cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The CaO-TiO2-ZrO2 System at 1200 °C and The Solubilities of Hf and Gd in Zirconolite

Phase equilibria are established in the CaO-TiO 2 -ZrO 2 system at 1200 °C, using X-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis. The existence of two previously reported ternary phases, zirconolite (CaZrTi 2 O 7 ) and calzirtite (Ca 2 Zr 5 Ti 2 O 16 ), is confirmed. Each of these phases exhibits a significant range of homogeneity between TiO 2 and ZrO 2 while maintaining a nearly constant concentration of CaO. The ternary solubilities of the constituent binary phases are found to be negligible, with the exceptions of the perovskites, which display mutual solubility of at least 22 mol.% and may in fact form a series of continuous solid solutions. The solubilities of Hf and Gd in zirconolite are also investigated. While Hf-bearing samples did not reach thermodynamic equilibrium under the experimental conditions employed, the existence of a Hf analog to zirconolite, CaHfTi 2 O 7 , is conclusively demonstrated. The phase is stable at the stoichiometric composition, and its lattice parameters are very close to those reported in the literature for stoichiometric zirconolite. A Gd-bearing sample of the composition Ca 0.88 Zr 0.88 Gd 0.24 Ti 2 O 7 is found to be essentially single phase zirconolite, in agreement with previous investigations at higher temperatures.
High-resolution three-photon spectroscopy and multiphoton interference in molecular hydrogen.

Under favorable circumstances, a pulse-amplified cw dye laser can be used to excite three-photon resonant, four-photon transitions without significant power broadening. We have used this technique to make precise vacuum ultraviolet measurements, and to observe the cancellation of three-photon resonances due to third-harmonic generation at much lower number densities than has previously been possible. Three transitions to the B and C states of molecular hydrogen near 100 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ have been measured with an accuracy up to 0.04 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, twice that of previous measurements.
A Visual Information Processing Model to Characterize Interactive Visualization Environments

Interactive visualizations have the potential to greatly enhance our ability to analyze data. Although the user is central to the use of such environments, perceptual and cognitive processes are not well understood within the context of interactive visualization. Although cognitive psychology has provided a greater understanding of visual perception and cognition, a theoretical framework that links this knowledge with the interactive visualization process is needed. This article aims to fill this gap by introducing a visual information processing model that facilitates the understanding of how users interact with interactive visualization environments.
Student interracial interactions and perceptions of school as a community

Communally organized, as opposed to bureaucratically organized, schools are expected to provide significant advantages to students in terms of their cognitive and social growth. However, for students to avail themselves of these benefits, they need to experience school as a community. One factor that may influence whether students view their school as a functional community is the kind of teacher–student and peer interactions they observe or personally experience. This study examines the effects of positive and negative interracial interactions on whether students sense that their school is a community. Analysis of a large sample of elementary and secondary schools in a major urban school district show that positive interracial interactions contribute to students’ sense of school community while negative actions inhibit that sense.
Temperature Profile of IR Blocking Windows Used in Cryogenic X-Ray Spectrometers

Cryogenic high-resolution X-ray spectrometers are typically operated with thin IR blocking windows to reduce radiative heating of the detector while allowing good x-ray transmission. We have estimated the temperature profile of these IR blocking windows under typical operating conditions. We show that the temperature in the center of the window is raised due to radiation from the higher temperature stages. This can increase the infrared photon flux onto the detector, thereby increasing the IR noise and decreasing the cryostat hold time. The increased window temperature constrains the maximum window size and the number of windows required. We discuss the consequences for IR blocking window design.
Wheatstone bridge model for the laminated polydimethylsiloxane/polyethersulfone membrane for gas separation

Abstract A new resistance model for the transport of gases through composite membranes is proposed in this work. The new model is an analog of the Wheatstone bridge for an electric circuit. The resistance model proposed by Henis and Tripodi is considered as a special case of the new model, where the resistance of the cross flow between two vertical parallel flows is set equal to zero. The experimental data for the laminated polydimethylsiloxane (silicone rubber)/polyethersulfone membranes, however, have shown that the high permeation rate ration of hydrogen and nitrogen can not be explain by the Henis and Tripodi model. The parallel flow model, where the resistance of the cross flow is equal to infinity, explains the experimental data.
Ammonium chloride inhibits basal degradation of newly synthesized collagen in human fetal lung fibroblasts.

Abstract The objective of this work was to characterize basal degradation of newly synthesized collagen in human fetal lung fibroblasts. Analysis of 22 separate determinations showed that in cells incubated under normal conditions, the level of intracellular degradation was normally distributed with a mean of 15.2% and a standard deviation of 2.6%. Within each experiment, however, the uncertainty (standard deviation) in determining degradation was very small, usually less than 1.5%. Consideration of the large variation between experiments and the ability of our analytic technique to detect small, but “statistically significant,” differences between groups within the same experiment led us to formulate two criteria for determining whether degradation measured in cultures exposed to some agent differs in a “biologically significant” way from degradation measured in control cultures. These criteria were used to evaluate the effects of the following proteinase inhibitors on basal degradation: NH 4 Cl, which increases the pH of subcellular compartments that are normally acidic; and leupeptin and N a - p -tosyl- l -lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), which are inhibitors of lysosomal cathepsins (B and L) that degrade collagen. NH 4 Cl (16 m m ) lowered degradation to an extent that was both statistically and biologically significant, but neither leupeptin nor TLCK affected degradation. The effect of NH 4 Cl on degradation was independent of its inhibitory effects on production of collagen, protein, and ATP. These results suggest that basal degradation occurs in, or beyond, an acidic (i.e., NH 4 Cl-sensitive) but nonlysosomal compartment of the cell, and that NH 4 Cl inhibits processing within, or transport to, that compartment. This is the first report of an agent that inhibits basal degradation of newly synthesized collagen in soft tissue fibroblasts.
Circulating miRNA profiles provide a biomarker for severity of stroke outcomes associated with age and sex in a rat model.

Small non-coding RNA [miRNA (microRNA)] found in the circulation have been used successfully as biomarkers and mechanistic targets for chronic and acute disease. The present study investigated the impact of age and sex on miRNA expression following ischaemic stroke in an animal model. Adult (6 month) and middle-aged (11–12 months) female and male rats were subject to MCAo (middle cerebral artery occlusion) using ET-1 (endothelin-1). Circulating miRNAs were analysed in blood samples at 2 and 5 days post-stroke, and brain miRNAs were analysed at 5 days post-stroke. Although stroke-associated infarction was observed in all groups, infarct volume and sensory-motor deficits were significantly reduced in adult females compared with middle-aged females, adult males or middle-aged males. At 2 days post-stroke, 21 circulating miRNAs were differentially regulated and PCA (principal component analysis) confirmed that most of the variance was due to age. At 5 days post-stroke, 78 circulating miRNAs exhibited significantly different regulation, and most of the variance was associated with sex. A small cohort (five) of miRNAs, miR-15a, miR-19b, miR-32 miR-136 and miR-199a-3p , were found to be highly expressed exclusively in adult females compared with middle-aged females, adult males and middle-aged males. Predicted gene targets for these five miRNAs analysed for KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways revealed that the top ten KEGG pathways were related to growth factor signalling, cell structure and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signalling. Overall, the pattern of circulating miRNA expression suggests an early influence of age in stroke pathology, with a later emergence of sex as a factor for stroke severity.
Neuropsychiatric Factors in the Illusion of Visitors among Geriatric Patients: A Case Series

The 'illusion of visitors' is a common phenomenon among geriatric patients presenting for psychiatric or neurologic evaluation and treatment. Although these illusory beliefs are etiologically diverse, patients may commonly have visual impairment and functional and/or structural disruption of frontal and right-hemisphere-mediated cognitive functioning. This article outlines eight cases of illusory beliefs among elderly patients, presenting psychiatric, neurologic, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological findings among these patients. Commonalities and differences among these cases are discussed, and a framework is provided for multidisciplinary assessment and treatment of patients presenting with illusory beliefs.
A resolution of Rosen’s paradox for self-reproducing automata

Rosen (Bull. Math Biophysics. 1959) has argued that a self-reproducing automaton of the type originally described by von Neumann is impossible because of a logical paradox inherent in its definition. The paradox is resolved by explicitly allowing errors (mutations) in the system and thus introducing evolution. There is no paradox in an automaton, originating from a slightly different ancestor through mutation. The von Neumann model thus becomes realistic and useful for a discussion of biological phenomena.
Passage retrieval based on language models

Previous research has shown that passage-level evidence can bring added benefits to document retrieval when documents are long or span different subject areas. Recent developments in language modeling approach to IR provided a new effective alternative to traditional retrieval models. These two streams of research motivate us to examine the use of passages in a language model framework. This paper reports on experiments using passages in a simple language model and a relevance model, and compares the results with document-based retrieval. Results from the INQUERY search engine, which is not based on a language modeling approach, are also given for comparison. Test data include two heterogeneous and one homogeneous document collections. Our experiments show that passage retrieval is feasible in the language modeling context, and more importantly, it can provide more reliable performance than retrieval based on full documents.
Reactivation of thyroid-associated orbitopathy after cataract surgery.

Background We describe an episode of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO) following sequential bilateral cataract surgery.
Astrophysical neutrinos and neutrino astronomy

I review the status of the search for extraterrestrial sources of high energy neutrinos and discuss some of the theoretical expectations.
THE BENEFITS OF USING E-BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY: THE SUPPLIER PERSPECTIVE

The use of e-business technologies between supply chain organizations has primarily been examined from the viewpoint of buying firms or retailers, with little attention given to the benefits accrued to suppliers. Further, previous studies have been limited to either financial or marketing performance measures, or a narrow range of operational measures. This study builds on research in this area by testing a model of the relationship between supplier use of e-business technologies in communication with their primary buyer, degree of buyer-supplier coordination, and a complete set of benefits that include strategic and operational performance measures. Using data from 241 first-tier OEM suppliers in the computer industry, the findings show that supplier use of e-business technologies positively impacts organizational benefits both directly and indirectly by promoting buyer-supplier coordination.
Dispersion of Birefringence of Quartz in the Near Infrared

Direct experimental determinations of the birefringences of quartz in the 0.6–2.6μ region were made by means of channeled spectra. Up to 2.0μ, the experimentally determined birefringences of quartz were found to agree within experimental error with values obtained by subtracting from each other independently measured refractive indices,n0 and ne, as listed in the International Critical Tables. Beyond 2.0μ, the experimentally determined birefringences gradually became appreciably smaller than the corresponding (ne−n0) values. The variation appears to be associated with the moderately strong absorption band of quartz, which occurs at about. 3.0μ, and suggests the possible existence of two sets of birefringence values near such a band.
Elastic Moduli of Vanadium

Using the technique of zone melting by electron bombardment, $\frac{3}{8}$-in. diameter single crystals of vanadium were grown in a high vacuum. Two crystals were prepared from seeds such that their lengths were parallel to the [100] and the [110] crystal directions. With these orientations, the elastic moduli ${C}_{11}$, ${C}_{44}$, and $\frac{1}{2}({C}_{11}\ensuremath{-}{C}_{12})$ were measured directly from 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K using the ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. The results are, in units of ${10}^{11}$ dyne ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, The moduli at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K were used to calculate a Debye ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ of 399.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K which disagrees with the ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{0}$ of 338\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K obtained from calorimetry. The room temperature moduli agree very well with all other determinations. The moduli were used to calculate a phonon frequency distribution which is compared with the distribution measured by slow neutron scattering.
Effects of a sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor on membrane transport through the secretory pathway

We investigated the effects of an inhibitor of sphingolipid biosynthesis, 1-phenyl-2-(decanoyl-amino)-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP), on cells in culture. Two Golgi-associated enzymes were affected by incubation of cells with PDMP. The synthesis of glucosylceramide was inhibited at low concentrations of PDMP (2.5-10 microM), and in the presence of higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 25 microM), synthesis of sphingomyelin was also reduced. Transport of vesicular stomatitis virus G protein through the Golgi complex was progressively retarded by increasing concentrations of PDMP. In the presence of 75 microM PDMP, the half-times of VSV-G protein arrival at the cis, medial, and trans Golgi and the cell surface were increased 1.5-, 2.1-, 2.4-, and 2.8-fold, respectively, compared to control values. Transport of fluorescent sphingolipids, synthesized de novo at the Golgi complex from fluorescent ceramide precursors, to the cell surface was retarded by approximately 20% in the presence of 50 microM PDMP and by approximately 50% in the presence of 100 microM PDMP. Control experiments demonstrated that PDMP had minimal effects on cell morphology and physiology (including microtubule and endoplasmic reticulum structure, mitochondrial function, and endocytosis). Although incubation of cells with relatively high concentrations of PDMP was required to see the effects on protein and sphingolipid transport, use of a fluorescent analogue of PDMP demonstrated that most cell-associated PDMP was sequestered in lysosomes, while the concentration at the Golgi complex, the site of the target synthetic enzymes, was relatively low. Taken together, these results suggest that transport of proteins and sphingolipids through the secretory pathway may be coupled to sphingolipid synthesis.
ESR studies of the 10.4 K ambient-pressure organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2

Abstract The novel ESR behavior of single crystals of the ambient-pressure organic superconductor κ-(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 is studied from 440 to 4.2 K. The ESR peak-to-peak linewidth increases with decreasing temperature and there is a well-defined inflection temperature which suggests a structural phase transition. The linewidth behavior is opposite to that of the well-known β- (ET) 2 X( X − = I − 3 , IBr − 2 , AuI − 2 ) organic superconductors. No signal attributable to Cu(II) species is observed. The relative ESR spin susceptibility is approximately constant from 440 K to the inflection temperature.
Study of positron lifetimes in α, β and γ cerium at high pressures

Abstract The positron lifetimes in the α, β and γ phases of Ce have been measured by applying hydrostatic pressure (up to 1.4 GPa) and by reducing the temperature (to 80 K). Two-component fitting programs showed that the main component ( ≈ 90%) had virtually the same mean lifetime ( ≈ 233 ps) in all three phases. The uncertainty in each lifetime was ±2 ps. With this high precision, our results are in agreement with those of band calculations which give the same number of 4f electrons ( ≈ 1.2) in all phases.
Model consistency in the large eddy simulation of turbulent channel flows

Various combinations of filters and subgrid scale stress models for large eddy simulation of the Navier-Stokes equations are studied by a priori tests and numerical simulations. Consistency between model and filter is found to be essential to ensure accurate results. Results and limitations of the a priori test are discussed. The effect of grid refinement is also examined.
The X-ray powder diffraction pattern and density of solid perchloryl fluoride

Abstract The X-ray powder diffraction pattern and the density of solid ClO 3 F have been determined at liquid air temperatures. From the powder data it appears that crystalline ClO 3 F is tetragonal.
Spectroscopic investigations of sequential nitric acid treatments on granulated activated carbon: Effects of surface oxygen groups on π density

Surface oxygen groups (SOGs) on granulated activated carbon were introduced using ∼10% v/v of nitric acid in a controlled, stepwise fashion. SOG peaks from DRIFTS were deconvoluted and correlated with chemical titration of acidic and basic surface sites. Total surface area was maximized at the 3rd oxidation stage with maximum absorption intensities of conjugated aromatic, aromatic, ether, phenol, and lactone groups. SEM and EDS data reveal optimal cleaning of the substrate and edge chemisorption of non-pore restricting SOGs at the 3rd oxidation stage. Increased order of the substrate is revealed with a minimum I(D):I(G) ratio, a reduced D-band FWHM and a large D-band red shift. Concurrent strengthening of conjugated olefin bonds are indicated through G-band blue shifts as well as conjugated aromatic and carboxylic acid features. Inductive effects resulting from the attachment of electron withdrawing SOGs are responsible for an aromatic-to-olefin π bond restructuring, contributing to the overall graphite-like order of the system, which is simultaneously stabilized by donating and withdrawing SOGs. Heteromaterial loss, high relative %C increases, and the presence of SOGs result in enhanced order and pore access from acid treatments. Such heteromaterial alterations and microstructure analysis shed light on chemical alterations commonly used in activated carbon pre-adsorption treatments.
Why Informed Groups Make Faulty Decisions: An Investigation of Possible Interaction-Based Explanations.

This study seeks to determine whether the interactions associated with high- and low-quality decisions possess unique characteristics that might account for the differences m decision-making performance. The discussions associated with 68 "high- quality" and 29 "low-quahty " decisions made by comparably informed groups were systematically analyzed using cross-contact comparison. The study found four communication characteristics that distinguish the interactions associated with high-and low-quality decisions: (1) Interactions associated with high-quality decisions were characterized by the presence of vigilance; (2) interactions associated with high-quality decisions were characterized by second-guessing; (3) interactions associated with high-quality decisions were characterized by accurate information processing, while the interactions associated with low-quality decisions were characterized by faulty information-processing; and (4) interactions associated with low-quality decisions were characterized by...
Vitamin A Functions in the Regulation of the Dopaminergic System in the Brain and Pituitary Gland

Retinoic acids, bound to their receptors, function in the brain and pituitary gland by regulating the expression of the dopamine receptor D2R, which is a component of the dopaminergic system. The liganded retinoic acid receptors are specific transcription factors that are essential for full expression of D2R. D2R-knockout mice lack these retinoic acid receptors and exhibit a defect in locomotor ability similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease.
Measuring Bridge Construction Efficiency Using the Wireless Real-Time Video Monitoring System

AbstractTo enhance the efficiency of bridge construction, the wireless real-time video monitoring system (WRITE) was developed. Utilizing the advanced technologies of computer vision and artificial neural networks, the developed system first wirelessly acquired a sequence of images of work-face operations. Then human pose analyzing algorithms processed these images in real time to generate human poses associated with construction workers who performed the operations. Next, a portion of the human poses were manually classified into three categories as effective work, contributory work, and ineffective work and were used to train the built-in artificial neural networks (ANN). Finally, the trained neural networks were employed to decide the ongoing laborers’ working status by comparing the in coming images to the developed human poses. The developed system was tested for accuracy on a bridge construction project. Results of the test showed that efficiency measurements by the system were reasonably accurate w...
Outlier Resistant Estimation in Difference-Based Semiparametric Partially Linear Models

Partially linear models are extensions of linear models that include a nonparametric function of some covariate allowing an adequate and more flexible handling of explanatory variables than in linear models. The difference-based estimation in partially linear models is an approach designed to estimate parametric component by using the ordinary least squares estimator after removing the nonparametric component from the model by differencing. However, it is known that least squares estimates do not provide useful information for the majority of data when the error distribution is not normal, particularly when the errors are heavy-tailed and when outliers are present in the dataset. This paper aims to find an outlier-resistant fit that represents the information in the majority of the data by robustly estimating the parametric and the nonparametric components of the partially linear model. Simulations and a real data example are used to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology and to compare it...
Fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy for airway monitoring after obstructive sleep apnea surgery.

Purpose: This study evaluated the upper airway characteristics in the early postoperative period after reconstructive surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: During a 24-month period, the upper airway of patients who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) with genioglossus advancement (GA) or hyoid myotomy (HM) or maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) were evaluated with fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy (NPG) preoperatively and 24 to 72 hours postoperatively. Results: NPG was performed on 271 patients. One hundred seventy-three patients had UPPP with GA or HM, and the remainder had MMA. All of the patients who underwent UPPP with GA or HM were found to have varying degrees of soft tissue edema involving the soft palate and the tongue base. The patients who underwent tonsillectomies and UPPP with GA or HM had greater soft palate/pharyngeal wall edema. In contrast, patients who underwent MMA had minimal edema involving the soft palate and the base of tongue, but diffuse lateral pharyngeal wall edema throughout the upper airway was identified. Eighteen of the MMA patients had ecchymosis and edema involving the pyriform sinus and aryepiglottic fold; 4 of these patients also had a hypopharyngeal hematoma involving the pyriform sinus, aryepiglottic fold, arytenoid, and false vocal cord, which partially obstructed the airway. These 4 patients were closely monitored for 1 to 2 additional days, and all were discharged without problems. None of the patients in the study had postoperative airway obstruction. Conclusion: NPG may be useful in postoperative airway monitoring and assist in discharge planning after upper airway reconstruction in the OSA patients. © 2000 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Roc-Estimator Software and Roc Analysis

Most currently available ROC analysis software programs have not been updated within the last decade or longer. Due to the age of many of these applications they usually do not include graphical user interfaces. Those applications which have graphical user interfaces are not always compatible with current generation operating systems and technology. Through the use of usability design principles ROC-Estimator was developed to address these current limitations of functioning ROC analysis software.
In vitro and in vivo behavior of radiolabeled chimeric anti-EGFRvIII monoclonal antibody: Comparison with its murine parent

The mutant version of the epidermal growth factor receptor EGFRvIII has been found on gliomas and other tumors, but not on normal tissues. Radioiodinated murine (mu) L8A4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) specifically targets EGFRvIII xenografts in vivo when labeled using N-succinimidyl 5-iodo-3-pyridinecarboxylate (SIPC). A chimeric (ch) MAb consisting of the variable region of muL8A4 and the constant domains of human IgG2 has been developed that has an affinity and radioiodinated immunoreactive fraction comparable to muL8A4. In vitro, both MAbs were internalized and processed by EGFRvIII expressing cell lines (U87MG delta EGFR or NR6M) at similar rates (maximum intracellular retention, 35-40%). In paired-label tissue distribution studies in athymic mice bearing U87MG delta EGFR tumor xenografts, the ch:mu L8A4 uptake ratio in normal tissues rose to greater than 2:1, whereas in tumor, the ratio remained 1:1 throughout the experiment. These results indicate that chL8A4 exhibits similar binding and internalization properties as its murine parent, but suggest different intracellular processing and/or deposition of catabolites in normal tissues for chL8A4.
Overdispersion and Poisson Regression

This article discusses the use of regression models for count data. A claim is often made in criminology applications that the negative binomial distribution is the conditional distribution of choice when for a count response variable there is evidence of overdispersion. Some go on to assert that the overdisperson problem can be “solved” when the negative binomial distribution is used instead of the more conventional Poisson distribution. In this paper, we review the assumptions required for both distributions and show that only under very special circumstances are these claims true.
Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in the Teaching Hospital: Yield and Complications

We have prospectively analyzed the accuracy of and the rate of complications in 205 consecutive flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedures, as performed in the setting of a teaching hospital. The objectives of the procedure were achieved in 89 percent of the cases, but the yield varied widely among 12 diagnostic and therapeutic subgroups. Except in the case of the peripheral nodule, a malignant neoplasm was correctly diagnosed or excluded with a sensitivity and specificity that were greater than 90 percent Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in both immunosuppressed and normal hosts were histologically diagnosed via the fiberoptic bronchoscope in 83 percent (25) of the 30 cases. Transfiberoptic bronchoscopic lavage resulted in reexpansion of lobar atelectasis in 84 percent (16) of the 19 patients with nonmalignant inflammatory disease, but in only 25 percent (one) of the four patients with malignant neoplasms. The overall rate of complications (11 percent) is higher than has been reported by others. Severe bronchospasm occurred in three of four asthmatic patients and led to the death of one, while pneumothorax followed transbronchial biopsy in two immunosuppressed patients receiving therapy with corticosteroids. The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopic procedure represents an extremely reliable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety of pulmonary disorders; the morbidity is significant but acceptable.
Structure of the turbulent interplanetary magnetic field

We show that two widely used but apparently different models of the turbulent interplanetary magnetic field are closely related. One of these is the so-called quasi-static turbulence model, in which interplanetary magnetic field fluctuations are generated at a source surface near the Sun by random transverse plasma motions (such as supergranulation at the solar photosphere or perhaps reconnection) and are thereafter carried outward at a uniform constant speed in a radial solar wind. The other model of heliospheric magnetic turbulence is known as the two-component model, in which the random part of the field is decomposed into components along the field (slab fluctuations) and normal to it. Both models have provided us with useful simplified parameterizations of interplanetary fluctuations, and both enter into calculations that show good agreement with observations. Here we show that by properly choosing the temporal and spatial dependence of the transverse velocity field at the solar source surface in the quasi-static model, we can generate a two-component model (as well as many others). In particular, the anisotropy observed in the turbulence can be incorporated into both models. This study provides us with important insights that increase our understanding of turbulence and energetic particle transport in the heliosphere.
Obama Calls for More Action on Climate Change During State of the Union Address

President Barack Obama called for “meaningful progress” on climate change during his State of the Union address on 12 February, saying that “for the sake of our children and our future, we must do more to combat climate change.” Noting that “the 12 hottest years on record have all come in the last 15,” he said that there could be meaningful progress on the issue while also driving economic growth.
O. J. Simpson Facts and Fictions: News Rituals in the Construction of Reality

Abundant popular discourses surround the O. J. Simpson double murder case. By contrast, Darnell M. Hunt scrutinizes these very discourses in order to further our understanding of the interests underlying them. Exploring the relationships between O. J.'s trial, the social location of television viewers (their race, gender and class) and everyday consciousness of social issues, his textual and audience analyses consider the incredible allure of the trial as 'media event'. Looking beyond the obvious explanations of celebrity, scandal and voyeurism, Dr Hunt asks: why was America so obsessed by this case? Why were so many people interested in particular outcomes? and what are we to make of the apparent racial divide in attitudes about the case, as shown in the opinion polls? O. J. Simpson Facts and Fictions incorporates insights from sociology and cultural studies to examine the implications for race relations in the United States at the dawn of the new millennium.
Elastic scattering of lithium nuclei

Abstract The elastic scattering of 6 Li and 7 Li nuclei on 13 C, 16 O, 19 F, 24 Mg, 28 Si and 40 Ca was measured at E lab = 20 MeV. The measured angular distributions were compared with optical-model calculations. The best fit optical-model parameters are presented.
Phase-sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy: a new method to resolve fluorescence lifetimes or emission spectra of components in a mixture of fluorophores.

Abstract A novel phase fluorometric method is described which permits direct recording of individual emission spectra from a mixture of two flourescent compounds. Additionally, the lifetimes of each component may be determined by examination of the phase-sensitive fluorescence spectra. The method utilizes phase-sensitive detection of the sinusoidally modulated emission from a phase fluorometer. Resolution of the individual emission spectra in the mixture requires different fluorescence lifetimes for each components. Determination of the individual lifetime requires knowledge of the steady-state emission spectra of the components. Use of low-frequency (≈ 10 Hz) cross-correlated signals eliminates the need for high-frequency frequency (≈10 6 Hz) phase-sensitive detection. A mixture of 2- p -toluidinyl-6-naphthalenesulfonic acid (TNS) and 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene (PRODAN) was used to demonstrate the possibility of phase resolution of fluorophore mixture and to confirm theoretical predictions. A mixture of dibenzo[ a , h ]anthracene and dibenzo[ c , g ]carbazole was used to demonstrate that phase resolution is possible for spectra which overlap strongly and which are highly structured. In addition, the possibility of using phase-sensitive emission spectra for the resolution of excited-state reactions was demonstrated with anthracene and its diethylaniline exciplex. From a sample whose steady-state emission displayed both components we directly recorded the emission spectrum of anthracene monomer and the exciplex. For all these samples the dependence of the individual intensities on the phase angle of the detector agreed precisely with that expected on the basis of the individual fluorescence lifetimes. The detector phase angles chosen for suppression of each component in the mixture also agreed with the measured lifetimes. Thus, phase-sensitive fluorescence spectra can reveal individual spectral distributions or lifetimes. This method will be useful in the analysis fluorescence emissions which frequently occur from proteins, membranes and other biological samples.
Design considerations for multi-fiber ferrule manufacturing

Abstract Fiber optic connectors are bridges linking the key elements of optical communication devices. Among them, ferrules used to position and align fibers are essential and the most critical component for fiber optic connectors. In this paper, design accuracy of ferrules will be studied. Factors affecting the fiber eccentricity during ferrule connections, including dimensions and tolerances, will be discussed and expressed in mathematical models. The 2MT ferrule was used as an example. Also, the precision plastic injection molding technique will be used to manufacture the ferrules. In order to reduce the eccentricity values for the required insertion loss, the Taguchi method is first used to simplify the optimization problems of the injection molding process. The design of experiment methodologies are then used to obtain more accurate settings for the parameters. Using these settings, ferrules with a 0.00055 mm mean eccentricity value can be obtained, and insertion losses were measured to verify the mathematical model.
Present-day kinematics at the India-Asia collision zone

The collision of the Indian subcontinent with Asia drives the growth and evolution of the greater Tibetan Plateau region. Fault slip rates resulting from the relative motion between crustal blocks can provide a kinematic description of the distribution of presentday deformation. I construct a three-dimensional, regional-scale elastic block model of the India-Asia collision zone that is consistent with geodetic observations of interseismic deforma tion, mapped fault system geometry, historical seismicity, and the mechanics of the earthquake cycle. This mechanical model of the elastic upper crust yields a set of kinematically consistent fault slip rates and block motions that may serve to constrain dynamic models of continental crustal dynamics.
Multifunctional Carbon Nanostructures for Advanced Energy Storage Applications

Carbon nanostructures-including graphene, fullerenes, etc.-have found applications in a number of areas synergistically with a number of other materials. These multifunctional carbon nanostructures have recently attracted tremendous interest for energy storage applications due to their large aspect ratios, specific surface areas, and electrical conductivity. This succinct review aims to report on the recent advances in energy storage applications involving these multifunctional carbon nanostructures. The advanced design and testing of multifunctional carbon nanostructures for energy storage applications-specifically, electrochemical capacitors, lithium ion batteries, and fuel cells-are emphasized with comprehensive examples.
Circadian Metabolic Regulation through Crosstalk between Casein Kinase 1δ and Transcriptional Coactivator PGC-1α

Circadian clock coordinates behavior and physiology in mammals in response to light and feeding cycles. Disruption of normal clock function is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, underscoring the emerging concept that temporal regulation of tissue metabolism is a fundamental aspect of energy homeostasis. We have previously demonstrated that transcriptional coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), coordinates circadian metabolic rhythms through simultaneous regulation of metabolic and clock gene expression. In this study, we found that PGC-1α physically interacts with, and is phosphorylated by, casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ), a core component of the circadian pacemaker. CK1δ represses the transcriptional function of PGC-1α in cultured hepatocytes, resulting in decreased gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose secretion. At the molecular level, CK1δ phosphorylation of PGC-1α within its arginine/serine-rich domain enhances its degrada...
Development of Practical PDA Logic for Multitarget Tracking by Microprocessor

A simplified form of probabilistic data association (PDA) logic was developed for real-time multitarget tracking by a microprocessor associated with a radar track-while-scan system. A variety of practical problems with the method led to a relatively complex set of algorithms, while certain fundamental shortcomings of the approach still threatened performance due to anomalous behavior in some situations. Ultimately, the weighted-average updating feature of the PDA approach was abandoned in favor of a "nearest-neighbor PDA" method, which utilizes the PDA association probabilities to associate a single measurement with each track.
Early hunter-gatherers in the Americas: perspectives from central Brazil

There is a preconception among American archaeologists that the late Pleistocene (c. 12,000-10,000 hap.) and early Holocene human occupation of the Americas would have had highly formalized and diagnostic technologies (Bryan 1986), as seen in bifacial fluted projectiles (Clovis and/or Folsom points) or Palaeoarctic microblades. This bias carries with it two presumptions which have no reason to exist: • Clovis and related industries had to be diffused throughout the Americas; and • there should be a ‘big-game hunting’ horizon in South America.
Hierarchical modeling and simulation of large analog circuits

This paper proposes a new hierarchical circuit modeling and simulation technique in s-domain for linear analog circuits. The new algorithm can perform circuit complexity reduction by deriving the exact or approximate admittances in rational form in the reduced circuit matrix and deriving the circuit characteristics for very large linear analog and interconnect circuits. We characterize some theoretical results regarding the conditions on the generations of canceling terms during the general hierarchical circuit analysis and propose an explicit de-cancellation scheme to remove canceling terms based on a new hierarchical symbolic analysis framework. The resulting algorithm can be used for modeling and simulation of linear analog and interconnect circuits in both frequency and time domain.
Hausdorff probabilistic feature analysis in SAR image recognition

An automatic target recognition algorithm for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery data is developed. The algorithm classifies an unknown target as one of the known reference targets based on a maximum likelihood estimation procedure. The algorithm helps assess and optimize the favorable effects of multiple image features on recognition accuracy. This study addresses four procedures: (1) feature extraction, (2) training set creation, (3) classification of unknown images, and (4) optimization of recognition accuracy. A three-feature probabilistic method based on extracted edges, corners, and peaks is used to classify the targets. Once the three features are extracted from the target image, binary images are created from each. Training sets, which are used to classify an unknown target, are then created using average Hausdorff distance values for each of the known members of the eight target image types (ZSU-23-4, ZIL131, D7, 2S1, SLICY, BDRM2, BTR60, and T62) included in the publicly available MSTAR test data. The average Hausdorff distance values are acquired from unknown target feature images and are compared to each training set. Each comparison provides the likelihood of the unknown target belonging to one of the eight possible known targets. For each target, eight likelihoods (for eight possible unknown targets) are determined based on the Hausdroff distances and the pre-assigned feature weights. The unknown target is then classified into the target type that has the maximum likelihood estimation value.
Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function.

There is strong evidence from both human and nonhuman primate studies supporting the conclusion that estrogen deficiency increases the progression of atherosclerosis. More controversial is the conclusion that postmenopausal estrogen replacement inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis. Estrogen treatment of older women (>65 years) with pre-existing coronary artery atherosclerosis had no beneficial effects. In contrast, estrogen treatment of younger postmenopausal women or monkeys in the early stages of atherosclerosis progression has marked beneficial effects. Whether progestogens attenuate the cardiovascular benefits of estrogen replacement therapy has been controversial for more than a decade. Current evidence from studies of both monkeys and women suggest little or no attenuation of estrogen benefits for coronary artery atherosclerosis. Lack of compliance with estrogen replacement therapy, usually because of fear of breast cancer, remains a major problem. Future regimens may overcome that fear by the co-administration of a breast cancer preventive agent (i.e., selective estrogen receptor modulators, phytoestrogens) with low dose estrogen.
Teaching optical communications concepts in embedded systems courses

There have been significant technological developments and advancements in areas related to telecommunication, medicine, and computing. Optical engineering has played an important role in all of these. Optical engineering is becoming more prevalent because of its wide range of applications in almost every field. The goal of a teaching effort was to create embedded system lab exercises that could be used to teach optical communications hardware interfacing and control. This paper identifies pedagogy for teaching these concepts and conducting laboratory exercises. It then presents the experiences of introducing board-to-board communications using simple infrared and fiber optical communications devices in the classroom. Specific assessment of student skills that were needed as a prerequisite and successes are also addressed
Displacement of the β cytoplasmic domain recovers focal adhesion formation, cytoskeletal organization and motility in swapped integrin chimeras

Integrin-mediated `outside-in9 signaling requires the transmission of a conformational change from the extracellular domains to the cytoplasmic domains. Although one component of this conformational change is the separation of the α and β cytoplasmic domains, it is not clear how this separation could result in the initiation of downstream signals necessary for focal adhesion (FA) formation. To address this question, we used a swapped integrin heterodimer, in which the extracellular domains of the α and β chains were attached to their opposing transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. This receptor was able to bind ligand normally, but could not promote FA formation. We then displaced the β cytoplasmic domain with either a duplication of its membrane-proximal region or an unrelated α-helical spacer. This displacement partially restored FA formation in these swapped receptors and rescued other aspects of integrin-mediated signaling, including cytoskeletal organization, motility and several tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent signals. We suggest that separation of the cytoplasmic domains leads to alteration of the secondary structure of the distal β tail, which initiates downstream signals leading to cytoskeletal reorganization.
A Field Study of the Antecedents and Performance Consequences of Perceived Accountability

Building on theoretical and empirical work considering the implications of accountability on individual behavior, the authors explored the antecedents and consequences of individual perceptions of accountability for job performance. Using data from two field samples, the authors considered whether the manager’s monitoring behavior thought to enhance perceptions of accountability for behaviors and outcomes predicted greater perceived accountability for task performance and interpersonal facilitation performance. They also explored whether perceived accountability mediated the relationship between monitoring behavior and subsequent performance. Hierarchical linear modeling indicated that subordinates of managers whose monitoring behavior reinforced perceptions of accountability perceived greater accountability for performance and that this perception mediated the relationship between managerial monitoring behavior and performance. The implications of these results and directions for future research are disc...