cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Omega diffusion risk model with surplus-dependent tax and capital injections

Abstract In this paper, we propose and study an Omega risk model with a constant bankruptcy function, surplus-dependent tax payments and capital injections in a time-homogeneous diffusion setting. The surplus value process is both refracted ( paying tax ) at its running maximum and reflected ( injecting capital ) at a lower constant boundary. The new model incorporates practical features from the Omega risk model (Albrecher et al., 2011), the risk model with tax (Albrecher and Hipp, 2007), and the risk model with capital injections (Albrecher and Ivanovs, 2014). The study of this new risk model is closely related to the Azema–Yor process, which is a process refracted by its running maximum. We explicitly characterize the Laplace transform of the occupation time of an Azema–Yor process below a constant level until the first passage time of another Azema–Yor process or until an independent exponential time. We also consider the case when the process has a lower reflecting boundary. This result unifies and extends recent results of Li and Zhou (2013) and Zhang (2015). We explicitly characterize the Laplace transform of the time of bankruptcy in the Omega risk model with tax and capital injections up to eigen-functions, and determine the expected present value of tax payments until default. We also discuss a further extension to occupation functionals through stochastic time-change, which handles the case of a non-constant bankruptcy function. Finally we present examples using a Brownian motion with drift, and discuss the pricing of quantile options written on the Azema–Yor process.
No Black Names on the Letterhead? Efficient Discrimination and the South African Legal Profession

Although there have long been black lawyers in South Africa, during apartheid only a handful joined the ranks of the country's large commercial firms. Now, in the post-apartheid period, these firms are keenly aware of a range of economic and political incentives to hire black attorneys, and most are doing so at a record pace. Very few black attorneys, however, are enduring the path to partnership in these firms. Based on more than seventy-five interviews conducted in South Africa in 1999 and 2000, this Article both documents and critically examines the reasons for black attrition. While firms' incentives to integrate include commercial ones associated with clients' newfound attention to the racial diversity of their vendors, such incentives apparently have not yet outweighed the forces impeding integration - some of those forces being incidental to the country's history and politics, some attributable to the institutional characteristics of law firms, and others to the acts of individuals within those institutions. Although the under-representation of blacks in these firms is frequently attributed to blacks' own failings or choices, Professor Pruitt argues that the lack of integration is also the result of discriminatory actions of white individuals and the institutions they run. Building on the descriptive platform she has laid, Professor Pruitt goes on to construct a model of efficient discrimination with respect to South Africa's elite legal sector, arguing that firms are able to survive in the new marketplace, even absent retention of black attorneys, because the actual power of the incentives to integrate does not match the rhetoric around it. In addition, because no firm is achieving integration and thereby taking advantage of existing incentives, the integration quotient is not being raised, leaving firms effectively unchallenged by the market to retain and promote black lawyers.
The Day After Tomorrow: What Happens Once a Middle East Peace Treaty is Signed?

Dealing with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict sometimes seems like wading into quicksand. Far more good ideas and good intentions have been focused on this conflict than would seem possible, judging by the progress over the last forty years (or eighty years). And yet, good people on many sides of this conflict hope and expect that within their lifetimes, they will see the recognition of two states that can live with each other in peace. So, one might ask, given how entrenched the conflict is and the extent of the work necessary to bring about peace, why focus on the day after a peace treaty? In fact, as we have now seen in numerous international conflicts, unless the players recognize the impact of different choices for moving forward, conflicts have a tendency to slide backward. We tend to have a natural focus on 'getting to yes' or 'getting to peace' in order to end violence and resolve the dispute. This essay focuses on what peace will actually look like the day after such a treaty is signed, and lays out a number of considerations as we move forward in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
J. Richard Hackman (1940-2013)

When J. Richard Hackman died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on January 8, 2013, psychology lost a giant. Six-and-a-half feet tall, with an outsize personality to match, Richard was the leading scholar in two distinct areas: work design and team effectiveness. In both domains, his work is foundational. Throughout his career, Richard applied rigorous methods to problems of great social importance, tirelessly championing multilevel analyses of problems that mattered. His impact on our field has been immense. Richard rescued the field of groups research from a state of stagnation. Although embarrassed by awards, Richard received many of them. For decades to come, our field will be uplifted by Richard's example, to better see how we can all strive for excellence in research, in teaching, and in having an impact on the world.
A Traditional and Textualist Analysis of the Goals of Antitrust: Efficiency, Preventing Theft from Consumers, and Consumer Choice

This Article ascertains the overall purpose of the antitrust statutes in two very different ways. First, it performs a traditional analysis of the legislative history of the antitrust laws by analyzing relevant legislative debates and committee reports. Second, it undertakes a textualist or “plain meaning” analysis of the purpose of the antitrust statutes, using Justice Scalia’s methodology. It does this by analyzing the meaning of key terms as they were used in contemporary dictionaries, legal treatises, common law cases, and the earliest U.S. antitrust cases, and it does this in light of the history of the relevant times. Both approaches demonstrate that the overriding purpose of the antitrust statutes is to prevent firms from stealing from consumers by charging them supracompetitive prices. When firms use their market power to raise prices to supracompetitive levels, purchasers pay more for their goods and services, and these overcharges constitute a taking of purchasers’ property. Economic efficiency was only a secondary concern. In addition, the textualist approach leads to the surprising conclusion that neither the Sherman Act nor the Clayton Act contain an exception for monopolies attained by efficient business conduct. A “plain meaning” analysis of the antitrust statutes reveals that they are supposed to prevent and condemn all privately created monopolies.
Statistical discrimination in labor markets: An experimental analysis

This article reports results from controlled laboratory experiments designed to study second-moment (that is, risk-based) statistical discrimination in a labor market setting. Since decision makers may not view risk in the same way as economists or statisticians (that is, risk = variance of distribution), we also examine alternative measures of risk: the support of the distribution and the probability of earning less than the expected (maximum) profits for the employer. Our results indicate that employers made statistically discriminatory wage offers consistent with loss aversion in our full sample (though the result is driven by the male employer subsample). If one can transfer these results outside of the laboratory, they indicate that discrimination estimates based only on first-moment (mean-based) discrimination are biased. The public policy implication is that efforts and legislation aimed at reducing discrimination of various sorts face an additional challenge in trying to identify and limit relatively hidden, but significant, forms of statistical discrimination.
Disability Insurance Rejection Rates and the Labor Supply of Older Workers

Abstract We investigate the effects of trying to mitigate moral hazard in the Disability Insurance (DI) program by raising the stringency of the screening process for applicants. We do so by studying a dramatic increase in rejection rates for the DI program in the late 1970s, which varied substantially across the US states. We find that each 10% rise in denial rates led to a statistically significant 2.8% fall in labor force non-participation among 45–64 year old males. We also find that the denial rate increases effectively targeted their incentive effects to more able individuals, according to an anthropometric measure of disability.
Online Piracy and the “Longer Arm” of Enforcement

Controlling digital piracy has remained a top priority for manufacturers of information goods, as well as for many governments around the world. Among the many forms taken by digital piracy, we focus on an increasingly common one—namely, online piracy—that is facilitated by torrent sites and cyberlockers who bring together consumers of pirated content and its suppliers. Motivated by recent empirical literature that makes a clear distinction between antipiracy efforts that restrict supply of pirated goods (supply-side enforcement) and ones that penalize illegal consumption (demand-side enforcement), we develop a simple economic model and discover some fundamental differences between these two types in terms of their impacts on innovation and welfare. All in all, supply-side enforcement turns out to be the “longer arm”—it has a more desirable economic impact in the long run. Our results have clear implications for manufacturers, consumers, and policy makers. The online supplement is available at https://doi...
Pre-Orders for New To-be-Released Products Considering Consumer Loss Aversion

Advance selling through pre-orders is a strategy to transfer inventory risk from a retailer to consumers. A newsvendor retailer can have three strategies to choose from: no advance selling allowed (NAS), moderate advance selling with a moderate discount for pre-orders (MAS), and deep advance selling with a deep discount for pre-orders (DAS). This research studies how a retailer could design an advance selling strategy to maximize her own profits. We find some interesting results. For example, there exist two thresholds for the selling season profit margin and two thresholds for consumer's expected valuation. For products with higher profit margin than the high threshold on profit margin, a retailer should always use DAS. For products with medium profit margin within the two thresholds, a retailer should adopt MAS if consumer's expected valuation is lower than the high threshold and use DAS otherwise. For products with lower profit margin than the low threshold, a retailer should use NAS, DAS, or MAS, respectively, if consumer's expected valuation is lower than the low threshold, higher than the high threshold, or between the two thresholds, respectively. Through sensitivity analyses, we also show the effects of multiple consumer characteristics on a retailer's optimal advance selling strategy.
Realizing the Dream of William O. Douglas: The Securities and Exchange Commission Takes Charge of Corporate Governance

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley) has markedly changed the boundary between the federal securities laws and state corporation law with regard to corporate governance. This change has not been some accident of hasty congressional action in the wake of the Enron, Worldcom and relatedscandals. The added grants ofauthority given to the SEC in Sarbanes-Oxley are with respect to matters of board composition and structure that the SEC has been angling to regulate for some time. Furthermore, in utilizing the self-regulatory organizations to implement the new governance ideas of Sabanes-Oxley, the SEC has exercised its powers under the 1975 amendments to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in a manner long considered questionable. The SEC's new activism with respect to corporate governance can thus be analyzed as the latest maneuver in a long running battle between federal and state authorities over the regulation ofpublic corporations. Whether Sarbanes-Oxley will result in better corporate governance and greater sensitivity by corporate officers and directors to investor interests remains to be seen. Despite the laudatory goals of the statute, adverse consequences are possible. The provisions of Sarbanes-Oxley are proscriptive in an area where flexibility has long been valued. Furthermore, it is premised to some extent on an adversarial model of corporate governance in contrast to a consensus model which has been the prevailing norm in boardrooms. In changing the orientation of directors, Sarbanes-Oxley and its implementation by the SEC may result in diminished entrepreneurial activity, corporate profitability and competitiveness. The new emphasis on investor protection may detract attention from long-term business interests. This shift from state to federal law concerning internal corporate affairs may also cause state law either to become unduly restrictive of directorial discretion in an effort to *Centennial Professor, Chairman of the Steering Committee, and Co-Director of the Center for the Study of International Business Law at Brooklyn Law School. She is a former Commissioner of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The author thanks Dean Joan Wexler for a research grant from Brooklyn Law School for the preparation of this article and Professor Claire Kelly for her helpful comments. The author also thanks Brooklyn Law School student John Ivascu for his research assistance. DELAWARE JOURNAL OF CORPORATE LAW compete with rigorous SEC enforcement cases, or at the other extreme, to
The role of underwriter peer networks in IPOs

Abstract This study examines how various aspects of underwriter peer network affect IPOs. We use different network measures to capture underwriter centrality in the global network, cohesion and diversity within network, and prior industry experience of network partners. Our results show that IPOs underwritten by book managers with more central and cohesive networks and partners with previous industry experience are associated with a higher likelihood of an offer price revision and larger price revisions. We also find book managers with more central networks and partners with previous industry experience are associated with higher short-run stock returns, while book managers that maintain more reciprocated peer relationships tend to underprice more. These results indicate that underwriters use peer networks to produce information and place securities, and network structure and characteristics have implications for the quantity and quality of information and the level of cooperative efforts shared among underwriters.
Critical Theory and the Loneliness of the Tax Prof

This essay, prepared for a symposium on critical theory and tax law, has two goals: to suggest why feminist theory and critical race theory are spreading in taxation and to discuss some dangers of that criticism. The author evaluates three examples of the new criticism: an article on critical race theory by Professors Moran and Whitford; an article on feminist statutory interpretation by Professor Handelman; and a book, Taxing Women, by Professor McCaffery.
Pesification and Economic Crisis in Argentina: The Moral Hazard Posed by a Politicized Supreme Court

In March 2003, the Supreme Court of Argentina declared unconstitutional the controversial Presidential "Pesification" Decree, which forcibly converted billions in U.S. dollar-denominated bank deposits into pesos. This issue has subjected an already controversial Court to heightened scrutiny and criticism. The pesification appeal presented a true Morton's Fork (or Catch 22) for the Court. This article offers one view on the causes and consequences of the Court's dilemma. It first will explore the roots of Argentina's latest economic crisis and will review recent news and events. Next, it will provide a brief history of the legal framework in which these events transpired, including a discussion of Argentina's Constitution, its Supreme Court, and the role of constitutional interpretation in a civil law setting. The article finally will consider the Supreme Court's ruling on the pesification decree and possible alternate scenarios available in the Court. Additionally, it will ponder the risks and rewards associated therewith.
Seventeen Years Since the Sunset: The Expiration of 245(i) and Its Effect on U.S. Citizens Married to Undocumented Immigrants

One of the most pervasive myths of U.S. immigration law is that marriage to a U.S. citizen confers citizenship, or at least some form of legal status, upon a foreign national. It is an intuitive notion: that a U.S. citizen enjoys, as part of his or her package of privileges and protections, the right to live anywhere in the United States with a spouse of his or her choosing, and to confer automatically some form of legal status upon that spouse. It comes as a surprise and an affront to many U.S. citizens that their immigration laws do not always comport with this notion.
Choosing among Alternative Nonexperimental Methods for Estimating the Impact of Social Programs: The Case of Manpower Training

Abstract The recent literature on evaluating manpower training programs demonstrates that alternative nonexperimental estimators of the same program produce an array of estimates of program impact. These findings have led to the call for experiments to be used to perform credible program evaluations. Missing in all of the recent pessimistic analyses of nonexperimental methods is any systematic discussion of how to choose among competing estimators. This article explores the value of simple specification tests in selecting an appropriate nonexperimental estimator. A reanalysis of the National Supported Work Demonstration data previously analyzed by proponents of social experiments reveals that a simple testing procedure eliminates the range of nonexperimental estimators at variance with the experimental estimates of program impact.
The Political Reliability of Italian Governments: An Exponential Survival Model

Italian cabinets (governi) fall from power in a seemingly haphazard pattern, thus defying most deterministic analyses of their durability. This analysis views Italian government longevity as essentially indeterminate, or stochastic, and it applies the theory of “political reliability” to explain the probability that an Italian government will be in power at time t after it was formed. An exponential survival model R = e−kt, with constant government breakdown rate k = .021 per week, is developed, estimated, tested, and discussed. It is shown that Italian governments have a half-life (τ) of approximately 32.8 weeks, after which their political reliability drops below .50, and their mean duration is 47.7 weeks, so the probability that an Italian government will survive as long as the average is only 36.8%. Theoretical aspects of the model are also discussed, together with characteristic features of exponential political reliability, such as lifetime density, political mortality, and government downfall rate, as well as the systems reliability and crisis process characteristic of Italian governments.
Durable Goods, Inflation Risk, and Equilibrium Asset Prices

High expected inflation is known to predict low future real growth. We show that, relative to nondurable goods sectors of the economy, such predictability is significantly more pronounced in durable sectors. Consistent with this macroeconomic evidence, the equity returns of durable goods-producing firms have a larger negative exposure to expected inflation risks. We estimate a two-good recursive utility model that features persistent growth fluctuations and inflation nonneutrality for durable and nondurable consumption. Our model can quantitatively account for the levels and volatilities of bond and equity prices, and correlations of equity returns with bond returns and with expected inflation.
On the edge: Declining marginal utility and Tax Policy

The assumption of declining marginal utility of income— that the next dollar a person receives is “worth less”2 to a wealthy person than a poor person—has been crucial in tax scholarship over the last sixty or so years, as optimal tax theory and welfarism have become important ways that many in the legal academy evaluate tax policy.3 In spite of, or perhaps because of, the importance of this assumption, declining marginal utility has received little extended attention from the legal academy.4 This Article begins to fill that gap.
It's the law schools stupid! Explaining the continuing increase in the number of lawyers

Many countries around the world have experienced sharp increases in the number of legal professionals over the last 40–50 years. In this paper, I focus on the role of the gatekeepers, which in most countries today are the institutions that provide education and training for those hoping to enter the profession. I argue that while the profession may have an incentive to control the ‘production of producers’, the educational institutions do not share this incentive. While this argument has been made previously, in this paper I seek to draw out the implications of the institutional incentives, both with regard to how the institutions operate to supply education and training, and with regard to the impact on the demand for the education and training the institutions provide. The discussion considers developments in a range of both common law and civil law countries.
Optimal accumulation in a small open economy with technological uncertainty

This paper analyzes the optimal allocation problem of a small trading country facing an uncertain technology. It is involved in production of many commodities. Differentiability cannot be guaranteed, hence, the Ramsey-Euler condition of optimality needs to be modified. From the optimality criterion, we derive a pair of conditions, which does not require differentiability. If “enough” uncertainty is allowed, the sequence of the distribution functions of investment expenditure converges uniformly to a unique invariant measure. In addition to the weak convergence of the stochastic process of investment expenditure we also have the sequences of the stochastic process of investment expenditure converging weakly.
From One Town's 'Alternative Families' Ordinance to Marriage Equality Nationwide

Many articles have already discussed the Supreme Court’s Obergefell v. Hodges decision. In that opinion, the Supreme Court held that individuals who are same-sex couples have a fundamental right to marry just as individuals who are different-sex couples. Basing its decision on the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Court held that states could not deny same-sex couples that right. Instead of the numerous scholarly works analyzing the Obergefell decision, this essay looks back at my part in the marriage equality movement, before it was a movement and before it was about marriage, and its transition to both. I have been working toward obtaining legal rights for same-sex couples since 1983. My work began when I helped draft what became the third domestic partnership ordinance in the country in Madison, Wisconsin, and my work will continue into early 2016 when my service as the chair of the board of directors for Freedom to Marry, Inc. will end. Over the past three decades, I played a small but regular role in helping to end the exclusion of same-sex couples from legal recognition of our relationships in the United States. This essay considers how my experiences as an activist, scholar, and married lesbian mirrored those of the movement since the early 1980s. The essay is divided into three parts that roughly correspond with the three decades of the marriage equality movement: the early 1980s to 1993, 1993 to 2003, and 2003 to 2015. Part I discusses the early efforts to win limited rights through city ordinances and employer health insurance benefits and how those efforts led activists to recognize the inherent limitations with the options to protect the legal rights of same-sex couples. Part II discusses the legal changes that resulted in the decade following the Hawaii Supreme Court’s decision in Baehr v. Lewin; changes not marriage itself, but numerous statutes and constitutional amendments purporting to deny recognition of any Hawaiian or other marriage by same-sex couples. Part III focuses its attention on the movement after the first state started marrying same-sex couples, the ups-and-downs resulting from the adoption or rejection of anti-marriage ballot measures by states across the country, and the national resolution that finally came with the Obergefell decision.
A robust method of nuclei isolation for single-cell RNA sequencing of solid tissues from the plant genus Populus

Single-cell transcriptome analysis has been extensively applied in humans and animal models to uncover gene expression heterogeneity between the different cell types of a tissue or an organ. It demonstrated its capability to discover key regulatory elements that determine cell fate during developmental programs. Single-cell analysis requires the isolation and labeling of the messenger RNA (mRNA) derived from each cell. These challenges were primarily addressed in mammals by developing microfluidic-based approaches. For plant species whose cells contain cell walls, these approaches have generally required the generation of isolated protoplasts. Many plant tissues' secondary cell wall hinders enzymatic digestion required for individual protoplast isolation, resulting in an unequal representation of cell types in a protoplast population. This limitation is especially critical for cell types located in the inner layers of a tissue or the inner tissues of an organ. Consequently, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies using microfluidic approaches in plants have mainly been restricted to Arabidopsis roots, for which well-established procedures of protoplast isolation are available. Here we present a simple alternative approach to generating high-quality protoplasts from plant tissue by characterizing the mRNA extracted from individual nuclei instead of whole cells. We developed the protocol using two different plant materials with varying cellular complexity levels and cell wall structure, Populus shoot apices, and more lignified stems. Using the 10× Genomics Chromium technology, we show that this procedure results in intact mRNA isolation and limited leakage, with a broad representation of individual cell transcriptomes.
A microwave SQUID multiplexer optimized for bolometric applications

A microwave superconducting quantum interference device multiplexer has been optimized for reading out large arrays of superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers. We present the scalable cryogenic multiplexer chip design that may be used to construct an 1820-channel multiplexer for the 4–8 GHz rf band. The key metrics of yield, sensitivity, and crosstalk are determined through measurements of 455 readout channels, which span 4–5 GHz. The median white-noise level is 45 pA/ Hz, evaluated at 2 Hz, with a 1/f knee ≤ 20 mHz after common-mode subtraction. The white-noise level decreases the sensitivity of a TES bolometer optimized for detection of the cosmic microwave background at 150 GHz by only 3%. The measured crosstalk between any channel pair is ≤ 0.3%.
Ordinal patterns in the Duffing oscillator: Analyzing powers of characterization

Ordinal patterns are a time-series data analysis tool used as a preliminary step to construct the permutation entropy, which itself allows the same characterization of dynamics as chaotic or regular as more theoretical constructs such as the Lyapunov exponent. However, ordinal patterns store strictly more information than permutation entropy or Lyapunov exponents. We present results working with the Duffing oscillator showing that ordinal patterns reflect changes in dynamical symmetry that is invisible to other measures, even permutation entropy. We find that these changes in symmetry at given parameter values are correlated with a change in stability at neighboring parameters, which suggests a novel predictive capability for this analysis technique.
The Influence of Magnetic Field Topology and Orientation on the Distribution of Thermal Electrons in the Martian Magnetotail

Thermal (<1 eV) electron density measurements, derived from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution's (MAVEN) Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument, are analyzed to produce the first statistical study of the thermal electron population in the Martian magnetotail. Coincident measurements of the local magnetic field are used to demonstrate that close to Mars, the thermal electron population is most likely to be observed at a cylindrical distance of ~1.1 Mars radii (RM) from the central tail region during times when the magnetic field flares inward toward the central tail, compared to ~1.3 RM during times when the magnetic field flares outward away from the central tail. Similar patterns are observed further down the magnetotail with greater variability. Thermal electron densities are highly variable throughout the magnetotail; average densities are typically ~20-50 /cc within the optical shadow of Mars and can peak at ~100 /cc just outside of the optical shadow. Standard deviations of 100% are observed for average densities measured throughout the tail. Analysis of the local magnetic field topology suggests that thermal electrons observed within the optical shadow of Mars are likely sourced from the nightside ionosphere, whereas electrons observed just outside of the optical shadow are likely sourced from the dayside ionosphere. Finally, thermal electrons within the optical shadow of Mars are up to 20% more likely to be observed when the strongest crustal magnetic fields point sunward than when they point tailward.
SBV regularity for Burgers-Poisson equation

Abstract The SBV regularity of weak entropy solutions to the Burgers-Poisson equation for initial data in L 1 ( R ) is considered. We show that the derivative of a solution consists of only the absolutely continuous part and the jump part.
Control Framework for a Hybrid-steel Bridge Inspection Robot

Autonomous navigation of steel bridge inspection robots are essential for proper maintenance. Majority of existing robotic solutions for bridge inspection require human intervention to assist in the control and navigation. In this paper, a control system framework has been proposed for a previously designed ARA robot [1], which facilitates autonomous real-time navigation and minimizes human involvement. The mechanical design and control framework of ARA robot enables two different configurations, namely the mobile and inch-worm transformation. In addition, a switching control was developed with 3D point clouds of steel surfaces as the input which allow the robot to switch between mobile and inch-worm transformation. The surface availability algorithm (considers plane, area and height) of the switching control enables the robot to perform inch-worm jumps autonomously. The mobile transformation allows the robot to move on continuous steel surfaces and perform visual inspection of steel bridge structures. Practical experiments on actual steel bridge structures highlight the effective performance of ARA robot with the proposed control framework for autonomous navigation during visual inspection of steel bridges.
Automated discovery of a robust interatomic potential for aluminum

Machine learning, trained on quantum mechanics (QM) calculations, is a powerful tool for modeling potential energy surfaces. A critical factor is the quality and diversity of the training dataset. Here we present a highly automated approach to dataset construction and demonstrate the method by building a potential for elemental aluminum (ANI-Al). In our active learning scheme, the ML potential under development is used to drive non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations with time-varying applied temperatures. Whenever a configuration is reached for which the ML uncertainty is large, new QM data is collected. The ML model is periodically retrained on all available QM data. The final ANI-Al potential makes very accurate predictions of radial distribution function in melt, liquid-solid coexistence curve, and crystal properties such as defect energies and barriers. We perform a 1.3M atom shock simulation and show that ANI-Al force predictions shine in their agreement with new reference DFT calculations. The accuracy of a machine-learned potential is limited by the quality and diversity of the training dataset. Here the authors propose an active learning approach to automatically construct general purpose machine-learning potentials here demonstrated for the aluminum case.
A Framework for Fairer Machine Learning in Organizations

With the increase in adoption of machine learning tools by organizations risks of unfairness abound, especially when human decision processes in outcomes of socio-economic importance such as hiring, housing, lending, and admissions are automated. We reveal sources of unfair machine learning, review fairness criteria, and provide a framework which, if implemented, would enable an organization to both avoid implementing an unfair machine learning model, but also to avoid the common situation that as an algorithm learns with more data it can become unfair over time. Issues of behavioral ethics in machine learning implementations by organizations have not been thoroughly addressed in the literature, because many of the necessary concepts are dispersed across three literatures – ethics, machine learning, and management. Further, tradeoffs between fairness criteria in machine learning have not been addressed with regards to organizations. We advance the research by introducing an organizing framework for selecting and implementing fair algorithms in organizations.
Social Media, News Consumption, and Polarization: Evidence from a Field Experiment

Does the consumption of ideologically congruent news on social media exacerbate polarization? I estimate the effects of social media news exposure by conducting a large field experiment randomly offering participants subscriptions to conservative or liberal news outlets on Facebook. I collect data on the causal chain of media effects: subscriptions to outlets, exposure to news on Facebook, visits to online news sites, and sharing of posts, as well as changes in political opinions and attitudes. Four main findings emerge. First, random variation in exposure to news on social media substantially affects the slant of news sites that individuals visit. Second, exposure to counter-attitudinal news decreases negative attitudes toward the opposing political party. Third, in contrast to the effect on attitudes, I find no evidence that the political leanings of news outlets affect political opinions. Fourth, Facebook's algorithm is less likely to supply individuals with posts from counter-attitudinal outlets, conditional on individuals subscribing to them. Together, the results suggest that social media algorithms may limit exposure to counter-attitudinal news and thus increase polarization.
Single-cell atlas of early human brain development highlights heterogeneity of human neuroepithelial cells and early radial glia

The human cortex comprises diverse cell types that emerge from an initially uniform neuroepithelium that gives rise to radial glia, the neural stem cells of the cortex. To characterize the earliest stages of human brain development, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing across regions of the developing human brain, including the telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain and cerebellum. We identify nine progenitor populations physically proximal to the telencephalon, suggesting more heterogeneity than previously described, including a highly prevalent mesenchymal-like population that disappears once neurogenesis begins. Comparison of human and mouse progenitor populations at corresponding stages identifies two progenitor clusters that are enriched in the early stages of human cortical development. We also find that organoid systems display low fidelity to neuroepithelial and early radial glia cell types, but improve as neurogenesis progresses. Overall, we provide a comprehensive molecular and spatial atlas of early stages of human brain and cortical development.
A Probabilistic Machine Learning Approach to Detect Industrial Plant Faults

Fault detection in industrial plants is a hot research area as more and more sensor data are being collected throughout the industrial process. Automatic data-driven approaches are widely needed and seen as a promising area of investment. This paper proposes an effective machine learning algorithm to predict industrial plant faults based on classification methods such as penalized logistic regression, random forest and gradient boosted tree. A fault’s start time and end time are predicted sequentially in two steps by formulating the original prediction problems as classification problems. The algorithms described in this paper won first place in the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2015 Data Challenge.
Shared developmental gait disruptions across two mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders.

Motor deficits such as abnormal gait are an underappreciated yet characteristic phenotype of many neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including Williams Syndrome (WS) and Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1). Compared to cognitive phenotypes, gait phenotypes are readily and comparably assessed in both humans and model organisms and are controlled by well-defined CNS circuits. Discovery of a common gait phenotype between NDDs might suggest shared cellular and molecular deficits and highlight simple outcome variables to potentially quantify longitudinal treatment efficacy in NDDs. We characterized gait using the DigiGait assay in two different murine NDD models: the complete deletion (CD) mouse, which models hemizygous loss of the complete WS locus, and the Nf1+/R681X mouse, which models a NF1 patient-derived heterozygous germline NF1 mutation. Longitudinal data were collected across four developmental time points (postnatal days 21–30) and one early adulthood time point. Compared to wildtype littermate controls, both models displayed markedly similar spatial, temporal, and postural gait abnormalities during development. Developing CD mice also displayed significant decreases in variability metrics. Multiple gait abnormalities observed across development in the Nf1+/R681X mice persisted into early adulthood, including increased stride length and decreased stride frequency, while developmental abnormalities in the CD model largely resolved by adulthood. These findings suggest that the subcomponents of gait affected in NDDs show overlap between disorders as well as some disorder-specific features, which may change over the course of development. Our incorporation of spatial, temporal, and postural gait measures also provides a template for gait characterization in other NDD models and a platform to examining circuits or longitudinal therapeutics.
OncoGEMINI: software for investigating tumor variants from multiple biopsies with integrated cancer annotations

DNA sequencing has unveiled extensive tumor heterogeneity in several different cancer types, with many exhibiting diverse subclonal populations. Identifying and tracing mutations throughout the expansion and progression of a tumor represents a significant challenge. Furthermore, prioritizing the subset of such mutations most likely to contribute to tumor evolution or that could serve as potential therapeutic targets represents an ongoing problem. Here, we describe OncoGEMINI, a new tool designed for exploring the complex patterns and trajectory of somatic and inherited variation observed in heterogeneous tumors biopsied over the course of treatment. This is accomplished by creating a searchable database of variants that includes tumor sampling time points and allows for filtering methods that reflect specific changes in variant allele frequencies over time. Additionally, by incorporating existing annotations and resources that facilitate the interpretation of cancer mutations (e.g., CIViC, DGIdb), OncoGEMINI enables rapid searches for, and potential identification of, mutations that may be driving subclonal evolution. By combining relevant genomic annotations alongside specific filtering tools, OncoGEMINI provides powerful and customizable approaches that enable the quick identification of individual tumor variants that meet specified criteria. It can be applied to a wide range of tumor-derived sequence data, but is especially designed for studies with multiple samples, including longitudinal datasets. It is available under an MIT license at github.com/fakedrtom/oncogemini .
A noncanonical FLT3 gatekeeper mutation disrupts gilteritinib binding and confers resistance.

ABSTRACT The recent FDA approval of the FLT3 inhibitor, gilteritinib, for AML represents a major breakthrough for treatment of FLT3 mutated AML. However, patients only respond to gilteritinib for 6-7 months due to the emergence of drug resistance. Clinical resistance to gilteritinib is often associated with expansion of NRAS mutations, and less commonly via gatekeeper mutations in FLT3, with F691L being the most common. We developed an in vitro model that charts the temporal evolution of resistance to gilteritinib from early microenvironmental-mediated resistance to late intrinsic resistance mutations. Our model system accurately recapitulates the expansion of NRAS mutations and the F691L gatekeeper mutations found in AML patients. As part of this study, we also identified a novel FLT3N701K mutation that also appeared to promote resistance to gilteritinib. Using the Ba/F3 system, we demonstrate that N701K mutations effectively act like a gatekeeper mutation and block gilteritinib from binding to FLT3, thereby promoting resistance. Structural modeling of FLT3 reveals how N701K, and other reported gilteritinib resistance mutations, obstruct the gilteritinib binding pocket on FLT3. Interestingly, FLT3N701K does not block quizartinib binding, suggesting that FLT3N701K mutations are more specific for type 1 FLT3 inhibitors (gilteritinib, midostaurin, and crenolanib). Thus, our data suggests that for the FLT3N701K mutation, switching classes of FLT3 inhibitors may restore clinical response. As the use of gilteritinib expands in the clinic, this information will become critical to define clinical strategies to manage gilteritinib resistance.
Expanding the geographies of ‘sanctuary’ and the deepening and contentious nature of immigration federalism: the case of California’s SB 54

This article examines the concept and practice of sanctuary jurisdictions in the United States, including its secularization through its codification in state and local laws. It traces the politica...
Eigenvalue paths arising from matrix paths

Abstract It is known (see e.g. [2] , [4] , [5] , [6] ) that continuous variations in the entries of a complex square matrix induce continuous variations in its eigenvalues. If such a variation arises from one real parameter α ∈ [ 0 , 1 ] , then the eigenvalues follow continuous paths in the complex plane as α shifts from 0 to 1. The intent here is to study the nature of these eigenpaths, including their behavior under small perturbations of the matrix variations, as well as the resulting eigenpairings of the matrices that occur at α = 0 and α = 1 . We also give analogs of our results in the setting of monic polynomials.
Meshless Fragile Points Methods Based on Petrov‐Galerkin Weak‐Forms for Transient Heat Conduction Problems in Complex Anisotropic Nonhomogeneous Media

Three kinds of Fragile Points Methods based on Petrov-Galerkin weak-forms (PG-FPMs) are proposed for analyzing heat conduction problems in nonhomogeneous anisotropic media. This is a follow-up of the previous study on the original FPM based on a symmetric Galerkin weak-form. The trial function is piecewise-continuous, written as local Taylor expansions at the Fragile Points. A modified Radial Basis Function-based Differential Quadrature (RBF-DQ) method is employed for establishing the local approximation. The Dirac delta function, Heaviside step function, and the local fundamental solution of the governing equation are alternatively used as test functions. Vanishing or pure contour integral formulation in subdomains or on local boundaries can be obtained. Extensive numerical examples in 2D and 3D are provided as validations. The collocation method (PG-FPM-1) is superior in transient analysis with arbitrary point distribution and domain partition. The finite volume method (PG-FPM-2) shows the best efficiency, saving 25% to 50% computational time comparing with the Galerkin FPM. The singular solution method (PG-FPM-3) is highly efficient in steady-state analysis. The anisotropy and nonhomogeneity give rise to no difficulties in all the methods. The proposed PG-FPM approaches represent an improvement to the original Galerkin FPM, as well as to other meshless methods in earlier literature.
The Data Analytics Journey: Interactions Among Auditors, Managers, Regulation, and Technology*

Data analytics is transforming our global markets. Companies’ investments in data analytics are projected to grow to more than $274 billion in the next few years, and audit firms are pledging to invest an unprecedented $9 billion. While auditors, company managers, regulators, and academics agree that data analytics is fundamentally changing the financial reporting and auditing processes, we currently have little empirical research investigating the complexities related to the diffusion of this new technology. In this study, we interview matched dyads of company managers (e.g., CFOs) and their respective audit partners, as well as regulators and data analytics experts to provide a rich understanding of how interactions between these stakeholders affect the dissemination of this innovation throughout financial reporting and auditing. We use socio-technical systems of innovation theory as a lens through which to view our findings as this theory highlights the importance of dynamic interactions between people and their environments, including rules and regulations. We find that managers and auditors see themselves as partners on a journey together exploring new tools, taking new paths, and learning from one another. However, like with any journey into a new frontier, managers and auditors describe pitfalls and struggles along the way due to tensions related to regulatory interactions, independence concerns, strategic negotiations over audit fees, and competitive pressures. Our study contributes to research, practice, and regulation by shining a light on these critical interactions between accounting stakeholders, which shape the diffusion of innovative technologies like data analytics.