cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lesions of the globus pallidus and striatum attenuate ketocyclazocine-induced feeding.

Abstract A large body of evidence suggests that endogenous opioids are involved in the regulation of feeding. As the striatum and globus pallidus have relatively high concentrations of opioid receptors, these areas are possible sites of action for the stimulatory effects of opiates on feeding. To test these possibilities, male rats were lesioned bilaterally in the globus pallidus or striatum. Nocturnal food intake was then measured after the subcutaneous administration of the opiate antagonist, naloxone (0–10 mg/kg). Spontaneous daytime intake was measured after the subcutaneous administration of the kappa opiate agonist ketocyclazocine (0–10 mg/kg). Neither pallidal nor striatal lesions affected the sensitivity of naloxone in reducing food intake. On the other hand, both lesioned groups were 10–100 times less sensitive to the stimulatory effects of ketocyclazocine. These results suggest that the globus pallidus and striatum may be target areas for the stimulatory effects of exogenous opiates on food intake. Additionally, the relationship of these areas to the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract suggests that feeding regulation may involve an interaction between dopaminergic and opioid systems.
Multichip interconnect technique for optoelectronic components

Consideration is given to a multichip interconnect approach representing a new packaging technique that eliminates drawbacks of a conventional hybrid circuit and avoids difficult technologies required for a fully monolithic circuit. The process is considered to be simple, and mass production is considered to be feasible with some automation. Since no constraints are imposed on the chips used, any commercially available device or circuits can be packaged using this technique.
Cell division in baeocyte producing cyanobacteria

An ultrastructural examination of cell division in two baeocyte producing cyanobacteria,Pleurocapsa minor andDermocarpa violaceae, reveals two distinct patterns of binary (transverse) fission. Septate binary fission, inPleurocapsa minor, involves centripetal synthesis and deposition of the mucopolymer cell wall layer (L 2). The ingrowth of the cytoplasmic membrane and L 1 cell wall layer, along with the synthesis of the L 2 cell wall layer, results in the formation of a prominent septum. Partitioning of the cell occurs by the constriction of the outer cell wall layers (L 3 and L 4) through the septum. InDermocarpa violaceae, constrictive binary fission occurs by the simultaneous ingrowth or constriction of the cytoplasmic membrane and all cell wall layers (L1, L2, L3, L4). Septate and constrictive binary fission may proceed symmetrically (medially) or asymmetrically (nonmedially). Multiple fission occurs regularly inDermocarpa violaceae and provides for a rapid means of reproduction when compared to binary fission. Successive radial and tangential divisions of the protoplast result in formation of many small daughter cells (baeocytes). The process of multiple fission is similar to septate binary fission with reduced septa being formed. However, constriction of the outer cell wall layers, through the septa, proceeds concurrently with septum formation.
Photophysical properties of indolizine and some azaindolizines

Abstract It was found that, as a class of materials, the indolizines are characterized by high fluorescence quantum yields, moderately long fluorescence lifetimes and little phosphorescence.
Kinetics of microbial inactivation by chlorine—I Review of results in demand-free systems

Comparaison de modeles cinetiques. Resumes statistiques des resultats pour du chlore libre ou combine. Parametres chick-Watson pour l'inactivation microbienne par le chlore libre ou combine
Heuristically aided set-covering algorithms

It has been observed that mathematical programming algorithms will often require considerably less time for solution when started at a near-optimal solution vector. This paper investigates the improvements in computational efficiency when two set-covering algorithms are initialized via solutions provided by a simple heuristic program. It is observed that reduced computational time (where this computation time includes that used in obtaining the initial heuristic solution) and computation time variance and increased problem size capability are to be expected for the combination of set-covering algorithms and heuristic program investigated.
Characterization of a dose—response curve for nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion in rats: Relationship to elevation of plasma β-endorphin concentration

In the first experiment a conditioned taste aversion paradigm was used to characterize a dose—response curve for the aversive properties of nicotine in male Sprague—Dawley rats. Doses of nicotine ranging from 0.01 to 0.46 mg/kg, 2.0 ml of 0.47 M lithium chloride, or saline were injected, ip, 10 min after exposure to a novel saccharin solution. Amount of saccharin consumed in a two-bottle test was assessed 72 h later. Nicotine doses of 0.046 mg/kg and above produced a significant degree of conditioned taste aversion. In a second experiment, four groups of 10 rats each were injected with saline, 0.022 mg/kg nicotine, 0.46 mg/kg nicotine, or 2.0 ml 0.47 of M LiCl. Doses of 0.46 mg/kg nicotine and 0.47 M LiCl elevated plasma β-endorphin concentrations significantly above saline control values. The 0.022 mg/kg dose, the highest dose that did not produce conditioned taste aversion in Experiment 1, did not significantly increase plasma β-endorphin concentrations. This finding suggests that doses of nicotine that produce conditioned taste aversion also promote the release of pituitary stress hormones. Taken together these data suggest that some of the pharmacological and behavioral effects attributed to nicotine, including the release of endogenous neuromodulators, may be dose-dependent concomitants of the aversive effects of nicotine in nicotine-naive animals.
Application of an automated parcellation method to the analysis of pediatric brain volumes

New techniques in quantitative imaging are needed to accelerate understanding of brain development and function in children. In this study we evaluate the reliability and validity of an automated parcellation method for the measurement of large and small brain regions in normal and developmentally disabled children. We utilized an adaptation of the Talairach atlas to semi-automatically quantify brain volumes from 10 children with fragile X syndrome, 10 age- and gender-matched controls and 10 adult controls comparing them to 'gold standard' manually delineated regions. Excellent sensitivity, specificity, intra-class correlation and positive predictive value were achieved for large structures although results were less satisfactory for smaller structures, illustrating the limits of resolution of the method. Statistically significant differences in regional brain volumes were shown between males and females, children and adults, and individuals with fragile X and matched controls. This study demonstrates an automated method which rapidly and accurately quantifies large neuroanatomical structures, but not smaller structures. This method is sufficiently accurate to demonstrate some known anatomical differences in individuals with fragile X; the results suggest that this method could be applied to the assessment of brain volume in other neurodevelopmental disabilities.
Adaptive control of deep brain stimulator for Essential Tremor: Entropy-based tremor prediction using surface-EMG

Entropy, as a measure of randomness in time-varying signals, is widely used in areas such as thermodynamics, statistical mechanics and information theory. This paper investigates the use of two commonly employed entropy measures, namely Wavelet Entropy and Approximate Entropy, as a predictor of tremor reappearance in Essential Tremor patients; the predictor input is a raw surface-electromyographic (sEMG) signal measured from tremor affected muscles of patients implanted with a Deep Brain Stimulator (DBS). A combination of both types of entropy measure is shown to successfully predict the occurrence of tremor few seconds before its visual manifestation. This result can potentially lead to a novel sEMG-based adaptive on-off DBS controller that can be added on to existing open-loop DBS systems with minimal changes; an adaptive DBS system provides stimulation only when needed thereby reducing the risk of brain over stimulation, delaying DBS intolerance and prolonging DBS battery life.
Interdivisional migration differentials by education for groups of selected SMSA's, United States, 1960.

An attempt is made to investigate the educational differentials between various types of interdivisional migrants and nonmigrants in selected Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA’s) of the United States. The analysis is carried out for four color-sex groups standardized for age. We have been able to identify three distinct patterns of migration differentials by education, that is, the J-shaped, the U-shaped, and the reverse J -shaped distributions. The tendency for migrants to be better educated than nonmigrants, by and large, has received support from the data we have analyzed. Wherever this tendency has not been confirmed, the main factors which, we believe, have influenced the differentials are the proportion of foreign-born whites, the geographic location of the places of origin and destination, and the differences in levels of educational attainment.
Pitfalls in Sonographic Imaging of the Incompetent Uterine Cervix

Artifacts interfering with sonographic imaging of the uterine cervix in pregnancy are described. Increasing the amount of fluid in the urinary bladder closes the cervix and alters the configuration of the lower uterine segment, while increased intra-uterine pressure results in reciprocal changes. Angulation of the transducer and manual pressure thereon distort sonographic findings. It is concluded that, contrary to recent reports in the literature, sonography cannot reliably demonstrate changes in cervical compliance during pregnancy. Vaginal examination remains the ultimate diagnostic modality for the diagnosis of the imcompetent cervix, while sonography may be used as an adjunct only.
Why Muons and Protons are Deep Donors in Si and Ge

The deep impurity character of interstitial positive muons or protons in Si and Ge is shown to result from the valley-orbit interaction of the six conduction-band minima along $\ensuremath{\Delta}$. This interaction, much stronger for interstitial than for substitutional point charges, leads to a breakdown of the effective-mass approximation and to the formation of a deep state. This is particularly striking in Ge, where the $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ minima are not the absolute ones.
The aerodynamic characteristics of vortex ingestion for the F/A-18 inlet duct

A Reduced Navier-Stokes (RNS) solution technique was successfully combined with the concept of partitioned geometry and mesh generation to form a very efficient 3D RNS code aimed at the analysis-design engineering environment. Partitioned geometry and mesh generation is a pre-processor to augment existing geometry and grid generation programs which allows the solver to (1) recluster an existing gridlife mesh lattice, and (2) perturb an existing gridfile definition to alter the cross-sectional shape and inlet duct centerline distribution without returning to the external geometry and grid generator. The present results provide a quantitative validation of the initial value space marching 3D RNS procedure and demonstrates accurate predictions of the engine face flow field, with a separation present in the inlet duct as well as when vortex generators are installed to supress flow separation. The present results also demonstrate the ability of the 3D RNS procedure to analyze the flow physics associated with vortex ingestion in general geometry ducts such as the F/A-18 inlet. At the conditions investigated, these interactions are basically inviscid like, i.e., the dominant aerodynamic characteristics have their origin in inviscid flow theory.
Development of a Real-Time Repeated-Measures Assessment Protocol to Capture Change over the Course of a Drinking Episode

Aims: We report on the development of a real-time assessment protocol that allows researchers to assess change in BrAC, alcohol responses, behaviors, and contexts over the course of a drinking event. Method: We designed a web application that uses timed text messages (adjusted based on consumption pattern) containing links to our website to obtain real-time participant reports; camera and location features were also incorporated into the protocol. We used a transdermal alcohol sensor device along with software we designed to convert transdermal data into estimated BrAC. Thirty-two college students completed a laboratory session followed by a 2-week field trial. Results: Results for the web application indicated we were able to create an effective tool for obtaining repeated measures real-time drinking data. Participants were willing to monitor their drinking behavior with the web application, and this did not appear to strongly affect drinking behavior during, or 6 weeks following, the field trial. Results for the transdermal device highlighted the willingness of participants to wear the device despite some discomfort, but technical difficulties resulted in limited valid data. Conclusion: The development of this protocol makes it possible to capture detailed assessment of change over the course of naturalistic drinking episodes.
Rumination in man. Report of a case.

A classic case of rumination is presented and the literature of this condition reviewed. Cinefluorography was used both as a diagnostic tool and as a means of arriving at a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved. Esophagitis as a complication of rumination is described and discussed as well as its association with hiatus hernia.
Chemical, Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Glassy Polymeric Carbon

Glassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC) is obtained by a molding technique, in various shapes, from a phenolic resin precursor. The heat treatment of the precursor is achieved in three stages up to 1000 °C. Similar GPC materials produced in our laboratory displayed large strain to failure ratio, small thermal expansion coefficient and low density. Like all carbon forms, is attacked by oxygen, especially atomic oxygen. Nevertheless the kinetics for reaction with atmospheric oxygen is very slow. We investigated the composition and structural changes of the phenolic precursor as a function of temperature and evaluated materials stability when exposed to high temperatures in presence of hydrogen or oxygen.
Reduced optical losses in MOCVD grown lithium niobate thin films on sapphire by controlling nucleation density

Abstract Lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) epitaxial thin films of high crystalline quality have been grown on c -plane sapphire substrates by the solid-source MOCVD method. For waveguiding applications, low optical propagation losses (less than 2 dB/cm) are required, and this has been difficult to achieve in films grown by various vapor growth techniques. Since scattering from rough film surfaces is a major source of optical attenuation, a knowledge of the mechanisms involved in film roughening and their relationship with the initial stage of film formation is essential. In this study, it was observed that roughening and optical losses in lithium niobate films grown on sapphire substrates increased with grain size and the depth of grain grooves formed between them. Increasing the nucleation density during the initial stage of growth can inhibit grain growth, and thereby reduce surface roughness even at high growth temperatures. Based on these results, a two-step growth process was developed in which the nucleation and growth stages were controlled separately. This process involves (1) creating a high nucleation density by using either a low deposition temperature or high source partial pressure during the early stages of film growth, and (2) enhancing crystallinity by growing the balance of the film at a higher temperature or lower source partial pressure. Using this refined growth process, rms roughness was decreased to less than 2 nm, while the crystalline quality remained equal to the best films grown by the conventional one step growth method. Optical losses were reduced to below 1.8 dB/cm for the TE o mode at a wavelength of 632.8 nm.
Fault-based combinatorial testing of web services

The Internet houses diverse applications (i.e., banking, networking, etc.), commonly implemented as web services. Web services are flexible but can become complex, making it difficult to assure their quality. I propose fault-based combinatorial testing and compare its fault-detection capability to existing web service testing techniques.
Cl and Br degassing by volcanism along the Reykjanes Ridge and Iceland

Chlorine and bromine variations in basalts erupted along the Reykjanes Ridge axis and Iceland follow a predicted first-order model, reflecting volatile degassing at water depths shallower than about 500 m, superimposed with changes due to the presence of two chemically distinct mantle sources and their mixing. Iceland mantle ‘plume’ contains three to four times more pristine Cl and Br than the asthenosphere depleted in large ionic lithophile elements.
Antipodes and incidence coalgebras

Abstract We introduce the notion of a reduced incidence coalgebra of a family of locally finite partially ordered sets and describe how bialgebras and Hopf algebras arise as such coalgebras. In the case when a reduced incidence coalgebra is a Hopf algebra, we give explicit recursive and closed formulas for the antipode, each of which generalizes a corresponding formula from the theory of Mobius functions. We give applications to the inversion of ordinary formal power series and inversion of Dirichlet series. We also formulate the classical Lagrange inversion formula as a combinatorial formula for the antipode of a Hopf algebra arising from the family of finite partition lattices.
On the joint distribution of component failures for monotone load-sharing systems

In load-sharing systems, dependencies between components are introduced through load-sharing considerations. Components either fail as the system undergoes increasing load (a phase I type of failure) or instantaneously due to load transfer from components that have just failed (a phase II type of failure). The essence of the main result is that, given the breaking pattern, the joint distribution of the breaking strengths of the phase I type of failures under monotone load-sharing is the same as a conditional distribution of ordered independent gamma-type scale mixed random variables when the component strengths are independent with a Weibull distribution. The shape parameter in the gamma is the number of phase II failures caused by the phase I failure due to load transfer.
VUV-light-induced deposited silica films

Abstract A novel technique to deposit dielectric films at room temperature is described. The deposition of the silica takes place inside a cylindrical glass chamber where a silent discharge is generated between two electrodes connected to a high voltage, high frequency AC source. The chamber contains two parallel glass tubes where the electrodes are located and is filled with argon or xenon at a pressure of 100 mbar. Under these conditions, it has been shown that high intensity VUV light is generated peaking at 126 nm for argon and at 172 nm for xenon. This VUV radiation seems to produce photoablation of the glass tubes that surround the electrodes. Upon operation of the lamp, polyimide, polypropylene and silicon wafer substrates lying at the bottom of the vessel became coated with silica. The films, identified using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), revealed that the silica is oxygen-deficient with a composition of SiO x where x is between 1.7 and 1.8. The deposition rate on silicon wafers was measured by ellipsometry. When Xe gas is used the deposition rate is much lower than when Ar is used. This result is consistent with a photoablation process since the energy of the photons generated in Ar peaks at 10 eV while those generated in Xe peaks at 7 eV. These energy values should be compared with the O–Si bond strength energy that is 8.3 eV. The morphology and structure of the films were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Deposition of carbonaceous films occurred when the glass tubes containing the electrodes were coated with carbon.
Speaking Out: The Reality of Diversity at the Middle Level

(1986). Speaking Out: The Reality of Diversity at the Middle Level. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 60, Middle Level Education, pp. 21-23.
The incidence of primary hip osteoarthritis in active duty US military servicemembers.

Objective Although multiple studies have reported the prevalence of primary hip osteoarthritis (OA), little has been reported on incidence rates of hip OA. We sought to determine the incidence rate and demographic risk factors of hip OA in an ethnically diverse and physically active population of US military servicemembers. Methods A query was performed using the US Defense Medical Epidemiology Database for the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code for hip OA (715.95). Multivariate Poisson regression analysis was used to estimate the rate of hip OA per 100,000 person-years, controlling for sex, race, age, rank, and service. Results The overall unadjusted incidence rate of hip OA was 35 per 100,000 person-years. Women, compared with men, had a significantly increased adjusted incidence rate ratio for hip OA of 1.87 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.73–2.01). The adjusted incidence rate ratio for black servicemembers when compared with white servicemembers was 1.32 (95% CI 1.23–1.41). The adjusted incidence rate ratio for the ≥40-year-old age group compared with the 20-year-old group was 22.21 (95% CI 17.54–28.14). With junior officers as the referent category, junior enlisted, senior enlisted, and senior officers rank groups had a significantly increased adjusted incidence rate ratio for hip OA. With the Air Force as the referent category, each service had a significantly increased adjusted incidence rate ratio for hip OA. Conclusion Female sex; black race; age ≥40 years; junior enlisted, senior enlisted, and senior officer rank groups; and military service in the Navy, Army, or Marines were all risk factors for hip OA.
The surgical management of persistent cloaca: results in 54 patients treated with a posterior sagittal approach

This report describes the author's personal experience in the surgical treatment of 54 patients. The approach is called posterior sagittal ano recto vagino urethroplasty (PSARVUP). Forty patients underwent a primary procedure, and 14 a secondary operation. The anatomic variations found were multiple, integrating a wide spectrum of defects. The posterior sagittal approach proved to be a good initial approach, and permitted complete repair of the defect in 47 patients. Seven patients required a laparotomy in addition. The length of the common channel varied from 0.5 to 7 cm. Common channels longer than 3 cm usually required some technical alternative to replace the vagina. In at least 34 cases, the vagina was reconstructed primarily without any additional technical manoeuvres. Different degrees of vaginal and uterine septation were found in 25 of 50 cases. Hydrocolpos was an associated defect in 14 of 49 patients. Sixty-eight percent of the patients had an important associated urological defect. Twenty-six patients were clinically evaluated without medical management, twenty-one of whom had voluntary bowel movements by the age of 3 years, but most of them had minor episodes of soiling. Nineteen patients had a normal sacrum, and five had urinary incontinence that was successfully managed by intermittent catheterization. Seven patients had a very abnormal sacrum, and five of them had urinary incontinence. Twenty patients underwent a late postoperative vaginoscopy, 14 of whom showed an adequate introitus and vagine, whereas five had different degrees of narrowing of the introitus. Six patients had a urethrovaginal fistula. One ureter was accidentally divided and one vagina had complete ischaemic necrosis.
Some Anatomical Effects of Kinetin and Red Light on Disks of Bean Leaves.

The application of kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) produces some effects similar to those induced by exposure to red light (Miller, 3, and Scott and Liverman, 5). Both cause increased expansion of disks from bean leavres, greater elongation in stems and petioles of beanseedlings, and increased germination of lettuce seeds in the dark. Both treatments inhibit internodal elongation in excised peas. Because of the striking resemblance in these effects, Miller (3) suggested that these two treatments may operate through the same biological mechanism. A subsequent study of the germination of lettuce seeds in the dark indicated that kinetin is not involved directly in the photoreaction or in the reactions which immediately precede or follow it (Miller, 4). Scott and Liverman (5) also doubted if kinetin controlled the same reaction step as red light. The objective of the present investigation was to determine if anatomical differences occur between samples of disks from bean leaves treated with kinetin and those exposed to red light.
Scintillation Camera Field Uniformity: Visual or Quantitative?

Global and local scintillation camera uniformity were studied phenomenolgically with emphasis on statistical features. A system parameter (the systematic error) was developed to quantitate global field uniformity. (The systematic error also appears to predict the maximum variation in response resulting from local irradiation of the detector.) Uniformity correction by a statistically weighted matrix renormalization procedure was demonstrated to improve the global frequency distribution of the counts per pixel. Such a renormalization procedure also slightly improved local response if the systematic error was small but not if the systematic error was large. The failure of this renormalization procedure appeared to correlate with long range interactions in the detector. The existence of such long range interactions casts doubt on the efficacy (and even the desirability) of many commonly used uniformity corrections.
Evaluation of a chiral crown ether LC column for the separation of racemic amines

Abstract Enantiomeric resolution of more than fifty racemic primary amines can be achieved on a column that utilizes a crown ether as a chiral selector. the racemic solute is solubilized in an acidic solvent, forming an ammonium ion from the primary amine functional group. an interaction between the lone pair electrons on the oxygens of the crown ether and the positive charge of the ammonium group leads to the formation of an inclusion complex. Due to the chirality of the crown ether there is stereoselective interaction resulting in enantiomeric separation. Excellent resolution is possible for amino acids, amino alcohols, amino esters and amines. Compounds are separated that were poorly resolved by conventional ligand exchange columns and by other means.
Intimate social behavior in infant interactions in Cebus apella

The development and individual stability of three intimate social behaviors (Lipsmacking, Carrying Attempts, and Facial Inspection) were examined for 43 group-housed Cebus apella infants from birth to 2 years of age. Occurrence of these behaviors was scored from 10-min videotape samples recorded three times a week over that time. Frequency of Lipsmacking and Carrying Attempts by adult males, adult females, and juveniles were all highest in early months and decreased to low levels by the end of the first year. Facial Inspection of partners by infants, in contrast, first began at 3–4 months and increased over time, at least to adult males and juveniles. Correlational analyses indicated stable individual differences in these interactions with infants and outlined a relationship between these intimate behaviors and more general social patterns reported previously for these animals. Results suggest that adult males may play a special role in affording juveniles opportunities for social learning of foraging and manipulative skills. Am. J. Primatol. 71:77–85, 2009. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Optically isotropic negative index of refraction metamaterial

In early papers of Veselago [1], Mandel’shtam [2], Lamb [3], and Shuster [4], it was pre-dicted that an electromagnetic plane wave in a medium having simultaneously negative permittivity, e < 0, and permeability, µ < 0, would propagate in a direction oppo-site to that of the Poynting vector. This result follows from Maxwell’s curl equations, and not from the wave equation (which remains unchanged). The curl equations provide the proof that the vectors E, H, and k form a left-handed set in the case e < 0 and µ < 0. Since, at the same time, the Poynting vector S = E × H will form with E and H a right-handed set, the Poynting vector and the phase velocity should have opposite directions. Veselago went on to argue, using steady-state solutions to Maxwell equations, that a left-handed medium has a negative refraction index (n). An isotropic n < 0 material has the important property that it exactly reverses the propagation paths of rays within it [5]. Consequently, left-handed materials, or negative-index ma-terials (NIM), have a potential advantage to form highly ef-ficient low reflectance surfaces by exactly canceling the scat-tering properties of other materials. Another potential appli-cation, the perfect lens [6] promised that a planar slab of NIM could focus both the propagating and evanescent com-ponents of an object and achieve sub-wavelength imaging. Since then, great excitement spawned this new field of optics, and many studies were reported. The main diffi-culty in the analysis of negative index metamaterials stems from the fact that such materials still have not been discov-ered as natural substances. There are known natural mate-rials with negative permittivity e < 0 in some frequency range (e.g. metals), but, as follows from theoretical predic-tions [7], a material with µ ≠ 1 is an impossibility in the optical regime. This conclusion stems from the analysis of the problem of spin motion in a magnetic field of the elec-tromagnetic wave [7]. Since the spin can not follow the magnetic field at high optical frequencies, any kind of a material should be principally non-magnetic in the optical regime (µ = 1). Consequently, there is a need for the creation of artifi-cial, man-made materials where e, µ (and, hence, n) can be treated only as some effective parameters e
Long-Term Effects of Large Woody Debris Addition on Stream Habitat and Brook Trout Populations

Abstract In this study, we resurveyed stream habitat and sampled brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations 6 y after large woody debris additions to determine long-term changes in habitat and brook trout populations. In a previous study, we added large woody debris to eight streams in the central Appalachians of West Virginia to determine whether stream habitat could be enhanced and brook trout populations increased following habitat manipulation. The large woody debris additions had no overall effect on stream habitat and brook trout populations by 6 y after the additions. The assumption that a lack of large woody debris is limiting stream habitat and brook trout populations was not supported by our results. In high-gradient streams, habitat complexity may be governed more by the abundance of boulders and large woody debris may have a lesser influence on trout populations.
Linearized oscillations for odd-order neutral delay differential equations

Abstract Consider the n th order nonlinear neutral delay differential equation d n dt n [x(t) − p(t) g(x(t − τ))] + q(t) h(x(t − σ)) = 0 , (1) where n ⩾ 1 is an odd integer. We prove that, under appropriate hypotheses, Eq. (1) oscillates provided that the same is true for an associated linear equation with constant coefficients of the form d n dt n [y(t) − p 0 y(t − τ)] + q 0 y(t − σ) = 0 . A partial converse is also presented, where we show that, under appropriate hypotheses, Eq. (1) has a positive solution.
The mitochondrial genotype can influence nuclear gene expression in yeast

Isochromosomal, respiratory-deficient yeast strains, such as a mit-, a hypersuppressive petite, and a petite lacking mitochondrial DNA, are phenotypically identical in spite of differences in their mitochondrial genomes. Subtractive hybridizations of complementary DNA's to polyadenylated RNA isolated from derepressed cultures of these strains reveal the presence of nuclear-encoded transcripts whose abundance varies not only between them and their respiratory-competent parent, but among the respiratory-deficient strains themselves. Transcripts of some nuclear-encoded mitochondrial proteins, like cytochrome c and the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase, whose abundance is affected by glucose or heme, do not vary. In the absence of major metabolic variables, yeast cells seem to respond to the quality and quantity of mitochondrial DNA and modulate the levels of nuclear-encoded RNA's, perhaps as a means of intergenomic regulation.
An active-feedback cascode current source

An MOS cascode current source that employs both active and passive series feedback is reported. Small-signal analysis and SPICE simulation results show that a CMOS implementation of the active-feedback cascode current source provides an output open-circuit Thevinin voltage greater than 10/sup 6/ V. This represents an increase of about two orders of magnitude as compared with the conventional cascode current source. The active-feedback cascode current source maintains the same output voltage swing range as the conventional double cascode. >
Purification and characterization of polyamine-stimulated protein kinase (casein kinase II) from bovine spermatozoa

Abstract Casein kinase II from bovine epididymal spermatozoa was purified to apparent homogeneity by repeated chromatography with phosphocellulose and gel filtration with sephacryl S-200. The purified enzyme exhibited a molecular mass of 130 kDa by gel filtration and displayed three polypeptide bands with molecular masses of 26, 33, and 36 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Antibodies raised against calf thymus casein kinase II cross reacted with the three sperm polypeptides. Incubation of the holoenzyme with either [γ- 32 P]ATP or [γ- 32 P]GTP resulted in the phosphorylation of the 26-kDa subunit. The enzymatic activity with casein as substrate was strongly inhibited by nanomolar heparin and greatly stimulated by micromolar spermine. With casein as substrate, the specific activity of the pure enzyme (0.5 μmol/min/mg protein) was comparable to that of casein kinase II from other sources. Endogenous substrates of the kinase were demonstrated by incubating sperm cytosolic extracts with [γ- 32 P]GTP, under conditions that limit the expression of other protein kinases, and analyzing the products by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Similar results were obtained when sperm extracts, suitably diluted to minimize endogenous casein kinase II, were incubated with [γ- 32 P]GTP and aliquots of pure sperm casein kinase II. Low concentrations (50 μ m ) spermine strongly enhanced the phosphorylation of 92-and 106-kDa cytosolic proteins. Our results clearly show that casein kinase II is present in spermatozoa and that it shares many of the properties of the enzyme from other sources. Further, they indicate that the enzyme plays a role in mediating the phosphorylation state of sperm proteins.
Modifying oocytes and embryos to improve their cryopreservation

Numerous studies indicate that in vitro-produced bovine embryos do not survive cryopreservation as well as those produced in vivo. Furthermore, embryos cultured in vitro in the absence of blood serum are more cryotolerant than embryos cultured in media containing serum. Although in vivo-produced embryos are more cryotolerant, there appear to be breed differences. Most if not all of these observations are correlated with cytoplasmic lipid content of embryos; more and larger lipid droplets are associated with reduced cryotolerance. This review concerns strategies for modifying oocytes and embryos to increase cryosurvival. Reduction of cytoplasmic lipid content of embryos with phenazine ethosulfate (PES), a compound that oxidizes NADPH, even improved cryotolerance of bovine embryos cultured in the absence of serum. Whether cytoplasmic lipid content per se or associated changes in lipid composition of cell membranes are responsible for differences in cryotolerance is unknown. Increasing cholesterol content of membranes of sperm and oocytes via cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin also appears to improve cryotolerance. While lipids have been emphasized and appear to be important, non-lipid aspects of cell composition also likely affect cryotolerance, and might be modified to improve cryotolerance. Additional research on mechanisms of variation in cryotolerance will be applicable to circumvent cryo-intolerance attributable to variation associated with the individual animal, breed, species, cell type, and factors such as nutrition and season of the year.
Leveraging open-source software in the design and development process

This paper presents a case study of the NASA Ames Research Center HCI Group's design and development of a problem reporting system for NASA's next generation vehicle (to replace the shuttle) based on the adaptation of an open source software application. We focus on the criteria used for selecting a specific system (Bugzilla) and discuss the outcomes of our project including eventual extensibility and maintainability. Finally, we address whether our experience may generalize considering where Bugzilla lies in the larger quantitative picture of current open source software projects.
The Environmental Crisis In Human Dignity

The environmental crisis in human dignity lies not just in the overuse, the misuse, and the decay of physical settings, but far more significantly in how we conceive of the individual in relation to any such setting. In the design and organization of physical settings, the human properties of the individual are ignored, oversimplified, or implicitly assumed, because of the influence of such socioenvironmental values as scientific-technological progress, urbanism, pseudoprogress (novelty and change), and the value placed on an ever increasing acceleration of technological change. Spaces and places are improperly designed not only in physical terms; designs overlook human needs for privacy, territoriality, freedom of choice, etc., and the conceiving of the individual as a simple “machine man.” Unintended consequences are often ignored and no attempt is made to evaluate just how well the setting actually works. The danger is that the person will adjust and at the price of a continuing erosion of the properties that make him distinctively human. It is imperative that as behavioral scientists turn to the systematic study of man/environment problems they recognize the need to maintain the contextual reality and integrity of any such problem as it evolves, develops, and becomes modified in the time framework of a complex society.
The Knowledge-Learning-Instruction Framework: Bridging the Science-Practice Chasm to Enhance Robust Student Learning.

Despite the accumulation of substantial cognitive science research relevant to education, there remains confusion and controversy in the application of research to educational practice. In support of a more systematic approach, we describe the Knowledge-Learning-Instruction (KLI) framework. KLI promotes the emergence of instructional principles of high potential for generality, while explicitly identifying constraints of and opportunities for detailed analysis of the knowledge students may acquire in courses. Drawing on research across domains of science, math, and language learning, we illustrate the analyses of knowledge, learning, and instructional events that the KLI framework affords. We present a set of three coordinated taxonomies of knowledge, learning, and instruction. For example, we identify three broad classes of learning events (LEs): (a) memory and fluency processes, (b) induction and refinement processes, and (c) understanding and sense-making processes, and weshow how these can lead to different knowledge changes and constraints on optimal instructional choices.
The Impact of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy on Shunt Revision Rate: A 14-Year Experience at a Single Institution.

Background Shunt-related procedures in the treatment of hydrocephalus are often associated with malfunction and revision resulting in significant patient morbidity and financial impact on the health care system. The increased utilization of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) as an alternative treatment paradigm for obstructive hydrocephalus carries the theoretical expectation of concomitant decreased numbers of shunt procedures. The objective of the present study was to determine the impact of ETV on shunt-related procedures within a 14-year interval (1998–2011), during which ETV has gained wider acceptance and greater utilization. Methods This retrospective chart review describes the annual rate of pediatric patients who underwent either ETV or shunt-related procedures at New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill-Cornell Medical Center. Statistical analyses were done to analyze possible correlation between relative rates of these cases. Results During the 14-year study period, 954 procedures were performed for the treatment of hydrocephalus (159 ETVs and 795 shunt-related procedures). Of the shunts, 356 were initial insertions and 439 were revisions. The number of ETVs increased from 8 procedures in 1998/1999 to 34 in 2010/2011, whereas the total number of annual shunt-related procedures decreased from 146 to 99. The relative ratios of ETVs and shunt-related procedures to the total number of cases demonstrate an inverse relationship over time (Spearman correlation coefficient rs = −1.0; P = 0.0004). Conclusions Based on prior cost-effectiveness analyses, the observed trend of the inverse correlation between ETVs and shunt-related procedures may contribute to financial savings and improvement in patient outcomes. Further study is required to define the impact on morbidity and associated success rates.
To Remember, Repent, Renew

The National Catholic Educational Association (1998) reports that 13.6% or 359,146, of all students in Catholic elementary, middle, and secondary schools are non-Catholic, manifesting the importance of educating Catholic school students to understand and appreciate the diversity of cultures and religions other than their own. This article examines some ways that Catholic schools can educate students about the Jewish Holocaust, or Shoah, and through its study embrace a truly Catholic approach.
Accounting For Future Costs In Medicare

ABSTRACT: The relationship between the health of an insured population and the costs of insuring them is a lot more complicated than might first appear. The excellent paper by Geoffrey Joyce and co...
Diagnosis and Testing in Bronchiolitis: A Systematic Review

Background The diagnosis of bronchiolitis is based on typical history and results of a physical examination. The indications for and utility of diagnostic and supportive laboratory testing (eg, chest x-ray films, complete blood cell counts, and respiratory syncytial virus testing) are unclear. Objectives To review systematically the data on diagnostic and supportive testing in the management of bronchiolitis and to assess the utility of such testing. Design In conjunction with an expert panel, we generated admissibility criteria and derived relevant terms to search the literature published from 1980 to November 2002 in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration Database of Controlled Clinical Trials. Trained abstractors completed detailed data collection forms for each article. We summarized the data in tables after performing data integrity checks. Results Of the 797 abstracts identified, we present evidence from 82 trials that met our inclusion criteria (17 are primary articles on diagnosis of bronchiolitis and 65are reports of treatment or prevention trials). Numerous studies demonstrate that rapid respiratory syncytial virus tests have acceptable sensitivity and specificity, but no data show that respiratory syncytial virus testing affects clinical outcomes in typical cases of the disease. Seventeen studies presented chest x-ray film data. Abnormalities on chest x-ray films ranged from 20% to 96%. Insufficient data exist to show that chest x-ray films reliably distinguish between viral and bacterial disease or predict severity of disease. Ten studies included complete blood cell counts, but most did not present specific results. In one study, white blood cell counts correlated with radiologically defined disease categories of bronchiolitis. Conclusions A large number of studies include diagnostic and supportive testing data. However, these studies do not define clear indications for such testing or the impact of testing on relevant patient outcomes. Given the high prevalence of this disease, prospective studies of the utility of such testing are needed and feasible.
Diastolic Geometry and Sarcomere Lengths in the Chronically Dilated Canine Left Ventricle

In 10 dogs left ventricular geometry and ultrastructure were examined 3 to 12 weeks after chronic ventricular dilatation was induced by means of a large arteriovenous shunt. Following cardiac catheterization, the hearts were arrested and fixed in diastole at the left ventricular end-diastolic pressures (LVEDP) which existed in the beating heart. Transmural LVEDP were increased in all animals (avg. 27 mm Hg). The diastolic pressure-volume relationship was shifted to the right, the average end-diastolic volume of the chronically dilated ventricles (avg. 103 ml) being larger than that of previously studied acutely dilated ventricles (avg. 72 ml, P
Quality and mechanical stability of pecan kernels with different packaging protocols

Pecans kernels [Carya illinoensis (Koch.) Wang] packaged in polyvinylidenechloride coated cellophane packaging films with low oxygen transmission rates were of acceptable quality after 6 months storage at 24°C and 60% RH. Vacuum packaging maintained color and greatly reduced mechanical damage, but contributed to lower flavor scores. Kernels packaged in films with oxygen transmission rates of 0.02 cc 100 cm-2 24 hr-1 or less and 0.16 or greater were not acceptable. Packaging material with a high water vapor transmission rate resulted in a product with significantly reduced moisture content after 6 months storage.
Mechanical Properties of a Uniaxially Reinforced Mullite‐Silicon Carbide Composite

Etude des proprietes mecaniques en flexion d'un composite de mullite renforce uniaxialement de filaments de SiC
Modeling of Two Dimensional Fields with Autoregressive Lattice Parameters

The theory of one dimensional autoregressive lattice parameters, which has been successful in modeling signals such as speech (the voice tract), is extended to the modeling of two dimensional fields. Applications include lattice parameter modeling for purposes of identification, two dimensional digital filter design, and two dimensional spectral estimation. The concept of minimizing forward and backward prediction error sequences is extended to prediction error fields, and the lattice parameter formulation results which can be used for purposes of two dimensional data analysis, as well as for two dimensional signal synthesis and filtering.