cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proportionality review in administrative law

At the most basic level, the principle of proportionality captures the common-sensical proposition that, when the government acts, the means it chooses should be well-adapted to achieve the ends it is pursuing. The proportionality principle is an admonition, as German administrative law scholar Fritz Fleiner famously wrote many decades ago, that “the police should not shoot at sparrows with cannons”. The use of proportionality review in constitutional and international law has received ample attention from scholars in recent years, but less has been said about proportionality’s role within administrative law. This piece suggest that we can understand the differences in how proportionality is used in the administrative law of different jurisdictions in terms of three principal axes of variation. Systems differ with respect to how extensively proportionality is employed, how intensively review is conducted, and how discursively courts present their analysis. Notwithstanding the substantial cross-national variation in how proportionality is used, there are underlying regularities that lend support to the claim that proportionality amounts to a master concept of public law.
Hearing the voice of Donbas: art and literature as forms of cultural protest during war

This paper analyzes literary, visual, and street art works of writers and artists from Eastern Ukraine produced during 2014. Two Donetsk artists, Serhii Zakharov and Anzhela Dzherikh, and two Luhansk writers, Serhii Zhadan and Olena Stepova, play with the myth of the proletarian Donbas, on the one hand, and debunk the popular perception of Donbas people as being in consent with the politics of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics, on the other. They explore familiar tropes and images of Donbas and use guerrilla tactics (shock effects, provocativeness, and deception) to initiate public reaction to the war. Their works are united by their search for a shared communication space and direct access to the audience on occupied territories. These artists challenge the accepted perception of Donbas as a free but uncivilized space and participate in the creation of a new Donbas text. The interaction between politics, art, and activism makes their voices and vision powerful and infectious and can help achieve civic consolidation in Donbas.
Detection of cortical optical changes during seizure activity using optical coherence tomography (Conference Presentation)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a label-free, high resolution, and minimally invasive imaging technique that can produce depth-resolved cross-sectional and 3D images. We sought to examine non-vascular depth-dependent optical changes directly related to neural activity in the brain using OCT. Results of this study show a significant temporal correlation between non-vascular decrease in attenuation in ex vivo and in vivo seizure models and increased electrical activity during seizure. This study allows for a more thorough and biologically relevant analysis of the optical signature of seizure activity ex vivo and in vivo using OCT.
The erosion of academic tenure in the U.S. and its ties to public neoliberal anti-intellectualism

This essay examines the erosion of tenure in the U.S. academy and its connections to the spread of neoliberal capitalist ideology in U.S. colleges and universities. It also explores how this affects anthropology departments since only a small part of anthropology is ever considered part of the STEM fields.
DEREGULATION, FLEXIBILITY AND INDIVIDUAL LABOUR LAW IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Up until now, most of the attention paid by labour lawyers to the implications of deregulation and the associated issue of labour flexibility has been concentrated on areas which fall within the scope of collective labour relations. The unions and their supporters have been vociferous in publicising their complaints to new directions the law has been taking. As examples we can cite the changed and much more restrictive legal regime now governing the organisation of industrial action taken to protect existing terms of employment; the increasingly limited powers of statutory bodies empowered to fix minimum terms and conditions of work for particular categories of workers (Wages Councils); and the general withdrawal of legislative support for collective bargaining and union security arrangements, especially in the public sector.' However, it is also evident that deregulation and flexibility produce problems which impact upon the individual employment relationship and the laws which regulate it. This paper, after first attempting to define the meaning of terms frequently used in the discussion, explores some of these problems together with possible future legal developments'in this area.
Agonist and Guanine Nucleotide Regulation of P 2Y Purinergic Receptor-Linked Phospholipase C

Extracellular adenine nucleotides interact with cell surface receptors to produce a myriad of physiological effects in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues (Burnstock, 1978; Gordon, 1986; Burnstock and Kennedy, 1986; Fleetwood and Gordon, 1987). Burnstock proposed in 1978 that these responses are mediated by two major receptor types: those physiologically activated by adenosine, called P1-purinergic receptors, and exhibiting a potency order of adenosine > AMP > ATP, and those activated by ATP or ADP, called P2-purinergic receptors, and exhibiting the potency order of ATP > ADP > AMP > adenosine. Subsequent studies proved that at least two subtypes of P1-purinergic receptors exist (A1- and A2- purinergic receptors) (Van Calker et al., 1979; Stiles, 1986; Williams, 1987). Subclassification of P2-purinergic receptors proved more difficult, since in contrast to the receptors for adenosine, no good antagonists of P2-purinergic receptors are available, and cell surface hydrolases readily metabolize ATP and ADP to adenosine, which can then produce physiological effects through P1-purinergic receptors. However, the development of relatively non-hydrolyzable analogs of ATP helped resolve this issue, and the observation of differential effects of a large number of ATP and ADP analogs led Burnstock and Kennedy to propose in 1985 that subypes of P2-purinergic receptors exist. P2X-purinergic receptors exhibit the potency order of Ap(CH2)pp > App(CH2)p > ADP > 2-methylthio ATP (2MeSATP) and P2Y-purinergic receptors exhibit the potency order of 2MeSATP > ATP > Ap(CH2)pp = App(CH2)p.
Semantic Role Features for Machine Translation

We propose semantic role features for a Tree-to-String transducer to model the reordering/deletion of source-side semantic roles. These semantic features, as well as the Tree-to-String templates, are trained based on a conditional log-linear model and are shown to significantly outperform systems trained based on Max-Likelihood and EM. We also show significant improvement in sentence fluency by using the semantic role features in the log-linear model, based on manual evaluation.
A Fast Method for Sequencing Low Order Non-Abelian Groups

Abstract B. Gordon characterized sequenceable Abelian groups as those Abelian groups with a unique element of order 2. Limited progress has been made on the corresponding question for non-Abelian groups. In this paper, an “algorithm” is described that can be used to search for sequencings in finite groups. The algorithm is successful on all non-Abelian groups of order n , 10 ≤ n ≤ 30, for which sequencings have not previously been known. Thus, all non-Abelian groups of these orders are sequenceable. This is at variance with published statements that claim only one of the three non-Abelian groups of order 12 is sequenceable. The algorithm also is used to find sequencings of the dihedral groups D n , 16≤ n ≤50.
Dynamics of Circulation and Vorticity

In the preceding two chapters, we looked at the dynamics of the atmosphere in terms of the motion of fluid parcels, discrete bits of fluid that obey Newton’s laws of motion. Large-scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean—and, in fact, persistent motions in any fluid—are typically characterized by flow around closed paths. The strength of the flow around a closed path, denoted the circulation, is loosely analogous to the angular momentum of a solid body. More precisely, the circulation is the integral of the along-path component of the fluid velocity around a closed path. Just as the angular momentum is altered by torques, the circulation is altered by quantities akin to torques. The models in this chapter range from convection—the vertical overturning of a fluid heated from below—to the Gulf Stream—the western boundary current in the North Atlantic Ocean. They are unified by the fact that the dynamics in all cases are treated in terms of sources and sinks of the circulation, or its local manifestation, the vorticity. In Chapter 3, we considered the stability of a parcel of air, and we found that, for a dry parcel, the motion was unstable if the decrease in temperature with height exceeded some critical value. Including the circulation permits a more fluid-dynamical view of the process of convection. Here, we model a fluid circuit that starts off with cooler, denser, fluid above and warmer, less dense fluid, below. This situation is shown schematically in Figure 5.1. It is closely analogous to a bicycle wheel with a weight attached to one spoke near the rim, and starting with the weight directly above the hub. When the wheel is given a small push, the weight is moved to one side, and gravity then provides a net torque that increases the rotation of the wheel, moving the weight further off center, increasing the torque, and thus the acceleration, and so on. This is a positive feedback on the motion, and it yields instability. A fluid that starts with warmer fluid below and cooler above is similarly unstable to overturning motions.
Regeneration of 'Frontier' elm from leaf explants.

Abstract This report describes the regeneration of a hybrid elm from leaf explants. Surface sterilized leaf explants from Ulmus X ‘Frontier’ were cultured on a medium containing combinations of cytokinins used previously to regenerate plants from other elms. Leaf strips cultured on a solid medium containing thidiazuron (TDZ), with or without 6-benzyladenine (BA), demonstrated organogenesis from 95% of the explants, with an average of approximately 6–8 shoots being produced per productive explant. Shoots elongated following transfer of the explant to a medium containing gibberellic acid. These elongated shoots were then transferred to soil, where about one-third of them successfully rooted.
Mechanism of Interaction of BMP and Insulin Signaling in C. elegans Development and Homeostasis

A small number of peptide growth factor ligands are used repeatedly in development and homeostasis to drive programs of cell differentiation and function. Cells and tissues must integrate inputs from these diverse signals correctly, while failure to do so leads to pathology, reduced fitness, or death. Previous work using the nematode C. elegans identified an interaction between the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and insulin/IGF-1-like signaling (IIS) pathways in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. The molecular components required for this interaction, however, were not known. Here we report that INS-4, one of 40 insulin-like peptides (ILPs), is specifically regulated by BMP signaling to modulate fat accumulation. Furthermore, we find that the IIS transcription factor DAF-16/FoxO, but not SKN-1/Nrf, acts downstream of BMP signaling in lipid homeostasis. Interestingly, BMP activity alters sensitivity of these two transcription factors to IIS-promoted cytoplasmic retention in opposite ways. Finally, we probe the extent of BMP and IIS interactions by testing two additional IIS functions, dauer formation and autophagy induction. Coupled with our previous work and that of other groups, we conclude that BMP and IIS pathways have at least three modes of interaction: independent, epistatic, and antagonistic. The molecular interactions we identify provide new insight into mechanisms of signaling crosstalk and potential therapeutic targets for IIS-related pathologies such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
“The aporia of the veil: the influence of Walter Benjamin’s aura in contemporary sound studies”

ABSTRACTWalter Benjamin’s seminal essay “The Work of Art in the Age of Technological Reproducibility” has recently shaped discussions in sound studies. However, the main theoretical apparatus of th...
The neuropsychology of epilepsy and suicide: A review

Abstract Suicide accounts for three-quarters of violent deaths in the U.S. Epilepsy is diagnosed in 1.2% of the U.S. population. Within persons with epilepsy, the risk of suicide is 22% higher than in typical adults. Neuropsychologists are a part of epilepsy center care teams, yet to date there is no literature addressing the neuropsychology or brain-behavior relationship of suicide in persons with epilepsy. In this review, we summarized and integrated the literature on epilepsy and suicide. Findings included persons with epilepsy run a two-fold risk of suicidal behavior; risk increased with comorbidity, type of epilepsy, and neurosurgical intervention; no association was consistently evidenced between suicidality and recency of epilepsy diagnosis or duration of seizure or control, nor was a relationship confirmed between lethality of attempt and neurocognitive sequelae. Findings supported the bidirectionality of risk in epilepsy and suicidality. We reviewed potential neurobiological origins of suicide and epilepsy in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, hippocampus, and serotonergic, noradrenergic, and glutamatergic/GABAergic pathways, and of epilepsy in cellular plasticity, inflammatory response, and excitatory-inhibitory dysfunction. Neuropsychological theories of suicide were also reviewed. Neuropsychological domains of assessment were surveyed, and clinical implications discussed. Directions for further research were proposed.
Dual-specificity phosphatase 29 is induced during neurogenic skeletal muscle atrophy and attenuates glucocorticoid receptor activity in muscle cell culture.

Skeletal muscle atrophy is caused by a decrease in muscle size and strength and results from a range of physiological conditions, including denervation, immobilization, corticosteroid exposure and ...
Time Effects of Informal Caregiving on Cognitive Function and Well-Being: Evidence From ELSA.

Background and objectives As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregivers' cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. There are inconsistent findings regarding the direction of the impact of caregiving-whether caregiving maintains or compromises functioning-and the impact of time-whether the effects accumulate or are stable. In this study, we elucidated 3 time effects of caregiving-concurrent, cumulative, and lagged effects-on cognitive and socioemotional functioning. Research design and methods We used data from Wave 1 (2002-2003) to Wave 8 (2016-2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and latent growth curve models with the time-varying predictor to investigate 3 time effects of caregiving on cognitive function (memory and executive function) and well-being (life satisfaction and quality of life). Results Over and beyond age effects, current caregiving (concurrent effect) was related to worse well-being and better delayed recall. Little robust cumulative effect was found on cognition and well-being. In addition, there were significant and differential lagged effects of caregiving after controlling for concurrent and cumulative effects; that is, caregiving was related to worse well-being and better memory functioning 2-4 years later. Discussion and implications The differential concurrent and lagged effects of caregiving on cognitive and socioemotional functioning suggest separate mechanisms for different domains of functioning. The nonsignificant cumulative effects but significant lagged effects imply that even one-time caregiving has long-term (2-4 years) consequences for the caregiver's future functioning, and the mechanism of long-term caregiving effects may be more qualitative than quantitative.
Comparative Analysis of Two Different Types of Blended Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine

The design and optimization procedure of two different types of PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machine (PMASynRM) made of different types of PMs: Ferrite and NdFeB will be proposed in the paper. The two different types of PMASynRM are designed for the traction application and will be compared to a two-layer V-type IPM with NdFeB magnets only, which is used as the baseline design. The proposed two different types of designs have the same stator geometry and winding configuration as the baseline design. The main purpose in the paper is to reduce NdFeB PM content by investigating and comparing two different types of blended design PMASynRM, namely, a parallel hybrid design and a series hybrid design. The key challenges when reducing the rare-earth content are: (1) Maintaining the same rated torque as the baseline (2) Reducing even eliminating the risk of demagnetization due to the lower coercivity of ferrites at both low and high temperature. In the paper, we will focus on the comparative analysis of two different types of PMASynRM by means of the presented optimization process with emphasis on assessing the level of permanent demagnetization risk. In order to assess the structural integrity of the rotor, a mechanical analysis was conducted in parallel design. The proposed parrel design can generate competitive torque as the baseline design with around 25% reduction of rare-earth material while eliminating the demagnetization risk at the extreme low operating temperature of -20°C and high temperature of 150°C. The paper includes details of the optimization process and corresponding sample results, evaluation of demagnetization risk of both types of PMASynRM designs, and analysis and optimization results of both types of designs.
Does Informing Referring Practices About Visit Non-Compliance Improve Subsequent Show Rates to a Pediatric Cardiology Practice?

Background. Missed specialty appointments are common. Consequently, patients may never receive intended sub-specialty care. We predicted that no-show (NS) notification would result in more successful encounters following a NS. Methods. Referring practices were surveyed regarding how NS communication may change patient management. To test the effect of NS notification, two prospective patient groups were evaluated: a non-notification group (Control) and a NS-notification group (Intervention). Patients were tracked seven months to determine rates and time to a successful encounter. Group differences were assessed by either a two sample Z-test for proportions or an independent t-test. Results. The survey indicated that 43.7% of practices routinely receive NS notification from subspecialists. For 69%, NS notification would prompt patient/family contact. Baseline NS rates for the Control group (n = 633) was 10% (n = 67) and for the Intervention group (n = 623) was 13.5% (n = 83, p = 0.1). Rates of eventual successful encounters among NS patients were 28% for the Control group and 11% for the Intervention group (p = 0.21). Mean time to successful encounter was shorter in the Intervention group (Control, 2.9 months +/-2; Intervention, 1.65 months +/- 0.9, p = 0.045). Conclusion. Unlike adult studies, pediatric practitioners likely would intervene if a NS was known. Although fewer patients were seen in the NS notification group, the time to encounter was shorter for the Intervention group compared to Controls. While NS notification may not lead to more successful encounters, enhanced communication to the referring practice may ensure that the most worrisome patients are seen promptly. KS J Med 2013; 6(2):51-59.
Channel Modeling and Its Impact on Localization

This chapter reviews concepts and models for wireless channels that are critical to localization systems. It discusses the impact of channel modeling on the design of radio system and investigates key channel parameters for different localization techniques. Channel parameters essential to position location methods such as time‐of‐arrival (TOA) and direction‐of‐arrival (DOA), and line‐of‐sight (LOS) and non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) localization are discussed. One of the most common statistics in a NLOS transmission for the fade amplitude is the Rayleigh distribution. The received signal is an addition of a number of signals from different paths. This addition leads to a Rayleigh distribution. Inhomogenous refers to dispersive media with spatially or temporally varying electromagnetic (EM) properties. In inhomogenous channels, each node might be placed in an electromagnetically diverse medium. There are many challenging tasks in inhomogenous media, including localization, characterization, layer thickness estimation, irregularity detection, high‐resolution TOA measurements and straight‐line range estimation.
Influence of family environment on long-term psychosocial functioning of adolescents with juvenile fibromyalgia

Objective Little is known about the impact of family environment on the long-term adjustment of patients with juvenile-onset fibromyalgia (JFM). Our objective was to evaluate whether family environment in early adolescence predicted later physical functioning and depressive symptoms of adolescents with JFM as they transitioned to early adulthood in the context of a controlled long-term followup study. Methods Participants consisted of 39 youth (mean age 18.7 years) with JFM and 38 healthy matched controls who completed web-based surveys about their health status (Short Form 36 health survey) and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II) ∼4 years after a home-based, in-person assessment of child and family functioning. During the initial assessment, parents of the participants (94% mothers) completed the Family Environment Scale and adolescents (mean age 14.8 years) completed self-report questionnaires about pain (visual analog scale) and depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Inventory). Results The results indicated that family environment during early adolescence significantly predicted greater depressive symptoms in early adulthood for both the JFM group and the healthy controls. In particular, a controlling family environment (use of rules to control the family and allowing little independence) during early adolescence was the driving factor in predicting poorer long-term emotional functioning for patients with JFM. Family environment did not significantly predict longer-term physical impairment for either group. Conclusion Adolescents with JFM from controlling family environments are at an increased risk for poorer emotional functioning in early adulthood. Behavioral and family interventions should foster independent coping among adolescents with JFM and greater parenting flexibility to enhance successful long-term coping.
THE GREAT GLOBAL VITAMINS CONSPIRACIES, 1985-1999 *

This paper is a comprehensive examination of the global bulk vitamins cartels of the 1990s. In terms of its precision and breadth of coverage, the quantitative information now available on vitamins surpasses that of almost any other modern cartel. For example, the internal records of the major defendants have yielded monthly transaction prices for 53 bulk vitamin products over periods of up to 22 years.Evidence is presented that these 16 interrelated cartels were the largest discovered international price-fixing schemes of the late 20th century in terms of affected commerce and direct overcharges. On the other hand, the percentage increases in bulk vitamin prices wrought by the cartels were merely average. The formation of the cartels by and large occurred in markets that were in terms of their structures and historical modes of behavior ideally suited for overt collusion. Although organizationally similar in many respects, the cartels also displayed a wondrous variety of collusive conducts. Only four to six of the cartels died natural deaths.There is little question that the convicted members of the vitamins cartels were in absolute monetary terms the most heavily sanctioned defendants in the history of antitrust law. Yet, it is equally non-controvertible that the impressive corporate monetary sanctions imposed worldwide were inadequate to deter recidivism.
Reduced E1, E2, and E3 transition probabilities for transitions in /sup 156 -160/Gd and /sup 160 -164/Dy

Direct $E2$ and $E3$ Coulomb excitation of ${2}^{+}$ and ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states with 13.5-MeV $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ ions on isotopically enriched targets of $^{156\ensuremath{-}160}\mathrm{Gd}$ and $^{160\ensuremath{-}164}\mathrm{Dy}$ has been measured by means of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy. Vibrational-like ${2}^{+}$ and ${3}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states were identified in each nucleus. The $B(E\ensuremath{\lambda},0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}J=\ensuremath{\pi})$ is obtained for excitation of each state, and information is given on the reduced transition probabilities for the different decay modes of these states. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions of nuclear models describing these states. A reasonable account of the reduced $E2$ transition probabilities is provided by the interacting boson model.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{156\ensuremath{-}160}\mathrm{Gd}(\ensuremath{\alpha},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $^{160\ensuremath{-}164}\mathrm{Dy}(\ensuremath{\alpha},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=13.5$ MeV; measured ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$, Doppler broadening. $^{156\ensuremath{-}160}\mathrm{Gd}$, $^{160\ensuremath{-}164}\mathrm{Dy}$ levels deduced $B(E2)$, $B(M1)$, $B(E3)$, $B(E1)$, ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}({3}^{\ensuremath{-}})$, ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}$, $\ensuremath{\delta}$. Enriched targets.
Resonant enhancement of nondegenerate two-photon absorption in organics

We present the first experimental evidence, to the best of our knowledge, of resonant enhancement of nondegenerate two-photon absorption in organic molecules. Using a simplified perturbative sum-over-states expression, we make comparisons between experiment and theory.
Search Engine Marketing

This article provides a review of search engine marketing, its growth, effectiveness, and the differing methods of search engine marketing. Keywords: search engine marketing; search engine; search engine result page (SERP); search engine optimization (SEO); Internet advertising
Quantum communication with Gaussian channels of zero quantum capacity

Researchers have shown that imperfect quantum channels have a strong kind of synergy: there exist pairs of discrete, memoryless quantum channels that acquire positive quantum capacity when used together. Here the authors show that this superactivation phenomenon also occurs in the more realistic setting of optical channels with attenuation and Gaussian noise.
Mechanisms of osteolytic and osteoblastic skeletal lesions

The bone is a frequent site for tumor metastasis, and cancer in the bone results in marked disturbances of bone remodeling that can be lytic, blastic or a combination of the two. Patients with advanced malignancies that have metastasized to the bone frequently suffer from debilitating skeletal-related events, including pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression syndromes, disorders of calcium and phosphate homeostasis and severe cancer-related pain. This review will discuss recent studies on the mechanisms responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic metastasis and how their identification has resulted in the development of new agents for patients with metastatic bone disease.
Randomized Controlled Trial: Targeted Neck Cooling in the Treatment of the Migraine Patient (P7.177)

OBJECTIVE: Cold therapy has long been the number one self-care treatment employed in migraine without aura and the second most common in migraine with aura, yet its mechanism remains elusive. In this study, a mechanism by which this time-tested therapy works is proposed (by cooling the blood passing through intracranial vessels) in an attempt to further elucidate its beneficial effects. BACKGROUND: Virtually all studies evaluating cold therapy in the treatment of migraine show benefit. However, they all target the same location...the head. This makes sense, because this is where it hurts. However, cold applied to the head must penetrate through the skull to get to the target vessels on the inside. As such, we utilized a strategy employed by marathon runners. That is, targeting locations where large blood vessels come close to the skin surface. In our case, the carotid arteries at the neck. DESIGN/METHODS: The study is designed as a randomized, controlled, crossover clinical trial utilizing an adjustable neck wrap containing two freezable ice packs targeting the carotid arteries at the front of the neck. Participants served as their own control, trialing the wrap both frozen and room temperature at migraine onset and recording their pain on a visual analog scale at fixed intervals. RESULTS: 55 participants successfully completed the study. Pain at onset was similar between the two treatment arms. Maximum pain reduction was observed at the 30 minute time point with a 31.8% +/- 15.2% decrease in pain in the treatment arm compared to a 31.5% +/- 20.0% increase in pain at the same time interval in the control arm. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the application of a frozen neck wrap targeting the carotid arteries at the neck significantly reduced recorded pain in participants with migraine headaches (p < 0.001). Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Gabriel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brown has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yee has nothing to disclose.
Women's Work: Nationalism and Contemporary African American Women's Novels Courtney Thorsson. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.

Women's Work: Nationalism and Contemporary African American Women's Novels Courtney Thorsson. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013.Courtney Thorsson makes bold arguments and examines texts by foundational twentieth century African American women authors in Women's Work. Authors Toni Cade Bambara, Paule Marshall, Gloria Naylor, and Toni Morrison utilize their novels to "narrate a nation" (5), and Thorsson emphasizes the public and private work of Black women within the novels and their efforts to identify women's work "as rich terrain for literary negotiations of raced, gendered, individual, and communal identities" (7). Women's work is multivalent, yet Thorsson is specifically concerned with organizing, cooking, mapping, dancing, and inscribing, for these forms relate to the construction of histories, identities, and nations for the Black women in each novel.Thorsson argues that Bambara, in The Salt Eaters, establishes Velma as a character who struggles to organize her inner, physical, and emotional nation while her recovery (after a suicide attempt) determines the well-being of the outer nation of those around her. Bambara describes notions of healing fractured selves, coalitions, and communities through organizing. Analyzing Ntozke Shange's Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo, Thorsson addresses Shange's use of recipes and cooking as acts of cultural nationalism in the crafting, recording, and transporting of foodways and practices across communities. Shange illuminates the importance of cooking and food preparation with the characters Sassafrass, Cypress, and Indigo, for the "value of the recipe is that it renders the labor of cooking (planning, shopping, measuring, sifting, mixing, baking, serving, and so on) entirely visible and largely transparent" (77). Just as food travels and creates cultural nationalism in Shange's work, Thorsson identifies dancing as a form of important women's work and nation-building in Paule Marshall's Praisesong for the Widow. The author details the various diasporic dances illustrated by Marshall, for each carries significance in building and dancing a nation. Through the travels of protagonist Avey, readers come to understand that dances of individuals and groups signify collective pasts, memories, experiences, and agency. Past experiences and memories open Naylor's Mama Day in the form of an island map, a matrilineal family tree, and a bill of sale for the distant enslaved matriarch of the Day family. Thorsson examines mapping in Naylor's work as a method of cultural nationalism in that Willow Springs is a cultural and geographical nation of its own because the island does not belong to any particular nation, yet has been influenced by the cultures and peoples of the US, Caribbean, and West Africa. …
An analysis of various modes of therapy for vesicoureteral reflux

One hundred and forty-four patients with vesicoureteral reflux were followed for an average of one year or greater. Forty per cent of the patients followed on conservative management ceased to reflux. Of those undergoing reimplantation, 90% achieved surgical success, and about 70% achieved bacteriological success. The data suggest that not all reflux need be considered for surgery primarily.
Polymer Self-Diffusion in Entangled Systems

Abstract This article has focused on work in the last several years, a period during which theoretical insights and experimental techniques pertaining to polymer self-diffusion in entangled systems have advanced enormously. The point has been to lay out for the reader the means by which this information has been developed and to lay out the available information itself. The objective has been to facilitate comparisons regarding use and applicability of techniques, quality, and interpretations of data and the trends present in the various data. Presentation of the information in this style leads to a few definite conclusions and a larger number of problems which come more sharply than before into focus as ripe for continued study. Specific conclusions which seem reasonable at this point are: The molecular weight dependence of Ds is, in entangled systems, an inverse square law, consistent with the prediction of the reptation model. The self-diffusion coefficient becomes quite insensitive to the matrix molec...
Determination of the spin alignment in heavy-ion reactions with the spin spectrometer

Abstract A detailed procedure is outlined that permits one to deduce the spin direction in heavy-ion fusion reactions on an event-by-event basis using data from the spin spectrometer at the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The parameters that govern the ability of the spin spectrometer in determining the spin direction, namely the γ-ray multiplicity, the multipolarity, the crystal-to-crystal scattering, and coincidence summing, are examined in detail. Removal of detectors from the complete spectrometer causes large misalignment in the deduced spin distributions. A procedure to correct for this induced misalignment based on local density distributions is presented. Some results from measurement of angular distributions of α-particles using the spin alignment method are also discussed.
Evidence for loss and recovery of chick brainstem auditory neurons during gentamicin-induced cochlear damage and regeneration

It is well documented that damage to the chick cochlea caused by acoustic overstimulation or ototoxic drugs is reversible. Second-order auditory neurons in nucleus magnocellularis (NM) are sensitive to changes in input from the cochlea. However, few experiments studying changes in NM during cochlear hair cell loss and regeneration have been reported. Chicks were given a single systemic dose of gentamicin, which results in maximal hair cell loss in the base of the cochlea after 5 days. Many new hair cells are present by 9 days. These new hair cells are mature but not completely recovered in organization by 70 days. We counted neurons in Nissl-stained sections of the brainstem within specific tonotopic regions of NM, comparing absolute cell number between gentamicin- and saline-treated animals at both short and long survival times. Our data suggest that neuronal number in rostral NM parallels hair cell number in the base of the cochlea. That is, after a single dose of gentamicin, we see a loss of both cochlear hair cells and NM neurons early, followed by a recovery of both cochlear hair cells and NM neurons later. These results suggest that neurons, like cochlear hair cells, can recover following gentamicin-induced damage.
An experimental test of the interfering-response theory of extinction

Three experiments are reported in which laboratory rats were allowed to make a barpress response incompatible with the reinforced barpress response. This opportunity to make an interfering response did not generally reduce resistance to extinction, and the interference theory of extinction was therefore not supported.
Comparison of the Akaike Information Criterion, the Schwarz criterion and the F test as guides to model selection

In pharmacokinetic data analysis, it is frequently necessary to select the number of exponential terms in a polyexponential expression used to describe the concentration-time relationship. The performance characteristics of several selection criteria, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and the Schwarz Criterion (SC), and the F test (alpha = 0.05), were examined using Monte Carlo simulations. In particular, the ability of these criteria to select the correct model, to select a model allowing estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters with small bias and good precision, and to select a model allowing precise predictions of concentration was evaluated. To some extent interrelationships among these procedures is explainable. Results indicate that the F test tends to choose the simpler model more often than does either the AIC or SC, even when the more complex model is correct. Also, the F test is more sensitive to deficient sampling designs. Clearance estimates are generally very robust to the choice of the wrong model. Other pharmacokinetic parameters are more sensitive to model choice, particularly the apparent elimination rate constant. Prediction of concentrations is generally more precise when the correct model is chosen. The tendency for the F test (alpha = 0.05) to choose the simpler model must be considered relative to the objectives of the study.
A luminosity-temperature relation for cluster X-ray sources

Luminosity-temperature (L-T) relations are derived for a self-gravitating isothermal gas sphere and for an isothermal gas sphere in hydrostatic equilibrium with the total mass of a cluster of galaxies. The relationships are compared with X-ray data for 13 clusters of galaxies. The L-T relation for the self-gravitating isothermal gas sphere is found to predict X-ray luminosities that are considerably larger than those observed, and the corresponding model is ruled out. It is shown, however, that the L-T relation for the isothermal gas sphere in hydrostatic equilibrium with total cluster mass is consistent with X-ray observations for reasonable choices of the ratio between central density and confining-mass density. Core radii or gas temperatures are predicted for five of the 13 clusters considered.
Plasminoplastin generation test of normal, HF-, PTA-, X-, PTC-, and AHF- platelet-poor plasmas: evidence that only HF- plasma has an abnormal fibrinolytic activity.

SINCE Hageman factor (HF) was found to participate in fibrinolytic activity1,2 several investigations have been carried out to explore its role in fibrinolysis. Iatridis and Ferguson3, in a detailed analysis of this phenomenon, suggested that Hageman factor has a lysokinase activity which converts plasminogen-proplasminoplastin (proactivator) into plasminoplastin (activator). Aznar et al.4 investigated the fibrinolytic activity of Hageman factor by means of thrombelastography and concluded that the active form itself has a similar character to that of the plasmatic proactivator. Haanen et al.5 showed that the fibrinolytic activity of a purified Hageman factor is only measurable in the presence of plasminogen, and therefore Hageman factor is an activator of plasminogen. But Iatridis and Ferguson3 had shown that chicken plasma, which is deficient in proplasminoplastin (proactivator) and in Hageman factor, did not develop any plasminoplastin (activator) activity, despite the addition of streptokinase or kaolin-SF (surface factor or activation product). Thus, from this experiment and from others using normal or Hageman deficient plasmas, they concluded that activated Hageman factor is only efficient for the generation of endogenous plasminoplastin when its precursor (the proplasminoplastin) is available.
Mass suicide: A note on popular conceptions of suicidal behavior

This was a study of laypersons' views of the mass suicides which occurred in Guyana in November of 1978. Of 157 individuals randomly contacted by telephone, 105 agreed to answer questions and were aware of the suicides. 73% of the respondents thought that the suicides were the result of the individuals' personality or character. 93% indicated that the suicides occurred because victims were under the control of their cult leader. 78% thought that the surviving families would feel tense while interacting with other persons, while only 38% of the respondents indicated that they themselves would feel uncomfortable interacting with surviving family members.
Refocusing the Lens: Using Observation to Assess and Identify Gifted Learners

Reconceptualized definitions of intellectual competence and giftedness have been proposed as have student-centered methods of assessment that inform classroom practice. Yet methods used to assess and identify the gifted have remained constant through the years and these methods reflect neither new definitions or current assessment understandings. A process that embodies new ideas, the DISCOVER assessment process, is described and presented as a method to use to document students' problem-solving abilities in several of Gardner's intelligences.
The Association Between Internalizing Symptomology and Risky Behaviors

Internalizing symptoms (withdrawn/depressed and anxious/depressed), measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), were examined as related to the development of externalizing problems, a pathway to risky behavior. A cross-section of children ages 6 to 15 was drawn from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) longitudinal data set of 1,364 families with full-term, healthy newborns throughout the United States. Internalizing and externalizing scores were determined through mothers' reports on the CBCL. When considered separately and together, internalizing symptoms significantly related to externalizing behaviors, with “anxious/depressed” accounting for the greatest proportion of variance. As age increased, internalizing symptoms accounted for a greater degree of externalizing problem variance. Sex was a significant moderator. Results suggest the utility of identifying and treating internalizing problems early, which ...
Uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis of backlit x-ray radiographs

Summary form only given. Current feature extraction from mono-energetic backlit radiography for HED physics experiments lacks rigorous uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis. We present a method to determine uncertainty bounds of source intensity, background and attenuation coefficient in the mono-energetic case, through propagating known experimental uncertainties through a numerical fit. Comparing the fit-retrieved absorption coefficient to the nominal value presents a method to validate the mono-energetic photon transport model for these radiographs. A preliminary sensitivity analysis shows that source uniformity, as well as a background x-ray spectrum might be significant. This is supported by previous experiments that have measured a high-energy source likely due to hot electrons producing bremsstrahlung or K-α emission in the Ta shield.
Syntax, Word Division, Punctuation: Their Place in the Teaching of Russian in College

ALTHOUGH the teaching of Russian at the college level has improved greatly during the past few years, the results achieved are not always as satisfactory as we would like them to be. The students, when speaking, often employ non-Russian constructions, especially in asking and answering questions; when writing, they tend to follow the patterns of English syntax and the English conventions of punctuation and word division. They can hardly be blamed for so doing; most American textbooks of Russian (with some notable exceptions) simply let the learner muddle through the syntax and fail to make clear to him that Russian words are di-
Effects of the benzodiazepine antagonists RO 15-1788, CGS-8216 and PK-11195 on amygdaloid kindled seizures and the anticonvulsant efficacy of diazepam.

Abstract The anticonvulsant effectiveness of the benzodiazepine antagonists RO 15-1788, CGS-8216 and PK-11195 were evaluated against threshold and suprathreshold (400 μA) stimulation in fully amygdaloid-kindled rats. Pretreatment with either RO 15-1788 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg), CGS-8216 (3,10 and 30 mg/kg) or PK-11195 (10 and 60 mg/kg) failed in this study to modify consistently either the afterdischarge thresholds or elicited suprathreshold seizures or duration of afterdischarge. Using a double injection paradigm, the effectiveness of these three benzodiazepine antagonists to reverse the anticonvulsant and behavioral effects of diazepam were studied. When diazepam (3 mg/kg) was injected 15 min before or after a second injection of the vehicle control DMSO (0.25 mg/kg), a significant reduction in the duration of afterdischarge and seizure rank, elicited by a suprathreshold stimulation in amygdaloid-kindled rats, occurred. When either CGS 8216 (10 mg/kg)or RO 15-1788 (10 mg/kg) were given 15 min before diazepam (3 mg/kg) prior to stimulation, the anticonvulsant properties of diazepam were blocked. When RO 15-1788 (10 mg/kg) was given 15 min after diazepam, antagonism of the anticonvulsant effects on diazepam was shown. However, when either CGS-8216 (10 mg/kg) or PK-11195 (10 and 60 mg/kg) were given 15 min after diazepam (3 mg/kg), the anticonvulsant properties of diazepam were not blocked. The anticonvulsant effects of diazepam were reversed when CGS-8216 (10 mg/kg) was given 5 min after diazepam (3 mg/kg) or when a larger dose (30 mg/kg) was given at the same 15 min interval. Previous work has shown that the benzodiazepine antagonist, RO 15-1788 can inhibit the acquisition of amygdaloid-kindling, while the data in the present study point to the lack of significant anticonvulsant effectiveness of these three benzodiazepine antagonists in the fully amygdaloid-kindled model of epilepsy in the rat. Both of the “central” benzodiapine antagonists (RO 15-1788 and CGS-8216) demonstrated the ability to reverse the anticonvulsant effectiveness of diazepam in this model, when given before or after administration of diazepam. Appropriate doses and injection intervals were necessary to demonstrate the antagonism by CGS-8216 given after diazepam. Large doses of the “peripheral” benzodiazepine antagonist, PK-11195 failed to demonstrate intrinsic anticonvulsant properties or the ability to reverse the anticonvulsant effectiveness of diazepam in this model.
Drug modification of runway behavior of mice influenced by aversive stimulus

Chlorpromazine administered intraperitoneally to white mice significantly increases running time on a short runway; this effect is proportional within the range studied with increasing dosage. Following exposure to an aversive stimulus, untreated mice or mice receiving the 2 mg./Kg. of chlorpromazine markedly increased running times as a result of such stimulation. However, mice receiving the 4 mg./Kg. dose showed no increase in running time. Assuming that such increases in running time are free of interaction with the preceding level of performance and are comparable in terms of absolute differences between groups it would appear that the compound either prevented the setting up of some condition (“fear”) resulting from the light stimulus, which increased the running time in the untreated mice, or it prevented the operation of the condition set up by such aversive stimulation.