within human resource policies and practices.
Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) program among Department of Radiology faculty: a pilot randomized clinical trial.

Objective To test the efficacy of a Stress Management and Resiliency Training (SMART) program for decreasing stress and anxiety and improving resilience and quality of life among Department of Radiology physicians. Materials and Methods The study was approved by the institutional review board. A total of 26 Department of Radiology physicians were randomized in a single-blind trial to either the SMART program or a wait-list control arm for 12 weeks. The program involved a single 90-min group session in the SMART training with two follow-up phone calls. Primary outcomes measured at baseline and week 12 included the Perceived Stress Scale, Linear Analog Self-Assessment Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale. Results A total of 22 physicians completed the study. A statistically significant improvement in perceived stress, anxiety, quality of life, and mindfulness at 12 weeks was observed in the study arm compared to the wait-list control arm; resilience also improved in the active arm, but the changes were not statistically significant when compared to the control arm. Conclusions A single session to decrease stress among radiologists using the SMART program is feasible. Furthermore, the intervention afforded statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in anxiety, stress, quality of life, and mindful attention. Further studies including larger sample size and longer follow-up are warranted.
Land use planning: A potential force for retaining habitat connectivity in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and Beyond

The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) is perceived to have been isolated from the population in the Northern Continental Divide Ecosystem for a century. Better land use planning is needed to thwart progressive intra- and inter-ecosystem habitat fragmentation, especially due to private land development. The dilemma of private lands being intermixed in large landscapes is addressed. This review attempts to identify some land use planning levels and tools which might facilitate dispersal by the grizzly bear and other large mammals. The planning levels discussed include national, regional, state, county and municipal, and federal land management agency. Specific potential federal tools mentioned include zoning, Landscape Conservation Cooperatives, the Endangered Species Act, beyond boundary authority, land exchanges, less-than-fee acquisition and other incentives, the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act, and federal land annexation. Besides summarizing existing recommendations, some derived observations are offered.
Oxidative stress, respiratory muscle dysfunction, and potential therapeutics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a highly relevant disorder that induces respiratory muscle dysfunction. One prevalent symptom of COPD is resistive breathing which causes respiratory muscle to significantly increase the magnitude of contractions, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and oxidative stress. Through cellular signaling cascades, ROS activate molecules such as mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB. These signaling molecules stimulate the release of cytokines which in turn cause damage to the diaphragm, involving sarcomeric disruptions. In response to COPD induced fatigue, the diaphragm undergoes a beneficial fibertype shift to type I muscle fibers, which are more resistant to hypoxia than type II fibers. The lung hyperinflation that occurs in COPD also causes intercostal muscle dysfunction, thereby exacerbating COPD symptoms. In addition, COPD is known to have a connection with heart failure, diabetes, and aging, further decreasing respiratory function. Currently, there is no cure for this disorder. Nevertheless, various potential therapeutic strategies focusing on respiratory muscle have been identified including respiratory muscle training, β2-agonist therapy, and lung volume reduction surgery. In this review, we will outline the role of COPD, oxidative stress, and related complications in respiratory muscle dysfunction.
SIMS: a uniform environment for planning and performing user's tasks

SIMS is an environment which greatly reduces the burden of planning and performing tasks involving multiple diverse software servers. The user interacts with SIMS in the language natural for the task domain, which is independent of available services. Two main functions of SIMS are task planning and execution. Planning is the main focus of the paper. Planning is supported by the knowledge about domain terminology, models of tasks and of the functionality of servers. Tasks and servers can be modeled in SIMS in different levels of detail. More detailed models enable more efficient search for services relevant for the task. Search is also limited by the hierarchical structure of knowledge.Besides helping users, SIMS gives a methodology for building more maintainable systems by providing the language for specifying server functionality and a principled method for modifying the system when services are modified.
Editor’s Spotlight/Take 5: Nationwide Inpatient Sample and National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Give Different Results in Hip Fracture Studies

Almost 100 years ago, an orthopaedic surgeon born in the 19th century wrote of our professional responsibility to study and record what he called patients’ “end results” [4]. Despite his high level of accomplishment and stature as a full-time surgeon at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Ernest Amory Codman MD was ostracized for his beliefs (and perhaps for his candor) [2, 5].
QCD critical point and event-by-event fluctuations

This paper gives a brief review of recent theoretical developments in using the non-Gaussian measures of event-by-event fluctuations to discover the QCD critical point presented at Quark Matter 2011.
Nursing Reference Center: A Point-of-Care Resource

Nursing Reference Center is a point-of-care resource designed for the practicing nurse, as well as nursing administrators, nursing faculty, and librarians. Users can search across multiple resources, including topical Quick Lessons, evidence-based care sheets, patient education materials, practice guidelines, and more. Additional features include continuing education modules, e-books, and a new iPhone application. A sample search and comparison with similar databases were conducted.
Intensity‐modulated diode laser radar using frequency‐modulation/continuous‐wave ranging techniques

Barry L. StannWilliam C. RuffZoltan G. SztankayDepartment of the ArmyArmy Research LaboratoryAMSRL-SE-EP2800 Powder Mill RoadAdelphi, Maryland 20783-1145E-mail: stann@arl.milAbstract. This paper treats a practical adaptation of frequency modula-tion (FM) radar ranging principles to an incoherent laser radar (ladar). Inthe simplest sense, the ladar’s laser transmitter output is amplitude-modulated with a radio-frequency subcarrier, which itself is linearlyfrequency-modulated. The subcarrier signal may have a start frequencyin the tens to low hundreds of megahertz and a stop frequency in thehundreds of megahertz to low gigahertz. The difference between thestart and stop frequency, DF, is chosen to establish the desired rangeresolution DR according to the usual equation from FM radar theory,DR5c/2 DF, where cis the velocity of light. The target-reﬂected light isincoherently detected with a photodiode and converted into a voltagewaveform. This waveform is then mixed with an undelayed sample of theoriginal modulation waveform. The output of the mixer is processed toremove ‘‘self-clutter’’ that is commonly generated in FM ranging systemsand obscures the true target signals. The clutter-free waveform is thenprocessed coherently using the discrete Fourier transform to recovertarget amplitude and range. A breadboard of the ladar architecture wasdeveloped around a 100-mW GaAlAs diode laser operating at 817 nm.Imagery and range responses obtained show that the theoretical rangeresolution of 0.25 m was attained for a DFof 600 MHz. Embodiments ofthis ladar are likely to be practical and economical for both military andcommercial applications because low-cost continuous wave (cw) laserdiodes are used, coherent optical mixing is not required, and the post-mixing processor bandwidth is low.
A Study of the120Sn(p, nγ)120Sb reaction

Levels of120Sb have been observed using the120Sn(p, nγ) reaction at proton energies between 3.90 and 6.25 MeV. Sixteen previously unobserved levels below 1.03 MeV were populated. The resulting level scheme is compared with that obtained using the121Sb(p, d) reaction.
The duration of symptoms predicts the presence of malignancy in 210 resected cases of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.

Using Kaplan–Meier curves, a 2006 study illustrated a shorter time interval between development of symptoms and detection of malignant IPMN in the main pancreatic duct versus a side-branch duct location. Of 93 cases, only 62 were confirmed histologically. To support these interesting findings, we examined a larger cohort of cases where the diagnosis was confirmed histologically and asked if symptoms by themselves, as well as main duct location, were associated with malignant detection. Between 1989 and 2009, 210 IPMN cases meeting international criteria were resected and histologically examined. Actuarial rates of malignant detection over time were calculated from the first clinical symptom to malignant detection (resection). These rates of malignant detection over time were compared for main vs. side-branch duct location and symptomatic vs. asymptomatic cases. The most common indications for resection were symptoms (88%) and main pancreatic duct location (65%). The actuarial malignant detection rates were significantly shorter for main duct location and also for symptomatic cases, regardless of duct location. Presence of symptoms followed by main pancreatic duct location had a significantly shorter elapsed time to malignant detection. The visual depiction of these actuarial rates highlights the importance of the clinical history. To determine malignant risk, the primary determinants for resection were either symptoms or main duct location (but not cyst size), confirming the 2006 study with a larger cohort of histologically confirmed cases.
Fully sincere voting

Abstract In a general social choice framework where the requirement of strategy-proofness may not be sensible, we call a social choice rule fully sincere if it never gives any individual an incentive to vote for a less-preferred alternative over a more-preferred one and provides an incentive to vote for an alternative if and only if it is preferred to the default option that would result from abstaining. If the social choice rule can depend only on the number of votes that each alternative receives, those rules satisfying full sincerity are convex combinations of the rule that chooses each alternative with probability equal to the proportion of the vote it receives and an arbitrary rule that ignores voters' preferences. We note a sense in which the natural probabilistic analog of approval voting is the fully sincere rule that allows voters maximal flexibility in expressing their preferences and gives these preferences maximal weight.
Recombination between a resident plasmid and the chromosome following irradiation of the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans

Interplasmidic and intrachromosomal recombination in Deinococcus radiodurans has been studied recently and has been found to occur at high frequency following exposure to ionizing radiation. In the current work, we document plasmid-chromosome recombination following exposure of D. radiodurans to 1.75 Mrad (17.5 kGy) 60Co, when the plasmid is present in the cell at the time of irradiation. Recombination is assayed using both physical and allelic polymorphisms of homologous genes in the plasmid and chromosome. Recombination was found to be largely, but not entirely, recA-dependent. Crossovers occur frequently, and a significant fraction of these are non-reciprocal.
Durkheim's Concept of Anomie and the Abuse at Abu Ghraib

Durkheim's classical understanding of anomie as a societal condition of dereglement or derangement is compared and contrasted with the functionalist understanding of anomie as normlessness. Assumptions are examined in the two different versions of anomie regarding culture, norms, agency, the international context, collective consciousness, military law, and other issues pertaining to abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. Major General Fay's report on the abuse at Abu Ghraib is analyzed in the context of this sociological scrutiny regarding the meanings of anomie. We conclude that Durkheim's understanding of anomie seems to exhibit more fidelity than the Parsonian version to the facts concerning torture and abuse at Abu Ghraib as revealed during courts-martial and in government reports. We examine the implications for both social theory and the US Army of conceptualizing abuse at Abu Ghraib in the context of Durkheim's understanding of anomie.
The DSM-5 DiMenSional MoDel of PerSonaliTy DiSorDer: raTionale anD eMPirical SuPPorT

Ideally, a dimensional model of normal and abnormal personality functioning within the forthcoming DSM-5 would represent a common ground among the existing alternative models and would be consistent with the substantial body of empirical research that has accumulated on such models. The DSM-5 Work Group had the opportunity to make an historic step toward the integration of the normal personality traits researched within psychology with the personality disorders of psychiatry. They chose instead to construct a cumbersome six-dimensional model of personality disorder that excludes normal personality traits, is inconsistent with the preponderance of the research, and is distinguished explicitly from the predominant dimensional model of general personality structure.
Effects of a cold environment or age on methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in the caudate putamen of female rats

Extracellular levels of dopamine (DA) and metabolites as well as serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in the caudate putamen (CPU) of either 6- or 12-month-old female rats using microdialysis and high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) before, during, and after four consecutive injections (given at 2-h intervals) of methamphetamine (METH). In 6-month-old rats administered 4 x 5 mg/kg METH at an environmental temperature (ET) of 23 degrees C, peak extracellular DA levels (between 50 and 150 rho g/10 microliters) were attained 30-45 min after each dose of METH while dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) decreased steadily after the first doses of METH until it reached a plateau at 50% of control (550-700 pg/10 microliters) levels. Increases in 5-HT levels during METH administrations paralleled DA increases while 5-HIAA decreases paralleled DOPAC decreases. The total CPU DA and 5-HT content of these rats was about 65% of control at 3 days post-METH. Reducing the ET to 4 degrees C during dosing decreased the peak and average DA levels attained during the 4 x 5 mg/kg METH administration to about 50% of that observed at a 23 degrees C ET. Increasing the dose to 4 x 10 mg/kg METH (4 degrees C ET) increased peak and average CPU DA levels to 200% that observed during 4 x 5 mg/kg METH at a 23 degrees C ET. However, no significant decreases in total CPU DA content of any rats dosed with METH at a 4 degrees C ET were observed 3 days post-METH. In 12-month-old rats dosed with 4 x 5 mg/kg METH (23 degrees C ET), the peak and average extracellular DA levels were only 30-60% that of 6-month-old rats. However, the CPU DA content of older rats was significantly decreased both 3 (30% control) and 14 (60% control) days post-METH. In summary, METH toxicity may not be predicted solely by the extracellular levels of DA attained during METH administration; age and ET also greatly influence METH neurotoxicity.
The general practitioner: How much psychiatric education?

Abstract One hundred nine general physicians practicing in small rural communities completed questionnaires regarding the number of patients they saw with psychiatric problems. Respondents were also asked to give details of their psychiatric and medical training, to indicate where they obtained new information about psychiatric topics, and to rate the importance of 36 items in daily medical practice. Over one half felt their medical school training in psychiatry was not on par with that received in internal medicine, OB-GYN, surgery, and pediatrics. We suggest the 36 items they ranked be used as a guide in developing a core curriculum for family practice residency training programs as well as for the design of continuing medical education for general physicians.
Inhibition of Mold in Bread By Dimethyl Fumarate

Eleven batches of white bread containing 0–1.92g of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) or calcium propionate (CP) per kg flour were prepared by a sponge dough formulation. The loaves were packaged in polyethylene bags, stored at 22–23°C and 45–55% R.H., and periodically observed for visible signs of mold growth. The mold-free shelf-lives of loaves containing CP ranged from 16–30 days. Loaves containing 0.32g or more of DMF per kg flour exhibited no mold growth during 475 days of storage. The quality characteristics of loaves containing DMF, as determined by volume, firmness, % moisture, water activity and sensory evaluation were similar to those of loaves containing CP.
Op18 reveals the contribution of nonkinetochore microtubules to the dynamic organization of the vertebrate meiotic spindle

Accuracy in chromosome segregation depends on the assembly of a bipolar spindle. Unlike mitotic spindles, which have roughly equal amounts of kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) and nonkinetochore microtubules (non-kMTs), vertebrate meiotic spindles are predominantly comprised of non-kMTs, a large subset of which forms an antiparallel “barrel” array at the spindle equator. Though kMTs are needed to drive chromosome segregation, the contributions of non-kMTs are more mysterious. Here, we show that increasing the concentration of Op18/stathmin, a component of the chromosome-mediated microtubule formation pathway that directly controls microtubule dynamics, can be used to deplete non-kMTs in the vertebrate meiotic spindle assembled in Xenopus egg extracts. Under these conditions, kMTs and the spindle pole-associated non-kMT arrays persist in smaller spindles. In excess Op18, distances between sister kinetochores, an indicator of tension across centromeres, remain unchanged, even though kMTs flux poleward with a ≈30% slower velocity, and chromosomes oscillate more than in control metaphase spindles. Remarkably, kinesin-5, a conserved motor protein that can push microtubules apart and is required for the assembly and maintenance of bipolar meiotic spindles, is not needed to maintain spindle bipolarity in the presence of excess Op18. Our data suggest that non-kMTs in meiotic spindles contribute to normal kMT dynamics, stable chromosome positioning, and the establishment of proper spindle size. We propose that without non-kMTs, metaphase meiotic spindles are similar to mammalian mitotic spindles, which balance forces to maintain metaphase spindle organization in the absence of extensive antiparallel microtubule overlap at the spindle equator or a key mitotic kinesin.
Dissociation of alpha-adrenergic and cholinergic stimulated inositol trisphosphate-dependent calcium mobilization at the “post-receptor” level

Carbachol stimulated inositol trisphosphate (IP3) production and subsequent calcium mobilization in parotid cells are almost completely inhibited by neomycin. In contrast epinephrine stimulated IP3 production and calcium mobilization are much less sensitive to such inhibition. Since neomycin exerts its effects primarily at the level of inositol phosphate production and action, cholinergic and alpha adrenergic stimulation of IP3 dependent calcium mobilization may proceed through different "post-receptor" signal transduction mechanisms in parotid cells.
Functional Consequences of Interactions between Human Neutrophils and ATP, ATPγS, and Adenosinea

There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that nucleotides such as ATP can serve as important extracellular factors to bring about significant functional changes in phagocytic cells. For instance, ATP and its analogues (for example, adenosine-5‘-0-( 3-thiotriphosphate), or ATPyS) can interact with neutrophils to cause increases in intracellular calcium.14 This appears to be associated with “priming” of these cells for enhanced superoxide (02 ) responses to agonists such as chemotactic peptides.1.2.5.6 Because platelets contain and, when activated, release substantial amounts of ATP and ADP, mammalian systems have the potential for delivering significant amounts of adenine nucleotides to sites of inflammation. It may well be that in vivo secretion products of platelets will bring about an amplification of oxygen radical formation by phagocytic cells, and so intensify tissue injury at the inflammatory site. This concept is supported both by in vitro and in vivo observationsP ’ In contrast to ATP with respect to phagocytic cells, adenosine has an opposing effect: suppression of 0, responses to chemotactic peptides.’,” In this study, we have assessed the effects of ATP (and/or ATPyS) and adenosine on chemotactic peptide receptor numbers and affinities, the cell membrane content of CR3 (complement receptor 111, or, as defined by monoclonal antibodies, Mol antigen (CDl lb)), and the intracellular changes in calcium induced by exposure of neutrophils to chemotactic peptide.
Diffusion of Al into Au thin films studied by the ATR method.

Alloy formation in Au–Al thin films has been studied by the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method in the 64–80°C temperature range. In this optical method, the coupling of incoming light with a surface plasmon at the metal–dielectric interface appears as a sharp minimum in the reflectance spectrum of p-polarized light. The angular position of this minimum is very sensitive to the optical constants of the metal near the interface. This makes the method suitable for studies of diffusion in metals. In the presence of unreacted aluminum, the energy of activation for the growth of Au2Al is found to equal 22.9 kcal/mole.
How secure are computers in the U.S.A.

For 10 months, we monitored a systematic attack on 450 computers attached to the Defense Data Network. By analyzing the success of these attacks, we can estimate the vulnerability of nodes on the Milnet and (by extrapolation) civilian computers. We analyzed a particular type of attack: an outsider who attempts to log in by guessing at commonly used account name/password combinations. An outsider can expect some degree of access into about 13% of Milnet computers. Access to a programming environment is possible in at least 4%, and system manager privileges can be obtained by strangers in 2% of the sampled sites. Since this is only one of several methods used to enter these systems, these estimates are lower limits; other methods of entry can permit access to still more systems. These weaknesses are due to poor administration of computers, as well as systems distributed by vendors with security features disabled.
Characteristics of simple sibship variance tests for the detection of major loci and application to height, weight and spatial performance

Simple methods have been proposed as screening tests for major loci. These methods rely primarily upon the detection of differences in within sibship variances expected for segregating and non-segregating sibships when a major locus is present. In the present study, computer simulation was used to investigate power and robustness of the test statistics. Power of the analyses depends upon the specific major locus model, but, in general, their application is quite practical for small samples. The test statistics were shown to be sensitive to deviations from normality, but robust under the conditions of either a polygenic or environmental model. Application of the test procedures to sibship data from the Boulder Family Study led to significant results for a three-dimensional spatial rotation test, but results for height and weight were non-significant. The simplest interpretation of the results for the spatial performance test was in terms of a sex-linked major locus.
Resistivity studies of the Imperial Valley geothermal area, California

Abstract Electrical resistivity has been employed for mapping the Imperial Valley of California as part of a multi-disciplinary approach to assess its geothermal potential. Vertical and lateral resistivity changes were determined from Schlumberger depth soundings with effective probing depths up to 8000 ft. Chief conclusions were: (1) Known geothermal anomalies appear as residual resistivity lows superimposed on the regional gradient which decreases northwestward from the southeast corner of the Imperial Valley, near the Colorado River, to values about two orders of magnitude lower at the Salton Sea. (2) A regional salinity gradient in the Imperial Valley trends northwest from a very low salinity at the Colorado River near Yuma, Arizona, to a very high salinity at the Saiton Sea geothermal field. (3) Abrupt changes in salinity exist across the Imperial fault, with salinities being much higher west of the fault. (4) Maximum salinities can be estimated by combining the ground resistivity survey and formation factor-depth relationships compiled from well logs. From a technical point of view, the apparent-resistivity and longitudinal-resistivity maps are nearly identical at a probing depth of 3000 ft. Hence continuous profiling at a Schlumberger AB/2 spacing of 3000 ft should permit an effective, low-cost reconnaissance method for still-unsurveyed areas of the Imperial Valley.
Abundant mRNAs in the squid light organ encode proteins with a high similarity to mammalian peroxidases.

Abstract A library derived from mRNA in the bacterial light organ of the squid, Euprymna scolopes, contained an unexpectedly high proportion of cDNAs that encode proteins with approximately 30% similarity to a family of mammalian peroxidases (PO) including myelo-PO, eosinophil PO, and thyroid PO (dononhydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase; EC 1.11.1.7). Two nearly full-length cDNAs were determined to encode putative PO of nearly 93 kDa each that are 97% identical in amino acid sequence to each other. Each contains four potential glycosylation sites, and His416, believed to be within the active site of the human PO, is conserved in the putative PO from the squid light organ. The mRNAs for the putative squid PO were approximately 250 times more abundant in the tissue housing the bacterial symbiont than in the ocular lens or mantle and were undetectable in the light organ lens. By analogy with the bacteriocidal function of PO in mammalian neutrophils, the putative squid PO may be important for modulating or limiting the population of bacteria within the light organ. The possibility that the squid light organ contains a high concentration of PO raises the possibility that the light organ lens is under oxidative stress, providing a possible rationale for the recruitment of its aldehyde dehydrogenase-like crystallin.
Subdiffusive transport of fluctuating elastic filaments in cellular flows

The dynamics and transport properties of Brownian semiflexible filaments suspended in a two-dimensional array of counter-rotating Taylor-Green vortices are investigated using numerical simulations based on slender-body theory for low-Reynolds-number hydrodynamics. Such a flow setup has been previously proposed to capture some of the dynamics of biological polymers in motility assays. A buckling instability permits elastic filaments to migrate across such a cellular lattice in a “Brownian-like” manner even in the athermal limit. However, thermal fluctuations alter these dynamics qualitatively by driving polymers across streamlines, leading to their frequent trapping within vortical cells. As a result, thermal fluctuations, characterized here by the persistence length, are shown to lead to subdiffusive transport at long times, and this qualitative shift in behavior is substantiated by the slow decay of waiting-time distributions as a consequence of trapping events during which the filaments remain in a particular cell for extended periods of time. Velocity and mass distributions of polymers reveal statistically preferred positions within a unit cell that further corroborate this systematic shift from transport to trapping with increasing fluctuations. Comparisons to results from a continuum model for the complementary case of rigid Brownian rods in such a flow also highlight the role of elastic flexibility in dictating the nature of polymer transport.
The Vanishing Savings Motive

The overlapping generations model with life-time uncertainty is capable of generating unfamiliar, nonmonotonic adjustment phenomena that are attributed to a transitory savings motive. Slowly falling (increasing) wages create transitory savings (dis-)incentives which vanish in the long run when wage profiles become stationary again. Such a transitory savings component comes on top of a base component created by the permanently operating long-run savings incentives, and it easily gives rise to overshooting adjustment. Assets and consumption may even move first in a direction opposite to the implied long-run changes.
Acoustic Field Synthesis by Sector-Vortex Array for Tumor Treatment

A dual-track sector-vortex array applicator is proposed for treating nonsuperficial tumors. This array configuration allows considerable flexibility in synthesis of an acoustic field, whose power deposition pattern should be useful for heating both the central and the marginal region of a tumor. The acoustic field formation and the thermal response of tumors to the field are numerically simulated.
Space Frogs and Henry Ford

Let’s turn our attention to the consequences of contextualization. This chapter shows how evidence from language makes it clear that the account of contextualization into spaces developed here must be correct. It then makes some points about the ways in which space cues end up contributing to semantics in discourse.
The Social Context of Sexual Health and Sexual Risk for Urban Adolescent Girls in the United States

Sexually transmitted infections including HIV and teenage pregnancy have resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality among girls in the United States. There is a need to further strengthen prevention efforts against these persistent epidemics. In order to promote girls' sexual health and most effectively reduce sexual risk, it is important to understand the social factors that influence the development of a girl's sexuality. The purpose of this study was to begin to fill a void in the literature by exploring girls' perspectives about the social context in which they learn about sex, sexuality, and relationships. Coding and content analysis was used to identify patterns and themes in 33 individual interviews with African American and Euro-American girls. Participants identified family, friends/peers, partners, school, and the media as the most common sources for learning about sexual health. Girls sought out different types of information from each source. Many girls experienced conflicting messages about their sexual health and struggled to integrate the disparate cultural references to sex, sexuality, and relationships that emerged from these different spheres of social life. Girls often had to navigate the journey of their sexual development with little room for reflection about their own thoughts, feelings, desires, and decisions. Health care providers, especially those in mental health, are in an optimal position to promote girls' physical, developmental, and emotional sexual health.