cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facial Identity Memory Is Enhanced When Sender's Expression Is Congruent to Perceiver's Experienced Emotion.

The role of the social context in facial identity recognition and expression recall was investigated by manipulating the sender’s emotional expression and the perceiver’s experienced emotion during encoding. A mixed-design with one manipulated between-subjects factor (perceiver’s experienced emotion) and two within-subjects factors (change in experienced emotion and sender’s emotional expression) was used. Senders’ positive and negative expressions were implicitly encoded while perceivers experienced their baseline emotion and then either a positive or a negative emotion. Facial identity recognition was then tested using senders’ neutral expressions. Memory for senders previously seen expressing positive or negative emotion was facilitated if the perceiver initially encoded the expression while experiencing a positive or a negative emotion, respectively. Furthermore, perceivers were confident of their decisions. This research provides a more detailed understanding of the social context by exploring how th...
Neuromuscular Junction Disorders and Myopathies

Complaints of weakness without sensory changes in the elderly must evoke the rare, but important, diagnostic categories of motor neuron disease (MND), neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disorders and myopathies. In this chapter we will discuss the last two diagnostic categories, with MND being covered elsewhere. These patients may present with ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia, dysarthria, dyspnea, muscle atrophy and weakness. These complaints are usually not accompanied by other neurologic signs such as spasticity, rigidity, brisk reflexes, ataxia, sensory loss or significant pain. Although other processes such as congenital myasthenic syndromes, botulism poisoning, secondary myopathies from endocrinopathies or steroid use, and even muscular dystrophies can present after the age of 65, the more common neuromuscular junction disorders seen in the elderly include myasthenia gravis (MG) and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS); and the more common myopathies include inflammatory myopathies such as inclusion body myositis (IBM) and necrotizing myopathies. Clues such as fluctuating weakness, slowly progressive weakness, distinct patterns of weakness, and laboratory and electrodiagnostic studies often help in the diagnosis of these disorders. In this chapter, we will review the clinical presentation, diagnostic workup and treatment of MG, LEMS, IBM, the immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies, and briefly touch on dermatomyositis and polymyositis.
Efficient Blind Image Deblurring Using Nonparametric Regression and Local Pixel Clustering

ABSTRACTBlind image deblurring is a challenging ill-posed problem. It would have an infinite number of solutions even in cases when an observed image contains no noise. In reality, however, observe...
Erectile Dysfunction Assessment and Management in Primary Care Practice

Appropriate management of erectile dysfunction (ED) is the same for providers of all specialties. With the advent of oral agents as first-line therapy for the treatment of ED, the path to discussion of ED and its treatment often winds through the primary care clinician’s office. (The term primary care clinician [PCC] is intended to include physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician’s assistants who provide primary care services to patients.) Indeed, on a national basis, approximately two-thirds of prescriptions for PDE5 inhibitors are written by PCCs. Because of the issues particularly pertinent to primary care, such as time constraints, multiple competing problems, long-term relationship with the patient, potential inclusion of the partner as a patient as well, an efficient and yet thorough management plan is essential.
Analyzing the reinforcement process at the human level: can application and behavioristic interpretation replace laboratory research?

Critics have questioned the value of human operant conditioning experiments in the study of fundamental processes of reinforcement. Contradictory results from human and animal experiments have been attributed to the complex social and verbal history of the human subject. On these grounds, it has been contended that procedures that mimic those conventionally used with animal subjects represent a “poor analytic preparation” for the explication of reinforcement principles. In defending the use of conventional operant methods for human research, we make three points: (a) Historical variables play a critical role in research on processes of reinforcement, regardless of whether the subjects are humans or animals. (b) Techniques are available for detecting, analyzing, and counteracting such historical and extra-experimental influences; these include long-term observations, steady state designs, and, when variables are not amenable to direct control (e.g., age, gender, species), selection of subjects with common characteristics. (c) Other forms of evidence that might be used to validate conditioning principles—applied behavior analysis and behavioristic interpretation—have inherent limitations and cannot substitute for experimental analysis. We conclude that human operant conditioning experiments are essential for the analysis of the reinforcement process at the human level, but caution that their value depends on the extent to which the traditional methods of the experimental analysis of behavior are properly applied.
Guiding combinatorial optimization with UCT

We propose a new approach for search tree exploration in the context of combinatorial optimization, specifically Mixed Integer Programming (MIP), that is based on UCT, an algorithm for the multi-armed bandit problem designed for balancing exploration and exploitation in an online fashion. UCT has recently been highly successful in game tree search. We discuss the differences that arise when UCT is applied to search trees as opposed to bandits or game trees, and provide initial results demonstrating that the performance of even a highly optimized state-of-the-art MIP solver such as CPLEX can be boosted using UCT's guidance on a range of problem instances.
Deadbeat unknown-input state estimation and input reconstruction for linear discrete-time systems

Abstract This paper considers discrete-time input reconstruction and state estimation assuming that the system has no invariant zeros, without assuming that the initial condition is known, and without assuming that at least one Markov parameter has full column rank. Algorithms based on the generalized inverse of a block-Toeplitz matrix are given for unknown-input state estimation and simultaneous input reconstruction and state estimation. In both cases, the unknown input is an arbitrary signal. Both algorithms are deadbeat, which means that exact input reconstruction and state estimation are achieved in a finite number of steps.
Decoupled Cascades of Kinetic and Magnetic Energy in Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

Magnetic energy (ME) and kinetic energy (KE) in ideal incompressible magnetohydrodynamics are not global invariants and, therefore, it has been justified to discuss only the cascade of their sum total energy. We provide a physical argument based on scale locality, along with compelling evidence that ME and KE budgets statistically decouple beyond a transitional ``conversion'' range. This arises because magnetic field-line stretching is a large-scale process which vanishes on average at intermediate and small scales within the inertial-inductive range, thereby allowing each of the mean ME and KE to cascade conservatively and at an equal rate, yielding a turbulent magnetic Prandtl number of unity over these scales.
Parameters associated with efficacy of epidural steroid injections in the management of postherpetic neuralgia: the Mayo Clinic experience

Purpose: Thirty percent of patients with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) receiving conservative treatment report unsatisfactory pain relief. Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are commonly used as a therapeutic intervention in these patients. In this study, we aimed to determine if there are variables that predict the efficacy of ESI in patients with PHN. Patients and methods: We retrospectively identified patients seen at Mayo Clinic who had PHN and received ESI. From their medical records, we abstracted the demographic variables, concurrent medication use, anatomic approach and medication for ESI, and degree of pain relief at 2 and 12 weeks' postintervention. Results: None of the studied variables were significantly associated with efficacy of ESI in patients with PHN. PHN that began <11 months before treatment was predictive of a response to ESI at 12 weeks postintervention (positive predictive value, 55%). Patients who reported poor ESI efficacy 2 weeks after the intervention had a 94% chance of still having pain at 12 weeks. Conclusion: For this cohort of patients with PHN being treated with ESI, no demographic characteristics, concurrently used medications, or type of ESI were associated with ESI treatment efficacy at 2 or 12 weeks after the intervention.
MICS Band Digital Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (DVCO) for Low-Power Biomedical Data Transmission

In a typical wireless transmission of medical data from implantable sensors devices Medical Implant Communication System (MICS) protocol with low-power, short-range (~2m), high-data-rate, 401–406 MHz communication network scheme is employed. This paper presents a digital voltage-controlled oscillator (DVCO) featuring low-power consumption, wide tuning range, and low phase noise suitable for use in wireless transmission of biomedical data employing MICS protocol. The circuit is realized in a 0.13-μm standard CMOS process and consumes less than 600-μW of power, achieves more than 15-MHz/V of analog tuning gain, 370-mV of voltage swing and -106 dBc/Hz of phase noise. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate potential application of the circuit in biomedical sensors system.
Teaching Young Adult Literature Today: Insights, Considerations, and Perspectives for the Classroom Teacher (second edition), Young Adult Nonfiction: Gateway to the Common Core, and Teaching Young Adult Literature

A review of Teaching Young Adult Literature Today: Insights, Considerations, and Perspectives for the Classroom Teacher (second edition), Young Adult Nonfiction: Gateway to the Common Core, and Teaching Young Adult Literature: Integrating, Implementing, and ReImagining the Common Core by Judith A. Hayn and Jeffrey S. Kaplan.
Perspectives on new strategies for the identification and development of insecticide targets

Abstract The discovery and development of new active ingredients to control arthropod populations and circumvent the inevitable evolution of insecticide resistance has been of consistent interest to the field of insecticide science. This interest has resulted in a slow, but steady increase in the diversity of chemical scaffolds and biochemical target sites within the insecticide arsenal over the past 70 years with growth from three biochemical target sites in the 1950s to 22 distinct biochemical targets in 2018. Despite this growth, the number of biochemical target sites for insecticides remains relatively limited when compared to human pharmaceuticals, which has approximately 700 distinct biochemical targets that are targeted by FDA approved drugs. Potential reasons for this large discrepancy between two closely related fields and putative mechanisms to enhance the identification of tractable biochemical targets for insecticides are discussed. Next, this perspective discusses the movement of insecticide science into the “genomic era” and for comparative purposes, I provide a retrospective analysis of the impact the release of the human genome had to human pharmaceutical development. Based on this analysis and because the fields of insecticide science and human pharmaceuticals mirror each other, researchers in the field of insecticide science would do well to heed the lessons learned by the human pharmaceutical industry and to carefully consider the challenges that arise from genomic approaches for chemical development. Lastly, I pose the question if the field of insecticide science would benefit from adapting an industry-academia model through the generation of industry-sponsored centers of excellence. The goal of this article is not to definitively describe strategies to enhance insecticide development, but rather present different thoughts on agrochemical development that will foster discussions among academic, government, and industry scientists to address current and future problems in the field of insecticide science.
Michel Foucault and Queer Ascesis: Toward a Pedagogy and Politics of Subversive Friendships

Stemming from a pedagogical interest in exploring ways of theoretically framing in classroom discussions the topic of gay-for-pay, this chapter is organized into two sections. In the first section, I engage with a close reading of Foucault’s (Michel Foucault: Ethics, subjectivity, and truth. The Free Press, New York, pp. 135–140, 1997a) interview “Friendship as a Way of Life,” considering passages that might be useful in helping to explicate and reflect on the concepts of ascesis and friendship, as well as other related ideas in the interview. In this first section, I especially explore the queer dimensions of Foucault’s ideas regarding homosexual ascesis and their entanglement with his reflections on gay politics. Drawing from the analyses and insights gleaned from this first section, and as a way to provide a contemporary example of what Foucault might have had in mind by “friendship as a way of life,” in the second section I examine an episode from a talk show that takes up the topic of gay-for-pay. By way of my analysis of this episode, I explore gay-for-pay as a strategy/technology of self-transformation, a queer ascesis (Halperin in Saint Foucault: Towards a gay hagiography. Oxford University Press, New York, 1995) that can be read as contributing to the cultivation of a “homosexual mode of life” (Foucault 1997a, p. 136), an art of living “at becoming homosexuals” that is eminently “desirable.” As a queer ascesis, gay-for-pay is necessarily relational—i.e., an ongoing ethical and transformative relation to oneself in relation to others that can engender new and creative and experimental forms of relationships and modes of being that are not beholden to the codes of institutionalized norms governing any number of relationships, including those between men (Kingston in Foucault Studies 7:7–17, 2009). In this way, given their potential to rupture “the normalisation of relationships” (Kingston 2009), these non-institutionalized relations based on a queer ascesis can be understood as “subversive friendships” (Kingston 2009).
Effects of Recreational Marijuana Legalization on College Students: A Longitudinal Study of Attitudes, Intentions, and Use Behaviors

Abstract Purpose As legal recreational marijuana use expands rapidly across the U.S., there is growing concern that this will lead to higher rates of use among college-aged young adults. Given the limited research addressing this issue, a longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the effects of legalizing recreational use on the attitudes, intentions, and marijuana use behaviors of college students in two different legalization contexts, Washington State and Wisconsin. Methods Survey data assessing marijuana attitudes, intentions, and use behavior were collected from 2011 to 2016 on a longitudinal cohort of 338 students at two large public universities in Washington and Wisconsin. Time series analyses were conducted to evaluate postlegalization changes in ever use, 28-day use, and mean attitude and intention-to-use scores in Washington state, using Wisconsin participants as the control group. Results Ever use, attitude, and intention-to-use scores did not change significantly more in Washington after legalization than in Wisconsin. However, among prior users, the proportion using in the last 28 days rose faster in Washington after legalization that it did in Wisconsin (p Conclusions The findings suggest that legalization had the greatest effects on current marijuana users, who are surrounded by a climate that is increasingly supportive of its use.
Dynamics in a simple evolutionary-epidemiological model for the evolution of an initial asymptomatic infection stage.

Pathogens exhibit a rich variety of life history strategies, shaped by natural selection. An important pathogen life history characteristic is the propensity to induce an asymptomatic yet productive (transmissive) stage at the beginning of an infection. This characteristic is subject to complex trade-offs, ranging from immunological considerations to population-level social processes. We aim to classify the evolutionary dynamics of such asymptomatic behavior of pathogens (hereafter “latency”) in order to unify epidemiology and evolution for this life history strategy. We focus on a simple epidemiological model with two infectious stages, where hosts in the first stage can be partially or fully asymptomatic. Immunologically, there is a trade-off between transmission and progression in this first stage. For arbitrary trade-offs, we derive different conditions that guarantee either at least one evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) at zero, some, or maximal latency of the first stage or, perhaps surprisingly, at least one unstable evolutionarily singular strategy. In this latter case, there is bistability between zero and nonzero (possibly maximal) latency. We then prove the uniqueness of interior evolutionarily singular strategies for power-law and exponential trade-offs: Thus, bistability is always between zero and maximal latency. Overall, previous multistage infection models can be summarized with a single model that includes evolutionary processes acting on latency. Since small changes in parameter values can lead to abrupt transitions in evolutionary dynamics, appropriate disease control strategies could have a substantial impact on the evolution of first-stage latency.
Suppressors of mRNA decapping defects isolated by experimental evolution ameliorate transcriptome disruption without restoring mRNA decay

Faithful degradation of mRNAs is a critical step in gene expression, and eukaryotes share a major conserved mRNA decay pathway. In this major pathway, the two rate determining steps in mRNA degradation are the initial gradual removal of the poly(A) tail, followed by removal of the cap structure. Removal of the cap structure is carried out by the decapping enzyme, containing the Dcp2 catalytic subunit. While the mechanism and regulation of mRNA decay is well-understood, the consequences of defects in mRNA degradation are less clear. Dcp2 has been reported as either essential or nonessential. Here we clarify that Dcp2 is essential for continuous growth and use experimental evolution to identify suppressors of this essentiality. We show that null mutations in at least three different are each sufficient to restore viability to a dcp2∆, of which kap123∆ and tl(gag)g∆ appear the most specific. Unlike previously reported suppressors of decapping defects, these suppressor do not restore decapping or mRNA decay to normal rates, but instead allow survival while only modestly affecting transcriptome homeostasis. These effects are not limited to mRNAs, but extend to ncRNAs including snoRNAs and XUTs. These results provide important new insight into the importance of decapping and resolves previously conflicting publications about the essentiality of DCP2. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
The American College of Radiology Fluoroscopy Dose Index Registry Pilot: Technical Considerations and Dosimetric Performance of the Interventional Fluoroscopes

Abstract Purpose To characterize the accuracy and consistency of fluoroscope dose index reporting and report rates of occupational radiation safety hardware availability and use, trainee participation in procedures, and optional hardware availability at pilot sites for the American College of Radiology (ACR) Fluoroscopy Dose Index Registry (DIR). Materials and Methods Nine institutions participated in the registry pilot, providing fluoroscopic technical and clinical practice data from 38 angiographic C-arm–type fluoroscopes. These data included measurements of the procedure table and mattress transmission factors and accuracy measurements of the reference-point air kerma (Ka,r) and air kerma–area product (PKA). The accuracy of the radiation dose indices were analyzed for variation over time by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Sites also self-reported information on availability and use of radiation safety hardware, hardware configuration of fluoroscopes, and trainee participation in procedures. Results All Ka,r and PKA measurements were within the ±35% regulatory limit on accuracy. The mean absolute difference between correction factors for a given system in fluoroscopic and acquisition mode was 0.03 (95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.03). For the 28 fluoroscopic imaging planes that provided data for 3 time points, ANOVA yielded an F value of 0.134 with an F-critical value of 3.109 (P = .875). Conclusions This publication provides the technical and clinical framework pertaining to the ACR Fluoroscopy DIR pilot and offers necessary context for future analysis of the clinical procedure radiation-dose data collected.
Molecular Insights into Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pathobiology: Dissecting the Interplay between Cellular Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion

In December 2019, outbreak of a novel coronavirus flared in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province, China. The identified pathogen was an enveloped RNA betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), because the continual spread of this deadly and highly infectious virus is a health emergency for all world nations. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with severe atypical pneumonia coronavirus disease-19. Typical symptoms of this disease include fever, malaise, cough, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, death. As the virus continues to invade host cells deep into alveoli, infection severity mostly depends on the undeterred immune response that is triggered by elevated levels of inflammation-inducing cytokines, called a cytokine storm. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the viral life cycle and immunological responses associated with the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Prospective Fellows’ Appraisal of Hand Surgery Fellowships

Purpose The nature and focus of hand surgery fellowships has been shown to vary. Compounding this issue is a paucity of information regarding the educational goals and desires of prospective fellows. The purpose of this study was to understand applicant motivation for pursuing a fellowship and the most important components of these fellowships. Methods We performed an anonymous survey of all the candidates who applied for a hand surgery fellowship during the 2019–2020 academic year to establish general demographic information, preferences regarding fellowship size, and the importance of various educational and logistical components. We also recorded self-reported comfort level in treating pathologies encountered during a hand-focused subspecialty practice. Results The most important motivation cited for pursuing a fellowship in hand surgery was the “complexity and variety of cases” (n = 55, 90%). The 5 most important desired components of a fellowship were the exposure to “bread and butter” hand surgery (n = 35, 57%), ability to take level 1 hand call (n = 26, 43%), exposure to complex wrist reconstruction (n = 26, 43%) or peripheral nerve surgery/transfers (n = 23, 38%), and soft tissue coverage including free flaps (n = 19, 31%). Further analysis revealed that the orthopedic surgery residents frequently rated exposure to level 1 call (n = 20, 45%) as 1 of their 3 most important characteristics, whereas the plastic/general surgery residents frequently ranked exposure to complex wrist reconstruction (n = 16, 38%) as 1 of their 3 most important characteristics. The components of a fellowship that received the fewest selections into an applicant’s top 3 components were exposure to shoulder surgery (n = 1, 1.64%), education regarding practice building/billing (n = 2, 3.2%), and the ability to conduct research (n = 4, 6.5%). Conclusions Most applicants pursue a subspecialty training in hand surgery because of the field’s variety and breadth of cases. The applicants prioritize exposure to “bread and butter” cases in conjunction with both complex soft tissue and microsurgical reconstruction. Clinical relevance Assisting hand fellowships in understanding what is most important to prospective fellows will allow for appropriate recruitment and development of the field of hand surgery in general.
The impact of age and genetics on naltrexone biotransformation.

Naltrexone (NTX), an opioid antagonist primarily metabolized by Aldo-Keto Reductase 1C4 (AKR1C4), treats pediatric conditions involving compulsiveness (e.g., autism spectrum, Prader-Willi, eating disorders, non-suicidal self-injury). Pharmacokinetic variability is apparent in adults, yet no data are available for children. This study aimed to examine the impact of age and genetic variation on naltrexone biotransformation. Human liver cytosol (HLC) samples (n=163) isolated from children and adult organ donors were incubated with therapeutically relevant concentrations of NTX (0.1, 1 µM). NTX biotransformation was determined by UPLC-MS/MS quantification of the primary metabolite, 6-beta-naltrexol (6βN), and 6βN formation rates (pmol/mg protein/min) were calculated. HLCs from organ donors, age range 0-79 y (mean 16.0{plus minus}18.2 y), 37% (n=60) female, 20% (n=33) heterozygous and 1.2% (n=2) homozygous for co-occurring AKR1C4 variants (S145C/L311V) showed >200-fold range in 6βN formation (0.37-76.5 pmol/mg protein/min). Source of donor samples was found to be a substantial contributor to variability. Model estimates for a trimmed data set of source-adjusted pediatric samples (aged 0-18y) suggested that AKR1C4 genetic variation, age and sex explained 36% of the variability in 6βN formation. Although activity increased steadily from birth and peaked in middle childhood (2-5 years), genetic variation (S145C/L311V) demonstrated a greater effect on activity than did age. NTX biotransformation is highly variable in pediatric and adult livers and can be partly accounted for by individual factors feasible to obtain (e.g., genetic variability, age, sex). These data may inform a precision therapeutics approach (e.g., exposure optimization) to further study NTX responsiveness in children and adults. Significance Statement Biotransformation of the commonly used opioid antagonist, naltrexone, is highly variable and may contribute to reduced therapeutic response. Age, sex and genetic variation in the drug metabolizing enzyme, AKR1C4, are potential factors contributing to this variability. In pediatric samples, genetic variation (S145C/L311V) demonstrates a greater impact on activity than age. Additionally, the source of donor samples was identified as an important contributor and must be accounted for to confidently elucidate the biological variables most impactful to drug biotransformation.
Public Goods and the Property Tax: A Theoretical Analysis

In this paper a property tax model is constructed in which the proceeds of the property tax are used to provide a public good. Generally speaking, it is argued that public provision of public goods will not be Pareto optimal in that public provision will result in the oversupply of public goods.
Limits to the Effect of Substrate Roughness or Smoothness on the Odd–Even Effect in Wetting Properties of n-Alkanethiolate Monolayers

This study investigates the effect of roughness on interfacial properties of an n-alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and uses hydrophobicity to demonstrate the existence of upper and lower limits. This article also sheds light on the origin of the previously unexplained gradual increase in contact angles with increases in the size of the molecule making the SAM. We prepared Au surfaces with a root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of ∼0.2–0.5 nm and compared the wetting properties of n-alkanethiolate (C10–C16) SAMs fabricated on these surfaces. Static contact angles, θs, formed between the SAM and water, diethylene glycol, and hexadecane showed an odd–even effect irrespective of the solvent properties. The average differences in subsequent SAME and SAMO are Δθs|n – (n+1)| ≈ 1.7° (n = even) and Δθs|n – (n+1)| ≈ 3.1° (n = odd). A gradual increase in θs with increasing length of the molecule was observed, with values ranging from water 104.7–110.7° (overall Δθs = 6.0° while for the evens ΔθsE = 4.4° an...
Teaching QM: True, Trivial, Inevitable

Quantum Mechanics can (and should) be taught so as to bring out the utter simplicity of its origin, and its inevitable character. There are mysteries in the universe, but QM is not one of them.
The critical role of peptide chemistry in the life sciences

Peptide chemistry plays a key role in the synthesis and study of protein molecules and their functions. Modern ligation methods enable the total synthesis of enzymes and the systematic dissection of the chemical basis of enzyme catalysis. Predicted developments in peptide science are described. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Just the Facts? The Separation of Sex Education from Moral Education

In this essay Sharon Lamb considers how progressives have begun to win the longstanding battle to shape sex education and what they have had to give up in the process. After framing the battle in historical context, Lamb uses discourse analysis to explore the hidden values in the ''evidence-based'' (EB) curricula that progressives currently favor and that pass for neutral today. As her analysis reveals, EB curricula privilege three discourses — a discourse of science, a discourse of healthy choices (with an emphasis on individuals), and a discourse of efficacy — all of which are grounded in ideology and serve to legitimize certain kinds of knowledge while undermining other kinds. Lamb concludes by proposing eight tenets for the future of sexuality education, which are intended to displace the eight tenets codified by proponents of abstinence-only-until-marriage sexuality education. Sex education in the United States has long been a battleground for at least two competing factions who differ in their perspectives about parents' and children's rights, their understanding of the impact of information on the sexual behavior of adolescents, and their willingness to focus on ''values.'' These two factions today are comprised of abstinence-only-until-marriage (AOUM) advocates and comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) advocates. The curricula endorsed by these factions have been formed by the politics of the last three decades such that AOUM curricula has had almost free rein to teach values to students (within an abstinence framework), while CSE curricula have been reduced to offering anything but a comprehensive sexuality education. CSE advocates have been forced to reframe and narrow their curricula to focus primarily on information that has been shown to delay first sex and reduce pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These curricula are now often described as ''evidence-based'' (EB) curricula. In short, at this juncture, AOUM curricula continue to present lessons on values, and EB curricula can only teach ''the facts'' and for the most part only those facts that have been shown to delay first sex and to prevent pregnancy and STIs. This essay describes the history leading up to this ceding to the political right the authority to talk about values with regard to sex and the problems that have arisen from this purportedly more neutral approach to sex education in schools. I ask the following question: How have progressives begun to win the battle to shape sex education, and what did they have to give up in order to win it? I also examine through a discourse analysis the hidden values in the EB curricula that pass for neutral today.
Abstract 3036: Basal stem cells contribute to squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The cells of origin of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) are unknown. We used a cell lineage tracing approach (adult K14-CreERTAM; ROSA 26 mice transiently treated with tamoxifen) to identify and track normal epithelial stem cells (SCs) in mouse tongues by X-gal staining and to determine if these cells become neoplastically transformed by treatment with a carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO). Here we show that in normal tongue epithelia, X-gal(+) cells formed thin columns throughout the entire epithelium 12 weeks after tamoxifen treatment, indicating that the basal layer contains long lived SCs that produce progeny by asymmetric division to maintain homeostasis. Carcinogen treatment results in a ∼ 10 fold reduction in the total number of X-gal(+) clonal cell populations and horizontal expansion of X-gal(+) clonal cell columns, a pattern consistent with symmetric division of some SCs. Finally, X-gal(+) SCs are present in papillomas and invasive OCSCCs, and these long-lived X-gal(+) SCs are the cells of origin of these tumors. Moreover, the resulting 4-NQO induced tumors are multi-clonal. These findings provide insights into the identity of the initiating cells of oral cancer. Citation Format: Xiao-Han Tang, Theresa Scognamiglio, Lorraine Gudas. Basal stem cells contribute to squamous cell carcinomas in the oral cavity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3036. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3036
Discrete Quantum Gravity Is Not Isometric

We show that if a discrete quantum gravity is not classical, then it cannot be generated by an isometric dynamics. In particular, we show that if the quantum measure {\mu} (or equivalently the decoherence functional) is generated by an isometric dynamics, then there is no in- terference between events so the system describing evolving universes is classical. The result follows from a forbidden configuration in the path space of causal sets.
Tracker-node Model for Energy Consumption in Reconfigurable Processing Systems

In this paper, we present an energy dissipation model for reconfigurable systems in which FPGAs have the property of online reprogramming. The proposed system contains regular nodes and one control node. Each regular node contains both CPU - capable of software processing, and FPGA unit which after being programmed with bitstream serves as the hardware processing parts. Nodes are connected in some structure and the connections form the transport layer. The system is capable of processing tasks in a distributed manner and communication, control and processing parts are taken into consideration in the energy equations. The model has also been used for algorithms that formed the complete system that is used for experimentation.
How many cellular licences should there be?: The economic feasibility☆

Abstract Regulators are awarding an increasing number of cellular telephony licences in each market. This Comment uses the experience of several European countries to assess how far that trend should continue, from the points of view of the regulators and the established operators. It concludes that, as part of a wider regulatory mix, regulators can use any number of licences to achieve their objectives; and that consequently there are actions that established operators can take to satisfy regulators with fewer licences, and so minimize in a constructive way the number of players in their markets.
Differential Regulation of Zinc Transporter 1, 2, and 4 mRNA Expression by Dietary Zinc in Rats

Zinc metabolism is well regulated over a wide range of dietary intakes to help maintain cellular zinc-dependent functions. Expression of transporter molecules, which influence zinc influx and efflux across the plasma and intracellular membranes, contributes to this regulation. We have examined in rats the comparative response of zinc transporters 1, 2, and 4 (ZnT-1, ZnT-2 and ZnT-4) to dietary zinc. ZnT-1 and ZnT-4 are expressed ubiquitously, whereas ZnT-2 is limited to small intestine, kidney, placenta and, in some cases, the liver. When zinc intake was low ( ZnT-1 > ZnT-4. These data provide evidence that, in an animal model, zinc transporter expression is responsive to zinc under physiologically relevant conditions.
A Conceptual Framework for the Institutionalization of Youth Service Programs in Primary and Secondary Education.

Abstract Founded upon three principles, the paper presents a conceptual frame-work that lays the important philosophical, structural, and programmatic foundations upon which K-12 service programs may be built. The philosophical principle is based on results from service program studies that have focused on the educational outcomes of students engaged in service. The structural principles is presented through a comprehensive rubric that identifies nine possible ways to structure K-12 service programs. The programmatic principle is based on 12 important issues that should be addressed to ensure program institutionalization.
Light potentiation of photosynthetic oxygen evolution inhibition by water soluble chemical modifiers.

Abstract Oxygen evolution was inhibited after reacting chloroplast membranes with four different water soluble protein modification reagents. Photosystem II photochemistry was not affected, whown by unimpaired oxidation of an alternate PSII donor, diphenyl carbazide. Concomitant with oxygen evolution inhibition by the diazonium reagent, there was a four-fold increase in covalent binding of the compound to the membranes, suggesting an electron transport dependent conformational change is involved in the effect. PSI cyclic electron flow with DCMU present did not potentiate the oxygen evolution inhibition nor the increased diazo coupling, indicating that the effect is not simply a manifestation of the same energized state driven by cyclic electron flow. Since the effects are due to non-membrane penetrating reagents, we conclude that a protein component associated with oxygen evolution is localized at the external surface of grana membranes.
Diagnosis and treatment of children with severe influenza A from the 2009/2010 pandemic in Tianjin, China:

The clinical characteristics and treatments of severe influenza A (H1N1) in infected children were discussed and analysed. We found that such severe cases predominantly manifested respiratory symptoms; symptoms affecting the nervous system are also rare but dangerous. The clinical data of eight children with severe influenza A (H1N1) were analysed retrospectively. These children generally manifested fever and flu-like symptoms, short-term aggravation with dyspnoea. One case exhibited neurological symptoms. After continuous positive airway pressure and immunological regulation were administered, the clinical symptoms gradually improved. Patients with severe influenza A (H1N1) manifested respiratory tract symptoms. Those exhibiting neurological symptoms were seriously affected. Physical signs were regularly monitored and laboratory examination was conducted in order to determine the causes of severe illness. The treatments were adjusted accordingly.
Educational Technology at the Crossroads: New Mindsets and New Directions.

Educational technology seems to be suffering from an identity crisis. Many exciting things are happening in the field, but increasingly we educational technologists find ourselves on the sidelines in our own ballgame. People from other disciplines are taking an interest in educational technology, but they show little interest in our knowledge base (often even little awareness that it exists!) and little interest in our professional organizations and publications. Why is this happening? What can we do about it? To what extent might our mindset be the problem? What new directions do we need to pursue to improve the health and value of our field? These are the central issues which this article discusses.
Promise and perils of digital psychiatry

Internet interventions and digital tools like cellular phones have tremendous potential to affect patient care positively; effects are rapidly expanding around the world, including in Asia (Aggarwal, 2012). However, in utilizing digital tools, such as text messaging or telepsychiatry, psychiatrists must be cognizant of the risks that their technology use may infringe on duties to maintain clinical, ethical, and legal standards of care. Because technologies, such as social media, are advancing at rates that may outpace professional or legal/ethical standards, it is difficult for clinicians to remain current with best practices; this difficulty affects many digital psychiatric tools, including text messaging, email, video chatting, social networking, websites, and blogs. This article aims to provide clinicians with information regarding potential pitfalls in technology usage, as well as to offer suggestions to ameliorate risk. Of course, nothing in this article should be construed as legal advice.
Influence of hydrogen bonding on the viscosity of coal liquids

Abstract Viscosity, infrared, and proton magnetic resonance studies are reported on the SRC II process solvent (before fractionation), and its acid + neutral fraction, and on the interaction of these coal liquids with quinoline and triethylamine. The results obtained with the coal liquids and with several model compounds suggest that hydrogen bonding involving largely phenolic OH and nitrogen-containing bases, OH…N, gives rise to protontransfer complexes, O − … p HN, which is in part responsible for the viscosity and non-Newtonian flow of the coal liquids.
How Should Reading Disabilities Be Operationalized? A Survey of Practicing School Psychologists

School psychologists' perceptions of how reading disabilities (RD) should be operationalized were examined and compared to those of journal editorial board members in the learning disabilities field (Speece & Shekitka, 2002). Participants were practicing school psychologists drawn from the membership directory of the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). The sample consisted of 549 participants and was generally representative of the demographic characteristics of NASP membership at large. Results indicated that over 75% of participants endorsed using treatment validity/response to intervention (RTI), cognitive processing, and phonemic awareness as components of RD operationalization. A large percentage (61.9%) also endorsed use of an IQ-achievement discrepancy criterion. Statistically significant differences were found between the endorsements of this study's participants and those in the Speece and Shekitka (2002) study, with our participants reporting higher endorsement of RTI, cognitive processing, and IQ-achievement discrepancy criteria.
Breast-screening brawl.

Letters from: [ James Sowinski ][1] [ Helen Hansma ][1] [ Daniel B. Kopans ][1] I am grateful for the News & Comment section, which gives the details of scientific news stories. I read the article “The breast screening brawl” by Gary Taubes (21 Feb., p. [1056][2]; see also Letters, 14
Treatment costs, equilibrium, and the allocation of patiens to therapy alternatives

This paper addresses the problem of increasing costs (or decreasing returns) in the treatment of patients within health care systems. We examine the implications of such a situation for (1) the allocation of patients to alternative drug therapies within a disease area; and (2) the proportions of patients being treated within the disease area to the total patient population as a function of the equilibrium conditions for maximized health care outcomes, given alternative assumptions about the existence of budget constraints on the resources allocated to the disease area. The reason for considering these issues (in this case, from a purely theoretical perspective) is that such a model and the assumptions that drive it stand in marked contrast to those underlying (implicitly if not explicitly) the traditional approach to cost-effectiveness modeling. In traditional cost-effectiveness analysis, the assumption is that costs and outcomes exhibit constant returns to scale and that the process of patient selection and the characteristics of the treating population need not be taken into account. However, our analysis demonstrates that once the assumption of constant returns in abandoned, any assessment of the net impact of therapeutic interventions can be made only within an equilibrium, or comparative static, framework that is subject to budget constraints and in which the cost functions that drive patterns of switching between therapies are specified. Under such conditions, the traditional, clinical-trial-based notion of cost-effectiveness loses all meaning.
Analysis of enantiomeric excess using mass spectrometry: fast atom bombardment/sector and electrospray ionization/Fourier transform mass spectrometric approaches

Abstract The utility of fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionization on a sector mass spectrometer, and of electrospray ionization (ESI) on a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, for enantiomeric excess measurements was explored. Both methods involved the same host–guest system: (R,R)- or (S,S)-dimethyldiketopyridino-18-crown-6 (host) and α-(1-naphthyl)ethylammonium (guest). Both use an achiral amine (benzylamine for the FAB experiments, cyclohexylamine for the ESI experiments) as an internal reference compound and involve competitive complexation of the achiral and chiral amines with the chiral host. The FAB experiments are shown to give stable, reproducible results, but exhibit a smaller degree of enantiodiscrimination than the ESI experiments. The ESI experiments, which involve measurement of apparent guest exchange equilibrium constants, show a linear relationship between apparent equilibrium constant and enantiomeric excess. The apparent equilibrium constant is shown to be a composition-weighted average of the equilibrium constants for the two pure enantiomers. Enantiomeric impurities as small as about 2% can currently be detected.
Removing multiples and imaging and inverting primaries beneath a complex ill- defined overburden: defining and addressing the pressing seismic challenge

Summary An outstanding seismic exploration challenge faced by the petroleum industry is the inability to effectively image and invert seismic data for potential hydrocarbon targets beneath highly complex heterogeneous, rapidly varying, media and/or beneath a rapidly varying and corrugated boundary. The inverse scattering task specific subseries method represents a direct and comprehensive response to that challenge, with its delivered promise of the most inclusive and effective set of multiple removal algorithms; and, the ongoing development of algorithms that directly depth image and invert primaries without knowing or determining any subsurface information, whatsoever. In this paper, we first describe the pressing seismic challenge, and then present an overview and update of the direct response of the inverse scattering series to that set of outstanding significant problems. We describe and exemplify the evolution of concepts, algorithms, and recent progress; and, we discuss plans and open issues.