cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sprout inhibition in storage: Current status, new chemistries and natural compounds

A major component of managing potato quality in storage is effective sprout inhibition. Sprouting causes increased weight loss, reduced tuber quality and impedes air movement through the potato pile. The primary method to control sprouting in storage is with postharvest applications of isopropylN-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (chlorpropham; CIPC). CIPC inhibits sprout development by interfering with cell division. However, a recent Environmental Protection Agency mandate, from the requirements of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996, resulted in a reduction in allowable CIPC residue on fresh potatoes in the United States from 50 ppm to 30 ppm.
Thiolated Chitosan Nanoparticles Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Intranasally Delivered Theophylline

Background Chitosan, a polymer derived from chitin, has been used for nasal drug delivery because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability and bioadhesiveness. Theophylline is a drug that reduces the inflammatory effects of allergic asthma but is difficult to administer at an appropriate dosage without causing adverse side effects. It was hypothesized that adsorption of theophylline to chitosan nanoparticles modified by the addition of thiol groups would improve theophylline absorption by the bronchial epithelium and enhance its anti-inflammatory effects.
Control configuration of a relaxed stability airship

The control configured vehicle concept of relaxing inherent static stability is applied here to design a modern conventional or V/STOL airship that has fixed or vectorable cruise/lift propulsors and may have auxiliary thrust vector controls for pitch and directional control augmentation. It is shown that conventional control criteria can be met while significantly reducing the required empennage surface area, vehicle aerodynamic drag, and weight by using this design approach. Although they are not a prerequisite for this application, the auxiliary thrust vector controls are found to allow greater reduction in fin size and to have favorable influence on the relaxed stability vehicle performance at low speeds. The results are illustrated here by considering an example airship of 2.8 x 10 ft.
The role of deformations, inertias, and wall friction in heavy ion fusion

The time evolution of the shapes of colliding heavy ions is determined using a full dynamical calculation which includes among other ingredients; deformations, deformation dependent inertias and wall dissipation. A carefully chosen criterion allows the determination of the critical angular momentum for fusion, lcr, as a function of bombarding energy. It is shown that the characteristics of the entrance channel, namely, deformations, deformation dependent inertias, and wall friction affect the fusion excitation function in a fundamental way. The fusion excitation functions for 16O, 28Si, 40Ca and 56Fe are calculated using the one-body wall friction and are compared with similar calculations using a weaker wall friction (surface friction). These dynamical calculations show that the experimental excitation functions are consistent with the wall friction but not with the smaller surface friction. Also, general non-dynamical considerations have been used to place upper bounds on the excitation function, which are very useful.
An unusual cause of S1 radicular pain presenting as early phantom pain in a transfemoral amputee: a case report.

Abstract Smuck M, Christensen S, Lee SS, Sagher O. An unusual cause of S1 radicular pain presenting as early phantom pain in a transfemoral amputee: a case report. Recent epidemiologic studies have shown back pain to be a significant cause of pain in lower-limb amputees, but only a handful of cases have reported sciatica in amputees. The symptoms are usually described as a phantom pain or neuropathic pain in the residual limb that is often refractory to conventional treatments. These symptoms typically occur with back pain and are distinct from the patient's usual symptoms. Interestingly, back pain is not a universal finding. We present a patient with presumed phantom limb pain subsequently discovered to be caused by an S1 radiculopathy. This patient's supposed phantom pain persisted despite multiple medication trials. Initial work-up revealed a sciatic neuroma at the stump. Treatments targeting this neuroma were unsuccessful. Further evaluation found that a sacroiliac joint screw placed to stabilize a pelvic fracture had intruded into the S1 neuroforamen. A diagnostic S1 nerve block temporarily relieved the patient's pain, and the screw was removed. Pain persisted and a spinal cord stimulator was placed resulting in improvement of his pain. Because conventional diagnostic tests are limited, including physical exam and electromyography, a fluoroscopically guided selective spinal nerve block proved to be a useful diagnostic tool in this patient.
Radiometric Characterization of Normal-Incidence InAs/In0.15Ga0.85As Quantum-Dot Detectors

Normal incidence InAs/In 0.15 Ga 0.85 As dots-in-a-well detectors operating at T=78K with λ cut-off ~8.2 μm and a spectral width (Δλ/λ) of 35% are reported. The peak at 7.2 μm is attributed to the bound-to-bound transitions between the ground state of the dot and the states within the InGaAs well. A broad shoulder around 5 μm, which is attributed to the bound to continuum transition, is also observed. Calibrated blackbody measurements at a device temperature of 78K yield a peak responsivity of 3.58 A/W (V b =-1V), peak detectivity= 2.7x10 9 cmHz 1/2 /W (V b =-0.3V), conversion efficiency of 57% and a gain ~25.
An investigation of the factors which affect the size and growth rates of the habit faces of gypsum

Abstract Investigations were carried out concerning the factors which affect the relative growth rates of the habit faces of gypsum as well as the overall particle size. The results indicate that the relative degree of supersaturation has a major role in determining the relative growth rate of the habit faces and the particle size and that the ions present in thee solutions (Sr +2 , Ag + , OH − , H + , NO 3 − , Na + , and HSO 4 − ) modify the influence of the supersaturation on these processes. The particle size is independent of the solubility of gypsum in the medium. The crystallization technique does not appear to influence the growth rate of the habit faces but does affect the particle size, probably by changing the nucleation rate or the rate of growth of existing nuclei which may have been very slow. The relationship between the effect of the ions and the gypsum crystal structure is discussed.
Atrioventricular septal defect recently diagnosed by fetal echocardiography: echocardiographic features, associated anomalies, and outcomes.

Objectives. We report our recent experience with atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) diagnosed in utero. Methods. We reviewed fetal echocardiograms diagnosed with AVSD between November 2002 and November 2004, comparing fetuses with and without aneuploidy. We compared results with previous studies. Results. Twenty (1.8%) fetuses had AVSD. Mean maternal age was 33 years (range 19–43). Mean gestational age was 26 weeks (range 18–38). Indications for fetal echocardiography were: abnormal obstetrical ultrasound (75%), chromosomal anomaly (15%), undetermined (10%). AVSD was an isolated cardiac defect in 5 (25%), associated with double-outlet right ventricle (9) or tetralogy of Fallot (3) in 12 (60%). Four had aortic arch anomalies. Atrioventricular valve regurgitation was mild in 7 (35%) and moderate in 4 (20%). Heart block existed in 2 (10%). Five (25%) with trisomy had Rastelli type A AVSD as a single lesion (odds ratio 24, P < .01). Extracardiac anomalies existed in 6, with and without aneuploidy. Pregnancy was terminated in 4 (20%), neonatal death in 4 (20%), and reparative surgery in 6 (30%), not ascertained in 6. Conclusion. Atrioventricular septal defect is usually an isolated cardiac lesion in fetuses with aneuploidy. In the absence of aneuploidy, fetal AVSD is often associated with conotruncal and aortic arch abnormalities, which are important in determining outcomes. Pregnancy termination and neonatal death continue to be prevalent.
Suppression of the vapor-liquid-solid growth of silicon nanowires by antimony addition.

The effect of Sb addition on the growth rate and structural properties of Si nanowires synthesized by vapor–liquid–solid growth was investigated. The nanowire growth rate was reduced by an order of magnitude following the addition of a low concentration pulse of trimethylantimony (TMSb) to the gas phase during growth. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the wires had a thick amorphous coating (~8 nm) around the catalyst particle and a distorted catalyst shape. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy showed the presence of trace amounts of Sb in the amorphous coating around the catalyst and at the catalyst–wire interface. Antimony was also found to be incorporated in the Si nanowires with a peak in the Sb concentration measured at the initial point where the TMSb pulse was added to the gas stream. The significant reduction in wire growth rate was attributed to Sb segregation at the vapor–liquid and liquid–solid interfaces which results in a change in interfacial energies and a reduction in the rate of Si incorporation at these interfaces.
Preferred apical distribution of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins: a highly conserved feature of the polarized epithelial cell phenotype.

We use a sensitive biotin polarity assay to survey the surface distribution of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins in five model epithelial cell lines derived from different species (dog, pig, man) and tissues, i.e., kidney (MDCK I, MDCK II, LLC-PK1) and intestine (Caco-2 and SK-CO15). After biotinylation of apical or basolateral surfaces of confluent monolayers grown on polycarbonate filters, GPI-anchored proteins are identified by their shift from a Triton X-114 detergent-rich phase to a detergent-poor phase in the presence of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. All GPI-anchored proteins detected (3-9 per cell type, at least 13 different proteins) are found to be apically polarized; no GPI-anchored protein is observed preferentially localized to the basal surface. One of the GPI-anchored proteins is identified as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Survey of MDCK II-RCAr, a mutant cell line with a pleiotropic defect in galactosylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids (that presumably affects GPI anchors) also reveals an apical polarization of all GPI-anchored proteins. In contrast, analysis of MDCK II-ConAr (a mutant cell line with an unknown defect in glycosylation) revealed five GPI-anchored proteins, two of which appeared relatively unpolarized. Our results indicate that the polarized apical distribution of GPI-anchored proteins is highly conserved across species and tissue-type and may depend on glycosylation.
TWENTY-EIGHT CASES OF HUMAN HEART-LUNG TRANSPLANTATION

Abstract Between March, 1981, and August, 1985, twenty-eight heart-lung transplant operations were done in 27 patients at a single institution. 8 patients died in the perioperative period and adhesions related to previous thoracic surgery proved to be a major risk factor for postoperative haemorrhage. Obliterative bronchiolitis developed in half of the 20 long-term survivors, a mean of 11·2 months (range 2-35 months) after surgery: 4 of these patients died, 3 are functionally limited, 2 were successfully treated with corticosteroids, and the remaining patient was successfully retransplanted. The other 10 long-term survivors returned to a normal life with essentially normal pulmonary function measured at a mean of 22·6 months (range 4-42 months) after transplantation. All the surviving patients have evidence of renal impairment related to cyclosporin nephrotoxicity. The results indicate that, although heart-lung transplantation is compatible with essentially normal long-term pulmonary function, the procedure should not yet be regarded as a routine clinical intervention.
Excitation-Induced Stability and Phase Transition: A Review:

Dynamical systems may experience undesirable behavior or instability, which can be eliminated using feedback control means. However, in the absence of feedback control, the stability of some systems may be increased by imposing parametric excitation. In other cases, the exit time of the system response from the stable to the unstable domain may be prolonged by imposing external noise, a phenomenon termed noise-enhanced stability (NES). This article presents an assessment of the mechanisms of stabilization via multiplicative noise and noise-enhanced stability. The first part deals with stabilization via deterministic parametric excitation of gravity-defying systems such as the inverted simple and spherical pendulums, aeroelastic structures, human walking, and quantum nonlinear couplers. The second part introduces the concept of noise-induced transition (NIT) in one-dimensional nonlinear systems and ship roll motion. Stabilization of originally unstable systems via multiplicative noise is treated in the thi...
Blood compatibility of radiation-grafted hydrogels.

Radiation grafted hydrogels of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) on silicone rubber rings were evaluated by the standard vena cava ring implantation test. Both grafted hydrogel rings showed significant patency after 2 weeks implantation, in contrast to the untreated silicone rubber rings which were totally occluded after 2 hr.
Bar-Shaped nuclear bodies in oral epithelial cells of children receiving chemotherapy for cancer

Abstract Linear clumping of chromatin material, or bar-shaped nuclear bodies, was found in children undergoing chemotherapy for cancer and in normal children serving as controls. The relationship between these bodies and cancer chemotherapy was investigated utilizing oral cytology. The bodies occurred with approximately the same frequency in study patients and controls, but the study patients exhibiting this aberration yielded a significantly higher percentage. The increased expression of this nuclear aberration with anti-neoplastic agents suggests that this alteration in nuclear morphology may be useful in the study of the cytotoxicity of these drugs.
Three-dimensional integrated circuits

Three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits (ICs), which contain multiple layers of active devices, have the potential to dramatically enhance chip performance, functionality, and device packing density. They also provide for microchip architecture and may facilitate the integration of heterogeneous materials, devices, and signals. However, before these advantages can be realized, key technology challenges of 3D ICs must be addressed. More specifically, the processes required to build circuits with multiple layers of active devices must be compatible with current state-of-the-art silicon processing technology. These processes must also show manufacturability, i.e., reliability, good yield, maturity, and reasonable cost. To meet these requirements, IBM has introduced a scheme for building 3D ICs based on the layer transfer of functional circuits, and many process and design innovations have been implemented. This paper reviews the process steps and design aspects that were developed at IBM to enable the formation of stacked device layers. Details regarding an optimized layer transfer process are presented, including the descriptions of 1) a glass substrate process to enable through-wafer alignment; 2) oxide fusion bonding and wafer bow compensation methods for improved alignment tolerance during bonding; 3) and a single-damascene patterning and metallization method for the creation of high-aspect-ratio (6:1 108 vias/cm2), and extremely aggressive wafer-to-wafer alignment (submicron) capability.
Atomic power, its birth and its human meaning

Doctor Compton develops the thesis that “wars between great powers are a thing of the past,” in considering the portent of man's control of atomic energy.
The rate of mutation of a single gene

The rate of mutation refers to the probability that a unit length of DNA (generally a base pair) mutates with time. Fluctuation analysis or mutant accumulation assays applied to phenotypic changes measure mutation rates of cells. However, only a few phenotypic changes indicative of mutations are known thus limiting the analysis to those rare genes. Direct sequencing overcomes the limitations imposed by phenotypic analysis but is limited by the extensive number of clones or cells that have to be analyzed in fluctuation or mutant accumulation assays. We propose a strategy to determine the rate of mutation of a gene by limited direct sequencing of a few single cells of a defined lineage. To accomplish this, we determined the average number of mutations per position in each DNA length sequenced from the proportion of the non-mutated positions, according to the Poisson process and/or the Taylor series. Measuring the rate of mutation by direct sequencing of genes does not require ascertaining a phenotype and can be applied to any area of the genome in a cell. The approach avoids fluctuation errors.
The corporation as a city

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the social and structural relationships of the corporation, as these factors may or may not affect the prevalence and type of white-collar crimes committed within the organization. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, a social disorganization framework as a potential means to explain criminal behavior throughout the corporate hierarchy has been applied. Findings – This paper is conceptual in nature, providing discussion on the application of the principles of social disorganization theory and the concentric zone model, as well as future steps for evaluation. Originality/value – The application of the social disorganization framework may provide valuable insight into how the social and structural elements of the corporation can contribute to crime within the organization and suggest modifications for deterrence.
Strip foundation on geogrid-reinforced clay: Behavior under cyclic loading

Abstract Laboratory model tests to determine the permanent settlement of a surface strip foundation supported by geogrid-reinforced saturated clay and subjected to a low-frequency cyclic load are presented. In conducting the tests, the foundation was initially subjected to an allowable static load. The cyclic load was then super-imposed over the static load. The variation of the maximum permanent settlement with the intensity of the static load and the intensity of the amplitude of the cyclic load are also presented.
Sub-Saharan Africa: The Challenge of Integration into the Global Trading System

Developing countries that are integrating quickly into the global trading system are among the fastest growing economies in the world. The impressive economic growth combined with significant reduction in poverty levels in recent years in China and India seem to demonstrate that increased international integration has the potential to spur growth capable of reducing poverty levels in poor countries. In contrast Sub-Saharan Africa appears to have been marginalized. The textile and apparel industry provides ample illustration of the daunting problems that make it difficult for countries in the region to successively engage in the global economy. Being unable to take advantage of the global market economy to promote economic growth and poverty reduction, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa continue to rely on official development assistance (ODA) from rich nations. The challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa is to help spur economic growth by becoming well integrated into the global economy in order to share more fairly in its benefits.
Revised Distance and Depth Corrections for Use in the Estimation of Short-Period P-Wave Magnitudes

A new short-period seismic magnitude measure based on uniform, automatic processing of digital P -wave data recorded on the standardized International Monitoring System (IMS) global network of stations has been formulated and tested. The test data consisted of over 220,000 single-station P -wave amplitude and period observations from approximately 25,000 events that were reported in the Reviewed Event Bulletin of the prototype International Data Center, which was established to evaluate various concepts proposed for use in the monitoring of nuclear explosions. Large-scale statistical analyses of these data have been used to define improved corrections for the effects of epicentral distance and focal depth, distance weighting factors for use in the estimation of a new, generalized m b measure ( m b ) that incorporates data observed over the expanded epicentral distance range extending from 2° to 180°, as well as preliminary global station corrections for a number of existing and proposed IMS station sites. The station corrections are considered to be preliminary at this time since possible maximum-likelihood effects are not explicitly considered in the present analysis. However, evidence is presented that indicates that such effects are not significantly biasing the derived distance/depth corrections and that the magnitude of their influence on the estimated station corrections is likely to be rather small with respect to the range encompassed by these corrections. Tests of this new, generalized m b magnitude measure have indicated that it can provide consistent and easily reproducible measures of seismic event magnitude, even for events that are not well recorded at traditional teleseismic distances.
Molecular Mechanisms of Neurologic Injury Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Neurologic injury is a potentially devastating consequence of heart surgery. Between 1% and 5% of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass have postoperative strokes and 30% to 80% of patients demonstrate some neurologic dysfunction postoperatively. This review focuses on anatomic, molecular and clinical markers of neurologic injury following cardiopulmonary bypass. Attention is directed to the molecular mechanisms underlying neurologic injury and clinical biochemical markers of injury during heart surgery. Novel strategies to modulate injury are also discussed.
Controlled continuous tuning of an adaptively tunable vibration absorber incorporating shape memory alloys

Controlled continuous tuning of the stiffness of shape memory alloy (SMA) spring elements of an adaptively tunable vibration absorber (ATVA) is a novel concept for adaptive-passive vibration control. Minimization of the vibration of a primary system is achieved indirectly via stiffness control of the SMA structural elements supporting a secondary mass. Stiffness control is further achieved via the heating of the SMA elements. In this paper a control law to achieve phase- tracking by controlling the heating of the SMA elements is developed and implemented. Successful analytical and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of continuous control of the SMA ATVA. Performance of the SMA ATVA is compared to the performance of comparable passive tuned vibration absorbers (TVA). The comparison shows that substantial improvements in vibration attenuation can be achieved through the implementation of the SMA ATVA.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
CACHE BASED RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORK LANGUAGE MODEL INFERENCE FOR FIRST PASS SPEECH RECOGNITION

Recurrent neural network language models (RNNLMs) have recently produced improvements on language processing tasks ranging from machine translation to word tagging and speech recognition. To date, however, the computational expense of RNNLMs has hampered their application to first pass decoding. In this paper, we show that by restricting the RNNLM calls to those words that receive a reasonable score according to a n-gram model, and by deploying a set of caches, we can reduce the cost of using an RNNLM in the first pass to that of using an additional n-gram model. We compare this scheme to lattice rescoring, and find that they produce comparable results for a Bing Voice search task. The best performance results from rescoring a lattice that is itself created with a RNNLM in the first pass.
Physical properties and manipulation of reversible and irreversible hydrocolloid Physical

The organisms did penetrate the margins of some of the fillings which had under­ gone thermal changes, especially if the exposure o f the test organisms had been for periods o f 30 days or more. Hardly any of the thermally treated amalgam fillings permitted penetration o f the or­ ganisms (one out of 2 0 ), but many of the acrylic fillings permitted penetration (17 out o f 80 ). A comparison of acrylic fill­ ings inserted by the brush-on technic with those inserted by the pressure technic showed that the brush-on fillings per­ mitted fewer o f the B. globigii organisms to penetrate. With respect to S. marcescens, there was no difference between brush-on fillings and pressure fillings. The difference may be explained by the differ­ ent sizes o f the two microorganisms. 2035 Spruce Street
The extended trajectory of hippocampal development: Implications for early memory development and disorder

Hippocampus has an extended developmental trajectory, with refinements occurring in the trisynaptic circuit until adolescence. While structural change should suggest a protracted course in behavior, some studies find evidence of precocious hippocampal development in the first postnatal year and continuity in memory processes beyond. However, a number of memory functions, including binding and relational inference, can be cortically supported. Evidence from the animal literature suggests that tasks often associated with hippocampus (visual paired comparison, binding of a visuomotor response) can be mediated by structures external to hippocampus. Thus, a complete examination of memory development will have to rule out cortex as a source of early memory competency. We propose that early memory must show properties associated with full function of the trisynaptic circuit to reflect "adult-like" memory function, mainly (1) rapid encoding of contextual details of overlapping patterns, and (2) retention of these details over sleep-dependent delays. A wealth of evidence suggests that these functions are not apparent until 18-24 months, with behavioral discontinuities reflecting shifts in the neural structures subserving memory beginning approximately at this point in development. We discuss the implications of these observations for theories of memory and for identifying and measuring memory function in populations with typical and atypical hippocampal function.
Split-channel operation of radio communication equipment

Mr. Chairman, fellow members of the IRE Professional Group on Vehicular Communications, and guests: The situation in the Radio Communication field is like that of a big family sitting at the table waiting for Ma to cut the pie. No matter how she divides it, she finds that she has either left somebody out or that the pieces are too small to satisfy their growing appetites.
Reduced surface runoff losses of metolachlor in narrow-row compared to wide-row soybean.

−1 of simulated rainfall was applied until 25 min of runoff was generated per plot. Th e calculated mass of metolachlor intercepted by the soybean foliage was greater in narrow-row than wide-row soybean, 0.39 kg ha −1 vs. 0.23 kg ha−1, respectively. Field and laboratory studies indicated that less than 2% of the metolachlor intercepted by the soybean foliage was available for foliar wash-off 1 d after application. Antecedent soil water content at the start of the simulations was lower in narrow-row soybean. In turn, there was a 1.7-fold greater time to runoff on narrow-row plots. Th e greater time to runoff likely contributed to lower metolachlor concentration in runoff from narrow-row plots. Cumulative metolachlor losses were signifi cantly greater in wide-row than narrow-row soybean, 3.7% vs. 2.2%, respectively. Findings indicate that narrow-row planting systems may reduce metolachlor runoff following a post-emergence application.
Election of VBF directors.

AT the next Veterinary Benevolent Fund (VBF) AGM on Thursday, July 21, 2011, there will be an election for four directors to the board of the VBF. Three of the current directors will stand for re-election. The board is the governing body of 12 directors who manage the VBF – the single charity formed by the merger of the VBF, Vet …
THE IMPORTANCE OF TAXONOMIC TRAINING TO THE EARLY DETECTION OF EXOTIC PESTS IN THE ORDER HEMIPTERA (AUCHENORRHYCHA, STERNORRHYCHA)

Abstract The introduction and establishment of non-native arthropods continually threatens United States agriculture, forests, and natural areas. In order to assist in the early detection of exotic pests, including arthropods, the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) was formed in June, 2002 by USDA CSREES. The NPDN promotes early detection of exotic pests through diagnostics, training and education, information technology, and response exercise scenarios. The NPDN is divided into five regions based on geography and crop similarities, and the University of Florida is the coordination center for the Southern Plant Diagnostic Network (SPDN). The NPDN primarily links land grant universities nationwide, but also seeks to communicate with USDA APHIS and state departments of agriculture as appropriate for regulated pest issues. Organization of intensive taxonomic workshops covering a broad range of topics was one of the objectives established for SPDN entomology in 2004-05. A 3-day workshop on Hemiptera (Au...
A new model for using quantitative urine testing as a diagnostic tool for oxycodone treatment and compliance.

ABSTRACTWe conducted a prospective, randomized, cross-sectional study to develop and validate a new model to predict oxycodone in urine that can be used to help evaluate whether patients are complying with their oxycodone dosing regimens. We studied 20 patients: eight black women, two white women, six black men, and four white men; ages 48 ± 10 years (mean ± SD); weight 97 ± 32 kg. Pain levels before treatment averaged 9.5 ± 0.9 out of 10. We prescribed oral oxycodone for each patient, tailoring the dosing regimen using clinical pharmacokinetics and measured the oxycodone concentration in each patient's urine 10 to 14 days after starting the dosing regimen. For each patient, we predicted oxycodone in their urine using our model, checked the actual concentration, and compared predicted with actual concentrations. For 18 of 20 patients (90%), actual results fell within ±10% of our model's prediction. One patient was 35% below the prediction; the other was 51% above. Our model accurately predicts oxycodone i...
An analysis of the reliability of percutaneous intramuscular electrodes in upper extremity FNS applications

Electrical stimulation through chronically indwelling percutaneous intramuscular electrodes has been utilized to restore functional grasp in paralyzed individuals. A retrospective analysis of the reliability of the electrode has demonstrated the utility of these electrodes for chronic use in functional neuromuscular stimulation of the upper extremity. The study involved 710 electrodes implanted in 38 patients in Cleveland over a 13.5 year period. Complications were infrequent and minor. The probability of an electrode surviving for six months was 88%, allowing outpatient use of an upper extremity neuroprosthetic system. >
Duplex Ultrasound Criteria for the Identification of Carotid Stenosis Should Be Laboratory Specific

Background and Purpose Published criteria for the determination of carotid stenosis have been widely applied by vascular laboratories. We compared two vascular laboratories and their duplex ultrasound (DU) machines in terms of their overall diagnostic performance and the optimal criteria to identify patients who have a 70% to 99% stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Methods Measurements of stenosis by DU and angiography were compared for 123 carotid arteries (60 arteries, laboratory A; 63 arteries, laboratory B). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created, and the areas under the ROC curves and the optimal criteria for determining a 70% to 99% stenosis were compared. Multiple regression analysis was used to measure the effect of laboratory on the relationship between angiographic stenosis and DU velocity parameters. Results Areas under the ROC curves were similar for both laboratories (0.89 to 0.90, laboratory A; 0.90 to 0.92, laboratory B). However, the optimal criterion for the iden...
First-order stochastic cellular automata simulations of the Lindemann mechanism

The Lindemann mechanism explains how apparent unimolecular chemical reac- tions arise from bimolecular collisions. In this mechanism an ingredient M activates reactants A through collisions, and the resulting activated species A ∗ can either decay to products P or be deactivated back to A, again via collisions with M. A first-order stochastic cellular automata model described previously (Seybold, Kier, and Cheng, J Chem Inf Comput Sci 1997, 37, 386) has been modified to simulate this mechanism. It is demonstrated that this model accurately reflects the salient features of the Lindemann mechanism, including the normal second-order kinetic behavior at low (M) and apparent first-order kinetics at high (M). At low (M) the mech- anism is equivalent to a rate-limited sequential process, whereas at high (M) it becomes a preequilibrium with leakage to products. The model also allows an examination of the validity of the steady-state approximation normally employed in a deterministic analysis of this mech- anism, and it is seen that this approximation is not well justified under reasonable conditions.
The Effect of Maternal Education on Fertility and Infant Health: Evidence from School Entry Policies Using Exact Date of Birth

This paper uses age-at-school-entry policies to identify the effect of female education on fertility and infant health. We focus on sharp contrasts in schooling, fertility, and infant health between women born just before and after the school entry date. School entry policies affect female education and the quality of a woman%u2019s mate and have generally small, but possibly heterogeneous, effects on fertility and infant health. We argue that school entry policies manipulate primarily the education of young women at risk of dropping out of school.
Structures and Energetics of the Cation−π Interactions of Li+, Na+, and K+ with Cup-Shaped Molecules: Effect of Ring Addition to Benzene and Cavity Selectivity

The interactions of alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, and K+) with the cup-shaped molecules, tris(bicyclo[2.2.1]hepteno)benzene and tris(7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hepteno)benzene have been investigated using MP2(FULL)/6-311+G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level of theory. The geometries and interaction energies obtained for the metal ion complexation with the cup-shaped systems trindene and benzotripyrrole are compared with the results for benzene−metal ion complexes to examine the effect of ring addition to the benzene on structural and binding affinities. The cup-shaped molecules exhibit two faces or cavities (top and bottom). Except for one of the conformers of tris(7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hepteno)benzene), the metal ions prefer to bind with the top face over bottom face of the cup-shaped molecules. The selectivity of the top face is due to strong interaction of the cation with the π cloud not only from the central six-membered ring but also from the π electrons of rim C═C bonds. In contrast, the metal ions under study exhibit...
First Report of Beech Bark Disease in Michigan.

Beech bark disease of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) is caused by the interaction of an introduced scale insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga) and the native fungus Nectria galligena, or N. coccinea var. faginata, which is thought to be introduced. Infestations of the insect precede development of the disease, and N. galligena is often found before N. coccinea var. faginata. Previously published records indicate that the beech scale extends as far west as eastern Ohio (2) and southern Ontario (Sajan, personal communication). The scale is now well established in several locations in both the Upper Peninsula (UP) and Lower Peninsula (LP) of Michigan. The scale insect has been found in beech stands throughout three counties (Oceana, Mason, and Muskegon) along the Lake Michigan shore in the LP, extending for at least 100 km from north to south, and occurring up to about 80 km inland. In the eastern UP, beech scale has been found in four counties (Alger, Chippewa, Luce, and Schoolcraft). The heaviest beech scale ...
Full-wave analysis of superstrate cavity-backed aperture antennas

A dynamic model based on a full-wave analysis which accounts for both radiation and surface waves is presented to characterize superstrate cavity-backed aperture antennas. Several examples are studied parametrically using this technique. To verify the numerical accuracy, both the equivalent magnetic current distribution and the input impedance for a center-fed slot are compared with the theoretical results of A. Hadidi and M. Hamid (1989). The results are in good agreement. >
The Spinning Membrane, SUPER-SU(∞)-GAUGE Theories and Moyal Brackets

Several important topics concerning the membrane and its symmetries are discussed. The fact that a space–time-independent Lagrangian density for a gauge-field configuration of a (d – 1)-dimensional SU(∞) super Yang–Mills theory, reduced to one dimension (time), is equivalent to a Green–Schwarz formalism of the Euclidean Eguchi–Schild string action in d – 1 dimensions, naturally raises the question whether one can construct a Neveu–Ramond–Schwarz analog. The answer is in the negative; the world-sheet supersymmetric extension of the Eguchi–Schild action for the string cannot be viewed as a classical-vacuum configuration of a super-SU(∞)-gauge theory. For the second topic we construct a "supersymmetry" charge operator, Qf, which plays the role of a residual fermionic symmetry, for fixed time, of the light-cone spinning membrane. It is explicitly shown how the Yang–Mills type of actions and, in particular, the ones for vacuum-field configurations, associated with Q(∞) supergauge theories, are invariant under both Qf "supersymmetry" and the superalgebra of area-preserving superdiffeomorphisms of the light-cone spinning torus membrane, Q(∞). More general actions can be constructed which are invariant under deformations of this superalgebra. In this case the ordinary (graded) Poisson brackets are replaced by super Moyal brackets. Finally, we conjecture why these actions, in analogy with what happens with the light-cone supermembrane, should correspond to a superfiber bundle (over space–time) formulation of the supersymmetric-gauge quantum-mechanical models (SGQMM's) of Flume and Baake et al.; with the general supergroup of trigonometric structure constants of Fairlie, Fletcher and Zachos as the structure supergroup of the superfiber. To support our concluding conjecture, preliminary steps are outlined which are necessary in order to fix the light-cone gauge for the spinning-membrane action. We discuss why the Qf "supersymmetry" (the remnant world-volume light-cone local supersymmetry) and the Q(∞) supergauge transformations must arise as its residual symmetries.
A Modification of the Garrett–Munk Internal Wave Spectrum

The Garrett‐Munk (GM) spectrum continues to be a useful description of the oceanic internal wave field. However, there are several inconsistencies and ambiguities that make it difficult to use in comparing internal wave fields at different latitudes, stratifications, and water depths. A modified spectral formulation is presented that treats three problems with the Garrett‐Munk formulation: the normalization of the energy spectrum as a function of frequency bandwidth, the energy distribution at frequencies below the semidiurnal tide, and the treatment of vertical boundaries and turning points. Addressing these problems leads to a substitution of the GM parameters E (nondimensional energy), b (vertical length scale), and N0 (buoyancy frequency scale) with two new dimensional scales: Eref, the energy per unit mass, and D(v), the Wentzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin (WKB)scaled thickness of the vertical waveguide. The advantages of the modified spectrum are illustrated by comparing with observations from the equator and the continental shelf.
A Comparative Study of Image Compression Techniques for Digital Particle Image Velocimetry

A comparative, quantitative study of image compression techniques for use with digital particle image velocimetry has been performed. Several candidate compression algorithms were selected for the study including a lossless technique and a series of mathematical transform-based methods. Each of the compression algorithms was implemented using commercial off-the-shelf software packages. Three image sequences were selected to exercise the various compression methods. These sequences included a set of industry standard images and two sets of images obtained from experimental work conducted at NASA Langley. Evaluation of the various methods was accomplished using quantitative perceptual and metrological performance measures. The results of the study indicate that several methods of compression are applicable to digital particle image velocimetry images. For selected applications where thresholding of the image gray levels can be performed, lossless algorithms yield excellent performance in terms of compression rates and introduction of negligible errors to the images. For applications where thresholding is not appropriate, JPEG and wavelet-based algorithms yield high compression rates with minor spatial errors introduced to the images. Fractal-based algorithms were shown to be capable of providing high compression rates, but the technique must be guided via the use of a suitably selected template image if spatial errors are to be minimized in the compressed images.
Endocrine Changes with Infusion of Propionate in the Dairy Cow

Abstract Sodium propionate (2.5 mmol/kg) was infused rapidly via a jugular vein into each of 13 multiparous Holstein cows at 7 wk postpartum for observation of clearance of propionate. Associated concentration changes of acetate and glucose in blood plasma and glucagon and insulin in blood serum were quantified. This dose elevated concentrations of propionate, which declined subsequently at an exponential rate (.108min -1 ). Concentrations of glucagon and insulin were increased in the sampling immediately following infusion, yet subsequent decline of insulin concentrations acted to decrease the molar ratio of insulin:glucagon as propionate returned to preinfusion concentrations. Analysis of sample means disclosed a negative correlation −.82 between glucose and molar ratio of insulin: glucagon. These experimental observations suggest that a supraphysiological dose of propionate has an immediate effect on the pancreas to alter endocrine secretion in the lactating cow.
Event-related brain potentials and error-related processing: An analysis of incorrect responses to go and no-go stimuli

Recent research has suggested that there is a component of the event-related brain potential, the error-related negativity (ERN), that is associated with error detection and remedial actions such as error inhibition, immediate error correction, or error compensation. The present experiment used a go/no-go task to define more precisely the functional significance of this component. In this task, an ERN was observed for incorrect responses on go trials (errors of choice) and for responses on no-go trials (errors of action). Because errors of action cannot be corrected immediately by executing another response, these results indicate that the process manifested by the ERN is not dependent on immediate error correction. Other aspects of the data converge in suggesting that the ERN process is more closely related to error detection and that the connections between detection and remedial actions may depend on the task situation.
Double-strand end repair via the RecBC pathway in Escherichia coli primes DNA replication

To study the relationship between homologous recombination and DNA replication in Escherichia coli, we monitored the behavior of phage lambda chromosomes, repressed or not for lambda gene activities. Recombination in our system is stimulated both by DNA replication and by experimentally introduced double-strand ends, supporting the idea that DNA replication generates occasional double-strand ends. We report that the RecBC recombinational pathway of E. coli uses double-strand ends to prime DNA synthesis, implying a circular relationship between DNA replication and recombination and suggesting that the primary role of recombination is in the repair of disintegrated replication forks arising during vegetative reproduction.
Business History Resources in the National Archives

Many opportunities for fruitful research emerge from this survey of those holdings of the National Archives which are pertinent to the historical study of government-business relationships in the United States.
Analytical fault modeling and static test generation for analog ICs

Static tests are key in reducing the current high cost of testing analog and mixed-signal ICs. A new DC test generation technique for detecting catastrophic failures in this class of circuits is presented. To include the effect of tolerance of parameters during testing, the test generation problem is formulated as a minimax optimization problem, and solved iteratively as successive linear programming problems. An analytical fault modeling technique, based on manufacturing defect statistics is used to derive the fault list for the test generation. Using the technique presented here an efficient static test set for analog and mixed-signal ICs can be constructed, reducing both the test time and the packaging cost.
Explaining Voter Turnout in Latin America, 1980 to 2000:

Previous cross-national research on voter turnout has focused attention primarily on Western industrial democracies, with relatively little attention paid to turnout in developing countries. In this article, the authors extend the research program on comparative voter turnout to presidential and legislative elections held in Latin American countries from 1980 to 2000. Building on previous research, the authors estimate a series of models that represent the effects of institutional, socioeconomic, and political variables in shaping turnout. The findings suggest that turnout in Latin American countries is influenced primarily by institutional variables (such as unicameralism, compulsoryvoting, and concurrent legislative and executive elections) and political variables (i.e., founding elections and political freedoms). Surprisingly, the authors find that socioeconomic variables, which are found to have strong effects on turnout in Western democracies, are unrelated to turnout in Latin American countries.
Assessing Teachers' Discourse about the Pre-K-12 Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education (GAISE)

This paper starts from the premise that teachers’ discourse communities influence how ideas for reform are implemented. In order to understand some of the discourse surrounding the reforms proposed by GAISE, an online focus group activity was conducted. The focus group consisted of pre-service and practicing teachers responsible for teaching statistics at various grade levels. Focus group discourse was used to formulate a set of working hypotheses about actions that need to be taken to facilitate the implementation of GAISE. Working hypotheses emphasized that statistics educators need to play roles in developing teachers’ content knowledge, helping teachers understand the differences between mathematics and statistics, deepening teachers’ pedagogical knowledge, building teachers’ curricular knowledge, and influencing the writing of state-level standards.