cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rheological and Electrokinetic Properties of Glass‐Frit and Quartz Suspensions

Rheological and electrokinetic properties of glass-frit and quartz suspensions were investigated using a modified Gardner mobilometer and a microscope-type electrophoresis apparatus. Variables included particle size distribution, aging, and extent of flocculation. Particle size considerably affected the rheological state of the suspensions, whereas, electrolyte addition (flocculation) greatly altered both the rheology and the electrokinetics. Aging of deflocculated suspensions decreased both apparent viscosity and zeta potential, whereas aging of flocculated suspensions decreased apparent viscosity and increased zeta potential. Explanation of the results is based on ion leaching or particle solubility, or both, insoluble silicate formation, number of charge sites per particle, and particle solvation.
Cellular and subcellular localization of3H-diethylstilbestrol in the pituitary, oviduct and uterus of the female rat

Female rats were injected with3H-diethylstilbestrol. The pituitaries, oviducts, and uteri were removed and processed for autoradiography. The nuclear uptake and retention in these tissues appeared similar to that seen after the injection of3H-estradiol except in the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland.
The effects of the pharmaceutical carbamazepine on life history characteristics of flat-headed mayflies (Heptageniidae) and aquatic resource interactions

Pharmaceutical pollutants are commonly detected in freshwater ecosystems around the world and have biological effects on aquatic organisms. However, current understanding of the influence this contaminant class has on freshwater communities and ecosystems is lacking. Recently the scientific community has called for research focusing on certain pharmaceuticals due to their ubiquity and potential toxicity. Carbamazepine is one of these pharmaceuticals. To better understand the effect carbamazepine has on life history characteristics of aquatic organisms and consumer-resource interactions, we quantified the influence of carbamazepine on the development, growth and behavior of mayfly nymphs (Stenonema sp.) and the alterations in food consumer-resource interactions between Stenonema and algae (Chaetophora). Microcosms were assembled in a factorial design containing algae and mayfly nymphs native to central Indiana and dosed with environmentally relevant concentrations of carbamazepine. From this ecotoxicological experiment we were able to infer that carbamazepine at 2,000 ng/L influenced the development and behavior of Stenonema nymphs and the body dimensions of adult individuals. However, it appears that carbamazepine does not influence consumer-resource interactions at concentrations found in surface waters. The pharmaceutical carbamazepine may influence the behavior, growth and development of mayflies, which could have significant consequences at the population, community and ecosystem level.
Preparation of a118Te/118Sb radionuclide generator

The development of a new radionuclide generator, based on118Te/118Sb, has been studied. The 3.5 minute118Sb daughter activity decays principally by positron emission and has potential use as a flow tracer. The118Te parent is conveniently produced by proton bombardment of antimony targets. A simple and efficient scheme for the separation of radiotellurium from proton-irradiated antimony targets has been developed, and thin-target cross sections for121Sb(p, 4n)118Te and competing reactions have been determined. For antimony targets irradiated with 46 MeV protons, the yields (mCi/g μAh) of118Te,119mTe and119Te were measured to be 0.71, 0.33 and 1.9, respectively. The adsorption and elution characteristics of activated carbon for tellurium have been evaluated for use as a column chromatography adsorbent in a118Te/118Sb generator. The conditions for optimal118Sb elution and minimal118Te breakthrough for promising systems are presented.
Abdominal Belts and Low Back Position Sense

Abdominal belts are sometimes used as a low-cost, low back injury prevention measure in industry. Claims for the effectiveness have suggested that such belts may enhance proprioception and therefore improve low back stability. In this study, this claim was examined by using a previously established low back reposition sense protocol to assess the change in position sense with use of an elastic back belt in both an upright and a flexed posture. The results of this study demonstrate no overall improvement of position sense with back belt. However, significant improvement was observed at a torso flexion angle of 45 degrees. While future studies in other conditions are suggested, this study suggest that back belts may be useful only when highly flexed postures are required for manual materials handling.
Evaporation rates of volatile liquids in a laminar flow system: Part II. Liquid mixtures

An approach has been developed for predicting rates of interphase mass transfer under conditions of high flux and high concentration level. A rectangular channel device has been used to measure rates of evaporation of four solutes, carbon disulfide, n-pentane, cyclopentane, and ethyl ether, from n-tridecane into flowing nitrogen. The evaporation rate of carbon disulfide agreed with the prediction of the interphase theory up to a carbon disulfide mole fraction of 0.30 in the bulk liquid. For the other three systems, a concentration gradient induced, surface tension driven cellular convection served to increase liquid-phase coefficients substantially. A correlation was obtained for the effect of this cellular motion on the liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient.
Agriculture, the state and class formation in Turkey's First Republic (1923–60)

This article examines the extent to which social change in Turkey's First Republic (1923–60) conforms to, or deviates from, patterns of European development outlined by the sociologist Michael Mann. Of primary interest is the role that the state played in the changes which emerged from the industrialisation process. The particular focus here is on the political and economic responses by the different Turkish regimes to issues arising from labour organisation and class formation.
Phenolics content and antioxidant capacity of Chilean grapes cv. País and Cabernet Sauvignon

Grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) are a source of phenolics and exhibit a high antioxidant capacity. In this study, the total phenolics content and the antioxidant capacity of ground grapes, juice, and skin fractions of two varieties of red grapes widely produced in Chile (Cabernet Sauvignon and Pais) were analyzed and specific phenolics (caffeic acid, gallic acid, resveratrol and catechin) were determined. The total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity were higher in Cabernet Sauvignon grapes vs. Pais, mainly in the skin fraction. The predominant phenolic species in all grape fractions was catechin, except in the skin of Cabernet Sauvignon, where resveratrol prevailed. Phenolic acids were not detected in grape juices, probably due to the absence of skin. Significant high correlations between specific phenolics, total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity were observed. The study presents practical data on some relevant chemical characteristics of grape fractions that are associated to potential healt...
The Effects of Oncostatin M on Trophoblast Cells: Influence on Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9, and Invasion Activity

Oncostatin M (OSM), a cytokine of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family, can either promote or inhibit cell growth in various normal and tumor cells and is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, multiple myeloma, and other inflammatory conditions. We investigated one of the possible mechanisms involved in trophoblast invasion using the human placental cell line derived from first trimester extravillous trophoblasts (HTR8SVneo): modulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 expression and enzymatic activity. And we addressed also the effects of exogenous OSM on the in vitro invasion activity of HTR8SVneo cells. We found that OSM enhanced the constitutive RNA and protein expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HTR8SVneo cell lines. Also, OSM treatment increased significantly the enzymatic activity of MMP-2 on gelatin zymography. The effects OSM on enzymatic activity of MMP-9 was not significant. We found that OSM increased invasion activities of HTR8SVneo cells in time-dependent and dose-dependent manners. This study suggests that OSM enhances invasion activities of extravillous trophoblasts during the first trimester through the increased enzyme activity of gelatinases, especially MMP-2.
From genes to social science: impact of the simplistic interpretation of race, ethnicity, and culture on cancer outcome.

Over the last 30 years, dramatic advances have been made in understanding the cell biology of cancer and the genetic changes involved in oncogenesis. Many tumors now are curable and overall, cancer mortality has decreased significantly. Cancer has been transformed from a primarily fatal disease into a chronic condition. To accelerate these trends, the American Cancer Society has set its goals for the year 2015 to reduce the burden of cancer in this country. The goals are to decrease mortality by 50% and decrease the rate of incidence by 25%, as well as increase the quality of life for all individuals with cancer. However, to achieve these goals, changes must occur on two levels, in cancer control research and programming. Greater resources must be directed toward social and behavioral research, and conceptual clarity must be developed so that refinements can be made in the methodologies used to study the effects of cultural differences on health behavior. This paper provides a broad overview of the complex, intricate, and interrelated interaction that is emerging as a salient area of study. To our knowledge, the information to date is in disparate disciplines and needs to be integrated within an overarching framework for cancer control in diverse populations.
Parallel implementation of the fuzzy ARTMAP neural network paradigm on a hypercube

: The recent surge of interest in connectionist models arose through the availability of high speed parallel supercomputers and the advent of new learning algorithms. The computations performed on concurrent architectures are less costly than similar ones performed on sequential machines. In this paper, the design and implementation of a parallel version of fuzzy ARTMAP (Carpenter et al. 1992), which encompasses both neural and fuzzy logic, is discussed. Fuzzy ARTMAP is a supervised learning algorithm utilising two fuzzy ART modules and an associated mapping network. A simplified version of fuzzy ARTMAP (SFAM) was designed by incorporating a simplification of the match tracking concept on unsupervised fuzzy ART paradigms. The proposed simplified version consists of only one fuzzy ART module and an associated mapping network. A parallel fuzzy ARTMAP (PFAM) algorithm is then designed and implemented on a hypercube simulator (iPSC). The algorithm is parallelised for any architecture and, with the exception of issues related to communications, the implementation remains the same on any type of parallel machine. PFAM enjoys the advantage of reduced training time that makes the algorithm a successful candidate for applications that require both online testing and training. Such applications can range from underwater sonar detection and chemical plant processing control to nuclear reactor process control, flexible manufacturing and systems analysis.
Probing the effects of spectral overlap on quantum-dot-based FRET : Ensemble and single molecule studies

The photoluminescence spectrum of a quasi-monodisperse semiconductor quantum dot (QD) population is composed of a continuum of extremely narrow single QD spectra. This is due to inhomogeneities in nanocrystal size within a population and the color-size dependency imposed by effects of carrier quantum confinements. We take advantage of this population heterogeneity to gain a unique insight into the fluorescence resonant energy transfer (FRET) process between a QD donor and proximal dye-labeled protein acceptors. Our ensemble and single-QD studies demonstrate that the spectral dependency of the energy transfer rate matches the acceptor absorption spectrum as predicted by Forster formalism. This allows ratiometric FRET measurements based on the QD donor emission.
Secondary edge effects in regenerating forest landscapes: vegetation and microclimate patterns and their implications for management and conservation

Forest regrowth is expected to gradually mitigate edge effects in forest landscapes fragmented by timber harvest, but our understanding of edge effect persistence and dynamics over time is still incomplete. Our main objective was to take a critical look at the role of forest regrowth in mitigating the initial edge effects on microclimate and understory vegetation in northern hardwood forests of the eastern United States. We compared canopy closure, hourly air temperature, soil moisture, and understory vegetation at increasing distances from forest edges (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 m) along twelve transects placed across new and older forest edges (3–4 or 16–19 years old) created by forest harvest. Open, new forest edges exhibited pronounced edge effects on microclimate and shade-intolerant plants, but these were almost completely moderated by forest regrowth on the cleared side of older edges where dense young forest developed with a new canopy comparable in cover to adjacent mature forest. There were no initial edge effects on shade-tolerant vegetation across new forest edges, but the shade-tolerant vegetation declined in mature forest near old forest edges adjacent to dense young forest that supported only sparse understory vegetation. These delayed secondary edge effects of young dense forests on adjacent mature forests have not been previously documented and they should be more explicitly included in forest management considerations. We suggest an integrated system for managing and mitigating both the immediate primary and delayed secondary edge effects in those working forest landscapes where biodiversity conservation is of high priority.
Dissolution of Wollastonite in a Packed Bed Contactor

In a packed-bed reactor grains of the calcium silicate mineral wollastonite dissolved incongruently. A silicon-rich residue layer appeared to form on the grain surfaces and this quickly limited the overall rate of mineral dissolution. Approximately 54% of the silicon associated with the dissolved calcium was retained on the grains and about 46% went into solution with the calcium. As the amount of Ca dissolved per unit area of grain surface approached approximately 0.5 μmol∕ cm2 the effluent concentration of Ca decreased to a value that was significantly less than the equilibrium concentration (approximately 300 μmol∕L ) and the effluent pH decreased from approximately 10 to slightly greater than the influent value of 6.8. The effluent Ca and Si concentrations were effectively predicted by a finite difference model that used layer-by-layer calculation of a residue layer mass transfer resistance (for the Ca ion) acting in series with an extraparticle mass transfer resistance. The effluent pH was predicted ...
Surface core-level binding-energy shifts for the cleaved GaP(110) surface

Ga 3d and P 2p core-level photoemission spectra have been collected from cleaved GaP(110) surfaces and surface core-level binding-energy shifts of -0.41 and +0.31 eV have been obtained for the P 2p and Ga 3d core levels, respectively. The energy dependence of the P 2p core-level line shape has also been studied and estimates of the photoelectron escape depth in GaP are made for photoelectrons with kinetic energies in the range 10--60 eV.
Photosynthesis of Nuttall oak ( Quercus nuttallii Palm.) seedlings interplanted beneath an eastern cottonwood ( Populus deltoides Bartr. Ex Marsh.) nurse crop

Abstract An afforestation system which utilizes the pioneer species eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) as a nurse for slower growing, disturbance-dependent species is under evaluation as a forest rehabilitation tool on former agricultural land in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley, USA. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify understory light availability in the eastern cottonwood plantation, and describe the photosynthetic light response of interplanted Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palm.) seedlings. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) measured in the understory of a 3-year-old, cottonwood plantation was 43% of full sunlight, and was sufficient to meet leaf saturation requirements over 29% of the diurnal cycle. Oak seedlings established in the cottonwood understory showed no change in blade area, and minimal shifts (
A New Method for Determining the Dust Temperature Distribution in Star-forming Regions

We describe a new dust temperature inversion technique, the Fourier method, and apply it to determine the dust temperature distribution in the molecular regions Sgr B2(M), M17, and six Bok globules. The results of the Fourier method generally agree with those from the previous dust inversion methods, i.e., the analytical method and the MEM method, except that the double-peaked form in the distribution obtained with the latter technique is not seen. In order to evaluate the uncertainty in the derived dust mass, tests are carried out using power-law dust temperature distributions and different dust emissivities. Assuming that the dust emissivity kν is accurately known and the dust emission is optically thin, the calculation indicates that the derived mass is close to the correct value if the dust in the region is heated to about 5 K or above. The derived mass is, however, significantly affected by kν. The Fourier method requires a well-sampled dust emission spectrum, but has the advantage of not depending on any temperature assumption in deriving the dust mass, compared with single-temperature calculations and gray-body fitting. It is straightforward to implement compared to other inversion techniques.
The Social Basis of Voting Correctly

A large literature has established that people learn from political discussion, and some scholars suggest that people will make better choices if they engage in political discussion with opinion leaders. To establish that discussion promotes better vote choices, however, we have to create a measure of rational choice to test the impact of discussion. Recently, scholars have used Lau and Redlawsk's voting correctly measure to test the impact of various influences on the rationality of vote choice. Using this new measure of rationality—voting correctly—I determine whether political discussion has the predicted positive impact. To test this theory, I use 2000 American National Election Study survey data, and show that greater political discussion with knowledgeable discussants leads to more correct voting.
Trace element bioavailability as exemplified by iron and zinc

Abstract Plant foods can be improved as sources of essential micronutrients either by increasing the concentrations of nutrients in the food, increasing the bioavailability of micronutrients in the food, or both of these. Quantities of minerals in edible portions of crops are influenced by numerous complex, dynamic and interacting factors, including plant genotype, soil properties, environmental conditions and nutrient interactions. Similarly, numerous dietary and host factors interact to affect the bioavailability to animals and people of mineral nutrients in plant foods. Micronutrient bioavailability apparently can be improved by either increasing the quantity of substances within plant foods that enhance the absorption and utilization of micronutrients or by decreasing the quantity of dietary antinutrients that inhibit micronutrient absorption; however, processes that control and regulate the bioavailability of trace elements in plant foods consumed in mixed diets are not fully understood. Use of either stable or radioactive isotopes incorporated intrinsically into edible portions of plant foods during plant growth will likely provide the most reliable estimates of the bioavailability of micronutrients consumed in mixed diets. Increasing the dietary supply of staple plant foods rich in trace elements combined with increased knowledge of micronutrient bioavailability from these foods will meaningfully improve the nutritional health and well being of people.
Monitoring the Vital Signs in a Complex Social System: An Example Using Cultural Algorithms

It has been conjectured that "Culture is an optimizing process". That is, the social structures that emerge in a given organization support the efficient solution of problems that the organization must deal with. Here we will present an escalating sequence of static problems to our system. Our goal will be to study how the social network infrastructure affects the overall performance of social system of a given complexity. We develop a Cultural Engine metaphor in terms of measures used to describe the entropy of each of the Cultural Algorithm components. The influence function worked analogous to Maxwell's Demon in order to inject new entropy into the system so as to counteract the effect of the second law of thermodynamics. We then applied the system to the solution of a 150 randomly generated problems of varying complexity produced by a problem generation system based upon complexity theory.
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin consolidation therapy after platinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy for suboptimally debulked, advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer patients.

Objective. To assess the feasibility of using pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) as a consolidation therapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer who have attained a clinically defined complete reto initial platinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. Methods. Patients diagnosed with suboptimally debulked stage IIIC/IV epithelial ovarian cancer who attained a clinically defined complete response at the completion of platinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy were eligible for this protocol. Patients were treated with PLD at a dose of 40 mg/m 2 every 28 days for four cycles. A survival analysis was calculated using the Kaplan
Molecular Targeted Therapies in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

T cell precursors arise from hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus, where they undergo a series of proliferation and differentiation steps that include the somatic recombination of T cell receptor (TCR) gene loci (Market and Papavasiliou 2003). TCR gene rearrangements are followed by positive and negative selection steps that allow the survival of T cells only if their TCR functions appropriately within the context of an individual’s immune microenvironment. This highly regulated developmental process results in the generation of a population of T cells with a wide range of somatically acquired T cell receptor variation, which forms the foundation of a fully competent adaptive immune system that can respond to a countless variety of foreign antigens. Genetic alterations involving oncogenes or tumor suppressors can result in the aberrant proliferation, differentiation arrest, and clonal expansion of T cell precursors that is characteristic of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL)
Resistance, resilience and recovery: Aquatic bacterial dynamics after water column disturbance

For lake microbes, water column mixing acts as a disturbance because it homogenizes thermal and chemical gradients known to define the distributions of microbial taxa. Our first objective was to isolate hypothesized drivers of lake bacterial response to water column mixing. To accomplish this, we designed an enclosure experiment with three treatments to independently test key biogeochemical changes induced by mixing: oxygen addition to the hypolimnion, nutrient addition to the epilimnion, and full water column mixing. We used molecular fingerprinting to observe bacterial community dynamics in the treatment and control enclosures, and in ambient lake water. We found that oxygen and nutrient amendments simulated the physical-chemical water column environment following mixing and resulted in similar bacterial communities to the mixing treatment, affirming that these were important drivers of community change. These results demonstrate that specific environmental changes can replicate broad disturbance effects on microbial communities. Our second objective was to characterize bacterial community stability by quantifying community resistance, recovery and resilience to an episodic disturbance. The communities in the nutrient and oxygen amendments changed quickly (had low resistance), but generally matched the control composition by the 10th day after treatment, exhibiting resilience. These results imply that aquatic bacterial assemblages are generally stable in the face of disturbance.
Miniaturization of low-power constant-current converter by applying a height-reduced transformer

A method is described for designing a height-reduced transformer suitable for mounting on a hybrid IC substrate. This is achieved by using a leakage inductance equation that reflects the effects of the core shape parameters as well as the transformer itself. The resulting height-reduced transformer allows the converter size to be reduced to 7/10 that of a converter using a conventional transformer. >
GLUT4 is internalized by a cholesterol‐dependent nystatin‐sensitive mechanism inhibited by insulin

Insulin slows GLUT4 internalization by an unknown mechanism. Here we show that in unstimulated adipocytes, GLUT4 is internalized by two mechanisms. Approximately 80% of GLUT4 is internalized by a mechanism that is sensitive to the cholesterol-aggregating drug nystatin, and is independent of AP-2 clathrin adaptor and two putative GLUT4 endocytic motifs. The remaining GLUT4 is internalized by an AP-2-dependent, nystatin-resistant pathway that requires the FQQI GLUT4 motif. Insulin inhibits GLUT4 uptake by the nystatin-sensitive pathway and, consequently, GLUT4 is internalized by the AP-2-dependent pathway in stimulated adipocytes. The phenylalanine-based FQQI GLUT4 motif promotes AP-2-dependent internalization less rapidly than a tyrosine-based motif, the classic form of aromatic-based motifs. Thus, both a change in the predominant endocytosis pathway and the specific use of a suboptimal internalization motif contribute to the slowing of GLUT4 internalization in insulin-stimulated adipocytes. Insulin also inhibits the uptake of cholera-toxin B, indicating that insulin broadly regulates cholesterol-dependent uptake mechanisms rather than specially targeting GLUT4. Our work thus identifies cholesterol-dependent uptake as a novel target of insulin action in adipocytes.
Four-Stage DEA Efficiency Evaluations: Financial Reforms in Public University Funding

Financial reforms in U.S. public higher education are well underway and are progressively replacing university enrollment based funding formulas with performance based models driven, in part, by graduation rates. Doing so, however, fails to account for the internal resource constraints and managerial efficiencies associated with production. Moreover, graduation rates are affected by external factors beyond the control of university decision-makers. This paper addresses these issues and uses a four-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model to evaluate university graduation rate performance. The four-stage DEA efficiencies correct for both environmental and statistical noise effects on university operations. Efficiency estimates control for the friendliness of the higher education operating environments as measured by differences in public financial support and educational quality. The results indicate that while universities are favorably efficient according to single stage estimates, additional efficiency gains of about three percentage points arise after accounting for good and bad fortune and external environmental effects. The number of efficient universities is found to more than double, thereby indicating significant shifts in the efficiency rankings of universities. Yet, better quality data is needed and should be forthcoming as universities and states gain greater experience with the implementation of performance based funding and ties to student success.
Constant quality video encoding

Lossy video compression algorithms, such as those used in the H.261 and MPEG standards, result in quality degradation seen in the form of tiling, edge business, and mosquito noise. The number of bits required to encode a scene so as to achieve a given quality objective depends on the scene content; the more complex the scene is, the more bits are required. Therefore, in order to achieve a given video quality at all times, the encoder parameters must be appropriately adjusted according to the scene content. The authors propose a video encoding scheme which maintains the quality of the encoded video at a constant level. This scheme is based on a quantitative video quality measure, and it uses a feedback control mechanism to control the parameters of the encoder. The authors evaluate this scheme by applying it to test sequences, and compare it with constant bit rate and open-loop variable bit rate schemes in terms of quality and rate. They show that their scheme achieves better quality than the other two schemes for a given total number of bits, particularly when the content has scene changes over time.
Phenological patterns of Ficus in relation to other forest trees in southern India

The importance of figs as keystone resources depends partly on their year-round fruiting pattern. However, most non-equatorial fig species show seasonality in reproductive phenology. If fig and other species' fruiting peaks coincide, the importance of figs as key resources during lean fruiting periods may be reduced. Fig and other forest tree phenology was studied in a deciduous and an evergreen site in the Western Ghats, southern India, from January 1991 to May 1992. In the deciduous site, most non-fig flowering and leaf flushing occurred during the two dry seasons, while most fruiting occurred during the dry and early wet seasons. In the evergreen site, all non-fig tree phenological stages – flowering, fruiting and leaf flushing – were concentrated during the two dry seasons annually (dry and post-monsoon). Individual fig trees produced crops one to three times annually, at different times of the year for different trees. Fig community fruiting peaks in the evergreen site coincided with fruiting peaks of the other forest trees, but in the deciduous site occurred slightly offset from non-fig fruiting peaks. The role of figs as key resources is likely to differ among forests, and to depend on factors such as diversity of fruiting pattern among fig species, fig tree density and territoriality of frugivores.
Quantification of the Feedback between Phytoplankton and ENSO in the Community Climate System Model

Abstract The current coarse-resolution version of the Community Climate System Model is used to assess the impact of phytoplankton on El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The experimental setup allows for the separation of the effects of climatological annual cycle of chlorophyll distribution from its interannually varying part. The main finding is that the chlorophyll production by phytoplankton is important beyond modifying the mean and seasonal cycle of shortwave absorption; interannual modifications to the absorption have an impact as well, and they dampen ENSO variability by 9%. The magnitude of damping is the same in the experiment with smaller-than-observed, and in the experiment with larger-than-observed, chlorophyll distribution. This result suggests that to accurately represent ENSO in GCMs, it is not sufficient to use a prescribed chlorophyll climatology. Instead, some form of an ecosystem model will be necessary to capture the effects of phytoplankton coupling and feedback.
Spatial summation of perceived pressure, sharpness and mechanically evoked cutaneous pain

Psychophysically, spatial summation can be demonstrated as a decrease in threshold accompanying an increased field of stimulation. The present study examined to what extent different mechanically evoked percepts (pressure, sharpness, and pain) show spatial summation. Various probes were used to apply prescribed forces to the dorsal surface of the digits of 19 healthy subjects. The threshold for three perceptual qualities showed differing degrees of spatial summation: sharpness showed no statistically significant spatial summation; pain demonstrated some significant summation (46% on average); pressure showed the greatest degree of spatial summation (76% on average). The lack of significant spatial summation for sharpness threshold is consistent with the theory that perceived sharpness can be evoked by near threshold activity of a single nociceptor. The modest amount of spatial summation for pain implies that distinctly suprathreshold activation of nociceptors is required for mechanically evoked pain perce...
A G-coupled Receptor Protein Critical for Peripheral Nerve Myelination

Intercellular signaling between the axon and myelinating glial cells plays an essential role in the regulation of the myelination process. A recent study from Monk et al. has used a forward genetics approach in zebrafish to identify a G protein-coupled receptor that is necessary for Schwann cells to myelinate axons, thereby uncovering a critical component of the axo-glial signaling network.
Demo: Implementation of Real-time WiFi Receiver in Ziria, Language for Rapid Prototyping of Wireless PHY

Software-defined radios (SDR) have the potential to bring major innovation in wireless networking design. However, their impact so far has been limited due to complex programming tools. Most of the existing tools are either too slow to achieve the full line speeds of contemporary wireless PHYs or are too complex to master. In this demo we present our novel SDR programming environment called Ziria. Ziria consists of a novel programming language and an optimizing compiler. The compiler is able to synthesize very efficient SDR code from high-level PHY descriptions written in Ziria language. To illustrate its potential, we present the design of an LTE-like PHY layer in Ziria. We run it on the Sora SDR platform and demonstrate on a test-bed that it is able to operate in real-time.
Submodular-Bregman and the Lovász-Bregman Divergences with Applications

We introduce a class of discrete divergences on sets (equivalently binary vectors) that we call the submodular-Bregman divergences. We consider two kinds, defined either from tight modular upper or tight modular lower bounds of a submodular function. We show that the properties of these divergences are analogous to the (standard continuous) Bregman divergence. We demonstrate how they generalize many useful divergences, including the weighted Hamming distance, squared weighted Hamming, weighted precision, recall, conditional mutual information, and a generalized KL-divergence on sets. We also show that the generalized Bregman divergence on the Lovasz extension of a submodular function, which we call the Lovasz-Bregman divergence, is a continuous extension of a submodular Bregman divergence. We point out a number of applications, and in particular show that a proximal algorithm defined through the submodular Bregman divergence provides a framework for many mirror-descent style algorithms related to submodular function optimization. We also show that a generalization of the k-means algorithm using the Lovasz Bregman divergence is natural in clustering scenarios where ordering is important. A unique property of this algorithm is that computing the mean ordering is extremely efficient unlike other order based distance measures.
Wireless Reprogramming of Vehicle Electronic Control Units

The new generation vehicles will have many sophisticated systems such as drive-by-wire, navigation, traffic congestion control, road guidance, and advance crash warning. Already, dozens of onboard computers control complex vehicle functions. From time to time, an onboard computer needs reprogramming. Currently, dealers manually reprogram software in onboard computers via a wire based electrical connection. Updating software wirelessly is a preferred alternative to the manual method because the vehicle need not be physically present at a repair facility to perform the update. Wireless software reprogramming will save customers' and technicians' time and money. In this paper, we present a wireless download algorithm for reprogramming of vehicles' electronic control units, using current wireless technologies. Our algorithm proposes a hybrid infrastructure that combines wireless unicasting and multicasting data delivery.
Mode power distribution effect in white-light multimode fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensor systems

Theoretical and experimental results have shown that mode power distribution (MPD) variations could significantly vary the phase of spectral fringes from multimode fiber extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (MMF-EFPI) sensor systems, owing to the fact that different modes introduce different extra phase shifts resulting from the coupling of modes reflected at the second surface to the lead-in fiber end. This dependence of fringe pattern on MPD could cause measurement errors in signal demodulation methods of white-light MMF-EFPI sensors that implement the phase information of the fringes.
DC/AC Performance Analysis of Indium Antimonide Nanowires

We investigated the electrical properties and transmission line performance of indium antimonide nanowires. The results indicate that the of nanowires suffer from low mobility values on the order of 10-to-15 cm2V-1s-1 because of the contact resistances, scattering due to their small diameters, crystal defects and oxidation occurs during growth and cooling. nanowires show extremely inductive behavior during the AC measurements and due to these parasitic parameters, they can sustain transmission for the signals having frequencies up to 10 MHz. The bandwidth of the nanowires is directly proportional to the diameter of the nanowires. Improving the mobility to higher values and introducing de-embedding and impedance matching to the measurements and analysis could easily carry the bandwidth beyond GHz levels.
Electron injection dynamics from photoexcited porphyrin dyes into SnO 2 and TiO2 nanoparticles

The photoexcited electron injection dynamics of free-base and metallo-derivatives of tris(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrins bound to TiO2 and SnO2 nanoparticle surfaces have been investigated using time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy (TRTS). The metallo-derivatives include Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Pd(II). For the TiO2–porphyrin assemblies, electron injection from the photoexcited dye to the semiconductor occurs only when using the zinc derivative as the sensitizer because it is the only dye studied in this report with long-lived excited states higher in energy than the TiO2 conduction band edge. All of the dyes, however, have excited-state energies above the SnO2 conduction band edge, and the electron injection rates vary widely from 0.4 to 200 ps depending on the sensitizer. For the SnO2–porphyrin assemblies, electron injection is strongly influenced by competition with alternate deactivation routes that are accessible following Soret band excitation. These results offer thermodynamic and kinetic consider...
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CARTOGRAPHIC DATA HANDLING SYSTEM

Within the Department of Defense, the Defense Intelligence Agency is responsible for managing, and budgeting for, all mapping, charting and geodetic programmes within the Army, Navy and Air Force. One of the programmes involved is the automation of the cartographic data handling system, which includes millions of maps, photography, nautical and aeronautical charts, publications, gravity and magnetic data, bathymetry and hydrography data, etc. DIA is insuring that this data handling system can be used interchangeably by the military departments, federal agencies and other interested organizations by standardizing equipments,, formats and operating procedures. This commonality will result in many benefits during the accession, data processing and output phases in geography, cartography, hydrography and other earth sciences. In addition, this system is compatible with the current planning for an improved national network of information systems in science and technology. It can also be used in universities to...
Eca1, a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, is involved in stress tolerance and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans.

The basidiomycetous fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is adapted to survive challenges in the soil and environment and within the unique setting of the mammalian host. A C. neoformans mutant was isolated with enhanced virulence in a soil amoeba model that nevertheless exhibits dramatically reduced growth at mammalian body temperature (37°C). This mutant phenotype results from an insertion in the ECA1 gene, which encodes a sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)-type calcium pump. Infection in murine macrophages, amoebae (Acanthamoeba castellanii), nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans), and wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae revealed that the eca1 mutants are virulent or hypervirulent at permissive growth temperatures but attenuated at 37°C. Deletion mutants lacking the entire ECA1 gene were also hypersensitive to the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin and FK506 and to ER and osmotic stresses. An eca1Δ cna1Δ mutant lacking both Eca1 and the calcineurin catalytic subunit was more sensitive to high temperature and ER stresses than the single mutants and exhibited reduced survival in C. elegans and attenuated virulence towards wax moth larvae at temperatures that permit normal growth in vitro. Eca1 is likely involved in maintaining ER function, thus contributing to stress tolerance and virulence acting in parallel with Ca2+-calcineurin signaling.
Locomotory Fatigue and Size in the Atlantic Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus

Size is an important factor for the Atlantic blue crab, Callinectes sapidus (Rathbun), with large male crabs often having an advantage over small crabs in mating, molting, and locomoting. The ability of larger crabs to resist fatigue may be another benefit of being big. We describe a novel pull force test that measures the force crabs use to hold onto a mesh grid, mimicking the way a male holds a female during mate guarding. In this study, we used this pull force test to determine whether larger male crabs have an advantage over smaller crabs by being able to sustain a greater pull force even after fatigue from sustained walking. Fatigue was induced by a 6-h exercise trial that entailed continuous sideways hexapedal walking on an underwater treadmill. Larger crabs maintained an advantage over smaller crabs even after fatigue. In crabs, including the Atlantic blue crab, increased size seems to have advantages. These include reproduction,
Oxygen triclusters in crystalline CaAl4O7 (grossite) and in calcium aluminosilicate glasses: 17O NMR

We present 17 O MAS NMR data for crystalline calcium dialuminate (grossite), CaAl4O7 and monoaluminate, CaAl2O4. The first of these contains an oxygen tricluster site and serves as a model compound for sites of this type in aluminosilicate glasses. Tricluster site NMR parameters are distinct from those of bridging O atoms (Al-O-Al), allowing partial resolution in triple quantum MAS NMR spectra. Such spectra for calcium aluminosilicate glasses are consistent with the presence of a small fraction of tricluster sites. Observed chemical shifts for non-bridging oxygen (NBO) atoms in an impurity phase in the CaAl2O4 sample are distinct from those for NBO in Ca-aluminosilicate glasses, indicating that the latter are primarily bonded to Si, not Al.
pH stability, response to antibiotics and factors influencing egg-culture of mumps virus.

SummaryNeither penicillin nor streptomycin, separately or combined, caused demonstrable inhibition of the mumps virus in vitro or in vivo. Maximum virus infectivity occurred in 7-day-old embryos 4-6 days after inoculation; hemagglutinative capacity reached a maximum in like embryos after 8 days of incubation. The concentration of virus containing chorio-allantoic fluid used as inoculum had no apparent effect on growth of the virus in eggs. The range of optimum pH stability was 5.65 to 7.9, but the virus was relatively unstable under any conditions.
Selective Activation/Coupling of Polyhalogenated Nucleophiles in Ni/Cr-Mediated Reactions: Synthesis of C1–C19 Building Block of Halichondrin Bs

The C1–C19 building block 46 of halichondrin Bs was synthesized via a selective activation/coupling of β-bromoenone 34 with aldehyde 35 in a Ni/Cr-mediated reaction. The first phase of study was a method development to effect a coupling of a “naked” vinylogous anion with an aldehyde. The study with the coupling of 9 + 10 → 11 revealed: (1) β-bromoenone 9b is a better nucleophile than the corresponding β-iodo- and β-chloroenones 9a,c; (2) (Me)2Phen(OMe)2·NiCl2 13b is a better Ni-catalyst than (Me)2Phen(H)2·NiCl2 13a; and (3) a low Ni-catalyst loading, for example, 0.05–0.1 mol % Ni-catalyst against 10 mol % Cr-catalyst, is crucial for an effective coupling. The second phase of study was a method development to realize a selective activation/coupling of polyhalogenated nucleophiles such as 34. The competition experiment of 10 + 9b over 10 + 31a–c revealed: (1) (Me)2Phen(OMe)2·NiCl2 13b is more effective than (Me)2Phen(H)2·NiCl2 13a for the required selective activation/coupling; (2) a low Ni-catalyst loadin...
Correlates of Duration of Intimate Partner Violence Among Women Seeking Services at a Domestic Violence Support Center

Intimate partner violence (IPV) duration may reflect factors preventing women from leaving abusive relationships. Although many studies have analyzed factors associated with IPV occurrence, few studies have evaluated factors associated with IPV duration. This exploratory study examined intake forms completed by 230 women seeking services at an IPV support center over a 2.5-year period, beginning in 2006. These women spent an average of 11 years in abusive relationships during their lives, which was more than twice the lifetime duration of their non-abusive relationships. In a multivariate analysis model, longer lifetime IPV duration was significantly associated with greater age, having children, non-minority racial/ethnic membership, and having no parental IPV history. The current study found that many factors associated with IPV duration were different from factors previously found to be associated with IPV occurrence. Therefore, efforts aimed at preventing IPV occurrence may also need to differ from efforts to limit IPV duration.
Study on the passivation of the presulfurizing hydrotreatment catalysts with liquid

The treatment to the presulfurizing hydrotreatment catalysts with a liquid mixture which containing oxygen-containing hydrocarbon was introduced.Different conditions such as the quantity of the oxygen-containing hydrocarbon,the temperature of the passivation,the time of the passivation,the quantity of unsaturated hydrocarbon were discussed;The fixed bed reactor being considered is the evaluation plant with catalyzed diesel oil and the plant of self-heating test to confirm the best conditions of passivation.The result of the experiment indicated that:it's feasible to treat the presulfurized hydrotreatment catalysts with oxygen-containing hydrocarbon,the best conditions of passivation are as follows:the quantity of the oxygen-containing hydrocarbon is the 40 percent of the hole volume of the catalysts;the temperature of the passivation is 40℃;the time of the passivation is 10 min;the quantity of the unsaturated hydrocarbon is 100 percent.The process is convenient and has suppressed the stripping of the sulfur and the self-heating characteristic of the catalyst and can maitain the activity.