cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy-dependent endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts. IV. Effects of Ca2+, Na+ +K+, and 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate.

Abstract The requirement of actual splitting of ATP for endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts has been confirmed by use of the ATP analog, 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate. (AMP-P(NH)P. This compound, in which the oxygen connecting the β and γ phosphorus atoms was replaced by an NH group, did not cause endocytosis nor was it a substrate for ATPase activity. AMP-P(NH)P was a competitive inhibitor both for the endocytosis and the Mg2+-ATPase activities. The K 1 of AMP-P(NH)P for Mg2+-ATPase activity was 2.0 · 10−4 M and, while the K m of ATP for this activity was also 2.0 · 10−4 M indicating nearly identical affinities of ATP and AMP-P(NH)P for the active site. ADP, or ADP plus orthophosphate, did not cause endocytosis, showing that endocytosis was not due to binding of the products of ATP hydrolysis. Sodium or potassium ion or ouabain had no effect on endocytosis, which eliminated the possibility of involvement of the Na+, K+ ATPase in the endocytosis process. Calcium could not be substituted for magnesium; rather it inhibited endocytosis at the concentration of 1 · 10−3 M. EGTA relieved the inhibitory effect of Ca, which indicated that the binding of calcium to the membrane was reversible. These experimental results reaffirm the conclusion that ATP must be split to engender endocytosis under these conditions. Some characteristic parameters of the hemoglobin-fre porcine erythrocyte ghosts were studied in order to characterize the system more adequately.
Sexual Double Standards: Bias in Perceptions of Cyber-Infidelity

The current study compared the predictions of two socio-cultural theories, shifting standards and intergroup bias, to predict sexual double standards that occur in reactions to computer-mediated infidelity. Shifting standards theory (Biernat In The shifting standards model: Implications of stereotype accuracy for social judgment, APA, Washington DC, 1995) suggests that individuals will judge female targets more harshly than male targets, based on culturally ingrained stereotypes regarding sexual behavior. On the contrary, intergroup bias theory (Brewer In Psychol Bull 86:307–324, 1979) predicts that individuals will judge outgroup targets, or members of the opposite sex, more harshly than ingroup targets, or members of the same sex. Participants were shown a hard copy of presumable evidence that extradyadic computer-mediated behavior had occurred, engaged in by one of two members of a couple. The two groups differed only by the sex of the target, the female “Colleen” or the male “Bill”. Then participants reported their attitudes toward the target’s behavior, resulting distress, and likelihood to terminate the relationship. Results showed support for the intergroup bias theory, suggesting that individuals altered their attitudes toward the behavior based on whether the target was an ingroup or outgroup member.
Gifted students at risk for suicide

Literature detailing those characteristics of the gifted which appear to make them more vulnerable to suicide is reviewed here. Warning signs to aid in the identification of gifted students at risk are discussed, and appropriate prevention and intervention programs are suggested. Resources, including print and film media, are listed.
Sound Levels, Staff Perceptions, and Patient Outcomes During Renovation Near the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objective:Sound levels, staff perceptions, and patient outcomes were evaluated during a year-long hospital renovation project on the floor above a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Background:Con...
Energy requirements for inverted CIDEP in reactions between eaq- or radical anions and phenoxyl radicals

Inverted (A/E) chemically induced dynamic electron polarization (CIDEP) is observed for random encounters of radical pairs such as the phenoxyl radical together with either e a q - or the radical anion of benzoate. A number of experiments have been carried out to clarify the relationship of the energetics of the reaction of oxidizing and reducing radicals to CIDEP behavior. Steady-state and time-resolved ESR experiments were carried out to determine the sense of F-pair CIDEP for a number of different radical pairs consisting of a phenoxyl radical together with one of a series of radical anions of para-substituted benzoates. Inverted polarization (A/E) was found for e a q - or the radical anions of benzoate and 4-methyl, 4-methoxy, and 4-carboxybenzoates in the presence of phenoxyl or 4-methylphenoxyl radicals. Other radical anions such as those of 4-formylbenzoate showed normal polarization. The pair consisting of e a q - with the p-benzosemiquinone radical anion also showed inverted polarization, but normal polarization was seen for all radical anions paired with the semiquinone radical anion. The corresponding excited-state energies of the reaction product (phenolate anion or hydroquinone dianion) were determined from the emission spectra, and the energies of the radical pairs were estimated from electrochemical experiments. The inverted CIDEP is clearly the result of a change in the normal energy ordering of the radical-pair states so that the triplet state is lower. The observations are discussed in terms of the electron-transfer reaction within the radical pairs using the approach presented by Kobori et al. (Kobori, Y.; Sekiguchi, S.; Akiyama, K.; Tero-Kubota, S. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 5416. Kobori, Y.; Akiyama, K.; Tero-Kubota, S. J. Chem. Phys 2000, 113, 465).
The necessity of a non-reductionist science of politics

The major tendency within the discipline of political science has been to try to achieve a science modeled on the natural sciences and mathematics, following the pattern of other social sciences. This tendency has led to many reductionistic efforts to explain political behavior in terms of one or more functions, such as power, linguistic, psychical, or the economic. The institutional community of government and citizens—the political community or state—is thus overlooked or reduced to one or more functions. In critique of this tendency, this paper shows how the work on entities and functions by the Dutch legal philosopher Herman Dooyeweerd illumines the errors of reductionism and points the way to a multi-functional entity science of the political community.
A complex event routing infrastructure for distributed systems

With the growing number of mega services and cloud computing platforms, industrial organizations are utilizing distributed data centers at increasing rates. Rather than the request/reply model, these centers use an event-based communication model. Traditionally, the event-based middleware and the Complex Event Processing (CEP) engine are viewed as two distinct components within a distributed system's architecture. This division adds additional system complexity and reduces the ability for consuming applications to fully utilize the CEP toolset. This article will address these issues by proposing a novel event-based middleware solution. We introduce Complex Event Routing Infrastructure (CERI), a single event-based infrastructure that serves as an event bus and provides first class integration of CEP. An unstructured peer-to-peer network is exploited to allow for efficient event transmission. To reduce network flooding, superpeers and overlay network partitioning are introduced. Additionally, CERI provides each client node the capability of local complex query evaluation. As a result, applications can offload internal logic to the query evaluation engine in an efficient manner. Finally, as more client nodes and event types are added to the system, the CERI can scale up. Because of these favorable scaling properties, CERI serves as a foundational step in bringing event-based middleware and CEP closer together into a single unified infrastructure component.
Development of a Micro fluidic Nanoscale Protein Sensor Device for Improving Vascular Surgical Outcomes

The normal physiologic response of vascular surgery is one of acute and intense inflammation and thrombosis. Research to date on improving outcomes after surgery has focused on drugs known to be active with the adrenergic system more specifically statins. Till date there has been no correlation between inflammation post surgery and the effect of perioperative anti-inflammatory drugs on improving surgical outcomes. The goal of this research is to characterize the role perioperative inflammation and thrombosis plays in determining outcomes after surgery. The goal of this particular application is to identify two specific pro-inflammatory protein markers namely C-reactive protein (CRP) and Myloperoxidase (MPO) associated with thrombosis from a wide range of serum samples. This is achieved by integrating the principles of fabrication associated with micro and nanotechnology to develop a sensor device comprising of nano ordered porous alumina membrane embedded in an elastomer (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) micro fluidic base. The nano porous membrane is selectively functionalized by a two level masking technique to the binding of CRP and MPO in selected areas. The binding event results in an electrochemical reaction that in turn produces a change in the surface charge. This in turn produces a measurable change to the electrical voltage. This is measured in an in-situ, non-invasive manner from selectively metalized areas of the nano membrane. Energy density analysis yielded unique electrical identifiers for each of the protein markers. Detection sensitivity of the order of 10 ppm was observed.
Method for Studying Rheology of Gelatin Melts

Procedures and instrumentation for measuring the stress relaxation modulus of melts employed as soft gelatin encapsulating formulations are reported. Changes in this parameter during thermal aging of the melts are reported for various formula modifications. These data are presented as constants obtained by fitting the stress relaxation curves to an appropriate equation on the analog computer and as log–log plots of these curves.
Agricultural Origins: Centers and Noncenters

I propose the theory that agriculture originated independently in three different areas and that, in each case, there was a system composed of a center of origin and a noncenter, in which activities of domestication were dispersed over a span of 5,000 to 10,000 kilometers. One system includes a definable Near East center and a noncenter in Africa; another system includes a North Chinese center and a noncenter in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific; the third system includes a Mesoamerican center and a South American noncenter. There are suggestions that, in each case, the center and noncenter interact with each other. Crops did not necessarily originate in centers (in any conventional concept of the term), nor did agriculture necessarily develop in a geographical "center."
Precise measurement of far-field pattern for large Aeff-fiber

Precise measurement of far-field distribution is presented for fibers having enlarged Aeff. By employing newly-proposed method to align fiber end-face with ±10μm position accuracy, we demonstrate Aeff measurement with errors of 0.1%.
Advertising suburbanization in Mexico City – El Pedregal press campaign (1948–65) and television programme (1953–54)

This paper studies the publicity sponsored by the management of El Pedregal, a vast garden suburb south of Mexico City that, privately designed, began construction in 1947. The commercialization of a suburban proposal for a population that was not accustomed to low density patterns of settlement proved difficult. In order to overcome the public's initial reluctance towards suburban living, the promoters of El Pedregal paid for a 17 year long press campaign of advertisements, and for two year long television campaign consisting of a weekly prime‐time television program dedicated monographically to the subdivision. Both the ads and the TV scripts exemplify the propaganda techniques with which the private economic forces behind processes of suburbanization profoundly changed the set of popularly accepted urban models for Latin American Cities.
Parental Perspectives on a Pediatric Human Non-Subjects Biobank

Background: Genomic biorepositories will be important tools to help unravel the effect of common genetic variants on risk for common pediatric diseases. Our objective was to explore how parents would respond to the inclusion of children in an opt-out model biobank. Methods: We conducted semistructured interviews with parents in hospital-based pediatric clinics. Participants responded to a description of a biorepository already collecting samples from adults. Two coders independently analyzed and coded interviews using framework analysis. Opt-out forms were later piloted in a clinic area. Parental opt-out choices were recorded electronically, with opt-out rates reported here. Results: Parents strongly supported medical research in general and expressed a high level of trust that Vanderbilt University would keep their child's medical information private. Parents were more likely to allow their child's sample to be included in the biorepository than to allow their child to participate in a hypothetical study...
Simultaneous measurement of laser reflection and transmission of poly(vinyl chloride)

Modeling laser transmission welding of thermoplastics re- quires knowledge of the optical properties of the two materials being joined. Previous work measuring optical properties for this purpose placed little importance on the light reflection, emphasizing the light transmitted through a material. This paper presents work creating a low- cost solution allowing simultaneous measurement of the light transmis- sion and reflection of clear rigid polyvinyl chloride from a diode laser source. Total reflection is quantified by numerically integrating measure- ments of the light reflection at specified locations around the perimeter of a sphere surrounding the sample; simultaneously the light transmission through the samples is measured. From a designed experiment involving two factors—surface finish and material thickness—the absorption coef- ficient of clear rigid polyvinyl chloride was calculated. In addition the quantity and distribution of light reflection was found to be dependent on the surface finish. © 2006 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Fractionation of the insoluble brain proteins with acrylamide electrophoresis

Abstract A method for fractionating the insoluble proteins of the brain with polyacrylamide electrophoresis is described. The procedure consists of dissolving the membrane proteins in a solution of urea, alkali, mercapto-ethanol, and Triton, and then conducting the separation in gels containing urea and Triton in discontinuous acidic buffers. As many as 30 sharp bands are discernable in the gel out of an insoluble brain fraction. The reproducibility of the band pattern is demonstrable in a gel slab system.
Traditional and Innovative Promotional Strategies of Tobacco Cessation Services: A Review of the Literature

An estimated 43.5 million American adults currently smoke cigarettes. Well-designed tobacco education campaigns with adequate reach increase cessation and reduce tobacco use. Smokers report great interest in quitting but few use effective treatments including quitlines (QLs). This review examined traditional (TV, radio, print ads) versus innovative tobacco cessation (internet, social media) promotions for QL services. Between November 2011 and January 2012, searches were conducted on EBSCO, PubMed, Wilson, OCLC, CQ Press, Google Scholar, Gale, LexisNexis, and JSTOR. Existing literature shows that the amount of radio and print advertising, and promotion of free cessation medications increases QL call volume. Television advertising volume seems to be the best predictor of QL service awareness. Much of the literature on Internet advertising compares the characteristics of participants recruited for studies through various channels. The majority of the papers indicated that Internet-recruited participants were younger; this was the only demographic characteristic with high agreement across studies. Traditional media was only studied within mass media campaigns with TV ads having a consistent impact on increasing calls to QLs, therefore, it is hard to distinguish the impact of traditional media as an independent QL promotion intervention. With innovative media, while many QL services have a presence on social media sites, there is no literature on evaluating the effectiveness of these channels for quitline promotion.
Accurate rigid-body modes representation for a nonlinear curved thin-shell element

For certain highly curved shells, such as bellows, the formulation of a curved-shell finite element with curvilinear displacement components may fail to properly model some rigid body modes, even with either the explicit inclusion of rigid-body terms or the use of high-order displacement functions. It is suggested in this paper that the rigid-body modes can be properly included if the Cartesian displacement components are used. A 48-degree-of-freedom (DOF) curved thin-shell element is formulated, and both the curvilinear and the Cartesian forms are used for this investigation. Examples of the nonlinear analyses of a bellows shell and a spherical cap are given to demonstrate the advantage of using the Cartesian formulation. Curved elements may also suffer from membrane locking, which is caused by the inability of an element to bend without stretching. Numerical data are presented to show that the present element does not membrane lock. Some nonlinear examples are also presented to further demonstrate the versatility of this element.
Maternally administered interventions for preterm infants in the NICU: Effects on maternal psychological distress and mother–infant relationship

Although studies have examined the effects of interventions focused on preterm infants, few studies have examined the effects on maternal distress (anxiety, depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress symptoms, parenting stress) or parenting. This study examined the effects of the auditory-tactile-visual-vestibular (ATVV) intervention and kangaroo care (KC) on maternal distress and the mother-infant relationship compared to an attention control group. 240 mothers from four hospitals were randomly assigned to the three groups. Maternal characteristics in the three groups were similar: 64.1% of ATVV mothers, 64.2% of KC mothers, and 76.5% of control mothers were African American; maternal age averaged 26.3 years for ATVV mothers, 28.1 for KC mothers, and 26.6 for control mothers; and years of education averaged 13.6 for ATVV and KC mothers, and 13.1 for control mothers. Mothers only differed on parity: 68.4% of ATVV and 54.7% of KC mothers were first-time mothers as compared to 43.6% of control mothers. Their infants had a similar mean gestational ages (27.0 weeks for ATVV, 27.2 for KC, and 27.4 for control) and mean birthweights (993 g for ATVV, 1022 for KC, and 1023 for control). Mothers completed questionnaires during hospitalization, and at 2, 6 and 12 months corrected age on demographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, state anxiety, post-traumatic stress symptoms, parenting stress, worry about child health, and child vulnerability (only at 12 months). At 2 and 6 months, 45-min videotapes of mother-infant interactions were made, and the HOME Inventory was scored. Behaviors coded from the videotapes and a HOME subscale were combined into five interactive dimensions: maternal positive involvement and developmental stimulation and child social behaviors, developmental maturity, and irritability. Intervention effects were examined using general linear mixed models controlling for parity and recruitment site. The groups did not differ on any maternal distress variable. Kangaroo care mothers showed a more rapid decline in worry than the other mothers. The only interactive dimensions that differed between the groups were child social behaviors and developmental maturity, which were both higher for kangaroo care infants. Change over time in several individual infant behaviors was affected by the interventions. When mothers reported on the interventions they performed, regardless of group assignment, massage (any form including ATVV) was associated with a more rapid decline in depressive symptoms and higher HOME scores. Performing either intervention was associated with lower parenting stress. These findings suggest that as short-term interventions, KC and ATVV have important effects on mothers and their preterm infants, especially in the first half of the first year.
Facial bone density: effects of aging and impact on facial rejuvenation.

Background: Facial bone aging has recently been described as primarily resulting from volume loss and morphologic changes to the orbit, midface, and mandible. Objective: The authors demonstrate how the facial skeleton bone mineral density (BMD) changes with age in both men and women and compare these changes to those of the axial skeleton. They also explore the aesthetic implications of such changes in bone density. Methods: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans of the facial bones and lumbar spine were obtained from 60 white subjects, 30 women and 30 men. There were 10 men and 10 women in each of 3 age categories: young (20-40 years), middle (41-60 years), and old (61+ years). The following measurements were obtained: lumbar spine BMD (average BMD of L1-L4 vertebrae), maxilla BMD (the average BMD of the right and left maxilla), and mandible BMD (the average BMD of the right and left mandibular ramus). Results: The lumbar spine BMD decreased significantly for both sexes between the middle and old age groups. There was a significant decrease in the maxilla and mandible BMD for both sexes between the young and middle age groups. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the BMD of the face changes with age, similar to the axial skeleton. This change in BMD may contribute to the appearance of the aging face and potentially affect facial rejuvenation procedures.
Characterization of cell lines derived from enlarged spleens induced in C57BL/6 mice by the variant BSB strain of Friend erythroleukemia virus

Abstract BSB is a variant strain of Friend vims selected for pathogenicity in C57BL/6 mice that are resistant to parental Friend virus strains by virtue of their homozygosity for the recessive Fv -2 r allele (Steeves et al., 1970, Int. J. Cancer 5, 346–356). Lines and clones of erythroleukemia cells could readily be established in culture from the enlarged spleens of BSB-infected Fv -2 r homozygotes. All lines expressed viral gene products and could be induced to express hemoglobin. Some lines produced infectious virus. In addition to the viral envelope-related proteins (gPr85, gp70, and gp52) detected by precipitation with goat anti-Rauscher gp70 antiserum from tumor cell lines induced by parental Friend virus strains, BSB-induced cell lines also expressed gp80, p52, and gp45 products precipitable with the same antiserum. A rat monoclonal antibody that recognizes an epitope of an aminoterminal region of gp52 (Wolff et al., 1982, J. Virol. 43, 472–481) also precipitated the gp80 and gp45 viral proteins. The data indicate that the BSB strain of Friend virus is oncogenic in Fu-2 r homozygotes. Transformation is correlated with the expression of an altered SFFV env -gene product.
Sequences of actions for individual and teams of air traffic controllers

Air traffic controllers participated in high-fidelity simulations of en route air traffic, either singly or with a second team member. The observed stream of time-stamped behaviors and communication events was analyzed using the Pathfinder scaling algorithm, which provides a directional graph of the latent structure in the data. The graphs were found to be similar across levels of traffic complexity, and the triggers for frequently co-occurring activities were equivalent for the individuals and the teams. This suggests that numerous aspects of air traffic control performance are robust and transcend some powerful situational variables. The implications for interface design and automation are discussed.
Effect of trace element deficiencies and excesses on mineral nutrients in sorghum

The effects of Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and B deficiencies and Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mo, Al, Cr, Co, Ni, Se, Sr, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Ba excesses on visual symptoms and mineral concentrations in Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] plants grown in nutrient solutions were determined. Except for plants grown without B, Cu, and Fe, plant growth was inhibited by each mineral element treatment. Even though sorghum plants manifested distinctive visual symptoms for each element deficiency or excess, symptoms of excess Mo and Se resembled those of P deficiency and symptoms of excess Al, Cu, Co, and Ni resembled those of Fe deficiency. Concentrations of many of the essential mineral nutrients taken up by the plants were affected by the stresses imposed by deficiencies or excesses. Concentrations of the nutrients were affected more extensively in roots than in leaves.
Fluid-Rock Interaction: A Reactive Transport Approach

Fluid-Rock Interaction: A Reactive Transport Approach Carl I. Steefel and 2 Kate Maher Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California 94720, USA Dept. of Geological & Environmental Sciences School of Earth Sciences Stanford University Stanford, California 94305, USA INTRODUCTION Fluid-rock interaction (or water-rock interaction, as it was more commonly known) is a subject that has evolved considerably in its scope over the years. Initially its focus was primarily on interactions between subsurface fluids of various temperatures and mostly crystalline rocks, but the scope has broadened now to include fluid interaction with all forms of subsurface materials, whether they are unconsolidated or crystalline (“fluid-solid interaction” is perhaps less euphonious). Disciplines that previously carried their own distinct names, for example, basin diagenesis, early diagenesis, metamorphic petrology, reactive contaminant transport, chemical weathering, are now considered to fall under the broader rubric of fluid-rock interaction, although certainly some of the key research questions differ depending on the environment considered. Beyond the broadening of the environments considered in the study of fluid-rock interaction, the discipline has evolved in perhaps an even more important way. The study of water-rock interaction began by focusing on geochemical interactions in the absence of transport processes, although a few notable exceptions exist (Thompson 1959; Weare et al. 1976). Moreover, these analyses began by adopting a primarily thermodynamic approach, with the implicit or explicit assumption of equilibrium between the fluid and rock. As a result, these early models were fundamentally static rather than dynamic in nature. This all changed with the seminal papers by Helgeson and his co-workers (Helgeson 1968; Helgeson et al. 1969) wherein the concept of an irreversible reaction path was formally introduced into the geochemical literature. In addition to treating the reaction network as a dynamically evolving system, the Helgeson studies introduced an approach that allowed for the consideration of a multicomponent geochemical system, with multiple minerals and species appearing as both reactants and products, at least one of which could be irreversible. Helgeson’s pioneering approach was given a more formal kinetic basis (including the introduction of real time rather than reaction progress as the independent variable) in subsequent studies (Lasaga 1981; Aagaard and Helgeson 1982; Lasaga 1984) . The reaction path approach can be used to describe chemical processes in a batch or closed system (e.g., a
Low frequency oscillations in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection: laboratory experiments

This is a report on observations of low frequency oscillations in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection, in the Rayleigh number (R) range 107–108, with Prandtl number (Pr) equal to 7. It has been known that for convecting layers with large aspect ratio A, a steady large scale flow sets in at R = 2 × 106. Tilted transient plumes embedded in this flow, and maintaining it through Reynolds stresses, drift in one direction along the bottom of the layer, and in the opposite direction along the top. At a fixed point near the bottom or top boundary, there is a variability associated with the passage of these plumes. We call this the high frequency variability. A new kind of organization is observed for 107 < R < 108; clusters of transient tilted plumes travel in a horizontal direction as coherent units. These clusters are separated from each other by quiescent zones with almost no plumes. Now at a fixed point near the bottom boundary, there is a low frequency variability associated with the passage of clusters, as well as the high frequency variability from the passage of plumes within the cluster. Quantitative information on this low frequency oscillation derived from space-time portraits and from temperature time series is presented.Heat flux measurements show a Nusselt number (N)-Rayleigh number relationship for 106 < R < 108 which is hysteretic for A = 12, but when the convecting layer is partitioned into 144 cells each with A = 1, hysteresis is not present and the N-R relationship then agrees with earlier results for single cells with A = 1.
Psychology and Health: Obstacles and Opportunities1

This paper begins with an overview of key achievements in health psychology. It describes major impediments to progress in the field, as well as opportunities for developing a strong scientific basis of efforts to modify health-damaging behavior. Strategies for capitalizing upon the opportunities are suggested. These include enhanced efforts at theory development, use of modern biomedical technology for in vivo research, experimentation with specific alternative research funding mechanisms, establishing procedures for training interdisciplinary researchers, and increased efforts by individual scientists to broaden their understanding of the relationship of their field to government. The importance of such initiatives to the continued growth of health psychology is emphasized.
Unstudied infants: outcomes of moderately premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit.

Background: Newborns of 30–34 weeks gestation comprise 3.9% of all live births in the United States and 32% of all premature infants. They have been studied much less than very low birthweight infants. Objective: To measure in-hospital outcomes and readmission within three months of discharge of moderately premature infants. Design: Prospective cohort study including retrospective chart review and telephone interviews after discharge. Setting: Ten birth hospitals in California and Massachusetts. Patients: Surviving moderately premature infants born between October 2001 and February 2003. Main outcome measures: ( a ) Occurrence of assisted ventilation during the hospital stay after birth; ( b ) adverse in-hospital outcomes—for example, necrotising enterocolitis; ( c ) readmission within three months of discharge. Results: With the use of prospective cluster sampling, 850 eligible infants and their families were identified, randomly selected, and enrolled. A total of 677 families completed a telephone interview three months after hospital discharge. During the birth stay, these babies experienced substantial morbidity: 45.7% experienced assisted ventilation, and 3.2% still required supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks. Readmission within three months occurred in 11.2% of the cohort and was higher among male infants and those with chronic lung disease. Conclusions: Moderately premature infants experience significant morbidity, as evidenced by high rates of assisted ventilation, use of oxygen at 36 weeks, and readmission. Such morbidity deserves more research.
Extraction of on-body creeping wave mechanisms using the ESPRIT algorithm

The propagation of creeping waves on the human body is investigated. Both propagation constants and decay constants are extracted from measurements using the ESPRIT algorithm. The results are compared to on-body creeping wave theory. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:868–871, 2015
Multipulse acoustic tomography: A new technique for mapping water temperatures

Ocean acoustic tomography is a traveltime tomography technique that can be used to map the sound-speed field in a given region of water. Ocean acoustic tomography and other travel-time tomography techniques use the time-of-flight for a signal sent between a sender and receiver to infer information about the conditions of the region under study. Traditionally, such techniques assume that for each sender-receiver pair, one data point can be obtained from the time-of-flight: the average speed-of-sound along the path. In this paper we introduce multipulse acoustic tomography, a new travel-time tomography technique that uses a sequence of bi-directional pulses as the acoustic signal. By analyzing the difference in traveltime between pairs of pulses traveling in the same and opposite direction we can distribute the change in average speed-of-sound into sub-regions along the acoustic path. The result is a much more detailed picture of the distribution in speed-of-sound between a sender-receiver pair. Such a detailed distribution can be used to improve reconstruction techniques or to obtain high resolution results with fewer nodes. We present the system design and design constraints for multipluse acoustic tomography along with simulation results that show the technique can separate local speed-of-sound changes along an acoustic path from the average.
Microfocus X-ray Diffraction Study of the Columnar Phase of Porphyrin-Based Mesogens

Porphyrin-based materials are prime candidates for solar energy harvesting applications. New compounds incorporating the porphyrin core, which exhibit the columnar liquid crystal (LC) phase, were synthesized as they offer a route to obtaining defect-free large area monodomain films. The structure of the phases exhibited by these materials has been probed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction with a microfocus (14 μm × 14 μm) beam. Exploiting the multidomain nature (i.e., having differently oriented crystal axes) of a thin glass cell, it was possible to obtain complete structural information without the need to have one single macroscopic crystal, which is normally difficult to obtain. The results confirmed the existence of the isotropic, discotic (columnar) LC, and discotic-ordered LC phases in these materials. The optical microscopic work demonstrates how macroscopic control of columnar orientations is achieved by manipulating the LC film thickness, substrate preparation, and the thermal annealing process.
Pleistocene phylogeographic effects on avian populations and the speciation process

Pleistocene biogeographic events have traditionally been ascribed a major role in promoting speciations and in sculpting the present-day diversity and distributions of vertebrate taxa. However, this paradigm has recently come under challenge from a review of interspecific mtDNA genetic distances in birds: most sister-species separations dated to the Pliocene. Here we summarize the literature on intraspecific mtDNA phylogeographic patterns in birds and reinterpret the molecular evidence bearing on Pleistocene influences. At least 37 of the 63 avian species surveyed (59%) are sundered into recognizable phylogeographic units, and 28 of these separations (76%) trace to the Pleistocene. Furthermore, use of phylogroup separation times within species as minimum estimates of 'speciation durations' also indicates that many protracted speciations, considered individually, probably extended through time from Pliocene origins to Pleistocene completions. When avian speciation is viewed properly as an extended temporal process rather than as a point event, Pleistocene conditions appear to have played an active role both in initiating major phylogeographic separations within species, and in completing speciations that had been inaugurated earlier. Whether the Pleistocene was exceptional in these regards compared with other geological times remains to be determined.
On the capacity of a cascade of channels

A class of information-theoretic problems is introduced that deals with systems in which information is transmitted through a series of noisy channels with limited or no processing between channels. Some basic questions that arise in such systems are examined in detail. The effects of ordering of the channels on overall capacity and the characteristics that cause channels to have high capacity when cascaded with themselves are dealt with. >
Multicenter cohort study of in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest.

Objectives (1) Describe the clinical characteristics, hospital courses and outcomes of a cohort of children cared for within the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) who experienced in-hospital cardiac arrest with sustained return of circulation between July 1, 2003 and December 31, 2004, and (2) identify factors associated with hospital mortality in this population. These data are required to prepare a randomized trial of therapeutic hypothermia on neurobehavioral outcomes in children after in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Determining pentachlorophenol in body fluids by gas chromatography after acetylation.

A sensitive, precise, and accurate method for rapidly analyzing body fluids for pentachlorophenol has been developed. The method includes acidification end extraction of the fluid with hexane. The extract is reacted with acetic anhydride, washed with buffer, and Injected Into a gas chromatograph fitted with an electron capture detector. Quantltatlon of the pentschlorophenol is based on the ratio of the peak height of pentachlorophenyl acetate to an internal standard, trlbromophenyl acetate. The lower detection limit in urine or serum is 1 - 2 parts per billion. The method was applied to workers in pentachlorophenol formulating plants and to residents of pentachlorophenol treated log houses. Hydrolysis Increased the yield of determined urinary pentachlorophenol by a factor of approximately 1.8. Serum levels of pentschlorophenol were 2 - 3 times higher than the corresponding whole blood levels.
Latency-Related Gene Encoded by Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Promotes Virus Growth and Reactivation from Latency in Tonsils of Infected Calves

Infection of calves with bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) results in transient immunosuppression that may lead to bacterium-induced pneumonia and, occasionally, death. Although sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) are the primary site of BHV-1 latency, viral genomes are detected in the tonsils of latently infected calves. Dexamethasone (DEX) consistently induces reactivation from latency, and viral gene expression is detected in TG and tonsils. In sensory neurons of latently infected calves, the latency-related (LR) gene is abundantly expressed and is required for reactivation from latency. In the present study, we compared the abilities of wild-type (wt) BHV-1 and a strain with a mutation in the LR gene (the LR mutant strain) to grow in the tonsils of infected calves and reactivate from latency. Lower levels of the LR mutant virus were detected in the tonsils of acutely infected calves. LR mutant viral DNA was consistently detected by PCR in the tonsils of latently infected calves, suggesting that the establishment of a latent or persistent infection occurred. Although the LR mutant did not reactivate from latency in vivo after DEX treatment, explantation of tonsil tissue from calves latently infected with the LR mutant yielded infectious virus. Relative to wt BHV-1, the LR mutant did not induce explant-induced reactivation as efficiently. These studies indicate that the LR gene promotes virus shedding from tonsil tissue during acute infection and reactivation from latency in tonsil tissue in vivo. We suggest that incorporation of the LR gene mutation into existing modified live vaccines would prevent reactivation from latency in neural and nonneural sites and would thus prevent transmission to other animals.
Some nontraditional approaches for examining strong‐ and weak‐overlap electron‐transfer processes at electrodes

Some nontraditional approaches for gaining molecular-level information on the roles of surface-reactant interactions in electrode kinetics and mechanisms are described with the aid of recent results from our laboratory. The virtues of evaluating unimolecular rate constants, ket (s−1), for one-electron transfer reactions for both inner- and outer-sphere pathways are pointed out. Illustrative data are presented for the reduction of pentaamminecobalt(lll) anchored to metal surfaces via systematic series of organic and inorganic bridges, X, with the objective of probing the sensitivity of the electronic transmission coefficient, Kel, and the intrinsic electron-transfer barrier, ΔG*int to the geometry and electronic structure of the bridging ligand. Evidence is presented that most of the ca. 106 fold rate variations are due to variations in Kel, the reactions being of the “weak-overlap” type, although the especially large ka values seen for the small inorganic bridges may be due in part to diminutions in ΔG*int, caused by the onset of “strong-overlap” behavior. Several applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for examining the vibrational properties of adsorbed reactants and reaction intermediates are also described. These include experiments aimed at elucidating the structural perturbations induced by surface-reactant binding, and for obtaining a molecular identification of adsorbed reaction intermediates in multistep electrode processes.
Particle‐gas dispersion effects in confined coaxial jets

The objective of this study was to determine the mixing characteristics of two-phase, confined, coaxial jets. Gas composition, gas velocity, and particle mass flux radial profiles were obtained at different axial stations using 20% by weight of 6 or 30 μm spherical aluminum particles in the primary stream. Additional tests were conducted without particles. Radial profiles for gas composition, velocity, and particle flux were correlated using the principle of similarity. In the gas phase, mass mixed more rapidly than momentum, and the 6 μm particles mixed less rapidly than mass or momentum. Systems with low primary density and low secondary velocity mixed most rapidly. An implicit numerical model was developed to predict the rate of mixing of the gas/particle mixture. The model included coupled dynamic and thermal nonequilibrium effects between the gas and solid phases. Comparisons of model predictions and experimental results were good.
The effect of condoms on penile vibrotactile sensitivity thresholds in young, heterosexual men.

Introduction Investigating the ways in which barrier methods such as condoms may affect penile sensory thresholds has potential relevance to the development of interventions in men who experience negative effects of condoms on sexual response and sensation. A quantitative, psychophysiological investigation examining the degree to which sensations are altered by condoms has, to date, not been conducted.
Signals across multiple networks: : how venture capital and alliance networks affect interorganizational collaboration.

In this article, we examine the contingent effects of signals generated by different types of networks on new ventures' formation of future strategic alliances. We argue that the signaling value of a given tie in reducing adverse selection is more pronounced when another type of tie is lacking. In particular, we suggest that signals associated with (i) a new venture's affiliations with venture capitalists (VCs) that have prominent positions in syndicate networks and (ii) a new venture's prominent position in alliance networks resulting from previous alliances offer redundant benefits. As a result, the positive effect of VC prominence in determining a new venture's future alliance formation diminishes as the new venture's prominence in alliance networks increases. Evidence from biotech alliances between new ventures and established companies provides support for our theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Evidence for direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract onto medullary adrenaline cells

The anatomic relationships between projections from the intermediate portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferaselike-immunoreactive (PNMT-LI) cells in the medulla oblongata were analyzed in Sprague-Dawley rats by using two-color immunoperoxidase staining combined with the anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). PHA-L was iontophoretically deposited in the intermediate region of the NTS and the subjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) at the level of the middle of the area postrema. Blackstained PHA-L-immunoreactive (PHA-LI) fibers and terminals were present throughout the length of the ipsilateral NTS, where many were seen in close apposition to amber-stained PNMT-LI cells belonging to the C2 cell group. Less profuse PHA-LI projections were present in the contralateral NTS, especially at the level of the PHA-L deposit. Bundles of smooth fibers emerged from the lateral edge of the DMX and could be followed to the ventrolateral surface of the medulla; these were likely vagal efferent fibers. PHA-LI terminal arborizations were prominent in the region of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and amongst PNMT-LI cells in the lateral C1 cell group ventral to NA. Multiple sites of contiguity between PHA-LI varicose fibers or boutons and PNMT-LI cells in C1 were observed frequently and probably represent sites of functional connection. Medullary PNMT-LI cells project to the intermediolateral cell columns of the spinal cord and to the hypothalamus and have been implicated in cardiovascular regulation. Based on the observations in this study, it is concluded that certain medullary PNMT-LI cells in the C1 and C2 cell groups receive direct input from the intermediate NTS and thus play a role in baroreceptor-mediated changes in cardiovascular activity.
Cardiac Troponin and Creatine Kinase MB Monitoring during In-Hospital Myocardial Reinfarction

Cardiac troponin monitoring for detection of myocardial injury has been designated the new standard for differentiating the diagnosis of unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in acute coronary syndrome patients (1)(2)(3)(4). Increased cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or T (cTnT) in the clinical setting of ischemia is defined as an acute MI and has been endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology, American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the IFCC, and the Epidemiology World Council (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). One of the challenges that confronts cardiac troponin monitoring encompasses the clinical setting of myocardial reinfarction within a short time period after an initial MI. Because cardiac troponins can remain increased in the circulation for up to 5 (cTnI) or 10 days (cTnT) after an acute MI, in theory, the role for monitoring cardiac troponins during reinfarction has been questioned. The European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology consensus document notes that in the clinical setting of a reinfarction, creatine kinase MB (CKMB) may be more useful for monitoring for MI because CKMB remains increased for only 2–4 days after an acute MI (1)(2)(3)(4). There are only two case reports in the literature, both from a previous report from our laboratory, that readdressed the role of cardiac troponin monitoring in reinfarction (7). The purpose of this study was to compare the patterns of increases and decreases in cTnI and CKMB mass in a series of nine MI patients who experienced an in-hospital myocardial reinfarction (MI extension) within 4 days of the initial MI event. Over a period of 16 months (September 1999 through February 2001), nine MI patients were identified who experienced a myocardial …