cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Learning Natural-Science Categories That Violate the Family-Resemblance Principle

The general view in psychological science is that natural categories obey a coherent, family-resemblance principle. In this investigation, we documented an example of an important exception to this principle: Results of a multidimensional-scaling study of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks (Experiment 1) suggested that the structure of these categories is disorganized and dispersed. This finding motivated us to explore what might be the optimal procedures for teaching dispersed categories, a goal that is likely critical to science education in general. Subjects in Experiment 2 learned to classify pictures of rocks into compact or dispersed high-level categories. One group learned the categories through focused high-level training, whereas a second group was required to simultaneously learn classifications at a subtype level. Although high-level training led to enhanced performance when the categories were compact, subtype training was better when the categories were dispersed. We provide an interpretation of the results in terms of an exemplar-memory model of category learning.
Towards energy efficiency in ultra dense networks

The Ultra Dense Network (UDN), as a key enabler for future wireless networks (such as 5G), is comprised of a massive number of small cells in the network. Nonetheless, energy consumption will be non-negligible when a large number of smallcell Base Stations (BSs) are densely deployed. One practical and effective approach to reduce the energy consumption of the UDN is through dynamically controlling the power saving mode of BSs, while the challenge is to maintain network coverage and satisfy the performance requirements of User Equipment (UEs). In this paper, we formalize the problem of minimizing the energy consumption of BSs by optimally controlling the BS's power saving mode (switching between awake mode and sleep mode). We focus on optimal BS selection with the objective of energy efficiency, while the considering the constraints of the coverage of UEs, the capacity of BSs, and the data rate UEs. To validate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme, we have conducted performance evaluations with a comprehensive scenario design, consisting of UE density, distribution, and mobility, as well as BS deployment. The evaluation results demonstrate favorable energy efficiency improvement at averages of 38.82 % and 48.05 % in scenarios where UEs are uniformly distributed and non-uniformly distributed in the network. Meanwhile, network coverage and UE's Quality of Service (QoS) requirements are provided.
Exploring the effects of state differences in alcohol retail restrictions

Abstract Laws regulating the retail sale of alcoholic beverages vary greatly by state. Whereas some states allow the sale of beer, wine and hard liquor at grocery stores and other retail establishments, others restrict the sale of one or more of the beverage categories to liquor stores. In recent years, several states across the country have considered loosening existing restrictions. This paper examines the impact of retail restrictions on retail sector structure and employment using panel data from the fifty US states and the District of Columbia from 2001 to 2013. Our results suggest that restricting hard liquor and wine sales to liquor stores has no impact on employment, number of establishments or total wages in the liquor store sector. However, restricting the sale of hard liquor, wine and beer to liquor stores has a positive effect on employment, wages, and number of establishments in the liquor store sector. Results in the grocery store sector are sensitive to specification, however, there is no strong evidence that retail restrictions have a corresponding negative effect on the grocery and convenience store sectors. These results contribute to the ongoing policy debates regarding the liberalization of state alcohol retail laws by empirically testing a number of the hypotheses put forth by proponents and opponents of the liberalization debate.
Rats know when they remember: transfer of metacognitive responding across odor-based delayed match-to-sample tests

Metamemory entails cognitively assessing the strength of one’s memories. We tested the ability of nine Long-Evans rats to distinguish between remembering and forgetting by presenting a decline option that allowed a four-choice odor-based delayed match to sample (DMTS) tests to be by-passed. Rats performed significantly better on tests they chose to take than on tests they were forced to take, indicating metacognitive responding. However, rather than control by internal mnemonic cues, one alternative explanation is that decline use is based on external test-specific cues that become associated with increased rewards overtime. To examine this possibility, we tested rats on three generalization tests in which external contingencies were inconsistent and therefore could not serve as discriminative cues. Rats transferred adaptive use of the decline response in tests that eliminated memory by presenting no sample, increased memory by presenting multiple samples, and both weakened and strengthened memory by varying the retention interval. Further, subjects chose to take or decline the test before encountering the memory test, providing evidence that rats based their metacognitive responding on internal cues rather than external ones. To our knowledge, this is the first robust evidence for metamemory in rats using the DMTS decline-test paradigm in which several possible sources of external stimulus control can be ruled out.
In-stream habitat predicts salamander occupancy and abundance better than landscape-scale factors within exurban watersheds in a global diversity hotspot

The southern Appalachian Mountains have experienced rapid human population growth rates since the 1980s. Land used practices are shifting from rural to residential. The majority of development has been low density, and is often near biologically diverse areas such as National Forests and National Parks. The long-term effects of urbanization in the southeastern Appalachian Mountains are not clearly understood and even less is known with respect to stream salamander response to urbanization. In order to determine the temporal influence of exurban housing on southern Appalachian streams we sampled 27 first- and second-order streams in watersheds containing exurban developments ranging in age from 4 to 44 years, along with eight forested streams, over the course of two summers. We sought to determine if the relative age of an exurban development related to occupancy and abundance of southern Appalachian stream salamanders. Age of exurban development and other watershed scale variables were not top predictors of salamander assemblages, while local site variables such as salinity and undercut banks predicted the abundance of several species of salamander. Our results suggest local habitat improvements can be used to better conserve salamanders and stream ecosystems in an increasingly urbanized region.
Beyond Ethnic Relations: Racial Politics and the Origins of the Welfare State in Republican France

To explain racial fissures in France today, one must revisit the structural and ideological failings in the origin of key Republican institutions. This article analyzes how the symbolic and materia...
Hearing Protection Devices: Regulation, Current Trends, and Emerging Technologies

Hearing protection devices (HPDs), used to guard the human ear against incurring hearing loss due to noise, have been in existence at least since the early 1900s even though their use in United States (U.S.) workplaces was not regulated by law until 1971. In fact, in 1911, the famous band leader John Phillip Sousa complained to his friend and fellow skeet trapshooter J. A. R. Elliott that shooting traps “took a toll on his ears and was beginning to affect his livelihood [as a musician].” Elliott, being an inventor, then developed and patented (in eight countries, no less), the “Elliott Perfect Ear Protector,” and it became a commercial success (Baldwin 2004). After using the “Elliott Protector,” which was among the first commercially available hearing protectors, Sousa wrote in a letter to Elliott on January 20, 1913: “I consider your invention to lessen the shock of loud noises or overwhelming vibrations of sound of great comfort. The Elliott Perfect Ear Protector is a great success in affording protection from concussions to a sensitive ear. As a shock absorber it is invaluable” (Baldwin 2004). Unfortunately, U.S. industrial workers did not experience common use of effective hearing protection technology until many years later, even though simple cotton plugs were known to be used in some workplaces before the turn of the nineteenth century (e.g., Barr 1896). (Even today, some individuals incorrectly assume that cotton suffices as a hearing protector.) The lack of protection in early mechanized industries, coupled with high noise exposures, resulted in hearing loss and related problems, such as tinnitus, that manifested in workers and that, very tragically, were often viewed as an accepted consequence of the occupation. As such, the terms “blacksmith’s deafness” and “boilermaker’s ear” were coined (Fosboke 1831; Holt 1882; Berger 2003a).
bRIGHT – Workstations of the Future and Leveraging Contextual Models

Experimenting with futuristic computer workstation design and specifically tailored application models can yield useful insights and result in exciting ways to increase efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction for computer users. Designing and building a computer workstation that can track a user’s gaze; sense proximity to the touch surface; and support multi-touch, face recognition etc meant overcoming some unique technological challenges. Coupled with extensions to commonly used applications to report user interactions in a meaningful way, the workstation will allow the development of a rich contextual user model that is accurate enough to enable benefits, such as contextual filtering, task automation, contextual auto-fill, and improved understanding of team collaborations. SRI’s bRIGHT workstation was designed and built to explore these research avenues and investigate how such a context model can be built, identify the key implications in designing an application model that best serves these goals, and discover other related factors. This paper conjectures future research that would support the development of a collaborative context model that could leverage similar benefits for groups of users.
Estimating Fuzzy Policy Preferences

The spatial models presented in the last two chapters used overlapping α–cuts to determine compromises between individuals. In this chapter, we take a closer look at the assumptions implicit in such a method. In particular, we consider ways in which individuals rank alternatives in multiple dimensions.
Facial action transfer with personalized bilinear regression

Facial Action Transfer (FAT) has recently attracted much attention in computer vision due to its diverse applications in the movie industry, computer games, and privacy protection. The goal of FAT is to "clone" the facial actions from the videos of one person (source) to another person (target). In this paper, we will assume that we have a video of the source person but only one frontal image of the target person. Most successful methods for FAT require a training set with annotated correspondence between expressions of different subjects, sometimes including many images of the target subject. However, labeling expressions is time consuming and error prone (i.e., it is difficult to capture the same intensity of the expression across people). Moreover, in many applications it is not realistic to have many labeled images of the target. This paper proposes a method to learn a personalized facial model, that can produce photo-realistic person-specific facial actions (e.g., synthesize wrinkles for smiling), from only a neutral image of the target person. More importantly, our learning method does not need an explicit correspondence of expressions across subjects. Experiments on the Cohn-Kanade and the RU-FACS databases show the effectiveness of our approach to generate video-realistic images of the target person driven by spontaneous facial actions of the source. Moreover, we illustrate applications of FAT to face de-identification.
Leader Mistreatment of Teachers

The problem of school leader workplace mistreatment of teachers has only recently provoked scholarly attention. This article reviews the major conceptual, typological, and theoretical approaches to the general problem of workplace mistreatment/abuse and superordinate mistreatment/abuse of subordinates in particular. This is followed by a presentation of the findings of empirical research focusing on abusive behavior and its effects on the personal–professional lives of workers in organizational settings. Major findings from the two existing published studies of school leader mistreatment/abuse of teachers are also presented. A brief methodological critique of the general workplace mistreatment/abuse literature and discussion of further research conclude this article.
Charge-Ordered States in Doped AFMs: Long-Range “Casimir” Attraction and Instability

We analyze the induced interactions between localized holes in weakly doped Heisenberg antiferromagnets due to the modification of the quantum zero-point spin-wave energy (i.e., the analog of the Casimir effect). We show that this interaction is uniformly attractive and falls off asymptotically as r−2d+1 in d dimensions. For “stripes” (i.e., parallel d−1 domensional hypersurfaces of localized holes), the interaction energy per unit hyperarea is attractive and falls, generically, like r−d. We argue that, in the absence of a long-range Coulomb repulsion between holes, these interactions lead to an instability of any charge-ordered state in the dilute doping limit.
Information Security Investment Strategies in Supply Chain Firms: Interplay Between Breach Propagation, Shared Information Assets and Chain Topology

Firms in a supply chain share information assets among them, and make use of inter-firm network connections to enable quick information sharing. Both of these approaches have significant implications when a security breach occurs. One, the interconnections may become conduits for security breach propagation. Two, shared information assets now become vulnerable at the owner as well as at the partner firms’ sites. Therefore, an effective security investment strategy in a supply chain must take into account vulnerability issues arising out of propagation of security breaches and sharing of information assets. Investments in perimeter security technologies reduce direct vulnerability of information assets, but are ineffective in countering indirect breaches, which originate from partnering firms. Our research investigates interdependent security investment strategies of supply chain firms in a game-theoretic framework, and analyze non-cooperative and centrally administered investment equilibria. We also provide comparative static of these investments under specific value chain topologies.
Walter’s Contagious Conscience

For many of us, Walter continues to exemplify the notion of immortality through mentorship. Often these are lessons on life. At the many Kohn family barbecues, Walter and Mara bring together friends, family, students, and visiting scientists for lively discussions ranging from density functional theory, religion, and the nuclear test ban to what possessed the giant swarm of bees to appear so suddenly and drive us into the house away from their spectacular patio overlooking the Santa Barbara harbor. Here Walter and Mara showed how one’s students, colleagues, friends, family, professional work, and societal responsibility were each independently important yet inseparable, like breathing and eating; neglecting one brings down the entire system. It was here that I came to know clearly that the question of sacrificing one’s family, friends, or societal responsibilities for our scientific work would never need to be addressed. Walter showed by example that it was not the right question to ask.
Preparation of VO(HPO4)·0.5H2O and its Transformation to the Maleic Anhydride Catalyst (VO)2P2O7

The blue vanadium(IV) compound VO(HPO4)·0.5H2O has been identified as precursor to the maleic anhydride catalyst (VO)2p2O7. Structural similarities between the two compounds suggest a topotactic transformation from hydrogen phosphate to pyrophosphate as the mechanism of catalyst activation. In both compounds, measurement of the magnetic susceptibility as a function of temperature reveals that the major bulk fraction of the vanadium spins are antifer-romagnetically coupled, while a variable minor fraction of the defect spins are nearly isolated from the other spins. Two new phases of VOPO4 are formed upon oxidation of VO(HPO4)·0.5H2O.
Islam, Morality and Public Education: Religious Elements of Ethics and Etiquette in the Uzbek School Curriculum

Influenced by Arabic and Persian traditions, the plural word Ādāb in the Uzbek language (sing. adab ) as a social term connotes a discipline of character development in ethics and morals. As a literary term, adab means a concept of aesthetics that teaches morality. The prevalence of the concept in Uzbek society is evidenced by the fact that there is a school subject called Odobnoma: adab studies. These elementary-school classes aim to cultivate moral uprightness, social responsibility and virtue. On the surface, the subject seems to be secular, yet a closer analysis of the themes and topics of Odobnoma reveals indirect Islamic influence. This is partly because Central Asian cultures contain Islamic teachings, which have become a part of the national understanding of morality, ethics and etiquette. This article explores the influence of these teachings from the Uzbek perspective of “national character.”
Residual vascular dysfunction in women with a history of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by new-onset hypertension, proteinuria, and edema occurring after 20 wk of gestation, with a prevalence of ~7–10% of pregnancies i...
Integration of Statistical Models of Residential HVAC Loads with a Commercial Smart Thermostat

As part of an effort to develop accurate power flow simulations in the area of Demand Response (DR) control, we developed an agent-based model for power consumption by residential end uses. Electrical power loads occurring in individual houses are categorized and modeled statistically. We developed a thermostat model to simulate the HVAC power draw, one of the most important residential load categories. In the present work, we replace the simulated thermostat from one of the house models participating in the aggregated load control, with a physical instance of commercial smart thermo-stat. Specifically, we selected a ’Nest Learning Thermostat’ for integration in the load simulation. We used the Nest Application Programming Interface (API) for the integration process. We implemented a PID control system to regulate the temperature of an environmental chamber where the Nest thermostat is installed. The environmental chamber is intended to provide the Nest with conditions similar to what it would experience in a real-life setting. Learnings from the present work will serve to increase the realism of large-scale agent-based simulations.
Cyberphysical Microfluidic Biochips

Cyberphysical microfluidic biochips comprise a broad set of technologies for the manipulation of fluids. This chapter provides a general review of microfluidic technologies with an emphasis on digital and flow-based microfluidic biochips, as they have shown great promise for commercialization and integration with security technologies. We discuss basic principles, fabrication, and advances in design automation.
Tools of the Trade: How Do You Perform and Interpret an Exercise Test?

Background: Most pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) is poorly modifiable and incurable even with effective therapy. Therefore, adaptation to stress, the reserve of the cardiopulmonary system, is impo...
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: comparative analysis in cancer patients with underlying haematologic malignancies versus solid tumours.

Summary Background Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is commonly associated with haematologic malignancies but also occurs with solid tumours. Aim To compare the diagnostic approaches and therapeutic outcomes for IPA between patients with haematologic malignancies and solid cancers. Methods A retrospective study was conducted evaluating consecutive cases of proven and probable IPA from 2004 to 2016. Patients >18 years of age with an underlying solid tumour, haematologic malignancy, or haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) within one year of IPA diagnosis were included. Findings Of the 311 patients analysed, 225 had haematologic malignancies and 86 had solid tumours. Patients with solid tumours were more likely to have had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other pulmonary diseases, have Aspergillus fumigatus infections, and have received radiotherapy before IPA occurrence than were those with haematologic malignancies (all P Conclusions Monotherapy was more often prescribed in patients with solid tumours than in patients with haematologic malignancies. Patients with solid tumours had better antifungal therapy response and lower 12-week IPA-attributable mortality than did those with haematologic malignancies.
High-risk factors affecting survival after transcatheter therapy with doxorubicin-eluting beads for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

e15614 Background: Transcatheter therapy with drug eluting beads (DEB) with Doxorubicin is a relatively new modality of palliative treatment of patients with unresectable HCC. It is important to id...
PAX8 expressing epithelial cells are a cancer-prone source of clonal cyclical regeneration of endometrial epithelium

Humans and mice have cyclical regeneration of the endometrial epithelium. It is expected that such regeneration is ensured by tissue stem cells. However, their location remains debatable. A number of recent studies have suggested the presence of stem cells in the mouse endometrial epithelium. At the same time, it has been reported this tissue can be regenerated by stem cells of stromal/mesenchymal or bone marrow cell origin. Here we show that cells expressing transcription factor PAX8 are the main contributor to the homeostatic regeneration of endometrial epithelium. In the uterus, based on a single-cell transcriptome and immunostaining analyses, PAX8 expression is limited to the endometrial epithelium. According to lineage tracing, PAX8 positive (PAX8+) epithelial cells are responsible for long-term maintenance of the epithelium. Furthermore, multicolor tracing shows that individual glands are formed by clonal expansion of cells labeling both glandular and luminal epithelial components. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes Trp53 and Rb1 in PAX8+ cells but not FOXJ1+ cells leads to formation of neoplasms with features of serous endometrial carcinoma, the most aggressive type of human endometrial malignancy. Taken together, our results show that a progeny of single PAX8+ cells represent the main source of cyclical regeneration of the endometrial epithelium. They also provide direct experimental genetic evidence for the key roles of the P53 and RB pathways in the pathogenesis of serous endometrial carcinoma, and suggest that PAX8+ cells represent the cell-of-origin of this neoplasm.
Reusing oil and gas produced water for agricultural irrigation: Effects on soil health and the soil microbiome.

Abstract Produced water (PW) is a major waste-product of oil and gas production that some consider a viable agricultural irrigation water source. However, the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons, toxic metals and potentially high salinity of PW may be deleterious for soil health. Thus, we irrigated wheat with minimally treated PW to investigate effects on soil health, wheat growth, and the soil microbiome. Irrigation treatments included control irrigation water (IW), 1% and 5% PW dilutions (1% PW, 5% PW), and a saltwater solution with salinity equivalent to the 5% PW dilution (SW). Wheat was irrigated three times a week, for a total of 2.1 L per pot by harvest. During wheat growth, we measured plant physiological parameters, soil electrical conductivity, as well as profiled soil microbial diversity by performing 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene analysis. Soil health parameters were measured after harvest, including chemical, biological, physical, and nutrient properties that were used to calculate an overall soil health index (SQI). SQI analysis revealed that the SW and 5% PW treatments had significantly reduced soil health as compared to the control. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that the microbial community membership and structure was significantly different between irrigation treatments, highlighting shifts in the soil microbiome which may impact soil biochemical cycling. Both the SW- and 5% PW-treated wheat had reduced yields as compared to the control. Our results indicate that irrigating wheat with minimally treated PW may result in yield decreases, as well as reducing both overall soil health and soil microbial community diversity. Future large-scale field studies are needed to determine the long-term soil health effects of PW on different soil types and crops.
Absorbed dose distributions from beta-decaying radionuclides: Experimental validation of Monte Carlo tools for radiopharmaceutical dosimetry.

Purpose This study aims to experimentally validate the Monte Carlo generated absorbed doses from the beta particles emitted by 90 Y and 177 Lu using radiochromic EBT3 film-based dosimetry. Methods Line sources of 90 Y and 177 Lu were inserted longitudinally through blocks of low-density polyethylene and tissue-equivalent slabs of cortical bone and lung equivalent plastics. Radiochromic film (Gafchromic EBT3) was laser cut to accommodate orthogonal line sources of radioactivity, and the film was sandwiched intimately between the rectangular blocks to achieve charged particle equilibrium. Line sources consisted of plastic capillary tube of length (13 ± 0.1) cm, with 0.42-mm inner diameter and a wall thickness of 0.21 mm. 90 Y line sources were prepared from a solution of dissolved 90 Y resin microspheres. 177 Lu line sources were prepared from an aliquot of 177 Lu-DOTATATE. Film exposures were conducted for durations ranging from 10 min to 38 h. Radiochromic film calibration was performed by irradiation with 6-MV-bremsstrahlung x rays from a calibrated linear accelerator, in accordance with literature recommendations. Experimental geometries were precisely simulated within the GATE Monte Carlo toolkit, which has previously been used for the generation of dose point kernels. Results The mean percentage difference between measured and simulated absorbed doses were 5.04% and 7.21% for 90 Y and 177 Lu beta absorbed dose in the range of (0.1-10) Gy. Additionally, 1D gamma analysis using a local 10%/1 mm gamma criterion was performed to compare the absorbed dose distributions. The percentage of measurement points passing the gamma criterion, averaged over all tests, was 93.5%. Conclusions We report the experimental validation of Monte Carlo derived beta absorbed dose distributions for 90 Y and 177 Lu, solidifying the validity of using Monte Carlo-based methods for estimating absorbed dose from beta emitters. Overall, excellent agreement was observed between the experimental beta absorbed doses in the linear region of the radiochromic film and the GATE Monte Carlo simulations demonstrating that radiochromic film dosimetry has sufficient sensitivity and spatial resolution to be used as a tool for measuring beta decay absorbed dose distributions.
New Applications of Resummation in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories: QED X QCD Exponentiation for LHC Physics, IR-Improved DGLAP Theory and Resummed Quantum Gravity

We present the elements of three applications of resummation methods in non-Abelian gauge theories: (1), QED X QCD exponentiation and shower/ME matching for LHC physics; (2), IR improvement of DGLAP theory; (3), resummed quantum gravity and the final state of Hawking radiation. In all cases, the extension of the YFS approach, originally introduced for Abelian gauge theory, to non-Abelian gauge theories, QCD and quantum general relativity, leads to new results and solutions which we briefly summarize.
Vocabulary Acquisition as a By-Product of Meaning-Oriented Auditory Training for Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing.

Purpose A meaning-oriented auditory training program for children who are deaf or hard of hearing (d/hh) was assessed with regard to its efficacy in promoting novel word learning. Method While admi...
Longitudinal Plasma Lipidome and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Sample of American Indians With Normal Fasting Glucose: The Strong Heart Family Study.

Objective Comprehensive assessment of alterations in lipid species preceding type 2 diabetes (T2D) is largely unknown. We aimed to identify plasma molecular lipids associated with risk of T2D in American Indians. Research design and methods Using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we repeatedly measured 3,907 fasting plasma samples from 1,958 participants who attended two examinations (∼5.5 years apart) and were followed up to 16 years in the Strong Heart Family Study. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify lipids associated with risk of T2D, adjusting for traditional risk factors. Repeated measurement analysis was performed to examine the association between change in lipidome and change in continuous measures of T2D, adjusting for baseline lipids. Multiple testing was controlled by false discovery rate at 0.05. Results Higher baseline level of 33 lipid species, including triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, phosphoethanolamines, and phosphocholines, was significantly associated with increased risk of T2D (odds ratio [OR] per SD increase in log2-transformed baseline lipids 1.50-2.85) at 5-year follow-up. Of these, 21 lipids were also associated with risk of T2D at 16-year follow-up. Aberrant lipid profiles were also observed in prediabetes (OR per SD increase in log2-transformed baseline lipids 1.30-2.19 for risk lipids and 0.70-0.78 for protective lipids). Longitudinal changes in 568 lipids were significantly associated with changes in continuous measures of T2D. Multivariate analysis identified distinct lipidomic signatures differentiating high- from low-risk groups. Conclusions Lipid dysregulation occurs many years preceding T2D, and novel molecular lipids (both baseline level and longitudinal change over time) are significantly associated with risk of T2D beyond traditional risk factors. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms linking dyslipidemia to T2D and may yield novel therapeutic targets for early intervention tailored to American Indians.
Teaching Literary Analysis with Digital Storytelling: An Instructional Approach

This qualitative, single case study examined teacher practice using digital storytelling as an instructional approach to the Common Core State Standards in English Language Arts, following the work of two middle grades teachers over a six-week period through initial planning and implementation of student-created digital stories within a unit centered on S.E. Hinton’s novel, The Outsiders (1967). The aim of the study was to work closely with the participants, allowing teaching and learning to unfold naturally, while providing opportunities for participants to describe their experiences and share their insights to reveal the essence of the phenomenon. Three-part interviews with teacher participants, field notes from nine classroom observations, a project wiki, teacher-created artifacts and student work samples captured insights at each phase of the project. Results support the viability of Wallace’s (2004) theoretical framework for understanding teaching with the Internet, particularly in the areas of instructional planning and monitoring of student work. Implications for teacher practice include the value of co-teaching as a supportive condition for effective technology integration and the efficacy of a learner-centered environment, implemented alongside instructional strategies similar to those used to teach the writing process, to teach digital storytelling to middle-grade learners.
Manufacturing Cyber-Physical Systems Enabled by Complex Event Processing and Big Data Environments: A Framework for Development

The decades old manufacturing operations question of choosing the right answer in the face of disturbances created by certain unexpected events, or by their aggregation, could now be one step further to receive the right answer. A sensor-packed manufacturing system in which each process or piece of equipment makes available event and status information, coupled with market research for true advanced Big Data analytics, seem to be the right ingredients for event response selection, and thus moving manufacturing closer to the cloud manufacturing systems paradigm. Besides the inherent obvious advantages that come with the cloud manufacturing capabilities, the resulting manufacturing cyber-physical system will be also subjected to the known setbacks of the software and Internet-based systems, from which cyber-security needs to be addressed at the forefront.
Ultraproducts and Other Methods of Constructing Models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various methods of constructing models. The structures that are considered as models for the sentences of language are relational systems . The extended completeness theorem and the compactness theorem are proved in the chapter. The relation between the semantic and the syntactical notions is given by the extended completeness theorem. The construction of models is much more difficult and indeed no general result is known. However, by enriching the first order language in various ways more complicated conditions than is possible in ordinary first order logic can be specified and become able to apply the general methods of constructing models. The chapter outlines several ideas of the various ways of enriching the language that include (1) the infinite conjunctions and disjunctions of ordinary first order sentences are allowed, (2) sentences can be formed by putting one quantifier outside an infinite conjunction or disjunction of ordinary first order formulas; (3) sentences with infinite conjunctions and disjunctions but only finitely many quantifiers are allowed, (4) infinite quantifiers as well as infinite conjunctions and disjunctions are allowed, (5) weak second order languages in which the variables are restricted to ranging over finite sets (instead of all sets) or finite sequences of elements have been investigated, (6) quantifiers can be prefixed to infinite conjunctions and disjunctions of formulas, and (7) quantifiers are allowed to range over relations.
Models for User Access Patterns on the Web: Semantic Content versus Access History

This work focuses on clustering a site into groups of documents that are predictive of future user accesses. Two approaches have been developed and tested. The first approach uses semantic information inherent in the documents to facilitate the clustering process. User access history is then used to reorganize the clusters iteratively so as to better indicate access patterns. This method was found to not be an effective solution to the problem. Hence, a second method based on hierarchical clustering of trail information was developed. This method is shown to be far more effective than the first method.
The in-situ study of an electronic textbook in an educational setting

The move from paper-based reading systems to digital-reading systems is having an unknown impact in higher education as textbooks are increasingly delivered in digital formats. In order to understand the full range of implication that the transformation from paper to digital could have on reading in support of learning, a model was developed that included cognitive, physical and social aspects of text interaction. This framework was coupled with a research model that linked intrinsic measures from the reading appliance itself, with extrinsic measures such as surveys. This linked methodology was used to examine aspects of college reading in general and of reading from electronic textbooks specifically. Over the course of four semesters, undergraduate students (N = 133) in four different Health Sciences courses used a commercially available electronic textbook reading system on a laptop PC. The materials provided for their classes were identical digital representations of the paper texts normally assigned for the courses. Results indicated that student textbook reading is heavily assessment driven and dependent on the pedagogy of the class. Student reading was sporadic and averaged between 8 and 20 sessions per semester. Detailed records of reading behaviors by time of day, day of week and week of semester are also provided for each of the courses involved in the study. Students preferred reading on paper to reading from the electronic reading software on the laptop PC. Despite the presence of software features designed to enhance the utility of the reading experience, students reported low satisfaction with the reading device. They did not take advantage of the availability of academic resources available to them in the electronic textbook even when directly related to their topic of study. Students expressed a clear preference for a physical interaction with paper text. Future implications for the college textbook market and electronic textbooks in general are discussed.
"Pretend we're dead," by Annalee Newitz

Review of Annalee Newitz. Pretend we're dead: Capitalist monsters in American pop culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006, paperback, $22.95 (223p) ISBN 978-0822337454.
Accumulation, excess, childhood : toward a countertopography of risk and waste

This piece grows out of my on-going project, ‘Childhood as Spectacle’, and my enduring concern with social reproduction and what it does for and to Marxist and other critical political-economic analyses. After more than 30 years of Marxist-feminist interventions around these issues, symptomatic silences around social reproduction remain all too common in analyses of capitalism. Working through these issues and their occlusion, I offer what I hope is a useful and vibrant theoretical framework for examining geographies of children, youth, and families. Building this framework calls into play three overlapping issues; neoliberal capitalism in crisis and David Harvey’s notion of accumulation by dispossession, my ideas around childhood as spectacle, as a cultural formation associated with contemporary political economic crisis and its figuration of the child as waste, and how this figuration might be turned around to find libratory potential in and from the site of children’s play and time.
Worldview Theory and Science Education Research

People are purposive, intentional beings. People are creatures of habit and yet full of surprises. People can be quite unpredictable. For these reasons and many others, it is difficult to come to know people in the sense of having a causal understanding of human behavior, which was the modernist project in education. At least this cannot be done as scientists do with moving objects such as particle or projectile motion, for example, or even with the behavior of non-human animal species. What a person can do that an object cannot is to tell you about him or herself, thus helping you to get to know this person. This is of course a different kind of knowing and it suggests that getting to know a broad range of people provides an educator with exemplars of what people in general are like. “Interpretive researchers,” noted Cobern (1993a, p. 936), “do not expect that the procedures of experimental natural science can ever be used to produce general laws of education. Rather, one must come to a greater understanding of what meaning is and how it is created. Similarly, the classroom environment is not to be composed of causal variables which the teacher manipulates to foster learning, but an environment mutually shaped to fit the members of the classroom, both teacher and students.” My research takes it thus as axiomatic that the more educators know about students as people the better educators will be able to teach people as students in their classrooms. Among others, Fenstermacher (1979), Hawkins and Pea (1987), Lythcott (1991), and Shymansky and Kyle (1992) have espoused similar views.
A glass-fiber filtration assay for solution phase hapten-antibody binding. Effect of surface treatment with a polycation.

Abstract Radioligands bound to murine monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in solution are rapidly and effectively separated from free ligand by filtration through either untreated or polyethylenimine (PEI)-pretreated glass-fiber filters. Ligand binding to selected anti-morphine monoclonal antibodies, determined by filtration through untreated filters, was significantly greater (1.5–3.0-fold) than the binding activities obtained by gel filtration. However, radioactivity retained by filters that were pretreated with PEI (pH 4) was essentially the same as that obtained using the Sephadex G-25 short-column assay. The pH dependence of the retention on the coated fibers suggests that the mechanism of binding of antibodies to glass is different from that to the PEI-treated surfaces. The quantitative aspects of the assay are reported. The method should prove useful where quantitative, rapid and inexpensive binding radioassays need to be performed.
LOCAL ANESTHESIA FOR CESAREAN SECTION.

Abstract This paper has reviewed the author's personal experience with local anesthesia for cesarean section. The technique of administration has been presented in detail, and its advantages have been discussed. As local anesthetic is usually administered by the surgeon and, as it may be desirable for many maternal and fetal indications, a knowledge of this technique is a useful addition to the armamentarium of every obstetrician.
Temporal discretization of spatially distributed systems

There have been efforts previously to use multidimensional system representations for the control of spatially distributed systems. By expressing spatially distributed systems as multidimensional system models, it has been shown that semidefinite programming techniques can be used for control design and analysis. This formulation can in fact be interpreted as the natural generalization of linear fractional transformation based robust control tools to spatially distributed systems. While most models of physical systems are continuous time models, discrete models are required for control implementation. In this paper, we address the issue of constructing discrete time models from continuous time models for spatially distributed systems.
Cell-free translation of RNA isolated from aldosterone-treated toad bladder mucosal cells

The stimulation of sodium transport by aldosterone in target tissues requires the synthesis of both mRNA and proteins. Aldosterone-induced mRNA and proteins have been demonstrated in toad urinary bladder and rat kidney. We have isolated total RNA and poly(A)-containing RNA from hormone-treated and untreated toad bladder mucosal cells for translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. Aldosterone-induced proteins synthesized in this system have physical properties similar to those of aldosterone-induced proteins synthesized in the intact toad bladder.
Synthetic and enzymatic studies with potential alternate substrates for human placental aromatase : 10β-trifluoroacetyl and 10β-allyl steroids

Abstract The l0β-trifiuoroacetyl and 10β-allyl analogs, 6 and 13 , respectively, of androstenedione have been studied as potential alternate substrates for aromatase. The hitherto undescribed compound 6 was synthesized via the action of trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane on a 19-oxo steroid. There was no conversion of 6 to estrogen by aromatase, although 6 was a competitive inhibitor. Furthermore 13 was not epoxidized significantly by the enzyme, leaving open the mechanism of suicide inactivation of aromatase by the propargylic steroid 10 .
Mutational analysis of breast cancer: guiding personalized treatments.

The application of high throughput techniques to profile DNA, RNA and protein in breast cancer samples from hundreds of patients has profoundly increased our knowledge of the disease. However there remain many knowledge gaps that will require a long process of extended clinical correlation studies, deeper integrated ‘omic analysis and functional annotation to address. This article reviews conclusions from recent breast cancer ‘omics profiling’ papers and considers pathways forward for extracting medically valuable information from large dimension data sets [1–6].
Retinal degeneration in licensed pesticide applicators.

Background Retinal degeneration is the leading cause of visual impairment in older adults, but little is known about its relationship to neurotoxic exposures. Methods The Agricultural Health Study is a cohort study of licensed pesticide applicators from Iowa and North Carolina. We used cross-sectional data from self-administered questionnaires given at enrollment in 1994–1996 to compare pesticide use in 154 applicators who reported retinal degeneration and 17,804 controls. Results Retinal degeneration was associated with fungicide use (odds ratio = 1.8, 95% confidence interval = 1.3–2.6). This relationship was seen in subgroups defined by state, demographic characteristics, or medical history, as well as in the entire group. Risk increased with cumulative days of fungicide use (P for trend = 0.011) and was greater when application methods involving greater personal exposure were used. Retinal degeneration was also related to use of organochlorine or carbamate insecticides, but these associations were less consistent. Since nearly all applicators used organophosphate insecticides and herbicides, these exposures could not be effectively evaluated. Conclusions These results suggest that exposure to some fungicides and insecticides may increase risk of retinal degeneration. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37:618–628, 2000. © Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the possibility of evaluating the resistance of materials to wear by ploughing using a scratch method

Abstract Although the plastic strain that a material can withstand in sliding contact is an important mechanical characteristic determining its resistance to ploughing wear, this material property could not be measured so far. In this study, a scratch test to measure the critical plastic strain is explored. A hard spherical indenter scratches the tested surface under progressive loading to induce an increasing plastic strain on the surface. When the plastic strain exceeds the limit of plastic deformation on the surface, micro-fracture takes place at the ridges of the scratch groove. The critical load to initiate this micro-fracture is detected in the scratch test and then the critical plastic strain is calculated. A measure of the resistance of a material to wear by ploughing, this critical plastic strain to micro-fracture has been used both for evaluating the cohesion of coatings and for screening wear-resistant materials.
Segregation-induced embrittlement of grain boundaries

Abstract Conditions are discussed under which an interface, possibly containing an adsorbed species, is capable of sustaining an atomistically sharp cleavage crack, rather than having any such crack blunt out via dislocation nucleation. Two models for ductile versus brittle interface response are discussed. One of these is applied to model grain boundaries in face-centred-cubic materials, and is used to compare predictions with experimental observations on the embrittlement of Cu polycrystals by the addition of dilute concentrations of Bi. The results are in qualitative agreement.