cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asking to Speak to Another: A Skill for Soliciting Survey Participation.

This article is in the vein of applied conversation analysis, dealing with a problem of declining participation rates for survey interviews. When calling a household to request participation in a survey, interviewers may ask for a preselected “sample person.” We first explore how interviewers design this request in a more or less presumptive way, depending on how and when they identify themselves. Secondly, we analyze different linguistic structures that embody degrees of entitlement. Thirdly, we examine greeting items for their degree of ceremoniousness and in terms of what work they do when not part of an explicit greeting sequence. We examine other features of asking to speak to another as well, including “please” and references to the sample person. Our strategy for analyzing survey interview data is to explore the design of “switchboard” requests in ordinary telephone calls. We relate our analysis to previous research that addresses whether the detailed practices for asking to speak to another matter...
Classical Antiferromagnetism on Torquato-Stillinger Packings

Torquato and Stillinger have constructed a new family of frustrated lattices by an unusually high dilution of close-packed structures while preserving structural stability. We show that an infinite subclass of these structures has an underlying topology that greatly simplifies the determination of their magnetic phase structure for nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions and $O(N)$ spins.
A simulation model of plate cooler

Models of the controled objects are necessary for digital simulation of the industrial automatic control systems. The paper deals with three computational models of the plate heat exchanger, applicable to digital simulation at different accuracy levels, i.e. analytical, simplified and difference model. Calculation results of the analytical model were compared with the producer's data of Alfa-Laval plate coolers.
A new method for the determination of nitrates

Summary A new method for the spectrophotometric determination of nitrate is proposed based on the use of chromotropic acid. The method is highly selective, very sensitive, and can be quickly and easily applied. Of special significance is the lack of chloride interference (a serious restriction to the classic phenoldisulfonic acid method) and the freedom from the tedium of evaporation of samples.
Evaluating models of the personality–psychopathology relationship in children and adolescents

Connections between personality traits and psychopathology in children and adolescents have frequently been reported in research studies. However, despite the occurrence of significant and systematic relationships between personality and mental disorders in childhood, a thorough understanding of the cause, nature, and implications of these relationships is lacking. In this paper, a comprehensive taxonomy of childhood personality is used to link research on children with that on adults, as well as provide a framework for discussing the personality–psychopathology relationship. Next, research on children and adolescents is integrated into various proposed models of the personality–psychopathology relationship. Finally, clinical implications and future directions are proposed for research on personality and psychopathology in children.
Hormone-regulated Ca2+ channel in rat hepatocytes revealed by whole cell patch clamp.

Abstract An inward current responsible for hormone regulated Ca2+ entry has been identified in cultured rat hepatocytes using whole cell patch clamp. Addition of 20 nM vasopressin or of 100 μM ATP induced the inward current, which could be observed more clearly after blocking an outward K+ current. This large outward K+ current, which appeared after addition of vasopressin or ATP, could be blocked either by replacing K+ with Cs+ in the external medium and in the pipette solution, or by simply including 0.5 μM apamin in the K+-containing external medium. The outward current appears to be carried by a Ca2+ activated K+ channel. In the presence of apamin, hepatocytes pretreated with vasopressin in a Ca2+-free media reveal an inward current on addition of external Ca2+ (5 mM). The current could also be elicited by addition of vasopressin when cells are preincubated in the presence of 5 mM external Ca2+. No current is seen on addition of Ca2+ in the absence of vasopressin. Initially, the inward current was ca 200–300 pA at −60 mV, but it declined rapidly over 3 min to ca 20 pA. The current approached zero, as an asymptote at positive potential, and appeared to be somewhat inwardly rectifying. Additions of 5 mM Mn2+ or 5 mM Ba2+ in place of Ca2+ produced little or no current. An inhibitor of ER Ca2+-ATPase, thapsigargin, could also trigger the cascade of events leading to plasma membrane conductance of Ca2+. The data suggest that hormone-stimulated Ca2+ entry into hepatocytes is mediated by a Ca2+-release activated channel highly specific for Ca2+. This is the first demonstration of such a channel in hepatocytes, though similar ones have been described in mast cells, in vascular endothelial cells and T-lymphocytes.
Neuropeptide Y receptor in bovine hippocampus is a Y2 receptor.

Abstract [125I]NPY bound to a single class of saturable binding sites on bovine hippocampus membranes with a KD of 0.1 nM and Bmax of 165 fmol/mg of protein. The rank order of potency of NPY fragments and other structurally related peptides to inhibit [125I]NPY binding was: PYY ≥ NPY ⪢ BPP ≥ APP and NPY > NPY-(13–36) > NPY-(18– 36) ≥ NPY-(20–36) ⪢ NPY-(26–36) > NPY-(free acid). The identity of the NPY binding site was investigated by affinity labeling. Gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography revealed a band with a mol mass of 50 kDa. Unlabeled NPY or PYY, but not BPP, HPP and APP, inhibited labeling of [125I]NPY to the 50 kDa protein band. Moreover, labeling was inhibited by NPY > NPY- (18–36) ≥ NPY-(13–36) ≥ NPY-(20–36) > NPY-(26–36) > NPY- (free acid). The binding of [125I]NPY and the intensity of the cross-linked band were reduced in parallel by increasing concentrations of unlabeled NPY (IC50 = 0.7 nM and 0.6 nM, respectively). These studies demonstrate that bovine hippocampal membranes contain a 50 kDa [125I]NPY binding site that has the ligand specificity characteristic of the Y2 receptor subtype.
Tumor lysis syndrome: pathogenesis and management.

Tumor lysis syndrome refers to the metabolic disturbances (hyperuricemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia) associated with lymphoproliferative malignancies which occur secondary to cell lysis. In some patients, tumor lysis results in acute renal failure. The nature and severity of the metabolic alterations are variable and may be influenced by the timing and intensity of chemotherapy, the magnitude of cell lysis, and the general condition of the patients with respect to hydration and glomerular filtration rate. Not only do hyperuricemia and hyperphosphatemia result from tumor lysis syndrome, they also contribute to oliguric acute renal failure in patients with tumor lysis. The pathogenesis of tumor lysis syndrome and current therapeutic strategies are discussed.
US public housing in the 1930s: The first projects in Atlanta, Georgia

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, European philanthropists, industrialists, and governments built homes and communities aimed at improving the health and welfare of low and middle income workers. By 1930, the United States remained the only developed country in the Western world without a national legislative and financial commitment to housing. This paper explores the attitudes and circumstances affecting the creation of American public housing in the 1930s and examines the federal government's first attempts at replacing slums with subsidized apartments in the Techwood and University Homes projects in Atlanta, Georgia.
Effects of In-Vehicle and Infrastructure-Based Collision Warnings to Nonviolating Drivers at Signalized Intersections

The potential effectiveness of warnings to drivers in imminent danger of collision with a red light violator was evaluated in an experiment that used a driving simulator. Three warnings were tested: (a) an infrastructure-based warning that immediately turned the traffic signal red and activated red wig-wag lights; (b) an in-vehicle warning that consisted of a brake pulse, voice annunciation, and activation of a red dashboard light; and (c) simultaneous activation of both warnings. Three warnings were tested with different groups of drivers. Drivers in each group were also exposed to one of three traffic conditions: (a) no other vehicles ahead or behind, (b) following closely behind another vehicle, and (c) being closely followed by another vehicle. Individual drivers received only one warning on only one trial. The warnings were given on approach to the intersection at a point where the probability that the driver would stop for a yellow change interval was less than 10%. All three warnings proved effecti...
Unmanned aerial systems: the role of the operator and human factor implications

With proven effectiveness across a number of missions, funding for UAS research has increased by approximately $9 billion since the early 1990's [Johnson & Shea, 2008]. However, with the demand and use of UASs increasing, accident rates among these systems are also steadily rising, with human error found to be a major causal factor [Hing & Oh, 2008]. This increasing mishap rate is an important implication that must be reduced by identifying those factors that have the highest impact on system and operator failure. This poster will briefly overview: (1) the capabilities and limitations of UASs; (2) the role of UAS operators; (3) a summary of the human factors issues linked with modern UAS operators, and (4) how simulation can be implemented for reducing UAS human factor issues. The assessment of these categories will aid in recognizing the key factors that must be addressed to improve overall UAS design by assessing limitations linked with endusers.
A sequential approach to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease using multivariate analysis

There has been considerable interest in recent years in enhancing the accuracy of noninvasive tests in diagnosing coronary artery disease. The recognition that no currently available test is a perfect predictor has led to the use of probability analysis as a means of assessing the presence or absence of coronary disease. In this article we present a multivariate approach to the diagnosis of coronary disease. One hundred forty-seven patients undergoing coronary angiography, thallium-201 imaging, and exercise ECG were studied. Patients were classified according to age, sex, and typical vs atypical chest pain. Sequential stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to develop probability statements prior to testing, after exercise ECG, and after exercise ECG and thallium-201. The results indicate that this sequential approach can be used to develop strategies for the diagnosis of coronary disease in the same way as Bayes' theorem, while permitting integration of multiple characteristics into one model.
Impaired arachidonic (20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid synthesis by phenylalanine metabolites as etiological factors in the neuropathology of phenylketonuria.

Abstract The recent literature on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in phenylketonuria (PKU) is critically analyzed. The data suggest that developmental impairment of the accretion of brain arachidonic (20:4 n -6) and docosahexaenoic (22:6 n -3, DHA) acids is a major etiological factor in the microcephaly and mental retardation of uncontrolled PKU and maternal PKU. These fatty acids appear to be synthesized by the recently elucidated carnitine-dependent, channeled, mitochondrial fatty acid desaturases for which α-tocopherolquinone (α-TQ) is an essential enzyme cofactor. α-TQ can be synthesized either de novo or from α-tocopherol. The fetus and newborn would primarily rely on de novo α-TQ synthesis for these mitochondrial desaturases because of low maternal transfer of α-tocopherol. Homogentisate, a pivotal intermediate in the de novo pathway of α-TQ synthesis, is synthesized by 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. The major catabolic products of excess phenylalanine, viz. phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate, are proposed to inhibit α-TQ synthesis at the level of the dioxygenase reaction by competing with its 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate substrate, thus leading to a developmental impairment of 20:4 n -6 and 22:6 n -3 synthesis in uncontrolled PKU and fetuses of PKU mothers. The data suggest that dietary supplementation with carnitine, 20:4 n -6, and 22:6 n -3 may have therapeutic value for PKU mothers and for PKU patients who have been shown to have a low plasma status of these essential metabolites.
Natural methylamine osmolytes, trimethylamine N-oxide and betaine, increase tau-induced polymerization of microtubules.

The natural osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) at 200 mM increases the extent and the rate of formation of polymerized microtubule (MT) complex caused by tau. TMAO at this concentration has no effect on tubulin alone. Urea at 200 mM blocks tubulin assembly caused by tau, but this inhibition can be reversed by an equal amount of TMAO. Besides TMAO, betaine, another natural osmolyte, was found to have the same effects on MT as TMAO. On the contrary, glycerol (a carbohydrate osmolyte) and glycine (an amino acid osmolyte) do not increase tau-induced MT assembly. The mechanism by which TMAO and betaine enhance tau's effectiveness is not known, but physical studies suggest that the secondary structure of tau is not appreciably changed by 200 mM TMAO. This is the first report showing that natural osmolytes, TMAO and betaine, at a near physiological concentration are able to stimulate tau-induced tubulin assembly.
A meta-analysis methodology for utilizing study-level covariate information from clinical trials

Covariate information at the patient level is generally not available for a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Published papers or unpublished reports of clinical trials selected for a meta-analysis generally do not include such information at the patient level. However, such papers and reports usually include design and covariate information at the study level. For example, they generally report important patient population characteristics for the study in the form of descriptive statistics including design information, such as, dose levels, duration of treatment information, gender and race proportions, etc. This paper addresses a meta-analysis methodology for binary responses based on mixed-effects modeling which makes use of such study-level covariate information. This paper also reviews fixed and random effects meta-analysis methods which become special cases of the mixed-effects methodology.
Ethanol lavage of pancreatic cystic lesions: initial pilot study.

Background Ethanol lavage has been used to successfully and safely ablate cystic lesions of the liver, the kidneys, and the thyroid. Methods Asymptomatic patients who undergo EUS examination for a pancreatic cystic lesion were eligible. Patients underwent complete examination with a linear-array echoendoscope, and cyst characteristics were documented. After evacuation of the cyst with needle aspiration, the cyst cavity was lavaged with ethanol for 3 to 5 minutes. The concentration (5%-80%) of ethanol was gradually increased over the course of the study. Patients were monitored for complications during 2 hours after the procedure, and further follow-up was obtained at 72 hours and 1 year after lavage. Observations Twenty-five patients were enrolled, 80% were women, and the mean age of all patients was 64.5 years. Cysts had a mean diameter of 19.4 mm and were equally located in the head, the body, and the tail of the pancreas. Cyst-fluid characteristics included high viscosity in 13 (52%) and a mean carcinoembryonic antigen and amylase of 5916 ng/mL and 11,506 U/L, respectively. None of the patients reported any symptoms in short- and long-term follow-up. Of the 23/25 patients with complete follow-up, 8 patients (35%) had complete resolution of their cysts on follow-up imaging. Five patients underwent resection, and histologic evidence of epithelial ablation was seen. Conclusions Ethanol lavage of pancreatic cystic lesions is safe and feasible. A subset of patients undergoing ethanol lavage appears to have long-term resolution on follow-up imaging. Further prospective studies are required to determine if ethanol lavage is an effective treatment for pancreatic cystic lesions.
Development of sun compensation by honeybees: how partially experienced bees estimate the sun's course.

Abstract Honeybees and some other insects, in learning the sun's course, behave as if they can estimate the sun's position at times of day when they have never seen it, but there are competing ideas about the computational mechanisms underlying this ability. In an approach to this problem, we provided incubator-reared bees with opportunities to fly and see the sun only during the late afternoon. Then, on a cloudy day, we allowed bees to fly for the first time during the morning and early afternoon, and we observed how they oriented their waggle dances to indicate their direction of flight relative to the sun's position. The clouds denied the bees a direct view of celestial orientation cues and thus forced them to estimate the sun's position on the basis of their experience on previous evenings. During the test days, experience-restricted bees behaved during the entire morning as if they expected the sun to be in an approximately stationary position about 180 degrees from the average solar azimuth that they had experienced on previous evenings; then from about local noon onward they used the evening azimuth. This pattern suggests that honeybees are innately informed of the general pattern of solar movement, such that they can generate an internal representation that incorporates spatial and temporal features of the sun's course that they have never directly seen.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound of Tendons

Musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) has recently emerged at the forefront of diagnostic tendon imaging owing to its ability to provide accessible, high resolution, real-time imaging of tendons throughout the body. This review article discusses the normal sonographic appearance of tendon, pathologic changes across the spectrum of tendinopathy, and the relative utility of US when compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Based on accumulating evidence and experience, US can be considered the first choice imaging modality for the evaluation of tendon structure.
The dopamine receptor DRD4 gene: are duplications distracting?

Abstract The dopamine D4 receptor DRD4 gene has been implicated in psychotic, mood, addictive, personality, movement and behavioral disorders [e.g. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. Now, there is convincing evidence to support the genetic association of DRD4 polymorphisms with ADHD. The particular polymorphism, a 5′ 120-bp duplication, might be functionally active. These findings suggest that manipulation of the DRD4 gene pathway could offer more selective pharmacological approaches to the treatment of ADHD.
Simple test of dispersant effectiveness based on interfacial tension measurements

Abstract Results from this study suggest that the effectiveness of a dispersant in dispersing No. 2 fuel oil (for description, 1974 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Part 23, p. 220) in seawater is related to the dispersant's critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) as measured by interfacial tension. For three water-base, nonionic dispersants, we found that the more effective the product, the lower the c.m.c. value. As a test to rank the effectiveness of oil-spill products, the procedures described here offer cost and time advantages over other testing methods (less than 4 hours are required to evaluate one dispersant and one oil) and require less laboratory space and a simple, commercially available apparatus.
The efficiency of the phosphorescence decay of the isolated SO2(3B1) molecule

Abstract The phosphorescence decay kinetics of SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) molecules have been studied using laser excitation at discrete wave-lengths within both the first-allowed singlet and the “forbidden” triplet bands of SO 2 . The estimated collision-free lifetime of SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) molecules (8.1 ± 2.5 ms) is considerably longer than that reported from previous studies in which both unidentified pressure saturation effects on SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) quenching and diffusional loss of triplets led to anomalously short lifetime estimates. Both the lifetime and the bimolecular SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) quenching rate constant with SO 2 , (4.2 ± 0.1) × 10 8 Q mole t− s −1 , are independent of the excitation wavelength within the limit of the experimental error. The new lifetime determination, coupled with our previous measurements of the relative phosphorescence intensities of biacetyl and SO 2 excited at 3829 A, leads to a new estimate of the SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) phosphorescence quantum yield at zero pressure: φ 0 P = 0.95 ± 0.29. The lifetime estimate and integrated SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) ← SO 2 (X∼ 1 A 1 ) band absorption data confirm the high efficiency of the radiative decay path of SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) excited at very low pressures. Thus the apparent anomaly of the previously observed and theoretically unexpected importance of non-radiative decay in the isolated simple triatomic SO 2 ( 3 B 1 ) molecules is removed.
Community partnerships as a tool to reduce regional labor gaps: A South Carolina regional case study

Twenty-first century economies may require innovative, entrepreneurial development policy, but many economically distressed communities face immediate human capital and labor market concerns that prevent them from implementing these approaches. A series of regional focus groups and interviews reveal some of the community and economic development challenges that non-metropolitan communities experience in an environment of globalization and industrial restructuring. Without addressing ongoing human capital weaknesses, these communities are at continued risk of falling further behind. This analysis underscores the importance of strong civic infrastructure and community efficacy for successful development efforts. Finally, this research discusses the potential of using regional partnerships to reduce or eliminate persistent labor supply and skill gaps in the region.
Plague Bacteria Target Immune Cells During Infection

The plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Plague bacteria are thought to inject effector Yop proteins into host cells via the type III pathway. The identity of the host cells targeted for injection during plague infection is unknown. We found, using Yop β-lactamase hybrids and fluorescent staining of live cells from plague-infected animals, that Y. pestis selected immune cells for injection. In vivo, dendritic cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were injected most frequently, whereas B and T lymphocytes were rarely selected. Thus, it appears that Y. pestis disables these cell populations to annihilate host immune responses during plague.
Contractile State of Cardiac Muscle Obtained from Cats with Experimentally Produced Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure

The contractile state of papillary muscles from hypertrophied and from failing right ventricles of cats with pulmonary artery constriction was studied. In muscles from failing hearts, the maximum velocity of shortening, active length-tension curves, and maximum rate of tension development were decreased, while the passive length-tension curves and the time from stimulation to peak tension were normal. The augmentation of isometric tension achieved by paired electrical stimulation, increasing frequency of contraction, and strophanthidin was reduced. In muscle from hearts without failure but with ventricular hypertrophy, there were qualitatively similar depressions of contractile function, although of lesser magnitude. It is concluded that congestive heart failure is associated with extreme quantitative abnormalities of the intrinsic contractile state of each unit of heart muscle, which reflect a depression in the intensity of the active state. Further, ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of failure is a...
Flexible towpreg for the fabrication of high thermal conductivity carbon/carbon composites

Abstract A continuous powder coating process was used to produce flexible, preimpregnated towpreg from a heat-treated Mitsubishi AR mesophase pitch powder (AR-120) and three different carbon fibers: T300 PAN-based fiber, P55 pitch-based fiber, and an experimental high thermal conductivity pitch-based ribbon fiber. The towpreg was hot-pressed into unidirectional composites, carbonized at 1100 °C, oxidized and then graphitized at 2400 °C. As expected, the PAN-based fibers developed strong fiber/matrix bonding and the pitch-based fibers developed poor fiber/matrix bonding. This resulted in high flexural strengths (841 MPa) in the graphitized composites reinforced with the T300 fibers and low flexural strengths (196 MPa) in the graphitized composites reinforced with the P55 fibers. In addition, it was found that during consolidation the ribbon fibers oriented normal to the pressing direction. The thermal conductivity (parallel to the fibers) of the graphitized T300/AR-120 and P55/AR-120 composites was 80.5 and 135.5 W/m · K, respectively. These results, along with X-ray analysis, indicated a significant development of preferred crystalline order (parallel to the fibers) upon graphitization at 2400 °C. The composites reinforced with ribbon fibers exhibited three-dimensional anisotropy, with a thermal conductivity (transverse to the fibers) of 213.5 W/m · K, higher than that parallel to the fibers (145 W/m · K). These results indicated that fiber shape can affect matrix properties in carbon/carbon composites. Finally, the towpreg was woven into a two-dimensional fabric, demonstrating that towpreg can be used to produce preimpregnated multidimensional composite preforms. Towpreg may provide a low-cost route for producing carbon/carbon composites.
Further Studies on the Fractionation of Human Pituitary Glands

A detailed biological analysis and a simplified procedure for a method of serial extraction of acetone-preserved human pituitary glands is described. FSH is found almost exclusively in the first extract (at a mean potency of 2.1 XNIH-FSH-S1), together with a substantial amount of LH (0.13 XNIHLH- S1) and some TSH. A second extraction, under different conditions, yields GH, primarily in one fraction, at a potency approximately equivalent to the USP (bovine) Standard, together with prolactin. Also present in the second extract is LH (0.35 XNIH-LH-S1), and the greater part of the TSH. The third extraction yields additional GH, prolactin and ACTH. However, the recovery of ACTH is low. The method yields satisfactory amounts of GH, at a stage of purity suitable for use in the human, and recovers virtually all the FSH, LH and TSH, in forms readily susceptible to further purification. A modification and significant improvement of the bioassay procedure for GH, by body weight gain in immature hypophysectomized rat...
Hypoxia-induced in utero meconium passage is mediated via corticotrophin releasing hormone in a novel fetal rat model

CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN A NOVEL FETAL RAT MODEL SURESHBABU AHANYA, JAYARAMAN LAKSHMANAN, VIRENDER REHAN, ELENA BRONSHTEIN, MICHAEL ROSS, Harbor-UCLA Med. Ctr., Dept. of OB/ GYN (LA BioMed), Torrance, California, Harbor-UCLA Med. Ctr., Dept. of Pediatrics (LA BioMed), Torrance, California OBJECTIVE: Fetal meconium passage is thought to occur in response to in utero stresses of hypoxia or maturation, though the mechanism(s) remain unexplained. In adults, corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), released in response to stress, may act at central and/or peripheral sites to stimulate colonic motility. We sought to develop a reproducible small animal model of hypoxiainduced fetal meconium passage, and test the hypothesis that this response is mediated via CRF. STUDY DESIGN: Sprague Dawley pregnant rats were acclimated in an animal colony from 14 to 22 d gestation. On day 22, prior to delivery, rats were placed in an enclosed chamber fitted with a flow-through system to regulate oxygen content. Chamber oxygen content was gradually reduced from 21 to 4 % over 15 min, following which 4% oxygen was maintained for another 4 min. Control rats were similarly treated, though the oxygen was maintained at 21%. Following the study, rats were anaesthetized by pentobarbital, the abdomen opened, uterine horn exteriorized and opened and fetuses examined for meconium staining. Maternal blood samples were drawn from the vena cava. Fetuses were delivered, decapitated and blood pooled for measurement of CRF. RESULTS: All fetuses were delivered alive. Evidence of meconium passage into the amniotic cavity was present in all fetuses of the hypoxic group, though none of the control group. Maternal hypoxia was associated with significant increases in maternal (532 vs 230 pg/mL) and fetal (250 vs 100 pg/mL) plasma CRF levels. CONCLUSION: We describe a novel, reproducible small animal model of maternal hypoxia-induced in utero meconium passage. Similar to adult stressmediated defecation, these results suggest that fetal colonic motility and meconium passage may be stimulated by fetal or placental CRF. We speculate that CRF antagonists may prevent meconium passage in utero.
A comparison of statistical variation of threshold voltage in bulk silicon and SOI MOSFETs

Using previously developed models for the bulk and SOI (silicon-on-insulator) MOSFETs, the authors compare and analyze the statistical variation of the threshold voltage V/sub th/ in these MOSFETs with respect to variation of device parameters such as doping density, oxide thickness, and channel length. The statistical variation of the threshold voltage reduction Delta V/sub th/ for three values of channel length is shown. The statistical distribution is broadened with a pronounced asymmetry toward the higher value of Delta V/sub th/. It is also noted that the statistical distribution in the SOI MOSFET is narrower than that of the bulk MOSFET. The optimized design region of a fully depleted SOI MOSFET with a threshold voltage distribution smaller than its bulk silicon counterpart is shown. >
Orphan nuclear receptor-mediated xenobiotic regulation in drug metabolism.

Abstract The regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters has an important role in drug metabolism and many human diseases. The genes that encode these enzymes and transporters are inducible by numerous xenobiotics and endobiotics and the inducibility shows clear species specificity. In the past 4–5 years, orphan nuclear receptors such as PXR and CAR have been established as species-specific xeno-sensors that regulate the expression of many detoxifying enzymes and transporters. Their identification represents a major step forward in understanding the pharmacological and genetic control of the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and the implication of this regulation in drug metabolism, drug–drug interactions, and human diseases.
Word-synchronous linear optical sampling of 40 Gb/s QPSK signals

We demonstrate word-synchronous measurements of QPSK format 40 Gb/s PRBS signals using linear optical sampling with a precision time-base, which allows us to average waveforms and distinguish between signal distortion and noise in eye diagrams.
Nickel(II) Tetraphenylporphyrinate

[14172-92-0] C44H28N4Ni (MW 671.45) InChI = 1S/C44H28N4.Ni/c1-5-13-29(14-6-1)41-33-21-23-35(45-33)42(30-15-7-2-8-16-30)37-25-27-39(47-37)44(32-19-11-4-12-20-32)40-28-26-38(48-40)43(31-17-9-3-10-18-31)36-24-22-34(41)46-36;/h1-28H;/q-2;+2/b41-33-,41-34-,42-35-,42-37-,43-36-,43-38-,44-39-,44-40-; InChIKey = CXIRWLOIAQYBLZ-DAJBKUBHSA-N (electron transfer agent and catalyst for aryl halogen exchange reactions;1 used in cyclizations of saturated ω-iodo ketones2 and hydrogenation of alkenes3) Alternate Name: NiTPP. Physical Data: sublimes with decomp at 400–450 °C. Solubility: insol H2O; sol CHCl3; slightly sol ether, benzene, hexane, methanol. Form Supplied in: purple powder, widely available. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable in air and water. Some nickel compounds are known carcinogens so standard safety precautions apply.
Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis

Nearly a century after the significance of the human complement system was recognized, we have come to realize that its functions extend far beyond the elimination of microbes. Complement acts as a rapid and efficient immune surveillance system that has distinct effects on healthy and altered host cells and foreign intruders. By eliminating cellular debris and infectious microbes, orchestrating immune responses and sending 'danger' signals, complement contributes substantially to homeostasis, but it can also take action against healthy cells if not properly controlled. This review describes our updated view of the function, structure and dynamics of the complement network, highlights its interconnection with immunity at large and with other endogenous pathways, and illustrates its multiple roles in homeostasis and disease.
CD1-Restricted Microbial Lipid Antigen-Specific Recognition Found in the CD8+ αβ T Cell Pool

It is generally accepted that TCR αβ+ CD8+ T cells recognize immunogenic peptides bound to MHC-encoded class I molecules. This recognition is a major component of the cellular response mediating immune protection and recovery from viral infections and from certain intracellular bacterial infections. Here, we report two human CD8+ TCR αβ+ T cell lines specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ags presented in the context of CD1a or CD1c Ag-presenting molecules. These T cells recognize lipid Ags and display cytotoxicity as well as strong Th cell type I cytokine responses. By extending presentation by the CD1 system to the major TCR αβ+ CD8+ T cell pool, this system gains wider applicability beyond the double negative subset of T cells previously shown to have this reactivity. This implies that previous assumptions about the role of CD8+ T cells in microbial immunity may require revision as the relative proportions of CD1-restricted and MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells are further defined.
Longitudinal Evaluation of a Scale-Up Model for Teaching Mathematics With Trajectories and Technologies Persistence of Effects in the Third Year

Using a cluster randomized trial design, we evaluated the persistence of effects of a research-based model for scaling up educational interventions. The model was implemented in 42 schools in two city districts serving low-resource communities, randomly assigned to three conditions. In pre-kindergarten, the two experimental interventions were identical, but one included follow-through in the kindergarten and first-grade years, including knowledge of the pre-K intervention and ways to build upon that knowledge using learning trajectories. Students in the experimental group scored significantly higher than control students (g = .51 for those who received follow-through intervention in kindergarten and first grade; g = .28 for non–follow-through), and follow-through students scored significantly higher than non–follow-through students (g = .24).
Chern-Simons modification of general relativity

General relativity is extended by promoting the three-dimensional gravitational Chern-Simons term to four dimensions. This entails choosing an embedding coordinate ${v}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$---an external quantity, which we fix to be a nonvanishing constant in its time component. The theory is identical to one in which the embedding coordinate is itself a dynamical variable, rather than a fixed, external quantity. Consequently diffeomorphism symmetry breaking is hidden in the modified theory: the Schwarzschild metric is a solution; gravitational waves possess two polarizations, each traveling at the velocity of light; a conserved energy-momentum (pseudo)tensor can be constructed. The modification is visible in the intensity of gravitational radiation: the two polarizations of a gravity wave carry intensities that are suppressed or enhanced by the extension.
Predictors of introduction success in the South Florida avifauna

Biological invasions are an increasing global challenge, for which single-species studies and analyses focused on testing single hypotheses of causation in isolation are unlikely to provide much additional insight. Species interact with other species to create communities, which derive from species interactions and from the interactions of species with the scale specific elements of the landscape that provide suitable habitat and exploitable resources. I used logistic regression analysis to sort among potential intrinsic, community and landscape variables that theoretically influence introduction success. I utilized the avian fauna of the Everglades of South Florida, and the variables body mass, distance to nearest neighbor (in terms of body mass), year of introduction, presence of congeners, guild membership, continent of origin, distribution in a body mass aggregation or gap, and distance to body-mass aggregation edge (in terms of body mass). Two variables were significant predictors of introduction success. Introduced avian species whose body mass placed them nearer to a body-mass aggregation edge and further from their neighbor were more likely to become successfully established. This suggests that community interactions, and community level phenomena, may be better understood by explicitly incorporating scale.
Battle for Value: Federal Express Corporation vs. United Parcel Service of America, Inc. (Abridged)

This case is an abridged version of UVA-F-1115. This version is intended for use with audiences requiring less source documentation than is available in the unabridged version. The teaching note, however, contains all the source documentation in an appendix.
Spatial Analysis of Changes in the Unemployment Rate: A County-Level Analysis of the New England States

This research project examines the spatial dependence of unemployment rates during a period of economic uncertainty occurring at a tract level of analysis in the New England States. The spatial components used to describe spatial dependence in unemployment rates are physical, ethnic, and occupational distances. The researcher identified statistically significant levels of spatial dependence using each of the distance metrics (α=.10); however, the economic and statistical significance of the physical distance metric dominates the other two spatial variables (p value of less than .001 and an R2 value of .3367). Furthermore, in this project, the researcher was able to improve the coefficient of determination for the final model used to estimate changes in unemployment rates from .201 to .694 by adding spatially dependent variables to the traditional independent socioeconomic variables in a multivariate regression analysis.
Thermal Analysis of Power Cables in Free Air: Evaluation and Improvement of the IEC Standard Ampacity Calculations

The thermal behavior of cables installed in free air depends upon physical parameters, such as surface emissivity, heat dissipation coefficients for radiation and natural convection, as well as induced heating from neighboring heat sources that depend on the configuration in which the cables are grouped. The IEC standard method for rating cables installed in free air considers all of these physical properties implicitly and only for particular conditions. In this paper, the IEC standard method for rating power cables installed in free air is evaluated against finite-element method simulations and laboratory experiments. A scientifically sound and accurate thermal-electric circuit for the calculation of the steady-state temperature of cables in air is derived from first thermodynamic principles. The model parameters are computed explicitly from the physical properties of the cable, cable grouping, and environment. Through numerous finite-element simulations, as well as laboratory experiments, the accuracy of the proposed method has been established.
Effect of Poliomyelitis Virus in Baby Monkeys Previously Given Paratyphoid Colon Filtrate and Vaccine.

The addition of paratyphoid colon bacillus filtrate (previously termed enteric toxin) to poliomyelitis virus accelerated the production of the disease.1 What would happen if monkeys (Macacus rhesus) were injected with this filtrate as well as with a vaccine made from the organisms that produced it? Adult monkeys have shown some agglutinins for the typho-paratypho-colon group, therefore, young monkeys were chosen for this experiment, since their blood serums contained little or no agglutinins for this group of organisms.2Paratyphoid and colon bacilli were grown in 0.5% glucose broth and after 10 days the media were centrifuged, the organisms combined, autoclaved, and were called the vaccine; the supernatant fluid was passed through a mandler N and W filter and called the P.C.B. filtrate (enteric toxin). Massive doses of the filtrate and vaccine were injected subcutaneously into 3 of 6 baby monkeys within from 2 to 3 months after they had been weaned. The animals, weighing from 890 to 1104 gm., were obtaine...
Bionomics of Nearctic Bee-Associated Meloidae (Coleoptera); Life Histories and Nutrition of Certain Nemognathinae

The immature life histories of 8 species of bee-associated Nearctic Nemognathinae were studied and compared with those of the Meloinae. Included are the life cycles for 5 species reared successfully beyond the feeding stage (at 31±1/2°C) and 3 reared to the adult. Diapause was not obligatory in one species. Head capsule measurements substantiate a T1 – FG2–5 – C6 – SG7 – P – A ontogenetic pattern. Other bionomic data are included. Several food materials were evaluated. A paste consisting of mixed pollen (from honey bees), honey, and a mold inhibitor was found to be most acceptable. Eggs or larvae of bees were not necessary for development. The data suggest that some of the Nemognathinae are polyphagous. However, it is probable that some are pollen-specific and are as a result oligo- or monophagous. The effect of temperature on developmental rates is recorded for 2 species. The optimum temperatures for development coincide with field soil temperatures during the normal developmental period.
Laboratory Evaluation of Certain Chemosterilants Against the Gypsy Moth

The chemosterilants metepa, tepa, and apholate were tested against the eggs, pupae, and adults of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.). No reduction of hatch was observed in the chemosterilant-treated eggs. Pupal dips were ineffective except with tepa, which caused high pupal mortality. At the concentrations used (1, 4, and 8 μg per moth), topical applications to both sexes were ineffective. Residual films of tepa and metepa caused significant sterilization of male moths at 1 and 10 mg/½ pint bottle levels respectively. Apholate showed sterilizing action only at high residual levels with both sexes treated.
Fully depleted SOI (FDSOI) technology

Fully depleted SOI (FDSOI) has become a viable technology not only for continued CMOS scaling to 22 nm node and beyond but also for improving the performances of legacy technology when retrofitting to old technology nodes. In this paper, we provide an overview of FDSOI technology, including the benefits and challenges in FDSOI design, manufacturing, and ecosystem. We articulate that FDSOI is potential cornerstone for China to catch up and leapfrog in semiconductor technology% .
Operationalizing the 2014 ACC/AHA Guidelines for Valvular Heart Disease: A Guide for Clinicians

The 2014 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for valvular heart disease were released to help guide the clinician in caring for patients with this ever more prevalent and complex group of diseases and have been instrumental in providing a foundation of knowledge for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. However, there are many caveats in applying the guidelines to individual patients. As clinicians, we wish to outline important aspects to be considered by other clinicians, including the integration of the echocardiogram with the history and physical examination, recognition of discordant data within an echocardiographic examination, and proper interpretation of the cutoff measurements applied to timing of intervention. Decisions regarding management should be individualized to the institution, particularly when recommending early operation for an asymptomatic patient. Finally, all decisions should be individualized to each patient by not only recognizing specific comorbidities, but also understanding the patient's needs and preferences.
Brief Report: The Exacerbation of Hemolysis in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria by Strenuous Exercise

Muscular exercise in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria has been shown to result in systemic acidosis with lacticacidemia and exacerbation of in vivo hemolysis. It is suggested on the basis of this study that patients with PNH be advised to avoid severe muscular exercise. The acid hemolysis test should be performed in all patients that are suspected of having March hemoglobinuria.
Glutathione disulfide liposomes – A research tool for the study of glutathione disulfide associated functions and dysfunctions

Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is the oxidized form of glutathione (GSH). GSH is a tripeptide present in the biological system in mM concentration and is the major antioxidant in the body. An increase in GSSG reflects an increase in intracellular oxidative stress and is associated with disease sates. The increase has also been demonstrated to lead to an increase in protein S-glutathionylation that can affect the structure and function of proteins. Protein S-glutathionylation serves as a regulatory mechanism during cellular oxidative stress. Though GSSG is commercially available, its roles in various GSSG-associated normal/abnormal physiological functions have not been fully delineated due to the reason that GSSG is not cell membrane permeable and a lack of method to specifically increase GSSG in cells. We have developed cationic liposomes that can effectively deliver GSSG into cells. Various concentrations of GSSG liposomes can be conveniently prepared. At 1 mg/mL, the GSSG liposomes effectively increased intracellular GSSG by 27.1 ± 6.9 folds (n = 3) in 4 hours and led to a significant increase in protein S-glutathionylation confirming that the increased GSSG is functionally effective. The Trypan blue assay demonstrated that GSSG liposomes were not cytotoxic; the cell viability was greater than 95% after cells were treated with the GSSG liposomes for 4 h. A stability study showed that the dry form of the GSSG liposomes were stable for at least 70 days when stored at -80 °C. Our data demonstrate that the GSSG liposomes can be a valuable tool in studying GSSG-associated physiological/pathological functions.
Natural Resource Policy into the Twenty-first Century

Cornucopian values dominated America’s first two and a half centuries. Throughout that time, Americans viewed stumps, mine shafts, canals, factory smokestacks, and dams as symbols of progress. Nature’s bounty was useless beyond its conversion into products to serve mankind’s material needs. And that conversion best takes place if everyone is free to pursue their narrow self-interests; in helping themselves, people inadvertently help others. Slogans such as “a rising (economic) tide lifts all boats,” the “magic of the marketplace,” “live today, for tomorrow ye shall die,” and “the public be damned!” remain central to the cornucopian creed.
Poetry, a New Voice for Dissent

As Brazilian social theorist Gilberto Freire pointed out, power begins with the formulation of our own perceptions of reality. I would add that it increases and becomes effective when we voice those perceptions using our own language.