cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of Spectral Techniques in Solving the Wave Equation

In this last chapter we apply spectral techniques to the wave equation and transmission lines. Transmission lines in a way supersede diffusion ones (last chapter) and in fact if we set the inductance to zero we fall back on the diffusion RC line. The wave equation governs the evolution of voltage and current along the T-line, both in space and time. It is second order both in space and time. To solve it we need initial conditions and boundary ones. We start the chapter with the un-driven line with either Neumann (fixed) or Dirichlet (tangential) boundary conditions and solve for various initial conditions. Then we move to the more general case with forced boundary conditions. The connecting link here is stimulating the line with a complex exponential and finding the solution which comes out in the form of forward propagating wave and backwards propagating one. Once that is known we can swap it with a general excitation and then use Fourier/Laplace transforms and superposition to find corresponding solution. In the chapter we examine physical parameters such as line input impedance, propagation constant, termination impedance, wave propagation, wave speed, wave reflection, and transmission. We also put emphasis on the impact of line dissipation (resistance) on wave propagation. In most cases we plot in 3D the wave propagation along the line for various time points and explain results. We also compare the two propagation phenomena of waves propagation and diffusion. We wrap the chapter with some notes on T-line input impedance and explain the meaning of zero or infinite impedance.
Literature-based latitudinal distribution and possible range shifts of two US east coast dune grass species (Uniola paniculata and Ammophila breviligulata)

Previous work on the US Atlantic coast has generally shown that coastal foredunes are dominated by two dune grass species, Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) and Uniola paniculata (sea oats). From Virginia northward, A. breviligulata dominates, while U. paniculata is the dominant grass south of Virginia. Previous work suggests that these grasses influence the shape of coastal foredunes in species-specific ways, and that they respond differently to environmental stressors; thus, it is important to know which species dominates a given dune system. The range boundaries of these two species remains unclear given the lack of comprehensive surveys. In an attempt to determine these boundaries, we conducted a literature survey of 98 studies that either stated the range limits and/or included field-based studies/observations of the two grass species. We then produced an interactive map that summarizes the locations of the surveyed papers and books. The literature review suggests that the current southern range limit for A. breviligulata is Cape Fear, NC, and the northern range limit for U. paniculata is Assateague Island, on the Maryland and Virginia border. Our data suggest a northward expansion of U. paniculata, possibly associated with warming trends observed near the northern range limit in Painter, VA. In contrast, the data regarding a range shift for A. breviligulata remain inconclusive. We also compare our literature-based map with geolocated records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility and iNaturalist research grade crowd-sourced observations. We intend for our literature-based map to aid coastal researchers who are interested in the dynamics of these two species and the potential for their ranges to shift as a result of climate change.
Identification of adeno-associated virus contamination in cell and virus stocks by PCR.

To further understand the biology of adeno-associated virus (AAV) and identify the presence of AAV in laboratory samples, we have developed a sensitive PCR-based assay using degenerate primers base...
Population Balance Models for Batch Crystallization

The conservation equation for the mean number of crystals of size L to L + dL, n(L) dL, in a sample of a crystallizing suspension (or magma) is frequently called the “population balance.” As formulated by Randolph and Larson (6) and by Hulburt and Katz (3), for a batch crystallizer it takes the form $$\frac{{\partial n}} {{\partial t}} = \frac{\partial } {{\partial L}}(Gn) = B - D$$ (1) The linear growth rate, G, the nucleation rate, B, and the crystal loss rate, D, are all functions of the supersaturation and possibly crystal size, magma density, temperature and degree of agitation. The mother liquor concentration, C, (kg/m3 of clear liquor) is related to the magma density, W, (kg crystals/m3 suspension) through the volume fraction of crystals in the suspension, Vm, $${V_m} = W/{\rho _c}$$ (2) $${\rho _c}{V_m} = (1 - {V_m})C = {\rho _c}{V_{mo}} + (1 - {V_{mo}}){C_o} = const.$$ (3) .
Central GABAergic Systems and Depressive Illness

Clinical depression and other mood disorders are relatively common mental illnesses but therapy for a substantial number of patients is unsatisfactory. For many years clinicians and neuroscientists believed that the evidence pointed toward alterations in brain monoamine function as the underlying cause of depression. This point of view is still valid. Indeed, much of current drug therapy appears to be targeted at central monoamine function. Other results, though, indicate that GABAergic mechanisms also might play a role in depression. Such indications stem from both direct and indirect evidence. Direct evidence has been gathered in the clinic from brain scans or postmortem brain samples, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum analysis in depressed patients. Indirect evidence comes from interaction of antidepressant drugs with GABAergic system as assessed by in vivo and in vitro studies in animals. Most of the data from direct and indirect studies are consistent with GABA involvement in depression.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF γ-(N)-HETEROCYCLIC CARBOXALDEHYDE THIOSEMICARBAZONES AS INHIBITORS OF RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE

The γ-(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones represent a drug class with broad spectrum anticancer activity against transplanted animal tumors. Agents of this series are potent inhibitors of DNA biosynthesis, with the primary site of action being at the level of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. Kinetic studies are consistent with the concept that the active inhibitory form of the heteroaromatic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones is an iron chelate which consists of 2 molecules of the drug per atom of iron. The site of interaction of the inhibitors with ribonucleotide reductase is distinct from that of the nucleotide substrate and the allosteric effector, but would appear to be at or near the area occupied by the dithiol substrate. Measurement of the effects of 2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone, l-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, and methyl- and benzo-substituted derivatives thereof, on ribonucleotide reductase have led to the postulation of a hypothetical zone of hydrophobic interaction between the enzyme and inhibitor. These findings, as well as studies on the metabolism of compounds of this class, have led to the design and synthesis of 4-methyl-5-amino-l-formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone, a potent antineoplastic agent, as a possible drug of this series for use in man.
Sociological Perspectives on the Ecological Model

Germain and Siporin have written social work practice texts which seek to integrate diverse material into practice through an ecological model. Part of the integration deals with the issue of micro-macro practice which has been a dichotomous issue throughout social work traditions. Four perspectives which Kemeny used to analyze a similar dichotomy in sociology offer insights and caveats for social work to consider as it uses general systems theory as a framework for practice. The four perspectives are called the competitive, the inclusive, the exclusive, and the cumulative. This paper traces similar developmental notions in the sociological literature and notes ideas of possible interest to social work. The challange of social work professionalism is to incorporate into practice the skills and knowledge acquired from experience in helping people and also the knowledge base of the social sciences in order to enhance practice effectiveness. A framework offered to service these ends is the general systems theory as found in two major works, the "life model" of Germain
Evaluation of Paper-Pen based Sketching Interface.

The retrieval and browsing of diagrammatic information extracted from hand-drawn diagrams would open up a rich form of information interaction. However, such sketches currently require handannotations in order to be understood by the computer. While improvements in sketch recognition algorithms have enabled automatic recognition for Tablet PCsketched diagrams, such progress has been constrained to online algorithms. As a result, offline algorithms that are relevant to diagrams sketched on paper remain dominantly domain-dependent, and are also restrictive in the number of diagrams that can be understood. In this paper, we discuss our research aims for providing users with information interaction that exploit the advantages of automatic correction capabilities found in online sketch recognition algorithms, with the low-cost advantages found in paper usage.
Vascular fellow and resident experience performing infrapopliteal revascularization with endovascular procedures and vein bypass during training.

Abstract Objective Endovascular aneurysm repair has led to a significant reduction in vascular trainee experience in the surgical treatment of aortic aneurysms. We sought to evaluate whether the vascular training paradigm or the “endovascular first” approach to lower extremity vascular disease has had a similar effect on trainee experience with infrapopliteal endovascular therapy and vein bypass. Methods Deidentified data were provided by the Vascular Surgery Board on the number of procedures performed by each 2014 fellowship and residency (0 + 5) graduate during training. Data were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric methods, where appropriate. Results Of 125 trainees (109 fellows, 16 residents), 33 (27%) performed 10 or fewer infrapopliteal vein bypasses and 37 (29%) performed 10 or fewer infrapopliteal endovascular procedures during their training. Eleven trainees (9%) performed 10 or fewer of both procedures. There was a positive correlation between number of infrapopliteal vein bypass and endovascular procedures performed ( r = 0.19; P = .03). There was no difference between fellows and residents in the mean number of bypass operations performed during training (17.3 vs 19.1; P = .50; range, 0-53). However, residents performed more infrapopliteal endovascular procedures than fellows did (median, 29 vs 16; P = .03; range, 0-128). Conclusions More than one in four graduates of both training paradigms finish with a low number of infrapopliteal bypasses and endovascular interventions. The number of these procedures needed for proficiency is not known. Vascular surgery training programs should critically evaluate the number of infrapopliteal procedures required to achieve proficiency.
Data for: Pride and Shame: Key Components of a Culturally Universal Status Management System

Abstract We apply recent adaptationist theories about the emotions “pride” and “shame” to the domain of hierarchical status and test the hypothesis that pride and shame are distinct components of a culturally universal status-management system. Using an international dataset containing ratings of the status impacts of 240 personal characteristics within 14 nations (N = 2751), we found that (i) the status impacts of personal characteristics were strongly intercorrelated across nations (rs = 0.79–0.98); (ii) American's (N = 222) forecasts of the pride or shame they would experience if they exhibited those same personal characteristics closely tracked the status impacts across nations (|rs| = 0.74–0.98); and (iii) pride differentially tracked status gains, while shame differentially tracked status losses. These findings provide strong supporting evidence for the existence of a universal grammar of status criteria, and suggest that pride and shame are key components of a culturally universal status management system.
The Method of Loci in Virtual Reality: Explicit Binding of Objects to Spatial Contexts Enhances Subsequent Memory Recall

The method of loci (MoL) is a well-known mnemonic technique in which visuospatial spatial environments are used to scaffold the memorization of non-spatial information. We developed a novel virtual reality-based implementation of the MoL in which participants used three unique virtual environments to serve as their “memory palaces.” In each world, participants were presented with a sequence of 15 3D objects that appeared in front of their avatar for 20 s each. The experimental group (N = 30) was given the ability to click on each object to lock it in place, whereas the control group (N = 30) was not afforded this functionality. We found that despite matched engagement, exposure duration, and instructions emphasizing the efficacy of the mnemonic across groups, participants in the experimental group recalled 28% more objects. We also observed a strong relationship between spatial memory for objects and landmarks in the environment and verbal recall strength. These results provide evidence for spatially mediated processes underlying the effectiveness of the MoL and contribute to theoretical models of memory that emphasize spatial encoding as the primary currency of mnemonic function.
Quantum black holes.

Static solutions of large-$N$ quantum dilaton gravity in 1 + 1 dimensions are analyzed and found to exhibit some unusual behavior. As expected from previous work, infinite-mass solutions are found describing a black hole in equilibrium with a bath of Hawking radiation. Surprisingly, the finite-mass solutions are found to approach zero coupling both at the horizon and spatial infinity, with a "bounce" off of strong coupling in between. Several new zero-mass solutions, candidate quantum vacua, are also described.
REGENERATIVE GROWTH OF SYMPATHETIC FIBERS INTO RAT HIPPOCAMPUS

ABSTRACT Noradrenaline (NA)-containing fibers, originating in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG), grow into the hippocampal formation (HF) of the rat following transection of the anterior end of the structure. These fibers form a plexus of coarse, intensely fluorescent axons with large terminal varicosities. Electron microscopic examination after 5-hydroxydopamine (5-OHDA) injections indicates that in transected animals with locus coeruleus (LC) lesions, small granular vesicles (SGVs) appear within varicosities in the HF neuropil. Biochemical assay indicates a large increase in endogenous HF NA by 15 days after LC lesion and secondary HF transection. The anomalous fibers appear most dense in the infragranular hilus, the stratum granulosum, the inner 1/3 of the dentate molecular layer, and stratum lucidum of CA3.
Robot Object Referencing through Legible Situated Projections

The ability to reference objects in the environment is a key communication skill that robots need for complex, task-oriented human-robot collaborations. In this paper we explore the use of projections, which are a powerful communication channel for robot-to-human information transfer as they allow for situated, instantaneous, and parallelized visual referencing. We focus on the question of what makes a good projection for referencing a target object. To that end, we mathematically formulatelegibility of projections intended to reference an object, and propose alternative arrow-object match functions for optimally computing the placement of an arrow to indicate a target object in a cluttered scene. We implement our approach on a PR2 robot with a head-mounted projector. Through an online (48 participants) and an in-person (12 participants) user study we validate the effectiveness of our approach, identify the types of scenes where projections may fail, and characterize the differences between alternative match functions.
The Promise and Limits of Fundamental Tax Reform: Contrasting the 1986 Tax Reform Act with the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

In December 2017, the Trump administration and its congressional allies enacted the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, hailing it as the twenty-first century successor to the “landmark” Reagan-era Tax Reform Act of 1986. Indeed, the ’86 Act has long been celebrated by scholars and lawmakers alike as the apex of fundamental tax reform. The ’86 Act’s commitment to broadening the income tax base by eliminating numerous tax benefits and reducing marginal tax rates was seen in 1986 as the culmination of a nearly century-long intellectual movement toward conceptual tax reform. While the ’86 Act may have been landmark legislation at its inception, it gradually unraveled over time. Within the course of the decade after the adoption of the ’86 Act, tax rates increased and many of the base-narrowing tax benefits were reinstated into the Internal Revenue Code. While the tax code did not return to its pre-1980s form, the ’86 Act did not live up to its initial acclaim. What appeared, at first blush, to be a hallmark accomplishment soon became an aspirational touchstone for future fiscal reformers — including 2017 lawmakers. In light of this history, is the ’86 Act a reasonable and accurate point of so, what were the broader circumstances that led to the origins and ultimate enactment of the ’86 Act? Does the earlier environment match the conditions that gave rise to the 2017 Act? If the two laws do share some similarities, what can we learn about the future of the 2017 Act by examining the gradual undoing of the ’86 Act? This Essay seeks to address these critical questions about the promise and limits of fundamental tax reform.
A Theoretical Foundation for Timing Synchronous Systems Using Asynchronous Structures

Timing of synchronous systems is an everlasting stumbling block to the booming demands for lower power consumption and higher operation speeds in the electronics industry. This hardship is aggravated by the growing levels of variability in state-of-the-art silicon dimensions and in other beyond-CMOS technologies. Although some designers continue to strongly believe in the performance advantages of being fully synchronous, others have radically shifted toward extremely robust delay-insensitive domains. Targeting a different compromise of both performance and robustness, this article provides sufficient conditions for an asynchronous system to be able to generate the periodic signals necessary for the timing of a fully synchronous system and highlights a specific hierarchical clocking structure that with a single tunable delay satisfies these conditions. Using an asynchronous clock distribution network benefits from both the natural robustness of asynchronous structures and the advantageous performance of synchronous clocking.
Prospective Anatomical Study To Determine the Site of Insertion of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Into the Larynx

Objectives Determine whether the insertion site of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) occurs at a predictable distance from the midline trachea, to help guide safe dissection during thyroid surgery. Design Prospective clinical trial. At the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage, we measured the distance from mildline trachea to the RLN insertion site. Setting Single institution. Participants 50 consecutive patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Main outcome measures Distance from midline trachea to laryngeal insertion of RLN. Results The study population included 36 women and 14 men, with 72 total nerves measured. The average distance-to-midline + standard deviation (range) of the RLN was 20.7 + 2.3 (17-26) mm in women compared to 26.3 + 2.1 (22-32) mm in men. Conclusion The insertion point of the RLN into the larynx at the level of inferior border of the cricoid cartilage can be reliably predicted, to facilitate early identification of the RLN during thyroid surgery.
Examining junior faculty work-life balance in public affairs programs in the United States

Transitioning from doctoral student to assistant professor involves many changes for junior faculty beginning tenure-track careers. Research, teaching, and service demands, on top of adjusting to a...
External validation of the Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Prediction model for risk adjusting mortality

Introduction:The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Prediction (PEP) model was created to provide risk stratification for all pediatric patients requiring extracorporeal life support (EC...
Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence Systems for the Cooperative Smart Farming Ecosystem

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Internet of Thing (IoT) generate large amounts of data spurring the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI) based smart applications. Driven by rapid advancements in technologies that support smart devices, agriculture and farming sector is shifting towards IoT connected ecosystem to balance the increase in demand for food supply. As the number of smart farms reach critical mass, it is now possible to include AI assisted systems at a cooperative (co-op) farming level. Today, in the United States alone there are about 1,871 co-ops serving 1,890,057 member farmers. Hence, such advanced technologies and infrastructure when incorporated in the co-op farming ecosystem can immensely benefit small member farmers who operate and maintain these independent co-op entities. In this paper, we develop a connected cooperative ecosystem which defines sensors and their communication among different entities along with cloud supported co-op hub. We develop member farm and co-op ontologies to capture data and various interactions that happen between shared resources, member farms, and the co-op that are stored in the cloud. These can then help generate AI supported insights for farmers and the cooperative. Several co-op farming use case scenarios have been discussed to demonstrate the functioning of our smart cooperative ecosystem. Finally, the paper describes various AI applications that can be deployed at the co-op level to aid member farmers.
Real-Time Estimation of Direction of Arrival of Speech Source using Three Microphones

In this paper, we present a real-time noise-robust direction of arrival (DOA) estimation technique using only the three built-in microphones of the modern Android-based smartphone. The proposed method eliminates the ‘front-back’ ambiguity caused by the symmetry of the two microphones reported previously and improves the performance of DOA estimation in noisy speech environments. Our method enhances the spatial awareness of hearing-impaired users by displaying the precise DOA angle of speech source on their smartphone screen. For increased efficiency, noise-robustness, and accuracy of the proposed DOA estimation method, a spectral pre-filtering technique and a Voice Activity Detector (VAD) based post-filtering are used along with a modified generalized cross-correlation (GCC) technique. Real recorded and simulated data under realistic noisy conditions are used in the evaluations of the proposed algorithm. Real-time implementation of the proposed system is carried out on an Android-based smartphone without any additional hardware or external microphone attachments. Experimental results show the performance of the proposed method versus those without pre or post-filtering under three different noisy conditions with 0dB to 10dB signal to noise ratios (SNRs).
Factors associated with perioperative opioid demand in lower extremity fractures: Does consumption vary by anatomic location?

Abstract Introduction Perioperative opioid pain management protocols should reflect anticipated patient need. Fracture location and external fixation may be related to post-operative pain. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of fracture location, articular injury, and pre-operative external fixation, and articular injury on perioperative opioid demand following definitive fixation. Methods 1-month pre-operative to 1-year post-discharge opioid demand in oxycodone 5-mg equivalents in 23,441 patients undergoing fracture fixation of the femoral shaft through ankle between 2007 and 2017 was evaluated using a national database. Opioid demand was compiled over several timeframes: 1-month pre-op to 90-days post-discharge, 3 months post-discharge to 1-year post-discharge, and 1-month pre-op to 1-year post-discharge. Multivariable main effects linear and logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the increased opioids filled, increased opioid prescriptions, and odds of refills in these timeframes with adjustment for fracture location, external fixator placement, and baseline patient and injury characteristics. Results Lower extremity anatomic location and pre-operative external fixation were significantly associated with increased 1-month pre-op to 1-year post-discharge opioid filling (17.6–54.7 additional oxycodone 5-mg equivalents, all p Discussion Fracture location and pre-operative external fixator placement predicted perioperative opioid demand. Articular zone (pilon, plateau, and distal femur) fracture fixation was associated with the largest increases in opioid demand after lower extremity fracture fixation. Patients with these injuries may be at highest risk of extensive opioid consumption.
DNMT3A Haploinsufficiency Results in Behavioral Deficits and Global Epigenomic Dysregulation Shared across Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Mutations in DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) have been detected in autism and related disorders, but how these mutations disrupt nervous system function is unknown. Here, we define the effects of DNMT3A mutations associated with neurodevelopmental disease. We show that diverse mutations affect different aspects of protein activity but lead to shared deficiencies in neuronal DNA methylation. Heterozygous DNMT3A knockout mice mimicking DNMT3A disruption in disease display growth and behavioral alterations consistent with human phenotypes. Strikingly, in these mice, we detect global disruption of neuron-enriched non-CG DNA methylation, a binding site for the Rett syndrome protein MeCP2. Loss of this methylation leads to enhancer and gene dysregulation that overlaps with models of Rett syndrome and autism. These findings define the effects of DNMT3A haploinsufficiency in the brain and uncover disruption of the non-CG methylation pathway as a convergence point across neurodevelopmental disorders.
Homelessness in pregnancy: perinatal outcomes.

Investigate the association between maternal homelessness at the time of delivery and perinatal outcomes, with a focus on neonatal health outcomes. Population-based cohort using California’s statewide database included 1,520,253 women with linked birth and maternal discharge data, 2008–2012. Multivariable analysis assessed homelessness at time of delivery on perinatal outcomes, preterm delivery, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. A total of 672 women (0.05%) were homeless at the time of delivery. Homelessness was associated with premature delivery at multiple gestational age cutoffs (34w0d–36w6d; 32w0d–33w6d; 28w0d–31w6d; <28w0d) (range of aORs:1.62–2.19), and neonatal intensive care unit admission (aOR = 1.66, 95% CI:1.31–2.09). Among term infants, homelessness remained associated with increased odds of neonatal intensive care unit admission (aOR = 1.84, 95% CI:1.34–2.53), low birthweight (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI:1.36–2.90), neonatal abstinence syndrome (aOR = 2.13, 95% CI:1.35–2.53), hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (aOR = 14.38, 95% CI:3.90–53.01), and necrotizing enterocolitis (aOR = 14.94, 95% CI:2.68–83.20). Homelessness in pregnancy was associated with adverse perinatal outcomes including increased odds of preterm delivery across all gestational ages, and increased risk of neonatal intensive care unit admission and low birth weight independent of preterm delivery.
Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System physical function instruments compare favorably to legacy patient reported outcome measures in spine patients: a systematic review of the literature.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Preliminary evidence has suggested favorable correlation between National Institutes of Health (NIH) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) assessments and traditional ("legacy") patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) in spine surgery. There has been a significant increase in PROMIS research with regards to spinal conditions. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review is to provide an assessment of PROMIS Physical Function (PF) measures in this patient population. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Systematic review. METHODS A systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify published articles that referenced the various PROMIS PF measures. Two authors independently reviewed selected studies. The search returned 1,060 studies, 124 of which were selected for independent review by two authors. Of these, 37 were selected for inclusion. Mixed linear models were performed to assess for differences between legacy PROMs and PROMIS measures. RESULTS The combined sample size of all included studies yielded 10,296 total patients. Overall, PROMIS Physical Function (PF) measures demonstrated strong correlations with legacy PROMs when evaluating spine patients (weighted Pearson correlation, 0.589, standard error [SE]=0.023; weighted Spearman correlation, 0.702, SE=0.028). PROMIS questionnaires had significantly fewer questions than did legacy PROMs (4.2±0.30 vs. 9.53±0.82, p=.015). In spine studies, the PROMIS PF forms were completed in significantly less time than legacy PROMs (48.1±2.9 vs. 174.7±12.6 seconds, p<.001). The differences for the reliability measures and the floor and ceiling effects were not significant. CONCLUSIONS Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System PF forms compare favorably with legacy PROMs with regard to correlations, ease of use, and quality criteria in the field of spine surgery. PROMIS PF scores correlate strongly with commonly used legacy PROMs, particularly in spine patients. Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System PF forms can be administered efficiently and to a broad patient population while remaining highly reliable.
A baker’s dozen of new particle flows for nonlinear filters, Bayesian decisions and transport

We describe a baker’s dozen of new particle flows to compute Bayes’ rule for nonlinear filters, Bayesian decisions and learning as well as transport. Several of these new flows were inspired by transport theory, but others were inspired by physics or statistics or Markov chain Monte Carlo methods.
SURFACE EVALUATION USING ACOUSTIC EMISSION

Artificially induced surface flaws in dense silicon nitride may be activated by applying a thermal stress with a CO2 laser to the near surface of the material. The extension of these flaws may then be recorded by acoustic emission (AE) instrumentation and this response then serves as an indication of surface integrity. Surface degradation of test specimens was achieved by thermal shocking with the laser to produce surface cracks. The laser was then used to thermally stress the near surface and activate the small cracks. Flexural tests were used to determine the extent of damage by noting the reduction in strength associated with various levels of AE recorded during laser thermal shocking. Utilizing these parameters on an unknown surface should result in obtaining meaningful data in terms of the presence of surface defects and their influence on material strength.
The Effect of Carbon Revenues on the Rotation and Profitability of Loblolly Pine Plantations in East Texas

This study determined the profitability and financially optimal thinning and final harvest rotation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) managed exclusively for timber production or for dual products of timber production and carbon sequestration. The results suggest that 1) depending on landowner’s alternative rate of return, the inclusion of carbon revenues in forest management may shorten or prolong the optimal timber-carbon rotation length, compared to the optimal rotation that maximizes timber value only; 2) the effect of carbon revenues on the optimal rotation length and the percentage gain in soil expectation value is larger on low-productivity sites than on high-productivity sites, and is larger for high interest rates than for low interest rates; and 3) low-productivity, unprofitable sites may become profitable when carbon revenue is included and optimized together with the timber revenue. South. J. Appl. For.
The Balanced Scorecard: A Systemic Model for Evaluation and Assessment of Learning Outcomes?

Objective – The goal of this paper is to explore using Kaplan and Norton’s balanced scorecard methodology as a systemic model for outcomes assessment. The expectations of academic accrediting agencies have shifted from measurement of inputs and outputs to that of the library’s impact on learning and demonstrating accountability. Recent literature has presented methods for performing specific aspects of outcomes assessment. However, the scorecard methodology may provide a systemic advantage beneficial to library administrators and managers. Methods – This paper provides a selective review of outcomes assessment in academic libraries and a description of the balanced scorecard methodology, focusing on its relevance to assessment and demonstration of accountability. Results – A theoretical scenario is outlined, including examples of a scorecard used for outcomes assessment. For each example, the benefits of using a systemic approach are examined. Conclusions – Using a systems-thinking approach to outcomes assessment may provide significant advantages to library administrators and managers. As the model includes traditional methods of outcomes assessment, the scorecard approach adds elements of process improvement, identification of the inputs and outputs that create outcomes, and a tool for communicating accountability for resources.
The creation of specialized police gang units: A macro‐level analysis of contingency, social threat and resource dependency explanations

Specialized police gang units are a rapidly emerging form of concentrated social control. Prior research, however, into the creation of specialized gang units suffers from a number of theoretical and methodological shortcomings. These shortcomings make it difficult to understand which of several potential explanations can best account for the establishment of specialized police gang units. Three perspectives are examined that have been hypothesized by policymakers and academics to explain the creation of gang units: contingency theory, social threat theory, and resource dependency theory. Using data obtained from police departments and communities around the country, the explanatory power of measures derived from these three theories is explored, while controlling for several environmental and organizational influences.
Recombination between two 14-bp homologous sequences as the mechanism for gene deletion in factor IX Seattle 1.

Factor IXSeattle 1 is a 10-kb intragenic deletion identified in a family that has hemophilia B. By sequencing across the site of the deletion, we discovered at the deletion junction a 13-bp sequence (5' . . . TAGAA-GTTCACTT . . . 3') that was homologous to two 14-bp sequences 10 kb apart in introns D and F of the normal factor IX gene. The presence of these homologous sequences in two different regions of the normal gene allows us to propose that genetic recombination has occurred between the sequences, resulting in the gene deletion. The precise recombination site was able to be localized to one of 5 bp (5' . . . AGTTC . . . 3') in the middle of the homologous sequences. The exact length of the deletion is 10,000 bp.
A ten year review of performance of photovoltaic systems

This paper presents data compiled by the Photovoltaic Design Assistance Center at Sandia National Laboratories from more than eighty field tests performed at over thirty-five photovoltaic systems in the United States during the last ten years. The recorded performance histories, failure rates, and degradation of post-Block IV modules and balance-of-system (BOS) components are described in detail. >
Science and art in heavy ion collisions

One of the more intriguing phenomena discovered in heavy-ion physics is the seeming appearance of high energy structure in the excitation spectra of inelastically scattered heavy ions. For reasons illustrated, these may well be a phenomena unique to heavy ions and their explanation perhaps unique to TDHF.
SU-E-T-440: Gain Calibration Stability Study of a MV Flat-Panel-Detector (FPD) On Siemens ARTISTE Linac

Purpose: To study gain calibration variation over time for an MV flat-panel-detector (FPD). Methods: Gain calibration images (1024×1024 pixels) of a FPD (PerkinElmer AN-9 on a Siemens ARTISTE) acquired in 40 consecutive months were studied. Using Python programming language, the images were processed to analyze the central 900×900 pixels with a threshold applied to exclude dead pixels. Month1 was set as the base image, then the difference images between it and the following months were calculated. The pixel intensity mean and standard deviation of the difference images were used to study the gain variation over time. Two other months’ images were also randomly selected as the base image and the above analyses were repeated. Finally, to investigate the equivalence of monthly calibration and quarterly calibration, the results from comparing neighboring months’ images, such as (month2-month1), (month3 -month2) et al, were compared with those from comparing images taken in 3-month intervals, such as (month4-month1), (month7-month4) et al, using Welch’s t-test. Results: For most months’ gain calibration images, the differences (mean and standard deviation) from base images were constant. In three months, the differences were relatively larger compared to other months but seemed instantaneous without any worsening trend. In those 3 months no clinical portal image quality degradation was observed. The difference between monthly and quarterly calibration tested by Welch’s t-test were insignificant for both means (p=0.9) and standard deviations (p=0.8). Conclusion: Long term stability of the FPD gain calibration images was observed. Therefore, the vendor-recommended calibration frequency of 2–4 weeks is unnecessary. Less frequent, such as quarterly, calibration is sufficient.
Lateral placement of motor vehicles when passing bicyclists

This study assessed the lateral placement of motor vehicles as they passed bicyclists, with a focus on the influence of centerline rumble strips. Driver behavioral data were collected through field studies on two segments of a high-speed (55-mph speed limit) rural two-lane highway. The study segments were similar for key traffic and geometric characteristics, but only one of the segments had centerline rumble strips. The segments were located close to one another; this feature ensured a relatively uniform sample of drivers and bicyclists. Centerline rumble strips were found to decrease the likelihood of a motor vehicle driving onto the centerline. However, this decrease in the probability of centerline encroachment was less pronounced in comparison with similar data collected in the absence of bicyclists; this increased probability of encroachment suggests a compensatory effect. Drivers were also more likely to contact or cross over the centerline when bicyclists were nearer to the travel lane. The type of motor vehicle also played a role in that motorcycles and passenger cars were less likely to contact the centerline, and the presence of opposing traffic was found to reduce the likelihood of contact with the centerline.
A method of making stereoscopic illustrations

A modification of current graphical procedures is employed to produce a perspective picture of an object from measurements in three dimensions of points in the object. A stereoscopic mate for this drawing is readily constructed by the use of a simply ruled transparent sheet which gives directly the new location for each point. Particular attention is given to the preparation of anatomical illustrations.
Effects of Large Cumulative Travel on the Behavior of Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings

Lead-rubber bearings are seismic isolators that have been used extensively to protect buildings, bridges, and mission-critical infrastructure from the damaging effects of earthquake shaking. In bridges, lead-rubber bearings are subjected to continuous movement due to service (traffic) and temperature effects. This paper presents data on the effects of cumulative travel on the mechanical properties of lead-rubber bearings based on an experimental investigation of both medium- and small-sized bearings. A theoretical interpretation of the test results is presented.
Absolute spin-orbit-state excitation cross sections for the reactions Ar+(2 P32) + Ar(1S0) and Ar+(2P32) + N2 (X, v = 0)

Abstract A new triple-quadrupole and double-octopole photoionization apparatus has been developed for absolute state-to-state excitation and relaxation cross section measurements. Using this apparatus, we have measured absolute fine-structure transition cross sections for the reactions Ar+(2P 3 2 ) + Ar and Ar+(2P 3 2 )+ N2(X, ν = 0) at laboratory collision energies of 25–200 eV.
A general approach to SINR-based performance metrics with application to D2D and carrier aggregation

This paper develops a general approach to evaluating SINR-based performance metrics like coverage, throughput, or bit error rate. Specifically, we first propose a generalized channel model which accounts for transmit power, power spectral density and carrier frequency. Then we derive a general expression which can be used to compute a large class of performance metrics that are functions of SINR. We apply the result to compute the mean link spectral efficiency of device-to-device (D2D) communication using an unlicensed band and then to the mean downlink spectral efficiency of multi-band (i.e. carrier aggregated) heterogeneous cellular networks.
Cryogenic treatment of metals to improve wear resistance

Abstract Nineteen metals, including 12 tool steels, 3 stainless steels, and 4 other steels, were subjected to cryogenic treatments to determine the difference between a 189 K soak and a −77 K soak in improving the abrasive wear resistance. The tool steels exhibited a significant increase in wear resistance after the soak at 77 K and a less dramatic increase after the 189 K soak. There was an increase in the wear resistance after the cryogenic treatment for the stainless steels, but the difference between the two treatment was less than 10%. The plain carbon steel and the cast iron showed no improvement after either cryogenic treatment.
Use of terazosin in prostatodynia and validation of a symptom score questionnaire

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this trial was to study the use of terazosin in nonbacterial prostatitis/prostatodynia, and to evaluate a new symptom score sheet for this disease. Methods. Twenty-five patients who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of prostatitis were evaluated for evidence of bacterial infection by Meares-Stamey criteria and found to be negative. They were then treated with the alpha-blocking drug terazosin in doses from 1 to 10 mg. A symptom score index for prostatitis was developed, tested in these patients, and validated against patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Normal control patients, who presented for vasectomy, were studied as well. Results. Nineteen patients (76%) responded to one month's therapy, with 11 (58%) remaining asymptomatic three months later. The symptom score index, as measured by Cronbach's alpha measure of index reliability, was excellent at 0.78 and logistic regression analysis demonstrated each prostatitis question to have independent validity (P Conclusions. Terazosin appears effective in treating patients with nonbacterial prostatitis/prostatodynia. This new symptom score is one way to evaluate and track patients with this disease. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial has been initiated to study this.
Tumor vascular volume determines photosensitizer uptake in MATLyLu prostate tumor model

The parameters which limit supply of photosensitizer to the cancer cells in a solid tumor were systematically analyzed using microvascular transport modeling and histology data from frozen sections. In particular the vascular permeability transport coefficient and the effective interstitial diffusion coefficient were quantified for verteporfin-for-injection delivery of benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD). Orthotopic tumors had a higher permeability and diffusion coefficients (P d = 0.036 mm/s and D = 1.6 mm 2 /s, respectively) as compared to subcutaneously grown tumors (P d = 0.025 mm/s and D = 0.9 mm 2 /s, respectively), likely due to the fact that the vessel patterns are more homogeneous orthotopically. In general, large inter-subject and intra-tumor variability exist in the verteporfin concentration, in the range of 25% in plasma concentration and in the range of 20% for tissue concentrations, predominantly due to these micro-regional variations in transport. However, the average individual uptake of photosensitizer in tumor tissue was only correlated to the total vascular area within the tumor (R2 = 64.1%, p < 0.001). The data is consistent with a view that micro-regional variation in the vascular permeability, interstitial diffusion rate, all contributes the spatial heterogeneity observed in verteporfin uptake, but that average supply to the tissue is limited by the total area of perfused blood vessels. This study presents a method to systematically analyze microheterogeneity as well as possible methods to increase delivery and homogeneity of photosensitizer within tumor tissue.
Self-Regulation and Depression

This article describes an emerging perspective on depression as a disorder of selfregulation. It is proposed that the concept of brain/behavior system, though insufficient for explaining depression, can be reformulated as self/brain/behavior system to address both psychological and neurophysiological aspects of depression. A set of hypotheses conceptualizing depression (in self/brain/behavior system terms) as a disorder of self-regulation is offered, and evidence in support of those predictions is summarized. Implications of the self-regulation model are discussed and potential advantages of a self-regulation perspective on depression are suggested.
A future for statistics education-we will do more with less

Demands for statistics are increasing but so are demands for colleges and universities to become more "efficient." Some innovations in statistics teaching will allow us to do more with less, but we will have to make choices about where to invest our time. We can also work harder at competing for scarce resources.
Reducing the variance of point to point transfers in the IBM 9076 parallel computer

Commodity workstations have adapted to standard UNIX like environments to allow scientists to efficiently develop and port applications across systems. UNIX based environments, such as IBM's AIX, furnishes such an operating environment while providing efficient uni-processor utilization for user code execution. When these machines are interconnected with a low latency (user space) communication mechanism, large variances in point to point communication times for identical parallel programs are typically found. It is our contention that a large part of this variance is introduced by operating system support functionality that can delay point to point user space communications. We are able to experimentally measure this effect by monitoring the change in time of circulating a token through parallel processors connected in a virtual ring configuration. This paper proposed some solutions and then experimentally validates their ability to reduce point to point message passing variance for the IBM 9076 (SP1) machines. >