cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Nine-Year Analysis of Practice Patterns, Microbiologic Yield, and Clinical Outcomes in Cases of Presumed Infectious Endophthalmitis

Purpose To analyze practice patterns, microbiologic yield, and clinical outcomes in cases of presumed infectious endophthalmitis at a single tertiary academic referral center. Design Retrospective chart review. Participants Eyes diagnosed with endophthalmitis at the Duke Eye Center between January 1, 2009, and January 1, 2018, that underwent aqueous tap, needle vitreous tap, or mechanical vitreous biopsy with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in conjunction with intravitreal antimicrobials. Methods Charts of 133 eyes of 130 consecutive patients were identified and reviewed for etiology of endophthalmitis, ocular history, interventions, visual outcomes, complication rates, and microbiologic culture results. Main Outcome Measures Microbiologic yield and corrected visual acuity (VA) at initial presentation and last follow-up (up to 1 year) were the primary outcome measures. Secondary outcome measures included need for subsequent intervention, retinal detachment (RD) rate, and antimicrobial sensitivities. Results Of the 133 cases of presumed infectious endophthalmitis, 74% were unrelated to cataract surgery. Initial management included intravitreal antimicrobials with aqueous tap in 46% of eyes, needle vitreous tap in 59% of eyes, and mechanical vitreous biopsy with PPV in 14% of eyes. Twenty-seven percent of cases that underwent initial aqueous or needle vitreous tap required subsequent intervention with PPV. Overall, 45% of endophthalmitis cases were culture proven. Needle vitreous tap and mechanical vitreous biopsy with PPV were more likely to yield culture growth compared with aqueous tap (P = 0.042, P = 0.004, respectively). All isolated bacteria were sensitive to the combination of intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime. Eyes that underwent initial mechanical vitreous biopsy with PPV had worse VA at presentation (P = 0.024) and at last follow up (P = 0.011) compared with eyes that underwent initial aqueous tap or needle vitreous tap. An RD occurred within 3–12 months in 13% (17/133) of cases, and of these, 41% had an endogenous etiology. Conclusions Needle vitreous tap and mechanical vitreous biopsy were more effective in yielding positive cultures compared with aqueous tap; however, culture results may not influence initial intravitreal antimicrobial choice. Eyes with presenting VA between counting fingers and hand motion at 1 foot were more likely to undergo initial PPV.
CHAPTER 7 – PROBABILITY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses basic concepts related to probability. A fundamental property of probability is that each probability must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusive. The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment is called the sample space for the experiment. The outcomes in the sample space are called the sample points. An event is a subset of the sample space of an experiment. An event E is said to occur if the outcome of the experiment is a sample point in E. If S is the sample space of an experiment, then an event E is called a certain event if E = S and an impossible event if E is a null set.
Abstractions, algorithms and data structures for structural bioinformatics in PyCogent

To facilitate flexible and efficient structural bioinformatics analyses, new functionality for three-dimensional structure processing and analysis has been introduced into PyCogent – a popular feature-rich framework for sequence-based bioinformatics, but one which has lacked equally powerful tools for handling stuctural/coordinate-based data. Extensible Python modules have been developed, which provide object-oriented abstractions (based on a hierarchical representation of macromolecules), efficient data structures (e.g. kD-trees), fast implementations of common algorithms (e.g. surface-area calculations), read/write support for Protein Data Bank-related file formats and wrappers for external command-line applications (e.g. Stride). Integration of this code into PyCogent is symbiotic, allowing sequence-based work to benefit from structure-derived data and, reciprocally, enabling structural studies to leverage PyCogent’s versatile tools for phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses.
Assessment of Patient and Provider Satisfaction With the Change to Telehealth From In-Person Visits at an Academic Safety Net Institution During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) caused a global pandemic that forced medical providers to rapidly alter methods of health care delivery. One month into this pandemic, we surveyed providers and patients to assess satisfaction or concerns with the change from in-person visits. Methods: We surveyed internal medicine (IM) and family medicine (FM) faculty and residents to ascertain satisfaction or concerns with the change to telehealth from in-person visits. Results: Of patients surveyed (129 IM, 94 FM), 84.4% of IM patients and 94% of FM patients agreed or strongly agreed that they enjoyed the televisits, and 82.9% of IM providers (47 surveyed) and 64% of FM providers (25 surveyed) felt the same. For continued televisits, 76.74% of IM patients and 84.1% of FM patients agreed or strongly agreed that they would not mind having virtual visits after the pandemic, compared with 89.44% of IM providers and 88% of FM providers, and 91% of IM providers and 88% of FM providers felt comfortable managing visits virtually. Conclusion: Patients are open to the expanded use of telemedicine, and providers and hospital systems should be prepared to embrace it for the benefit of patient care.
Effect of Plasma on the Deflagration to Detonation Transition

Numerical results of plasma supported deflagration to detonation transition have been presented. The mathematical model includes Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations for the compressible mediu...
Defect and Impurity-Complex Depassivation During Electron-Beam Irradiation of GaAs

Significant increases in thermal generation rates in molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown p-i-n-i-p GaAs structures are attributed to depassivation of hydrogen-defect/impurity complexes during high-intensity, low-energy electron-beam irradiation. Quantum calculations of relevant defect energy levels and reaction pathways suggest that depassivation of oxygen impurities is the likely cause of the observed degradation. Electric-field and excess-carrier-induced dehydrogenation of OAs–H complexes is identified as a likely rate-limiting process, leading to the observed enhanced thermal carrier generation in these structures.
Continuity of Nursing Care in Home Health: Impact on Rehospitalization Among Older Adults With Dementia.

Background Home health care (HHC) is a leading form of home and community-based services for persons with dementia (PWD). Nurses are the primary providers of HHC; however, little is known of nursing care delivery and quality. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association between continuity of nursing care in HHC and rehospitalization among PWD. Research design This is a retrospective cohort study using multiple years (2010-2015) of HHC assessment, administrative, and human resources data from a large urban not-for-profit home health agency. Subjects This study included 23,886 PWD receiving HHC following a hospitalization. Measures Continuity of nursing care was calculated using the Bice and Boxerman method, which considered the number of total visits, nurses, and visits from each nurse during an HHC episode. The outcome was all-cause rehospitalization during HHC. Risk-adjusted logistic regression was used for analysis. Results Approximately 24% of PWD were rehospitalized. The mean continuity of nursing care score was 0.56 (SD=0.33). Eight percent of PWD received each nursing visit from a different nurse (no continuity), and 26% received all visits from one nurse during an HHC episode (full continuity). Compared with those receiving high continuity of nursing care (third tertile), PWD receiving low (first tertile) or moderate (second tertile) continuity of nursing care had an adjusted odds ratio of 1.33 (95% confidence interval: 1.25-1.46) and 1.30 (95% confidence interval: 1.22-1.43), respectively, for being rehospitalized. Conclusions Wide variations exist in continuity of nursing care to PWD. Consistency in nurse staff when providing HHC visits to PWD is critical for preventing rehospitalizations.
Emotion and prosocial giving in older adults

A new study provides broad evidence that older people are more generous than their younger counterparts, but that they favor local over global giving. In light of population aging and the relative wealth controlled by older citizens, it is important to identify the factors that contribute to these differences.
Master-planned communities in the United States as novel contexts for individual and population-level research.

Abstract It has long been known that social and physical environments can shape individual and population health, for better or worse. Master-planned communities (MPCs) in the US are custom-designed residential neighborhoods with defined boundaries planned and developed under a single, private owner or entity from their inception. Across the US, these vary greatly in scale ranging from 100 to over 50,000 homes, but broadly all provide residents with housing, infrastructure, landscaping, and purpose-built facilities to support socialization. Current research in the urban planning literature suggests that MPCs can influence the health of their residents. However, few studies have examined the use of MPCs as settings to conduct individual or population health research. In this paper, we examine the potential of MPCs as context for observational or intervention studies aimed at understanding individual and population-level health and well-being. We first summarize links between built and social environment and individual and population health research. Next, we describe the history of planned communities in the US. Then, we review specific features of MPCs related to governance, development, design, and social structure. We end by exploring how those specific features may lead to potential opportunities and challenges when using MPCs in health research. Through this discussion, we highlight MPCs as overlooked settings that may offer potential for collaborative, innovative, and socially engaged health research.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

In ulcerative colitis and Crohn´s disease possible etiology is presented. Signs, preoperative work-up and conservative therapy are mentioned. Surgical treatment, postoperative care and prognosis are emphasized.
Building enterprise information architectures: reengineering information systems

1. Historical Perspective. 2. Gaining Support for an Enterprise Information Architecture. 3. The Business Aproach to Enterprise Information Architecture Design. 4. The Ballpark View of Process. 5. The Ballpark View of Data. 6. The Business Owner's View. 7. Enterprise to Data Models. 8. Warehousing Versus Operational Systems. 9. Making It Happen. 10. Architecture Dependancies. 11. Architecture Investments. 12. What the Future May Hold.
Autoregressive Moving Average Inverse Dynamics for Rhodium Self-Powered Neutron Detector

AbstractThe autoregressive moving average (ARMA) solution is derived for the rhodium self-powered neutron detector inverse dynamics. Numerical performance is compared to the autoregressive (AR) inverse dynamics form. A potential difference in the dynamic range of the two methods would be masked by analog-to-digital converter quantizing noise. TheAR and ARMA inverse dynamics methods have equal performance for additive noise and require the same number of multiplications and additions per time step.
Acquiring and Classifying Signals from Nanopores and Ion-Channels

The use of engineered nanopores as sensing elements for chemical and biological agents is a rapidly developing area. The distinct signatures of nanopore-nanoparticle lend themselves to statistical analysis. As a result, processing of signals from these sensors is attracting a lot of attention. In this paper we demonstrate a neural network approach to classify and interpret nanopore and ion-channel signals.
Planning for the Mark Brandenburg and for Prague during the Third Reich

During the 12 years of the Third Reich, the Nazis engaged in several important urban planning projects, including an ambitious effort aimed at redesigning dozens of larger German cities as sites representing Nazi ideological aims and practices. Scholars have studied these plans, but little attention has been given to the work of a small group of planners, headed by Reinhold Niemeyer, which focused first on smaller towns in Brandenburg other than Berlin and then on Prague, the capital of the so‐called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, a semi‐autonomous territory within greater Germany. This article analyses key elements of the plans of the Niemeyer group. Niemeyer and Eugen Blanck, his chief subordinate, had both been associated before 1933 with modernist ideas on planning and architecture. In 1934 Niemeyer became the president of the German Academy for Urban, Reich and Regional Planning, a post he held until 1946. In 1937 he moved to Berlin to take the position as planner for Brandenburg, where Blanck ...
RapiBaBot: A solution to the inverted pendulum using a raspberry Pi and its GPIO

In this paper we present a manipulation of the Kalman Filter and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller to generate an Inverted Pendulum. A Kalman Filter recursively receives noisy data and produces an estimate of the system's state. A PID Controller determines the rate at which the system reaches the set state from the derived estimate. An Inverted Pendulum, an inherently unstable system, attempts to sustain an upright position. The utilizations of the Kalman Filter in conjunction with the PID Controller will allow the system to maintain that position. While many Inverted Pendulum applications exist, in this research we propose the RapiBaBot; a robot that employs low-cost, easily obtained electronics to formulate a fairly stable inverted pendulum system. In this paper we show how we solve issues that usually arise in inverted pendulum applications, namely, vibration and lack of mobility. These issues have to be solved effectively for the stability and mobility of the system. We also explain how to construct the Kalman Filter and PID Controller into an effective and understandable form for the electronics to easily integrate with.
Isolation of a floating cell strain from submerged cell cultures of Euphorbia marginata pursh

Abstract A strain of floating cells, isolated from cell suspensions of Euphorbia marginata , is being maintained in standing flask culture without requirements of agitation or supplemental aeration for growth. The floating strain exhibits two-dimensional and three-dimensional growth patterns both of which are being maintained as sub-cultures. The strain consists of cells more uniform in morphology than the cells in suspension culture. Paths of cellular differentiation are similar in both cultures with resultant development of elongated and lignified cells. Isolated single cells or small cell groupings can be readily secured from both the floating cultures and the suspension cultures. Standing flask cultures as a technique can aid in the selection and maintenance of friable cell cultures on a liquid surface to supplement studies on agitated suspension cultures and agar base cultures.
Disenfranchised Grief and Nonfinite Loss as Experienced by the Families of Death Row Inmates

The families of death row inmates experience grief and loss issues that have been neglected by scholars and clinicians alike. The issues found in this population are unique and require our understanding. The present study uses the concepts of disenfranchised grief and nonfinite loss to uncover the pain experienced by the children and other family members who have a loved one on death row. Kenneth Doka's (1989) concept of disenfranchised grief is utilized to bring attention to the ways in which the circumstances surrounding an execution leave the family members of those condemned to death outside of the "grieving rules" that exist in the United States. Family members are disenfranchised from their grief, as society does not socially validate their pain. The loss that they feel is also nonfinite (Bruce & Schultz, 2001) in that it is continuous and denies the families all of the hopes, dreams, and expectations that they had for their loved one who now sits on death row. The qualitative interview method was utilized by the authors of this study to gather data from 26 family members of death row inmates who are incarcerated along the East Coast of the United States. The reactions of this group of family members are varied and complex, yet they include the following common responses: social isolation due to stigma and their own feelings of criminalization, intensified family conflict between family members who grieve differently from one another, diminished self-esteem, shame, diffused and specific feelings of guilt, and a chronic state of despair. This study explores virtually untapped terrain. An examination of the microlevel effects of the death penalty on families provides insight in to the area of death and dying, especially as it is related to disenfranchised loss and nonfinite grief. In addition, this study provides insight into the death penalty and its effects.
A new look at the effects of export instability on investment and growth

Abstract This paper is concerned with the effects of export instability on investment and growth. It is shown that past cross-sectional empirical studies on the effects of export instability (either in prices or in value terms) used an incorrect measure of instability that does not properly take account of the share of exports in GDP. Using a new instability index and a broad set of conditioning variables, it is shown that export instability was positively associated with investment but negatively associated with growth in a large sample of countries during the period from the early 1970s to the mid 1980s.
Reestablishment of the species Poeciloneta bellona (Araneae: Linyphiidae)

Abstract Poeciloneta bellona Chamberlin and Ivie 1943 is removed from synonymy established by Saaristo and Tanasevitch (2000) and re-described using new and existing specimens from the Rocky Mountains. Incestophantes calcaratus (Emerton 1909) is re-described and transfered to Poeciloneta Kulczynski 1894 and a lectotype is designated.
Characterization of a foot-and-mouth disease mutant temperature-sensitive for viral RNA synthesis

A temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) did not produce RNA polymerase activity nor synthesize viral RNA when incubated in cells solely at the nonpermissive temperature (38.5° C). Infected cells initially incubated at 38.5° C and then shifted down to 33° C synthesized increased amounts of viral RNA at earlier times compared to infected cells kept at 33° C throughout, indicating that RNA polymerase precursors were synthesized at 38.5° C. In cells shifted up to 38.5° C from 33° C, the total amount of viral RNA synthesized after infection increased sharply for about 15 minutes and then rapidly decreased over the next 2 hours. RNA polymerase activity presented a similar pattern in its initial twofold increase and subsequent rapid decrease. Pulse labeling experiments showed that mutant viral RNA synthesis continued at a diminishing rate for 2 hours in cells shifted up to 38.5° C. The data from temperature shift experiments indicated that essentially only the mutant RNA formed after shift-up was degraded. The FMDVts mutant is apparently additionally defective in being unable to protect viral RNA synthesized after shift-up to 38.5° C.
A Transmission Line Method to Compute the Far-Field Radiation of Arbitrary Hertzian Dipoles in a Multilayer Structure Embedded With PEC Strip Interfaces

A transmission line (TL) method was proposed to compute the far-field radiation of Hertzian dipoles in a multilayer dielectric structure previously. This method is generalized here to deal with a structure embedded with perfectly electric conducting (PEC) strip interfaces. The problem is solved by analyzing an equivalent network, where each PEC strip interface is mapped into a four-port network, and each dielectric layer is mapped into two two-port networks for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The S matrix of a four-port network is obtained analytically by applying the asymptotic boundary conditions. As an application, the PEC strip interfaces are used to reduce the cross polarization or rotate the polarization of a dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). In addition, the TL method is valid for a structure with any type of homogeneous and reciprocal layers whose S matrices are known. It is also able to solve two kinds of problems which cannot be done by a full-wave analysis equipped with a periodic boundary condition. Furthermore, the investigation of the system matrix singularity helps us to avoid the cavity mode in designing a radiating structure.
Solutions for the E mechanism in double potential step experiments

Abstract Double potential step experiments are valuable tools in mechanistic studies of electrochemical systems consisting of both homogeneous and heterogeneous processes. Previously very little has been available in the way of analytical solutions to these problems. Using the E mechanism as an example, a method is presented by which relatively simple solutions for double potential step problems can be constructed for such processes as the E, EC, CE and ECE mechanisms. Included are solutions for concentration profiles as well as the current-time and current-potential behavior of the general double potential step problem for the E mechanism. Also included is a simplified solution for when the rate of the reaction is relatively large during the first step, though it need not be diffusion controlled. These simplified results have applications in reverse pulse experiments.
An evaluation of some nonparametric multiple comparison procedures by Monte Carlo methods

Computer simulation techniques were employed to investigate the Type I and Type II error rates (experiment-wise and comparison-wise) of three nonparametric multiple comparison procedures. Three different underlying distributions were considered. It was found that the nonparametric analog to Fisher’s LSD (a Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests if a significant overall effect is detected) appeared to be superior to the Nemenyi-Dunn and Steel-Dwass procedures, because of the extreme conservatism of these latter methods.
STABILITY OF JUNGIAN PERSONALITY TYPES WITHIN A COLLEGE POPULATION OVER A DECADE

Sanmary.-This study examined the stability of a college population's modal personality type, and its distribution of personality types, over a decade. This was done cross-sectionally by comparing the Jungian personality types of two female samples from the same urban university whose personality types had been tested 10 to 12 yr. apart with the Myers-Briggs Type Ind~cator. The total sample was 1,764. The results indicated that the slight change in the two samples' modal personality type was artifactual and that there was no stadstically significant difference in the disuibutions of personality types. The findings are discussed in terms of their theoretical and research implications. "Personality is a stable set of characteristics and tendencies chat determine those commonalities and differences in the psychological behavior (thoughts, feelings, and actions) of people that have continuity in time and that may or may not be easily understood in terms of the social and biological pressures of the immediate situation alone" (Maddi, 1972, p. 9). When researchers began to study personality in different cultures they assumed that individuals within a given society/culture were quite similar in personality. Accordingly, such investigators (DuBois, 1944) looked for the culture's "modal personality." This approach was prominently reflected in the studies of "national character" (Benedict, 1946; Gorer, 1948) of such groups as the Germans and Japanese that followed the two world wars. Researchers (Wallace, 1952; Levy, Murphy, & Carlson, 1972) later found, however, that less than 40% of the members of a particular population fit that culture's modal personality. Then, as noted by LeVine (1973), there was a need to examine the distribution of personality types within (and across) cultures, not just modal personality types. Jung (1921) was probably one of the first to recognize the importance of examining the variation of human behavior within different cultures. He hypothesized that much of this intracultural variation is quite orderly and that it is based upon the ways people use perception and judgment. He also distinguished between two basic types of attirude among people, extraversion and introversion. Extraverts are oriented towards people and things in their environment, whereas introveets are mainly interested in the inner world of ideas. Jung further postulated four psychological functions: sensing-awareness ema
Characterization of rat heart tropoelastin.

Abstract Several overlapping rat tropoelastin cDNA clones were isolated from a λgt11 rat heart cDNA library and their nucleotide sequence was determined. The corresponding deduced amino acid sequence of rat tropoelastin revealed strong homology to bovine and human tropoelastins although possessing some unique features including greater size (18%) and composition of repetitive units. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of rat tropoelastin to four other tropoelastin species reveals that the hydrophobic peptide repeat regions in the middle of each molecule and the crosslinking areas containing three lysine residues are remarkably conserved. A possible function for the clustering of three lysine residues in providing a mechanism for the in vivo reduction of dehydrolysinonorleucine via a redox shuttle with dihydrodesmosine is proposed. In addition, the COOH-terminal sequence of the rat tropoelastin is virtually identical to tropoelastins of other species in possessing a cysteine/arginine/lysine containing segment. There are no obvious amino acid insertions or substitutions in the COOH-terminal half of the rat tropoelastin molecule which would signal unique cleavage or glycosylation sites. Examination of the steady-state levels of rat tropoelastin mRNA in 8- and 12-day neonatal lung, heart, and aortic tissues showed that the amount of tropoelastin mRNA was abundant and of similar size (3.9 kb) in all three tissues.
Hand2 Regulates Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Essential for Gut-Looping Morphogenesis in Zebrafish

Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is critical for organogenesis, yet its molecular regulation is poorly understood. In zebrafish, asymmetric migration of the epithelial lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) displaces the gut leftward, allowing correct placement of the liver and pancreas. To observe LPM migration at cellular resolution, we transgenically expressed EGFP under the control of the regulatory sequences of the bHLH transcription factor gene hand2. We found that laminin is distributed along the LPM/gut boundary during gut looping, and that it appears to become diminished by the migrating hand2-expressing cells. Laminin diminishment is necessary for LPM migration and is dependent on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Loss of Hand2 function causes reduced MMP activity and prolonged laminin deposition at the LPM/gut boundary, leading to failed asymmetric LPM migration and gut looping. Our study reveals an unexpected role for Hand2, a key regulator of cell specification and differentiation, in modulating ECM remodeling during organogenesis.
Dealing with interruptions can be complex, but does interruption complexity matter: a mental resources approach to quantifying disruptions

Past work examining the effects of interruption complexity on primary task performance has yielded quite mixed results. Some research suggests that more complex interruptions lead to greater disruption of the primary task, while other studies have shown that interruption complexity does not directly influence the amount of primary task disruption. It is our hypothesis that interruption complexity, defined by the number of mental operators required to complete a task as opposed to an intuitive sense of difficulty, does affect primary task performance, such that interruptions requiring more mental operators (more complex) lead to greater disruption than do less complex interruptions. Participants performed a single primary task in conjunction with either a simple or complex interruption. The complex interruption required more mental operators to complete than the simple interruption. Our results showed that it took longer to resume the primary task following a complex interruption than it did following a si...
Immunohistochemical analyses of the human olfactory bulb

These studies explore the distribution of putative neuroactive peptides in the human olfactory bulb. Localization of synaptophysin-, serotonin-, cholecystokinin-, substance P-, and somatostatin-like staining was examined by immunocytochemical protocols. The results provide new insights into the composition and laminar segregation of subpopulations of neurons and neuronal processes in the human olfactory bulb. The prominent synaptophysin-like immunoreactivity observed in the glomeruli of the human olfactory bulb is consistent with the notion that the density of synapses, and hence the density of synaptic vesicles, is highest in the glomeruli. Serotonin-like immunoreactivity suggested a variable innervation of glomeruli ranging from a dense tangled ball of fibers within the glomerulus to a sparse innervation by a single immunoreactive fiber. There was no evidence of serotonin-like immunoreactive cell bodies in either the olfactory bulb proper, anterior olfactory nucleus, or proximal regions of the lateral olfactory tract. Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity was limited to fibers found largely in the juxtaglomerular region of the glomerular layer. In the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb, cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive fibers did not show any of branching or arborization that was evident in the juxtaglomerular region. Substance P-like immunoreactivity was seen in varicose fibers distributed in all of the human olfactory bulb laminae. In addition, stained multipolar neurons were found in the area of the anterior olfactory nucleus. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was similar to that of substance P in that a plexus of stained fibers was found in all laminae of the olfactory bulb. Also, somatostatin-like immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the area of the anterior olfactory nucleus. However, as compared to substance P, somatostatin had a less dense plexus of immunoreactive fibers in the olfactory bulb. These results increase our understanding of the fundamental organization of the human olfactory system. The current data, coupled with prior studies, provide a foundation from which to study the cellular pathology of diseases with known olfactory system sequelae such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and schizophrenia. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Circulation on the West Antarctic Peninsula derived from 6 years of shipboard ADCP transects

Abstract Over the past 30 years, shelf circulation on the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has been derived from hydrographic data with a reasonable level of confidence. However, with the exception of a very few drifter tracks and current-meter timeseries from moorings, direct velocity measurements have not previously been available. In this article, shelf and shelf-edge circulation is examined using a new velocity dataset, consisting of several years of acoustic Doppler current profiler transects, routinely collected along the ship tracks of the R/V Gould and the R/V Palmer since the fall of 1997. Initial processing and quality control is performed by Dr. Teresa Chereskin and Dr. Eric Firing, who then place the data in an archive accessible by public website, resulting in the broad availability of the data for a variety of uses. In this study, gridded Eulerian means have been calculated to examine circulation on the shelf and slope off the South Shetland Islands, in Bransfield Strait, and on the shelf and slope south of these regions, including Marguerite Bay and the adjacent shelf and shelf-edge. Shelf-edge flow is northeastward in the study area from the offshore of northern Alexander Island to Smith Island, while a southward flowing shelf-edge feature, probably the shallow component of the polar slope current, appears between Elephant Island and Livingston Island. The shallow polar slope current appears to turn shoreward to pass through Boyd Strait between Smith and Livingston Islands. In Bransfield Strait, there is cyclonic circulation. The previously identified northeastward-flowing South Shetland Island jet is strong and present in all seasons, with a large barotropic component not revealed by the hydrography-based velocities derived in the past. On the shelf seaward of Adelaide, Anvers and Brabant Islands, the strong along-shelf Antarctic Peninsula coastal current flows southwestward, with strongest velocities in winter (June–September) off Anvers and Brabant Islands, but stronger in summer (December–March) off Adelaide Island. Seaward of Marguerite Bay, there is seaward flow in the upper 400 m of the water column over the southwest bank of Marguerite Trough, strongest in summer, and shoreward flow near the northeast bank and adjacent shallower shelf areas.
The monsoonal regimes of upper‐hydrospheric structure in the tropical Indian Ocean

Abstract In response to the alternations between the boreal summer Southwest and the winter Northeast monsoons, the upper‐hydrospheric structure of the tropical Indian Ocean experiences drastic seasonal changes. All year‐round the zone 10–20°S is characterized by a thick and deep thermocline and a ridge in ocean surface topography, while at 0–10°S a tongue protruding from the African coast eastward features a thin and shallow thermocline and a trough in the ocean surface. The trough and ridge mark the equatorial and polar boundaries of the South Equatorial Current. The eastward depression of isotherms and the rise of the ocean surface along the equator are most pronounced around May‐June and November‐December, or lagging somewhat behind the jet‐like surface currents, which are forced by the strong westerly winds sweeping the equatorial zone during limited intervals of the monsoon transitions. Monsoonal changes are particularly dramatic in the northwestern Indian Ocean. From June to August, the thermocline...
Hot Subluminous Stars and Blue Objects in the Case Low-Dispersion Northern Sky Survey. II. Quasar Candidates

We present spectra for 124 objects selected from the Case Low-Dispersion Northern Sky Survey. The objects were selected from the Case Stellar Objects (CSO) and consist of unresolved point sources having either a featureless blue continuum or emission features in their discovery spectra. Forty-six of the objects are confirmed quasars with redshifts ranging from 0.20 to 2.97 with a median redshift of 1.62. We find that the CSO list is an excellent source of bright, low redshift quasars. Several quasars exhibit absorption lines arising from intervening material. CSO 118 is a bright (V 16.5 mag) QSO with a prominent Ly-alpha forest at a redshift of 2.97. Three of the objects are either LINERS or H II region galaxies. Most of the remaining classifiable objects are galactic stars and we find 11 DA white dwarfs, 1 DB white dwarf, 3 sdB stars, 1 sdOB star, and 22 sdF-G stars. The remaining 35 objects have noisy or featureless spectra.
Pre-Maquoketa (Middle Ordovician) Cyclic Sediments in the Upper Mississippi Valley Area: ABSTRACT

Five cycles are recognized in the pre-Maquoketa (Middle Ordovician) marine strata of the Upper Mississippi Valley area: two in Cambrian rocks and three in Ordovician rocks. A sixth unit, at the base of this cyclic section, shows some cyclic characteristics, but is considered to be of non-marine origin. A complete cycle includes the following units: Phase 4, carbonate deposits; Phase 3, fine-grained sandstone, fossiliferous, dolomitic, and glauconitic and (or) green shale; Phase 2, interbedded coarse-grained sandstone, locally conglomeratic, fossiliferous, dolomitic, and glauconitic, and poorly sorted sandstone composed of particles ranging in grain size from silt to coarse sand; Phase 1, orthoquartzitic sandstone deposits. Analogous units in each cycle contain similar attributes of mineralogy, grain size, sorting, fossil content, sedimentary structures, contact relations, geometry, and lateral variations. The thickness of cyclic components may vary and components may be locally absent. Cycles are believed to represent transgressive depositional environments caused by periodic rejuvenation of the land and inner shelf areas with contemporaneous activity in neighboring basins. Materials delivered to the shelf range in grain size from clay to granules. As land areas were worn down, sediments of Phase 1 accumulated on the shelf, building it upward. As the supply of sediment to the shelf decreased, wave and current energy was diverted toward reworking shelf deposits. Deposits of Phase 2 indicate alternating conditions of low and high energy which produced beds of well sorted coarse- and medium-grained sand alternating with poorly sorted beds of materials ranging in size from silt to granules. During Phase 1 and Phase 2 finer particles were kept in suspension. In Phase 3 t ese finer particles, together with those removed from shelf deposits during reworking, were deposited. Deposits of Phase 3 are fine-grained sandstone and (or) shale which are commonly dolomitic and glauconitic. Intraformational conglomerates are common. Phase 4 is characterized by carbonate deposition believed to have begun when energy conditions reduced sufficiently for the shelf bottom to stabilize and support life. End_of_Article - Last_Page 366------------
Sex counseling and the penile prosthesis

Surgical implantation of the penile prosthesis raises critical issues for the assessment and treatment of psychogenic and organically based erectile dysfunction. The importance of treating sexual problems within the overall context of an individual's personal and interpersonal experience is discussed and illustrated with case studies. A regimen of sex counseling is suggested 1) to aid in the differential diagnosis of a psychological from an organic basis for the dysfunction—thereby being likely to correct the problem in the former instance; 2) to provide an opportunity for the client and his partner to explore other satisfying forms of sexual expression and communication; and 3) to increase the probability of successful adaptation if a prosthesis is requested by the client.
Trajectory options for low-cost missions to asteroids

Abstract We consider a wide variety of gravity-assist trajectories using Venus, Earth and Mars to obtain low launch energy trajectories to four large asteroids in the main belt. These trajectories are constructed by analytic and numeric search techniques. We optimize promising trajectories for minimum total Δ V and search for additional (nontargeted) asteroid flybys. Several optimized opportunities with multiple asteroid flybys are reported, followed by a discussion of general characteristics of the various trajectory types.
Breast cancer risk in women with radial scars in benign breast biopsies

Background: The risk for subsequent breast cancer in women diagnosed with radial scar lesions (RS) on benign breast biopsy remains controversial. We studied the relative risk of radial scar lesions in a large cohort of patients with benign breast disease (BBD). Methods: Radial scars were identified in a BBD cohort of 9,262 patients biopsied at Mayo Clinic between 1967 and 1991. Radial scar lesions were classified as proliferative disease without atypia (PDWA) unless atypia was present (classified as atypical hyperplasia [AH]). The observed number of breast cancers developing among those with RS was compared to that expected in the general population using standardized incidence ratios (SIRs, mean follow-up interval 17 years). Results: RS were identified in 439 (4.7%) of the cohort members; 382 (87.0%) contained one RS, 42 (9.6%) contained two, 9 (2.0%) contained three, and 6 (1.4%) contained four or more. The majority of RS (356, 82.4%) were less than 5.0 mm in diameter; 60 (13.9%) were 5.0–9.9 mm, and 16 (3.7%) were 10.0 mm or greater. The relative risk for women with PDWA and RS was 1.88 (95% CI, 1.36–2.53), no different than PDWA without RS [relative risk 1.57 (95% CI, 1.37–1.79) (P = 0.29)]. Women with atypical hyperplasia and RS (n = 60) had a relative risk of 2.81 (95% CI, 1.29–5.35), while those with atypia but without RS had a relative risk of 3.97 (95% CI, 2.99–5.19). Conclusions: RS imparts no increased breast cancer risk above that of PDWA or AH without RS.
Obama’s Implicit Human Rights Doctrine

During his first year in office, President Barack Obama has outlined a human rights doctrine. The essence of Obama’s position is that the foreign policy of the USA is dedicated to the promotion of the most basic human right—the right to life—above and beyond all others and that the USA will systematically refrain from actively promoting other rights, even if this merely entails sanctions or raising a moral voice. This article details and examines Obama’s position and assesses its normative standing.
Polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase and catalase attenuate increased blood-brain barrier permeability after ischemia in piglets

Transport of urea across the blood-brain barrier is increased during postischemic cerebral reperfusion in the piglet. Ischemia/reperfusion also has been observed to increase apparent superoxide anion generation on the surface of the brain. The present study was designed to address the hypothesis that the increased transfer of urea into the brain after ischemia/reperfusion could be due to superoxide anion-induced alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability. Blood-to-brain transfer of carbon-14-labeled urea was measured in four groups (n = 7 each) of newborn pigs: 1) control (no ischemia, no pretreatment), 2) pretreatment with polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase (1,000 IU/kg) and polyethylene glycol catalase (10,000 IU/kg i.v.) but no ischemia, 3) no pretreatment and 20 minutes of ischemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion, and 4) pretreatment with polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase and polyethylene glycol catalase in addition to ischemia/reperfusion. The following brain regions were investigated: cerebrum, caudate, midbrain, pons, medulla, and cerebellum. Polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase inhibited generation of superoxide anion by the brain during reperfusion after ischemia. Regional transfer of [14C]urea from blood to brain increased at 2 hours' reperfusion. This ischemia-induced increase in blood-to-brain transfer of [14C]urea was attenuated by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase and polyethylene glycol catalase: e.g., cerebrum Kin was 28 +/- 2 in the control group, 26 +/- 3 in the pretreated/no ischemia group, 67 +/- 5 in the untreated/ischemia group, and 40 +/- 2 ml.g-1.s-1.10(6) in the pretreated/ischemia group. After ischemia/reperfusion, cerebral blood flow was unchanged by pretreatment with polyethylene glycol superoxide dismutase and polyethylene glycol catalase. These data suggest that production of a partially reduced species of oxygen contributes to the increased urea transfer across the blood-brain barrier after ischemia in the newborn pig.
A classification of freshwater Louisiana lakes based on water quality and user perception data.

An index system developed for Louisiana lakes was based on correlations between measurable water quality parameters and perceived lake quality. Support data was provided by an extensive monitoring program of 30 lakes coordinated with opinion surveys undertaken during summer 1984. Lakes included in the survey ranged from 4 to 735 km2 in surface area with mean depths ranging from 0.5 to 8.0 m. Water quality data indicated most of these lakes are eutrophic, although many have productive fisheries and are considered recreational assets. Perception ratings of fishing quality and its associated water quality were obtained by distributing approximately 1200 surveys to Louisiana Bass Club Associaton members. The ability of Secchi disc transparency, total organic carbon, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a to discriminate between perception classes was examined using probability distributions and multivariate analyses. Secchi disc and total organic carbon best reflected perceived lake conditions; however, these parameters did not provide the discrimination necessary for developing a quantitative risk assessment of lake trophic state. Consequently, an interim lakes index system was developed based on total organic carbon and perceived lake conditions. The developed index system will aid State officials in interpretating and evaluating regularly collected lake quality data, recognizing potential problem areas, and identifying proper management policies for protecting fisheries usage within the State.
Orthogonal tableaux and an insertion algorithm for SO (2 n + 1)

Abstract A new set of tableaux indexing the weights of the irreducible representations of SO (2 n + 1) is presented. These tableaux are used to produce an insertion scheme which gives a combinatorial description of the decomposition of the k th tensor power of the natural action of SO (2 n + 1) into irreducibles. In particular, the multiplicities in this decomposition are described explicitly.
Cortical pathways to the mammalian amygdala

The amygdaloid nuclear complex is critical for producing appropriate emotional and behavioral responses to biologically relevant sensory stimuli. It constitutes an essential link between sensory and limbic areas of the cerebral cortex and subcortical brain regions, such as the hypothalamus, brainstem, and striatum, that are responsible for eliciting emotional and motivational responses. This review summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cortical pathways to the amygdala in the rat, cat and monkey. Although the basic anatomy of these systems in the cat and monkey was largely delineated in studies conducted during the 1970s and 1980s, detailed information regarding the cortico-amygdalar pathways in the rat was only obtained in the past several years. The purpose of this review is to describe the results of recent studies in the rat and to compare the organization of cortico-amygdalar projections in this species with that seen in the cat and monkey. In all three species visual, auditory, and somatosensory information is transmitted to the amygdala by a series of modality-specific cortico-cortical pathways ("cascades") that originate in the primary sensory cortices and flow toward higher order association areas. The cortical areas in the more distal portions of these cascades have stronger and more extensive projections to the amygdala than the more proximal areas. In all three species olfactory and gustatory/visceral information has access to the amygdala at an earlier stage of cortical processing than visual, auditory and somatosensory information. There are also important polysensory cortical inputs to the mammalian amygdala from the prefrontal and hippocampal regions. Whereas the overall organization of cortical pathways is basically similar in all mammalian species, there is anatomical evidence which suggests that there are important differences in the extent of convergence of cortical projections in the primate versus the nonprimate amygdala.
A qualitative study of the meaning of physical examination teaching for patients.

BACKGROUND Physical examination teaching using actual patients is an important part of medical training. The patient experience undergoing this type of teaching is not well-understood.