cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roentgenographic procedure for selecting proximal femur allograft for use in revision arthroplasty

Abstract A roentgenographic scoring system was developed to help orthopaedic surgeons and bone banks estimate the quality of bone stock in proximal femoral allografts inteded to use in revision arthroplasty. This system scores a standardized anteroposterior roentgenograph of the proximal femur using four indices representing morphological features of cancellous and cortical bone known to be clinically associated with bone strength. The indices were combined to give a weighted score, which was though to reflect the ability of a bone to carry in vivo loads. Thirty bones were evaluated for bone mineral density using dual-photon absorptiometry. They were then sent to another institution and evaluated using the newly devised roentgenographic scoring system. The results showed that the bone score roentgenographic method is a a reasonable technique for selecting allograft femurs for transplantation. This roentgenographic technique and scoring system has now been packaged into kits and is available to orthopaedic surgeons and bone banks for evaluation bone stocks quality in proximal femoral allografts intended for transplantation.
On the Stability of Amino Acid Zwitterions in the Gas Phase: The Influence of Derivatization, Proton Affinity, and Alkali Ion Addition

Collision cross sections have been measured for a series of N- and C-methylated glycines cationized by alkali ions using ion mobility methods. In all cases the measured cross sections are in excellent agreement with model structures obtained from a number of different theoretical approaches. Unfortunately both charge solvation and zwitterion structures are predicted to have nearly identical cross sections. On the basis of a conformational search by molecular mechanics methods and density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/DZVP level it is found that the lowest energy forms of alkali cationized glycine and alanine are charge solvation structures, whereas lowest energy singly and doubly N-methylated glycines are salt bridges independent of metal ion. α-Amino isobutyric acid forms a salt bridge when sodiated and a charge solvation structure when rubidiated. In the most stable charge solvation structures rubidium is bound to one or both carboxyl oxygens, while sodium is bound to both the N- and the C...
A framework for cultural competence, advocacy, and social justice: Applications for global multiculturalism and diversity

Immigration and globalization, coupled with heightened economic challenges, prescribe that career counselors and practitioners need to be culturally sensitive and mindful about both general factors affecting nations throughout the world and cross-cultural beliefs and behaviors that career counseling clients may present. Concurrently, the renewed commitment to advocacy and social justice require new perspectives in order to facilitate effective interventions with and on behalf of clients. This paper reviews the impacts of multiculturalism in counseling; presents a comprehensive framework incorporating cultural competence; advocacy, and social justice perspectives; and provides a case study illustrating effective advocacy and social justice based counseling interventions.
Myeloid Cells’ Evasion of Melanoma Immunity

An immune-suppressive role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in melanoma has long been speculated, whereas molecular mechanisms underlying this role are not well understood. Here, Chung and colleagues show that dendritic cell-associated, heparan sulfate proteoglycans-dependent integrin ligand (DC-HIL), a cell surface immune-modulatory molecule, is highly expressed on tumor-associated MDSCs. Genetic ablation or antibody blockade of DC-HIL delays the growth of transplantable B16 melanoma in syngeneic mice, which is accompanied by enhanced antitumor T-cell activities. These findings support a role for DC-HIL in immune evasion within the melanoma microenvironment.
Kerr-lens-mediated dynamics of two nonlinearly coupled mode-locked laser oscillators

The dynamics of two nonlinearly coupled femtosecond oscillators are investigated for the case where two distinct nonlinear mechanisms are balanced to determine the temporal relationship and properties of the pulses in the two oscillators. In the time domain the shared bleaching of a common absorber creates an attractive mechanism for the pulses, while interactive Kerr lens deflections create a repulsive mechanism. The interplay of these two mechanisms causes a variety of dynamical behaviors, including pulse synchronization, pulse duration switching, and a latching type of amplitude bistability.
Composition and Behavior of the Nucleolar Organizer of the Nucleolar Variant of Axolotls; Review and Comparison to Other Systems

SYNOPSIS. Studies on the nudeohis in various species of Amphibia, including the Mexican axolotl, have contributed to an understanding of the function of the nucleolar organizing region. In the first part of this paper we have reviewed some of the research on nucleolar variants in the axolotl. These variants were recognized in different strains of laboratory reared animals. The phenotypes include diminished nucleolar size and possible alterations in the levels of rDNA. The expression of several of these variant nucleolar phenotypes does not, however, reflect a simple deletion of rRNA genes. Evidence from analyses of several mutant and apparently normal strains indicate that some animals have relatively high levels of rRNA redundancy, while others, including some animals which display variant nucleolar sizes, display “normal” levels. Data on the inheritance of rRNA genome sizes in the axolotl is reviewed. The observation that intermediate levels of redundancy were detected in some crosses is discussed in terms of inheritance data from other organisms. In the second part of this review a variety of information, obtained from studies of various organisms, on nucleolar expression is discussed.
Control of ribosomal protein phosphorylation in HeLa cells.

Abstract The effects of a large series of hormones, cyclic nucleotides and metabolic inhibitors on phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in HeLa cells suggest that at least two metabolic pathways are involved. One responds to insulin and epidermal growth factor; the other responds to adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate. Some phosphodiesterase inhibitors can suppress the phosphorylation of S6 that ordinarily is stimulated by insulin.
Relationship of psychosocial tasks of pregnancy and attentional functioning in the third trimester

Because childbearing women function in multiple roles, the capacity to focus or concentrate is an important resource while preparing for birth and parenting. In addition to daily tasks that require mental effort, gravidas have psychosocial demands related to pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the psychosocial tasks of pregnancy and the capacity to focus or direct attention. A convenience sample of 57 pregnant women in their third trimester was recruited from prenatal education classes to participate in this descriptive correlational study. After other variables thought to influence attentional functioning were considered, women experiencing the greatest conflict in psychosocial tasks had the most difficulty using directed attention and more negatively evaluated their attentional functioning. In order to empower gravidas to participate in their health care, it is important for researchers and practitioners to understand and support directed attentional functioning, an important area for nursing care and research.
Amplification and fusion of long fragments of hepatitis C virus genome.

Abstract The ‘long PCR’ was used for amplification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic fragments from liver. After testing several commercially available systems, it was found that Tth as the major enzyme is superior to using Taq. Employing a mixture of Tth and Vent polymerase (rTth polymerase, XL, Perkin Elmer) it was possible to amplify 4.6-kb and 9-kb fragments from biological samples containing as little as 10 2 and 10 4 viral copies, respectively. It was also demonstrated that ‘long PCR’ is useful for joining together large size amplification products.
Exstrophy of the bladder

Summary 1. A brief review of the etiology of exstrophy of the bladder is given. 2. A history and methods of surgical treatment are presented. 3. Advantages of earlier operation are pointed out. 4. Case reports of patients operated upon at very early ages are reported.
A comparison of four functional methods to determine centers and axes of rotations.

Several functional methods to determine joint centers of rotation (CoR) and axes of rotation (AoR) have been reported in the literature. These have previously been compared using noise introduced to marker positions. The current study compares four of these methods under both rigid body and deformable body conditions using a mechanical analog of the lower extremity. In the latter condition, significant intermarker distance changes were present in patterns directly related to the joint motion. Both hip CoR location and knee AoR location and direction are determined. Results indicate that while all methods produced accurate measures under rigid body conditions (<5 mm location and <28direction), therewere manydifferences between methods in deformable conditions. Under these conditions, the method described by Gamage and Lasenby performed better than the other methods examined. Maximum mean errors for this technique were approximately 1 cm for CoR and AoR locations and 18 for AoR direction. # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Analysis of surface acoustic wave pressure sensors

Abstract The authors perform sensitivity analysis theoretically on three surface acoustic wave (SAW) pressure sensor structures and two material selections. The analyses take into consideration the effects of mounting structures, ways of transferring pressure to the sensing element, and various physical and geometrical parameters. It is shown that pressure-induced bending produces a larger change of wave speed than pressure-induced extension. A proposed shallow shell structure is demonstrated to increase the sensitivity of SAW pressure sensors, and for this structure, Si SAW exhibits a slightly higher sensitivity than Ge SAW.
Ethyl N-(3-oxobutanoyl)­carbamate

The title compound, C7H11NO4, is a useful precursor in the synthesis of substituted pyrimidine bases. It is prepared from diketene and urethane and can be isolated from benzene as colorless, transparent, plate crystals. The H atom of the secondary amide forms centrosymmetric planar dimers with the carbonyl group of a second symmetry-related mol­ecule. The ketone carbonyl of the β-keto amide is present as the keto tautomer and not as the enol. The r.m.s. deviation of the atoms in the hydrogen-bonded dimer from the least-squares plane defined by those atoms is 0.014 A.
Nondestructive, minimal-disturbance, direct-burial solid-phase microextraction fiber technique for measuring TNT in sediment.

We explored a novel technique to deploy solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to nondestructively measure the explosive compound 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its nitroaromatic (NA) degradation products in laboratory sediment toxicity tests and field sediments in situ. SPME fibers within steel mesh envelopes were exposed statically via direct burial within sediment. Six fiber types (polymer coatings) were tested. Polyacrylate (PA) SPME fiber was sufficiently durable for this application, yielded the lowest detection limits, and exhibited a linear uptake relationship across toxicologically relevant sediment NA concentrations (100−2000 nmol/g dw (20−500 μg/g dw)). Temperature greatly influenced SPME absorption kinetics. Via evaluation of absorption at different temperatures, recommended sampling times needed to achieve steady-state equilibrium were 48 h for room temperatures (23−25 °C) and up to 7 d for cold (5 °C) temperatures. Although a comparison of TNT residues by SPMEs and TNT bioavailability an...
Anti-inflammatory phospholipase-A2 inhibitors. II : Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship

Abstract The design and synthesis of a novel series of phospholipase-A2 (PLA2) inhibitor with antiinflammatory activity was based on a systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis.
Hemispheric asymmetry in interpreting novel literal language: An event-related potential study

Abstract Conceptual mapping, or making connections between conceptual structure in different domains, is a key mechanism of creative language use whose neural underpinnings are not well understood. The present study involved the combination of event-related potentials (ERPs) with the divided visual field presentation technique to explore the relative contributions of the left and right hemispheres (LH and RH) to the construction of novel meanings in fully literal language. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded as healthy adults read sentences that supported either a conventional literal reading of the sentence final word (“His main method of transportation is a boat,”), or a novel literal meaning derived from conceptual mapping (“The clever boys used a cardboard box as a boat,”). The novel and conventional conditions were matched for cloze probability (a measure of predictability based on the sentence context), lexical association between the sentence frame and the final word (using latent semantic analysis), and other factors known to influence ERPs to language stimuli. To compare effects of novelty to previously reported effects of predictability, a high-cloze conventional condition (“The only way to get around Venice is to navigate the canals in a boat.”) was included. ERPs were time-locked to sentence final words (“boat”) presented in either the left visual field, to preferentially stimulate the RH (lvf/RH), or in the right visual field, targeting the LH (rvf/LH). The N400 component of the ERP was affected by predictability in both presentation sides, but by novelty only in rvf/LH. Two distinct late frontal positive effects were observed. Word predictability modulated a frontal positivity with a LH focus, but semantic novelty modulated a frontal positivity focused in RH. This is the first demonstration that the frontal positivity may be composed of multiple overlapping components with distinct functional and anatomical characteristics. Extending contemporary accounts of the frontal positivity, we suggest that both frontal positivities reflect learning mechanisms involving prediction based on statistical regularities in language (LH) and world knowledge (RH).
Characterization of a spinach photosystem II core preparation isolated by a simplified method

Abstract A photosystem II core complex from spinach exhibiting high rates of electron transport was obtained rapidly and in high yield by treatment of a Tris-extracted, O 2 -evolving photosystem II preparation with the detergent dodecyl-β- d -maltoside. The core complex was essentially free of light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein and photosystem I polypeptides, and was highly enriched in the polypeptides associated with the photosystem II reaction center (45 and 49 kDa), cytochrome b 559 , and three polypeptides in the region 32–34 kDa. The photosystem II core complex contained two chlorophyll-proteins which had a slightly higher apparent molecular mass than CPa-1 and CPa-2. Additionally, a high-molecular-mass chlorophyll-protein complex termed CPa ∗ was observed, which exhibited a low fluorescence yield when illuminated with ultraviolet light. This observation suggests that CPa ∗ contains a functionally efficient quencher of chlorophyll fluorescence, possibly P 680.
Three-dimensional localization of several scattering targets in a turbid medium using independent component analysis

Three-dimensional localization of four scattering target in turbid medium was measured using multi-detector multi-source signal acquisition. A novel approach uses independent component analysis to generated lateral map intensity of the targets at the detector plane.
Dimension of branching processes and self-organized criticality.

Branching processes and their application as a model of self-organized criticality are briefly reviewed. The critical dimension for this model is calculated. The differences between our result and similar ones on polymers and percolation are explained. We discuss semiquantitatively why the critical dimension of a model of self-organized criticality that includes the oscillation of the sandpile around its critical value would be different, perhaps even infinite. Finally, we conjecture that our mathematical results are more general than they seem.
Analysis of fault populations in western Spitsbergen: Implications for deformation partitioning along transform margins

Mesoscale faults, expressed in the Paleogene Central basin and Cretaceous basement along the West Spitsbergen orogenic belt, are used to define the history of continental deformation associated with the development of the transform system that accompanied the opening of the Eurasian basin and the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. A fundamental change in the orientation of faults from dominantly north-south in the basal part of the basin to northeast striking in the upper units broadly correlates with a major shift in plate motion during late Paleocene–early Eocene time. The two main populations of faults are interpreted as extension fractures that were variably reactivated as shear fractures and formed in response to north-south compression followed by northeast-southwest compression. Paleostress stratigraphy, or the analysis of striated faults measured in successive stratigraphic units of the Central basin, corroborates this interpretation and allows a time sequence of paleostress tensors to be defined. Results show that a Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene north-south compression, consistent with plate motion, was followed by three relatively short-lived and regionally limited faulting events leading up to a change in plate motion during late Paleocene time (post-Chron 25). Major transpressive tectonism followed, producing northeast-trending fractures that were reactivated as dextral and sinistral faults defining a prolate-shape paleostress ellipsoid with a horizontal σ 1 . This regionally reproducible tensor, consistent with the prediction of dextral transpression along the paleotransform, was probably initiated at approximately the Paleocene-Eocene boundary. Finally, a post–early Eocene deformation, pervasively recorded in the study area by an oblate shape paleostress ellipsoid with horizontal σ 3 , is tentatively correlated with the dextral transtension that characterized the post–Chron 13 opening of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea and Eurasian basin. This study offers documentation of deformation partitioning during the evolution of a transform margin. The Late Cretaceousearliest Paleocene compression associated with the prototransform did not involve substantial partitioning, and a north-south maximum principal stress pervaded the continental crust away from the transform. In contrast, the late Paleocene–Eocene transpression reflects total partitioning of deformation along the evolved, mature transform margin. Oblique plate motion was presumably partitioned into a strikeslip zone(s) offshore, whereas the onshore Central basin recorded only the orthogonal component of oblique convergence and divergence, a pattern similar to modern orogenic belts developed in zones of oblique plate motion.
Variance Components in Five Psychological Tests

Summary.-Portions of the standardization data for the DTVP, the ITPA, the WPPSI, the WISC, and the WAlS were analyzed to determine the variance components of their subtcsts. The use of the squared multiple correlation as a measure of rhe common variance throughout the analysis permits valid comparisons to be made among the five tests, and the finding also provide an empirical standard for evaluating the specific variance in other tests. The Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP) and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA), like many other tesrs, are comprised of a number of subtests, each of which is purported ro "assess relatively distinct functions" or to "measure something different." Silverst-in (1965, 1967) sought to test these claims by analyzing portions of the standardization data for the rwo tests and comparing the results with those reported by Cohen (1959) br the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Subsequently, the validity of these comparisons came into question because of differences in the procedures of the various studies. In each case, the analysis was based on a model (Wrigley, 1959) according to which the total variance oE a subtest nay be expressed as the sum of three componenrs: variance common to the other subtests as well, variance specific to che subtesr in question, and error variance. However, che use of d~fferent procedures for determining the first of these components may have distorted the flndrogs. The purpose of the present study wu to reanalyze the data and data for tke Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI), using the same procedure throughout. Specifically, the squared multiple correladon of each subtest with the remaining subtesw in the test was taken as a measure of the common variance.' Me2hod.-The required drta, subrest intercorrelations and split-half reliabilities,%ere obtained from the test manuals, as follows:
A nurse's role in helping well children cope with a parent's serious illness and/or hospitalization.

Role Play is an issues-related forum to engender dialogue about the roles assumed by nurses who care for children and their families.
Early induction of secondary injury factors causing activation of calpain and mitochondria-mediated neuronal apoptosis following spinal cord injury in rats.

To investigate a potential relationship between calpain and mitochondrial damage in spinal cord injury (SCI), a 40 gram-centimeter force (g-cm) injury was induced in rats by a weight-drop method and allowed to progress for 4 hr. One-centimeter segments of spinal cord tissue representing the adjacent rostral, lesion, and adjacent caudal areas were then removed for various analyses. Calcium green 2-AM staining of the lesion and penumbra sections showed an increase in intracellular free calcium (Ca(2+)) levels following injury, compared with corresponding tissue sections from sham-operated (control) animals. Western blot analysis showed increased calpain expression and activity in the lesion and penumbra segments following SCI. Double-immunofluorescent labeling indicated that increased calpain expression occurred in neurons in injured segments. Western blot analysis also showed an increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio, indicating the induction of the mitochondria-mediated cell death pathway in the lesion and penumbra. The morphology of mitochondria was altered in lesion and penumbra following SCI: mostly hydropic change (swelling) in the lesion, with the penumbra shrunken or normal. At 4 hr after induction of injury, a substantial amount of cytochrome c had been released into the cytoplasm, suggesting a trigger for apoptosis through caspase 3 activation. Neuronal death after 4 hr of injury was detected by a combined TUNEL and double-immunofluoresence assay in the lesion and penumbra sections of injured cord, compared with sham controls. These results suggest that an early induction of secondary factors is involved in the pathogenesis of SCI. The increased Ca(2+) levels could activate calpain and mediate mitochondrial damage leading to neuronal death in lesion and penumbra following injury. Thus, secondary injury processes mediating cell death are induced as early as 4 hr after the injury, and calpain and caspase inhibitors may provide neuroprotection.
Three-day phenytoin prophylaxis is adequate after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Objective Phenytoin (PHT) is widely administered after subarachnoid hemorrhage, often for several weeks or months. In addition to known side effects, PHT use has been correlated with cognitive disability and poor outcome. To reduce the rate of PHT complications, we converted from a multi-week prophylactic regimen to a 3-day course of treatment. This study evaluates the changes in seizure rates and adverse events. Methods From July 1998 to June 2002, 453 patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated. In the first 9 months, 79 patients were administered PHT until discharged from the hospital, unless a drug reaction occurred first. In the last 39 months, PHT was discontinued 3 days after admission (370 patients), unless there was a history of epilepsy (four patients). This study represents a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data, with follow-up periods of 3 to 12 months after discharge. Results The 3-day PHT regimen produced a statistically significant reduction (P = 0.002) in the rate of PHT complications. In the first period, seven (8.8%) out of 79 patients experienced a hypersensitivity reaction, compared with two (0.5%) out of 370 patients in the second period. The percentage of patients having seizures, both short- and long-term, did not change significantly. In the first period, the seizure rate during hospitalization was 1.3%; in the second period, it was 1.9% (P = 0.603). At an average follow-up period of 6.7 months, three (5.7%) out of 53 survivors in the first period experienced a seizure (including those who had a seizure during hospitalization). In the second period, 12 (4.6%) out of 261 survivors experienced a seizure at an average follow-up period of 5.4 months (P = 0.573). Conclusion A 3-day regimen of PHT prophylaxis is adequate to prevent seizures in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Drug reactions are significantly reduced, but seizure rates do not change. Short-term PHT administration may be a superior treatment paradigm.
Kinetics and mechanism of oxide formation and desorption for high temperature tantalum in dissociated oxygen

Exposure of tantalum filaments between 2400 and 2800 K to non-equilibrium partiallydissociated oxygen (1.6 x 10-2 ≦ Po ≦ 2.7 x 10-1 Pa) is shown to increase both the steady-state dissolved oxygen concentrationand the rate of tantalum oxide desorption. Yet thesame quadratic correlation between tantalum oxide loss and dissolved oxygen concentration as observed for diatomic oxygen exposure is found to be preserved under conditions of oxygen atom impingement. This experimental observation is used to demonstrate that Rideal-type (direct atom impact) reaction steps are not responsible for metal oxide formation and desorption in the O(g)/Ta(s) system. Rather, a Langmuir-Hinshelwood (adatom interaction) reaction mechanism, combined with atomic oxygen chemisorption probabilities approximately twice those of incident molecular oxygen, suffice to explain the Ta-oxidation kinetic data reported herein.
Fine structural innervation of the dilator muscle of the iris of the albino guinea pig studied with permanganate fixation

Six per cent potassium permanganate fixation was used to study the fine structural autonomic innervation of the dilator muscle of the iris of albino guinea pigs. Axons containing granular vesicles and other axons containing exclusively agranular vesicles within the same nerve bundles were present in the iris dilator muscle in a 2 : 1 proportion. In those axons containing granular vesicles, these vesicles numbered 90% of the total. The granular vesicles were 400–600in diameter with granules of 200–300in diameter. A few vesicles of 800–950in diameter with 400–600granules of variable density were also present. Axons with agranular vesicles contained a homogenous population of agranular vesicles of 350–450in diameter, and represented a third of the total number of axons in a given nerve bundle. The relatively uniform granulation of vesicles in the axons with granular vesicles and their degranulation after sympathetic denervation and administration of reserpine supports the interpretation that these axons represent adrenergic fibers. The consistent morphologic picture of adrenergic nerve fibers obtained with permanganate fixation is useful in correlating morphologic and physiologic studies. The finding of uniform agranularity of agranular cholinergic vesicles in axons within the same nerve bundle, which could contain other axons bearing predominantly granulated vesicles, taken together with pharmacologic proof that these latter are adrenergic suggests a dual innervation to the iris dilator muscle.
Tidal Effects on Gravity Experiments with a Balance

A Comment on the Letter by St. Schlamminger, E. Holzschuh, and W. K\"undig, 89, 161102 (2002). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Ambulatory cardiovascular activity and hostility ratings in women with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.

Background The objective of the current study is to evaluate the relationship between hostility and ambulatory cardiovascular activity in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods One hundred and one women completed 24 hours of ambulatory monitoring and standardized diagnostic and hostility measures. Generalized estimating equations analysis was used to examine the effects of group and hostility factor scores (hostile beliefs, overt hostility, and covert hostility) on ambulatory heart rate (AHR) and ambulatory systolic (ASBP) and diastolic (ADBP) blood pressure. Results After controlling for covariates, there was an interaction between PTSD and both hostile beliefs and overt hostility for AHR. Increases in hostility were associated with greater increases in heart rate among women with PTSD relative to those without PTSD. There was a similar interaction between hostile beliefs and group for ADBP. Conclusions Increased AHR and blood pressure have been linked to poor cardiovascular outcomes in nonpsychiatric populations. Individuals with PTSD display increased hostility, a construct that has also been linked to poorer cardiovascular outcomes. Increases in hostile beliefs were associated with a greater increase in ADBP among women with PTSD as compared with control subjects. These data suggest that PTSD might in part moderate the relationship between hostility and cardiovascular outcomes.
Friend or foe? The Cyprus Police Force and the EOKA insurgency

This article examines the ambiguous role played by the Cyprus Police Force during the Greek Cypriot insurgency against Britain between 1955 and 1959. A multiethnic force policing a multiethnic society, the CPF struggled to fulfill its duties. Greek Cypriot officers became ineffective as sympathy for, or fear of insurgents undermined their ability to function. Some collaborated, others resigned. Those who stayed became targets of their own people. Turkish Cypriot officers, recruited in greater numbers to compensate for a reduction in Greek Cypriot officers, worked to enforce the law, but exacerbated intercommunal relations in doing so. In spite of the peculiar conditions present in Cyprus, the case has valuable implications for contemporary policymakers on the vulnerabilities inherent in the use of local police forces to restore law and order in ethnically divided societies.
Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in warm-season thunderstorms in the Central Great Plains

In July 2005, a field campaign was conducted in the Central Great Plains to obtain 60-field/s video imagery of lightning in correlation with reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and broadband electric field waveforms from the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). A total of 342 GPS time-stamped cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were recorded in 17 different sessions, and 311 (91%) of these were correlated with reports from the NLDN. Only 6 of the 17 recording sessions were dominated by flashes that lowered negative charge to ground, and 11 were dominated by positive CG flashes. A total of 103 flashes recorded on video were correlated with at least one NLDN report of negative CG strokes, 204 video flashes were correlated with one or two positive stroke reports, and 4 had bipolar reports. In this paper, we will give distributions of the estimated peak current, I p , as reported by the NLDN, of negative and positive first strokes that were recorded on video, the multiplicity of strokes that were recorded on video, and the number of ground contacts per flash that were resolved on video. 41 (40%) of the negative flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 62 (60%) showed two or more strokes. The observed multiplicity of negative flashes averaged 2.83, which becomes about 3.14 after correcting for the finite time-resolution of the video camera. 195 (96%) of the positive flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 9 (4%) showed two strokes; therefore, the observed multiplicity of positive flashes averaged 1.04. Five out of 9 (56%) of the positive subsequent strokes re-illuminated a previous channel, and 4 out of 9 (44%) created a new ground contact. Simultaneous video, LASA, and NLDN measurements also allowed us to examine the classification of NLDN reports during 3 single-cell storms (one negative and two positive). Based on the LASA waveforms, a total of 204 out of 376 (54%) NLDN reports of CG strokes were determined to be for cloud pulses. The misclassified negative reports had |I p | values ranging from 3.8 kA to 29.7 kA, but only 58 (24%) of these had |I p |>10 kA, and only one misclassified positive report had I p >20 kA. Radar analyses showed that most of the negative and positive CG strokes that were recorded on video were produced within or near the convective cores of storms. The radar imagery also showed that single-cell storms tended to produce one polarity of CG flashes at a time, and that such storms could switch rapidly from negative to positive CG flashes when the reflectivity was near maximum. Multiple-cell storms produced both negative and positive flashes over a broad region, but each polarity tended to cluster near regions of high-reflectivity.
The Vav–Rac1 Pathway in Cytotoxic Lymphocytes Regulates the Generation of Cell-mediated Killing

The Rac1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Vav, is activated in hematopoietic cells in response to a large variety of stimuli. The downstream signaling events derived from Vav have been primarily characterized as leading to transcription or transformation. However, we report here that Vav and Rac1 in natural killer (NK) cells regulate the development of cell-mediated killing. There is a rapid increase in Vav tyrosine phosphorylation during the development of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and natural killing. In addition, overexpression of Vav, but not of a mutant lacking exchange factor activity, enhances both forms of killing by NK cells. Furthermore, dominant-negative Rac1 inhibits the development of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by two mechanisms: (a) conjugate formation between NK cells and target cells is decreased; and (b) those NK cells that do form conjugates have decreased ability to polarize their granules toward the target cell. Therefore, our results suggest that in addition to participating in the regulation of transcription, Vav and Rac1 are pivotal regulators of adhesion, granule exocytosis, and cellular cytotoxicity.
ULTRASONIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE-PHASE SLURRIES

An ultrasonic technique is under development for measuring solids concentration in a three-phase slurry reactor. Preliminary measurements have been made on slurries consisting of water, glass beads, and air bubbles. The data show that both the sound speed and attenuation are well-defined functions of both the solid and gas concentrations in the slurries. A simple model is proposed to correlate the solids concentration with the measured ultrasonic signals.
Limitations of context conditioned effects in the perception of [b] and [w]

Two series of experiments were performed to test the effect of varying vowel length (reflecting different speaking rates) on the crossover boundary of a [b-w] continuum. Earlier research (Miller & Liberman, 1979) indicated context-dependent perception of [b] and [w] as a function of syllable duration. The object of our study was to determine whether the syllable-duration effects shown for [b-w] would be lost if the parameter values of the test stimuli were more similar to natural speech. Different combinations of acoustic parameters were manipulated, as was the method of stimulus presentation. Results showed that the magnitude of the syllable-duration effect was greatly reduced and that the effect was eventually lost as the parameters increasingly approximated natural speech. In addition, the syllable-duration effect was differentially affected depending on the experimental design being used: in most experimental conditions the syllable-duration effect was more affected when the stimuli were presented in a blocked, as compared to a mixed, design. Nevertheless, when parameters similar to natural speech were used, the syllable-duration effect was completely lost, regardless of which experimental design (mixed vs. blocked) was used. These results suggest that the syllable-length effect for the perception of the [b-w] contrast may not be as robust as originally believed, and, furthermore, that the role of context-dependent cues in the perception of speech may have been overestimated.
Effects of chronic ethanol administration on [3H]zolpidem binding in rat brain

The effect of chronic ethanol administration on [3H]zolpidem binding was measured in rat brain. [3H]Zolpidem selectively labels gamma-aminobutyric acidA-benzodiazepine type 1 receptors, which are highly correlated with ethanol-sensitive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) responses in brain. Recombinant expression studies have suggested that this GABAA receptor subtype requires the expression of alpha 1 subunits and is not selectively labeled by classic GABAergic ligands. Since chronic ethanol administration reduces alpha 1 subunit mRNA and polypeptide levels, we investigated whether alterations in [3H]zolpidem binding would also be detected. Chronic ethanol administration did not reduce [3H]zolpidem binding. Instead small, but reproducible, increases in [3H]zolpidem binding density were detected in cortex and cerebellum with no change in affinity. No alterations in [3H]zolpidem binding to striatum and hippocampus were observed. These findings suggest that chronic ethanol administration may have differential effects on [3H]zolpidem binding sites and alpha 1 subunit expression. Alterations in alpha 1 subunit expression following chronic ethanol administration may involve other GABAA receptor subtypes or high affinity [3H]zolpidem binding may be dependent on the expression of additional GABAA receptor subunits.
New approaches to the possible prevention of side effects of chemotherapy by nutrition

In an effort to develop new methods for preventing side effects of chemotherapy, the authors initiated studies to determine whether Adriamycin (doxorubicin) inhibits the metabolism of riboflavin (vitamin B2). Adriamycin has been shown to form a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with riboflavin, as well as to compete for binding to tissue proteins. Adult rats treated with Adriamycin in clinically relevant doses were compared to control animals in ability to convert riboflavin into flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), the active flavin coenzyme derivative, in heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney. Rats treated with Adriamycin exhibited diminished formation of carbon 14 (14C)FAD in skeletal muscle to nearly 50% that of controls, and in heart to about 70% to 80% of controls. Under these conditions, (14C)FAD formation in liver and kidney was largely unaffected by Adriamycin. In preliminary studies, riboflavin-deficient animals treated with Adriamycin had accelerated mortality rates compared to those of food restricted controls treated with similar doses of Adriamycin. The data as a whole suggest a potential mechanism for Adriamycin-induced cardiac and skeletal myopathy, i.e., inhibition of synthesis of FAD, a flavin coenzyme which is involved in electron transport, lipid metabolism, and energy generation. These findings in an animal model raise the possibility that defects of riboflavin nutriture, either dietary or drug-induced, may be a determinant of Adriamycin toxicity. Further studies are required to explore the potential for preventing side effects due to Adriamycin by administration of this vitamin.
The use of semiempirical energy partitioning terms in the study of through space (homoaromatic) interactions

Abstract MNDO and AMI calculations, including configuration interactions, were performed on cycloheptatriene (2), 1,6-methano[10]annulene (3), and the tautomeric elassovalenes (4), (5), and (6). The goal of this study is to examine these systems and assess indicators of the importance of through space (homoaromatic) interactions. It is established that the two-center energy partitioning terms are capable of detecting favorable (negative two-center term) through space interactions. In cases of cyclic conjugation (homoconjugation), it is also shown that the inclusion of CI is necessary.
Acute and chronic cocaine behavioral effects in novel versus familiar environments: open-field familiarity differentiates cocaine locomotor stimulant effects from cocaine emotional behavioral effects

Cocaine is a potent stimulant drug, but its stimulant effects can be substantially modulated by environmental novelty versus familiarity. In this report, we varied exposures to a novel environment as a way to assess the impact of environmental familiarity versus novelty upon the locomotor activation induced by acute and chronic cocaine treatments. In experiment 1, the effects of 1 (PE1) versus 0 (PE0) pre-exposures to the test environment were compared for their impact upon the locomotor stimulant, central zone entry and grooming effects induced by an acute cocaine (10 mg/kg) treatment. In experiment 2, the effects of 10 (PE10) versus 0 (PE0) pre-exposures upon the cocaine effects were compared. Experiment 3 assessed the effects of nine cocaine treatments (10.0 mg/kg) initiated in a novel environment (PE0) versus familiar environment (PE10). In all experiments, cocaine had a potent locomotor stimulant effect in a novel environment, which was attenuated by environmental familiarity such that in PE10 groups, cocaine did not reliably induce an acute locomotor stimulant effect. Environmental novelty/familiarity, however, did not reliably alter cocaine effects upon central zone penetration, grooming behavior, or the neurochemical effects induced by cocaine. In the chronic treatment regimen, the PE0 group exhibited a tolerance-like decrease in locomotor activation, but the PE10 group exhibited a sensitization-like increase in locomotor activation. Despite the marked directional changes in the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine treatments, initiated in a novel (PE0) versus familiar (PE10) environment, the same asymptotic levels of locomotor activation were achieved. In contrast, the behavioral measures of central zone activity progressively increased with repeated treatments regardless of whether the environment was initially novel (PE0) or familiar (PE10). Thus, habituation factors can profoundly alter the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine and can induce pseudo-tolerance phenomena. In contrast, central zone activity undergoes sensitization-like effects independent of habituation state and therefore appears to represent a more fundamental behavioral effect of cocaine. In that, central zone penetration in an open-field is linked to emotional processes; this finding is of substantial importance in understanding the effects of repeated cocaine usage.
An apparatus for protein crystal growth studies

An apparatus is described for observing protein crystals growing under varying growth conditions, and for changing or manipulating crystal orientation for viewing selected faces or growth modes. This flexibility permits a wide variety of protein crystal growth experiments to be performed using the same crystal(s).
Olanzapine for the Treatment of Psychosis in Patients With Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia

Psychotic symptoms are a common complication in Parkinson's disease with dementia. The authors conducted an open-label 6-week trial of olanzapine preceded by a placebo lead-in in five subjects with Parkinson's disease, mild to moderately severe dementia, and psychosis. Four of the subjects terminated the trial early because of worsening motor function, sedation, or paranoia. There was no improvement in psychotic symptoms, and functional abilities declined significantly. Olanzapine appears to be poorly tolerated in patients with Parkinson's disease, psychotic symptoms, and dementia.
Root curvatures induced by culture filtrates of Aspergillus niger.

Evidence obtained by paper chromatography indicates that corn root curvatures caused by culture filtrates of Aspergillus niger are caused by the same compound which causes curvatures and malformations on the stems and petioles of bean plants. The R f values obtained for this compound were substantially different from those of indoleacetic acid.
Linking in accessory pathways. Functional loss of antegrade preexcitation.

BACKGROUNDConcealed retrograde activation has been proposed as a mechanism for antegrade conduction block in the bundle branches and atrioventricular accessory pathways. We studied this hypothesis (linking) in 10 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in whom antegrade preexcitation could be persistently blocked by overdrive atrial pacing.METHODS AND RESULTSAn atrial pacing protocol, with a decremental ramp followed by an incremental ramp, defined a range of atrial paced cycle lengths (linking window) associated with both persistent conduction and block in the accessory pathway. Within the limits of the linking window, the ability of an atrial impulse to conduct over the accessory pathway was dependent on the preceding state (i.e., conduction or block). The observed linking window ranged from 70 to 290 msec (mean, 185 +/- 68 msec) and closely approximated the measured delay in retrograde activation of the accessory pathway during persistent antegrade block. The mean antegrade effective refractor...
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana for control of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera:Curculionidae)

An entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana was tested against the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae. Bioassays were conducted by introducing 25 adult insects on 50 g of B. bassiana mixed rice in glass jars maintained at 28±2°C, and 70% RH. Mortality was monitored at five-day intervals until 25 days. At higher doses (7.6 log conidia/ml), B. bassiana produced a higher percentage of mortality up to 75.8% and F1 adult emergence was reduced by 86.2%. At lower concentrations B. bassiana was not effective against S. oryzae. The study stresses the need for higher numbers of conidial inoculation for maximum mortality.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in congenital cytomegalovirus infection

Ten children (age 2 months to 8 years) with a congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were studied by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a 2.35 Tesla magnet. CMV infection was confirmed by serological investigations and virus culture in the neonatal period. Nine children had severe mental retardation and cerebral palsy, 1 patient suffered from microcephaly, ataxia and deafness. The cranial MRI examination showed the following abnormalities (N): dilated lateral ventricles (10) and subarachnoid space (8), oligo/pachygyria (8), delayed/pathological myelination (7), paraventricular cysts (6), intracerebral calcification (1). This lack of sensitivity for calcification is explainable by the basic principles of MRI. The paraventricular cystic lesions were adjacent to the occipital horns of the lateral ventricles and separated only by a thin membrane. This finding might represent a "new sign" for congenital CMV infection in MRI examinations, being characteristic but nevertheless nonspecific, like calcification in CT.