cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Five-year retrospective review in gynecologic cytopathology: is it time to amend?

Introduction According to the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments 1988 regulations, 5-year retrospective review (5YRR) of normal Papanicolaou tests in patients with a newly diagnosed high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or above (HSIL+) is mandatory. Since this mandate has been in place, a multitude of changes have taken place in the screening and management guidelines of cervical cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the role of this mandate in our laboratory and to investigate the lessons learned. Material and methods The cytopathology electronic database and institutional quality assurance records at Loyola University Medical Center were searched from January 2009 to December 2019 to identify all Papanicolaou tests diagnosed as new “HSIL and above” (HSIL+). Major discrepancy (2+) was defined as initial negative diagnosis changed to HSIL+. Results A total of 153,083 Papanicolaou tests were performed during this period; out of these, 1452 (0.94%) were diagnosed as HSIL+. A total of 695 HSIL+ Papanicolaou tests had a negative prior Papanicolaou and in 615 of 695 there was agreement with the initial negative diagnosis. In 61 Papanicolaou tests, the initial diagnosis was changed from negative and they were reclassified on review as 3 HSIL, 9 ASC-H, 7 AGC, and 42 ASCUS or LSIL. Major discrepancy rate was calculated as 3 of 695 (0.43%). None required an amended report. Conclusions It is important to revisit the 5YRR as a method of implementing the quality indicators in gynecologic cytology so that the process retains its value without overburdening cytology laboratories and personnel.
From Mumbai to Shanghai, with a Side Trip to Washington: China, India, and the Future of Progressive Taxation in an Asian-Led World

Progressive taxation has historically been discussed primarily in the context of developed, Western nations. This Article considers its application in two developing, nonwestern economies, emphasizing the differences in political, economic, and (especially) cultural contexts and their effect on the progressivity equation. In India these differences include long-standing attitudes, such as the Hindu tradition’s historic ambivalence towards utilitarian arguments, and shorter-term institutional arrangements, such as the division of power within India’s federal system and the tax exemption for agricultural income. In China they include the legacy of Marxism as well as a more long-standing tendency to resolve legal and policy issues based on notions of communal rather than individual welfare. Both countries have limited administrative resources and (by Western standards) a relatively small middle class, so that the income tax remains a relatively small albeit growing source of national revenues. In this Article I consider the impact of these factors, and conclude by asking whether a similar "tax life cycle" will apply to both countries or political and cultural differences will result in divergent tax patterns. Furthermore I also evaluate the progressivity problem as a case study in comparative taxation and assess the need to develop a more sophisticated methodology for dealing with institutional, attitudinal, and other cultural differences.
Only SF3B1 mutation involving K700E independently predicts overall survival in myelodysplastic syndromes

Background SF3B1 mutations (SF3B1mut ) in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) frequently involve codon K700E and have a favorable prognosis. The prognostic effect of non-K700E SF3B1mut is uncertain. Methods The authors analyzed the clinicopathological features and outcomes of a single-institution series of 94 treatment-naive SF3B1mut MDS patients (18%) and 415 treatment-naive SF3B1wt MDS patients and explored the differences between K700E and non-K700E SF3B1mut MDS. Results Fifty-five patients (59%) carried K700E. Recurrent non-K700E mutations (39 [41%]) included R625, H662, and K666. Compared with SF3B1mut K700E patients, non-K700E patients had a lower median absolute neutrophil count (1.8 vs 2.4; P = .005) and were frequently "high" according to the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System (19% vs 4%; P = .031). Non-K700E MDS was associated frequently with RUNX1 (26% vs 7%; P = .012) and exclusively with BCOR, IDH2, and SRSF2 mutations. A splicing analysis showed the differential distribution of alternatively spliced events and gene expression profiles between K700 and non-K700E MDS patients. The majority (at least 80%) of SF3B1mut K700E, SF3B1mut non-K700E, and SF3B1wt patients were treated with hypomethylating agents. Over a median follow-up of 16 months, SF3B1mut had superior overall survival (OS) in comparison with SF3B1wt in all MDS patients (not reached vs 25.2 months; P = .0003), in patients with low-grade MDS, and in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes with ring sideroblasts (MDS-RS). Compared with SF3B1wt , SF3B1mut K700E had superior outcomes in all MDS (median OS, 25 months vs not reached; P = .0001), in low-grade MDS (median OS, 41.3 months vs not reached; P = .0015), and in MDS-RS (median OS, 22.3 months vs not reached; P = .0001), but no significant difference was seen between non-K700E and SF3B1wt MDS. By multivariable analysis, the absence of SF3B1mut K700E mutations was independently associated with the prognosis. Conclusions This study highlights the importance of the SF3B1 mutation subtype in MDS risk assessment. Lay summary Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with SF3B1 mutations are regarded as having a favorable prognosis by both the World Health Organization and the International Working Group for the Prognosis of Myelodysplastic Syndromes. However, this article shows that only MDS patients with SF3B1 K700E mutations have a favorable prognosis (and not MDS patients with SF3B1 mutations involving other codons). This has important implications for refining future MDS subclassification and risk assessment criteria.
Stability of Alteplase for Catheter-Directed, Ultrasound-Facilitated Thrombolysis.

Introduction Ultrasound-facilitated catheter-directed thrombolysis is used with low-dose alteplase to treat pulmonary embolism. This reduces the bleeding risk that accompanies systemic administration of higher alteplase doses. While studies suggest that alteplase given over 2 to 6 hours is safe and effective, few data exist to support alteplase stability under these conditions. Therefore, we undertook this in vitro study to determine the duration of alteplase stability. Methods Alteplase was prepared in solutions of 8 mg in 100 mL, 6 mg in 150 mL, and 8 mg in 200 mL. Solutions were administered through the EkoSonicTM Endovascular System with and without ultrasound, to simulate administration over 2, 4, and 6 hours. Alteplase was assessed with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Assays were performed at time 0 and at 30-minute intervals during simulated infusion. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay was used to measure alteplase concentrations that were at time 0 and at 15-minute intervals during simulated infusion. Results Using RP-HPLC, in the absence of ultrasound, the alteplase concentration remained within 1% of the original concentration through 120, 240, and 360 minutes of infusion. Using RP-HPLC for measurement, alteplase, in the presence of ultrasound, degraded steadily over time to approximately 90%, 80%, and 70% of its original amounts in 120, 240, and 360 minutes, respectively. Alteplase that remained was available for enzymatic activity. Conclusions Alteplase solutions of 0.04 and 0.08 mg/mL degraded steadily over time during simulated ultrasound-facilitated catheter-directed administration. Alteplase that did not degrade remained available for enzymatic activity.
1 Cytoskeleton, Cellular Signals, and Cytoplasmic Localization in Chaetopterus Embryos

Publisher Summary The use of Chaetopterus as a system for study in developmental biology began with E. B. Wilson, who briefly described its early development along with that of several other annelids. Experimental analysis of the development of this organism began with Jacques Loeb in a paper in which he misdescribed “differentiation without cleavage” resulting from K + activation as true parthenogenesis. Experimental studies of the development of Chaetopterus have emphasized three areas: the regulation of the cell cycle [germinal vesicle break-down (GVBD)], mechanisms of fertilization and egg activation, and the effects of egg organization on development. Although this chapter stresses the last area, it briefly mentions the advantages of Chaetopterus oocytes and eggs for the first two areas. The unique feature that makes Chaetopterus of particular interest for studies of egg and embryo organization in development is the ability of the artificially activated or fertilized egg to undergo differentiation without cleavage. Artificial activation can be induced by excess KCl. Differentiation without cleavage also occurs in fertilized eggs subjected to temporary cleavage inhibition by treatment with cytochalasin B and in polyspermic embryos. This interesting phenomenon is discussed in the chapter.
Popular Movements in Autocracies: Religion, Repression, and Indigenous Collective Action in Mexico

Part I. Theory: 1. A theory of popular collective action in autocracies Part II. Protest: 2. Accounting for Mexico's cycle of indigenous protest: quantitative evidence 3. Competing for souls: why the Catholic Church became a major promoter of indigenous mobilization 4. Competing for votes: how elections and repression shaped Mexico's cycle of indigenous protest Part III. Rebellion: 5. A call to arms: regime reversion threats and the escalation of protest into rebellion 6. From social movement to armed rebellion: religion, repression, and the microdynamics of rebel recruitment Part IV. The Politicization of Ethnicity: 7. Politicizing ethnicity: the breakdown of religious and political monopolies and the rise of indigenous identities 8. The twilight of ethnicity: democratization as an elite strategy to avert Mexico's indigenous insurgency.
Flavor reversion in soybean oil

A simulated soybean oil has been synthesized from purified fatty acids. The flavor characteristics of the oil after heat and light treatment are described and compared to those of soybean and cottonseed oils.
Predicate Calculus Feature Generation

A summary description (proof of theorems omitted): An adaptive pattern representation and recognition strategy for application to mechanized interpretation of (sampled) pictorial data (other applications are appropriate) is described. The system generates its own features which are formulae in a subset of the weak (in the sense that only quantification over finite sets is permitted) second order predicate calculus. The models of such formulae define the "objects" in a description of the data, which is hierarchical both with respect to features and extensions. The hierarchy is automatically constructed, thereby implementing changes in "problem representation". Relations between the syntax and semantics of formulae in the weak second order predicate calculus are derived (by extending the syntax of the calculus) and utilized. Minimal use is made of the finiteness of the input data by the methods employed. That is, in pictorial pattern recognitions, the adaptive feature generation (i.e., "learning") algorithms are independent of the fineness of grain of the sampling of an input picture. Because this approach is used, many difficult problems of a purely mathematical nature acquire practical importance. Computation is reduced through the use of topological methods and the system is at present in a stage of development appropriate for programming and use in a variety of practical applications.
Physical mapping of repetitive extragenic palindromic sequences in Escherichia coli and phylogenetic distribution among Escherichia coli strains and other enteric bacteria.

Abstract Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) sequences are highly conserved inverted repeat sequences originally discovered in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. We have physically mapped these sequences in the E. coli genome by using Southern hybridization of an ordered phage bank of E. coli (Y. Kohara, K. Akiyama, and K. Isono, Cell 50:495-508, 1987) with generic REP probes derived from the REP consensus sequence. The set of REP probe-hybridizing clones was correlated with a set of clones expected to contain REP sequences on the basis of computer searches. We also show that a generic REP probe can be used in Southern hybridization to analyze genomic DNA digested with restriction enzymes to determine genetic relatedness among natural isolates of E. coli. A search for these sequences in other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae shows a consistent correlation between both the number of occurrences and the hybridization strength and genealogical relationship.
Some conceptual issues involving probability in quantum mechanics

We discuss some issues about probability in quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on the GHZ theorem. We propose the usage of nonmonotonic upper probabilities as a tool to derive consistent joint upper probabilities for systems where only contextual hidden variables are possible.
A thermal-based remote sensing technique for routine mapping of land-surface carbon, water and energy fluxes from field to regional scales

Abstract Robust yet simple remote sensing methodologies for mapping instantaneous land-surface fluxes of water, energy and CO2 exchange within a coupled framework add significant value to large-scale monitoring networks like FLUXNET, facilitating upscaling of tower flux observations to address questions of regional carbon cycling and water availability. This study investigates the implementation of an analytical, light-use efficiency (LUE) based model of canopy resistance within a Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) scheme driven primarily by thermal remote sensing inputs. The LUE model computes coupled canopy-scale carbon assimilation and transpiration fluxes, and replaces a Priestley–Taylor (PT) based transpiration estimate used in the original form of the TSEB model. In turn, the thermal remote sensing data provide valuable diagnostic information about the sub-surface moisture status, obviating the need for precipitation input data and prognostic modeling of the soil water balance. Both the LUE and PT forms of the model are compared with eddy covariance tower measurements acquired in rangeland near El Reno, OK. The LUE method resulted in improved partitioning of the surface energy budget, capturing effects of midday stomatal closure in response to increased vapor pressure deficit and reducing errors in half-hourly flux predictions from 16 to 12%. The spatial distribution of CO2 flux was mapped over the El Reno study area using data from an airborne thermal imaging system and compared to fluxes measured by an aircraft flying a transect over rangeland, riparian areas, and harvested winter wheat. Soil respiration contributions to the net carbon flux were modeled spatially using remotely sensed estimates of soil surface temperature, soil moisture, and leaf area index. Modeled carbon and water fluxes from this heterogeneous landscape compared well in magnitude and spatial pattern to the aircraft fluxes. The thermal inputs proved to be valuable in modifying the effective LUE from a nominal species-dependent value. The model associates cooler canopy temperatures with enhanced transpiration, indicating higher canopy conductance and carbon assimilation rates. The surface energy balance constraint in this modeling approach provides a useful and physically intuitive mechanism for incorporating subtle signatures of soil moisture deficiencies and reduced stomatal aperture, manifest in the thermal band signal, into the coupled carbon and water flux estimates.
A Flying Start, Then a Slow Slip

The human tragedy caused by the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (moment magnitude 9.3) on 26 December 2004 and its companion Nias earthquake (moment magnitude 8.7) on 28 March 2005 is difficult to comprehend. These earthquakes, the largest in 40 years, have also left seismologists searching for the words and tools to describe the enormity of the geological processes involved. Four papers in this issue discuss aspects of a rupture process of surprising complexity, the first such event to test the sensitivity and range of many new technologies. A surprising feature of the earthquake is that after the initial rapid rupture, subsequent slip of the plate interface occurred with decreasing speed toward the north.
More examples on ordered set reconstruction

Abstract We show that there are nonisomorphic ordered sets P and Q that have the same maximal and minimal decks and a rank k such that there is a map B from the elements of rank k in P to the elements of rank k in Q such that P ⧹{ x } is isomorphic to Q ⧹{ B ( x )} for all x of rank k in P . The examples are preceded by a criterion as to when two nonisomorphic ordered sets will have a rank k and a map B as above.
Studies on small circular membrane mirrors with electrostatic actuation and closed loop control

This paper discusses small deformable mirrors based on thin metallized membranes and designed for steering and focusing of beams as well as providing correction for a small number of optical aberration modes. We consider circular membranes driven electrostatically by four electrodes deposited on or milled into a light weight substrate. The metallized surface on the membrane, while acting as a mirror also provides the ground electrode to enable actuation. Here we discuss prototype testing of the mirrors based on different production techniques, and report on closed loop control studies using two formulations: (1) an approximate lumped-parameter model based on a single-input-single-output linearized treatment, and (2) a linearized, continuous parameter model leading to a multiple-input-multiple-output state space system via modal expansion. A quadrant photo-detector ("quad cell") is used as an output sensor.
Inference of surface power spectra from inversion of multifrequency polarimetric radar data

During the summer of 1988 an intensive field experiment was conducted in the vicinity of Pisgah lava field in the Mojave Desert. As part of the experiment, physical properties such as microtopography, composition, soil moisture, and dielectric constant at five different sites representing surfaces with rms heights varying from less than one centimeter to tens of centimeters were measured. In addition, polarimetric radar images at P-band, L-band and C-band were acquired at three different incidence angles with the NASA/JPL airborne imaging radar polarimeter. Using trihedral corner reflectors deployed in the area prior to imaging, the radar images were calibrated to provide values for each resolution element in each scene. This paper reports on the derivation of the power spectrum of surface microtopography by solution of the small perturbation model for multiple incidence angle and multiple frequency radar data. Power-law fits to the power spectra have exponents that are nearly the same for all surfaces. These values are close to those from measured microtopography profiles.
Recognition and reconstruction of buildings from multiple aerial images

We present a model-based approach to the automatic detection and reconstruction of buildings from aerial imagery. Buildings are first segmented from the scene in an optical image followed by a reconstruction process that makes use of a corresponding digital elevation map (DEM). Initially, each segmented DEM region likely to contain a building rooftop is indexed into a database of parameterized surface models that represent different building shape classes such as peaked, flat, or curved roofs. Given a set of indexed models, each is fit to the elevation data using a robust iterative procedure that determines the precise position and shape of the building rooftop. The indexed model that converges to the data with the lowest residual fit error is then added to the scene by extruding the fit rooftop surfaces to a local ground plane.The approach is based on the observation that a significant amount of rooftop variation can be modeled as the union of a small set of parameterized models and their combinations. By first recognizing the rooftop as one of the several potential rooftop shapes and fitting only these surfaces, the technique remains robust while still capable of reconstructing a wide variety of building types. In contrast to earlier approaches that presuppose a particular class of rooftops to be reconstructed (e.g., flat roofs), the algorithm is capable of reconstructing a variety of building types including peaked, flat, multi-level flat, and curved surfaces. The approach is evaluated on two datasets. Recognition rates for the different building rooftop classes and reconstruction accuracy are reported.
Three-dimensional polarization ray tracing and diattenuation calculation

A three-by-three polarization ray tracing matrix P for calculating polarization transformations associated with ray paths through optical systems is presented. Diattenuation of the optical system is calculated via singular value decomposition of the P matrix.
Prairie Dogs Disperse When All Close Kin Have Disappeared

Because competition decreases inclusive fitness among kin, Hamilton and May predicted that the presence of nearby kin should induce the dispersal of individuals from the natal territory, independent of pressures to avoid inbreeding. Many studies support this landmark prediction, but research over 31 years with prairie dogs reveals the opposite pattern: Young females are 12.5 times more likely to disperse in the absence of mother and siblings for one species, and 5.5 times more likely for another species. Such striking patterns probably occur because cooperation among kin is more important than competition among kin for young prairie dogs. The inability to cooperate with close kin, due to their absence, prompts a search for a new territory where cooperation might be less crucial for survival and reproduction.
The pivotal and powerful role of the action learning coach

Action Learning is a group process design that was developed for the purpose of solving intractable human problems in organisations. Organisations large and small have successfully used action learning for a variety of purposes: to solve problems, to develop the organisation’s learning capacity, to build teams, to promote personal development and to develop leadership skills (Marquardt, 1999). This article describes a qualitative study that used interviews with experienced action learning coaches to answer the research question: How do action-learning coaches create a climate conducive to learning? The findings indicate that action-learning coaches use themselves as instruments to help unfreeze participants’ behaviour, introduce important changes and then refreeze behaviour at a higher and more effective level of functioning.
A holomorphic version of Landau's theorem

In this paper I consider variations on a theme of Edmund Landau: namely, if a function and its nth derivative (n > 2) are bounded, say on the real line, then so are all the intermediate derivatives and bounds can be obtained relating the size of the rth derivative, 0 < I < n, to those of the 0th and nth derivatives; further, the function which has the largest rth derivative is (essentially) unique and possesses a number of interesting properties. See [2] for references to Landau’s work. The problems considered here are modifications of the following. Let A, be the open unit disc in the complex plane, let n be an integer 22, let r E (l,..., nl}, let K be a compact subset of A = {z: lzl< 1) with it or more points and let u be a positive number. The problem is to find among those functions f which are holomorphic on A, and which satisfy
Primary Stroke in a Woman With Sickle Cell Anemia Responsive to Hydroxyurea Therapy

The most common cause of stroke in children with sickle cell anemia is infarction due to ischemia. In adults, however, stroke is most commonly hemorrhagic in nature. Other causes of stroke in patients with sickle cell disease are very rare. In this short communication, we describe a woman with sickle cell anemia responsive to hydroxyurea (HU) therapy who had primary stroke due to paradoxical embolization caused by a large atrial septal defect. Successful management of the stroke included surgical closure of the defect with trans-esophageal echocardiographic guidance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first patient with sickle cell anemia and stroke due to congenital heart disease who did not require open heart surgery for successful management.
The Influence of Boundary Layer Pumping on Synoptic-Scale Flow

Abstract The influence of boundary layer pumping on an externally forced, synoptic-scale flow is examined. The results follow earlier theories of stratified incompressible Boussinesq flow theories in that the spin-down time scale and the penetration depth of the influence of boundary layer pumping are inversely proportional to the stratification and proportional to the horizontal length scale of the flow. The present development is performed in isentropic coordinates to construct estimates applicable to the atmosphere. This analysis indicates that boundary layer pumping could be synoptically important in the lower troposphere under conditions of significant surface stress and tropospheric stratification. The estimate of the stratified penetration depth scale is used to construct a simple homogeneous model to examine order-of-Rossby-number corrections to the quasi-geostrophic vorticity dynamics. Such corrections result from the influence of accelerations in both the free flow and boundary layer. It is foun...
Phenotypic and Functional Heterogeneity Among Murine Epidermal-Derived Dendritic Cell Clones

We have established recently long-term dendritic cell lines from the epidermis of new born BALB/c mice. These lines, termed XS series, resembled epidermal resident Langerhans cells or their progenitors in terms of surface phenotype, antigen-presenting capacity, and growth factor requirement. We examined in this study the degree of clonal heterogeneity among XS cells with respect to each of these features. Twelve stable clones were established by limiting dilution microculture from 8-10-week-old cultures of the XS52 or XS20 line. Despite the uniform expression of CD45, these clones varied substantially in their expression of Ia, B7-1, and B7-2 molecules. They also varied significantly in their relative efficiency in activating T cells, Finally, remarkable clone-to-clone heterogeneity was also observed in their growth factor responsiveness; some clones responded equally well to granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and to colony-stimulating factor-1, whereas others responded preferentially to one or the other of these factors. We propose that the observed clonal heterogeneity in XS cells reflects possible heterogeneity in the state of maturation and mitotic potential among the starting populations, i.e., skin-associated dendritic cells in newborn mice.
When Physical Disabilities Are Not Liabilities: The Role of Applicant and Interviewer Characteristics on Employment Interview Outcomes

An applied sample was randomly assigned to evaluate the credentials of a job candidate with or without a physical disability and whose interview responses varied in quality (positive vs. average vs. negative). In addition to making hiring decisions, participants completed a number of measures including the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1964), the Interaction with Disabled Persons Scale (Gething, 1991), an interview comfort measure, and an EEOC knowledge quiz. Results consistently indicated that participants evaluated the job candidate with a disability more favorably than the job candidate without a disability. Data also indicated a relationship between participants' level of comfort when interacting with persons with disabilities and their interview evaluations of such individuals. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for diversity management.
Toward a Broader Approach to Organization Development

If organization development (OD) is to realize its full potential it needs a broader approach. Although in theory OD continues to be treated as an organizational ideal type and is posed as a dramat...
Nucleotide sequence of the L gene of vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey): identification of conserved domains in the New Jersey and Indiana L proteins.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the L gene of vesicular stomatitis virus, New Jersey serotype (Hazelhurst subtype), was determined. Primer extension dideoxy sequencing of genomic RNA using reverse transcriptase initiated within the adjacent G gene provided a consensus sequence of 6522 nucleotides. The G/L intergenic junction spanned 21 nucleotides and contained a pseudo transcription start signal as well as two sequences (10 and 6 nucleotides in length) which are reiterated within the L coding region. The predicted L mRNA was 6398 nucleotides long and contained a single open reading frame corresponding to an L protein encompassing 2109 amino acids with a MW of 241,546. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of this New Jersey serotype L protein to that previously reported for the L protein of the serologically and genetically distinct Indiana serotype ( M. Schubert, G. G. Harmison, and E. Meier (1984) . J. Virol. 51, 505–514.) revealed a high degree of functional homology. In addition, six regions (43 to 103 amino acids in length) which displayed a high percentage of identical amino acids (85 to 96%) were identified. Five of these regions were clustered within the amino-terminal half of the L protein. Two of these regions contained sequences, 41 amino acids in length, which were significantly similar to corresponding regions of the L proteins of the paramyxoviruses Sendai and Newcastle disease virus. These structurally conserved regions may correspond to functional domains of the multifunctional L protein.
Emotional disturbance and substance abuse in youth placed in residential group homes.

Residential group homes are increasingly important components of the system of mental health care for children and adolescents. However, they often do not have sufficient resources to provide active therapeutic programs as a result of their usual missions in serving abandoned or runaway youth. The authors studied 299 youth, ages 12 to 17 years, in five large residential group home programs in South Carolina. The instruments administered were (1) the Center for Epidemiological Survey—Depression Scale (CES-D), (2) a brief substance abuse questionnaire, and (3) questions about socioeconomic status, previous placements, and family relationship variables. A significant percentage scored above conservative clinical cut-off scores for the CES-D (51.7% scored 16 or above and 33.6% scored 23 or above). The youth also had significant levels of substance abuse problems. However, these variables were not predictive of previous multiple out-of-home placements (runaway behavior was predictive). These findings support the importance of addressing the clinical needs of youth in these programs.
Regulation of cell proliferation and cell death by peroxisome proliferators.

Peroxisome proliferators cause increases in liver mass in rodents, linked to changes in cell proliferation and cell death of hepatocytes. These effects are reversible upon cessation of treatment. The underlying mechanism of the response in rodent liver is complex, but clearly dependent on activation of the nuclear receptor PPARalpha. Other signaling pathways have been implicated in this response, but evidence is mixed. Differing sensitivity among various species to effects of peroxisome proliferators has been associated with differences in PPARalpha expression and function. Changes in cell proliferation and cell death in neoplastic hepatocytes also have been found in liver tumors caused by long-term treatment with peroxisome proliferators.
Law and science collide over human gene patents

In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that engineered organisms could be patented ( 1 ). For 30 years, genes have likewise been presumed to be eligible for patents. Recent events suggest that the Court may reverse established practice in biotechnology patents, by making DNA molecules whose sequences are found in living organisms ineligible to be patented.
Transistor Performance Scaling: The Role of Virtual Source Velocity and Its Mobility Dependence

Carrier velocity in the MOSFET channel at the top of the barrier near the source (virtual source) is the main driving force for improved transistor performance with scaling. This paper uses an analytical model that relates MOSFET intrinsic delay to key technology parameters and presents a methodology for extracting those parameters from literature benchmark papers. A historical trend of channel velocity including the most recent results of strain engineering is presented and is extrapolated to what is required in order for the performance scaling trend to continue. Key findings and their theoretical explanations include: (1) The traditional CV/I delay metric is overly optimistic, (2) the ITRS'05 prediction approach is also overly optimistic because it relies on incorrect VT and unrealistic parasitics, (3) carrier mobility is much more closely correlated with velocity than previously believed, and (4) uniaxially strained Si is not able to meet the requirements for 10 nm gate length.
Some Effects of Cultural Training on Leadership in Heterocultural Task Groups

Diriger des groupes de travail d'une autre culture : effets de I'initiation prealable a cette culture. — Etude exploratoire portant sur l'utilite de programmes d'enseignement culturel pour accroitre l'efficacite de ceux qui sont amenes a diriger des groupes de travail appartenant a une autre culture que la leur. La recherche a porte sur vingt-quatre sujets americains (cadets ROTC, engages volontaires dans une compagnie des Forces Speciales de l'armee americaine) et a egalement requis la participation de douze etudiants arabes, inscrits a I'Universite de l'Illinois. Les vingt-quatre sujets americains ont ete divises en deux groupes egaux d'apres la note qu'ils ont obtenue au LPC (Least Preferred Coworker : partenaire le moins aime) qui permet d'apprecier les attitudes manifestees dans l'exercice du commandement. Ces groupes sont de nouveau dichotomises selon deux types de formation : douze sujets recoivent pendant trois heures un enseignement programme sur la culture arabe, les douze autres recoivent un enseignement de meme duree et de meme forme, sur un sujet sans rapport avec la culture arabe, a savoir la geographie du Moyen-Orient. Apres la phase d'enseignement, on demande a chaque S. americain de diriger un groupe compose de deux arabes et de lui-meme. Chaque equipe de deux arabes est utilisee une fois dans chacune des quatre conditions experimentales (deux types de chefs, deux types de formation), l'ordre etant contrebalance. Chaque groupe travaille sur trois tâches differentes (une tâche cooperative non structuree, une tâche cooperative structuree, une tâche de negotiation). On obtient generalement un plus haut niveau de performance, mesuree a la fois par la productivite et par la qualite des relations dirigeant-dirige, avec les moniteurs qui ont recu un enseignement sur la culture arabe. On trouve egalement des differences entre les moniteurs liberaux, soucieux de bonnes relations inter-personnelles et les moniteurs autoritaires et repressifs. l'interaction entre I'initiation a la culture et le style de commandement montre que les moniteurs qui ont des styles differents beneficient de maniere specifique du programme d'initiation culturelle. On constate que I'initiation a la culture et I'interaction face a face avec des gens d'une autre culture entrainent des changements positifs dans les attitudes.
Benthic organic matter dynamics in Texas prairie streams

Concentrations of benthic particulate organic matter (POM) in six Texas prairie streams (2nd–4th order, intermittent and perennial) were monitored over a 20 month period to determine temporal and spatial dynamics. Benthic POM mass was highly variable, having coefficients of variation (CV) in excess of 300%. Benthic POM mass in all streams was similar with the exception of the 4th order intermittent stream which had significantly higher concentrations. Benthic POM at all sites was dominated by coarse POM (CPOM), followed by fine POM (FPOM), ultrafine POM (UPOM), and medium POM (MPOM). The dominance by CPOM is especially noteworthy in the 4th order intermittent stream where it accounted for 83% of the annual POM mass. Seasonally, benthic POM was highest in summer and lowest in the fall.
Oct1 Is a Switchable, Bipotential Stabilizer of Repressed and Inducible Transcriptional States

Little is known regarding how the Oct1 transcription factor regulates target gene expression. Using murine fibroblasts and two target genes, Polr2a and Ahcy, we show that Oct1 recruits the Jmjd1a/KDM3A lysine demethylase to catalyze the removal of the inhibitory histone H3K9 dimethyl mark and block repression. Using purified murine T cells and the Il2 target locus, and a colon cancer cell line and the Cdx2 target locus, we show that Oct1 recruits the NuRD chromatin-remodeling complex to promote a repressed state, but in a regulated manner can switch to a different capacity and mediate Jmjd1a recruitment to block repression. These findings indicate that Oct1 maintains repression through a mechanism involving NuRD and maintains poised gene expression states through an antirepression mechanism involving Jmjd1a. We propose that, rather than acting as a primary trigger of gene activation or repression, Oct1 is a switchable stabilizer of repressed and inducible states.
Windowless Techniques for LPC Analysis

The purpose of this work was to study, experimentally, two windowless LPC analysis algorithms for use in speech digitization. The two algorithms are a circular autocorrelation technique which utilizes the pseudoperiodic nature of voiced speed, and a reflection coefficient estimation technique suggestion by J. P. Burg. Both techniques showed considerable promise in the experimental results.
Analysis of P transposable element functions in drosophila

Abstract We have made a P-element derivative called Pc[ ry ], which carries the selectable marker gene rosy , but which acts like a nondefective, intact P element. It transposes autonomously into the germ-line chromosomes of an M-strain Drosophila embryo and it mobilizes in trans the defective P elements of the singed-weak allele. Frameshift mutations introduced into any of the four major open reading frames of the P sequence were each sufficient to eliminate the transposase activity, but none affected signals required in cis for transposition of the element. Complementation tests between pairs of mutant elements suggest that a single polypeptide comprises the transposase. We have examined transcripts of P elements both from natural P strains and from lines containing only nondefective Pc[ ry ] elements, and have identified two RNA species that appear to be specific for autonomous elements.
Aerosolized terbutaline in asthmatics: development of subsensitivity with long-term administration

Abstract The peak response and the duration of bronchodilator effect were measured after four inhalations at 20 min intervals of 250 μg of aerosolized terbutaline in 13 patients with bronchial asthma. Patients were initially studied after strict avoidance of all adrenergic agents for 2 wk; they were then studied at 2 wk intervals for 12 wk while receiving 500 μg of aerosolized terbutaline q.i.d. The initial testing (T I ) and the testing at the end of 12 wk (T II ) were double blind. Both peak response and duration of action decreased significantly between T I and T II . Cumulative dose-response curves showed that further improvement occurred after each inhalation during T I but that there was significant improvement only after the first inhalation during T II .
Home automation and security for mobile devices

As mobile devices continue to grow in popularity and functionality, the demand for advanced ubiquitous mobile applications in our daily lives also increases. This paper deals with the design and implementation of HASec, a Home Automation and Security system for mobile devices, that leverages mobile technology to provide essential security to our homes and associated control operations. In particular, with the help of mobile devices, HASec operates and controls motion detectors and video cameras for remote sensing and surveillance, streams live video and records it for future playback, and finally manages operations on home appliances, such as turning ON/OFF a television or microwave or altering the intensity of lighting around the house. The proposed home security solution hinges on our novel integration of cameras and motion detectors into a mobile application. For instance, when motion is detected, the cameras automatically initiate recording and the iOS device alerts the homeowner of the possible intrusion. HASec has two main components interacting with each other: the iOS application that executes on the mobile device and server-side scripts that run in a cloud. Although HA-Sec is implemented for Apple's iOS devices such as iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, it can be easily ported to other mobile platforms. Furthermore, our application is not only limited to smart-phones but also can be used by feature phones through their browsers.
Hopscotch-finite-difference simulation of the rotating ring-disc electrode

Abstract A hopscotch-explicit-finite-difference simulation of the rotating ring disc electrode is presented. The hopscotch algorithm effects many of the advantages of implicit finite-difference methods (e.g., stability and computational speed), maintains all the advantages of the explicit finite difference methods (e.g., facile introduction and variation of chemical complexities and programming simplicity), and avoids the problems associated with implicit finite-difference methods (e.g., difficulty of dealing with chemical and programming complexities). The simulation is not restricted to the simplified expressions for the normal and radial solution velocities and the prerequisite presumption of an infinite Schmidt number. Comparison of computed disc currents for finite Schmidt numbers at low as 100 are virtually in exact agreement with those computed by Newman. Simulated collection efficiencies with an infinite Schmidt number for a simple electron transfer (A + e − ↔ B) are in superb agreement with the theory of Albery and Bruckenstein while simulation of collection efficiencies with finite Schmidt numbers show only qualitative agreement with recent computations of Lee and Pollard (we argue that ours are the more accurate). Simulations of collection efficiencies with an infinite Schmidt number and following first order kinetics, , are in excellent agreement with Albery and Hitchman's computations.
The effects of cytidine monophosphate on the regeneration of sialoproteins on the surface of cultured lymphoma cells.

Abstract A new approach was used to evaluate the role of surface sialyl transferase activity in the regeneration of surface sialic acid (SSA) on cultured lymphoma cells (Raji). Cells which were made deficient in SSA by neuraminidase treatment were incubated for 18 hours in medium containing CMP, a potent inhibitor of surface sialyl transferase activity. In these cultures, the amount of regenerated SSA was not significantly less than for the controls, even though the surface sialyl transferase activity on these cells was inhibited by an average of 95%. Conversely, emetine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, effectively inhibited SSA regeneration. Thus, these results support the concept that surface sialo-proteins are largely, if not entirely, synthesized intracellularly instead of being assembled on the cell surface by the surface located transferase system.
Chronic estrogen treatment in male rats reveals mammosomatotropes and allows inhibition of prolactin secretion by somatostatin.

Previous in vivo studies demonstrated that estrogen treatment of male rats allows somatostatin (SRIF) to inhibit PRL release. The objective of this study was to determine whether chronic estrogen (E2) treatment of male rats can induce the conversion of somatotropes to mammosomatotropes. In situ hybridization and reverse hemolytic plaque assay were used to evaluate the effects of E2 treatment on GH and PRL messenger RNA (mRNA) content and hormone secretion in individual pituitary cells. Male rats were implanted for 2-6 weeks with placebo or estradiol-containing pellets (5mg/90-day release). Pituitaries were removed and prepared for reverse haemolytic plaque assay to determine PRL and GH secretion. This was followed by in situ hybridization using 35S-labeled riboprobes for PRL and GH mRNA. Chronic E2 treatment increased both the percentage of pituitary cells that secreted PRL and the amount of PRL secreted per cell. Concomitantly, there was a decrease in both the percentage of GH-secreting cells and that am...
Effects of ascorbate on methemoglobin reduction in intact red cells

Abstract An endpoint of 75% HbO 2 /25% methemoglobin (MetHb) was approached in red cells incubated with a greater than physiologic concentration of ascorbate (10 m m ). The presence of glucose (5 m m ) with ascorbate shifted the endpoint to 90% HbO 2 /10% MetHb while lactate (2 m m ) plus pyruvate (0.1 m m ) had no effect. These endpoints were approached regardless of the HbO 2 MetHb ratio at zero time. No hemoglobin degradation was observed. When red cells containing 100% MetHb at zero time were used, analysis of the initial rate of HbO 2 formation in the presence of various substrates showed synergistic interaction between ascorbate (10 m m ) and glucose, additive activity with ascorbate and lactate, and less than additive activity with glucose and lactate. Incubation of red cells with a phsyiologic concentration of ascorbate (0.1 m m ) resulted in no significant HbO 2 formation in the absence of other additions. When red cells were incubated with glucose and/or lactate plus pyruvate, an endpoint of about 99% HbO 2 /1% MetHb was approached regardless of the HbO 2 /MetHb ratio at zero time or the presence or absence of physiologic ascorbate. Physiologic ascorbate slightly but consistently increased the rate of HbO 2 formation in red cells incubated with glucose but not with lactate. HbO 2 formation was not increased by ascorbate in red cells which contained more than about 90% HbO 2 at zero time. The results indicate that excess ascorbate functions stoichiometrically driving cellular chemistry to a steady state between HbO 2 and MetHb formation whereas physiologic ascorbate functions catalytically allowing electron transport from glucose to MetHb via the hexose monophosphate shunt.
Development of a 2-D algorithm to simulate convection and phase transition efficiently

We develop a Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method for the solution of a two-dimensional convection phase change model using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equation set and enthalpy as the energy conservation variable. The SIMPLE algorithm acts as a physics-based preconditioner to JFNK. This combined algorithm is compared to solutions using SIMPLE as the main solver. Algorithm performance is assessed for two benchmark problems of phase change convection of a pure material, one melting and one freezing. The JFNK-SIMPLE method is shown to be more efficient per time step and more robust at larger time steps. Overall CPU savings of more than an order of magnitude are realized.
S-Farnesylcysteine methyltransferase in bovine brain

Members of the ras family of GTP binding proteins, nuclear lamin B, the γ subunit of transducin, and specific yeast mating pheromones are subject to a set of post-translational modifications that culminate in methylation of the α -carboxyl group of a carboxyl-terminal S -farnesylcysteine residue. N -Acetyl- S-trans,trans -farnesyl- l -cysteine (AFC), a small molecule analog of this carboxyl-terminal amino acid, is a substrate of the carboxyl methyltransferase ( K M = ∼20 μ m ). Here we report the synthesis and characterization of AFC and demonstrate how we have exploited its distinctive properties to develop a rapid assay for carboxyl methyltransferase activity.