cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synaptic ultrastructure of functionally and morphologically characterized neurons of the superficial spinal dorsal horn of cat

Recordings of neuronal unitary discharges evoked by primary afferent input were made in the superficial part of the spinal cord's dorsal horn, the marginal zone and substantia gelatinosa (also known as laminae I and II), using fine micropipette electrodes filled with HRP. After physiological characterization with respect to primary afferent input, HRP was injected intracellularly iontophoretically into the recorded neuron. Following histochemical processing, the neurons so delineated were studied at the light and electron microscopic levels. No clear relationship between function and either general cellular configuration or synaptic ultrastructure appeared in these analyses, although the concentration of dendritic distribution could be related to the nature of primary afferent excitation. Nocireceptive cells had dendrites mostly branching and ending in lamina I and IIo, while the dendrites of innocuous mechanoreceptive cells arborized principally in lamina II and III. Glomerular synaptic complexes (large, complex arrays of axonic and dendritic profiles with synaptic interconnections) were found to contact a few neurons of both the nocireceptive and mechanoreceptive classes. All neurons received large numbers of simple axonic contacts (small axonic boutons with only 1 or 2 synaptic contacts with a single postsynaptic profile). A degree of specificity in the presynaptic articulations appeared to be reflected by the observations that (1) nocireceptive neurons were never found to receive synaptic contacts from boutons which resembled the known ultrastructure of peripheral innocuous mechanoreceptors, and (2) mechanoreceptive neurons were never seen to receive synaptic contacts from boutons which resembled the known ultrastructure of primary afferent nocireceptors. The axons of the labeled neurons of both nocireceptive and mechanoreceptive classes terminated in simple axonic synapses. All classes of neurons participated in dendrodendritic contacts; however, only some mechanoreceptive neurons had dendrites containing vesicles that were presynaptic to other profiles. No nocireceptive neurons, regardless of gross configuration, were found to have vesicles in their dendrites, but 3 nocireceptive neurons received synapses from presynaptic dendritic profiles.
Adiporedoxin, an upstream regulator of ER oxidative folding and protein secretion in adipocytes

Objective: Adipocytes are robust protein secretors, most notably of adipokines, hormone-like polypeptides, which act in an endocrine and paracrine fashion to affect numerous physiological processes such as energy balance and insulin sensitivity. To understand how such proteins are assembled for secretion we describe the function of a novel endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase, adiporedoxin (Adrx). Methods: Adrx knockdown and overexpressing 3T3-L1 murine adipocyte cell lines and a knockout mouse model were used to assess the influence of Adrx on secreted proteins as well as the redox state of ER resident chaperones. The metabolic phenotypes of Adrx null mice were characterized and compared to WT mice. The correlation of Adrx levels BMI, adiponectin levels, and other inflammatory markers from adipose tissue of human subjects was also studied. Results: Adiporedoxin functions via a CXXC active site, and is upstream of protein disulfide isomerase whose direct function is disulfide bond formation, and ultimately protein secretion. Over and under expression of Adrx in vitro enhances and reduces, respectively, the secretion of the disulfide-bonded proteins including adiponectin and collagen isoforms. On a chow diet, Adrx null mice have normal body weights, and glucose tolerance, are moderately hyperinsulinemic, have reduced levels of circulating adiponectin and are virtually free of adipocyte fibrosis resulting in a complex phenotype tending towards insulin resistance. Adrx protein levels in human adipose tissue correlate positively with adiponectin levels and negatively with the inflammatory marker phospho-Jun kinase. Conclusion: These data support the notion that Adrx plays a critical role in adipocyte biology and in the regulation of mouse and human metabolism via its modulation of adipocyte protein secretion.
Political economy aspects of trade and financial liberalization : implications for sequencing

This paper integrates a two-period overlapping generations model with a standard two-sector Hecksher-Ohlin trade model and analyzes the impact of uncertainty on domestic investment in the exportable and importable sectors, the political economy linkages between trade and financial liberalization, and the implications for sequencing. Under certain assumptions financial liberalization leads to a movement of resources in the opposite direction to that implied by trade liberalization, thus defeating one of the objectives of tariff reform. When political economy linkages are taken into account, however, the indirect effects of financial liberalization may offset the direct effects and encourage a movement of resources in the desired direction.
Roentgen findings in lesions of the small bowel.

The elucidation of so many disease entities in the small bowel have made this area an important one for gastrointestinal investigation. With the increasing ability to recognize inflammatory diseases and tumors, functional disorders will also be better delineated. Examination of the small bowel is simple and should be included in every gastrointestinal investigation.
Metabolism of Single-Component and High-Molecular- Weight Radioactive Insulin in Rats

Single component (125I)iodoinsulin injected in rats was converted into a high-molecular-weight form. This form of radioactive insulin was shown to be metabolized significantly more slowly and to exhibit a more prolonged half-life than the single-component radioactive insulin. When injected in rats, it remained predominantly in the high-molecular-weight form without conversion into free, single-component insulin. A significant amount of radioactivity was shown to be in the kidneys of rats following the injection of single-component radioactive insulin. The radioactivity of kidney homogenates was shown to exhibiti molecular sizes similar to those of single-component insulin, gamma globulin, and insulin degradation products. The injection of the high-molecular-weight form of radioactive insulin did not produce a significant accumulation of radioactivity in the kidneys of the rats; the radioactivity remained primarily in the blood of the rats, a finding consistent with the observed prolonged half-life of this form of radioactive insulin. The radioactivity in the urine of the animals injected with the single component or the high-molecular-weight radioactive insulin was present only in the region corresponding to degradation products.
Preemptive and delay-based mechanisms to provide preference to emergency traffic

Preemptive and delay-based policies are derived here to provide preferential treatment to emergency users as motivated by the need to respond to natural or man-made disasters. These are applied in circuit switched networks or IP-based networks in conjunction with reservation mechanisms at single links or routers where congestion occurs. A unique optimization formulation is provided where policies are constrained by blocking requirements for emergency traffic, then optimized to provide lowest preemption probabilities. An iterative optimization approach is derived for a multi-dimensional Markov chain to provide an approximate solution for a non-linear integer program. Markov state space concerns are mitigated by introducing and analyzing algorithmic simplifications. Polices are found for hard preemption where sessions are interrupted or soft preemption where session quality is reduced. In addition, delay-based approaches are also examined where emergency users are allowed to wait for network resources if they are first blocked. All of the above approaches are compared with each other and with traditional approaches that hold back resources for emergency traffic. The results demonstrate that in general no approach is superior based on network performance characteristics alone. Qualitative factors must also be considered, most notably the nuisance to non-emergency users from preemption.
Sex differences in the developmental programming of hypertension

Experimental models of developmental programming provide proof of concept and support Barker's original findings that link birthweight and blood pressure. Many experimental models of developmental insult demonstrate a sex difference with male offspring exhibiting a higher blood pressure in young adulthood relative to their age-matched female counterparts. It is well recognized that men exhibit a higher blood pressure relative to age-matched women prior to menopause. Yet, whether this sex difference is noted in individuals born with low birthweight is not clear. Sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure may originate from innate sex-specific differences in expression of the renin angiotensin system that occur in response to adverse influences during early life. Sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure may also involve the influence of the hormonal milieu on regulatory systems key to the long-term control of blood pressure such as the renin angiotensin system in adulthood. In addition, the sex difference in blood pressure in offspring exposed to a developmental insult may involve innate sex differences in oxidative status or the endothelin system or may be influenced by age-dependent changes in the developmental programming of cardiovascular risk factors such as adiposity. Therefore, this review will highlight findings from different experimental models to provide the current state of knowledge related to the mechanisms that contribute to the aetiology of sex differences in the developmental programming of blood pressure and hypertension.
Infrared spectra of 14NO and 15NO on a low-area Pt surface at elevated temperatures

Abstract Infrared spectra of NO adsorbed on an annealed polycrystalline Pt surface have been measured at temperatures between 300 and 673 K and under pressures of gas-phase NO between 10 −3 and 1 Torr. The spectra show that the NO adsorbate is in equilibrium with the gas phase at elevated temperatures. A model based on strong vibrational coupling between NO molecules adsorbed on adjacent Pt atoms is proposed to explain the observed spectra.
Differential modulation of transforming growth factor-β1 expression and mucin deposition by retinoic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate in human skin

Immunohistochemical staining of skin sections with two polyclonal antibodies (anti-CC 1-30 and anti-LC 1-30), specific for transforming growth factor-beta 1, revealed increased extracellular and decreased intracellular expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in retinoic acid-treated, compared to vehicle-treated, skin. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 staining, with both antibodies, was most marked in the upper layers of the epidermis, although dermal staining was also evident. The modulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression by retinoic acid occurred in the absence of any change in its mRNA level. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 protein, as detected by rabbit polyclonal antibody (anti-LC 50-75) and mRNA, were only minimally detected in either retinoic acid- or vehicle-treated skin. Similar changes in TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 immunoreactivity and mRNA levels, as observed in retinoic acid-treated skin, were observed in skin following topical application of the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate, indicating that the alterations induced by retinoic acid were not specific. In contrast, mucin deposition, which is induced by transforming growth factor-beta, was elevated in retinoic acid-treated but not sodium lauryl sulfate-treated skin. Cultured adult human keratinocytes also expressed predominantly transforming growth factor-beta 1 protein, as measured by ELISA, and mRNA. Treatment of keratinocytes with retinoic acid resulted in a 50% induction of transforming growth factor-beta 1 protein, without any detectable change in transforming growth factor-beta 2. These data demonstrate disassociation of modulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression and mucin deposition by retinoic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate in human skin in vivo. Whereas alterations in transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression were observed in both retinoic acid- and sodium lauryl sulfate-treated skin, accumulation of mucin was specific to retinoic acid-treated skin.
Augmenting your own reality: Student authoring of science‐based augmented reality games

Augmented Reality (AR) simulations superimpose a virtual overlay of data and interactions onto a real-world context. The simulation engine at the heart of this technology is built to afford elements of game play that support explorations and learning in students' natural context--their own community and surroundings. In one of the more recent games, TimeLab 2100, players role-play citizens of the early 22nd century when global climate change is out of control. Through AR, they see their community as it might be nearly one hundred years in the future. TimeLab and other similar AR games balance location specificity and portability--they are games that are tied to a location and games that are movable from place to place. Focusing students on developing their own AR games provides the best of both virtual and physical worlds: a more portable solution that deeply connects young people to their own surroundings. A series of initiatives has focused on technical and pedagogical solutions to supporting students authoring their own games.
Spectroscopic-guided brain tumor resection

A pilot in vivo study was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using optical spectroscopy for brain tumor margin detection. Fluorescence and diffuse reflectance spectra were acquired using a portable clinical spectroscopic system from normal brain tissues, tumors, and tumor margins in 21 brain tumor patients undergoing craniotomy. Results form this study show the potential of optical spectroscopy in detecting infiltrating tumor margins of primary brain tumors.
ROLE OF ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS IN DEFINING THE POTENCY OF NEUROTOXIN B-IV FROM CEREBRATULUS LACTEUS

Chemical modification implicates arginine residues of the Cerebratulus lacteus neurotoxin B-IV in biological activity. In the present study, we used site-directed mutagenesis to assess the functional contributions of each of these residues. Panels of mutants at each site have been constructed by polymerase chain reaction and recombinant proteins expressed and purified to homogeneity using an Escherichia coli expression system developed in this laboratory. All substitutions for Arg-17 (Gln, Ala, or Lys) yield proteins having undetectable levels of activity, while charge neutralizing replacement of Arg-25 (R25Q) causes a 400-fold reduction in specific toxicity. However, the R25K mutein is almost as active as natural toxin. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates that there are no major conformational changes in any of these muteins. These results therefore demonstrate the requirement for a guanidinium group at position 17, and a positive charge at position 25. NMR analyses (Hansen, P. E., Kem, W. R., Bieber, A. L., and Norton, R. S. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 210, 231-240) reveal neurotoxin B-IV to contain two antiparallel α-helices, which together include 57% of the sequence. Both Arg-17 and Arg-25 lie on the same face of the N-terminal helix (residues 13-26), as do the carboxyl groups of Glu-13 and Asp-21. However, charge neutralizing mutations of the latter two sites have no effects on biological activity. Arg-34, situated near the N terminus of helix 2 (residues 33-49) is also important for activity, as its replacement by Gln or Ala diminishes activity by 20- and 80-fold, respectively. However, unlike Arg-17 and Arg-25, thermal denaturation experiments suggest that R34Q may be structurally destabilized relative to wild-type B-IV.
Host cell targets for antiviral therapy: an update

The discovery of antiviral therpeutic targets has traditionally focussed on conserved viral gene products. Since viruses are obligate molecular parasites requiring and manipulating host cell functions, the identification of host proteins essential to viruses but not cellular survival represent attractive and underutilized targets for antiviral therapies. Numerous studies have identified host cell functions, pathways and proteins that are essential for viral propagation, from entry to replication, assembly and egress. Importantly, several studies demonstrate virus inhibition through nonlethal impairment of host cell function both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, high-throughput experimental platforms allowing global or near-global surveillance of host gene products in the context of virus replication are now being used to systematically identify host cell targets. Recent breakthrough studies that have employed such methods successfully to identify host proteins and pathways crucial for virus growth are d...
Trust, terrorism, and technology

The development of civilization implies an evolution of complex trust mechanisms which integrate the social system and form bonds which allow individuals to interact, even if they are strangers. Key elements of trust are predictability of consequences and an evaluation of consequences in terms of self-interest or values. Values, ethics, and norms enhance predictability. The terrorist introduces an unpredictable event which has negative consequences, thus destroying trust. However, terrorist-like situations occur in day-to-day activities. Technology itself makes the world more interdependent and less predictable. Furthermore, technological “accidents” and disasters, which are also unpredictable and negative, may prompt individuals to perceive technology as if it were a “terrorist.”
Neurotrophin receptor expression is induced in a subpopulation of trigeminal neurons that label by retrograde transport of NGF or Fluoro-gold following tooth injury

Abstract Tissue responses to injury are regulated by neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptor levels and can involve both retrograde and paracrine/autocrine trophic signaling. To determine how neurotrophins may contribute to the injury response, the timing and the extent of the up-regulation of neurotrophins and their receptors was examined in a model system which is particularly well suited for the analysis of trophic signaling pathways in response to injury. Injury to the occlusal surfaces of rat molar cusps induces a localized increase in nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in the dental pulp within 4–6 h. Radiolabeled NGF was transported in a receptor-mediated fashion from the teeth to a subset of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion within 15 h, indicating that these neurons possess NGF receptors (trk A and/or p75 NTR ). To test for NGF responses in the tooth sensory afferent neurons, levels of expression of neurotrophins and their receptors were examined by in situ hybridization in the trigeminal ganglion at 0, 4, 12, 20, 28 and 52 h post-injury. Within the maxillary division of the trigeminal ganglion, trk A expression was elevated at 4 h post-injury, with a maximum increase (2-fold) after 52 h. p75 NTR was increased by 28 h post-injury and was increased 1.35-fold by 52 h. BDNF mRNA was increased 12 h after injury (1.8-fold), and 2.5–3-fold at 52 h post-injury. The trk B expression was increased only late after injury (28 and 52 h). To determine the receptor/neurotrophin phenotype of trigeminal neurons with projections to the molar teeth, these neurons were double-labeled with the retrograde tracer fluoro-gold and probes for either BDNF or trk B. The results show that tooth-innervating trigeminal neurons express BDNF, but not trk B. The timing of mRNA expression after injury and the phenotype of identified trigeminal neurons suggests a complex signaling cascade in which NGF at the injury site regulates NGF receptor expression at the levels of the cell body as well as increases in BDNF expression. Upregulated BDNF may act in a paracrine fashion on neighboring trigeminal cells expressing trk B. This signaling cascade may be a common feature of the response to mild peripheral inflammatory injuries within nociceptive pathways.
Effects of d-Amphetamine and prefrontal cortical cooling on delayed matching-to-sample behavior☆

Abstract The interaction was examined between d-amphetamine (d-A) and dysfunction induced by localized cooling of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Saline or d-A (0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg/kg) was administered to monkeys in two conditions; normal cortical temperature (no cooling - NC) and frontal cooling (FC). Errors, reaction time (RT), eye movements, and motor activity were recorded during performance of a delayed matching-to-sample task with intratrial delays of 1–32 sec. Although d-A and FC had little effect on percentage of correct responses at the shortest delay, each of the two treatments significantly decreased correct responses at longer delays; drug and FC combined produced a significantly greater decrease than either treatment alone. Motor activity and eye movements were increased by either d-A or FC; the two treatments combined had an even greater effect. In the NC condition, two-choice RT was decreased by the drug; it was increased by drug-FC combinations. These findings indicate that d-A and FC potentiate each other in their behavioral effects.
First wall and divertor plate material selection in fusion reactors

Abstract The criteria for selecting first wall materials in magnetic and inertial confinement fusion reactors are discussed. These criteria include radiation damage, compatibility, thermomechanical properties, fabricability, joining, industrial capability, the existing data base, cost, induced radioactivity, and resource availability. At present, stainless steel remains the primary choice for a structural material because of the large existing data base and industrial capability. Titanium and vanadium alloys are the primary backup materials. The influence of surface heating on the allowable neutron wall loading is described in detail for magnetic and ICF reactors. The use of divertors may permit reactors to operate with higher neutron wall loadings but heat transfer and excessive wall erosion by sputtering of the collector plates are fundamental problems requiring resolution before divectors are employed in reactors.
EVIDENCE OF A ROLE OF HETEROCYSTS IN THE SPORULATION OF A BLUE-GREEN ALGA'

A B S T R A C T Sporulation of vegetative cells adjacent to heterocysts is prevented by detachment of the two cell types, probably without impairment of the capacity of those vegetative cells to sporulate. Apparently, therefore, heterocysts are in part responsible for the sporulation of vegetative cells attached to them.
Humanoid muscle movement representation

The importance of understanding human movement has spurred efforts to build systems with similar capabilities and has led to the construction of actuators, such as pneumatic artificial muscles, that have properties similar to those of human muscles. However, muscles are far more complex than these robotic actuators and will require new control perspectives. Our research aims to develop primitives that lead to various smooth, natural human movements. In this paper we propose a sparse-code representation for muscle fiber length activations obtained by applying Matching Pursuit on a parameterized representation of such movements. We employ accurate three-dimensional musculoskeletal models to simulate the lower body muscle fiber length changes for multiple cyclic movements that are captured from a human subject. We recreate the muscle fiber length changes and show that the signal can be economically encoded in terms of discrete movement elements. Each movement can thus be visualized as a sequence of coefficients for temporally displaced motor primitives.
Organizing evaluations for use as a management tool

Abstract The theme of this journal issue - evaluation as an educational management tool - is critical and timely. Today's administrators face a dual challenge: to demonstrate how well their school systems are performing and to take greater responsibility in that demonstration.
Pitfalls in Image Guided Tissue Sampling in the Head and Neck

Image-guided tissue sampling is becoming increasingly important for management of head and neck cancers. Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (UG-FNA) is safe, effective, and has many advantages compared with palpation-guided FNA and computed tomography-guided FNA. The technique of UG-FNA is highly operator and experience dependent; however, understanding the complex anatomy, disease processes, and patterns of nodal spread in the head and neck make this technique ideal for the neuroradiologist. Proper technique and recognition of pitfalls are critical to successful UG-FNA. Computed tomography-guided FNA is valuable for tissue sampling from deep lesions and for those without a sonographic window for UG-FNA.
Second messenger systems and progesterone secretion in the small cells of the bovine corpus luteum: effects of gonadotropins and prostaglandin F2a.

Abstract The present studies were conducted to determine the effects of gonadotropins (LH and hCG) and prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) on the production of “second messengers” and progesterone synthesis in purified preparations of bovine small luteal cells. Corpora lutea were removed from heifers during the luteal phase of the normal estrous cycle. Small luteal cells were isolated by unit-gravity sedimentation and were 95–99% pure. LH provoked rapid and sustained increases in the levels of [ 3 H]inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphates (IP, IP 2 , IPI 3 , respectively), cAMP and progesterone in small luteal cells. LiCl (10mM) enhanced inositol phosphate accumulation in response to LH but had no effect on LH-stimulated cAMP or progesterone accumulation. Time course studies revealed that LH-induced increases in IP 3 and cAMP occurred simultaneously and preceded the increases in progesterone secretion. Similar dose-response relationships were observed for inositol phosphate and cAMP accumulation with maximal increases observed with 1–10 μg/ml of LH. Progesterone accumulation was maximal at 1–10 ng/ml of LH. LH (1 μg/ml) and hCG (20 lU/ml) provoked similar increases in inositol phosphate, cAMP and progesterone accumulation m small luteal cells. 8-Bromo-cAMP (2.5 mM) and forskolin (1 μM) increased progesterone synthesis but did not increase inositol phosphate accumulation in 30 min incubations. PGF2a (l μM) was more effective than LH (1 μg/ml) at stimulating increases in inositol phosphate accumulation (4.4-fold vs 2.2-fold increase for PGF2a and LH, respectively). The combined effects of LH and PGF2a on accumulation of inositol phosphates were slightly greater than the effects of PGF2a alone. In 30 min incubations, PGF2a had no effect on cAMP accumulation and provoked small increases in progesterone secretion. Additionally, PGF2a treatment had no significant effect on LH-induced cAMP or progesterone accumulation in 30 min incubations of small luteal cells. These findings provide the first evidence that gonadotropins stimulate the cAMP and IP 3 -diacylglycerol transmembrane signalling systems in bovine small luteal cells. PGF2a stimulated phospholipase C activity in small cells but did not reduce LH-stimulated cAMP or progesterone accumulation. These results also demonstrate that induction of functional luteolysis in vitro requires more than the activation of the phospholipase C-IP 3 /calcium and -diacylglycerol/protein kinase C transmembrane signalling system.
Nest and mate selection in the village weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus)

Abstract An experimental study of factors determining nest selection by the female was made in a colony of African village weaverbirds ( Ploceus cucullatus ) in a large, outdoor aviary at Los Angeles, California. The males are polygynous and each attempts to attract unmated females by a special display to the nest he has woven of strips torn from leaves of palms or grasses. Females prefer fresh green nests, and closeness of weave and external appearance did not seem to be as important as strength of materials. There was a high correlation between age of nests and their acceptability. Females ignore old nests that have faded to a dull brown, but painting such nests green did not restore their attractiveness. The fresher, more recently built nests were advertised the most to females by the male's display. Some females choose the same male and territory repeatedly for consecutive clutches or broods.
Guerrilla communication, visual consumption, and consumer public relations

Abstract Guerrilla communication has grown into an increasingly prominent strategy adopted by large corporations such as American Express, BP Amoco, Chrysler, Hershey Foods, and Pepsi. In its attention-grabbing instantiations, guerrilla communication points to the convergence of advertising, marketing, and public relations in consumer communication practices. This essay also considers guerrilla communication's place in the circuit of culture.
Shape Representation And Recognition With Depth Information

Many global shape recognition techniques, such as moments and Fourier Descriptors, are used almost exclusively with two-dimensional images. It would be desirable to extend these global shape recognition concepts to three dimensional images. Specifically, the concepts associated with Fourier Descriptors will be extended to both three dimensional object representation and recognition and the representation and recognition of objects which are described by depth data. With Fourier Descriptors, two dimensional shape boundaries are described in terms of a set of complex sinusoidal basis functions. Extending this concept to three dimensions, the surface of a shape will be described in terms of a set of three .dimensional basis functions. The basis functions which will be used are known as spherical harmonics. Spherical harmonics can be used to describe a function on the surface of the unit sphere. In this application, the function on the unit sphere will describe the shape to be represented. The representation presented here is restricted to the class of objects for which each ray from the origin intersects the surface of the object only once. Basic definitions and properties of spherical harmonics will be discussed. A distance measure for shape discrimination will be derived as a function of the spherical harmonic coefficients for two shapes. The question of representation of objects described by depth data will then be addressed. A functional description for the objects will be introduced, along with methods of normalizing the spherical harmonic coefficients for scale, translation, and orientation so that meaningful library comparisons might be possible. Classification results obtained with a set of simple objects will be discussed.
Inter-comparison of retrieved wind fields from large-eddy simulations and radar measurements in the convective boundary layer

Estimates of the wind retrieved from boundary layer radars are inherently averaged in space and time. Using large eddy simulation (LES) results, we are able to examine to what extent these measurements are representative of the underlying parameters of the convective boundary layer (CBL) and how they are impacted by various averaging methodologies. Comparisons between an LES with real forcing and Boundary Layer Radar (BLR) wind retrievals have been analyzed. Good agreement between the LES winds and those estimated using the BLR is observed. After removing an instrumental bias, an estimate of the probability density function (PDF) and skewness of the radar and LES vertical velocity estimates was calculated as a function of height. The PDFs of vertical velocity and the height profiles of the skewness of vertical velocity exhibit good agreement for both the LES and BLR calculations and have the expected canonical structure.
Performing Resistance in/from the Kitchen: The Practice of Maternal Pacifist Politics and La WISP's Cookbooks

During the Vietnam War, a maternal pacifist group named La WISP developed and sold cookbooks as fundraisers for its causes. The cookbooks provide an opportunity to explore the linkages between quotidian practices and the performativity of identity. This critique offers instructive evidence about the inventional possibilities of maternal pacifist politics, including the redefinition of issues of war and peace in international rather than national terms and replacing antagonistic rhetorics with rhetorics of identification and cooperation.
SIO Masers in Asymmetric Miras. I. R Leonis

This is the first paper in a series of multi-epoch observations of the SiO masers at 7 mm wavelength in several asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. This is a sample of Mira variable stars showing evidence of asymmetric structure in the infrared which were observed interferometrically in the infrared by Infrared Optical Telescope Array and with Very Long Baseline Array measurements of the SiO masers. In this paper, we present the observations of R Leonis (R Leo). During the period of observations, this star shows extended emission with large-scale coherent patterns in the radial velocity, possibly the result of ejecting a substantial amount of material, largely to the west. This is interpreted as an event in which material is expelled in a collimated flow, possibly following an energetic event. If common, these events may help explain the asymmetric nature of the planetary nebulae that develop from AGB stars. The systemic velocity of R Leo is estimated to be +1.0 ±0.3 km s–1. All observed radial velocities are well below the escape velocity.
The behavior of parasitic flatworms in vivo: what is the role of the brain?

The ecological interactions that contribute to successful host-parasite relationships are complex and involve all levels of biotic organization between the participants. At the level of parasites living within their hosts, it is felt that the parasite's environment is predictable because of host mechanisms maintaining biochemical and physiological homeostasis. It is hypothesized that fixed behavior patterns in the parasites will evolve under these specialized conditions. Current thinking on fixed behaviors in invertebrates holds that they are generated by specialized neural circuits in the brain. Therefore, it can be expected that the brains of parasitic flatworms will have important roles in the control of the organisms' behaviors. However, in the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta, complex fixed patterns of behavior, associated with locomotion and migration, are not affected by the removal of the worm's brain. This suggests peripheral, and not central, control of fixed behaviors. In Fasciola hepatica, at least 6 distinct fixed patterns of behavior are responsible for guiding the worm to its final habitat in the liver. Giant neurons and other phylogenetically advanced features develop in the adult worm's brain after the expression of the sequence of distinct migration behaviors. Yet, there is no apparent new locomotory behavior, corresponding to the new advanced brain, as the parasite assumes its placid life-style as a hematophage in the bile duct. Removal of the adult brain of this parasite also does not appear to affect worm locomotory activity. Thus, the regulation and control of locomotion may not be the only important roles for the brains of parasitic flatworms. It is suggested that neuroethological approaches may hold the key to understanding the biology of
SU-FF-T-88: Image Registration for Real-Time Dose Calculation of Adaptive Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To enhance the speed and accuracy of certain treatment plan in radiation therapy, a real‐time dose calculation strategy is performed based on Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and CTimage registration. For this purpose, different registration methods are achieved by using Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK) in MATLAB. Method and materials: Our group developed an efficient method for kernel calculation for pencil beam convolution‐superposition based on FFT. In this paper, different image registration methods are developed in MATLAB by using ITK, such as rigid 3D, similarity 3D, Demons deformation and BSpline based Free Form. As ITK is written and used in a C++ template, smart pointer and generic structure, an open source wrapper MATITK is modified to facilitate the use of its image processing capabilities while working in the high‐level environment of MATLAB. The image registration methods are demonstrated on head and neck (H&N) CTimage sets of 6 patients. The results of evaluation and visualization for the registration are presented. Results and discussion: Transformation similarity and computation complexity as evaluation criteria are compared between rigid and deformable registration methods. Judging from the mutual information histogram and mean square metric, the deformable registration will get more improvement on similarity than the rigid registration. Checkerboard composites of the reference and registered images are displayed. The computational time of deformable registration are 10∼20 times longer with the whole set of images because of the pre‐processing, complicated transformation matrix and more parameters. A similarity3D registration method is adopted for the image registration of H&N radiation therapy to trade off between registration effect and the time consumption. Conclusion: The image registration can greatly contribute to the automatic contour adjustment and dose deformation for adaptive radiation therapy. A GUI program will be designed for the customized deformation region to speed up deformable registration.
Video recruitment of non-English-speaking participants.

Recruitment of underserved participants begins to close the disparity gap evident within disadvantaged communities, and innovative approaches to recruitment support this effort. Literacy, communica...
Specific adsorption of anions from tensammetric measurements

Abstract Measurement of desorption potentials of surfactants in a variety of electrolytes indicates that the relative specific adsorbabilities of the electrolyte ions can be rapidly determined by comparing the shifts of the desorption potentials. Differences seen at positively and negatively charged mercury could be due to variations in the orientation of water and/or surfactant molecules.
Active absorption of acoustic wave using state-space control approach

This paper presents a computer modeling and simulation of an active sound absorbing system with an optimal state-feedback controller. First, a state-space model is developed to describe one-dimensional sound reflection and transmission in the time domain. In the model derivation, the difficulty of discretizing the wave equation in an unbounded region is overcome by combining the finite-difference and analytical solutions. Numerical simulation of the open- loop model response is performed, which shows a good agreement with the well known frequency domain solutions. Second, a state-feedback controller including a linear quadratic regulator and a Kalman filter type state-estimator is designed using the optimal control theory. Numerical simulation of the closed-loop model response of an active sound control system containing two sensors and one actuator is presented. It is shown that a broadband attenuation of more than 30 dB over 2 octaves has been reached.
Lateral Displacement of Upper Miocene Rocks and the Neogene History of Offset along the San Andreas Fault in Central California

Late Miocene strata occur on both sides of the San Andreas fault for several hundred miles in central California. The unlike facies and contrasting paleogeographic situations which are found across the fault along much of this distance must have been brought together by large-scale strike-slip movement on the fault. Clastic deposits west of the San Andreas need granitic-volcanic sources east of the fault, but the only such sources are to the southeast—in one probable case, more than 110 mi away. Likewise, voluminous coarse conglomerate beds east of the fault in the southern Temblor Range require the presence of a large, highly elevated granitic and metamorphic source immediately west of the fault during the later upper Miocene. The northern Gabilan Range, about 150 mi (240 km) to the northwest, was probably the only such basement area exposed at the time; the granitic and metamorphic bedrock here is very similar to the type of gravel found within the conglomerate of the southern Temblor Range. Thus, the Temblor Range clastic rocks were deposited adjacent to the Gabilan bedrock, and the two areas subsequently have been offset by about 150 mi (240 km) of right-slip on the San Andreas fault. The Gabilan source appears to have moved northwestward along the fault during the upper Miocene; together with tentative correlations between parts of the source and parts of the clastic deposits, this suggests post-Miocene offset of 145 ± 5 mi (234 ± 8 km), post-early upper Mohnian offset of 158 ± 3 mi (254 ± 5 km), and thus 5 to 21 mi (8 to 34 km) of slip during the later upper Miocene. Work in progress by several investigators, including the writer, indicates about 185 to 190 mi (300 km) of displacement for rocks 22 m.y. old. Comparison of the 145- to 158-mi and 185- to 190-mi offsets reveals that movement on the San Andreas in central California included at least one change of rate in the last 22 m.y. Although this conclusion and the indicated offsets restrict the possible histories of displacement somewhat, faulting may have proceeded at widely varying rates, and movement may have been episodic, continuously accelerating, or, if motion on this segment of the fault began only 12 ± 4 m.y. ago, constant.
Infrared spectroelectrochemical characterization of ferrocene-terminated alkanethiolate monolayers at gold

Cyclic voltammetry and in situ infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy with electrochemical modulation were applied to the study of monolayers self-assembled from 11-mercaptoundecyl ferrocene-carboxylate (FcCOOC[sub 11]SH) at gold. Voltammetry was used to assess both the reactivity and stability of the surface film in various aqueous electrolytes. The results of these studies indicated that the ferrocenyl monolayers are relatively unstable at pH > 2, except when perchlorate is the dominant anion present. A large change in double-layer capacitance observed upon oxidation of the ferrocenyl end group was attributed to the creation of cationic sites in the diffuse layer. Compositional and structural correlations between the monolayer and the redox chemistry of the ferrocenyl end group were probed using the in situ spectroscopic technique. The features observed in the differential spectra of the oxidized form of the film were ascribed to changes in the bond strengths of the adsorbate as a result of generation of a ferricinium ion. No detectable changes in orientation of the polymethylene chains as a function of applied voltage were observed. The spectral data also suggest that the redox chemistry leads to a reorientation of the water molecules in the region near the ferrocenyl end group. Vibrational mode assignments for FcCOOC[submore » 11]SH, based on studies of several analogs with different alkoxy groups, are presented along with infrared spectra and band assignments for several isotopically labeled ferrocenyl esters (i.e., ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate, ethyl-d[sub 5] ferrocenecarboxylate, and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl ferrocenecarboxylate). 55 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Effects of steam environment on creep behavior of Nextel™720/alumina-mullite ceramic composite at elevated temperature

Abstract The tensile creep behavior of an oxide–oxide continuous fiber ceramic composite was investigated at 1000 and 1100 °C in laboratory air and in steam. The composite consists of a porous alumina–mullite matrix reinforced with laminated, woven mullite/alumina (Nextel™720) fibers, has no interface between the fiber and matrix, and relies on the porous matrix for flaw tolerance. The tensile stress–strain behavior was investigated and the tensile properties measured. Tensile creep behavior was examined for creep stresses in the 70–140 MPa range. The presence of steam accelerated creep rates and dramatically reduced creep lifetimes. The degrading effects of steam become more pronounced with increasing temperature. At 1000 °C, creep run-out (set to 100 h) was achieved in all tests. At 1100 °C, creep run-out was achieved in all tests in air and only in the 87.5 MPa test in steam. Composite microstructure, as well as damage and failure mechanisms were investigated.
Consumer's Surplus and Cardinal Utility

Three definitions of consumer's surplus, 422. — The assumption of universal independence, 422. — The "marginal-utility demand curve," 423. — Open-topped marginal utility curves, 426. — Interpersonal and intertemporal comparisons of utility, 426. — Marshall's first version: extra expenditure, 427. — Its diagrammatic analysis, 429. — Nicholson's criticism of Marshall, 432. — Marshall's second version: the demand curve, 433. — Cannan's criticism, 435. — A necessary condition of independence, 437. — Relaxing the independence assumption: (1) One utility independent of all others, 438. — Alternative tests of independence, complementarity, competitiveness, 442. — (2) Independence between groups, 443. — (3) The case of "least independence," 444. — Summary of basic tests, 447. — Conclusions, 448.
Multinationality and firm performance: The moderating role of R&D and marketing capabilities

Researchers in international business have long been interested in understanding the relationship between the multinationality of a firm and its market performance. This article contributes to this research stream by incorporating firm heterogeneity in examining the multinationality-performance relationship. The findings, based on a time series cross-sectional analysis of firms from 12 different industries over a seven-year period, indicate that the impact of multinationality on both financial and operational performance is moderated by firm's R&D and marketing capabilities.
Preparation of polypropylene over a chromium oxide catalyst

The yield of highly crystalline polypropylene was considerably increased by polymerization of propylene on a chromium oxide catalyst in the presence of small amounts of i-(C4H9)3Al.
Is cardiology evaluation necessary in children with electrocardiogram abnormalities noted on polysomnogram

Objectives(1) To determine the prevalence of cardiac disease in children with electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities on polysomnogram (PSG). (2) To assess whether factors such as family history of heart disease and severity of sleep apnea are associated with cardiac disease.Study DesignCase series with chart review from 2002 to 2012.SettingTertiary children’s hospital.Subjects and MethodsChildren between 1 and 16 years of age with ECG abnormalities on PSG who were referred to cardiology for evaluation were included. Children with a known history of cardiac disease were excluded.ResultsSixty-one children had ECG abnormalities on PSG and were subsequently referred to cardiology. The mean age was 6.5 years (SD, 4.5), and 64% (n = 39) of subjects were African American. The mean obstructive apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was 8.8 (SD, 13.3), and 26% of the children had severe obstructive sleep apnea (AHI >10). The most common ECG abnormality (n = 52) recorded on PSG was premature ventricular contractions. Thirty per...