cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Afferent connections of anterior thalamus in rats: sources and association with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Afferent connections of the anterior thalamic nuclei (ATN) are classically thought to originate in the mammillary body and limbic cortex. This study explores nonlimbic sources of ATN afferents by using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HUP) to ascertain the relative contribution of these connections. Spread of HRP into adjacent regions was prevented either by removing the overlying cortex or by injecting through permanently implanted cannulas. The main sources of nonlimbic ATN afferents are the pretectum and central gray. Pretectal neurons were HRP-labeled primarily in the contralateral medial pretectal nucleus with a smaller number in the ipsilateral posterior pretectal nucleus. In the central gray, labeled cells were concentrated ipsilaterally in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Additional projections to ATN originate in the reticular and ventral lateral geniculate nuclei of the thalamus, raphe nuclei, peripontine tegmental nucleus, and locus coeruleus. The association of ATN afferents with muscarinic receptors was also explored by means of in vitro receptor autoradiography with the muscarinic ligands propylbenzilylcholine mustard (PrBCM) and pirenzepine (PZ) in normal rats and rats with ablations. Ibotenic acid injections into ATN were used to destroy intrinsic neurons while leaving afferent fibers intact. Whereas such ablations produced statistically significant decreases in PrBCM binding in the anterior dorsal (AD, −45%) and anterior ventral, magnocellular part (AVm, −51%) nuclei, binding in the anterior ventral, parvicellular part (AVp) and anterior medial (AM) nuclei was not significantly decreased. Furthermore, PZ binding in normal rat ATN was significantly less (−72%) than PrBCM binding. These results suggest that a major proportion of muscarinic binding is associated with presynaptic elements. Ibotenic acid ablations of the mammillary body reduced PrBCM binding in ATN whereas lesions in cingulate cortex and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus had no effect. Compared to sham lesion controls, mammillary body lesions resulted in statistically significant decreases in binding bilaterally in AD (−15%), AVm (−19%), and AM (−20%). In conclusion, ATN receive afferents from several nonlimbic regions. Of these inputs, the pretectum may be the primary route through which sensory information reaches ATN. In addition, cholinergic input may modulate activity in projections from the mammillary body to ATN through presynaptic muscarinic receptors.
Thermal properties of wholly aromatic polyamides

Various wholly aromatic polyamides based on m-and p-phenylene diamines and isophthaloyl and terephthaloyl chloride have been synthesized and their thermal properties and oxygen index values have been studied. The effect of different substituents on the aromatic ring of the diamine have been explored by comparing their differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) behavior, their relative char yields at 700°C, and their oxygen indices. The Cl, NO2, and OH substituted polyamides have been found to produce the highest char yields. The high char yields are probably associated with crosslinking occurring at high temperatures. Attempts at correlating char yield with oxygen index indicated enhancement for the chlorosubstituted aramids.
The Quantitative Evaluation of a Granulation Milling Process I. Algebraic Method for Particle Size Analysis

AbstractA method is presented which may be used to mathematically express particle size distributions of pharmaceutical granulations.The method utilizes expresses of particle size and probability evaluated using a weighted linear regression technique. This method is suggested whenever particle size determinations are used in conjunction with statistical analysis, optimization techniques or any time a purely quantitative approach is needed.
Color mixture data for normals and tritanopes.

Dans la theorie de la vision des couleurs, le bleu et le vert fondamentaux se trouvent sur une ligne de confusion du tritanope. Cela fournit une base pour comparer les donnees entre un tritanope et une personne normale. A l'extremite rouge du spectre, les donnees sont conformes a celles prevues par la theorie. A l'extremite bleue, les donnees laissent penser que le pigment responsable de la reponse rouge peut differer du pigment implique a l'extremite rouge du spectre
Global shifts: Changing job quality and job satisfaction determinants in socialist and post‐socialist Hungary

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend Handel's intrinsic and extrinsic framework for understanding job characteristics and job satisfaction to the worker experience in socialist and post‐socialist Hungary. Design/methodology/approach – Non‐panel longitudinal data from the International Social Survey Program (work orientations I and II: 1989 and 1997 – survey questions on job characteristics and job quality) are used to examine the changing job quality and job satisfaction determinants in socialist and post‐socialist Hungary. Findings – Descriptive statistics and regression analysis show that there are many significant changes in the intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics and perceived job satisfaction of Hungarian workers from 1989 to 1997. Research limitations/implications – The main limitations of this research are that the key variables are subjective single‐item indicators; the non‐panel longitudinal nature of the data means the direction of causality among the variables examined cannot be tested specifically; and some variables of interest and other important control variables cannot be included in the analysis, as data were not available for both waves of the survey. Practical implications – Since worker job satisfaction impacts firm performance and various measures of worker well‐being, firms (regardless of economic sector or private/public status) need to be cognizant of these differences and unique challenges facing Hungarian workers and work to tailor management philosophy and policy to create a unique work atmosphere that will benefit the interests of both the employer and the employee. Originality/value – The main contribution of this paper is the analysis of changes in intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics in Hungary, in light of the sweeping political and economic changes that accompanied the transition from a socialist state to a post‐socialist regime.
Finger Domain Mutation Affects Enzyme Activity, DNA Replication Efficiency, and Fidelity of an Exonuclease-Deficient DNA Polymerase of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

The catalytic subunit of herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase (Pol), a member of the B family polymerases, possesses both polymerase and exonuclease activities. We previously demonstrated that a recombinant virus (YD12) containing a double mutation within conserved exonuclease motif III of the Pol was highly mutagenic and rapidly evolved to contain an additional leucine-to-phenylalanine mutation at residue 774 (L774F), which is located within the finger subdomain of the polymerase domain. We further demonstrated that the recombinant L774F virus replicated DNA with increased fidelity and that the L774F mutant Pol exhibited altered enzyme kinetics and impaired polymerase activity to extension from mismatched primer termini. In this study, we demonstrated that addition of the L774F mutation to the YD12 Pol did not restore the exonuclease deficiency. However, the polymerase activity of the YD12 Pol to extension from mismatched primer termini and on the nucleotide incorporation pattern was altered upon addition of the L774F mutation. The L774F mutation-containing YD12 Pol also supported the growth of viral progeny and replicated DNA more efficiently and more accurately than did the YD12 Pol. Together, these studies demonstrate that a herpes simplex virus Pol mutant with a highly mutagenic ability can rapidly acquire additional mutations, which may be selected for their survival and outgrowth. Furthermore, the studies demonstrate that the polymerase activity of HSV-1 Pol on primer extension is influenced by sequence context and that herpes simplex virus type 1 Pol may dissociate more frequently at G·C sites during the polymerization reaction. The implications of the findings are discussed.
War and Mass Mediated Evidence

The Iraq War was presented to the audiences through an exhaustive propaganda campaign. Analysis of news coverage suggests that this war was presented as a feature of war programming, or the selective use of claims makers/news sources within a normative pattern, which includes occasional detractors to give the appearance of debate. It is suggested that social scientists help discredit propaganda efforts in the future by articulating this narrative with journalists and audiences.
Genetically Epilepsy‐Prone Rats (GEPRs) in Drug Research

Two independently derived, inbred strains of genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) have been developed, the moderately epileptic GEPR-3 and the more severely epileptic GEPR-9. Seizures expressed by GEPRs model human generalized tonic/clonic seizures (GTCSs) and partial seizures secondarily generalized to tonic/clonic seizures. Several types of existing antiepileptic drugs have been tested in the GEPR model. Without exception, the seizure suppressing properties of these drugs occur both in GEPR-3 s and GEPR-9s. The differential responses of the two GEPR strains separate the antiepileptic drugs into three categories: (1) those effective in GTCSs and partial seizures; (2) those that are additionally effective in absence seizures; and (3) those effective in absence seizures but not in convulsive seizures. No known false positives have yet been detected in GEPR tests. In addition to the utility of the seizures expressed by GEPRs in drug development paradigms, these animals also have potential in the search for drugs that are specifically “antiseizure predisposition” rather than merely anticonvulsant. Heretofore, worldwide drug development efforts have emphasized the discovery of drugs that are anticonvulsant in nonepileptic animals. As might have been anticipated, these same drugs have proven to be anticonvulsant in epileptic subjects. Paradigms that would detect drugs with the capacity to correct the biological determinants of predisposition are in early stages of application. Kindling seizures provide a means to identify drugs that might be useful in correcting stimulus-induced seizure predisposition. The GEPR and other genetic models of the epilepsies provide models for developing treatments to correct genetically determined seizure predisposition. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that GEPRs model comorbidity between the epilepsies and affective disorders. Understanding the basis of this comorbidity has the potential to enable the development of treatments that reverse the underlying abnormalities of the coexisting disorders. Because human epilepsies and affective disorders are environmentally and genetically complex, the abnormalities of the GEPR probably will not account for all predispositions leading to this comorbidity.
Thermal reflective cracking of asphalt concrete overlays

Reflective cracking of asphalt concrete (AC) overlays is one of the most extensive pavement distress and damage mechanisms in composite pavement structures. Numerous studies have been performed to evaluate the reflective cracking potential of AC overlays under different loading scenarios. Most of these studies have focused on reflective cracking due to tyre loading. A very limited amount of work has been performed to evaluate non-load-associated thermal reflective cracking of overlays. Thermal reflective cracking mechanisms have been studied and are described in this paper using recently developed hot-mix asphalt mixture tests and fracture models. A series of finite-element-based pavement simulations were performed in an effort to better understand thermal reflective cracking mechanisms as a function of several key material and pavement structure variables. The enhanced integrated climatic model was used to estimate pavement temperature gradients as a function of position and time. A fracture mechanics-ba...
A Markov model of terrorist behavior within the aviation security environment

Methods to improve deterrence in aviation security screening systems provide added value in their operation and performance. A mathematical tool is introduced to optimally allocate security resources, design effective deterrence procedures, and identify where emphasis should be placed to achieve the most effective deterrence. A continuous-time Markov chain is used to model terrorist behavior within the aviation security environment. The resulting nine-state Markov chain model addresses three levels of behavior, three levels of expertise, and three levels of inactivity. Optimization is used to identify parameter values that minimize terrorist activity. The focus application for this approach is aviation security, though the modeling methodology introduced can be used in any area of security or law enforcement.
Cannabis use and oral diseases

Data sources Medline and the Cochrane Central register of controlled trails (CENTRAL). Study selection Randomised Controlled Trials, Controlled Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies conducted on humans investigating cannabis usage were included. Screening was performed independently by two reviewers. Only English language studies were included. Case reports, letters and historical reviews were excluded. Data extraction and synthesis A narrative synthesis was conducted. Results Seven studies were included and a range of cannabis-associated oral side effects identified. Conclusions Based on the limited data, it seems justified to conclude that with increasing prevalence of cannabis use, oral health care providers should be aware of cannabis-associated oral side effects such as xerostomia, leukoedema and an increased prevalence and density of Candida albicans.
Cadaver kidney transplantation in patients more than 65 years old

Elderly patients with end-stage renal disease often remain on dialytic therapy because they are at increased risk for mortality and morbidity. We placed 24 cadaver kidney transplants into 24 patients aged 65–74 years between September 1, 1985, and August 31, 1995. Rates of patient and graft survival were compared with those of 404 concurrent first cadaver-kidney transplant recipients between the ages of 20 and 44 years. The 5-year rates of patient and graft survival were not significantly different (86% versus 92% and 77% versus 63%, respectively; study group presented first). Primary cadaver kidney transplantation can be successfully performed in patients older than 65 years when a selection algorithm is applied to exclude active infection, active malignancy, unsuitable anatomy for technical success, high probability of operative mortality, and noncompliance. Pelvic arteriosclerosis and lower urinary tract abnormalities can cause intraoperative technical problems.
Ovulatory and steroidal responses in coho salmon and steelhead trout following administration of salmon gonadotropin and D-Ala6, des Gly10 gonadotropin-releasing hormone ethylamide (GnRHa)

Abstract Hormone injection experiments were conducted for 2 years during the fall and early winter shortly before the normal spawning seasons of coho salmon and steelhead trout. Successive injections of partly purified coho salmon gonadotropin and a synthetic analogue of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone advanced ovulation by 3–4 weeks in both coho salmon and steelhead trout. In these tests, the salmon gonadotropin (100 μg/kg fish) was followed by one of four dosages of GnRHa: 50, 5, 0.5, or 0.05 μg/kg. In all coho salmon so treated, there was a significantly depressed plasma estradiol level whereas plasma androgen levels were significantly elevated compared to controls. Treatment of steelhead trout with salmon gonadotropin followed by only one dose of GnRHa (60 μg/kg) also caused a significant decrease of plasma estradiol level. The 0.05 μg/kg dose of GnRHa preceded by injection of salmon gonadotropin is the lowest that has been reported to accelerate ovulation in salmonids. The decrease in estradiol levels concomitant with an increase in androgen levels in ovulatory salmonids indicate that gonadotropic stimulation evokes complex changes in patterns of steroidogenesis.
Enzymic carboxylation of butyryl coenzyme A. I. Conversion of butyryl coenzyme A to 2-ethylmalonyl coenzyme A

Abstract 1. 1. The presence of an enzyme in dog skeletal and heart muscle and ox, chicken, and rat liver, which catalyzes the fixation of C 14 O 2 by butyryl coenzyme A (CoA) is described. The reaction requires adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Mn ++ or Mg ++ . 2. 2. The relative rates of carboxylation of acetyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA, and butyryl-CoA in these tissues is about 1:25:3, suggesting that one enzyme—propionyl-CoA carboxylase—is involved in all three reactions. In rat liver mitochondria the rates of carboxylation of propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA are almost equal. 3. 3. The product of carboxylation of butyryl-CoA has been identified as 2-ethyl-malonyl-CoA. Reversibility of the carboxylation reaction was demonstrated with synthetic 2-ethylmalonyl-CoA. 4. 4. Rat liver mitochondrial extract catalyzes the synthesis of 2-ethylmalonyl-CoA from 2-ethylmalonate, adenosine triphosphate and coenzyme A. 5. 5. Methylmalonyl-CoA isomerase preparations from kidney and Propionibacterium shermanii do not isomerize 2-ethylmalonyl-CoA to either glutaryl-CoA or methylsuccinyl-CoA. 6. 6. The significance of the butyryl-CoA carboxylation reaction and the metabolism of 2-ethylmalonyl-CoA are discussed.
Presidential address to the Forensic Science Society

Abstract This presidential address was given by Dr Rodger at the Autumn Scientific Meeting held at the Bonnington Hotel, London, on Friday, 31 October 1986.
Education in adult advanced cardiac life support training programs: Changing the paradigm

To develop a consensus for change in the educational aspects of the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) Training Program, the American Heart Association appointed panel members to engage in a consensus process. At a preconference meeting held in the fall of 1991, panel members received broad input from experts in adult education, experienced ACLS educators, and resuscitation scientists. The panel then developed a statement based on the preconference discussions and presented it at the National Conference on CPR and Emergency Cardiac Care held in February 1992. The conference's recommendations and the process that led to them are described in this paper. The key conclusions of the consensus process are as follows. The purpose of ACLS programs is the education of health professionals whose jobs include the management of patients in arrest or near-arrest. The goal of each ACLS course is to have each participant succeed in acquiring the skills and knowledge required for resuscitation. Aspects of the course which threaten failure or raise anxiety should be minimized or eliminated. ACLS course directors are strongly encouraged to design courses whose content and presentation are best suited to the training, experience, and needs of the course participants. Flexibility is strongly encouraged. Evaluation (testing) should be used primarily for its educational value, to help both learners and instructors identify areas needing improvement. The problem learner should be identified as early as possible and should receive intensive remediation to achieve the goal of every participant acquiring the targeted skills and knowledge. Because skill retention is variable, rescuers should practice skills frequently in regular refresher sessions. At a minimum, retraining every two years is strongly recommended.
In-vivo endocytosis by bristle-coated pits and intracellular transport of endogenous albumin in the endothelium of the sinuses of liver and bone marrow.

The localization of endogenous albumin in the endothelia of the sinuses of bone marrow and liver of rats was studied by means of rabbit antirat albumin Fab fragment conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) visualized by 3,3′ diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB)-osmic acid. Albumin reaction product was present in the bristlecoated pits, bristlecoated vesicles, transfer tubules, and in larger vesicles of the endosomelysosome system. The presence of endogenous albumin in the components of the vacuolar apparatus suggests that these endothelia may be active in the catabolism of endogenous albumin. Because of the ability of albumin to bind to a large variety of chemically different substances, the possible role of endogenous albumin in the internalization of certain substances by the bristle coated pits and bristle coated vesicles of these sinus endothelia needs to be considered.
The Mesoscale and Microscale Structure and Organization of Clouds and Precipitation in Midlatitude Cyclones. VI: Wavelike Rainbands Associated With a Cold-Frontal Zone

Abstract The cloud and precipitation structure and the airflow associated with wavelike rainbands in a cold-frontal zone have been investigated with Doppler radar, instrumented aircraft, rawinsondes and a network of ground stations. The rainbands were oriented perpendicular to the cold front and embedded within wide cold-frontal rainbands. The wavelike rainbands were 20–40 km long, 3–6 km wide, spaced 9–13 km apart and their tops ranged from 3-5 km in height. The radar reflectivities, convergence/divergence and airflow show regular patterns associated with the rainbands. There is evidence that wavelike rainbands were associated with generating cells aloft. These rainbands may have been initiated by shear instability in the frontal zone, since the resonant mode for such an instability had a similar orientation, movement and spacing to those observed for the rainbands.
Nucleolin Stabilizes Bcl-XL Messenger RNA in Response to UVA Irradiation

Our laboratory has previously reported that UVA irradiation can increase the expression of Bcl-X(L), an antiapoptotic molecule, by stabilizing its mRNA in cultured immortalized human keratinocytes. To understand the mechanism by which the Bcl-X(L) message is stabilized, we used a synthetic Bcl-X(L) 3'-untranslated region (UTR) to capture RNA-binding proteins. Nucleolin was identified as one of the binding proteins as determined by tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography analysis. Further study showed that nucleolin specifically recognized the AU-rich elements (AUUUA) in the 3'-UTR of the Bcl-X(L) mRNA and could stabilize the mRNA in vitro. Furthermore, overexpression of nucleolin stabilizes the Bcl-X(L) mRNA in HeLa cells, whereas reducing nucleolin by small interfering RNA shortens the Bcl-X(L) mRNA half-life. Interestingly, nucleolin physically interacted with polyadenylate [poly(A)]-binding protein through it RGG motifs. Its stabilizing effect on the Bcl-X(L) mRNA was dependent upon the presence of poly(A) tail. Based on these data, we propose a model in which nucleolin protects the Bcl-X(L) mRNA from nuclease degradation by enhancing the stability of the ribonucleoprotein loop structure.
Supersaturation Total Temperature, Pitot Pressure, and Rayleigh Scattering Measurements at Mach 10

A fundamental research study of the supersaturation region is presented. This region is mapped in the NASA Langley 31-Inch Mach 10 Air Wind Tunnel freestream flow using physical probes (total temperature and pitot) and a nonintrusive offbody diagnostic (laser Rayleigh scattering). Data from all three methods are acquired simultaneously. Facility stagnation pressures spanned 1.0–10.0 MPa (150–1450 psi), and stagnation temperatures spanned 357–1000 K (184–1350°F). Each instrument has its own unique supersaturation region over which quantitative measurements can be obtained. The extent of each supersaturation region is a unique function of the sensitivity of the instrument selected to flowfield clustering. Laser-Rayleigh-scattering-measured density results agree to better than 15% with the freestream density computed using the GASPROPS code over a significant fraction of the supersaturation region. Evidence is presented showing that the “frozen” vibrational nonequilibrium Boltzmann population of O2 and N2 mo...
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A RECTILINEAR SCANNER UTILIZING HIGH RESOLUTION GAMMA-RAY DETECTION

A rectilinear scanner has been constructed which incorporates high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy. This scanner was built to simultaneously image the distributions of multiple gamma-emitting radionuclides in small animals, such as rabbits and rats. The instrument design is described, followed by studies of the Ge(Li) detector response and calibration tests of a single straight-hole collimator. Based on these results, two new collimators were designed and constructed; (1) a six tapered-hole focusing collimator and (2) a nine straight-hole focusing collimator. These new collimators are advantageous because they offer an increased efficiency of gamma-ray detection during scanning. They also give better image resolution in the differentiation of two points (or organs) on a plane. The results of the calibration tests and comparisons of the resolution and efficiency among collimators are illustrated and discussed.
Rifampin‐Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia

Abstract. In this report, a case of rifampin-induced immune thrombocytopenia with the following characteristics is described: (a) thrombocytopenia follows intermittent drug administration; (b) onset occurs within hours of drug ingestion; (c) IgG antirifampin antibody binds in vitro to normal platelets only in the presence of rifampin; (d) thrombocytopenia resolves quickly in the absence of rifampin; (e) using immunofluorescence microscopy, IgG binding to normal platelets was seen with the patient's serum only in the presence of rifampin, and (f) using fluorescence spectrofluorometry, an absence of rifampin binding to normal platelets was demonstrated. Although the serological studies are not definitive, the mechanism of thrombocytopenia in the patient can best be explained by the formation of immune complexes composed of rifampin-antirifampin antibody binding to platelets causing their rapid clearance from the circulation.
Traumatic pulmonary pseudocysts.

Abstract Pulmonary contusion and pulmonary hematoma are observed frequently in patients who sustain closed chest injuries. A lesion seen less often in these circumstances is localized disruption of the lung parenchyma that produces cystlike cavities. This should not be confused with extensive disruption of the pulmonary parenchyma, usually accompanied by extensive bleeding and shock. A review of the literature and three case reports are presented as well as a discussion of the pertinent symptoms and the clinical and radiological findings. The different nomenclatures used to define these lesions are reviewed briefly.
The expectation of nothingness

While all psychologically competent persons know that they will one day die, this knowledge is typically held at a distance, not fully assimilated. That is, while we do not doubt that we will die, there is another sense in which we cannot fully believe it either. However, on some rare occasions, we can grasp the reality of our mortal nature in a way that is seemingly revelatory, as if the fact is appreciated in a new way. Thomas Nagel calls this experience ‘the expectation of nothingness’. But how can I be shocked by what I already know? After illustrating this phenomenon via examples including Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilyich, I draw on the work of Thomas Nagel, Tamar Szabo Gendler, Mark Johnston and others to articulate and explain our typical state of believing-yet-not-believing in our inevitable death, and offer a hypothesis as to how this condition is occasionally overcome, so that we grasp our mortality in a more psychologically integrated manner.
Investigations of positronium formation and destruction using 3γ/2γannihilation-ratio measurements

Positronium (Ps) produced by 4 to 40 eV positrons colliding with Ne, Ar, Kr, CO2, and O2 is investigated by measuring the ratio of signals of two gamma rays in coincidence resulting from (a) three gamma annihilation of ortho-Ps and (b) two annihilation gamma rays due to para-Ps decay and destruction of ortho-Ps at an aluminum scattering cell surface. These ratios provide evidence that relates to the kinetic energy dependence of ortho-Ps interactions with an aluminum surface, the Ps formation potential at this surface, and the fact that Ps is being formed with inner orbital electrons for CO2 and O2.
Characterization of Human Adenovirus Proteinase Activity in Disrupted Virus Particles

Virus-coded proteinases are attractive targets for antiviral therapy; however, lack of quick, sensitive, quantitative, and selective assays for enzyme activity makes it difficult to characterize these proteinases and to screen large numbers of potential inhibitors. Here we describe new substrates for the adenovirus proteinase, fluorogenic Rhodamine-based substrates containing tetrapeptides corresponding to sequences cleaved in adenovirus precursor proteins. Proteinase activity in as few as 10(9) disrupted virions could be quantitatively detected in a 30-min assay. With the substrate (Leu-Arg-Gly-Gly-NH)2-Rhodamine, the Km was 1.4 microM and the Vmax was 3.24 pmol substrate hydrolyzed/sec/pmol virus. Enzyme activity was stimulated by dithiothreitol and inhibited by several serine-specific as well as cysteine-specific proteinase inhibitors. In a thiol protection experiment, the virion enzyme was shown to have a cysteine residue with an unusually low pKa, a pKa similar to that of the active-site nucleophile of the cysteine proteinase papain. The curve of Vmax as a function of pH is unlike the curve from papain and implied that there are at least three ionizable groups whose protonation state can affect catalysis - one with a pKa of 6.2, another with a pKa of 7.2, and a third with a pKa of 8.3.
Cpx two-component signal transduction in Escherichia coli: excessive CpxR-P levels underlie CpxA* phenotypes.

In Escherichia coli, the CpxA-CpxR two-component signal transduction system and the ςE and ς32 response pathways jointly regulate gene expression in adaptation to adverse conditions. These include envelope protein distress, heat shock, oxidative stress, high pH, and entry into stationary phase. Certain mutant versions of the CpxA sensor protein (CpxA* proteins) exhibit an elevated ratio of kinase to phosphatase activity on CpxR, the cognate response regulator. As a result, CpxA* strains display numerous phenotypes, many of which cannot be easily related to currently known functions of the CpxA-CpxR pathway. It is unclear whether CpxA* phenotypes are caused solely by hyperphosphorylation of CpxR. We here report that all of the tested CpxA* phenotypes depend on elevated levels of CpxR-P and not on cross-signalling of CpxA* to noncognate response regulators.
Higher-order effects in the EPR spectrum of F33SO2

Abstract The EPR spectrum of F 33 SO 2 , obtained by photolysis of F 2 O in the presence of 33 SO 2 , contains additional lines whose origins are not immediately obvious. These additional lines are “forbidden” transitions which appear only because the hyperfine interactions of the 19 F and 33 S nuclei are almost equal, but the magnetogyric ratios differ. The presence of the extra lines shows conclusively that the 19 F and 33 S hyperfine interactions have the same sign.
Cytoskeletal organization of the micropylar endosperm in Coronopus didymus L. (Brassicaceae).

The micropylar chamber of the mustard Coronopus didymus is a developmental domain distinct from the contiguous central chamber and the more extreme chalazal chamber. Early in syncytial development the micropylar endosperm surrounding the embryo becomes populated with unusual fusiform to multilobed nuclei. These nuclei are sheathed by unique parallel arrays of microtubules that focus at tips of the nuclei and flare to connect with a reticulate network in the common cytoplasm. F-actin does not closely invest the nuclei but instead forms an extensive but separate cytoplasmic reticulum. When the embryo is in the early heart stage, the cytoskeleton of the endosperm undergoes a remarkable transition in preparation for cellularization. Microtubules become reorganized into radial arrays emanating from the nuclei, which themselves become spherical. Radial microtubule systems (RMSs), which replace both the parallel microtubules and the cytoplasmic reticulum, organize the common cytoplasm into evenly spaced nuclear cytoplasmic domains (NCDs). F-actin gradually becomes coaligned with the RMSs. Phragmoplasts are initiated adventitiously at the interfaces of opposing RMSs in the absence of mitosis. Cell plate deposition, which is initiated at multiple sites, results in a network of walls formed more or less simultaneously around the densely packed NCDs. The walls, which are rich in 1–3-β-glucans, join with one another and with the existing walls of both the central cell and embryo to complete cellularization in the micropylar chamber. In the adjacent central chamber where the syncytium is restricted to a thin peripheral layer by the large central vacuole, basic organization of the syncytium into NCDs is followed by alternating cycles of alveolation and periclinal cell division resulting in cellularization.
Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Optically Active Poly(β-peptides)

Optically active poly(β-peptides) with proteinogenic side chains were synthesized via the polymerization of β-amino acid-N-carboxyanhydrides (β-NCAs) initiated using either NaOtBu or a nickel amido amidate complex. Although most of these low molecular weight poly(β-peptides) have poor solubility in common organic solvents, those that were soluble were found to adopt stable chiral conformations in solution. Poly(N e -carbobenzyloxy-β-L-homolysine) (2f) was observed to adopt a helical conformation in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP), which could be disrupted by addition of methanesulfonic acid (MSA), a strong denaturing agent. The side-chain deprotected polymers, poly(β-L-homolysine) (3) and poly(β-L-homoglutamate) (4), were found to display pH-dependent conformation transitions in aqueous solution.
Use of a case-control study and geographic information systems to determine environmental and demographic risk factors for canine leptospirosis.

Leptospirosis is increasingly diagnosed as a re-emerging canine disease in the USA. Our objectives were to describe potential risk factors for canine leptospirosis infections in northern California, through the use of a case-control study, and to perform a spatial analysis to investigate which aspects of the landscape and land use patterns are important in the transmission of leptospirosis. Forty-three cases and 59 controls were enrolled into the study. Serological results showed that 17 (39.5%) of the 43 dog cases were infected with serovar pomona. Cases were 7.86 times more likely to have been walked in a rural environment rather than an urban environment. Cases also had eight times higher odds of swimming in outdoor water, and approximately 12 times higher odds of drinking from outdoor water in the two weeks preceding illness. At smaller distances from the dogs' homes (radius or= 5 km) there was a positive relationship between leptospirosis cases and percent of wetlands or public open space. Intervention measures for the prevention of canine leptospirosis should include reducing access to potentially infectious bodies of water that are close to canine homes, and to large areas of wetlands and public open space in the general vicinity. We have shown that a spatial analysis in conjunction with traditional epidemiological analysis is a powerful combination in identifying risk factors for infectious diseases.
Surgical Technique: A Cup-in-Cup Technique to Restore Offset in Severe Protrusio Acetabular Defects

Severe medial and/or superior defects encountered in revision THA are currently managed with jumbo (≥ 66 mm) acetabular components and modular augments, with reconstruction cages, or with the cup-cage technique. Preoperative planning can indicate when these techniques may not restore vertical and horizontal offset. Failure to restore offset can lead to impingement, leg length inequality, abductor weakness, and dislocation. We developed a “cup-in-cup” technique in which a porous tantalum acetabular shell was impacted into supportive medial host bone. A second tantalum shell was then cemented in, and this shell’s diameter could be selected based on preoperative planning to achieve restoration of horizontal and vertical offset. We implanted porous tantalum hemispheric shells in seven patients undergoing eight revision THAs. The average age was 73 years at the time of the procedure. Preoperative defects per the classification of Paprosky et al. were three IIC, four IIIA, and one IIIB. All patients were followed clinically and radiographically for a minimum of 12 months (average, 28 months; range, 12–50 months). Abductor strength was either improved by one grade (four hips) or unchanged (four hips). Horizontal offset was increased an average of 10.5 mm (range, 8–16 mm), and vertical offset improved by an average of 18.4 mm (range, 10–29 mm). There was no evidence of loosening or migration at the time of final followup. At short-term followup, the early experience cautiously supports the use of this construct. Long-term followup and a larger patient experience will be required to determine the durability of this novel technique. Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
What Is the Relationship between Hate Radio and Violence? Rethinking Rwanda's “Radio Machete”:

The importance of hate radio pervades commentary on the Rwandan genocide, and Rwanda has become a paradigmatic case of media sparking extreme violence. However, there exists little social scientifi...
Mean field estimates of the response of fiber composites with nonlinear interface

Abstract This paper presents a theory of the effective response of composites containing general, nonlinearly separating inclusion–matrix interfaces. The direct method of composite materials theory is utilized to pass from local nonlinear behavior of a solitary inclusion problem to nonlinear aggregate response. Interaction effects at finite volume concentration are captured in the representative solitary problem by employing the Mori–Tanaka mean field estimate. The resulting model falls within the conceptual framework of continuum damage mechanics in that nonlinear effective response depends on internal variables that are governed by local evolution equations. The damage variables turn out to be the expansion coefficients arising in an eigenfunction representation of the displacement jump at a representative inclusion–matrix interface. Interfaces are generally modeled according to a nonlinear force-separation law that allows for both normal and shear decohesion (X-.P. Xu, A. Needleman, Modell. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1 (1993) 111). Detailed calculations of effective stress–strain response are carried out for the case of transverse shear and plane dilatation of unidirectional fiber composites at various values of concentration and interface constitutive constants. The effects of the various parameters on bifurcation of equilibrium separation in the solitary inclusion problem and on overall composite stability are demonstrated as well.
9 Deviations from Regular Resting Energy Expenditure in Severely Disabled Children

Background: The resting energy expenditure (REE) in children is well investigated and has been clearly defined by the WHO in normative values. Measured data of REE in severely disabled, tetraspastic or -plegic children are not sufficiently available. But especially in this group we quite often realize excessive gain of weight and / or pathological deviations in body composition while the children receive a normocaloric diet according to age.
A new minimum volume straight cooling fin taking into account the “length of arc”

Abstract The problem of determining the shape of a straight cooling fin of minimum volume without the “length of arc” assumption is addressed. Proceeding from the conventional assumptions of one-dimensionality of the temperature distribution and its linearity for the minimum volume fin we found the profile of the optimum fin to be a circular arc and computed its geometric parameters. The volume of the optimum circular fin found in this paper is 6.21–8 times smaller than the volume of the corresponding Schmidt’s parabolic optimum fin. The optimum circular fin tends to be shorter and to have a larger base height than Schmidt’s fin.
Constellation-X to Generation-X: evolution of large collecting area moderate resolution grazing incidence x-ray telescopes to larger area high-resolution adjustable optics

ABSTRACT Large collecting area x-ray telescopes are designed to study the early Universe, trace the evolution of black holes, starsand galaxies, study the chemical evolution of the Universe, and study matter in extreme environments. TheConstellation-X mission (Con-X), planned for launch in 2016, will provide ~ 10 4 cm 2 collecting area with 15 arc-secresolution, with a goal of 5 arc-sec. Future missions require larger coll ecting area and finer resolution. Generation-X(Gen-X), a NASA Visions Missio n, will achieve 100 m 2 effective area at 1 keV and angular resolution of 0.1 arc-sec, half power diameter. We briefly describe the Con-X flowdown of imaging requ irements to reflector figure error. Tomeet requirements beyond Con-X, Gen-X optics will be thinner and more accurately shaped than has ever beenaccomplished. To meet these challenging goals, we incorporate for the first time active figure control with grazing incidence optics. Piezoelectric material will be deposited in discrete cells directly on the back surface of the optical segments, with the strain directions oriented parallel to the surface. Differential strain between the two layers of the mirror causes localized bending in two directions, enablin g local figure control. Adjusting figure on-orbit eases fabrication and metrology. The ability to make changes to mirro r figure adds margin by mitigating risk due to launch-induced deformations and/or on-orbit degradation. We flow down the Gen-X requirements to mirror figure and fourtelescope designs, and discuss various trades between the designs.Keywords: x-ray optics, active optics, adjustable optics, Con-X, Gen-X
WALLACE AND CLUM, “LEAF TEMPERATURES”: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS WITH ADDITIONAL DATA

WALLACE AND CLUM (1938) have recently published a paper on leaf temperatures in which they present many interpretations and conclusions which appear to me as incorrect and unsound. Since the writers have published other papers that are thoroughly sound and since many readers may read the summary only or may fail to recognize the fallacies in the interpretations given-for several of them are easily overlooked-and since several of these interpretations and conclusions directly contradict those I have reported, I feel rather obliged to write the present paper in order to clarify certain points relating to factors influencing the temperatures of leaves, especially the influence of transpiration and radiation. Wallace and his colleagues have devised ingenious equipment by which one can obtain continuous records of various conditions such as radiation intensities, temperature, etc., which can be recorded by electrometric methods. By the use of this equipment, Wallace and Clum have attempted to obtain continuous records of leaf and air temperatures as influenced by various factors. From records obtained in these experiments, they concluded, among other things, that transpiration commonly cools leaves by amounts ranging from 6? to 90C.; that "there seems to be no doubt . . . . that transpiration is necessary at times to prevent leaves or leaf parts normal to the sun from being injured"; that a leaf of Heliopsis in full sunlight "normally wilts every day and that the greatest cooling of 7?C. below air coincides with the period of most severe wilting"; that a leaf even if covered by vaseline may transpire rapidly enough to be cooled below air temperature by as much as 50C.; that "'at night leaves are seldom, if ever, below air temperature due to loss (by radiation) to the sky ."; that " vaselining failed to prevent transpiration in leaves," while " waxing leaves with a mixture of beeswax and rosin prevented transpiration and that a leaf covered with this wax becomes heated to killing temperature in the sun solely because the wax prevents cooling by transpiration. An examination of the evidence and reasoning that has led to these conclusions, however, indicates that each of these conclusions as well as other conclusions of Wallace and Clum are entirely unjustified. One of the major sources of error in their work is that the thermopile which they assumed. was at air temperature was probably 20 to 70C. above air temperature at least a part of the time, and thus their comparisons between leaf and air temperatures at these times were incorrect. That the thermopile was at times not at air temperature is clearly indicated by several independent sets of their own data, as well as by evidence from other sources. For example, in
Between Family and Friendship: The Right to Care for Anna

This article opens with a personal story of caring for a friend during the last months of her life, a story that highlights significant moments when as the caregiver I had to make significant decisions. I then describe the intense disquiet provoked by having to make those decisions from the position of friendship rather than family member. I explore theoretical writings about the difference between family and friends and demonstrate that these writings—even when they address caregiving—ignore issues of authority and rights. I argue that sociologists need to understand better the role of rights in human relationships.
Island structure evolution during chemical vapor deposition

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the development of island structure during low-pressure, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of metal onto clean Si(100) substrates. For Fe growth via Fe(CO)5 pyrolysis, STM shows that precursor molecules initially decompose at Si dangling bond sites. The nucleation rate is strongly dependent on substrate temperature with rapid decomposition at 200°C and zero reaction at room temperature (for exposures as large as 100 L). At later stages STM shows that island structure is dominated by differential reaction probabilities. A small barrier to decomposition on Fe compared with Si leads to large clusters and a nonlinear growth rate. This autocatalytic growth behavior is also reflected in the measured island size distributions. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations confirm that chemical reaction kinetics influence Fe film growth, while precursor molecule diffusion does not play a major role in the evolution of island structure. Using simulations, we also demonstrate how CVD film structure can differ from that developed during solid-source molecular beam epitaxy.
Science vs. History: A Reply to MacDonald

The disagreement between MacDonald and me recapitulates a recurrent debate in sociology about what sociology should be. I believe it should be science; MacDonald believes it should be history. We are therefore talking past each other, because one cannot be judged by the standards of the other. Science is not history. History is not science.
Privacy in the context of digital government

The rapid progression towards digital government has improved the access of citizens to services. Indeed, it is enabling government to be more effective, transparent, and accessible. However, the increasing access to digital data raises new concerns about privacy, security, and freedom of information, which have not been considered in the past. This tutorial will give an overview of privacy in the context of digital government. We will examine some of the potential concerns and causes of privacy breaches, the existing laws regarding privacy, as well as some of the technological solutions and potential challenges in deploying them.