cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CD40 Mediates Retinal Inflammation and Neurovascular Degeneration

Retinopathies are major causes of visual impairment. We used a model of ischemic retinopathy to examine the role of CD40 in the pathogenesis of retinal injury. Retinal inflammation, loss of ganglion cells, and capillary degeneration were markedly attenuated in ischemic retinas of CD40(-/-) mice. Up-regulation of NOS2 and COX2 after retinal ischemia were blunted in CD40(-/-) mice. NOS2-COX-2 up-regulation in ischemic retinas from wild-type mice was at least in part explained by recruitment of NOS2(+)COX-2(+) leukocytes. Up-regulation of KC/CXCL1 and ICAM-1 also required CD40. Retinal endothelial and Muller cells expressed CD40. Stimulation of these cells through CD40 caused ICAM-1 up-regulation and KC/CXCL1 production. Bone marrow transplant experiments revealed that leukocyte infiltration, ganglion cell loss, and up-regulation of proinflammatory molecules after retinal ischemia were dependent on CD40 expression in the retina and not peripheral blood leukocytes. These studies identified CD40 as a regulator of retinal inflammation and neurovascular degeneration. They support a model in which CD40 stimulation of endothelial and Muller cells triggers adhesion molecule up-regulation and chemokine production, promoting the recruitment of leukocytes that express NOS2/COX-2, molecules linked to neurovascular degeneration.
Effect of crystallinity on mechanical properties of miscible polycarbonate–copolyester blends

On recuit des melanges amorphes au dessus de Tg. Les proprietes mecaniques dependent de la composition du melange, des conditions de recuit, de l'etat initial d'orientation moleculaire et de l'histoire thermique
Applications of imaging in brachytherapy

Image based treatment planning for brachytherapy is improving treatment quality and increasing treatment options. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US) are used to aid low dose rate and high dose rate treatments, CT and MRI are used to better define the target and normal organ volumes and to calculate the dose to critical structures. Imaging information is used to optimize source placement to better achieve desired dose constraints. MRI is particularly valuable in better defining the target volume due its versatility in differentiating normal tissue from tumor tissue. Improved dosimetry for intracavitary gynecologic implants has shown increased maximum doses to normal organs than traditionally been reported. Dosimetric criteria for optimal implants are being developed. Interstitial implants benefit from better defined target volumes, needle placement and optimization of source strengths. High dose rate prostate implants using on-line imaging and dosimetry during needle placement has reduced uncertainty of dose delivery by reducing the time interval from imaging study to treatment delivery.
Correlation of Point B and Lymph Node Dose in 3D-Planned High-Dose-Rate Cervical Cancer Brachytherapy

Purpose To compare high dose rate (HDR) point B to pelvic lymph node dose using three-dimensional–planned brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Methods and Materials Patients with FIGO Stage IB–IIIB cervical cancer received 70 tandem HDR applications using CT-based treatment planning. The obturator, external, and internal iliac lymph nodes (LN) were contoured. Per fraction (PF) and combined fraction (CF) right (R), left (L), and bilateral (Bil) nodal doses were analyzed. Point B dose was compared with LN dose–volume histogram (DVH) parameters by paired t test and Pearson correlation coefficients. Results Mean PF and CF doses to point B were R 1.40 Gy ± 0.14 (CF: 7 Gy), L 1.43 ± 0.15 (CF: 7.15 Gy), and Bil 1.41 ± 0.15 (CF: 7.05 Gy). The correlation coefficients between point B and the D100, D90, D50, D2cc, D1cc, and D0.1cc LN were all less than 0.7. Only the D2cc to the obturator and the D0.1cc to the external iliac nodes were not significantly different from the point B dose. Significant differences between R and L nodal DVHs were seen, likely related to tandem deviation from irregular tumor anatomy. Conclusions With HDR brachytherapy for cervical cancer, per fraction nodal dose approximates a dose equivalent to teletherapy. Point B is a poor surrogate for dose to specific nodal groups. Three-dimensional defined nodal contours during brachytherapy provide a more accurate reflection of delivered dose and should be part of comprehensive planning of the total dose to the pelvic nodes, particularly when there is evidence of pathologic involvement.
Lung sound patterns of exacerbation of congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.

Congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma patients typically present with abnormal auscultatory findings on lung examination. The aim of this study was to evaluate in detail the distribution of respiratory sound intensity in CHF, COPD and asthma patients during acute exacerbation.
System-level process variability analysis and mitigation for 3D MPSoCs

While prior research has extensively evaluated the performance advantage of moving from a 2D to a 3D design style, the impact of process parameter variations on 3D designs has been largely ignored. In this paper, we attempt to bridge this gap by proposing a variability-aware design framework for fully-synchronous (FS) and multiple clock-domain (MCD) 3D systems. First, we develop analytical system-level models of the impact of process variations on the performance of FS 3D designs. The accuracy of the model is demonstrated by comparing against transistor-level Monte Carlo simulations in SPICE - we observe a maximum error of only 0.7% (average 0.31% error) in the mean of the maximum critical path delay distribution. Second, to mitigate the impact of process variations on 3D designs, we propose a variability-aware 3D integration strategy for MCD 3D systems that maximizes the probability of the design meeting specified system performance constraints. The proposed optimization strategy is shown to significantly outperform FS and MCD 3D implementations that are conventionally assembled - for example, the MCD designs assembled with the proposed integration strategy provide, on average, 44% and 16.33% higher absolute yield than the FS and conventional MCD designs respectively, at the 50% yield point of the conventional MCD designs.
Motivational Influences on Cigarette Smoking

Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity and a particularly common and intractable addictive disorder. Research shows that nicotine is a sine qua non of tobacco addiction and that it produces the hallmark effects of addictive drugs: sensitization, tolerance, physical dependence, and euphoria/elation. Research on the development of smoking reveals that although smoking prevalence has declined from a peak in the mid-1990s, close to 30% of twelfth graders still smoke. Smoking in adolescents is related to development of physical dependence, ethnicity, impulsivity, affective disorder, and peer influences. However, which of these exerts the greatest causal effects is unknown, and their influence no doubt varies across individuals and across development. Once dependence on tobacco smoking is established, evidence suggests that tobacco motivation is strongly influenced by a reduction in withdrawal symptoms, an expectation of stress reduction, and conditioned reinforcement. Nicotine motivati...
Desmopressin associated symptomatic hyponatremic hypervolemia in children. Are there predictive factors

Purpose: Desmopressin is widely used in primary nocturnal enuresis, bleeding disorders, central diabetes insipidus and diagnostic urine concentration testing. Hyponatremic hypervolemia leading to seizures has been reported as a rare but potentially life threatening side effect of desmopressin therapy. We sought to identify factors that predispose patients to hyponatremia and to find predictive factors associated with increased risk of water intoxication. Materials and Methods: We report 13 novel cases of desmopressin associated water intoxication and review the literature. A total of 93 instances of symptomatic hyponatremia during desmopressin treatment in children were identified. Specific data were reported in 58 of 93 cases. These 58 cases, in addition to our 13 novel cases, were further analyzed. Results: All children were treated with intranasal or intravenous desmopressin. No patient received oral desmopressin. Younger children are at greater risk for water intoxication than older children. The risk is particularly high at the beginning of desmopressin therapy. A total of 45 patients (63%) had prodromal symptoms, eg nausea, vomiting and headache. In 10 cases (14%) desmopressin was prescribed without an evident need. Conclusions: Based on this analysis, we conclude that the use of desmopressin should be cautiously considered, careful monitoring should be performed during the initiation of therapy, and particular care should be taken when treating young children and when prodromal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and headaches occur.
A Single, Abdominal Ganglion in Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Its Innervation of the Female Sperm Storage Organs

The association between the ventral nervous system and the sperm storage organs in Anastrepha suspensa Loew was examined to elucidate possible mechanisms that may influence sperm transport in the female reproductive tract. Such mechanisms are of importance with respect to the sexual conflict over paternity. A single, abdominal ganglion is present under the first abdominal sternite of A. suspensa. The ganglion is ovoid (L = 280 ± 18 μm ±SD, W = 230 ± 15 μm ±SD) and has a large nerve fiber extending anteriorly to the thoracico-abdominal ganglion and a large, branched nerve fiber extending posteriorly to the reproductive system. The presence of an abdominal ganglion is atypical for the Cyclorrapha flies and its position in the abdomen is atypical for the Insecta. The ganglion's position suggests that in some taxa the evolutionary trend toward fewer abdominal ganglia has occurred with the concomitant displacement of caudal ganglia to more anterior positions in the abdomen. Nerves extending from this ganglion synapse with muscle fibers at the base of the spermathecae and the surface of the unicellular gland cells surrounding the spermathecal capsule. When stained with HRP Ab, synaptic boutons are also visible along the length of the spermathecal ducts in association with the longitudinal muscle fibers and on the muscle fibers surrounding the ventral receptacle. These findings suggest that females have the potential to affect sperm transport in their reproductive tract.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHENOLOGY OF COMMON FLORIDA GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

Grasshopper occurrence and abundance in several natural and anthropogenic habitats found in north Florida were surveyed for a one-year period to determine periodicity of adult and nymphal stages. Thirty species were sufficiently abundant to assess at least some elements of their phenology. A high proportion (36%) of the species overwintered as adults, and 27% of the species overwintered as nymphs. Three species were found to overwinter in both the adult and nymphal stages. The period of peak nymphal abundance varied among species and was found to include spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The method of data collection used in this study was inadequate to ascertain definitively the number of generations, but six species are suspected of being multivoltine in Florida.
Cysteine Modification: Probing Channel Structure, Function and Conformational Change

Cysteine substitution has been a powerful tool to investigate the structure and function of proteins. It has been particularly useful for studies of membrane proteins in their native environment, embedded in phospholipid membranes. Among the 20 amino acids, cysteine is uniquely reactive. This reactivity has motivated the synthesis of a wide array of sulfhydryl reactive chemicals. The commercially available array of sulfhydryl reactive reagents has allowed investigators to probe the local steric and electrostatic environment around engineered cysteines and to position fluorescent, paramagnetic and mass probes at specific sites within proteins and for distance measurements between pairs of sites. Probing the reactivity and accessibility of engineered cysteines has been extensively used in Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method (SCAM) investigations of ion channels, membrane transporters and receptors. These studies have successfully identified the residues lining ion channels, agonist/antagonist and allosteric modulator binding sites, and regions whose conformation changes as proteins transition between different functional states. The thousands of cysteine-substitution mutants reported in the literature demonstrate that, in general, mutation to cysteine is well tolerated. This has allowed systematic studies of residues in transmembrane segments and in other parts of membrane proteins. Finally, by inserting pairs of cysteines and assaying their ability to form disulfide bonds, changes in proximity and mobility relationships between specific positions within a protein can be inferred. Thus, cysteine mutagenesis has provided a wealth of data on the structure of membrane proteins in their functional environment. This data can complement the structural insights obtained from the burgeoning number of crystal structures of detergent solubilized membrane proteins whose functional state is often uncertain. This article will review the use of cysteine mutagenesis to probe structure-function relationships in ion channels focusing mainly on Cys-loop receptors.
Race–Sex Differences in the Management of Hyperlipidemia: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study

Background Lipid management is less aggressive in blacks than whites and women than men. Purpose To examine whether differences in lipid management for race–sex groups compared to white men are due to factors influencing health services utilization or physician prescribing patterns. Methods Because coronary heart disease (CHD) risk influences physician prescribing, Adult Treatment Panel III CHD risk categories were constructed using baseline data from REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study participants (recruited 2003–2007). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hyperlipidemia were examined for race–sex groups across CHD risk categories. Multivariable models conducted in 2013 estimated prevalence ratios adjusted for predisposing, enabling, and need factors influencing health services utilization. Results The analytic sample included 7,809 WM; 7,712 white women; 4,096 black men; and 6,594 black women. Except in the lowest risk group, black men were less aware of hyperlipidemia than others. A higher percentage of white men in the highest risk group was treated (83.2%) and controlled (72.8%) than others (treatment, 68.6%–72.1%; control, 52.2%–65.5%), with black women treated and controlled the least. These differences remained significant after adjustment for predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Stratified analyses demonstrated that treatment and control were lower for other race–sex groups relative to white men only in the highest risk category. Conclusions Hyperlipidemia was more aggressively treated and controlled among white men compared with white women, black men, and especially black women among those at highest risk for CHD. These differences were not attributable to factors influencing health services utilization.
A Syncopated Chevron: Emphasizing Reasoned Decisionmaking in Reviewing Agency Interpretations of Statutes

Although traditionally courts have had primary and ultimate authority for interpreting statutes, the Supreme Court established a two-step review process that is much more deferential to a government agency's interpretation. Under the "Chevron two-step," a court determines whether the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the issue decided by the agency; if so, the court defers to the agency's interpretation unless it is unreasonable. The first step, which looks to whether the statute is silent or ambiguous, proves determinative in most cases; courts infrequently conclude at step two that agencies' interpretations are unreasonable.This article argues that the current application of Chevron fails to accord with public policy. It contends that the pluralistic democracy model, which implicitly undergirds Chevron, is flawed, and he offers deliberative democracy as a more satisfactory conception of bureaucratic government. The article asserts that deliberative democracy suggests a modification of Chevron which would place the emphasis on the second rather than the first Chevron step, thereby forcing agencies to explain why their interpretations are good policy in light of the purposes and concerns underlying the statutory scheme. Thus, the article advocates a "syncopated Chevron" as an improved approach to reviewing agencies' interpretations of the statutes they administer.
Combined Use of Clomiphene and Intranasal Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone for Induction of Ovulation in Chronically Anovulatory Women

Combined therapy with clomiphene and intranasal luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was used to induce ovulation in eight chronically anovulatory patients under treatment for infertility. Clomiphene, 100 mg daily, was given from the 5th to the 9th day of the cycle. Synthetic LHRH was administered intra nasally in different dosages from day 11 to day 14, in an attempt to induce late follicular development and ovulation. Five of the eight patients ovulated, and three conceived. The success achieved with combined clomiphene and intranasal LHRH administration suggests a therapeutic potential in the management of anovulatory infertility.
Determining the Effective Spring Rate of Air Cylinders Used to Close Cam-Follower Joints

Cam-follower systems in industrial machinery often use air cylinders to close the cam-follower joint. These cylinders provide a nonlinear spring characteristic to the system. This study experimentally determines the thermodynamic behavior of an air cylinder in this application and shows it to be an essentially isothermal device. Information is presented to allow the designer to properly size an air cylinder for a particular application considering valving, connections, and accumulator size.© 2002 ASME
SEPARATION AND INDIRECT DETECTION OF ALKYL SULFONATES AND SULFATES

Iron(II) 1,10-phenanthroline, Fe(phen)3(2+), salts are used as mobile phase additives for the liquid chromatographic separation of alkyl sulfonates and sulfates on the reversed-phase PRP-1. As alkyl chain length increases retention increases. For a given chain length an alkyl sulfate is more retained than the corresponding alkyl sulfonate. Major elution variables that affect retention are mobile phase solvent and counteranion concentration. Indirect photometric detection is used to detect alkyl sulfonates and sulfates at 510 nm where Fe(phen)3(2+) salts absorb. Conditions for isocratic and gradient elution of multicomponent mixtures are described. Detection limits depending on analyte approached 0.1 nmol for isocratic elution and 3 nmol for gradient elution.
Cell and Gene Therapy for the Beta-Thalassemias: Advances and Prospects

The beta-thalassemias are inherited anemias caused by mutations that severely reduce or abolish expression of the beta-globin gene. Like sickle cell disease, a related beta-globin gene disorder, they are ideal candidates for performing a genetic correction in patient hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The most advanced approach utilizes complex lentiviral vectors encoding the human β-globin gene, as first reported by May et al. in 2000. Considerable progress toward the clinical implementation of this approach has been made in the past five years, based on effective CD34+ cell mobilization and improved lentiviral vector manufacturing. Four trials have been initiated in the United States and Europe. Of 16 evaluable subjects, 6 have achieved transfusion independence. One of them developed a durable clonal expansion, which regressed after several years without transformation. Although globin lentiviral vectors have so far proven to be safe, this occurrence suggests that powerful insulators with robust enhancer-...
Optimal Control of Distribution Network Containing Distributed Generations Based on Trust Region Sequential Quadratic Programming Algorithm

A mathematical model containing three objectives of maximized output of distributed generations(DG),minimized network loss and minimized voltage deviation is established for optimal control of DG during the operation of distribution network containing DG,and a trust region sequential quadratic programming(TRSQP) algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization of DG and reactive power output. Under the guidance of trust region and according to certain rules,by means of forming a series of sub-problems of quadratic programming within the trust region the primal problem is solved step-by-step. Using sensitivity analysis the scale of the sub-problem of quadratic programming is decreased and solved by active set method. Taking the modified IEEE 33-bus system as example,the output of optimized DG is simulated,and simulation results show that the proposed optimized DG output model and the solving algorithm can make the distribution network kept secure and economic operation condition; taking 33-bus,69-bus,292-bus,588-bus and 1180-bus distribution networks respectively for examples,the proposed algorithm is compared with sequential linear programming method(SLPM) and primal-dual interior-point method(PDIPM) respectively,and comparison results show that the proposed algorithm possesses good robustness and its computing speed is faster,so it is suitable for on-line application.
Small doses of cyclophosphamide for induction of remission and maintenance therapy for lupus nephritis efficacy

【Objective】To investigate the low-dose cyclophosphamide for induction of remission and maintain clinical efficacy of the treatment of lupus nephritis.【Methods】80 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis were randomly divided into study group and the control group, 40 cases in each group. In the control group were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment, the study group were treated with lowdose cyclophosphamide treatment. The clinical efficacy of the two groups of patients and adverse reactions after 1 year of treatment.【Results】24 h proteinuria two groups of patients, ds-DNA antibodies, complement C3 and SLEDAI other indicators compared with before treatment, differences were statistically significant(all P0.05). The incidence of serious infections and study groups menstrual disorders and other adverse reactions was significantly lower than the control group, differences were statistically significant(P0.05).【Conclusion】Low-dose cyclophosphamide for induction of remission and maintenance treatment of lupus nephritis efficacy with traditional high-dose intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide considerable efficacy, and adverse reactions decreased, worthy of promotion.
Toxemia of late pregnancy.

It is doubtful that chlorothiazide and related compounds will prove to be the “magic bullet” to eliminate toxemia of pregnancy. To the contrary, their improper use may result in appreciable harm to the mother and the fetus. Antihypertensive agents should be used only if hypertension is severe, and then simply to guard against intracranial hemorrhage, not necessarily to lower the blood pressure to normal. Magnesium sulfate has proved effective in prevention and control of the convulsions of eclampsia; the dosage schedule used at Parkland Memorial Hospital is described.
Hierarchical and semantic data management and querying for patient records and personal photos

The demands of modern data management have recently stretched traditional relational database systems with increased focus on flexible, semi-structured data formats. These formats, such as XML, enable elegant representation of complex hierarchical structures. In this thesis, we go beyond XML to focus on the challenges posed by a new generation of semi-structured data management problems, including genealogical data (pedigrees) used to track inherited diseases, semantically-annotated personal photos, and more complex RDF data, such as longitudinal patient medical records used for clinical research. Specifically, we need new languages for querying, new models for storage, new types of indexes for efficient processing, and new techniques for query optimization. In addition, to bring about the dream of semantic data management, we need new tools for extending existing data with semantic annotations to enable effective querying. In the domain of pedigree data, we propose a new pedigree query language (PQL), along with efficient processing methods based on efficient indexing schemes. Our system facilitates significant performance improvements in processing queries for large pedigrees (5–77 times faster). For personal photos, we develop a prototype photo management system that hosts over 80,000 photos. We propose new metadata-based annotation suggestion methods that offer significantly improved recall (4–19% higher) and faster suggestion time (14–21 times faster). We also present techniques that use family and social networks for photo management that are especially effective for bootstrapping new collections with a limited amount of initial metadata. Finally, to facilitate semantic querying over 200,000+ patient records stored as RDF and support medical research, we propose an efficient method for evaluating semantic queries in the SPARQL query language. Our approach uses relational databases and is capable of processing queries significantly faster than previous work (up to 280–1900 times). We also propose an RDF query-optimization technique that uses carefully designed statistics and estimates of the contents of the RDF data, and that can further improve performance. Again, the performance improvement is significant (up to 204–4700 times faster) while adding only modestly to the space requirements.
Performance enhancement of downstream vertical-axis wind turbines

Increased power production is observed in downstream vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) when positioned offset from the wake of upstream turbines. This effect is found to exist in both laboratory and field environments with pairs of co- and counter-rotating turbines, respectively. It is hypothesized that the observed production enhancement is due to flow acceleration adjacent to the upstream turbine due to bluff body blockage, which would increase the incident freestream velocity on appropriately positioned downstream turbines. A low-order model combining potential flow and actuator disk theory captures this effect. Additional laboratory and field experiments further validate the predictive capabilities of the model. Finally, an evolutionary algorithm reveals patterns in optimized VAWT arrays with various numbers of turbines. A “truss-shaped” array is identified as a promising configuration to optimize energy extraction in VAWT wind farms by maximizing the performance enhancement of downstream turbines.
Cardiac Parametric Variations in Post-Ischemic Myocardium

Mechanisms governing post-ischemic ventricular function after episodes of acute myocardial ischemia are still unclear. We investigated this stunned myocardial function with a computer model in conjunction with animal experiments. A modified lumped cardiac muscle model was subjected to parametric changes similar to regionally recorded ventricular parameters. The model was perturbed by alterations in contractility and rates of activation and deactivation. Results show that the cardiac muscle model can mimic many of the physiological changes observed in a stunned myocardium.
The July Effect in Radical Cystectomy: Mortality, Morbidity, and Efficiency

Background: The "July effect" is the potential effect that new and recently promoted residents have on patient care during the first months of the academic year. Literature suggests that the July effect may worsen patient outcomes and lead to systemic inefficiencies. Objective: We evaluate the July effect on mortality, morbidity, and efficiency outcomes in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Methods: A chart review was performed in patients who underwent radical cystectomy between January 2008 and April 2012. Demographic information was abstracted from patient charts and outcomes compared between operations performed in July, September, and November (first month of each resident's university rotation) to the remainder of the year. Outcomes of interest included mortality, complications, and markers of efficiency (operative time, length of hospital stay, and estimated blood loss). Results: Two hundred and fifty one patients were included in the analysis. There were no major differences in mortality or morbidity between the July, September, November group and the rest of the year. Multivariable analysis demonstrates a trend for operations performed in the months of July, September, and November to be associated with longer OR times 2.06 (0.99-4.27), p = 0.053. Length of hospital stay and estimated blood loss were no different between the two groups. Conclusions: These data demonstrate no increase in mortality or morbidity during the early academic period. Additionally, while there is a trend for OR time to be longer in the early group, length of hospital stay and estimated blood loss were no different. These data may be used as an impetus to continue to investigate technical/clinical teaching practices, strategies to assess resident progression, and to initiate protocols to support residents early in the academic year in efforts to prevent inefficiencies.
Aging data in dynamic graphs: a comparative study

Dynamic graphs are used to represent changing relational data. In order to create a dynamic graph representing relationships or interactions over time, it is necessary to choose a method of adding new data and removing, or otherwise de-emphasizing, past data to decrease its influence. In particular, the question of aging edges is new to dynamic graphs and has not been thoroughly studied. In this work, we address the problem of aging vertices and edges to create a dynamic graph from a stream of temporal data. We provide two new methods, active vertex and active edge, and also evaluate two methods from the literature, sliding window and weight decay. By analyzing various properties of the dynamic graphs created by each aging method, we provide practitioners with quantitative comparisons. We find several interesting similarities and differences. The active vertex and weight decay methods reduce the variability over time of several vertex level measures compared to sliding window and active edge. This means that in practice, active vertex or weight decay may be more useful if graph stability is preferred, while sliding window or active edge may be preferred if the graph should be sensitive to changes in the underlying data stream. Each method also differently affects global measures. The most connected graph is produced by active vertex, while the most disconnected by weight decay. We observe that despite the differences, the graphs produced by each method experience similar types of changes at similar points in time.
Epigenomic reprogramming during pancreatic cancer progression links anabolic glucose metabolism to distant metastasis

Andrew Feinberg, Christine Iacobuzio-Donahue and colleagues describe the epigenomic reprogramming that occurs during pancreatic cancer progression. They also show that hematogenous metastases co-evolve a dependence on the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (oxPPP) and that oxPPP inhibition reverses chromatin reprogramming and blocks tumorigenic potential.
Acclimatization of the systemic microcirculation to alveolar hypoxia is mediated by an iNOS-dependent increase in nitric oxide availability.

The study shows that the systemic inflammation of acute hypoxia resolves via an inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase-induced restoration of the reactive O2 species/NO balance in the systemic microc...
New Guidelines on the Adequacy of Lumpectomy Margin Width in Patients with Ductal Carcinoma In Situ

Purpose of Review Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) can be successfully treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS); however, there is little consensus regarding what negative margin width minimizes the risk of local recurrence, and as many as one third of patients undergo additional surgery after initial lumpectomy.
Evidence of Structure Sensitivity in the Fischer-Tropsch Reaction on Model Cobalt Nanoparticles by Time-Resolved Chemical Transient Kinetics.

The Fischer–Tropsch process, or the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide (CO), produces long chain hydrocarbons and offers an alternative to the use of crude oil for chemical feedstocks. The observed size dependence of cobalt (Co) catalysts for the Fischer–Tropsch reaction was studied with colloidally prepared Co nanoparticles and a chemical transient kinetics reactor capable of measurements under non-steady-state conditions. Co nanoparticles of 4.3 nm and 9.5 nm diameters were synthesized and tested under atmospheric pressure conditions and H2/CO=2. Large differences in carbon coverage (ΘC) were observed for the two catalysts: the 4.3 nm Co catalyst has a ΘC less than one while the 9.5 nm Co catalyst supports a ΘC greater than two. The monomer units present on the surface during reaction are identified as single carbon species for both sizes of Co nanoparticles, and the major CO dissociation site is identified as the B5-B geometry. The difference in activity of Co nanoparticles was found to be a result of the structure sensitivity caused by the loss of these specific types of sites at smaller nanoparticle sizes.
The derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the half line

Abstract We study the initial-boundary value problem for the derivative nonlinear Schrodinger (DNLS) equation. More precisely we study the wellposedness theory and the regularity properties of the DNLS equation on the half line. We prove almost sharp local wellposedness, nonlinear smoothing, and small data global wellposedness in the energy space. One of the obstructions is that the crucial gauge transformation we use replaces the boundary condition with a nonlocal one. We resolve this issue by running an additional fixed point argument. Our method also implies almost sharp local and small energy global wellposedness, and an improved smoothing estimate for the quintic Schrodinger equation on the half line. In the last part of the paper we consider the DNLS equation on R and prove smoothing estimates by combining the restricted norm method with a normal form transformation.
Brain Death and Organ Donation

Death by neurologic criteria, also called brain death, is a difficult concept for families and even some healthcare professionals to understand. Standards for determination of brain death specify an irreversible cause of coma, exclusion of confounding factors, brainstem areflexia, and apnea in response to hypercarbia. Ancillary tests can be helpful when confounding variables are present or the clinical exam cannot be satisfactorily completed. Declaration of brain death is typically completed by the attending physician, but neurocritical care APCs play an important role in identifying patients who may progress to brain death, supporting physiologic stability of the patient throughout the process, ordering or performing some of the tests required, and communicating with the patient’s family. Many patients who are declared brain dead are able to donate organs, and the APC is often involved in the management surrounding this process.
Phase equilibria in the zirconia–yttria/gadolinia–silica systems

Abstract Phase equilibria in ZrO2-YO1.5-SiO2 (ZYS) and ZrO2-GdO1.5-SiO2 (ZGS) were experimentally assessed at 1400 °C and 1600 °C as they can offer insight on reactions between thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) based on ZrO2-YO1.5/GdO1.5 and molten silicate deposits in gas turbine engines. Features shared in both systems include the absence of ternary compounds and no ternary solubility in the binary phases. In ZYS however, a quaternary invariant reaction was observed that eliminates the zircon-disilicate equilibrium at higher temperatures. The results suggest no appreciable difference in the reactions between silica and thermal barrier oxides based on ZrO2-YO1.5 or ZrO2-GdO1.5, or environmental barrier coatings based on the corresponding Y/Gd silicates. The phase diagrams derived from these experiments are part of a broader effort to develop thermodynamic databases that can help guide the design of next-generation TBCs.
Fast Voltage Decay in Perovskite Solar Cells Caused by Depolarization of Perovskite Layer

The open-circuit voltage decay course in perovskite solar cells is studied in this work under the assistance of three techniques, i.e., electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, light intensity modulated photovoltage spectroscopy, and open-circuit voltage decay. In contrast to what is known in dye-sensitized solar cells, where Voc decay is due to back transfer of electrons from the TiO2 conduction band to redox species in the electrolyte, we find that in perovskite solar cells, half of the voltage drop initially results from the fast depolarization of the perovskite layer. In other words, we observe that the polarization of perovskite film contributes to about half of the Voc in the device. The loss of the other half of Voc is found to be due to interfacial charge recombination.
Impact of Data Exchange Provided by ATD2 Tools at Charlotte-Douglas International Airport

Data Exchange and Integration is necessary for progress towards an Integrated Arrival, Departure, and Surface (IADS) traffic management capability. In collaboration with the FAA, NASA has introduced new data exchange elements to Charlotte-Douglas International Airport air traffic facilities, including the American Airlines ramp, as part of the Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD2). This paper describes the new tools that deliver these elements, and the human factors impact of the tools as measured by post-bank surveys. Workload was unaffected by ATD2 tool use, and situational awareness was improved in the Tower and with Ramp controllers in the second round of surveys. Respondents described their tools as more helpful if they included ATD2 tools (1) in the Tower for insuring compliance for aircraft under a Traffic Management Initiative, (2) in the TRACON when actively used for many TRACON tasks, and (3) in the Ramp in the second round of surveys.
Bias in Underwriter Analyst Recommendations: Does it Matter?

Underwriter analysts issue recommendations that are on average more favorable than recommendations of other analysts. In this paper, I ask whether this bias matters for returns, and whether it matters for wealth redistribution between institutional and individual investors. I find that underwriter 'Strong Buy' recommendations for IPOs exhibit inferior performance. For other positive recommendations - 'Buys' for IPOs, and 'Strong Buys' and 'Buys' for SEOs - there are no significant differences between affiliated and unaffiliated analysts. Institutional reaction to analyst recommendations is broadly consistent with these results. For IPOs, institutions increase their holdings only in response to unaffiliated recommendations. For SEOs, the response to underwriter recommendations is actually somewhat stronger than to non-underwriter recommendations. In addition, there is little evidence that individual investors as a class incur losses by following the 'Strong Buy' recommendations issued by IPO underwriters.
METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTION. STUDIES OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CELL POPULATIONS AND OF THE ROLE OF METHYLENE BLUE.

Abstract 1. It has been shown that mixtures of normal and G-6-PD deficient nitrite-treated erythrocytes reduced methemoglobin at a rate considerably more rapid than that computed from their individual rates of methemoglobin reduction. 2. Differential agglutination studies demonstrated that when normal, methemoglobin-containing cells in such a mixture have reduced all of their methemoglobin, they facilitate methemoglobin reduction in G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes. 3. The same effect could be observed in other mixtures of cells, (e.g., normal with normal, G-6-PD deficient with G-6-PD deficient, etc.) and even with highly purified methemoglobin solutions. 4. This effect could be observed in the presence of methylene blue but not in the presence of another redox dye, Nile blue sulfate. 5. Lactate served as an effective substrate for methemoglobin reduction. Methemoglobin reduction by lactate was enhanced by methylene blue but not by Nile blue sulfate. 6. In mixtures of normal and G-6-PD deficient erythrocytes, no deficit in the rate of accumulation of lactate was found. This indicates that the mechanism of enhancement of methemoglobin reduction is not the diffusion of lactate from non-methemoglobin-containing cells to methemoglobin-containing cells. 7. It was demonstrated that leukomethylene blue could reduce highly purified solutions of methemoglobin in the absence of the enzyme "methemoglobin reductase." 8. The possible mechanism by which non-methemoglobin-containing cells may reduce methemoglobin in methemoglobin-containing cells is discussed. It seems most probable that leukomethylene blue is the mediator of the effect. This implies, contrary to earlier suggestions, that "methemoglobin reductase" acts prior to the reduction of methylene blue in the electron transport chain.
Conflict Detection Algorithm to Minimize Locking for MPI-IO Atomicity

Many scientific applications require high-performance concurrent I/O accesses to a file by multiple processes. Those applications rely indirectly on atomic I/O capabilities in order to perform updates to structured datasets, such as those stored in HDF5 format files. Current support for atomicity in MPI-IO is provided by locking around the operations, imposing lock overhead in all situations, even though in many cases these operations are non-overlapping in the file. We propose to isolate non-overlapping accesses from overlapping ones in independent I/O cases, allowing the non-overlapping ones to proceed without imposing lock overhead. To enable this, we have implemented an efficient conflict detection algorithm in MPI-IO using MPI file views and datatypes. We show that our conflict detection scheme incurs minimal overhead on I/O operations, making it an effective mechanism for avoiding locks when they are not needed.
Stability of Multidimensional Viscous Shocks

In the first four lectures we describe a recent proof of the short time existence of curved multidimensional viscous shocks, and the associated justification of the small viscosity limit for piecewise smooth curved inviscid shocks. Our goal has been to provide a detailed, readable, and widely accessible account of the main ideas, while avoiding most of the technical aspects connected with the use of pseudodifferential (or paradifferential) operators. The proof might be described as a combination of ODE/dynamical systems analysis with microlocal analysis, with the main new ideas coming in on the ODE side. In a sense the whole problem can be reduced to the study of certain linear systems of nonautonomous ODEs depending on frequencies as parameters. The frequency-dependent matrices we construct as conjugators or symmetrizers in the process of proving estimates for those ODEs serve as principal symbols of pseudodifferential operators used to prove estimates for the original PDEs.
Natural Infection of Soybean with Soybean vein necrosis-associated virus Grown under Greenhouse Conditions: An Accidental Observation

These data demonstrate occurrence of natural infection of SVNaV in soybean under greenhouse conditions during winter in the absence of field-grown soybeans or any infected host plant within the greenhouse. The observations point to the likelihood that overwintering viruliferous adult thrips may have the potential to serve as a local source of SVNaV; however, the epidemiological significance needs to be determined.
Modeling lifetime greenhouse gas emissions associated with materials for various end-of-life treatments.

This research has developed mathematical models for computing lifetime greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with materials. The models include embodied carbon (EC) emissions from the manufacture of materials, and GHG emissions from incineration, or landfill gas (LFG) production from landfill disposal of the material beyond their service lives. The models are applicable to all materials; however, their applications here are demonstrated for the lumber from a residential building with 50- and 100-year service lives, and with incineration, landfill, and deconstruction as end-of-life treatments. This paper introduces a new metric for lifetime GHG emissions associated with materials termed “Global Warming Impact of Materials (GWIM).” The GWIM is subdivided into two portions: (i) productive portion (GWIMp) that includes the materials’ emissions until the service life of the facility and (ii) non-productive portion (GWIMnp) which includes the materials’ GHG emissions beyond the service life until they are eliminated from the atmosphere. In place of the current, static, EC measurements (kgCO2e or MTCO2e), this model reports the GWIMs in units of kgCO2e-years or MTCO2e-years, which includes the effects of “time of use” of a facility. Using the models, this paper has computed GHG reductions by deconstruction, with material recoveries of 30%, 50%, and 70% at demolition for reuse, recycle, or repurpose. A 70% material recovery, after a 50-year service life of the building, affected a savings of 47% and 52% if the remaining 30% debris was incinerated or landfilled respectively. All of the values computed using models checked out with manual calculations.
Physical and emotional support of the neighborhood for older adults: A comparison of the United States and Germany

Abstract The living environment plays a critical role in healthy aging. As older adults' physical abilities decrease, they are less likely to compensate for physical barriers and their action radius decreases. Therefore, older adults strongly depend on the neighborhood to meet their needs. The neighborhood environment also has a role to play in the fulfillment of older adults' emotional needs, which are key to successful aging in place. Further, historical differences in the built environment in the United States vs. Europe may lead to different expectations of need-fulfillment in different countries. The aim of this study was to shed light on older adults' (N = 577, ages 70+) living situations and their demands on the neighborhood in two countries, the United States (n = 350) and Germany (n = 227). Differences between countries were more pronounced than differences between age groups or living areas, indicating that cultural influence is a key aspect of needs assessment for neighborhood design. In line with the literature in environmental gerontology, participants' needs spanned across various dimensions related to the physical, social and psychological environment, which we categorized into global, local, and social needs. As opposed to Americans, Germans had higher expectations of their immediate neighborhood to fulfill their local (e.g., public transportation) and social needs (e.g., family nearby), but countries did not differ regarding global needs such as safety. Our findings suggest that successful aging in place can be supported by a neighborhood that takes people's cultural backgrounds into consideration when defining and meeting their needs.