cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unusual stability of fcc Co(110)/Cu(110).

It is found that thick (1000 \AA{}) films of fcc Co can be stabilized via epitaxial growth onto Cu(110) substrates at room temperature. These metastable films transform into polycrystalline films of the stable hcp phase if annealed to temperatures above 200 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The unusual stability of the fcc phase in the (110) growth direction is linked with the fact that the phase transformation to hcp involves a major disruption of the crystal structure, compared with, e.g., growth of fcc Co on Cu(111). The stabilization of single-crystal fcc Co at room temperature has enabled measurements of the room temperature magnetic properties in these films, for comparison with hcp Co.
Bacteriophage P22 proteins specified by the region between genes 9 and erf

Abstract By examining the proteins produced by bacteriophage P22 strains carrying deletions in the region between genes 9 and erf, we show that this region directs the synthesis of at least nine early proteins other than the int gene product. Analysis of these deletion strains allows us to construct a map of this nonessential region of the P22 genome.
Mother–Child Attachment Patterns and Different Types of Anxiety Symptoms: Is There Specificity of Relations?

The purpose of this study was to test Manassis’ proposal (Child-parent relations: Attachment and anxiety disorders, 255–272, 2001) that attachment patterns (secure, ambivalent, avoidant, and disorganized) may relate to different types of anxiety symptoms, and that behavioral inhibition may moderate these relations. Using a story stem interview to assess attachment and children’s reports of anxiety symptoms, we found some support for these hypotheses in a sample of 10–12 years olds. Security was related to lower levels of all types of anxieties, except separation anxiety. Ambivalence was positively related to separation anxiety, although this relation was stronger for boys. Although avoidance was not related to anxiety, disorganization was positively related to somatic symptoms, social phobia, and school phobia. Behavioral inhibition moderated the relations of security with social phobia, and of disorganization with school phobia. The findings suggest that it is important to consider specificity between attachment patterns and various types of anxiety symptoms and to recognize that these relations may be altered by other risk factors.
Think globally, act locally

This article presents a conceptual framework for understanding the phenomenon of globalization and global mindset. Globalization is a phenomenon that permeated the entire human life on a worldwide basis: from the level of the individual to the world level. Technology, and especially Information Technology (IT), i.e., the combination of computers and telecommunications, made globalization feasible, while liberalization of the world's commercial and political regimes made it reality. The implications for business enterprises, and, for that matter, for any organized effort aimed at satisfying human needs, are indeed immense. The proposed framework calls for the development of people who (1) think globally and (2) act locally. These people see the entire world as their oyster and are able to adapt their global thinking to the local contexts. Neither of these attributes are innate to most people. Both are acquired attributes. Most of us can learn to think globally and act locally. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ultrastructural development and persistence of guinea pig cytomegalovirus in duct cells of guinea pig submaxillary gland

Salivary glands from Hartley guinea pigs were experimentally infected with guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) and examined by light and electron microscopy at different time intervals. Characteristic intranuclear and intracytoplasmic viral inclusions were observed in duct cells of infected animals. Viral inclusion counts and infectivity titers in the salivary gland reached maximum levels by 3 to 4 weeks after infection; infectivity persisted, though at reduced levels, for at least 30 weeks. Electron microscopic examination of viral inclusions revealed several developmental events including nucleocapsid assembly, envelopment of nucleocapsids at the inner nuclear membrane and their enclosure by a thin vacuolar membrane. While contained within cytoplasmic vacuoles, enveloped virions acquired surface spikes. Cytoplasmic vacuoles containing virions subsequently coalesced and discharged mature virions at the cell surface into the lumen of the salivary gland duct. The data indicate that the ultrastructural development of GPCMV in the guinea pig salivary gland shows many similarities to that of human cytomegalovirus in humans. The salivary gland may provide a primary locus for virus shedding and horizontal transmission of cytomegalovirus.
Spontaneous Postpartum Coronary Dissection

A32-year-old 15-day-postpartum G3P2 woman presented with sudden cardiac arrest due to an acute anterolateral wall myocardial infarction. An emergent coronary angiogram revealed a mild 30% distal left main tapering, severe diffuse compromise of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) as well as the diagonal lumen, and normal left circumflex (LCx) and right coronary arteries. Three days later, the patient developed chest pain with 3-mm inferolateral ST-segment elevations by ECG. A second emergent coronary angiogram …
Is early analgesia associated with delayed treatment of appendicitis

Purpose: We sought to investigate the relationship between delay in treatment of appendicitis and early use of analgesia. Basic Procedures: We designed a matched case-control study, with patients having delayed treatment of appendicitis as the cases and patients with no delay in treatment of appendicitis as controls matched for age, sex, Alvarado score, and date of diagnosis. Of 957 patients with appendicitis, there were 103 delayed cases. Matching patients were identified yielding 103 controls. Main Findings: In comparing cases and controls for early opiate use (26/103 cases, 24/103 controls), there was no association with delayed treatment (odds ratio, 1.11; P = .745; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-3.89). When comparing cases and controls for early NSAID use (29/103 cases, 17/103 controls), an association was found with delayed treatment (odds ratio, 1.98; P = .045; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.89). Conclusion: For early analgesia in appendicitis, we did not find an association with delayed treatment for opiate analgesia, but there did appear to be an association with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesia.
Quadratic programming and the single-controller stochastic game

Abstract In this paper we show that an optimal solution to an appropriately constructed quadratic program provides a stationary Nash equilibrium point of a two-person, general-sum, single-controller stochastic game. Stochastic games with both the limiting average and the discounted payoff criteria are considered. For the latter, the converse statement also holds; that is, every stationary equilibrium point provides an optimal solution to the quadratic program. The above results include as special cases the known quadratic/linear programming formulations of bimatrix games, matrix games, Markovian decision processes, and single-controller zero-sum stochastic games.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 regulates production of acute-phase proteins.

Abstract We explored the possible role of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta), a cytokine that appears to be an important modulator of inflammation and tissue repair, in regulation of human plasma protein synthesis during the acute-phase response. In Hep 3B cells, TGF-beta led to increased secretion of the positive acute-phase proteins alpha 1-protease inhibitor and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and decreased secretion of the negative acute-phase protein albumin. In Hep G2 cells, after incubation with TGF-beta, the same changes in secretion of alpha 1-protease inhibitor, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin, and albumin were observed, as well as decreased secretion of both the negative acute-phase protein alpha-fetoprotein and the positive acute-phase protein fibrinogen. In addition, TGF-beta modulated the effects of interleukin 6; these cytokines, in combination, were additive in inducing synthesis and secretion of alpha 1-protease inhibitor and alpha 1-antichymotrypsin and in decreasing secretion of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. TGF-beta inhibited the induction of fibrinogen caused by interleukin 6. The effects on alpha 1-protease inhibitor were confirmed by metabolic labeling in Hep 3B cells and by demonstrating increased accumulation of specific mRNA in Hep G2 cells, and the effects on fibrinogen were confirmed in Hep 3B cells by studies of mRNA for the alpha chain of fibrinogen. TGF-beta had no effect on haptoglobin or alpha 1-acid glycoprotein secretion, either directly or in the presence of interleukin 6, which is capable of inducing these proteins. These studies demonstrate that TGF-beta can affect hepatic synthesis and secretion of a subset of acute-phase proteins, both directly and by modulating the effect of interleukin 6. The affected group of plasma proteins is distinct from those affected by other recognized acute-phase protein-inducing cytokines. These findings support the view that combinations of cytokines mediate the response of the hepatocyte to inflammatory stimuli.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘That Dahm layer’”]

It is gratifying to see insightful comments from distinguished members of our community about my plea to rename the D″ (double prime) [Eos Trans., AGU, 81, p.46, 2000]. Professors Ben Howell and Carl Kisslinger both point out an interesting slice of history that illuminates this discussion. They correctly mention that while the presently adopted name D″ originated with Keith Bullen's papers of the 1940s, the original description of this internal boundary should be credited to Cornelius Dahm's 1934 Ph.D. dissertation at St. Louis University. It is unfortunate that, instead, Bullen's nomenclature became widely accepted. We can speculate that Bullen was not aware of Dahm's work, something not uncommon in the early days, although unimaginable in today's Internet information age. The original purpose of my note was a suggestion that we rename the D″ layer. We can consider calling it the Dahm layer or Dahm-Bullen layer.
Role of systematic lymphadenectomy and adjuvant therapy in stage I uterine papillary serous carcinoma

Abstract Objective To assess surgical staging with systematic lymphadenectomy (LND) and adjuvant therapy in patients with stage I uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). Methods A single-institution, retrospective review was conducted of all surgically treated patients with primary UPSC between 1982 and 2005. Results 42 patients (IA=15, IB=21, IC=6) were stage I. 81% ( n =34) underwent LND (median 40 nodes), 69% omentectomy, and 45% peritoneal biopsies. Median follow-up was 39 months. The 5-year overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) rates were 85% and 78%. The substage 5-year OS was: IA 100%, IB 89%, IC 60%. No lymphatic recurrences (LR) were observed in 34 patients who had LND compared to 1 LR in 8 who did not undergo LND ( p =NS). No recurrences were detected among the 15 patients with stage IA UPSC, irrespective of post-operative therapy. None of the 20 IB and IC patients who received radiation therapy (RT) had vaginal recurrences (VR) compared to 2 of the 7 (29%) who did not receive RT ( p =0.02). A systematic LND (>20 lymph nodes) was performed in 19 stage IB and IC patients. No hematological or peritoneal recurrence (HPR) was detected in the 6 patients who received chemotherapy. In contrast, HPR were observed in 3 (23%) of 13 patients who did not receive chemotherapy. Discussion Observation is an option for patients with stage IA UPSC confirmed by systematic LND. Patients with comprehensively staged IB and IC UPSC are candidates for chemotherapy and vaginal brachytherapy to prevent HPR and VR.
Protection by cycloheximide from hyperthermic inhibition of protein synthesis in human reticulocytes.

Abstract Heat shock produced an irreversible inhibition in vitro of hemoglobin synthesis in human reticulocytes. The higher the temperature and the longer the cells were exposed to elevated temperature the greater was the inhibition. Hyperthermic inhibition was significantly decreased when translation was inhibited by cycloheximide before and during heat shock. The longer the cells were exposed to cycloheximide before heat shock, the greater was the subsequent level of protein synthesis following heat shock. On the basis of studies with isonicotinic acid hydrazide, at least part of the protective effect appears to be due to an accumulation of heme.
Synthesis and thermochemical properties of NF2-containing energetic salts

Abstract Ammonium, 1,5-diamino-4-methyl-tetrazolium and 4-amino-1-methyl-triazolium salts of 5-difluoroaminodifluoromethyl-tetrazolate (TA-CF2NF2) were prepared by metathesis reactions of silver 5-difluoroaminodifluoromethyl-tetrazolate and the corresponding iodides. All are thermally stable to ∼150 °C. The ammonium salt has a density of 1.88 g cm−3. The combination of the CBS-4 method and isodesmic bond separation reactions was found to be an economical and reliable method to estimate heats of formation for polyfluorinated molecules. The standard heats of formation ( Δ f H 298 ° ) of ammonium 5-difluoroaminodifluoromethyl-tetrazolate was calculated to be −53.13 kcal mol−1 using the CBS-4 method. While its detonation pressures (P) and velocities (D) were estimated using Cheetah 4.0: P = 28.78 GPa; D = 8490 m s−1; detonation properties for 1,5-diamino-4-methyl-tetrazolium salts of 5-difluoroaminomethyltetrazolate (TA-CH2NF2), 5-difluoroaminotetrazolate (TA-NF2) and 5-difluoroaminodinitromethyl-tetrazolate (TA-C(NO2)2NF2) are also compared based on predicted densities and computed heats of formation.
Cellular localization of β-carotene 15,15′ oxygenase-1 (BCO1) and β-carotene 9′,10′ oxygenase-2 (BCO2) in rat liver and intestine

The intestine and liver are crucial organs for vitamin A uptake and storage. Liver accounts for 70% of total body retinoid stores. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major micronutrient deficiency around the world. The provitamin A carotenoid, β-carotene, is a significant source of vitamin A in the diet. β-Carotene 15,15′ oxygenase-1 (BCO1) and β-carotene 9′,10′ oxygenase-2 (BCO2) are the two known carotenoid cleavage enzymes in humans. BCO1 and BCO2 are highly expressed in liver and intestine. Hepatocytes and hepatic stellate cells are two main cell types involved in the hepatic metabolism of retinoids. Stellate-like cells in the intestine also show ability to store vitamin A. Liver is also known to accumulate carotenoids, however, their uptake, retention and metabolism in specific liver and intestinal cell types is still unknown. Hence, we studied the cellular and subcellular expression and localization of BCO1 and BCO2 proteins in rat liver and intestine. We demonstrate that both BCO1 and BCO2 proteins are localized in hepatocytes and mucosal epithelium. We also show that BCO1 is also highly expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and portal endothelial cells in liver. At the subcellular level in liver, BCO1 is found in cytosol, while BCO2 is found in mitochondria. In intestine, immunohistochemistry showed strong BCO1 immunoreactivity in the duodenum, particularly in Brunner’s glands. Both BCO1 and BCO2 showed diffuse presence along epithelia with strong immunoreactivity in endothelial cells and in certain epithelial cells which warrant further investigation as possible intestinal retinoid storage cells.
Political policy and persuasion: the role of communications from political leaders:

of the governed is the ultimate sanction for all political authority has, as it has gained in acceptance, been supplemented by a parallel development in the methods by which the opinions of particular groups are brought to the attention of, or even forced on, the community as a whole. This parallel development has, in its turn, aroused fears in some quarters as to the effectiveness of representative institutions. On the one hand, it has been argued that the necessity for government to justify and gain an immediate and articulate popular acceptance for its policies and decisions has made rational statesmanship nearly impossible (8). On the other hand, it has been declared that the power of the owners and manipulators of the mass media to mold and control public opinion has gone far toward transforming popular government into an empty show (9). The study of mass communication and persuasion should therefore be of extreme interest to students of political behavior. Both Lippmann (8) and Mills (9), proponents of the extreme views cited above, have tended to treat communication and
Non-Invasive Measurement of Total Serum Bilirubin by Multi-Wavelength Spectral Reflectance by Bili Check (TM) in Newborn Patients † 968

Non-Invasive Measurement of Total Serum Bilirubin by Multi-Wavelength Spectral Reflectance by Bili Check (TM) in Newborn Patients † 968
Phase diagram of microtubules

We map the phase diagram of microtubules as a function of temperature and tubulin concentration. We observe spontaneous and site-nucleated microtubule assembly. At temperatures and concentrations below the onset of spontaneous nucleation, we measure the steady-state proportion of occupied nucleation sites and the distribution of lengths of site-nucleated microtubules. Our observations reveal a transition in the length dynamics of microtubules from bounded to unbounded growth. This transition is also evident in the length dynamics of individual site-nucleated microtubules. The transition to spontaneous microtubule assembly completes the phase diagram. We measure the temperature and concentration dependence of the latent time for spontaneous nucleation of microtubules in the bulk.
Digging deeper: uncovering genetic loci which modulate photosynthesis gene expression in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1

A new genetic locus was identified in Rhodobacter sphaeroides which is required for optimal synthesis of the light-harvesting spectral complexes as well as for optimal growth under anaerobic conditions with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a terminal electron acceptor. The primary structure of the deduced osp gene product shows significant homology to the receiver domain of known response regulators common to bacterial two-component systems. However, site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the Osp protein appears not to be involved in a phospho-relay signal transduction pathway. Paradoxically, the effect of the Osp protein upon spectral complex levels is exerted at the transcriptional level of photosynthesis gene expression. The absence of the Osp protein does not appear to have a general effect on house-keeping metabolism. In cells lacking Osp, the levels of DMSO reductase appear to be normal. The quaternary structure of the Osp protein was determined to be a homodimer and it was directly demonstrated that Osp does not bind to the promoter region of photosynthesis genes as judged by mobility-shift experiments and primary structure analysis.
EMPIRICAL EQUATION FOR THE INDEX OF REFRACTION OF SEAWATER

We have determined an empirical equation for the index of refraction of water as a function of temperature, salinity, and wavelength at atmospheric pressure. The experimental data selected by Austin and Halikas ["The index of refraction of seawater," SIO Ref. 76-1 (Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., 1976)] were fitted to power series in the variables. A ten-parameter empirical equation that reproduces the original data to within its experimental errors was obtained.
Evaluating Alternative Truck Management Strategies Along Interstate 81

The study evaluates lane management strategies along one of the most highly traveled sections of Interstate 81 in the state of Virginia by using the INTEGRATION traffic simulation software. The lane management strategies considered include the separation of heavy-duty trucks from light-duty traffic, the restriction of trucks to specific lanes, and the construction of climbing lanes at strategic locations. Overall, the results demonstrate that a physical separation of heavy-duty trucks from the regular traffic offers the maximum benefits and that restricting trucks from the use of the leftmost lane offers the second-highest benefits in terms of efficiency, energy, and environmental impacts.
Children's Responses to Everyday Marital Conflict Tactics in the Home

Mothers' and fathers' reports of marital conflicts in the home were obtained (n = 1,638 and 1,281 conflicts, respectively), including conflicts in front of the children (n = 580 and 377, respectively). Participants were 116 families with children 8 to 16 years old (M = 10.82 years, SD = 2.17; 58 boys, 58 girls). Children's emotional responses indicated distinctions between distressing conflict tactics (i.e., threat, personal insult, verbal hostility, defensiveness, nonverbal hostility, marital withdrawal, physical distress) and those that increased their emotional security (i.e., calm discussion, support, affection). Analyses based on cross-reporter informants of parental conflict and child responses strengthened confidence in the findings. Conflict tactics were related to marital functioning, and children's emotional reactions during marital conflicts were associated with their adjustment.
On lattice-perfect measures

The general properties of lattice-perfect measures are discussed. The relationship between countable compactness and measure perfectness, and the relationship between lattice-measure tightness and lattice-measure perfectness are investigated and several applications in topological measure theory are given.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN HORMONES AND CHEMICALS IN BREAST CANCER

▪ Abstract Development of breast cancer in women is dependent on diverse factors, including genetic predisposition, exposure to both exogenous and endogenous chemicals, which can modulate initiation, promotion and progression of this disease, and the timing of exposure to these agents. Several compounds—including 16α-hydroxyestrone (16α-OHE1), catecholestrogens, and aromatic amines—have been proposed as initiators of mammary carcinogenesis in humans; however, their role as genotoxins is unconfirmed. Lifetime exposure to estrogens has been established as an important risk factor for breast cancer, and it has been suggested that xenoestrogens may directly add to the hormonal risk or indirectly increase risk by decreasing 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1)/16α-OHE1 metabolite ratios. Results of recent studies suggest that chemical-induced modulation of 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 metabolite ratios is not predictive of xenoestrogens or mammary carcinogens. Moreover, based on current known dietary intakes of natural and xenoestrog...
Early phase technology management valuation practices by university licensing offices in the United States: empirical data from a survey of the top 100 organizations

Many studies concerning the management of early phase technology revolve around methods for predicting commercial success of the innovation as a critical component to the patenting, licensing, and technology risk reduction investment process. While firms have individualized methodologies for technology development investment strategies, universities typically end their commercialization activities with the licensing of the technology to a firm. Little is written about what financial valuation techniques university technology licensing offices are currently using for determining the financial value of their innovations as part of the licensing process. This paper attempts to add to this field of knowledge via a survey of the top 100 US university-based technology licensing offices to address if they establish a priori financial values for their innovations and what methods they use. Furthermore data was collected on licensing to identify the licensing ratios of the universities, which indicates that the majority of all licensing revenue is for technology in the health/medical related fields.
THE STATUS OF NASONIA VITRIPENNIS AS A NATURAL PARASITE OF THE HOUSE FLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA

Inferences regarding the value of Nasonia vitripennis in the natural control of Musca domestica based on laboratory research should consider the general absence of this parasite on that host in nature. Predominant natural parasites of M. domestica are listed.
Comprehensive investigation of three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography with depth compensation algorithm

A depth compensation algorithm (DCA) can effectively improve the depth localization of diffuse optical tomography (DOT) by compensating the exponentially decreased sensitivity in the deep tissue. In this study, DCA is investigated based on computer simulations, tissue phantom experiments, and human brain imaging. The simulations show that DCA can largely improve the spatial resolution of DOT in addition to the depth localization, and DCA is also effective for multispectral DOT with a wide range of optical properties in the background tissue. The laboratory phantom experiment demonstrates that DCA can effectively differentiate two embedded objects at different depths in the medium. DCA is further validated by human brain imaging using a finger-tapping task. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration to show that DCA is capable of accurately localizing cortical activations in the human brain in three dimensions.
Invariant ideals of abelian group algebras under the multiplicative action of a field. II

Let D be a division ring and let V = D be a finite-dimensional D-vector space, viewed multiplicatively. If G = D * is the multiplicative group of D, then G acts on V and hence on any group algebra K[V]. Our goal is to completely describe the semiprime G-stable ideals of K[V]. As it turns out, this result follows fairly easily from the corresponding results for the field of rational numbers (due to Brookes and Evans) and for infinite locally-finite fields. Part I of this work is concerned with the latter situation, while Part II deals with arbitrary division rings.
Causal Networks or Causal Islands? The Representation of Mechanisms and the Transitivity of Causal Judgment

Knowledge of mechanisms is critical for causal reasoning. We contrasted two possible organizations of causal knowledge—an interconnected causal network, where events are causally connected without any boundaries delineating discrete mechanisms; or a set of disparate mechanisms—causal islands—such that events in different mechanisms are not thought to be related even when they belong to the same causal chain. To distinguish these possibilities, we tested whether people make transitive judgments about causal chains by inferring, given A causes B and B causes C, that A causes C. Specifically, causal chains schematized as one chunk or mechanism in semantic memory (e.g., exercising, becoming thirsty, drinking water) led to transitive causal judgments. On the other hand, chains schematized as multiple chunks (e.g., having sex, becoming pregnant, becoming nauseous) led to intransitive judgments despite strong intermediate links ((Experiments 1-3). Normative accounts of causal intransitivity could not explain these intransitive judgments (Experiments 4 and 5).
Refining structural and functional predictions for secretasome components by comparative sequence analysis.

Comparative sequence analysis of presenilins reveals the conserved transmembrane domain shared with leukocyte antigen CD47, possibly involved in signal transduction. Sensitive techniques of multiple sequence alignment extend the earlier observation of the aminopeptidase homology domain in nicastrin to suggest that this protein may be a catalytically active component of secretasome involved in proteolysis or co-proteolysis of presenilin or beta-amyloid.
Recognition of Young in A Colonially Nesting Bird

Parents ought to restrict costly parental care to their genetic offspring and, particularly when the risk of misdirecting care is high, parent-offspring recognition may evolve. I tested whether adult cave swallows, which nest in dense colonies and feed fledglings in mixed-family groups, discriminate against unrelated young, using temporary chick transfers at two nestling ages and a cross-fostering experiment. Temporary chick transfers indicated that parents bias feedings toward their own offspring near fledging (18 d) but not at about halfway through the nesting period (10 d). I also examined how parents learn to identify their offspring by cross-fostering young 3 d after hatching and testing parental response 2 wks later. Adults did not favor their own offspring over unrelated nestlings when both were unfamiliar to the focal parents. However, when parents encountered two of their own offspring, one of which was reared by foster parents, they preferentially fed the familiar nestling. By recognizing young, cave swallow parents reduce some risks of misdirected parental investment (mobile fledglings) but not others (extra-pair young and intraspecific brood parasitism).
America’s Churning Races: Race and Ethnicity Response Changes Between Census 2000 and the 2010 Census

A person’s racial or ethnic self-identification can change over time and across contexts, which is a component of population change not usually considered in studies that use race and ethnicity as variables. To facilitate incorporation of this aspect of population change, we show patterns and directions of individual-level race and Hispanic response change throughout the United States and among all federally recognized race/ethnic groups. We use internal U.S. Census Bureau data from the 2000 and 2010 censuses in which responses have been linked at the individual level (N = 162 million). Approximately 9.8 million people (6.1 %) in our data have a different race and/or Hispanic-origin response in 2010 than they did in 2000. Race response change was especially common among those reported as American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander, in a multiple-race response group, or Hispanic. People reported as non-Hispanic white, black, or Asian in 2000 usually had the same response in 2010 (3 %, 6 %, and 9 % of responses changed, respectively). Hispanic/non-Hispanic ethnicity responses were also usually consistent (13 % and 1 %, respectively, changed). We found a variety of response change patterns, which we detail. In many race/Hispanic response groups, we see population churn in the form of large countervailing flows of response changes that are hidden in cross-sectional data. We find that response changes happen across ages, sexes, regions, and response modes, with interesting variation across racial/ethnic categories. Researchers should address the implications of race and Hispanic-origin response change when designing analyses and interpreting results.
The Complexity of Maternal Depression and its Effects on Young Children: Looking Back over the Last 50 years

This paper briefly reviews major trends in the maternal depression research over the past 50 years. For the purpose of the review, maternal depression is defined as the period during pregnancy and postbirth associated with experiencing depressive symptoms that impair daily functioning. Adverse effects associated with maternal depression are discussed in terms of impacting the health and cognitive abilities of the mother as well as the development of the fetus and child. Behavioral research from the 1970s-1990s is reviewed on infants' facial responses to depressed caregivers versus familiar non-depressed adults. The development and refinement of physiological measures during the 1970s and 1980s, such as respiratory sinus arrhythmia and vagal tone, are also included in the review. This is followed by research suggesting mother-child matching of electroencephalography (EEG) patterns, with different brain wave patterns for mother-child dyads in relation to maternal depression symptoms. The focus from the 1990s through the first decade of the millennium on elevated cortisol is discussed as a potential mechanism underlying the development of maternal depression. The review ends with expectations that new mechanisms and hypotheses will be generated as new technology that allows for fetal measures and study of other maternal hormones continues to explore the complex disorder associated with pregnancy and postpartum depression.
Anger Management–Based Smoking Cessation Treatment Three Case Studies

Despite tremendous progress in tobacco control over the past 50 years, smoking continues to be the foremost preventable cause of disease and death in the United States and the majority of adults who smoke want to quit. Thus, continuing efforts, both clinical and research, must focus on new, effective methods to aid in smoking cessation. Anger management (AM) therapy for smoking cessation is one such approach. The experience of anger-related emotions (e.g., irritation, frustration, annoyance, hostility) is integrally linked to smoking behavior, nicotine withdrawal, and smoking relapse. Here, we present an innovative, AM-based smoking cessation therapy coupled with nicotine replacement therapy. The treatment experiences of three diverse clients are presented, and insights based on their pre- and posttherapy research assessments are discussed. The client outcomes suggest that AM-based smoking cessation is a promising therapy approach and is deserving of more research and study.
Implement the "Process" and "Structural" Principle is to Realize the Essence of the Value of Mathematics Education

The process of abstracting mathematical symbols from practical problems==using the symbols to conduct calculations==applying the calculation results to the real-world scenarios is the process of mathematics.Explorating and experiencing this process incorporate the cognitive activities of the students,and promote their comprehensive development.In the teaching of mathematics,this exploration process involves the participation of both the teacher and the students,who share a mutual objective and base their discussions on the content of the text book.The students,under the guidance of the teacher,not only learn to master knowledge proactively,but also gain proficiency in conducting analysis,develop their ability of critical thinking,and cultivate their personalities in the process of mathematics.Therefore,this process is enriching and integrated.A good cognitive system is terse,simple,evolving,with rigorous thinking and wide application.It encourages the teaching process that starts from a holistic and systematic design,helps the students build up their cognitive systems,and is helpful for promoting the efficiency of the teaching process,especially in terms of advancing the students' ability of learning.
Reseach of Wireless Transmission Characteristics of ZigBee in Mine Tunnel

Wireless transmission characteristics of ZigBee were tested and researched in simulated mine environment by use of underground straight tunnel.Firstly,path loss coefficient model was taken as wireless transmission model of mine tunnel,then some communication indexes were tested by use of two GAINZ nodes including wave of received signal strength indication and influence on received signal strength indication by obstacle at places with different distances away from sending node and packet reception rate and received signal strength indication under the condition of different distances between the nodes.The analysis conclusions of testing results are as following: in straight tunnels,the path loss coefficient model is feasible and correct for distance measurement and location by use of received signal strength indication;when distance between two nodes is from 30 m to 40 m in straight tunnels,ZigBee wireless transmission is reliable;parameters of the path loss coefficient model needs setting according to the environment in application of actual mine tunnels.
Characterizing emerging heterogeneous memory

Heterogeneous memory (HM, also known as hybrid memory) has become popular in emerging parallel architectures due to its programming flexibility and energy efficiency. Unlike the traditional memory subsystem, HM consists of fast and slow components. Usually, the fast memory lacks hardware support, which puts extra burdens on programmers and compilers for explicit data placement. Thus, HM provides both opportunities and challenges with programming parallel codes. It is important to understand how to utilize HM and set expectations on the benefits of HM. Prior work principally uses simulators to study HM, which lacks the analysis on a real hardware. To address this issue, this paper experiments with a real system—the TI KeyStone II—to study HM. We make three contributions. First, we develop a set of parallel benchmarks to characterize the performance and power efficiency of HM. It is the first benchmark suite with OpenMP 4.0 features that is functional on real HM architectures. Second, we build a profiling tool to provide guidance for placing data in HM. Our tool analyzes memory access patterns and provides high-level feedback at the source-code level for optimization. Third, we apply the data placement optimization to our benchmarks and evaluate the effectiveness of HM in boosting performance and saving energy.
Optimal impulsive closed-form control for spacecraft formation flying and rendezvous

This paper addresses the design of novel optimal closed-form multi-impulsive maneuvers for satellite formation-flying and rendezvous. A new method to derive the state transition matrix for the relative motion in J2-perturbed eccentric orbits is shown and used to compute (semi-)analytical solutions for formation control. In addition, a delta-v lower bound for eccentric orbits is formulated which provides direct insight into the optimality of the control solutions. The functionality and performance of the resulting maneuvering schemes are numerically analyzed through comparisons with state-of-the-art optimal control. The results of this paper show how closed-form maneuver solutions have the potential to fulfil the requirements posed by future distributed space systems at a fraction of the computational cost and overall complexity.
Multiobjective Inversion and Regularization

After incorporating prior information, the inverse problem becomes a bi-criterion optimization problem. The use of prior information in such a way can be seen as a special case of the regularization method introduced in this chapter. Regularization provides a generalframework for increasing the stability of inverse solutions at the priceof possible loss of accuracy. EWR models are often multistatemodels characterized by a set of coupled equations. The statevariable of one equation may depend on states or parameters inother equations. This implies that measurements of one statevariable may provide information for identifying the states and/orparameters in other equations. The inversion of a multistate model iscalled a coupled inverse problem and can be solved by multiobjectiveoptimization (MOO). Various algorithms for solving MOO, includingrecently developed multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, areintroduced. These algorithms can also be used to solvemultiobjective inverse problems.
Conclusions and Future Directions: Converging Disparate Approaches in a New Biological Anthropology

Abstract This chapter provides a conclusion to Beyond the Bones. The themes, cross-disciplinary approaches, and types of disparate data examined within the volume are expounded upon in terms of how they contribute to a new, richer, and more complex social bioarchaeology. Scholars in the discipline have advocated for years that skeletal analyses be situated within a cross-disciplinary and multimethodological biocultural framework that factors in the impact of social status, regional, historical, cultural, and environmental variables. Better methodological frameworks have emerged in recent years to assist biological anthropologists in achieving this, but bioarchaeology still struggles with the incorporation of cross-disciplinary disparate data sets. Beyond the Bones provides various approaches and methodologies on how to utilize multidimensional, cross-disciplinary research designs that integrate diverse disparate data sets, which illustrate how to synthesize the complex interactions between skeletal biology, pathology, disease, nutrition, culture, and environment.
Novel potential marker for native anteversion of the proximal femur

Identifying native femoral version from proximal femoral landmarks would be of benefit both for preoperative assessment as well as intraoperatively. To identify potential markers for femoral anteversion, an empirical framework was developed for orientation-independent analysis of the proximal femur from pelvic CT to allow for segmentation of the proximal femur into five constituent regions: Femoral head, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter and femoral shaft. The framework is based on the identification of differences in the radius of curvature at anatomic zones of transition between regions of the proximal femur, followed by non-linear geometric shape fitting. The framework is applied to 86 proximal femurs segmented from pelvic CTs, with at least 2 cm of proximal femur remaining below the lesser trochanter, obtained for non-musculoskeletal pathology to investigate potential proximal femoral markers for native femoral version. The analysis of the proximal femur suggests a fixed relationship between the maximal femoral canal diameter 1 cm proximal to the base of the lesser trochanter from the center of the greater trochanter and the femoral neck axis of 4.13° +/- 4.99°. Further full-length femoral studies are needed to confirm the relationship of the maximal canal diameter as a proxy for native femoral anteversion. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1724-1731, 2017.
An Agent-Based Model of Resource Distribution on Hunter-Gatherer Foraging Strategies: Clumped Habitats Favor Lower Mobility, but Result in Higher Foraging Returns

Using an empirically grounded model of hunter-gatherer foraging strategies we examine how different resource distributions affect optimal group size, movement frequency and average daily return rate per hunter. The total amount of resources in the environment remained the same, but was modified to contain more dispersed or more clumped resource distributions, and vegetation types are located in a less or more patchy environment. The results show that the optimal group size is not affected by resource distributions. However, more clumped resources in a more patchy environment leads to much higher return rates compared to more dispersed and less patchy environments. The more clumped and patchy environment also favors more complex mobility strategies in which camps are moved in an adaptive fashion to specific locations in the landscape. Human foragers, by knowing the landscape and the spatial location of better habitats, and moving to facilitate hunting in those areas, can gain a substantial advantage from that knowledge.
P 38 Proteinase activated receptor 2 (PAR2) on blood pressure and electrolyte handling in the normal pregnant rat

Objectives Healthy pregnancy is characterized by avid aldosterone-mediated renal sodium retention driving a ∼40% plasma volume expansion in the presence of decreased or normal blood pressure. Incredibly, gestational potassium retention occurs in the face of this high circulating aldosterone, decreased renal NCC abundance/ phosphorylation, and increased renal ENaC activity, all of which are potent kaliuretic factors. The mechanisms permitting these opposing adaptations are largely unknown. Research in non-pregnant rats has shown that activation of proteinase activated receptor type 2 (PAR2) can produce vasodilation, inhibit potassium secretion via the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK) in principal cells, and stimulate thiazide sensitive sodium chloride reabsorption (pendrin/NDCBE-mediated) in intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct. Here, we investigate renal PAR2 activation in virgin and normal pregnant rats. Methods We measured the mRNA expression of PAR2 in the renal cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla of virgin (V), mid- (MP), and late pregnant (LP) rats using quantitative real-time PCR. We also measured in vivo blood pressure (BP), natriuretic, and kaliuretic responses to 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 1 mg/kg doses of PAR2 agonist peptide (SLIGRL-NH2) in anesthetized V and LP rats. Results We found that PAR2 mRNA was increased in the inner medulla of MP and LP rats. We also found that LP rats had larger decreases in BP compared to baseline than V rats at 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg doses of agonist peptide. LP rats also had increased net sodium retention compared to virgin rats following 0.3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg agonist peptide, but decreased net potassium retention compared to virgins with all doses. Conclusions PAR2 mRNA (an index of activity) is increased in the pregnant rat and activation of this receptor causes larger decreases in BP and increases in sodium retention compared to virgin controls. Further studies will determine the mechanism involved as well as the physiological role of increased renal PAR2 in pregnancy.
Atlantoaxial Fusion Using C1 Sublaminar Cables and C2 Translaminar Screws.

Background Atlantoaxial instability, which can arise in the setting of trauma, degenerative diseases, and neoplasm, is often managed surgically with C1-C2 arthrodesis. Classical C1-C2 fusion techniques require placement of instrumentation in close proximity to the vertebral artery and C2 nerve root. Objective To report a novel C1-C2 fusion technique that utilizes C2 translaminar screws and C1 sublaminar cables to decrease the risk of injury to the vertebral artery and C2 nerve root. Methods To facilitate fixation to the atlas, while minimizing the risk of injury to the vertebral artery and to the C2 nerve root, we sought to determine the feasibility of using a soft cable around the C1 arch and affixing it to a rod connected to C2 laminar screws. We reviewed our experience in 3 patients. Results We used this technique in patients in whom we anticipated difficult C1 screw placement. Three patients were identified through a review of the senior author's cases. Atlantoaxial instability was associated with trauma in 2 patients and chronic degenerative changes in 1 patient. Common symptoms on presentation included pain and limited range of motion. All patients underwent C1-C2 fusion with C2 translaminar screws with sublaminar cable harnessing of the posterior arch of C1. There were no reports of postoperative complications or hardware failure. Conclusion We demonstrate a novel, technically straightforward approach for C1-C2 fusion that minimizes risk to the vertebral artery and to the C2 nerve root, while still allowing for semirigid fixation in instances of both traumatic and chronic degenerative atlantoaxial instability.
Computational Screening of Near-Surface Alloys for CO2 Electroreduction

Electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into chemical feedstocks provides an attractive solution to our pressing energy and environment problems. Here, we report that transition metal near-surface alloys (NSAs) are promising catalysts for CO2 electroreduction. Based on first-principles calculations on 190 candidates, we propose a number of NSAs which show promise of highly active and selective catalysts for formic acid, carbon monoxide, methanol, and ethylene production, while simultaneously suppress competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We predict that Pd/W, Au/Hf, and Au/Zr NSAs are more active than most known electrodes for formic acid formation with overpotentials significantly lower than that of HER. Ag/Hf and Ag/Zr are revealed as superior catalysts for the production of carbon monoxide with overpotentials of 0.77 V lower than that on pure Ag electrode. We find that methanol and ethylene can be produced on Ag/Ta and Ag/Nb NSAs whose overpotentials are ∼15% lower than that on Cu (21...
Evaluating Effectiveness in a Hispanic-Serving Counselor Training Clinic

ABSTRACTCounselor training clinics provide a valuable resource for low- or no-cost counseling for the community. The purpose of this study was to conduct a single group program evaluation. Particip...