cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heterodyne detected fifth-order nonresonant Raman spectroscopy of CS2: Evidence for anharmonic coupling

We present actively phase-locked heterodyne detected fifth-order data. Nodal lines are found in several tensor elements, and these are also present in molecular dynamics simulations of the signal. The nodes are a result of anharmonic coupling between modes.
The Listening Patterns to System Events by Benign and Malicious Android Apps

Mobile applications have become an integral component of modern mobile operating systems. The usage pattern for these apps have increased tremendously the last ten years. At the same time, the security and privacy risks of these apps have also expanded in number and severity. In this paper, we spot the light on a critical component of Android mobile applications called Broadcast receivers. We focus on these receivers that are deliberately developed to listen to system's actions and events. The number of these actions has increased tremendously since the initial release of Android operating system. We showed that how such a component can pose serious privacy risks on users without their knowledge and awareness. We first illustrate a prototype of an attack that was possible due to the use of Broadcast receivers. We then show the results of analyzing a large dataset of malicious and benign Android applications in terms of their Broadcast receivers usages. Our prototype shows that with the use of Broadcast receivers the location privacy of users can be compromised, moreover, the dataset analysis results present that the usage of Broadcast receivers by malicious applications is remarkably higher than benign applications. Finally, we end with some conclusions and recommendations.
IDENTITY OF MERTENSIA OBLONGIFOLIA (NUTT.) G. DON (BORAGINACEAE) AND ITS ALLIES IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

The current status of Mertensia oblongifolia (Nutt.) G. Don and its allied taxa is surveyed. On the bases of continuously coherent morphological characters and/or regionally correlated variations, more than 30 taxa, including species, subspecies, varieties, and 1 forma, previously considered different from M. oblongifolia , are now placed under synonymy of this species. Those taxa currently known as M. fusiformis Greene, M. bakeri Greene, and M. bakeri var. osterhoutii Williams are among the new synonyms. Typification, taxonomy, and morphological problems of M. oblongifolia are discussed.
Play-fairway analysis for geothermal resources and exploration risk in the Modoc Plateau region

The region surrounding the Modoc Plateau, encompassing parts of northeastern California, southern Oregon, and northwestern Nevada, lies at an intersection between two tectonic provinces; the Basin and Range province and the Cascade volcanic arc. Both of these provinces have substantial geothermal resource base and resource potential. Geothermal systems with evidence of magmatic heat, associated with Cascade arc magmatism, typify the western side of the region. Systems on the eastern side of the region appear to be fault controlled with heat derived from high crustal heat flow, both of which are typical of the Basin and Range. As it has the potential to host Cascade arc-type geothermal resources, Basin and Range-type geothermal resources, and/or resources with characteristics of both provinces, and because there is relatively little current development, the Modoc Plateau region represents an intriguing potential for undiscovered geothermal resources. It remains unclear however, what specific set(s) of characteristics are diagnostic of Modoc-type geothermal systems and how or if those characteristics are distinct from Basin and Range-type or Cascade arc-type geothermal systems. In order to evaluate the potential for undiscovered geothermal resources in the Modoc area, we integrate a wide variety of existing data in order to evaluate geothermal resource potential and exploration risk utilizing ‘play-fairway’ analysis. We consider that the requisite parameters for hydrothermal circulation are: 1) heat that is sufficient to drive circulation, and 2) permeability that is sufficient to allow for fluid circulation in the subsurface. We synthesize data that indicate the extent and distribution of these parameters throughout the Modoc region. ‘Fuzzy logic’ is used to incorporate expert opinion into the utility of each dataset as an indicator of either heat or permeability, and thus geothermal favorability. The results identify several geothermal prospects, areas that are highly favorable for the occurrence of both heat and permeability. These are also areas where there is sufficient data coverage, quality, and consistency that the exploration risk is relatively low. These unknown, undeveloped, and under-developed prospects are well-suited for continued exploration efforts. The results also indicate to what degree the two ‘play-types,’ i.e. Cascade arc-type or Basin and Range-type, apply to each of the geothermal prospects, a useful guide in exploration efforts.
CALCULATIONS OF WAVES FORMED FROM SURFACE CAVITIES

The wave motion resulting from cavities in the ocean surface was investigated using both the long wave, shallow water model and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. The fluid flow resulting from the calculated collapse of the cavities is significantly different for the two models. The experimentally observed flow resulting from explosively formed cavities is in better agreement with the flow calculated using the incompressible Navier-Stokes model. The resulting wave motions decay rapidly to deep water waves. Large cavities located under the surface of the ocean will be more likely to result in Tsunami waves than cavities on the surface. This is contrary to what has been suggested by the upper critical depth phenomenon.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PREDATORS AND PARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH MONELLIOPSIS PECANIS BISSELL AND MONELLIA CARYELLA (FITCH) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDAE)

A survey of predators and parasites associated with the pecan aphids Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell and Monellia caryella (Fitch), revealed the presence of approximately 33 aphidophagous arthropod species. The most abundant predators included Chrysopa rufilabris Burmeister, C. quadripunctata Burmeister, Micromus posticus (Walsh), Coniopteryx simplicior Meinander, Olla abdominalis (Say), Coleomegilla maculata (Mulsant), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Mineville, and Allograpta oblique (Say). Three parasite species were collected and two subsequently identified from aphid mummies, including Aphelinus perpallidus Gahan, and Alloxysta schlingeri Andrews. Predators were most abundant at times of greatest aphid abundance; parasite abundance varied. No directional or height preferences in tree canopies were noted for predators or parasites.
Quality control testing of anti-sera with glutaraldehyde-treated antigens.

Glutaraldehyde-treated bacterial cells were used as the quality control organisms in agglutination and fluorescent antibody tests for group A Streptococcus; Salmonella groups A, B, and D; Shigella groups B, C, and D; and Neiserria gonorrhoeae . The antigen preparations were serologically reactive over a period of five months.
Management of Postradical Prostatectomy Urinary Incontinence: A Review

Postprostatectomy urinary incontinence has a significant impact on the quality of life of patients who undergo radical prostatectomy. Stress and overflow incontinence may result from the procedure, with sphincteric incompetence and detrusor hypocontractility implicating their development, respectively. In many cases, treatment begins with conservative approaches, including pelvic floor muscle training or biofeedback. Pharmacotherapy can be used to treat overactive bladder. For stress incontinence, transurethral bulking agents are utilized in select patients; however, artificial urinary sphincter and male slings are the most efficacious options with good success rates. In this review, the various treatment modalities are critically discussed with special emphasis on safety and efficacy.
Native American Mathematics. Edited by Michael P. Closs

(1989). Native American Mathematics. Edited by Michael P. Closs. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 7, pp. 662-663.
The Continuing Task of Black Theology: The Challenges Emerging from the Contemporary Black Church in the United States

Because of continual shifts in the sociocultural, political, and economic realities of any setting, theology, in order to maintain relevance, must be reflective of such shifts. It must commit itself to the maintenance of recognised confessional constants, but it must speak in relevant ways to the needs of the church’s present situation. This is the voice of many African Christian theologians. Black theology in the United States is confronted with the same type of challenge, namely, what is relevant reflection for the black church and the black community in the present? Confronting and overcoming racism has been a constant challenge for people of African descent in the United States. What kind of theological reflection emerging from the black church, would best accomplish two things: to enable the black church to exercise leadership in the movement toward black flourishing despite the effects of racism, and to contribute to the enhancement of Christian theological reflection for the church of Jesus Christ, in general. There are a number of important factors to be considered, but I see three areas of needed consideration. First, what is the meaning of “blackness” in play today? Second, what is the nature of “oppression” experienced in the present? Finally, is there a place for forgiveness in the black church in the present?
Labor-Management Relations in Public (and Business) Administration: A Textbook Case?

Unions are a perennial topic of controversy in American society. This article examines the attention that labor-management relations receive in introductory public administration textbooks. These p...
Primary hyperoxaluria: the effect of long-term treatment

Primary hyperoxaluria is an inherited syndrome comprised of two types based on specific inborn errors of metabolism. Type I (glycolic aciduria) has a deficiency of the thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent 2-oxoglutarate: glyoxylate carboligase enzyme which is involved in the synergistic decarboxylation of glyoxylate and 2-oxoglutarate to α-hydroxy-β-ketoadipate (1). This defect causes an accumulation of glyoxylate with increased endogenous production of oxalate, hyperoxaluria, glycolic aciduria and glyoxylic aciduria. Most patients with primary hyperoxaluria have this defect. Type II (L-glyceric aciduria) is associated with a deficiency of D-glyceric dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the gluconeogenic pathway of serine metabolism (2). This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of hydroxypyruvate to D-glycerate, and in its absence, there is an accumulation of hydroxypyruvate. In the presence of lactic dehydrogenase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH), the hydroxypyruvate is reduced to L-glycerate and excreted into the urine. The mechanism by which endogenous oxalate production is increased by this enzyme defect is not known with certainty. Studies reported by Williams and Smith of human erythrocytes and leukocytes have shown that hydroxypyruvate increases oxalate synthesis and decreases glycolate synthesis from glyoxylate believed to be caused by the reduction of lactic dehydrogenase-NADH (3). These observations suggest that the coupled oxidation-reduction of glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate by their common reactivity with lactic dehydrogenase produce the increased oxalate formation as an indirect result. These patients have hyperoxaluria and L-glyceric aciduria with decreased urinary excretion of glycolate and glyoxylate.
Introduction: Bilingual Memory Representation

Cognitive psychologists and cognitive scientists alike will likely attest to the fact that the bulk of research over many decades in these fields has been devoted to the understanding of human memory. We know that we are who we are, because of our memories, and thus, it is one of the most important functions of the mind that one can ponder, research, and try to understand to the fullest extent. Trying to comprehend how we learn mathematical procedures, spatial information, recognition of human faces, reasoning and problem solving, and a whole host of other abilities and skills is due, in large part, to the information that we have encoded and stored in our memories. Consider, therefore, the complexity that ensues when individuals know this information in two, three, or perhaps many languages.
New Approaches to Ultrasonic Flaw Classification Using Signal Processing, Modeling, and Artificial Intelligence Concepts

There are a number of modern approaches that can be used to characterize flaws in materials. For example, one method, which has been described recently by Wormley and Thompson [1], uses a model-based approach to obtain the “best fit” size and orientation parameters based on a simple equivalent shape such as ellipsoid. Before such sizing estimates can be activated, however, it is first necessary to determine if the unknown flaw being examined is a volumetric or crack-like flaw, since the sizing algorithm will be different for each case. This classification problem, although it is conceptually simpler than the more complete problem of flaw characterization, is, nevertheless, a difficult challenge because of the large number of parameters that can influence the resulting signals. A summary of our recent work on the flaw classification problem is given below. As will be shown, we have chosen to use a combination of signal processing, modeling and artificial intelligence tools to try to pare down the complexity of the ultrasonic responses and isolate those features that are dependent only on flaw-type.
Preservice Teacher Identity

Mentoring has long been a topic of interest, research, and discussion in multiple arenas of practice; businesses, schools, military, churches, to name just a few. While the benefits of mentoring and mentoring relationships are typically agreed upon, there are various specific styles or formats in the way mentoring activities are implemented. The very synergistic nature of mentoring implies that perhaps there is neither one best practice nor one lens with which to examine all of our unique experiences.
Learning Dialectics to Grow Better Soils Knowledge, not Bigger Crops: A Materialist Dialectics and Relationality for Soil Science

Specifically materialist variants of dialectics, as advanced mainly within Marxist intellectual currents, have rarely touched on the biophysical sciences, where dialectical approaches made little i...
Changes in the patterns of birefringence and filament deployment in the meiotic spindle ofNephrotoma suturalis during the first meiotic division

A study combining polarizing and Nomarski differential interference microscopes was carried out onNephrotoma suturalis spermatocytes in order to correlate changes in the distribution of spindle birefringence with both the fibrillar organization of the spindle and movement of chromosomes within it. Records of fluctuations in birefringence obtained from measurements of retardation and analyses of cine films show that there are significant transient fluctuations in birefringence during prometaphase (the so-called “northern lights phenomenon”) and gradual changes in the magnitude and distribution of birefringence from prometaphase through telophase. A negative correlation was found between the distribution of birefringence at the various stages of division and the amount of fibrillar organization in the spindle observed with the Nomarski system. Neither the transient nor gradual birefringence changes in theNephrotoma spindle can be explained adequately in terms of the number or distribution of spindle filaments. The possibility that these changes are associated with the forces developed within the spindle is discussed.
Simulations of Defense Strategies for Bennu: Material Characterization and Impulse Delivery

Abstract Assessments of asteroid deflection strategies depend on material characterization to reduce the uncertainty in predictions of the deflection velocity resulting from impulsive loading. In addition to strength, equation of state, the initial state of the material including its competency (i.e. fractured or monolithic) and the amount of micro- or macroscopic porosity are important considerations to predict the thermomechanical response. There is recent interest in observing near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu due to its classification of being potentially hazardous with close approaches occurring every 6 years. Bennu is relatively large with a nominal diameter of 492 m, density estimates ranging from 0.9-1.26 g/cm 3 and is composed mainly of carbonaceous chondrite. There is a lack of data for highly porous carbonaceous chondrite at very large pressures and temperatures. In the absence of the specific material composition and state (e.g. layering, porosity as a function of depth) on Bennu we introduce a continuum constitutive model based on the response of granular materials and provide impact and standoff explosion simulations to investigate the response of highly porous materials to these types of impulsive loading scenarios. Simulations with impact speeds of 5 km/s show that the shock wave emanating from the impact site is highly dispersive and that a 10% porous material has a larger compacted volume compared with a 40% porous material with the same bulk density due to differences in compaction response. A three-dimensional simulation of a 190 kT standoff explosion 160 m off the surface of a shape model of Bennu estimated a deflection velocity of 10 cm/s.
Computational tools for human-robot interaction design

Robots must exercise socially appropriate behavior when interacting with humans. How can we assist interaction designers to embed socially appropriate and avoid socially inappropriate behavior within human-robot interactions? We propose a multi-faceted interaction-design approach that intersects human-robot interaction and formal methods to help us achieve this goal. At the lowest level, designers create interactions from scratch and receive feedback from formal verification, while higher levels involve automated synthesis and repair of designs. In this extended abstract, we discuss past, present, and future work within each level of our design approach.
Consistency and Variability in Children’s Word Learning Across Languages

Why do children learn some words earlier than others? The order in which words are acquired can provide clues about the mechanisms of word learning. In a large-scale corpus analysis, we use parent-report data from over 32,000 children to estimate the acquisition trajectories of around 400 words in each of 10 languages, predicting them on the basis of independently derived properties of the words' linguistic environment (from corpora) and meaning (from adult judgments). We examine the consistency and variability of these predictors across languages, by lexical category, and over development. The patterning of predictors across languages is quite similar, suggesting similar processes in operation. In contrast, the patterning of predictors across different lexical categories is distinct, in line with theories that posit different factors at play in the acquisition of content words and function words. By leveraging data at a significantly larger scale than previous work, our analyses identify candidate generalizations about the processes underlying word learning across languages.
Beyond the Issues of School Counselor Accountability.

This article challenges some common arguments used by counselors who resist accountability. Important research issues are identified, and recommendations are discussed.
Learning Emphasis Selection for Written Text in Visual Media from Crowd-Sourced Label Distributions.

In visual communication, text emphasis is used to increase the comprehension of written text to convey the author’s intent. We study the problem of emphasis selection, i.e. choosing candidates for emphasis in short written text, to enable automated design assistance in authoring. Without knowing the author’s intent and only considering the input text, multiple emphasis selections are valid. We propose a model that employs end-to-end label distribution learning (LDL) on crowd-sourced data and predicts a selection distribution, capturing the inter-subjectivity (common-sense) in the audience as well as the ambiguity of the input. We compare the model with several baselines in which the problem is transformed to single-label learning by mapping label distributions to absolute labels via majority voting.
Germline ATM mutations on survival in metastatic pancreatic cancer patients.

e16746Background: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein is a DNA damage repair enzyme and regulates normal cell-cycle mechanisms. Germline ATM mutations are associated with increased risk for...
Limitation of adipose tissue by the number of embryonic progenitor cells

Adipogenesis in adulthood replaces fat cells that turn over and can contribute to the development of obesity. However, the proliferative potential of adipocyte progenitors in vivo is unknown (Faust et al., 1976; Faust et al., 1977; Hirsch and Han, 1969; Johnson and Hirsch, 1972). We addressed this by injecting labeled wild-type embryonic stem cells into blastocysts derived from lipodystrophic A-ZIP transgenic mice, which have a genetic block in adipogenesis. In the resulting chimeric animals, wild-type ES cells are the only source of mature adipocytes. We found that when chimeric animals were fed a high-fat-diet, animals with low levels of chimerism showed a significantly lower adipose tissue mass than animals with high levels of chimerism. The difference in adipose tissue mass was attributed to variability in the amount of subcutaneous adipose tissue as the amount of visceral fat was independent of the level of chimerism. Our findings thus suggest that proliferative potential of adipocyte precursors is limited and can restrain the development of obesity.
Performance of Gene Expression Profile Tests for Prognosis in Patients With Localized Cutaneous Melanoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Importance The performance of prognostic gene expression profile (GEP) tests for cutaneous melanoma is poorly characterized. Objective To systematically assess the performance of commercially available GEP tests in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage I or stage II disease. Data Sources For this systematic review and meta-analysis, comprehensive searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were conducted on December 12, 2019, for English-language studies of humans without date restrictions. Study Selection Two reviewers identified GEP external validation studies of patients with localized melanoma. After exclusion criteria were applied, 7 studies (8%; 5 assessing DecisionDx-Melanoma and 2 assessing MelaGenix) were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were extracted using an adaptation of the Checklist for Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modeling Studies (CHARMS-PF). When feasible, meta-analysis using random-effects models was performed. Risk of bias and level of evidence were assessed with the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool and an adaptation of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Main Outcomes and Measures Proportion of patients with or without melanoma recurrence correctly classified by the GEP test as being at high or low risk. Results In the 7 included studies, a total of 1450 study participants contributed data (age and sex unknown). The performance of both GEP tests varied by AJCC stage. Of patients tested with DecisionDx-Melanoma, 623 had stage I disease (6 true-positive [TP], 15 false-negative, 61 false-positive, and 541 true-negative [TN] results) and 212 had stage II disease (59 TP, 13 FN, 78 FP, and 62 TN results). Among patients with recurrence, DecisionDx-Melanoma correctly classified 29% with stage I disease and 82% with stage II disease. Among patients without recurrence, the test correctly classified 90% with stage I disease and 44% with stage II disease. Of patients tested with MelaGenix, 88 had stage I disease (7 TP, 15 FN, 15 FP, and 51 TN results) and 245 had stage II disease (59 TP, 19 FN, 95 FP, and 72 TN results). Among patients with recurrence, MelaGenix correctly classified 32% with stage I disease and 76% with stage II disease. Among patients without recurrence, the test correctly classified 77% with stage I disease and 43% with stage II disease. Conclusions and Relevance The prognostic ability of GEP tests among patients with localized melanoma varied by AJCC stage and appeared to be poor at correctly identifying recurrence in patients with stage I disease, suggesting limited potential for clinical utility in these patients.
Facial Trauma Patterns Among Young Athletes.

Study Design:Retrospective case series review.Objective:Participation in athletics is common in high school and college students and presents an increased risk of injury in this age-group. Previous...
What Have We Learned from a Decade of Empirical Research on Growth? It's Not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models

The article documents five stylized facts of economic growth. (1) The "residual" (total factor productivity, tfp) rather than factor accumulation accounts for most of the income and growth differences across countries. (2) Income diverges over the long run. (3) Factor accumulation is persistent while growth is not, and the growth path of countries exhibits remarkable variation. (4) Economic activity is highly concentrated, with all factors of production flowing to the richest areas. (5) National policies are closely associated with long-run economic growth rates. These facts do not support models with diminishing returns, constant returns to scale, some fixed factor of production, or an emphasis on factor accumulation. However, empirical work does not yet decisively distinguish among the different theoretical conceptions of tfp growth. Economists should devote more effort toward modeling and quantifying tfp.
Interactions between law enforcement and women of color at high-risk of lethal intimate partner violence: An application of interpersonal justice theory

Research suggests that women of color (WOC) survivors are often dissatisfied with police response to their calls for intimate partner violence (IPV) assistance due to disrespectful, apathetic, and ...
Healthcare spending in U.S. emergency departments by health condition, 2006-2016.

Background Healthcare spending in the emergency department (ED) setting has received intense focus from policymakers in the United States (U.S.). Relatively few studies have systematically evaluated ED spending over time or disaggregated ED spending by policy-relevant groups, including health condition, age, sex, and payer to inform these discussions. This study’s objective is to estimate ED spending trends in the U.S. from 2006 to 2016, by age, sex, payer, and across 154 health conditions and assess ED spending per visit over time. Methods and findings This observational study utilized the National Emergency Department Sample, a nationally representative sample of hospital-based ED visits in the U.S. to measure healthcare spending for ED care. All spending estimates were adjusted for inflation and presented in 2016 U.S. Dollars. Overall ED spending was $79.2 billion (CI, $79.2 billion-$79.2 billion) in 2006 and grew to $136.6 billion (CI, $136.6 billion-$136.6 billion) in 2016, representing a population-adjusted annualized rate of change of 4.4% (CI, 4.4%-4.5%) as compared to total healthcare spending (1.4% [CI, 1.4%-1.4%]) during that same ten-year period. The percentage of U.S. health spending attributable to the ED has increased from 3.9% (CI, 3.9%-3.9%) in 2006 to 5.0% (CI, 5.0%-5.0%) in 2016. Nearly equal parts of ED spending in 2016 was paid by private payers (49.3% [CI, 49.3%-49.3%]) and public payers (46.9% [CI, 46.9%-46.9%]), with the remainder attributable to out-of-pocket spending (3.9% [CI, 3.9%-3.9%]). In terms of key groups, the majority of ED spending was allocated among females (versus males) and treat-and-release patients (versus those hospitalized); those between age 20–44 accounted for a plurality of ED spending. Road injuries, falls, and urinary diseases witnessed the highest levels of ED spending, accounting for 14.1% (CI, 13.1%-15.1%) of total ED spending in 2016. ED spending per visit also increased over time from $660.0 (CI, $655.1-$665.2) in 2006 to $943.2 (CI, $934.3-$951.6) in 2016, or at an annualized rate of 3.4% (CI, 3.3%-3.4%). Conclusions Though ED spending accounts for a relatively small portion of total health system spending in the U.S., ED spending is sizable and growing. Understanding which diseases are driving this spending is helpful for informing value-based reforms that can impact overall health care costs.
Microwave‐Enhanced Methods for Biodiesel Production and Other Environmental Applications

Microwave-enhanced organic/inorganic synthesis is considered as green chemistry and a preferred method due to several advantages such as lower energy consumption, substantial reduction in reaction times and solvent requirements, enhanced selectivity, and improved conversions with less by-product formation. In this book chapter, an emphasis on microwaveenhanced methods for biodiesel production is presented. A preliminary understanding of the microwave heating mechanism in achieving fast and easy synthesis of biodiesel is discussed. Biodiesel production using different feedstock (vegetable oils to algae), catalysts applied, and energy requirements of the processes are presented. Advantages of microwaveenhanced biodiesel synthesis such as non-catalytic, solvent-free transesterifi cations, higher fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yields, lower energy requirements, and product separation times are discussed. Analyses of algal feedstock and algal biodiesel properties are also presented. In addition, microwave applications in other important organic/inorganic chemical reactions and environmental remediation are presented.
Abstract 13428: Cell Depletion Studies Identify CD8+ T cells as Mediators of Beneficial Effects of p210 Vaccination in Angiotensin-II Induced Aortic Aneurysm Formation and Rupture

Background: We previously reported that vaccination with an apoB-100 peptide called p210 markedly reduced angiotensin-II (AngII) induced aortic aneurysm (AA) formation and mortality from AA rupture in apoE-/- mice. The cellular mediators involved have, however, not been clearly defined. We have also shown that the athero-protective effects of p210 immunization are mediated by modulation of CD8+ T cells. To determine the mechanistic role of CD8+ T cells in the protective effect of p210 immunization in AngII induced AA, we performed experiments depleting CD8+ T cells in p210 immunized mice. Methods and Results: ApoE-/- mice were immunized with the p210 vaccine at 7, 10, and 12 weeks of age. At 10 weeks of age, AngII was infused using an osmotic pump at a dose of 1000ng/kg/min for 4 weeks. Mice were injected with either a CD8 depleting antibody (CD8 Ab) or control IgG (Isotype) at a dose of 150μg 3 days before the first immunization and then twice a week thereafter. Splenocytes collected at euthanasia confir...
Influence of dietary nitrogen on nitrogen metabolism in the rumen.

Summary In vivo trials, utilizing four fistulated steers in a Latin-square design, were conducted with four rations: casein + basal, urea + basal, soybean meal + basal, and cottonseed hulls (basal). Nitrogenous constituents, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and pH values were determined on rumen liquor taken at various intervals after feeding. Levels of urea nitrogen were determined on the jugular blood. The concentration of ammonia present in the rumen over a 12-hr period from the urea or casein ration was significantly higher (P Total VFA were influenced by nitrogen substrate. The casein ration was associated with greater quantities of propionic, butyric, and valeric acids than that observed when the other rations were fed, whereas the urea ration was associated with the highest quantity of acetic acid.
Ejecta–megaregolith accumulation on planetesimals and large asteroids

– Megaregolith accumulation can have important thermal consequences for bodies that lose heat by conduction, as vacuous porosity of the kind observed in the lunar megaregolith lowers thermal conductivity by a factor of 10. I have modeled global average ejecta accumulation as a function of the largest impact size, with no explicit modeling of time. In conjunction with an assumed cratering size-distribution exponent b, the largest crater constrains the sizes of all other craters that significantly contribute to a megaregolith. The largest impactor mass ratio is a major fraction of the catastrophic-disruption mass ratio, and in general the largest crater’s diameter is close to the target’s diameter. Total accumulation is roughly 1–5% of (and proportional to) the target’s radius. Global accumulations estimated by this approach are higher than in the classic Housen et al. (1979) study by a factor of roughly 10. This revision is caused mainly by higher (typical) largest crater size. For b ∼ 2, the single largest crater typically contributes close to 50% of the total of new (nonrecycled) ejecta. Megaregolith can be destroyed by sintering, a process whose pressure sensitivity makes it effective at lower temperature on larger bodies. Planetesimals ∼100 km in diameter may be surprisingly well suited (about as well suited as bodies two to three times larger in diameter) for attaining temperatures conducive to widespread melting. A water-rich composition may be a significant disadvantage in terms of planetesimal heating, as the shallow interior may be densified by aqueous metamorphism, and will have a low sintering temperature.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) induced by Leishmania infection of human dendritic cells

Summary Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in regulating immunity, establishing immunologically privileged tissue microenvironments and maintaining homoeostasis. It is becoming increasingly clear that one key mechanism that mediates many DC functions is production of the immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). For pathogens that cause chronic infection, exploitation of host DCs is a solution to establish and persist within a host. Leishmania parasites cause a range of clinical manifestations, all involving chronic infection, and are proficient at avoiding immune responses. We demonstrate here that infection of human myeloid-derived DC with L. major and L. donovani induces IDO expression using a mechanism that involves autocrine or paracrine stimulation with a DC-secreted factor. Leishmania-induced IDO suppresses allogeneic and tetanus toxoid–specific lymphocyte proliferation, an inhibition that is reversed with the IDO inhibitor, 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT). Furthermore, IDO expression by human DC does not require live Leishmania infection, as parasite lysates also up-regulate IDO mRNA production. Our data suggest that one mechanism Leishmania parasites utilize to circumvent immune clearance may be to promote the induction of IDO among host DC within the infection microenvironment.
Preliminary analysis of partial reinforcement in discriminated avoidance

In Experiment 1 the effects of partial reinforcement (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%) on acquisition and reinterpreted extinction of the lever response in discriminated avoidance was studied. In general, acquisition rate of the avoidance response was a direct function of reinforcement percentage, but with no evidence of a differential effect on extinction. In Experiment 2 an attempt to introduce partial reinforcement gradually under conditions of extended training demonstrated basically the same findings, with no increased resistance to extinction due to partial reinforcement, but found a dramatic “warm-up” for partial reinforcement. This suggested the need to begin extinction immediately following acquisition rather than at the beginning of the next session.
Tree queries: a simple class of relational queries

One can partition the class of relational database schemas into tree schemas and cyclic schemas. (These are called acyclic hypergraphs and cyclic hypergraphs elsewhere in the literature.) This partition has interesting implications in query processing, dependency theory, and graph theory.The tree/cyclic partitioning of database schemas originated with a similar partition of equijoin queries. Given an arbitrary equijoin query one can obtain an equivalent query that calculates the natural join of all relations in (an efficiently) derived database; such a query is called a natural join (NJ) query. If the derived database is a tree schema the original query is said to be a tree query, and otherwise a cyclic query.In this paper we analyze query processing consequences of the tree/cyclic partitioning. We are able to argue, qualitatively, that queries which imply a tree schema are easier to process than those implying a cyclic schema. Our results also extend the study of the semijoin operator.
Pole assignment and minimal feedback design

The problem of pole assignment is considered for three types of output feedback configurations : a combination of dynamic precompensation and dynamic output feedback : dynamic precompensation and unity output feedback ; and pure dynamic output feedback. In all three cases, the conditions for pole assignment depend on certain integer invariants which are determined, roughly speaking, by the unstable poles, by the unstable zeros, and by the zeros at infinity of the transfer matrix of the given system. †This research was supported in part by US Army Research Grant DAA29-80-C0050 and US Air Force Grant AFOSR76-3034D through the Center for Mathematical System Theory, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S.A.
Overview 14 Creep fracture in ceramic polycrystals—I. creep cavitation effects in polycrystalline alumina

Abstract Fine grained polycrystalline alumina has been deformed in creep at high temperatures, to examine the evolution of cavities at grain boundaries. Cavities with equilibrium and crack-like morphologies have been observed, distributed non-uniformly throughout the material. The role of these cavities during creep has been described. A transition from equilibrium to crack-like morphology has been observed and correlated with a model based on the influence of the surface to boundary diffusivity ratio and the local tensile stress. The contribution of cavitation to the creep rate and total creep strain has been analyzed and excluded as the principal cause of the observed non-linear creep rate.
Household smoking behavior and ETS exposure among children with asthma in low-income, minority households

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure was measured among 242 children with asthma who live in homes where at least one person smokes. Subjects were identified through clinics, schools, community agencies, and hospitals serving low-income, medically underserved communities in Los Angeles. Parents were surveyed about smoking behaviors in the household, children's ETS exposure, and attitudes towards smoking and smoking behavior change. Validation measures included urine cotinine for the child with asthma and passive air nicotine monitors placed in the subjects' homes. Overall reported levels of household smoking and ETS exposure were low, with a significant amount of household smoking taking place outside rather than inside the home. Over 47% of the respondents reported absolute restrictions against smoking in the home, and these restrictions were associated with lower reported levels of smoking, ETS exposure, and air nicotine and urine cotinine concentrations.
Extramedullary Hemangioblastoma of the Conus Medullaris

¶ Background. We report the case of an extramedullary pathologically proven hemangioblastoma of the conus medullaris. As spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas most commonly present with a conus medullaris syndrome, our presentation of the MRI, myelographic, and angiographic findings of this unique lesion may be useful in differentiating these two entities.
An evaluation of the statistical significance of the association between northward turnings of the interplanetary magnetic field and substorm expansion onsets

[1] An outstanding problem in magnetospheric physics is deciding whether substorms are always triggered by external changes in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) or solar wind plasma, or whether they sometimes occur spontaneously. Over the past decade, arguments have been made on both sides of this issue. In fact, there is considerable evidence that some substorms are triggered. However, equally persuasive examples of substorms with no obvious trigger have been found. Because of conflicting views on this subject, further work is required to determine whether there is a physical relation between IMF triggers and substorm onset. In the work reported here a list of substorm onsets was created using two independent substorm signatures: sudden changes in the slope of the AL index and the start of a Pi 2 pulsation burst. Possible IMF triggers were determined from ISEE-2 observations. With the ISEE spacecraft near local noon immediately upstream of the bow shock, there can be little question about propagation delay to the magnetopause or whether a particular IMF feature hits the subsolar magnetopause. Thus it eliminates the objections that the calculated arrival time is subject to a large error or that the solar wind monitor missed a potential trigger incident at the subsolar point. Using a less familiar technique, statistics of point process, we find that the time delay between substorm onsets and the propagated arrival time of IMF triggers are clustered around zero. We estimate for independent processes that the probability of this clustering by chance alone is about 10−11. If we take into account the requirement that the IMF must have been southward prior to the onset, then the probability of clustering is higher, ∼10−5, but still extremely unlikely. Thus it is not possible to ascribe the apparent relation between IMF northward turnings and substorm onset to coincidence.
Learned aversion to the odors of male mice: effects on agonistic behavior.

Abstract Intact and castrate male mice were subjected to avoidance training using the urine of intact and castrate donors as stimuli. Both intacts and castrates learned to discriminate between the odors, with such learning modifying their spontaneous responsiveness to such odors in an open field in the predicted direction. This result suggests that the previously reported lack of responsiveness in castrates [15] was not due to a simple sensory deficit. A second experiment determined that increasing the relative aversion exhibited by intact subjects to the odors of intact donors also increased the subject's aggression directed at a castrate opponent swabbed with such odors. Modification of castrates' responsivity had no such effect on their aggression. This indicated that replacing the responsivity to aggression-related odors which is lost following castration, is not equivalent to replacing the hormone. The results are discussed with regard to possible hormonal effects on the social significance of olfactory cues to the recipient animal.
Random-access rendering of general vector graphics

We introduce a novel representation for random-access rendering of antialiased vector graphics on the GPU, along with efficient encoding and rendering algorithms. The representation supports a broad class of vector primitives, including multiple layers of semitransparent filled and stroked shapes, with quadratic outlines and color gradients. Our approach is to create a coarse lattice in which each cell contains a variable-length encoding of the graphics primitives it overlaps. These cell-specialized encodings are interpreted at runtime within a pixel shader. Advantages include localized memory access and the ability to map vector graphics onto arbitrary surfaces, or under arbitrary deformations. Most importantly, we perform both prefiltering and supersampling within a single pixel shader invocation, achieving inter-primitive antialiasing at no added memory bandwidth cost. We present an efficient encoding algorithm, and demonstrate high-quality real-time rendering of complex, real-world examples.
Mechanisms involved in the antibody-mediated suppression of tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity: The effects of antigen concentration on tolerance induction, the ability of antigen-antibody complexes to tolerize and the effects of tolerization on antigen-induced in vitro proliferation

Long-lived tuberculin-type delayed hypersensitivity to chicken conalbumin (CA), as measured by skin-reaction, is inhibited in CAF1 mice by passively administered hyperimmune mouse antiserum to CA. We describe here three new parameters of this inhibition: (1) induction of tolerance is not dependent on the concentration of antigen used to sensitize, even when 3.6-fold more antigen is administered than the tolerizing antibodies can bind; (2) antigen-antibody complexes formed in vitro can inhibit; and (3) although induction rather than reaction is suppressed by antiserum treatment, early stages of sensitization are not inhibited. This is shown by the capacity of inguinal lymph node cells from suppressed mice to proliferate in vitro, in response to antigen, 7 and 14 days after sensitization and antiserum treatment. In fact, this in vitro proliferative response is specifically enhanced in suppressed mice on day 7. These results suggest a complex mechanism of antibody-mediated immunoregulation.
Parathyroid Angiography: A Review of Current Knowledge and Guidelines for Clinical Application

IN THE YEARS since the first localization (1) and visualization (2) of parathyroid lesions by arteriography, there has accumulated a large body of knowledge about the anatomical basis of parathyroid angiography, the proper and safe application of these techniques, and the subtilities of their interpretation. This information is now widely scattered in the radiographic, surgical, and internal medicine literature. This review is undertaken to provide the internist with a concise summary of this knowledge, in order to facilitate the optimum application of these techniques. We will review the pertinent facts about parathyroid embryology, vascular anatomy, and blood flow patterns. We will outline the goals, risks and interpretation of arteriography and venous sampling. Tentative guidelines are presented to aid in the selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from these techniques. Arterial Anatomy and Embryology Accurate performance and interpretation of parathyroid angiographic studies requires an ...
A cancer-causing gene is positively correlated with male aggression in Xiphophorus cortezi

The persistence of seemingly maladaptive genes in organisms challenges evolutionary biological thought. In Xiphophorus fishes, certain melanin patterns form malignant melanomas because of a cancer-causing gene (Xiphophorus melanoma receptor kinase; Xmrk), which arose several millions years ago from unequal meiotic recombination. Xiphophorus melanomas are male biased and induced by androgens however male behaviour and Xmrk genotype has not been investigated. This study found that male X. cortezi with the spotted caudal (Sc) pattern, from which melanomas originate, displayed increased aggression in mirror image trials. Furthermore, Xmrk males (regardless of Sc phenotype) bit and performed more agonistic displays than Xmrk deficient males. Male aggressive response decreased when males viewed their Sc image as compared with their non-Sc image. Collectively, these results indicate that Xmrk males experience a competitive advantage over wild-type males and that intrasexual selection could be an important component in the evolutionary maintenance of this oncogene within Xiphophorus.