cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of the resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in Tianjin

Objective To study the resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in Tianjin and provide the basis information for using insecticides reasonably.Methods Chosing twelve urban and suburban districts in Tianjin as the surveilance spots.Dripping method was used for the determination the resistance of Musca domestica to 4 kinds of insecticide including DDVP,cypermethrin,deltamethrin and permethrin.Results Musca domestica from 7 districts produced a resistance to DDVP,the highest resistance ratios was 47.50.Musca domestica from all districts had resistance to cypermethrin.And what is more,more than half were of high resistance.The varying resistance to deltamethrin were also found.To a maximum was of 36.17 times as usual.Resistance to permethrin were found at lower level.Conclusion Musca domestica in Tianjin have different degrees of resistance to the four common used insecticides.
“As their waistlines recede”: Tracing and challenging the fat quest in young adult literature

ABSTRACTThe author argues that both authors and critics of young adult literature must challenge the ableist discourse determining and surrounding “positive” fat protagonists. She analyzes and critiques Jean Webb’s celebration of the “Bildungsroman of weight loss” and claims that, far from being positive, such plot structures meld the quest with the cosmetic panopticon to produce “the fat quest,” a culturally constructed set of steps a fat protagonist must take before he or she can be considered human, thin, and worthy enough of narratives thin teen protagonists enjoy by default. Outlining the fat quest, the author then analyzes several books from the 21st century that frustrate, challenge, or abandon it. Finally, she argues for more novels that subvert the fat quest in order to help teens find true body-positivity.
Ureteral Injuries Complicating Vascular Surgery: Is Repair Indicated?

AbstractWe have managed 8 patients who sustained an iatrogenic ureteral injury during either placement or revision of a vascular graft. Primary repair was performed in all 5 patients diagnosed at injury. Persistent extravasation necessitating nephrectomy occurred in 2 of these patients. The diagnosis was delayed in 3 patients. Two patients underwent successful ureteral reconstruction and 1 required nephrectomy. Graft complications did not occur. Ureteral repair is recommended as the preferred method to manage ureteral injuries associated with vascular reconstruction.
Hydrocephalus in children

Imaging of hydrocephalus in utero, in infants and children is critically dependent on an understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment options for this condition in this age spectrum. For this reason, this chapter deals not only with the imaging modalities used to study hydrocephalus and how they are applied but also reviews key aspects of the pathophysiology and treatment of hydrocephalus in children. Imaging techniques to establish the diagnosis of chronic hydrocephalus fall into two categories: (1) tracer-type techniques that require an injection and observation of the transit of an injected substance through the ventricular system or subarachnoid space and (2) cross-sectional imaging, which allows for direct visualization of a point of obstruction within the ventricular system or subarachnoid space. For cross-sectional imaging, both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography can be used, but MRI is usually preferred. Nomenclature has obscured the description of imaging findings in hydrocephalus. We suggest that most hydrocephalus is obstructive and propose to designate ventriculomegaly, the condition in which the ventricles are large on imaging, but there is no true obstruction to the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid.
Social Theory of International Politics: Scientific realism and social kinds

How is it possible to adopt an idealist and holist ontology while maintaining a commitment to science, or positivism broadly understood? This chapter constructs the “via media” that grounds my modernist constructivism. The state and states system are real structures whose nature can be approximated through science. Acceptance of this proposition entails “scientific realism” (in this chapter simply “realism”), a philosophy of science which assumes that the world exists independent of human beings, that mature scientific theories typically refer to this world, and that they do so even when the objects of science are unobservable. Theory reflects reality, not the other way around; as realists like to say, they want to “put ontology before epistemology.” Most IR scholarship, mainstream and critical alike, seems to presuppose these assumptions, which means that most IR scholars are at least tacit realists. When they make their philosophical views explicit, however, they often take anti -realist positions. An exchange in 1985 among prominent mainstream IR scholars on matters of philosophy of science featured apparent consensus on the empiricist view that in order to be scientific explanations must ultimately be deductive in form, a characteristic form of anti-realism. The dominance of empiricist philosophy of science in IR is being challenged today by another strand of anti-realism, “post-positivism,” in what has become known in IR theory as the Third Debate. Throughout this debate references to realist philosophy of science have been remarkably rare, David Dessler's work being a notable exception.
Statins, NSAIDs, and colorectal cancer risk in women

A103 Introduction: While there are inconsistent data regarding the possible role of statins on colorectal cancer incidence, there is more evidence for a risk reduction among NSAID users. A synergic effect for statins and NSAIDs with the inhibition of cell proliferation and an increase in apoptosis has been suggested by a number of experimental and observational studies. In a case-control study, we examined the association between statin and NSAID use and the risk of colorectal cancer, and evaluated whether the use of statins modifies the effect of NSAIDs on colorectal cancer risk. >Methods: Cases (n=657) of colorectal cancer in women aged 50-74 years were identified from a population based statewide registry in Wisconsin during 1998-2001. Community control women (n=1342) were randomly selected from lists of licensed drivers and Medicare beneficiaries in Wisconsin. Information regarding medication use and other risk factors information was collected through structured telephone interviews. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated after including terms for age, reference year, first degree family history of colorectal cancers, physical activity, education, menopause status, post menopausal hormone use, body mass index, history of colorectal cancer endoscopic screening, smoking, alcohol consumption and diabetes mellitus. We evaluated possible interaction between NSAIDs and statins use by including a cross product term of ever use of these medications in the regression model. >Results: Ever users of NSAID had 32% colorectal cancer risk reduction (95 % CI 0.54-0.86) compared to never users. The risk reduction was greater for current than former users, but there was no trend for increasing duration (P=0.75). Overall, ever use of statins was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR=1.16, 95% CI 0.73- 1.85) regardless of the structural type of statin (lipophilic vs. hydrophilic). Long term (>3years) and current use were also not associated with risk. We also did not find any evidence of effect modification between NSAIDs and statins (P interaction= 0.28). >Conclusion: These results confirm the inverse association between NSAID use and colorectal cancer risk. They do not support an association between statin use alone or a synergic effect of combined NSAID and statin use on colorectal cancer risk.
Exploring shifts of representation

My research deals with automatically shifting from one representation of a certain problem to another representation which is more efficient for the problem class to which that problem belongs. I am attempting to discover general purpose primitive representation shifts and methods for automating them.
Intraoperative molecular imaging to identify lung adenocarcinomas

Intraoperative molecular imaging is a promising new technology with numerous applications in lung cancer surgery. Accurate identification of small nodules and assessment of tumor margins are two challenges in pulmonary resections for cancer, particularly with increasing use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). One potential solution to these problems is intraoperative use of a fluorescent contrast agent to improve detection of cancer cells. This technology requires both a targeted fluorescent dye that will selectively accumulate in cancer cells and a specialized imaging system to detect the cells. In several studies, we have shown that intraoperative imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) can be used to accurately identify indeterminate pulmonary nodules. The use of a folate-tagged fluorescent molecule targeted to the folate receptor-α (FRα) further improves the sensitivity and specificity of detecting lung adenocarcinomas. We have demonstrated this technology can be used as an “optical biopsy” to differentiate adenocarcinoma versus other histological subtypes of pulmonary nodules. This strategy has potential applications in assessing bronchial stump margins, identifying synchronous or metachronous lesions, and rapidly assessing lymph nodes for lung adenocarcinoma.
Ethylatropine Bromide as a Peripherally Restricted Muscarinic Antagonist.

Quaternary ammonium analogues of atropine that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier are used to alleviate peripheral muscarinic toxicity in animal models of epilepsy produced by systemic administration of pilocarpine or diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Currently, methylatropine is the most popular and potent of these quaternary derivatives; however, it is expensive and produced in limited quantity. Here, we propose the use of ethylatropine bromide as an alternative to methylatropine. The synthesis of ethylatropine bromide is simple, inexpensive and has low environmental impact. We demonstrate the efficacy of ethylatropine bromide to antagonize the carbachol induced rise in intracellular calcium in a calcium mobilization assay, and its ability to prevent pilocarpine-induced total fluid secretions in mice without blocking pilocarpine-induced seizures. The ease of synthesis, cost effectiveness, and efficacy makes ethylatropine bromide a desirable alternative to methylatropine as a peripherally restri...
Balsa sandwich composite fracture study: Comparison of laminated to solid balsa core materials and debonding from thick balsa core materials

Abstract We examined various fracture properties relevant to the use of balsa as a thick core material in sandwich composites with unidirectional glass fiber/vinyl ester composite skins designed for bridge decks. The first experiments compared the fracture toughness of a laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from balsa to the toughness of conventional butcher-block balsa material. When using a good lamination adhesive, an LVL balsa core material has enhanced toughness compared to solid balsa and the LVL balsa also has enhanced fiber bridging effects. When balsa core is adhered to fiber glass composite skins, the vinyl ester resin used for bonding may infuse into the low density balsa. The second experiments looked at effects of infusing that resin on both LVL and solid balsa properties. Although the infusing caused a detrimental 15–20% increase in core material density, the infused resin had little or no affect on toughness compared to non-infused balsa. Finally, we looked at debonding toughness between fiber glass skins and a thick balsa core. The debonding toughness was higher than balsa toughness and increased with crack growth due to glass fibers bridging across the debonding fracture surface. Finite element analysis revealed that debonding a thin skin from thick balsa core in an asymmetric specimen is essentially a pure mode I process.
Degree of Vascular Encasement in Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas Predicts Postoperative Ischemic Complications.

Background Sphenoid wing meningiomas (SWMs) can encase arteries of the circle of Willis, increasing their susceptibility to intraoperative vascular injury and severe ischemic complications. Objective To demonstrate the effect of circumferential vascular encasement in SWM on postoperative ischemia. Methods A retrospective review of 75 patients surgically treated for SWM from 2009 to 2015 was undertaken to determine the degree of circumferential vascular encasement (0°-360°) as assessed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A novel grading system describing "maximum" and "total" arterial encasement scores was created. Postoperative MRIs were reviewed for total ischemia volume measured on sequential diffusion-weighted images. Results Of the 75 patients, 89.3% had some degree of vascular involvement with a median maximum encasement score of 3.0 (2.0-3.0) in the internal carotid artery (ICA), M1, M2, and A1 segments; 76% of patients had some degree of ischemia with median infarct volume of 3.75 cm 3 (0.81-9.3 cm 3 ). Univariate analysis determined risk factors associated with larger infarction volume, which were encasement of the supraclinoid ICA ( P 62 cm 3 was found when the ICA, M1, and A1 vessels all had ≥360° involvement ( P = .001). Residual tumor was associated with smaller infarct volumes ( P = .022). As infarction volume increased, so did modified Rankin Score at discharge ( P = .025). Conclusion Subtotal resection should be considered in SWM with significant vascular encasement of proximal arteries to limit postoperative ischemic complications.
First star formation in ultralight particle dark matter cosmology

The formation of the first stars in the high-redshift Universe is a sensitive probe of the small-scale, particle physics nature of dark matter (DM). We carry out cosmological simulations of primordial star formation in ultra-light, axion-like particle DM cosmology, with masses of $10^{-22}$ and $10^{-21}\,{\rm eV}$, with de Broglie wavelengths approaching galactic scales ($\sim$kpc). The onset of star formation is delayed, and shifted to more massive host structures. For the lightest DM particle mass explored here, first stars form at $z \sim 7$ in structures with $\sim 10^9\,{\rm M}_\odot$, compared to the standard minihalo environment within the $\Lambda$ cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) cosmology, where $z \sim 20 - 30$ and $\sim 10^5 - 10^6\,{\rm M}_\odot$. Despite this greatly altered DM host environment, the thermodynamic behaviour of the metal-free gas as it collapses into the DM potential well asymptotically approaches a very similar evolutionary track. Thus, the fragmentation properties are predicted to remain the same as in $\Lambda$CDM cosmology, implying a similar mass scale for the first stars. These results predict intense starbursts in the axion cosmologies, which may be amenable to observations with the {\it James Webb Space Telescope}.
Genetic Determinants of Crop Timing and Quality Traits in Two Interspecific Petunia Recombinant Inbred Line Populations

The rate at which plants develop new nodes (development rate) is a major determinant of crop production time, yet the genetic control of this process, including genetic interactions with crop quality parameters, is poorly understood. We employed a modified genotyping-by-sequencing approach and generated genetic linkage maps with 6,291 and 3,297 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the interspecific Petunia recombinant inbred line (RIL) population - P. axillaris × P. exserta (AE) and P. integrifolia × P. axillaris (IA), respectively. Comparative mapping between the populations revealed perfect collinearity of marker order but different recombination frequency at the corresponding linkage groups (LGs). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping conducted for development traits and other important quality traits indicated QTL clustered on chromosome 1, 2, 4 and 6 for the AE population and chromosome 1, 2, 5 and 6 for the IA population. Additionally, 209 differentially expressed unique transcripts were identified in shoot apex tissue between fast- and slow-developing RILs, 13 of which mapped to within 1 cM of a development rate QTL. These results will facilitate the identification of novel genes controlling crop timing and quality traits in Petunia and highlight the power of using multiple interspecific populations to elucidate genetic determinants of natural variation.
The ups and downs of pregnancy

As a biostatistician, Sandrah Eckel kept a close eye on her weight gain while expecting her first child. And the data came in handy in the classroom too
Secure Transmission in Heterogeneous Networks: A Two-Level Stackelberg Game Approach

In this paper, secure transmission in a two-tier heterogeneous network, consisting of a macrocell and a set of small cells, is considered, where an eavesdropper attempts to wiretap legitimate macrocell users. A game-theoretic framework is proposed to enhance the security of the macrocell while guaranteeing user satisfaction of the small cells. Specifically, a two-level Stackelberg game is formulated, where the macro base station as a follower employs multiple small base stations (SBSs) to jam the eavesdropper at the top level, and each employed SBS as a leader requires offloading service from multiple helping SBSs in its cluster at the bottom level if needed. Two types of objectives are investigated at the bottom level, one with the priority given to user satisfaction over the leader's profit, and the other to balance between user satisfaction and the leader's profit, respectively. The Stackelberg equilibrium of the proposed game is also derived. Numerical results verify the analysis and show that employing the existing SBSs is a promising approach to enhancing security while satisfying the user demands of the small cells.
Autophagy: The Master of Bulk and Selective Recycling.

Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to recycle intracellular constituents, which are essential for developmental and metabolic transitions; for efficient nutrient reuse; and for the proper disposal of proteins, protein complexes, and even entire organelles that become obsolete or dysfunctional. One major route is autophagy, which employs specialized vesicles to encapsulate and deliver cytoplasmic material to the vacuole for breakdown. In the past decade, the mechanics of autophagy and the scores of components involved in autophagic vesicle assembly have been documented. Now emerging is the importance of dedicated receptors that help recruit appropriate cargo, which in many cases exploit ubiquitylation as a signal. Although operating at a low constitutive level in all plant cells, autophagy is upregulated during senescence and various environmental challenges and is essential for proper nutrient allocation. Its importance to plant metabolism and energy balance in particular places autophagy at the...
Characteristics and survival outcomes associated with the lack of radiation in the treatment of glioblastoma

Radiation increases survival in glioblastoma (GBM); however, 30% do not receive this treatment. We sought to identify characteristics associated with not receiving radiation and the impact on outcomes. We analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER) 18 registries 2000–2013 research database on 30,479 GBM cases that were aged 20 years and older. In total, 21,179 received radiation as first course of therapy, while 8218 did not with 5178 (63%) being 65 years and older. Early decisions on surgery often predicted radiation therapy with 61% having only a biopsy or no surgery at diagnosis. Radiation use as upfront therapy has slowly increased over time at a rate of 0.4% per year; still 25% did not receive radiation in 2013. Cases treated with radiation were more likely to be younger, underwent surgery, lived in a metropolitan area, had higher socioeconomic status, and were in a couple-based relationship. An increased survival in GBM was associated with the use of upfront radiation along with younger age, being of race other than white, undergoing surgery, and a more recent diagnosis. Not receiving radiation therapy adversely affects survival. A trend toward an increased use of radiation was observed although many young adults still do not receive this treatment. Decreased usage of radiation in the elderly and in biopsy-only surgeries was anticipated, but race, gender, and poverty were also statistically significant. Clinicians should be aware of this underutilization, and an increased usage of radiation should improve outcomes for glioblastoma.
Iodination by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: a re-evaluation

The conversion of iodide to a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form (iodination) by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) has been re-evaluated as a measure of neutrophil function. Optimum conditions are described which result in an iodination value for normal cells during the phagocytosis of zymosan of 64.1 +/- 13.2 (S.D.) nmol. per 10(7) PMN's per hour. Iodination is inhibited by agents which decrease phagocytosis, inhibit myeloperoxidase-catalyzed reactions, or degrade H2O2 and is stimulated by superoxide dismutase, an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of the superoxide anion to oxygen and H2O2. When patients' cells and normal serum are employed, the iodinating capacity of the patients' cells is evaluated. It is low in patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease, and an intermediate value was observed in a carrier of chronic granulomatous disease. When normal cells and patients' serum are employed, the iodination reaction is an indirect measure of the opsonic activity of the patients' serum. The decreased opsonic activity for zymosan of human sera deficient in the fourth or third component of complement was demonstrated in this way. Thus measurement of iodination is a convenient and sensitive screening test for cellular or humoral abnormalities of the phagocytic process.
Bladder Neck Slings for Stress Urinary Incontinence

The title of this chapter reflects the need to specify anatomical placement when discussing slings. A decade ago, such a distinction was unnecessary as bladder neck positioning was standard. The birth, continued evolution, and success of the midurethral sling have altered the role of the bladder neck sling. This chapter discusses the history, applications, patient selection, technique, materials success rates, and complications of the bladder neck sling.
Models of Porous Electrodes

As described in chapter XV, the structure of porous electrodes is complex. A rigorous mathematical analysis of the operation of porous electrodes in the flooded state or as gas-diffusion electrodes is not feasible for this reason. The usual approach in such a situation has been taken in the theoretical treatment of porous electrodes. The real structure and also the reaction mechanism are approximated by simpler models amenable to a mathematical analysis. The applicability of the model and of the assumptions in the mathematical derivation is judged by a comparison of the predictions of the theoretical treatment with the experimental results.
Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation: Effect on a Noise Budget

The construction, operation, and removal of offshore wind power facilities have the potential to increase the levels of noise in the surrounding waters. Increased shipping noise can be associated with all phases of the life cycle of wind farms. Pile driving during platform construction can be short-lived but can introduce very high intensity pulses into the ocean. Operational noise, while at a much lower level, can affect the surrounding area almost continuously for the life of the facility. The removal of wind platforms at the end of their operational life may use explosives, again short-lived but very intense.
Degree of hypercalcemia correlates with parathyroidectomy but not with symptoms.

Abstract Background Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is an undertreated disease. This study's purpose is to determine if the calcium levels correlate with prevalence of symptoms and surgical treatment in patients with primary HPT. Method Patients treated in 2006–2015 with serum calcium≥10.0 mg/dL and PTH>65 pg/mL were identified and stratified based on calcium level: 10.0–10.3 (normocalcemia), 10.4–11.2 (moderate), and ≥11.3 (severe) mg/dL. Clinical variables and rates of surgery were compared between the three groups. Results A total of 2266 patients were identified: 303 with normocalcemia, 1513 with moderate hypercalcemia, and 450 with severe hypercalcemia. All three groups had similar rates of nephrolithiasis (p = 0.10), osteoporosis (p = 0.82), and reduced GFR (p = 0.06). Most patients (85%) had at least one surgical indication, but only 29% underwent parathyroidectomy. Higher calcium levels were correlated with higher surgical rates: 12% for Ca 10.0–10.3, 27% for Ca 10.4–11.2, and 46% for Ca≥11.3 (p Conclusion Prevalence of symptoms does not correlate with calcium levels. Patients with normocalcemia and moderate hypercalcemia were equally likely to have a surgical indication, but normocalcemic patients are less likely to receive surgery.
Spironolactone and Outcomes in Older Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction

Abstract Background The efficacy of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists or aldosterone antagonists in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is well known. Less is known about their effectiveness in real-world older patients with HFrEF. Methods Of the 8206 patients with heart failure and ejection fraction ≤35% without prior spironolactone use in the Medicare-linked OPTIMIZE-HF registry, 6986 were eligible for spironolactone therapy based on serum creatinine criteria (men ≤2.5 mg/dL, women ≤2.0 mg/dL) and 865 received a discharge prescription for spironolactone. Using propensity scores for spironolactone use, we assembled a matched cohort of 1724 (862 pairs) patients receiving and not receiving spironolactone, balanced on 58 baseline characteristics (Creatinine Cohort: mean age, 75 years, 42% women, 17% African American). We repeated the above process to assemble a secondary matched cohort of 1638 (819 pairs) patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (eGFR Cohort: mean age, 75 years, 42% women, 17% African American). Results In the matched Creatinine Cohort, spironolactone-associated hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for all-cause mortality, heart failure readmission, and combined endpoint of heart failure readmission or all-cause mortality were 0.92 (0.81-1.03), 0.87 (0.77-0.99), and 0.87 (0.79-0.97), respectively. Respective hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) in the matched eGFR Cohort were 0.87 (0.77-0.98), 0.92 (0.80-1.05), and 0.91 (0.82-1.02). Conclusions These findings provide evidence of consistent, albeit modest, clinical effectiveness of spironolactone in older patients with HFrEF regardless of renal eligibility criteria used. Additional strategies are needed to improve the effectiveness of aldosterone antagonists in clinical practice.
Misidentification of Dementia in Medicare Claims and Related Costs

Objectives To examine how misidentification of dementia affects estimation of Medicare costs in a largely minority cohort of participants for whom accurate in‐person diagnoses are available. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Washington Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project, a multiethnic, population‐based, prospective study of cognitive aging of Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older. Participants Individuals clinically diagnosed with dementia (n=495) and individuals clinically diagnosed without dementia (n=1,701). Measurements Medicare claims‐identified dementia was defined according to the presence of any International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis codes for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in all available claims during the study period. Participant characteristics associated with claims misidentification of dementia were estimated using logistic regression. Effects of dementia misidentification on Medicare expenditures were estimated using generalized linear models. Results Medicare claims correctly identified 250 of the 495 (51%) dementia cases and 1,565 of the 1,701 (92%) nondementia cases. Sensitivity of claims‐identified dementia was 0.51, and specificity was 0.92. Average annual Medicare expenditures were $14,721 for a beneficiary with a clinical diagnosis of dementia, and $18,208 for a beneficiary with claim‐identified dementia, suggesting an overestimation of $3,487 per person per year when Medicare claims were used to identify dementia. Total annual expenditures for all beneficiaries with claims‐identified dementia were $258,707 lower than that for all those who were clinically diagnosed, suggesting an overall underestimation of total Medicare expenditures if Medicare claims were used to identify dementia. Different types of misidentification have different effects on dementia‐related cost estimates. Average annual expenditures per person were highest for false positives. Conclusion Misidentification of dementia in Medicare claims is common. Using claims to identify dementia may result in significantly biased estimates of the cost of dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:269–276, 2019.
M-Irreducible Ideals and Decompositions

The m-irreducible ideals are, in a sense, the simplest monomial ideals, in that they cannot be written as nontrivial intersections of monomial ideals. We study these ideals in Section 3.1. In many texts, these notions are only considered when the ground ring A is a field, where the m-irreducible ideals are actually irreducible; this means that they cannot be written as nontrivial intersections of any ideals. This is the topic of the optional Section 3.2.
Lagrangian Control through Deep-RL: Applications to Bottleneck Decongestion

Using deep reinforcement learning, we derive novel control policies for autonomous vehicles to improve the throughput of a bottleneck modeled after the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. Using Flow, a new library for applying deep reinforcement learning to traffic micro-simulators, we consider the problem of improving the throughput of a traffic benchmark: a two-stage bottleneck where four lanes reduce to two and then reduce to one. We first characterize the inflow-outflow curve of this bottleneck without any control. We introduce an inflow of autonomous vehicles with the intent of improving the congestion through Lagrangian control. To handle the varying number of autonomous vehicles in the system we derive a per-lane variable speed limits parametrization of the controller. We demonstrate that a 10% penetration rate of controlled autonomous vehicles can improve the throughput of the bottleneck by 200 vehicles per hour: a 25% improvement at high inflows. Finally, we compare the performance of our control policies to feedback ramp metering and show that the AV controller provides comparable performance to ramp metering without the need to build new ramp metering infrastructure. Illustrative videos of the results can be found at https://sites.google.com/view/itsc-lagrangian-avs/home and code and tutorials can be found at https://github.com/flow-project/flow.
Identifying Basic Classes of Sexual Orientation with Latent Profile Analysis: Developing the Multivariate Sexual Orientation Classification System.

Despite considerable progress, research on sexual minorities has been hindered by a lack of clarity and consistency in defining sexual minority groups. Further, despite recent recommendations to assess the three main dimensions of sexual orientation—identity, behavior, and attraction—it remains unclear how best to integrate such multivariate information to define discrete sexual orientation groups, particularly when identity and behavior fail to match. The current study used a data-driven approach to identify a parsimonious set of sexual orientation classes. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was run within a large (N = 3182) and sexually diverse sample, using dimensions of sexual identity, behavior, and attraction as predictors. LPAs supported four fundamental sexual orientation classes not only in the overall sample, but also when conducted separately in men (n = 980) and women (n = 2175): heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and heteroflexible (a class representing individuals who self-identify as heterosexual or mostly heterosexual but report moderate same-sex sexual behavior and attraction). Heterosexuals reported the highest levels of psychological functioning and lowest risk behaviors. Homosexuals showed similarly high levels of psychological functioning to heterosexuals, but higher levels of risk behaviors. Bisexuals and heteroflexibles showed similarly low levels of psychological functioning and high risk taking. To facilitate applications of this classification approach, the study developed the Multivariate Sexual Orientation Classification System, reproducing the four LPA groups with 97% accuracy (kappa = .95) using just two items. Implications of this classification approach are discussed.
Missed opportunities for pneumococcal vaccinations in high-risk and older adults in the United States

Pneumococcal vaccination rates remain sub-optimal in high-risk adult populations. This analysis quantified "missed opportunities," defined as number of healthcare encounters in unvaccinated patients who are recommended to be vaccinated. The 2015 National Health Interview Survey was used to assess vaccination status from adults 18-64 with risk factor and adults ≥65 years-old. In older adults, there was a mean of 5.15 (95% CI: 4.90-5.39) healthcare visits that could be opportunities for pneumococcal vaccination. In adults 18-64 years at high risk, there was a mean of 4.83 (95% CI: 4.66-4.99). Healthcare providers should take advantage of patient interactions to increase vaccination rates.
Perspectives of Medicare Advantage Plan Representatives on Addressing Social Determinants of Health in Response to the CHRONIC Care Act

Importance The passage of the Creating High-Quality Results and Outcomes Necessary to Improve Chronic (CHRONIC) Care Act in 2018 allows Medicare Advantage (MA) plans, which enroll more than one-third of Medicare beneficiaries, greater flexibility to address members’ social determinants of health (SDOH) through supplemental benefits. Objective To understand MA plan representatives’ perspectives on the importance of addressing members’ SDOH and their responses to the passage of the CHRONIC Care Act. Design, Setting, and Participants This semistructured qualitative interview study conducted via telephone from July 6, 2018, to November 7, 2018, included participants from 17 MA plans that collectively enrolled more than 13 million MA members (>65% of the total MA market). Data analysis was conducted from September 18, 2018, to December 13, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and then analyzed using a modified content analysis approach to identify major themes and subthemes. Results Thirty-eight participants representing 17 MA plans varying in region, star rating, and size were interviewed. Analysis of interviews revealed 3 key themes. The first theme was that participants increasingly recognize the value of addressing members’ SDOH. The second theme was that participants had different perspectives on whether MA plans should directly address SDOH and how to do so. While some reported that they were taking advantage of the increased flexibility provided by the CHRONIC Care Act to design new benefits or partner with community-based organizations, others indicated that it was outside of their purview to directly address members’ SDOH. The third theme was that participants described complex decision-making around how to provide supplemental benefits, including a need for evidence, return on investment, strong community partnerships, and guidance from the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that the changes in MA plans’ benefit packages in response to the CHRONIC Care Act and their efforts to address SDOH will vary. Therefore, it is likely that MA enrollees will be differentially affected by the implementation of the CHRONIC Care Act.
Native Seeds in the Marketplace: Meeting Restoration Needs in the Intermountain West, United States

Abstract The scale of ecological restoration in the Intermountain West (IW), United States is likely greater than anywhere else in the world. This is largely driven by response to accelerating ecological disturbances and government programs that divert privately owned cropland into soil, water, and wildlife conservation use. While restoration in the IW is challenging due to the region’s aridity, over the past few decades considerable improvement in restoration seeding success has been achieved using native plants instead of the exotic species that have predominated previously. The IW is blessed with an extensive research infrastructure for native plant material development through the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Agricultural Research Service, and the US Forest Service. A high demand for native seeds in the IW allows for a large and diverse product base of grasses, shrubs, and forbs in the form of cultivars, selected-class prevariety germplasms, and source-identified populations. Two sister native seed industries, one based on field cultivation and another based on collection from public wildlands, are likely the largest of their kind in the world. Seed is offered, mostly on a speculative basis, to major markets (e.g., Bureau of Land Management consolidated seed buy, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources seed buy, Conservation Reserve Program). Elements of the IW native seed marketplace (e.g., plant material development and cultivated seed production), may be instructive for the development of broadscale-restoration models appropriate for other parts of the world.
An HLLC-type Riemann solver and high-resolution Godunov method for a two-phase model of reactive flow with general equations of state

Abstract A high-resolution Godunov method is developed for a two-phase model of reactive flow. The model considers general equations of state of Mie-Gruneisen form and different choices for the reaction rate, both relevant for simulations of the dynamical behavior of detonations in PBX-type granular explosives. The numerical approach employs a Riemann solver, and various options ranging from an exact solver to an approximate solver of HLLC type are described. A principal aim of the paper is an assessment of the approximate Riemann solvers in terms of the accuracy and efficiency of numerical solutions of the two-phase model. In particular, this study considers the state-sensitive behavior in different regimes of the solutions in a reverse-impact configuration, including compaction, run-to-detonation, and the evolution to compaction-led and reaction-led steady detonations. For these regimes, the convergence properties of the numerical approach are examined for the different choices of the Riemann solver, as is the error in the solutions at lower grid resolution. Finally, the computational performance of the time-stepping scheme is assessed for the different solvers.
FOXM1: a potential therapeutic target in human solid cancers

Introduction: FOXM1 is one of the most frequently overexpressed proteins in human solid cancers. Here, we discuss novel direct targets of FOXM1 as well as new pathways involving FOXM1, through which this protein exerts its oncogenic activity.Areas covered: We give a detailed review of FOXM1 transcriptional targets involved in 16 different types of human cancer as published in the literature in the last 5 years. We also discuss a novel positive feedback loop between FOXM1 and AKT - both well-established master regulators of cancer.Expert opinion: Despite the discovery of several FOXM1 inhibitors over the years (by our team and others), their therapeutic use is limited by their adverse off-target effects.Newly-discovered proteins regulated by FOXM1 present a promising alternative approach to target its pro-cancer activity. In addition, targeting regulating proteins that take part in the positive feedback loop between FOXM1/AKT has the double advantage of suppressing both, and can lead to developing novel anti-cancer drugs.
Digitization, replication, and modification of physical surfaces using two-photon lithography

Abstract Many surfaces in nature have interesting topographies that lead to properties that may be desirable for engineering applications, such as superhydrophobicity (lotus leaf), high adhesion (frog toes), and drag reduction (shark skin). Although simple replication processes via polydimethylsiloxane molding have been used to replicate these topographies, they cannot be used to modify or combine these topographies for added functionality. This paper presents a novel method to digitize an arbitrary surface, either from nature or manmade, replicate it, modify it, and print it. A banana skin, an eastern wahoo leaf, and a coin were digitized using a 3D laser scanning confocal microscope and modified with arbitrary additional textures. The digitized surfaces were then printed using a UV-sensitive polymer based on two-photon polymerization. The printed surfaces replicate the original surfaces with submicron accuracy; and additional textures were added to illustrate the ability to modify the surface topography. This method enables novel surface topographies to be created that cannot be found in nature.
What the Biological Sciences Can and Cannot Contribute to Ethics

The question whether ethical behavior is biologically determined may refer either to the capacity for ethics (i.e., the proclivity to judge human actions as either right or wrong), or to the moral norms accepted by human beings for guiding their actions. I herein propose: (1) that the capacity for ethics is a necessary attribute of human nature; and (2) that moral norms are products of cultural evolution, not of biological evolution. Humans exhibit ethical behavior by nature because their biological makeup determines the presence of three necessary conditions for ethical behavior: (i) the ability to anticipate the consequences of one’s own actions; (ii) the ability to make value judgments; and (iii) the ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Ethical behavior came about in evolution not because it is adaptive in itself, but as a necessary consequence of man’s eminent intellectual abilities, which are an attribute directly promoted by natural selection. That is, morally evolved as an exaptation, not as an adaptation. Since Darwin’s time there have been evolutionists proposing that the norms of morality are derived from biological evolution. Sociobiologists represent the most recent and most subtle version of that proposal. The sociobiologists' argument is that human ethical norms are sociocultural correlates of behaviors fostered by biological evolution. I argue that such proposals are misguided and do not escape the naturalistic fallacy. The isomorphism between the behaviors promoted by natural selection and those sanctioned by moral norms exist only with respect to the consequences of the behaviors; the underlying causations are completely disparate.
Institutional Sources of Legitimate Authority: An Experimental Investigation

Unelected officials with coercive powers (e.g., police, prosecutors, bureaucrats) vary markedly in the extent to which citizens view their actions as legitimate. We explore the institutional determinants of legitimate authority in the context of a public goods laboratory experiment. In the experiment, an �authority� can target one �citizen� for punishment following citizen contribution choices. Untargeted citizens can then choose to help or hinder the authority. This latter choice may be interpreted as a behavioral measure of the authority's legitimacy. We find that legitimacy is affected by how authorities are compensated, the transparency with which their decisions are observed, and an interaction between these. When transparency is high, citizens are more willing to assist authorities who receive fixed salaries than those who personally benefit from collected penalties, even when citizens' material incentives are controlled for. Lower transparency reduces support, but only for salaried enforcers.
Online Behavior and Marketing, Monitoring of

Synthesizing the multidisciplinary literature, this entry describes the advances in monitoring online consumers and marketing, including the processes of digital tracking, the characteristics of digital tracking data, and the applications of such data for communication research purposes. For future research, the entry calls for new ways to access proprietary digital tracking data and more studies on user privacy protection. Keywords: big data; data capture; data curation; data mining; digital tracking; information overload; privacy; visualization
Snow and ice perturbation during historical volcanic eruptions and the formation of lahars and floods

Historical eruptions have produced lahars and floods by perturbing snow and ice at more than 40 volcanoes worldwide. Most of these volcanoes are located at latitudes higher than 35°; those at lower latitudes reach altitudes generally above 4000 m. Volcanic events can perturb mantles of snow and ice in at least five ways: (1) scouring and melting by flowing pyroclastic debris or blasts of hot gases and pyroclastic debris, (2) surficial melting by lava flows, (3) basal melting of glacial ice or snow by subglacial eruptions or geothermal activity, (4) ejection of water by eruptions through a crater lake, and (5) deposition of tephra fall. Historical records of volcanic eruptions at snow-clad volcanoes show the following: (1) Flowing pyroclastic debris (pyroclastic flows and surges) and blasts of hot gases and pyroclastic debris are the most common volcanic events that generate lahars and floods; (2) Surficial lava flows generally cannot melt snow and ice rapidly enough to form large lahars or floods; (3) Heating the base of a glacier or snowpack by subglacial eruptions or by geothermal activity can induce basal melting that may result in ponding of water and lead to sudden outpourings of water or sediment-rich debris flows; (4) Tephra falls usually alter ablation rates of snow and ice but generally produce little meltwater that results in the formation of lahars and floods; (5) Lahars and floods generated by flowing pyroclastic debris, blasts of hot gases and pyroclastic debris, or basal melting of snow and ice commonly have volumes that exceed 105 m3.
A simple (intelligent?) adaptive controller

A short tutorial on simple adaptive controllers, based on the stabilizability properties of the plants, is presented. Modern control systems, such as nonlinear, adaptive, or intelligent systems, use nonstationary controllers. They try to adapt their controllers to the specific conditions imposed by plant uncertainties or changing external environments so that the performance and stability of the control system are maintained. Nonstationary controllers, however, raise new problems related to eventual instability, even under the same conditions that would guarantee stability with fixed controllers. It has been shown that stabilizability properties can be used to implement simple and robust nonlinear adaptive controllers, and that the conditions usually required for stability of adaptive controllers may be overly restrictive. >