cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving the broadband contrast at small inner working angles using image sharpening techniques

The detection of extrasolar planets, using both spaceand ground-based telescopes, is one of the most exciting fields in astronomy today. From the ground, the upcoming Extremely Large Telescopes will offer a significant increase in our capability to directly image exoplanets and could potentially lead to the direct detection of planets in the habitable zone. To obtain contrasts better than 10−7-10−9 requires precise wavefront control algorithms. Although wavefront control techniques, such as Electric Field Conjugation, stroke minimization and speckle nulling, have been already developed and will soon be operational on 8-m class telescopes, they primarily function in monochromatic light and at moderate separations (r>3 λ/D). While wavefront control simulations combining polychromatic light and smaller inner working angles (1.2 λ/D for example) have shown promising results, experimental verification is still ongoing. In this paper, we discuss the challenges emerging when pushing the limits of high-contrast imaging and present our latest contrast results using wavefront control techniques optimized for small separations. This work is performed using the NASA Ames Coronagraph Experiment (ACE) laboratory testbed located in California.
Functional Assays to Screen and Dissect Genomic Hits: Doubling Down on the National Investment in Genomic Research.

The National Institutes of Health have made substantial investments in genomic studies and technologies to identify DNA sequence variants associated with human disease phenotypes. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has been at the forefront of these commitments to ascertain genetic variation associated with heart, lung, blood, and sleep diseases and related clinical traits. Genome-wide association studies, exome- and genome-sequencing studies, and exome-genotyping studies of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–funded epidemiological and clinical case–control studies are identifying large numbers of genetic variants associated with heart, lung, blood, and sleep phenotypes. However, investigators face challenges in identification of genomic variants that are functionally disruptive among the myriad of computationally implicated variants. Studies to define mechanisms of genetic disruption encoded by computationally identified genomic variants require reproducible, adaptable, and inexpensive methods to screen candidate variant and gene function. High-throughput strategies will permit a tiered variant discovery and genetic mechanism approach that begins with rapid functional screening of a large number of computationally implicated variants and genes for discovery of those that merit mechanistic investigation. As such, improved variant-to-gene and gene-to-function screens—and adequate support for such studies—are critical to accelerating the translation of genomic findings. In this White Paper, we outline the variety of novel technologies, assays, and model systems that are making such screens faster, cheaper, and more accurate, referencing published work and ongoing work supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s R21/R33 Functional Assays to Screen Genomic Hits program. We discuss priorities that can accelerate the impressive but incomplete progress represented by big data genomic research.
Human tumor antigens.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses mainly on those human tumor antigens defined by using murine Mabs as molecular and functional probes. Particular emphasis has been placed on describing those glycoprotein and ganglioside tumor antigens that serve as targets for cancer therapy and as biochemically defined cellular markers for ultimately delineating basic mechanisms of tumor invasion and metastasis. Large numbers of glycoproteins have been targeted by murine Mabs as potential human tumor-associated antigens, essentially because of the relative ease by which such Mabs can be produced. The vast majority of these antigens have not been characterized in depth as to their molecular and functional characteristics. On the contrary, the major thrust of these efforts has been to determine the potential of murine Mabs directed to glycoprotein antigens for diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Researchers described the immunochemical characterization of four Mabs to human melanoma-associated antigens. These antibodies were expressed on antigenic structures not associated with p2-microglobulin or histocompatibility antigens. These findings are in agreement with previous results using polyclonal alloantisera and xenoantisera, respectively, to show that serologically detectable human melanoma-associated antigens are not histocompatibility antigens. Several key studies are discussed in the chapter describing the development and characterization of murine Mabs to tumor-associated ganglioside antigens. The focus is mainly on those antigens that have been examined in some depth as to their potential functional roles as tumor markers.
Pedagogical development of computer-based learning material

This paper is addressed to the serious producer (either present or future) of computer-based or interactive videodisc learning material. It is not aimed at the casual producer. Very few individuals can develop good computer-based learning material, in any substantial quantity, as a casual activity. It is a serious activity demanding time, effort and resources. The low quality of much of the existing commercial and noncommercial material shows the difficulty of trying to view such production as a “spare time” activity. I will use “computer” in this paper to include interactive videodisc, the combination of the computer and the videodisc or compact disk player.
Evaluation of Weld Solidification Cracking in Ni-Base Superalloys Using the Cast Pin Tear Test

A second-generation cast pin tear test (CPTT) that is capable of ranking the weldability of Ni-base superalloys has been developed at the Ohio State University. The CPTT utilizes an optimized testing procedure and apparatus design that provide controllable and repeatable testing conditions, and yield reproducible and reliable test results.
“No Leisure for Myself ”: C.C. Stopes and British Freewomen

Charlotte Carmichael (C.C.) Stopes was born in Scotland in 1840 and died in 1929; she was an author and public intellectual, especially after moving to London. She gained her greatest renown as a scholar of Shakespeare’s family and his historical context. Even though associated most prominently with Shakespeare, she devoted time to feminist causes, especially women’s suffrage. She offered historical evidence of women’s long-term political privilege, arguing against the need for legislation as women had both voted and held offices throughout British history. Her most important work on the topic, British Freewomen, was published in 1894 and traced women’s political standing through past generations. Her correspondence, especially with her daughter Marie (a prominent leader of Britain’s birth control movement), documented her hectic life, although she received little reward for her written work. It has been broadly forgotten, except for specialists in women’s political past or in Shakespeare scholarship around 1900. Stopes’ correspondence with her daughter reveals not simply an amazingly full life, but also both admiration for, and competition with, Marie.
Differences between screen-detected and interval breast cancers among BRCA mutation carriers.

1529Background: BRCA mutation carriers have an elevated lifetime and interval breast cancer risk. We sought to compare BRCA mutation carriers with screen-detected versus clinically detected, interv...
Vanadium disulfide flakes with nanolayered titanium disulfide coating as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries.

Unlike the vast majority of transition metal dichalcogenides which are semiconductors, vanadium disulfide is metallic and conductive. This makes it particularly promising as an electrode material in lithium-ion batteries. However, vanadium disulfide exhibits poor stability due to large Peierls distortion during cycling. Here we report that vanadium disulfide flakes can be rendered stable in the electrochemical environment of a lithium-ion battery by conformally coating them with a ~2.5 nm thick titanium disulfide layer. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the titanium disulfide coating is far less susceptible to Peierls distortion during the lithiation-delithiation process, enabling it to stabilize the underlying vanadium disulfide material. The titanium disulfide coated vanadium disulfide cathode exhibits an operating voltage of ~2 V, high specific capacity (~180 mAh g−1 @200 mA g−1 current density) and rate capability (~70 mAh g−1 @1000 mA g−1), while achieving capacity retention close to 100% after 400 charge−discharge steps. VS2 is a promising cathode material for lithium-ion batteries, but is susceptible to Peierls distortion during (de)lithiation. Here the authors show that VS2 cathodes can be stabilized by conformally coating them with a nanoscale TiS2 protective layer, leading to impressive electrochemical performance.
Trends and Correlates of Overweight among Pre-School Age Children, Adolescent Girls, and Adult Women in South Asia: An Analysis of Data from Twelve National Surveys in Six Countries over Twenty Years.

Overweight has become a global pandemic and is associated with a rise in diet-related non-communicable diseases and associated co-morbidities. Most of the world’s undernourished people live in South Asia, yet the number of overweight and obese individuals in this region is growing. This study explores trends and correlates of overweight among pre-school age children, adolescent girls, and adult women in South Asia. Using pooled data from 12 national surveys in six countries, generalized linear mixed models were run to analyze relationships. Overweight children had significantly higher odds than non-overweight children of having an overweight mother (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 1.34, p < 0.01). Overweight adolescent girls were more likely to come from a wealthier household (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR): 2.46, p < 0.01) in an urban area (1.74, p < 0.01), and have formal education (1.22, p < 0.01), compared to non-overweight girls. Similar relationships were seen among overweight vs. non-overweight adult women. In Bangladesh, India, and Nepal, overweight among girls and women increased over time, while differentials associated with household wealth, urban residence, and formal education attenuated over time. Overweight and obesity are becoming more prevalent across South Asia in a context of persisting undernutrition. Once a condition of the wealthier, more educated and urban, rates of overweight are increasing among poorer, less educated, and rural women. This requires immediate attention to ‘multi-use’ policies and programmes.
7 – Rotational Motion

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the way in which rotational motion may be described analytically for bodies undergoing pure rotation. Rotational kinematics describes rotational motion. An extended body is composed of many particles. If the distance between each particle of the body remains constant, it is called a rigid body. An axis of rotation of a body is a line in space about which the particles within the body maintain a constant distance and, therefore, move in a circular path about the axis. The fact that the particle is rotating does not change its energy of motion, because the kinetic energy of the particle depends only on its mass and speed. It is often convenient, however, to express the energy of a rotating particle in terms of its rotational variables. The moment of inertia for continuous rigid bodies is readily calculated for some simple geometric shapes about an axis that coincides with an axis of symmetry of the body. A physical body may undergo translation and rotation at the same time.
Project management methods for open data projects in Smart Cities

Abstract This chapter is entirely devoted to project management (PM) issues for open data projects in Smart Cities. We present current soft and hard PM methods and assess their suitability to deal with the complexity of IoT (Internet of Things)-oriented open data projects in Smart Cities. One cannot look at the development of systems in cities and their path to Smart Cities only from the point of view of the architecture of these systems and the development of IoT systems. First of all, important mechanisms resulting from the development of Smart Cities, which are processes of obtaining and processing open data, should be taken into account. It should also be seen that the basis for the development of Smart Cities are not long-term processes but implemented projects that are a consequence of the city’s short-term processes. Hence, these projects should be properly managed. It should also be considered to what extent reference models and IoT system architectures are closed to technology only, and to what extent they can form the basis for building a reference model of using open data from IoT devices for Smart Cities. This chapter reflects on experiences gained by IoT-fueled open data projects implemented by the author in the frame of Smart Cities. Two scientific and research projects managed using conventional (hard) approaches were presented. Also, problems with the implementation of these projects are presented, resulting from their strong innovation and at the same time the difficulties of entering these projects into the rigid framework of PM. This arrangement of presentation of PM methods was important from the point of view of analyzing the possibilities of expanding Agile methods with hard management aspects. It was also important for assessing the possibilities of reducing classical software PM methods for specific Smart Cities PM. The purpose of this chapter is to consider developing a method or modifying an existing method of managing open data projects from the IoT for Smart Cities, including reference models for development or process management discussed in this book.
Supporting the Mental Health Needs of Adolescent Fathers during COVID-19: Opportunities for Nursing Practice and Community-Based Partnerships.

Edited by Jacquelyn H. Flaskerud, RN, PhD, FAAN School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA Public health crises, such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, have led...
Spontaneous Thrombosis of an Isolated Internal Iliac Artery Aneurysm.

Background Isolated internal iliac artery aneurysms (IIAAs) are uncommon but potentially morbid lesions that are a challenge to monitor and treat. However, given the small numbers of reported cases and high rates of incidentally discovered lesions, the natural history of isolated IIAAs is not well characterized. This case describes an atypical and previously unreported spontaneous thrombosis of an isolated IIAA, a lesion typically thought to progressively enlarge and rupture. Methods Medical records and imaging studies were retrospectively reviewed with the approval of our Institutional Review Board. A single patient underwent fluoroscopic angiography followed by computed tomography (CT) angiography, with no subsequent operative intervention. Results An isolated 5.5 cm left IIAA was discovered incidentally on CT scan and subsequently seen with fluoroscopic pelvic angiography. Three weeks following initial angiography, repeat pelvic angiography and CT scan demonstrated spontaneous thrombosis of the aneurysm. Conclusions Isolated IIAAs are conditions for which the natural history remains uncertain despite their potential risk for rupture and mortality. Spontaneous thrombosis of these lesions is possible, suggesting that the natural history as previously described warrants further consideration.
Dependently Coupled Principal Component Analysis for Bivariate Inversion Problems

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a widely used technique for dimensionality reduction in various problem domains, including data compression, image processing, visualization, exploratory data analysis, pattern recognition, time-series prediction, and machine learning. Often, data is presented in a correlated paired manner such that there exist observable and correlated unobservable measurements. Unfortunately, traditional PCA techniques generally fail to optimally capture the leverageable correlations between such paired data as it does not yield a maximally correlated basis between the observable and unobservable counterparts. This instead is the objective of Canonical Correlation Analysis (and the more general Partial Least Squares methods); however, such techniques are still symmetric in maximizing correlation (covariance for PLSR) over all choices of the basis for both datasets without differentiating between observable and unobservable variables (except for the regression phase of PLSR). Further, these methods deviate from PCA's formulation objective to minimize approximation error, seeking instead to maximize correlation or covariance. While these are sensible optimization objectives, they are not equivalent to error minimization. We therefore introduce a new method of leveraging PCA between paired datasets in a dependently coupled manner, which is optimal with respect to approximation error during training. We generate a dependently coupled paired basis for which we relax orthogonality constraints in decomposing unreliable unobservable measurements. In doing so, this allows us to optimally capture the variations of the observable data while conditionally minimizing the expected prediction error for the unobservable component. We show preliminary results that demonstrate improved learning of our proposed method compared to that of traditional techniques.
A Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Specific Agonist Suppresses Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cell Phenotype and Increases Efficacy of Therapeutic Agents

BackgroundAnaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal endocrine cancers, with an average survival time of six months after diagnosis. These aggressive tumors have very limited treatment options highlighting a need for a deeper understanding of its mechanisms for development of more effective therapies. We have previously shown that the liganded thyroid hormone receptor beta (TR{beta}) can function as a tumor suppressor and induce re-differentiation in ATC cells. We therefore tested the hypothesis that selective activation of TR{beta} with sobetirome (GC-1) could reduce the tumorigenic phenotypes of ATC cell lines and improve the efficacy of clinically relevant therapeutics. MethodsWe used a panel of four ATC cell lines with variable genetic backgrounds to assess the ability of GC-1 to reduce the aggressive phenotype. The effects of GC-1 alone or in combination with buparlisib, alpelisib, sorafenib, and palbociclib on cell growth, viability, and migration were determined and compared with the gene expression levels of selected markers. The impact of these treatments on the cancer stem cell population was assessed by tumorsphere assay. Thyroid differentiation markers were measured by gene analysis, and sodium iodide symporter (NIS) protein level and function were determined. ResultsOur results show that GC-1 alone can decrease cell viability, growth, and slow cell migration in all four ATC cell lines. In addition, GC-1 is able to further block each of these phenotypes when combined with buparlisib, alpelisib, sorafenib, or palbociclib. GC-1 alone blocks thyrosphere outgrowth in all cell lines and increases the efficacy of each of the therapeutic agents tested. GC-1 increased NIS transcript and protein levels to allow for increased iodide uptake in ATC cells. ConclusionActivation of TR{beta} with selective agonist sobetirome (GC-1) reduces the aggressive phenotype and induced re-differentiation in ATC cells and increases the efficacy of therapeutic agents that are currently used in the treatment of ATC. These results indicate that selective activation of TR{beta} not only induces a tumor suppression program de novo but enhances the effectiveness of anti-cancer agents.
Doctor-Patient Cancer Screening Communications among Church-based Chinese Adults - The Role of Caregiver Experience and Family History.

Objective: Significant gap exists in the literature examining cancer screening communication related factors among Chinese immigrants. This study examined the role of cancer caregiver experience and family history on doctor-patient cancer screening communication among church-based Chinese adults. Methods: A self-administered survey was conducted among adults from 9 Chinese churches (n=372). Cancer Communication was measured by “Dr. recommended screenings” and “Talked to doctors about cancer screenings”. The survey was developed in English and translated in Chinese. Results: Mean age was 44.31 (SD=14.74), 60% were males, 72% were married, majority had college education (85%), and 17% reported had been a primary cancer caregiver and 54% reported having family cancer history. Cancer caregivers scored higher on doctor-patient cancer communication, as well as cancer knowledge and screening norms. Participants with family cancer history were also more likely to talk to doctor about screening, as well as perceived higher cancer risk, lower health status, and screening barriers. Multiple regression analyses showed that primary caregiver experience was still a significant predictor on talking to doctors about cancer screenings (OR=2.1; 95%CI=[1.10, 4.01]; p=0.025), yet doctors more like to recommend screening among caregivers became non-significant. The significant influence of family cancer history on talking with doctors on cancer screenings also disappeared. Older age (OR=2.52; p=0.006) and being married (OR=2.45; p=0.022) were significant on predicting communication of cancer screenings with doctors. Data also showed that doctors were more likely to recommend cancer screenings to older (OR=2.75, p <.001), married (OR=2.57; p=0.006) adults. Conclusion: Current study calls attentions to primary cancer caregiver experience, family history, age, and marital factors when designing tailored doctor-patient cancer screening communication programs among church-based Chinese to address cancer disparities.
Hospital Utilization and Universal Health Insurance Coverage: Evidence from the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Act

The Affordable Care Act is currently in the roll-out phase. To gauge the likely implications of the national policy we analyze how the Massachusetts Health Care Reform Act impacted various hospitalization outcomes in each of the 25 major diagnostic categories (MDC). We utilize a difference-in-difference approach to identify the impact of the Massachusetts reform on insurance coverage and patient outcomes. This identification is achieved using six years of data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. We report MDC-specific estimates of the impact of the reform on insurance coverage and type as well as length of stay, number of diagnoses, and number of procedures. The requirement of universal insurance coverage increased the probability of being covered by insurance. This increase was in part a result of an increase in the probability of being covered by Medicaid. The percentage of admissions covered by private insurance fell. The number of diagnoses rose as a result of the law in the vast majority of diagnostic categories. Our results related to length of stay suggest that looking at aggregate results hides a wealth of information. The most disparate outcomes were pregnancy related. The length of stay for new-born babies and neonates rose dramatically. In aggregate, this increase serves to mute decreases across other diagnoses. Also, the number of procedures fell within the MDCs for pregnancy and child birth and that for new-born babies and neonates. The Massachusetts Health Care Reform appears to have been effective at increasing insurance take-up rates. These increases may have come at the cost of lower private insurance coverage. The number of diagnoses per admission was increased by the policy across nearly all MDCs. Understanding the changes in length of stay as a result of the Massachusetts reform, and perhaps the Affordable Care Act, requires MDC-specific analysis. It appears that the most important distinction to make is to differentiate care related to new-born babies and neonates from that related to other diagnostic categories.
Exploring the effects of a convergence intervention on the artifacts of an ideation activity during sensemaking

Organizations must enlist the efforts of groups to solve important problems. Six patterns of collaboration describe group behavior as they work towards solutions. The convergence patterns of collaboration-- reduce and clarify are key in helping a group focus effort on issues that are worthy of further attention. These group behaviors have not been extensively studied in the literature. In the current study, we further this research effort by exploring and characterizing the effects of a fast focus intervention on an ideation artifact. Researchers conducted an observational case study of executives addressing a real task within a large organization. Analysis of the problem statements generated during a problem identification and clarification session revealed several implications about convergence activities. The FastFocus thinkLet was found to reduce the number of concepts from 246 down to 30, a reduction of 76%. Ambiguity was reduced from 45% in the ideation artifact to 3% in the converged artifact. A serendipitous event in the field allowed researchers a window into comprehensiveness, showing that the FastFocus thinkLet may not contribute to comprehensiveness as much as was previously thought. Finally implications for brainstorming instructions were identified that may contribute to reduced ambiguity in ideation artifacts.
The logic of reachability

In recent years, Graphplan style reachability analysis and mutual exclusion reasoning have been used in many high performance planning systems. While numerous refinements and extensions have been developed, the basic plan graph structure and reasoning mechanisms used in these systems are tied to the very simple STRIPS model of action. In 1999, Smith and Weld generalized the Graphplan methods for reachability and mutex reasoning to allow actions to have differing durations. However, the representation of actions still has some severe limitations that prevent the use of these techniques for many real-world planning systems. In this paper, we 1) develop a logical notion of reachability that is independent of the particular representation and inference methods used in Graphplan, and 2) extend the notions of reachability and mutual exclusion to more general notions of time and action. As it turns out, the general rules for mutual exclusion reasoning take on a remarkably clean and simple form. However, practical instantiations of them turn out to be messy, and require that we make representation and reasoning choices.
A phase III trial of sequential adjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast carcinoma: final analysis with 10-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND The current study was performed to assess whether sequential potentially noncross-resistant chemotherapy prolongs disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with operable breast carcinoma. METHODS Seven hundred eighty-nine patients were registered and followed for a median of 10 years. They were treated in two groups. In Group 1, patients age 50 years but with either negative or unknown estrogen receptor (ER) status were randomized to receive 6 cycles of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) alone or followed by 4 cycles of methotrexate and vinblastine (MV). In Group 2, patients age ≥ 50 years with ER-positive disease were randomized to receive either tamoxifen or combination chemotherapy (FAC + MV) for 10 cycles. Analysis was performed according to allocated treatment (intention to treat), with all randomized patients included. RESULTS In Group 1 there were no significant differences with regard to DFS or OS between the two treatment arms. The DFS at 5 years was 0.70 and 0.76, respectively, for FAC compared with FAC+MV (P = 0.26). The OS was similar for both groups (0.84 vs. 0.83). It is interesting to note that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for improved DFS in the FAC + MV arm for patients who were ER-positive. In Group 2, tamoxifen alone led to more prolonged DFS compared to FAC+MV (0.78 vs. 0.66, respectively) but this did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.28). OS also was associated with a trend (P = 0.86) toward prolonged survival for the tamoxifen arm compared with the FAC+MV arm (0.85 vs. 0.74, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current trial concerning sequential adjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast carcinoma, which to our knowledge contains the longest follow-up presented to date, failed to demonstrate any additional benefit from the addition of 4 cycles of MV to 6 cycles of FAC chemotherapy. Cancer 2003;97:2716–23. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11396
REFLEX CONTROL OF THE HEART IN COMPLETE A-V BLOCK, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE EXPERIMENTAL CREATION OF ADAMS-STOKES DISEASE.

Abstract The cardiac sympathetics and parasympathetics were directly and reflexly activated in dogs having complete heart block. Activation of the vagus produced a very slight decrease in ventricular rate and in blood pressure. The vagus had no direct effect upon the ventricles. It was concluded that vagal fibers may supply the bundle of His and its branches but not the ventricular muscle. Contrasted to the almost negligible effects of the vagus was the striking positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of stimulation of the cardiac sympathetics. Activation of the carotid sinus (carotid hypertension) reflexly induced a ventricular negative inotropic and chronotropic effect. This effect was mediated by reflex inhibition of the cardiac sympathetics, and the vagus played no role. It was concluded that the ventricle in complete A-V block is primarily under the control of the sympathetics. Ventricular asystole was produced in dogs with complete heart block by activation of the carotid sinus and by cessation of ventricular pacemaking. Similar mechanisms nay be active in the production of Adams-Stokes attacks in man.
GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF GREAT LAKES BEACHES

The locations of the Great Lakes and many details of the lake bottom topography bear a distinct relationship to the bed rock structure. Normal stream erosion in pre-glacial time probably etched out the major topographic relief of the region, forming the major basins and even some of the present bays, in the weak rock belts. Glacial ice, advancing over the region in several stages, followed the lowlands but reshaped them and probably deepened most of them. The known lake history, beginning with the last retreat of the ice from the southern rims of the Michigan and Erie basins, involves a number of stages at different levels in each of the basins. These lakes discharged at various places at different times, because of readvancement or retreat of the glacial ice front and because of tilting of the earth's surface. The writer's summary of this history is illustrated by a series of sixteen maps. The practical importance of two extremely low lake stages is pointed out. These have affected foundation conditions in the vicinity of many river mouths. The newly established recency of some of the higher lake stages (Nipissing and Algoma), and the revision of the elevations attained by them, affect estimates of the intensity of beach action and they affect conclusions regarding the time of last discharge of water through the Chicago outlet.
ORs Rule the Roost in the Olfactory System

It is well established that each olfactory neuron of the mammalian olfactory system expresses only one olfactory receptor (OR) out of the 1000 OR proteins encoded by the mammalian genome. In their Perspective, [Lewcock and Reed][1] discuss new findings ([ Serizawa et al .][2]) that show how the OR protein itself participates in a negative feedback mechanism, which ensures that only one OR is expressed in each olfactory neuron. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/302/5653/2078 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/302/5653/2088
Efficacy of multiple metals against copper-resistant bacterial strains.

Aims: The antibacterial efficacy of zeolites containing copper (Cu) or silver (Ag) ions or a combination was assessed against several reported copper-resistant (CuR) bacterial strains. Methods and Results: Comparison strains were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection that had no documented metal resistance. Reductions in bacterial populations were determined after exposure time intervals of 3, 6 and 24 h. All three CuR strains of Salmonella enterica exhibited resistance to Cu, Ag and Cu/Ag after three and 6 h of exposure. Both the CuR and comparison strain of Enterococcus faecium were resistant to both metals and the metal combination. CuRPseudomonas putida was significantly reduced by all zeolites within 3 h. The CuREscherichia coli strain was more sensitive to Cu, but more resistant to Ag than the comparison strain; however, significant reductions were achieved within 3 h with both Cu and Cu/Ag, and within 24 h with Ag. Conclusions: Some strains with reported resistance to Cu were also resistant to Ag, suggestive of a shared resistance mechanism such as an indiscriminate Cu efflux pump. Ent. faecium appears to have innate resistance to both metals. In general, Ent. faecium was the most resistant species to the individual metals and the combination of metals, Ps. putida the least resistant, and the Salmonella strains were more resistant than E. coli. Significance and Impact of the Study: Several of the comparison strains with no reported copper resistance were resistant to one or both metals. This may call into question the methods for determining bacterial metal resistance, which typically use nutrient-rich media containing metals to assess the ability of the bacteria to grow in comparison with a wild-type strain. Nevertheless, all the CuR strains evaluated in this study, with the exception of Ent. faecium, were reduced using the Cu and Ag zeolite combination.
Inositol trisphosphate levels in cells expressing wild-type and mutant polyomavirus middle T antigens: evidence for activation of phospholipase C via activation of pp60c-src.

Abstract The transforming protein of polyomavirus, middle T (mT), forms a complex with two cellular enzymes: the protein tyrosine kinase pp60c-src and a phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase. A mutant virus, Py1178T, encodes an mT protein which associates with and activates pp60c-src to the same extent as the wild type but fails to associate with PtdIns 3-kinase. To investigate relationships between activation of pp60c-src, association of PtdIns 3-kinase, and cellular levels of the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), we examined the effects of wild-type and mutant mT proteins on inositol metabolism in rat and mouse fibroblasts. Expression of either wild-type or 1178T mT caused a 300 to 500% increase in the InsP3 level. Cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus also showed similar increases in InsP3 levels. Mutant mT proteins which failed to activate pp60c-src (NG59 and 1387T) had no effect on InsP3 levels. Pulse-chase experiments with [3H]inositol showed that the turnover of phosphoinositides was increased in cells transformed by either wild-type polyomavirus or Py1178T as compared with the normal parent cell line. The turnover of inositol phosphates was unchanged upon transformation. These data indicate that cells expressing either wild-type or mutant 1178T mT or pp60v-src exhibit elevated levels of InsP3 because of activation of phospholipase C. This activation appears to depend, directly or indirectly, upon activation of pp60src protein kinase activity. Activation of pp60c-src and elevation of InsP3 content are not sufficient for full transformation. Full transformation also requires the association of mT-pp60c-src complexes with PtdIns 3-kinase.
Turing on the integration of human and machine intelligence

Philosophical discussion of Alan Turing’s writings on intelligence has mostly revolved around a single point made in a paper published in the journal Mind in 1950. This is unfortunate, for Turing’s reflections on machine (artificial) intelligence, human intelligence, and the relation between them were more extensive and sophisticated. They are seen to be extremely well-considered and sound in retrospect. Recently, IBM developed a question-answering computer (Watson) that could compete against humans on the game show Jeopardy! There are hopes it can be adapted to other contexts besides that game show, in the role of a collaborator of, rather than a competitor to, humans. Another, different, research project—an artificial intelligence program put into operation in 2010—is the machine learning program NELL (Never Ending Language Learning), which continuously ‘learns’ by ‘reading’ massive amounts of material on millions of web pages. Both of these recent endeavors in artificial intelligence rely to some extent on the integration of human guidance and feedback at various points in the machine’s learning process. In this paper, I examine Turing’s remarks on the development of intelligence used in various kinds of search, in light of the experience gained to date on these projects.
Paedomorphosis and skull structure in Malagasy chamaeleons (Reptilia: Chamaeleoninae)

The phylogenetic analysis of skull characteristics, along with data derived from lung and hemipenial morphology, does not support monophyly of the predominantly terrestrial chamaeleons, Brookesiinae (Brookesia plus Rhampholeon), as sister-taxon of a monophyletic clade of arboreal chamaeleons, the Chamaeleoninae. Instead, the phylogenetic interrelationships of chamaeleonine lizards are (Brookesia (“Rhampholeon” (Bradypodion, Chamaeleo)). The monophyly of the genus Rhampholeon is not demonstrated. The arboreal chamaeleons form a monophyletic group comprising two genera, Bradypodion and Chamaeleo. Bradypodion may be placed as sister-group of the genus Chamaeleo, but its phyletic position and monophyly cannot at present be corroborated. This study documents that there is a high degree of intraspecific variability in skull characters which may be due to paedomorphic reduction in the skull, especially of small species. Characters affected by a variable degree of ossification include the separation of a prefrontal fontanelle, the contact of the squamosal with the parietal, the size and position of the fenestra vestibuli, the degree of ossification in the basicranial rim of the fenestra, the extent of ossification of the pterygoid wing, and the shape of the skull roof as indicated by the bones forming the dorsal margin of the orbit. The closure of the lateral aperture of the occipital recess might indicate that miniaturization, and concomitant paedomorphosis, may have played a role in the initial phases of chamaeleonine phylogeny.
Photoinduced anisotropy in smart biomolecule bacteriorhodopsin and for photonic applications

The photoinduced birefringence in bacteriorhodopsin film was investigated and its application for all-optical switching explored. The photoinduced birefringence is dependent on the intensity of the pumping and probing beams. We demonstrated an all-optical switch with good dark state and /spl sim/1000:1 contrast ratio, based on the photoinduced birefringence in a bacteriorhodopsin film.
Does remembering emotional items impair recall of same-emotion items?

In the part-set cuing effect, cuing a subset of previously studied items impairs recall of the remaining noncued items. This experiment reveals that cuing participants with previously-studied emotional pictures (e.g., fearevoking pictures of people) can impair recall of pictures involving the same emotion but different content (e.g., fear-evoking pictures of animals). This indicates that new events can be organized in memory using emotion as a grouping function to create associations. However, whether new information is organized in memory along emotional or nonemotional lines appears to be a flexible process that depends on people’s current focus. Mentioning in the instructions that the pictures were either amusement- or fear-related led to memory impairment for pictures with the same emotion as cued pictures, whereas mentioning that the pictures depicted either animals or people led to memory impairment for pictures with the same type of actor.
Articular manifestations in primary hyperparathyroidism

The articular manifestations noted in three patients with proven functioning parathyroid adenomas are presented. The joint symptoms, physical findings and radiographic abnormalities described illustrate the diversity of lesions associated with hyperparathyroidism. The relationship of subperiosteal bone resorption near articular surfaces, periarticular and synovial calcification and calcification of articular cartilage to the patient's joint symptoms is discussed.
Approaches to writing instruction

The study investigated 29 third- and fourth-grade teachers from four US states to understand their approaches to writing instruction and influences on their instruction. Through classroom observations and interviews with teachers, the authors identified four approaches to writing instruction: writer's workshop, traditional skills, genre-based instruction and hybrid/eclectic. The data demonstrate that process writing in the form of writer's workshop and traditional skills instruction are still occurring in schools. However, the study showed a newer trend in writing instruction – many teachers are using graphic organizers and attending to specific genres. The study showed that professional development and state standards are major influences on teachers' instruction.
Response to 'Gene-by-environment experiments: a new approach to finding the missing heritability' by van IJzendoorn et al.

Response to 'Gene-by-environment experiments: a new approach to finding the missing heritability' by van IJzendoorn et al .
GLOBAL ELECTRICAL CURRENTS

The atmospheric electrical structure of the earth is postulated to be controlled by a motivating force in the lower ionosphere which is produced by interaction between neutral atmosphere tidal circulations and the ionospheric plasma in the presence of the earth's magnetic field. Associated electric fields power the dynamo currents through the Hall effect with a resulting development of a gross electric potential distribution in the lower ionosphere. Asymmetries in these hemispheric potential distributions result in exospheric current flows in lowL-shells and larger differences in potential produced by dynamo return current flows in high magnetic latitudes result in strong currents through highL-shells between auroral zones. Vertical thunderstorm currents with their associated lightning discharges effectively connect the earth to a low potential region of the dynamo circuit and thus supply the earth with an average negative charge which motivates a leakage tropospheric electrical circuit. In addition, the dynamo currents maintain the magnetic polar regions at different potentials with a resulting electrical exchange with the solar wind through the earth's near space. These considerations indicate that observed electrical and variable magnetic phenomena near the earth are all part of a single comprehensive electrical current system.
The cell biology of the human natural killer cell CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptor

To avoid destruction of normal bystander cells, natural killer (NK) cells must provide a continuous supply of functional inhibitory receptors to their cell surface. After interaction with its ligand HLA-E, which is expressed on normal cells, the C-type lectin inhibitory receptor CD94/NKG2A suppresses activation signaling processes. CD94/NKG2A receptors continuously recycle from the cell surface through endosomal compartments and back again in a process that requires energy and the cytoskeleton. This steady state process appears to be largely unaffected by exposure to ligand. CD94/NKG2A receptors move freely within the plasma membrane and accumulate at the site of contact with the ligand bearing target cells (or monoclonal antibodies (mAb) coated beads). As expected, ligated CD94/NKG2A receptors are less mobile than the nonligated receptors, and the lipid raft marker cholera toxin B is excluded from the CD94/NKG2A enriched target cell contact sites. Also, methylcyclodextrin does not interfere with CD94/NKG2A accumulation at these contact sites. The constant renewal of CD94/NKG2A receptors at the cell surface and their free mobility within the plasma membrane likely facilitates and insures inhibitory capacity.
Using Two-Stage Concept-Based Singular Value Decomposition Technique as a Query Expansion Strategy

The huge volume of biomedical literature, scientists' specific information needs, long terms of multiples words, and fundamental problems of synonym and polysemy have been challenging issues facing the biomedical IR community researchers. To improve precision and recall of biomedical IR, various query expansion strategies are widely used. In this paper, we present two-stage concept-based latent semantic analysis strategy. The singular value decomposition (SVD) technique in the Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) is utilized in the proposed method. In contrast to other query expansion methods, our strategy selects those terms that are most similar to the concepts of in the query as well as the related documents, rather than selects terms that are similar to the query terms only. Through experiments in TREC genomics track, we show that this strategy with Lemur, to reformulate queries with concept-based selection of important terms works well; the mean average precision (MAP) is enhanced by up to 9.9%, compared to the baseline runs. We believe the principles of this strategy may be extended and utilized in other biomedical literature domains.
Fragmented nationalism: Jamaica since 1938

Jamaican nationalism can be defined as the continuing search for selfgovernment, sovereignty, social and economic justice, and national identity. It has resulted from a history of struggle against colonialism (Jamaica was a British colony from 1655 to 19&Z), neocolonialism since 1962, dependent capitalism, slavery, and racism. Given the complex interweaving of such factors, scholars have debated whether there are one, two, or perhaps three Jamaicas, corresponding roughly to the white, brown, and black caste/class structure of island society.’ Nationalism further divided a fragmented society, with at least four nationalist tendencies before 1938: middle-class creole nationalism, Afro-Jamaican religious nationalism, Afro-Jamaican secular nationalism, and Marxist nationalism.2 Conservative planters, merchants and their allies opposed nationalism and self-government for the colony. But after massive protests broke out in 1938, Britain encouraged reforms leading eventually to the island’s independence in 1962. The struggle for independence and state power, followed by dissatisfaction with the new status quo led to the four varieties of nationalism discussed below.
Myocardial volume perfused by coronary artery branches--a three-dimensional x-ray CT evaluation in human cadaver hearts.

The volume of myocardium perfused by coronary arterial branches and cumulative length of the main feeder branches perfusing that volume were measured from multislice computed tomography images of human cadaver hearts with barium sulfate gel injected into the coronary arteries. Previously we have shown inin vivo pig hearts that the relationship between the volume (V), in mL, of perfused myocardium and the length (L), is well conveyed by V=M × 10−aL where M is total mass of myocardium perfused by a major epicardial artery and a is constant −0.01mm−1. In the nine human hearts studied, this relationship was V= 115×10−0006L, r=−0.894 for the LAD; V=48 × 10−0009L, r=−0.7663 for the LCX and V=103 × 10−0.004L, r=−0.673 for the RCA. These results suggest that the angiographically delineated volume of myocardium at risk of infarction, due to acute blockage along a coronary artery, could possibly be estimated from the 3D branching geometry of the epicardial coronary arterial tree.