cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identifying Turtle Shell Rattles in the Archaeological Record of the Southeastern United States

The construction of rattles from turtle (Testudines) shells is an important consideration when distinguishing between food and non-food uses of archaeological turtle remains. However, the identification of turtle shell rattles in prehistoric contexts can be quite challenging. Equifinality is a major problem for being able to distinguish rattles from food refuse, particularly when a carapace is not burnt or modified. In addition, diversity, abundance, and distribution of Chelonian taxa varies throughout the southeastern United States, creating differential access for indigenous groups. Thus, multiple lines of evidence are needed from archaeological, ethnographic, and ethnohistoric records to successfully argue for the production and use of turtle shell rattles in the prehistoric southeastern United States. In this article, we present examples of turtle shell rattles in the southeastern United States to highlight their function and use by indigenous groups, the construction process, and several common characteristics, or an object trait list, that can aid in the identification of fragmentary turtle shell rattle remains. Proper identification of turtle remains is important for interpreting faunal remains and may be of interest to indigenous groups claiming cultural items under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA).
The Relationship between Boards of Directors and Initial Public Offerings in the Biotechnology Industry

Utilizing the entire population of public biotechnology firms from 1980-1994, three models were tested to determine If a relationship exists between the size and composition of the board of directo...
Refractive Surgery and Glaucoma

The demand for refractive surgery has escalated over the past decade, and surgical options have been developed for various refractive errors. Although secondary glaucoma is uncommon after refractive surgery, there are concerns related to patients who are glaucoma suspects or who have been diagnosed with glaucoma. This review will address preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations that clinicians need to be aware of in refractive surgery patients.
HFC-245fa as a blowing agent for water heater foam insulation

The North American water heater market has eliminated the use of the chlorofluorocarbon blowing agent CFC-11 in polyurethane insulation systems. Today the water heater market primarily uses the hydrochlorofluorocarbon blowing agent HCFC-141b. However, as a result ofthe Montreal Protocol, HCFC-141b is a transitional blowing agent, and must be replaced with third generation blowing agents by 2003. The next generation of blowing agents must have zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low global warming potential (GWP). Additionally for the water heater market, the blowing agent must produce foams with low thermal conductivity. Water heaters must conform to energy requirements established by the Department of Energy. Future legislation is expected to impose stricter requirements on the energy efficiency of water heaters. In addition to low thermal conductivity, there are other desirable features of a blowing agent for water heater insulation systems. The blowing agent should be a liquid at room temperature, with a boiling point similar to those of CFC-11 and HCFC-141b. The blowing agent should be miscible with many different polyols and processable in existing foam equipment. It should be non-flammable and non-toxic. It should be reasonably priced and readily available. HFC-245fa has been identified as a primary candidate for a liquid, zero ODP blowing agent. The objective of this work was an evaluation of HFC-245fa in water heater insulation systems. Water heater foam systems using HFC-245fa were evaluated for stability processability physical properties, and energy performance. Results of these studies were compared to HFC-141b water heater foam systems.
UNIT 30.1 Untargeted Metabolomics

Along with genes and proteins, metabolites play important roles in sustaining life. Their functions include “primary” functions in metabolism and energy storage, as well as “secondary” functions in cell-to-cell signaling, metal acquisition, and virulence. There remains much to be learned about the in vivo roles of metabolites. Approaches that accelerate measurement of metabolite levels directly from cells and tissues should increase our understanding of the diverse roles of metabolites and potentially lead to discovery of novel metabolites and metabolic pathways. Metabolomics is an important comparative tool to study global metabolite levels in samples under various conditions. In this unit, the steps needed to perform a mass spectrometry (MS)–based untargeted metabolomics experiment using bacterial supernatants are detailed. In contrast to a targeted metabolomics experiment, which measures ions from known metabolites, an untargeted metabolomics experiment registers all ions within a certain mass range, including ions belonging to structurally novel metabolites. The protocols in this unit describe the conditions necessary for analyzing hydrophobic metabolites and provide an example of how to structurally characterize a novel metabolite. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 90:30.1.1-30.1.24. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: metabolomics; liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; secondary metabolites
Novel Approaches for Estimating Human Exposure to Air Pollutants

Numerous health studies have used measurements from a few central-site ambient monitors to characterize air pollution exposures. Relying on solely on central-site ambient monitors does not account for the spatial-heterogeneity of ambient air pollution patterns, the temporal variability in ambient concentrations, nor the influence of infiltration and indoor sources. Central-site monitoring becomes even more problematic for certain air pollutants that exhibit significant spatial-heterogeneity. Improving characterization of air pollution exposures involves novel approaches to estimating ambient concentrations, a better understanding of the personal-ambient relationship, and personal exposure modeling. Estimates of ambient concentrations and human exposure estimates have been enhanced by utilizing both measurements and modeling tools. Statistical interpolation techniques and passive monitoring methods can provide additional spatial resolution in ambient concentration estimates. In addition, spatio-temporal models, which integrate GIS data and other factors, such as meteorology, have also been developed to produce more resolved estimates of ambient concentrations. Hybrid modeling approaches, which integrate regional scale models with local scale dispersion models, provide new alternatives for characterizing ambient concentrations. Estimating actual personal exposures requires an understanding of factors that impact personal-ambient relationships. Publically available data on housing characteristics (e.g., age and size of home) and commuting patterns can be utilized to understand these personal-ambient relationships. In addition, personal exposure modelling approaches are being developed, such as the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) model, which provides estimates of population exposures, and the Exposure Model for Individuals (EMI), which provide individual specific estimates of exposure. Many of these exposure characterization approaches are currently being applied and evaluated in epidemiological investigations. This paper describes the novel exposure assessment approaches discussed above and will briefly present results from the application of these tools. In addition, the paper will discuss ongoing and future applications of these approaches to evaluate their use in health studies.
Digital DNA Sequence Profiling of Rare Epigenetic Cancer Biomarkers in A Highly Parallelized Microfluidic Platform

We present a microfluidic platform for molecule-by-molecule detection of heterogeneous epigenetic patterns of rare tumor-derived DNA by highly parallelized digital melt assessment. We introduce a multilayer geometric strategy to capture single molecules in a pico-array at high efficiency. We demonstrate sensitive detection and comprehensive profiling of rare heterogeneously methylated DNA of a classic tumor suppressor gene, p14ARF, at frequencies as low as 0.0001% methylated/unmethylated.
Interferon γ and interleukin 6 modulate the susceptibility of macrophages to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection

The effect of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) on infection of macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was investigated. By using a polymerase chain reaction-based viral entry assay and viral infectivity assay, it was demonstrated that IL-6 and IFN-gamma augmented susceptibility of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to infection with T-cell tropic CXCR4-utilizing (X4) HIV-1 strains. Consistent with this finding, IFN-gamma and IL-6 augmented fusion of MDMs with T-tropic envelope-expressing cells. The enhanced fusion of cytokine-treated MDMs with T-tropic envelopes was inhibited by the CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1, and by T22 peptide. IFN-gamma and IL-6 did not affect expression of surface CXCR4 or SDF-1-induced Ca(++) flux in MDMs. In contrast to the effect of IFN-gamma on the infection of MDMs with X4 strains, IFN-gamma inhibited viral entry and productive infection of MDMs with macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) HIV-1. Consistent with this finding, IFN-gamma induced a decrease in fusion with M-tropic envelopes that correlated with a modest reduction in surface CCR5 and CD4 on MDMs. It was further demonstrated that macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-beta secreted by cytokine-treated MDMs augmented their fusion with T-tropic-expressing cells and inhibited their fusion with M-tropic envelope-expressing cells. These data indicate that proinflammatory cytokines, which are produced during opportunistic infections or sexually transmitted diseases, may predispose macrophages to infection with X4 strains that, in turn, could accelerate disease progression.
The effect of Kinesio-tape® on pain and vertical jump performance in active individuals with patellar tendinopathy.

Abstract Background Patellar tendinopathy is a common inflammatory condition in athletes who undergo large volumes of running and jumping. Kinesio-tape® (KT) is proposed to provide pain relief; however, its effect has not been examined on patellar tendinopathy. Objective To examine the effects of KT on pain modulation for active individuals with patellar tendinopathy during functional activities. Methods Thirteen symptomatic knees from seven college-aged females (6 bilateral; 1 unilateral) were included. Participants underwent three data collection sessions with KT, sham, and no tape (NT) in a randomized order. During the session, participants performed a maximum vertical jump, single-leg squats and isometric knee extension. The KT intervention was applied according to the KT manual and the sham utilized the same pattern without tension. Pain level was evaluated using the numeric pain scale before, during and after each activity. Function was assessed as maximum vertical jump height and maximum isometric strength. A separate repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare each dependent variable (pain level, vertical jump height, and isometric strength) among the conditions. Results Reported pain scores were significantly lower (p=.05) during the maximal vertical jump test for KT (3.38±1.26) compared to NT (4.54±2.22). Significantly lower jump heights were found under KT (17.73±3.06in) during the maximum vertical jump test compared to sham (18.65±2.17in, p=.000) and NT (18.18±2.93in, p=.008). Conclusions The use of the KT tape with a tendon corrective strip and muscle facilitative strip was effective for decreasing pain associated with patellar tendinopathy during jump landing but led to decreased maximum jump height. Clinical Trial Identifier NCT04153877
Association of lanthipeptide genes with TnpAREP transposases in marine picocyanobacteria

Lanthipeptides are a family of ribosomally synthesized, post-translationally modified peptides that are widespread among bacteria, typically functioning as antibacterials. The marine picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus produce an unusual and diverse set of lanthipeptides of unknown function called prochlorosins. While well-studied model bacteria produce one or two different molecules of this type, a single picocyanobacterium can produce as many as 80; the community of picocyanobacteria in a single milliliter of seawater can collectively encode up to 10,000 prochlorosins. The molecular events that led to this expansion and diversification of the lanthipeptide repertoire in picocyanobacteria - the numerically dominant photosynthesizers in the oceans - is unknown. We present evidence for an unusual association between prochlorosin genes with a single-stranded DNA transposase belonging to the TnpAREP family. The genes co-occur and co-localize across the phylogeny of marine picocyanobacteria forming a distinct association pattern within genomes, most likely resulting from the transposase activity. Given the role of TnpAREP homologs in other bacteria, we propose - based on genomic structures - that they contribute to the creation of the prochlorosin structural diversity through a diversifying recombination mechanism.
Are there racial differences in loan approvals

We examine the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finance, using weighted logit regressions and employing the repeated-imputation inference method. Loan denial differences across race disappear once credit hi...
Following the Martensitic Configuration Footprints in the Transition Route of Ni-Mn-Ga Magnetic Shape Memory Films: Insight into the Role of Twin Boundaries and Interfaces

Magnetic shape memory Heuslers have a great potential for their exploitation in next-generation cooling devices and actuating systems, due to their "giant" caloric and thermo/magnetomechanical effects arising from the combination of magnetic order and a martensitic transition. Thermal hysteresis, broad transition range, and twinning stress are among the major obstacles preventing the full exploitation of these materials in applications. Using Ni-Mn-Ga seven-modulated epitaxial thin films as a model system, we investigated the possible links between the phase transition and the details of the twin variants configuration in the martensitic phase. We explored the crystallographic relations between the martensitic variants from the atomic-scale to the micro-scale through high-resolution techniques and combined this information with the direct observation of the evolution of martensitic twin variants vs. temperature. Based on our multiscale investigation, we propose a route for the martensitic phase transition, in which the interfaces between different colonies of twins play the major role of initiators for both the forward and reverse phase transition. Linking the martensitic transition to the martensitic configuration sheds light onto the possible mechanisms influencing the transition and paves the way towards microstructure engineering for the full exploitation of shape memory Heuslers in different applications.
Clearance of myelin basic protein from blood of normal and EAE rabbits.

The rate of clearance of porcine myelin basic protein (MBP) from plasma of rabbits was determined following intravenous injection of 20 mg MBP. The MBP level in the plasma was measured by a 2-site immunoradiometric assay with specific antibody to guinea pig MBP produced in rabbits. Plasma MBP-antibody levels were determined by competitive binding radioimmune assay (RIA). Unsensitized and those sensitized with complete Freund–s adjuvant (CFA), with porcine MBP in CFA, and with whole porcine spinal cord in CFA were studied. Unsensitized and CFA sensitized rabbits exhibited maximum MBP levels in the plasma within two minutes after injection with rapid decrease to undetectable levels in one hour. Thirty-nine of the unsensitized (control) rabbits exhibited normal, rapid clearance and no subsequent physical signs of EAE while one of the control rabbits exhibited a slightly retarded clearance rate. Histologic examination of autopsy tissues from the control group revealed that five rabbits showed lesions which could be attributed to Encephalitozoan cuniculi or Toxoplasma and one rabbit autopsied 65 days after clearance had minimal EAR lesions. Rabbits sensitized with MBP exhibited a retarded rate of clearance at the acute stage of EAE and following recovery. Rabbits sensitized with whole spinal cord in CFA also exhibited a retarded rate of MBP clearance. Anti (MBP) antibodies were detected in the plasma of all rabbits which exhibited a retarded rate of MBP clearance. Significant rates of retardation were not detected until approximately three weeks after sensitization with CFA-MBP or CFA-spinal cord. While MBP antibody levels in most animals were not detected by the immunodiffusion technique, antibodies were demonstrated by RIA. The 20 mg MBP given intravenously is probably in great antigen excess and conducive to the formation of soluble MBP-anti(MBP) complexes in the blood.
An engineering career as industrial mission: Jack Keiser in post-war Britain

British mechanical engineer Jack Keiser’s postwar career in industrial education was simultaneously a career in justice work and Christian industrial mission. This paper examines the Christian crit...
Musculoskeletal Education in Medical Schools: a Survey in California and Review of Literature

Though musculoskeletal complaints account for roughly one-quarter of primary care and emergency department visits, only 2% of US medical school curriculum is devoted to musculoskeletal disease. Many graduating students demonstrate poor knowledge and report low confidence in treating musculoskeletal disorders. This study defines the current state of musculoskeletal curriculum of medical schools in detail to identify variations and potential shortcomings. All eleven medical schools in California were invited to participate in an in-depth survey detailing the design and content of their musculoskeletal curriculum. A response rate of 100% was achieved. Overall, schools devoted an average of 58.7 h to musculoskeletal medicine, of which more than half was spent covering anatomy. The primary instructor for musculoskeletal medicine was a clinician in four schools (36.4%). Six schools offered a dedicated musculoskeletal physical exam course. No schools required students to complete a clinical rotation in musculoskeletal medicine. There was high variability among institutions when evaluating core subject coverage. There is large variation in the content and structure of musculoskeletal instruction among California medical schools. Increased curricular time, integration of preclinical and clinical experiences, greater specialist participation, and standardized objectives may provide more consistent and comprehensive musculoskeletal education.
Clinical features of recurrent Mycoplasma pneumoniae–induced rash and mucositis

Background/objectives The characteristics of patients experiencing recurrent Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis (MIRM) are not well understood. We aimed to characterize patients with recurrent disease by comparing the demographics, skin and mucosal involvement, seasonality, and treatment to those with single episodes (isolated MIRM). Methods This retrospective case series screened all patients seen by our dermatology inpatient consult service from September 2014 to March 2020. Cases were selected based on laboratory and clinical criteria that confirmed a diagnosis of MIRM. Results We identified 13 patients with MIRM: 5 who experienced recurrence (38%) and 8 with isolated, single episodes without recurrence. Mean age was 13.6 years for initial episodes in the recurrent patients compared to 11.7 in patients with isolated episodes. All 5 recurrent MIRM patients were male (compared with 75% of isolated MIRM patients) and predominantly Black (60%, compared with 25%). Most episodes overall (isolated and recurrent) occurred from the months of October to February. Recurrences after initial MIRM episode had less severe skin and mucosal findings, often involving only one mucous membrane, less frequent need for hospital admission, and shorter duration of hospital stay. Prophylactic treatments and treatments beyond supportive care were of unclear value. Conclusions Some characteristics of MIRM differ between patients with recurrent and isolated disease. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for recurrence, which occurred in 38% of our cohort. Although recurrences after initial MIRM episode tended to be less severe, there is still potential for prolonged hospitalizations with recurrent episodes. More evidence is needed regarding effective preventive and treatment regimens in patients with recurrent MIRM.
Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity: Review and Optimization of Effects of Nanoparticles

This review was focused on expressing the effects of base liquid, temperature, possible surfactant, concentration and characteristics of nanoparticles including size, shape and material on thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. An increase in nanoparticle concentration can lead to an increase in thermal conductivity and viscosity and an increase in nanoparticle size, can increase or decrease thermal conductivity, while an increase in nanoparticle size decreases the viscosity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants at low concentrations can increase thermal conductivity, but at high concentrations, surfactants help to reduce thermal conductivity of the nanofluid. The addition of surfactants can decrease the nanofluid viscosity. Increasing the temperature, increased the thermal conductivity of a nanofluid, while decreasing its viscosity. Additionally, the effects of material of nanoparticles on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of a nanofluid need further investigations. In the case of hybrid nanofluids, it was observed that nanofluids with two different particles have the same trend of behavior as nanofluids with single particles in the regard to changes in temperature and concentration. Additionally, the level of accuracy of existing theoretical models for thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids was examined.
Cultivating Urban Big Data

Urban big data often contain spatial and temporal elements that have increasingly become an integral part of various applications and projects such as smart mobility, smart city, and other digitally enhanced urban infrastructure. It is critical to develop an open and collaborative environment so that these data can be used by a wide range of users. This chapter first discusses some characteristics and sources of urban big data. Three hypothetical user stories are described to highlight the potential of these data. After describing the internal data structure of these data and techniques that can be used to retrieve the data, we discuss the difficulty in making the data useful for the general public and elaborate on a self-organizing agile approach to developing an urban big data infrastructure.
Interpersonal Comparisons of What

I examine the once popular claim according to which interpersonal comparisons of welfare are necessary for social choice. I side with current social choice theorists in emphasizing that, on a narrow construal, this necessity claim is refuted beyond appeal. However, I depart from the opinion presently prevailing in social choice theory in highlighting that on a broader construal, this claim proves not only compatible with, but even comforted by, the current state of the field. I submit that all in all, the most accurate philosophical assessment consists not in flatly rejecting this necessity claim, but in accepting it in suitably revised form.
Determining Hospital Volume Threshold for Safety of Minimally Invasive Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Contemporary Cutpoint Analysis.

BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend limiting minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy (MIPD) to high-volume centers. However, the definition of high-volume care remains unclear. We aimed to objectively define a minimum number of MIPD performed annually per hospital associated with improved outcomes in a contemporary patient cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS Resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients undergoing MIPD were included from the National Cancer Database (2010-2017). Multivariable modeling with restricted cubic splines was employed to identify an MIPD annual hospital volume threshold associated with lower 90-day mortality. Outcomes were compared between patients treated at low-volume (≤ model-identified cutoff) and high-volume (> cutoff) centers. RESULTS Among 3079 patients, 141 (5%) died within 90 days. Median hospital volume was 6 (range 1-73) cases/year. After adjustment, increasing hospital volume was associated with decreasing 90-day mortality for up to 19 (95% CI 16-25) cases/year, indicating a threshold of 20 cases/year. Most cases (82%) were done at low-volume (< 20 cases/year) centers. With adjustment, MIPD at low-volume centers was associated with increased 90-day mortality (OR 2.7; p = 0.002). Length of stay, positive surgical margins, 30-day readmission, and overall survival were similar. On analysis of the most recent two years (n = 1031), patients at low-volume centers (78.2%) were younger and had less advanced tumors but had longer length of stay (8 versus 7 days; p < 0.001) and increased 90-day mortality (7% versus 2%; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS The cutpoint analysis identified a threshold of at least 20 MIPD cases/year associated with lower postoperative mortality. This threshold should inform national guidelines and institution-level protocols aimed at facilitating the safe implementation of this complex procedure.
Expanding and clarifying the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury.

As awareness of the prevalence of NSSI and the risks associated with the behaviour have increased, interest in empirically supported treatments for NSSI has also increased. Empirical evidence has been strongest for interventions that have a specific focus on improving emotion regulation, such as DBT1 and emotion regulation group therapy,2,3 and emotion regulation has been implicated as an important treatment mechanism in these interventions (for example, Gratz,4 Gratz et al,5 and Slee et al6). In NSSI research more generally, our understanding of emotion regulation has focused predominantly on NSSI as a means of emotion regulation, and on trait emotion dysregulation among people who engage in NSSI. Much of this research has been guided by Linehan’s1 theory of emotion dysregulation in BPD, which focuses on emotional vulnerability and lack of emotion regulation skills. However, other models of emotion regulation may enhance and clarify our understanding of the difficulties experienced by people who engage in NSSI. The goal of this review is 3-fold. First, we will provide an overview of current research on emotion regulation and dysregulation in NSSI; for an in-depth review of these topics, please see Klonsky7 and Gratz.4 Second, we will discuss another model of emotion regulation8 that may provide a framework for building on existing work and for clarifying the process of, and deficits in, emotion regulation among self-injurers. We will then provide a review of NSSI research supporting the application of this model. Finally, we will suggest directions for future research to clarify and expand our understanding of emotion regulation in NSSI.
A Novel Structural Assessment Technique to Prevent Damaged FRP-Wrapped Concrete Bridge Piers from Collapse

Repairing deteriorated concrete bridge piers using externally wrapped fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been proven as an effective approach. This technique has also been applied to low-rise building structures. Failures in FRP-wrapped concrete structures may occur by flexural failures of critical sections or by debonding of FRP plate from the concrete substrate. Debonding in the FRP/adhesive/concrete interface region may cause a significant decrease in member capacity leading to a premature failure of the system. In this chapter, a novel structural assessment technique aiming at inspecting the near-surface FRP debonding and concrete cracking of damaged FRP-wrapped concrete bridge piers to prevent the structures from collapse is presented. In the first part of this chapter, failure mechanisms of FRP-wrapped concrete systems are briefly discussed. The second part of this chapter introduces a novel structural assessment technique in which far-field airborne radar is applied. In this development, emphasis is placed on inspection of debonding in glass FRP (GFRP)-wrapped concrete cylinders, while the technique is also applicable to beams and slabs with bonded GFRP composites. Physical radar measurements on laboratory specimens with structural damages were conducted and used for validating the technique. Processed experimental measurements have shown promising results for the future application of the technique. Finally, research findings and issues are summarized.
Measuring False-Positive by Automated Real-Time Correlated Hacking Behavior Analysis

To solve the contradiction between the trend of more distributed network architecture and the demanding for more centralized correlated analysis to detect more complicated attacks from Intrusion Detection System (IDS), we first proposed in this paper an IDS architecture framework, which could collect relevant detected alert data from distributed diverse IDSes into one or more centralized point(s), and then efficient correlation analysis would be processed on shared data, after that, the meaningful and supportive knowledge rules from analysis results were be generated and automatically pushed back to each subscribed local IDS on scheduled time or even in real time, so that local IDS could utilize these rules to analyze new coming traffic. We also defined the XML format for those knowledge rule information generated by our hacking behavior correlation algorithms. We then presented seven mathematical algorithms on correlated hacking behavior analysis. In order for local IDS to effectively measure the false positive possibility of a new coming alert, we introduced three different approaches using some data mining and statistic models, including 1-Rule, Bagging Method and Native Bayer Method. By applying these methods to utilize and analyze the collected correlated knowledge rules, we could derive quite good quality of true attack confidence value for each coming detected alert. We also developed a simulation program implementing all these correlation algorithms and all those data mining and statistic models. We simply tested these algorithms with MIT Lincoln Lab's 1999 IDS evaluation data, and concluded that by utilizing these preliminary results, local IDS subscribed to this framework could derive a certain measurement of how confident an alarm is true attack in real time manner and even lower false positive rate if certain threshold applied.
Extranodal Marginal Zone B Cell Lymphoma of the Orbit In a Patient with Sarcoidosis: A Case Report

Objective: To describe a case of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL) “mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)” of the orbit that presented with stage IV disease in a patient with sarcoidosis. Design: Clinicopathologic case report. Methods: Biopsies of the lesion were performed in the operating room and the samples were submitted for pathology processing. Pathology analysis identified the lesion as an extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma “mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)” via flow cytometry, histopathology, cytogenetics, and immunohistochemical staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The institutional review board of Howard University Hospital waived the need for IRB approval for this intraoperative finding. Results: A 70-year-old Black woman with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis presented complaining of foreign body sensation, redness, swelling of her left upper eyelid and tearing. The patient was found to have an orbital lymphoproliferative malignancy. Conclusions: It is still unclear if the presence of immunosuppression or an autoimmune disease increases the risk of lymphoproliferative malignancies {6}. Malignancy should always be suspected and investigated
'Critical Legal Histories Revisited': A Response,

The author responds to comments reappraising “Critical Legal Histories” (CLH) (1984). CLH critiqued “evolutionary functionalism,” the idea that law is a functional response to a typical modernizing process. CLH argued that “society” was partly constituted of legal elements and that law was too indeterminate to have reliably regular functional effects. CLH has been misinterpreted as calling for a return to internal histories of “mandarin” doctrine: all it said was that some doctrinal histories were valuable, without privileging them. This response clarifies that the relations of law to society and social change, and of high-level official law to everyday local law are distinct issues. CLH is mostly moot today, since social-legal historians have incorporated its insight that legal concepts are embedded in everyday social practice. But other fields have revived deterministic Whiggish accounts of progressive development and of law functional to it—to which CLH's critique still seems relevant.
The Adsorption and Thermal Decomposition of CH2CO (CD2CO) on Si(111)‐7 × 7

The adsorption and thermal decomposition of ketene on Si(l 11)-7 × 7 were investigated using various surface analysis techniques. When the surface was exposed to ketene at 120 K, two CO stretching modes at 220 and 273 meV appeared in HREELS, corresponding to two adsorbed ketene states. After the sample was annealed at −250 K, the 273 and the 80 meV peaks vanished, indicating the disappearance of one of the adsorption states by partial desorption of the adsorbate. In a corresponding TPD measurement, a desorption peak for ketene species was noted at 220 K. Annealing the sample at 450 K caused the decomposition of the adsorbate, producing CHx and O adspecies. Further annealing of the surface at higher temperatures resulted in the breaking of the CH bond, the desorption of H and O species and the formation of Si carbide. The desorption of H at 800 K was confirmed by the appearance of the D2 (m/e = 4) TPD peak at that temperature when CD2CO was used instead of CH2CO.
Examining the Etiology of Childhood Obesity: The IDEA Study

The prevalence of childhood obesity is of great public health concern. A social ecological framework that is transdisciplinary and multilevel by nature is recognized as the most promising approach for studying this problem. The purpose of this paper is to describe longitudinal research using a social ecological framework to study the etiology of childhood obesity. Individual and contextual factors are assessed in a cohort of youth and their parents including psychosocial factors, and home, school and neighborhood environments. The conceptual model guiding the research and the study design and measures used to operationalize the factors in the model and the descriptive characteristics of the baseline sample of youth and parents enrolled in the research are presented. The use of a conceptual model to guide the research, a transdisciplinary approach, a longitudinal cohort design and state-of-the-art measures of the individual and the environment are strengths of this research.
Automating Red Tape: The Performative vs. Informative Roles of Bureaucratic Documents

Bureaucratic red tape involves communications that are not only informative, but also performative, representing the exercise of bureaucratic authority. Automation efforts, to be effective in reducing red tape, will need to include these authority aspects as design variables. A concept of bureau‐cratic software is suggested.
High-temperature characteristics of epitaxial high-low junction n+−n−p+ silicon diodes

Abstract The electrical characteristics of epitaxial high-low junction n + −n−p + silicon diodes were investigated in the temperature range 27–310°C. The forward current conduction mechanism was predominantly diffusion, as indicated by the near-unity diode quality factors. Conductivity modulation in the lightly doped n epitaxial region improves the forward current conduction at high current levels. The reverse current increases exponentially with increasing temperature. The weak voltage dependence of the reverse current indicates that the predominant conduction mechanism is diffusion, as predicted by the ideal Shockley equation. The improvement in reverse current characteristics of the n + −n−p + diode over that of the n + −p + diffused diode is due to (a) the high quality of the epitaxial n-p+ junction as a result of the pre-epitaxy surface treatment, and (b) the n-side of the np junction of the n + −P + diode being more heavily doped than the lightly doped n epitaxial layer of the n + −n−p + diode.
Telomere terminal transferase activity in the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova and a model for replication of the ends of linear DNA molecules

Abstract We have found abundant telomere-specific terminal transferase activity in crude macronuclear extracts from vegetatively growing cells of the hypotrichous ciliate Oxytricha nova. This activity adds two to seven tandem repeats of the sequence GGGGTTTT (the Oxytricha telomeric repeat) to the 3' end of oligonucleotide primers ending in repeats of G4T4 and always adds the repeats in the proper phase. The activity requires the presence of micromolar amounts of dGTP and dTTP as well as single-stranded oligomer primers ending 3' with repeats of the Oxytricha telomeric sequence. A nuclease activity is present in the extracts which is closely balanced with telomere terminal transferase activity. We propose a simple model for replication of the ends of linear DNA molecules based on the telomere terminal transferase.
Nuclear security: Attitude check

Keeping nuclear facilities secure takes more than a few fences and guards. A new mind-set and culture are also needed.
Miles from Home in the Field of Dreams: Rurality and the Social at the End of History

Considerations of two films set in Iowa frame my attempt in this paper to discuss some of the tensions between the meaningfulness of rurality and the evaporation of history in the region's cultural politics of place, A new regional geography emphasizes the historical formation of places, but how is ‘history’ to be understood and how meaningful a role can it play? These questions are particularly important in light of challenges which claim that, in fact, we have reached the ‘end of history’. Baudrillard, for example, believes that we have entered a ‘hyperreal’ era which suppresses further experimentation with social organization. Instead, collisions of excessively proliferated representations of relationships between rurality, history, and social interaction suggest that the very possibility of social organization in an ahistorical hyperreal era increasingly relies for its expression on the carrying out of deliberately (and often violent) antisocial action.
Complex regional pain syndrome (type I, RSD; type II, causalgia): controversies.

Introduction of the term complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS) as a replacement of the older terminology, reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and causalgia, has achieved two goals: it has focused attention on the diagnosis and treatment, and sent basic scientists back to their laboratories. The relation of sympathetically maintained pain and sympatholysis is examined, particularly as a neuropathic process that is found in many conditions, including CRPS. This review also focuses on recent observations proposing a pathologic basis in support of diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.
K08: a generalized BB84/B92 protocol in quantum cryptography

Modern optical networks transport aggregate traffic that exceeds 1 Tbps per single fiber. Thus, the next generation backbone and access optical network will be able to transport to/from residential and enterprise customers multi-protocol diverse payloads, such as voice, video, music, text, interactive games, surveillance, business transactions, and more at broadband rates (several Mbps) thus solving the first/last mile. Because of the diverse payload to the enterprise and to the residential customers, an opportunity is presented for malicious attacks to the network in order to copy, destroy or alter data, mimic a source, and in general to engage in unauthorized activities that jeopardize the optical communications security at the information, the node, and the physical layer. To combat this, strong cipher methods and advanced key distribution methods have been developed, in addition to intruder detection and localization, source authentication, channel signature identification, and also countermeasure strategies. Because some cryptographic methods have been found to have vulnerabilities, new methods based on quantum mechanical principles have been deployed promising the [holy grail] of cryptography and of network security. The first protocol in quantum cryptography was the BB84, which however did not take advantage of the full potential of multiple superposition states. In this paper, we review quantum cryptography, we review the BB84 protocol, and we present an m-ary generalized protocol, the K08, which is based on multiple random polarization states. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blueberries: A “Super Fruit” Complement to Cereals

Cereals and blueberries can be combined in a healthy meal that is rich in fiber and polyphenols yet low in calories and fat. Blueberries have become a leading berry crop in the United States, and their high antioxidant potential has earned them classification as a “super fruit” in the popular literature. The health benefits of blueberries have been attributed mainly to their high plant polyphenols content, including anthocyanins, which can boost memory and feelings of well-being, activate detoxifying enzymes, and decrease chronic inflammation. Blueberries and cranberries, a close relative, are also rich in proanthocyanidins, which can enhance the ability of cereal fiber to act as a prebiotic and to regulate sugar spikes. Resveratrol is a compound present in foods, including blueberries, that is associated with anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. Pterostilbene, a similar yet more bioavailable and bioactive phytochemical, has also been identified in blueberries. The beneficial compou...
Magnetic resonance imaging in aortic valve, ascending aortic and isthmic aortic disease

Abstract We describe a patient in whom we defined both ascending and descending thoracic aortic pathology using proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 1 which provided the best presurgical definition of the abnormal anatomy.
Aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity in deep subsurface sediments from the savannah river plant

Abstract Methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, and rates of carbon mineralization were determined for samples derived at different depths from four cores drilled at the Savannah River Plant, Aiken South Carolina. Three‐gram subsamples of the sediments were dispensed to 10‐mL serum bottles under 5% H2/95% N2 and amended with 0.5 mL degassed distilled water with or without the following solutes: formate plus acetate, bicarbonate, lactate, and radiolabeled sulfate, glucose, and Indole. After incubating 1 to 5 days, the sediments were assayed for methane, H2, 35S, and I4CO2. No methanogenesis was detected at any depth in any core and sulfate was rarely reduced. Evolution of 14CO2 from glucose and indole was detected in sediments as deep as 262 and 259 m, respectively. At some depths the 14CO2 evolution rate was comparable to that of surface soils; however, at other depths no 14CO2 evolution could be detected. Injection of sterile air into anaerobic incubations increased rates of carbon mineralization at all dept...
A NUCLEAR REACTION POLARIMETER USING POSITION-SENSITIVE PARTICLE DETECTORS

Abstract Position-sensitive solid-state detectors have been used in double-scattering experiments with solid targets. Particles with second scattering angles θ 1ab from 36° to 144° were observed simultaneously by two of these detectors. Left-right asymmetries were obtained for each detector from consecutive measurements with the detector on opposite sides of the incident beam. A digital computer was used to accumulate data as two-parameter spectra, the two parameters being the positions and energies of the detected particles. Events were labelled to indicate the detector in which they occured. The polarimeter was used initially to scatter protons twice from 12 C. Three sets of measurements were made, so the polarizations were determined (except for a sign) independently of other measurements. A sample angular distribution is shown for the measured polarization of protons elastically scattered from 12 C at 6.14 MeV. The data were corrected for the false asymmetry due to the finite geometry. A simple but general calculation is described to make this correction for any polarimeter using two solid targets.
Total body irradiation utilizing a single 60Co source

Abstract A method of total body irradiation (TBI) is described for the treatment of acute leukemia with a single 60 Co source simulating two opposed fields. Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in a Rando Phantom indicate that the variation in dose distribution to the patient is 5–10%. Rectal catheters with TLDs were inserted in 13 patients undergoing TBI. The measured dose rates are compared to the calculated values. Variations are of the order of 12%, consistent with uncertainties in the calculated dose rate, except for the upper pelvis. When it is possible, in vivo measurement of the dose rate is recommended because of this variation.
COMPOSITION AND QUALITY OF CLARIFIED CANTALOUPE JUICE CONCENTRATE

Cantaloupe fruit was processed into clarified juice and juice concentrate. Greater yields were obtained from pressing fruit containing the rind in contrast to pressing cantaloupe flesh with the rind removed. Juice pressed from cantaloupe flesh without rind was particularly difficult to filter, filtration being easier if the flesh had been frozen and thawed. Juice compositional measurements included °Brix, pH, titratable acidity (TA), formol values, ascorbic acid content, total carotenoids, browning indices, sugars, and nonvolatile acids. Ascorbic acid degraded rapidly during processing. Concentrates stored at 25C for 120 days showed extremely high rates of browning. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that rind aroma and flavor were removed during concentration. The high juice yields (ca. 80%), low TA (0.04 g/100 mL as citric acid) and sweet, fruity flavor suggest the potential use of clarified cantaloupe juice concentrate as an alternate sweetener and blended juice base. Le cantaloup est potentiellement transformable en concentrat de jus ayant une faible acidite et une flaveur interessante. Les objectifs de cette etude sont de developper des procedures pour transformer le cantaloup en jus clarifie et en concentrat et d'evaluer sa composition chimique (°Brix, acidite titrable, sucres, acides non volatils, acide ascorbique) et ses proprietes organoleptiques (couleur, flaveur). Elle etudie aussi sa stabilite a 25°C.
Mangrove and peat swamp forests: refuge habitats for primates and felids.

Swamp forests may be important refuges for primates and felids where these taxa are threatened with habitat loss. Mangrove and peat swamp forests, impenetrable, wet habitats, inaccessible and uninhabi