cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects of dextromethorphan in mice.

Abstract The glutamatergic system has emerged as a novel pathway for treating major depressive disorder (MDD) with the focus on producing both rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Dextromethorphan is a noncompetitive N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that has produced antidepressant-like effects in forced swim and tail suspension tests (TST); however, the rapid and sustained antidepressant-like effects of dextromethorphan have not been evaluated. This study evaluated the rapid and sustained (24 h) antidepressant-like effects of dextromethorphan (0–32 mg/kg) in C56BL/6 mice using the novelty-induced hypophagia (NIH) test and TST, respectively. Additionally, we evaluated anxiety-related behavior and locomotor effects of dextromethorphan (0–56.0 mg/kg) using the light-dark and open field tests. Dextromethorphan (32 mg/kg) produced acute (30 min) antidepressant-like effects in TST, but failed to produce antidepressant-like effects 24 h after drug administration. Treatment of dextromethorphan (32 mg/kg) alone or in combination with CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitor Quinidine (32 mg/kg) failed to produce rapid antidepressant-like effects by increasing the latency to drink in the NIH test rather than decreasing the latency to drink. Dextromethorphan (56 mg/kg) produced an anxiogenic-like effect by decreasing the time spent in the light side, number of entries, and latency to enter the light side in the light-dark test. Administration of dextromethorphan (0–56 mg/kg) did not significantly alter locomotor activity. Although dextromethorphan is considered a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, dextromethorphan binds to several monoaminergic receptors (SERT and NET) and likely produces the antidepressant-like effects through these receptors similar to traditional antidepressant drugs. Additionally, these results suggest that the therapeutic window for dextromethorphan in the clinical population is small as similar doses produce antidepressant-like and anxiogenic-like behaviors.
Detection of neurophysiological features in female R255X MeCP2 mutation mice

Abstract Rett syndrome (RTT) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) that is nearly always caused by loss of function mutations in Methyl-CpG-binding Protein 2 (MECP2) and shares many clinical features with other NDD. Genetic restoration of Mecp2 in symptomatic mice lacking MeCP2 expression can reverse symptoms, providing hope that disease modifying therapies can be identified for RTT. Effective and rapid clinical trial completion relies on well-defined clinical outcome measures and robust biomarkers of treatment responses. Studies on other NDD have found evidence of differences in neurophysiological measures that correlate with disease severity. However, currently there are no well-validated biomarkers in RTT to predict disease prognosis or treatment responses. To address this, we characterized neurophysiological features in a mouse model of RTT containing a knock-in nonsense mutation (p.R255X) in the Mecp2 locus. We found a variety of changes in heterozygous female Mecp2R255X/X mice including age-related changes in sleep/wake architecture, alterations in baseline EEG power, increased incidence of spontaneous epileptiform discharges, and changes in auditory evoked potentials. Furthermore, we identified association of some neurophysiological features with disease severity. These findings provide a set of potential non-invasive and translatable biomarkers that can be utilized in preclinical therapy trials in animal models of RTT and eventually within the context of clinical trials.
Templated Vapor-Liquid-Solid Epitaxy of III-V Semiconductors on Silicon

Epitaxial growth on silicon remains the most promising method to reduce the cost of optoelectronic-quality III-V semiconductors. Several approaches exist to epitaxially grow III-V material from the vapor phase, but control of 3-D structures remains difficult with these methods. In this work, we present a novel epitaxial growth technique in which photolithography and wet etching are used to establish the geometry of group-III metal, which is then converted to III-V semiconductor by annealing with exposure group-V precursor. The resulting material has been shown to align to the substrate lattice and is optically active, making it a promising approach for III-V PV technologies.
Opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing and co-dispensing patterns among commercially insured pregnant women in the United States, 2007-2015.

Little is known about benzodiazepine and opioid-benzodiazepine co-dispensing patterns among pregnant women. Understanding these patterns is necessary to mitigate high-risk medication use during pregnancy. Our objective in this analysis was to evaluate opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing and co-dispensing patterns among commercially insured pregnant women in the United States. This retrospective study used a 10% random sample of commercially insured enrollees from the IQVIA™ Adjudicated Health Plan Claims Data from 2007 to 2015. The study included women (12–55 years of age) with completed pregnancies who had continuous medical and prescription drug coverage from 3 months prior to the date of conception through 3 months post-delivery. We estimated the prevalence of opioid and benzodiazepine dispensing and co-dispensing before, during, and after pregnancy, and evaluated trends in dispensing patterns across the study period (2007–2015) using Cochrane-Armitage tests. Chi-square tests were used to examine differences in demographic and clinical characteristics by dispensing and co-dispensing patterns. Among women that received an opioid or benzodiazepine during pregnancy, logistic regression models were used to quantify the association between sample characteristics and dispensing patterns (co-dispensing vs single dispensing). Of 168,025 pregnant women that met our inclusion criteria, 10.1% received at least one opioid and 2.0% received at least one benzodiazepine during pregnancy, while 0.5% were co-dispensed these drugs. During the study period (2007 vs 2015), prevalence of opioid dispensing during pregnancy decreased from 11.2 to 8.6% (p < 0.01); while benzodiazepine dispensing increased from 1.3 to 2.9% (p < 0.01), and the prevalence of co-dispensing, while low and stable, increased slightly from 0.39 to 0.44% (p < 0.01). Older age, a higher comorbidity burden, pain diagnosis, anxiety diagnosis, and alcohol, tobacco, and drug use disorders, were all associated with an increased odds of co-dispensing during pregnancy. This study provides evidence that while opioid dispensing during pregnancy has decreased in the past decade, benzodiazepine dispensing has increased. The prevalence of opioid-benzodiazepine co-dispensing was rare and remained fairly stable during our study period. Those co-dispensed both drugs had a higher prevalence of adverse birth outcomes. Further research to establish the potentially causal relationship between opioid and benzodiazepine co-dispensing and adverse birth outcomes should be undertaken.
Geriatric Conditions Are Associated With Decreased Anticoagulation Use in Long-Term Care Residents With Atrial Fibrillation.

Background Anticoagulation is the mainstay for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation, but concerns about bleeding inhibit its use in residents of long‐term care facilities. Risk‐pr...
Brain vulnerability to chemotherapy toxicities

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive changes have been an increasing concern among cancer survivors. By using adjuvant treatment for breast cancer as the prototype, this manuscript reviews research from neuropsychological, imaging, genetic, and animal model studies that have examined the clinical presentation and potential mechanisms for cognitive changes associated with exposure to chemotherapy. An impressive body of research supports the hypothesis that a subgroup of patients is vulnerable to post-treatment cognitive changes, although not exclusively related to chemotherapy. Further, imaging and animal model studies provide accumulating evidence of putative mechanisms for chemotherapy-induced cognitive change. Models of aging are also reviewed in support of the proposal that cognitive changes associated with cancer and cancer treatments can be viewed in the context of factors that affect the trajectory of normal aging.
Efficiently constructing relational features from background knowledge for inductive machine learning

Most existing inductive learning systems form concept descriptions in propositional languages from vectors of basic features. However, many concepts are characterized by the relationships of individual examples to general domain knowledge. We describe a system that constructs relational terms efficiently to augment the description language of standard inductive systems. In our approach, examples and domain knowledge are combined into an inheritance network, and a form of spreading activation is used to find relevant relational terms. Since there is an equivalence between inheritance networks and relational databases, this yields a method for exploring tables in the database and finding relevant relationships among data to characterize concepts. We also describe the implementation of a prototype system on the CM-2 parallel computer and some experiments with large data sets.
Milton and Maternal Mortality: “Tears of perfect moan”: Milton and the Marchioness of Winchester

On April 15, 1631, Lady Jane Paulet, wife of Lord John Paulet, fifth Marquis of Winchester and daughter of Thomas, first Viscount Savage of Rock Savage, Cheshire, died giving birth to her second son. She was twenty-three years old (about the same age as Milton), just one month short of her twenty-fourth birthday. According to sources close to the family, her son was born dead, and the difficult stillbirth was complicated by a fever and the lancing of an “impostume” on her cheek. She was delivered of her dead son before she died. As Parker notes, the story seems to have touched a number of people, for Lady Jane was mourned in verse by at least six poets whose poems survive; these include elegies by Ben Jonson, William Davenant, an obscure Catholic poet named Walter Colman, and two even more obscure young men: a Mr. John Eliot, about whom almost nothing is known, and, of course, John Milton. There is also a short, anonymous Latin epitaph in William Camden's Remaines Concerning Britaine . The poem that Milton contributed to this set, “An Epitaph on the Marchioness of Winchester” (hereafter “An Epitaph”), is not a poem that has attracted the full attention of Miltonists over the years – it has rarely occasioned more than a paragraph or a passing aside.
Usage of emergency medical services by children with special health care needs.

Objective. To describe the usage of emergency medical services (EMS) by children with special health care needs (CSHCN). Methods. All EMS runs and related hospital records for children aged 0–17 years in Utah in 1991–92 were linked. The CSHCN status was determined from ICD-9 diagnoses using three available definitions. The amounts of EMS usage were compared between CSHCN and other children. A pediatric intensive care practitioner determined CSHCN status by chart review for 915 children transported by EMS to a pediatric tertiary care hospital, and his classification was compared with the CSHCN status assigned by the three ICD-9-based definitions. Results. The three definitions assigned CSHCN status for 2% to 24% of children using EMS. When compared with other children, CSHCN were more likely to be admitted to the hospital, more likely to use EMS for transfer between health care facilities, and more likely to receive prehospital procedures such as intravenous therapy. In the group of children whose charts w...
IL-10-Producing CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Play a Critical Role in Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Induced Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Our earlier study showed that GM-CSF has the potential not only to prevent, but also to suppress, experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT). GM-CSF-induced EAT suppression in mice was accompanied by an increase in the frequency of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells that could suppress mouse thyroglobulin (mTg)-specific T cell responses in vitro, but the underlying mechanism of this suppression was not elucidated. In this study we show that GM-CSF can induce dendritic cells (DCs) with a semimature phenotype, an important characteristic of DCs, which are known to play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of regulatory T cells. Adoptive transfer of CD4 + CD25 + T cells from GM-CSF-treated and mTg-primed donors into untreated, but mTg-primed, recipients resulted in decreased mTg-specific T cell responses. Furthermore, lymphocytes obtained from these donors and recipients after adoptive transfer produced significantly higher levels of IL-10 compared with mTg-primed, untreated, control mice. Administration of anti-IL-10R Ab into GM-CSF-treated mice abrogated GM-CSF-induced suppression of EAT, as indicated by increased mTg-specific T cell responses, thyroid lymphocyte infiltration, and follicular destruction. Interestingly, in vivo blockade of IL-10R did not affect GM-CSF-induced expansion of CD4 + CD25 + T cells. However, IL-10-induced immunosuppression was due to its direct effects on mTg-specific effector T cells. Taken together, these results indicated that IL-10, produced by CD4 + CD25 + T cells that were probably induced by semimature DCs, is essential for disease suppression in GM-CSF-treated mice.
Partial Exclusion of the Nocardia erythropolis Chromosome in Nocardial Recombinants

Segregation of genes specifying nutritional requirements and inhibitor resistance was analyzed in recombinants from crosses of Nocardia erythropolis with N. canicruria . With all employed characters as both selecting and nonselecting markers, a single linear linkage group was depicted with genes in the following order; leu-6 gly-4 purB2 tetA9 his-1 eryA7 strB2 ser-1 arg-1 . The relative frequency of crossovers between gene pairs was found to decrease as the map is read from leu-6 to the right. The phenotype for arg-1 was found infrequently in recombinants. This fact, coupled with the observed decrease in crossover frequency dependent upon map position, suggested two alternative explanations to account for the observed results. (i) Zygote formation among these nocardiae is a consequence of partial, oriented chromosome transfer from N. erythropolis to N. canicruria and is similar to the mechanism of polar transfer reported in matings of Hfr by F − Escherichia coli . (ii) Being of diverse origin, the chromosomes of N. erythropolis and N. canicruria are not completely homologous, and decrease in crossover frequency dependent upon map position results from such chromosomal heterology. In this hypothesis, the infrequent occurrence of arg-1 among recombinants is considered to be an artifact resulting from the action of a previously unrecognized suppressor gene for arg-1 present in N. canicruria .
An adaptive lattice structure for noise-cancelling applications

This paper describes an adaptive filter structure which may be used in multi-channel noise-cancelling applications. The proposed structure differs from those presented previously in that it incorporates a lattice filter framework, rather than tapped-delay-lines. The successive orthogonalization provided by the lattice offers advantages in adaptive convergence rate which cannot be achieved with tapped-delay-lines. In the sections below, we present an explicit description of the general noise-cancelling lattice structure, together with the appropriate adaptive algorithms.
Nonspecular phenomena in beam fields reflected by multilayered media

Past studies have shown that beams reflected by a single dielectric interface exhibit lateral and focal shifts under total-reflection conditions or angular shifts if a partial reflection regime is maintained. We investigate these effects for Gaussian beams incident upon multilayered media by using an analysis that treats the three beam-shifting phenomena in a unified manner. This approach reveals a novel fourth effect that manifests itself as an expansion or a reduction of the beam waist. All the four nonspecular phenomena are evaluated for typical layered configurations, and simple approximate relations are derived. The results show that the reflected beam fields may be considerably different from those predicted by geometrical optics if incidence occurs at an angle around which the reflectance function varies rapidly.
Amino(oligo)thiophene-based environmentally sensitive biomembrane chromophores

There is a growing need for cellular imaging with fluorescent probes that emit at longer wavelengths to minimize the effects of absorption, autofluorescence, and scattering from biological tissue. In this paper a series of new environmentally sensitive hemicyanine dyes featuring amino(oligo)thiophene donors have been synthesized via aldol condensation between a 4-methylpyridinium salt and various amino(oligo)thiophene carboxaldehydes, which were, in turn, obtained from amination of bromo(oligo)thiophene carboxaldehyde. Side chains on these fluorophores impart a strong affinity for biological membranes. Compared with benzene analogues, these thiophene fluorophores show significant red shift in the absorption and emission spectra, offering compact red and near-infrared emitting fluorophores. More importantly, both the fluorescence quantum yields and the emission peaks are very sensitive to various environmental factors such as solvent polarity or viscosity, membrane potential, and membrane composition. These chromophores also exhibit strong nonlinear optical properties, including two-photon fluorescence and second harmonic generation, which are themselves environmentally sensitive. The combination of long wavelength fluorescence and nonlinear optical properties make these chromophores very suitable for applications that require sensing or imaging deep inside tissues.
Photodynamic Therapy: Potential Applications for Exotic Animal Oncology

Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel form of treatment for solid cancers. It relies on the systemic administration of a light-reactive drug (photosensitizer) to the patient. Through various mechanisms, the photosensitizer localizes to the malignant tissue. The photosensitizer is then activated by visible red light, often provided by a laser. The drug and light alone do not cause tissue damage; when the photosensitizer, light, and molecular oxygen are present together, the reactive oxygen species generated locally lead to apoptosis, vascular stasis, and subsequent ischemic necrosis, and inflammation. PDT is potentially useful for the treatment of exotic animals, because it has fewer adverse effects than radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Because PDT is typically a single session, there are fewer issues with repeated general anesthesia and vascular access. To date, experiences with PDT in exotic animals are limited, but preliminary reports suggest it will become a useful treatment in these species. Further knowledge of photosensitizer pharmacokinetics and tumor biology in exotic animals will be necessary to develop PDT into a useful cancer treatment modality.
Assimilating irregularly spaced sparsely observed turbulent signals with hierarchical Bayesian reduced stochastic filters

In this paper, we consider a practical filtering approach for assimilating irregularly spaced, sparsely observed turbulent signals through a hierarchical Bayesian reduced stochastic filtering framework. The proposed hierarchical Bayesian approach consists of two steps, blending a data-driven interpolation scheme and the Mean Stochastic Model (MSM) filter. We examine the potential of using the deterministic piecewise linear interpolation scheme and the ordinary kriging scheme in interpolating irregularly spaced raw data to regularly spaced processed data and the importance of dynamical constraint (through MSM) in filtering the processed data on a numerically stiff state estimation problem. In particular, we test this approach on a two-layer quasi-geostrophic model in a two-dimensional domain with a small radius of deformation to mimic ocean turbulence. Our numerical results suggest that the dynamical constraint becomes important when the observation noise variance is large. Second, we find that the filtered estimates with ordinary kriging are superior to those with linear interpolation when observation networks are not too sparse; such robust results are found from numerical simulations with many randomly simulated irregularly spaced observation networks, various observation time intervals, and observation error variances. Third, when the observation network is very sparse, we find that both the kriging and linear interpolations are comparable.
Halomethyl—metal compounds XXXVIII. Reactions of phenyl(trihalomethyl)mercury compounds with bis(trimethylsilyl)- and bis(trimethylgermyl)mercury☆☆☆

The reaction of phenyl(bromodichloromethyl)mercury-derived dichlorocarbene with bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury in benzene at 80° gave as principal products trimethyl(trichlorovinyl)silane, trimethylchlorosilane, metallic mercury and phenylmercuric bromide. An analogous reaction with bis(trimethylgermyl)mercury gave trimethyl(trichlorovinyl)germane and trimethylchlorogermane. The same reactions were found to occur between phenyl(dibromochloromethyl)- and phenyl(tribromomethyl)mercury and bis(trimethylsilyl)mercury, but the yields of the (trihalovinyl)silanes, Me3SiCClCClBr and Me3SiCBrCBr2 respectively, were much lower. Experimental evidence was gathered which indicated that these reactions proceed via dihalocarbene insertion into the Group IV element-to-mercury bond followed by another CX2 insertion into the newly formed HgC bond in the Me3MCX2Hg intermediate and subsequent β-elimination of HgX from Me3MCX2CX2Hg species thus formed. Among the evidence presented was the finding that the reaction of PhHgCCl2Br-derived dichlorocarbene with Me3SiCCl2Hg compounds gives Me3SiCClCCl2.
Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Genes and the Potentially Implicated Pathways.

Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with no effective treatment or cure. In addition to APOE, recent large genome-wide association studies have identified variation in over 20 loci that contribute to disease risk: CR1, BIN1, INPP5D, MEF2C, TREM2, CD2AP, HLA-DRB1/HLA-DRB5, EPHA1, NME8, ZCWPW1, CLU, PTK2B, PICALM, SORL1, CELF1, MS4A4/MS4A6E, SLC24A4/RIN3,FERMT2, CD33, ABCA7, CASS4. In addition, rare variants associated with LOAD have also been identified in APP, TREM2 and PLD3 genes. Previous research has identified inflammatory response, lipid metabolism and homeostasis, and endocytosis as the likely modes through which these gene products participate in Alzheimer’s disease. Despite the clustering of these genes across a few common pathways, many of their roles in disease pathogenesis have yet to be determined. In this review, we examine both general and postulated disease functions of these genes and consider a comprehensive view of their potential roles in LOAD risk.
Transplantation and Function of a Histo-incompatible Tumour in Thymectomized Rats

NEONATAL thymectomy is known to diminish the ability of rats to react immunologically to some antigens1–5; the Jensen sarcoma has been shown to grow faster in thymectomized than in intact Sprague-Dawley rats6. In mice, a mammary adenocarcinoma has been transferred into a histo-incompatible host thymectomized before 48 h of age7. In the present investigation, thymectomy is shown to alter sufficiently the immunological capacity of the rat so that it will not only accept a histo-incompatible tumour, but the tumour-host relationship which results permits the tumour to produce hormones and the host to respond to these hormones.
Observations upon the American representative of macrostomum tuba

What appears to be a variety of Macrostomum tuba has been described in this paper. There is but a single retinula in each eye. This visual cell displays three regions: rhabdome, ellipsoid, and myoid, as does a vertebrate's retinula. Moreover, the accessory pigment associated with the retinula of M. tuba is applied to the rhabdome and not to the ellipsoid and myoid; this likewise is similar to the distribution of the pigment about the vertebrate's retinula. An analogy, therefore, may be drawn between the visual cell of the rhabdocoele and that of the vertebrate. This is so strong as to suggest homology. Several features peculiar to this variety are: first, the chitinous, distal ring of the penis; second, the fact that shell and yolk droplets seem to be elaborated by each cell destined to become an oocyte.
Effect of glucocorticoids on gluconeogenesis from labeled malate in the perfused rat liver.

Trace amounts of DL-malate-3-14C and DL-malate-2-3H were added to blood perfusing the isolated livers of rats in the following groups: 1.) fasting control, 2.) fed control, 3.) hydrocortisone added to perfusate of 1., 4.) hydrocortisone given once intraperitoneally one hour before extirpation, 5.) hydrocortisone given once i.p. one hour before extirpation plus 3., 6.) cortisone given daily intramuscularly for 4 days, 7.) cortisone given daily i.m. for 4 days plus 3., 8.) fasting control livers perfused with blood from 6., and 9.) livers of rats in group 6. perfused with blood from rats in group 6. Appearance of 14C and 3H in perfusate glucose at 30 min. intervals for 90 min., in glycogen at 90 min., concentrations of glucose and glycogen at these times, and formation of 14CO2 were measured. The addition of hydrocortisone only in vitro caused slight and insignificant increases in concentration and isotope content of glucose. However, single injection of hydrocortisone in vivo one hour before sacrifice, plu...
Math Fluency: Accuracy Versus Speed in Preoperational and Concrete Operational First and Second Grade Children

Cognitive abilities as well as math fluency play an important role in mathematical skills. Understanding the relationship between cognitive abilities and mathematical skills is imperative to teaching effective arithmetic skills. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between cognitive ability and math fluency with 38 first and second grade elementary aged children. Results demonstrate that preoperational children lacked the speed of concrete operational children but achieved comparable levels of accuracy when completing arithmetic problems.
Optimal bypass rates for sequences of stirred tank reactors

A general method of finding the optimal volumes, temperatures and bypass rates for a sequence of stirred tank reactors is developed. After a discussion of the method of dynamic programming, the example of a sequence of adiabatic reactors of equal volume with a single reaction is used as an illustration. A simple graphical construction for determining the optimal bypass rates is given for this case. The limiting cases of the optimal control of a batch reaction by addition of cold feed is also solved.
Broadband dynamic, holographically self-recorded, and static hexagonal scattering patterns in photorefractive KNbO3:Fe

We have observed and explained three types of hexagon pattern formation in photorefractive crystal KNbO 3 :Fe. These are: (1) dynamic (laser induced), (2) semipermanent (holographically stored), (3) permanent (induced by a static domain grid) over a wide wavelength range.
Psychiatric comorbidity in patients with epilepsy: implications for diagnosis and treatment

Psychiatric disorders frequently occur in patients with epilepsy but the diagnosis is frequently missed and therapeutic opportunities are often lost. These comorbidities assume greater importance as epidemiological data show their frequent association with impaired function and quality of life, and advances in neurobiology better define their pathophysiological relationship and therapies. Epilepsy presents a model for understanding psychiatric illness. Deciphering the role of different biological and environmental risk factors may help identify high-risk patients and allow for early intervention. Antiepileptic drugs are frequently used to manage psychiatric syndromes although the mechanisms of their psychotropic action remain uncertain. As recognition and treatment of comorbid psychiatric disorders in epilepsy remain suboptimal, we need to increase the awareness of physicians, patients, their caregivers, and the health care system. Better recognition will help to develop and implement appropriate diagnostic and treatment programs, and improve functional outcomes and quality of life in people with epilepsy.
Is Modernism Really Modern? Uncovering a Fallacy in Postmodernism

Some postmodernists criticize the view that the logics of Western thought can be employed universally. In doing so, they assume without adequate proof that different human societies have greatly different rationalities and employ completely different logics. This essay argues that, on the contrary, widely different cultures often share noteworthy similarities in rationality.
AUV-based swell characterization

In this study we show that ocean surface wave swell can be measured from a subsurface transiting AUV. Data were obtained onboard an extended REMUS 100, 2m long, which carried a RGL turbulence package and a SeaBird CTD cantilevered off of the port and starboard sides of the bow, respectively. The data reported in this manuscript was obtained in the summer of 2005, in northeast Monterey Bay, as part of the Layered Organization of the Coastal Ocean (LOCO) experiment. The AUV traveled at 1.2 m/s, sampling at 10 m depth, in the region of the 20 m isobath. In the study region, surface wave swell have a wavelength and phase velocity an order of magnitude greater than the AUV length and transit speed, respectively, with swell wave height often no larger than a meter. A simple model for the T-REMUS response to swell displacement is presented. The model allows use of pressure and vertical acceleration measured on board T-REMUS as input parameters. Four legs, both crossing and following the bathymetry, were performed. We observed a well defined peak in the estimated spectra at .08-.09 Hz (T ~ 11.8 s), typical of swell. A secondary peak also occurs at ~.17 Hz (T~ 5.9 s), twice the swell frequency, and corresponds to the AUV pitch response. For ground truth, swell observations where made with a pressure sensor at a fixed station within 2 km of the AUV transit. Comparison between these two data sets showed excellent agreement at the swell peak frequency.
Out on a Limb: Martian Atmospheric Dust Opacity during the Past Hundred Years

Abstract Measurements of the radius of Mars obtained using Earth-based telescopic measurements between 1879 and 1958 determined the altitude in the atmosphere at which the line-of-sight opacity was unity. These data can be used to estimate the dust content of the martian atmosphere during that time period. Comparison with the distribution of brightness seen in images of the limb from the Mariner 9 and Viking spacecraft suggests that the dust content prior to 1956 was substantially less than during the 1970s. In addition, the dust content in the polar regions was substantially less than in the equatorial regions. These data suggest that there is significant variability of the dust cycle on decade- or century-long time scales. The atmospheric behavior seen by Viking appears to represent an extreme behavior rather than one typical or representative of the present epoch.
Current Well-Being and Future Plans of Older Caregiving Mothers

The well-being of a sample of older mothers of adults with retardation who live at home was compared with that of other samples of caregiving women and women their age. The results indicated that the mothers in the present sample were functioning as well as or superior to the reference groups, suggesting that positive adaptation to long-term caregiving is typical. The long-term care plans of mothers of adults with retardation were also examined. Over half of the mothers anticipated continued family-based responsibility for the care of their adult child with retardation; only. one-third viewed residential placement as a viable option. Explanations are offered for the reluctance of mothers to consider publicly-supported residential programmes .
Protein annealing: Thermal treatment of met-hemoglobin bound to α-zirconium phosphate/phosphonates results in initial denaturation followed by recovery of activity and structure

Abstract Thermal stability of met-hemoglobin (Hb) intercalated in three layered solid materials was investigated at 60 °C. At this temperature, free Hb undergoes rapid thermal denaturation, which is accompanied by the loss of its peroxidase-like activity and protein secondary structure. Heating of Hb intercalated in the galleries of α-zirconium(IV) phosphate (at 60 °C) also indicated initial loss of peroxidase-like activity of bound Hb, within 2 h. Continued equilibration of Hb bound to this solid (at 60 °C) indicated steady increase in its activity (>50%), as a function of continued equilibration at this temperature. The extent of this recovery also depended on the type surface functions present on the solid, and these are in the order α-Zr(PO 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH) 2 > α-Zr(PO 3 CH 2 COOH) 2 > α-Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 . In the case of α-Zr(PO 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOH) 2 , the recovered activity was nearly twice as much as the activity, before heating. The circular dichroism spectra of the samples, heated at 60 °C for various time intervals, also indicated the initial loss of structure followed by significant recovery. This behavior is highly unusual, and these are the very first examples of activity recovery of proteins bound to solids, upon thermal treatment at moderate temperatures. These studies clearly indicate the important role of layered solids and their surface functions in the recovery of Hb structure. Annealing could be a useful method in recovering or improving the activities of specific proteins bound to selected solid surfaces.
Reflections On The Intensive Measurement Of Stress, Coping, And Mood, With An Emphasis On Daily Measures

Abstract This paper discusses reasons for the shift from longer-term measurement of stress, coping, and mood to more intensive measurement strategies. Daily assessments are common in intensive studies of these constructs. We review measures available to the researcher, focusing on various aspects of the constructs. While daily assessments are an improvement over less intensive methods, we also discuss shortcomings of these measures. Furthermore, current assessments may not capture many important dimensions of stressful occurrences, and we suggest that such occurrences be thought of in terms of episodes. Modifications of current assessments are discussed, as are even more intensive assessments of stress, coping, and mood.
Design, synthesis and evaluation of Fe-S targeted adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase inhibitors.

Adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate reductase (APR) is an iron-sulfur enzyme that is vital for survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis during dormancy and is an attractive target for the treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection. The 4Fe-4S cluster is coordinated to APR by sulfur atoms of four cysteine residues, is proximal to substrate, adenosine 5′-phopsphosulfate (APS), and is essential for catalytic activity. Herein, we present an approach for the development of a new class of APR inhibitors. As an initial step, we have employed an improved solid-phase chemistry method to prepare a series of N6-substituted adenosine analogues and their 5′-phosphates as well as adenosine 5′-phosphate diesters bearing different Fe and S binding groups, such as thiols or carboxylic and hydroxamic acid moieties. Evaluation of the resulting compounds indicates a clearly defined spacing requirement between the Fe-S targeting group and adenosine scaffold and that smaller Fe-S targeting groups are better tolerated. Molecular doc...
Upper or small bowel hemorrhage that presents as hematochezia

Patients with hemorrhage from an upper gastrointestinal or small bowel lesion may present with hematochezia that masquerades as severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Physicians who care for such patients need to remain vigilant to this possibility and carefully evaluate patients who present with hematochezia and associated hemodynamic compromise. This review describes the most common upper gastrointestinal and small bowel origins of hematochezia and details the most appropriate initial care and the recommended endoscopic hemostasis techniques for these lesions. Specifically, important causes of severe upper and small bowel bleeding, such as peptic ulcer, esophageal and gastric varices, Dieulafoy's lesion, angiomas, tumors, and small intestine diverticula, are discussed. A description of these lesions and stigmata of hemorrhage that are most appropriately treated endoscopically is also provided. Endoscopic techniques, including thermal coagulation, injection sclerotherapy, or combination treatment for nonvariceal etiologies and injection sclerotherapy, band ligation, or combination treatment for variceal hemorrhage, are reviewed. The outcomes for endoscopic hemostasis of both nonvariceal and variceal sources are discussed.
Lies and the lying liars that tell them: a fair and balanced look at TLS

The secure sockets layer (SSL), later modified to become transport layer security (TLS), has become the basis of many aspects of Internet security. The vast majority of e-commerce sites use TLS to protect consumers. Within the past year, a number of TLS weaknesses have become apparent. These weaknesses are due to problems in the domain name system (DNS), problems with certificate distribution, browser programming errors, usability issues, and advances in cryptanalysis. While the basic SSL/TLS protocol is not compromised by any of these security failures, the result is that current e-commerce implementations are severely flawed. This provides a number of important lessons for designing, implementing and deploying trusted systems.
Oxidation of Olefins by Palladium(II). 15.1 Oxidation of (R)-(−)-(Z)- and (R)-(+)-(E)-3-Penten-2-ol Using Several Nucleophiles To Give Chiral β-Substituted Ketones. A Method of Finding Modes of Palladation of Olefins Using Chirality Transfer

The oxidation of (R)-(−)-(Z)- and (R)-(+)-(E)-3-penten-2-ol with Pd(II) using hydroxyl, methoxyl, acetate, and phenyl as nucleophiles produced β-substituted ketones. The ketone products are optically active, indicating the hydroxyl group was preferentially directing the Pd(II) to one of the two faces of the double bond in forming the initial π-complex. The absolute configuration of the product depends on the absolute configuration of the starting alcohol, the π-complex face to which the nucleophile adds, and the stereochemistry of addition. Because of steric interactions between the two terminal methyl groups, one π-complex is more stable than the other. Phenylpalladium, a reagent which is known to add syn, gave (R)-4-phenyl-2-pentanone, a result that is consistent only with syn addition to the most stable π-complex. With this information, determination of the stereochemistries of addition of the other nucleophiles is possible. In aqueous solution and methanol at low [Cl-], the 4-hydroxy, and 4-methoxy-2-...
Maintenance of fixed-interval responding by conditioned reinforcement in multiple schedules

Responding was maintained on small fixed-interval schedules by briefly presented stimuli in a multiple-schedule component that provided for no unconditioned reinforcement. The brief stimuli were paired with unconditioned reinforcement in another component of the multiple schedule.
Strongly Interacting Photons in a Nonlinear Cavity

We consider the dynamics of single photons in a nonlinear optical cavity. When the Kerr nonlinearities of atomic dark resonances are utilized, the cavity mode is well described by a spin- $1/2$ Hamiltonian. We show that it is possible to achieve coherent control of the cavity-mode wave function using $\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulses for single photons that switch the state of the cavity with very high accuracy. The underlying physics is best understood as the nonlinearity induced anticorrelation between single-photon injection/emission events, which we refer to as photon blockade. We also propose a method which uses these strong dispersive interactions to realize a single-photon turnstile device.
Detection and differentiation of staphylococcal contamination of clinical surfaces using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

Summary The detection and identification of staphylococci from the environment of at-risk patients can be an important step in determining the role of the environment in hospital-acquired infections. Current methods that are used to identify these pathogens are either limited in their capabilities, expensive and/or labour intensive. We developed a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis protocol for the detection and identification of staphylococci that takes advantage of species-specific polymorphisms in the gene that encodes elongation factor Tu ( tuf ). The protocol was optimised by performing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–DGGE analysis on DNA isolated from pure cultures of 27 different staphylococcal species. This resulted in the separation of the PCR products into 19 different band positions, including unique positions for important species such as Staphylococcus aureus , S. hominis , S. lugdunensis , S. warneri, S. capitis , S. caprae and S. saprophyticus . Application of the method was demonstrated by swabbing 15 clinical surfaces in an isolation room occupied by a patient before and after routine cleaning. PCR–DGGE analysis of tuf showed that despite cleaning efforts, the surfaces remained contaminated with several species of staphylococci, including S. aureus , S. epidermidis , S. lugdunensis , S. hominis , S. haemolyticus and S. simulans . We conclude that DGGE of tuf represents a promising technique for the detection, characterisation and monitoring of mixed assemblages of staphylococci in the healthcare environment.
Electron transfer reactions of cytochrome c confined within erythrocyte ghosts

Abstract We have prepared and characterized resealed erythrocyte ghosts in which the only discernible pigment is cytochrome c . The resealed ghosts have the normal orientation and are free of ‘leaky’ species; they are stable and can be maintained at 4°C for many days without lysis. The internal cytochrome c participates in redox reactions with both soluble and insolubilized cytochrome c present externally, and with external cytochrome b 5 . No reaction was observed with plastocyanin, cytochrome c oxidase or NADPH-cytochrome c reductase. A study has been made of the reaction of the internal cytochrome c with the low molecular weight reductants, ascorbate and glutathione. Complex kinetics are observed with both reagents: with ascorbate the results are best explained by assuming the existence, in the membrane, of a redox-active species able to undergo dedimerization. A protein bound disulfide bond would satisfy the requirement.
Temporal judgments and contextual change.

Three experiments investigated effects of environmental context on temporal memory judgments. An equal number of items occurred within each of two equal durations (D1 and D2). Subjects subsequently were asked to judge the length of a given duration in comparison with the other, then to discriminate the correct list and serial position for each recognized item on a test. If environmental context was unchanged, D1 was remembered as being longer than D2; if the context was disrupted during the interval separating D1 and D2, this effect was reduced; and if the context prevailing during D2 also was changed, the effect was eliminated. List discrimination was improved only if the context was changed. Serial-position judgment was not affected by either manipulation. Changes in process context--the internal context produced by the performance of specific cognitive processes--lengthened remembered duration, but the effect did not simply add on to the effects of environmental context. Results are discussed in terms of a contextual-change hypothesis. Language: en
Near Field of Film Cooling Jet Issued Into a Flat Plate Boundary Layer: LES Study

We report results from a computational study of film cooling from cylindrical holes inclined at 35 degrees with respect to a flat surface using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The hole length is L/d = 3.5 , distance between the holes is P/d = 3 , boundary layer above the flat surface is turbulent with Reθ = 938 , density ratio = 0.95, velocity ratio = 0.5. All pertinent components of geometry, namely, supply plenum, film hole and crossflow region above the test surface, are simulated. The simulations are performed using a multicode approach, where a low Mach number code is employed inside the plenum and in the film hole, and a compressible code is used for the flow above the test surface. Flow inside the plenum, film hole and above the test surface is analyzed. Mean velocity and turbulence characteristics in the near field of the jet injection obtained in the simulations are compared to experimental data of Pietrzyk et al. [1]. Adiabatic film cooling effectiveness is estimated and compared with experiments of Sinha et al. [2]. Relation of the coherent vortical structures observed in the flow to film cooling performance is discussed. Advantage of LES over RANS methods for this type of flow is confirmed by showing that spanwise u′ w′ shear stress and lateral growth of the jet are predicted correctly in the current LES as opposed to typical RANS computations.© 2008 ASME
Use of a tunable quasimonoenergetic gamma-ray beam for the calibration of the EGERT gamma-ray telescope in the range 20–24000 MeV

One of the three co-aligned γ-ray telescopes to be carried into space aboard NASA's Gamma Ray Observatory is the high-energy EGRET telescope. The sensitive range of this instrument extends from 20 to 24000 MeV. A calibration of the EGRET response over its full energy range — including efficiency, angular resolution and energy resolution as a function of γ-ray arrival direction and energy — is an essential precursor to launch. A source of calibration γ-rays was provided by a backscattered laser beam that had been developed earlier at SLAC to provide quasi-monoenergetic 20 GeV γ-rays. In principle, the γ-ray energy in this beam can be reduced by lowering the electron beam energy so that, for example, a 760 MeV electron beam produces a 20 MeV γ-ray beam. The practical problems encountered in extending the operating range of the SLAC beam to low energies are described. The techniques used to monitor the γ-ray beam intensity at ten operating energies are indicated, and an overview of the EGRET calibration procedure is provided.
How to Forge Ahead

Developing a bipartisan foreign policy will not be easy. Bush must take charge of U.S. foreign policy and take advantage of congressional strengths to build on areas of broad agreement and reduce friction on contentious issues.
The Use of Combined Latissimus-Serratus Free Flap for Soft Tissue Coverage in the Hand

A case report is presented on the successful use of a combined latissimus-serratus free muscle transfer in a farmer whose hand was degloved in corn husking bin. There have been no previous reports of the use of such a flap for soft tissue coverage on the hand. The patient was transferred eight days post-injury with an infected wound, a gangrenous thumb and viable fingers. Flap coverage was undertaken four days later. The latissimus dorsi and the lower four slips of the serratus anterior muscle were anastomosed via a common vascular pedicle to the radial artery. The post-operative course was uneventful and donor site morbidity minimal.