cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of cable design on the accuracy of the GEK

Simultaneous observations with a GEK and a drifting drogue were made in order to test the validity of the GEK for surface current measurements. The average current velocity was obtained by plotting the drogue trajectory by celestial fixes and other navigational means. Tests were conducted using various types of GEK cables. A cable having a density greater than that of sea water creates an error termed ‘cable droop’; a lower cable density creates an error termed ‘windage.’ Good agreement between the average GEK velocity and the average drogue velocity is obtained when allowance is made for windage and droop.
A unique way to provide user services

Faculty members at Emporia State University can call the Data Processing and Measurements Center for assistance in data preparation, using the computer in the classroom, using the Center's statistical package and/or scoring services, help in evaluating software, and training on the Zenith microcomputer system. The assistance will be given by the current faculty member who has been chosen for an "on-campus" internship for the 1983-84 school year.
Retaining students by embedding librarians into undergraduate research experiences

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify an important area for librarians to positively impact student retention. Design/methodology/approach – This programmatic and conceptual piece describes how embedding librarians into the growing enterprise of undergraduate research experiences (UREs) lays a framework for a context in which libraries and librarians directly contribute to the retention of undergraduate students. Findings – Librarians are capable of directly contributing to the retention of students. While their efforts, it is contended, contribute routinely and to the actual retention of students, it is difficult for their efforts to register in the assessment of retention used by administrators. This discrepancy can be solved if librarians play a more explicit (and quantifiable) role in retaining students. Research limitations/implications – UREs are a growing, but generally untapped trend for librarians; however, because UREs generally correlate with academic success and student retention,...
Modeling Solar Spectral Irradiance and Total Magnetic Flux Using Sunspot Areas

We show that daily sunspot areas can be used in a simple, single parameter model to reconstruct daily variations in several other solar parameters, including solar spectral irradiance and total magnetic flux. The model assumes that changes in any given parameter can be treated mathematically as the response of the system to the emergence of a sunspot. Using cotemporal observational data, we compute the finite impulse response (FIR) function that describes that response in detail, and show that the response function has been approximately stationary over the time period for which data exist. For each parameter, the impulse response function describes the physical evolution of that part of a solar active region that is the source of the measured variability. We show that the impulse response functions are relatively narrow functions, no more than 3 years wide overall. Each exhibits a pre-active, active, and post-active region component; the active region component dominates the variability of most of the parameters studied.
The use and misuse of chi-square: Lewis and Burke revisited.

The proper use of Karl Pearson's chi-square for the analysis of contingency tables is reviewed. The 1949 article by Lewis and Burke, who cited nine sources of error in the use of chi-square, is updated. Research on the application of the chi-square statistic is examined and supplementary and alternative approaches are discussed. Emphasis is placed on techniques that are of use to the practicing researcher who often deals with qualitative ordered and unordered data. In 1949 the landmark article by Lewis and Burke entitled "The Use and Misuse of the Chi-Square Test" appeared in the Psychological Bulletin. The purpose of the article was to counteract the improper use of this statistic by researchers in the behavioral sciences. The paper addressed nine major sources of error, cited examples from the literature to illustrate these points, and caused a stir among practicing researchers. The Lewis and Burke paper was followed by several responses (Edwards, 1950; Pastore, 1950; Peters, 1950) and a rejoinder by Lewis and Burke (1950). Since then, a great deal of research has been conducted on the chi-square procedure and several methods have been developed to handle some of the problems cited by Lewis and Burke. This article is a review of that literature. It is an attempt to address the problems listed by Lewis and Burke in light of current knowledge and to form recommendations regarding the use and misuse of the chi-square test.
Effect of the solvent upon the diffusion coefficient of polydisperse polystyrene and styrene‐acrylonitrile copolymer in dilute solution

A laser homodyne spectrometer was used to obtain translational diffusion coefficients for dilute polystyrene and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer solutions at room temperature. Data were obtained in the concentration range from 0.01 to 2.0 g polymer per 100 cm3 solution for polystyrene in benzene and in decalin; and for copolymer in dimethyl formamide, in methyl ethyl ketone, and in benzene. The samples were polydisperse polystyrenes of weight average molecular weights between 80,000 and 350,000 and polydisperse copolymers of weight average molecular weights between 200,000 and 800,000. The SAN copolymers were random copolymer samples containing 24% by weight acrylonitrile. For each of the systems investigated the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient was linear over the concentration range studied, and was expressed as D(c) = D0(1+kDc). Values of D0 could be explained with a modified Kirkwood-Riseman expression. Values of the parameter kD obtained from the slopes could be interpreted using the two-parameter theory approach as suggested by Vrentas and Duda. The value of kD is positive for high-molecular-weight polymers and negative for low-molecular-weight polymers. For a particular polymer, the molecular weight at which kD changes sign is greater for poor solvents than for good solvents. Observed values of D0 were 1 × 10−7 to 7 × 10−7 cm2/sec.
Lifetime And Quenching Measurements Of C2H Emission Produced By Vacuum Ultraviolet Photolysis Of C2H2

State-of-the-art tunable vuv sources are used to produce excited C2H photofragments (C2H*) via the photolysis of acetylene molecules. The quenching rate constants of the C2H emission by a number of species are determined. The collision-free fluorescence lifetimes are measured at different excitation wavelengths. The excitation energy threshold for producing the observed emission is determined. In addition, a correlation between the excitation energy and the emission wavelength is observed.
Degradation of beta″-alumina electrolyte by calcium impurities

Abstract Calcium impurities, incorporated into the beta″-alumina electrolyte during its production, are known to cause a resistance rise of sodium/sulfur cells with time of cycling, decreasing the efficiency and leading to a short cell life. This paper deals with the effect of calcium impurities which are either contained in the sodium or introduced into the solid electrolyte by ion exchange. It is demonstrated that calcium impurities above about 50 ppm in the sodium are detrimental to the long term operation. The effect of calcium incorporated by ion exchange is even stronger than that of calcium impurities of 500 ppm in the sodium. The influence of calcium impurities in the sodium is due to a Ca-rich layer on the inner surface without Ca penetration into the bulk. In contrast, ion exchange does not only produce the Ca-rich layer, but also leads to a uniform distribution of calcium in the beta″ -alumina without preferential segregation in grain boundaries or the formation of second phase.
Process considerations in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass

Abstract The processes by which cellulases hydrolyse cellulose are a function of substrate reactivity as well as enzyme activity. The two must be considered together if an accurate description of biomass saccharification is to be developed. To accomplish this, cellulolytic systems must first be modelled using realistic, but well-defined, substrates so that optimum cellulolysis conditions can be formulated. This, together with reduction of enzyme cost, total utilization of biomass, and an efficient pretreatment are key elements for the economical conversion of biomass to sugars and fermentation products.
Developing a visual representation to characterize moment-to-moment concept generation in design teams

Concept generation, an activity in which a number of design concepts are generated for further evaluation through prototyping and testing, is an important stage in the engineering design process. In design practice and design education, concept generation is often conducted in teams. During this activity, designers interact with one another to generate a number of design concepts. Prior research has either looked into the inter-relations between concepts generated, or into identifying specific interpersonal response behaviors in teams. There is a lack of explanation of how design concepts are generated moment-to-moment from the interpersonal interactions between designers. This paper presents the development of a visual notation called the Interaction Dynamics Notation for representing moment-to-moment concept generation through interpersonal interactions. This notation was developed through a video-observation study conducted with two engineering design teams engaged in a concept generation activity. Col...
Solubility of Disperse and Mordant Dyes in Supercritical CO2

Waterless dyeing is the new approach in textile dyeing in order to reduce or eliminate effluent waste, and supercritical carbon dioxide is an alternative solvent being considered. The research focus has therefore been on determination of dyestuff solubilities in supercritical carbon dioxide. We have determined the solubilities of two disperse dyes (C. I. Disperse Yellow 7, C. I. Disperse Oranges 11) and three mordant dyes (C. I. Mordant Brown, C. I. Mordant Yellow 12, and C. I. Mordant Red 11) at 323−343 K and pressures in the range 132−195 bar. Mordant Brown had the highest solubility in the range (1.2−5.1) × 10-4 mole fraction whereas Mordant Yellow 12 had the lowest solubility in the range (1.7−5.1) × 10-7 mole fraction. The disperse dyes and Mordant Red had solubilities of the order 10-6 mole fraction.
Addressing the Global Burden of Mental Illness: Why Transdiagnostic and Common Elements Approaches to Evidence-Based Practice Might Be Our Best Bet

Abstract This paper provides a commentary of Murray et al. (2014--this issue), who discuss the need for greater treatment quality and availability globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and present outcome data for a common elements treatment approach that was developed to address the staggering burden of mental illness. This commentary discusses barriers to the dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments, with a particular emphasis on training initiatives. The utility of a transdiagnostic approach to evidence-based practice is also explored within the context of training initiatives and ease of dissemination.
An Improved Synthesis of the “Miracle Nutrient” Coenzyme Q10

A new route to the key coupling partner, chloromethylated CoQ0 (1), allows for direct formation of CoQ10 (3) via nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling with the side chain in the form of an in situ-derive...
Fluctuation effects in the Ising model with reduced interaction and quenched disorder.

The effect of quenched random fields and local perturbations of critical temperature on the critical behavior at phase transitions is studied within the framework of an exactly solvable model that takes into account interaction of fluctuations with equal and opposite momenta. Using the replica method the dimensional reduction by 2 for systems with finite-range interaction and quenched random fields is explicitly shown. For interaction of the infinite range the model demonstrates the mean-field critical asymptotics independently of dimensionality or the presence of random fields.
E3 ubiquitin ligase NKLAM positively regulates macrophage inducible nitric oxide synthase expression

Stimulated macrophages generate potent anti-microbial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species within their phagosomes. Previous studies have shown that the E3 ubiquitin ligase natural killer lytic-associated molecule (NKLAM) is a macrophage phagosomal protein that plays a role in macrophage anti-bacterial activity. In vivo, NKLAM-knockout (KO) mice produce less nitric oxide (NO) upon exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) than wild type (WT) mice. In vitro, we found that NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein were diminished in LPS-stimulated NKLAM-KO bone marrow-derived and splenic macrophages. Additionally, LPS-stimulated NKLAM-KO macrophages displayed defects in STAT1 tyrosine phosphorylation and production of interferon beta (IFNβ). The JAK/STAT pathway is critical for the production of IFNβ, which augments iNOS protein expression in mice. iNOS protein expression is also regulated by the transcription factor NFκB, thus we investigated whether NKLAM influences NFκB function. LPS-stimulated NKLAM-KO macrophages showed evidence of delayed nuclear translocation of the NFκB subunit p65. This was associated with a reduction in p65/DNA colocalization. The defect in p65 translocation was independent of IKBα degradation. NKLAM-KO macrophages also expressed less p65 and showed evidence of defective p65 phosphorylation at serine 536. Importantly, LPS-stimulated NKLAM-KO macrophages have diminished NFκB transcriptional activity as assessed by transfection of a luciferase reporter plasmid. Collectively, our data implicate NKLAM as a novel modulator of macrophage iNOS expression.
Spacer-dependent folding and aggregation of oligocholates in SDS micelles.

Insertion of flexible, 4-aminobutyroyl spacers in between the cholate repeat units had been found previously to enhance the folding of cholate oligomers in homogeneous solution (Zhao, Y. J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 834−843). The opposite effect was observed when the oligomers were solubilized in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The spacers enabled formation of tight aggregates of the oligocholates in SDS solutions when the surfactant was below its critical micelle concentration (CMC). Above the CMC, SDS micelles formed and dissociated the oligocholate aggregates. The parent oligocholates (without spacers in between the repeat units) also aggregated when they were too short to fold (e.g., dimer). The longer tetramer and hexamer preferred to fold, as their rigid, awkwardly shaped backbones prevented tight packing needed in the formation of stable aggregates. Folding was favored both below and above the CMC of SDS and was enhanced by an increase in the chain length.
Characterization of the active site of S. aureus monofunctional glycosyltransferase (Mtg) by site-directed mutation and structural analysis of the protein complexed with moenomycin

Bacterial cell wall transglycosylases (TGs) and transpeptidases (TPs) are ideal drug targets due to their essentiality, accessibility and lack of mammalian homologs. Although antibacterial therapy using the beta-lactam family of TP inhibitors has been successful for decades, potent TG inhibitors which are suitable for development into antibiotics for human use have yet to be identified. We sought to further understand the molecular interactions required to inhibit bacterial transglycosylation by characterizing the active site of Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) monofunctional transglycosylase (Mtg). Ten mutants were tested for their ability to polymerize Lipid II and to crystallize in the presence of moenomycin. Five of six putative active site mutants (E100Q, D101N, Q136E, E156T, and Y176F) were found to be catalytically inactive whereas a F104Y mutation did not affect activity. Four mutants generated to enhance crystal formation (F143T, V154T, L157T, and F158T) also retained activity. Here we also report the crystal structure of Sa Mtg E100Q mutant in complex with the inhibitor moenomycin to 2.1A resolution. The co-crystal structure revealed detailed interactions between the protein and inhibitor including portions of the polycarbon tail of moenomycin. The structure also contained an ordered phosphate ion which helped to identify the Lipid II binding site.
The amygdala as a hub in brain networks that support social life

A growing body of evidence suggests that the amygdala is central to handling the demands of complex social life in primates. In this paper, we synthesize extant anatomical and functional data from rodents, monkeys, and humans to describe the topography of three partially distinct large-scale brain networks anchored in the amygdala that each support unique functions for effectively managing social interactions and maintaining social relationships. These findings provide a powerful componential framework for parsing social behavior into partially distinct neural underpinnings that differ among healthy people and disintegrate or fail to develop in neuropsychiatric populations marked by social impairment, such as autism, antisocial personality disorder, and frontotemporal dementia.
A National Survey of Community College Baccalaureate Institutions

This study utilized original survey data and a national sample of community college baccalaureate (CCB) institutions to examine how offering baccalaureate programs impacts these colleges and the students they serve. An increasing number of these colleges plan to offer their baccalaureate programs online, and programs in technology are projected to experience the greatest growth. The data suggest that student needs, and not institutional revenue or prestige, are the primary motivation for offering bachelor's degrees. The challenges experienced when establishing the CCB programs were more likely to come from external than internal factors. Collectively, thousands of students have already graduated from these programs. Results from this study can be used by policymakers and college administrators to make data-driven decisions regarding baccalaureate programming at the community college.
Evaluation of molecule-microbe interactions with capillary electrophoresis: Procedures, utility and restrictions

Understanding the interactions between molecules and living organisms is of paramount importance for the evaluation of pharmaceutical activity, chemical toxicity and all manner of microbiological studies. The capability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the evaluation of molecule-microbe interactions is examined in the present paper. The fundamental chemical concept of the binding or association constant for molecular systems measured in free solution is discussed for biological systems where microorganisms uptake or associate with molecules from their environment. The heterogeneity of the living organisms must be understood and accounted for including differences related to semantics such as concentration units and the nature of the associations between two entities and large differences in the size and number of microorganisms as compared to molecules. Finally, the added complexity and even inhomogeneity of a cell compared to most molecular systems must be considered and possibly controlled. The binding of specific molecules to viruses is discussed. CE can be utilized to quickly determine if a molecule binds very strongly or not at all to a cell (i.e., a binary yes/no answer). This could be useful for initial high-throughput screening purposes when using capillary arrays, for example. CE can be useful for determining unusual (large) molecule/microbe stoichiometries. Finally, CE can sometimes be used to determine the size of binding constants (K R L ) within certain limits provided experimental conditions can be formulated that minimize problems of biological heterogeneity.
REVERSE OSMOSIS SEPARATIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF FOOD SUGARS

The physicochemical criteria approach offers a means of predicting quantitatively reverse osmosis separations of D-glucose, D-fructose, sucrose, maltose and lactose in aqueous solutions using porous cellulose acetate membranes. The presence of a small quantity of pectin in aqueous sucrose solution increases its viscosity and decreases its mass transfer coefficient during reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis data with aqueous sucrose feed solutions containing small quantities of CaCl2 show that the latter does not exist as an independent entity in such solutions. A set of process design calculations is illustrated for reverse osmosis concentration of food sugars in aqueous solutions using a typical cellulose acetate membrane.
Two‐way interactions between ocean biota and climate mediated by biogeochemical cycles

Some of the two-way interactions between ocean biota and climate are mediated by biogeochemical cycles that link the different components of the climate system. As suggested by proxy records extracted from ice and ocean cores, by recent measurements, and by numerical models, such two-way interactions were likely major players in past climate variability on glacial-interglacial timescales, and may act to amplify or moderate an anthropogenically induced climate change in the near future. At present, our lack of understanding of these interactions hampers our ability to anticipate the consequences of possible anthropogenic climate change. In this article, we highlight some of the possible feedbacks between ocean biota and climate, reviewing some key biogeochemical processes and discussing mechanisms of two-way interactions. We also outline the need and strategies for continuing research aimed at advancing our understanding of these feedbacks and discuss their significance.
The pathophysiology of airway dysfunction.

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are distinct inflammatory disorders with differing pathophysiologic mechanisms, different clinical courses, and, therefore, distinct treatment strategies. Whereas in asthma airflow limitation is typically episodic and reversible, airflow limitation in COPD is progressive and only partially reversible. In contrast to asthma, which is characterized by an elevated number of eosinophils in the blood and the accumulation of elevated numbers of activated eosinophils, mast cells, and CD4 + T H 2-lymphocytes in the lungs, the primary inflammatory cells present in the lungs of patients with stable COPD are neutrophils, macrophages, and CD8 + lymphocytes. Bronchoconstriction in COPD is largely regulated by cholinergically mediated vagal tone, and the pathologic processes of COPD further reduce airway patency. Bronchodilators, most notably anticholinergics, are recommended as first-line pharmacologic therapy for COPD. Proper use of inhaled anticholinergic medications has been shown to lead to significant reversibility of acetylcholine-mediated bronchoconstriction during both stable disease and exacerbations of COPD. For patients with asthma, current guidelines recommend anti-inflammatory medications, specifically inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene-modifiers, as first-line therapy, making these agents the mainstay of asthma therapy. In contrast, the current guidelines for COPD management recommend that inhaled anti-inflammatory agents be tried in patients with COPD only as second-line therapy for patients who have severe to very severe airflow obstruction with frequent exacerbations and who remain symptomatic despite maximized bronchodilation with multiple inhaled bronchodilators. Hence, it is extremely important to understand the differences between the underlying pathogenesis and pathophysiology of COPD and those of asthma, as these differences dictate the implementation of distinctly different treatment options for these 2 diseases.
Determinants of behavioral rhythmicity during artificial menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Reproductive success in many mammals depends on synchrony between copulation and ovulation, which is insured by the phenomenon of heat in the female. Certain anthropoid primates including rhesus monkeys do not show heat but may copulate throughout the menstrual cycle, especially when pairs are isolated from conspecifics. In social groups, however, mating mostly occurs around midcycle. We wished to test the hypothesis that copulations are more closely linked to ovulation when males have simultaneous access to several females in different cycle phases. Artificial menstrual cycles were therefore induced by giving hormones to ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys observed in small social groups that each consisted of four females and one male. The cycles of two hormone-treated femlab in each group were either made to synchronize or be offset by 7-day increments so that the estradiol peak of one female occurred 7 days before, and 7 and 14 days after, the estradiol peak of the other. Radioimmunoassay of plasma samples (N = 224) confirmed the timing of the estradiol peaks. Results from eight unique male-female groups (4 males, 8 females, 16 male-female pairs, 718 tests) fully supported the hypothesis. Compared with synchronized cycles, the amplitudes of rhythmic changes in offset cycles were reduced for ejaculations made by males but greatly enhanced for ejaculations received by females. We propose that this socio-hormonal integration of behavior in the group is highly adaptive and enhances the reproductive success of both males and females.
Probability of breakdown at freeway merges using Markov chains

The objective of this paper is to review our recent research completed on the determination of the probability distribution of the time of breakdown on a freeway. The methodology applied was unique, in that, it applied Markov chains to develop the probability distribution of the time of breakdown. To develop an improved methodology for the prediction of breakdown, the probability distribution of the time of breakdown was determined based on the zonal merging probabilities with respect to the vehicles traveling on the throughway. Freeway flow, available gaps, and drivers’ actions as they approach the merge area were taken into consideration in developing the model. The analytical model was developed based on the information obtained from the literature and an initial field data sample. After determining the arrival distributions of the merging vehicles and the probability of transitioning from state to state, the probability distribution of the time of breakdown occurring was determined before any time, t, through a model analysis which applied Markov chains and implemented it in MATLAB ‚ code. Finally, field data were reduced and applied in the model validation. With respect to the application of Markov chains, it was expected that higher arrival rates of the vehicles traveling on the throughway would lead to higher probabilities of breakdown. This is logical since one would expect a greater probability of breakdown occurring when there are a large number of vehicles entering the system. The model did produce results which predicted a higher probability of breakdown for higher arrival rates. The significance of the results is a better understanding of the prediction of breakdown and capacity estimation. With an improved concept of breakdown on freeways, better freeway analysis and simulation software may be developed. ” 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gaussian-2 and Density Functional Studies of H2N - NO2 Dissociation, Inversion, and Isomerization

Several computational approaches, including Gaussian-2 (G2) and nonlocal density functional theory ( DFTCGA), have been used to calculate the energy requirements for (a) H2N -NO2 dissociation (through N - N bond scission), (b) inversion of the amine group, and (c) isomerization through the nitro-nitrite rearrangement. Taking zero-point energies into account, the G2 predictions are 53.6 kcal/mole for the dissociation energy and 1.5 kcal/mole for the inversion bamer. The corresponding DFT-CGA values are 48.4 and 0.9 kcal/mole, and an activation energy of 48.7 kcal/mole for the nitro-nitrite rearrangement. The DFTCGA results indicate that dissociation and rearrangement should be competitive for H2N - NO2. The same conclusion was reached earlier by Saxon and Yoshimine on the basis of MRCISD/6-3IG* calculations, although their computed energy requirements differ from the present ones by approximately 8 kcal/mole. 0 1992 John Wiley &Sons, Inc.
A comparison of algorithms for ambulatory ECG compression with fixed average data rate

The author modified three electrocardiogram (ECG) data compression algorithms, average beat subtraction with residual differencing (ABSURD), SAPA compression, and TRIM compression, to produce specified average data rates. He tested the three algorithms on channel one of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database sampled at 100 sample/s. With a target data rate of 193 b/s, average data rates for the SAPA and ABSURD algorithms varied from 99.7 to 100.1% of the target data rate. TRIM compression algorithms ranged from 87.3% to 101.7% of the target rate. With the average data rate controlled, ABSURD produced signal-to-compression noise ratios that ranged from 46 to 943. SAPA produced SNRs that ranged from 47 to 436, and TRIM produced SNRs that ranged from 54 to 806. >
The published literature on handoffs in hospitals: deficiencies identified in an extensive review

Background In hospitals, handoffs are episodes in which control of, or responsibility for, a patient passes from one health professional to another, and in which important information about the patient is also exchanged. In view of the growing interest in improving handoff processes, and the need for guidance in arriving at standardised handoff procedures in response to regulatory requirements, an extensive review of the research on handoffs was conducted. Methods The authors have collected all research treatments of hospital handoffs involving medical personnel published in English through July 2008. Results A review of this literature yields four significant conclusions: (1) the definition of the handoff concept in the literature is poorly delimited; (2) the meaning of ‘to standardise’ has not been developed with adequate clarity; (3) the literature shows that handoffs perform important functions beyond patient safety, but the trade-offs of these functions against safety considerations are not analysed; (4) studies so far do not fully establish that attempts at handoff standardisation have produced marked gains in measured patient outcomes. Conclusion The existing literature on patient handoffs does not yet adequately support either definitive research conclusions on best handoff practices or the standardisation of handoffs that has been mandated by some regulators.
Demographic change and the future of congress

The United States population is changing in significant ways: it is growing larger, older, and more racially and ethnically diverse, and these changes are regionally concentrated. How will these changes affect the future of Congress? In this article, I show that demographic change has significant implications for the quality of representation, the legislative agenda, party coalitions, and the diversity of congressional membership in the future, even as change inside Congress will proceed more slowly than change outside it.
Predictors of biochemical recurrence in pT3b prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy

BACKGROUND Men with pathologic evidence of seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) at radical prostatectomy (RP) have higher rates of biochemical recurrence (BCR) and mortality. Adjuvant radiotherapy (XRT) has been shown to increase freedom from BCR, but its impact on overall survival is controversial and it may represent overtreatment for some. The present study, therefore, sought to identify men with SVI at higher risk for BCR after RP in the absence of adjuvant XRT. METHODS We identified 180 patients in our institutional database who underwent RP from 1990 to 2011 who had pT3bN0-1 disease. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate freedom from BCR for the overall cohort and substratified by Gleason score, PSA, surgical margin status, and lymph node positivity. Cox Proportional Hazards models were used to determine demographic and histopathological factors predictive of BCR. Time-dependent ROC curve analysis was conducted to assess the ability of the UCSF-CAPRA score to predict BCR. RESULTS Median age was 64 years, and 52.8% of patients were preoperative D'Amico high risk. At RP, 41.4% had a positive surgical margin (PSM), and 12.2% had positive lymph nodes (LN). The most common sites of PSM were the peripheral zone (56.8%) and the apex (32.4%). Positive bladder neck margin (HR = 7.01, P = 0.035) and PSA 10–20 versus ≤10 (HR = 1.63, P = 0.047) predicted higher BCR in multivariable analyses. Median follow-up was 26 months, and 2-, 3-, and 5-year BCR-free rates were 56.1%, 49.0%, and 39.5%. Log rank tests showed that freedom from BCR was significantly less for Gleason 9–10, PSA >20, PSM, and N1 patients. The area under curve (AUC) for CAPRA in predicting BCR was 0.713 at 2 years, 0.692 at 3 years, and 0.641 at 5 years. Increasing CAPRA score was associated with an increased risk of BCR (HR = 1.33, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS pT3b prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease commonly associated with several high-risk features. Stratifying men with SVI by prognostic features (i.e., Gleason, PSA, node status, surgical margin status) and using these features to augment the CAPRA score will improve identification of those at higher risk for BCR that should be strongly considered for adjuvant XRT. Prostate 76:226–234, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural Studies of Nodaviruses and Tetraviruses

Viruses infecting insects display the same diversity in size and morphology as viruses infecting other hosts in the animal kingdom. To date, only the single-stranded RNA nodaviruses and tetraviruses have been well characterized at the structural level. All the other insect viruses are represented only by negative-stain electron micrographs that illustrate size and morphology. Since the purpose of this chapter is to examine detailed insect virus architecture and its relation to function, the gross features of other insect virus families will not be discussed. Electron micrographs of these viruses can be found in their respective chapters within this volume and in Virus Taxonomy (Murphy et al., 1995). Our focus will be on the noda- and tetraviruses with an emphasis on the functional and evolutionary aspects of the structures. The reader is referred to the respective chapters on nodaviruses (Chapter 8, this volume) and tetra-viruses (Chapter 9, this volume) for detailed descriptions of the virus life cycles and pathologies.
HITTING THE BOOKS AGAIN: FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTENTIONS OF YOUNG ADULTS TO REENROLL IN COLLEGE

Results from the analyses of data from 463 former college students between the ages of 25 and 34 years old identify those most likely to reenroll in higher education in the near future. Those who intend to reenroll are more likely to be members of minority groups, younger, single, and recently laid-off, have earned more credits, and hold strong beliefs about the value of education. Specific recommendations for strategies and policies through which colleges could motivate former students to reenroll and facilitate their transitions back into the educational system are offered. Among these, programs that include techniques for updating technology skills, improving time management and goal setting practices, and reinforcing study habits appear to be particularly appropriate to the needs of this subpopulation. Suggestions for future research on stopouts, as well as stayouts, conclude the study.
Binding of C/EBPβ to the C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Promoter in Hep3B Cells Is Associated with Transcription of CRP mRNA

Expression of the acute phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) is tightly regulated in hepatocytes. Although very little CRP mRNA is transcribed normally, inflammatory stimuli are followed by a dramatic increase in mRNA synthesis and accumulation. IL-6 and IL-1β are believed to be the major cytokines responsible for induction of CRP and other acute phase proteins. Our previous studies, using transient transfection and EMSA experiments, implicated involvement of the transcription factors C/EBPβ, STAT3, Rel p50, and c-Rel in CRP induction. In the current study we used chromatin immunoprecipitation assays to determine the kinetics of transcription factor occupancy of these transcription factors on the endogenous CRP promoter. All of these transcription factors were found bound to the endogenous CRP promoter in the absence of cytokines, but cytokine treatment markedly increased binding of only C/EBPβ. In addition, c-Rel and TATA box-binding protein (TBP) appeared to occupy the promoter in parallel in the presence of cytokines. In the absence of cytokines, CRP mRNA accumulation was not measurable but began to increase by 3 h after exposure of cells to IL-1β plus IL-6, peaking at 12 h with secondary peaks at 18 and 24 h. The secondary peaks in mRNA expression paralleled the pattern of binding of c-Rel and TBP to the CRP promoter. We conclude that the CRP promoter has a low level of transcription factor occupancy in the absence of cytokines and induction occurs with binding of C/EBP, and that c-Rel and TBP are important for modulating CRP expression.
Cyclic changes in the alcohol‐soluble carbohydrates in synchronized Tetrahymena. I. Fractionation

Fifteen alcohol-soluble carbohydrates have been isolated from logphase cultures of Tetrahymena. Preliminary results obtained by parallel chromatography of impure extracts indicate that some of the soluble components were 2-D-deoxyribose, ribose, mannose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, and glucose. Another elution gradient with extracts from cells washed several times, indicates that maltose and glucose were the only identifiable components as compared with 18 known standards. Differences were observed in the alcohol-soluble carbohydrate content in log-phase versus stationary-phase cells. For example, it is clearly indicated that component 13 is missing in stationary-phase cells while component 15 is missing in log-phase cells. Fifteen alcohol-soluble carbohydrates have been chromatographed from synchronized cells. All of these compounds show cyclic variation in relation to cell division. Component 13 accumulates in cells blocked in morphogenesis and decreases as oral development proceeds in synchronized cells.
Correspondence networks and the Royal Society, 1700-1750.

The Royal Society in the eighteenth century cuts a poor figure in comparison with its robust parent of the seventeenth century. Contemporary satirists and modern historians alike have found little to recommend the weak and well-padded institution. After Newton's death in 1727, it was no longer the centre for natural philosophy, and even during his tenure as President the Society did not escape censure. Fascination with monstrous curiosities and antiquarian puzzles replaced serious scientific work, according to various detractors. Recently scholars have begun to re-evaluate this caricature and point to the myriad ways in which the Society cultivated natural philosophy and natural history during the eighteenth century. This essay focuses on one of the Society's frequently overlooked strengths: its extensive correspondence.1 Perhaps because correspondence was ubiquitous during the Enlightenment, a period when the Republic of Letters was both an ideal and a reality, its place in the activities of the Royal Society seems unremarkable.2 All aspiring men (and a few women) of letters corresponded with individuals sharing similar interests; what, then, distinguished the correspondence of the Royal Society from this much larger Republic?3 In the first place, the Royal Society self-consciously functioned as a clearing-house for natural knowledge. Writing about the seventeenth-century Society, Marie Boas Hall has pointed out that among the various factors contributing to its initial success one must include 'its role in diffusing information throughout the world of learning, and its encouragement to Fellows
Modification of Lead Distribution by Diethyldithiocarbamate

Many reports indicate that dithiocarbamates such as diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), administered in conjunction with exposure to various metals, can elevate the brain levels of such metals at the same time that they promote excretion from other sites. To more clearly define the effects of DDC on lead (Pb) distribution after prolonged exposure to relatively low levels, male Long-Evans rats were provided with drinking water containing 0, 50, or 500 ppm Pb acetate. During the 12-week experimental period, DDC was administered by ip injection twice weekly in a dose of 100 mg/kg. Every 3-4 weeks, urine and blood samples were taken 24 hr before and after a scheduled DDC injection. DDC administration exerted no discernible effect on bone Pb levels and showed only an interaction with Pb dose, but not independent effects on kidney levels. Both liver and brain Pb levels attained much higher levels in the DDC-treated rats than in animals exposed to Pb alone. The sequential measures of Pb in blood and urine and of delta-aminolevulinic acid revealed complex patterns of change over time. One possible explanation, at least for the elevated levels of Pb in brain, is the lipophilic character of the Pb-DDC complex, which facilitates entry into the central nervous system; it may also explain the elevated levels in liver. This property, common to many chelators, suggests their use in model systems to study the neurotoxic properties of metals.
Spatial resolution analysis of iterative image reconstruction with separate regularization of real and imaginary parts

A common method of improving the conditioning in iterative image reconstruction is to include regularization in the reconstruction algorithm. One such regularization is the roughness penalty, which when used in the algorithm encourages smoother images. For complex valued images, the roughness penalty typically penalizes equally the real and imaginary parts. The desired resolution of the reconstructed image can then be evaluated using the local impulse response. A fast algorithm to calculate it was developed for the typical roughness penalty, used for matching the regularization parameter expediently to the desired resolution. For some cases its advantageous to penalize independently the real and imaginary parts. This paper proposes a fast algorithm to calculate the local impulse response for that penalty and applies it to an fMRI reconstruction problem.
No evidence of avian influenza A (H5N1) among returning US travelers.

We reviewed reports to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of US travelers suspected of having avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection from February 2003 through May 2006. Among the 59 reported patients, no evidence of H5N1 virus infection was found; none had had direct contact with poultry, but 42% had evidence of human influenza A.
Segmental and chain dynamics in polymers

All polymers exhibit a breakdown of time-temperature super positioning in the softening zone, where both local and global chain modes contribute to the measured dynamic response. This differing behavior of the two modes is also seen in the volume and pressure dependences of the respective relaxation times. Nevertheless, the superposition of local segmental and global chain modes can be achieved by expressing the relaxation times as a function of the product of temperature, T, times specific volume, V, with the latter raised to a constant γ. Moreover, the value of γ is the same for the two modes. These experimental facts reveal that the relative contribution of temperature and volume is the same for the two modes, although their response to either variable differs; that is, while having the same functional form, the combined effect of T and V on the respective modes is different.
The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future

Episodic memory is widely conceived as a fundamentally constructive, rather than reproductive, process that is prone to various kinds of errors and illusions. With a view towards examining the functions served by a constructive episodic memory system, we consider recent neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies indicating that some types of memory distortions reflect the operation of adaptive processes. An important function of a constructive episodic memory is to allow individuals to simulate or imagine future episodes, happenings and scenarios. Since the future is not an exact repetition of the past, simulation of future episodes requires a system that can draw on the past in a manner that flexibly extracts and recombines elements of previous experiences. Consistent with this constructive episodic simulation hypothesis, we consider cognitive, neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence showing that there is considerable overlap in the psychological and neural processes involved in remembering the past and imagining the future.
The Role of Interfacial Molecular Structure in the Adsorption of Ions at the Liquid-Liquid Interface

One of the most common and important interfaces is the boundary layer between an aqueous phase solution of ions and a hydrophobic medium. Whether the hydrophobic medium is a membrane, a macromolecular assembly, or a simple organic liquid, our molecular-level understanding of how ions in an adjacent aqueous phase approach, alter, and transport across the boundary is still quite deficient, largely due to experimental challenges in making the appropriate measurements. This paper reports some of the first measurements of the behavior of common inorganic ions at the interface between different aqueous phase salt solutions (NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, and Na2SO4) and a hydrophobic organic liquid (CCl4). The results show that the ions reside within the interfacial region where they affect the water hydrogen bonding in a manner specific to the ion under study. Distinct differences in the behavior of ions at this interface relative to the air−water interface are found and discussed.
National Crisis and Student Life

It is a great honor to come to this gathering of Chinese Christian students, although you know I am not a Christian. One of the Chinese characteristics is tolerance towards religion. For example, I always like to tell my American friends that I am a non-believer; yet I am a trustee of a Catholic university which has a Protestant president.
Oral adjuvant treatment choices and local recurrence risk in early stage breast cancer

10625 Background: Among women (W) with early-stage breast cancer (BC) treated with lumpectomy and radiation therapy (RT), those who also receive oral adjuvant therapy (OAT) have a lower risk of local recurrence (LR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations of age (A), race/ethnicity (RE), education (E), socioeconomic status (SS), LR rate, and knowledge about potential side effects (SE) with W’s willingness to receive OAT. Methods: Between 6/05 and 9/05, we asked W with (+) and without (−) BC to participate in an IRB-approved survey. The survey questionnaire presented W with clinical vignettes including information about RT ± 5 years of OAT and the LR and SE associated with treatment options. It then asked W to choose between the treatment options and to rate them, using a time trade-off method, given LR and SE. Results: The distribution of the 161 respondents (55 (+)BC and 106 (−)BC) by A, RE, E, SS is shown in the table below. A and RE were associated with a W’s choice of combined moda...
A market information system for Georgia

Showing the sales and purchase patterns of industries in an economy, an input-output table is an excellent base for a market information system. This chapter presents the tables for a sample market analysis produced from the Georgia Economic Model. l