cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does More Money Matter? an Introduction to the Performance-Based Scholarship Demonstration in California

One of six sites in MDRC’s national demonstration, California’s program, run in partnership with Cash for College, is testing performance-based scholarships of differing amounts and durations that supplement existing aid and that students can use at any accredited postsecondary institution.
The D**10 R**4 term in type IIB string theory

Abstract The modular invariant coefficient of the D 2 k R 4 term in the effective action of type IIB superstring theory is expected to satisfy Poisson equation on the fundamental domain of SL ( 2 , Z ) . Under certain assumptions, we obtain the equation satisfied by D 10 R 4 using the tree level and one loop results for four graviton scattering in type II string theory. This leads to the conclusion that the perturbative contributions to D 10 R 4 vanish above three loops, and also predicts the coefficients at two and three loops.
Diastolic Dyssynchrony Differences in Patients with Single Right Ventricles vs. Control Patients

Aims Diastolic dyssynchrony is increasingly being recognized as another marker for possible adverse cardiac events. Minimal data exist in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) patients. The goal of this study was to determine if there were differences in diastolic dyssynchrony in patients with HLHS vs. control patients. Methods/Results Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and strain rate (SR) analysis of the right ventricle in HLHS and control patients were performed. Time interval from onset of QRS complex on electrocardiography to peak TDI e′ wave was obtained. Differences in intervals were calculated: QRSe′(RV) − QRSe′(IVS) and QRSe′(RV) − QRSe′LV). Time interval from onset of QRS to peak strain rate early diastolic wave (SRe) was obtained for the six-segment model RV. Standard deviation of the six SRe time intervals was calculated. t-tests were performed to determine if differences were present between groups. Sixty patients were studied (35 HLHS, 25 control). There were no significant differences between HLHS and control patients in age (6.5 ± 3.2 years vs. 6.1 ± 2.6 years) or heart rate (91 ± 22 bpm vs. 91 ± 13 bpm), respectively. There were no significant differences between HLHS and control patients in QRSe′(RV) − QRSe′(IVS) (19.9 ± 15.4 ms vs. 23.3 ± 13.6 ms) and QRSe′(RV) − QRSe′(LV) (20.7 ± 13.8 vs. 22.8 ± 14.6 ms), respectively. There was a significant difference in SRe standard deviation between the HLHS and control patients (25.3 ± 12.4 ms vs. 15.5 ± 6.9 ms, P = .0007), respectively. Conclusion Patients with HLHS had increased diastolic dyssynchrony compared with control patients as measured via deformation analysis. Future studies are needed to determine the significance of these findings.
Impact of margin status and lymphadenectomy on clinical outcomes in resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma: implications for adjuvant radiotherapy

Background: Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is controversial. Minimal data exists regarding the clinical significance of margin clearance distance and lymph node (LN) parameters, such as extent of dissection and LN ratio. We assessed the impact of these variables on clinical outcomes to more clearly define the subset of patients who may benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Methods: We identified 106 patients with resected stage 1-3 PDA from 2007-2013. Resection margins were categorized as positive (tumor at ink), ≤1, or > 1 mm. LN evaluation included total number examined (NE), number of positive nodes (NP), ratio of NP to NE (NR), extent of dissection, and positive periportal LNs. The impact of these variables was assessed on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) using multivariate cox proportional hazards modeling. Results: In patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) alone, greater margin clearance led to improved DFS (P=0.0412, HR =0.51). Range of NE was 4-37, with a mean of 19. NE was not associated with DFS or OS, yet absolute NP of 5 or more was associated with a significantly worse DFS (P=0.005). Whereas periportal lymphadenectomy did not result in improved DFS or OS, patients with positive periportal LN had worse clinical outcomes (DFS, P=0.0052; OS, P=0.023). The use of adjuvant CRT was associated with improved OS (P=0.049; HR=0.29). Conclusions: In patients receiving adjuvant CT alone, there was a clinically significant benefit to clearing the surgical margin beyond tumor at ink. Having ≥5 NP and positive periportal LN led to significantly worse clinical outcomes. The addition of adjuvant RT to CT in resected PDA improved OS. A comprehensive evaluation of resection margin distance and LN parameters may identify more patients at risk for locoregional failure who may benefit from adjuvant CRT.
Oxidative/nitrosative stresses trigger type I diabetes: preventable in streptozotocin rats and detectable in human disease

Recently we demonstrated that streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes (type I) in rats is preventable using a simultaneous equimolar injection of carboxy-PTIO (c-PTIO). Both changes in blood sugar and cataracts are prevented. This apparently occurs because the nitric oxide (NO) (from STZ) generated in the beta cells is oxidized to nitrite by c-PTIO preventing diabetes. STZ generates NO producing a NO-based toxin. The toxin damages DNA by nicking and activates poly-ADP-ribose causing necrosis and triggering inflammation. Is there evidence that O/N stress occurs in early human type I diabetes? We studied 40 children with or without early type I diabetes and observed that urate is decreased 25% in all these diabetic children each over the age of 3 years. Urate is a major portion of blood-antioxidant load. Surely this decrease in urate indicates ongoing O/N stress. Does O/N stress initiate disease? STZ studies in rats indicates that this is correct.
Health Claims in the United States: An Aid to the Public or a Source of Confusion?

Health claims in the United States have been a topic of intense controversy since the mid-1980s. Three categories of claims can currently be used on food and dietary supplement labels in the United States: 1) health claims, 2) nutrient content claims, and 3) structure/function claims. Structure/function claims were authorized under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act and describe the effect of a dietary supplement on the structure or function of the body. Nutrient content claims are used to describe the percentage of a nutrient in a product relative to the daily value. Health claims describe a relation between a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient and reducing risk of a disease or health-related condition. Health claims are based on a very high standard of scientific evidence and significant scientific agreement. Are U.S. health claims really benefitting public health? Recent evidence suggests that this mode of communication has had limited success and in fact may be misleading to consumers.
β-Amyloid regulates gene expression of glial trophic substance S100β in C6 glioma and primary astrocyte cultures

S100β, a calcium-binding protein synthesized by CNS astrocytes, has trophic effects in vitro (neurite extension and glial proliferation). In Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome, severely afflicted brain regions exhibit up to 20-fold higher levels of S100β protein, and astrocytes surrounding neuritic plaques exhibit highly elevated levels of S100β immunostaining. A major constituent of plaques, β-amyloid, has been reported to have neurotoxic and neurotrophic effects in vitro. In our study we examined the responses of CNS glia to β-amyloid. C6 glioma cells and primary rat astrocyte cultures were treated with βA(1–40) peptide at doses up to 1 μM. Weak mitogenic activity, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, was observed. Northern blot analysis revealed increases of S100β mRNA within 24 h in a dose-dependent manner. Nuclear run-off transcription assays showed that βA(1–40) specifically induced new synthesis of S100β mRNA in cells maintained in serum, but under serum-freconditions, there was a general elevation of several mRNA species. Corresponding increases of S100β protein synthesis were observed by immunoprecipitation of 35S-labeled cellular proteins. To evaluate whether this effect of β-amyloid was mediated via neurokinin receptors or by calcium fluxes, various agonists and antagonists were tested and found to be ineffective at stimulating S100β synthesis. In sum, these in vitro data suggest that in neuropathological conditions, β-amyloid itself is an agent which may provoke chronic gliosis and the production of trophic substances by astrocytes.
Implicit Strategy Affects Learning in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure

Background: Learning and memory deficits are commonly reported in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Our recent work suggested that children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure retained information as well as controls on a verbal learning test but not on a test of nonverbal learning and memory. To better understand the cause of this differential pattern of performance, the current study re-analyzed data from our previous study to determine if the presence of an implicit learning strategy may account, at least in part, for the finding of spared retention. Methods: The current study examined verbal learning and memory abilities in 35 children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and 34 nonexposed controls (CON) matched for age (9–16 years), sex, ethnicity, handedness, and socioeconomic status. Groups were compared on two measures of verbal learning, one with an implicit strategy (California Verbal Learning Test–Children's Version; CVLT-C) and one without (Verbal Learning subtest of the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; VL-WRAML). Results: Children with FASD learned less information overall than children in the CON group. Both groups learned a greater percentage of information and reached a learning plateau earlier on the CVLT-C compared with the VL-WRAML. Groups also showed comparable rates of retention after a delay on the CVLT-C. In contrast, on the VL-WRAML, children with FASD showed poorer retention rates than children in the CON group. Interestingly, children with FASD did not differ from children in the CON group on CVLT-C semantic clustering scores for learning trials 1 through 3, and greater utilization of semantic clustering was correlated with better learning and memory performance in both groups. This overall pattern of results was not related to overall intellectual level. Conclusions: The finding of spared retention of verbal information on the CVLT-C in our earlier studies may be related to test characteristics of the CVLT-C rather than a finding of spared verbal retention per se, given that spared retention was not found on a separate test of verbal learning and memory without an implicit learning strategy. These results suggest that the use of an implicit strategy positively affected the ability of alcohol-exposed children to learn and retain new verbal information.
Estimating business targets

Determining and setting maximal revenue expectations or other business performance targets---whether it is for regional company divisions or individual customers---can have profound financial implications. Operational techniques are changed, staffing levels are altered and management attention is re-focused---all in the name of expectations. In practice these expectations are often derived in an ad hoc manner. To address this unsupervised task, we combine nearest neighbor methods and classical statistical methods and derive a new solution to the classical econometric task of frontier analysis. We apply our methodology to two real world business problems in Verizon, a major telecommunications provider in the United States, more specifically in the print yellow page division Verizon Information Services: (1) identifying under marketed customers for targeted upselling campaigns and focused sales attention, and (2) benchmarking regional directory divisions to incent performance improvements. Our analysis uncovers some commercially useful aspects of these domains and by conservative estimates can increase revenue by several million dollars in each domain.
Forecasting of Hourly Load By Pattern Recognition A Deterministic Approach

An algorithm using pattern recognition techniques and current weather parameters to forecast hourly electric load with a lead time of one to three hours is proposed. The lead time can be increased to at most 24 hours with the use of forecasted weather parameters.
DEVELOPMENT OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS CAPABLE OF IDENTIFYING CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM OOCYSTS STAINED WITH 4′, 6 DIAMIDINO-2-PHENYLINDOLE

Cryptosporidium parvum is a coccidian protozoan parasite capable of infecting a variety of mammalian hosts, and can cause gastro-enteric disease within humans. C. parvum oocysts were stained with varying concentrations of 4′, 6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). After microscopic observation, objects of interest were captured using a CCD color digital camera. The microscopic images were classified based on their DAPI stain properties as either DAPI positive or negative. Individual oocysts were cropped, converted to grayscale, applied to a binary threshold filter, and were further processed into a numerical data array. DAPI positive and negative images (100 each) were randomly removed for artificial neural network (ANN) testing. The remaining image data were used for ANN training using a commercially available software program. After training experimentation, a final network design was implemented possessing 95 input, 400 hidden, and 2 output neurons. Additional control image sets (ranging from 165 to 119 images) were collected to better ascertain ANN performance. These images consisted of DAPI positive oocysts and two types of DAPI negative images (either formalin treated oocysts or algal cultures). Selected ANN correctly identified, as a range, 82.4–93.8% of the DAPI positive oocysts, 97–98.2% of the DAPI negative oocysts, and 52.9–57% of the DAPI negative algal cells. The control image sets were unique data, never presented during ANN training. Because of this, combined with the high number of correct image identifications for certain image sets, ANN technology may provide a means to identify C. parvum oocysts through automated analysis.
Prevalence of body dissatisfaction among a United States adult sample

Abstract Body dissatisfaction (BD) is a primary determinant of eating disorders and has been linked to chronic disease via decreased likelihood of cancer screening self-exams and smoking cessation. Yet, there are few recent estimates of the prevalence of BD among United States adults. Using an internet-based, opt-in, cross-sectional survey, United States adults (N = 1893) completed assessments of demographic variables, body areas satisfaction, appearance evaluation, fitness evaluation, health evaluation, and overweight preoccupation. Results revealed that the range of BD is 13.4%–31.8% among women and 9.0%–28.4% among men. Compared to previous assessments of prevalence (1973, 1986, 1995, 1997), the prevalence of BD among United States adults may have plateaued or declined over time.
Puzzled by Weather Words

I've been in the practice of meteorology for more than 35 years. I began my career as a weather observer on the shores of the icy Chukchi Sea in Alaska, 160 miles above the Arctic Circle. Shortly t...
Failure to rescue as a process measure to evaluate fetal safety during labor.

Purpose To evaluate a perinatal team's clinical responses to the key components of the failure to rescue process. Methods This retrospective descriptive study involved a review of medical records and their accompanying fetal monitoring strips for 53 women who had a cesarean birth at term for a nonreassuring fetal heart rate pattern. The instrument was the Fetal Safety Failure to Rescue Process Tool based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Failure to Rescue Patient Safety Indicator adapted for perinatal care processes. This tool measured four process measures: careful surveillance, timely identification of complications, appropriate interventions, and activating a team response. A mean total score was computed to determine quality of care based on all four of the process measures. Results The perinatal team's mean total score was 6.6 (SD = 1.0, range 3-8); the highest possible score was 8. The lowest score was found in the team's response with appropriate interventions (lateral positioning, intravenous fluid bolus, discontinuation of oxytocin, oxygen administration, amnioinfusion, administration of Terbutaline) based on fetal heart rate pattern. Interrater reliability of the tool was 90%. Clinical implications This study provided information that may be useful in evaluating processes of care to ensure quality care for mothers and babies during labor. The findings formed the basis for implementing unit-specific educational programs, including (a) certification, continuing education, and documented competence in electronic fetal monitoring education to promote consistency in language and understanding of abnormal fetal heart rate patterns; (b) review of appropriate documentation of nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns; (c) review and revision, if necessary, of established institutional standards and guidelines for appropriate interventions for nonreassuring fetal heart rate patterns; (d) changes in standardized forms to include times for notification of team members and improved communication, and (e) mechanisms for identifying system failures.
Exact identification of critical nodes in sparse networks via new compact formulations

Critical node detection problems aim to optimally delete a subset of nodes in order to optimize or restrict a certain metric of network fragmentation. In this paper, we consider two network disruption metrics which have recently received substantial attention in the literature: the size of the remaining connected components and the total number of node pairs connected by a path. Exact solution methods known to date are based on linear 0–1 formulations with at least $$\varTheta (n^3)$$ entities and allow one to solve these problems to optimality only in small sparse networks with up to 150 nodes. In this work, we develop more compact linear 0–1 formulations for the considered types of problems with $$\varTheta (n^2)$$ entities. We also provide reformulations and valid inequalities that improve the performance of the developed models. Computational experiments show that the proposed formulations allow finding exact solutions to the considered problems for real-world sparse networks up to 10 times larger and with CPU time up to 1,000 times faster compared to previous studies.
Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective

In a comparative and historical study of the interplay between democratic politics and authoritarian states in South Asia, Ayesha Jalal explains how a shared colonial legacy led to apparently contrasting patterns of political development - democracy in India and authoritarianism in Pakistan and Bangladesh. The analysis shows how, despite differences in form, central political authority in each state came to confront similar threats from regional and linguistic dissidence, religious and sectarian strife, as well as class and caste conflicts. By comparing state structures and political processes, the author evaluates and redefines democracy, citizenship, sovereignty and the nation-state, arguing for a more decentralized governmental structure. This original and provocative study will challenge students and scholars in the field to rethink traditional concepts of democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia.
Chemical characterization of tobacco necrosis and satellite viruses

Abstract Tobacco necrosis virus (AC36TNV) and satellite virus (SV-C) were compared as to amino acid composition and nucleotide ratio. The numbers of amino acid residues (not including tryptophan) per subunit and subunit molecular weights, determined by amino acid analysis and tryptic peptide chromatography, were 209 and 24,900 for SV-C, and 197 and 22,600 for AC36TNV. Neither virus has a free N-terminal residue. The C-terminal residue was leucine for SV-C, and isoleucine for AC36TNV. Molar percentages in both viruses were similar for cytosine and uracil, and somewhat different for adenine and guanine. s 20,w values for the viral RNA's were 14.2 ± 2 for SV-C, and 24.1 ± 2 for AC36TNV. The extinction coefficient at 260 mμ was 5.3 mg/cm 2 for SV-C, and 5.0 mg/cm 2 for AC36TNV.
A special report on the SIGBDP forum "the new data base task group report"

CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) is an informal and voluntary organization of interested individuals, supported by their institutions, who contribute their efforts and expenses toward the end of designing and developing techniques and languages for data systems, analysis, design, and implementation.
Performance analysis of the effective dielectric model for perfect electric conducting objects

In this paper, the performance of the effective dielectric model for perfect electric conducting (PEC) objects is studied by using the method of moments solution for volume integral equation. In this approach, the PEC objects are represented as dielectric material objects with very large imaginary part of permittivity. The numerical results indicate that the effective dielectric model is a reasonable method to describe PEC objects. The accuracy of the effective model is improved when the imaginary part of permittivity increases for electrically small objects. While for electrically large objects, there is no obvious dependence on the imaginary part of permittivity.
Valuing but Not Liking School: Revisiting the Relationship Between School Attitudes and Substance Use Among Urban Youth

Research has found strong linkages between adolescent substance use and attitudes toward school. Few studies of this relationship, however, consider the different dimensions of students’ school attitudes, separating perceptions of the importance of school from the quality of students’ affective experiences therein. Using a sample of 301 urban adolescents, evenly divided into substance users and nonusers, this study examines the relationships between these two dimensions of school attitudes and substance use. Findings highlight a subset of adolescent substance users who see school as the most important place in which they routinely spend time and who differ significantly from other users, but not from nonusers, in their expressed satisfaction with school. Results also call attention to the ubiquity of urban adolescents’ dissatisfaction with their teachers, showing such dissatisfaction as unrelated to their rates of substance use. Implications for school reform, dropout prevention programs, and future research are discussed.
A generalized theory of multiplateau hydrogen absorption isotherms

Abstract A model for multiplateau hydrogen absorption isotherms, developed earlier by the author and based on Lacher's form for the chemical potential, has been generalized so as to be applicable to any form for the chemical potential which does not include interactions between hydrogen atoms on different types of sites. A particular form for the chemical potential, which illustrates all the features of the theory, is examined in detail and is used to fit the hydrogen desorption isotherms of DyCo3 and ErCo3.
Arabidopsis Trichome Morphogenesis: A Genetic Approach to Studying Cytoskeletal Function

Arabidopsis trichome (leaf hair) development is being used to genetically dissect cytoskeletal organization and function in plant cells. The highly constrained and distinct requirements for microtubule and microfilament function during trichome morphogenesis make it possible to screen for mutations that affect cytoskeletal function. Pharmacological drugs that disrupt normal microtubule dynamics block the establishment of polarized trichome growth. In contrast, drugs that alter F-actin organization or dynamics affect the maintenance and coordination of the normal pattern of cell growth at later stages of morphogenesis. There are distinct classes of trichome morphology mutants that appear to affect either the microtubule or the microfilament-dependent phases of trichome morphogenesis. For example, the zwichel (zwi) mutant displays altered trichome stalk expansion and branch initiation that is similar to the effects of microtubule-disrupting agents. The ZWI gene encodes a kinesin-like microtubule motor protein. The cell shape defects of the distorted group of trichome morphology mutants are phenocopied by exposing developing trichomes to drugs that disrupt the actin cytoskeleton, but not those that affect microtubule-disrupting agents. Distorted mutants fail to maintain polarized growth during discrete stages of trichome development. The combination of molecular genetic and cell biology tools will help to uncover the mechanisms of cytoskeletal organization and function in plant cells.
Evaluation of disposal, recycling and clearance scenarios for managing ARIES radwaste after plant decommissioning

The wealth of experience accumulated over the past 30–40 years of fusion power plant studies must be forged into a new strategy to reshape all aspects of handling the continual stream of radioactive materials during operation and after power plant decommissioning. With tighter environmental controls and the political difficulty of building new repositories worldwide, the disposal option could be replaced with more environmentally attractive scenarios, such as recycling and clearance. We applied the three scenarios to the most recent ARIES compact stellarator power plant. All ARIES-CS components qualify as Class A or C low-level waste, according to the US guidelines, and can potentially be recycled using conventional and advanced remote handling equipment. Approximately 80% of the total waste can be cleared for reuse within the nuclear industry or, preferably, released to the commercial market. This paper documents the recent developments in radwaste management of nuclear facilities and highlights the benefits and challenges of disposal, recycling and clearance.
The ‘Anitrinitarianism’ of John Campanus

John Campanus was one of the two most notorious Antitrinitarians of northern Europe in the second quarter of the sixteenth century. While, unlike the other, Michael Servetus, he does not seem to have had any lasting marked influence on Antitrinitarian developments, the stir he created among his comtemporaries was considerable. His stature in his own time is partially attested to, albeit negatively, both in a letter of Luther's in 1531 in which he identified Campanus as an adversary of the Son of God who blasphemed Christ even more than Arius had,2 and in the “mild” Melanchthon's opinion— given in response to a statement by Luther that the best way to deal with Campanus was to ignore him—that one should, rather, hitch him to the gallows. Somewhat more positive esteem, on the other hand, is intimated in a letter written to Cardinal Cervini in 1541 by the Catholic reformer Albert Pighius, whose opinion it was of one of Campanus' writings that no other writing of the time, either by a Catholic or a Lutheran, displayed greater erudition and ingenuity.
Optimal management of the patient with an episode of atrial fibrillation in and out of the hospital: acute cardioversion or not?

The optimal management of a patient with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly individualized. Frequently, the key management decision is whether or not to perform acute cardioversion. This decision involves asking two questions: (1) should cardioversion be performed at all? And, if so, (2) should cardioversion be performed acutely or should it be delayed? To answer the first question, the benefits of sinus rhythm, the risks of cardioversion, and the likelihood of recurrence must be considered. The answer to the second question depends largely on the duration of AF. In patients who have had AF for 48 hours, or in whom the duration is unclear, an atrial thrombus must be excluded by a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) if acute cardioversion is being considered, unless the situa-
Localization of intracellular polysaccharide granules in Streptococcus mitis.

Abstract The accumulation of an intracellular glycogen-like polysaccharide was studied by electron microscopy in a strain of Streptococcus mitis which can store up to 50 per cent of its dry weight as intracellular polysaccharide. Storage of polysaccharide was reflected by an increase in the number but not the size of distinct cytoplasmic granules. Synthesis of glycogen appeared to occur near the cell membrane since the granules in the earlier stages of accumulation were usually located there. The average diameter of the granules was about 600 A and from this measurement the molecular weight of the polysaccharide was estimated to be about 3.3 × 10 7 . Each granule would appear to represent a single glycogen macromolecule.
The dependence of pigeon breast succinoxidase activity on cytochrome c concentration.

Abstract Particulate preparations from pigeon breast muscle have been found to require the addition of a factor for maximum activity in the oxidation of succinate. This factor is found in the supernate from the enzyme preparation and has been identified after electrophoretic separation as cytochrome c. This method of identification is particularly useful when other coloured compounds are present in the supernate. Unlike cytochrome c addition of excess of the supernate S1 inhibits the succinoxidase system.
Separation of Proteins and Nanoparticles by Charge and Size with a Tunable Semiconductor Membrane

We study the applicability of tunable nanoporous semiconductor membranes made of the heavily doped silicone for separation of nanoparticles and proteins by their size and charge. We demonstrate that this type of membrane can overcome one of the major shortcomings of membrane applications for particle separation: the compromise between membrane selectivity and permeability. The microscopic computational model that we have developed describes the translocation process of filtered objects with the translational-rotational Brownian Dynamics taking into consideration effects from the dielectrophoresis, the electrolyte solution flow, and the self-consistent electrostatic potential distribution within the continuum Poisson-Nernst-Planck approach. Our results indicate that the tunable local electric field arising inside the membrane can effectively control interaction of filtered objects with the nanopore to either block its passage or increase the translocation rate by modulating the electroosmotic flow direction and magnitude. By extracting the membrane permeability from our microscopic simulations, we compute the macroscopic sieving factors and show that the size and charge selectivity of the membrane can be tuned by the applied voltage in the broad range.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Maîtrise de la surface pour prévenir la corrosion des composants

Dans les circuits primaire et secondaire des reacteurs electrogene a eau pressurisee (REP), AREVA met en œuvre un certain nombre d’alliages a base de Ni et d’aciers inoxydables austenitiques pour la realisation de composants ayant un role majeur dans la surete des installations. Le retour d’experience de plus de 20 ans d’exploitation des reacteurs a permis de mettre en evidence le role crucial joue par l’etat de surface de ces composants dans leur duree de vie et les modes de degradation potentielle. Dans cet article, nous presentons quatre exemples de problemes rencontres et resolus. L’etude de l’etat de surface des composants endommages, l’identification des parametres importants dans le developpement des phenomenes de corrosion nous ont permis de definir la surface optimale necessaire pour une meilleure tenue en service et nous ont conduits a mettre en place les procedures pour la maitrise de la surface des pieces de remplacement. Enfin, nous donnons quelques pistes de reflexion concernant les besoins actuels en termes de moyen d’analyse pour ameliorer les connaissances de la surface des composants fabriques.
Self-Fourier objects and other self-transform objects: comment

The sech function is an important example of a self-Fourier transform function that may have applications in the analysis of linear and nonlinear optical propagation.
The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective.

Summary On Sept 29, 2013, the Framingham Heart Study will celebrate 65 years since the examination of the first volunteer in 1948. During this period, the study has provided substantial insight into the epidemiology and risk factors of cardiovascular disease. The origins of the study are closely linked to the cardiovascular health of President Franklin D Roosevelt and his premature death from hypertensive heart disease and stroke in 1945. In this Review we describe the events leading to the foundation of the Framingham Heart Study, and provide a brief historical overview of selected contributions from the study.
Stuttering in Young Children and Level of Demand

An instrument called a Probe was devised to present five levels of demand. Probes were given to three groups, an experimental group of nine young stutterers ranging in age from four to seven years,...
The Embodiment of Mind

The paper considers a Darwinian approach to the traditional mind-body problem and the problem of consciousness, called ‘neural Darwinism’. It describes essential features of consciousness and brain structures, putting strong emphasis not just on the action of brain regions but also on their interaction. The theory of neural Darwinism describes the emergence of consciousness, using key notions of Darwin’s theory. According to this theory the brain is a selectional system; it consists of vast repertoires of neurons and their connections, given rise to a great number of dynamic states. In this way the mind is ‘entailed’ by the brain.
Precipitation Variation in the Pacific Northwest (1675–1975) as Reconstructed from Tree Rings

Abstract Long-term records of precipitation variation for three regions within the Pacific Northwest are reconstructed based on ring-width data from drought-sensitive conifers. Precipitation reconstructions are derived using multiple regression models that predict variation in annual precipitation as a function of standardized and prewhitened tree-ring chronologies. The precipitation reconstructions indicate that droughts similar in magnitude and duration to those observed in the 1920s and 1930s have occurred frequently, at least once per century, in the past. The timing of drought episodes varies spatially, most notably during the nineteenth century. During the first half of the nineteenth century, precipitation was above average in Washington and northern Oregon but below average in southern Oregon and northern California. During the latter half of the nineteenth century, southern Oregon and northern California experienced above average precipitation while Washington and northern Oregon experienced repe...
Phenobarbital modulates the type of cell death by rat hepatocytes during deprivation of serum in vitro.

An immortal line of chemically altered rat hepatocytes was used to study the effects of the liver tumor promoter, phenobarbital (PB), on hepatocyte growth and viability in vitro. When the serum concentration in medium was changed from 10% to 0.5%, cell proliferation decreased and hepatocytes died. Death of the hepatocytes occurred after 2 days in low-serum medium. PB appeared to control the type of cell death that occurred. In the absence of PB in low-serum medium, most dead cells had morphological changes that are characteristic of necrosis as determined by both light and electron microscopy. In the presence of PB, the dead cells had alterations typical of apoptosis. Biochemical features of cell death in lowserum medium were also analyzed. DNA isolated from cells in low serum with PB showed nucleosome-length fragments after gel electrophoresis, whereas DNA from cells in low serum without PB appeared as randomly degraded fragments. Although proliferation of hepatocytes in low-serum decreased by 75%, the appearance of apoptosis in the presence of PB was associated with increased expression of the c-myc gene. Based on these observations, we conclude that PB can modulate the type of cell death that occurs after serum deprivation in this line of immortal rat hepatocytes. PB seemed to prevent necrotic cell death in low serum, and cells died through a gene-directed pathway of apoptosis.
The penetration of fluorescein-conjugated and electron-dense tracer proteins into Xenopus tadpole optic nerves following perineural injection

The permeability of Xenopus tadpole optic nerves to macromolecules was studied in order to evaluate the usefulness of this system for studying mechanisms of serum-induced CNS demyelination in vivo. Single injections of either horseradish peroxidase (HRP), ferritin or fluorescein-conjugated human IgG were injected around the right optic nerve and tadpoles were then sacrificed between 15 min and 48 h. Each of the tracers had penetrated the nerve parenchyma by 30 min. Entry of HRP and ferritin occurred mainly via extracellular clefts between adjacent astrocytic endfeet in the glia limitans region. A similar mode of passage was suggested for IgG. Once within the nerve, the tracers became rapidly associated with myelinated axons. HRP was also seen in the periaxonal space but did not directly penetrate the myelin sheath. By 24 h, extracellular localization of tracer was virtually absent with nearly all of the tracer now being concentrated in vesicles within astrocytic processes and perikarya. The distribution of the tracers was not confined to the optic nerve on the injected side; some was seen in adjacent cranial peripheral nerves and surrounding extraocular musculature. Also, tracers eventually penetrated the pial sheath of the contralateral optic nerve. The results of this study indicate that tadpole optic nerves are permeable to a wide range of macromolecules. Furthermore, the distribution of these tracers to nearby cranial peripheral nerves may provide an important opportunity for testing the differential effect of various substances on central and peripheral myelin sheaths.
International cooperation in exchange‐rate management: Coordination of U.S. and Japanese intervention, 1977–1990

What are the determinants of international cooperation in exchange‐rate management? To answer this question, coordination of foreign exchange intervention by the United States and Japan from 1977 t...
Differentiating subgroups of children with special health care needs by health status and complexity of health care needs.

Objectives Our objective is to use the Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) Screener to identify subgroups of CSHCN differentiated by health status and complexity of need. Methods Data are from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs, 2001 and the National Survey of Children’s Health, 2003 (conducted by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics); and the 2001 and 2002 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. A broad array of variables measuring health status, complexity of need, and related issues are examined by subgroupings of CSHCN. Results Relative to other CSHCN, CSHCN with functional limitations or who qualify on more CSHCN Screener items have poorer health status and more complex health care needs. They more often experience a variety of health issues; their insurance is more often inadequate; the impact of their conditions on their families is higher; and their medical costs are higher. Conclusion In the absence of information on specific conditions, health status, or complexity of need, the CSHCN Screener alone can be used to create useful analytic subgroups that differ on these dimensions. The proposed subgroups, based on the type or number of CSHCN screening criteria, differentiate CSHCN by health status and complexity of health care needs, and also show differences in the impact of their conditions on their families, costs of their medical care, and prevalence of various health problems.
Discovering Green, Aqueous Suzuki Coupling Reactions: Synthesis of Ethyl (4-Phenylphenyl)acetate, a Biaryl with Anti-Arthritic Potential

Suzuki couplings are powerful chemical reactions commonly employed in academic and industrial research settings to generate functionalized biaryls. We have developed and implemented a discovery-based, microscale experiment for the undergraduate organic chemistry laboratory that explores green Suzuki coupling using water as the primary solvent. This experiment exposes students to the professional responsibilities of a pharmaceutical chemist and promotes a problem-solving approach toward learning green chemistry principles. Specifically, students assume the role of a medicinal chemistry researcher striving to identify the greenest and most cost-effective method out of three proposed synthetic approaches to make ethyl (4-phenylphenyl)acetate. Ethyl (4-phenylphenyl)acetate is a precursor to the drug felbinac and demonstrates promise as a lead compound in the discovery of new nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of arthritis.
Latter-Day Tweets: The Mormon Times's Use of Twitter as a Reporting Tool

This study examined Twitter use by the Mormon Times, a weekly publication operated by the Deseret News in Salt Lake City, Utah. Specifically, 415 tweets posted during a six-month period were analyzed. The Mormon Times staff posted an average of 2.25 tweets a day and most often used these tweets to promote content from its columnists. Most of these tweets promoted content generated by Mormon Times staff and included links that took followers back to mormontimes.com. However, the interaction between followers and the Mormon Times staff was limited, with just 12% of the tweets used to reply to followers. Only 4% of tweets were retweets, and 8% of tweets solicited feedback from users. This limited interaction followed similar trends established by mainstream newspapers in their use of Twitter.
On the computability of fractal dimensions and Hausdorff measure

It is shown that there exist subsets A and B of the real line which are recursively constructible such that A has a nonrecursive Hausdorff dimension and B has a recursive Hausdorff dimension (between 0 and 1) but has a finite, nonrecursive Hausdorff measure. It is also shown that there exists a polynomial-time computable curve on the two-dimensional plane that has a nonrecursive Hausdorff dimension between 1 and 2. Computability of Julia sets of computable functions on the real line is investigated. It is shown that there exists a polynomial-time computable function f on the real line whose Julia set is not recurisvely approximable.
A case of unilateral ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint with malposed unerupted mandibular molar

Abstract A case of unilateral intra-articular ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is reported. In addition, the patient had an impacted lower molar on the affected side displaced toward the ramus of the mandible.
Analyses of Stage-Specific Multiple Forms of Lactate Dehydrogenase and of Cytochrome c during Spermatogenesis in the Mouse

Spermatogenesis is a programmed developmental process characterized by the inactivation of certain genes and the activation of other, testis-specific genes. Synthesis of unique gene products such as LDH-C4 and cytochrome ct occurs only at precise stage of germ cell formation. The developmental sequences of gene activation for these proteins was observed by immunohistochemical procedures. LDH-C4 is first detectable during mid-pachytene of the primary spermatocyte. The C subunits appear to be uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the spermatocyte. The mid-pachytene stage also marks the first appearance of cytochrome ct. The association of this electron transport protein with spermatocyte mitochondria is reflected in a granular fluorescence of specific antibody-treated sections of testis. Neither the C subunit of LDH, nor cytochrome ct appear in leptotene or early pachytene primary spermatocytes. These analyses indicate that there is stage-specific protein synthesis in the primary spermatocyte which is characterized by differential activation of the LDH-C locus and of the gene coding for cytochrome ct.
A Research Study of a Technique for Adjusting Clarinet Reeds

T HE MAIN PURPOSE of this project was to find a technique of adjusting clarinet reeds that would not disturb the basic structural balance of the reed. In carrying out the project the techniques of preparation and adjusting of single reeds which are described by leading clarinet and saxophone artists were investigated. Related to this was the examination of a quantity of commercial clarinet reeds. Since the procedures involved were those available to the performerteacher at home or in the studio, the project should be regarded only as a preliminary investigation into a rather complex problem. It was undertaken with the hope of bringing to light some possibilities which might serve as a basis for further and more scientific investigation.
Teacher Autonomy and Nonsexist Curriculum: Case Studies from Two Rural Schools

ABSTRACTFive female teachers in largely minority-populated schools in the rural Southwestern United States were among the participants in a project whose aim was to develop and implement nonsexist career education. Because the project saw teacher autonomy as an important component of curricular change, the teachers created unique programs that reflected their conceptualizations of their students' needs and of feminism. The Teachers' active involvement contributed to the development of curricula that were highly responsive to the needs of the children of these particular communities. Although teacher autonomy creates the risk of an unbalanced curriculum, this can perhaps best be handled not by restricting autonomy but by encouraging collaboration.
Comparison of pressure inactivation of caliciviruses and picornaviruses in a model food system

Abstract Human enteric viruses are a major cause of foodborne illnesses. The objective of this study was to determine the high pressure processing parameters necessary to inactivate hepatitis A virus (HAV), Aichi virus (AiV), and the human norovirus surrogates, feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus (MNV) in fresh salsa. Samples were treated at 250, 400 and 500 MPa for 1, 5, and 10 min at 9 °C. AiV was additionally HPP-treated at temperatures of 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C. In salsa, HAV and FCV were inactivated beyond the limit of detection after 1 min at 400 and 250 MPa, respectively. MNV was more pressure resistant than FCV, whereby 400 MPa for 1 min was needed to achieve the same degree of inactivation. AiV titers were not reduced after a 500 MPa treatment. When heat was combined with high pressure unique pressure-assisted heat stabilization was observed associated with AiV only. Industrial relevance The manuscript Comparison of Pressure Inactivation of Caliciviruses and Picornaviruses in a Model Food System is focused on the nonthermal processing technology high pressure processing (HPP), which is a highly used technology and one that is readily accepted by consumers. This manuscript discusses the use of HPP for the inactivation of foodborne viruses from two different families on a fresh produce item that may be widely contaminated during preharvest or post-harvest. Viruses are difficult to detect and therefore technologies that can be used to inactivate them without organoleptic changes to the product are advantageous. This manuscript includes consumer acceptance of the treated product. This manuscript will be useful to industry to show the continued important of HPP in ready-to-eat food products, like salsa.