cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infectious endocarditis caused by Cardiobacterium valvarum

Introduction: Cardiobacterium valvarum is a new member of the HACEK group (Haemophilus, Aggregatibacter, Cardiobacterium and Eikenella) of Gram‐negative bacteria. Case presentation: We report a case of bicuspid aortic valve subacute bacterial endocarditis in a 36‐year‐old man presenting as an acute myocardial infarction, and review the clinical features of C. valvarum endocarditis. Conclusion: Although rare, C. valvarum endocarditis appears to affect adult men with bicuspid aortic valves, and may be characterized by a high propensity for profound valvular destruction and embolic phenomena, necessitating prompt surgical intervention.
Foreign aid, grassroots activism, and the strength of applied community studies in aid-receiving countries: the case of community psychology

espanolRESUMEN ?Que influye en la fuerza de la psicologia comunitaria como campo academico y profesional en los paises que reciben ayuda extranjera? ?Que repercusion tiene esta ayuda en si misma? Si bien el desarrollo de capacidades es un elemento esencial para los paises donantes y otras agencias internacionales de desarrollo, no ha habido un estudio empirico sobre la relacion de la ayuda con la fuerza de la formacion en investigacion social aplicada en los paises receptores. Codificamos la fortaleza de la psicologia comunitaria en 67 paises receptores de ayuda y analizamos los factores que la predicen, incluido el activismo no violento y la ayuda al desarrollo. Como hipotesis y segun la teoria de la dependencia, la ayuda se correlaciona negativamente con la fortaleza de la psicologia comunitaria en cada pais y explica significativamente la variacion de la fortaleza de la disciplina mas alla de la influencia del PIB per capita, la desigualdad de ingresos, la infraestructura educativa, las libertades civiles y el activismo no violento. Tambien encontramos que cuanto menos ayuda se recibe, mejor predice el activismo no violento mas extremo la fuerza de la psicologia comunitaria. De acuerdo con la literatura de estudio de casos, nuestros hallazgos respaldan la observacion de que esta ayuda se gestiona de manera que excluye a investigadores y profesionales formados localmente. Proponemos una hipotesis sobre como puede ocurrir esto y ofrecemos sugerencias para futuras investigaciones cualitativas. EnglishABSTRACT What influences the strength of community psychology as an academic and professional field in countries receiving foreign aid? What impact does aid itself have? While capacity development is a major focus for donor countries and other international development agencies, there has been no empirical study of the relationship of aid to the strength of applied social research training in recipient countries. We coded the strength of community psychology in 67 aid-receiving nations and analyzed the factors predicting it, including nonviolent activism and development aid. As hypothesized according to dependency theory, aid is negatively correlated to the strength of community psychology in each country, and significantly explains the variance of the strength of the discipline over and above the influence of GDP per capita, income inequality, educational infrastructure, civil liberties, and nonviolent activism. We also find that the less aid received, the more strongly nonviolent activism predicts the strength of community psychology. Based on the case study literature, our findings support the observation that aid is managed in ways that exclude locally trained researchers and practitioners. We hypothesize how this might occur and offer suggestions for further qualitative research.
Molecular Biology Approaches to Understanding Spondyloarthritis.

New and emerging molecular techniques are expanding understanding of the pathophysiology of spondyloarthritis (SpA). Genome-wide association studies identified novel pathways in antigen processing and presentation as well as helper T cell type 17 (TH17) immunity associated with SpA. Immune cell profiling techniques have supported TH17 immune responses and increasingly are revealing intestinal mucosal immune cells as associated with disease. Emerging technologies in epigenetics, transcriptomics, microbiome, and proteomics/metabolomics are adding to these, refining disease pathways and potentially identifying biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment responses. This review describes many of the new molecular techniques that are being utilized to investigate SpA.
Scalable Biomineralization of CdS Quantum Dots by Immobilized Cystathionine γ-Lyase

The development of scalable, green, aqueous phase, nanomaterial synthesis routes that do not sacrifice the functional performance of the materials remains a persistent challenge. Bioinspired method...
What Do Lawyers Contribute to Law & Economics?

The law and economics movement has transformed the analysis of private law in the United States and increasingly around the world. As the field developed from 1970 to the early 2000s, scholars have developed countless insights about the operation and effects of law and legal institutions. Throughout this period, the discipline of law and economics has benefited from a partnership among trained economists and academic lawyers. Yet, the tools that are used derive primarily from economics and not law. A logical question thus demands attention: what role do academic lawyers play in law and economics scholarship? In this Essay, we offer an interpretive theory of the practice of law and economics scholarship over the past 50 years that integrates both the known skills of the economist and the methodological skills of the academic lawyer. We claim that, in addition to the legal resources they provide to the economic analyst, academic lawyers have cognizable analytical skills developed both through their involvement in law as an applied discipline and their mastery of the analogical method of the common law that is deployed in normative argument. We draw on this use of analogy as argument to explicate differences in the ways that economists and lawyers analyze some of the building blocks of our economy, including the relationship between formal and informal modes of enforcement and the reasons why obsolete and inefficient terms persist in certain standardized contracts. By enriching the standard economic model with insights from other disciplines, and visualizing the connections among those disciplines, the lawyer provides skills that are critically important inputs to advancing normative claims.
Reciprocal Links Between Physical Health and Coping Among Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis

OBJECTIVE Adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) often face a unique set of difficulties and challenges as they transition to adulthood and autonomy while also managing a progressive illness with a heavy treatment burden. Coping styles have been related to changes in physical health among youth with chronic illness more generally, but the directionality of these links has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate bidirectional links between coping styles and physical health indicators among adolescents with CF over time. METHODS Adolescents (N = 79, 54% female) recruited from inpatient and outpatient CF clinics at two sites completed questionnaires assessing secular and religious/spiritual coping styles at two time points (18 months apart, on average). Health indicators including pulmonary functioning, nutritional status, and days hospitalized were obtained from medical records. RESULTS More frequent hospitalizations predicted lower levels of adaptive secular coping over time. However, poorer pulmonary functioning predicted higher levels of positive religious/spiritual coping. The number of days hospitalized was related to adaptive secular coping and negative religious/spiritual coping. CONCLUSIONS Among youth with CF, physical health functioning is more consistent in predicting coping strategies than the reverse. Poorer pulmonary functioning appears to enhance adaptive coping over time, suggesting resilience of adolescents with CF, while more frequent hospitalizations may inhibit the use of adaptive coping strategies. Findings support the use of interventions aimed at promoting healthy coping among hospitalized adolescents with CF.
S.E.K. Mqhayi and African social analysis: African sociological thought in colonial South Africa

African intellectual traditions have much to offer social analysis, yet many historical African intellectuals remain obscured by history and peripheral to contemporary academic work. This paper tur...
The Interplay of Ligand Properties and Core Size Dictates the Hydrophobicity of Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoparticles

The hydrophobicity of monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles is a crucial design parameter that influences self-assembly, preferential binding to proteins and membranes, and other nano-bio interactions. Predicting the effects of monolayer components on nanoparticle hydrophobicity is challenging due to the nonadditive, cooperative perturbations to interfacial water structure that dictate hydrophobicity at the nanoscale. In this work, we quantify nanoparticle hydrophobicity by using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to calculate local hydration free energies at the nanoparticle-water interface. The simulations reveal that the hydrophobicity of large gold nanoparticles is determined primarily by ligand end group chemistry, as expected. However, for small gold nanoparticles, long alkanethiol ligands interact to form anisotropic bundles that lead to substantial spatial variations in hydrophobicity even for homogeneous monolayer compositions. We further show that nanoparticle hydrophobicity is modulated by changing the ligand structure, ligand chemistry, and gold core size, emphasizing that single-ligand properties alone are insufficient to characterize hydrophobicity. Finally, we illustrate that hydration free energy measurements correlate with the preferential binding of propane as a representative hydrophobic probe molecule. Together, these results show that both physical and chemical properties influence the hydrophobicity of small nanoparticles and must be considered together when predicting gold nanoparticle interactions with biomolecules.
Desmoplastic Infantile Gangliogliomas

The recently described desmoplastic infantile ganglio-gliomas (DIGs) are rare, typically large, cystic, supraten-torial tumors that occur predominantly in infants. It is important that they be recognized and properly diagnosed because they generally show a favorable response to surgical therapy in spite of malignant radiographic and histopathologic characteristics.
Learning to See: The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, First Part

The figure of Malte was for Rilke something of a negative that he needed to expel from himself in order to prosper as an artist. This chapter shows the development of Malte, who is caught between an old aristocratically controlled world and a new world dominated by the bourgeois mindset. This includes a process of secularization, which is part of the reason why Malte is unable to view his own quasi-theological labor as valuable. He goes through a process in which the boundary between himself and the world is drastically called into question, leaving him in a state of anxiety, unable to produce poetry. This blurring of self and world also disrupts his relation to other people, but opens a process of transformation.
Cortical Vessel Segmentation for Neuronavigation using Vesselness-enforced Deep Neural Networks

We propose in this paper an efficient method to segment cortical vessels in craniotomy images acquired by the surgical microscope. Our method uses a vesselness-enforced convolutional neural network to classify each pixel of a craniotomy image as a vessel or surrounding tissue. This permits training the network not only on appearance-based features but also on geometrical-based constraints that will ensure the continuity of the vascular trees. Our solution uses neural style transfer to generate new instances of images from manually labeled data leading to augment the training dataset in an anatomically semantic manner. The generated images improve the generalization of our model to various types of cortical surface appearances and vascular geometries. We conducted experiments on real images from human patients that demonstrate that accurate intraoperative cortical vessel segmentation can be achieved.
Spatial Autoregression Techniques for Real Estate Data

This paper describes how spatial techniques can be used to improve the accuracy of market value estimates obtained using multiple regression analysis. Rather than eliminating the problem of spatial residual dependencies through the inclusion of many independent variables, spatial statistical methods typically keep fewer independent variables and augment these with a simple model of the spatial error dependence. We discuss alternative spatial autoregression model specifications, estimation methods, and prediction procedures. An empirical example is provided in the appendix.
Thermal Conductivity of Rocks Associated with Energy Extraction from Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Systems

Because the lifetime of and heat extraction rate from a hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal reservoir can be substantially controlled by the in situ rock thermal conductivity, information concerning the dependence of thermal conductivity on moisture content and temperature is important for proper design and management of the reservoir. Results of thermal conductivity measurements are given for 14 drill core rock samples taken from two exploratory HDR geothermal well bores (maximum depth of 2929 m (9608 ft) drilled into Precambrian granitic rock in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico. These samples have been petrographically characterized and in general represent fresh competent Precambrian material of deep origin. Thermal conductivities, modal analyses and densities are given for all core samples studied under dry and water-saturated conditions. Additional measurements are reported for several sedimentary rocks encountered in the upper 760 m (2500 ft) of that same region. A cut-bar thermal conductivity comparator and a transient needle probe were used for the determinations with fused quartz and Pyroceram 9606 as the standards. The maximum temperature range of the measurements was from the ice point to 250°C. The measurements on wet, water-saturated rock were limited to the temperature range below room temperature. Conductivity values of the dense core rock samples were generally within the range from 2 to 2.9 W/mK at 200°C. Excellent agreement was achieved between these laboratory measurements of thermal conductivity and those obtained by in situ measurements used in the HDR wellbores. By using samples of sufficient thickness to provide a statistically representative heat flow path, no difference between conductivity values and their temperature coefficients for orthogonal directions (heat flow parallel or perpendicular to core axis) was observed. This isotropic behavior was even found for highly foliated gneissic specimens. Estimates of thermal conductivity based on a composite dispersion analysis utilizing pure minerallic phase conductivities and detailed modal analyses usually agreed to within 9% of the experimental values.
Antimony Doping in Vacuum Deposited Thin Film Silicon Photovoltaic Cells

A method for antimony doping silicon polycrystalline thin films and single crystals has been investigated. The method is compatible with the concept of forming photovoltaic cells completely in a vacuum system. Layers of Sb2O3- and Si were deposited either simultaneously or sequentially through masks onto the silicon surface. Heating (e.g. 1100° C, 1 hr) in either an inert atmosphere or oxygen brought about the formation of an SiOx -Sb glassy layer and caused Sb to diffuse into the base silicon surface. The oxide complex is then etched off leaving n-type regions on the surface. Reactions of the layers were examined by secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction.
Reproductive periods in birds near the Equator

Para el estudio de los ciclos reproductivos de las aves cerca al ecuador se selecciono el Gorrion (Zonotrichia capensis) teniendo en cuenta que se han realizado estudios intensivos en especies proximas que habitan el hemisferio norte. Se escogio como estacion de trabajo, el sitio denominado Mares localizado en la cima de la Cordillera Occidental sobre la carretera que conduce de Cali a Buenaventura. Mediante trabajos de anillado, instalacion de trampas para captura de las aves, realizacion de laparotomias y observacion constante. se ha llegado a las siguientes conclusiones preliminares: a) Que las aves cerca del ecuador tienen como en otras latitudes periodos o ciclos de reproduccion, aunque la especie en conjunto pueda estar anidando practicamente durante todo el ano. b) Que los machos estan en condiciones fisiologicas para reproducirse a los cinco meses de edad y que con seguridad algunos permanecen en condiciones de reproduccion durante cuatro meses continuos; ademas que las hembras anidan a los cinco meses de edad. c) Que estas aves tienen una marcada resistencia contra las infecciones que podrian sobrevenirles por el empleo de instrumental quirurgico sin previa desinfeccion, usado en las intervenciones. Algunos individuos fueron operados hasta tres veces y tan solo se sabe de uno que murio, no debido a infeccion sino a una alta dosis de anestesia. A partir del ocho de febrero del presente ano, se han anillado ciento veinte (120) individuos en un area aproximada de dos hectareas, y se ha coleccionado material adicional en la vecindad de la estacion de estudio, el cual se preserva para futuros estudios comparativos.
LynA regulates an inflammation-sensitive signaling checkpoint in macrophages

Clustering of receptors associated with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) initiates the macrophage antimicrobial response. ITAM receptors engage Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) to initiate phagocytosis and macrophage activation. Macrophages also encounter nonpathogenic molecules that cluster receptors weakly and must tune their sensitivity to avoid inappropriate responses. To investigate this response threshold, we compared signaling in the presence and absence of receptor clustering using a small-molecule inhibitor of Csk, which increased SFK activation and produced robust membrane-proximal signaling. Surprisingly, receptor-independent SFK activation led to a downstream signaling blockade associated with rapid degradation of the SFK LynA. Inflammatory priming of macrophages upregulated LynA and promoted receptor-independent signaling. In contrast, clustering the hemi-ITAM receptor Dectin-1 induced signaling that did not require LynA or inflammatory priming. Together, the basal-state signaling checkpoint regulated by LynA expression and degradation and the signaling reorganization initiated by receptor clustering allow cells to discriminate optimally between pathogens and nonpathogens.
A conversation with MSRA researchers

Ten years ago, KDD research was still in its infancy in China. Things have changed significantly. With the push from the technological advancement in academia and the pull from the explosive growth of application needs in industry, KDD research is flourishing. At Microsoft Research Asia, we have been conducting research in many areas related to KDD research, including web search, data mining, information retrieval, multimedia mining, natural language processing, and visualization. In addition to publishing papers in KDD and developing technologies for commercial products, we have also contributed to the talent development in China by supervising students and growing young researchers who later become well known in the field related to KDD in universities and industries.
Compositional variation in three Cascade stratovolcanoes: Jefferson, Rainier, and Shasta

Detailed major and trace element studies of volcanic rocks from Jefferson, Rainier, and Shasta stratovolcanoes in the Cascade Range indicate that each volcano has distinct geochemical distribution patterns. Silica variation diagrams are not smooth nor, in general, continuous for any volcano. Portions of stratigraphic sections within the volcanoes exhibit compositional coherency and are interpreted as eruptive groups which were extruded over time intervals which are short compared to the lifetimes of the volcanoes. The results of this investigation indicate the leasibility of geochemically mapping eruptive groups within stratovolcanoes. Systematic compositional trends are not observed within thick (500–1000 m) eruptive groups but may occur over thicknesses of <200 m. Compositional variations within eruptive groups are commonly non-systematic and show ranges similar to the ranges observed in individual flows. Correlations between the amounts or kinds of phenocryst phases present and intra-group compositional variation is not observed. Inter-group compositional differences are sometimes accompanied by mineralogical differences. Late andesites and dacites at Rainier and Shasta are characterized by decreases in K and Rb while at Jefferson increases in these elements and other compositional changes occur in the late eruptives.
Sampling for the fourth-order Sturm-Liouville differential operator

We extend the sampling method to compute the eigenvalues of a fourth-order differential operator. We show that the Shannon sampling theorem is not applicable due to the growth of the solutions on the real line. The inverse spectral theory, as developed by McLaughlin, and Kramer's theorem allow us to express the characteristic function explicitly by a new sampling formula.
Effects of pinealectomy, anosmia and blinding on serum and pituitary prolactin in intact and castrated male rats.

Serum prolactin was measured in lightly etherized rats between 4 and 5 a.m. and between 11 a.m. and 12 noon at various times after operation in intact rats and rats that had been operated on. Serum pr
Artificial intelligence programming with LabVIEW: genetic algorithms for instrumentation control and optimization

A genetic algorithm for instrumentation control and optimization was developed using the LabVIEW graphical programming environment. The usefulness of this methodology for the optimization of a closed loop control instrument is demonstrated with minimal complexity and the programming is presented in detail to facilitate its adaptation to other LabVIEW applications. Closed loop control instruments have variety of applications in the biomedical sciences including the regulation of physiological processes such as blood pressure. The program presented here should provide a useful starting point for those wishing to incorporate genetic algorithm approaches to LabVIEW mediated optimization of closed loop control instruments.
Non-intrusive, on-line, simultaneous multi-species impurity monitoring in hydrogen using LIBS

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been evaluated for on-line, simultaneous multi-species impurity monitoring in hydrogen. A miniature spectrometer with spectral coverage of 620–800 nm and a gated detection system with spectral coverage of 40 nm were both used to record LIBS spectra from the spark produced in sample gas by a frequency-doubled Nd YAG laser. The effect of pressure on detecting the impurity (e.g., nitrogen, argon, and oxygen) in hydrogen was studied. LIBS spectra with different impurity levels of nitrogen, argon, and oxygen were recorded, and the intensity of the spectral lines of Ar, O, N, and H observed were used to form calibration plots for impurity measurement. The limits of detection (LODs) for oxygen, argon, and nitrogen in hydrogen were estimated from the calibration obtained with both the gated and ungated detection. The hydrogen impurity measurements based on the ungated miniature system show reliable and reproductive results. But the LODs with this system are about four times higher than the LODs obtained with a gated detection system in this work.
TCRs with high affinity for foreign pMHC show self-reactivity

T cells with high-affinity T cell receptors (TCRs) for a foreign peptide–major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) appear to be negatively selected, even though they have never seen the foreign antigen. To examine how this process operates, we used in vitro yeast display to isolate high-affinity TCRs from the T cell clone 2C. The TCRs showed fast on-rates, which were consistent with reduced CDR (complementarity determining region) flexibility, and cross-reactivity with other cognate pMHCs. T cell hybridomas transfected with a high-affinity TCR were stimulated by endogenous self-pMHC, which suggested that T cells bearing the TCR would be negatively selected. The immune system appears to maintain a repertoire of flexible, low-affinity TCRs at the expense of more effective high-affinity TCRs.
Non-cirrhotic Hyperammonemia—When High Ammonia Is not Always from Cirrhosis

Though elevated ammonia is often associated with the presence of intrinsic liver disease, several other causes need to be considered. Elevated ammonia can either be related to increased production of ammonia due to a catabolic state (e.g., protein degradation) or due to decreased clearance. Diagnostic workup of elevated ammonia levels involves consideration of the following questions: (1) Is there evidence of underlying liver disease? (2) Is hyperammonemia due to increased production or decreased clearance of ammonia? (3) Is elevated ammonia simply a bystander to obvious clinical scenarios (e.g., septic shock), or does it imply the need for further workup of unrecognized entities (e.g., urea cycle defect) that need prompt attention?
Innovation in Times of Regulatory Uncertainty: Responses to the Threat of “Gainful Employment”

While advocates of the proposed “Gainful Employment” regulations promise a variety of improvements for students attending for-profit colleges and universities (FPCUs), there is little research on how these institutions are responding to this heightened form of accountability. Through interviews with senior executives of FPCUs, we used grounded theory to identify three general institutional responses – catalytic, reactionary and status quo – plus16 program-related initiatives. This study assessed responses to increased environmental uncertainty brought about by the potential Gainful Employment regulations.
Mortality from leading causes by education and race in the United States, 2001

Background Low educational attainment is a marker of socioeconomic status that correlates strongly with higher death rates from many conditions. No previous studies have analyzed national data to measure the number of deaths associated with lower education among working-aged adults (25–64 years) by race or ethnicity. Furthermore, no previous studies have examined comprehensively the relationship of education to cause-specific and all-cause mortality in the three largest racial or ethnic groups in the United States using national data. Methods Age-standardized, race/ethnicity–specific death rates from all causes and the 15 leading causes were measured among men and women aged 25–64 years by level of education based on U.S. national mortality data in 2001. The total number of deaths that potentially could be avoided among people aged 25–64 years was estimated by applying the mortality rates among college graduates (within each 5-year category of age, gender, and race/ethnicity) to each of the less-educated subpopulations. All analyses were performed in 2007. Results Nearly half (48%) of all deaths among men aged 25–64 years (white, black, and Hispanic), and 38% of all deaths in women would not have occurred in this age range if all segments of the population experienced the death rates of college graduates. Black men and women had the highest death rates from all causes combined and from many specific causes at nearly all levels of education, and the largest average life years lost before age 65 years. However, the total number of deaths associated with low education status was not confined to any single racial group. About 161,280 deaths in whites, 40,840 deaths in blacks, and 13,162 deaths in Hispanics in this age range were associated with educational disparity. Conclusions Potentially avoidable factors associated with lower educational status account for almost half of all deaths among working-aged adults in the U.S.; these deaths are not confined to any single racial or ethnic group. These findings highlight the need for greater attention to social determinants of health.
Left atrial remodeling by MRI: comparison in patients with and without cardiovascular disease

Background Pre-existent scar in the left atrium (LA) is hypothesized to be the arrhythmic substrate of atrial fibrillation (AF) [1,2], and has been characterized in cardiac MR studies [3] using high resolution late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) [4]. Recent pathology studies show that LA fibrosis extent is similar in patients with AF vs. other cardiovascular disease (CVD) [5], e.g. valvular disease, ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Our aim was replicate these pathology findings by comparing patterns of enhancement on LGE in patients with and without CVD. Methods Forty-eight patients were imaged at our center on a 1.5T scanner (MAGNETOM Espree, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen), having good-quality LGE studies with visibly enhanced mitral valves, and no prior pulmonary vein isolation. Left atrial LGE was obtained using an ECG-triggered, navigator-gated 3D GRE inversion recovery (IR) sequence obtained 10-20 minutes after the administration of 0.2 mmol/kg of Gadobutrol, with spatial resolution of 1.5 × 1.4 × 3 mm3. A blinded assessment of enhancement/scar (0 = absent, 1 = present) was performed in an 18 segment
Radiogenic Lead Isotopes and Time Stratigraphy in the Hudson River, New York

Radionuclide, radiogenic lead isotope and trace metal analyses on fine-grained sediment cores collected along 160 km of the upper and tidal Hudson River were used to examine temporal trends of contaminant loadings and to develop radiogenic lead isotopes both as a stratigraphic tool and as tracers for resolving decadal particle transport fluxes. Very large inputs of Cd, Sb, Pb, and Cr are evident in the sediment record, potentially from a single manufacturing facility. The total range in radiogenic lead isotope ratios observed in well-dated cores collected about 24 km downstream of the plant is large (e.g., maximum difference in 206Pb/207Pb is 10%), characterized by four major shifts occurring in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The upper Hudson signals in Cd and radiogenic lead isotopes were still evident in sediments collected 160 km downstream in the tidal Hudson. The large magnitude and abrupt shifts in radiogenic lead isotope ratios as a function of depth provide sensitive temporal constraints that complement information derived from radionuclide analyses to significantly improve the precision of dating assignments. Application of a simple dilution model to data from paired cores suggests much larger sediment inputs in one section of the river than previously reported, suggesting particle influxes to the Hudson have been underestimated.
DI-(2,2,2-Trichloroethyl)-Carbonate: Byproduct in Reactions with 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl Chloroformate

Abstract 2,2,2-Trichloroethyl chloroformate (1) in higher boiling solvents, particularly in the presence of potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate, affords undesired di-(2,2,2-trichloroethyl)-carbonate (2) as a byproduct. When chemically pure chloroformate was used, addition of carbonates was found to be unnecessary in N-demethylation reactions.
Environmental and Social Correlates of Physical Activity in Neighborhood Parks: An Observational Study in Tampa and Chicago

This study used observational methods to examine physical activity (PA) and selected correlates in 28 parks in Tampa, Florida, and Chicago, Illinois. We observed 9,454 park users within predetermined activity zones and coded their activity as sedentary, walking (i.e., moderate intensity), or vigorous PA. In Tampa, higher temperature, unorganized activity, lower amounts of shade, lower neighborhood income, Hispanic neighborhood ethnicity, male gender and child age group were significantly associated with walking. Vigorous activity was not associated with income and ethnicity. Morning hours, unorganized activity, lower neighborhood income and African American neighborhood ethnicity were associated with walking in Chicago. Vigorous activity was associated with children, lower neighborhood income and African American ethnicity. Findings from this study can inform policy decisions and future research directions.
Mental health professionals' support of self‐help groups

Objective. Self-help groups and other consumer-led services are viewed as valuable additions to mental health services. This study describes professional support for self-help groups and examines the hypothesis that professional support of self-help is influenced by the degree to which professionally-led groups are viewed as more helpful than self-help groups. Method. Survey data were obtained from a representative sample of over 900 mental health professionals employed in mental health agencies in a large US State. The survey assessed beliefs, behaviours, attitudes, and intentions toward professional and self-help groups. Results. Respondents who perceive professionally-led groups to be significantly more helpful than self-help groups were less inclined to support self-help groups through referrals, help in organizing groups, or financially. Conclusion. To the extent that professional support of the self-help movement is diminished, valuable allies in the struggle to expand the reach of mental health services are lost. It is proposed that mental health professionals should obtain additional information about the benefits of self-help and the constructive role that self-help groups can play in expanding the availability and continuum of beneficial mental health services. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormally long Si–Si bonds in cyclotrisilane derivatives: nonbonded interactions?

Abstract Cyclotrisilane structures previously studied experimentally have Si–Si bond lengths that are much longer than those calculated by ab initio calculations on the parent compound. Further, ab initio calculations on substituted cyclotrisilanes, modeled after those experimentally examined, show that this bond length elongation in the compounds studied experimentally is a result of the steric interaction between the substituents.
Cloud-to-ground lightning in the blizzard of ′93

In the 48-hour period of 06 UT March 12 to 06 UT March 14, 1993, the eastern United States experienced one of the most severe storms of the century, This winter storm produced over 59,000 cloud-to-ground flashes with a peak lightning rate exceeding 5,100 flashes per hour. Flash densities exceeded 0.16 flashes per km2 in an area just south of Tampa, Florida. The overall percentage of positive flashes averaged 13.1% and positive flash percentages exceeded 60% in the northern portion of the storm as it moved over northern Florida and southern Alabama and Georgia. Median peak currents for negative flashes were 30 kA and for positive flashes 52 kA. Flash density contours followed the Gulf Stream off the coast of the Carolinas. Few lightning flashes to ground were recorded north of the Carolinas.
An order-level lot-size inventory model for deteriorating items with finite replenishment rate

Abstract Inventory models have been written for many systems, but most of them assumed that inventory items maintain their original value over their storage period. In actual practice, values of many items may perish over time. For example, grains decay as time progresses. For such items, the effect of decaying or deterioration should be taken into consideration. Another assumption made in many inventory models is that replenishment rate is infinite. However, when an item can be produced in-house, the replenishment rate is also the production rate, and is hence finite. This paper derives a production model for the lot-size, order-level inventory system with finite production rate, taking into consideration the effect of decay. The objective is to minimize total cost by selecting the optimal lot size and order level. The derived model cannot be solved directly; a computer search algorithm is used to obtain the optimal lot size and order level. Numerical examples are shown at the end of the paper to illustrate the derived model.
Nickel containing hydrogenases

Abstract Hydrogenases have been purified from different biological sources. They are highly diversified enzymes in terms of active centers constitution, although they catalyze the simplest oxidation-reduction process: H 2 ⇌ 2H + + 2e. Hydrogenases have been recognized so far to be ironsulfur proteins. Generally they contain from four to twelve atoms of non-haem iron arranged in FeS clusters representative of the known basic structures, e.g. , [2Fe-2S], 3Fe-xS], and [4Fe-4S] [1–7]. Recently, nickel joined the group of transition metals relevant in biological oxidation-reduction processes. It was shown to be a structural component of the hydrogenases isolated from Desulfovibrio gigas [1, 2], Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (ATTC 27774) [3], Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (Norway strain) [4], Methanosarcina barkeri [5], Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum [6] and Chromatium vinosum [8]. With the exception of the last one, they were demonstrated to contain EPR nickel redox dependent signals. As an example, D. gigas hydrogenase exhibits rhombic EPR signals, with g-values 2.31, 2.23 and 2.02 (see Fig. 1). Using isotopic reconstitution by 61 Ni (nuclear magnetic moment I = 3 2 ), the EPR signal was proven arise from a nickel species [9]. The same types of experiments were reported for M. thermoautotrophicum [6] and D. desulfuricans (ATCC 27774) hydrogenases [3]. A detailed EPR study on the oxidation-reduction transition of the EPR detectable species in the presence of reductant (dithionite and hydrogen) indicates [1, 2]: 1. The reduction of the Ni EPR active species is an one-electron process (possibly associated with the redox couple Ni(III)Ni(II)). 2. No evidence was found so far for exchangeable protons in the vicinity of the nickel center in the oxidized (native) state. However, hydrogen reduced samples originate a different EPR rhombic Ni signal, which may represent an active transient species occurring during the activation of hydrogen molecules [9]. Thus, it is attractive to propose the presence of a hydride intermediate in analogy with nickel catalysts involved in hydrogenation processes [10]. 3. Although the determined mid-point redox potential (−220 mV) is more negative than that expected for nickel compounds [11] it is still more positive than that of the substrate couple H 2 /H + . The value determined was shown to be pH dependent [2].
Adsorption studies of surfactants at the liquid-vapor interface: Apparatus and method for rapidly determining the dynamic surface tension☆

Abstract A liquid passing through an elliptical orifice under constant pressure produces an oscillating jet exhibiting a standing wave pattern. Dynamic surface tension can be calculated from changes in the wavelength of the jet stream. A traveling microscope, with its own light source and photomultiplier, was constructed to pick up reflected light from the nodes and antinodes of the standing wave. The signal was transferred from the photomultiplier to a strip chart recorder. The permanent record permitted automatic reading of the wavelength using an “oscillogram” reader. The apparatus was used to measure the dynamic surface tension of water and solutions of Triton X-100. First-order rate constants for surface tension lowering at 25°C. are given for various concentrations of surfactant solutions. The reproducibility was found to be less than 2% of the measured surface tension.
A Room of Her Own: The Woman's Library, a Footnote to New York City Library History

The revolutionary idea of a library for working women in New York City can be traced to 1830, but it remained dormant for twenty-eight years until a group of prominent New Yorkers revived the cause. In 1858 an address by Henry Ward Beecher and other influential citizens reviewed the benefits of such a library, and after two years of planning the women's library became a reality. New York City was unique in providing a library just for women; however, financial support dwindled, and it was forced to be taken over by the Women's Protective Union by 1870.
Wald Sequential Probability Ratio Test for Analysis of Orbital Conjunction Data

We propose a Wald Sequential Probability Ratio Test for analysis of commonly available predictions associated with spacecraft conjunctions. Such predictions generally consist of a relative state and relative state error covariance at the time of closest approach, under the assumption that prediction errors are Gaussian. We show that under these circumstances, the likelihood ratio of the Wald test reduces to an especially simple form, involving the current best estimate of collision probability, and a similar estimate of collision probability that is based on prior assumptions about the likelihood of collision.
Ferric garnet matrices for immobilization of actinides

Abstract The electronic structure of the Pu- and Np-containing Ca 3 ( Ti , Zr , Hf ) 2 Fe 2 3 + Si O 12 garnet series has been investigated using ab initio methods within density functional theory (DFT, GGA + U). The calculations provide a fundamental understanding of the incorporation mechanism and stability of Pu and Np in the garnet structure. The detailed analysis of the electronic densities of states (DOS), band structures and charge density distributions confirm that electrons are transferred from the actinides to the surrounding Fe atoms. This occurs through the double exchange coupling of the actinide f shell and the NN Fe d shells and stabilizes the actinide at the A-site, when the spins of the f and d shells are anti-parallel. The presence of Fe is crucial, since it accommodates the extra valence electrons introduced by the actinides, and this electron transfer lowers the total energies of the actinide-doped structure. Comparing the incorporation energies at the A- and B-site, both Pu and Np clearly prefer the A-site, provided that there are sufficient Fe atoms to facilitate the charge transfer. The calculated incorporation energies suggest that ferric garnet is promising material for actinide immobilization.
Observed and reanalysis cloud fraction

[1] Because the Arctic climate is particularly sensitive to cloud-radiative interactions, climate models must represent Arctic clouds realistically in order to capture the variations and feedbacks in high-latitude climate. Observations of clouds and radiative fluxes for the North Slope of Alaska are available from the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. Reanalysis models also calculate cloud and radiative variables. In this study, ARM measurements and North American Regional Reanalysis output for four midseason months are used to show that boundary layer clouds are not only the most common type of cloud observed on the North Slope but they are also a major cause for error by the reanalysis. Near-surface clouds are associated with large overestimates of the cloud fraction during the cold season and large underestimates during the warm season. These results were synthesized with other data to produce a comprehensive picture of synoptic conditions that are commonly present when the reanalysis fails to simulate the cloud fraction. When errors in the simulated cloud fraction are largest during the cold season, anomalously high pressure is observed north of the Bering Strait, with the departure being largest in magnitude and most widespread spatially in January. Large undersimulations in the summer are associated with a +9 hPa deviation from climatology over the Arctic Ocean, a configuration that favors onshore flow from the northeast and east. More generally, large undersimulations in the summer clouds at Barrow are almost exclusively associated with onshore flow.
Parallel, multi-stage processing of colors, faces and shapes in macaque inferior temporal cortex

Visual-object processing culminates in inferior temporal cortex (IT). To assess the organization of IT, we measured functional magnetic resonance imaging responses in alert monkeys to achromatic images (faces, fruit, bodies and places) and colored gratings. IT contained multiple color-biased regions, which were typically ventral to face patches and yoked to them, spaced regularly at four locations predicted by known anatomy. Color and face selectivity increased for more anterior regions, indicative of a broad hierarchical arrangement. Responses to non-face shapes were found across IT, but were stronger outside color-biased regions and face patches, consistent with multiple parallel streams. IT also contained multiple coarse eccentricity maps: face patches overlapped central representations, color-biased regions spanned mid-peripheral representations and place-biased regions overlapped peripheral representations. These results show that IT comprises parallel, multi-stage processing networks subject to one organizing principle.
Whole mantle shear structure beneath the East Pacific Rise

We model broadband seismograms containing triplicated S, S^2, and S^3 along with ScS to produce a pure path one-dimensional model extending from the crust to the core-mantle boundary beneath the East Pacific Rise. We simultaneously model all body wave shapes and amplitudes, thereby eliminating depth-velocity ambiguities. The data consist of western North American broadband recordings of East Pacific Rise (EPR) affiliate transform events that form a continuous record section out to 82° and sample nearly the entire East Pacific Rise. The best fitting synthetics contain attenuation and small changes in lithospheric thickness needed to correct for variation in bounce point ages. The 660-km discontinuity is particularly well resolved and requires a steep gradient (4%), extending down to 745 km. We find no discernible variation in apparent depths of the 405- and 660-km discontinuities over ridge-orthogonal distances on the order of 1000 km (or 20 Ma lithosphere). Body waveform comparisons indicate that we can resolve discontinuity depths to less than ±10 km, providing an upper limit to transition zone topography. These depth estimates, in conjunction with the fan shot nature of the ray paths, lower the detection limit from S^2 precursor analysis of the lateral length scale over which short-wavelength topographic variation could occur and indicate the sub-EPR Transition Zone and upper mantle are remarkably homogeneous. The lower mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise is well modeled by PREM, with the greatest variation occurring in ScS, reflecting strong heterogeneity along the core-mantle boundary. Together, these observations require that the East Pacific Rise spreading ridge cannot be actively supplied from the local lower mantle and that tomographically imaged lateral variation beneath the ridge likely reflects lateral smearing of outlying velocity gradients. Dynamically, the transition zone therefore appears vertically decoupled from the overlying East Pacific Rise spreading system.
Formation of deformation twins in TiAl

Abstract Mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of fault-pairs in the L1 0 structure that involve both ordinary and super glide dislocations having co-planar Burgers vectors. These fault-pairs could serve as two-layer embryonic twins and twin thickening may occur by the coalescence of fault-pairs located at different levels within a slip band. The crystallographies of deformation twins are examined in as-processed TiAl by transmission electron microscopy and are correlated with that of slip required for the formation of fault-pairs. The correlations are consistent with the suggestion that fault-pairs maybe involved in the formation of deformation twins. Slip is observed ahead of a twin terminating within a crystal. Arguments are developed to rationalize this observation.