cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesoscopic behavior near a two-dimensional metal-insulator transition

We study conductance fluctuations in a two-dimensional electron system as a function of chemical potential (or gate voltage) from the strongly insulating to the metallic regime. Power spectra of the fluctuations decay with two distinct exponents ${(1/v}_{l}$ and ${1/v}_{h}).$ For conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\sim}{0.1e}^{2}/h,$ we find a third exponent ${(1/v}_{i})$ in the shortest samples, and nonmonotonic dependence of ${v}_{i}$ and ${v}_{l}$ on \ensuremath{\sigma}. We study the dependence of ${v}_{i},$ ${v}_{l},$ ${v}_{h},$ and the variances of corresponding fluctuations on \ensuremath{\sigma}, sample size, and temperature. The anomalies near $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\simeq}{0.1e}^{2}/h$ indicate that the dielectric response and screening length are critically behaved, i.e., that Coulomb correlations dominate the physics.
The Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on the Structure of REIT Boards of Directors

The changes in the board structure for REITs for the period 1999–2005 are presented. Post-SOX REIT boards have changed primarily in the form of greater independence, as fewer REIT boards are led by their CEOs due to SOX. In the relation between Post-SOX board structure and performance, the results show no improvement in performance for REITs whose boards have a majority of preferred features. That is, REITs with small boards, majority of outside directors, and not led by their CEOs do not perform better than their counterparts. These results provide additional fuel for the debate on the benefits and costs of SOX.
Unified Performance Analysis of Orthogonal Transmit Beamforming Methods with User Selection

Simultaneous multiuser beamforming in multiantenna downlink channels can entail dirty paper (DP) precoding (optimal and high complexity) or linear precoding (suboptimal and low complexity) approaches. The system performance is typically characterized by the sum capacity with homogenous users with perfect channel state information at the transmitter. The sum capacity performance analysis requires the exact probability distributions of the user signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) or signal-to-interference plus noise ratios (SINRs). The standard techniques from order statistics can be sufficient to obtain the probability distributions of SNRs for DP precoding due to the removal of known interference at the transmitter. Derivation of such probability distributions for linear precoding techniques on the other hand is much more challenging. For example, orthogonal beamforming techniques do not completely cancel the interference at the user locations, thereby requiring the analysis with SINRs. In this paper, we derive the joint probability distributions of the user SINRs for two orthogonal beamforming methods combined with user scheduling: adaptive orthogonal beamforming and orthogonal linear beamforming. We obtain compact and unified solutions for the joint probability distributions of the scheduled users' SINRs. Our analytical results can be applied for similar algorithms and are verified by computer simulations.
Studies toward funiculosin. Intramolecular carbonyl condensations using carboxamidimidazolide intermediates

Abstract Internal enolate condensations, utilizing carboxamidimidazoles as activated ureas, provide a general synthesis of the 3,5-disubstituted-4-hydroxy-2-pyridinone 2 as found in funiculosin. The novel all-syn-cyclitol, C-liniked to the heterocyclic system, is prepared from croconic acid.
Financial Deepening, Inequality, and Growth: A Model-Based Quantitative Evaluation

We propose a coherent unified approach to the study of the linkages among economic growth, financial structure, and inequality, bringing together disparate theoretical and empirical literature. That is, we show how to conduct model-based quantitative research on transitional paths. With analytical and numerical methods, we calibrate and make tractable a prototype canonical model and take it to an application, namely, Thailand 1976‐96, an emerging market economy in a phase of economic expansion with uneven financial deepening and increasing inequality. We look at the expected path generated by the model and conduct robustness experiments. Because the actual path of the Thai economy is imagined here to be just one realization of many possible histories of the model economy, we construct a covariance-normalized squared error metric of closeness and find the best-fit simulation. We also construct a confidence region from a set of simulations and formally test the model. We broadly replicate the actual data and identify anomalies. ⁄ Robert M. Townsend is a professor at the University of Chicago and a consultant at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Kenichi Ueda is an economist at the International Monetary Fund. The views expressed in this paper are those of authors and do not necessarily represent those of the FRB Chicago, the Federal Reserve System, or the IMF. We thank the National Statistics Office of Thailand for permission to use the SES data. We received helpful comments from Robin Brooks, Fabio Canova, Marco Cagetti, Larry Christiano, Angus Deaton, Paul Evans, Jess Gaspar, Hyeok Jeong, Ashok Mody, Tomoyuki Nakajima, Hajime Takizawa, Chris Udry, Annette Vissing-Jorgensen and the participants of the NBER general equilibrium conference at New York University, the conference honoring Rolf R. Mantel in Argentina, seminars at Cornell University, GRIPS, Hitotsubashi University, Ohio State University, Oxford University, and the IMF, as well as the IMF conference on Macroeconomic Policy and Poverty Reduction. We are especially indebted to the editors and referees. Townsend acknowledges financial support from the NSF and NICHD. We thank Natalia Ramondo for excellent research assistance.
Scaling of incipient separation in high speed laminar flows

College of Aeronautics* Cranfield Institute of Technology, UK This study provides a sound theoretical foundation for a well -established but heretof ore-empirical cri t eri on for incipient separation in moderateiyhypersonic shock/boundary i a yer interactions. It is based on an examination of the leading high Reynolds number approxima tion to trip1 e deck theory combined with its reformulation in terms of the Reference Temperature concept. The analysis further provides extensions giving the effects of both low supersonic Mach numbers and non-adiabatic wail temperatures on incipient separation. 6 = flow deflection angle '&= wall shear stress a = Moo3/&* , viscous mteractlon parameter Subscripts AdrAB= adiabatic wall conditions = body surface e = local inviscid flow conditions at edge of boundary layer i.~. = incipient separation 0 = stagnation value R E F = based on Reference Temperature w = wall surface conditions Su erscript A ( ) = non-dimensional version of ( )
An economic justification for rural afforestation: The case of Ethiopia

It has proven difficult to quantify the economic benefits of large-scale rural afforestation and to establish the priority for public sector investment in traditional rural energy supply vis-a-vis investment in the supply of modern fuels (electricity, petroleum) to the urban industrial market. This paper outlines, in simple terms, the biological links between deforestation and agricultural production at the subsistence level and quantifies the economic benefits of increased food production obtained by replacing animal dung as a fuel with firewood from rural forestry programs.
Reporting and concordance of methodologic criteria between abstracts and articles in diagnostic test studies.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality and concordance of methodologic criteria in abstracts versus articles regarding the diagnosis of trichomoniasis.
First Enantiospecific Total Synthesis of the Antitubercular Marine Natural Product Pseudopteroxazole. Revision of Assigned Stereochemistry

A concise, enantiospecific synthesis of pseudopteroxazole (3), which had originally been assigned structure 1, has been accomplished starting from S-(-)-limonene. The known cyclohexanone 5 was converted in five steps to the alpha,beta-enone 8 by a modified Robinson annulation. Transformation of 8 to the orthogonally protected amino phenol 11 was accomplished by a new modification of the Wolff-Semmler rearrangement. The synthesis was completed by cationic cyclization to form 14 diastereoselectively and subsequent introduction of the terminal oxazole subunit.
Dynamic models and model validation for PEM fuel cells using electrical circuits

This paper presents the development of dynamic models for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells using electrical circuits. The models have been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and PSPICE environments. Both the double-layer charging effect and the thermodynamic characteristic inside the fuel cell are included in the models. The model responses obtained at steady-state and transient conditions are validated by experimental data measured from an Avista Labs SR-12 500-W PEM fuel-cell stack. The models could be used in PEM fuel-cell control related studies.
Simple, fast, and scalable reachability oracle

A reachability oracle (or hop labeling) assigns each vertex v two sets of vertices: Lout(v) and Lin(v), such that u reaches v iff Lout(u) ∩ Lin(v) ≠ 0. Despite their simplicity and elegance, reachability oracles have failed to achieve efficiency in more than ten years since their introduction: The main problem is high construction cost, which stems from a set-cover framework and the need to materialize transitive closure. In this paper, we present two simple and efficient labeling algorithms, Hierarchical-Labeling and Distribution-Labeling, which can work onmassive real-world graphs: Their construction time is an order of magnitude faster than the set-cover based labeling approach, and transitive closure materialization is not needed. On large graphs, their index sizes and their query performance can now beat the state-of-the-art transitive closure compression and online search approaches.
Globally stabilizing saturated attitude control in the presence of bounded unknown disturbances

A smooth attitude-stabilizing control law is derived from which known limits on the control authority of the system are rigorously enforced. Unknown disturbance torques, assumed to be of lesser magnitude than the control limits, are included in the formulation. A smooth control signal containing hyperbolic tangent functions that rigorously obeys a known maximum-torque constraint is introduced. The controller can be viewed as a smooth analog of the variable-structure approach, with the degree of sharpness of the control permitted to vary with time according to a set of user-defined parameters. Lyapunov analysis is employed to ensure global stability, and asymptotic convergence of the angular velocity is guaranteed via the Barbalat lemma. Attitude errors, expressed as Euler parameters, are shown via simulation to vanish whenever certain design parameters are selected appropriately, and guidelines for selection of those parameters are provided in depth.
Asymmetric-cut monochromator with adjustable asymmetry

Abstract A variable-incident-angle, asymmetric-cut, double-crystal monochromator with adjustable asymmetry was tested at Argonne National Laboratory to evaluate its possible use on beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source. For both undulator and wiggler beams, the monochromator can expand the area of the footprint of the beam on the surface of the crystals to 50 times the area of the incident beam. This increase in area will reduce the angular distortions of the crystalline planes by a factor of 2500. The asymmetric cut allows one to increase the acceptance angle for incident radiation and obtain a better match to the opening angle of the incident beam. This can increase the intensity of the diffracted beam by a factor of 2 to 5. The monochromator consists of two matched, asymmetric-cut silicon crystals mounted so that they can be rotated independently about three different axes. Rotation around the first axis controls the Bragg angle. Rotation around the second axis controls the angle between the surface of the crystal and the horizontal plane of the beam and can make the footprint a rectangle with minimum length for this footprint area. The third rotation axis is perpendicular to the diffraction planes and carries the asymmetric-cut crystal. Rotation around this axis controls the amount of asymmetry being used and thus the increase of the area of the footprint of the beam on the crystal surface. The asymmetric cut is 18° for the matched pair of crystals, which allows one to expand the footprint area by a factor of 50 for Bragg angles up to 19.15° (6 keV for Si[111] planes). This monochromator, with proper cooling, will be quite useful for analyzing the high intensity X-ray beams produced by both undulators and wigglers at the Advanced Photon Source.
Investigation of the transient characteristics of a micro heat pipe

An analytical investigation was conducted to determine the potential advantages of incorporating very small (100 jim) "micro" heat pipes directly into semiconductor devices. As a result of this investigation, a transient numerical model capable of predicting the thermal behavior of these micro heat pipes during startup or variation in the evaporator thermal load was developed. This numerical model was used to identify, evaluate, and better understand the phenomena that govern the transient behavior of micro heat pipes as a function of the physical shape, the properties of the working fluid, and the principal dimensions. The modeling results were compared with the steady-state results from an earlier experimental investigation and were shown to accurately predict the steady state dry out limit for two different test pipes. Using the verified numerical model, the parameters that affect the axial heat transport capacity were evaluated. The results of this evaluation indicate that in micro heat pipes reverse liquid flow occurs in the liquid arteries during startup and/or rapid transients. In addition, the wetting angle was found to be one of the most important factors contributing to the transport capacity. Nomenclature A = cross-sectional area Cp = specific heat d = distance j = evaporation M = molecular weight m = mass flow rate P = pressure Q = heat transfer q = heat transfer rate R = universal gas constant r = radius of curvature T = temperature t = time V = velocity W = wetted perimeter x — length or distance y = distance
Shifts on a finite qubit string: A class of quantum baker's maps

We present two complementary ways in which Saraceno's symmetric version of the quantum baker's map can be written as a shift map on a string of quantum bits. One of these representations leads naturally to a family of quantizations of the baker's map.
Design and expected performance of the BTeV RICH

Abstract The BTeV experiment is a b-physics experiment designed to conduct precision tests of the CKM description of CP violation and study rare processes involving bottom and charm hadrons. The experiment will be located in the C0 interaction region at the Fermilab Tevatron, and is intended to begin data-taking around 2007–2008. One of the most important elements of the BTeV spectrometer is the ring-imaging Cherenkov detector (RICH) which is used for particle identification. In this article we describe the BTeV RICH and present its expected performance.
The transition to superrotation in terrestrial atmospheres

[1] We show that by changing a single nondimensional number, the thermal Rossby number, global atmospheric simulations with only axisymmetric forcing pass from an Earth-like atmosphere to a superrotating atmosphere that more resembles the atmospheres of Venus or Titan. The transition to superrotation occurs under conditions in which equatorward propagating Rossby waves generated by baroclinic instability at intermediate and high latitudes are suppressed, which will occur when the deformation radius exceeds the planetary radius. At large thermal Rossby numbers following an initial, nearly axisymmetric phase, a global baroclinic wave of zonal wave number one generated by mixed barotropic-baroclinic instability dominates the eddy flux of zonal momentum. The global wave converges eastward zonal momentum to the equator and deposits westward momentum at intermediate latitudes during spin-up and before superrotation emerges, and the baroclinic instability ceases once superrotation is established. A global barotropic mode of zonal wave number one generated by a mix of high- and low-latitude barotropic instability is responsible for maintaining superrotation in the statistically steady state. At intermediate thermal Rossby numbers, momentum flux by the global baroclinic mode is subdominant relative to smaller baroclinic modes, and thus strong superrotation does not develop.
Synthesis of a new cylindrical calix[4]arene-calix[4]pyrrole pseudo dimer

The synthesis of a new calixarene-capped calixpyrrole 2 has been achieved using p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetramethyl ketone 1 as a template. Using this approach, the stereochemistry at the calixpyrrole meso-carbons is automatically defined. The X-ray crystal structure of 2 has been elucidated and reveals hydrogen bonding between the pyrrole NH groups and the oxygens at the lower rim of the calixarene. NMR studies confirm the importance of these interactions in solution.
Kinetic Ignition Enhancement of Diffusion Flames by Nonequilibrium Magnetic Gliding Arc Plasma

Kinetic ignition enhancement of CH 4 -air and H 2 -air diffusion flames by a nonequilibrium plasma discharge of air was studied experimentally and numerically through the development of a well-defined counterflow system. Measurements of ignition temperatures and major species, as well as computations of rates of production and sensitivity analyses, were performed to understand the kinetic enhancement pathways for ignition by plasma discharge of air. It was found that plasma discharge of air led to significant kinetic ignition enhancement illustrated by large decreases in the ignition temperatures for a broad range of strain rates. Examination of the radical and NO x production in the plasma showed that the enhancement was caused primarily by the catalytic effect of NO x . The results of numerical simulations of the counterflow burner with preheated air and NO, addition showed the existence of different ignition regimes, which appeared due to the competition between radical production by NO x and other pathways, as well as heat release. There were two ignition regimes for small concentrations of NO, and three ignition regimes for large concentrations of NO,. Numerical simulations agreed well with the experimental measurements and suggested a new strategy for plasma-assisted ignition in supersonic flow, where a combination of thermal and nonthermal plasma would work more efficiently for ignition enhancement.
Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by a ruthenium(II)-indan-ambox complex.

(S,R)-Indan–ambox ligand and its ruthenium(II) complex have been prepared and successfully applied to asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral simple ketones. A wide range of unfunctionalized ketones are reduced by Ru(II)-indan–ambox catalyst with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).
Informational costs and benefits of creating separately identifiable operating segments

Abstract We provide an informational theory for how the ownership claims to a firm might be structured. When the market price of equity provides valuable contracting information there is a benefit to creating separate ownership claims to each of a firm's divisions. However, creating this information also generally has adverse incentive effects because it enriches the agent's strategy space. We show in a complete contracting setting that under a large class of agencies the firm is strictly better off bundling the ownership claims to divisions that are sufficiently similar and creating separate ownership claims only to divisions that are sufficiently different.
Exact results for the asymmetric simple exclusion process with a blockage

We present new results for the current as a function of transmission rate in the one-dimensional totally asymmetric simple exclusion process (TASEP) with a blockage that lowers the jump rate at one site from one tor<1. Exact finitevolume results serve to bound the allowed values for the current in the infinite system. This proves the existence of a nonequilibrium “phase transition,” corresponding to an “immiscibility” gap in the allowed values of the asymptotic densities which the infinite system can have in a stationary state. A series expansion inr, derived from the finite systems, is proven to be asymptotic for all sufficiently large systems. Pade approximants based on this series, which make specific assumptions about the nature of the singularity atr=1, match numerical data for the “infinite” system to 1 part in 104.
Molecular Hydrogen in High-Velocity Clouds

We present Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer observations of interstellar molecular hydrogen (H2) in two Galactic high-velocity clouds (HVCs). Molecular hydrogen absorption is detected in the Magellanic Stream (abundance ~0.3 solar) toward the Seyfert galaxy Fairall 9 in the lowest three rotational states (J = 0-2) at vLSR = +190 km s-1, yielding a total H2 column density of log N(H2) = 16.40. In contrast, no H2 absorption is seen in the HVC Complex C (abundance ~0.1 solar) toward the quasar PG 1259+593 [log N(H2) ≤ 13.96 at vLSR = -130 km s-1], although both HVCs have similar H I column densities on the order of log N(H I) ≈ 20. Weak H2 absorption is detected in the Intermediate-Velocity Arch (IV Arch; abundance ~1.0 solar) toward PG 1259+593 [log N(H2) = 14.10 at vLSR = -55 km s-1 and log N(H I) = 19.5]. It thus appears that metal- and dust-poor halo clouds like Complex C are not able to form and maintain widely distributed H2, whereas metal- and dust-rich halo clouds like the IV Arch can maintain H2 even at low H I column densities.
An agent-based modeling framework for sociotechnical simulation of water distribution contamination events

In the event that a contaminant is introduced to a water distribution network, a large population of consumers may risk exposure. Selecting mitigation actions to protect public health may be difficult, as contamination is a poorly predictable dynamic event. Consumers who become aware of an event may select protective actions to change their water demands from typical demand patterns, and new hydraulic conditions can arise that differ from conditions that would be predicted when demands are considered as exogenous inputs. Consequently, the movement of the contaminant plume in the pipe network may shift from its expected trajectory. A sociotechnical model is developed here to integrate agent-based models of consumers with an engineering water distribution system model and capture the dynamics between consumer behaviors and the water distribution system for predicting contaminant transport and public exposure. Consumers are simulated as agents with behaviors, including movement, water consumption, exposure, reduction in demands, and communication with other agents. As consumers decrease their water use, the location of the contaminant plume is updated and the amount of contaminant consumed by each agent is calculated. The framework is tested through simulating realistic contamination scenarios for a virtual city and water distribution system.
A string theory explanation for quantum chaos in the hadronic spectrum

In the 1950’s Wigner and collaborators provided an explanation for the spectrum of hadronic excitations in terms of Random Matrix Theory. In the 1980’s it was understood that some hadronic spectral properties were generic to systems whose classical limit is chaotic. We use string theory to demonstrate explicitly how, under very general conditions, recent holographic models of strong interactions have a spectrum compatible with Wigner’s conjecture.
Surface chemistry dependence of water adsorption on solid substrates in humid ambient and humidity effects on wear of copper and glass surfaces

AbstractAdsorbed water is present on nearly all surfaces exposed to the ambient and can greatly influence tribological properties such as adhesion, friction and wear. This paper reviews how the effects of the surface chemistry, such as oxidised or terminated by different functional groups, greatly influences the water adsorption isotherm thickness as well as the structure of adsorbed water. The thickness and activity of the adsorbed water greatly affect the wear between different material surfaces. Sufficient adsorbed water could induce a detrimental effect such as galvanic corrosion between dissimilar metals or a beneficial effect strengthening soda lime glass.
Stability and growth estimates for electric fields in non-conducting material dielectrics

Abstract Employing results derived by the author for solutions of an abstract integrodifferential equation in Hilbert space, we obtain stability and growth estimates for electric fields in nonconducting material dielectrics. It is assumed that a linear constitutive equation of Maxwell-Hopkinson type relates the electric field and the electric displacement field in the dielectric; specific results for a simple memory function of exponential type are given.
Local systems of vertex operators, vertex superalgebras and modules

We give an analogue for vertex operator algebras and superalgebras of the notion of endomorphism ring of a vector space by means of a notion of “local system of vertex operators” for a (super) vector space. We first prove that any local system of vertex operators on a (super) vector space M has a natural vertex (super)algebra structure with M as a module. Then we prove that for a vertex (operator) superalgebra V, giving a V-module M is equivalent to giving a vertex (operator) superalgebra homomorphism from V to some local system of vertex operators on M. As applications, we prove that certain lowest weight modules for some well-known infinite-dimensional Lie algebras or Lie superalgebras have natural vertex operator superalgebra structures. We prove the rationality of vertex operator superalgebras associated to standard modules for an affine algebra. We also give an analogue of the notion of the space of linear homomorphisms from one module to another for a Lie algebra by introducing a notion of “generalized intertwining operators”. We prove that G(M1, M2), the space of generalized intertwining operators from one module M1 to another module M2 for a vertex operator superalgebra V, is a generalized V-module. Furthermore, we prove that for a fixed vertex operator superalgebra V and three V-modules Mi (i = 1, 2, 3), giving an intertwining operator of type M3M1,M2 is equivalent to giving a V-homomorphism from M1 to G(M2, M3).
Copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) and beyond: new reactivity of copper(I) acetylides

Copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a widely utilized, reliable, and straightforward way for making covalent connections between building blocks containing various functional groups. It has been used in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, surface and polymer chemistry, and bioconjugation applications. Despite the apparent simplicity of the reaction, its mechanism involves multiple reversible steps involving coordination complexes of copper(I) acetylides of varying nuclearity. Understanding and controlling these equilibria is of paramount importance for channeling the reaction into the productive catalytic cycle. This tutorial review examines the history of the development of the CuAAC reaction, its key mechanistic aspects, and highlights the features that make it useful to practitioners in different fields of chemical science.
THE EFFECT OF SPIRAL STRUCTURE ON THE STELLAR VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD

Clumps in the solar neighborhood's stellar velocity distribution could be caused by spiral density waves. In the solar neighborhood, stellar velocities corresponding to orbits that are nearly closed in the frame rotating with a spiral pattern represent likely regions for stellar concentrations. Via particle integration, we show that orbits can intersect the solar neighborhood when they are excited by Lindblad resonances with a spiral pattern. We find that a two-armed spiral density wave with pattern speed placing the Sun near the 4:1 inner Lindblad resonance can cause two families of nearly closed orbits in the solar neighborhood. One family corresponds to square-shaped orbits aligned so that their peaks lie on top of, and support, the two dominant stellar arms. The second family corresponds to orbits 45° out of phase with the other family. Such a spiral density pattern could account for two major clumps in the solar neighborhood's velocity distribution. The Pleiades/Hyades moving group corresponds to the first family of orbits, and the Coma Berenices moving group corresponds to the second family. This model requires a spiral pattern speed of approximately 0.66 ± 0.03 times the angular rotation rate of the Sun, or 18.1 ± 0.8 km s-1 kpc-1.
Debt relief and fiscal sustainability

In this paper I analyze the relationship between fiscal policy,aggregate public sector debt sustainability, and debt relief. I develop a methodology to compute the fiscal policy path that is compatible with aggregate debt sustainability in the post-HIPC era. The model explicitly considers the role of domestic debt and quantifies the extent to which future debt sustainability depends on the availability of concessional loans at subsidized interest rates. The working of the model is illustrated for the case of Nicaragua, a country that in 2002 had one of the highest net present value of public external debt to GDP ratios. JEL no. F3, F34, F35.
Heterogeneous Consumer Preferences for Nanotechnology and Genetic‐modification Technology in Food Products

This study investigates heterogeneous consumer preferences for nanofood and genetically-modified (GM) food and the associated benefits using the results of choice experiments with 1,117 US consumers. We employ a latent class logit model to capture the heterogeneity in consumer preferences by identifying consumer segments. Our results show that nano-food evokes fewer negative reactions compared with GM food. We identify four consumer groups: ‘Price Oriented/Technology Adopters’, ‘Technology Averse’, ‘Benefit Oriented’, and ‘New Technology Rejecters’. Each consumer group has a distinctive demographic background, which generates deeper insights into the diversified public acceptance of nano-food and GM food. Our results have policy implications for the adoption of new food technologies.
Asset pricing with multiplicative habit and power-expo preferences

Abstract Multiplicative habit introduces an additional consumption risk as a determinant of the equity premium, and allows time preference and habit strength, in addition to risk aversion, to affect “the price of risk.” A model combining multiplicative habit and power-expo preferences cannot be rejected.
Managing a Bank's Currency Inventory Under New Federal Reserve Guidelines

New currency recirculation guidelines implemented by the Federal Reserve System (Fed) of the United States are intended to reduce the overuse of its currency processing services by depository institutions (banks). These changes are expected to have a significant impact on operating policies at those depository institutions that handle large volumes of currency. We describe two business models that capture the flow of currency between a bank and the Fed; the first model captures the current operations of most banks, while the second is expected to be adapted by many banks in response to the new guidelines. Motivated by our work with Brink’s, Inc., to assess the economic impact that banks will sustain from these guidelines, we present a detailed analysis that provides managers of banks with optimal strategies to manage the flow of currency to and from the Fed for a variety of cost structures and demand patterns. Given this insight into a bank’s optimal behavior, the Fed can also use our analysis to fine tun...
Turboprop Aircraft Performance Response to Various Environmental Conditions

This study evaluated aircraft performance response to various environmental conditions encountered during flight. These conditions included clear air, ice only, mixed phase, and supercooled drops. Supercooled drops consisting of cloud, drizzle and rain sizes were the main focus of this study. Aircraft response was quantified by rates of change in aircraft climb capability, drag coefficient, and lift over drag ratio. The aircraft performance parameters were compared to an environmental hydrometeor parameter quantifying the environmental conditions. Results show that encounters with supercooled drizzle drops, or SCDD, resulted in maximum rates of performance degradation. Encounters with supercooled cloud and rain sized drops resulted in minor to low rates of performance degradation while encounters with supercooled drops in low ice particle concentrations resulted in only minor rates of degradation. In addition, aircraft response to high ice particle concentrations, in low liquid water, following a SCDD encounter resulted in rapid performance recovery. The results presented herein show a strong relationship between aircraft response and an environmental parameter utilizing a weighted volume diameter and liquid water content. The results suggest that the most severe icing is actually caused by SCDD as opposed to freezing rain. (Author)
Credit mismatch and breakdown

Abstract This paper studies the phenomenon of mismatch in a decentralized credit market where borrowers and lenders must engage in costly search to establish credit relationships. Our dynamic general equilibrium framework integrates incentive based informational frictions with a matching process highlighted by (i) borrowers' endogenous market entry and exit decision (entry frictions) and (ii) time and resource costs necessary to locate credit opportunities (search frictions). A key feature of the incentive compatible loan contract negotiated between borrowers and lenders is the interaction of informational frictions (in the form of moral hazard) with entry and search frictions. We find that the removal of entry barriers can eliminate incentive-based equilibrium credit rationing. More generally, entry and incentive frictions are important in understanding the extent of credit rationing and credit mismatch, while search and incentive frictions are important for understanding credit market breakdown.
Modeling and control of beam-like structures

Abstract The most popular finite element codes are based upon appealing theories of convergence of modal frequencies. For example the popularity of cubic element for beam-like structures is due to the rapid convergence of modal frequencies and stiffness properties. However, for those problems in which the primary consideration is the accuracy of response of the structure at specified locations it is more important to obtain accuracy in the modal costs than in the modal frequencies. The modal cost represents the contribution of a mode in the norm of the response vector. This paper provides a complete modal cost analysis for beam-like continua. Upper bounds are developed for mode truncation errors in the model reduction process and modal cost analysis dictates which modes to retain in order to reduce the model for control design purposes.
Resolution of the orthopositronium lifetime puzzle.

The long-standing discrepancy [G. S. Adkins, R. N. Fell, and J. Sapirstein, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 295, 136 (2002)]] between the theoretical calculations of the orthopositronium (o-Ps) annihilation decay rate (lambda(T)=1/lifetime) and some of the experimental measurements has been resolved. A focused beam of positrons incident on a special nanoporous silica film produces near-thermal energy o-Ps in vacuum that is slow enough to be virtually free of perturbing interactions. The fitted decay rate requires only a 500 ppm correction for nonthermal o-Ps effects. The new value of lambda(T)=7.0404(10)(8) micros(-1) is in excellent agreement with theory.
High-pressure mechanochemistry: Conceptual multiscale theory and interpretation of experiments

Fifteen mechanochemical phenomena observed under compression and plastic shear of materials in a rotational diamond anvil cell (RDAC) are systematized. They are related to strain-induced structural changes (SCs) under high pressure, including phase transformations (PTs) and chemical reactions. A simple, three-scale continuum thermodynamic theory and closed-form solutions are developed which explain these phenomena. At the nanoscale, a model for strain-induced nucleation at the tip of a dislocation pile-up is suggested and studied. At the microscale, a simple strain-controlled kinetic equation for the strain-induced SCs is thermodynamically derived. A macroscale model for plastic flow and strain-induced SCs in RDAC is developed. These models explain why and how the superposition of plastic shear on high pressure leads to (a) a significant (by a factor of 3--5) reduction of the SC pressure, (b) reduction (up to zero) of pressure hysteresis, (c) the appearance of new phases, especially strong phases, which were not obtained without shear, (d) strain-controlled (rather than time-controlled) kinetics, or (e) the acceleration of kinetics without changes in the PT pressure. Also, an explanation was obtained as to why a nonreacting matrix with a yield stress higher (lower) than that for reagents significantly accelerates (slows down) the reactions. Some methods of characterization and controlling the SCs are suggested and the unique potential of plastic straining to produce high-strength metastable phases is predicted.
Internal control material weakness, analysts’ accuracy and bias, and brokerage reputation

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of internal control material weaknesses (ICMW hereafter) on sell side analysts. We find that ICMW reporting firms have less accurate analyst forecasts relative to non-reporting firms when the reported ICMWs belong to the Pervasive type. ICMW reporting firms have more optimistically biased analyst forecasts compared than non-reporting firms. The optimistic bias exists only in the forecasts issued by the analysts affiliated with less-highly-reputable brokerage houses. The differences in accuracy and bias between ICMW and non-ICMW firms disappear when ICMW disclosing firms stop disclosing ICMWs. Collectively, our results suggest that the weaknesses in internal control increases forecasting errors and upward bias for financial analysts. However, a good brokerage reputation can curb the optimistic bias.
Unconventional approaches to combine optical transparency with electrical conductivity

The combination of electrical conductivity and optical transparency in the same material – known to be a prerogative of only a few oxides of post-transition metals, such as In, Sn, Zn and Cd – manifests itself in a distinctive band structure of the transparent conductor host. While the oxides of other elements with s2 electronic configuration, for example, Mg, Ca, Sc and Al, also exhibit the desired optical and electronic features, they have not been considered as candidates for achieving good electrical conductivity because of the challenges of efficient carrier generation in these wide-bandgap materials. Here we demonstrate that alternative approaches to the problem not only allow for attaining the transport and optical properties which compete with those in currently utilized transparent conducting oxides (TCO), but also significantly broaden the range of materials with a potential of being developed into novel functional transparent conductors.
Nitrimines as Reagents for Metal‐Free Formal C(sp2)–C(sp2) Cross‐Coupling Reactions

Nitrimines are employed as powerful reagents for metal-free formal C(sp(2) )-C(sp(2) ) cross-coupling reactions. The new chemical process is tolerant of a wide array of nitrimine and heterocyclic coupling partners giving rise to the corresponding di- or trisubstituted alkenes, typically in high yield and with high stereoselectivity. This method is ideal for the metal-free construction of heterocycle-containing drug targets, such as phenprocoumon.
Characterization of oxide films electrochemically deposited from solutions of palladium chloride and sodium hexachloroiridate

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry of platinum and glassy carbon electrodes in an acidic mixture containing 1.0 mM PdCl 2 and 2.0 mM Na 2 IrCl 6 yields a film of a 0.75 μm film is about 0.2 at.%. The surface concentration of palladium drops to below the detection limit of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wh experiments as a function of pH, two linear regions, over the pH ranges 1–5 and 6–10, with respective slopes of 62 mV (pH unit) −1 and 83 mV ( peak potentials vs. pH are commensurate with the potentiometric data. Charge transport coefficients for the oxidation of the film are lower than for th solution the respective values are 5 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 and 8 × 10 −9 cm 2 s −1 .
Thermally induced vibration and flutter of a flexible boom.

6 Flandro, G. A., "Fast Reconnaissance Missions to the Outer Solar System Utilizing Energy Derived from the Gravitational Field of Jupiter," Astronautica Acta, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1966. 7 Niehoff, J. C., "An Analysis of Gravity Assisted Trajectories to Solar System Targets," AIAA Paper 66-10, New York, 1966. 8 Deerwester, J. M., "Jupiter Swingby Missions to the Outer Planets," AIAA Paper 66-536, Los Angeles, Calif., 1966. 9 Silver, B. W., "Grand Tours of the Jovian Planets," AIAA Paper 67-613, Huntsville, Ala., 1967. 10 Franklin, F. A. and Cook, A. F., "Optical Properties of Saturn's Rings, II. Two-Color Phase Curves of the Two Bright Rings," Astronautical Journal, Vol. 70, No. 9, Nov. 1965. 11 Sharanov, V. V., The Nature of the Planets, transl. from Russian, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1964. 12 Alexander, A. F., The Planet Saturn—A History of Observation, Theory and Discovery, Macmillan, New York, 1962. 13 Friedlander, A. L., "Guidance Analysis of the Multiple Outer Planet (Grand Tour) Mission," American Astronomical Society Paper 68-109, Jackson, Wyo., 1968. 14 O'Handley, D. A., private communication, 1968. 15 Brereton, R. G., Kingsland, L., and Newburn, R. L., "Gravity-Assist Mission to the Jovian Planets (Grand Tour)," Supporting Research and Advanced Developments, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Space Programs Summary No. 37-50, Vol. Ill, Pasadena, Calif., March 1968, pp. 343-350.
Analytical models for the rigid body motions of skew bridges

Abstract The rigid body motions of the bridge deck, along with the impact between the bridge deck and the abutments, were the source of extensive damage on skew highway bridges during the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. In this paper, a model for the rigid body motions of skew bridges is presented and analysed. The focus of the model is the appropriate representation of the impact between the bridge deck and the abutments and the explanation of the inducement of in-plane rotational vibrations of the bridge deck as the result of this impact. A simplified model is briefly described first, and the kinematic mechanism of the problem is explained. Then, the analysis of a more detailed and realistic model follows. This model is applied on a short skew bridge located in Riverside, California. The response of this bridge to several earthquake shakings revealed that the planar rigid body rotations of the deck are induced primarily as a result of the skewness of the deck and the impact between the deck and the abutments.
Review of solar and reactor neutrinos

Over the last several years, experiments have conclusively demonstrated that neutrinos are massive and that they mix. There is now direct evidence for νes from the Sun transforming into other active flavors while en route to the Earth. The disappearance of reactor , predicted under the assumption of neutrino oscillation, has also been observed. In this paper, recent results from solar and reactor neutrino experiments and their implications are reviewed. In addition, some of the future experimental endeavors in solar and reactor neutrinos are presented.
ANISOTROPIC LOCALIZATION EFFECT IN LAYERED MATERIALS

Abstract We investigate the localization properties in a highly anisotropic and intrinsically disordered layered material which is analogous to high-Tc cuprates. By varying the anisotropy of the system, which is parameterized by the interlayer hopping tp, we find a crossover from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) behavior at a critical hopping amplitude tpc, where a mobility edge appears. We show that below the mobility edge, the anisotropic localization effect may exist for a finite-size system, when the ab-plane localization length is longer than the system size and the c-axis localization length is shorter than the system size. Nevertheless, we argue that such an anisotropic localization cannot account for the “semiconductor”-like behavior of the c-axis resistivity of high-Tc cuprates.
Simulation of single well tracer tests for surfactant–polymer flooding

A single well tracer test (SWTT) is a method to investigate the residual oil saturation near the wellbore. It presents an important tool to evaluate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. For EOR evaluation, two SWTTs (one before and another after EOR application) can be used to estimate the reduction in S or due to the application of an EOR process. The change in S or is a measure of the incremental oil recovery of the applied EOR technology. In this work, we use University of Texas Chemical Flooding Simulator to guide the design of SWTTs that will be later run to evaluate chemical flooding potential. First, we perform thorough sensitivity simulations using an idealistic homogeneous model. Second, we perform simulations using a realistic model, which was generated based on the selected evaluation well (Well-X). In the sensitivity runs, we investigate the effects of various parameters such as partitioning coefficients, reaction rates, injection rates, injection volumes, and shut-in times. Based on the results, we provide recommendations for designing the SWTTs. Furthermore, simulations using the Well-X model suggest an incremental oil recovery factor of 14.7 % OOIP due to surfactant-polymer flooding. This is consistent with lab data and provides assurance to multi-well field applications. More importantly, those simulation results support the utility of SWTTs in evaluating chemical flooding potential. Based on the results, we expect to observe distinct back-production peaks, clear separation between the reactive and product tracers, and measurable variation in separation due to chemical EOR application that can be categorically analyzed.
The electric dipole polarity of the ground and low-lying metastable excited states of NF.

NF (nitrogen monofluoride, fluoroimidogen) is isoelectronic with O2, and, like O2, it has a triplet configuration in the ground state, with two low-lying metastable singlet excited states. The dipole moment of the a 1Δ excited state was measured in 1973 to be 0.37 ± 0.06 D; at the time its polarity was assumed to be normal (i.e., with the negative charge on the fluorine). However, high-level electronic structure calculations, which reproduce with high accuracy the known spectroscopic constants of the ground and excited states of NF, predict a dipole moment of −0.388 D for a 1Δ NF, indicating that, despite the electronegativities, this molecule carries a positive charge on fluorine. The other singlet state is predicted to have an even larger negative dipole moment; the ground-state triplet should have a very small positive moment. Singlet NF resembles in this respect CO and BF, from the N2 isoelectronic series, both of which also have negative dipole moments.
From Random Matrices to Stochastic Operators

We propose that classical random matrix models are properly viewed as finite difference schemes for stochastic differential operators. Three particular stochastic operators commonly arise, each associated with a familiar class of local eigenvalue behavior. The stochastic Airy operator displays soft edge behavior, associated with the Airy kernel. The stochastic Bessel operator displays hard edge behavior, associated with the Bessel kernel. The article concludes with suggestions for a stochastic sine operator, which would display bulk behavior, associated with the sine kernel.