cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emergency Contraception: The Politics of Post‐Coital Contraception

The literature and events related to the politicization of emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) in the United States is reviewed. The basis of opposition to the regimen, rooted in the mode of action of ECPs, the confusion with mifepristone, and the challenges this presents for ECP advocates is also discussed. Legislative actions that impact availability of ECPs are described, as well as efforts to increase access and availability through innovate programs, legislation, and changes in medical practice. Recommendations for future research, service delivery, and public policy are also presented.
Cognitive Abilities in Children with Reading Disabilities and Controls: A Follow-Up Study

Seventy children with reading disabilities and 75 control children who had been administered an extensive psychometric test battery were given a follow-up test approximately 4 years later. An independent sample of 35 children with reading disabilities and 22 control children were administered the same test battery on three occasions over an average interval of 8.6 years. When measures of reading performance, symbol-processing speed, and spatial reasoning were subjected to a mixed-model multivariate analysis of variance, significant effects due to group (reading disabled vs. control), time (initial test session vs. follow-up), and their interaction were found for both samples. Although children with reading disabilities manifested deficits at each age, the rate of improvement in measures of reading and spatial reasoning across age was highly similar for the affected and control groups. However, with regard to symbol-processing speed, differences between the groups were greater at the later ages. In general...
PHILLIPOPTERIS GEN. NOV.—ANATOMICALLY PRESERVED SPORANGIAL FRUCTIFICATIONS FROM THE UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN OF THE APPALACHIAN BASIN

A B S T R A C T The discovery of a new type of sporangial fructification in coal balls from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Ohio provides the basis for describing Phillipopteris globiformis gen. et sp. nov. Sporangia are borne terminally on up to two orders of branching axes. Penultimate axes branch pinnately to produce irregularly branched ultimate axes. Sporangial wall cells are of a single type and show no specialization for dehiscence. Spores are radial and trilete, and reminiscent of the sporae dispersae genus Dictyotriletes. Phillipopteris increases our knowledge of diversity among fernlike plants from the late Paleozoic, and shares several features with Sclerocelyphus Mamay. THE Pennsylvanian and Upper Carboniferous floras of North America and Europe constitute some of the best known of all fossil vegetation, and are represented by an abundance of both compressed and permineralized remains. Most of the permineralized material is from coal balls, and is clearly referable to five major tracheophyte groups (i.e., lycopsids, sphenopsids, ferns, cordaites, and seed ferns, Phillips, 1980). However, a small number of species are of uncertain affinities. Two of these are the sporangial aggregations, Sclereocelyphus oviformis Mamay ( 1 9 54) and Cyathotheca tectata
Synthesis of an optically active dipyrrinone sulfide and sulfoxide

Abstract Optically active dipyrrinone sulfide 2 and its sulfoxide 1 have been synthesized as potential precursors to tetrapyrrole analogs of bilirubin with sulfoxide groups replacing the natural carboxylic acids. Dipyrrinones 1 and 2 show weak exciton coupling in their circular dichroism spectra, with Δe427max −0.44, Δe398max +0.50 from 1, and Δe442max –0.67, Δe404max +1.20 from 2, but no evidence for inter- or intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the dipyrrinone NHs and the sulfoxide group of 1.
Binder-free Co–Mn composite oxide for Li–air battery electrode

Binder-free Co–Mn composite oxide was successfully deposited at low temperature on a woven substrate through a combination of electroless and electrolytic steps. The principle of the approach was illustrated with cobalt metal and a successful thin film metal oxide formation was supported by CV, XRD and XPS data. The viability of the binder-free Co–Mn oxide electrode was tested as a Li–air battery electrocatalyst and yielded an initial specific capacity of up to 2000 mA h g−1 and survived multiple charge–discharge–recharge cycles. The oxidation time in the electrolytic oxidation-step was found to affect the battery discharge period. In comparison to the conventional polymeric binder methods, the present binder-free method is potentially adaptable to a roll–roll continuous processing approach.
Structure of the cuticle of the alpine weta, Hemideina maori (Saussure) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae)

Abstract Sclerotized cuticle segments from the thorax, dorsal abdomen, and ventral abdomen of the alpine, weta Hemideina maori (Saussure) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae) were examined by light microscopy and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. An epicuticle, exocuticle (outer and inner), mesocuticle, endocuticle, and deposition layer are present in transverse sections. The epicuticle is further composed of a cuticulin layer and inner epicuticle, the latter being finely laminated and containing narrow wax canals that terminate below the cuticle surface. Openings to dermal gland ducts are visible on the surface as are large setae and smaller sensory pegs. Frozen fractured cuticle reveals the presence of horizontal ducts or channels that run laterally within the cuticle. The structure of weta cuticle is compared with that of the common house cricket and arthropods in general.
Relationship of influenza vaccine match and use rate to medically attended acute respiratory illnesses in older residents of Maryland. November 13, 2012

The effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine may be influenced by mismatches to circulating influenza viruses. The relationship of these vaccine mismatches to the occurrence of medically attended acute respiratory illnesses (MAARI)-related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations for all Maryland residents aged 50 years or older was examined for seven years (2001–2008). Also, relationships of individual circulating influenza types or subtypes to these MAARI-encounters were investigated. Anonymous, retrospective discharge data from all Maryland hospitals were utilized to determine daily numbers of MAARI-related ED visits and hospitalizations. Rate ratios (RR) of these MAARI-related encounters were then determined between intense influenza outbreak periods and non-influenza season time periods for each year using a Poisson regression model. Center for Disease Control end of season data reports were used to estimate each season's ‘match’ of each trivalent influenza vaccine component to subsequent circulating influenza viruses in the United States. The overall vaccine match proportion for the three vaccine viruses was then multiplied by reported vaccination rates of Maryland residents aged 50 years or older to determine an ‘estimated influenza vaccine impact factor’ (EIVIF) for each year. Correlation coefficients (CC) were then calculated comparing RR of MAARI-encounters to the corresponding EIVIF data. Finally, yearly RR of MAARI-encounters were compared to corresponding rates of individual circulating influenza types or subtypes circulating in the Maryland area. Consistent trends were observed whereby increased EIVIF proportions were correlated with decreased RR of MAARI-related ED visits and hospitalizations. This correlation reached statistical significance when comparing EIVIF to RR of MAARI-related ED visits (CC = −0.77, P = 0.04). Also, the proportion of A/H3N2 viruses circulating each season was significantly positively correlated to that season's RR of MAARI-related ED visits (CC = 0.89) and hospitalizations (CC = 0.92); both P < 0.01. Our data suggest increased protective effects of influenza immunization on reducing MAARI-related ED visits and hospitalizations in older individuals when the vaccine is well matched to the circulating strains. A/H3N2 viruses were clearly associated with more frequent MAARI-related ED visits and hospitalizations than A/H1N1 and B viruses.
Long-pulse FELs as sources of monochromatic radiation☆

Abstract A strong competition among modes in a long-pulse FEL is shown to exist. Through that strong competition the dominant mode is able to suppress other modes which would otherwise be present. The theoretical analysis is based on a perturbation expansion of the transverse current driving the FEL, expanded in powers of the radiation field. The perturbation analysis was carried on in a way similar to the interaction representation treatment of quantum mechanics. To third order in the expansion the crossed saturation between modes is twice as strong as the self-saturation. Thus the intensity of the dominant mode decreases the gain of competing modes at a much faster rate than it decreases its own gain. The result is single mode operation. Besides discussing the self-saturation in a single mode situation, the mode stability problem is treated analytically for the case of the two competing neighboring modes.
Some extensions of Brioschi’s double alternant

Abstract We evaluate some determinants related to Brioschi’s extension of the classical double alternant of Cauchy, and Scott’s extension of Brioschi’s.
Cultura-Identidad: The Use of Art in the University of Puerto Rico Student Movement, 2010

This article addresses the use of art in the University of Puerto Rico student movement of 2010 to achieve social movement outcomes, such as mobilization and collective identity. More specifically,...
Adsorption phenomena in hydrometallurgy, 3. Model for copper, nickel and cobalt uptake by oxide adsorbents in aqueous ammoniacal solutions

Abstract The uptake of hydrolyzable metal ions by oxide adsorbents in aqueous ammoniacal solutions has been interpreted in terms of a mechanism involving the competitive adsorption of all the aqueous species. An adsorption model is presented which combines double layer theory with properties of the substrate (pzc, dielectric constant), the solvent medium (dielectric constant) and the aqueous ionic species (stability constants). It is proposed that specific effects due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in an aqueous complex and solvation effects due to the dielectric constant of the substrate play a dominant role in the up-take of metal by oxide colloids in aqueous ammoniacal solutions.
Task assignment heuristics for parallel and distributed CFD applications

A Task Graph (TG) model is proposed for representing a single discrete step of multi-block overset grid Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications. The TG model is used to balance the computational workload across the overset grids and to reduce inter-grid communication costs. Based on the constraints inherent in CFD applications, assignment heuristics are developed and enhanced by integrating the status of processing units and communication costs. Extensive performance evaluation on a synthetic TG is reported. Also, a TG derived from a realistic problem with eight million grid points is used as a test case.
Scattering of Neutrons by Nonspherical Nuclei

A discrepancy between experiment and the optical model calculations of Bjorklund and Fernbach exists in the scattering of 7-Mev neutrons by tantalum. The possibility is investigated that this discrepancy is due to the quadrupole deformation in tantalum. The deformation is represented by a term proportional to P/sub 2/(cos ) added to the spin-dependent potential of Bjorklund and Fernbach ( is the angle between the assumed nuclear symmetry axis and the radius vector to the scattered particle). The added term is treated as a perturbation and the calculation is carried to second order. The Scrodinger equation is solved numerically on an IBM704 computer to obtain the differential cross section for the elastic scattering of neutrons and the results are applied to the scattering of 7-Mev neutrons by tantalum. Parameters are determined which bring the theoretical results into adequate agreement with experiment. (auth)
Basal forebrain microinjections of L‐3,3′,5‐triiodothyronine modify sleep in hypothyroid rats

Male rats were injected bilaterally with various doses of L-3,3′,5-triiodothyronine (T3) into basal forebrain areas. The electroencephalogram (EEG), electromyogram (EMG) and brain temperature (Tbr) were then measured in 8-h studies. In the medial preoptic area (MPA), a 4 μg dose of T3 caused significant elevations in REM sleep as compared to control injections. In the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), both 2 and 4 μg doses of T3 significantly inhibited non-REM sleep. Injections to the diagonal band of Broca did not alter EEG-defined sleep. Influences on Tbr were not significant for any of the treatments. Since these effects of T3 were demonstrated after acute injections, the data are consistent with possible non-genomic actions of thyroid hormones in adult brain.
Kiglapait Geochemistry III: Potassium and Rubidium

Abstract The regular geometry and completeness of the Kiglapait intrusion permit its bulk composition to be obtained by summation, and the composition of successive liquids to be obtained by subtraction. The summations for K and Rb give 1806 and 1.08 ppm, yielding R  frsol | K / Rb = 1670 for the intrusion, taken as equal to the parent magma. R increases slightly from this initial value to 2000 at the end of crystallization where MgO approaches zero in the rocks. K and Rb are therefore closely coherent and their distribution coefficients can differ only by a small amount in the Kiglapait system. Apparent feldspar/liquid distribution coefficients (D F/L ) can be estimated from detailed plots of feldspar and liquid compositions against F L . The Kiglapait data imply that these coefficients are linear 1:1 functions of plagioclase composition within experimental error, having values given by D K F / L = 1.42− X An D Rb F / L = 1.13− X An with minimum values of 0.75 and 0.49, respectively. The ratio R F R L lies in the range of 1.53± 0.03 for the plagioclase composition range X An = 0.34 to 0.67 showing that high-R rocks such as anorthosite crystallized from high- R liquids. The apparent feldspar distribution coefficients are much closer to 1.0 than common literature values. They can be reduced by assuming that the cumulate pile was continuously recharged by the circulating magma until an advanced stage of differentiation was reached, and assuming that alkalies were exchanged to the feldspars from the magma. When such an ‘aquifer recharge’ model is calibrated using olivine-liquid equilibria as a time marker for the liquid, the inferred minimum equilibrium values of the distribution coefficients are D K F L = 0.42, D Rb F L = 0.25 at the base of the intrusion. Their variation is given by D K F L = 1.66−1.88X An , D Rb F L = 1.17−1.41X An , The equilibrium values are considered to be appropriate for deducing liquid compositions in plutonic bodies where alkali exchange can be shown or inferred to have been inhibited, such as in small intrusions. The apparent values are considered to be appropriate, even though they may be artificial, for large intrusions similar to the Kiglapait. The bulk K and Rb concentrations in the Kiglapait intrusion are consistent with a plagioclase-rich abyssal tholeiite magma. Clinopyroxene and olivine fractionation in the mantle may contribute to the production of such high- R magmas.
Center-point curves through six arbitrary points

A circular cubic curve called a center-point curve is central to kinematic synthesis of a planar 4R linkage that moves a rigid body through four specified planar positions. In this paper, we show the set of circle-point curves is a non-linear subset of the set of circular cubics. In general, seven arbitrary points define a circular cubic curve; in contrast, we find that a center-point curve is defined by six arbitrary points. Furthermore, as many as three different center-point curves may pass through these six points. Having defined the curve without identifying any positions, we then show how to determine sets offour positions that generate the given center-point curve.
Biobased adsorbents for drying of gases

Fundamental, structural and compositional studies on the properties of corn grits and their ability to selectively adsorb water from organic vapors have resulted in new bio-based adsorbents. Structure/function relationships of these bio-based adsorbents are reviewed.
Reduction pneumoplasty for a giant right upper lobe bulla causing massive bilateral lung compression.

Rossi F, et al. A low-frequency positive-pressure ventilation with extracorporeal CO2 removal in severe acute respiratory failure. JAMA. 1986;256:881-6. 4. Willms DC, Watchel TL, Daleiden AL, Dembitsky WP, Schibanoff JM, Gibbons JA. Venovenous extracorporeal life support in traumatic bronchial disruption and adult respiratory distress syndrome using surface-heparinized equipment: case report. J Trauma. 1994; 2:252-4. 5. Michaels AJ, Schriener RJ, Kolla S, Awad SS, Rich PB, Reickert C, et al. Extracorporeal life support in pulmonary failure after trauma. J Trauma. 1999;4:638-45.
Ablation Response Testing of Simulated Radioisotope Power Supplies

Results of an experimental program to assess the aerothermal ablation response of simulated radioisotope power supplies are presented. Full-scale general purpose heat source, graphite impact shell, and lightweight radioisotope heater unit test articles are all tested without nuclear fuel in simulated reentry environments. Convective stagnation heating, stagnation pressure, stagnation surface temperature, surface recession profile, and weight loss measurements are obtained for diffusion-limited and sublimation ablation conditions. The recession profile and weight loss measurements show an effect of surface features on the stagnation face. The surface features alter the local heating which in turn affects the local ablation. Nomenclature As = surface area, mm2 D = module diameter, mm Ht = total enthalpy, MJ/kg m = mass loss, g Pa — stagnation pressure behind the shock, atm #o i = stagnation heat flux for 0.3048-m-radius sphere, W/cm2 s = module surface recession, mm Tw = wall temperature, K t = minimum aeroshell thickness, mm X — vertical position with respect to nozzle center, mm Y = horizontal position with respect to nozzle center, mm p = ablating material density, g/cm3 Subscripts av = average ref = reference t = Total w = wall
Bipolar Copolymers as Host for Electroluminescent Devices: Effects of Molecular Structure on Film Morphology and Device Performance

Bipolar transport polymers have been developed as host materials for electroluminescent devices by incorporating both electron-transporting and hole-transporting functionalities into copolymers. Two different copolymers having the same molecular weight (Mn ∼ 30 kg/mol) and the same fraction of electron-transporting monomers (fOXA = 0.50) have been synthesized in the form of random and diblock copolymers, respectively. The effect of molecular structure and film morphology of these bipolar polymers on device performance has been studied. For the diblock copolymers, pronounced phase segregation forming different nanomorphologies has been observed by modern microscopic techniques, which is not observed for the random counterparts under the same thin film preparation conditions. The results of single-layer polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) show that the nanophase separation morphology of diblock copolymers has a significant effect on device performance: lowering charge transport and facilitating the hole−...
Adverse effects of single therapeutic doses of diazepam on performance in normal geriatric subjects: Relationship to plasma concentrations

Elderly normal volunteers (N = 12, mean age 70.4 years) were administered placebo or diazepam 2.5, 5, 10 mg in four consecutive sessions separated by at least a 1-week interval. Memory and psychomotor performance and plasma diazepam concentrations were assessed at baseline and at 1 and 3 h following drug administration. Significant impairments were found in response to all doses of diazepam. The maximum impairment occurred at 1 h, which coincided with the highest plasma concentration of the drug.
SUPERCONDUCTIVE FIXED POINTS FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0.5 K

A temperature fixed point device incorporating samples of the elements Cd, Zn, Al, In and Pb has been available from the NBS for several years. This paper describes current efforts to reduce the temperature uncertainties of the NBS device below the present one milli-kelvin level. It also notes that efforts to produce narrow transition widths in samples of Nb, V3Ga and Nb3Sn have resulted in widths of 9 mK, 40 mK and 17 mK, respectively.
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Examination of Developmental Functioning, Autistic Symptoms, and Coexisting Behavior Problems in Toddlers

Little is known about the female presentation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during early childhood. We investigated sex differences in developmental profiles using the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, autistic symptoms on the ADOS-G, and coexisting behavior problems on the CBCL in 157 boys and 42 girls with ASD aged 1.5-3.9 years. Overall, boys and girls evidenced a markedly similar pattern of developmental profiles, autism symptoms, and coexisting behavior problems, although subtle differences exist. Boys and girls evidenced a similar pattern of developmental strengths and weaknesses. Girls with ASD evidenced greater communication deficits than boys and boys evidenced more restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped behavior than girls. Girls exhibited more sleep problems and anxious or depressed affect than boys.
Linearized dynamics for step jumps of velocity and displacement of shearing flows of a simple fluid

We consider linearized dynamics associated with step jumps in the velocity or displacement of the boundary of a fluid in a shearing motion. The discontinuity will propagate into the interior with a speed\(C = \sqrt {{{G\left( 0 \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{G\left( 0 \right)} \rho }} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} \rho }} \) (ρ is the density) if the initial valuesG(0) andG′(0) of the fading memory kernels are bounded, 0 <G(0) < ∞, − ∞ <G′ (0) < 0. IfG(0) ≠ ∞ butG′(0) = − ∞, then the boundary of the support of the solution still propagates with the speedC. However, the solutions on both sides of the boundary match together in aC∞-fashion. IfG(0) ≠ ∞ butG′(0) = 0, the amplitude of the discontinuity will not damp as in a purely elastic fluid. IfG(0) = ∞, the step change is felt immediately throughout the fluid, without shocks, as in Navier-Stokes fluids. This same type of parabolic behavior can be achieved by a small Newtonian contribution added to the integral form of the stress but if this contribution is small, a smooth transition layer around the shock will propagate with the speedC. In the case of step displacement, from rest to rest, singular surfaces of infinite velocity can propagate into the interior with speed of propagationC. The singular surfaces undergo multiple reflections off bounding walls, but the final steady state reached asymptotically is in universal form independent of material.
Associated top-anti-top-Higgs production as a large source of WH events: implications for Higgs detection in the lνγγ final state

Abstract We demonstrate that associated t t H production yields many more events in which a W is produced in association with the Higgs boson than does the standard W ∗ →WH subprocess. As a result, for Higgs masses in the range 70⪅ m H ⪅140 GeV detection of the H in the (rare) lνγγ final state may prove possible at the SSC even for the canonical yearly luminosity of 10 4 pb −1 .
Characteristics of Connectionist Knowledge Representation

Connectionism--the use of neural networks for knowledge representation and inference--has profound implications for the representation and processing of information because it provides a fundamentally new view of knowledge. However, its progress is impeded by the lack of a unifying theoretical construct corresponding to the idea of a calculus (or formal system) in traditional approaches to knowledge representation. Such a construct, called a simulacrum, is proposed here, and its basic properties are explored. We find that although exact classification is impossible, several other useful, robust kinds of classification are permitted. The representation of structured information and constituent structure are considered, and we find a basis for more flexible rule-like processing than that permitted by conventional methods. We discuss briefly logical issues such as decidability and computability and show that they require reformulation in this new context. Throughout we discuss the implications for artificial intelligence and cognitive science of this new theoretical framework.
The current place of single photon emission computed tomography in epilepsy evaluations

Single photon emission computed tomography is appropriate for peri-ictal imaging inpatients with focal epilepsy being considered for surgical treatment.
Spatial distributions of atomic and molecular species in the inductively coupled argon plasma

Abstract Spatial distributions of various atoms and molecules in the inductively coupled argon plasma (ICP) has been studied by modeling kinetic reactions between plasma components. Calculations for the excited level populations of hydrogen atom and nitrogen molecule were carried out in order to determine their ground state number densities from temperatures and absolute emission intensities. Number densities of other species were estimated by assuming thermal equilibrium between dissociation and recombination processes. The spatially resolved profiles clearly obtained showed that water introduced into the plasma as an aqueous solution was almost completely decomposed to atomic hydrogen and oxygen, while nitrogen rather existed as molecules because of the relatively high dissociation energy. In addition, air entrainment from the surrounding atmosphere and sideward diffusion of species were discussed in terms of the spatial characteristics of the ICP.
Effect of graded dietary levels of selenium on tracheal carcinomas induced by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea

Summary An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of the dietary level of selenium on the induction of tracheal cancer by 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU). Male Syrian golden hamsters received intratracheal instillations of a 0.5% MNU solution once weekly for 12 weeks. Two weeks prior to the initiation of carcinogen treatment, animals were placed on a semisynthetic, 30% torula yeast diet to which either no selenium or 1 or 5 mg selenium/kg of diet as sodium selenite was added. Animals were maintained on their respective diets for the duration of the study which was terminated 195 days after the first MNU treatment. No significant differences among groups in the incidence of either benign lesions or carcinomas was observed and the distribution of tumor type was similar irrespective of selenium treatment. The results of this study indicate that selenium exerts no chemo-preventive effect against MNU-induced tracheal carcinogenesis.
The Shape of the Maximum Expiratory Flow Volume Curve

Differences in the shape of the maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve have been associated with pathologic states and physiologic differences between normal individuals. We describe variations in a new parameter, angle p, which characterizes the general configuration of the MEFV curve among healthy subjects and subjects with disease in 5,140 white individuals. Women had consistently larger β angles than men. There was a progressive decline in β with advancing age. Cigarette smokers had lower β angles than did lifetime never-smokers. Subjects with abnormal lung (unction patterns had lower β angles than individuals with a normal pattern. Finally, individuals with asthma, chronic bronchitis, dyspnea and wheezing had significantly lower β angles than healthy individuals. Further clinical and epidemiologic studies are needed to evaluate this measurement's possible value in pulmonary function evaluation. (Chest 1988; 94:799-806)
Identification of an Immunomodulating Agent from Mycobacterium leprae.

A search for an immunomodulating agent from mycobacteria was carried out using Mycobacterium leprae. The antigenicity of each fraction of the bacterial membrane, which contains the most antigenic components of M. leprae, was assessed by using sera from paucibacillary leprosy. N-terminal sequencing of the serum-reactive protein and functional assessment of the membrane fractions using monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) identified major membrane protein II (MMP-II) as one of the efficient T-cell-activating candidates. Purified MMP-II stimulated DCs from healthy individuals to produce interleukin-12 p70 and up-regulated the surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and II, CD86, and CD83 molecules. Also, there was an increase in the percentage of CD83+ cells in the DC population. Furthermore, MMP-II-pulsed DCs expressed their derivatives on their surfaces. Using Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2)-dependent receptor constructs, we found that TLR-2 signaling was involved in DC maturation induced by MMP-II. Taken together, MMP-II can be recognized as an immunomodulating protein in terms of activation of antigen-presenting cells and innate immunity.
Evolving concepts of tumor heterogeneity

Past and recent findings on tumor heterogeneity have led clinicians and researchers to broadly define cancer development as an evolving process. This evolutionary model of tumorigenesis has largely been shaped by seminal reports of fitness-promoting mutations conferring a malignant cellular phenotype. Despite the major clinical and intellectual advances that have resulted from studying heritable heterogeneity, it has long been overlooked that compositional tumor heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment (TME)-induced selection pressures drive tumor evolution, significantly contributing to tumor development and outcomes of clinical cancer treatment. In this review, we seek to summarize major milestones in tumor evolution, identify key aspects of tumor heterogeneity in a TME-dependent evolutionary context, and provide insights on the clinical challenges facing researchers and clinicians alike.
Medical ethics contributes to clinical management: teaching medical students to engage patients as moral agents.

OBJECTIVES In order to teach medical students to engage more fully with patients, we offer ethics education as a tool to assist in the management of patient health issues. METHODS We propose that many dilemmas in clinical medicine would benefit by having the doctor embark on an iterative reasoning process with the patient. Such a process acknowledges and engages the patient as a moral agent. We recommend employing Kant's ethic of respect and a more inclusive definition of patient autonomy drawn from philosophy and clinical medicine, rather than simply presenting dichotomous choices to patients, which represents a common, but often suboptimal, means of approaching both medical and moral concerns. DISCUSSION We describe how more nuanced teaching about the ethics of the doctor-patient relationship might fit into the medical curriculum and offer practical suggestions for implementing a more respectful, morally engaged relationship with patients that should assist them to achieve meaningful health goals.
Neuropsychological correlates of adolescent substance abuse: four-year outcomes.

Alcohol and other drug use are common in youth, but neurocognitive sequelae are unclear. This study examines the relationship between neuropsychological functioning and protracted substance use in adolescence. One hundred fifteen adolescents, ages 13 to 19 years, were recruited from inpatient substance abuse treatment programs and followed for 4 years. Adolescents were administered a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and evaluated on substance use involvement during treatment, and at 6-month, 1-year, 2-year, and 4-year follow-up time points. Protracted substance abuse over the 4 years of follow-up was associated with significantly poorer subsequent functioning on tests of attention. In addition, alcohol and drug withdrawal accounted for significant variance in visuospatial functioning, above and beyond demographic, educational, and health variables in detoxified late adolescents and young adults. Results suggest that alcohol and drug withdrawal may be a more powerful marker of protracted neuropsychological impairments than other indices of youthful alcohol and drug involvement. (JINS, 1999, 5, 481–493.)
A convergent convex splitting scheme for the periodic nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard equation

In this paper we devise a first-order-in-time, second-order-in-space, convex splitting scheme for the periodic nonlocal Cahn-Hilliard equation. The unconditional unique solvability, energy stability and $$\ell ^\infty (0, T; \ell ^4)$$ l ? ( 0 , T ? l 4 ) stability of the scheme are established. Using the a-priori stabilities, we prove error estimates for our scheme, in both the $$\ell ^\infty (0, T; \ell ^2)$$ l ? ( 0 , T ? l 2 ) and $$\ell ^\infty (0, T; \ell ^\infty )$$ l ? ( 0 , T ? l ? ) norms. The proofs of these estimates are notable for the fact that they do not require point-wise boundedness of the numerical solution, nor a global Lipschitz assumption or cut-off for the nonlinear term. The $$\ell ^2$$ l 2 convergence proof requires no refinement path constraint, while the one involving the $$\ell ^\infty $$ l ? norm requires only a mild linear refinement constraint, $$s \le C h$$ s ≤ C h . The key estimates for the error analyses take full advantage of the unconditional $$\ell ^\infty (0, T; \ell ^4)$$ l ? ( 0 , T ? l 4 ) stability of the numerical solution and an interpolation estimate of the form $$\left\| \phi \right\| _4 \le C \left\| \phi \right\| _2^\alpha \left\| \nabla _h\phi \right\| _2^{1-\alpha },\alpha = \frac{4-D}{4},D=1,2,3$$ ? 4 ≤ C ? 2 ? ? h ? 2 1 - ? , ? = 4 - D 4 , D = 1 , 2 , 3 , which we establish for finite difference functions. We conclude the paper with some numerical tests that confirm our theoretical predictions.
Supersymmetric laser arrays

We introduce the concept of supersymmetric laser arrays that consists of a main optical lattice and its superpartner structure, and we investigate the onset of their lasing oscillations. Due to the coupling of the two constituent lattices, their degenerate optical modes form doublets, while the extra mode associated with unbroken supersymmetry forms a singlet state. Singlet lasing can be achieved for a wide range of design parameters either by introducing stronger loss in the partner lattice or by pumping only the main array. Our findings suggest the possibility of building single-mode, high-power laser arrays and are also important for understanding light transport dynamics in multimode Parity-Time symmetric photonic structures.
Proxychain: developing a robust and efficient authentication infrastructure for carrier-scale VoIP networks

Authentication is an important mechanism for the reliable operation of any Voice over IP (VoIP) infrastructure. Digest authentication has become the most widely adopted VoIP authentication protocol due to its simple properties. However, even this lightweight protocol can have a significant impact on the performance and scalability of a VoIP infrastructure. In this paper, we present Proxychain - a novel VoIP authentication protocol based on a modified hash chain construction. Proxychain not only improves performance and scalability, but also offers additional security properties such as mutual authentication. Through experimental analysis we demonstrate an improvement of greater than 1700% of the maximum call throughput possible with Digest authentication in the same architecture. We show that the more efficient authentication mechanisms of Proxychain can be used to improve the overall security of a carrier-scale VoIP network.
Solder Joint Characteristics and Reliability of Lead-Free Area Array Packages Assembled Under Various Tin-Lead Soldering Process Conditions

The compatibility of lead-free area array packages with tin-lead soldering processes is a critical issue, as several product categories may take advantage of the exemptions under the European Union (EU) RoHS legislation and continue to be built with tin-lead solder for some time to come, whereas the components have become predominantly lead-free. The issue of "backward compatibility" arises because for BGA packages, the contribution of solder balls to the resultant solder joint material is very high (typically of 70% to 80%), and the assembly of lead-free BGA packages with tin-lead paste becomes a major concern from the perspective of solder joint metallurgical uniformity and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effects of critical process conditions on solder joint metallurgy and reliability of mixed alloy solder joints. The solder joint metallurgy of mixed alloys was characterized and the lead distribution through the solder joint was analyzed, for different package types and under various process conditions. The results showed that the solder paste amount (ultimately the tin percentage, Sn% in the alloy) and the reflow temperature play critical roles in the mixed alloy assembly, both in terms of compositional homogeneity and voiding. The reliability of mixed alloy solder joints was then studied at various process conditions, under different thermal and mechanical stress environments. The study revealed that the sensitivity of the reliability of the mixed alloy solder joints to the process condition depends on the type of environmental loading.
THE STEADY-STATE, ERGODICITY, AND TIME-ORDERING IN SIMULATIONS ON FAMILIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

The free energy perturbation technique employing molecular dynamics simulations is more powerful than may be at first apparent. Intrinsically, one can obtain energies and possibly other expectation values even under decidedly non-equilibrium conditions. Interesting questions are thereby raised about irreversible processes, ergodicity, and time-ordering. Techniques and formulas are presented herein with which to extend the power of simulations into the far-from-equilibrium regime to identify "natural" steady-state regimes, where, ordinarily, one would expect the effects of nonergodicity to limit the utility of such simulations.
Neural correlates of direct and reflected self-appraisals in adolescents and adults: when social perspective-taking informs self-perception.

Classic theories of self-development suggest people define themselves in part through internalized perceptions of other people’s beliefs about them, known as reflected self-appraisals. This study uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of direct and reflected self-appraisals in adolescence (N = 12, ages 11‐14 years) and adulthood (N = 12, ages 23‐30 years). During direct self-reflection, adolescents demonstrated greater activity than adults in networks relevant to self-perception (medial prefrontal and parietal cortices) and social-cognition (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, temporal‐parietal junction, and posterior superior temporal sulcus), suggesting adolescent self-construals may rely more heavily on others’ perspectives about the self. Activity in the medial fronto-parietal network was also enhanced when adolescents took the perspective of someone more relevant to a given domain.
RhoB and the mammalian Diaphanous-related formin mDia2 in endosome trafficking

Abstract Rho GTPases and the dynamic assembly and disassembly of actin filaments have been shown to have critical roles in both the internalization and trafficking of growth factor receptors. While all three mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia1/2/3) formin GTPase effector proteins have been localized on endosomes, a role for their actin nucleation, filament elongation, and/or bundling remains poorly understood in the context of intracellular trafficking. In a study of a functional relationship between RhoB, a GTPase known to associate with both early- and late-endosomes, and the formin mDia2, we show that 1) RhoB and mDia2 interact on endosomes; 2) GTPase activity–the ability to hydrolyze GTP to GDP–is required for the ability of RhoB to govern endosome dynamics; and 3) the actin dynamics controlled by RhoB and mDia2 is necessary for vesicle trafficking. These studies further suggest that Rho GTPases significantly influence the activity of mDia family formins in driving cellular membrane remodeling through the regulation of actin dynamics.
Evaluation of Remote Memory Access Communication on the IBM Blue Gene/P Supercomputer

This paper evaluates the performance of remote memory access (RMA) communication and its capabilities on the blue gene/P supercomputer. This study includes the high performance implementation and performance of global arrays (GA) and its runtime system, aggregate remote memory copy interface (ARMCI). Our implementation of GA/ARMCI on blue gene/P is on top of the IBM deep computing messaging framework (DCMF), a communication runtime designed for the Blue Gene/P machine to easily support several programming paradigms such as message passing interface (MPI) and remote memory access (e.g. GA/ARMCI). The performance of DCMF, ARMCI, and GA are studied and compared to MPI performance.
Novel technique for stent delivery in tortuous coronary arteries: Report of three cases

We present a novel technique for stent delivery across tortuous lesions. Gentle forward pressure was applied on the stent balloon while the balloon was inflated to 2-3 atm. This resulted in the balloon and stent crossing the impeding segment and settling in the target site where it was deployed with excellent angiographic outcome.
Quantifying the radiation belt seed population in the 17 March 2013 electron acceleration event

We present phase space density (PSD) observations using data from the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer instrument on the Van Allen Probes for the 17 March 2013 electron acceleration event. We confirm previous results and quantify how PSD gradients depend on the first adiabatic invariant. We find a systematic difference between the lower-energy electrons ( 1 MeV with a source region within the radiation belts. Our observations show that the source process begins with enhancements to the 10s–100s keV energy seed population, followed by enhancements to the >1 MeV population and eventually leading to enhancements in the multi-MeV electron population. These observations provide the clearest evidence to date of the timing and nature of the radial transport of a 100s keV electron seed population into the heart of the outer belt and subsequent local acceleration of those electrons to higher radiation belt energies.
Probing the shape of the Galactic halo with hypervelocity stars

Precise proper-motion measurements (σμ ~ 10 μas yr-1) of the recently discovered hypervelocity star (HVS) SDSS J090745.0+024507 would yield significant constraints on the axis ratios and orientation of a triaxial model for the Galactic halo. Triaxiality of dark matter halos is predicted by cold dark matter models of galaxy formation and may be used to probe the nature of dark matter. However, unless the distance to this star is determined to better than 10%, these constraints suffer from one-dimensional degeneracies, which we quantify. We show how proper-motion measurements of several HVSs could simultaneously resolve the distance degeneracies of all such stars and produce a detailed picture of the triaxial halo. Additional HVSs may be found from radial velocity surveys or from parallax/proper-motion data derived from Gaia. High-precision proper-motion measurements of these stars using the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM PlanetQuest) would substantially tighten the constraints they yield on the Galactic potential.
Analysis of splice variants of the immediate-early 1 region of human cytomegalovirus.

The major immediate-early (MIE) gene of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) produces multiple mRNAs through differential splicing and polyadenylation. Reverse transcriptase PCR was used to characterize transcripts from exons 1, 2, 3, and 4 (immediate-early 1 [IE1]). The expected IE72 and IE19 mRNAs were detected, as well as two heretofore-uncharacterized transcripts designated IE17.5 and IE9. The IE72, IE19, and IE17.5 transcripts utilized the same 5′-splice site in exon 3. IE9 utilized a cryptic 5′-splice site within exon 3. The IE19, IE17.5, and IE9 transcripts all used different 3′-splice sites within exon 4. These spliced species occur in infected human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells, with accumulation kinetics similar to those of IE72 mRNA. IE19 and IE9 RNAs were much more abundant than IE17.5 RNA. Transfection of CV-1 cells with cDNAs resulted in IE19 and IE17.5 proteins detectable by antibodies to either N-terminal or C-terminal epitopes. No IE9 protein product has been detected. We have not been able to detect IE19, IE17.5, or IE9 proteins during infection of HFF, HEL, or U373MG cells. Failure to detect IE19 protein contrasts with a previous report (M. Shirakata, M. Terauchi, M. Ablikin, K. Imadome, K. Hirai, T. Aso, and Y. Yamanashi, J. Virol. 76:3158-3167, 2002) of IE19 protein expression in HCMV-infected HEL cells. Our analysis suggests that an N-terminal breakdown product of IE72 may be mistaken for IE19. Expression of IE19 or IE17.5 from its respective cDNA results in repression of viral gene expression in infected cells. We speculate that expression of these proteins during infection may be restricted to specific conditions or cell types.
Overt ischemic colitis after endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms

Abstract Objective Controversy exists as to the cause of ischemic colitis complicating endovascular aneurysm repair. Occlusion of the hypogastric arteries (HAs) during endovascular repair of aortoiliac aneurysms (AIAs) results in a significant incidence of buttock claudication, and has been suggested as a causative factor in the development of postprocedural colonic ischemia, in addition to factors such as systemic hypotension, embolization of atheromatous debris, and interruption of inferior mesenteric artery inflow. To analyze the relationship between perioperative HA occlusion and postoperative ischemic colitis, we reviewed our experience over 2 years with Food and Drug Administration–approved endovascular graft devices for treatment of AIAs. Methods Elective repair of AIAs with bifurcated endovascular grafts was performed in 233 patients over a 2-year period. These included 184 AneuRx grafts, 17 Ancure grafts, and 32 Excluder grafts. During the experience, 44 patients (18.9%) underwent unilateral perioperative HA occlusion (28 right, 16 left) during the course of endovascular AIA repair, and 1 patient (0.4%) underwent bilateral HA occlusion. Results In 4 patients (1.7%) signs and symptoms of ischemic colitis developed 2.0 ± 1.4 days postoperatively. In all patients the diagnosis was confirmed at sigmoidoscopy, and initial treatment included bowel rest, hydration, and intravenous antibiotic agents. Three patients with bilateral patent HAs required colonic resection 14.7 ± 9.7 days after the initial diagnosis, and 2 of these 3 patients died in the postoperative period. Pathologic findings confirmed the presence of atheroemboli in the colonic vasculature in all 3 patients who underwent colonic resection. The fourth patient had undergone multiple manipulations of the left HA in an unsuccessful attempt to preserve patency of this vessel during AIA repair. This patient recovered completely with nonoperative management. Perioperative unilateral HA occlusion was not associated with a significantly higher incidence of postoperative ischemic colitis. Conclusion Perioperative HA occlusion during aortoiliac open or endovascular surgery may contribute to development of the rare but potentially lethal complication of ischemic colitis. However, our extensive experience suggests that embolization of atheromatous debris to the HA tissue beds during endovascular manipulations, rather than proximal HA occlusion, is the primary cause of clinically significant ischemic colitis after endovascular aneurysm repair.