cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perception of an Illusory Contour as a Function of Processing Time

The temporal development of illusory contour figures was investigated with the use of backward masking to control the duration of processing. The integration of an illusory triangle is elicited after 100 ms of processing time. When a pattern yielding the impression of a brick background is added to the display the triangle is elicited after 100 ms, held as a viable construct for the next 200 ms, and then is no longer perceived. When the brick pattern is drawn so as to appear transparent, a sequence of four qualitatively different percepts arise, culminating in the perception of a triangle located behind the transparent pattern. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis-testing model in which the construct ‘triangle’ interacts with an increasing number of features of the stimulus array; at each interaction it may or may not be found to be consistent with the sensory evidence newly taken into account.
Computational methodologies for evaluating form and positional tolerances in a computer integrated manufacturing system

In any manufacturing process, the manufactured parts always show some kind of variation in their geometric characteristics (e.g. form, size, orientation, and position). To achieve the desired part quality, these geometric characteristics need to be maintained within predetermined design limits as defined by tolerances. After a part is manufactured, it is then inspected to tolerance specifications. In industries, coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) and vision systems are widely used to accomplish the verification tasks. Owing to the lack of proper definitions and implementational details of the correct assessment criteria for different geometric characteristics, it is difficult to develop appropriate algorithms for the inspection software of the CMMs. Though the standards have used the concepts of the tolerance zones (TZs) [1] and minimum zones (MZs) [2] for other geometric (e.g. form, location, etc.) characteristics, the incompleteness in their definitions creates ambiguities in implementing the inspection procedures. It is necessary to develop rigorous definitions of the geometric characteristics (of manufactured parts) that are to be established from discrete, manufactured data points in terms of either TZs or MZs. It is also important to establish the required mathematical criteria for assessing those geometrical characteristics of the manufactured features. In this paper the concepts of TZ and MZ have been thoroughly investigated for establishing practical methodologies for part inspection.
Microcomputer assisted growth assessment

A microcomputer program is described which facilitates analysis of normal and abnormal growth patterns in children. The program compares individual growth data with established normals, calculates indices and provides both printed summaries as well as graphic displays.
The Influence of Nutrition Education on the Dietary Intake and Percent Ideal Body Weight of College Students

Abstract Sixty-one students, enrolled in an introductory nutrition course maintained a two-day food record at the start and then again at the end of a semester. Change in nutrient intake for each student was calculated using the NutriQuest diet analysis program. As explanatory variables, student data was also collected on age. gender, height (self-reported), weight (self-reported), self perceived assessment of own diet at start of course, weekly dollars spent on food, and place of residence. The grade that the student received in the course was also recorded. Using change in nutrient intake, change in weight, and progress towards ideal body weight as dependent variables, multiple regression analysis was used to determine if grade received in the course (holding all other explanatory variables constant) significantly influenced the different dependent variables. Of most interest is the significant finding (p
Mixing, structure and scaling of the jet in crossflow

The mixing of the round jet normal to a uniform crossflow is studied for a range of jet-to-crossflow velocity ratios, r, from 5 to 25. Planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of acetone vapour seeded into the jet is used to acquire quantitative two-dimensional images of the scalar concentration field. Emphasis is placed on r=10 and r=20 and a few select images are acquired up to r=200. The Reynolds number based on the jet exit diameter, d, and the exit velocity varies from 8400 to 41 500. Images are acquired for conditions in which the product rd is held constant, requiring decreasing d for increasing r.Results from this experimental study concern structural events of the vortex interaction region, and mixing and mean centreline concentration decay in the near and far fields. The results cover all three regions of the transverse jet, and suggest that the jet scales with three length scales: d, rd and r2d.Events within the vortex interaction region display d-scaling, including the crossflow boundary layer separation and roll-up. Over the range of velocity ratios studied, the vortex interaction region shows r-dependent variations in the flow field, including the emergence of jet fluid in the wake structures for r>10 and a slower development of the counter-rotating vortex pair (CVP) in higher-r jets.The trajectory and physical dimension of the jet in both the near and far field display rd-scaling. The near field is characterized by a centreline concentration decay along the centreline coordinate s of s−1.3, different from the decay rate (s−1) of the free jet. When normalized by rd, the decay of each velocity-ratio jet branches away from the s−1.3 decay, approaching a decay of s−2/3, a rate predicted by modelling efforts. The branch points represent a transition in the flow field from enhanced mixing to reduced mixing compared to the free jet. When normalized by r2d, the branch points occur at a uniform jet position, s/r2d=0.3, which is viewed to be the division between the near and far fields. Self-similarity is not seen in the near field, but may be present in the far field.The view of the branch points as a place of transition in the flow is supported by the probability density function (p.d.f.) of concentration along the upper edge of the jet. Before the branch points, the p.d.f.s are non-marching in character, and after the branch points, they are tilted in character.Instantaneously, the CVP is asymmetric in shape and concentration. End views reveal extensive motion of the CVP and plan views show this motion can occur in both axisymmetric and sinusoidal motion. Ensemble-averaged images show the jet concentration is asymmetric about the centreline plane.
Tip-of-the-tongue experiences are not merely strong feeling-of-knowing experiences

Often when one answers a question, one feels or has a sense that one knows the answer, but it is not forthcoming. Examples of such instances are feeling-of-knowing (FOK) and tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences. It is often assumed that TOT experiences are merely strong FOK experiences. In the present study, the authors examined this hypothesis. They observed that participants with deficient prefrontal cortex (PFC) functioning reported fewer and less accurate FOKs than did participants with intact PFC functioning (Experiment 1). In contrast, the authors observed no contribution of PFC functioning in the reporting of TOT experiences (Experiment 2). That is, the level of PFC functioning did not have an impact on the frequency or accuracy of TOT reports. These data support the assertion that TOTs are not merely strong FOKs but that the two experiences are qualitatively different phenomena.
Blood oxygen saturation estimation in transilluminated images of skin lesions

Estimating the oxygen saturation of blood surrounding skin lesions is critical for the early detection of skin cancer and malignancy such as melanoma. Through multispectral transillumination of the skin, a set of images can be obtained which helps visualize areas of subsurface absorption due to chromophores such as melanin, hemoglobin, and deoxyhemoglobin. To relate pixel intensity in these images to spatially located absorption coefficient values, we develop a correction factor to Beer's law, estimated through a Monte Carlo simulation of light propagation in skin, which takes into account the specific geometry of our transillumination imaging apparatus. We then use this relation on the multispectral imaging set for chromophore separation and oxygen saturation estimation. The separation method is validated through Monte Carlo simulation, as well as on a skin phantom. Results show that subsurface oxygen saturation can be reasonably estimated with good implications for the reconstruction of 3D skin lesion volumes using transillumination towards early detection of malignancy.
One-shot estimate of MRMC variance: AUC.

Rationale and Objectives One popular study design for estimating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is the one in which a set of readers reads a set of cases: a fully crossed design in which every reader reads every case. The variability of the subsequent reader-averaged AUC has two sources: the multiple readers and the multiple cases (MRMC). In this article, we present a nonparametric estimate for the variance of the reader-averaged AUC that is unbiased and does not use resampling tools. Materials and Methods The one-shot estimate is based on the MRMC variance derived by the mechanistic approach of Barrett et al. (2005), as well as the nonparametric variance of a single-reader AUC derived in the literature on U statistics. We investigate the bias and variance properties of the one-shot estimate through a set of Monte Carlo simulations with simulated model observers and images. The different simulation configurations vary numbers of readers and cases, amounts of image noise and internal noise, as well as how the readers are constructed. We compare the one-shot estimate to a method that uses the jackknife resampling technique with an analysis of variance model at its foundation (Dorfman et al. 1992). The name one-shot highlights that resampling is not used. Results The one-shot and jackknife estimators behave similarly, with the one-shot being marginally more efficient when the number of cases is small. Conclusions We have derived a one-shot estimate of the MRMC variance of AUC that is based on a probabilistic foundation with limited assumptions, is unbiased, and compares favorably to an established estimate.
Reflections on Systematics and Phylogenetic Reconstruction

I attempt to raise questions regarding elements of systematics—primarily in the realm of phylogenetic reconstruction—in order to provoke discussion on the current state of affairs in this discipline, and also evolutionary biology in general: e.g., conceptions of homology and homoplasy, hypothesis testing, the nature of and objections to Hennigian “phylogenetic systematics”, and the schism between (neo)Darwinian descendants of the “modern evolutionary synthesis” and their supposed antagonists, cladists and punctuationalists.
Irrational Exuberance and Option Smiles

Disagreement among investors is pervasive. Some investors see a trend and predict continuation; others see the same trend and predict reversal. Some investors overreact; others underreact. I explai...
Self-Monitoring and Generalization in Preschool Speech-Delayed Children

Self-monitoring and generalization were observed as eight preschool children progressed in management programs for their developmental phonological disorders. Changes in the production of target an...
Teaching Writing to Students With Attention Deficit Disorders and Specific Language Impairment

Abstract The self-regulated strategy development approach to instruction was used to help 3 middle school students who had learning problems, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and specific language impairment, learn a strategy for planning and writing expository essays. The composition strategy helped students to consider their topic in advance and to use text structure knowledge to develop 5-paragraph essays. Regular education teachers provided instruction to the target students in inclusive classrooms; special education teachers facilitated the writing program. A multiple-probe design across students (R. D. Horner & D. M. Baer, 1978) was used to assess the effects of the strategy. Instruction had a positive effect on the students' approach to writing and overall writing performance. Four weeks following instruction, students' papers remained improved and were still longer and more complete.
Raman spectra and thermal analysis of a new lead–tellurium–germanate glass system

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman scattering studies of a new glass system, lead–tellurium–germanate glasses in the form of (90−x)GeO2·xTeO2·27PbO·10CaO with x=0, 10, 20, 30, and 40, are reported. The glass samples were fabricated using a conventional melt-quenching method. The Raman spectra and possible glass structures are discussed for different TeO2 contents. The results indicate that increasing TeO2 content up to 40 mol% in the glass system decreases the glass transition temperature and melting temperature, and suppresses the crystallization tendency in the fiber pulling temperature range. The lead–tellurium–germanate glass, GTPC, possesses a larger refractive index and a smaller maximum phonon energy than that of a lead–germanate glass, 63GeO2·27PbO·10CaO, and shows a better thermal stability compared to a tellurite glass, 75TeO2·20ZnO·5Na2O (TZN). These improved properties could be beneficial for fabricating rare-earth doped fiber devices.
Charge Transfer in the Classical Binary-Encounter Approximation

Charge transfer prediction by classical binary- encounter theory approximation and quantum mechanical approximation
Activity and Orientational Responses of White-footed Mice to Light

The behaviour of white-footed mice in response to changes in illumination suggests that nocturnal mice in the wild use the Moon, twilight Sun and landmarks as navigational aids, and also “keep close track” of their absolute position and distance from the nest and other points of retreat. This implies that the mice immediately flee for known cover when threatened by a predator, without the need to “get their bearings” first—a behaviour of obvious adaptive significance.
Aluminum and alumina coatings on copper by chemical vapor deposition in fluidized bed reactors

Abstract High temperature Knudsen cell mass spectrometry was used to study the reactions of Al(c) with HCI(g) and with HCl(g) + 0 2 (g) over the range 127–627°C (400–900 K) to gain information pertinent to the chemical modeling of aluminum coating on copper by chemical vapor deposition in a fluidized bed reactor (CVD-FBR). In the Al−H−Cl system the measured pressures of AlCl 3 and AlCl were in remarkably good agreement with the values predicted by thermochemical calculations when the system is at equilibrium in the temperature range 377–623°C (650–900 K). Neither AlH x Cl3 − x ( x =1–3) nor AlCl 2 species were observed within the entire investigated temperature range. An upper limit of about − 218 ± 20 kJ mol −1 was estimated for the enthalpy of formation of AlCl 2 required to bring the observed and predicted pressures into agreement. The revised database was used to model aluminum coating on copper from a halide system by CVD-FBR. All the experimental results arid thermochemical calculations show that AlCl gas is an important reactive precursor in the aluminium-coating process. Using the most favorable conditions determined from these experiments and the thermodynamic calculations, a thin aluminum coating was deposited on a copper wire immersed for 30 min in a fluidized bed of aluminium particles at 487°C (760 K), using argon containing 0.12% HCl and 7% H 2 as the fluidizing gas. This coating significantly improves the corrosion resistance of copper exposed to air.
An Approach to Modeling & Representation of Heterogeneous Objects

Heterogeneous objects, composed of different materials, are increasingly being used in engineering applications. Also, a new fabrication method called Layered Manufacturing (LM) has shown potential to manufacture these objects. In order to manufacture heterogeneous objects by LM, a CAD model is required that contains both geometry and material information. However, current solid modeling techniques focus on capturing the geometric information only. In this paper, we present an approach to model and represent heterogeneous objects by integrating the material information along with the geometry/topology in the solid model. We define new modeling operations for creating and manipulating heterogeneous models and to complement traditional modeling operations. We also address the issue of computer representation of these new models. Finally, the issue of fabrication of these heterogeneous objects by LM is discussed.
The demands and capacities model

Responses to the recent critical comments of Gerald Siegel to the demands and capacities model are given. A brief history of the model's development is followed by direct explanations of its empirical support and logical development. It appears that Dr. Siegel may have referred only to one of our publications on the model. His concern about difficulties in measuring capacities is also addressed. Finally, the logic of the model is explicated and a misunderstanding regarding the use of direct therapy is clarified.
Mechanical compression modulates proliferation of transplanted chondrocytes

The presence of an appropriate number of reparative cells in an articular cartilage defect is probably necessary for consistent and successful repair. Following the transplantation of chondrocytes into a defect, cell proliferation may modulate local defect cellularity. Transplanted cells can be compressed during cartilage repair as a result of joint-loading or press-fitting a graft into a cartilage defect. The objective of this study was to characterize the proliferative response of chondrocytes after attachment to cartilage and application of static compressive stress between cartilaginous surfaces in an ex vivo model. The chondrocytes were isolated from adult bovine cartilage, cultured in high-density monolayer, resuspended, and then transplanted onto the surface of devitalized cartilage at a density of 250,000 cells/cm2. The total DNA content of transplanted cell layers increased steadily to a plateau by 5 days and represented a 4-fold increase in cell number during incubation in medium including serum and ascorbate. Over the culture period, the level of DNA synthesis ([3H]thymidine incorporation), on a per cell basis, decreased steadily (88% between days 0 and 6). The application of 24 hours of static compressive stress (0.06-0.4 MPa) to the adherent cells at 1 and 4 days after transplantation inhibited overall DNA synthesis by 70-∼87% compared with unloaded controls. After release from load, cell proliferation generally remained at low levels. The marked proliferation of chondrocytes when attached to cartilage without applied load and the inhibition of this proliferation by relatively low-amplitude static compressive stress may be relevant to the occasional overgrowth of tissue in some chondrocyte transplantation procedures. The dosimetry of these effects suggests that the in vivo mechanical environment may have a marked effect on proliferation of transplanted chondrocytes.
Near-infrared spectroscopy of Himalia

Abstract We present the first spectrum through the L band of an irregular satellite from the outer Solar System. Spectra of Himalia (JVI) were obtained with the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) onboard the Cassini spacecraft. The Himalia spectrum is essentially featureless, showing a slight red slope and the suggestion of an absorption at 3 μm that might indicate the presence of water in some form. Better measurements of the spectrum of Himalia, particularly in the region of the apparent 3-μm band, could help determine whether water is present, and if so, in what form.
Murine and human b locus pigmentation genes encode a glycoprotein (gp75) with catalase activity.

Abstract Melanogenesis is regulated in large part by tyrosinase (monophenol monooxygenase; monophenol, L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1), and defective tyrosinase leads to albinism. The mechanisms for other pigmentation determinants (e.g., those operative in tyrosinase-positive albinism and in murine coat-color mutants) are not yet known. One murine pigmentation gene, the brown (b) locus, when mutated leads to a brown (b/b) or hypopigmented (Blt/Blt) coat versus the wild-type black (B/B). We show that the b locus codes for a glycoprotein with the activity of a catalase (hydrogen-peroxide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) (catalase B). Only the c locus protein is a tyrosinase. Because peroxides may be by-products of melanogenic activity and hydrogen peroxide in particular is known to destroy melanin precursors and melanin, we conclude that pigmentation is controlled not only by tyrosinase but also by a hydroperoxidase. Our studies indicate that catalase B is identical with gp75, a known human melanosomal glycoprotein; that the b mutation is in a heme-associated domain; and that the Blt mutation renders the protein susceptible to rapid proteolytic degradation.
On the minimal polynomial of Gauss periods for prime powers

For a positive integer m, set ζ m = exp(2πi/m) and let Z* m denote the group of reduced residues modulo m. Fix a congruence group H of conductor m and of order f. Choose integers t 1 ,..., t e to represent the e = Φ(m)/f cosets of H in Z* m . The Gauss periods θ j = Σ ζ t j x m x∈H (1≤j≤e) corresponding to H are conjugate and distinct over Q with minimal polynomial g(x) = x e +c 1 x e-1 +···+c e-1 x+c e . To determine the coefficients of the period polynomial g(x) (or equivalently, its reciprocal polynomial G(X) = X e g(X -1 )) is a classical problem dating back to Gauss. Previous work of the author, and Gupta and Zagier, primarily treated the case m = p, an odd prime, with f > 1 fixed. In this setting, it is known for certain integral power series A(X) and B(X), that for any positive integer N G(X) ≡ A(X) · B(X) p-1 f (mod X N ) holds in Z[X] for all primes p ≡ 1(mod f) except those in an effectively determinable finite set. Here we describe an analogous result for the case m = p", a prime power (α > 1). The methods extend for odd prime powers p" to give a similar result for certain twisted Gauss periods of the form ψ j =i*√p Σ x∈H (t j x p)ζ t j x p α (1≤j≤e), where (p) denotes the usual Legendre symbol and i* = i(p-1) 2 4.
The new social science

Szanto Zoltan and his collaborators, Orban Annamaria and Toth Istvan Gyorgy deserve the thanks of Hungarian social scientists for collecting into a short, concise volume their essays describing and explaining the accomplishments of the creative innovators who have fundamentally transformed and unified the social sciences in the past four decades. It includes broadly Gary Becker, Albert Hirschman, Mancur Olson, Douglass North, Robert Axelrod, James Coleman and a cast of supporting actors such as Peter Blau, George Homans, Mark Granovetter, Ronald Burt, to mention but a few from a longer list that I refer to as the “new social science”. The fields pioneered by these intellectuals have diverse names: game theory, new political economy, theory of collective action, social capital theory, network theory, rational choice, and new institutional economics yet they all share some common features. They cut across disciplinary boundaries and cumulatively provide a foundation for a unified social science. Their strategy for theorizing is methodological individualism. Human actor’s choices occupy a central place. Group behavior, norms, institutions, ideologies and other supra-individual structures and collective action are explained or can be explained by means of these two fundamental principles. As a useful simplification, when collective entities like states, organizations, political parties, etc., act in a unitary manner, they are treated as actors who make choices. If they are not unitary, the choices they make are analyzed as the result of the dynamics of factions, leadership groups, and other components of the collective entity. Rational choice as a method does not assume rationality from an external observer’s view point, but from the subjective perspective of the actor. Thus the choice of becoming a suicide bomber is viewed in terms of the benefits and costs of the bomber, i.e. ideological indoctrination, peer pressure, loyalty to a cause, belief in martyrdom. Non-rational behavior in the case of the suicide bomber would be if he activates the bomb in a deserted location rather than in a crowd, or detonates the bomb among allies rather than enemies. The new social science goes a long way to realizing the intellectual program of the Enlightenment and, closer to us, of Max Weber’s vision for a unified social and
Compactified spaces of holomorphic curves in complex Grassmann manifolds

Abstract In this paper we study the topology of a compactification of the space of holomorphic maps of fixed degree from C P 1 into a finite-dimensional complex Grassmann manifold. We show that there is a homotopy equivalence through a range, increasing with the degree, between these compact spaces and an infinite-dimensional complex Grassmann manifold. These compact spaces form a direct system indexed by the degree, and the direct limit is homotopy equivalent to an infinite-dimensional complex Grassmann manifold.
Design calculations for the ANS cold neutron source

Abstract Calculated results, obtained using two-dimensional discrete ordinates methods, are presented for a variety of cases of interest in the design of a neutron cold source for the Advanced Neutron Source. The methodology that was developed to carry out the calculations is described. A liquid-deuterium cold source of radius 190 mm with and without re-entrant cavities is considered. Results are presented for various cavity lengths and radii, for various radii of the void tube that connects the cold source to the guide tube, and for various guide tube radii. In an appendix, a combined liquid-nitrogen15/liquid-deuterium cold source is considered.
Post-mortem changes in high affinity choline uptake.

— When animals were killed by decapitation and the heads kept refrigerated at 2–4°C. high affinity choline uptake was maintained up to 3 days post-mortem. At 5 days post-mortem, there was a significant reduction in uptake. In tissues kept at 2–4°C for 1 day, the ionic dependence, drug sensitivity and kinetic parameters of uptake were identical to that of control tissues. At 3 days post-mortem, intact synaptosomal profiles, although with features characteristic of degenerating neuronal tissues, were observed in electronmicroscopic studies. In tissues maintained at room temperature, however, the uptake activity was nearly completely gone by 1 day. It is concluded that high affinity choline uptake is maintained for days, a surprisingly long time, in tissues kept in the cold immediately after death. When pentylenetetrazol or pentobarbital were administered to rats in order to activate or depress the choline uptake, it was found that the activity-related changes in choline uptake undergo a reversal in post-mortem tissues. The changes in uptake were significantly lost by 10min post-mortem and totally absent by 30min post-mortem. In vitro studies with whole hippocampi indicate that the postmortem reversal in activity-related changes in uptake is temperature-dependent. It is concluded that because of post-mortem reversals in activity-related states of uptake the true magnitude of these activity-related changes in uptake may be underestimated by existing methods of assay. Acetylcholine levels in synaptosomal preparations did not clearly correlate with levels of choline uptake.
Electromagnetic scattering by randomly oriented bispheres: Comparison of theory and experiment and benchmark calculations

Abstract A good quantitative agreement is found between laboratory measurements of the scattering matrix for a randomly oriented latex bisphere with touching, nearly identical micron-sized components and theoretical computations using the T -matrix method. Our comparison of theory and experiment provides an additional validation of the computational method and also demonstrates that polarization measurements of light scattering can be employed as an accurate particle sizing technique. The T -matrix method is used to tabulate light scattering properties of two different kinds of randomly oriented bispheres with touching and separated components. Because of high accuracy, our computations can serve as benchmarks.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Retinitis in Patients With the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

We examined five patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus who developed a rapidly progressive necrotizing retinitis characterized by early patchy choroidal and deep retinal lesions and late diffuse thickening of the retina. In all but one case, the retinitis began in the posterior pole with little or no clinical evidence of vasculitis. All five patients had relentless progression of disease and were left with atrophic and necrotic retinae, pale optic-nerve heads, and narrowed vasculature. None of the patients developed aqueous or vitreal inflammation or retinal detachment. Clinical and laboratory evidence suggested that varicella-zoster virus was the causal agent in all five cases. First, the onset of retinitis in four cases either succeeded or was coincident with an eruption of dermatomal zoster. Second, varicella-zoster virus was cultured from the two chorioretinal specimens and varicella-zoster virus antigen was detected in the vitreal aspirate from one case. Third, by means of immunocytochemistry, varicella-zoster virus antigen was found in the outer retinae of both enucleation specimens. Fourth, viral capsids with the size and shape of herpesviridae were found in the outer retinae of both enucleation specimens. The clinical features observed in this study are distinct from those described for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome and appear to constitute a new and highly characteristic pattern of varicella-zoster virus-induced disease.
A SIMPLE AND RAPID METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF CONCENTRATION OF TEXTURED SOYBEAN PROTEIN IN RAW BEEF‐SOY BLENDS

Two batches of raw ground beef were prepared to yield four levels of fat (18, 22, 26 and 30%) and levels of hydrated textured soy protein (TSP) within each of the fat levels of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%. The 28 different sample combinations were thoroughly blended and then frozen. 25-g portions of each sample were then blended with water, filtered and analyzed for soluble carbohydrate content with a spectrophotometer to determine the relationship between absorbance at 490 μm and the actual content of hydrated TSP present in the ground beef. The four fat levels were used to test the potential effect of the fat content on the spectrophotometer readings. It was determined that absorbance values were linearly dependent on the amount of hydrated TSP in the beef-soy blend. Fat level in the ground beef did not significantly affect spectrophotometer readings. Using the 95% confidence limits, it was possible to estimate soy content in raw beef-soy blends to ± 3.3%.
Learning From History: An Interview With Robert Jay Lifton

On April 10, 2008, Rachael Peltz conducted an interview with psycho-historian, psychiatrist, and political activist Robert Jay Lifton. Dr. Lifton is best known for his creative and profound studies of both the extreme and ordinary psychological effects of the rapid, destabilizing, the sometimes catastrophic social changes of our times—including Chinese thought reform, the Nazi concentration camps, the atomic bombing of Japan, Japanese cult groups, the Vietnam War, and recently, the war in Iraq. All of these offer invaluable conceptual tools for clinicians to approach the inner effects of traumatic historical events in everyday life as well as in those who have suffered extraordinary duress. Here, Lifton discusses the positions of the American Psychological Association regarding the role of psychologists in military interrogations and detention sites. The interview also offers a strong introduction to many of his specific concepts, including “atrocity-producing situations,” “the Protean self,” “symbolic im...
Characterization of Amphiploid Hybrids between Bluebunch and Thickspike Wheatgrasses

An amphiploid derivative from hybrids between bluebunch wheatgrass (2n 5 2x 5 14) [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Love] and thickspike wheatgrass (2n 5 4x 5 28) [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner and Smith) Gould] was developed to compare cytological, morphological, anatomical, and seed characteristics between the triploid F1 hybrids (2n 5 3x 5 21) and their colchicine induced hexaploid (2n 5 6x 5 42) derivative (C0). The amphiploid population produced an average of 3.1 seeds spikelet 21 and pollen stainability averaged 85.5%. Seed set under self-pollination in the amphiploids ranged from,1% to .99%withanaverageof50%.Fifty-eightofthe103plantsstudiedwere hexaploid (2n 5 6x 5 42). The remaining plants had chromosomes ranging from 2n 5 39 to 2n 5 44 and were less fertile than the euploids. Meiosis in the euploid plants was regular and typical of a segmental autoallohexaploid St1St1St2St2HH. The most common meiotic chromosomeconfigurationwas21bivalents.Ahighfrequencyofbivalentsanda low frequency of quadrivalents indicate that the St genomes of the two parental species have diverged. The amphiploids had thicker culms, more leaves per culm, and longer and wider leaves than either parental species. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the amphiploids, though morphologically similar to the parental species, was distinct. In general,C0hybridswerelessvigorousthantheF1fromwhichtheywere derived. Through amphiploidy, genetic introgression between the two species is possible.
The role of surface science in bioengineered materials

Abstract Materials employed in biomedical technology are increasingly being designed to have specific, desirable biological interactions with their surroundings, rather than the older common practice of trying to adapt traditional materials to biomedical applications. Moreover, materials scientists are also increasingly deriving new lessons from naturally occurring materials (from mollusk shells to soft animal tissue) about useful composition–structure property relationships that might be mimicked with synthetic materials. Together, these two areas of effort constitute what we may call bioengineered materials. It is possible to set down a reasonably thorough set of characteristics that bioengineered materials have in common. Among these characteristics we discuss the following: self-assembly, bioengineered materials often rely on information content built into structural molecules to determine the order and organization of the material; hierarchical structure, in most bioengineered materials several different length scales of structure are essential and are formed spontaneously and simultaneously via self-assembly; precision synthesis, fundamental to biological material structures is the idea of macromolecules constructed in a precise manner; templating, ordered structures in bioengineered materials are often propagated from one element or set of instructions, to another; specific and non-specific interactions, the forces involved in holding biomaterials structures together. In the future, a carefully selected combination of this set of characteristics will enable us to bioengineer surfaces that are capable to direct and control a desired biological response. Eventually, such bioengineered surfaces will become important tools to comprehend and analyze how materials interact in nature.
Chemical synthesis and properties of nanocrystalline Cu–Fe–Ni alloys

Abstract The chemical reduction of Cu 2+ , Fe 3+ , and Ni 2+ ions with sodium borohydride in aqueous solution followed by heat treatments at 300–900°C in a H 2 atmosphere was investigated to obtain nanocrystalline Cu–Fe–Ni, which may have low thermal expansion and enhanced thermal and electrical conductivities. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, thermomechanical analysis, and electrical conductivity measurements. Thermal conductivity was estimated using the Wiedemann–Franz law. Sintering lead to the formation of a Cu-rich phase and a γ–(Fe, Ni) Invar phase. The growth and stability of the Cu and γ–(Fe, Ni) Invar phases and the effects of composition on the properties of Cu–Fe–Ni alloys were investigated.
The effect of a local source on the composition of precipitation in south-central Maine

Bulk precipitation samples were collected from ten sites in south-central Maine during the period 18 June to 30 September, 1974. Data from the chemical analyses of the precipitation were used to determine regional deposition patterns of the ionic constituents. Acidic pH values ranging from 3.8 to 5.0 are characteristic of the region, but relatively alkaline pH values of 5.5 to 7.0 were observed in the precipitation from one collection site. Systematic increases in sulphate and Na deposition in the samples from this site suggest a local source.
Adult and Pediatric Emergency Department Sexually Transmitted Disease and HIV Screening: Programmatic Overview and Outcomes

Objectives: To measure the prevalence of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among emergency department (ED) patients who accept screening, and to assess treatment outcomes and risks for infection. Methods: Research staff offered voluntary testing for gonorrhea and chlamydia (by urine transcription-mediated amplification) and HIV (by enzyme immunoassay/Western blot of oral mucosal transudate) to ED patients. Pediatric (15–21 years) and adult (22–29 years) patients were eligible for gonorrhea and chlamydia testing; patients aged 15–54 years were eligible for HIV testing. The authors surveyed behavioral risks of patients accepting HIV testing. Results: From November 2003 to May 2004, 497 of 791 eligible pediatric patients (63%) and 1,000 of 2,180 eligible adult patients (46%) accepted screening for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and/or HIV. There were 41 patients infected with gonorrhea, chlamydia, or both among 380 pediatric patients (10.8%) and 11 of 233 adult patients (4.7%); 14 of 52 patients (27%) were treated presumptively by ED clinicians. Through study efforts, 33 of the 38 remaining patients were treated (90% overall treatment). Eight HIV infections were diagnosed: seven of 969 adult patients (0.7%) and one of 459 pediatric patients (0.2%); five HIV-infected patients (63%) received test results, and three (38%) attended an HIV clinic. Gonorrhea or chlamydia infection in pediatric patients was associated with multiple sex partners, same-sex intercourse, and suspicion of sexually transmitted diseases by the ED clinician. Conclusions: The high prevalence of gonorrhea and/or chlamydia infection among pediatric ED patients tested supports consideration of expanded screening. Targeted HIV screening with rapid tests merits exploration in the authors' ED, given the low-moderate numbers of patients identified through screening, receiving test results, and linked to care.
Predominant usage of Vβ8.3 T cell receptor in a T cell line that induces experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU)

Abstract Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease induced in animals by immunization with retinal proteins (or synthetic fragments derived from them) in adjuvant, and it is considered a model of human autoimmune diseases of the eye. To study the T cell clonotypes that may be involved in EAU, we analyzed the T cell repertoire of three related T cell lines: the pathogenic line LR16, specific to the major uveitogenic epitope of IRBP; its pathogenic subline J; and its nonpathogenic subline A. We examined the expression of the genes coding for the variable regions of the 20 known Lewis rat T cell antigen receptor (TCR) Vβ families. The nonpathogenic subline was found to contain mostly T cells expressing Vβ5, Vβ8.2, and Vβ19 while the pathogenic subline consisted mainly of cells expressing Vβ8.3 TCRs. Genomic Southern blot analysis of DNA from the pathogenic subline showed that Vβ8.3-expressing T cells were the dominant clonotype, and DNA sequence analyses of Vβ8.3 cDNAs revealed that two Vβ8.3 TCRs were expressed in the pathogenic subline. One of the Vβ8.3 cDNAs encoded a variable region gene segment identical to previously reported rat Vβ8.3 TCR while the other differed by two amino acids in the second complementarity determining region (CDR2). Taken together with previous data showing overrepresentation of Vβ8-expression in T cell lines that induce EAU, but not in nonuveitogenic T cell lines, our results suggest that Vβ8.3-expressing T cells represent a pathogenic clonotype in IRBP-induced EAU.
Mineral equilibrium in fractionated nebular systems

We investigated the equilibrium mineral assemblages in chemically fractionated nebular systems, using a computer routine that finds the set of minerals and gases which minimizes the Gibbs free energy of a system with stipulated elemental abundances. Diagrams are presented showing the equilibrium mineralogy, as a function of temperature (400-2300 K), for unfractionated solar material and five fractionated systems. The fractionated systems were defined by mixing, in various proportions, the following four volatility components that solar material can be divided into: refractory dust, carbonaceous matter, ices, and H2 gas. Dust enrichment is seen to increase temperatures of condensation/evaporation and the Fe(2+) content of mafic minerals and to permit existence of stable melt phases. Enrichment of dust and organic matter produces mineral assemblages that are similar in many ways to those of enstatite chondrites, but with mafic minerals that are far more reduced than those in primitive enstatite chondrites. Enrichment of dust, organics, and ices leads to highly ferrous mineralogies even at the highest temperatures but does not predict the stability of hydrous phases above about 450 K.
Lutetium gets a crown: Synthesis, structure and reaction chemistry of the separated ion pair complex, [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2LuMe2]

Abstract Reaction of (C5Me5)2Lu(Me)(μ-Me)Li(THF)3 (2) with excess 12-crown-4 affords the new separated ion pair complex, [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2LuMe2] (3), in excellent yield. This complex reacts with 2,6-diisopropylaniline and phenylacetylene to give the methyl amide complex [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2Lu(Me)(NH-2,6-iPr2C6H3)] (4) and the bis(acetylide) complex [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2Lu(C≡C–Ph)2] (5), respectively. Attempts to promote methane loss from complexes 3 and 4 to generate a lutetium methylidene or imido complex, respectively, were unsuccessful. The ability of the bis(acetylide) complex 5 to act as a π-tweezer complex was also explored. Reaction between [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2Lu(C≡C–Ph)2] (5) and CuSPh gave only intractable lutetium products and the copper(I) species [Li(12-crown-4)2][Cu(C≡C–Ph)2] (8). The new lutetium complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Finally, the X-ray crystal structures of (C5Me5)2Lu(Me)(μ-Me)Li(THF)3 (2), [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2LuMe2] (3), [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2Lu(Me)(NH-2,6-iPr2C6H3)] (4), [Li(12-crown-4)2][(C5Me5)2Lu(C≡C–Ph)2] (5), and [Li(12-crown-4)2][Cu(C≡C–Ph)2] (8) are also reported.
Gibberellin-mediated changes in carbohydrate metabolism during flower stalk elongation in tulips

We investigated the effects of a gibberellin synthesis inhibitor (ancymidol) and gibberellin (GA4+7) on carbohydrate metabolism and elongation in internodes of the tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) flower stalk during greenhouse growth. During the initial stages of flower stalk growth, the lowermost internode was mainly responsible for total flower stalk length, whereas the uppermost internode mostly contributed to total length during later stages. High concentrations of hexose sugar (mainly glucose) and increased activity of acid invertase were observed when internodes were rapidly elongating. Inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis with ancymidol reduced the elongation rate of internodes, and inhibited the hexose sugar accumulation and acid invertase activity. Application of GA4+7 to ancymidol-treated plants reversed these effects. The degree of response to ancymidol and GA4+7 was, however, different in different internodes such that the lowermost internode was most responsive and the uppermost internode was least responsive. The results indicate that de novo biosynthesis of gibberellins is a requirement for expression of high acid invertase activity during the rapid elongation phase in tulip internodes which enables cleavage of imported sucrose to hexoses that can be readily utilized in elongating cells.
The association of crown-rump length discordance in twin gestations with adverse perinatal outcomes

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the crown-rump length (CRL) difference in twin gestations and adverse pregnancy outcome. Study Design Women with a first trimester ultrasound scan of a twin pregnancy who delivered between June 2000 and March 2006 at Northwestern Memorial Hospital were identified. The association between the difference in CRLs and pregnancy outcomes was explored. Results For the 178 twins who were eligible for the study, the median difference in CRLs was 4.2% and the median difference in birthweights was 9.3%. Twins with a CRL difference of >85th percentile (11.1%) were more likely to have discordant birthweights and to have at least 1 of the pair be small-for-gestational age, be admitted to the special care nursery, and have perinatal morbidity. Conclusion CRL differences of >85th percentile are associated with several measures of adverse perinatal outcome.
Power sums of polynomials over finite fields and applications

In this brief expository survey, we explain some results and conjectures on various aspects of the study of the sums of integral powers of monic polynomials of a given degree over a finite field. The aspects include non-vanishing criteria, formulas and bounds for degree and valuation at finite primes, explicit formulas of various kind for the sums themselves, factorizations of such sums, generating functions for them, relations between them, special type of interpolations of the sums by algebraic functions, and the resulting connections between the motives constructed from them and the zeta and multizeta special values. We mention several applications to the function field arithmetic.
NITROUS OXIDE ACUTELY SUPPRESSES ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN HAD AND P RATS

Nitrous oxide (N2O) has been reported to reduce post-withdrawal craving in alcoholic humans, aiding in their continued abstinence. This article assessed the ability of N2O to suppress alcohol drinking in genetically selected high alcohol-drinking (HAD) and alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Although water was available ad libitum, they were accustomed to a limited access (1 h/day) choice between 10% ethanol (EtOH) and water. When drinking stabilized, the rats were exposed for 30, 60, or 120 min to a mixture of N2O and pure oxygen, timed to end 1 h before the limited access. N2O suppressed EtOH consumption at 1, but not 25 h after exposure in both HAD and P rats. This result is consistent with the efficacy of N2O for acute reduction of EtOH drinking, and supports further research into the use of N2O as an adjunct to treatment.