cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction between a screw dislocation and a bimetallic interface

Abstract The external stress required to hold a screw dislocation in equilibrium in a two-phase material formed by joining two dissimilar elastic half-planes is determined using the Peierls model of a dislocation. The displacement field on the slip plane is also obtained when the dislocation is at the interface. The solution to this problem that appears in the literature is based on a singular dislocation model and is valid only when the dislocation is at some distance away from the interface, since the expression for the necessary external stress for equilibrium of the dislocation becomes infinite when the dislocation is at the interface. By taking into consideration the atomic forces on the slip plane, the present work yields a finite value of external stress needed to cause penetration of the barrier and reduces to the known solution for a singular dislocation when the distance of the dislocation from the interface is large.
Management Effects on Relationships of Crop Yields with Topography Represented by Wetness Index and Precipitation

Crop yields are highly variable spatially and temporally as a result of complex interactions among topography, weather conditions, and management practices. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of management practices on the relationship between crop yields and precipitation and crop yields and topography using 10 yr of yield data from a long-term corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation experiment in southwest Michigan. The four agronomic treatments studied were chisel plowed with conventional chemical inputs (CT), no-till with conventional chemical inputs (NT), chisel plowed with low chemical input and a winter leguminous cover crop (CTL), and organic-based chisel plowed with a winter leguminous cover crop (CTO). A nonparametric (spline) regression was used to characterize the relationship between the maximal yields, as characteristics of yield potential, and a wetness index (WI), as an integrative characteristic of topographical features related to water flow, and to compare the yield differences between the treatments across a range of the WI values. Variability of yields in NT and CTO systems was better explained by precipitation in early spring and during pollination and grain fill than that in CT and CTL. No-till and CTL tended to produce higher maximal yields than CT at the summit/ steep-sloped areas (lower WI), while at intermediate and high WI levels the differences between them were inconsistent. The CTL often produced higher maximal yields than CTO at low and intermediate WI values, while the difference between them was mostly not significant at high WI levels (depression areas). The nonparametric spline regression algorithm used in the study was robust and efficient in comparing the yield differences between treatments across a range ofWI values.
ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ENERGY IMPLICATIONS OF ENGINE PING: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS

This study focuses on the problem of engine ping or detonation in late-model American automobiles which require the use of unleaded gasoline. The presence of lightengine ping, while often indicating that the automobile engine has been adjusted to run near the point of best fuel economy, may accelerate normal engine wear and lead to a shortening of the useful life of the automobile. Changing engine parameters (retarding the spark and lowering the air-to-fuel ratio) to relieve engine ping typically results in lower fuel economy and increased exhaust emissions of specific air pollutants. Switching to premium unleaded gasoline may relieve engine ping, but would cost the average owner of an automobile afflicted with the problem nearly $40.00/year more than using regular unleaded. (Author/TRRL)
Resonator fiber optic gyro progress including observation of navigation grade angle random walk

A benchtop experimental resonator fiber optic gyro (RFOG) was assembled and tested. The gyro employed a fiber length of 19 meters of polarizing fiber for the sensing coil which was wound on a 4.5 inch diameter piezoelectric cylinder. Angle random walk (ARW) values in the range of 0.0075 to 0.0085 deg/rt-hr were observed against a calculated shot noise limit of 0.0053 deg/rt.-hr for this experimental arrangement. To our knowledge, this is the first ARW result reported for an RFOG that is consistent with commercial navigation-grade performance.
Calculated vibration-rotation intensities for NO(X2Π)

Abstract The absolute intensities of the vibration-rotation transitions in the ground state of nitric oxide have been calculated for vibration levels up to v = 20 and total angular momentum states up to J = 35.5. The treatment fully provides for vibration-rotation coupling and spin-uncoupling effects, and employs an accurate theoretical representation of the electronic dipole moment function for NO( X 2 Π). Results for both the intramultiplet and satellite bands are presented and used to obtain thermally averaged absolute emission rates for vibrational states up to v = 20 in the Δ v = 1 and 2 manifolds. Comparisons with previous experimental and theoretical treatments are also given.
Why are formaldehyde and (possibly) propynal nonplanar in their S1(π∗, n) electronic states?

Abstract Abnormally low frequencies observed for the out-of-plane vibration ( b 1 ) of the A 1 A 2 electronic state of formaldehyde (H 2 CO) and for the analogous carbonyl hydrogen vibration ( a ″) of A 1 A″ propynal (HCCCHO) are modeled by means of two-state calculations of vibronic coupling with higher singlet states, 1 B 2 and 1 A ′, respectively. In each case, the active vibration is the out-of-plane hydrogen motion. The same vibronic calculations reproduce also the large positive anharmonicities of the active vibrations in the A (π ∗ , n) states; for H 2 CO the calculated vibrational spacing alternates as observed, consistent with the known nonplanar structure, while in propynal the calculated spacing increases regularly, thus predicting an effectively planar structure. The nonplanarity of H 2 CO is caused mainly by a vibronic coupling constant nearly twice that of propynal. The H 2 CO coupling constant is near the value estimated independently by means of the intensity “borrowed” by the S 1 - S 0 transition from the much stronger S 2 - S 0 transition. Brief consideration is given to analogous vibrational levels of the 1 A 2 state of H 2 CS and of the 3 A 2 state of D 2 CO in the vibronic context of this paper.
Phase relations in the system PbOZnOO at high oxygen pressures

Abstract Phase relations in the system PbOZnOO have been investigated at oxygen pressures to 4 kb. The ternary phases ZnPbO3, Zn2PbO4, and Pb1−xZnxO were discovered and have been characterized by X-ray powder diffraction data. The structures are unknown and they apparently do not belong to known structure types. The ternary phases decompose at various temperatures and univariant reaction curves for these decompositions have been mapped.
Text Mapping Plus: Improving Comprehension through Supported Retellings.

Modeled in this column is the teaching of a text mapping routine that supports students reading and remembering the salient features of the text. The authors renamed the story mapping technique text mapping plus because they found that as students added relational words and graphics to their maps their retells of both fiction and nonnarrative were fuller, more accurate, and shared with greater confidence. تمثل في هذا العمود تدريس نظام مسح النص الذي يدعم قراءة الطلاب وتذكرهم بمعالم النص البارزة. وقد ألقى المؤلفون تسمية جديدة على نظام مسح النص إنما هي مسح النص الزائد لأنهم وجدوا أن كلما أضاف الطلاب كلمات وصورا متعلقة بمسحهم كلما زادت إعادة حكايتهم بالنسبة للروايات الخيالية وغير السردية في العرض والدقة والتقديم بثقة أكبر. 在本期专栏里所介绍的教学模型，是有关教授建构文本地图的例行程序，以支援学生读懂文本及记忆文本中显著的特色。作者把建构故事地图的技巧，重新命名为「文本地图加强版」，因为作者发现当学生建构文本地图时，他们会加进相关的词汇及绘图，会更完整、更准确地复述小说故事及非叙事文本的内容，并会更有信心地与人分享文本的内容。 On modelise dans cette rubrique l'enseignement d'une procedure de configuration de texte en vue de renforcer la lecture et la memorisation par les eleves des caracteristiques majeures d'un texte. Les auteurs ont donne un nouveau nom a la technique de configuration d'une histoire et parlent maintenant de configuration de texte plus parce qu'ils ont trouve que quand les eleves ajoutent des mots de relation et des graphiques a leur configuration, leur repetition de ce qui est narratif et de ce qui ne l'est pas est plus complete, plus precise, et est apporte avec plus de confiance. В этом выпуске рубрики представлена модель, по которой школьников можно обучить составлению “карты текста”. Данный метод эффективен для чтения и запоминания существенных моментов прочитанного. Авторы назвали свою модификацию метода “карта плюс”, поскольку выяснили, что когда учащиеся добавляют к составляемым картам дополнительные, связанные с текстом слова и изображения, они пересказывают как художественный, так и нехудожественный текст более уверенно, полно и подробно. Se modela en esta columna como ensenar a hacer mapas para ayudar al estudiante a recordar los aspectos mas importantes de un texto. Los autores llamaron esta tecnica topografia textual plus porque encontraron que, a medida que los estudiantes anadian a sus mapas palabras y graficos relacionados, podian volver a contar tanto las narraciones ficticias como las no ficticias mas detalladamente, con mas fidelidad, y con mas seguridad en si mismos.
Convergent modulation of Kv4.2 channel α subunits by structurally distinct DPPX and KChIP auxiliary subunits

Kv4.2 is the major voltage-gated K(+) (Kv) channel alpha subunit responsible for the somatodendritic transient or A-type current I(SA) that activates at subthreshold membrane potentials. Stable association of Kv4.2 with diverse auxiliary subunits and reversible Kv4.2 phosphorylation regulate I(SA) function. Two classes of auxiliary subunits play distinct roles in modulating the biophysical properties of Kv4.2: dipeptidyl-peptidase-like type II transmembrane proteins typified by DPPX-S, and cytoplasmic Ca(2+) binding proteins known as K(+) channel interacting proteins (KChIPs). Here, we characterize the convergent roles that DPPX-S and KChIPs play as component subunits of Kv4.2 channel complexes. We coexpressed DPPX-S with Kv4.2 in heterologous cells and found a dramatic redistribution of Kv4.2, releasing it from intracellular retention and allowing plasma membrane expression, as well as altered Kv4.2 phosphorylation, detergent solubility, and stability. These changes are remarkably similar to those obtained upon coexpression of Kv4.2 with the structurally distinct KChIPs1-3 auxiliary subunits. KChIP4a, which negatively affects the impact of other KChIPs on Kv4.2, also inhibits the effects of DPPX-S, consistent with the formation of a ternary complex of Kv4.2, DPPX-S, and KChIPs early in channel biosynthesis. Tandem MS analyses reveal that coexpression with DPPX-S or KChIP2 leads to a pattern of Kv4.2 phosphorylation in heterologous cells similar to that observed in brain, but lacking in cells expressing Kv4.2 alone. In conclusion, transmembrane DPPX-S and cytoplasmic KChIPs, despite having distinct structures and binding sites on Kv4.2, exert similar effects on Kv4.2 trafficking, but distinct effects on Kv4.2 gating.
Multidimensional Modeling of Temperature Distribution in Engine Combustion Chamber

Heat conduction calculations are coupled with in-cylinder combustion modeling for engine simulation in this study. Heat transfer on the fluid-solid interface will affect the in-cylinder combustion process, emissions formation, and thermal loading on the combustion chamber surface. Full knowledge of heat fluxes on the interface is important in helping improve engine efficiency, reduce exhaust emissions, and reduce combustion chamber thermal stresses. To account for the unsteady, non-uniform temperature distributions on the combustion chamber surface, a fully coupled numerical procedure was developed and applied to calculate in-cylinder flows and heat conduction in solids simultaneously. The current approach was first validated against analytical heat conduction solutions. The model was then applied to simulate diesel engine combustion under different operating conditions. Unsteady, non-uniform temperature distributions on the piston surface were successfully predicted. Global engine parameters including in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and emissions were also comparable to the experimental data.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Rapid quantitative analysis of a gibberellin-sterol inhibitor using high-performance liquid chromatographic cartridge columns

A rapid, sensitive, and economical chemical analysis of the triazole, gibberellin-inhibitor, paclobutrazol (PP333, [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4 triazol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol]) was sought, featuring high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the final quantitation step. Three C18-reverse phase columns (conventional, 250×4.6 mm; cartridge type, 125×4.6 mm; and minicolumn, 33×4.6 mm) were evaluated for their performance in HPLC separation and quantitation of PP333 applied to soil and plant foliage. The 125-mm Whatman Partisil 5 ODS-3 cartridge column was superior to the standard 250-mm DuPont Zorbax ODS unit, and provided enhanced resolution and reduced solvent consumption, analysis time, and cost. A Perkin-Elmer Pecosphere 3×3C-C18 cartridge system was also superior to the 125-mm column with respect to these parameters. Although this minicolumn necessitated an additional purification step prior to HPLC analysis, its exceptionally fast analysis time and recovery period coupled with a high degree of sensitivity rendered it the most superior unit. This HPLC technology provided an efficient means of assaying for PP333 in large-scale experiments dealing with the chemical's absorption, translocation, and physiological response.
The Comprehensive Plasma Instrumentation(CPI) for the GEOTAIL Spacecraft.

Geotail was launched on 24 July 1992 as the first new spacecraft of the International Solar Terrestrial Physics Program (ISTP). A primary objective of the Geotail mission is the acquisition of particles and fields measurements in the tail region of the magnetosphere. Some of the specific scientific objectives of the Geotail mission are; (1) assessment of the relative importance of solar-wind and ionospheric sources to the plasmas of the magnetotail, (2) a search for plasmoids and flux ropes, (3) direct observation of the effects of plasma acceleration and heating in the current sheet, and (4) measurements of currents and convective flows carried by magnetotail plasmas. The Comprehensive Plasma Instrumentation (CPI) aboard the Geotail spacecraft provides observations of the charged particles that comprise the plasma populations of the magnetosphere and the solar wind. In many cases the physical processes that contribute to the flow of energy and mass through the Solar-Terrestrial plasma system can be understood only through a detailed examination and analysis of the distribution of the particle velocities in the ambient plasmas. The CPI provides detailed measurements of these distributions. It employs three plasma analyzers: (1) the Hot Plasma analyzer (CPI-HP) for hot electrons and ions found in the plasma sheet and the inner magnetosphere; (2) a Solar Wind analyzer (CPI-SW) for cool plasmas with high bulk speeds such as those found in the solar wind and magnetosheath; and (3) an Ion Composition analyzer (CPI-IC) for identification of ion species such as H(+), He(+), He(++), and O(+). Along with measurements from other fields and particles instrumentation on Geotail, the CPI measurements provide a fundamental experimental base for investigations of solar-terrestrial plasmas and fields.
Assessing acetylation of NF-κB

Abstract To achieve its full biological activity, NF-κB must undergo a variety of post-translational modifications, including acetylation. Acetylation plays a prominent role in regulating the nuclear action of NF-κB. The RelA subunit of NF-κB forms the major target of acetylation at several different sites. Acetylation of discrete lysine residues in RelA modulates distinct functions of NF-κB, including transcriptional activation, DNA binding, and assembly with its inhibitor IκBα. Here, we describe the experimental methods that have allowed the detection and functional analysis of acetylated forms of NF-κB. Acetylation of NF-κB can be studied both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo [ 3 H]acetate labeling assays provides a useful, albeit rather insensitive, method for initial verification of acetylation of either over-expressed or endogenous subunits of NF-κB. A second valuable in vivo approach involves the use of anti-acetylated lysine antibodies for immunoblotting. However, the success of this approach varies with the specific antibody employed and the target protein studied. In vitro acetylation assays provide a rapid and sensitive method to validate the involvement of candidate histone acetyltransferases and to map the sites of acetylation. Anti-RelA antibodies that selectively react with site-specific acetylated forms of RelA are a singularly powerful tool for the study of NF-κB acetylation both in vivo and in vitro.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE YEAST RIBOSOME

The 80S ribosome from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been reconstructed from cryo electron micrographs to a resolution of 35 A. It is strikingly similar to the 70S ribosome from Escherichia coli, while displaying the characteristic eukaryotic features familiar from reconstructions of ribosomes from higher eukaryotes. Aside from the elaboration of a number of peripherally located features on the two subunits and greater overall size, the largest difference between the yeast and E.coli ribosomes is in a mass increase on one side of the large (60S) subunit. It thus appears more elliptical than the characteristically globular 50S subunit from E.coli. The interior of the 60S subunit reveals a variable diameter tunnel spanning the subunit between the interface canyon and a site on the lower back of the subunit, presumably the exit site through which the nascent polypeptide chain emerges from the ribosome.
Healing, Diagnosis, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Tendon Conditions

Management of tendon conditions can be frustrating due to difficulty with diagnosis, choice of treatment or repair technique, prolonged tissue healing, and potential for permanent compromise of limb function after surgery. This article reviews tendon healing and reported tendon conditions, focusing on bicipital tenosynovitis and common calcaneal tendon injuries. Surgical management options, research in enhancement of tendon healing, and postoperative rehabilitation are also reviewed.
Tracking the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Modeling Perspective

[1] The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was caused by a drilling rig explosion on 20 April 2010 that killed 11 people. It was the largest oil spill in U.S. history and presented an unprecedented threat to Gulf of Mexico marine resources. Although oil gushing to the surface diminished after the well was capped, on 15 July 2010, much remains to be known about the oil and the dispersants beneath the surface, including their trajectories and effects on marine life. A system for tracking the oil, both at the surface and at depth, was needed for mitigation efforts and ship survey guidance. Such a system was implemented immediately after the spill by marshaling numerical model and satellite remote sensing resources available from existing coastal ocean observing activities [e.g., Weisberg et al., 2009]. Analyzing this system's various strengths and weaknesses can help further improve similar systems designed for other emergency responses.
New quantum numbers in collision theory. V. Orientation of He 21P state by 80-eV electron impact.

It is found that two simple dynamical relations can explain most observations of experiments on the orientation of the He 2 /sup 1/P state induced by electron impact versus scattering angle in the process e(80 eV)+He 1 /sup 1/S..-->..e+He 2 /sup 1/P. In particular, by utilizing these relations and with the help of new quantum numbers, we identified a formula that can account for more than 80% of the orientation at large angles, which contains only three dynamical parameters of the form Im(S/sup dagger/S) and one other, namely, the differential cross section at 180/sup 0/ scattering.
The Arabidopsis petal: a model for plant organogenesis

Organogenesis entails the regulation of cell division, cell expansion, cell and tissue type differentiation, and patterning of the organ as a whole. Petals are ideally suited to dissecting these processes. Petals are dispensable for growth and reproduction, enabling varied manipulations to be carried out with ease. In Arabidopsis, petals have a simple laminar structure with a small number of cell types, facilitating the analysis of organogenesis. This review summarizes recent studies that have illuminated some of the complex interplay between the genetic pathways controlling petal specification, growth and differentiation in Arabidopsis. These advances, coupled with the advantages of using petals as a model experimental system, provide an excellent platform to investigate the underlying mechanisms driving plant organogenesis.
The Structure Directing Role of Cations in the Synthesis of Low Silica LTL Zeolites

The structure and extraframework cations of dehydrated zeolites (Ba,K)-G,L (Si/Al=1) and (Ba,Li)-G,L (Si/Al=1) are characterized by powder neutron diffraction. The results provide direct evidence of the similar structure directing roles which barium and potassium play in the syntheses of zeolites with the LTL topology.
From Radio Adman to Radio Reformer: Senator William Benton's Career in Broadcasting, 1930–1960

William Benton's career in radio began at his advertising agency, Benton & Bowles, founded in 1929. During the 1930s, radio's so-called “Golden Age,” Benton & Bowles was one of the major producers of network radio programs, including Maxwell House's Showboat and Town Hall Tonight. However, while heading one of the most successful radio advertising agencies, Benton approached NBC to argue that sponsor control of programming undermined radio as a medium and proposed an alternative business model. Frustrated with radio's direction, Benton left advertising and pursued careers in education (at the University of Chicago) and politics (in the Truman administration and the Senate). Benton oversaw the educational radio program The University of Chicago Round Table; founded an independent subscription radio service, Muzak, and the Voice of America; and vigorously promoted radio as an educational technology. Benton's efforts to reform broadcasting reflected both his experiences as a radio “adman” and his deep commit...
Release of endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligands (endozepines) from cultured neurons

Abstract Endozepines are naturally occurring small organic molecules, devoid of peptidic bonds and halogens, that act as allosteric modulators of the GABA A receptor through their actions at the benzodiazepine binding site. Endozepines are present in physiologically significant amounts in the brain and can act as potent positive allosteric modulators of the GABA A receptor. In this study, 3 endozepines present in cultured cerebellar granule cells were found to be released from neurons in a potassium-stimulated, calcium-dependent fashion. This release could also be mimicked by increasing concentrations of veratridine. Although endozepines were also found in cultured astrocytes, they could not be released in significant amounts by potassium depolarization. Differential release under depolarizing conditions and granule cell content of the various endozpeines suggested a possible metabolic relationship between these two processes.
Manipulation of lyophilization-induced phase separation: implications for pharmaceutical proteins

Lyophilization, or freeze-drying, of pharmaceutical proteins is often the only processing method that provides requisite long-term product stability. Freezing and drying, however, can cause acute damage to proteins. To alleviate damage, formulations frequently include protein stabilizers (often polymers and/or sugars), as well as buffering salts and "inert" bulking agents. While great efforts are placed on developing a formulation and suitable lyophilization cycle, incompatibilities among components through freezing and drying have been almost completely ignored. We demonstrate that solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran, initially below critical concentrations for phase separation, do indeed experience a liquid-liquid phase separation induced by freeze concentration during the lyophilization cycle. The separation is shown to evolve with annealing at -7 degrees C and can be effectively inhibited simply by replacing NaCl with KCl in the formulation buffer. In addition, we show that phase separation causes unfolding of a model protein, recombinant hemoglobin, when freeze-dried in the PEG/dextran system. When the phase separation is averted by switching to KCl, the protein structural damage is also avoided. Measurements of pH in the frozen solutions show that the structural damage is not a result of pH changes. We suggest that KCl forms a glass with rapid cooling which kinetically prevents the phase separation and thus the protein structural damage.
Emittance and phase space exchange for advanced beam manipulation and diagnostics

Alternative chicane-type beam lines are proposed for exact emittance exchange between transverse phase space $(x,{x}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ and longitudinal phase space $(z,\ensuremath{\delta})$, where $x$ is the transverse position, ${x}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ is the transverse divergence, and $z$ and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ are relative longitudinal position and energy deviation with respect to the reference particle. Methods to achieve exact phase space exchanges, i.e., mapping $x$ to $z$, ${x}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ to $\ensuremath{\delta}$, $z$ to $x$, and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ to ${x}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, are suggested. Schemes to mitigate and completely compensate for the thick-lens effect of the transverse cavity on emittance exchange are studied. Some applications of the phase space exchange for advanced beam manipulation and diagnostics are discussed.
A Search Model for Imperfectly Detected Targets

Under the assumptions that 1) the search region can be divided up into N non-overlapping sub-regions that are searched sequentially, 2) the probability of detection is unity if a sub-region is selected, and 3) no information is available to guide the search, there are two extreme case models. The search can be done perfectly, leading to a uniform distribution over the number of searches required, or the search can be done with no memory, leading to a geometric distribution for the number of searches required with a success probability of 1/N. If the probability of detection P is less than unity, but the search is done otherwise perfectly, the searcher will have to search the N regions repeatedly until detection occurs. The number of searches is thus the sum two random variables. One is N times the number of full searches (a geometric distribution with success probability P) and the other is the uniform distribution over the integers 1 to N. The first three moments of this distribution were computed, giving the mean, standard deviation, and the kurtosis of the distribution as a function of the two parameters. The model was fit to the data presented last year (Ahumada, Billington, & Kaiwi, 2 required to find a single pixel target on a simulated horizon. The model gave a good fit to the three moments for all three observers.
Relation between oxidative metabolism and slow rhythmic potentials in mammalian intestinal muscle.

Abstract Intact muscle layers separated from the small intestine of the cat were mounted in a specially designed chamber to measure electrical slow waves and NADH fluorescence simultaneously. Cooling the muscle to 17 degrees eliminated slow waves and simultaneously increased the level of fluorescence. Likewise, superfusing the muscle with a N2-bubbled glucose-free Krebs solution decreased the amplitude of slow waves and concomitantly increased fluorescence emission. In both cases, return to normal conditions reversed the effects on both slow waves and fluorescence. When signals were averaged over 30-70 slow waves, a pattern emerged with the fluorescence oscillations in phase with the electric oscillations. The NADH:NAD+ ratio reached a maximum at the most depolarized point of the slow waves and a minimum at the most polarized point between slow waves. This indicates maximum ATP utilization during the repolarization process. The correlation between redox oscillations and electrical slow wave generation is associated with cell metabolism.
Individual differences that affect the way students approach learning

Abstract Research conducted in several different countries from different methodological and philosophical perspectives has revealed important qualitative as well as quantitative differences in cognitive functioning that affect student learning. We explore three major dimensions: Global versus Analytic, Concrete-Episodic versus Abstract-Semantic, and Deep versus Shallow. While the first two dichotomies can be seen as value-free continue, the third implies developmental directionality aiming toward an integrated, meaning-oriented functioning that makes use of all four of the other modes of information processing in versatile alternation. Work related to the Inventory of Learning Processes is presented as an example of research in the area. Adopting an interactionist perspective, we explore the origins of different styles or approaches in terms of situational contingencies as well as personality characteristics. We discuss how perception and motivation interact to shape experience. We argue that the influence of the environment is mediated by a student's inherent perceptual biases thus resulting in different interpretations of reality, which subsequently become part of the student's identity. We recommend that teachers encourage reflection to promote integration of different modes of functioning and identity by providing a warm and accepting classroom climate.
High grade primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the uterus: A case report

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) were first described in 1973 as a group of small round cell tumors that appeared to have developed from neuroectodermal cells (Hart and Earle, 1973). This group of tumors also includes Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, small-cell osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and hematolymphoid tumors (Dehner, 1993). PNETs are usually seen along the central axis, particularly in the soft tissue and bone structures of the chest and abdomen of young adults and adolescents; predominately affecting Caucasians and Hispanics. Small-cell carcinomas arising in the female genital tract are rare (Kim et al., 2004). Early diagnosis is essential as patients with non-metastatic disease respond relatively well to intense multi-modality treatment (Grier et al., 2003).
AGENCY AND THE “STAR WAR” GLYPH: A historical reassessment of Classic Maya astrology and warfare

Several studies over the past 20 years have argued for an explicit connection between a hieroglyphic record of war, the so-called star war, and the observation of Venus. To the last, these studies have relied on statistical treatments or simple numerical coincidence to substantiate their claims. In this paper I challenge the results of these studies on two levels. First, I demonstrate that the iconographic evidence that inspired the association between Venus and the “star war” verb is itself unstable; then I appeal to the historical contexts of the rulers engaged in this warfare to see if, as individuals, there is evidence that they held such a belief. In both cases, I show that the evidence does not support a ritual timing of Classic Maya warfare by the phases of Venus. At end, I turn to philological consideration to propose a new reading for the “star war” verb.
Earth's atmosphere – Hadean to early Proterozoic

Abstract The chemistry of Earth's atmosphere during its first 2–2.5 Ga bears on several branches of geoscience including the origin of prebiotic molecules and life itself, early surface processes, the “faint young sun” problem, carbon isotope systematics, and the transition to an oxidized surface. The geologic record, as sparse as it is for this era, presents several difficulties for attempts to model the atmosphere and its changes through time. The prevailing view for the past 50 years has centered around a moderately oxidized atmosphere of CO 2 and N 2 , and most modeling efforts have been directed at reconciling geologic data, and atmospheric and chemical constraints, with such a composition. Improvements in modeling of early Earth processes and increased knowledge of Archean geology, including new geochemical methods and data, have largely helped support this view of the early atmosphere over the last 25 years, but have also left several nagging questions unanswered. How was a sufficient reservoir (and concentration) of prebiotic molecules produced? What were the major reservoirs for carbon, and how did they develop their isotopic signatures? Is there a solution to the problem of the “faint young sun”? Why was surface oxidation delayed following the advent of oxygenic photosynthesis? Lately, some attempts at answering these questions have suggested the importance of more reducing capacity at the early Earth's surface, but without abandoning the idea of a mainly CO 2 –N 2 atmosphere. It may be that returning to ideas of the early atmosphere current during the 1940s and earliest 1950s could help resolve some of these problems. Such an approach may not only be consistent with the atmospheres of the other terrestrial planets, but may help answer significant questions about the surface history of Mars.
The Decoupling of Multivariable Systems by State Feedback

1. Introduction. The objective of this paper is to develop a comprehensive theory for the decoupling of multivariable systems by state feedback. We begin by giving a preliminary formulation of the decoupling problem, discussing certain aspects of its solution, reviewing previous research, and indicating the contributions of this paper.
Improved SAR target detection via extended fractal features

The utility of the extended fractal (EF) feature is evaluated for the enhancement of the focus of attention (FOA) stage of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) system. Unlike more traditional SAR detection features that distinguish target pixels from the background only on the basis of contrast, the EF feature is sensitive to both the contrast and size of objects. Furthermore, the structure for the EF feature computational algorithm lends itself to very fast implementation, and it can be shown that the new feature has a CFAR-like (constant false alarm rate) property. We demonstrate the improved performance using the new feature by testing a number of different detection approaches over two databases of SAR imagery.
RNA-binding properties of the mitochondrial Y-box protein RBP16

We have previously identified a mitochondrial Y-box protein in Trypanosoma brucei that we designated RBP16. The predicted RBP16 amino acid sequence revealed the presence of a cold-shock domain at its N-terminus and a glycine- and arginine-rich C-terminus reminiscent of an RGG RNA-binding motif. Since RBP16 is capable of interacting with different guide RNAs (gRNAs) in vitro and in vivo primarily via the oligo(U) tail, as well as with ribosomal RNAs, possible functions of RBP16 may be in kinetoplastid RNA editing and/or translation. Herein, we report experiments that further define the RNA-binding properties of RBP16. RBP16 forms a single stable complex with the gRNA gA6[14] at low protein concentration, while at higher protein concentration two stable complexes that possibly represent two different conformations are observed. Both complexes are stable at relatively high salt and moderate heparin concentrations indicating that the binding of RBP16 to gA6[14] does not rely primarily on ionic interactions. Phenylglyoxal treatment of the protein indicates that arginine residues are important in RNA binding. The minimal length of RNA sequence necessary for the binding of RBP16 was assessed by gel retardation and UV cross-linking competition assays using oligo(U) ribonucleotides of varying lengths (4–40 nt). Although RBP16 can bind to oligonucleotides as small as U4, its affinity increases with the length of the oligo(U) ribonucleotide, with a dramatic increase in binding efficiency observed when the length is increased to 10 nt. Gel retardation assays employing T.brucei mRNAs demonstrated that, although it acts as a major binding determinant, a 3′ U tail is not an absolute requirement for efficient RBP16–RNA binding. Experiments with oligonucleotides containing U stretches embedded at different positions in oligo(dC) indicated that high-affinity binding requires both a uridine stretch, as well as 5′ and 3′ non-specific sequences. These results suggest a model for the molecular interactions involved in RBP16–RNA binding.
The central metabolic pathway from acetyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA in Clostridium acetobutylicum

The pathway from acetyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA serves as a major carbon metabolism channel in Clostridium acetobutylicum and other butyrate-forming clostridia, and the steps are similar to those involved in fatty acid metabolism. Recent findings are discussed, reviewing the isolation and characterization of the enzymes of the pathway, and the analyses of metabolic intermediate levels and possible points of regulation of enzyme activity by CoA compounds. DNA analyses have identified the genes for two thiolase proteins, and an apparent operon encoding five proteins involved in the conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA. These five proteins are β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, crotonase, butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and the α and β subunits of an electron transfer flavoprotein.
Carbon nanotube bundle-based low loss integrated inductors

In this paper, we propose low loss on-chip inductors for mixed-signal circuits leveraging single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) bundles. We develop a model for the high frequency current re-distribution in SWCNT bundles, which we find can have a large effect on the resistance and quality factor of nanotube-based inductors. We compare the performance of optimized inductors realized using SWCNT bundles and standard copper technology. The results indicate that SWCNT bundle-based inductors can provide up to a 144% increase in quality factor. The higher quality factors of SWCNT bundle-based inductors enable up to an 80% power consumption decrease in low noise amplifiers, which are critical circuits in integrated wireless receivers.
Dependent measures of children’s discrimination learning

Using a video camera, scanning, latency, and accuracy measures were obtained during nursery school children’s discrimination learning. Similar functions were obtained for both learners and nonlearners.
The Relationship Between Frictional Resistance and Roughness for Surfaces Smoothed by Sanding

Abstract : An experimental investigation has been carried out to document and relate the frictional resistance and roughness texture of painted surfaces smoothed by sanding. Hydrodynamic tests were carried out in a towing tank using a flat plate test fixture towed at a Reynolds number (Re(L)) range of 2.8 x 10(6) - x 5.5 x 10(6) based on the plate length and freestream velocity. Results indicate an increase in frictional resistance coefficient (C(F)) of up to 7.3% for an unsanded, as-sprayed paint surface compared to a sanded, polished surface. Significant increases in C(F) were also noted on surfaces sanded with sandpaper as fine as 600-grit as compared to the polished surface. The results show that, for the present surfaces, the centerline average height (R(alpha)) is sufficient to explain a large majority of the variance in the roughness function (DeltaU(+)) in this Reynolds number range.
Momentum distribution of the insulating phases of the extended Bose-Hubbard model

We develop two methods to calculate the momentum distribution of the insulating Mott and charge-densitywave phases of the extended Bose-Hubbard model with on-site and nearest-neighbor boson-boson repulsions on d-dimensional hypercubic lattices. First, we construct the random-phase approximation result, which corresponds to the exact solution for the infinite-dimensional limit. Then, we perform a power-series expansion in the hopping t via strong-coupling perturbation theory, to evaluate the momentum distribution in two and three dimensions; we also use the strong-coupling theory to verify the random-phase approximation solution in infinite dimensions. Finally, we briefly discuss possible implications of our results in the context of ultracold dipolar Bose gases with dipole-dipole interactions loaded into optical lattices.
Hedgehog Movement Is Regulated through tout velu–Dependent Synthesis of a Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan

Hedgehog (Hh) molecules play critical roles during development as a morphogen, and therefore their distribution must be regulated. Hh proteins undergo several modifications that tether them to the membrane. We have previously identified tout velu (ttv), a homolog of the mammalian EXT tumor suppressor gene family, as a gene required for movement of Hh. In this paper, we present in vivo evidence that ttv is involved in heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) biosynthesis, suggesting that HSPGs control Hh distribution. In contrast to mutants in other HSPG biosynthesis genes, the activity of the HSPG-dependent FGF and Wingless signaling pathways are not affected in ttv mutants. This demonstrates an unexpected level of specificity in the regulation of the distribution of extracellular signals by HSPGs.
A Machine Learning-Based Reliability Assessment Model for Critical Software Systems

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) techniques are being increasingly used for developing critical applications, especially network-centric systems. While the SOA paradigm provides flexibility and agility to better respond to changing business requirements, the task of assessing the reliability of SOA-based systems is challenging, especially for composite services. However, deriving high confidence reliability estimates for mission- critical systems can require huge costs and time. This paper presents a reliability assessment and prediction model for SOA-based systems. The services are assumed to be realized with reuse and logical composition of components. The model uses AI reasoning techniques on dynamically collected failure data of each service and its components as one of the evidences together with results from random testing. Memory-Based Reasoning technique and Bayesian Belief Networks are used as reasoning tools to guide the prediction analysis. The least tested and "high usage " input subdomains are identified and necessary remedial actions are taken depending on the predicted results from the proposed model. The model is illustrated using a simulated case study based on a real-time dataset from the NASA software repository.
Visualization tools and argument schemes revisited

In their respective papers, Gordon1 and Walton2 have addressed many of the concerns raised in my initial paper on visualization tools and argument schemes.3 Gordon’s simplified description of Carneades graphs effectively demonstrates that mastery of the mathematical theory on which the system is based is not necessary for its use. Walton has developed subquestions for each of the six critical questions for his scheme for Argument from Expert Opinion that satisfy the conditions for the admission of expert evidence and provide criteria for testing its probative value. The more detailed scheme provides a valuable heuristic device for lawyers, law students, and others concerned with the uses and limitations of expert evidence in legal contexts. Those papers also make it possible to refine and clarify the concerns that remain.
Knowledge representation and planning control in an expert system for the creative design of mechanisms

An interactive system, referred to as MECXPERT {Mechanism Expert}, has been designed with the expressed purpose of assisting nonexpert design engineers in creating mechanisms for fulfilling specific motion-conversion and/or power-transmission requirements. The particular knowledge representation scheme chosen for this application comprises a hybrid formulation of a rule-based production system with a frame-based approach. The underlying control strategy is based on a series of special-purpose, domain-specific operators whose function is to move from one problem space to another through various stages or ‘states’ that comprise the mechanism design process. The primary focus of this paper centers on the representation of knowledge and its control within an expert system for creative mechanism design. An overview summarizing the reasons for developing such an expert system is provided, and the formulation of a problem is discussed through an example taken from the design of a variable-stroke internal-combustion engine mechanism.
Mediating Uncertainty Communicating the Financial Risks of Nanotechnologies

The commercialization of nanotechnologies and the rapid development of hyperbole around their commercialization can provide a fertile field for research into how the potentials and expectations of an emerging technology are communicated to investors. As the commercialization of nanotechnologies intensifies, this area will grow in significance. This article explores how the financial potentials of nanotechnologies and the promise of high returns for investors are constructed by marketing professionals and mediated through financial media. Attention is focused on how the immense uncertainties that surround nanotech as a commercialized field are managed by scientists, marketers, public relations professionals, and journalists and on the communication strategies used to take advantage of the ambiguities of nanotech in order to translate the technologies into a profitable industry.
Foxo Transcription Factors Control Regulatory T Cell Development and Function

Summary Foxo transcription factors integrate extrinsic signals to regulate cell division, differentiation and survival, and specific functions of lymphoid and myeloid cells. Here, we showed the absence of Foxo1 severely curtailed the development of Foxp3 + regulatory T (Treg) cells and those that developed were nonfunctional in vivo. The loss of function included diminished CTLA-4 receptor expression as the Ctla4 gene was a direct target of Foxo1. T cell-specific loss of Foxo1 resulted in exocrine pancreatitis, hind limb paralysis, multiorgan lymphocyte infiltration, anti-nuclear antibodies and expanded germinal centers. Foxo-mediated control over Treg cell specification was further revealed by the inability of TGF-β cytokine to suppress T-bet transcription factor in the absence of Foxo1, resulting in IFN-γ secretion. In addition, the absence of Foxo3 exacerbated the effects of the loss of Foxo1. Thus, Foxo transcription factors guide the contingencies of T cell differentiation and the specific functions of effector cell populations.
Letter by Dasi et al Regarding Article, “Effect of Chronotropy and Inotropy on Stitch Tension in the Edge-to-Edge Mitral Repair”

To the Editor: Timek et al concluded that the septal-lateral (SL) diameter rather than hemodynamic parameters are the main determinants of “Alfieri stitch” force ( ASF ) during diastole.1 We found that the arguments presented were not convincing because of an insufficiently detailed hemodynamic characterization. The purely statistical analysis of the problem, excluding instantaneous flow rate data, undermines the potential scientific impact of the excellent in vivo experiments. To elaborate on our criticism, we present a brief summary of the physics that determines ASF , arguments based on the data of Timek et al, and previous data2 that corroborate the physics …