cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bifurcations of relative equilibria of an oblate gyrostat with a discrete damper

We investigate relative equilibria of an oblate gyrostat with a discrete damper. Linear and nonlinear methods yield stability conditions for simple spins about the nominal principal axes. We use analytical and numerical methods to explore other equilibria, including bifurcations that occur for varying rotor momentum and damper parameters. These bifurcations are complex structures that are perturbations of the zero rotor momentum case. We use Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction to determine an analytic relationship between parameters to determine conditions for which a jump phenomenon occurs.
Code Transformations for TLB Power Reduction

The Translation Look-aside Buffer (TLB) is a very important part in the hardware support for virtual memory management implementation of high performance embedded systems. The TLB though small is frequently accessed, and therefore not only consumes significant energy, but also is one of the important thermal hot-spots in the processor. Recently, several circuit and microarchitectural implementations of TLBs have been proposed to reduce TLB power. One simple, yet effective TLB design for power reduction is the Use-Last TLB architecture proposed in IEEE J Solid State Circuits, 1190–1199, (2004). The Use-Last TLB architecture reduces the power consumption when the last page is accessed again. In this work, we develop code transformation techniques to reduce the page switchings in data cache accesses and propose an efficient page-aware code placement technique to enhance the energy reduction capabilities achieved by the Use-Last TLB architecture for instruction cache accesses. Our comprehensive page switch reduction algorithm results in an average of 39% reduction in the data-TLB page switching, and our code placement heuristic results in an average of 76% reduction in the instrucion-TLB page switchings with negligible impact on the performance on benchmarks from MiBench, Multimedia, DSPStone and BDTI suites. The reduced page switch count through our techniques achieves an equivalent power savings, above and beyond the reduction achieved by the Use-Last TLB architecture implementation.
Status and outlook of flow separation control

Under certain conditions, wall-bounded flows separate. To improve the performance of natural or man-made flow systems, it may be beneficial to delay or advance this detachment process. The present article reviews the status and outlook of separation control for both steady and unsteady flows. Both passive and active techniques to prevent or to provoke flow detachment are considered and suggestions are made for further research.
Effect of Electrolyte Type on the Electrophoretic Mobility of Polystyrene Latex Colloids

Electrophoretic mobility studies of surfactant-free polystyrene latex particles in various types of inorganic electrolytes are reported. The particles carry sulfate functional groups and cover a wide range of surface charge. The electrophoretic mobility curves of all latices exhibit a pronounced maximum as a function of 1: 1 electrolyte (KCl) concentrations. With 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 electrolytes (CaCl* and LaCl, respectively), the electrophoretic mobility curves pass through a minimum followed by a maximum. The results are discussed in terms of models that have been previously proposed to explain these maxima in the mobility curves. Our results suggest that the increase of mobility with salt concentration may be attributed to the approach of co-ions close to the hydrophobic surface of the particles. It is also suggested that three competing processes at the interface determine the shape of the mobility curves.
Physiology of tobacco etch virus-induced wilt of tabasco peppers.

Abstract A change in permeability, indicated by a release of sodium and potassium ions, was detected in the roots of tobacco etch virus (TEV)-infected Tabasco pepper plants 24–48 hours before wilt symptoms occurred. The permeability change also preceded a decrease in the respiratory rate by 12–24 hours, and histological changes by 24–48 hours. None of these changes occurred in roots of noninoculated control plants, in roots of TEV-infectedpepper varieties which do not wilt, or in roots of Tabasco pepper infected with viruses which do not cause wilt. Since the change in permeability appeared to be specific for roots of TEV-infected Tabasco pepper, and since this preceded any other observable symptoms, a causal relationship between permeability change and wilting is suggested. No permeability changes were observed in systemically infected Tabasco pepper leaves. In root extracts of TEV-infected Tabasco pepper plants at the first day of wilt, a decrease in ascorbic acid content, an elevated enzymatic oxidation of ascorbic acid, a pronounced accumulation of polyphenols, and an increase in peroxidase activity were detected, but polyphenol oxidase activity was unchanged. Wilted plants recovered when their root tips were excised and the roots placed in water. This indicates that wilt results from the failure of water to reach the xylem rather than from blockage of water transport in the xylem itself.
Plate convergence and deformation, North Luzon Ridge, Philippines

Abstract Marine geophysical and earthquake seismology data indicate that the North Luzon Ridge, a volcano-capped bathymetrie ridge system that extends between Luzon and Taiwan, is presently undergoing deformation in response to the relative motion between the Asian and Philippine Sea plates. Plate motion models predict convergence along the western side of the Philippine Sea plate, from Japan in the north to Indonesia in the south, and most of this plate margin is defined by active subduction zones. However, the western boundary of the Philippine Sea plate adjacent to the North Luzon Ridge shows no evidence of an active WNW-dipping subduction zone; this is in marked contrast to the presence of both the Philippine Trench/East Luzon Trough subduction zones to the south and the Ryukyu Trench subduction zone to the north. Crustal shortening, in response to ongoing plate convergence in the North Luzon Ridge region, apparently takes place through a complex pattern of strike-slip and thrust faulting, rather than by the typical subduction of oceanic lithosphere along a discreet zone. The curvilinear bathymetrie trends within the North Luzon Ridge represent the traces of active faults. The distribution of these faults, mapped by both multichannel and single-channel seismic reflection methods and earthquake seismicity patterns and focal mechanism solutions, suggest that right-lateral, oblique-slip faulting occurs along NE-trending faults, and left-lateral, oblique-slip faulting takes place on N- and NNW-trending faults. The relative plate convergence accommodated by the deformation of the North Luzon Ridge will probably be taken up in the future by the northward-propagating East Luzon Trough subduction zone.
A randomized trial of a Facebook-based physical activity intervention for young adult cancer survivors

Purpose Over half of young adult cancer survivors do not meet physical activity (PA) guidelines. PA interventions can enhance health and quality of life among young adult cancer survivors. However, few exercise interventions have been designed and tested in this population. This study evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a 12-week, Facebook-based intervention (FITNET) aimed at increasing moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA compared with a Facebook-based self-help comparison (SC) condition.
An Algorithm for Optimal PLA Folding

In this paper we present a graph-theoretic formulation of the optimal PLA folding problem. The class of admissible PLA foldings is defined. Necessary and sufficient conditions for obtaining the optimal folding are given. A subproblem of the optimal problem is shown to be NP-complete, and a heuristic algorithm is given which has proven to be effective on a number of test problems.
Epidemiology and possible identification of high-risk groups that could develop cancer of the breast.

This seminar discusses the possibilities of dichotomizing the female U.S. population for screening purposes into those more or less likely to develop breast cancer. The idea is based on the hypothesis that systemic dissemination is a function of tumor mass and the facts that breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women and that the breast in an exposed organ amenable to physical screening methods. Without subdividing those with increased risk about 40 million women per year would require screening to reach about 6-7% of those with cancer potential. Some relative risk factors are 1.35-2.3 for single women 1.15-1.6 for infertile 1.5-2.0 for fewer than 3 children 0-2.3 for never having breast fed 1.5 for menarche before age 15. Using these figures graphs were drawn which could concentrate 75-80% of potential cases within 60% of the population; i.e. a risk of about 2.5 for all those with 2 or fewer children. There is a study in progress on Guernsey which suggests that excretion of hydroxycorticosteroids and etiocholanolone may predict 75-80% of cases within 60-65% of the population. Or the 2 methods could be combined to concentrate over 80% of cases within 50% of the population although double screening would be needed.
Intrinsically minimal thermal conductivity in cubic I-V-VI2 semiconductors.

We report measurements of the thermal conductivity of high-quality crystals of the cubic I-V-VI2 semiconductors AgSbTe2 and AgBiSe2. The thermal conductivity is temperature independent from 80 to 300 K at a value of approximately 0.70 W/mK. Heat conduction is dominated by the lattice term, which we show is limited by umklapp and normal phonon-phonon scattering processes to a value that corresponds to the minimum possible, where the phonon mean free path equals the interatomic distance. Minimum thermal conductivity in cubic I-V-VI2 semiconductors is due to an extreme anharmonicity of the lattice vibrational spectrum that gives rise to a high Gruneisen parameter and strong phonon-phonon interactions. Members of this family of compounds are therefore most promising for thermoelectric applications, particularly as p-type materials.
A Synoptic Climatological Approach to the Analysis of Lake-Effect Snowfall: Potential Forecasting Applications

Abstract Due to their mesoscale nature, forecasting lake-effect snowfall events is very difficult but extremely important to the inhabitants of those regions subject to this type of severe winter weather. Such is the case along the southern and eastern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario in the northeastern region of the United States. Here a synoptic climatological approach is used to identify the synoptic-scale atmospheric patterns conductive to lake-induced snowfall to the lee of Lakes Erie and Ontario in the states of New York and Pennsylvania from November to March. The approach used in this study allows for a thorough investigation of the characteristics of each lake-effect synoptic type, including the intrannual and interannual variations in frequency and composite atmospheric fields of sea level pressures, 850-mb temperatures and heights, and 500-mb heights. By combining the lake-effect synoptic types with daily snowfall data for 159 stations across New York and Pennsylvania, direct associations are ...
U.S. Operating Experience With Thermally Treated Alloy 600 Steam Generator Tubes

Steam generators placed in service in the 1960s and 1970s were primarily fabricated from mill-annealed Alloy 600. Over time, this material proved to be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking in the highly pure primary and secondary water chemistry environments of pressurized-water reactors. The corrosion ultimately led to the replacement of steam generators at numerous facilities, the first U.S. replacement occurring in 1980. Many of the steam generators placed into service in the 1980s used tubes fabricated from thermally treated Alloy 600. This tube material was thought to be less susceptible to corrosion. Because of the safety significance of steam generator tube integrity, this paper evaluates the operating experience of thermally treated Alloy 600 by looking at the extent to which it is used and recent results from steam generator tube examinations.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
XIII—Hyper-Reliability and Apriority

I argue that beliefs that are true whenever held—like I exist, I am thinking about myself, and (in an object-dependent framework) Jack = Jack— needn't on that account be a priori. It does however seem possible to remove the existential commitment from the last example, to get a belief that is knowable a priori. I discuss some difficulties concerning how to do that.
Holographic particle image velocimetry

Holographic techniques for measuring particles have been studied since the inception of holography. However, techniques used in the past have had limited success in particle velocimetry for one of the following reasons: large depth of focus, poor signal to noise ratio, distortion, and directional ambiguity in the particle displacement. This paper introduces holographic velocimetry, and discusses methods being investigated for implementing holographic particle image velocimetry (HPIV)
Multiprotein Immunoassay Arrays Fabricated by Microcontact Printing

Microarrays containing up to three different proteins were fabricated by microcontact printing (μCP) techniques and tested as a detection system for specific antibodies. After fabrication, immunoassays were successfully performed using the patterned protein microarrays. The developed immunoassays were characterized by fluorescence microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. The characterization revealed the quality of the protein deposition and indicated a high degree of selectivity for the targeted antigen−antibody interactions. The results of this study suggest that μCP is an inexpensive and effective way to fabricate biologically active substrates that can be of use for multiple reagentless immunosensor applications.
CARBON SOURCE FOR DEVELOPING BOLLS IN NORMAL AND SUPEROKRA LEAF COTTON

SUMMARY Narrow-row field experiments were conducted to investigate the importance of leaves near developing bolls as a source of assimilate in normal and superokra leaf cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. A small plexiglass chamber was used to enclose individual leaves which were pulsed with 14CO2 for 5 min. Leaves were labelled when sink bolls were 10 days old. Despite much smaller leaves at each position (averaging 42% of normal leaf size) the superokra leaves exported similar amounts of 14C-assimilate to the primary boll as did normal plant leaves. Primary sympodial bolls of superokra and normal leaf plants received 37 and 41% of their 14C-assimilate from subtending leaves, respectively, 38% from the secondary sympodial leaf, and 28.2 and 21.5%, respectively, from the main stem leaf. Although the leaf subtending the boll of superokra plants was much smaller than the subtending normal leaf, the amount of assimilate provided to the boll was 88% of the normal leaf. The differences in assimilate export to a given boll may not be as important in causing fruit abortion in superokra cotton as expected from leaf size considerations.
Immunoreactivity assay for α-particle emitting monoclonal antibody constructs

Abstract Clinical trials using α -particle radiolabeled antibodies require a rapid and reproducible assay of the immunoreactivity of drugs. While live cell assays are typically used to determine the immunoreactive drug fraction, a fixed cell assay may replace the traditional live cell assay and offer the advantages of rapidity, easy availability and consistency for qualifying drugs for preclinical or clinical studies. We have identified optimal cell fixation and immunoreactivity assay conditions and have validated them by performing the fixed-cell assay in clinical trials.
Genome sequence comparison of two United States live attenuated vaccines of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV)

This study was conducted to identify unique nucleotide differences in two U.S. chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccines [LT Blen (GenBank accession: JQ083493) designated as vaccine 1; Laryngo-Vac® (GenBank accession: JQ083494) designated as vaccine 2] of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) genomes compared to an Australian Serva vaccine reference ILTV genome sequence [Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1); GenBank accession number: HQ630064]. Genomes of the two vaccine ILTV strains were sequenced using Illumina Genome Analyzer 2X of 36 cycles of single-end reads. Results revealed that few nucleotide differences (23 in vaccine 1; 31 in vaccine 2) were found and indicate that the US CEO strains are practically identical to the Australian Serva CEO strain, which is a European-origin vaccine. The sequence differences demonstrated the spectrum of variability among vaccine strains. Only eight amino acid differences were found in ILTV proteins including UL54, UL27, UL28, UL20, UL1, ICP4, and US8 in vaccine 1. Similarly, in vaccine 2, eight amino acid differences were found in UL54, UL27, UL28, UL36, UL1, ICP4, US10, and US8. Further comparison of US CEO vaccines to several ILTV genome sequences revealed that US CEO vaccines are genetically close to both the Serva vaccine and 63140/C/08/BR (GenBank accession: HM188407) and are distinct from the two Australian-origin CEO vaccines, SA2 (GenBank accession: JN596962) and A20 (GenBank accession: JN596963), which showed close similarity to each other. These data demonstrate the potential of high-throughput sequencing technology to yield insight into the sequence variation of different ILTV strains. This information can be used to discriminate between vaccine ILTV strains and further, to identify newly emerging mutant strains of field isolates.
Calibration of a porometer in terms of diffusive resistance

Abstract The rate of pressure drop in a convenient leaf-porometer is shown to be a simple function of several separable components of flow resistance. Those due to stomata are arrived at by measuring or estimating the others. Stomatal resistance is also calculated from viscous flow theory and the observed dimensions of sample stomata or their replicas. Measured and calculated values for barley agree moderately well, thus justifying the model used in calculation. With standard molecular diffusion theory, the same dimensions give the diffusive resistance of the stomata, which is the quantity of interest in transpiration or assimilation studies. With suitable averaging procedures to relate the properties of single pores to those of whole leaves, a simplified theoretical relation between viscous and diffusive resistance is found permitting conversion of porometer readings directly into diffusive resistances.
MicroRNAs in neural cell differentiation

The architecture and functioning of the mammalian nervous system are partly based on the complexity of combinatorial gene expression in the developing brain that results in a tremendous diversity of neural cells. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are particularly abundant in the brain and are emerging as influential regulators of neural gene expression. This review summarizes the recently discovered role of microRNAs in the development and maintenance of the nervous system. MicroRNAs are temporally expressed during neural differentiation, spatially regulated and embedded in molecular feedback loops that may contribute to the robustness of the neural networks.
Generalized network modeling and diagnosis using financial ratios

Abstract In Section 1 of this paper, we briefly review the general problem of diagnosing a fault in a network of interacting components. The fuzzy form of this general problem, in which component failure is not all-or-none, is introduced; many important practical diagnosis problems resemble the fuzzy case more closely than the crisp case. Section 2 discusses the use of a fuzzy production system as a powerful technique for performing an automated preliminary diagnosis in a fuzzy network. fault , a fuzzy production system to analyze the financial performance of a business firm using linguistic assessments of financial indicator ratios, is presented in Section 3 as an example of fuzzy network diagnosis. Section 4 presents some recent work in automatic program generation for fuzzy network diagnosis, and Section 5 briefly mentions some work currently in progress.
Probability and expectancy in two-choice reaction time

RTs were measured to two stimuli which were presented in a 2 ∶ 1 ratio. The mean RT was inversely related to the probability of stimulus presentation, but no difference was found when the mean RT was calculated conditional on Ss’ predictions of stimulus presentation. The probability effect in choice RT was interpreted as depending upon a weighted combination of fast RTs to correctly predicted stimuli and slow RTs to incorrectly predicted stimuli.
Sensor information framework: Using workflow to integrate distributed sensor services

Recently, sensors and sensor networks are receiving much attention due to the growing number of small, inexpensive sensor nodes with advanced sensing capabilities. These “smart” sensors enable sensor networks and Sensor Webs to better monitor environmental variables and to share the resulting sensor data in real-time. The advancement in sensor technology also poses new challenges due to the increased number of distributed sensors, the increased amount of heterogeneous sensor data, and the sensor services that must interoperate in this dynamic environment with bandwidth, power, time, and computational power constraints. In this work, we present an approach to using the workflow technology on a service-oriented information framework to provide state-of-the-art mechanisms to access, integrate, analyze, and visualize distributed sensor data. We demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of this information framework on implementing weather station sensor services based on the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Observation Service (SOS) standard.
Rotationally invariant field theory on lattices. II. Internal symmetry

We construct gauge theories on the Euclidean Poincar\'e transform related ensemble of lattices. Some examples of their effective propagators are derived. Even though the lattice spacing is kept nonzero (on the order of the Planck length), the effective ensemble propagators are rotationally invariant.
Recent Freezing Level Changes and Climatic Deterioration in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

IT is well established that climatic fluctuations which are global or hemispheric in extent are most pronounced in high northern latitudes, particularly around the North Atlantic1–4. Recent evidence also suggests that certain sectors of the Arctic are extremely sensitive to small climatic shifts and as a result may undergo visible changes in the landscape5–7. Here I report on an analysis of upper air data for the Canadian Arctic archipelago which indicates that marked changes in freezing level heights have occurred during the past two decades as a result of changes in atmospheric circulation across the area.
Sublimation of Tl2O3 and crystal growth by vapor deposition

Abstract Weight loss of Tl2O3 powder, from an Al2O3 cylindrical holder, has been measured as a function of time and temperature, in air. From the temperature dependence of sublimation, an enthalpy of sublimation of 96 Kcal/mole was calculated. The data were shown to fit the theory of diffusion controlled vapor transport up a tube of constant cross section. The time dependence of the rate of sublimation depended on the starting conditions, which for this study produced essentially constant sublimation rates, and linear concentration profiles, up the tube. These data were then used to determine the optimum traverse rate of a crystal growing ampule through the temperature gradient of the furnace. Single crystals of Tl2O3, 5mm on a side, were grown at 1000°K with a traverse speed of 1.92 × 10−2 cm/hr.
A renaissance man.

It is rare for a pediatric radiologist to get front-page headlines in The New York Times—especially when he did nothing wrong [1]. Au contraire, H. Theodore (Ted) Harcke is doing pioneering work as chief of forensic radiology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) (see commentary “The Case for Postmortem Imaging”). Those who know Ted are not surprised. Ted has had an extraordinary career, graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point with a degree in engineering, serving in active duty in the Army, and then pursuing a master’s degree in education (mathematics) and medical school at Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine. His medical training took him to Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (internship), Temple University Medical Center (radiology residency), and St. Christopher Hospital for Children (fellowship in pediatric radiology). He was chairman of the Department of Medical Imaging at Alfred I. DuPont Institute in Wilmington, DE, from 1983 to 1995 and held professorships at Temple University School of Medicine, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Jefferson Medical College, and Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences. He served as a visiting scientist at the AFIP. Ted has written extensively with emphasis on pediatric nuclear medicine, pediatric bone disease, and hip US. He is the innovator of dynamic sonography of the hip and taught most of us all we know about it. Ted has found a new passion—learning from the “virtual autopsy” so we can understand mechanisms of disease and devise ways to prevent traumatic injuries. It may seem odd to publish this material in a pediatric radiology journal, but to us, it is a continuation of our role from fetal to newborn to childhood imaging, and to postmortem imaging— all designed to teach, inform, and, we hope, affect outcome. We should all learn from Ted and his inquisitive nature. We congratulate him on a job well done.
A comparison of physiological indices in detection of deception.

Physiological measures—breathing amplitude (BA), breathing cycle time (BCT), galvanic skin response (GSR), skin potential response (SPR), systolic blood pressure (BP), oxygen saturation level (O2S), finger volume (FV), and pulse volume (PV)—were compared with respect to their relative efficiency in discriminating deception in a lie detection experiment. Thirty Ss were tested. Stimuli consisted of personal words and neutral words made relevant in the context of a mock crime paradigm. Only GSR, SPR, and FV consistently discriminated better than chance, with GSR and SPR significantly superior to FV. BA and O2S yielded some evidence of discrimination, but were inconsistent across stimulus material.
Egalitarian sex role attitudes: Scale development and comparison of American and Japanese women

The English Form of the Scale of Egalitarian Sex Role Attitudes was administered to 238 American women after the original Japanese Form was developed and administered to 420 Japanese women. The results reveal that the English Form has a potential for use as a measurement of American women's sex role attitudes. The results of cross-cultural comparisons suggest that American women have more egalitarian attitudes than their Japanese counterparts. However, they have basically similar attitudes toward more general egalitarian values. Among the four roles of “woman,” “wife,” “mother,” and “person,” the majority of the American women choose “person” as the most important role, whereas the Japanese women do not claim any clear dominant role. But the results show that the Japanese women's attitudes toward women's roles have become more egalitarian and individualistic during the past two decades.
Improved model for solute transport in heterogeneous porous media

Abstract An improved model for solute transport through heterogeneous porous media, considering physical non-equilibrium and convection domination, is presented. Conventional phenomenological conceptualizations, such as the dual-porosity and capacitance models, envision the molecular diffusion as the significant mechanism in mass transfer between the stagnant liquid present in the matrix or micropores and the flowing fraction in the fractures or macropores. Because it can accurately predict the experimentally observed tailing, the new model has an advantage over the existing models by taking into account the contributions of spatial velocity variations through different scales. Consequently, it is shown that tailing is a result of the permeability contrast existing between the interacting micro- and macropore media; and the convection in low-permeability zones controls the delay in the total breakthrough. The incorporation of the matrix convection results in a system of coupled, higher-order differential equations which is solved analytically. In addition to offering an adequate description of the experimental data obtained during the investigation of the behavior of heterogeneous porous media, the new conceptualization appears to provide a more realistic insight into the physical process.
Correlating Molecular Structure to Field-Effect Mobility: The Investigation of Side-Chain Functionality in Phenylene−Thiophene Oligomers and Their Application in Field Effect Transistors

Short conjugated phenylene (P)−thiophene (T) oligomers with varying α and ω alkyl and alkoxy substitutions were synthesized using Stille and Suzuki coupling reactions to investigate the correlation between end-group structure and electronic properties on P2TP and P3TP conjugated cores. Several soluble oligomers were synthesized with 5,5‘-bis(4-n-octylphenyl)-2,2‘-bithiophene (do-PTTP) showing the highest mobility (μ = 0.18 cm2 V-1 s-1) and on/off ratio of 107 at a substrate temperature of 50 °C. Thin film morphologies analyzed using atomic force microscopy revealed higher nucleation densities for branched alkoxy side-chain molecules compared to those of their straight alkyl side-chain counterparts. Field-effect mobility showed an inverse correlation to side-group bulkiness, indicating a strong morphological component to charge transport in the P2TP and P3TP series.
Capillary pressure behavior in pores with curved triangular cross-section: Effect of wettability and pore size distribution

Abstract The capillary behavior of two immiscible fluids in pores of angular cross-section differs appreciably from that in pores of circular cross-section. We have extended the work of Mason and Morrow [G. Mason and N.R. Morrow, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 141 (1991) 262; N.R. Morrow, Paper presented at 1st Int. Symp. on Evaluation of Reservoir Wettability and Its Effect on Oil Recovery, Socorro, NM, September 18–21, 1990] to pores whose cross-section is a triangle with curved, rather than straight, sides. Capillary pressure vs saturation curves were obtained for single pores, as well as for bundles of parallel pores with log-normal pore size distributions of varying geometric standard deviation. Wettability, as expressed by the contact angle, was varied also. In many ways, the computed behavior is qualitatively similar to that observed for real porous media, such as petroleum reservoir rocks. That is, there is drainage—imbibition hysteresis, a residual non-wetting-phase saturation upon imbibition, and a reversal in the sign of the capillary pressure upon imbibition in systems that approach neutral wettability. However, because of the lack of network effects, there is no mechanism for a true irreducible wetting-phase saturation. It seems likely that, to capture all aspects of multifluid behavior in real porous media (capillary pressure, relative permeabilities, electrical resistivity, etc.), models of such media should not only be based on networks but must also incorporate pore angularity.
Cherniak on Scientific Realism

In the final chapter of Minimal Rationality Christopher Cherniak offers three arguments to show that an agent with finite cognitive resources is not capable of arriving at a true and complete theory of the universe. I discuss each of these arguments and show that Cherniak has not succeeded in making his antirealist
Drug disposition as a factor in the lowering of brain serotonin by chloroamphetamines in the rat

Abstract Brain serotonin content of rats treated 6 hr earlier was markedly reduced by 4-chloroamphetamine, slightly reduced by 3-chloroamphetamine, and not changed by 2-chloroamphetamine or amphetamine. In rats pretreated with desmethylimipramine (DMI), the reduction of serotonin caused by 4-chloroamphetamine was unchanged, but 3-chloroamphetamine was now equally as effective as 4-chloroamphetamine; amphetamine still had no effect, and 2-chloroamphetamine caused a slight elevation of serotonin. Levels of amphetamine, 2-chloroamphetamine and 3-chloroamphetamine were too low to detect in rat brain at 6 hr except in the rats pretreated with DMI to block para-hydroxylation. 4-Chloroamphetamine levels in brain were the same in controls and in DMI-pretreated rats. 4-Chloroamphetamine and 3-chloroamphetamine, which lowered serotonin equally in DMI-pretreated rats, were both present mainly in the particulate fraction after high speed centrifugation of brain homogenates, whereas 2-chloroamphetamine was evenly distributed between the supernatant and particulate fractions and amphetamine was present mainly in the supernatant fraction. The intrinsic ability of these compounds to lower serotonin is better demonstrated in DMI-pretreated rats in which metabolic differences between them are minimized; thus 3-chloro- and 4-chloroamphetamine are equally active. The association of those two drugs with brain particulate material is suggested to be related to their reduction of serotonin content.
Establishing the utility of non-text search for news video retrieval with real world users

TRECVID participants have enjoyed consistent success using storyboard interfaces for shot-based retrieval, as measured by TRECVID interactive search mean average precision (MAP). However, much is lost by only looking at MAP, and especially by neglecting to bring in representatives of the target user communities to conduct such tasks. This paper reports on the use of within-subjects experiments to reduce subject variability and emphasize the examination of specific video search interface features for their effectiveness in interactive retrieval and user satisfaction. A series of experiments is surveyed to illustrate the gradual realization of getting non-experts to utilize non-textual query features through interface adjustments. Notably, the paper explores the use of the search system by government intelligence analysts, concluding that a variety of search methods are useful for news video retrieval and lead to improved satisfaction. This community, dominated by text search system expertise but still new to video and image search, performed better with and favored a system with image and concept query capabilities over an exclusive text-search system. The user study also found that sports topics mean nothing for this user community and tens of relevant shots collected into the answer set are considered enough to satisfy the information need. Lessons learned from these user interactions are reported, with recommendations on both interface improvements for video retrieval systems and enhancing the ecological validity of video retrieval interface evaluations.
Maximum-Likelihood Acceleration Estimation From Existing Roadway Vehicle Detectors

Transportation agencies have invested in extensive infrastructure for vehicle detection and speed estimation. Although knowledge of vehicle speeds helps characterize traffic flow, vehicle accelerations can lead to better characterization. Vehicle accelerations are important in designing signal timings with respect to yellow intervals and green extensions for dilemma zone protection. Vehicle acceleration models are also used in studies of vehicle emissions. This paper develops an algorithm that uses existing inductive loops and magnetometers in speed trap configurations to measure acceleration. The algorithm chosen is the maximum-likelihood estimator, given an additive white Gaussian noise model for noise. The algorithm is found to have an error of about 0.02 g.
Reconstruction of the Pediatric airway with an open stented tracheotomy tube

Reconstructive techniques for the stenotic pediatric airway have greatly enhanced the otolaryngologists ability to decannulate the tracheotomy-dependent child. Stents have played an important role in this process by both maintaining the reconstructed lumen and acting as a scaffold. However, decannulation is often not achieved after the first surgical intervention with some patients requiring two, three or more procedures. In an effort to improve upon the design of today's stents, an open stented tracheotomy tube was evaluated at our institution. This stent is designed to provide advantages of immediate postoperative voice and nutrition, and ease of evaluation, as well as to provide for safe and adequate healing. Four patients underwent laryngotracheal reconstruction with this stent over a 10-month period. All patients could vocalize and eat immediately postoperatively but recalcitrant granulation tissue and restenosis has prevented decannulation in three of the cases. The experience with this stent exemplifies the persistent difficulties of stent use in pediatric airway reconstruction. It also points out that progress is still needed in current reconstructive techniques as well as in the development of new techniques.
Evaluating the interaction of faecal pellet deposition rates and DNA degradation rates to optimize sampling design for DNA‐based mark–recapture analysis of Sonoran pronghorn

Knowledge of population demographics is important for species management but can be challenging in low-density, wide-ranging species. Population monitoring of the endangered Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) is critical for assessing the success of recovery efforts, and noninvasive DNA sampling (NDS) could be more cost-effective and less intrusive than traditional methods. We evaluated faecal pellet deposition rates and faecal DNA degradation rates to maximize sampling efficiency for DNA-based mark-recapture analyses. Deposition data were collected at five watering holes using sampling intervals of 1-7 days and averaged one pellet pile per pronghorn per day. To evaluate nuclear DNA (nDNA) degradation, 20 faecal samples were exposed to local environmental conditions and sampled at eight time points from one to 124 days. Average amplification success rates for six nDNA microsatellite loci were 81% for samples on day one, 63% by day seven, 2% by day 14 and 0% by day 60. We evaluated the efficiency of different sampling intervals (1-10 days) by estimating the number of successful samples, success rate of individual identification and laboratory costs per successful sample. Cost per successful sample increased and success and efficiency declined as the sampling interval increased. Results indicate NDS of faecal pellets is a feasible method for individual identification, population estimation and demographic monitoring of Sonoran pronghorn. We recommend collecting samples <7 days old and estimate that a sampling interval of four to seven days in summer conditions (i.e., extreme heat and exposure to UV light) will achieve desired sample sizes for mark-recapture analysis while also maximizing efficiency [Corrected].
Palomar Receive Terminal (PRT) for the Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (MLCD) Project

Significant technological advances were made toward utilizing the Hale telescope for receiving the faint laser communication signals transmitted from an optical transceiver on a spacecraft orbiting Mars. The so-called Palomar receive terminal design, which would have supported nominal downlink data rates of 1-30 Mbps, is described. Testing to validate technologies for near-Sun (3deg from edge of solar disc) daytime operations is also discussed. Finally, a laboratory end-to-end link utilizing a 64-ary pulse-position modulated photon-counting receiver and decoder that achieved predicted near-capacity (within 1.4 dB) performance is described.
Charlie’s Words Supporting Gifted Male Athletes Using Athletes’ Journals

A gifted student-athlete, Charlie Bloomfield is introduced to athlete’s journals by his coaches at Burke Mountain Academy (Vermont), an elite American ski school. Used by Olympians and professional...
Traffic in Social Media I: Paths Through Information Networks

Wikipedia is used every day by people all around the world, to satisfy a variety of information needs. We cross-correlate multiple Wikipedia traffic data sets to infer various behavioral features of its users: their usage patterns (e.g., as a reference or a source); their motivations (e.g., routine tasks such as student homework vs. information needs dictated by news events); their search strategies (how and to what extent accessing an article leads to further related readings inside or outside Wikipedia); and what determines their choice of Wikipedia as an information resource. We primarily study article hit counts to determine how the popularity of articles (and article categories) changes over time, and in response to news events in the English-speaking world. We further leverage logs of actual navigational patterns from a very large sample of Indiana University users over a period of one year, allowing us unprecedented ability to study how users traverse an online encyclopedia. This data allows us to make quantitative claims about how users choose links when navigating Wikipedia. From this same source of data we are further able to extract analogous navigation networks representing other large sites, including Facebook, to compare and contrast the use of these sites with Wikipedia. Finally we present a possible application of traffic analysis to page categorization.
Assessment of termination of trauma resuscitation guidelines: are children small adults?

Abstract Background Guidelines for termination of resuscitation in prehospital traumatic cardiopulmonary arrest (TCPA) have recently been published for adults. Clinical criteria for termination of care include absent pulse, unorganized electrocardiogram (ECG), fixed pupils (all at the scene), and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) greater than 15 minutes. The goal of this study was to evaluate these guidelines in a pediatric trauma population. Methods Pediatric trauma patients with documented arrest were included in the study. Data assessed were duration of CPR, ECG rhythm, pulse assessment, pupil response, transport times, and standard injury criteria (eg, mechanism of injury). Survivors were compared to nonsurvivors using descriptive statistics, χ 2 , and Pearson correlation. Results Between 2000 and 2009, 30 patients were identified as having had a TCPA. Of the 30 with a prehospital TCPA, there were 9 females and 21 males (0.2-18 years old). The average (SD) injury severity score was 35.4 (20.6). Twenty-four patients (80%) did not survive. Severe traumatic brain injury was associated with nonsurvivors in 78%. One-way analysis of variances demonstrated that CPR greater than 15 minutes ( P = .011) and fixed pupils ( P = .022) were significant variables to distinguish between survivors and nonsurvivors, whereas ECG rhythm ( P = .34) and absent pulse ( P = .056) did not, 42 ± 28 minutes for nonsurvivors and 7 ± 3 minutes for survivors. Conclusion Criteria for termination of resuscitation correctly predicted 100% of those who died when all the criteria were met. More importantly, no survivors would have had resuscitation stopped. Duration of CPR seems to be a strong predictor of mortality in this study.
Construction of a Nonverbal Adaptation of the Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition

The purpose of this investigation was to construct a nonverbal short form of the Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition (Binet 4) for use in the evaluation of hearing impaired, speech/language disabled, and limited English proficient children. Subtests were selected based on ratings of Binet 4 users. The subtests selected included Bead Memory, Pattern Analysis, Copying, Memory for Objects, and Matrices. The reliability coefficient for this new composite score was .95, and the validity of this composite, as estimated by its correlation with the test composite from the full battery, was .91. A procedure for generating estimated composites based on the Binet Nonverbal Scale is provided with a rationale for its use in clinical assessment practice.
Aqueous cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene using hydrophilic phenylphosphonic acids

Abstract The use of phosphonic acids [(HO)2P(O)R, R = Ph or Ph‐o,m,p‐NO2] in conjunction with a water‐tolerant Lewis acid, ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate [Yb(OTf)3], induces the cationic polymerization of p‐methoxystyrene (pMOS). The polymerization is performed by addition of pMOS to a suspension of either nitrophenylphosphonic acid (NO2PPA) or phenylphosphonic acid (PPA) in an aqueous solution of Yb(OTf)3 at 23°C. Higher [NO2PPA]0 yielded higher initial polymerization rates, but had no effect on ultimate monomer conversion. Compared to PPA, NO2PPA yielded higher polymerization rates and higher ultimate conversions; however, PPA resulted in more controlled molecular weights and lower molecular weight distribution (MWD). The number‐average molecular weights of the polymers increased with conversion while MWD decreased. The polymerization rate was affected by the presence of polar or non‐polar solvents. Increasing the polymerization temperature dramatically increased the polymerization rate.
Lipid Oxidation and Pigment Changes in Raw Beef

SUMMARY– Two major sources of nonmicrobial deterioration in prepackaged raw meats are the development of off-odors and off-colors. The relationship of these changes to polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation in the meat was investigated. Lipid oxidation was measured by the thiobarbituric acid test; pigment changes, by reflectance spectrophotometry. Lipid oxidation was found to produce detectable off-odors in raw and subsequently cooked beef. Anaerobic packaging to prevent oxidation of myoglobin and in turn, lipids, appeared to be useful only if packaging (and oxygen removal) could be carried out rapidly and if meat contained sufficient enzyme activity to establish anaerobic conditions quickly and to completely reduce metmyoglobin. Propyl gallate and butylated hydroxyanisole, even under aerobic conditions, offered substantial protection to the fresh meat pigments and at the same time effectively inhibited lipid oxidation.
Model of metallic filament formation and rupture in NiO for unipolar switching

The structural and electronic implications of cation and anion vacancies in NiO are assessed using density functional theory in conjunction with the local-density approximation and employing on-site Coulomb corrections within the $\text{LDA}+U$ method. Electronic band-structure data supports the $p$-type semiconducting oxide character. The calculated formation energies identify the stability of charged vacancy states consistent with experimental reports. We present a microscopic model for the formation and rupture of an electrically active filament in NiO targeted to explain the unipolar switching phenomenon observed in resistive change memory devices. The formation and filament rupture processes are linked to the migration of oxygen in the oxide coupled with the oxidation/reduction process of nickel atoms.
Tactile perception of spatial stimuli on the lip surface by young and older adults.

Although older adults are subject to both subtle changes and major disorders of the oral sensorimotor system, relatively little is known about oral sensory function in old age. Accurate assessment ...