cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted drug delivery to circulating tumor cells via platelet membrane-functionalized particles

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are responsible for metastases in distant organs via hematogenous dissemination. Fundamental studies in the past decade have suggested that neutralization of CTCs in circulation could represent an effective strategy to prevent metastasis. Current paradigms of targeted drug delivery into a solid tumor largely fall into two main categories: unique cancer markers (e.g. overexpression of surface receptors) and tumor-specific microenvironment (e.g. low pH, hypoxia, etc.). While relying on a surface receptor to target CTCs can be greatly challenged by cancer heterogeneity, targeting of tumor microenvironments has the advantage of recognizing a broader spectrum of cancer cells regardless of genetic differences or tumor types. The blood circulation, however, where CTCs transit through, lacks the same tumor microenvironment as that found in a solid tumor. In this study, a unique "microenvironment" was confirmed upon introduction of cancer cells of different types into circulation where activated platelets and fibrin were physically associated with blood-borne cancer cells. Inspired by this observation, synthetic silica particles were functionalized with activated platelet membrane along with surface conjugation of tumor-specific apoptosis-inducing ligand cytokine, TRAIL. Biomimetic synthetic particles incorporated into CTC-associated micro-thrombi in lung vasculature and dramatically decreased lung metastases in a mouse breast cancer metastasis model. Our results demonstrate a "Trojan Horse" strategy of neutralizing CTCs to attenuate metastasis.
c-11 – Absolute Retracts

Publisher Summary A retraction is a continuous map r : X→X of a topological space into itself that restricts to the identity on its image. The image of a retraction is called a retract of X. Retractions are the topological analogues of projection operators in analysis and of idempotents in algebra. Throughout this chapter, C denotes a class of normal spaces containing each closed subset of each of its members. A topological space X is an Absolute Retract for C provided that it is in C and is a retract of each space Y in C in which it is embedded as a closed subset. An absolute neighborhood retract (ANR) for a class C of spaces is a space in C that is a retraction of some neighborhood of itself in each space Y in C in which it is embedded as a closed subset. This means that it is a neighborhood retract whenever it is embedded as a closed subset of a space in C. Similarly, X is termed an Absolute Extensor for a class C of spaces provided that each map : A → X into X from a closed subset A of a space Y in C has an extension to Y.
An Alternative View of the Rule of Law Panacea in China

Discussion of guanxi in the West is dominated by claims that is it a crass and often corrupt exchange of favors. However such translations, defining guanxi as “other” will not facilitate useful cultural understanding. First guanxi is not merely a word but a signal for an entire system. Guanxi constitutes an individual’s “local moral world.” As well, it enables guanxiwang, a multilayer network of networks. In short, it signifies a whole cultural phenomenon that only operates because everyone within the system shares the same or similar world view: Of the primacy of social order, of the interdependence of everyone within the society, of the benefit of having a system that way, and of the relatively inferiority of all other forms of ordering (including reason and law). However, such nuances are lost in legal translation, frustrating those who would seek to implement Western-style rule of law in China. Rule of law reform is intimately tied to the politics of “globalization.” As the United States becomes more interdependent with China, it becomes more vulnerable to its politics - that is to the shared norms that constitute the Chinese state in the first place. Globalization, once entirely tied to the spread of capitalist economies, transformed in the Internet Age. The hope of this recent transformation is tied to the potential prosperity offered by shared resources, knowledge and interdependencies. The anxiety arises from the corresponding vulnerability this brings to others’ political behavior. No longer do economic interests control the exchange of information and goods between cultures. The Internet has enabled a communication free-for-all, which means both positive exchange, enabling transmission of cultural masterworks and the emergence of micro economies, but also means free exchange of contraband such as child pornography, malware, criminal idea, and surveillance. As the United States becomes more interdependent with China, it becomes more vulnerable to its politics, that is to the shared norms that constitute the Chinese state in the first place. Politics in this sense is worldview. At the moment globalization anxiety surrounds the question of whose worldview will survive. The rule of law effort is unquestionably an attempt to ensure that the Western worldview will prevail. The barriers to instituting Western-style rule of law in China are inherently connected to opposing Western and Chinese views of the individual, society and law. Rule of law is essentially a Western concept, intimately tied to the Western capitalist worldview. Guanxi is likewise a product of Chinese worldview. Given the resilience of the Chinese culture and its 5000 year history, it is much more likely that Chinese ways will prevail unless Western reformers dramatically adjust. Instead of insisting on the defeat of guanxi and institution of Western rule of law, advocates may be able to best share its benefits across cultures by first being more receptive to the cultural realities on the ground in China.
Genetic analysis of the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae acyl-CoA synthetase genes in regulating protein N-myristoylation.

Abstract NMT1 is an essential Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene which encodes myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt1p). Nmt1p transfers myristate (C14:0), from myristoyl-CoA to the amino-terminal Gly residue of several essential cellular proteins. Little information is available about how myristoyl-CoA metabolism is regulated in eukaryotic cells. We have isolated and characterized three unlinked Fatty Acid Activation genes from S. cerevisiae, FAA1, FAA2, and FAA3. In vitro biochemical assays reveal that the myristoyl-CoA synthetase activity of purified Faa2p is approximately equal to that of Faa1p, and two orders of magnitude greater than that of Faa3p. Analysis of NMT1 strains containing faa1, faa2, and/or faa3 null alleles indicates that Faa1p, Faa2p, and Faa3p are not essential for vegetative growth when de novo acyl-CoA synthesis by fatty acid synthetase (Fas) is active. S. cerevisiae strains containing nmt1-181 exhibit temperature-sensitive growth arrest and myristic acid auxotrophy due to the reduced affinity of its mutant protein product (nmtGly451-->Asp) for myristoyl-CoA. Comparison of the growth characteristics of isogenic NMT1 and nmt1-181 strains with all possible combinations of faa1, faa2, and faa3 null alleles, in the presence or absence of an active Fas complex, indicates that (i) Faa1p is responsible for activation of imported fatty acids to their CoA derivatives; (ii) Faa2p and Faa3p are able to access endogenous but not imported fatty acid substrates; (iii) nmt181p requires myristoyl-CoA production from both Fas and Faas for cells to remain viable at nonpermissive temperatures; (iv) Faa2p is unique among the three Faas in its ability, when overproduced, to partially rescue growth of a nmt1-181 strain at nonpermissive temperatures on yeast/peptone/dextrose (YPD) media without C14:0 supplementation; (v) acyl-CoAs produced by Faa1p, Faa2p, or Faa3p are not specifically targeted for beta-oxidation; and (vi) the ability of NMT1, faa1 delta, faa2 delta, faa3 delta strains to remain viable in the absence of an active Fas complex on YPD plus C14:0, or on media that contains fatty acids as the sole carbon source, suggests that S. cerevisiae contains other acyl-CoA synthetases which can activate imported fatty acids.
Polygalacturonase in pollen from corn and other grasses

Abstract Polygalacturonase was found in pollen of the twelve monocotyledon species examined. The amount of polygalacturonase ranged from 6.3 units/g in lily to 201 units/g in Johnsongrass. The C 4 species contained much more polygalacturonase than the C 3 species. The enzyme in corn ( Zea mays L.) pollen was partially purified and characterized. It was optimally active at pH 5.3 and required Ca 2+ for activity, with an optimum concentration of 0.5 mM. The enzyme was most effective on galacturonans with moderate chain lengths. It released monomeric units from the non-reducing ends of the substrate chains, and thus can be classified as an exopolygalaturonase. The polygalacturonase in the other grass pollens appeared to be similar to that in corn pollen.
Role of fatty acid structure in the reversible activation of phosphatidylcholine synthesis in lymphocytes.

Abstract Fatty acids rapidly accelerate (1.5–7.0-fold) the incorporation of [ methyl - 3 H]choline chloride into the phosphatidylcholine fraction of bovine lymphocyte lipids. This ability of fatty acids to activate choline phospholipid synthesis has been correlated with certain structural features of fatty acids. Mono- and polyenoic unsaturated fatty acids of 18 and 20 carbons in length are highly active, whereas their saturated analogues are nearly inactive. Among the unsaturated fatty acids, the cis -isomers are active, while the trans -isomers are relatively ineffective. The delayed addition of bovine serum albumin (5 mg/ml) and other lipid-binding proteins to activated cells rapidly counteracts the lipid effects. The activated state of the cell membrane thus appears to be a dynamic one, requiring the continued interaction of the fatty acid with a lipid-sensitive target molecule of the cell surface that in turn appears to coordinate the enzymatic components of this pathway.
K + K − π + π − and K + K − π + π − π 0 Final States in p ¯ p Annihilations at 2.2 GeV c

Approximately 7200 four-prong annihilations of $2.2\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ antiprotons in hydrogen were measured. About 200 of the events contained charged kaon pairs. The cross sections for the final states ${K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${K}^{+}{K}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ were measured as 192 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 26 and 488 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 50 \ensuremath{\mu}b, respectively. The main feature of the reactions is the production of ${K}^{*}(890)$, $\ensuremath{\rho}(760)$, and $\ensuremath{\omega}(783)$.
Multi-modal and multi-wavelength imaging in xenografts bearing human tumor cells

Dynamic multi-wavelength fluorescence imaging was accomplished using a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF). Since several different emission wavelengths can be selected by tuning the LCTF, two wavelength dynamic fluorescence imaging was conducted in mice bearing human melanoma M21 and M21L after injection of a mixture of (i) RGD peptide conjugated with a near-infrared (NIR) dye that targeted integrin avb3 and (ii) non-specific dye, Cy5.5. Dynamic multi-wavelength imaging with LCTF can differentiate the uptake of the two different fluorescent contrast agents between tumor and normal tissue ROIs in the M21 and M21L xenograft models. Although the LCTF attenuated fluorescence signals by a factor of two when compared to holographic and bandpass filter sets used previously, Tumor to background ratio (TBR) from NIR fluorescence images with a bandpass and holographic filter were not statistically different from those acquired with the LCTF. Therefore, the benefit of spectral information as well as dynamic multi-wavelength may outweigh the impact of the lower transmission efficiencies, and could enable in vivo small animal imaging.
Analysis of a continuous rotary-drum filtration system

The equation traditionally used to analyze a rotary-drum vacuum filtration system is strictly valid only for flat filters immersed during the filtration cycle. In this article we derive the equation appropriate for a rotary-drum filter and find that the results of calculated areas differ by a factor 5 from the fully immersed filter result. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Micromachined scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer

In this talk, a micromachined scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI) employing electrostatic actuators and tuned to the visible spectrum is described. Previous authors have demonstrated micromachined Fabry-Perot devices. The FPI described here offers a simpler process flow and a broader tuning range. The FPI is constructed by separately fabricating a MEMS actuator and semi-transparent optical mirrors. These are then assembled to complete the device. The completed device consists of two plane parallel mirrors separated by a small gap (< 1 micrometers ). The gap is formed by a sacrificial layer which is etched away to free the gold beams. Devices have been fabricated using single layer aluminum mirrors. Modeling results of devices incorporating dielectric multi-layer stacks will be discussed. Present devices are suitable for scanning the entire visible region of the spectrum 450 - 750 nm. Actuating voltages of approximately 60 V are required. Devices fabricated with aluminum mirrors have resolving powers of up to 50. Proposed applications include in situ measurements of plasma composition, colorimetric, and chemical analysis.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Retinal Extracts on Growth of Blinded Male Rats.

SummaryNormal male rats, and bilateral optic enucleated male rats injected with a saline extract of bovine retinas are quite similar in body and most organ weights. Retinal extracts of bovine eyes apparently have an alleviating effect upon the weight retardation and delayed sexual maturity characteristic of optic enucleated male rats.
fringe, a boundary-specific signaling molecule, mediates interactions between dorsal and ventral cells during Drosophila wing development

Wing formation in Drosophila requires interactions between dorsal and ventral cells. We describe a new gene, fringe, which is expressed in dorsal cells and encodes for a novel protein that is predicted to be secreted. Wing margin formation and distal wing outgrowth can be induced by the juxtaposition of cells with and without fringe expression, whether at the normal wing margin, at the boundaries of fringe mutant clones in the dorsal wing, or at sites of fringe misexpression in the ventral wing. By contrast, both loss of fringe expression and uniform fringe expression cause wing loss. These observations suggest that fringe encodes a boundary-specific cell-signaling molecule that is responsible for dorsal-ventral cell interactions during wing development.
School connectedness and the transition into and out of health-risk behavior among adolescents: A comparison of social belonging and teacher support

Supportive and caring relations within families promote academic achievement and protect against involvement in health-risk behaviors by adolescents.' " Similarly, supportive and caring relationships within schools (henceforth, school connectedness) promote academic motivation among adolescents.^" Much less is known, however, about the infiuence of school connectedness on adolescent healthrisk behaviors. Previous research generally suffers from two limitations. First, most research is cross-section al.'^" The longitudinal research that does exist does not distinguish between initiation or escalation or reduction of health-risk behaviors."^'' Second, school connectedness has generally been treated as a broad construct that combines students' perceptions of safety, support, belonging and engagement.'^""^" Such a broad conceptualization does not provide clear guidance to policy makers and practitioners on how to increase school connectedness. This paper addresses these limitations by exploring the association between two dimensions of school connectedness perceived teacher support and social belonging - and the initiation, escalation and reduction of participation in six adolescent health-risk behaviors. BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies show that school connectedness is associated with mental health and lower rates of involvement in multiple health-risk behaviors, including substance use, sexual intercourse, violence, delinquency, and suicidaljfy 12 15 Qjjg quasi-experimental study, the Seattle Social Development Study, evaluated the effects of increasing the school social bond among elementary school students. The intervention group had significantly higher levels of school connectedness than the control group at ages 13 and 18, and was less likely to engage in violence or substance use.'*" Three dimensions of school connectedness are emphasized in educational research: social support, belonging and engagement.""'^^ When young people receive empathy, praise, and attention in a clear and consistent fashion, they experience social support. The experience of social support generates a sense of belonging which, in turn, leads to increased engagement and academic motivation. Although this theoretical model, originally laid out by Connell and Wellborn," has been empirically supported for academic outcomes, it has not been tested for health outcomes. Most previous studies linking school connectedness to health-risk behaviors combine the different dimensions of school connectedness into a single measure or explore the effect of a single dimension. Drawing on the theoretical framework
Implications of CI therapy for visual deficit training

We address here the question of whether the techniques of CI therapy, a family of treatments that has been employed in the rehabilitation of movement and language after brain damage might apply to the rehabilitation of such visual deficits as unilateral spatial neglect and visual field deficits. CI therapy has been used successfully for the upper and lower extremities after chronic stroke, cerebral palsy (CP), multiple sclerosis (MS), other CNS degenerative conditions, resection of motor areas of the brain, focal hand dystonia, and aphasia. Treatments making use of similar methods have proven efficacious for amblyopia. The CI therapy approach consists of four major components: intensive training, training by shaping, a “transfer package” to facilitate the transfer of gains from the treatment setting to everyday activities, and strong discouragement of compensatory strategies. CI therapy is said to be effective because it overcomes learned nonuse, a learned inhibition of movement that follows injury to the CNS. In addition, CI therapy produces substantial increases in the grey matter of motor areas on both sides of the brain. We propose here that these mechanisms are examples of more general processes: learned nonuse being considered parallel to sensory nonuse following damage to sensory areas of the brain, with both having in common diminished neural connections (DNC) in the nervous system as an underlying mechanism. CI therapy would achieve its therapeutic effect by strengthening the diminished neural connections. Use-dependent cortical reorganization is considered to be an example of the more general neuroplastic mechanism of brain structure repurposing (BSR). If the mechanisms involved in these broader categories are involved in each of the deficits being considered, then it may be the principles underlying efficacious treatment in each case may be similar. The lessons learned during CI therapy research might then prove useful for the treatment of visual deficits
Day-night differences in the kinetics and dynamics of insulin: diabetic versus normal Yucatan minipigs.

Time-dependent variations in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of insulin were studied at two times, 10:30 and 20:30 during the same day in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic minipigs housed in L(06:00):D(18:00) using the intravenous insulin tolerance test. Following intravenous insulin (0.1 IU/kg) administration in normal minipigs, the time for the glucose level to reach nadir (tnadir) was significantly longer in the evening than the morning [(A.M.; 30.4 (+/- 2.4) vs. P.M.: 38.5 (+/- 3.3) min] (p 0.90).
Dynamics and Control of Fluidized Catalytic Crackers. 4. The Impact of Design on Partial Control

In this paper the impact design has on the control of a fluidized catalytic cracker (FCC) is explored. The available control options depend strongly on the availability of manipulated variables as well as on downstream equipment. Also of importance is the range in which each variable can be manipulated. An important distinction is made between the total number of manipulated variables and the effective degrees of freedom for control, especially of the product specification vector Yp. Control both in complete CO combustion when there is no CO boiler available and in partial combustion when a boiler is present is analyzed. The fast manipulated variables of air flowrate, catalyst circulation rate, feed preheat, and catalyst cooler heat removal rate are all considered. It is shown that the sufficiency of a partial control structure changes when the operating conditions change and that it strongly depends on the control objectives. Also examined is the impact of catalyst activity.
Legal Consequences of the Moral Duty to Report Errors

Increasingly, clinicians are under a moral duty to report errors to the patients who are injured by such errors. The sources of this duty are identified, and its probable impact on malpractice litigation and criminal law is discussed. The potential consequences of enforcing this new moral duty as a minimum in law are noted. One predicted consequence is that the trend will be accelerated toward government payment of compensation for errors. The effect of truth-telling on individuals is discussed.
Linear mixing rule in screened binary ionic mixtures

The validity of the linear mixing rule is examined for the following two cases (1) when the response of the electron gas is taken into account in the effective ionic interaction and (2) when finite-temperature effects are included in the dielectric response of the electrons, i.e., when the ions interact with both temperature- and density-dependent screened Coulomb potentials. It is found that the linear mixing rule remains valid when the electron response is taken into account in the interionic potential at any density, even though the departure from linearity can reach a few percent for the asymmetric mixtures in the region of weak degeneracy for the electron gas. A physical explanation of this behavior is proposed which is based on a simple additional length scale.
Cold quantum gases: coherent quantum phenomena from Bose-Einstein condensation to BCS pairing of fermions

Studies of trapped quantum gases of bosons and of fermions have opened up a new range of many-body problems, having a strong overlap with nuclear and neutron star physics. Topics discussed here include: the Bose yrast problem – how many-particle Bose systems carry extreme amounts of angular momentum; the infrared divergent structure of the transition to Bose condensation in a weakly interacting system; and the physics of extremely strongly interacting Bose and Fermi systems, in the scale-free regime where the two body s-wave scattering lengths are large compared with the interparticle spacing. Such a regime is realized experimentally through use of atomic Feshbach resonances. Finally we discuss creation of BCS-paired states in trapped Fermi gases.
Land institutions and supply chain configurations as determinants of soybean planted area and yields in Brazil

Soybean production has become a significant force for economic development in Brazil. It has also received considerable attention from environmental and social non-governmental organizations as a driver of deforestation and land consolidation. While many researchers have examined the impacts of soybean production on human and environmental landscapes, there has been little investigation into the economic and institutional context of Brazilian soybean production or the relationship between soy yields and planted area. This study examines the influence of land tenure, land use policy, cooperatives, and credit access on soy production in Brazil. Using county level data we provide statistical evidence that soy planted area and yields are higher in regions where cooperative membership and credit levels are high, and cheap credit sources are more accessible. This result suggests that soybean production and profitability will increase as supply chain infrastructure improves in the Cerrado and Amazon biomes in Brazil. The yields of competing land uses, wheat, coffee, and cattle production and a complementary use, corn production, also help to determine the location of soybean planted area in Brazil. We do not find a significant relationship between land tenure and planted area or land tenure and yields. Soy yields decline as transportation costs increase, but planted area as a proportion of arable land is highest in some of the areas with very high transportation costs. In particular, counties located within Mato Grosso and counties within the Amazon biome have a larger proportion of their arable, legally available land planted in soy than counties outside of the biome. Finally, we provide evidence that soy yields are positively associated with planted area, implying that policies intending to spare land through yield improvements could actually lead to land expansion in the absence of strong land use regulations. While this study focuses on Brazil, the results underscore the importance of understanding how supply chains influence land use associated with cash crops in other countries.
Atomic Stress Propagation Reveals Allosteric Pathways in Proteins

Long-range information transfer within proteins, specifically from the substrate binding site to a distant surface site, plays a vital role in regulation of its activity. Understanding this allosteric modulation of protein activity is expected to aid in designing drugs that can achieve high specificity to the target protein. Exactly how the information is transferred from the allosteric site to the substrate-binding site is not well understood. We present a novel computational method based on atomic stresses and molecular dynamics simulation for identifying allosteric sites and the respective pathways. We demonstrate the method here using the PDZ domain. Tracing the path with highest stiffness from the substrate binding site through the protein core revealed a pathway that shows significant overlap with that previously inferred from evolutionarily conserved residues, and other computational methods. The method presented here has an additional advantage of visualizing stress transfer through the protein during a molecular dynamics simulation, which is likely to provide more insight into protein allostery.
Accelerated and blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia

There is currently no standard treatment for the blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-BC), which is a chemoresistant form of acute leukemia. Current approaches include using standard acute myeloid leukemia (AML) regimens in an effort to induce remission, variations of these approaches with drugs that seem more active in this specific leukemia, and the direct entry of patients into studies of investigational agents. Although the likelihood of achieving remission is small, immediate bone marrow transplantation in remission should be considered because it provides the only opportunity for long-term survival at this time. Allogeneic transplantation is preferred, but autologous transplantation of an early chronic phase marrow may provide benefit. Often, however, the duration of chemotherapy-induced remission of blast crisis is very short and may preclude entry into a transplant program. In addition, the patient may not be a candidate due to donor issues, age, or medical problems. If transplant is not an option, maintenance interferon is often used, although its benefit is uncertain. For patients in the accelerated phase of the disease, which is characterized by a variety of clinical presentations and cytogenetic abnormalities, the possibility of favorably manipulating the disease is greater. Again, there is no standard treatment, and clinical trials are recommended as first-line therapy. Treatment in the accelerated phase includes standard AML chemotherapy regimens, combinations of new agents, and the combination of cytostatic agents with interferon. Patients whose accelerated phase reverts to chronic phase after treatment may become candidates for bone marrow transplantation. However, current new approaches to the chronic phase applied in accelerated phase as well as new approaches directed specifically toward accelerated phase may lead to prolonged stabilization without bone marrow transplantation. In view of a median age of 55 at diagnosis of chronic phase, nontransplant regimens for accelerated phase that produce long-term benefit are urgently needed.
Amœbicidal Action of Azaserine

IN 1954, a group of workers reported on a new tumour-inhibitory substance1. This substance, called azaserine, also possessed antibacterial activity against numerous microbial species2. Chemically, this substance is O-diazoacetyl-L-serine3. It has been reported that azaserine is a profound inhibitor of formate incorporation into the nucleic acids4. Since the role of nucleic acid synthesis is particularly important in Endamoeba histolytica 5,6 the effect of azaserine on the amœbae was studied.
Synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy using high-speed shutters

A new method of performing Mossbauer spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation is demonstrated that involves using a high-speed periodic shutter near the focal spot of a microfocused X-ray beam. This fast microshuttering technique operates without a high-resolution monochromator and has the potential to produce much higher signal rates. It also offers orders of magnitude more suppression of unwanted electronic charge scattering. Measurement results are shown that prove the principle of the method and improvements are discussed to deliver a very pure beam of Mossbauer photons (E/ΔE ≃ 1012) with previously unavailable spectral brightness. Such a source will allow both Mossbauer spectroscopy in the energy domain with the many advantageous characteristics of synchrotron radiation and new opportunities for measurements using X-rays with ultra-high energy resolution.
Imitation of Aggression by Lebanese Children

Abstract The purpose of this research was to study the imitative behaviors of children who had been exposed to a protracted conflict situation in Beirut, Lebanon. Forty 5-year-old Arabic-speaking boys were randomly assigned to treatment conditions. Half the boys were highly aroused by rapidly performing physical exercises and the other half, less aroused by short and slow exercises. Half of each arousal group viewed either an aggressive or nonaggressive film. Following the film, the subjects were allowed to engage in free play. Measures of imitative behavior, aggressive behavior, attention to the film, pulse rate, and memory for film behaviors were obtained. The manipulation of physiological arousal produced no significant effects, but the film condition enhanced both total aggressive behaviors and novel aggressive behaviors for the aggressive film.
Low-frequency noise and phase noise in MESFETS with LTG-GaAs passivation

We report measurements of the low-frequency noise and phase noise of conventional unpassivated GaAs metal semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) and of MESFETs fabricated using an overlapping-gate structure and the low-temperature grown (LTG) GaAs as a passivation layer. The noise of the LTG-GaAs passivated MESFET was found to behave quite differently from that of a conventional MESFET and to be significantly reduced at low offset frequencies. These observations are explained in terms of the surface passivating effect of the LTG-GaAs. Low-frequency noise measurements seem to support the idea that the LTG-GaAs passivation reduces the number of active traps, in particular traps with large activation emergies. These results indicate that LTG-GaAs passivation can substantially reduce the near-carrier phase noise of MESFET-based oscillators.
Strong HCl effect on tube wastage in a simulated bubbling fluidized bed environment

This paper reports initial results from a laboratory fluidized bed test rig where HCl gas was incorporated into the bed. The rig simulates the particle hammering interactions between in-bed particles and tubes within bubbling fluidized bed combustors (BFBCs). A significant increase in material wastage rates in the presence of HCl was found at 450°C as well as at 200°C. The detrimental effect decreased with decreasing HCl concentration.
Electric dipole moments in polar solvents. I. Audiofrequency measurement with slightly conducting solutions

Audiofrequency methods were used to measure dielectric constants of dilute solutions containing electrolytes up to free-ion concentrations of 10−4M. Using a calibrated transformer bridge, capacitance was measured with an accuracy of 0.03 pF at a conductance of 100 μmho and within 0.3 pF at 800 μmho. Evaluation of the double-layer capacitance from the frequency dependence of the data is discribed. The effect of the free ions on the dielectric constant is found to be relatively large and in reasonable agreement with the prediction of the Debye-Falkenhagen theory. The calculation of the electric dipole moment for polar solutes, including ion pairs, is discussed in terms of Kirkwood's theory. Experimental tests are described for finding out whether possible deviations of Kirk-wood's correlation factors from unity may be neglected. These tests involve changing the solvent and the temperature. The tests were satisfied for the ion pairs of tetraisoamylammonium nitrate and for nitrobenzene in chlorobenzene and acetic acid.
Tunable evanescent-mode cavity filters for reconfigurable radio frontends

This paper presents a review of the recent progress in realizing highly-tunable high-Q evanescent-mode tunable filters for reconfigurable radio front-end. A novel design that uses planar tuning elements, such as surface mount solid-state varactors, is also introduced. These high performance tunable RF components are expected to make a significant impact on the development of reconfigurable RF systems.
Consecutive processes in the photolysis of dimethyl-s-tetrazine molecules in the vapor phase

Abstract Experimental studies of the variation of the fluorescence yield and photochemical product yield are presented for dimethyl-s-tetrazine (DMT) at 0.6 Torr and 300 K. Results are also reported for the variation of these yields upon adding argon buffer gas. The fluorescence yield decreases with increasing excitation energy (0 to 4200 cm−1 vibrational energy excess in the first excited singlet state) but the decrease is insufficient to account for the corresponding increase in product yield. Added gas (600 Torr argon) quenches the photochemistry but not the fluorescence. The results imply that the photo-dissociation involves a bottleneck (B) in the non-radiative singlet decay. The molecules in B can be relaxed by collisions, relax to photostable DMT molecules without collisions, or undergo photodissociation.
Cellular activity of Rev response element RNA targeting metallopeptides.

The cellular chemistry of metallopeptide complexes designed to target and inactivate an HIV Rev response element (RRE) RNA sequence in vivo has been evaluated by use of an efficient cellular fluorescence assay. Transcribed messenger RNA encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that includes a target RNA sequence is sensitive to cleavage chemistry mediated by metal derivatives of GGH(G) x TRQARRNRR RRWRERQR (x = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6). This results in a significant decrease in expression of GFP that can be quantified by fluorimetry. Optimal inactivation of the target RRE RNA was achieved with linkers where x = 0 or 1. Neither the Rev control peptide (lacking metal-binding or linker sequences) nor the metal-binding motif alone had any significant effect. Consequently, both the cleavage motif and the RNA targeting motif are essential to promote cellular cleavage of the target RRE RNA. However, target inactivation was also observed in experiments with metal-free peptide, consistent with recruitment of intracellular metal ion by the peptide following cellular uptake, with subsequent cleavage of the RRE target RNA. The RRE RNA cleavage activities of metallopeptide complexes were further confirmed by in vitro experiments and mammalian cell assays.
A Bayes rule for the symmetric multiple comparisons problem II

This paper presents the mathematical derivation of a Bayes solution for the symmetric multiple comparisons problem presented earlier by Waller and Duncan [4]. Because the earlier paper details the model and assumptions on which the solution is based, only the functions and results needed to complete the development are stated here. Typically the data for a multiple comparisons problem consists of n independent normally distibuted t r ea tmen t means (~, z2, " " , ~ ) which est imate n t rue means (pl, p~, . . . , p~) and an independent estimate, say 8~E with f~ degrees of freedom, of the error variance a~. Fur ther , we suppose tha t each mean ~ is based on r replications. The problem is then to choose for each of the h = n ( n 1 ) ordered pairs of means ei ther decision d~: ~,>;~j or decision d o , j : /~ not ranked relative to/J j . However, Duncan [2] shows tha t under the assumptions of symmet ry and an additive loss model, the Bayes rule for the full multiple comparisons problem is the simultaneous application of the Bayes rule to select ei ther d~ or d[~ for the means (/~,/~2) to all h pairs of means. Thus our major concern is to obtain the Bayes rule for selecting one of the decisions
THE BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF THE CLINICAL INTERACTION OF Fe DEFICIENCY AND Pb INTOXICATION

In children, iron (Fe) deficiency and lead (Pb) intoxication often coexist and aggravate each other; the elevation of erythrocyte porphyrin induced by Pb is much made prominent by Fe deficiency. We studied the interaction of Pb and Fe on ferrochelatase, the mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of Fe into protoporphyrin. Mitochondria were isolated from reticulocytes of patients with sickle-cell syndromes undergoing therapeutic exchange transfusions. Enzyme kinetics of ferrocpelatase were then studied on freeze-thawed preparations by measuring the incorporation of 59Fe into heme. In the absence of Pb. the KmFe was 13 μM. and Vmax was .021 μM/min/mg protein. In the presence of varying concentrations of Pb. the Ki was estimated at 50 μM. As concentrations of Pb were progressively decreased from 100 μM to 1 μM, in the presence of various Fe concentrations, the effect of Pb became much more pronounced as the Fe concentration decreased. At Pb concentrations between 10 μM and 1 μM (corresponding to 200 20 μg/dl) a more marked inhibition could be demonstrated when the Fe concentration was below 10 μM.
Chemistry in Lasers. XIII. Energy Storage and Utilization of Group VIII-A Hydrides as Laser Active Media

Abstract The feasibility of utilizing the energetic capability of optical resonant cavities for new compound formation is examined with a positive conclusion. Unlike photochemical reactions which yield products which are thermodynamically stable in the absence of the cavity energy field, the present considerations are centered around compounds which are highly unstable under ordinary conditions. As specific examples the Group VIII-A hydrides are discussed, including their application as laser active media. Principal advantages of noble gas hydrides are lack of a bound ground electronic state (comparable with excimers), for less corrosiveness than Group VIII-A halides (or fluorine containing laser media), wide range of tunability including the soft X-ray/VUV region, and lack of decomposition of the compounds involved upon prolonged use (superior to dyes). Applicability of new laseers utilizing Group VIII-A hydrides is discussed, in relation to energy release (fusion) and metal-photon interaction problems.
Neural Plate Patterning by Secreted Signals

The patterning of the CNS relies on the interaction of multiple signaling molecules such as Sonic Hedgehog, Wnts, and BMPs and their antagonists Chordin and Noggin. The identification of the secreted molecule Tiarin (Tsuda et al., 2002, this issue of Neuron), produced by the nonneural ectoderm at border of the anterior and lateral neural plate, now introduces a novel signaling pathway participating in CNS development.
Dynamic response of an isothermal three-phase slurry reactor—II. The PM-PM-HS/ID model: analytical solutions for two kinds of batch operation

Abstract The dynamics of an isothermal batch, three-phase slurry reactor with a first-order reaction occurring in uniform spherical catalyst particles have been investigated. Two kinds of batch operation were considered: variable and constant reactant concentrations in the gas phase. Analytical solutions were presented in both cases. The solutions are based on the PM-PM-HS/ID model, which considers perfect mixing (PM) in both gas and liquid phases, homogeneous suspension (HS) of the catalyst particles, and intraparticle diffusion (ID). The solutions are valid for any mode of input perturbation with non-negative and constant initial conditions. For an input perturbation with which the catalyst particles are suddenly introduced into the reactor after the gas and liquid are in equilibrium, the gas reactant in the liquid phase reveals two responses for both kinds of batch operation. In the case of constant gas reactant in the gas phase, the critical condition which distinguishes two responses can be expressed explicitly, and is independent of liquid—solid mass transfer coefficient and intraparticle diffusion coefficient. This makes it possible to determine experimentally the rate constant from the critical condition without evaluating these two mass transfer processes simultaneously.
ReRack: power simulation for data centers with renewable energy generation

Data centers operating cost are dominated by their power consumption. Renewable energy sources can reduce the operating costs when correctly selected. Nevertheless, this is a non trivial task because it should consider different energy sources (wind, solar), storage alternatives (batteries, grid-tie), workload, historical weather patterns, incentives, and service agreement penalties. These are the basic factors, but the model should be extensive to consider other factors like power gating support.This paper introduces ReRack, an extensible simulation infrastructure that can be used to evaluate the energy cost of a data center using renewable energy sources. ReRack is composed of two main components, a simulation and an optimization component. The simulation component explores the cost effectiveness of renewable energy generation. It requires a model that can simulate both the data center power usage and the location-dependent variability of the power generation source (solar and wind). The ReRack optimization component finds the best ratio of renewable energy sources for a given location and workload.
Prostaglandin oligomeric derivatives inhibit in vitro formation of dehydrated cells from sickle red cells.

Abstract Two types of oligomeric derivatives of prostaglandin E1 were synthesized; a free-acid type and a lipophilic ester type. Neither compound inhibited sickling of red blood cells from sickle cell anaemia patients. However, both were found to inhibit the in vitro formation of dehydrated, dense cells (DC) caused bv repeated cycles of sickling and unsickling of sickle cells. Both inhibited the formation of DC in a dose-related manner, but the ester type compound was more effective than the acid-type compound. Concentrations at which these compounds inhibit the DC formation by 50% were 5.2 μM and 40 μM for ester and free-acid compounds, respectively. A possible inhibition mechanism is discussed.
Murine sex-limited protein expression requires androgens and pituitary hormones

Levels of the murine sex-limited protein, (Slp) were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in normal and hypophysectomized female CDF1 (Slpa) mice before and after a 15-day treatment with testosterone proprionate. Both groups of mice initially had undetectable levels of circulating Slp. After treatment, Slp serum levels of the nonhypophysectomized group had risen significantly above the Slp serum levels of the hypophysectomized group and the pretreatment controls. This indicates that the pituitary gland is necessary for the androgen-induced expression of Slp.
Tritiated and deuterated alprazolam. The use of deuterium NMR to study isotope exchange in tritiated alprazolam

Abstract Using labeled acetate, tritium was incorporated into the triazolomethyl group of alprazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine. During chemical synthesis, purification and storage, a rapid loss of tritium into solvent media was noted. As a model reaction using tritiated sodium acetate (sp. act. 0.1 Ci/mmol), tritiated alprazolam was produced in 92% chemical yield (19% radiochemical yield) exhibiting a sp. act. of 0.02 Ci/mmol. Investigation of the lability of the α-methyl tritia utilized the synthesis of deuterated alprazolam and deuterium NMR. Deuterated alprazolam was found to exchange with all buffer systems employed over the pH range 1–11. The exchange was shown to be a rapid ( t 1 2 ∼ 2.5 min ) process which appeared to proceed independently of pH.
The Contrasting Alkylations of 4-(Dimethylaminomethyl)pyridine and 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine: An Organic Chemistry Experiment

A critical factor for the increased nucleophilicity of the pyridine nitrogen in 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) is electron donation via resonance from the amino group into the aromatic ring that increases electron density on the pyridine nitrogen. To explore how important this resonance effect is, 4-(dimethylaminomethyl)pyridine (DMAMP) was synthesized and the alkylation products of DMAP and DMAMP were compared. The methylene group between the pyridine ring and the amino group in DMAMP removes the possibility of resonance effects between the two nitrogen atoms. Alkylation of DMAP occurs exclusively at the pyridine nitrogen, whereas alkylation of DMAMP occurs exclusively at the amino group indicating that resonance effects are quite important. When these alkylations are carried out with a 1:1 equimolar ratio of CH3I and CH3CH2I, only methylated products are formed. This laboratory experiment is designed to teach students how to analyze the fundamental concepts of nucleophilicity and electrophilicity as a method of accurately predicting the reactivity of organic compounds. Molecular orbital calculations are used to examine the electron density present on each nitrogen atom of DMAP and DMAMP (as a measure of nucleophilicity) and to determine the stability of the possible products.
Bayesian solutions to graduate admissions and related selection problems

A graduate program has to decide how many offers of admission to make to achieve a targeted number of acceptances for its entering class given uncertainty about how many will accept such offers. We first structure and solve selection problems under the assumption that probabilities associated with uncertain outcomes have assumed values using symmetric and asymmetric loss functions and show sensitivity of solutions to errors in these assumed values. Then we show how these problems can be solved when these probabilities are heterogeneous and have to be estimated from sample data.