cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The spin of the proton and the axial anomaly

Abstract We show that a consistent treatment of the abelian axial anomaly in a two-phase model of the proton yields a flavor singlet axial current that is saturated by the anomaly at Q 2 =0 in the chiral limit. This result suggests that at Q 2 =0 the matrix element of the flavor singlet axial current in a polarized proton state is small while the proton spin is still one-half. Modulo the QCD evolution equation, this result is in fair agreement with the recent EMC data.
Predicting the Helpfulness of Online Reviews—A Replication

This article presents the findings of a replication study on the helpfulness of online reviews. The replication study utilized similar data and analysis procedures as the original study. However, the regression model reported in the original study could not be reproduced, forcing us to develop an entirely different model that had only three independent variables that could be verified as significant predictors of review helpfulness. In addition, the R 2 produced by the replication study was much smaller than the R 2 reported in the original study. Possible causes for the differences and implications of the new findings are discussed.
On Theories of Acceleration and Growth

I. Introduction, 79. — II. Expectations and conventional models of growth, 82. — III. A linear, variable accelerator, 87. — IV. Simple models of growth with variable accelerator, 90. — V. Conclusions, 92. — VI. Mathematical analysis, 95.
Educate, Equip, Engage, Empower: A Framework for Preparing Preservice Teachers in Civic Education

Grounded in the historical and philosophical perspective of social reconstructionism, current work in citizenship education, as well as an actual experience of recent student activism in the antigenocide movement, the “4E” framework described in this article provides a way for educators to actualize goals for civic empowerment. This 21st-century model for citizenship education provides a clear path to student empowerment by activating civics in an authentic way. The framework proposes a four-step process for student learning: educate, equip, engage, and empower. In addition, the framework provides a structured way of integrating a recommended method for citizenship education into preservice teacher education.
Bildung einer Matrixstruktur für die Totalsynthese von CP‐225,917 und CP‐263,114 durch Aldol‐ und intramolekulare Heck‐Reaktion

Ein entscheidender Schritt auf dem Weg zur Totalsynthese der Titelverbindungen, die die Squalen-Synthase und Farnesyl-Transferase inhibieren, gelang durch den Aufbau der hochfunktionalisierten zentralen Ausgangsverbindung 1.
Yolk androgens reduce offspring survival

Females may favour some offspring over others by differential deposition of yolk hormones. In American kestrels ( Falco sparverius ), we found that yolks of eggs laid late in the sequence of a clutch had more testosterone (T) and androstenedione (A 4 ) than yolks of first–laid eggs. To investigate the effects of these yolk androgens on nestling ‘fitness’, we injected both T and A 4 into the yolks of first–laid eggs and compared their hatching time, nestling growth and nestling survival with those of first–laid eggs in which we injected vehicle as a control. Compared to controls, injection of T and A 4 at a dose intended to increase their levels to those of later–laid eggs delayed hatching and reduced nestling growth and survival rates. Yolk androgen treatment of egg 1 had no effect on survival of siblings hatching from subsequently laid eggs. The adverse actions of yolk androgen treatment in the kestrel are in contrast to the favourable actions of yolk T treatment found previously in canaries ( Serinus canaria ). Additional studies are necessary in order to determine whether the deposition of yolk androgens is an adaptive form of parental favouritism or an adverse by–product of endocrine processes during egg formation. Despite its adaptive significance, such ‘transgenerational’ effects of steroid hormones may have helped to evolutionarily shape the hormonal mechanisms regulating reproduction.
Transitions in first-year college student drinking behaviors: Does pre-college drinking moderate the effects of parent- and peer-based intervention components?

This study used Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) to examine a stage-sequential model of alcohol use among a sample of high-risk matriculating college students (N=1,275). Measures of alcohol use were collected via web-administered surveys during the summer before entering college and followed-up during the fall semester of college. Seven indicators of alcohol use were used in the LTA models, including temporal measures of typical drinking throughout the week. The results indicated that four latent statuses characterized patterns of drinking at both times, though the proportion of students in each status changed during the transition to college: (a) nondrinkers; (b) weekend nonbingers; (c) weekend bingers; and (d) heavy drinkers. Heavy drinkers were distinguished by heavy episodic drinking (HED), and increased likelihood of drinking throughout the week, especially on Thursdays. Covariates were added to the LTA model to examine the main and interaction effects of parent- and peer-based intervention components. Results indicated that participants in the parent and peer conditions were least likely to transition to the heavy drinkers status. Results also indicated that the parent condition was most effective at preventing baseline nondrinkers from transitioning to heavy drinkers whereas the peer condition was most effective at preventing escalation of use among weekend nonbingers. The results underscore the value of considering multiple dimensions of alcohol use within a person-centered approach. Differential treatment effects were found across baseline drinking class, suggesting the benefit for tailored intervention programs to reduce high-risk drinking among college students.
Prophylaxis with the Immunomodulator: PGG Glucan Enhances Antibiotic Efficacy in Rats Infected with Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

The emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant microorganisms has led to a search for alternatives to traditional therapeutic regimens. PGG glucan is a soluble beta-glucan immunomodulator that selectively enhances the microbicidal activities of neutrophils and macrophages without stimulating proinflammatory cytokine production. In the present studies, we examined the ability of PGG glucan to act in concert with antibiotics to decrease mortality in a rat model of intraabdominal sepsis using antibiotic-resistant bacteria as infectious inocula. Results of these studies demonstrated that prophylaxis with PGG glucan in combination with antibiotics provided enhanced protection against lethal challenge with Esherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus as compared with the use of antibiotics alone.
Ordering conjunctive queries

Abstract Conjunctive problems are pervasive in artificial intelligence and database applications. In general, such problems cannot be solved without carefully ordering the set of conjuncts for the problem-solving system. In this paper, the problem of determining the best ordering for a set of conjuncts is addressed. We first show how simple information about set sizes can be used to estimate the cost of solving a conjunctive problem. Assuming the availability of this information, methods for ordering conjuncts are developed, based on several theorems and corollaries about ordering. We also consider two well-known heuristic ordering rules and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the overall efficiency of including conjunct ordering in a problem solver is considered. To help reduce the overhead we present an approach of monitoring problem-solving cost at run-time. In this way conjunct ordering is limited to difficult problems where the cost of ordering is less significant. We also consider several issues involved in extending conjunct ordering to problems involving inference and planning problems.
The man in the white lab coat

In his fascinating and controversial book, Teilhard de Chardin speaks optimistically of the social forces between men as "the same (evolutionary) cyclone . . . which is still blowing over our heads, driving us together into a contact which tends to perfect each one of us by linking him organically to each and all of his neighbors." As science grows into a professional system of gigantic dimensions, there is developing a genuine crowding effect. De Chardin's cyclone blowing over an ever more crowded field leads to an
Adaptive soft-input soft-output multiuser detection for asynchronous coded DS-CDMA systems

In this paper, we apply adaptive algorithms in the SISO multiuser detector in order to avoid the need for a priori information. First, we present the optimum SISO parallel decision feedback detector for asynchronous DS-CDMA systems, which requires many system parameters. Then, we propose two adaptive versions of this SISO detector which are based on the normalized least mean square (NLMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms, respectively. The signature waveforms and relative delays of multiple users are unknown to the adaptive SISO detector. Only a training sequence is required for each user. Our SISO adaptive detectors effectively exploit the a priori information of coded symbols, which is based on soft inputs from a bank of single user decoders, to further improve their convergence performance. Furthermore, we consider how to select practical finite feedforward and feedback filter lengths to obtain good tradeoff between the performance and computational complexity of the receiver. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulation results are presented and compared.
Citizen Kane and the Quest for Kingship

Were the cinema to erect a Hall of Fame, then Citizen Kane would be its Babe Ruth, larger than life, dominating the shrine by its mere presence. But while asserting the movie's prominence, many critics extoll its technical achievements and belittle its thematic content. Paul Rotha, for one, refers to it as "crackpot Freud," while Pauline Kael, the film's most avid admirer, calls it "a shallow masterpiece. "* I, however, cling to the peculiar notion that whatever its technical brilliance, the stature of a film must have something to do with its content. As Orson Welles himself once retorted, judging a film by its visual impact "is like judging a novel only by the quality of its prose. "2 My thesis is that Citizen Kane is the saga of a frustrated quest for kingship. The lesson of the tale is not the vapid idea that love is more important than money (this would not even rate "crackpot Freud"), but that American liberalism makes kingship an impossibility. To illuminate this argument I shall go back five thousand years to the cosmogonie myth of the ancient Babylonians, the Enuma Elish.
GENOTYPIC DIVERSITY IN POPULATIONS OF A FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE FROM DOUGLAS FIR

Rhabdocline parkeri, an endophyte of Douglas fir, forms symptomless infections within single epidermal cells of healthy needles. Rhabdocline parkeri strains were isolated from trees growing in various habitats ranging from virgin old growth forests to a single young tree growing isolated in a meadow. Different genotypes of R. parkeri were distinguished by using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. A significantly lower number of R. parkeri genotypes per unit foliage were isolated from trees within a 20-year-old managed stand and from an isolated tree than from old growth trees. Foliage from young trees (20 years old) in a stand directly adjacent to the sampled old growth trees showed levels of genotypic endophyte diversity comparable to that in the old growth trees. Genotypic diversity is estimated to be at least three orders of magnitude greater in foliage of the old growth trees and adjacent young trees than in foliage from the managed stand and from an isolated tree. This difference is ascribed to differences in tree age and access to inoculum.
An EOQ inventory model for Weibull distributed deteriorating items under ramp type demand and shortages

An inventory model is considered in which it is depleted not only by demand, but also by deterioration. The Weibull distribution, which is capable of representing constant, increasing and decreasing rates of deterioration, is used to represent the distribution of the time to deterioration. Hence, we derive the EOQ model for inventory of item that deteriorates at a Weibull distributed rate, assuming the demand rate a ramp type function of time. Finally a numerical example has been studied along with its sensitivity.
The mechanism of regulation of fibroblastic cell replication II. Participation of the nucleoli

Cultures of human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) exhibiting density dependent inhibition of replication (DDIR) resumed their progression through the cell cycle following medium replacement and, after a lag period of two hours, showed a dramatic increase in the incidence of isonucleolinar 4 cells and in the levels of uptake of 3H-uridine into the nucleoli. Between five and ten hours after refeeding these nucleolar changes were maximal, leveling off at the highest values, in periods corresponding to late G1 and early S. Concomitantly, a parallel increase in the number of nucleolini per cell occurred. As cells progressed through S and G2 phases the nucleolini decreased in number and reverted to the aniso-nucleolinar type. The intensity of nucleolar labeling by 3H-uridine and its correlate, the frequency of cells with labeled nucleoli, also decreased during these cell cycle stages. Both pre- and postreplicative periods of mitotic quiescence were characterized by high levels of anisonucleolinosis (60–80% of the cells) and by very low levels of nucleolar 3H-uridine incorporation. The magnitude of these nucleolar changes occurring during G1 stage was found to be strongly dependent on: (1) the length of time of contact between the cells and the fresh medium, at least eight hours of contact being necessary for a maximal response; (2) the amount of serum in the medium, the optimal serum concentration being between 10 and 50%, and (3) the pH of the medium. The nucleolar response was completely abolished at pH values below 7.0. These nucleolar changes were very sensitive to the presence of cycloheximide (10 μg/ml) and actinomycin D (0.003 μg/ml). The behavior of the nucleoli in response to these parameters was similar to the activation response of the cells to initiate DNA synthesis. During the time period of maximal nucleolar (activation) the onset of DNA synthesis as well as the morphological and autoradiographic manifestations of the nucleolar activation were completely inhibited by very low levels of actinomycin D (Ellem and Mironescu, '72), a selective inhibitor of nucleolar RNA synthesis (Perry, '65). This suggested a possible role of nucleolar metabolism, in normal diploid cells, in the initiation of DNA synthesis. Our results, however, seem to indicate that the nucleolar changes are necessary but not sufficient for the subsequent initiation of DNA synthesis, since with graded serum concentrations or medium volumes, smaller levels of a stimulus were needed to produce maximal isonucleolinosis than to effect a maximum replicative response in the cells.
A Case of Fatal Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Complication of Hydrochlorothiazide and Lisinopril Therapy

We report a case of fatal necrotizing pancreatitis associated with hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril therapy. A 49-year-old man who presented with 2 days of abdominal pain and vomiting was found to have severe pancreatitis. The patient denied any alcohol use. In addition, abdominal ultrasound examinations showed no evidence of cholelithiasis or bile duct dilations. Review of his medication history with the family revealed that he was being treated with hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril for hypertension. An exploratory laparotomy was performed and revealed no common bile duct stones. Unfortunately, the patient's hospital course was complicated with multiple organ failure, which resulted in death. To the best of our knowledge, there are only 3 other reported cases of hydrochlorothiazide-induced necrotizing pancreatitis reported in the literature.
Women’s education and fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa was the last major part of the developing world to experience fertility decline, and fertility in the region remains high compared to fertility in Asia and Latin America. Correspondingly, women’s education, known to be an important factor related to fertility via multiple pathways, is comparatively low in the region. Numerous studies have documented the importance of increasing women’s education as a key variable contributing to fertility decline in the developing world. This paper uses aggregated data to examine the role of increasing women’s educational attainment in the ongoing fertility transition in sub-Saharan Africa, in conjunction with other socioeconomic changes such as declining infant and child mortality and changes in economic well-being. In addition, detailed patterns of fertility differences by educational attainment are also examined across countries using individual-level data, highlighting the significant role in fertility transition of increasing secondary and higher education.
Shared Visual Attention Reduces Hindsight Bias

Hindsight bias is the tendency to retrospectively think of outcomes as being more foreseeable than they actually were. It is a robust judgment bias and is difficult to correct (or “debias”). In the experiments reported here, we used a visual paradigm in which performers decided whether blurred photos contained humans. Evaluators, who saw the photos unblurred and thus knew whether a human was present, estimated the proportion of participants who guessed whether a human was present. The evaluators exhibited visual hindsight bias in a way that matched earlier data from judgments of historical events surprisingly closely. Using eye tracking, we showed that a higher correlation between the gaze patterns of performers and evaluators (shared attention) is associated with lower hindsight bias. This association was validated by a causal method for debiasing: Showing the gaze patterns of the performers to the evaluators as they viewed the stimuli reduced the extent of hindsight bias.
Assessment of cognitive function in the elderly

Abstract Neuropsychological testing of the five basic areas of mental function (attention, language, memory, visuospatial ability, and conceptualization) can be used to help differentiate the effects of normal aging, delirium, depression, and dementing disorders, and in developing appropriate treatment or management plans. The author assesses the meaning of the test results with particular reference to Alzheimer's disease.
Calculations of relative intensities of fragment ions in the MSMS spectra of a doubly charged penta-peptide

Currently, the tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) of peptides is a dominant technique used to identify peptides and consequently proteins. The peptide fragmentation inside the mass analyzer typically offers a spectrum containing several different groups of ions. The mass to charge (m/z) values of these ions can be exactly calculated following simple rules based on the possible peptide fragmentation reactions. But the (relative) intensities of the particular ions cannot be simply predicted from the amino-acid sequence of the peptide. This study presents initial work towards developing a theoretical fundamental approach to ion intensity elucidation by utilizing quantum mechanical computations. MSMS spectra of the doubly charged GAVLK peptide were collected on electrospray ion trap mass spectrometers using low energy modes of fragmentation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the population of ion precursors to determine the fragment ion intensities corresponding to a Boltzmann distribution of the protonation of nitrogens in the peptide backbone amide bonds. We were able to a) predict the y and b ions intensities order in concert with the experimental observation; b) predict relative intensities of y ions with errors not exceeding the experimental variation. These results suggest that the GAVLK peptide fragmentation process in the ion trap mass spectrometer is predominantly driven by the thermodynamic stability of the precursor ions formed upon ionization of the sample. The computational approach presented in this manuscript successfully calculated ion intensities in the mass spectra of this doubly charged tryptic peptide, based solely on its amino acid sequence. As such, this work indicates a potential of incorporating quantum mechanical calculations into mass spectrometry based algorithms for molecular identification.
A unified approach to the decomposition and re-decomposition of sequential machines

We present a unified framework and associated algorithms for the optimal decomposition and re-decomposition of sequential machines. This framework allows for a uniform treatment of arbitrary decomposition topologies operating at the State Transition Graph (STG) level, while targeting a cost function that is close to the eventual logic implementation. Previous work has targeted specific decomposition topologies via the formulation of decomposition as implicant covering with associated constraints. It is shown that this formulation can be used to target arbitrary desired topologies merely by customizing the constraints during implicant covering. It is shown how this work relates to preserved partitions and covers traditionally used in parallel and cascade decomposition, and how this formulation establishes the relationship between state assignment and FSM decomposition.In many cases, an initial decomposition is specified as a starting point. Attempting to flatten a set of interacting circuits into a single lumped STG in order to modify the decomposition structure could require astronomical amounts of CPU time and memory. Memory and CPU time efficient re-decomposition algorithms that operate on distributed-style specifications and which are more global than those presented in the past have been developed. These algorithms have been implemented in the sequential logic synthesis system, FLAMES, that is being developed at UCB/MIT.
Les rapports entre métacognition, cognition et fonctionnement dans la schizophrénie : données issues de l'étude de récits personnels

Il est etabli par la recherche que de nombreuses personnes atteintes de schizophrenie presentent un deficit de leurs capacites metacognitives, c’est-a-dire une alteration de leur aptitude a developper une pensee sur leur propre pensee ou sur celle d’autrui. Ces difficultes ont des liens avec les symptomes, mais ne leur sont pas reductibles. Une question pour la recherche contemporaine est de preciser les rapports entre ces deficits et les autres types de deficits cognitifs, ainsi que l’impact de ces differents deficits – cognitifs et metacognitifs – sur les capacites fonctionnelles. Alors que la cognition se degrade pendant la premiere phase de la schizophrenie, la capacite de developper une pensee sur ses propres pensees est-elle parallelement alteree ? En outre, meme s’ils sont lies a des deficits cognitifs, les deficits metacognitifs ont-ils un impact sur le fonctionnement independamment des deficits cognitifs ? Les fonctions metacognitives sont-elles mediatrices de l’impact des deficits cognitifs sur le fonctionnement quotidien ? Pour explorer ces hypotheses, cet article passe en revue des etudes recentes qui ont fait progresser notre comprehension de ces questions, portant sur la metacognition telle qu’elle se manifeste spontanement dans les recits autobiographiques d’adultes presentant des troubles du registre de la schizophrenie. Nous presenterons des resultats montrant que des deficits de la memoire verbale et des fonctions executives peuvent interferer avec la capacite d’elaborer et de garder present a l’esprit une representation de ses propres etats internes aussi bien que de ceux d’autrui. Nous evoquerons ensuite des resultats suggerant que les deficits metacognitifs ont un impact sur l’evolution des capacites fonctionnelles et conditionnent l’impact des deficits cognitifs sur le fonctionnement.
Denudation and deformation in a glaciated orogenic wedge: The St. Elias orogen, Alaska

Apatite (U-Th)/He dating from the St. Elias orogen in southern Alaska illustrates a potential association between long-term denudation and glacier sliding. Cooling ages as young as 0.4 Ma (exhumation ~4–5 mm/yr) are concentrated in a narrow band near the glacier equilibrium line altitude (ELA) front, where mean Quaternary ELA intersects the windward flank of the orogen. This band of denudation is not correlated with individual faults, structural trends, or known concentrations of precipitation, and we propose that it is produced by focused glacier sliding at or near the ELA front. This implies that long-term glacial erosion is a maximum at ELA, which corroborates model predictions that glaciers and climate can control the pattern of crust removal from orogens. Denudation rates do not covary with fluctuations in glacier size along the ELA front, suggesting that small glaciers are capable of keeping pace with incision by larger ones and tectonic rock uplift. Ice discharge may thus play a critical, but complex, role in excavating glaciated orogens.
Activation of protein kinase C in the spinal cord produces mechanical hyperalgesia by activating glutamate receptors, but does not mediate chronic muscle-induced hyperalgesia

Protein kinase C (PKC) in the spinal cord appears to mediate chronic injury-induced pain, but not acute nociceptive pain. Muscle insult results in increased release of glutamate spinally, and hyperalgesia that is reversed by spinal blockade of NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors. Therefore, we hypothesized that spinal activation of PKC 1) mediates the late phase of hyperalgesia 1 week after muscle insult, and 2) produces mechanical hyperalgesia through activation of NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors. Rats were implanted with intrathecal catheters for delivery of drugs directly to the spinal cord. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the paw were determined using von Frey filaments. Intrathecal phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate (PDBu) produced a dose-dependent decrease in the mechanical withdrawal threshold of the paw that was prevented by pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor, GF109203X. Pretreatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist (AP5) or a AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist (NBQX) prevented the decrease in mechanical withdrawal threshold by PDBu. Two injections of acidic saline in the gastrocnemius muscle decreased the mechanical withdrawal thresholds of the paw bilaterally 24 h and 1 week after the second injection. However, blockade PKC in the spinal cord had no effect on the decreased withdrawal thresholds of the paw when compared to vehicle controls. Spinal activation of PKC produces mechanical hyperalgesia of the paw that depends on activation of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Chronic muscle-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, on the other hand, does not utilize spinal PKC.
Revisiting display space management: understanding current practice to inform next-generation design

Most modern computer systems allow the user to control the space allocated to interfaces through a window system. While much of the understanding of how people interact with windows may be regarded as well-known, there are very few reports of documented window management practices. Recent work on larger display spaces indicates that multiple monitor use is becoming more commonplace, and that users are experiencing a variety of usability issues with their window systems. The lack of understanding of how people generally interact with windows implies that future design and evaluation of window managers may not address emerging user needs and display systems. Thus we present a study of people using a variety of window managers and display configurations to illustrate manager- and display-independent space management issues. We illustrate several issues with space management, and each issue includes discussion of the implications of both evaluations and design directions for future window managers. We also present a classification of users' space management styles and relationships to window system types.
The multifaceted role of Notch in cardiac development and disease

Notch receptors and their cognate ligands transduce crucial signals between cells in various tissues, and have been conserved across millions of years of evolution. Mutations in Notch signalling components result in congenital heart defects in humans and mice, demonstrating an essential role for Notch in cardiovascular development. The results of recent experiments implicate this signalling pathway in many stages of heart development, and provide mechanistic insight into the vital functions of Notch in the aetiology of several common forms of paediatric and adult cardiac disease.
The ARCHIVES and the Internet

In response to the growing utility of the Internet, more and more physicians have obtained access to the online world, creating a widespread interest in this new media and the resources it provides. Accordingly, a new position—online editor—has been created on the editorial boards of each of theArchivesjournals of the American Medical Association. This editor will keep the readership informed on Internet issues and provide a forum to discuss the academic, ethical, and legal implications of electronic communication. In addition, he or she will coordinate the content of the journal's presence on the World Wide Web. 1
The Word Set Free: Presenting the New Testament in its First Century Context

To pay tribute to Daniel J. Harrington, S.J. for his many contributions to help bridge the historic chasm between Judaism and Christianity—and to mark the 2009 publication of his book The Synoptic Gospels Set Free: Preaching Without Antisemitism—the Center for Christian-Jewish Learning sponsored this Colloquium. It opened with a presentation by Daniel Harrington, S.J. Three panelists—Dr. Christopher Leighton, Fr. David Michael, and Celia Sirois—with academic and pastoral experience in the North American context, engaged with Fr. Harrington, each other and the audience to explore the pastoral and educational implications of Harrington’s presentation and book.
Global RNA Structure Analysis of Poliovirus Identifies a Conserved RNA Structure Involved in Viral Replication and Infectivity

The genomes of RNA viruses often contain RNA structures that are crucial for translation and RNA replication and may play additional, uncharacterized roles during the viral replication cycle. For the picornavirus family member poliovirus, a number of functional RNA structures have been identified, but much of its genome, especially the open reading frame, has remained uncharacterized. We have now generated a global RNA structure map of the poliovirus genome using a chemical probing approach that interrogates RNA structure with single-nucleotide resolution. In combination with orthogonal evolutionary analyses, we uncover several conserved RNA structures in the open reading frame of the viral genome. To validate the ability of our global analyses to identify functionally important RNA structures, we further characterized one of the newly identified structures, located in the region encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 3D(pol), by site-directed mutagenesis. Our results reveal that the structure is required for viral replication and infectivity, since synonymous mutants are defective in these processes. Furthermore, these defects can be partially suppressed by mutations in the viral protein 3C(pro), which suggests the existence of a novel functional interaction between an RNA structure in the 3D(pol)-coding region and the viral protein(s) 3C(pro) and/or its precursor 3CD(pro).
Respiratory-induced Setup Errors Should Be Considered for Patients With Tumor Affected by Respiratory Motion and Treated With Free Breathing IGRT: A Pilot Study on Patients With Pancreatic Head Tumor

Materials/Methods Based on two internal fiducial markers, patients were positioned based on free breathing ExacTrac and re-positioned according to gated ExacTrac Xray images. The additional couch shifts after repositioning were shown in Table 1. Student t-test showed that the mean couch position correction was not significant in LR (p=0.15) or AP (p=0.56) direction but was significant in SI direction (p<10-4 ).These corrections were considered as respiratory-induced setup errors. Results
Elastic-plastic analysis by quadratic programming.

The plastic principles of absolute minimum of the rate of total potential energy and total complementary potential are used as tools for fomulating the elastic-plastic analysis of various types of structures as a problem in nonlinear programming. The finite element technique is used to discretize a continuum and thus obtain an admissible field in terms of a finite number of parameters. For an elastic-perfectly plastic material it is shown that a force formulation has a definite advantage in that the knowledge whether a plastic element unloads or remains plastic becomes unnecessary and the problem can be formulated as a quadratic programming problem. Numerical examples illustrate the solution technique.
Precision CrowdSourcing: Closing the Loop to Turn Information Consumers into Information Contributors

We introduce a theoretical framework called precision crowdsourcing whose goal is to help turn online information consumers into information contributors. The framework looks at the timing and nature of the requests made of users and the feedback provided to users with the goal of increasing long-term contribution and engagement in the site or system. We present the results of a field experiment in which almost 3000 users were asked to tag movies (plus a null control group) as we varied the selection of task (popular/obscure), timing of requests (immediate or varying delays), and relational rhetoric (neutral, system reciprocal, other users reciprocal) of the requests. We found that asking increases tags provided overall, though asking generally decreases the provision of unprompted tags. Users were more likely to comply with our request when we asked them to tag obscure movies and when we used reciprocal request rhetoric.
Immigrants, Natives and the French Welfare State: Explaining Different Interactions with a Social Welfare Program:

This research note examines immigrants and natives’ interactions with foyers d'hebergement or lodging hostels in France. These populations differ in how they locate foyers, the importance they atta...
Paying the State Use Tax: Is a “Nudge” Enough?

To improve use tax compliance, twenty-seven states have added a line to their income tax returns where taxpayers can report taxable sales. This article reports results of a behavioral study of a po...
On analytical transformations for efficiency improvements in the method of finite spheres

Publisher Summary Various meshless techniques— such as the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method, the diffuse element method, and the element free Galerkin method—have been developed to solve complex boundary-value problems because meshless techniques are attractive to circumvent mesh generation difficulties. For the general field of linear static analysis the meshless methods require complex numerical integrations resulting into relatively large solution times. This chapter introduces the method of finite spheres with the aim to reach a meshless method that is in terms of computational effort competitive with traditional finite-element methods. For the method of finite spheres to be an effective scheme, improvements in the numerical integration and an efficient auto sphere generation are essential. The chapter addresses these issues briefly and reviews the basic formulation of the method of finite spheres.
Self Defense: Tell Me Moore

Although Michael Moore has theorized much of the criminal law, he has left self-defense virtually untouched. This festschrift chapter sets forth the current debates within self-defense theory. It then pieces together Moore’s views about these puzzles, arguing that Moore adopts a distributive view of self-defense whereby an innocent victim may redistribute harm to its culpable or innocent cause. The chapter then questions some of Moore’s claims, including how Moore grounds the self-defensive right against innocent aggressors and threats, whether self-defense is best viewed as a mechanism for harm distribution, and whether Moore needs something like the forfeiture concept that he rejects. The chapter concludes by demonstrating that Moore’s commitments in self-defense would justify a deterrence-based criminal law and by asking how this result can be reconciled with Moore’s retributivist commitments.
Investigation report of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Jilin Province

Objective To comprehensive understanding of the epidemic situation in Jilin province of multi drug resistant tuberculosis,established the multi drug resistance prevention and control tactics and measures to provide a scientific basis. Method By stratified cluster sampling method, thirty monitoring points of resistance selection in Jilin province, the early retreatment smear positive cases. The drug sensitivity test was carried out by using the proportional method. Result The survey results showed that, in Jilin province, the initial treatment of total drug resistance rate was 33. 02%, multi drug resistant rate was 8. 51%.Multi drug resistance rate was 9. 62%, extensively drug resistant rate was 1. 19%; the retreatment of smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in total drug resistance rate was 53. 94%, multi drug resistant rate was 23. 12%, multi drug resistance rate was 15. 08%, extensively drug resistant rate was 2. 51%. Conclusion Jilin province is one of China's high MDR- TB burden provinces, multi drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis has become one of the biggest challenges currently facing the tuberculosis control work. Therefore, to strengthen the quality strategy and pulmonary tuberculosis patients management of modern tuberculosis control,is a key link to improve the diagnosis,of drug resistant tuberculosis treatment level.
Mechanism of the heat-resistant aluminium alloy conductor and its application in power transmission lines

With the development of the electric power industry, large capacity, heat-resistant conductors are required by the power transmission lines. This paper investigates the mechanism of the heat-resistant aluminium alloy conductors, presenting and analysing the category and performance as well as the application in power transmission lines of the aluminium alloy conductor. Finally, it makes suggestions for promoting the development and application of the heat-resistant aluminium alloy conductor.
Comparison of the cardiac effects of ASI-222 HCl, an aminosugar cardiac glycoside, and digoxin.

The effects of ASI-222 HCl and digoxin on cardiac contractile force, dP/dt, heart rate and mean blood pressure in the dog were evaluated following i.v. administration. Additional studies were performed on isolated, electrically driven rabbit atria with both ASI-222 and digoxin. Our data show that ASI-222 (40 microgram/kg) in non-vagotomized dogs produced a two-fold greater increase in cardiac contractile force and dP/dt than did an equimolar dose of digoxin. ASI-222 caused a peak increase in contractile force and dP/dt 10 min after administration, whereas the peak to digoxin occurred at 30 min. ASI-222 was more effective in non-vagotomized dogs in increasing contractile force and dP/dt than in vagatonized dogs. The inotropic responses to digoxin were not reduced by vagotomy. Studies on isolated electrically driven rabbit atria indicate ASI-222 to be 7-8 times more potent than digoxin in increasing contractile force. These data demonstrate that ASI-222 produces an earlier and greater increase in contractile force and dP/dt than digoxin in equimolar doses.
Investigation of Reduction in Oxygen Requirements of Biological Phosphorus Removal Systems

The introduction of an anaerobic zone before the aerobic zone of a conventional activated sludge system was previously found to result in less-than-theoretical oxygen use. The difference between actual and theoretical oxygen use was termed Anaerobic Stabilization (AnS). In this study, an improved method was developed for the determination of AnS, and was applied to a lab-scale Anaerobic/Oxic (A/O) system in which nitrification was chemically inhibited. 15-20 percent of the theoretical oxygen requirement was eliminated by AnS. Oxygen, COD, and sulfate were found to be the major species involved in redox reactions in the system, and therefore major components of AnS. Production of hydrogen, methane, or carbon monoxide, and limitations of the COD test were eliminated as possible explanations for AnS. Aeration-induced stripping of reduced volatile species produced in the anaerobic zone was identified as a possible mechanism requiring further investigation.
Hop-timing estimation for FH signals using a coarsely channelized receiver

This paper addresses new hop-timing (epoch) estimation schemes which employ a coarsely channelized preprocessor in order to suppress the frequency and phase dependence in random frequency-hopping (FH) signals. Coarse channelization implies a bank of filters, covering the total spread bandwidth of the FH signal, whose number is much smaller than the size of the candidate hop frequency set. Linear and nonlinear combinations of preprocessor outputs are explored and compared. It is found that post-processing, rather than the size of the filter bank alone, is the determining factor on estimation performance. Performance evaluation is presented via both extensive computer simulations and analytical lower bounds. Comparisons with existing optimal and suboptimal systems are also provided.
Mechanisms of Photosensitive Epilepsies

Intermittent photic stimulation was performed in 21 photosensitive epileptic patients and the relation of the photoparoxysmal response (PPR) to the epilepsy syndrome was determined in a study at the National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Higashi Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
Use of Chlorhexidine Preparations in Total Joint Arthroplasty

Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a serious complication after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic because of its rapid and persistent action. It is well tolerated and available in different formulations at various concentrations. Chlorhexidine can be used for pre-operative skin cleansing, surgical site preparation, hand antisepsis of the surgical team and intra-articular irrigation of infected joints. The optimal intra-articular concentration of chlorhexidine gluconate in irrigation solution is 2%, to provide a persistent decrease in biofilm formation, though cytotoxicity might be an issue. Although chlorhexidine is relatively cheap, routine use of chlorhexidine without evidence of clear benefits can lead to unnecessary costs, adverse effects and even emergence of resistance. This review focuses on the current applications of various chlorhexidine formulations in TJA. As the treatment of PJI is challenging and expensive, effective preparations of chlorhexidine could help in the prevention and control of PJI.
Women at the Bottom in India: Women Workers in the Informal Economy:

The poor and marginalized women in India have not just experienced the inequalities of class and gender but also of caste and religion. Since most of them are employed informally, they are further exposed to job-related insecurities. The article intends to identify these women at the bottom of the Indian society and to understand their historical and current challenges. In the first section, it explores some major intersections of inequalities and disadvantages that these women face, attempting to understand their differences and commonalities. It is found that these women predominantly belong to dalit, tribal or Muslim communities. These women face unique struggles, owing to their different community identities. These challenges and their historical background are explored in the second section of the article. In addition, they face certain common challenges owing to their gender and the informal nature of their occupation, which is addressed in the third section. The article discusses their common and u...
Regulation and Possible Functions of Kisspeptin in the Medial Amygdala.

Kisspeptin, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, is required for reproduction. Humans and mice lacking kisspeptin or its receptor, Kiss1r, have impairments in reproductive physiology and fertility. In addition to being located in the hypothalamus in the anteroventral periventricular and arcuate nuclei, kisspeptin neurons are also present in several extra-hypothalamic regions, such as the medial amygdala (MeA). However, while there has been a significant focus on the reproductive roles of hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons, the regulation and function(s) of MeA and other extra-hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons have received far less attention. This review summarizes what is currently known about the regulation, development, neural projections, and potential functions of MeA kisspeptin neurons, as well as kisspeptin signaling directly within the MeA, with emphasis on data gathered from rodent models. Recent data is summarized and compared between rodent species and also between males and females. In addition, critical gaps in knowledge and important future directions are discussed.
Embodying Resistance: A Rhetorical Ecology of the Full Cycle Supper

This chapter examines the ways practices of resistance within local communities develop and normalize despite global environmental problems. By engaging in a study of a locally sourced dinner called The Full Cycle Supper, the authors examine how resistance takes root in a community. The actions observed at the supper, they argue, rhetorically construct practices of ecological habitual resistance, stemming from the concept of habitus. Ecological habitual resistance is defined as rhetorical practices that push against marginalizing structures while also advancing alternative practices that allow people to act in response to a variety of political concerns. This chapter demonstrates how the structures manifested through the habitus can be used to support resistive actions in addition to dominant structures.
Tumor-derived CSF-1 induces the NKG2D ligand RAE-1δ on tumor-infiltrating macrophages

NKG2D is an important immunoreceptor expressed on the surface of NK cells and some T cells. NKG2D recognizes a set of ligands typically expressed on infected or transformed cells, but recent studies have also documented NKG2D ligands on subsets of host non-tumor cells in tumor-bearing animals and humans. Here we show that in transplanted tumors and genetically engineered mouse cancer models, tumor-associated macrophages are induced to express the NKG2D ligand RAE-1δ. We find that a soluble factor produced by tumor cells is responsible for macrophage RAE-1δ induction, and we identify tumor-derived colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) as necessary and sufficient for macrophage RAE-1δ induction in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we show that induction of RAE-1δ on macrophages by CSF-1 requires PI3K p110α kinase signaling. Thus, production of CSF-1 by tumor cells leading to activation of PI3K p110α represents a novel cellular and molecular pathway mediating NKG2D ligand expression on tumor-associated macrophages.
Protozoan Infections of Man: Other Infections

The choice of the optimal chemotherapy for the protozoan infections covered in this chapter deserves particular attention by physicians because of the potentially lifethreatening nature of some of these diseases such as pneumocystosis, toxoplasmosis, and amebiasis, and because of the large numbers of individuals with clinical diseases caused by pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Trichomonas vaginalis. The initial therapeutic decision that must be made is whether treatment needs to be instituted. Some of the manifestations of certain protozoan disease are almost always mild and self-limiting, such as cryptosporidiosis or lymphadenopathic toxoplasmosis in the immunocompetent host. In other situations, therapy is probably not warranted because the protozoan infection is producing no clinical illness and the likelihood of immediate reinfection is high, e.g., asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica cyst passers in a high-risk endemic population.