cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycoengineering: The effect of glycosylation on the properties of therapeutic proteins

Therapeutic proteins have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases but low activity or rapid clearance limits their utility. New approaches have been taken to design drugs with enhanced in vivo activity and half-life to reduce injection frequency, increase convenience, and improve patient compliance. One recently used approach is glycoengineering, changing protein-associated carbohydrate to alter pharmacokinetic properties of proteins. This technology has been applied to erythropoietin and resulted in the discovery of darbepoetin alfa (DA), a hyperglycosylated analogue of erythropoietin that contains two additional N-linked carbohydrates, a threefold increase in serum half-life and increased in vivo activity compared to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). The increased serum half-life allows for less frequent dosing to maintain target hemoglobin levels in anemic patients. Carbohydrates on DA and other molecules can also increase molecular stability, solubility, increase in vivo biological activity, and reduce immunogenicity. These properties are discussed.
Society, Economics, and Politics in Contemporary Turkey

The internal political life of Turkey since the revolution of 1960 JL has been beset by military coups and conflicts between political parties and social groups far more frequent and intensive than might normally be expected in a post-revolutionary period. This unrest contrasts sharply with the political stability which prevailed before 1960, and comes after a series of constitutional changes intended to establish a better system for orderly change and control of government.
Effect of centre volume and high donor risk index on liver allograft survival.

Background A growth in the utilization of high-risk allografts is reflective of a critical national shortage and the increasing waiting list mortality. Using risk-adjusted models, the aim of the present study was to determine whether a volume–outcome relationship existed among liver transplants at high risk for allograft failure.
Tuned in and turned off: Out‐of‐treatment injection drug and crack users' response to media intervention campaigns

Evaluation research of public health media campaigns to influence behavior change often bemoans the lack of relevance to target audience and an absence of integrated interpersonal and mass‐mediated communication channels. The assumption that illegal drug users are disconnected from mass‐mediated communication may account for this absence of media interventions. The authors used crosstabulation, chi‐square, and regression analyses to demonstrate that many out‐of‐treatment drug users in an HIV‐prevention research project are, indeed, media consumers. Project participants who recalled seeing or hearing media interventions reported greater levels of positive behavior change than participants who did not recall such messages. Results suggest coordination of human and mass‐mediated public health messages relevant to this population to facilitate behavior changes.
The Mechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review of What We Know and What We Need to Know for Reducing Its Societal Burden

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health problem, on pace to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. Moreover, emerging evidence linking repeated mild traumatic brain injury to long-term neurodegenerative disorders points out that TBI can be both an acute disorder and a chronic disease. We are at an important transition point in our understanding of TBI, as past work has generated significant advances in better protecting us against some forms of moderate and severe TBI. However, we still lack a clear understanding of how to study milder forms of injury, such as concussion, or new forms of TBI that can occur from primary blast loading. In this review, we highlight the major advances made in understanding the biomechanical basis of TBI. We point out opportunities to generate significant new advances in our understanding of TBI biomechanics, especially as it appears across the molecular, cellular, and whole organ scale.
Neurophysiological Mechanisms Involved in Transfer of Procedural Knowledge

Learning to perform a motor task with one hand results in performance improvements in the other hand, a process called intermanual transfer. To gain information on its neural mechanisms, we studied this phenomenon using the serial reaction-time task (SRTT). Sixteen, right-handed volunteers trained a 12-item sequence of key presses repeated without the subjects' knowledge. Blocks with no repeating sequence, called random blocks, were interspersed with sequence-training blocks. Response times improved in random and training blocks in both hands. The former result reflects nonspecific improvement in performance, and the latter represents a sequence-specific improvement. To evaluate changes in the primary motor cortex (M1), we tested resting motor thresholds (RMT), recruitments curves to transcranial magnetic stimulation (RC), short intracortical inhibition (SICI), and interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) from the dominant left (learning) to the nondominant right (transfer) hemisphere, before and after SRTT training. Training resulted in (1) increased RC and decreased SICI but no changes in RMT in the learning hemisphere, (2) decreased SICI and no changes in RC or RMT in the transfer hemisphere, and (3) decreased IHI. The amount in IHI after training correlated with nonspecific performance improvements in the transfer hand but not with sequence-specific performance improvements. Our results indicate that modulation of interhemispheric inhibition between the M1 areas may, as a result of the learning that has occurred in one hemisphere after practice with one hand, contribute to faster, more skilled performance of the opposite hand.
Late Quaternary evolution of channel and lobe complexes of Monterey Fan

The modern Monterey submarine fan, one of the largest deep-water deposits off the western US, is composed of two major turbidite systems: the Neogene Lower Turbidite System (LTS) and the late Quaternary Upper Turbidite System (UTS). The areally extensive LTS is a distal deposit with low-relief, poorly defined channels, overbank, and lower-fan elements. The younger UTS comprises almost half of the total fan volume and was initiated in the late Pleistocene from canyons in the Monterey Bay area. Rapidly prograding high-relief, channel-levee complexes dominated deposition early in the UTS with periodic avulsion events. In the last few 100 ka, much of the sediment bypassed the northern fan as a result of allocyclic controls, and deposition is simultaneously occurring on a sandy lobe with low-relief channels and on an adjacent detached muddier lobe built from reconfinement of overbank flow from the northern high-relief channels. During the relatively short-lived UTS deposition, at least seven different channel types and two lobe types were formed. This study provides a significant reinterpretation of the depositional history of Monterey Fan by incorporating all available unpublished geophysical data.
Determination in Drosophila Embryos

SYNOPSIS. In this review we describe data of experiments which interfere with the formation of the metameric pattern during embryogenesis. Ligating embryos before blastoderm stage leads to a gap in the segmentation pattern of the differentiated embryo. The gap can extend up to 6 segments but terminal segments are always recognizable. In posterior but not in anterior fragments we find abnormally large but fewer segments. This increase in segment size results from a different determination of blastoderm cells after ligation. During nuclear multiplication stages when a gap can be produced, the zygotic genome is not yet active. Information to develop the metameric pattern in ligated embryos must therefore have been made during oogenesis. Recently Nuisslein-Volhard and Wieschaus (1980) have described three zygotic mutations which form embryos with a gap of segments similar to our ligated embryos. We have discussed these mutant phenotypes in connection with our experimental data. Segmentation is controlled at several levels. During oogenesis the anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral axes become established (Nusslein-Volhard, 1979). Also during oogenesis, but extending into early embryonic life, information is generated to subdivide the embryo into blocks of cells forming the metameric pattern. At blastoderm the identity of segments becomes established.
Alkyne-Protected Ruthenium Nanoparticles†

Stable ruthenium nanoparticles protected by 1-octynyl fragments were synthesized by a wet chemical method. Transmission electron microscopic measurements showed that the resulting particles exhibited an average core diameter of 2.55 ± 0.15 nm with well-defined Ru crystalline lattice fringes. Because of the formation of Ru—C≡ bonds, the C≡C vibrational stretch was found in FTIR measurements to red-shift to 1936 cm−1 from 2119 cm−1 that was observed for monomeric 1-octyne. Interestingly, the nanoparticles underwent ligand exchange reactions with alkynyl lithium (e.g., 5-phenyl-1-pentynyl lithium) for further surface functionalization, as manifested in FTIR as well as 1H and 13C NMR measurements. Optically, whereas UV−vis absorption measurements exhibited only a featureless profile, the Ru nanoparticles displayed apparent photoluminescence with an emission peak at 428 nm, which was accounted for by intraparticle charge delocalization as a consequence of the strong Ru—C≡ bonds and the conducting Ru metal core...
Abundances in the Metal-poor Common Proper Motion Star BD +00°2058A

Like two other metal-poor, late-type field stars showing odd abundance ratios suggestive of accreted origin, BD +00°2058A has a substantial apogalactocentric distance, reaches a large maximum height above the Galactic plane, and is a member of a common proper motion system. To examine whether such wide pairs might have a common origin in accreted subsystems, we present detailed abundances in BD +00°2058A derived from high signal-to-noise, high-resolution optical spectroscopy. Using spectroscopically derived parameters, we find [Fe/H] = -1.16±0.07, a factor of 2-4 larger than previous (but less direct) estimates. We find the α-element, iron-peak, and n-capture abundances to be unremarkable compared with other field stars of similar [Fe/H]. The derived Li abundance, log N(Li) = 2.53, is large compared with otherwise similar stars; the normal n-capture abundances and upper limits to 6Li/7Li provide no evidence of Li enrichment from Li-rich asymptotic giant branch star material or spallation. Interestingly, the [C/Fe] and [Na/Fe] ratios appear to be ~0.3 dex lower and higher, respectively, than otherwise similar stars. This might point to Li enrichment by contaminating material having undergone "cool bottom processing," but the lack of radial velocity variations provides no evidence of a close companion. Comparison with theoretical isochrones suggests a distance of 150 pc, which is in better agreement with two previous studies' estimates of the distance of the fainter wide companion; kinematically based population classifications based on this distance are ambiguous. Finally, we draw attention to the importance of different, but reasonable, choices of Fe i gf-values in our (and other) analyses.
Critical assessment of the operator-splitting technique in solving the advection-dispersion-reaction equation: 2. Monod kinetics and coupled transport

Abstract In the first manuscript of this two-part series, the behavior of the inherent time-lag error in the operator-splitting technique has been discussed. However, the discussion has been limited to the advection-dispersion-reaction equation with first-order kinetics. In this manuscript, the discussion is extended to address the applicability of the operator-splitting technique in solving the advection-dispersion-reaction equation with Monod kinetics. The discussion also considers the two-species coupled transport problem. The results of the analysis show that the behavior of the time-lag error causing a mass balance error is rather similar to those observed with first-order kinetics. The time-lag error directly depends on the reaction rate, and hence, affects the oxygen equation due to the high rate of oxygen consumption. Also, the alternate operator-splitting scheme shows a greater accuracy compared to the normal operator-splitting technique. Upon observing such similarities, a concept of equivalent first-order reaction rate is derived. The equivalent reaction rate has been found to be extremely useful for predicting the time-lag error of the single- and two-species mass transport with Monod kinetics using the result of the first-order reaction problems obtained in the first manuscript.
Depositional history and neotectonics in Great Salt Lake, Utah, from high-resolution seismic stratigraphy

High-resolution seismic-reflection data from Great Salt Lake show that the basinal sediment sequence is cut by numerous faults with N–S and NE–SW orientations. This faulting shows evidence of varied timing and relative offsets, but includes at least three events totaling about 12 m following the Bonneville phase of the lake (since about 13.5 ka). Several faults displace the uppermost sediments and the lake floor. Bioherm structures are present above some faults, which suggests that the faults served as conduits for sublacustrine discharge of fresh water. A shallow, fault-controlled ridge between Carrington Island and Promontory Point, underlain by a well-cemented pavement, separates the main lake into two basins. The pavement appears to be early Holocene in age and younger sediments lap onto it. Onlap–offlap relationships, reflection truncations, and morphology of the lake floor indicate a low lake, well below the present level, during the early Holocene, during which most of the basin was probably a playa. This low stand is represented by irregular reflections in seismic profiles from the deepest part of the basin. Other prominent reflectors in the profiles are correlated with lithologic changes in sediment cores related to the end of the Bonneville stage of the lake, a thick mirabilite layer in the northern basin, and the Mazama tephra. Reflections below those penetrated by sediment cores document earlier lacustrine cycles. D 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Resource partitioning for real-time communication

For real-time communication services to achieve widespread usage, it is important that network managers be allowed to control the services effectively. An important management capability concerns resource partitioning. Resource partitioning is useful for a number of applications, including the creation of virtual private subnetworks and of mechanisms for advance reservation of real-time network services, fast establishment of real-time connections, and mobile computing with real-time communication. In previous work, the authors presented a scheme for resource partitioning in a guaranteed performance networking environment with EDD-based packet scheduling disciplines. The present paper gives the results of research in resource partitioning, with admission control tests for resource partitioned servers for four representative scheduling disciplines, FIFO, WFQ, RCSP and EDD. The simulations confirm the intuition that resource fragmentation losses due to resource partitioning are small and that resource partitioning reduces the admission control computation overhead. An interesting result from the simulation experiments is that, under circumstances that arise naturally in multi-party communication scenarios, resource partitioning results in higher overall connection acceptance rate. The authors also present experiences with implementing resource partitioning in the second generation of Tenet real-time protocols; this implementation, with resource partitioned servers, runs on multiple platforms, including Sun workstations under SunOS, DEC workstations under Ultrix, and PCs under BSDI Unix. >
Winning Charisma and Losing the Presidential Election1

This study focuses on voters' perceptions of presidential candidates' charismatic leadership. Competing hypotheses draw from performance-cue and decision-making literatures. Results from the panel data indicate that voters' perceptions of the winning candidate remain stable, while their perceptions of the losing candidate's charisma are enhanced after the election.
Spontaneous polyspike discharges in an epileptic mutant mouse (tottering).

Abstract Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were made from unanesthetized, freely moving tottering mice. This neurological mutant exhibits spontaneous motor seizures. Although the intention of the present study was to determine an electrographic correlate of the motor seizures, no epileptiform discharge was found which was reliably associated with this type of ictal event. The present study revealed the occurrence of a paroxysmal pattern which appeared independently of the motor seizures. The polyspike pattern was a 6 s burst resembling the 3 s spike-wave complex often recorded in human epileptics. The waking behavior associated with the polyspiking in the tottering mice consisted of immobility and staring. In addition, polyspike bursts occurred during drowsiness. It is possible that the cerebellar defects found in tottering mice are related to their gait disturbance and to their motor seizures. The polyspike discharge appears to represent an independent ictal event, suggesting that tottering mice are susceptible to both motor and “absence” seizures. Previously documented examples of naturally occurring epilepsy consisted primarily of stimulus-evoked or “reflex” seizures. Tottering mice show promise for research of spontaneous, recurrent paroxysmal activity in a hereditary type of epilepsy.
Amphiphilic Networks. I. Network Synthesis by Copolymerization of Methacryloyl-Capped Polyisobutylene with 2-(Dimethylamino) Ethyl Methacrylate and Characterization of The Networks

Abstract New amphiphilic networks have been synthesized by free-radical co-polymerization of hydrophobic methacryloyl-capped polyisobutylenes (MA-PIB-MA) with hydrophilic 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. Two MA-PIB-MAs have been prepared with Mn = 4920 and 10 200, and two series of networks were prepared with MA-PIB-MA contents between 48 and 71.5%. Variation of the molecular weight of MA-PIB-MA and its concentration in the network allows for a wide range of mechanical properties and swellability in hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents. Differential scanning calorimetry shows the existence of two glass transitions in these networks and thus indicates a phase-separated domain structure. Tensile strengths and elongations were dependent on MA-PIB-MA contents varying from 57.7 to 39.8 kg/cm2 and from 168 to 200%, respectively, with increasing MA-PIB-MA content. Solvent swelling of the networks ranged from 170 to 20% in water and from 40 to 170% in n-heptane with increasing MA-PIB-MA contents.
A finite-difference algorithm for full waveform teleseismic tomography

SUMMARY We adapt a 2-D spectral domain finite difference waveform tomography algorithm previously used in active source seismological imaging to the case of a plane wave propagating through a 2.5-D viscoelastic medium in order to recover P and S wave speed variations from body waves recorded at teleseismic distances. A transferable efficacy that permits recovery of arbitrarily heterogenous models on moderately sized computers provides the primary motivation for choosing this algorithm. Synthetic waveforms can be generated either by specifying an analytic solution for a background plane wave in a 1-D model and solving for the source distribution that would produce it, or by solving for a scattered field excited by a plane wave source and then adding the background wavefield to it. Because the former approach typically involves a concentration of sources at the free surface, the latter tends to be more stable numerically. We adapt a gradient approach to solve the inverse problem to maintain tractability; calculating the gradient does not require much more computational effort than does the forward problem. The waveform tomography algorithm can be applied in a straightforward way to perform receiver function migration and traveltime inversion.
Efficacy of light therapy for perinatal depression: a review

Perinatal depression is an important public health problem affecting 10% to 20% of childbearing women. Perinatal depression is associated with significant morbidity, and has enormous consequences for the wellbeing of the mother and child. During the perinatal period, treatment of depression, which could affect the mother and child during pregnancy and lactation, poses a complex problem for both mother and clinician. Bright light therapy may be an attractive treatment for perinatal depression because it is low cost, home-based, and has a much lower side effect profile than pharmacotherapy. The antidepressant effects of bright light are well established, and there are several rationales for expecting that bright light might also be efficacious for perinatal depression. This review describes these rationales, summarizes the available evidence on the efficacy of bright light therapy for perinatal depression, and discusses future directions for investigation of bright light therapy as a treatment for perinatal depression.
SUSAX: Context-Specific Searching in XML Documents Using Sequence

Keyword searching while very successful in narrowing down the contents of the Web to the pertaining subset of information, has two primary drawbacks. First, the accuracy of the search is closely coupled with the choice of keywords. Second, keywords are limited in their expressibility. In particular, they fail to adequately capture the"contextual information" implicit in most searches done by users. In this paper we present an approach to efficiently address these drawbacks of keyword searching over XML documents. In particular, we present SUSAX a system for approximate contextual querying over XML documents wherein queries are represented as simple XPaths. A key contribution of our work is the novel algorithm used to match the XPathlike query with similar paths in the repository. The algorithm is based on sequence alignment algorithms prevalent in life sciences domain for discovering the similarity between genome and protein sequences. In this paper, we show an adaptation of the sequence alignment algorithm for now discovering and cataloging the similarity between
Frequency of androgenesis in Poa arachnifera × P. ligularis and P. poiformis hybridizations

The rapid generation of haploids in most species remains a relatively infrequent event, but is considered an important tool for the development of homozygous lines and an approach for cytoplasmic transfer across related species. Poa arachnifera ‘Texas bluegrass’ is known to occasionally produce androgenic haploid recoveries following hybridization with Poa secunda. However, little information regarding the frequency of such behavior following hybridization with other Poa species is available. This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of androgenic haploids following interspecific hybridization of P. arachnifera × Poa ligularis and P. arachnifera × Poa poiformis. The P. arachnifera × P. ligularis hybridizations exhibited a frequency of androgenic dihaploids (ADH) at 1.00%; where the P. arachnifera × P. poiformis hybridizations indicated a frequency of 0.69%. Results from this study suggest ADH generation is an infrequent but consistent behavior likely found in sexual P. arachnifera.
Introduction: Steinbeck's Light Burns Clear

“hdhose light burns clear.”—Dedication to Steinbeck's sistehd Beth, The Winter of Our Discontent
Volterra series transfer function of single-mode fibers

A nonrecursive Volterra series transfer function (VSTF) approach for solving the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) wave equation for a single-mode optical fiber is presented. The derivation of the VSTF is based on expressing the NLS equation In the frequency domain and retaining the most significant terms (Volterra kernels) in the resulting transfer function. Due to its nonrecursive property and closed-form analytic solution, this method can excel as a tool for designing optimal optical communication systems and lumped optical equalizers to compensate for effects such as linear dispersion, fiber nonlinearities and amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise from optical amplifiers. We demonstrate that a third-order approximation to the VSTF model compares favorably with the split-step Fourier (recursive) method in accuracy for power levels used in current optical communication systems. For higher power levels, there is a potential for improving the accuracy by including higher-order Volterra kernels at the cost of increased computations. Single-pulse propagation and the interaction between two pulses propagating at two different frequencies are also analyzed with the Volterra method to verify the ability to accurately model nonlinear effects. The analysis can be easily extended to include inter-channel interference in multi-user systems like wavelength-division multiple-access (WDM), time-division multiplexed (TDM), or code-division multiplexed (CDM) systems.
Angry breathing: a prospective study of hostility and lung function in the Normative Aging Study

Background: Hostility and anger are risk factors for, or co-occur with, many health problems of older adults such as cardiovascular diseases, all-cause mortality, and asthma. Evidence that negative emotions are associated with chronic airways obstruction suggests a possible role for hostility in the maintenance and decline of pulmonary function. This study tests the hypothesis that hostility contributes to a faster rate of decline in lung function in older adults. Methods: A prospective examination was undertaken of the effect of hostility on change in lung function over time. Data are from the VA Normative Aging Study, an ongoing cohort of older men. Hostility was measured in 1986 in 670 men who also had an average of three pulmonary function examinations obtained over an average of 8.2 years of follow up. Hostility was ascertained using the 50-item MMPI based Cook-Medley Hostility Scale. Pulmonary function was assessed using spirometric tests to obtain measures of forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Results: Baseline pulmonary function differed between high and medium/low hostility groups (mean (SE) percent predicted FEV 1 88.9 (18.5) v 95.3 (16.9) and FVC 92.5 (16.5) v 98.9 (15.9), respectively; p 1 and FVC. Higher hostility was associated with a more rapid decline in lung function, and this effect was unchanged and remained significant for FEV 1 in multivariate models but was attenuated for FVC. Each standard deviation increase in hostility was associated with a loss in FEV 1 of approximately 9 ml/year. Conclusions: This study is one of the first to show prospectively that hostility is associated with poorer pulmonary function and more rapid rates of decline among older men.
Nitrogen Fixation and Leaching of Biological Soil Crust Communities in Mesic Temperate Soils

Biological soil crust is composed of lichens, cyanobacteria, green algae, mosses, and fungi. Although crusts are a dominant source of nitrogen (N) in arid ecosystems, this study is among the first to demonstrate their contribution to N availability in xeric temperate habitats. The study site is located in Lucas County of Northwest Ohio. Using an acetylene reduction technique, we demonstrated potential N fixation for these crusts covering sandy, acidic, low N soil. Similar fixation rates were observed for crust whether dominated by moss, lichen, or bare soil. N inputs from biological crusts in northwestern Ohio are comparable to those in arid regions, but contribute substantially less N than by atmospheric deposition. Nitrate and ammonium leaching from the crust layer were quantified using ion exchange resin bags inserted within intact soil cores at 4 cm depth. Leaching of ammonium was greater and nitrate less in lichen than moss crusts or bare soil, and was less than that deposited from atmospheric sources. Therefore, biological crusts in these mesic, temperate soils may be immobilizing excess ammonium and nitrate that would otherwise be leached through the sandy soil. Moreover, automated monitoring of microclimate in the surface 7 cm of soil suggests that moisture and temperature fluctuations in soil are moderated under crust compared to bare soil without crust. We conclude that biological crusts in northwestern Ohio contribute potential N fixation, reduce N leaching, and moderate soil microclimate.
Interactive multimedia courseware for integrated circuit fabrication courses

Integrated circuit manufacturing no longer belongs to industry, but is a flourishing area in academia. The complicated process of integrated circuit fabrication requires many steps where visualization is essential to understand the concept. Interactive multimedia modules were developed to present fundamental concepts using animation and playback features. The modules developed served as good learning tools to complement classroom and laboratory instructions. This paper describes the development of interactive multimedia modules created with Macromedia Director and implemented on the standard web browser with Macromedia's Shock Wave plug-in as the interface. The Interactive Modules and online laboratory manual were implemented in undergraduate senior and graduate classes. The impact of these modules and online laboratory manual was assessed from a survey and interview with the students. Almost all students unanimously preferred modules that incorporated animation and interactivity to traditional static images and diagrams. Online laboratory manual and virtual laboratory tour showed a positive impact on student learning.
Impending Paradoxical Embolism: A Case Report

Abstract Background A thrombus straddling a patent foramen ovale (i.e., impending paradoxical embolism) is a very rare event. Most cases have been reported at autopsy only after finding a patent foramen ovale and arterial emboli. Patent foramen ovale in the population is common. Objectives The objective of this case report is to remind physicians that common presentations can have uncommon causes. Some of these uncommon causes are easy to find and may significantly change outcomes if treated early. Case Report We present the case of a dyspneic patient with concomitant pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and impending paradoxical embolism. Emergency Physicians should be aware that dyspnea may be the only initial symptom. Although dyspnea may be linked to a pulmonary embolus, it may not represent the entire clinical picture. A thrombus formed within a patent foramen ovale portends the possibility of a larger pulmonary embolus and an arterial embolus. Conclusion Early detection of an impending paradoxical embolism may result in an improved outcome. Treatment choices consist of anticoagulation, thrombectomy, or thrombolysis. Choice of treatment is difficult but should be made quickly to reduce the possibility of adverse patient outcomes.
Squidpops: A Simple Tool to Crowdsource a Global Map of Marine Predation Intensity.

We present a simple, standardized assay, the squidpop, for measuring the relative feeding intensity of generalist predators in aquatic systems. The assay consists of a 1.3-cm diameter disk of dried squid mantle tethered to a rod, which is either inserted in the sediment in soft-bottom habitats or secured to existing structure. Each replicate squidpop is scored as present or absent after 1 and 24 hours, and the data for analysis are proportions of replicate units consumed at each time. Tests in several habitats of the temperate southeastern USA (Virginia and North Carolina) and tropical Central America (Belize) confirmed the assay’s utility for measuring variation in predation intensity among habitats, among seasons, and along environmental gradients. In Belize, predation intensity varied strongly among habitats, with reef > seagrass = mangrove > unvegetated bare sand. Quantitative visual surveys confirmed that assayed feeding intensity increased with abundance and species richness of fishes across sites, with fish abundance and richness explaining up to 45% and 70% of the variation in bait loss respectively. In the southeastern USA, predation intensity varied seasonally, being highest during summer and declining in late autumn. Deployments in marsh habitats generally revealed a decline in mean predation intensity from fully marine to tidal freshwater sites. The simplicity, economy, and standardization of the squidpop assay should facilitate engagement of scientists and citizens alike, with the goal of constructing high-resolution maps of how top-down control varies through space and time in aquatic ecosystems, and addressing a broad array of long-standing hypotheses in macro- and community ecology.
Frictional Electrification on Polymeric Flat Surfaces

The electrostatic charge on nylon, polypropylene (PP), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) after rubbing against stainless steel and against each other was examined using a newly developed rubbing device with automated features. It is observed that the charge generated on PTFE and PP increases as the contact force increases, while the charge generated on nylon is not affected by the contact force. It is also found that the charge generated on PTFE and nylon due to friction is more than that due to repeated contacts and separations, however, this difference was not observed on PP. Furthermore, the charge generated on these three polymers is not affected by the rubbing speed at the levels of 27, 47, 95 mm/min. In addition, the triboelectric series of these three polymers and stainless steel is investigated by rubbing against each other.
Conceptualizing Financial Resilience:The Challenges for Urban Theory

This chapter outlines an urban theory of 'financial resilience' that accounts for the fact that the concurrent processes of urbanization and financialization render the economic system at once resilient and unstable. The notion of financial resilience thus conceived helps to advance our understanding of the processes of globalized urbanization in an era of financialized capitalism. Rejecting the classical notion of 'monetary neutrality', such a theory of resilience highlights that the particular behavioral attributes of a capitalist economy evolve around the (spatial) impact of money, credit and finance upon system behavior. One of my central claims in this regard is that the resilience of the monetary-financial system is an enduring theme that characterizes the historical reality of the American metropolis. The position outlined here envisions establishing 'financial resilience' as an analytical concept for urban theory that captures the systemic behavior of capitalist development in terms of the historical and institutional co-evolution of the process of urbanization and the monetary-financial system as a whole. In relating financial resilience to modes of urban capitalist governance and regulation, the discussion of the spatial aspects of financial resilience is cast both in terms of an institutional view of resilience (the resilience of both micro- and macro-level entities) and, in terms of a functional view of resilience (the resilience of funding flows and asset flows).
Native American Identity and the Challenge of Kennewick Man

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was enacted by Congress in 1990 to remediate longstanding harms to Native Americans by providing a means for tribes to obtain their cultural property, including human remains, from the possession and control of federal agencies and federally-funded museums. The discovery in 1996 of ancient remains on public land near Kennewick, Washington, land that was also the traditional home of five Pacific Northwest Indian tribes, raised for the first time in federal court the question of what constitutes a "Native American" under NAGPRA. In this article, Professor Ray argues that the court in Bonnichsen v. the United States erred in its ruling that the evidence needed to establish that the remains were Native American was insufficient, where tribal claimants had presented traditional evidence that the remains where those of an ancestor, whom they knew as "the Ancient One". According to the legislative intent of NAGPRA, and consistent with international law and pending international human rights legislation, tribes possess a right to self-recognition which privileges their identification of ancestors against contrary determinations by non-tribal authorities. Had the court applied the appropriate evidentiary standard, tribal claimants would have been able to meet their burden of establishing that the human remains at issue were Native American under NAGPRA.
A Comparative Study of Rank-Size Distributions in China and India

The city-size distribution has been a major topic of discussion among social scientists. There are three types of city-size distributions-central place, rank-size, and primate city. When the ranks of cities, arranged in descending order with rank one given to the largest city, are plotted against their populations in a double logarithmic graph, a rank-size distribution of cities results. A rank-size distribution of cities is expected to indicate political unity, economic development and an integrated urban system (Gregory and Urry, 1985).
Encountering the improvvisatrice in Italian Opera

Abstract Giovanni Pacini9s Saffo (1840), while virtually unknown today, was wildly popular with nineteenth-century audiences and critics, who called the opera Pacini9s most sophisticated and unusual to date. This Romanticized portrayal of the fabled poet/singer from ancient Greece ends with the heroine9s suicidal leap and features a musical structure built upon dramatic, confrontational ensembles. Saffo9s final mad scene, however, centers around the character9s performance of a supposedly improvised solo song. I suggest this moment was Pacini9s attempt to represent not only the ancient poet but the modern improvvisatrice , that female improviser of sung poetry made famous in Madame de Stael9s 1807 novel Corinne . Now overshadowed by caricatures of capricious divas, the figure of the improvvisatrice offers new ways of understanding both the popularity of Pacini9s opera and the era9s shifting balance of power between singers and composers. This article places Saffo in a broader context of nineteenth-century poetic improvisation and compares it to Rossini9s earlier Il viaggio a Reims , which also featured an improvvisatrice . I argue that the figure of Sappho embodied an ideal of performance in which creation and execution were fused and thus illuminates both the collaborative and elusive nature of nineteenth-century operatic authorship.
Abbreviated case report

Abstract A painful enlargement of the tongue in a 43-year-old farmer was found to be due to actinomycosis. Treatment with potassium phenoxymethyl penicillin over a period of several months resulted in remission of the disease.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti3Al-Nb Alloys Prepared by Pulse Discharge Sintering

Powder compacts for Ti3A1-xNb (x=0, 3, 7, 11, 13 at%) alloys were prepared by pulse discharge sintering at 1173-1573 K and their microstructures, oxidation resistance and mechanical properties were evaluated. The microstructure changed with sintering temperature and Nb content. At lower sintering temperatures, unreacted Ti and Nb were identified by X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDX, and Nb-rich phase primarily existed in the boundaries of Ti3M grains. Increasing sintering temperature obviously improved homogeneity of microstructure. Microhardness, oxidation resistance of compacts increased with sintering temperature and Nb content. For Ti3AI, only pillar-like TiO2 formed after oxidized at 1273 K in air. Adding Nb to Ti3AI, oxide scale was dense and composed of fine particles of TiO2 doped with Nb.
Leveraging Labeled USPTO Inventor Records to Build and Evaluate Inventor Disambiguation Algorithms

Methods for disambiguation, the process of linking records which refer to the same unique entity within a single database, are being developed and applied in many fields and contexts. Methods for disambiguation fit into one of three categories: Unsupervised approaches, which usually involve the use of ad hoc comparison methods; semi-supervised approaches, which build models using artificially generated training data; and supervised approaches, which build models using real-world datasets with hand-disambiguated labels and have been shown to yield the most accurate results, but are often impractical to use due to the high cost of collecting accurate labeled records. In the field of technology and innovation entrepreneurship (TIE), disambiguation is an important problem. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) does not assign unique identifiers to inventors in its database, making it difficult for TIE researchers to track and analyze innovation trends across time. To date, methods used to disa...
The Effects of Heparin and Protamine on Contraction of Tracheal Smooth Muscle Induced by Carbachol in the Guinea Pig

Background: Several reports have indicated that heparin has a bronchodilative effect in asthma patients, and that it enhances airway smooth muscle contraction in vitro, protamine is known to inhibit or enhance contraction of tracheal smooth muscle. Thus the effects of protamine and heparin on airway smooth muscle contraction are not consistent. However, no report is available on the effects of enflurane on heparin and protamine tracheal smooth muscle contraction. We performed this study to evaluate the effects of heparin or protamine on the carbachol induced contraction of tracheal smooth muscle in the guinea pig. And we also evaluated the effects of enflurane on heparin or protamine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction. Methods: Isolated tracheal rings of the guinea pig were suspended in Krebs solution. Contractions were recorded isometrically using a transducer. Contraction was induced by carbachol ) and then cumulative dose responses of heparin or protamine (0.006 mg/ml, 0.02 mg/ml, 0.06 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml, 0.4 mg/ml) and in heparin (E) group and protmine (E) group, enflurane (4.34%) was administered for 15 minute after carbachol adminstration. Results: Contraction by carbachol was inhibited by level of heparin or protamine at concentrations of 0.2 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml. At an enflurane (4.34%) contraction was inhibited, and no further inhibition of contraction by heparin or protamine was observed. Conclusions: Heparin or protamine inhibited the tracheal smooth muscle contraction induced by carbachol at 0.2 mg/ml and 0.4 mg/ml, and no further significant inhibition of contraction by heparin or protamine was observed after enflurane administration (4.34%).
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts.

Advances in cell transplantation and material sciences are being combined to create more biocompatible tissue engineered medical devices (pages 90–93).
Stable Transitions From Mutual Assured Destruction To Mutual Assured Survival

AbstractThis paper treats the strategic offensive and defensive forces of the United States and the Soviet Union. It addresses the problem of transitioning from the current state of mutual assured destruction to a future state of mutual assured survival. The paper identifies sequences of two-sided force structures which possess the properties that (1) neither side has positive first strike payoff and (2) there is no incentive to strike first in a crisis. These properties correspond, respectively, to arms race stability and crisis stability.The paper treats both ballistic missile and air-breathing offensive forces and SDI and air defenses against them. A mathematical model is presented which includes an optimized counterforce/countervalue first strike followed by a countervalue second strike with the surviving forces. First strike payoff and crisis instability measures are defined. Data on offensive forces and air defenses are presented. Assumptions are made on counterforce probabilities df kill and on num...
Factors Not Incorporated into the Models

The determination of the required rate of return on equity capital for a company in a rate case is usually done without explicit reference to many of the operating, financial, and regulatory variables that are commonly thought to affect its value. This means an implicit assumption is made that these variables are unchanging. But when these variables change, it is necessary to account for their presence.
Ultrathin two-dimensional superconductivity with strong spin–orbit coupling

We report on a study of epitaxially grown ultrathin Pb films that are only a few atoms thick and have parallel critical magnetic fields much higher than the expected limit set by the interaction of electron spins with a magnetic field, that is, the Clogston–Chandrasekhar limit. The epitaxial thin films are classified as dirty-limit superconductors because their mean-free paths, which are limited by surface scattering, are smaller than their superconducting coherence lengths. The uniformity of superconductivity in these thin films is established by comparing scanning tunneling spectroscopy, scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, double-coil mutual inductance, and magneto-transport, data that provide average superfluid rigidity on length scales covering the range from microscopic to macroscopic. We argue that the survival of superconductivity at Zeeman energies much larger than the superconducting gap can be understood only as the consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling that, together with substrate-induced inversion-symmetry breaking, produces spin splitting in the normal-state energy bands that is much larger than the superconductor’s energy gap.
Test beam study of a short drift GEM tracking detector

A short drift GEM tracking detector was studied in the H6 test beam at CERN as part of an effort to develop new tracking detectors for future experiments at RHIC. The detector consists of a triple GEM stack with a 16 mm drift gap and a COMPASS style readout plane with XY readout strips that is used in a mini TPC type configuration. Charge produced by tracks passing through the drift gap is collected over ∼ 700 ns and sampled at a rate of 25 ns which allows a measurement of the drift time of the charge clusters from the initial ionization. This enables a determination of the angle of the track passing through the detector as well as its position. The resulting vector can be used to improve the position resolution compared to simple charge centroid determination for tracks passing through the detector at large angles, and can also reduce the number of detectors required to measure tracks with a given precision. We have studied some basic characteristics of the short drift GEM detector in the lab using a beta source and cosmic rays, and have also studied it more extensively in a test beam at CERN. This paper will report on the results of these studies.
Novel communication architecture for Multi-Agent Systems in autonomous Microgrid

Multi-Agent System (MAS) architecture is a widely investigated topic for application in distributed control for power system operations. The key quality of MAS is its communication which must be versatile for any MAS based control. In this paper, a new communication algorithm for MAS based on Peer to Peer (P2P) communication agreeing to FIPA (Foundation of Intelligent Physical Agents) specifications is proposed. The proposed scheme has reduced communication steps, reduced burden on agents, and has very fast response compared to other existing P2P and Non-P2P architectures. This scheme is applied for a classic economic dispatch problem based on gradient search optimization and the simulation results are presented.