cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Placental Lesions Associated with Abnormal Growth in Twins

Abnormal growth in one or both twins may contribute to the increased morbidity and mortality observed in twin gestation. Our objective in this retrospective study of all twin pregnancies delivered at our hospital (n = 240) over a 2-year period was to study the relationship between placental lesions and abnormal growth. Standardized placental examinations were performed in 192 cases (80%), which constituted the study population. Two growth abnormalities were studied: discordant growth as defined by >15% difference in birth weight and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth as defined by birth weight less-than the 10th percentile for gestational age. The majority of twin pregnancies with either discordant growth (41/57 cases) or SGA birth (26/35 cases) had dichorionic placentas. In monochorionic placentas studied by injection there was no significant relationship between vascular anastomoses and discordant growth. Placental weight for small discordant and SGA twins was equivalent or increased relative to infant weight, a pattern not suggestive of maternal vascular underperfusion. Eight lesions, five considered to represent chronic placental disease and three considered to represent intrauterine adaptation, were studied as possible predictors of abnormal growth. The overall prevalence of these lesions in twin placentas was less than that seen in singleton births. Concordance between twin placentas for most lesions was higher than would be expected, based on their prevalence in singleton placentas. Two lesions were associated with discordant growth in both univariate and multivariate analyses: peripheral cord insertion (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.7–7.6) and avascular villi (AV; OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.0–10.3). Three placental lesions were associated with SGA infants at the univariate level: peripheral cord insertion, avascular villi, and maternal vascular underperfusion. Only peripheral cord insertion (OR 9.8, 95% CI 4.1–23.4) and AV (OR 3.7, CI 1.0–13.7) were significant in the multivariate analysis. The relative increase in peripheral cord insertion and AV with abnormal growth was observed for both monochorionic and dichorionic placentas. Subgroups of discordant infants with and without SGA were both associated with peripheral cord insertion while only those with SGA had an increase in AV. Both peripheral cord insertion and AV were increased in the subgroup with SGA but no discordancy. In summary, two placental lesions, peripheral cord insertion indicating a spatially limited intrauterine compartment and AV indicating occlusion of fetal vessels in the placenta, were associated with abnormal growth in twins.
In Vivo Simulations of the Intravenous Dynamics of Submicrometer Particles of pH-Responsive Cationic Hydrogels in Diabetic Patients

A mathematical model describing glucose-dependent pH swelling and insulin release is developed for pH-sensitive cationic hydrogels in which glucose oxidase and catalase have been immobilized and insulin imbibed. Glucose-based swelling and insulin release are simulated for intravenously injected particles at various design conditions. The effects of particle size, the number of injected particles, insulin loading, enzyme loading, monomer functional group loading and pKa, and hydrogel cross-linking ratio on insulin release and glucose sensitivity are investigated to optimally design the device for use. Increased insulin infusion is shown to result from increasing the number of circulating gels, increasing the collapsed particle size, or decreasing the cross-linking ratio of the system. Release duration is shown to be dependent only upon the particle size and the achievable diffusion coefficient of the system. Glucose sensitivity, as measured by gluconic acid production and by the system pH, is a function of...
Using the Affinity Research Group Model to Involve Undergraduate Students in Computer Science Research

The Affinity Research Group model is an attractive vehicle for involving undergraduates in research, retaining them, and fostering their interest in higher education. Using this model, students are given opportunities to develop, employ, and integrate knowledge and skills required for research with knowledge and skills required for cooperative work. Potential adopters of the model often inquire about the feasibility of applying the model in a field like computer science, in which it often is the case that a student must have a solid academic foundation in order to be involved in research. This paper addresses this question by illustrating how the model has been applied to computer science research projects that involve students with different skill levels and experience. In particular, the paper presents example structured tasks and related activities that demonstrate how students develop domain expertise, gain an understanding and appreciation of the research process and its practice, and acquire technical, team, communication, problem-solving, and higher-level thinking skills.
On scale and chiral symmetry in nuclear matter

Abstract We examine the properties of cold matter at transnuclear densities using an effective lagrangian, suggested by QCD, which incorporates broken scale and chiral invariance. Nuclear matter is found to saturate in the mean field approximation with reasonable values of the parameters. Effective nucleon masses at equilibrium are obtained in the range 0.72–0.78, with the larger values favored.
Influence of a Special Camp Program for Obese Boys on Weight Loss, Self-Concept, and Body Image

Abstract The sample comprised 204 overweight and obese boys who underwent an 8-week special camp program. Height and weight data was collected on the subjects 6 months and 1 year before the camp program. In addition body image and self-concept assessments were made before and after the 8-week program and 4 months after the camp program ended and subjects had returned to their home environments. The subjects ranged in age from 8 through 18 years. They were grouped for statistical purposes by maturation level, degree of overweight, ordinality, religion, parental status, and parental obesity. Body image showed significant positive change as a result of the camp program. Self-concept remained unchanged. The long term trend of normal weight gain appeared to be interrupted. The weight lost as a result of the program was not regained after the camp period ended. It was concluded that longer follow-up periods would assist in the examination of the long term effect of the camp program.
Microbial Reduction of Structural Fe(III) in Illite and Goethite

Microbial reduction of Fe(III) in illite was studied to evaluate the possibility of microbial utilization of Fe(III) in sedimentary clays and to determine the effects of bioreduction on clay compos...
Postcessation cigarette use: The process of relapse

One hundred twenty-nine chronic smokers successfully completed a smoking cessation program composed of behavioral counseling and aversive smoking. During the two-year follow-up period, 92 of these subjects reported smoking. The progression from subjects' first cigarette to full relapse was examined via standardized telephone interviews. The latency between subjects' initial postcessation smoking episode and subsequent return to daily smoking was related to pretreatment confidence level, affective state at the time of the first cigarette, and origin of the first cigarette. Neither affective reaction nor coping response execution after the initial cigarette was related to the rate of relapse. Results are discussed in terms of current theory and treatment implications.
Childhood attachment and loss experiences affect adult cardiovascular and cortisol function.

OBJECTIVE This study proposes to test the hypothesis that early loss of a parent, coupled with poor quality family relationships, would result in long-term increased cardiovascular and cortisol reactivity to stress. METHODS Subjects included 30 university students who lost one parent before age 16, and 31 control subjects. Blood pressure (BP) was measured continuously during 5-minute baseline and recovery periods, and during each of 2 tasks--viewing a 7-minute video clip depicting the death of a parent, and giving a 3-minute impromptu speech (1-hour rest between tasks). Salivary cortisol samples were collected immediately before each task, and at 5 and 20 minutes posttask. Quality of family relationships (FR) was measured using the Moos Family Environment Scale. RESULTS Repeated-measures analysis of covariance revealed significant main effects on BP of both parental loss and FR for both tasks (all p values < .05) such that subjects who lost a parent or reported poor quality FR showed higher BP across all periods. The loss by FR by period interaction was not significant. An FR by period interaction was found for cortisol during the movie, in which poor quality FR subjects showed increased cortisol, whereas all others showed decreases. A loss by period interaction was found for cortisol during the speech, in which cortisol increased in loss subjects and decreased in non-loss subjects. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that both childhood loss of a parent and poor quality of caretaking are associated with long-term increases in BP and altered neurohormonal responses to stress.
Left ventricular “fibrous body” aneurysm caused by aspergillus endocarditis

Abstract This report describes a patient with a small aneurysm of the left ventricle which involved the fibrous atrioventricular body and was caused by aspergillus endocarditis. Aneurysms of the fibrous atrioventricular ring are distinctly different from other types of aneurysms. The majority have been confined to young adult African Negroes. The etiology is uncertain, although a structural weakness in the atrioventricular ring has been postulated. In our patient fungal endocarditis (Aspergillus terreus) occurred after open heart surgery for mitral regurgitation and involved the mitral valvular leaflets. Erosion into the subjacent atrioventricular ring resulted in the mycotic aneurysm.
Crosshole diffraction tomography using the method of moments

In its original formulation, diffraction tomography assumes a homogeneous background medium and regularly spaced sources and receivers; these assumptions allow Fourier techniques and analytical forms of the Green’s functions to be used to greatly reduce the difficulty and computational effort involved in the inversion. Unfortunately, these assumptions severely limit the applicability of the technique in geophysical settings. We solve the diffraction tomography problem using a technique known as the method of moments (Harrington, 1968), which is more familiar in the electromagnetic scattering literature. This method discretizes the acoustic inverse scattering integral equation into a matrix equation relating the velocity of the medium to the scatterered field at the receivers. The matrix equation is inverted using a technique known as regularization (Tikhonov and Arsenin 1977). Implementing these powerful mathematical techniques will eventually help us to tackle the more difficult non-linear diffraction tomography problem which allows for inhomogeneous backgrounds and arbitrary experimental geometries. We show the results of ima.ging a point scatterer from synthetic crosshole data, and discuss the resolution of the method with varying inversion parameters.
The Chief of Staff: The Military Career of General Walter Bedell Smith. By D. K. R. Crosswell. (Westport: Greenwood, 1991. xxii + 437 pp. $55.00, ISBN 0-313-27480-0.)

Preface Introduction Bedell Smith and Officership in the United States Army, 1917-1939 "Born To Be A Soldier," 1895-1917 Baptism into The General Staff, 1917-1920 The Rite of Passage: Smith's Practical Education in The "Army of the Long Generation," 1920-1929 "Aides, Adjutants, and Asses": The Advance Army Schools, 1930-1937 The Towering Figure: George C. Marshall The Chief's Apprentice: Smith and the War Department General Staff of General Marshall, 1937-1941 Smith and the Combined and Joint Chiefs of Staff Organizations, January-August 1942 The First Campaign: The Mediterranean The Creation of The "Ike-Beetle" Team, September-November 1942 Allied Forces Headquarters and the Invasion of North Africa, November 1942-January 1943 The North African Campaign, January-July 1943 The Italian Campaign, July-December 1943 Northwest Europe Preparing OVERLORD, January-June 1944 Normandy and the Battle of France, June-November 1944 The Battle of the Bulge, December 1944-January 1945 The Campaign for Germany, January-May 1945 Epilogue: The Years of Frustration, 1945-1961 Glossary Bibliography Index
Search for solutions

Structural Studies on Molecules of Biological Interest: A Volume in Honour of Dorothy Hodgkin. Edited by G. Dodson, J.P. Glusker, and D. Sayre. Pp.610. ISBN 0-19-855362-5. (Oxford University Press: 1981.) £39, $98.
Microstructure and properties of Al2O3-Al(Si) and Al2O3-Al(Si)-Si composites formed byin situ reaction of Al with aluminosilicate ceramics

Al2O3-Al(Si) and Al2O3-Al(Si)-Si composites have been formed byin situ reaction of molten Al with aluminosilicate ceramics. This reactive metal penetration (RMP) process is driven by a strongly negative Gibbs energy for reaction. In the Al/mullite system, Al reduces mullite to produce α-Al2O3 and elemental Si. With excess Al (i.e., x > 0), a composite of α-Al2O3, Al(Si) alloy, and Si can be formed. Ceramic-metal composites containing up to 30 vol pct Al(Si) were prepared by reacting molten Al with dense, aluminosilicate ceramic preforms or by reactively hot pressing Al and mullite powder mixtures. Both reactive metal-forming techniques produce ceramic composite bodies consisting of a fine-grained alumina skeleton with an interpenetrating Al(Si) metal phase. The rigid alumina ceramic skeletal structure dominates composite physical properties such as the Young’s modulus, hardness, and the coefficient of thermal expansion, while the interpenetrating ductile Al(Si) metal phase contributes to composite fracture toughness. Microstructural analysis of composite fracture surfaces shows evidence of ductile metal failure of Al(Si) ligaments. Al2O3-Al(Si) and Al2O3-Al(Si)-Si composites produced byin situ reaction of aluminum with mullite have improved mechanical properties and increased stiffness relative to dense mullite, and composite fracture toughness increases with increasing Al(Si) content.
Comparison of the ability of opioid analgesics to increase endogenous opioid-like activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits

We have previously demonstrated that the acute administration of morphine increases the level of endogenous substances, which have antinociceptive activity, in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The present study was conducted to determine whether other opioid analgesics exert a similar effect. CSF was withdrawn from the cisterna magna of anesthetized rabbits before and after s.c. injections of meperidine, pentazocine, levorphanol and methadone, and was bioassayed for opioid-like activity in the mouse tail-flick and phenylquinone writhing tests. The opioid-like activity of CSF taken 60 min after meperidine (50 mg/kg) was significantly increased in both bioassays, and the CSF level of meperidine was insufficient to account for this effect. Pentazocine (25-75 mg/kg) also significantly increased opioid-like activity in rabbit CSF, but the effects of methadone (5-10 mg/kg) and levorphanol (20 mg/kg) were less marked. Dextrorphan (20 mg/kg), diazepam (10 mg/kg) and pentobarbital (20 mg/kg) administration did not significantly increase opioid-like activity in CSF. It is concluded that the antinociceptive action of some opioid analgesics in rabbits may be mediated in part by the release of endogenous antinociceptive substances.
Using transformations to improve semantic matching

Many AI tasks require determining whether two knowledge representations encode the same knowledge. Solving this matching problem is hard because representations may encode the same content but differ substantially in form. Previous approaches to this problem have used either syntactic measures, such as graph edit distance, or semantic knowledge to determine the "distance" between two representations. Although semantic approaches outperform syntactic ones, previous research has focused primarily on the use of taxonomic knowledge. We show that this is not enough because mismatches between representations go largely unaddressed. In this paper, we describe how transformations can augment existing semantic approaches to further improve matching. We also describe the application of our approach to the task of critiquing military Courses of Action and compare its performance to other leading algorithms.
Increased glutamate and decreased glycine release in the rostral ventromedial medulla during induction of a pre-clinical model of chronic widespread muscle pain

Two injections of acidic saline into the gastrocnemius muscle produce long-lasting hyperalgesia that is initiated and maintained by changes in the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM). Potential underlying mechanisms could be increased release of excitatory neurotransmitters and/or reduced release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, in the RVM. We tested this hypothesis by measuring concentrations of aspartate, glutamate and glycine in response to the first and second injection of acidic saline and compared to intramuscular injections of normal saline using microdialysis with HPLC analysis. We show a significant increase in aspartate and glutamate during the second acidic saline injection compared to normal saline injections or the first injection of acidic saline. There were also long-lasting decreases in glycine concentrations in the RVM in response to both the first and second injection of acidic saline. It is possible that disinhibition after the first injection leads to long-lasting neuronal changes that allow a greater release of excitatory neurotransmitters after the second injection. We hypothesize that increased release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the RVM drives the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord, central sensitization and the consequent hyperalgesia.
Erratum to: Epidemiology of Pneumococcal Disease in a National Cohort of Older Adults

The online version of the original article can be found under doi:10.1007/s40121-014-0025-y.
Effects of gustatory nerve transection and regeneration on quinine-stimulated Fos-like immunoreactivity in the parabrachial nucleus of the rat.

The distribution of quinine-stimulated Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in several subdivisions of the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) known to be responsive to gustatory stimulation was examined in rats in which the chorda tympani nerve (CT) and/or glossopharyngeal nerve (GL) was transected (Experiment 1) and in rats in which the GL was transected with regeneration promoted or prevented (Experiment 2). We confirmed previous findings in the literature by demonstrating that rats intraorally infused with 3 mM quinine showed a robust population of FLI in the waist area and the external lateral (EL) and external medial (EM) subdivisions of the PBN (Yamamoto et al. [1994] Physiol Behav 56:1197-1202; Travers et al., [ 1999] Am J Physiol 277:R384-R394). In the waist area, only GL transection significantly decreased the number of FLI-neurons elicited by intraoral infusion of quinine compared with water-stimulated controls. In the external subdivisions neither neurotomy affected the number of FLI-neurons. The effect of GL transection in the waist area was enduring for rats in which the GL did not regenerate (up to 94 days), but regeneration of the GL after 52 days restored quinine-stimulated FLI to control values. In these same GL-transected animals, there were parallel decreases in the number of gapes elicited by intraoral quinine stimulation that recovered, but only subsequent to regeneration of the GL. These data provide support for the role of the waist area in the brainstem processing that underlies oromotor rejection behaviors and also help substantiate the hypothesis that the CT and GL are relatively specialized with regard to function. Moreover, when the quinine-induced pattern of neural activity in the second central gustatory relay, as assessed by FLI, is substantially altered by the loss of peripheral gustatory input from the GL, it can be restored upon regeneration of the nerve.
Thermal control for the 1990's

Current thermal distribution systems on large spacecraft, such as the Space Shuttle and Spacelab, use pumped fluid loops that circulate the coolant between a series of user stations and a single rejection point, involving complex plumbing and controls with a significant power penalty and limited reliability. In order to provide heat transport at near-isothermal conditions in future large spacecraft, two-phase flow systems will be implemented by taking advantage of the heat of vaporization and condensation of common working fluids at minimal expenditure of power and temperature variation. Such systems are considered for the cases of the thermal requirements of nearly 100 potential astrophysics and astronomy instruments. Data on temperature requirements, power dissipations, environmental fluxes, heat addition or rejection, and general description, are used to form conceptual designs for the thermal utility.
Basics of Cutaneous Wound Repair

background. Cutaneous wound repair consists of multiple integrated networks of cell-matrix-cytokine interactions. It is generally believed that a better understanding of these networks will lead to improved care of cutaneous wounds, whether freshly made by the surgeon's scalpel or previously existing and not healing secondary to underlying abnormalities. objective. This review is intended to update the readership in some of the salient aspects of wound repair networks. methods. To facilitate the review of multiple integrated networks, cutaneous wound repair was arbitrarily divided into three phases: inflammation, tissue regeneration including re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation, and tissue reorganization. results. Throughout the entire process of wound repair it is clear that cells produce or alter various cytokines and extracellular matrix. The cytokines and matrix in turn alter the behavior of the producer cells (autocrine response) or neighbor cells (paracrine response). conclusion. The dynamic reciprocity among cells, cytokines, and matrix material helps explain how integrated wound healing networks are sequential as well as tightly controlled.
The possible mediation by cyclic AMP of parathyroid hormone-induced stimulation of mitotic activity and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in rat thymic lymphocytes.

Purified parathyroid hormone (PTH) strongly stimulates the initiation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and thereby raises the flow of cells into mitosis in rat thymic lymphocyte populations maintained in vitro. These actions of PTH are potentiated by caffeine and inhibited by imidazole which indicates that the hormonal action is mediated by cyclic adenosine 3′,5′,-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The feasibility of cyclic AMP being the mediator of PTH action is established by the observation that a low concentration (10−7M) of dibutyryl cyclic AMP precisely mimics the stimulatory action of the hormone on DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
Spring snow cover loss exceeds model predictions

Spring snow cover extent in the Northern Hemisphere has declined to record lows in recent years, Derksen and Brown report. They analyzed spring (April–June) snow cover extent from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration snow chart climate data record. They found that recent years show statistically significant reductions in snow cover compared to the historic record. In Eurasia, new records for the lowest spring snow cover extent have been set every year since 2008, and in North America, record lows have been set in 3 of the past 5 years.
Accelerating statistical image reconstruction algorithms for fan-beam x-ray CT using cloud computing

Statistical image reconstruction algorithms potentially offer many advantages to x-ray computed tomography (CT), e.g. lower radiation dose. But, their adoption in practical CT scanners requires extra computation power, which is traditionally provided by incorporating additional computing hardware (e.g. CPU-clusters, GPUs, FPGAs etc.) into a scanner. An alternative solution is to access the required computation power over the internet from a cloud computing service, which is orders-of-magnitude more cost-effective. This is because users only pay a small pay-as-you-go fee for the computation resources used (i.e. CPU time, storage etc.), and completely avoid purchase, maintenance and upgrade costs. In this paper, we investigate the benefits and shortcomings of using cloud computing for statistical image reconstruction. We parallelized the most time-consuming parts of our application, the forward and back projectors, using MapReduce, the standard parallelization library on clouds. From preliminary investigations, we found that a large speedup is possible at a very low cost. But, communication overheads inside MapReduce can limit the maximum speedup, and a better MapReduce implementation might become necessary in the future. All the experiments for this paper, including development and testing, were completed on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) for less than $20.
Juvenile hormone and “retinoic acid” receptors in Manduca epidermis

Abstract Previous studies reviewed here have indicated that juvenile hormone (JH) specifically binds to a 29 kDa protein in epidermal nuclei from Manduca sexta larvae. Also, a 29 kDa nuclear protein that showed the same developmental pattern bound specifically to a larval cuticle gene LCP14. These results indicate that the 29 kDa nuclear protein is likely a JH receptor. Two retinoids (SRI 5942-64 and Ro 13-6298) were found to be weak JH mimics with ED 50 s 60–100 times higher than that of JH III in the black Manduca larval bioassay. A genomic clone ( Manduca “RAR”) then was isolated using the human retinoic acid receptor (hRAR) cDNA and the homologous region was sequenced. Thirteen out of 14 amino acids constituting the C-terminal half of the second zinc finger were identical in Manduca “RAR” and hRAR. Manduca “RAR” selected two mRNAs (3.8 and 4.5 kb) that are expressed at the peaks of the ecdysteroid titer during both the larval and the pupal molts, but not during the intermolt periods. When pieces of integument from day two 4th instar larvae were cultured with 4 × 10 −6 M 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE), Manduca “RAR” mRNA increased 13–15-fold by 6 h, then decreased after 12 h in the continuous presence of 20HE. The presence of 3 × 10 −6 M JH slowed the rate of induction by 20HE. Thus, the “RAR” gene product is likely not the 29 kDa JH receptor but rather a transcriptional regulatory factor whose presence during a molt is modulated by JH.
Excitation functions and yields for 123I production using the 127I(p, 5n) 123Xe reaction

Abstract Excitation functions and yields are described for 123I production via the 127 I (p, 5n) 123 Xe 123 I reaction. The 123Xe and 125Xe excitation functions were determined experimentally by irradiating thin (2 MeV thick) 127I targets at the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory. The 123Xe excitation function is used to obtain 123Xe yield as a function of target thickness for commonly used target materials and for different incident proton energies. These results indicate that yields of several curies per hour of 123Xe are possible using a 10μA proton beam. Radio-chemical impurities were measured and found to be small.
Automation—Some Potential Applications to Aviation Weather

Abstract During the past decades, the life cycle of a weather observation, from the initial reading and recording of the sensor data to the final dissemination and use of the data, has remained virtually unchanged. It has been a slow and labor intensive process. With the increasing availability of low-cost and efficient minicomputers, it is now practical to apply automation to the routine taking and dissemination of the weather observation as well as other weather and aeronautical information. This paper gives an overview of some of the programs undertaken by the Federal Aviation Administration to apply automation to aviation weather.
An O(Nm{2}) Plane Solver for the Compressible Navier-Stokes Equations

A hierarchical multigrid algorithm for efficient steady solutions to the two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations is developed and demonstrated. The algorithm applies multigrid in two ways: a Full Approximation Scheme (FAS) for a nonlinear residual equation and a Correction Scheme (CS) for a linearized defect correction implicit equation. Multigrid analyses which include the effect of boundary conditions in one direction are used to estimate the convergence rate of the algorithm for a model convection equation. Three alternating-line-implicit algorithms are compared in terms of efficiency. The analyses indicate that full multigrid efficiency is not attained in the general case; the number of cycles to attain convergence is dependent on the mesh density for high-frequency cross-stream variations. However, the dependence is reasonably small and fast convergence is eventually attained for any given frequency with either the FAS or the CS scheme alone. The paper summarizes numerical computations for which convergence has been attained to within truncation error in a few multigrid cycles for both inviscid and viscous flow simulations on highly stretched meshes.
Special Relativity and the Future: A Defense of the Point Present

In this paper, I defend a theory of local temporality, sometimes referred to as a point-present theory. This theory has the great advantage that it allows for the possibility of an open future without requiring any alterations to our standard understanding of special relativity. Such theories, however, have regularly been rejected out of hand as metaphysically incoherent. After surveying the debate, I argue that such a transformation of temporal concepts (i) is suggested by the indexical semantics of tense in a relativistic universe, (ii) when properly understood easily withstands the usual accusations of metaphysical incoherence and (iii) leads naturally to a meta-philosophical position from which we can understand and escape the increasing sterility of debates between radical Parmenideans and radical Heracliteans in the philosophy of time.
Interpersonal Attraction and Visual Behavior as a Function of Perceived Arousal and Evaluation by an Opposite Sex Person

Summary Forty female college students were interviewed by male interviewers (Is) and led to believe that the Is had given them either favorable, neutral, or unfavorable evaluations. Half of the Ss were given false heart-rate feedback indicating that their arousal was significantly higher than that of other people being interviewed. The remaining Ss were given false heart-rate feedback that their arousal was average. It was predicted according to Berscheid and Walster's love theory that perceived arousal in the presence of a favorable I would be labeled as positive affection and perceived arousal in the presence of an unfavorable I would be labeled as negative affection. This prediction was supported by the finding that “aroused” Ss expressed greatest willingness to return for a second interview with a favorable I and least willingness to return for a second interview with an unfavorable I. For “nonaroused” Ss, I evaluations had no influence on expressed willingness to return. Evaluations given by Ss to Is...
Current status and use of short/medium term models for carcinogenicity testing of pharmaceuticals--scientific perspective.

Short- and medium-term rodent bioassays have been proposed under ICH guidelines for use in testing for the carcinogenic potential of pharmaceuticals. Further evaluation of these models is needed urgently and coordinated efforts are in progress worldwide to expand the available database. Models currently being investigated include transgenic mice (Tg-rasH2, Tg.AC, p53(+/-), XPA(-/-)) and neonatal mice. As more data become available on the performance of these assays, regulatory and industry scientists will be faced with the difficult challenge of determining how the performance (accuracy) of each assay will be measured and deciding which assays have value in the risk assessment process.
Social Influences on the Goal Choices of Group Members1

The influences of anticipation of evaluation, anticipation of group interaction, and taking other group members into consideration were each explored for their impact on the selection of task performance goals by group members. Self-evaluation, esteem maintenance, and comparison with others hypotheses were described as plausible explanations for earlier findings that groups select lower task performance goals than individuals. Results provided considerable support for the self-evaluation and comparison-with-others hypotheses, but indicated that esteem maintenance could not account for some aspects of the data. Discussion focused on understanding the results within the context of social comparison theory.
Sediment transport and deposition on a river-dominated tidal flat : an idealized model study

[1] A 3-D hydrodynamic model is used to investigate how different size classes of river-derived sediment are transported, exported and trapped on an idealized, river-dominated tidal flat. The model is composed of a river channel flanked by sloping tidal flats, a configuration motivated by the intertidal region of the Skagit River mouth in Washington State, United States. It is forced by mixed tides and a pulse of freshwater and sediment with various settling velocities. In this system, the river not only influences stratification but also contributes a significant cross-shore transport. As a result, the bottom stress is strongly ebb-dominated in the channel because of the seaward advance of strong river flow as the tidal flats drain during ebbs. Sediment deposition patterns and mass budgets are sensitive to settling velocity. The lateral sediment spreading scales with an advective distance (settling time multiplied by lateral flow speed), thereby confining the fast settling sediment classes in the channel. Residual sediment transport is landward on the flats, because of settling lag, but is strongly seaward in the channel. The seaward transport mainly occurs during big ebbs and is controlled by a length scale ratio Ld/XWL, where Ld is a cross-shore advective distance (settling time multiplied by river outlet velocity), and XWL is the immersed cross-shore length of the intertidal zone. Sediment trapping requires Ld/XWL < 1, leading to more trapping for the faster settling classes. Sensitivity studies show that including stratification and reducing tidal range both favor sediment trapping, whereas varying channel geometries and asymmetry of tides has relatively small impacts. Implications of the modeling results on the south Skagit intertidal region are discussed.
Protective capacity positioning: Impact on manufacturing cell performance

Abstract Protective capacity is the `extra' capacity placed at non-bottleneck resources to absorb random disruptions in planned levels of performance so that the bottleneck resource is more effectively utilized. Although informative, the research related to protective capacity offers little insight into the preferred placement of protective capacity. By building on the existing research, our study develops hypotheses related to protective capacity positioning and then tested them by using a simulation model of a manufacturing cell. The results indicate that the placement of the protective capacity has no practical influence on mean flow time, but it strongly influences bottleneck shiftiness. Specifically, the study's results may indicate that under conditions of high work center utilization, the placement of protective capacity immediately before and after the bottleneck with a higher proportion distributed to the upstream work centers may significantly lower bottleneck shiftiness. Several future research needs are discussed.
The interaction of human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils with caspofungin (MK-0991), an echinocandin, for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus.

Abstract The collaboration between human effector cells and caspofungin (MK-0991), a 1,3-β-D glucan synthase inhibitor, was studied for antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. Caspofungin was co-cultured for 24h with either human monocytes (Monos), monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), or polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) against germlings of A. fumigatus and antifungal activity assessed using the XTT metabolic assay. Caspofungin at 0.1 μg/ml and 0.05 μg/ml or Monos alone against germlings caused significant inhibition. Microscopically this was correlated with less growth and stunted malformed hyphae. The addition of caspofungin at 0.1 μg/ml and 0.05 μg/ml to the monocyte cultures increased antifungal activity. The inhibition of the combination was significantly greater than drug alone ( P P Aspergillus germlings inhibited hyphal growth. The combination of caspofungin at 0.1 μg/ml and 0.05 μg/ml to the macrophage cultures increased antifungal activity. The growth inhibition by the combination was significantly greater than drug alone ( P P A. fumigatus in vitro, and indicates a cooperative activity with human effector cells. This suggests caspofungin in vivo would have increased efficacy as it combines with host defenses against A. fumigatus.
Structure and glycosylation of Tacaribe viral glycoproteins.

Abstract The virion glycoprotein (G) of Tacaribe virus was separated into multiple components by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The most acidic glycoprotein species, which migrated most rapidly toward the anode, were found to differ from less acidic species primarily in their sialic acid content. A previously undetected basic component yielded a peptide map dissimilar to the map of the acidic component; however, after neuraminidase digestion, peptide maps of the basic and acidic component were very similar. We have detected at least two glycopeptide size classes by analysis of Pronase digests of Tacaribe G protein as well as a precursor designated gp70. The larger size class (∼ 3300 daltons) was labeled with glucosamine, galactose, or mannose and appeared to contain neuraminic acid as indicated by sensitivity to neuraminidase. The smaller size class (1600–1900 daltons) contained a high amount of mannose in addition to glucosamine and was sensitive to endo-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase H. The G glycoprotein was composed mainly of large glycopeptides, whereas the gp70 glycoprotein contained mostly the smaller mannose-rich glycopeptides.
The answer is still yes : But what was the question ?

Les AA. s'efforcent de montrer l'importance des recherches empiriques dans le domaine du comportement organisationnel. Ils soulignent que la notion de valeur doit etre prise en consideration dans ce cadre. Ils posent le probleme de l'adequation des differents modeles elabores. Ils estiment que la perspective post-moderne est une impasse en ce qui concerne l'etude des organisations. Ils affirment que la question centrale pour la science des organisations demeure la definition des modalites d'intervention
The Medical Excuse Game Revisited.

Academic policies that require medical excuses are based on mistrust of students and conflict with institutional honor codes. Such policies undermine the philosophical and educational foundations of higher education; namely, to model and nurture honesty, integrity, and citizenship in emerging adults. Instead, they encourage hypocrisy and exaggeration by requiring students to prove they are sick enough to produce temporary disability. More pragmatically, the "game" also consumes valuable clinician time. The authors describe their experiences with medical excuse policies at their respective institutions and offer suggestions for other colleges and universities.
Understanding Local Adoption and Implementation of Climate Change Mitigation Policy

Increasingly, local governments are crafting policy to tackle climate change. This article examines why cities develop and implement climate change programs. The authors consider the impact of interest group pressure, political institutions, and problem severity on a city’s decision to develop and implement climate protection programs. Their results suggest that organized interests influence both adoption and implementation of climate mitigation programs. This effect, however, is contingent on political institutions. In general, organized interests are more effective in mayoral as opposed to city manager forms of governments. Interestingly, while financially strapped cities may adopt climate mitigation programs to advance cobenefits or cost savings, fiscal stress also impedes program implementation.
Toxicity of pure pentachlorophenol and chlorinated phenoxyphenol impurities to fathead minnows

The toxicities of pure (greater than 99%) pentachlorophenol (PCP) and of a mixture of the major impurities in commercial PCP, composed mostly of octa- and nonachlorophenoxyphenols (POPs), were evaluated in 90-d partial life-cycle toxicity tests with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque). The exposure concentrations were 8 to 130 μg/L for the pure PCP and 6 to 93 ng/L for the mixture of POPs. A spontaneous conversion of a 2-hydroxy isomer of nonachlorophenoxyphenol in the POPs mixture to octachlorodibenzodioxin was observed in the stock solution and exposure water during the POPs study. Pure PCP did not affect survival, growth or bone development at any concentration tested. The mixture of POPs did not affect survival but did reduce growth in fish exposed to 93 ng/L for 30 d and stimulated growth in fish exposed to 6 to 47 ng/L for 60 d or to 23 to 47 ng/L for 90 d. Bone development was significantly altered by exposure to POPs concentrations of 12 ng/L or higher; collagen concentration was elevated, and both hydroxyproline concentration (a key cross-linking amino acid in collagen) and bone density were reduced. Degeneration of the fins was noted at 30 d of exposure to 93 ng/L POPs, but fin development appeared nearly normal at 90 d. The sublethal effects of POPs at low concentrations, when compared with those of pure PCP, indicate that POPs may be a major contributor in the toxicity of commercial PCP to fish.
Detection of recombined butter by DSC

DSC can be used to quickly determine if a product labeled as butter is actually a recombined butter made without milk. Recombined butter is manufactured from anhydrous milk fat, skim milk powder, water, salt, and lecithin. Melting profiles of tempered samples of natural butter and recombined butter were alike, but DSC curves from 5 to 25°C of untempered refrigerated samples revealed that the enthalpy of the melting transition around 17–20°C was much higher for natural butter than for recombined butter. The procedure for differentiating the two products can be completed in less than 20 min.
Using an adaptive reduced-order observer for output feedback stabilization of uncertain cascade systems

Under the condition that the bounding system depends linearly on the unmeasurable states but nonlinearly on the systems output, we present a preliminary result on global adaptive stabilization via output feedback for a class of uncertain cascade systems with zero-dynamics, in the presence of parametric uncertainty. The result presented in this short note removes the polynomial growth condition imposed in the previous work.
Generation of neutron transport benchmark problems using BEAPAC-3T

Abstract A method is described how a quantitative measure can be obtained for the accuracy of numerical methods for the solution of neutron transport problems in an arbitrary homogeneous multidimensional medium. An expansion for the combining coefficients of singular eigenfunctions is developed that yields exact elementary plane-wave solutions that can be evaluated very accurately in terms of exponential integral functions. Linear combinations of these solutions are automatically generated which approximate, in the least squares sense, a user specified incident flux distribution on the boundary of a multidimensional benchmark cell domain. The generated solution is exact for a new benchmark problem which has incident flux given precisely by the generated solution. The quantitative error analysis method has been implemented in the code BEAPAC-3T and is illustrated by application to the TWOTRAN-II code for a square domain problem.
Optoelectronic implementation of fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation

The performance of fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator (FJTC) has been widely investigated via analytical modeling and computer simulation. In this paper, we have successfully demonstrated the performance of FJTC for the first time using an optoelectronic experimental setup. The architecture for optoelectronic implementation of the FJTC has been tested for both binary and gray level noise-free and noise corrupted input scenes. The experimental results are in close agreement with the simulation results obtained earlier.
Warburg Effect and Redox Balance

In the 1920s, German biochemist Otto Warburg demonstrated that tumor cells produce copious amounts of lactate despite the presence of ample oxygen—a phenomenon called aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect. Warburg hypothesized that cancer is caused by mitochondrial damage, followed by an increase in glycolysis, which promotes tumorigenesis ( 1 ). However, mitochondrial defects are rare in cancer, and multiple mechanisms promote glycolysis in tumor cells including growth factor signaling ( 2 ). On page 1278 in this issue, Anastasiou et al. ( 3 ) show that the enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), an essential regulator of aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells ( 4 ), has a previously unappreciated role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis.
Divergent phase-breaking rate in aluminum films from magnetoconductance measurements

Sensitive magnetoconductance measurements on thin A1 films reveal an interesting divergent behavior in the electron phase-breaking rate, $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$, as $T$ approaches ${T}_{c}$, the superconducting transition temperature. With the use of a relationship between $\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}}$ and the pair-breaking parameter of the Maki-Thompson theory, the divergence is shown to be consistent with the divergent pair-breaking mechanism suggested by Patton and others. Inserting pair-breaking parameters obtained from magnetoconductance measurements into the Maki-Thompson theory, zero-field fluctuation conductivity curves are predicted which agree very well with experiments.
Program factors influencing client satisfaction in alcohol treatment.

There is little documentation about how the union of self-help and professional treatment services influences client treatment satisfaction. This study examines the relationship of treatment characteristics indicative of program size, staffing patterns, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) influence, and staff recovery status to client satisfaction. Thirty-six public substance abuse treatment programs participated in this study. At outpatient programs, satisfaction was related to program size, and the number of paraprofessional and medical staff; satisfaction was unrelated to AA influence on treatment. For residential clients. AA influence on treatment and AA beliefs held by staff were consistently related to satisfaction; factors related to program size and staffing patterns were independent of satisfaction. The results question the appropriateness of self-help interventions in all settings, and emphasize contextual differences in outpatient and residential programs.
Nonlinear dynamics of the wake of an oscillating cylinder.

The wake of an oscillating cylinder at low Reynolds numbers is a nonlinear system in which a limit cycle due to natural vortex shedding is modulated, generating in phase space a flow on a torus. We experimentally show that the system displays Arnol'd tongues for rational frequency ratios, and approximates the devil's staircase along the critical line. The ``singularity spectrum'' as well as spectral peaks at various Fibonacci sequences accompanying quasiperiodic transition to chaos shows that the system belongs to the same universality class as the sine circle map.