cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D printed sample tubes for solid-state NMR experiments.

Abstract The availability of 3D printers and an assortment of polymers that can be fashioned into a wide variety of shapes provides opportunities to rethink the design and construction of probes for NMR spectroscopy. The direct interfacing of computer aided design (CAD) with precise 3D printing enables the simplification and optimization of probes through the rapid production of components. Here we demonstrate the use of 3D printing to fully integrate a permanent former for the radiofrequency (RF) coil with the sample chamber (equivalent to the sample tube). This simultaneously increases the sample volume and improves the filling factor within a fixed outer diameter (OD). It also reduces the space lost in dual coil arrangements where a high frequency resonator is positioned outside a solenoid coil tuned to one or more lower frequencies, making multiple-resonance experiments more efficient. The initial applications demonstrate the possibilities for future designs that reimagine the interface between resonators and the liquid, solid, and heterogeneous samples encountered in NMR studies of biomolecules, polymers, surfaces, and spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) of biological organs and intact organisms.
‘Reason’s Sympathy’ and its Foundations in Productive Imagination

This paper argues that Kant endorses a distinction between rational and natural sympathy, and it presents an interpretation of rational sympathy as a power of voluntary a posteriori productive imagination. In rational sympathy we draw on the imagination’s voluntary powers (a) to subjectively unify the contents of intuition, in order to imaginatively put ourselves in others’ places, and (b) to associate imagined intuitional contents with the concepts others use to convey their feelings, in such a way that those contents prompt feelings in us that are like their feelings.
Toward Jerusalem: A journey of the eternal now (A Sermon):

This article is a theological-ethical Lenten sermon that attempts to discern the transcendent themes in the narrative of Luke 9-19 with an especial focus upon “setting the face toward Jerusalem” an...
COVID-19 diagnosis using model agnostic meta-learning on limited chest X-ray images

In the past year, detection of Coronavirus infection has demonstrated itself to be a challenging task. The gold standard for detection, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, has a few shortcomings, including high false negative rates, long turn-around times, and limited availability. Applying machine learning for automatic analysis on chest X-rays can overcome these issues, but the limited amount of data with which to train inhibits development of robust deep neural networks. In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of performing few-shot learning to classify COVID-19 chest X-rays by utilizing a Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) algorithm. We compare the improved variant of MAML, named MAML++, to other state-of-the-art machine learning strategies and demonstrate the robust and superior performance in classification accuracy. In addition, we explore the effect of the number of images made available to the sub-learners used for training MAML++ and show that increasing the number of images leads to diminishing returns in performance. Lastly, we compare MAML++ to the original MAML algorithm and discuss the shortcomings of MAML-based algorithms in classification problems.
Comparative study of the Nicotiana species with respect to water deficit tolerance during early growth

Sixty Nicotiana species were examined for tolerance against various osmotica for seed germination and seedling growth in vitro. The species showed a wide variety of tolerance, and based on the results of the in vitro tests, 31 species were selected and further evaluated for salt and drought tolerance in a glasshouse. The degrees of tolerance of germination among the 57 species toward NaCl were approximately related to those toward mannitol, indicating that the osmolarity plays a majorrole in seed germination. However, the responses during the seedling growth differed in NaCl and mannitol or drought, and there was no correlation between salt and drought tolerance. Based on the responses in vitro and in the glasshouse, N. paniculata and N. excelsior were selected as the salt tolerant species, and N. arentsii as the salt sensitive species. The degrees of accumulation of dry matter and of Na+ in the leaves were different in the two tolerant species; during NaCl treatment, N. paniculata and N. arentsii accumulated less dry matter relative to the control plants than N. excelsior, and N. paniculata accumulated more Na+ in its leaves than N. excelsior and N. arentsii. It is assumed that the two salt tolerant species have different mechanisms for tolerance to the salt.
Production of IL-10 by CD4+ regulatory T cells during the resolution of infection promotes the maturation of memory CD8+ T cells

Memory CD8(+) T cells are critical for host defense upon reexposure to intracellular pathogens. We found that interleukin 10 (IL-10) derived from CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Treg cells) was necessary for the maturation of memory CD8(+) T cells following acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Treg cell-derived IL-10 was most important during the resolution phase, calming inflammation and the activation state of dendritic cells. Adoptive transfer of IL-10-sufficient Treg cells during the resolution phase 'restored' the maturation of memory CD8(+) T cells in IL-10-deficient mice. Our data indicate that Treg cell-derived IL-10 is needed to insulate CD8(+) T cells from inflammatory signals, and reveal that the resolution phase of infection is a critical period that influences the quality and function of developing memory CD8(+) T cells.
Corporate Law: A Historical Perspective of the Supreme Court’s Corporate Law Decisions from the Nineteenth Century to the Present

This encyclopedia article analyzes the development of the corporation in the United States from the time America’s financial infrastructure was envisioned by Alexander Hamilton to the present effect of multinational corporate policy on a globalized world. Corporations grew on the foundation of a robust stock market and the creation of a national bank permitted by the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Constitution’s necessary and proper clause in M’Culloch v. Maryland. The Federal Reserve System was created to avoid the ill effects of stock market crashes, and federal securities laws were enacted to protect investors. On the other hand, management was protected from liability by treating corporations as separate legal entities, a concept which is a legal fallacy but which continued to be used for centuries. Breaches of fiduciary duty were addressed by a federal corporate governance structure that overlay state governance laws, but it was not until the corporate scandals of the recent past (such as Enron) that Congress created a federal governance statute (the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002) under its commerce powers to regulate interstate activity. The developing awareness of the need to curb the greed of corporate behavior and establish increased responsibility of management extends not only to the shareholder (in terms of profits) but also to society as a whole. Evidence of this extension is the greening movement now beginning to be seen in corporate America. Furthermore, the growth of corporations to multinational status has raised the need to consider the impact of deleterious policies on foreign nationals. The article provides an insightful snapshot of American corporate activity and its legal structure, both of which have been a boon and a bane for economic life in the United States.
Influence of dips, modified atmospheric packaging, and storage time on the enzymatic discoloration of processed raw potatoes

Abstract Raw Centennial Russet potatoes were either peeled whole, peeled and cut into French fry cuts or peeled and sliced in American potato chip form into 22°C water or into either of two commercial anti-browning solutions at 22°C as per manufacturer directions. The resulting products were drained and placed and sealed in polyethylene bags with no effort, to remove air, vacuum sealed, or the air removed and replaced with either 20% CO 2 /80% N 2 or 80% CO 2 /20% N 2 . All products were then placed in a 4°C cooler and subjectively evaluated for color darkening at 4–5 day intervals for up to 58 days of storage. The resulting data clearly demonstrated that the type of dip and modified atmosphere, as well as the potato form, influenced shelf life color. In the case of whole, peeled potatoes and fry cuts, the Snow Fresh tm treatment produced better color than Potato Fresh tm and the water dip control. Also, the 20% CO 2 /80% N 2 modified atmosphere was more effective in maintaining color than the 80% CO 2 /20% N 2 , vacuum and the normal atmosphere control. However, with potato slices, the Potato Fresh tm treatment was found to be more effective than Snow Fresh tm , vacuum or the normal atmosphere control. Neither modified atmosphere was found to be as effective with potato slices as they were with fry cuts or whole peeled potatoes. It was interesting to note that various combinations of modified atmosphere and commercial anti-browning dips resulted in raw processed potato products that were still visually very acceptable after 58 days of refrigerated storage.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN A LOUISIANA AQUACULTURE SYSTEM

A multinomial logit model was estimated and used to analyze the impact of various producer characteristics on the adoption of flow-through and recirculating technology in soft-shelled crab production. Because of the industry's geographic isolation and high turnover rate, data was collected by personal interviews in 1991. The results suggest that increased adoption might be fostered by targeting education programs towards full time, family operated businesses in non-traditional production regions. However, development of effective education programs may be hindered by the lack of a significant relationship between producer adoption decisions and the information provided by university or extension personnel.
Projects for the differently-abled-laboratory innovation and assessment for undergraduate students

This paper describes specific example projects from the computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) class (which is part of the Manufacturing Engineering Technology curriculum) at Western Washington University (USA) during the last three years. These projects have involved students from all six academic programs within the department and all have resulted in projects that have been useful to differently-abled individuals in the local community. In addition to describing the projects, the paper describes the assessment methods used to evaluate the students and the course. In addition, the objectives that were used as goals for the team based project are described. Faculty time issues are also assessed. The paper concludes with a methodology for creating reasonable opportunities for creative projects within the curriculum as part of specific courses.
Indoor Fuel Exposure and the Lung in Both Developing and Developed Countries: An Update

Almost 3 billion people worldwide burn solid fuels indoors. These fuels include biomass and coal. Although indoor solid fuel smoke is likely a greater problem in developing countries, wood burning populations in developed countries may also be at risk from these exposures. Despite the large population at risk worldwide, the effect of exposure to indoor solid fuel smoke has not been adequately studied. Indoor air pollution from solid fuel use is strongly associated with COPD (both emphysema and chronic bronchitis), acute respiratory tract infections, and lung cancer (primarily coal use) and weakly associated with asthma, tuberculosis, and interstitial lung disease. Tobacco use further potentiates the development of respiratory disease among subjects exposed to solid fuel smoke. There is a need to perform additional interventional studies in this field. It is also important to increase awareness about the health effects of solid fuel smoke inhalation among physicians and patients as well as trigger preventive actions through education, research, and policy change in both developing and developed countries.
Multicultural Science Education: An Overview

(1998). Multicultural Science Education: An Overview. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 103-122.
Generation of O 2 (a 1 Δg): a survey update

In this paper I will review work in the development of Singlet Delta Oxygen Generators. I start out with an historical background as several recent reviews were from different perspectives than mine. The basic chemistry and generator performance for chlorine-BHP production of O2(a1(Delta) g) is covered. Finally, I discuss how generator yield influences laser performance and some questions from recent work.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transition into a Hothouse World at the Permian–Triassic boundary—A model study

Abstract The Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB, ~ 252.3 Ma) marks the largest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic, with a loss of more than 90% of marine organisms, and is characterized by lethally hot surface temperatures. The PTB global warming has been linked to greenhouse gas emissions from the Siberian Traps and associated coal-bed intrusions and likely led to severe environmental consequences, such as ocean acidification, a decline in the marine productivity, and extensive hypoxia. In order to understand these changes, feedbacks in the climate system have been explored with sensitivity climate simulations and compared to temperature proxies from the sedimentary record. The response of the PTB ocean circulation to an atmospheric perturbation of ~ 5000 Pg C, comparable to Earth's total fossil fuel inventory, leads to a global temperature increase by 3–4 °C and an increase in ocean stratification. The pole-to-equator temperature gradient decreases by 2 °C with an increase in CO2-radiative forcing, predominately due to snow albedo feedbacks over Gondwana. The greenhouse-induced warming would have led to a weakening of the Hadley cell and an associated decrease in the trade winds and equatorial primary productivity. These climatic changes might have been amplified by cloud-feedback processes. A reduced concentration of cloud condensation nuclei due to a biologic decline of dimethylsulfide caused by the temperature stress or changes in airborne mineral particles could have reduced the cloud albedo, particularly in high latitudes. Results from a climate simulation with reduced cloud albedo suggest a polar warming of up to 7 °C and a reduction of the pole-to-equator temperature gradient by ~ 4 °C in addition to the reduction caused by the increase in greenhouse-induced radiative forcing. The scenario with reduced cloud albedo further leads to an increase in ocean stratification and widespread low-oxygen concentrations in the Panthalassa during the Early Triassic.
Long-term impact of four different strategies for delivering an on-line curriculum about herbs and other dietary supplements

Previous research has shown that internet education can lead to short-term improvements in clinicians' knowledge, confidence and communication practices. We wished to better understand the duration of these improvements and whether different curriculum delivery strategies differed in affecting these improvements. As previously described, we conducted a randomized control trial comparing four different strategies for delivering an e-curriculum about herbs and other dietary supplements (HDS) to clinicians. The four strategies were delivering the curriculum by: a) email over 10 weeks; b) email within one week; c) web-site over 10 weeks; d) web-site within one week. Participants were surveyed at baseline, immediately after the course and 6–10 months after completing the course (long-term). Long-term outcomes focused on clinicians' knowledge, confidence and communication practices. Of the 780 clinicians who completed the course, 385 (49%) completed the long-term survey. Completers and non-completers of the long-term survey had similar demographics and professional characteristics at baseline. There were statistically significant improvements from baseline to long-term follow-up in knowledge, confidence and communication practices; these improvements did not differ by curriculum delivery strategy. Knowledge scores improved from 67.7 ± 10.3 at baseline to 78.8 ± 12.3 at long-term follow-up (P < 0.001). Confidence scores improved from 53.7 ± 17.8 at baseline to 66.9 ± 12.0 at long term follow-up (P < 0.001); communication scores improved from 2.6 ± 1.9 at baseline to 3.6 ± 2.1 (P < 0.001) at long-term follow-up. This e- curriculum led to significant and sustained improvements in clinicians' expertise about HDS regardless of the delivery strategy. Future studies should compare the impact of required vs. elective courses and self-reported vs. objective measures of behavior change.
An electromyographic analysis of forelimb muscles during overground stepping in the cat

The patterns of activity of 33 forelimb muscles during unrestrained overground stepping in eight adult cats were analysed using intramuscular electromyography. Three general patterns were found. Some muscles began activity during the first extension epoch (E1) and ceased near the end of the third extension epoch (E3) and were considered extensors. Others, considered flexors, began activity just prior to the flexion (F) epoch and ceased at or just after the onset of E1. Other muscles showed a biphasic pattern of activation; one period of activity occurring during F, the other during the extension epochs. In all regions of the limb, individual muscles displayed variation in the onset and time course of activity. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of locomotor generation which proposes specific neural output to individual muscles. Muscles of the shoulder region are proposed to act mainly to produce translatory and rotatory movements of the scapula associated with lengthening the step. Muscles of the elbow region and antebrachium are interpreted as playing roles both in producing flexion-extension movements and in the absorption of energy. The latter group are considered especially suitable to energy absorption because of their pennate arrangement of muscle fasciculi and their long tendons.
Genome rhetoric and the emergence of compositional bias

Abstract Genomes exhibit diverse patterns of species-specific GC content, GC and AT skews, codon bias, and mutation bias. Despite intensive investigations and the rapid accumulation of sequence data, the causes of these a priori different genome biases have not been agreed on and seem multifactorial and idiosyncratic. We show that these biases can arise generically from an instability of the coevolutionary dynamics between genome composition and resource allocation for translation, transcription, and replication. Thus, we offer a unifying framework for understanding and analyzing different genome biases. We develop a test of multistability of nucleotide composition of completely sequenced genomes and reveal a bistability for Borrelia burgdorferi, a genome with pronounced replication-related biases. These results indicate that evolution generates rhetoric, it improves the efficiency of the genome's communication with the cell without modifying the message, and this leads to bias. skew GC content codon bias multistability coevolution
Impossibility of measuring the wave function of a single quantum system.

The general impossibility of determining the state of a single quantum system is proved for arbitrary measuring schemes, including a succession of measurements. Some recently proposed methods are critically examined. A scheme for tomographic measurements on a single copy of a radiation field is devised, showing that the system state is perturbed however weak the system-apparatus interaction is, due to the need of preparing the apparatus in a highly ``squeezed'' state.
Best management of pesticide — furrow irrigation systems

Effects of furrow irrigation designs, water management practices (irrigation scheduling, etc.), soil types and pesticide parameters on pesticide leaching were simulated. A hydraulic kinematic-wave irrigation model was used to estimate water infiltration for alternative furrow lengths and inflow rates. A one-dimensional simulation model then simulated the movement of pesticides through soils following furrow irrigation. Potential ground-water contamination by pesticides can be reduced by an integrated use of the best management practices (BMPs) such as careful selection and use of pesticides, efficient furrow irrigation designs and improved water management techniques (irrigation scheduling, etc.). Procedures for designing an appropriate furrow irrigation system for a particular site and pesticide, and selecting pesticides for a particular site, crop and furrow irrigation system are illustrated. These procedures are being used to develop decision support computer models for developing different BMPs for pesticide-agricultural management decisions.
Propagation of optical vortices with fractional topological charge in free space

The behavior of the optical vortices with fractional topological charges in the far-field is assessed through numerical modeling and confirmed by experimental results. The generation of fractional topological charge variations of the phase within a Gaussian beam was achieved by using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCoS SLM). It is shown that a laser beam carrying an optical vortex with a fractional topological charge evolves into a beam with a topological charge of integer value, specifically an integer value closer to the fractional number in the far field. A potential application of this work is for data transmission within optical telecommunication systems.
An accidental journey: Becoming a sociologist

This sketch describes how I accidentally became a sociologist. More importantly, it describes undergraduate sociology training at a private liberal arts university during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The University of Maryland began a Ph.D. program in sociology just before World War II began. I report on graduate training there, as well as the social and intellectual life of the department. C. Wright Mills began his academic career at Maryland. I consider his place in the department, my experiences with him as my dissertation director, and how he influenced my lifelong study on the bearing of social stratification to politics.
Budget smoothing for internet ad auctions: a game theoretic approach

In Internet ad auctions, search engines often throttle budget constrained advertisers so as to spread their spends across the specified time period. Such policies are known as budget smoothing policies. In this paper, we perform a principled, game-theoretic study of what the outcome of an ideal budget smoothing algorithm should be. In particular, we propose the notion of regret-free budget smoothing policies whose outcomes throttle each advertiser optimally, given the participation of the other advertisers. We show that regret-free budget smoothing policies always exist, and in the case of single slot auctions we can give a polynomial time smoothing algorithm. Inspired by the existence proof, we design a heuristic for budget smoothing which performs considerably better than existing benchmark heuristics.
Semiempirical molecular orbital estimation of the relative stability of bianthryls produced by anthracene pyrolysis

Abstract The pyrolysis of pure anthracene at temperatures between 1200 and 1500 K produced all six bianthryl isomers whose relative yields appear to be related to steric factors. To evaluate the hypothesis that thermodynamic factors govern the product distribution of bianthryls in this system, the relative enthalpies and entropies of biaryl isomers were estimated by molecular orbital modeling, using the semiempirical AM1 (Austin Model 1). Computational analysis of several isomer sets demonstrates that the relative stabilities of a large number of biaryl isomers are determined largely by steric interactions caused by structural features defined as bays, coves, and fjords. These steric factors affect both the degree of biaryl twist in the preferred conformation and the freedom of internal rotation. Molecular orbital modeling supports the hypothesis that a thermodynamic distribution of bianthryl isomers is produced by anthracene pyrolysis.
Outpatient use of cardiovascular drugs during pregnancy

Purpose To provide information on the prevalence of use of cardiovascular drugs, some of which may have fetotoxic or teratogenic effects, in the outpatient setting among pregnant women in the United States. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using the automated databases of seven health plans participating in the HMO Research Network Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERT). Women who delivered an infant from 1 January 2001 to 31 December 2005 were identified. Cardiovascular drug use was evaluated assuming a gestational duration of 270 days. Results During the period 2001 through 2005, 118 935 deliveries were identified that met the criteria for study; 3.1% of women (N = 3672) were dispensed an antihypertensive medication and 0.12% of women (N = 146) were dispensed an antihyperlipidemic medication at any time during pregnancy. The most common antihypertensive drugs dispensed during pregnancy were nifedipine (1219 deliveries; 1.0%), methyldopa (961 deliveries; 0.8%), atenolol (593 deliveries; 0.5%), and labetalol (576 deliveries; 0.5%). Overall, 134 women (0.11%) received an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and 7 women (0.006%) received an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) during pregnancy. Statins were the most commonly dispensed antihyperlipidemic drugs (71 deliveries; 0.06%). Conclusions The prevalence of use of cardiovascular drugs that are suspected to be fetotoxic or teratogenic (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and statins) was low in this cohort of pregnant women. Differing patterns of use across health plans suggests that further research is needed to evaluate the potential differential effects of cardiovascular drugs to assist prescribers and patients in making informed treatment decisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and photolysis of poly[3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐[(2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl)oxalato]phenylacetylene], a photochemical polyradical precursor

A photochemical precursor to a pendant conjugated polyradical has been synthesized, poly[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-[(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)oxalato] phenylacetylene], 3. Irradiation of 3 at 77 K in the solid state at < 300 nm yielded poly(3-5-di-tert-butyl-2-oxyphenyl acetylene), 2, with 30-40% of the expected number of radical spins. Spin yields on the surface of solid samples appears to be considerably higher. Electron spin resonance experiments showed no evidence of cooperative exchange interaction between the pendant spins. Computational modeling indicated that a major reason for the failure of this and other polyphenylacetylenes to show ferromagnetic exchange between spins is the substantial twisting of the polyacetylene backbone required by steric interactions, leading to deconjugation and a loss of exchange interaction between pendant radicals along the chain.
Cyclic-GMP-Binding, Cyclic-GMP-Specific Phosphodiesterase (PDE5) Gene Expression Is Regulated during Rat Pulmonary Development

Increased nitric oxide (NO) production plays a critical role in the mammalian pulmonary vascular adaptation to extrauterine life. NO activates soluble guanylate cyclase, increasing intracellular cGMP concentrations, thereby inducing relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. cGMP is inactivated by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). One PDE isozyme, PDE5, specifically hydrolyzes cGMP, is abundant in lung tissues, and modifies the pulmonary vasodilatory response to exogenous NO. To investigate the regulation of PDE5 gene expression during pulmonary development, PDE5 mRNA levels, as well as cGMP-metabolizing PDE enzyme activity, were measured in the lungs of perinatal and adult rats. RNA blot hybridization revealed that PDE5 mRNA was detectable in fetal lung tissue as early as 18.5 d of the 22-d term gestation and reached maximal levels in neonatal lungs. mRNA levels in adult rat lungs were 3-4-fold less than the levels measured in lungs of 1- and 8-d-old rats. Pulmonary cGMP hydrolytic activity in 1-d-old animals was 30-fold greater than the cGMP hydrolytic activity of adult rat lungs. Zaprinast, a specific PDE5 antagonist, inhibited 52 and 56% of cGMP hydrolytic activity in lungs of 1- and 8-d-old rats, respectively, but only 18% of the activity in adult lungs. In situ hybridization revealed that PDE5 mRNA transcripts were present in the vascular smooth muscle cells of neonatal and adult lungs. PDE5 mRNA was also detected in the alveolar walls of neonatal rat lungs. These results demonstrate that the gene encoding PDE5 is abundantly expressed in the lungs of perinatal rats, and is available to participate in the mammalian pulmonary vascular transition to extrauterine life. Extravascular PDE5 gene expression in neonatal lungs suggests a potentially important nonvascular role for this enzyme during pulmonary development.
Control of squirrel cage induction generator in an oscillating point absorber based wave energy conversion system

This paper presents operation and control of a Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) to generate power from an oscillating point absorber based wave energy conversion (WEC) system. The oscillating point absorber buoy is assumed to be connected with the SCIG through a rack and pinion gear arrangement, thus converting the linear motion of the buoy to rotary motion of the generator. Proper gear ratio is assumed to amplify the low speed of the buoy to the standard rpm of the rotary generator. An equivalent mechanical model of the buoy is presented. The SCIG is controlled with indirect field oriented control (IFOC) method to extract power from the buoy. It is assumed that the SCIG is operated below its rated speed and the air gap flux is maintained at its rated value in all operating conditions. The torque component of the current is varied in proportion with the buoy speed to harvest variable power from the buoy. The system control is validated through simulation in MATLAB-Simulink platform and corresponding results are presented. A discussion on the peak to average power generation ratio and its impact on the machine rating is also provided.
Role of Parental Stress on Pediatric Feeding Disorders

The study examined the relation between parental anxiety and child feeding progress. Eighteen sets of parent and G-tube-fed child dyads participated. Caloric intake was recorded daily as the outcome measure of treatment progression. Parental anxiety was measured subjectively (self-report questionnaires) and objectively (salivary cortisol). Objective parental anxiety increased significantly (p < .001) when parents went from simply observing to actually feeding the child. There was, however, no direct relation between parental stress and caloric intake. Exploratory analyses of documented behavioral observations during feeding revealed a significant increase (p <. 001) in the child's negative behaviors with parental feeding, as opposed to staff feeding. Based on the results, further research to investigate parent–child dynamics during feeding is warranted.
Cloning, Structural Organization, and Transcriptional Activity of the Rat Vitamin K-Dependent γ-Glutamyl Carboxylase Gene

Abstract The vitamin K-dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase gene was cloned from a rat liver genomic DNA library and the structural organization of this gene was determined. The carboxylase gene is 16.3 kb in length and contains 15 exons and 14 introns. DNA sequence analysis revealed that all 14 introns were U2-Type GT-AG introns. A 2.8-kb DNA fragment corresponding to the 5′-flanking region of the cloned gene demonstrated transcriptional activity in a rat liver cell line that is known to express the endogenous carboxylase gene. DNA sequence analysis of the proximal 331 bp of this 5′-flanking sequence reveals the absence of an identifiable TATA box. Consensus sequences for several transcription factors that may be important in regulating its tissue specific expression were identified. The isolation and characterization of the rat carboxylase gene provides essential information for the analysis of its regulationin vitroand in transgenic animal models.
Natural language processing research at the University of Delaware

A fundamental problem of natural language systems is to aid a user whose input is not understood by the system. Linguistic knowledge and world knowledge must be represented and organized in a way that the system can inform the user of what it did understand and hypothesize reasons for its not understanding the rest.
Adhesive contact between a rigid axisymmetric indenter and an incompressible elastic thin film

Advances in surface force spectroscopy (SFS) have stimulated the research on the adhesion of two solid surfaces on the microscale. The Johnson–Kendall–Roberts (JKR) adhesion theory is extensively used in investigating the adhesion behaviour of thin films by using the SFS. However, the JKR theory is based on the contact between two spheres or a sphere and an elastic half space. Its application in thin films remains an open question. This work presents a rigorous analysis of the adhesive contact between an incompressible elastic thin film and a rigid axisymmetric indenter under the condition of the contact radius much larger than the film thickness. It turns out that, for the adhesive interaction between a rigid spherical indenter and the thin film the pull-off force is proportional to the indenter diameter and independent of the film thickness with the perfectly bonded condition between the thin film and the substrate requesting the highest pull-off force to separate the indenter from the substrate. For a conical indenter, the pull-off force depends on the film thickness. For the frictionless condition, the pull-off force is proportional to the square root of the film thickness, while it is proportional to ¾ power of the film thickness for the bonded condition.
Element-arrangement textures in multiple objective tasks.

In his long years of studying visual perception, Jacob Beck made many contributions. This article is a short review of one line of his research—that we shared in—and then a presentation of some results from on-going research down the same line. In the 1980s Beck and his colleagues introduced a new kind of visual stimulus: element-arrangement texture patterns. A series of studies with these patterns has shown that a model containing spatial-frequency and orientation-selective channels can explain many aspects of texture perception as long as two kinds of nonlinear processes are also included; the published studies are briefly summarized. The new results come from multiple objective tasks requiring the observer to make simple discriminations between second-order elementarrangement textures. Results with the objective tasks replicate previously published results using subjective ratings, and the use of the objective tasks allows us to explore several more fine-grained questions about complex (second-order) channels and normalization.
V. Anesthesia considerations in oral surgery and dentistry

Abstract In summary, the following should be emphasized: The responsibility of the dentist and oral surgeon does not begin and end with the faultless performance of the indicated operative procedure. He is responsible for the safety and welfare of the patient from the moment of the first consultation up to the time when the patient's treatment ends. It is true that he can and ought to share this responsibility with consultants in the various branches of medicine, but, nevertheless, the main responsibility will always be his, and he will have to coordinate the opinions of the consultants in the best interest of his patient. Even in the most simple and routine cases, accidents can happen, and have happened in the past. Nothing is more distressing than an accident in the course of an elective procedure. To avoid this, the following routine should be adhered to 1. 1. Careful history and examination of all patients requiring general anesthesia. 2. 2. Preoperative correction of the existing pathology as far as it is possible. 3. 3. Choice of agent and method most suitable for the patient and the contemplated procedure. 4. 4. Choice of premedication to obtain the best results with the selected agent. 5. 5. Good oxygenation of the patient during and after the operation. 6. 6. Avoidance of aspiration of blood and infected material. 7. 7. Maintenance of optimal conditions for the patient's metabolism in the postoperative period. 8. 8. Replacement of any major blood loss.
Editorial objectives public sector applications

The Public Sector Applications Department seeks high-quality, well-written papers that apply innovative and state-of-the-art uses of management science models and methods to important problems and issues encountered in the public sector. Of particular interest are papers that provide new insights on the implications of current or potential policy decisions on societal outcomes, as well as those that present new models and methods for more efficiently and effectively managing public sector systems. The major criteria that will be used to judge the attractiveness of a submission will be issue importance, model validity and pertinence, and potential or actual widespread impact, all with respect to the public sector context. Applications to health care, the environment, the criminal justice system, energy, education, public safety and security, natural resource management, and electoral reform are particularly encouraged. Papers whose contributions are primarily methodological and have application to a significantly broad range of problems beyond the public sector, are probably better suited to another department or another journal.
Effect of clarithromycin on experimental rhinovirus-16 colds: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

Abstract PURPOSE: Macrolide antibiotics are frequently prescribed to patients with symptoms of a common cold. Despite their lack of proven antiviral activity, macrolide antibiotics may have anti-inflammatory actions, such as inhibition of mucus secretion and production of interleukins 6 and 8 by epithelial cells. Because the symptoms of rhinovirus colds are attributed to the inflammatory response to infection, we studied the effects of treatment with clarithromycin on the symptomatic and inflammatory response to nasal inoculation with rhinovirus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We performed a prospective, double-blind, controlled trial in 24 healthy subjects who were seronegative for antibodies to rhinovirus-16. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either clarithromycin (500 mg) or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (800/160 mg, as a control antibiotic) twice a day for 8 days, beginning 24 hours before inoculation with rhinovirus-16. RESULTS: All 12 subjects in each group were infected and developed symptomatic colds. The groups did not differ in the intensity of cold symptoms (median [25th to 75th percentile] score in the clarithromycin group of 25 [5 to 33] versus 21 [11 to 26] in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group, P = 0.86), weight of nasal secretions (25 g [8 to 56 g] versus 12 g [5 to 28 g], P = 0.27), or decline in nasal peak flow during the 8 days following viral inoculation. In both groups, similar and significant increases from baseline were observed in the numbers of total cells and neutrophils, and in the concentrations of interleukins 6 and 8, in nasal lavage fluid during the cold. The changes that we observed did not differ from those in an untreated historical control group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that clarithromycin treatment has little or no effect on the severity of cold symptoms or the intensity of neutrophilic nasal inflammation in experimental rhinovirus-16 colds.
The positioning of rhetorical and non-rhetorical questions and the use of self-referencing in print advertising

This research examines the use of questions in advertising through a content analysis of magazine print ads. Three variables are examined: question type (rhetorical vs. non-rhetorical), position (pre-argument vs. post-argument) and self-referencing (present vs. absent). Results reveal that rhetorical (non-rhetorical) questions tend to be used after (before) the arguments to which they refer. Further, self-referencing tends to be used with rhetorical questions in the post-argument position. The findings are discussed illustrating how theoretically-based empirical research can be used to guide decisions in ad practice, and how the practice of advertising can provide support for testable ideas in the conduct of future research.
Ewing's sarcoma recurrence vs radiation necrosis in dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging : a case report

Purpose. We report a case of Ewing's sarcoma in the right distal femur in a 6-year-old male to demonstrate how dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DEMRI) findings predicted histopathology. Materials and methods. DEMRI was performed at presentation and during and after completion of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Histopathologic studies were done at presentation, at 77 weeks (20 weeks after a pathological fracture), and from the en bloc resection at 104 weeks. Results. DEMRI predicted the early tumor response, absence of tumor recurrence, presence of necrosis and lack of fracture healing, confirmed by histopathology. Conclusion. DEMRI is a clinically useful tool in managing Ewing's sarcoma.
Cartographic support for advanced distributed simulation

Emerging requirements for diverse spatial data bases to support a broad spectrum of modeling and simulation activities can profit from advances in the state-of-the-art for automated cartographic data base generation and maintenance. This paper provides an introduction to Advanced Distributed Simulation (ADS) and the associated requirements for Synthetic Environments to support Synthetic Theaters of War. It provides a technical rationale for exploring applications of image understanding technology to automated cartography in support of ADS and related programs benefiting from automated analysis of mapping, Earth resources and reconnaissance imagery.
Getting in step: electronic health records and their role in care coordination.

The U.S. is making a historic investment in federal support for health information technology, which will likely approach $50 billion.1 Most of this investment will go out in the form of incentives to providers who adopt electronic health records (EHRs) both outside the hospital and inside it. The rationale for this policy change is the belief that EHR use will reduce the costs of care, and improve quality and safety.
Thermal design of the Galileo spun and despun science

The delay in the launching of the Galileo spacecraft, which was to be launched aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis, caused by the Challenger accident resulted in a decrease in the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) power. A change to the Inertial Upper Stage from the more powerful Centaur G-Prime resulted in a trajectory that requires gravity assists, once by Venus and twice by earth. The resulting peak solar intensity of this roundabout trajectory is more than twice the previous design value for the direct trajectory. The resulting changes in solar intensity range and the RTG power output were substantial and forced major thermal design changes. This paper discusses the thermal design and redesign of the Galileo Spun and Despun sciences. Data are presented on the allowable temperatures for the Spun and Despun sciences, the energy balance calculated for the Despun science, and the Despun science test results.
3-D electromagnetic modeling for very early time sounding of shallow targets using integral equations

This paper presents an integral equation algorithm for 3D EM modeling at high frequencies for applications in engineering an environmental studies. The integral equation method remains the same for low and high frequencies, but the dominant roles of the displacements currents complicate both numerical treatments and interpretations. With singularity extraction technique they successively extended the application of the Hankel filtering technique to the computation of Hankel integrals occurring in high frequency EM modeling. Time domain results are calculated from frequency domain results via Fourier transforms. While frequency domain data are not obvious for interpretations, time domain data show wave-like pictures that resemble seismograms. Both 1D and 3D numerical results show clearly the layer interfaces.
An optical catalog of radio galaxies.

A catalog containing basic optical information on all radio galaxies (radio luminosity at least about 10 to the 41st erg/s) which have been identified and for which redshifts have been measured is given. Included are the coordinate designations; other names; equatorial coordinates; visual magnitudes; galaxy types; redshifts and the lines on which they are based; radio flux at 408 MHz where it is available; radio spectral index; and references for identification, finding charts, and optical and spectroscopic studies. Cross-reference tables are provided for finding coordinate designations of sources known by noncoordinate names.
Spectrophotometric submicrogram serum zinc assay: an application for the routine service laboratory.

Abstract Protein-free serum zinc is determined with 1-(2-Pyridylazo)2-naphthol(PAN) which has been solubilized in Triton-X-100®. Analysis is performed on a 500 /ul specimen in disposable polyethylene vessels which act as cuvets for absorbance measurement of the stabilized metal ligand complex (e = 52800) which develops in a Tris-buffered trichloroacetate centrifugate. Comparative data obtained by atomic absorption demonstrate that selective demasking of zinconate from its cyanide complex is a valid tool for measuring submicrogram levels of zinc routinely.