cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrast echocardiography and myocardial perfusion

New clinical applications for myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) are being developed in both the operating room and the catheterization laboratory. Studies have shown that red blood cell transit time through the myocardium is a measure of myocardial blood flow. Sonicated albumin microbubbles can mimic intramyocardial behavior of red blood cells. Other studies have used MCE to assess collateral flow to determine myocardial viability after acute myocardial infarction. The authors have developed a computer system that allows on-line quantitation of contrast echocardiographic data in the operating room, and this system is able to confirm that bypass grafts are properly placed. The ability to quantitate myocardial flow with MCE may be useful in guiding the sequence of graft placement and for assessing the success of the operation. These measures will help lower the incidence of perioperative infarction. Experiments in our laboratory using the canine model have shown that MCE may be use-ful in assessing the intramyocardial distribution of retrogradely delivered cardioplegia. This technique may, therefore, assist the surgeon in determining the adequace of retrograde cardioplegia delivery and may improve myocardial preservation during bypass surgery.
Group contribution methods for coal liquids: vapour pressures

Abstract A group contribution method has been used to estimate the vapour pressures of coal liquids from the solvent refined coal II (SRC-II) and Wilsonville integrated two stage liquefaction (ITSL) processes. The concentrations of the functional groups used in the model were determined directly from structural data available for the coal liquids, and the group contributions were taken from the literature. Thus, the model contained no adjustable parameters. Predictions of the vapour pressure were in reasonable agreement with experimental measurements for the low boiling (
Adolescents as mothers: Results of a program for low-income pregnant teenagers with some emphasis upon infants' development.

Low-income pregnant adolescents and their offspring represent high risk individuals from medical, educational, and social points of view. This paper reports the results of an interdisciplinary program for such girls and their babies. Striking successes are noted for both mothers and infants. However, residual problems remain, and these are discussed.
Fertility of stallion semen processed, frozen and thawed by a new procedure.

The fertility of frozen-thawed and fresh semen from three stallions was compared in a trial using a randomized block design and 90 mares for 108 cycles. Semen was collected every third day, diluted to 50 x 10(6) sperm/ml with a citrate-based centrifugation medium, and centrifuged. The cells were resuspended at 700 x 10(6) progressively motile sperm/1.0 ml of added lactose-EDTA-egg yolk extender containing 4% glycerol, packaged by placing 0.55 ml into polypropylene straws, and frozen. Semen was thawed by immersion in 75 degrees C water for 10 sec. All of the 43 ejaculates collected were frozen, but 21 were discarded because progressive sperm motility was /=4-cm follicle was detected, whichever came later, and continuing through the end of estrus or for nine days. Based on palpation per rectum on day 50 postovulation, the pregnancy rates from inseminations during one estrus were 50, 56 and 61% with frozen semen and 67, 67 and 61% with fresh semen (P>0.05) from the three stallions, respectively. Thus, mean pregnancy rate with frozen semen was 86% of the rate attained with fresh semen.
Probing the Defect Structure of Anion-Excess Ca1-xYxF2+x (x = 0.03−0.32) with High-Resolution 19F Magic-Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Fluorine-19 magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (19F MAS NMR) was used to study the local structure and fluoride ion environments in the anion-excess cubic fluorite materia...
Coronary heart disease in young black and white males in New Orleans: Community Pathology Study☆

Abstract The biracial population of New Orleans has a high overall mortality rate, high coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rate, and high autopsy rate. In the New Orleans Community Pathology Study we investigated atherosclerosis and CHD in all deceased males aged 25 to 44 years, with major focus on the 52% of subjects from whom heart and arterial specimens were collected and evaluated according to standardized procedures. Morphologic correlates of CHD are the same in young black and white males. CHD mortality and mortality from cerebral hemorrhage, hypertensive heart disease, chronic renal disease, and diabetes are greater in young black males than young white males. Age, serum cholesterol, and hypertension were identified as important associated factors in the atherosclerotic process, as well as in CHD. The extent of coronary lesions seems to have decreased between 1960–1964 and 1969–1978 in young white males but not in blacks. Racial differences in coronary lesion involvement in non-CHD deaths are smaller than in our earlier studies.
The Yale‐Brown‐Cornell eating disorder scale: A new scale to assess eating disorder symptomatology

Anorectic and bulimic patients (n = 100) were interviewed using the Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Scale (YBC-EDS). All patients reported preoccupations and rituals related to their eating disorder ranging from mild to severe symptomatology, with mean scores in the moderate range. The preoccupations were more severe than the rituals; however, the rituals were still time-consuming, distressing, and interfered with functioning. Both preoccupations and rituals were largely ego syntonic. The YBC-EDS is an easy to administer interview which characterizes and quantifies preoccupations and rituals associated with eating disorders. It is useful both for research and clinical purposes.
Sulforaphane induces SLPI secretion in the nasal mucosa.

Summary Cells lining the respiratory tract are equipped with mechanisms that dampen the effects of oxidative stress. Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a mediator involved in regulating oxidative stress. Recent data indicate Nrf2 also controls expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI). Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, enhances Nrf2 activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that SFN supplementation induces SLPI secretion in the nasal mucosa in an Nrf2 dependent manner. Healthy nonsmoking adults ingested SFN-containing broccoli shake homogenate (BSH) for 3 consecutive days. Nasal lavage fluid (NLF) was collected before and after BSH ingestion and analyzed for SLPI protein levels. In follow up in vitro experiments, differentiated primary nasal epithelial cells were used to evaluate the relationship between SFN, Nrf2, and SLPI. Epithelial cells were transduced with Nrf2-specific shRNA to examine the regulatory role of Nrf2 on SLPI expression. Supplementation with BSH significantly increased SLPI levels in NLF. SFN supplementation in vitro significantly enhanced SLPI secretion and these effects were significantly decreased in cells transduced with Nrf2-specific shRNA. Our data support a relationship between nutritional supplementation, Nrf2 activation, and SLPI secretion. Therefore, ingestion of SFN-containing foods has therapeutic potential to augment SLPI expression in the nasal mucosa.
Meteorological predictions for 2003 Mars Exploration Rover high‐priority landing sites

[1] The Mars Regional Atmospheric Modeling System is used to predict meteorological conditions that are likely to be encountered by the Mars Exploration Rovers at several proposed landing sites during entry, descent, and landing. Seven areas, five of which contain specific high-priority landing ellipses, are investigated: Hematite (two sites), Isidis Planitia, Elysium Planitia (two sites), Valles Marineris, and Gusev Crater. The last two locations are in regions of extreme topography, and the local and regional thermal circulations that result are equally extreme. Horizontal wind speeds near the floor of Valles Marineris exceed 50 ms−1. Vertical velocities near the walls exceed 40 ms−1 and penetrate 10 km in altitude above the rim of the canyon. Thermal convection is suppressed within Valles Marineris by subsidence that forms in response to the upslope flows along the canyon walls. Wind magnitudes at Gusev crater are approximately one third of those at the canyon, but horizontal wind shear is greater. Deep convective thermals are noted at the relatively flat Hematite site, where 10 ms−1 updrafts rising to heights of 5 km are not uncommon during the midafternoon. Linearly organized convective updrafts superimposed on upslope circulations dominate over most of Isidis Planitia. Hexagonal and linearly organized convection predominates at Elysium Planitia. Afternoon circulations at all sites pose some risk (significant risk in some cases) to entry, descent, and landing. Most of the atmospheric hazards are not evident in current observational data and general circulation model simulations and can only be ascertained through mesoscale modeling of the region.
Thermodynamic prediction of the eutectoid transformation temperatures of low-alloy steels

The experimental eutectoid transformation temperatures (A 1) of low-alloy steels, as reported in the USS Atlas of I-T diagrams, have been compared to the thermodynamic predictions of a model proposed by Kirkaldy and Venugopalan. The analysis is consistent with the model prediction that Cr atoms are almost fully partitioned, while Ni and Mo atoms are scarcely partitioned, during the eutectoid transformation. This study also shows that Mn atoms are partitioned fully or partly in C-Mn, Cr-Mn, and Mo-Mn steels, while they are scarcely partitioned in Ni-Mn steels. The difference (ΔT) between the orthoequilibrium (OE) eutectoid temperature (A e1) and the paraequilibrium (PE) eutectoid temperature (A p1) has been investigated as a function of the content of each substitutional alloying element. The slope of ΔT increases with substitutions of Mo, Ni, Mn, Si, and Cr, with Mo having the least effect, Ni the next-greatest effect, and so on. Considering both Mn partitioning and the slope of ΔT, the equation for the prediction of A 1 temperatures of low-alloy steels proposed by Kirkaldy and Venugopalan is modified. This new equation is in better agreement with the experimental A 1 temperatures.
At low pH, Influenza virus matrix protein M1 undergoes a conformational change prior to dissociating from the membrane

The M1 matrix protein of influenza A virus, which plays multiple roles in virion assembly and infection, underlies the viral envelope. However, previous studies have given differing accounts of the number of layers in the M1-envelope complex and their thicknesses and compositions. To resolve this issue, we performed cryo-electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography on the self-same specimens. At neutral pH, there were two kinds of complexes, corresponding to a lipid bilayer with embedded glycoproteins, with and without a closely associated, 4-nm-thick sheet of M1 protein. The reported discrepancies arose from differences in imaging conditions, i.e., in defocus and in whole-particle projections versus thin tomographic slices. Exposure of virions to low pH (as in the endosome) promotes membrane fusion, and previous work has shown that the M2 ion channel causes the virion interior to acidify also. We found that after 5 min at pH 4.9, the proportion of virions lacking an M1 layer increased from 10% to 50%. In virions retaining an M1 layer under these conditions, the M1-envelope complex exhibited two states, viz, the original, neutral-pH state and one in which the M1 layer appeared thinner and/or closer to the membrane. These observations extend previous indications that acidic pH causes the M1 layer to dissociate, leaving the envelope more pliable and, consequently, fusion compatible, and they show that dissociation is preceded by a conformational change in M1.
A new technique for thin sections of pyritized permineralizations

Abstract A new method has been found useful in studying pyritized plant petrifactions under transmitted light. Basically, it is a peel technique but involving embedding of the specimen in paraffin wax of high melting point after slow, progressive infiltration by wax solutions in xylene, and treating the desired clean, smooth surface with concentrated nitric acid, the time depending on the quality of the material, and washing away the acid with ethyl alcohol. Peeled sections with cellulose acetate sheet are then prepared in the usual way. Series of sections of pyritized petrifactions can be prepared this way within a short time and when not working, the specimen is stored safely for days by completely covering it with wax to inhibit the pyrite degradation. Advantages of this technique over the known ones are discussed.
Spin excitations and superconductivity in cuprate oxide and heavy electron superconductors

Abstract The experimental evidence for a temperature-dependent build up of antiferromagnetic correlations between Cu 2+ planar spins in the normal state of cuprate oxide superconductors is reviewed, and a phenomenological one-component model, developed in collaboration with A. Millis and H. Monien, which appears capable of providing a quantitative account of existing experiments is described. A scaling law which relates the superconducting transaction temperature to the measurable spin-spin correlation length is proposed. The NMR experimental results in the superconducting state are shown to be consistent with d-wave pairing in a strong coupling superconductor. Comparison of the results of NMR experiments on the cuprate oxide and heavy electron superconductors reveals striking similarities. I conclude that the cuprate oxide superconductors are unconventional superconductors in which the superconductivity is of (primarily) electronic origin and results from an attractive interaction of antiferromagnetic character between itinerant quasiparticles in the spin antisymmetric channel, and discuss similarities and differences between cuprate oxide and heavy electron systems.
Effects of antimitotic agents on tubulin-nucleotide interactions

The interaction of antimitotic drugs with guanine nucleotides in the tubulin-microtubule system is reviewed. Antimitotic agent-tubulin interactions can be covalent, entropic, allosteric or coupled to other equilibria (such as divalent cation binding, alternate polymer formation, or the stabilization of native tubulin structure). Antimitotics bind to tubulin at a few common sites and alter the ability of tubulin to form microtubules. Colchicine and podophyllotoxin compete for a common overlapping binding site but only colchicine induces GTPase activity and large conformational changes in the tubulin heterodimer. The vinca alkaloids, vinblastine and vincristine, the macrocyclic ansa macrolides, maytansine and ansamitocin P-3, and the fungal antimitotic, rhizoxin, share and compete for a different binding site near the exchangeable nucleotide binding site. The macrocyclic heptapeptide, phomopsin A, and the depsipeptide, dolastatin 10, bind to a site adjacent to the vinca alkaloid and nucleotide sites. Colchicine, vinca alkaloids, dolastatin 10 and phomopsin A induce alternate polymer formation (sheets for colchicine, spirals for vinblastine and vincristine and rings for dolastatin 10 and phomopsin A). Maytansine, ansamitocin P-3 and rhizoxin inhibit vinblastine-induced spiral formation. Taxol stoichiometrically induces microtubule formation and, in the presence of GTP, assembly-associated GTP hydrolysis. Analogs of guanine nucleotides also alter polymer morphology. Thus, sites on tubulin for drugs and nucleotides communicate allosterically with the interfaces that form longitudinal and lateral contacts within a microtubule. Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs), divalent cations, and buffer components can alter the surface interactions of tubulin and thus modulate the interactions between antimitotic drugs and guanine nucleotides.
Measuring and exploring symbolic money meanings

This paper develops a scale to explore the symbolic meanings of money. Individual differences in the meanings and uses of money represent a fundamental issue in marketing, potentially influencing a wide variety of behaviors. Four dimensions were found based on a literature review and subsequent testing. Achievement and status, respectively, examine the extent that an individual perceives money as a marker of accomplishment or prestige. Worry examines the extent that a person feels anxious about money, whereas security examines the extent that an individual values money as a means of protection from an uncertain future. These dimensions are theoretically grounded, empirically tested, and potentially serve as a bridge between more general personal values and more specific consumer behaviors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐Term Captopril Therapy: Evolving Hemodynamic Effects

Nine patients with resistant hypertension received captopril for 12 months. Five received captopril alone, four required additional therapy. In the former, mean blood pressure fell from 109 +/- 4.2 mm Hg to 84 +/- 7.5 mm Hg (P less than 0.025) after seven days. A rise to 101 +/- 19 mm Hg was noted at six and 12 months. Total peripheral resistance fell at seven days but returned to levels above control at six and 12 months. Cardiac index was 3.21 +/- 0.55 liters/min/m2 before treatment, 3.27 +/- 0.56 liters/min/m2 at seven days, and 2.17 +/- 4.0 liters/min/m2 (P less than 0.025) at 12 months. However, forearm blood flow rose from subnormal levels during the 12 months of observation, suggesting a persistent effect on the arterioles of the extremities. Plasma converting enzyme activity was significantly reduced at seven days but was above control levels at six and 12 months. However, plasma renin activity remained elevated, and plasma aldosterone concentration was significantly reduced. The fall in mean blood pressure was not related to the change in plasma converting enzyme activity in patients receiving captopril alone (five patients) or with diuretic (two patients). In the presence of beta-adrenergic blockade and volume depletion (two patients), changes in mean blood pressure appeared to be related to changes in converting enzyme activity. The data suggest that patients with essential hypertension whose blood pressure was not adequately controlled by previous medications may initially respond to captopril with a fall in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance. However, in certain individuals, these effects diminish with time despite addition of diuretics and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents.
Physiological and ecological studies on the chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, dipodomys microps☆

Abstract 1. 1. The chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys microps, is common to abundant and active throughout the year in the high desert (1200–1800 m) of southern Nevada. 2. 2. There is a wide range in above ground air temperature (mean monthly minimum 6°C, mean monthly maximum 40°C) throughout the year while mean burrow temperatures vary between 5 and 26°C. 3. 3. The thermoneutral zone for D. microps extends from 27 to 32°C. 4. 4. Below the lower critical temperature the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) increases at the rate of 0·1 ml/g per hr for every decrease of VC. Above the upper critical temperature, VO2, increases approximately 40 per cent. 5. 5. The pulmo-cutaneous water loss increases with increasing ambient temperature. 6. 6. Body temperatures of field and laboratory animals varied between 32 and 38°C in relation to activity level. The lethal body temperature is about 40°C. Body temperature begins to rise at ambient temperature of about 33°C. 7. 7. Daily cycles of hibernation occasionally occur under laboratory conditions or may be induced readily by food restriction. Successful hibernation may occur over increasingly longer daily periods. These daily periods continued throughout the experimental period of 1 week accompanied by weight losses of up to 28 per cent of the original weight. 8. 8. In conclusion, the narrow thermoneutral zone, lower upper critical temperature and accompanying hyperthermia suggest that this kangaroo rat is more cold-adapted than other species of kangaroo rat. In addition, D. microps appears to enter daily hibernation more readily than other kangaroo rats. These physiological features appear to be important adaptations for the higher elevations in the Mohave and the Great Basin deserts.
On Mediating Equity, Equality, and Self-Interest: The Role of Self-Presentation in Social Exchange.

Abstract Do individuals conform to various norms of reward allocation not necessarily in response to internal standards but rather, to win approval from relevant others? This study examined the role of self-presentation in mediating equity, equality, and self-interest within reward allocations. It was hypothesized that when others were aware of a subject's behavior, distributions would reflect that person's normative definition of the situation. Subjects allocated a $5.00 payment among themselves and three partners with unequal performance inputs. Informing the experimenter of one's decisions resulted in more equitable divisions, characterizing the employment-productivity relationship between experimenter and subject. When co-workers, defined as peers, were aware of allocations, an equality-based solution was favored. Allocators enhanced their own rewards beyond normative values only when their choices were completely private. Evidence was also found of postdecisional cognitive changes which maintained the belief that one acted justly in giving each partner what he deserved. These findings are consistent with the proposition that individuals maximize their own rewards, defined broadly to include social impression-formation and intrapsychic benefits. Apparently, self-presentational concerns mediate the relative salience of equity, equality, and self-interest in social exhange.
Spin-incoherent behavior in the ground state of strongly correlated systems.

It is commonly believed that strongly interacting one-dimensional Fermi systems with gapless excitations are effectively described by Luttinger liquid theory. However, when the temperature of the system is high compared to the spin energy, but small compared to the charge energy, the system becomes ``spin incoherent.'' We present numerical evidence showing that the one-dimensional ``$t\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}J$-Kondo'' lattice, consisting of a $t\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}J$ chain interacting with localized spins, displays all the characteristic signatures of spin-incoherent physics, but in the ground state. We argue that similar physics may be present in a wide range of strongly interacting systems.
Extending the Hyperghetto: Toward a Theory of Punishment, Race, and Rural Disadvantage

Within the sociology of punishment the hyperghetto provides a theoretical framework connecting structural and cultural linkages across mass incarceration, race, and urban disadvantage. Although this nexus is recognized as a focal point driving the prison building boom of the last 40 years, less is known about the role of rural disadvantage in this process. This is surprising given that more than 60% of the 1,600+ U.S. prison facilities are located in nonmetropolitan communities. Here, the author argues that by extending the hyperghetto we can better understand the confluences of race, punishment, and rural disadvantage in the U.S. prison-building boom. Implications for future research are as follows: first, the hyperghetto can help explain the reorganization of space in rural communities, the context of the prison-building boom, and the impact of the criminal justice system in rural communities; second, the hyperghetto provides a discursive connection between rural and urban microlevel community functions...
Characterization of the temporal sampling error in space‐time‐averaged rainfall estimates from satellites

[1] The authors investigate the sampling error of space-time-averaged rain rates due to temporal sampling by satellite, based on 5 years of radar-based rainfall estimates over the Mississippi River Basin, and use the data to estimate the sampling uncertainty. The two approaches used in this estimation consist of a parametric approach that ignores the diurnal cycle in the rain rate statistics and a nonparametric approach that accounts for it. Results show that the parametric approach yields uncertainty estimates that are generally smaller than those obtained by the nonparametric approach. At a sampling interval of 12 hours, the parametric approach typically underestimates the sampling uncertainty for monthly rainfall by about 28%, 25%, and 14% at averaging areas of 512 × 512 km2, 256 × 256 km2, and 32 × 32 km2, respectively. Results verify the power law scaling characteristics of the sampling uncertainty with respect to the space-time scales of measurement and the large-scale precipitation observables suggested by simple models of rain statistics and revealed in previous studies with smaller data sets. With respect to the spatial scale and the mean rain rate, the sampling uncertainty behaves significantly differently from the inverse square-root behavior predicted by many models. The authors compare the resulting scaling exponents to those obtained from previous studies and identify the factors that need to be addressed in sampling uncertainty comparisons. The main new finding is that the power law exponent governing the dependence of the uncertainty estimate on the mean rain rate appears to exhibit seasonal variations.
IMDD microwave photonic link modeling using Optsim

An intensity modulation direct detection RF photonic link using a dual output Mach-Zehnder modulator and a balanced detection scheme has been modeled and simulated. Validation of the model was performed by comparing the optical third-order intercept point, spur free dynamic range, and the gain results to actual provided industry measured output metrics. The model is highly accurate and provides the basis for demonstrating the RF photonics links performance as a function of varied input parameters such as power levels, detector performance, and varied fiber lengths. This allows the system designer to analyze performance parameters that are not possible in a laboratory environment. In addition the designer can analyze the performance of new and improved link designs without having to incur significant fabrication or manufacturing costs associated with prototypes. The link architecture and specific implementation challenges particular to the link are discussed. Performance comparisons are shown between the models to the theoretical calculations as well as to collected experimental data.
Solidifying Transitional Plan Changes, Introducing New Changes, Establishing a Culture that Accepts Ongoing Change

The goals of this chapter are to: Discuss the leader’s role during the final or solidifying phase of the organizational transition Review considerations and an approach related to the introduction of possible new changes in the organization when the transitional period is over Emphasize the early utilization of key individuals whose own needs and agendas will be most affected by change proposals in the assessment and modification of possible new approaches or programs Emphasize the importance of a continuing process led by the leader to assess threats and opportunities that relate to the organization, and to emphasize the leader’s role as a model in valuing the potential in organizational change
Inclusion of Fabric Properties in the E-Textile Design Process

This paper considers the impact of fabric properties on the e-textile design process. Specifically, properties such as weave pattern, drape, and weight are evaluated as physical aspects of an e-textile system within an expanded design flow. Results from woven e-textile samples are reported and analyzed, with a more detailed analysis on sensors as fibers in simple and more complex double weave patterns.
Cadmium down-regulation of kidney Sp1 binding to mouse SGLT1 and SGLT2 gene promoters: Possible reaction of cadmium with the zinc finger domain of Sp1

Cadmium (Cd) exposure causes glucosuria (glucose in the urine). Previously, it was shown that Cd exposure of primary cultures of mouse kidney cells (PMKC) decreased mRNA levels of the glucose transporters, SGLT1 and SGLT2 and that Sp1 from Cd-exposed cells displayed reduced binding to the GC boxes of the mouse SGLT1 promoter in vitro. Here, we identified a GC box upstream of mouse SGLT2 gene. ChIP assays on PMKC revealed that exposure to 5 microM Cd abolished Sp1 binding to SGLT1 GC box while it decreased Sp1 binding to SGLT2 GC sequence by 30% in vivo. The in vitro DNA binding assay, EMSA, demonstrated that binding of Sp1 from Cd (7.5 microM)-treated PMKC to the SGLT2 GC probe was 86% lower than in untreated cells. Sp1 is a zinc finger protein. Compared to PMKC exposed to 5 microM Cd alone, inclusion of 5 microM Zn restored SGLT1 and 2 mRNA levels by 15% and 30%, respectively. Cd (10 microM) decreased the binding of recombinant Sp1 (rhSp1) to SGLT1 and SGLT2 GC probes to 12% and 8% of untreated controls. Cd exerted no effect on GC-bound rhSp1. Co-treatment with Cd and Zn showed that added Zn significantly restored rhSp1 binding to the SGLT1 and SGLT2. Addition of Zn post Cd treatment was not stimulatory. We conclude that Cd can replace Zn in Sp1 DNA binding domain to reduce its binding to GC sites in mouse SGLT1 and SGLT2 promoters.
The triacylglycerol preparation of conjugated linoleic acid reduces lipid oxidation in irradiated, cooked ground beef patties

Abstract It is proposed that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) would depress the lipid oxidation caused by irradiation of cooked, aerobically stored ground beef patties. The free fatty acid (FFA–CLA) and triacylglycerol (TAG–CLA) preparations of CLA were added at 0%, 1%, 2%, or 4% during the grinding process. Patties were irradiated at 1.5–2.0 kGy and frozen at −20 °C. Subsequently, the patties were tempered to 4 °C, cooked to 70 °C and held at 4 °C for 7 d. Enrichment of ground beef with CLA increased the cis -9, trans -11 and CLA trans -10, cis -12 CLA isomers in ground beef patties, even after cooking. Weight loss ( P = 0.03) and percentage fat ( P = 0.05) were higher in irradiated beef patties than in control patties. Irradiation decreased the concentration of α-linolenic acid (18:3 n − 3) in the ground beef by over 60% ( P = 0.07), whereas thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were higher ( P = 0.004) in irradiated beef patties than in control patties. The 1% concentration of added TAG–CLA reduced TBARS in irradiated ground beef patties, whereas 2% and 4% FFA–CLA depressed TBARS (CLA type × percentage interaction P = 0.04). Irradiation increased the cardboard and painty aromatic attributes ( P ⩽ 0.05), and FFA–CLA preparation increased the painty aromatic attribute and afterburn aftertaste, but these effects were not observed with the TAG–CLA preparation (CLA type × treatment interaction P
Internal membranes in maize aleurone protein storage vacuoles: beyond autophagy.

The readers of The Plant Cell have been treated recently to a tour-de-force of electron microscopy and cell culture techniques with dazzling images of tomographic reconstructions of protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in maize ( Zea mays ) aleurone cells ([Reyes et al., 2011][1]). The authors deserve
Effects of vent overpressure on buoyant eruption columns: Implications for plume stability

Volcanic plumes resulting from explosive volcanic eruptions present a variety of hazards depending on their behavior. Buoyant plumes heat and entrain enough of the surrounding air to rise high into the atmosphere, disrupting air traffic and causing regional ash fall. Alternatively, collapsed plumes produce dangerous fast-moving lateral flows of hot ash and gas. The transition between these behaviors and the nature of each hazard is dependent on the fluid dynamics of the volcanic plume, which is largely determined by the conditions at the vent. Most treatments of volcanic plumes for hazard assessment assume that the eruptive fluid exits the vent at pressures equal to atmospheric pressure or that pressure equalizes quickly with little effect on the flow. Here we show that vent pressures greater than atmospheric lead to rapid expansion of the plume and the development of standing shock waves that change the behavior of the entire eruption column. We simulate two volcanic plumes with the same heat flow (J s �1 ) at the vent; one exits the vent at atmospheric pressure (pressure-balanced) and the other at four times atmospheric pressure (overpressured). The two simulated plumes have the same radius after the initial rapid decompression of the overpressured case. These plumes show drastically different behavior due to the presence of standing shock waves in the overpressured case despite having the same heat flow at the vent and the same area available for entrainment of ambient air. Both simulated plumes exhibit buoyant rise but the overpressured plume collapses with a regular periodicity. These simulations suggest that the dynamics of a steady-state overpressured vent may result in plumes that oscillate between buoyant rise and collapse, providing a mechanism for the deposition of intraplinian pyroclastic flows. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The psychology of social chess and the evolution of attribution mechanisms: explaining the fundamental attribution error

Abstract Theory of mind is the field devoted to understanding how organisms discern the mental states of others. Because mental states are not directly observable, they can only be inferred from observable features of the actor (such as behavior) and the situational context that the actor is in. Social psychologists, who study theory of mind processes under the rubric of attribution research, have shown that people often make a logical error of inference: The "fundamental attribution error" (FAE) is the tendency to assume that an actor's behavior and mental state correspond to a degree that is logically unwarranted by the situation. The social environment in which theory of mind capacities evolved may have influenced attributional processing in ways that could explain the error. In particular, the error could be caused by a psyche that is designed (1) to consider only those noncorresponding mental states (such as deception) that could have fitness consequences to the mind reader; (2) to bias inferences in a way that reduces the costs of erroneous inferences; or (3) to bias inferences in a way that yields reputational benefits. The existing literature is reviewed in light of these hypotheses.
Pseudancistrus sidereus, a new species from southern Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with a redescription of Pseudancistrus

Pseudancistrus sidereus is described from two collections of specimens from Amazonas, Venezuela. Pseudancistrus sidereus differs from all other members of Pseudancistrus based on the presence of a unique keel on the caudal peduncle formed from the concave dorsal sections of the plates in the ventral series, light spots on the body (these may be yellow in life) centered on the body plates and the absence of the characteristics of the more derived members of Pseudancistrus such as hypertrophied odontodes along the snout in males and females and the loss of evertibility of the cheek plates. Pseudancistrus includes Lithoxancistrus and Guyanancistrus and is diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: no suture between pterotic-supracleithrum and hyomandibula, no contact of the hyomandibula with the prootic, straight, spoon-shaped anterior process of metapterygoid, nasal bone not much wider than laterosensory canal running through it, sphenotic not contacting posteriormost infraorbital externally, and a short ventral ridge on the pelvic basipterygium (lost in some species). Two species formerly assigned to Guyanancistrus are placed in different genera. Hypostomus guacharote is placed in Lasiancistrus and Chaetostomus trinitatis is placed in Ancistrus.
Computing minimal distances on polyhedral surfaces

The authors implement an algorithm that finds minimal (geodesic) distances on a three-dimensional polyhedral surface. The algorithm is intrinsically parallel, in as much as it deals with all nodes simultaneously, and is simple to implement. Although exponential in complexity, it can be used with a companion gradient-descent surface-flattening algorithm that produces an optimal flattening of a polyhedral surface. Together, these two algorithms have made it possible to obtain accurate flattening of biological surfaces consisting of several thousand triangular faces (monkey visual cortex) by providing a characterization of the distance geometry of these surfaces. The authors propose this approach as a pragmatic solution to characterizing the surface geometry of the complex polyhedral surfaces which are encountered in the cortex of vertebrates. >
IgG transmitted from allergic mothers decreases allergic sensitization in breastfed offspring

Background: The mechanism(s) responsible for the reduced risk of allergic disease in breastfed infants are not fully understood. Using an established murine model of asthma, we demonstrated previously that resistance to allergic airway disease transmitted from allergic mothers to breastfed offspring requires maternal B cell-derived factors. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of offspring neonatal Fc receptor for IgG uptake by intestinal epithelial cells (FcRn) in this breast milk transferred protection from allergy. Methods: Allergic airway disease was induced during pregnancy in C57BL/6 female mice. These allergic mothers foster nursed naive FcRn +/- or FcRn -/- progeny born to FcRn +/- females that were mated to C57BL/6J-FcRn -/- male mice. In offspring deficient in FcRn, we expected reduced levels of systemic allergen-specific IgG1, a consequence of decreased absorption of maternal IgG from the lumen of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Using this model, we were able to investigate how breast milk IgG affected offspring responses to allergic sensitization. Results: Levels of maternal antibodies absorbed from the breast milk of allergic foster mothers were determined in weanling FcRn-sufficient or -deficient mice. Maternal transmission of allergen-specific IgG1 to breastfed FcRn -/- offspring was at levels 10 3 -10 4 lower than observed in FcRn +/- or FcRn +/+ mice. Five weeks after weaning, when offspring were 8 wk old, mice were sensitized and challenged to evaluate their susceptibility to develop allergic airway disease. Protection, indicated by reduced parameters of disease (allergen-specific IgE in serum, eosinophilic inflammation in the airways and lung) were evident in FcRn-sufficient mice nursed as neonates by allergic mothers. In contrast, FcRndeficient mice breastfed by the same mothers acquired limited, if any, protection from development of allergenspecific IgE and associated pathology. Conclusions: FcRn expression was a major factor in determining how breastfed offspring of allergic mothers acquired levels of systemic allergen-specific IgG1 sufficient to inhibit allergic sensitization in this model.
Screening for Psychosocial Dysfunction In Pediatric Practice A Naturalistic Study of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist

This study examined the routine implementation of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), a brief questionnaire which screens for psychosocial dysfunction in school-aged children in an outpatient pediatric practice. Results indicated that the PSC was well-accepted by parents and adequately tolerated by busy clinic staff. When the PSC was included as part of the standard procedure for well-child visits, the referral rate for psychosocial problems due to positive PSC scores rose to 12% from the clinic baseline referral rate of 1.5%, a significant increase (P<.01). Half of the children who screened positive on the PSC had not been previously identified by their pediatricians as having psychosocial problems, and more than half had never received any psychological treatment. When implementation of the PSC was discontinued, the referral rate fell to 2%, a rate similar to baseline. The findings suggest that it is possible to incorporate the PSC into routine pediatric practice and that the PSC can help pediatricia...
Trace metal evidence for changes in the redox environment associated with the transition from terrigenous clay to diatomaceous sediment, Saanich Inlet, BC

Abstract We measured the concentrations of redox-sensitive trace metals (Mn, V, Mo, U, Cd and Re) in sediments from ODP Leg 169S Hole 1033B in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, to determine changes in redox conditions associated with the onset of laminated sediments at ∼12.5 kyr. The most striking result is a large peak in authigenic Re along with detrital levels of Mo at the glacial terrigenous clay–diatomaceous sediment transition. In contrast, the underlying glacial terrigenous clay, which extends throughout the bottom section of the core, is chemically similar to detrital concentrations, either Cowichan River particulates or average shale values. These data suggest a period of oxic bottom waters but reducing pore-waters. This could be due to the dramatic transformation of Saanich Inlet during the late deglaciation from an open bay to an inlet, which restricted circulation and slowed bottom water oxygen renewal. A peak and gradual increase in authigenic Mn in younger sediments subsequent to the Re peak suggests that increasingly oxic conditions followed the authigenic enrichment in Re. These conditions could be connected to the Younger Dryas cooling period, which was coincident with an increase in well-oxygenated upwelled waters on the west coast of North America that form the bottom waters of Saanich Inlet. Metal concentrations in a gray clay bed (∼11 kyr) are similar to their concentrations in the glacial terrigenous clay, implying that they have a common source. Authigenic enrichments of Re with little authigenic Mo and Cd suggest that before the deposition of this bed, bottom waters were oxic and pore-water oxygen was consumed in the top centimeter or less. Laminations above the clay layer suggest anoxic conditions, which are also indicated by higher authigenic Mo and Cd and slightly lower Re/Mo ratios in these sediments. The basin remained mostly anoxic after the gray clay was emplaced, as seen by continuous authigenic enrichment of the redox-sensitive trace metals. These results are consistent with increased stratification of the water column, brought about by an influx of fresh water to the basin by a large flood.
Mental Health Service Utilization in a Community Sample of Rural Adolescents: The Role of Father–Offspring Relations

Objective Children and adolescents living in rural communities may be at particular risk for psychiatric problems, yet factors associated with mental health service use in these populations are not clear. This study examined the role of father warmth in offspring psychological treatment utilization in community sample of rural families (n ¼298). Methods Observer ratings of paternal warmth were examined as a predictor of adolescent treatment seeking and as a moderator of the longitudinal association between adolescent depressive symptoms and treatment seeking. Results Paternal warmth was a marginally significant predictor of adolescent mental health service use. The association between adolescent depressive symptoms and treatment seeking varied as a function of paternal behavior; adolescents were more likely to seek needed help in the context of a warm, supportive father. Conclusions These findings suggest that fathers can play an important role in the intrafamilial processes through which rural adolescents recognize and seek help for their psychological problems.
Node-Injury Scale to Evaluate Root Injury by Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Corn rootworm larval feeding on corn roots can significantly reduce grain yield by interfering with photosynthetic rates, limiting the uptake of water and nutrients, and by increasing the plant's susceptibility to lodging. Of the techniques developed to measure the efficacy of corn rootworm larval control tactics, root damage ratings have generally been adopted as the standard because sampling roots is relatively efficient. Historically, the primary scales used for scoring root injury from corn rootworm larval feeding have been the 1-6 and 1-9 scales. A critical deficiency of those scales, however, is that each increase in a root-rating score does not reflect a linear increase in the actual amount of injury to the root system. This results in injury scores that are expressed qualitatively. We developed the node-injury scale to more accurately quantify corn rootworm larval injury based on the proportion of nodal roots that contain feeding injury. With the node-injury scale, the relationship between the numerical scale and the amount of root injury is linear and intuitive. In this article, we describe the node-injury scale, discuss sampling issues to consider when using the scale, and suggest the minimum node-injury score that causes economic damage under varying degrees of environmental stress.
Innovative Graduate Research Education for Advancement of Implementation Science in Adolescent Behavioral Health

An innovative approach to research education that integrates the theory and principles of implementation science, participatory research, and service learning in the area of adolescent behavioral health is presented. Qualitative interviews and surveys of program participants have been conducted to assess the program's curricula, service-learning partnerships, student (scholar) satisfaction, and views of community partnerships and academic mentors. The Institute has experienced the successful completion of its first and second cohorts and enrollment of a third cohort of scholars. Community partners are utilizing results of service-learning projects to influence agency operations. Institute scholars have identified research and service learning experiences as key factors in the decision to apply to the Institute graduate certificate program. The availability of tuition support is identified as valuable but not ranked as the most important reason for scholar interest in the program. Academic mentors report positive relationships with community agencies. Future iterations of the program will expand options for distance learning and alternatives to traditional graduate education for community-based scholars. Community partner agency capacity for participation is expected to change over time. Methods are being identified to both sustain existing partnerships and develop new community partnership relationships.
Probabilities in the Courtroom: An Evaluation of the Objections and Policies

This quotation is notable both for its wisdom and its issuance from a dissenting opinion. We live in a probabilistic world. There are few guarantees, and only rarely does the search for truth end with a certain answer. More often, the truths we discover are generalizations, statements that predict outcomes in an implicitly probabilistic fashion.