cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engendering care: HIV, humanitarian assistance in Africa and the reproduction of gender stereotypes

This paper draws upon recent research in Durban, South Africa to unravel the complexities of care ethics in the context of humanitarian aid. It investigates how the gendering of care shapes the provision of aid in the context of the HIV in Africa constructing an image of ‘virile’ and ‘violent’ African masculinity. Humanitarian organisations construct imagined relations of caring, invoking notions of a shared humanity as informing the imperative to facilitate change. This paper draws on varied examples of research and NGO activity to illustrate how these relations of care are strongly gendered. Humanitarian interventions that invoke universalising conceptions of need could instead draw on feminist care ethics that seeks to balance rights, justice and care in ways that attend to the webs of relationships through which specific lived realities are shaped. Essentialising feminised discourses on care result in a skewed analysis of international crises that invariably construct women (and children) as victims i...
Changing Paradigms of Citizenship and the Exclusiveness of the Demos

Three distinct components of the citizenship principle have been identified in the literature: a political principle of democracy, a juridical status of legal personhood and a form of membership and political identity. The modern paradigm of citizenship was based on the assumption that these components would neatly map onto one another on the terrain of the democratic welfare state. Globalization, new forms of transnational migration, the partial disaggregation of state sovereignty and the development of human rights regimes have rendered this model anachronistic. Only if the various elements of the citizenship principle are disaggregated and reinstitutionalized on independent levels of governance, some national, some supranational, will the exclusiveness constitutive of the ideal of citizenship be tempered with the demands of justice.
THE EMPIRICAL STATUS OF STRAIN THEORY

ABSTRACT Merton's macro-level theory of “social structure and anomie” has evolved into an individual-level “strain theory” that roots crime in the experience of blocked access to desired success goals. Empirical tests of strain theory have yielded mixed results, with the level of support varying by the measure used to operationalize strain. An adequate assessment of strain theory's utility is complicated further by the methodological limitations of existing studies. We attempt to identify issues that might allow for a more systematic test of strain theory, and we encourage criminologists to broaden their research agenda to explore the potentially criminogeists effects of a wide range of strainful life circumstances.
Is post-smoking-cessation weight-gain a significant trigger for relapse?

While the Surgeon General's Consumer Guide lists weight-gain as an important relapse trigger, the 2001 Surgeon General's Report on Women and Smoking concludes, paradoxically, that actual weight-gain during cessation does not appear to predict relapse. This dichotomous view reflects longstanding scientific uncertainty about the role of weight-gain in triggering relapse. This scientific uncertainty, which stems from mixed clinical trial results, is problematic for insurance coverage decisions such as state Medicaid programme decisions to cover or exclude smoking-cessation and weight-control pharmaceuticals. Analysts hypothesize that selection bias may explain the inconsistency between the negative clinical results and the persistent view that weight-gain triggers relapse, if weight-concern is both a key determinant of the transition from ‘smoker’ to ‘ex-smoker,’ and a key moderating variable in the relationship between weight-gain and relapse. We therefore use the nationally representative 1997 National Lon...
Time-resolved quantum measurements using active detectors

Time-resolved quantum measurements using active detectors are analyzed. It is shown that the time-resolved observation of a quantum field leads to a mode mismatch between observed field and detection device that unavoidably introduces vacuum modes into the measurement. When active detectors are used, this gives rise to considerable background noise. The same conclusion may be drawn when considering other highly resolved quantum measurements of, e.g., energy, position, etc. Special emphasis is put on the analysis of time-resolved optical homodyne detection as an important example of an active detector.
Ownership and Financing Structures of Listed and Large Non‐listed Corporations

In this paper, we use a large firm-level dataset covering 19 European countries in order to compare the ownership and financing structures and performance of listed (LCs) and large non-listed companies (NLCs). For the overall sample, we find that the substantial majority of NLCs have either a large or medium blockholder. This contrasts with the ownership structure of LCs, which usually have no large blockholder. Moreover, we present information on typology of large blockholders as well as financial ratios in LCs and NLCs. The results from matched-pairs analysis, employed in order to directly compare the two categories, suggest that NLCs use relatively less fixed assets and they appear to be more capital intensive than LCs. In terms of performance, NLCs have higher returns on assets and equity than LCs do, but lower margins. Overall, the paper contributes to the understanding of differences between NLCs and LCs.
Design and Power Characterization of a Novel Vertical Axis Wind Energy Conversion System (VAWECS)

The power output characteristics of a novel vertical axis wind turbine system were investigated via computational fluid dynamics. The system was tested at seven wind velocities. Results showed that the efficiency of the new system increases with increasing wind velocities up to approximately 30 m/s, after which the efficiency remains constant at 0.45. Moreover it was found that system reacts more quickly to changes in wind velocity once it is in motion and reaches a steady state. A new equation was developed to predict the power generation as a function of time and wind velocity. The use of the equation in predicting power performance is discussed in the paper.
Induced gynogenesis in black crappie.

Abstract This study reports the results of initial experiments on induced diploid gynogenesis in black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus. White bass Morone chrysops were an effective sperm donor for gynogenetic experiments with black crappies. White bass spermatozoa fertilized black crappie eggs, but hybrid larvae were not viable and died after hatching. In a series of experiments, we determined the ultraviolet (UV) light dose required to inactivate the sperm genome and the heat shock parameters needed to restore diploidy. Black crappie eggs were inseminated with white bass sperm irradiated with UV dosages ranging from 25 to 2,500 J/m2. A typical “Hertwig effect” in the yield of hatched larvae was observed with dosages greater than 100 J/m2. The genetic inactivation of paternal chromosomes was confirmed by flow cytometry measurement of DNA content in larval cells. Larvae resulting from sperm irradiated at a dose of 1,000 J/m2 were haploid. Time durations of mitotic interval (τ0) at different temperatures for...
Vectors for P element-mediated gene transfer in Drosophila

We have constructed and tested several new vectors for P element-mediated gene transfer. These vectors contain restriction sites for cloning a wide variety of DNA fragments within a small, non-autonomous P element and can be used to efficiently transduce microinjected DNA sequences into the germ line chromosomes of D. melanogaster. The P element in one vector also carries the rosy gene which serves as an easily scored marker to facilitate the transfer of DNA fragments that do not themselves confer a recognizable phenotype. The failure of certain P element constructs to function as vectors suggests that P element sequences, in addition to the 31 bp inverse terminal repeats, are required in cis for transposition. Moreover, removal of the first 38 bp of the autonomous 2.9 kb P element appears to destroy its ability to provide a trans-acting factor (s) required for the transposition of non-autonomous P elements. Finally, we describe a genomic sequence arrangement that apparently arose by the transposition of a 54 kb composite P element from a tetramer plasmid.
Detecting re-design area for increasing manufacturability of drilling and three-axis pocketing operations

The intensive competition has forced the manufacturing industry to improve product quality and production efficiency, and meanwhile reduce production cost. Detecting potential manufacturability problems in early design stages would prevent unnecessary cost involved in re-work and/or re-design activities at later manufacturing stages. This paper presents an algorithm for determining re-design areas to feedback the designer when the design model involves machining holes and pockets using a three-axis computer numerical control machine. The algorithm takes into account the various sizes of tools and tool holders, and therefore allows a designer to test the manufacturability of their available cutters on their design models. A color-based obstacle-detecting method, based on layer-slicing of re-design areas, helps a designer to re-evaluate a design model for increasing manufacturability. Practical examples are provided as the output of the process.
Classical diffusion, Anderson localization, and spectral statistics in billiard chains

We study spectral properties of quasi-one-dimensional extended systems that show deterministic diffusion on the classical level and Anderson localization in the quantal description. Using semi-classical arguments we relate universal aspects of the spectral fluctuations to features of the set of classical periodic orbits, expressed in terms of the probability to perform periodic motion, which are likewise universal. This allows us to derive an analytical expression for the spectral form factor which reflects the diffusive nature of the corresponding classical dynamics. It defines a novel spectral universality class which covers the transition between GOE statistics in the limit of a small ratio of the system size to the localization length, corresponding to the ballistic regime of disordered systems, to Poissonian level fluctuations in the opposite limit. Our semi-classical predictions are illustrated and confirmed by a numerical investigation of aperiodic chains of chaotic billiards.
Deterioration of β-carotene in certain hydrogenated fats. II.—Products of β-carotene deterioration and nature of the green pigment†

The non-saponifiable fraction from a sample of β-carotene-hardened palm kernel oil which had developed a green discoloration has been examined. A number of β-carotene oxidation products were found and these included a number of β-carotene epoxide derivatives. A compound thought to be β-apo-3-carotenal was also found, but the apo-2- and apo-4-carotenals were not present in more than trace amounts. A major component was similar to, but not identical with, mutatochrome (β-carotene 5,8-epoxide). It is suggested that the green discoloration of the carotenised fat was due to oxidation of β-carotene to epoxide derivatives by traces of peroxyacids and the conversion of these epoxides into green-blue ionised forms by the action of an acidic material present in the fat.
Definition and evaluation of the data-link layer of PACnet

PACnet is a 200-500 Mbps dual-ring fiber optic network designed to implement a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in a hospital environment. The network consists of three channels: an image transfer channel, a command and control channel, and a real-time data channel. An initial network interface unit (NIU) design for PACnet consisted of a functional description of the protocols and NIU major components. In order to develop a demonstration prototype, additional definition of protocol algorithms of each channel is necessary. Using the International Standards Organization/Open Systems Interconnection (ISO/OSI) reference model as a guide, the definition of the data link layer is extended. This definition covers interface service specifications for the two constituent sublayers: logical link control (LLC) and medium access control (MAC). Furthermore, it describes procedures for data transfer, mechanisms of error detection and fault recovery. A performance evaluation study was then made to determine how the network performs under various application scenarios. The performance evaluation study was performed using stochastic activity networks, which can formally describe the network behavior. The results of the study demonstrate the feasibility of PACnet as an integrated image, data, and voice network for PACS.
Te-rich raspite, Pb(W0.56Te0.44)O4, from Tombstone, Arizona, U.S.A.: The first natural example of Te6+ substitution for W6+

Te-rich raspite, Pb(W0.56Te 0.44)O4, from the Grand Central mine, Tombstone, Arizona, U.S.A., was studied with single-crystal X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. The mineral represents the first natural example of Te 6+ substitution for W 6+ . It displays monoclinic symmetry with space group P21/a and unit-cell parameters a = 13.621(3), b = 5.019(1), c = 5.586(1) A, b = 107.979(5)°, and V = 363.2(2) A 3 . Its structure consists of distorted MO6 (M = W + Te) octahedra sharing edges to form zigzag chains running parallel to [010]. These octahedral chains are linked together by seven-coordinated Pb 2+ cations. In addition, a refinement of the regular raspite structure with measured chemistry Pb1.00W1.00O4, P21/a symmetry, and unit-cell parameters a = 13.5773(8), b = 4.9806(3), c = 5.5670(3) A, b = 107.658(3)°, and V = 358.72(4) A 3 is presented. Compared with regular raspite (PbWO4), the partial substitution of the small radius Te 6+ for larger W 6+ results in a decrease in the MO6 octahedral distortion, with a concomitant increase in the MO6 octahedral volume and the average Pb-O bond length. In addition, as should be expected for mixed occupancy compounds, most Raman bands for the mixed Te-rich raspite are broader than the corresponding ones for the end-member regular raspite. High-temperature annealing experiments reveal that Te-rich raspite transforms irreversibly to the stolzite structure at 590(10) °C, which is considerably higher than the reported transformation temperature of 395(5) °C for regular raspite.
The fallacy of modern hybrid control theory that is based on “orthogonal complements” of twist and wrench spaces

Cet editorial se veut etre un argument pour les chercheurs dans le domaine des systemes robotises, pour reconsiderer la theorie de la «commande-hybride» de la commande simultanee de la force et du mouvement
Stereological Corrections for Grain Boundary Number Fractions in Three Dimensions

Two-dimensional (2D) cross sections through three-dimensional (3D) polycrystalline materials present a biased picture of the statistical properties of grain boundary networks. These properties are essential to many practical applications such as grain boundary engineering. We show a simple correction that will partly correct for the sampling biases by removing the effect of the correlation between grain boundary type and grain boundary area. This correction alters number fraction estimates by as much as ~60% for Σ3 boundaries in the highly-twinned copper samples we consider. We also estimate the bias introduced by the correlation between boundary type and boundary shape, which for many materials represents perhaps a 10% shift in the measured statistics, so that the simple method we propose should correct for the majority of the bias in favorable cases. This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
Optimizing principal component models for representing interfraction variation in lung cancer radiotherapy

Purpose: To optimize modeling of interfractional anatomical variation during active breath-hold radiotherapy in lung cancer using principal component analysis (PCA). Methods: In 12 patients analyzed, weekly CT sessions consisting of three repeat intrafraction scans were acquired with active breathing control at the end of normal inspiration. The gross tumor volume (GTV) and lungs were delineated and reviewed on the first week image by physicians and propagated to all other images using deformable image registration. PCA was used to model the target and lung variability during treatment. Four PCA models were generated for each specific patient: (1) Individual models for the GTV and each lung from one image per week (week to week, W2W); (2) a W2W composite model of all structures; (3) individual models using all images (weekly plus repeat intrafraction images, allscans); and (4) composite model with all images. Models were reconstructed retrospectively (using all available images acquired) and prospectively (using only data acquired up to a time point during treatment). Dominant modes representing at least 95% of the total variability were used to reconstruct the observed anatomy. Residual reconstruction error between the model-reconstructed and observed anatomy was calculated to compare the accuracy of the models. Results: An average of 3.4 and 4.9 modes was required for the allscans models, for the GTV and composite models, respectively. The W2W model required one less mode in 40% of the patients. For the retrospective composite W2W model, the average reconstruction error was 0.7±0.2 mm, which increased to 1.1±0.5 mm when the allscans model was used. Individual and composite models did not have significantly different errors (p=0.15, paired t-test). The average reconstruction error for the prospective models of the GTV stabilized after four measurements at 1.2±0.5 mm and for the composite model after five measurements at 0.8±0.4 mm. Conclusions: Retrospective PCA models were capable of reconstructing original GTV and lung shapes and positions within several millimeters with three to four dominant modes, on average. Prospective models achieved similar accuracy after four to five measurements.
Genetically engineered mouse models of astrocytoma: GEMs in the rough?

Astrocytomas are the most common form of brain cancer and are essentially incurable due to their diffusely infiltrative nature. Mouse models of astrocytoma provide a useful system for understanding tumorigenesis of astrocytomas and for designing and testing new therapies. Although molecular genetic alterations have been characterized in human astrocytomas, many of the mice engineered with these mutations do not develop astrocytomas. Recently, successful modeling of astrocytoma in the mouse has suggested that the combination of molecular alterations, the cell type in which the alterations take place, and the strain background all play a role in generating a model of astrocytoma.
The Ideology of Oliver Cromwell

The problem of Oliver Cromwell's religious beliefs and the sincerity of those beliefs is one that has bedevilled historians from the seventeenth century to the present. Ultimately it is not one that will yield a concrete solution, for it is far too dependent on subjective considerations. Nevertheless, the impossibility of its definite resolution does not permit historians the expediency of dispensing with an enquiry into Cromwell's religion; for it is certainly the most striking characteristic of the man as he is revealed in his writings and speeches.
Online Volatile Organic Compound Measurements Using a Newly Developed Proton-Transfer Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry Instrument during New England Air Quality StudyIntercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2004: Performance, Intercomparison, and Compound Identification

We have used a newly developed proton-transfer ion-trap mass spectrometry (PIT-MS) instrument for online trace gas analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the 2004 New England Air Quality StudyIntercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation study. The PIT-MS instrument uses proton-transfer reactions with H3O+ ions to ionize VOCs, similar to a PTR-MS (proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry) instrument but uses an ion trap mass spectrometer to analyze the product ions. The advantages of an ion trap are the improved identification of VOCs and a near 100% duty cycle. During the experiment, the PIT-MS instrument had a detection limit between 0.05 and 0.3 pbbv (S/N = 3 (signal-to-noise ratio)) for 2-min integration time for most tested VOCs. PIT-MS was used for ambient air measurements onboard a research ship and agreed well with a gas chromatography mass spectrometer). The comparison included oxygenated VOCs, aromatic compounds, and others such as isoprene, monoterpenes, acetonitrile, a...
Sidewall epitaxial piezoresistor process and characterisation for in-plane force sensing applications

A selective epitaxial fabrication method to form piezoresistors on the sidewalls of microfabricated cantilevers for in-plane force sensing applications and their preliminary characterisation results is reported. The piezoresistors were made of a doped silicon epitaxial layer using a selective deposition technique by tailoring the process conditions. Silicon oxide was used as a mask, dichlorosilane (DCS) was used as a source gas in a reduced pressure environment and HCl was used to improve selectivity. The authors found that the deposition rates were dependent on the trench widths. The authors further characterised the current- voltage behaviour, noise and sensitivity of these epitaxial sidewall piezoresistors. A typical cantilever had resistance of 0.6 kV ,1 /f coefficient, a ¼ 8, sensitivity of 1100 V/ N( 880 V/m) and resolution of 9.5 nN integrated over the band 10 Hz - 10 kHz. Its sensitivity and resolution are comparable to single-crystal ion implanted piezoresistors and better than most polysilicon or diffused piezoresistors.
Earthquakes and archeology: Neocatastrophism or science?

The recent number of devastating, large earthquakes serve as a tough reminder that geophysicists remain unable, after decades of continuous and frustrating efforts, to predict not only where but also when and how big such events will be. These recent earthquakes include those in Pakistan (8 October 2005), Sumatra (26 December 2004, 3 March 2005), Iran (20 June 1990, 10 May 1997, 26 December 2003), India (29 September 1993, 26 January 2001), and Turkey (17 August 1999), and China (the 1976 Tangshan earthquake responsible for at least 300,000 fatalities). This difficulty in predicting earthquakes can be traced, in part, to the absence of sufficient temporal data about the occurrences of large past earthquakes. In this case, sufficient means a time period that spans, for a given area, several large events, typically over a period of several millennia or more. Written records can provide a more or less complete record only for the past several hundred years. Excavations across geologic faults can provide paleoseismic information but only in special geological settings. Archeological evidence for past catastrophic earthquakes has been emerging as a third important source of data that should be considered. The authors of this article have been pursuing this avenue of research for several decades.
A Sixth-order Image Approximation to the Ionic Solvent Induced Reaction Field

A recent article by Deng and Cai introduced fourth-order image approximations to the reaction field for a charge inside a dielectric sphere immersed in a solvent of low ionic strength (J. Comput. Phys. 227:1246---1266, 2007). To represent such a reaction field, the image approximations employ a point charge at the classical Kelvin image point and two line charges that extend from the Kelvin image point along the radial direction to infinity. In this paper, a sixth-order image approximation is developed, using the same point charge with three different line charges. Procedures on how to discretize the line charges by point image charges and how to implement the resulting point image approximation in O(N) complexity for potential and force field calculations are included. Numerical results demonstrate the sixth-order convergence rate of the image approximation and the O(N) complexity of the fast implementation of the point image approximation.
Characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides in chorion peroxidase of Aedes aegypti mosquito

A peroxidase is present in the chorion of Aedes aegypti eggs and catalyzes chorion protein cross-linking during chorion hardening, which is critical for egg survival in the environment. The unique chorion peroxidase (CPO) is a glycoprotein. This study deals with the N-glycosylation site, structures, and profile of CPO-associated oligosaccharides using mass spectrometric techniques and enzymatic digestion. CPO was isolated from chorion by solubilization and several chromatographic methods. Mono-saccharide composition was analyzed by HPLC with fluorescent detection. Our data revealed that carbohydrate (D-mannose, N-acetyl D-glucosamine, D-arabinose, N-acetyl D-galactosamine, and L-fucose) accounted for 2.24% of the CPO molecular weight. A single N-glycosylation site (Asn328-Cys- Thr) was identified by tryptic peptide mapping and de novo sequencing of native and PNGase A-deglycosylated CPO using matrix-assisted laser/desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The Asn328 was proven to be a major fully glycosylated site. Potential tryptic glycopeptides and profile were first assessed by MALDI/TOF/MS and then by precursor ion scanning during LC/MS/MS. The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides were elucidated from the MS/MS spectra of glycopeptides and exoglycosidase sequencing of PNGase A-released oligosaccharides. These CPO-associated oligosaccharides had dominant Man3GlcNAc2 and Man3 (Fuc) GlcNAc2 and high mannose-type structures (Man4–8GlcNAc2). The truncated structures, Man2GlcNAc2 and Man2 (Fuc) GlcNAc2, were also identified. Comparison of CPO activity and Stokes radius between native and deglycosylated CPO suggests that the N-linked oligosaccharides influence the enzyme activity by stabilizing its folded state.
EEG-based classification for elbow versus shoulder torque intentions involving stroke subjects

The ultimate aim for classifying elbow versus shoulder torque intentions is to develop robust brain-computer interface (BCI) devices for patients who suffer from movement disorders following brain injury such as stroke. In this paper, we investigate the advanced classification approach classifier-enhanced time-frequency synthesized spatial pattern algorithm (classifier-enhanced TFSP) in classifying a subject's intent of generating an isometric shoulder abduction (SABD) or elbow flexion (EF) torque using signals obtained from 163 scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes. Two classifiers, the support vector classifier (SVC) and the classification and regression tree (CART), are integrated in the TFSP algorithm that decomposes the signal into a weighted time, frequency and spatial feature space. The resulting high-performing methods (SVC-TFSP and CART-TFSP) are then applied to experimental data collected in four healthy subjects and two stroke subjects. Results are compared with the original TFSP, and significantly higher reliability in both healthy subjects (92% averaged over four healthy subjects) and stroke subjects (75% averaged over two subjects) are achieved. The accuracies of classifier-enhanced TFSP methods are further improved after a rejection scheme is applied (~100% in healthy subjects and >80% in stroke subjects). The results are among the highest reliability reported in literature for tasks with spatial representations on the motor cortex as close as shoulder and elbow. The paper also discusses the impact of applying rejection strategy in detail and reports the existence of an optimal rejection rate on a stroke subject. The results indicate that the proposed algorithms are promising for future use of rehabilitative BCI applications in neurologically impaired patients.
Mechanism of Ion Recognition by Over-coordination: ``The Caress of the Surroundings''[1]

Transferring Na+ and K+ ions from their preferred coordination states in water to states having different coordination numbers incurs a free energy cost. In several examples in nature, however, these ions readily partition from aqueous-phase coordinations into spatial regions having much higher coordination numbers. In particular, crystallographic data for the celebrated potassium channels show that their binding sites coordinate K+ using eight carbonyl ligands, all within 3.0 A from K+. This makes for twice as many ligands as seen preferentially around K+ in aqueous phase,[2,3] which would seemingly suggest an enormous uphill transition on the free energy surface.We combine quantum, classical, and structural informatics studies to interrogate ion partitioning from low coordinations in water to over-coordinated[4,5] binding sites in proteins. Our results define the important role of the ligand surroundings in driving transitions in ion coordination structure, which underlies ion recognition in some proteins like potassium channels.[6][1]. Jordan, BJ 2007.[2]. Rempe, Asthagiri, and Pratt, PCCP 2004.[3]. Varma and Rempe, Biophys. Chem. 2006.[4]. Varma and Rempe, BJ 2007.[5]. Varma, Sabo, and Rempe, JMB 2008.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide[6]. Varma and Rempe, JACS 2008.
Site of origin of and sex differences in the vasopressin innervation of the mouse (Mus musculus) brain

Defining how arginine vasopressin (AVP) acts centrally to regulate homeostasis and behavior is problematic, as AVP is made in multiple nuclei in the hypothalamus (i.e., paraventricular [PVN], supraoptic [SON], and suprachiasmatic [SCN]) and extended amygdala (i.e., bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [BNST] and medial amygdala [MeA]), and these groups of neurons have extensive projections throughout the brain. To understand the function of AVP, it is essential to know the site of origin of various projections. In mice, we used gonadectomy to eliminate gonadal steroid hormone-dependent expression of AVP in the BNST and MeA and electrolytic lesions to eliminate the SCN, effectively eliminating those AVP-immunoreactive projections; we also quantified AVP-immunoreactive fiber density in gonadectomized and sham-operated male and female mice to examine sex differences in AVP innervation. Our results suggest that the BNST/MeA AVP system innervates regions containing major modulatory neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin and dopamine) and thus may be involved in regulating behavioral state. Furthermore, this system may be biased toward the regulation of male behavior, given the numerous regions in which males have a denser AVP-immunoreactive innervation than females. AVP from the SCN is found in regions important for the regulation of hormone output and behavior. Innervation from the PVN and SON is found in brain regions that likely work in concert with the well-known peripheral AVP actions of controlling homeostasis and stress response; female-biased sex differences in this system may be related to the heightened stress response observed in females.
Software defined networking to support the software defined environment

Software defined networking (SDN) represents a new approach in which the decision-making process of the network is moved from distributed network devices to a logically centralized controller, implemented as software running on commodity servers. This enables more automation and optimization of the network and, when combined with software defined compute and software defined storage, forms one of the three pillars of IBM's software defined environment (SDE). This paper provides an overview of SDN, focusing on several technologies gaining attention and the benefits they provide for cloud-computing providers and end-users. These technologies include (i) logically centralized SDN controllers to manage virtual and physical networks, (ii) new abstractions for virtual networks and network virtualization, and (iii) new routing algorithms that eliminate limitations of traditional Ethernet routing and allow newer network topologies. Additionally, we present IBM's vision for SDN, describing how these technologies work together to virtualize the underlying physical network infrastructure and automate resource provisioning. The vision includes automated provisioning of multi-tier applications, application performance monitoring, and the enabling of dynamic adaptation of network resources to application workloads. Finally, we explore the implications of SDN on network topologies, quality of service, and middleboxes (e.g., network appliances).
Cost and risk analysis of small satellite constellations for earth observation

Distributed Space Missions (DSMs) are gaining momentum in their application to Earth science missions owing to their ability to increase observation sampling in spatial, spectral, temporal and angular dimensions. Past literature from academia and industry have proposed and evaluated many cost models for spacecraft as well as methods for quantifying risk. However, there have been few comprehensive studies quantifying the cost for multiple spacecraft, for small satellites and the cost risk for the operations phase of the project which needs to be budgeted for when designing and building efficient architectures. This paper identifies the three critical problems with the applicability of current cost and risk models to distributed small satellite missions and uses data-based modeling to suggest changes that can be made in some of them to improve applicability. Learning curve parameters to make multiple copies of the same unit, technological complexity based costing and COTS enabled small satellite costing have been studied and insights provided.
Network capacity allocation for traffic with time priorities

The packet switching techniques are undergoing evolution. The conventional 'best effort' approach will no longer be the dominant service. The next generation of IP networks must provide QoS to customers. Inadequacy is obvious when the conventional capacity allocation (CA) models are applied to the new IP architecture. In this paper, we propose several CA models that characterize: (1) the service priority scheme; (2) the service preemption scheme; and (3) the non-Poisson traffic in which the packets follow heavy tailed distributions.
Grief, multiple loss and dementia

Abstract Alzheimer's disease and the other dementias bring with them multiple losses for the person with dementia, their spouse and family, and professional caregivers. The person with dementia will experience the major losses of memory, role and autonomy, and ultimately of identity and selfhood. Their spouse and other family members may lose the person they knew and loved, as well as their hopes and expectations for the future, and even their home, social networks and other important sources of identity and support. Their bereavement may start long before the person dies. Professional caregivers too may experience loss when a long-term relationship with a client and their family is brought to a sudden end by the death. This article reviews these losses and how bereavement counsellors and supporters can help.
Selective Projection Imaging: Applications to Radiography and NMR

Projection imaging has traditionally been plagued by intervening structures which limited the visibility of the desired regions. This problem was solved by the cross-sectional format of computerized tomography. This format, Manuscript received at 1982. however, exhibits relatively limited field of view, poor resolution and high dose. It is particularly unsuitable for the important problem of vessel imaging. In this paper we study selective projection imaging, a technique for isolating the desired structures in the projection format. In digital radiography, using temporal or energy subtraction, these techniques have shown excellent capability of imaging important structures. These techniques appear particularly applicable to NMR where, unlike the X-ray history, primarily cross-sectional images have been produced. In particular, because of its sensitivity to moving material, NMR appears ideally suited to vessel imaging. ntroduction
Nuclear data sheets for A = 124

Abstract The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 124 has been revised based on data received before May 1973. All literature containing experimental nuclear structure data pertaining to A = 124 has been reviewed and evaluated resulting in the use of ≈200 references. Eight nuclei, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, and Ba, are assigned as members of the 124 mass chain. Of these, only for Sn, Sb, and Te are extensive level schemes available.
The physiological basis of anterior inhibition of puparium formation in ligated fly larvae

Abstract Fly larvae ligated after the critical period of ecdysone release frequently fail to pupariate in the anterior part. Evidence is presented against anterior inhibition being caused by a hormonal imbalance, such as a decreased titre of ecdysone, an increased titre of juvenile hormone, and/or a lack of the neurohormonal factors that accelerate the process of pupariation. It is unlikely that the anterior inhibition results from a sustained stimulus from the sense organs, or from the presence of an inhibitory substance. The oxygen consumption in the inhibited anterior parts is 25 per cent of that in the anterior parts that pupariate. This suggests that the inhibition of pupariation is a result of oxygen deficiency. When anteriorly inhibited larvae are subjected to pure oxygen the inhibited anterior ends that would never tan in air commence to tan. The dissection of anteriorly inhibited larvae showed that the tracheal trunks were severed at the point of ligation and that the tracheae were filled with haemolymph. In the pupariated posterior parts the tracheae showed melanotic plugs at the severed ends of the tracheae preventing the flooding. Reducing the injury, by careful ligation, or by immobilizing the anterior ends by cold or tetrodotoxin reduces the incidence of anterior inhibition. Thus, anterior inhibition results from a lack of oxygen caused by the injury to the tracheal system during ligation.
A Realistic Look at the Training of College Foreign Language Teachers

T HE training of college foreign language teachers, just like that of all college teachers, has been neglected until quite recently. Now, in the last few years, the matter is finally getting the attention it needs and deserves. Leaders in the profession have not stopped with mere criticism of the state of affairs but have made concrete recommendations for systematic programs for the training of present and future college teachers. The problem naturally is particularly acute in the large institutions. When we look at the teaching ranks of most good-sized public and private universities we are faced with the uncomfortable fact that a large proportion of the undergraduate instruction is now in the hands of inexperienced teachers-the graduate teaching assistants. Perhaps the easiest course to follow would be to continue the time-honored tradition of casting blame on the next academic level down: graduate schools on the undergraduate colleges, colleges on the high schools, and so on. We might decry the fact that so many of our graduate students do not yet have satisfactory control of the language when they get to us, nor 209
579. Non-Invasive Measurement of Maximal Strength in the Normal and Dystrophic Dog Quadriceps Using Magnetic Stimulation of the Femoral Nerve

FJB and MKC contributed equally to this study. We have previously reported in detail the first gene transfer method to achieve virtually 100% myofiber transduction in proximal limb muscles of the dog - thus establishing the feasibility of high efficiency somatic gene transfer to striated muscle in a large mammal. Our group is currently undertaking to study the efficacy of therapeutic gene delivery in a canine model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Towards this end, our group has developed a novel, completely non-invasive, non-volitional assessment of proximal (quadriceps) muscle strength in the dystrophic dog using magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve. Using a computer controlled 1.4 Tesla electro- magnetic coil capable of inductively triggering isolated single twitches up to complete fusion and sustained supramax titanic contraction, we initially studied quadriceps force produced by inductive magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve in normal dogs with the result that supramaximal stimulation is rapidly achieved and well tolerated in lightly sedated dogs. Following this, we repeated the same experiment on a representative set of dystrophic dogs from the GRMD colony. Again the magnetic stimulation was well tolerated in this context, importantly in the oldest dog studied, a lightly sedated 18 month old GRMD male. Statistical analysis of the quadriceps tetanic force data for normal and GRMD dogs reveals that the general approach is highly reproducible. The average 8 month old GRMD dog tested had a maximal quadriceps force of 1.79 N/kg body weight, only 46% that of even the youngest normal dogs tested (3.91 N/kg at 7 weeks). In contrast, the previous tests of relative force showed that GRMD dogs doubled their strength in the TA/EDL muscle group from 3 to 6 months and thereafter maintained approximately 100% of the value found in the youngest normal dogs tested. Importantly, for the quadriceps force as measured by the present systems, the left versus right limb correlation is even better than that previously observed for tibiotarsal extension, and can be assessed in younger dogs. Based on our current experience we anticipate straightforward extrapolation of this approach to the measurement of quadriceps force in pups at 4 weeks, providing baseline information before the onset of clinically overt muscle weakness. We anticipate that the use of this test sequence in the DMD large animal model will allow us to define the response to regional gene therapy in terms of clinically relevant, statistically robust efficacy endpoints that are internally consistent and replicative.
Astrocytic group I mGluR-dependent potentiation of astrocytic glutamate and potassium uptake.

One of the most important functions of astrocytes is removal of glutamate released during synaptic transmission. Surprisingly, the mechanisms by which astrocyte glutamate uptake is acutely modulate...
Feasibility study of a 55-kW air-cooled automotive inverter

The purpose of this study is to determine the thermal feasibility of an air-cooled 55-kW power inverter with SiC devices. Air flow rate, ambient air temperature, voltage, and device switching frequency were studied parametrically by performing transient and steady-state simulations. The transient simulations were based on inverter current that represents the US06 supplemental federal test procedure from the US EPA. The results demonstrate the thermal feasibility of using air to cool a rectangular-shaped 55-kW SiC traction drive inverter. When the inverter model is subject to one or multiple current cycles, the maximum device temperature does not exceed 146°C for an inlet flow rate of 270 cfm, ambient temperature of 120°C, voltage of 650 V, and switching frequency of 20 kHz. The results show that the ideal blower power input for the entire inverter with a total inlet air flow rate of 540 cfm is 105 W.
Numerical Analysis of Nanotube Based NEMS Devices — Part II: Role of Finite Kinematics, Stretching and Charge Concentrations

In this paper ci nonlinear analysis of nanotuhe based nano-electromechanical systems is reported. Assuming continuum mechanics, the complete nonlinear equation of the elastic line of the nanotube is derived and then numerically solved. In particular, we study singly and doubly clamped nanotubes under electrostatic actuation. The analysis emphasizes the importance of nonlinear kinematics effects in the prediction of the pull-in voltage of the device, a key design parameter. Moreover, the nonlinear behavior associated with finite kinematics (i.e., large deformations), neglected in previous studies, as well as charge concentrations at the tip of singly clamped nanotuhes, are investigated in detail. We show that nonlinear kinematics results in an important increase in the pull-in voltage of doubly clamped nanotube devices, but that it is negligible in the case of singly damped devices. Likewise, we demonstrate that charge concentration at the tip of singly clamped devices results in a significant reduction in pull-in voltage. By comparing numerical results to analytical predictions, closed form formulas are verified. These formulas provide a guide on the effect of the various geometrical variables and insight into the design of novel devices.
Stress, Emotional Skill, and Illness in Children: The Importance of Distinguishing between Children's and Parents’ Reports of Illness

This study examined relationships of stress (negative event frequency during the last year) to reports of illness among 92 children, aged 10 to 13 years. Children's health status was reported separately by children and parents, and children's skill in identifying and communicating their feelings was tested for direct and buffering relationships on illness reports. Analyses controlled for demographics and negative affect of both children and parents, and children's verbal ability was also tested for confounding. Results showed that stress correlated positively with children's poor health, whether the children's health status was reported by children or by parents. Children's emotional skill was correlated with better health when health was reported by children, but with worse health when health was reported by parents. Further, moderator analyses indicated that the relationship between negative event frequency and children's poor health as reported by parents held only for children with high levels of skill in identifying and communicating feelings. These findings suggest that negative life events impair children's health, but that the health reports of children and parents are quite different, and parents' views may be affected by children's skill in communicating their internal states.
Complex spatial/temporal CFAR

The conventional cell averaging constant false alarm rate (CFAR) criterion and its variations work well only in strictly spatially stationary environments. In non-homogeneous environments, clutter map (scan-by-scan) processing is deployed. The performance of this method degrades in the presence of slow targets. In this paper, a hybrid procedure for CFAR is proposed, which combines the advantages of both spatial and time averaging. The detection probability is derived and the related plots are given for different values of L, the number of persistence scans. A method is presented to choose the parameter of the hybrid CFAR to have the lowest self-masking effect.