cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
O Guayba: o papel do jornalismo literário na formação dos jovens sul-rio-grandenses em Porto Alegre (1856-1858) (O Guayba: the role of literary journalism in the training of young Rio Grande do Sul in...

Este artigo apresenta o periodico literario O Guayba que circulou em Porto Alegre de 1856 a 1858 e seu papel como difusor da cultura literaria produzida na Provincia, entendendo-o como um espaco de formacao dos jovens para atuacao na imprensa e no exercicio da opiniao publica. Os aspectos analisados sao: a estrutura do jornal como empresa e suas estrategias de relacionamento e manutencao de publico leitor, assim como, do conteudo, principalmente, os editoriais que expressam os temas mais importantes para os redatores do jornal: o papel da educacao e da imprensa na formacao politico-literaria dos jovens na sociedade sul-rio-grandense. Abstract This article presents an analysis on the literary journal O Guayba which circulated in Porto Alegre from 1856 to 1858 and its diffuser role of literary culture produced in the Province, understanding it as a training space for young people to act in the press and in the exercise of public opinion. The aspects analyzed are the newspaper's structure as a company and its relationship strategies and readership maintenance, as well as the content, especially concerning the editorial expressing the most important topics for journal editors: the role of education and press in the political and literary education of young people in the society of Rio Grande do Sul. Keywords : Newspapers; Literary culture; Nineteenth century; Porto Alegre; Press.
DEADLOCK AVOIDANCE IN A CLASS OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS OF PARALLEL MUTUAL EXCLUSION

In this paper，a class of manufacturing systems of parallel mutual exclusion that shared finite resources is modeled by a kind of extended Petri nets-parallel process Petri nets （PPPN）．Based on this model，the sufficient and necessary conditions for occuring deadlock in manufacturing process is given and the maximally permissive feedback control logic，which allocates the shared resources and avoides deadlock．is presented.
A new pest of ficus in California: Macrohomotoma gladiata Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Homotomidae), new to North America

A new psyllid pest of ficus, Macrohomotoma gladiata (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea), is reported for the first time from North America (California, U.S.A.). Notes on another adventive psyllid species that has been collected from ficus in California, Homotoma ficus , are given, together with a list diagnostic features that separate between M. gladiata and H. ficus .
The Normal Operator Method

In this chapter the basic tools are created which will be used throughout the remainder of the book. The central topic is the Main Existence Theorem for principal functions, given in §1. The hypotheses of this theorem require the existence of normal operators. That such operators always exist is a nontrivial fact; its proof is given in §2 by constructing the operators L0 and L1 on an arbitrary Riemann surface. The method used there, which is typical of such problems, consists of constructing operators on compact bordered subregions and passing to a limit.
Pairing in a dry Fermi sea

In the traditional Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, the amplitude for the propagation of a pair of electrons with momentum k and -k has a log singularity as the temperature decreases. This so-called Cooper instability arises from the presence of an electron Fermi sea. It means that an attractive interaction, no matter how weak, will eventually lead to a pairing instability. However, in the pseudogap regime of the cuprate superconductors, where parts of the Fermi surface are destroyed, this log singularity is suppressed, raising the question of how pairing occurs in the absence of a Fermi sea. Here we report Hubbard model numerical results and the analysis of angular-resolved photoemission experiments on a cuprate superconductor. In contrast to the traditional theory, we find that in the pseudogap regime the pairing instability arises from an increase in the strength of the spin-fluctuation pairing interaction as the temperature decreases rather than the Cooper log instability.
Anamorphic fluid: exploring spatial organization and movements of images in a simulated fluid environment

In this paper, we propose a method to generate a simulated physical virtual environment in which a collection of images projected on a large screen are continuously moved around in response to spectators' movements and actions captured by a sensing device. The innovative feature of the project is the application of forces generated by a fluid physical model to spatially reposition each image in the virtual environment according to their position in relation to the source of the sensed forces.
Free Staff Notation Options

As technological access continues to expand, teachers are expected to use the technology available to enhance learning in all classrooms. This article discusses three technological options for staf...
Role of Marangoni stress during breakup of surfactant-covered liquid threads: Reduced rates of thinning and microthread cascades

Simulations and experiments resolve a long-standing controversy that the gradient of surface tension---Marangoni stress---rather than surface tension lowering is responsible for decelerated thinning rates and microthread cascades during breakup of surfactant-covered threads.
Enhancing Women’s Sexual Health: Prevention Measures in Diverse Populations of Women

The landscape of interventions to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STI), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has changed considerably in the last decade. Of particular relevance to women are the licensure and uptake of highly effective immunization against genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and associated prevention against associated consequences, including cervical cancer; encouragement about the use of topical antiretroviral agents as pre-exposure prophylaxis to reduce risk of HIV and genital herpes acquisition; enhanced emphasis on expedited partner management and rescreening for persons infected with C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae; and the availability of a modified female condom. While these advances are encouraging, effective prevention of HIV and the other STI remains a high priority, both internationally and domestically, and most urgently among women. UNAIDS reported in 2010 that while the rate of new HIV infections has fallen in several countries, these favorable trends are at least partially offset by increases in new infections in others; moreover, the proportion of infections in women is increasing in several countries, and young people ages 15–24 account for 41 % of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa [1]. In 2008, the CDC revised its estimates of the annual incidence of new HIV infections in the USA by 40 % (an increase from an estimated 40,000 new infections annually to approximately 56,000) [2]. Moreover, a large proportion of new HIV infections continue to be diagnosed in late stages of the disease, and women are not exempt from these trends [3, 4]. As discussed below, rates of reportable non-HIV STI either have not declined or have actually increased in women. This chapter will review the current state of prevention interventions for HIV/STI in diverse populations of women.
Tyrosine Kinases in Prostate Cancer

Tyrosine kinases play essential roles in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Deregulation of the key tyrosine kinases governing these processes can lead to cellular transformation and is associated with tumor maintenance and progression. Amplification or dominant mutations of tyrosine kinases are not common in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. However, studies from animal models and human prostate cancer specimens demonstrate that the level of tyrosine phosphorylation is elevated during prostate cancer progression. Numerous efforts have been devoted to identify the tyrosine kinases that are deregulated and responsible for such change during disease progression. A number of tyrosine kinases are shown to act as a driving force in disease progression and therefore may serve as potential drug targets. Currently, more than 20 different tyrosine kinase targets are under evaluation in drug discovery projects for cancer treatment. A number of tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been tested in various phases of clinical trials. This chapter provides an overview of identification, characterization, and targeting tyrosine kinases that are altered and critical in prostate cancer.
Gene expression profiling toward the next generation safety control of influenza vaccines and adjuvants in Japan.

Abstract Influenza becomes epidemic worldwide every year, and many individuals receive vaccination annually. Quality control relating to safety and potency of influenza vaccines is important to maintain public confidence. The safety of influenza vaccines has been assessed by clinical trials, and animal safety tests are performed to monitor the consistent quality between vaccines used for clinical trials and marketing; the biological responses in vaccinated animals are evaluated, including changes in body weight and white blood cell count. Animal safety tests have been contributing to the quality relating to the safety of influenza vaccines for decades, but improvements are needed. Although precise mechanisms involving biological changes in animal safety tests have not been fully elucidated, the application of cDNA microarray technology make it possible to reliably identify genes related to biological responses in vaccinated animals. From analysis of the expression profile of >10,000 genes of lung in animals treated with an inactivated whole virion influenza vaccine, we identified 17 marker genes whose expression patterns correlated well to changes in body weight and leukocyte count in vaccinated animals. In influenza HA vaccine-treated animals exhibiting subtle changes in biological responses, a robust expression pattern of marker genes was found. Furthermore, these marker genes could also be used in the evaluation of adjuvanted influenza vaccines. The expression profile of marker genes is expected to be an alternative indicator for safety control of various influenza vaccines conferring high sensitivity and short turnaround time. Thus, gene expression profiling may be a powerful tool for safety control of vaccines in the future.
The effects of cognitive testing on the welfare of zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

Abstract Cognitive testing programs are being implemented more frequently in zoo settings due to the benefits these programs can provide for the animals, researchers and zoo visitors. However, the impact that cognitive studies have on the welfare of captive animals, particularly for primates in a social group, is debated. Although cognitive testing can be mentally enriching, the provision of monopolisable apparatuses to a primate social group can elicit competition and potentially contribute to negative welfare. We sought to investigate how behaviours changed when a group of 12 Japanese macaques had access to two touchscreen devices. We assessed rates of affiliative behaviours, anxiety-related behaviours, general activity, and aggression over 15 months at matched time periods on days when cognitive testing was available and when it was not. Rates of affiliative behaviours, anxiety-related behaviours, and general activity were not significantly different between conditions. Rates of contact and non-contact aggression were significantly higher during cognitive testing compared to times without cognitive testing (p
Exaggerated cardiovascular responses to muscle contraction and tendon stretch in UCD type-2 diabetes mellitus rats.

This is the first study to provide evidence that as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) progresses, the exercise pressor reflex becomes exaggerated, an effect that may be due to a sensitized mechanoref...
Predicting outcomes in patients with cancer and atrial fibrillation.

Background:The role of cancer-specific factors for ischemic stroke and mortality in patients with cancer and atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. We evaluated the utility of a previously validated ...
Analysis of Causes of Death as Determined at Autopsy in a Single Institute, The Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Hospital, Mumbai, India, Between 1884 and 1966: A Retrospective Analysis of 13 024 Autopsies in Adults.

Context.— Grant Medical College and Sir J. J. Hospital, Mumbai (India), have a long tradition of clinical autopsies, wherein autopsy records have existed since 1884. The old autopsy records from 18...
The influence of technical violation revocations on parole efficacy: employing competing risks survival analyses to address methodological challenges

Failures among the community supervision population are a major contributor to prison populations. Revocations of parole supervision due to technical parole violations (TPRs) often result in the in...
Police Chiefs’ Opinions on the Utility of a College Education for Police Officers

This paper explores police chiefs’ opinions about the utility of a college education for police officers. Arguments for and against requiring a college degree for local police officers have been di...
Correction to: Trends and predictors of multidimensional health-related quality of life after living donor kidney transplantation.

In its original publication, an erroneous version of Fig. 2d was included in the manuscript. The corrected figure has now been added.
Pathogenic Fungi in Ferns and Angiosperms: A Comparative Study

This study used existing databases to test the hypothesis that fern species harbor fewer pathogen species than angiosperm species. Analysis was limited to fungal pathogens because of their visibility and to herbaceous perennial dicots (forbs) because they have a similar growth form to ferns. From complete listings in the United States Department of Agriculture plant-fungal database, the number of pathogen species recorded on 200 randomly chosen ferns and herbaceous perennial dicot species were assessed. To control for differences in study effort, the number of citations to these species in the Web of Science was determined. The results showed that the major predictor of the number of fungal pathogen species known to occur on a plant species was study effort, but after controlling for this, the likelihood of a fern species being recorded as having a fungal pathogen species was much less than that for a forb. When pathogens were present, there were approximately 50% fewer pathogen species recorded on fern species than on forb species. This pattern is present even though fern species were cited on average more often than forb species, and it is consistent with impressions in the literature from studies in other parts of the world. Testable hypotheses to explain this difference are evaluated in the context of evolutionary processes leading to variation for pathogen incidence in different phylogenetic lineages, but the physiological or molecular processes that determine the higher resistance of ferns to fungal pathogens remain unknown.
On Beauty & Policing

“To protect and serve” is the motto of police departments from Los Angeles to Cape Town. When police officers deviate from the twin goals of protection and service, for example by using excessive force or by maintaining hostile relations with the community, scholars recommend more training, more oversight, or more resources in policing. However, police appear to be motivated by a superseding goal in the area of sex work policing. In some places, the policing of sex workers is connected to police officers’ perceptions of beauty, producing a hierarchy of desirable bodies as enforced by those sworn to protect and serve us all. This Article examines how police preserve racial and gender subordination in South Africa, an instructive analog for the United States because of both nations’ shared histories of racial apartheid and valorization of whiteness. Drawing from extensive original data from a multiyear study, this Article exposes how police officers’ perceptions about sex workers’ beauty influenced their policing of different classes of sex workers in Johannesburg, South Africa. Police valuations about sex workers’ beauty resulted in benevolent surveillance of sex workers who were higher on the social hierarchy and decreased police protection for sex workers whom they viewed as less beautiful in more dangerous areas of the community. If community protection and service were the primary motivators for police conduct, police officers should have focused on the spaces that were more dangerous, which were those with sex workers police deemed less professionalized and less beautiful.
The benefits of economic openness for North Korea

This paper examines the possible role of economic openness in the resurgence of the devastated North Korean economy. The North Korean economy has suffered severely for several decades resulting from military build‐ups from the 1970s to the 1990s and also from focusing on nuclear bomb threats in the 2000s to 2010s. But if North Korea denuclearises and instead liberalises its economy, the benefits of economic openness could be expected to be significant. Based upon the economic benefits of openness, we suggest a proposal to unify the two Korean economies. If the two Koreas combine their economies, even maintaining their current political systems, the growth of the unified economy will be faster and stronger. In this case, the most difficult part for North Korea will be how to switch the socialist command economy to a socialist market economy. Although the political and military concerns of a worst‐case scenario are immediate barriers to its economic openness, the success story of China's economic growth should be a role model for North Korea.
Post-fire temporal trends in soil-physical and -hydraulic properties and simulated runoff generation: Insights from different burn severities in the 2013 Black Forest Fire, CO, USA.

Abstract Burn severity influences on post-fire recovery of soil-hydraulic properties controlling runoff generation are poorly understood despite the importance for parameterizing infiltration models. We measured soil-hydraulic properties of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs), sorptivity (S), and wetting front potential (ψf) for four years after the 2013 Black Forest Fire, Colorado, USA, at six sites across a gradient of initial remotely sensed burn severity using the change in the normalized burn ratio (dNBR). These measurements were correlated with soil-physical property measurements of bulk density (ρb), loss on ignition (LOI, a measure of soil organic matter), and ground cover composition to provide insight into causal factors for temporal changes in Kfs, S, and ψf. Modeled infiltration using the Smith-Parlange approach parameterized with measured Kfs, S, and ψf further discerned the role of precipitation intensity on runoff generation. Temporal trends of soil-physical properties and ground cover showed influences from initial burn severity. Trends in soil-hydraulic properties, surprisingly, were not strongly influenced by initial burn severity despite inferred effects of ρb, LOI, and ground cover on trends in Kfs and S. Calculations of dNBR at the time of sampling showed strong correlations with Kfs and S, demonstrating a new approach for estimating long-unburned Kfs and S values, infiltration model parameters after fire, and assessing the time of return to pre-fire values. Simulated infiltration-excess runoff, in contrast, did depend on initial burn severity. Time series of the ratio S2/Kfs ≈ ψf tended to converge between 1 and 10 mm four years after wildfire, potentially (i) defining a long-unburned forest domain of S2/Kfs and ψf from 1 to 10 mm with relatively high Kfs values, and (ii) providing a new post-fire soil-hydraulic property recovery metric (i.e. S2/Kfs ≈ ψf in the range of 1 to 10 mm) for sites in the Rocky Mountains of the USA.
Development of a Single, Scalable Testing Platform for Read-In Integrated Circuit LED Wafers

Infrared Scene Projectors contain a RIIC Wafer that must undergo significant testing, as it is used to drive LED arrays and is a key component of the system. This paper highlights the development of a scalable test procedure to ensure proper fabrication of the RIIC.
Legislating the Danville Connection, 1847-1862: Railroads and Regionalism versus Nationalism in the Confederate States of America

LEGISLATING THE DANVILLE CONNECTION, 1847-1862: RAILROADS AND REGIONALISM VERSUS NATIONALISM IN THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA By Philip W. Stanley, M.A. A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2014. Major Director: Dr. Kathryn Meier Associate Professor, Virginia Commonwealth University Department of History This thesis examines the effect regionalism had upon North Carolina and Virginia during the 1847-1862 legislative battles over the Danville, Virginia, to Greensboro, North Carolina, railroad connection. The first chapter examines the rivalry between eastern and western North Carolina for internal improvement legislation, namely westerners’ wish to connect with Virginia and easterners’ desire to remain economically relevant. The second chapter investigates the Tidewater region of Virginia and its battle against the Southside to create a rail connection with North Carolina. The third chapter examines the legislation for the Danville Connection during the American Civil War in the Virginia, North Carolina, and Confederate legislatures. Through an examination of voting patterns and public opinion, this thesis finds that, despite Confederate President Jefferson Davis’s designation of the Danville connection as a military necessity, regionalism overcame Confederate nationalism during this instance.
Abdominal Wall Dehiscence

When performing rounds on your patient, who 5 days ago had a laparotomy for intestinal obstruction, you find his wound dressings soaked in some clear pinkish fluid. “Change the dressings more frequently,” you mutter to the intern. A day later, during lunch, you are paged by the head nurse on the floor: “Doctor, Mr. Hirsch’s intestines are sprawled all around his bed. Please come and help!” How embarrassing.
1,3‐Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene (CAS #106-99-00) (BD) is a gaseous monomer used in large volumes in the manufacture of synthetic rubber and plastics. It is a four carbon compound with two double bonds, making it ideal for production of polymers and also for oxidation by enzymes in the body to form reactive epoxides that can bind to large molecules such as proteins and DNA. Acute exposures to high concentrations of BD can lead to irritation of the respiratory tract and to narcotic effects on the central nervous system. Animal studies on the effects of chronic exposure to lower concentrations of BD give varying results. In mice, BD is a potent multisite carcinogen and leads to atrophy of ovaries in females and testes in males, in addition to induction of a macrocytic anemia. In rats, BD is a weak carcinogen in endocrine-related organs and does not affect the reproductive organs or the hematopoietic system. Epidemiology studies indicate that work in the butadiene-styrene rubber industry is associated with an increase in leukemia (all types), but the data do not allow a separation of BD as the single causative agent. Keywords: 1,3-butadiene; monomers; rubber; plastics; carcinogens; olefins
Zebra chip-diseased potato tubers are characterized by increased levels of host phenolics, amino acids, and defense-related proteins

Little is known about specific host chemistry effects on zebra chip disease symptom development in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). This research compared chemical profiles and defense-related enzyme levels between non-symptomatic and zebra chip-symptomatic potato tubers. Levels of phenolics, five amino acids, peroxidases, polyphenol oxidases, chitinases, and β-1,3-glucanases were greater in symptomatic tubers than non-symptomatic tubers, and many of these compounds also were positively correlated with zebra chip disease severity. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ was consistently present in symptomatic tubers. However, the lack of associations between titers and tuber chemistry suggests a complicated relationship between this bacterium and zebra chip symptoms.
Computing with features as formulae

This paper extends the approach to feature structures developed in Johnson (1991a), which uses Schonfinkel-Bernays' formulae to express feature structure constraints. These are shown to be a disjunctive generalization of Datalog clauses, as used in database theory. This paper provides a fixed-point characterization of the minimal models of these formulae that serves as the theoretical foundation of a forward-chaining algorithm for determining their satisfiability. This algorithm, which generalizes the standard attribute-value unification algorithm, is also recognizable as a nondeterministic variant of the semi-naive bottom-up algorithm for evaluating Datalog programs, further strengthening the connection between the theory of feature structures and databases.
On epistemic logic and logical omniscience

We consider the logical omniscience problem of epistemic logic. We argue that the problem is due to the way in which knowledge and belief are captured in Hintikka's possible worlds semantics. We describe an alternative approach in which propositions are sets of worlds, and knowledge and belief are simply a list of propositions for each agent. The problem of the circularity in the definition is solved by giving a constructive definition of belief and knowledge worlds. We show how to incorporate notions such as reasoning and context of use in our model. We also demonstrate the power of our approach by showing how we can emulate in it other epistemic models.
Enhanced degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil treated with an advanced oxidative process — Fenton's Reagent

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are resistant to present bioremediation practices. This study was conducted to determine if pretreatment with an advanced oxidative process (Fenton's reagent; H2O2 + FeSO4) could enhance PAH degradation in soil that had previously been exposed to crude oil. PAHs were more readily degraded after incubation for 56 d when treated with H2O2 (2.8 M) plus FeSO4 (0.1 M) compared with degradation rates without the addition of Fenton's reagent during the same time period. Overall, the use of Fenton's reagent as a pretreatment promoted the mineralization of the nine spiked PAHs by an average of 87%. Degradation of native PAH parent compounds (180 to 840 μg of PAH per kilogram of soil) in the same soil incubated with Fenton's reagent for 7 d was enhanced 44 and 39% for phenanthrene and fluoranthene, respectively, but only 5 and 1% for pyrene and chrysene, respectively, when compared with no addition of Fenton's reagent. Pretreatment of the soil with a surfactant (10 m...
Transitions in Prospective Mathematics Teacher Noticing

Teacher noticing is key to student-centered instruction, but it cannot be assumed that teachers automatically know how to notice productively. This study engaged prospective mathematics teachers in targeted activities during a school-based early field experience for the purpose of helping them learn to notice mathematically important moments during a lesson. These activities included research-like analysis of unedited classroom video and group discussions of their analysis supported by a teacher educator. The data revealed several transitions in the participants’ noticing, including becoming more focused on individual students and on how teacher–student interactions affect learning, and being better able to describe the details of the mathematics of an instance. They also became less prone to make claims about groups of students, less focused on teacher explanations, and more attentive to issues directly related to student understanding. These shifts are discussed, along with initial conjectures about what facilitated them and directions for future research.
Electrocrystallization of NbO and hollow NbO2 needles from molten salts

Rectangular hollow needles of NbO2 and continuous coatings of large crystallite NbO were obtained by electrodeposition from molten fluorides containing significant amounts of oxide contamination.
The emerging role of IL-15 in NK-cell development

Abstract Natural killer (NK) and T cells appear to have a common progenitor cell. Interleukin 15 (IL-15) plays an important role in directing such progenitors to commit to NK-cell differentiation. Several other cytokines such as Flt-3 ligand and IL-7 appear to modulate or enhance the effects of IL-15.
Confession-building, long-distance networks, and the organization of Jesuit science.

The ability of the Society of Jesus to engage in a broad and enduring tradition of scientific activity is here addressed in terms of its programmatic commitment to the consolidation and extension of the Catholic confession (i.e., to a multi-pronged program of confession-building) and its mastery of the administrative apparatus necessary to operate long-distance networks. The Society's early move into two major apostolates, one in education and the other in the overseas missions, brought Jesuits into regular contact with the educated elites of Europe and at the same time placed the Society's missionaries in remote parts of the natural world. The modes of organization of travel and communication required by the Society's long-distance networks (i.e., the training and deployment of reliable agents willing to work under direction in remote locations and capable of providing trustworthy reports and observations to their superiors through regular exchange of correspondence) not only facilitated scientific communication and collaboration within the order, it also provided Jesuits with the resources they needed to engage successfully in 'ministries among the learned'. Evidence of a sustained attempt by Jesuit authors to assume the role of Kulturtrager is found in the several genres of scientific publications that dominate the Society's scientific corpus. Thus the Society's early recognition of the "apostolic value" of scientific publications in recruiting friends and allies among Europe's intellectual elites, I argue, allowed a robust interest in natural knowledge to emerge as a legitimate part of the Jesuit vocation.
Metrical/syllabic factors in English allophony: Dark /l/

This paper presents a single-subject case study illustrating the need to closely examine effects of dialect from syllable position on l-colouring, and the effects of domain-initial strengthening in General American English. Most investigators report lighter /l/ tokens in syllable onsets and darker tokens in coda positions in isolated words. The present study demonstrates an enhanced darkened onset /l/ in front vowel prosodic word (PW) boundaries, but lighter codas at PW-internal boundaries. We address the importance for clinicians of recognizing the impact of prosody on restructuring syntactic boundaries and its consequent effects on /l/ articulation.
Multipulses of Nonlinearly Coupled Schrödinger Equations

Abstract The capacity of coupled nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations to support multipulse solutions (multibump solitary-waves) is investigated. A detailed analysis is undertaken for a system of quadratically coupled equations that describe the phenomena of second harmonic generation and parametric wave interaction in non-centrosymmetric optical materials. Utilising the framework of homoclinic bifurcation theory, and employing a Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction method developed by Hale, Lin, and Sandstede, a novel mechanism for the generation of multipulses is identified, which arises from a resonant semi-simple eigenvalue configuration of the linearised steady-state equations. Conditions for the existence of multipulses, as well as a description of their geometry, are derived from the analysis.
Probing the folded state and mechanical unfolding pathways of T4 lysozyme using all-atom and coarse-grained molecular simulation

The Bacteriophage T4 Lysozyme (T4L) is a prototype modular protein comprised of an N-terminal and a C-domain domain, which was extensively studied to understand the folding/unfolding mechanism of modular proteins. To offer detailed structural and dynamic insights to the folded-state stability and the mechanical unfolding behaviors of T4L, we have performed extensive equilibrium and steered molecular dynamics simulations of both the wild-type (WT) and a circular permutation (CP) variant of T4L using all-atom and coarse-grained force fields. Our all-atom and coarse-grained simulations of the folded state have consistently found greater stability of the C-domain than the N-domain in isolation, which is in agreement with past thermostatic studies of T4L. While the all-atom simulation cannot fully explain the mechanical unfolding behaviors of the WT and the CP variant observed in an optical tweezers study, the coarse-grained simulations based on the Go model or a modified elastic network model (mENM) are in qualitative agreement with the experimental finding of greater unfolding cooperativity in the WT than the CP variant. Interestingly, the two coarse-grained models predict different structural mechanisms for the observed change in cooperativity between the WT and the CP variant—while the Go model predicts minor modification of the unfolding pathways by circular permutation (i.e., preserving the general order that the N-domain unfolds before the C-domain), the mENM predicts a dramatic change in unfolding pathways (e.g., different order of N/C-domain unfolding in the WT and the CP variant). Based on our simulations, we have analyzed the limitations of and the key differences between these models and offered testable predictions for future experiments to resolve the structural mechanism for cooperative folding/unfolding of T4L.
Effect of Surround WP on Behavior and Mortality of Apple Maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a key pest in apple (Malus spp.) production areas located in the northeastern and midwestern United States and the eastern provinces of Canada. The development of Surround WP has offered a new approach for controlling apple maggot and other tephritid species, because this material is considered to be compatible with advanced integrated pest management and organic production systems. We conducted studies aimed at identifying the behavioral and biological effects of this material on apple maggots. Specifically, we examined the effect of Surround WP on the visual ecology of adult flies under field conditions, on tactile responses of flies in semifield trials, and on fly mortality in laboratory-based-bioassays. We demonstrated that an even coating of white particles over a fruit-mimicking sphere surface reduced visual attractiveness. We also found that spotty-coated fruit-mimicking spheres (meant to mimic ripe fruit bearing an uneven coating of Surround WP) were perceived by flies as not having the ideal round silhouette shape stimulus. Surround WP served as a tactile deterrent; the residence time of females introduced on to treated fruit was much shorter compared with untreated fruit. Surround WP also had a toxic effect on both adult apple maggot and Rhagoletis suavis (Loew); flies exposed to and forced to stand on Surround-treated surfaces died in <2 d in all trials. The combined effectiveness of Surround WP is based on a reduction in the attractiveness of fruit-based visual cues, an increase in the likelihood of flies leaving treated surfaces due to tactile deterrence, and a potential for increased mortality due to exposure to Surround WP particles.
PC program for obtaining orthogonal polynomial regression coefficients for use in longitudinal data analysis

Much of' longitudinal data analysis begins with dimensionality reduction, i.e., the replacement of the T observations xl, x2, . . . , xT on an individual taken at times t,, t,, . . . , t, (not necessarily equally spaced) by a smaller number, P, of parameters which are then used to describe and compare growth processes. We focus on the class of polynomial growth curve models for one-sample data matrices in which the P regression coefficients are estimated by an equation of the form i = (W'W) 'W'x and consider the choice of the design matrix W. The case in favor of using orthogonal polynomials to comprise the elements of W and provide a PC program, written in GAUSS, for obtaining them is presented. This program can be used instead of existing tables of orthogonal polynomials in the case of equally spaced time points, and to avoid laborious hand-computation to obtain them when the time points are not equally spaced. The program also computes the correspond- ing orthogonal polynomial regression coefficients & = (@'@-'@'x, where @ con- sists of orthogonal polynomials, which may then be input into other programs for subsequent analysis, e.g., to compare the growth profiles of several groups of individuals. Examples of the use of the program are given. Information on obtaining a copy of the program is provided in Appendix A. $: 1992 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
Critical Reflections on the Body and Related Sociocultural Discourses at the Midlife Transition: An Interpretive Study of Women's Experiences

The present study explored how European American women in midlife transition think about their changing bodies and related sociocultural discourses. The work was informed by theory that illuminates a process in which middle-aged individuals critically evaluate the meaning structures used to make sense of the world and self and transform these schemes for personal relevance. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 women transitioning into their middle-aged years. Data were analyzed using constant comparison processes. Analyses revealed two major ideological adjustments in participants' thinking, including (a) the shift from an emphasis upon external to internal aspects of the self and (b) the questioning of dominant social discourses about the female body. Although these ideological shifts seemingly contributed to participants' acceptance of their bodies at midlife, participants also expressed ambivalence about their appearances and related social discourses.
Homovanillic acid transport by the spinal cord.

Spinal subarachnoid perfusions of rhesus monkeys were performed to study spinal transport of homovanillic acid in control and probenecid-treated animals. Homovanillic acid enters capillaries within spinal tissue throughout the spinal cord. The mean capillary exchange half-time for homovanillic acid was 19.2 ± 2.8 minutes; probenecid did not affect this value significantly. Despite its polar nature, homovanillic acid crosses cell boundaries easily and equilibrates in a distribution volume (55 percent) approaching the total water space. The spinal cord clears homovanillic acid from 21 ± 4 μl per minute of cerebrospinal fluid. The rate of clearance after probenecid administration was not significantly different. The apparent diffusion coefficient in tissue of homovanillic acid approximated the diffusion coefficient in water (8.0 ± 10- −6 cm 2 per second). The data show that homovanillic acid is transported by capillaries throughout spinal tissue by a mechanism largely insensitive to inhibition by probenecid. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of homovanillic acid even after probenecid administration therefore reflect only part of the total dopamine metabolism.
Scalable identification of threshold logic functions

This paper presents a scalable method to determine that a Boolean function is a threshold logic function. When the number of inputs of the function increases, identifying a threshold logic function is a laborious task. It is shown experimentally that the proposed method is faster and identifies more threshold logic functions with weight assignment than any other existing method.
Macrolide biosynthesis: stereochemistry of the hydroxylation of brefeldin C.

Brefeldin C (2) is the penultimate intermediate in the biosynthetic pathway to brefeldin A (1). Using stereospecifically 2H-labeled forms of 2, the hydroxylation of 2 to 1 is shown to involve stereospecific remova1 of the 7 pro-S hydrogen from 2.
The judgement policies of negotiators and the structure of negotiation problems

The structure of negotiation problems refers to characteristics of their feasible settlement spaces and efficient frontiers. These characteristics are determined by the joint distribution of negotiators' utilities across possible settlements. Variations in negotiators' judgment policies i.e., how they judge the utility of potential settlements may result in distinctly different negotiation problem structures. Depending on the structure of the negotiation problem, settlements that are efficient, maximize joint utility, and minimize inequality are sometimes possible, sometimes not. When such settlements are possible, different strategies may be necessary, to reach them. They sometimes can be reached only by a "compromise" strategy in which the disputants split their differences on each issue, sometimes only by a "horsetrading" strategy involving trade-offs among extreme values on issues, sometimes by either, and sometimes by neither strategy. Settlements on the efficient frontier that yield equal utility to both negotiators will sometimes leave both relatively well satisfied, sometimes not. When equal-valued settlements yield low levels of utility, negotiators are likely to feel dissatisfied and may presume that the other negotiator must be comparatively better satisfied. Even seemingly simple negotiation problems often pose a high degree of cognitive complexity. In the face of uncertainty about the nature of the problem structure, negotiators may resort to simple bargaining tactics e.g., incrementally offering concessions on the issue for which the marginal rate of loss of utility is least. For many commonly encountered problem structures, such tactics lead toward satisfactory settlements, but not always. Analyses of the judgment policies of negotiators and resultant negotiation problem structures will contribute to better understanding of negotiation processes and help to inform the design of negotiation support systems.
Trajectory tracking control for industrial robots

Abstract Trajectory tracking control is used to effect desired trajectories of a device. In order to more precisely track specified trajectories, or be able to follow more general trajectories, many tracking control algorithms have been proposed. A representative cross-section of these schemes, and their implementations are discussed. A flexible robotic tracking control testbed has been developed which allows implementation of the various schemes.
Measures of technical change and structural change in services in the usa: Was there a resurgence of productivity growth in services?

Traditional measures of productivity growth show very low gains made by most service industries since 1980s in the USA. However, other indices of ‘technological activity’, such as computerization, education, and occupational change, show that service industries were more technologically active than goods producers over this period. I first distinguish among three types of services: standardized like communications, customized like recreation, and hybrid like retailing. Using output, employment, and capital stock data for 43 industries over 1960–2000, I find that in terms of productivity standardized services behave like goods producers, customized services have had virtually zero productivity growth, and hybrid services fall in between. These results show up in historical data as well as in econometric analysis.
The role of interference competition in a sustained population outbreak of the aspen leaf miner in Alaska

Abstract Direct density-dependence through intraspecific competition may be an important mechanism permitting sustained herbivore outbreaks. In theory, interference competition could allow a relatively stable number of herbivore individuals to survive while moderating host plant damage. This research examined the potential role of intraspecific competition in permitting a decade-long outbreak of the aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella, on Populus tremuloides in interior Alaska. A combination of observational and experimental studies examined larval food requirements, food resources, and the impacts of P. populiella larval density on survival, mass, and leaf mining damage. These results were then compared to those from nine years of survey data examining the density of eggs and pupal chambers, as well as leaf mining damage. The number of P. populiella eggs per leaf surface often exceeded the number that could be supported through larval development. Consistent with the expectations of interference competition, the probability of larval survival displayed a decelerating decline with increasing density. Pupal mass of surviving individuals was not related to larval density suggesting little impact of exploitative competition. Mean percent of leaf area mined saturated between 65 and 75%. Taken together these results suggest that strong interference competition largely precludes exploitative competition in P. populiella larvae thereby allowing some individuals to survive and attain normal pupal size even when densities far surpass the carrying capacity of the resource. Interference competition also limits host plant damage thereby contributing to the preservation of a healthy resource base. By constraining both larval survival and host plant damage, interference competition may foster the maintenance of sustained outbreaks of P. populiella.
PVN pathways controlling energy homeostasis

Research into the control of energy balance has tended to focus on discrete brain regions, such as the brainstem, medulla, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and neocortex. Recently, a larger picture has begun to emerge in which the coordinated communication between these areas is proving to be critical to appropriate regulation of metabolism. By serving as a center for such communication, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) is perhaps the most important brain nucleus regulating the physiological response to energetic challenges. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the circuitry and function of the PVH.
Cholesterol Sensitivity of KIR2.1 Is Controlled by a Belt of Residues around the Cytosolic Pore

Kir channels play an important role in setting the resting membrane potential and modulating membrane excitability. A common feature of several Kir channels is that they are regulated by cholesterol. Yet, the mechanism by which cholesterol affects channel function is unclear. We recently showed that the cholesterol sensitivity of Kir2 channels depends on several CD-loop residues. Here we show that this cytosolic loop is part of a regulatory site that also includes residues in the G-loop, the N-terminus, and the connecting segment between the C-terminus and the inner transmembrane helix. Together, these residues form a cytosolic belt that surrounds the pore of the channel close to its interface with the transmembrane domain, and modulate the cholesterol sensitivity of the channel. Furthermore, we show that residues in this cluster are correlated with residues located in the most flexible region of the G-loop, the major cytosolic gate of Kir2.1, implying that the importance of these residues extends beyond their effect on the channel's cholesterol sensitivity. We suggest that the residues of the cholesterol sensitivity belt are critical for channel gating.