cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous oxidation of elemental mercury vapor over RuO2/rutile TiO2 catalyst for mercury emissions control

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) vapor is an effective way to enhance mercury removal from coal-fired power plants. RuO2 catalyst was found to be an excellent Hg(0) oxidation catalyst. When rutile TiO2 was used as the catalyst support, RuO2 formed well dispersed nano-layers due to the very similar crystal structures of RuO2 and rutile TiO2, giving higher Hg(0) oxidation activity over anatase TiO2 support. The RuO2/rutile TiO2 catalyst can be used at the tail end section of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) unit for Hg(0) oxidation. It showed good Hg(0) oxidation performance under sub-bituminous and lignite coal simulated flue gas conditions with low concentration of HCl or HBr gas. The RuO2/rutile TiO2 catalyst also showed excellent resistance to SO2 under bituminous coal simulated flue gas, maintaining higher than 90% Hg(0) oxidation with up to 2,000 ppmv SO2 present. The oxidized mercury in a form of HgCl2 has a high solubility in water and can be easily captured by other air pollution control systems such as wet scrubbers in coal-fired power plants.
A programmable time alignment scheme for detector signals from the upgraded muon spectrometer at the ATLAS experiment

Abstract We present a programmable time alignment scheme used in an ASIC for the ATLAS forward muon trigger development. The scheme utilizes regenerated clocks with programmable phases to compensate for the timing offsets introduced by different detector trace lengths. Each ASIC used in the design has 104 input channels with delay compensation circuitry providing steps of ∼ 3 ns and a full range of 25 ns for each channel. Detailed implementation of the scheme including majority logic to suppress single-event effects is presented. The scheme is flexible and fully synthesizable. The approach is adaptable to other applications with similar phase shifting requirements. In addition, the design is resource efficient and is suitable for cost-effective digital implementation with a large number of channels.
The Impact of Dow Jones Index Additions and Deletion: The 2004 Case

Beneish and Gardner (1995) examined the impact on stocks that were either added to or removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Averages ((DJIA) based on data from 1929 through 1988. They implied that the price-pressure hypothesis (PPH) can be supported with the deletions, but not the additions. However, examining the impact of the changes to the DJIA that occurred in April 2004, we found no significant evidence for the PPH either with the additions or with the deletions for the -1 to 1 time period. The study is inconclusive as to the impact of the DJIA additions or deletions on trading volume.
Affective feedback in a virtual reality based intelligent supermarket

The probabilistic nature of the inferences in a context-aware intelligent environment (CAIE) renders them vulnerable to erroneous decisions resulting in wrong services. Learning to recognize a user's negative reactions to such wrong services will enable a CAIE to anticipate a service's appropriateness. We propose a framework for continuous measurement of physiology to infer a user's negative-emotions arising from receiving wrong services, thereby implementing an implicit-feedback loop in the CAIE system. To induce such negative-emotions, in this paper, we present a virtual-reality (VR) based experimental platform while collecting real-time physiological data from ambulatory wearable sensors. Results from the electrodermal activity (EDA) data analysis reveal patterns that correlate with known features of negative-emotions, indicating the possibility to infer service appropriateness from user's reactions to a service, thereby closing an implicit-feedback loop for the CAIE.
Parental Perspectives of Barriers to Physical Activity in Urban Schoolchildren With Asthma

Abstract Objective Physical activity (PA) levels are low in today's youth and may even be lower in those with asthma. Barriers to PA have not been well studied in inner-city minority children with asthma. We conducted a qualitative study to characterize parental perceptions of barriers to PA and ways to improve PA levels in children with asthma. Methods We used the socioecologic model to inform development of our interview guide. Questions fell into 2 socioecologic model domains: interpersonal (parent, family) barriers and community (neighborhood, school) barriers. Qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted with 23 parents (21 mothers, 2 fathers) of inner-city children with asthma (aged 8–10 years) from 10 Bronx, New York, elementary schools. Sampling continued until thematic saturation was reached. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and independently coded for common themes. Emerging themes were discussed and agreed on by investigators. Results Three themes surrounding interpersonal barriers to PA emerged: 1) parental fear of exercise-induced asthma due to lack of child symptom awareness, 2) nonadherence and refusal to take medications, and 3) challenges with asthma management. Four themes around community barriers to PA emerged: 1) lack of trust in school management of asthma, 2) lack of school PA facilities, 3) unsafe neighborhoods, and 4) financial burden of PA. Conclusions A complex, multilevel set of barriers to PA exist in children with asthma. Addressing these barriers by involving stakeholders at the family, school, and community levels may improve PA levels in children with asthma.
Engendering cosmopolitanism on the ground through place-based and culturally relevant curriculum: the experiences of four teachers of World Literature in Hawai’i

Despite the historical purposes of World Literature and the inclusion of ‘global citizenship’ in many school mission statements, World Literature, in many high schools, remain reviews of British and American literature. The dominance of English language texts in World Literature reflects and perpetuates British and American political hegemony and may be inadequate in a globalized world defined by increased political, economic and cultural interactions between nations. While teacher preparation and a dearth of works in translations are cited as contributing to this problem, the experiences of teachers remain largely absent from discussion on internationalizing curriculum. This study presents the experiences of four high school teachers of World Literature in Hawai’i. Using cosmopolitanism on the ground, a theory of cosmopolitanism that investigates cosmopolitanism in education, this study draws from individual interviews, syllabi, textbooks and other material. The experiences of the teachers highli...
Principles of Animal Psychophysics

In the most general sense, animal psychophysics can be defined as an area of research in which the primary concern is with the behavioral analysis of sensory function. The basic data are the conditioned responses of the awake, intact organism to sensory stimulation. The properties of a sensory system—that is, its qualifications as a detector of environmental energy—are evaluated by reference to these overt behavioral responses.
An Outline of the Geology of Madagascar

Madagascar is one of the larger islands in the world, and although there has been a geological survey which was active extending back well into French colonial times, in the non-French-speaking world our geological understanding of the island has remained inadequate. This is despite the interest which might have been assumed to have accrued, first as a result of Wegener’s theory and then from its later reactivation as a result of geophysical research. Half a century after Wegener there is still no agreement as to whether in continental reconstructions Madagascar should be placed adjacent to the Tanzanian coast to the north (e.g., McElhinny and Embleton,1976), against the Mozambique-Natal coast (Flores 1970), or basically left where it is (Kent 1974, Nairn 1978). There have been few attempts apart from McKinley’s (1960) comparison of the Karoo succession of southwestern Tanzania with that of Madagascar to follow the famous geological precept of “going to sea.” One critical reason is that although there may be a bibliography of several thousand items dealing with Madagascan geology as Besairie (1971) claims, they are items not generally available. The vital information gained of the geology of the offshore area by post-World War II petroleum exploration has remained largely proprietary. Without such data any account is inevitably incomplete. Indeed, the principal source of information, a source upon which this article draws heavily, is Besairie’s (1971) Geologie de Madagascar, and a later precis (Besairie, 1973).
The Hero as the Spiritual Legacy of His Culture: Wen T’len-Hsiang and His Admirers

The point of departure for the following historical reconsiderations is the central importance of mimesis for the constitution of personal and to avoid repetition, I will attempt to present in capsule form some generic considerations that may be kept in mind for my discussion of three documents of ‘hero-worship’ in medieval China. Interpretive readings of these texts will be sketched in the main part of this study after a brief look at the hero in question and his image in the world of loyalist and official ideology. A minor purpose of these remarks will be to relate the documents chosen for analysis to a group of interpretive concepts recently developed by several authors and thus to indicate a plurality of vantage-points from which our texts may be considered as indicative for the constitution of meaning in history.
Survival analysis for observational and clustered data: an application for assessing individual and environmental risk factors for suicide

Survival analysis concerns the time from a well-defined origin to some event of interest, such as the time from surgery to death of a cancer patient, the time from wedding to divorce, and the time between the first and second suicide attempts. Although originated in research on the active lifetime of light bulbs and other electric devices, modern applications of survival analysis include many non-survival events. Thus, survival analysis may be more appropriately called the time-to-event analysis. Like all other statistical methods, survival analysis deals with random events such as death, divorce and suicide. Thus, the time to the event of interest is a nonnegative random variable, and usually right skewed because most events tend to occur in close proximity to each other after a period of time. In survival analysis we are primarily interested in the distribution of survival time and the influence on such a distribution of some explanatory variables such as age and gender. In some applications, data may also be clustered, or correlated, because of certain common features such as genetic traits or shared environmental factors. Clustered survival time data also arise from analyses involving multiple occurrences of an event from the same individual, such as repeated suicide attempts. Unlike their applications in randomized controlled trials, there are more issues to consider when applying survival analysis to observational data. To illustrate the principles involved, this article uses data from a study of the United States Air Force (USAF) active duty personnel during fiscal years 2004-2009, focusing on suicide in this population and on their utilization of medical services. We discuss how to assess the effect of demographic characteristics (e.g., gender), time-dependent factors (e.g., job characteristics), and changes of mental health conditions (e.g., depression and anxiety) on the risk of suicide. We also discuss how to analyze the impact of shared environmental factors such as organizational culture on the risk of suicide by accounting for data clustering due to nested data structures.
Aircraft skin defect localization using imaging polarimetry

Aircraft coatings are critical for protecting the substrate material from corrosion, and in some cases, serve to reduce the aircraft’s RADAR cross section. A coating system is generally formed from three layers: a topcoat, primer, and substrate. Exposed substrate or primer, from defects in the topcoat, poses an operational hazard to the aircraft and can shorten a component’s lifetime. Conventional computer vision techniques require intensive image processing algorithms to detect such defects across a wide range of observation angles, variations in incident illumination, and nondefect markings. We introduce a polarimetric imaging technique that can classify topcoat defects that penetrate to the primer or substrate versus superficial surface markings. Results demonstrate that circular and linear polarization can discriminate metallic and carbon fiber substrates from the dielectric paint and low observable topcoats. To this end, we demonstrate that the technique of using polarimetric imaging may be viable for in-situ robotic inspection of aircraft topcoats. This is followed by our experimental results, which demonstrate material identification on the single-pixel level.
Infanticide and/as unspeakability in Évelyne Trouillot’s Rosalie l’ infâme

Fictionalizing the history of infanticide in mid-eighteenth-century Haiti, Evelyn Trouillot’s Rosalie l’ infâme (2003) [The Infamous Rosalie (2013)] centres on Lisette, a pregnant Creole slave, and...
Recognizing unsteadiness in the transport systems of dilute pyroclastic density currents

Laboratory density currents generated with unsteady source conditions provide insight into the distances and timescales over which unsteadiness at the vent should persist in natural dilute pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The laboratory experiments comprise heated 20-μm talc particles turbulently suspended in air and introduced as density currents into an 8.5 × 6 × 2.6 m air-filled chamber. The densimetric and thermal Richardson, Froude, Stokes, and settling numbers are all similar to those of natural dilute PDCs. Although the experiments’ Reynolds numbers are several orders of magnitude less than natural PDCs, the experiments are fully turbulent and are thus dynamically similar to some dilute natural PDCs. “Unsteadiness” in the experiments is generated by adding two pauses of duration t to the eruption (e.g., a 100 s experiment comprising three ~ 33 s pulses separated by two pauses of t = 10 s). Propagation distance of the leading head is proportional to the square root of time; positions of the trailing pulses have similar time dependence, but they generally travel slightly faster than, and thus catch and merge with the leading current. Trailing pulses are more easily distinguished from the body of the preceding current when t is large. Analysis of turbulent structures through space and time shows that unsteadiness at the eruption source can be distinguished from turbulent fluctuations in the currents when t is greater than the integral turbulent timescale of the current body τbody, a statistical measure of the characteristic timescale of unsteadiness within a turbulent flow. The distances over which unsteadiness in the transport system persist scale with t/τbody and the ratio of the thermal Richardson numbers of the trailing and leading pulses. As t/τbody increases from ~ 2 to ~ 4, trailing pulses remain distinct over an increasing fraction of the lead runout distance. When subsequent pulses have higher RiT than the leading current, they coalesce with the leading pulse at more proximal distances, but when RiT is much lower, they remain distinct over distances similar to that of the leading head even when t is similar to τbody. For currents that have depositional timescales comparable to or shorter than τbody, deposits should be expected to preserve a record of unsteadiness over the distances that unsteady pulses persist.
Abstract LB-141: The Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib (APC) trial: Five-year efficacy and safety results

The APC Trial was a placebo-controlled randomized study of celecoxib for prevention of sporadic adenomas in high risk patients. This study showed that, after 3 years of treatment, patients taking 200 mg of celecoxib bid had 33% fewer adenomas and 57% fewer advanced lesions, and patients taking 400 mg of celecoxib bid had 45% fewer adenomas and 66% fewer advanced lesions. This study also found that celecoxib use was associated with a small but significant increase in cardiovascular risk. After completing the 3 year treatment study, APC trial enrollees were offered participation in a 2 year off treatment observational study during which additional safety and efficacy data were collected. Colonoscopies at 5 years after initiating study treatment were performed on 639 patients, and showed a cumulative advanced adenoma incidence of 0.125 in patients taking 200 mg bid celecoxib, and 0.158 in patients taking 400 mg celecoxib bid, compared to 0.212 for patients on placebo (41% and 25% reductions, respectively, P
Triaxiality in selenium-76

Background: Selenium and germanium nuclei are associated with both triaxiality and shape coexistence. The relative influence of these deformation effects on the low-lying nuclear structure remains the subject of much discussion with additional attention drawn to $^{76}\mathrm{Se}$ and $^{76}\mathrm{Ge}$ due to the potential for the observation of neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay.Purpose: Experimental observables related to the deformation of $^{76}\mathrm{Se}$ are lacking in precision. The purpose of the present paper is to provide electric quadrupole matrix elements with improved precision in order to determine the deformation of low-lying states in a model-independent manner.Methods: Sub-barrier Coulomb excitation was employed at the reaccelerated beam facility of the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory using the JANUS setup. Using this method nineteen $E2$ matrix elements were extracted.Results: Extracted matrix elements agree within uncertainties with those in the literature but with improved precision. Through both a comparison with geometric models and a model-independent evaluation of $E2$ matrix elements using rotational invariants, the ground state of $^{76}\mathrm{Se}$ is best described as having a significant triaxial component, but is not maximally triaxially deformed.Conclusions: Selenium-76 exhibits a significant degree of triaxiality in its ground state. A detailed comparison with configuration-interaction calculations indicates that this can be well reproduced theoretically.
Mobile Sensing of Alertness, Sleep and Circadian Rhythm: Hardware & Software Platforms

Human biology is deeply rooted in the daily 24-hour temporal period. Our biochemistry varies significantly and idiosyncratically over the course of a day. Staying out of sync with one's circadian rhythm can lead to many complications over time, including a higher likelihood for cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, and mental health problems [1]. Constant changes in daily rhythm due to shift work has been shown to increase risk factors for cancer, obesity, and Type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the advent of technology and the resultant always-on ethos can cause rhythm disruption on personal and societal levels for about 70% of the population [2]. Circadian disruption can also cause a serious deficit in cognitive performance. In particular, alertness - a key biological process underlying our cognitive performance - reflects circadian rhythms [3]. Sleep deprivation and circadian disruption can result in poor alertness and reaction time [3]. The decline in cognitive performance after 20 to 25 hours of wakefulness is equivalent to a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) of 0.10% [4]. To compare, in New York State, a BAC of more than 0.05% is considered "impaired" and 0.08% is considered "intoxicated" [5]. In other words, the effects of sustained sleep deprivation and circadian disruption on cognitive performance is similar (or worse) to being intoxicated.
Efficacy of Gabapentin for the Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder in Patients With Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Although an estimated 30 million people meet criteria for alcohol use disorder (AUD), few receive appropriate pharmacotherapy. A more personalized, symptom-specific, approach might improve efficacy and acceptance. Objective To examine whether gabapentin would be useful in the treatment of AUD, especially in those with the most alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants This double-blind randomized clinical trial conducted between November 2014 and June 2018 evaluated gabapentin vs placebo in community-recruited participants screened and treated in an academic outpatient setting over a 16-week treatment period. A total of 145 treatment-seeking individuals who metDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fifth Edition) criteria for AUD and were not receiving other AUD intervention were screened, and 96 who also met recent alcohol withdrawal criteria were randomized to treatment after 3 abstinent days. Daily drinking was recorded, and percentage of disialo carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in the blood, a heavy drinking marker, was collected at baseline and monthly during treatment. Interventions Gabapentin up to 1200 mg/d, orally, vs placebo along with 9 medical management visits (20 minutes each). Main Outcomes and Measures The percentage of individuals with no heavy drinking days and those with total abstinence were compared between treatment groups and further evaluated based on prestudy alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Results Of 96 randomized individuals, 90 were evaluable (44 in the gabapentin arm and 46 in the placebo arm), with a mean (SD) age of 49.6 (10.1) years; 69 were men (77%) and 85 were white (94%). The evaluable participants had 83% baseline heavy drinking days (4 or more drinks/day for women, 5 or more for men) and met 4.5 alcohol withdrawal criteria from theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(Fifth Edition). More gabapentin-treated individuals had no heavy drinking days (12 of 44 participants [27%]) compared with placebo (4 of 46 participants [9%]), a difference of 18.6% (95% CI, 3.1-34.1;P = .02; number needed to treat [NNT], 5.4), and more total abstinence (8 of 44 [18%]) compared with placebo (2 of 46 [4%]), a difference of 13.8% (95% CI, 1.0-26.7;P = .04; NNT, 6.2). The prestudy high–alcohol withdrawal group had positive gabapentin effects on no heavy drinking days (P Conclusions and Relevance These data, combined with others, suggest gabapentin might be most efficacious in people with AUD and a history of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Future studies should evaluate sleep changes and mood during early recovery as mediators of gabapentin efficacy. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02349477
The Long Haul: What Happens to Children with Allergies?

Thirty years ago, if a child had an allergy, he or she was pretty much stuck with it. Hay fever sufferers could sometimes be desensitized by going through a course of shots of dubious efficacy; persons having severe breathing problems brought on by an acute asthma attack could be helped temporarily by being injected with epinephrine. Then, in all likelihood, they would be referred to a psychiatrist. Effective medications to prevent or control the outbreak of allergic symptoms were all but unknown.
Obstructive sleep apnea risk in patients with focal versus generalized epilepsy.

Abstract Objective Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in patients with epilepsy (PWE), and treatment may improve seizure control. However, OSA is often undiagnosed in PWE, and understanding of the risk profile for OSA is important. In this study, we sought to determine if OSA risk is similar in patients with generalized versus focal epilepsy. Methods We recruited 115 patients presenting to the Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Epilepsy Clinic with focal or generalized epilepsy. Obstructive sleep apnea risk was assessed using the Sleep Apnea Scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (SA-SDQ). Sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Demographic and clinical information was gathered from the electronic medical record. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were carried out to assess differences in the SA-SDQ between patients with generalized versus focal epilepsy. Further analyses were done to assess the relationship between seizure frequency, epilepsy type, and the SA-SDQ. Results Unadjusted mean SA-SDQ scores, as well as scores high enough to represent likely OSA, were similar in patients with generalized versus focal epilepsy. However, in adjusted analyses, patients with generalized epilepsy had a significantly higher mean SA-SDQ score. Older age, higher body mass index (BMI), and a history of hypertension (HTN) were also associated with higher SA-SDQ scores. Sleep Apnea Scale of the Sleep Disorders Questionnaire scores were not significantly affected by the presence of a seizure within the prior one month or six months. Average ESS scores and the percentage of scores consistent with an abnormal degree of sleepiness were statistically similar in patients with generalized versus focal epilepsy. Significance Our study suggests that patients with generalized epilepsy have a higher risk of OSA. Further studies measuring OSA directly as well as assessing potential benefits of treatment are needed.
Abstract IA29: Genome-estimated African ancestry is associated with distinct tumor mutations and poorer survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Significant differences have been observed in the incidence, age of onset, and clinical outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by race in the United States. However, it remains unclear what factors underlie these differences and whether genomic differences contribute to these disparities. In this talk Dr. Flowers will address the identified differences in baseline clinical characteristics for black and white patients with DLBCL and the relationships between race, sociodemographic factors, and outcomes. To understand the influences of genetic ancestry on tumor genomic alterations, in a recent paper (Lee et al., Cancer 2020), we estimated the genetic ancestry of 1,001 previously described patients with DLBCL (Reddy et al., Cell 2017) using unsupervised model-based Admixture global ancestry analysis applied to exome sequencing data and examined the mutational profile of 150 DLBCL driver genes in tumors obtained from this cohort. Global ancestry prediction identified 619 patients with >90% European ancestry, 81 patients with >90% African ancestry, and 50 patients with >90% Asian ancestry. Compared with patients with DLBCL with European ancestry, patients with African ancestry were aged >10 years younger at the time of diagnosis and were more likely to present with B symptoms, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase, extranodal disease, and advanced stage disease. Patients with African ancestry demonstrated worse overall survival compared with patients with European ancestry (median, 4.9 years vs. 8.8 years; P = .04). Recurrent mutations of MLL2 (KMT2D), HIST1H1E, MYD88, BCL2, and PIM1 were found across all ancestry groups, suggesting shared mechanisms underlying tumor biology. The authors also identified 6 DLBCL driver genes that were more commonly mutated in patients with African ancestry compared with patients with European ancestry: ATM (21.0% vs. 7.75%; P Citation Format: Christopher R. Flowers. Genome-estimated African ancestry is associated with distinct tumor mutations and poorer survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: Advances in Malignant Lymphoma; 2020 Aug 17-19. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2020;1(3_Suppl):Abstract nr IA29.
Scoping new policy frameworks for local and community broadband networks

Abstract Over several years, locally-initiated and operated Internet infrastructure projects have attempted to provide online connectivity and simultaneously achieve various social goals. Many generations of do-it-yourself network efforts that are either wireless, such as community mesh networks, or wired, such as fiber cooperatives, exist, but in the United States scaled developments have been stalled for a variety of reasons. This research examines the history of local connectivity efforts as well as technologies designed to cultivate sharing or commons organizational approaches. By exploring instances of community-based or -oriented networking efforts, we identify some of the noneconomic benefits that might be realized with certain technologies and organizational and governance structures. Technological, social, regulatory and economic logics that have shaped historical opportunities for local responses to connectivity needs in the U.S. are not necessarily inevitable; alternative approaches do exist. Improved social and technical outcomes for connectivity may be possible, especially when catalyzed by supportive policies.
Machine-learning of long-range sound propagation through simulated atmospheric turbulence.

Conventional numerical methods can capture the inherent variability of long-range outdoor sound propagation. However, computational memory and time requirements are high. In contrast, machine-learning models provide very fast predictions. This comes by learning from experimental observations or surrogate data. Yet, it is unknown what type of surrogate data is most suitable for machine-learning. This study used a Crank-Nicholson parabolic equation (CNPE) for generating the surrogate data. The CNPE input data were sampled by the Latin hypercube technique. Two separate datasets comprised 5000 samples of model input. The first dataset consisted of transmission loss (TL) fields for single realizations of turbulence. The second dataset consisted of average TL fields for 64 realizations of turbulence. Three machine-learning algorithms were applied to each dataset, namely, ensemble decision trees, neural networks, and cluster-weighted models. Observational data come from a long-range (out to 8 km) sound propagation experiment. In comparison to the experimental observations, regression predictions have 5–7 dB in median absolute error. Surrogate data quality depends on an accurate characterization of refractive and scattering conditions. Predictions obtained through a single realization of turbulence agree better with the experimental observations.
Virtual Recruitment Is Here to Stay: A Survey of ID Fellowship Program Directors and Matched Applicants Regarding Their 2020 Virtual Recruitment Experiences.

Background Graduate Medical Education training programs transitioned to all-virtual recruitment in 2020. Limited data have been published regarding the consequences of this transition. We aimed to understand (1) infectious diseases (ID) fellowship programs' recruitment efforts and the effect of virtual recruitment on application and interview numbers and (2) the number of programs to which matched applicants applied and interviewed and applicants' perspectives on virtual recruitment. Methods In 2020-2021, we surveyed all US ID fellowship program directors (PDs) and matched applicants. Descriptive data analysis was performed on quantitative survey items. Free-text responses were analyzed through a quantitative content analysis approach. Results The PD response rate was 68/158 (43%); the applicant response rate was at least 23% (85/365). PDs reported a 27% increase in mean number of applications received and a 45% increase in mean number of applicants interviewed compared with the previous year. Applicants especially valued the online program structure information, PD program overview videos, didactic and curriculum content, and fellow testimonials and profiles. Most applicants preferred interviews lasting no more than 40 minutes and interview days lasting no more than 5 hours. Nearly all (60/64, 94%) PDs adequately learned about candidates; most (48/64, 75%) felt unable to showcase their program as well as when in-person. Most PDs (54/64, 84%) and applicants (56/73, 77%) want an option for virtual recruitment. Conclusions Virtual recruitment enabled programs to accommodate more applicants and highlighted applicants' preferences for programs' augmented online presences and time-limited interview days. Most programs and applicants want an option for virtual interviews.
Prehospital Stroke Triage.

Purpose of the Review This article reviews prehospital organization in the treatment of acute stroke. Rapid access to an endovascular therapy (EVT) capable center and prehospital assessment of large vessel occlusion (LVO) are 2 important challenges in acute stroke therapy. This article emphasizes the use of transfer protocols to assure the prompt access of patients with an LVO to a comprehensive stroke center where EVT can be offered. Available prehospital clinical tools and novel technologies to identify LVO are also discussed. Moreover, different routing paradigms like first attention at a local stroke center (“drip and ship”), direct transfer of the patient to an endovascular center (“mothership”), transfer of the neurointerventional team to a local primary center (“drip and drive”), mobile stroke units, and prehospital management communication tools all aimed to improve connection and coordination between care levels are reviewed. Recent Findings Local observational data and mathematical models suggest that implementing triage tools and bypass protocols may be an efficient solution. Ongoing randomized clinical trials comparing drip and ship vs mothership will elucidate which is the more effective routing protocol. Summary Prehospital organization is critical in realizing maximum benefit from available therapies in acute stroke. The optimal transfer protocols directed to accelerate EVT are under study, and more accurate prehospital triage tools are needed. To improve care in the prehospital setting, efficient tools based on patient factors, local geography, and hospital capability are needed. These tools would optimally lead to individualized real-time decision-making.
Targeting Cu–Au and Mo resources using multi-media exploration geochemistry: An example from Tyonek Quadrangle, Alaska Range, Alaska

Abstract Regional stream and pond sediment, panned concentrate, and water sampling at and around known mineral occurrences in the Tyonek quadrangle, Alaska Range, Alaska were undertaken to determine geochemical signatures in the different media. For sediment samples, two different size fractions (− 80 mesh and − 230 mesh) were analyzed. Elevated concentrations (mostly ~ 2 × median) of elements such as As, Au, Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, and/or Zn were measured in both size fractions in streams draining known occurrences as well as from several other locations. Gold, molybdenite, arsenopyrite, and/or Cu minerals identified in panned concentrates explain some of these elevated values. Water samples from most stream, pond and seep sediment sample sites were analyzed by high-resolution ICP-MS methodology. Relative high concentrations of constituents (including Mo, Re, As, Tl, and/or Cu and/or SO4) were commonly measured in waters where high metal concentrations were also measured in corresponding sediments and/or heavy mineral concentrates. However, water chemistry yielded higher contrast of upper quartile and anomalous groups relative to median values than observed in sediments. Elevated As, Mo and/or Re probably relate both to deposit mineralogy and the higher solubility of these metals (compared to that of Cu, Pb, Zn) under the predominantly oxidized and near-neutral pH conditions. Our pilot study indicates that, despite large input of snowmelt and very low absolute concentrations (μg/L), water chemistry can be useful for delineating sulfide-bearing mineral occurrences in this region.
Ready, aim, fire…repeat?: Self-regulation strategies to improve adaptive motivation

This chapter explores the cyclical and recursive nature of preparing, implementing, and reflecting on a variety of self-control and regulatory strategies designed to convert motivational intent into action. Individuals are perpetually bombarded with impediments to desired goals; some obstacles lead to task abandonment, while other goals are aggressively pursued to completion. This chapter explores the development, applicability, and refinement of the domain-general strategies individuals use to sustain motivation needed to meet learning and performance goals. Key aspects of the regulatory process are discussed, including how self-schemas, inhibitory actions, monitoring, and metamotivation contribute to performance success. This chapter concludes with a discussion of why some individuals fail at self-regulation, despite the recognized need and the availability of requisite strategy knowledge.
Noncrystallographic symmetry averaging of electron density for molecular‐replacement phase refinement and extension

Noncrystallographic symmetry (NCS) occurs when symmetry operations are true only within a confined envelope, as opposed to being valid throughout the essentially infinite crystal lattice. Computationally, it is useful to define the molecular symmetry with reference to an arbitrary cell (the ‘h-cell’) with the relationship Xn = [Rn]X1 (n = 1, N). Then the assembly of N NCS equivalent objects can be moved into the actual crystal (the ‘p-cell’) using the relationship Y = [E]X. Hence each of the N units can be referred to the reference unit by Yn = [E][Rn]X1. In turn, the N units in the p-cell asymmetric unit can be multiplied by the crystal symmetry to produce the whole unit cell from the reference subunit in the h-cell. Procedures of averaging electron density will require a definition of the envelope either for the reference subunit or the whole of the molecular assembly if the NCS represents a closed point group (‘proper’ NCS). Averaging beyond the range of the NCS operators means that averaging is between non-equivalent densities. This causes the mean height of the average density to diminish and thus accurately indicates the limits of the NCS envelope. Various symmetry situations are examined, such as averaging subunits within the same crystal lattice (maybe proper symmetry) or between different crystal forms (necessarily improper symmetry). Phase extension is shown to be possible only by small defined increments of resolution after each cycle of averaging and solvent flattening. Keywords: ab initio phasing; computer programs; electron-density averaging; h-cell; molecular envelopes; molecular replacement; multidomain averaging; multiple-crystal-form averaging; noncrystallographic symmetry; p-cell; phase extension; phase refinement; phasing
Deamidation and Isoaspartate Formation during in Vitro Aging of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator

When incubated at pH 7.3, 37 degrees C, human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator accumulated 0.77 mol of isoaspartate per mol of plasminogen activator over a 14-day period. Isoaspartate was detected by enzymatic transfer of 3H-labeled methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine in a reaction catalyzed by protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase. Analysis of tryptic peptides derived from aged plasminogen activator revealed that the two major sites of isoaspartate accumulation resulted from deamidation of Asn58 in the sequence -FNGG- and Asn177 in the sequence -GNSD-. Significant levels of isoaspartate also accumulated via deamidation of Asn37 in the sequence -CNSG-. All three sites occur in sequences predicted from studies with synthetic peptide to be unstable. All three sites appear to be on the surface of the protein, and all three occur in regions of the protein predicted to have higher than average chain mobility. These findings add support to the idea that sequence and flexibility play major roles in determining susceptibility to deamidation and peptide bond isomerization at Asn and Asp sites under mild conditions. These studies also illustrate the utility of enzymatic methylation for characterizing sites of deamidation in a large protein that contains numerous disulfide bonds and several sites of glycosylation.
Re-Reading Weber in Law and Development: A Critical Intellectual History of "Good Governance" Reform

The "Weberianism" of the modern age derives from the influence of three theoretical concepts in Weber's work. First, Weber described the development of "logically formal rationality" in governance as central to the rise of Western capitalist democracy. Second, Weber posited that Protestant religious ethics had helped to promote certain economic behaviors associated with contemporary capitalism. Third, Weber identified the rise of bureaucratic governance, as the primary means of realizing logically formal rationality, as distinctly modern. This essay examines the influence of these basic insights on discourse on legal reform in developing countries. The prioritization of legal and institutional reforms to achieve "good governance" seems to be part of a larger intellectual shift to the problems and challenges of "governance" in a globalizing world. Transmitters of Weberian analysis in this milieu, however, have at times elided important nuances in Weber's own thought -- nuances that, if incorporated, might have significant implications within development discourse. The paper's objectives are: first, to conduct an intellectual history that shows how one of the greatest sociologists influenced an increasingly important area of law reform in the age of globalization; second, to surface critiques arising within that field of law reform; and third, to suggest that there may be some connection between the two. In that sense, the paper seeks to make a contribution to two discourses: to enrich the study of the history of legal thought the reception of an important thinker has shaped contemporary law and policy in a relatively understudied field in the academy; and at the same time to underscore and contextualize policy critiques that have arisen in an increasingly important field of practice.
Evolving concepts of partial agonism

The exact mechanism of receptor activation at the molecular level are still not known, nor do we completely understand the precise factors that distinguish agonist- and partial agonist-induced activation. Nevertheless, recent years have brought forth an explosion of new information regarding beta-adrenergic receptor structure and ligand-induced activation. Partial agonists are likely intermediate in their ability to interact with crucial serine residues (Ser204 and Ser207) on the beta-adrenergic receptor; these interactions allow either incomplete stimulation of the entire receptor population, or full stimulation of only a portion of the entire receptor population. From the work presented by Tota and Schimerlik for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor (another G-protein coupled receptor), it is likely that partial agonists induce or stabilize receptor conformations that have a lower affinity for their G protein compared to receptors stimulated by a full agonist. Molecular cloning of beta-adrenergic receptors and analyses of mutated and chimeric receptors expressed in transfected systems have indicated that domains of the receptor that bind agonists may be different from those with which antagonists interact. Thus, the ability of a partial agonist to interact with these two different domains may be a determinant of efficacy. Agonists alter the sulfhydryl redox status of the beta-adrenergic receptors in the presence of Gs. Disulfide rearrangement has been postulated to provide a structural constraint which biases G-protein-linked receptors in the "ground state" and may be important for stabilizing the active state of the receptor and holding the agonist/receptor/Gs ternary complex in the high-affinity state. Partial agonists induce this state less efficaciously or are less capable of holding the receptor in the active conformation to allow disulfide exchange to take place. The extent of receptor stimulation may dictate which G proteins are activated by a particular receptor, and thus which cellular effectors are stimulated. Alternatively, the level of activation of a receptor may translate into varying states of activation of a particular G protein (stabilized in part by disulfide bonds). Techniques such as fluorescence energy transfer in reconstitution systems or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy should prove useful in distinguishing among these possible mechanisms. Ultimately, as a long-term goal, X-ray crystallography of unoccupied receptors and receptors liganded by partial or full agonists may provide definitive insights. Although definitive answers are not yet possible, the rapid progress in understanding aspects of receptor structure allows a reformulation of ideas regarding the molecular basis of efficacy and partial agonism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
γ * γ * cross section at NLO and properties of the BFKL evolution at higher orders

We obtain a simple analytic expression for the high energy γ * γ * scattering cross section at the next-to-leading order in the logarithms-of-energy power counting. To this end we employ the eigenfunctions of the NLO BFKL equation constructed in our previous paper. We also construct the eigenfunctions of the NNLO BFKL kernel and obtain a general form of the solution for the NNLO BFKL equation, which confirms the ansatz proposed in our previous paper.
On time-out driven power management policies in wireless networks

Switching the devices to low-power states in prolonged periods of inactivity is a widely used technique to conserve energy for battery-powered wireless devices. In this paper, we present a mathematical abstraction of time-out driven power management policies together with different wakeup mechanisms in wireless networks to characterize the energy-performance trade-offs. The time-out driven power management is modeled as a M/G/1/K queue with multiple vacations and an attention span. We then derive the steady state behaviors of such systems, and present a closed-form solution for systems with large buffers. The analysis reveals that the "best" power management policy to minimize the energy-delay product exhibits a threshold structure, i.e., when the traffic load is below a certain threshold, a node should switch to the low-power state whenever possible and always remain active otherwise, and suggests a threshold-based power management protocol.
The demand for energy: Cross-country evidence using the Florida model

Abstract Income and own-price elasticities of demand for energy for 51 countries in 1980 are presented based on pooled estimates from an 11-good demand system estimated with the Florida model. Results indicate income elasticities of demand for energy are significantly larger than unitary for all countries and own-price elasticities of demand for energy range between −0.8 and −1.0.
TIPsy tour guides: how microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) facilitate axon guidance.

The growth cone is a dynamic cytoskeletal vehicle, which drives the end of a developing axon. It serves to interpret and navigate through the complex landscape and guidance cues of the early nervous system. The growth cone’s distinctive cytoskeletal organization offers a fascinating platform to study how extracellular cues can be translated into mechanical outgrowth and turning behaviors. While many studies of cell motility highlight the importance of actin networks in signaling, adhesion, and propulsion, both seminal and emerging works in the field have highlighted a unique and necessary role for microtubules in growth cone navigation. Here, we focus on the role of singular pioneer microtubules, which extend into the growth cone periphery and are regulated by a diverse family of microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs). These +TIPs accumulate at the dynamic ends of microtubules, where they are well-positioned to encounter and respond to key signaling events downstream of guidance receptors, catalyzing immediate changes in microtubule stability and actin cross-talk, that facilitate both axonal outgrowth and turning events.