cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Membrane Sealing by Polymers

An intact cell membrane serves as a barrier, controlling the traffic of materials going into and out of the cell. When the integrity of the membrane is compromised, its transport barrier function is also disrupted, leaving the cell vulnerable to necrosis. It has been shown that triblock copolymer surfactants can help seal structurally damaged membranes, arresting the leakage of intracellular materials. Using model lipid monolayers along with concurrent Langmuir isotherm and fluorescence microscopy measurements as well as surface X-ray scattering techniques, the nature of the interaction between lipids and a particular family of triblock copolymers in the form poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) is examined. The polymer is found to selectively insert into membranes where the lipid packing density is below that of an intact cell membrane, thus localizing its sealing effect on damaged portions of the membrane. The inserted polymer is "squeezed out" of the lipid film when the lipid packing density is increased, suggesting a mechanism for the cell to be rid of the polymer when the membrane integrity is restored.
Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory: Issues of Reliability and Validity

Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory (LSI) is a very popular assessment tool despite compelling arguments against its use. Provided is a summary of the salient issues concerning the LSI. Arguments against its use, including suspect methodology, misapplication of statistical procedures, logical inconsistencies in theory construction, and a general lack of support for reliability and validity are examined. In addition, current research studies supporting its continued popularity are presented. The authors conclude that it is important for social work researchers, educators, and practitioners to examine the psychometric properties of any instrument prior to making decisions based on unsubstantiated findings.
The many paths to asthma: phenotype shaped by innate and adaptive immunity

Asthma is a very complex and heterogeneous disease that is characterized by airway inflammation and airway hyper-reactivity (AHR). The pathogenesis of asthma is associated with environmental factors, many cell types, and several molecular and cellular pathways. These include allergic, non-allergic and intrinsic pathways, which involve many cell types and cytokines. Animal models of asthma have helped to clarify some of the underlying mechanisms of asthma, demonstrating the importance of T helper type 2 (TH2)-driven allergic responses, as well as of the non-allergic and intrinsic pathways, and contributing to understanding of the heterogeneity of asthma. Further study of these many pathways to asthma will greatly increase understanding of the distinct asthma phenotypes, and such studies may lead to new therapies for this important public health problem.
Seasonal Response of Mean Monthly Streamflow to El Niño/Southern Oscillation in North Central Florida

The southeastern United States, including Florida, has been identified as a region of homogeneous response to the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic anomaly, in which mean monthly precipitation and discharge during winter is above or below normal following the onset of the warm (El Nino) or cold (La Nina) phase of ENSO, respectively. However, this understanding of the response is expanded through a study of the effects of the ENSO phenomenon on the probability distributions of mean monthly streamflows of the Santa Fe river. The Santa Fe river basin is situated between one region, which experiences the greatest proportion of annual streamflow during winter, and another where the largest percentage of annual flow occurs during late summer. The basin experiences both winter and summer peaks in precipitation and (subsequent) streamflow and may therefore display responses to ENSO during each season. A two-parameter lognormal distribution is employed to model these streamflows during warm and cold pha...
Relocation of the institutionalized aged.

The effects of relocation and institutionalization upon frail older people have been studied extensively for the past several decades and have been a topic of some controversy. Because of varying methodologies, differing populations, overlooked variables, and mistakes in interpretation, this area of epidemiological research has resulted in debate among scholars in the field. It may be helpful to review some of the research that has been done, examine a theory of why mortality seems to increase when older people are involuntarily relocated, speculate upon how this effect might be minimized, and introduce some data that seemingly would confirm that careful planning for relocation might, in fact, reduce subsequent morbidity and mortality. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 56: 131–138, 2000.
Rehearsing to teach: content‐specific deconstruction of instructional explanations in pre‐service teacher training

Giving effective instructional explanations requires a special type of pedagogical content knowledge, that is, foreseeing where students could employ different assumptions in building their understanding of a specific content. This paper proposes the importance of rehearsing instructional explanations and fine‐tuning the coherence and meaningfulness of instructional explanations before pre‐service teachers start practice teaching, where many complex factors such as classroom management could occupy their minds, so leaving little room for focusing and reflecting on their instructional explanations. The current paper presents actual examples of such rehearsals in which the pre‐service teachers demonstrated the need for developing deeper pedagogical understanding of the ways their elementary school students construct their content knowledge. It concludes with the suggestion to provide pre‐service teachers with ample opportunities actually to practice explaining specific concepts and engage in post‐hoc pedago...
Timing of arc construction and metamorphism in the Slate Creek Complex, northern Sierra Nevada, California

Late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic rocks in the Sierra Nevada and Klamath Mountains, western United States, preserve a record of lateral growth of continental crust by incorporation of ophiolites, volcanic arcs, and associated sedimentary rocks. Deciphering the timing of arc construction and metamorphism is critical for elucidating tectonic and thermal evolution during this type of crustal growth, but is difficult in complex accretionary terranes. In this study, we address the timing of arc construction and regional metamorphism in the Slate Creek Complex, a volcano-plutonic terrane in the central part of the northern Sierra Nevada. New 40 Ar- 39 Ar ages from relict volcanic hornblende demonstrate that the youngest volcanic unit in the Slate Creek Complex is ca. 170 Ma, at least 30 m.y. younger than previous estimates of ca. 200 Ma for metaplutonic rocks in the lower part of the complex. Consequently, the Slate Creek Complex is polygenetic, with two distinct episodes of arc magmatism. The distribution of mineral assemblages and textures indicates that greenschist and epidote-amphibolite facies metamorphism is younger than 170 Ma and is associated with crosscutting plutons that yield cooling ages of 150 Ma and younger. Amphiboles from foliated rocks in the Slate Creek Complex yield plateau ages of 156.1 ± 0.6 and 152.0 ± 0.7 Ma that date cooling subsequent to or dynamic recrystallization during the metamorphic event. Age and lithologic similarities suggest that the lower parts of the Slate Creek Complex correlate with plutons (ca. 200 Ma) and the volcanic cover sequence of the Rattlesnake Creek terrane in the Klamath Mountains. The uppermost volcanic unit correlates with the ca. 170 Ma Western Hayfork terrane that structurally overlies the Rattlesnake Creek terrane. Metamorphism in the Slate Creek Complex correlates broadly with a similar late metamorphic event in the Klamath Mountains.
Multivariable effects on an automatic screw-torquing process

Abstract Laboratory instrumentation of an automatic screw-fastening process for small screws was successfully set up and tested. Three different sensors were used to measure the force curve, torque curve, and rotating speed of a screwdriver. A programmable horizontal servoslide was taught to do the fastening job. Design of experiments was employed to identify the significant factors that might have an impact on the final torquing process. In addition to the size of screw and workpiece material, screwhead geometry, rotating speed of the driver, and servoslide speed have significant individual effects on the final torquing process. Two 2-factor interactions also influence the final torquing process. When the peak torque of a screw-fastening process falls within a certain range value of the predicted value, it is identified as a sound fastening.
Solvent effect on activated rate processes: On the validity of the GLE approach☆

Abstract The solvent effect on the prefactor of activated rate processes is usually described in terms of a Langevin equation or a generalized Langevin equation (GLE). The validity of such GLEs in the presence of a strong “external” potenial (activation energy barrier) has been verified only for unphysical limiting models. Starting from a microscopic description of the system, we obtain a set of conditions under which a GLE is valid. For effective particles moving along a reaction coordinate, X , this GLE is applicable to those particles which are initially at fixed position, X o , and a different GLE with a different friction, ζ 0 ( X 0 , t ), is required for particles in different initial positions. Thus, though a GLE may be suitable for describing the reactive motion over a restricted region ( piecewise validity ), it is of doubtful validity when applied to the whole reaction path.
Arterial thrombosis induced by IVIg and its treatment with tPA

IV immunoglobulin therapy can lead to vascular events through increased serum viscosity and possibly other mechanisms. The authors describe the successful use of tissue plasminogen activator in three of four patients who developed cerebral and peripheral arterial thrombosis after treatment with IV immunoglobulin.
Exploring Asynchronous Brainstorming in Large Groups: A Field Comparison of Serial and Parallel Subgroups

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the results of two different modes of using multiple groups (instead of one large group) to identify problems and develop solutions. Background: Many...
The Analysis of Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Using Spectral Analysis and Digital Filtering

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is the phenomenon by which respiration modulates heart rate in normal humans and in many animals. This investigation was divided into the following three categories: 1) the development of a mathematical model relating respiration to those variations that it causes in heart rate; 2) the use of digital filtering techniques to attenuate fluctuations in heart rate which are due to respiration; and 3) the development of methods that use only heart rate to get information about respiration.
Detection of Unusual Lipid Mixing in Cholesterol-Rich Phospholipid Bilayers: The Long and the Short of It

Nearest-neighbor recognition studies have revealed that favored sterol−phospholipid associations can be reversed in a fluid bilayer that contains relatively long (high melting) and short (low melting) phospholipids, when the sterol content is sufficiently high; that is, like-lipids now become favored nearest-neighbors. A possible origin of this effect is briefly discussed.
Optimized fiber prestress for reduction of free edge stresses in composite laminates

An analytical procedure is described for evaluation of the effect of release of fiber prestress, applied prior to matrix consolidation, on stress distribution in individual plies and at free edges of laminated composite plates. Both thermal changes, piecewise uniform transformation strains in the plies and overall mechanical loads can be considered in the analysis. The thermal and transformation load contributions are decomposed into superpositions of certain uniform fields with mechanical loads. Release of fiber prestress is regarded as an equivalent uniaxial compression applied at the edges of each prestressed ply. Optimized distributions of fiber prestress are found in individual plies such that stresses in both laminate interior and at the free edges remain within allowable limits, while the applied mechanical load may change from zero to a certain maximum value. Specific results are found for cross-ply and quasi-isotropic symmetric S-glass/epoxy laminates under tension. They clearly demonstrate the substantial potential of fiber prestress in damage control and prevention in laminated composite structures.
The variation of parameter settings and their effects on performance for the simulated annealing algorithm

Abstract We present a simulated annealing algorithm formulated with six parameters that have physical significance. Therefore, appropriate choices of these parameters can be made by the user of the algorithm. Using both Haverly’s Pooling Problems and a Benzene Alkylation Problem, we have studied the effect that varying the values of these parameters has on the performance of the annealing algorithm. These problems have been transformed such that all variables have the same range (0–1), and there are no constraints except those that define this range. We call such problems “practically unconstrained”, and they allow a generalizable study of parameter effects. We have compared the results obtained by using both single-variable system state changes and multiple-variable system state changes. We have also shown that the best values for most of these parameters are largely problem independent.
Implicit and explicit attitudes respond differently to increasing amounts of counterattitudinal information

This research examined the processes by which explicit and implicit attitudes changed to systematically differing levels of counterattitudinal (CA) information. Explicit attitudes changed quickly in response to relatively small amounts of CA information, reflecting rule-based reasoning. On the other hand, implicit attitudes changed more slowly in the face of CA information, reflecting the progressive accretion of evaluation-attitude object pairings. Thus, explicit attitudes were extremely malleable and changed quickly when CA information was presented, however, implicit attitudes revealed a slow, linear change trajectory resulting from the on-going accrual of information about the attitude object. Implications for the processes underlying implicit and explicit attitudes are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary retention during the second trimester of pregnancy: a rare cause

Acute urinary retention during pregnancy is rare. Retention secondary to an impacted, gravid uterus is an emergency. Retroversion of the uterus, a history of pelvic inflammatory disease, and large fibroids are predisposing factors. The enlarging gravid uterus and uterine fibroids may trap the uterus inside the pelvic ring, preventing it from ascending into the abdominal cavity; furthermore, a history of inflammatory disease may trap the fundus of the uterus within scar tissue that also may prevent the enlarging, gravid uterus from ascending into the abdominal cavity. The impacted uterus should be manually replaced in the anterior position. Clean intermittent catheterization and placement of a vaginal pessary are temporizing measures. A knowledge of the causes of urinary retention during pregnancy can help prevent spontaneous abortion and other devastating consequences that can arise as a result of a delay in the diagnosis.
Nearshore, surface-dwelling zooplanktonic assemblages off Southern California during the anomalous winters of 1983 and 1984

Abstract Longshore surface properties and zooplanktonic taxa near the Southern California coast were sampled by pump, and the percent similarity and Bray-Curtis indices were compared as bases for the establishment of assemblages by dendrograms. Faunal assemblages were of various sizes and generally discontinuous in distribution. The contribution of the neustonic copepod, Labidocera trispinosa, was notable, and some (but not all) longshore patches were related to onshore-offshore distributions of taxa. Assemblage patches were as often characterized by unusual rarity as by unusual commonness, and no assemblage was associated with extremes of both temperature and chlorophyll fluorescence. The three transects differed in faunal homogeneity and in characteristic dimension of patchiness.
Validity and reliability of two brief physical activity questionnaires among Spanish-speaking individuals of Mexican descent.

Background Mexican Americans are the largest minority group in the US and suffer disproportionate rates of diseases related to the lack of physical activity (PA). Since many of these Mexican Americans are Spanish-speaking, it is important to validate a Spanish language physical activity assessment tool that can be used in epidemiology as well as clinical practice. This study explored the utility of two Spanish translated physical activity questionnaires, the Stanford Brief Activity Survey (SBAS) and the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA), for use among Spanish-speaking Mexican Americans.
An expert system approach in process planning current development and its future

Abstract This paper discusses the findings of a survey conducted for the state of the art for expert-system-based automated process planning systems. The need for an expert system approach in the process planning function is emphasized. Subsequently, the important features and limitations of the various reported systems are presented, with respect to their part design input scheme, knowledge base representation, and the control strategy. Finally, recommendations are made for possible future directions in the research of a more efficient computer-aided process planning (CAPP) module.
Traveling Wave Excitation System for Bladed Disks

Atraveling waveexcitation system is described that wasdeveloped fortheU.S. AirForceResearch Laboratory’ s Turbine Engine Fatigue Facility. The traveling wave system was designed to simulate engine order excitation in stationary bladed disks for the purpose of identifying forced response localization and amplie cation due to mistuning.Thesystemcantestbladed disksofvarying sizesand numberofbladesusing eitheracousticormagnetic excitation. A phase-shifting circuit reduces signal generation costs over purchasing separate function generators and allows amplitude and phase calibration of the exciters. Sources of errors in the traveling wave excitation are discussed and estimated. A e nite element analysis shows that the forced response of a bladed disk is more sensitive to structural mistuning than to traveling wave excitation errors. The traveling wave excitation system is demonstrated on an 18-bladed disk, and experimental forced response results are presented. Nomenclature A = force amplitude a = speed of sound C = engine order e = distance error F = force vector Fav = average exciter force magnitude spectrum f = excitation frequency, Hz h = frequency response i = blade number L = wavelength of sound N = number of blades t = time x = forced response 1A = amplitude error 1µ = phase error µ = interblade phase angle µe = phase error ! = excitation frequency
Sequential Changes in Response to Dental Procedures

This portion of a study that involved children 8, 10, 12, and 14 years of age, was concerned with cardiac rate as a function of age, type of dental procedure and repetitive exposure to the dental treatment situation. It was consistently found that as children become more experienced with dental procedures and the dental treatment environment, their arousal level is reduced. Similarly, as a child becomes older, he becomes less autonomically responsive to dental treatment, as he does to many other stimuli.
Neue Reaktionen des Ketens, II1) Über die Reaktionen von Aminalen und α‐Aminoäthern mit Keten

Aminale 1 und α-Aminoather 7 addieren Keten (2) unter Bildung der entsprechenden β-Amino-carbonsaureamide 3 bzw. β-Aminocarbonsaureester 8. Insbesondere die Derivate von Benzaldehyd reagieren mit 2 unter Amin-Abspaltung zu α,β-ungesattigten Amiden 4 bzw. Estern 9. α-Aminothioather geben keine analogen Umsetzungen mit 2. Es werden die NMR-Daten der genannten Hauptprodukte angegeben. Novel Reactions of Ketene, II1). Reactions of Aminals and α-Aminoethers with Ketene Aminals 1 and α-aminoethers 7 add ketene (2) to yield the corresponding β-amino carboxylic acid amides 3 or β-amino carboxylic acid esters 8, respectively. Especially benzaldehyde derivatives eliminate amine by reacting with 2 forming α,β-unsaturated amides 4 or esters 9. α-Aminothioesters do not react with 2. NMR spectroscopic data of the main products mentioned are given.
Electrophoresis of DNA. I. On a relationship between electrophoresis and donnan equilibrium experiments on DNA

A calculation based upon Gorin's equation for the electrophoresis of a rigid cylinder is used to compare the available results of electrophoresis and membrane equilibrium experiments on DNA. The distribution of chloride ions across a membrane impermeable to DXA is considered. For a reasonable choice of parameters, agreement within about 2% is obtained between the values calculated from electrophoresis and the results of membrane equilibrium studies over a twenty-fold range of NaCl concentration.
An instrument for removal of defective crowns or fixed partial dentures.

Abstract An instrument has been described that provides the torquing forces needed to allow easy removal of defective crpwns from all parts of the mouth. The instrument is inexpensive and can be obtained locally and modified by the dentist.
Genitourinary prolapse and joint hypermobility in women.

Objective To determine whether joint hypermobility, a clinical marker for connective tissue abnormalities, is associated with genital prolapse. Methods One hundred seven women were recruited from a university gynecology clinic. Subjects were examined in the standing and nonstraining positions for cystocele, rectocele, and uterine or vault prolapse. The degree of prolapse was graded 0–3. A separate investigator, blinded to the results of the gynecologic examination and using accepted criteria, evaluated each subject for joint hypermobility. Results : Clinical joint hypermobility was found in 39 of 107 (36%) study patients. Subjects with joint hypermobility had a significantly higher prevalence of cystocele (33 of 37 [89%] versus 40 of 69 [58%], P = .001), rectocele (32 of 38 [84%] versus 33 of 69 [48%], P = .0002), and uterine or vault prolapse (25 of 38 [66%] versus 20 of 69 [29%], P = .0002) compared to women with normal joint mobility, respectively. No differences in the prevalence of stress incontinence were found between the two groups. Conculsion Women with joint hypermobility have a significantly higher prevalence of genital prolapse compared to women with normal mobility, which suggests an underlying connective tissue abnormality as one etiology of pelvic relaxation.
H substance - a precursor of A and B tissue isoantigens.

Das Vorhandensein der H-Substanz im normalen Gewebe von Personen mit den Blutgruppen A, B und AB wurde mit dem spezifischen Blutkorperchen-Anhaftungstest, «specific red cell adherence» (SRCA), festgestellt. Das fruhe Erscheinen und die dauernde Anwesenheit der H-Substanz in manchen Exokrindrusen bekraftigen die Hypothese, dass die Erzeugung der H-Substanz fur die folgende Umwandlung in A oder B Spezifitaten notwendig ist.
Using intelligent task routing and contribution review to help communities build artifacts of lasting value

Many online communities are emerging that, like Wikipedia, bring people together to build community-maintained artifacts of lasting value (CALVs). Motivating people to contribute is a key problem because the quantity and quality of contributions ultimately determine a CALV's value. We pose two related research questions: 1) How does intelligent task routing---matching people with work---affect the quantity of contributions? 2) How does reviewing contributions before accepting them affect the quality of contributions? A field experiment with 197 contributors shows that simple, intelligent task routing algorithms have large effects. We also model the effect of reviewing contributions on the value of CALVs. The model predicts, and experimental data shows, that value grows more slowly with review before acceptance. It also predicts, surprisingly, that a CALV will reach the same final value whether contributions are reviewed before or after they are made available to the community.
A checklist of suggested safe practices for the storage, distribution, use and disposal of toxic and hazardous gases in photovoltaic cell production

Abstract Many gases used in photovoltaic cell manufacture are inherently hazardous to human health. Thus, the risk to occupational and public health presented by these gases must be minimized through the use of engineering, administrative and personal control strategies. In this report a checklist of such controls is presented for the Handling and storage, distribution, use and disposal of toxic gases in photovoltaic cell manufacture. Because of the increasing emphasis being placed on controlling hazards of toxic gases, the checklist will probably expand over time. In this context, the authors welcome suggestions and revisions.
Temperature-aware wireless network-on-chip architecture

Long-range wireless shortcuts in Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures are shown to significantly improve energy-efficiency in on-chip data transfer. However, over-utilization of the wireless shortcuts and non-uniform traffic patterns may result in thermal hotpots in the NoC links or switches. In this work we propose a cross-layer approach of optimizing the NoC topology to achieve a balanced traffic distribution and temperature-aware routing (TAR) scheme to avoid thermal hotspots. We demonstrate that the proposed wireless NoC architecture is able to reduce temperature of NoC components and the TAR scheme is able to restrict the temperatures near a target threshold value.
A case of subdural hematoma and temporal bone fracture as complications of chiropractic manipulation

We present a case of subdural hematoma and temporal bone fracture as a complication of chiropractic manipulation. Subdural hematoma in the elderly may follow insignificant, often forgotten, trauma and may develop slowly and progress. Our patient presented with a complaint of headache three days after forceful chiropractic manipulation, but denied any history of trauma. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of a subdural hematoma and a temporal bone fracture and the patient underwent successful surgical treatment. Our experience identifies a previously unreported mechanism of injury in patients with subdural hematoma presenting to the emergency department with a complaint of headache.
The Freedom of Desire: Hegel's Response to Rousseau on the Problem of Civil Society

The ever-growing body of literature on civil society can benefit from a return to the original theoretical articulation and defense of the concept in the work of G.W.F. Hegel. Specifically, this article suggests that Jean-Jacques Rousseau's influential critique of civil society remains unanswered and argues that Hegel responded with a sweeping and sympathetic institutional design that remains relevant today. Hegel agrees with Rousseau that commercial society aggravates the dissatisfaction of its members, and that educating individual desire through institutional design is necessary to solve this difficulty. However, modern states need not adopt Rousseau's extreme and impracticable solution. Hegel's concrete, market-based associations of civil society render desires satiable and elevate them to accord with the common good, while still maintaining the freedom and distinctness of a pluralistic modern society.
Arrangement of centromeres in mouse cells.

Applying a staining procedure which reveals constitutive heterochromatin to cytological preparations of the mouse (Mus musculus), one detects heterochromatin pieces at the centromeric areas of all chromosomes except the Y. The Y chromosome is somewhat heteropyenotic in general but possesses no intensely stained centromeric heterochromatin. The arrangement of the centromeric heterochromatin in interphase cells is apparently specific for a given cell type. In meiotic prophase, centromeric heterochromatin may form clusters among bivalents. From the location of the centromeric heterochromatin of the X chromosome in the sex bivalent, it is concluded that the association between the X and Y (common end) in meiosis is limited to the distal portions of the sex elements.
Zebrafish Mutants calamity and catastrophe Define Critical Pathways of Gene–Nutrient Interactions in Developmental Copper Metabolism

Nutrient availability is an important environmental variable during development that has significant effects on the metabolism, health, and viability of an organism. To understand these interactions for the nutrient copper, we used a chemical genetic screen for zebrafish mutants sensitive to developmental copper deficiency. In this screen, we isolated two mutants that define subtleties of copper metabolism. The first contains a viable hypomorphic allele of atp7a and results in a loss of pigmentation when exposed to mild nutritional copper deficiency. This mutant displays incompletely penetrant skeletal defects affected by developmental copper availability. The second carries an inactivating mutation in the vacuolar ATPase that causes punctate melanocytes and embryonic lethality. This mutant, catastrophe, is sensitive to copper deprivation revealing overlap between ion metabolic pathways. Together, the two mutants illustrate the utility of chemical genetic screens in zebrafish to elucidate the interaction of nutrient availability and genetic polymorphisms in cellular metabolism.
What determines sedimentary C/S ratios?

Abstract The weight ratio of organic carbon to pyrite sulfur (C/S) has been observed to fall within a relatively narrow range (2.8 ± 0.8) in most fine-grained normal marine siliciclastic sediments. Although an increasing number of exceptions to this typical C/S ratio have been observed, it is nonetheless remarkable that so many modern and ancient marine sediments fall within a range of about a factor of two in C/S ratios. Here we demonstrate that this demands that the three major factors that control this ratio must be quite closely coupled to each other. These factors are (1) the fraction of organic carbon that is metabolized, (2) the fraction of metabolized organic carbon that is metabolized via sulfate reduction, and (3) the fraction of reduced sulfide that is not oxidized and is buried in pyrite. A simple model is presented that has utility in demonstrating the relationships among these parameters that are necessary to produce typical normal marine sediment C/S ratios.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on seedling growth, nutrient uptake, and rhizosphere bacterial populations ofLiriodendron tulipifera L.

Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings were planted in unfertilized forest soil in boxes with a removable side panel and grown in atmospheres containing either ambient (367 μl l−1) or elevated (692 μl l−1) CO2. Numbers of total bacteria, nitrifiers, and phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the rhizosphere and in nonrhizosphere soil were measured every 6 weeks for 24 weeks. Seedling growth and nutrient content were measured at a final whole-plant harvest. Root, leaf, and total dry weights were significantly greater, and specific leaf area was significantly less, in 692 ml l−1 than in ambient CO2. Uptake per gram plant dry weight of N, S, and B was lower at elevated CO2, whereas uptake of P, K, Cu, Al, and Fe was proportional to growth in both CO2 treatments. Total uptake and uptake per g plant dry weight of Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Zn, and Mn were not affected by CO2 treatment. Bacterial populations differed due to CO2 only at the final harvest, where there were significantly fewer nitrite-oxidizers and phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the rhizosphere of seedlings grown at 692 μl l−1 CO2.
Diffusion of Cd in CdS

The self-diffusion of Cd in CdS has been measured under a variety of doping and firing conditions. Under saturated Cd pressure the diffusion coefficient is given by $D=3\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}2.0 \mathrm{eV}/kT)$. Under sulfur pressure at 800\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the diffusion coefficient is found to be linearly dependent on the donor-impurity concentration. A new mechanism for diffusion is proposed to explain the results. No evidence for interstitial Cd was observed and it is suggested that Cd and sulfur vacancies (Schottky defects) are the dominant native defects in CdS.
The Future of Law Reviews and Legal Journals From a Student Editor's Perspective

Law reviews and legal journals have been part of the legal academic world for more than a century. [1] These legal publications are unique because they are completely run by students. However, over the last few decades, law reviews and legal journals have been highly criticized, and some critics even predict their demise. [2] If law reviews and legal journals expect to survive and remain valuable academic resources, then certain changes need to be made, and these changes are the responsibility of the student editors. Although some legal publications are making changes for the better, such as publishing online, more can be done to improve these student-run publications. By taking advantage of technological advances, especially the Internet, law reviews and legal journals can reduce the time it takes to publish an issue. In addition, these technological advances allow legal publications to offer many new features and services for both the authors and the readers. However, updating a publication with these new technological advances can be expensive. Thus, law reviews and legal journals need to generate more income from other sources than just subscriptions.
MICROWAVE FREEZE DRYING

A critical review of recent work in microwave freeze drying of food products is presented. This is followed by a general evaluation and recommendation for future work. The major technical problems that would prevent commercial use of microwave freeze drying have been solved. Economic studies show that processing costs for microwave freeze drying are lower than the costs for conventional freeze drying. Thus there has been adequate research and development for commercialization. A discussion is presented for improving the transfer of technology to aid commercialization. Recommendations are made for additional research and development.
Neuronal SNAREs Do Not Trigger Fusion between Synthetic Membranes but Do Promote PEG-Mediated Membrane Fusion

At low surface concentrations that permit formation of impermeable membranes, neuronal soluble N-ethyl maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins form a stable, parallel, trans complex when vesicles are brought into contact by a low concentration of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Surprisingly, formation of a stable SNARE complex does not trigger fusion under these conditions. However, neuronal SNAREs do promote fusion at low protein/lipid ratios when triggered by higher concentrations of PEG. Promotion of PEG-triggered fusion required phosphatidylserine and depended only on the surface concentration of SNAREs and not on the formation of a trans SNARE complex. These results were obtained at protein surface concentrations reported for synaptobrevin in synaptic vesicles and with an optimally fusogenic lipid composition. At a much higher protein/lipid ratio, vesicles joined by SNARE complex slowly mixed lipids at 37°C in the absence of PEG, in agreement with earlier reports. However, vesicles containing syntaxin at a high protein/lipid ratio (≥1:250) lost membrane integrity. We conclude that the neuronal SNARE complex promotes fusion by joining membranes and that the individual proteins syntaxin and synaptobrevin disrupt membranes so as to favor formation of a stalk complex and to promote conversion of the stalk to a fusion pore. These effects are similar to the effects of viral fusion peptides and transmembrane domains, but they are not sufficient by themselves to produce fusion in our in vitro system at surface concentrations documented to occur in synaptic vesicles. Thus, it is likely that proteins or factors other than the SNARE complex must trigger fusion in vivo.
Financial econometrics: Past developments and future challenges

Abstract The field of financial econometrics has had a glamorous run during the life span of the Journal of Econometrics . This note provides a selective summary of the most important developments in the field over the past two decades, notably ARCH and GMM, along with a discussion of promising avenues for future research.
Dynamic analyses of a skewed short-span, box-girder overpass

A number of recent research studies have provided insight into the seismic response characteristics of short-span overpass bridge systems. Application of system identification techniques to measure...
Carrier-envelope offset frequency dynamics in a self-referenced prism-based Cr: forsterite frequency comb

Carrier-envelope offset frequency (f0) dynamics of a prism-based modelocked Cr:forsterite laser are investigated in the context of a self-referenced frequency comb. Ultimately, this comb will be used in developing acetylene-filled fibers for portable frequency references.
A post-CMOS micromachined lateral accelerometer

In a post-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) micromachining technology, the process flow enables the integration of micromechanical structures with conventional CMOS circuits which are low-cost and readily available. This paper presents a lateral capacitive sensing accelerometer fabricated in the post-CMOS process. Design advantages include electrically isolated multimetal routing on microstructures to create full-bridge capacitive sensors, and integration to increase transducer sensitivity by minimizing parasitic capacitance. In a size of 350 /spl mu/m by 500 /spl mu/m, this accelerometer has a 1 mG//spl radic/(Hz) resolution and a linear range of at least /spl plusmn/13 G. The fundamental limitations of mechanical and electronic noise for acceleration sensing are addressed.
Computer-aided analysis of organizations

An organizational architecture consists of a number of decisionmakers, the information processing and decisionmaking functions they carry out, and their interactions. A constraint in the design of an organizational structure is that no decisionmaker be overloaded. Two performance measures are used to analyze and evaluate alternative organizational designs: (a) the accuracy of the response, as measured by a cost functional, and (b) the timeliness of the response as measured by the expected delay between the time a task is received and an output or response is produced.
Neural Networks, Cognition, and Diabetes: What Is the Connection?

Diabetes has been associated not only with subtle cognitive deficits in mental speed and flexibility (1,2) but also with an increased risk for development of significant disruption in cognitive function in the form of dementia (3). In order to prevent subtle cognitive sequelae and potentially reduce the burden of dementia on an aging world population (4), a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the cognitive dysfunction in diabetes is needed. There are several factors associated with diabetes and its management beyond acute metabolic or vascular insults that are potentially involved in this cognitive disruption, a few of which will be briefly reviewed here. Hyperglycemia may affect cognitive function by altering synaptic plasticity in the brain (5), increasing levels of oxidative stress (6), and/or subtly altering the cerebral microvasculature (7). Treatment of diabetes may lead to slight or occasionally more severe periods of hypoglycemia, which may translate to structural and metabolic alterations of the central nervous systems and subsequent cognitive dysfunction. However, it has been observed that subtle diabetes-related cognitive changes are associated with chronic hyperglycemia rather than episodes of hypoglycemia (8). The same study also observed that there was no significant difference in cognitive function between aggressively managed subjects with reduced levels of microvascular complications and those with a greater degree of microvascular complications. Other studies have observed this as well (9). This may indicate that the association between chronic hyperglycemia and subtle cognitive dysfunction is related to factors outside of microvascular complications alone. In this context, the potential impact of chronic exposure to endogenous or exogenous insulin above the normal physiological range should be critically evaluated. Mild cognitive impairment is associated not only with age of diabetes onset and disease duration but also with insulin treatment (10). The risk of dementia is also highest in people …
Binding of Radioactive Benzylpenicillin to Asporogenous Mutants of Bacillus subtilis During Postexponential Growth

The specific penicillin binding capacity of a postexponential culture of Staphylococcus aureus remains constant, but that of a sporulating Bacillus subtilis culture fluctuates dramatically. An initial decrease in binding capacity during presporulation events is followed by two distinct intervals of enhanced specific binding capacity during the postlogarithmic growth of a sporulating B. subtilis culture. The first peak of enhanced binding occurs during septation, when enzymes for germ cell wall formation are present; and the second peak coincides with cortical biosynthesis. The specific postlogarithmic binding capacities of a number of Spo− mutants of B. subtilis were examined to ascertain if specific asporogenous mutations altered the binding pattern observed with the wild-type organism. Four distinct postexponential binding patterns were recognized: (i) a low, constant binding capacity resembling the binding pattern of S. aureus, (ii) a decrease in binding capacity with no subsequent significant peaks, (iii) a decrease in binding capacity followed by a single peak corresponding to the first peak seen with the wild type, (iv) a pattern similar to the wild type. The fourth pattern was observed in a mutant blocked during stage III of sporogenesis which produced forespores that never became refractile. Mutations blocking either one or both periods of enhanced postlogarithmic binding were interspersed throughout a linkage group of spore genes next to lys-2 on the B. subtilis chomosome.
An analytical current-voltage characteristics model for high electron mobility transistors based on nonlinear charge-control formulation

Consideration of the nonlinear variation of the sheet carrier concentration of the two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) with Fermi potential in the quasi-triangular potential quantum well of the HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) structure has led to a bias-dependent effective offset distance of the 2-DEG from the heterointerface. The inclusion of the variable 2-DEG offset distance allows model characterization of the charge-control mechanism in a more consistent manner, and with greater accuracy, than the conventional linear charge-control model does. On the basis of the nonlinear charge-control formulation, the authors developed an accurate analytical drain current-voltage characteristics model for HEMT devices. This model is valid over a very wide range of operation, extending from the near-subthreshold regime to the high parasitic MESFET conduction regime to the high parasitic MESFET conduction regime. This model also includes the broadening effect of the 2-DEG quantum well in the pinchoff regime, providing a more accurate description of the current saturation mechanism. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of this model by comparing measured and modeled DC characteristics of normally-on as well as normally-off HEMT devices. Furthermore, the simple analytical expressions make the model very suitable for computer-aided design applications in the analysis and design of high-frequency microwave and high-speed digital HEMT devices and integrated circuits. >
Impaired IFN-γ Production in IFN Regulatory Factor-1 Knockout Mice During Endotoxemia Is Secondary to a Loss of Both IL-12 and IL-12 Receptor Expression

Mice with a targeted mutation in the gene that encodes the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) were used to assess the contribution of IRF-1 to IL-12-dependent and IL-12-independent pathways of IFN-γ production. In response to LPS, IRF-1 −/− mice produced less IL-12 p40, IL-12 p35, and IFN-γ mRNA in the liver than IRF-1 +/+ mice. While pulmonary IFN-γ mRNA levels were also mitigated in IRF-1 −/− mice, pulmonary IL-12 p40 and IL-12 p35 mRNA were not dysregulated. Circulating IL-12 p70 and IFN-γ levels were profoundly attenuated in LPS-challenged IRF-1 −/− mice. Further analysis revealed a major deficiency in hepatic IL-12Rβ1 and IL-12Rβ2 mRNA expression as well as pulmonary IL-12Rβ1 mRNA expression in LPS-challenged IRF-1 −/− mice. In vitro, IFN-γ up-regulated IL-12Rβ1 mRNA in macrophages from IRF-1 +/+ , but not IRF-1 −/− , mice. IFN-γ-induced IL-12Rβ2 mRNA expression was also diminished in macrophages from IRF-1 −/− mice. In contrast to IRF-1 +/+ mice, administration of exogenous IL-12 to IRF-1 −/− mice resulted in reduced serum IFN-γ and hepatic and pulmonary IFN-γ mRNA, demonstrating that loss of IL-12R results in diminished IL-12 responsiveness. While LPS-challenged IRF-1 −/− mice also had reduced IL-15 mRNA levels, serum IL-18 responses were intact. Finally, induction of IRF-1 mRNA by LPS in livers of IFN-γ knockout mice were markedly attenuated, suggesting a feedback amplification loop. These studies indicate that IRF-1 deficiency disrupts both IL-12-dependent and -independent pathways of IFN-γ production and that IRF-1 is a critical transcription factor involved in the regulation of not only IL-12, but also IL-12R.
Evolution in a cline: the trilobite Triarthrus along an Ordovician depth gradient

Head proportions in the trilobite Triarthrus change by small but significant amounts with both lime and environment along a ‘fossil’ depth gradient in the Trenton Group of central New York. The putative zone species T. becki (Denmarkian Stage) and T. eatoni (post-Denmarkian; =T. becki, new synonymy) intermingle throughout the roughly two million year long sequence studied. The two represent extreme morphs in a graded spatio-temporal cline, not distinct species. Transgression as much as evolution accounts for their stratigraphic zonation. Clinal variation is expressed in the dependence of anatomical measures on the position of samples on a downslope transect parallel to bentonite beds, and on ordination score for community samples, a measure of environment that applies over time. Anatomy changes with environment in basically the same way it changes with time, and the amount of change over two million years in a given environment roughly equals the amount of change with environment at a given time. Compensated to a standard environment, anatomical measures follow a continuous trend that suggests an evolutionary random walk with non-random, directional drift. The case of Triarthrus illustrates that directional anatomical variation can have important components that are not strictly temporal and evolutionary in the normal sense.
Antimicrobial susceptibility among gram-negative isolates collected in the USA between 2005 and 2011 as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.).

Background The Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.) was designed to monitor in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility to tigecycline and comparator agents. We present susceptibility data on Gram-negative organisms collected between 2005 and 2011 from nine United States census regions.