cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of Breast Cancer in Women After Augmentation Mammoplasty Using Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET

UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of FDG-PET imaging in women with silicone implant augmentation mammoplasties where mammographic detection of breast cancers is challenging due to the implants' radiodensity, which can obscure tumor visualization. METHODS FDG-PET imaging was performed in two women with augmentation mammoplasties and small palpable breast abnormalities. Mammograms with and without breast displacement were also performed. RESULTS PET clearly demonstrated focal FDG accumulation in the suspicious breasts, corresponding to tumors of less than 1.5 cm in diameter. There was no degradation of image quality by the implants and no need for breast displacement views. By contrast, implant displacement mammograms were necessary to fully delineate the tumors. CONCLUSION While mammograms with displacement views represent the initial choice for imaging the augmented breast, FDG-PET can image tumors in the augmented breast without implant displacement and without obvious degradation of image quality by the implant. FDG-PET warrants additional evaluation as an adjunctive study in the augmented breast, particularly when displacement mammographic views are not adequate or are impossible to perform due to peri-implant capsule formation.
“There I am”: A Grounded Theory Study of Young Adults Navigating a Transgender or Gender Nonconforming Identity within a Context of Oppression and Invisibility

The primary aim of the present study is to extend discussions of navigating an emerging transgender or gender nonconforming (TGNC) identity during youth and young adulthood in a society in which TGNC identities remain invisible and marginalized. Participants include 13 racially/ethnically diverse TGNC young adults ages 18–29 in the United States. Constructivist grounded theory methods were used to collect, analyze, and interpret data. Navigating a TGNC Identity in the Dark emerged as a journey from initial recognition of an existing, but unidentifiable, difference toward awareness and acceptance of a TGNC identity. Analyses revealed six themes associated with navigating identity: Moving from Uncertainty to Knowing, Recognizing Self in Others, Finding Me, Explaining Work, Struggling for Authenticity, and Evolving Self-Acceptance. Narratives highlighted the complex journeys toward authenticity that included pervasive oppression. Findings from my study can be used to inform clinical work aimed at supporting TGNC individuals as they recognize and make meaning of their TGNC identities. Moreover, findings underscore the importance of increasing the level of visibility and affirmation of a range of TGNC identities and experiences in dominant institutions (e.g., media, schools, health care) in the lives of youth as a way to facilitate self-understanding and acceptance at earlier ages and with fewer obstacles.
Microbes Should Be Central to Ecological Education and Outreach

Our planet is changing rapidly, and responding to the ensuing environmental challenges will require an informed citizenry that can understand the inherent complexity of ecological systems. However, microorganisms are usually neglected in the narratives that we use to understand nature. Here, we advocate for the inclusion of microbial ecology across education levels and delineate the often neglected benefits of incorporating microbes into ecology curricula. We provide examples across education levels, from secondary school (by considering one's self as a microbial ecosystem), to higher education (by incorporating our knowledge of the global ecological role and medical application of microbes), to the general public (by engagement through citizen-science projects). The greater inclusion of microbes in ecological education and outreach will not only help us appreciate the natural world we are part of, but will ultimately aid in building a citizenry better prepared to make informed decisions on health and environmental policies.
Loperamide Abuse Associated With Cardiac Dysrhythmia and Death

Loperamide is an over-the-counter antidiarrheal with μ-opioid agonist activity. Central nervous system opioid effects are not observed after therapeutic oral dosing because of poor bioavailability and minimal central nervous system penetration. However, central nervous system opioid effects do occur after supratherapeutic oral doses. Recently, oral loperamide abuse as an opioid substitute has been increasing among patients attempting to self-treat their opioid addiction. Ventricular dysrhythmias and prolongation of the QRS duration and QTc interval have been reported after oral loperamide abuse. We describe 2 fatalities in the setting of significantly elevated loperamide concentrations.
Compatibility of Atlas Materials with Fluorine Propellants

In order to investigate upgrading of the ATLAS booster, the following oxidizers were investigated: fluorine (F2), oxygen difluoride (OF2), and FLOX (a mixture of liquid fluorine and oxygen). Each of these in conjunction with RP-1 has a specific impulse significantly greater than the present LOX/RP-1 system. One of the major problems in using fluorine-type oxidizers is that of material compatibility, and this paper describes a study of the compatibility of ATLAS materials with these oxidizers.
Characterization of melt-blended graphene – poly(ether ether ketone) nanocomposite

Abstract Using a high shear melt-processing method, graphene-reinforced polymer matrix composites (G-PMCs) were produced with good distribution and particle–matrix interaction of bi/trilayer graphene at 2 wt. % and 5 wt. % in poly ether ether ketone (2Gn-PEEK and 5Gn-PEEK). The morphology, structure, thermal properties, and mechanical properties of PEEK, 2Gn-PEEK and 5 Gn-PEEK were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), flexural mechanical testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Addition of graphene to PEEK induces surface crystallization, increased percent crystallinity, offers a composite that is thermally stable until 550 °C and enhances thermomechanical properties. Results show that graphene was successfully melt-blended within PEEK using this method.
Tracking Fish and Human Response to Earthquakes on the Northwest Coast of Washington State, USA: A Preliminary Study at Tse-whit-zen

ABSTRACTEvidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest Coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between ∼2800 yrs BP and the historic era, located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of these natural and cultural records. Here we report on the ∼10,000 fish remains from one 2 × 2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans the timing of one seismic event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate a wide variety of fish taxa were used throughout the dated occupation. Comparisons of fish use before and after one earthquake event shows a decline in salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) and an increase in herring (Clu...
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Neurokinin-1 Receptor-Targeted Near-IR Dye for Fluorescence-Guided Surgery of Neuroendocrine Cancers.

The neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) is implicated in the growth and metastasis of many tumors, including cancers of the brain (e.g., gliomas, glioblastomas, and astrocytomas), skin (e.g., melanomas), and neuroendocrine tissues (cancers of the breast, stomach, pancreas, larynx, and colon). Because overexpression of NK1R has been reported in most of these malignancies, we have undertaken designing an NK1R-targeted near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye for fluorescence-guided surgeries of these cancers. We demonstrate here that an NK1R-binding ligand linked to the NIR dye LS288 selectively accumulates in NK1R-expressing tumor xenografts with high affinity (Kd = 13 nM), allowing intraoperative imaging of these cancers in live mice. Because tumor accumulation is nearly quantitatively blocked by excess unlabeled ligand, and because NK1R-negative tumors and normal tissues display virtually no uptake, we conclude that the observed tumor retention is NK1R-mediated. Results on the synthesis, in vitro characterization, a...
Modelling suction instabilities in soils at varying degrees of saturation

Wetting paths imparted by the natural environment and/or human activities affect the state of soils in the near-surface, promoting transitions across different regimes of saturation. This paper discusses a set of techniques aimed at quantifying the role of hydrologic processes on the hydro-mechanical stability of soil specimens subjected to saturation events. Emphasis is given to the mechanical conditions leading to coupled flow/deformation instabilities. For this purpose, energy balance arguments for three-phase systems are used to derive second-order work expressions applicable to various regimes of saturation. Controllability analyses are then performed to relate such work input with constitutive singularities that reflect the loss of strength under coupled and/or uncoupled hydro-mechanical forcing. A suction-dependent plastic model is finally used to track the evolution of stability conditions in samples subjected to wetting, thus quantifying the growth of the potential for coupled failure modes upon increasing degree of saturation. These findings are eventually linked with the properties of the field equations that govern pore pressure transients, thus disclosing a conceptual link between the onset of coupled hydro-mechanical failures and the evolution of suction with time. Such results point out that mathematical instabilities caused by a non-linear suction dependent behaviour play an important role in the advanced constitutive and/or numerical tools that are commonly used for the analysis of geomechanical problems in the unsaturated zone, and further stress that the relation between suction transients and soil deformations is a key factor for the interpretation of runaway failures caused by intense saturation events.
Patterns of neural activity predict picture-naming performance of a patient with chronic aphasia.

Abstract Naming objects represents a substantial challenge for patients with chronic aphasia. This could be in part because the reorganized compensatory language networks of persons with aphasia may be less stable than the intact language systems of healthy individuals. Here, we hypothesized that the degree of stability would be instantiated by spatially differential neural patterns rather than either increased or diminished amplitudes of neural activity within a putative compensatory language system. We recruited a chronic aphasic patient (KL; 66 year-old male) who exhibited a semantic deficit (e.g., often said “milk” for “cow” and “pillow” for “blanket”). Over the course of four behavioral sessions involving a naming task performed in a mock scanner, we identified visual objects that yielded an approximately 50% success rate. We then conducted two fMRI sessions in which the patient performed a naming task for multiple exemplars of those objects. Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) searchlight revealed differential activity patterns associated with correct and incorrect trials throughout intact brain regions. The most robust and largest cluster was found in the right occipito-temporal cortex encompassing fusiform cortex, lateral occipital cortex (LOC), and middle occipital cortex, which may account for the patient's propensity for semantic naming errors. None of these areas were found by a conventional univariate analysis. By using an alternative approach, we extend current evidence for compensatory naming processes that operate through spatially differential patterns within the reorganized language system.
El problema de la alimentación: un enfoque desde las encuestas de nutrición. Chile 1928-1938

This article analyzes several nutrition surveys conducted between 1928 and 1938, in the context of the concerns about the living conditions of the working-class. In addition to acknowledging the importance of food in the expenses structure of the working families in the country, these surveys identify consumption patterns and the serious problems that the poor families had to endure in order to attain a minimum living standard, measured in terms of caloric intake. In addition to acknowledging the value of these surveys, this article is part of a larger project that seeks to provide theoretical and methodological elements for the understanding of the food issue, and to historically study the development of the science of nutrition.
An Exegetical Reflection on Isaiah 1.18

The classical Christian reading of Isa 1.18 has usually taken the verse as referring to the grace and mercy of God. But there is a formidable set of objections that challenges this reading. In this...
Projections onto closed convex sets in Hilbert spaces

Let X be a real Hilbert space. We give necessary and sufficient algebraic conditions for a mapping $${F\colon X \to X}$$ with a closed image set to be the metric projection mapping onto a closed convex set. We provide examples that illustrate the necessity of each of the conditions. Our characterizations generalize several results related to projections onto closed convex sets.
Nonlinear interferometer: Design, implementation, and phase-sensitive sum frequency measurement.

Sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is a unique tool for probing the vibrational structure of numerous interfaces. Since SFG is a nonlinear spectroscopy, it has long been recognized that measuring only the intensity—the absolute square of the surface response—limits the potential of SFG for examining interfacial interactions and dynamics. The potential is unlocked by measuring the phase-sensitive or imaginary response. As with any phase, the phase-sensitive SFG response is measured relative to a reference; the spatial relationship between the phase reference and the sample modulates the observed interference intensity and impacts sensitivity and accuracy. We have designed and implemented a nonlinear interferometer to directly measure the phase-sensitive response. If the phase of the reference is known, then the interferometer produces an absolute phase of the surface. Compared to current configurations, phase accuracy and stability are greatly improved due to active stabilization of the sample-ref...
Metastatic Determinants: Breast Tumour Cells in Circulation

More than 90 % of deaths from breast cancer are a result of metastases, rather than the primary tumour. In recent years it has become possible to study the occult steps of metastasis that have previously been clinically undetectable—single tumour cells that have disseminated early on from the primary tumour and are en route to distant sites. High-resolution genomic and gene analyses of these rare cells show that they carry their own unique sets of aberrations and are frequently quite different from the primary tumours they originated from. They appear to be heterogeneous and in a transitional state, expressing genes necessary to allow them passage into the circulation as well as genes required to see them through survival or dormancy in blood vessels and metastatic niches such as the bone marrow and lymph nodes. They possess gene signatures ranging from up-regulation of genes associated with invasiveness and dormancy to expression of favourable growth factor receptors that facilitate extravasation and survival at secondary sites. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in the blood and disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow have been reported to have strong prognostic relevance by predicting survival and relapse in both early and late stages of breast cancer. They are emerging as promising biomarkers for monitoring the response to treatment, whereby a drop in cell numbers is suggestive of a positive response, but persisting cells indicate resistance and a poor prognosis. It is apparent that not just the primary and metastatic tumours need to be targeted, but also the intermediate cells in transition that do not necessarily reflect the genetics of the tumour they originated from or the metastasis they may eventually give rise to. As more disseminated cell markers are being consecutively added to a growing panel, the heterogeneous nature of breast cancer is becoming more evident, paving the way for a systemic approach to experimental design and treatment regimens. Molecular characterization of single disseminated cells in the bloodstream will help address many of the questions surrounding the development of breast cancer metastasis.
Electronic medical records and efficiency and productivity during office visits.

Objective To estimate the relationship between electronic medical record (EMR) use and efficiency of utilization and provider productivity during visits to US office-based physicians. Study design Cross-sectional analysis of the 2006-2007 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Methods The sample included 62,710 patient visits to 2625 physicians. EMR systems included demographics, clinical notes, prescription orders, and laboratory and imaging results. Efficiency was measured as utilization of examinations, laboratory tests, radiology procedures, health education, nonmedication treatments, and medications. Productivity was measured as total services provided per 20-minute period. Survey-weighted regressions estimated association of EMR use with services provided, visit intensity/duration, and productivity. Marginal effects were estimated by averaging across all visits and by major reason for visit. Results EMR use was associated with higher probability of any examination (7.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.4%, 13.1%); any laboratory test (5.7%, 95% CI = 2.6%, 8.8%); any health education (4.9%, 95% CI = 0.2%, 9.6%); and fewer laboratory tests (-7.1%, 95% CI = -14.2%, -0.1%). During pre/post surgery visits, EMR use was associated with 7.3% (95% CI= -12.9%, -1.8%) fewer radiology procedures. EMR use was not associated with utilization of nonmedication treatments and medications, or visit duration. During routine visits for a chronic problem, EMR use was associated with 11.2% (95% CI = 5.7%, 16.8%) more diagnostic/screening services provided per 20-minute period. Conclusions EMR use had a mixed association with efficiency and productivity during office visits. EMRs may improve provider productivity, especially during visits for a new problem and routine chronic care.
Gendered Terrorism: The Link Between Sex and Organized Violence

Scholars cite religion, foreign occupation, economic destitution, and lack of opportunity as reasons for terrorism, but gender and masculinity are nearly absent from the conversation. Does masculinity shape the societal structures that foster terrorism? Examining the Taliban in Pakistan and Afghanistan and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) in Northern Ireland demonstrates how masculinity establishes the physical spaces that radicalize men and exclude women. It is the force that propels group radicalization and tears apart societies. In scholarship, masculinity is obscured by colonialism and nationalism, but examining masculinity closer illuminates societal constructions that have deep, violent, and political consequences.
The butterfly sequence: the second difference sequence of the numbers of integer partitions with distinct parts

Abstract We interpret the second difference of the sequence of the number of strict partitions, for n ≥ 5 , as the sequence of the strict partitions of n with at least three parts, the three largest parts consecutive, and the smallest part at least two. The name butterfly describes both a sequence's interpretation and a bijection between subsets of strict partitions. Using cyclotomic polynomials, we compute generating function identities of the butterfly sequence and related sequences both as infinite products and as series filtered by the number of parts. We offer a merging and splitting construction of the butterfly sequence as a sequence of partitions with odd parts larger or equal to 3, and we interpret the butterfly sequence as a sequence of generalized pentagonal, pentagonal with domino, and non-pentagonal butterfly partitions. Euler's Pentagonal Number Theorem and a similar specialization of the Jacobi Triple Product lead to recursive algorithms to compute the butterfly sequence and related sequences.
High power drill systems in neurosurgery.

AbstractNeurosurgical drill systems have evolved enormously over the centuries, from the ,early tools of trephination to the latest motor powered drills. The Midas Rex III Motor system and the Midas Rex driver motor are the newest systems, incorporating features that allow convenient operation by surgeons. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 654-656]
Disease-Resistance Mechanisms

In general, disease resistance in plants depends on the ability to tolerate a pathogenic agent or to restrict its development. Tolerance as one type of disease resistance was discussed in Chapter 1.C, and as a factor in insensitivity to selective pathotoxins in Chapter 2.B.III.3. In some cases, preformed, physical or chemical barriers prevent potential pathogens from becoming established (Chapter 2.A.II.3). It is also possible that papillae and cell-wall modifications formed in response to infection retard or prevent some pathogens from penetrating or becoming established within the plant (Chapter 3.A.II.1). In a few cases, preformed toxic materials or deficiency of a nutrient required by the pathogen appear to confer resistance. Very often, however, penetration and initial development of the pathogen take place as readily in resistant tissues as in those that are susceptible. In such cases, disease reactions apparently depend on the type of response induced by the pathogen.
Conditions yielding weak controllability for a class of linear hereditary systems

Examples of hereditary systems are provided by integral equations, functional differential equations, and systems with delays in the control action. Most discussions in in the literature of controllability for such systems are based on reformulations of the short memory systems as infinite dimensional state space systems. The obvious extension for the concept of controllability for finite dimensional systems has proven to be too strong, i..e., intended applications are excluded. Alternatives can be thought of better in terms of the original hereditary system formulations as terminal interval conditions, i.e., the system should be approximately controllable to a target function defined on a terminal interval. This is the notion of weak controllability. The problem is to find criteria for the original system description which imply weak controllability.
Current Experience of Ultrasound Training in Otolaryngology Residency Programs

Objectives The applications of using ultrasound for the evaluation and management of otolaryngologic diagnoses are expanding. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current experience of ultrasound training in otolaryngology residency programs. Methods All allopathic and osteopathic otolaryngology residency programs in the United States were surveyed online via an e-mailed survey link to the resident representatives of the Section for Residents and Fellows in Training of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. We present a descriptive analysis of the survey results. Results A total of 110 responses were obtained from resident representatives at MD and DO otolaryngology residency programs, representing a response rate of 94.8%. Forty-four percent of residents reported that they would not feel comfortable with performing ultrasound-guided procedures after residency; 43% reported that they do not perform ultrasound procedures as a part of their residency training; and 60% of those trainees performing ultrasound procedures do not log the procedures. Twenty-three percent of residents did not have access to an ultrasound machine. Most respondents (71%) desired more exposure to diagnostic and/or interventional ultrasound training during residency. Conclusions Although current experience is variable, there is a strong interest in increasing resident skill acquisition in ultrasound training among otolaryngology residents. Some barriers to these goals may be a lack of trained faculty members using ultrasound and insufficient recording mechanisms for residents performing ultrasound procedures.
Are emotion recognition abilities intact in pediatric ADHD

Extant studies suggest that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may make more errors and respond more slowly on tasks that require them to identify emotions based on facial affect. It is unclear, however, whether these findings reflect a unique deficit in emotion recognition, or more general difficulty with choice-response tasks (i.e., tasks that require participants to select among a set of competing options). In addition, ADHD is associated with executive dysfunction, but there is inconsistent evidence regarding the extent to which top-down cognitive control is involved in emotion recognition. The current study used a series of four counterbalanced tasks to systematically manipulate emotional content and working memory demands to determine (a) whether children with ADHD exhibit a unique facial affect recognition deficit and (b) the extent to which facial affect recognition is an automatic versus controlled process that depends in part on working memory. Bayesian results from a carefully phenotyped sample of 64 children ages 8 to 13 (M = 10.42, SD = 1.56; 26 girls; 67% Caucasian/non-Hispanic) with ADHD (n = 35) and without ADHD (n = 29) indicated that working memory is involved in children's ability to efficiently infer emotional state from facial affect (BF₁₀= 4.59 × 10¹⁴). Importantly, there was significant evidence against deficits in emotion recognition for children with ADHD. The ADHD/non-ADHD groups were statistically equivalent in terms of recognition accuracy (BF₀₁ = 1.32 × 10⁵⁴, d = -0.18), and the ADHD group's slower recognition speed was parsimoniously explained by difficulty with choice-response tasks rather than unique to emotional stimuli (BF₁₀ = 3.23, d = 0.31). These findings suggest that emotion recognition abilities are intact in children with ADHD, and highlight the need to control for impaired bottom-up (choice-response) and top-down abilities (working memory) when investigating emotional functioning in ADHD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Ethanol acutely antagonizes the refeeding-induced increase in mTOR-dependent protein synthesis and decrease in autophagy in skeletal muscle.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of acute ethanol administration on the major signal transduction pathways in skeletal muscle responsible for regulating the protein synthetic and degradative response to refeeding. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice were fasted overnight; mice were then either refed normal rodent chow for 30 min or a separate group of mice remained food deprived (i.e., fasted). Thereafter, mice were administered either 3 g/kg ethanol or saline. Gastrocnemius/plantaris was collected 1 h later and analyzed. Acute ethanol decreased basal and prevented the refeeding-induced increase in muscle protein synthesis. While ethanol prevented a nutrient-stimulated increase in S6K1 phosphorylation, it did not alter the increase in 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. Downstream of S6K1, ethanol also attenuated the refeeding-induced increase in S6 and eIF4B phosphorylation, as well as the decrease in eEF2 phosphorylation. Although ethanol decreased ERK and p90 RSK phosphorylation, activation of this signaling pathway was not altered by refeeding in either control or ethanol-treated mice. Related to protein degradation, in vitro-determined proteasome activity and the content of total ubiquitinated proteins were not altered by ethanol and/or refeeding. Control mice appeared to exhibit a refeeding-induced decrease in autophagy as suggested by the increased FoxO3 and ULK1 phosphorylation and total p62 protein as well as decreased LC3B-II; however, ethanol blunted these refeeding-induced changes. These data suggest that ethanol can acutely prevent the normally observed mTOR-dependent increase in protein synthesis and reduction in autophagy in response to nutrient stimulation, but does not appear to acutely alter proteasome activity.
Light Sources, Detectors, and Basic Optics

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates on light sources and detectors. It presents an extensive discussion on semiconductor lasers and gives a qualitative comparison of the positive and negative features of the different common designs. The chapter starts with some basic optics and goes on to discusses the optical properties of semiconductors in general and a few common semiconductor materials in particular. Thereafter, it discusses the p-n junction diode—the basic structure is common to all sources and detectors. The chapter also elaborates on each type of optoelectronic device in turn, photodiode detector, avalanche photodiode detectors, LED, and several different lasers.
A bit of number theory

We have seen ordinary generating functions, and we have seen exponential generating functions. In this chapter we will investigate Dirichlet generating functions. These are most useful for studying sequences that are related to divisibility.
Family-Level Factors Affecting Social and Academic Competence of African American Children

Research shows children’s life trajectories and outcomes are strongly influenced by factors affecting development of social and academic competence that also interact with racial disparities in academic settings. Given the importance of social and academic competencies, identifying factors that promote these competencies among African American children is critical to their success over the life course. This study examines a socioeconomically diverse sample of African American children to determine whether family-level factors promote and protect social and academic competence. We analyze longitudinal data from a convenience sample of 97 African American children (54 girls, 43 boys) and their families who participated in a larger study of social and academic development. We analyze 2 waves of data collected when children were 7 and 10 years old. A series of 2-level, random-intercept, fixed-effects models show social competence is positively affected by quality of parent–child relationships, positive parenting practices, low parental stress, and routine family home environment. Similarly, academic competence is positively affected by low parental stress and family social support. Study findings fill a critical knowledge gap regarding predictors of social and academic competence of African American children from various socioeconomic strata. Potential avenues for intervention are discussed.
Democracy’s Adventure Hero on a New Frontier: Bridging Language in the Ad Council’s Peace Corps Campaign, 1961–1970

Since its birth in 1942, the nonprofit Ad Council viewed its public service advertising campaigns as important propaganda weapons to fight communism. The 1961 Peace Corps program trained newly recr...
9 – Antioxidant Mechanisms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the defense mechanisms of parasites against reactive oxygen species. Parasites are sensitive to oxidative stress as they live in oxygen-poor environments. Glutathione peroxidase activities are very low or absent, and in some cases, such as in trypanosomatids, replaced by trypanothione-dependent peroxidase activities. In any case, peroxidase activities are quite low when compared with the glutathione peroxidase activities in mammalian organs. Superoxide dismutases are present in most parasites, and these are features typical of facultative aerobes. Since superoxide dismutase catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion to form hydrogen peroxide and there is a deficiency in hydrogen peroxide-metabolizing systems, this explains the toxicity of superoxide anion to parasites. The chapter explains that parasites may tolerate a slow endogenous rate of hydrogen peroxide generation in their natural habitats but they are sensitive to an increased steady-state concentration of hydrogen peroxide because of drug metabolism or phagocytic cell attack. Oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species is called “oxidative stress.” Biological systems contain powerful enzymatic and non-enzymatic anti-oxidant mechanisms, and oxidative stress denotes a shift in the pro-oxidant/anti-oxidant balance in favor of the former. Reactive oxygen species are important mediators of several forms of cell damage in parasites and the chapter focuses on the defense mechanisms of parasites against these species.
HIV-1 Tat-mediated astrocytic amyloidosis involves the HIF-1α/lncRNA BACE1-AS axis

Increased life expectancy of patients diagnosed with HIV in the current era of antiretroviral therapy is unfortunately accompanied with the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) and risk of comorbidities such as Alzheimer-like pathology. HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) protein has been shown to induce the production of toxic neuronal amyloid protein and also enhance neurotoxicity. The contribution of astrocytes in Tat-mediated amyloidosis remains an enigma. We report here, in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)+ rhesus macaques and patients diagnosed with HIV, brain region-specific up-regulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Aβ (40 and 42) in astrocytes. In addition, we find increased expression of β-site cleaving enzyme (BACE1), APP, and Aβ in human primary astrocytes (HPAs) exposed to Tat. Mechanisms involved up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), its translocation and binding to the long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) BACE1-antisense transcript (BACE1-AS), resulting, in turn, in the formation of the BACE1-AS/BACE1 RNA complex, subsequently leading to increased BACE1 protein, and activity and generation of Aβ-42. Gene silencing approaches confirmed the regulatory role of HIF-1α in BACE1-AS/BACE1 in Tat-mediated amyloidosis. This is the first report implicating the role of the HIF-1α/lncRNABACE1-AS/BACE1 axis in Tat-mediated induction of astrocytic amyloidosis, which could be targeted as adjunctive therapies for HAND-associated Alzheimer-like comorbidity.
Abdominal Wall Defects

The 2 most common congenital abdominal wall defects are gastroschisis and omphalocele. Both are usually diagnosed prenatally with fetal ultrasonography, and affected patients are treated at a center with access to high-risk obstetric services, neonatology, and pediatric surgery. The main distinguishing features between the 2 are that gastroschisis has no sac and the defect is to the right of the umbilicus, whereas an omphalocele typically has a sac and the defect is at the umbilicus. In addition, patients with an omphalocele have a high prevalence of associated anomalies, whereas those with gastroschisis have a higher likelihood of abnormalities related to the gastrointestinal tract, with the most common being intestinal atresia. As such, the prognosis in patients with omphalocele is primarily affected by the severity and number of other anomalies and the prognosis for gastroschisis is correlated with the amount and function of the bowel. Because of these distinctions, these defects have different management strategies and outcomes. The goal of surgical treatment for both conditions consists of reduction of the abdominal viscera and closure of the abdominal wall defect; primary closure or a variety of staged approaches can be used without injury to the intra-abdominal contents through direct injury or increased intra-abdominal pressure, or abdominal compartment syndrome. Overall, the long-term outcome is generally good. The ability to stratify patients, particularly those with gastroschisis, based on risk factors for higher morbidity would potentially improve counseling and outcomes.
Characterizing Femoral and Acetabular Bone Loss in Two-Stage Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty for Infection.

Abstract Background The process of infection and multiple procedure-related factors in 2-stage exchange arthroplasty may lead to severe bone loss that can complicate subsequent reimplantation. The primary purpose of this study is to quantitatively characterize the extent of bone loss on the femoral and acetabular side prior to reimplantation during 2-stage revision hip arthroplasty for infection. Methods This retrospective case series includes 47 patients with planned 2-stage exchange arthroplasty for treatment of infected total hip replacement. Demographic, clinical, and surgical information, and complications during the 2-stage process were collected on all patients. The radiographs of all patients were reviewed prior to first-stage explantation and post-reimplantation or latest follow-up to characterize bone loss using the Paprosky classification systems. Results Of the 47 patients with planned 2-stage exchange, 10 patients (21%) were not reimplanted. Following explant and spacer placement, 32 patients (68%) experienced progressive femoral bone loss, and 20 (43%) experienced progressive acetabular bone loss. Patients who experienced progression of both femoral and acetabular bone (14, 30%) had a longer time between resection and reimplantation (164 ± 128 vs 88 ± 26 days, P = .03). A reimplantation time of greater than 90 days was associated with an increased risk of combined bone loss progression (15% vs 53%, P = .01). For patients who underwent reimplantation (79%), increased bone loss led to high rates of diaphyseal femoral fixation (97%) and revision acetabular components (38%). Conclusion Increased time to reimplantation in 2-stage exchange arthroplasty for prosthetic hip infections is associated with a high rate of acetabular and femoral bone loss, and increased complexity of reimplantation.
Discovering Primary Medical Procedures and their Associations with Other Procedures in HCUP Data

In recent years, healthcare spending has risen and become a burden on governments especially in the US. The selection of the primary medical procedure by physicians is the first step in the patient treatment process and is considered to be one of the main causes for hospital readmissions if it is not done correctly. In this paper, we propose a system that can identify with high accuracy the primary medical procedure for a newly admitted patient. We propose three approaches to anticipate which medical procedure should be primary. Additionally, we propose the procedure graph, which shows all possible paths that a new patient may undertake during the course of treatment. Finally, we extract the possible associations between the primary procedure and other procedures in the same hospital visit. The results show the ability of our proposed system to identify which procedure should be primary and extract its associations with other procedures.
Turn-key mapping of cell receptor force orientation and magnitude using a commercial structured illumination microscope.

Many cellular processes, including cell division, development, and cell migration require spatially and temporally coordinated forces transduced by cell-surface receptors. Nucleic acid-based molecular tension probes allow one to visualize the piconewton (pN) forces applied by these receptors. Building on this technology, we recently developed molecular force microscopy (MFM) which uses fluorescence polarization to map receptor force orientation with diffraction-limited resolution (~250 nm). Here, we show that structured illumination microscopy (SIM), a super-resolution technique, can be used to perform super-resolution MFM. Using SIM-MFM, we generate the highest resolution maps of both the magnitude and orientation of the pN traction forces applied by cells. We apply SIM-MFM to map platelet and fibroblast integrin forces, as well as T cell receptor forces. Using SIM-MFM, we show that platelet traction force alignment occurs on a longer timescale than adhesion. Importantly, SIM-MFM can be implemented on any standard SIM microscope without hardware modifications. The authors have recently developed molecular force microscopy (MFM) which uses fluorescence polarisation to measure cell-surface receptor force orientation. Here they show that structured illumination microscopes, which inherently use fluorescence polarisation, can be used for MFM in a turn-key manner.
Timing of Antihypertensive Medications on Key Outcomes in Hemodialysis (TAKE-HOLD): a Cluster Randomized Trial

Background: We conducted this study to examine the effect of taking versus holding blood pressure (BP) medications prior to hemodialysis on intradialytic hypotension (IDH). Methods: In this cluster randomized trial, each dialysis unit was randomly designated as TAKE or HOLD units. Participants within a TAKE unit were instructed to take all BP medications as prescribed, while participants within a HOLD unit were instructed to hold medications dosed more than once daily prior to hemodialysis. The intervention lasted for 4 weeks. We hypothesized that TAKE would be non-inferior to HOLD on the primary outcome of asymptomatic IDH, defined as ≥30% of sessions with nadir systolic BP 160 mm Hg), failure to achieve dry weight and shortened dialysis sessions. Results: We randomized 10 dialysis units in a 1:1 ratio to TAKE or HOLD, which included 65 participants in TAKE and 66 participants in HOLD. We did not show that TAKE was non-inferior to HOLD for the primary IDH outcome (mean unadjusted difference of 7.9%; CI -3.0% to 18.7%). TAKE was superior to HOLD for the outcome of uncontrolled hypertension (mean unadjusted difference of -14.6%, CI -28.0% to -1.2%). TAKE was non-inferior to HOLD for the outcomes of failure to achieve dry weight and shortened dialysis sessions. Conclusions: In this cluster randomized trial that randomized patients to either taking or holding BP medications before hemodialysis, a strategy of taking BP medications dosed more than once daily was not non-inferior to holding BP medications for the primary outcome of IDH, but did reduce the occurrence of uncontrolled hypertension. Whether any potential benefit of holding BP medications on reducing IDH is offset by any potential harms related to higher pre-dialysis BP remains to be seen.
Community and Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

Abstract Community-acquired pneumonia is the most common cause of death among infectious diseases, and responsible for millions of hospitalizations annually. Pneumonia may be classified based on how it is acquired, etiology, and clinical presentation. Chest radiographs are the gold standard for initial imaging evaluation and chest computed tomography plays an important role in diagnostic problem-solving and evaluation of complicated and treatment-resistant pneumonia. Follow-up imaging with chest radiographs or computed tomography post-illness resolution may be used to identify treatment-resistant inflammation or unidentified underlying malignancies.
Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks in the Head and Neck for Chronic Pain Management: The Anatomy, Sonoanatomy, and Procedure.

BACKGROUND Ultrasound guided nerve blocks have become a popular tool in the armamentarium for pain physicians because of its advantages over fluoroscopy by offering portable, radiation-free and real-time imaging. But ultrasound guided procedures require training and practice to gain the expertise. There is a scarcity of review articles describing ultrasound guided injections techniques for nerve blocks of the head and neck. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the anatomy, sonoanatomy, indications, techniques, side effects and complications for the most frequently utilized nerve blocks of the head and neck in chronic pain management. STUDY DESIGN Narrative review. SETTING Academic medical center. METHODS Literature review of publications in English language of the related topics using Medline (Ovid) search engine. RESULTS Deep cervical plexus block, cervical sympathetic ganglion block, trigeminal nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion block at the pterygopalatine fossa, greater occipital nerve block, third occipital nerve and medial branch block, and cervical selective nerve root block are discussed in this paper. The review begins with in depth discussion about the anatomy of the target nerve, followed by reviewing the available literature on the indications for the procedures. Detailed description of the procedure techniques is also presented. The volume and selection of medications is also discussed if there is available research. The review will conclude with summary of side effects, complications and precautions. LIMITATION We only review those nerve blocks of the head and neck that would benefit from ultrasound guided injections in chronic pain management. Other nerve blocks such as transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion block, the interscalene brachial plexus block, superficial and intermediate cervical plexus block, anterior suprascapular nerve block, superficial trigeminal nerve block are not discussed due to either that ultrasound guidance is not warranted or they are rarely utilized in chronic pain management. This paper is not a systematic review, thus it might not include all the available evidence. Many of the available evidence is case series and case reports. More randomized control studies are warranted in the future to validate these techniques. CONCLUSION Ultrasound guided nerve blocks of the head and neck are useful techniques for pain physicians to learn.
Organizing, Managing, and Measuring Concurrent Engineering

This chapter will discuss nontechnical but very important aspects of concurrent engineering: organizing, managing, and measuring the interdisciplinary effort required. When introducing these concepts to an organization, it is important that the different parts of the organization see this effort as an opportunity to represent their particular needs and concerns; yet they have to agree on a common set of goals that benefits all. The results of not paying attention to team building and reducing interdisciplinary conflict could put the concurrent engineering effort at risk.
The Interaction of Thermal Radiation with Conduction and Convection Heat Transfer1

Publisher Summary The interaction of radiation upon different modes of heat transfer—conduction and convection—is an area which has recently gained considerable attention. Although energy transfer by radiation has been of interest to physicists for a relatively long period of time, it is only recently that the fundamental equations describing energy transfer in an absorbing medium have been developed for application to engineering systems. This chapter discusses the most basic effects of radiation upon the other modes of heat transfer, and the extremely simple physical models are employed. Because problems involving radiation interaction generally contain a large number of parameters, emphasis is placed upon evaluating only first-order radiation effects. Although such results certainly do not give a complete solution to the problem, they do serve the useful purpose of indicating under what conditions radiation effects need to be considered.
Key features of INTOR nuclear systems

The International Tokamak Reactor (INTOR) Workshop is a collaborative effort among the USA, USSR, EURATOM, and Japan. The effort is conducted under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The purposes as described in this paper are to define the objectives of, assess the technical feasibility of, and develop a design for the appropriate next major experiment in the worldwide tokamak program. 11 refs.