cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mid-Holocene climate and culture change in coastal Peru

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the history of study and the current status of Mid-Holocene climatic and cultural change along the Peruvian coast, with a focus on major transitions at ca. 5800 and 3000 cal yr BP that correlate temporally with changes in El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) frequency. It begins with presenting the Peruvian archaeological record of Holocene El Nino frequency variation, considering several hypotheses to explain the data. Based on the archaeological record, it is concluded that for some time prior to 5800 years ago, the coast of Peru, north of 10°S latitude, was characterized by permanent warm water. From these data, it is hypothesized that El Nino did not operate for some period before 5800 cal yr BP; after that time, conditions as essentially the same as today were seen. Present-day climatic variability on interannual time scales in the tropics is dominated by ENSO, which involves both the atmosphere and the ocean in the tropical Pacific (e.g., Maasch, in press). Through teleconnections, extratropical climatic variability on these time scales is also impacted by ENSO. Continuous natural Holocene paleoclimate archives from northern Peru, Ecuador, and the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are difficult to find, privileging anthropogenic deposits from archaeological sites. Although precisely dating these records is difficult, climatic change determined from them is consistent. The regional paleoclimate records are presented.
El secreto, esencia de la comedia lopesca-calderoniana, y su intensificación en Sor Juana

Secrets, the essence of drama as a genre since its classical origins, characterize Medieval popular theatre and tipify Lope's comedia which Calderon perfects. Reworking their theatrical heritage, Sor Juana carries this genre beyond the horizon of expectation, as she intensifies the techniques that generate the complication of secrets from the first act of both of her comedies, Los empenos de una casa («Pawns of a House») and Amor es mas laberinto («Love is a Greater Labyrinth»).
Molecular biology: RNA editing packs a one-two punch.

Optimal protein synthesis requires bases in transfer RNAs to be modified. A key modification has been shown to involve an unusual two-step mechanism that entails the sequential activities of two enzymes. See Letter p.494 The array of modifications that can occur in DNA and RNA is much larger than is commonly appreciated, with more than 100 known modifications. However, few of these are easily replicated in vitro, leading to a proposal that coupling of modifications might be required. Juan Alfonzo and colleagues describe such a coupled system in the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. They find that the cytosine-to-uridine deamination at position 32 of tRNAThr requires two enzymatic activities, and proceeds via the formation of a 3-methylcytosine (m3C) intermediate. In addition, the presence of the m3C methyltransferase, TRM140a, limits the potentially mutagenic activity of the deaminase ADAT2/3.
Corporate Disorder and Wrongdoing

Wrongdoing in organizations is extensive and pervasive. It is also very costly. Corporate disorder creates conditions in the organization that can lead to wrongdoing. We explore two significant typ...
Recent Changes in Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care by Mental Health Status, 2012-2015

This study evaluates changes in access to care for adults by mental health status using data from a national sample.
A needs assessment of infection control training for American Red Cross personnel working in shelters

This pilot needs assessment aimed to identify gaps in infection prevention and control (IPC) training of American Red Cross shelter staff through an electronic survey of IPC background, knowledge, and perceived training needs. Respondents (n = 471) noted a greater need for training in several IPC areas, although no significant differences were found in IPC knowledge between those who had recently deployed to a shelter (n = 70) and trained personnel who had never deployed (n = 178).
Temporal Features of Otoacoustic Emissions

The true power of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) continues to be explored. OAE spectral characteristics are typically studied in research and applied in the clinic. However, OAE temporal aspects are ...
Consensus Found and Consensus Lost: Taiwan’s 2016 Election, the “1992 Consensus,” and Cross-Strait Relations

This chapter aims to examine the tug of war of campaign slogans and narrative propositions between parties and electoral contenders in the 2016 presidential elections. It begins with a brief genesis of the 1992 Consensus and its distinctive features followed by an analysis of the campaign agendas and policy stances of presidential contenders and ends with implications for our understanding of Taiwan’s identity and future cross-Strait relations. President Tsai’s “status quo maintenance” proclamation is an attempt to reject the 1992 Consensus for electoral gain. However, the “one China” principle insisted by China will continue to be a significant factor for cross-Strait relations.
B Cells: Development, Differentiation, and Regulation by Fcγ Receptor IIB in the Humoral Immune Response

Because of the ever-increasing number of pathogenic organisms and their rapid mutation rates, the humoral immune system must have the ability to adapt and change along with evolving pathogens. The ability to rearrange germline antibody receptors during B-cell development and then modify these receptors in germinal centers is a means of ensuring that the antibody repertoire diversifies to be able to expunge a broad range of pathogens. However, the randomness of the mechanisms involved in diversifying the antibody repertoire can also generate specificities that attack the host. Because of this, strict regulation of B-cell development and activation is utilized to maintain humoral self tolerance. In this chapter, we broadly overview B-cell biology and the mechanisms used to introduce diversity into the antibody repertoire. We also discuss checkpoints that occur during development that ensure maintenance of self-tolerance. Finally, we discuss the special role that the inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIB, plays in maintaining humoral tolerance.
Promoting a Positive Image: Public Relations Strategies for Special Educators.

Public relations for schools has been a topic of discussion for many years. Application of public relations campaigns to the field of special education though, has not been prevalent. Special educa...
Bilinear and Quadratic Forms

It is the purpose of this paragraph to introduce additional important concepts and their basic properties. This will include bilinear and quadratic forms, discriminant modules, and the group Dis(R). Proof by localization, i.e., by reduction to the case of a local ring, is introduced here. For the entire chapter, we fix a commutative ring R and a right R-module M.
Electrocytes of Electric Fish

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the anatomy and cellular morphology that electric fish have evolved for producing powerful electrical discharges. The chapter mentions that the freshwater electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) and the saltwater electric ray (genus Torpedo) produce extraordinarily powerful electrical discharges with membrane ion channels, receptors, and pumps common to other excitable cells. It is mentioned that the powerful electrical discharges can be measured in the water surrounding these animals. The chapter discusses several related concepts, including anatomy of Electrophorus and mechanism of the electrical discharge, electrocyte membrane electrophysiology, and comparative physiology of Electrophorus and Torpedo with models for mammalian excitable cells. The membrane receptors, ion channels, and ATPases responsible for electric tissue electrophysiology are biochemically and functionally identical to those of mammalian muscle and nerve. Powerful electric fish possess a specialized anatomy and cellular morphology devoted to the production of electrical discharges. Electromotor neurons radiate into the electric organ, innervating individual electrocytes. Electrocytes of both the main electric organ and Sach's organ are large ribbon-shaped cells. Electrocyte membranes contain many of the same protein elements found in myocytes and neurons. Calmodulin is present throughout the cytoplasm of electrocytes, but is particularly concentrated near both the innervated and non-innervated membranes. The marine electric ray (genus Torpedo and various species—marmorata, californica, nobilianae, occidentalis) can produce high-amperage electrical discharges by virtue of numerous electrocyte columns arranged in parallel. The membrane potentials used by electrocytes to produce transcellular potentials are remarkably similar to those of other excitable cells, such as myocytes and neurons. Currents that give rise to electrocyte membrane potentials can even be represented by equivalent circuits similar to those of other excitable cells.
Urban Radiation Sensing And Modeling

We present an approach for better understanding of the exchange of energy between the built and natural environment. Using New York City as a study site, we established the proof of concept for a hybrid experimental-theoretical approach focusing on the radiative heat transfer only. Despite assumptions on surface emissivity and thermal conductivity of buildings walls, the close comparison of temperature values derived from measurements and the computed surface temperatures (including street and ground surfaces) implies that this geospatial, thermodynamic model applied to urban structures, is promising for accurate and high resolution analysis of instantaneous urban surface temperatures.
Enhancement of Resonance by the Use of Multiple Tunnel Barriers in Bilayer Graphene-Based Interlayer Tunnel Field Effect Transistors

Interlayer tunnel field effect transistors (ITFETs) make use of resonant tunneling between two layers of two-dimensional semiconductors to create a negative differential resistance. A narrow resonance allows for lowering the operating voltages in potential circuit applications. The use of multiple tunnel barriers is investigated as a means to obtain a narrow resonance, as the device dimensions are scaled down. For specificity, we analyze a bilayer graphene-based ITFET system.
EMR Adaptations to Support the Identification and Risk Stratification of Children with Special Health Care Needs in the Medical Home.

Introduction Children with special health care needs (CSHCN) are a high risk population with complex medical issues and needs. It is challenging to care for them in a busy, pediatric practice without understanding how many exist and how best to allocate resources. EMRs can be adapted to develop registries and stratify patients to promote population health management. Methods Adaptations were made to the EMR in September 2013 to capture CSHCN and the associated risk level during well-child visits prospectively. All physicians were trained on the definition of CSHCN and on risk stratification levels 1, 2, 3A and 3B. An analysis using one-way ANOVA for children ages 0–21, seen between September 1, 2011 and August 31, 2015, who were identified and stratified after September 2013, was conducted to determine utilization patterns on hospital admissions, emergency department (ED), subspecialty, and primary care visits. Results A total of 4687 CSHCN were identified during the study period. Of the CSHCN, 45% were Level 1, 41% Level 2, 7% 3A and 7% 3B. There were significant differences in utilization across the tiers of CSHCN with the highest level of stratification (3B) demonstrating the most hospital admissions and primary care visits. Level 3B and level 3A (unstable) had significantly more ED visits. Additionally, as tiers increased from level 1 to 3B there was an increase in subspecialty provider utilization (p < 0.0001). Discussion The EMR adaptations developed for CSHCN identified the expected number of CSHCN and predicted utilization patterns across primary, subspecialty, ED and in-patient care.
"TEACHING TABLES:" Building Community to Improve Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes in an Online Teaching Environment

The presentation will examine strategies to build an improved social and cognitive presence among students in an online learning environment. It shall also examine techniques for cultivating an enhanced teaching presence in a distance education course. Recommended strategies for effective social and teaching presence would include community and rapport building activities such as introductory bios, posts and responses by students; instructor accessibility, e-mail messaging; immediacy feedback and motivation. The discussion shall also suggest promoting cognitive presence by providing opportunities for collaborative learning through group projects; lab simulations; role-playing; reflective blogging; and reflective self and peer assessments. The discussion will be of interest to faculty from a range of disciplines as it shall focus on the development of instructional design and the facilitation of online pedagogical processes to ensure students achieve established learning outcomes. An instructional design model, sample syllabus (including evaluation criteria and rubrics), assignments, examples of feedback and e-mail messaging by instructor shall also be presented. Finally, participants will be given a tour of an online course on Blackboard to demonstrate student usability and user-friendliness.
Enhanced Charge Transport by Incorporating Formamidinium and Cesium Cations into Two-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells

Organic-inorganic hybrid two-dimensional (2D) perovskites (n≤5) have recently attracted significant attention because of their promising stability and optoelectronic properties. Normally, 2D perovskites contain a monocation [e.g., methylammonium (MA+ ) or formamidinium (FA+ )]. Reported here for the first time is the fabrication of 2D perovskites (n=5) with mixed cations of MA+ , FA+ , and cesium (Cs+ ). The use of these triple cations leads to the formation of a smooth, compact surface morphology with larger grain size and fewer grain boundaries compared to the conventional MA-based counterpart. The resulting perovskite also exhibits longer carrier lifetime and higher conductivity in triple cation 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2D PSCs with triple cations was enhanced by more than 80 % (from 7.80 to 14.23 %) compared to PSCs fabricated with a monocation. The PCE is also higher than that of PSCs based on binary cation (MA+ -FA+ or MA+ -Cs+ ) 2D structures.
Fiction and Colonial Identities

This chapter explores the first Arabic translation (1909) of Maurice Leblanc’s Arsene Lupin, Gentleman Cambrioleur novellas as the instance of a major formal shift in the Arab narrative genre system that emerges in creative tension with changing regimes of personhood in colonial Egypt. Selim shows how ʿAbd al-Qadir Hamza’s translation interlaces the narrative modes of medieval popular genres (the sira) into Leblanc’s ironic, post-novelistic detective fiction to produce an Arabic text that can be read as a challenge to the fixed and stable construction of identity necessary to both the colonial police state and nahdawi reformism.
Office-based anesthesia: an update on safety and outcomes (2017-2019).

Purpose of review Although both cost and patient preference tend to favor the office-based setting, one must consider the hidden costs in managing complications and readmissions. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on safety outcomes of office-based procedures, as well as to identify common patient-specific factors that influence the decision for office-based surgery or impact patient outcomes. Recent findings Office-based anesthesia (OBA) success rates from the latest publications of orthopedic, plastic, endovascular, and otolaryngologic continue to improve. A common thread among these studies is the ability to predict which patients will benefit from going home the same day, as well as identifying comorbid factors that would lead to failure to discharge or readmission after surgery. Specifically, patients with active infection, cardiovascular disease, coagulopathy, insulin-dependent diabetes, obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, poorly controlled hypertension, and thromboembolic disease are presumed to be poor candidates for outpatient office procedures. Summary Overall, anesthesia and surgery in the office is becoming increasingly safe. Recent data suggest that the improved safety in the office-based setting is attributable to proper patient selection. Anesthesiologists play a critical role in prescreening eligible patients to ensure a safe and productive process. Patients treated in the office seem to be selected based on their low risk for complications, and our review reflects this position.
Rover Localization in Mars Helicopter Aerial Maps: Experimental Results in a Mars-Analogue Environment

In a potential Mars sample return mission, a Mars rover is required to visit previously explored and mapped environments in order to retrieve previously collected samples for subsequent return to Earth. In such a mission, the rover needs to establish its position within a provided map to safely and efficiently plan a path toward the goal locations. In this work, we study the feasibility and performance of aerial-to-ground (A2G) localization of the Mars rover by registering rover’s ground imagery to an aerial map of a Mars analogue environment. Through empirical experiments at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Mars Yard, we present performance, robustness and sensitivity analysis for A2G localization in varying lighting conditions, viewing angles, terrain types and using different image feature detectors and descriptors.
Planet Formation in Small Separation Binaries: Not so Secularly Excited by the Companion

The existence of planets in binaries with relatively small separations (around 20 AU), such as α Centauri or γ Cephei, poses severe challenges to standard planet formation theories. The problem lies in the vigorous secular excitation of planetesimal eccentricities at separations of several AU, where some of the planets are found, by the massive, eccentric stellar companions. High relative velocities of planetesimals preclude their growth in mutual collisions for a wide range of sizes, from below 1 km up to several hundred km, resulting in a fragmentation barrier to planet formation. Here we show that, for the case of an axisymmetric circumstellar protoplanetary disk, the rapid apsidal precession of planetesimal orbits caused by the disk gravity acts to strongly reduce the direct secular eccentricity excitation by the companion, lowering planetesimal velocities by an order of magnitude or even more at 1 AU. By examining the details of planetesimal dynamics, we demonstrate that this effect eliminates the fragmentation barrier for in situ growth of planetesimals as small as 10 km even at separations as wide as 2.6 AU (the semimajor axis of the giant planet in HD 196885), provided that the circumstellar protoplanetary disk has a small eccentricity and is relatively massive, ~0.1 M ☉.
Enabling simulations of helium bubble nucleation and growth: A strategy for interatomic potentials

Helium bubbles are a severe form of radiation damage that has been frequently observed. It would be possible to understand the complex processes that cause bubble formation if suitable interatomic potentials were available to enable molecular dynamics simulations. In this paper, Pd-H-He embedded-atom method potentials based on both Daw-Baskes and Finnis-Sinclair formalisms have been developed to enable modeling of He bubbles formed by the radioactive decay of tritium in Pd. Our potentials incorporate helium into an existing Pd-H potential while addressing two challenging paradoxes: (a) Interstitial He atoms can dramatically lower their energies by forming dimers and larger clusters in Pd but are only bound by weak van der Waals forces in the gas phase. (b) He atoms diffuse readily in Pd yet significantly distort the Pd lattice with large volume expansions. We demonstrate that both of our potentials reproduce density functional theory results for (b). However, the Daw-Baskes formalism fails to resolve paradox (a) because it cannot reproduce the experimental helium equation of state. We resolved this problem through a modification of the Finnis-Sinclair formalism in which a (fictitious) negative embedding charge density is produced by Pd at the He binding sites. In addition to molecular statics validation of static properties, molecular dynamics simulation tests establish that our Finnis-Sinclair potential leads to the nucleation of helium bubbles from an initial random distribution of helium interstitial atoms.
Peaking and interpolation by complex polynomials

Classical results about peaking from complex interpolation theory are extended to polynomials on a closed disk, and on the complement of its interior. New results are obtained concerning interpolation by univalent polynomials on a Jordan domain whose boundary satisfies certain smoothness conditions.
Adaptive Seasonality Estimation for Campaign Optimization in Online Advertising

Feedback control methodologies have provided scalable solutions to many optimization problems encountered in online programmatic advertising systems. This paper is concerned with the identification of seasonality in Internet user traffic of an advertising campaign, critical for optimal budget delivery and performance management. The seasonality typically manifests itself as a time-of-day (TOD) periodic pattern, which in this paper is modeled by a truncated Fourier series. An adaptive estimation scheme is proposed for the identification of the parameters, running alongside a feedback controller for the advertising campaign. Effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme are demonstrated with both simulation and experiment results from real advertising campaigns with the Demand Side Platform (DSP) at Verizon Media.
Introduction to the special issue: Research in morality as an integrated, interdisciplinary domain of inquiry

Increasing divisiveness and prejudicial conflict in Western societies has accelerated interest in convincing moral knowledge. Although social science is a natural place to seek answers, these scien...
The Diaper Controversy

In Reply.— We would like to thank Dr Newman for her personal and amusing comments about parenting and diapers. We agree that parents should decide which type of diapers suit their family9s needs. We nevertheless feel that pediatricians should be prepared to discuss diapering options with parents and help them to make educated personal choices in much the same way a pediatrician would give advise on child rearing.
Chemical residues: incidence in the United States.

In this chapter, the use of the term residue relates primarily to the trace amounts of materials found in foods of various origins resulting from the application of chemicals during production. In order to focus on the type of sampling and the underlying statistical basis, the approach used for estimating the incidence of residues in animal products is presented in this chapter. The primary focus of the enforcement analytical work was related to antibiotic/antimicrobial assays and accounted for >99% of the samples. In sheep the incidence is 2.2%, approximately 2.5 times that reported in 2004, while in goats the 2005 frequency is 43% of that of 2004. A common acrylamide-forming reaction occurs when naturally occurring sugars react with asparagine at elevated temperatures. The most important point to be made is that acrylamide is considered a potential carcinogen and that the levels found in foods can be reduced during food preparation. The administration of the pesticide regulatory system is quite complex. Pesticide residues were not detected in 62.7% of domestic and 71.8% of imported samples. Of those samples, 2.4% of domestic and 6.1% of imported samples had violative levels. The problems with the U.S. food supplies are not the overall-occurring chemical residues but more likely the wide variety of bacteriological residues occurring from processing and distribution systems.
BlueDBM: A multi-access, distributed flash store for Big Data analytics

Complex analytics of the vast amount of data collected via social media, cell phones, ubiquitous smart sensors, and satellites is likely to be the biggest economic driver for the IT industry over the next decade. For many “Big Data” applications, the limiting factor in performance is often the transportation of large amount of data from hard disks to where it can be processed, i.e. DRAM. We will present BlueDBM, an architecture for a scalable distributed flash store which is designed to overcome this limitation in two ways. First, the architecture provides a high-performance, high-capacity, scalable random-access storage. It achieves high-throughput by sharing large numbers of flash chips across a low-latency, chip-to-chip backplane network managed by the flash controllers. Second, it permits some computation near the data via a FPGA-based programmable flash controller. We will present the preliminary results on accelerating complex queries using BlueDBM consisting of 20 nodes and up to 20TB of flash.
Media selection as a strategic component of communication

Why do people select the media they choose for a particular type of communication? The media choice literature has considered myriad contextual factors that influence media choice, from proximity of the communication partners, to the urgency of the situation, to time pressure, and so on. From this body of work, a contingency-based theory of media choice has emerged. An alternative approach is to investigate how communication strategies and media characteristics affect choice. We identified two approaches for investigating these issues: Te'eni's (2001) model of organizational communication and Dennis et al.'s (2008) media synchronicity theory. Using a scenario-based methodology, we asked respondents which medium they would use for a deceptive communication task and why they made that choice. We analyzed the data from the perspective of both the Te'eni and MST frameworks, enabling us to compare the extent to which each was able to explain our respondents' media choices. Both frameworks, at differing levels of communication granularity, suggest that the intent of the communication drives a strategy that ultimately informs media choice. The results suggest that the prior contingency-based explanations of media choice could be improved by not only understanding the intent of the communication, but also the strategy used by an individual to execute this communication. Additionally, we found that the more finely grained view of communication contained in MST explained more of the outcomes and was more parsimonious as well.
Developmental Science Across the Life Span

We discuss the historical bases and conceptual features of developmental science, a field that seeks to describe, explain, and optimize intraindividual change and interindividual differences in intraindividual change across the life span. Framed by relational developmental systems theories of human development, developmental science involves the integration of variables from levels of organization ranging from biology through culture, the physical ecology, and history and, because of the plasticity in the human development systems that derives from temporal embeddedness, there is an integration of basic research and applications aimed at promoting positive human development. The chapters in this volume describe the foundations of developmental science, the processes involved in development across infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, and the ways in which developmental science may be applied to enhance thriving and social justice across the life span. Keywords: developmental science; relational developmental systems theory; plasticity; applied developmental science; infancy; childhood; adolescence; adulthood
Guidance of regenerating motor axons in larval and juvenile bullfrogs

The segmental distribution of regenerating bullfrog motor axons was mapped in advanced tadpoles and juvenile frogs by stimulating selected muscle nerves and recording from the distal ends of the 3 lumbar ventral roots (VRs) that innervate the hindlimb. When motoneurons were axotomized by VR transection, they reestablished their original innervation fields, rarely, if ever, growing beyond the territory normally supplied by their spinal segment. However, when motoneurons were axotomized in the spinal nerves at the level of the hindlimb plexus, some of them regenerated into limb nerves that lay outside the axons' normal segmental boundaries, and many regenerated into the medial femoral cutaneous nerve, a pathway normally limited to sensory axons. These observations suggest that the ultimate destinations of regenerating axons are largely determined by structures the axons encounter as they penetrate the distal nerve stumps. Thus, axons regenerating from a severed VR grow into that root's own distal stump and reinnervate the hindlimb in a manner that is segmentally appropriate; axons transected near the plexus have access to the pathways of sensory, as well as motor, axons in all 3 lumbar segments, and establish innervation fields that are inappropriate for their segment of origin and their motor function.
Sound levels around buildings near roadways

Presents the results of preliminary measurements of the difference between the incident sound levels at the front and rear facades of suburban detached and semi-detached houses adjacent to major roadways. The measurement also yielded data on sound transmission through open windows and comparisons between the sound levels measured in open windows, at the surface of the building facade, and 2 m from the facade.
Potential models for quarkonia. What can we learn from potential models at finite temperature

In this paper I discuss what we can learn about quarkonium dissociation from lattice-potential based models. Special emphasis is given to results obtained in agreement by different models, and to the relevance of lattice QCD for potential models. Future directions are also discussed.
About Your Masthead: A Preliminary Inquiry into the Compatibility of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties

The editors of the Harvard Civil Rights -Civil Liberties Law Review have invited me to offer my thoughts on the relationship between civil rights and civil liberties. Both are emblazoned on their masthead. A few years ago, one of my favorite authors, historian Robin Kelley, wrote a prize-winning book about white media, black culture, and the huge gulf between them, entitled Yo' Mama's Disfunktional. Does a similar gap exist between civil rights and civil liberties? Is the masthead dysfunctional, committing CR-CL by its terms to an inherently self-contradictory agenda, like a law review that billed itself as "The Global Development and Environmental Protection Journal" or "The Review of Religion and Atheism"? Are civil liberties and civil rights in tension, pulling in different directions? Is it possible for a society to have both, in full measure and without limitation? If not, should CR-CL split up into two separate journals? Part I of this Essay examines a few instances in which civil rights and civil liberties may be entirely compatible. Then, Part II shows how our system of civil rights and civil liberties can exhibit tensions and strains, as exemplified in the area of hate speech. Part III explains the source of these tensions, while Part IV offers some thoughts on how to live with them. I hope that what follows will prove helpful not just in this one area but will also enable us to understand better the relationship between civil rights and civil liberties in general.
Episodic and semantic components of the compound-stimulus strategy in the explicit task-cuing procedure.

The explicit task-cuing procedure is commonly used to study executive control processes involved in set switching, but performance in this task-switching procedure may be accomplished without switching tasks. Subjects may perform both tasks by using a compound-stimulus strategy, in which subjects encode the cue, encode the target, and use the combination as a compound retrieval cue to choose the appropriate response. We manipulated the number of targets (8, 16, 32, or 640) that subjects experienced in a four-cue/two-task procedure to separate episodic and semantic memory retrieval components of the compound-stimulus strategy. Cue repetitions were faster than task repetitions, and task repetitions were only slightly faster than task alternations, suggesting that cue repetition effects account for the bulk of the difference between repetitions and alternations. We found the same effects with all target set sizes. The results are consistent with use of a semantic compound-stimulus strategy.
Effect of inclusions on LCF life of HIP plus heat treated powder metal rené 95

Effects of inclusions on 538 °C (1000 °F) strain control low cycle fatigue life of hot isostatically pressed and heat treated powder metal Rene* 95 compacts were evaluated. Size and location (surface or internal for the test bar) effects along with inclusion types and sources are categorized. Five types of inclusions were identified based on fracture initiation site appearance, although only two major types commonly contribute to significant life low cycle fatigue life degradation. Prior particle boundary decoration reactive type inclusions typically cause the most severe low cycle fatigue life degradation, and those are followed by the discrete ceramic type inclusions. Known potential contaminant seeding study evaluations were used to confirm sources for specific inclusion types. Attempts to minimize the sources for introduction of these contaminants in the argon gas atomization process facilities were only partially successful. An advanced processing approach for the manufacture of Rene 95 to achieve superior low cycle fatigue life has been proposed based on the improved understanding of the inclusion problem.
Vibrational linewidths of adsorbed molecules: Experimental considerations and results

The current understanding of the causes of vibrational line-broadening in adsorbates is discussed, with particular emphasis on experimental considerations. Recent experimental determinations of line-broadening mechanisms are reviewed. While there has been great progress in the theoretical understanding of line-broadening by energy and phase relaxation, it remains difficult to determine experimentally the relative importance of the various proposed mechanisms. Inhomogeneous broadening, which is certainly important in many cases, has received little theoretical attention.
Alteration of pituitary-adrenal dynamics induced by a water deprivation regimen.

Experiments are described which were designed to assess the degree of adaptation that occurs in rats chronically exposed to the stress of a water-deprivation regimen and to determine if that adaptation represents a normalization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. There were no significant differences in mean corticosterone concentrations among control nondeprived rats 1, 4, and 8 weeks after the start of the experiment. The water-deprived rats, however, had significantly elevated plasma steroids 1 and 4 weeks after the onset of deprivation as compared to controls, but not after 8 weeks. Thus, there was a significant decrease in mean plasma corticosterone levels during water deprivation from 1 week to 8 weeks.
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation and resistance exercise significantly reduce abdominal adiposity in healthy elderly men

The effects of 12-weeks of HMB ingestion and resistance training (RT) on abdominal adiposity were examined in 48 men (66-78 yrs). All participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: no-training placebo (NT-PL), HMB only (NT-HMB), RT with PL (RT-PL), or HMB with RT (RT-HMB). DXA was used to estimate abdominal fat mass (AFM) by placing the region of interest over the L1-L4 region of the spine. Outcomes were assessed by ANCOVA, with Bonferroni-corrected pairwise comparisons. Baseline AFM values were used as the covariate. The ANCOVA indicated a significant difference (p = 0.013) between group means for the adjusted posttest AFM values (mean (kg) ± SE: NT-PL = 2.59 ± 0.06; NT-HMB = 2.59 ± 0.61; RT-PL = 2.59 ± 0.62; RT-HMB = 2.34 ± 0.61). The pairwise comparisons indicated that AFM following the intervention period in the RT-HMB group was significantly less than NT-PL (p = 0.013), NT-HMB (p = 0.011), and RT-PL (p = 0.010). These data suggested that HMB in combination with 12 weeks of RT decreased AFM in elderly men.
Excitation of the Green Auroral Line.

THIS note will be of special interest when compared with my paper on the light of the night sky, published in a recent number of the Physical Review, and with my report before the Pasadena meeting of the American Physical Society, in which I reported the first effectively complete reproduction of the aurora spectrum. On many of the spectra which were photographed during the progress of the above-mentioned experiments, it was thought that there were definite, though weak, indications of the presence of the green auroral line. The failure of the green line to appear with considerable intensity in these experiments was never considered to be serious, since there was ample evidence for the occurrence of collisions between excited nitrogen molecules and metastable oxygen atoms in the states which are involved in the emission of the green line. Since the state on which the green line originates is metastable, it is not at all surprising that the line was either absent or missing in these experiments.
OPTIMIZATION OF GRADED MULTILAYER DESIGNS FOR ASTRONOMICAL X-RAY TELESCOPES

We developed a systematic method for optimizing the design of depth-graded multilayers for astronomical hard-x-ray and soft-γ-ray telescopes based on the instrument’s bandpass and the field of view. We apply these methods to the design of the conical-approximation Wolter I optics employed by the balloon-borne High Energy Focusing Telescope, using W/Si as the multilayer materials. In addition, we present optimized performance calculations of mirrors, using other material pairs that are capable of extending performance to photon energies above the W K-absorption edge (69.5 keV), including Pt/C, Ni/C, Cu/Si, and Mo/Si.
Adenine phosphoribosyl transferase polymorphism in baboons

Two allelic isozymes of adenine phosphoribosyl transferase (APRT) were detected by starch gel electrophoresis of baboon hemolysates. Extensive family data verified autosomal codominant inheritance. The gene frequencies of five subspecies of baboons differed significantly. The activity of erythrocyte APRT is sufficiently high to enable the use of this enzyme as a sensitive marker for assessing chimerism in research involving bone marrow transplantation.
Characterizing vulnerability to water scarcity: The case of a groundwater-dependent, rapidly urbanizing region

Abstract Groundwater overdraft is a resource management issue that poses a threat for the security of communities. Impacts of groundwater overdraft are influenced by the biophysical and social contexts of water management. This paper presents a method for assessing vulnerability to water scarcity in spatial terms using biophysical and social indicators. A geographic information system was used to establish areas of vulnerability based upon hydrologic variability in water resource availability within a groundwater basin, three types of water management systems, and 10 sociodemographic characteristics. Our study area is in the rapidly urbanizing Arizona Central Highlands, located ~150km north of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA. Results indicate that the most biophysically vulnerable places do not necessarily intersect with the most vulnerable populations and that local differences in vulnerability are interrelated, rather than independent, outcomes in a process of socioenvironmental transformation. Vul...
Gastric Polyp in a Wild-Caught Blue Shark

Abstract An adult male blue shark Prionace glauca was caught in June 2002 by recreational fisherman off Long Island, New York. The shark was necropsied dockside and all major tissues were collected into elasmobranch formalin and processed for light microscopy. Macroscopic lesions included a polyp arising from the mucosa of the gastric body and numerous larval cestodes Hepatoxylon trichiuri attached to the hepatic capsule. The gastric polyp was a slender, pedunculated growth with a mucosa similar to the remaining gastric lining except for a few pinpoint areas of erosion and hemorrhage. Microscopically, the growth was classified as a well-differentiated adenomatous polyp. Histological evidence suggested minimal chronic gastritis, but special stains failed to reveal intralesional microorganisms, and no histological evidence of viral infection was detected. No other significant microscopic lesions were detected. This is the first literature report of a gastric polyp in a shark and in fishes in the class Chond...
Computer aided classification of forest cover types from small scale aerial photography.

The US National Park Service must map forest cover types over extensive areas in order to fulfill its goal of maintaining or reconstructing presettlement vegetation within national parks and monuments. Furthermore, such cover type maps must be updated on a regular basis to document vegetation changes. Computer-aided classification of small scale aerial photography is a promising technique for generating forest cover type maps efficiently and inexpensively. In this study, seven cover types were classified with an overall accuracy of 62 percent from a reproduction of a 1∶120,000 color infrared transparency of a conifer-hardwood forest. The results were encouraging, given the degraded quality of the photograph and the fact that features were not centered, as well as the lack of information on lens vignetting characteristics to make corrections. Suggestions are made for resolving these problems in future research and applications. In addition, it is hypothesized that the overall accuracy is artificially low because the computer-aided classification more accurately portrayed the intermixing of cover types than the hand-drawn maps to which it was compared.
Pore volume and transport properties changes during pressure cycling of several crystalline rocks

Abstract Samples of five crystalline rocks were submitted to confining pressure cycles during which pore volume changes were measured. A recent version of the ‘equivalent channel model’ was used to interpret these data jointly with permeability and electrical resistivity data collected on the same rocks. The variations of these three quantities with pressure were predicted very well by the model. Thus, the following parameters characterizing the pore structure of the rocks studied could be determined: the standard deviation of the asperity heights distribution h, the wetted area of the pores per unit volume Ac/V, and the product of the initial mean hydraulic radius 〈m0〉 by the squared initial mean tortuosity 〈τ0〉2. The uncertainty on these parameters was usually rather large but decreased drastically in the cases where all the different data had been collected on a single sample. Ac/V did not appear correlated with porosity or permeability in the rocks studied here. In contrast, h and 〈m0〉〈τ0〉2 showed some tendency to increase with increasing permeability. This suggests that permeability is mainly controlled by hydraulic radius. Finally, within the precision limits of this study, we did not observe a dependence of these parameters on either the loading and unloading cycles or on the number of cycles, although the pore volume change data showed strong hysteresis and stress history effects.
Empirically Defined Patterns of Executive Function Deficits in Schizophrenia and Their Relation to Everyday Functioning: A Person-Centered Approach

Executive function (EF) deficits in schizophrenia (SZ) are well documented, although much less is known about patterns of EF deficits and their association to differential impairments in everyday functioning. The present study empirically defined SZ groups based on measures of various EF abilities and then compared these EF groups on everyday action errors. Participants (n = 45) completed various subtests from the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) and the Naturalistic Action Test (NAT), a performance-based measure of everyday action that yields scores reflecting total errors and a range of different error types (e.g., omission, perseveration). Results of a latent class analysis revealed three distinct EF groups, characterized by (a) multiple EF deficits, (b) relatively spared EF, and (c) perseverative responding. Follow-up analyses revealed that the classes differed significantly on NAT total errors, total commission errors, and total perseveration errors; the two classes with EF impairment ...
Predicting User Performance and Learning in Human--Computer Interaction with the Herbal Compiler

We report a way to build a series of GOMS-like cognitive user models representing a range of performance at different stages of learning. We use a spreadsheet task across multiple sessions as an example task; it takes about 20--30 min. to perform. The models were created in ACT-R using a compiler. The novice model has 29 rules and 1,152 declarative memory task elements (chunks)—it learns to create procedural knowledge to perform the task. The expert model has 617 rules and 614 task chunks (that it does not use) and 538 command string chunks—it gets slightly faster through limited declarative learning of the command strings and some further production compilation; there are a range of intermediate models. These models were tested against aggregate and individual human learning data, confirming the models’ predictions. This work suggests that user models can be created that learn like users while doing the task.
The Utility of EEG, SSEP, and Other Neurophysiologic Tools to Guide Neurocritical Care

Neuromonitoring is an emerging field that aims to characterize real-time neurophysiology to tailor therapy for acute injuries of the central nervous system. While cardiac telemetry has been used for decades among patients requiring critical care of all kinds, neurophysiology and neurotelemetry has only recently emerged as a routine screening tool in comatose patients. The increasing utilization of electroencephalography in comatose patients is primarily due to the recognition of the common occurrence of nonconvulsive seizures among comatose patients, the development of quantitative measures to detect regional ischemia, and the appreciation of electroencephalography phenotypes that indicate prognosis after cardiac arrest. Other neuromonitoring tools, such as somatosensory evoked potentials have a complementary role, surveying the integrity of the neuroaxis as an indicator of prognosis or illness progression in both acute brain and spinal injuries.
Differential response rates of two concurrently available instrumental drinking responses

A technique which permits a paired comparison examination of instrumental licking preferences is described. Saccharin preference for two female rats was demonstrated by comparing differential instrumental lick rates on concurrently available saccharin and water in a lick-to-run contingency.