cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of denervation location on fiber type mix in self-reinnervated mouse soleus muscles.

Mouse soleus muscles were denervated by crushing the soleus nerve where it enters the muscle to determine if denervation followed by self-reinnervation can permanently alter the mix of fiber types in a muscle. Reinnervated and contralateral control muscles were sectioned at 2 and 7 months postdenervation and histochemically stained for myosin ATPase to determine the percentages of fast and slow twitch fibers in the muscles. It was found that, at both 2 and 7 months postdenervation, reinnervated muscles had a significantly higher percentage of slow twitch fibers than did contralateral control muscles (86.7 versus 67.8% at 2 months and 90.0 versus 69.3% at 7 months). Soleus muscles were also denervated by crushing the soleus nerve where it exits the gastrocnemius muscle (approximately 4 mm proximal to where the nerve enters the soleus muscle) to ascertain if the location of the nerve lesion plays a role in the ultimate outcome of the process of self-reinnervation. Reinnervated muscles and their contralateral muscles were sectioned at 2 months postdenervation and histochemically stained for myosin ATPase as before. It was found that, in contrast to muscles denervated at the point of nerve entry, muscles denervated 4 mm more proximal exhibited only a small increase in their percentage of slow twitch fibers which was not statistically significant (71.4 versus 68.4%). These results suggest that denervation followed by self-reinnervation can cause a permanent change in a muscle's fiber type mix and that the location of the nerve lesion strongly influences the final outcome of the reinnervation process.
DIFFERENTIAL CONTRACTILE RESPONSE OF MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY(MCA) TO HYPOTHERMIA DURING PERINATAL DEVELOPMENT. • 467

Hypothermia is a major determinant of cerebrovascular resistance in infants during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass(HCPB). We recently reported a protein tyrosine kinase(PTK)-dependent pathway as a basis for cold-induced contraction (CIC) in newborn lamb MCA. Since cerebrovascular reactivity changes markedly during development, we examined, using tissue bath technique, CIC (bath temperature=21°C) of MCAs isolated from fetal sheep[fMCA]( 100%KCl). Since fMCAs contract more vigorously to norepinephrine than nMCA, the diminished CIC of fMCA is not due to the inability of fMCA to respond to contractile stimuli. The data suggest that factors regulating CIC of MCA during are age-dependent. We speculate that this may involve expression of PTK and/or PTP-associated pathways and may be relevant during HCPB procedures in very young infants and associated neurological sequelae.{Supported by American Heart Association national council, #95009270}
Altered regulation of protein synthesis during aging as determined by in vitro ribosomal assays.

The protein synthetic activity of mouse muscle was measured by a standard in vitro assay containing ribosomes, 4,5-3H-leucyl-tRNA, transfer enzymes, and an energy source. This activity, as determined by the ability of ribosomes from muscle of C57 B1/6J male mice to incorporate labeled amino acid into acid insoluble material (protein), decreases during aging when adult (8–11 month) or “middle aged” animals (18–19 month) are compared with old mice (25–30 month). The decrease does not occur in a linear manner, but rather with an apparent maximum protein synthetic activity at “middle age”. The activity of ribosomes from skeletal muscle of adult and old animals was increased when muscle from adult and old animals was combined before isolation of the ribosomes and also when muscle from one age group and the cell sap from the other were mixed. Thus, it appears that regulation of the protein synthetic activity of tissues during the aging process is important in understanding any quantitative changes that occur.
Etching characteristics of AlxGa1−xAs in (NH4)2Sx solutions

The etching of GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs have been characterized in (NH4)2Sx solution with various excess sulfur concentrations and for temperatures ranging from 20 to 60 °C. The etch rate varies with the concentration of excess sulfur and is highest at 60 °C using a 4% excess sulfur solution. The etch rate of AlxGa1−xAs increases exponentially with increasing Al mole fraction. Activation energies of 19.8 and 15.9 kcal/mole are obtained for GaAs and Al0.3Ga0.7As in 4% (NH4)2Sx, respectively. These high values and the linear time dependence of etch rates signify that the etching process of AlxGa1−xAs in (NH4)2Sx solutions is predominantly reaction‐rate limited. Possible chemical processes involved in the etching and the formation of a passivating sulfur layer are discussed.
Fluorescence-lifetime measurements in monodispersed suspensions of polystyrene particles: comment

The results and conclusions of the paper by Tong . [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. B10, 356 ( 1993)] are reexamined and discussed in the context of other measurements on similar systems. In particular, the role of photon diffusion in measurements of radiative rates with emitted photon detection schemes is addressed.
Single‐molecule immunoassay and DNA diagnosis

Many assays relevant to disease diagnosis are based on electrophoresis, where the migration velocity is used for distinguishing molecules of different size or charge. However, standard gel electrophoresis is not only slow but also insensitive. We describe a single-molecule imaging procedure to measure the electrophoretic mobilities of up to 100000 distinct molecules every second. The results correlate well with capillary electrophoresis (CE) experiments and afford confident discrimination between normal (16.5 kbp) and abnormal (6.1 kbp) mitochondrial DNA fragments, or beta-phycoerythrin-labeled digoxigenin (BP-D) and its immunocomplex (anti-D-BP-D). This demonstrates that virtually all electrophoresis diagnostic protocols from slab gels to CE should be adaptable to single-molecule detection. This opens up the prossibility of screening single copies of DNA or proteins within single biological cells for disease markers without performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other biological amplification.
Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Large Molecules in Plumes Generated by Laser Desorption

To understand the laser desorption process for large molecules, one needs information about the neutral species that are formed. For absorbing dye molecules, this can be accomplished by imaging the plume over its lifetime of a few milliseconds with a probe laser. Using this novel technique, we have investigated the dependence of the formation of neutral gas-phase dye molecules on vaporization laser power. It is clear that destruction of the chromophore (fragmentation) occurs even at low vaporization powers.
The interrelatedness of global equity markets, money markets, and foreign exchange markets

Abstract This article investigates different aspects of global financial markets, specifically relationships among equity markets, money markets, and foreign exchange markets across countries. To represent the three major financial markets of the world, Japan is the proxy for Asia, Germany is the proxy for Europe, and the United States is the proxy for North America. Strong evidence exists that international money markets and international equity markets are becoming increasingly integrated over time. This article incorporates foreign exchange values as partial determinants of equity returns and money market returns and investigates the interactions among these three asset markets from a global perspective.
The Homeless Need More than Just a Pillow, They Need a Pillar: An Evaluation of a Transitional Housing Program:

Current programs serving the homeless population use the systems approach, focusing on the person-in-the situation. These programs, which are known as transitional housing programs, seek to empower individuals through comprehensive services, such as education, job development, leadership skills, resources, and referrals. This study evaluated the comprehensive services offered at a transitional housing program through the eyes of former residents. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 10 successful participants of the program. Analysis of the interview data suggested that the formal and informal services offered at Estival Place empowered the participants by offering life skills classes, resources and referrals, and counseling. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Consistent Updates for Packet Classifiers

We present a methodology for constructing a consistent sequence of updates to be applied incrementally to packet classifiers when the updates arrive in a cluster, where consistency is with respect to the next hop/action returned from a packet forwarding table/classifier during lookup. The sequence of updates, built using our strategy, is free from redundancies in update operations and produces a near minimal increase in table size. We prove the existence of a consistent update sequence for any given rule table and a cluster of updates. Our experiments validate our methodology and demonstrate a minimal increase in intermediate table size as a cluster of updates is applied.
Complement Association with Neurons and β-Amyloid Deposition in the Brains of Aged Individuals with Down Syndrome

To study the link between beta-amyloid (Abeta) and neuroinflammation, we examined the levels of complement as a function of age and extent of Abeta deposition in Down Syndrome (DS) brain. C1q, the first component of the complement cascade, was visualized using immunohistochemistry in the frontal, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus of 12 DS ranging from 31 to 69 years of age. C1q was consistently associated with thioflavine-S positive Abeta plaques in DS brain and increased with more extensive age-dependent Abeta deposition. In contrast, little or no C1q labeling was associated with diffuse or thioflavine-S negative Abeta deposits. Neurons in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, but less frequently in frontal cortex, were C1q positive in DS cases with sufficient neuropathology to have a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. C1q-positive neurons were associated with activated microglia. These results provide evidence for Abeta-mediated inflammatory factors contributing to the rapid accumulation of neuropathology in DS brain.
Interactive performance display and debugging using the NCUBE real-time graphicssystem

The NCUBE Real-Time Graphics System is an option for NCUBE/7 and NCUBE/1O hypercube systems. It is a parallel graphics interface that is able to display up to 30 frames per second of hypercube output. Systems such as this are potentially well suited to real time display of output from parallel programs. This paper discusses the issues of real time display for performance monitors on MIMD computers that have a high bandwidth graphics interface such as the one mentioned above. Several monitors for an asynchronous parallel
Inhibition of a Physiologic Pacing System Due to its Anti‐Pacemaker‐Mediated Tachycardia Mode

Newer programmable DDD pacemakers prevent pacemaker-medialed tachycardia by automatic extension of the atrial refractory period after a detected premature ventricular contraction. We present an example in which the automatic extension of the atrial refractory period resulted in pacemaker inhibition, which should not automatically be assumed to represent pacemaker malfunction. A careful understanding of pacemaker timing intervals may allow for identification and correction of this problem.
Functional and structural alterations of the rat kidney induced by the naturally occurring organonitrile 2S-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutane.

Abstract The organonitriles, 2S-1-Cyano-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutane (erythro and threo) (CHEB), isolated from the seed of Crambe abyssinica were administered by gavage to male Fischer-344 rats. Rats given 50 mg/kg/day were killed at 24, 28, and 72 hr. The rats given 100 mg/kg/day were killed at 48 and 72 hr. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine were increased by 48 hr and further elevated by 72 hr. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the 50 mg/kg CHEB rats was elevated at 24 hr but fell to subnormal values by 72 hr. The GFR of the 100-mg/kg group was decreased at 48 and 72 hr. Urine output of the 50-mg/kg group increased continuously through 72 hr, while urine output of the 100-mg/kg group was increased to a lesser degree. Urinary N-acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase (NAG) activity (nmol/hr/mg creatinine) was significantly elevated in both groups by 48 hr, and further increased by 72 hr. Twenty-four hours after administration of 50 mg/kg, renal proximal tubular epithelial cells of some rats had fine cytoplasmic vacuolation. At 48 and 72 hr, necrosis and coarse vacuolation of proximal tubular epithelial cells occurred in both dose groups. The necrosis was most severe at the apexes of the medullary rays and the coarse vacuolation extended deeply toward the outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla. Higher doses and/or longer times of CHEB administration resulted in a more extensive lesion distribution. It is concluded that CHEB induces nephrotoxicity in rats characterized by nonoliguric, acute renal failure, and morphological lesions preferentially involving the pars recta of the proximal tubules.
Anterior tooth reductions inRamapithecus

A metric study comparing the maxillary dentition ofRamapithecus to modern hominoids is undertaken. From such a study, one can determine whether the criterion of relative anterior tooth reduction is significant enough to support the placement ofRamapithecus in the hominid line of evolution. As it turns out, the anterior dental reduction is not significant and thus this particular criterion cannot be used for this purpose.
A Kinetic and Mass Transfer Model for Glycerol Hydrogenolysis in a Trickle-Bed Reactor

A detailed model of glycerol hydrogenolysis in a trickle-bed reactor is presented that includes a mechanistically based kinetic rate expression, energy transport, mass transport across the gas−liquid and liquid−solid interfaces, intraparticle catalyst mass transfer, and partial wetting of the bed. Optimal kinetic parameters for the glycerol hydrogenolysis rate expression were determined via nonlinear regression analysis on the basis of experiments conducted in a laboratory-scale trickle-bed reactor over a broad range of operating conditions. Model predictions agree well with experimental data and accurately predict trends in reactor performance with liquid flow rate, temperature, hydrogen pressure, and base promoter concentration. The model is thus a useful tool for predicting laboratory reactor performance and for design of commercial-scale trickle-bed systems.
Social Darwinism and constitutional law with special reference to Lochner v. New York

Summary American historians have generally accepted Richard Hofstadter's thesis that the scientism of Social Darwinism, or more appropriately, Spencerianism, dominated American thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, and nowhere more enthusiastically or more purposively than within the conservative business community, which used Herbert Spencer's scientism to justify corporate business practices and to rewrite American Constitutional law to protect property interests against governmental regulations. Following Sharlin's general exposition of Herbert Spencer's scientism, this paper examines in detail the validity of the Hofstadter thesis as applied to the notorious Lochner v. New York Supreme Court opinion of 1905. The conclusions drawn from this analysis are offered as a repudiation of the generally accepted belief that it was the conservative activists on the Court who were guilty of Spencerian scientism. On the contrary, the argument is presented that it was Justice Holmes and the li...
Optical observation of thermohydrodynamic flow in thin layers of superfluid 4He with a free surface.

An optical method of studying thermal counterflow in thin layers of superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ on a horizontal substrate is described. Solutions of the thermohydrodynamic equations give the slope of the liquid surface, the velocity fields, and the temperature gradients as a function of the heat current. The calculated surface slope as a function of heat current agrees with experimental observations below the critical heat current. Above the critical heat current there is evidence for a frictional force between the superfluid and the roughened substrate. At high heat currents turbulence and macroscopic vortices are observed and evidence for heat transfer through the vapor is found.
Mechanical and Electromechanical Properties of Vinylidene Fluoride Terpolymers

Electromechanical, mechanical, and volumetric measurements on vinylidene fluoride terpolymers with trifluoroethylene and trichlorofluoroethylene are reported. One purpose of the investigation was to assess the contribution of an electric field-induced crystal phase transformation to the large electrostrictive coefficient (43 nm2 V-2 at 1 Hz, parallel to the field). Such a crystal transformation is evidenced by the change in the Curie transition enthalpy after application of an electric field. Using the volume change at the Curie transition, along with X-ray diffraction data, we quantify the amount of the ferroelectric and paraelectric crystalline forms. From this, we conclude that, for electric fields up to 10 MV/m, the strain resulting from the field-induced crystal phase change is too small to account for the large electrostriction observed in the terpolymer. The transition from the α to the β-crystalline form is also induced by hydrostatic pressure, with the β-crystals formed at elevated pressures stab...
Protein tyrosine phosphatases: a diverse family of intracellular and transmembrane enzymes

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) represent a diverse family of enzymes that exist as integral membrane and nonreceptor forms. The PTPs, with specific activities in vitro 10 to 1000 times greater than those of the protein tyrosine kinases would be expected to effectively control the amount of phosphotyrosine in the cell. They dephosphorylate tyrosyl residues in vivo and take part in signal transduction and cell cycle regulation. Most of the transmembrane forms, such as the leukocyte common antigen (CD45), contain two conserved intracellular catalytic domains; but their external segments are highly variable. The structural features of the transmembrane forms suggest that these receptor-linked PTPs are capable of transducing external signals; however, the ligands remain unidentified. A hypothesis is proposed explaining how phosphatases might act synergistically with the kinases to elicit a full physiological response, without regard to the state of phosphorylation of the target proteins.
Quantum feedback with weak measurements

The problem of feedback control of quantum systems by means of weak measurements is investigated in detail. When weak measurements are made on a set of identical quantum systems, the single-system density matrix can be determined to a high degree of accuracy while affecting each system only slightly. If this information is fed back into the systems by coherent operations, the single-system density matrix can be made to undergo an arbitrary nonlinear dynamics, including, for example, a dynamics governed by a nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation. We investigate the implications of such nonlinear quantum dynamics for various problems in quantum control and quantum information theory. The nonlinear dynamics induced by weak quantum feedback could be used to create a novel form of quantum chaos in which the time evolution of the single-system wave function depends sensitively on initial conditions.
Purification of a DNA nicking-closing enzyme from mouse L cells

A DNA nicking-closing enzyme has been purified from the nuclei of mouse L cells to 90% homogeneity. The denatured and reduced form of the enzyme has a molecular weight of 68,000 which is in agreement with the molecular weight of the native enzyme as determined by gel filtration and by sucrose sedimentation velocity assuming the protein is globular. Therefore, the active form of the enzyme is a monopolypeptide. Its isoelectric point is pH 4.2 +/- 0.2. The nicking-closing activity does not require a cofactor and does not involve any sulfhydryl group. The enzyme requires 0.2 M NaCl and pH in the range of 6.5-7.5 for optimal activity.
Natoinal bureau of standards noise comparator

This paper is concerned with the measurements of the power spectrum of fluorescent tubes in the frequency range between 6-10 kmc. It has two main purposes: to discuss the experimental set-up used for calibrating fluorescent tubes to be used as secondary noise standards; and to study experimentally the law of available noise power of a discharge tube.
Sensory-specific associations in flavor-preference reversal learning

In two experiments, we examined the effect of reversal learning on the status of initially learned associations. In Experiment 1, thirsty rats were first taught to associate one flavor with sucrose and another flavor with Polycose. These relations were then reversed in a subsequent phase. One of the nutrients was then devalued by being paired with lithium chloride. The results of a two-bottle flavor-choice test revealed that the most recently learned associations governed performance. In Experiment 2, we aimed to discern whether the initially learned associations in Experiment 1 were weakened or masked by reversal learning. In order to address this question, either a 1-day (Group Immediate) or a 21-day (Group Delayed) retention interval was interpolated between the reversal and devaluation phases. Subsequent flavor-choice tests revealed that Group Immediate avoided the flavor most recently associated with the devalued nutrient but that Group Delayed avoided the flavor that was initially associated with the devalued nutrient. These findings suggest that the second-learned associations do not erase, but transiently mask, the first-learned associations, which subsequently recover over a retention interval. These results suggest a parallel in the mechanisms of extinction and reversal learning.
Studies toward welwitindolinones: formal syntheses of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate and related natural products.

The formal syntheses of N-methylwelwitindolinone C isothiocyanate (4) and several other welwitindolinones 5–8 were achieved by the independent synthesis of 79. The synthesis featured a Lewis acid-mediated coupling between a heteroaryl carbinol and bis-TMS enol ether, an intramolecular enolate arylation, and an unprecedented intramolecular allylic alkylation of a γ-acyloxyenone.
Nitric oxide stimulates the phosphorylation of rap1b in human platelets and acts synergistically with iloprost.

Abstract Phosphorylation of rap1b in human platelets correlates with both an upward shift of the protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and the translocation of the phosphorylated protein to the cytosolic fraction of platelets. We reported that this phenomenon occurs in platelets in response to agents that stimulate adenylate cyclase and thereby activate the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. We now have evidence that phosphorylation of rap1b in platelets is also induced by nitric oxide generating compounds through stimulation of guanylate cyclase and activation of the cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase. We observed time-dependent phosphorylation of rap1b and dose-dependent inhibition of collagen-stimulated aggregation in washed platelets incubated with S-nitroso serum albumin. In the presence of a combination of iloprost and 3-morpholino-sydnonimine, when both PKA and PKG are activated, phosphorylation of rap1b increased synergistically to a level three times higher than the sum of their individual actions.
The effects of virtual reality, augmented reality, and motion parallax on egocentric depth perception

As the use of virtual and augmented reality applications becomes more common, the need to fully understand how observers perceive spatial relationships grows more critical. One of the key requirements in engineering a practical virtual or augmented reality system is accurately conveying depth and layout. This requirement has frequently been assessed by measuring judgments of egocentric depth. These assessments have shown that observers in virtual reality (VR) perceive virtual space as compressed relative to the real-world, resulting in systematic underestimations of egocentric depth. Previous work has indicated that similar effects may be present in augmented reality (AR) as well.This paper reports an experiment that directly measured egocentric depth perception in both VR and AR conditions; it is believed to be the first experiment to directly compare these conditions in the same experimental framework. In addition to VR and AR, two control conditions were studied: viewing real-world objects, and viewing real-world objects through a head-mounted display. Finally, the presence and absence of motion parallax was crossed with all conditions. Like many previous studies, this one found that depth perception was underestimated in VR, although the magnitude of the effect was surprisingly low. The most interesting finding was that no underestimation was observed in AR.
Weak gauge bosons above or straddling the standard-model masses in an SU(2)×U(1)×SU(2)′ gauge model

We present a natural SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2)\ensuremath{'} gauge model with low-energy predictions identical to those of the standard model, but which allows all gauge-boson masses to be above or straddling their standard values. We discuss the Higgs structure and its relationship to the naturalness of the model. Current measurements of the ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ cross section set upper limits on the lightest $W$ and $Z$ masses of 89 and 116 GeV, respectively; from data on ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{hadrons}$, the corresponding limits ${M}_{{W}_{1}}l87$ and ${M}_{{Z}_{1}}l108$ GeV are deduced. Some high-energy predictions for the model are explored. The model is extended to $\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{SU}{(2)}^{N}$ with all possible SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) Higgs doublets and SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}SU(2) Higgs quartets.
On deep history and pyschotropy.

Four field anthropology, often considered as a lesser form of anthropology done in backwater departments, is in fact a serious endeavor in its own right. It requires one to let down the narrow boundaries of one’s sub-disciplinary assumptions and see the forest of the human species through the trees of different epoch, areas, geographies, cultures, social structures, and political regimes. It takes certain mixture of naivety, and ambition to attempt such an undertaking. Or more likely, someone outside the field. If you want to see what such a four field anthropology might look like, you can find it in Daniel Smail’s Deep History and the Brain. Smail, dissatisfied with the traditional perspective of the historian, which he finds increasingly narrow and time bound, attempts to find a principle by which he can survey all of human history, from the origin of the species to the origin of civilization to the origins of our own modern age. What factor, you ask, could possibly unite the cultural change apparent over such depths of time, not to mention the cultural diversity evident in different parts of the world? If you have been reading our species’ self-generating press clippings, it is our large brain. The brain that is the seat of the intelligence that has created the technology that changes our physical environment and generates the social structures that accommodate us to those new environments. In other words, our brain is the one thing that remains the one apparently identifiable biological factor common to all of the tremendous variety of ways in which we human live. Not surprising then that Smail would look to the brain to find a new explanatory principle by which to write history. And in the process stumbles upon what has been considered the purview of four field anthropology. Smail contrasts his focus on the brain with the old ways of writing history, including a focus on documents and the belief that human history did not begin until civilization. The former point may be novel for historians in practicing their craft, (though surely some have accepted oral
The moment of inertia of large systems at finite temperature

It is shown, at least for fermion systems, that the moment of inertia of a normal system tends to the classical rigid value as the volume of the system becomes large. A normal system is one for which a long wave length excitation always has low energy, in contrast to the superfluid, for which there is an energy gap. This result is true only at finite temperature.
Evaluating adverse events after vaccination in the Medicare population.

Purpose Post-licensure observational studies using large linked databases can provide important data about whether adverse events are associated with vaccines, but databases that have been used may not have sufficient statistical power to examine rare events, and may underrepresent the elderly. We assessed the utility of Medicare data for evaluating adverse events after influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, by using an example involving selected clinical conditions, and evaluating aspects of data quality relevant to vaccine safety analyses. Methods We used 2001 data from the National Claims History File and Enrollment Database to determine if hospitalization for urinary tract infection (not likely associated with vaccination) or for cellulitis and abscess of the upper arm and forearm is associated with vaccination. Results For influenza vaccine, the 7-day period after vaccination did not demonstrate an elevation in hospitalization with cellulitis and abscess of the upper arm and forearm; for pneumococcal vaccine, a clear peak was evident. No increase in urinary tract infection was found after either influenza or pneumococcal vaccine. Having a prior Medicare claim for pneumococcal vaccine within 5 years was a risk factor for hospitalization with cellulitis and abscess of the upper arm and forearm (relative risk, 2.6; 95% confidence limits (CL), 1.3, 5.0). Conclusions Medicare data are a useful source for evaluating adverse events after vaccination. Screening analyses can be performed using administrative data, but medical record review to validate diagnoses will often be needed for rigorous study of vaccine-adverse event associations. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demonstration of a high output power 1533nm optical parametric oscillator pumped at 1064nm

A high output power, eye-safe, LIDAR transmitter based on a KTA optical parametric oscillator (OPO) was demonstrated. The OPO was based on a two crystal, NCPM, KTA ring cavity which was doubly resonant. A 7ns, 30Hz, flashlamp-pumped, Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was injection seeded and used to pump the OPO. The OPO converted the 1064 nm pump beam into a 1533 nm signal wave and 3475 nm idler wave. In addition to demonstrating a high power OPO system, we investigated the effects of seeding the pump laser on the OPO's conversion efficiency, oscillation threshold, maximum signal power, and beam quality. The power conversion efficiency between the signal and the injection seeded pump was 22% with an oscillation threshold of 104 MW/cm2 (500 mJ) and a maximum signal power of 6.44 W (215 mJ). The power conversion efficiency between the signal and the unseeded pump was 24% with an oscillation threshold of 77 MW/cm2 (367mJ) and a maximum signal power of 7 W (233 mJ). The beam quality of the signal beam was produced an M2 =15. When the pump laser was seeded, the full angle divergence improved by nearly a factor of five.
167 Variation in the Surfactant Protein B Gene (SFTPB) Contributes to Newborn Respiratory Distress (RDS)

BACKGROUND: SFTPB expression (>25% normal) is necessary for the successful fetal-neonatal pulmonary transition.
On the crucial role of impedance matching in chirolens design

It is shown that impedance matching delivers two specific benefits for chirolens design. First, there is no left-handed right-handed field conversion inside a nonhomogeneous chirolens with a spatially constant impedance. Second, when the chirolens is impedance matched to the surrounding free space, the incident, the scattered and the internally induced fields have the same handedness. In addition, the backscattered field of an impedance-matched, radially non-homogeneous, spherical chirolens is null in the far zone. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Finite Beam Contributions to Waveguide Wavelength Division Demultiplexer Design

Micrograting devices have recently been implemented in chalcogenide [1], polymer [2], GaAs [3], and InP [4] based materials for multichannel wavelength multiplexer/demultiplexer applications. In waveguide grating demultiplexers, the micrograting length/beam width ratio (q = d/ωo) is an important parameter in determining device performance. Finite beam Bragg diffraction effects have previously been considered in the case of thick planar gratings [5,6], but should also be accounted for in the design of waveguide demultiplexers, if beam profiles, efficiencies, and channel selectivities are to be optimized in such devices.
Community Integration of a Rural Nursing Home

Based on an ethnographic case study of Mountain View, a rural nursing home, the stereotype of the nursing home as an environment separated from its community context is challenged. Participant observation and repeated in-depth semistructured interviews with residents, family members, and staff, over a period of two years, and interviews with community officials reveal that the nursing home is historically, economically, socially, and psychologically integrated within the local setting. A high level of community integration is manifest in the permeability of the walls of the facility. Many residents are able to retain strong ties within the community through trips outside the facility and as a result of community involvement in activities at the nursing home. Most important, the community integration of Mountain View allows residents to maintain a temporal continuity in their lives. High levels of community integration may enable nursing homes to play an expanded role in the rural long-term care continuum.
Pointwise regulation of distributed parameter systems

Distributed parameter feedback systems with quadratic cost criteria, obtaining optimal controls characterization
The evolution of monetary policy rules

Abstract This article examines the evolutionary forces involved in the development of monetary policy rules over time, considering in particular how these relate to proposals made by Milton Friedman and Walter Bagehot. The lines between money and credit and between monetary and fiscal policy are given special focus.
Cytoplasmic mRNP granules at a glance.

From their transcriptional birth to their degradation, cellular mRNAs are coated with proteins in messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes. The mRNP composition controls every aspect of the life of the mRNA, from pre-mRNA processing to mRNA localization, translation and turnover. Transitions
HPV16 E6 confers p53-dependent and p53-independent phenotypes in the epidermis of mice deficient for E6AP

High-risk human papillomaviruses are the causative agents of cervical and other anogenital cancers. In these cancers, two viral oncogenes, E6 and E7, are expressed. E6 is best known for its ability to inactivate the tumor suppressor p53, which is thought to arise through ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p53 and involve a ternary complex between E6, p53 and the E3 ligase, E6AP. In mice transgenic for wild-type HPV16 E6, its expression leads to epithelial hyperplasia and an abrogation of normal cellular responses to DNA damage. Whereas only the latter phenotype is dependent upon E6's inactivation of p53, both are reduced in transgenic mice expressing an E6 mutant severely reduced in its binding to E6AP and other cellular proteins that bind E6 through a shared α-helix motif. Here, we investigated whether E6AP is required for the induction of the above phenotypes through the use of both E6AP-mutant and E6AP-null mice. E6, in the absence of E6AP retains an ability to induce epithelial hyperplasia, abrogate DNA damage responses and inhibit the induction of p53 protein following exposure to ionizing radiation. We conclude that E6 is able to induce both p53-dependent and p53-independent phenotypes through E6AP-independent pathways in the mouse.
KEX2-LIKE ENDOPROTEASES PC2 AND PC3 ACCURATELY CLEAVE A MODEL PROHORMONE IN MAMMALIAN CELLS : EVIDENCE FOR A COMMON CORE OF NEUROENDOCRINE PROCESSING ENZYMES

Two mammalian gene products, PC2 and PC3, have been proposed as candidate neuroendocrine-precursor processing enzymes based on the structural similarity of their catalytic domains to that of the yeast precursor-processing endoprotease Kex2. In this report we demonstrate that these two proteases can cleave proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the secretory pathway of mammalian cells. Similarly to pituitary corticotrophs, PC3 expressed in processing-deficient BSC-40 cells cleaved native mouse POMC at the -Lys-Arg- sites flanking corticotropin. The -Lys-Arg- within beta-lipotropin was less efficiently cleaved to release beta-endorphin. Expression of PC2 together with PC3 resulted in efficient conversion of beta-lipotropin, as occurs in pituitary melanotrophs. Furthermore, coexpression of PC2 together with mouse POMC in bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells resulted in conversion of beta-lipotropin to gamma-lipotropin and beta-endorphin in the regulated secretory pathway. Finally, the processing selectivities of PC3 and PC2 expressed together in BSC-40 cells were determined by using a series of mutant mouse POMCs containing all possible pairs of basic residues at certain sites. The observed pattern of cleavage site selectivities mimicked that of the endogenous endoproteases of the insulinoma and bovine adrenomedullary chromaffin cells, suggesting that PC2 and PC3 may represent important core endoproteases in the catalysis of prohormone processing in many neuroendocrine cell types.
Proteolytic activity of first trimester human placenta: localization of interstitial collagenase in villous and extravillous trophoblast

In human placentation, events of implantation and early blastocyst development are mediated by fetal trophoblastic cells which penetrate into the maternal endometrium and myometrium. Although highly regulated in its biological behavior, trophoblast simulates a malignant neoplasm by virtue of invading the uterine wall and uterine spiral arteries and by embolizing throughout the systemic circulation. This process is at least in part dependant on the regulated production of proteolytic enzymes to degrade extracellular matrix. The most abundant extracellular protein is connective tissue type (interstitial) collagen. The uterine remodeling during the establishment of the embryo requires collagenase which catalyzes the intial step in the breakdown of collagen. This study demonstrates the presence of interstitial collagenase in villous and extravillous trophoblast of first trimester placenta using immunocytochemical methods on light microscopic and ultrastructural levels. Intracytoplasmic staining for interstitial collagenase was present in cyto- and syncytiotrophoblast covering the chorionic villi as well as in extravillous intermediate trophoblast invading spiral arteries in the placental bed. Furthermore, outgrowth cultures of chorionic villi were studied with the immunogold method. Gold labelling was associated with the cell surface of trophoblastic cells as well as with fibrillary collagen like proteins of newly synthesized extracellular matrix. We speculate that interstitial collagenase plays a role in the degradation of uterine collagen within the developing human placenta.
From bacteria to humans: lessons learned from a reductionist's view of ultraviolet light-induced DNA lesions.

What follows is a personal remembrance of how Dr. Richard Setlow influenced me as a young postdoctoral fellow at Oak Ridge National laboratory between 1963 and 1966. The narrative tries to place my “maturation” as a young, inexperienced scientist in the context of the cultural upheaval caused by the Vietnam war, of a Northerner facing a “culture-shock” living in the South and in a revolution in molecular and radiation biology taking place at Oak Ridge National Laboratory at that time. The unique historic juxtaposition of Dr. Setlow's contribution of the discovery of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in bacterial DNA, being potentially the molecular lesion responsible for cell killing and mutagenesis, occurring as I was at Oak Ridge, and the wonderful working relationship I had with William Carrier, his technician, led to our discovery with James Regan that normal human cells repaired these lesion from their DNA. Amazingly, because of Dr. Setlow's challenge to me about my thoughts of the implications of his findings in bacteria, the chance visit to Oak Ridge National Laboratory by Dr. James Cleaver and my background as a human geneticist provided me the extraordinary opportunity to carry out a collaboration to test if human cancer prone syndromes might be deficient in the repair of these UV-induced DNA lesions. With our finding that the direct demonstration of a lack of repair of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in cells from the skin cancer prone syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, opened up a new paradigm for the understanding of the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis of both radiation and chemical carcinogenesis. From this investigator's vantage point in the history of the understanding of carcinogenesis, which has led us to the present point of “oncogenes” and “tumor suppressor genes”, the old adage by Newton, “I only saw further because I stood on the shoulder of giants”, is so applicable here. Dr. Setlow's shoulders were indeed among those of all of us that have made some small contribution in trying to understand this extremely complex process of human carcinogenesis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:118–121, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of technological adoption on organizational performance: Organizational size and environmental munificence as moderators.

The goal of this study is to provide guidance to managers who must make decisions regarding the adoption of technological innovations. The study was conducted within the context of the hospital industry. Results indicate that while adoption of technological innovations may lead to increased performance for certain hospitals, for large hospitals, and those located in rich environments, medical technology may be a ‘no‐win’ situation. Failure to adopt technology may result in the loss of patients, but adoption may result in increased costs that cannot be recovered due to underutilization.
FLUENCY AS A PERVASIVE ELEMENT IN THE MEASUREMENT OF CREATIVITY1

It was suggested that fluency, defined as number of responses, may misleadingly influence both high Intercorrelations sometimes reported among measures of creativity and low correlations sometimes reported between measures of creativity and intelligence. Subjects were 93 Saturday art school students between the ages of 9 and 15 years. Intercorrelations among five “creativity” scores derived from a slightly modified version of Torrance's Figure Completion Test and between these scores and Henmon-Nelson Intelligence were compared using both raw creativity scores and creativity scores corrected for the effect of fluency. Uncorrected creativity scores intercorrelated high among themselves (mean r= .45) and low with intelligence (mean r= .09), while corrected creativity scores showed low intercorrelations among themselves (mean r= .08) and with intelligence (mean r= .13). These findings are interpreted as confirming the influence of fluency upon high intercorrelations among so-called measures of creativity and as failing to support the suggestion that fluency may also influence low correlations among creativity and intelligence measures.
Redox recipes. IX. Alkaline nitroprusside‐hydroperoxide recipes

Redox recipes containing nitroprusside are described for the emulsion copolymerization of butadiene (75)-styrene(25). Approximately 65% conversion is reached in 8 hours at 25° with a recipe containing 5 parts of fatty acid soap, 0.3 part of sodium nitroprusside dihydrate, 0.1 part of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, 0.1 part of diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, 0.5 part of n-dodecyl mercaptan, and 0.5 part of potassium chloride per 180 parts of water and 100 parts of monomers. If alkali is added to the polymerization system the polymerization is accelerated markedly and the addition of 0.1 part of hydroxylamine does not affect the rate. Approximately 60% conversion is reached in 12 hours at 5°C. with a recipe similar to that given above, but without hydroxylamine, provided that the aqueous phase is 0.01 M in trisodium phosphate or alkali hydroxide. From the effect of various factors upon the rate of conversion it is postulated that in the low temperature recipe (with added alkali) the initiation occurs by RO · radicals: In the recipe without added alkali but with hydroxylamine hydrochloride the initiation apparently occurs by RS · radicals (RSH is mercaptan) formed by interaction of the oxidation product of nitroprusside with primary mercaptan.
Opposing actions of Stat1 and Stat6 on IL-13-induced up-regulation of early growth response-1 and platelet-derived growth factor ligands in pulmonary fibroblasts.

IL-13 is a key cytokine involved in airway remodeling in asthma. We previously reported that IL-13 stimulated the mitogenesis of lung fibroblasts via platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA. In this report, we show that IL-13 increases PDGF-A and PDGF-C mRNA levels through a dual intracellular cascade that requires coactivation of Stat6 and Stat1 to impact transcriptional regulation of the early growth response (Egr)-1 gene, which then drives PDGF expression. Increased levels of PDGF-AA and PDGF-CC protein were observed in vivo in the airways of IL-13 transgenic mice. IL-13 up-regulated PDGF-A and PDGF-C mRNA levels in lung fibroblasts isolated from three different background strains of mice. However, IL-13-induced PDGF-A and PDGF-C mRNA levels were significantly reduced in Stat6-deficient (Stat6 −/− ) fibroblasts as compared with wild-type Stat6 +/+ fibroblasts. In contrast, IL-13-induced PDGF-A and PDGF-C mRNAs were enhanced in Stat1 −/− fibroblasts as compared with Stat1 +/+ fibroblasts. IL-13 did not up-regulate PDGF-A or PDGF-C mRNA levels in Egr-1 −/− fibroblasts. Moreover, IL-13 did not increase Egr-1 mRNA and protein levels in Stat6 −/− fibroblasts and yet enhanced Egr-1 mRNA and protein levels in Stat1 −/− fibroblasts. Our findings support the hypothesis that Stat6 and Stat1 exert stimulatory and inhibitory effects on Egr-1 and PDGF ligand mRNA transcription, respectively. This novel mechanism could aid in identifying molecular targets for the treatment of chronic airway remodeling and fibrosis in asthma.
Isoprene nitrates: preparation, separation, identification, yields, and atmospheric chemistry

Abstract. Isoprene is an important atmospheric volatile organic compound involved in ozone production and NOx (NO+NO2) sequestration and transport. Isoprene reaction with OH in the presence of NO can form either isoprene hydroxy nitrates ("isoprene nitrates") or convert NO to NO2 which can photolyze to form ozone. While it has been shown that isoprene nitrate production can represent an important sink for NOx in forest impacted environments, there is little experimental knowledge of the relative importance of the individual isoprene nitrate isomers, each of which has a different fate and reactivity. In this work, we have identified the 8 individual isomers and determined their total and individual production yields. The overall yield of isoprene nitrates at atmospheric pressure and 295 K was found to be 0.070(+0.025/−0.015). Three isomers, representing nitrates resulting from OH addition to a terminal carbon, represent 90% of the total IN yield. We also determined the ozone rate constants for three of the isomers, and have calculated their atmospheric lifetimes, which range from ~1–2 h, making their oxidation products likely more important as atmospheric organic nitrates and sinks for nitrogen.