cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intellectual property and industrialization: legalizing hope in economic growth

This article draws on theoretical resources from economic sociology and sociology of law to intervene in economic debates about the relationship between intellectual property and industrialization. Utilizing historical evidence from the earliest period of American intellectual property law and from a formative company in the New England textile industry, I propose a social process of influence that connects intellectual property law to industrialization. I argue that, consistent with the findings of New Economic Sociology, social relationship structures and social capital are the proximate influential force in industrialization. However, I also argue that transformative changes in those social relationship structures are rooted in the emergence of a particular type of political culture: what I call here, borrowing from Hannah Arendt and Frank Dobbin, a “Natal-Industrial Culture.” A Natal-Industrial Culture, as I propose it here, is a political culture in which collective hopes for the future are placed in new technologies and new cultural products, as means for achieving economic growth. Intellectual property law contributed to the emergence of this new type of political culture by holding out the promise of property, as a reward for the provision of new technologies or new cultural products. Because of the way that hope works on motivation—through cognitive pre-rehearsals of future attainment, which involve semantically-meaningful propositions and contribute to positive emotional experience—the promise of property provided a powerful stimulant to social capital formation. Working through the semantic resonances of property, intellectual property law contributed to a political culture in which invention and creativity were expected to secure a future of growth within the political community, both for particular members and for the political community, as a whole. By fostering a Natal-Industrial Culture, intellectual property law contributed to systematic invention and social capital-formation, leading, in turn, to the transformative changes in working and material provisioning that constitute industrialization.
Highly reproducible improved label-free quantitative analysis of cellular phosphoproteome by optimization of LC-MS/MS gradient and analytical column construction

Expanding the sequencing depth of the peptides with a statistically significant quantitative change derived from a biological stimulation is critical. Here we demonstrate that optimization of LC gradient and analytical column construction can reveal over 30,000 unique peptides and 23,000 phosphopeptides at high confidence. The quantitative reproducibility of different analytical workflows was evaluated by comparing the phosphoproteome of CD3/4 stimulated and unstimulated T-cells as a model system. A fritless, 50cm-long column packed with 1.9μm particles operated with a standard pressure HPLC significantly improved the sequencing depth 51% and decreased the selected ion chromatogram peak spreading. Most importantly, under the optimal workflow we observed an improvement of over 300% in detection of significantly changed phosphopeptides in the stimulated cells compared with the other workflows. The discovery power of the optimized column configuration was illustrated by identification of significantly altered phosphopeptides harboring novel sites from proteins previously established as important in T cell signaling including A-Raf, B-Raf, c-Myc, CARMA1, Fyn, ITK, LAT, NFAT1/2/3, PKCα, PLCγ1/2, RAF1, and SOS1. Taken together, our results reveal the analytical power of optimized chromatography using sub 2μm particles for the analysis of the T cell phosphoproteome to reveal a vast landscape of significantly altered phosphorylation changes in response to T cell receptor stimulation.
APOE ε4-TOMM40 ‘523 haplotypes and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in older Caucasian and African Americans

Patterns of linkage between the e4 allele of Apolipoprotein E (APOE) and '523 poly-T alleles in the adjacent gene, TOMM40, differ between Caucasian and African Americans. The extent to which this difference affects the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is unclear. We compared the APOE e4-TOMM40 '523 haplotypes between older Caucasian and African Americans, and examined their relationship with AD dementia. Data came from three community based cohort studies of diverse participants. APOE genotypes were determined by polymorphisms of rs429358 and rs7412. TOMM40 '523 genotypes were defined by the poly-T repeat length of rs10524523 (short ['523-S]: poly-T ≤ 19, long ['523-L]: 20 ≤ poly-T ≤ 29, and very long ['523-VL]: poly-T ≥ 30). Cox proportional hazards models examined the effect of haplotype variation on the risk of incident AD dementia. A total of 1,848 Caucasian and 540 African American individuals were included in the study. In Caucasians, nearly none (0.8%) of the non-e4 carriers and almost all (94.2%) of the e4 carriers had '523-L. The classification was highly concordant. Each e4 allele doubled the risk for AD dementia and the dose effect was evident. Almost identical effect size and effect pattern were observed for TOMM40 '523-L. In African Americans, nearly none (1.1%) of the non-e4 carriers had '523-L, but only 47.8% of the e4 carriers had '523-L. The concordance was weaker compared with Caucasians. The effect patterns on incident AD dementia differed distinctively between e4 and '523-L carriers. Further, both genotypic and allelic data support that among African Americans the e4-'523-L haplotype had stronger effect on risk of AD dementia than other e4-'523 haplotypes.
Abstract 276: Cyclin D2 Is a Critical Mediator of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy

Exercise training activates a number of hypertrophic signaling pathways that can be distinct from those activated by pathologic stimuli. However, there must be some overlap in those pathways underlying myocyte cell growth. Using a number of mouse genetic models, we investigated the role of several molecules implicated in pathologic cardiac hypertrophy for their cardiac responses to exercise. We used three-month-old female transgenic mice expressing the anti-hypertrophic molecules, cardiac-specific constitutively active glycogen synthase kinase-3β (caGSK-3β), an inhibitor of Ca 2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII Inh), and doubly transgenic mice expressing both caGSK-3β and CaMKII inhibition (caGSK-3β/CaMKII Inh). We also studied the exercise responsiveness of mice expressing the pro-hypertrophic cardiac-specific activated (myr)Akt. MAPK/ERK kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1) has been shown to be essential for pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and we therefore studied the requirement of MEKK1 for exercise-induced cardiac growth. Cell cycle regulators such as cyclin D2 have been shown to be required for pathologic cardiac hypertrophy; therefore we studied cyclin D2 null mice. Mice were divided into sedentary and 21 days of voluntary exercise on a cage wheel. Across the seven different mouse models, exercise capacity was similar with regards to running duration, distance, and speed. Importantly, we analyzed the impact of exercise on cardiac hypertrophy by measuring heart weight-to-body weight (HW/BW) ratios of sedentary and exercised mice. While exercise had no impact on body weight, heart weight increased significantly in all mouse models except the cyclin D2 -/- mice. Overall there was a 3.5-fold range of percent increase in HW/BW ratios from the highest (caGSK-3β) to the lowest (cyclin D2 -/- ). In conclusion, genetic manipulation of these hypertrophic signaling pathways has little impact on exercise performance and only the loss of cyclin D2 attenuates exercise-induced cardiac growth. These data establish cyclin D2 as an important regulator of physiological hypertrophy and underscore the differences in pathologic and physiologic cardiac hypertrophy.
Cell-Shaping Micropatterns for Quantitative Super-Resolution Microscopy Imaging of Membrane Mechanosensing Proteins.

Patterning cells on microcontact-printed substrates is a powerful approach to control cell morphology and introduce specific mechanical cues on a cell’s molecular organization. Although global changes in cellular architectures caused by micropatterns can easily be probed with diffraction-limited optical microscopy, studying molecular reorganizations at the nanoscale demands micropatterned substrates that accommodate the optical requirements of single molecule microscopy techniques. Here, we developed a simple micropatterning strategy that provides control of cellular architectures and is optimized for nanometer accuracy single molecule tracking and three-dimensional super-resolution imaging of plasma and nuclear membrane proteins in cells. This approach, based on fibronectin microcontact printing on hydrophobic organosilane monolayers, allows evanescent wave and light-sheet microscopy of cells whilst fulfilling the stringent optical demands of point reconstruction optical microscopy. By imposing steady-st...
A Computer Profile of Mobility Coverage and a Safety Index

This article describes a model of mobility and the resulting software program that allows for the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of cane coverage. The software program allows the mobility ...
Relationship between self-reported cognitive function and work-related outcomes in breast cancer survivors.

This study examined the relationship between perceived cognitive function including perceived cognitive impairment (PCI) and perceived cognitive ability (PCA) and work ability, work performance, work productivity, and intention to leave employment in breast cancer survivors (BCS). A cross-sectional study design was used in the study. Employed BCS completed questionnaires assessing PCI and PCA (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Cognitive-3); emotional work demands (Self-Focused Emotional Labor Scale); and work ability index (WAI), work performance, work productivity (Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ), and intention to turnover. Separate regression models examined the relationship between PCI and PCA and work-related outcomes. Participants were 68 employed female BCS who were on average 52 (SD = 8.6) years old and 5 (SD = 3.8) years post-treatment with majority working full time. PCI was associated with poorer work ability (B = − 0.658), work performance (time-B = 0.647, physical-B = − 0.414, and mental-B = 0.689), and work productivity (B = 0.731), but not intent to leave work. PCA was related to higher levels of work ability (B = 0.472), work performance (time-B = − 0.462 and mental-B = − 0.453), and work productivity (β = − 0.494), but not physical demands or intent to turnover. Employed BCS with negative perceptions of cognitive function reported poorer work outcomes with the exception of the intent to leave employment. In contrast, positive views of one’s cognitive abilities were related to improved ratings of work outcomes again with the exception of intent to leave employment. Healthcare providers need to assess and address perceived cognitive functioning to promote work-related outcomes in BCS.
Evaluating comprehensive state tobacco prevention and control programs using an outcome indicator framework

The outcome indicator framework helps tobacco prevention and control programs (TCPs) plan and implement theory-driven evaluations of their efforts to reduce and prevent tobacco use. Tobacco use is the single-most preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. The implementation of public health best practices by comprehensive state TCPs has been shown to prevent the initiation of tobacco use, reduce tobacco use prevalence, and decrease tobacco-related health care expenditures. Achieving and sustaining program goals require TCPs to evaluate the effectiveness and impact of their programs. To guide evaluation efforts by TCPs, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Office on Smoking and Health developed an outcome indicator framework that includes a high-level logic model and evidence-based outcome indicators for each tobacco prevention and control goal area. In this article, we describe how TCPs and other community organizations can use the outcome indicator framework in their evaluation efforts. We also discuss how the framework is used at the national level to unify tobacco prevention and control efforts across varying state contexts, identify promising practices, and expand the public health evidence base.
Radial scar on image-guided breast biopsy: is surgical excision necessary?

Radial scar’s stellate appearance may mimic carcinoma mammographically and histologically. Management of radial scar (RS) found on breast core needle biopsies (CNB) ranges from excision to clinical observation due to the variation in reported upgrades to malignancy at surgical excision. We examined the upgrade rate in patients with RS detected on CNB at our institution and reviewed the current literature. A retrospective study was conducted of all cases with RS diagnosed on CNB between December 2006 and March 2017 at our institution. Inclusion criteria were patients with “pure” RS and RS associated with high-risk lesions (HRL). Upgrade was defined as invasive or non-invasive cancer in the excisional biopsy. 157 cases were identified with RS on CNB, and 122 cases met inclusion criteria. Of these 122 cases, 91 (75%) had pure RS on CNB while 31 (25%) had associated atypia or HRL. 81 (66%) of patients proceeded to excisional biopsy and 41 (34%) did not. Two patients (1.6% of total) were found to have a low-grade invasive ductal carcinoma (0.6 and 0.8 cm) upon surgical excision. None of the remaining 120 patients developed an ipsilateral breast cancer with a mean of 32.3-month follow-up. We found a very low upgrade rate to breast cancer when RS was found on CNB with or without associated HRL. Our results are consistent with other reported series. Our data do not support surgical excision for RS but rather close clinical follow-up for patients with RS on CNB.
Mental and physical health impairments at the transition to college: Early patterns in the education-health gradient

Abstract Part of the education-health gradient may be related to inequalities in the transition from high school to college by health impairment status. In this paper, we use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to investigate the link between health impairments beginning prior to high school completion and college-going, distinguishing between individuals with mental, physical, or multiple health impairments and between enrollment in 2-year and 4-year postsecondary institutions. We find that individuals with mental impairments or multiple impairments are less likely to initially enroll in 4-year postsecondary institutions than individuals without health impairments, controlling on background and high school preparation. We also find evidence that advanced math course-taking in high school, an important step on the pathway to a 4-year college for all students, does not provide students with mental impairments the same return as students without health impairments. We discuss implications for policy to address educational inequalities in health.
Corporate Tides: The Inescapable Laws of Organizational Structure

(1997). Corporate Tides: The Inescapable Laws of Organizational Structure. Quality Management Journal: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 18-19.
TOWARD THE INTEGRATION OF MEDITATION INTO HIGHER EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH EVIDENCE

ContextThere is growing interest in the integration of meditation in higher education.PurposeHere, we review evidence bearing on the utility of meditation to facilitate the achievement of tradition...
Developing a taxonomy of cyber attacks in WAMS

Power grids are undergoing their largest technological transformation since their invention. They are adopting technologies like Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) to obtain real- time measurements of the system and report them to the control center for contingency analysis. These additional technologies may enhance reliability by providing a better real-time view of the system, but may be susceptible to cyber attacks. In this survey, we examine the cyber security aspects of Phasor measurement devices in a smart grid, and develop a taxonomy of attacks to be used in the evaluation and analysis of smart grid technologies. We present a taxonomy of attacks and attacker capabilities.
Genomewide association study reveals novel genetic loci associated with change in renal function in heart transplant recipients.

Background Renal dysfunction occurs commonly after heart transplantation (HTx) with wide inter-individual variability but whether a genetic predisposition exists in these patients is unknown. Genomewide association studies (GWAS) have not been performed to assess the association of genetic variation with change in renal function after HTx. Methods Clinical and demographic data of patients who underwent HTx and provided blood samples and consent for genetic analysis were included. Genotyping was performed using Illumina Infinium Human CoreExome v1.0 analysis kit. A GWAS utilizing linear regression models was performed with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1 year as the phenotype after adjusting for baseline eGFR prior to HTx and conversion from calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus as primary immunosuppression therapy. Results A total of 251 HTx recipients were genotyped for 314,903 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The mean (SD) age was 50 (12.5) years; most patients were of European origin (n = 243, 96.8%) and males (n = 179, 71.3%). After adjustment for potential confounders, two variants, rs17033285 (P = 4.3 × 10-7 ) and rs4917601 (P = 6.46 × 10-7 ), in a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) gene LINC01121 and a pseudogene BTBD7P2, were identified to have a significant association with change in GFR at 1 year after HTx. Conclusions Our first of its kind GWAS demonstrates that genetic variation affects renal function after HTx independent of other risk factors. Agnostic genetic approaches such as these may lead to identification of novel biological pathways such as the role of lncRNAs in the development of renal dysfunction post-HTx.
Use of telavancin in adolescent patients with cystic fibrosis and prior intolerance to vancomycin: A case series.

Abstract The most common pathogen in pediatric cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is Staphylococcus aureus, and drug-resistant species are associated with negative outcomes. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is notoriously hard to treat because many antibiotics are not FDA approved for children and drug allergies or intolerances can prohibit the use of others. Telavancin is currently indicated for hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by MRSA, but it has not been studied in patients with CF or in pediatrics. As a semi-synthetic derivative of vancomycin, it is unknown if cross-reactivity with telavancin occurs in patients with vancomycin hypersensitivity or intolerance. In this case series, we describe three adolescent patients with CF and previous intolerance to vancomycin who received telavancin for bronchopulmonary exacerbations.
Full-dose thrombolysis for a right middle cerebral artery stroke after an acute aortic dissection

Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV r-tpa) is the standard of care for patients suffering from neurological deficits due to an acute ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours in the absence of intracranial hemorrhage. We report a case of a patient with an acute right middle cerebral artery stroke due to an acute aortic dissection (Stanford Type A) who was treated with full dose IV r-tpa resulting in a good outcome.
Identifying Drugs that Bind Selectively to Intersubunit General Anesthetic Sites in the α1β3γ2 GABAAR Transmembrane Domain.

GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are targets for important classes of clinical agents (e.g., anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and general anesthetics) that act as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Previously, using photoreactive analogs of etomidate ([3H]azietomidate) and mephobarbital [[3H]1-methyl-5-allyl-5-(m-trifluoromethyl-diazirynylphenyl)barbituric acid ([3H]R-mTFD-MPAB)], we identified two homologous but pharmacologically distinct classes of general anesthetic binding sites in the α1β3γ2 GABAAR transmembrane domain at β+–α− (β+ sites) and α+–β−/γ+–β− (β− sites) subunit interfaces. We now use competition photolabeling with [3H]azietomidate and [3H]R-mTFD-MPAB to identify para-substituted propofol analogs and other drugs that bind selectively to intersubunit anesthetic sites. Propofol and 4-chloro-propofol bind with 5-fold selectivity to β+, while derivatives with bulkier lipophilic substitutions [4-(tert-butyl)-propofol and 4-(hydroxyl(phenyl)methyl)-propofol] bind with ∼10-fold higher affinity to β− sites. Similar to R-mTFD-MPAB and propofol, these drugs bind in the presence of GABA with similar affinity to the α+–β− and γ+–β− sites. However, we discovered four compounds that bind with different affinities to the two β− interface sites. Two of these bind with higher affinity to one of the β− sites than to the β+ sites. We deduce that 4-benzoyl-propofol binds with >100-fold higher affinity to the γ+–β− site than to the α+–β− or β+–α− sites, whereas loreclezole, an anticonvulsant, binds with 5- and 100-fold higher affinity to the α+–β− site than to the β+ and γ+–β− sites. These studies provide a first identification of PAMs that bind selectively to a single intersubunit site in the GABAAR transmembrane domain, a property that may facilitate the development of subtype selective GABAAR PAMs.
Framing Artificial Intelligence in American Newspapers

Publics' perceptions of new scientific advances such as AI are often informed and influenced by news coverage. To understand how artificial intelligence (AI) was framed in U.S. newspapers, a content analysis based on framing theory in journalism and science communication was conducted. This study identified the dominant topics and frames, as well as the risks and benefits of AI covered in five major American newspapers from 2009 to 2018. Results indicated that business and technology were the primary topics in news coverage of AI. The benefits of AI were discussed more frequently than its risks, but risks of AI were generally discussed with greater specificity. Additionally, episodic issue framing and societal impact framing were more frequently used.
Targeting MEK5 impairs non-homologous end-joining repair and sensitizes prostate cancer to DNA damaging agents

Abstract Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat a variety of solid human tumors, including localized prostate cancer. However, treatment failure often ensues due to tumor intrinsic or acquired radioresistance. Here we find that the MEK5/ERK5 signaling pathway is associated with resistance to genotoxic stress in aggressive prostate cancer cells. MEK5 knockdown by RNA interference sensitizes prostate cancer cells to ionizing radiation (IR) and etoposide treatment, as assessed by clonogenic survival and short-term proliferation assays. Mechanistically, MEK5 downregulation impairs phosphorylation of the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK at serine 2056 in response to IR or etoposide treatment. Although MEK5 knockdown does not influence the initial appearance of radiation- and etoposide-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, it markedly delays their resolution, indicating a DNA repair defect. A cell-based assay shows that non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is compromised in cells with ablated MEK5 protein expression. Finally, MEK5 silencing combined with focal irradiation causes strong inhibition of tumor growth in mouse xenografts, compared with MEK5 depletion or radiation alone. These findings reveal a convergence between MEK5 signaling and DNA repair by NHEJ in conferring resistance to genotoxic stress in advanced prostate cancer and suggest targeting MEK5 as an effective therapeutic intervention in the management of this disease.
El tono proverbial del "Cantar de mio Cid"

Resumen: En el presente trabajo se examinan cinco ejemplos de «pseudo- rrefranes» del Cantar de mio Cid , compuestos por una protasis (introducida por el relativo indefinido «qui») y una apodosis. Se vera como estos cinco casos poseen implicaciones en la caracterizacion de los personajes, el didactismo del poema y su estructura. Palabras clave: Cantar de mio Cid , refranes, proverbios, estetica, estructura. Abstract: The present study examines five examples of «pseudoproverbs» from the Cantar de mio Cid , composed of a protasis (introduced by the indefinite pronoun «qui») and an apodosis. This examination will highlight the implications these examples have on the didacticism of the poem and its structure as well as the portrayal of the characters. Keywords: Poem of my Cid, sayings, proverbs, aesthetics, structure.
History and evolution of regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine fellowship training

Introduction In 2016, individual training programs in regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine (RA/APM) became eligible for accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), thereby culminating a process that began 15 years earlier. Herein, we review the origins of regional anesthesia training in the USA, the events leading up to accreditation and the current state of the fellowship. Methods We reviewed pertinent literature on the historical aspects of RA/APM in the USA, related subspecialty training and the formation and current state of RA/APM fellowship training programs. Additionally, a survey was distributed to the directors of the 74 RA/APM fellowships that existed as of 1 January 2017 to gather up-to-date, program-specific information. Results The survey yielded a 76% response rate. Mayo Clinic Rochester and Virginia Mason Medical Center likely had the first structured RA/APM fellowships with formalized curriculums and stated objectives, both starting in 1982. Most programs (86%), including ACGME and non-ACGME fellowships, came into existence after the year 2000. Six responding programs have or previously had RA/APM comingled with another subspecialty. Eight current programs originally offered unofficial or part-time fellowships in RA/APM, with fellows also practicing as attending physicians. Discussion The history of RA/APM training in the USA is a tortuous one. It began with short ‘apprenticeships’ under the tutelage of the early proponents of regional anesthesia and continues today with 84 official RA/APM programs and a robust fellowship directors’ group. RA/APM programs teach skills essential to the practice and improvement of anesthesiology as a specialty.
Nature in Built Space in Western Europe

As analyzed in this book, Western Europe as a region coincides approximately with the European Union. It is the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. It is therefore not surprising that it faces some of the most serious problems rooted in air pollution and environmental contamination writ large. These problems are present mainly in urban centres, which tend to be dominant given the region’s status as the most urbanized in the world. As the most urbanized region, biodiversity loss emerges as one of the region’s leading environmental problems. The region also faces some of the most stuborn challenges when it comes to developing and preserving nature in the built environment. While these problems are not new, their exact nature and origins remain largely unknown. This chapter seeks to shed light on the problems by analyzing them as a function of political, economic, technological, ecological, cultural and historical factors. In the process it shows how these factors have affected, or can affect, efforts to develop and manage nature in the region’s built environment.
Finite Deformation of Magnetoelastic Film

A nonlinear two-dimensional theory is developed for thin magnetoelastic films capable of large deformations. This is derived directly from three-dimensional theory. Significant simplifications emerge in the descent from three dimensions to two, permitting the self field generated by the body to be computed a posteriori. The model is specialized to isotropic elastomers with two material models. First weak magnetization is investigated leading to a free energy where magnetization and deformation are un-coupled. The second closely couples the magnetization and deformation. Numerical solutions are obtained to equilibrium boundary-value problems in which the membrane is subjected to lateral pressure and an applied magnetic field. An instability is inferred and investigated for the weak magnetization material model.
Perceptual inference is impaired in individuals with ASD and intact in individuals who have lost the autism diagnosis.

Abstract Beyond the symptoms which characterize their diagnoses, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show enhanced performance in simple perceptual discrimination tasks. Often attributed to superior sensory sensitivities, enhanced performance may also reflect a weaker bias towards previously perceived stimuli. This study probes perceptual inference in a group of individuals who have lost the autism diagnosis (LAD); that is, they were diagnosed with ASD in early childhood but have no current ASD symptoms. Groups of LAD, current ASD, and typically developing (TD) participants completed an auditory discrimination task. Individuals with TD showed a bias towards previously perceived stimuli—a perceptual process called “contraction bias”; that is, their representation of a given tone was contracted towards the preceding trial stimulus in a manner that is Bayesian optimal. Similarly, individuals in the LAD group showed a contraction bias. In contrast, individuals with current ASD showed a weaker contraction bias, suggesting reduced perceptual inferencing. These findings suggest that changes that characterize LAD extend beyond the social and communicative symptoms of ASD, impacting perceptual domains. Measuring perceptual processing earlier in development in ASD will tap the causality between changes in perceptual and symptomatological domains. Further, the characterization of perceptual inference could reveal meaningful individual differences in complex high-level behaviors.
Beyond Occupational Differences: The Importance of Cross-Cutting Demographics and Dyadic Toolkits for Collaboration in a US Hospital

This paper uses data from a 12-month ethnographic study of two medical-surgical units in a U.S. hospital to examine how members from different occupations can collaborate with one another in their daily work despite differences in status, shared meanings, and expertise across occupational groups, which previous work has shown to create difficulties. Nurses and patient care technicians (PCTs) on both hospital units faced these same occupational differences, served the same patient population, worked under the same management and organizational structure, and had the same pressures, goals, and organizational collaboration tools available to them. But nurses and PCTs on one unit successfully collaborated while those on the other did not. The paper demonstrates that a social structure characterized by cross-cutting demographics between occupational groups — in which occupational membership is uncorrelated with demographic group membership — can loosen attachment to the occupational identity and status order. This allows members of cross-occupational dyads, in our case nurses and PCTs, to draw on other shared social identities, such as shared race, age, or immigration status, in their interactions. Drawing on a shared social identity at the dyad level provided members with a “dyadic toolkit” of alternative, non-occupational expertise, shared meanings, status rules, and emotional scripts that facilitated collaboration across occupational differences and improved patient care. The paper details how cross-occupational collaboration difficulties can stem not only from occupational differences but also from demographic differences and suggests that the current literature may be overstating the occupational character of cross-occupational collaboration difficulties and understating their demographic character.
Directional Effects in Cultural Identity: A Family Systems Approach for Immigrant Latinx Families

Although there is a substantial body of work focusing on the processes underlying cultural identity in general, less is known regarding how these processes might operate within the context of Latinx families. Moreover, among the limited research that has included the adolescent and caregiver cultural identity, most of the research has primarily focused on how caregivers influence their adolescent’s cultural identity. In the present study, the directional pathways between recently immigrated adolescents’ and caregivers’ ethnic and U.S. identity belonging were examined using data from a longitudinal study of acculturation and identity development among recently arrived Latinx immigrant families. The sample consisted of 302 primary caregivers (Mage = 41.09, SD = 7.13 at baseline; 67.5% mothers) and their adolescents (Mage = 14.51, SD = 0.88 at baseline; 46.7% female). The results indicated that caregivers’ ethnic identity belonging significantly predicted adolescents’ ethnic identity belonging over time. At the same time, adolescents’ ethnic identity negatively predicted caregivers’ ethnic identity belonging over time, whereas adolescents’ U.S. identity belonging positively predicted caregivers’ later ethnic identity belonging. The findings indicate that immigrant caregivers may retain their native culture to direct and respond to their children’s changing cultural identifications.
Partially activated reconfigurable arrays to guide acoustic waves

Recent studies have exemplified the potential for curved origami-inspired acoustic arrays to focus waves. Yet, reconfigurable structures that adopt curvatures are often difficult to translate to pr...
Stability of particle dispersion and heterogeneous interfacial layers in polymer nanocomposites

Abstract In a groundbreaking study, Akcora group has shown that poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, nanocomposites with dynamically asymmetric, heterogeneous interfaces present a unique and reversible thermal-stiffening behavior above the glass transition temperature of the adsorbed polymer (Senses, E. et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 14682–14689.). However, chemically heterogeneous interfaces can be fragile under severe shear fields that are common in continuous polymer processes. The current study is inspired by the work done in Akcora group on thermally-stiffening polymer nanocomposites and is aimed at understanding the effect of continuous processing operations such as extrusion on the structure and properties of thermally-stiffening nanocomposites. The effect of processing on nanocomposites of PEO and colloidal silica, SiO2, were investigated via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small and wide angle X-ray scattering, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and rheometry. Three types of silica nanoparticles were employed in the current study (while keeping the average silica nanoparticle size and concentration constant: 40–50 nm diameter and 30% by weight): bare silica, silica adsorbed with polycarbonate (PC), and silica adsorbed with poly(2–vinyl pyridine), P2VP. The adsorption of PC and P2VP onto silica creates a dynamically asymmetric, heterogeneous interface that is quite different compared to homogeneous interfaces where either nanoparticle surfaces are chemically modified with small chemical groups or with long grafted chains. The results indicated that upon extrusion, the average size of secondary agglomerates either remained unchanged or decreased slightly but the amount of agglomeration increased leading to deterioration of silica nanoparticle dispersion and viscoelastic properties (at temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the adsorbed polymer). Among the three systems studied, P2VP-adsorbed silica containing samples showed the largest degradation of viscoelastic properties upon extrusion, which was attributed to the desorption and disentanglement within the heterogeneous interface or to agglomeration leading to breaking of the percolated structure formed by nanoparticles and polymer bridges.
Rethinking and Reconceptualizing Economics to Eradicate Inequality and Poverty

Poverty in inner cities and rural areas of 'rich' America is shocking for many which remains invisible to policymakers. It is clear that if pervasive and intransigent poverty can exist in America, it can exist anywhere. This paper focuses on actualizing Asad Zaman’s (2018) suggestions in order to move forward so we can create and implement sustainability. It also tries to integrate his suggestions into the broader movement to Rethink and Reconceptualize Economics in order to effectuate a broad-based policy for the eradication of inequality and poverty.
Controlling, Acquiring, and Disposing of Vacant Properties

No survey of urban neighborhood vacant property solutions can be complete without consideration of the approaches that involve wresting control of derelict properties away from their delinquent owners. Some of these methods can abate nuisances and return properties to productive use without permanently displacing the owners, but, frequently, no long-term resolution can be reached without the local government taking ownership and transferring title to persons ready, willing, and able to rehabilitate the property. Part II of this chapter will examine the structural and legal challenges that municipalities with many vacant properties face in disposing of vacant houses and lots that they have acquired from their delinquent former owners. It will show how land banking reforms have mitigated the problems presented by conventional approaches to the sale of publicly owned real property. Part I of the chapter will look at the various ways municipalities first take control of vacant properties that cannot be remedied through traditional code enforcement means. It begins with an overview of three situations where seizing control is the only effective way of abating the nuisance and reclaiming the property. Three types of vacant property situations present such intractable resistance to conventional code enforcement responses as to require more aggressive action by local authorities. First, some vacant properties could be rehabbed and returned to productive use but for the fact that their owners are unwilling and/or unable to execute the needed repairs. Second, some vacant properties are so burdened by competing ownership claims, mortgages, and/or other liens as to make further secured investment in them impossible. Third, many vacant houses are located in communities where the prices for habitable houses are not sufficiently high to justify the investment of capital needed to restore the derelict ones. In situations of the first type, in particular, short-term interventions focused on completion of essential repairs would, at first glance, appear to be sufficient. But, as the various solutions are explored, the need to transfer title to the property to a new owner will become more apparent. This chapter will focus on the legal mechanics of, and limits on, the various processes by which local authorities can gain control over nuisance vacant properties.
Avoiding Disasters with Freestall Design

Mistakes in freestall design are commonplace, and a matter of inches can make the difference between a satisfactory stall design and a herd disaster. A systematic way of assessing a freestall from a cow's perspective is required to accurately identify the problem and provide a least-cost solution.
Making Sense of Sensemaking: Understanding How K–12 Teachers and Coaches React to Visual Analytics

With the spread of learning analytics (LA) dashboards in K--12 schools, educators are increasingly expected to make sense of data to inform instruction. However, numerous features of school settings, such as specialized vantage points of educators, may lead to different ways of looking at data. This observation motivates the need to carefully observe and account for the ways data sensemaking occurs, and how it may differ across K--12 professional roles. Our mixed-methods study reports on interviews and think-aloud sessions with middle-school mathematics teachers and instructional coaches from four districts in the United States. By exposing educators to an LA dashboard, we map their varied reactions to visual data and reveal prevalent sensemaking patterns. We find that emotional, analytical, and intentional responses inform educators’ sensemaking and that different roles at the school afford unique vantage points toward data. Based on these findings, we offer a typology for representing sensemaking in a K--12 school context and reflect on how to expand visual LA process models.
When Does Mutualism Offer a Competitive Advantage? A Game-Theoretic Analysis of Host-Host Competition in Mutualism

Abstract Plants due to their non-motile nature rely heavily on mutualistic interactions to obtain resources and carry out services. One key mutualism is the plant-microbial mutualism in which a plant trades away carbon to a microbial partner for nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous. Plants show much variation in the use of this partnership from the individual level to entire lineages depending upon ecological, evolutionary, and environmental context. We sought to determine how this context dependency could result in the promotion, exclusion, or coexistence of the microbial mutualism by seeing if and when the partnership provided a competitive advantage to the plant. To that end, we created a simple 2 × 2 evolutionary game in which plants could either be a mutualist and pair with a microbe or a non-mutualist and forgo the partnership. This model included nutrients freely available to the plant, nutrients obtained only through mutualism with microbes, the cost of producing roots, the cost of trade with microbes, and the size of the local competitive neighborhood. Not surprisingly, we found that mutualism could offer a competitive advantage if its net benefit was positive. Coexistence between strategies is possible though due to competition between mutualists over the microbially obtained nutrient. In addition, the greater the size of the local competitive neighborhood, the greater the region of coexistence but only at the expense of mutualist fixation (non-mutualist fixation was unaffected). Our model, though simple, shows that plants can gain a competitive advantage from using a mutualism depending upon the context and points to basic experiments that can be done to verify the results.
ΩqPCR measures telomere length from single-cells in base pair units.

ΩqPCR determines absolute telomere length in kb units from single cells. Accuracy and precision of ΩqPCR were assessed using 800 bp and 1600 bp synthetic telomeres inserted into plasmids, which were measured to be 819 ± 19.6 and 1590 ± 42.3 bp, respectively. This is the first telomere length measuring method verified in this way. The approach uses Ω-probes, a DNA strand containing sequence information that enables: (i) hybridization with the telomere via the 3' and 5' ends that become opposed; (ii) ligation of the hybridized probes to circularize the Ω-probes and (iii) circularized-dependent qPCR due to sequence information for a forward primer, and for a reverse primer binding site, and qPCR hydrolysis probe binding. Read through of the polymerase during qPCR occurs only in circularized Ω-probes, which quantifies their number that is directly proportional to telomere length. When used in concert with information about the cell cycle stage from a single-copy gene, and ploidy, the MTL of single cells measured by ΩqPCR was consistent with that obtained from large sample sizes by TRF.
The Use of Standardized Patients in a First-Year Problem-Based Learning Introduction to Clinical Medicine Course

Standardized patients (SPs) are an integral part of our first-year Introduction to Clinical Medicine-1 (ICM-1) course. Groups of seven to nine students and two facilitators use problem-based learning (PBL) to learn ethics and to integrate principles of human behaviour, basic science, clinical medicine, and prevention. Ethical dilemmas and behavioural issues are scripted into each case. The first three ICM-1 cases are paperbased, while the last three use SPs who provide information during the patient-student physician interaction. Groups meet twice for all cases. In session one, students discuss the case, identify learning issues, and assign research responsibilities. In cases with SPs, students also identify questions to ask the patient and then interview the patient to determine the case’s learning issues. In session two, students present their learning issues and propose ways to resolve the problems presented in the case. Students and facilitators report that standardized patients make the learning experience more realistic and reinforce the importance of interviewing skills. A special unit using SPs has been added to the ICM-1 course to provide students with instruction, practice, and feedback in patient interviewing.
Flowering phenology and reproductive output in two sister species of Ferocactus (Cactaceae)

Flowering phenology is often strongly constrained by phylogenetichistory: many closely-related plants have very similar phenologies. On theotherhand, divergent flowering phenologies can function as isolating mechanisms,which may be reinforced if related plants occur sympatrically. I investigatedflowering phenology and reproductive output of sister species of barrel cacti,Ferocactus cylindraceus and F.wislizeni, where they occur sympatrically in the Sonoran Desertsurrounding Tucson, Arizona. Ferocactus cylindraceus beganblooming in May, and continued until early or mid-October, with a bimodalpattern of flowering amplitude. Individuals in the study population weremoderately well-synchronized phenologically. Ferocactuswislizeni began blooming in July, and also continued until early ormid-October, with a single peak of intensity; individuals in the studypopulation were well- synchronized phenologically. In both species, the vastmajority of individuals bloom every year. Plant size was positively correlatedwith flowering amplitude in both species, and with flowering onset inF. wislizeni. The study population of F.cylindraceus was strongly affected by a flower-eating caterpillar inall years, with the earliest flowers most likely to be destroyed. ForF. wislizeni, seed number per fruit was highest forflowersopen in the middle of the blooming season in 1998. Other components ofindividual plant phenology, including among-plant synchrony, had littleinfluence on reproductive output.
Application of a Parameter Robust Game Theoretic Controller to the Benchmark Problem

A new control algorithm based upon worst case design in which the uncertain parameters are explicitly included as adversaries is tested on the benchmark problem. The system matrices are assumed to be a function of the uncertain parameters. Both the uncertain parameters and the initial states are assumed to lie in sets defined by ellipsoids. The time-invariant, infinite-time version of this control with partial informaton is used. The algorithm for determining the control gains requires an iterative process between the solution of an algebraic Riccati equation, an algebraic Lyapunov equation and the saddle point initial state. Global necessary and sufficient conditions indicate the precise set of initial states and uncertain parameters for which the saddle point inequality will hold. This region guarentees performance robustness and is included in a larger set that guarentees stability robustness. The three parameter uncertainties for the benchmark problem are the two masses and the spring constant. For large enough ellipsoid uncertainty bounds, there appears two saddle point solutions. The saddle that is choosen produces the largest regions of performance and stability robustness.