cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Effect of Probe Trials on Selection Strategies in Problem Solving

Summary The use of probe trials to investigate hypothesis-testing behavior was investigated as a variable that may affect the hypothesis-testing process itself. Shift behavior by 96 male and female college students in an optional shift task was used as the dependent variable because it could be evaluated independent of the presence or absence of probe trials. The number of options, two or three, available on the shift task was also manipulated in order to test the hypothesis that, if probe trials cause the adoption of a more efficient shift strategy like Local Consistency, an increase in options would result in a decrease in within-dimension shifts. The data were in support of the hypothesis that probe trials have an effect on an individual's strategy for selecting hypotheses following negative feedback: 89% of the no-probe-trial participants made within-dimension shifts, with no effect following from an increase in options, while 56% of the probe-trial participants made within-dimension shifts, with a de...
Growth hormone in thyrotoxicosis: effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia.

The response in the plasma growth hormone (HGH) level to the stimulus of insulin-induced hypoglycemia has been compared in a group of 5 thyrotoxic patients with the response in a group of normal subjects. HGH was measured by radioimmunoassay. The 5 thyrotoxic patients showed a markedly impoverished response of HGH compared to the controls, peak HGH levels at 60 min after insulin being 4.5±1.5 mμg/ml in the thyrotoxic group, and 28.6 ± 5.6 in the normal subjects (mean ± sem). The HGH response of 3 normal subjects studied before and after 1 week's therapy with 200 μg triiodothyronine daily was unaltered.
The effect of atropine on cortical potentials.

Abstract The effects of atropine on the spiking in the EEG induced by the topical application to the brain of curare or penicillin and ACh have been studied. Eucatropine, dibutoline, eserine, and neostigmine were used in an effort to elucidate the mechanism by which atropine exerts its effect. The essential findings of this study were: 1. 1. Atropine (0.4 to 1 mg/Kg.) produced a sleep-like pattern in the EEG of normal cats paralyzed by curarizing agents. Eserine (0.25 mg/ Kg.) had little effect on the EEG of normal cats but did not permit the animals to sleep. Eucatropine, dibutoline, and neostigmine cause, on intravenous injection, no detectable change in the EEG of normal cats. 2. 2. Spiking in the EEG caused by the topical application of curare or penicillin differed from that caused by applying ACh to the brain. Atropine, on intravenous injection, increased the spiking due to curare or penicillin and decreased or abolished that due to ACh. Eserine, given by intravenous injection, had the opposite effect. It increased the spiking due to ACh and decreased the spiking due to curare or penicillin. Eucatropine and neostigmine on intravenous injection had no effect on the spiking due to either of the two types of stimulation. Dibutoline had no effect on the stimulation of curare; it was not tested for its action on the ACh spikes. 3. 3. While an excess of ACh may cause convulsions it is not the only mechanism by which convulsions may be initiated. 4. 4. The mechanism by which atropine affects the spiking caused by curare or penicillin has been discussed. 5. 5. Differences in the effects between neostigmine and eserine and also between dibutoline and atropine are attributed to their chemical structure on the basis that quaternary nitrogen bases fail to pass the blood brain barrier.
Critique of Callicott's Biosocial Moral Theory

J. Baird Callicott's claim to have unified environmentalism and animal liberation should be rejected by holists and liberationists. By making relations of intimacy necessary for moral considerability, Callicott excludes from the moral community nonhuman animals unable to engage in intimate relations due to the circumstances of their confinement. By failing to afford moral protection to animals in factory farms and research laboratories, Callicott's biosocial moral theory falls short of meeting a basic moral demand of liberationists. Moreover, were Callicott to include factory farm and research animals inside the moral community by affording them universal or non-communitarian rights, his theory would fall foul of environmentalists who seek to promote ecosystem stability and integrity via therapeutic hunting. If factory farm and research animals can have rights irrespective of their particular circumstances, then so can free- roaming animals from overabundant and exotic species.
STRONTIUM-CALCIUM TRANSPORT ACROSS THE GILL OF RAINBOW TROUT, (SALMO GAIRDNERII)

This study was performed using radioactive isotopes of calcium and strontium as tracers in a perfused gill preparation. There were two levels in the uptake rates for strontium and calcium: a passive rate of 0.5 × 10−7 cm/sec, and 1.8 × 10−7 cm/sec, respectively, and a tenfold higher energy dependent rate of 5.1 × 10−7 cm/sec for strontium and 17 × 10−7 cm/sec for calcium. There was no evidence of discriminatory interaction between calcium and strontium at the passive levels of transport. Strontium was found to substitute for calcium at the active transport levels only if the calcium concentration of the environmental water was below approximately 0.1 mM Ca++/1. The rate of calcium and strontium loss from the gill was estimated as about 20 times faster than the influx rates. This caused the postulation that the net transfer of calcium ions across the gill could change, dependent upon the degree of saturation of the calcium-binding sites within the fish.
Introduction to IBM's knowledge-systems products

The industrialization of artificial intelligence is believed by many to be a technology that will contribute to a new generation of "smart" computer systems. Technical managers who are users or suppliers of computer systems are trying to understand how the technology can help them, and they are finding it an elusive subject to grasp. This introductory paper starts with a technology overview that aims to address this need for understanding and provide a suitable background for the papers that follow.
How a CCA Sequence Protects Mature tRNAs and tRNA Precursors from Action of the Processing Enzyme RNase BN/RNase Z

In many organisms, 3′ maturation of tRNAs is catalyzed by the endoribonuclease, RNase BN/RNase Z, which cleaves after the discriminator nucleotide to generate a substrate for addition of the universal CCA sequence. However, tRNAs or tRNA precursors that already contain a CCA sequence are not cleaved, thereby avoiding a futile cycle of removal and readdition of these essential residues. We show here that the adjacent C residues of the CCA sequence and an Arg residue within a highly conserved sequence motif in the channel leading to the RNase catalytic site are both required for the protective effect of the CCA sequence. When both of these determinants are present, CCA-containing RNAs in the channel are unable to move into the catalytic site; however, substitution of either of the C residues by A or U or mutation of Arg274 to Ala allows RNA movement and catalysis to proceed. These data define a novel mechanism for how tRNAs are protected against the promiscuous action of a processing enzyme. Background: 3′-Terminal CCA-containing tRNAs and precursors are resistant to action of RNase BN/RNase Z. Results: Arg274 and the two C residues are required for protection by the CCA sequence. Conclusion: Presence of Arg274 and CC sequence prevents RNA substrate from moving into the RNase catalytic site. Significance: This mechanism explains how mature tRNAs are protected from removal of the CCA sequence by a processing RNase.
Observations on Load and Strength Factors in Bearing Capacity Analysis

AbstractThe widely differing factors of safety obtained by strength reduction and load increase in the ultimate bearing capacity of foundations have been reexamined analytically. In most cases, factors of safety based on load increase need to be higher than those based on strength reduction to achieve the same level of safety in design. The greater sensitivity of foundation systems to strength reduction over load increase may impact the choice of factors in ultimate limit state design.
A REVISION OF CRYPTORHAMPHINAE (HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES FROM AUSTRALIA

The subfamily Cryptorhamphinae Stal 1859 has been revived and reasons for this action are discussed. The subfamily now includes two genera, Cryptorhamphus Stal and Gonystus Stal. Descriptions are given for all the previously known taxa and two new species Cryptorhamphus slateri and Gonystus grossi are described from Australia. The zoogeography is also discussed.
Concentration Inequalities and Martingale Inequalities: A Survey

We examine a number of generalized and extended versions of concentration inequalities and martingale inequalities. These inequalities are effective for analyzing processes with quite general conditions as illustrated in an example for an infinite Polya process and web graphs.
Relativistic distorted-wave collision strengths for the 16 Δn=0 optically allowed transitions with n=2 in the 67 O-like ions with 26≤Z≤92

Abstract Relativistic distorted-wave collision strengths have been calculated for the 49 Δ n = 0 optically allowed transitions with n = 2 in the 67 N-like ions with nuclear charge number Z in the range 26 ≤ Z ≤ 92 . The calculations were made for the four final, or scattered, electron energies E ′ = 0.20 , 0.42, 0.80, and 1.40, where E ′ is in units of Z eff 2 Ry with Z eff = Z − 5 . In the present calculations, an improved “top-up” method, which employs relativistic plane waves, was used to obtain the high partial-wave contribution for each transition, in contrast to the partial-relativistic Coulomb–Bethe approximation used in the previous work by Zhang and Sampson [H.L. Zhang and D.H. Sampson, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 72 (1999) 153]. In that earlier work, collision strengths were also provided for N-like ions, but for a more comprehensive data set consisting of all possible 105 Δ n = 0 transitions, six scattered energies and the 81 ions with Z in the range 12 ≤ Z ≤ 92 . The collision strengths covered in the present work should be more accurate than the corresponding data given by Zhang and Sampson [H.L. Zhang and D.H. Sampson, At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 72 (1999) 153] and are presented here to replace those earlier results.
Causal Attribution and Perceived Realism of Stories

Just as people generate causal explanations for social events around them, story readers usually generate inferences about causality of events when reading a story. The attribution literature suggests that, when judging events that happen to others, people spontaneously generate dispositional explanations for negative events and situational explanations for positive events and the reverse when judging events that happen to themselves. Three experiments examined how these spontaneously generated inferences of causality interacted with causal explanations provided by the text of a story to influence perceived realism. The results indicate that the relationship between spontaneously generated causal attributions and information supplied by the story had little influence on realism judgments about story characters or about other people. When evaluating the story scenario for the self, however, results of all three experiments show that people find information consistent with their own spontaneous attributions...
Fish Schools: An Asset to Corals

Schools of juvenile haemulid fish feed in sea grass beds at night. By day they rest over coral heads, where they excrete substantial quantities of ammonium and particulate nitrogen and phosphorus into the nutrient-poor waters. The percentages of these nutrients contributed by the fish were comparable to those from other sources. Coral heads with resident fish schools grew faster than those without resident schools, indicating that fish may be more beneficial to the corals than has been assumed.
Nitric oxide in vascular biology

Nitric oxide is a highly versatile heterodiatomic molecule that effects a variety of actions in the vasculture. Originally identified as a principal determination of vascular tone, nitric oxide has since been recognized to exert anti thrombotic, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects in the vasculture. At higher concentrations and in the setting of other oxidants, nitric oxide can promote vascular pathology. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of nitric oxides actions in vascular biology and pathology.
Viewer perception of gender roles on network prime‐time television

This study examines the perception of sex roles on network prime‐time television programming. College students (N = 321) rated major female and males characters in comedies and dramas during prime time using the Bem Sex‐Role Inventory (BSRI). Compared to Peevers' (1979) study, male characters were found to be less sex‐typed. In fact, both sexes were perceived similar to real life people. However, differences were found by genre, with male and female leads perceived as stereotypically depicted in dramas but comparable in comedies. The utility of using character perceptions as a complement to traditional content analyses of TV shows is discussed.
A Global Multilevel Atmospheric Model Using a Vector Semi-Lagrangian Finite-Difference Scheme. Part II: Version with Physics

Abstract Full physical parameterzations have been incorporated into the global model using a two-time-level, semi-Lagrangian, semi-implicit finite-difference integration scheme that was described in Part I of this work. Virtual temperature effects have also been incorporated into the adiabatic part of the model. The diurnal and seasonal cycles have been included, with prescribed seasonally varying climatological surface boundary conditions. The model has been integrated in both forecast and climate mode, at a resolution of 2° × 2.5° in latitude/longitude, 20 levels in the vertical, and a time step of 45 min for the dynamics. Medium-range forecasts using January and July initial conditions give highly encouraging anomaly correlation skill scores. Two parallel 17-month climate simulations, one without and one with mass restoration, show that the model successfully simulates many features of the observed climate. Mass restoration is shown to have no significant impact on the seasonally averaged climate stati...
Ambient Pressure Dry-Gel Conversion Method for Zeolite MFI Synthesis Using Ionic Liquid and Microwave Heating

We report an ambient pressure synthesis method for silicate zeolite. This method combines the advantages of ionothermal synthesis, dry-gel conversion, and microwave radiation, making it a promising, safe, fast, and continuous process for industrial application.
Efficient approximation algorithms for semidefinite programs arising from MAX CUT and COLORING

The best known approximation algorithm for graph MAX CUT, due to Goemans and Williamson, first finds the optimal solution a semidefinite program and then derives a graph cut from that solution. Building on this result, Karger, Motwani, and Sudan gave an approximation algorithm for graph coloring that also involves solving a semidefinite program. Solving these semidefinite programs using known methods (ellipsoid, interiorpoint ), though polynomial-time, is quite expensive. We show how they can be approximately solved in ~(nm) time for graphs with n nodes and m edges.
Magnetic resonance imaging: Making sense of disassembly

An amphiphilic molecule that contains a protein-specific ligand and an NMR-active tag forms the basis of a protein sensor. A measurable NMR signal results only in the presence of active protein that causes disassembly of clusters of the amphiphile.
Potential of the amino acid homology studies: Homologies found between β-galactosidase and lac repressor of E. Coli☆

Abstract Significant amino acid homologies were found between β-galactosidase fragments and lac repressor of E. coli using a sliding match according to Greller and Erhan (1974). Since both of these proteins can recognise and bind galactose moiety, we propose that the homologous regions represent galactose binding site (s) on both proteins. Possible application of homology studies to problems of protein and nuclei acid chemistry is also discussed.
Neither dietary ethanol nor beer augments experimental colon carcinogenesis in rats.

There is an epidemiologic association between beer consumption and rectal cancer. Beer and ethanol were tested in the rat-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) experimental carcinogenesis model in order to verify this observation. Ethanol was found not to affect the number of colonic tumors induced by DMH (86 vs. 77 controls,P=0.764). In rats fed beer and treated with DMH, there was a decrease in gastrointestinal tumor induction (P=0.043). This instance then becomes one of many in which conclusions drawn from epidemiologic studies have been contradicted when subjected to analysis in an experimental colon carcinogenesis model.
The proposal-reality gap: The mechanics of implementing a funded research proposal

In summary, planning is the key to smooth implementation of a newly funded study. Adequate planning reduces the time necessary to hire personnel, purchase equipment and supplies, acquire space, manage the budget, maintain agency contacts and provide for smooth agency orientation, and complete the pilot study. Moving smoothly into data collection ensures that the project will be on target by the end of the first year of funding and that the investigator will have an opportunity to demonstrate scholarly productivity. Pilot testing pieces of the research protocol during the period between submission of the proposal and notification of the funding decision will facilitate smooth transition either to data collection or to revision and improvement of the proposal for resubmission.
Supersonic and hypersonic shock/boundary-layer interaction database

An assessment is given of existing shock wave/tubulent boundary-layer interaction experiments having sufficient quality to guide turbulence modeling and code validation efforts. Although the focus of this work is hypersonic, experiments at Mach numbers as low as 3 were considered. The principal means of identifying candidate studies was a computerized search of the AIAA Aerospace Database. Several hundred candidate studies were examined and over 100 of these were subjected to a rigorous set of acceptance criteria for inclusion in the data-base. Nineteen experiments were found to meet these criteria, of which only seven were in the hypersonic regime (M is greater than 5).
Effect of thyrotropin upon the intrathyroidal metabolism of thiocyanate-S35.

S35-labeled thiocyanate was administered to guinea pigs which had been previously treated with thyrotropin. The TSH pretreated animals exhibited T/S gradients of radioactivity which were twice as great as those of the control animals. Paper chromatography of the thyroid homogenates revealed that sulfate-S35 was the chief sulfur product of thiocyante-S35 metabolism. Thyrotropin produced an increase in the intrathyroidal concentration of sulfate-S35 as compared with the concentration in the controls receiving only labeled thiocyanate. Pretreatment with thiourea abolished the TSH response but augmented the concentration of thiocyanate-S35 within the thyroid gland. These results suggest that TSH enhanced the intrathyroidal metabolism of thiocyanate- S35.
Vibrational frequency and LO–TO splitting determination for planar–zigzag β-poly(vinylidene fluoride) using density-functional theory

Abstract We have determined the vibrational frequencies for planar–zigzag β-poly(vinylidene fluoride) using first principles density-functional theory. Specifically, through the use of the generalized gradient approximation, periodic boundary conditions and the computation of longitudinal optical–transverse optical splittings (LO–TO splittings), we have found very good agreement between our vibrational frequencies and those found experimentally and by semi-empirical methods. We also find better agreement than a previous Hartree–Fock density functional determination. We have demonstrated the utility of our method for the accurate determination of vibrational frequencies for other novel ferroelectric co-polymers when experimental force constants may not be available.
The Performance-Pedagogy Paradox in Choral Music Teaching

Choral music teachers simultaneously work toward two potentially competing goals: the quality of the musical performance and the quality of the education they provide for students. Is either goal preeminent, or can both exist in an ever-shifting balance? This paper highlights how this conundrum has existed since the emergence of North American choral music education nearly a century ago. The problem is explored as a paradox, with examples drawn from the author's personal experience. A proposed resolution supports the validity of both goals, with the suggestion that teachers need to increase awareness of how their goals affect decisions concerning policy, pedagogy, and musical practice.
Links between autism spectrum disorder and ADHD symptom trajectories: important findings and unanswered questions.

A n exclusion item within the DSM-IV-TR attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnostic criteria discourages the diagnosis of ADHD if symptoms occur only during the course of a pervasive developmental disorder. However, according to the latest proposed revisions, this may change for DSM-5. Proposed changes for DSM-5 also include a change in the classification of pervasive developmental disorders, which would eliminate separate diagnoses of autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, placing these instead into the single category of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The article by St. Pourcain et al in this month’s issue of the Journal adds support to arguments for allowing the co-diagnosis of ADHD and ASD and has some immediate implications for clinical practice and research strategies for neurodevelopmental disorders. Although multiple cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that ASD and ADHD symptoms frequently co-occur and have some overlapping genetic etiologies, little is known about the longitudinal relation between ASD and ADHD symptoms. Using a sample of more than 5,000 subjects from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), St. Pourcain and colleagues examined the relation between longitudinal ADHD and ASD symptom trajectories through the use of latent class growth analysis. As their ASD symptoms measurement, these investigators used the 12-item Social Communication Disorders Checklist, which covers social reciprocity and communication but not repetitive/stereotyped behaviors. The ADHD symptoms measurement consisted of five items (two inattentive, two hyperactive-impulsive, one im-
The Importance of Detector Acquisition Rate in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC)

The use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is becoming more popular for complex sample analysis and the optimization of this technique is paramount for accurate qualitative and quantitative reporting. In this work, the effect of detector data acquisition rate (or detector sampling speed) for GC×GC is investigated and summarized. Effects on chromatographic signal such as peak area, height, and width, as well as analytical figures of merit such as resolution and limit of detection, are investigated at four data acquisition rates using a multi-component test mixture. Adjusting the data acquisition rate of the detector has a profound effect on peak areas, heights, and peak widths. In addition, the increase in detected signal and decreased peak widths led to improved chromatographic resolution and limits of detection (LOD) under optimized conditions.
Infestations and Biology of the White-Fir Needle Miner in California Red Fir

First outbreak infestations of Epinotia meritana Heinrich in red fir and white fir were reported in California in 1965. Threatening infestations were found at elevations between 8000 and 10,000 ft in the South Fork Merced watershed. Studies in 1965 and 1966 disclosed overlapping generations, each requiring 2 years. Two broods occur simultaneously, one maturing each year. Infestations were heaviest in 1965. There was no evidence of permanent damage. By contrast, tree-killing infestations and a 1-year life cycle are well known in white fir stands in southern Utah.
The Anger Coping Program: An Empirically-Supported Treatment for Aggressive Children

SUMMARY This article provides a history and overview of an Anger Coping Program for children with a history of aggressive behavior problems. The Anger Coping Program is a cognitive-behavioral intervention, which addresses the social-cognitive distortions and deficits of aggressive children. The structure and content of the program are briefly reviewed, and its application in residential treatment facilities is discussed. The dissemination of the program is discussed, and the results of outcome research on the Anger Coping Program are presented. The program has produced significant post-intervention improvements in children's behavior and social-cognitiveprocesses.
Effects of using a first-order approximation to compensate the Doppler on large time-bandwidth product signals

Current generation radars employ a first order approximation to compensate the frequency shift due to target's velocity. This approach is inadequate when high velocity targets are considered; however, real targets do not possess such high velocities. For that reason, this research analyzes how the increment of the Time-Bandwidth (TBW) product and the target velocity would impact the analysis of radar signals when a first order approximation is implemented to compensate the Doppler shift. The common approach to improved resolution and performance of radar system is to increase the time-bandwidth product of the transmitted signal. The problem of using the first order approximation to compensate the Doppler is that it is limited only to the first two terms of a power series expansion of a full Doppler compensation. As a consequence, an increment on the target's velocity or the time-bandwidth product of the transmitted signal will result in a significant error at the output of the matched filter. On this research a Linear FM (chirp) signal with a large TBW is considered as the transmitted signal. First, to observe the effects of increasing the time-bandwidth product and target velocity the received signal is modeled using a full Doppler compensation and a first order approximation. Second, each signal is applied to the input of one matched filter in which the transmitted signal is used as a reference. Finally, the outputs from both matched filters are analyzed in order to observe the effects of using the first order approximation to model the Doppler induced on the reflected signal. This analysis was performed assuming that the target was moving at a constant velocity. By increasing the time-bandwidth product of the transmitted signal the output of both matched filters are compared and analyzed to observe the differences between modeling the reflected signal using the first order compensation and the full Doppler compensation. The simulation results showed that, by increasing the time-bandwidth product of the transmitted signal the output of the matched filter using the first order approximation deviates significantly with respect to the matched filter that contains the signal modeled using the full Doppler compensation. From these results it is concluded that a dramatic increase in time-bandwidth product of the received signal, results in a significant error at the output of the matched filter if the first order approximation is used to model the reflected signal instead of the Full Doppler compensation.
Raman studies of pressure tuning of the fermi resonance in solid CO2

Raman studies on the v1, 2v2 Fermi doublet in solid CO2 up to 100 kbar at ambient temperature show the upper peak to increase and the lower peak to decrease both in intensity and frequency. It is concluded that the bare v1 is above the bare 2v2 at all pressures in solid CO2.
Subfemtosecond compression of periodic laser pulses

It is shown that a recently proposed technique of molecular modulation can be used to compress mode-locked laser pulses into the subfemtosecond domain. The method relies on driving a molecular oscillation with a periodic pulse train. The coherent molecular motion, in turn, modulates the laser frequency and allows pulse compression by group-velocity dispersion of the same molecular medium.
Lipopolysaccharide interferes with the staining of lipoprotein on polyacrylamide gels.

Abstract After electrophoresis of total membrane preparations of Escherichia coli B on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and subsequent staining with Coomassie Brilliant blue, a band corresponding to the Braun lipoprotein fails to appear. This is in contrasr to similar preparations of E. coli K-12 which do display the lipoprotein uponm staining. Experiments described below indicate that failure to observe this protein in E. coli B is due to interference in the staining reaction by the lipopolysaccharide present in the membrane preparations.
Plume Convection with an Upper-Mantle Temperature Inversion

Convection driven by temperature differences at phase transitions would be accompanied by a temperature inversion below the asthenosphere. The inversion explains the asthenosphere's low viscosity and low velocity.
On the estimation of the generalized covariance function

The estimation of the generalized covariance function, K, is a major problem in the use of intrinsic random functions of order k to obtain kriging estimates. The precise estimation by least-squares regression of the parameters in polynomial models for K is made difficult by the nature of the distribution of the dependent variable and the multicollinearity of the independent variables.
Carbon isotope effects in enzyme systems. I. Biochemical studies with urease.

Abstract It has been shown that the urea-urease system is capable of hydrolyzing urea-C12 more rapidly than urea-C14 regardless of the concentrations of the labeled material. The average maximum effect observed in different experiments was of the magnitude of 10 ± 2f% at 37 °C. Recovered urease under the experimental conditions described excludes the probability that urea, or a carbon fragment, was incorporated into the enzyme. A modified technique for the collection of barium carbonate specimens and measurement of radioactivity at infinite thickness is described.
A history of the understanding of cartilage.

Summary Objective To review the historic development of the understanding of articular cartilage from the earliest comment in the fourth century BCE until about 2000. Design The history up to 1900 is told chronologically, divided into (1) recognition of the tissue, (2) structure, and (3) chemistry. The twentieth century is sketched with a timeline of discoveries that at the time were important and a bibliography of journal review articles. Results By 1900 the avascular, aneural state and fibrillar composition have been accepted. The nutrition of articular cartilage remained in dispute. The composition of the binding substance and its relation to collagen remained unknown. Research in the first half of the twentieth century continued to be impeded by lack of technology. The advent of electron microscopy, isotopic tracer technics and enzymology rapidly accelerated the understanding of hyaline cartilage beginning in the 1950s. Conclusions The history of research on hyaline cartilage illustrates the dependence of scientific progress on technologic innovation.
Role of Ras and Mapks in TGFβ signaling

Normal signaling by TGFbeta, in the absence of serum or exogenous factors, involves a rapid activation of Ras, Erks, and Sapks in proliferating cultures of TGFbeta-sensitive untransformed epithelial cells and human carcinoma cells. Expression of either RasN17 or dominant-negative (DN) MKK4, or addition of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059, can block the ability of TGFbeta to induce AP-1 complex formation at the TGFbeta(1) promoter and to autoinduce its own production. The primary components present in this TGFbeta-stimulated AP-1 complex are JunD and Fra-2, although c-Jun, and possibly Fos B, may also be present. While there are two potential Smad binding elements (SBE's) in the TGFbeta(1) promoter, supershift assays suggest that at least one of these does not bind Smad4, and the other is unable to bind factors activated by TGFbeta. In contrast, TGFbeta autoinduction is Smad3-dependent, as DN Smad3 inhibits the ability of TGFbeta to stimulate TGFbeta(1) promoter activity. Our results indicate that TGFbeta can activate both the MKK4/Sapk and MEK/Erk pathways, through Ras and TGFbeta R(I) and R(II), to induce TGFbeta(1) production; Smad4 does not appear to be involved, and Smad3 appears to function independently of this Smad4. We also demonstrate that activation of the Ras/Mapk pathway by TGFbeta positively modulates Smad1-signaling-pathway activation by TGFbeta. In addition, Smad1 could enhance TGFbeta activation of the SBE reporter SBE-luc and this effect could be blocked by co-expression of a DN TGFbeta R(I) receptor or by the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059. This cross-talk between the MEK/Erk and Smad1 pathways was mediated through the four Erk consensus phosphorylation sites in the linker region of Smad1. Mutation of these sites resulted in a loss of the ligand-dependence of both Smad1-Smad4 interactions and nuclear accumulation of Smad1, as well as a loss of the ability of Smad1 to enhance TGFbeta-mediated SBE activation. Our results provide evidence that Erk-mediated phosphorylation of Smad1 in response to TGFbeta is critical for regulating Smad1 subcellular localization; this may be a key determinant in maintaining TGFbeta-dependent transcriptional activation.
Bmp4 is required for tracheal formation: a novel mouse model for tracheal agenesis.

Tracheal agenesis/atresia (TA) is a rare but fatal congenital disease in which the breathing tube fails to grow. The etiology of this serious condition remains largely unknown. We found that Bmp signaling is prominently present in the anterior foregut where the tracheal primordium originates and targeted ablation of Bmp4 (Bmp4cko) resulted in a loss-of-trachea phenotype that closely resembles the Floyd type II pathology, the most common form of TA in humans. In Bmp4cko embryos, tracheal specification was not affected; however, its outgrowth was severely impaired due to reduced epithelial and mesenchymal proliferation. In agreement, we also observed significant reduction in the expression of Cyclin D1, a key cell cycle regulator associated with cellular proliferation. However, the proliferative effect of Bmp signaling appears to be independent of Wnt signaling. Interestingly, we found significantly reduced expression of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) in the Bmp4cko ventral foregut, suggesting that Bmp signaling promotes Erk phosphorylation which has been associated with cellular proliferation. This study provides the first evidence linking Bmp signaling to tracheal formation by regulating the proliferative response of the anterior ventral foregut. Our finding sheds light on human tracheal malformations by providing a novel mouse model implicating Bmp signaling, non-canonical Erk activation and cellular proliferation.
ETHICS AND EXPERTISE IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE: MAINTAINING DEMOCRACY IN AN ERA OF PROFESSIONALISM

“Perhaps there is no single problem in public administration of moment equal to the reconciliation of the increasing dependence upon experts with an enduring democratic reality.”–Paul Appleby
Studies of in vitro synergy between several beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics against endocarditis strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Ten strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with endocarditis (1969-1975) and eight similar strains (1980) were assayed for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) to several aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin) and beta-lactam antibiotics (ticarcillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, moxalactam and MKO 787). In vitro synergy (1969-1975 series) between beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics was shown uniformly with azlocillin (100 per cent) followed by moxalactam (80 per cent), piperacillin and ticarcillin (66 per cent) and MKO 787 (13.3 per cent). Results were similar in 1980. Synergy of azlocillin was demonstrated with five strains previously not showing synergy between carbenicillin and an aminoglycoside. In 1980 four of eight patients infected with pseudomonads that were not synergistically affected in vitro were refractory to treatment with the piperacillin-aminoglycoside combination. In vitro synergy of the infecting strain is necessary for successful medical treatment of patients with P. aeruginosa infective endocarditis.
Optically induced photovoltaic self-defocusing-to-self-focusing transition

We show theoretically and experimentally that the photovoltaic nonlinearity that gives rise to spatial solitons can be switched from self-defocusing to self-focusing (or vice versa) by use of background illumination. This raises the possibility of bright photovoltaic solitons in LiNbO3.
Prothrombotic states in retinal artery and vein occlusions

Abstract An increasing number of studies have examined the role of prothrombotic states in retinal vascular occlusions. Large case-controlled studies have revealed a cardiovascular risk profile for retinal venous occlusions. Considerable evidence implicates altered rheology, especially increased plasma viscosity and elevated hematocrit, in retinal venous thrombosis. The documented role of specific genetic thrombophilic factors in retinal vascular occlusions is limited. The majority of studies have assessed the role of factor V Leiden. These studies show that screening all patients with retinal venous occlusions for factor V Leiden is not indicated. Screening for factor V Leiden may be helpful in 2 uncommon situations: in patients with a retinal venous thrombosis and a personal or family history of thromboembolic disease, and in patients with recurrent retinal venous occlusions. The extent of the thrombophilic laboratory assessment is based on the age of the patient and the degree of vascular risk factors. Older patients with extensive vascular diseases require little investigation, whereas younger patients with no vascular risk factors require aggressive investigation.
Recursive least-squares sequence estimation

A family of adaptive communication receivers based on recursive least-squares sequence estimation (RLSSE) algorithms is proposed which provides performance comparable to that of conventional linear receivers, but with reduced complexity and less sensitivity to channel mismatch. A software-implemented version of the linear member of the family is shown to have performance equivalent to that of standard transversal equalizers under ideal conditions, yet offers a drastic improvement in white Gaussian noise mismatch environments. An analogous performance improvement for several test channels is also shown for software-implemented versions of the constrained (nonlinear) members of the family over decision feedback equalizers. Another advantage of the RLSSE family of receivers may be its ease of implementation, since it should be possible to combine the functions of channel estimation and sequence estimation on the same chip.
Wake of a Self-Propelled Body, Part 2: Momentumless Wake with Swirl

Experiments were performed in the near wake of an axisymmetric body propelled by a swirling jet. Comparisons with parallel experiments in the drag wake of the bare body without the jet and in the isolated swirling jet provide insights on the mixing between the component flows and their evolution into the momentumless wake with swirl. Comparisons with the momentumless wake without swirl analyze the effect of swirl in this type of wake. Comparison with experimental data in the wake of the same body propelled by a marine propeller are also presented. Hot-wire and pressure probes were used in a wind tunnel to measure the mean velocity, turbulence, and pressure fields from the jet exit to a distance of over 15 jet diameters. The wake evolves in at least three distinct stages: a zone close to the jet exit where the jet periphery mixes with the wall region of the body boundary layer, an intermediate region where the mixing between the boundary layer and the jet spreads up to the axis, and a region where the two flows lose their identities to become a single shear layer in which there is negligible turbulence production
Kinetics and reaction chemistry for slow pyrolysis of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin and organosolv extracted lignin derived from maplewood

The kinetics and reaction chemistry for the pyrolysis of Maplewood lignin were investigated using both a pyroprobe reactor and a thermogravimetric analyser mass spectrometry (TGA-MS). Lignin residue after enzymatic hydrolysis and organosolv lignin derived from Maplewood were used to measure the kinetic behaviours of lignin pyrolysis and to analyse pyrolysis product distributions. The enzymatic lignin residue pyrolyzed at lower temperature than that of organosolv lignin. The differential thermogravimetric (DTG) peaks for pyrolysis of the enzymatic residue were more similar to the DTG peaks for pyrolysis of the original Maplewood than DTG of the organosolv lignin. The condensable liquid volatile products were collected from a Pyroprobe reactor with a liquid nitrogen trap. The primary monomeric phenolic compounds were guaiacol, syringol, and vanillic acid. However, only 14–36 carbon% of the sample could be detected by GC-MS. Over 60 carbon% of the condensable products were heavy tar molecules that are not detectable by GC-MS. These heavy tar molecules are the primary products from pyrolysis of lignin. Intermediate solid samples were also collected at various pyrolysis temperatures and characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, DP-MAS 13C NMR, and TOC. The methoxy groups and ether linkages decreased and the non-protonated aromatic carbon–carbon bonds increased in the solid residues as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The carbon content of the initial lignin feed (derived from enzymatic hydrolysis) and the solid polyaromatics residue (obtained at 773 K) was 58 wt% and 74 wt% respectively. This polyaromatic residue contained about 69 wt% of the original lignin feed. The solid polyaromatics undergo further slow decomposition accompanied by a constant release of carbon dioxide as the pyrolysis reaction continues. The pyrolysis of the enzymatic lignin residue was modelled by two reactions in series. In the first pyrolysis step the lignin was decomposed with an apparent activation energy of 74 kJ mol−1 and a heat of reaction of −8,780 kJ kg−1. The second pyrolysis step had an apparent activation energy of 110 kJ mol−1 and a heat of reaction of −2,819 kJ kg−1. Lignin pyrolysis has lower activation energies and higher heats of reaction than cellulose pyrolysis.
Surface Coordinates and Cartography of Mercury.

A control net of Mercury has been established photogrammetrically by using the Mariner 10 pictures; coordinates of 1328 points are given. The Mariner 10 coordinate system uses a system of longitudes in which the twentieth meridian passes through the center of the small crater Hun Kal and the spin axis is assumed normal to the orbital plane. A reference mosaic of Mercury has been published, and a series of 1:5,000,000 maps is now being produced.
The origin and domestication of Sorghum bicolor

The grass genus Sorghum is one of immense morphological variation. It is usually subdivided into sections Chaetosorghum, Heterosorghum. Parasorghum, Stiposorghum and Sorghum(Garber, 1950; celarier,1959) Only section Sorghum seems to have contributed towards the origin of cultivated sorghums. This section was further subdivided
Temperature dependence of hot electron drift velocity in silicon at high electric field

Abstract A time independent space-charge perturbation theory based on the avalanche multiplication process in a high field region is developed to correlate the measured space-charge resistance with the saturated hot electron drift velocity. The saturated hot electron drift velocity in Si observed at room temperature is 1.05 × 10 7 cm/sec to within 10 per cent in the field range 1.5 × 10 5 E 5 V/cm. The temperature variation of the hot electron drift velocity in Si is approximately 40 per cent between 77° and 490°K for electric fields higher than 2 × 10 5 V/cm. A phenomenological theory based on first principles and the electron-phonon interactions has also been derived to account for the temperature variation of the saturated hot electron drift velocity in Si. The physical consequence of the experimental result shows that the overall coupling between various branches of energetic phonons near the edge of the Brillouin zone and hot electrons should be stronger than that between long wavelength acoustic phonons and hot electrons. It also shows that the coupling between the combined LO and TO phonons near the edge of the Brillouin zone and hot electrons should be much stronger than that between the TA phonon near the edge of the Brillouin zone and hot electrons. From a practical standpoint, the result of this work suggests that if p - i - n diodes are used as photodetectors, one of the ultimate frequency responses of such a device is more essentially controlled by the width of the space-charge region in the device structure than by the effect of temperature variation.
Pharmacotherapy of Irritability in Pervasive Developmental Disorders

Children and adolescents diagnosed with autism and related pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) often sustain irritability, including aggression, self-injurious behavior, and tantrums. Research to date supports the use of the atypical antipsychotics as a first-line pharmacologic treatment for this target symptom domain in PDDs. Currently, the atypical antipsychotic risperidone is the only medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for irritability in youth with autism. Additional large-scale, placebo-controlled studies of other medications are needed to determine their efficacy for the treatment of irritability in this diagnostic group.
Photolysis of iodoethane: atomic hydrogen generation

Abstract Results are reported on the photolysis and photoionization of iodoethane under collisionless conditions. Although the halogen—carbon bond is the weakest bond, H-atom production is observed following the photolysis of iodoethane at 193 and 248 nm. The H atoms are probed using two-photon (121.6 + 364.7 nm) ionization, and H-atom Doppler profiles at Lyman-α are presented. Time-of-flight mass spectra and power dependence studies are also reported. Mechanistically, the ethyl radical is implicated as being a key intermediate, and the overall dissociation/ionization behavior is discussed in terms of the different electronic transitions involved with the excitation processes.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep-fat frying of foods1

Deep-fat frying is one of the most commonly used procedures for the preparation and manufacture of foods in the world. During deep-fat frying, oxidative and thermal decompositions may take place with the formation of volatile and nonvolatile decomposition products, some of which in excessive amounts are harmful to human health. A limited survey of frying fats used in commercial operations indicated that some were maintained at good quality and others were overused or abused. The volatile decomposition products produced by corn oil, hydrogenated cotton-seed oil, trilinolein, and triolein, under simulated commercial frying conditions, were collected, fractionated, and identified. A total of 211 compounds were identified. The nonvolatile decomposition products produced by trilinolein, triolein, and tristearin under simulated commercial frying conditions were collected and characterized. After being treated under deep-fat frying conditions at 185 C for 74 hr, trilinolein yielded 26.3% non-urea-adduct-forming esters, triolein yielded 10.8%, and tristearin also yielded 4.2%.