cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transportation of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries at end-of-life: A literature review

Abstract The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has grown exponentially over the past decade, largely driven by ambitious sales targets in regions around the world. At end-of-life (EoL), these batteries must be managed properly to maximize reuse and recycling, which requires an efficient and safe collection and transportation system; however, the logistics of transporting EoL batteries are rarely examined in depth in scholarly research. In this paper, we conduct a critical review of the peer-reviewed literature on EV traction battery reuse and recycling to assess how transportation is represented. We find that among 60 studies identified, 70% mentioned collection and transportation as a challenge to battery reuse or recycling, and 63% identified a need for policy or further research related to collection and transportation. Among 17 papers that focus on cost, estimates for transportation costs vary widely among studies, from more than five dollars per kg to less than 30 cents, representing, on average, 41% of the total cost of recycling. Studies that examined the environmental impact of EoL transportation suggest it contributes 1–3.5% of life cycle GHG emissions for a recycled battery. In response to the limited and highly variable treatment of battery EoL transportation, the literature review is followed by contextual information about the United States, including the regulatory framework and existing network for EoL batteries. Recommendations for future study include place-specific research on optimal facility siting that considers both existing and projected infrastructure, and which reflects costs and environmental and social impacts at local scales.
Prevalence and Measurement of Dental Caries in Young Children.

Purpose Dental caries in preschool children was historically considered to have a unique and more intense pattern of decay and was known by a variety of terms. In 1999, the term early childhood caries (ECC), along with a classification system, was proposed to facilitate epidemiologic research of dental caries in young children. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of those early childhood caries recommendations on the prevalence and measurement of caries in preschool children. Methods A systematic search of the MEDLINE database was performed. Key search words included: ECC, dental decay, dental caries, carious dentin, baby bottle tooth decay, nursing caries, maxillary anterior caries, and labial caries. English language studies and studies on more than 100 children younger than six years old were eligible for selection. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data collected from 1988 to 1994, 1999 to 2004, and 2011 to 2012 were used to assess ECC prevalence using different operational definitions. Results There were 87 articles selected for this review. The term ECC was used in 55 percent of the selected articles as the primary outcome measure. The majority of studies used a cross-section study design, but diagnostic criteria varied greatly. Caries experience in young children may be shifting away from majority of untreated surfaces to a majority of restored surfaces. Little difference was observed by dental surface type in the distribution of decayed and filled surfaces in primary teeth. Conclusions Although the term early childhood caries is widely used, varied use of diagnostic criteria and operational definitions continue to limit comparability across studies. Emerging changes in the proportion of decayed and filled surfaces in the United States also raises questions regarding the ECC case definition limiting our ability to understand the epidemiology of dental caries in preschool children.
Chapter 9 – Modulation of BACE1 Activity as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

Inhibiting the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by targeting the protease BACE1, the Alzheimer’s disease β-secretase, is a key strategy for the development of therapeutic compounds aimed at treating Alzheimer’s disease. However, progress in developing biologically active inhibitors has been slow. This is in part because BACE1 possesses a broad and open active site, which cannot be effectively inhibited by small molecules capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, there is a great interest in developing modulators of BACE1 activity that are not associated with active site inhibition, rather disrupting the physiological function of the enzyme. This review will discuss the regulation of BACE1 transcriptional expression and modulation of activity by other cellular components, in particular lipids, proteins that interact directly with BACE1, and ubiquitination, as well as BACE1 immunotherapy. This review will also examine the potential of each of these as therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD.
Differences in Physicians' Verbal and Nonverbal Communication With Black and White Patients at the End of Life

Context Black patients are more likely than white patients to die in the intensive care unit with life-sustaining treatments. Differences in patient- and/or surrogate-provider communication may contribute to this phenomenon.
Cofactor recycling in a coupled enzyme oxidation–reduction reaction: conversion of ω‐oxo‐fatty acids into ω‐hydroxy and dicarboxylic acids

Aldehydes are reduced to alcohols by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), whereas the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids. ADH and AldDH require, respectively, the reduced and oxidized forms of the cofactor NAD (NAD+/NADH). By combining both oxidation and reduction reactions into one process, it is possible to produce alcohols and carboxylic acids simultaneously from aldehydes by continuous recycling of the NAD+/NADH cofactor. However, both enzymes need to be active within the same pH region and buffer system. To test this hypothesis, the pH profile (Vmax and Vmax/Km) as well as the pKa of the prototropic groups involved in catalysis for both dehydrogenases were determined using (Z,Z)-nona-2,4-dienal as a model substrate. The pH profile (Vmax and Vmax/Km) of both enzymes overlapped in the pH range of 6-8 in potassium phosphate buffer. When the coupled enzyme system was used at pH 7 with 10% NAD+ cofactor, over 90% of the starting aldehyde was converted to its corresponding acid and alcohol derivatives in a 1:1 ratio. The sequential action of the enzymes lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase converts polyunsaturated fatty acids to aldehydic fatty acids. The products arising from the oxidation or reduction of the aldehydic functionality are of industrial interest. It was found that 13-oxo-9-(Z),11-(E)-tridecadienoic acid, the product of the sequential reaction of soya bean lipoxygenase and hydroperoxide lyase from Chlorella pyrenoidosa on linoleic acid, is also a substrate in this coupled enzyme system.
Revision des Atomgewichtes des Calciums

Als wichtigste Ergebnisse vorliegender Untersuchung sind die folgenden anzufuhren. Es wurde aus zwei verschiedenen Proben reinsten Calciumcarbonats durch Auflosen in gereinigter Salzsaure Chlorid hergestellt. Beide Chloridpraparate, respektive noch ein drittes, welches ein Gemisch der erstgenannten darstellte, gaben bei der Analyse gut ubereinstimmende Resultate, was die Reinheit des Analysenmaterials beweist. Die Analysen wurden nach der gravimetrischen Titrationsmethode ausgefuhrt, wobei 35·53595g CaCl2 genau 69·08162g Ag fallten, woraus der Atomgewichtswert 40·074 folgt.
Drivers and Implications of Direct-Store-Delivery in Distribution Channels

Direct-Store-Delivery (DSD) is a channel arrangement in which a retailer allows a manufacturer to execute in-store operations such as product replenishment and merchandising. This paper offers a model based analysis of the economic drivers and implications of DSD for the retailers and manufacturers. We consider a distribution channel where two competing manufacturers sell their products to the consumers via a retailer. We find that DSD is an equilibrium channel arrangement when the products are neither fully differentiated nor close substitutes. When the products are differentiated, the retailer refrains from initiating DSD and when the products are close substitutes, it is the manufacturer(s) who is (are) not willing to adopt DSD. Furthermore, we show that when the products are close substitutes, although the retailer prefers implementing DSD with both manufacturers, due to manufacturers' incentives, a heterogeneous channel arrangement where the retailer implements DSD with only one manufacturer could emerge in equilibrium. In addition, we find that when products are close substitutes, the switch to a DSD channel could lower the wholesale prices despite the fact that the manufacturers internalize the additional in-store operational costs in DSD. While the wholesale price could increase or decrease, we find that the switch to a DSD channel always reduces retail prices which has positive impact on consumer demand.
Cartobibliography for Catalogers

Abstract This paper serves as a basic reference tool especially for catalogers of early cartographic resources, providing an extensive, annotated list of bibliographic references that are useful for cataloging-related cartobibliographical detective work. The entries are categorized as biographical sources, library bibliographies and catalogs, regional cartobibliographies by place of publication or geographic area of map coverage, thematic cartobibliographies, indexes to monographic and serial publications, comparative studies and introductory texts accompanying facsimile publications, basic bibliographies on the history of cartography, and cartographic periodicals. It provides examples of these various types of sources and comments on their helpful features. While the selections focus on English language resources and maps of North America, it suggests leads to find additional sources pertaining to particular unmet needs that may arise.
Yet1p and Yet3p, the Yeast Homologs of BAP29 and BAP31, Interact with the Endoplasmic Reticulum Translocation Apparatus and Are Required for Inositol Prototrophy

The mammalian B-cell receptor-associated proteins of 29 and 31 kDa (BAP29 and BAP31) are conserved integral membrane proteins that have reported roles in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control, ER export of secretory cargo, and programmed cell death. In this study we investigated the yeast homologs of BAP29 and BAP31, known as Yet1p and Yet3p, to gain insight on cellular function. We found that Yet1p forms a complex with Yet3p (Yet complex) and that complex assembly was important for subunit stability and proper ER localization. The Yet complex was not efficiently packaged into ER-derived COPII vesicles and therefore does not appear to act as an ER export receptor. Instead, a fraction of the Yet complex was detected in association with the ER translocation apparatus (Sec complex). Specific mutations in the Sec complex or Yet complex influenced these interactions. Moreover, associations between the Yet complex and Sec complex were increased by ER stress and diminished when protein translocation substrates were depleted. Surprisingly, yet1Δ and yet3Δ mutant strains displayed inositol starvation-related growth defects. In accord with the biochemical data, these growth defects were exacerbated by a combination of certain mutations in the Sec complex with yet1Δ or yet3Δ mutations. We propose a model for the Yet-Sec complex interaction that places Yet1p and Yet3p at the translocation pore to manage biogenesis of specific transmembrane secretory proteins.
On Conductivity of Cold Gas Layer Separating Arc Column and Nozzle in Nontransferred Plasma Arc (Anode Reattachment Process in Plasma Spray Systems)

The nozzle serves as an anode in systems for plasma arc spraying. In these systems, the anode attachment moves downstream along the nozzle under the influence of the gas flow. The arc length increases and the arc voltage rises. At a specific arc voltage, the anode attachment jumps upstream and the arc voltage drops: reattachment occurs. The frequency of reattachment and the location of the new anode spot are determined by the conductivity of the cold gas layer that separates the extended arc column and the metallic anode. The conductivity of this layer in calculated in this paper. Two important effects are taken into account: 1) the difference between the electron and the heavy particle temperatures and 2) deviation from ionization equilibrium. Disregarding these effects leads to, practically, a completely insulating characterization of the cold gas layer. Calculations for an argon plasma showed that as opposed to the frequently accepted opinion, the electrical conductivity of the layer in the arc trail remains at a very substantial level. They also showed, in accordance with experiments, that admixing even small amounts of helium to argon decreases the layer conductivity that leads to reattachment delay and high voltage fluctuations. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the layer conductivity allows one to predict the new location of the anode spot after reattachment.
Reaction pathways of cis- and trans-2-butene on Mo(110) and C/Mo(110) : selective activation of α and β C-H bonds

Abstract The reaction pathways of cis- and trans-2-butene on clean Mo(110) and carbide-modified Mo(110) surfaces have been studied using a combination of temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The vibrational data reveal that the decomposition pathways of cis- and trans-2-butene are different on clean Mo(110). In the case of cis-2-butene, the olefinic α(C–H) bonds are cleaved at 80 K to produce surface hydrogen and 2-butyne. In contrast, the initial decomposition of trans-2-butene also involves β(C–H) bond scission, such that at least one of the methyl groups of the molecule is converted to a CH 2 group at temperatures below 150 K. On carbide-modified Mo(110), the initial decomposition step for both cis- and trans-2-butene involves α(C–H) bond cleavage to form 2-butyne. This difference in reactivity of Mo(110) and carbide-modified Mo(110) towards the 2-butenes provides experimental evidence that the formation of the carbide overlayer enhances the selective activation of α(C–H) bonds.
Characteristics of Shielded Microstrip Lines on GaAs-Si at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies

Recent advances in the growth of GaAs on Si substrates have necessitated the consideration of this composite structure as a substrate material for microwave and millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuits. It is, therefore, important to investigate the dielectric properties at frequencies of operation for assessing the viability of this technology. We report the results of a calculation of the dielectric losses of this composite material when used as a transmission line medium and a comparison with other possible substrates, such as GaAs and Si alone, in the frequency range of 10–100 GHz. Results show that the growth of high resistivity GaAs on Si substrates with moderate resistivity reduces the dielectric loss depending upon the thickness of the GaAs overlay material.
Isolation and Characterization of Specialized φ80 Transducing Phages Carrying Regions of the Salmonella typhimurium trp Operon

Abstract We have isolated a series of nondefective 80 specialized transducing phage which carry segments of the Salmonella typhimurium trp operon. These phage were obtained from a lysogenic derivative of a merozygote constructed by transferring an S. typhimurium trp episome into an Escherichia coli strain which lacks the normal 80 attachment site. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from one such phage was purified and employed in DNA-ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybridization studies. The results obtained show that, under our hybridization conditions, heterologous hybridization is less efficient than homologous hybridization. It was also observed that not all S. typhimurium trp messenger RNA can readily anneal to E. coli trp operon DNA. Heterologous hybrids consisting of S. typhimurium trp messenger RNA and E. coli trp operon DNA were estimated to have a dissociation constant 10-fold larger than that of homologous hybrids.
The Transport of Uranium and Technetium Through The unsaturated Tuffs, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

An area containing unsaturated fractured tuffs at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is one of the potential sites for geologic storage of high-level radioactive waste. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 40 CFR 191 Regulation limits the cumulative releases of many radionuclides from the repository to the accessible environment for 10,000 years after disposal [1]. Numerical models can be used to determine if the EPA containment requirement is met. In this paper a preliminary set of transport calculations for uranium and technetium is discussed. First, a foundation for the calculations, a comprehensive, referenced geochemical/geophysical model containing the current stratigraphic, petrologic, hydrogeologic, geochemical, and material data for the Yucca Mountain site was compiled. Second, the integrated transport of uranium and technetium from the repository to the water table was modeled. An expected-case flow scenario and a worse-case flow scenario were used in the calculations. The sorption of technetium was neglected in the worse-case scenario. Results show that in the case of uranium, the estimated transport was only moderately sensitive to the magnitude of the flow because sorption had a significant effect on the retardation. In the case of technetium, when sorption was neglected, the flow dominated the transport. The EPA containment requirements were metmore » for all cases. These preliminary calculations will be used as a basis to investigate the effects of physical and geochemical processes on the long-term transport of radionuclides at Yucca Mountain. 18 references, 4 figures, 3 tables.« less
Stitches on Time: Colonial Textures and Postcolonial Tangles

Stitches on Time: Colonial Textures and Postcolonial Tangles. Saurabh Dube. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2004. 259 pp.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates the Anti-Apoptotic Effect of NMDA in Cerebellar Granule Neurons: Signal Transduction Cascades and Site of Ethanol Action

Cerebellar granule neurons cultured in medium containing a physiological concentration of KCl (5 mM) undergo apoptosis. The cells can be rescued by the in vitro addition of NMDA. The protective effect of NMDA is thought to reflect the in vivo innervation of developing cerebellar granule neurons by glutamatergic afferents. In the current work, we investigated the mechanism of the anti-apoptotic (protective) effect of NMDA. NMDA treatment reduced caspase-3-like activity in cerebellar granule neurons, and the time course and concentration dependence of the protective effect of NMDA mirrored the ability of NMDA to induce brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. Furthermore, a Trk receptor antagonist, K252a, as well as a blocking antibody to BDNF, attenuated the protective effects of both NMDA and BDNF. These results suggest that NMDA-induced BDNF expression mediates the anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA. The protective effects of NMDA and BDNF were reduced by inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-OH kinase (PI 3-kinase) signal transduction cascade (wortmannin and LY29004) but not by a MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor (PD98059) or a protein kinase A inhibitor (Rp-cAMPS). BDNF increased phosphorylation of Akt, a target of PI 3-kinase, and NMDA also induced Akt phosphorylation, but only after an exposure that was long enough to induce BDNF expression. Furthermore, ethanol, which interferes with NMDA receptor function, inhibited the NMDA-induced increase in BDNF levels but did not block the protective effect of BDNF. These findings further support the role of BDNF in the anti-apoptotic effect of NMDA in cerebellar granule neurons and suggest that the NMDA-BDNF interaction may play a key role in in vivo cerebellar granule neuron development, as well as in the deleterious effects of ethanol on the developing cerebellum.
Strain transfer and inhomogeneous deformation in passivated thin films with mixed texture

Abstract Thin face-centered cubic metal films on substrates often have mixed (1 1 1)/(1 0 0) fiber texture. These orientations have very different elastic constants, both in and normal to the film plane, leading to significant stress inhomogeneities. Strain transfer between the two orientations leads to complex stress/strain states, hindering interpretations of plastic deformation behaviors such as strain hardening and anelasticity. In this work, we present models to calculate the three-dimensional plastic strains from the three-dimensional elastic strains, and the dislocation densities from the three-dimensional plastic strains, within each texture component of a passivated mixed (1 1 1)/(1 0 0) fiber texture film during biaxial loading. These models are applied to elastic strain data obtained using X-ray diffraction during thermal cycling of thin Cu films. A measure of the strain transfer is obtained and the plastic behavior, both strain hardening and anelastic recovery, is shown to be very different in the two texture components.
Dynamic simulator for anaerobic digestion processes

A transient, two-culture model simulating methane production from biomass has been developed. The simulator, based partially on the work by Andrews and McCarty, is capable of calculating the hydrolysis products of several common organic materials, accommodating various substrate feeding modes, and simulating the transient physico-biochemical transport and conversion processes occurring in the biological, liquid, and gaseous phases of a well-mixed reactor. The mathematical representation of this bioconversion system consists of a set of 11 coupled, nonlinear first-order rate equations based on the principles of mass conservation and biochemical reaction kinetics. The model can be used in conjunction with laboratory investigations and as a simulator for evaluating process control strategies and cost developments.
Fluid Properties of Organic‐Nanoparticle and Fumed Silica Systems for Gelled Materials

Gelled materials combine mechanical properties of liquids and solids. Knowing the rheological behavior of these systems is essential in many technological areas. The present paper presents a study on fluid properties of silica gels and HPC water systems containing aluminum oxide nanoparticles. Viscosity measurements for silica‐hydrocarbon gels showed qualitatively evidence of thixotropicity in the fluid with no viscosity recovery. Steady state and small amplitude oscillatory stress tests were performed for HPC water systems with the addition of metal nanoparticles, showing the particles effect on the viscosity and viscoelasticity of the fluid. No time dependence or thixotropy was observed for these samples.
AN ANALYTICAL MODEL OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MATURITY AND BONDS RISK DIFFERENTIALS

This paper extends previous analyses of bond risk differentials by relaxing the key assumption of a constant probability of firm survival. Under the less restrictive assumption that firm income is stationary and independent over time, it is shown that risk differential clearly varies with maturity even with a flat term structure. Because the payoff possibilities of multi-period bonds are interdependent even though income in each period is independent, risk differentials must depend on maturity, even if term structure is flat. This conclusion is more compatible with empirical findings than were conclusions of previous analyses.
Managing intelligence analysis: Strategies for playing the end game

(1988). Managing intelligence analysis: Strategies for playing the end game. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence: Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 321-343.
Separation and properties of potato invertase and invertase inhibitor.

Abstract A procedure involving vigorous blending of protein preparations has been developed for the separation of an endogenous macromolecular inhibitor from potato invertase. The resultant foaming completely destroys the inhibitor but does not inactivate the enzyme. Application of this technique revealed that invertase in potato tubers is always detectable but is present in highest levels in tubers stored at low temperatures. A marked decrease in invertase and a concomitant increase in inhibitor occur when tubers are transferred from cold to warm storage. Both the enzyme and its inhibitor have been partially purified. Optimal invertase activity was shown to occur at pH 4.7. Addition of purified inhibitor to invertase produces non-competitive inhibition. The inhibitor is most effective at the pH optimum for invertase and its presence results in double pH optima.
Study of the Effects of Ion Pairing and Activity Coefficients on the Separation in Standard Potentials for Two-Step Reduction of Dinitroaromatics

The electrochemical reduction of 9,10-dinitroanthracene, 1, and 3,6-dinitrodurene, 2, occurs with potential inversion. That is, the standard potential for formation of the anion radical is shifted in the negative direction from the standard potential for the anion radical/dianion couple. This behavior has been attributed to significant structural changes accompanying the reduction steps. In this work, an assessment was made of the magnitude of the effects of activity coefficients and ion pairing, two effects which contribute to potential inversion. 1,4-Dinitrobenzene, 3, and 2,5-dimethyl-1,4-dinitrobenzene, 4, were studied in acetonitrile and N,N-dimethylformamide with R4N+ salts as electrolytes (R = CH3−, CH3CH2−, CH3(CH2)3−, and CH3(CH2)7−) at concentrations from 0.010 to 0.100 M. Significant ion pairing between the dianion, A2-, and R4N+ was found for (CH3)4N+ with both 3 and 4 while the effects of the other electrolytes were smaller. The data were successfully interpreted without recourse to other ion...
Novel Regulation of CD80/CD86-induced Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Signaling by NOTCH1 Protein in Interleukin-6 and Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Production by Dendritic Cells *♦

Dendritic cells (DC) play a critical role in modulating antigen-specific immune responses elicited by T cells via engagement of the prototypic T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 by the cognate ligands CD80/CD86, expressed on DC. Although CD28 signaling in T cell activation has been well characterized, it has only recently been shown that CD80/CD86, which have no demonstrated binding domains for signaling proteins in their cytoplasmic tails, nonetheless also transduce signals to the DC. Functionally, CD80/CD86 engagement results in DC production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, which is necessary for full T cell activation. However, ligation of CD80/CD86 by CTLA4 also induces DC production of the immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which depletes local pools of the essential amino acid tryptophan, resulting in blockade of T cell activation. Despite the significant role of CD80/CD86 in immunological processes and the seemingly opposing roles they play by producing IL-6 and IDO upon their activation, how CD80/CD86 signal remains poorly understood. We have now found that cross-linking CD80/CD86 in human DC activates the PI3K/AKT pathway. This results in phosphorylation/inactivation of its downstream target, FOXO3A, and alleviates FOXO3A-mediated suppression of IL-6 expression. A second event downstream of AKT phosphorylation is activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway, which induces IL-6 expression. In addition to these downstream pathways, we unexpectedly found that CD80/CD86-induced PI3K signaling is regulated by previously unrecognized cross-talk with NOTCH1 signaling. This cross-talk is facilitated by NOTCH-mediated up-regulation of the expression of prolyl isomerase PIN1, which in turn increases enzyme activity of casein kinase II. Subsequently, phosphatase and tensin homolog (which suppresses PI3K activity) is inactivated via phosphorylation by casein kinase II. This results in full activation of PI3K signaling upon cross-linking CD80/CD86. Similar to IL-6, we have found that CD80/CD86-induced IDO production by DC at late time points is also dependent upon the PI3K → AKT → NF-κB pathway and requires cross-talk with NOTCH signaling. These data further suggest that the same signaling pathways downstream of DC CD80/CD86 cross-linking induce early IL-6 production to enhance T cell activation, followed by later IDO production to self-limit this activation. In addition to characterizing the pathways downstream of CD80/CD86 in IL-6 and IDO production, identification of a novel cross-talk between NOTCH1 and PI3K signaling may provide new insights in other biological processes where PI3K signaling plays a major role.
Effects of ionizing radiation on epoxy, graphite fiber and epoxy/graphite fiber composites. Part I: Surface energy changes

Surface energy changes of an epoxy based on tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM)/diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), T-300 graphite fiber, and T-300/5208 (graphite fiber/epoxy) composites have been investigated after irradiation with 0.5 MeV electrons. The surface energy of TGDDM-DDS epoxy increases monotonically with radiation doses up to 1,000 Mrad mainly due to increased concentration of polar groups. IR and ESCA spectral evidence indicates that carbonyl groups are formed, probably from the tertiary hydrogen at the carbon where the OH group is attached in the cured epoxy. The polarity of the graphite fiber and the graphite fiber/epoxy interface also increases with radiation dose. These results and the roles of oxygen are discussed in connection with mechanical properties of epoxy/graphite fiber composites exposed to ionizing radiation.
Immediate and late onset asthma from occupational exposure to soybean dust

Most patients sensitive to soybean experience gastrointentinal symptoms, urticaria, angioedema, and asthma after ingestion. However, we report here a previously non-allergic patient who developed immediate and late onset asthma after breathing soybean flour used in the manufacture of food supplements. She exhibited positive immediate and late skin test sensitivity as well as a positive bronchial challenge to a soybean flour extract. In contrast to another patient with an anaphylactic response after soybean ingestion, the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) to soybean antigen was negative in our patient.
Correlated Switch Binding and Signaling in Bacterial Chemotaxis

Abstract In Escherichia coli, swimming behavior is mediated by the phosphorylation state of the response regulator CheY. In its active, phosphorylated form, CheY exhibits enhanced binding to a switch component, FliM, at the flagellar motor, which induces a change from counterclockwise to clockwise flagellar rotation. When Ile95 of CheY is replaced by a valine, increased clockwise rotation correlates with enhanced binding to FliM. A possible explanation for the hyperactivity of this mutant is that residue 95 affects the conformation of nearby residues that potentially interact with FliM. In order to assess this possibility directly, the crystal structure of CheY95IV was determined. We found that CheY95IV is structurally almost indistinguishable from wild-type CheY. Several other mutants with substitutions at position 95 were characterized to establish the structural requirements for switch binding and clockwise signaling at this position and to investigate a general relationship between the two properties. The various rotational phenotypes of these mutants can be explained solely by the amount of phosphorylated CheY bound to the switch, which was inferred from the phosphorylation properties of the mutant CheY proteins and their binding affinities to FliM. Combined genetic, biochemical, and crystallographic results suggest that residue 95 itself is critical in mediating the surface complementarity between CheY and FliM.
State-dependent effects of marihuana on human memory.

THE abuse potential of marihuana has been widely debated as the use of the drug has increased in Western countries. Overton1 has suggested that the abuse potential of various drugs may parallel their capacity for producing “state-dependent” effects in animals and man. State-dependent or “dissociated” learning refers to a phenomenon observed in animal and human studies wherein certain behaviour learned in particular drug states transfers more readily when the same drug state is reintroduced than if subsequent testing occurs under the influence of another drug or in a non-drug state2–8. This phenomenon has been demonstrated primarily with sedative and hypnotic drugs, such as barbiturates and alcohol, which are relatively susceptible to abuse. In general, drugs with little abuse potential (for example phenothiazines) dissociate weakly or not at all1.
Waiting to Turn Left

This article examines the rule used by the state of Pennsylvania to determine when the installation of a left-turn signal is justified. In creating a mathematical model, we encounter a natural appl...
Silicon carbide: its nonabrasive electrical properties and applications

Silicon carbide (SiC) has been around for over a century. However, only in the past two to three decades has its semiconducting properties been sufficiently studied and applied. Its many advantages, with its ability to withstand high temperatures being the most prominent, are making silicon carbide a choice for new applications and an improved substitute for traditional electronic materials.
Embracing Our Past, Informing Our Future: A Feminist Re-Vision of Health Care

Using a feminist perspective, this paper explores the roots of the practice of healing and medicine. It traces the role of women in health care from prehistorical times, through the present, and into the future discussing the changing paradigms that the author identifies as (a) the Prototypic Paradigm: Mysticism and Healing; (b) the Scientific Paradigm: Curing; and (c) the Paradigm of Inclusion: Caring, Curing, and Healing. The role and status of women in society are reflected within these paradigms, and the changing status of the profession of occupational therapy is discussed within this framework. The unique skills and contributions of occupational therapy more closely fit within the Paradigm of Inclusion and can support us as health care leaders within the changing world of the 21st century.
Evidence for divergent projections to the brain noradrenergic system and the spinal parasympathetic system from Barrington's nucleus

The present study was designed to determine whether Barrington's nucleus, which lies ventromedial to the locus coeruleus (LC) and projects to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus, is a source of afferent projections to the LC. Restricted injections of the anterograde tracer, biocytin, into Barrington's nucleus labeled varicose fibers that extended from the injection site into the LC. Consistent with this, injections of the retrograde tracers, wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase coupled to gold particles (WGA-Au-HRP) or fluorescein-conjugated latex beads, into the LC labeled numerous (approximately 10%) Barrington's neurons that were also retrogradely labeled by Fluoro-Gold (FG) injections in the spinal cord. Retrograde tracing from the LC combined with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) immunohistochemistry revealed that at least one third of the retrogradely labeled neurons in Barrington's nucleus were CRH-immunoreactive (CRH-IR). Finally, in triple labeling studies, CRH-Barrington's neurons were consistently observed that were retrogradely labeled from both the LC and spinal cord. These findings implicate Barrington's nucleus as an LC afferent and a source of CRH-IR fibers in the LC. Additionally, the results suggest that some Barrington's neurons diverge to innervate both the spinal cord and the LC. This divergent innervation may serve to coregulate the sacral parasympathetic nervous system and brain noradrenergic system, thus providing a mechanism for coordinating pelvic visceral functions with forebrain activity.
Characterization of insulin, insulin-like growth factors I and II, and growth hormone receptors on human leukemic lymphoblasts

Receptors for insulin, insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II), and human GH were studied in 6 T- and 12 B-lymphoblast cell lines isolated from patients with lymphoid malignancies. These cell lines have been maintained in continuous culture with stable chromosome, immunophenotype, and enzyme characteristics for an 8- to 21-month period. Four of 6 T-cell lines expressed IGF-I, but not insulin, receptors. One T-cell line bound only insulin, and 1 T-cell line bound both hormones. Conversely, 9 of 12 B-cell lines had insulin, but not IGF-I, receptors. Two of these lines bound both hormones, and 1 line did not bind either hormone. IGF-II binding was lessthan 1.5%/10 million cells for all lines and was less than 1% for 13 of the 18 lines. Specific binding of GH was undetectable in all cell lines. Time, temperature, and pH dependence of peptide bindingwere characterized for the T-cell IGF-I receptor and the B-cell insulin receptor and were consistent with previously describedmodels for these rece...
Telomere length trajectory and its determinants in persons with coronary artery disease: longitudinal findings from the heart and soul study.

Author(s): Farzaneh-Far, Ramin; Lin, Jue; Epel, Elissa; Lapham, Kyle; Blackburn, Elizabeth; Whooley, Mary A | Abstract: BackgroundLeukocyte telomere length, an emerging marker of biological age, has been shown to predict cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the natural history of telomere length in patients with coronary artery disease has not been studied. We sought to investigate the longitudinal trajectory of telomere length, and to identify the independent predictors of telomere shortening, in persons with coronary artery disease.Methodology/principal findingsIn a prospective cohort study of 608 individuals with stable coronary artery disease, we measured leukocyte telomere length at baseline, and again after five years of follow-up. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression models to identify the independent predictors of leukocyte telomere trajectory. Baseline and follow-up telomere lengths were normally distributed. Mean telomere length decreased by 42 base pairs per year (pl0.001). Three distinct telomere trajectories were observed: shortening in 45%, maintenance in 32%, and lengthening in 23% of participants. The most powerful predictor of telomere shortening was baseline telomere length (OR per SD increase = 7.6; 95% CI 5.5, 10.6). Other independent predictors of telomere shortening were age (OR per 10 years = 1.6; 95% CI 1.3, 2.1), male sex (OR = 2.4; 95% CI 1.3, 4.7), and waist-to-hip ratio (OR per 0.1 increase = 1.4; 95% CI 1.0, 2.0).Conclusions/significanceLeukocyte telomere length may increase as well as decrease in persons with coronary artery disease. Telomere length trajectory is powerfully influenced by baseline telomere length, possibly suggesting negative feedback regulation. Age, male sex, and abdominal obesity independently predict telomere shortening. The mechanisms and reversibility of telomeric aging in cardiovascular disease deserve further study.
Franck-Condon Dominated Chemistry. Formation and Dissociations of the Dimethylhydroxysulfuranyl Radical

The structure and energetics of the hydroxyl radical adduct to dimethyl sulfide (DMS) was revisited using high level ab initio calculations. Density functional theory B3LYP/6-31++G(2d,p) and perturbational MP2(FULL)/6-31++G(2d,p) calculations found a weakly bound structure, (CH 3 ) 2 SOH • , with a long S-O bond that was a local energy minimum. Single point calculations at the effective QCISD(T)/6-311++G(3df,2p) level of theory, denoted as G2++(MP2), found the (CH 3 ) 2 S-OH • bonding energy to be 40 kJ mol -1 at 298 K. The standard heat of formation of (CH 3 ) 2 SOH • was assessed from dissociation and isodesmic reactions as -45 ± 4 kJ mol -1 . No other local minima corresponding to C 2 H 7 OS radicals were found at the present level of theory that could be derived from DMS or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). A very weak complex, CH 3 S(H)- • OCH 3 , was found that was bound by mere 4 kJ mol -1 against dissociation to CH 3 SH and • OCH 3 . Vertical electron capture by (CH 3 ) 2 SOH + is predicted to form (CH 3 ) 2 SOH • with a highly non-relaxed geometry corresponding to a vibrational excitation of 138 kJ mol -1 above the local minimum and 88 kJ mol -1 above the dissociation threshold to DMS and OH • . Unimolecular dissociation of (CH 3 ) 2 SOH • to methanesulfenic acid (CH 3 SOH) and • OCH 3 faces an energy barrier that diminishes at shorter S-O distances. The dipole-allowed electronic excitation in (CH 3 ) 2 SOH • was calculated with CIS/6-311++G(2df,p) to have λ max = 248 nm in the gas phase. The resulting B state represents a charge-transfer complex of (CH 3 ) 2 S +• and OH - . The present computational results allowed us to explain the existing controversy between the experimental results obtained by gas-phase flow kinetics, radiolysis in aqueous solution, and neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry.
A note on axial-flow sensible-heat solar-dynamic receivers

This note uses the Fast Fourier Transform method to analyze an axial-flow sensible-heat receiver, and compares its performance to phase-change material receivers. The model is applied to the Space Station conditions with a net average gain of 96.47 kW and inlet and average outlet temperatures of 797 K and 1012 K, for an electrical output of 32 kW. The rodded structure with flow tubes may not be best for sensible-heat receivers, but a circular [open quotes]slab[close quotes] or plate-fin of diameter D[sub R] could be used. 10 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
Brief data reports in JGR

It is proposed that the Journal of Geophysical Research Space Physics provide means by which appropriate solar-terrestrial spacecraft and ground-based data sets stored in national data centers or other accessible places can be described to the space physics community in the format of Brief Data Reports. Publication of BDRs would make data sets available to scientists who are not directly involved with the missions or experiments. Refereed BDRs would provide for scientific recognition and quality control of the data sets and encourage submission of data sets to national data centers.
Tricyclic antidepressants: potent blockade of histamine H1 receptors of guinea pig ileum.

Abstract Six tricyclic antidepressants were tested for their ability to antagonize histamine actions at histamine H 1 receptors in a bioassay for these receptors (histamine-induced contractions of guinea pig ileum). All compounds were competitive antagonists with equilibrium dissociation constants in the range of 5.6 x 10 −11 M to 1.5 x 10 −7 M. Doxepin hydrochloride and amitriptyline hydrochloride were the most potent compounds of the series and may be the most potent antihistamines known. Antagonism at histamine H 1 receptors by these compounds may explain their sedative effects.
Properties of coatings : Comparisons of electroplated, physical vapor deposited, chemical vapor deposited, and plasma sprayed coatings

Abstract Properties of coatings (structure, porosity, density, stress, corrosion, hydrogen permeation, adhesion, tribology, fatigue and thermal contact conductance) produced by a number of deposition methods including electrodeposition, physical vapor deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and flame spraying art; compared. In most cases, the films did not exhibit similar properties. In addition, process conditions often could be varied for any given coating process and this, in turn, would affect microstructure and hence the properties. No coating system provided best results for all these properties. In some cases, electroplated films provided superior results while in others PVD or CVD were best.
Research note on equity and ethics in state-promotion of agricultural products

Many state governments in the United States promote locally-produced farm products. This paper discusses issues related to the ethics and equity of such promotional programs. The paper argues that generic promotion is generally easier to justify in terms of ethics and equity than brand promotion. It also argues that informative and factual brand promotions are easier to justify than deceptive and persuasive brand promotions. Additional equity issues arising when taxpayers finance state-promotional programs are also discussed.
Schools in Transition.

ABSTRACT The geography of schools in Mississippi has undergone four phases of change during the past three decades, and there are indications that a fifth phases is in the offing. Through all phases, racial segregation in schools and patterns of resistance to change have been influenced significantly by residential segregation at the local level and by the racial composition of the population at broader scales. The impending fifth phase, which is likely to be a return to some form of dual school system, has been prompted by a movement of white people to private schools and other bold reactions. Such reactions resulted from Federal Government orders to desegregate schools contrary to residential segregation, a most fundamental facet of the spatial structure of the society.
Blood Gases: Continuous in vivo Recording of Partial Pressures by Mass Spectrography

Gases were sampled directly from circulating blood through a membrane at the tip of an intravascular cannula that was connected to the analyzing section of a mass spectrometer. Partial gas pressures and membrane permeability determine gas flow into the spectrometer. Arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen pressures were simultaneously recorded in an anesthetized animal subjected to various respiratory maneuvers.
Spreading of emulsions on a solid substrate

The wettability of emulsions is a prominent factor with a broad impact on an extensive variety of industrial applications ranging from the petroleum to the cosmetic industries. Surprisingly, there is no comprehensive study of emulsion spreading to date. In this work, the spreading of water/silicone oil emulsions on glass substrates was investigated. The emulsions were prepared with varying volume fractions of water dispersed in silicone oil, with addition of small amounts of surfactant to stabilize the emulsion structure. The time-dependent variation of dynamic contact angle, base diameter, and the spreading rate of the emulsion droplets were studied. The effect of water/silicone oil weight percentage as well as the droplet size and dispersed phase bubble size were also investigated. The weight percentage of water/silicone oil emulsion and droplet size did not have a significant impact on the spreading dynamics; however, the dispersed phase bubble size affected the spreading dynamics substantially. The coarsening of the dispersed phase bubbles was the key factor in the distinct spreading behavior of emulsions compared to pure liquids.