cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Soul Food: The Surprising Story of an American Cuisine, One Plate at a Time Adrian Miller. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.

Soul Food: The Surprising Story of an American Cuisine, One Plate at a Time Adrian Miller. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013.Soul Food, like its subject, is deliciously entertaining and rich in its history. Adrian Miller uses many perspectives to present soul food's history, influences, ingredients, and innovations old and new. Miller's credentials as an attorney and political analyst may seem off-point, but he is also a Southern Foodways Alliance board member and a certified barbecue judge. He argues that the story of soul food is more complicated and surprising than earlier works have indicated; he has built his book on the oral histories of slaves and former slaves gathered in Federal Writers' Project interviews; written accounts from slavers, plantation visitors, and period newspapers; interviews with famous soul food cooks; and a year visiting 150 restaurants in thirty-five cities.This reviewer's favorite facts from Miller's research: Louisiana Senator Huey Long created a controversy in the 1930s when he argued that cornbread should be dunked whole in the "pot likker" left after cooking greens. Among those holding opposite views was then-Governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who declared he preferred his cornbread crumbled into pot likker. Later, Roosevelt became the second US President who craved sweet potatoes and roasted possum (Taft was the first). Roosevelt, who spent months of therapy in Warm Springs, Georgia, learned to enjoy southern food regardless of ethnic or class origins.Miller addresses the "southern food or soul food" question very thoroughly, arguing that poverty foods became significant in the cultures of both African Americans and poor whites, especially during the Civil War years when successful blockades and destruction of crops and livestock reduced all southerners' food to only a few home-grown necessities. Miller identifies a "Slave Food period" (1619-1865), marked by the constant introduction of new foods and different cooking brought by the forced migration from West Africa. A Southern Cooking period (1865-present) saw the development of African American foodways in the rural South after Emancipation, which then traveled north with the millions-white and African American -leaving the rural South during the Great Migration. Miller also identifies modern, overlapping trends: a Soul Food period (1950s-present) with "traditional southern food" now "overtly merged with racial politics" (7) and the current Neo-Soul Period, when the aesthetics and ingredients of the cuisine are being changed for health reasons (among others).Miller does not ignore the influences of Native American crops and cooking, nor the European sources of many foods that we think are West African in origin. …
Factors affecting the relationship between seed removal and seed mortality

S.B. Vander Wall et al. (Ecology, 86: 801–806 (2005)) criticized seed dispersal studies that use seed removal as a proxy for seed predation, because secondary dispersal processes following removal ...
A flux-weakening strategy for current-regulated surface-mounted permanent-magnet machine drives

Permanent-magnet synchronous machines fed from current-regulated converters feature nearly ideal performance at low-to-moderate speeds. However, as rotor speed increases the back emf rises which results in loss of current regulation and decreased torque. In buried-magnet machine drives, flux weakening is often used to extend the speed range. This paper sets forth a flux-weakening control specifically designed for surface-mounted permanent-magnet machines which is simple and does not require knowledge of the machine or system parameters. The proposed method is demonstrated both experimentally and through the use of computer simulation. >
BCD: A Soil Modulus Device for Compaction Control

There is a trend toward using the modulus as an alternative to dry density in compaction control because of the undesirable nuclear source in the current field density gage and because a modulus is often used in the design of roadway bases and compacted fills. The Briaud compaction device (BCD) is a new instrument used to obtain a soil modulus in only a few seconds; it consists of leaning on a rod equipped with a thin circular metal plate at the bottom end and recording the bending of that plate under a standard load. This article describes the theory and the experiments that have been performed to validate the new instrument. This validation is based on a comparison to a simple plate test and on a numerical simulation of the BCD test. A recommended procedure is outlined in the conclusions. The BCD is used in the lab on top of the soil in the Proctor mold to obtain the lab modulus versus water content curve and select a target value. Then the BCD is used in the field to verify that the target modulus has been achieved.
The marine actinomycete genus Salinispora: a model organism for secondary metabolite discovery

This review covers the initial discovery of the marine actinomycete genus Salinispora through its development as a model for natural product research. A focus is placed on the novel chemical structures reported with reference to their biological activities and the synthetic and biosynthetic studies they have inspired. The time line of discoveries progresses from more traditional bioassay-guided approaches through the application of genome mining and genetic engineering techniques that target the products of specific biosynthetic gene clusters. This overview exemplifies the extraordinary biosynthetic diversity that can emanate from a narrowly defined genus and supports future efforts to explore marine taxa in the search for novel natural products.
On the Power of Positive Thinking: The Benefits of Being Optimistic

If believing in something can I make it so, then there really would be power in positive thinking. From the little train in the children's tale who said, "I think I can," to popular writers such as Norman Cousins and Norman Vincent Peale, to wise grandmothers everywhere?many people have espoused the benefits of positive thinking. But are these ben efits real? Do people who think pos itively really fare better when facing challenge or adversity? Do they re cover from illness more readily? If so, how and why do these things happen? We and a number of other psy chologists who are interested in is sues surrounding stress, coping, and health have for several years focused our research attention on questions such as these. The primary purpose of this brief review is to provide a taste of the research conducted on this topic. We first document that positive thinking can be beneficial. We then consider why an optimistic orientation to life might confer ben efits. After considering how individ ual differences in optimism might arise, we take up the question of whether optimism is always good and pessimism always bad. We close by discussing the similarities between our own approach and other related approaches. CHARACTERIZING POSITIVE THINKING
A dimension series for multivariate splines

For a polyhedral subdivision Δ of a region in Euclideand-space, we consider the vector spaceCkr(Δ) consisting of allCr piecewise polynomial functions over Δ of degree at mostk. We consider the formal power series ?k?0 dim? Ckr(Δ)?k and show, under mild conditions on Δ, that this always has the formP(?)/(1??)d+1, whereP(?) is a polynomial in ? with integral coefficients which satisfiesP(0)=1,P(1)=fd (Δ), andP?(1)=(r+1)fd?10(Δ). We discuss how the polynomialP(?) and bases for the spacesCkr(Δ) can be effectively calculated by use of Grobner basis techniques of computational commutative algebra. A further application is given to the theory of hyperplane arrangements.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NEOTROPICAL DISK-WINGED BAT, THYROPTERA TRICOLOR SPIX

Study of 42 marked Thyroptera tricolor in Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, revealed that the animals live in groups of six to seven individuals. The members of each group always roost together in a rolled leaf of a plant, usually of the genus Heliconia. Each roost is occupied for one day. Each group seems to occupy an exclusive roosting area that averages 3000 square meters. The disk-winged bat, Thyroptera tricolor Spix, is one of two species in the Neotropical family Thyropteridae. It occurs from southern Mexico through much of tropical South America. A second species, T. discifera, occurs in parts of Central and South America. These small, delicately built bats (average weight about 4 grams) have forwardly directed funnel-shaped ears and very small eyes like funnel-eared bats (family Natalidae) and smoky bats (family Furipteridae). Thyroptera differs from bats of these other two Neotropical families, however, in having well-developed suction disks located at the wrist and on the ventral surface of the hind foot. These disks, the anatomy and functioning of which have been studied in detail by Wimsatt and Villa (1970), allow the animal to attach itself to smooth surfaces, such as leaves or glass. So far disk-winged bats are known to roost only inside the rolled new leaves of members of the banana family (Musaceae) or related plants. Within the leaves the bats arrange themselves in a vertical row in a head-up posture, attaching themselves to the leaves by means of the suction disks. Our studies of these bats in lowland Costa Rica revealed that the number of suitable roosts in a given area on any given day is very limited. Thus it is possible to locate all the potential roosts and find the resident bats with a considerable degree of predictability. After capture the animals may be marked for future recognition, and relocated at will. Here we present the results of two weeks of study of these intriguing little bats in Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica. Our findings suggest that the bats are organized into roosting colonies, that the members of each colony remain together, rejoining even if separated, and that each colony occupies an exclusive roosting area.
TRARM-RelSup: targeted rare association rule mining using itemset trees and the relative support measure

The goal of association mining is to find potentially interesting rules in large repositories of data. Unfortunately using a minimum support threshold, a standard practice to improve the association mining processing complexity, can allow some of these rules to remain hidden. This occurs because not all rules which have high confidence have a high support count. Various methods have been proposed to find these low support rules, but the resulting increase in complexity can be prohibitively expensive. In this paper, we propose a novel targeted association mining approach to rare rule mining using the itemset tree data structure (aka TRARM-RelSup). This algorithm combines the efficiency of targeted association mining querying with the capabilities of rare rule mining; this results in discovering a more focused, standard and rare rules for the user, while keeping the complexity manageable.
SnapFind: brute force interactive image retrieval

SnapFind is an image retrieval system that enables efficient interactive search of large data sets by exploiting active disk technology. In contrast to earlier approaches, where data is typically pre-indexed for efficient retrieval according to a fixed scheme, SnapFind provides users with the flexibility to search non-indexed data in a brute force manner. The query is translated into a customized searchlet that is executed in parallel by processors near the storage devices. This enables the majority of irrelevant images to be discarded where they are stored. Partial results are displayed during search execution allowing users to interactively refine the query without waiting for search termination. This paper argues that algorithms with user-adjustable parameters are preferable to black-box image retrieval techniques.
Sex differences in TTC12/ANKK1 haplotype associations with daily tobacco smoking in Black and White Americans

Introduction: The 11q23.1 genomic region has been associated with nicotine dependence in Black and White Americans.
Experiential Learning and Its Critics: Preserving the Role of Experience in Management Learning and Education

In this article, I consider John Dewey's dual reformist-preservationist agenda for education in the context of current debates about the role of experience in management learning. I argue for preserving experience-based approaches to management learning by revising the concept of experience to more clearly account for the relationship between personal and social (i.e., tacit/explicit) knowledge. By reviewing, comparing, and extending critiques of Kolb's experiential learning theory (ELT) and reconceptualizing the learning process based on poststructural analysis of psychoanalyst Jacque Lacan, I define experience within the context of language and social action. This perspective is contrasted to action, cognition, critical reflection and other experience-based approaches to management learning. Implications for management theory, pedagogy, and practice suggest greater emphasis on language and conversation in the learning process. Future directions for research are explored.
Global Risk Assessment of Aflatoxins in Maize and Peanuts: Are Regulatory Standards Adequately Protective?

The aflatoxins are a group of fungal metabolites that contaminate a variety of staple crops, including maize and peanuts, and cause an array of acute and chronic human health effects. Aflatoxin B1 in particular is a potent liver carcinogen, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk is multiplicatively higher for individuals exposed to both aflatoxin and chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV). In this work, we sought to answer the question: do current aflatoxin regulatory standards around the world adequately protect human health? Depending upon the level of protection desired, the answer to this question varies. Currently, most nations have a maximum tolerable level of total aflatoxins in maize and peanuts ranging from 4 to 20ng/g. If the level of protection desired is that aflatoxin exposures would not increase lifetime HCC risk by more than 1 in 100,000 cases in the population, then most current regulatory standards are not adequately protective even if enforced, especially in low-income countries where large amounts of maize and peanuts are consumed and HBV prevalence is high. At the protection level of 1 in 10,000 lifetime HCC cases in the population, however, almost all aflatoxin regulations worldwide are adequately protective, with the exception of several nations in Africa and Latin America.
Understanding the Inner Nature of Low Self-Esteem: Uncertain, Fragile, Protective, and Conflicted

In recent decades, psychologists have offered many speculations and hypotheses about people with low self-esteem. Perhaps they hate themselves. Perhaps they seek to distort things in a negative, pessimistic direction. Perhaps they are indifferent to praise and popularity. Perhaps they lack some key drive to succeed or to think well of themselves. Perhaps they are irrational and self-destructive. In the last two decades, however, a growing body of enlightening data on low self-esteem has allowed psychologists to move beyond the earlier, more speculative theories. One can begin to sort the welter of competing theories into a coherent set of empirically grounded conclusions.
Are manufacturers sharing data as promised

The drug industry’s rhetoric over transparency of clinical trial data may not be reflected in practice
Exploring the role of a smartphone as a motion sensing and control device in the wireless networked control of a motor test-bed

The sensing, computing, and control potential of smartphones remains to be fully explored in automatic control applications. In this paper, we control the angular position of a motor test-bed using feedback from the embedded motion sensors of a smartphone while it is mounted to the test-bed. The smartphone hosts an interactive user interface which students and researchers can use to quickly and easily perform experiments with the test-bed and collect measurements using their own personal devices. Proportional-plus-derivative (PD) controllers designed using a sampled-data model of the system are compared for different sampling rates used on the smartphone. Results from simulations and experiments confirm the feasibility of utilizing mounted smartphones in the wireless networked control of systems with rotational degrees of freedom.
Surgical Management of Seizures with Focal Cortical Dysplasia

Anatomical-clinical correlations and EEG findings in 10 children, aged 26 months to 11 years (median 6 years), with drug resistant partial epilepsy and focal cortical dysplasia, operated on 1996-2000, were analysed at the Epilepsy Surgery Centre “C Munari” in Milan, Italy.
Kajian Naskah dan Kajian Living Qur’an dan Living Hadith

Tulisan ini merupakan survey kajian-kajian kontemporer tentang al-Qur’an dan hadith, khususnya di Barat (dengan beberapa contoh kajian di Timur Tengah dan Indonesia). Tulisan ini berpendapat bahwa kajian Naskah al-Qur’an dan hadith tetap penting dan harus dikembangkan, namun menawarkan kajian Living Qur’an dan Living Hadith. Kelemahan-kelemahan pada kajian naskah tekstual dapat ditutupi dengan kelebihan-kelebihan kajian kontekstual praktikal, dan sebaliknya, kekurangan-kekurangan pada kajian kontekstual dapat ditutupi denga kajian tekstual.
Egg Production of the Two-Spotted Spider Mite on Bean Plants Supplied Nutrient Solutions Containing Various Concentrations of Iron, Manganese, Zinc, and Cobalt1

The number of eggs laid by Tetranychus urticae (Koch) [= T. telarius (L.)] females on discs from leaves of bush-bean plants supplied with nutrient solutions lacking iron, manganese, or both iron and manganese was not very different from the number laid on leaf discs from plants receiving Hoagland’s no. 1 solution containing these elements. Neither iron nor manganese solutions applied to bean leaves affected the number of eggs laid on discs from the treated leaves. Excess manganese, zinc, or cobalt added to Hoagland’s nutrient solution to induce iron deficiency in the plants produced no effect on the number of eggs laid on leaf discs from the treated plants. A wide range in iron content of bean leaves appeared to be tolerated by the female mites without affecting the quantity of eggs laid.
Steam–Coal Gasification Using CaO and KOH for in Situ Carbon and Sulfur Capture

We present experimental results of coal gasification with and without the addition of calcium oxide and potassium hydroxide as dual-functioning catalyst–capture agents. Using two different coal types and temperatures between 700 and 900 °C, we studied the effect of these catalyst–capture agents on (1) the syngas composition, (2) CO2 and H2S capture, and (3) the steam–coal gasification kinetic rate. The syngas composition from the gasifier was roughly 20% methane, 70% hydrogen, and 10% other species when a CaO/C molar ratio of 0.5 was added. We demonstrated significantly enhanced steam–coal gasification kinetic rates when adding small amounts of potassium hydroxide to coal when operating a CaO–CaCO3 chemical looping gasification reactor. For example, the steam–coal gasification kinetic rate increased 250% when dry mixing calcium oxide at a Ca/C molar ratio of 0.5 with a sub-bituminous coal, and the kinetic rate increased 1000% when aqueously mixing calcium oxide at a Ca/C molar ratio of 0.5 along with pota...
Reaching women and health care providers with women's wellness messages: the North Carolina Folic Acid Campaign as a model.

olic acid supplementation is at the top of the list of many preconception health counseling recommendations intended to improve birth outcomes and women’s health before pregnancy. Folic acid deficiency is one of the preconception risk factors identified by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s seminal recommendations to improve preconception health and health care. 1 Women are encouraged to start taking a multivitamin or folic acid supplement several months before attempting pregnancy. Health care providers are advised to counsel all women of childbearing age to consume 400 mcg of folic acid daily as nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended. 2 Because of the strong evidence to support its use and benefits, folic acid supplementation is often cited as a prime example of how improved women’s wellness before conception can positively impact birth outcomes. 3 Entire public health campaigns have been devoted to the promotion of folic acid, and these campaigns offer important lessons about how to reach women and health care providers to promote women’s health and wellness. The North Carolina Folic Acid Campaign has been working for a decade to make sure both consumers and health care providers are aware of the benefits of folic acid. Our state has historically high rates of neural tube defects (NTDs), up to 70% of which can be prevented if women of childbearing age take adequate amounts of folic acid prior to pregnancy. 4
Functional Role of ADP-Ribosyl-Acceptor Hydrolase 3 in poly(ADPRibose) Polymerase-1 Response to Oxidative Stress

Poly-ADP-ribosylation has been proposed to be a reversible protein modification, participating in diverse cellular functions including DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, genetic stability, mitosis, and cell death. Poly-ADP-ribosylation is initiated by the transfer of the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ primarily to the carboxyl groups of glutamate and aspartate and amino group of lysine residues in target proteins, followed by elongation of poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) chains via α-O-glycosidic (C- 1"-C-2') ribose-ribose bonds. PAR consists of polymers of ADP-ribose (up to 200 units) with branching via α-O-glycosidic (C-1"'-C-2") ribose-ribose bonds. Further, the pyrophosphate group of each ADP-ribose has two negative charges. Therefore, in proteins modified by PAR, a complex structure with negative charges may lead to dynamic changes of functions. PAR formation is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and terminated by several types of enzymes with PAR-degrading activities; poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), ADP-ribosylacceptor hydrolase (ARH) 3, ARH1, and macrodomain-containing proteins. PARG has been thought to be primarily responsible for PAR degradation. In 2006, ARH3 was cloned and identified as another type of PAR-degrading protein. Although PAR-degrading activity of ARH3 is less than that of PARG, different mechanisms of PAR recognition and the cellular localization of ARH3 appear to be responsible for unique cellular roles of ARH3 involving PAR. In the present review, we focused on our findings regarding structure, biological properties, and cellular functions of ARH3. In addition, we describe the current knowledge of poly-ADP-ribosylation and cell death pathways regulated PARP1, PARG, and ARH3.
Anti-CD33 Monoclonal Antibody and Etoposide/Cytosine Arabinoside Combinations for the Ex Vivo Purification of Bone Marrow in Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia

Pharmacologic and immunologic methods of ex-vivo bone marrow (BM) purging for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were combined to augment the effect of either method alone. Etoposide (VP16; 20 to 30 micrograms/mL) with or without cytosine arabinoside (Ara C; 10 mg/mL) was used in tandem with the anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody (MoAb), MY9, chosen because CD33 is found on the stem cell pool in the majority of patients with ANLL. The agents were tested singly or sequentially, with a 1-hour incubation of the drugs preceding complement-mediated lysis using MY9. VP16 combined with Ara C killed up to 3.9 +/- 0.3 and 5.11 +/- 0.4 logs of the human ANLL cell lines HL60 and K562 at drug concentrations that killed only 1.2 +/- 0.1 logs of normal committed granulocyte/macrophage stem cells (CFU-GM). Adding a single exposure of the MY9 and complement (C′) to the drug-treated cells, greater than 5.4 logs of HL60 were killed. Similar to other pharmacologic agents, no differential kill for clonagenic leukemic cells (colony-forming unit- leukemia; CFU-L) from patients with ANLL was seen for drug only treated blasts versus normal CFU-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), with less than 1 log CFU-L kill at drug concentrations that spared 1 log of CFU- GM. Similarly, only 1.1 +/- 0.3 logs of ANLL CFU-L were eliminated using MY9 and C′. However, with the sequential VP16/Ara C\---|-MY9 + C′ treatment, synergy was demonstrated and 2.6 +/- 0.3 logs of CFU-L were eliminated. Because CD33 is also found on the normal CFU-GM pool, two- stage long-term BM cultures were performed to determine pluripotent stem cell elimination by the drug/MoAb purging combination. No difference of CFU-GM or BFU-E production at 4 to 6 weeks of culture for VP16/Ara C, MY9 + C′, or VP16/AraC\---|-My9 + C′ treated cells was seen compared with untreated controls indicating sparing of early progenitor cells. Sequential ex vivo treatment of human ANLL CFU-L with VP16/Ara C followed by complement-mediated lysis using MY9 synergistically kills CFU-L while sparing early normal hematopoietic progenitor cells, and thus may be a more effective way to purge BM than either alone.
Characterization of Moisture Induced Die Stresses in Flip Chip Packaging

Moisture is a significant contributing factor to the failure of microelectronic packaging including phenomena such as popcorn cracking, delaminations, and interfacial fracture. While the effects of moisture have been examined extensively in plastic encapsulated packages (e.g. DIP and PBGA), there have been no published studies on the effects of underfill and substrate moisture absorption on the die stress evolution and delamination growth in flip chip assemblies. In this study, on-chip piezoresistive sensors were used to perform a variety of measurements of moisture-induced device side die stresses in flip chip packaging. Both flip chip on laminate and flip chip ceramic ball grid array (CBGA) packaging configurations have been studied. The two types of assembled flip chip packages were exposed to MSL-1 conditions (85/85) in an environmental chamber for various durations from 0 to 240 hours. Both the sample weight gain and transient die stresses were monitored as a function of the exposure time in the high humidity environment. In addition, the moisture-exposed samples were subsequently baked in a dry atmosphere to drive the moisture back out of the samples and to see whether the effects of moisture absorption were reversible. After the initial 10-day moisture exposure and subsequent redrying, selected samples were then subjected to moisture cycling to characterize the evolution of the die stresses from cycle to cycle. The 85/85 hygrothermal exposures were found to generate tensile die normal stress changes of up to 30 MPa in the flip chip on laminate assemblies, where both the underfill and BT substrate absorbed significant water. Relatively small die stress changes were found in the flip chip CBGA, where the ceramic substrate was hermetic and only the underfill absorbed moisture. Upon redrying, it was observed that the moisture-induced stress changes were almost fully recoverable. The hygrothermal properties of the underfill and substrate were characterized, and used within finite element numerical simulations of the absorption process in the flip chip on laminate assemblies. Good correlations were obtained between the sample weight and die stress predictions of the simulations and the analogous measurements made in experimental testing.
Reliability assessment of polysilicon MEMS structures under mechanical fatigue loading

This paper examines the current status and methodologies of study of material and system reliability in Microelectromechanical Systems (MEMS). This includes: a review of the current literature in the area of MEMS regarding failure analysis experimental investigations; testing methods and philosophies for material characterization and possible mechanistic analytical solutions for estimating material properties. The paper proposes a reliability framework that encompasses all the available information. This statistical platform will enable the MEMS design engineer to distill all the available information in the literature into a stand-alone semi-empirical material reliability model, and a holistic system-level model for a complete system.
A NATIONAL INVESTIGATION OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY TRAINERS’ ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICES

The present investigation examined 460 school psychology trainers’ attitudes and beliefs about the conditions for the education and training of evidence-based practices (i.e., assessments and interventions) in training programs in the United States and Canada using an online survey. Trainer attitudes and beliefs about education and training in evidence-based practices were measured using a 24-item five-point Likert scale. Overall, trainers had positive views of evidence-based practices, as well as program and organizational support for such training. However, trainers rated the education and training of evidence-based assessments more favorably than evidence-based interventions. In general, trainer characteristics nor program accreditation status, model, or type of degree offered were found to influence trainers’ perceptions about evidence-based practices. However, trainers with prior experience teaching evidence-based intervention courses were found to have more supportive views of evidence-based assessments and interventions than those without such experience. Implications for future training and school practice are discussed.
Dual Inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK Pathways Induces Synergistic Antitumor Effects in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Cells

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a devastating disease with an extremely poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and its downstream effector pathway, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, are frequently amplified in DIPG, and potential therapies targeting this pathway have emerged. However, the addition of targeted single agents has not been found to improve clinical outcomes in DIPG, and targeting this pathway alone has produced insufficient clinical responses in multiple malignancies investigated, including lung, endometrial, and bladder cancers. Acquired resistance also seems inevitable. Activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, which shares many nodes of cross talk with the PI3K/AKT pathway, has been implicated in the development of resistance. In the present study, perifosine, a PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor, and trametinib, a MEK inhibitor, were combined, and their therapeutic efficacy on DIPG cells was assessed. Growth delay assays were performed with each drug individually or in combination. Here, we show that dual inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways synergistically reduced cell viability. We also reveal that trametinib induced AKT phosphorylation in DIPG cells that could not be effectively attenuated by the addition of perifosine, likely due to the activation of other compensatory mechanisms. The synergistic reduction in cell viability was through the pronounced induction of apoptosis, with some effect from cell cycle arrest. We conclude that the concurrent inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK pathways may be a potential therapeutic strategy for DIPG.
Automatic lung nodule graph cuts segmentation with deep learning false positive reduction

To automatic detect lung nodules from CT images, we designed a two stage computer aided detection (CAD) system. The first stage is graph cuts segmentation to identify and segment the nodule candidates, and the second stage is convolutional neural network for false positive reduction. The dataset contains 595 CT cases randomly selected from Lung Image Database Consortium and Image Database Resource Initiative (LIDC/IDRI) and the 305 pulmonary nodules achieved diagnosis consensus by all four experienced radiologists were our detection targets. Consider each slice as an individual sample, 2844 nodules were included in our database. The graph cuts segmentation was conducted in a two-dimension manner, 2733 lung nodule ROIs are successfully identified and segmented. With a false positive reduction by a seven-layer convolutional neural network, 2535 nodules remain detected while the false positive dropped to 31.6%. The average F-measure of segmented lung nodule tissue is 0.8501.
Cataract Extraction, Extracapsular (ECCE)

Cataracts can impair visual acuity and affect activities of daily living. They are the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts can also impede monitoring of other diseases. In all the above cases, surgical intervention is deemed appropriate. In cases where phacoemulsification is not available or with increased lens opacity (requiring high energy phacoemulsification), extracapsular cataract extraction can be considered. Patients should have been evaluated and appropriate biometric measurements taken. Patients should have been educated about the risks and benefits of the procedure, including alternatives.
Poison or Prevention? Understanding the Linkages between Vaccine-Negative Individuals' Knowledge Deficiency, Motivations, and Active Communication Behaviors.

ABSTRACTThe last few decades have seen growing concerns among parents regarding the safety of childhood vaccines, arguably leading to the rise of the anti-vaccine movement. This study is an effort to understand situational and cross-situational factors that influence individuals’ negative attitudes toward vaccines, referred to as vaccine negativity. In doing so, this study elucidated how situational and cross-situational factors influence vaccine negativity. Specifically, this study tested how knowledge deficiency, or acceptance of scientifically inaccurate data about vaccines, and institutional trust influenced negative attitudes toward vaccines. Using the situational theory of problem solving as the theoretical framework, this study also identified and tested a knowledge–attitude–motivation–behavior framework of vaccine negative individuals’ cognitions and behaviors about the issue.
Serotonergic paraneurones in the female mouse urethral epithelium and their potential role in peripheral sensory information processing.

Aim: The mechanisms underlying detection and transmission of sensory signals arising from visceral organs, such as the urethra, are poorly understood. Recently, specialized ACh-expressing cells embedded in the urethral epithelium have been proposed as chemosensory sentinels for detection of bacterial infection. Here, we examined the morphology and potential role in sensory signalling of a different class of specialized cells that express serotonin (5-HT), termed paraneurones. Methods: Urethrae, dorsal root ganglia neurones and spinal cords were isolated from adult female mice and used for immunohistochemistry and calcium imaging. Visceromotor reflexes (VMRs) were recorded in vivo. Results: We identified two morphologically distinct groups of 5-HT+ cells with distinct regional locations: bipolar-like cells predominant in the mid-urethra and multipolar-like cells predominant in the proximal and distal urethra. Sensory nerve fibres positive for calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, and TRPV1 were found in close proximity to 5-HT+ paraneurones. In vitro 5-HT (1 μm) stimulation of urethral primary afferent neurones, mimicking 5-HT release from paraneurones, elicited changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) mediated by 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors. Approximately 50% of 5-HT responding cells also responded to capsaicin with changes in the [Ca2+ ]i . In vivo intra-urethral 5-HT application increased VMRs induced by urethral distention and activated pERK in lumbosacral spinal cord neurones. Conclusion: These morphological and functional findings provide insights into a putative paraneurone-neural network within the urethra that utilizes 5-HT signalling, presumably from paraneurones, to modulate primary sensory pathways carrying nociceptive and non-nociceptive (mechano-sensitive) information to the central nervous system.
Proposing and Testing New Security Cue Designs for OAuth-WebView-Embedded Mobile Applications

Today, many online service providers use the WebView-OAuth implementation in their Software Development Kits (SDKs) to seamlessly integrate their services into mobile applications. This approach was proven to be a target to JavaScript injection attacks that could lead into users losing their credentials or tricked into authorizing suspicious apps on their accounts. A number of solutions came out to countermeasure these attacks. However, the majority of these solutions do not involve the users in making the prevention decision and/or do not communicate the taken decision to them. That is because of two reasons: first, the focus of these works were mainly on detecting and preventing the attacks. Second, because of the lack of effective security cue designs for the WebView-based applications context. In this paper, we aim at investigating different security cue designs to aid with keeping the users informed of whatever these solutions are practicing. Finding an effective security cue design in the mobile browsers is challenging and more so for the WebView browsers. Thus, in this work, we are proposing and testing a number of security cue designs based on their understandability, noticeability, and effectiveness by conducting an online user study of 465 users. Our study found that some of the proposed security cue designs were truly noticeably, understandable and effective in alerting users of any suspicious activity. We highly recommend these security designs to be used by numerous security tools that detect and/or prevent WebView-based attacks.
Simulation and optimization of reforming reactors for carbon dioxide utilization using both rigorous and reduced models

Abstract CO2 is a major greenhouse gas emitted at the global scale from burning fossil fuels. Converting CO2 to chemicals such as syngas is a promising way to reduce CO2 emissions from stationary sources. In this work, we explore technologies for the thermochemical conversion of CO2 to syngas using both rigorous and reduced order reactor models. Specifically, we study the CO2 utilization potentials of primary reforming such as dry reforming (DR), steam methane reforming (SMR) and partial oxidation (POX), and combined reforming such as combined dry and steam methane reforming (CDSMR), auto-thermal reforming (ATR), combined partial oxidation and dry reforming (PODR) and tri-reforming (TR). Through detailed simulation and analysis, we show the importance of considering rigorous models for accurate prediction. We also develop algebraic surrogate models for reactor outlets as functions of reactor design and operating conditions. The replacement of the high-fidelity models with their simpler algebraic surrogates provides an efficient way for superstructure-based reactor synthesis. Using a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization (MINLP)-based reactor synthesis model, the reactors are further optimized for maximizing CO2 utilization and syngas selectivity. PODR has been found to have the highest potential for converting CO2 for the range of syngas ratios (H2/CO) between 1 and 1.7, achieving almost 100% CO2 conversion with a syngas selectivity ranging 80–93%. We further improve the conversion and syngas selectivity by distributing the feeds to multiple reformers. A combination of DR, CDSMR and TR achieves the best CO2 conversion for syngas ratios up to 2.4. For higher syngas ratios, a combination of SMR, TR and RWGS are found to be optimal. These are non-intuitive results that need further attention.
Structural Information Justice

This chapter engages information from the perspective of structural justice using a case study of learning analytics in higher education, drawing heavily on the “Drown the Bunnies” case at Mount St. Mary’s University in 2016. This case suggests the outlines of an increasingly common approach to promoting student “success” in higher education in which early academic and non-cognitive data, often from students at other universities, are used to build a student success prediction algorithm that uses a triage approach to intervention, targeting middling students while writing off those in most need of help as inefficient uses of resources. Most common ethics approaches—privacy, individualism, autonomy, and discrimination—capture at best only part of the issues in play here. Instead, I show that a full analysis of the “Drown the Bunnies” model requires understanding the ways that social structures perpetuate oppression and domination. Attention to more just organizational, politico-economic, and intellectual structures would greatly attenuate the likelihood of cases such as the Mount St. Mary’s University case, adding an important dimension to information justice. I conclude by contrasting the “Drown the Bunnies” model with an implementation of learning analytics at UVU, which did much better in part because of structural preconditions that support justice.
Principles and practice of sulphide mineral flotation

This paper presents both the fundamentals of sulphide mineral flotation and the practical aspects of sulphide ore flotation. The fundamental aspects of the flotation of sulphide minerals both in the absence and presence of thiol collectors are discussed in relation to their crystal structure, surface chemistry and electrochemical characteristics. Since the electrochemistry of the sulphide mineral/aqueous solution interface and of various sulphide mineral/aqueous thio-compound systems has been amply investigated over the past two decades, the results of these modern electrochemical studies are briefly reviewed. Mechanisms of the action of various flotation reagents, including collectors, activators and depressants, commonly used in sulphide mineral flotation are discussed in terms of the chemical and electrochemical principles presented within this paper. Simplified flow sheets of representative flotation plant operations are given to illustrate how these principles are applied for the commercial separation of sulphide minerals from their ores. Various novel techniques that take advantage of controlling the electrochemical and physical behavior of the flotation system are also presented.
Cystophora cristata (Hooded seal)

These karyotypes are gifts of Dr. U. Arnason, Lund, Sweden, and were prepared from solid tissue culture by the orcein squash method. The male came from Kulusuk, Greenland, and the female, from Newfoundland, Canada.
Strategies for Managing Computer Software Upgrades

The speed with which companies are bringing new software products to market is having a serious impact on information technology use in organizations. As vendors release new software products, customers are faced with the prospect of upgrading to the new software. If not managed properly, the upgrade might cost inordinate amounts of money and/or curtail employee productivity. How do organizations decide when to upgrade? How can an upgrade be completed without significantly affecting user productivity? To aid IT managers in answering these and other questions, this volume provides strategies for managing issues associated with the implementation of software upgrades. In addition, the book presents selected research papers that offer in-depth treatment of the most critical aspects of software upgrade management.
Risk-averse newsvendor models

The multi(or single-) product newsvendor problem is a well-known classical problem in inventory management. The general setting analyzed is as follows. There are multiple (or single) perishable products with random demand in a single-selling season. Given a purchase cost and resale price, the decision maker (aka the newsvendor) chooses the optimal ordering quantity for each product at the beginning of the selling season. If the newsvendor orders too much of any product, all leftovers are sold at salvage value; if the newsvendor orders too little, it incurs lost opportunity of sales. Given uncertain demand, it is obvious that the final profit for the newsvendor is random. Thus prior researchers have focused on maximizing expected profits for the newsvendor in making the ordering decision. Unless there are resource constraints and/or demand substitution effects, most multiproduct newsvendor problems can be decomposed into multiple independent single-product problems. The general solution (for expected profit maximization) is a simple closed-form ratio of the overage and underage ”costs” for the newsvendor’s (cumulative) marginal demand distribution. Given such a straightforward result, this approach has been applied in numerous industry settings to address problems of revenue management and/or overbooking. From a decision-maker’s perspective, maximizing expected profits implies risk neutrality. However, risk neutrality guarantees the best decision only on average. Although the use of this model may be justified by the Law of Large Numbers, one cannot expect that a single realization will be sufficiently close to the expected value. In fact, when actual outcomes deviate greatly from their expected values due to their randomness, it may cause an unacceptably large loss to the newsvendor.
Comparison of endoscopic sinus surgery with and without image guidance.

BackgroundImage guidance based on preacquired computed tomography scans of the patient is a technique used to assist the physician during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). This study seeks to compare...
On the Possibility of an Homogeneous MHD Dynamo in the Laboratory

The cause of spontaneous generation of magnetic fields in conducting bodies (such as plasmas) is a longstanding, major problem in plasma astrophysics, geophysics, and laboratory plasmas. It is observed that magnetic fields exist in the Earth, Sun and other stars (and perhaps in galaxies), that cannot be explained as surviving primordial fields, and generally believed that such magnetic fields are generated by plasma flow (or flow of liquid metal for the Earth). The question of how magnetic fields are generated by unconstrained flows of conducting fluids and plasma is referred to as the“dynamo” problem; theoretical research into dynamo mechanisms has been actively pursued for several decades. However, until quite recently our probing of the dynamo problem has been limited to analytic calculations, numerical modelling and observational studies; experimental validation (the critical test for any theory) of aspects of the theory and experimental studies of laboratory dynamos have been scarce.
Sources of ambiguity in nucleic acid sequence alignment

The discussion of molecular sequence alignment is becoming more prominent in studies of molecular systematics and evolution. As the basis for initial homology statements, alignment is crucial to comparative molecular biology. Although fundamental, alignment is not a process which necessarily yields objective, precise results. Ambiguities can appear in alignment due to a number of factors. Three such sources of ambiguity are discussed here. These are ambiguity in the establishment of alignment parameters, pair-wise order and individual “path” variation. The first arises from the necessary but empirically untestable assumptions of gap costs and other factors which are required to align sequences objectively. The second is due to the possible existence of non-unique solutions to the same alignment parameters in heuristic and exact solutions. The third is a result of multiple optimal paths within single alignments, potentially generating huge numbers of equally costly but unique alignments. Some of the problems with and several possible solutions to the difficult situation of non-unique alignments are discussed.
Monodromy Invariants – From Symplectic to Smooth Manifolds

Recently, together with Auroux and Donaldson, we have introduced some new invariants of four-dimensional symplectic manifolds. Building on the Moishezon–Teicher braid factorization techniques, we show how to compute fundamental groups of compliments to a ramification curve of generic projection. We also show that these fundamental groups are only homology invariants and outline the computations in some examples.