cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Judgment as Implicit Social Comparison

At first blush, this chapter will appear to be in the wrong book. The volume focuses on what theorists and researchers know and sometimes suspect about social comparison processes. By definition, these are processes by which people come to know and understand themselves through comparing themselves and their behavior with other people. Over the years, researchers have discovered quite a bit about what spurs people on to make social comparisons, the processes by which they make those comparisons, the people that they choose to compare themselves with, and the consequences of this comparison activity (for reviews beyond this volume, see Collins, 1996; Suls & Wills, 1991; Wills, 1981; Wood, 1989). These researchers have discovered that social comparison is a frequent and ubiquitous activity in the mental life of the social animal, with consequences for how people think about themselves and their social worlds. Indeed, these discoveries began with Leon Festinger’s classic article on the topic in 1954, and the decades have diminished neither the importance nor the value of theories of social comparison.
Investigation of Reduced-Order Modeling for Aircraft Stability and Control Prediction

High-fidelity computational fluid dynamics tools offer the potential to approximate increments for ground-to-flight scaling effects, as well as to augment the dynamic damping derivative data for motion-based flight simulators. Unfortunately, the computational expense is currently prohibitive for populating a complete simulator database. This work investigates an existing surrogate-based, indicial response reduced-order model methodology as a means to efficiently augment a flight simulator database with high-fidelity nonlinear aerodynamic damping derivatives. Creation of the reduced-order model is based on the superposition integrals of the step response with the derivative of its corresponding input signal. Step responses are calculated using a computational grid motion approach that separates the effects of angle of attack and sideslip angle from angular rates, and rates from angle of attack and sideslip. It is demonstrated that the transients produced during the start of a forced-oscillation motion are captured by the reduced-order model to the level of fidelity of a comparable computational solution. Aerodynamic coefficients computed within minutes by the reduced-order model for an aircraft undergoing an 18-second half Lazy-8 maneuver and a 25-second Immelmann turn maneuver are compared with those from full computational flight solutions that required days to complete. Finally, a cost-benefit assessment is included that demonstrates a compelling advantage for this approach. d for maneuvering, flexible vehicles.
Fuzzy-Based Conversational Recommender for Data-intensive Science Gateway Applications

Neuro-scientists are increasingly relying on parallel and distributed computing resources for analysis and visualization of their neuron simulations. Although science gateways have democratized relevant high performance/throughput resources, users require expert knowledge about programming and infrastructure configuration that is beyond the repertoire of most neuroscience programs. These factors become deterrents for the successful adoption and the ultimate diffusion (i.e., systemic spread) of science gateways in the neuroscience community. In this paper, we present a novel intuitionistic fuzzy logic based conversational recommender that can provide guidance to users when using science gateways for research and education workflows. The users interact with a context-aware chatbot that is embedded within custom web-portals to obtain simulation tools/resources to accomplish their goals. In order to ensure user goals are met, the chatbot profiles a user’s cyberinfrastructure and neuroscience domain proficiency level using a ‘usability quadrant’ approach. Simulation of user queries for an exemplary neuroscience use case demonstrates that our chatbot can provide step-by-step navigational support and generate distinct responses based on user proficiency.
Nonanimal Models for Acute Toxicity Evaluations: Applying Data-Driven Profiling and Read-Across.

Background: Low-cost, high-throughput in vitro bioassays have potential as alternatives to animal models for toxicity testing. However, incorporating in vitro bioassays into chemical toxicity evalu...
APOE effects on cognition from childhood to adolescence.

Abstract The e4 allele of APOE is a well-established genetic risk factor for cognitive aging and dementia, but its influence on early life cognition is unknown. Consequently, we assessed associations of APOE genotypes with cognitive performance during 7, 12, and 16 year-assessments in our ongoing Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development (CATSLife). In general, APOE e4 was associated with lower Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores during childhood and adolescence (e.g., Full Scale IQ was lower by 1.91 points per e4 allele, d = −0.13), with larger effects in females (e.g., average Full Scale IQ scores were 3.41 points lower in females per each e4 allele vs. 0.33 points lower in males). Thus, these results suggest that deleterious effects of the APOE e4 allele are manifested before adulthood, especially in females, and support both early origin theories and differential life-course vulnerabilities for later cognitive impairment.
Offset Effects of Outpatient Cost-sharing for the Poor in Korea.

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of the implementation of patient cost-sharing for an outpatient visit and prescription drugs for poor and nonable bodied Koreans in 2007. Data sources/study settings Nationally-representative longitudinal data sets (Korea Welfare Panel Study and the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing) in 2006, 2008, and 2010. Research design Propensity score matching with difference-in-differences framework exploiting within-person variation in cost-sharing. Results Decreases in the probability of outpatient visit are offset by increases in the likelihood of hospitalization after the policy change. Cost-sharing also decreases drug adherence by 20%, particularly among chronically-ill persons. Conclusion Because the costs of increased hospitalization among Medical Aid enrollees accrue to the government, the introduction of outpatient cost-sharing does not achieve the goal of cost control.
Scientific Exploration of an Active Magma-Hydrothermal System in the Valles Caldera, New Mexico Through Drilling

The Jemez Mountains volcanic field, New Mexico (Fig 1), contains roughly 2000 km3 of basaltic through rhyolitic rocks dominated volumetrically by andesites. The most significant recent volcanic activity was the formation of the Toledo and Valles calderas during eruption of over 600 km3 of rhyolitic ash-flow tuff, the Bandelier Tuff, in two phases 1.45 and 1.12 Ma ago (Smith and Bailey, 1966; Doell et al., 1968; Izett et al., 1980).
Defining information-based functional objectives for neurostimulation and control

Neurostimulation - the practice of applying exogenous excitation, e.g., via electrical current, to the brain - has been used for decades in clinical applications such as the treatment of motor disorders and neuropsychiatric illnesses. Over the past several years, more emphasis has been placed on understanding and designing neurostimulation from a systems-theoretic perspective, so as to better optimize its use. Particular questions of interest have included designing stimulation waveforms that best induce certain patterns of brain activity while minimizing expenditure of stimulus power. The pursuit of these designs faces a fundamental conundrum, insofar as they presume that the desired pattern (e.g., desyn-chronization of a neural population) is known a priori. In this paper, we present an alternative paradigm wherein the goal of the stimulation is not to induce a prescribed pattern, but rather to simply improve the functionality of the stimulated circuit/system. Here, the notion of functionality is defined in terms of an information-theoretic objective. Specifically, we seek closed loop control designs that maximize the ability of a controlled circuit to encode an afferent ‘hidden input,’ without prescription of dynamics or output. In this way, the control attempts only to make the system ‘effective’ without knowing beforehand the dynamics that are needed to be induced. We devote most of our effort to defining this framework mathematically, providing algorithmic procedures that demonstrate its solution and interpreting the results of this procedure for simple, prototypical dynamical systems. Simulation results are provided for more complex models, including an example involving control of a canonical neural mass model.
The Association Between Maintaining American Board of Emergency Medicine Certification and State Medical Board Disciplinary Actions

Abstract Background In certain medical specialties, board certification is associated with a lower risk of state medical board disciplinary actions. Objective The association between maintaining American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) certification and state medical disciplinary actions had not been studied. This study was undertaken to determine if maintaining ABEM certification was associated with a lower risk of disciplinary action. Methods This investigation was a historical cohort study using Cox regression. Physicians who did not have a lapse in ABEM certification were compared with physicians who had a lapse to determine the risk of disciplinary action. Lapsing was determined at the expiration of the initial certificate. This study included all physicians who obtained initial ABEM certification from 1980–2005. Additional covariates of interest included the number of attempts on the ABEM Qualifying Examination (1 vs. >1), the geographic region of the physician's residence, and the country of medical school. Results There were 23,002 physicians in the study cohort. Of these, 3370 (14.7%) let their certification lapse after initial certification. There were 701 (3.0%) physicians with disciplinary events. Lapsed physicians had higher rates of disciplinary actions than physicians who did not lapse (6.4% vs. 2.5%). ABEM-certified physicians who did not lapse were significantly less likely to be disciplined as physicians who let their certificate lapse (hazard ratio 0.50 [95% confidence interval 0.42–0.59]). Conclusions The absolute incidence of physicians with a disciplinary action in this study cohort was low (3.0%). Maintaining ABEM certification was associated with a lower risk of state medical board disciplinary actions.
User satisfaction with CBA computer LABS

This paper addresses the issue of user satisfaction with a computer lab in a university. Both formal and informal data gathering techniques were used to provide comprehensive data for this research. Data was gathered from both users and managers in order to provide a complete picture of the current situation. This data led to a research study of user satisfation among students and support staff. The research revealed that satisfaction with hours and software and hardware performance had the greatest impact on user satisfaction followed closely by quality of support staff.
Fine needle aspiration of an intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma mimicking a primary thyroid anaplastic carcinoma: A case report with review of the literature.

Intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma is an uncommon malignancy. A 46-year-old male presented with a left neck mass. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a hypodense mass in the left thyroid lobe along with evidence of metastatic lymphadenopathy. Aspiration of the left thyroid nodule was performed, and a diagnosis of malignancy was rendered, favoring a primary anaplastic carcinoma. Based on the cytologic diagnosis, the patient underwent a total thyroidectomy. Before the surgery, intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium level (PTH = 78 pg/mL; Calcium = 10.6 mg/dL) were found to be minimally elevated. On gross examination, a 3.2 cm mass within the left inferior thyroid lobe was seen. Histopathologic examination and ancillary studies supported the diagnosis of a parathyroid carcinoma. We, hereby present, an exceedingly rare presentation of an intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma with only minimal elevation of PTH and calcium, mimicking a primary anaplastic thyroid carcinoma on cytologic examination.
Strange Days: Creating Flexible Pedagogies for Technical Communication

The COVID-19 pandemic created major disruptions in technical communication classrooms everywhere Although technical communication instructors are used to teaching in a variety of contexts and settings, adopting a flexible approach in the first place will allow them to be better prepared for the changing dynamics of an unpredictable world The authors present an approach that constructs pedagogical scaffolding to emphasize outcomes, interactions, relationships, and projects These interrelated aspects form a coherent vision that can support both pedagogical planning and real-time decision making in specific instructional situations
Pipeline pipedreams: Oil spills, pipeline accidents, and the local truths embedding fossil fuels in the Yellowstone River Valley, United States

Abstract Climate change and encroachment of human infrastructure have altered the flow regimes and channel morphology of the world’s major rivers. At the same time, expanding pipeline networks continue to transport hazardous materials around and under these changing river systems. The interaction of these phenomena has produced a series of incidents—notably, on the Yellowstone River in 2011 and 2015—when exposed pipelines have been damaged or corroded, releasing oil and other contaminants into rivers with significant ecological, economic, and social consequences. These events have prompted some evolution of policy and best practices; however, the power of the status quo has slowed the pace of policy change, forcing us to also consider justice implications. In this study we employ a qualitative, longitudinal methodology to examine the dominant ‘truth regime’—or collection of truisms that reinforces the status quo—that operates in this context. We analyze the discourse of citizen stakeholders on the Yellowstone River, gathered over three field seasons: 2006, 2012 and 2018. Our findings highlight four components of a truth regime—‘we need oil,’ ‘this is conservative country,’ ‘it’s always been clean,’ and ‘problem solved’—and demonstrate how they are reinforced and challenged over time. While this analysis is limited to the Yellowstone River, the components are likely found in other contexts where human impacts, climate change and policy development overlap.
Surgical Outcomes for Severe Idiopathic Toe Walkers.

Background Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is a diagnosis of exclusion and represents a spectrum of severity. Treatment for ITW includes observation and a variety of conservative treatment methods, with surgical intervention often reserved for severe cases. Previous studies reviewing treatment outcomes are often difficult to interpret secondary to a mixture of case severity. The goal of this study was to review surgical outcomes in patients with severe ITW who had failed prior conservative treatment, as well as determine differences in outcomes based on the type of surgery performed. Methods After IRB approval, all patients with surgical management of severe ITW at a single institution were identified. Zone II or zone III plantar flexor lengthenings were performed in all subjects. Clinical, radiographic, and motion analysis data were collected preoperatively and at 1 year following surgery. Results Twenty-six patients (46 extremities) with a diagnosis of severe ITW from 2002 to 2017 were included. Zone II lengthenings were performed in 25 extremities (mean age=9.9 y) and zone III lengthenings were performed in 21 extremities (mean age=8.6 y). At the most recent follow-up, 100% of zone III lengthening extremities and 88% of zone II lengthening demonstrated decreased severity of ITW. Six extremities required additional treatment, all of which were initially managed with zone II lengthenings. Conclusions Severe ITW or ITW that has not responded to conservative treatment may benefit from surgical intervention. More successful outcomes, including continued resolution of toe walking, were observed in subjects treated with zone III lengthenings. Level of evidence Level III-case series.
Exogenous GLP-1 stimulates TCA cycle and suppresses gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis in late-fasted northern elephant seals pups.

The postweaning fast of northern elephant seal pups is characterized by a lipid-dependent metabolism and associated with a decrease in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), insulin, and glucose and increased gluconeogenesis (GNG) and ketogenesis. We have also demonstrated that exogenous GLP-1 infusion increased plasma insulin despite simultaneous increases in cortisol and glucagon, which collectively present contradictory regulatory stimuli of GNG, ketogenesis, and glycolysis. To assess the effects of GLP-1 on metabolism using primary carbon metabolite profiles in late-fasted seal pups, we dose-dependently infused late-fasted seals with low (LDG; 10 pM/kg; n = 3) or high (HDG; 100 pM/kg; n = 4) GLP-1 immediately following a glucose bolus (0.5 g/kg), using glucose without GLP-1 as control (n = 5). Infusions were performed in similarly aged animals 6-8 wk into their postweaning fast. The plasma metabolome was measured from samples collected at five time points just prior to and during the infusions, and network maps constructed to robustly evaluate the effects of GLP-1 on primary carbon metabolism. HDG increased key tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites, and decreased phosphoenolpyruvate and acetoacetate (P < 0.05) suggesting that elevated levels of GLP-1 promote glycolysis and suppress GNG and ketogenesis, which collectively increase glucose clearance. These GLP-1-mediated effects on cellular metabolism help to explain why plasma GLP-1 concentrations decrease naturally in fasting pups as an evolved mechanism to help conserve glucose during the late-fasting period.
Compressive Representations of Weather Scenes for Strategic Air Traffic Flow Management.

Terse representation of high-dimensional weather scene data is explored, in support of strategic air traffic flow management objectives. Specifically, we consider whether aviation-relevant weather scenes are compressible, in the sense that each scene admits a possibly-different sparse representation in a basis of interest. Here, compression of weather scenes extracted from METAR data (including temperature, flight categories, and visibility profiles for the contiguous United States) is examined, for the graph-spectral basis. The scenes are found to be compressible, with 75-95% of the scene content captured using 0.5-4% of the basis vectors. Further, the dominant basis vectors for each scene are seen to identify time-varying spatial characteristics of the weather, and reconstruction from the compressed representation is demonstrated. Finally, potential uses of the compressive representations in strategic TFM design are briefly scoped.
Examining the influence of mental stress on balance perturbation responses in older adults

Abstract Background Reach-to-grasp responses following balance perturbations are important to fall prevention but are often ineffective in older adults. The ability to shift attention from an ongoing cognitive task to balance related processes has been shown to influence reach-to-grasp effectiveness in older adults. However, the added influence of stress and anxiety - known to negatively affect attention shifting ability - has not yet been explored in relation to recovery from balance perturbations. Given that fear and anxiety over falling is a key fall risk factor, an understanding of how such a negative mental state may affect postural reactions is important. This study aimed to investigate the effect of varied induced emotional states on reach-to-grasp balance responses in older adults. Methods Healthy older adults (mean age 70.5 ± 5.38 years) stood laterally between 2 handrails with contact sensors. A safety harness with an integrated loadcell was worn to prevent falls and measure the amount of harness assistance (expressed as percent body weight). With instructions to grasp one rail to restore balance, participants' balance was laterally disturbed using surface translations under three randomized conditions: no cognitive task, neutral (verb generation) task, and mental stress task with negative prompts (paced auditory serial addition). The primary outcome was frequency of protective grasps. Secondary outcomes included frequency of harness assistance during trials with grasp errors as well as wrist movement time, trajectory distance, and peak velocity. Results Perceived level of distress was highest for the mental stress task compared to no task (p Discussion and conclusion Distressing mental thoughts immediately prior to a balance perturbation lead to reduced effectiveness in reach-to-grasp balance responses compared to no or neutral cognitive tasks and should be considered as a possible fall risk factor.
Factors affecting dynamic electrical manipulation of menisci

Dynamic electrical manipulation of liquid surfaces, which could be of benefit in electrostatic spraying applications as diverse as crop dusting, ink jet printing, and ion propulsion, is investigated. The authors analyze the dynamics of a conductive meniscus formed of a Newtonian liquid and exposed to an electric field. The significance of mechanical time constants involving surface tension, density, and viscosity are investigated. Dimensionless parameters are used to characterize important aspects of the interactions. Vibrations of an axisymmetric meniscus of an inviscid liquid, confined at the end of a conductive tube, are presented as an example. The dimensionless quantities epsilon /sub 0/E/sup 2/b/ gamma and mu /sup 2//( rho b gamma ) appear to be key parameters, where b is the radius of a circular hole defining the meniscus, gamma is the surface tension, mu is the viscosity, and rho is the liquid mass density. >
Respecting markov equivalence in computing posterior probabilities of causal graphical features

There have been many efforts to identify causal graphical features such as directed edges between random variables from observational data. Recently, Tian et al. proposed a new dynamic programming algorithm which computes marginalized posterior probabilities of directed edge features over all the possible structures in O(n3n) time when the number of parents per node is bounded by a constant, where n is the number of variables of interest. However the main drawback of this approach is that deciding a single appropriate threshold for the existence of the directed edge feature is difficult due to the scale difference of the posterior probabilities between the directed edges forming v-structures and the directed edges not forming v-structures. We claim that computing posterior probabilities of both adjacencies and v-structures is necessary and more effective for discovering causal graphical features, since it allows us to find a single appropriate decision threshold for the existence of the feature that we are testing. For efficient computation, we provide a novel dynamic programming algorithm which computes the posterior probabilities of all of n(n-1)/2 adjacency and n(n-12) v-structure features in O(n33n) time.
Measurement of outcomes for patients with centralising versus non-centralising neck pain.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine whether individuals with neck pain who demonstrate centralisation of symptoms have more favourable outcome than individuals who do not demonstrate centralisation.Methods: Eleven subjects with neck pain were evaluated and treated by two physical therapists certified in Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT). Eleven physical therapy patients underwent a routine initial evaluation and were treated 2–3 times per week using MDT principles and other physical therapy interventions. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) tool was administered at the initial examination, approximately 2 weeks following the initial examination, each subsequent re-evaluation, and at discharge from the study to measure changes in functional outcomes for each subject. Patients continued with treatments until they were discharged or removed from the study. Four subjects were referred back to their physician by treating physical therapist secondary to non-centralisation (NC) and worsening of...
Sarcoplasmic reticulum. XII. The interaction of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate with skeletal muscle microsomes.

Abstract The relationship between fluorescence intensity and the binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes was studied. Under various conditions the fluorescence intensity increased proportionally with the concentration of ANS and divalent metal ions bound to microsomal membranes. The dependence of ANS binding on free ANS concentration is complex, which may be attributed to heterogeneous binding sites, or negative interactions between similar sites. The polarization of ANS fluorescence in microsomal membranes is greater than in micellar dispersions of phospholipids and is largely independent of medium viscosity in both systems. The low polarization of fluorescence at physiological temperature indicates considerable mobility of the probe in the phase of the membrane. Local anesthetics and polymyxin B increase the intensity of fluorescence of ANS—microsome systems and decrease its polarization. The relationship of these effects to the inhibition of Ca 2+ transport remains to be established. The marked effect of ions on the intensity and polarization of fluorescence should be considered before attributing the fluorescence response to conformational change.
Opportunistic screening for osteoporosis using the sagittal reconstruction from routine abdominal CT for combined assessment of vertebral fractures and density

Opportunistic osteoporosis screening using abdominal CT scans obtained for other purposes has the potential to increase detection of those at increased risk for fragility fractures. We sought to combine the tasks of density measurement and vertebral fracture assessment on the sagittal view. We confirm that this represents a robust approach and recommend its implementation in clinical practice. Opportunistic osteoporosis screening at routine abdominal CT has been proposed by measuring axial (transverse) L1 trabecular attenuation and by sagittal reconstruction for vertebral fracture assessment. We sought to combine this dual evaluation on the sagittal reconstruction alone to improve efficiency. Routine contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans performed for any indication on 571 consecutive adults age 60 years or older (mean age 70.7 years) were retrospectively analyzed. These were performed at a single center over a 3-month period. L1 trabecular attenuation was measured using an ovoid region-of-interest on both the transverse and sagittal series. The sagittal reconstruction was also analyzed for moderate-to-severe vertebral compression fractures using the Genant visual semi-quantitative method. Likely osteoporosis was defined by a moderate-to-severe fracture and/or sagittal L1 trabecular attenuation of ≤110 Hounsfield units (HU) (previously found to be >90 % specific for osteoporosis on our calibrated GE CT scanners at 120 kVp). Correlation was made with hip and spine dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Mean absolute difference in L1 trabecular attenuation between transverse and sagittal reconstructions was 6.7 HU (±5.7) or 6.2 %. The transverse and sagittal HU measurements were in agreement (i.e., both measurements above or below this threshold) in 94.5 % of cases at the 110-HU cutoff. A total of 243 (42.3 %) patients had likely osteoporosis by CT criteria, of which only 48 (19.8 %) had previous DXA screening. Assessment of the sagittal view alone at routine abdominal CT for both vertebral fractures and trabecular bone mineral density provides a rapid and effective opportunistic screen for detecting individuals at increased risk for fragility fractures.
The identification of the true energy savings realized from high efficiency electronic loads

High efficiency electronic loads have been proposed to reduce power system energy use and peak demand. In order to promote the use of these special loads, many electric utility companies offer rebates to their consumers. These rebates are intended to encourage the use of high efficiency loads as new installations or retrofits. In many cases, these devices employ power electronics to control energy flow. For example, adjustable speed drives (ASDs) are used in heat pumps and air conditioners; and electronic ballasts are used to energize compact fluorescent lamps. What seems to be overlooked, however are the losses in the distribution system, especially the distribution transformer due to current wave harmonics that result from serving power to switched electronic loads. This paper proposes a method that quantifies losses in the distribution network due to nonsinusoidal waveforms. This algorithm accounts for the magnetic characteristics of the distribution transformer by iteratively solving for the voltages and currents throughout the circuit. The methodology is illustrated by calculating the additional distribution system losses due to electronic loads such as electronic ballast fluorescent lighting and ASD heat pumps. >
Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor in Brain: Executive Gating of Neuroendocrine and Functional Outflow

The sections in this article are: 1 Neurobiological Reactivity of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Systems to Environmental Challenge 1.1 Ligand and Receptor Distribution 1.2 Coordination of Neurobehavioral Outflow 1.3 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor as an Integrative Peptide Neurotransmitter 2 Adaptive Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor System Activation in Active Coping Responses 2.1 Restoration of Homeostasis 2.2 “Eustress” Revisited 3 Significance of Brain Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Maladaptive Distress 3.1 Depression and Anxiety 3.2 Substance Abuse 3.3 A Phenotype Resulting from Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Excess 4 Conclusion
Structure and Anti‐Structure in Monasticism and Anthropology: Epistemological Parallels and Adaptive Models

While complementarity has been a major force in the epistemology the physical sciences, its role in die human sciences has been metaphorical at best. We argue that this state of affairs is in large measure due to particular way complementarity has been specified: As presently specified, complementarity is incompatible with human science research, and it is radically transformed in its articulation, cannot play a major role human science understanding. Based on the idea of recursivity, we present an alternate specification which we suggest is compatible with human science and illustrate our thesis with examples from ecology, interpretation, and human consciousness.
The Marineland experiment: An overview

The Marineland Experiment was conducted in the Atlantic shelf region offshore of Marineland, Fla., during Dec. 1975. The objectives were: (1) to investigate the mechanisms of wave imaging by the synthetic aperture radar and (2) to investigate wave transformations at the western boundary of the Gulf Stream and across the continental shelf to the edge of the surf zone. Three aircraft, two equipped with synthetic aperture radars and one with a real aperture system, participated; three instrumented sites in 10-m, 20-m, and 60-m water depths were incorporated as surface truth. This review presents the mesoscale aspects of the Marineland Experiment and summarizes the salient results.
Document Examination by Laser

We have assessed the ability of laser-excited fluorescence to distinguish between similar inks, as might be found in document alterations. We find that the combined use of a coating procedure that strongly increases fluorescence efficiency at room temperature and fluorescence examination at 77°K provide high discriminatory capability. The procedures are easy to use and satisfy practicality requirements essential for utilization in document sections of law enforcement agencies.
CpG methylation inhibits proenkephalin gene expression and binding of the transcription factor AP-2

DNA methylation at HpaII (CmCGG) sites inhibits expression of a human proenkephalin-CAT fusion gene when it is transiently expressed in CV-1 cells or stably expressed in C6-glioma cells. The inhibitory effects of HpaII methylation have been mapped to a site within the human proenkephalin promoter located at position -72 relative to the start site of transcription. This region spans a cAMP and phorbol ester inducible enhancer and methylation at this position inhibits both basal transcription and transcription induced by either cAMP or TPA. The HpaII site is located within an element which binds the transcription factor AP-2. In vitro methylation at this HpaII site inhibits the binding of AP-2. These results suggest that CpG methylation inhibits proenkephalin gene expression by directly interfering with the binding of a positively acting transcription factor previously shown to be essential for maximal basal, cAMP, and TPA inducible transcription.
Acute gastrointestinal toxicity after robotic stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for treatment of metastatic gynecological malignancies.

ABSTRACT Aims: The aim of this study was to assess acute and subacacute gastrointestinal toxicity after fractionated stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) in women having recurrent gynecological cancers in the upper abdomen. Materials & methods: In total, 34 women underwent upper abdominal SABR (24 Gy/three divided 8 Gy consecutive daily doses) using a robotic Cyberknife® (Accuray, CA, USA) platform. Volumes of the duodenum receiving 10% increments of the prescription dose were associated to post-therapy gastrointestinal toxicities using binary logistic regression analyses. Results: Median clinical follow-up was 10 months. In total, 14 (41%) of the 34 women manifested grade 2 or higher post-therapy gastrointestinal adverse events. The duodenal volume, receiving 80% of a 24-Gy dose, was significantly associated with gastrointestinal toxicity (p = 0.03). However, in a multivariate analysis, only patient age at SABR adjusted the odds of experiencing gastrointestinal toxicity (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The d...
Vascular reactivity of human internal mammary and gastroepiploic arteries

Patency rates of bypass graft conduits are thought to be influenced by the determinants of vascular tone. This study has comparatively examined the response of the human internal mammary and gastroepiploic arteries to potassium, noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, thromboxane, and histamine. The response to potassium was significantly greater in the gastroepiploic artery (Emax = 79.5 +/- 9.6 mN) than in the internal mammary artery (Emax = 27.0 +/- 6.4 mN). Dose-related constrictions were observed in both vessels to all agonists except histamine, which was ineffective in the gastroepiploic artery. Noradrenaline and dopamine produced comparable dose-related constrictions in each vessel, with similar EC50 and Emax (expressed as a percentage of potassium response) values, but 5-hydroxytryptamine (Emax, gastroepiploic = 10.8% +/- 1.9%; internal mammary = 71.8% +/- 21.2%) and thromboxane (Emax, gastroepiploic = 116.7% +/- 4.0%; internal mammary = 169.6% +/- 19.4%) were more efficacious in their constriction of the mammary artery; the potencies were similar. We conclude that there is a heterogeneity of response to some vasoconstrictors between the human internal mammary and gastroepiploic arteries. The internal mammary artery may be more predisposed to events that initiate vasospastic disorders.
WORD-FREQUENCY AND VOCABULARY ACQUISITION: AN ANALYSIS OF ELEMENTARY SPANISH COLLEGE TEXTBOOKS IN THE USA

En el ambito de las universidades estadounidenses, a menudo los profesores de primer ano de espanol constatan que los resultados de los examenes de vocabulario estan por debajo de sus expectativas. Este trabajo aborda esta cuestion por medio del analisis de cinco libros de texto publicados en los Estados Unidos. Este analisis consiste en dos partes: 1) una comparacion tanto de las listas de vocabulario como del vocabulario de las lecturas con la informacion sobre vocabulario y frecuencia que aparece en A frequency dictionary of Spanish: Core vocabulary for learners, escrito por Mark Davies y publicado por Routledge en 2006, y 2) una exposicion de los aspectos logisticos que deben considerarse, tales como cantidad de tiempo en contacto con la materia y profundidad del conocimiento lexico, y de como se perfilan estos aspectos a traves de las dimensiones receptivas y productivas del proceso de adquisicion de vocabulario. Los resultados muestran que los libros de texto pueden perfeccionarse en lo que se refiere a la cantidad de vocabulario y la seleccion del mismo para conseguir un mejor alineamiento con los conocimientos que se tienen en este momento sobre frecuencia del lexico espanol.
Guidelines for Coverage-Based Comparisons of Non-Adequate Test Suites

A fundamental question in software testing research is how to compare test suites, often as a means for comparing test-generation techniques that produce those test suites. Researchers frequently compare test suites by measuring their coverage. A coverage criterion C provides a set of test requirements and measures how many requirements a given suite satisfies. A suite that satisfies 100p of the feasible requirements is called C-adequate. Previous rigorous evaluations of coverage criteria mostly focused on such adequate test suites: given two criteria C and C′, are C-adequate suites on average more effective than C′-adequate suites? However, in many realistic cases, producing adequate suites is impractical or even impossible. This article presents the first extensive study that evaluates coverage criteria for the common case of non-adequate test suites: given two criteria C and C′, which one is better to use to compare test suites? Namely, if suites T1, T2,…,Tn have coverage values c1, c2,…,cn for C and c1′, c2′,…,cn′ for C′, is it better to compare suites based on c1, c2,…,cn or based on c1′, c2′,…,cn′? We evaluate a large set of plausible criteria, including basic criteria such as statement and branch coverage, as well as stronger criteria used in recent studies, including criteria based on program paths, equivalence classes of covered statements, and predicate states. The criteria are evaluated on a set of Java and C programs with both manually written and automatically generated test suites. The evaluation uses three correlation measures. Based on these experiments, two criteria perform best: branch coverage and an intraprocedural acyclic path coverage. We provide guidelines for testing researchers aiming to evaluate test suites using coverage criteria as well as for other researchers evaluating coverage criteria for research use.
ON THE CONGRUENCES PRIMES OF SAITO-KUROKAWA LIFTS OF ODD SQUARE-FREE LEVEL

In this paper we extend a conjecture of Katsurada's characterizing the con- gruence primes of Saito-Kurokawa lifts of weight and full level in terms of the divisi- bility of Lalg(,f ) to the case of odd square-free level. After stating the conjecture, we provide evidence for the conjecture by constructing a congruence.
Connection of off-diagonal radiative-decay coupling to electromagnetically induced transparency and amplification without inversion in a three-level atomic system

The equivalence between the off-diagonal radiative-decay coupling (ODRDC) effect in the bare-atom picture of a three-level atomic system [see Cardimona et al., J. Phys. B 15, 55 (1982)] and the electromagnetically inducedtransparency (EIT) effect in the dressed-atom picture [see Imamoglu et al., Opt. Lett. 14, 1344 (1989)] is uncovered and a full comparison of their physical origins is given. The mechanism for both ODRDC and Harris' EIT is found to be a consequence of the quantum interference between a direct absorption path and an indirect absorption path mediated by either a self absorption of spontaneous photons or a Fano-type coupling. A connection is then pointed out between the effects of probe-field gain (PFG) based on an ODRDC process [see Huang et al., Phys. Rev. A 64, 013822 (2001)] and amplification without inversion (AWI) [see Fearn et al., Opt. Commun. 87, 323 (1992)] in the bare-atom picture of a three-level atomic system. The PFG effect is found as a result of transferring electrons between the two upper levels due to the phase-sensitive coherence provided by a laser-induced ODRDC process, while the AWI effect to one of the two probe fields is attributed to its coupling to a strong laser field generating an off-resonant gain through an induced nonlinearity in the other probe field. Both the advantages and disadvantages as well as the limitations of the ODRDC, EIT, PFG, and AWI effects are discussed and compared.
GPU voltage noise: Characterization and hierarchical smoothing of spatial and temporal voltage noise interference in GPU architectures

Energy efficiency is undoubtedly important for GPU architectures. Besides the traditionally explored energy-efficiency optimization techniques, exploiting the supply voltage guard-band remains a promising yet unexplored opportunity. Our hardware measurements show that up to 23% of the nominal supply voltage can be eliminated to improve CPU energy efficiency by as much as 25%. The key obstacle for exploiting this opportunity lies in understanding the characteristics and root causes of large voltage droops in GPU architectures and subsequently smoothing them away without severe performance penalties. The CPU's manycore nature complicates the voltage noise phenomenon, and its distinctive architecture features from the CPU necessitate a CPU-specific voltage noise analysis. In this paper, we make the following contributions. First, we provide a voltage noise categorization framework to identify, characterize, and understand voltage noise in the manycore CPU architecture. Second, we perform a microarchitecture-level voltage-droop root-cause analysis for the two major droop types we identify, namely the local first-order droop and the global second-order droop. Third, on the basis of our categorization and characterization, we propose a hierarchical voltage smoothing mechanism that mitigates each type of voltage droop. Our evaluation shows it can reduce up to 31% worst-case droop, which translates to 11.8% core-level and 7.8% processor-level energy reduction.
Sins of Omission and Commission To Proceed, Decline, or Alter?

The article addresses a hypothetical dilemma confronted by an evaluator of a transition from welfare program regarding inclusion of a small immigrant/language minority group in the study. The article advocates for inclusion of diverse groups. Three important aspects of diversity are discussed that have particular relevance to transition from welfare for immigrants and refuges: legal status, the relative size and concentration of the ethnic/language community, and the specific cultural and historical circumstances. Legal status is a factor that affects eligibility for welfare and incentives for transitioning to work. Smaller groups may be particularly important to include because their access to culturally sensitive resources may be especially limited. Historical circumstances in the country of origin shape the attitudes of an immigrant or refugee group toward use of government aid. The ethical dilemma is discussed in relation to the AEA’s Guiding Principles for Evaluators of Diversity, Competence, and Hon...
Turbidite Muds within Diatom Ooze off Antarctica: Pleistocene Sediment Variation Defined by Closely Spaced Piston Cores

To test the ability to correlate sediments in deep ocean basins, 5 piston cores were taken from one station on U.S.N.S. Eltanin cruise 44, in one of the deepest and flattest regions of the Wilkes Abyssal Plain off East Antarctica. The 5 cores are characterized by interbedded siliceous ooze and terrigenous turbidite mud beds. The siliceous ooze is characterized by burrow mottling and high (90 to 95 percent) diatom and radiolarian content. The terrigenous mud beds have sharp basal contacts, lack evidence of burrowing except in the upper 10 to 20 cm, and are 20 cm to 2.5 m thick. Detailed examination of each core using smear slides at 10 cm intervals and examination of the diatom assemblages show that several major zones in the cores can be correlated with confidence. Correlations from one core to another were made using the relative stratigraphic position and sequence of pelagic and turbidite zones, and also by using three major diatom assemblage zones: the Nitzschia kerguelensis zone, the Rouxia sp. zone and the Actinocyclus ingens zone. Not only could major pelagic ooze and turbidite zones in the five cores be correlated over the short distance at the drift station, but they could also be correlated with zones found in a sixth core taken 55 km away. Rates of sedimentation for the pelagic zones are 1 cm per 1,000 yrs, and total sedimentation rates are 5 cm per 1,000 yrs.
Managing Activity Difficulties at Home: A Survey of Medicare Beneficiaries

Abstract Dudgeon BJ, Hoffman JM, Ciol MA, Shumway-Cook A, Yorkston KM, Chan L. Managing activity difficulties at home: a survey of Medicare beneficiaries. Objective To describe assistance from helpers and use of assistive technology and environmental modification by community-dwelling people with difficulties in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Design Cross-sectional study using the 2004 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Setting Community. Participants Nationally representative sample of 14,500 Medicare beneficiaries (mean age, 71.5y; 55% female; 49% currently married; 68% living with others; 84% white). Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Self-reported difficulty with ADLs and IADLs; uses of help, assistive technology, and/or environmental modification. Results Difficulties were reported most frequently for heavy housework, walking, and shopping; money management, shopping, and light housework were reported as activities most often needing a helper. Walking, bathing, and toileting were activities most often needing uses of assistive technology. Bathroom modifications were the most commonly reported environmental modification. Results from a logistic regression showed that advancing age was the primary factor associated with increasing use of helpers and assistive technology or both for difficult activities. Conclusions Uses of helpers, assistive technology, and environmental modification are common but vary by type of ADL and/or IADL and age. Focused studies regarding uses of help and access to assistive technology and environmental modification appear needed to support community living. Public education about methods and types of accommodations appears needed and may substitute for or augment guidance from care providers.