cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of the effect of X/R ratio of lines on voltage stability

A voltage stability problem mainly occurs in heavily stressed systems. The maximum power that can be delivered to loads and relationship between load power and network voltage are the two basic properties that require thorough analysis. In much of the analysis reported on voltage stability the study of effect of variation of X/R ratio of transmission line on receiving end voltage is not explicitly portrayed. This paper develops a procedure to investigate the effect of variation of active load, reactive load and X/R ratio of line on the terminal voltage (receiving end voltage) of a radial line. A normalized approach using the maximum power in a resistive tie (X/R=0) as the base power enables deriving P-V curves with X/R ratio and load power factor as parameters.
Deposition of cationic polymeric pigments on pulp fibers

Abstract The potential advantage of using cationic pigments as wet-end additives in papermaking is in their expected ready deposition on anionic pulp fibers. The deposition characteristics of cationic polystyrene latex particles onto pulp fibers in a stirred system provide an information of the general behavior. The deposition proceeds at maximum rate in the pH region where the latex particles and the fibers have electrophoretic mobility of opposite sign. A departure from the expected behavior is observed in the pH region of latex destabilization. The failure of the coagulating latex to deposit indicates that hydrodynamic forces (introduced by mixing) acting on latex aggregates may prevent a deposition. An addition of neutral salt to the stirred system after deposition of latex particles was completed may result in a partial removal of latex particles from the fibers. The explanation for this reversible deposition is sought in an interplay of attractive forces between latex particles and fiber, the distance of their closest approach, and the size of particles upon which the hydrodynamic forces act. The behavior suggests that although the mutual attraction promotes deposition an intimate contact between latex particles and fiber is not established.
Diagnosis of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease with Digital Imaging

Abstract Objective: The study goal was to assess the use of digital laryngeal videostroboscopy (LVS) in the detection of objective improvement of the larynx after 6 weeks of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and to evaluate a clinical grading scale for findings of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD). Study Design and Setting: We conducted a prospective analysis of digital LVS examinations from a tertiary referral center for laryngology by 3 independent blinded examiners. Results: The mean score on the Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease Index for experimental patients was significantly higher than that for control patients (9.50 versus 2.92, P
Tectonic evolution of the Pacific Phoenix Farallon triple junction in the South Pacific Ocean

Analysis of multibeam and gravity data reveals the tectonic history of the mid-Cretaceous (119–107 Ma) Penrhyn basin in the equatorial south Pacific Ocean. The basin formed during a period of heightened geodynamic activity and cessation of magnetic reversals. Similarities in the geometry of the Tongareva triple junction and the Rodriguez triple junction in the Indian Ocean make this study an interesting comparison between modern and ancient tectonics. Changes in abyssal hill trends during the formation of the basin suggest either a change in the location of the Euler pole describing the relative motion between the Pacific and Farallon plates, or a significant period of oblique spreading. Interaction between the local stress field associated with the break-up of the Manihiki plateau and the regional stress field controlling major plate motions complicated the tectonic evolution of the Penrhyn basin. Construction of velocity triangles from abyssal hill trends and measurements of the triple junction trace suggests that the triple junction oscillated between ridge–ridge–ridge and ridge–ridge–fault configurations. At least two reorganizations in the geometry of the triple junction occurred within 10 Ma of the initial rifting of the Manihiki plateau. Both changes in triple junction geometry coincide with discontinuities in the triple junction trace and result in right-lateral displacements of the triple junction trace. Changes in the bathymetric expression of the triple junction trace suggest a period of triple junction propagation controlled by rift propagation shortly after the change in Euler pole location.
Geometry and migration characteristics of bedforms under waves and currents: Part 2: Ripples superimposed on sandwaves

This paper presents results of a series of detailed measurements of geometric and migrating characteristics of ripples superimposed upon sandwaves under the action of combined waves and currents. Velocity measurements within the fluid, surface wave characteristics and 3D mapping of the bottom were recorded with an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), an acoustic water level sensor and a 32 composite element array of sub-aquatic acoustic sensors, respectively. Bottom records were statistically analyzed to obtain height, length and migration rates of ripples. Experiments examined ripple heights and wavelengths for the mobility factors (as defined in Eq. (4)) and the Reynolds wave number within the ranges 10 < ψ < 88 and 16 × 103 < Rew < 5 × 105, respectively. Measured values were compared with laboratory and field data together with semi-empirical and analytical formulae from the literature. Good correlation was obtained when plotting measured ripple length and length in dimensionless form as a function of the Reynolds wave number Rew. Under a given hydraulic condition, it was observed that ripples with different geometric characteristics may coexist at different locations over the sandwave. Ripple steepness is presented as a function of the Shields parameter although characterized with rather large scatter. Finally, average ripple migration speed is presented as a function of the Shields parameter and the mobility number.
Production of hyperthermostable GH10 xylanase Xyl10B from Thermotoga maritima in transplastomic plants enables complete hydrolysis of methylglucuronoxylan to fermentable sugars for biofuel production.

Overcoming the recalcitrance in lignocellulosic biomass for efficient hydrolysis of the polysaccharides cellulose and hemicellulose to fermentable sugars is a research priority for the transition from a fossilfuel-based economy to a renewable carbohydrate economy. Methylglucuronoxylans (MeGXn) are the major components of hemicellulose in woody biofuel crops. Here, we describe efficient production of the GH10 xylanase Xyl10B from Thermotoga maritima in transplastomic plants and demonstrate exceptional stability and catalytic activities of the in planta produced enzyme. Fully expanded leaves from homotransplastomic plants contained enzymatically active Xyl10B at a level of 11–15% of their total soluble protein. Transplastomic plants and their seed progeny were morphologically indistinguishable from non-transgenic plants. Catalytic activity of in planta produced Xyl10B was detected with poplar, sweetgum and birchwood xylan substrates following incubation between 40 and 90°C and was also stable in dry and stored leaves. Optimal yields of Xyl10B were obtained from dry leaves if crude protein extraction was performed at 85°C. The transplastomic plant derived Xyl10B showed exceptional catalytic activity and enabled the complete hydrolysis of MeGXn to fermentable sugars with the help of a single accessory enzyme (α-glucuronidase) as revealed by the sugar release assay. Even without this accessory enzyme, the majority of MeGXn was hydrolyzed by the transplastomic plant-derived Xyl10B to fermentable xylose and xylobiose.
A MEGAWATT DYE LASER OSCILLATOR-AMPLIFIER SYSTEM FOR HIGH RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract Peak powers in excess of 4 MW in the visible and 1.3 MW in the UV with linewidths as narrow as 80 MHz are generated with three YAG pumped amplifier stages following a cw dye oscillator. The laser pulses are nearly Fourier transform limited in frequency space and diffraction limited in coordinate space.
Highly polarized electron beams for linear colliders

The SLC operates with electron beams having a polarization of ~ 80%. The physics opportunities for future colliders will be greatly enhanced if the beam polarization can be significantly higher. The prospects for achieving electron single-beam polarizations > 95% are discussed. A complimentary achievement would be to use two-beam polarization.
CRF antagonist reverses the “anxiogenic” response to ethanol withdrawal in the rat

The role of the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in mediating the behavioral effects of ethanol withdrawal in the rat was examined using the elevated plus-maze test. In Experiment 1, CRF (0.5 µg ICV) reduced the percentage of time spent on the open arms of the elevated plus-maze, consistent with an “anxiogenic-like” effect. CRF also reduced the total number of arm entries, indicating a reduction in general activity. Low doses (5 and 25 µg ICV) of the CRF antagonist, alpha-helical CRF produced no behavioral effects in the elevated plus-maze, while a higher dose (50 µg ICV) elicited CRF-like activity. In experiment 2, rats were maintained for 2–3 weeks on a liquid diet containing ethanol (8.5–11.5% v/v) or sucrose. Eight hours after withdrawal from the ethanol diet rats displayed “anxiogenic-like” responses as well as a reduction in general activity in the elevated plus-maze compared with rats withdrawn from control diet. Alpha-helical CRF significantly antagonized the “anxiogenic-like” effects of ethanol withdrawal in the plus-maze. General activity and physical signs of ethanol withdrawal such as tail stiffness, body tremor and ventromedial distal flexion were unaffected by alpha-helical CRF. Blood Alcohol Levels (BALs) determined immediately after removal of the ethanol diet showed no group differences in ethanol consumption. These results suggest that increased activity of central CRF systems may mediate the anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal.
Independent regulation of primary dendritic and axonal growth by maturing astrocytes in vitro

Whereas axon growth is limited in the mature mammalian central nervous system (CNS), dendritic remodeling occurs throughout life. Since glia can regulate neurite growth during development, we tested whether glia from the mature CNS differ in their ability to support axon and dendrite growth. Cortical neurons were co-cultured with neonatal or mature astroglial, and dendrite and axon outgrowth quantified after 5DIV using immunohistochemical techniques. Primary dendritic growth was supported equally well by mature and immature astrocytes. By contrast, mature astrocytes demonstrated a reduced ability to support axon growth. We propose that the independent regulation of axon and dendrite growth by astrocytes provides a means by which the mature nervous system may adjust its function to activity and the environment.
Policing the Perimeter: Disgust and Purity in Democratic Debate

We explicate the precise role that one specific emotion, disgust, plays in generating political acrimony. We do this by identifying the link between the different dimensions along which moral judgments are made by those espousing different political ideologies and the different emotions which undergird these evaluations. These assessments reliably track along liberal and conservative dimensions and are linked to the way values associated with purity and sanctity elicit greater degrees of disgust among conservatives. Here, we review a growing literature showing how disgust affects the psychology of politics through its influence on the cognitive and emotional processes that govern judgments of morality, as well as its direct impact on specific policy preferences. We then apply these findings to the nature and tenor of political discourse and suggest some ways that disgust might affect the character and function of democratic debate and tolerance. Finally, we discuss what these findings mean for public policy.
The Contribution of Complications to High Resource Utilization during Congenital Heart Surgery Admissions

Background. The Institutes of Medicine estimates that patient safety events cost the United States between $17 billion and $29 billion annually. Costs associated with patient safety events or complications among congenital heart surgery admissions are understudied. Objective. To determine the independent contribution of complications on increased resource utilization during congenital heart surgery admissions. Design/Methods. Data were obtained from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database year 2000. Cases of congenital heart surgery <18 years of age were identified. High resource use admissions were defined as admissions above the 90th percentile for total hospital charges. Complications were identified by a method published by the Agency for Healthcare Research Quality using ICD-9-CM codes. Multivariate analyses using generalized estimating equations adjusted for previously identified factors associated with high resource use to estimate the independent effect of a complication on high resource use. These factors include: Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery risk categories, age, prematurity, major noncardiac structural anomalies, Medicaid, weekend admission, and state. The added explanatory power attributed to a complication diagnosis variable was measured by an increase in the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC). Results. Among 10 602 congenital heart surgery admissions identified, the median total charges were $51 125. The threshold for high resource use was total charges ≥$192 272. High resource admissions accounted for >40% of the total charges for all admissions. Complications were identified in 3360 (32%) of congenital heart surgery admissions. Univariate analysis demonstrated that admissions with at least 1 complication diagnosis were more likely to be a high resource use admission (18% vs. 6%, OR 3.0, P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed that admissions with a complication diagnosis were much more likely to exceed the threshold for high resource utilization (OR 3.2, P < 0.001). The addition of the complication variable to the multivariate model increased the area under the ROC curve from 0.837 to 0.863. Conclusions. Congenital heart surgery admissions with a complication diagnosis are 3 times more likely to exceed $192 272 in total charges despite adjusting for known risk factors for high resource use. Complication reduction may result in both an economic and clinical benefit.
The postnatal development of the caudate nucleus: a golgi and electron microscopic study of kittens

Summary This study used light and electron microscopy to describe changes in the synaptic organization of developing caudate nucleus and to quantitate postnatal synaptogenesis in this region. Observations at the light microscopic level focus on the perinatal period and suggest an early maturation of spiny interneurons of the caudate nucleus. Golgi impregnation of these cells at early postnatal ages (birth to 7 days) reveals 3–5 primary dendrites which radiate from the cell body and extend for distances of 8–16 μm before branching. Secondary dendritic branches contain spines and extend, with further branching, for additional distances of 60–160 μm. The dendritic fields of neighboring caudate neurons overlap and the axons which arise from these cells course and branch within the dendritic fields. Examination of perinatal caudate neuropil (birth to 5 days) by electron microscopy reveals an extensive and well-developed axodendritic connectivity. Axonal profiles form multiple synapses en passant along single dendrites and dendritic spines or on several adjacent dendritic branches. At these ages, terminals contain few synaptic vesicles and synaptic junctions are slightly asymmetrical. By the fifteenth postnatal day, boutons are filled with vesicles, junctional complexes are distinctly asymmetrical, and axodendritic connectivity has been modified by the increase of dendritic spines and branchlets. Thus, the basic pattern underlying the organization of synapses in the mature caudate nucleus, is established within the first week postpartum and subsequent changes are primarily quantitative.
Coherent detection of partially coherent sources.

The mean square of the beating component of the photodetector output current of a coherent optical or infrared receiver, illuminated by partially coherent quasi-monochromatic radiation, is expressed in terms of the mutual intensity functions of the signal and local reference fields on the detector’s active surface. The result is of interest for heterodyne detection problems in which partially coherent sources occur. The use of the result is illustrated and is compared with a known special case by treating the heterodyne detection of a spatially incoherent source in the far-field zone of the receiver aperture, a problem previously discussed by H. T. Yura [Appl. Opt. 13, 150 (1974)] from a different viewpoint.
Sensory transmitters regulate intracellular calcium in dorsal horn neurons

Primary afferent terminals in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord release excitatory amino acid and peptide transmitters that initiate the central processing of nociceptive information1. The postsynaptic actions of amino acid transmitters on spinal neurons have been well characterized2, but the cellular basis of peptide actions remains unclear3. Substance P is the best characterized of the peptides present in sensory neurons and has been shown to depolarize dorsal horn neurons and to facilitate nociceptive reflexes4–7. To determine the mechanisms by which substance P contributes to afferent synaptic transmission, we have monitored the levels of intracellular calcium in single isolated rat dorsal horn neurons and report that substance P can produce a prolonged elevation in calcium concentration by mobilizing its release from intracellular stores. This elevation may contribute to the long-term changes in the excitable properties of dorsal horn neurons that occur following afferent fibre stimulation6. We have also found that L-glutamate elevates intracellular calcium in substance P-sensitive dorsal horn neurons by increasing calcium influx8,9. These results provide a direct demonstration of intracellular calcium changes in response to neuropeptides in mammalian central neurons. They also indicate that there is convergent regulation of intracellular calcium in dorsal horn neurons by two different classes of sensory transmitters that are co-released from the same afferent terminals.
Efficient color image reconstruction by color multiplexing and vector quantization in the wavelet domain

Color images are usually represented by three-color planes. For high fidelity low bit rate image storage or transmission, redundancy of information on theses color planes can be further reduced when combined with other image coding techniques. Instead of generating three codebooks for three color planes individually when vector quantization (VQ) is applied, as is regularly done in color image compression with VQ, our new approach is to reduce three color planes into one multiplexed plane using a spatial color-multiplexing technique, achieving a 3:1 compression before quantization. Wavelet transform is then applied on the multiplexed plane. Vector quantization of the wavelet coefficients is performed by using an adaptive fuzzy leader clustering (AFLC) approach. Inverse wavelet transform and demultiplexing at the decoder side are required to recover the color image in the spatial domain. Our experiment shows that this new scheme yields high fidelity reconstruction at a considerably lower bit rate than the bit rate achievable without color multiplexing.
Wiener-Hopf methods for unstable, nonminimum phase processes

It is shown that existing methods for design of optimal regulators by the Wiener-Hopf procedure must be modified in order to be applicable to unstable and/or nonminimum phase plant or disturbance transfer functions, such as are frequently encountered in the chemical industry. Solutions are developed for three cases: I. stable, but possibly nonminimum phase, plant and disturbance transfer functions; II. minimum phase, but possibly unstable, plant with no restrictions on the disturbance transfer functions; and III. prestabilized, with a proper modification to retain the original control effort inequality constraints, but possibly nonminimum phase plant and disturbance transfer functions. Case III gives the general solution for regulation of linear, time-invariant, lumped-parameter systems. When prestabilization is not necessary, it reduces to case I. Where applicable, solutions by the method of case II frequently involve less algebra than in case III.
Security issues with TCP/IP

An introduction to network security , basic definitions and aa brief discussion of the architecture of TCP/IP as well as the Open System Intercornnection(OSI) Reference Model open the paper. The relationship between TCP/IP and of some OSI layers is described. An indepth look is provided to the major protocols in TCP/IP suite and the security features and problems in this suite of protocols. The secutiy problems are discussed in the context ofthe protocol services.
On the Proportion of the Chesapeake Bay Stock of Striped Bass That Migrates into the Coastal Fishery

Abstract Past observations of year-class patterns and racial characteristics of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) indicate that the Chesapeake Bay spawning grounds provide the principal support of the Atlantic coastal fishery for this species. Past tagging studies have suggested that only a few percent of the striped bass leave the bay, but a few percent of the Chesapeake Bay stock could not support the coastal fishery. To resolve this contradiction, I reexamined tagging studies conducted during 1957–1961 in the Potomac River using recent data on age-specific sex ratios at several positions in the river. For 3-year-olds, the proportions of tag returns from outside the bay were linearly related to the female proportion of the stock in the tagging area. The analysis indicates that few young males leave the bay and approximately one-half of the 3-year-old females migrate to coastal waters. A similar estimate that 50% of age-III females migrate from the bay was independently derived from age-specific sex ratios...
Neonate larval survival of European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis, on high and low Dimboa genotypes of maize: effects of light intensity and degree of insect inbreeding

Abstract Neonate (newly eclosed) larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilasis Hubner, were studied in regard to their feeding responses on 9 different genotypes of field corn, Zea mays L., which were grown under two different light intensity regimes (high and low). Larval feeding rates were greatest on the DIMBOA A-less mutant (lacking the cyclic hydroxamate) and the low-DIMBOA inbred WF9 and lowest for the high-DIMBOA U.S. inbred B49 and the tropical genotype, San Juan × Antigua, under both light regimes. Significantly greater feeding rates were observed under the low-light-intensity compared to the high-light-intensity regime for all 4 Caribbean genotypes tested and WF9. The biochemical mechanism responsible for the reduced consumption rates of larvae on these varieties under the high-light regime is unlikely to be DIMBOA (2,4 dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4 benzoxazine-3-one) since its concentrations in leaves of the high-intensity regime were lower in all cases in which significant differences were observed. Leaf nitrogen concentrations were greater in the low-intensity regime and may be at least partially responsible for the greater feeding rates of larvae in this regime. Another study was conducted to determine the relative magnitude of insect inbreeding on larval consumption rates using two corn genotypes from the “susceptible” (WF9 and DIMBO A-less) and two from the “resistant” (B49 and San JUan) ends of the spectrum. Laboratory-reared European corn borer larvae of two ages (1 year = 10 generations and 6 years = 52 generations) exhibited no significant differences in 72-h survival nor 72-h consumption rates on any particular corn genotype. This suggests that insect inbreeding through extended laboratory rearing does not necessarily render insects ineffective as bioassay organisms (at least during this critical neonate stage).
Flexible positions, managed hopes: The promissory bioeconomy of a whole genome sequencing cancer study

Genomic research has rapidly expanded its scope and ambition over the past decade, promoted by both public and private sectors as having the potential to revolutionize clinical medicine. This promissory bioeconomy of genomic research and technology is generated by, and in turn generates, the hopes and expectations shared by investors, researchers and clinicians, patients, and the general public alike. Examinations of such bioeconomies have often focused on the public discourse, media representations, and capital investments that fuel these “regimes of hope,” but also crucial are the more intimate contexts of small-scale medical research, and the private hopes, dreams, and disappointments of those involved. Here we examine one local site of production in a university-based clinical research project that sought to identify novel cancer predisposition genes through whole genome sequencing in individuals at high risk for cancer. In-depth interviews with 24 adults who donated samples to the study revealed an ability to shift flexibly between positioning themselves as research participants on the one hand, and as patients or as family members of patients, on the other. Similarly, interviews with members of the research team highlighted the dual nature of their positions as researchers and as clinicians. For both parties, this dual positioning shaped their investment in the project and valuing of its possible outcomes. In their narratives, all parties shifted between these different relational positions as they managed hopes and expectations for the research project. We suggest that this flexibility facilitated study implementation and participation in the face of potential and probable disappointment on one or more fronts, and acted as a key element in the resilience of this local promissory bioeconomy. We conclude that these multiple dimensions of relationality and positionality are inherent and essential in the creation of any complex economy, “bio” or otherwise.
Isotope effect on the melting of para-hydrogen and ortho-deuterium clusters

Abstract Path integral Monte Carlo calculations have been used to investigate the isotope effect on the “melting” of small clusters of para-hydrogen ( p -H 2 ) and ortho-deuterium ( o -D 2 ). While clusters of ( o -D 2 ) N with N =13 and 55 exhibit a quantum-lipid→quantum-solid “freezing” transition in a temperature regime where the effects of Bose statistics are unimportant, the corresponding ( p -H 2 ) N clusters do not.
Gap junctions in normal and transformed fibroblasts in culture.

Abstract Gap junctions were identified by conventional thin sections, lanthanum impregnation, and freeze-fracture in cultures of normal and Rous sarcoma virus transformed fibroblasts known to be capable of ionic coupling. No zonula occludens could be identified.
Approximate boundary condition procedure for the two-dimensional numerical solution of vortex wakes

Research on efficient computational methods for general vorticity fields has been conducted in connection with a need for basic research on vortex-dominated flows. The present investigation is concerned with the evolution of vortex wakes behind aircraft wings. An efficient procedure is presented for the calculation of the boundary values used in the numerical solution of the unsteady, incompressible, two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations for an unbounded flow field. The extent of the computational grid can be reduced compared to methods utilizing standard boundary conditions, without loss of accuracy. The efficiencies realized make it feasible to calculate the vortex wake development for realistic wing configurations, including the merging of multiple vortices, for Reynolds numbers of about 10,000 based on wing chord.
Sorption of 17β-Estradiol and 17α-Ethinylestradiol by Colloidal Organic Carbon Derived from Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems

Sorption coefficients (Kcoc) between 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and size-fractionated colloidal organic carbon (COC) derived from two biological wastewater treatment facilities ...
Micromechanical stresses in sapphire whisker and alumina fiber reinforced mullite and garnet ceramic matrix composites

Abstract Using a modified Eshelby approach which incorporates the thermoelastic anisotropy, the internal micromechanical residual stresses are calculated for both A-type and C-type single crystal sapphire whiskers reinforcing mullite and garnet polycrystalline ceramic matrix composites. Stresses for polycrystalline alumina reinforcing fibers were also determined. The residual stress levels for the whiskers are in the GPa range for the mullite matrix composite, where the sapphire whiskers have been reported to fracture. For the polycrystalline garnet matrix, the sapphire whisker anisotropy is highly influential on the residual stresses as the CTE of garnet is intermediate to the principal axial thermal expansion coefficients of sapphire. Residual stresses in polycrystalline alumina fibers in the same ceramic matrices are intermediate to the two orientations of the sapphire whiskers. The effects of externally applied loads are also investigated and are demonstrated to be carried primarily by the higher elastic modulus alumina components of the composites.
Creating a Web‐Based Tutorial

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of creating a web‐based tutorial with interactive leaning components.Design/methodology/approach – The paper details a step by step outline from assessing the need for instruction through the development, design and posting of an instructional tutorial on the internet.Findings – The purpose of the tutorial was to help community college nursing students find appropriate resources to support a research paper. Completing the project revealed two valuable lessons to keep in mind when constructing any instructional tool. There must be a true need for the instruction and the instruction must have a simple and basic design.Originality/value – The paper offers insights into creating a web‐based tutorial.
The refractory period following estrogen-induced LH surges in the rhesus monkey.

Mature intact female rhesus monkeys in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were given two successive injections of estradiol benzoate. In all instances the first estradiol benzoate injection was followed by an LH surge indistinguishable from that occurring spontaneously at mid—cycle. If the second injection was given 4 days after the first, the negative feedback effect of the estrogen was observed but characteristic surges were not induced. A full response was elicited by the second injection when it was given 8 days after the first. An attenuated response to the second injection was noted when the interval between the 2 stimuli was 6 days.(Endocrinology 91: 1528, 1972)
HREM of electron-beam-induced damage in L-Ta2O5

Abstract Samples of l -Ta 2 O 5 exposed to a high current density electron beam were observed by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) to reduce to suboxide and metallic Ta phases. Data are presented for crystals aligned along [001], [020], [200], and [130], in which surface areas are seen to reduce to Ta 2 O, TaO 2 , bcc Ta, or a β-Ta phase via an amorphous intermediate phase. The driving force appears to involve desorption of oxygen stimulated by electronic transitions (DIET), and the possible involvement of the “infinitely adaptive nature” of the initial l -Ta 2 O 5 structure in the damage process is discussed. Comparison of results obtained from an ultrahigh vacuum HREM to those from a conventional HREM suggests that contamination effects in lower vacuum systems influences the reliability of the results, especially in complex systems like Ta&1bO. Finally, the results follow a symmetry selection rule, which explains why l -Ta 2 O 5 does not reduce to the monoxide phase as observed in similar experiments with TiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , and Nb 2 O 5 .
Event-related potentials in year-old infants: relations with emotionality and cortisol.

Event-related po-potentials (ERPs) were recorded from year-old infants presented with sets of familiar faces presented frequently and infrequently, and a set of novel faces presented infrequently. The normative response of infants in this sample was a late positive slow wave to the Infrequent Familiar faces, and a return to baseline to the Frequent Familiar and Infrequent Novel faces (although there was a tendency for some infants to show a positive slow wave to the latter events). A factor score based on data from frontal and central leads that reflected this normative pattern was significantly associated with infant emotional behavior and cortisol. Infants scoring higher on the normative ERP factor were more distressed during separation, were reported by their parents to smile and laugh more, and had lower cortisol concentrations during ERP testing. These data were interpreted as reflecting the coordination of adaptive responding among different physiological and behavioral systems.
Increased mite parasitism as a cost of testosterone in male striped plateau lizards Sceloporus virgatus

Summary 1 Testosterone (T) co-ordinates the seasonal and sex-specific expression of numerous physiological, behavioural and morphological traits that contribute to male reproductive success. However, increased susceptibility to parasitism has been proposed as a potential cost of elevated plasma T. 2 During the spring breeding season, male striped plateau lizards Sceloporus virgatus harbour significantly more ectoparasitic mite larvae (Acari: Trombiculidae) than females. Plasma T levels are also elevated in males at this time, suggesting that sex differences in mite parasitism may be driven by underlying sex differences in circulating T. 3 We tested this hypothesis experimentally by manipulating plasma T levels of yearling males via surgical castration and exogenous T implants. Upon recapture of free-living animals, we found significantly fewer mites on castrated males relative to either intact controls or castrated males that received T implants. 4 After removing variance attributable to treatment effects, we observed (1) a positive correlation between residual measures of plasma T and mite load, and (2) a negative correlation between residual measures of mite load and growth rate. These correlations suggest a growth cost associated with mite parasitism. 5 Previous studies have shown that exogenous T increases parasitism, but ours is one of the few to show that castration also reduces parasitism. This result, coupled with the fact that our induced plasma T levels remain within physiological limits, makes this one of the clearest demonstrations of a functional relationship between T and parasitism in any free-living vertebrate.
A variant of the Kolmogorov concept of complexity

Kolmogorov in 1965 proposed two related measures of information content (alternately, measures of complexity) based on the size of a program which when processed by a suitable algorithm (machine) yields the desired object. The main emphasis was placed on a conditional complexity measure. In this paper a simple variation of the (restricted) conditional complexity measure investigated by Martin-Lof is noted because of interesting characteristics not shared by the measures proposed by Kolmogorov. The characteristics suggest situations in which this variant is the most desirable measure to employ. The interpretation of the measure offers some desirable general qualities; also the measure is relatively advantageous when working with entities of low complexity and maintains the important properties of the Kolmogorov conditional complexity measure when concerned with high complexity.
COMPARISON OF EGG‐YOLK‐FREE TRYPTOSE SULFITE CYCLOSERINE AND SHAHIDI‐FERGUSON‐PERFRINGENS MEDIA FOR ENUMERATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN MEAT PRODUCTS AND PEPTONE WATER USING FUNG'S DOUBLE TUBE METHOD1

This study compared the ability of Clostridium perfringens to recover in Fung's Double Tube (FDT) system using either tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine without egg yolk (TSC) or Shahidi-Ferguson-perfringens (SFP) agar both in three typical meat products and peptone water. A three-strain cocktail of C. perfringens spores (ATCC 10388, NCTC 8238, and NCTC 8239) was inoculated in each food system at three inoculum levels: 102, 104, and 106 cfu/g or mL. FDT system consists of a smaller glass test tube inserted into a larger glass test tube in which sample and agar have been poured. By inserting the inner tube, the agar squeezes between the exterior wall of the small tube and the interior wall of the larger tube to form a thin agar layer, which creates an anaerobic environment. Tubes are then incubated in aerobic incubators. There were no significant differences in enumeration of C. perfringens between the two media in any of the meat products and peptone water at any inoculation level. Thus, the use of SFP, which is less expensive and easier to prepare than TSC, is recommended as an alternative agar for analyses of C. perfringens in FDT system. Compared to the petri dish method, the FDT method generates greater anaerobiosis, is easier to prepare, more compact, and eliminates the need for an overlay and an anerobic chamber or jar. Combined together, the use of SFP in the FDT system provides an efficient, easy-to-use method that is less expensive than the conventional method to detect and enumerate C. perfringens in foods.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure: A Hemodynamic Mechanism of Mannitol and the Postmannitol Hemogram

Sixteen patients each received infusions of 1 g of mannitol per kg over 5 to 10 minutes, and serial determinations of intracranial pressure (ICP), systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP), central venous pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum Na+, K+, osmolarity, a
Mountain Waves and Gaussian Beams

Gaussian beams are approximate solutions to hyperbolic partial differential equations that are concentrated on a curve in space-time. In this paper, we present a method for computing the stationary in time wave field that results from steady air flow over topography as a superposition of Gaussian beams. We derive the system of equations that governs these mountain waves as a linearization of the basic equations of fluid dynamics and show that this system is well-posed. Furthermore, we show that the approximate Gaussian beam stationary solution is close to a true time-dependent solution of the linearized system.
Kindergarten philosophies and practices: Perspectives of teachers, principals, and supervisors

This article reports findings from an ethnographic interview study which examined kindergarten philosophies and practices from the perspectives of teachers, principals, and supervisors responsible for implementing kindergarten programs. Analysis of interviews with 36 informants led to the identification of two broad generalizations: (1) Kindergarten programs are increasingly academic and skill oriented; and (2) Individuals responsible for implementing these programs may not believe that their kindergartens best serve the needs of young children, with the result that these individuals experience philosophy-reality conflicts. Research procedures are described, data supporting the findings are presented, and implications are discussed in three areas: (1) the gap between what the current literature calls developmentally appropriate practice and actual kindergarten practice; (2) the gap between current knowledge of how literacy is developed and actual instruction in kindergarten classrooms; and (3) the problems inherent in educational settings where philosophy-reality conflicts are created and perpetuated.
High resolution study of the 26Mg(p, p) reaction

The differential cross section for 26Mg(p, p) was measured from Ep = 1.54 to 3.06 MeV at lab angles of 90°, 105°, 135° and 160° with an overall energy resolution of ≈ 400 eV. Resonance parameters were determined for 61 resonances. Strong analogues of the sixth (12+), eighth (case32−) and ninth (72−) excited states of 27Mg were identified and tentative identifications suggested for analogues of the seventh (32+) and tenth (32+) excited states. Spectroscopic factors and Coulomb energies were determined. One striking shift in the Coulomb energies was observed: the analogue of the eighth excited state of 27Mg occurs below the analogues of the sixth and seventh excited states. The present values for Γp were combined with the results of previous capture measurements and total γ-ray widths determined for almost all of the resonances observed below Ep = 2.6 MeV.
Rapid and Selective Screening for Sulfhydryl Analytes in Plasma and Urine Using Surface-Enhanced Transmission Mode Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Nylon mesh substrates were derivatized to include VICATSH, a biotinylated reagent that contains both a photolabile linking group and a thiol specific capture agent. The enhanced mesh substrates were then used to capture sulfhydryl analytes directly from urine and plasma samples via covalent reaction between the reactive thiols of the analytes and the iodoacetaminyl unit of VICATSH. Photocleavage of the labile linker was followed by direct analysis of the mesh surface via transmission mode desorption electrospray ionization (TM-DESI). This chemoselective capture method promoted enrichment of sulfhydryl analytes and reduced matrix interferences, thereby resulting in increased analytical performance of surface enhanced TM-DESI-MS when compared to standard DESI-MS. The present work describes the manufacture of the derivatized mesh substrates and the quality control assessments made during the manufacturing process, the optimization of the chemoselective capture method, and results of experiments pertinent to ...
Definition, diagnosis, and origin of Mammalia

Mammalia is defined by its ancestry as the taxon originating with the most recent common ancestor of extant Monotremata and Theria. To diagnose Mammalia as so defined, 176 character transformations...
The effect of adrenergic agonists and cyclic AMP on the Na+/K+ ATPase activity of brown adipose tissue.

Abstract The Na + /K + ATPase activity of membrane fractions prepared from brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rats could be stimulated by addition of any one of the following: norepinephrine, isoproterenol, cyclic AMP or phenylephrine. These results are consistent with the proposal that in the intact brown adipocyte, the norepinephrine-induced stimulation of the Na + /K + membrane pump is associated with α- as well as β-adrenergic pathways and is, in part, mediated via cyclic AMP.
Growth and Characterization of Self-Aligned Erbium Silicide on N-Type, (100) Oriented Silicon

In view of its low barrier height to n-type Si, ErSi2 has potential applications as an infrared detector, as low-resistance ohmic contacts and as source/drain regions in Schottky barrier MOSFETs. Although there is a substantial body of work on ErSi2 grown on Si(111), there are relatively few published papers on the growth and properties of ErSi2 on Si(100). In order to develop a CMOS-compatible process, we have studied the growth of ErSi2 using a multi-source, UHV magnetron system to sputter-deposit 20 nm Ti/(10–50) nm Er bilayers on chemically cleaned n-Si(100) substrates followed by ex-situ rapid thermal annealing in N2. Highly oriented ErSi2 in the hexagonal phase was formed at an annealing temperature of 400°C with ErSi2 (100) Si(100). The Ti overlayer and the unreacted Er were selectively etched in HF and HNO3, respectively, leaving behind an ErSi2 layer with a smooth surface morphology, a uniform bulk composition and a planar ErSi2/Si interface. Results of electrical sheet resistance and Schottky barrier height measurements on these layers will be reported.
The Role of Uterine and Ovarian Hormones in Luteolysis: A Comparison among Species

Luteolytic mechanisms have evolved in mammals to improve reproductive efficiency. The hormonal interactions that control the onset and progress of luteolysis are complex. They involve endocrine and paracrine signals that link the corpus luteum, uterus and posterior pituitary gland. Current concepts concerning these interactions will be examined in the five major domestic ungulate species commonly raised in Europe and North America (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses). Some of these interactions are similar across species. All five depend on prostaglandin F2α secreted from the uterus, to induce luteolysis. Three hormones, progesterone, estradiol and oxytocin interact to regulate uterine secretion of PGF2α. Oxytocin is an acute stimulus for uterine PGF2α secretion. Progesterone and estradiol interact to regulate uterine secretary responsiveness to oxytocin. Precisely how these hormones interact varies across species.
A Multilevel Model for Elastic-Plastic Contact Between a Sphere and a Flat Rough Surface

Elastic-plastic contact of a smooth sphere and a half-space with a real machined surface is simulated using an integration-based multilevel contact model. The total surface deflection is composed of bulk and asperity deformations. They are calculated at the global and the asperity level, respectively, which are connected through the asperity-supporting load. With this new model, the accurate contact area and contact pressure under a given load are quickly predicted using a relatively coarse grid system. The calculated load-area curve shows good agreement with the experimental data. Finally, the effects of the surface topography, including roughness and the asperity radius, upon the real contact area are analyzed.
Fish and mammals in the economy of an ancient Peruvian kingdom

Fish and mammal bones from the coastal site of Cerro Azul, Peru shed light on economic specialization just before the Inca conquest of A.D. 1470. The site devoted itself to procuring anchovies and sardines in quantity for shipment to agricultural communities. These small fish were dried, stored, and eventually transported inland via caravans of pack llamas. Cerro Azul itself did not raise llamas but obtained charqui (or dried meat) as well as occasional whole adult animals from the caravans. Guinea pigs were locally raised. Some 20 species of larger fish were caught by using nets; the more prestigious varieties of these show up mainly in residential compounds occupied by elite families.
A Flexible Method for Maintaining Software Metrics Data: A Universal Metrics Repository

Abstract A neglected aspect of software measurement programs is what will be done with the metrics once they are collected. Often databases of metrics information tend to be developed as an afterthought, with little, if any concessions to future data needs, or long-term, sustaining metrics collection efforts. A metric repository should facilitate an on-going metrics collection effort, as well as serving as the “corporate memory” of past projects, their histories and experiences. In order to address these issues, we describe a transformational view of software development that treats the software development process as a series of artifact transformations. Each transformation has inputs and produces outputs. The use of this approach supports a very flexible software engineering metrics repository.
Excess isobaric heat capacities of some binary mixtures: (a C5-alkanol+n-heptane) at 298. 15 K

Abstract Excess molar isobaric heat capacities, determined at 298.15 K in a low microcalorimeter, are reported for n-heptane + each of the C5-alkanols: pentan-1-ol, cyclopentanol, and 2-methylbutan-2-ol. Over most of the mole-fraction range, the excess molar isobaric heat capacities are positive. However, small negative values were found for low mole fractions of alkanol. This behavior is discussed in terms of the auto-association of the alkanol.