cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Steel factor influences the distribution and activity of murine hematopoietic stem cells in vivo.

To determine the effects of steel factor (SIF) on the number and distribution of phenotypically defined hematopoietic stem cells in vivo, mice were treated with continuous s.c. infusions of SIF for up to 7 days. The bone marrow demonstrated a transient 5-fold increase in the number of c-kit-positive lineage-negative/low cells with no change in cellularity. The radioprotective capacity of bone marrow cells was significantly reduced, and a 30% decrease in Thylo Lin-/lo Sca-1+ stem cells (Sca+ cells) was observed. In marked contrast, in the spleen a 2-fold increase in cellularity was accompanied by a 24-fold increase in c-kit-positive lineage-negative/low cells. SIF-treated spleen cells provided increased radioprotection and a corresponding 4-fold increase in the number of Sca+ cells. In the peripheral blood, an increase in both neutrophils and lymphocytes resulted; however, the number of c-kit-positive lineage-negative/low cells remained < 1%. SIF produced a 25-fold increase in radioprotection capacity and a 20-fold increase in the number of Sca+ cells in the peripheral blood. The increased radioprotection capacity of both the spleen cells and peripheral blood cells was associated with donor-derived, long-term multilineage reconstitution of recipient mice. The total number of Sca+ cells isolated per mouse after SIF treatment was not significantly increased. These results show that exogenous SIF treatment causes a redistribution of Sca+ cells and stem cell activity while having little effect on the total number of stem cells in the mouse.
Characterization of Anaerobic Catabolism of p-Coumarate in Rhodopseudomonas palustris by Integrating Transcriptomics and Quantitative Proteomics

In this study, the pathway for anaerobic catabolism of p-coumarate by a model bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, was characterized by comparing the gene expression profiles of cultures grown in the presence of p-coumarate, benzoate, or succinate as the sole carbon sources. Gene expression was quantified at the mRNA level with transcriptomics and at the protein level with quantitative proteomics using 15N metabolic labeling. Protein relative abundances, along with their confidence intervals for statistical significance evaluation, were estimated with the software ProRata. Both -omics measurements were used as the transcriptomics provided near-full genome coverage of gene expression profiles and the quantitative proteomics ascertained abundance changes of over 1600 proteins. The integrated gene expression data are consistent with the hypothesis that p-coumarate is converted to benzoyl-CoA, which is then degraded via a known aromatic ring reduction pathway. For the metabolism of p-coumarate to benzoyl-CoA, two alternative routes, a β-oxidation route and a non-β-oxidation route, are possible. The integrated gene expression data provided strong support for the non-β-oxidation route in R. palustris. A putative gene was proposed for every step in the non-β-oxidation route.
Transmembrane electrical potentials in ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation.

Abstract Ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation have been induced in the intact ventricle of the guinea pig by the use of aconitine. The micropuncture technique was used to record single fiber electrical activity. Ventricular fibrillation was characterized by irregular action potentials of varying amplitude. Simultaneous recording of electrical activity from two fibers on the ventricular surface revealed partial synchronism of action potentials when the fibers were in close proximity. The synchronism was not evident when the explored fibers were at a distance. The disorganization of guinea pig ventricular fibers during fibrillation was not total. Single fiber electrical alternans was frequently observed during ventricular tachycardia and was associated with mechanical alternans. Mechanical alternans was seen occasionally without demonstrable single fiber electrical alternans. It is suggested that in this circumstance the appropriate fibers were not selected for microelectrode penetration, since it was found that all cells did not participate in electrical alternation in any one preparation. It would appear, therefore, that alternation of the heart, both electrical and mechanical, may be related to alternate variations in behavior of individual fiber membrane and contractile elements.
A Comparison of Behavioral Parent Training Programs for Fathers of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Few behavioral parent training (BPT) treatment studies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have included and measured outcomes with fathers. In this study, fathers were randomly assigned to attend a standard BPT program or the Coaching Our Acting-Out Children: Heightening Essential Skills (COACHES) program. The COACHES program included BPT plus sports skills training for the children and parent-child interactions in the context of a soccer game. Groups did not differ at baseline, and father ratings of treatment outcome indicated improvement at posttreatment for both groups on measures of child behavior. There was no significant difference between groups on ADHD-related measures of child outcome. However, at posttreatment, fathers who participated in the COACHES program rated children as more improved, and they were significantly more engaged in the treatment process (e.g., greater attendance and arrival on time at sessions, more homework completion, greater consumer satisfaction). The implications for these findings and father-related treatment efforts are discussed.
Legacies of the Bendectin Case

Judging Science. Scientific Knowledge and the Federal Courts. KENNETH R. FOSTER and PETER W. HUBER. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997. xii, 322 pp., illus. $40. ISBN 0-262-0692-9.
PERMERCURATION OF SUBSTITUTED FERROCENES : ASSESSMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MERCURATION

Abstract Mono- and disubstituted ferrocenes react with excess mercuric acetate (at least eight or nine equivalents) to afford highly insoluble mixtures of polymercurated ferrocenes. In the case of 1,1′-dimethylferrocene, the mercurated product is composed of minor amounts of the octamercurated and hexamercurated ferrocenes, with the heptamercurated ferrocene being the major product. This analysis is based upon results of chlorination and bromination studies of the mercurated species. It is proposed that exhaustive mercuration fails due to the extreme insolubility of the higher mercurated products.
Simultaneous expression of early and late histone messenger RNAs in individual cells during development of the sea urchin embryo.

Abstract The transition from early (E) to late (L) histone gene expression in developing sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryos was examined for H2B, H3, and H4 mRNAs by in situ hybridization of class-specific probes. Hybridization patterns indicate that the shift from E to L mRNAs occurs gradually and simultaneously in all blastomeres. Thus, during the transition the ratio of L to E mRNAs is similar in most cells. This suggests that no sudden changes in histone composition occur in individual cells which might be related to alterations in gene expression associated with differentiation of cell lineages. Around the midpoint of the transition, clusters of cells progressively appear which contain little, if any, E or L histone mRNA. This modulation of expression is coordinated for the three late genes examined because most individual cells contain either high or low levels of all three mRNAs. At blastula stage these clusters of unlabeled cells appear to be randomly distributed throughout the embryo. Subsequently the unlabeled regions expand and are found predominantly in aboral ectoderm as these cells cease to divide. Thus, the L E histone mRNA ratio is not differentially regulated in diverse cell lineages, and the major differences in total histone mRNA content among individual cells may be related to cell cycle and/or the cessation of division.
Ratifiability and the Logic of Decision1

Happiness is achieved by prudence: prudence is found in right actions: a right action is one that, once pedormed, has a probable justification. - Arcesilaus
Regulation of a cytochrome c2 isoform in wild-type and cytochrome c2 mutant strains of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract In Rhodobacter sphaeroides , mutations that suppress the photosynthetic deficiency ( spd mutations) of strains lacking cytochrome c 2 (cyt c 2 ) cause accumulation of a periplasmic cyt c 2 isoform that has been designated isocytochrome c 2 (isocyt c 2 ). In this study, a new method for purification of both cyt c 2 and isocyt c 2 is described that uses periplasmic fluid as a starting material. In addition, antiserum to isocyt c 2 has been used to demonstrate that all suppressor mutants contain an isocyt c 2 of ~15 kDa. Western blot analysis indicates that isocyt c 2 was present at lower levels in both wild-type and cyt c 2 mutants than in spd -containing mutants. Although isocyt c 2 is detectable under all growth conditions in wild-type cells, the highest level of isocyt c 2 is present under aerobic conditions. Our results demonstrate that spd mutations increase the steady state level of isocyt c 2 under photosynthetic conditions. Although the physiological function of isocyt c 2 in wild-type cells is not known, we show that a nitrate-regulated protein in Rhodobacter sphaeroides f. sp. denitrificans also reacts with the isocyt c 2 antiserum.
Properties of emerging organizations: An empirical test

Abstract The process of new venture creation is central to the field of entrepreneurship. The effects of initial organizing have a direct influence on survival, yet empirical examination of the dimensions of emergent organizations is limited. Using longitudinal data on nascent entrepreneurs, this paper empirically tests four properties of emerging organizations-intentionality, resources, boundary and exchange- and their effect on likelihood of continued organizing [Katz, J., Gartner, W.B., 1988. Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review 13(3), 429–441]. Our results suggest that all four properties are necessary for firm survival in the short-term and those firms that organize more slowly are more likely to continue to organize. Further, nascent ventures in which intentionality preceded the other organizing properties were not significantly more likely to continue in the organizing effort. Our results suggest an extension of the original Katz and Gartner [Katz, J., Gartner, W.B., 1988. Properties of emerging organizations. Academy of Management Review 13(3), 429–441] framework.
Green synthesis of hematite (α-Fe2O3) submicron particles

Abstract Iron oxide microparticles have been synthesized through a green technique using hydrogen peroxide under sunlight irradiation. The X-ray powder diffraction measurement shows that these particles are hematite (α-Fe2O3). The microstructure and particle size were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The magnetic characterization shows the presence of Morin transition at about 258 K, which is very close to the normal value (263 K) of bulk hematite. These hematite particles show typical antiferromagnetic behavior at low temperature and weak ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature.
The Link between Mating Season and Male Reproductive Anatomy in the Rattlesnakes Crotalus viridis oreganus and Crotalus viridis helleri

and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 1) 2:287-293. GREER, A. E., AND D. G. BROADLEY. 2000. Six characters of systematic importance in the scincid lizard genus Mabuya. Hamadryad 25:1-12. GREER, A. E., AND R. A. NUSSBAUM. 2000. New character useful in the sytematics of the scincid lizard genus Mabuya. Copeia 2000:615-618. GREER, A. E., C. ARNOLD, AND E. N. ARNOLD. 2000. The systematic significance of the number of presacral vertebrae in the scincid lizard genus Mabuya. Amphibia-Reptilia 21:121-126. HOGE, A. R. 1946. Um novo lagarto da ilha do Queimada Grande. Mem6rias do Instituto Butantan 19:
Effect of growth conditions on the motility of Photorhabdus temperata

Photorhabdus temperata is a bioluminescent bacterium that lives in mutualistic association with entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis. The bacterium exists in two morphologically distinguishable phases (primary and secondary). The swimming behavior of P. temperata was investigated. Both the primary and secondary variants were able to swim in liquid or semisolid media under appropriate conditions. Variation in the oxygen levels had little affect on the chemotaxis and motility of the primary form, but greatly influenced the behavior of the secondary form. Under oxic conditions the secondary form was nonmotile, but motility was induced under anoxic conditions. Several phenotypic traits of the primary form were not expressed under anoxic conditions. The constituents of the growth media affected the motility of both variants. P. temperata required additional NaCl or KCl for optimum motility and chemotaxis. Optimal chemotactic behavior required the presence of bacto-peptone and yeast extract in the swim-migration medium. A mutant that was isolated from the secondary form was able to swim under oxic conditions and possessed an altered salt requirement for motility.
Beyond the Book "Case.".

Abstract The incorporation of active learning techniques into library instruction classrooms has been a topic widely explored in the 1990s. Research confirms the success of active learning in increasing student participation as well as student learning. Case study methodology is one of many active learning techniques. “Beyond the Book ‘case’” provides an overview of case—study methodology; discusses the appropriateness of case—study methodology in the library instruction setting; and presents examples of case studies used in a library instruction course at Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky.
A QSAR investigation of the role of hydrophobicity in regulating mutagenicity in the Ames test: 1. Mutagenicity of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100.

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been derived for the mutagenic activity of 88 aromatic and heteroaromatic amines acting on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 + S9 and 67 amines acting on TA100 + S9. Mutagenic activity is linearly dependent on hydrophobicity, the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital, and the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the amine. The dependence of mutagenic activity on hydrophobicity and electronic effects is nearly identical for TA98 and TA100. Mutagenic activity in TA98 is also found to depend on the size of the aromatic ring system. Different QSARs are derived for the mutagenic activity of hydrophilic amines (log P < 1) acting on either TA98 or TA100. The mechanism of amine activation and reaction with DNA is considered in light of these findings.
Analytic treatment of three similar Fredifolm integral equations of the second kind with reduce 2

This paper presents a solution to the following problem proposed by W. Morven Gentleman [1]:"For each of the following three integral equations, find the largest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenfunction f(x). Note that in equations (a) and (b) these are functions of α; in equation (a) we are actually interested in the limit for large α, and in equation (b) as α approaches zero. In each case m is used as abbreviation for max (x,y).
Social psychology as history: Advancing the problem

It is suggested that an attempt to design specific tests of the Gergen (1973) "social psychology as history" hypoth esis would be a more productive exercise than continued self- criticism and debate.
Dose-volume specification: New challenges with intensity-modulated radiation therapy

Abstract It has long been recognized that the specification of volumes and doses is an important issue for radiation oncology. Although in any individual center, policies and procedures of treatment delivery may be well understood by staff, reporting of treatment techniques in the archival literature in an unambiguous manner has been found to be less than desirable in many instances. For clinical studies utilizing three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), and even more so, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), the situation has become even more complex. 3D-CRT and IMRT are now recognized to be more sensitive to geometric uncertainties than conventional radiation therapy because of their ability to create sharper dose gradients around target volumes and organs at risk (OARs). This article reviews the current status of specifying target volumes and doses for 3D-CRT and IMRT, and discusses some of the pertinent issues regarding the use of recommendations in Reports 50 and 62 of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) in this task. It is imperative that physician and physicist fully appreciate the need to account for clinical and spatial uncertainties in the planning and delivery of cancer patients' treatment, paying even more attention to these issues for those cases in which 3D-CRT and/or IMRT is used. A brief review of the reporting requirements for Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 3D-CRT and IMRT protocols is also presented. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Covered Wallstents for palliation of malignant biliary obstruction: primary stent placement versus reintervention.

Background Covered self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs) are designed to prevent tumor ingrowth and can be removed if necessary. Only limited comparative data are available on the performance of covered SEMSs after primary placement versus reintervention. Objective To assess the effectiveness and safety of covered SEMS placement either as primary treatment or reintervention in patients requiring palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Design Retrospective clinical cohort study. Setting Tertiary referral center. Patients This study involved 104 patients with unresectable malignant biliary strictures. Intervention Covered biliary SEMS placement. Main Outcome Measurements Stent patency, technical success, and patient survival. Results Covered SEMSs were placed as primary treatment in 48 patients (46%), and reintervention was performed in 56 patients (54%). At 3, 6, and 12 months thereafter, the Kaplan-Meier estimated fractions of all patients with patent stents were 94%, 84%, and 58%, respectively. Covered SEMSs remained patent until the patient's death in 75 of 89 nonsurvivors (84%). Although patency rates 3, 6, and 12 months after primary placement (100%, 93%, and 82%, respectively) were higher than those after reintervention (90%, 78%, and 48%, respectively), the differences were not statistically significant ( P = .057). Overall, the most frequent adverse events were cholangitis (7%) and stent migration (4%). Limitations The distribution of stricture locations differed among the groups, and survival data suggested the presence of more extensive disease in the primary treatment group at baseline. Conclusion The clinical utility and safety of primary covered SEMS placement were confirmed. This study provides the most extensive evidence to date that reintervention with a covered SEMS can provide a useful palliative option.
An experimentally verified criterion for propagation across unbounded frictional interfaces in brittle, linear elastic materials

Abstract Understanding how a propagating fracture interacts with existing fractures, lithologic boundaries and other material interfaces is essential to the interpretation of fracture network geometries. In this paper, a first order analysis of the stresses near a mode I fracture impinging upon a frictional interface oriented normal to the growing fracture results in a simple criterion that predicts whether a growing fracture will terminate at or cross the interface. The analysis uses the linear elastic fracture mechanics solution for the stresses near a fracture tip to determine the compressive stress required to prevent slip along the interface at the moment when the stress on the opposite side of the interface is sufficient to initiate a fracture. A series of experimental investigations designed to assess the conditions required for crossing are presented and shown to be consistent with the criterion. Using data from previously published experiments, the criterion is shown to accurately predict the occurrence of compressional crossing in nine different brittle materials including three types of synthetic materials and six types of natural rock.
Status Epilepticus: An Update

Status epilepticus (SE) still results in significant mortality and morbidity. Whereas mortality depends mainly on the age of the patient as well as the cause, morbidity is often due to the myriad of complications that occur during prolonged admission to an intensive care environment. Although SE is a clinical diagnosis in most cases (convulsant), its treatment requires support by continuous electroencephalographic recording to ensure cessation of potential nonconvulsive elements of SE. Treatment has recently changed to incorporate four stages and must be initiated at the earliest possible time.
SOFTWARE RELIABILITY ANALYSIS INCORPORATING SECOND-ORDER ARCHITECTURAL STATISTICS

Architecture-based techniques for reliability assessment of software applications have received increased attention in the past few years due to the advent of component-based software development paradigm. Most of the prior research efforts in architecture-based analysis use the composite solution approach to solve the architecture-based models in order to estimate application reliability. Though the composite solution approach produces an accurate estimate of application reliability, it suffers from several drawbacks. The most notable drawback of the composite solution approach is that it does not allow an analysis of the sensitivity of the application reliability to the reliabilities of the components comprising the application and the application structure. The hierarchical solution approach on the other hand, has the potential of overcoming the drawbacks of the composite approach. However, in the present form, the hierarchical solution approach produces an estimate of application reliability which is only an approximation of the estimate produced by the composite approach since it does not take into consideration the second-order architectural statistics. Also, although the hierarchical solution approach can be used for sensitivity analysis, mathematical techniques to perform such analysis are lacking. Development of an accurate hierarchical solution approach to estimate application reliability based on its architecture is the focus of this paper. Using the approach described in this paper, an analytical application reliability function which incorporates second-order architectural statistics can be obtained. Sensitivity analysis techniques and expressions to determine the mean time to failure of the application are developed based on this analytical reliability function. We illustrate the reliability prediction, sensitivity analysis, and mean time to failure computation techniques presented in this paper using two case studies.
Careers in Midlife and Beyond: A Fallow Field in Need of Sustenance.

Abstract Workers at midlife and beyond have been neglected by researchers studying vocational behavior. This article attempts to address that shortcoming by examining why it is important to devote more attention to this growing segment of the population, presenting some of the data that are available, and posing several questions for further study. We begin by assessing the effects of physiology, psychology, and social surroundings on the aging process. We then examine the way the increased turbulence in the workplace is affecting careers in an aging workforce. The effects of technological change, restructuring, and changing work relations on older workers’ careers are also presented, followed by a discussion of factors related to the decision to retire. Finally, we address the current state of career theory as it relates to issues faced by workers at midcareer and beyond, and we present potential questions for future research in this area.
MANY BODY SOLITON DYNAMICS: MODIFICATION OF NUCLEON PROPERTIES IN NUCLEI

We propose a model of nuclear structure in which the degrees of freedom are quarks and mesonic fields. The quarks are organized into nucleons which interact via the exchange of mesons (\ensuremath{\sigma},\ensuremath{\pi},\ensuremath{\rho},\ensuremath{\omega}). The model is so structured as to reproduce the results of recently developed relativistic models of nuclear structure in which the degrees of freedom are nucleons and mesons. The model used to describe nucleon structure is taken from a previous work in which a fully covariant (soliton) model of the nucleon was developed. The model also allows one to consider the dynamics of solitons in the presence of the fields generated by other solitons. This feature enables us to investigate the modification of nucleon properties when the nucleon is inside a nucleus. Our central result is the prediction that nucleons will be bigger in the nucleus than in free space. Evidence for this modification of nucleon properties is discussed. We consider deep inelastic electron scattering from nuclei: We discuss the European-Muon-Collaboration effect and some recent (e,e') experiments and relate the experimental results to our prediction of modified nucleon radii and form factors.
Electron microscopy investigation of spark-eroded Ni–Mn–Ga ferromagnetic shape-memory alloy particles

The microstructural and chemical characteristics of Ni–Mn–Ga particles produced by spark-erosion using liquid argon or liquid nitrogen dielectrics were investigated by electron microscopy techniques. The particles were predominantly micron-sized spheres; those obtained in argon were solid, whereas those obtained in nitrogen were primarily hollow. The investigation of annealed particles revealed twinned microstructure and provided evidence supporting the cryogen solubility model of hollow particle formation, as well as possibly explaining the non-homogeneous structure of particles formed by spark-erosion in liquid nitrogen.
The American Juvenile Collection: a historical study

The American Juvenile Collection, beginning in 1976 and continually growing, is an important Children's Literature Research Collection. It contains juvenile fiction, poetry, fairy tales and folktales published in the USA between 1910 and 1960, a unique period in publishing due largely to sociological factors. This 6,000‐volume special collection, largely first editions, is distinctive and invaluable to both researchers and juvenile literature enthusiasts. This paper describes the inception, development, and current function of this collection, housed at the C.W. Post Campus Library, Long Island University.
Bar-On on Self-Knowledge and Expression

I critically discuss the account of self-knowledge presented in Dorit Bar-On’s Speaking My Mind (OUP 2004), focusing on Bar-On’s understanding of what makes our capacity for self-knowledge puzzling and on her ‘neo-expressivist’ solution to the puzzle. I argue that there is an important aspect of the problem of self-knowledge that Bar-On’s account does not sufficiently address. A satisfying account of self-knowledge must explain not merely how we are able to make accurate avowals about our own present mental states, but how we can reasonably regard ourselves as entitled to claim self-knowledge. Addressing this aspect of the problem of self-knowledge requires confronting questions about the metaphysical nature of mental states, questions that Bar-On’s approach seeks to avoid.
From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology. Jeremy W. Dale and Malcolm von Schantz. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2002, 270 pp., $39.95, softcover. ISBN 0-471-49783-5.

In the preface, the authors state the hope that this book will be of use to undergraduates in biological and biomedical sciences, who already have some background in molecular biology, and to researchers wanting to update their knowledge in related areas. The book seems likely to succeed in these goals and to create a niche for itself. Although it might be perceived by some hardcore molecular biologists as molecular biology “lite”, the book actually provides a good overview of molecular biology, including the basic principles and techniques extant since the late 1970s (e.g., …
Readers' Comprehension Responses in Informative Discourse: Toward Connecting Reading and Writing in Technical Communication

A qualitative study using reading protocols suggests that when readers of informative documents understand conveyed information satisfactorily, they make direct confirmations and positive comprehension evaluations. When readers are uncertain about the accuracy of their understanding, they guess, make assumptions, or render the text's language into their own words. When readers' understanding is impaired, they ask for more clearly established links or relationships in the text, or they pinpoint some ambiguity or lack of resolution. When readers' understanding is unsatisfactory but not impaired, they request additional information. In addition, readers make evaluative suggestions that introduce, focus, emphasize, or reiterate their other comprehension-related responses. The response patterns isolated in this qualitative study indicate the need for specific quantitative research and suggest some directions for developing reader-based heuristics for informative writing.
Lazy argument passing in Java RMI

Though often criticized for its inherent synchronization overhead and coupling, the remote method invocation (RMI) paradigm remains one of the most popular abstractions for building distributed applications. Many authors have suggested ways to overcome its drawbacks focusing mostly on the invoker's perspective, for example by multiplexing invocations to replicated server objects, through "future" return values, or even by prohibiting return values altogether. The more global perspective, and in particular the invokee side, has conversely only received little attention.In this paper we take a fresh look at the RMI paradigm, elaborating on argument passing semantics. We identify three lazy ways of passing arguments by value, differing by the moment at which the transfer of the arguments synchronizes with the execution of the method body. We present a preliminary library implementation of our argument passing semantics in Java RMI, and illustrate their individual benefits through examples. We characterize analytically and empirically application scenarios which benefit from lazy argument passing.
Trade and conflict revisited: Do politics matter?

This paper re‐examines the relationship between trade and conflict. It is argued that the current findings on the trade‐conflict hypothesis omit political effects germane to a fully specified explanation of international conflict. In particular, conflict is greatly influenced by the patterns of exchange which constrain trading activity; the dynamics of the conflict process which may overshadow the peaceful effects from trade; and the sources of risk and uncertainty which have a political as well as economic component. By including these effects, several anomalies in the literature are more satisfyingly explained and some counterintuitive results may be predicted from the general model of trade and conflict. A retest of the hypothesis that trade lowers the level of conflict is made via a pooled regression model. The results confirm earlier findings but as anticipated, several important exceptions emerge. First, trade does not provide an economic incentive to cooperate even though it may serve to diminish t...
Atomic Shell Theory Recast

Conventional shell theory for the electronic configurations ${l}^{N}$ rests on the separation of the spin and orbital spaces according to the scheme $U(4l+2)\ensuremath{\supset}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(2l+1)$. If we are prepared to abandon the total spin quantum number $S$, the more symmetrical reduction $U(4l+2)\ensuremath{\supset}U(2l+1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(2l+1)$ can be adopted, corresponding to the separation of electrons whose spins point up from those whose spins point down. The orbital structure of a representation [$\ensuremath{\lambda}$] of $U(2l+1)$ can be carried over from ordinary shell theory; but the quantum numbers ${L}_{A}$ and ${L}_{B}$ in a typical coupled state $|([{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{A}]{L}_{A}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}[{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{B}]{L}_{B})L{M}_{L}{M}_{S}〉$ are only pseudo-orbital. The existence of two distinct spaces, each of dimension ($2l+1$), leads to many simplifications in the theory. States of the $f$ shell can be classified unambiguously. The spin-orbit splitting of terms near the Russell-Saunders limit is easy to calculate; no fractional parentage coefficients are necessary. What is especially remarkable is that ${L}_{A}$ and ${L}_{B}$ are sometimes quite good quantum numbers, and this makes it possible to give simple explanations for many regularities in the energy-level patterns for configurations of the type ${f}^{N}$.
Structure Based Functional Analysis of Bacteriophage f1 Gene V Protein

A computational mutagenesis methodology utilizing a four-body, knowledge-based, statistical contact potential is applied toward globally quantifying relative structural changes (residual scores) in bacteriophage f1 gene V protein (GVP) due to single amino acid residue substitutions. We show that these residual scores correlate well with experimentally measured relative changes in protein function caused by the mutations. For each mutant, the approach also yields local measures of environmental perturbation occurring at every residue position (residual profile) in the protein. Implementation of the random forest algorithm, utilizing experimental GVP mutants whose feature vector components include environmental changes at the mutated position and at six nearest neighbors, correctly classifies mutants based on function with up to 72% accuracy while achieving 0.77 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and a 0.42 correlation coefficient. An optimally trained random forest model is subsequently used to infer function for all remaining unexplored GVP mutants.
Kinetically stable task assignment for networks of microservers

This paper studies task assignment in a network of resource constrained computing platforms (called microservers). A task is an abstraction of a computational agent or data that is hosted by the microservers. For example, in an object tracking scenario, a task represents a mobile tracking agent, such as a vehicle location update computation, that runs on microservers, which can receive sensor data pertaining to the object of interest. Due to object motion, the microservers that can observe a particular object change over time and there is overhead involved in migrating tasks among microservers. Furthermore, communication, processing, or memory constraints, allow a microserver to only serve a limited number of objects at the same time. Our overall goal is to assign tasks to microservers so as to minimize the number of migrations, and thus be kinetically stable, while guaranteeing that as many tasks as possible are monitored at all times. When the task trajectories are known in advance, we show that this problem is NP-complete (even over just two time steps), has an integrality gap of at least 2, and can be solved optimally in polynomial time if we allow tasks to be assigned fractionally. When only probabilistic information about future movement of the tasks is known, we propose two algorithms: a multi-commodity flow based algorithm and a maximum matching algorithm. We use simulations to compare the performance of these algorithms against the optimum task allocation strategy.
Gene regulatory networks directing myeloid and lymphoid cell fates within the immune system

Considerable progress is being achieved in the analysis of gene regulatory networks that direct cell fate decisions within the hematopoietic system. In addition to transcription factors that are pivotal for cell fate specification and commitment, recent evidence suggests the involvement of microRNAs. In this review we attempt to integrate these two types of regulatory components into circuits that dictate cell fate choices leading to the generation of innate as well as adaptive immune cells. The developmental circuits are placed in the context of a revised scheme for hematopoiesis that suggests that both the innate (myeloid) and adaptive (lymphoid) lineages of the immune system arise from a common progenitor.
The effects of acceptance and suppression on anticipation and receipt of painful stimulation.

Background and objectives: Previous research has found that in some contexts, suppression increases distress, whereas acceptance decreases distress. It is not clear, however, whether these two common forms of emotion regulation have comparable or divergent physiological and behavioral effects during the anticipation and receipt of a painful stimulus. Methods: To address this issue, we randomized participants to suppression, acceptance, or no instruction control groups, and assessed their cardiovascular and behavioral responses while they anticipated and then received electric shocks. Results: Findings revealed that compared to the control condition (1) acceptance and suppression led to comparable reductions in pain reports and cardiac defense responses; and (2) acceptance led to greater reductions in reports of anticipatory anxiety than suppression. Limitations: The current study tested only two emotion regulation techniques in the context of a paininducing stimulus that has limited ecological validity. Conclusions: In contrast to previous research, we found that both acceptance and suppression are effective in reducing pain and anxiety in response to experimentally induced pain.
Doppler Weather Radar Velocity Measurements Using a Single Pulse

Abstract Simulations of weather radar echoes were used to determine whether single-pulse estimates of velocity could be made with sufficient accuracy to measure the velocity aliasing that is inherent with pulse Doppler weather radars. The results indicated that this type of velocity measurement can be made, but such a large number of single-pulse estimates need to be averaged to determine the velocity aliasing that the concept is not compatible with the spatial and temporal resolution requirements of the WSR-88D (NEXRAD).
Revealing off-target cleavage specificities of zinc-finger nucleases by in vitro selection

An in vitro method for examining cleavage patterns of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) identifies previously unknown off-target cleavage sites. Some of the sites are present in the human genome and show evidence for ZFN-induced cleavage in cultured human cell lines.
A Case of Collective Responsibility: Who Else Was to Blame for the Columbine High School Shootings?

Two studies examined perceptions of collective responsibility for the April 20, 1999, shootings at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. Collective responsibility refers to the perception that others, besides the wrongdoers themselves, are responsible for the event. In Study 1, the authors assessed perceptions of the shooters' parents and their peer group (the Trenchcoat Mafia), whereas Study 2 tested perceptions of collective responsibility across a range of groups. In both studies, perceptions of a target group's entitativity predicted judgments of collective responsibility. This relationship was mediated by two situational construals that justify applying collective responsibility: responsibility by commission (encouraging or facilitating the event) and responsibility by omission (failing to prevent the event). Study 2 also determined that perceptions of authority predicted judgments of collective responsibility for the Columbine shootings and was mediated by inferences of omission. Future directions in collective responsibility research are discussed.
Large-Scale Assessment of the Effect of Popularity on the Reliability of Research

Based on theoretical reasoning it has been suggested that the reliability of findings published in the scientific literature decreases with the popularity of a research field. Here we provide empirical support for this prediction. We evaluate published statements on protein interactions with data from high-throughput experiments. We find evidence for two distinctive effects. First, with increasing popularity of the interaction partners, individual statements in the literature become more erroneous. Second, the overall evidence on an interaction becomes increasingly distorted by multiple independent testing. We therefore argue that for increasing the reliability of research it is essential to assess the negative effects of popularity and develop approaches to diminish these effects.
WHY UPLOADING WILL NOT WORK, OR, THE GHOSTS HAUNTING TRANSHUMANISM

Transhumanists tend to have a commitment to materialism and naturalism but nonetheless pursue goals traditionally associated with religious ideologies, such as the quest for immortality. Some hope to achieve immortality through the application of a technology whereby the brain is scanned and the person "uploaded" to a computer. This process is typically described as "transferring" one's mind to a computer. I argue that, while the technology may be feasible, uploading will not succeed because it in fact does not "transfer" a mind at all and will not preserve personal identity. Transhumanist hopes for such transfer ironically rely on treating the mind dualistically — and inconsistently with materialism — as the functional equivalent of a soul, as is evidenced by a carefully examination of the language used to describe and defend uploading. In this sense, transhumanist thought unwittingly contains remnants of dualistic and religious concepts.
The Bioelectrical Activity of the Neuronal Membrane

In all tissues of the human body, the cytoplasm of the constituent cells has an ionic composition very different from that of the extracellular fluid. The plasma membranes of the cells are adorned with an assortment of regulated ion channels and pumps that control this differential distribution of ions. As a result of these unbalanced ion distributions, the plasma membranes of all living cells exhibit a bioelectric charge that represents a form of potential energy that the cells can exploit for various purposes. Neurons have greatly refined this universal feature of plasma membranes and bent it to the task of information processing.
How Religious tradition Survives in the World of Science: John Polkinghorne and Norbert Samuelson

The Faith of a Physicist: Reflections of a Bottom-Up Thinker John Polkinghorn Judaism and the Doctrine of Creation Norbert Samuelson
Lithic and Conodont Succession of Silurian Strata, Batesville District, Arkansas

In ascending order the Cason Shale consists of phosphatic sandstone and shale, oolitic limestone, pelmatozoan limestone, and sandy, calcareous shale containing abundant ellipsoidal algal growths. Conodonts from these units and the overlying St. Clair and Lafferty Limestones indicate the occurrence of Bereich I and the celloni-Zone, amorphognathoides-Zone, sagittus-Zone, and siluricus-Zone of Walliser9s (1964) European conodont zonation.
Mortality Among People With Mental Retardation Living in The United States: Research Review and Policy Application

Abstract A literature review was conducted to examine mortality among people with mental retardation and related developmental disabilities living in the United States and determine how research findings relate to or assist in policy development. Two questions were considered: What do the differences between earlier and more recent research mean to policy development? What does the research literature indicate about other aspects of mortality that relate to policy development? Five major limitations of mortality research as a useful tool to policy development were discussed. Recommendations were made to identify what policymakers need to do to develop an oversight mechanism and type of research needed to assist policymakers in providing appropriate services and supports to this population.
Confidence intervals for the ratio of two Poisson rates under one-way differential misclassification using double sampling

Wald, profile likelihood, and marginal likelihood confidence intervals are derived for the ratio of two Poisson rates in the presence of one-way differentially misclassified data using double sampling. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the reliability and relative performance of the intervals, and an example from cancer epidemiology illustrates their application and interpretation in a real-world scenario. All of the methods described are implemented and freely available in the R package poisDoubleSamp on the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN).
Low-temperature grown Gallium Arsenide (LT-GaAs) high-speed detectors

Abstract Compared to epitaxial gallium arsenide (GaAs) grown at regular temperature, low-temperature epitaxial growth of GaAs results in a dramatically shorter carrier lifetime. This produces subpicosecond device responses and enables ultra-high-speed photodetection. However, low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) photodetectors usually exhibit poor responsivity due to the lower carrier mobility in LT-GaAs. Here, the properties and characteristics of the low-temperature-grown material are investigated. Carrier lifetime as a function of growth and annealing temperatures are explored as well as nonlinear optical characteristics and optical absorption well below the bandgap energy of GaAs. Several photodetector styles (photoconductive, PIN, MSM, and waveguide photodetectors) utilizing LT-GaAs are presented. These photodetectors enable a variety of high-speed photonic systems. Their technology and the future use of LT-GaAs are explored, especially in the field of THz emitters and receivers.
The President and Social Movements: Reflections on Executive Power, Insurgency, and the Quest for Enduring Reform

This paper investigates the relationship between the presidency and social movements, with an eye toward its impact on the achievement and character of durable legal and programmatic reform. Presidency scholars, like many citizens, regularly perceive occupants of the Oval Office as leading agents of change in a labyrinthine political system that can be difficult to navigate. It is a refrain that we can trace from Alexander Hamilton’s famous depiction of the presidency in the Federalist Papers as a critical source of energy in the constitutional order to Stephen Skowronek’s more recent observation that the institution is a “blunt disruptive force” intent upon remaking the national polity on its own terms. Social movement scholars, in turn, associate social and political transformation with organized, collective insurgencies of ordinary people motivated by common purposes or social solidarities. By definition, social movements are, to borrow James Jasper’s words, “conscious, concerted, and relatively sustained efforts by organized groups…to change some aspect of their society by using extra-institutional means.”
Sexual Competitiveness of 60Co-Irradiated Tobacco Budworm1,2

When single male, Heliothis virescens (F.) were irradiated with 15, 22.5, or 30 krad of gamma irradiation and placed with one unirradiated male and one unirradiated female, the irradiated moths were fully competitive based on the percentage egg hatch. Similarly irradiated males exposed to a normal-type population (equal numbers of males and females) or to a population with more unirradiated females than unirradiated males were not fully competitive. These differences in measurements of competitiveness may be influenced by artifacts caused by the test of competitiveness employed. Males irradiated with a dose of 22.5 krad as adults were more competitive than males irradiated with the same dose as pupae when they were exposed to a normal-type population. However, reduction in competitiveness was not more than 32%, even when the pupae and adults were irradiated with 30 krad. Moths irradiated at 15 krad as pupae were more competitive than those similarly irradiated as adults.