cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chinese Imperialism, Ethnic Cleansing, and Military History, 1850-1877

In the past two decades historical research and theoretical refinements have provided military historians with new insights into “Chinese imperialism,” late Qing warfare, and ethnic cleansing during the 1850-1877 campaigns in Northwest China, Central Asia, Yunnan, and Guizhou. In particular, Robert Jenks’ Insurgency and Social Disorder in Guizhou: The Miao Rebellion, 1854-1873, David Atwill’s The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856-1873, and Hodong Kim’s Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877have stressed the commonality of Chinese practices with other colonial and imperial states. These authors share a common conclusion that the Qing re-conquest resulted in widespread massacres, ethnic relocations, and subsequent immigration of Han settlers into each region. This historiography examines recent works on the military aspects of the 1850-1877 conflicts in these ethnic and territorial “frontiers” and highlights opportunities for historians to take advantage of new theoretical and archival resources.
Chemical Peels in Dark Skin

In contrast to the previous decade, chemical peels are commonly performed in darker racial-ethnic groups, individuals comprising skin types IV-VI (Asians,Hispanics, Blacks, and Native Americans). Serial superficial glycolic acid, salicylic acid, Jessner’s solution, and TCA peels (when appropriate) offer substantial benefits for post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation,melasma, acne, pseudofolliculitis barbae, oily skin, and texturally rough skin. When selecting a peeling agent, the benefits of the procedure should always substantially outweigh any associated risks or complications. Superficial peels with appropriate titration of concentrations are generally safe and efficacious for darkerskinned patients. However, given the labile nature of melanocytes of darker complexioned individuals, medium-depth and deep peels are more likely to induce substantial complications and side effects.
VALIDATING REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS STATED IN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION LANGUAGE TEMPLAR

Techniques for analysis and validation of software requirements specifications written in theknowledge representation language Templar are presented. Templar specifications are analyzedin terms of ambiguity, non-minimality, contradiction, incompleteness, and redundancy. SinceTemplar is a powerful knowledge representation language supporting a rich set of modelingprimitives, it is difficult to reason directly on Templar specifications. To solve this problem,Templar specifications are mapped into equivalent temporal logic programs which are analyzedin terms the criteria listed above. However, it is hard to reason about Templar specificationsbecause some of the criteria cannot be formally proven, and the verification of other criteriaconstitute undecidable or intractable problems. To overcome these difficulties, we consider aset of tractable conditions for each criteria, which serve as "alarms" for the user. If a conditionis violated then it means that the specification either definitely has or potentially can have aproblem. Furthermore, the user is notified about the source and the nature of the problem incertain cases.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; confirmation of clinical diagnosis by bone marrow aspiration.

Abstract Two cases of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura are reported in which the clinical diagnosis was verified before death by demonstration of typical vascular lesions in microscopic sections of aspirated bits of sternal bone marrow. Our experience demonstrates a readily available and relatively simple means of establishing a clinical diagnosis which heretofore has been made only with difficulty.
The Women In and Behind the Rhymes

An unusually large number of Chinese nursery rhymes provide realistic depiction of women's life experiences over the long history of China. They tell about women's fears and concerns as well as hopes and dreams and even sufferings. They reflect the Chinese traditional attitude toward women as influenced by Confucian teachings. Those rhymes could be divided into three categories that represent the three stages of a woman's life: (1) childhood and before marriage, (2) the wedding, and (3) married life. These rhymes continue to provide enjoyment for children. More importantly, they are living history of Chinese women.
Abrahamse's Theorem for Matrix-valued Symbols and Subnormal Toeplitz Completions

This paper deals with subnormality of Toeplitz operators with matrix-valued symbols and, in particular, with an appropriate reformulation of Halmos's Problem 5: Which subnormal Toeplitz operators with matrix-valued symbols are either normal or analytic? In 1976, M. Abrahamse showed that if $\varphi\in L^\infty$ is such that $\varphi$ or $\overline\varphi$ is of bounded type and if $T_\varphi$ is subnormal, then $T_\varphi$ is either normal or analytic. In this paper we establish a matrix-valued version of Abrahamse's Theorem and then apply this result to solve the following Toeplitz completion problem: Find the unspecified Toeplitz entries of the partial block Toeplitz matrix $$ A:=\begin{bmatrix} T_{\overline b_\alpha} & ?\\?& T_{\overline b_\beta}\end{bmatrix}\quad\hbox{($\alpha,\beta\in\mathbb D$)} $$ so that $A$ becomes subnormal, where $b_\lambda$ is a Blaschke factor of the form $b_\lambda(z):=\frac{z-\lambda}{1-\overline \lambda z}$ ($\lambda\in \mathbb D$).
Some Phenomenological Aspects of Neutrino Physics

I concentrate on two topics. One is techniques to distinguish amongst various oscillation scenarios from atmospheric neutrino data; and the other is the Borexino solar neutrino detector and its capabilities.
Electrons and Computation

At a recent ceremony in New York City, a new electronic calculator was dedicated to JL A. science. The calculator reads “written” instructions for performing the most complex calculations, has an internal “memory” capacity for instructions and problem data totaling 400,000 digits, performs the various arithmetical operations in a few thousandths of a second, and prints the desired results. Known as the IBM Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator (Fig. 1), it is located at the World Headquarters Building of the International Business Machines Corporation, where it is operated by the IBM Department of Pure Science. It was built in the company’s engineering laboratories and dedicated on January 27, 1948, by Mr. Thomas J. Watson, president of the Corporation.
Power and Willpower in the American Future: American Attitudes and Institutions

“The great privilege of the Americans does not consist in being more enlightened than any other nations, but in being able to repair the faults they may commit.” – Alexis de Tocqueville Can America sustain an international role comparable to the one it has played in world affairs for the past seven decades, that is, from the early years of World War II to the present time? The answer depends both on the domestic basis on which this leadership rests and on the international setting in which it takes place. This chapter delves into the attitudes, policies, and institutions that shape this special role and determine America's ability to lead. As Tocqueville’s words written in the 1830s suggest, informed observers have long noted America’s capacity to adapt, repair, and constantly renew itself. But if there is an enduring basis for the robustness and resilience of the United States as an economy, society, and polity, there remain other attributes that can impede successful adaptation to new challenges and threats. The unique characteristics of America, embodied in exceptionalism and the openness of its society, have made it a leader in world affairs and a magnet for people from other lands. The costs of exceptionalism can be found, however, in the often raucous political climate, the unwieldiness of some of the institutions bequeathed by the Founding Fathers, and the difficulty of crafting solutions for pressing problems until these reach crisis proportions. Political polarization and domestic dissensus exacerbate these tendencies and have been increasingly evident among political elites since at least the early 1990s. As a result, partisan rancor and inability to agree on national policies and strategies could prove to be greater impediments to America’s staying power than the more commonly cited problems of economic difficulty and military overstretch.
Fanout in quantum dot cellular automata

In this report, we describe the fabrication and experimental demonstration of fanout in QCA. Fanout is important as it is necessary for complex digital logic circuits and is essential for generating compact designs, as multiple cells can be then driven by a single driver cell. Fanout in QCA is also a direct demonstration of power gain in QCA circuits. The device is realized using metal islands (as quantum dots) and multiple tunnel junctions (MTJs) fabricated using Dolan bridge technique (Fulton, 1987). The circuit consists of three latches, with the latch in the first stage (L1) capacitively coupled to the two latches of the second stage (L2 and L3). The goal of the experiment is to switch L2 and L3 simultaneously using L1 as an input driving both L2 and L3. Each latch is formed by three quantum dots with the middle dot being connected to the end dots by MTJs
Impaired Expression of Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) Synthesis and Degradation Enzymes during Differentiation of Immortalized Urothelial Cells from Patients with Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome

Purpose The differentiated superficial cells of the urothelium restrict urine flow into the bladder wall. We have demonstrated that urothelial cells isolated from bladders of patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) fail to release PGE2 in response to tryptase. This study examines the expression of PGE2 synthesis and degradation enzymes in urothelial cells during differentiation. Materials and Methods We measured immunoprotein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) in human urothelial cells and in immortalized urothelial cells isolated from the bladders of IC/PBS patients or normal subjects during stratification and differentiation produced by increased calcium and fetal bovine serum (Ca/FBS) in the culture medium for 1, 3 and 7 days. Results PGES immunoprotein expression increased during differentiation in normal and IC/PBS urothelial cells. COX-2 expression also increased in cells from normal patients following differentiation. Remarkably, no COX-2 expression was detectable in urothelial cells isolated from 3 out of 4 IC/PBS patients. PGDH immunoprotein expression decreased in normal cells after 1 and 3 days of Ca/FBS addition, but returned to normal after 7 days. PGDH expression was unchanged during differentiation at 1 and 3 days, but was more than 2-fold higher at 7 days compared to day 0 in the IC/PBS cells. Urothelial cells isolated from IC/PBS patients demonstrated no PGE2 release in response to tryptase under any of the experimental conditions studied. Conclusions Taken together, our results indicate that PGE2 release is compromised during stratification and differentiation in IC/PBS urothelium and may contribute to impaired barrier function.
Translating queer texts in Soviet Russia

This article contributes to recent scholarship on censorship and translation by exploring the phenomenon of productive censorship, or the artful evasion of censorship restrictions by authors and their readers, in the context of Soviet Russia. Specifically, the work of three homosexual-identified literary translators – Mikhail Kuzmin, Ivan Likhachev and Gennadii Shmakov – is examined in order to demonstrate how, under conditions of institutionalized homophobia, they were able to circulate translations of texts that were open to queer interpretations. Queer readings of works by such authors as William Shakespeare, Charles Baudelaire, Constantine Cavafy and James Baldwin were enabled by a variety of factors including biographical information about the source text author, sub-cultural interpretive traditions, and access to alternative interpretations, often from abroad. One effect of successful evasion of this kind is to establish alternative interpretive communities within the official literary culture.
Resistance of Mice to Infection with Friend Disease Virus After Subcutaneous Injection of Friend Virus and Friend Spleen-Cells

Swiss mice injected subcutaneously with suspensions of spleen cells or an extract of spleens from mice infected with Friend virus develop resistance to subsequent intravenous inoculation of Friend virus. A single injection of either Friend virus or Friend cells induces resistance. Immunized mice display resistance when challenged 6 months after immunization and survive for at least 20 weeks after infection. Neutralization tests indicate that serum, but not lymphoid cells of resistant animals, can neutralize Friend virus. In vitro neutralization tests indicate that residence of virus within the peritoneal cavity of immune mice for 1 h sharply reduces the infective titer of the virus.
Unveiling the Human and the Divine: The Revelatory Power of Popular Religiosity Narratives in Christian Education

Abstract This article is an exercise of practical theology in which the author proposes a hermeneutical analysis of popular religiosity stories and their value for Christian education. It explores the context where these stories are born (lo cotidiano/the everyday) and discusses their mediatory potential as articulations of the encounter between God and humanity within history. The author proposes to read these stories with the help of an interpretive approach rooted in Cultural Studies theory. The article concludes with a number of pedagogical recommendations for using popular religiosity narratives as legitimate sources for theological reflection and Christian education, particularly in culturally diverse contexts.
Childhood Abuse and Neglect in an Outpatient Clinical Sample: Prevalence and Impact

The study examined the prevalence of five types of childhood trauma in a sample of adult clients (n = 497) as well as their long-term relation to trauma symptoms in adulthood. Results showed a high prevalence of abuse and neglect with emotional abuse and neglect being the most common ones. Emotional abuse was the best and strongest predictor of trauma symptoms in adulthood, including anxiety, depression, defensive avoidance, as well as internal confusion and emptiness. The results indicated that experience of emotional abuse is no less significant than that of physical and sexual abuse in its long-term impact. Clinical implication was provided.
Why are Recommendations Optimistic? Evidence from Analysts’ Coverage Initiations

We examine the long-term stock performance of analyst recommendations and the properties of accompanied earnings forecasts for initiations and non-initiations to evaluate the reporting, selection, and processing explanations for analyst optimism. We find that Strong Buy and, to a lesser degree, Buy initiation recommendations under-perform their non-initiation counterparts after controlling for analyst, brokerage and firm characteristics associated with the initiation decision and expected long-term stock returns. Yet, earnings forecasts accompanying Strong Buy and Buy initiation recommendations are less optimistic and more accurate than those accompanying non-initiation recommendations. Our findings suggest that conflicts of interest (i.e., the reporting explanation) are the dominant source for favorable recommendations.
Differentiation of B cells in the bovine. Role of cytokines in immunoglobulin isotype expression

Cytokines such as IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TGF-beta, are known to regulate Ig class switching by positively or negatively regulating germline CH transcription in the mouse and human. Here we show at the protein level that similar regulatory mechanisms are in place in the bovine using various modes of B cell activation and cytokine combinations. Using antigen-receptor cross-linkage or mitogen (pokeweed mitogen) costimulation, we demonstrate that recombinant bovine IL-4 upregulates the expression of IgM, IgG1 and IgE in vitro. Upregulation of IgG1 and IgE production by rboIL-4 is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the addition or rboIFN-gamma to the cultures. Using similar methodologies, we have also investigated the effects of TGB-beta on IgA production in the presence or absence of various cofactors including IL-10 and IL-2. We find that TGF-beta will not solely upregulate IgA production from noncommitted precursors (sIgM+) in coculture with mitogen or with formalin fixed Staphylococcus cowan Strain I (SAC), but does have positive effects on IgA production in the presence of both IL-2 and IL-10. These observations suggest that different modes of T-independent costimulation using classical B cell activators does not result in differential IgG subisotype or IgE production by bovine B cells in the presence of cytokines. Together these results suggest that individual cytokines regulate isotype expression in cattle.
The situatedness of economic relations

This article seeks to challenge the position of neoclassical economic theory, and approaches to the social sciences based on a natural scientific view of rationality. A series of culturally diverse vignettes suggest a more practical approach.
Undivided publication of research findings: A uniform editorial policy of the consortium of editors of journals relating to human development and psychopathology

Effective research on development and psychopathology requires consideration of a broad range of important variables, and responsible reporting of research results demands a thoughtful presentation and integration of the complete interrelations among critical variables. The division of small amounts of data into numerous publications, submitted to many different journals, defeats the central aims of integrated and thoughtful scholarship. Furthermore, the repetitive reporting of data that accumulate as a sample size enlarge, even when the data are difficult to obtain or slow to collect, leads to fragmentation of the scientific literature. We believe it is important to discourage these practices. A consortium of journal editors, which publishes manuscripts on development and psychopathology organized under the auspices of the National Institute of Mental Health, has adopted the following principles:
TiO2 Nanoparticle Arrays Prepared Using a Nanosphere Lithography Technique

A nanosphere lithography technique has been used to synthesize periodic nanoparticle arrays of TiO2 on glass substrates. Both monolayer and bilayer evaporation masks were generated from hexagonally close-packed polystyrene nanospheres, each one producing a different array of TiO2 nanoparticles. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the masks typically consisted of ordered 10−100 μm2 domains. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that the surface composition of the particles corresponded to TiO2 with minor amounts of a Ti3+ species, presumably associated with edges, corners, and oxygen vacancy defects. Analysis of the AFM images indicated that the nanoparticles were circular in shape with array dimensions approximately consistent with simple geometric considerations for the 420 nm diameter polystyrene nanospheres used as masks in this work. The monolayer and bilayer masks yielded TiO2 particle diameters of 169 ± 12 nm and 140 ± 13 nm, respectively. The absorption edge of the nanoparticle arrays ar...
A biologically inspired programming model for self-healing systems

There is an increasing need for software systems to be able to adapt to changing conditions of resource variability, component malfunction and malicious intrusion. Such self-healing systems can prove extremely useful in situations where continuous service is critical or manual repair is not feasible. Human efforts to engineer self-healing systems have had limited success, but nature has developed extraordinary mechanisms for robustness and self-healing over billions of years. Nature's programs are encoded in DNA and exhibit remarkable density and expressiveness. We argue that the software engineering community can learn a great deal about building systems from the broader concepts surrounding biological cell programs and the strategies they use to robustly accomplish complex tasks such as development, healing and regeneration. We present a cell-based programming model inspired from biology and speculate on biologically inspired strategies for producing robust, scalable and self-healing software systems.
Risk tradeoffs in adaptive ecosystem management: the case of the U.S. Forest Service.

Natural resource planning processes on public lands in the United States are driven in large part by the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which dictates general processes for analyzing and disclosing the likely impacts of proposed actions. The outcomes of these processes are the result of multiple factors, many related to the manifold smaller incremental decisions made by agency personnel directing the processes. Through interviews with decision makers, team leaders, and team members on five NEPA processes within the U.S. Forest Service, this study examines those incremental decisions. Risk, in particular external relationship risk, emerged as a dominant lens through which agency personnel weigh and make process-related decisions. We discuss the tradeoffs associated with agency actors’ emphasis on this form of risk and their potential implications for adaptive ecosystem management and organizational performance.
Occupied and unoccupied FSH receptors in follicles of cyclic, hypophysectomized or hypophysectomized/gonadotropin-treated hamsters

Occupied and unoccupied FSH receptors were measured in follicles from intact cyclic hamsters or in animals hypophysectomized on day 1 (= estrus) which were untreated or given ovine FSH on day 1 plus LH on days 1-4 or FHS and LH plus 1 mg progesterone on days 1-4. Intact hamsters, from days 2-4, the number of occupied and unoccupied FSH receptors and receptor affinity was unchanged in antral follicles. For the untreated hypophysectomized hamsters, serum FSH was undetectable beyond day 3 but receptor affinity increased on day 2 and the number of occupied FSH receptors was still very high on day 4. Thus, in the hypophysectomized untreated hamster the ovary is not hormonally deprived - at least up until day 4. Treatment of the hypophysectomized hamsters with FSH-LH restored all follicular values of levels of intact hamsters on days 2 and 3. On day 4, although serum FSH was undetectable since day 3 the number of occupied FSH receptors was 70% of control values. The FSH-LH regimen developed by day 4 large antral follicles in the hypophysectomized hamsters. Collectively, the experiments demonstrate that in intact hamsters as a result of the prolonged peak of serum FSH on day 1 FSH binds avidly to receptors in granulosa cells and persists until day 4. Thus, the follicles in the hypophysectomized groups develop in response to exogenous LH but with hamster FSH still present, bound to granulosa cells.
Expansion Pattern of Helium-enriched Shells asssociated with Solar Flares

The dependence of the thickness of the helium-enriched shell on the longitudinal position of the parent flares is considered along with the large-scale configuration of the expanding shell in interplanetary space. It is found that shock waves, magnetic bottles, and helium-enriched shells appear to expand eastwards of the meridian plane which crosses the flare region. It seems that the formation of the observed pattern of the shells is influenced by the interplanetary magnetic field between the sun and the earth.
Comparison of Methods for the Estimation of Vitamin a in Calf Plasma

Summary Calf plasma containing “low” and “higher” amounts of carotenoids was subjected to the following treatments: saponification without separation of carotene and vitamin A; saponification followed by separation of carotene by precipitation and by chromatography on alumina; and the above treatments without saponification. After treatment, the blood samples were analyzed for vitamin A by the Kimble method on the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter, by the Sobel method on the Coleman Model 14 spectrophotometer, and by ultraviolet absorption at 325 mμ on the Beckman Model DU spectrophotometer. Carotenoids were determined at 440 mμ on each of the above instruments. Samples read on the Evelyn were significantly lower in carotenoids than those determined on the Coleman or Beckman. Saponification and both methods of separation resulted in lower total carotenoids. Lower total vitamin A was obtained after saponification. Both colorimetric methods gave lower total vitamin A than ultraviolet absorption for both types of blood. The Kimble method gave significantly higher total vitamin A values than the Sobel method for high carotenoid blood only.
Identification of potential general markers of disease resistance in American oysters, Crassostrea virginica through gene expression studies

Several diseases have a significant impact on American oyster populations in the Atlantic coasts of North America. Knowledge about the responses of oysters to pathogenic challenge could help in identifying potential markers of disease resistance and biomarkers of the health status of an oyster population. A previous analysis of the transcriptome of resistant and susceptible American oysters in response to challenge with the bacterial pathogen Roseovarius crassostreae, as well as sequencing of suppression subtractive hybridization libraries from oysters challenged with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus, provided a list of genes potentially involved in disease resistance or susceptibility. We investigated the patterns of inducible gene expression of several of these genes in response to experimental challenge with the oyster pathogens R. crassostreae, Vibrio tubiashii, and P. marinus. Oysters showing differential susceptibility to R. crassostreae demonstrated differential patterns of expression of genes coding for immune (serine protease inhibitor-1, SPI1) and stress-related (heat shock protein 70, HSP70; arginine kinase) proteins 30 days after challenge with this bacterial pathogen. Differential patterns of expression of immune (spi1, galectin and a matrix metalloproteinase) and stress-related (hsp70, histone H4, and arginine kinase) genes was observed in hemocytes from adult oysters challenged with P. marinus, but not with V. tubiashii. While levels of spi1 expression in hemocytes collected 8 and 21 days after P. marinus challenge were negatively correlated with parasite load in oysters tissues at the end of the challenge (62 days), levels of expression of hsp70 in hemocytes collected 1-day after challenge were positively correlated with oyster parasite load at 62 days. Our results confirm previous research on the role of serine protease inhibitor-1 in immunity and disease resistance in oysters. They also suggest that HSP70 and histone H4 could be used as a markers of health status or disease susceptibility in oysters.
Factors that Improve ERP Implementation Strategies in an Organization

This paper reports the results of an exploratory research that describes the Enterprise Resource Planning ERP implementation experiences of Robert Bosch Corporation over a period of time. In this paper, the author highlights a list of factors that could improve ERP implementations such as large resource commitment to the project, adoption of corporate standards that promote process harmonization, making hard yet important decisions that are irreversible, and top management support. The major contribution of this article is in explaining why the ERP implementation experience at Robert Bosch succeeded in 2004 in contrast to its implementation experience during 1992-1999. The resulting practical implications are discussed.
A monomeric thallium(I) amide in the solid state: synthesis and structure of TlN(Me)ArMes2 (ArMes2 = C6H3-2,6-Mes2).

Reaction of TlCl and [LiN(Me)ArMes2]2 [ArMes2 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2] in Et2O generated the thallium amide, TlN(Me)ArMes2 (1). X-ray data showed that it has a monomeric structure with an aver...
Insulin-like growth factors I and II in evaluation of growth retardation

Plasma samples from 68 growth hormone (GH)-deflclent children (provocative serum GH level <7 ng/ml), 44 normal short chlldren, and 197 chlldren with normal height were assayed by speclflc radlolmmunoassays for the somatomedln peptldes, insulln-llke growth factors (IGF)-I and -II. Eighteen percent of the GH-de#clent chlldren had IGF-I levels wlthln the normal range for age, whereas 32% of normal short chlldren had low IGF-I levels. Low IGF-II levels were found in 52% of GH-deflclent chlldren, but also In 35% of normal short children. However, only 4% of GH-deflclent chlldren had normal plasma levels of both IGF.I and IGF-II. Furthermore, only 0.5% of normal chlldren and 11% of normal short children had low plasma levels of both IGF-I and IGF-II. We conclude that plasma levels of elther IGF-I or IGF-II overlap in GH-deflclent and normal short chlldren, but that the comblnatlon of radlolmmunoassays may permlt better dlscrlmlnatlon among normal, normal short, and GH-deflclent children. (J PEDIAm 1986;109:428-433)
Hemin lyses malaria parasites

Malaria parasites isolated from mouse erythrocytes are lysed by ferriprotoporphyrin IX chloride (hemin) or by a chloroquine-hemin complex in amounts that could be produced by release of less than 0.1 percent of the heme in erythrocytic hemoglobin. This effect of hemin may explain the protection against malaria provided by thalassemia and other conditions causing intracellular denaturation of hemoglobin. The toxicity of the chloroquine-hemin complex may explain the selective antimalarial action of chloroquine.
A rotating modulation imager for locating mid-range point sources

Rotating modulation collimators (RMC) are relatively simple indirect imaging devices that have proven useful in gamma ray astronomy (far field) and have more recently been studied for medical imaging (very near field). At the University of Michigan a RMC has been built to study the performance for homeland security applications. This research highlights the imaging performance of this system and focuses on three distinct regions in the RMC field of view that can impact the search for hidden sources. These regions are a blind zone around the axis of rotation, a two mask image zone that extends from the blind zone to the edge of the field of view, and a single mask image zone that occurs when sources fall outside the field of view of both masks. By considering the extent and impact of these zones, the size of the two mask region can be optimized for the best system performance.
Pseudoscalar-Meson Universality Principle

It is pointed out that $P$-wave interactions of the pseudoscalar-octet (${P}_{8}$) mesons provide a practical method of grouping hadrons together in supermultiplets. The hypothesis that ${P}_{8}$-meson-meson and ${P}_{8}$-baryon-baryon interactions in the limit of small momentum transfer are proportional to appropriate matrix elements of the axial-vector-octet generators of $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ is found to agree fairly well with experiment. The ${P}_{8}$ universality principle provides a simple measure of the $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\phi}$ mixing angle, and is useful also for identifying members of $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ resonance multiplets. Identification of the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(1660 \mathrm{MeV})$ and the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{\ensuremath{'}}(1405 \mathrm{MeV})$ with states of the 70-fold representation of $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ leads to a predicted partial width of 14-19 MeV for the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{\ensuremath{'}}+\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay. The application of various universality principles suggested by $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ symmetry to meson-meson-meson interactions is investigated.
Evaluation of geogrids for stabilising weak pavement subgrade

This study attempts to identify mechanical and physical properties of geogrids that are critical to their effectiveness in the stabilisation of pavement subgrade. Geogrid properties, including aperture size, wide-width tensile strength and junction strength, for four geogrid products are correlated with bench-scale interface test results, including direct shear and pull-out, and accelerated pavement testing (APT) results. APT is conducted through the use of a one-third scale APT device, the model mobile load simulator (MMLS3) on geogrid-reinforced pavement sections. The pavement sections are constructed on a subgrade soil with a low California bearing ratio. The performance of each pavement section is evaluated by measuring surface rutting at various trafficking stages. The analysis reveals a strong relationship between performance and junction and tensile strength of geogrids at small strains, whereas aperture size has a positive correlation with pull-out test results.
Evaluation of a Smart Parking System

This paper documents the methodological approach and findings of an evaluation process for a smart parking application that provides real-time information on parking availability. The initiative is in response to the increased demand for parking spaces in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Cultural District and the desire to improve patrons' parking experiences. Primary data, obtained through semistructured interviews and in-person and online surveys of patrons, were utilized for the stakeholder analysis, baseline data, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation phases. Secondary data that utilized count data obtained from website usage logs were employed for the output evaluation phase. The contributions of the evaluation framework are the insights it provides on how the key challenges created by the unique environment within which the system was deployed were addressed. The framework could also be employed to tackle response-shift bias through a binary system approach that uniquely identifies distinct cohort...
Colorado Upper-Division Electrostatics diagnostic: A conceptual assessment for the junior level

As part of an effort to systematically improve our junior-level E&M I course, we have developed a tool to assess student conceptual learning of electrostatics at the upper division. Together with a group of physics faculty, we established a list of learning goals for the course that, with results from student observations and interviews, served as a guide in creating the Colorado Upper-Division Electrostatics (CUE) assessment. The result is a 17-question open-ended post-test diagnostic (with an optional 7-question pretest) and an accompanying grading rubric. We present measures of the validation and reliability of the instrument and grading rubric, plus results from 535 students in both standard and interactive-engagement courses across seven institutions as a baseline for the instrument. Overall, we find that the CUE is a valid and reliable measure, and the data herein are intended to be of use to researchers and faculty interested in using the CUE to measure student learning.
Construct validation analyses on the Marlatt typology of relapse precipitants

Marlatt's typology of relapse precipitants has had a major influence on clinical research and practice in the substance use disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct validity of the typology, which was done in several ways. First, precipitants of the relapse coded at the baseline assessment and for the first drink post-treatment admission were compared. In addition, baseline relapse precipitants were compared with the highest factor scores recorded in the baseline Inventory of Drinking Situations data. A third set of analyses concerned the relationship among Marlatt precipitant codes, psychiatric diagnoses, and Alcohol Dependence Scale scores. The subjects were 142 men and women who were recruited for this study upon their admission to inpatient or outpatient alcohol treatment programs. Participants completed a baseline assessment covering substance use, including information on the precipitants of a pretreatment "relapse", and other areas of functioning. Subjects then completed bimonthly follow-up assessments during the course of 1 year. The results showed support for only one of the predictions regarding the construct validity of the Marlatt typology. Possible explanations for these findings and their implications for clinical research and practice are discussed.
Influence of CO2 Injection on Biomass Gasification

The impact of CO2 cofeed (0−50% by volume) on steam gasification of biomass was investigated via thermogravimetric analysis−gas chromatography (TGA-GC). H2, CO2, CO, and CH4 gas evolution as a function of temperature were quantified for various S/C and CO2/C ratios. CO evolution enhancement became significant at temperatures above 700 °C for all woods and grasses studied. H2 evolution began at temperatures above 450 °C and began to decline above 700 °C. All samples had similar mass decay curves that were completed by 900−1000 °C and were independent of the amount of CO2 injection. Improved char conversion was observed when CO2 was present. The biomass fuels and their ash residue were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). A significant amount of highly corrosive ash residues were observed with no CO2, yet much smaller volumes were observed when CO2 was present. Finally, the experimental data was compared to ASPEN sim...
Schedule preferences, congruence and employee outcomes in unionized shift workers

Purpose – Employees working nonstandard schedules outside the daytime hours of the Monday-Friday work week are increasing. Using Social Exchange Theory (SET), the purpose of this paper is to hypothesize relationships between scheduling preferences, attitudes, and retention indicators. Design/methodology/approach – Survey data were collected from 343 US Postal Service mail processors (day, evening, or night shift; all shifts working weekends) from three cities. Multivariate analysis of covariance and multiple linear regression were used to test hypotheses related to participants’ perceptions of scheduling preferences and attitudes. Findings – The authors found that preferences and attitudes toward shift worked had stronger relationships with each other and employee retention indicators for the night and evening shifts than the day shift, and these same relationships were stronger for the day shift when focussing on days of the week worked. Research limitations/implications – Although limited by generalizab...
Optimal Guidance and Nonlinear Estimation for Interception of Accelerating Targets

Optimal guidance and nonlinear estimation algorithms are formulated for interception of an accelerating target vehicle during boost. For an interceptor with two-axis control of translational acceleration, time to go may be selected to null the component of commanded acceleration along the uncontrolled axis. A nine-state, extended Kalman filter is formulated, in a Cartesian-inertial frame. The filter dynamics model includes a vector-differential equation for the thrust acceleration vector of the target during a gravity-turn maneuver. With angle measurements from a strapdown seeker, very small miss distances can be achieved, despite large estimation errors in range, because of the time-to-go algorithm. Monte Carlo simulations are used to generate theoretical collision probabilities as functions of sensor measurement accuracy and filter update rate.
A statistical method of grading—Theory and practice

Abstract This paper presents a method of assigning letter grades which are based on five preliminary grading routines, and include both absolute grading and relative or “adaptive-level” grading. The routines are programmed in a microcomputer spreadsheet software program. The teacher then chooses the final grade distribution either from the suggested routine distributions, or by making an appropriate adjustment of them. It is hoped that, with the help of microcomputers, this method may be the first step toward a uniform grading process, which may be standardized among different instructors and over time for each instructor.
An unrestricted CNDO-MO calculation of VCl4

The electronic structure of the tetrahedral molecule VCl4 is investigated within the unrestricted CNDO-MO approximation. The Hartree-Fock equations have been solved using an unrestricted SCF method for open-shell configurations. An iterative procedure is used that employs a single spinprojection to insure a relatively pure doublet state. The metal and ligand valence orbitals have been varied in an attempt to minimize the total energy. Expanded 3s and 3p chlorine orbitals are indicated while the “optimum” vanadium orbitals 4s(ζ4=1.50), 4p(d 3p2) and 3d(d 8) are obtained. Calculations assuming the unpaired electron occupies the 3a 1, 2e and 4t 2 molecular orbitals indicate that the 3a 1 orbital is always the lone electron orbital. This result with the minimum total energy indicate that the 2 A 1 state is the ground state configuration. Extended basis functions for the chlorine valence electrons are used to obtain this result.
Sprawl and forest cover: what is the relationship?

Abstract For decades observers have expressed concern about losses of farmland to sprawl, but until recently they have neglected the effects of sprawl on forests. In this paper we examine how suburban real estate development affected forest cover in New Jersey between 1986 and 1995. Increases in development did accelerate losses of forest cover, primarily in the wealthy, suburban belt of communities that ring New York City. Forest cover remained stable or increased slightly in places with few forests or protected forests. Central place theory provides the most succinct explanation for the pattern of forest losses and gains across communities.
Interprofessional Collaboration on Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART) The Role of Victim Alcohol Use and a Partner—Perpetrator

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of victim alcohol use and partner-perpetrator on interprofessional collaboration on Sexual Assault Response Teams (SART). Telephone surveys with 78 medical, criminal justice, and victim advocacy professionals were conducted. When asked to identify case factors that pose challenges to interprofessional collaboration, 48.7% mentioned victim characteristics and 28.2% mentioned situation characteristics. Significantly more victim advocates identified aspects of the victim's behavior before the sexual assault as a challenge to collaboration compared to criminal justice professionals. Using vignette methodology, professionals anticipated more disagreement between SART professionals on the hypothetical case involving victim alcohol use and a partner-perpetrator compared to a hypothetical stranger/no alcohol case, with victim advocates rating agreement significantly lower than other professionals. Finally, professionals who perceived of more disagreement between professionals when discussing the vignettes also perceived of lower interprofessional collaboration on their SART. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Grieving alone: a single mother's loss.

(1989). Grieving Alone: A Single Mother's Loss. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 299-302.
FEAsy: A Sketch-Based Interface Integrating Structural Analysis in Early Design

The potential advantages of freehand sketches have been widely recognized and exploited in many fields especially in engineering design and analysis. This is mainly because the freehand sketches are an efficient and natural way for users to visually communicate ideas. However, due to a lack of fundamental techniques for understanding them, sketch-based interfaces have not yet evolved as the preferred computing platform over traditional menu-based tools. In this paper, we address the specific challenge of transforming informal and ambiguous freehand inputs to more formalized and structured representations. We present a domain-independent, multi-stroke, multi-primitive beautification method which detects and uses the spatial relationships implied in the sketches. Spatial relationships are represented as geometric constraints and satisfied by a geometric constraint solver. To demonstrate the utility of this technique and also to build a natural working environment for structural analysis in early design, we have developed FEAsy (acronym for F inite E lement A nalysis made easy ) as shown in Fig. 1. This tool allows the users to transform, simulate and analyze their finite element models quickly and easily through freehand sketching, just as they would draw on paper. Further, we have also developed simple, domain specific rules-based algorithms for recognizing the commonly used symbols and for understanding the different contexts in finite element modeling. Finally, we illustrate the proposed approach with a few examples.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Endothelin-receptor blockade mitigates the adverse effect of preretrieval warm ischemia on posttransplantation renal function in rats.

BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury has been established as a nonimmunologic risk factor for the development of chronic graft nephropathy after renal transplantation. This objective of this study was to determine if oral administration of an endothelin-1 receptor (ET-R) antagonist over a 2-month period after renal transplantation would mitigate long-term dysfunction associated with 30 min of preretrieval warm ischemia (pre-WI). METHODS The left kidney was retrieved from 250-g Lewis rats. Recipients underwent left nephrectomy and isografting using standard techniques. Animals were divided into three groups: nonischemic controls (no pre-WI, n=8); ischemic controls (pre-WI only, n=6); and pre-WI kidneys in which recipients received the ET(A/B) receptor antagonist, A182086, daily (30 mg/kg/day) (pre-WI/ET-R antagonist, n=6). Isograft glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured at 2 months. RESULTS Measurement of GFR (mL/min) were as follows: no pre-WI, 2.1+/-0.26; pre-WI only, 1.24+/-0.14 (P<0.05 vs. no pre-WI); and pre-WI/ET-R antagonist, 2.3+/-0.45 (P<0.05 vs. pre-WI only and P=NS vs. no pre-WI). CONCLUSIONS Chronic administration of a nonselective ET-R antagonist given after the ischemic insult, mitigated the decline in GFR at 2 months. These observations provide an experimental rationale for further investigation of the potential long-term protective effect of nonselective ET-R blockade versus ischemia-reperfusion injury in the clinical setting.
Assessment of turbulence models for natural convection in an enclosure

Abstract Two available low-Reynolds-number k-σ turbulence models have been used to predict turbulent natural convection within a differentially heated enclosure for the purpose of assessing their relative merits. In one model, fixed numerical values are employed for the model coefficients; in the other model, the coefficients vary with the value of the local turbulence Reynolds number. The numerical results from both models are compared to published experimental data. In general, the variable coefficient model predicts lower turbulence levels than the fixed coefficient model. Both models predict measured velocity profiles adequately, but overall, the predictions of the variable coefficient model are superior. The average Nusselt numbers are predicted more accurately by the variable coefficient model than by the fixed coefficient model.
Cerebral Emboli Generation During Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With a Clampless Device versus Partial Clamping of the Ascending Aorta.

ObjectiveIt is not known whether use of a clampless facilitating device during proximal graft anastamosis decreases intraoperative cerebral emboli in patients with mild atherosclerotic ascending ao...
Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness following venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the neonatal period

Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness following venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the neonatal period