cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EXPLANATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY, OVERVIEW

This overview defines four philosophical traditions in contemporary archaeology: critical theory, hermeneutics, historicist, and scientific. Each of these traditions ‘explains’ the archaeological record in distinct manners. Critical theory and hermeneutics constitute the cornerstone of postprocessual archaeologies. These frameworks avoid explanation as it is understood in the traditional sense of the term and instead focus on criticizing contemporary practice and creating rich narratives of the past. The historicist tradition derives from the classic space–time systematics of an earlier era but has developed into an empirically-rich method for explaining past cultural sequences. This tradition seeks to identify cultural affiliation and dates of archaeological materials. Scientific or processual archaeology is a comparative social and behavioral science that seeks to derive broad principles of human behavior from the archaeological record.
Body Size, Leg Autotomy, and Prior Experience as Factors in the Fighting Success of Male Crab Spiders, Misumenoides formosipes

Game theory predicts which characteristics of male crab spiders should affect their success in mate-guarding contests. Previous data on Misumenoides formosipes suggested that body size and leg number influenced fight outcome, but the study had methodological problems. Using improved methods, we corroborated the size advantage but refuted the disadvantage of leg reduction. We also conducted the first test for an invertebrate on the effect that a single contest has on the outcome of subsequent contests. When size and residency status were controlled, prior winners defeated prior losers after only one contest experience. We discuss the importance of controlling for previous experiences in studies of contest resolution and the ramifications for both past and future studies.
Online survey characterizing vaporizer use among cannabis users

Abstract Background Along with changes in cannabis laws in the United States and other countries, new products for consuming cannabis are emerging, with unclear public health implications. Vaporizing or “vaping” cannabis is gaining popularity, but little is known about its prevalence or consequences. Methods This study characterized the prevalence and current patterns of vaping cannabis among a large national sample of cannabis users. An online survey was distributed through Facebook ads targeting individuals with interests related to cannabis use. The sample comprised 2910 cannabis users (age: 18–90, 84% male, 74% Caucasian). Results A majority (61%) endorsed lifetime prevalence of ever vaping, 37% reported vaping in the past 30 days, 20% reported vaping more than 100 lifetime days, and 12% endorsed vaping as their preferred method. Compared to those that had never vaped, vaporizer users were younger, more likely to be male, initiated cannabis at an earlier age, and were less likely to be African American. Those that preferred vaping reported it to be healthier, better tasting, produced better effects, and more satisfying. Only 14% reported a reduction in smoking cannabis since initiating vaping, and only 5% mixed cannabis with nicotine in a vaporizer. Many cannabis users report vaping cannabis, but currently only a small subset prefers vaping to smoking and reports frequent vaping. Conclusion Increases in availability and marketing of vaping devices, and the changing legal status of cannabis in the United States and other countries may influence patterns of use. Frequent monitoring is needed to assess the impact of changing cannabis laws and regulations.
The Upper Devonian (Frasnian) conodont sequence in the Lime Creek Formation of north-central Iowa and comparison with Lime Creek ammonoid, brachiopod, foraminifer, and gastropod sequences

The Upper Devonian (Frasnian) conodont fauna of the Lime Creek Formation of north-central Iowa is dominated by species of Polygnathus. Patterns of species composition and abundance are consistent with the Polygnathus biofacies described from the Frasnian of the Northwest Territories of western Canada. Consequently, the standard Frasnian conodont zones, defined on sequences developed in the Palmatolepis biofacies, are not applicable to the Lime Creek sequence. The Lime Creek conodont sequence correlates with Zones 4, 5 and Faunal Interval 7 of the Frasnian conodont sequence in the Alberta Rockies and with similar sequences in the southwestern United States. The Pb elements of Palmatolepis semichatovae Ovnatanova and Ancyrognathus? deformis (Anderson) are described and illustrated for the first time.In the Lime Creek Formation of north-central Iowa, brachiopods of the lowermost part of the Nervostrophia thomasi Zone of Day (1989a) occur in Zone 4, brachiopods of most of the N. thomasi, Douvillina arcuata, and Cyrtospirifer whitneyi Zones span conodont Zone 5, and the Elita inconsueta and Iowatrypa owenensis Zones occur in Faunal Interval 7. Species of the ammonoid Manticoceras and of the gastropods Floyda, Turbonopsis, and Westerna are restricted to Faunal Interval 7. Species of the calcareous foraminifer Nanicella first occur in Zone 5, and are joined by species of Multiseptida high in Zone 5.
Forest expansion and climate change in the mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) zone, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A.

The relationship between climate change and the dynamics of ecotonal populations of mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana [Bong.] Carr.) was determined by comparing climate and the age structure of t...
Point-of-Care Glucose Critical Values: A Q-Probes Study Involving 50 Health Care Facilities and 2349 Critical Results

Context.— Accuracy of blood glucose measurements in the critical value range is important for properly treating patients with severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Objective.— To evaluate the perf...
Unilateral Choroidal Macrovessel

Awhitewoman inher late70spresentedwithanasymptomaticchoroidal macrovessel in the right eye in the setting of non-neovascular age-relatedmaculardegeneration (AMD)(Figure).1,2Thepatienthad afamilyhistoryofAMDandhermedicalhistorywassignificantforcataract surgery in both eyes, hypothyroidism, migraine headaches, chronic pancreatitis, and urinary incontinence. Her medications included Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 vitamin supplementation. Her best-corrected visual acuity was stable at 20/30 OU and intraocular pressure was normal at 15mmHgOD and 13mmHgOS. Non-neovascular AMDwas present in the left eye aswell.
Recent references May through August 1988

Keywords and references are given for all literature received by the National Nuclear Data Center or assigned key numbers between May and August 1988. (AIP)
Raptor/mTORC1 loss in adipocytes causes progressive lipodystrophy and fatty liver disease

Abstract Objective Normal adipose tissue growth and function is critical to maintaining metabolic homeostasis and its excess (e.g. obesity) or absence (e.g. lipodystrophy) is associated with severe metabolic disease. The goal of this study was to understand the mechanisms maintaining healthy adipose tissue growth and function. Methods Adipose tissue senses and responds to systemic changes in growth factor and nutrient availability; in cells mTORC1 regulates metabolism in response to growth factors and nutrients. Thus, mTORC1 is poised to be a critical intracellular regulator of adipocyte metabolism. Here, we investigate the role of mTORC1 in mature adipocytes by generating and characterizing mice in which the Adiponectin-Cre driver is used to delete floxed alleles of Raptor , which encodes an essential regulatory subunit of mTORC1. Results Raptor Adipoq-cre mice have normal white adipose tissue (WAT) mass for the first few weeks of life, but soon thereafter develop lipodystrophy associated with hepatomegaly, hepatic steatosis, and insulin intolerance. Raptor Adipoq-cre mice are also resistant to becoming obese when consuming a high fat diet (HFD). Resistance to obesity does not appear to be due to increased energy expenditure, but rather from failed adipose tissue expansion resulting in severe hepatomegaly associated with hyperphagia and defective dietary lipid absorption. Deleting Raptor in WAT also decreases C/EBPα expression and the expression of its downstream target adiponectin, providing one possible mechanism of mTORC1 function in WAT. Conclusions mTORC1 activity in mature adipocytes is essential for maintaining normal adipose tissue growth and its selective loss in mature adipocytes leads to a progressive lipodystrophy disorder and systemic metabolic disease that shares many of the hallmarks of human congenital generalized lipodystrophy.
Acaricide Susceptibility of Immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) as Determined by the Disposable Pipet Method

The disposable pipet method was used to establish baseline dose-mortality data for immature stages of Ixodes scapularis Say for carbaryl, esfenvalerate, cyfluthrin, and permethrin. Permethrin and cyfluthrin were most toxic to both nymphs and larvae, followed in order by esfenvalerate and carbaryl, based on LD50 and LD90 values. Larvae were substantially more susceptible than nymphs to each compound.
Stability parameter of Newton helical flow in eccentric annuli with the inner and outer cylinders rotating simultaneously

The expression of stability parameter H is developed based on the stream function and axial velocity function of Newton helical flow in eccentric annuli with the inner and outer cylinders rotating simultaneously in this paper. The value of H is calculated and its distribution curves are plotted taking water for example, and the effects of eccentric distance, the rotational velocities of the inner and outer cylinders are analyzed. The results indicate that the greater the eccentric distance is, the bigger the maximum value of H will be; and the maximum point of H moves from the neighborhood of the inner cylinder to the outer one with the increasing of eccentric distance, and moves from the neighborhood of the outer cylinder to the inner one with the increasing of the positive rotational velocity of the outer cylinder; the rotational velocity of the inner cylinder affects the distribution of H greatly when the rotational velocity of outer one is in a positive and small condition, and the maximum point of H moves from the neighborhood of the outer cylinder to the inner one; while the direction of the outer cylinder affects the distribution and the maximum of H inconspicuously when the rotational velocity of the inner one is in a small condition.
All the World's Futures: Globalization of Contemporary African Art at the 2015 Venice Biennale

This essay considers the contemporaneity of African art and the globalization of its artists as evidenced in the 56th Venice Biennale. It questions the Western capitalistic dominance that turns the production of African artists into exploitable commodities through an overview of the history of African involvement in the Biennale and analysis of issues pertinent to the 2015 exhibition. As points of example, it addresses Okwui Enwezor's historic directorial position, and reviews two African artists, Ibrahim Mahama and Goncalo Mabunda, whose works confront global capitalism in different ways.
Supply boosting for high-performance processors in flip-chip packages

On-chip supply boosting can quickly restore a microprocessor core's power rail from near-threshold to super-threshold when critical code sections are encountered. We demonstrate a flip-chip implementation of a supply boosting technique, called Shortstop, which uses a transient supply rail and leverages the parasitic and intentional inductance of a package. To address package parasitic variation, an automatic tuning algorithm is shown. A 7.9mm2, 40nm CMOS prototype chip is attached to a custom ball grid array substrate, with integrated in-package inductors. Shortstop boosts a 2.7mm2 core from 0.5V to 0.75V in 14ns with only 27mV of droop on a shared 0.8V supply rail, marking a 57% faster transition with 67% lower supply noise than a dual-supply PMOS header design.
Little Shop of … : Intersections of the 9/11 Memorial Museum Gift Shop, Capitalism, and Journalism

Almost 13 years after the hijacking and destruction of the Twin Towers, the 9/11 Memorial Museum opened its doors. As stated in the museum’s mission statement, the memorial and accompanying artifacts stand to “bear solemn witness” and “honor the victims”. The Museum opened to a full house of nearly 10,000 tourists on opening day, yet despite the strong opening and resounding public interest in the museum, journalists covering its opening day directed their attention to a different facet of the space: the museum gift shop. Journalists and public alike were distraught over the “commercialization of the space”, citing the capitalist aims of the gift shop and the memorial aims of the museum as being at odds. Specifically, a few items in the gift shop, including a cheese board with hearts over the three hijacking sites, search dog stuffed animals, and jewelry were identified as aesthetically disparaging of the victims of the attack. Through a framing analysis of 100 of the most popularly posted and tweeted articles from the week following the opening of the 9/11 Memorial Museum (May 19, 2014–May 26, 2014), this study examines how the press framed the gift shop controversy and presented the debate about the memorial as a capitalistic space.
Basta de sexo, drogas y rock and roll : aspectos formales del cuento de los posnovísimos cubanos

This essay studies the formal aspects of the short story written by the young Cuban writers known as posnovisimos. Focusing in Ronaldo Menendez' short stories published in El derecho al pataleo de los ahorcados (1997), this analysis aims to respond to the question about what is the "nuevo" in these short narrations, specifically in terms of the narrative strategies and the stories' structure. The main hypothesis propases that the connection, at the formal level, of these short stories with the founding narrating models of the genre in the Latin American literary tradition, such as those present in Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortazar, Juan Jose Arreola y Virgilio Pinera, rather than evidencing a particular characteristic, exhibits a distinctive saying of "state of things" on politics within the Cuban literature.
Methane-Based Flame Fuel Cell Using Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

This work presents the performance of the flame fuel cell based on the anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell (AS-SOFC) with a methane flame, which serves not only as a fuel reformer but also as a heat source to sustain the fuel cell operation. The anode-supported SOFC showed an extraordinary fuel cell performance of 475 mW/cm2 by using a methane flame. The fuel cell performance was determined by fuel cell temperature and fuel concentration which varied with the equivalent ratio and methane flow rate.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Translating Interdisciplinary Research on Language Learning into Identifying Specific Learning Disabilities in Verbally Gifted and Average Children and Youth.

The current research was grounded in prior interdisciplinary research that showed cognitive ability (verbal ability for translating cognitions into oral language) and multiple-working memory endophenotypes (behavioral markers of genetic or brain bases of language learning) predict reading and writing achievement in students with and without specific learning disabilities in written language (SLDs-WL). Results largely replicated prior findings that verbally gifted with dyslexia score higher on reading and writing achievement than those with average verbal ability but not on endophenotypes. The current study extended that research by comparing those with and without SLDs-WL with assessed verbal ability held constant. The verbally gifted without SLDs-WL (n = 14) scored higher than the verbally gifted with SLDs-WL (n = 27) on six language skills (oral sentence construction, best and fastest handwriting in copying, single real word oral reading accuracy, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and four endophenotypes (orthographic and morphological coding, orthographic loop, and switching attention). The verbally average without SLDs-WL (n = 6) scored higher than the verbally average with SLDs-WL (n = 22) on four language skills (best and fastest hand-writing in copying, oral pseudoword reading accuracy and rate) and two endophenotypes (orthographic coding and orthographic loop). Implications of results for translating interdisciplinary research into flexible definitions for assessment and instruction to serve students with varying verbal abilities and language learning and endophenotype profiles are discussed along with directions for future research.
The King laryngeal tube: a mimic of esophageal intubation in the emergency department

The King Airway is a temporary airway device used primarily in the pre-hospital setting and typically exchanged for an endotracheal tube upon arrival to the emergency department. Since this usually occurs before imaging, many radiologists are unfamiliar with the King Airway. This lack of familiarity can have important consequences for the patient and treating team. The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of the King Airway among radiologists, emphasize appropriate positioning, and review the imaging complications of incorrect positioning.
The Use of Echocardiography for Pediatric Patients Presenting with Syncope.

Objectives To assess the frequency, yield, and cost of echocardiograms meeting “rarely appropriate” criteria. Study design Retrospective, single-center study of pediatric patients presenting with syncope. Patients were categorized according to the appropriate use criteria and based upon location of care (emergency department only, primary care setting only, or referred to a pediatric cardiologist). Multivariable regression was used to determine factors associated with performance of a “rarely appropriate” echocardiogram. Costs were calculated using fair market values from the Healthcare Bluebook. Results The cohort included 637 patients presenting with syncope during the 1-year study. Echocardiograms were ordered for 127 of 637 (20.1%) including 0 of 328 emergency department patients, 1 of 66 (1.5%) primary care setting patients, and 127 of 243 (52.3%) patients evaluated by a pediatric cardiologist. Use of echocardiography by pediatric cardiologists was categorized as “appropriate” in 92 of 127 (72.4%), “maybe appropriate” in 6 of 127 (4.7%), and “rarely appropriate” in 29 of 127 (22.8%). Abnormal findings were seen in 6 of 127 (4.7%) echocardiograms but in none of the “rarely appropriate” studies. In multivariable analysis, female sex and younger age were the only factors associated with performance of a “rarely appropriate” echocardiogram. “Rarely appropriate” echocardiograms cost an estimated $16 704.00 ($576.00 per patient) in the 1-year study. Conclusions “Rarely appropriate” echocardiograms performed for syncope do not contribute management changing diagnostic information. However, they burden patients with additional cost and perhaps contribute to increased need for follow-up.
The longitudinal relations between depression and parenting self-efficacy in rural mothers with low incomes

This thesis examined depression and parenting self-efficacy in context with individual and family variables, in two different studies. Data were aggregated from a multi-state, longitudinal research project that examined the effects of the 1996 welfare reform on the functioning and well-being of rural families with low household incomes. Both studies used path analysis to determine the relations between variables, and test for moderation effects. The first study examined relations between food insecurity, depression, parenting selfefficacy and perceived parenting support, with knowledge of community resources acting as a moderator. The second study examined relations between depression, parenting selfefficacy and family functioning, with financial pressure as a moderator. The results showed that depression and food insecurity predict each other over time, and that depression negatively affects parenting self-efficacy, perceived parenting support, and family functioning. Knowledge of community resources and financial pressure were found to be moderators of specific paths in the models. These results suggest that rural families with low income, especially those who experience financial pressure, would benefit from mental health services that address maternal depression within the context of the family. Additionally, since depression and food insecurity are linked, mental health professionals should consider making families aware of food assistance programs for which they may qualify, and food assistance program personnel may consider partnering with mental health professionals.
Message-Response and “Openness” in Superior-Subordinate Communication

This study summarizes a field experiment analyzing relationships among “openness” of superior-subordinate communication, and attitudes toward five basic types of message-responses occurring in a dy...
The Discrete Fourier Transform

Fourier Series is a way to represent a function \(f(t) \in L^2[a, b]\) of a continuous variable t with a countable number of coefficients \(c_k\). Oftentimes, however, we are interested in representing a finite number of data points \(\{f(t_k)\}_{k=0}^{N-1}\) which probably come as samples of a function of a continuous variable t. We may not have enough information to represent the original function, but we would still like to know what its Fourier Transform looks like. We have three primary goals for our discrete Fourier Analysis: (1) having an accurate representation, (2) being able to calculate the representation quickly and easily, and (3) knowing what the coefficients of that representation represent. We will now try to accomplish these goals.
Coupling initial hydrogel microenvironments with mesenchymal stem cell remodeling to define a dynamic hematopoietic stem cell niche

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the bone marrow within discrete niches defined by a complex milieu of external signals including biophysical cues, bound and diffusible biomolecules, and heterotypic cell-cell interactions. Recent studies have shown the importance of autocrine-mediated feedback of cell-secreted signals and the interplay between matrix architecture and biochemical diffusion on hematopoietic stem cell activity. Autocrine and paracrine signaling from HSCs and niche-associated mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have both been suggested to support HSC maintenance in vivo and in vitro. Here we report the development of a library of methacrylamide-functionalized gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels to explore the balance between autocrine feedback and paracrine signals from co-encapsulated murine bone marrow MSCs on murine HSCs. The use of a degradable GelMA hydrogel enables the possibility for significant MSC-mediated remodeling, yielding dynamic shifts in the matrix environment surrounding HSCs. We identify a combination of an initially low-diffusivity (autocrine dominated) hydrogel and a 1:1 HSCP:MSC seeding ratio as conducive to enhanced HSC population maintenance. Further, gene expression and serial mechanical testing data suggests that MSC-mediated matrix remodeling is significant for the long-term HSC culture, reducing HSC autocrine feedback and potentially enhancing MSC-mediated paracrine signaling over 7-day culture in vitro. This work demonstrates the design of an HSC culture system that couples initial hydrogel properties, MSC co-culture, and concepts of dynamic reciprocity mediated by MSC remodeling to achieve enhanced HSC maintenance.
A Revision of Pomaria (Fabaceae) in North America

The genus Pomaria, described by Cavanilles in 1799 but subsequently submerged in either Caesalpinia or Hoffmannseggia, is treated here as a distinct genus and the North American species are revised. This revision provides a key, corrected nomenclature, new combinations, and descriptions for all North American species. One new species is described and distribution maps are provided for each of the nine species.
Sampling and interpolation in Hilbert spaces of entire functions

Sampling theory is the study of spaces of functions which are reconstructible from their values at certain sets of points, which gives rise to a sampling formula for the underlying space. For this, it is necessary to consider spaces of functions whose values at a set of points are well-defined. In this work we consider the sampling and interpolation problems in reproducing kernel Hilbert space of entire functions, called de Branges space. Functions in such space are square integrable on the real line with respect to some weight function, and satisfying some growth conditions. Some sampling and interpolation results in the Paley-Wiener spaces, which are a primary example of de Branges spaces, are reviewed. We develop necessary conditions for sampling and interpolating sequences which generalize some well-known sampling and interpolation results in the Paley-Wiener space. The proofs of the necessary conditions rely very much on the Homogeneous Approximation Property and the Comparison Theorem that we prove in de Branges space. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for Plancherel-Polya sequences, and sufficient conditions for interpolation in some de Branges spaces of exponential type.
Recent Studies of the Synthesis and Reactivity of Group 6 and 7 Transition Metal Compounds with Metal–Metal Bonds

Metal–metal bonded dinuclear compounds of Group 6 and 7 transition metals with several primary structural motifs and their reactivity toward halides and organic molecules are reviewed. The reactivities of dinuclear compounds of Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, and Re are discussed in context with reaction types (ligand metathesis, oxidative addition), the types of ligands (carbon, sulfur or nitrogen containing), or the ligand substituted in the original starting material (carbonyl). Since the depth and breadth of the chemistry is extensive, the categories are fairly general and some overlap between ligand types and reaction types occurs. A brief history followed by recent studies of each of these transition metal centers provides a general overview of the reactivity of these metal–metal bonded systems.
An Overview of the Protos Approach

This chapter provides an overview of how Protos represents concepts, performs classification, and learns. Protos represents concepts extensionally as collections of exemplars. Accompanying domain knowledge provides cohesiveness within these categories. Classification is a two-step process. The features of a new case provide hypotheses as to its classification. Protos seeks to verify a hypothesis by retrieving an appropriate exemplar and constructing an explanation of its similarity to the new case. When it cannot classify a new case or cannot explain a classification, Protos learns by interacting with its teacher. It selectively retains exemplars and explanations and formulates indices, which allow efficient retrieval during future problem solving. The Protos approach attempts to expand the bandwidth of communication between the teacher and learning system to reduce the amount of training required for concept acquisition. Protos autonomously learns the things that it can reasonably be expected to learn. It depends upon the interaction with the teacher to acquire the knowledge that is outside of the scope of its abilities.
Protective Role of Autophagy in Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation and Medial Thickening of Mouse Coronary Arteries

We hypothesized that autophagy and associated lysosome function serve as a critical modulator during Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome activation on proatherogenic stimuli. We first demonstrated that 7-ketocholesterol stimulated Nlrp3 inflammasome formation and activation as shown by increased colocalization of inflammasome components [Nlrp3 versus apoptosis associated speck-like protein (Asc) or caspase-1] and enhanced cleavage of caspase-1 into active caspase-1 to generate IL-1β in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Deletion of the CD38 gene (CD38−/−) that regulates lysosome function and autophagic flux also led to Nlrp3 inflammasome formation and activation. In the presence of rapamycin, the effects of either 7-ketocholesterol treatment or CD38 gene deletion were abolished. The autophagy inhibitor spautin-1 and the lysosome function blocker bafilomycin A1 also enhanced Nlrp3 inflammasome formation and activation. In animal experiments, we found that increased colocalization of Nlrp3 versus Asc or caspase-1 enhanced IL-1β accumulation and caspase-1 activity in the coronary arterial wall of CD38−/− mice on the Western diet compared with CD38+/+ mice. This increased colocalization was blocked by treatment with rapamycin but enhanced by chloroquine, a water-soluble blocker of autophagic flux. Morphologic examinations confirmed that the media of coronary arteries was significantly thicker in CD38−/− mice on the Western diet than CD38+/+ mice. In conclusion, the deficiency of autophagic flux promotes Nlrp3 inflammasome formation and activation in coronary artery smooth muscle cells on proatherogenic stimulation, leading to medial thickening of the coronary arterial wall.
Automating Systems Course Unit and Integration Testing: Experience Report

Introducing software testing has taken on a greater importance in undergraduate computer science curricula in the last several years, with many departments using JUnit or other testing frameworks in the programming sequence and software engineering courses. We have developed an automated framework for unit and integration testing and grading for our intermediate-level systems course projects. Our system--designed to test C programs--combines the Check unit testing framework, custom Bash scripts for integration testing, and the Valgrind Memcheck memory leak detection tool. Although our courses use Linux, the framework is platform-independent and has been tested on a variety of other platforms. We have used this framework for seven semesters with four different instructors as part of the computer science program at a primarily undergraduate university with an emphasis on liberal arts. We distribute both public and private tests so that students get immediate feedback on their progress without knowing the actual contents of every test. We have observed that knowing their code is not completely working motivates more students to figure out what they don't understand before the project deadline. It also gives students examples of different levels of tests to use to debug their code, encourages them to develop a deeper understanding of the project specification, and reduces student anxiety about grades.
Peak Sidelobe Level Gumbel Distribution of Antenna Arrays With Random Phase Centers

The maximum value of an antenna array’s sidelobe beampattern, or radiation pattern in the power domain, is an important parameter determining its performance. In this paper, when array antenna elements have random phase centers, we approximate the maximum sidelobe value, or peak sidelobe level, as a Gumbel distribution using the extreme value theory (EVT). Before the EVT result, an expression for the beampattern distribution at each angle in the array field of view is found. From this expression, the pointwise convergence of the difference between the beampattern and exponential distributions in the limit of a large number of antennas is obtained. Using the exponential distribution approximation, EVT is applied with samples of the beampattern. A bound is given for the difference between the beampattern sample maximum and its true maximum in the sidelobe region.
Resistin and adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) regulate the expression of genes related to insulin resistance in BNL CL.2 mouse liver cells.

Abstract Resistin is an adipokine produced in white adipose tissue that is thought to modulate insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues (such as liver, skeletal muscle or adipose tissue). Human and murine resistin molecules share only about 60% sequence homology. [1] Contrary to humans, in which resistin is secreted mostly by macrophages, Park and Ahima 2013 resistin in rodents is produced primarily by the mature adipocytes of the white adipose tissue. Although resistin can bind to toll-like receptor 4 (TLF4) activating proinflammatory responses in human and rodents, [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , [7] , [8] the inflammatory actions of resistin in human monocytes were found to be mediated by resistin binding to adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1). [9] In this study, we aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of resistin on the expression of various genes related to insulin resistance in mouse liver cells. Using BNL CL.2 cells, we investigated the effect of resistin in untransfected or CAP1 siRNA-transfected cells on the expression of 84 key genes involved in insulin resistance.
Can the CANTAB identify adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A controlled study.

We examined the diagnostic utility of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) for identifying adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The sample consis...
Does Gender Really Matter? Testing the Mediating Role of Public Service Motivation between Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Federal Agencies

Although a wide variety of studies have been conducted on the role of gender, public service motivation, and organizational citizenship behavior, the findings have not completely dispelled the susp...
Training, detraining, and retraining: Two 12-week respiratory muscle training regimens in a child with infantile-onset Pompe disease.

Background Respiratory muscle weakness is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with Pompe disease. We previously described the effects of our 12-week respiratory muscle training (RMT) regimen in 8 adults with late-onset Pompe disease [1] and 2 children with infantile-onset Pompe disease [2]. Case report Here we describe repeat enrollment by one of the pediatric participants who completed a second 12-week RMT regimen after 7 months of detraining. We investigated the effects of two 12-week RMT regimens (RMT #1, RMT #2) using a single-participant A-B-A experimental design. Primary outcome measures were maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP). Effect sizes for changes in MIP and MEP were determined using Cohen's d statistic. Exploratory outcomes targeted motor function. Relevance From pretest to posttest, RMT #2 was associated with a 25% increase in MIP and a 22% increase in MEP, corresponding with very large effect sizes (d= 2.92 and d= 2.65, respectively). Following two 12-week RMT regimens over 16 months, MIP increased by 69% and MEP increased by 97%, corresponding with very large effect sizes (d= 3.57 and d= 5.10, respectively). MIP and MEP were largely stable over 7 months of detraining between regimens. Magnitude of change was greater for RMT #1 relative to RMT #2.
Kinolab: A Digital Humanities Project for the Analysis of Film Language

This article describes Kinolab, a platform for the digital analysis of narrative film language. While the work of literary scholars has benefitted from the application of computational methodologie...
DPP9 directly sequesters the NLRP1 C-terminus to repress inflammasome activation

Abstract NLRP1 is a cytosolic inflammasome sensor that mediates activation of caspase-1, which in turn induces cytokine maturation and pyroptotic cell death1-6. Gain-of-function NLPR1 mutations cause skin inflammatory diseases including carcinoma, keratosis, and papillomatosis7-14. NLRP1 contains a unique function-to-find domain (FIIND) that autoproteolyzes into noncovalently associated subdomains15-18. Proteasomal degradation of the autoinhibitory N-terminal fragment (NT) activates NLRP1 by releasing the inflammatory C-terminal fragment (CT)19,20. Cytosolic dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9) interact with NLRP1, and small-molecule DPP8/9 inhibitors activate NLRP1 by poorly characterized mechanisms11,19,21. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the human NLRP1-DPP9 complex, alone and in complex with the DPP8/9 inhibitor Val-boroPro (VbP). Surprisingly, the NLRP1-DPP9 complex is a ternary complex comprised of DPP9, one intact FIIND of a non-degraded full-length NLRP1 (NLRP1-FL) and one NLRP1-CT freed by NT degradation. The N-terminus of the NLRP1-CT unfolds and inserts into the DPP9 active site but is not cleaved by DPP9, and this binding is disrupted by VbP. Structure-based mutagenesis reveals that the binding of NLRP1-CT to DPP9 requires NLRP1-FL and vice versa, and inflammasome activation by ectopic NLRP1-CT expression is rescued by co-expressing autoproteolysis-deficient NLRP1-FL. Collectively, these data indicate that DPP9 functions as a “bomb-diffuser” to prevent NLRP1-CTs from inducing inflammation during homeostatic protein turnover.
Investigating the flow induced corrosion of copper in chloride-containing solution at the atomistic scale

Abstract Metal aqueous corrosion is a common electrochemical phenomenon. Nonetheless, the metal corrosion simulations at the atomistic scale have not been well-established yet. In this study, several copper corrosion cases in aqueous solution with chloride ions are studied with molecular dynamics, especially the flow induced corrosion is studied for the first time to the best of our knowledge. The copper corrosion in two kinds of solutions, which are HCl and chloride ions solutions, are simulated with pre-developed reactive force field (ReaxFF) method. Here, particles diffusion, bonding among elements, and charge evolution are analyzed to understand the mechanisms of the cases. It is found that the electrolyte flowing and initial Cu surface can accelerate the corrosion process, illustrated by higher mean-squared displacement (MSD) and Cu average charge. Moreover, the initial rough surface has different effects for different electrolyte concentrations. This work may provide important references for fundamental understanding the mechanisms of copper corrosion in chloride-containing solutions at nanosized scale.
Reversal learning in young and middle-age neurotypicals: Individual difference reaction time considerations

Reversal learning is frequently used to assess components of executive function that contribute to understanding age-related cognitive differences. Reaction time (RT) is less characterized in the r...
To err is human: patient misinterpretations of prescription drug label instructions.

Abstract Objective To examine the nature and cause of patients’ misunderstanding common dosage instructions on prescription drug container labels. Methods In-person cognitive interviews including a literacy assessment were conducted among 395 patients at one of three primary care clinics in Shreveport, Louisiana, Jackson, Michigan and Chicago, Illinois. Patients were asked to read and demonstrate understanding of dosage instructions for five common prescription medications. Correct understanding was determined by a panel of blinded physician raters reviewing patient verbatim responses. Qualitative methods were employed to code incorrect responses and generate themes regarding causes for misunderstanding. Results Rates of misunderstanding for the five dosage instructions ranged from 8 to 33%. Patients with low literacy had higher rates of misunderstanding compared to those with marginal or adequate literacy (63% versus 51% versus 38%, p Conclusion Misunderstanding dosage instructions on prescription drug labels is common. While limited literacy is associated with misunderstanding, the instructions themselves are awkwardly phrased, vague, and unnecessarily difficult. Practice implications Prescription drug labels should use explicit dosing intervals, clear and simple language, within a patient-friendly label format. Health literacy and cognitive factors research should be consulted.
Intracavity Polarization Modulation in Optically Pumped Far-Infrared Lasers

A room temperature technique for modulating the plane of polarization of far-infrared (FIR) laser radiation is presented which is simple, lossless and has been demonstrated at high frequency (∼10 kHz).
Changes in Hip Capsule Morphology after Arthroscopic Treatment for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome with Periportal Capsulotomy are Correlated With Improvements in Patient-Reported Outcomes.

Purpose To assess the correlation between changes in hip capsule morphology with improvements in patient-reported outcome (PRO) scores after arthroscopic surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) using the periportal capsulotomy technique. Methods Twenty-eight patients with cam morphology FAIS (without arthritis, dysplasia, or hypermobility) were prospectively enrolled before arthroscopic labral repair and femoroplasty through periportal capsulotomy (anterolateral/midanterior portals) without closure. Patients completed the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (HOOS) and had nonarthrographic 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the affected hip before and 1 year after surgery. Anterior capsule thickness, posterior capsule thickness, anterior-posterior capsule thickness ratio, and proximal-distal anterior capsule thickness ratio were measured on axial-oblique MRI sequences. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the association between hip capsule morphology and PRO scores. Results Postoperative imaging showed that for all 28 patients (12 female), labral repairs and capsulotomies had healed within 1 year of surgery. Analysis revealed postoperative decreases in anterior hip capsule thickness (1395.4 ± 508.4 mm3 vs 1758.4 ± 487.9 mm3; P = .003) and anterior-posterior capsule thickness ratio (0.92 ± 0.33 vs 1.12 ± 0.38; P = .02). Higher preoperative anterior-posterior capsule thickness ratio correlated with lower preoperative scores for HOOS pain (R = −0.43; P = .02), activities of daily living (ADL) (R = −0.43; P = .02), and sport (R = −0.38; P = .04). Greater decrease from preoperative to postoperative anterior-posterior capsule thickness ratio correlated with greater improvement for HOOS pain (R = −0.40; P = .04), ADL (R = −0.45; P = .02), and sport (R = −0.46; P = .02). Conclusions Periportal capsulotomy without closure demonstrates capsule healing by 1 year after arthroscopic FAIS treatment. Changes in hip capsule morphology including decreased anterior-posterior capsule thickness ratio after surgery may be correlated with improvements in patient pain, function, and ability to return to sports. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective cohort study.
Structural organization of the C1b projection within the ciliary central apparatus

Abstract ‘9+2’ motile cilia contain 9 doublet microtubules and a central apparatus (CA) composed of two singlet microtubules with associated projections. The CA plays crucial roles in regulating ciliary motility. Defects in CA assembly or function usually result in motility-impaired or paralyzed cilia, which in humans causes disease. Despite their importance, the protein composition and functions of most CA projections remain largely unknown. Here, we combined genetic approaches and quantitative proteomics with cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging to compare the CA of wild-type Chlamydomonas with those of two CA mutants. Our results show that two conserved proteins, FAP42 and FAP246, are localized to the L-shaped C1b projection of the CA. We also identified another novel CA candidate protein, FAP413, which interacts with both FAP42 and FAP246. FAP42 is a large protein that forms the peripheral ‘beam’ of the C1b projection, and the FAP246-FAP413 subcomplex serves as the ‘bracket’ between the beam (FAP42) and the C1b ‘pillar’ that attaches the projection to the C1 microtubule. The FAP246-FAP413-FAP42 complex is essential for stable assembly of both the C1b and C1f projections, and loss of any of these proteins leads to ciliary motility defects. Our results provide insight into the subunit organization and 3D structure of the C1b projection, suggesting that the FAP246-FAP413-FAP42 subcomplex is part of a large interconnected CA-network that provides mechanical support and may play a role in mechano-signaling between the CA and radial spokes to regulate dynein activity and ciliary beating. Summary Statement The present work provides insight into the subunit organization and 3D structure of the C1b projection of CA and the mechanism by which it regulates dynein activity and ciliary beating.
How to use the Omni-Wrist III for dexterous motion: An exposition of the forward and inverse kinematic relationships

Abstract The Omni-Wrist III, invented by Ross-Hime Designs, Inc. (Rosheim, 1999, 2002), is a well known two-degree of freedom wrist mechanism that incorporates parallel links with double universal joints (N-UU). It has the advantage of singularity-free operation over the entire hemispherical work-space and maintains a constant axial distance between the two joints. These characteristics make it an appealing choice for mobile robotic appendages that require dexterous maneuvers. While the two active input joint angles are coupled, this paper presents an accessible exposition of the forward and inverse kinematics for the position and velocity of the mechanism. The novelty of this analysis lies in the parameterization of the kinematics in terms of the vector between the origins of the tool and space frames. The results of this paper provide concise equations that are readily implementable in simulation and on low power microcontrollers enabling the use of the Omni-Wrist III for highly dynamic mobile robot maneuvers.
Synthesis of 2,3-O-dibenzyl-6-O-sulfobutyl-α and β cyclodextrins: new chiral surfactants for capillary electrophoresis

Abstract Amphiphilic sodium hexakis(2,3-O-dibenzyl-6-O-sulfobutyl)cyclomaltohexaose and sodium heptakis(2,3-O-dibenzyl-6-O-sulfobutyl)cyclomaltoheptaose were synthesized in four steps. Pyrene fluorescence studies indicate micelle formation at 90 μM in water for both modified cyclodextrins (CDs). Both CDs offer potential as chiral micellar selectors for enantiomeric separations using capillary electrophoresis. Sodium heptakis(2,3-O-dibenzyl-6-O-sulfobutyl)cyclomaltoheptaose baseline resolved fluorescent cyanobenzylindole (CBI) derivatives of d / l -serine at concentrations of 50–200 μM.
Management history gurus of the 1990s: Their lives, their contributions

This paper discusses the lives and contributions of five key members of the Management History Division: Arthur G. Bedeian; Alfred A. Bolton; James C. Worthy (now deceased); Charles D. Wrege; and Daniel A. Wren. Each has proved himself a teacher and intellectual leader in matters of fundamental concern to management history.
Aromatase inhibitors and models for breast cancer

Two approaches that are used to ameliorate the growth effects of oestrogens on primary and metastastic breast cancers are the inhibition of oestrogen action by compounds interacting with oestrogen receptors (ERs; antioestrogens) and the inhibition of oestrogen synthesis by inhibitors of the enzyme, aromatase. Treatment with the antioestrogen, tamoxifen, has been an important therapeutic advance in breast cancer management for patients with ER-positive tumours. However, concerns exist about the long-term use of this antioestrogen. Although tamoxifen functions as an ER antagonist, it also exhibits weak or partial agonist properties. The antioestrogenic activity of tamoxifen is limited to its effects on breast tumour cells whereas in other regions of the body tamoxifen may actually function as an oestrogen agonist. This can lead to increased risk of hyperplasia of the endometrium and occasionally cancer and increased risk of strokes [1], [2]. These agonist effects of tamoxifen were realized from its inception [3]. Because of these concerns, we proposed selective inhibition of aromatase to reduce oestrogen production as a different strategy that is unlikely to be associated with oestrogenic effects. For this reason, aromatase inhibition could have greater antitumour efficacy than tamoxifen. The selective approach would not interfere with other cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the synthesis of essential hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone.