cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gram Negative Bacteria Are Associated with the Early Stages of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Introduction Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) affects 5–10% of infants born weighing less than 1500 g. Most models of NEC recapitulate late-stage disease with gut necrosis and elevated inflammatory mediators. Evaluation of NEC at earlier, less lethal stages of disease will allow investigation of initial disease triggers and may advance our understanding of temporal relationships between factors implicated in NEC pathogenesis. In this manuscript, we describe our investigation of early NEC and test the hypothesis that bacteria and inflammatory mediators differ between animals with early NEC and disease free animals.
Insular cortex abnormalities in schizophrenia: Relationship to symptoms and typical neuroleptic exposure.

Background: The insular cortex is a limbic integration region engaged in emotional and cognitive functions. Previously, we found that neuroleptic-naive subjects had abnormally small insular volumes compared with control subjects, with volume directly related to severity of psychotic symptoms. Methods: To further investigate insular cortex abnormalities and their functional correlates, we measured insular gray matter volume and cortical surface size, using magnetic resonance images among 30 patients with schizophrenia and a matched control group. The sample was designed to represent a variety of phenomenologic profiles to provide sufficient variance in multiple measures, including severity of illness and exposure to neuroleptics (typical only). Results: There were no significant differences in morphology between patients and control subjects; however, among patients, psychotic symptoms were inversely correlated with insular volume, replicating our previous finding in neuroleptic-naive subjects. Neuroleptic exposure had a specific effect on insular morphology: increasing drug exposure (measured in dose-years) correlated with larger insular volume. Conclusions: This effect of neuroleptic exposure might account for the lack of difference in structural measures in this more chronic sample, whereas the initial study on neuroleptic-naive subjects showed group differences. Further research is needed to investigate the potential relationship between changes in insula volume from neuroleptic exposure and clinical outcome.
Citation Analysis of Graduate Dental Theses References: Implications for Collection Development

This study, conducted at the Indiana University School of Dentistry Library using citation analysis, examined graduate dental student theses citations to determine the nature of materials cited, journal ownership, journal citation frequency, and citation age distribution. The results were compared to other scientific discipline citation analyses. Study results indicated that for the period studied, masters dental students, like medical and science students, cited recently published scholarly dental journal literature. The majority of the journals cited were owned by Indiana University system libraries. Areas for further research include faculty resource usage, e-journal impact, and interdisciplinary resource use.
Information Sharing in Food Supply Chains

Information sharing among firms within many industries accounts for a substantial part of the gains from information technology adoption in these industries. In this paper we examine the determinants of information sharing between retailers and their suppliers, in the food industry supply chain. Using a data set known as the Super Market Panel Data gathered by the University of Minnesota's Food Industry Center, the behavior of food retailers is examined in their adoption of information sharing technologies that facilitate vertical exchange of information with suppliers. Evidence supports the hypothesis that retail firms with larger number of suppliers are more inclined to share, rather than to withhold, information. Prior theoretical work suggests that this happens because retail firms with large number of suppliers are less concerned about opportunistic behavior of suppliers from the misuse of retailer information by the supplier. We also find that self-distribution chains are more inclined to share information. Finally, the structure of the market plays an interesting role in the type of information sharing platforms that the retailers adopt. Dans de nombreux secteurs, l'echange d'information entre entreprises represente une part substantielle des gains issus de l'adoption des technologies de l'information. Dans le present article, nous avons examine les determinants de l'echange d'information entre les detaillants de la chaine d'approvisionnement alimentaire et leurs fournisseurs. A l'aide de l'ensemble de donnees Supermarket Panel Data, etabli par le Food Industry Center de l'University of Minnesota, nous avons examine le comportement des detaillants en alimentation quant a l'adoption des technologies d'echange d'information facilitant l'echange d'information vertical avec les fournisseurs. Les observations appuient l'hypothese selon laquelle les detaillants qui comptent de nombreux fournisseurs sont plus disposes aechanger qu’a retenir l'information. D'apres des etudes theoriques anterieures, cette situation serait attribuable au fait que les detaillants qui comptent de nombreux fournisseurs sont moins preoccupes par le comportement opportuniste de fournisseurs qui utiliseraient de facon malveillante de l'information sur le detaillant. Nous avons egalement observe que les chaines d'autodistribution etaient plus enclines aechanger de l'information. Finalement, la structure du marche joue un role interessant dans le type de plateformes d'echange d'information qu’adoptent les detaillants.
Multistate curve-crossing model for scattering: Associative ionization and excitation transfer in helium

A model has been derived to treat the multistate curve-crossing problem which often arises in diabatic representations of scattering processes. Transitions between diabatic states are assumed to occur only in the vicinity of curve crossings and the probabilities are evaluated semiclassically. Otherwise the nuclear trajectories are treated classically except for tunneling through long-range potential barriers taken into account by the JWKB approximation. Closed channels are included on an equal footing with the scattering channels. The model is applied to the problems of symmetric associative (and dissociative) ionization and excitation transfer in collisions of excited helium with the ground-state atom, using the diabatic representation for the Rydberg states of ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$ presented in the preceding paper. The electronic coupling of the repulsive diabatic states in the continuum yields much larger ionization cross sections than does direct vibronic coupling of low-lying adiabatic states to the continuum. The diabatic-states model is shown to be a valid interpretation of associative ionization in helium. Ionization has a significant effect on some excitation-transfer cross sections. Integrated cross sections are presented for ionization of helium in the $n^{3}S$, $n^{3}P$, and $n^{3}D$ states, $n=3, 4$, and for excitation transfer from the $n=3$ states to states with $2\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}4$ for collision energies from thermal to 100 eV. The thermally averaged associative ionization cross sections, in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, obtained at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are as follows: ${\overline{Q}}_{i}(3^{3}S)=0.06$, ${\overline{Q}}_{i}(3^{3}P)=2.0$, ${\overline{Q}}_{i}(3^{3}D)=2.9$, ${\overline{Q}}_{i}(4^{3}S)=0.6$, ${\overline{Q}}_{i}(4^{3}P)=1.7$, and ${\overline{Q}}_{i}(4^{3}D)=4.3$. The results are in quite satisfactory agreement with recent experiments.
Novel procedure for high‐fidelity tendon histology

A novel method to obtain high-quality histologic sections of rat tendon for light microscopic study is presented. This approach utilizes non-deleterious dehydrating and clearing solvents and a hydrophobic acrylic (methyl methacrylate) resin. This methodology avoids processing and microtomy artifacts common with routine paraffin wax techniques and overcomes specimen size limitations associated with hydrophilic (e.g., glycol methacrylate) resin histologic methods. These novel histologic processing techniques facilitate the reliable assessment of tendons' cellular and matrix components and can be readily adapted to morphologic studies of damage, healing, and repair.
Solute segregation during modified vertical gradient freezing of alloyed compound semiconductor crystals with magnetic and electric fields

Abstract Single crystals of gallium–aluminum–antimonide are solidified from a solution of molten gallium–antimonide and aluminum–antimonide. Electromagnetic stirring can be induced in the melt by applying a weak electric field together with a weak axial magnetic field. This paper presents a numerical model which uses a Chebyshev spectral collocation method with a second-order implicit time integration scheme with Gauss–Lobatto collocation points. This investigation models the unsteady motion and solute transport during vertical gradient freezing by submerged heater growth with electromagnetic stirring. The radial homogeneity in the crystal improves as the solute’s concentration increases.
Endometriosis of sigmoid as a cause of acute intestinal obstruction

Abstract Endometriosis of the bowel is of sufficiently frequent occurrence to warrant emphasis of the characteristic symptoms by review of a case in which the correct preoperative diagnosis was made, but only after acute obstruction had supervened. Publication of detailed clinical and pathological follow-up examinations is advisable to ascertain more accurately the fate of endometriomas of the bowel which have been treated by castration without resection. ∗
The electrophoretic distribution of RNA synthesized in vitro by isolated rat liver nuclei.

Abstract Both nuclear RNA newly synthesized in vivo and RNA synthesized by isolated rat liver nuclei in vitro are rapidly degraded in an RNA synthesizing media of low ionic strength. The presence of either a crude preparation of rat liver cytoplasmic ribonuclease inhibitor or 0.64 M (NH4)2SO4 in the incubation media markedly retards this degradation. The RNA synthesized by isolated nuclei in media of low ionic strength in the presence of ribonuclease inhibitor is largely of high molecular weight with sedimentation values of greater than 18 S; whereas the RNA synthesized in media of high ionic strength is of a wider range of molecular weights with s values between 8 and 45 S. This difference may be due to the existence of two nuclear RNA polymerase activities that differ in high and low ionic strength: one polymerase may synthesize ribosomal precursor RNA and show activity at low (and possibly also high) ionic strength, and a second polymerase may transcribe nonribosomal portions of the genome and be active only at high ionic strength.
Low-noise amplification under the 3 dB noise figure in high-gain phase-sensitive fibre amplifier

A noise figure which is less than the standard quantum limit of 3 dB has been observed for the first time in a high gain phase-sensitive fibre parametric amplifier. A noise figure of 1.8 dB with a 16 dB signal gain was measured by a precisely calibrated electrical spectrum analyser.
Clinical Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

This article provides a description of the clinical disorders associated with the development of acute noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, better known as clinical acute lung injury (ALI) or the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Much has been learned about the mechanisms by which the lung is injured in patients with sepsis, pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, and following major trauma. In the last 5 years, major progress has been made in the treatment of patients with ALI/ARDS. A lung protective ventilatory strategy with a low tidal volume (6 mL/kg/predicted body weight) in conjunction with a plateau pressure limit of 30 cm H2O attenuated the severity of clinical lung injury and reduced mortality by 22%. Ironically, after years of searching for anti-inflammatory treatments for ALI/ARDS, it turns out that a lung protective ventilatory strategy has proven to be the most efficacious anti-inflammatory treatment ever discovered for ALI/ARDS. However, it is still possible that pharmacologic treatments also may enhance survival. For example, a recent report that activated protein C reduces mortality in patients with sepsis raises hope that the incidence and severity of sepsis-induced ALI/ARDS may be reduced by treatment with this agent that has both anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant properties. Also, therapy directed at hastening the resolution of lung injury by increasing the functional recovery of the alveolar epithelium may be of value, both in diminishing the fibroproliferative phase of ALI/ARDS as well as accelerating the resolution of alveolar edema.
Numerical simulation of fully developed sinusoidal and pulsatile (physiological) flow in curved tubes

Numerical solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations for fully developed, sinusoidal and pulsatile flows in curved tubes are presented for conditions not accessible to analytical perturbation methods. Simulations of physiological pulsatile flows in the aortic arch reveal a wide variety of interesting flow phenomena, including: (1) complex secondary flows with up to seven vortices in the half-tube; (2) cascaded vortex structures with vortices embedded within vortices; (3) strong secondary flows with associated wall shear stress nearly as large as the axial component; (4) reversal of axial-flow direction at the inside wall; (5) peak axial wall shear stress at the inside wall; (6) highest r.m.s. wall shear stress at the inside wall; and (7) oscillatory impedance, which is accurately described by straight-tube theory.
Malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibro-odontoma to ameloblastic fibrosarcoma

Two cases of malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibro-odontomas are presented, along with a review of the literature on ameloblastic fibrosarcomas. The occurrence of this malignant transformation of ameloblastic fibromas, ameloblastic odontomas, and ameloblastic fibro-odontomas appears to be more frequent than previously thought. This potential transformation alone does not justify radical treatment of all these benign lesions. If there is recurrence accompanied by a histologic pattern change toward a more unorganized fibrous stroma with displacement of the epithelial component, however, then more extensive treatment procedures appear to be indicated.
Polypyrrole-bearing conductive composite prepared by an inverted emulsion pathway involving nonionic surfactants

Abstract Polypyrrole-rubber composites were prepared in two steps using an inverted emulsion pathway. In the first step, an inverted emulsion was generated by dispersing an aqueous solution of FeCl3 (as oxidant and dopant) in an organic solution (six different solvents have been employed) of a host polymer (styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), styrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene (SES) or styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) and nonionic surfactant (six different surfactants have been employed) with stirring. In the second step, a solution of pyrrole in toluene was introduced dropwise in the emulsion generated in the first step and polypyrrole was thus formed rapidly (10–15 min). Methanol was introduced to precipitate the composite after polymerization was completed. The ratio of pyrrole/host polymer, the surfactant and the organic solvent employed in the inverted emulsion, the ratio of aqueous phase/organic phase in the inverted emulsion, the nature of the host polymer and even the organic solvent used to wash the composite are important factors that affect the conductive and mechanical properties of the composites. When a small amount (0.007 g/ml organic phase of the emulsion) of Span 80 and isooctane/toluene (1:1 vol./vol.) were employed as surfactant and solvent for the continuous phase, respectively, of the inverted emulsion and the volume ratio of aqueous phase/organic phase in the inverted emulsion was 0.4, the composites consisting of polypyrrole and SBS washed finally with petroleum ether had good conductivities, as well as good mechanical properties. The conductivities were in the range 2.4-3.5 S/cm with tensile strengths 10.9-7.8 MPa and elongations 166-38% at break point. The morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and their compositions determined by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental analyses.
Transformation of filter transmission data for f-number and chief ray angle

This paper describes a method for transforming measured optical and infrared filter data for use with optical systems of arbitrary f-number and angle of incidence. Although it is generally desirable to have normal incidence at the filter (i.e., collimated light where an optical filter is used), other system design considerations may take precedence. In the case of a multispectral sensor under development at Sandia National Laboratories, system constraints require optical filter placement very near the focal plane. The light rays incident on the filters are therefore converging as determined by the system f-number while the chief ray of each ray bundle varies with focal plane position. To analyze the system`s spectral response at different points on the focal plane, a method was devised to transform the filter vendor`s measured data to account for the optical system design. The key to the transformation is the determination of weighting factors and shift factors for each angle of incidence making up a ray bundle. A computer worksheet was developed using a popular mathematical software package which performs this transformation for 75 key points on the focal plane.
HYPOXIA PROMOTES INTERLEUKIN-6 AND -8 BUT REDUCES INTERLEUKIN-10 PRODUCTION BY PLACENTAL TROPHOBLAST CELLS FROM PREECLAMPTIC PREGNANCIES

Placental hypoxia and altered placental cytokine productions have been considered to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. The objective of this study was to determine whether hypoxia could modify interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10 production by placental trophoblast cells (TCs) from normal and preeclamptic (PE) pregnancies. Placentas were obtained from nine normal and nine PE pregnancies immediately after delivery. Placental TCs were isolated and cultured under normoxic (21% O2/air) and hypoxic (2% O2/5% CO2/92% N2) conditions for 48 hours. TC productions of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Unpaired t tests or paired t test was used for the statistical analysis and data are expressed as means ± SE (pg/μg cellular protein). A P value less than. 05 was considered statistically significant. PE- TCs produced significantly more IL- 6, IL- 8, and IL-10 than those of normal- TCs when they were cultured under normoxic condition, P <.05. Both normal-TCs and PE-TCs produced more IL-6 and IL-8 when they were cultured under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia reduced IL-10 production by PE-TCs, but had no effect on IL-10 production by normal-TCs. Hypoxia promotes both IL-6 and IL-8 but reduces IL-10 production by placental TCs from PE pregnancies.
Clonogenic potential in vitro of proliferative and quiescent leukemic cells

Abstract Leukemic cells obtained from 6 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were subjected to centrifugal elutriation to obtain subpopulations of kinetically active and kinetically quiescent leukemic cells for study. The clonogenic potential in agar in vitro of these subpopulations of leukemic cells was compared and it was found that only cells obtained from the kinetically active subpopulations were able to clone in vitro . This observation raises the possibility that, in contradistinction to currently held views, kinetically quiescent leukemic cells may not be able to resume active proliferation. If this is also the case in vivo , then growth kinetic-models of leukemic cells population expansion cannot resort to a presumed re-entry of quiescent leukemic cells into cycle to account for the apparent descrepancy between observed proliferative rates of leukemic cells and the expansion of the leukemic cell compartment.
Disrupted intercalated discs. Is kindlin-2 required?

See related article, pages 423–431 Intermediate filaments are cytoskeletal structures that maintain the structural and mechanical integrity of cells, tissues, and organs. These filaments are associated with the nuclear surface but extend out into the cytoplasm and interact with other cytoskeletal elements and cytoplasmic organelles. Eventually, their impingement on the plasma membrane in certain tissues allows them to be tethered by specialized membrane structures, such as hemidesmosomes in epithelial cells, costameres in striated muscle, and intercalated discs in cardiac muscle.1 At an intercalated disc, the cell membranes of 2 adjacent cardiomyocytes are extensively intertwined and bound together by gap junctions and desmosomes. These connections help stabilize the positions of the cells relative to each other and also help maintain the 3D structural integrity of the tissue. Thus, the intercalated discs ensure proper function of the heart with efficient ejection of blood with each contraction. Kindlin-2, a member of the kindlin family of focal adhesion proteins, is expressed in cardiac muscle and is enriched at intercalated discs and costameres.2 Kindlin-1 and kindlin-2 have been shown to play an essential role in integrin-mediated adhesion and spreading. Kindlin-2 can interact with integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and is also able to bind migfilin, a LIM domain–containing protein capable of binding Filamin.3 In this issue of Circulation Research , Dowling et al demonstrate a novel role for kindlin-2 in embryonic development as well as cardiac development and function.4 Complete loss of murine kindlin-2 produces embryonic lethality by embryonic day 7.5. These findings demonstrate the essential role of kindlin-2 in early embryogenesis, but given the early lethality of the mice, the contribution …
DNA uncovers Antarctic nemertean biodiversity and exposes a decades-old cold case of asymmetric inventory

With threats to biodiversity posed by anthropogenic impacts and global climate change, characterization of existing flora and fauna is increasingly important, but continues to focus predominantly on easily studied taxa. In the Southern Ocean, levels of species richness remain relatively unexplored due to remoteness and difficulties of sampling the region. Nemerteans (proboscis worms; ribbon worms) are unusually abundant and occasionally conspicuous in the Antarctic region. Despite being routinely collected, difficulties in preserving voucher material, morphological limitations, and shortage of taxonomic expertise have hindered our understanding of nemertean diversity. To assess patterns of diversity, we examined a fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene from larval and adult nemerteans (n = 192) from 53 sites along the western Antarctic Peninsula. We found 20 distinct lineages having an uncorrected genetic distance (p) greater than 5% to the nearest sister taxon or group, 19 of which have not been genetically characterized in previous studies. Additionally, the putatively dominant adult species in the region, Parborlasia corrugatus, was found to comprise only 4.3% of larvae sampled (n = 3 out of 69 samples from 12 locations). Of 47 nemertean species recorded from Antarctic waters, 20 are heteronemerteans and therefore could have a pelagic pilidium larval phase. These results suggest that Antarctic biodiversity is underestimated, and that unknown species of nemerteans await description from Southern Ocean waters.
Cycles: A Simulation Tool for Studying Cyclic Neural Networks

A computer program has been designed and implemented to allow a researcher to analyze the oscillatory behavior of simulated neural networks with cyclic connectivity. The computer program, implemented on the Texas Instruments Explorer /Odyssey system, and the results of numerous experiments are discussed. The program, CYCLES, allows a user to construct, operate, and inspect neural networks containing cyclic connection paths with the aid of a powerful graphics-based interface. Numerous cycles have been studied, including cycles with one or more activation points, non-interruptible cycles, cycles with variable path lengths, and interacting cycles. The final class, interacting cycles, is important due to its ability to implement time-dependent goal processing in neural networks.
All muscles are not created equal

The muscles of an individual vary in their morphological and contractile properties and in their patterns of innervation. At one time, it was thought that a fairly homogeneous population of myoblasts gave rise to myotubes that were subsequently instructed to diversify by various extramuscular factors. There is now, however, considerable evidence that myoblasts are heterogeneous, and that heritable differences among them interact with environmental influences to give each muscle its distinct characteristics.
The Role Of Higher Education In Personal Relationships

The roles within personal relationships have evolved throughout the years. What was once a “traditional” role within a household is now considered outdated and old-fashioned. These roles have been influenced by many factors, one of those being higher education. A study was conducted to examine how those roles have been influenced by higher education. In the late 1940’s, many U.S. women stayed home, raised their children and did not work outside the home unless there was a missing male figure to provide for the family. Although women may have wanted to venture into the workforce, it wasn’t widely accepted. However, a Census Bureau study in 1948 found that 17 million women were in the paid labor force (Walker 1998).
Reflecting on the Present and Looking Ahead: A Response to Shuler

In considering how policy work might forward arts education, it is helpful to reflect on the present state of music and arts education while looking ahead at future challenges and possibilities. This response to Shuler's (2001) set of predictions related to music education and policy in the twenty-first century addresses such work in the following three areas: (1) technology and musical engagement; (2) media, media literacy, and media arts; and (3) curricular structures and new types of music courses. Related issues ranging from tensions between specialization and generalization in curricular design to competing discourses involving technology in education are discussed along with implications for policy work in arts education.
Changes in the Permselectivity of Human Teeth during Caries Attack

Previous studies have shown that enamel permselectivity can influence fluid composition within caries lesions during de- and remineralization. The permselectivity of human enamel, cementum, and dentin sections was examined, in a microwell model, by measurement of the membrane potential developed by KCl diffusion while the sections were immersed in solutions simulating resting (pH = 5.6) and cariogenic plaque fluid (pH = 4.8). In a second experiment, the effects of charged compounds (phytate and Zonyl-FSC) on the tooth permselectivity were examined. The average membrane potentials (+/- SD) in "resting plaque" solution were: sound enamel, 18.9 +/- 3.2 mV, n = 66; dentin, 0.9 +/- 9.2 mV, n = 59; and cementum, -0.8 +/- 8.2 mV, n = 42, with a positive sing indicating cation selectivity. The average membrane potentials became more negative in "cariogenic plaque" solution for all types of sections: sound enamel, 5.2 +/- 2.1 mV, n = 46; dentin, -8.1 +/- 7.4 mV, n = 45; and cementum, -14.3 +/- 8.0 mV, n = 34. In lesion enamel sections, the membrane potential was reduced from the non-lesion wells in both types of test solutions, while phytate treatment caused an increase of approximately 10 mV in potential (increased cation selectivity) in every enamel well in either "resting" or "cariogenic" solution. Treatment of enamel sections with Zonyl-FSC caused the membrane potential to become more negative in both test solutions, with many of the wells showing anion selectivity in the cariogenic "plaque-like" solution. However, the changes in enamel membrane potentials induced by Zonyl-FSC slowly increased toward the initial values after treatment, while the effects of the phytate pre-treatment persisted. Most dentin sections treated with phytate also showed an increase in potential after phytate treatment; however, Zonyl-FSC seemed to have little effect on the membrane potential of dentin. The results of this study suggest that modification of tooth permselectivity by surface-active agents may be a viable method of decreasing the rate of caries progression.
Pediatric and adult lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis.

Abstract Objective: This paper was undertaken to review the experience at our institution with bilateral sequential lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. Methods: Since 1989, 103 bilateral sequential lung transplants for cystic fibrosis have been performed (46 pediatric, 48 adult, 9 redo); the mean age was 21 ± 10 years. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in all but one pediatric (age Results: Hospital mortality was 4.9%, with 80% of early deaths related to infection. Bronchial anastomotic complications occurred with equal frequency in the pediatric and the adult populations (7.3%). One- and 3-year actuarial survival are 84% and 61%, respectively (no significant difference between pediatric and adult age groups; average follow-up 2.1 ± 1.6 years). Mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second increased from 25% ± 9% before transplantation to 79% ± 35% 1 year after transplantation. Acute rejection occurred 1.7 times per patient-year, with most episodes taking place within the first 6 months after transplantation. The need for treatment of lower respiratory tract infections occurred 1.2 times per patient in the first year after transplantation. Actuarial freedom from bronchiolitis obliterans was 63% at 2 years and 43% at 3 years. Redo transplantation was performed only in the pediatric population and was associated with an early mortality of 33%. Eight living donor transplants (four primary transplants, four redo transplants) were performed with an early survival of 87.5%. Conclusion: Patients with end-stage cystic fibrosis can undergo bilateral lung transplantation with morbidity and mortality comparable to that seen in pulmonary transplantation for other disease entities. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:404-14)
Computer simulations of the magnetically insulated transmission lines and post-hole convolute of ZR

An important consideration for the success of the ZR project, refurbishing the Z accelerator at Sandia National Laboratories, is limiting current loss in the vacuum section, ideally to no worse than the 5 – 10% seen on Z. The primary source for this loss is electrons flowing into the post-hole convolute from the four magnetically insulated transmission lines (MITLs). The MITLs on ZR have larger gaps to reduce the electron flow to values comparable to Z when operating at ∼40% higher voltage and ∼30% higher current. Electron flow in the vacuum section is analyzed with electromagnetic, particle-in-cell simulations, using two complementary simulation setups. First, the exact MITL profiles are modeled with high-resolution 2-D simulations out to large radius (typically r = 60 cm), providing accurate values for the electron flow into the convolute. Second, the convolute is modeled in 3-D, but with MITLs extending out only to r ∼ 30 cm. The 3-D MITL geometry is modified to provide the same electron flow into the convolute as the 2-D simulations. The 3-D simulations have detailed diagnostics for current loss and surface deposition heating in the convolute.
Proteomic characterization of non-small cell lung cancer in a comprehensive translational thoracic oncology database

In recent years, there has been tremendous growth and interest in translational research, particularly in cancer biology. This area of study clearly establishes the connection between laboratory experimentation and practical human application. Though it is common for laboratory and clinical data regarding patient specimens to be maintained separately, the storage of such heterogeneous data in one database offers many benefits as it may facilitate more rapid accession of data and provide researchers access to greater numbers of tissue samples. The Thoracic Oncology Program Database Project was developed to serve as a repository for well-annotated cancer specimen, clinical, genomic, and proteomic data obtained from tumor tissue studies. The TOPDP is not merely a library--it is a dynamic tool that may be used for data mining and exploratory analysis. Using the example of non-small cell lung cancer cases within the database, this study will demonstrate how clinical data may be combined with proteomic analyses of patient tissue samples in determining the functional relevance of protein over and under expression in this disease. Clinical data for 1323 patients with non-small cell lung cancer has been captured to date. Proteomic studies have been performed on tissue samples from 105 of these patients. These tissues have been analyzed for the expression of 33 different protein biomarkers using tissue microarrays. The expression of 15 potential biomarkers was found to be significantly higher in tumor versus matched normal tissue. Proteins belonging to the receptor tyrosine kinase family were particularly likely to be over expressed in tumor tissues. There was no difference in protein expression across various histologies or stages of non-small cell lung cancer. Though not differentially expressed between tumor and non-tumor tissues, the over expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was associated improved overall survival. However, this finding is preliminary and warrants further investigation. Though the database project is still under development, the application of such a database has the potential to enhance our understanding of cancer biology and will help researchers to identify targets to modify the course of thoracic malignancies.
Alcohol Consumption Patterns in Immigrant and Later Generation Mexican American Women

Using data from a re-analysis of a 1976 survey of alcohol patterns among Latinos in California as a basis of comparison this article summarizes what is known about the drinking practices of immigra...
Rac1 mutations produce aberrant epithelial differentiation in the developing and adult mouse small intestine

The mouse small intestinal epithelium undergoes continuous renewal throughout life. Previous studies suggest that differentiation of this epithelium is regulated by instructions that are received as cells migrate along crypt-villus units. The nature of the instructions and their intracellular processing remain largely undefined. In this report, we have used genetic mosaic analysis to examine the role of Rac1 GTPase-mediated signaling in controlling differentiation. A constitutively active mutation (Rac1Leu61) or a dominant negative mutation (Rac1Asn17) was expressed in the 129/Sv embryonic stem cell-derived component of the small intestine of C57Bl/6-ROSA26 129/Sv mice. Rac1Leu61 induces precocious differentiation of members of the Paneth cell and enterocytic lineages in the proliferative compartment of the fetal gut, without suppressing cell division. Forced expression of the dominant negative mutation inhibits epithelial differentiation, without affecting cell division, and slows enterocytic migration along crypt-villus units. The effects produced by Rac1Leu61 or Rac1Asn17 in the 129/Sv epithelium do not spread to adjacent normal C57Bl/6 epithelial cells. These results provide in vivo evidence that Rac1 is involved in the import and intracellular processing of signals that control differentiation of a mammalian epithelium.
On language and connectionism: analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition

Abstract Does knowledge of language consist of mentally-represented rules? Rumelhart and McClelland have described a connectionist (parallel distributed processing) model of the acquisition of the past tense in English which successfully maps many stems onto their past tense forms, both regular (walk/walked) and irregular (go/went), and which mimics some of the errors and sequences of development of children. Yet the model contains no explicit rules, only a set of neuronstyle units which stand for trigrams of phonetic features of the stem, a set of units which stand for trigrams of phonetic features of the past form, and an array of connections between the two sets of units whose strengths are modified during learning. Rumelhart and McClelland conclude that linguistic rules may be merely convenient approximate fictions and that the real causal processes in language use and acquisition must be characterized as the transfer of activation levels among units and the modification of the weights of their connections. We analyze both the linguistic and the developmental assumptions of the model in detail and discover that (1) it cannot represent certain words, (2) it cannot learn many rules, (3) it can learn rules found in no human language, (4) it cannot explain morphological and phonological regularities, (5) it cannot explain the differences between irregular and regular forms, (6) it fails at its assigned task of mastering the past tense of English, (7) it gives an incorrect explanation for two developmental phenomena: stages of overregularization of irregular forms such as bringed, and the appearance of doubly-marked forms such as ated and (8) it gives accounts of two others (infrequent overregularization of verbs ending in t/d, and the order of acquisition of different irregular subclasses) that are indistinguishable from those of rule-based theories. In addition, we show how many failures of the model can be attributed to its connectionist architecture. We conclude that connectionists' claims about the dispensability of rules in explanations in the psychology of language must be rejected, and that, on the contrary, the linguistic and developmental facts provide good evidence for such rules.
Rad9 Phosphorylation Sites Couple Rad53 to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA Damage Checkpoint

Rad9 is required for the MEC1/TEL1-dependent activation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA damage checkpoint pathways mediated by Rad53 and Chk1. DNA damage induces Rad9 phosphorylation, and Rad53 specifically associates with phosphorylated Rad9. We report here that multiple Mec1/Tel1 consensus [S/T]Q sites within Rad9 are phosphorylated in response to DNA damage. These Rad9 phosphorylation sites are selectively required for activation of the Rad53 branch of the checkpoint pathway. Consistent with the in vivo function in recruiting Rad53, Rad9 phosphopeptides are bound by Rad53 forkhead-associated (FHA) domains in vitro. These data suggest that functionally independent domains within Rad9 regulate Rad53 and Chk1, and support the model that FHA domain-mediated recognition of Rad9 phosphopeptides couples Rad53 to the DNA damage checkpoint pathway.
Ca Fluxes in Single Twitch Muscle Fibers

Ca influx and efflux in single twitch muscle fibers were determined by the movement of 45Ca. The isotope was assayed by counting the center 1 cm of a fiber while it was in nonradioactive Rnger's solution. The average resting influx in 1.0 mM Ca Ringer's was 0.26 pM Ca/cm2. sec for 5 to 20 min influx periods. The average additional influx upon stimulation in 1.0 mM Ca was 0.73 pM Ca/cm2. twitch. The efflux after both resting and stimulated 45Ca influx can be described by a single exponential curve with an average time constant of 125 min. This relationship is an indication of Ca exchange with a single intracellular compartment. This compartment contains an estimated 47% of the total muscle Ca at 1.0 mM Ca. When the Ca in the Ringer was reduced to 0.5 mM Ca, both the resting and stimulated Ca fluxes decreased. When Ca was raised to 1.8 mM, the stimulated influxes increased but the resting influx did not.
Improvement of Parabolic Nonlinear Dispersive Wave Model

Improvements to a previously published nonlinear parabolic wave model are developed and implemented. A second-order correction to a free-surface boundary condition used to develop the original model is formulated. The correction takes into account the complete second-order transformation between amplitudes of the velocity potential and those of the free-surface elevation. Additionally, wide-angle propagation terms are included in the model. It is shown that the model with the second-order correction retains the properties of third-order Stokes theory quite well in deep water. Comparisons of model behavior to data reveal that both nonlinearity and wide-angle propagation effects need to be included in the model for general wave transformation problems in shallow water. Skewness predictions are considerably improved by using both the second-order correction and by retaining a greater number of frequency components in the calculation. Asymmetry calculations are aided by incorporation of frequency-squared weighting for distribution of the dissipation function. Further improvement may entail a different form of the breaking model.
System design and performance analysis of layered MIMO OFDM and MC-CDMA communication systems

This paper presents comparison of vertical layered MIMO MC-CDMA and vertical layered MIMO OFDM system on the basis of bit error rate. Performance analysis is using Rayleigh fading channel and recursive least square algorithm for equalization. Analysis shows that the MC-CDMA system achieves low bit error at lower SNR.
Antibody Formation in Endotoxin-Tolerant Mice.∗

SummaryThe red cell plaqueing technique reveals that hemolysin-forming cells do not increase after endotoxin injection into an endo-toxin-tolerant animal. In contrast such increases occur following endotoxin injection into non-tolerant mice or following sheep red blood cell injections into endotoxin-tolerant animals. It was also shown that the injection of carbon into an endotoxin-tolerant animal immediately restores the animal's capacity to react to endotoxin with increases in hemolysin-forming spleen cells. These data suggest that endotoxin tolerance interferes with the ability of endotoxin to release a stimulator for plasma cells, but such tolerance does not interfere with the ability of antibody-forming cells to respond to the injection of specific antigen. Also, stimulatory oligodeoxyribonucleotides still can function in the endotoxin-tolerant animal. The bearing of these observations on the problem of relationships between elevated host-resistance and elevated antibody formation have been discussed.
Stakeholders' Inquiries About the Systemic Inclusion of Late Adolescent Newcomers to Canada: Moving From Questions to Understandings

Drawing on data collected during a larger, year-long ethnographic study of a pilot program designed to serve late adolescent newcomers to Canada, this paper uses notions of the phenomenological approach to consider the "inclusion" of late adolescent newcomers in Canada’s education system. The present consideration seeks to frame how some stakeholders implicated in a pilot program to help this particular learner population came to understand the forces that seemingly perpetuated the students’ oppression within the education system. In particular, issues of the parameters of language education, federal and provincial education policies, and funding were identified as the key influences within the phenomenon.
La Yeguada volcanic complex in the Republic of Panama: an assessment of the geologic hazards using 40 ar/ 39 ar geochronology

La Yeguada volcanic complex is one of three Quaternary volcanic centers in Panama. To assess potential geologic hazards, new samples were analyzed using argon analysis (40Ar/ 39 Ar ), and obtained the following: the most recent eruption occurred approximately 32,000 years ago at the Media Luna cinder cone; the youngest dated eruption from the main dome complex occurred 357 ± 19 ka, producing the Castillo dome unit; Cerro Picacho, a separate dacite dome 1.5 km east of the main complex is 4.47 ± 0.23 Ma; and the El Satro Pyroclastic Flow unit surrounds the northern portion of the volcanic complex is 11.26 ± 0.17 Ma. No Holocene (10,000 years ago to present) activity is recorded at the La Yeguada volcanic complex and therefore, it is unlikely to produce another eruption. The main geologic hazard at the La Yeguada volcanic complex is from landslides coming off the many steep slopes. Keywords: La Yeguada volcano, Panama volcanism, Media Luna cinder cone.
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

The primary goal in diagnosing and treating ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is to prevent ipsilateral renal function loss.
The role of scatter factor and the c-met proto-oncogene in angiogenic responses.

Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillary blood vessels from preexisting vessels, is one of the most pervasive and fundamentally important biological processes encountered in mammalian organisms. Angiogenesis is an important event in a number of physiological settings and is central to the etiology and/or pathogenesis of a number of developmental disorders, inflammatory diseases, and solid tumors. Under normal conditions, this process is driven by a complex array of stimulatory and inhibitory mediators that function coordinatedly to initiate, sustain, and abruptly terminate angiogenesis. However, when positive stimulatory signals persist or fail to be counteracted by inhibitory signals, disease often results. Recent work from several laboratories suggests that scatter factor (SF) also known as hepatocyte growth factor, a multifunctional mesenchymal derived cytokine, and its receptor, the c-met proto-oncogene, may play a pivotal role in the development of angiogenic responses in certain physiological and pathological settings. In this review we will examine the evidence that implicates SF as a mediator of angiogenesis and describe recent findings which suggest that inappropriate expression of SF or c-met may contribute to aberrant angiogenesis and disease pathogenesis.