cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fully-relativistic full-potential multiple scattering theory: A pathology-free scheme

Abstract The Green function plays an essential role in the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker(KKR) multiple scattering method . In practice, it is constructed from the regular and irregular solutions of the local Kohn–Sham equation and robust methods exist for spherical potentials. However, when applied to a non-spherical potential, numerical errors from the irregular solutions give rise to pathological behaviors of the charge density at small radius. Here we present a full-potential implementation of the fully-relativistic KKR method to perform ab initio self-consistent calculation by directly solving the Dirac differential equations using the generalized variable phase (sine and cosine matrices) formalism Liu et al. (2016). The pathology around the origin is completely eliminated by carrying out the energy integration of the single-site Green function along the real axis. By using an efficient pole-searching technique to identify the zeros of the well-behaved Jost matrices, we demonstrated that this scheme is numerically stable and computationally efficient, with speed comparable to the conventional contour energy integration method, while free of the pathology problem of the charge density. As an application, this method is utilized to investigate the crystal structures of polonium and their bulk properties, which is challenging for a conventional real-energy scheme. The noble metals are also calculated, both as a test of our method and to study the relativistic effects .
An Intersectional Analysis of Perspectives on Science and Religion in the United States

Using General Social Survey data (n = 3,504), we examine racial, ethnic, and gender divisions in perspectives on science and religion. We find that while blacks and Latinos are each more likely tha...
Eigenvalue sensitivity of sampled time systems operating in closed loop

Abstract The use of feedback to create closed-loop eigenstructures with high sensitivity has received some attention in the Structural Health Monitoring field. Although practical implementation is necessarily digital, and thus in sampled time, work thus far has center on the continuous time framework, both in design and in checking performance. It is shown in this paper that the performance in discrete time, at typical sampling rates, can differ notably from that anticipated in the continuous time formulation and that discrepancies can be particularly large on the real part of the eigenvalue sensitivities; a consequence being important error on the (linear estimate) of the level of damage at which closed-loop stability is lost. As one anticipates, explicit consideration of the sampling rate poses no special difficulties in the closed-loop eigenstructure design and the relevant expressions are developed in the paper, including a formula for the efficient evaluation of the derivative of the matrix exponential based on the theory of complex perturbations. The paper presents an easily reproduced numerical example showing the level of error that can result when the discrete time implementation of the controller is not considered.
Dynamics of E. coli single stranded DNA binding (SSB) protein-DNA complexes

Single stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB) are essential to the cell as they stabilize transiently open single stranded DNA (ssDNA) intermediates, recruit appropriate DNA metabolism proteins, and coordinate fundamental processes such as replication, repair and recombination. Escherichia coli single stranded DNA binding protein (EcSSB) has long served as the prototype for the study of SSB function. The structure, functions, and DNA binding properties of EcSSB are well established: The protein is a stable homotetramer with each subunit possessing an N-terminal DNA binding core, a C-terminal protein-protein interaction tail, and an intervening intrinsically disordered linker (IDL). EcSSB wraps ssDNA in multiple DNA binding modes and can diffuse along DNA to remove secondary structures and remodel other protein-DNA complexes. This review provides an update on these features based on recent findings, with special emphasis on the functional and mechanistic relevance of the IDL and DNA binding modes.
Weakly supervised cyberbullying detection with participant-vocabulary consistency

Online harassment and cyberbullying are becoming serious social health threats damaging people’s lives. This phenomenon is creating a need for automated, data-driven techniques for analyzing and detecting such detrimental online behaviors. We propose a weakly supervised machine learning method for simultaneously inferring user roles in harassment-based bullying and new vocabulary indicators of bullying. The learning algorithm considers social structure and infers which users tend to bully and which tend to be victimized. To address the elusive nature of cyberbullying using minimal effort and cost, the learning algorithm only requires weak supervision. The weak supervision is in the form of expert-provided small seed of bullying indicators, and the algorithm uses a large, unlabeled corpus of social media interactions to extract bullying roles of users and additional vocabulary indicators of bullying. The model estimates whether each social interaction is bullying based on who participates and based on what language is used, and it tries to maximize the agreement between these estimates, i.e., participant-vocabulary consistency (PVC). To evaluate PVC, we perform extensive quantitative and qualitative experiments on three social media datasets: Twitter, Ask.fm, and Instagram. We illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of the model by analyzing the identified conversations and key phrases by PVC. In addition, we demonstrate the distributions of bully and victim scores to examine the relationship between the tendencies of users to bully or to be victimized. We also perform fairness evaluation to analyze the potential for automated detection to be biased against particular groups.
Effect of Prenatal Laterality Disturbance and Its Accompanying Anomalies on Survival

In this retrospective, observational study of fetuses diagnosed with a laterality disturbance we describe the findings and outcome of fetuses diagnosed between 1980 and 2017 at a tertiary fetal-pediatric cardiology unit. In addition we sought to identify features which impact on outcome. Left atrial isomerism (LAI) was diagnosed in 177 babies and right atrial isomerism (RAI) in 100. Major structural heart disease was present in all cases of RAI and 91% with LAI. Complete heart block (CHB) was present in 40% of LAI. For surviving live-born infants a biventricular circulation was feasible in 3% with RAI and 43% with LAI. The median survival for live-borns with LAI was 13 months (range 0 to 272 months) and for RAI 19 months (range 0.3 to 292 months). The median postnatal survival with CHB was 0.2 months (range 0 to 228 months) compared to 44 months with sinus rhythm (interquartile range 0 to 272 months; p
Factorization Techniques from Fermat to Today

Our only factorization algorithm so far is Algorithm 2.4, which will work fine for numbers up to ten or eleven digits, but quickly bogs down after that. Part of the problem with trial division is that it does too much. It is not only a factorization algorithm, it will also prove primality as long as you have the time to test for divisibility up to the square root of the number in question.
The nucleosomes that mark centromere location on chromosomes old and new

Proper segregation of chromosomes is an essential component of cell division. The centromere is the locus at which the kinetochore-the proteinaceous complex that ties chromosomes to microtubules-forms during mitosis and meiosis. Thus, the centromere is critical for equal segregation of chromosomes. The centromere is characterized by both protein and DNA elements: the histone H3 variant CENP-A epigenetically defines the location of the centromere while centromeric DNA sequences are neither necessary nor sufficient for centromere function. Paradoxically, the DNA sequences play a critical role in new centromere formation. In this essay, we discuss the contribution of both epigenetics and genetics at the centromere. Understanding these contributions is vital to efforts to control centromere formation on synthetic/artificial chromosomes and centromere strength on natural ones.
Allocating Police Resources While Limiting Racial Inequality

Police targeting hot spots of crime tends to disproportionately burden minorities via stops and arrests. This work attempts to reduce disproportionate minority contact by formulating a crime hot sp...
Perceptions of Interactivity and Consumer Control in Marketing Communications

ABSTRACTThe literature of marketing communication in the latter half of the 1990s offers evidence that interactive marketing is a significant presence in the field of marketing communication, and that control of interactive communication in many cases is passing into the hands of consumers. Perceptions of the development of communication interactivity, and measurement of the outcomes of interactive marketing communication--both as a basis for measuring marketing success and as a basis for determining marketing communication investment and agency compensation--are therefore legitimate subjects for research inquiry. A survey was conducted among marketing communication executives and educators to investigate perceptions of the present and future status of interactive and consumer-controlled interactive marketing communication, the degree of preparation for them, preferences for their measurement, and preferences for methods of compensating agencies for interactive marketing communication services.
Patient Perspectives on Factors Influencing Medication Adherence Among People with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and CHD Risk Factors.

Background Few qualitative studies have explored factors influencing medication adherence among people with coronary heart disease (CHD) or CHD risk factors. We explored how factors related to the patient (e.g. self-efficacy), social/economic conditions (e.g. social support and cost of medications), therapy (e.g. side effects), health condition (e.g. comorbidities), and the healthcare system/healthcare team (e.g. support from healthcare providers and pharmacy access) influence medication adherence, based on the World Health Organization Multidimensional Adherence Model (WHO-MAM). Methods We conducted 18 in-depth qualitative interviews from April to July 2018 with ambulatory care patients aged ≥45 years (8 black men, 5 black women, 2 white men, and 3 white women) who were using medications for diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and/or CHD. We used thematic analysis to analyze the data, and sub-themes emerged within each WHO-MAM dimension. Findings Patient-related factors included beliefs about medications as important for self and faith; the desire to follow the advice of family, friends, and influential others; and self-efficacy. Social/economic factors included observations of social network members and information received from them; social support for medication adherence and pharmacy utilization; and economic influences. Therapy-related barriers included side effects and medicine schedules. Only a few participants mentioned condition-related factors. Healthcare system/healthcare team-related factors included support from doctors and pharmacists; and ease of pharmacy access and utilization. Conclusion These results underscore the need for multidimensional interventions aimed at improving medication adherence and overall health of patients with CHD and CHD risk factors.
Artificial intelligence from A to Z: From neural network to legal framework

Artificial intelligence (AI) will continue to cause substantial changes within the field of radiology, and it will become increasingly important for clinicians to be familiar with several concepts behind AI algorithms in order to effectively guide their clinical implementation. This review aims to give medical professionals the basic information needed to understand AI development and research. The general concepts behind several AI algorithms, including their data requirements, training, and evaluation methods are explained. The potential legal implications of using AI algorithms in clinical practice are also discussed.
O processo de aprendizagem na educação on-line para a configuração do espaço híbrido

O desenvolvimento e a socializacao das tecnologias digitais (TDs) provocam a configuracao de espacos digitais virtuais, segundo Backes (2007; 2011; 2013; 2015), nos espacos geograficamente localizados, rompendo fronteiras e configurando espacos hibridos, conforme Latour (1991) e Santos (2008). Assim, emerge a questao: Como se desenvolve o processo de aprendizagem na educacao online para a configuracao do espaco hibrido? A reflexao ocorre na pesquisa “Os Espacos Hibridos nos Processos de Ensinar e de Aprender: A presenca e a copresenca no viver e conviver” e por meio do Estudo de Caso sobre disciplinas da modalidade EaD na Universidade La Salle - Canoas, com natureza exploratoria e abordagem qualitativa. O processo de aprendizagem e analisado a partir da presenca dos estudantes manifestada nos registros das atividades, por meio das unidades de analise: acao (presenca), perturbacao, interacao, legitimacao do outro, configuracao do espaco hibrido e superacao (significado no cotidiano). Os resultados evidenciam a importância da problematizacao dos conhecimentos como potencializadora do processo de interacao. No compartilhamento dos registros e fundamental a legitimidade dos estudantes para a configuracao do espaco hibrido, em uma convivencia que e propria e particular a cada grupo.
Analysis of caspase-mediated regulation of the cGAS/STING pathway in Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic infection reveals a dramatic cellular heterogeneity in type I interferon responses

During the ongoing virus-host arms race, viruses have evolved numerous immune subversion strategies aimed at the production of type I interferons (IFNs)1. This focus on IFN evasion highlights the essentiality of these cytokines in controlling viral infections. Apoptotic caspases have recently emerged as important regulators of type I IFN signaling in both non-infectious contexts and during viral infection2-5. Surprisingly, they promote viral immune evasion despite being widely considered anti-viral from triggering cell death2-5. Indeed, we previously discovered that the AIDS-associated oncogenic gammaherpesvirus Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) exploits caspase-8 activity to suppress the antiviral type I IFN response and promote viral replication5. However, the mechanisms of this novel viral immune evasion strategy are poorly understood, particularly how caspase-8 antagonizes IFN signaling. Here we show that caspase activity inhibits the DNA sensor cGAS6 during KSHV lytic replication to block IFN induction. Furthermore, we use single-cell RNA-sequencing to reveal that the potent antiviral state conferred upon caspase inhibition is mediated by an exceptionally small percentage of infected cells expressing IFN-{beta}, thus uncovering further complexity of IFN regulation during viral infection. Collectively, these results provide insight into multiple levels of type I IFN regulation by the cell and the way in which viruses co-opt them for immune evasion. Unraveling these mechanisms can inform targeted therapeutic strategies for viral infections and reveal cellular mechanisms of regulating interferon signaling in the context of cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases.
A NOVEL TRAFFIC STREAM MODEL DERIVING FROM A BIMODAL KINETIC EQUILIBRIUM

The traffic stream model corresponding to the (bimodal) local equilibrium solution of the kinetic equation of Nelson is presented, and shown to compare favorably, for densities not too near jam density, to several selected classical traffic stream models. It is argued that the bimodal traffic stream model is preferable, in that all of its parameters are related to a microscopic model of driver behavior (and road characteristics). Some operational consequences (i.e., pertaining to measurements) of the kinetic equilibrium interpretation of traffic stream models are discussed.
Classification and analysis of candidate impact crater-hosted closed-basin lakes on Mars

We present a new catalog of 205 candidate closed-basin lakes contained within impact craters across the surface of Mars. These basins have an inlet valley that incises the crater rim and flows into the basin but no visible outlet valley, and are considered candidate closed-basin lakes; the presence of a valley flowing into a basin does not necessitate the formation of a standing body of water. The major geomorphic distinction within our catalog of candidate paleolakes is the length of the inlet valley(s), with two major classes – basins with long (>20 km) inlet valleys (30 basins), and basins with short (<20 km) inlet valleys (175 basins). We identify 55 basins that contain sedimentary fan deposits at the mouths of their inlet valleys, of which nine are fed by long inlet valleys and 46 are fed by short inlet valleys. Analysis of the mineralogy of these fan deposits suggests that they are primarily composed of detrital material. Additionally, we find no evidence for widespread evaporite deposit formation within our catalog of candidate closed-basin lakes, which we conclude is indicative of a general transience for any lakes that did form within these basins. Morphometric characteristics for our catalog indicate that as an upper limit, these basins represent a volume of water equivalent to a ∼1.2 m global equivalent layer (GEL) of water spread evenly across the martian surface; this is a small fraction of the modern water ice reservoir on Mars. Our catalog offers a broader context within which results from the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover can be interpreted, as Gale crater is a candidate closed-basin lake contained within our catalog. Gale is also one of 12 closed-basin lakes fed by both long and short inlet valleys, and so in␣situ analyses by Curiosity can shed light on the relative importance of these two types of inlets for any lacustrine activity within the basin.
Language identification using shifted delta cepstra

A variety of speech identification technologies currently use Gaussian mixture models. Until recently, however, they were considered inferior to parallel phone recognition language modeling for identifying the language of a speaker. Experiments in the last year have shown that Gaussian mixture models can provide high performance language identification when shifted delta cepstra are used as the feature set. Not only can they achieve comparative or even superior performance to parallel phone recognition language modeling, Gaussian mixture models also require less computation. Performance can be further improved by altering the shifted delta cepstra parameters and the number of mixtures. The optimal parameter set varies depending on the languages to be identified. This paper describes a method for finding the optimal parameters for identifying a set of languages, specifies these parameters for a language identification task, and provides a performance comparison.
An Ensemble Approach to Image Matching Using Contextual Features

We propose a contextual framework for 2D image matching and registration using an ensemble feature. Our system is beneficial for registering image pairs that have captured the same scene but have large visual discrepancies between them. It is common to encounter challenging visual variations in image sets with artistic rendering differences or in those collected over a period of time during which the lighting conditions and scene content may have changed. Differences between images may also be caused using a variety of cameras with different sensors, focal lengths, and exposure values. Local feature matching techniques cannot always handle these difficulties, so we have developed an approach that builds on traditional methods to consider linear and histogram of gradient information over a larger, more stable region. We also present a technique for using linear features to estimate corner keypoints, or pseudo corners, that can be used for matching. Our pipeline follows this unique matching stage with homography refinement methods using edge and gradient information. Our goal is to increase the size of accurate keypoint match sets and align photographs containing a combination of man-made and natural imagery. We show that incorporating contextual information can provide complimentary information for scale invariant feature transform and boost local keypoint matching performance, as well as be used to describe corner feature points.
Hormonal control of rat adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: Enzyme activity, the final critical pathway

To examine whether glucocorticoids control rat adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) through gene transcription, the effects of hypophysectomy and acute and chronic glucocorticoid replacement on PNMT mRNA and enzymatic activity were determined. Glucocorticoid depletion through hypophysectomy did not alter PNMT mRNA, whereas PNMT activity declined to ∼25% of normal. A single dose of ACTH (4 IU SC) rapidly induced PNMT mRNA, with a six-fold peak at 6 hours postinjection. The short-term rise in PNMT mRNA was accompanied by an increase in corticosterone and elevated levels of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA. Ribosomal loading experiments suggested that available PNMT mRNA was fully utilized for protein synthesis. However, PNMT activity did not increase commensurately. Chronic ACTH treatment (4 IU SC daily for 7 days) sustained elevated levels of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA but returned corticosterone to hypophysectomized levels and decreased PNMT mRNA to 50% of normal. Despite the decline in PNMT mRNA and its partial utilization for protein synthesis, PNMT enzymatic activity was fully restored. These findings indicate that glucocorticoids exert marked but complex influences on PNMT gene transcription. In addition, corticosteroids appear to posttranscriptionally regulate PNMT protein expression, underscoring the uncoupling between the expression of PNMT mRNA and active enzyme. Thus, glucocorticoid control of gene transcription and protein synthesis do not fully account for changes in PNMT expression, consistent with the previous observation that glucocorticoid control of PNMT proteolysis is also important in PNMT regulation and the potential for epinephrine biosynthesis.
Relation between Rail and Waterway Transportation: A Symposium: Railways Versus Waterways: an Economic Comparison

The purpose in preparing this paper has been to assemble authoritative facts relative to past rail and waterway traffic in a form convenient for study and analysis so that conclusions or opinions r...
New cubic phase of Li3N: Stability of the N3- ion to 200 GPa

Diamond-anvil cell experiments augmented by first-principles calculations have found a remarkable stability of the N{sup 3-} ion in Li{sub 3}N to a sixfold volume reduction. A new ({gamma}) phase is discovered above 40({+-}5) GPa, with an 8% volume collapse and a band gap quadrupling at the transition determined by synchrotron x-ray diffraction and inelastic x-ray scattering. {gamma}-Li{sub 3}N (Fm3m, Li{sub 3}Bi-like structure) remains stable up to 200 GPa, and calculations do not predict metallization until {approx}8 TPa. The high structural stability, wide band gap, and simple electronic structure make this N{sup 3-} based system analogous to lower valency compounds (MgO, NaCl, Ne), meriting its use as an internal pressure standard.
ORF 3 of Lactate Dehydrogenase-Elevating Virus Encodes a Soluble, Nonstructural, Highly Glycosylated, and Antigenic Protein

Abstract Open reading frame (ORF) 3 of the genome of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), strain P, was cloned into the plasmid pcDNAI/Amp and in vitro transcribed and translated. Translation of ORF 3 yielded a soluble protein of the expected size (about 21 kDa). When synthesized in the presence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes the resulting glycoprotein of about 36 kDa became associated with the membranes. However, disruption of the ER vesicles by incubation in carbonate buffer, pH 11.5, resulted in the release of the protein from the membranes. Hydrophobic moment analysis of the ORF 3 protein indicated the absence of any potential transmembrane segments, except for a N-terminal signal peptide, but no cleavage of the signal peptide was observed during membrane-associated in vitro synthesis. The ORF 3 protein elicited a strong antibody response in infected mice. The antibodies from infected mice as well as a monoclonal antibody specifically precipitated the in vitro -synthesized ORF 3 protein, but no protein from LDV virions. The overall results suggest that the ORF 3 protein is a nonstructural, highly glycosylated, and antigenic glycoprotein that is probably soluble and secreted or at most only weakly associated with membranes via the signal peptide.
Growth cone guidance by substrate-bound laminin pathways is correlated with neuron-to-pathway adhesivity.

Substrate-bound laminin pathways prepared by the method of Hammarback et al. [J. A. Hammarback, S. L. Palm, L. T. Furcht, and P. C. Letourneau 1985. J. Neurosci. Res.13, 213–220] guided peripheral nervous system neurites (dissociated dorsal root ganglia and sympathetic ganglia) and central nervous system neurites (dissociated spinal cord and brain). Guidance of individual growth cones by 7- to 10-μm-wide laminin pathways was observed using time-lapse video microscopy. Fibronectin pathways, produced by the method used for laminin pathways, did not guide neurites. The guidance effect of laminin pathways was quantified and found to correlate with the concentration of laminin initially applied to the substratum. The concentration of laminin initially applied to the substratum also correlated with increased adhesivity of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons to laminin constituting the pathways relative to uv-irradiated laminin that borders the pathways. The guidance effect of laminin pathways was blocked by anti-laminin antibodies or by laminin but not by anti-fibronectin antibodies. This study demonstrates that guidance of DRG neurites by laminin occurs at the growth cone in a manner consistent with the hypothesis of guidance by differential neuron-to-substratum adhesivity.
Monsoon Dynamics with Interactive Forcing. Part II: Impact of Eddies and Asymmetric Geometries

Abstract The roles of eddies and forcing asymmetry in the dynamics of the large-scale monsoon circulation are investigated with a general circulation model. The net impact of eddies is found to be a slight weakening of the zonal mean monsoon circulation. The eddies strongly impact the momentum budget of the circulation, but the qualitative behavior of the monsoon flow is not substantially altered. The introduction of asymmetric forcing reveals the limitations of axisymmetric studies in representing the fully three-dimensional monsoon. Advection of low subcloud moist static energy air from the midlatitude oceans is seen to strongly impact the subcloud moist static energy budget in the continental subtropics, limiting the poleward extent of the monsoon. The advection of low moist static energy air must be blocked by orography, or the source of low moist static energy air must be removed, in order to induce strong precipitation over the subtropical landmass. An equatorial SST gradient is needed to induce a c...
Invasive cerebrospinal fluid cysts and cephaloceles of the petrous apex.

Objective:To describe the presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and surgical management of petrous apex cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cysts and cephaloceles.Study Design:Retrospective case review.Setting:Tertiary referral center.Patients:Six patients with symptomatic CSF cysts or cephaloceles.Interventio
Corrections to `A Simple Upper Bound of the Gaussian Q-Function with Closed-form Error Bound'

We make corrections of the published paper. Two equations are corrected in this correspondence.
An Adaptive Group Theoretic Algorithm for Integer Programming Problems

Group theory is used to integrate a wide variety of integer programming methods into a common computational process. Included are group optimization algorithms, Lagrangian methods, the cutting plane method, and the method of surrogate constraints. These methods are controlled by a supervisor which performs four main functions: set-up, directed search, subproblem analysis, and prognosis. Some computational experience is given. One appendix contains an algorithm for dynamically solving unconstrained group problems. A second appendix gives an algorithm for solving zero-one group problems.
Regional mapping panel for human chromosome 17: Application to neurofibromatosis type 1

Abstract A somatic cell hybrid mapping panel was constructed to localize cloned DNA sequences to any of 15 potentially different regions of human chromosome 17. Relatively high-resolution mapping is possible for 50% of the chromosome length in which 12 breakpoints are distributed over approximately 45 megabases, with an average spacing estimated at 1 breakpoint every 2–7 megabases. This high-resolution capability includes the pericentromeric region of 17 to which von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) has recently been mapped. Using 20 cloned genes and anonymous probes, we have tested the expected order and location of panel breakpoints and confirmed, refined, or corrected the regional assignment of several cloned genes and anonymous probes. Four markers with varying degrees of linkage to NF1 have been physically localized and ordered by the panel: the loosely linked markers myosin heavy chain 2 (25 cM) to p12 → 13.105 and nerve growth factor receptor (14 cM) to q21.1 → q23; the more closely linked pABL10–41 (D17S71, 5 cM) to p11.2; and the tightly linked pHHH202 (D17S33) to q11.2–q12. Thus, physical mapping of linked markers confirms a pericentromeric location of NF1 and, along with other data, suggests the most likely localization is proximal 17q.
Update on focal-plane image processing research

An update on research activities at Columbia University in the area of focal-plane image processing is presented. Two thrust areas have been pursued: image reorganization for image compression and image half-toning. The image reorganization processor is an integration of a 256 X 256 frame-transfer CCD imager with CCD-based circuitry for pixel data reorganization to enable difference encoding for hierarchical image compression. The reorganization circuitry occupies 2 of the total chip area and is performed using three parallel-serial-parallel (SP3) registers, a pixel resequencing block, and a sampling block for differential output. The chip has achieved a CTE of 0.99994 in this new SP3 architecture, at an output rate of 83 X 103 pixels/sec. (0.9996 at 2 X 106 pixels/sec) and an overall output amplifier sensitivity of 3.2 (mu) V/electron. The half-toning chip design has been described previously, and consists of a 256 X 256 frame transfer imager, a pipeline register, and comparator circuit. Functional testing of these elements is reported at this time.
Decoupling algorithms from schedules for easy optimization of image processing pipelines

Using existing programming tools, writing high-performance image processing code requires sacrificing readability, portability, and modularity. We argue that this is a consequence of conflating what computations define the algorithm, with decisions about storage and the order of computation. We refer to these latter two concerns as the schedule, including choices of tiling, fusion, recomputation vs. storage, vectorization, and parallelism.We propose a representation for feed-forward imaging pipelines that separates the algorithm from its schedule, enabling high-performance without sacrificing code clarity. This decoupling simplifies the algorithm specification: images and intermediate buffers become functions over an infinite integer domain, with no explicit storage or boundary conditions. Imaging pipelines are compositions of functions. Programmers separately specify scheduling strategies for the various functions composing the algorithm, which allows them to efficiently explore different optimizations without changing the algorithmic code.We demonstrate the power of this representation by expressing a range of recent image processing applications in an embedded domain specific language called Halide, and compiling them for ARM, x86, and GPUs. Our compiler targets SIMD units, multiple cores, and complex memory hierarchies. We demonstrate that it can handle algorithms such as a camera raw pipeline, the bilateral grid, fast local Laplacian filtering, and image segmentation. The algorithms expressed in our language are both shorter and faster than state-of-the-art implementations.
Tracheobronchial epithelium in the adult rhesus monkey: a quantitative histochemical and ultrastructural study.

Previous studies of the intrapulmo-nary conducting airways of sheep and rabbit have demonstrated marked diversity in the epithelial populations lining them. Because studies of trachea and centriaci-nar regions of macaque monkeys suggested that primates may be even more diverse, the present study was designed to characterize the epithelial population throughout the airway tree of one primate species, the rhesus monkey. Trachea and intrapulmonary airways of the right cranial and middle lobes of glutaraldehyde/ paraformaldehyde-infused lungs of five adult rhesus monkeys were microdissected following the axial pathway. Each branch was assigned a binary number indicating its specific location within the tree. The trachea and six generations of intrapulmonary airway from the right cranial lobe were evaluated for ultrastructure and quantitative histology as were those of the right middle lobe for quantitative carbohydrate histochemistry. Four cell types were identified throughout the tree: ciliated, mucous goblet, small mucous granule, and basal. The tallest epithelium lined the trachea; the shortest, the respiratory bronchiole. The most cells per unit length of basement membrane were in proximal intrapulmonary bronchi; the least, in the respiratory bronchiole. The nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial or Clara cell was restricted to respiratory bronchioles. Sulfomucins were present in the vast majority of surface goblet cells in the trachea and proximal bronchi. In proximal bronchi, neutral glycoconjugates predominated in glands and acidic glycoconjugates in surface epithelium. In terminal and respiratory bronchioles the ratio of acidic gly-coconjugate to neutral glycoconjugate equaled that in proximal bronchi, although glands were not present. Sulfomucins were minimal in terminal airways. We conclude that the characteristics of the epithelial lining of the mammalian tracheobronchial airway tree are very species-specific. The lining of the rhesus monkey does not have the diversity in cell types in different airway generations observed in sheep and rabbit. Also, the populations lining these airways in the rhesus are very different from either the sheep or rabbit in number, proportions of different cell types, glycoconjugate content, and distribution of specific cell types.
Prediction Variance and Information Worth of Observations in Time Series

The problem of developing measures of worth of observations in time series has not received much attention in the literature. Any meaningful measure of worth should naturally depend on the position of the observation as well as the objectives of the analysis, namely parameter estimation or prediction of future values. We introduce a measure that quantifies worth of a set of observations for the purpose of prediction of outcomes of stationary processes. The worth is measured as the change in the information content of the entire past due to exclusion or inclusion of a set of observations. The information content is quantified by the mutual information, which is the information theoretic measure of dependency. For Gaussian processes, the measure of worth turns out to be the relative change in the prediction error variance due to exclusion or inclusion of a set of observations. We provide formulae for computing predictive worth of a set of observations for Gaussian autoregressive moving-average processs. For non-Gaussian processes, however, a simple function of its entropy provides a lower bound for the variance of prediction error in the same manner that Fisher information provides a lower bound for the variance of an unbiased estimator via the Cramer-Rao inequality. Statistical estimation of this lower bound requires estimation of the entropy of a stationary time series.
Molecular characterization and developmental expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor from the chick embryo

Abstract The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was cloned from the chick embryo and its function and developmental expression characterized. Chicken AhR cDNA coded for 858 amino acid protein and 396 bp of 3′ UTR. The basic helix–loop–helix domain exhibited 87–100% amino acid identity to avian, mammalian, and amphibian AhR, and 69–74% to piscine AhR. The PAS (Per-ARNT-Sim) region was slightly less well conserved with (a) 97% identity to other avian sequences, (b) 81–86% to amphibian and mammalian AhR, and (c) 64–69% with piscine AhR. The carboxy terminus diverged the most among species with less than 53% amino acid identity between chicken and any available mammalian and piscine AhR sequences. The chicken AhR mRNA and protein were 6.1 kb and 103 kDa, respectively. Chicken AhR dimerized with human AhR nuclear translocator and bound the mammalian dioxin-response element in a ligand-dependent manner. AhR protein was detected in neural ganglia; smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle; and epithelium involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformations, such as pituitary, gastrointestinal tract, limb apical-ectodermal ridge, and kidney collecting ducts. AhR mRNA was detected in all tissues expressing protein, except myocardium. Cytochrome P4501A4 mRNA was highly induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) in a subset of tissues expressing AhR, including small intestine, liver, kidney, blood vessels, and outflow tract myocardium. In conclusion, the AhR sequence and function is highly conserved between birds and mammals, and although many tissues express AhR during chick embryo development, only a subset are responsive to TCDD induction of CYP1A4.
Effect of magnetic field on the energy levels of a hydrogenic impurity center in GaAs/Ga1-xAlxAs quantum-well structures.

We have calculated the binding energies of the ground (1s-like) and excited (2${p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$-like) states of a hydrogenic donor associated with the first subband in a GaAs quantum well, sandwiched between two semi-infinite layers of ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$As. Results have been obtained as a function of the potential-barrier height (or equivalently of Al concentration x) and the size of the quantum well in the presence of an arbitrary magnetic field. We have considered the two cases of donor at the center and at the edge of the well. The applied magnetic field is taken to be parallel to the axis of growth of the quantum-well structure. We have used a variational approach in which the trial wave functions are expanded in terms of appropriate Gaussian basis sets. For a given value of the magnetic field, the binding energies are found to be larger than their values in a zero magnetic field.
In Harm's Way: African Counter-Insurgency and Patronage Politics

This article explains why contemporary African regimes choose different counter-insurgency strategies and why they tend not to be population-centric. We argue that strategies correspond to the ways in which incumbent regimes in Africa deal with different segments of political society through patronage. Incumbents seek varying levels of accommodation with rebel leaders, or try to eliminate them, according to rebels' historical position within the state. This variation reflects differences in perceived political threats posed to incumbents. We classify these threats as high, moderate or low, which are associated with counter-insurgency strategies of group control, insurgent control and insurgent elimination, respectively.
HIV-1 integrase interaction with U3 and U5 terminal sequences in vitro defined using substrates with random sequences.

Successful integration of viral genome into a host chromosome depends on interaction between viral integrase and its recognition sequences. We have used a reconstituted concerted human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1), integration system to analyze the role of integrase (IN) recognition sequences in formation of the IN-viral DNA complex capable of concerted integration. HIV-1 integrase was presented with substrates that contained all 4 bases at 8 mismatched positions that define the inverted repeat relationship between U3 and U5 long terminal repeats (LTR) termini and at positions 17–19, which are conserved in the termini. Evidence presented indicates that positions 17–20 of the IN recognition sequences are needed for a concerted DNA integration mechanism. All 4 bases were found at each randomized position in sequenced concerted DNA integrants, although in some instances there were preferences for specific bases. These results indicate that integrase tolerates a significant amount of plasticity as to what constitutes an IN recognition sequence. By having several positions randomized, the concerted integrants were examined for statistically significant relationships between selections of bases at different positions. The results of this analysis show not only relationships between different positions within the same LTR end but also between different positions belonging to opposite DNA termini.
Finite amplitude convection with changing mean temperature. Part 2. An experimental test of the theory

It has been found in part 1 (Krishnamurti 1968) that when the mean temperature of a fluid layer is changing at a constant rate η, hexagonal flows are stable in a range of Rayleigh numbers near the critical. The direction of flow depends upon the sign of η. The static state is unstable to finite amplitude disturbances at Rayleigh numbers below the critical point predicted by linear theory. The validity of this theory is tested in an experiment in which the heat flux is measured as a function of η and Rayleigh number. The horizontal plan form is determined from the side by continuously exposing a photographic film moving in a vertical direction as tracers in different regions of the fluid are illuminated. Finite amplitude instability and hexagonal cells are indeed observed.
Public understandings of genetics and health.

Condit CM. Public understandings of genetics and health. This review of adult public understandings of genetics related to health indicates that the public's understandings overlap with those of professionals in some areas, but not others. Specifically, the majority of the world's people who have been studied understand genetics through the lens of heredity, not in terms of the structural and functional nature of genes. Public understandings of hereditary processes are influenced by models of social relationships and by experiential familiarity with particular conditions as much as by academic research results. Most people hold a fairly strong belief that many health conditions are substantially influenced by both genes and other factors. However, they do not have a stable understanding of the nature of gene–environment interactions. People in cultures where science is not a prominent cultural mode are even less likely to hold the belief structures of professional geneticists. In some areas–notably with regard to racialization of genetic medicine and characterizations of genetic variations as ‘mutations’–at least some members of the public strongly reject some geneticists' constructions. Public understanding of details pertinent to genetic testing generally appears to be weak.
Cells Listen to Their Inner Voice

Picture yourself on top of a mountain shouting out aloud—alone. You will hear only your own voice and its echoes. Now, picture yourself in a crowded stadium cheering for your team. You will hear the collective voice of all those cheering around you. Scaled down a million times, this phenomenon can occur in a population of cells. On page 628 of this issue, Youk and Lim demonstrate ( 1 ) two distinct modes of communication in yeast cells: self-communication, in which a cell primarily senses the signal produced by itself, and neighbor communication, in which a cell senses the signal collectively produced by all cells nearby. These properties have important implications for understanding cell dynamics in different biological contexts and across species, and for exploring design principles of biological networks.
Investment timing decisions under threat of potential competition: Why firm size matters

Abstract We study the value of the option to wait when other firms are looking at similar opportunities and may enter while one firm is waiting for uncertainty resolution. There are two important results. First the value of an investment project is affected by a firm’s assets-in-place, giving some firms a comparative advantage in competitive situations. Second, when two firms with different sized assets-in-place are looking at similar investment decisions, in the unique sub-game perfect equilibrium, the smaller firm invests earlier and also exits before a competing firm with larger assets-in-place. This makes an otherwise identical investment more valuable for the smaller firm. The larger firm optimally foregoes first-mover advantage because of higher expected exit costs.
Constant estrus in rats: Vaginal, reflexive and behavioral changes

Abstract Five female rats spontaneously displaying “constant estrus” were studied with respect to (1) the content of their vaginal smears, (2) their tendency to display the lordosis reflex in response to the experimenter's manual stimulation, and (3) their tendency to permit the male rat's copulatory intromissions. These five females had consistently cornified (“estrous”) vaginal smears and displayed vigorous lordosis-to-fingering most of the 19 days tested. Their patterns of receiptivity, however, were quite different, one female accepting a male's intromissions 95 per cent of the time, one accepting the intromission approximately 50 per cent of the time, and the other three rarely accepting an intromission. While normally cycling females show “estrous” smears, lordosis, and receptivity to the male concurrently, the data from the “constantly estrous” females revealed a disjunction between the occurrence of the lordosis reflex and receptivity.
Attenuation and p-p and p-n quasifree scattering in deuteron breakup

A new energy-dependent-core model for attenuation effects in quasifree scattering is used to explain the difference in quasifree scattering cross sections for the two kinematically equivalent modes of deuteron breakup under proton bombardment.
Challenges of Designing Trials for the Primary Prevention of Stroke

Background and Purpose— Prevention of a first stroke is an important strategy to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with cerebrovascular disease. In this discussion, we review challenges to development of clinical trials for prevention of a first stroke. Summary of Review— We discuss prevention of first stroke in the context of clinical trial design in the ARRIVE trial and a primary prevention trial in development for the elderly. Conclusions— Stroke is an important outcome in cerebrovascular disease trials in the elderly, but it may be trumped by coronary heart disease as a more common end point.
Infrared combination and difference bands of the NO dimer

Author Institution: Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research; Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada