cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noncalcified Coronary Plaque Volumes in Healthy People With a Family History of Early Onset Coronary Artery Disease

Background— Although age and sex distributions of calcified coronary plaque have been well described in the general population, noncalcified plaque (NCP) distributions remain unknown. This is important because NCP is a putative precursor for clinical coronary artery disease and could serve as a sentinel for aggressive primary prevention, especially in high-risk populations. We examined the distributions of NCP and calcified coronary plaque in healthy 30- to 74-year-old individuals from families with early onset coronary artery disease. Methods and Results— Participants in the GeneSTAR family study (N=805), mean age 51.1±10.8 years, 56% women, were screened for coronary artery disease risk factors and coronary plaque using dual-source computed tomographic angiography. Plaque volumes (mm3) were quantified using a validated automated method. The prevalence of coronary plaque was 57.8% in men and 35.8% in women ( P 70% and >80%, respectively). Higher Framingham risk was associated with the number of affected vessels ( P <0.01), but 44% of men and 20.8% of women considered intermediate risk had left main and 3-vessel disease involvement. Conclusions— The majority of coronary plaque was noncalcified, particularly in younger individuals. These findings support the importance of assessing family history and suggest that early primary prevention interventions may be warranted at younger ages in families with early onset coronary artery disease.
Finite Elements in Ab Initio Electronic-Structure Calulations

Over the course of the past two decades, the density functional theory (DFT) (see e.g., [1]) of Hohenberg, Kohn, and Sham has proven to be an accurate and reliable basis for the understanding and prediction of a wide range of materials properties from first principles (ab initio), with no experimental input or empirical parameters. However, the solution of the Kohn-Sham equations of DFT is a formidable task and this has limited the range of physical systems which can be investigated by such rigorous, quantum mechanical means. In order to extend the interpretive and predictive power of such quantum mechanical theories further into the domain of “real materials”, involving nonstoichiometric deviations, defects, grain boundaries, surfaces, interfaces, and the like; robust and efficient methods for the solution of the associated quantum mechanical equations are critical. The finite-element (FE) method (see e.g., [2]) is a general method for the solution of partial differential and integral equations which has found wide application in diverse fields ranging from particle physics to civil engineering. Here, we discuss its application to large-scale ab initio electronic-structure calculations.
To Google or Not to Google: Graduate Students’ Use of the Internet to Access Personal Information about Clients

The emergence of Internet search and social media sites now permits therapists to obtain a plethora of personal information about their clients online. These behaviors raise a number of ethical issues related to client privacy, self-determination, and informed consent. The purpose of this study is to examine student therapists’ opinions and behaviors in regard to the use these websites to search for information about their clients. A national sample of 854 psychology doctoral students was surveyed in regard to their online activities, attitudes, and frequency of searching for client information online. Results showed that Internet usage is pervasive in this group, with the majority reporting daily use of search engine or social networking sites. Most participants reported that searching for information about clients online using search engines (66.9%) or social networking websites (76.8%) was “always” or “usually” unacceptable. Nevertheless, 97.8% of participants reported searching for at least one client’s information using search engines in the past year; 94.4% reported searching for client information on social networking websites. Overall, student therapists reported searching for 16.5% of clients seen in the past year, using either search engine or social networking sites. The ethical and training implications of these results are discussed.
New Samoan lavas from Ofu Island reveal a hemispherically heterogeneous high 3 He/ 4 He mantle

Abstract New measurements of high 3He/4He ratios in Samoan lavas from Ofu Island (19.5–33.8 times atmospheric) extend the known range for 3He/4He in the southern hemisphere mantle. The Ofu data suggest that the high 3He/4He mantle component thought to be common to all oceanic hotspots, called FOZO (Focus Zone), is not homogeneous. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes in Ofu lavas indicate that the Samoan high 3He/4He component is isotopically distinct from the high 3He/4He lavas from Hawaii, Iceland and Galapagos. Along with Samoa, the highest 3He/4He sample from each southern hemisphere high 3He/4He hotspot exhibits lower 143Nd/144Nd ratios than their counterparts in the northern hemisphere (excluding lavas erupted in continental, back-arc, and submarine ridge environments). The observation of a large-scale isotopic enrichment (generally higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower 143Nd/144Nd) in the FOZO-A (austral) high 3He/4He mantle compared to the FOZO-B (boreal) high 3He/4He mantle is similar to the DUPAL anomaly, a globe-encircling feature of isotopic enrichment observed primarily in southern hemisphere ocean island basalts. Additionally, the recent discovery that terrestrial samples have 142Nd/144Nd ratios higher than chrondrites has potentially important implications for the origin of the FOZO reservoirs, and suggest that the high 3He/4He mantle has been re-enriched.
Anhedonia in Schizophrenia: A Deficit in Translating Reward Information into Motivated Behavior

Anhedonia has long been considered a core clinical feature of schizophrenia, which is thought to be an important predictor of functional outcome and disease liability. However, recent developments in the affective neuroscience of schizophrenia suggest that the traditional understanding of anhedonia as a diminished capacity for pleasure may not correctly characterize the affective abnormalities that occur in this patient population. In the current chapter, literature is reviewed to suggest that anhedonia in schizophrenia primarily reflects a deficit in initiating activities aimed at receiving rewards, rather than a reduced capacity to experience pleasure when patients are exposed to rewards. Multiple psychological and neural mechanisms appear to impair the translation of intact hedonic responses into goal directed behavior in schizophrenia. Several of these mechanisms are reviewed here, including: (1) dopamine-mediated basal ganglia systems that support reinforcement learning and the ability to predict cues that lead to rewarding outcomes; (2) orbitofrontal cortex-driven deficits in generating, updating, and maintaining value representations; (3) aberrant effort-value computations, which may be mediated by disrupted anterior cingulate cortex and midbrain dopamine functioning; (4) altered activation of the prefrontal cortex, which is important for generating exploratory behaviors in environments where reward outcomes are uncertain. Overall, findings suggest that aberrant cortical-striatal interactions are involved with the reduced frequency of pleasurable activities that characterizes schizophrenia. Suggestions are provided for the development of novel behavioral intervention strategies that make use of external cues and reinforcers designed to facilitate goal-directed behavior in light of these various reward-processing deficits. Future directions for examining anhedonia in relation to modern affective neuroscience perspectives are also discussed.
An Embarrassment of Riches: Neoadjuvant Therapy of Rectal Cancer

Two decades ago, therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer included surgery followed by additional radiation therapy or fluorouracil (FU) chemotherapy. The principles of surgery for rectal cancer included the freeing of the rectum from the surrounding mesorectal tissues via blunt dissection with a low anterior, sphincter-sparing resection whenever possible. Sphincter preservation was rarely accomplishedfortumorswithinreachoftheexaminingfinger on rectal examination. With the exception of the introduction of mechanical stapling devices permitting low anterior resections for low-lying lesions, surgical techniques remained static for decades. Single-agent FU was delivered in a bolus technique, as it had been since the 1960s, and radiation therapy, although technically improved, was similar to that used in the 1950s. Adjuvant therapy was embracedbymanyinthe1980s;intheearly1990stheresultsof randomized trials led a National Cancer Institute Consensus Conference to endorse the use of postoperative radiation therapy and chemotherapy for patients with T3 or node-positive disease. In contrast, the last decade has brought enormous ad
The Marketplace for Dietary Supplements: Recent Studies

To aid in supporting its mission under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), the Food and Drug Administration sponsored studies on producers and consumers of dietary supplements, and the range of dietary supplement products available in the marketplace. From these recently completed studies, this paper describes characteristics of the dietary supplement industry and summarizes label information from selected products offered for sale in retail stores, mail-order catalogs, and Internet sites. In addition, we provide examples of recent uses of the dietary supplement market information from these studies.
Using Clinical Data to Predict Accurate ADHD Diagnoses Among Urban Children

Diagnosing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires reports of child behavior from 2 settings—most commonly home and school. Obtaining this information from teachers, however, is often challenging. We sought to determine if clinical data, supplementary to parent symptom scales, could be useful in predicting DSM-compliant diagnoses. Parents and teachers reported ADHD symptoms for 156 children using Vanderbilt scales; care managers collected clinical data; a team of specialists determined whether children met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. The ability of a parent Vanderbilt alone to predict an ADHD diagnosis was 56% (95% confidence interval = 45%, 67%). By adding child age and grade retention history to the multivariable model, the probability rose to 78% (95% confidence interval = 59%, 93%). In the maximally predictive model—which included 5 covariates—the predictive validity rose to 84% (95% confidence interval = 52%, 99%). Supplementing parent symptom reports with clinical data may be a vi...
Cancer Biology and Hormesis: Commentary

The observation of biphasic dose-response relationships following exposure to pharmacological and toxicological agents has been well documented. In this review Dr. Calabrese, using published data on human tumor cell lines treated with a variety of agents has provided additional support for the demonstration of hormesis in the cancer process. While this review has restricted the examination to human tumor cell lines, this limitation dose not take away from the value of the treatise and helps to point out the need for further analysis of the biphasic does response in other cancer models including in vivo carcinogenesis studies and human cancer epidemiology. This issue is further enhanced when the potential mechanisms for hormetic responses in the cancer cells are discussed, since the same mechanisms participate in the carcinogenesis process. Overall, this review provides an excellent opening examination into the definition of biphasic dose-response effects of toxic and pharmacological agents in cancer cells.
Hindered rotation of CN− in KCN

Abstract The rotational heat capacity of CN− in KCN above the order-disorder transition at 168°K has been computed. Using this data, the Devonshire model of a linear group in a cubic environment predicts a value of 435 cm−1 for the barrier to rotation of CN− in KCN. This corresponds to a frequency of 105 cm−1.
Cognitive factors in design: overview and some implications for design

This tutorial provides a "hands-on" (actually, "minds-on") exploration of several basic processes and phenomena of human memory, and problem solving. The emphasis is on developing both intuitive and formal knowledge which can serve as background knowledge which will be useful in interpreting design guidelines and in making educated design judgments when design guidelines fail, conflict, or are nonexistent. The demonstrations used emphasize basic general phenomena with which any theory of memory or problem solving must deal. In addition, the tutorial suggests some of the implications of these phenomena for designing interactive computing systems.
Efficient Filtration and Sizing of Viruses with Membrane Filters

Untreated membrane filters retain viruses by adsorption, as well as by physical restriction which occurs when the pore diameter of the filter is smaller than that of the virus particle. As originally recommended by Elford, membranes had to be pretreated with proteinaceous material to preclude virus adsorption. However, coating materials that prevent adsorption of certain viruses do not necessarily prevent adsorption of other viruses. In contrast to proteins, salts enhance virus adsorption. Viruses treated with sodium lauryl sulfate to reduce the surface tension, or purified viruses in distilled water, are not adsorbed to membranes. A procedure is recommended by which viruses may be passed through membranes with a porosity twice the diameter of the virus. Such filtrates, which contain 50 to 100% of the initial virus concentration, should be used for sizing viruses by subsequent filtration through smaller pores. The determination of virus size would then be based on the major population of particles in the virus suspension. In the past, as little as 0.1 to 0.001% of the initial virus population was the basis for size determination, because more than 99.9% of the virus was often lost by adsorption to membranes during the clarifying procedures.
Islet cell tumors and the ulcerogenic syndrome.

In 1955, Zollinger and Ellison described a syndrome characterized by a severe, often fatal, form of peptic ulcer, accompanied by marked gastric acid hypersecretion, and non-β islet cell tumors (gastrinomas) of the pancreas.1 A gastric acid secretagogue was extracted from these tumors in 1960.2 Subsequent biochemical isolation of gastrin from the tumors3 and detection of elevated serum gastrin concentrations by radioimmunoassay in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome4 established gastrin-secreting tumors as the hallmark of the disease.
Destructive Lesions of the Spine in Rheumatoid Ankylosing Spondylitis

Three patients with ankylosing spondylitis complicated by destructive vertebral lesions have been reported. One patient had three separate lesions over a ten-year period. Another patient sustained a fracture through the posterior elements prior to the occurrence of granuloma formation of the intervertebral space. The third patient had spinal-cord compression with complete paralysis from which he had a partial recovery following recumbency, lateral rachitomy, and fusion. The etiology of these lesions is unknown, but it is suggested that they represent response to delayed union or non-union of fractures occurring in rheumatoid spondylitis.
Analysis of Waste-to-Energy Opportunities in the New York State Food Processing Industry

Many food processing plants in New York State generate large volume waste streams with a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. With greater environmental regulation and increasing fees for municipal sewer and solid waste disposal, additional innovative ‘disposal’ methods for these wastes need to be developed. One attractive alternative is to use the food processing waste as feedstock for a waste-to-energy conversion process comprising two distinct systems, namely waste-to-fuel and fuel-to-energy. The fuel can either be sold to generate revenue, or converted on-site to electrical or thermal energy to offset the plant power requirements. In this study, the technical viability and economic benefit of applying waste-to-energy solutions to a diverse selection of companies producing milk, cheese, beer, and tofu were assessed. Depending upon the volumes and composition of the available waste streams (including analysis of sugar content, biological oxygen demand, etc.) there may be a compelling business case to utilize the food waste as feedstock for ethanol, biodiesel or methane-rich biogas production.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Thermal Conductivity of Boron Carbides

The thermal conductivity, k, of boron carbides of various B/C ratios, two modes of preparation – hot pressed and carbothermic, and two isotopic variants of boron – 11 B and normal boron 10.81 B, was measured from 300 to 1023 K. The density and composition of the samples were reflected in the magnitude and temperature dependence of k, and were investigated further with scanning electron microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. While lower than theoretical density in B 4 C reduces k, the characteristic monotonic decline of k with increasing temperature is retained. This k-vs.-T behavior distinguishes B 4 C from material with larger B/C ratios for which the temperature dependence is essentially nil.
A pernicious anaemia-like blood condition produced in monkeys with B. welchii toxin

In a recent article by Moench, Kahn and Torrey1 a report was given of an analysis of the fecal flora in 33 cases of pernicious anaemia. The most striking feature revealed by these examinations was the constant presence of unusually large numbers of B. welchii in the stool specimens and presumably throughout the large intestine. These findings were a confirmation and extension of the earlier observations of Herter2 and also of Simond.3 It was suggested that the absorption of B. welchii toxin from the intestinal tract might conceivably be the essential etiological factor in the production of the clinical syndrome which characterizes pernicious anaemia, and that our findings justified further inquiry by experimental methods. In the present communication we wish to report in a preliminary way our observations on the effect of a potent B. welchii toxin on the blood of monkeys when injected intravenously.Several strains of B. welchii, isolated from different cases of pernicious anaemia, were compared as regards to...
Mesenchymal Stem Cells During Tumor Formation and Dissemination

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed by malignant and non-malignant cells, all embedded in a dense extracellular matrix (ECM) rich with unstable vessels. Targeting TME components, especially those associated with the vasculature such as endothelial cells (ECs) and pericytes, has shown clinical benefits. The identity correlation between pericytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) has broadened the functional roles of these adult stem cells, now tightly involved in cancer biology. This review summarizes this involvement, focusing on their participation in: 1) skeletal primary malignancies; 2) formation of distant primary tumors; 3) intravasation of cancer cells at the primary tumors; and 4) extravasation of cancer cells at the target organ. Given their tropism to sites of injury and inflammation, bone marrow (BM)-derived MSC (BM-MSC) follow tumor-derived signals and participate in the formation of distant primary tumors, by repopulating their perivascular habitat and contributing to tumor growth. Thus, targeting primary tumor’s pericytes severely reduces growth, yet dissemination of constitutive cancer cells increases. The impact of pericyte-deficient coverage on the target organ is rather opposite, generating a selective reduction of cancer cell invasion in some organs. These roles seem to be founded on the distinct molecular communication and physical interactions between MSC as pericytes and the cancer cells.
Chemohormonal Therapy of Breast Cancer — A Pilot Phase I–II Study

There are few studies reporting the combined use of hormones and non-hormonal agents. In addition, in vitro methods are now available to predict the effectiveness of oestrogens, fluorouracil, methotrexate and adriamycin. We wished to undertake a trial of methotrexate, adriamycin, fluorouracil, and oestrogen in patients with breast cancer following determination of their cellular predictive indices. However, it was first necessary to determine the tolerability of the drug regimen. This paper reports the results of our preliminary phase I trial.
Improve cotton quaity and strengthen Compete ability

Jiangxi is the vigor cotton areas and important develop cotton areas in china.The cotton fibre is top quality in total and have strong market competition It have immense market potential and good develop prospeets.
Using an IBM Multiprocessor System

This paper presents an overview of the evolution of IBM multiprocessor products and current product offerengs. Programming language solutions for parallel program execution are discussed and their suitability for the implementation of scientific and engineering applications is assessed.
School Psychology Recruitment Research Characteristics and Implications for Increasing Racial and Ethnic Diversity.

Shortages of school psychologists and the underrepresentation of minorities in school psychology represent longstanding concerns. Scholars recommend that one way to address both issues is to recruit individuals from racially and ethnically diverse backgrounds into school psychology. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics and minority focused findings of school psychology recruitment studies conducted from 1994 to 2014. Using an electronic search that included specified databases, subject terms and study inclusion criteria along with a manual search of 10 school psychology focused journals, the review yielded 10 published, peer-reviewed recruitment studies focused primarily on school psychology over the 20-year span. Two researchers coded these 10 studies using a rigorous coding process that included a high level of inter rater reliability. Results suggest that the studies utilized varied methodologies, primarily sampled undergraduate populations, and mostly included White participants. Five studies focused on minority populations specifically. These studies indicate that programs should actively recruit minority undergraduates and offer financial support to attract minority candidates. Implications suggest a need for more recruitment research focused on minority populations and the implementation and evaluation of minority recruitment models. (PsycINFO Database Record
Mandatory Medicine: Twentieth-Century Childhood Immunization

American children in the late twentieth century were still malnourished and physically unfit. But a group portrait of their general health contained one stunningly positive change: a greatly lessened threat from infectious and contagious illness. In 1900, sixteen out of every one hundred American children died from disease before reaching the age of five. Through the 1920s, more than fifteen thousand youngsters annually suffered agonized deaths from diphtheria alone. Their rasping gasps as they fought for breath were a familiar, and terrifying, sound, as was the high-pitched wail that gave pertussis its common name, whooping cough. By the end of the century, vaccines defeated diphtheria, pertussis, and many other childhood enemies. In 1999, no American child died of diphtheria. All fifty states required that children be immunized against seven preventable diseases, and an estimated 97 percent of American schoolchildren received vaccinations against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles) by the time they began the first grade. After 1985, new vaccines to protect against other childhood infectious diseases appeared. One prevented Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib) – which, despite its confusing name, was not a flu virus but a bacterium that could cause meningitus, epiglottitis, croup, pneumonia, and severe infections of the heart and soft tissues. Others protected against the Varicella virus (chicken pox) and Hepatitis strains A and B. In 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a vaccine against yet another childhood illness, rotavirus, a diarrheal disease that annually sickened an estimated 3.5 million American babies.
Novel insights into how autophagy regulates tumor cell motility

Metastasis requires tumor cells to overcome a series of challenges to successfully travel to and colonize new microenvironments. As an adaptive (or maladaptive) response to stress, macroautophagy/autophagy has garnered increasing interest with respect to cancer metastasis, supported by clinical observations of increased autophagic flux in distant metastases relative to primary tumors. Recently, we identified a new role for autophagy in tumor cell motility through the turnover of focal adhesions, large multi-protein structures that link extracellular matrix-bound integrins to the cytoskeleton. The disassembly of focal adhesions at the cell rear is critical to forward movement and successful migration/invasion. We demonstrated that the focal adhesion protein PXN (paxillin), which serves as a crucial scaffolding and signal integrator, binds directly to LC3B through a conserved LC3-interacting region (LIR) motif to stimulate focal adhesion disassembly and metastasis and that this interaction is further promoted by oncogenic SRC.
Prosocial Behavior and Empathy-Related Responding: Relations to Children’s Well-Being

Moral emotions and behavior are thought to play an important role in individuals’ well-being. We begin this chapter by defining moral behavior and differentiating between the empathy-related responses of empathy, sympathy, and personal distress. Next, we discuss associations between individuals’ emotions and empathy-related responding (a broad term that encompasses empathy, sympathy, and personal distress), with a focus on both positive and negative emotions. We also discuss the relations of empathy and sympathy to high social competence and low problem behavior. The associations reported in this chapter highlight the importance of these social-emotional constructs in understanding the development of the Happy Mind.
Existential Import and an Unnecessary Restriction on Predicate Logics

Contemporary logicians continue to address problems associated with the existential import of categorical propositions. One notable problem concerns invalid instances of subalternation in the case ...
Increasing Behavioral Variability and Social Skill Accuracy in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Although social skills training for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often addresses deficits in social communication, restricted and repetitive social behaviors are less frequently targeted in the literature. The present study evaluated a manualized social skills training program, modified to incorporate lag schedules of reinforcement, to promote appropriate and variable responding in three children in a school setting. Participants attended social skills once weekly, with probes of social skills taking place daily. A multiple baseline design across target skills was used to determine intervention efficacy. Results of the study indicated that the social skills curriculum incorporating lag schedules of reinforcement resulted in substantial increases in the number of appropriate and variable responses demonstrated by participants during each probe session, as well as the number of appropriate and variable responses demonstrated overall.
The Role of Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Diagnostic Endoscopy in Bariatric Surgery

The increasing prevalence of morbid obesity worldwide has led to an overall increased interest in surgical weight loss procedures and a patient population which provides a unique set of challenges. The use of endoscopy in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of these patients is an invaluable tool and can help guide operative decision-making as well as manage intraoperative and postoperative complications. Preoperative endoscopic evaluation can be used to aid in procedure selection as well as in the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal pathologies which could otherwise negatively affect surgical outcomes. Intraoperatively, endoscopy can be used to guide and assess surgical progress, as well as in the diagnosis and treatment of intraoperative complications such as bleeding. Lastly, postoperative endoscopy is an important resource for evaluation and management of surgical complications and can provide patients with less invasive therapeutic options. Overall, endoscopy is a critical tool in the setting of bariatric surgery.
Trends in characteristics of women choosing contraindicated home births.

Objective To characterize the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) contraindicated home births and the women who are receiving these births in hopes of identifying venues for intervention. Methods The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) birth certificate records from 1990 to 2015 were used. "Planned home births" were defined as those births in which birthplace was coded as "residence" and birth attendant was coded as "certified nurse midwife (CNM)" or "other midwife". Contraindicated home births were defined as "planned home births" from 1990 to 2015 that had one or more of the ACOG risk factors for home births, which include vaginal birth after prior cesarean delivery (VBAC), breech presentation and multiple gestations. Results A review of trends in contraindicated home births from 1990 to 2015 suggests that they are increasing in number (481-1396) and as a percentage of total births (0.01%-0.04%, P 95%), which is most frequently initiated in the first trimester. The majority of home births were paid out-of-pocket (65%-69%). Conclusion The increasing number of contraindicated home births in the United States requires public health action. Home births are likely a matter of choice rather than a lack of resources. It is unclear if women choose home births while knowing the risk or due to a lack of information. Prenatal education about contraindicated home births is possible, as almost all women receive prenatal care.
Metastatic Brain Tumors Disrupt the Blood-Brain Barrier and Alter Lipid Metabolism by Inhibiting Expression of the Endothelial Cell Fatty Acid Transporter Mfsd2a

Disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by cancer cells is linked to metastatic tumor initiation and progression; however, the pathways that drive these events remain poorly understood. Here, we have developed novel patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of brain metastases that recapitulate pathological growth features found in original patient samples, thus allowing for analysis of BBB disruption by tumor cells. We report that the BBB is selectively disrupted in brain metastases, in part, via inhibition of the endothelial cell-expressed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) transporter, major facilitator superfamily domain 2a (Mfsd2a). Loss of Mfsd2a expression in the tumor endothelium results in enhanced BBB leakage, but reduced DHA transport and altered lipid metabolism within metastases. Mfsd2a expression in normal cerebral endothelial cells is cooperatively regulated by TGFβ and bFGF signaling pathways, and these pathways are pathologically diminished in the brain metastasis endothelium. These results not only reveal a fundamental pathway underlying BBB disruption by metastatic cancer cells, but also suggest that restoring DHA metabolism in the brain tumor microenvironment may be a novel therapeutic strategy to block metastatic cell growth and survival.
Prevalence, Predictors, and Prognostic Value of Residual Tricuspid Regurgitation in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Device.

Background Although implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) generally improves tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in short‐term follow‐up, the clinical significance of residual TR in patients with mid‐ to long‐term LVAD support is unknown. This study aimed to identify the prevalence, predictors, and prognostic value of residual TR in LVAD patients in association with tricuspid valve (TV) deformation. Methods and Results The study cohort consisted of 127 patients who underwent LVAD implantation without TV procedure and were supported with LVAD at least 1 year. All patients underwent echocardiographic examination preoperatively and 1 year after LVAD implantation. TR was quantitatively assessed by ratio of TR color jet area/right atrial area, and significant residual TR was defined as ≥20% of %TR at follow‐up echocardiographic examination. Detailed echocardiographic measurements were also performed, including TV annulus diameter, TV leaflet displacement, and left ventricular and right ventricular systolic function. LVAD implantation significantly improved ratio of TR color jet area/right atrial area as well as left ventricular and right ventricular systolic function and tethering distance (all P P =0.002). Significant residual TR was observed in 30 (23.6%) patients. Age, preoperative TV annulus diameter, and residual mitral regurgitation were significantly associated with significant residual TR (all P P Conclusions Significant residual TR was observed in ≈25% patients supported with LVAD over 1 year and was associated with unfavorable outcome.
A “Basic” 2- D Swimming Model

We introduce a “basic” mathematical model of a swimmer in a fluid, governed within a bounded 2-D domain by the nonstationary Stokes equation. Its body consists of finitely many subsequently connected small sets each of which can act upon any adjacent set in a rotation fashion with the purpose to generate its fishlike or rowingmotion. The shape of the object is maintained by respective elastic forces.
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial: An Invitation to Argument

This essay develops a perspective of argument as hermeneutic, and explicates its principles through an analysis of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. In opting for a view of argument as interpretive, r...
Opportunity to be Heard

It is almost universally recognized that persons should have an opportunity to be heard in their own behalf. The process for being heard can vary significantly depending on the type of burden/benefit decision involved. The most stringent requirements arise in the criminal law, because punishment involving incarceration and stigma is normally the most serious type of burden that can be imposed on persons.
The choice of the shape parameter–A friendly approach

Abstract In this paper we continue our study of the shape parameter c contained in the famous multiquadrics ( − 1 ) ⌈ β ⌉ ( c 2 + ∥ x ∥ 2 ) β , β > 0 , and the inverse multiquadrics ( c 2 + ∥ x ∥ 2 ) β , β 0 . The theoretical ground is akin to our previous papers. However, we remove some unnecessary restrictions, making it much more accessible and useful, especially for nonmathematicians
Discrete Miranda–Talenti estimates and applications to linear and nonlinear PDEs

Abstract In this article, we construct simple and convergent finite element methods for linear and nonlinear elliptic differential equations in non-divergence form with discontinuous coefficients. The methods are motivated by discrete Miranda–Talenti estimates, which relate the H 2 semi-norm of piecewise polynomials with the L 2 norm of its Laplacian on convex domains. We develop a stability and convergence theory of the proposed methods, and back up the theory with numerical experiments.
On the Relative Importance of Individual-Level Characteristics and Dyadic Interaction Effects in Distributive Negotiations: Variance Partitioning Evidence from a Twins Study

Negotiations are inherently dyadic. Negotiators’ individual-level characteristics may not only make them perform better or worse in general, but also may make them particularly well- or poorly-suited to negotiate with a particular counterpart. The present research estimates the extent to which performance in a distributive negotiation is affected by (1) the negotiators’ individual-level characteristics and (2) dyadic interaction effects that are defined by the unique pairings between the negotiators and their counterparts. Because negotiators cannot interact multiple times without carryover effects, we estimated the relative importance of these factors with a new methodology that used twin siblings as stand-ins for one another. Participants engaged in a series of one-on-one negotiations with counterparts while, elsewhere, their co-twins engaged in the same series of one-on-one negotiations with the co-twins of those counterparts. In these data, dyadic interaction effects explained more variation in negotiation economic outcomes than did individual differences, whereas individual differences explain more than twice as much of the variation in subjective negotiation outcomes than did dyadic interaction effects. These results suggest dyadic interaction effects represent an understudied area for future research, particularly with regard to the economic outcomes of negotiations.
Nutritional Risks in Adolescents After Bariatric Surgery

Background & Aims Little is known about prevalence and risk factors for nutritional deficiencies in adolescents after metabolic bariatric surgery. We performed a 5-year prospective cohort study of these. Methods Adolescents who had Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 161) or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG, n = 67) were enrolled at 5 tertiary-care centers from March 2007 through February 2012. The final analysis cohort included 226 participants (161 who had RYGB and 65 who had VSG). We measured serum levels of ferritin; red blood cell folate; vitamins A, D, B1, B12; and parathyroid hormone at baseline and annually for 5 years. General linear mixed models were used to examine changes over time and identify factors associated with nutritional deficiencies. Results The participants were 75% female and 72% white, with a mean age of 16.5 ± 1.6 years and mean body mass index of 52.7 ± 9.4 kg/m2 at surgery. Mean body mass index decreased 23% at 5 years, and did not differ significantly between procedures. After RYGB, but not VSG, serum concentrations of vitamin B12 significantly decreased whereas serum levels of transferrin and parathyroid hormone increased. Ferritin levels decreased significantly after both procedures. Hypo-ferritinemia was observed in 2.5% of patients before RYGB and 71% at 5 y after RYGB (P Conclusions In a prospective study of adolescents who underwent RYGB or VSG, we observed nutritional deficiencies by 5 y after the procedures—particularly in iron and B12 after RYGB. Ongoing nutrient monitoring and supplementation are recommended for all patients, but surgery type, supplementation intake, sex, and race might affect risk. (Clinical trial registration: Adolescent Bariatrics: Assessing Health Benefits and Risk [also known as Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen-LABS)], NCT00474318.)
The Politics of Being “Cait”: Caitlyn Jenner, Transphobia, and Parasocial Contact Effects on Transgender-Related Political Attitudes:

Celebrities saturate American culture and often become relevant in politics, yet political science has largely left unstudied how celebrities affect mass political behavior. We focus on the 2015 st...
The Social Consequences of Disasters: Individual and Community Change

We review findings from the last decade of research on the effects of disasters, concentrating on three important themes: the differences between the recovery of places versus people, the need to d...
Warum Nachhaltigkeit, Postwachstum, Transformation?

Unterliegt die wirtschaftliche Aktivitat der Menschheit okologischen Grenzen, oder lassen sich Produktivitat und okonomische Wertschopfung fortlaufend und unendlich steigern? Zu dieser Frage tobt spatestens seit Anfwang der 1970er Jahre ein diskursiver Kampf, der fur die Zukunft der Menschheit wie der gesamten Biosphare von entscheidender Bedeutung ist.
Policy Brief—The Effectiveness of Phosphate Bans in the United States

AbstractNutrient pollution is one of the leading causes of declines in surface water quality both in the United States and globally. This article discusses three important issues that influence the...
A TE 1,3 gyrotron at 85 GHz

A TE 1,3 gyrotron to operate at 85 GHz with an output power of 300 kW has been designed, fabricated and tested. The device is described and results of the experimentation are given. A comparison to theory is made. Operation at the design frequency was achieved, and preliminary estimates indicate that output powers approaching 300 kW with efficiencies of 43% have been obtained.
Clinical Outcomes following Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: A Single-Center Experience.

Introduction Percutaneous left atrial appendage closure is an established alternative to anticoagulation therapy for stroke prophylaxis among patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. There are currently no guidelines on the choice of antithrombotic therapy following placement of the Watchman® device, the optimal time to discontinue anticoagulation or the duration of follow-up imaging after device deployment. Our main objective was to evaluate clinical outcomes among these patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients who received a Watchman® device at Mayo Clinic sites between January 2010 and December 2018. We constructed Cox-proportional hazard models to evaluate the effect of specific variables on clinical outcomes. Results 231 patients were identified (33% female), median age was 77 years, CHA2DS2-VASc score was 5 and HASBLED score was 4. We found no difference in clinically significant bleeding based on initial antithrombotic choice. However, patients with prior gastrointestinal bleeding were more likely to have a bleeding event in the first 6 weeks following Watchman® implantation (HR 9.40, 95% CI 2.15-41.09). Device sizes of 24-27 mm were significantly associated with a decreased risk of thromboembolic events (HR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.55) compared to 21-mm devices. Peridevice leak (PDL) sizes appeared to either remain the same or increase on follow-up imaging. Discussion/conclusions This observational study showed no statistically significant difference in bleeding risk related to initial antithrombotic choice. Smaller device sizes were associated with thromboembolic events, and longitudinal PDL assessment using transesophageal echocardiography showed these frequently do not decrease in size. Larger studies are needed.
The True Primary Immune Response in Germfree Colostrum-Deprived Piglets

One of the most challenging and difficult problems in the field of immunology today concerns the nature of the mechanism by which the antigen induces the initiation of antibody synthesis. Many theories have been proposed but this apparently unique mechanism remains unresolved. In our earlier studies on the mouse-actinophage system (1) it became apparent that what was a primary response to us as investigators was, indeed, secondary to the mouse; the presence of “normal” antibody in the serum of these animals prior to the injection of actinophage suggested that the animal had already been exposed to this ubiquitous antigen sometime during its lifetime. These antigens are known to be present in food; therefore, maintaining an animal in a germfree environment does not preclude the presence of all of the antigens present in the normal environment (2). This is not only true of actinophage but also applies to most natural antigens such as erythrocytes and bacterial antigens (3). A review of the recent literature relative to the so-called “normal background” which concerns those cells present in “normal” spleens capable of making antibody against sheep erythrocytes detected by hemolytic plaque techniques (4, 5) indicates the wide distribution of these antigens in nature.
Therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immune globulin in the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: A systematic review.

Background Immunomodulatory strategies in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) include the use of intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). The optimal application of these therapies is unknown and outcomes data are limited. We investigated treatment categories and laboratory and clinical outcomes of IVIG and/or TPE in HIT with a systematic literature review. Study design and methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science through December 2019 for studies combining controlled vocabulary and keywords related to thrombocytopenia, heparin, TPE, and IVIG. The primary outcome was treatment indication. Secondary outcomes were platelet recovery, HIT laboratory parameters, heparin re-exposure, and post-treatment course. Case-level data were analyzed by qualitative synthesis. Results After 4241 references were screened, we identified 60 studies with four main categories of IVIG and/or TPE use as follows: (a) treatment of refractory HIT (n = 35; 31%); (b) initial therapy (n = 45; 40%); (c) cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB; n = 30; 27%); and (d) other (n = 2; 2%). IVIG was most commonly used for the treatment of refractory HIT while TPE was primarily used to facilitate heparin exposure during CPB. Both IVIG and TPE were equally used as initial therapy. Heparin re-exposure occurred without thrombotic event in 29 TPE-treated patients and three IVIG-treated patients. Conclusion In patients with HIT, both TPE and IVIG are used for initial therapy or treatment of refractory HIT. However, TPE is more commonly used in patients undergoing CPB. Prospective studies may help clarify which treatment is indicated in HIT population subsets.
Orbital Osteomas: Report of 3 Rapidly Progressive Cases in Adolescents and Systematic Literature Review

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of orbital osteomas in the pediatric age group, and compare these to osteomas managed in the adult population. Methods A retrospective review of 3 cases of rapidly progressive orbital osteomas in young patients was performed. In addition, a systematic review of the literature following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted to describe the clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes of orbital osteomas in the pediatric age group. The PubMed/MEDLINE database was searched in December 2019 for studies reporting data on patients with orbital osteomas. Results Fifty-nine patients were included in this pediatric review, 39 male patients (68%), 18 female patients (32%), and 2 cases with unreported genders. Average age was 15.9 years with a range of 4-21 years. Average osteoma size measured 30.7 mm with a range of 9-60 mm. Adult osteoma size for comparison was smaller than 10 mm in majority of cases. The most common location of pediatric osteomas was the ethmoid sinus. The frontal sinus was the most common location in adult patients. Ninety-seven percent of reported pediatric cases required surgical intervention, compared with only 6.5% in adults. Conclusions Orbital osteomas in younger patients are larger when identified, grow faster, are more likely to be symptomatic, and more likely to require surgical intervention compared with those identified in older patients. We recommend close monitoring of osteomas identified in young patients as well as counseling regarding the potential need for future resection.