cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceiving Kakipitatapitmok: The Political Landscape of Anishinaabe Anticlearcutting Activism

ABSTRACT Landscape anthropology has explored relationships between peoples and places as well as culturally specific ways of experiencing and imagining the world that infuse these relationships. Departing from Kakipitatapitmok, the site of a direct-action blockade maintained at Grassy Narrows First Nation since 2002, I employ analytical frameworks inspired by the landscape genre to consider the physical and conceptual “place” of Anishinaabe anticlearcutting activism. I draw on the Grassy Narrows case to suggest that when considered from an emic perspective, the landscapes we encounter are very often politically constituted. As a distinctive new way of being and relating within their boreal forest homeland, anticlearcutting activism has transformed Kakipitatapitmok into a politically charged vantage point from which Grassy Narrows activists comprehend, configure, and communicate their place in the world. I advocate for an anthropological conception of landscape that can account for activists’ experiences of environmental injustice and their ongoing efforts to overcome it.
Cambridge changes revisited : Why certain relational changes are indispensable

Peter Geach and others suppose that change in an object's relational properties absent any change in its intrinsic properties (relational change) is not a genuine change in that object but only a “mere Cambridge change.” I explain and reject two strategies challenging Geach's position. I then present my own argument against Geach which depends on the recognition of entities identified in terms of their emergent properties, i.e. properties not reducible to physical properties. I provide some examples of such entities (social phenomena, historical events, artworks) and address the problem of finding a criterion for distinguishing genuine from nonge-nuine change.1
Follicular liposomal delivery systems.

Traditionally, the prime pathway for the topical delivery of active agents across the skin was thought to be through intercellular routes and transcellular routes of the stratum corneum. However, alternative means such as via appenageal transport, i.e., follicular transport, is gaining more acceptances in the scientific community. Targeting specific sites of the hair follicle may represent a feasible therapeutic approach to skin diseases such as hair loss. It is therefore an object of this research to develop novel liposomal formulations for enabling the topical delivery of difficult-to-absorb agents for localized action, specifically to the hair follicles and sebaceous glands. We examined small and large molecules. The small molecule chosen was minoxidil, a known hair growth stimulator. The large molecular weight molecule was plasmid DNA encoded with interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1ra).
Marketing Faculty Evaluation Systems: A National Survey

This survey of 502 marketing professors reports how marketing faculty performance is currently evaluated and indicates that approximately 38%o of marketing faculty are dissatisfied and 17% are neutral regarding their current faculty evaluation systems. Five directions and 10 suggestions from the respondents for improving performance evaluation are offered.
An autoradiographic investigation of material transfer and wear during high speed/low load sliding

Abstract An experimental investigation into material transfer and wear has been performed for the case of a ferrite probe sliding at high speeds (between 25 cm/sec and 1250 cm/sec) and low loads (10 gm) on a steel disk, a nickel plated disk, and a polymer-coated disk, the latter containing finely dispersed abrasive particles. Autoradiographic methods together with microdensitometer analysis have been applied, resulting in detailed information concerning the mechanism of transfer and its relationship with wear. Large amounts of transfer are observed, both for sliding on the steel disk and the nickel plated disk, and also for sliding on the polymer-coated abrasive disk. The latter observation seems to suggest that large amounts of material transfer are characteristic not only for sliding situations favoring adhesive wear, but also for the general case of abrasive wear caused by hard particles dispersed in a soft matrix.
Plasmonic nanostructures for angle selective photovoltaics

We describe an angular selective photovoltaic window, designed to transmit normally incident light and absorb off-angle light by exploiting an anisotropic plasmonic nanostructure. The principles of operation and numerical simulation results are presented.
Fault escapes in duplex systems

Hardware duplication techniques are widely used for concurrent error detection in dependable systems to ensure high availability and data integrity. These techniques are vulnerable to common-mode failures (CMFs). Use of duplex systems with diverse implementations of the two modules has been proposed in the past for protection against CMFs. In this paper, we define a category of faults, called non-self-testable faults that undermine the data integrity of dependable systems. These faults produce identical errors at the outputs of the two modules of a duplex system and can potentially be caused by CMFs. The main contributions of this paper are: (1) techniques that identify non-self-testable faults in duplex systems, and (2) design methods that reduce the number of non-self-testable faults by test point insertion. We show that our algorithm for identifying non-self-testable faults runs orders of magnitude faster than exact techniques with minimal loss of accuracy. Also, there is a significant reduction in the number of test points required for duplex systems with diverse implementations compared to duplex systems with identical implementations. Thus, we can detect common-mode failures in diverse duplex systems using very few test points. These results are especially useful for systems with user-programmable logic elements that enhance the practicality of using diverse designs in duplex systems.
A cost-benefit analysis of electronic medical records in primary care

Abstract Purpose Electronic medical record systems improve the quality of patient care and decrease medical errors, but their financial effects have not been as well documented. The purpose of this study was to estimate the net financial benefit or cost of implementing electronic medical record systems in primary care. Methods We performed a cost-benefit study to analyze the financial effects of electronic medical record systems in ambulatory primary care settings from the perspective of the health care organization. Data were obtained from studies at our institution and from the published literature. The reference strategy for comparisons was the traditional paper-based medical record. The primary outcome measure was the net financial benefit or cost per primary care physician for a 5-year period. Results The estimated net benefit from using an electronic medical record for a 5-year period was $86,400 per provider. Benefits accrue primarily from savings in drug expenditures, improved utilization of radiology tests, better capture of charges, and decreased billing errors. In one-way sensitivity analyses, the model was most sensitive to the proportion of patients whose care was capitated; the net benefit varied from a low of $8400 to a high of $140,100. A five-way sensitivity analysis with the most pessimistic and optimistic assumptions showed results ranging from a $2300 net cost to a $330,900 net benefit. Conclusion Implementation of an electronic medical record system in primary care can result in a positive financial return on investment to the health care organization. The magnitude of the return is sensitive to several key factors.
Rubidium filtered Thomson scattering measurement in an atmospheric pressure argon arc

Summary form only given, as follows. High temperature, atmospheric pressure plasmas represent a significant challenge for diagnostics. The temperature is too high for physical probes, the plasmas are filamentary with dimensions too small to be resolved by microwave techniques, and the plasma luminosity and Rayleigh scattering background limit optical diagnostics. We report the measurement of electron temperature and number density in an atmospheric arc discharge by Thomson scattering collected through an optically thick Rb filter. A backward scattering geometry is used because of the configuration of the arc plasma device, demonstrating the utility of this approach for single-ended diagnostics. The illumination laser is a narrow linewidth, frequency-tunable, pulsed, Ti:sapphire laser that is tuned to the 780 mn absorption line of Rb vapor. The Rb vapor is optically thick at the laser wavelength, so the light that is Rayleigh scattered from the neutral species in the plasma and background scattering from the plasma containment vessel are filtered out. The Thomson scattering is frequency-broadened by the thermal motion and the ion acoustic coherent motion of the electrons. The linewidth of the Thomson scattering is much greater than the absorption linewidth of the rubidium, so it passes through the Rb filter and into a spectrometer. The detector is time-gated synchronously with the laser to suppress the plasma luminosity. The frequency spectrum of the Thomson scattered light is fitted to a theoretical model in order to determine the electron temperature and number density.
Boundary data smoothness for solutions of nonlocal boundary value problems for second order differential equations

Abstract Under certain conditions, solutions of the boundary value problem, y ″ = f ( x , y , y ′ ) , y ( x 1 ) = y 1 , and y ( x 2 ) − ∑ i = 1 m r i y ( η i ) = y 2 , are differentiated with respect to boundary conditions, where a x 1 η 1 ⋯ η m x 2 b , r 1 , … , r m ∈ R , and y 1 , y 2 ∈ R .
Proton Radiotherapy for Liver Tumors: Dosimetric Advantages Over Photon Plans

The purpose of the study is to dosimetrically investigate the advantages of proton radiotherapy over photon radiotherapy for liver tumors. The proton plan and the photon plan were designed using commercial treatment planning systems. The treatment target dose conformity and heterogeneity and dose-volume analyses of normal structures were compared between proton and photon radiotherapy for 9 patients with liver tumors. Proton radiotherapy delivered a more conformal target dose with slightly less homogeneity when compared with photon radiotherapy. Protons significantly reduced the fractional volume of liver receiving dose greater or equal to 30 Gy (V(30)) and the mean liver dose. The stomach and duodenal V(45) were significantly lower with the use of proton radiotherapy. The V(40) and V(50) of the heart and the maximum spinal cord dose were also significantly lower with the use of proton radiotherapy. Protons were better able to spare one kidney completely and deliver less dose to one (generally the left) kidney than photons. The mean dose to the total body and most critical structures was significantly decreased using protons when compared to corresponding photon plans. In conclusion, our study suggests the dosimetric benefits of proton radiotherapy over photon radiotherapy. These dosimetric advantages of proton plans may permit further dose escalation with lower risk of complications.
The pK2* for the dissociation of H2SO3 in NaCl solutions with added Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+ at 25°C

The pK2* for the dissociation of sulfurous acid from I=0.5 to 6.0 molal at 25°C has been determined from emf measurements in NaCl solutions with added concentrations of NiCl2, CoCl2, McCl2 and CdCl2 (m=0.1). These experimental results have been treated using both the ion pairing and Pitzer's specific ion-interaction models. The Pitzer parameters for the interaction of M2+ with SO32− yielded $$\begin{gathered} \beta _{NiSO_3 }^{(0)} = - 5.5, \beta _{NiSO_3 }^{(1)} = 5.8, and \beta _{NiSO_3 }^{(2)} = - 138 \hfill \\ \beta _{CoSO_3 }^{(0)} = - 12.3, \beta _{CoSO_3 }^{(1)} = 31.6, and \beta _{CoSO_3 }^{(2)} = - 562 \hfill \\ \beta _{MnSO_3 }^{(0)} = - 8.9, \beta _{MnSO_3 }^{(1)} = 18.7, and \beta _{MnSO_3 }^{(2)} = - 353 \hfill \\ \beta _{CdSO_3 }^{(0)} = - 7.2, \beta _{CdSO_3 }^{(1)} = 13.8, and \beta _{CdSO_3 }^{(2)} = - 489 \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$
Reproducibility of myocardial T1 and T2 relaxation time measurement using slice-interleaved T1 and T2 mapping sequences.

PURPOSE To assess measurement reproducibility and image quality of myocardial T1 and T2 maps using free-breathing slice-interleaved T1 and T2 mapping sequences at 1.5 Tesla (T). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven healthy subjects (33 ± 16 years; 6 males) underwent a slice-interleaved T1 and T2 mapping test/retest cardiac MR study at 1.5T on 2 days. For each day, subjects were imaged in two sessions with removal out of the magnet and repositioning before the subsequent session. We studied measurement reproducibility as well as the required sample size for sufficient statistical power to detect a predefined change in T1 and T2 . In a separate prospective study, we assessed T1 and T2 map image quality in 241 patients (54 ± 15 years; 73 women) with known/suspected cardiovascular disease referred for clinical cardiac MR. A subjective quality score was used to assess a segment-based image quality. RESULTS In the healthy cohort, the slice-interleaved T1 measurements were highly reproducible, with global coefficients of variation (CVs) of 2.4% between subjects, 2.1% between days, and 1.7% between sessions. Slice-interleaved T2 mapping sequences provided similar reproducibility with global CVs of 7.2% between subjects, 6.3% between days, and 5.0 between sessions. A lower variability resulted in a reduction of the required number of subjects to achieve a certain statistical power when compared with other T1 mapping sequences. In the subjective image quality assessment, >80% of myocardial segments had interpretable data. CONCLUSION Slice-interleaved T1 and T2 mapping sequences yield highly reproducible T1 and T2 measurements with >80% of interpretable myocardial segments. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1159-1167.
Synthesis of well‐defined polyacrylonitrile by ICAR ATRP with low concentrations of catalyst

Acrylonitrile (AN) was polymerized by initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The effect of the ligand, tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPMA) and N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN), in the Cu-based catalyst, the amount of catalyst, several alkyl halide initiators, targeted degree of polymerization, and amount of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) added were studied. It was determined that the best conditions utilized 50 ppm of CuBr2/TPMA as the catalyst and 2-bromopropionitrile (BPN) as the initiator. This combination resulted in 46% conversion in 10 h and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with the narrowest molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn = 1.11–1.21). Excellent control was maintained after lowering the catalyst loading to 10 ppm, with 56% conversion in 10 h, experimental molecular weight closely matching the theoretical value, and low dispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.30). Catalyst loadings as low as 1 ppm still provided well-controlled polymerizations of AN by ICAR ATRP, with 65% conversion in 10 h and PAN with relatively low dispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.41). High chain end functionality (CEF) was confirmed via 1H NMR analysis, for short PAN chains, and via clean chain extensions with n-butyl acrylate (BA). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 1961–1968
Sums of squares of integers in arithmetic progression

The following striking identities are the cases n = 1,2,3,4 of a remarkable family given by G.J. Dostor [1]: where m = n(2n + 1), and n = 1, 2, … The case m = −n is trivial. If m ≠ −n there are n + 1 squares of consecutive integers on the left and n on the right. We will treat the last term (m + n)2 on the left differently, and refer to it as a transition term relating two sums of squares of n consecutive integers.
Differences of Circumstance, Differences of Fact: Jefferson’s Medialist View of History

It is often assumed that Jefferson—acquainted with the writings of Scottish thinkers such as Adam Ferguson, Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Lord Kames, Adam Smith, and John Millar—was a stadialist of some persuasion, as several of his writings are at least consistent with stadialism. If so, was he a cyclicalist, committed to a society having a life-cycle, or a linearist, committed to the possibility of continued convergence toward some ideal of perfection? An important letter to William Ludlow and several writings where Jefferson writes of human progress as imprescriptible suggest linear stadialism. Numerous other writings, point to urbanization as a stage of social decay, and suggest cyclicalism. The correct answer, I argue, is that Jefferson was neither a linearist nor a cyclicalist, but a medialist. He viewed movement toward increased urbanization as symptomatic of social decline, but always believed any society, by rooting itself in an agrestic manner—a normative mean between the excesses of subsistence living and urbanization—could avert decline and even work toward continued advance.
A Spread-Spectrum Analysis and Design Laboratory System

Spread-Spectrum waveforms are used commonly for Anti-Jam (A/J) and Low-Probability-of-Intercept (LPI) applications, but their effectiveness is difficult to assess owing to the diversity of system parameters and to various user requirements. This paper describes a spread-spectrum analysis and design laboratory system consisting of a software analysis subsystem and a hardware breadboarding facility. The laboratory system provides both A/J and intercept threat analysis capabilities. Through figure-of-merit expressions, design trade-offs can be conducted and design verifications made by breadboard experiments. As the number of military spread-spectrum systems increases in the future, the conventional analysis and design approach will not be flexible enough to accommodate the growing number of candidate waveforms. This laboratory system provides a cost-effective and flexible alternative. Examples presented in the paper describe the analysis and design procedures and the results for a spread-spectrum communication system to combat various intercept threats including radiometers (wideband and channelized), chip-rate detectors, and hop-rate detectors. A unique laboratory breadboard hierarchical approach is also presented, where multiple waveform generation is possible through a basic communications modem. Most MFSK, FH, and PN waveforms and their combinations can be generated by the hierarchical structure.
Development of a real time digital high frequency annular array ultrasound imaging system

The development of a real time high frequency ultrasound imaging system for imaging with an annular array transducer is described in this study. The system is composed of a six-element transducer, a six-channel analog front end, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) based beamformer and a scan converter with a DSP microprocessor as the central unit. A PC is used as the user interface showing the real time images. The experimental results show that the transducer has a 300 /spl mu/m -6 dB beam width measured with hydrophone system. The beamformer that apply delays to the echoes from each channel is implemented with the strategy of combining the coarse and fine delays. The coarse delays that are integer multiples of the clock period are achieved by using a first-in-first-out structure and the fine delays are accomplished with a fractional delay filter. The image obtained from a wire target shows that the system is capable of achieving fairly uniform spatial resolution through the depth of the view.
The pre-Atlantic Hf isotope evolution of the east Laurentian continental margin: Insights from zircon in basement rocks and glacial tillites from northern New Jersey and southeastern New York

Abstract This paper presents laser ablation U–Pb age and Hf isotope data for zircons from basement rocks and glacial deposits in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York. The purpose is to understand the eastern Laurentian continental margin's Hf isotope record in relation to its geologic evolution prior to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The basement samples encompass a Meso- to Neoproterozoic continental margin arc, an anatectic magmatic suite, as well as a Late Ordovician alkaline igneous suite emplaced during post-orogenic melting of the lithospheric mantle. Additional samples were collected from terminal moraines of two Quaternary continental ice sheets. Across the entire dataset, zircons with ages corresponding to the timing of continental margin arc magmatism (~ 1.4 Ga to ~ 1.2 Ga) have positive eHf(initial) values that define the more radiogenic end of a crustal evolution array. This array progresses towards more unradiogenic eHf(initial) values along a series of low 176Lu/177Hf (0.022 to 0.005) trajectories during subsequent anatectic magmatism (~ 1.2 Ga to ~ 1.0 Ga) and later metamorphic and metasomatic re-working (~ 1.0 Ga to ~ 0.8 Ga) of the continental margin arc crust. In contrast, nearly chondritic eHf(initial) values from the Late Ordovician alkaline magmas indicate that the Laurentian margin was underlain by a re-fertilized mantle source. Such a source may have developed by subduction enrichment of the mantle wedge beneath the continental margin during the Mesoproterozoic. Additionally, preliminary data from a metasedimentary unit of unknown provenance hints at the possibility that some of the sediments occupying this portion of the Laurentian margin prior to the Ordovician were sourced from crust older than ~ 1.9 Ga.
Extreme value estimation for a function of a random sample using binomial moments scheme and Boolean functions of events

We propose a novel optimization model to find reliable bounds of a real valued function of a simple random sample from a population. If the sample size is n, then the function would be a function of n i.i.d. random variables (by simple random sampling). Comprehensive evaluation by simulation is challenging when the function is asymmetric, requiring a large number of simulations for desired statistical precision. The proposed model is based on the binomial moments to construct a systematic mathematical form, and is further developed by utilizing Boolean logic. Numerical examples are presented.
Leveraging Fourth and Sixth Graders’ Experiences to Reveal Understanding of the Forms and Features of Distributed Causality

ABSTRACTResearch has focused on students’ difficulties understanding phenomena in which agency is distributed across actors whose individual-level behaviors converge to result in collective outcomes. Building on Levy and Wilensky (2008), this study identified features of distributed causality students understand and that may offer affordances for instruction. Students displayed more distributed reasoning than anticipated, used hybrid and flexible reasoning, and reasoned about additive effects of collections of agents and their interactions, even when intent was unaligned.
Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention on the School Performance of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders and Anxiety:

Despite widespread treatment success in clinical settings, anxiety disorders are rarely targeted for intervention in students with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD) who exhibit them. This stu...
Compounded Deficits: The Association Between Neuropsychological Impairment and Attention Biases in Currently Depressed, Formerly Depressed, and Never Depressed Individuals

Attentional dysfunction is commonly found in depressed individuals in the form of impairment on measures of selective attention as well as attentional biases for negative information. Although a re...
Cardiovascular health in young adulthood and structural brain MRI in midlife: The CARDIA study.

Objective: To examine the association between the American Heart Association (AHA) Life9s Simple 7 (LS7) metric and brain structure. Methods: We determined cardiovascular health (CVH) according to the AHA LS7, assigning 0, 1, or 2 points for meeting poor, intermediate, or ideal criteria for the 7 components (range 0–14) at baseline (aged 18–30 years in 1985–1986) and year 25 follow-up examination for 518 participants of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) brain MRI substudy. Visit-based CVH score and average score was assessed in relation to percent of intracranial volume of normal tissue of the whole brain, gray matter, and white matter, and abnormal tissue volume of white matter at year 25 using multivariable linear, logistic, and quantile regression, after adjustment for age, sex, race, field center, educational attainment, and alcohol consumption. Results: Mean percentage of whole brain volume, normal gray matter, and normal white matter was 81.3% (±2.5), 42.9% (±2.0), and 38.4% (±2.0). Greater CVH score at baseline (per each additional point at year 0: 0.1%, 95% confidence limits 0.01–0.3; p p Conclusions: Maintaining ideal levels of cardiovascular health, determined by the LS7, in young adulthood is associated with greater whole brain volume in middle age but not regional differences in structure.
Global Migration of Talent: Drain, Gain, and Transnational Impacts

According to United Nations data, the number of international migrants worldwide reached 244 million in 2015. Among these migrants, recent data suggest a steeply increasing trend in the proportion of highly skilled emigration to total emigration, including international student mobility. In this chapter, we review the ‘brain drain’ debate and present relevant data on ‘talent mobility’ within the context of globalization and knowledge-based economies. We also discuss the main winners and losers from talent mobility and present examples of policies and programs employed by source countries to incentivize return. Finally, we conclude by developing a set of policy implications for mitigating ‘brain drain’ and capitalizing on the growing potential of diaspora and transnational communities to stimulate economic development and social change in their countries of origin.
Effects of Age, Joint Angle, and Test Modality on Strength Production and Functional Outcomes.

This study investigated the impact of age, knee joint angle, and strength testing modality on lower body maximal and rapid strength production and assessed the transferability of these characteristics to mobility-related function. Twenty young (age=21.9 yrs) and eighteen elderly (71.1 yrs) adults performed single-joint and multiple-joint isometric maximal voluntary contractions at three knee angles. Outcome measures included peak torque (PT), rate of torque development (RTD), jump height, power, 10 and 400 m walk, and timed chair stand. Older adults exhibited greater reductions in RTD for the multiple-joint (45%) than for the single-joint mode (18%). The 10 m walk was best predicted by multiple-joint RTD at 90°, the 400 m walk by jump height, and the chair stand by single-joint PT at 20°. Single-joint strength tests may underestimate age-related rapid strength impairments, likely due to requirements to exert muscular force in excess of one’s body mass in an upright position.
The impact of freshmen college leadership experiences on their leader self-efficacy development in historically black institutions

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of college leadership experiences on the leader self-efficacy development of freshmen in two historically black institutions (HBIs).,Data were collected in two phases from 200 freshmen to assess their leader self-efficacies at the beginning and end of a 16-week semester. The authors developed an eight-item questionnaire to measure college leadership experiences and adapted the 22-item leader efficacy questionnaire developed by Hannah and Avolio (2013) to measure self-efficacy.,The result of the structural equation modeling revealed that college leadership experiences have a significant positive impact on college leader self-efficacy. Moreover, college leadership experiences significantly mediated the effect of high school leadership experiences on college leader self-efficacy. Pre-college leader self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on college leader self-efficacy but an insignificant effect on college leadership experiences. The findings indicated that holding leadership positions and volunteering in the first semester of college were positively and strongly related to college leadership experiences.,First, this study will empirically examine the causal relationships between college leadership experiences and leader self-efficacy by controlling for the effect of the pre-college leader efficacy. Without controlling for the pre-existing differences among participants, the effects of college leadership experiences on leader self-efficacy development may be overestimated. Second, despite self-efficacy being a critical component in leadership models and being important in boosting leaders’ confidence, only limited research uses well-defined conceptual leadership models in studying student leader self-efficacy. This study fills the gap by using a contemporary conceptual model that encompasses the key leadership variables necessary in assessing the student leadership development.
Nervous System-Specific Proteins in Cultured Neural Cells

The earliest reports of differentiated functions in serially cultured cell strains and lines are difficult to trace completely and depend to some degree on an acceptable definition of the term “differentiated.” Should we, for example, consider the species and strain-specific antigens of cells as “functional” or #x201C;differentiated” markers? Several early references describe serially cultured cells which maintained such antigenic distinctions (Brand and Syverton, 1960; Stulberg, et al., 1961; Coombs, 1962). The consensus arising from an analysis of much of the cell culture studies of the 1950s and early 1960s, however, suggested that serially cultured cells generally lose the ability to carry out differentiated functions characteristic of their tissue of origin. Occasional reports to the contrary, the loss of differentiated function was thought to be a relatively general feature of dispersed cell culture. In the early 1960s loss of function in cultured cells was ascribed to two different mechanisms. The first of these phenomena was termed #x201C;dedifferentiation,” a process inherent in cells propagated in dispersed culture. Alternatively, selective overgrowth by undifferentiated cells in the mixed cultures was postulated as the factor responsible for loss of function. The review of Levintow and Eagle (1961) describes the debate over these two phenomena as it existed at that time, while Yasumura (1968) provides a retrospective discussion of the controversy. Sato and his associates were able to resolve at least some aspects of this debate when they isolated from neoplasms of various endocrine organs a variety of clonal cell strains which were capable of producing organ-specific products in culture (Buonassisi et al., 1962; Yasumura et al., 1966). These results clearly demonstrated that selective overgrowth was responsible for the observed “dedifferentiation” in some cases; growth in culture did not ipso facto mean loss of function for the progeny of a functional cell. The clonal isolation of functional cell strains from neoplastic tissue has since become a major tool in a number of areas, including cell biology, endocrinology, and, most recently, neurobiology.
Decision-Theoretic Treatment of Superresolution Based upon Oversampling and Finite Support

It is well-known (at least in one dimension) that a function vanishing outside of a finite support domain has a Fourier transform that is analytic everywhere in frequency space. Consequently, if the transform is known exactly on a finite line segment in the complex frequency plane, it can by analytic continuation be determined everywhere and thus the original function can be recovered exactly. In this paper we consider realistic imaging problems in both one and two dimensions where the transform is imperfectly known from a set of noisy measurements at a discrete set of points in spatial frequency space. The true image in physical space is assumed to vanish identically outside of a specified support domain. The problem of estimating the image from the noisy measurements is approached within the well-established framework of linear Gaussian estimation theory.
Global mode-based control of laminar and turbulent high-speed jets

Abstract The emitted noise from round jets is reduced using linear feedback controllers designed using structural sensitivity analysis. Linear global modes inform the selection and placement of the controller, and Navier–Stokes simulations are used to demonstrate effectiveness in a Mach-1.5 cold axisymmetric jet and in a Mach-0.9 cold turbulent jet. In both jets, each fitted with a cylindrical nozzle, the control reduces the radiated noise and modifies the baseflow in a way that enhances the relative amplitudes of low-frequency St ≈ 0.05 global modes that do not have significant support in the acoustic field.
Energy-Efficient, Two-Dimensional Analog Memory for Neuromorphic Computing

Unlike modern computers that use digital ‘0’ and ‘1’ for computation, neural networks in human brains exhibit analog changes in neural connections (i.e. synaptic weight) during the decision-making and learning processes. This analog nature as well as the neural network's massive parallelism are partly why human brains (~20 W) are much better at complex tasks such as pattern recognition than even the most powerful computers (~1 MW) with significantly better energy efficiency. Currently, majority of the research efforts towards developing artificial neural networks are based on digital technology with CMOS devices [1], which cannot mimic the analog behaviors of biological synapses and thus energy-extensive. Recently, emerging memory devices such as phase change memory (PCM), resistive random access memory (RRAM), and spin-torque transfer (STT) RAM [2]–[4] have been studied to mimic synaptic connections with their programmable conductance. While these approaches are promising, they still face various limitations such as poor controllability, subpar reliability, large variability, and non-symmetrical resistance response.
Design principles for nanoparticle based photonic crystals

We present a new approach for building three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals from periodic nanoparticle lattices that use spacers between plasmonic particles to control particle interactions, as compared to typical designs where dielectric materials are in contact. We delineate a set of simple yet general design principles that can be used to quickly derive the superlattice stopband features based on just two lattice parameters: nanoparticle-layer periodicity and volume fraction. By fixing the lattice parameters and comparing stopband properties from lattices composed of a variety of metallic and dielectric nanoparticles, we show that plasmonic nanoparticles are advantageous for optimizing the stopband features in photonic crystals made with nanoparticles and spacers.
Unpacking the layers: a meta-ethnography of cancer survivors' loneliness.

To review the empirical qualitative literature on cancer survivor’s experiences with loneliness to inform assessments and interventions for improving cancer survivors’ social well-being. A rigorous systematic review of qualitative studies published in five databases between 1993 and 2016 was conducted. Three coders reviewed 285 titles and abstracts and, after applying a critical review process, 20 manuscripts were synthesized using meta-ethnography. The synthesis of the 20 studies provided a framework for understanding survivors’ layers of loneliness at the level of the individual, their social support system, the healthcare system, and society. Internally, survivors described loneliness resulting from feelings of inauthenticity, of being alone in their cancer experience, and of lack of control. In their social networks, survivors attributed loneliness to others’ avoidance, misperceptions of cancer, and others’ failure to recognize the effects of cancer after active treatment. Unmet needs after treatment contributed to feelings of loneliness within the healthcare system. Further, societal stigma around cancer and pressures to experience growth after cancer created another layer of loneliness. The results suggest the need to move beyond an individual level perspective in assessing and treating loneliness in cancer survivors. This meta-ethnography presents an integrated framework of loneliness in cancer survivors as a multi-layered experience. Implications for Cancer Survivors Conceptualizing loneliness from a systemic perspective adds missing pieces to the loneliness puzzle by encouraging assessment and intervention at interacting levels of functioning; considering how individuals respond to and are affected by their social systems can deepen our understanding of cancer survivorship.
Glucocorticoids plus opioids upregulate genes that influence synaptic plasticity

Stress is associated with drug abuse and recidivism. Therefore, this study investigated the patterns of gene expression due to the interaction between glucocorticoids and opioid peptides. Total RNA...
PARENTING: ALTERNATIVES AND CONTINUITIES

As we examine the patterns of supplementary parenting described in this volume, we could lose sight of certain biological imperatives that shape the structures of family life and, thus, parent-child relationships. Similarily, our perspective on the significance of these explorations of supplementary parenting might be distorted if we were to ignore the social context that has given rise to them.
Existential Isolation in Whisky (2004), reading Uruguayan cinema beyond the concept of small cinema

The Cinematography in Whisky (2004) is essential in the directors’ efforts to explore existential isolation. The incompleteness of knowledge, the uncrossable gaps between people, and the impossibility of communion among individuals are some of the themes explored in this film, directed by Juan Pablo Rebella and Pablo Stoll. These are mostly absent in the scholarship about the movie, which tends to focus on the concept of small cinema. The present text aims to build on these discussions to propose a reading of Whisky as a work of art that, although made within a very specific context of production, is not limited by it. Keywords: Cinematography. Uruguayan cinema. Small cinema .
Online Top-K Selection in Crowdsourcing Environments

Identifying the top-K items in a set of items is a problem that finds applications in many areas, such as recommender systems, social review platforms, online contests, web search, and more. Crowdsourcing provides an effective way to collect input for such tasks with low costs and has attracted significant attention.We consider top-K problems in which the focus consists in selecting the set of top-K elements, regardless of their internal ordering. Past algorithms for top-K problems were generally based on a global sorting, which perform unnecessary work sorting elements that are all selected or all rejected. The exceptions are specialized crowdsourcing algorithms that have been proposed especially for top-K selection; these algorithms, however, require a fixed amount of work to be performed, and produce no useful intermediate answer.We propose here a dynamic top-K selection algorithm that uses crowdsourced comparisons to progressively classify items into selected in top-K, and rejected. As the comparisons proceed, more and more elements are accepted; intermediate results can be provided at any time by returning the already-accepted items along with the best among the ones that are still unclassified.We show that the algorithm we develop is efficient and robust with respect to comparison noise. We illustrate the performance of algorithm both analytically and experimentally, and show that our algorithm can achieve comparable precision in the selection of top-K items with less crowdsourcing work than previous algorithms.
Investigate the relevance of major signaling pathways in cancer survival using a biologically meaningful deep learning model

Survival analysis and prediction are important in cancer studies. In addition to the Cox proportional hazards model, recently deep learning models have been proposed to integrate the multi-omics data for survival prediction. Cancer signaling pathways are important and interpretable concepts that define the signaling cascades regulating cancer development and drug resistance. Thus, it is interesting and important to investigate the relevance to the survival time of individual signaling pathways. In this exploratory study, we propose to investigate the relevance and difference of a small set of core cancer signaling pathways in the survival analysis of cancer patients. Specifically, we built a biologically meaningful and simplified deep neural network, DeepSigSurvNet, for survival prediction. In the model, the gene expression and copy number data of 1648 genes from 46 major signaling pathways are used. We applied the model on 4 types of cancer and investigated the relevance and difference of the 46 signaling pathways among the 4 types of cancer. Interestingly, the interpretable analysis identified the distinct patterns of these signaling pathways, which are helpful to understand the relevance of the signaling pathways in terms of their association with cancer survival time. These highly relevant signaling pathways can be novel targets, combined with other essential signaling pathways inhibitors, for drug and drug combination prediction to improve the survival time of cancer patients.
Tire Engineering: An Introduction

The modern tire is the most complex, composite product in mass production. Yet given its complexity and required performance, there is little information in the public domain regarding its development. This book provides an introduction to tire design, construction, and manufacturing in the context of materials technologies used today, along with future trends and disrupting technologies. Focuses on design and construction Discusses the relationship between materials and performance Reviews tire uniformity as a key differentiator among manufacturers Evaluates design and construction features versus performance Written for engineers in the polymer, industrial, chemical, mechanical, and automotive industries, this book offers a comprehensive view of tire design, including materials selection, construction, manufacturing, quality control, and future trends.
A review of soft wearable robots that provide active assistance: Trends, common actuation methods, fabrication, and applications

Abstract This review meta-analysis combines and compares the findings of previously published works in the field of soft wearable robots (SWRs) that provide active methods of actuation for assistive and augmentative purposes. A thorough investigation of major contributions in the field of an SWR is made to analyze trends in the field focused on fluidic and cable-driven systems, prevalent and successful approaches, and identify the future direction of SWRs and active actuation strategies. Types of soft actuators used in wearables are outlined, as well as general practices for fabrication methods of soft actuators and considerations for human–robot interface designs of garment-like exosuits. An overview of well-known and emerging upper body (UB)- and lower body (LB)-assistive technologies is categorized by the specific joints and degree of freedom (DoF) assisted and which actuator methodology is provided. Different use cases for SWRs are addressed, as well as implementation strategies and design applications.
Successful treatment of neurocysticercosis with albendazole desensitization.

Background Neurocysticercosis is a growing public health problem in the United States. Albendazole is a mainstay of medical therapy for neurocysticercosis, and here we present a case of hypersensitivity to albendazole leading to life-threatening disease progression. Objective To report the first successful albendazole desensitization protocol. Methods An oral albendazole 12-step desensitization protocol was developed, starting with 0.001 mg and progressing at 15 minutes intervals. Dosage for each subsequent step was as follows: 0.003 mg, 0.01 mg, 0.03 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.3 mg, 1 mg, 3 mg, 10 mg, 30 mg, 100 mg, 300mg. Results The patient rapidly improved from a symptomatic standpoint, and repeat MRI showed a dramatic improvement in lesions. Conclusions This successful desensitization protocol to albendazole can be of value to other patients with history suggestive of IgE-mediated allergy needing treatment for parasitic infections.
Investigating post-transcriptional mechanisms of neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is a chronic condition which can arise following damage to the somatosensory system and often involves both hyperalgesia and allodynia. The molecular mechanisms of neuropathic pain remain incompletely understood but require enduring alterations in specific gene program expression and protein synthesis affecting neuronal signaling and excitability. We investigate the roles of non-coding RNA regulatory pathways in impacting hyperalgesia and determining the mRNA complement recruited during the protein synthesis response in neuropathic pain. Nerve injury alters the expression of many miRNAs, including the highly conserved let-7 family miRNAs, which repress pro-growth mRNAs and are implicated in axon growth, neuronal plasticity, and brain circuit development. The Lin28 RNA binding protein can prevent maturation of let-7 precursor RNAs; consequently, increased Lin28 signaling promotes pro-growth gene expression. The regulation and potential roles role of Lin28/let-7 pathway in neuropathic pain remain largely unexplored. Using spared nerve injury (SNI) mouse models of neuropathic pain, we find in preliminary data that Lin28a loss of function in sensory neuron populations can result in a deficit in mechanical hypersensitivity post-surgery. In SNI and sciatic nerve transection (SNT) mouse models, we evaluate molecular mechanisms underlying pain using single molecule detection and genetic manipulation. A sensitive RNA imaging assays, RNAScope in situ hybridization (ISH), is used to amplify single RNA target signals in fixed tissues to allow mapping of the spatiotemporal patterns and cell type specificity of changes in non-coding RNA regulatory pathways. Digital PCR is used to provide sensitive and quantitative validation. We find lin28 mRNA level are elevated in injured dorsal root ganglion cells, injured sciatic nerves and their surrounding Schwann cells at 3 days post SNI and SNT surgery accordingly.