cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing conflict in online debate communities

Kialo is a novel peer production system focused on pro/con debate construction. Distributed moderator teams vet and accept claims submitted by writers. Moderators also edit and refactor debates as they grow. Thus, moderators play a critical role in cultivating and maintaining debates. Conflict between moderators is typical. It is a feature of argumentation and debate. However, not all conflict is productive. Conflict between moderators can undermine collaboration (by distracting from the task of managing debates) and drive attrition (by discouraging participation on the site altogether). Based on a ten-month participant observation on Kialo, we identify a common source of conflict between moderators: adversarial beliefs and values. Moderators are not neutral participants on Kialo. They take positions on debate topics. We suggest foregrounding these positions, which are potential sources of conflict, through interface design as a scalable way to facilitate conflict management.
Kinetics of the Reactions between Sulfide Radical Cation Complexes, [S∴S]+ and [S∴N]+, and Superoxide or Carbon Dioxide Radical Anions

The reaction of superoxide radical anions with sulfide radical cation complexes represents an important sulfoxide-forming process. Here, absolute rate constants for the reaction of sulfur-sulfur and sulfur-nitrogen three-electron bonded sulfide radical cation complexes with superoxide and, for comparison, carbon dioxide radical anion have been measured by pulse radiolysis. For two different sulfur-sulfur bonded species, the intermolecular complex from dimethyl sulfide and the intramolecular complex from 1,5-dithia-3-hydroxycyclooctane, the rate constants for the reaction with superoxide are on the order of 1.6 {times} 10{sup 10}M{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1} and with the carbon dioxide radical anion on the order of (6.5 {+-} 0.2) {times} 10{sup 9} M{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1}. The fact that the stronger reducing carbon dioxide radical anion shows the lower rate constant can be rationalized by the higher internal reorganization energy of {sup {sm{underscore}bullet}}CO{sub 2}{sup {minus}} as compared to O{sub 2}{sup {sm{underscore}bullet}{minus}}. The rate constant for the reaction of superoxide with the sulfur-nitrogen bonded radical cation of Met-Gly, k = 5.3 x 10{sup 9} M{sup {minus}1} s{sup {minus}1}, is 3-fold lower as compared to that of the reaction with the sulfur-sulfur bonded radical cation complexes.
Persistent Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality Between Black and White Women: What is the Role for Structural Racism?

Wide racial disparities in breast cancer mortality persist in the United States, providing troubling evidence that not all populations are benefitting equally from advances in cancer control.
What Interbank Rates Tell Us About Time-Varying Disaster Risk

We characterize time-varying disaster risk using interbank rates and their options. The identification of disaster risk has remained a significant challenge due to the rarity of macroeconomic disasters. We make an identification assumption that macroeconomic disasters coincide with banking disasters -- extremely unlikely events in which the interbank market fails and investors suffer significant losses. Based on our flexible reduced-form setup, interbank rates together with their options allow us to extract the short-run and long-run components of disaster risk. Our estimation results serve as an external validity test of rare disaster models, which are typically calibrated to match stock moments.
Pathogenesis of Axial Spondyloarthritis — Sources and Current State of Knowledge

Scientific breakthroughs have culminated in the development of the spondyloarthritis (SpA) concept as a family of rheumatic diseases, distinct from rheumatoid arthritis. The demonstration of inflammatory lesions in the sacroiliac joints and spine of patients with axial symptoms of SpA who lacked radiographic features of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) helped refine the SpA concept. Axial SpA includes patients with AS and patients with axial symptoms previously categorized as undifferentiated SpA. This review examines the sources of knowledge that inform axial SpA pathogenesis, highlighting current limitations, and a basic working model of axial SpA pathogenesis.
P-004 Thrombus classification with targeted magnetic nanoparticles

Purpose and introduction Thromboembolic material producing large vessel occlusion of the cerebral arteries varies substantially in composition and these differences affect the ability of both intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy to achieve rapid arterial recanalization. The binding of targeted magnetic nanoparticles may offer a means of noninvasively determining clot composition. We hypothesize that binding of targeted magnetic nanoparticles to thrombus is measurable and varies with clot composition. Materials and methods Thromboembolic material was extracted from 10 patients during emergent mechanical thrombectomy for large vessel occlusion in ICA, MCA, or basilar arteries. The nominal source of the thromboembolic material and time from onset to clot retrieval were recorded. Each sample was divided and sent both for standard histopathologic evaluation and for in vitro assessment by magnetic spectroscopy of nanoparticle Brownian rotation (MSB). The thromboembolic material was incubated in a solution of magnetic nanoparticles that had been coated with antibodies directed toward thrombin. Nanoparticle binding was measured using magnetic relaxometry. Results All clots bound measurable quantities of the thrombin-directed magnetic nanoparticles. 2/10 of the samples were composed of >90% fibrin material. These two samples demonstrated much higher than expected nanoparticle binding. The other samples had proportions of thrombus that ranged from 50 to 60%. Among these samples there was a significant correlation between nanoparticle weight and RBC content (R2 = 0.70, p Discussion Thrombin-directed nanoparticles bound thrombin-rich thromboembolic material roughly in proportion to the RBC content, as expected, confirming an affinity of these particles for this component of the clot. However, samples consisting almost exclusively of fibrin bound even higher levels of the nanoparticles suggesting the presence of an additional binding mechanism. Disclosures C. Eskey: None. W. Wells: None. D. Schartz: None. C. Jackson: None. J. Weaver: None.
ADobf: Obfuscated Detection Method against Analog Trojans on I 2 C Master-Slave Interface

1Hardware Trojan war is expanding from digital world to analog domain. Although hardware Trojans in digital integrated circuits have been extensively investigated, there still lacks study on the Trojans crossing the boundary between digital and analog worlds. This work uses Inter-integrated Circuit (I2C) as an example to demonstrate the potential security threats on its master-slave interface. Furthermore, an obfuscated Trojan detection method is proposed to monitor the abnormal behaviors induced by analog Trojans on the I2C interface. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method has a high sensitivity to the compromised clock signal and can mitigate the clock mute attack with a success rate of over 98%.
Effect of cholesterol on permeability of carbon dioxide across lipid membranes

Determining the permeability of lipid membranes to gases is important for understanding the biological mechanisms of gas transport. Experiments on model membranes have been used to determine the permeability of lipid bilayers in the absence of proteins. Previous measurements have used a number of different methods and obtained widely varying results. We have developed a microfluidic based microscopy assay that measures the rate of CO2 permeation in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs), and we report permeability data for the POPC-cholesterol system. We find that cholesterol has a strong effect on permeability; bilayers containing high levels of cholesterol are an order of magnitude less permeable than bilayers without cholesterol, 9.9 ± 1.0 x 10-4 cm/s vs. 9.6 ± 1.4 x 10-3 cm/s.
Differential induction of Shiga toxin in environmental Escherichia coli O145:H28 strains carrying the same genotype as the outbreak strains

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O145 is a major serotype associated with severe human disease. Production of Shiga toxins (Stxs), especially Stx2a, is thought to be correlated with STEC virulence. Since stx genes are located in prophages genomes, induction of prophages is required for effective Stxs production. Here, we investigated the production of Stxs in 12 environmental STEC O145:H28 strains under stresses STEC encounter in natural habitats and performed comparative analysis with two O145:H28 clinical strains, one linked to a 2010 U.S. lettuce-associated outbreak (RM13514) and the other linked to a 2007 Belgium ice cream-associated outbreak (RM13516). Similar to the outbreak strains, all environmental strains belong to Sequence Type (ST)-78 using the EcMLST typing scheme. Although all Stx1a-prophages were grouped together, variations in Stx1a production were observed prior to or following the inductions. Among all stx2a positive environmental strains, only the Stx2a-prophage in cattle isolate RM9154-C1 was clustered with the Stx2a-prophages in RM13514, the Stx2a-phage induced from a STEC O104:H4 strain linked to the 2011 outbreak of enterohemorrhagic infection in Germany, and the Stx2a-prophage in STEC O157:H7 strain EDL933, a prototype of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Furthermore, the Stx2a-prophage in RM9154-C1 shared the same chromosomal insertion site and carried the same antiterminator Q gene and the late promoter PR' as the Stx2a-prophage in RM13514. Following mitomycin C or enrofloxacin treatment, the production of Stx2a in RM9154-C1 was the highest among all environmental strains tested. In contrast, following acid challenge and recovery, the production of Stx2a in RM9154-C1 was the lowest among all the environmental strains tested, at a level comparable to the clinical strains. A significant increase in Stx2a production was detected in all strains when exposed to H2O2, although the induction fold was much lower than those by other inducers. This low-efficiency induction of Stx-prophages by H2O2, a natural inducer of Stx-prophages, supports the hypothesis of bacterial altruism in controlling Stxs production, a strategy that assures the survival of the STEC population as a whole by sacrificing a small fraction of cells for Stxs production and release. Differential induction of Stxs among strains carrying nearly identical Stx-prophages suggests a role of host bacteria in regulating Stxs production. Our study revealed diverse Stx-prophages in STEC O145:H28 strains that were genotypically indistinguishable. Identification of a cattle isolate harboring a Stx2a-prophage associated with high virulence supports the premise that cattle, a natural reservoir of STEC, serve as a source of hypervirulent STEC strains.
Native American Homelessness and Minneapolis’ Infamous Tent City: Dispelling Myths and Stereotypes to Uncover Solutions

In the summer of 2018, an affordable housing crisis in Minneapolis, Minnesota led to the erection of a homeless encampment infamously labeled, “Tent City.” Publicized by media as a camp for homeless Native Americans, pervasive myths and stereotypes filled the airwaves while public agencies and nonprofit organizations raced to find solutions to this community crisis before the cold winter months settled in. Written from the perspective of an Indigenous woman working in the social services sector of Minneapolis, along with her faculty advisor in a public and nonprofit graduate program, this article: 1) identifies issues of homelessness in Native American communities, 2) dispels myths and stereotypes about Native Americans that impede meaningful progress, 3) explores barriers to safe and secure housing for Native Americans and other marginalized communities, 4) identifies states and countries leading the way to solve homelessness, and 5) suggests best practices and solutions to the ongoing homelessness crisis.
Dietary Aspects to Incorporate in the Creation of a Mobile Image-Based Dietary Assessment Tool to Manage and Improve Diabetes

Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in United States. Dietary intake and behaviors are essential components of diabetes management. Growing evidence suggests dietary components beyond carbohydrates may critically impact glycemic control. Assessment tools on mobile platforms have the ability to capture multiple aspects of dietary behavior in real-time throughout the day to inform and improve diabetes management and insulin dosing. The objective of this narrative review was to summarize evidence related to dietary behaviors and composition to inform a mobile image-based dietary assessment tool for managing glycemic control of both diabetes types (type 1 and type 2 diabetes). This review investigated the following topics amongst those with diabetes: (1) the role of time of eating occasion on indicators of glycemic control; and (2) the role of macronutrient composition of meals on indicators of glycemic control. A search for articles published after 2000 was completed in PubMed with the following sets of keywords “diabetes/diabetes management/diabetes prevention/diabetes risk”, “dietary behavior/eating patterns/temporal/meal timing/meal frequency”, and “macronutrient composition/glycemic index”. Results showed eating behaviors and meal macronutrient composition may affect glycemic control. Specifically, breakfast skipping, late eating and frequent meal consumption might be associated with poor glycemic control while macronutrient composition and order of the meal could also affect glycemic control. These factors should be considered in designing a dietary assessment tool, which may optimize diabetes management to reduce the burden of this disease.
The Middle East: The Sunni-Shia Split; Radical Islam; Tribalism; and Oil

The Middle East is torn apart by the Sunni-Shia split, dividing nations like Syria and Iraq, by radical Islamic movements destabilizing governments and generating barbaric violence, and by the lingering tribalism in the countryside. Because of oil, the nations are rich enough to buy military equipment, but poor enough to inhibit stable democracy from emerging. The “Arab Spring” collapsed into a winter of violence. And, though the cities are quite modern, the countryside remains quite traditional and relatively poor in the Middle East.
Fabrication and delivery of mechano-actived microcapsules containing osteogenic factors in a large animal model of osteochondral injury

Abstract Chondral and osteochondral repair strategies are limited by adverse bony changes that occur after injury. Bone resorption can cause entire scaffolds, engineered tissues, or even endogenous repair tissues to subside below the cartilage surface. To address this translational issue, we fabricated poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microcapsules containing the pro-osteogenic agents triiodothyronine and s-glycerophosphate, and delivered these microcapsules in a large animal model of osteochondral injury to preserve bone structure. We demonstrate that developed microcapsules ruptured in vitro under increasing mechanical loads, and readily sink within a liquid solution, allowing for gravity-based positioning onto the osteochondral surface. In a large animal, these mechano-active microcapsules (MAMCs) were assessed through two different delivery strategies. Intra-articular injection of control MAMCs enabled fluorescent quantification of MAMC rupture and cargo release in a synovial joint setting over time in vivo. This joint-wide injection also confirmed that the MAMCs do not elicit an inflammatory response. In the contralateral hindlimbs, chondral defects were created, MAMCs were locally administered, and nanofracture (Nfx), a clinically utilized method to promote cartilage repair, was performed. The NFx holes enabled marrow-derived stromal cells to enter the defect area and served as repeatable bone injury sites to monitor over time. Animals were evaluated 1 and 2 weeks after injection and surgery. Analysis of injected MAMCs showed that bioactive cargo was released in a controlled fashion over 2 weeks. A bone fluorochrome label injected at the time of surgery displayed maintenance of mineral labeling in the therapeutic group, but resorption in both control groups. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining at the osteochondral interface revealed higher AP activity in defects treated with therapeutic MAMCs. Overall, this study establishes a new micro-fluidically generated delivery platform that releases therapeutic factors in an articulating joint, and reduces this to practice in the delivery of therapeutics that preserve bone structure after osteochondral injury.
Scaling bi/multilingualism through dual language education: a multi-sited study of diverse learners’ views

This multi-sited ethnographic study, conducted in two Mandarin-English dual language schools in two states in the U.S., investigates how students from diverse social, cultural, and linguistic backg...
What Do I Do with My Medications If I Become Pregnant? Safety of IBD Medications During Pregnancy

Many patients worry about how medications used to treat Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis will affect pregnancy. While most medications used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) during pregnancy are low risk, practitioners and patients should be aware of specific adverse effects of certain medications, ideally before becoming pregnant. This chapter discusses the various medications used to treat IBD and the effect they have on pregnancy. We review the literature with regard to use of these medications in both IBD and non-IBD populations. Additionally, a recommendation for use is suggested for each medication.
Chapter 7. Drugs for the Therapy of Pulmonary Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the drugs used for the therapy of pulmonary disorders. Two groups of drugs used for the relief of various manifestations of lung diseases—namely, the bronchodilators—to terminate or prevent an asthmatic attack and the pulmonary vasodilators for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension are reviewed. The stimulation of adrenergic e-receptors is accomplished by three types of sympathomimetics: (1) the epinephrine-type, which directly stimulates preceptors in the airways, as well as α-receptors in the blood vessels, the ephedrine-type, (2) which indirectly stimulate β- and α-receptors by releasing catecholamines, and (3) the isoproterenol-type, which directly stimulate β-receptors but not α-receptors. The adrenergic β-receptors in the heart and bronchial airways are equally sensitive to isoproterenol. It has been possible to stimulate the bronchial receptors to a greater degree than the cardiac receptors. Serotonin has been found to exert an intense vasoconstrictor effect on the pulmonary circulation.
Asymptotic Integration for Differential Systems

In this chapter we are concerned with the following general problem: If we are given a linear system $$\displaystyle{ y' = \left [A(t) + R(t)\right ]y,\qquad t \geq t_{0}, }$$ (2.1) and “know” a fundamental solution matrix X(t) for the (unperturbed) system x′ = A(t)x, how “small” should the perturbation R(t) be so that we can determine an asymptotic behavior for solutions of (2.1)? This question is intentionally vague because depending upon the particular circumstances, there are many possible answers.
Digital holography wave-front sensing in the presence of strong atmospheric turbulence and thermal blooming

Digital holography wave-front sensing in the off-axis image plane recording geometry shows distinct potential for directed-energy and remote-sensing applications. For instance, digital holographic detection provides access to the amplitude and wrapped phase associated with an optical field. From the wrapped phase, one can estimate the atmospheric aberrations present and perform adaptive-optics compensation and high-resolution imaging. This paper develops wave-optics simulations which explore the estimation accuracy of digital holography wave-front sensing in the presence of strong atmospheric turbulence and thermal blooming. Specifically, this paper models spherical-wave propagation through varying atmospheric conditions along a horizontal propagation path and formulates the field-estimated Strehl ratio as a function of the image-plane sampling, the coherence diameter, the log-amplitude variance, and the distortion number. Such results will allow one to assess the number of pixels needed in a detector array when using digital holographic detection in the presence of strong atmospheric turbulence and thermal blooming.
Simulation Techniques for the Manufacturing Test of MCMs

Simulation techniques used in the Manufacturing Test SIMulator (MTSIM) are described. MTSIM is a Concurrent Engineering tool used to simulate the manufacturing test and repair aspects of boards and MCMs from design concept through manufacturing release. MTSIM helps designers select assembly process, specify Design For Test (DFT) features, select board test coverage, specify ASIC defect level goals, establish product feasibility, and predict manufacturing quality and cost goals. A new yield model for boards and MCMs which accounts for the clustering of solder defects is introduced and used to predict the yield at each test step. In addition, MTSIM estimates the average number of defects per board detected at each test step, and estimates costs incurred in test execution, fault isolation and repair. MTSIM models were validated with high performance assemblies at Hewlett-Packard (HP).
Galactic Free-free and H-alpha Emission

This document provides a brief summary estimate of Galactic free-free emission and H-alpha emission and their relationship. Particular emphasis is placed on estimating the potential free-free emission in the region of significant confusion for CMB anisotropy measurements. Existing x-ray, ultraviolet and H$\alpha$ emission provide limits on the radio free-free emission and vice versa. These limits are generally somewhat smaller than the observed ``free-free'' (signal proportional to frequency^{-2.15}) microwave signal. If this remains true, then some previously neglected source may be present. Physics argues that H-alpha emission is still the best tracer for Galactic free-free emission and thus a tool for diagnosing if there is a previously neglected emssion source.
Grocery Industry Collaboration in the Wake of ECR

Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) is an industry‐wide initiative that is commonly believed to have fallen far short of its promised efficiencies and value. Many believe that unrealistic expectations among grocery industry participants are primarily at fault for this shortcoming. The level of internal and external change required to make desired outcomes a reality have been underestimated and poorly understood by prospective participants. While change has been slower than desired, many firms have collaborated effectively and achieved significant results through coordinated supply chain activities. This research uses case studies to illustrate successful collaboration in the grocery supply chain and explores the success factors inherent in such efforts.
Cell-free cloning of highly expanded CTG repeats by amplification of dimerized expanded repeats

We describe conditions for producing uninterrupted expanded CTG repeats consisting of up to 2000 repeats using 29 DNA polymerase. Previously, generation of such repeats was hindered by CTG repeat instability in plasmid vectors maintained in Escherichia coli and poor in vitro ligation of CTG repeat concatemers due to strand slippage. Instead, we used a combination of in vitro ligation and 29 DNA polymerase to amplify DNA. Correctly ligated products generating a dimerized repeat tract formed substrates for rolling circle amplification (RCA). In the presence of two non-complementary primers, hybridizing to either strand of DNA, ligations can be amplified to generate microgram quantities of repeat containing DNA. Additionally, expanded repeats generated by rolling circle amplification can be produced in vectors for expression of expanded CUG (CUG(exp)) RNA capable of sequestering MBNL1 protein in cell culture. Amplification of dimerized expanded repeats (ADER) opens new possibilities for studies of repeat instability and pathogenesis in myotonic dystrophy, a neurological disorder caused by an expanded CTG repeat.
Impact of an electronic information system on physician workflow and data collection in the intensive care unit

Objective: To test the hypotheses that: (1) integrating information processing tasks using an electronic clinical information system (ECIS) decreases time to complete these tasks by hand; and (2) structured data entry encourages generation of more detailed records and capture of specific data elements even when entry is voluntary. Design: Prospective observational time analysis during medical documentation tasks. Retrospective analysis of clinical documentation completed by hand or electronically. Setting: Eleven bed pediatric intensive care unit within an academic medical center. Participants: Five pediatric intensive care medicine attending physicians. Measurements: Compared handwritten and electronic documentation to determine: (1) time spent entering data or composing notes; (2) number of descriptors documenting patients' physical exams; (3) users' preferences for structured or unstructured data entry; (4) frequency of documenting specific data elements related to nutritional support. Results: Documentation time varied by user but not charting method: it took 13% less time to document using the ECIS but this was not significant. Electronic documents were more detailed than handwritten containing 50% more descriptors (17.8±1.4 vs 11.6±1.4) overall and some data elements that were not handwritten: information related to nutritional supplementation was recorded in 13% of electronic documents but in none of 89 handwritten documents. Conclusions: Electronic and handwritten documentation consumed equal amounts of time. Structured entry, compared to handwriting, may encourage recording of specific or otherwise unincorporated data elements resulting in a more detailed record. This suggests that user interfaces and decision support components may influence both the types and complexity of clinical data recorded by caregivers.
Morbidities in Patients with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

We sought to document morbidities and growth for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) to inform the initial surgical decision and understand healthcare needs. Data were obtained on 137 patients with HLHS, born between 1989 and 1994, who survived staged surgery (n = 62) or transplantation (n = 75) and had follow-up information available from four pediatric cardiac surgical centers. In patients with HLHS older than 1 year of age at follow-up, 93% experienced at least one major postsurgical morbidity. Morbidities depended on the surgery received. Hypertension, renal compromise, and abnormal infections were more common in transplanted patients than staged surgery patients. Staged surgery patients used more anticongestive medications and experienced more morbidities requiring interventional catheterization than did transplanted patients. Rejection was common for transplanted patients. On average these children spent 23 days per year in the hospital. Patients with HLHS were small for their age; 43% of staged surgery patients weighed below the third percentile at last information, compared to 19% of transplanted patients (p = 0.003). The median height percentile was the 10th in both groups. Normal activity level was reported in more transplanted patients (90%) than staged surgery patients (49%; p < 0.001). Trade-offs between mortality and morbidity outcomes can help inform the initial surgical decision.
Enron et al.––a comment

The Enron saga continues to unfold, though several themes are in place. On the troubling side, we have a story in which it appears a firm, its consultants, its legal advisors, its financial partners, its Board, and its auditor deliberately, consciously and energetically designed transactions with special purpose entities in order to withhold information. It further appears the SEC was less than fully vigilant here, and that system-wide reliance on ‘‘bright line’’ reporting standards was exploited. After all, if the transaction is designed to circumvent mandatory recording, and if all the parties have contributed their combined cleverness to make certain the transaction somehow escapes the mandatory recording, all is well. In fact, under these circumstances Arthur Andersen even found it appropriate to state that in its opinion Enron’s financial statements presented fairly Enron’s financial position. All is not bleak, however. The press, the legal industry, and the political class have worked and continue to work diligently to bring these activities into the open; despite wholesale file shredding, our institutions are bringing this story into the sunshine. This is no small feat (consider Japan). Relatedly, it is important we allow the legal industry to investigate and prosecute fully these activities. This is, after all, the safeguard in our system, and maintaining respect for our institutions demands vigorous, thorough and prompt investigation and prosecution. Of course, rogues will always be among us. But how could so many people and so many previously highly regarded institutions join in this charade? How could individuals on the Board vote to waive their ethics rules, and not resign? How could the auditor tolerate seamless employment between itself and its client, let alone be party to this collection of activities? How could we wind up Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 21 (2002) 129–130 www.elsevier.com/locate/jaccpubpol
An Erbium-doped Superfluorescent Fiber Source with Long Period Fiber Grating Wavelength Stabilization

In this work we demonstrate preliminary results of a technique which uses a long-period fiber grating (LPG) to compensate for the dependence of ?c on temperature. This technique reduced the slope ?c(T) of an SFS from 9.6 pm/°C (6.2 ppm/°C) to less than 0.08 pm/°C (0.05 ppm/°C) over a 46 °C temperature excursion.
Large sets of 3‐designs from psl(2, q), with block sizes 4 and 5

We determine the distribution of 3−(q + 1,k,λ) designs, with k ϵ {4,5}, among the orbits of k-element subsets under the action of PSL(2,q), for q ϵ 3 (mod 4), on the projective line. As a consequence, we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a uniformly-PSL(2,q) large set of 3−(q + 1,k,λ) designs, with k ϵ {4,5} and q ≡ 3 (mod 4). © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A model of slow equilibrium dynamics for economic expansion

Abstract The paper presents an attempt to describe a production induced evolution of the economy with identical homogeneous preferences and strictly convex production sets. The proposed phenomenological model is based on the regular behaviour of the multiple equilibrium prices and production vectors established in the paper, as the production period tends to zero, which allows for a consistent definition of the product rates and the assumption that the characteristic time scale of relaxation of the equilibria is much less than that associated with the production. The system of differential equations thus obtained is studied for the case of two commodities. The results and several examples with three commodities show an asymptotical price and production rates stabilization.
Context and Variety in Religious Language

There has been much discussion of the logical propriety of religious language in recent years. The debate has been one in which lines of attack and defence have been fairly strongly drawn, often in an atmosphere of contention in which the humbler task of establishing the nature and context of religious utterance has been comparatively neglected. Without gain-saying the importance of exploring the logical implications of religious language it may yet be contended that those implications will be more clearly perceived when the facts about the subject are better known.
Fluctuations of the Single-Particle Distribution Function in Classical Fluids

Relaxation-fluctuation theory is developed for the single-particle distribution function of a classical fluid. Fictitious potentials coupling to arbitrary functions of the internal variables are used to extract equilibrium correlation functions from kinetic equations. In particular the autocorrelation function in the microscopic quantity related to the single-particle distribution is studied. Two procedures are developed for the calculation of this function. To lowest order they both result in the same approximate equation of motion. The first procedure assumes a linear functional dependence on the density of the collision term in the exact equation of motion. The second uses a set of variational eigenfunctions of the Liouville operator which were introduced by Zwanzig. The resulting equation of motion is an "effective field" equation which had been proposed phenomenologically by one of the authors in an earlier paper.
Modeling and Imaging Mechanical Chaos

The word “chaotic system” [Peitgen92] describes a system whose outputs are very sensitive to its initial conditions. Because of their inherent complex nature, chaotic systems are difficult to visualize and understand. This paper describes the visualization of a mechanical chaotic system — a magnetic pendulum. The program uses dynamics modeling and imaging, so that a user can experiment with different configurations and then visualize how that configuration responds to all input conditions. The result shows interesting patterns and insights into the mechanical system itself. This same technique would be applicable to visualizing many other chaotic systems.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Common-Intermediate Strategy for Synthesis of Conduritols and Inositols via β-Hydroxy Cyclohexenylsilanes

Syntheses of conduritols B−D and F and d-(+)-chiro- and neo-inositols from cyclohexenylsilane intermediates are described. The key cyclohexylsilane intermediates 5 and 14 were synthesized by stereoselective olefin dihydroxylation of the corresponding cyclohexenylsilanes. Selective Peterson elimination reactions and Fleming−Tamao oxidations of 5 and 14 then delivered the targeted cyclitol derivatives.
Synthesis of stable isotope labeled PNU-95666

Studies towards the synthesis of stable isotope labeled PNU-95666, a CNS agent currently under development for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, is described. The synthesis of non-labeled PNU-95666 starts using a large excess of methylamine. While the non-labeled methylamine is inexpensive and in plentiful supply, the stable isotope labeled form is expensive and limited availability. Different synthetic routes and conditions, including the use of different aminating agents and various amounts of methylamine were explored and new synthetic conditions were established. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is a totally implantable artificial heart realistic

The incidence of local infection that occurred after the implantation of the intrathoracic Jarvik 7 total artificial heart (J-7 TAH) in patients was a major problem of this cardiac prosthesis. Infection rates increased when the J-7 TAH was implanted for longer periods of time, which was contrary to the results that were obtained by the implantation of the left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) either in the abdominal cavity or in the abdominal wall. Currently, the general belief is that the implantation of a cardiac prosthesis inside of the chest cavity is not safe, due to higher rates of infection. Thus, Part I of this paper deals with the question: "Is a total artificial heart physiologically acceptable?" We believe structural differences of the J-7 TAHs and other LVADs are an important part of the problem. The J-7 TAH is a volumetrically dynamic pump, and the other LVADs are a volumetrically fixed stationary pump. Based upon experiences of this investigator, intrathoracic implantation of a smooth surface pulsating device (or a volumetrically dynamic pump) generated persistent local inflammatory reactive tissues directly adjacent to the device. These tissue capsules were nonadherent to the device, and therefore may produce an ideal environment for allowing bacteria to grow. The findings were opposite to those for a non-pulsating surface pump inside the chest cavity. Part II of this paper discusses the question: "Is a totally implantable artificial heart technically achievable?" Many technical problems for the totally implantable TAH were already resolved during the development program of the totally implantable LVAD. However, there are three TAH specific problems that remain to be solved before achieving a clinically useful totally implantable TAH system. They are (a) anatomical compatibilities of the TAH system; (b) reliable control of the TAH system, (c) reliable and effective long-term operation of the TAH system. We have resolved the anatomical problem by the integral design of the pump-actuator system. Overall size of the hard shell Baylor TAH system is 510 cm3 with a diameter of 97 mm and a width of 82 mm. Its stoke volume was reduced to 63 cm3. The stable and reliable control of TAH performances was established by the three sets of Hall effect sensors with left master alternate mode of pumping. No physiological parameter was used as a feedback signal. Reliable long-term operation of the TAH system was established by the electromechanical actuation system. A simple drive mechanism with commercially available components and subsystems was used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Theoretical study of the accuracy and precision of the measurement of single-component isotherms by the elution by characteristic point method

Abstract Using the equilibrium-dispersive model of chromatography, band profiles corresponding to a known Langmuir isotherm are calculated. A noise sequence is added to the calculated profile to simulate an actual chromatogram. The elution by characteristic point (ECP) method of isotherm calculation is then applied to this profile, and the derived isotherm is compared with the initial one. Significant differences between the “true” and the “measured” isotherms are observed at low or moderate column efficiencies. The direct method of determination of the isotherm from the band profile based on the numerical solution of the inverse mathematical problem gives more accurate results than ECP, especially at low column efficiency. It is recommended touse the ECP method only when the column efficiency exceeds markedly 2000 theoretical plates.
Body temperature, oxygen consumption, heart rate and shivering in the California mastiff bat, Eumops perotis.

Abstract 1. 1. The California mastiff bat, Eumops perotis, can regulate its body temperature between 30° and 34°C at ambient temperatures from 0° to 30°C. Eumops tolerates ambient temperatures at least as high as 39°C without heat stres, although above 30°C body temperature rises by 0·69°/°C increase in ambient temperature. 2. 2. During the winter Eumops engages in daily torpor, rather than prolonged hibernation. 3. 3. Minimal oxygen consumption of bats maintaining a high body temperature occurs at 31°C and is only 55 per cent of the value predicted on the basis of body weight. 4. 4. Eumops conforms to Newtons's Law of Cooling, since the metabolism-ambient temperature curve extrapolates to a value close to the body temperature. Thermal conductance is comparable to that of most other homeotherms of similar size. 5. 5. Resting heart rate is minimal at 30°C and increases both above and below this ambient temperature. Although oxygen pulse increases as ambient temperature decreases, the main circulatory adjustment to meet metabolic demands at low ambient temperatures is the rise in heart rate. 6. 6. Shivering appears at an ambient temperature of 23°C and increases in a linear manner with decreasing ambient temperature.
New Functional Concept of Valvular Mechanics in Normal and Diseased Aortic Valves

The orifice area of the functioning aortic valve was measured roentgenographically and related to flow across the valve in 27 patients (12 with normal valves). The orifice area of normal valves was linearly related to stroke index and to left ventricular ejection rate. Less than half of the cross-sectional area of the valve was utilized in most patients during the resting state. A larger percentage of the anatomical cross-sectional area was utilized during states of higher flow. Cinematographic studies of porcine valves in vitro showed a comparable flow-dependent orifice size. These results suggest the concept of a functional or physiologic cross-sectional area of the aortic valvular orifice. The anatomic cross-sectional area may be restricted without impingement upon the functional cross-sectional area in states in which flow across the valve is low.
Characterization of the Membrane Fraction Isolated by the Fluorescein Mercuric Acetate Technique of Barland and Schroeder

Abstract Using scanning electron microscopy we have demonstrated that the membrane fraction isolated by the fluorescein mercuric acetate technique of Barland and Schroeder (Barland, P. and Schroeder, E.A. (1975) J. Cell Biol. 45, 662–668) represents a topologically distinct membrane which circumscribes the cell nucleus. Our data suggest that not all the cells within a nonsynchronized cell population release a membrane fraction after treatment according to the technique of Barland and Schroeder, but rather that the efficiency of membrane release achieved using this preparative technique is dependent on the morphology of individual cells. Our work has also demonstrated that the peptide composition of the membrane fraction isolated by the technique of Barland and Schroeder differs from the peptide composition of the plasma membrane-enriched fraction isolated by the technique of Brunette and Till (Brunette, D.M. and Till, J.E. (1971) J. Membrane Biol. 5, 215–224). This difference in peptide composition is particularly noticeable among the higher molecular weight proteins, glycoproteins and iodineateable membrane components. The data which we have accumulated suggest that the compositional differences noted between the two membrane isolates do not result from differential extraction of membrane components during the ZnCl 2 -fluorescein mercuric acetate treatments required in the isolation technique originally described by Barland and Schroeder. However, our data do clearly demonstrate that the membrane isolation technique of Barland and Schroeder cannot be used to study the general composition of the plasma membrane.
Effects of Centrifugation Speed and Freezing on Composition of Ruminal Bacterial Samples Collected from Defaunated Sheep

Abstract Triplicate ruminal samples from four rumen-cannulated defaunated sheep (50kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design experiment with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments to test effects of two pretreatments (fresh vs. freezing) and three centrifugation speeds (4640 × g for 30min; 9820× g for 20min; 25,900 × g for 20min) on quantity of ruminal bacteria harvested and composition of ruminal bacterial samples. There were no differences among centrifugation speeds on quantity of ruminal bacteria harvested, organic matter, total N, RNA, and diaminopimelic acid concentrations (% of DM), or RNA:N, RNA:organic matter, N:organic matter, and diaminopimelic acid:organic matter ratios. However, there were differences between fresh and frozen samples for all measurements except diaminopimelic acid concentration, and the diaminopimelic acid:organic matter ratio, suggesting that freezing ruminal fluid is not appropriate for obtaining truly representative bacterial samples.
“ THEY THAT WALK IN DARKNESS”: GHETTO TRAGEDIES : THE USES OF CHRISTIANITY IN ISRAEL ZANGWILL’S FICTION

AT THE END of the Victorian era and in the first decades of the twentieth century, Israel Zangwill was a well-known name in Europe, America, and even the Middle East. The enormous success of his 1892 novel Children of the Ghetto had made Zangwill the spokesperson for English Jewry throughout the world, as he revealed and explained an alien community to its non-Jewish neighbors and made the universe of the Jewish immigrants more intelligible to their acculturated coreligionists. An early Zionist, Zangwill met with Theodore Herzl in London and attended the first Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897; he continued to participate in the movement until 1905, when he formed his own nationalist group, the Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO). He became active in the pacifist and feminist movements of the early 1900s, and his literary output of that period for the most part reflects those interests, although he still explored issues of Jewish identity in numerous short stories and the highly popular play The Melting Pot (1908). In all, Zangwill published eight novels, nine collections of short fiction, eleven plays, and a volume of poetry, writing on both Jewish and more general themes; and (with the exception of some of his later thesis drama) his work was for the most part both popular and acclaimed. During the later 1880s and 1890s Zangwill was a prolific journalist, publishing columns on literature and current topics not only in the Jewish Standard, but also in the comic paper Puck (later Ariel, which he also edited), the Critic, and the Pall Mall Magazine. In short, he was very much a turn-of-the-century literary personality, esteemed as one of their own by his Jewish readers, but also prominent in the more general transatlantic literary milieu.
Is There a Postmodern Presidency

Ryan J. Barilleaux, The Post-Modern Presidency. The Office After Ronald Reagan. New York: Praeger. 1988. Pp. x, 175. $35.95. Richard Rose, The Postmodern President: The White House Meets the World. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers. 1988. Pp. x, 350. $17.95.
Aerosol Replenishment and Cloud Morphology: A VOCALS Example

AbstractThe impact of aerosol replenishment in a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL) on cloud morphology and albedo is examined using a large-eddy simulation (LES) model in conjunction with a prey–predator-type dynamical model following Koren and Feingold. In both the LES and the prey–predator models, the aerosol replenishment is represented as a relaxation term toward an ambient aerosol concentration with a time scale . The LESs suggest the existence of three distinct cloud regimes corresponding to different aerosol relaxation times. Specifically, for a small , the simulations are characterized by a large aerosol concentration, weak precipitation, relatively thick cloud depth, and closed cells. For a moderate , the simulated clouds exhibit open cellular patterns, in accordance with low aerosol concentration and moderate precipitation that oscillates in time. For a large , the aerosol may be depleted by intense drizzling and accordingly the cloud disappears. The critical aerosol relaxation times th...
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for the chemotaxis and haptotaxis models

In this work, first we formulate and compare three different discontinuous Interior Penalty Galerkin methods for the 2D Keller-Segel chemotaxis model. Keller-Segel chemotaxis model is the important starting step in the modeling of the real biological system. We show in the numerical tests that two of the proposed methods fail to give accurate, oscillation-free solutions. Next, we consider the application of the successful method for the Keller-Segel model to the simulation of the more realistic, and closely related haptotaxis model of tumor invasion into healthy tissues.