cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Phonon Interfacial Transport in Strained Silicon-Germanium Heterostructures

A nonequilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) method is used to simulate the phonon transport across a strained thin film between two semi-infinite contacts. The calculation of dynamical matrix, self-energy matrix and transmission function are discussed. Uncoupled Green’s functions are computed numerically using a block tridiagonal algorithm. The numerical role of the broadening constant is investigated. The bulk density of states in a single atomic chain is calculated and compares well with an analytical solution. The transmission function and thermal conductance across the thin film are evaluated for two different configurations (Ge-Si-Ge and Si-Ge-Si) and compared against homogeneous bulk systems (Si only and Ge only), indicating that heterogeneous interfaces reduce thermal conductance significantly.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Comparison of ascending aortic size in patients with severe bicuspid aortic valve stenosis treated with versus without a statin drug.

Ascending aortic dilation commonly occurs in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Statins have been shown to reduce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and slow the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The role of statins in slowing ascending aortic dilation in patients with BAV is unknown. We sought to compare the ascending aortic dimensions in patients with BAV stenosis treated with versus without a statin. From our catheterization laboratory database, all patients undergoing preoperative coronary angiography before aortic valve with or without ascending aorta replacement for bicuspid aortic stenosis (AS) from 2004 to 2007 were identified. The ascending aortic size was measured on their preoperative transesophageal echocardiogram. Data on statin use were obtained from chart review, and the ascending aortic size was compared between patients taking and not taking a statin. The study sample included 147 patients, of whom 76 were treated with statins (mean age 62 ± 9 years, 72% men) and 71 were not (mean age 59 ± 12 years, 68% men). The total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in the statin group. The ascending aorta size was significantly lower in the statin subgroup of the pure severe AS group (3.6 ± 0.7 cm vs 3.9 ± 0.6 cm, p
Elevation changes in the central transverse ranges near Ventura, California

Abstract Profiles of elevation changes developed from repeated levelings in the east-trending Transverse Ranges near Ventura, California, reveal three general types of vertical movements: 1. (1) broadly defined regional tilting; 2. (2) sharply defined differential movements across recently active faults; and 3. (3) differential subsidence centering on producing oil fields. Down-to-the-southeast tilting is evident in profiles along the coast this sense of movement, however, is the inverse of that that may have prevailed during late Pleistocene time. Profiles along lines extending north and northwest from Ventura show prominent inflections formed by up-to-the-north differential movements that coincide roughly with the Red Mountain fault; this fault is a north-dipping reverse fault that displaces a Holocene(?) soil zone and along which scarps and sag ponds are preserved. A similar inflection coincides with the Padre Juan fault; post-Pleistocene activity on the Padre Juan, however, is uniquely indicated by the geodetic data. Contemporary integrity of the structural block extending northward from the Red Mountain fault is suggested by the apparent absence of differential movements across the Munson Creek, Tule Creek, Santa Ynez, and Arroyo Parida faults since at least 1934. Subsidence is recognized over both the Ventura and Rincon oil fields; although maximum subsidence has not been recorded in either case, 277 mm of differential subsidence was measured within the Ventura field between 1934 and 1968.
pH measurements by 31p NMR in bacterial suspensions using phenyl phosphonate as a probe.

Phenylphosphonate was used as an internal reference for 31P NMR measurements of E. coli cytoplasmic pH. Phenylphosphonate diffused into the cells allowing determination of pH, independent of magnetic susceptability differences between intercellular and extracellular pools. Phenylphosphonate was used to measure pH changes during succinate uptake and metabolism, as well as during uncoupling of the transmembrane pH gradient by pentachlorophenol.
Infinitely Many Trees Have Non-Sperner Subtree Poset

Let C(T) denote the poset of subtrees of a tree T with respect to the inclusion ordering. Jacobson, Kezdy and Seif gave a single example of a tree T for which C(T) is not Sperner, answering a question posed by Penrice. The authors then ask whether there exist an infinite family of trees T such that C(T) is not Sperner. This paper provides such a family.
Comparing the attitudes of urban and rural Iranian women toward menopause.

Abstract Objectives: This study was designed to compare the attitudes of urban and rural Iranian women toward menopause. The socio-cultural context of urban Tehranian women is considerably more westernized than that of rural Semiromian women. Our original hypothesis was that urban Tehranian women would have a more negative outlook on menopause than rural women. This hypothesis was drawn from previous work implicating the youth-oriented culture of the west as responsible for the negative attitude of western women toward menopause [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] . Methods: A questionnaire with eight questions regarding major psychosocial issues that are of importance to menopausal women was prepared and administered to a group of 70 Tehranian and 49 Semiromian women. Results: In contrast to the initial hypothesis, analysis revealed that rural Iranian women have a more negative attitude towards menopause than urban Iranian women. Conclusion: The more negative attitude of the rural women toward menopause in large part reflected the higher priority they placed on fertility than did their urban counterparts. Further, cross-cultural studies will illuminate exactly which social and cultural factors play a role in both the physical and psychological aspects of menopause.
Fracture toughness of cement-based materials

Fracture toughness is a material property which can be defined in terms of critical stress intensity factor. For structural metals, for mode I deformation and small crack-tip plastic deformation the critical stress intensity factor when unstable fracture occurs is designated as KIc. Fracture toughness of metals is used in design to prevent brittle fracture as well as to predict fatigue crack growth. Fracture toughness of metals is a material property distinctly different from the corresponding yield strength. For example, fracture toughness decreases with increasing strain rate, whereas, yield strength shows the opposite effect (Fig. 1). Test methods have been established to determine plane strain fracture toughness (KIc) values for metals (see for example Ref. 1).
Energy absorption of seated occupants exposed to horizontal vibration and role of back support condition

Absorbed power characteristics of seated human subjects under fore-aft (x-axis) and lateral (y-axis) vibration are investigated through measurements of dynamic interactions at the two driving-points formed by the body and the seat pan, and upper body and the backrest. The experiments involved: (i) three back support conditions (no back support, and back supported against a vertical and an inclined backrest); (ii) three seat pan heights (425, 390 and 350 mm); and three magnitudes (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 m/s2 rms acceleration) of band limited random excitations in 0.5-10 Hz frequency range, applied independently along the x- and y- axes. The force responses, measured at the seat pan and the backrest are applied to characterize total energy transfer reflected on the seat pan and the backrest. The mean responses suggest strong contributions due to back support, and direction and magnitude of vibration. In the absence of a back support, the seat pan responses dominated in lower frequency bands centered at 0.63 and 1.25 Hz under both directions of motion. Most significant interactions of the upper body against the back support was observed under fore-aft vibration. The addition of back support caused the seat pan response to converge to a single primary peak near a higher frequency of 4 Hz under x- axis, with only little effect on the y-axis responses. The back support serves as an additional source of vibration to the occupant and an important constraint to limit the fore-aft movement of the upper body and thus relatively higher energy transfer under. The mean responses were further explored to examine the Wd frequency-weighting used for assessing exposure to horizontal vibration. The results show that the current weighting is suited for assessing the vibration exposure of human subjects seated only without a back support. Language: en
Energetics of a circular membrane subjected to a sudden eccentric circular areal constraint

We investigate the energetics of a freely vibrating circular membrane subjected to a sudden eccentric circular areal constraint. The membrane is assumed to be fixed at its outer boundary and the constraint is assumed to be applied at an arbitrary time during the motion of the membrane. The constraint is applied instantaneously such that immediately after application of the constraint, the geometry of the membrane outside the area of the constraint remains unchanged and the constrained area comes to rest. The change in total energy after constraint application is investigated for different sizes and locations of the constraint and time of application of the constraint. The results show that the energy can decrease or increase depending on the time of application of the constraint. The condition for maximum energy reduction is presented and simulation results based on this condition show that sequential application and removal of the constraint reduces the total energy rapidly. This provides the opportunity for active control of membrane vibration through direct physical interaction with a small area of the membrane.© 2012 ASME
Correlative cryo-electron tomography and optical microscopy of cells

The biological processes occurring in a cell are complex and dynamic, and to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes, both temporal and spatial information is required. While cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) provides three-dimensional (3D) still pictures of near-native state cells and organelles at molecular resolution, fluorescence light microscopy (fLM) offers movies of dynamic cellular processes in living cells. Combining and integrating these two commonly used imaging modalities (termed correlative microscopy) provides a powerful means to not only expand the imaging scale and resolution but also to complement the dynamic information available from optical microscopy with the molecular-level, 3D ultrastructure detail provided by cryoET. As such, a correlative approach performed on a given specimen can provide high resolution snapshots of dynamic cellular events. In this article, I review recent advances in correlative light microscopy and cryoET and discuss major findings made available by applying this method.
Effect of ground and ceiling planes on shape of energized wakes

Energized wakes expelled by devices like thrust augmentors, propellers and rotors are studied theoretically in order to explore how their shape changes as they interact with ground and ceiling planes. It is found that when the airstream is stationary and the vehicle in hover, the presence of a ceiling plane causes an energized wake to constrict even more than when in an unbounded medium. The presence of a ground plane is found to cause the wake to constrict less than in free space. The computations also show that the vortex sheets first move inward before moving downward. Along their trajectory, the vortex sheets that separate the energized fluid from the ambient fluid have a nearly constant strength and velocity which indicates that the velocity just inside the wake is approximately constant. When a velocity is given to the wind tunnel airstream, the forward edge of the wake first rises and then descends so that it spends more time in the vicinity of the actuator disk. Implications of these results on measurements obtained in wind tunnels are discussed.
Inferring the complex origins of horticultural invasives: French broom in California

Investigating the origins of invasive populations provides insight into the evolutionary and anthropogenic factors underlying invasions, and can inform management decisions. Invasive species introduced for horticultural purposes often have complex origins typified by multiple introductions of species, cultivars, and genotypes, and interspecific and intraspecific hybridizations in introduced ranges. Such complex introduction histories may result in complex genetic signatures in the invaded range, making inferences about origins difficult, particularly when all putative sources cannot be sampled. In this study, we inferred the origins of the invasive French broom complex in California using 12 nuclear microsatellite markers. We characterized the genetic diversity and population structure of invasive and horticultural brooms in their invaded range in California and of Genista monspessulana in its native Mediterranean range. Overall, no significant differences in allelic richness, observed heterozygosity, inbreeding, or genetic structure were observed between the invaded and native ranges, but differences existed among populations within ranges. Bayesian STRUCTURE analysis revealed three genetic clusters in the French broom complex. Nearly all native G. monspessulana assigned highly to a single cluster. Many invasives assigned to a second cluster that contained Genista canariensis, Genista stenopetala, and ornamental sweet broom, and the remaining invasives assigned to a third cluster that also contained some G. monspessulana individuals from Sardinia and Corsica. Admixture between the second and third clusters was detected. Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis of six alternative scenarios supported the hypothesis that some invasive French broom is derived from an unsampled population branching from ornamental sweet broom. A combination of factors, including multiple introductions, escapes from cultivation, and inter-taxon hybridization, likely contribute to the invasive success of French broom in California and may have important implications for management, in particular biological control.
Multiple-electron removal and molecular fragmentation of CO by fast F4+ impact.

Multiple-electron removal from and molecular fragmentation of carbon monoxide molecules caused by collisions with 1-MeV/amu ${\mathrm{F}}^{4+}$ ions were studied using the coincidence time-of-flight technique. In these collisions, multiple-electron removal of the target molecule is a dominant process. Cross sections for the different levels of ionization of the CO molecule during the collision were determined. The relative cross sections of ionization decrease with increasing number of electrons removed in a similar way as seen in atomic targets. This behavior is in agreement with a two-step mechanism, where first the molecule is ionized by a Franck-Condon ionization and then the molecular ion dissociates. Most of the highly charged intermediate states of the molecule dissociate rapidly. Only ${\mathrm{CO}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{CO}}^{2+}$ molecular ions have been seen to survive long enough to be detected as molecular ions. The relative cross sections for the different breakup channels were evaluated for collisions in which the molecule broke into two charged fragments as well as for collisions where only a single charged molecular ion or fragment were produced. The average charge state of each fragment resulting from ${\mathrm{CO}}^{\mathit{Q}+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathrm{C}}^{\mathit{i}+}$+${\mathrm{O}}^{\mathit{j}+}$ breakup increases with the number of electrons removed from the molecule approximately following the relationship i\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}=j\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}=Q/2 as long as K-shell electrons are not removed. This does not mean that the charge-state distribution is exactly symmetric, as, in general, removing electrons from the carbon fragment is slightly more likely than removing electrons from the oxygen due to the difference in binding energy. The cross sections for molecular breakup into a charged fragment and a neutral fragment drop rapidly with an increasing number of electrons removed.
Theory of atom-metal interaction II. Perturbation theory in field ionization calculations☆

Abstract The use of the time-dependent perturbation theory is applied to the process of field ionization. When suitable approximations are made for the initial and final state wave functions, the probability of field ionization as a function of atom-metal separation is calculated. The width of the region of ionization is found to be in much better agreement with the recent experiments of Tsong and Muller than the one-dimensional WKB calculations. The total probability of ionization for a single pass through the ionization zone is also calculated.
New firm gestation: Conception, birth, and implications for research

Abstract Efforts to encourage or assist new firms are generally directed toward firms at some stage in the gestation (or incubation) process. Although many new firms come into existence every day, there has been little systematic study of the gestation—conception to birth—process. Alternative conceptions of the gestation process can lead to different procedures for estimating the point at which firms become active participants in the economy. This, in turn, can affect estimates of their contributions and age at “discontinuance.” Analysis of four key events of the gestation process (principal's commitment, initial hiring, initial financing, and initial sales) in more than 3,000 established firms indicates substantial variation in the length and patterns of the gestation process. Not all four events are reported by all active firms (sales is the most prevalent event), and every possible sequence of events is reported. The duration of the gestation period ranges from one month (one-fifth report all events occurring in the same month) to 10 years; 90% report a gestation window of three years or less. Alternative definitions of the birthdate, the date at which the new firm is an active participant in the economy, suggest that any event that involves a transaction or relationship outside the firm (first financing, first hiring, first sales) results in similar survival patterns. Date of first sales appears a suitable indicator of “birth” if only one event is to be used. More complex is identifying the conception of new firms. The most common first event reported is the principal's commitment (or involvement). As this may occur several years before the firm emerges as an economic actor, different research procedures must be used to identify such firms. Representative surveys of adults in the labor force (employed, self-employed, or unemployed) show that one in 30 (3%) appear to be involved in a new firm start-up at any given time. The analysis suggests that the widely varying estimates of new firm survival and contributions may be related, in part, to variation in the criteria used to determine a new firm birth (founding, entrance). The rates of stillborns, discontinuances after conception but during gestation, are not yet clear. Programs, public or private, designed to facilitate new firms should give careful attention to the stage of the gestation process where they plan to make their contribution. Assisting firms at different stages will have different costs; the nature and potential for assistance may vary at different stages of the gestation process.
Efficient Filon method for oscillatory integrals

When @w is large, the integrand of @!"a^bf(x)e^i^@w^xdx is highly oscillatory and conventional quadrature programs are ineffective. The few items of software available for the task implement Filon methods. A new program of this kind is developed here that is efficient and very easy to use. It is based on mathematical results and algorithms that are especially well-suited to Matlab.
Assessment of Stress during Periodontal Surgery with Intravenous Sedation and with Local Anesthesia Only

Ten patients with moderate to advanced periodontal disease were subjected to two similar periodontal surgical procedures. Each patient received either intravenous conscious sedation with local anesthesia or local anesthesia only. The stress-reducing effects of a conscious sedation regimen consisting of pentobarbital, meperidine, and diazepam were evaluated in these patients. Stress was evaluated by monitoring changes in serum cortisol, human growth hormone, and vital signs. Blood samples were obtained at 15- to 30-minute intervals throughout each procedure and were evaluated for serum cortisol and growth hormone. The conscious sedation group had significantly lower serum cortisol levels and lower systolic blood pressure, indicating that the patients having periodontal surgery with conscious sedation experienced reduced stress. Physiologic stability was maintained for each patient, indicating that this conscious sedation regimen can be used to reduce measurable parameters of stress that patients develop during periodontal surgery.
Deduction of fluidized bed heat transfer coefficients using one- and two-dimensional analyses

Abstract Prior calculations of heat transfer coefficients for an experimental horizontal tube in a bubbling fluidized bed have assumed that heat conduction through the tube wall is a one-dimensional problem. However, a comparison between one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) analyses using experimental data shows that there exists a significant difference between 1D and 2D calculations, especially at the side of the tube. In addition, because of the periodic character of the bubbling fluidized beds, a theoretical analysis of a horizontal tube subjected to a periodic temperature boundary condition which varies in the circumferential direction is presented. The 2D analysis was accomplished by solving the unsteady two-dimensional heat conduction equation numerically, where the boundary conditions were taken from temperature data measured at five different locations of the tube simultaneously.
Structural properties of human carbonic anhydrase II at pH 9.5

Abstract The structure of human carbonic anhydrase II at pH 9.5 has been studied by X-ray crystallographic methods to 2.2 A resolution. These studies complement those performed under acidic conditions in which the catalytically-important proton-shuttle group, His-64, exhibits conformational mobility about side-chain torsion angle χ1. However, no structural changes are observed in the conformation of His-64 at high pH. Therefore, we conclude that the protonation of His-64 (as well as zinc-bound hydroxide) may be a factor which contributes to the predominantly “out” conformation for His-64 observed at low pH.
A Detailed Analysis of Film Cooling Physics: Part II — Compound–Angle Injection With Cylindrical Holes

Detailed analyses of computational simulations with comparisons to experimental data were performed to identify and explain the dominant flow mechanisms responsible for film cooling performance with compound angle injection, {Phi}, of 45, 60, and 90 deg. A novel vorticity and momentum based approach was implemented to document how the symmetric, counterrotating vortex structure typically found in the crossflow region in streamwise injection cases, becomes asymmetric with increasing {Phi}. This asymmetry eventually leads to a large, single vortex system at {Phi} = 90 deg and fundamentally alters the interaction of the coolant jet and hot crossflow. The vortex structure dominates the film cooling performance in compound angle injection cases by enhancing the mixing of the coolant and crossflow in the near wall region, and also by enhancing the lateral spreading of the coolant. The simulations consist of fully elliptic and fully coupled solutions for field results in the supply plenum, film hole, and crossflow regions and includes surface results for adiabatic effectiveness {eta} and heat transfer coefficient h. Realistic geometries with length-to-diameter ratio of 4.0 and pitch-to-diameter ratio of 3.0 allowed for accurate capturing of the strong three-way coupling of flow in this multiregion flowfield. The cooling configurations implemented in thismore » study exactly matched experimental work used for validation purposes and were represented by high-quality computational grid meshes using a multiblock, unstructured grid topology. Blowing ratios of 1.25 and 1.88, and density ratio of 1.6 were used to simulate realistic operating conditions and to match the experiments used for validation. Predicted results for {eta} and h show good agreement with experimental data.« less
Costate estimation of state-inequality path constrained optimal control problems using collocation at Legendre-Gauss-Radau points

A method is presented for costate estimation of state-inequality constrained optimal control problems using orthogonal collocation at Legendre-Gauss-Radau points. It is shown that the Lagrange multipliers of the nonlinear programming problem can be accurately mapped to the costates of the continuous-time optimal control problem. The differentiation matrix associated with the costate estimate is singular, whereas the differentiation matrix associated with the state inequality constraint multipliers is invertible. Furthermore, it is shown that the inverse of this differentiation matrix is an integration matrix. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed costate estimate is demonstrated on an optimal control example.
IL-17-producing T cells in lupus nephritis.

Significant evidence implicates interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), particularly in the development of tissue damage. IL-17 production and IL-17-produc...
Establishing individual occlusions for edentulous patients

Abstract A thorough understanding of the functional demands of temporomandibular joints can provide dentists with the means of providing therapy based upon sound physiologic principles. Clinical procedures and equipment must be sufficiently sophisticated to cope with the complexities of function of the stomatognathic apparatus. The method described permits the establishment of an occlusion that meets individual demands of edentulous patients.
Preservation of folate transport activity with a low-pH optimum in rat IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cell lines that lack reduced folate carrier function.

Intestinal folate transport has been well characterized, and rat small intestinal epithelial (IEC-6) cells have been used as a model system for the study of this process on the cellular level. The ...
Anti-CTLA4 treatment reduces systemic inflammatory cytokines in a murine model of intestinal polyposis

Introduction The role of inflammation in the progression of intestinal polyps to cancer is well established. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) mediates non-antigen specific interactions w/ antigen presenting cells and prevents or down-regulates the activation of T-cells in response to a stimulus. Treatment of patients with anti-CTLA-4 antibody (aCTLA4) has shown some promise in melanoma, prostate and ovarian tumors. We have recently observed a reduction in polyp burden with aCTLA4 in a mouse model of polyposis. Our hypothesis is that this reduction is mirrored by a decrease in systemic inflammatory cytokines. Methods Using a well-established murine model of polyposis, APC-delta-468, animals were randomized to receive intraperitoneal injections of either 100 micrograms monoclonal aCTLA4 or PBS. Animals were sacrificed and polyps were counted by gross inspection at 3-weeks and 6-weeks post injection. Peripheral blood was analyzed by multiplex ELISA. Results A significant reduction in small intestinal polyp counts were observed in the 3-week and 6-week treatment groups compared to controls. Multiplex ELISA revealed significantly lower levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1-beta, and IL-17 in the peripheral blood of mice treated with aCTLA. Conclusions The reduction of polyp load observed with aCTLA4 treatment correlates with lower levels of systemic markers of inflammation. Thus, aCTLA4 may be useful for treatment of intestinal pre-neoplasia by dampening the inflammation induced progression from polyp to cancer. Further studies are needed to assess the full immunologic affect of aCTLA4 in the treatment of polyposis and colon cancer.
Stability Criterion for a Hybrid Phase-Locked Loop Range Tracker

A currently tested high-performance electronic range tracker operating in a linear region and tracking a nearly stationary target can be modeled as a hybrid or gated phase-locked loop. A relationship for stability in this system is developed. The relationship is applicable to both Type I and Type II second-order hybrid phase-locked loop trackers.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: An Alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy

Estrogen is a key regulatory hormone, which in addition to its role in reproduction, affects a number of physiological systems, including the skeleton and cardiovascular system. The important role of estrogen in various tissues is perhaps most evident in postmenopausal women who, in addition to menopausal symptoms, experience increases in osteoporosis and coronary heart disease as their estrogen levels decline. Estrogen replacement, while effective against osteoporosis and heart disease, produces a number of side effects associated with the breast and uterus which limits compliance. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as raloxifene and tamoxifen, produce beneficial estrogen-like effects on bone and lipid metabolism, while antagonizing estrogen in reproductive tissue. SERMs can be distinguished from each other in reproductive tissue, particularly the uterus, by their activity profile. For example, while triphenylethylenes like tamoxifen behave as partial agonists, raloxifene (a benzothiophene) behaves as a complete antagonist in the uterus. The SERM profile is distinct from that of full estrogens (ie. 17beta-estradiol or 17alpha-dihydroequilenin) which behave as estrogen agonists in all tissues and pure estrogen antagonists (i.e. ICI-164,384) which exhibit only an estrogen antagonist profile in a battery of tissue types. The precise mechanism by which SERMs produce this tissue-selective pharmacology remains a question. It is clear, however, that for raloxifene, both the estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism as well as the estrogen antagonist effects in uterine and mammary tissue involve high affinity interaction with the estrogen receptor. The estrogen antagonist activity is mediated via classical pharmacological competition for estrogen receptor binding. The estrogen agonist activity, in bone for example, appears to involve novel post-receptor pathways and non-classical estrogen response element(s) which are activated by SERMs. These novel response elements may represent natural pathways which respond to estrogen metabolites in vivo.
Support for Static Concept Location with sv3D

The paper presents a new visualization approach to support static concept location in source code. The approach is realized through the combination of two existing tools: IRiSS, which is an information retrieval based tool that support source code searching and browsing; and sv3D, which is a software visualization front end. Both tools are integrated into MS Visual Studio .NET. The motivation behind the approach, the definition of the visual mappings, and usage examples are also presented in the paper, together with an outline of future and related work
Developmental Modifications Induced by DNA Base Analogs

Pulse treatment of Drosophita melanogasler larvae with thymidine analogs in the presence of inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase activity induces a variety of growth lesions in the adult flies. We determined the frequency of the developmental lesions induced for a variety of treatment conditions and examined the incorporation of the analogs into DNA of larvae treated in a similar manner for each of these conditions. Lesion induction is correlated with bromodeoxyundine incorporation into DNA. The distribution of incorporated bromodeoxyuridine in the pyrimidine oligonucleotides released from DNA by formic acid-diphenylamine hydrolysis was compared with the incorporation pattern of exogenous thymidine. This comparison shows that bromodeoxyuridine is not randomly accepted at all thymine sites for incorporation into DNA under the feeding conditions used in these experiments. There were also differences between the patterns of bromodeoxyuridine- incorporated DNAs from larvae receiving the analog under conditions slightly effective and highly effective for morphogenic lesions. Examination of the size and frequency of lesions as a function of larval age at the time of treatment indicates there is a clonal pattern of propagation of the analog-affected cells. Since several cell generations separate the analog pulse and the time of eventual differentiation of the imaginal discs, we conclude that following the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into morphogenically critical base sequences of DNA, a cell undergoes an informational change that is transmitted to its progeny cells which differentiate during metamorphosis as a cluster of phenotypically altered cells. The presence of bromodeoxyuridine per se in each cell of a clone is not necessary for expression of the altered patterns of differentiation.
Water soluble, core-modified porphyrins. 3. Synthesis, photophysical properties, and in vitro studies of photosensitization, uptake, and localization with carboxylic acid-substituted derivatives

Water soluble, core-modified porphyrins 1-5 bearing 1-4 carboxylic acid groups were prepared and evaluated in vitro as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. The 21,23-core-modified porphyrins 1-5 gave band I absorption maxima with lambda(max) of 695-701 nm. The number of carboxylic acid groups in the dithiaporphyrins 1-4 had little effect on either absorption maxima (lambda(max) of 696-701 nm for band I) or quantum yields of singlet oxygen generation [phi((1)O(2)) of 0.74-0.80]. Substituting two Se atoms for S gave a shorter band I absorption maximum (lambda(max) of 695 nm) and a smaller value for the quantum yield for generation of singlet oxygen [phi((1)O(2)) of 0.30]. The phototoxicity of 1-5 was evaluated against R3230AC cells. The phototoxicities of dithiaporphyrin 2, sulfonated thiaporphyrin 30, HPPH, and Photofrin were also evaluated against Colo-26 cells in culture using 4 J cm(-2) of 570-800 nm light. Compound 2 was significantly more phototoxic than sulfonated dithiaporphyrin 30, HPPH, or Photofrin. Cellular uptake was much greater for compounds 1, 2, and 5 relative to compounds 3 and 4. Confocal scanning laser microscopy and double labeling experiments with rhodamine 123 suggested that the mitochondria were an important target for dithiaporphyrins 1 and 2. Inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity in whole R3230AC cells was observed in the dark with compounds 1 and 30 and both in the dark and in the light with core-modified porphyrin 2.
Amphetamine: Differentiation by d and l Isomers of Behavior Involving Brain Norepinephrine or Dopamine

d-Amphetamine is markedly more potent an inhibitor of catecholamine uptake by norepinephrine neurons in the brain than is 1-amphetamine, whereas the two isomers are equally active in inhibiting catecholamine uptake by the dopamine neurons of the corpus striatum. In behavioral studies, d-amphetamine is ten times as potent as 1-amphetamine in enhancing locomotor activity, while it is only twice as potent in eliciting a compulsive gnawing syndrome. This suggests that the locomotor stimulation induced by amphetamine involves central norepinephrine, while dopamine neurons play an important role in the induced compulsive gnawing behavior. Assessment of differential actions of d- and 1-amphetamine may be an efficient method to differentiate behaviors involving norepinephrine or dopamine in the brain.
Official standards versus actual criteria in bond dispositions

Abstract The setting of bond in a first appearance court in one southeastern judicial district was examined to determine its relationship with official standards based on the recommendations of the American Bar Association advisory committee on standards for criminal justice and the National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. Eighteen measures of five different recommended standards were considered. Only seriousness of charge showed apparent strength in its relationship with bond. The authors suggest a “facility hypothesis” (that court officials gravitated toward factors such as seriousness of charge) that may be readily processed and understood within constraints of time and organization. As added support for this hypothesis, defendants' demeanor in court is also shown to be significantly related to bond in the present study. These legal and personal criteria may be more identified as indicators of defendants' culpability than many other considerations recommended by the study commissions. Use of other official recommendations may require changes in the concepts of defendants held by court personnel or drastic changes in the organization of first appearance in court.
Superoxide dismutase activity of galactose oxidase

Abstract The copper protein galactose oxidase is now shown to function as a superoxide dismutase as well as an oxidase: At a concentration of about 4 · 10−7M, it shows its superoxide dismutase activity by a fifty percent inhibition of the reaction of ferricytochrome c with the superoxide anion generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. The dismutase activity is not due to a minor impurity in the enzyme preparation, as this activity, the galactose oxidase activity, and the protein all have the same mobility on disc gel electrophoresis.
Molecular structure and conformation of fluoromethyl-substituted cyclopropane and oxirane. MP4(SDQ)/6-3110∗∗ results

Abstract Fluoromethylcyclopropane and the oxirane analog epifluorohydrin have been studied by ab initio calculations on the MP4(SDQ)/6-311G ∗∗ level of theory. We predict fluoromethylcyclo-propane to exist as an equilibrium mixture of the cis and two equivalent gauche forms. These conformers have almost equal energies; our best calculations predict the gauche form to lie only 0.2 kcal mol −1 below the cis form. Epifluorohydrin exists as an equilibrium mixture of three conformers, one cis form and two distinct gauche forms. In disagreement with predictions based on vibrational spectroscopy, we predict the polar gauche form to be the conformer with highest energy. Our best calculations show that the non-polar gauche form and the cis rotamer have virtually equal energies about 0.9 kcal mol −1 below the high-energy polar gauche form. The high relative abundance of the cis form of epifluorohydrin compared to related molecules can be explained by steric effects and by stabilization of the cis form by intramolecular van der Waals interactions.
Coordination Sphere Tuning of the Electron Transfer Dissociation Behavior of Cu(II)–Peptide Complexes

In contrast to previous electron capture dissociation (ECD) studies, we find that electron transfer dissociation (ETD) of Cu(II)–peptide complexes can generate c- and z-type product ions when the peptide has a sufficient number of strongly coordinating residues. Double-resonance experiments, ion-molecule reactions, and collision-induced dissociation (CID) prove that the c and z product ions are formed via typical radical pathways without the associated reduction of Cu(II), despite the high second ionization energy of Cu. A positive correlation between the number of Cu(II) binding groups in the peptide sequence and the extent of c and z ion formation was also observed. This trend is rationalized by considering that the recombination energy of Cu(II) can be lowered by strong binding ligands to an extent that enables electron transfer to non-Cu sites (e.g., protonation sites) to compete with Cu(II) reduction, thereby generating c/z ions in a manner similar to that observed for protonated (i.e., nonmetalated) peptides.
Activity Logs as a Measure of Daily Activity Among Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Background: Self-report data collected through interviews has been one of the primary ways of assessing symptoms of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). An alternative way to collect data involves activity logs, which involves patients writing down the pattern, intensity, and qualitative nature of activity over several days.Aims: We examined the associations between activity, evaluation of activity and symptoms.Methods: Activity log data over a 2-day period of time were used in the present study using a sample of patients with diagnosed CFS.Results: Findings indicated that the percent of time spent feeling fatigued was positively associated with a higher percent of time in pain and doing activities that were fatiguing. However, time spent in meaningful activities was associated with less fatigue.Conclusions: These findings and others suggest that activity logs can provide investigators and clinicians with valuable sources of data for understanding patterns of behavior and activity among patients ...
A technique for isolation perfusion of the canine liver with survival

A technique of isolation perfusion of the canine liver was developed as a model for treating cancer limited to the liver. Preservation of hepatic functional integrity was dependent on maintenance of near physiologic conditions for the perfusion. Flow to the liver, 1 ml/min/g, was provided by gravity to the portal vein at two thirds total flow, and by pump to the hepatic artery at one third total flow. Utilizing the technique described, six dogs died 4-12 hr after a 1-hr perfusion. The dogs received Ringer's lactate solution IV and had a rising blood lactate to greater than 9 mM and a rising lactate/pyruvate ratio. After changing IV fluids to nonlactate containing solutions, 4/6 dogs survived a 1-hr perfusion at 37 degrees. Blood lactate concentrations remained below 6 mM (alpha less than 0.05) during perfusion, and the lactate/pyruvate ratios remained in a physiologic range on comparison to the nonsurvivors (alpha less than 0.05). Mild elevations occurred in the SGOT and SGPT with the peak on the first postoperative day of 93 +/- 54 and 79 +/- 56, respectively, but returned to normal within 4-7 days. Perfusate chemistries lactate, pyruvate, glucose, total alpha-amino acids, ketone bodies, SGOT, and SGPT demonstrated that hepatic functional integrity was maintained during the 1-hr perfusion. Hepatic function as assessed was no different between survivors and nonsurvivors. Hypoglycemia (glucose less than 2 mM) contributed to the two deaths. Tolerance of the dog to the temporary anhepatic state may be the limiting factor to prolonged perfusions.
Chlorine Incorporation in Shrimp

Chlorine incorporation into shrimp was determined following immersion in a 150 mg/L solution of HO36Cl. Approximately 2% of the 36Cl in the original immersion solution was incorporated into the shrimp during the 30-min immersion period; 75% of which was detected in the edible portion. Approximately 3% of the chlorine associated with the edible portion was detected in the CHCl3:CH3OH soluble fraction. Data indicated that chlorine incorporation in lipids is directly related to the degree of unsaturation. The trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitable protein fraction contained 22% of the 36Cl associated with the edible portion. Seventy-three percent of the chlorine associated with the edible shrimp tissue existed as 36Cl−. Negligible amounts of chlorine were detected in the control fractions.
The distribution of endogenous epidermal growth factor after small bowel resection suggests increased intestinal utilization during adaptation.

Background/Purpose: Although exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) amplifies adaptation after massive small bowel resection (SBR), the role for endogenous EGF is unclear. The authors sought to determine whether SBR was associated with changes in the levels of EGF in the serum, saliva, or urine and EGF receptor (EGF-R) signaling in the ileum. Methods: Male ICR mice underwent 50% proximal SBR or sham surgery bowel transection/reanastomosis). After 3 days, levels of EGF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the serum, saliva, and urine. EGF-R activation was measured in isolated ileal enterocytes by probing an EGF-R immunoprecipitate with an antibody to phosphotyrosine. Results: When compared with sham, SBR resulted in no change in serum, increased salivary (2209 ± 266 nmol SBR v 1183 ± 119 nmol sham, P < .05) and decreased urinary (417 ± 58 nmol SBR v 940 ± 143 nmol sham; P < .05) EGF levels. EGF-R activation increased 2.5-fold after SBR. Conclusions: Increased salivary and reduced urinary EGF linked with enhanced EGF-R activation suggests increased ileal utilization of EGF during adaptation. This observation, along with the known beneficial effects of exogenous EGF, infers a crucial role for endogenous EGF in the pathogenesis of intestinal adaptation after SBR.
DISLOCATING SOUNDS: The Deterritorialization of Indonesian Indie Pop

Anthropologists often read the localization or hybridization of cultural forms as a kind of default mode of resistance against the forces of global capitalism, a means through which marginalized ethnic groups maintain regional distinctiveness in the face of an emergent transnational order. But then what are we to make of musical acts like Mocca and The Upstairs, Indonesian “indie” groups who consciously delocalize their music, who go out of their way, in fact, to avoid any references to who they are or where they come from? In this essay, I argue that Indonesian “indie pop,” a self-consciously antimainstream genre drawing from a diverse range of international influences, constitutes a set of strategic practices of aesthetic deterritorialization for middle-class Indonesian youth. Such bands, I demonstrate, assemble sounds from a variety of international genres, creating linkages with international youth cultures in other places and times, while distancing themselves from those expressions associated with colonial and nationalist conceptions of ethnicity, working-class and rural sensibilities, and the hegemonic categorical schema of the international music industry. They are part of a new wave of Indonesian musicians stepping onto the global stage “on their own terms” and insisting on being taken seriously as international, not just Indonesian, artists, and in the process, they have made indie music into a powerful tool of reflexive place making, a means of redefining the very meaning of locality vis-a-vis the international youth cultural movements they witness from afar.
Perceptions of U.S. Social Mobility Are Divided (and Distorted) Along Ideological Lines

The ability to move upward in social class or economic position (i.e., social mobility) is a defining feature of the American Dream, yet recent public-opinion polls indicate that many Americans are losing confidence in the essential fairness of the system and their opportunities for financial advancement. In two studies, we examined Americans' perceptions of both current levels of mobility in the United States and temporal trends in mobility, and we compared these perceptions with objective indicators to determine perceptual accuracy. Overall, participants underestimated current mobility and erroneously concluded that mobility has declined over the past four decades. These misperceptions were more pronounced among politically liberal participants than among politically moderate or conservative ones. These perception differences were accounted for by liberals' relative dissatisfaction with the current social system, social hierarchies, and economic inequality. These findings have important implications for theories of political ideology.