cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspective 2 of the SoSE methodology: designing the unique methodology

The second perspective in the SoSE methodology is to design the unique methodology to address the system of systems problem. Following from the first perspective which frames the situation, the approach to guide investigation of the problem, or unique methodology, must be established. Every system of systems problem is unique and therefore must have an approach that appreciates that uniqueness. The unique methodology is tailored to appreciate the intersection of problem, context, and compatible approach to address the problem in context. This paper will discuss the second perspective of the SoSE methodology, designing the unique methodology, which includes developing the high level design for the system study, construction of the detailed analytic strategy to guide data collection and analysis, and establishment of the assessment criteria and plan. The paper will demonstrate the nature, role, and development of a unique methodology for performing SoSE.
Thalamocortical projections from the ventrobasal complex to somatic sensory areas I and II.

Abstract Lesions were produced in the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB), consisting of nuclei ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) and ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), of 12 cats, under electrophysiological control. Tissues stained with the Fink-Heimer I stain revealed a highly localized, dense patch of axonal degeneration, termed the “primary focus”, within lamina IV and deepest portion of III of the first somatic sensory cortex (SI). Foci resulting from forepaw VPL lesions were somatotopically organized and present within both banks of the caudal coronal sulcus as well as in the lateral postcruciate and dorsal coronal gyri. Foci from lesions in the VPM muzzle region were found in the ventrolateral coronal gyrus and the floor of the coronal sulcus, interdigitating caudally with VPL forepaw area projections within the sulcal banks. Significant, though less dense, somatotopically organized degeneration from VB was noted in the second somatic sensory cortex (SII). Forepaw and shoulder regions projected to the ventral lip of the anterior suprasylvian sulcus and the dorsal bank of the sylvian fissure, respectively. Degeneration from VPM occurred more rostrally in SII, merging with that in SI. Control penetrations produced only a scattering of degeneration in SI and SII. These experiments demonstrate that much of the forepaw and facial regions of VB project to sulci within SI and SII, regions relatively inaccessible to investigation by other means; they indicate an underlying columnar organization of the VB projection to SI, which provides a structural basis for the functional columnar organization of neurons observed in SI.
Comorbidity among persons with intellectual disabilities

Abstract Within the last three decades, the study of conditions that co-occur with intellectual disabilities has flourished. The present paper provides an analysis of the content of 405 papers that were reviewed on the topic. From these papers, trends emerged. The papers fell into one of three broad categories; comorbid psychopathology, comorbid medical problems, and comorbid challenging behaviors. Also, the volume of studies has been increasing rapidly. Implications of these and related issues are discussed.
A model of flexible uptake of two essential resources.

Microbes require multiple essential elements that they acquire from the environment independently. Here we investigate how microbial stoichiometry and uptake rates depend on the conditions in which they grow. We modify a recent model of growth based on a multinutrient extension of the Droop model to allow a trade-off between ability to acquire two essential resources. In a static analysis, we show that the optimal allocation strategy is the one that results in colimitation by both nutrients. We then add a dynamic equation to model the physiological acclimation uptake rates in changing conditions. This dynamic model predicts that the response of organismal stoichiometry to nutrient supply ratio can vary over time. The response of organismal stoichiometry and growth rate to a nutrient pulse depends on the speed at which cells adapt their uptake rates. In a variable environment, very fast or very slow acclimation may be better strategies than intermediate speed acclimation. We suggest experimental tests of the model and avenues for future model development.
RADIOISOTOPE GUIDED PELVIC LYMPH NODE DISSECTION FOR PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: The localization of lymph node metastases in prostate cancer varies enormously. Due to high morbidity complete pelvic lymphadenectomy is often decreased to modified staging lymphadenectomy, resulting in loss of sensitivity for detecting micrometastases. Based on the promising results of intraoperative γ probe application for identifying sentinel lymph nodes in malignant melanoma, breast and penis cancer, we identified sentinel lymph nodes in prostate cancer using a comparable technique.Materials and Methods: In 117 patients 99mtechnetium nanocolloid was transrectally injected directly into the prostate under ultrasound guidance 1 day before pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thereafter dynamic lymphoscintigraphy was done. Initially lymph nodes identified as sentinel lymph nodes by the γ probe were removed and subsequently modified pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed.Results: Lymphatic metastasis was detected in 28 cases. An average of 4 sentinel lymph nodes were identified per patient in 25 of 27 patients ...
System Worth, System Effectiveness, Integrated Logistics Support, and Maintainability

The system worth or cost effectiveness concept covers the measure of a system in terms of total dollar value. System worth encompasses the elements of system effectiveness (a quantitative measure of a system's technical ability) as well as cost. One of the elements of system effectiveness is maintainability. Maintainability is an effective mechanism for the accomplishment of planned maintenance during the early design and development phases of a system. Planned maintenance is an element of integrated logistics support. The intent of this paper is to outline the basic elements associated with system worth, system effectiveness, and integrated logistics support, to outline the interrelation-ships of these concepts, and to cover the discipline of maintainability as an element of each concept.
A query algebra for program databases

Querying source code is an essential aspect of a variety of software engineering tasks such as program understanding, reverse engineering, program structure analysis and program flow analysis. In this paper, we present and demonstrate the use of an algebraic source code query technique that blends expressive power with query compactness. The query framework of Source Code Algebra (SCA) permits users to express complex source code queries and views as algebraic expressions. Queries are expressed on an extensible, object-oriented database that stores program source code. The SCA algebraic approach offers multiple benefits such as an applicative query language, high expressive power, seamless handling of structural and flow information, clean formalism and potential for query optimization. We present a case study where SCA expressions are used to query a program in terms of program organization, resource flow, control flow, metrics and syntactic structure. Our experience with an SCA-based prototype query processor indicates that an algebraic approach to source code queries combines the benefits of expressive power and compact query formulation.
Pressure-volume-temperature relations of a poly-ε-caprolactam and its nanocomposite

The equation of state of a poly-e-caprolactam melt, PA-6, of molar mass M n = 22 kg/mol was investigated in a Gnomix apparatus (Gnomix Inc., Boulder, Colorado) between 300 and 560 K, and pressures up to 150 MPa. Corresponding measurements were performed with addition of 1.6 wt% of montmorillonite exfoliated particles. Reductions in specific volume of about 1.0 and 1.4%, respectively, at 10 and 150 MPa, are observed. For the melt, excellent agreement between experiment and the results from lattice-hole theory is found for both systems. Addition of the nanoparticles reduced the hole (free volume) fraction by 14%. Evidently, the hole fraction is a sensitive indicator of structural changes. It is noteworthy that such a small quantity of added nanoparticles increases the tensile strength by about 14% and modulus by 26%, at a cost of reduction in the elongation at break by about 25%. For a treatment of the PNC, and as an approximation, our earlier model of a particulate composite was adopted. To calculate the b...
Antigen-specific T cell redirectors (ATR) for antigen-specific redirection of T cells to tumors

Immunotherapy is the modulation of a patient's immune system to treat illness. Unfortunately many T cell based attempts have failed due to the fact that existing tumor-specific T cells are mostly anergic or tolerized and ex vivo generated T cells are often already of exhausted phenotype. Therefore, investigators have developed alternative approaches including bispecific antibody technology to redirect fully functional non-tumor specific T cells to the tumor. This has been primarily accomplished through targeting CD3, which is expressed on all T cells to engage and redirect them towards a molecule that is expressed on the tumor cells. Here we present a novel nanoparticle based approach to selectively target cytotoxic T cells (CTL) and re-direct them to kill tumors, termed ATR (Antigen-specific T cell Redirectors). ATR were generated by coupling either MHC-Ig dimer or clonotypic anti-TCR antibody 1B2 to target the effector T cell population and an anti-CD19 to re-direct those to CD19+ tumor target cells onto 50-100nm nanoparticles. Flow cytometry and microscope based data confirm that the described ATR phenotype efficiently and stably stain tumor and T cells in a dose dependent manner, and ATR mediate antigen-specific conjugate formation of effector T cells and tumor target cells. We further developed two clinically relevant protocols to test and optimize our ATR in vitro. First a pre-treatment approach in which the effector T cells are pre-incubated with ATR mimicking an adoptive transfer approach and second a co-culture protocol that mimics an active immunotherapy approach of direct ATR injection. Antigen-specific ATR mediated re-direction of T cells to tumor target cells was demonstrated in 51Cr-release killing assays at low E:T ratios. Variation of ATR target-cell: effector-cell targeting molecule ratio could further increase efficacy. Finally, intra tumoral ATR injection induced T cell re-direction and reduced tumor growth in a s.c. Raji/SCIDbeige treatment model. In summary this data demonstrates that ATR target and redirect antigen-specific CTL to tumor cells that would otherwise not be recognized and mediates their lysis. ATR can be used to develop new innovative immunotherapeutic approaches for all cancers that can be targeted with antibodies or antibody-like molecules. Furthermore, ATR could also be used in conjunction with virus-specific immunization to specifically increase the targeted CTL population. Ultimately, we expect ATR and their potential for clinical applications to increase our understanding of tumor immunotherapy through T cell redirection.
Citizens and Housewives: The Problem of Female Citizenship in Spain's Transition to Democracy

"Citizens and Housewives" explores the contradictions surrounding the emergence of new forms of democratic citizenship for women during Spain's most recent transition to democracy in the 1970s. Most Spaniards probably agreed that the traditionalist image of Francoist womanhood was anachronistic, but creating a new "democratic female citizen" proved to be a conflictive and ultimately unresolved process. In order to explore the dynamic space where female citizenship was being reconstructed, this article examines the role of women's housewife associations in the 1970s, both as protagonists and as discursive subjects. On the one hand, these associations provided an arena in which new citizenship practices could be forged. In particular, their members acted out a new model of the activist housewife citizen who defended consumer rights in the public sphere. However, as a discursive category, the housewife-citizen of these associations could not find a place in the transition. While women's "different" roles as mothers, housewives and neighbors provided an acceptable path into civil society under the Franco regime, the democratic discourse ignored the housewives' associations as relics, not vanguards. For the many Spanish women who were housewives, this discursive paradox offered no path into the new democracy. Instead of a clear entry to a democratic citizenship there were only contradictions and confusing messages.
Selenomethionine in enzymatic transmethylations.

IN the past, biological interest in selenium has been centred around its toxic role as the cause of ‘alkali disease’ and ‘blind staggers’1 and as a source of industrial poisoning2. However, recent developments suggest a more important role for this element. Thus, it has been shown that selenium is an essential trace element for the rat3 and is stimulatory, if not essential, for the growth of certain plants4. While inorganic selenium compounds are active in these cases, there is evidence that these inorganic selenium compounds are converted biologically into organic compounds, including the selenium analogues of cysteine5, cystine, methionine6 and cystathionine7. The structure of the essential selenium compound or compounds, therefore, remains to be established.
Allylic C-H bond activation and functionalization mediated by tris(oxazolinyl)borato rhodium(I) and iridium(I) compounds.

Allylic C–H bond oxidative addition reactions, mediated by tris(oxazolinyl)borato rhodium(I) and iridium(I) species, provide the first step in a hydrocarbon functionalization sequence. The bond activation products ToMMH(η3-C8H13) (M = Rh (1), Ir (2)), ToMMH(η3-C3H5) (M = Rh (3), Ir (4)), and ToMRhH(η3-C3H4Ph) (5) (ToM = tris(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)phenylborate) are synthesized by reaction of Tl[ToM] and the corresponding metal olefin chloride dimers. Characterization of these group 9 allyl hydride complexes includes 1H-15N heteronuclear correlation NMR experiments that reveal through-metal magnetization transfer between metal hydride and the trans-coordinated oxazoline nitrogen. Furthermore, the oxazoline 15N NMR chemical shifts are affected by the trans ligand, with the resonances for the grouptrans to hydride typically downfield of those trans to η3-allyl and tosylamide. These group 9 oxazolinylborate compounds have been studied to develop approaches for allylic functionalization. However, this possibility is generally limited by the tendency of the allyl hydride compounds to undergo olefin reductive elimination. Reductive elimination products are formed upon addition of ligands such as CO and CNtBu. Also, ToMRhH(η3-C8H13) and acetic acid react to give ToMRhH(κ2-O2CMe) (8) and cyclooctene. In contrast, treatment of ToMRhH(η3-C3H5) with TsN3 (Ts = SO2C6H4Me) gives the complex ToMRh(η3-C3H5)NHTs (10). Interestingly, the reaction of ToMRhH(η3-C8H13) and TsN3 yields ToMRh(NHTs)(H)OH2 (11) and 1,3-cyclooctadieneviaβ-hydride elimination and Rh–H bond amination. Ligand-induced reductive elimination of ToMRh(η3-C3H5)NHTs provides HN(CH2CHCH2)Ts; these steps combine to give a propene C–H activation/functionalization sequence.
Plasma exchange removes glycosphingolipid in Fabry disease

In a man with Fabry disease, basal plasma glycosphingolipid (GSL) levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A series of three alternate-day plasma exchanges transiently lowered plasma ceramide trihexoside (CTH) to normal. A total of 70 mu moles of CTH were removed by eight plasma exchanges. If future studies show that pathologic tissue accumulations of CTH are reduced by plasma exchange, then long-term repetitive plasma exchange could be used as treatment until enzyme replacement is practical.
Specifying a real-time kernel

The application of formal methods to a safety-critical system is illustrated. The objective of the study was to improve the existing documentation of a diagnostic X-ray machine to serve later reimplementations. The separation of the kernel from applications helped identify a design flaw in the kernel that could have caused damage by the X-ray application. The case study which shows that mathematical techniques have an important role to play in documenting systems and avoiding design flaws, is a good example of the use of the Z (pronounced 'Zed') notation and its methods for modeling systems. The limitations of this specification are delineated, showing that there is a need for other specification techniques to tackle the remaining properties, like real-time performance, for completeness and comparison. >
The effects of spacing and thinning on stand and tree characteristics of 38-year-old loblolly pine

Abstract The effects of early and continuous density control on the characteristics of mature loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) were measured at age 38 and analyzed. Trees in plots planted at spacings of 1.8×1.8, 2.4×2.4, 2.7×2.7, 3.0×3.0, and 3.7×3.7 m were either left unthinned or thinned every 5 years beginning at age 18, to residual basal areas of 27.5, 23.0, 18.4, and 13.8 m 2 ha −1 . Trees thinned from plot buffer zones at age 38 were selected to represent a final harvest cross-section of each treatment for evaluation of bole form, component biomass, and crown architecture. Volume and biomass of cut trees from all thinnings were included with the age 38 data for stand level yield comparisons. Results show thinning effects were generally more pronounced than spacing effects. Trees of the same diameter at breast height and total height from heavily thinned stands had more cylindrical lower boles, more upper stem taper, longer crowns with more and larger branches, more total foliage, and hence more biomass than trees from unthinned or lightly thinned stands. All levels of thinning increased the yield of the stand in terms of foliage and branch biomass, while only light or moderate thinning increased bole biomass and volume yields. The magnitude of these differences are presented.
Laser-assisted machining of damage-free silicon nitride parts with complex geometric features via in-process control of laser power

A methodology to achieve optimal operating conditions for laser-assisted machining (LAM) is developed for silicon nitride parts with complex geometric features by applying a three-dimensional, transient thermal model and in-process laser power control. Complex silicon nitride parts are successfully produced by the LAM operation, where the maximum and material removal temperatures are carefully designed and controlled to achieve good machining results and avoid thermal damage on the final part. On-line temperature and laser power measurements are conducted and compared with prescribed values to show the effectiveness of the power control scheme. Scanning electron microscopy examination reveals virtually no subsurface microcrack or thermal damage on the silicon nitride parts. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) study shows the preservation of the silicon nitride microstructure and no phase transformation of β-Si3N4 during the LAM experiments. XRD residual stress measurements show moderate compressive residual stresses on the silicon nitride workpieces produced by the LAM operation.
Structural studies on platinum alkene complexes and precursors

A number of platinum complexes, precursors to alkene complexes (Pt2Cl4(PPh3)2 and cis-PtCl2(CH3CN)(PPh3)), alkene complexes (cis-PtCl2(C2H4)(PPh3), cis-PtCl2(C3H6)(PPh3) and cis-PtCl2(1-C6H12)(PPh3)), the diamination product of a 1,3-butadiene platinum complex and the 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutadiene complex resulting from dimerization of 2-butyne have been synthesized, characterized and the structures determined by X-ray diffraction. The ethylene complex, cis-PtCl2(C2H4)(PPh3), has been a useful reagent for preparing other alkene complexes. Reaction of a bound butadiene complex with diethylamine yielded a diamination product with anti-Markovnikov stereochemistry. An attempt at binding cis-butyne to the metal center resulted in metal-assisted formation of 1,2,3,4-tetramethylcyclobutadiene with previously unreported geometry.
Strategies for branch target buffers

Achieving high instruction issue rates depends on the ability to dynamically predict branches. We compare two schemes for dynamic branch prediction: a separate branch target buffer and an instruction cache based branch target buffer. For instruction caches of 4KB and greater, instruction cache based branch prediction performance is a strong function of line size, and a weak function of instruction cache size. An instruction cache based branch target buffer with a line size of 8 (or 4) instructions performs about as well as a separate branch target buffer structure which has 64 (or 256, respectively) entries. Software can rearrange basic blocks in a procedure to reduce the number of taken branches, thus reducing the amount of branch prediction hardware needed. With software assistance, predicting all branches as not branching performs as well as a 4 entry branch target buffer without assistance, and a 4 entry branch target buffer with assistance performs as well as a 32 entry branch target buffer without assistance. The instruction cache based branch target buffer also benefits from the software, but only for line sizes of more than 4 instructions.
An Unusual Complication of Intraosseous Needle Use

Intraosseous (IO) needles are extremely useful tools to gain urgent access to the circulation when more conventional routes are unavailable or unsuccessful. As with any medical procedure, complications can occur. We review the indications for IO usage and illustrate an unusual complication of continued serous drainage following IO needle removal. The drainage was significant enough to require use of a drainage bag. This chronically ill patient developed septic shock, multi-system organ failure, renal failure and a high catabolic state. As he did not fully tolerate enteric tube feeds, it was not possible to maintain adequate serum albumin. The resultant lower colloid oncotic pressure contributed to the chronic serous leak from the IO site. Avoidance of such a complication relies on proper IO placement and the ability to maintain adequate nutrition to maintain plasma oncotic pressure. Other complications of IO use are reviewed. J Med Cases. 2015;6(2):98-100 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2080e
Zero-Steady-State-Error Input-Current Controller for Regenerative Multilevel Converters Based on Single-Phase Cells

Multicell converters are one of the alternative topologies for medium-voltage industrial drives. For an application requiring regenerative capability, each power cell must be constructed with a three- or single-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifier as front end. The choice of single-phase PWM rectifiers for the input of the cells results in a reduced number of power switches and a simpler input transformer than the three-phase equivalent. However, its control is not as straightforward. This paper proposes the use of higher order resonant controllers in the classical control structure of the single-phase PWM rectifier. This ensures zero steady-state tracking error of the reference current at fundamental frequency. A detailed description of the design criteria for the position of the zeros and poles of the controller is given. Experimental results showing the good performance of the single-phase input cells and its proposed control are included
Design and test results of a BSCCO-2223 magnet for gyrotron application

A program is currently under way to develop a compact, power-efficient, robust gyrotron. Gyrotrons require a very precise magnetic field, typically generated by a NbTi superconducting magnet, to form the environment necessary for the microwave power generation. The use of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) material for a liquid cryogen-free gyrotron magnet will significantly reduce the input power requirements for the cryocooler compressor and the overall size of the magnet system. Cryomagnetics has designed, built and successfully tested a magnet wound with BSCCO-2223 tape to be used in the gyrotron. The HTS magnet was designed such that it can replace the current LTS (NbTi) cryogen-free gyrotron magnet in form, fit and function. The HTS magnet consists of 11 double-pancakes and provides stable 3.57 T operation at 37 K with a current of 120 A. Magnetic field shape, which is extremely important in gyrotron applications, was a considerable challenge since NbTi operating at 4.2 K is capable of a much higher current density than BSCCO operating at 37 K. Overall refrigeration requirements were reduced from /spl sim/8 kW in the LTS system to /spl sim/4 kW in the HTS system. A single-stage GM cryocooler was used to cool the HTS magnet. Comprehensive tests of the HTS magnet, including operation with the gyrotron tube, have been successfully completed.
Adaptive weighted myriad filter algorithms for robust signal processing in /spl alpha/-stable noise environments

Stochastic gradient-based adaptive algorithms are developed for the optimization of weighted myriad filters (WMyFs). WMyFs form a class of nonlinear filters, motivated by the properties of /spl alpha/-stable distributions, that have been proposed for robust non-Gaussian signal processing in impulsive noise environments. The weighted myriad for an N-long data window is described by a set of nonnegative weights {w/sub i/}/sub i=l//sup N/ and the so-called linearity parameter K>0. In the limit, as K/spl rarr//spl infin/, the filter reduces to the familiar weighted mean filter (which is a constrained linear FIR filter). Necessary conditions are obtained for optimality of the filter weights under the mean absolute error criterion. An implicit formulation of the filter output is used to find an expression for the gradient of the cost function. Using instantaneous gradient estimates, an adaptive steepest-descent algorithm is then derived to optimize the weights. This algorithm involves a very simple update term that is computationally comparable to the update in the classical LMS algorithm. The robust performance of this adaptive algorithm is demonstrated through a computer simulation example involving lowpass filtering of a one-dimensional chirp-type signal in impulsive noise.
Dopamine recruits D1A receptors to Na-K-ATPase-rich caveolar plasma membranes in rat renal proximal tubules

Activation of dopamine D1A receptors in renal proximal tubules causes inhibition of sodium transporters (Na-K-ATPase and Na/H exchanger), leading to a decrease in sodium reabsorption. In addition t...
A debugging standard for high-performance computing

Throughout 1998, the High Performance Debugging Forum worked on defining a base level standard for high performance debuggers. The standard had to meet the sometimes conflicting constraints of being useful to users, realistically implementable by developers, and architecturally independent across multiple platforms. To meet criteria for timeliness, the standard had to be defined in one year and in such a way that it could be implemented within an additional year. The Forum was successful, and in November 1998 released Version 1 of the HPD Standard. Implementations of the standard are currently underway. This paper presents an overview of Version 1 of the standard and an analysis of the process by which the standard was developed. The status of implementation efforts and plans for follow-on efforts are discussed as well.
(Invited) mm-wave silicon ICs: An opportunity for holistic design

Millimeter-waves integrated circuits offer a unique opportunity for a holistic design approach encompassing RF, analog, and digital, as well as radiation and electromagnetics. The ability to deal with the complete system from the digital circuitry to on-chip antennas and everything in between offers unparalleled opportunities for completely new architectures and topologies, previously impossible due the traditional partitioning of various blocks in conventional design. This opens a plethora of new architectural and system level innovation within the integrated circuit platform. This paper reviews some of the challenges and opportunities for mm-wave ICs and presents several solutions to them.
ZEUS Detection of [CII] at z = 1.12

We report the detection of the 158 μ m [CII] line from the LIR ~ 1014 L ๏ galaxy FSC 10026+4949 at z = 1.12. This is the first detection of [CII] from the z = 1-3 epoch of enhanced starformation. The L [CII ] /L FIR ratio is 1.3 × 10-3 , larger than the ratio typically seen in local ULIRGs, but similar to that measured in normal and starburst galaxies. This high ratio implies that the UV fields powering the far-infrared emission are of only modest intensity, and that FSC 10026+4949 may be undergoing a galaxy-wide starburst.
Effect of re-acceleration on cosmic ray components

Reacceleration of cosmic rays in interstellar space has been studied in detail in order to examine the behavior of the ratios of secondary to primary nuclei in cosmic radiation. It is found that modest acceleration in a confinement region, where particles escape more freely at high energies, provides a better fit to the observed data. The effect of reacceleration on the spectral shape of proton and helium components of cosmic rays has been studied. The examination of two different models has shown that reacceleration provides a poor fit to the observed proton data.
A wireless micro-sensor for simultaneous measurement of pH, temperature, and pressure

In response to a magnetic field impulse, magnetostrictive magnetoelastic sensors mechanically vibrate. These vibrations can be detected in several ways: optically from the amplitude modulation of a reflected laser beam, acoustically using a microphone or hydrophone, and by using a pickup coil to detect the magnetic flux emitted from the sensor. Earlier work has shown that the resonant frequency of a magnetoelastic sensor shifts in response to different environmental parameters, including temperature, pressure, fluid flow velocity and mass loading, with each parameter determined in an otherwise constant environment. To extend the utility of the sensor technology in this work we report on the fabrication and application of a miniaturized array of four magnetoelastic sensors that enable the simultaneous remote query measurement of pH, temperature, and pressure from a passive, wireless platform.
Piecewise linear modeling of nonlinear devices for formal verification of analog circuits

We consider different piecewise linear (PWL) models for nonlinear devices in the context of formal DC operating point and transient analyses of analog circuits. PWL models allow us to encode a verification problem as constraints in linear arithmetic, which can be solved efficiently using modern SMT solvers. Numerous approaches to piecewise linearization are possible, including piecewise constant, simplicial piecewise linearization and canonical piecewise linearization. We address the question of which PWL modeling approach is the most suitable for formal verification by experimentally evaluating the performance of various PWL models in terms of running time and accuracy for the DC operating point and transient analyses of several analog circuits. Our results are quite surprising: piecewise constant (PWC) models, the simplest approach, seem to be the most suitable in terms of the trade-off between modeling precision and the overall analysis time. Contrary to expectations, more sophisticated device models do not necessarily provide significant gains in accuracy, and may result in increased running time. We also present evidence suggesting that PWL models may not be suitable for certain transient analyses.
Adaptive intensity models for probabilistic tracking of 3D vasculature

The segmentation of vascular structures in 3D medical images is of great importance for many clinical applications, ranging from the detection and measurement of vascular disease to providing information for surgical intervention. Accurate and robust vascular segmentation is made difficult by variations in the vessel's contrast enhancement and its surrounding background, both within the same patient and across the patient population. This paper introduces a technique that first creates a patient-specific vessel intensity model and then adaptively varies this model during tracking as a function of vessel radius. The intensity model is used for estimating the likelihood of the observed intensity distribution within a sequential Monte Carlo tracking framework. We apply the proposed method to coronary artery segmentation from Computed Tomography Angiography 3D volumes and present results demonstrating the improved segmentation results achieved using the approach.
Fiscal 1983 Science Budget

Support for science generally is strong in President Ronald Reagan's fiscal 1983 budget proposal, released last week; agency budgets for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), however, did not beat inflation. Total federal funding for research and development and related facilities rose 9.6% to $44.3 billion, beating the 7.3% inflation rate estimated for 1982 by the Office of Management and Budget. Obligations for basic research by various departments and agencies also topped inflation. The President proposes federal funding of $5.82 billion in fiscal 1983, compared with $5.35 billion in 1982.
Slavery and the Roman family

(1987). Slavery and the Roman family. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 8, Classical Slavery, pp. 65-87.
The Toxicology and Biochemistry of Insects, 2nd Edition

Book reviews normally are written by authorities in the subject matter treated by the book. The perspectives of subject-matter authorities are valuable in discerning whether or not the subject is treated accurately, and if the treatment is up to date. But when the book is designed to be used as a textbook, perhaps a different perspective is equally valuable: the perspective of a novice. After all, most of the readership likely would consist of students who need some fundamental knowledge of the subject matter. Well, I’m not qualified as a toxicologist, or as a student, but my knowledge of toxicology is superficial, so I believe that my perspective is closer to that of novices (students) than to authorities (toxicologists). So this review will assess how understandable the material is to a novice who lacks a strong background in organic chemistry, but who needs to know something about the chemistry, mode of action, usefulness, and hazards associated with insecticides. In case you are wondering about the perspective of authorities on the topic, you should know that the 1st edition of this text was reviewed favorably by experts in the field (Siegfried 2009; Peterson 2011), so there is every reason to believe that the 2nd edition is also an authoritative treatment. View this article in BioOne
Implementation of the Time Variant Discrete Fourier Transform as a Real-Time Order Tracking Method

The Time Variant Discrete Fourier Transform was implemented as a real-time order tracking method using developed software and commercially available hardware. The time variant discrete Fourier transform (TVDFT) with the application of the orthogonality compensation matrix allows multiple tachometers to be tracked with close and/or crossing orders to be separated in real-time. Signal generators were used to create controlled experimental data sets to simulate tachometers and response channels. Computation timing was evaluated for the data collection procedure and each of the data processing steps to determine how each part of the process affects overall performance. Many difficulties are associated with a real-time data collection and analysis tool and it becomes apparent that an understanding of each component in the system is required to determine where time consuming computation is located.
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 deletion rescues auditory evoked potential habituation deficit in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome.

Abstract Sensory processing deficits are common in autism spectrum disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a leading genetic cause of intellectual disability and autism. Electrophysiological responses in humans with FXS show reduced habituation with sound repetition and this deficit may underlie auditory hypersensitivity in FXS. Our previous study in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice revealed an unusually long state of increased sound-driven excitability in auditory cortical neurons suggesting that cortical responses to repeated sounds may exhibit abnormal habituation as in humans with FXS. Here, we tested this prediction by comparing cortical event related potentials (ERP) recorded from wildtype (WT) and Fmr1 KO mice. We report a repetition-rate dependent reduction in habituation of N1 amplitude in Fmr1 KO mice and show that matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), one of the known FMRP targets, contributes to the reduced ERP habituation. Our studies demonstrate a significant up-regulation of MMP-9 levels in the auditory cortex of adult Fmr1 KO mice, whereas a genetic deletion of Mmp-9 reverses ERP habituation deficits in Fmr1 KO mice. Although the N1 amplitude of Mmp-9/Fmr1 DKO recordings was larger than WT and KO recordings, the habituation of ERPs in Mmp-9/Fmr1 DKO mice is similar to WT mice implicating MMP-9 as a potential target for reversing sensory processing deficits in FXS. Together these data establish ERP habituation as a translation relevant, physiological pre-clinical marker of auditory processing deficits in FXS and suggest that abnormal MMP-9 regulation is a mechanism underlying auditory hypersensitivity in FXS. Significance Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the leading known genetic cause of autism spectrum disorders. Individuals with FXS show symptoms of auditory hypersensitivity. These symptoms may arise due to sustained neural responses to repeated sounds, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. For the first time, this study shows deficits in habituation of neural responses to repeated sounds in the Fmr1 KO mice as seen in humans with FXS. We also report an abnormally high level of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9) in the auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice and that deletion of Mmp-9 from Fmr1 KO mice reverses habituation deficits. These data provide a translation relevant electrophysiological biomarker for sensory deficits in FXS and implicate MMP-9 as a target for drug discovery.
Conductivity Monitor

A very simple and inexpensive conductivity monitoring device has been constructed which avoids probe contamination, polarization, and deterioration. Concentration variations of ±2 percent can be reliably detected.
Anatomic Derkay Score Is Associated with Voice Handicap in Laryngeal Papillomatosis in Adults

ObjectiveThe Derkay staging system quantifies recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) severity based on involvement of laryngeal structures. Despite its broad use in the laryngology literature, the association between Derkay score and voice-related quality of life has not previously been studied. It is hypothesized that Derkay score positively correlates with the Voice Handicap Index–10 (VHI-10).Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary medical center.Subjects and MethodsForty-six adult RRP patients treated from 2007 to 2013 at a tertiary medical center were included. Anatomic Derkay scores at the time of each RRP procedure were calculated. VHI-10 scores obtained within 30 days preceding the procedures were used to assess for correlation between Derkay staging system and VHI-10.ResultsNinety-three procedures performed on 46 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean Derkay score was 11.9 (range, 2-28), and mean VHI-10 was 18.0 (range, 0-40). There was a significant positive correlation betwe...
Increasing Diversity in School Psychology: Uniting the Efforts of Institutions, Faculty, Students, and Practitioners

Historically, practitioners from culturally diverse backgrounds, especially racial, ethnic, and linguistic (REL) minority backgrounds, have been significantly underrepresented in the field of school psychology. A lack of diversity in the workforce is problematic for a number of reasons and ultimately limits the range of talents, ideas, and perspectives represented in the profession. While some research has described potential strategies that university faculty can employ to address this problem, further clarification is needed regarding the roles of institutions, graduate students, and practitioners in promoting the diversification of the field. The purpose of this article is to describe the barriers that impede the recruitment and retention of REL minority graduate students in school psychology training programs. Moreover, this article provides targeted recommendations for postsecondary institutions, faculty, graduate students, and practitioners for increasing the presence of culturally diverse individuals in training programs. Ultimately, coordinated efforts among stakeholders in a variety of roles are likely to have a greater collective impact in increasing the representation of minority students in school psychology programs.
Mechanical Structure Design of PGZX—1 Pipe Climbing Robot

PGZX—1 pipe is specific reference the straight pipe which pipe diameter is from 50 mm to 90 mm,and its tube spacing is 30 mm.At present,most factory boiler pipes and heating pipes of thermal power plant belong to it.It is easily to have serious cementation phenomenon that heated the furnace tube for a long time,and the cementation will make the pipe wall material carbon amount to advance,thus cause the pipe wall hardening changes crisp,extremely easy to create the furnace tube break.The frequent examination to the tube column can know the furnace tube interior cementation situation,will guarantee the work more stable and more safe.One kind robot is proposed that can climb the tube column,and it can climb the tube does not on the limit of column material and the caliber.It will reduce the size and weight of the new robot.This design aimed at the problem which is that the tube spacing is narrow and small,the caliber change and the body distortion we faced while we do the work of tube crawling.The robot's principle plan,and elaborated the design of the new crawl robot primary mechanical structure principle are introduced.
Apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle accompanied by increases in arachidonic acid.

Apoptosis, or controlled cell death, occurs naturally in numerous biological systems (Jacobson, et ai.,1997; Nagata, 1997; McConkey and Orrenius, 1997). This process is believed to occur in vascular smooth muscle during arteriosclerosis (Inner et al., 1995; Bennet, et al., 1995; Han et a—.,1995; Bjorkerud and Bjorkerud,1996). It may contribute to some of the damage that occurs during this disease (Bjorkerud and Bjorkerud, 1996). Very little is known about the molecular mechanism that underlies apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle. There is much evidence that increases in the sphingolipid ceramide contribute to the process of apoptosis in other tissues (McConkey and Orrenius, 1996). There is some evidence that arachidonic acid might also play a role during apoptosis in colonic epithelium (Chan et al.,1998). The purpose of the current study was to determine if agonists that induce apoptosis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells could also increase levels of arachidonic acid in these cells. We wanted to know if this increase occurred before the development of apoptosis in these cells. We found that apoptosis could be induced in cultured cells from rat aorta by either UV light or nitric oxide. Both UV light or NO could also stimulate arachidonate release from these cells. This suggested that arachidonate might Cell Culture. The SV40 transformed aortal smooth muscle cells were obtained from ATCC, Bethesda,MD. They were maintained in EMEM supplemented with 100U/ml penicillin, 100mg/ml streptomycin, and hear-inactivated fetal bovine serum. These cells were maintained in a humidified incubator at 37iaC with 5% CO2. When the cells reached confluency, they were released from the flasks by treatment with trypsin and split 1/3 before being allowed to grow further.
Digital Watches and Smart Watches: Everyone’s Monitored

This chapter, on digital watches and smart watches considers different attitudes toward time and discusses the writing of Mircea Eliade, who explained, in his book The Sacred and the Profane, that there are two different kinds of time: profane time, which passes and doesn’t return, and sacred time, which is cyclical and sees past events as returning—as in some religious ceremonies. This is followed by six hypotheses on the meaning and cultural significance of digital watches, such as: they reflect the growth of alienation in contemporary societies and the triumph of the digital over the mechanical. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the various functions of smart watches and the creation of the Apple Watch.
Identification of a highly conserved lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification operon in Enterococcus faecalis.

Generally considered a commensal organism, Enterococcus faecalis has emerged as a major nosocomial pathogen3. In addition, enterococci are acquiring resistances to every therapeutically useful antibiotic. Since previous studies had shown the enterococcal cell envelope to be a barrier to the efficient uptake of antibiotics, it was of interest to begin studies examining the molecular biology of the enterococcal cell wall5. An existing nucleotide sequence library was searched for functions potentially related to the structure and function of the enterococcal cell wall. In this study, we identified E. faecalis homologs to genes of the E. coli K-12 rfb operon (rfbA, rfb6)7, 10, which in enteric organisms are involved in LPS modification.
Effects of antibodies to sperm surface fertilization antigen-1 on human sperm-zona pellucida interaction*

Objective To investigate the effects of antibodies to well-defined sperm surface antigens (the fertilization antigen [FA-1] and germ-cell antigen [GA-1]) and nuclear antigen (protamine) on human sperm-zona interaction. Design Number of total and acrosome-reacted human sperm bound to the human zona pellucida and the sperm movement characteristics assessed by computer-aided sperm analysis were evaluated after incubation of sperm with the antibodies. Setting Academic research environment approved by the Institute Review Board. Patients Human oocytes were obtained from ovaries removed at surgery. Semen from fertile donors was used in all assays. Interventions Human oocytes were stored in salt solution at −80°C until used. Spermatozoa were treated with the antibodies to various sperm antigens. Main Outcome Measures Total and acrosome-reacted sperm bound to zona pellucida and sperm movement characteristics were evaluated after 3 to 5hours of incubation of the antibodies with human sperm. Results Anti-FA-1 antibodies significantly reduced human sperm fusion with zona-free hamster oocytes and sperm binding to the human zona pellucida but did not affect binding of acrosome-reacted sperm and sperm movement characteristics. Anti-GA-1 and antiprotamine antibodies did not affect sperm-oocyte interaction, acrosomal reaction, or sperm motility. Conclusions Antibodies to FA-1 but not to GA-1 and protamine inhibit human sperm-zona interaction.