cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Self-Consistent Naive-Bayes to Detect Masquerades

To gain access to account privileges, an intruder masquerades as the proper account user. This paper proposes a new strategy for detecting masquerades in a multiuser system. To detect masquerading sessions, one profile of command usage is built from the sessions of the proper user, and a second profile is built from the sessions of the remaining known users. The sequence of the commands in the sessions is reduced to a histogram of commands, and the naive-Bayes classifier is used to decide the identity of new incoming sessions. The standard naive-Bayes classifier is extended to take advantage of information from new unidentified sessions. On the basis of the current profiles, a newly presented session is first assigned a probability of being a masquerading session, and then the profiles are updated to reflect the new session. As prescribed by the expectation-maximization algorithm, this procedure is iterated until both the probabilities and the profiles are self-consistent. Experiments on a standard artificial dataset demonstrate that this self-consistent naive-Bayes classifier beats the previous best-performing detector and reduces the missing-alarm rate by 40%.
Positive real /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// controller design-an LMI approach

This paper presents a solution to the /spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// control problem for an extended strictly positive real plant subject to the constraint that the controller is positive real. Under a fixed order approximation of an /spl Rscr//spl Hscr//sub /spl infin// parameter, a necessary and sufficient condition is given in terms of a system of linear matrix inequalities. A flexible beam example is included to illustrate the design methodology.
Life from Smut

Sparks of Life Darwinism and the Victorian Debates over Spontaneous Generation. James E. Strick. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2000. 298 pp. $45, £30.95. ISBN 0-674-00292-X. Centering his account on Henry Bastian (the last great supporter of the idea that organisms can suddenly arise from nonliving materials), Strick examines the disputes among early Darwinians that helped prepare the foundations of microbiology and speed the acceptance of the germ theory of disease.
Cervical incisions in obstetrics.

Abstract A series of 84 patients is reviewed in whom cervical incisions were done because major maternal and/or fetal complications demanded termination of labor. Incisions of the cervix should play a definite but limited role in the practice of obstetrics. The incidence in this series was 0.66 per cent of the total deliveries during a seventeen-year period. If not technically so, cervical incisions to facilitate delivery must nonetheless be considered a major operation from the standpoint of the mother and fetus. Prolonged labor and occipitoposterior positions contributed to the majority of complications indicating cervical incisions. Severe cephalopelvic disproportion should serve as a contraindication to this procedure. Optimum conditions that should prevail before cervical incisions are done and the techniques used are described. Maternal morbidity occurred in 20.2 per cent and postpartum hemorrhage in 17.9 per cent. There were no maternal deaths. Careful selection of cases should yield a high fetal salvage (95.35 per cent in this series). It is believed that in this series many infants were saved by this procedure and the fetal benefits outweighed the hazards attendant to incising the cervix and operative delivery from below.
Bundle up: Introducing care bundles to increase knowledge and confidence of senior nursing students

Nursing graduates transitioning to practice are expected to be safe and competent practitioners. Health organizations promote the use of evidence-based practices such as care bundles to improve patient outcomes and provide quality health care. This research describes the introduction of 2 care bundles, sepsis, and acute stroke to senior associate degree nursing students in a clinical day on campus. The researchers used high-fidelity simulation as a teaching methodology to increase knowledge and confidence level in caring for patients in the clinical setting.
What We Talk About When We Talk About Evolution

Currently, the biologic sciences are a Tower of Babel, having become so highly specialized that one discipline cannot effectively communicate with another. A mechanism for evolution that integrates development and physiologic homeostasis phylogenetically has been identified—cell-cell interactions. By reducing this process to ligand-receptor interactions and their intermediate down-stream signaling partners, it is possible, for example, to envision the functional homologies between such seemingly disparate structures and functions as the lung alveolus and kidney glomerulus, the skin and brain, or the skin and lung. For example, by showing the continuum of the lung phenotype for gas exchange at the cell-molecular level, being selected for increased surface area by augmenting lung surfactant production and function in lowering surface tension, we have determined an unprecedented structural-functional continuum from proximate to ultimate causation in evolution. It is maintained that tracing the changes in structure and function that have occurred over both the short-term history of the organism (as ontogeny), and the long-term history of the organism (as phylogeny), and how the mechanisms shared in common can account for both biologic stability and novelty, will provide the key to understanding the mechanisms of evolution. We need to better understand evolution from its unicellular origins as the Big Bang of biology.
Water treeing phenomena in amorphous dielectrics

Polystyrene was used to study the role of material variables in water-tree growth. Matrix stiffness, crosslink density, and additives were studied for their influence on the process of tree initiation and/or growth. It was found that amorphous, plasticized, and crosslinked polystyrene were all susceptible to water treeing. In crosslinked samples, water-tree growth was inhibited above a certain crosslink density. Lowering the stiffness of the polymer by plasticization markedly coarsened the water trees produced. Interfaces, while providing initiating sites in some instances, did slow the growth of impinging trees. The implications for water treeing in polyolefins are discussed. >
Methamphetamine pretreatment and the vulnerability of the striatum to methamphetamine neurotoxicity

Pretreatment with intermittent low-dose administrations of stimulants increases mesostriatal dopamine transmission upon administration of a challenge dose. This occurs without evidence of a long-term dopamine or serotonin depletion. The purpose was to examine whether pretreatment with low doses of methamphetamine enhances dopamine and/or glutamate efflux and the subsequent depletion of dopamine and serotonin produced by neurotoxic challenge doses of methamphetamine. Microdialysis was used to measure simultaneously extracellular concentrations of dopamine and glutamate in the striatum and prefrontal cortex of awake rats. Basal extracellular concentrations of dopamine and glutamate were unaltered following pretreatment with methamphetamine. The increase in methamphetamine-induced striatal dopamine efflux was not significantly different between methamphetamine and saline pretreated groups. In contrast, after high challenge doses of methamphetamine, dopamine efflux in prefrontal cortex was enhanced to a greater extent in methamphetamine pretreated rats as compared to saline pretreated controls. Acute methamphetamine did not enhance glutamate efflux in prefrontal cortex after pretreatment with saline or methamphetamine. The increase in striatal glutamate efflux was blunted in rats pretreated with methamphetamine. When measured 4 days later, dopamine and serotonin content in striatum was depleted in all rats acutely challenged with methamphetamine. However, these depletions were attenuated in rats pretreated with methamphetamine. An acute methamphetamine challenge did not affect dopamine tissue content in the prefrontal cortex of any rats. Serotonin content in cortex was depleted in all groups following the methamphetamine challenge administration, but these depletions were diminished in methamphetamine-pretreated rats. These results are the first evidence that an intermittent pretreatment regimen with low doses of methamphetamine, followed by a 1 week withdrawal, reduces the vulnerability of striatal dopamine and serotonin terminals and cortical serotonin terminals to methamphetamine neurotoxicity. These findings provide evidence for the mechanism leading to methamphetamine neurotoxicity.
Synthesis of 1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐[11C]methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide ([11C]JHU75528) and 1‐(2‐bromophenyl)‐4‐cyano‐5‐(4‐[11C]methoxyphenyl)‐N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide ([11C]JHU75575) as potential radioligands for PET imaging of cerebral cannabinoid receptor

Two novel ligands for cerebral cannabinoid receptor (CB1), 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-cyano-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (JHU75528) and 1-(2-bromophenyl)-4-cyano-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-(piperidin-1-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (JHU75575) have been synthesized. Both JHU75528 and JHU75575 display a combination of higher binding affinity and lower lipophilicity than those of Rimonabant (SR141716), a high affinity CB1 selective antagonist, and AM281, the only available ligand for emission tomography imaging of CB1 in human subjects. Radiolabeled [11C]JHU75528 and [11C]JHU75575 were prepared by reaction of [11C]methyl iodide with nor-methyl precursors. The average radiochemical yield, specific radioactivity, and radiochemical purity of [11C]JHU75528 were 16%, 235 GBq/µmol (6360 mCi/µmol), and 99%, respectively; those of [11C]JHU75575 were 8%, 196 GBq/µmol (5308 mCi/µmol), and 99%, respectively. Both ligands hold promise as PET radioligands for imaging CB1 receptor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Measurement of PRA, PRC and PRR and the Relation of Renin Reaction Rate to Renin Substrate Concentration

We have altered the method for measuring plasma renin concentration (P.R.C.) originated by Haas, et al (7) by using radioimmunoassay of angiotensin I and avoiding the addition of extrinsic renin substrate. Thus modified, the method gives values for P.R.A. (plasma renin activity), P.R.C. (plasma renin concentration), and also P.R.R. (plasma renin reactivity), which is the rate of reaction of renin substrate in the plasma with added extrinsic renin. By applying this modified method to a wide variety of plasma samples and independently measuring plasma renin substrate concentration (P.R.S.) in the same samples, we found a good correlation between P.R.R. and P.R.S. Our results indicate that the rate of the renin - renin substrate reaction in human plasma is proportional to renin substrate concentration over a wide range of values up to 5000 ng angiotensin I/ml or higher. Thus, first order reaction kinetics with respect to substrate concentration is followed even at high substrate levels and the Km must be high. An additional finding was that pregnant women have elevated P.R.C. levels in contrast with women taking oral contraceptives who have P.R.C. levels lower than normal.
Household Gasoline Demand in the United States

Supported by the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, the U.S. Dept. of Energy and the National Science Foundation.
Viability, cell division and microcallus formation of barley microspores in culture

Barley microspores were viable when cultured in a sugarless medium. Adding 2g of glucose to 1l of this medium resulted in a significant reduction in the frequency of viable microspores. The frequency of viable microspores was further reduced when 50g of cellobiose, glucose, maltose, melezitose, raffinose or sucrose were added to 1l of the culture medium containing 2g/l glucose. Adding 50g of melibiose, Ficoll, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or a combination 50g each of Ficoll and PEG to 1I of the medium containing 2g/l glucose had very little effect on the viability of the microspores.
Generation of Two-Dimensional Optical Spatial Auto- and Cross-Correlation Functons

The generation of accurate two-dimensional auto- and cross-correlo grams as related to optical signal processing is described. The development and design considerations of a simple electro-optical equipment are outlined and the parameters explained, and the principle of operation is discussed. The article then shows possible applications for sonar displays in the field of target recognition and tracking. The final sections deal with correlograrns of small objects and complex images.
Src family kinases in the nervous system

Src family kinases (SFKs) are key factors in the process of coupling signals from the cell surface to intracellular machinery and critically involved in the regulation of many neural functions mediated through growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptors or ligand-gated ion channels. The three minireviews here focus on recent findings dealing with the regulation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors by SFKs.
Natural convection across a vertical layered porous cavity

Abstract Numerical studies are reported for steady-state natural convection in a two-dimensional layered porous cavity heated from the side wall. Emphasis is placed on the effects caused by the sublayer thickness ratio, permeability contrast and non-uniform conductivity in a system comprising two sublayers. Calculations have covered a wide range of these parameters. It has been observed that the flow and temperature fields for a layered structure with K1/K2 1. When the thermal properties are uniform, the average Nusselt number for a layered system of K1/K2 1, the average Nusselt number is always less than that of a homogeneous system, and it increases with both Rayleigh number and the thickness ratio. When there exists a difference in the thermal conductivity of the two sublayers, a second recirculating cell is generated in the less permeable layer for K1/K2 > 1. The average Nusselt number is found to increase with the conductivity ratio for K1/K2 > 1, and decrease for K1/K2 > 1. Heat transfer results including streamline and isotherm patterns, temperature and velocity profiles, and the Nusselt vs Rayleigh number relation in terms of these parameters, are presented.
Elastomeric electron beam‐cured coatings: Structure–property relationships. I. Oligomer structure

Mechanical properties of electron beam-cured films were studied as a function of oligomer structure and monomer diluent. In films cast from polyester acrylourethane oligomers, increasing the chain length between the two acrylate groups on each end resulted in a decrease in breaking strength from 7000 psi to 1000 psi in Young's modulus from 200,000 psi to 700 psi, and in glass transition temperature from 50 to −25°C, while the ultimate elongation increased from 20% to 210%. These properties were virtually independent of dose above 1 Mrad. The elongations were compared with literature values at equivalent degrees of crosslinking and found to fall within the range, but on the low elongation side of the distribution. It was speculated that the crosslinks' functionality would equal the average degree of polymerization of the double bond at each end of the oligomer, resulting in multirayed, star-shaped crosslinks with less flexibility than those with the usual functionality of 3 or 4, and methods for reducing this functionality were investigated. Addition of active monomers effected only minor change, but diethylaminoethyl acrylate was found to be very helpful in increasing the extensibility of these films considerably. This behavior can be explained by assuming that this monomer has a significant chain transfer constant, which should reduce the degree of polymerization of acrylic endgroups, producing a looser structure.
Sulfonylurea-Sensitive K+ Transport is Involved in Cl− Secretion and Cyst Growth by Cultured ADPKD Cells

Transepithelial chloride and fluid secretion by many types of epithelia involves activation of a conductive K(+) pathway that serves to support the electrochemical driving force for Cl(-) secretion. This study sought to determine if such a pathway is involved in Cl(-) and fluid secretion by the cystic epithelia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Primary cultures of cells derived from the cysts of patients with ADPKD were used. Confluent monolayers of these cells, mounted in Ussing chambers, were stimulated to secrete Cl(-) by application of the adenylyl cyclase agonist, forskolin. The effects of various K(+) channel blockers on the increase in short-circuit current (I(sc)) generated by active Cl(-) secretion were determined. Charybdotoxin, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels exerted no effect. Similarly, the chromanole 293B, an inhibitor of cAMP-induced K(+) conductance, exerted no effect on cAMP-dependent anion secretion. Glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), modestly inhibited the forskolin-stimulated current when applied to the apical surface of the monolayers, suggesting a relatively weak effect on CFTR. Basolateral application of glibenclamide inhibited I(sc) to a greater extent. This latter effect may be due to inhibition of a K(+)-conductive transport step. Glibenclamide exerted little effect on the I(sc) of nonstimulated monolayers. Cyst growth in ADPKD is driven by cell proliferation and Cl(-) and fluid secretion. The effect of glibenclamide on the growth of cysts formed within a collagen gel by cultured ADPKD cells was tested. Addition of glibenclamide to the media bathing the cysts inhibited their growth. Glibenclamide also blocked the formation of cysts when it was added to the media at the time the cells were seeded within the collagen gel. Glibenclamide was also found to inhibit the proliferation of ADPKD cells. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the ATP-sensitive K(+) channel, K(ir) 6.2, is expressed in cultured ADPKD cells and in normal human kidney. These results suggest that ATP-sensitive K(+) channel blockers should be investigated as possible therapeutic agents to inhibit cyst growth in ADPKD.
Effects of cyanide, salicylhydroxamic acid, and temperature on respiration and germination of spores of the fern Sphaeropteris cooperi

During the first 96 h of culture, germinating spores of the fern Sphaeropteris cooperi (F. v. Muell.) Tryon showed a gradual rise in respiratory activity to a maximum of about 6.5 μl 02 h−1 mg−1 dry wt. This was followed by a transitory decline in rate, concluded by a second respiratory rise preceding the emergence of the rhizoid after 192 h of culture. Oxygen uptake during the first 120 h of germination was insensitive to 1 mM potassium cyanide (KCN) but was inhibited by 1 mM salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM); however, beyond this time cyanide showed increasing inhibitory effectiveness whereas SHAM became less effective. Regardless of time of application, KCN had no effect on germination. Maximum inhibition of germination by SHAM was achieved if applied up to 120 h after culture initiation, after which spores became insensitive to SHAM. Heat treatment (50°C for 90 min) during the cyanide-resistant phase of respiration (0 h–120 h) induced cyanide-sensitive respiration and completely inhibited spore germination. Elevated temperatures had little effect if applied during the cyanide-sensitive phase (beyond 120 h). Temperature inhibited spores regained their ability to germinate if maintained in culture until the cyanide-resistant pathway was restored and then subjected to a second photoinductive light treatment. These results suggest the presence and possible involvement of the cyanide-resistant, alternative respiratory pathway during germination of Sphaeropteris cooperi spores.
Reconciling Spiritual Values Conflicts for Counselors and Lesbian and Gay Clients

Counselors and lesbian and gay clients experience parallel values conflicts between religious beliefs/spirituality and sexual orientation. This article uses critical thinking to assist counselors to integrate religious/spiritual beliefs with professional ethical codes. Clients are assisted to integrate religious/spiritual beliefs with sexual orientation.
Administrative Barriers to the Adoption of High-Quality Mental Health Services for Children in Foster Care: A National Study

While the need to provide appropriate mental health services to children in foster care is well recognized, there is little information on administrative barriers to assuring that such services are provided. This article presents results from a national survey of mental health agencies to profile their awareness of currently available practice standards, the roles these standards play in guiding practice of mental health agencies, common reimbursement strategies in use for mental health services, and collaborations between mental health and child welfare agencies that enhance children's access to appropriate mental health care. Implications and recommendations for mental health policymakers are discussed.
Specification of internal accounting controls in a database environment

Abstract This paper examines the problem of specifying database security controls in a manner such that the resulting segmentation of data and the patterns of access rights are consistent with traditional accounting concepts that govern segregation of duties. The mechanism we use for implementation of these controls in a relational accounting system is that of a “view” implemented on the Query-by-Example database management system. A number of examples are presented in detail and some further aspects of security and integrity constraints are discussed.
Observational Magnetogasdynamics: 21 Years of HI Zeeman Splitting Measurements... and More

We review observations of the physical properties of the diffuse ISM HI components, namely the Cold and Warm Neutral Media (CNM and WNM). There is somewhat more WNM than CNM, and at least half of the WNM is not thermally stable. The CNM has typical turbulent Mach number 3. Magnetic fields in the CNM are not as large as expected from the classical flux-freezing argument; neither are magnetic fields always strong enough for the Alfven velocity to equal the turbulent velocity. Nevertheless, they are usually strong enough to put CNM clouds in the magnetically subcritical regime. We identify a probable new source of turbulence for the diffuse ISM. We discuss one very cold cloud that has considerable internal turbulence and, because of its extreme thinness ∼0.05 pc, a turbulent crossing time of only ∼5 × 104 yr.
Cyclodextrins as enantioselective mobile phase modifiers for chiral capillary electrophoresis effects of pH and cyclodextrin concentration

When cyclodextrins (CDs) are used as enantioselective mobile phase modifiers for capillary electrophoresis, optimization of chiral resolution is usually carried out by varying operational parameters such as the choice of CD type, CD concentration and pH of the operating buffer. This work describes the effects of the above variables on the resolution of five chiral basic pharmaceuticals with different functional groups, using three different beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) modifiers (BCD, 2-hydroxypropyl BCD and methyl BCD). In order to more clearly determine the specific role of pH, CD type and CD concentration on chiral resolution, the running buffers used in this work contained only the buffer salts and enantioselector. Very good resolution was achieved for chlorpheniramine and terbutaline; propranolol was able to be partially resolved. The degree of resolution achieved for these compounds is explained by examining the balance of specific and non-specific interactions between the solutes and the BCDs. Although the migration behavior of atropine and metoprolol indicates that they undergo marked interactions with the cyclodextrins in the running buffer, these interactions were not enantioselective, and these solutes were unable to be optically resolved under any of the conditions in our study.
Lifetime in Neutron Irradiated Silicon - Application to Devices

Detailed measurements on special gated Si p+n diodes yield the damage parameters associated with the three basic current components in p-n junctions. Recombination in the neutral bulk, recombination and generation in the space-charge region, and recombination and generation at the surface are characterized over a wide range of neutron doses and injection levels. For recombination in the neutral bulk, the lifetime damage constant is about 3 x 105 n-sec/cm2 at high injection levels and varies with dose between 103 and 104 n-sec/cm2 for low injection levels. The damage constant for the space-charge region recombination lifetime is about 5 x 105 n-sec/cm2 for forward biases in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 V and the damage constant for the generation lifetime in the space-charge region is 5 x 107 n-sec/cm2 both nearly independent of dose. The surface generation and recombination velocities are process dependent and are not a linear function of the dose. The surface generation velocity increases from about 10 cm/sec at 2 x 1011 n/cm2 to saturate at about 100 cm/sec at 1014 n/cm2 in the diodes studied here. Using these data, the grounded emitter current gain (hFE) for a Si pnp transistor (2N4872) is predicted as a function of dose and current density. Both the dose and the current density dependence of hFE, as predicted by our V-I characteristics and deduced lifetimes, are in reasonable agreement with the published specifications.
Bone Mineral Density Determinations by Dual-Energy x-ray Absorptiometry in the Management of Patients with Marfan Syndrome—Some Factors Which Affect the Measurement

Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) was sporadically reported in patients with Marfan syndrome. This may or may not place the Marfan patient at increased risk for bone fracture. In comparing the BMDs of our patients with those reported in the literature, it seemed that agreement between values, and hence the degree of osteoporosis or osteopenia reported, was dependent on the instrumentation used. The objective of this study was to statistically assess this impression. Bone mineral density measurements from our previously published study of 30 adults with Marfan syndrome performed on a Lunar DPXL machine were compared with studies published between 1993–2000 measured using either Lunar or Hologic bone densitometry instruments. The differences of our measurements compared with those made on other Lunar machines were not statistically significant, but did differ significantly with published results from Hologic machines (P < 0.001). Before progress can be made in the assessment of BMD and fracture risk in Marfan patients and in the evidence-based orthopedic management of these patients, standardization of instrumental bone density determinations will be required along with considerations of height, obesity, age, and sex.
Tumors of the Diffuse Endocrine System, Histochemical and Electron-Optic Aids, and Pitfalls in Diagnosis

Tumors of the Diffuse Endocrine System are a heterogeneous group of malignant neoplasms which have rather characteristic light microscopic and cytologic features. These are, however, not diagnostic and their identification with separation from non-neuroendocrine carcinomas require important adjunctive evaluations including histochemical analysis, immunocytochemical characterization and electron-optic identification of endocrine secretory products and paracrine effects in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells. The importance of proper classification cannot be over-emphasized because of the often considerable biologic and prognostic differences between neuroendocrine carcinomas and other types of carcinoma, notably metastatic carcinomas from the breast and the prostate. Furthermore, the separation of these lesions into two groups; a small cell type and those with large cells (carcinoid type) appears to have clinical significance in both diagnosis and response to therapy.
Implantable SERS nanosensors for pre-symptomatic detection of BW agents

The early detection of biological warfare (BW) agents before any symptoms are present is critical for saving lives and reducing cost of therapy. Protein expression in T-cells represents one of the earliest detectable cellular signaling events to occur in response to the exposure to various toxins or BW agents. In order to fully understand a cellular response to a particular BW agent, it is often necessary to monitor the expression of specific proteins. Therefore, we have developed a novel class of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immuno-nanosensors for the real-time monitoring of protein expression within individual living cells. In this work, we have developed and optimized novel nanosphere-based silver coated SERS nanosensors for the detection of proteins at cellular levels. SERS nanosensors were optimized in terms of nanosphere size, silver coating methods, number of silver layers, antibody binding and affinity. These nanosensors are capable of being inserted into individual cells and non-invasively positioned to the sub-cellular location of interest using optical tweezers. They were constructed from monodisperse silica nanospheres. These nanospheres were condensed from tetraalkoxysilanes in an alcoholic solution of water and ammonia. Accurate control of the silica nanospheres’ diameter was achieved by varying the reaction conditions. Nanosphere-based SERS immuno-nanosensors were then prepared by depositing multiple layers of silver on silica spheres, followed by binding of the antibody of interest to the silver. In binding the antibodies, different cross linker agents were characterized and compared. On one end, each of these cross linker agents contained sulfur or isothiocyanate groups which bound to the silver surface, while the other end contained a carboxylic or primary amine group which reacted readily with the antibodies. In order to improve sensitivity of these nanosensors, optimal silver surface coverage with crosslinkers was determined. Following binding of antibodies, evaluation of the nanosensors was performed by monitoring the SERS spectra of the nanosensors prior to and following exposure to the antigen of interest. These results showed reproducible differences in the SERS spectra upon exposure to the antigens confirming their ability to monitor trace amounts of antigen. In particular, these SERS-based nanosensors were shown successfully detect human insulin at trace levels.
Dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking with a heavy fourth generation

Abstract A heavy fourth generation with a mass of the order of 400 GeV or more could trigger dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking by forming condensates through the exchange of a fundamental Higgs scalar doublet. The dynamics leading to these condensates is studied within the framework of the Schwinger–Dyson equation. This scenario leads to the presence of three (two composite and one fundamental) Higgs doublets, with interesting phenomenological implications. In addition, this dynamical phenomenon occurs in the vicinity of the energy scale where the restoration of scale symmetry might happen.
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis complicating mitral valve prolapse presenting as Parinaud's syndrome--a case report.

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis is the most common form of endocar ditis found at autopsy. Systemic embolization may complicate this condition in patients with mitral valve prolapse. The authors report a case of mitral valve prolapse and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in which the presenting fea ture was Parinaud's syndrome.
Electron beam lithographic fabrication of ultra-submicron gate GaAs MESFETs

Abstract A single-level-resist process was used to fabricate GaAs MESFETs with gate lengths as short as 28 nm on MBE grown epi-layers. D.C. measurements yielded transconductances up to 85 mS/mm with no dependence on gate length.
EPR study of radicals derived from 3-buten-2-ol and 1,3-butanediol

Abstract Using the aqueous TiCl3H2O2 radical-generating method at 10–40°C, we have successfully characterized by EPR radicals formed from the substrates 3-buten-2-ol, I, and 1,3-butanediol, II, namely, from I, ·CH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3, CH2OH)CHCH(OH)CH3 and, from II, ·CH(OH)CH2CH(OH)CH3, CH2(OH)CHCH(OH)CH3, and CH2(OH)CH2C(OH)CH3. There have been earlier analogous EPR studies of ·CH2CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3 and CH2(OH)CHCH(OH)CH3 and our data agree with the results of these previous investigations when allowance is made for their incompleteness and lower resolution. The results for the hitherto unreported species ·CH(OH)CH2CH(OH)CH3 and CH2(OH)CH2C(OH)CH3 are in reasonable agreement with expectation. The data for the former radical show a particularly large α-CH proton splitting constant and, on account of the γ-C chiral center, the β-CH2 protons are inequivalent.
Alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibits prolactin secretion in fetal and infant lambs

Abstract The intravenous administration of αMSH (25 μg/kg) to 11 lambs (3 to 29 days of age) suppressed plasma PRL by 15 minutes. The mean basal concentration was 15.3 ± 2.9 ng/ml and the mean nadir was 4.9 ± 0.8 ng/ml (p
Systemic Absorption of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol after Ophthalmic Administration to the Rabbit

delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol was given by ophthalmic administration to the rabbit. Plasma concentrations were measured for two strengths of ophthalmic solution and compared with intravenous data to establish bioavailability. Absorption was variable, while maximum plasma levels were sustained for several hours.
Blackless Fantasy The Disappearance of Race in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games

This article focuses on questioning and theorizing the visual and discursive disappearance of blackness from virtual fantasy worlds. Using EverQuest, EverQuest II, and World of Warcraft as illustra...
Investment, irreversibility, and options: An empirical framework

Abstract The paper presents an empirical test of the impact of irreversibility on threshold return levels and on investment. These tests permit an examination of a key concept and some predictions of irreversible investment theory, which links the option pricing approach with Tobin's q theory. A key feature of the paper is that estimates of the threshold return levels required for investment, which account for both options to invest and disinvest, are obtained internally from the empirical model. The study employs a panel data set consisting of U.S. manufacturing firms and finds that irreversibility, through its negative impact on marginal put options and the resulting increase in threshold returns, reduces investment in two of the four groups of firms studied.
The Early History of Radar

Five basic ideas are identified, the combination of which consitutes radar. A clear distinction is then made between this combination of ideas, the contemporary technology from which it grew, and the contemporary scientific knowledge on which it was based. The mainstream of the development of radar is traced in a sequence of related events from 1922 to 1941. The technical problems encountered and the solutions employed in the first radar development are outlined in some detail. Two sidestreams of radar development are identified. The relationships among the three streams are discussed.
Making sense of ourselves: self-narratives and personal identity

Some philosophers take personal identity to be a matter of self-narrative. I argue, to the contrary, that self-narrative views cannot stand alone as views of personal (or numerical) identity. First, I consider Dennett’s self-narrative view, according to which selves are fictional characters—abstractions, like centers of gravity—generated by brains. Neural activity is to be interpreted from the intentional stance as producing a story. I argue that this is implausible. The inadequacy is masked by Dennett’s ambiguous use of ‘us’: sometimes ‘us’ refers to real human beings, and sometimes ‘us’ refers to selves or fictional characters. Second, I consider Schechtmann’s view that self-narratives create persons (in the sense that she calls ‘characterization’ or personality. I argue that the sense in which a self-narrative creates a person cannot stand on its own: a person must already exist (in the sense of numerical identity) in order for there to be a self-narrative. Finally, I offer my own account of persons.
Protonation of Ferrous Dinitrogen Complexes Containing a Diphosphine Ligand with a Pendent Amine

The addition of acids to ferrous dinitrogen complexes [FeX(N2)(PEtNMePEt)(dmpm)]+ (X = H, Cl, or Br; PEtNMePEt = Et2PCH2N(Me)CH2PEt2; and dmpm = Me2PCH2PMe2) gives protonation at the pendent amine of the diphosphine ligand rather than at the dinitrogen ligand. This protonation increased the νN2 band of the complex by 25 cm–1 and shifted the Fe(II/I) couple by 0.33 V to a more positive potential. A similar IR shift and a slightly smaller shift of the Fe(II/I) couple (0.23 V) was observed for the related carbonyl complex [FeH(CO)(PEtNMePEt)(dmpm)]+. [FeH(PEtNMePEt)(dmpm)]+ was found to bind N2 about three times more strongly than NH3. Computational analysis showed that coordination of N2 to Fe(II) centers increases the basicity of N2 (vs free N2) by 13 and 20 pKa units for the trans halides and hydrides, respectively. Although the iron center increases the basicity of the bound N2 ligand, the coordinated N2 is not sufficiently basic to be protonated. In the case of ferrous dinitrogen complexes containing a ...
Modeling of the Current Distribution in Aluminum Anodization

The growth of porous anodic Al2O3 films, formed potentiostatically in continuously stirred 15 wt.% H2SO4 electrolyte was studied as a function of the anodization voltage (14–18 V), bath temperature (15–25 °C) and anodization time (15–35 min). The variation of the anodic surface overpotential with the current density was measured experimentally. The film thickness at the more accessible portions of the anode was observed to increase with the anodization voltage and the bath temperature. However, the film thickness on the less accessible portions of the anode did not significantly change with the voltage or the bath temperature. This indicates that the anodization process at the more accessible regions is more strongly influenced by the surface processes than by the electric migration within the electrolyte. Furthermore, analysis confirms that the major portion of the film resistivity resides within a thin sub-layer that does not vary with the anodization time, and the growing anodic layer contributes only marginally to the overall film resistance. Computer aided design software was employed to simulate the current density distribution. For the range of process parameters studied, the electrochemical CAD software predicts accurately the measured thickness distribution along the anode.
In vitro host range of the Hz-1 nonoccluded virus in insect cell lines

A total of 13 insect cell lines spanning 4 orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Homoptera) were tested for their ability to replicate the nonoccluded virus Hz-1. Only the Lepidopteran cell lines supported replication of the virus with TN-CL1 and BCIRL-HZ-AM1 producing the highest titers of 2.4 × 108 tissue culture infective dose (TCID)50/ml and 2.0 × 108 TCID50/ml, respectively. A codling moth cell line (CP-169) was the only Lepidopteran cell line that did not replicate the virus and transfection of this cell line with Hz-1 DNA failed to replicate the virus. Also, transfection with DNA from a recombinant baculovirus carrying the red fluorescent protein gene (AcMNPVhsp70 Red) was not expressed in CP-169 cells. The replication cycle of Hz-1 in BCIRL-HZ-AM1 cells showed that this virus replicated rapidly starting at 16 h postinoculation (p.i.) and reaching a peak titer of 1.0 × 108 TCID50/ml 56 h postinoculation. Hz-1 when compared with several other baculoviruses has the widest in vitro host spectrum.
Block-dependent thresholding in wavelet regression

Nonparametric regression via wavelets is usually implemented under the assumptions of dyadic sample size, equally spaced and fixed sample points, and independent and identically distributed normal errors. An estimator is proposed which, through the use of linear transformations and block thresholding, can simultaneously achieve both global and local optimal rates of convergence even for data that does not possess the above three assumptions. Additionally, the estimator exhibits fast computation time and is spatially adaptive over large classes of Besov and Holder functions. The thresholds are dependent on the varying levels of noise in each block of wavelet coefficients, rather than on a single estimate of the noise as is usually done. This block-dependent method is compared against term-by-term wavelet methods with noise-dependent thresholding via theoretical asymptotic convergence rates as well as by simulations and comparisons on a well-known data set. Simulation results show that this block-dependent ...
Infilling Missing Daily Evapotranspiration Data Using Neural Networks

This study used artificial neural networks (ANNs) computing technique for infilling missing daily saltcedar evapotranspiration (ET) as measured by the eddy-covariance method. The study site was at Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge in the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico. Data was collected from 2001 to 2003. Several ANN models were evaluated for infilling of different combinations of missing data percentages and different gap sizes. The ANN model using daily maximum and minimum temperature, daily solar radiation, day of the year, and the calendar year as inputs showed the best estimation performance. Results showed coefficient of determination ( R2 ) of 0.96, root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.4 mm/day for 10% missing data and a maximum of half-month gap size data set. Missing data greater than 30% and maximum data gap size greater than 3 months resulted in R2 less than 0.90 and RMSE greater than 0.6 mm/day. The results from this study suggest that infilling of daily saltcedar ET using ANN an...
Prediction of thermal conductivity for irradiated SiC/SiC composites by informing continuum models with molecular dynamics data☆

Abstract This article proposes a new method to estimate the thermal conductivity of SiC/SiC composites subjected to neutron irradiation. The modeling method bridges different scales from the atomic scale to the scale of a 2D SiC/SiC composite. First, it computes the irradiation-induced point defects in perfect crystalline SiC using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to compute the defect thermal resistance as a function of vacancy concentration and irradiation dose. The concept of defect thermal resistance is explored explicitly in the MD data using vacancy concentrations and thermal conductivity decrements due to phonon scattering. Point defect-induced swelling for chemical vapor deposited (CVD) SiC as a function of irradiation dose is approximated by scaling the corresponding MD results for perfect crystal β-SiC to experimental data for CVD-SiC at various temperatures. The computed thermal defect resistance, thermal conductivity as a function of grain size, and definition of defect thermal resistance are used to compute the thermal conductivities of CVD-SiC, isothermal chemical vapor infiltrated (ICVI) SiC and nearly-stoichiometric SiC fibers. The computed fiber and ICVI-SiC matrix thermal conductivities are then used as input for an Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka approach to compute the thermal conductivities of 2D SiC/SiC composites subjected to neutron irradiation within the same irradiation doses. Predicted thermal conductivities for an irradiated Tyranno-SA/ICVI-SiC composite are found to be comparable to available experimental data for a similar composite ICVI-processed with these fibers.
Nationalism, Nuclear Policy and Children in Cold War America.

In the wake of the Cold War era, researchers have begun to theorize the US national security state. This article is a preliminary attempt to theorize the place of children and childhood in the Amer...
A stability study of chloramphenicol in topical formulations.

The stabilities of several chloramphenicol preparations have been investigated at ambient temperatures. The B.P.C ointment and eye ointment were stable over 2 years. The remainder retained more than 90% of their potencies after the following periods: ear drops B.P.C., 2 years, Drug Tariff cream, 5 months and eye drops B.P.C., 3 to 4 months. 15% hydrolysis occurred after autoclaving the eye drops, and 3 to 4% after heating with a bactericide. The latter sterilization process is recommended. Two assay procedures were employed, one estimating residual chloramphenicol by ultraviolet spectrophotometry after separation from decomposition products by thin layer chromatography and the other determining the main degradation product (1-p-nitrophenylpropan-1,3-diol-2-amine) colorimetrically.
Submerged warm water jet discharge in an ice-covered reservoir or lake

Abstract A submerged warm water jet discharge into an ice-covered lake or reservoir is investigated by one-dimensional and two-dimensional flow and heat transfer simulation. A one-dimensional jet integral model combined with a one-dimensional, unsteady heat transfer model for a natural lake is used to predict jet trajectories and vertical temperature distributions in the receiving water under an ice cover. A two-dimensional and unsteady flow and temperature simulation is made by solving the Reynolds equations with a buoyancy-modified κ-ϵ model for closure. The results of both 1-D and 2-D simulations show the great significance of buoyancy effects on the jets. The progressive mixing and warming of the initially stratified (0° to 4°C) ambient water are illustrated. Feedback from changing ambient conditions changes buoyancy forces acting on the jet dramatically. Buoyancy reversal is illustrated for jets discharged at initial temperatures from 8° to 15°C, as the jets become diluted by entrainment of colder ambient water. Ice covers are affected by this reversal. Jet discharge temperature and ambient water depletion are shown to be the most important factors controlling the behavior of submerged water jet discharges into ice-covered reservoirs or lakes.
Detection and tracking of ships in open sea with rapidly moving buoy-mounted camera system

Abstract Visual surveillance in the maritime domain has been explored for more than a decade. Although it has produced a number of working systems and resulted in a mature technology, surveillance has been restricted to the port facilities or areas close to the coast line assuming a fixed-camera scenario. This paper presents a novel algorithm for open-sea visual maritime surveillance. We explore a challenging situation with a forward-looking camera mounted on a buoy or other floating platform. The proposed algorithm detects, localizes, and tracks ships in the field of view of the camera. Specifically, developed algorithm is uniquely designed to handle rapidly moving camera. Its performance is robust in the presence of a random relatively-large camera motion. In the context of ship detection we developed a new horizon detection scheme for a complex maritime domain. The performance of our algorithm and its comprising elements is evaluated. Ship detection precision of 88% is achieved on a large dataset collected from a prototype system.