cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the provision of free intrauterine contraception reduce pregnancy rates among uninsured low-income women? A cohort study: a two North Carolina clinics.

Abstract Background Low-income women are disproportionately affected by unintended pregnancy. The Access to Resources in Contraceptive Health Foundation was established to provide free levonorgestrel intrauterine contraceptive systems to uninsured women who meet specific socioeconomic eligibility criteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this program at reducing pregnancies among uninsured women attending two North Carolina clinics. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study including uninsured women (aged 15–44 years) who desired contraception, were deemed eligible for the program and attended one of two North Carolina clinics between January 1, 2003, and June 30, 2009. The primary outcome was pregnancy. Pregnancy rates were compared between those women who had a program-approved intrauterine device placed (exposed group) and those women who were eligible for the program, but did not have a device placed (the unexposed group). Questionnaires were used to determine the numbers of pregnancies (and dates of conception), the types of alternative contraception being used and basic demographic information about program participants. The data were analyzed using survival analysis of time to pregnancy. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate a hazard ratio. Results We attempted to reach 321 patients and obtained 104 responses. After exclusions, data from 90 participants were analyzed. Sixty-five women received a levonorgestrel device, and 25 eligible women did not. Seven pregnancies occurred in the exposed group (11%), all after the IUD was removed; three of these pregnancies were planned. Eight pregnancies occurred in the unexposed group (32%). The median follow-up time was 2.4 years (range: 0.75–4 years) and 1.8 years (0.05–4 years) in the exposed and unexposed groups, respectively. Conclusions Provision of a levonorgestrel-releasing device was associated with significantly lower risk of pregnancy than was use of alternative or no contraception. If these data from North Carolina are representative of experience nationwide, then the public health benefit of the Foundation's philanthropy may be large.
Activities of Polysaccharide-Degrading Bacteria in the Human Colon

Polysaccharides in the human diet that are not digested and absorbed in the stomach and small intestine enter the colon, where they are available for fermention by the complex and numerous population of bacteria that resides there. Most of the polysaccharides that reach the colon are plant cell wall polysaccharides, but some starch may also reach the colon (Englyst and Cummings, 1985). Plant polysaccharides are extensively degraded during passage through the colon and probably provide a major part of the carbon and energy required by colonic bacteria (Van Soest, 1978). Dietary polysaccharides are not the only type of carbohydrate that enters the colon. Goblet cells in the mucosa produce copious amounts of glycoprotein mucin, and the constant sloughing of cells from the mucosa of the small and large intestine releases tissue mucopolysaccharides into the lumen (Lennarz, 1980). Mucopolysaccharides are also found in meat.
A Parallel Multisplitting Solution of the Least Squares Problem

The linear least squares problem, minx kAx bk2, is solved by applying a multisplitting(MS) strategy in which the system matrix is decomposed by columns into p blocks. The b and x vectors are partitioned consistently with the matrix decomposition. The global least squares problem is then replaced by a sequence of local least squares problems which can be solved in parallel by MS. In MS the solutions to the local problems are recombined using weighting matrices to pick out the appropriate components of each subproblem solution. A new two-stage algorithm which optimizes the global update each iteration is also given. For this algorithm the updates are obtained by finding the optimal update with respect to the weights of the recombination. For the least squares problem presented, the global update optimization can also be formulated as a least squares problem of dimension p. Theoretical results are presented which prove the convergence of the iterations. Numerical results which detail the iteration behavior relative to subproblem size, convergence criteria and recombination techniques are given. The two-stage MS strategy is shown to be effective for near-separable problems. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
For a science of group interaction

As a foundation for the design of groupware, we need a new science of group interaction, a systematic description of the processes at the group level of description that may contribute to problem solving, knowledge building and other cognitive tasks undertaken by small groups collaborating synchronously over networked computers. A scientific investigation of the knowledge-building interactions of online teams involves explorations along multiple dimensions: (a) designing a testbed to support interaction within teams, (b) analyzing how interaction takes place within this setting and (c) describing how the teams achieve their tasks. This paper discusses how a current CSCL project designed a groupware environment in which this could take place and be studied; it reviews how the project approached the rigorous study of what took place there; and it reflects on the nature of group interaction as an object for a new science.
Modeling the effect of temperature on the growth rate and lag time of Listeria innocua and Listeria monocytogenes.

Several mathematical models which predict growth rate and lag time as a function of temperature were compared. The growth rate and lag time of Listeria innocua PFEI and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A PFEI were determined in brain heart infusion broth between 275 and 319 K. TableCurve 3.01 was used to fit model parameters to the L. monocytogenes data and to evaluate growth rate and lag time models. The growth rate models were validated using L. monocytogenes data from real dairy food systems. L. innocua grew faster than L. monocytogenes at temperatures below 315 K and grew slower than L. monocytogenes at temperatures higher than 315 K. At temperatures below 281 K, the lag time of L. monocytogenes was longer than that of L. innocua . The r2 and F values show that the 4-parameter growth rate models fit the data better than the 6-parameter models. The 4-parameter Zwietering Square Root Model gives the best fit of all the models used to predict growth rate. The 2-parameter models predict lag time better than the models containing more parameters. The 2-parameter Square Root Model gives the best fit of all the models evaluated when a traditional method of determining lag time is used. The 2-parameter New Model gives the best fit of all the models, when the Solberg method of determining lag time is used. Four growth rate models are not only suitable for modeling the growth rate of L. monocytogenes in brain heart infusion broth but are also suitable for modeling its growth rate in the selected real dairy food systems.
A Review of “VEGETARIAN CRUSADE: THE RISE OF AN AMERICAN REFORM MOVEMENT, 1817–1921”

Although a recent Gallup poll indicates that only 5 percent of adults in the United States consider themselves vegetarians, plant-based eating pervades American food culture, popularizing “Meatless...
(2+1)-Dimensional directed polymer in a random medium: scaling phenomena and universal distributions.

We examine numerically the zero-temperature ($2+1$)-dimensional directed polymer in a random medium, along with several of its brethren via the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation. Using finite-size and KPZ scaling Ans\"atze, we extract the universal distributions controlling fluctuation phenomena in this canonical model of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Specifically, we study point-point, point-line, and point-plane directed polymer geometries, scenarios which yield higher-dimensional analogs of the Tracy-Widom distributions of random matrix theory. Our analysis represents a robust, multifaceted numerical characterization of the $2+1$ KPZ universality class and its limit distributions.
Band theory of the Cu 3 Au and Cu Au 3 order-disorder transformations

A band theoretical model for the ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$Au and Cu${\mathrm{Au}}_{3}$ order-disorder transformations is presented based on an extended cluster-Bethe-lattice method electronic theory and the cluster-variation configurational-entropy approximation. A single $s$-band tight-binding Hartree Hamiltonian is solved self-consistently for the electronic configurations of single atoms embedded in an effective medium in the presence of nearest-neighbor short-range-order correlations. The functional dependence of the ordering energy and the temperature dependences of long- and short-range order and internal energy are compared with the Ising theory and experimental data.
Frequency and Duration of Drought in the Upper Green River Basin, Wyoming, USA

The limited length of instrumental streamflow data impacts the true magnitude of natural interdecadal variability of water delivered from the UGRB. This limited period of instrumental record can be expanded by utilizing proxy records (reconstructed streamflow) derived from tree rings. Two reconstructed streamflow datasets are now available for the Green River near Green River, UT (Stockton and Jacoby, 1976; Woodhouse et al., 2006), and a new preliminary reconstruction has been developed for the Green River near Green River, Wyoming (Woodhouse et al., 2006). Also, recent research has resulted in the development of nine streamflow reconstructions spatially located throughout the UGRB (Barnett et al., 2008). The proposed research would use these streamflow reconstructions to assess patterns (temporal and spatial) and sources of streamflow variability in the UGRB. An investigation of long-term streamflow variability, focusing on extreme events such as mega-droughts, will be performed. The research will result in the development of probabilistic drought forecasts. Salas et al. (2005) provides drought definitions and equations that can be utilized by water planners in storage dependent systems. Loaiciga (2005) utilized the compound renewal process, which generalizes the Poisson process, to calculate return periods for drought events. This may result in frequency – duration curves for UGRB drought. Such probability curves can then be analyzed in light of Compact agreements to answer questions such as, “How often might the outflow from the UGRB fail to meet 10-year delivery obligations?”
SEROLOGY TEST AND ANALYSIS OF SUSPECTED MEASLES AND RUBELLA CASES IN BAIYUN DISTRICT OF GUANGZHOU FROM 2009 TO 2012

Objective To analyze the serological test results of suspected measles and rubella cases in Baiyun District of Guangzhou,and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of measles and rubella.Methods To have IgM antibody test of the serum specimens for the suspected measles and rubella cases in Baiyun District of Guangzhou by using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and to have a statistical analysis of the test results.Results A total of 745 blood specimens were tested within four years.Among them,246 measles samples showed IgM antibody positive,and the total positive rate was 33.02%;90 rubella samples showed IgM antibody positive,and the total positive rate was 12.08%.There was statistical significance for the positive ratio differences of measles and rubella in different years.And there was no statistical significance of gender distribution for measles and rubella cases.Measles is mainly distributed in children lower than 7 years old,which amounts to 77.24% of the total;rubella mainly accounted for 74.44% of the total in the 15 ～ 39 years old group.Measles,rubella antibody positive rate had significant differences in different age group.There is obvious seasonal characteristics for the onset of measles and rubella;Measles cases can happen all the year round,and Jun to July is the peak time;rubella mainly happen from March to August,accounting for 96.67% of total rate of the year.Conclusion The marked rise in the positive rate of measles IgM antibody in 2012 should be taken into account.Measles mostly attacks children,while rubella is more on the youth.The focus of our future work is to strengthen the immune planning management of the floating population.Timely vaccination and immunization should be ensured,the immunity levels of susceptible population should be enhanced.
How should clinicians interpret clinical trials

Given the rapid evolution of cardiovascular medicine, clinicians must sift through an enormous array of information about new therapies in order to determine how best to treat patients with ischemic heart disease. They should first consider the evidence from randomized clinical trials, because these trials eliminate bias and permit broad statistical analyses. If randomized clinical trial data are not available, next in order of the strength of their evidence are observational studies, historically controlled studies, case series, and case reports. Clinicians must additionally ascertain that an investigation has the elements of good design, including a clear question, adequate sample size, appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, evidence that the right amount of data was collected carefully, and allowances in the analyses for patients taking multiple therapies and randomized into several clinical trials.
Use of Fractional Talbot Images for Fabrication of Diffractive Optical Elements

In this paper, we discuss the use of Fresnel-regime interference patterns as exposure mechanisms for the fabrication of diffractive optical elements. Design approaches are discussed, and both theoretical and experimental results are presented.
Silicon micromachined components at 1THz and beyond

Over the past ten years, several silicon microfabrication techniques have emerged to fabricate components for THz instruments. Our approach focuses on the use of multiple silicon dioxide (SiO2) masks and consecutive silicon etching steps using deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) to create multi-step devices with very fine features. We are reporting here on the fabrication of hydrid couplers and a turnstile orthomode transducer (OMT) at 1 THz, a path forward to compact multipixel silicon based receivers at 1.9 THz.
Free-Surface Ideal Fluid Flows by Finite Elements

The two dimensional flow of an ideal fluid which emerges as a free surface jet from a containing vessel of arbitrary shape is studied. The finite element analysis of this problem seeks an approximate solution for the minimization of a functional which describes this problem. Gravity effects and curvilinear, solid boundary walls are easily taken into account. The method provides a rational analytical algorithm for adjusting free surface coordinates. The iterative technique used in conjunction with the algorithm requires the solution of a linear, symmetric, banded equation system during each iteration, which is quickly done by Gaussian elimination. Results include not only free surface profiles but also velocity and pressure distributions throughout the flow domain. Computational examples are given which required 10-20 iterations and used 3 to 8 min of execution time on the IBM 7044 computer.
Use of echocardiography in outpatients with chest pain and normal resting electrocardiograms referred to Mayo Clinic Rochester

Objectives To determine how often unnecessary resting echocardiograms that are “not recommended” by clinical practice guidelines are performed in patients with stable chest pain and normal resting electrocardiograms (ECGs). Background There are scant data to indicate how often Class III recommendations are ignored in clinical practice. Patients and Methods We searched electronically all medical records of referral outpatients seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester from January 1, 2010, through December 31, 2013, to identify patients with stable chest pain and known or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent resting echocardiography and had normal resting ECGs and no other indication for echocardiography. Results Of the 15,529 referral outpatients who were evaluated at Mayo Clinic Rochester with chest pain, 3976 (25.6%) had resting echocardiograms. Eight hundred seventy of these 3976 patients (21.9%) had normal resting ECGs. Six hundred nineteen of these 870 patients (71.1%) had other indications for echocardiography. The remaining 251 patients (6.3% of all echocardiograms and 1.6% of all patients) had normal resting ECGs and no other indication for echocardiography. Two hundred thirty-nine of these 251 patients (95.2%) had normal echocardiograms. Of the 12 abnormal echocardiograms, only 4 led to any change in clinical management. Sixty-one of these 251 echocardiograms (24.3%) were “preordered” before the provider (physicians, nurses, physician assistants) visit. Conclusion Echocardiograms were performed in 1 in 4 referral outpatients with chest pain seen at Mayo Clinic Rochester. However, only 1 in 16 of these echocardiograms was performed in violation of the class III recommendation in the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines for the management of stable angina. These unnecessary echocardiograms were almost always normal, and had little impact on clinical management. The rate of unnecessary echocardiograms could be decreased by eliminating preordering.
THE IMPACT OF BASELINE LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN THE PRECISION TRIAL

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) mortality. The PRECISION trial evaluated the CV safety of celecoxib and nonselective NSAIDs. We assessed the contemporary impact of LVH on CV outcomes diagnosed by EKG in this randomized clinical trial. We
Composing for Affect, Audience, and Identity: Toward a Multidimensional Understanding of Adolescents’ Multimodal Composing Goals and Designs:

This study examined adolescents’ perspectives on their multimodal composing goals and designs when creating digital projects in the context of an English Language Arts class. Sociocultural and soci...
A Survey of Some Superlinear Problems

Consider the semilinear elliptic partial differential equation: $$ \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - \Delta u = p\left( {x,u} \right)} & {x \in \Omega } \\ {u = 0} & {x \in \partial \Omega } \\ \end{array} } \right. $$ (0.1) Here and in what follows, Ω always denotes a bounded domain in ℝ n with a smooth boundary. Suppose that p(x,ξ) is superlinear as |ξ| → ∞, i.e. $$ p(x,\xi ){\xi ^{{ - 1}}} \to \infty \;as\;\left| \xi \right| \to \infty $$ (0.2) .
Postprandial augmentation index is reduced in adults with prediabetes following continuous and interval exercise training.

New findings What is the central question of this study? We compared high-intensity interval versus continuous training on fasting and postprandial arterial stiffness in people with prediabetes. What is the main finding and its importance? We show, for the first time, that exercise improves the augmentation index during the postprandial state, but not the fasted state, in adults with prediabetes. However, the fasted augmentation index improved in relationship to exercise dose, as assessed by kilocalories per session. Collectively, these findings suggest that short-term exercise can improve arterial compliance in adults with prediabetes. Therefore, lifestyle interventions designed to reduce arterial stiffness could have considerable clinical impact. Abstract People with prediabetes have elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, in part, owing to arterial stiffness mediated by low insulin sensitivity. However, the effect the intensity and/or amount (i.e. kilocalories per session) of short-term exercise training on fasting and postprandial arterial stiffness is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that increased intensity and dose (i.e. amount) of exercise would be correlated with reduced fasting and postprandial arterial stiffness in obese adults with prediabetes. After randomization, 31 adults (age 61.4 ± 8.3 years, body mass index 32.1 ± 5.4 kg m-2 ) with prediabetes performed supervised continuous (CONT; n = 17; 70% of peak heart rate) or interval (INT; n = 14; 3 min at 50% of peak heart rate and 3 min at 90% of peak heart rate) cycling training for 60 min day-1 over 2 weeks. The amount of exercise was calculated using regression equations derived from oxygen uptake ( V O 2 ) and heart rate. Arterial stiffness [augmentation index (AI) and cartoid-femoral pulse wave velocity], insulin and glucose were determined during a 180 min 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and analysed by the total area under the curve (tAUC) pre- versus post-training. The simple index of insulin sensitivity, (SIIS )OGTT, was calculated; aerobic fitness (peak V O 2 ) and body mass were also assessed. Short-term training had no effect on weight but did improve peak V O 2 (P = 0.003), glucose tAUC180min (P = 0.01) and insulin sensitivity (P = 0.002), independent of intensity. The CONT and INT exercise significantly reduced AI 2 h postprandial (P = 0.008) and tAUC180min (P = 0.03). Reductions in fasted AI were related to exercise dose (trend: r = -0.37, P = 0.055). Increased peak V O 2 was linked to reduced fasted (r = -0.47, P = 0.01) and tAUC180min AI (r = -0.39, P = 0.05). Decreased AI tAUC180min was correlated with increased insulin sensitivity (r = -0.50, P = 0.009). Short-term CONT and INT training reduced postprandial arterial stiffness comparably in adults with prediabetes.
Why Ethnic Subaltern-Led Parties Crowd Out Armed Organizations: Explaining Maoist Violence in India

This article asks why some Indian districts experience chronic Maoist violence while others do not. The answer helps to explain India’s Maoist civil war, which is the product of the accumulation of violence in a few districts, as well as to generate a new hypothesis about the causes of civil war more generally. The authors argue that, other things equal, the emergence of subaltern-led parties at the critical juncture before armed organizations enter crowds them out: the stronger the presence of subaltern-led political parties in a district at this juncture, the lower the likelihood of experiencing chronic armed violence subsequently. They develop their argument through field research and test its main prediction using an original, district-level data set on subaltern incorporation and Maoist violence in India between 1967 and 2008. The article contributes a new, party-based explanation to the literatures on both civil war and Maoist violence in India. It also introduces new district-level data on the Maoist movement and on the incorporation of subaltern ethnic groups by political parties in India.
Evaluating cancer outcomes of outpatient colonoscopies in elderly patients older than 85 years of age.

e15079Background: With increasing life expectancy, the incidence of colorectal cancer increases. Currently, there are few studies on cancer outcomes of outpatient colonoscopy in patients older than...
Balanced and Radiating Wave Responses to Diurnal Heating in Tropical Cyclone–Like Vortices Using a Linear Nonhydrostatic Model

AbstractThe diurnal cycle (DC) in the cirrus canopy of tropical cyclones (TCs) is a well-documented phenomenon. While early studies linked the DC in the area of the cirrus canopy to a DC in the str...
A Social Network-Based Recommender System (SNRS)

Social influence plays an important role in product marketing. However, it has rarely been considered in traditional recommender systems. In this chapter, we present a new paradigm of recommender systems which can utilize information in social networks, including user preferences, item’s general acceptance, and influence from social friends. A probabilistic model is developed to make personalized recommendations from such information. We extract data from a real online social network, and our analysis of this large data set reveals that friends have a tendency to select the same items and give similar ratings. Experimental results on this data set show that our proposed system not only improves the prediction accuracy of recommender systems but also remedies the data sparsity and cold-start issues inherent in collaborative filtering. Furthermore, we propose to improve the performance of our system by applying semantic filtering of social networks and validate its improvement via a class project experiment. In this experiment we demonstrate how relevant friends can be selected for inference based on the semantics of friend relationships and finer-grained user ratings. Such technologies can be deployed by most content providers.
Myoelectric signal from below the level of spinal cord injury as a command source for an implanted upper extremity neuroprosthesis - a case report.

Implanted motor neuroprostheses offer significant restoration of function for individuals with spinal cord injury. Providing adequate user control for these devices is a challenge but is crucial for successful performance. Electromyographic (EMG) signals can serve as effective control sources, but the number of above-injury muscles suitable to provide EMG-based control signals is very limited. Previous work has shown the presence of below-injury volitional myoelectric signals even in subjects diagnosed with motor complete spinal cord injury. In this case report, we present a demonstration of a hand grasp neuroprosthesis being controlled by a user with a C6 level, motor complete injury through EMG signals from their toe flexor. These signals were successfully translated into a functional grasp output, which performed similarly to the participant’s usual shoulder position control in a grasp-release functional test. This proof-of-concept demonstrates the potential for below-injury myoelectric activity to serve as a novel form of neuroprosthesis control.
Do Gender Disparities Among Major Radiological Society Award Recipients Exist

Rationale and Objectives To investigate gender representation among recipients of physician awards presented by major radiological societies. Materials and Methods We analyzed records of distinguished awards recipients given by four major radiological societies from 2000 to 2018. Included awards were those intended for attending physician recipients primarily involved in clinical and educational work which recognized accomplishments over the course of a career. Awards were assigned into one of two categories: awards focused on education or awards focused on leadership or overall contributions. Primary outcome measure was total numbers and proportions of award recipients by gender. Results During the entire study period, the proportion of female academic radiologists increased from 23.6% in 2000 to 29.6% in 2018 (25.4%). Of the 164 awards recognizing leadership or overall contributions, 35 were awarded to females (21.3%) and 129 to males (78.7%). Of the 29 awards recognizing excellence in teaching, 13 were awarded to females (44.8%) and 16 to males (55.2%). Men were significantly more likely than women to receive leadership awards over the entire study period (p Conclusion Females are underrepresented among recipients of prestigious leadership awards. In contrast, females are overrepresented among recipients of major teaching awards suggesting a general perception among members of major radiological societies that females are superior teachers and inferior leaders. This finding underscores the importance of continued improvement in female representation in radiology in order to foster a high quality teaching environment as well as continued attention to the fact that females are underrepresented in leadership roles.
ROLE OF SPECKLE TRACKING ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR FUNCTION IN CHILDREN TREATED WITH ANTHRACYCLINE CHEMOTHERAPY

Anthracycline (AC) therapy has known risk of cardiotoxicity. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) measures myocardial strain and can detect early LV dysfunction. We sought to assess change in global longitudinal strain (GLS) by STE, traditional measures of systolic and diastolic function in
Left Atrial Flutter After Surgical MAZE

Arrhythmia after surgical MAZE procedures is often misinterpreted as recurrence of atrial fibrillation. This case demonstrates recurrent mitral annular flutter as a result of incomplete surgical mitral isthmus ablation. Examination of local electro grams provides an instructive diagnostic demonstration of linear ablation breakthrough.
Brain Death Determination: An Interprofessional Simulation to Determine Brain Death and Communicate with Families Focused on Neurology Residents.

Introduction Significant variation exists in determining brain death despite an expectation of competence for all neurology residents. In addition, family discussions regarding brain death are chal...
ROM-Based Surrogate Systems Modeling of EBR-II

The System Analysis Module (SAM), developed and maintained by Argonne National Laboratory, is designed to provide whole-plant transient safety analysis capabilities for a number of advanced non–lig...
Redescription of Four Predominantly Yellow, Densely Punctate Species of Pachybrachis Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae) of the Western USA, and Description of a New Species

A new species of Pachybrachis Chevrolat from the western United States is described. Pachybrachis americanus Barney, new species, is similar in appearance to several other species that are predominantly yellow, densely punctate, with ocular lines and with front tarsal claws not enlarged: Pachybrachis densus Bowditch, Pachybrachis immaculatus Jacoby, Pachybrachis insidiosus Fall, and Pachybrachis jacobyi Bowditch. Descriptions, figures, and range maps are presented for each species.
Installment Housing Contracts: Presumptively Unconscionable

Using the case of the Contract Buyers League and the prevalence of colonias, where many homes are purchased on contract, this Article analyzes installment housing contracts with regard to the common law defense of unconscionability. Not only do the circumstances leading to such contracts, the terms of the contract, and the effects on buyers of the contract often meet the doctrinal definition of unconscionability, but these contracts are also implicated in racial-ethnic inequality. This Article thus argues that courts should view installment housing contracts as presumptively unconscionable.
Philosophy of Lived Religion: The Next Revolution?

Although the philosophy of religion is finally on its way to becoming religiously diversified, such diversification is only half the battle: injustices of creed have been addressed while injustices of class remain. If philosophy of religion is to be the philosophy of all religion, not just the philosophy of theism or of literate elites, then philosophy of religion needs to pay attention to the religious reasons and ideas of all religions and all classes, and to pay attention to those reasons and ideas as they live in the lives of these individuals and communities. This is what I call philosophy of lived religion: the philosophical study of all acts of religious reason-giving, privileging contemporary, ordinary, and spoken acts of religious reason-giving over past, elite, and written ones. In this essay I sketch the concept of philosophy of lived religion, focusing on the basic questions that humans typically ask (what, who, when, where, how, why), and responding to anticipated questions and issues along the way.
Abstract 1486: Inhibition of host PI3K-gamma modulates anti-tumor immunity in poorly immunogenic HNSCC

HNSCC is the 6th most common cancer, with around 650,000 new cases yearly. Gain of function mutations in the PI3K pathway are common in HNSCC, and inhibition of the PI3K p110γ subunit has shown promise in HNSCC treatment. However, given that PI3K p110γ plays an important role in myeloid and lymphoid immune cell function, it is essential to understand how PI3K p110γ inhibition affects the anti-tumor immune response independent of tumor cells. To elucidate PI3K p110γ function in HNSCC, we employed an orthotopic mouse model using poorly immunogenic and aggressive cell line MOC2 on Pik3cg-/- mice. We observed that wild-type and Pik3cg-/- mice displayed similar rates of HNSCC tumor growth and metastasis after 20 days post tumor injection. T cell infiltration and intrinsic T cell responses to MOC2 oral tumors were comparable between wild-type and Pik3cg-/- mice. Interestingly, the immune response of tumor-bearing Pik3cg-/- mice was marked by increased anti-tumor cytotoxic molecules (IFN-γ, IL-17, PD-1) by T cells, and immune checkpoint marker (PD-L1) expression by myeloid cells compared to tumor bearing wild type mice. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that inhibition of PI3K p110γ modulates tumor associated immune cells, which likely potentiates HNSCC treatment when used in combination with selective PD-L1 inhibitors. Citation Format: Kelvin Anderson, Nathan Ryan, Anastasia Alkhimovitch, Arham Siddiqui, Steve Oghumu. Inhibition of host PI3K-gamma modulates anti-tumor immunity in poorly immunogenic HNSCC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1486.
Analysis of the MODIS Above-Cloud Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm Using MCARS

Abstract. The Multi-sensor Cloud and Aerosol Retrieval Simulator (MCARS) presently produces synthetic radiance data from Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) model output as if the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was viewing a combination of atmospheric column inclusive of clouds, aerosols and a variety of gases and land/ocean surface at a specific location. In this paper we use MCARS to study the MODIS Above-Cloud AEROsol retrieval algorithm (MOD06ACAERO). MOD06ACAERO is presently a regional research algorithm able to retrieve aerosol optical thickness over clouds, in particular absorbing biomass burning aerosols overlying marine boundary layer clouds in the Southeastern Atlantic Ocean. The algorithm's ability to provide aerosol information in cloudy conditions makes it a valuable source of information for modeling and climate studies in an area where current clear sky-only operational MODIS aerosol retrievals effectively have a data gap between the months of June and October. We use MCARS for a verification and closure study of the MOD06ACAERO algorithm. Our simulations indicate that the MOD06ACAERO algorithm performs well for marine boundary layer clouds in the SE Atlantic provided some specific screening rules are observed. For the present study, a combination of five simulated MODIS data granules was used for a dataset of 13.5 million samples with known input conditions. When pixel retrieval uncertainty was less than 30 %, optical thickness of the underlying cloud layer was greater than 4 and scattering angle range within the cloud bow was excluded, MOD06ACAERO retrievals agreed with the underlying ground truth (GEOS-5 cloud and aerosol profiles used to generate the synthetic radiances) with a slope of 0.913, offset of 0.06, and RMSE = 0.107. When only near-nadir pixels were considered (view zenith angle within +/−20 degrees) the agreement with source data further improved (0.977, 0.051 and 0.096 respectively). Algorithm closure was examined using a single case out of the five used for verification. For closure, the MOD06ACAERO code was modified to use GEOS-5 temperature and moisture profiles as ancillary. Agreement of MOD06ACAERO retrievals with source data for the closure study had a slope of 0.996 with offset −0.007 and RMSE of 0.097 at pixel uncertainty level of less than 40 %, illustrating the benefits of high-quality ancillary atmospheric data for such retrievals.
A Survey of Recent Attacks and Mitigation on FPGA Systems

The emergence of a large variety of compute-intensive applications has made hardware accelerators a new necessity to deploy the corresponding high-complexity algorithms, such as the Deep Neural Network (DNN). Thanks to the flexibility from hardware reconfiguration and high power efficiency, field-programmable gate array (FPGA) has been widely utilized for building DNN hardware accelerators. In particular, FPGA has become one of the most popular edge platforms for deep-learning algorithm acceleration and machine learning as a service (MLaaS) in the cloud. Although significantly improving the performance of DNN algorithms, these FPGA-based accelerators also face unique and novel security vulnerabilities that the community should pay more attention to. This paper systematically reviews the state-of-the-art research on FPGA-based hardware acceleration systems and their security issues, discusses the feasibility of existing defense solutions, and envisions future research directions.
Multi-source Learning via Completion of Block-wise Overlapping Noisy Matrices.

Matrix completion has attracted attention in many fields, including statistics, applied mathematics, and electrical engineering. Most of the works focus on the independent sampling models under which the observed entries are sampled independently. Motivated by applications in the integration of knowledge graphs derived from multi-source biomedical data such as those from Electronic Health Records (EHR) and biomedical text, we propose the {\bf B}lock-wise {\bf O}verlapping {\bf N}oisy {\bf M}atrix {\bf I}ntegration (BONMI) to treat blockwise missingness of symmetric matrices representing relatedness between entity pairs. Our idea is to exploit the orthogonal Procrustes problem to align the eigenspace of the two sub-matrices, then complete the missing blocks by the inner product of the two low-rank components. Besides, we prove the statistical rate for the eigenspace of the underlying matrix, which is comparable to the rate under the independently missing assumption. Simulation studies show that the method performs well under a variety of configurations. In the real data analysis, the method is applied to two tasks: (i) the integrating of several point-wise mutual information matrices built by English EHR and Chinese medical text data, and (ii) the machine translation between English and Chinese medical concepts. Our method shows an advantage over existing methods.
Systematic design of fast discrete controllers

The paper has developed a systematic approach to improve computational efficiency of linear controllers. The improvement is obtained by directly constraining the execution time or by constraining the structure of the system. Both alternatives can be approached with similar techniques. In either case, the solution is derived using optimality criteria. The generalized statement of the problem makes the results easily applicable to filtering and prediction problems.
FSH Does Not Directly Influence Testicular Macrophages

We have previously demonstrated that conditioned medium from testicular macrophages stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells. It was also reported that conditioned medium from macrophages treated with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) had an even greater amount of Leydig cell-stimulating activity than medium from untreated macrophages, indicating that this factor is under the regulation of FSH. However, most other laboratories have been unable to reproduce this effect of FSH. We have recently purified and partially characterized the stimulatory factor from macrophage-conditioned medium that stimulates Leydig cells. The purpose of the present investigation was to reinvestigate the effect of FSH by determining whether it regulates the production of this purified factor and by determining whether macrophages have mRNA for the FSH receptor. Testicular macrophages were isolated from adult rats and incubated 24 hours with human recombinant FSH (20 units/ml), ovine FSH (200 ng/ml), fetal bovine serum (2%), or dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (1 mM). The macrophage-derived factor (MDF) was then purified from conditioned medium of the various treatment groups and added to Leydig cells. The concentration of testosterone in the Leydig cell medium was then measured after 16 hours. It was found that serum significantly stimulated production of the MDF. However, FSH had no effect on production of the MDF in the presence or absence of serum. Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate exerted a slight inhibitory effect on production of the macrophage-derived factor. Most importantly, testicular macrophages did not express detectable levels of FSH receptor mRNA, either in vivo or in vitro, when evaluated using either in situ hybridization or northern analysis, under identical conditions that clearly demonstrated FSH receptor mRNA in Sertoli cells. We conclude that testicular macrophages are not a direct target for FSH.
Orthopädische Gesichtspunkte der Traumatologie des Halte- und Bewegungsapparats

Posttraumatisches Odem sowie Hamatom konnen zu Abschnurungen ganzer Extremitatenabschnitte mit Nekrobiose bzw. Nekrose fuhren. Lahmungen konnen auftreten. Typisch ist z. B. die Lahmung des N. peronaeus durch Gipsdruck am Wadenbeinkopfchen. Prophylaxe durch Hochlagerung, Aufschneiden des Gipsverbandes bis zum Abklingen des Odems bzw. Hamatoms.
Vinyl Derivatives of Metals

Abstract Pure cis - and trans -propenyltrimethylsilane, -germane, and -tin, as well as tetra- cis - and tetra- trans -propenyltin, have been prepared by the organolithium of the Grignard routes. Assignment of configuration for all isomers was made on the basis of their infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The isometric of these compounds to apparently steady-state cis - trans isomer mixtures by ultraviolet radiation is described.
Neural transplantation for the treatment of Huntington's disease.

Publisher Summary Neural transplantation is applicable in the treatment of Huntington's disease (HD). At this time, there is only preliminary evidence of safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fetal striatal transplantation for the treatment of HD. The safety profile may differ adversely from similar transplant programs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, because of the atrophy associated with HD that may predispose patients to the development of subdural hematomas after surgically induced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) loss. Although graft survival has been demonstrated at autopsy, there is significant gliosis associated with late-stage HD, which may make transplantation in late-stage patients less favorable. Human fetal striatal grafts in both rodent models and patients with HD are capable of receiving appropriate neuritic in growth from the host brain. It remains unproven if striatal grafts in patients with HD are similarly capable of extending projections over the distances necessary to reach appropriate target areas, as seen in animal allograft transplant models of HD. There is currently no agreement on the optimal way to dissect human fetal tissue for transplantation purposes.
Structure of the Reynolds Stress and the Occurrence of Bursts in the Turbulent Boundary Layer

Publisher Summary The ejection of low momentum fluid from the wall is a dominant feature of the structure of the turbulent boundary layer and the importance of the ejection or burst shows that large contributions to Reynolds stress occur occasionally near the wall. This chapter provides additional quantitative information about the Reynolds stress during bursting, which is difficult to obtain with flow visualization methods. The conditionally sampled measurements show that near the wall various portions of the deterministic burst pattern are convected at somewhat less than the local mean speed. These measurements also indicate that an initially small deterministic burst pattern is growing in scale, and is distorted by the shearing motion as it is convected downstream. Although definitive identification of bursts and sweeps is difficult, some characteristic mean time intervals between bursts and sweeps have been found and it has been speculated that the bursts may have some bearing on the turbulent bulges in the outer intermittent flow region. The dominant feature of ejection near the wall in a turbulent boundary layer can be contrasted with many well-known statistical characteristics of the u and u signals throughout the boundary layer. Because, a large part of the Reynolds stress near the wall is produced during the times when the sampling procedure indicates that bursts occur, it is likely that a model may determine the flow structure near the wall and may well be a part of the universal motion.
The incidence of invasive aspergillosis among solid organ transplant recipients and implications for prophylaxis in lung transplants.

BACKGROUND Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients but data on the incidence rates stratified by type of solid organ are limited. OBJECTIVE To describe the attack rates and incidence of IA in solid organ transplant recipients, and the impact of universal Aspergillus prophylaxis (aerosolized amphotericin B or oral itraconazole) in lung transplant recipients. PATIENTS The 2,046 patients who received solid organ transplants at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation from January 1990 through 1999 were studied. METHODS Cases were ascertained through computerized records of microbiology, cytology, and pathology reports. Definite IA was defined as a positive culture and pathology showing septate hyphae. Probable IA was clinical disease and either a positive culture or histopathology. Disseminated IA was defined as involvement of two or more noncontiguous anatomic sites. RESULTS We identified 33 cases of IA (28% disseminated) in 2,046 patients (attack rate = 1.6%) for an incidence of 4.8 cases per 1,000 patient-years (33 cases/6,813 pt-years). Both the attack and the incidence rates were significantly higher for lung transplant recipients vs. other transplant recipients: lung 12.8% (24 cases/188 patients) or 40.5 cases/1,000-pt year vs. heart 0.4% (3/686) or 1.4 per 1,000-pt year vs. liver 0.7% (3/439) or 2.1 per 1,000-pt year vs. renal 0.4% (3/733) or 1.2 per 1,000-pt year (P < 0.01). The incidence of IA was highest during the first year after transplantation for all categories, but cases occurred after the first year of transplantation only in lung transplant recipients. The attack rate of IA in lung transplant recipients was significantly lower after institution of routine Aspergillus prophylaxis (4.9% vs. 18.2%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The highest incidence and attack rate of invasive aspergillosis among solid organ transplant recipients occurs in lung transplant recipients and supports the routine use of Aspergillus prophylaxis for at least one year after transplantation in this group.
Interactive vector fields for painterly rendering

We present techniques for generating and manipulating vector fields for use in the creation of painterly images and animations. Our aim is to enable casual users to create results evocative of expressionistic art. Rather than defining stroke alignment fields globally, we divide input images into regions using a colorspace clustering algorithm. Users interactively assign characteristic brush stroke alignment fields and stroke rendering parameters to each region. By combining vortex dynamics and semi-Lagrangian fluid simulation we are able to create stable, easily controlled vector fields. In addition to fluid simulations, users can align strokes in a given region using more conventional field models such as smoothed gradient fields and optical flow, or hybrid fields that combine the desirable features of fluid simulations and smoothed gradient information.