cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impatiens necrotic spot virus infection and feeding behavior of nematode-parasitized western flower thrips

Abstract The effects of parasitism by the nematode Thripinema nicklewoodi Siddiqi (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) on tospovirus infection and feeding behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) were studied in the laboratory. In an initial experiment, nematode parasitism reduced the numbers of adult thrips that were positive to Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) compared to controls. Three hypotheses on possible mechanisms causing this reduction were tested. H1: nematodes have a tendency to penetrate healthy thrips rather than INSV-infected thrips; H2: parasitized first instar thrips are less able to acquire virus during feeding; or H3: INSV replication is suppressed in parasitized thrips. H1 and H2 were proven false as we found no difference in nematode attack rate between healthy thrips and thrips that have taken up INSV and no difference in virus uptake or feeding activity between parasitized and non-parasitized larval thrips. H3 was not supported by data from our tests (P=0.07) but remains the explanation most worthy of future investigation. Interestingly, INSV transmission was not affected by nematode parasitism even though it reduced feeding activity of adult female thrips by 81% on leaves, 38% on pollen, and 22% on honey. However, despite lowered total feeding, probing by parasitized thrips (in honey) was not reduced, and this may explain why lowered feeding did not result in lowered virus transmission.
Evaluation of Editorials Through the Model Technique

By use of the model technique, a historical framework was created for the evaluation of the editorial opinions expressed by five leading newspapers during the 1924 presidential campaign. What the papers said about the candidates and issues is compared with a model of events contrived from historical works.
Is Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder a Predictor of Adult Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia? A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study

ABSTRACT Objective To examine whether separation anxiety disorder (SAD) in childhood is a risk factor for panic disorder and agoraphobia in adulthood. Method Patients ( n = 85) who had completed treatment for SAD, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or social phobia 7.42 years earlier (on average) were reassessed using structured diagnostic interviews. Results Subjects with a childhood diagnosis of SAD did not display a greater risk for developing panic disorder and agoraphobia in young adulthood than those with other childhood anxiety diagnoses. Subjects with a childhood diagnosis of SAD did not more frequently meet full diagnostic criteria for panic disorder and agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or major depressive disorder in adulthood than subjects with childhood diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder or social phobia, but were more likely to meet criteria for other anxiety disorders (i.e., specific phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and acute stress disorder). Conclusions These results argue against the hypothesis that childhood SAD is a specific risk factor for adult panic disorder and agoraphobia.
Experimental demonstration of gray-scale sparse modulation codes in volume holographic storage.

We discuss experimental results of a versatile nonbinary modulation and channel code appropriate for two-dimensional page-oriented holographic memories. An enumerative permutation code is used to provide a modulation code that permits a simple maximum-likelihood detection scheme. Experimental results from the IBM Demon testbed are used to characterize the performance and feasibility of the proposed modulation and channel codes. A reverse coding technique is introduced to combat the effects of error propagation on the modulation-code performance.We find experimentally that level-3 pixels achieve the best practical results, offering an 11–35% improvement in capacity and a 12% increase in readout rate as compared with local binary thresholding techniques.
Exploiting factored representations for decentralized execution in multiagent teams

In many cooperative multiagent domains, there exist some states in which the agents can act independently and others in which they need to coordinate with their teammates. In this paper, we explore how factored representations of state can be used to generate factored policies that can, with minimal communication, be executed distributedly by a multiagent team. The factored policies indicate those portions of the state where no coordination is necessary, automatically alert the agents when they reach a state in which they do need to coordinate, and determine what the agents should communicate in order to achieve this coordination. We evaluate the success of our approach experimentally by comparing the amount of communication needed by a team executing a factored policy to a team that needs to communicate in every timestep.
Prodromal odontalgia and multiple devitalized teeth caused by a herpes zoster infection of the trigeminal nerve: report of case

A case of oral herpes zoster infection with prodromal odontalgia is presented. Tooth devitalization, facial scarring, and neuralgia occurred without concurrent local and systemic factors. The cause, pathological features, diagnosis, and management of an oral herpes zoster infection with prodromal odontalgia are discussed.
Partnerships for STEM Education

As leaders in higher education, industry, and government ( 1 ) bemoan the limited academic success of students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), many practices of academe impede the ability of college and university faculty to address the issues. Consistent with barriers to community-engaged scholarship in general ( 2 ), STEM faculty engagement in elementary and secondary schools (K–12) can be undermined, for example, by (i) low status accorded to STEM education research and publications, (ii) a zero-sum view of faculty time allocation (e.g., K–12 engagement means time away from work more highly rewarded during promotion, tenure, and merit review), and (iii) bureaucracies that hinder collaboration between STEM faculty and K–12 teachers and administrators ( 3 ).
Oviposition and Development of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in Three Age Classes of Southwestern Corn Borer Eggs

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of Diatraea grandiosella Dyar egg age on the parasitism level of Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley). The southwestern corn borer egg types compared were fertile and infertile fresh stage eggs (<24 h old), red-bar stage eggs (48-72 h old), and black-head stage eggs (96-120 h old). The study consisted of free-choice, no-choice, and paired comparison tests. The paired comparison tests were run under light and no-light conditions to determine the importance of visual cues in host age discrimination. In the free-choice test, eggs in the black-head stage were parasitized significantly less frequently than eggs in any of the other 3 stages. When presented with paired choices of egg types, T. pretiosum females parasitized black-head stage eggs significantly less than other egg types. This non-preference for black-head stage eggs was substantially reduced under dark conditions. When T pretiosum was limited to 1 egg type as a potential host, they still showed a distinct nonpreference for black-head stage eggs. However, offspring resulting from black-head eggs appeared to be as viable as offspring that developed in other egg types.
An Analysis of Late-Seral Forest Connectivity in Western Oregon, U.S.A.

: Habitat loss and fragmentation due to timber harvest in western Oregon has put wildlife species reliant on late-seral forest under demographic pressure as available habitat shrinks and local populations become isolated. Few studies have examined the effects of habitat removal and fragmentation on the ability of wildlife to disperse over large areas. We used a spatially explicit population model to examine the effects of landscape patterns on the dispersal success of territorial wildlife species with different dispersal capabilities and home-range sizes. Simulations of dispersal were conducted on 8.3 million ha of forested landscape in western Oregon, based on forest conditions derived from satellite imagery. We compared dispersal success for baseline conditions of land cover with two alternative landscape patterns: late-seral forest habitat systematically converted to a younger forest class based on (1) public ownership and (2) the Northwest Forest Plan reserve system. Dispersal success increased with larger dispersal distances and with smaller home ranges ( p < 0.01). Results indicate that the reserve system will not maintain habitat connectivity throughout the landscape for species with relatively short dispersal distances. Patches showing the greatest decrease in dispersal activity following the systematic removal of late-seral forest habitat were identified as important areas of connectivity. Resumen: La perdida de habitat y la fragmentacion ocasionadas por la tala de madera en Oregon ha colocado a las especies de vida silvestre que dependen de bosques serales tardios bajo presiones demograficas, debido a que la disponibilidad del habitat disminuye y las poblaciones locales se han ido aislando. Pocos estudios han examinado los efectos de la remocion y fragmentacion del habitat sobre la capacidad de la vida silvestre de dispersarse en areas grandes. Empleamos un modelo poblacional espacialmente explicito para examinar los efectos de los patrones del paisaje en el exito de dispersion territorial de especies de vida silvestre con diferentes capacidades de dispersion y tamanos de rango de hogar. Las simulaciones de dispersion fueron hechas para 8.3 millones de ha de paisaje forestal en el oeste de Oregon en base a las condiciones del bosque derivadas de imagenes de satelite. Comparamos el exito de dispersion para condiciones base de cobertura de tierra con dos patrones de paisaje alternativos: habitat de bosque seral tardio sistematicamente convertido a un bosque de clase joven basado en (1) propiedad privada y (2) el Plan para el Sistema de Reservas Forestales del Noroeste. El exito de dispersion aumento con distancias de dispersion mayores y con rangos de hogar menores ( p < 0.01). Los resultados indican que el sistema de reservas no mantendra la conectividad del habitat a lo largo del paisaje para especies con distancias de dispersion relativamente cortas. Los parches que muestran la mayor disminucion en la actividad de dispersion despues de una remocion sistematica de habitat de bosque seral tardio fueron identificados como areas importantes de conectividad.
A multi-scale simulation of an extreme downslope windstorm over complex topography

A severe localized windstorm, with near-surface winds > 60 ms−1, occurred in an isolated valley within the Alpine mountains (> 1800 m) of central Norway on 31 January 1995. A multi-scale numerical simulation of the event was performed with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)’s Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), configured with four nested grids telescoping down to 1-km horizontal resolution. The windstorm occurred in response to topographic blocking and deformation of a lower-tropospheric warm front and attendant jet (> 35 ms−1 at 2 km). The key findings are: i) mountain wave resonance and amplification arising from the interaction of the surface-based front and jet with complex orography, ii) sensitivity of the wave response to differential diabatic heating (vertical) gradients above the front, and iii) trapped response within the layer of large frontal stratification in the lower troposphere and subsequent amplification consistent with the theoretically-established two-layer windstorm analogue of Durran (1986).
Tryptophan transaminase from Clostridium sporogenes.

Abstract Tryptophan transaminase of C. sporogenes 175 was partially purified 200-fold and its properties were studied. A continuous spectrophotometric assay was modified to determine the enzyme activity by following the absorption change owing to the formation of enol-indolepyruvate at 305 mμ. Pyridoxal phosphate is required for full activation. The respective Km values for pyridoxal phosphate, tryptophan and α-ketoglutarate are 2.18 × 10−6 m , 2.68 × 10−3 m , and 1.58 × 10−4 m . The optimal pH for the reaction is 8.4. The sedimentation constant of the enzyme is 5.91 S, estimated by centrifugation through a sucrose gradient, and corresponds to an ideal molecular weight of approximately 97,000. The enzyme appears to catalyze the transamination of tyrosine and phenylalanine in addition to tryptophan.
A Runtime Support Environment for Mobile Agents

The article presents the design and implementation of Mobile-C, an FIPA (Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents) compliant multi-agent platform for mobile C/C++ code. FIPA standards are a set of specifications designed to ensure the interoperation between agents in a heterogeneous network. Mobile-C conforms to the FIPA standards both at agent-level and agent platform-level. At the agent-level, the conformance includes agent communication language (ACL), message exchange interaction protocols, communicative acts, and content language representations. At the agent platform-level, Mobile-C provides agent management system to manage the life cycle of the agents, agent communication channel to allow agent communication over the network, and directory facilitator to serve as yellow page services. Since FIPA mainly promotes interoperability between stationary agents and has not provided sufficient specifications for mobile agents, Mobile-C extends FIPA specifications to support mobile agents. An embeddable C/C++ interpreter – Ch has been used in the system as the agent execution engine for mobile agents. For smooth agent migration, a mobile agent mobility protocol has been developed to specify the procedure of agent migration. Mobile agent migration is achieved through ACL messages. The data state and code of an agent are packed into an ACL message and transmitted to the remote host through agent communication channel. The advantages of using C/C++ for implementation of both agent platform and mobile agents in Mobile-C are discussed in the article. The system architecture of Mobile-C is a peer-to-peer network architecture. Each node of the system contains a multi-thread agent platform that provides support for agent execution, mechanisms for communication and security, services for managing agent lifetime, and facilities to support agent migration. Each mobile agent runs in a Ch, which is embedded into the system in a separate thread. The use of multiple threads for multiple agents is more efficient than a multi-process approach because the start-up and termination of multi-processes and expensive interprocess communication are avoided.© 2005 ASME
The solar wind: Our current understanding and how we got here

In the original theory for the solar wind, the electron pressure gradient was the principal accelerating force. This was soon recognized to be insufficient to drive the high-speed streams. Subsequently, the discovery of Alfven waves in the solar wind led to a long series of models in which wave pressure provided additional acceleration, but these wavedriven models ultimately failed to explain the rapid acceleration of the fast wind close to the Sun. An alternate view was that the pressure of hot protons close to the Sun could explain the rapid acceleration, with the proton heating coming from the cyclotron resonance. SOHO has provided remarkable data which have verified some of the predictions of this view, and given impetus to ongoing studies of the ion-cyclotron resonance in the fast wind. After a historical review, we discuss the basic ideas behind current research, emphasizing the importance of particle kinetics. We conclude with some guesses as to how work might proceed in the future.
Identification and characterization of TCRγ and TCRδ chains in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, T cell receptors (TCR) γ and δ were identified by mining of expressed sequence tag databases, and full-length sequences were obtained by 5'-RACE and RT-PCR protocols. cDNAs for each of these TCR chains encode typical variable (V), diversity (D), joining (J), and constant (C) regions. Three TCRγ V families, seven TCRγ J sequences, and three TCRγ C sequences were identified from sequencing of cDNA. Primer walking on bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) confirmed that the TRG locus contained seven TRGJ segments and indicated that the locus consists of (Vγ3-Jγ6-Cγ2)-(Vγ1n-Jγ7-Cγ3)-(Vγ2-Jγ5-Jγ4-Jγ3-Jγ2-Jγ1-Cγ1). In comparison for TCRδ, two V families, four TCRδ D sequences, one TCRδ J sequence, and one TCRδ C sequence were identified by cDNA sequencing. Importantly, the finding that some catfish TCRδ cDNAs contain TCR Vα-D-Jδ rearrangements and some TCRα cDNAs contain Vδ-Jα rearrangements strongly implies that the catfish TRA and TRD loci are linked. Finally, primer walking on BACs and Southern blotting suggest that catfish have four TRDD gene segments and a single TRDJ and TRDC gene. As in most vertebrates, all three reading frames of each of the catfish TRDD segments can be used in functional rearrangements, and more than one TRDD segment can be used in a single rearrangement. As expected, catfish TCRδ CDR3 regions are longer and more diverse than TCRγ CDR3 regions, and as a group they utilize more nucleotide additions and contain more nucleotide deletions than catfish TCRγ rearrangements.
Damage assessment using liquid-filled fiber optic systems

This was an investigation into the development of liquid core optical fibers for the detection and self repair of cracking in cement or polymer materials generated by dynamic or static loading. Hollow glass fibers filled with liquid can act as a fiber optic. Volume and location of liquid released from the brittle fiber can be determined, thus revealing the matrix crack volume and matrix crack location. The liquid released in the matrix for the purpose of crack assessment, can also be used to repair these cracks. Further techniques for crack assessment and repair have been developed based on results from this research. This research was sponsored by NSF.
Passivation of GaAs (100) with an Adhesion Promoting Self-Assembled Monolayer

In this paper we demonstrate that photoluminescence (PL) from GaAs exposed to (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPT) exhibits a 10-fold enhancement over that of an oxidized sample. The PL enhancement is attributed to the formation of sulfur−surface bonds. We demonstrate that the MPT surface film that results from the treatment described herein is a monolayer thick by ellipsometry, and we examine the composition of the GaAs/MPT interfacial region using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS results indicate that the native oxide is removed by the etching procedure, and reoxidation of the surface is minimal during the subsequent deposition of MPT. The nature of the sulfur−surface bond is discussed in view of the XPS results reported here and those of previous measurements by other researchers. The self-assembled monolayers of MPT that forms on the GaAs surface leave a trimethoxy-silyl terminated surface that can be polymerized by exposure to weak acid. We demonstrate that the polymerized overlaye...
Improving Security Assurance of Embedded Systems through Systemic Dissolution of Architected Resources

Resource constraints imposed upon embedded systems make it particularly challenging to provide high levels of security assurance without degrading their performance. We present a method for increasing security assurance of embedded systems without reducing system performance. This method employs a systemic dissolution of architected resources that reduces the attack surface of embedded systems. We show that attacks which insert foreign instructions or modify existing instructions are impossible against systems hardened using this method. We further show that systems hardened using this method are difficult if not impossible to compromise using attacks that re-use existing program logic by diverting control flow, such as return-into-libc. We discuss advantages and shortcomings of this method, and describe a prototype that applies the method to programs targeted for the Intel 8051.
Major components of a sea urchin block to polyspermy are structurally and functionally conserved

Summary One sperm fusing with one egg is requisite for successful fertilization; additional sperm fusions are lethal to the embryo. Because sperm usually outnumber eggs, evolution has selected for mechanisms that prevent this polyspermy by immediately modifying the egg extracellular matrix. We focus here on the contribution of cortical granule contents in the sea urchin block to polyspermy to begin to understand how well this process is conserved. We identified each of the major constituents of the fertilization envelope in two species of seaurchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Lytechinus variegatus, that diverged 30 to 50 million years ago. Our results show that the five major structural components of the fertilization envelope, derived from the egg cortical granules, are semiconserved. Most of these orthologs share sequence identity and encode multiple low-density lipoprotein receptor type A repeats or CUB domains but at least two contain radically different carboxy-terminal repeats. Using a new association assay, we also show that these major structural components are functionally conserved during fertilization envelope construction. Thus, it seems that this population of female reproductive proteins has retained functional motifs while gaining significant sequence diversity—two opposing paths that may reflect cooperativity among the proteins that compose the fertilization envelope.
Notes on Black Studies: Its Continuing Necessity in the Academy and Beyond:

This article relates specifically to the discussion concerning the state of Black studies in the United States. Paradoxically, although providing a defense for its longevity, it is acknowledged ultimately that there is no real need to substantiate its efficacy. However, the continued attacks on the discipline from within and without make for such a defense. Employing an African-centered approach, there will be an attempt to emphasize the continued importance of Black studies to both the university and lay communities. This article will also offer some solutions to the problem of nonspecialists who proliferate the field and do little for its growth and development. They have been deemed as “Black studies opportunists” who have no allegiance to, nor philosophical grounding in, the discipline.
A theory-based alternative for the design of instruction: functional design

An approach to instructional design is described which avoids some of the problems traditionally associated with process design models, sometimes referred to as waterfall models. The new approach is based on the functional decomposition of a generic instructional artifact and the use of the functions as entry points to the design. A theory of design architecture is described that relates artifact functions to the "layers" of a design, similar to Schon's architectural domains. By viewing the instructional artifact functionally, the designer takes advantage of the correspondence of instructional design layers and their associated theories. Thus, instructional theory can be applied more directly to designs. A design order that is adaptive to the individual design project is obtained as the process order restraints of the waterfall model are traded for ordering on the basis of a set of decision priority rules.
Interplanetary Communication Network for Outer Planets of Solar System

The principal objective of t his paper is to propose a communication architecture to supp ort data and command communication for future space missions to Jupiter (Project Prometheus) and Saturn (post Cassini -like missions) . These f uture missions will need the orbiters and probes to operate completely in an autonomous way to get connected to the space communication network. A communication network among a set of satellites placed in halo orbits at Saturn -Titan, Sun -Saturn, Sun -Jupiter, Sun -Earth and Sun -Mars Lagrangian points and a couple of relay satellites in a heliocentric Earth orbit form a base of this architecture. T he proposed system of spacecrafts, sub -spacecrafts and probes communicate with each other forming the backbone of the interplanetary network. We also survey various protocols designed specifically for interplanetary networks an d also provide a detailed cost analysis for the proposed interplanetary communication architecture. As in the development of any infrastructure, some initial investment has to be made which however will provide long -term dividends in the form of simpli fied communication procedures and protocols for future space missions.
Report generation for simulation traces with Traviando

Any model-based evaluation of the dependability of a system requires validation and verification to justify that its results are meaningful. Modern modeling frameworks enable us to create and evaluate models of great complexity. However, we believe that much more can be done to support a modeler in ensuring that the dynamic behavior of an executable simulation model is consistent with the modeler's understanding. In this paper, we describe a new command line version of Traviando that reads an execution trace of a discrete event simulation and generates a set of HTML formatted web pages to document properties that it recognizes from its input. Those properties include characteristics of state variables as well as changes to state variables that are performed by events. The point is to highlight the content of a simulation run in a format that is immediately accessible and understandable.
The paradigm of stage-specific gene sets in insect metamorphosis: Time for revision!

Students of insect metamorphosis have in the past accepted the paradigm that the structures of different metamorphic stages are built from molecules coded for by different sets of genes. A substantial body of evidence, based on cuticular proteins, has now accumulated that casts doubt on that paradigm. This paper summarizes the evidence and provides a new framework for viewing the activities of genes during metamorphosis. Studies on promoter utilization for alcohol dehydrogenase in Drosophila melanogaster reveal that cells change promoters at the onset of metamorphosis. These data suggest that modifications of regulatory elements rather than duplications of structural genes may have occurred to permit the evolution of metamorphosis.
Psychology in America's Bicentennial Year

Has American psychology flourished in substance as it has in popularity during its century of existence? If one uses William James's Talks to Teach- ers as a reference point, one finds that contemporary psychology can be more specific about the boundary conditions within which traditional principles of learning are valid. The increasing dominance of cognitive be- hawrism in the study of learning and memory is paral- leled by cognitive emphases in other areas of psychology so that the various subspecialties of psychology are once again approaching psychology with concepts that offer hope not only of communication and integration of psy- chology, but also of understanding the whole person as a cognitive, conative, affective, biological, and social individual. In essence, psychologists now are coming to share a view of human nature that, as compared with earlier stimulus-response views, is more compatible with that of Jefferson and the founders of our republic.
Role for telemedicine in acute stroke feasibility and reliability of remote administration of the NIH stroke scale

Background and Purpose —Immediate access to physicians experienced in acute stroke treatment may improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute stroke. Interactive telemedicine can make stroke specialists available to assist in the evaluation of patients at multiple urban or remote rural facilities. We tested whether interrater agreement for the NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS), a critical component of acute stroke assessment, would persist if performed over a telemedicine link. Methods —One bedside and 1 remote NIHSS score were independently obtained on each of 20 patients with ischemic stroke. The bedside examination was performed by a stroke neurologist at the patient’s bedside. The remote examination was performed by a second stroke neurologist through an interactive high-speed audio-video link, assisted by a nurse at the patient’s bedside. Kappa coefficients were calculated for concordance between bedside and remote scores. Results —Remote assessments took slightly longer than bedside assessments (mean 9.70 versus 6.55 minutes, P <0.001). NIHSS scores ranged from 1 through 24. Based on weighted κ coefficients, 4 items (orientation, motor arm, motor leg, and neglect) displayed excellent agreement, 6 items (language, dysarthria, sensation, visual fields, facial palsy, and gaze) displayed good agreement, and 2 items (commands and ataxia) displayed poor agreement. Total NIHSS scores obtained by bedside and remote methods were strongly correlated ( r =0.97, P <0.001). Conclusions —The NIH Stroke Scale remains a swift and reliable clinical instrument when used over interactive video. Application of this technology can bring stroke expertise to the bedside, regardless of patient location.
Challenges in quantifying marijuana use.

In clinical and research settings, self-report of substance use, in the form of daily diaries or the Time-Line Follow-Back method,1 is essential in monitoring baseline substance use and change over...
Particle effects on heart-rate regulation in senescent mice

Because epidemiology studies consistently identify the elderly at risk for air pollution-related morbidity and mortality, we developed a model of senescent-dependent susceptibility based on indices of physiological aging. In the current study, we hypothesized that heart-rate regulation during particulate matter (PM) exposure differs with senescence-dependent susceptibility owing to variation in autonomic nervous control. Heart rate (HR) and heart-rate variability (HRV) parameters were measured from 162 samples of 2-min electrocardiograph (ECG) recordings in age-matched healthy (n = 5) and terminally senescent (n = 3) AKR mice during 3-h exposures to filtered-air (FA, day 1) and carbon black (CB, day 4; <200 microg/m(3)). On day 1, HR was significantly (p <.01) depressed during FA in terminally senescent mice. By day 4, HR was further slowed significantly (p <.01) due to the effects of CB exposure for 3 days. The combined effects of terminal senescence and CB exposure acted to depress HR to an average (+/-SEM) 445 +/- 40 bpm, or approximately 80 bpm lower compared to healthy HR responses. The change in rMSSD, an HRV parameter corresponding to relative influences of parasympathetic tone on HR, was significantly (p <.01) greater on day 1 and day 4 in terminally senescent mice compared to healthy mice. In contrast, the LF/HF ratio, an HRV parameter derived from spectral analysis indicating relative changes in cardiac sympathetic tone, was significantly (p <.01) depressed in terminally senescent mice on day 1. By day 4, significant increases in LF/HF were evident in healthy mice during CB exposure, suggesting that HR regulation was associated with an increase in sympathetic tone. Alternatively, terminally senescent mice appeared to modulate a lower HR without change in LF/HF ratio during CB exposure, suggesting an absence of sympathetic tone. In conclusion, older healthy mice increase cardiac sympathetic tone during PM exposure while terminally senescent mice show a greater PM-induced parasympathetic tone in regulating HR. The significance of the current results suggest that PM-induced HR regulatory changes may ultimately depend on the degree of physiological aging.
Experimental matched-field localization results using a short vertical array and mid-frequency signals in shallow water

Traditionally, matched-field processing (MFP) has been used to localize low-frequency sources (e.g., <300 Hz) from their acoustic signals received on long vertical arrays. However, some sources emit acoustic signals of much higher frequency. Applying MFP to signals in the mid-frequency range (e.g., 1-4 kHz) is a very challenging problem because MFP's sensitivity to environmental parameter mismatch becomes more severe with increasing frequency. Robust MFP techniques are required to process signals in the mid-frequency range. As a practical issue, short vertical arrays are more convenient to work with than are long vertical arrays; they are easier to deploy and are less prone to large amounts of deformation. However, short vertical arrays undersample the water column, which can result in severely degraded MFP performance. In this paper, we present experimental data results for this nonconventional paradigm. Using the environmentally robust broad-band L/sub /spl infin//-norm estimator, MFP results are given using shallow-water experimental data. This data consisted of broad-band signals in the 3-4-kHz band collected on an eight-element 2.13-m vertical array. These results serve to demonstrate that good localization performance can be attained for this difficult problem. Guidelines on the appropriate use of ray and normal-mode propagation models are also presented.
Mobile multi-input multi-output underwater acoustic communications

This paper focuses on mobile multi-input multi-output (MIMO) underwater acoustic communications (UAC) over double-selective channels suffering from both inter-symbol interference and Doppler scaling effects (stretching or compression). Temporal resampling is implemented to effectively convert the Doppler scaling effects to Doppler frequency shifts. Then an extension of the sparse learning via iterative minimization (SLIM) algorithm, referred to as generalization of SLIM (GoSLIM), is used to estimate the frequency modulated acoustic channels. Because GoSLIM is user parameter free, it is easy to use in practical applications. We also consider channel equalization and symbol detection for various MIMO transmission schemes, including both space-time block coding and spatial multiplexing. The effectiveness of the proposed mobile MIMO UAC schemes is demonstrated using recently acquired in-water experimental measurements.
Weed Hosts of Globodera pallida from Idaho.

The potato cyst nematode, Globodera pallida (PCN), a restricted pest in the United States, was first reported in Bingham and Bonneville counties of Idaho in 2006 (1). The U.S. government and Idaho State Department of Agriculture hope to eradicate it from infested fields. Eradicating PCN will require depriving the nematodes of their hosts over a protracted time period. Functional eradication might be achieved with relatively high, proven to be efficacious dosages of soil fumigants. The presence of host weeds of PCN can play a significant role in the success of the eradication program. To determine the host status of common weeds found in potato fields of the Pacific Northwest, host suitability tests were conducted in a secured greenhouse located at the University of Idaho at Moscow. Reproduction of PCN on nine weeds including hairy nightshade (Solanum physalifolium formerly S. sarrachoides) and cutleaf nightshade (S. triflorum) (biotypes from Idaho and Washington), black nightshade (S. nigrum) (Washington ...
Debt management and crisis in developing countries

Debt management policy for governments of developing countries must balance conflict- ing objectives. The structure of explicit and implicit government debt influences the amount of lending private creditors are willing to extend, contractual debt service costs, the probability of default and the costs of default. Because default is not relevant for governments of industrial countries, their debt management policies are not a useful guide for developing countries. The model developed suggests that minimizing debt service costs is likely to be a very inefficient policy for governments of developing countries because such a policy increases the cost of default. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Global mapping of binding sites for Nrf2 identifies novel targets in cell survival response through ChIP-Seq profiling and network analysis

The Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor 2) transcription factor responds to diverse oxidative and electrophilic environmental stresses by circumventing repression by Keap1, translocating to the nucleus, and activating cytoprotective genes. Nrf2 responses provide protection against chemical carcinogenesis, chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, emphysema, asthma and sepsis in murine models. Nrf2 regulates the expression of a plethora of genes that detoxify oxidants and electrophiles and repair or remove damaged macromolecules, such as through proteasomal processing. However, many direct targets of Nrf2 remain undefined. Here, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) with either constitutive nuclear accumulation (Keap1−/−) or depletion (Nrf2−/−) of Nrf2 were utilized to perform chromatin-immunoprecipitation with parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and global transcription profiling. This unique Nrf2 ChIP-Seq dataset is highly enriched for Nrf2-binding motifs. Integrating ChIP-Seq and microarray analyses, we identified 645 basal and 654 inducible direct targets of Nrf2, with 244 genes at the intersection. Modulated pathways in stress response and cell proliferation distinguish the inducible and basal programs. Results were confirmed in an in vivo stress model of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. This study reveals global circuitry of the Nrf2 stress response emphasizing Nrf2 as a central node in cell survival response.
Time and frequency-domain spectroscopy with dual frequency combs

High-resolution spectroscopic measurements of the amplitude and phase spectra from a gas sample can be acquired by use of dual frequency combs. Here we discuss the corresponding gas signature in the time domain.
Blowing Some Lines: Intracultural Variation Among Miami Cocaine Users

(1976). Blowing Some Lines: Intracultural Variation Among Miami Cocaine Users. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 37-42.
Younger Dryas “black mats” and the Rancholabrean termination in North America

Of the 97 geoarchaeological sites of this study that bridge the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (last deglaciation), approximately two thirds have a black organic-rich layer or “black mat” in the form of mollic paleosols, aquolls, diatomites, or algal mats with radiocarbon ages suggesting they are stratigraphic manifestations of the Younger Dryas cooling episode 10,900 B.P. to 9,800 B.P. (radiocarbon years). This layer or mat covers the Clovis-age landscape or surface on which the last remnants of the terminal Pleistocene megafauna are recorded. Stratigraphically and chronologically the extinction appears to have been catastrophic, seemingly too sudden and extensive for either human predation or climate change to have been the primary cause. This sudden Rancholabrean termination at 10,900 ± 50 B.P. appears to have coincided with the sudden climatic switch from Allerod warming to Younger Dryas cooling. Recent evidence for extraterrestrial impact, although not yet compelling, needs further testing because a remarkable major perturbation occurred at 10,900 B.P. that needs to be explained.
Safety and feasibility of simultaneous ipsilateral proximal carotid artery stenting and cerebral aneurysm coiling

Background: Coexistence of cerebral aneurysm and carotid artery disease may be encountered in clinical practice. Theoretical increase in aneurysmal blood flow may increase risk of rupture if carotid artery disease is treated first. If aneurysm coiling is performed first, stroke risk may increase while repeatedly crossing the diseased artery. It is controversial which disease to treat first, and whether it is safe to treat both simultaneously via endovascular procedures. We document the safety and feasibility of such an approach. Methods: Review of collected neurointerventional database at our institution was performed for patients who underwent both Carotid artery stenting (CAS) and aneurysm coil embolization (ACE) simultaneously. All patients underwent carotid stenting followed by aneurysm coiling in the same setting. Demographic, clinical data and outcome measures including success rate and periprocedural complications were collected. Results: 590 aneurysms coiling were screened for patients who underwent combined CAS and ACE. Ten patients were identified. Mean age was 67.7 years (range 51 to 89). The success rate for stenting and coiling was 100% with no immediate complications. No stroke, TIAs, or aneurysmal rebleeding was found on their most recent follow up. Conclusions: Our case series demonstrates that it is safe and feasible to perform CAS and ACE simultaneously as one procedure which may avoid unwanted risk of treating either disease at two separate time sessions.
Body mass index and the risk of giant cell arteritis—results from a prospective study

The aim of this study was to examine potential risk factors for GCA in a nested case-control study based on two prospective health surveys.
THE USEFULNESS OF A MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH TO KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION

This paper presents results of experiments showing how machine learning methods are useful for rule induction in the process of knowledge acquisition for expert systems. Four machine learning methods were used: ID3, ID3 with dropping conditions, and two options of the system LERS: LEM1 and LEM2. Also, two knowledge acquisition options of LERS were used as well. All six methods were used for rule induction from six real-life data sets. The main objective was to test how an expert system, supplied with these rule sets, will perform without information on a few attributes. Thus an expert system attempts to classify examples with all missing values of some attributes. As a result of experiments it is clear that all machine learning methods performed much worse than knowledge acquisition options of LERS. Thus, machine learning methods used for knowledge acquisition should be replaced by other methods of rule induction that will generate complete sets of rules. Knowledge acquisition options of LERS are examples of such appropriate ways of inducing rules for building knowledge bases.
Distinguishing photographs and graphics on the World Wide Web

When we search for images in multimedia documents, we often have in mind specific image types that we are interested in; examples are photographs, graphics, maps, cartoons, portraits of people, and so on. This paper describes an automated system that classifies Web images as photographs or graphics. The design of the system is based on statistical observations about the image content of the two types, as well as learning techniques which make use of the vast amount of training data available on the Web. Text associated with the image can be used to further improve the accuracy of the classification. The system is used as a part of Webseer, an image search engine for the Web
Ptychopariid trilobites of the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval, Pioche Shale, southeastern Nevada

Twelve ptychopariid species assigned to five genera occur in the Lower-Middle Cambrian boundary interval, Pioche Shale, eastern Nevada. New taxa include one genus, Eokochaspis, and seven species, Eokochaspis nodosa, E. delamarensis, E. metalaspis, E. longspina, Kochina? walcotti, Mexicella antelopea, and M. robusta. Two new biozones, the Eokochaspis nodosa and overlying Ame- cephalus arrojosensis Biozones, are proposed between the Lower Cambrian Olenellus Biozone and the Middle Cambrian Plagiura- Poliella Biozone. In addition, the three remaining informal shale members of the Pioche Shale are formally named.
The Dynamic Pattern Approach to Coordinated Behavior: A Tutorial Review

We elaborate, in tutorial fashion, a theoretical framework that originated from observations of phase transitions in human movement coordination. Based upon theories of self-organization and pattern formation in dissipative dynamical systems (in particular, Haken's [1983] synergetics), this theoretical but operational language is aimed at understanding the behavioral patterns produced by biological systems. The key concepts are the identification of collective variables (or order parameters ) for behavioral patterns and the determination of their dynamics obtained through study of the stability (and loss of stability ) of behavioral patterns. Methods for calculating stability measures are defined and discussed (e.g., fluctuations, relaxation times, time scale relations). Such measures, when obtained in experiment, yield results that agree with theoretical predictions. Behavioral information is shown to contribute to the pattern dynamics, attracting the system toward the (e.g., environmentally specified, intended, learned) behavioral pattern. Such behavioral information is
Wireless Network Compression Via Memory-Enabled Overhearing Helpers

Traces derived from real-world traffic show that significant redundancy exists at the packet level in mobile network traffic. This has inspired new solutions to suppress the redundancy present in the packet data to manage the explosive traffic. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to performing redundancy elimination by employing universal compression using memory-enabled overhearing helpers without backhaul connectivity, referred to as wireless network compression. The helpers overhear the data packets previously sent by the wireless gateway to various mobile clients within their coverage and use them as side information to reduce the overall communication cost. We study wireless network compression via overhearing helpers from an information-theoretic point of view and conclude that this approach potentially offers a threefold benefit: 1) offloading the wireless gateway and hence increasing the maximum number of mobile nodes the gateway can reliably serve; 2) reducing the average packet delay; and 3) improving the overall throughput in the network.
Husserlian hermeneutics: Mathematics and theoria

R. G. Collingwood, the British historian and philosopher, raised the following objections to the claim of his Oxford colleagues that philosophic texts are reducible to a series of ahistorical propositions. He first observed that truth and falsity do not belong to such propositions but rather to complexes of questions and answers. He next pointed out that an author’s guiding question and its context may often be difficult to reconstruct. Encumbered by our own philosophic baggage, we bring questions to the reading of any text that may not coincide with the question that animated the author’s reflections. Moreover, original thinkers often succeed in refining the sense of their questions only gradually in the process of reflecting upon them. Their most important contributions thus take the form of a retroactive realization that they or their traditions had been asking the wrong question. Collingwood offers as an example the radical transformation of the philosophy of nature brought about when the Pythagoreans first replaced the question asked by Thales and Anaximander, i.e., “What is the fundamental stuff of which things are made, and how do qualitative variations of this stuff (hot and cold, moist and dry) account for differences among things?” by the question: “What combinations of fundamental shapes or forms and what mathematical ratios among them account for the composition of various stuffs?”1