cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The current designations of specific human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains as circulating recombinant form (CRF) versus parental subtypes are subject to change, since putative evolutionary relationships can be confounded by sampling history and high rates of recombination. Disorders of the peripheral nervous system can be classified as distal symmetric polyneuropathy, toxic neuropathy, inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, progressive polyradiculopathy, and mononeuropathy multiplex. The major causes of transmission of HIV, sexual intercourse and injection drug use, represent two extremely strong biological drives. The ultimate goal of chemotherapy of HIV is to thus identify drug regimens that completely inhibit virus replication. Although any function in a genetically efficient organism is a candidate for an inhibitory drug, the currently approved drugs are directed against reverse transcriptase (RT), protease (PR), integrase (IN), and viral entry, with the RT inhibitors being classified as nucleosides or nonnucleosides. The correlation of risk of progression with certain class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes and with the breadth and magnitude of cell-mediated immune responses has prompted interest in therapeutic immunization to enhance these beneficial responses. This approach in general has been aimed at delivering immunogens while the immune system is fully protected by potent antiretroviral chemotherapy and then ascertaining whether a benefit can be discerned after withdrawal of therapy.
Computing free energies using nested sampling-based approaches

Nested sampling (NS) has emerged as a powerful statistical mechanical sampling technique to compute the partition function of atomic and molecular systems. From the partition function all thermodyn...
Lead (Pb) neurotoxicology and cognition

Lead (Pb) is a neurotoxic substance. While it is widely understood that Pb exposure in early childhood adversely impacts neurodevelopment and intelligence, other aspects of cognition that are negatively affected, and the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology underlying Pb-related cognitive impairment are not widely appreciated by clinicians. This critical review gives a broad synopsis of the current literature in the field. The means by which Pb enters the body, crosses the blood-brain barrier, alters brain structure and function, and consequently impacts measurable aspects of cognition are reviewed. We detail research relating exposure to Pb at various levels in early childhood to deficits in IQ, academic achievement, executive functioning, and cognition in general. Clinical disorders associated with early Pb exposure, common and uncommon routes of environmental exposure, and potential confounding variables are discussed. We discuss methods of statistically accounting for these issues in the context of potential means of relying upon existing research and specific individuals' known blood Pb levels to make reasonable calculations regarding Pb-related compromise of intellectual functioning for individuals in clinical settings.
Emotional Ability and Associative Learning: How Experiencing and Reasoning about Emotions Impacts Evaluative Conditioning

This article extends evaluative conditioning research by examining how differences in emotional ability impact implicit and explicit attitude formation from conditioning.
Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission from Quantum Optical Systems

We develop a method based on the input-output formalism to analyze stimulated emission of photons by a low-dimensional quantum optical system into 1D loss channels (e.g. waveguides) or a spatial continuum (e.g. free space, photonic crystals).
Molecular Diversity and Regulatory Heterogeneity of the H + ,K + -ATPases in Kidney

It is now widely appreciated that two members of the H+,K+-ATPase family are expressed in kidney: the gastric H+,K+-ATPase and the colonic H+,K+-ATPase. The gastric H+,K+-ATPase α-subunit (HKα1,) assembles with a unique s-subunit (sG). This heterodimer, when expressed in heterologous systems, or when examined in vitro, is insensitive to ouabain, highly sensitive to Sch-28080 and omeprazole, and its abundance in stomach exceeds that in kidney several fold. The gastric H+,K+-ATPase is localized in kidney predominantly to the collecting tubule apical membrane, where is exchanges H+ for K+ in a stoichiometry of 1:1. Gastric H+,K+-ATPase does not adapt at the mRNA and protein level to variations in systemic potassium homeostasis (6, 12). In contrast, studies measuring enzyme activity and transport function which was ascribed to HKα1, reported upregulation of HKα1, during metabolic and respiratory acidosis (13, 24). The site of this regulatory response is predominantly in the cortical collecting tubule (1, 2). The α-subunit of the colonic H+,K+-ATPase (HKα2) assembles with either the s1 (5) or s3 Na+K+-ATPase (21). When either s-subunit is expressed with HKα2 heterologously, it is relatively sensitive to ouabain, but resistant to Sch-28080. The colonic H+,K+-ATPase also exchanges H+ for K+ at the apical membrane, but is capable of transporting Na+ for H+ and NH4 + for K+ (9–11). This heterodimer adapts robustly to chronic hypokalemia and less dramatically to metabolic acidosis (6, 12, 18). The site of this regulatory response is predominantly in the outer and inner medullary collecting tubules. These functional and pharmacologic differences are contrasted in Table 1.
You Mad? Using Anger Appeals to Promote Activism Intentions and Policy Support in the Context of Sugary Drink Marketing to Kids.

One proposed solution to address childhood obesity is to limit children’s exposure to advertising for sugar-sweetened beverages. Might persuasive appeals be able to channel anger toward the soda in...
Mitral Valve Repair Versus Replacement in Elderly With Degenerative Disease: Analysis of the STS Adult Cardiac Surgery Database.

Background It has been postulated that mitral valve repair in the elderly does not confer short-term benefits over mitral valve replacement with complete preservation of the chordal apparatus. Our purpose was to test this hypothesis using data from The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database (STS ACSD). Methods Patients aged 70 years or more undergoing primary isolated elective mitral valve repair or mitral valve replacement for degenerative disease were obtained from the STS ACSD versions 2.73 and 2.81. Patients with a concomitant tricuspid procedure, atrial fibrillation surgery, or atrial septal defect/patent foramen ovale repair were included. The two treatment groups were further stratified by age in years (70 to 74, 75 to 79, and 80 or more). Adjusted 30-day mortality rates were analyzed by mitral procedure and chordal preservation strategy. Results The study included 12,043 patients, of whom 71% underwent mitral valve repair. Observed 30-day mortality after repair was lower than after replacement (2.2% versus 4.8%, respectively; p Conclusions In patients aged 70 years or more, degenerative mitral repair was associated with lower operative mortality compared with replacement, irrespective of chordal preservation strategy. Failed repairs reduced this short-term benefit compared with chordal-sparing replacement as evidenced by the similar operative mortality on an intention to treat analysis.
Production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by large granular lymphocytes stimulated with Candida albicans: role in activation of human neutrophil function

In the present study, culture supernatants from larger granular lymphocytes (LGL) that were activated with Candida albicans antigens were shown to stimulate the ability of neutrophils to inhibit fungal growth. Identification of the activation factors showed that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a hematopoietic growth factor, was involved. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were fractionated by Percoll density centrifugation and each subpopulation of cells was stimulated with C albicans yeast cells. GM-CSF was produced in those fractions enriched for LGL, but not T lymphocytes or adherent monocytes. Additionally, the phenotype of the GM-CSF-producing cell was found to be CD2+, CD16+, HLA-DR+, and negative for CD4, CD8, and CD15. Kinetic studies demonstrated that GM- CSF appeared in the supernatants within 2 days of culture and continued to be produced up to 7 days. Optimal stimulation of LGL was seen at a ratio of 3 heat-killed C albicans yeast cells per LGL. Thus, LGL play an important role in host defense against this opportunistic pathogen by producing cytokines, including GM-CSF, which in turn activates the fungicidal activity of neutrophils.
Covering 1.5D Terrain by Common Height Towers

Finding the minimum number of towers to cover a 1.5D terrain is an intractable problem. We propose an easily implementable approximation algorithm for covering a 1.5D terrain by towers of given common height. We describe a technique of identifying potential input points where tower bases can be installed. We show how a small subset of these placement points can be computed so that towers placed on such points can cover the entire terrain.
Large Data Sets in Statistical Computing

Since around 1980, the growth in the size of the largest social science datasets is astounding. This article considers, with a few illustrative examples, this change in size and the effect it has on possible statistical analyses. Statistical models which require iterative methods of calculation cannot be estimated for the very largest datasets. Five approaches to modeling for these enormous datasets are considered.
Learning Simulation-Based Games from Data

We tackle a fundamental problem in empirical game-theoretic analysis (EGTA), that of learning equilibria of simulation-based games. Such games cannot be described in analytical form; instead, a black-box simulator can be queried to obtain noisy samples of utilities. Our approach to EGTA is in the spirit of probably approximately correct learning. We design algorithms that learn empirical games, which uniformly approximate the utilities of simulation-based games from finitely many samples. Our methodology learns all the equilibria of simulation-based games, as opposed to a single one.
Staying silent and speaking out in online comment sections: The influence of spiral of silence and corrective action in reaction to news

Abstract Through the lenses of Spiral of Silence Theory, the Corrective Action Hypothesis, and peer influence research, we conducted an online experiment to identify the influence of varying opinion climates on opinion expression about a news controversy. This study expands the corrective action literature by manipulating the perceived opinion climate and measuring opinion change and subsequent expression. After all participants (N = 415) read the same news story, they were randomly assigned to one of five opinion climate conditions (supportive, oppositional, mixed, uncertain or polarized) operationalized through user comments following the story. The experiment allowed participants to reply, comment, do both, or not further engage in an attempt to mirror real-world expression behavior. The results suggest that the opinion climate formed by news comments influenced the opinions and comments of participants, providing evidence that those who hold strong opinions are more likely to comment when they perceive the opinion climate to be oppositional rather than supportive to their worldview.
Equity Contracts and Incentive Design in Start-Up Teams

Entrepreneurial teams assign equity positions in their start-ups using a term sheet that details equity splits and the conditions for being granted those splits. The design of equity split agreemen...
Structure and Function of Porcine Arteries Are Preserved for up to 6 Days Using the HypoRP Cold-storage Solution.

Background Maintaining functional vessels during preservation of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) remains a major challenge. The University of Wisconsin (UW) solution has demonstrated significant short-term benefits (4-6 h). Here we determined whether the new hypothermic resuscitation and preservation solution HypoRP improves both structure, survival, and function of pig arteries during storage for up to 6 days. Methods Using porcine swine mesenteric arteries, the effects of up to 6-day incubation in a saline (PBS), UW, or HypoRP solution on the structure, cell viability, metabolism, and function were determined. Results After incubation at 4°C, for up to 6 days, the structures of the arteries were significantly disrupted, especially the tunica media, following incubation in PBS, in contrast with incubation in the HypoRP solution and to a lesser extent, in UW solution. Those disruptions were associated with increased active caspase 3 indicative of apoptosis. Additionally, while incubation in PBS led to a significant decrease in the metabolic activity, UW and HypoRP solutions allowed a stable to increased metabolic activity following 6 days of cold storage. Functional responsiveness to phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) decreased over time for artery rings stored in PBS and UW solution but not for those stored in HypoRP solution. Moreover, artery rings cold-stored in HypoRP solution were more sensitive to ATP. Conclusions The HypoRP solution improved long-term cold storage of porcine arteries by limiting structural alterations, including the collagen matrix, reducing apoptosis, and maintaining artery contraction-relaxation functions for up to 6 days.
AvA: Accelerated Virtualization of Accelerators

Applications are migrating en masse to the cloud, while accelerators such as GPUs, TPUs, and FPGAs proliferate in the wake of Moore's Law. These trends are in conflict: cloud applications run on virtual platforms, but existing virtualization techniques have not provided production-ready solutions for accelerators. As a result, cloud providers expose accelerators by dedicating physical devices to individual guests. Multi-tenancy and consolidation are lost as a consequence. We present AvA, which addresses limitations of existing virtualization techniques with automated construction of hypervisor-managed virtual accelerator stacks. AvA combines a DSL for describing APIs and sharing policies, device-agnostic runtime components, and a compiler to generate accelerator-specific components such as guest libraries and API servers. AvA uses Hypervisor Interposed Remote Acceleration (HIRA), a new technique to enable hypervisor-enforcement of sharing policies from the specification. We use AvA to virtualize nine accelerators and eleven framework APIs, including six for which no virtualization support has been previously explored. AvA provides near-native performance and can enforce sharing policies that are not possible with current techniques, with orders of magnitude less developer effort than required for hand-built virtualization support.
Modelling exit strategies for the UK Covid-19 lockdown with revised mortality data

The number of daily deaths, reported by Public Health England (PHE) during the UK Covid-19 epidemic, initially omitted out-of-hospital deaths in England. The epidemic has been mitigated by social distancing and the lockdown introduced on 17 and 23 March 2020 respectively. We recently reported a stochastic model of a mitigated epidemic which incorporated changes in social interactions and daily movements and whose simulations were consistent with the initial PHE daily mortality data. However, on 29 April, PHE revised their historic data to include out-of-hospital deaths in England. Out-of-hospital deaths occur sooner than in-hospital deaths. Here we show that if 20% of deaths, representing out-of-hospital deaths, are assigned a shorter illness period, then simulated daily mortality matches the revised PHE mortality at least until 4 May. We now predict that if the lockdown is gently relaxed in late May, whilst maintaining social distancing, there would be a modest second-wave which may be acceptable when weighed against the risks of maintaining the lockdown. Our model complements other more sophisticated work currently guiding national policy but which is not presently in the public domain.
COVID-19 associated Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory disease in an adult.

Recent reports have described a secondary Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) after a prior COVID-19 infection that often has features of Kawasaki disease (KD). Here, we report the case of a 36-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department hypotensive and tachycardic after 1 week of fevers, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, and was found to have the classic phenotype of complete Kawasaki's Disease including nonexudative conjunctivitis, cracked lips, edema of the hands and feet, palmar erythema, a diffuse maculopapular rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Initial laboratory studies were significant for hyponatremia, elevated liver function tests including direct hyperbilirubinemia, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Imaging revealed mild gallbladder wall edema, a small area of colitis, and small pleural effusion. She was treated for Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS) with pulse dose solumedrol, IVIG, and aspirin with near resolution of symptoms and normalization of vital signs within 1 day and subsequent improvement in her laboratory abnormalities. She was later found to be COVID-19 IgG positive, suggesting past exposure. This case represents an early report of a KD-like illness in an adult with serologic evidence of a previous COVID-19 infection, similar to MIS-C. It suggests that the virulent strain of SARS-CoV-2 appears to cause a post-infectious inflammatory syndrome similar to KD in adults, as well as children. Our understanding of the myriad of COVID-19 symptoms and sequelae is rapidly evolving. We recommend physicians remain vigilant for inflammatory syndromes that mimic KD/KDSS which may warrant prompt treatment with IVIG and steroids.
Predictive Autonomous Runtime Modeling for Interwoven Systems

The explosion in connectivity of devices and systems which is being enabled by information and communications technologies has created ultra-complex constructs. Managing such systems is beyond the capabilities of traditional systems engineering approaches. This article explores results from social and cognitive psychology which describe how humans manage the informational chaos of daily life using schemas, frames, scripts, and stereotypes to aid processing. This exploration provides a framework for considering possible means, methods, and processes by which an entity could successfully engage in autonomous runtime modeling to extend its self-and worldrepresentations and thus enable participation in an autonomously created interwoven system.
How long do people stick to a diet resolution? A digital epidemiological estimation of weight loss diet persistence.

Objective: To use Internet search data to compare duration of compliance for various diets. Design: Using a passive surveillance digital epidemiological approach, we estimated the average duration of diet compliance by examining monthly Internet searches for recipes related to popular diets. We fit a mathematical model to these data to estimate the time spent on a diet by new January dieters (NJD) and to estimate the percentage of dieters dropping out during the American winter holiday season between Thanksgiving and the end of December. Setting: Internet searches in the USA for recipes related to popular diets over a 15-year period from 2004 to 2019. Participants: Individuals in the USA performing Internet searches for recipes related to popular diets. Results: All diets exhibited significant seasonality in recipe-related Internet searches, with sharp spikes every January followed by a decline in the number of searches and a further decline in the winter holiday season. The Paleo diet had the longest average compliance times among NJD (5.32 ± 0.68 weeks) and the lowest dropout during the winter holiday season (only 14 ± 3 % dropping out in December). The South Beach diet had the shortest compliance time among NJD (3.12 ± 0.64 weeks) and the highest dropout during the holiday season (33 ± 7 % dropping out in December). Conclusions: The current study is the first of its kind to use passive surveillance data to compare the duration of adherence with different diets and underscores the potential usefulness of digital epidemiological approaches to understanding health behaviours.
The Digital Estate: Strategies for Competing, Surviving, and Thriving in an Internetworked World

The traditional print world, as we have known it, is dead. In the brave new world of electronic publishing, a radical restructuring caused by the rapid emergence of the Internet's World Wide Web is wreaking havoc on the Fourth Estate is giving way to the Digital Estate. Easy access to the Internet has changed the way information can be found and provided. Anyone with a modem can do a search that will provide him or her with more information in a shorter amount of time than a week's trip to the best library. This phenomenon presents a new dilemma to traditional content providers. Are they becoming obsolete? This specter of obsolescence is haunting the world of books, magazines, and newspapers. As the competition heats up with software companies, advertisers and manufacturers, this book addresses the quandary the media finds itself in and provides working solutions that media companies of all sizes and types can use to ensure they survive into the 21st century and beyond. It discusses the far-reaching consequences for the media industry and for any other business that comes in contact with it. For example, traditional publishers face new competitors, from such places as Silicon Valley and Madison Avenue. These same publishers face new "all-the-time publishing" models, where the concepts of deadlines and issue date are obsolete. In its place is a dynamic publication, which is constantly changing and constantly evolving.
UCT Enhancements in Chinese Checkers Using an Endgame Database

The UCT algorithm has gained popularity for use in AI for games, especially in board games. This paper assess the performance of UCT-based AIs and the effectiveness of augmenting them with a lookup table containing evaluations of games states in the game of Chinese Checkers. Our lookup table is only guaranteed to be correct during the endgame, but serves as an accurate heuristic throughout the game. Experiments show that using the lookup table only for its endgames is harmful, while using it for its heuristic values improves the quality of play. This work is performed on a board with 81 locations and 6 pieces, which is larger than previous work on lookup tables in Chinese Checkers. It is a precursor to using the 500 GB full-game single-agent data on the full-size board with 81 locations and 10 pieces.
Vaccinia‐Based Reporter Gene Cell‐Fusion Assays to Quantitate Functional Interactions of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein with Receptors

This unit describes quantitation of functional interactions between HIV envelope glucoprotein and target cell receptors, using assay of cell fusion-dependent reporter gene activation. The method is particularly useful since it isolates the fusion reaction from the rest of the HIV replication cycle, and obviates the need for infectious HIV particles. Reporter Gene Cell Fusion Assays to Quantitate Functional Interactions of HIV Envelope Glycoprotein with Receptors.
Abstract W P50: FLAIR Vessel Hyperintensity In TIA and Minor Stroke Predicts Early Recurrent Stroke

Objectives: FLAIR vessel hyperintensity (FVH) is frequently seen in patients with major acute ischemic stroke, but its significance in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke is not known. We sought to establish the prevalence of FVH in TIA and minor stroke and assess whether FVH predicts recurrent TIA or ischemic stroke. Methods: Consecutive patients from a prospective registry with high-risk TIA or minor stroke between 8/2012-7/2013 were analyzed based on these inclusion criteria: symptoms of unilateral weakness and/or speech deficit, NIHSS score ≤5, and completion of MRI within 48 hours of symptom onset. We excluded patients with isolated brainstem or cerebellar syndromes. MRI scans were reviewed by a single rater who was blinded to clinical data and used examples from published literature to score the presence of FVH and classify its location as proximal MCA, distal MCA, or PCA. After FVH rating, DWI and head and neck MRA were rated for presence of restricted diffusion and stenosis or occlusion. We employed univariable and multivariable statistics to identify independent predictors of FVH, and to examine the association between FVH and stroke recurrence. Results: Among 136 patients (mean age 69.5 ± 13.5 years; 43.4% female; 69.1% white; median NIHSS 1), 29 (21.3%) had FVH. The most common location was MCA (distal only 23; proximal only 1; distal/proximal: 3) with only 2 in the PCA. In multivariable analysis, the following variables were strongly associated with FVH: ipsilateral intracranial occlusion/stenosis (OR 13.7, 95% CI 4.8-39.2, p<0.001) and cardioembolic TOAST subtype (OR 7.4, CI 2.3-23.4, p=0.001). Neither DWI lesion nor ABCD2 score was associated with FVH. Patients with FVH were more likely to experience recurrent stroke or TIA within 90 days (17.2% vs. 1.9%; p=0.005). Conclusions: FVH is common in high-risk TIA and minor stroke patients, is associated with ipsilateral intracranial stenosis or occlusion, and strongly predicts recurrent TIA or stroke within 90 days. Since FVH did not correlate with DWI or ABCD2 scores, it should be considered in larger studies of clinical-imaging prediction tools of stroke risk after TIA and minor stroke.
The urodele limb regeneration blastema: a self-organizing system. i. Differentiation in vitro.

Abstract It has long been held that the overtly undifferentiated conical regeneration blastema is incapable of differentiation in the absence of inductive influences from the differentiated tissues of the stump. The validity of this concept was tested by culturing cone, palette, and notch stage limb blastemas of larval Ambystoma maculatum in vitro, both with and without stump. Blastemas of all three stages were able to differentiate precartilage and striated muscle in vitro in complete absence of the stump. Inclusion of stump in an explant did not enhance the frequency of differentiation of precartilage and muscle in the blastema, and actually appeared to be detrimental to development of the regenerate. It has been concluded that by the time the blastema has reached the cone stage, it is not dependent upon inductive messages from the stump for differentiation, but is a self-differentiating system.
Escherichia coli RecG and RecA proteins in R-loop formation

Escherichia coli rnhA mutants devoid of RNase HI exhibit constitutive stable DNA replication, cSDR, which is thought to be initiated from R-loops stabilized in the absence of RNase HI. We found that a combination of an rnhA and a recG mutation is lethal to the cell. recG mutations that inactivate the helicase activity of RecG protein and inhibit reverse branch migration of Holliday junctions impart phenotypes resembling those of rnhA mutants. Thus, recG mutants display cSDR activity, and recG polA double mutants are inviable as are rnhA polA double mutants. These results suggest that the RecG helicase has a role in preventing R-loop formation. A model that R-loops are formed by assimilation of RNA transcripts into the duplex DNA is discussed. The model further postulates that RecA protein catalyzes this assimilation reaction and that RecG protein counteracts RecA in this reaction, resolves R-loops by its helicase activity, or does both.
Beyond the Picket Line: Academic Organizing after the Long NYU Strike : : Introduction to the Special Issue

After a wave of academic organizing victories over the past decade, including the formation of unions for adjunct professors as well graduate student employees at NYU, the 2005-06 strike by GSOC/UAW Local 2110 was followed closely by many observers of university life, and no shortage of commentators predicted that GSOC’s struggle at NYU would prove significant for the future of academic labor. This special issue of Workplace presents some of the first scholarly and activist analyses of the strike and its implications, written by five graduate employees at NYU, all active GSOC members, and a member of CUNY’s faculty/grad union.
Homomorphic restoration of images degraded by light cloud cover

In this paper, we demonstrate the use of adaptive homomorphic filtering in exposing objects under light cloud cover. In particular, the homomorphic filter invoked is space-varying and is parameterized by the local mean level of the degraded image. The local mean serves as an indication of the extent of local cloud cover degradation. We show that this adaptive procedure has greater potential than the long-space methods in exposing objects beneath light cloud cover. In addition, adaptive homomorphic filtering compares favorably with an iterative homomorphic enhancement procedure which is an extension of the one-pass nonadaptive homomorphic filter.
Be Careful What You Wish For: Copyright’s Campaign for Property Rights and an Eminent Consequence of Intellectual Monopoly

INTRODUCTION 790 I. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OR GOVERNMENT-GRANTED MONOPOLY: WHY THE INTANGIBLE SHOULD NOT BECOME TANGIBLE 791 A. Theory One: Intellectual Property 791 B. Theory Two: Intellectual Monopoly 793 C. Contrast: Property Rights and Intellectual Property Rights 796 II. COPYRIGHT’S CAMPAIGN FOR PROPERTY RIGHTS 797 III. WHY ABSOLUTE COPYRIGHT PROTECTION AMOUNTS TO A VIOLATION OF ANTITRUST LAW 803 A. Antitrust and Intellectual Property: The Intersection 803 B. The Early Doctrine: Patents 804 C. The New Problem: Copyrights 805 D. The Department of Justice’s Solution, the “Rule of Reason,” and Copyrights 807 IV. AN EMINENT CONSEQUENCE: WHY COPYRIGHTS COULD BECOME SUBJECT TO EMINENT DOMAIN 811 A. Intellectual Property as Private Property 811 B. A Public Use for Copyrights 814 C. Just Compensation for Copyrights 817 D. Research and Development 818 CONCLUSION 819
Behavioral analysis of benzodiazepine-mediated inhibition in the early chick embryo.

Abstract Diazepam, a depressant benzodiazepine, produced a dose-dependent decrease in the spontaneous motility of 5-day embryos while Ro 5-3663, a convulsant benzodiazepine, had no apparent effect. Diazepam and 4 other benzodiazepines inhibited motility in 5-day embryos with a potency that paralleled their effectiveness in ligand-binding studies. Ro 311-5073/Ro 11-5231, depressant benzodiazepine enantiomers, stereospecifically inhibited motility in 4- and 5-day embryos. Ro 15-1788, a benzodiazepine antagonist, reversed the decrease in the motility of 4- and 5-day embryos caused by a depressant benzodiazepine, clonazepam. Ro 5-6945, a potent agonist for the non-neuronal (but not the neuronal) benzodiazepine receptor, had no apparent effect on motility in 5-day embryos. Benzodiazepine receptors appear at least as early as day 5 (and perhaps as early as day 4) in the chick embryo.
Extrication, the primary event in eclosion, and its relationship to digging, pumping and tanning in Sarcophaga bullata

Abstract The cyclorrhaphous fly, Sarcophaga bullata (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), normally pupates within a semi-solid medium. Upon eclosion, it digs its way to an environment in which it is free of constraint and only then expands its body and wings and hardens (“tans”) its cuticle. The behaviour pattern is identical for both eclosion and digging, and is described here as a seven-phase continuum. The phases, each of which is a specific element in a series of peristaltic waves of muscular contractions and relaxations, are arranged in a deterministic sequence, for which the term “extrication behaviour” is proposed. The ability of flies to perform this sequential pattern decreases as they get older (time being measured in terms of minutes), the diminution being a depression in both the frequency and amplitude of peristaltic activity. The pattern eventually disappears at about 50 minutes of age. A study of the relationship between the onset of the post-eclosion events (i.e. expansion and hardening) which takes place after digging ends, and the decrease in intensity and, finally, termination of the extrication pattern, reveals that neither expansion nor hardening provides the feedback leading to pattern cessation.
Completely O-simple multiplicative ideals of rings

The purpose of this note is the characterization of rings which are generated by a completely O-simple multiplicative ideal. It will follow as a corollary of this characterization that a ring which is multiplicatively completely O-simple is a division ring [4].
Expansion of C4 grasses in the Late Miocene of Northern Pakistan: evidence from stable isotopes in paleosols

Stable-isotopic, clay-mineralogic, and bulk-chemical analyses were conducted on paleosols of the Neogene Siwalik sections in northern Pakistan in order to reconstruct floodplain environments over the past ∼ 17 Ma. The stable carbon isotopic composition of soil carbonate (mean δ13C (PDB) = -10.2%) and associated organic matter (mean δ13C (PDB) = −24.1%) in paleosols representing 17− ∼ 7.3 Ma reveal that floodplain vegetation was dominated by C3 plants. At 7.3 Ma, a shift toward more positive carbon isotopic values began, signaling the gradual expansion of C4 grasses onto the floodplain. From 6 Ma to present, carbon isotopic values for paleosol carbonate (mean δ13C (PDB) = +0.6%) and organic matter (mean δ13C (PDB) = −14.4%) are uniformly enriched in 13C, indicating the presence of nearly pure C4 grassland. The scarcity of kaolinite and abundance of smectite and pedogenic carbonate in most paleosols suggest that rainfall in the region remained 1.0–1.25 m/yr or less for the entire 17 Ma of record. Paleosols in the lower portion of the section lack organic A horizons but have reddish B horizons often containing secondary iron-oxide nodules. Leaching depths of soil carbonate in these older paleosols are typically greater than those in the Plio-Pleistocene part of the section, where organic A horizons are common, and B horizons are markedly more yellow. The combined evidence suggests that the mature paleosols in the pre-7.3 Ma part of the record are dominantly calcareous Alfisols or Mollisols that once underlay nearly pure C3 vegetation, perhaps trees and shrubs, while calcareous Mollisols underlying C4 grassland dominate the upper part of the record. The carbon- and oxygen-isotopic trends in the paleosol record in Pakistan are also evident in the diet of fossil mammals, and in paleosols from Nepal, thus demonstrating that these paleoenvironmental changes in floodplain vegetation may be continent-wide. Local effects, such as the development or intensification of the Asian Monsoon driven by uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, may have led to the expansion of C4 grasses. If, however, the expansion of C4 grasses proves globally synchronous, then a larger scale cause, such as a marked decrease in ϱCO2, may be the driving mechanism.
Effects of unilateral castration on morphologic characteristics of the testis in one-, two-, and three-year-old stallions

The effects of unilateral castration on testicular compensatory hypertrophy were measured in 12 Morgan stallions, four each at one, two, and three years of age. They were randomized within age to intact (IN) or unilaterally castrated (UC) groups. Allotment and surgery were in January 1983 and total castration was in June 1983, 150 d after unilateral castration. Testis weight increased linearly with age (P < 0.01) and was increased by unilateral castration (P < 0.07). Epididymal weight also increased linearly with age (P < 0.05) and was heavier in UC animals (P = 0.15). Tubule diameter (P < 0.10) and epithelial height (P < 0.03) were greater in UC than in IN stallions. In conclusion, testes of stallions underwent compensatory hypertrophy after unilateral castration.
Ten Basic Principles of Leadership in Community Development Organizations

(1994). Ten Basic Principles of Leadership in Community Development Organizations. Journal of the Community Development Society: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 44-48.
An evidence-based medicine approach to the evaluation of the role of exogenous risk factors in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

An evidence-based medicine approach was applied to evaluate analytic studies of exogenous risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) published since 1991. Classification systems for evaluating the literature and for drawing conclusions based on the class of available evidence were developed, modeled on those used by national societies. Considerations regarding the impact on the general public of confirming a role for putative risk factors were made explicit. There was evidence in support of smoking being a probable (‘more likely than not’) risk factor for ALS. Smoking has broad public health impact, no redeeming features, and is a modifiable risk factor. Evidence supported the conclusion that the following were probably not risk factors for ALS: trauma, physical activity, residence in rural areas and alcohol consumption. Evidence-based medicine methodology does not permit calculation of the magnitude of type I or type II errors in drawing these conclusions. New evidence may change these conclusions. Recommendations for future research include: draw on clinical trial methodology in designing future, confirmatory, case-control studies; consider utilizing cohort studies, recognizing the longer timelines for these to come to fruition; accord priority to investigating putative risk factors with greatest public health impact. Advances in study methodology may lead to development of finite research cycles for individual putative risk factors for sporadic ALS.
Handhelds go to school: lessons learned

Working in conjunction with teachers, researchers have developed a series of projects exploring the potential for using wireless handheld devices to enhance K-12 classroom instruction.
PEPTIC ULCER WITH ISLET CELL TUMOR: A REAPPRAISAL.

Abstract Islet cell tumor-peptic ulcer relationships are reappraised and the findings discussed with regard to more general implications involving the development of peptic ulcer in patients with parathyroid or other endocrine tumors. Atypical features are frequent in patients with peptic ulcer and islet cell adenoma or carcinoma of the pancreas, whether or not the tumors are insulin- or noninsulin-producing. The findings often include clinical and gastric secretory characteristics of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, together with the presence of tumors of the parathyroids and other endocrine glands, and a family history of peptic ulcer or endocrinopathy. Even in some patients with less remarkable ulcer features, gastric secretagogue activity was isolated from extracts of the islet cell tumor; in addition, both gastrin- and insulin-secreting islet cell tumors may develop in the same patient. In the majority of instances, the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome may represent the "gastrin-secreting" islet cell tumor component of familial polyglandular endocrinopathy, although a primary islet cell carcinoma also gives similar ulcer and gastric secretory features.
Differentially Expressed Forms of 1-L-myo-Inositol-1-Phosphate Synthase (EC) in Phaseolus vulgaris

Abstract We have characterized two distinct polypeptides with 1-L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (MI-1-P synthase) activity that are differentially expressed during development in Phaseolus vulgaris. Western analyses, enzyme assays, and partial purification of MI-1-P synthase during embryonic and postembryonic development show that its expression is temporally and spatially regulated. Developmental Western analyses of soluble proteins detect a small protein, approximately 33 kDa, with MI-1-P synthase activity during the globular stage (stage II) of embryogenesis and in mature roots. Expression of this small protein is also enriched in thylakoidal membranes of fractionated leaf chloroplasts, although Western analyses of total soluble leaf proteins show no cross-reacting material. In contrast, a larger protein, approximately 56 kDa, with MI-1-P synthase activity is present during the cotyledonary phase (stage IV) of embryogenesis in green cotyledons of seedlings and in young roots.
Daily Grass and Alfalfa-Reference Evapotranspiration Estimates and Alfalfa-to-Grass Evapotranspiration Ratios in Florida

Efficient use of natural water resources in agriculture is becoming an important issue in Florida because of the rapid depletion of freshwater resources due to the increasing trend of industrial de...
Effects of hypoxia lasting up to one month on the catecholamine content in rat carotid body.

Long-term exposure to hypoxia (10%O2 + 90%N2) elicits an increase in the dopamine content of the carotid body after 2 days and in the noradrenaline content after one week. When hypoxia is extended to 4 weeks the dopamine and noradrenaline content increase 15- and 12-fold, respectively. These changes are associated with an increase in size and protein content of the carotid body. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion, which causes a 50% reduction of the noradrenaline content, fails to prevent the increase in amine content elicited by hypoxia. Exposure to hypoxia for 4 weeks slightly increases the dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content in superior cervical ganglia and that of dopamine in adrenal glands, but fails to alter the levels of noradrenaline, adrenaline and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol in heart and adrenal glands, that of noradrenaline in superior cervical ganglia and that of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the caudate nucleus. From these data it can be inferred that the increase in dopamine and noradrenaline content occurs as a specific response to long-term hypoxia and may involve both induction of tyrosine hydroxylase and hyperplasia of glomus cells of carotid bodies.
Dynamics of leaders' and subordinates' performance-related discussions following monitoring by leaders in group meetings

Abstract The present study examined interactions following performance monitoring by leaders in group meetings. Discussions between leaders and subordinates during 28 Reserve Officers' Training Corps meetings at a private Midwestern university were videotaped and transcribed. Lag-sequential analyses of these interactions indicated that leaders' monitoring of performance during group meetings stimulated subordinates to make positive, negative, and neutral reports of their own performances, but primarily negative reports of others' performances. Leaders were likely to follow subordinates' negative reports of their own performances with negative consequences and subordinates' positive reports of others' performances with positive consequences. The present study suggests that interactions following performance monitoring by leaders in group settings are affected both by actual and perceived self-presentation biases.
Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Chemical syntheses and spectral properties of 26-oxygenated derivatives of 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one and their effects on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells

Abstract 26-Oxygenated derivatives of Δ 8(14) -15-ketosterols have been synthesized from (25R)-3β,26-diacetoxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one ( IX ) as part of a program to prepare potential metabolites and analogs of 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one ( I ), a potent regulator of cholesterol metabolism. Partial hydrolysis of IX gave a mixture, from which the 3β,26-diol II and the 26-acetate ( XI ) and 3β-acetate ( X ) monoesters were isolated. Mitsunobu reaction of XI followed by hydrolysis gave (25R)-3α,26-dihydroxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-15-one ( VI ). Oxidation of XI with pyridinium chlorochromate followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gave (25R)-26-hydroxy-5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3,15-dione ( VII ). Oxidation of X with Jones reagent followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gave (25R)-3β-hydroxy-15-keto-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-26-oic acid ( IVa ). Jones oxidation of II gave (25R)-3,15-diketo-5α-cholest-8(14)-en-26-oic acid ( VII ). 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance assignments and analyses of mass spectral fragmentation data are presented for each of the new compounds and their derivatives. The 3,15-diketone VII was found to be highly active in lowering the levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in CHO-K1 cells, with a potency comparable to that of I . In contrast, 3α,26-diol VI was less potent than I or VII . The two carboxylic acid analogs IVa and VIII were considerably less potent than VI in lowering the levels of HMG-CoA reductase activity.
Inhibition of human platelet lipoxygenase by cyanide

Potassium cyanide inhibited the lipoxygenase activity of a human platelet cytosolic fraction in a concentration-dependent manner (ID50=2 mM). The inhibition was monitored by spectrophotometry (conjugation of diene bonds at 236 nm), by chromatography (inhibition of formation of 12-hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid) as well as by measuring suppression of oxygen consumption. The lipoxygenase activity of intact platelets was also inhibited by KCN as evidenced by the reduction in 12-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid formation in response to thrombin.
Interaction of leptin and nitric oxide on food intake in broilers and Leghorns.

Abstract Leptin, which is produced in proportion to adiposity, has been reported to regulate feeding behaviors. Previous researchers reported that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) decreased food intake, while L-arginine attenuated this effect. Recently, studies showed that NO plays an important role as a mediator of feeding behavior induced by a variety of neuropeptides. We investigated whether the anorectic effect of leptin is mediated by nitric oxide in broilers and Leghorns. In the first experiment, leptin was intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered into the right lateral ventricle of broilers and food intake monitored at 15-min intervals through 180 min postinjection. L-arginine attenuated the decrease in food intake induced by leptin. In the second experiment, leptin was coinjected ICV with NG-nitro-arginine methyl ester HC1 (L-NNA), a NOS inhibitor. In the following study, we investigated whether the decreased feeding induced by leptin (10 μg/l0 μl) is mediated by nitric oxide in chickens. Three week old chickens were administered two levels of leptin (A = aCSF, B = 10 μg/l0 μl) into the right lateral ventricle, and nitrate and nitrite (nitric oxide metabolites) were monitored 30-min postinjection. The results showed leptin decreased NO formation significantly compared with the control group. These results suggest that NO interacts with leptin in the central nervous system to modulate feeding behavior in the chicken.
End-to-end error correction and online diagnosis for on-chip networks

We propose a comprehensive solution for end-to-end (e2e) error correction and online defect diagnosis for on-chip networks. For e2e error correction, we propose an interleaved error-locality-aware code that efficiently corrects both random and burst errors. We demonstrate that for 64-bit wide network links, interleaving four of the proposed code, 2G4L(26,16), each of which supports 16bit data, can correct as many as two random errors or 16 adjacent errors. In order to maintain the error correction capability of the Error Correcting Code (ECC) for transient and intermittent errors, we further propose an e2e data gathering and online diagnosis approach that locates the defective wires and replaces them with the spare wires embedded in the network. Our analytical and experimental studies show that under heavy noise, high escape rate, uncertainty about routing, and many other harmful effects, the diagnostic data collected by the proposed approach are accurate enough for the purpose of passive diagnosis.