cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analogue of Hoffman's circulation conditions for max-balanced flows

LetD=(V, A) be a directed graph. A real-valued vectorx defined on the arc setA is amax-balanced flow forD if for every cutW the maximum weight over arcs leavingW equals the maximum weight over arcs enteringW. For vectorslźu defined onA, we describe an analogue of Hoffman's circulation conditions for the existence of a max-balanced flowx satisfyinglźxźu. We describe an algorithm for computing such a vector, but show that minimizing a linear function over the set of max-balanced flows satisfyinglźxźu is NP-hard. We show that the set of all max-balanced flows satisfyinglźxźu has a greatest element under the usual coordinate partial order, and we describe an algorithm for computing this element. This allows us to solve several related approximation problems. We also investigate the set of minimal elements under the coordinate partial order. We describe an algorithm for finding a minimal element and show that counting the number of minimal elements is #P-hard. Many of our algorithms exploit the relationship between max-balanced flows and bottleneck paths.
Equation of state for hard disks and spheres: The Kirkwood transition

Abstract A nonlinear differential equation for the pressure P of a hard-core system gives rise to a unique solution for P P 0 and a separate unique solution for P > P 0 . The former corresponds to the uniform liquid and the latter to the crystalline solid. The two distinct solutions of the differential equation are separated by the singular solution P = P 0 which represents the liquid-solid coexistence phase. The existence of a singular solution signals the translational symmetry breaking associated with the liquid-solid transition. The hard-disk and hard-sphere freezing and melting transition densities obtained compare well with computer simulation results.
Structural behavior of the halo orthosis pin-bone interface: biomechanical evaluation of standard and newly designed stainless steel halo fixation pins.

The structural response of the halo orthosis pin-bone interface to transverse loading was evaluated on an Instron testing machine using fresh cadaver calvarium sections. Commercially available stainless steel (control) pins and newly designed stainless steel experimental pins were evaluated. Cyclic
Amplified spontaneous emission from photopumped films of a conjugated polymer

By measuring the gain and loss in thin-film planar waveguides using a standard technique developed for inorganic laser materials, we show that the narrow-line emission from photopumped waveguides of the conjugated polymer poly[2-butyl-5-${(2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$-ethyl-hexyl)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] results from amplification of spontaneous emission (ASE). The narrowed linewidth of the ASE spectrum is determined by gain saturation. The ASE emitted from the edge of the waveguide is polarized because the waveguide is birefringent and only allows TE modes to propogate and be amplified. We compare our results and conclusions to other reports that claim that spectral narrowing in conjugated polymers is a result of superfluorescence or excitonic interactions. The techniques presented in the paper offer a simple and useful way for evaluating conjugated polymers as materials for solid state lasers.
Enantiomeric forms of 9-(5-deoxy-β-erythro-pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine and a new preparation of 5-deoxy-d-lyxose

Abstract Methyl 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- d -ribofuranoside ( 3 ) was obtained in three steps from d -ribose. Exchange of the isopropylidene group for benzoate groups and acetolysis gave 1- O -acetyl-2,3-di- O -benzoyl-5-deoxy-5-iodo- d -ribofuranose which was coupled with 6-benzamidochloromercuripurine by the titanium tetrachloride method to afford the blocked nucleoside. Treatment with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene in N,N -dimethylformamide and removal of the blocking groups gave 9-(5-deoxy-β- d - erythro -pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine ( 9 ). A similar route starting from methyl 5-deoxy-5-iodo-2,3- O -isopropylidene-α- d -lyxofuranoside ( 14 ) afforded the enantiomeric nucleoside, 9-(5-deoxy-β- l - erythro -pent-4-enofuranosyl)adenine ( 20 ). Methyl 2,3- O -isopropylidene-α- d -mannofuranoside was treated with sodium periodate and then with sodium borohydride to give methyl 2,3- O -isopropylidene-α- d -lyxofuranoside ( 11 ). Acid hydrolysis afforded d -lyxose. Tosylation of 11 gave methyl 2,3- O -isopropylidene-5- O - p -tolylsulfonyl-α- d -lyxofuranoside ( 12 ) which was converted into 14 with sodium iodide in acetone. Reduction of 12 gave methyl 5-deoxy-2,3- O -isopropylidene-α- d -lyxofuranoside which was hydrolyzed to give 5-deoxy- d -lyxose.
Comparative study of two techniques used in distal hypospadias repair: tubularized incised plate (Snodgrass) and tubularized urethral plate (Duplay).

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the tubularized incised plate (the Snodgrass technique) and tubularized urethral plate (the Duplay technique) in distal hypospadias repair. Material and methods. Between April 2000 and September 2008, 245 distal hypospadias was corrected by a single surgeon: 132 patients underwent repair by tubularized incised plate and 113 by tubularized urethral plate. The age of the patients ranged from 16 to 48 months (mean 27 months). Results. Mean follow-up was 84 months (21–120 months). With the tubularized incised plate, the meatus was vertically oriented and expanded to the apex of the glans, and the rate of fistulae formation was low (3%) but that of neourethral stenosis was high (22%). The Duplay technique led to fistulae in nine patients (8%) and stenoses in only eight (7%). Conclusions. The tubularized incised plate gave an excellent cosmetic result with fewer fistulae; however, more stenoses occurred than with the tubularized urethral pl...
Trust And Parameter Heterogeneity In The Neoclassical Growth Model

Previous research has shown that trust alters input efficiencies across countries, which is suggestive of parameter heterogeneity. In this paper, trust's role in parameter heterogeneity is further explored within the context of the neoclassical growth model. This heterogeneity creates a nonlinear regression specification, which is estimated using a Metropolis within Gibbs algorithm. Results show that country-level trust differences cause human capital's exponent to vary by 43% and physical capital's exponent to vary by 29% across countries. This trust-induced parameter heterogeneity has important implications for various aspects of the development process. Under higher trust levels, the responsiveness of output per worker to changes in savings is increased by as much as 52%. In addition, this parameter heterogeneity also serves to mitigate untenably high implied rates of rate return differences between the US and other countries.
Transformations for infinite regions and their application to flow problems.

Three transformations are presented which map one or both of the intervals [0, oo ] and [— oo,co] into finite intervals. These transformations are particularly useful for the finitedifference solution of systems of differential equations involving infinite regions, since they permit straightforward application of boundary conditions at infinity, while concentrating the grid points in the region where the solution is desired. Two transformations are presented which are appropriate for the interval [0, oo]. The third transformation may be employed for both intervals and is thus applicable to a wider variety of problems. Application of this third transformation to an implicit finite-difference solution of the laminar boundary-layer equations demonstrates the advantages of this transformation over the familiar Crocco transformation. Applications of another of the three transformations to a free-molecular-flow problem and to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions are cited which illustrate the diverse problems that may be treated.
Local Government Measurement and Use of Performance Accounting and Financial Reporting Data in Planning and Budgeting Decision Support: A Multicase Study

This study utilizes case study research to document and explain how three U.S. county governments use performance measures on debt obligations in their comprehensive annual financial reports and in their annual budget documents. Municipal debt is a critical source of revenue for local governments and is used for construction of roads, schools, and other capital costs. All three counties use data on debt service as a performance measure in their budget; however, the range of clarity of data on measurement of debt service levels to support debt over time varies widely and is worth noting. In addition, it is unclear whether external stakeholders (other than state government) do not pay closer attention to performance measures on debt because the measures and standards are set by the state. Further empirical work is needed to establish evidence in that regard.
Developmental changes in fine structure associated with secretion in larval salivary glands of Chironomus.

Abstract Salivary glands from fourth-instar larvae, prepupae, and early pupae of Chironomus thummi were examined with light- and electron microscopes to determine whether developmental changes in the structure of the large polytenic gland cells might be correlated with the gland's secretory activity. It was found that the Golgi complexes, previously implicated in the production of dense “secretory” granules [13], are most extensively developed during mid-prepupal stages, when the glands are the largest, swollen with secretion and apparently at a peak of saliva production. In recently molted pupae, which appear inactive in the production of salivary secretion, the glands are smaller and display Golgi bodies that lack the dense secretory material found associated with Golgi complexes at earlier stages. Those dense secretory granules remaining in the cytoplasm of pupal glands are found no longer accumulated just beneath the secretory brush border, as in earlier stages, but rather aggregated in clusters within the endoplasm, apparently in preparation for autophagic digestion. Electron microscope radioautographs prepared from glands labeled with radioactive amino acids in culture have provided further evidence that the dense secretory granules are indeed composed, at least in part, of proteins synthesized de novo by the large gland cells.
Conversing With Editors: Strategies for Authors and Reviewers:

When I was a doctoral student and a young faculty member, I dreaded dealing with editors because I was afraid I would inadvertently do or say the wrong thing. And, because I attributed to editors great power over my career, I worried about the consequences of any misstep on my part. Now that I am on the other side of the table as editor of Journal of Management, I realize that I wasted a worry. Editors are in the business of trying to publish articles, not reject them. Indeed, the major gratification of being an editor is bringing manuscripts from rough shape to final acceptance. For that reason, editors are typically more lenient than reviewers in their judgments. Moreover, after years of being beaten up as authors themselves, editors are usually quite empathic to the unhappiness authors feel when getting negative feedback, to the frustration authors feel when getting tossed about by reviewers, and to the anxiety authors feel when important tenure and promotion decisions hang in the balance. During the past 3 years, particularly in the context of conducting doctoral student and junior faculty consortia, I have received many questions about when and how authors should converse with editors. The frequency of such questions makes me realize that the tacit knowledge senior faculty have accumulated over the years on this topic is not as obvious to new entrants into our field, who are supposed to somehow “pick it up” through some vague socialization process along the way. What I thought might be instructive here is providing some fairly specific recommendations about how to most effectively communicate with editors. Obviously, there will be some style differences across journals and editors in our field, but by and large, I think most editors at most journals in the organizational sciences would agree with the basic principles outlined below. First, I address the communications between authors and editors; then, I address the communications between reviewers and editors. Reviewers play an integral role in editors’ conversa-
Improving Patient Safety in Hospitals: Contributions of High-Reliability Theory and Normal Accident Theory

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) report To Err Is Human introduced many patient safety advocates to the idea of developing hospitals into high-reliability organizations (HROs) (Kohn, Corrigan, and Donaldson 2000). The HRO model is appealing, in part, because it helps health care organizations incorporate lessons learned from high hazard industries, such as aviation and nuclear power. In contrast, normal accident theory (NAT), another research perspective that examines similar industries, did not receive such widespread attention from the health care sector. Although high reliability theory (HRT) and NAT were first cast as competing perspectives, they are now considered complementary (Perrow 1999a; Weick 2004). The two sets of HRT and NAT assumptions, concepts, and empirical predictions are best viewed as providing distinctive frames for understanding patient safety (Weick 2004).1 HRT and NAT are bodies of theory, research, and recommendations for practice and policy that evolved essentially in parallel. Hence, there are instances where these approaches diverge in their assumptions and in the organizational features they treat as critical, rather than offering competing hypotheses. Each frame poses significant questions and offers valuable insights into the pursuit of patient safety. Previous studies compared the two perspectives by applying them to disasters (e.g., Roberts 1990) or near disasters (e.g., Sagan 1993), but we apply them to five popular patient safety practices. We aim to identify distinctive contributions that HRT and NAT make to understanding the organizational conditions affecting patient safety in hospitals and the prospects for transforming hospitals into HROs. To accomplish this, like Snook (2000) we expand NAT beyond its original system-level focus to include processes and interactions among units and individuals. Moreover, we apply NAT to understanding incidents and component failure accidents in hospitals, not just to system accidents.
The relationship between dissolved oxygen concentration and maximum size in deep-sea turrid gastropods: an application of quantile regression

Bathymetric gradients in body size are the most well-known patterns of geographic variation in deep-sea organisms. The causes of size–depth relationships remain uncertain, but most have been attributed to rates of nutrient input. Chapelle and Peck (1999, Nature 399:114–115) recently hypothesized that body size in marine invertebrates is a function of dissolved oxygen concentration. We tested this hypothesis by using quantile regression techniques to assess the relationship of dissolved oxygen levels to maximum size in deep-sea turrid gastropods collected from the North Atlantic. Relationships were examined for a group of nine turrid species and within the abundant lower bathyal species Benthomangelia antonia (Dall, 1881). We controlled the analysis for depth because size in deep-sea gastropods varies bathymetrically. When the effects of depth are accounted for statistically, maximum size in B. antonia increases with increasing levels of dissolved oxygen. In turrids as a group, both depth and oxygen appear to explain significant proportions of the variance in maximum size. These findings suggest that a suite of factors, including dissolved oxygen concentration, may influence maximum size in deep-sea organisms.
A new matching property for posets and existence of disjoint chains

Let P be a graded poset. Assume that x 1 ,...,x m are elements of rank k and Y 1 ,...,y m are elements of rank l for some k i ≤ Y i , for 1 ≤i≤m. Lehman and Ron (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 94 (2001) 399) proved that, if P is the subset lattice, then there exist m disjoint skipless chains in P that begin with the x's and end at the y's. One complication is that it may not be possible to have the chains respect the original matching and hence, in the constructed set of chains, x i and y i may not be in the same chain. In this paper, by introducing a new matching property for posets, called shadow-matching, we show that the same property holds for a much larger class of posets including the divisor lattice, the subspace lattice, the lattice of partitions of a finite set, the intersection poset of a central hyperplane arrangement, the face lattice of a convex polytope, the lattice of noncrossing partitions, and any geometric lattice.
Characteristics of Natural Scenes Related to the Fractal Dimension

Many objects in images of natural scenes are so complex and erratic, that describing them by the familiar models of classical geometry is inadequate. In this paper, we exploit the power of fractal geometry to generate global characteristics of natural scenes. In particular we are concerned with the following two questions: 1) Can we develop a measure which can distinguish between different global backgrounds (e.g., mountains and trees)? and 2) Can we develop a measure that is sensitive to change in distance (or scale)? We present a model based on fractional Brownian motion which will allow us to recover two characteristics related to the fractal dimension from silhouettes. The first characteristic is an estimate of the fractal dimension based on a least squares linear fit. We show that this feature is stable under a variety of real image conditions and use it to distinguish silhouettes of trees from silhouettes of mountains. Next we introduce a new theoretical concept called the average Holder constant and relate it mathematically to the fractal dimension. It is shown that this measurement is sensitive to scale in a predictable manner, and hence, provides the potential for use as a range indicator. Corroborating experimental results are presented.
Preparation and Crystallographic Properties of A2+B22+O4, Type Calcium and Strontium Scandates

The compounds CaSc2O4 and SrSc2O4 were synthesized by solid-state reaction of the component oxides at temperatures ranging from 950° to 1400°C. Both calcium and strontium monoscandates are orthorhombic and analogous to CaFe2O4. Lattice parameters for CaSc2O4a re ao= 9.461, bo= 11.122, co= 3.143 and for SrSc2O4, ao= 9.698, bo= 11.302, co= 3.185. Based on four molecules per unit cell, the X-ray density for CaSc2O4 is 3.89 g per cm3 and that for SrSc2O4 is 4.59 g per cm3.
Pretransitional Effects in the Isotropic Phase of a Lyotropic Nematic Liquid Crystal

We report quantitative observations of the pretransitional fluctuations in short-range nematic order and the divergence of the magnetic birefringence in the isotropic phase of a lyotropic liquid crystal. The results are analyzed to obtain the anisotropy of the diamagnetic susceptibility and the coefficients in a Landau expansion of the free energy.
Renewing the Identity of Catholic Colleges: Implementing Lonergan's Method for Education

. This article addresses the epistemological disarray and secularizing trends in American culture, while also suggesting a way for Catholic institutions to meet their responsibilities under Ex Corde Ecclesiae. It employs Bernard Lonergan's work to establish a theoretical foundation for education and outlines two specific liberal arts courses, Beginning with Knowing, in which students develop a methodological foundation for objective knowledge, and The Catholic Tradition, which transmits important Catholic perspectives and values.
SKF-82958 Is a Subtype-selective Estrogen Receptor-α (ERα) Agonist That Induces Functional Interactions between ERα and AP-1

The transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors (ERs) can be regulated by ligands as well as agents such as dopamine, which stimulate intracellular signaling pathways able to communicate with these receptors. We examined the ability of SKF-82958 (SKF), a previously characterized full dopamine D1 receptor agonist, to stimulate the transcriptional activity of ERalpha and ERbeta. Treatment of HeLa cells with SKF-82958 stimulated robust ERalpha-dependent transcription from an estrogen-response element-E1b-CAT reporter in the absence of estrogen, and this was accompanied by increased receptor phosphorylation. However, induction of ERbeta-directed gene expression under the same conditions was negligible. In our cell model, SKF treatment did not elevate cAMP levels nor enhance transcription from a cAMP-response element-linked reporter. Control studies revealed that SKF-82958, but not dopamine, competes with 17beta-estradiol for binding to ERalpha or ERbeta with comparable relative binding affinities. Therefore, SKF-82958 is an ERalpha-selective agonist. Transcriptional activation of ERalpha by SKF was more potent than expected from its relative binding activity, and further examination revealed that this synthetic compound induced expression of an AP-1 target gene in a tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-response element (TRE)-dependent manner. A putative TRE site upstream of the estrogen-response element and the amino-terminal domain of the receptor contributed to, but were not required for, SKF-induced expression of an ERalpha-dependent reporter gene. Overexpression of the AP-1 protein c-Jun, but not c-Fos, strongly enhanced SKF-induced ERalpha target gene expression but only when the TRE was present. These studies provide information on the ability of a ligand that weakly stimulates ERalpha to yield strong stimulation of ERalpha-dependent gene expression through cross-talk with other intracellular signaling pathways producing a robust combinatorial response within the cell.
Measurements of test time in the galcit 17-inch shock tube

Experimental measurements of test time were obtained in the GALCIT 17-in. shock tube using both air and argon for driven gases. One series of tests was conducted using a constant driver pressure (pure helium) for various initial pressures of the driven gases. Another series was conducted using air for the driven gas at various initial pressures holding the shock Mach number constant. The data are presented and compared to theoretical predictions computed from the theory in two recent papers by Mirels for the case of a laminar and turbulent wall boundary layer.
Hydrogen isotope evidence for the origin and evolution of the carbonaceous chondrites

We present new hydrogen isotope data for separated matrix, hydrated chondrules, and other hydrated coarse silicate fragments from nine carbonaceous chondrites. These data were generated using a micro-analytical method involving stepped combustion of tens to hundreds of micrograms of hydrous solids. We also re-evaluate hydrogen isotope data from previous conventional stepped combustion experiments on these and other carbonaceous chondrites. Hydrogen isotope compositions of matrix and whole-rock samples of CM chondrites are correlated with oxygen isotope indices, major and minor-element abundances, and abundance and isotope ratios of other highly volatile elements. These correlations include a monotonic decrease in δD with increasing extent of aqueous alteration and decreasing abundances of highly volatile elements (including C, N and Ar), between extremes of ∼0‰ (least altered, most volatile rich) and −200‰ (most altered, least volatile rich). In plots involving only abundances and/or isotope ratios of highly volatile elements, CI chondrites fall on the high-δD, volatile rich end of the trends defined by CM chondrites; i.e., CI chondrites resemble the least altered CM chondrites in these respects. These trends suggest the protoliths of the CM chondrites (i.e., before aqueous alteration) contained an assemblage of volatiles having many things in common with those in the CI chondrites. If so, then the volatile-element inventory of the CI chondrites was a more widespread component of early solar system objects than suggested by the scarcity of recognized CI meteorites. Differences in volatile-element chemistry between the CI and average CM chondrites can be attributed to aqueous alteration of the latter. Previous models of carbonaceous chondrite aqueous alteration have suggested: (1) the protoliths of the CM chondrites are volatile poor objects like the CO or CV chondrites; and (2) the CI chondrites are more altered products of the same process producing the CM chondrites. Both suggestions appear to be inconsistent with hydrogen isotope data and other aspects of the volatile-element geochemistry of these rocks. We present a model for aqueous alteration of the CM chondrites that reconciles these inconsistencies and suggests revised relationships among the major subtypes of carbonaceous chondrites. Our model requires, among other things, that the water infiltrating CM chondrites had a δD value of ∼−158‰, consistent with initial accretion of CM parent bodies at ∼4 AU.
Presentation, investigation and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in children

Summary Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is characterised by increased intracranial pressure in the presence of normal cerebrospinal fluid, normal neuroimaging and no localising signs on neurologic exam except cranial nerve VI palsy. It is common in adults, particularly obese young women, but also occurs in children and adolescents. We discuss the clinical presentation of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the pediatric population and how the presenting signs and symptoms may be different from those seen in adult patients. We discuss the differential diagnosis for idiopathic intracranial hypertension, as well as underlying conditions that may be associated with it. As in adults, therapy most often involves the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, diuretics, and steroids. Children with vision loss due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension who not respond to aggressive medical therapy should be promptly referred for surgical intervention, including optic nerve fenestration and cerebrospinal (CSF) shunting procedures such as ventriculoperitoneal or lumboperitoneal shunting.
Substructured molecular dynamics using multibody dynamics algorithms

Abstract This paper reports a new research effort aimed at using efficient multibody dynamics methods to simulate coarse-grained molecular systems. Various molecular systems are studied and the results of nanosecond-long simulations are analyzed to validate the method. The systems studied include bulk water, alkane chains, alanine dipeptide and carboxyl terminal fragments of calmodulin, ribosomal L7/L12 and rhodopsin proteins. The stability and validity of the simulations are studied through conservation of energy, thermodynamics properties and conformational analysis. In these simulations, a speed up of an order of magnitude is realized for conservative error bounds with a fixed timestep integration scheme. A discussion is presented on the open-source software developed to facilitate future research using multibody dynamics with molecular dynamics.
Effects of prenatal Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the development of rat offspring

Abstract Pregnant rats were injected SC with 10 mg/kg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) or vehicle solution on Days 10–12 of gestation. The course of pregnancy and parturition was unaffected by this drug treatment. The litter size, sex ratio, average birth weight and external appearance of the progeny did not differ from normal. Twenty-four male pups were selected from each of 6 Δ9-THC litters and 7 control litters for observations of physical maturation and for testing of reflexive and exploratory behavior development from birth to weaning. Cross fostered controls were employed. Offspring of Δ9-THC treated females showed delayed incisor eruption and retarded development of cliff avoidance and visual placing reflexes. Delta9-THC progeny were significantly hyperactive in an open field arena at 9 days of age. Decrements in rearing and grooming behavior were found at 13 and 17 days of age. Differences in open field exploration had disappeared by weaning age. Although no differences in body weight were present at birth, Δ9-THC exposed pups showed retarded growth from the fourth day through weaning. The failure of cross fostering procedures to reduce any of these effects indicates a direct, prenatal drug action on the developing fetus.
Brief Report: Theory of Mind, Relational Reasoning, and Social Responsiveness in Children With and Without Autism: Demonstration of Feasibility for a Larger-Scale Study

Understanding the underpinnings of social responsiveness and theory of mind (ToM) will enhance our knowledge of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We hypothesize that higher-order relational reasoning (higher-order RR: reasoning necessitating integration of relationships among multiple variables) is necessary but not sufficient for ToM, and that social responsiveness varies independently of higher-order RR. A pilot experiment tested these hypotheses in n = 17 children, 3–14, with and without ASD. No child failing 2nd-order RR passed a false belief ToM test. Contrary to prediction, Social Responsiveness Scale scores did correlate with 2nd-order RR performance, likely due to sample characteristics. It is feasible to translate this comparative cognition-inspired line of inquiry for full-scale studies of ToM, higher-order RR, and social responsiveness in ASD.
Why Are There Unintended Consequences of Program Action, and What Are the Implications for Doing Evaluation?.

Reasons for unintended consequences of program action are explained. Although this topic has been dealt with extensively in the field of planning, that literature provides little guidance for how e...
Treatment of Experimental Chronic Osteomyelitis Due to Staphylococcus aureus with Ampicillin/Sulbactam

Ampicillin/sulbactam was used for the treatment of experimental osteomyelitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in rabbits. Treatment with 200 mg/kg (ampicillin) three times a day sterilized 40% of infected rabbit bones. The results of 4 weeks of treatment with ampicillin/sulbactam for chronic experimental staphylococcal osteomyelitis were comparable to those obtained previously with cephalothin and with oxacillin in previous studies and were not as good as those with clindamycin alone or combination therapy that included rifampin.
The Influence of Hostile and Nonhostile Humor Upon Physical Aggression

Forty-one male undergraduates participated in an experiment designed to investigate the hypothesis that overt aggression would be enhanced by prior exposure to hostile humor, but inhibited by prior exposure to nonhostile humor. In order to investigate this suggestion, subjects were first angered or not angered by a male confederate, next exposed to either nonhumorous materials, hostile humor, or nonhostile humor, and finally provided with an opportunity to aggress against the confederate. Results offered support for both portions of the hypothesis.
1369 BARBITURATE ANAESTHESIA REDUCES THE INCIDENCE OF INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) IN THE BEAGLE PUPPY

1369 BARBITURATE ANAESTHESIA REDUCES THE INCIDENCE OF INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE (IVH) IN THE BEAGLE PUPPY
Carotid endarterectomy: Importance of cranial nerve anatomy

A retrospective study of 100 consecutive cases of carotid endarterectomy was performed. Special attention was given to the incidence, clinical significance, and prevention of cranial nerve injury. The operative mortality was 1%, and there were no perioperative strokes. There was clinical evidence of 22 cranial nerve injuries. Nineteen injuries were temporary, resulting in a 3% incidence of permanent cranial nerve deficit. The clinical anatomy of cranial nerves encountered during carotid endarterectomy is reviewed. Technical suggestions to minimize cranial nerve injury based on a thorough knowledge of this anatomy are provided. The relationship of laryngeal physiology and vagus nerve anatomy indicates that unilateral vocal cord dysfunction may be asymptomatic. Bilateral nerve injury can cause potentially fatal airway obstruction, which may be unrecognized until after the second operation. Preoperative laryngoscopy prior to carotid endarterectomy is suggested in patients with a history of prior cardiac or neck surgery and those scheduled for the second of staged bilateral carotid procedures.
Solubility-parameter spectroscopy in coal extraction

ABSTRACT The application of the novel technique of solubility–parameter spectroscopy to assist in characterizing properties of polymeric materials is discussed.Its use in the study of coal is shown to lead to a consistent inter–pretation scheme for solvent–extraction effects observed experimentally in the slurry–phase chlorination of coal. Possible applications of solubility–parameter spectra in other coal–beneficiation processes are suggested.
Facilitating social support: member-leader communication in a breast cancer support group.

BACKGROUND Early detection and treatment have resulted in more women surviving breast cancer; increased survivorship has also increased the need for breast cancer support groups (BCSG). The ostensible goal of such groups is to provide support for the physical and emotional stressors that cancer survivors face, as well as provide information on coping and treatment options. OBJECTIVE Although scholars have examined the effects of support groups on their group members, the examination of group facilitator messages has been largely neglected. The goal of this study was to extend theory on group leader behavior, specifically investigating how member-leader messages create social support in support groups. METHODS The transcribed conversations of weekly meetings of a BCSG were examined using Interaction Process Analysis to discover how the member-leader facilitated the group's enactment and management of social support. RESULTS Across the meetings, task talk dominated (primarily statements of orientation or information). Furthermore, analysis of interaction sequences between the support group facilitator and other members revealed 2 broad categories of task-oriented facilitation techniques (changing the focus, clarification) and 1 category of socioemotional facilitation techniques (showing support). CONCLUSIONS Support group facilitators need the ability to facilitate both task and relational aspects of social support. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Facilitator behaviors were highlighted as being instrumental to the creation of social support. The results from this study indicate that the ability to change the focus of interaction, to provide and require clarification on complex issues, and to show support through relational messages is needed in facilitator training.
Global atmospheric temperature monitoring with satellite microwave measurements - Method and results 1979-84

This paper describes a method for determining global atmospheric-temperature anomalies by means of satellite microwave radiometry. It is shown that microwave measurements of molecular oxygen thermal emission by the Microwave Sounding Units (MSUs) flying aboard the NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 can be used to monitor tropospheric temperature anomalies on global basis to a high level of precision. Comparisons between monthly MSU-derived hemispheric temperature anomalies with those computed from surface thermometer data show a very good agreement over the United States, although not for the hemispheres, especially the Southern Hemisphere. In this latter case, the poor agreement is ascribed to weaker thermal coupling between the ocean and the deep troposphere than that over the U.S. Annual anomalies for the hemispheres exhibit better correlations than do monthly anomalies.
Effects of solution properties on polarization redevelopment and flux in pressure pulsed ultrafiltration

Abstract The effect of transmembrane pressure pulsing on concentration polarization resistance was recently presented [Rodgers and Sparks, J. Membrane Sci., 68 (1992) 149]. It was determined that pulsing could moderately reduce the polarization resistance when the system was operated at laminar crossflow shear rates. It is postulated that the primary gain in permeate flux was attributed to an introduction of the redevelopment phase in the average polarization resistance that was caused by slight but significant membrane motion during the pulsing. If this postulate is correct, then solution property variations that may effect the potential range of polarization resistance as it redevelops or the redevelopment time, should alter the potential for pulsing to enhance permeate flux. Thus, this study addressed the effects of solution properties on the polarization resistance range, redevelopment time and the average flux that come about due to transmembrane pressure pulsed ultrafiltration. Variations in BSA initial concentration, solution pH and ionic strength were studied. It was determined that changes in feed concentration caused the most significant difference in flux enhancement due to pulsing. This is primarily attributed to a limited available flux range during the redevelopment phase of the polarization layer. The variation in redevelopment time as a result of solution property changes was insignificant. The average flux and impact of pulsing were increased as pH increased for 1% solutions but was less significant for higher concentrations. Ionic strength variations had negligible effect on enhanced permeate flux due to pulsing.
Larval systematics of North American Cycloneda Crotch (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Fourth instar larvae of the three North American species of Cycloneda Crotch, C. sanguinea (L.), C. munda (Say), and C. polita Casey are described, keyed, illustrated, and compared with the congeneric South American C. ancoralis Mulsant and with examples from other New World coccinelline genera.
Eye-hand tracking using afterimages

Oculomotor tracking of one's unseen hand is greatly enhanced when a positive afterimage of the arm is projected onto its changing apparent position. The “afterimage arm” also influences the perception of real arm motion. The nature of this influence indicates that sense of effort or will derives from spatial computations potentially involving sensory and motor information about the ongoing orientation of the entire body.
Treatment of mandibular prognathism in cleft palate patients

T he purpose of this article is to outline procedures for diagnosis and treatment of mandibular prognathism in patients with cleft lip and/or palate. Mandibular prognathism is mueh more common in the cleft lip/palate population than in the general population. Its appearance is often due more to the lack of soft-tissue balance than to the bone or skeletal profile relationship. With rare exceptions, however, all clefts are characterized by tissue hypoplasia. A deficiency of soft tissue is sometimes more difficult to demonstrate than a deficiency of hard tissue. We have had little success in treating true mandibular prognathism by orthodontic procedures alone,l? 2 but we have achieved most gratifying results in the orthodontic treatment of mandibular pseudo-prognathism in patients with clefts of the maxilla. In order to provide the most valuable service, the orthodontist should examine a cleft lip/palate infant at birth, in conjunction with the surgical review. The orthodontist and especially the restorative dentist will be treating the patient during and long after the surgical treatment period,
Oscillatory spatially periodic weakly nonlinear gravity waves on deep water

A weakly nonlinear Hamiltonian model is derived from the exact water wave equations to study the time evolution of spatially periodic wavetrains. The model assumes that the spatial spectrum of the wavetrain is formed by only three free waves, i.e. a carrier and two side bands. The model has the same symmetries and invariances as the exact equations. As a result, it is found that not only the permanent form travelling waves and their stability are important in describing the time evolution of the waves, but also a new kind of family of solutions which has two basic frequencies plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the waves. It is also shown that three is the minimum number of free waves which is necessary to have chaotic behaviour of water waves.
Pricing Schemes for Metropolitan Traffic Data Markets

Data marketplaces provide platforms for management of large data sets. The data markets are rapidly growing, yet the pricing strategies for data and data analytics are not yet well-understood. In this paper, we explore some of the pricing schemes applicable to data marketplaces in the context of transportation traffic data. This includes historical and real-time freeway and arterial congestion data. We investigate pricing raw sensor data vs. processed information (e.g, prediction of traffic patterns or route planning services) and show that, under natural assumptions, the raw data should be priced higher than processed information.
A new model for CMOS latch-up

Un nouveau modele de circuit de transistors a parametres localises est propose pour etudier le declenchement des courants de fuite par capacites parasites en technologie CMOS. Le modele de circuit equivalent fournit un nouveau critere du declenchement. Calcul a l'aide du simulateur SPICE du courant et de la tension d'entretien et comparaison aux autres calculs
Pathways leading to coronary revascularisation among patients with diabetes in Finland: a longitudinal register-based study.

Chronic conditions such as coronary heart disease (CHD) challenge health care to provide systematic and long-lasting disease management. In this study of patients who were revascularized, we examine whether treatment pathways leading to coronary revascularisation differ between patients with and without diabetes. This retrospective, nationwide register-based study in Finland in 1998-2007 describes temporal trends in the proportions of 1) revascularisations performed at the first treatment period, and 2) suboptimal treatment pathways to revascularisations, i.e. pathways containing several cardiac emergency hospitalisations. Differences between patient groups were examined using a logistic regression model adjusting for age, comorbidity, and region. Among patients who underwent revascularisation, upward trends were found in the proportions of revascularisations performed during first hospital admission: among men with CHD alone, the percentages were 28% in 1998 and 77% in 2007; among men with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) they were 16% vs. 58% for the respective years; and among men with non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD) they were 25% vs. 69%, respectively. Among women the percentages were for non-diabetic group 32% vs. 77%; for IDD group 36% vs. 64%; and for NIDD group 33% vs. 73% for the respective years. Patients with diabetes were less likely to undergo revascularisation during the first hospital admission, in 2005-2007, the odds ratio (OR) for IDD among men was 0.52 (95% confidence interval 0.42-0.64) and for NIDD among men it was 0.79 (95% CI 0.73-0.86) compared to patients with CHD alone. The respective ORs among women were 0.59 (95% CI 0.44-0.78), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.74-0.93). Treatment practices changed substantially during the study period to favour performing revascularisation during the first hospital admission. The large increase in coronary angioplasty operations is likely to be an important factor behind these changes. However, fewer operations are performed during the first CHD hospitalisation of diabetic patients who undergo coronary revascularisation and they experience more often emergency hospital admissions before the operation than patients without diabetes. To avoid adverse cardiac events, more attention is needed in managing diabetic CHD patients' referral pathways to revascularisation.
Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes

Abstract Characterization of particulate matter (PM) of public transit buses in idle modes has been conducted to identify PM specification and to determine the effect of biodiesel properties on the emissions. Two different sets of transit buses that were running on B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% ultra-low sulfur diesel or ULSD in volume percent) were selected. For both hot and cold idle tests, a substantial reduction in total particulate matter (TPM) was observed compared to the TPM from ULSD. The maximum PM concentrations under hot and cold idling conditions were 2.77 and 5.59 μg/m 3 , respectively, while ULSD showed 247.49 and 218.27 μg/m 3 under the same conditions. In elemental analyses, fifteen elements were observed in the PM emissions obtained from the buses (77–85 wt% of total emissions). The major elements were calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and iron (Fe) in PM samples. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) method was used for source apportionment analysis, and as a result, four factors were identified as the possible sources. Organic carbon to elemental carbon ratio (OC/EC) analyses showed that more OC was emitted in cold idling (>80%) than hot idling (>65%). Furthermore, the OC/EC ratio was found to be greater for the new buses with post treatment facilities (9.57–13.37) than for the old buses without them (1.85–4.55), which indicates the shift of the ratio between organic carbon and elemental carbon in the emissions as an engine ages.
ANALYSIS OF HINDERED ROTATION AND MAGNETIC ANISOTROPY BY NMR. MODELS FOR DRUGS AND AGRICULTURAL COMPOUNDS. THE DIELS-ALDER ADDUCT OF PHENCYCLONE WITH N-CARBAMOYLMALEIMIDE

Abstract Analysis of NMR spectra of selected model compounds can be of great value in understanding aspects of hindered rotation and magnetic anisotropy in drugs and other compounds of much intrinsic importance. One- and two- dimensional 1H NMR (300 MHz) and 13C NMR (75 MHz) studies have been performed at ambient temperatures on the Diels-Alder adduct of N-carbamoylmaleimide with phencyclone, 1. The data for the adduct, 2, are interpreted as being consistent with: a) essentially slow exchange limit (SEL) spectra with respect to rotation about the C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds to the unsubstituted bridgehead phenyls, b) slow rotation on the NMR timescale for the amide NH2 group, and c) fast rotation about the amide N-CONH2 bond to the ring nitrogen. The assigned endo stereochemistry for adduct 2 and the conclusions regarding bond rotation rates are based on numbers of observed NMR signals and magnetic anisotropic effects. Full 1H NMR spectral assignments and preliminary 13C assignments are presented.
Release of polychlorinated biphenyls from contaminated lake sediments: Flux and apparent diffusivities of four individual PCBs

Abstract The release of four individual polychlorinated biphenyls (2, 3′, 5-trichlorobiphenyl, 2, 2′, 4, 5′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2, 2′, 4, 5, 5′- and 2, 2′, 3′, 4, 5-pentachlorobiphenyl) from heavily contaminated Waukegan Harbor, Illinois, USA, sediments was studied in a laboratory microcosm. Polychlorinated biphenyls released from the sediments to overlying water were collected on a polyurethane foam trap. Release rate was a function of sediment concentration, chlorine substitution pattern and degree of chlorination. The apparent diffusivities of the four compounds showed a relative mobility pattern of 2, 3′, 5
Supplemental β-carotene I: effect on plasma vitamin A, growth, performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle.

Abstract To evaluate the effects of β-carotene (βC) on performance and carcass characteristics, 112 crossbred calves were allotted to 4 treatments consisting of retinyl palmitate (RP) supplemented at 2200 IU/kg, and synthetic β-carotene supplemented at 1 (SβC1X), 5 (SβC5X), or 10 (SβC10X) times RP. Compared to RP, SβC1X did not impact performance ( P ≥ 0.25) or plasma concentrations of retinoids or carotenoids ( P ≥ 0.26). Increasing dietary βC increased ( P ≤ 0.04) plasma concentrations of RP and all of the isomers of βC, but did not affect weight, gain, or gain:feed ( P ≥ 0.24). Marbling and fat thickness did not differ between RP and SβC1X or because of amount of βC ( P ≥ 0.35). Lightness (L*) of LM decreased with increasing concentration of SβC (linear; P = 0.01). Yellowness (b*) increased ( P = 0.04) and redness (a*) tended to increase ( P = 0.09) in subcutaneous fat as SβC amount increased (quadratic).