cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Task Modeling and Decision Making

Once we have a properly expressed model that accurately reflects the sensor characteristics, and we have decided what other sensors are observing the same object or structure, the process of sensor fusion is largely reduced to the selection and application of one of a number of well-known methods for parameter estimation to the given problem. Anyone doing sensor fusion should understand what techniques are available, and use the technique that is appropriate for the problem. In Appendix B we briefly describe various methods for parameter estimation, and urge the reader not familiar with the properties of, and relationships between, these techniques to read that section and the given references.
Stability of Tensile Cracks in Concrete Beams

A tensile crack in a concrete member may be harmless or may lead directly to failure. A method of analysis is presented by means of which the development of a tensile crack in a concrete member can be studied quantitatively and conclusions can be formed concerning its stability. The assumptions on which the method is based are stated in general terms and specific examples are presented to illustrate the application of the method. Examples include the following cases: Flexural crack in an unreinforced beam; flexural crack in a reinforced beam; cracks originating in a zone of combined shear and moment in a reinforced beam; and cracks at the top fiber of prestressed concrete beams at transfer. The implications of the calculations are evaluated and a set of conclusions is presented concerning their significance.
Michael Moore, Baby Einstein, and Student Council Elections

In many ways a discussion of a social education should actually be a cautionary tale. It can lead you in directions you never considered and cause you to ask questions that have no answer, only more questions about which you ponder. As with many things revolving around social education this for instance begins with a pairing of strange bedfellows. It is because of Michael Moore and the Baby Einstein video series that I find myself examining issues of democracy and what students are learning in today’s schools. That this unlikely duo could lead to the contemplation of such rich and deep topics begins to illustrate the power of social education.
Solitary waves and double layers as the source of parallel electric fields in the auroral acceleration region

The solitary waves and double layers that have been observed on auroral magnetic field lines at altitudes of ~7000 kilometers are compared with other S3-3 particle and field measurements to show that the few degree-wide region of parallel electric field required to explain inverted-V electron distributions, upgoing ion beams, and perpendicular electric field measurements, is probably provided by the double layers. Comparisons of the satellite data with theory and computer simulations suggest physical mechanisms for the generation and maintenance of the solitary waves and double layers.
An efficient hardware interleaver for 3G turbo decoding

We describe an energy-efficient approach for VLSI implementation of the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) turbo coding interleaver algorithm. Unlike previous implementations, this interleaver uses a two-stage dedicated hardware datapath that exploits the iterative nature of the decoding process, to compute addresses on the fly, eliminating the overhead associated with programmable processors and precomputed address storage. By separating the interleaving process into two stages, our architecture allows the preparatory phase to be turned off during iterations, while the decoder engages only the real-time address computation phase, further reducing power consumption.
Protein engineering strategies in examining protein folding intermediates: Current opinion in Structural Biology 1993, 3:594–600

Abstract Mutagenesis has proven to be a powerful tool for examining the structures and stabilities of intermediates which appear during the folding of globular proteins. Combining site-directed mutagenesis with other, more classical, methods of protein chemistry, such as chemical labeling and cleavage, has advanced the investigation of these transient, marginally stable species. The high cooperativity of the folding reaction has been reduced by mutagenesis to produce a series of reactions involving stable, highly populated, partially folded forms. New insights into inherently slow processes, such as proline isomerization reactions and disulfide bond rearrangements, have also resulted from protein engineering experiments.
Effects of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition on Bone Mass, Linear Growth and Body Composition in Children with Crohn's Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease, especially Crohn's disease, is linked to significant growth stunting, sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass), deterioration of bone architecture and reduction in bone mass. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) has been shown to correct nutritional deficiencies, provide adequate calories for growth, and alleviate intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease with a favorable adverse effect profile. In this chapter, we report a summary of the effects of EEN on linear growth, skeletal health and lean body mass in children with Crohn's disease.
Health monitoring for damage initiation & progression during mechanical shock in electronic assemblies

Electronic products may be subjected shock and vibration during shipping, normal usage and accidental drop. High-strain rate transient bending produced by such loads may result in failure of fine-pitch electronics. Current experimental techniques rely on electrical resistance for determination of failure. Significant advantage can be gained by prior knowledge of impending failure for applications where the consequences of system failure may be catastrophic. This research effort focuses on an alternate approach to damage-quantification in electronic assemblies subjected to shock and vibration, without testing for electrical continuity. The proposed approach can be extended to monitor product-level damage. In this paper, statistical pattern recognition and leading indicators of shock-damage have been used to study the damage initiation and progression in shock and drop of electronic assemblies. Statistical pattern recognition is currently being employed in a variety of engineering and scientific disciplines such as biology, psychology, medicine, marketing, artificial intelligence, computer vision and remote sensing based in Jain, et. al. (2000). The application quantification of shock damage in electronic assemblies is new. Previously, free vibration of rectangular plates has been studied by various researchers as presented in Leissa (1969), Young (1950), Gorman (1982), Gurgoze (1984), and Wu (2003) for development of analytical closed-form models. In this paper, closed-form models have been developed for the eigen-frequencies and mode-shapes of electronic assemblies with various boundary conditions and component placement configurations. Model predictions have been validated with experimental data from modal analysis. Pristine configurations have been perturbed to quantify the degradation in confidence values with progression of damage. Sensitivity of leading indicators of shock-damage to subtle changes in boundary conditions, effective flexural rigidity, and transient strain response has been quantified. A damage index for experimental damage monitoring has been developed using the failure indicators. The above damage monitoring approach is not based on electrical continuity and hence can be applied to any electronic assembly structure irrespective of the interconnections. The damage index developed provides parametric damage progression data, thus removing the limitation of current failure testing, where the damage progression can not be monitored. Hence the proposed method does not require the assumption that the failure occurs abruptly after some number of drops and can be extended to product level drops.
Intracellular Distribution of 3H-Dihydrostreptomycin in a Streptomycin-dependent Strain of Bacillus megaterium

The cells of a streptomycin-dependent strain of Bacillus megaterium took up only 2 to 5% of the dihydrostreptomycin present in the medium when grown in the minimum concentration of streptomycin required for growth. During growth in the presence of 3H-dihydrostreptomycin, radioactivity was accumulated intracellularly in three forms, namely, unbound, loosely bound to the ribosomes (removable by dialysis), and tightly bound to the ribosomes (retained after prolonged dialysis). More radioactivity for a given amount of ribonucleic acid was bound by ribosomes attached to the cell membrane than by supernatant ribosomes. Of the nondialyzable radioactivity associated with isolated ribonucleic acid, 40 to 60% was solubilized by treatment with ribonuclease or by dilute alkaline hydrolysis.
Air Leakage, Ventilation, and Moisture Control in Buildings

Air leakage through the building envelope traditionally has been regarded as an acceptable means of ventilation, although it is a major cause of condensation problems in buildings and can be a contributing factor to rain penetration. Recent concern for energy conservation, promoting the need for air tightness, is still clouded by the notion that some leakage must be provided and that the primary effort must be toward quantifying the resultant energy loss. This paper discusses the possible effects of wind, stack effect, vents, and fans on air leakage, and the influence of air leakage openings and their location on the pattern of air flow through buildings. The possible extent and location of condensation in relation to these patterns is considered, as well as methods of controlling moisture entry and removal of accumulated moisture. Effort toward the development of construction details, techniques, and standards to ensure air tightness in buildings and building components is advocated as the primary means of achieving energy conservation through improved building performance and extended service life.
Using Light-Switching Molecules to Modulate Charge Mobility in a Quantum Dot Array

We have studied the electron hopping in a two-CdSe quantum dot (QD) system linked by an azobenzene-derived light-switching molecule. This system can be considered as a prototype of a QD supercrystal. Following the computational strategies given in our recent work [I.-H. Chu et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 115, 21409 (2011)], we have investigated the effects of molecular attachment, molecular isomer (trans and cis), and QD size on the electron hopping rate using Marcus theory. Our results indicate that molecular attachment has a large impact on the system for both isomers. In the most energetically favorable attachment, the cis isomer provides significantly greater coupling between the two QDs and hence the electron hopping rate is greater compared to the trans isomer. As a result, the carrier mobility of the QD array in the low carrier density, weak external electric-field regime is several orders of magnitude higher in the $\mathit{cis}$ compared to the $\mathit{trans}$ configuration. This demonstration of mobility modulation using QDs and azobenzene could lead to an alternative type of switching device.
Forms of Interorganizational Governance for Multinational Alliances

This study drew upon complementary work in transaction cost economics, organization theory, and international corporate strategy studies to examine governance forms for multinational alliances. An ...
Sarcocystis sp. in mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in Washington: prevalence and search for the definitive host.

During October and November 1986, Sarcocystis sp. was detected in 24 of 56 (43%) tongues from hunter-killed mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in Washington (USA). Sarcocysts had an unusual sessile polyp-shaped branched wall. Mean size of 154 sarcocysts was 71.3 × 37.8 μm (range, 20 to 248 × 10 to 120 μm), and the mean intensity was 2.3 (range, 1 to 28). In an attempt to identify the definitive host, infected tongues were fed to four coyotes (Canis latrans), eight domestic dogs, four domestic cats, three bears (Ursus americanus), two raccoons (Procyon lotor), two martens (Martes americana), two fishers (Martes pennanti), three skunks (Mephitis mephitis), five mink (Mustela vison), five ferrets (Mustela putorius), one pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina), two redtailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) and one great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). Oocysts or sporocysts were not detected in the feces of any host for ≤20 days after ingestion of the infected meat. The definitive host for Sarcocystis sp. in mountain g...
A study of fiber–capstan friction. 1. Stribeck curves

Abstract A study was made of the friction of nylon fiber (monofilament fishing line) rubbing against spinning aluminum and nylon capstans (cylinders), in the presence of various lubricants. Use of variable speed drives with appropriate gear reducers allowed variation of sliding speed over four orders of magnitude and monitoring of the entire Stribeck curves, from boundary through mixed to hydrodynamic sliding, for these systems. The effects on friction of seven system variables—cylinder material, sliding speed, system elasticity, input tension, lubricant viscosity, lubricant additives and cylinder surface roughness—were investigated. Special attention was given to the effects of elasticity on friction and the character of sliding. Factors which determine the critical speed where stick–slip sliding just appears or disappears are defined.
Reduction in tissue blood flow in J-shaped pelvic ileal reservoirs

PURPOSE: This study sought to evaluate tissue blood flow during J-shaped ileal reservoir construction. METHODS: Using laser Doppler flowmetry, tissue blood flow was measured at various locations in J-shaped ileal reservoirs constructed in 10 dogs before pouch-anal anastomosis. For 12 weeks postoperatively, animals were assessed for clinical complications. In another five dogs, tissue blood flow was measured at various stages of J-pouch construction. RESULTS: Tissue blood flow in the reservoir was reduced and was lowest at the “apex” of the “J”. the site of clinical stricture in one animal. During reservoir construction, longitudinal enterotomy was associated with the greatest reduction in tissue blood flow. Lowest blood flow in the reservoir was at the site of the intended pouch-anal anastomosis (11.5±1.6 ml/100 g/min vs.43.4±3.4 ml/100 g/min (controls);P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Operative maneuvers of J-shaped ileal reservoir construction, particularly longitudinal enterotomy, significantly reduce tissue perfusion in the involved bowel segment. Tissue blood flow in the pouch is lowest at the site of intended pouch-anal anastomosis, and this may contribute to development of complications seen clinically.
A re-examination of the ‘particle size effect’ in slurry erosion

Abstract The nature and significance of what has been called the ‘particle size effect’ on the rate of slurry erosion and the problem of its experimental evaluation are discussed. Experiments involving the change of erodent particle size in typical laboratory test equipment, while revealing a decrease in erosion rate with decreasing erodent particle size, also produce significant changes in the slurry flow conditions and particle motion which, unless evaluated quantitatively, will mask the nature of the particle size effect. Some model for the rate of material removal must be assumed to allow comparison between the conditions examined. We assume this to be the rate of dissipation of erodent particle kinetic energy at impact. Wear results have been obtained using a slurry pot erosion tester (for which the flow conditions about, and impact conditions on, the 6 mm diameter cylindrical specimens have been modelled and experimentally confirmed), using 0.94 wt.% suspensions of SiC (varying in mean particle size from 14 to 780 μm) in diesel oil for aluminium and Pyrex glass. For aluminium no damage threshold was observed and the experimental erosion rate varied as d p 2 over the whole particle size range. A contribution to this of d p was found to be ascribable to fluid flow changes in the experimental apparatus and the remaining contribution of d p between 100 and 780 μm tentatively assigned to the decrease in surface energy of debris particles with increasing particle size. Below 100 μm there is a transition from wear by particle impact to wear by wet abrasion by particles moving across the surface. Quantitative analysis of erosion rates on the basis of particle impact energies was not possible in this range. For Pyrex glass, erosion wear was measured only between 390 and 780 μm and was found to vary as d p 4 . This dependence was made up of d p for fluid flow changes, d p for debris particle size and d p 2 for the influence of an energy threshold for damage of between 2 and 8 μJ for each particle impact. After taking flow conditions and squeeze film retardation at impact into account, it is concluded that there is no fundamental change in the interaction between impacting erodent particles and the wearing surface with increasing particle size between 100 and 780 μm.
An experimental study on implicit social recommendation

Social recommendation problems have drawn a lot of attention recently due to the prevalence of social networking sites. The experiments in previous literature suggest that social information is very effective in improving traditional recommendation algorithms. However, explicit social information is not always available in most of the recommender systems, which limits the impact of social recommendation techniques. In this paper, we study the following two research problems: (1) In some systems without explicit social information, can we still improve recommender systems using implicit social information? (2) In the systems with explicit social information, can the performance of using implicit social information outperform that of using explicit social information? In order to answer these two questions, we conduct comprehensive experimental analysis on three recommendation datasets. The result indicates that: (1) Implicit user and item social information, including similar and dissimilar relationships, can be employed to improve traditional recommendation methods. (2) When comparing implicit social information with explicit social information, the performance of using implicit information is slightly worse. This study provides additional insights to social recommendation techniques, and also greatly widens the utility and spreads the impact of previous and upcoming social recommendation approaches.
Survival and growth of 31 Populus clones in South Carolina

Populus species and hybrids have many practical applications, but clonal performance is relatively undocumented in the southeastern United States outside of the Mississippi River alluvial floodplain. In spring 2001, 31 Populus clones were planted on two sites in South Carolina, USA. The sandy, upland site received irrigation and fertilization throughout the growing season, while the bottomland site received granular fertilizer yearly and irrigation in the first two years only. Over three growing seasons, tree survival and growth differed significantly among clones at both sites. Hybrid clones I45/51, Eridano, and NM6 had very high survival at both sites, while pure eastern cottonwood (P. deltoides) clones consistently had the lowest survival. Nearly all mortality occurred during the first year. The P. deltoides clone WV416 grew well at both sites, P. deltoides clones S13C20 and Kentucky 8 grew well at the bottomland site, and hybrids 184-411 and 52-225 grew well at the upland site. Based on both survival and growth, clones 311-93, S7C15, 184-411, and WV416 may warrant additional testing in the upper coastal plain region of the southeastern US. Kentucky 8 and S13C20 had excellent growth rates, but initial survival was low. However, this was likely due to planting stock quality. We emphasize this is preliminary information, and that clones should be followed through an entire rotation before large-scale deployment.
Lifetime analysis of high-energy resonances in three-dimensional reactive scattering

Abstract Accurate quantum mechanical three-dimensional reactive scattering calculations for the J = 0 partial wave of the H + H2 system for total energies up to 1.6 eV have been performed using symmetrized hyperspherical coordinates. Six resonances were found having collision lifetimes which, interestingly, increase with the amount of stretching excitation and decrease with that of bending excitation.
Buffers for the physiological pH range : Acidic dissociation constants of zwitterionic compounds (ACES and CHES) in water from 5 to 55 °C

The precise electromotive force (emf) measurements of the cells without liquid junction, Pt|H2|ACES (m1) + NaACESate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag and Pt|H2|CHES (m1) + NaCHESate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl, Ag, have been made to collect emf data from (5 to 55) °C, with molalities m1 = m2 = m3 in the range 0.01 to 0.1 mol·kg-1. The hydrogen and silver + silver chloride electrodes were used. The second thermodynamic dissociation constants (pK2) of N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES) and 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES), along with the thermodynamic quantities associated with the ionization of ACES and CHES, have been calculated. The values of pK2 for ACES are expressed by the equation pK2 = 2548.60/(T/K) − 20.03159 + 3.2172 ln(T/K), and for CHES, by pK2 = 1917.66/(T/K) + 5.7940 − 0.4971 ln(T/K) with standard deviations of ±0.000 58 and ±0.000 97, respectively.
Anti-obesity effects of small molecule melanin-concentrating hormone receptor1 (MCHR1) antagonists

Over the past ten years, tremendous advances in our understanding of the role of the hypothalamic neurohormone, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and its involvement in the regulation of food intake and body weight have been achieved. The MCHR1 receptor has been actively targeted as a much-needed, novel treatment for obesity, a disease of epidemic proportion in the United States. Numerous companies have joined the competition to be the first to produce a small molecule antagonist targeting MCHR1 receptors in the race for therapeutics for this disease. This review details the rising need for new treatments for obesity; the rationale and target validation of MCHR1 receptor antagonists as potential treatments for this disease; and the current status of the numerous small molecule MCHR1 antagonists in development by different companies. MCHR1 antagonists might find an additional usage in the treatment of anxiety and depression disorders. The rationale and current status of this effort by several companies is also reviewed.
Soil Moisture Status in an Irrigated Pecan Field

AbstractIn this paper, the authors have modified a traditional transpiration formula using a soil-gas stress response function of the soil water content to appropriately depict the leaf water head. This allowed identification of the soil waterlogging (gas deficit) stress status. The authors then analyzed the status of soil moisture in an irrigated pecan field in El Paso, Texas, using a drainage equation and a modified transpiration formula. In the formula, four soil moisture statuses were identified: waterlogging stress (gas deficit), favorable water uptake, tolerable moisture deficit, and intolerable moisture deficit. Among these, the water uptake favorable and tolerable moisture deficit statuses are the two favorable for healthy pecan growth and good production. Waterlogging (gas deficit) and intolerable moisture deficit statuses are detrimental for pecan growth. The results also showed that soil moisture status is significantly different during the four growing stages of irrigated pecans: budbreak, ear...
Marker-Assisted Selection in Tomato Breeding

The cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L., is the second most consumed vegetable crop after potato and unquestionably the most popular garden crop in the world. There are more varieties of tomato sold worldwide than any other vegetable crop. Most of the commercial cultivars of tomato have been developed through phenotypic selection and traditional breeding. However, with the advent of molecular markers and marker-assisted selection (MAS) technology, tomato genetics and breeding research has entered into a new and exciting era. Molecular markers have been used extensively for genetic mapping as well as identification and characterization of genes and QTLs for many agriculturally important traits in tomato, including disease and insect resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and flower- and fruit-related characteristics. The technology also has been utilized for marker-assisted breeding for several economically important traits, in particular disease resistance. However, the extent to which MAS has been ...
Phosphaacetylenehexacarbonyldicobalt complexes: new cluster lewis bases

Abstract The reaction of RCCl 2 PCl 2 (R = CH 3 , C 6 H 5 , (CH 3 ) 3 Si) with dicobalt octacarbonyl in THF at −78°C gave the new (RCP)Co 2 (CO) 5 complexes, which contain the CPCo 2 cluster unit, as air-sensitive red oils. The complex with R = CH 3 reacted with (OC) 5 M-THF to give the corresponding M(CO) 5 (M = Cr, W) adducts and the complex with R = C 6 H 5 could be acetylated in the para position with CH 3 C(O)Cl/AlCl 3 .
Effect of residual porosity and pore structure on the mechanical strength of SiCAl2O3Y2O3

Abstract Effect of residual porosity on the flexural strength of sintered α-SiC ceramic with Al 2 O 3 and Y 2 O 3 as sintering aids was investigated. The flexural strength (σ)-porosity ( p ) behaviour of the SiC ceramics was experimentally derived based on the minimum solid area approach. Both the data from the present work and those available in the literature can be simply and well-expressed by an exponential function at a correlation coefficient as good as r 2 − 0.90: σ = 915 exp (−9.0 p ) MPa The value of the exponent constant (9.0) agrees reasonably with that theoretically predicted by using the approach for an extreme of idealized oblate spheroids. The pore structure appeared to have little or no influence on the exponential σ - p behaviour, except for the presence of surface pores which act as fracture flaws leading to a major deterioration of mechanical strength compared to the predicted one.
Application of the Monte Carlo simulation procedure to estimate water-supply well/septic tank-drainfield separation distances in the Central Wisconsin sand plain

Abstract Using a three-dimensional groundwater-contaminant tracking model a number of Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the mean and standard deviations of the separation distances and minimum well depth required to avoid contamination of a pumping water-supply well by a nearby septic tank-drainfield. The range of conditions simulated represent those found in the Central Wisconsin sand plain. A sensitivity analysis revealed that the separation distances and minimum well depth are most sensitive to variations in the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, anisotropy ratio and horizontal regional hydraulic gradient. The mean and standard deviations of the theoretical safe separation distances and safe well depth are presented as contour diagrams that can be used for design purposes. An example is given for which the design separation distances and minimum well depth are determined for a hypothetical subdivision in the Central Wisconsin sand plain.
New method for studying the microscopic foundations of the interacting boson model

Abstract We describe (i) A mapping, using a multishell seniority basis, from a prescribed subspace of a shell model space to an associated boson space. (ii) A new dynamical procedure for selecting the collective variables within the boson space, based on the invariance of the trace. (iii) A comparison with exact calculations for a multi-level pairing model, to demonstrate that the method works.
Development and decline of running behavior in rats with delayed anovulation

Abstract Running activity in an activity wheel develops slowly at puberty, reaching a maximum which is held until 100 days of age when a decline sets in. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in ovarian status play a role in the decline of running. The time of onset and decline of running in the peak levels achieved were comparable in intact rats, in rats ovariectomized at weaning age and given estradiol benzoate replacement in Silastic capsules and in rats rendered precociously persistent estrus as a result of neonatal treatment with 10 μg testosterone propionate (at 5 days of age). It can be concluded that the development of persistent estrus in rats treated neonatally with androgen is not preceded or accompanied by disturbances in running activity, that the early low dose androgen exposure does not alter the sensitivity of running activity to estrogen stimulation, and that the decline in running seen after puberty cannot be attributed to changes in ovarian status.
EVOLUTION OF TURBULENT ELECTROSTATIC SHOCKS.

Turbulent low-Mach-number electrostatic ion shocks are observed when ion reflections ahead of shocks are controlled by new methods. The spatial growth of the turbulence is mapped by a test-wave method and correlated with the distribution of reflected ions. Dis-agreements with computer experiments are explained.
The importance of plant classification in hevea

More than 40 years work with one species of Hevea has resulted in great improvement in yield. An organized effort is now being made to select from numerous wild species living material offering new characters for disease-resistance and increase in yield.
Open Operation in the Treatment of Calcific Aortic Stenosis

Calcareous disease of the aortic valve, diagnosed by fairly uniform signs and measurements, has been treated in 14 cases at the Mayo Clinic by an open surgical technic with utilization of extracorporeal circulation. One patient died during the operation and another died after leaving the hospital. Among 7 cases followed 6 to 9 months after operation, definite symptomatic improvement has been shown in 6. This disease is very dangerous, but a small improvement in the size of the valvular orifice can bring important benefits. The open operation is advantageous in avoidance of creating or aggravating insufficiency while relieving stenosis. Presently this operation is advised for patients whose disability is significant or progressing. Severe coexisting coronary artery disease is a contraindication; but associated aortic valvular insufficiency, advanced degrees of disability, and left ventricular failure are not.
CELEBRATORY GUNFIRE INJURY TO A UNITED STATES SOLDIER SUSTAINED DURING OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF)

This case documents the care of a 22-year-old deployed male, active duty U.S. Army soldier who was referred to a forward surgical team for a “palpable foreign body” in his left posterior arm. The evening prior, his unit had been dispatched to control what was thought to be enemy activity in the city, due to reported multiple instances of gunfire. This soldier, with his unit, arrived on the scene in a small town in Iraq to investigate the situation. Upon arrival, the unit found that the gunfire was celebratory. The citizens of the city were firing weapons into the night sky in celebration of the capture and death of Saddam Hussein's sons. There was no direct gunfire targeted at the soldier or his unit. However, during the mission, the patient felt a sharp pain in the posterior aspect of the left shoulder. He was unsure as to the source of the pain, and had a medic evaluate his shoulder later that evening. The medic who examined him was not overly concerned due to the perceived benign exam findings and advised the soldier to return to duty. The patient continued with his mission until the following day, when he continued to be bothered by the discomfort. He examined the remainder of his arm and palpated a hard mass in his left triceps region, along with a small wound in his posterior upper left arm. This case illustrates the many dangers that our soldiers face while deployed, as well as reinforcing the evidence that celebratory gunfire can become a dangerous event causing significant morbidity and even mortality for those who are unfortunate enough to become a victim.
Functional Significance of Type 1 Insulin-like Growth Factor-mediated Nuclear Translocation of the Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 and β-Catenin

Previous work has shown that the transcriptional regulator β-catenin can translocate to the nuclei when cells are stimulated with the type 1 insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). We show by immunocoprecipitation and by confocal microscopy that β-catenin binds to and co-localizes with the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), a docking protein for both the insulin and the IGF-1 receptors. IRS-1 is required for IGF-1-mediated nuclear translocation of β-catenin, resulting in the activation of the β-catenin target genes. IGF-1-mediated nuclear translocation of β-catenin is facilitated by the nuclear translocation of IRS-1. Both IRS-1 and β-catenin are recruited to the cyclin D1 promoter, an established target for β-catenin, but only IRS-1 is recruited to the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) promoter. UBF proteins (known to interact with both IRS-1 and β-catenin) are also detectable in the cyclin D1 and rDNA promoters. These results indicate that IRS-1 (activated by the IGF-1 receptor) is one of several proteins that regulate the subcellular localization and activity of β-catenin. The ability of IRS-1 to localize to both RNA polymerase II (with β-catenin) and RNA polymerase I-regulated promoters suggest an explanation for the effect of IRS-1 on both cell growth in size and cell proliferation. This possibility is supported by the demonstration that enforced nuclear localization of IRS-1 causes nuclear translocation of β-catenin and transformation of normal mouse embryo fibroblasts (colony formation in soft agar).
Analysis of sequence homology between human and mouse mitochondrial DNA

Abstract The base sequence homology between human and mouse mitochondrial DNA has been investigated by hybridization of highly labelled mitochondrial DNA probes with restriction fragments of mitochondrial DNA blotted according to the Southern technique. By this analysis, the homologous regions have been found to be widely distributed along the mitochondrial genome. Competition hybridization experiments with unlabelled HeLa mitochondrial RNAs have shown that most of the cross-hybridization involves the ribosomal and 4 S RNA genes.
Cell lineages generating axial muscle in the zebrafish embryo.

Cell lineage may contribute to determining the numbers, positions and types of cells formed during embryogenesis. In vitro clonal analyses show that vertebrate cells can autonomously maintain lineage commitments to single fates1–5 and that terminal development may include an invariant sequence of cell divisions6,7. In addition, in vivo studies with Xenopus8 led to the proposal that clonal restrictions to spatial 'compartmental' domains arise during early development, analogous to what is observed in insects9,10. In the zebrafish, individual gastrula cells generate clones of progeny that are confined within single tissues11, but spatial restrictions have not been described. We now have examined the in vivo terminal cell lineages of zebrafish axial muscles. We obtained no evidence either for strict developmental regulation of division pattern or for spatial compartmentation within muscle lineages.
Space structure control design by variance assignment

The performance requirements of spacecraft missions are usually specified in terms of root-mean-squared (rms) values on both the input and output variables. The rms contribution of each input or output in the overall system performance metric is called the "input" or "output" cost. A technique is derived that allows a linear controller to assign each of the multi-input or output costs. The procedure is illustrated by the design and shape control for NASA's 64-m Hoop-Column Antenna subject to power-limited actuators. By assigning only the output costs rather than the input costs, the procedure serves to determine the power required of the actuators (required input costs) to achieve the mission requirements (specified output costs). This determination of actuator sizing (and location) for the control of flexible structures is an important feature of the method.
Glutathione and bile acid synthesis. Effect of GSH content of HepG2 cells on the activity and mRNA levels of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase

Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CH-7 alpha) activity in HepG2 cells depleted of glutathione (GSH) was reduced significantly (P < 0.05) compared to that in untreated controls. Northern blot analysis of poly A+ mRNA isolated from GSH-depleted and control HepG2 cells showed that there was a reduction in mRNA for CH-7 alpha in treated HepG2 cells that was commensurate with the reduction in CH-7 alpha activity. The fact that total RNA, rRNA, and mRNA for beta fibrinogen were unaltered by the depletion of GSH suggests that the change in steady-state CH-7 alpha mRNA content is specifically sensitive to GSH content. This observation represents the first demonstration, for human liver cells, that there is an interaction between GSH levels and the regulation of CH-7 alpha mRNA levels.
Equilibrium binding studies on antifluorescein antibody during various stages of the immune response.

Abstract The fluorescein-antifluorescein reaction has been used as a probe of the immune response in rabbits. Both the heterogeneity and the binding affinity of antifluorescein from individual bleedings have been followed from 2 weeks up to 18 months. These parameters have been measured by means of fluorescence polarization and quenching techniques, which allow measurements on fluorescein down to the picogram per ml range. Antifluorescein antibody was found to ‘maturate’: the association constant for fluorescein was about 10 8 M −1 , and the heterogeneity constant was about 0·6 early in immunization while late in the immune response (a few months), the association constant tends to rise toward 10 11 to 10 12 M −1 , and the heterogeneity usually disappears tIt appears that the mode and time of immunization can be chosen so as to obtain either low affinity and heterogeneous or high affinity and uniformly-binding, antihapten antibody.
Multi-source relay networks exploiting cooperative network coding

In this paper, we develop effective multi-source relay schemes which, by exploiting cooperative network coding, are designed to achieve a high diversity gain and coding efficiency. Key to the proposed schemes lies in two ingredients: (1) Utilization of the high-capacity channels between closely spaced intra-cluster nodes to enable efficient information exchange among these nodes; (2) Proper distributed network coding that provides high diversity gain. Outage probability analysis and numerical results are provided and evidently demonstrate higher diversity gain and coding efficiency that the proposed schemes achieve compared to other comparable network coding schemes.
An ENSO shift revisited

[1] An influential 1996 paper presented a statistical analysis showing that the prolonged ENSO warm event of the early 1990's was inconsistent with the historical pattern of ENSO variability and therefore concluded that there had been a shift in ENSO behavior possibly connected to global warming. A fundamental problem with this earlier analysis is that the data used to test for a shift in ENSO behavior were not independent of the data used to identify the hypothetical shift. A new analysis is presented that avoids this problem by using more recent data. The results raise a question about the earlier finding.
Altered luteinizing hormone and prolactin responses to excitatory amino acids during lactation.

We have used excitatory amino acids as tools to elucidate changes in hypothalamic function associated with lactation, focusing on the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin secretion. In these studies, we have compared the responsiveness to NMA (N-methyl-D,L-aspartate), an agonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, with that of kainate, an agonist for another type of glutamate receptor, the kainate receptor. To address the issue of the permeability of the blood-brain barrier to either NMA or kainate, systemic and central administration of the drugs were compared. Four injections of either drug were administered at 10-min intervals to cycling or lactating rats suckling 8 pups. All of these treatment significantly stimulated LH secretion in cycling rats. However, neither systemic injections of NMA (40 mg/kg) or kainate (2.5-3.5 mg/kg), nor third-ventricular administration of NMA (2 µg/2 µl) or kainate (0.2-0.3 µg/2 µl) stimulated LH secretion during lactation. In contrast, LH responses to NMA were observed in lactating animals suckling 2 pups. These data demonstrate that the intensity of the suckling stimulus determines the degree of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal inhibition during lactation. Recovery of the LH response to NMA in animals suckling 8 pups was not observed after treatment with RU 486 to block the effects of progesterone. Thus, the elevated levels of progesterone during lactation do not appear to play a role in inhibiting GnRH neuronal responsiveness. Removal of the 8-pup suckling stimulus for 24 h also did not restore the LH response to NMA. However, treatment with RU 486 and removal of the suckling stimulus for 24 h did restore LH responses to NMA, suggesting that progesterone may play a role in prolonging the recovery of GnRH neuronal responsiveness. The prolactin responses to NMA and kainate changed with the reproductive state of the animal and the site of administration. Central injections of either drug stimulated prolactin release in both cycling and lactating animals. In contrast, whereas systemic administration of NMA stimulated prolactin secretion in cycling animals, kainate had no effect. In the lactating animals, systemic administration of either drug inhibited prolactin secretion. Thus, the difference in the prolactin responses to systemic administration of the drugs may not only be due to a difference in the distribution of kainate and NMDA receptors but also to the steady state level of activity of the prolactin-releasing and -inhibiting factors which is determined by the reproductive state of the animal. In conclusion, lactation alters the responsiveness of several neuronal populations to stimulation by excitatory amino acids. It appears to inhibit GnRH neuronal reponsiveness, as well as to alter the responsiveness of other neurons involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion.
Scanner identification using sensor pattern noise

Digital images can be captured or generated by a variety of sources including digital cameras and scanners. In many cases it is important to be able to determine the source of a digital image. This paper presents methods for authenticating images that have been acquired using flatbed desktop scanners. The method is based on using the pattern noise of the imaging sensor as a fingerprint for the scanner, similar to methods that have been reported for identifying digital cameras. To identify the source scanner of an image a reference pattern is estimated for each scanner and is treated as a unique fingerprint of the scanner. An anisotropic local polynomial estimator is used for obtaining the reference patterns. To further improve the classification accuracy a feature vector based approach using an SVM classifier is used to classify the pattern noise. This feature vector based approach is shown to achieve a high classification accuracy.
Sluggish cognitive tempo and peer functioning in school-aged children: A six-month longitudinal study

Although research demonstrates sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms to be statistically distinct from other child psychopathologies (including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], anxiety, depression, and oppositionality) and associated with social impairment, all studies conducted to date have been cross-sectional. Thus, while extant research demonstrates an association between SCT and social functioning, it is entirely unknown whether or not SCT longitudinally predicts increases in social impairment. This study provides an initial examination of the prospective association between SCT symptoms and children's peer functioning. Teachers of 176 children in 1st–6th grades (ages 6–13; 47% boys) provided ratings of children's psychopathology (i.e., SCT, ADHD, anxious/depressive, and oppositional/conduct problems) and peer functioning (i.e., popularity, negative social preference, peer impairment), and peer functioning was assessed again 6 months later. Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that, above and beyond child demographics, other psychopathologies, and baseline peer functioning, SCT symptoms were significantly associated with poorer peer functioning at the 6-month follow-up. In addition, 75% of children with high levels of SCT were rated as functionally impaired in the peer domain, in contrast to only 8% of children with low SCT. Further research is needed with larger samples to examine SCT over a longer developmental period and with other domains of adjustment. & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Calculating the surgically induced refractive change following ocular surgery

Calculating the surgically induced refractive change following ocular surgery is important for evaluating the results of keratore-fractive procedures, smaller incisions and various wound closures for cataract surgery, and the effect of suturing techniques and suture removal following corneal transplant surgery. We present a ten-step method of calculating the spherical- and cylindrical-induced refractive change in a manner suitable for a programmable calculator or personal computer. Several applications are given including (1) adding the overrefraction to the spectacle correction, (2) determining the surgically induced refractive change from the preoperative and postoperative refractions, (3) determining the surgically induced refractive change from the K-readings, (4) rotating axes, (5) determining the power at meridians oblique to the principal meridians of a spherocylinder, (6) determining the coupling ratio, and (7) averaging axes. Standard methods for calculating and reporting aggregate results are also given.
Bifurcations and Intrinsic Chaotic and 1/f Dynamics in an Isolated Perfused Rat Heart

The application of the theory of chaotic dynamical systems has gradually evolved from computer simulations to assessment of erratic behavior of physical, chemical, and biological systems. Whereas physical and chemical systems lend themselves to fairly good experimental control, biologic systems, because of their inherent complexity, are limited in this respect. This has not, however, prevented a number of investigators from attempting to understand many biologic periodicities. This has been especially true regarding cardiac dynamics: the spontaneous beating of coupled and non-coupled cardiac pacemakers provides a convenient comparison to the dynamics of oscillating systems of the physical sciences. One potentially important hypothesis regarding cardiac dynamics put forth by Goldberger and colleagues, is that normal heart beat fluctuations are chaotic, and are characterized by a 1/f-like power spectrum. To evaluate these conjectures, we studied the heart beat intervals (R wave toR wave of the electocardiogram) of isolated, perfused rat hearts and their response to a variety of external perturbations. The results indicate bifurcations between complex patterns, states with positive dynamical entropies, and low values of fractal dimensions frequently seen in physical, chemical and cellular systems, as well as power law scaling of the spectrum. Additionally, these dynamics can be modeled by a simple, discrete map, which has been used to describe the dynamics of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.