cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linear Dynamics of the Multiple-Vortex Phenomenon in Tornadoes

Abstract The reason for existence of two separate unstable modes, previously described by Gall for flows in vortex simulators, is explored. When the energy equation for an unstable disturbance is considered, it is clear that the most unstable wave must be centered inside the maximum in the vertical vorticity of the basic state if this vorticity has a radial distribution that is triangular-shaped and this triangle is near the center of the vortex. When this vorticity is at large radius, the most unstable wave can be centered near or even outside the basic-state vorticity maximum. This suggests different modes when the triangular profile of vorticity is near or far from the center and that the transition from one to another mode should be gradual. These notions are verified by a careful analysis of the stability properties of the triangular-shaped vorticity profile. It is shown that the triangular-shaped vorticity profile closely resembles the vorticity distribution in the vortex simulator after a downdraft...
A renal action of glucagon.

Summary and ConclusionsIt has been shown that glucagon has a marked enhancing effect on renal excretion of I131, Na+, K+, Cl- and PO4—in both the anesthetized and conscious dog. This action of gluc...
Comparison of the anti-scorbutic activity of L-ascorbic acid and Ester C in the non-ascorbate synthesizing Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rat.

The Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) rat, Clea Inc., Tokyo, Japan lacks the ability to synthesize L-ascorbic acid (AA). As with man, monkey and the guinea pig, this rat lacks L-gulonolactone oxidase necessary for the synthesis of AA from glucose. This study shows this animal to be an alternative to the guinea pig in AA studies. The anti-scorbutic potency of Ester C (EC), a calcium ascorbate and calcium threonate mixture, was compared with an AA dose of equal ascorbate activity equivalents (AAE) for anti-scorbutic activity in the ODS rat. The minimal anti-scorbutic dose of EC was determined to be 0.44 mg/kg/day (AAE), while an AA dose of 0.51 mg/kg/day (AAE) was not anti-scorbutic in a 24 day study. At 24 days EC rats gained 125% of initial body weight (BW) and the AA rats only 45% BW. Scorbutic signs at 24 days were scored on a 0 (min) to 3 (max) scale. The EC/AA ratio scores were: hemorrhage 0/1.4, behavior change 0/2.0, piloerection 0/2.2, mobility 0.4/2.2, dysbasia 0.6/2.8 and ataxia 0.4/1.0. Pearson's correlation coefficient for BW versus AAE was r = .34 for the AA group and r = .90 for the EC group. The morbidity index for EC was 0/5 and for the AA group 2/5. The AAE dose of AA which was 16% higher/day than the EC AAE dose was not anti-scorbutic, while the EC dose was anti-scorbutic. EC rats had 3.5X greater weight gain, a sensitive indicator of scurvy, than the AA rats. EC rats had 3-4 times less, if any, scorbutic signs than AA rats. The results clearly show that, based on ascorbate activity equivalents, EC has more available ascorbate activity/potency than AA. The mechanism of this increased potency is believed to be due to the facilitated transport of AAE into the cell by the threonate (a normal in vivo metabolite of AA) present in the EC product. In addition, previous studies have shown EC (AAE) to be higher in plasma and excreted less rapidly than the AAE derived from AA administered orally.
Green tea catechins inhibit angiogenesis through suppression of STAT3 activation

Previous studies indicate that green tea extract may inhibit breast cancer progression by blocking angiogenesis, although the molecular mechanisms are not well defined. We demonstrate that administration of Polyphenon E (Poly E), a standardized green tea extract, inhibited MDA-MB231 breast cancer and human dermal microvascular endothelial (HMVEC) cell migration and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). In addition, Poly E inhibited VEGF-induced neovascularization in vivo. We also demonstrate that Poly E blocked signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling by suppressing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-induced gene transcription via IFN-γ-activating sequence (GAS) elements and downstream STAT3 activation by inhibiting STAT1 and STAT3 dimerization in MDA-MB231 cells. Transient expression of constitutively active STAT3 significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of Poly E on cell migration and VEGF and MMP9 expression. Taken together, these observations indicate that green tea extract inhibits angiogenesis partly through the disruption of STAT3-mediated transcription of genes, including VEGF.
Erratum to: Subgroups Analysis when Treatment and Moderators are Time-varying

The development of this article was funded by the following grants: R01DA015697 (PI: McCaffrey), R01MH080015 (PI: Murphy), and P50DA010075 (PI: Murphy). It was also supported by the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) contract #270-07-0191 using data provided by the following grantees: Cannabis Youth Treatment (Study: CYT; CSAT/SAMHSA contracts #270-97-7011, #270-00-6500, #270-2003-00006 and grantees: TI-11317, TI-11321, TI-11323,TI-11324), Adolescent Treatment Model (Study: ATM: CSAT/SAMHSA contracts #270-98-7047, #270-97-7011, #277-00-6500, #270-200300006 and grantees: TI-11894, TI-11892, TI-11422, TI11423, TI-11424, TI-11432), the Strengthening Communities Youth (Study: SCY; CSAT/SAMHSA contracts #27700-6500, #270-2003-00006 and grantees: TI-13344, TI13354, TI-13356), and Targeted Capacity Expansion (Study: TCE; CSAT/SAMHSA contracts #270-200300006, #270-2007-00004C, and #277-00-6500 and grantee TI-16400). The authors thank these grantees and their participants for agreeing to share their data to support the secondary data analysis to illustrate the methodology. The opinions about this data are those of the authors and do not reflect official positions of the government or individual grantees. Please direct correspondence to Daniel Almirall, PhD, dalmiral@umich.edu, 734-9363077.
Effect of Endotoxin-Tolerance, Cortisone, and Thorotrast on Release of Enzymes from Subcellular Particles of Mouse Liver.

Carbon tetrachloride-induced leakage of 2 acid-hydrolases from mouse liver lysosomes, in vito, was inhibited by chronic pretreatment of the mice with endotoxin. Cortisone-pretreatment inhibited the release of one of the enzymes. Pretreatment of the mice with Thorotrast, a reticulo-endothelial-blocking agent which neutralizes tolerant states, had the opposite effect and caased accelerated release of acid-hydrolases from liver lysosomes of tolerant as well as normal animals. None of the 3 agents studied produced comparable changes in the rate of leakage of soluble dehydrogenases from mouse liver mitochondria. It is suggested that stabilization of hepatic lysosomal membranes in endotoxin-tolerant animals represents a selective response of these particles to repeated small doses of the toxin and plays an important role in the development of tolerance to this agent. (auth)
Modal interaction and bifurcations in two degree of freedom duffing oscillators

A methodology is first presented for analyzing long time response of periodically exited nonlinear oscillators. Namely, a systematic procedure is employed for determining periodic steady state response, including harmonic and superharmonic components. The stability analysis of the located periodic motions is also performed, utilizing results of Froquet theory. This methodology is then applied to a special class of two degree of freedom nonlinear oscillators, subjected to harmonic excitation. The numberical results presented in the second part of this study illustrate effects caused by the interaction of the modes as well as effects of the nonlinearities on the steady state response of these oscillators. In addition, sequences of bifurcations are analyzed for softening systems, leading to unbounded response of the model examined. Finally, the importance of higher harmonics on the response of systems with strongly nonlinear characteristics is investigated.
Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef following high-pressure processing and freezing

Aims: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of high pressure to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef at ambient and subzero treatment temperatures and to study the fate of surviving bacteria postprocess and during frozen storage. Methods and Results: Fresh ground beef was inoculated with a five-strain cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 vacuum-packaged, pressure-treated at 400 MPa for 10 min at ) 5o r 20 � C and stored at )20 or 4� C for 5‐30 days. A 3-log CFU g )1 reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in the initial inoculum of 1 · 10 6 CFU g )1 was observed immediately after pressure treatment at 20� C. During frozen storage, levels of E. coli O157:H7 declined to <1 · 10 2 CFU g )1 after 5 days. The physiological status of the surviving E. coli was affected by high pressure, sensitizing the cells to pH levels 3 and 4, bile salts at 5% and 10% and mild cooking temperatures of 55‐65� C. Conclusions: High-pressure processing (HPP) reduced E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef by 3 log CFU g )1 and caused substantial sublethal injury resulting in further log reductions of bacteria during frozen storage. Significance and Impact of the Study: HPP treatment of packaged ground beef has potential in the meat industry for postprocess control of pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 with enhanced safety of the product.
High Yield Heterologous Expression of Wild-Type and Mutant Cu+-ATPase (ATP7B, Wilson Disease Protein) for Functional Characterization of Catalytic Activity and Serine Residues Undergoing Copper-Dependent Phosphorylation

ATP7B is a P-type ATPase required for copper homeostasis and related to Wilson disease of humans. In addition to various domains corresponding to other P-type ATPases, ATP7B includes an N terminus extension (NMBD) with six copper binding sites. We obtained high yield expression of WT and mutant ATP7B in COS1 cells infected with adenovirus vector. ATP7B, isolated with the microsomal fraction of cell homogenates, accounts for 10–20% of the total protein. Copper-dependent, steady-state ATPase yields 30 nmol of Pi/mg of protein/min at 37 °C, pH 6.0. ATP7B phosphorylation with ATP occurs with diphasic kinetics and is totally copper-dependent. Alkali labile phosphoenzyme (catalytic intermediate of P-ATPases) accounts for a small fraction of the total phosphoprotein and is prevented by D1027N (P domain) or C983A/C985A (CXC copper binding motif in TM6) mutations. Decay of [32P]phosphoenzyme following chase with non-radioactive ATP occurs with an initial burst involving alkali labile phosphoenzyme (absent in D1027N and C983A/C985A mutants) and continues at a slow rate involving alkali-resistant phosphoenzyme. If a copper chelator is added with the ATP chase, the initial burst is smaller, and further cleavage is totally inhibited. Analysis by proteolysis and mass spectrometry demonstrates that the alkali stable phosphoenzyme involves Ser478 and Ser481 (NMBD), Ser1121 (“N” domain) and Ser1453 (C terminus), and occurs with the same pattern ex vivo (COS-1) and in vitro (microsomes). The overall copper dependence of phosphorylation and hydrolytic cleavage suggests long range conformational effects, including interactions of NMBD and headpiece domains, with strong influence on catalytic turnover.
Teamwork in perioperative nursing. Understanding team development, effectiveness, evaluation.

Teams are an essential part of perioperative nursing practice. Nurses who have a knowledge of teamwork and experience in working on teams have a greater understanding of the processes and problems involved as teams develop from new, immature teams to those that are mature and effective. This understanding will assist nurses in helping their teams achieve a higher level of productivity, and members will be more satisfied with team efforts. Team development progresses through several stages. Each stage has certain characteristics and desired outcomes. At each stage, team members and leaders have certain responsibilities. Team growth does not take place automatically and inevitably, but as a consequence of conscious and unconscious efforts of its leader and members to solve problems and satisfy needs. Building and maintaining a team is certainly work, but work that brings a great deal of satisfaction and feelings of pride in accomplishment. According to I Tenzer, RN, MS, teamwork "is not a panacea; it is a viable approach to developing a hospital's most valuable resource--people."
Likelihood Analysis of Multivariate Probit Models Using a Parameter Expanded MCEM Algorithm.

Multivariate binary data arise in a variety of settings. In this article we propose a practical and efficient computational framework for maximum likelihood estimation of multivariate probit regression models. This approach uses the Monte Carlo expectation maximization (MCEM) algorithm, with parameter expansion to complete the M-step, to avoid the direct evaluation of the intractable multivariate normal orthant probabilities. The parameter expansion not only enables a closed-form solution in the M-step, but also improves efficiency. Using the simulation studies, we compare the performance of our approach with the MCEM algorithms developed by Chib and Greenberg (1998) and Song and Lee (2005), as well as the iterative approach proposed by Li and Schafer (2008). Our approach is further illustrated using a real-world example.
Coupling Land Use Change Modeling with Climate Projections to Estimate Seasonal Variability in Runoff from an Urbanizing Catchment Near Cincinnati, Ohio

This research examines the impact of climate and land use change on watershed hydrology. Seasonal variability in mean streamflow discharge, 100-year flood, and 7Q10 low-flow of the East Fork Little Miami River watershed, Ohio was analyzed using simulated land cover change and climate projections for 2030. Future urban growth in the Greater Cincinnati area, Ohio, by the year 2030 was projected using cellular automata. Projected land cover was incorporated into a calibrated BASINS-HSPF model. Downscaled climate projections of seven GCMs based on the assumptions of two IPCC greenhouse gas emissions scenarios were integrated through the BASINS Climate Assessment Tool (CAT). The discrete CAT output was used to specify a seed for a Monte Carlo simulation and derive probability density functions of anticipated seasonal hydrologic responses to account for uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for a small catchment in the watershed using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) developed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The results indicated higher probability of exceeding the 100-year flood over the fall and winter months, and a likelihood of decreasing summer low flows.
Protein Kinase A-α Directly Phosphorylates FoxO1 in Vascular Endothelial Cells to Regulate Expression of Vascular Cellular Adhesion Molecule-1 mRNA

FoxO1, a forkhead box O class transcription factor, is abundant in insulin-responsive tissues. Akt, downstream from phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in insulin signaling, phosphorylates FoxO1 at Thr24, Ser256, and Ser319, negatively regulating its function. We previously reported that dehydroepiandrosterone-stimulated phosphorylation of FoxO1 in endothelial cells requires cAMP-dependent protein kinase α (PKA-α). Therefore, we hypothesized that FoxO1 is a novel direct substrate for PKA-α. Using an immune complex kinase assay with [γ-32P]ATP, purified PKA-α directly phosphorylated wild-type FoxO1 but not FoxO1-AAA (mutant with alanine substitutions at known Akt phosphorylation sites). Phosphorylation of wild-type FoxO1 (but not FoxO1-AAA) was detectable using phospho-specific antibodies. Similar results were obtained using purified GST-FoxO1 protein as the substrate. Thus, FoxO1 is a direct substrate for PKA-α in vitro. In bovine aortic endothelial cells, interaction between endogenous PKA-α and endogenous FoxO1 was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. In human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), pretreatment with H89 (PKA inhibitor) or siRNA knockdown of PKA-α decreased forskolin- or prostaglandin E2-stimulated phosphorylation of FoxO1. In HAEC transfected with a FoxO-promoter luciferase reporter, co-expression of the catalytic domain of PKA-α, catalytically inactive mutant PKA-α, or siRNA against PKA-α caused corresponding increases or decreases in transactivation of the FoxO promoter. Expression of vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 mRNA, up-regulated by FoxO1 in endothelial cells, was enhanced by siRNA knockdown of PKA-α or treatment of HAEC with the PKA inhibitor H89. Adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells was enhanced by H89 treatment or overexpression of FoxO1-AAA, similar to effects of TNF-α treatment. We conclude that FoxO1 is a novel physiological substrate for PKA-α in vascular endothelial cells.
The Predictive Validity of the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test.

The Developing Cognitive Abilities Test (Beggs and Mouw, 1980) was developed for the assessment of the aptitudes of students in the overall Comprehensive Assessment Program (CPA) test battery. The Developing Cognitive Abilities Test (DCAT) is similar in format to traditional intelligence tests but the DCAT was developed along a format that included both a cognitive taxonomy and content areas. The concept seems to be unique for tests designed to measure student aptitudes. This study was concerned with the predictive validity of the DCAT.
Saturation of the magnetorotational instability: Asymptotically exact theory

An analytical theory is developed that describes the process of nonlinear saturation of the magnetorotational instability. The theory employs the shearing sheet approximation with arbitrary (but linear) shear flow, and is asymptotically exact in a well-defined parameter regime. In this regime the instability saturates by extracting energy from the shear, and modifying the shear responsible for it. The saturation process requires both viscous and ohmic dissipation. The theory also describes the approach from small amplitude perturbations to the final strongly nonlinear saturated state.
On Simultaneous Confidence Intervals for Multinomial Proportions

In this article we present a method for obtaining simultaneous confidence intervals for the parameters of a multinomial distribution, and we compare this method with the one suggested recently by Quesenberry and Hurst (1964). For the usual probability levels, we find, for example, that the confidence intervals introduced here have the desirable property that they are shorter than the corresponding intervals obtained by the Quesenberry-Hurst method. We also present methods for obtaining simultaneous confidence intervals for the differences among the parameters of the multinomial distribution, and we compare these methods with the one suggested earlier by Gold (1963) for studying linear functions of the multinomial parameters. For the usual probability levels, we find that the confidence intervals introduced in the present article have the desirable property that they are shorter than the corresponding intervals obtained by the Gold method applied to the differences among the multinomial parameters. In addi...
Intramuscular Lipid Metabolism Insulin Action and Obesity

With the increasing prevalence of obesity, research has focused on the molecular mechanism(s) linking obesity and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Metabolic alterations within muscle, such as changes in the cellular location of fatty acid transporter proteins, decreased mitochondrial enzyme activity, and defects in mitochondrial morphology, likely contribute to obesity and insulin resistance. These defects are thought to play a role in the reduced skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and increased intramuscular lipid (IMCL) accumulation that is apparent with obesity and other insulin-resistant states such as type 2 diabetes. Intramuscular triacylglycerol does not appear to be a ubiquitous marker of insulin resistance, although specific IMCL intermediates such as long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs, ceramide, and diacylglycerol may inhibit insulin signal transduction. In this review, we will briefly summarize the defects in skeletal muscle lipid metabolism associated with obesity, and discuss the proposed mechanisms by which these defects may contribute to insulin resistance.
Toolbox: Metabolic adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics

This toolbox provides a summary in tabular form of the various metabolic changes that may be caused by atypical antipsychotics. Included here are: average changes in weight both short and long term (Table 1), average change in lipids short term (Table 2), average change in lipids long term (Table 3), average changes in fasting glucose short and long term (Table 4), and a ranking of the propensity of the atypical antipsychotics to cause metabolic changes (Table 5).
Method of moments analysis of anisotropic artificial media composed of dielectric wire objects

The paper considers the periodic method of moments (PMM) analysis of anisotropic artificial media composed of a 3-D periodic array of identical scatterers. The method is based upon finding the complex wavenumber(s), and the eigenfunction currents and fields, for a plane wave propagating in the artificial medium. From these quantities, the effective tensor constitutive parameters are determined. It is shown that for a given direction of propagation through an artificial medium, there are two distinct modes of plane wave propagation, which may change with the direction of propagation. Examples are shown for the case where the periodic scatterers are thin dielectric wire structures. >
The mediation algorithm for real time negotiation

Mediation is presented as an algorithm to be used by a group of agents involved in a negotiation in which relevant information is vast and decentralized. It is an anytime algorithm that enables agents to incrementally reveal information in search of an optimal outcome. Allocation Improvement applies Mediation to the task allocation problem. Its performance is demonstrated on a negotiation problem involving multi-agent planning for intruder tracking.
A comparison of the effects of insulin hypoglycaemia and arginine infusion on release of human growth hormone.

Abstract 31 pairs of insulin-tolerance (I.T.T.) and arginine-tolerance tests were performed in twenty-six patients (nineteen males and seven females) who responded with significant H.G.H. levels to one or both stimuli. In twenty-two cases there was a normal H.G.H. response to both stimuli. There was no response to the I.T.T. in four cases and to the A.T.T. in five separate cases. A diagnosis of growth-hormone deficiency cannot be made if there is failure to respond to one test, unless the other test has also been applied.
Teaching, Consulting, and Conducting Research Across Cultures: An International Opportunity in Tajikistan:

Sponsored by the Winrock International Program1 in May 1996, I had an opportunity to teach, consult, and conduct preliminary research in Tajikistan, one of the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union in Central Asia.2 Using a reflexive perspective3 this paper details the logistics, negotiations and collaborations with emphasis on my teaching and consulting work plan prior to my assignment in the Textile Industry Program4 at the Technological University of Tajikistan in Dushanbe. These arrangements subsequently affected my teaching and consulting opportunities in other regions of Tajikistan and the preliminary research I conducted. This international opportunity reflects not only what is required of those who conduct international projects but as well suggests implications for textile and apparel scholars interested in designing similar development work related to their professional area of interests.
Prenatal Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Infant Birth Weight in China

Purpose Maternal smoking during pregnancy is known to reduce infant birth weight. Epidemiologic evidence also supports a causal association between maternal second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure during pregnancy and reduction in infant birth weight, although the impact is less in magnitude. The primary purpose of this cross-sectional study is to examine the magnitude of this association in a population where both prevalence and dose of SHS exposure are thought to be higher than in U.S. populations. Methods Women who gave birth in four hospitals in two Chinese cities (Beijing and Changchun) between September 2000 and November 2001 were interviewed during their post-partum stay to quantify self-reported prenatal SHS exposure. Their medical records were reviewed for data on pregnancy complications and birth outcomes. Non-smoking women who delivered term babies (≥ 37 weeks gestation) were included in the study (N=2,770). Multiple linear regression was applied to determine the difference in mean birth weights between exposed and unexposed babies. Results Nearly a quarter of the women (24%) reported daily SHS exposure and 47% reported no exposure during the entire pregnancy, although 58% reported no exposure when asked about specific sources of SHS. Most of the women (75%) denied any SHS exposure from the husband smoking at home. The greatest deficit in infant birth weight associated with SHS exposure was -7 grams (95% CI -32, +19) for every hour/day exposed to husband smoking at home in Changchun. Interestingly, infants in Beijing had higher mean birth weights among the exposed than the unexposed for all measures of SHS exposure. Overall, no deficit in mean birth weight was observed between exposed and unexposed from all sources of SHS combined (+8 grams, 95% CI -1, +16). Conclusion No statistically significant reduction in birth weight was found with prenatal SHS exposure in this population. Future studies on SHS exposure and infant birth weight in China, where smoking is a critical public health issue, should emphasize more objective measures of exposure.
Children Who Age Rapidly — Progeroid Syndromes Case Report of a New Variant

A case report of an apparently unique progeroid syndrome is reported here. Major clinical characteristics included growth failure with onset of senility in the early teens, atrophic skin, hypogonadism, and retinal and vascular sclerosis. Mental retardation was present, but could have been attributable to trauma. The replicative life spans of several lines of cultured skin fibroblasts were within the normal range, in contrast to the limited life-spans of such cultures from patients with Werner's syndrome, whom our patient most closely resembles. Also, in contrast to Werner's syndrome, our patient did not have white or gray hair or cataracts.
Repeated-Slip Training: An Emerging Paradigm for Prevention of Slip-Related Falls Among Older Adults

Falls frequently cause injury-related hospitalization or death among older adults. This article reviews a new conceptual framework on dynamic stability and weight support in reducing the risk for falls resulting from a forward slip, based on the principles of motor control and learning, in the context of adaptation and longer-term retention induced by repeated-slip training. Although an unexpected slip is severely destabilizing, a recovery step often is adequate for regaining stability, regardless of age. Consequently, poor weight support (quantified by reduction in hip height), rather than instability, is the major determinant of slip-related fall risk. Promisingly, a single session of repeated-slip training can enhance neuromechanical control of dynamic stability and weight support to prevent falls, which can be retained for several months or longer. These principles provide the theoretical basis for establishing task-specific adaptive training that facilitates the development of protective strategies to reduce falls among older adults.
Cortisone and phagocytosis.

AS HAS been pointed out by Thomas (1952, 1953), cortisone has been L demonstrated to reduce the resistance of mammals to bacteria, viruses, fungi, and bacterial toxins. In discussing the various methods whereby cortisone might act to produce these results, the author suggests the conclusion that the effect must be on the reticuloendothelial system (RES). At about the same time, it was pointed out that cortisone appeared to depress several functions of the RES if given in sufficient dosages (Heller, 1953). This paper concerns itself with further investigation into the specific nature of the effect of cortisone on RES functions involved in infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relying on the exclusive ability of the RES to take up negatively charged colloids (Goulian, 1953), radio-active colloidal chromium phosphate labeled with P32 was prepared for use as an indicator according to the technique of Jones (1944). Heterogeneity of particle size (demonstrated by electron micrography)
A heavy traffic limit theorem for a class of open queueing networks with finite buffers

We consider a queueing network of d single server stations. Each station has a finite capacity waiting buffer, and all customers served at a station are homogeneous in terms of service requirements and routing. The routing is assumed to be deterministic and hence feedforward. A server stops working when the downstream buffer is full. We show that a properly normalized d-dimensional queue length process converges in distribution to a d-dimensional semimartingale reflecting Brownian motion (RBM) in a d-dimensional box under a heavy traffic condition. The conventional continuous mapping approach does not apply here because the solution to our Skorohod problem may not be unique. Our proof relies heavily on a uniform oscillation result for solutions to a family of Skorohod problems. The oscillation result is proved in a general form that may be of independent interest. It has the potential to be used as an important ingredient in establishing heavy traffic limit theorems for general finite buffer networks.
Boundedness properties of the difference equation x n+1=(α+βx n +δx n−2)/(x n−1)

Consider the third-order difference equation x n+1 = (α+βx n +δx n − 2)/(x n − 1) with α ∈ [0,∞) and β,δ ∈ (0,∞). It is shown that this difference equation has unbounded solutions if and only if δ>β.
Public Opinion, the Attitudinal Model, and Supreme Court Decision Making: A Micro-Analytic Perspective

Recent aggregate-level research on the United States Supreme Court suggests that shifting tides of public opinion can have important effects on Supreme Court decisions. Moreover, these effects can be both direct (i.e., unmediated by other institutions) and indirect (i.e., mediated through presidential elections and subsequent judicial appointments). This research extends this inquiry by examining the influence of public opinion on individual members of the Supreme Court during the period 1953-1992. Although the majority of justices during this period show little or no evidence of public opinion effects, a significant minority of justices show substantial effects. As predicted by social psychological theories, the impact of public opinion is greatest among moderate justices who are likely to hold critical swing positions on the Court. The effects of public opinion are in addition to significant agenda effects and suggest important refinements in the standard attitudinal model of judicial decision making.
Sleep Apnea Syndrome* A Critical Review of the Apnea Index as a Diagnostic Criterion

The utility of the apnea index (number of apneic events per hour of sleep) in diagnosing sleep apnea syndrome is reviewed. Data from currently extant reports indicate that many otherwise normal, aging subjects may be classified as having sleep apnea syndrome based on the current diagnostic threshold of five apneic episodes per hour. A χ2 analysis suggests a relationship between age and level of sleep apnea. Several other reports indicate that use of a threshold of five apneic episodes per hour does not reliably predict increased health risk or somnolence in aging subjects. Adjustment of the apnea index, based on studies of aging normal subjects and of aging patients with sleep apnea syndrome is necessary to ensure reliable results in clinical and research applications.
A Review of: “The Ambiguities of Experience by James G. March”

Will British Petroleum learn from the blow-out of the Macondo well in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010? What practices should BP put in place to facilitate such learning and thereby reduce the like...
Macroecology and consilience

Consilience means that all fields of human knowledge should be internally consistent. Within the broad span of the ecological and evolutionary sciences, there are many fields that seem only remotely related conceptually. Macroecology has emerged as a research programme that focuses on statistical patterns of ecological and biogeographically relevant traits among different species within a taxon. The concepts needed to understand these patterns require the interface of disciplines as different as systematics, eco? system ecology, palaeontology and community ecology. By building conceptual links among a wide range of disciplines, macroecology is contributing, and will continue to contribute, to the growing realization that all of biology is indeed consilient.
Why Dentists Should Be Called Oral Physicians Now

Although health care is becoming increasingly complex, medical specialists including dentists are becoming more isolated from participation in total health care.[1][1] Given this isolation and the shortage of health care in the United States, medicine faces a challenge to “find synergies and new
Specific effects of caring for a spouse with dementia: differences in depressive symptoms between caregiver and non-caregiver spouses.

Background: Caring for spouses with dementia is a risk factor for increased levels of depression. Less is known about specific symptom differences between groups of caregivers and non-caregivers. This study characterizes differences on the CES-D depression screening scale between caregiving and non-caregiving spouses.Methods: Data were obtained from 391 spouse caregivers of persons with dementia and 226 control subjects. Significant between-group differences on demographic variables determined covariates used in two multivariate ANCOVA analyses, on the set of four CES-D subscales and on the set of the 20 CES-D individual items. Significant multivariate analyses were followed by univariate tests between the two groups.Results: Dementia caregiving spouses had significantly more depressive symptoms than non-caregiving married adults, after controlling for group differences. Proportion of variance in the set of CES-D subscales explained by caregiver group status was 13.4%. The greatest between-groups difference in univariate analysis was found in the Positive Affect subscale, and significant differences were found in 11 of the 20 CES-D items. Caregiver spouses experienced less hope for the future and less happiness and enjoyment in life than the non-caregiving spouses. They also reported greater degrees of sadness, being bothered, and loneliness than the non-caregivers.Conclusions: The differences, particularly caregivers' lack of positive affect, suggest the need for appropriate intervention approaches to assist spouse caregivers.
Detection of expressed fungal Type I polyketide synthase genes in a forest soil

Secondary metabolites synthesized via the polyketide pathway are thought to mediate interference competition between soil microorganisms as well as cell-to-cell signaling. Although their synthesis has been documented in laboratory culture, it remains uncertain whether these compounds are actually produced under field conditions. Here, we report the presence and expression of fungal Type I polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in the organic horizon of a forest soil. If these expressed PKS genes produce compounds that elicit antagonistic interactions among soil microorganisms, then it could be a factor structuring microbial communities in soil.
Geographical media reputation and technology entrepreneurship

Purpose – Geographical location has been of noted importance for technology entrepreneurship, i.e. technology clusters. While social resources have been investigated as strategic in management literature, media reputation appears to be an overlooked reason why technological entrepreneurship has been less prevalent in some geographical locations, despite there being fertile economic parameters. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach – Utilizing methodology developed by Rindova et al. to explore how media (local and foreign) describes technological entrepreneurship (local and foreign), the paper compares Boston, MA and Kolkata, India in terms of positive or negative valenced recognition and explores their relation to technology entrepreneurship location.Findings – Geographical media reputation is contextualized and does not transfer readily. Unlike the absolute positives of economic reasoning, positive media reputation in the local context does not scale globally. Also, negative ...
Properties of hazard-based residuals and implications in model diagnostics

Abstract Model diagnostic procedures in failure time models using hazard-based residuals rely on the assumption that the residual vector closely resembles a random sample from a unit exponential distribution when the model holds. This article formally investigates the validity of this critical assumption by deriving and examining the properties of parametrically, semiparametrically, and nonparametrically estimated residuals for complete and right-censored data. The joint distribution of the residual vector is characterized, and the behavior of some tests for exponentiality when applied to the residuals is examined analytically and through Monte Carlo methods. Findings reveal that the critical assumption of approximate unit exponentiality of the residual vector may not be viable and, consequently, the model diagnostic procedures considered, which revolve on checking the approximate unit exponentiality of the residual vector (specifically, hazard plotting and the use of spacings and total-time-on-test stati...
One More Piece to Make Us Puzzle: The Initiative Process and Legislators' Reelection Chances

This article examines how the presence and usage of the initiative process impact the electoral chances of state legislators. Using individual-level data on state legislators across the states from 1970 to 1989, the authors find that the presence and frequency of use of the initiative do not hurt legislators' electoral chances. In fact, under certain institutional settings, the initiative process can have a small beneficial impact on legislator's reelection fortunes. In addition, the initiative can insulate legislators' electoral chances from national economic conditions. The authors argue these findings are compatible with the notion of state legislators adapting to the initiative process.
Actions of Algebraic Groups on the Spectrum of Rational Ideals, II

Let k be an algebraically closed fleld and G a linear algebraic group over k acting rationally on a k-algebra V. Generalizing work of Moeglin and Rentschler in characteristic zero, we study the action of G on the spectrum of rational ideals of V. The main result is the following. Suppose that V is semiprime left Goldie. Let L be a G-stable commutative semisimple subalgebra of the total ring of fractions Q(V ) of V such that L G = k¢1L. This occurs, for example, if the zero ideal of V is G-rational and L is the center of Q(V ). Then there is, for some closed subgroup H of G, a G-equivariant embedding " of L into Q(G=H) (the algebra of rational functions on G=H) such that Q(G=H) is purely inseparable over "(L). This has applications to the closure of the orbit of a rational ideal.
Mobility and Energy Efficiency of Military Tactical Vehicle With Hybrid-Electric Driveline System

In this paper, a technical concept is described for a power transmitting unit to control the split of power between the drive axles of a 4×4 hybrid-electric vehicle. This new power transmitting unit uses a planetary gear set and eddy current brake to provide a continuously variable gear ratio that can be integrated into the vehicle driveline between the transfer case and front axle. The paper details the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the device, including its operation mode, its mathematical model built from the equations of the planetary gear set and eddy current brake, the optimization equation by which the device will be controlled to improve vehicle slip efficiency, as well as its torque and electrical current usage. Computer simulations are performed on a mathematical model of a 4×4 military truck using the power transmitting unit in conjunction with a series hybrid-electric configuration transmission.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The relaxin receptor Lgr3 mediates growth coordination and developmental delay during Drosophila melanogaster imaginal disc regeneration

Damage to Drosophila melanogaster imaginal discs activates a regeneration checkpoint that 1) extends larval development and 2) coordinates the regeneration of the damaged disc with the growth of undamaged discs. These two systemic responses to damage are both mediated by Dilp8, a member of the insulin/IGF/relaxin family of peptide hormones, which is released by regenerating imaginal discs. Growth coordination between regenerating and undamaged imaginal discs is dependent on Dilp8 activation of NOS in the prothoracic gland (PG), which slows the growth of undamaged discs by limiting ecdysone synthesis. Here we demonstrate that the Drosophila relaxin receptor homologue Lgr3, a leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor, is required for Dilp8-dependent growth coordination and developmental delay during the regeneration checkpoint. Lgr3 regulates these responses to damage via distinct mechanisms in different tissues. Using tissue-specific RNAi disruption of Lgr3 expression, we show that Lgr3 functions in the PG upstream of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and is necessary for NOS activation and growth coordination during the regeneration checkpoint. When Lgr3 is depleted from neurons, imaginal disc damage no longer produces either developmental delay or growth inhibition. To reconcile these discrete tissue requirements for Lgr3 during regenerative growth coordination, we demonstrate that Lgr3 activity in the both the CNS and PG is necessary for NOS activation in the PG following damage. Together, these results identify new roles for a relaxin receptor in mediating damage signaling to regulate growth and developmental timing.
Persistent monolayer-scale chemical ordering in Si1−xGex heteroepitaxial films during surface roughening and strain relaxation

Chemical ordering in semiconductor alloys could modify thermal and electronic transport, with potential benefits to thermoelectric properties. Here, metastable ordering that occurs during heteroepitaxial growth of Si1−xGex thin film alloys on Si(001) and Ge(001) substrates is investigated. A parametric study was performed to study how strain, surface roughness, and growth parameters affect the order parameter during the alloy growth. The order parameter for the alloy films was carefully quantified using x-ray diffraction, taking into account an often-overlooked issue associated with the presence of multiple spatial variants associated with ordering along equivalent 〈111〉 directions. Optimal ordering was observed in the films having the smoothest surfaces. Extended strain relaxation is suggested to reduce the apparent order through creation of anti-phase boundaries. Ordering surprisingly persists even when the film surface extensively roughens to form {105} facets. Growth on deliberately miscut Si(001) sur...
Update on CGA packages for space applications

Abstract This paper is the 10th anniversary update of a previous paper published in 2006 on the topics of ceramic column grid array (CCGA or CGA) packages and assembly reliability. CGAs are commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) area array packaging technologies that are now widely used in numerous high reliability applications including National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) electronic systems. Key updates on packaging technologies and test data on assembly reliability characterizations are discussed in seven topics: (1) updates on the recent microelectronics packaging roadmaps, especially those for single-chip CGA packages, (2) tensile-strength test data for characterizations of the individual column integrity of CGAs before and after environmental exposures, (3) thermal cycle test data showing solder joint behavior of decoupling capacitors mounted on the high inputs/outputs (I/Os) flip-chip CGA ceramic substrate, (4) thermal cycle test results performed under a number of thermal cycle conditions including extreme cold exposures for CGA assemblies with internal wire-bond or flip-chip die having a large number of columns — from 1144 to 1752 columns and 1-mm pitch, (5) test results revealing synergistic effects of mechanical drop shock or vibration test results for “as assembled” CGAs and those with initial thermal cycling conditions, (6) images and photomicrographs taken by optical microscopy, X-ray, and C-SAM as well as failure mechanisms revealed by non-destructive and destructive methods using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cross-sectioning, and dye-and-pry techniques, and (7) simple analytical models developed for analyses of stresses and strains of solder joints for single- and double-sided mirror-image CGA assemblies.
Timing, Formulation, and Persistence of a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus and a Microsporidium for Control of the Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Soybeans

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV)was tested as a microbial insecticide for Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner (VBC)in soybeans. A maximum of 66 to 88% infection was achieved in three experiments. Certain of the AgNPV treatments significantly reduced VBC numbers by 7 to 11 days after application. Soybean yields in AgNPV-treated plots were significantly higher than those in control plots in one experiment but not significantly different from carbaryl-treated plots in another experiment. Percentages of infection and yield were similar after application of spray or dust formulations of AgNPV. VBC sampled from AgNPV plots in these experiments still had 18 to 29% infection rates by AgNPV after 1 to 3 years. Overall mean numbers of cadavers with the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraearileyi (Farlow) Samson were significantly lower in AgNPV-treated plots than in control plots, but greater than in carbaryl-treated plots in one experiment. AgNPV also was sprayed in two additional experiments, initially as VBC populations were beginning to build and later as populations were reaching insecticide threshold levels. Both times of treatment resulted in comparable infection rates and significant decreases in VBC numbers. However, the earlier epizootic resulted in soybean yields significantly greater than those in late-treatment or control plots.
The Predictive Relationship of Pediatric Body Mass Indexes and Comorbid Diagnoses Including the Current Findings Regarding Abscesses

Pediatric obesity is a leading threat to the long-term health of the population. The rise in pediatric obesity has resulted in increased comorbidities and decreased health status. A secondary data analysis was completed to evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI), health care environment, and health services use of pediatric patients. This research used a retrospective secondary data analysis of 942 charts of which 526 contained critical data elements. The information was gathered by means of an original data collection tool. Statistical analysis was achieved through χ2 and ANOVA techniques. The project was congruent with the then current Healthy People 2010 goals of improving health, fitness, and quality of life through daily physical activity for children and adolescents and also aimed to reduce the proportion of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese. There was a statistically significant difference between BMI levels and comorbid diagnoses (χ2, P = .035) with an increase a...