cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial and Complete Growth Promoting Systems for Cultured Carrot Explants: Synergistic and Inhibitory Interactions

This paper recognizes that mature living cells throughout the carrot plant remain capable, with appropriate stimuli, of growth even though this would not occur in situ (Steward and Caplin. 1954; Steward et al., 1964). This renewed growth is due to substances which act singly, synergistically or sequentially and meet the exogenous requirements that satisfy endogenous limitations upon the growth of the existing cells.
System Reliability and Free Riding

System reliability often depends on the effort of many individuals, making reliability a public good. It is well-known that purely voluntary provision of public goods may result in a free rider problem: individuals may tend to shirk, resulting in an inefficient level of the public good. How much effort each individual exerts will depend on his own benefits and costs, the efforts exerted by the other individuals, and the technology that relates individual effort to outcomes. In the context of system reliability, we can distinguish three prototype cases.
Designing an undergraduate data mining course by matching teaching strategies with student learning styles

Regularly integrating emerging technology to keep the curriculum up to date is generally expected in the rapidly evolving discipline of Computer Science. Due to the explosion of data and information data mining has become a core area in undergraduate computer science curriculum. In this paper, we discuss our experience to design, teach, and improve an undergraduate data mining course by adopting the results of an Index of Learning Styles survey to assess student learning style. Based on the survey results, course instructor fine-tuned the organization and presentation of course materials and activities accordingly. Course evaluation clearly showed effectiveness of our approach.
Sediment quality of the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina: an integrated assessment of sediment contamination, toxicity, and condition of benthic fauna

A study of ecological conditions associatedwith bottom sediments in the Neuse Riverestuary, U.S.A. was undertaken during summer1998. Sampling of macroinfauna, sedimentsfor toxicity and chemical contaminant analyses,and physical properties of water was carriedout synoptically over a four-day period at 20stations from the mouth of the Neuse River atPamlico Sound to approximately 90 km upstream. The distribution and condition of benthicinfauna were found to vary in response tonatural and anthropogenic factors, and apparentassociations between degraded infaunalcondition and sediment contamination and/ortoxicity were observed over roughly half of thesampled area (7 stations, 47% area). With fewexceptions, degraded benthic conditions wereassociated with significant sedimentcontamination or toxicity. High sedimentcontaminant levels were found to occur almostexclusively in fine-grained, organic-rich muds. These results suggest that high organic loadingand chemical contaminant inputs to the NeuseRiver, coupled with low freshwater dischargerates and high residence times in the lowerestuary, have contributed to degraded benthicconditions at these sites.
An Efficient Market Design for Electricity Networks With Strategic Users Possessing Local Information

We consider electricity wholesale markets with multiple strategic users that possess localized information about the electricity network and can be either producers or consumers. The objective is to design a mechanism that maximizes the social welfare (the sum of the users’ utilities) and has the following additional features. It satisfies the users’ informational constraints along with the constraints imposed by the lines’ thermal capacity limit and the network's physical laws (Kirchhoff's laws); furthermore, it is budget balanced, individually rational, and price efficient. Using ideas from the theory of local public goods and auctions, we construct a social welfare maximizing mechanism that possesses all of the above-mentioned features at equilibrium. We present an intuitive interpretation of the mechanism and discuss possible extensions of the model considered in this paper.
Cervical Artery Dissection Caused by Electrical Cupping Therapy with High-Negative Pressure - Case Report.

Abstract Background Cervical artery dissection is an important cause of stroke in the young. The etiology is still discussed controversial. The most obvious reason for a dissection of extracranial arteries is due to a trauma, eg. after car accidents or other high speed traumas such as high-velocity road traffic accidents. Besides these clear cases, chiropractic neck maneuvers represent potential reasons for vessel injuries. Case presentation: We here report a rare case of secondary cervical artery dissection after so-called cupping therapy and a preventive treatment with a direct oral anticoagulant. Conclusions: Therapists using this technique should be aware of the potentially devastating side effects. The diagnosis of ICA dissection should be considered with any new onset of unknown neck pain or headache, specifically in combination with neurological deficits.
Gene Set Knowledge Discovery with Enrichr.

Profiling samples from patients, tissues, and cells with genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics ultimately produces lists of genes and proteins that need to be further analyzed and integrated in the context of known biology. Enrichr (Chen et al., 2013; Kuleshov et al., 2016) is a gene set search engine that enables the querying of hundreds of thousands of annotated gene sets. Enrichr uniquely integrates knowledge from many high-profile projects to provide synthesized information about mammalian genes and gene sets. The platform provides various methods to compute gene set enrichment, and the results are visualized in several interactive ways. This protocol provides a summary of the key features of Enrichr, which include using Enrichr programmatically and embedding an Enrichr button on any website. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Analyzing lists of differentially expressed genes from transcriptomics, proteomics and phosphoproteomics, GWAS studies, or other experimental studies Basic Protocol 2: Searching Enrichr by a single gene or key search term Basic Protocol 3: Preparing raw or processed RNA-seq data through BioJupies in preparation for Enrichr analysis Basic Protocol 4: Analyzing gene sets for model organisms using modEnrichr Basic Protocol 5: Using Enrichr in Geneshot Basic Protocol 6: Using Enrichr in ARCHS4 Basic Protocol 7: Using the enrichment analysis visualization Appyter to visualize Enrichr results Basic Protocol 8: Using the Enrichr API Basic Protocol 9: Adding an Enrichr button to a website.
Advanced Windows NT: The Developer's Guide to the WIN32 Application Programming Interface

Assuming a knowledge of 16-bit Windows programming, this book explains what is new and different about Windows NT and details what programmers need to know to exploit the feature or mechanism in their programs. The book contains chapters on NT's powerful memory-management system, issues relating to multitasking and a section explaining NT's otherwise opaque message-passing system with a powerful piece of code called "message crackers".
Fire-Cracked Rock As Tools: Wear Pattern Analysis

AbstractWithin the last ten years, lithic studies have focused intensively on chipped stone tool technology, particularly biface reduction procedures. Recent analysis of lithic materials from a mul...
Post-operative Trans-Abdominal Wall Succus Entericus or Stool Drainage

The management of enterocutaneous fistulas is challenging. Diagnostic imaging plays a central role in understanding the anatomy of the fistula and therefore optimizes its evaluation and management. A wide range of imaging modalities are available for defining the fistulous tract, and associated complications, such as bowel obstruction and abscesses.
Meteorological Adjustment of Air Quality

Poor air quality impacts adversely on the health of humans and ecosystems. Air pollutants result both from natural sources and from human activity. Oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur are, for instance, products of combustion activity, such as that generated by motor vehicles. Other secondary pollutants such as ozone result from reactions in the atmosphere between primary pollutants and other chemicals known as precursors. The dispersion of airborne pollutants and the reactions among them are influenced by meteorological conditions. This article describes some of the existing approaches to meteorological adjustment of air quality, i.e. the modeling of (some aspect of) air quality that takes account of (adjusts for) meteorological conditions. In doing so, this article will also highlight challenges that exist and raise issues that need further attention.
Engendering the Scholarship of Problem-based Learning

In this case-based research article, we describe how the implementation an instructional method, problembased learning, across disciplines at a single institution stimulated scholarship on teaching among the faculty involved in the project. We conducted interviews with 30 participating faculty and administrators and triangulated these data with a document analysis of project documents, course portfolios, meeting minutes, and the project Web site. Our institutional-level analysis focuses on the campus environment and how it supported and/or constricted the scholarship of teaching across campus. At the faculty-level, we describe faculty perceptions about and experiences with producing scholarship on their own teaching.
On the electrochemical response of rough electrodes

Abstract For a rough solid electrode the current response to a voltage step in the absence of a faradaic process is described analytically. At short times t , the transient response is expressed by a power series in t α , where α is the interfacial roughness parameter. At long times, the response is expressed by an asymptotic series in t −α .
The Study of Transport and Enzymatic Processes in Reconstituted Biological Systems

Reconstitution of biological systems has proven a most valuable tool for the elucidation of multicomponent biochemical pathways. The study of a biological activity in both partially resolved or highly purified systems necessitates the assay of a specific, well-defined functional property of an enzyme or protein complex. In contrast to studies of soluble enzymatic complexes in homogeneous solution wherein the reactants and products may be readily distinguished from each other, the biological activity of a number of membrane processes is the translocation of a species from one compartment to another via passive, coupled, or active transport mechanisms. The biological activity may also be dependent upon a receptor-ligand interaction resulting in the change in a membrane permeability or the activation of an enzymatic complex. Each of these different functions, namely passive transport systems, receptor or voltage-dependent permeabilities, coupled transport, and the energy-transducing ATPases, is amenable to studies in reconstituted membranes.
Personality as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and Burnout

We propose that role conflict and role ambiguity act as stressors to increase burnout. Personality, however, serves as a resource that moderates the negative effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on burnout. To test these hypotheses, we used a sample of 263 faculty members at a large state university. Stepwise regression shows that role conflict increased emotional exhaustion, while extraversion and emotional stability reduced emotional exhaustion. Role conflict increased depersonalization, while agreeableness decreased depersonalization. Role ambiguity reduced personal accomplishments, while agreeableness and emotional stability increased personal accomplishments. Role conflict combined with extraversion, and role ambiguity combined with conscientiousness to increase personal accomplishments. Our results highlight the complexity of burnout in the workplace.
The Particle Environment in Space

This article reviews the charged and neutral particles in the solar system and particularly in the vicinity of Earth. The average values and ranges of the parameters characterizing the charged particle flux from the sun (the solar wind), mainly protons and electrons, are given and also the correlations between the parameters for large scale fluctuations. Aerodynamics calculations give the physical conditions of the shocked solar wind plasma in the region between the Earth’s bow shock and the boundary with the geomagnetic cavity. The charged particle population inside the geomagnetic cavity and the geomagnetic tail is highly structured both in its spatial distribution and in energy. The average properties and dynamical behavior of the polar cusp, plasma sheet, ring current, and plasmasphere populations are described. Models and dynamical behavior of the neutral particles in the Earth’s exosphere are given.
Aerodynamics at the Particle Level

This paper is intended to clarify some of the rather well-known aerodynamic phenomena. It is also intended to pique the interest of the layman as well as the professional. All aerodynamic forces on a surface are caused by collisions of fluid particles with the surface. While the standard approach to fluid dynamics, which is founded on the fluid approximation, is effective in providing a means of calculating various behavior and properties, it begs the question of causality. The determination of the causes of many of the most important aerodynamic effects requires a microscopic examination of the fluid and of the surface with which it interacts. The Kutta-Joukowski theorem is investigated from first physical principles. It is noted that the circulation does not arise alone as a physical phenomenon, e.g. air doesn't flow forward under a wing, but must be added to the translation flow. The circulation term is necessary to take into account the vertical deflection of the air flow by a wing. Various aerodynamic devices are discussed, e.g. rocket engine exhaust diffuser and the perfume atomizer. The section on slurries discusses pyroclastic flow as occurs in violent volcanic eruptions.
Sonography of the glenoid labrum: a cadaveric study with arthroscopic correlation.

OBJECTIVE. We assessed the usefulness of sonography in evaluating the glenoid labrum in cadaveric specimens using arthroscopy as a standard of reference.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Eighty labral quadrants in 20 cadaveric shoulders were examined by two musculoskeletal radiologists using 5- to 7-MHz linear and curvilinear transducers. Agreement was reached by consensus. After sonography, arthroscopy was performed by an experienced orthopedic surgeon. Each labral quadrant was classified at the time of sonography and arthroscopy as normal, degenerated, or torn.RESULTS. Concordance between sonography and arthroscopy was 86% (69/80 quadrants). In differentiating abnormal labrum (tear or degeneration) from normal labrum using sonography, sensitivity was 63%, specificity was 98%, positive predictive value was 94%, negative predictive value was 86%, and accuracy was 88%. In differentiating labral tears from other labral conditions (degeneration or normality), sensitivity was 67%, specificity was 99%, positive predictiv...
Periodic Trends in Electrode-Chemisorbate Bonding: Ethylene on Platinum-Group and Gold Electrodes as Probed by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy†

The chemisorption modes of ethylene (ethene) on four Pt-group electrodes (platinum, palladium, rhodium, and iridium) and on gold in acidic aqueous solution are explored by means of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), the former surfaces being prepared as ultrathin films on a SERS-active gold substrate. The primary objective is to compare the periodic trends in electrode−ethylene bonding with the extensive information available for metal surfaces in gaseous and vacuum environments. Each surface yielded vibrational spectra that indicate the extensive presence of π-bound molecular ethylene, primarily from the appearance of coupled CC stretch [ν(CC)] and CH2 scissors [δs(CH2)] vibrations at 1495−1540 and 1190−1275 cm-1, the frequencies depending on the metal. The marked (ca. 70−150 cm-1) coordination-induced redshifts observed for these vibrations, in the sequence Au < Pd < Rh < Pt < Ir, indicate the occurrence of increasing metal−ethylene 2π* back-donation. The importance of this bonding interaction ...
“Seoul—America” on America's “Soul”: South Koreans and Korean Immigrants Navigate Global White Racial Ideology1

Although students of race have produced impressive works on global Western racism, their mostly macro-level focus has not addressed how marginal groups respond to Western racial ideology and do so ...
An interpretation of the Cover and Leung capacity region for the MAC with feedback through stochastic control

We consider the problem of communication over a multiple access channel (MAC) with noiseless feedback. A single-letter characterization of the capacity of this channel is not currently known in general. We formulate the MAC with feedback capacity problem as a stochastic control problem for a special class of channels for which the capacity is known to be the single-letter expression given by Cover and Leung. This approach has been recently successful in finding channel capacity for point-to-point channels with noiseless feedback but has not yet been fruitful in the study of multi-user communication systems. Our interpretation provides an understanding of the role of auxiliary random variables and can also hint at on-line capacity-achieving transmission schemes.
Two classes of single-stranded regions in DNA from sea urchin embryos

Native DNA from sea urchin embryos contains single-stranded regions (gaps) of up to 3000 nucleotides. The longer gaps (more than 1400 nucleotides) are nonrandomly distributed and are rich in histone gene sequences, other moderately repetitive sequences, and polypyrimidines. The shorter gaps are associated with DNA replication. A method for isolation of the two classes of single-stranded DNA pieces is reported.
Genetic testing in gastroenterology: Lynch syndrome

Lynch syndrome/Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer is caused by inherited germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, and accounts for 2–5% of colorectal cancers (CRC) . It is characterized by young onset CRC and an increased risk for gynaecologic, urinary tract and gastrointestinal cancers. Family history evaluation is crucial in the early identification of individuals at risk for Lynch syndrome. Individuals whose family history includes multiple relatives with cancer, two or more primary cancers, or component tumours diagnosed at a young age, should undergo genetic evaluation for Lynch syndrome. Guidelines recommend initial evaluation of the tumour with immunohistochemistry or microsatellite instability testing followed by germline testing for mutations in MMR genes in those with abnormal results. Genetic test results can guide screening recommendations for patients and their families. However, results are not always conclusive and in such cases recommendations for cancer screening should be individualized on the basis of personal and family history.
Medically resistant neonatal hypertension: revisiting the surgical causes.

OBJECTIVE: To present the importance of searching for the surgical causes of pharmacologically resistant hypertension in the neonatal population. STUDY DESIGN: A case report and discussion are provided. RESULTS: Severe hypertension in the neonatal period is uncommon and almost always has a secondary cause. Although a majority of hypertensive neonates can be successfully managed with medical therapy, some cases are resistant to pharmacological treatment. We report three hypertensive neonates who failed to respond to intensive multidrug therapy. This led to further evaluation and identification of obstructive uropathies in two neonates and renovascular disease that necessitated surgical intervention. Subsequently, all patients had prompt resolution of hypertension and normalization of renal function. All are now off antihypertensive medications and have normal renal function at 12 months of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Our report exemplifies the importance of the consideration of surgical etiologies for differential diagnosis in neonates with severe hypertension that is unresponsive to pharmacological therapy. Early diagnosis and prudent management of these etiologies reduce morbidity and mortality and preserve of renal function.
The role of obsolescence and inventory costs in providing commitment

This paper modifies the Cournot and Stackelberg models to allow the firms to sell less than they have produced and to store the unsold portion of their output as inventory. Even if one of the firms can choose its output before the other, if it is costless to carry unsold goods forward then the Cournot outcome emerges. We show, however, that costs of carrying the inventory forward endow the firms with a limited degree of commitment to sell what they have produced. This partially restores the first-mover advantage. If the firms choose their outputs simultaneously, the Cournot outcome emerges and has locally consistent conjectures.
Clinical significance of isolated intraperitoneal fluid on computed tomography in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma

Abstract Purpose The finding of isolated free intraperitoneal fluid (FIPF) on computed tomography of the abdomen (CTA) in children after blunt trauma is of unclear clinical significance and raises suspicion for a solid or hollow viscus injury. In our institution, pediatric blunt trauma patients presenting with isolated FIPF on CTA who are hemodynamically stable and have no peritoneal signs on initial physical examination (iPE) have been historically approached nonoperatively. We reviewed our level 1 trauma center experience with this subset of the trauma population and sought to (1) justify an initial nonoperative approach and (2) identify early predictors of the eventual need for surgical exploration. Methods Data on all trauma patients less than 14 years of age admitted to our hospital from 2001 to 2006 after Blunt Abdominal Trauma (BAT) whose screening CTA showed FIPF and no other radiographic signs of solid or hollow viscus injury were retrieved from the local trauma registry. Clinical progress, operative findings, and follow-up were obtained by hospital and office chart review, as well as telephone contact. Mechanism of injury (MOI); Injury Severity Score (ISS); Revised Trauma Score; Pediatric Trauma Score (PTS); the presence of abdominal tenderness or external signs of injury on iPE; and quantity, location, and density of the FIPF were statistically analyzed as possible early predictors of the eventual need for surgical exploration. Results A total of 670 children admitted to our institution after blunt trauma were evaluated with CTA during the time of enrollment. Isolated FIPF was found in 94 individuals (14%). Mean age was 9.7 (±SD 3.2) years; 52% were males. Motor vehicle crash was the most common MOI. Mean PTS was 10.6 (±SD 1.8). Mean ISS was 10.2 (±SD 7.2). Free intraperitoneal fluid was most commonly found in only one intraperitoneal region (93%). Most patients (97%) were discharged home without undergoing a surgical procedure. Three other patients developed peritonitis on serial physical examination and were surgically explored. Hollow viscus injuries were found in 2 of these individuals and treated with primary repair or segmental bowel resection. All surgical patients enjoyed a full recovery, with no postoperative complications. The presence of abdominal tenderness on iPE and the quantity of FIPF on initial CTA were the only studied variables to reach statistical significance as predictors of the eventual need for operative intervention. Follow-up after hospital discharge was obtained in 46.8% (44/94) and averaged 124.9 weeks. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest series of pediatric blunt trauma patients with isolated FIPF on CTA ever reported. Our findings justify an initial nonoperative approach for the management of these individuals. Abdominal tenderness on iPE and the quantity of FIPF on initial CTA were predictors of the eventual need for operative intervention.
The lure of the capital city: an anthro-geographical analysis of recent African immigration to Washington, DC

Although not a historical immigrant destination, the Washington, DC, metropolitan area has one of the highest concentrations of African immigrants in the United States. African migration to the US has increased in recent decades due to changes in US immigration policy and the global economy, as well as an increased focus on Africa in the US refugee resettlement programme, but this does not explain why Washington in particular is so attractive to African immigrants. Framed by the growing body of literature on the multiple meanings of place in population geography and anthropology, the authors draw upon biographical interviews and ethnographic fieldwork to investigate the details of African immigrants' life histories and the transnational social networks that influence their migration decisions and their perceptions of Washington as a place. They investigate how African immigrants are adding new layers of meaning to spaces within Washington, in a dynamic and complex process that requires them to navigate local power relations and reinterpret their identities in a racialised environment. The authors' anthro-geographical approach provides a wider lens through which to analyse the ways in which African immigrants imagine Washington, and make this particular space meaningful in the context of local and global structures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pemoline hepatotoxicity and postmarketing surveillance.

ABSTRACT Objective To review the numerous reports of hepatotoxic adverse drug reactions (ADRs) ascribed to pemoline that were sent to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) between 1975 and 1996 and to describe the medical community's lack of awareness of these reports. Method All ADR reports from 1975 through 1996 wherein pemoline was the suspect agent were obtained from the FDA MedWatch Internet site, and some details of nine pemoline-related deaths in youths were obtained directly from the FDA. The published literature on this subject was fully reviewed. Results (1) In premarketing clinical trials with pemoline in the early 1970s, hepatic abnormalities were noted in enzyme levels (1%–3% of youths receiving maintenance treatment), during rechallenges (6 of 6), and in biopsies (2 of 2). (2) Between 1975 and 1989, 12 cases of jaundice and 6 deaths in youths ascribed to pemoline hepatotoxicity were reported to the FDA. (3) The first medical literature report of a serious ADR ascribed to pemoline was in a 1989 letter to the editor. (4) Physicians generally only became aware of serious pemoline hepatotoxicity in December 1996. (5) Pemoline use increased until 1997. Conclusion Limitations in postmarketing surveillance and public reporting in the United States, particularly in the 1980s, largely accounted for delays in an appropriate response to pemoline hepatotoxicity.
Vector bracket and transformed wave function of a few-body state

Abstract Explicit expressions and symmetry properties are obtained for the vector bracket r a lr b L , λ | r 1 l 1 r 2 l 2 , λ > and for the corresponding transformed wave function of a two-body state. The equivalence between these results and certain expressions appearing in the angularmomentum decomposition of few-body problems is discussed. The rather fundamental role of these brackets and wave functions in few-body problems is pointed out. Further examples are given of their usefulness. In the Brueekner-Hartree-Fock problem they permit the dynamical equations in coordinate or momentum space to be written in forms suitable for numerical calculation. They also make possible the use of arbitrary single-particle wave functions in nuclearstructure calculations, as illustrated in a numerical study of the single-particle spin-orbit splitting in 16 O.
Developing a Framework for Computerized Training of Cryosurgery Based on Finite Elements Analysis

As a part of an ongoing effort to develop computerized training tools for cryosurgery—the destruction of undesired tissues by freezing—the current study focuses on developing an efficient framework of applying a commercially available finite-element (FE) code to meet simulation runtime applicable to clinical training. Computerized training is focused on a minimally invasive procedure with prostate cryosurgery as a development model.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Vibrational spectra, normal coordinate calculations, and molecular mechanics calculations for 4-methyl-2-pentyne and 4-methyl-2-hexyne

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were obtained for 4-methyl-2-pentyne and 4-methyl-2-hexyne. Observed vibrational frequencies assignments are related to specific frequencies from normal coordinate calculations, and the refined force constants are reported. 4-Methyl-2-hexyne was shown to exist as a mixture of three conformers, with the low-energy form being the one with the methyl groups trans to each other. Molecular mechanics calculations were also made for both compounds.
Detecting Maternal‐Fetal Genotype Interactions Associated With Conotruncal Heart Defects: A Haplotype‐Based Analysis With Penalized Logistic Regression

Nonsyndromic congenital heart defects (CHDs) develop during embryogenesis as a result of a complex interplay between environmental exposures, genetics, and epigenetic causes. Genetic factors associated with CHDs may be attributed to either independent effects of maternal or fetal genes, or the intergenerational interactions between maternal and fetal genes. Detecting gene-by-gene interactions underlying complex diseases is a major challenge in genetic research. Detecting maternal-fetal genotype (MFG) interactions and differentiating them from the maternal/fetal main effects has presented additional statistical challenges due to correlations between maternal and fetal genomes. Traditionally, genetic variants are tested separately for maternal/fetal main effects and MFG interactions on a single-locus basis. We conducted a haplotype-based analysis with a penalized logistic regression framework to dissect the genetic effect associated with the development of nonsyndromic conotruncal heart defects (CTD). Our method allows simultaneous model selection and effect estimation, providing a unified framework to differentiate maternal/fetal main effect from the MFG interaction effect. In addition, the method is able to test multiple highly linked SNPs simultaneously with a configuration of haplotypes, which reduces the data dimensionality and the burden of multiple testing. By analyzing a dataset from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), we identified seven genes (GSTA1, SOD2, MTRR, AHCYL2, GCLC, GSTM3, and RFC1) associated with the development of CTDs. Our findings suggest that MFG interactions between haplotypes in three of seven genes, GCLC, GSTM3, and RFC1, are associated with nonsyndromic conotruncal heart defects.
High-purity calcium carbonate in freshwater clam shell.

The calcium carbonate in freshwater clam shells is simlilar in purity to that designated reagent grade. A simple reprecipitation of the shell extract results in a product having less Sr and Mg than reagent grade CaCO3. Clams are harvested commercially, and discarded shells are a high-quality raw material for the production of CaCO3.
Design of an SMA Actuated Mechanotransductive Implant for Correcting Short Bowel Syndrome

Short bowel syndrome is a serious medical condition afflicting an estimated 20,000 to 200,000 people in the United States with mortality rates as high as 40%, despite current treatments. Recent research on mechanotransduction, the process through which mechanical load induces tissue growth, has successfully demonstrated permanent growth of healthy, functional bowel in small animals. Unfortunately, the underlying technological approaches limit further research of growth under different load profiles and extension to safe clinical devices. This paper presents a fully implantable bowel extender which expands via a unique Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) driven ratcheting mechanism, measures the bowel tension and load, and enables studies of mechanotransductive bowel tissue growth where the displacement or load may be controlled wirelessly in real-time. The architecture and operation of the bowel extender is illustrated, focusing on the SMA driven ratcheting mechanism that incrementally expands the device. To help visualize the SMA wire and reset spring design, an alternative graphical method is outlined which transforms the SMA material curves into a Reset View based on predictions of the system forces. An analytical model predicts the ratchet mechanism force with tooth and pawl geometry selected based on packaging, load-bearing, and kinematic constraints. Force limits to maintain tissue health are established from ex vivo and in vivo porcine small bowel loading experiments. The Reset View methodology is applied to design a bowel extender prototype which is used to experimentally validate the ratchet force model. The functionality device is demonstrated, operating against loads much larger than specified, validating the device’s ability to enable new studies of mechanotransductive bowel growth in pigs.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
ANTICIPATORY POLICY AND MARINE RESOURCES

Anticipatory policy is premised on the need to respond to warnings about future threats and opportunities by positive political action. This paper discusses the notion of anticipatory policy by using three cases from ocean policy, deepwater ports, ocean thermal energy conversion, and deep seabed mining. Such policies tend to be extremely vulnerable to changes in the economic and political environments within which they operate. In order to understand how such policies succeed or fail requires that studies of policy implementation decades, not just several years. Although there has been a move in this direction in assessing social welfare policies, this approach has been far less evident in the natural resources area.
PLASMONIC-BASED DEVICES FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

To meet the demand of delivering ever-increasing Internet traffic, optical network must response by increasing its transmission capacity. Since transmission capacity of an individual fiber is still well exceed the capacity of transmitters (TXs) and receivers (RXs), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), in which many TXs and RXs at the transmitting ends of a fiber are used to send and receive many signals, becomes the necessary technology for increasing the transmission capacity of each link of an optical network. This trend, however, demands for increasing density not only the TXs and RXs, but all other components at the sending and receiving ends of communications links. As the number of wavelengths in WDM configuration getting greater, the number of all these components that must be placed on one board has to increase too; hence, the density of packaging comes to micro- and even nano-scale. The TXs and RXs are produced in arrays on a chip quite similar to production of VLSI electronic circuits. At that scale, traditional optical operations used today in an optical-communications technology, such as launching light into optical fiber from TXs and directing light from optical fiber into RXs, multiplexing and demultiplexing individual channels (wavelengths), and electro-optical (E/O) and opto-electrical (O/E) conversions become problems primarily because of the diffraction limit. The problems associated with the diffraction limit are particularly acute for optical interconnects. One of the possible solutions to all these—and some other—problems could be the use of plasmonics. In the last years, the optical-communications industry shows a great interest in developing this topic, as the growing number of publications and practical results can attest. This paper consists of two parts. The first part reviews the current trends in application of plasmonics in optical communications and the second part discusses the theoretical foundation of the proposed WDM demultiplexer and offers the scheme of possible implementation of the device.
Validation of a brain-damage vs. schizophrenia MMPI key.

Since neuropsychologic tests largely have failed to separate schizophrenic from brain-damaged patients, an MMPI key was constructed to make such a separation. When cross-validated, this key provided a 76% correct separation and achi2 significant beyond the .001 level for 50 schizophrenic and 50 brain-damaged profiles. Neuropsychologic tests should be used to separate normals from brain-damaged patients and the MMPI to separate schizophrenic from brain-damaged patients.
Crystals of modified fibrinogen: size, shape and packing of molecules.

Abstract We have produced several new macroscopic crystal forms and a variety of microcrystals from modified flbrinogens. Bovine and rabbit flbrinogens crystallize after limited digestion by a bacterial protease or α-chymotrypsin. The fibrinogens making up these crystals are largely intact and highly clottable. Tentative molecular packing arrangements for two crystal forms have been deduced. The crystal morphology and cleavage planes were used in this analysis. The characteristic α-helical coiled-coil reflections arid spikes of intensity in certain directions in the crystal X-ray patterns serve as markers for the orientation of the fibrinogen molecules. Changes that occur in one of the forms during preparation for electron microscopy, as shown by comparison with X-ray experiments on crystals in various stains and solvents, support this packing model. These studies provide preliminary evidence that fibrinogen is about 450 A in length and that the molecules bond end-to-end to form filaments making up the crystals.
The C-Terminal Domain of the Novel Essential Protein Gcp Is Critical for Interaction with Another Essential Protein YeaZ of Staphylococcus aureus

Previous studies have demonstrated that the novel protein Gcp is essential for the viability of various bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus; however, the reason why it is required for bacterial growth remains unclear. In order to explore the potential mechanisms of this essentiality, we performed RT-PCR analysis and revealed that the gcp gene (sa1854) was co-transcribed with sa1855, yeaZ (sa1856) and sa1857 genes, indicating these genes are located in the same operon. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Gcp interacts with YeaZ using a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system and in vitro pull down assays. To characterize the Gcp-YeaZ interaction, we performed alanine scanning mutagenesis on the residues of C-terminal segment of Gcp. We found that the mutations of the C-terminal Y317-F322 region abolished the interaction of Gcp and YeaZ, and the mutations of the D324-N329 and S332-Y336 regions alleviated Gcp binding to YeaZ. More importantly, we demonstrated that these key regions of Gcp are also necessary for the bacterial survival since these mutated Gcp could not complement the depletion of endogenous Gcp. Taken together, our data suggest that the interaction of Gcp and YeaZ may contribute to the essentiality of Gcp for S. aureus survival. Our findings provide new insights into the potential mechanisms and biological functions of this novel essential protein.
Nickel-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides

Aryl chlorides are converted to aniline derivatives using catalytic amounts of Ni(COD)2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) and DPPF (DPPF = 1,1‘-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) or 1,10-phenanthroline in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide. This procedure has a broad substrate scope: electron-rich or electron-poor aryl chlorides, as well as chloropyridine derivatives, can be combined with primary and secondary amines to give the desired aryl amine products in moderate to excellent yields. Additionally, a procedure which utilizes the air-stable precatalysts (DPPF)NiCl2 or (1,10-phenanthroline)NiCl2 is also described.
Insulin and glucose suppress hepatic glycogenolysis by distinct enzymatic mechanisms.

Abstract Both insulin and hyperglycemia can effectively suppress hepatic glucose output (HGO). We examined whether insulin and hyperglycemia specifically suppress liver net glycogen breakdown in a rat model in which glycogen is the major source of HGO. We further examined whether insulin and hyperglycemia act by similar or distinct enzymatic mechanisms. HGO, the rate of net glycogen loss, and glycogen phosphorylase and synthase activities were measured in fed, anesthetized rats infused with saline or insulin (7 mU/min/kg) while either maintaining plasma glucose at basal (7.8 ± 0.2 mmol/L, euglycemic clamp [EC]) or at 10 mmol/L above basal (18 ± 0.4 mmol/L, hyperglycemic clamp [HC]). During the basal period, the rate of HGO in each group was comparable to the rate of net glycogen breakdown, averaging 76 ± 9 and 75 ± 5 μmol/min/kg, respectively. Thus glycogen breakdown appeared to be a major source of ongoing HGO. Over the last 60 minutes of the experimental period, the rate of glycogenolysis averaged 69 ± 8 μmol/min/kg in saline-treated rats; this could account for about 80% of the total HGO. During both EC and HC studies, HGO was suppressed (5.5 ± 3 and −3.6 ± 10 μmol/min/kg, respectively; P
Reconstruction of public security and justice in post conflict societies: The Rwandan experience

During a period of one hundred days, from April to July 1994, an estimated 800,000 to 1 million people, one‐tenth of the country's population, were murdered as part of a plan to eliminate the Tutsi people of Rwanda while the international community stood by. Following the restoration of order, the Rwandan Government imprisoned thousands of Hutus that allegedly participated in the genocide with more than 100,000 languishing in Rwandan prisons awaiting resolution of their cases. The purpose of this paper is to review the challenge presented to the Rwandan justice system of bringing these prisoners to justice while also seeking a reconciliation that may lead to a lasting peace.
Potentiation of mitomycin C cytotoxicity by glutathione depletion in a multi-drug resistant mouse leukemia cell line.

Abstract This study was undertaken to elucidate the mechanism of cross-resistance to mitomycin C (MMC) in a multi-drug resistant mouse leukemia cell line ( P388 R-84 ). The P388 R-84 cells were 6.2-fold more resistant to MMC as compared to the sensitive cells ( P388 S ). Since oxygen radical formation has been suggested to be important in MMC cytotoxicity, MMC-dependent peroxidation of membrane lipids (an index of oxygen radical formation) was compared in these cell lines. MMC-dependent lipid peroxidation was 2.56-fold higher using P388 S cell extract when compared to that of P388 R-84 cells. Depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH) levels in the resistant cells produced a 1.76-fold increase in MMC-dependent lipid peroxidation. MMC cytotoxicity was also increased significantly by GSH depletion in P388 R-84 cells. These results suggest that cellular resistance to MMC in P388 R-84 cells may, at least in part, be due to the reduced formation of oxyradicals in these cells.
A solution to Davidson's paradox of irrationality

The principle of charity is part of an attempt to codify the methodology of translation (or interpretation). Each of the various versions of the principle methodologically constrain the translator to find the speakers of the source-language (i.e., of the language being interpreted) to be rational speakers of truth. Donald Davidson is one of the foremost proponents of the principle of charity in interpreting both languages and actions. In this paper I present a critical exposition of Davidson's formulation of that principle. I show that it needlessly takes all attributions of irrationality to be paradoxical and evidence against the sponsoring interpretive scheme. Davidson believes that the need for a general principle of charity becomes evident when one considers how investigators are to provide a theory of meaning for a foreign language.1 All they have to go on is assent to and dissent from (and utterances of) sentences. If, on that basis, source-language and target-language sentences alike in truth conditions could be matched, then the results might provide the basis for isolating recurrent parts of the source-language and assigning to them systematic contributions to the truth-conditions of sentences containing them. Such assignments would result in the ability to frame further new source-language sentences that could be paired with target-language sentences taken to have the same truth-conditions. These results could then be checked by the same methods that yielded the initial equivalences. After numerous such sequences, we should have arrived at a theory of the desired sort. The trick is to match sentences alike in truth-conditions on the basis of patterns of assent and dissent.
The kidney in hyperuricemia and gout.

Purpose of reviewGout is a painful inflammatory arthritis associated with hyperuricemia, with a prevalence of almost 10 million in the USA. Reduced renal excretion of urate is the underlying hyperuricemic mechanism in the vast majority of gout patients; most of the genes that affect serum urate leve
Tolerance of NK cells encountering their viral ligand during development

During development, T and B cells encountering their cognate ligands via antigen-specific receptors are deleted or rendered anergic. Like T and B cells, natural killer (NK) cells express certain receptors, such as Ly49H, associated with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing adaptor proteins that transmit activating signals through Syk family kinases. Ly49H binds with high affinity to a mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)–encoded glycoprotein, m157, but does not recognize self-antigens. For comparison with the behavior of immature T and B cells exposed to foreign antigens, we addressed the fate of Ly49H+ NK cells that encountered their viral ligand during development by retroviral transduction of bone marrow stem cells with m157. In chimeric mice expressing m157, we observed a reduction in Ly49H+ NK cells in multiple tissues and less Ly49H on the cell surface. NK cells exposed to m157 during development appeared less mature, produced less interferon γ when stimulated through Ly49H, and were unable to kill m157-bearing target cells. After MCMV infection, these NK cells were severely impaired in their ability to proliferate. Thus, if immature NK cells encounter ligands for their activating receptors, regulatory mechanisms exist to keep these cells in an unresponsive state.
Triggers for Surgical Referral in Degenerative Mitral Valve Regurgitation

Degenerative mitral valve disease is the most common etiology of mitral regurgitation in developed countries. Degenerative mitral valve disease should be distinguished from other valvular disease because most of the lesions caused by degenerative changes are amenable to valve repair as opposed to replacement, and successful durable repair with optimal timing can maintain the patient's normal life expectancy. Despite dramatic surgical progress in degenerative mitral valve repair over the past few decades and detailing of surgical indications in established practice guidelines, prevailing data suggest a significant number of patients are still not referred for surgery in a timely fashion or are even denied for surgery for inappropriate reasons. This article reviews the current surgical triggers which all practicing cardiovascular specialists should be familiar with and which should prompt immediate surgical referral.