cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microphysical properties of frozen particles inferred from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) polarimetric measurements

Abstract. Scattering differences induced by frozen particle microphysical properties are investigated, using the vertically (V) and horizontally (H) polarized radiances from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) 89 and 166 GHz channels. It is the first study on frozen particle microphysical properties on a global scale that uses the dual-frequency microwave polarimetric signals. From the ice cloud scenes identified by the 183.3 ± 3 GHz channel brightness temperature (Tb), we find that the scattering by frozen particles is highly polarized, with V–H polarimetric differences (PDs) being positive throughout the tropics and the winter hemisphere mid-latitude jet regions, including PDs from the GMI 89 and 166 GHz TBs, as well as the PD at 640 GHz from the ER-2 Compact Scanning Submillimeter-wave Imaging Radiometer (CoSSIR) during the TC4 campaign. Large polarization dominantly occurs mostly near convective outflow regions (i.e., anvils or stratiform precipitation), while the polarization signal is small inside deep convective cores as well as at the remote cirrus region. Neglecting the polarimetric signal would easily result in as large as 30 % error in ice water path retrievals. There is a universal bell curve in the PD–TBV relationship, where the PD amplitude peaks at ∼ 10 K for all three channels in the tropics and increases slightly with latitude (2–4 K). Moreover, the 166 GHz PD tends to increase in the case where a melting layer is beneath the frozen particles aloft in the atmosphere, while 89 GHz PD is less sensitive than 166 GHz to the melting layer. This property creates a unique PD feature for the identification of the melting layer and stratiform rain with passive sensors. Horizontally oriented non-spherical frozen particles are thought to produce the observed PD because of different ice scattering properties in the V and H polarizations. On the other hand, turbulent mixing within deep convective cores inevitably promotes the random orientation of these particles, a mechanism that works effectively in reducing the PD. The current GMI polarimetric measurements themselves cannot fully disentangle the possible mechanisms.
Ökonomisierung der Ethik oder „Ethisierung“ der Ökonomie?

Seit einigen Jahren wird international und auch in Deutschland eine verstarkte offentliche Diskussion um die Rolle von Unternehmen in der Gesellschaft und um die ethischen Grundlagen des Wirtschaftens gefuhrt.1 Mit dieser Entwicklung korrespondiert auch die entsprechende Diskussion in der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen bzw. sozialethischen Fachwelt.2 Das zunehmende Interesse an wirtschafts- und unternehmensethischen Fragestellungen, das sich in diesen Entwicklungen ausert, hat verschiedene, eng miteinander zusammenhangende Grunde. Der zunehmende Ruckzug des Staates aus der sozialen Verantwortung, die Folgen einer ungehemmten und (noch) nicht mit uberstaatlichen Regelmechanismen versehenen Globalisierung, gesellschaftlicher Wertewandel und — mitunter damit einhergehend — eine zunehmende Anzahl wirtschaftlicher und wirtschaftskrimineller Skandale — all das fordert die Bereitschaft, auf den verschiedensten Ebenen uber die soziale Verantwortung der Wirtschaft einerseits und ihre ethische Begrundung andererseits zu diskutieren.
Abstract B01: Integrated genomic analysis identifies two subsets of cervical cancer with potentially distinct therapeutic profiles

Background and Significance: The continuous expression of HPV oncogenes is responsible for initiating and driving cervical cancer. Current treatments include radiation and Cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Targeted therapies can be directed to specific subset of tumors if they are known. Methods: Molecular genetic data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were analyzed. Results: We discovered and characterized a subset of HPV positive cervical cancers that do not express HPV transcripts, including the E6 and E7 oncogenes. These tumors more commonly appear in women with a median age of diagnosis 9 years later (54 vs. 45 years) (p-value = 0.023) and reveal worse survival (p-value 0.06). Gene expression profiles of HPV expressing tumors (HPV-active) are distinct from those tumors that do not express HPV (HPV-inactive). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of the HPV-active tumors show enrichment for E2F target genes, as expected based on the activity of HPV E7. HPV-inactive tumors show enrichment for WNT/beta-catenin target genes. Additionally, this analysis reveals that the HPV-active tumors have increased AKT/MTOR signaling and HPV-inactive tumors have increased sonic hedgehog signaling indicating different potential therapeutic targets for these two classes of tumors. The majority of differentially expressed genes can be explained by DNA hyper methylation and silencing of expression. Somatic mutation landscapes are significantly different. HPV-inactive tumors are significantly enriched for non-synonymous somatic mutations (p-value Conclusions: Many of the somatic mutations found in non-expressing tumors mimic the functions of the E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins, such as TP53, CTNNB1, EGFR and KRAS somatic mutations. Unexpectedly, BRCA1 and BRCA2 somatic mutations are more frequent in the HPV-inactive tumors. Therapeutic strategies based on PARP inhibition may be effective against this category of cervical cancers. Application of therapeutics routinely used in other cancer types could be used to exploit the weaknesses we discovered in the HPV-inactive tumors and may improve survival for these cervical cancer patients. Citation Format: Carolyn E. Banister, Lucia Pirisi, Kim E. Creek, Phillip J. Buckhaults. Integrated genomic analysis identifies two subsets of cervical cancer with potentially distinct therapeutic profiles. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr B01.
Prophylactic use of a standardized botanical extract for the prevention of naturally occurring diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the prophylactic use of SB-300 (Jaguar Animal Health, San Francisco, CA), a standardized botanical extract isolated from the bark latex of Croton lechleri, on reducing fecal water losses and diarrhea events in Holstein bull calves individually housed under a restricted whole-milk feeding regimen (6 L/d) from 1 to 25 d of life. Fluid therapy administration due to dehydration, average weight gain, and the fecal microbiome were also evaluated. Bull calves used in this study were born from normal parturition, fed 4 L of pooled pasteurized colostrum by esophageal feeder, and moved to a research facility at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY). A double-blinded randomized clinical trial was designed to allocate a total of 40 newborn calves into 1 of 2 treatment groups: calves receiving (twice daily) a solution containing 500 mg of SB-300 added to the whole milk for the first 15 d of life (SB-300, n = 20) or a control group receiving sterile water added to whole milk for the same period (CTR, n = 20). Treatment solutions had a total volume of 10 mL per treatment. Data regarding fecal dry matter were collected to precisely measure water content in fecal samples and to define diarrhea events; the SB-300 group had significantly increased fecal dry matter during the study period. Additionally, significantly fewer events of diarrhea were observed for calves in the SB-300 group (16.9%) compared with calves in the CTR group (46.5%). Dehydration status was evaluated and treated accordingly; calves with moderate dehydration were offered oral electrolytes, and calves with severe dehydration were rescued with intravenous fluid therapy. Calves in the SB-300 group had fewer intravenous fluid therapies administered during the study period (1.6%) compared with the CTR group (3.1%). Overall fluid therapy administered (oral electrolytes plus intravenous fluids) was significantly higher for the CTR group (9.2%) compared with the SB-300 group (6.1%) during the study period. No differences in milk consumption, calf starter intake, or weight gain were observed between treatment groups. A single time increase in Bifidobacterium was observed on d 20 of life for the SB-300 group; otherwise, no differences in fecal microbiome profile were detected between treatment groups. These results suggest that 500 mg of SB-300 added to the milk for 15 d can reduce the incidence of diarrhea and reduce severe dehydration in milk-fed calves.
Response to Letter to the Editor regarding, "From dispensed to disposed: evaluating the effectiveness of disposal programs through a comparison with prescription drug monitoring program data".

To the Editor,We appreciate the opportunity to respond to Yiyang Liu’s comment on our paper (1). Liu raises questions about two aspects of the paper and the study on which it was based: (2) our use...
On scalability and interference avoidance in nonlinear adjacent channel interference networks

Adjacent channel interference caused by intermodulation distortion adversely affects the network operations in next generation heterogeneous and dynamic spectrum access networks. Multitudes of radio access technologies make the receivers susceptible to harmful interference due to nonlinear RF front ends. In this paper we analyze the intermodulation distortion arising from pairwise interactions of adjacent channel signals from a spectrum centric point of view and develop frameworks to ascertain the adjacent channel signals causing interference at a given desired channel. We further propose achievable schemes for interference avoidance and assess the scalability of the next generation Nonlinear Adjacent Channel Interference Networks. We further propose schemes for complete interference protection of incumbents with sensitive receiver requirements from secondary operations in adjacent channels in the spatio-temporal vicinity. This paper presents valuable insights on scalability and schemes for nonlinear adjacent channel interference avoidance in next generation shared spectrum networks.
Abstract 106: A Novel Small Molecule Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia and Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy Through Heat Shock Response and Proteostasis Regulation In Vivo

Background: A potentially new non-cell-based therapy is the systemic delivery of small molecules to revive or protect injured myocardium. By screening a drug library, we identified a novel small molecule, sk421, and tested its effectiveness in two myocardial injury models in vivo: a myocardial infarction model and doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy model. Results: Sk421 significantly increased cellular viability of DOX-injured cardiomyocytes by preventing apoptosis in vitro, demonstrated by assays for MTT (p=0.042), annexin-V, and active caspase-3 (p=0.004). Sk421 increased the concentrations of the GATA4 and the heat shock proteins (HSPs) in cardiomyocytes (by 1.5-fold), and fibroblasts (by 1.2-fold), but was unable to rescue DOX-injured fibroblast cells depleted of HSPs. Sk421 maintained the total proteosome by a 3.5-fold inhibition of ubiquitinized GATA4 degradation, as shown by immunoprecipitation assays. Oral administration of sk421(4mg/kg) rescued DOX-injured mice by significantly preserving cardiac function, weight gain, cardiomyocyte lesion size and abundance, and by reducing overall mortality (20% in treated groups) compared to control DOX-injured mice (80% in untreated groups, p Conclusion: This study demonstrates the broad therapeutic benefit of sk421 in animal model of myocardial injury by mechanism of inducing the heat shock response and preserving GATA levels. The ease of oral delivery makes sk421 a potentially clinically useful adjunct for myocardial preservation.
Abstract 18186: Restoration of Impaired Diastolic Function in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Cardiomyocytes From Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients by Re-Balancing the Calcium Homeostasis

Introduction: Diastolic dysfunction, defined as the abnormal filling and elevated pressures of ventricles during diastole phase, is commonly seen in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)....
Toxic Causes of Intestinal Disease in Horses

Because most poisonings occur by toxin ingestion, the gastrointestinal system is the first exposed and, in most cases, it is exposed to the highest toxin concentrations. Consequently, enterocyte damage is common. However, because many toxins produce organ-specific damage, and enterocyte necrosis is easily confused with autolysis, many gastrointestinal lesions are overlooked or overshadowed by other clinical and pathologic changes. The objective of this work is to review several common toxins and poisonous plants that produce primarily gastrointestinal disease.
Characterization of Ga/ZSM-5 for the catalytic aromatization of dilute ethylene streams

Ga/ZSM-5 is an effective catalyst for the conversion of dilute (3%) ethylene-in-methane reactant streams into aromatic hydrocarbons at 500–550°C. A Ga loading as low as 0.5 wt% is sufficient to obtain maximum yields of aromatic products. At 520°C, an ethylene conversion of 93%, with an aromatics selectivity of 81%, was obtained over a 5 wt% Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst. The conversion of ethylene into aromatics over Ga/ZSM-5 catalysts involves a complex sequence of oligomerization, isomerization, cracking, and cyclization reactions that occur on Bronsted acid zeolites in the zeolite. The role of the gallium, which exists as both Ga3+ at zeolitic exchange sites and as Ga2O3 within the channels and on the external surface of the calcined catalyst, is to promote dehydrogenation of the acid-catalyzed oligomerization and cyclization products.
Priority Effects Allow Coreopsis tinctoria to Avoid Interspecific Competition with a C4 Grass

Coreopsis tinctoria (Asteraceae) is a widely-distributed North American prairie flowering C3 annual. We hypothesized priority effects of planting C. tinctoria before a C4 grass would decrease interspecific competition. Coreopsis tinctoria was grown in south-central Texas (29°35′N, 98°37′W) with Bouteloua curtipendula (Poaceae), a widespread C4 prairie grass. The two species were planted in a de Wit replacement series with plant ratios of 12:0, 10:2, 8:4, 6:6, 4:8, 2:10, and 0:12 (C. tinctoriaa: B. curtipendula). There were five planting offsets with C. tinctoria planted 60 d before B. curtipendula (–60), 30 d before (–30), at the same time (0), 30 d after (30), and 60 d after (60). There were significant species by offset, species by frequency, and offset by frequency interactions. Coreopsis tinctoria produced the greatest total dry mass per plant in the 60 d before offset. Coreopsis tinctoria was competitively favored when planted 60 d before B. curtipendula and B. curtipendula was favored when planted 30 and 60 d before C. tinctoria. Results suggest a synergistic benefit from both spatial gaps and priority effects.
Amphibious anti-depressants and other wonders

The last two decades have been remarkable for the level of scientific and now popular interest in hallucinogenic compounds. It is inevitable that this interest would come to extend beyond the curre...
What Does “Fast Capitalism” Mean for Consumers? Examples of Consumer Engineering in the United States

Consumer engineering, often understood as a 1930s effort to stimulate consumption, is part of a wider process of fast capitalism, a particularly intensive form of commodity culture resulting from changes in both supply and demand. This chapter argues that fast capitalism has origins in the generation around 1900—rooted in a cluster of technological inventions, corporate innovations in product design and distribution, and consumers’ rising expectations and desire for novelty. It also considers how these transformations accelerated since the 1930s. The chapter concentrates on media consumer goods, especially recorded music. Fast capitalism produced fast people with a longing for novelty, but it also resulted in surprises, including a nostalgia for a simple life, past ephemeral consumer goods, and new ways of coping with time.
Family caregivers' perspectives on communication with cancer care providers.

AbstractPurpose/Objectives: Family caregivers of individuals living with cancer are often highly involved in communication with healthcare teams, yet little is known about their experiences, needs,...
Hormones, developmental plasticity, and adaptive evolution: Endocrine flexibility as a catalyst for 'plasticity-first' phenotypic divergence.

Abstract Explaining how populations adapt to environments is among the foremost objectives of evolutionary theory. Over generations, natural selection impels the phenotypic distribution of a population based on individual variation in phenotype and fitness. However, environmental conditions can also shape how individuals develop within their lifetime to influence which phenotypes are expressed in a population. It has been proposed that such environmentally-initiated phenotypic variation – also termed developmental plasticity – may enable adaptive evolution under some scenarios. As dynamic regulators of development and phenotypic expression, hormones are important physiological mediators of developmental plasticity. Patterns of hormone secretion, hormone transport, and the sensitivity of tissues to hormones can each be altered by environmental conditions, and understanding how endocrine regulation shapes phenotypic development in an ecologically-relevant context has much to contribute toward clarifying the role of plasticity in evolutionary adaptation. This article explores how the environmental sensitivity of endocrine regulation may facilitate ‘plasticity-first’ evolution by generating phenotypic variants that precede adaptation to altered or novel environments. Predictions arising from ‘plasticity-first’ evolution are examined in the context of thyroid hormone mediation of morphological plasticity in Cyprinodon pupfishes from the Death Valley region of California and Nevada, USA. This clade of extremophile fishes diversified morphologically over the last ~20,000 years, and observations that some populations experienced contemporary phenotypic differentiation under recent habitat change provide evidence that hormone-mediate plasticity preceded genetic assimilation of morphology in one of the region's species: the Devils Hole pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis. This example illustrates how conceptualizing hormones not only as regulators of homeostasis, but also as developmental intermediaries between environment conditions and phenotypic variation at the individual-, population-, and species-levels can enrich our understanding of endocrine regulation both as a facilitator of phenotypic change under shifting environments, and as important proximate mechanisms that may initiate ‘plasticity-first’ evolutionary adaptation.
Flipping the script: Examining the feasibility and effectiveness of a school-based intervention protocol to address elopement behaviors in general education classrooms

Children with serious problem behaviors pose a challenge for school staff to maintain safe and productive learning environments. Eloping, often called running, bolting, or absconding, from the clas...
A Novel Microtubule-Binding Drug Attenuates and Reverses Protein Aggregation in Animal Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

Age-progressive neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are distinguished and diagnosed by disease-specific components of intra- or extra-cellular aggregates. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation promotes protein aggregation, and is involved in the etiology of neurological diseases. We synthesized and tested analogs of the naturally occurring tubulin-binding compound, combretastatin A-4. One such analog, PNR502, markedly reduced the quantity of Alzheimer-associated amyloid aggregates in the BRI-Aβ1-42 mouse model of AD, while blunting the ability of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β to raise levels of amyloid plaque and its protein precursors in a neuronal cell-culture model. In transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) strains that express human Aβ1-42 in muscle or neurons, PNR502 rescued Aβ-induced disruption of motility (3.8-fold, P < 0.0001) or chemotaxis (1.8-fold, P < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, in C. elegans with neuronal expression of Aβ1-42, a single day of PNR502 exposure reverses the chemotaxis deficit by 54% (P < 0.01), actually exceeding the protection from longer exposure. Moreover, continuous PNR502 treatment extends nematode lifespan 23% (P ≤ 0.001). Given that PNR502 can slow, prevent, or reverse Alzheimer-like protein aggregation in human-cell-culture and animal models, and that its principal predicted and observed binding targets are proteins previously implicated in Alzheimer's, we propose that PNR502 has therapeutic potential to inhibit cerebral Aβ1-42 aggregation and prevent or reverse neurodegeneration.
Repeated Noise Exposure Does Not Reach Hazardous Levels During Total Joint Arthroplasty.

INTRODUCTION Noise exposure is an occupational health concern for certain professions, especially military servicemembers and those using power tools on a regular basis. The purpose of this study was to quantify noise exposure during total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) cases compared to the recommended standard for occupational noise exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sound level meter was used to record cumulative and peak noise exposure levels in 10 primary THA and 10 primary TKA surgeries, as well as 10 arthroscopy cases as controls. Measurements at the distance of the surgeon were taken in all cases. In TKA cases, measurements were taken at 3 feet and 8 feet from the surgeon, to simulate the position of the anesthetist and circulating nurse, respectively. RESULTS Time-weighted average was significantly higher in THA (64.7 ± 5.2 dB) and TKA (64.5 ± 6.8 dB) as compared to arthroscopic cases (51.1 ± 7.5 dB, P < 0.001) and higher at the distance of the surgeon (64.5 ± 6.8 dB) compared to the anesthetist (52.9 ± 3.8 dB) and the circulating nurse (54.8 ± 11.2 dB, P = 0.006). However, time-weighted average was below the recommended exposure level of 85 dB for all arthroplasty cases. Peak levels did not differ significantly between surgery type or staff role, and no values above the ceiling limit of 140 dB were recorded. Surgeon's daily noise dose percentage per case was 1.78% for THA and 2.04% for TKA. CONCLUSION Noise exposure in THA and TKA was higher than arthroscopic cases but did not exceed occupational standards. A daily dose percentage of approximately 2% per case indicates that repeated noise exposure likely does not reach hazardous levels in modern arthroplasty practice.
Speech-Language Pathologists’ Perceptions of Pre-Service Knowledge and Skill Training in Early Intervention:

Two survey instruments were used to gather information from speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and university personnel (UP) regarding their perceptions of the adequacy of SLP training for providi...
High-pressure structural behavior and elastic properties of U3Si5: A combined synchrotron XRD and DFT study

Abstract We present an integrated experimental and theoretical study of the structural behavior of U3Si5 at high-pressure conditions using angle-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. On increasing pressure, the ambient hexagonal structure of U3Si5 with space group P6/mmm remains stable up to 16.7 GPa, the maximum pressure tested with DAC. The bulk modulus and the a- and c-axial moduli of U3Si5 were experimentally determined to be 126 ± 4 GPa, 173 ± 8 GPa and 79.7 ± 4.3 GPa, respectively. Thus an anisotropy in the axial compressibility of U3Si5 is observed with its c-axis being more compressible than the a-axis. Our DFT calculation results are in general agreement with the experimental values, including reproducing the compressibility anisotropy. A comparison of the bulk modulus of U3Si5 to those of other U–Si compounds reveals a general trend that the bulk modulus of U–Si decreases with increasing U/(U + Si) ratio.
Microbiota metabolites modulate the T helper 17 to regulatory T cell (Th17/Treg) imbalance promoting resilience to stress-induced anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors

Chronic stress disrupts immune homeostasis while gut microbiota-derived metabolites attenuate inflammation, thus promoting resilience to stress-induced immune and behavioral abnormalities. There are both peripheral and brain region-specific maladaptations of the immune response to chronic stress that produce interrelated mechanistic considerations required for the design of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention of stress-induced psychological impairment. This study shows that a combination of probiotics and polyphenol-rich prebiotics, a synbiotic, attenuates the chronic-stress induced inflammatory responses in the ileum and the prefrontal cortex promoting resilience to the consequent depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in male mice. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that this effect may be attributed to specific synbiotic-produced metabolites including 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and caffeic acid. Using a model of chronic unpredictable stress, behavioral abnormalities were associated to strong immune cell activation and recruitment in the ileum while inflammasome pathways were implicated in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Chronic stress also upregulated the ratio of activated proinflammatory T helper 17 (Th17) to regulatory T cells (Treg) in the liver and ileum and it was predicted with ingenuity pathway analysis that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) could be driving the synbiotic's effect on the ileum's inflammatory response to stress. Synbiotic treatment indiscriminately attenuated the stress-induced immune and behavioral aberrations in both the ileum and the brain while in a gut-immune co-culture model, the synbiotic-specific metabolites promoted anti-inflammatory activity through the AHR. Overall, this study characterizes a novel synbiotic treatment for chronic-stress induced behavioral impairments while defining a putative mechanism of gut-microbiota host interaction for modulating the peripheral and brain immune systems.
TolTEC focal plane arrays: design, characterization, and performance of kilopixel MKID focal planes

TolTEC is a 3-band millimeter-wave imaging polarimeter scheduled for deployment to the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) in January 2020. TolTEC consists of three, kilopixel-scale, monolithic arrays of microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), together comprising over 7,000 polarization sensitive detectors. Here we describe many of the unique aspects of the TolTEC all-silicon focal plane design. We then present both laboratory and fully integrated in-receiver measurements in the lab with which we characterize the optical, resonator, and noise properties of the arrays.
Fully Parametric Inference

Fully parametric inference is where the investigator specifies the joint distribution of the data completely apart from a fixed, finite number of unknown parameters. This distribution provides the likelihood function whose study is the basis of inference both about the unknown parameters and about the adequacy of that distribution as a model for the process generating the data. The joint distribution depends upon two factors. The first is the specification of the probability law governing the passage of individuals from state to state. For a Markov or semi-Markov process this amounts to specifying the transition intensities - how they depend upon the date, upon the elapsed duration, upon both constant and time-varying regressors, possibly including unmeasured person-specific heterogeneity. The second is the sampling scheme, in particular whether we have sampled, for example, the population of entrants to a state, the population of people regardless of their state, or the population of members of a particular state. Thus we can identify four stages in fully parametric inference.
Sexual dimorphisms in three-dimensional masticatory muscle attachment morphometry regulates temporomandibular joint mechanics.

Abstract Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders disproportionally affect females, with female to male prevalence varying from 3:1 to 8:1. Sexual dimorphisms in masticatory muscle attachment morphometry and association with craniofacial size, critical for understanding sex-differences in TMJ function, have not been reported. The objective of this study was to determine sex-specific differences in three-dimensional (3D) TMJ muscle attachment morphometry and craniofacial sizes and their impact on TMJ mechanics. Human cadaveric TMJ muscle attachment morphometry and craniofacial anthropometry (10Males; 11Females) were determined by previously developed 3D digitization and imaging-based methods. Sex-differences in muscle attachment morphometry and craniofacial anthropometry, and their correlation were determined, respectively using multivariate general linear and linear regression statistical models. Subject-specific musculoskeletal models of the mandible were developed to determine effects of sexual dimorphisms in mandibular size and TMJ muscle attachment morphometry on joint loading during static biting. There were significant sex-differences in craniofacial size (p = 0.024) and TMJ muscle attachment morphometry (p
Authentic Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness at Private Universities: The mediating effect of Virtuousness

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between authentic leadership, organizational Virtuousness, and departmental effectiveness at private universities in Jakarta. Two-stage sampling was undertaken in this study. In the first stage, a sample of 17 private universities was selected using a simple random sampling technique. In the second stage, faculty members were randomly contacted from the selected departments from sampled private universities to fill out the questionnaire for this study. Data was collected from the experienced faculty members of various departments of private universities and processed through the Structural Equation Modelling - PLS technique. This study finds that Authentic leadership plays a significant role in cultivating a virtuous environment in a private university department and enhances organizational effectiveness within the department of private universities. Furthermore, the findings propose that organizations must reinforce significant internal powers such as authentic leadership and organizational Virtuousness to improve their efficiency and effectiveness. Authentic leadership, as an upbeat leadership style, can nurture positive qualities in the company. The amplifying and buffering roles of organizational Virtuousness will contribute to the organization’s effectiveness. Limitations of the study were primarily because the focus was on relatively contemporary topics like authentic leadership and organizational Virtuousness, which are part of the evolving research areas. There is little information available, particularly in the context of Indonesian organizations. Secondly, the number of items in the original survey instrument was too large to be efficiently answered in one questionnaire; therefore, it was cut short to a more appropriate scale with experts’ assistance.
Pressure Adaptations in Deep-Sea Moritella Dihydrofolate Reductases: Compressibility versus Stability.

Proteins from “pressure-loving” piezophiles appear to adapt by greater compressibility via larger total cavity volume. However, larger cavities in proteins have been associated with lower unfolding pressures. Here, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from a moderate piezophile Moritella profunda (Mp) isolated at ~2.9 km in depth and from a hyperpiezophile Moritella yayanosii (My) isolated at ~11 km in depth were compared using molecular dynamics simulations. Although previous simulations indicate that MpDHFR is more compressible than a mesophile DHFR, here the average properties and a quasiharmonic analysis indicate that MpDHFR and MyDHFR have similar compressibilities. A cavity analysis also indicates that the three unique mutations in MyDHFR are near cavities, although the cavities are generally similar in size in both. However, while a cleft overlaps an internal cavity, thus forming a pathway from the surface to the interior in MpDHFR, the unique residue Tyr103 found in MyDHFR forms a hydrogen bond with Leu78, and the sidechain separates the cleft from the cavity. Thus, while Moritella DHFR may generally be well suited to high-pressure environments because of their greater compressibility, adaptation for greater depths may be to prevent water entry into the interior cavities.
Sensational Memorability: Working Memory for Things We See, Hear, Feel, or Somehow Sense

In this chapter, I will address the fundamental question of how working memory operates similarly or differently across different senses. The new term introduced in the title of the symposium, sensory working memory, will be discussed. Research during the past 50 years suggests to me some striking similarities in memory for sight, sound, touch, and other sensory input despite some clear differences. One similarity across senses is the brief duration of sensory afterimages. Another similarity across senses is in the persistence for some seconds of more processed recollections of sensory events. A third similarity is in the construction of a limited number of abstract, meaningful units, or chunks, that can be attended to concurrently regardless of the modality of origin of the stimuli eliciting those units. There are key differences between modalities, especially in the different brain areas related to each sensory modality but, I maintain, the number and persistence of representations in working memory may be similar across modalities.
Enforcing Fiduciary Duties Through Criminal Prosecution of Honest Services Fraud

The author presented this text to scholars invited to Notre Dame Law School’s Spring 2009 Symposium, "The Future of Fiduciary Duties in Corporate Law,” held on Friday, March 27, 2009. An article will follow. Comments are welcome.
Effective semi-autonomous telepresence

We investigate mobile telepresence robots to address the lack of mobility in traditional videoconferencing. To operate these robots, intuitive and powerful interfaces are needed. We present CoBot-2, an indoor mobile telepresence robot with autonomous capabilities, and a browser-based interface to control it. CoBot-2 and its web interface have been used extensively to remotely attend meetings and to guide local visitors to destinations in the building. From the web interface, users can control CoBot-2's camera, and drive with either directional commands, by clicking on a point on the floor of the camera image, or by clicking on a point in a map. We conduct a user study in which we examine preferences among the three control interfaces for novice users. The results suggest that the three control interfaces together cover well the control preferences of different users, and that users often prefer to use a combination of control interfaces. CoBot-2 also serves as a tour guide robot, and has been demonstrated to safely navigate through dense crowds in a long-term trial.
Collision Detection Using Bounding Boxes: Convexity Helps

We consider the use of bounding boxes to detect collisions among a set of convex objects in Rd. We derive tight bounds on the ratio between the number of box intersections and the number of object intersections. Confirming intuition, we show that the performance of bounding boxes improves significantly when the underlying objects are all convex. In particular, the ratio is θ(α1-1/d σbox1/2) if each object has aspect ratio at most α and the set has scale factor σbox. More significantly, the bounding box performance ratio is θ(αavg2(1-1/d/3-1/d σbox1/3-1/d n1-1/d/3-1/d) if only the average aspect ratio αavg of the n objects is known. These bounds are the best possible as we show matching lower bound constructions. The case of convex objects is interesting for several reasons: first, in many applications, the objects are either naturally convex or are approximated by their convex hulls for convenience; second, in some applications, the penetration of convex hulls is interpretedas collision; and finally, the question is interesting from a theoretical standpoint.
Selecting the right journal for your submission

Increasing pressure on researchers and academic clinicians to publish high volumes of work in highly visible publication outlets means that authors must have a finely tuned, efficient process for submission. One of the key decisions every author must make is where to submit their paper. This article addresses several important components to making that decision, including (I) topic match; (II) acceptance/rejection rate of the journal; (III) speed of review/publication; (IV) distribution of and access to the journal; and (V) impact factor.
RELATIVE TRACE MINERAL BIOAVAILABILITY

Para determinar a eficiencia de utilizacao de elementos minerais dieteticos, deve-se conhecer a biodisponibilidade relativa de cada elemento de um determinado ingrediente ou de uma racao completa. Analises quimicas da dieta ou de um determinado ingrediente nao indicam a efetividade biologica de um nutriente. Existem muitos fatores que influenciam a biodisponibilidade dos minerais, especialmente dos minerais-traco, tais como: nivel de consumo do mineral, forma quimica, digestibilidade da dieta, tamanho da particula, interacoes com outros minerais e nutrientes, agentes quelantes, inibidores, estado fisiologico do animal, qualidade da agua, condicoes de processamento ao qual ingredientes individuais ou uma dieta completa foram expostos e, e obvio, a idade e a especie animal. Quando um mineral-traco e ingerido, sua biodisponibilidade e influenciada por propriedades especificas do mineral da maneira como esta incluido na dieta. Por exemplo, sua valencia e forma molecular (orgânica versus inorgânica) sao importantes. Por causa dessas propriedades especificas, o mineral pode formar complexos com outros componentes no intestino, o que pode dificultar ou facilitar a absorcao pela mucosa, o transporte ou o metabolismo do mineral no organismo. E bem conhecido que certos minerais em sua forma inorgânica competem com outros minerais por sitios de ligacao e por absorcao no intestino. O conhecimento sobre a biodisponibilidade dos minerais-traco nos ingredientes e fontes suplementares e importante para a formulacao economica de uma racao para garantir otimo desempenho animal. A biodisponibilidade deve ser entendida como um valor “estimado” que reflete a absorcao e a utilizacao do mineral sobre condicoes de um experimento especifico e nao de uma propriedade inerente e especifica de um ingrediente ou suplemento de racao. Com a tecnologia disponivel, a determinacao da biodisponibilidade dentro de uma definicao estrita e impossibilitada para alguns elementos, pois alguns ajustes devem ser feitos. Em outras palavras, nao existe um valor percentual de biodisponibilidade que reflita todas as condicoes a que essa racao ou elemento mineral estao sujeitos. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Biodisponibilidade, minerais, animais
Seismic activity of the San Francisco Bay region

Moment magnitude M with objective confidence-level uncertainties are estimated for felt San Francisco Bay region earthquakes using Bakun and Went-worth's (1997) analysis strategy for seismic intensity observations. The frequency-magnitude distribution is well described for M ≧ 5.5 events since 1850 by a Gutenberg-Richter relation with a b -value of 0.90. The seismic moment rate Σ M /yr since 1836 is 2.68 × 1018 N-m/yr (95% confidence range = 1.29 × 1018 N-m/yr to 4.07 × 1018 N-m/yr); the seismic moment rate since 1850 is nearly the same. Σ M /yr in the 56 years before 1906 is about 10 times that in the 70 years after 1906. In contrast, Σ M /yr since 1977 is about equal that in the 56 years before 1906. 80% (1σ = 14%) of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate is available for release in earthquakes. The historical Σ M /yr and the portion of the plate-motion moment accumulation rate available for release in earthquakes are used in a seismic cycle model to estimate the rate of seismic activity in the twenty-first century. High and low rates of future seismic activity are both permissible given the range of possible seismic-cycle recurrence times T and the uncertainties in the historical Σ M and in the percentage of plate motion available for release in earthquakes. If the historical seismic moment rate is not greater than the estimated 2.68 × 1018 N-m/yr and the percentage of the plate-motion moment accumulation available for release in earthquakes is not less than the estimated 80%, then for all T , the rate of seismic moment release from now until the next 1906-sized shock will be comparable to the rate from 1836 to 1905 when M 6 1/2 shocks occurred every 15 to 20 years.
Killer Cities: Past and Present †

Abstract The industrial cities of the 19th century were incredibly unhealthy places to live. How much progress has been made in reducing these negative health effects over the past 150 years? To help answer this question, we compare mortality patterns in 19th century England to those in Chinese urban areas in 2000. We document that substantial improvements have been made in improving health in cities over this period. Unlike historical English cities, large cities in China have lower mortality than less populated areas. However, we also provide evidence that in China a substantial relationship between industrial pollution and mortality remains.
Large-Scale Seismic Testing of a Hybrid Sliding-Rocking Posttensioned Segmental Bridge System

AbstractIn this paper, a novel precast concrete segmental bridge system is introduced and experimentally investigated. The system consists of segmental members incorporating hybrid sliding-rocking (HSR) joints and internal unbonded posttensioning (PT). The HSR joints are plane interfaces that are oriented normal to the member axis and do not include shear keys or epoxy adhesives. The HSR joints are designed to exhibit sliding (slip-dominant, SD) or rocking (rocking-dominant, RD) to mitigate the applied seismic loading and reduce damage. The joint response is affected by the PT system, which can include straight or curved tendons. Two types of HSR members are developed and investigated: (1) members with SD joints and straight tendons, intended for substructure columns (HSR-SD columns), and (2) members with RD joints and curved tendons, intended for superstructure girders (HSR-RD girders). The SD joints are shown to offer energy dissipation with low damage through sliding in addition to moderate self-center...
Computation and analysis of pulsed-NMR line shapes of crystals

Programs are described that compute and analyse the decay shape of the free-precession signal envelope (lattice sums and Fourier transforms). Applications to CaF2, gypsum, H2S and ice are reported. Comparisons of calculation and analysis allow deductions about the disposition of the spins on the lattice.
Crystallization and X-ray analysis of the salmon-egg lectin SEL24K

The 24 kDa egg lectin of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) is released from the egg during the cortical reaction. The lectin functions in blocking polyspermy during the fertilization process. The egg lectin was purified by affinity chromatography from salmon eggs and crystallized by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method using 15/4 EO/OH (pentaerythritol ethoxylate) as a precipitant. The crystal diffracted synchrotron-radiation X-rays to 1.63 A resolution. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 93.0, b = 73.6, c = 113.6 A, alpha = 90, beta = 92.82, gamma = 90 degrees. The crystal is likely to contain eight molecules in the asymmetric unit (V(M) = 2.3 A3 Da(-1)), corresponding to a solvent content of 45.5%. A self-rotation function suggests an arrangement with 222 point symmetry within the asymmetric unit.
STERICALLY STABILIZED ANTI-HER2 IMMUNOLIPOSOMES : DESIGN AND TARGETING TO HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELLS IN VITRO

Liposomes (70−100 nm) of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) were conjugated to Fab‘ fragments of a humanized recombinant MAb against the extracellular domain of HER2/neu to create sterically stabilized immunoliposomes (anti-HER2 SL) as a drug carrier targeting HER2-overexpressing cancers. Conjugation employed maleimide-terminated membrane-anchored spacers of two kinds: a short spacer, providing attachment of Fab‘ close to the liposome bilayer, or a long spacer, with Fab‘ attachment at the distal terminus of the PEG chain. Confocal microscopy and spectrofluorometry of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells incubated with fluorescently labeled anti-HER2 SL prepared with either spacer showed binding of liposomes (8000−23 000 vesicles/cell) followed by endocytosis (rate constant ke = 0.012−0.033 min-1) via the coated-pit pathway, evidenced by intracellular acidification and colocalization with transferrin. Uptake...
In situ time-dependent signatures of light scattered from solutions undergoing polymerization reactions

Time-dependent static light scattering (TDSLS) signatures were used to characterize polymerization reactions in situ. The relationship between these signatures and intra- and interparticle characteristics of the growing polymer population, as the solution passes from the dilute to semidilute regime, is sought theoretically, and measured experimentally. As much information as possible is determined concerning polymer mass and polymerization kinetics. At the outset of the reactions the weight- average molecular mass Mw dominates the scattered intensity, but gives way to second and third virial coefficient (A2, A3) effects as polymer concentration increases. Since polymer mass, A2 and A3 are inter- related, it is possible to introduce plausible conversion kinetics to predict a variety of TDSLS signatures. These are calculated for free radical and controlled radical polymerization and compared to experimental TDSLS signatures for acrylamide free radical polymerization. These signatures are fit with only two eligible parameters; Mw and the reaction rate constant R. Predictions concerning the evolution of Mw in a "dead-end" polymerization are also made and measured experimentally using an online monitoring method.
Seasonal changes in the germination behaviour of Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of potato wart disease

Abstract A detailed series of observations were made throughout the year on in vitro collections of Synchytrium endobioticum, the causal agent of wart disease of potato. Each month a fresh sample of the fungus estimated at 10.000 spores per dish was incubated in water. The numbers of resting spores with attached vesicles and numbers of subsequently empty ones were estimated for 22 days each month. The numbers of empty resting spores which accumulated each month varied from month to month, and from week to week in any month. Large numbers of empty spores indicated massive germination. Germination was greatest in the spring/early summer season and late fall/early winter. Vesicle production also varied, and the rates of germination of vesicles varied during the year so that vesicles remained ungerminated longest in winter, and to some extent in sumer and late fall. Vesicle production was greatest on the average by the start of the third week of incubation. The wax and wane of empty spore production explains ...