cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of nonunion with a constant direct current. A totally implantable system

There is now sufficient basic research and clinical experience to establish that electrical stimulation produces osteogenesis. Furthermore, electrical stimulation significantly helps union where impaired bone healing exists. The implanted bone growth stimulator is one effective method of electrical stimulation. It can be used in a wide variety of problems: delayed union and nonunion of bones with or without chronic infection and in failed posterior spinal fusion. Successful treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia has been encouraging. The implanted bone growth stimulator technique requires a simple operation with strict adherence to detail. There is minimal postoperative discomfort and a short hospital stay. The average time to union is 16 weeks. The Osteostim can be used in the presence of chronic infection and internal fixation. Above all, the technique does not require any cooperation from the patient. The implanted bone growth stimulator should be accepted as a method of treatment for delayed and nonunion of bones, as it is at least as effective as other more conventional methods of surgical treatment for this situation. It has been proved that electrical stimulation produces osteogenesis. Orthopedic surgeons should no longer be skeptical about this.
New Assessment Practices in Mathematics.

Assessment practices need to change in mathematics classrooms that adopt the curriculum standards recommended by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). An assessment system that focuses on broad learning outcomes, uses tasks that are aligned with instructional practices, involves students actively in the process, and informs teachers' instructional and curricular decisions is recommended. Such an assessment process requires teachers to identify important mathematical ideas, along with performance standards that describe what students must do to demonstrate that those ideas have been learned. Open-ended questions, observations, interviews, pre- and post-assessments, self- and peer-assessments are strategies that can be used to gather evidence of students learning. Documentation strategies are needed to help teachers organize and manage assessment data. NCTM has provided six standards for assessment that teachers can use as guidelines to help them evaluate the appropriateness of assessment ...
That's neat -- how do i do it?: demonstration

This presentation is about teaching techniques for a course that introduces GUI interfaces and event-driven programming. The material was developed for a sophomore-level Java course but could be adapted to other languages or other levels.
Your practice on hold: planning for a leave of absence.

Developing a leave plan can help your partners and your patients feel more comfortable with your time away.
Collecting parasitic Hymenoptera from a northern California swimming pool

Insects were collected from the surface of a suburban swimming pool (adjacent to an oak-grassland open space) in northern California over a six-year period (2014–2019). We found 338 morphospecies from 27 families of parasitic Hymenoptera. We note the uncommon taxa found and discuss the species richness of the catch and possible utility of this collection method, comparing our results to the diversity of taxa found, using conventional techniques, in two neighboring sites.
Blended Basic Language Courses: Design, Pedagogy, and Implementation, by Hope M. Anderson

Blended Basic Language Courses: Design, Pedagogy, and Implementation By Hope M. Anderson New York, NY: Routledge US $82 ISBN 9781138571914 (Hardback) 190 pages 2018
Cardiac-autonomic and hemodynamic responses to a hypertonic, sugar-sweetened sports beverage in physically active men.

Hydration practices may confound heart rate variability (HRV) measurements when collected in the pre-training period. We aimed to determine the effects of ingesting a hypertonic, sugar-sweetened sp...
The Lawyer Doth Protest Too Much, Methinks: Reconsidering the Contemporaneous Objection Requirement in Depositions

This article argues for the elimination of the contemporaneous objection requirement for depositions. From the original 1938 framing of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to the present, no one has recognized that the theory behind the contemporaneous objection rule in depositions, as drawn from pre-Rules equity practice, does not match the function of depositions in our post-Rules system of open discovery. Pre-Rules depositions were exclusively testimony-preservation devices, and never discovery tools, and the common law and statutory procedural rules for pre-Rules depositions, including the contemporaneous objection rule, reflected this use. But when the original Federal Rules of Civil Procedure converted depositions into primarily fact-discovery devices, the older procedural rules were incorporated into the new Rules, nearly wholesale, and without consideration - and there they remain. Perceived problems with deposition practice have in the last ten years resulted in a number of modifications to the discovery rules, and other proposals to curb aggressive use of objections in depositions. Before 1993, in the federal civil system, the Rules did not specify the manner in which deposition objections were to be made, leading a chorus of commentators to decry the prevalence of speaking and coaching objections. Revisions in 1993 to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for the first time required deposition objections to be made concisely and in a non-argumentative and non-suggestive manner. In 1999, the Texas state courts went so far as to limit all objections to deposition questions to two words, either Objection, leading or Objection, form. However, all these modifications and proposals share the pathology of the original Rules: they fail to recognize the theoretical disconnect between antiquated testimony-preservation focused procedural rules and the now-primary use of depositions as fact-discovery devices. Thus, the proposals have focused on treating discovery abuse, rather than addressing the real problem, which is a fundamental misconception of the proper, less-adversarial role of attorneys in depositions. Rather than treat the symptoms, elimination of the contemporaneous objection rule will address the disease, and bring deposition practice more into line with the theory of open discovery upon which its modern incarnation is based.
Chatbot service usage during a pandemic: fear and social distancing

Health organizations have relied heavily on social distancing to limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this research is to examine what factors can influence customers’ evaluations of social distancing as well as how and when these evaluations drive their usage of chatbot services. Using structural equation modeling to analyze the experimental data from 200 U.S. consumers, we found that when the service situation is utilitarian (hedonic) in nature, customers’ contamination fear influences their chatbot usage during service encounters through their social distancing attitudes (subjective norms) and then perceived usefulness of chatbots. Our findings provide meaningful theoretical contributions and practical implications. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Precursors and Dispersive Pulse Dynamics: A Century After the Sommerfeld–Brillouin Theory: Part II. The Modern Asymptotic Theory

Abstract In recognition of the centennial anniversary of the now classic Sommerfeld–Brillouin (S–B) theory of dispersive signal propagation through a dispersive attenuative medium with resonance polarization (as described by the causal Lorentz model), a detailed overview of the original theory and its early modifications was published last year in Part I of this two-part paper. Here, Part II of this review provides the detailed solution of this fundamental dispersive signal problem that has recently been completed using uniform asymptotic methods. This modern asymptotic theory provides a physically correct description of both the signal velocity and the precursor fields. This modern description of the signal velocity is in keeping with Loudon's description of the energy transport velocity in a Lorentz medium. Extensions of the modern S–B theory to both the weak and singular dispersion limits, of central importance to experimentalists working in both linear and nonlinear optics, as well as to plane-wave pulse transmission across a planar dielectric interface, are also given.
A Genetic Algorithm-Based Calibration of VISSIM Using GPS Data

This paper proposes a Genetic Algorithm (GA)-based approach for calibrating the driving behaviour parameters of the microscopic traffic simulation model VISSIM. The approach defines the index of simulation accuracy as the Sum of Squared Error (SSE) of the collected vehicle speeds versus simulated vehicle speeds at the cross-sections along the road. The objective of the calibration is to search for the optimal values of driving behaviour parameters that minimize the SSE. The paper presents the modelling process of this GA-based approach as well as the computer program implementing the approach, which is developed using MATLAB, GA Toolbox, and Visual Basic. The road network around the terminals at the Intercontinental Airport of Houston (IAH) is selected for the case study. Traffic data are collected around the IAH using traffic counters and a test vehicle equipped with GPS is driven around the IAH loop to collect the vehicle’s instantaneous speed data. The GA-based calibration is implemented with the collected data, and the optimal values of the driving behaviour parameters in VISSIM are derived. A comparison indicates that the SSE has decreased almost 50% after the calibration. The case study has shown that the proposed GA-based approach is very efficient and practical. (A)
Transfemoral Access Techniques in Thoracic Aortic Endografting

The most common percutaneous access sites for thoracic endografting are the femoral and brachial arteries. When choosing which site to access the vascular tree, one must consider not only the intended procedure but also the size of the sheath and distance to the pathology. The goal for percutaneous access is to create the smallest incision, which provides safe and effective entry, without creating vascular trauma. Sheaths up to 12 Fr (4.0 mm) can be safely placed percutaneously. Larger sheaths require a cut down to ensure vascular hemostasis and minimize traumatic injury. If the physician is not adaptive to utilizing alternative access sites, then the procedure will be compromised.
Migration of implanted markers for image-guided lung tumor stereotactic ablative radiotherapy

The purpose of this study was to quantify postimplantation migration of percutaneously implanted cylindrical gold seeds ("seeds") and platinum endovascular embolization coils ("coils") for tumor tracking in pulmonary stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR). We retrospectively analyzed the migration of markers in 32 consecutive patients with computed tomography scans postimplantation and at simulation. We implanted 147 markers (59 seeds, 88 coils) in or around 34 pulmonary tumors over 32 procedures, with one lesion implanted twice. Marker coordinates were rigidly aligned by minimizing fiducial registration error (FRE), the root mean square of the differences in marker locations for each tumor between scans. To also evaluate whether single markers were responsible for most migration, we aligned with and without the outlier causing the largest FRE increase per tumor. We applied the resultant transformation to all markers. We evaluated migration of individual markers and FRE of each group. Median scan interval was 8 days. Median individual marker migration was 1.28 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 0.78-2.63 mm). Median lesion FRE was 1.56 mm (IQR 0.92-2.95 mm). Outlier identification yielded 1.03 mm median migration (IQR 0.52-2.21 mm) and 1.97 mm median FRE (IQR 1.44-4.32 mm). Outliers caused a mean and median shift in the centroid of 1.22 and 0.80 mm (95th percentile 2.52 mm). Seeds and coils had no statistically significant difference. Univariate analysis suggested no correlation of migration with the number of markers, contact with the chest wall, or time elapsed. Marker migration between implantation and simulation is limited and unlikely to cause geometric miss during tracking.
Designing fault tolerant wireless access networks

Providing fault tolerance in wireless access networks has become crucial as user dependence on mobile services increases, especially for business and emergency services. Unlike wired access networks, fault tolerant wireless network design can be costly, and highly complicated due to unique characteristics of wireless mobile networks, such as user mobility, that can significantly worsen network performance after failures. We present a novel network design model that incorporates the effect of user mobility for fault-tolerant wireless access networks. The problem was formulated as an integer programming (IP) model to minimize the total network interconnect cost while user demands and survivability requirements are satisfied.
Human motion recognition using Isomap and dynamic time warping

In this paper, we address the problem of recognizing human motion from videos. Human motion recognition is a challenging computer vision problem. In the past ten years, a number of successful approaches based on nonlinear manifold learning have been proposed. However, little attention has been given to the use of isometric feature mapping (Isomap) for human motion recognition. Our contribution in this paper is twofold. First, we demonstrate the applicability of Isomap for dimensionality reduction in human motion recognition. Secondly, we show how an adapted dynamic time warping algorithm (DTW) can be successfully used for matching motion patterns of embedded manifolds. We compare our method to previous works on human motion recognition. Evaluation is performed utilizing an established baseline data set from the web for direct comparison. Finally, our results show that our Isomap-DTW method performs very well for human motion recognition.
Second Language Reading Research and Instruction: Crossing the Boundaries

Second language (L2) reading serves dual roles in L2 learning – both as a literacy skill for comprehension and as a source of L2 input (Eskey, 2005; Grabe, 1991). However, L2 reading researchers have traditionally focused on either one of the two dimensions at a time, with the other largely unattended, as is reflected in the discrepancies between literacy-oriented research and language-oriented research. With its primary goal being comprehension, literacy-oriented research has fueled most notably a whole language approach, and a skills approach, to L2 reading instruction. The whole language approach highlights the importance of higher-level processes based on background knowledge, whereas the skills approach emphasizes lower-level processes such as orthographic processing, morphological analysis, and word recognition, among others. By contrast, with language-oriented research, the acquisition approach conceptualizes reading as a vehicle for delivering L2 input that is conducive to the development of L2 competence. As can be expected, the theoretical and pedagogical chasms among these approaches have thus yielded unbalanced views on the nature of L2 reading and, more importantly, on its relationship with L2 acquisition.
Transcriptomics of selenium toxicity and deficiency in C. elegans (374.1)

Selenium (Se) is a trace element that is both essential and toxic. C. elegans expresses only 1 selenoprotein, and we have shown recently that Se is not essential but is toxic to C. elegans (PLOS ONE 8:e71525). To characterize Se regulation of the transcriptome, we conducted a microarray study in C. elegans cultured in axenic media with 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mM Se as selenite. Because worms cultured in 0.2 and 0.4 mM Se display delayed growth, all cultures were staged for harvest at the L4-larval stage. Relative to 0.1 mM Se, this resulted in 2, 10, 6 and 2%, respectively, of the transcriptome being altered 蠅 2-fold. C. elegans cultured in low Se (0 mM Se) exhibited no signs of deficiency, but a set of 222 genes changed 蠅 2-fold; functional analysis revealed up-regulation of genes related to lipid modification. Se toxicity (0.2 and 0.4 mM Se) altered the expression of 183 Se toxicity-specific genes, after filtering against gene sets for sulfur and cadmium toxicity, that were significantly enriched in o...
The Role of miR‐212 and iNOS in Alcohol‐Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Steatohepatitis

Background Alcoholic liver disease is commonly associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction. Alcohol-induced dysregulation of intestinal tight junction proteins, such as Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1), plays an important role in alcohol-induced gut leakiness. However, the mechanism of alcohol-induced disruption of tight junction proteins is not well established. The goal of this study was to elucidate this mechanism by studying the role of microRNA 212 (miR-212) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in alcohol-induced gut leakiness. Methods The permeability of the Caco-2 monolayer was assessed by transepithelial electrical resistance and flux of fluorescein sulfonic acid. miR-212 was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The wild-type, iNOS knockout, and miR-212 knockdown mice were fed with alcohol diet (29% of total calories, 4.5% v/v) for 8 weeks. The LNA-anti-miR-212 was used to inhibit miR-212 expression in mice. The alcohol-induced intestinal permeability, miR-212 expression, and liver injuries in mice were measured. Results Our in vitro monolayer and in vivo mice studies showed that: (i) alcohol-induced overexpression of the intestinal miR-212 and intestinal hyperpermeability is prevented using miR-212 knockdown techniques; and (ii) iNOS is up-regulated in the intestine by alcohol and that iNOS signaling is required for alcohol-induced miR-212 overexpression, ZO-1 disruption, gut leakiness, and steatohepatitis. Conclusions These studies thus support a novel miR-212 mechanism for alcohol-induced gut leakiness and a potential target that could be exploited for therapeutic intervention to prevent leaky gut and liver injury in alcoholics.
Stories from the scratch community: connecting with ideas, interests, and people

This special session aims to provoke discussion about new strategies for engaging young people in computer programming, drawing on experiences of educators and young people using the Scratch programming environment and online communities. The session will combine several different formats, including research presentations and analysis by two members of the team that develops and supports Scratch, short presentations and demonstrations by five educators and young people working with Scratch, and discussions among audience participants.
Enhanced metabolism of Leishmania donovani amastigotes at acid pH: an adaptation for intracellular growth

Amastigotes (tissue forms) of Leishmania donovani isolated from infected hamster spleens carried out several physiological activities (respiration, catabolism of energy substrates, and incorporation of precursors into macromolecules) optimally at pH 4.0 to 5.5. All metabolic activities that were examined decreased sharply above the optimal pH. Promastigotes (culture forms), on the other hand, carried out the same metabolic activities optimally at or near neutral pH. This adaptation to an acid environment may account in part for the unusual ability of amastigotes to survive and multiply within the acidic environment of the phagolysosomes in vivo.
Magnesian anorthosites and associated troctolites and dunite in Apollo 14 breccias

Magnesian anorthosite, a new type of pristine lunar highlands rock, has been found in Apollo 14 breccias. It has primitive (high Ca and Mg) silicate mineral compositions, and high and variable REE concentrations. Variations in REE contents can be accounted for by variations in modal abundance of REE-rich apatite. Magnesian anorthosites are associated with troctolites and a dunite with very similar mineral compositions and it is suggested that all crystallized from a differentiated troctolitic intrusion. The origin of the REE-rich apatite is enigmatic. It is unlikely to have crystallized from an igneous liquid in equilibrium with the major minerals in the anorthosite. Possible origins are assimilation of urKREEP or metasomatism by REE-rich fluids. REE-rich alkali anorthosites and gabbronorites are also found and are likely to be related to KREEP basalt magmas. Lunar compositional associations are distributed in a regional rather than global manner.
The Return of the Queen of the Night: Joseph von Sternberg's Der blaue Engel and Die Zauberflöte

After decades of scholarly inattention, the musical complexity of Joseph von Sternberg's Der Blaue Engel (1930) and Friedrich Hollaender's score is beginning to be recognised. In this article, I argue that Sternberg in fact conceived Der Blaue Engel not only in quasi-operatic terms, but also as a response to the gender politics of Mozart and Schikaneder's Zauberflote. The Zauberflote famously lulls its audience into initial sympathy with the Queen of the Night in the first half, only to turn the tables by reversing the perspective, reasserting masculine authority and order, and banishing the Queen of the Night from the Realm of Light. In Lola Lola's triumph over Professor Rath, Sternberg stages the return of the Queen of the Night. Many details of the movie that otherwise seem unmotivated – particularly the preponderance of ‘bird’ motifs – become meaningful when viewed in relation to the Zauberflote.
The specificity of acute and chronic microvascular alterations in renal allografts

The diagnosis of an antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is made when there is evident histologic injury in the presence of detectable donor-specific alloantibodies (DSA) and diffuse peritubular capillary C4d staining (C4d-pos). In the presence of only detectable DSA or C4d-pos, the tissue injury is currently considered "presumptive" for antibody causation. In acute antibody-mediated rejection (AAMR), diagnostic morphologic features include microvascular inflammation (MVI), specifically glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis. In the case of chronic active AMR (CAAMR), these inflammatory lesions have progressed to chronic microvascular injury, transplant glomerulopathy (TG) and peritubular capillary basement membrane multilayering (PTCBMML). Either TG or PTCBMML is sufficient morphological evidence for a diagnosis of CAAMR. Unfortunately, these lesions are not specific. MVI, TG, and PTCBMML are found in the setting of cell-mediated immunity, as well as in association with non-alloimmune mechanisms. The available treatments for AMR and CMR are different, and it is important to ascertain the dominant mechanism when approaching an individual patient. At present, no gold standard exists to establish the specific pathogenesis in the more ambiguous cases. We detail here the differential diagnosis of MVI, TG, and PTCBMML.
Combination of a Beta Adrenoceptor Modulator and a Norepinephrine-Serotonin Uptake Inhibitor for the Treatment of Obesity

We report the novel combination of a selective beta adrenoceptor modulator and a norepinephrine-serotonin uptake inhibitor (sibutramine) with potential for the treatment of obesity. The synthesis and characterization of 6-[4-[2-[[(2S)-3-(9H-carbazol-4-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-2-methylpropyl]phenoxy]pyridine-3-carboxamide (LY377604), a human β3-adrenergic receptor agonist and β1- and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist with no sympathomimetic activity at the β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors, is reported. Some in vivo data in both rats and humans is presented.
From MOO to MEOW: domesticating technology for online communities

TAPPED IN is an on-line teacher professional development (TPD) research testbed designed to meet the needs of a large and diverse community of education professionals. The MOO technology that supports the testbed has demonstrated sustainability, usability, desirability, and utility across a wide-rage of activities and users. However, we are quickly coming up against technology scaling and integration issues as our community grows and demands new collaborative capabilities emerging on the Internet. Informed by our experience with TAPPED IN and reviews of related work, we are developing a new online "community-ware" technology called MEOW (Multi-user Educational Online Workspace) which can scale to handle large virtual communities. Under development in Java and related frameworks, MEOW introduces the concepts of persons, places, and things in a way intended to bind together many existing and emerging Internet services (e.g., web, email, ftp, search, recommendation) that are useful to a virtual community. Our goal is for MEOW to become a flexible, powerful, yet inexpensive platform for all forms of educational research and practice on the Internet. We invite others to join TAPPED IN and help us design the social spaces and technology to address the implications of online communities.
Fertilizer Regime and Weed Pressure Minimally Influence Leaf Tissue Nutrient Levels during Cranberry Vine Establishment

Cranberry leaf tissue samples were analyzed annually over a 6-year period. Vines received varied nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates and were subjected to low or high weed pressure. With few exceptions, levels of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and boron (B) were sufficient during the 6-year period. Calcium and B concentrations in cranberry vines treated with low, medium, or high rates of N were greater in areas with high weed pressure than in areas of low weed pressure. Levels of Zn and Mn were higher and K was lower in tissue collected from high weed areas in 4 out of 6 years. Calcium, Mg, Zn, Mn, B, and Fe levels were negatively correlated with increasing N rate. Overall, application of various N rates did not adversely affect cranberry leaf tissue nutrient content during the first 6 years.
Low-energy electron capture by N3+, N4+, and N5+ from hydrogen atoms using merged beams.

Measurements of absolute total cross sections for single-electron capture in collisions of ${\mathrm{N}}^{3+}$, ${\mathrm{N}}^{4+}$, and ${\mathrm{N}}^{5+}$ ions with ground-state atomic hydrogen are reported in the energy region 0.9--1400 eV/amu. Good agreement is obtained with available theoretical calculations and with previous experimental results at the higher energies. None of the systems studied shows a clear signature of the induced-dipole attractive force in enhancing the cross section.
STUDIES ON VIGOR. XIII. EFFECT OF EARLY CASTRATION ON THE VOLUNTARY ACTIVITY OF MALE ALBINO RATS

Earlier studies in this laboratory (Hoskins, 1925) showed that animals deprived of their testes after puberty suffered approximately five-fold decrement of their spontaneous activity. Studies of the age factor in this phenomenon were planned some three years ago, when it was first noted. Subsequent studies have shown that the effect of castration is much more marked in rats with a normally high activity level but usually can be demonstrated even when the activity of early adulthood is as low as two or three thousand cage revolutions a day. The effect is seen, also, when toward old age the activity is materially lessened, but still of fair degree.
A Note on Lie Algebras of Characteristic p

Let \( \mathfrak{L} \) be a finite dimensional Lie algebra over a field of characteristic p, let \( \mathfrak{A} \) be the universal associative algebra of \( \mathfrak{L} \) ([1] and [4]) and let \( \mathfrak{C} \) be the center of \( \mathfrak{A} \). In this note we prove that if a is a linear element of \( \mathfrak{A} \) then there exists a non-zero polynomial φ such that (a) e \( \mathfrak{C} \). We use this result to obtain the following: (1) a simple direct proof of Iwasawa’s theorem ([2], p. 420) that every finite dimensional Lie algebra of characteristic p has a faithful finite dimensional representation, (2) a proof of a conjecture of Chevalley that every finite dimensional Lie algebra of characteristic p has a representation which is not completely reducible, (3) a proof that \( \mathfrak{A} \) can be imbedded in a division algebra.
THE EFFECTS OF ON‐SITE CHILD CARE ON EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES AND PERFORMANCE

Using a quasi-experimental posttest design, this study compared supervisor perceptions of performance and absenteeism and employee attitudes of 155 child care center users and waiting list employees. Although child care was not related to supervisor views of performance or absenteeism, employees were more likely to receive fivorable appraisals if absenteeism was low. Child care had greatest impact on females and employees without a family buffer. Child care positively influenced users’ attitudes toward managing work and child care responsibilities, and views on the attractiveness and administration of benefits. The greater the use of care across all dependents, the more favorable the attitudes. A “frustration effect” occurred involving the lowering of waiting list employees’ perceptions of the attractiveness and fairness of child care. The study suggests that child care benefits are more likely to significantly effect employee attitudes and membership behaviors such as recruitment and retention than performance or absenteeism. Currently, about 12% of U.S. firms with at least 100 employees provide child care benefits, one fourth of which offer on- or near-site
Microsurgical Anatomy of the Infratemporal Fossa as Viewed Laterally and Superiorly

OBJECTIVE : Benign tumors involving the cavernous sinus, trigeminal nerve, and middle cranial fossa occasionally extend to the infratemporal fossa (ITF). In this study, we describe the microsurgical anatomy and dissection of the ITF, as viewed laterally and superiorly. We also describe a new bypass graft to the supraclinoid internal carotid artery using the internal maxillary artery (IMA), which is found in the ITF. METHODS : Twelve cadaver specimens were used. Dissection required zygomatic arch osteotomy, downward displacement of the temporalis muscle, extensive subtemporal craniectomy, and mild elevation of the temporal lobe together with the dura. RESULTS : The anatomic relationships between the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles and the neurovascular bundle of the ITF are demonstrated. The neurovascular bundle contains the IMA, which runs horizontally, and the main branches of the mandibular nerve, which run vertically. The course and anatomic variations of the IMA and inferior alveolar, lingual, auriculotemporal, and buccal nerves are shown. The distal IMA was quite tortuous and, when the artery was straightened, we were able to perform a tension-free in situ IMA graft to the supraclinoid carotid artery in 9 of 12 specimens. CONCLUSION : Knowledge of the anatomy of the ITF is a prerequisite for tumor resection in this area. The IMA may serve as a bypass graft to the supraclinoid internal carotid artery if the cavernous or petrous carotid artery is involved by tumor and needs to be sacrificed.
Are instantaneous velocities real and really instantaneous?: an argument for the affirmative

Abstract Frank Arntzenius has recently suggested that we should reject the standard view that the instantaneous state in classical mechanics consists of both the position and the velocity. In his view, the velocity as ordinarily defined—as the derivative of position with respect to time—cannot be genuinely instantaneous, and, thus, it should be excluded from the instantaneous state. After reviewing Bertrand Russell's traditional objections to the notion of an instantaneous velocity and suggesting that Russell's concerns can be effectively answered, I argue that Arntzenius’ attempt to show that the standard definition of velocity fails to yield an instantaneous property is not compelling either. Although I review several suggestions that Arntzenius makes against the existence of instantaneous velocity, much of his case rests upon an intuition, which has also appeared in the work of David Albert, about what is required of genuine instantaneous states. I argue in part that there is no reason to accept this intuition, and, thus, no reason to revise standard physical practice when it comes to the classical, instantaneous state.
The nature of the nucleosomal barrier to transcription: direct observation of paused intermediates by electron cryomicroscopy.

Abstract Transcribing SP6 RNA polymerase was arrested at unique positions in the nucleosome core, and the complexes were analyzed using biochemical methods and electron cryomicroscopy. As the polymerase enters the nucleosome, it disrupts DNA–histone interactions behind and up to ∼20 bp ahead of the elongation complex. After the polymerase proceeds 30–40 bp into the nucleosome, two intermediates are observed. In one, only the DNA ahead of the polymerase reassociates with the octamer. In the other, DNA both ahead of and behind the enzyme reassociates. These intermediates present a barrier to elongation. When the polymerase approaches the nucleosome dyad, it displaces the octamer, which is transferred to promoter-proximal DNA.
Efficiency of double-lapped composite joints in bending

Abstract An analytical and experimental study was conducted to examine the mechanical behaviour of double-lapped adhesive-bonded joints subjected to bending loads. Adherends consisted of a U-shaped high-strength steel hub and a unidirectional composite of either B/AI or B/epoxy. Adhesives with a range of moduli and peel strengths were evaluated with and without bolts in regions of high stress concentration. Finite element analyses indicated high shear and normal stress concentrations at the end of the steel hub legs. Experimental testing of sample joints revealed that failure modes are controlled by the composite adherend material. Joints incorporating a B/AI adherend failed by adhesive peel in the region of high stress concentration. Delamination of the B/epoxy composite was the predominant failure mode of joints utilizing a B/epoxy adherend. Failure by delamination was suppressed by the insertion of high-strength bolts into the stress concentration region.
The effects of wettability and trapping on relationships between interfacial area, capillary pressure and saturation in porous media: A pore-scale network modeling approach

We use a three-dimensional mixed-wet random pore-scale network model to investigate the impact of wettability and trapping on the relationship between interfacial area, capillary pressure and saturation in two-phase drainage and imbibition processes. The model is a three-dimensional network of interconnected pores and throats of various geometrical shapes. It allows multiple phases to be present in each capillary element in wetting and spreading layers, as well as occupying the center of the pore space. Two different random networks that represent the pore space in Berea and a Saudi Arabia reservoir sandstone are used in this study. We allow the wettability of the rock surfaces contacted by oil to alter after primary drainage. The model takes into account both contact angle and trapping hystereses. We model primary oil drainage and water flooding for mixed-wet conditions, and secondary oil injection for a water-wet system. The total interfacial area for pores and throats are calculated when the system is at capillary equilibrium. They include contributions from the arc menisci (AMs) between the bulk and corner fluids, and from the main terminal menisci (MTMs) between different bulk fluids. We investigate hysteresis in these relationships by performing water injection into systems of varying wettability and initial water saturation. We show that trapping and contact angle hystereses significantly affect the interfacial area. In a strongly water-wet system, a sharp increase is observed at the beginning of water flood, which shifts the area to a higher level than primary drainage. As we change the wettability of the system from strongly water-wet to strongly oil-wet, the trapped oil saturation decreases significantly. Starting water flood from intermediate water saturations, greater than the irreducible water saturation, can also affect the non-wetting phase entrapment, resulting in different interfacial area behaviors. This can increase the interfacial area significantly in oil-wet systems. A qualitative comparison of our results with the experimental data available in literature for glass beads shows, with some expected differences, an encouraging agreement. Also, our results agree well with those generated by the previously developed models.
Prevalence of Family Therapy Models: A Research Note.

A survey was undertaken to assess the prevalence of family therapy models utilized by a sample of members in the American Association for Marital and Family Therapy. Frequencies and rankings of widely recognized therapeutic frameworks are reported. Brief discussion centers on the highest ranking choice, the notion of eclecticism, and cautious interpretation of the data.
The involvement of heparan sulfate (HS) in FGF1/HS/FGFR1 signaling complex.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling begins with the formation of a ternary complex of FGF, FGF receptor (FGFR), and heparan sulfate (HS). Multiple models have been proposed for the ternary complex. However, major discrepancies exist among those models, and none of these models have evaluated the functional importance of the interacting regions on the HS chains. To resolve the discrepancies, we measured the size and molar ratio of HS in the complex and showed that both FGF1 and FGFR1 simultaneously interact with HS; therefore, a model of 2:2:2 FGF1·HS·FGFR1 was shown to fit the data. Using genetic and biochemical methods, we generated HSs that were defective in FGF1 and/or FGFR1 binding but could form the signaling ternary complex. Both genetically and chemically modified HSs were subsequently assessed in a BaF3 cell mitogenic activity assay. The ability of HS to support the ternary complex formation was found to be required for FGF1-stimulated cell proliferation. Our data also proved that specific critical groups and sites on HS support complex formation. Furthermore, the molar ratio of HS, FGF1, and FGFR1 in the ternary complex was found to be independent of the size of HS, which indicates that the selected model can take place on the cell surface proteoglycans. Finally, a mechanism for the FGF·FGFR signaling complex formation on cell membrane was proposed, where FGF and FGFR have their own binding sites on HS and a distinct ternary complex formation site is directly responsible for mitogenic activity.
Determination of stress-intensity factors of fillet-welded T-joints by computer-assisted photoelasticity

Fillet-welded T-joints with crack-like discontinuities are analyzed using the photoelasticity method. Stress-intensity factors of opening modes are determined for undercut, overlap and center-line crack of fillet joints with respect to the various loading conditions and the weld dimensions. The photoelastic analysis uses a 20-point overdeterministic approach. The accuracy of fringe measurement is obtained by iteration of the measured results on a pattern-recognition software.
Attitudes of teachers of mentally retarded children toward psychological reports and services

A random sample of Ohio school psychologists and teachers of educable mentally retarded children in schools which they serviced were surveyed by questionnaire regarding factors relating to attitudes of teachers toward psychological reports and services. The results revealed that amount of contact was a major differentiating item. Teachers who had above median contact with psychologists (more than 3.8 contacts per year) rated psychologists' helpfulness significantly higher than those reporting less contact (p<.001). Many teachers indicated infrequent contact and lack of awareness of the facets of the psychologists' role in their schools. The more generally informed teachers were about psychological functioning of educable mentally retarded children, the more favorably they tended to rate psychological services (p<.05).
Evaluation of air pollution, local meteorology and urban public health

The relationship between meteorological conditions and air pollution was assessed as a plausible explanation for respiratory health problems in Newark, New Jersey on the US east coast. Pollutants in both particle (PM2.5 and PM10) and gas phase (O3) were collected and analysed. We find that PM2.5 concentrations decreased by –30.8% (95% CI: –43.2%, –15.8%) when the prevailing westerly wind speeds increased by 1 unit. A 0.01 ppm increase in O3 was associated with a rise in daily respiratory hospital admissions by 2.159 (95% CI: 0.72, 3.59) on 1 lag day. A small decrease in the monthly mean PM2.5 concentration was associated with a corresponding decrease in hospital admissions. These initial findings suggest that local meteorological conditions influence the concentrations of both particulate and gas phase pollutants which in turn, can affect respiratory health problems in this urban area. More comprehensive investigations will be followed based on this pilot study.
Benefit finding and diurnal cortisol slope in maternal caregivers: A moderating role for positive emotion

The purpose of the present study was to explore the associations among benefit finding, daily positive and negative emotion, and daily cortisol slope in 71 maternal caregivers. Benefit finding was measured using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI; Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 455–472.). Cortisol slope was not significantly correlated with any of the PTGI subscales, positive emotion, or negative emotion. However, the interactions of daily positive emotion with the PTGI subscales of Personal Strength, Appreciation of Life, and Spiritual Change were statistically significant such that higher scores on these subscales predicted a steeper (more adaptive) daily cortisol slope only for those women who also had higher levels of daily positive emotion.
A multilayer evaluation approach for protein structure prediction and model quality assessment

Protein tertiary structures are essential for studying functions of proteins at molecular level. An indispensable approach for protein structure solution is computational prediction. Most protein structure prediction methods generate candidate models first and select the best candidates by model quality assessment (QA). In many cases, good models can be produced, but the QA tools fail to select the best ones from the candidate model pool. Because of incomplete understanding of protein folding, each QA method only reflects partial facets of a structure model and thus has limited discerning power with no one consistently outperforming others. In this article, we developed a set of new QA methods, including two QA methods for evaluating target/template alignments, a molecular dynamics (MD)-based QA method, and three consensus QA methods with selected references to reveal new facets of protein structures complementary to the existing methods. Moreover, the underlying relationship among different QA methods were analyzed and then integrated into a multilayer evaluation approach to guide the model generation and model selection in prediction. All methods are integrated and implemented into an innovative and improved prediction system hereafter referred to as MUFOLD. In CASP8 and CASP9, MUFOLD has demonstrated the proof of the principles in terms of both QA discerning power and structure prediction accuracy.
DNA stretching by bacterial initiators promotes replication origin opening

Many replication initiators form higher-order oligomers that process host replication origins to promote replisome formation. In addition to dedicated duplex-DNA-binding domains, cellular initiators possess AAA+ (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) elements that drive functions ranging from protein assembly to origin recognition. In bacteria, the AAA+ domain of the initiator DnaA has been proposed to assist in single-stranded DNA formation during origin melting. Here we show crystallographically and in solution that the ATP-dependent assembly of Aquifex aeolicus DnaA into a spiral oligomer creates a continuous surface that allows successive AAA+ domains to bind and extend single-stranded DNA segments. The mechanism of binding is unexpectedly similar to that of RecA, a homologous recombination factor, but it differs in that DnaA promotes a nucleic acid conformation that prevents pairing of a complementary strand. These findings, combined with strand-displacement assays, indicate that DnaA opens replication origins by a direct ATP-dependent stretching mechanism. Comparative studies reveal notable commonalities between the approach used by DnaA to engage DNA substrates and other, nucleic-acid-dependent, AAA+ systems.
Redox properties of Met(35) in neurotoxic beta-amyloid peptide. A molecular modeling study.

The β-amyloid peptide (βAP) is the principal component of plaque associated with the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Part of its neurotoxicity appears to correlate with the ability of the peptide to reduce CuII and form free radicals. Both processes are dependent on the presence and oxidizability of Met35 in the C-terminus of the peptide but no mechanistic details on the reactions leading to Met oxidation are known. On the basis of previous studies with model peptides, we hypothesize that a one-electron oxidation of Met35 in βAP is facilitated through a neighboring group effect. Complexed to CuII and/or in a lipid-mimicking environment, the solution structure of βAP includes a large α-helical part. The solution NMR structure of βAP1−40 in aqueous SDS micelles reveals an α-helix between residues 27 and 36, containing Met35. In this helical C-terminus of βAP, the peptide bond CO group C-terminal of Ile31 is located very close to the Met35 sulfur and could stabilize a Met35 sulfide radical cation through f...
Haptic fMRI: accurately estimating neural responses in motor, pre-motor, and somatosensory cortex during complex motor tasks.

Haptics combined with functional magnetic reso- nance imaging (Haptic fMRI) can non-invasively study how the human brain coordinates movement during complex manipu- lation tasks, yet avoiding associated fMRI artifacts remains a challenge. Here, we demonstrate confound-free neural activa- tion measurements using Haptic fMRI for an unconstrained three degree-of-freedom motor task that involves planning, reaching, and visually guided trajectory tracking. Our haptic interface tracked subjects' hand motions, velocities, and accel- erations (sample-rate, 350Hz), and provided continuous real- time visual feedback. During fMRI acquisition, we achieved uniform response latencies (reaching, 0.7-1.1s; tracking, 0.4- 0.65s); minimized hand jitter (<8mm); and ensured reliable motion trajectories (tracking, <7mm root-mean-square error). In addition, our protocol decorrelated head motion from both hand speed (r=-0.03) and acceleration (r=-0.025), which reliably produced low head motion levels (<0.4mm/s between scan volumes) and a low fMRI temporal noise-to-signal ratio (<1%) across thirty-five scan runs. Our results address the primary outstanding Haptic fMRI confounds: motion induced low spatial-frequency magnetic field changes, which correlate neural activation across cortex; unreliable motions and response latencies, which reduce statistical power; and task-correlated head motion, which causes spurious fMRI activation. Haptic fMRI can thus reliably elicit and localize heterogeneous neural activation for different tasks in motor (movement), pre-motor (planning), and somatosensory (limb displacement) cortex, demonstrating that it is feasible to use the technique to study how the brain achieves three dimensional motor control.