cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social reinforcement as a function of Task Instructions, sex of S, age of S, and baseline performance ☆

Abstract Forty boys and forty girls at each of two age levels (Grades 1 and 2 vs Grades 4 and 5) performed at a marble-dropping task, which was introduced as either a game or a test. Four females served as Es. The Es were nonresponsive to S during a baseline minute, and during the subsequent 5 minutes of the task either made supportive comments (Social Reinforcement Condition) or continued to play a neutral role (Nonreinforcement Condition). Within each age level, Ss were blocked according to the sample's median base rate level of response. and base rate was crossed with the other variables in the analysis of difference scores. This procedure minimized group differences in baseline performance, a desirable control in the analysis of difference scores. For older boys, social reinforcement resulted in higher difference scores under game than test instructions, whereas nonreinforcement produced higher difference scores for test than game instructions. For older girls, an opposite pattern of results was obtained, resulting in the significant triple interaction between Sex of S, Reinforcement Condition, and Task Instructions for older Ss. For younger Ss, social reinforcement produced higher difference scores in general than did nonreinforcement. At both age levels, base rate level of S did not interact with any of the major findings. Base rate level of response was, however, a highly significant general determinant of change in rate of response, with both older and younger Ss of high base rate level showing steady decreases in performance across the subsequent 5 minutes of the task. The results were related to previous findings and the advantages of blocking on baseline in analyses of change were discussed in general and in light of the present findings.
Relationships Between Total Phosphorus Concentrations, Sampling Frequency, and Wind Velocity in a Shallow, Polymictic Lake

ABSTRACT The effect of sampling frequency and wind velocity on estimates of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations were evaluated in Lake Okeechobee, Florida, a shallow, polymictic lake. It was hypothesized that estimates of TP would be affected by sampling frequency because the lake's P-rich bottom sediments are frequently resuspended during wind events. However, differences in estimates of annual mean TP were small (< 5 %) when daily, weekly, bi-monthly, and monthly sampling frequencies were compared. In contrast, estimates of monthly mean TP often varied by 20 to 30 percent among sampling frequencies and differences in monthly maximum and minimum TP values commonly varied by 50 to 250 μg·L−1. Bottom sediments were most likely to be resuspended during the windy season (November-April) when calculated threshold wind velocities were exceeded more than 40 percent of the time. On a monthly basis, wind velocity explained as much as 70 percent of the daily variability in TP during the windy season. In compariso...
Accurate wavenumbers of the A2Σ → X2Π (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of OH and OD

Abstract The important A2Σ → X2Π (0, 0) absorption band of OH has been remeasured from spectra obtained by flash photolysis of H2O2 vapor. Accurate wavenumber measurements using thorium standards show that the previous rotational line measurements are about 0.1 cm-1 too large. Measurements are also given for the (1, 0) band of OH and the (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands of OD.
Improving fairness of OBS routing protocols in multimode fiber networks

Multimode fiber networks are emerging as one of the most promising technologies to meet the ever-increasing bandwidth demands of network users. In this paper, we propose and evaluate two new schemes for alleviating the fairness problem in optical burst switching networks that use mode-division multiplexing as well as wavelength-division multiplexing. To our knowledge, this is the first research work on solving the fairness problem in multimode fiber networks. The two schemes use formulas that adjust the size of the search space for a free mode or a free wavelength based on the distance of the current hop of the burst from the source node. Additionally the second scheme uses a formula to adjust the size of the search based on the size of the burst, thereby attaining higher throughput without sacrificing hop count fairness. Extensive performance tests are presented to evaluate the two schemes and analyze their effectiveness in improving fairness either without negatively impacting network throughput or with an improved throughput for the second scheme.
The Dissemination of Computer-Based Psychological Treatment: A Preliminary Analysis of Patient and Clinician Perceptions

Computerized cognitive behavioral therapy is an efficacious treatment for anxiety and depression with the potential to improve access to evidence-based care. However, its adoption in clinical practice in the US has been low and thus there is a need for identification of barriers to its use. We examined treatment-seeking patient (n = 55) and clinician (n = 26) perceptions of computer-based psychological treatment (CBPT) using Diffusion of Innovations theory as a conceptual framework. Diffusion of Innovations theory emphasizes potential adopter perceptions as being key to understanding adoption decisions, thus making it an ideal framework for evaluating barriers to use. Overall, treatment-seeking patients held slightly negative perceptions of CBPT, while clinicians’ perceptions were more neutral. In both groups, perceptions of observability (seeing or hearing about the treatment in use) were rated lowest. Implications for dissemination efforts and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A 12-V charge pump-based square wave driver in 65-nm CMOS technology

This paper presents a high-voltage output stage producing signals well beyond the voltage ratings of standard devices in a nanometer-scale CMOS technology. The driver is a two-level, switched capacitor output stage that combines both voltage conversion and pulse drive. The design is highly modular and enables extended device-stacking seamlessly and with little overhead. The driver achieves a peak power efficiency of 64%, a minimum drive resistance of 3.7KΩ and occupies an area of 0.06mm2.
Modulation of luteinizing hormone immunoreactivity and bioactivity by dopamine but not norepinephrine in women.

Abstract It has been suggested that changes in bioactive luteinizing hormone in women occur toward midcycle and may result in increased bioactive/immunoreactive luteinizing hormone ratios. To determine whether dopamine or norepinephrine modulate immunoreactive and bioactive luteinizing hormone secretion, 15 ovulatory women were studied in the mid to late follicular phase. Dopamine in two doses (0.5 μg/kg/min and 4 μg/kg/min) and norepinephrine, 0.1 μg/kg/min, were infused for 4 hours, and metoclopramide, 10 mg intravenously, was also given to determine whether dopamine receptor antagonism results in changes. Bioactive luteinizing hormone and the bioactive/immunoreactive luteinizing hormone ratio increased in women from the early to late follicular phase (p
Forcing a three‐dimensional, hydrostatic, primitive‐equation model for application in the surf zone: 1. Formulation

[1] An Eulerian analysis for wave forcing of three-dimensional (3D) wave-averaged mean circulation in the surf zone is presented. The objective is to develop a dynamically consistent formulation for applications in a 3D primitive equation model. The analysis is carried out for the case of shallow-water linear waves interacting with wave-averaged depth-independent horizontal currents that vary on larger space scales and timescales. Variations in wave properties are governed by a wave action equation that includes wave-current interactions and dissipation representative of wave breaking. Wave forcing of the mean currents consists of a surface stress and a body force. The surface stress is proportional to the wave energy dissipation. The body force includes one term that is related to gradients of part of the radiation stress tensor and a second term that is related to the vortex force and is proportional to a product of the mean wave momentum and the vertical component of the mean vorticity vector. In addition, there is a nonzero normal velocity at the mean surface that arises from the divergence of the mean Eulerian wave mass flux. This velocity results in an additional momentum flux forcing of the mean flow. Applications of this formulation to the DUCK94 field experiment are presented in part 2.
Isomers of 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,4,6,8,10-pentaenal (a linear analogue of retinal) and lower homologues in their interaction with bovine opsin and bacterioopsin.

— The all-trans and 3 mono-cir isomers of the title linear pentaenal have been prepared. Results of their interaction with bovine opsin and bacterioopsin are presented. Likewise, the negative results on two lower member homologs are described. Implications on the specificity of the binding sites are discussed.
Evaluation of warmed intravenous fluids in the prehospital setting

Abstract Introduction: This study was designed to determine if warmed intravenous fluid (IVF) in the prehospital setting improves core body temperature and patient comfort. Methods: Data were collected in a controlled, nonblinded, prospective study during the winter months of 2 consecutive years. Prehospital adult patients qualified if they received a bolus of 250 mL of fluid (20 mL/kg for pediatrics). Patient and IVF temperatures were measured on arrival at the ED. If the patient's condition allowed, a visual analog survey was completed. Results: Twenty adult patients were enrolled. The warmed IVUF demonstrated an average temperature of 32.5° C (90.1° F) versus 23.5° C (74.3° F) for nonwarmed fluids. The patients with warmed IVF demonstrated a higher core body temperature than the nonwarmed—36.8° C (98.2° F) versus 35.5° C (95.9° F). Overall, patient surveys showed increased comfort with warmed IVF. Conclusion: Prehospital IVF can be warmed in the field and should help prevent the adverse effects of hypothermia. Although this study shows a trend in favor of warmed IVF, the population is too small to justify any broad statements. This matter warrants further investigation with a larger group of patients.
Fast supervised hyperspectral band selection using graphics processing unit

Band selection is a common technique to reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral imagery. When the desired object information is known, the reduction process can be achieved by selecting the bands that contain the most object information. It is expected that these selected bands can offer an overall satisfactory detection and classification performance. In this paper, we propose a new particle swarm optimization (PSO) based supervised band-selection algorithm that uses the known class signatures only without examining the original bands or the need of class training samples. Thus, this method requires much less computing time than other traditional methods. However, the PSO process itself may introduce additional computation cost. To tackle this problem, we propose parallel implementations via emerging general-purpose graphics processing units that can provide satisfactory results in speedup when compared to the cluster-based parallel implementation.
Abstract 2466: The tumor suppressor Merlin decreases TGFβ/Smad signaling in metastatic breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Merlin is a tumor suppressor protein encoded by the NF2 gene. Mutations in NF2 have been implicated in neurofibromas, schwannomas, and mesothelioma. While the mutation rate of NF2 is low in breast cancer, our lab has previously demonstrated a loss of the Merlin protein in advanced stage breast cancers. We have shown that the matricellular metastasis-promoting protein osteopontin activates Akt which then marks Merlin for targeted proteasomal degradation. In the context of other cancers, Merlin has been shown to play a role in sensitization to contact inhibition, cell proliferation, inhibiting invasion, and the negative regulation of focal adhesion kinase. Merlin is also an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway. However, the implications of the loss of Merlin in the context of breast cancer signaling pathways that promote tumor progression and metastasis have not been fully explored. Here we demonstrate a Merlin-dependent decrease in TGFβ signaling in metastatic breast cancer cells. Methods: Using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis we analyzed a gene expression array comparing the triple-negative metastatic SUM159 breast cancer cells and their counterparts that were stably restored for Merlin expression. TGFβ was identified as a significant upstream regulator. TGFβ signaling was analyzed in these cells via a SBE4-luc luciferase assay. Signaling was further analyzed by Western blots for SMAD and phospho-SMAD proteins. Results and Conclusions: Re-expression of Merlin in metastatic breast cancer cells with low-levels of endogenous Merlin decreases TGFβ signaling, demonstrated by decreased luciferase assay activity, decreased rSMAD expression, decreased coSMAD expression and increased iSMAD protein levels. Future studies will explore the nature of this Merlin-dependent decrease in TGFβ signaling. Acknowledgments: R01CA138850 to L. A. Shevde Citation Format: William P. Jackson, Kelly M. Kreitzburg, Shamik Das, Sarah K. Bailey, Brandon J. Metge, Rajeev S. Samant, Lalita R. Shevde-Samant. The tumor suppressor Merlin decreases TGFβ/Smad signaling in metastatic breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2466. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2466
Dynamic events near the upper and mid-fan boundary of the Bengal Fan

Bathymetric sections across the most recent valley just above and below the transition of upper to middle fan show a northward shift of the thalweg between the confines of the levees. This small-scale migration was followed by a levec break on the higher north side. Part of the bottom currents, which normally would have been contained within the levees, spilled over and spread laterally in a northward direction. This levee break caused a canyonward shift of the boundary between the upper and mid fan, and the diverted flow croded smaller valleys in the western part of the fan.
Simulated comparisons of breeding plans for beef production - Part 1: A dynamic model to evaluate the effect of mating plan on herd age structure and productivity.

Abstract A computer program to simulate beef production is described. The model is based on the principles of industrial dynamics and constructed in the simulation language DYNAMO. This dynamic model is composed of subroutines that simulate herd structure for a cow herd and a production herd composed of calves from the cow herd. Additional subroutines model pre-weaning and post-weaning growth of the calves. The portion of the model that simulates the herd structure includes ten age classes of cow. The subroutine which models the portion of the herd between 2 and 9 years of age utilises twelve variables to describe the events that occur in the herd during the passage of a year. The age structure of the herd is influenced by the breeding system and the way in which the herd is managed. The production herd is modelled by sequential subroutines. These subroutines follow the number and growth of calves weaned from the cow herd until they are sold at 32, 52, 67 or 85 weeks of age. Mating plans utilising different breeds can be simulated in combination with various management options.
WILLINGNESS TO CONSUME GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS—THE CASE OF FISH AND SEAFOOD

ABSTRACT As adoption of genetic modification (GM) technologies grows, so do questions about consumer acceptance. While willingness to consume GM crop products has been studied extensively, similar studies of GM fish and seafood are lacking. Econometric analyses of U.S. survey data reveal that older, higher income, non African American males are most likely to consume GM fish and seafood. The results can contribute to our understanding of GM fish and seafood consumption decisions which, in turn, can be used to identify and exploit the niche market for GM fish products.
Computerized Determination of Silo Needs for Forages and High-moisture Grain for the Dairy Herd

Abstract A computer-based procedure for determining silo capacity requirements and sizes has been developed. Sizes of either tower or horizontal silos may be determined for high-moisture com as well as silage. The user enters herd size, cow size, milk yield, feeding program, and days in feeding season into the program for calculation of capacity requirement. Sizes of existing silos and limits on silo dimensions are optional input items. Capacity of any existing silos is deducted from the total storage requirement before size of new unit is determined. From the several sizes which meet the capacity requirement, the program selects those which have lowest cost and an adequate removal rate to prevent spoilage losses during feeding. Assumptions regarding storage requirements, silo capacity, storage loss, and cost of construction for horizontal silos are outlined. Use of the program reduces the probability of choosing an incorrect size, assures selection of lowest cost size, and enables the user to consider several alternatives with little effort.
Molecular mechanisms of heterotopic ossification.

First described in the early 1800s, heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the formation of extraskeletal bone.1 In the upper extremity, HO most frequently occurs after injury to the elbow, and can result in severe functional impairment (Fig. 1). A variety of factors have been implicated, including elbow dislocation, open injury, severe chest injury, longer wait time to surgery, and prolonged immobilization.2,3 “Terrible triad” complex elbow fracture dislocations and distal humeral fractures have the highest rates of HO.3 A spectrum of HO formation exists after elbow injury, with more severe HO being associated with greater functional loss. Although associated injuries, radiographic findings, and clinical implications have been well documented, the molecular mechanisms have not pervaded the surgical literature. In the past several years, important advancements in our understanding of molecular mechanisms behind HO have been made. FIGURE 1 High-energy elbow injury resulting in ankylosed elbow joint secondary to HO. A injury. B Intraoperative reduction and stabilization. C Early HO. D Mature bridging HO resulting in ankylosed joint.
Antrectomy with Roux‐en‐Y anastomosis in the treatment of peptic oesophagitis with stricture

A series of 8 patients with severe oesophageal strictures secondary to reflux oesophagitis who have been treated by antrectomy with Roux-en- Y anastomosis is described. There was 1 postoperative death. The remaining patients have been completely relieved of heartburn and all have had a dramatic improvement in their dysphagia. This method of treatment is strongly recommended for patients who have had prior surgery to the hiatus which has failed, and for those who are too elderly or frail to withstand a direct attack on their oesophageal stricture.
Letter From the Editor: Practical Speaking Versus Pragmatic Thinking

How could someone earn a Ph.D., a doctorate in philosophy without a graduate course in philosophy? I suspect this gap in my graduate transcripts is not unique to my training. Yet I find myself desi...
The Effect of Social Skills, Values, Peers, and Depression on Adolescent Substance Use

The present study tested a social learning model designed to specify the nature of the associations between various constructs shown in previous research to be related to adolescent substance use. The model was tested using a sample of 61 families, each of which included a seventh grader. The results largely supported the hypothesized model. Aggressiveness, low commitment to prosocial values, and problems at school were associated with involvement in a deviant peer group. Low commitment to prosocial values and involvement with deviant peers were related to feelings of depression. Finally, involvement with deviant peers and feelings of depression interacted to increase the probability of substance use, suggesting that depressed adolescents may use substances as a form of self-medication when such behavior is supported by their peer group.
Development of a model-based transient calibration process for diesel engine electronic control module tables – Part 1: data requirements, processing, and analysis:

This is the first part of a study investigating a model-based transient calibration process for diesel engines. The motivation is to populate hundreds of parameters (which can be calibrated) in a methodical and optimum manner by using model-based optimization in conjunction with the manual process so that, relative to the manual process used by itself, a significant improvement in transient emissions and fuel consumption and a sizable reduction in calibration time and test cell requirements is achieved. Empirical transient modelling and optimization has been addressed in the second part of this work, while the required data for model training and generalization are the focus of the current work. Transient and steady-state data from a turbocharged multicylinder diesel engine have been examined from a model training perspective. A single-cylinder engine with external air-handling has been used to expand the steady-state data to encompass transient parameter space. Based on comparative model performance and ...
The impact of european overseas discoveries on ship design and construction during the sixteenth century

Long before the European “Age of Discovery” began, mariners were ranging the coasts and nearer reaches of the eastern Atlantic and the North Sea, and vessels capable of keeping the sea for more than a few days had been developed. This provided an adequate basis upon which ships for farther voyaging could evolve. The major changes for overseas travel were in size and rig, but also important was an eventual alteration in design incorporating the carrying capacity of large cargo vessels and the weatherly qualities (ability to sail to windward) and maneuverability of the smaller caravel. Increase in size was necessary to carry larger crews and supplies for their sustenance, larger cargoes, and materials for repair and replacement of ship’s gear, sails, and the like. After much experimentation with various combinations of lateen and square sails, the full-rigged ship with relatively small square sails on the foremast and mainmast became the standard, although the lateen was retained on the mizzen and any other masts stepped astern of it. Other changes in design accommodated the need for armament. The result, fully developed by the end of the sixteenth century, was the full-rigged galleon, and little in the way of substantive changes in design and rig occurred during the next several centuries.
The Self-Tuning Neuron: Synaptic Scaling of Excitatory Synapses

Homeostatic synaptic scaling is a form of synaptic plasticity that adjusts the strength of all of a neuron's excitatory synapses up or down to stabilize firing. Current evidence suggests that neurons detect changes in their own firing rates through a set of calcium-dependent sensors that then regulate receptor trafficking to increase or decrease the accumulation of glutamate receptors at synaptic sites. Additional mechanisms may allow local or network-wide changes in activity to be sensed through parallel pathways, generating a nested set of homeostatic mechanisms that operate over different temporal and spatial scales.
A HISTOCHEMICAL ENZYME KINETIC SYSTEM APPLIED TO THE TRYPSIN-LIKE AMIDASE AND ESTERASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN MAST CELLS

A method for the determination of enzyme kinetic constants Vm, Km, and Ki in a histochemical system has been devised. As a substitute for the reciprocal of the reaction velocity, the times necessary to reach a fixed amount of end product (the initial visible color) in a tissue site at various substrate concentrations are plotted, according to the method of Lineweaver and Burk, against the reciprocal of the substrate concentrations. The technique as applied to trypsin-like esterase and amidase activities in human mast cells indicates that a single enzyme or closely related enzymes in this site are responsible for the hydrolysis of both the amide and ester substrates and that typical trypsin substrates act as competitive inhibitors of their hydrolysis. Parallel biochemical studies were performed to evaluate the effect of certain aspects of the experimental histochemical method on a purified homospecific enzyme. The relative kinetic constants derived by the histochemical method afford a further means of characterizing enzymic activity in a histochemical system.
A mathematical model of Varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) and honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) population dynamics

Abstract A mathematical model of population interactions between Varroa destructor and a honeybee colony is described. Validation tests indicate that the model generates mite population predictions that are similar to those from actual colonies including: weekly mite-drop, daily rates of population increase, and exponential growth rates for mite populations. The model predicts that colony survival thresholds for mite populations and the effectiveness of miticides such as fluvalinate are dependent on climate and the yearly brood rearing cycle in a colony. Miticides applied in the late summer provide the best chances for the survival of heavily infested colonies. The model also predicts that large mite populations treated with miticides in the spring will recover by autumn to levels similar to those in untreated colonies. This is because in the treated colonies the surviving mites infest drone brood at lower numbers per cell and this increases reproductive success and hence the growth rate of the mite popul...
Kinetics of sintering of supported metal catalysts: The mechanism of atom diffusion

Abstract The kinetics of sintering of supported metal catalysts is given for the rate of decay of surface area and the average particle size for the case where the prevailing mechanism of sintering is the atom diffusion. An examination of the adequacy of the central supposition of Chakraverty for typical sintering systems leads to an alternate expression for the driving force for the growth of particles and to the other results. The rate expression presented for the surface area is distinctly different from that of Ruckenstein and Pulvermacher which was obtained for the mechanism of crystallite migration. Comparisons are made between predicted values and experimental data. Results obtained indicate that the power n in the expression for the decay of surface area may not be used for the discrimination of one mechanism from the other.
In vivo wear of Ti6Al4V femoral heads: A retrieval study

The surface characteristics of sixteen “monobloc” titanium-6% aluminum-4% vanadium (Ti6Al4V) femoral components (two of the 6-Ti-28 type and 14 of the 6-Ti-32 type) retrieved after periods of 78–131 months following loosening of the femoral component, as well as two unimplanted controls, were studied. The femoral heads were examined by a combination of noncontact light profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. No consistent correlations were found between classical surface roughness parameters (average, root mean square, peak-to-valley roughness, and radius of curvature) and any clinical parameter studied (patient gender, weight, and height; primary diagnosis; implantation time; or calculated force applied on the hip joint). This extensive quantitative topographic analysis suggests that wear mechanisms in vivo are complex and that wear of titanium alloy femoral heads is partly attributed to a combination of an imperfect nature of the surface before implantation, removal of the oxide layer causing abrasion of the alloy, subsequent deformation of the bearing surface including polishing, and, to a very small degree, patient parameters. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Influence of infantile stimulation on the response to stress during preweaning development

New born rats were stimulated in infancy and the maturation of the adrenal response to stress or to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was examined. Control animals (nonhandled) showed little or no response to ether and surgical trauma until about 18 days of age. In contrast, handled newborn rats had a significant elevation in plasma corticosterone concentration following stress introduced as early as 3 days of age, whereas at 21 days of age, nonhandled animals showed a significantly higher plasma corticosterone concentration than their handled counterparts. The response to ACTH was equivalent in both groups on each test day. Plasma steroid levels were elevated after ACTH injection at 3 days of age. This was followed by a period of marked suppression of the response to ACTH lasting until about 15 days of age in both groups.
El rechazo del Neoplatonismo en Ausiàs March

In the first half of the 16th century the works of Ausias March (1397–1459) were published for the first time with a Spanish translation. March, who wrote in Catalan, was becoming a major influence in the development of a Spanish national poetic language in Castilian. However this influence was soon overshadowed by Petrarch, both in style and content, in such a way that the Spanish poetic language was ultimately based above all on an Italian model instead of a Hispanic model. I intend to explain how the main aspect of content in March's poetry that was not accepted in the Castilian poetic language was his rejection of Neoplatonism. March conveyed a Platonic message but the mode in which he interpreted Plato differed from Neoplatonic ideas. Mainly March rejected the idea that man can access the World of Ideas through the Sensory World by means of will or love, whereas writers like Petrarch or Castiglione believed in this possibility. In fact Ausias March's poetry represented an innovation as far as the manner in which Plato's ideas had been interpreted. Neoplatonism and Petrarchism tended to follow more closely the Neoplatonic tradition that Plotinus (204?–275) had initiated. Both March and Petrarch were influenced by Provencal poetry in a different way. The fact that Petrarch was preferred over March constitutes an important chapter in the history of the Catalan language.
Comparison of site-specific and overall tumor incidence analyses for 81 recent National Toxicology Program carcinogenicity studies.

Abstract Eighty-one recent carcinogenicity studies carried out by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were evaluated to determine how the utilization of statistical analyses based on the proportion of animals with primary tumors (all sites) or the proportion of animals with malignant neoplasms (all sites) affected the interpretation of the data compared to analyses of site-specific effects. Utilizing site-specific analyses, the NTP concluded that 45 of the 81 studies (56%) showed carcinogenic responses, 7 (9%) produced equivocal effects, and 29 (36%) showed no evidence of carcinogenicity. An analysis of tumors at all sites often resulted in site-specific carcinogenic responses going undetected. Less than half of the 45 carcinogens identified as producing site-specific carcinogenic responses showed a significant increase in the incidence of primary tumors (22 chemicals) or malignant tumors (21 chemicals). Among the 29 chemicals interpreted as not carcinogenic based on site-specific effects, only two showed significant increases in overall tumor incidence. Two major problems are associated with an evaluation based on overall (all sites) tumor rates: (1) The pooling of various tumor types reduces study sensitivity for detecting chemically related increases in site-specific tumor incidences, and (2) the biological relevance of combining the incidences of tumors of varying morphologies and topographies is questionable. Most national and international guidelines for studying chemicals for carcinogenicity in rodents (or in humans) emphasize site-specific effects. Thus, despite purported advantages of analyses based on overall tumor rates (e.g., simplicity; reducing concerns regarding false positive results) primary emphasis should continue to be on site-specific analyses.
Effect of oxygen on the frequency of x-ray induced somatic crossing over in Drosophila melanogaster.

Effect of Oxygen on the Frequency of X-ray Induced Somatic Crossing Over in Drosophila melanogaster
The application of epidemiology to the prevention of occupational cancer.

AbstractEpidemiology attempts to establish a quantitative causality which is essential in preventive medicine strategies for occupational cancer. By studying carefully exposure effect relationships and populations at risk, subtle causes of occupational cancer can be identified. The nature of epidemiological reasoning and the criticism of this methodology are outlined. Using combined epidemiological and industrial hygiene data, a quantitative risk assessment of a lifetime exposure of workers to. benzene and its association with leukemia is presented. In a population of 1,000 workers exposed for a working lifetime to 100 ppm benzene vapor, 140 excess deaths from leukemia would occur. At a lifetime exposure of 10 ppm, it is calculated that 14 excess leukemia deaths would occur. Because the current legal standard is 10 ppms for occupational exposure, this epidemiological risk assessment indicates that an unexpectedly large number of excess leukemia deaths will result in a population of workers exposed to 10 ppm.
NEW FEATURES IN THE PHOTOPHYSICS and PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 2‐(2'‐HYDROXY‐PHENYL)BENZOTHIAZOLES INTRODUCED BY AMINE SUBSTITUTION

The photophysics and photochemistry of the 4'-diethylamino derivative of both 2-phenyl-benzothiazole and 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole have been studied by nanosecond and microsecond laser flash photolysis and picosecond emission spectroscopy. For the non-hydroxy substituted molecule, the singlet excited state was shown to relax primarily via fluorescence emission, and a very weak triplet transient was observed after laser flash excitation. The 2-(2'-hydroxy-4'-diethylaminophenyl)benzothiazole (AHBT) was shown to undergo excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in the picosecond timescale (k greater than 3 x 10(10) s-1) to form a colored zwitter-ion/keto form in solution at room temperature while the ground state back proton transfer was slower by a factor of approximately 10(5). However, in marked contrast with other derivatives of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole and related molecules, the ESIPT was not the only deactivation process of the lowest singlet excited state of the enol form. Under steady-state excitation at room temperature (and low temperature), the fluorescence emission of the enol form was observed. The T-T absorption of the enol form was also observed and furthermore, the ESIPT was shown to have an activation energy which was estimated to be approximately 4 kJ. None of the foregoing, fluorescence and T-T absorption of the enol nor activation energy for proton transfer have been observed for the parent or derivatives of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazoles. The striking new features for the ESIPT photochemistry and photophysics for the 4'-diethylamino derivative of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole are discussed and MO calculations are used to aid in the interpretation of some of the experimental results.
Technology and food security

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the global dilemma faced by humanity due to rising population pressures, constrained resources and related food security issues. The paper highlights the potential of information technology, biotechnology and nanotechnology in providing solutions to the problem of world hunger.Design/methodology/approach – The paper utilizes past and contemporary research sources to estimate the potential of various technologies in improving the food security situation, cites past successes and identifies some consequences and constraints. The paper notes recent advances in science and technology of food production and the market and other institutional adjustments needed to fully realize their benefits.Findings – The paper finds that the world greatly benefited from the green revolution during the course of the twentieth century. Additional gains to food production and food security will come from newer processes and techniques developed recently due to information techno...
The effect of a non-metabolizable analog on mandelate catabolism in Pseudomonas putida.

Dl-2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoromandelic acid (PFM) specifically inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 12633) on medium containing mandelate as sole carbon and energy source by competitive inhibition of mandelate dehydrogenase. PFM is not metabolized and is neither an inducer of the mandelate catabolic enzymes nor an antagonist of induction. Mutants resistant to the inhibitory effects of PFM (PFMr) were isolated; most prove to be superinducible, i.e. synthesize coordinately the mandelatespecific catabolic enzymes at elevated levels following induction. In at least one case the PFMr mutation maps very near the structural genes that encode the enzymes functional in the first two steps of mandelate catabolism. It is reasoned that the PFMr mutation is of the promotor type. Resistance to substrate analogs such as PFM offers a general method for isolation of regulatory mutants in catabolic metabolism.
Electronic mobility gap structure and the nature of deep defects in amorphous silicon-germanium alloys grown by photo-CVD

Abstract Amorphous hydrogenated silicon-germanium alloys grown by photo-CVD have been studied using a variety of steady-state and transient junction-capacitance techniques. The dependence of the electronic mobility gap structure, the density of deep defects, and the carrier trapping properties on the germanium content has been investigated systematically. The Urbach tail slope is found to be nearly constant over the whole alloy range. The dominant defect band is found to track the midgap energy position, and the density of deep defects increases exponentially with increasing germanium content. These results are fully consistent with weak bond breaking theories and suggest that the quality of amorphous silicon-germanium alloys and a-Ge:H is inherently inferior to pure a-Si:H materials.
The price equation, excess demand, and normal cost pricing: a reply

(1988). The price equation, excess demand, and normal cost pricing: a reply. Applied Economics: Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 1693-1697.
Pearls and pitfalls in experimental in vivo models of headache: conscious behavioral research.

BackgroundPhysiological studies have been determinant for the understanding of migraine pathophysiology and the screening of novel therapeutics. At present, there is no animal model that translates fully the clinical symptoms of migraine, and generally these studies are conducted on anesthetized animals.MethodologyPain as well as non-painful symptoms such as photophobia, need to have a conscious individual to be experienced; therefore, the new development and adaptation of behavioral assays assessing pain and other non-painful symptomatology in conscious animals represents a great opportunity for headache research and it is exciting that more and more researchers are using behavioral paradigms.SummaryThis review will describe the different behavioral models for the study of headache that are performed in non-anesthetized conscious animals. The pearls and challenges for measuring hypersensitivity in rodents such as the common tests for measuring mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia have been the l...
Urinary sodium and potassium profile of blacks and whites in relation to education in two different geographic urban areas

Abstract The high Na/low K environment of modern society is related to the genesis of hypertension and stroke. There is prior evidence of racial, geographical, and social class differences in Na and K intake and blood pressure. Baseline data from the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) was used to assess urinary Na and K excretion profiles by race, clinic geographic area, and education. Participants were adult black and white hypertensive patients from the Birmingham, Alabama, and Chicago, Illinois, area. Level of education was categorized as: less than college graduate and college graduate or more. Two overnight urine samples were collected and analyzed for Na and K at entry from 154 blacks and 281 whites. The urinary Na:K ratio was significantly higher in both blacks (5.1 v 3.8, P
Solvent-Separated Radical Ion Pairs and Free Ion Yields. 1. Effect of Temperature on Free Ion Formation in Solution

Free ion yields from geminate ion pairs formed after photoinduced electron transfer are measured by the transient photocurrent method in three moderately polar solvents. Photoexcited 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA) is used as the electron acceptor and alkyl-substituted benzenes as donors. It was found that, generally, there is no significant change in free ion yield as the temperature is increased. On the basis of a theoretical model developed under Collins−Kimball boundary conditions, several factors are analyzed, including dielectric constants and viscosities of solvents, initial separation distance distribution of geminate ion pairs, and temperature-induced changes in recombination rates. By comparing escape probabilities of geminate ion pairs calculated at different initial formation and recombination/separation distances with measured free ion yields, we show that free ions are mainly produced from the solvent-separated ion pairs that are initially formed after electron transfer quenching of photoexcite...
Web document clustering: a feasibility demonstration

Users of Web search engines are often forced to sift through the long ordered list of document "snippets" returned by the engines. The IR community has explored document clustering as an alternative method of organizing retrieval results, but clustering has yet to be deployed on the major search engines. The paper articulates the unique requirements of Web document clustering and reports on the first evaluation of clustering methods in this domain. A key requirement is that the methods create their clusters based on the short snippets returned by Web search engines. Surprisingly, we find that clusters based on snippets are almost as good as clusters created using the full text of Web documents. To satisfy the stringent requirements of the Web domain, we introduce an incremental, linear time (in the document collection size) algorithm called Suffix Tree Clustering (STC). which creates clusters based on phrases shared between documents. We show that STC is faster than standard clustering methods in this domain, and argue that Web document clustering via STC is both feasible and potentially beneficial.
Wives' Employment Status and Marital Adjustment: Yet Another Look

The effects of wives' employment status on wives' and husbands' evaluations of their own marital adjustment are examined in two recent national surveys. Working wives whose husbands also work report having wished they had married someone else and having thought of divorce significantly more often than housewives, but do not score significantly lower on ratings of marital satisfaction or marital happiness, or on four other specific components of marital adjustment. Wives' employment status does not significantly affect husbands' reports of marital adjustment. The negative effects of wives' employment on wives' reports of marital adjustment are then found to be restricted specifically to mothers of preschool children, and to wives with less than a high school diploma. No empirical support emerges for two major hypotheses to account for the negative effects of wives' employment on wives' marital adjustment in these two subgroups, one hypothesis concerning wives' role load and the second concerning wives' and...
Imaging of a shallow subsurface objects: an experimental investigation

The principles of a bistatic (forward-looking) system equipped with the capability for location and imaging of isolated shallow, subsurface objects is presented. Simple signal processing tools are developed, which are subsequently employed on experimental data obtained using an S-band system (3.5 GHz) on several objects of interest observed under ideal testbed conditions. The results of signal/image processing using measured data are presented that attest to the success in identifying isolated target signatures under these ideal conditions, and also indicate further need for sophisticated signal/image processing based on improved wave propagation models. >
Does naloxone cause a positive urine opiate screen

Study objective: To determine whether the excreted metabolites of naloxone hydrochloride cause positive urine toxicologic screens for opiates. Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blinded human protocol. Setting: Urban Level I military emergency department. Participants: Fourteen adult volunteers who took no routinemedications, were not pregnant, had no known sensitivity to naloxone, and who were negative for a pretest urine and serum toxicologic screen. Interventions: We administered either 2 or 4 mg IV naloxoneto 14 subjects. Urine drug screening was obtained before administration and at 60 minutes, 6 hours, and 48 hours after administration. Results: All urine drug screens using the enzyme-multipliedimmunoassay technique were negative for opiates at both dosage levels. The sample size of 14 yielded a power of more than .99 to detect the difference between positive and negative samples. Conclusion: Although the metabolites of naloxone hydrochloride are similar in structure to oxymorphone and are excreted in human urine for several days, naloxone was not associated with a positive enzymatic urine screen for opiates.