cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
100-LB: Closed-Loop Control Reduces Hypoglycemia without Increased Hyperglycemia in Subjects with Increased Prestudy Hypoglycemia: Results from the iDCL DCLP3 Randomized Trial

Closed Loop Control (CLC) has the ability to reduce both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. We conducted a post-hoc analysis of data from the iDCL DCLP3 randomized trial comparing CLC with Control-IQ versus sensor augmented pump therapy (SAP) for 6 months in participants who had baseline CGM below 70mg/dL ≥4.0% of the time (N= 41 CLC, 14 SAP, mean±SD age of 33±16yrs, 49% female). CLC use led to a greater reduction in time below 70mg/dL (least square mean change from baseline of -4.6% in CLC vs. -3.1% in SAP, mean-adjusted treatment difference -1.5% or 22 min/d, 95% CI -2.2% to -0.9%, P Disclosure C.J. Levy: Consultant; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Allergan plc. Research Support; Self; Abbott, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation. G. O’Malley: Research Support; Self; Abbott, Dexcom, Inc. S.A. Brown: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Roche Diabetes Care, Tandem Diabetes Care, Tolerion, Inc. G.P. Forlenza: Advisory Panel; Self; Medtronic. Consultant; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Tandem Diabetes Care. Research Support; Self; Abbott, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Medtronic, Tandem Diabetes Care. Y.C. Kudva: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Roche Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Abbott. R. Beck: None. C. Kollman: Other Relationship; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care. J. Lum: None. D. Raghinaru: None. B. Kovatchev: Advisory Panel; Self; Dexcom, Inc. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Sanofi, Tandem Diabetes Care. Other Relationship; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Sanofi. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (UC4108483); University of Virginia Strategic Investment Fund (Project 88); Tandem Diabetes Care
Improvement in tricuspid regurgitation following catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation.

INTRODUCTION Functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) remains a challenging clinical problem with poor outcomes and few effective treatments. Atrial fibrillation (AF) has been associated with functional TR. We sought to determine whether restoring sinus rhythm through catheter ablation of AF can decrease the degree of TR. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing AF ablation between 2011 and 2017 at a single center was conducted. We included patients with at least moderate TR on echocardiogram within the year preceding ablation, who underwent repeat echocardiogram within the year following ablation. Formal quantitative analysis was performed by an experienced research echocardiographer, blinded to arrhythmia outcomes. Arrhythmia-free survival was correlated to the extent of improvement in TR. Thirty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. A baseline echocardiogram was performed 37 ± 68 days before ablation and follow-up echocardiogram 139 ± 112 days following ablation. Patients were 63.7 ± 11.1 years old with a mean CHA2 DS2 -VASc score of 2.7 ± 1.7. The degree of TR improved by at least one grade in 23 patients (64%). TR area decreased from 11.6 ± 3.4 to 7.0 ± 3.5 cm2 (p < .001) following ablation. Freedom from AF postablation was associated with a greater likelihood of improvement in TR by at least one grade (100% vs. 41%, p = .02). CONCLUSIONS In patients with AF and at least moderate TR, catheter ablation is associated with substantial improvement in TR severity.
High-Strain-Rate Behavior of a Viscoelastic Gel Under High-Velocity Microparticle Impact

Impact experiments, routinely performed at the macroscale, have long been used to study mechanical properties of materials. Microscale high-velocity impact, relevant to applications such as ballistic drug delivery has remained largely unexplored at the level of a single impact event. In this work, we study the mechanical behavior of polymer gels subjected to high-velocity microparticle impact, with strain rates up to 107 s−1, through direct visualization of the impact dynamics. In an all-optical laser-induced particle impact test, 10–24 μm diameter steel microparticles are accelerated through a laser ablation process to velocities ranging from 50 to 1000 m/s. Impact events are monitored using a high-speed multi-frame camera with nanosecond time resolution. We measure microparticle trajectories and extract both maximum and final penetration depths for a range of particle sizes, velocities, and gel concentrations. We propose a modified Clift-Gauvin model and demonstrate that it adequately describes both individual trajectories and penetration depths. The model parameters, namely, the apparent viscosity and impact resistance, are extracted for a range of polymer concentrations. Laser-induced microparticle impact test makes it possible to perform reproducible measurements of the single particle impact dynamics on gels and provides a quantitative basis for understanding these dynamics. We show that the modified Clift-Gauvin model, which accounts for the velocity dependence of the drag coefficient, offers a better agreement with the experimental data than the more commonly-used Poncelet model. Microscale ballistic impact imaging performed with high temporal and spatial resolution can serve as direct input for simulations of high-velocity impact responses and high strain rate deformation in gels and other soft materials.
Network representations of diversity in scientific teams

One strength of network analysis is its ability to encapsulate social heterogeneity. Here, we leverage that strength to examine another dimension of individual heterogeneity: heterogeneity of skill...
Atypical Protein Kinase C Hyperactivity in Insulin-Resistant and Insulin-Sensitive Forms of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Target

ABSTRACT Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is commonly, not always, associated with insulin-resistant, hyperinsulinemic, and obesity/type-2-diabetic (O/T2D) states. Partial deficiencies of brain insulin receptor (IR) indeed occur in both O/T2D-AD and human AD, but these deficiencies can be bypassed by hyperinsulinemia, which activates atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) and β-secretase, increases Aβ-peptide and phospho-thr-231-tau levels, and induces memory impairments; importantly, these aberrations are reversed by reduction of liver/aPKC-dependent hyperinsulinemia or direct blockade of brain aPKC. New evidence shows that aPKC acts via nuclear factor kappa-B to increase β-secretase mRNA/protein levels in brain, where β-secretase acts on both β-amyloid precursor protein to increase AD risk and IR to limit beneficial (aPKC independent) insulin effects, particularly in normo/hypoinsulinemic AD, and liver, where β-secretase acts on IR to initiate or abet development of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia that originates from diet-induced hepatic aPKC activation. Fortunately, agents that inhibit PKC-λ/ι in brain, liver, or both effectively reduce β-secretase levels and adverse actions therein, and moreover, prevent/reverse O/T2D and AD development in mouse models. This chapter summarizes work implicating the critical role of atypical PKC in the development of liver-dependent hyperinsulinemia as a risk factor in O/T2D-associated AD and β-secretase-mediated pathological alterations in brains of O/T2D-associated and O/T2D-independent AD.
Noise Analysis for Coherent Phase-Modulated RF Fiber-Optic Link

The advantages of optical fiber as a transmission medium for microwave signals have led to an increasing interest in the implementation of RF/photonic links in radar frontends. Such applications often require a large dynamic range that is beyond the reach of conventional intensity modulation-direct detection (IM-DD) fiber-optic links. For a solution, a coherent fiber-optic link employing an optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) demodulation has been proposed promising enhanced spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) performance. Under the ideal condition, the link should be shot-noise limited. However, the phase modulated (PM) link was shown to be penalized by the presence of other noise sources and environmental perturbations. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of the phase modulated link's different noise sources, their impact to dynamic range performance, and ways of mitigation.
Recovery among post-arrest patients with mild-to-moderate cerebral edema.

Abstract Background Cerebral edema after cardiac arrest may be a modifiable cause of secondary brain injury. We aimed to identify processes of care associated with recovery in a cohort of patients with mild to moderate edema. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults resuscitated from out-of-hospital arrest (OHCA) at a single center from 2010 to 2018. We included those with cerebral edema ranging from mild to moderate (gray to white matter attenuation ratio (GWR) 1.2 to 1.3 on initial brain computerized tomography (CT). We used Pittsburgh Cardiac Arrest Category (PCAC) to adjust for illness severity and considered the following values in the first 24 h of admission as additional predictors: GWR, lab values affecting serum osmolality (sodium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen (BUN)), total osmolality, change in osmolality from 0 to 24 h, cardiac etiology of arrest, targeted temperature to 33 °C (vs 36 °C), time-weighted mean arterial pressure (MAP), partial pressures of arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide and select medications. Our primary outcome was discharge with cerebral performance category 1–3. We used unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression for analysis. Results We included 214 patients for whom CT was performed median 3.8 [IQR 2.4–5.2] hours after collapse. Median age was 57 [IQR 48−67] years, 82 (38%) were female, and 68 (32%) arrested from ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. In adjusted models, modifiable processes of care were not associated with outcome. Conclusions Illness severity, but not modifiable processes of care, were associated with recovery among post-arrest patients with mild-to-moderate cerebral edema.
The THRIVE COVID-19 Fellowship: Creating a Forum for Collaborative Team Science and Innovation Development

Purpose: Launched in October 2020, the Mount Sinai Targeted Healthcare Innovation Fellowship (THRIVE) is a 9-month program for participants from diverse professional backgrounds to form teams to develop a HealthTech innovation related to COVID-19. This innovative program is designed to provide an experiential team science platform for participants to take an idea from concept to commercial viable innovation, whilst developing the skills to work collaboratively in multidisciplinary teams. THIRVE participants are comprised of medical students, graduate students, and trainees (including residents and fellows) from across the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Methods: Following a competitive application process, 14 THRIVE fellows self-select into 3 transdisciplinary teams to work collaboratively across Slack and other online platforms. Participants are provided with access to a range of mentors and experts in the field, and encouraged to identify and reach out to these individuals to create their own networks of professional support. Participants are allocated a $2500 per team and prepared budgets to allocate funds towards hardware, software and input from external consultants (see Figure 1 for program timeline). Success of the program will be evaluated by: assessing pre- and post- collaborative research orientation among THRIVE fellows using the Research Orientation Scale [1] using social network analysis (SNA) to investigate the social networks of THRIVE fellows to capture patterns of communication and collaboration related to innovation development exploring participant experiences of group formation, teamwork and collaboration related to innovation development using one-to-one semi-structured interview determining team success in innovation development, measured by number of publications, funding awarded, provisional patents and viable products. Results: Paired t-tests will determine whether collaborative orientation of THRIVE fellows changes pre- vs. post- program participation, indicating changes in attitude toward multidisciplinary team work. SNA will be used to describe structural patterns of communication with mentors and experts in the field that occur at individual and group levels. Network-level indices will provide insight into patterns of communication that exist in innovation development: degree centrality (number of connections per individual), betweenness centrality (number of bridges to others in a network), closeness centrality (closeness to others in a network). We will also test for associations between network characteristics and team success. Conclusion: Understanding patterns of formal and informal relationships, interactions, and perceptions of the collaborative process among individuals in THRIVE teams will demonstrate whether such a program can provide an effective forum for team science and innovation development related to COVID-19.
Do Extremely Low Gestational Age Neonates Regulate Iron Absorption via Hepcidin

OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether extremely preterm infants regulate iron status via hepcidin. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective analysis of infants from the Preterm Epo Neuroprotection (PENUT) Trial, urine hepcidin (Uhep) normalized to creatinine (Uhep/UCr) was evaluated among infants randomized to erythropoietin (Epo) or placebo. RESULTS The correlation (r) between Uhep/UCr and serum markers of iron status (ferritin and zinc protoporphyrin-to-heme ratio [ZnPP/H]) and iron dose was assessed. A total of 243 urine samples from 76 infants born at 24-276/7 weeks gestation were analyzed. The median Uhep/UCr concentration was 0.3, 1.3, 0.4, and 0.1 ng/mg at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks, respectively, in placebo-treated infants. The median Uhep/UCr value in Epo-treated infants were not significantly different, with the exception of the value at the 2-week time point (median Uhep/UCr, 0.1 ng/mg; P < .001). A significant association was seen between Uhep/UCr and ferritin at 2 weeks (r = 0.63; P < .001) and at 4 weeks (r = 0.41; P = .01) and between Uhep/UCr and ZnPP/H at 2 weeks (r = -0.49; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS Uhep/UCr values correlate with serum iron markers. Uhep/UCr values vary over time and are affected by treatment with Epo, suggesting that extremely preterm neonates can regulate hepcidin and therefore their iron status. Uhep is suppressed in extremely preterm neonates, particularly those treated with Epo.
Tritium: A Cross-layer Analytics System for Enhancing Microservice Rollouts in the Cloud

Microservice architectures are widely used in cloud-native applications as their modularity allows for independent development and deployment of components. With the many complex interactions occurring in between components, it is difficult to determine the effects of a particular microservice rollout. Site Reliability Engineers must be able to determine with confidence whether a new rollout is at fault for a concurrent or subsequent performance problem in the system so they can quickly mitigate the issue. We present Tritium, a cross-layer analytics system that synthesizes several types of data to suggest possible causes for Service Level Objective (SLO) violations in microservice applications. It uses event data to identify new version rollouts, tracing data to build a topology graph for the cluster and determine services potentially affected by the rollout, and causal impact analysis applied to metric time-series to determine if the rollout is at fault. Tritium works based on the principle that if a rollout is not responsible for a change in an upstream or neighboring SLO metric, then the rollout's telemetry data will do a poor job predicting the behavior of that SLO metric. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate that Tritium can accurately attribute SLO violations to downstream rollouts and outline the steps necessary to fully realize Tritium.
The Depiction of Law in the Bonfire of the Vanities

Tom Wolfe's best-selling novel, The Bonfire of the Vanities, first published in 1987 and recently reissued in paperback, illustrates an aspect of the interaction between law and literature not discussed in my recent book on the law and literature movement, and indeed rather neglected (but perhaps benignly) by the movement as a whole. This is the depiction of law in popular literature.' The popularity of Wolfe's novel and the salience of law in it make it a natural subject for consideration in a symposium on the treatment of law in popular culture. And if, as I shall argue, The Bonfire of the Vanities is not an especially rewarding subject for the study of law in popular culture after all, this may serve as a warning against unwarranted expectations concerning how much we can learn about law from its representation in popular culture, or about popular culture from its representation of law, or even about popular understanding of law. The criminal justice system of the Bronx, in New York City, figures prominently in Wolfe's novel-indeed is central to the novel's plot, which depicts the progressive enmeshment of the protagonist, Sherman McCoy, in the coarse, dingy, and sordid operation that is (according to Wolfe) the Bronx criminal justice system today. McCoy is investigated, questioned, arrested, indicted, and, after the first indictment is dismissed because of false testimony before the grand jury, reindicted. The Epilogue briefly recounts his first trial, which ends in a hung jury; when the novel ends he is about to be retried. (The Epilogue also alludes briefly to a tort action against McCoy.) The offense he is charged with is reckless endangerment, which blossoms into vehicular manslaughter when the victim dies. The facts are as follows: McCoy had picked up his mistress, Maria Ruskin, at Kennedy Airport in his sports car, and on the way back to Manhattan had gotten lost in the South Bronx. A pair of teenagers-one a drug dealer ("The Crack King of Evergreen Avenue")-had thrown a tire in front of McCoy's car, and when he got out to move the tire they ap-
Geometric characterization of strongly normal extensions

This paper continues previous work in which we developed the Galois theory of strongly normal extensions using differential schemes. In the present paper we derive two main results. First, we show that an extension is strongly normal if and only if a certain differential scheme splits, i.e. is obtained by base extension of a scheme over constants. This gives a geometric characterization to the notion of strongly normal. Second, we show that Picard-Vessiot extensions are characterized by their Galois group being affine. Our proofs are elementary and do not use "group chunks" or cohomology. We end by recalling some important results about strongly normal extensions with the hope of spurring future research.
Aminotransferase activity of a novel aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase appended domain (751.3)

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARSs) are key enzymes in protein biosynthesis, responsible for attaching amino acids to the 3ʹ-end of cognate tRNAs. The AARSs are modular proteins, with separate polyp...
Studies on Cytochrome Oxidase II. A REACTION OF CYANIDE WITH CYTOCHROME OXIDASE IN SOLUBLE AND PARTICULATE FORMS

Abstract The extent of inhibition of cytochrome oxidase activity by cyanide depends upon the method of assay. It has been confirmed that this inhibition is "readily reversible" with the use of the standard manometric technique. However, in the spectrophotometric assay only about 10% of the control activity is observed after the cyanide is removed by physical methods. The polarographic assay yields intermediate results. On the other hand, the polarographic assay shows a complete reversal of inhibition when the cyanide-treated heart muscle preparation is first incubated under reducing conditions. The tetrachlorohydroquinone oxidase activity of the heart muscle preparation is also decreased by cyanide treatment. The spectra of the purified cytochrome oxidase treated with cyanide are similar to those of cytochrome a. It is likely that there are two sites for the interaction of cytochrome oxidase and cyanide: the heme a iron and a second noncovalent locus. The nature of this second site s discussed.
Microbial degradation of trichloroethylene in the rhizosphere: potential application to biological remediation of waste sites

The possibility that vegetation may be used to actively promote microbial restoration of chemically contaminated soils was tested by using rhizosphere and nonvegetated soils collected from a trichloroethylene (TCE)-contaminated field site. Biomass determinations, disappearance of TCE from the headspace of spiked soil slurries, and mineralization of [14C]TCE to 14CO2 all showed that microbial activity is greater in rhizosphere soils and that TCE degradation occurs faster in the rhizosphere than in the edaphosphere. Thus, vegetation may be an important variable in the biological restoration of surface and near-surface soils.
The Hume Literature, 1997

This bibliography covers the Hume literature for 1997. I have appended supplements containing additions and corrections to "The Hume Literature, 1986-1993" (November 1994), "The Hume Literature, 1994" (November 1995), "The Hume Literature, 1995" (November 1996), and "The Hume Literature, 1996" (November 1997.1 am grateful to all who have contributed additions or corrections to these bibliographies, and I again encourage readers of Hume Studies to supply additions, corrections, or bibliographical information still missing from any of these listings. For the Hume literature prior to 1986, the reader should consult Roland Hall's authoritative Fifty Years of Hume Scholarship: A Bibliographic Guide (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1978), which covers the period 1925 to 1976, and also lists significant earlier work on Hume. Hall's bibliographies in Hume Studies supplement that work. They appeared from 1978 to 1988 and cover the Hume literature for the years 1977 to 1985. My bibliographies depart from Hall's practice in that they do not list items published in Hume Studies. Articles and reviews from 1975 through 1993 (Volumes I-XIX) were comprehensively indexed in the November 1993 issue. Subsequent November issues include an index for that year's volume. The next bibliography, which will cover the Hume literature for 1998, will appear in the double issue of Hume Studies we are publishing for April/ November 1999. Readers are again invited to send me notices or offprints of their articles, reviews, editions, anthologies, and dissertations for inclusion
DNA bending near the replication origin of IncFII plasmid NR1.

Abstract The DNA replication origin of plasmid NR1 is located approximately 190 base pairs downstream from the 3' end of the repA1 gene, which encodes the essential initiation protein for replication of the plasmid. Restriction endonuclease fragments that contain the NR1 replication origin and its flanking sequences at circularly permuted positions were obtained by digesting oligomers of ori-containing DNA fragments with sets of enzymes that each cut only once in every ori fragment. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these permuted restriction fragments showed anomalous mobilities, indicating the presence of a DNA bending locus. Through analysis of the relative mobility plots of these permuted fragments, we found one or two possible DNA bending sites located in the intervening region between the repA1 gene and the replication origin of NR1. It seems possible that DNA bending in this region might help to orient the replication origin alongside the repA1 gene, which could contribute to the cis-acting character of the RepA1 initiation protein.
Content distribution for publish/subscribe services

Caching and content delivery are important for content-intensive publish/subscribe applications. This paper proposes several content distribution approaches that combine match-based pushing and access-based caching, based on users' subscription information and access patterns. To study the performance of the proposed approaches, we built a simulator and developed a workload to mimic the content and access dynamics of a busy news site. Using a purely access-based caching approach as the baseline, our best approaches yield over 50% and 130% relative gains for two request traces in terms of the hit ratio in local caches, while keeping the traffic overhead comparable. Even when the subscription information is assumed not to reflect users' accesses perfectly, our best approaches still have about 40% and 90% relative improvement for the two traces. To our knowledge, this work is the first effort to investigate content distribution under the publish/subscribe paradigm.
Intertrial interval duration and impulsive choice

Discrete-trial intertemporal choice procedures assess impulsive choice or preference for a smaller, immediate reinforcer over a larger, delayed one. The effect of the delay associated with the larger reinforcer has been the focus of much research. It, however, is not the only delay in the context of discrete-trial procedures. Often separating each choice trial is an intertrial interval (ITI) that maintains equal trial spacing of the two alternatives. The removal of this ITI has been shown to increase impulsive choice, perhaps because choosing the small alternative results in another choice trial immediately following reinforcer delivery. Impulsive choice has not been affected when the ITI duration is manipulated in conditions that equate the trial presentation rate across the two alternatives. These null results could have been due to floor effects and/or an inadequate range of ITI durations. To address these possibilities, three experiments were conducted to determine how changes in ITI duration affected impulsive choice in rats and pigeons. All three experiments found that preference for the large delayed alternative decreased (i.e., impulsive choice increased) when the ITI was shortened. Satiation was not a likely explanation since preference for the large alternative at the 0-s delay was not affected by ITI duration. Trial spacing, like other temporal properties of choice situations, is an important variable underlying the occurrence of impulsive choice.
Normalization of hindbrain morphology after decompression of Chiari malformation Type I

Object. Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) is characterized by hindbrain deformity. We investigated the effects of craniocervical decompression surgery on the anatomical features of hindbrain deformity with a prospective MRI study of patients with CM-I. Methods. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in 48 patients with CM-I (39 with syringomyelia) treated with craniocervical decompression. Clinical examinations and cervical MRI were performed before surgery and 1 week, 3–6 months, and annually after surgery. Hindbrain deformity was defined by tonsillar ectopia, pointed cerebellar tonsils, and/or cervicomedullary protuberance. The length of the clivus, basiocciput (sphenooccipital synchondrosis to basion), supraocciput (internal occipital protuberance to opisthion), and anteroposterior (AP) width of CSF pathways at the foramen magnum were measured and compared with those from 18 healthy volunteers (control group). Results. Before surgery, the patients’ posterior fossa bones were short and their CSF pathways were narrow. All patients had tonsillar ectopia (mean [± SD] 12.3 ± 5.1 mm; normal 0.3 ± 1.0). The majority of patients had pointed tonsils and more than two-thirds exhibited a cervicomedullary protuberance. Clivus and basiocciput lengths were significantly shorter than the values obtained in the control group. However, the supraocciput length did not differ significantly from control measurements. The mean bulbopontine sulcus distance superior to the basion was 9.5 ± 2.6 mm (vs 13.6 ± 2.8 mm in controls; p < 0.0001). The AP widths of the CSF pathways at the level of the foramen magnum were significantly narrowed. After surgery, CSF pathways significantly expanded both ventrally and dorsally. By 3–6 months after surgery, pointed tonsils became round, cervicomedullary protuberance disappeared, and tonsillar ectopia diminished by 51% (to 6.0 ± 3.3 mm; p < 0.0001). Conclusions. The cerebellar tonsils and brainstem assumed a normal appearance within 6 months after craniocervical decompression. These findings support the concept that the CM-I is not a congenital malformation of the neural elements but rather an acquired malformation that arises from pulsatile impaction of the cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT00001327.
The spectrum of a digital radio frequency memory linear range gate stealer electronic attack signal

We examine the spectrum of a digital radio frequency memory (DRFM) linear rate gate stealer (RGS) electronic attack (EA) signal. The spectrum has two noticeable characteristics. The first is a small, yet measurable, center frequency shift from the input center frequency. The second is the presence of harmonics (spectral lines) of significant magnitude centered on either side of the shifted center frequency. The primary source of these spectral characteristics is the discrete nature of the DRFM. We develop expressions to predicted the center frequency shift and the locations of the harmonics as function of the radar and DRFM parameters. These spectral characteristics should be of interest to radar and EA engineers since they could potentially affect system performance. Signal intelligence analysts should also find these spectral characteristics of interest since they provide additional clues for assessing EA systems.
Assessing Needs for Gerontological Education in Urban and Rural Areas of Ohio.

Purpose of the Study: This project surveyed health care professionals from both urban and rural care settings in Ohio and examined differences in professionals’ needs and interests in continuing gerontological education. Design and Methods: The survey data were analyzed for 766 health care professionals descriptively, using cross-tabulations and c 2 tests. Results: The key findings were that professionals are willing to drive a maximum time of one-hour per week to travel one way to attend classes/workshops to earn gerontology certificate among both urban and rural drivers [(4,N=514)=11.65, p =.020]. Distance learning was the most preferred method for furthering gerontological education for both urban (39%) and rural (49%) participants. One quarter or fewer of the professionals were interested in obtaining a master’s degree. Of slightly greater interest was pursuit of a graduate gerontology certificate (25% urban and 28% rural). It is concluded that there is a need and desire for professionals working with aging populations in Ohio to pursue additional education. Preferences for obtaining education inform us of the ways in which education can best be delivered. Implications: Youngstown State University can apply to increase gerontological education access in both urban and rural areas. Such educational opportunities will be a great service to the urban and rural areas of the aging population in the state of Ohio.
Determination of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-benzeneethanamine (25B-NBOMe) in serum and urine by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in a case of severe intoxication

We present a case of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-benzeneethanamine (25B-NBOMe), an N-benzyl phenethylamines derivative, intoxication and a high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for detection and quantification of 25B-NBOMe.A 19-year-old male was found unresponsive with generalized grand mal seizure activity. On the second day of hospitalization, a friend admitted that the patient used ‘some unknown drug’ called 25B. Serum and urine collected were sent to the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Toxicology Laboratory for analysis. An HPLC-MS/MS method for the identification and quantificationof 25B-NBOMe using 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl) ethanamine (25H-NBOMe)as the internal standard (ISTD)was developed. As this is a novel, single-case presentation, an assay validation was performed prior to testing to ensure the reliability of the analytical results. The serum and urine specimens were determined to contain 180 pg/ml and1900 pg/ml of 25B-NBOMe, respectively.
Genetic architecture of isolation between two species of Silene with sex chromosomes and haldane's rule.

Examination of the genetic architecture of hybrid breakdown can provide insight into the genetic mechanisms of commonly observed isolating phenomena such as Haldane's rule. We used line-cross analysis to dissect the genetic architecture of divergence between two plant species that exhibit Haldane's rule for male sterility and rarity, Silene latifolia and Silene diclinis. We made 15 types of crosses, including reciprocal F1, F2, backcrosses, and later-generation crosses, grew the seeds to flowering, and measured the number of viable ovules, proportion of viable pollen, and sex ratio. Typically, Haldane's rule for male rarity in XY animal hybrids is explained by interactions involving recessive X-linked alleles that are deleterious when hemizygous (dominance theory), whereas sterility is explained by rapid evolution of spermatogenesis genes (faster-male evolution). In contrast, we found that the genetic mechanisms underlying Haldane's rule between the two Silene species did not follow these conventions. Dominance theory was sufficient to explain male sterility, but male rarity likely involved faster-male evolution. We also found an effect of the neo-sex chromosomes of S. diclinis on the extreme rarity of some hybrid males. Our findings suggest that the genetic architecture of Haldane's rule in dioecious plants may differ from those commonly found in animals.
Pain: Pain therapy for 'hot' joints: what works?

A new multinational guideline for treating pain in the setting of inflammatory arthritis highlights the absence of well-designed studies to answer the myriad questions faced by clinicians. To use the recommendations as a starting point for alleviating this common condition, clinicians will need to read between the lines.
A new technique for reducing radar response to signals entering antenna sidelobes

A new technique for reducing a radar's response to undesired signals entering a radar's sidelobes is described and analyzed theoretically. This technique involves moving a phased array antenna's phase center to Doppler shift sidelobe signals out of the radar receiver's passband.
Subcortical projections of the dorsomedial visual area (DM) of visual association cortex in the owl monkey, Aotus trivirgatus.

The efferent subcortical connections of the dorsomedial cortical visual area (DM) in the owl monkey were determined by tracing degenerating axons following lesions or by tracing axonal pathways following injection of radioactively labeled proline. Areas of termination included structures which are known to receive input from many other regions of cortex such as the claustrum, putamen, caudate nucleus, reticular nucleus of the thalamus and pontine nuclei. Other terminations were in subcortical structures which primarily receive input from visual areas: these included the pregeniculate nucleus, the medial and central divisions of the inferior pulvinar nucleus, two loci in the superior pulvinar complex, the pretectum and the superior colliculus. Terminations were also seen in the lateral posterior nucleus, a part of the thalamus associated with the somatosensory system. These results further identify Area DM as an integral part of the visual system, suggest functional subdivisions of the pulvinar complex, and implicate the lateral posterior nucleus in the mediation of visual, as well as somatosensory, behavior.
The effect of low scatterer number density on ultrasound attenuation estimation

The ultrasound attenuation coefficient has been established as a marker of thermal ablation therapy. The reference phantom method (RPM) has been proposed as a practical technique for estimating the attenuation coefficient in patients. However, tissue is frequently modeled with a high scatterer number density (SND). In this work, attenuation slope estimation was performed in simulations, modeling a linear attenuation coefficient and both high and low SND. For the numerical phantom studies, tissue was simulated having an SND ranging from 0.2 to 128 scatterers/mm3. Using a fixed kernel size of 9.6 mm axially along with 10 independent A-lines and a center frequency of 5.5 MHz, it was found that the bias in the estimate of the attenuation coefficient was no more than 0.10 dB/cm MHz, while the standard deviation increased to over 1.0 dB/cm MHz for different SND values. Attenuation slope was also estimated using the reference phantom method in five ex vivo bovine livers and another five bovine livers following intense heating in a water bath. In normal ex vivo bovine liver and heated bovine liver it was found that the received ultrasound echo signal from a Siemens 9L4 linear array transducer, operating at a center frequency of 6 MHz, exhibited a low envelope SNR, 1.10 in normal liver and 1.28 in heated liver. These results deviate from the SNR value of 1.91 expected for Rayleigh distributed envelope values. The same transducer was used for the attenuation slope estimates with a variable kernel size. As the kernel size was varied from 6 to 16 mm axially the mean attenuation slope estimate varied between 0.4 and 0.5 dB/cm MHz in unheated liver and 1.1 and 0.9 dB/cm MHz in heated liver. Meanwhile, the standard deviation in the attenuation estimates varied from 1.8 to 0.5 dB/cm MHz in unheated liver and 1.6 to 0.5 dB/cm MHz in heated liver. From the simulation and ex vivo results, we conclude that the variance in attenuation slope estimation in ex vivo bovine liver is primarily due to the low SND. Future work in attenuation estimation should consider both high and low SND in tissue when RPM algorithms are utilized.
Demineralized Bone: Implant Resorption With Long-term Follow-up

• The osteoinductive properties of demineralized bone have stimulated its use in facial skeletal augmentation and reconstruction. Demineralized bone has been shown to induce phenotypic conversion of mesenchymal cells into osteoblasts, with bone formation within 29 days (osteoinduction). In this clinical study, 75 demineralized bone implants were followed up from 1 to 48 months (average follow-up, 14.3 months). There were 41 major dorsal implants, with an average degree of resorption of 50.7%. Eight dorsal implants were followed up for more than 24 months, with an 82.5% degree of resorption. Overall resorption for all implants was 49%. Major factors contributing to implant resorption included lack of surrounding mesenchymal cells and inadequate contact between host tissue and bone-inducing surface area. Other factors included infection, poor vascularity, and compression of the implant. Demineralized bone has an unacceptably high resorption rate and should only be used in highly selective cases where the implant can be positioned in a site rich in primitive mesenchymal or bone-forming cells. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg . 1990;116:676-680)
S versus O alkylation and coordination in zinc complexes containing the bulky heteroscorpionate alkoxy ligand bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-2-yl) diphenylmethanol

Abstract A series of zinc complexes containing the tripodal heteroscorpionate ligand bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-2-yl)diphenylmethanol (L2H) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The L2H/Zn complexes were designed to model the N2OX coordination (with the zinc-bound O being a reactive nucleophile) that is characteristic of many protease and amidase zinc enzymes. The pseudotetrahedral mononuclear complexes characterized include [(L2)ZnI] (1), [(L2)Zn(CH3)] (2), and [(L2)Zn(SPh)] (3). Alkylation of (1) with methyl iodide has revealed a modest nucleophilicity of the chelated zinc-bound alkoxide, and produces the penta-coordinate [(L2OCH3)ZnI2] (4) which contains a weakly bound ether in the fifth coordination site. However, when the coordination sphere also includes a thiolate sulfur as in (3), reaction with methyl iodide produces exclusive alkylation at the sulfur to produce thioanisole and (1). The coordination of the ether in the neutral (4) can be strengthened by reaction with various silver salts, Ag+X−, to produce other penta-coordinate complexes [(L2OCH3)ZnI(Tf)] (5) and [(L2OCH3)ZnI(H2O)]BF4 (6) which show enhanced coordination of the ether.
Attitudes toward local programming needs: A comparison of a northern and southern sample of community leaders and respective publics

Replicating salient features of a study perfomed in Michigan, it was found that the northern and southern community leaders differed in their programming requests. The two public samples were quite similar, however, in ranking their requests. The findings suggest that care should be exercised by concerned public agencies in evaluating community leaders’ opinions, since they differ from their publics’ unsystematically.
Introducing competition into England and Wales water industry – Lessons from UK and EU energy market liberalisation

Abstract This paper summarises the experience concerning electricity and natural gas in the UK and the European Union since the 1980s with a view to drawing lessons for potential liberalisation and the introduction of competition into the England and Wales water industry. The paper suggests that the main lesson from energy sector experience is the requirement is to develop upstream competition in the supply of bulk water both to retail supply companies and to large industrial consumers. The pattern of water supply and demand in England and Wales is that there are excess supplies in the North and West and supply shortages in the South and East. In consequence, provided that there is sufficient interconnection capacity within and between regions, there should be major potential gains from trade both in bulk water supplies as well as in trade of abstraction licences. Such trade can offer potentially sizeable environmental benefits in terms of water sustainability as well as in short and long-term efficiency benefits to consumers. The paper concludes with recommendations for some experiments with abstraction licence and bulk water trading, e.g. in the South East of England.
Spatial Correlation of Beam-Filling Error in Microwave Rain-Rate Retrievals

Abstract In this paper the authors consider the possibility of correlations between the random part of the so-called beam-filling error between neighboring fields of view in the microwave retrieval of rain rate over oceans. The study is based upon the GARP (Global Atmospheric Research Program) Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) rain-rate dataset, and it is found that there is a correlation of between 0.35 and 0.50 between the errors in adjacent rainy fields of view. The net effect of this correlation is reducing the number of statistically independent terms accumulated in forming area and time averages of rain-rate estimates. In GATE-like rain areas, this reduction can be of the order of a factor of 3, making accumulated standard error percentages increase by a factor of the order of √3. For the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission using the microwave radiometer alone. this could increase the accumulated random part of the beam-filling error for month-long 5°×5° boxes from about 1.2% to 2%. The effect is ...
Measurements of the perceived dynamic range of a medical imaging workstation

Murch and Weiman have demonstrated that greater than 11 bits of contrast information are perceivable by a human observer. Digital display controllers with 10 or 12 bit digital to analog converters are becoming available. Before attempting to determine if these technologies improve the clinical effectiveness of medical imaging workstations it is first necessary to determine if measurable differences can be produced in the perceived dynamic range (PDR) of the displays. A set of experiments have been performed to determine a baseline PDR for an 8- bit per pixel display. This data will be used as the control for future measurements at 10 bits per pixel. The experimental design includes all psychovisual factors that affect an observer's perception of contrast. Stimulus display duration, physical size of the stimulus and training factors were all studied and controlled in the experiments. Simple images are used to avoid complicating the observer's task and display time is kept short to prevent adaptation and boredom effects. Data was collected using four non-radiologists and four radiologists. Each subject had at least normal corrected vision and wore his corrective lenses during each session. All experiments were conducted on a SUN SPARC workstation using an Image Systems (M21P-47SO1-2KHB) portrait monitor driven by a modified DOME Imaging Systems (Md2/SUN) 10-bit, grayscale, video board initially configured to run in 8-bit mode. Specially developed software was used to control the experiments and to gather and analyze the data. Pizer and Chan's methodology for computing PDR was adapted for the above hardware and software environment. A rating experiment was used to determine the just noticeable difference in contrast for a given reference intensity. Integration over the range of the monitor provides the PDR for that display for one observer. This data is then averaged with all other observations to determine a baseline PDR. These experiments allow for the determination of a baseline PDR for comparison with future hardware configurations. All calibration, control and analysis software is in place such that new hardware can be easily evaluated.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two-spotted spider mite in Cyprus: ineffective acaricides, causes and considerations

Growers of greenhouse roses in Cyprus have recently reported failures of several acaricides against two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). To verify the cause of these failures we evaluated the effectiveness of seven acaricides against two rose and two cucumber spider mite populations in the laboratory. The acaricides included in our study represented the most important mode of action groups registered for use in greenhouses on the island. Label rates of all seven acaricides (abamectin, clofentezine, dicofol, fenbutatin oxide, fenazaquin, propargite and milbemectin—a product under registration) caused close to 100% mortality in the cucumber populations, but significantly lower mortality in the two rose populations. Mortality never exceeded 65% in the first rose population and 20% in the second population for any acaricide, suggesting development of resistance. The higher frequency of acaricide applications in roses and the perennial nature of the crop, that sustains genetically similar populations for long periods of time, may have facilitated the development of resistance. Judicious use of newer acaricides with distinct modes of action as they become registered may help control resistant spider mite populations in roses and other ornamental crops. Additionally, adoption of a mode of action labeling scheme of pesticides and training of growers on alternation of products will facilitate long term sustainable spider mite management in Cypriot agriculture.
An invitation to recent graduates: publish your dissertation/thesis background section as a review in Virology Journal

Virology Journal will publish background sections of approved dissertations or theses as Review Articles.