cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamin- and Rab5-Dependent Endocytosis of a Ca2+-Activated K+ Channel, KCa2.3

Regulation of the number of ion channels at the plasma membrane is a critical component of the physiological response. We recently demonstrated that the Ca2+-activated K+ channel, KCa2.3 is rapidly endocytosed and enters a Rab35- and EPI64C-dependent recycling compartment. Herein, we addressed the early endocytic steps of KCa2.3 using a combination of fluorescence and biotinylation techniques. We demonstrate that KCa2.3 is localized to caveolin-rich domains of the plasma membrane using fluorescence co-localization, transmission electron microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP). Further, in cells lacking caveolin-1, we observed an accumulation of KCa2.3 at the plasma membrane as well as a decreased rate of endocytosis, as assessed by biotinylation. We also demonstrate that KCa2.3 and dynamin II are co-localized following endocytosis as well as demonstrating they are associated by co-IP. Further, expression of K44A dynamin II resulted in a 2-fold increase in plasma membrane KCa2.3 as well as a 3-fold inhibition of endocytosis. Finally, we evaluated the role of Rab5 in the endocytosis of KCa2.3. We demonstrate that expression of a dominant active Rab5 (Q79L) results in the accumulation of newly endocytosed KCa2.3 on to the membrane of the Rab5-induced vacuoles. We confirmed this co-localization by co-IP; demonstrating that KCa2.3 and Rab5 are associated. As expected, if Rab5 is required for the endocytosis of KCa2.3, expression of a dominant negative Rab5 (S34N) resulted in an approximate 2-fold accumulation of KCa2.3 at the plasma membrane. This was confirmed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rab5. Expression of the dominant negative Rab5 also resulted in a decreased rate of KCa2.3 endocytosis. These results demonstrate that KCa2.3 is localized to a caveolin-rich domain within the plasma membrane and is endocytosed in a dynamin- and Rab5-dependent manner prior to entering the Rab35/EPI64C recycling compartment and returning to the plasma membrane.
Living the Golden Rule: Reciprocal Exchanges among African Americans with Cancer

Giving is receiving, and receiving is giving. This is the key finding from interviews conducted with 28 African American women and men with cancer who were active participants in dynamic relationships characterized by both giving and receiving. These participants engaged in reciprocal relationships varying in the number of persons involved, types of resources exchanged, and timing of exchange. Findings suggest the need to reconceptualize social support as caregiving and caregiving as social support. This study also points to the need to redesign intervention studies to be more inclusive of components that allow the elderly in illness-related situations to maintain their status as givers in their social networks.
Using librarian techniques in automatic text summarization for information retrieval

A current application of automatic text summarization is to provide an overview of relevant documents coming from an information retrieval (IR) system. This paper examines how Centrifuser, one such summarization system, was designed with respect to methods used in the library community. We have reviewed these librarian expert techniques to assist information seekers and codified them into eight distinct strategies. We detail how we have operationalized six of these strategies in Centrifuser by computing an informative extract, indicative differences between documents, as well as navigational links to narrow or broaden a user's query. We conclude the paper with results from a preliminary evaluation.
Impact strength of thick-interlayer composites

The impact strength of a thicker interlayer fiber filled composite material is evaluated as a function of both interlayer thickness and glass transition temperatures (Tg). The results confirm that for maximum strength, an optimum interlayer thickness is required. It is shown that this result is a function of the interlayer's Tg. Comparison with studies on other rubber reinforced systems are noted.
Instructional Effects on Performance in a Matching-to-Sample Study

Conducting studies using an undergraduate participant pool is fraught with difficulties. Among them are problems with adequately motivating subjects both to come to the study, and once there, to actively engage the experimental task. Thirty-one college students participated in a matching-to-sample (MTS) study involving substantial training, testing, retraining, and retesting of conditional discriminations and equivalence relations among four 4-member classes of nonsensical words. The study was conducted during the end of the semester, when performance often had been observed to be poorer than at other points in the semester. Eleven of the participants, in addition to standard instructions about the task, received additional instructions specifying molar consequences for high rates of “correct” responses throughout the procedure. This subset of participants displayed markedly improved performance as compared to those who did not receive the additional instructions. Results suggest that specification of molar contingencies improves participants' sensitivity to molecular contingencies within the study. Instructions that specify and increase the consequential functions of feedback provided during MTS trials may be one means of reducing unwanted variability in human MTS performance.
Report of the committee on physics of soil‐moisture, 1933–34

The members of the Committee on Physics of Soil-Moisture include the following: F. J. Veihmeyer, Chairman—College of Agriculture, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif. F. J. Alway—University of Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota. T. F. Buehrer—University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. J. S. Cole—Bureau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. J. A. Dennison—National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. N. E. Edlefsen—College of Agriculture, University of California, Davis, California. H. J. Fraser—International Nickel Company, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. O. W. Israelson—Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, Logan, Utah. G. E. Ladd—United States Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D.C. P. G. Nutting—United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. J. C. Russell—University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. W. O. Smith—6716 Thomas Boulevard, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. E. A. Willis—United States Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D.C. The Committee has attempted during the past year to obtain information on the usefulness of soil-moisture functions and constants. Members of the Committee and others who have been engaged in soil-moisture studies were asked to give their opinion as to the usefulness of soil-moisture functions and so-called constants listed below with which they had worked.
A diode laser absorption sensor for rapid measurements of temperature and water vapor in a shock tube

Time-resolved measurements of gas temperature and water vapor concentration are made in a shock tube using a novel diode laser absorption sensor (100 kHz bandwidth). Gas temperature is determined from the ratio of fixed-wavelength laser absorption of two water vapor rovibrational transitions near 1.4 μ m, and H2O concentration is determined from the inferred temperature and the absorption for one of the transitions. Wavelength modulation spectroscopy is employed with second-harmonic detection to improve the sensor sensitivity. The sensor is validated in a static cell and shock tests with H$_2$O-Ar mixtures, yielding an overall accuracy of better than 1.9 % for temperature and 1.4 % for H2O concentration measurements over the range of 500-1700 K. The sensor is then demonstrated in a preliminary study of combustion in H2/O2/Ar and heptane/O2/Ar mixtures in the shock tube.
Atmospheric solar tides and their electrodynamic effects—II. The equatorial electrojet

Abstract The global-scale dynamo solution in Part I is used to determine a full three-dimensional solution within the equatorial electrojet. Inclusion of vertical currents near the magnetic equator nearly doubles the magnetic variation obtained from the thin-shell dynamo model, relaxing the need for E -region diurnal wind speeds as large as those required by previous workers to reproduce the S q current system. This occurs because the electrojet is broadened both vertically and in its north-south extent when three-dimensional current flow is permitted. The underlying physics of this enhancement of the electrojet intensity over that predicted by the thin-shell approximation is discussed. The three-dimensional electrojet structure confirms salient features of simpler noontime meriodional-plane electrojet models, if these are extended to couple with local time variations of the polarization field generated by global dynamo action. By including local winds in our electrojet model, we are able to simulate the double-peaked structures observed near the magnetic equator by rocket-borne magnetometers. The model is also utilized as an aid in elucidating other electrojet phenomena, including the occurrence of plasma instabilities and the counter-electrojet.
Use of PML absorbing layers for the truncation of the head model in cellular telephone simulations

An efficient implementation of the perfectly matched layer (PML) boundary has been used to truncate a 3-mm resolution head model used for cellular telephone simulations. An extensive analysis of the model truncation effects along all three axes has been performed. A basic observation is that a considerable fraction of the power radiated by a cellular telephone is absorbed in the proximal ear region, and there is no interest for safety certification and antenna design in retaining electromagnetic-field information in the weakly exposed regions. The authors have progressively reduced the finite difference time-domain space in the ear-to-ear, back-to-front, and bottom-to-top directions by embedding the weakly exposed sides of the head in the PML layers. Results show that, at the lower frequency of 835 MHz, only truncations in the ear-to-ear direction is appropriate for specific-absorption-rate (SAR) accuracy. However, at the personal communication system frequency of 1900 MHz, 1- and 10-g SARs within 1% of accuracy can be obtained by retaining just 4% of the original volume of the head model. This method indicates that high-resolution cellular telephone simulations can be performed with tremendous savings in execution times and memory requirements. All of the SAR results presented in this paper have been obtained with a laptop computer, and execution times as low as 1 min have been obtained for the fully optimized simulations at 1900 MHz. Furthermore, it is shown that by using a truncated half-model, it is possible to obtain accurate radiation patterns at both frequencies of 835 and 1900 MHz. Since both the SAR evaluation and radiation pattern calculation are needed for new antenna design, this should result in a highly efficient algorithm for electromagnetic design of new personal wireless devices.
Motor memory is a factor in infant perseverative errors

Why do infants make perseverative errors when reaching for two identical targets? From a dynamic systems perspective, perseverative errors emerge from repetitive perceptual–motor activity in novel and/or difficult contexts. To evaluate this account, we studied 9-month-old infants performing two tasks in which they repetitively reached toward either a single target or two identical targets. Results showed that, in the context of the two identical targets, perseverative responses were preceded by the creation of strong memories of previous reach directions and trajectories. In contrast, we found little evidence for convergence on habitual reach trajectories when the infants performed the less taxing single-target task, suggesting that the demands of reaching for two identical targets strongly constrained the reaching behavior. In total, results indicated that memories of prior movements make a critical contribution to performance in the A-not-B task and its variants.
A graduated assignment algorithm for graph matching

A graduated assignment algorithm for graph matching is presented which is fast and accurate even in the presence of high noise. By combining graduated nonconvexity, two-way (assignment) constraints, and sparsity, large improvements in accuracy and speed are achieved. Its low order computational complexity [O(lm), where l and m are the number of links in the two graphs] and robustness in the presence of noise offer advantages over traditional combinatorial approaches. The algorithm, not restricted to any special class of graph, is applied to subgraph isomorphism, weighted graph matching, and attributed relational graph matching. To illustrate the performance of the algorithm, attributed relational graphs derived from objects are matched. Then, results from twenty-five thousand experiments conducted on 100 mode random graphs of varying types (graphs with only zero-one links, weighted graphs, and graphs with node attributes and multiple link types) are reported. No comparable results have been reported by any other graph matching algorithm before in the research literature. Twenty-five hundred control experiments are conducted using a relaxation labeling algorithm and large improvements in accuracy are demonstrated.
Morphological Awareness Intervention With Kindergarteners and First and Second Grade Students From Low SES Homes A Small Efficacy Study

We investigated the efficacy of a morphological awareness intervention on the morphological awareness and reading skills of students from low-socioeconomic-status homes; we also examined whether the intervention was similarly effective for intervention students who differed in their initial morphological awareness abilities. The 8-week intervention was designed to increase awareness of affixes and the relations between base words and their inflected and derived forms for kindergarteners (n = 27) and first- (n = 22) and second-grade (n = 26) students. Students randomly assigned to the small group intervention were provided instruction four times a week, 25 min a day, whereas students assigned to the control group received "business as usual." Kindergarten and first- and second-grade students receiving the intervention showed statistically significant gains in morphological awareness with large effect sizes on most measures. Students in all three grades who received the intervention demonstrated nonsignificant gains in literacy abilities with null to small effect sizes. Further, students with low morphological awareness abilities at the onset of the study demonstrated similar gains from the intervention as their peers with typical morphological awareness abilities. Our results suggest that explicit morphological awareness instruction may produce gains of practical importance to young elementary students at risk for future literacy difficulties.
A Comparison of Songs from Four Species of Fairy-wrens (Malurus)

tailed Shearwaters at Kilauea Point, Kauai. 'Elepaio 40, 10-12. Byrd, G.V. & Brady, B. 1983. The breeding biology of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters at Kilauea Point, Hawaii. Condor 85,292-296. Fullagar, P.J. 1976. Seabird islands number 35: Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14,94-97. Hindwood, K.A. & Serventy, D.L. 1941. The Gould Petrel of Cabbage Tree Island. Emu 41, 1-20. Johnson, R.M. & Davis, L.S. 1990. Incubation routines and foraging-trip regulation in the Grey-faced Petrel Pterodrorna rnacroptera gouldi. Ibis 132, 14-20. Klomp, N.I., Meathrel, C.E., Wienecke, B.C. & Wooller, R.D. 1991. Surface nesting by Little Penguins on Penguin Island, Western Australia. Emu 91,190-193. Meathrel, C.E. & Klomp, N.I. 1990. Predation of Little Penguin eggs by King's Skinks on Penguin Island, Western Australia. Corella 14, 129-130. Priddel, D. & Carlile, N. 1995. Mortality of adult Gould's Petrel Pterodrorna leucoptera leucoptera at the nesting site on Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales. Emu 95, 259-264. Priddel, D., Carlile, N., Davey, C. & Fullagar, P.J. 1995. The status of Gould's Petrel, Pterodrorna leucoptera leucoptera, on Cabbage Tree Island, New South Wales. Wildlife Research 22,601-610. Reilly, P. & Balmford, P. 1971. Penguin study group second report. Australian Bird Bander 9, 8-10. Reilly, P.N. & Balmford, P. 1975. A breeding study of the Little Penguin Eudyptula minor in Australia. Pp. 161-87 in The Biology of Penguins. Ed. B. Stonehouse. MacMillan, London. Warham, J. 1966. The Technique of Wildlife Cinematography. Focal Press, London. Warham, J. 1990. The Petrels: Their Ecology and Breeding Systems. Academic Press, London. Wingate, D.B. 1978. Excluding competitors from Bermuda Petrel nesting burrows. Pp. 93-102 in Endangered Birds: Management Techniques for Preserving Threatened Species. Ed. S.A. Temple. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Comparison of reproductive patterns among 7 Caribbean sponge species does not reveal a resource trade-off with chemical defenses

Among sponge species on Caribbean coral reefs, some have defensive metabolites in their tissues that deter fish predators, while others tolerate predation. Assuming that resources are limited and chemical defenses are costly, sponge species that produce defensive metabolites should have less energy to allocate toward growth or reproduction. In a previous study, we documented a resource trade-off between chemical defenses and growth among 7 branching sponge species from shallow coral reefs off Key Largo, Florida. In the present companion study, we investigated the relationship between chemical defenses and reproduction among 7 sponge species (6 branching species from the previous study and 1 vase-shaped species) from the same location. From November 2007 to October 2008, monthly tissue samples were collected from the undefended species Iotrochota birotulata, Niphates erecta, Callyspongia armigera and Callyspongia vaginalis, and the defended species Aplysina cauliformis, Aplysina fulva and Amphimedon compressa. Using a standardized procedure, tissue samples were fixed, processed for histology, sectioned, stained, and photographed for the presence of reproductive propagules (oocytes, embryos or larvae). A reproductive output index (ROI: % area of propagules/total area of tissue scanned) was calculated for each sponge species. The ROI was highly variable across species and there were no significant differences in ROI between undefended and chemically defended species. Unlike the relationship for growth and chemical defenses, the absence of a clear trade-off between reproduction and chemical defenses is probably due to the additional confounding trade-offs between propagule formation and asexual reproduction by growth and fragmentation, which was previously demonstrated for C. vaginalis and C. armigera. In combination with our past studies, we provide a 3-dimensional graph of the relative investment in growth, reproduction and defense by the 7 sponge species and discuss how resource allocation has influenced the evolution of sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs.
Microstructural Properties of Combustion-Synthesized and Dynamically Consolidated Titanium Boride and Titanium Carbide

Full-density TiB2 and TiC have been fabricated by combustion synthesis reactions followed by dynamic compaction of the still hot, porous ceramic body. The relationship between the morphologies and purities of the precursor powders used and the ceramic product structures is presented. Intergrain bonding and residual porosity of the dynamically consolidated products are found to depend strongly on the impurity levels of the precursor powders. Analysis of the TiC indicates that density and microhardness increase as a function of the C/Ti ratio, with maximum values at the ratio of 1.0.
A low-dimensional representation of human faces for arbitrary lighting conditions

When recognizing a fixed object from a fixed viewpoint, the dominant source of variation in image intensity is lighting changes. We propose a low-dimensional model for human faces that can both synthesize a face image when given lighting conditions and can estimate lighting conditions when given a face image. The model can handle non-Lambertian and self-shadowing surfaces such as faces because it does not make any assumptions about either the surface geometry or bidirectional reflectance function. The model can be adapted to handle any arbitrary lighting condition, and is easily extendable to any other viewpoint or to any other object. >
Does Penicillin Kill Bacteria

The thesis is presented that the bactericidal action of penicillin and of other inhibitors of cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis, such as vancomycin and cycloserine, is secondary or tertiary to their ability inhibit specific reactions in the assembly of an osmotically protective cell wall. Examples are given of the inhibition of these reactions, which results in inhibition of cell growth (bacteriostatic action) in the absence of either cellular lysis or rapid loss of viability. Thus, in some instances, inhibitory concentrations of these drugs are, in effect, sublethal; this is true, for example, for Streptococcus mutans, a species of bacteria that is part of the normal flora of the oropharynx and that can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis. On the other hand, the damaging effects of the subminimal inhibitory concentrations of penicillin G on Streptococcus faecalis, a species with an active autolytic enzyme system, can be uncovered and converted to a lytic (and lethal) response by partial inhibition of fatty acid synthesis with low concentrations of cerulenin. Some theoretical and practical implications of the occurrence and inhibition of these secondary lethal consequences are discussed.
Muonic bound systems, virtual particles, and proton radius

The proton radius puzzle questions the self-consistency of theory and experiment in light muonic and electronic bound systems. Here we summarize the current status of virtual particle models as well as Lorentz-violating models that have been proposed in order to explain the discrepancy. Highly charged one-electron ions and muonic bound systems have been used as probes of the strongest electromagnetic fields achievable in the laboratory. The average electric field seen by a muon orbiting a proton is comparable to hydrogenlike uranium and, notably, larger than the electric field in the most advanced strong-laser facilities. Effective interactions due to virtual annihilation inside the proton (lepton pairs) and process-dependent corrections (nonresonant effects) are discussed as possible explanations of the proton size puzzle. The need for more experimental data on related transitions is emphasized.
The Earliest Sailboats in Egypt and Their Influence on the Development of Trade, Seafaring in the Red Sea, and State Development

Based on iconography and trade patterns, Egyptians first outfitted their vessels with sails during the beginning of the Naqada IIc period. As a result, the Nile became such an important trade network that settlements moved from the desert fringes to the Nile floodplain. Furthermore, sailboats were the primary catalyst for the spread of Naqada culture into Lower Egypt and an intensification of relations with Lower Nubia. Eventually, ships sailing to Punt on the Red Sea led to the extinction of the Late A-Group culture. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i1_mark
Neurology training in psychiatry residency : self-assessment and standardized scores.

Keeping pace with advances in neurosciences is, in part, predicated upon an adequate knowledge of neurology obtained during the psychiatrist’s residency training. Results from a questionnaire assessing resident abiliities in neurology and psychiatry were compared with Psychiatry Resident In-Training Examination (PRITE) scores. Self-confidence for treating neurological disorders declined with the progression of training; however, neurology PRITE scores improved significantly. Psychiatric PRITE scores and psychiatric self-confidence also improved over time. These findings have implications for current residency training criteria and education.
Impact of Age, Gender, and Addition of Probiotics on Treatment Success for Helicobacter pylori in Children.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of age, gender, and the use of probiotics with standard treatment regimen on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Based on endoscopic findings and clinical presentation, selected patients were treated with standard triple therapy (omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin). Those who failed were offered a repeat treatment with omeprazole, metronidazole, and amoxicillin. After the publications of the possible advantages of probiotic treatment on H pylori eradication, the probiotic agent “Probiotica Forte” was routinely added to the treatment. Eradication was noted for 94/130 patients (72%) and for 128/197 patients (65%) with or without probiotic agent, respectively (P = .23). For second-line treatment eradication was noted in 33/46 (72%) and in 9/20 (45%) with or without probiotic agent, respectively (P = .053). The addition of probiotics may improve eradication success especially in addition to second-line treatment.
A Note on Blackwell Sufficiency and a Skibinsky Characterization of Distributions

A Skibinsky (1970) characterization of the family of hypergeometric distributions is re-examined from the point of view of sufficient experiments and a number of other distributions similarly characterized.
Converting a Disregarded Foreign Entity to a Corporation: More than Just Checking the Box

United States multinational companies (“MNCs”) often choose to operate in a foreign country through an entity formed under local law that is treated as a disregarded entity for U.S. federal tax purposes. As a result, the foreign entity’s activities are treated in the same manner under U.S. federal tax rules as those of a sole proprietorship, branch or division of the owner — the MNC. Although operating in a foreign country through a disregarded entity can be advantageous, at some point the MNC may conclude that this is no longer the case. In such cases, the MNC may want the foreign entity to file an entity classification election (on Internal Revenue Service Form 8832) to be treated as an association taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In general, changing the classification of a foreign entity in this manner is a deemed transaction described in section 351 of the Internal Revenue Code. This article discusses the numerous U.S. federal income tax consequences that result from a deemed section 351 transaction.
Abstract 612: FOXO1A is a target for HER2 overexpressing breast tumors

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Trastuzumab treatment has improved the overall survival of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer patients. However, many of these patients will eventually become resistant to treatment. It is unclear what mechanisms may contribute to resistance to Trastuzumab. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that targeting of the FKHR transcription factor FOXO1A in HER2 overexpressing breast tumor cells, can overcome the Trastuzumab resistance in vitro. We have demonstrated that overexpression of HER2 leads to activation of PI3K/Akt pathway and subsequent inactivation of FOXO1A in HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells, SKBR3. In wildtype SKBR3 cells, Trastuzumab downregulates active Akt (pAkt) and increases FOXO1A expression that leads to increase in p27kip1, and decrease in cyclin D1, and finally inhibits SKBR3 cell proliferation. In contrast, the effect of Trastuzumab was eliminated by the reduction of FOXO1A in HER2 overexpressing cells with constitutively active Akt1 (Clone SKBR3/AA28). The down-regulation of FOXO1A in SKBR3/AA28 resulted in nuclear export of p27kip1. Blocking the constitutively active Akt by a specific Akt/protein kinase B signaling inhibitor-2 (API-2) significantly increased FOXO1A expression and rendered the SKBR3/AA28 cells more responsive to Trastuzumab induced growth inhibition. Re-activation of FOXO1A by stable transfection or transient transfection also restored the growth inhibitory effects of Trastuzumab in SKBR3/AA28 cells. In summary, Trastuzumab can inhibit proliferation of HER2 overexpressing breast cancer cells by re-activating FOXO1A through inhibition the PI3K/Akt pathway. FOXO1A may therefore serve as a target for HER2 overexpressing breast tumors, and its activation or increased expression may overcome resistance to Trastuzumab treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 612.
No End to Uncertainty about Inhaled Glucocorticoids in Preterm Infants.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic neonatal lung disease, affects at least 10,000 preterm infants in the United States each year. It is caused by acute lung injury due to surfactant insufficiency, artificial ventilation, the use of supplemental oxygen, and inflammation, followed by abnormal repair and impaired lung growth.1 Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the single most common complication that occurs in extremely preterm infants (those who are born at <28 weeks of gestation) or extremely-low-birth-weight infants (those who weigh <1000 g at birth) during their initial hospitalization.1 This respiratory complication, which is typically diagnosed at a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks, is defined . . .
Probing the Feature Map for Faces in Visual Search

Controversy surrounds the mechanisms underlying the pop-out effect for faces in visual search. Is there a feature map for faces? If so, does it rely on the categorical distinction between faces and nonfaces, or on image-level face semblance? To probe the feature map, we compared search efficiency for faces, and nonface stimuli with high, low, and no face semblance. First, subjects performed a visual search task with objects as distractors. Only faces popped-out. Moreover, search efficiency for nonfaces correlated with image-level face semblance of the target. In a second experiment, faces were used as distractors but nonfaces did not pop-out. Interestingly, search efficiency for nonfaces was not modulated by face semblance, although searching for a face among faces was particularly difficult, reflecting a categorical boundary between nonfaces and faces. Finally, inversion and contrast negation significantly interacted with the effect of face semblance, ruling out the possibility that search efficiency sol...
Bioengineered Tissue TMJ TJR

One of the major obstacles that have plagued the reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has been the adverse reactions seen with the use of alloplastic, non-biologic materials. These inert and passive materials, by themselves, do not respond to normal biochemical or biomechanical signals, which are present in situ within the TMJ. The patient, because of the biologic inertness of these materials, must adapt to the material or mechanical device that has been used. This may result in related complications or compromised functional outcome [1]. The main advantage of a tissue engineered TMJ, in contrast, will allow the patient to biologically remodel, overtime, the implanted prosthesis to their own anatomy during functional movements of the jaw per Wolff’s Law, i.e. form and function are related, thus minimizing compromise of function.
Synthesis of iso-Amyl Acetate with Heteropoly Acid Catalysis

The effect of alcohol to acid ratio, reaction time and temperature, the catalyst amount were investigated. The reused time of the catalyst were discussed. The experimental results indicated that, in comparison with other catalysts such as H 2SO 4, HCl etc, the heteropoly acid catalysts showed shorter reaction time, lower temperature, higher activity, and the post-treating was simple, with the yield at 90%.
Cytological grading of prostatic aspiration biopsy: a comparison with the Gleason grading system.

AbstractCytological grade determined by fine needle aspiration of the prostate was compared to histological grade in 30 patients undergoing subsequent radical prostatectomy. The degree of cytological pleomorphism determined by the consensus grade of 3 observers predicted correctly the Gleason grade sum range in 80 per cent of the cases. The cytological grade was reasonably reproducible with agreement among all 3 observers in 50 per cent of the cases and between 2 of 3 observers in the remainder. The accuracy of predicting the Gleason grade sum of the radical prostatectomy specimen by cytological examination compared favorably with that achieved by histological examination of cutting needle biopsy and transurethral resection specimens reported in the literature.
Sexual Dimorphisms in the Bluespine Unicornfish, Naso unicornis (Acanthuridae): External Metrics for Movement Ecology and Life History

External morphometrics were quantified and compared with body size for adults of an Oahu (Hawaii) population of the Bluespine Unicornfish (Naso unicornis). Specimens were obtained by monthly fishery-dependent collections during the period from April 2011 to July 2012. Three apparently size-related, sexually dimorphic traits were measured (cephalic horn length, to the nearest mm; several measures of peduncular keel/spine development, 0.1 mm; caudal fin filament length, mm) using dial calipers and related to fork length (FL, mm) for individuals of each sex. Histological slides of sub-adult and adult gonads were examined microscopically, and sexual identity and gonadal development and maturation were scored using standard criteria. Each of the metrics examined was sexually dimorphic and positively related to FL using simple linear regression. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relative ability of each metric, or some combination thereof, to predict the sex of an individual fish. Although combinatio...
Critical analysis of fecal incontinence scores

Objectively evaluating the lack of bowel control (fecal incontinence) continues to be a challenge. Many have attempted to measure the severity of fecal incontinence and to evaluate its impact on the quality of life by developing standardized scoring systems. Some of these systems have been validated but none have achieved widespread use and all have limitations in evaluating pediatric patients. A review of the literature was performed looking for validated scoring systems of fecal incontinence that are currently used for either adult or pediatric patients. The identified scoring systems were then critically analyzed and their applicability for managing fecally incontinent children considered. Thirteen of the most frequently used fecal incontinence scoring systems were selected (6 for adults and 7 for children). Quality of life questionnaires were excluded not only because of their length and complexity, but mostly because they do not accurately reflect a measurement of bowel control. Our analysis revealed that all pediatric scoring systems require some degree of interpretation as they included at least one subjective parameter. These unverifiable subjective parameters were: “sensation of rectal fullness”, “sphincter squeeze”, and “anal shape”. Equally problematic, the pediatric systems frequently focused on factors unrelated to fecal continence such as “frequency of bowel movements”, “rectal prolapse”, “abdominal pain”, “blood in the stool”, “leakage of urine”, “diarrhea”, and “constipation”. The most objective system found from our review is the Krickenbeck system, which focuses upon two objective factors. Those two factors are the absence of voluntary bowel movements and the presence of soiling in the underwear. The major weakness of the Krickenbeck system is that it does not allow for reassessment after medical or surgical interventions. In this paper, we propose a modification of the Krickenbeck system that allows for such an assessment to be applied to those patients who are able to achieve voluntary bowel movements with the aid of laxatives or constipating agents. Most scoring systems are flawed because they invite bias and interpretation due to their subjective nature, while systems focused on measuring quality of life do not address the fundamental issue of bowel control. The Krickenbeck score seems to be the most applicable and objective method of evaluating bowel control in pediatric patients that may be more useful when modified to assess patients after medical intervention.
Latin and Greek Christians

At the end of Late Antiquity, when this chapter begins, the Alps were a Great Divide between Mediterranean cultures and transalpine ones; Rome and Constantinople had more in common with one another than either did with Germanic groups in the north. The emperors in Constantinople still wielded enough authority in Rome to arrest popes who resisted their policies, and the papal apokrisiarios at the imperial court was an important figure in Rome. But by 1100 the popes themselves often came from north of the Alps, few in the West knew Greek, and imperial authority, when acknowledged in Rome, came from Germany. The Latin world, developing with, assimilated to, and combined with the Germanic world of northwestern Europe, had lost sympathy for imperial and Byzantine ways of ruling while developing its own hierarchies. The role and prestige of the popes in the western church was beyond the ken of Byzantines, while the role of the emperor in the eastern church puzzled and appalled Latin Christians. Theological and ritual differences added to a general sense of estrangement, reflected most famously in chronicles of the crusades. To describe relations between Greek and Latin Christians between the seventh century and the eleventh is, then, to write the history of the schism between the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches. Yet overabundant hindsight lurks in such a statement. A narrative which begins at the end – with schism – tends to overemphasize disagreements in earlier eras and to overlook charity and cooperation. It tends to rely on sources that “explain” the origins of the schism and to overlook sources that assume or explicitly say that there was no schism at all.
Introduction to Multimedia Synchronization

This chapter presents important experimental results on human perception and system behavior, reference models for temporal specifications, and examples of specification language implementations that simplify multimedia content authoring. Multimedia synchronization deals with the problem of playing media from different sources or locations to create a desired effect that can be perceived by the user. The media can be text, images, audio, video, or animations, or combination of media as in a lecture with synchronized audio, video, and slides. The content being played may be synchronous, as in a live n -way videoconference or asynchronous, as in a recording of a music recital. Multimedia synchronization researchers have solved problems ranging from modeling and specifying timing requirements between multimedia objects to developing systems and algorithms to play out content captured at different times and locations, and stored on distributed systems. In other words, the application must assure the correct temporal alignment of media events relative to the playout clock. On the research front, problems that still can be explored include the design and implementation of distributed synchronization systems and the previously mentioned problem of enforcing fine-grained synchronization.
CONNECTIONS WITH THE MAINLAND

This chapter discusses the connections of radiative transfer theory with the mainland. The rules of radiative transfer theory can be changed by filling in the gap between it and electromagnetic theory or some other point along the mainland of physics. The chapter describes a relation between the electromagnetic field and the radiance function used in the subsequent derivation of the interaction relation. In natural radiometric environments, such as in the atmosphere or seas of the earth, the Poynting vector, at some point, changes size and direction many times a second. For a particular frequency in the middle of the visible spectrum, the electric and magnetic vectors at a point complete about 6 × 10 11 cycles every second. The Poynting vector can have a relatively fixed direction extending over thousands of such cycles and can abruptly change to some new direction and magnitude for the next few thousand cycles. In a natural optical medium, such as in a natural hydrosol or aerosol, the light field changes relatively slowly over distances comparable to the size of a man.
The Currency of Consciousness: Neurology, Specialization, and the Global Practices of Medicine.

This article explores the formation of a global community of neurologists between 1918 and 1970. Relying chiefly upon documents located in Anglo-American archives, its argument follows a narrative from money to memory, and posits that this global community of neurologists formed not out of a shared science and medicine of the nervous system, but out of shared dispositions in tastes, values, and culture. The localism and heterogeneity of the science and medicine of the nervous system was in fact so pronounced that neurologists – especially when they worked as “global citizens” – were forced to focus upon their superficial commonalities rather than examine local distinctions. This avoidance of a direct effort to define the content of neurology – or at least to confront their differences – exercised a peculiar influence on the specialty. Neurologists and their “official memory” became negotiated, and even imagined constructs. Consequently, these diverse cultures were ultimately subordinated to dominant econo...
Global and Regional Assessments

The main conclusions from recent global and regional assessments are reviewed, with an emphasis on China, India, Africa, and the United States. Most studies have provided primarily “best-guess” point estimates, often supplemented with a few sensitivity analyses, but without a comprehensive measure of uncertainties. Although some useful lessons have been learned, most existing estimates of food security risks leave much to be desired. We explore these estimates, some of their strengths and weaknesses, and some additional opportunities for measuring uncertainties.
Process operational safety using model predictive control based on a process Safeness Index

Abstract It has been repeatedly suggested that the common cause-and-effect approach to evaluating process safety has deficiencies that could be addressed by a systems engineering perspective. A systems approach should consider safety as a system-wide property and thus would be required to integrate all aspects of the process involved with monitoring or manipulating the process dynamics, including the control, alarm, and emergency shut-down systems while operating them independently for redundancy. In this work, we propose initial steps in the first systems safety approach that coordinates the control and safety systems through a common metric (a Safeness Index) and develop a controller formulation that incorporates this index. Specifically, this work presents an economic model predictive control (EMPC) scheme that utilizes a Safeness Index function as a hard constraint to define a safe region of operation termed the safety zone. Under the proposed EMPC design, the closed-loop state of a nonlinear process is guaranteed to enter the safety zone in finite time in the presence of uncertainty while maximizing a stage cost that reflects the economics of the process. Closed-loop stability is established for a nonlinear process under the proposed implementation strategy.
Artificial Intelligence: A New Approach to Modeling and Control

Abstract Recent work in artificial intelligence has produced a collection of methods for qualitative reasoning that may fill an important gap in the modeling and control toolkit. Qualitative reasoning methods provide greater expressive power for states of incomplete knowledge than differential or difference equations, and thus make it possible to build models without incorporating assumptions of linearity or specific values for incompletely known constants. On the other hand, there is enough information in a qualitative description to support qualitative simulation, predicting the possible behaviors of an incompletely described system. We survey results from several approaches to qualitative reasoning, and provide a detailed example of the application of these methods to a simple problem. The mathematical validity of this approach is also assessed. Results with small examples have been encouraging, and we are now taking the steps toward additional mathematical power, hierarchical decomposition, and incremental quantitative constraints, that we believe will make qualitative reasoning into a valuable formal reasoning method.
On series solution for second order semilinear parabolic IBVPs

Abstract This paper presents a method to obtain semi-analytical solutions to second order semilinear IBVPs where the standard Adomian decomposition may fail to yield nontrivial solutions or fail to produce the correct partial solutions. In contrast to the standard Adomian decomposition method, the proposed solution method is distinguished by simultaneous inversion of the linear differential operators using eigenfunctions expansion representations. The proposed method is applied to several examples of initial boundary value problems — a linear Advection–Diffusion problem, a Burgers equation and the deterministic Kardar–Parisi–Zhang (KPZ) equation. It is shown that the dependence of the series solution on the truncation order ( N ), the number of eigenfunctions ( M ) and the diffusion coefficient is rather complex.
Regularized inversion of controlled source and earthquake data

Estimation of the seismic velocity structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle from travel-time data has advanced greatly in recent years. Forward modelling trial-and-error methods have been superseded by tomographic methods which allow more objective analysis of large two-dimensional and three-dimensional refraction and/or reflection data sets. The fundamental purpose of travel-time tomography is to determine the velocity structure of a medium by analysing the time it takes for a wave generated at a source point within the medium to arrive at a distribution of receiver points. Tomographic inversion of first-arrival travel-time data is a nonlinear problem since both the velocity of the medium and ray paths in the medium are unknown. The solution for such a problem is typically obtained by repeated application of linearized inversion. Regularization of the nonlinear problem reduces the ill posedness inherent in the tomographic inversion due to the under-determined nature of the problem and the inconsistencies in the observed data. This paper discusses the theory of regularized inversion for joint inversion of controlled source and earthquake data, and results from synthetic data testing and application to real data. The results obtained from tomographic inversion of synthetic data and real data from the northern Cascadia subduction zone show that the velocity model and hypocentral parameters can be efficiently estimated using this approach.
An Exploratory Study of Attitudes Toward Psychological Help Seeking Among African American Men

Disparities in health care are a significant social problem affecting millions of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. To better understand these disparities, the current study explor...