cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A scenario-based approach to integrating flow-ecology research with watershed development planning

Abstract The ability to anticipate urbanization impacts on streamflow regimes is critical to developing proactive strategies that protect aquatic ecosystems. We developed an interdisciplinary modeling framework to evaluate the effectiveness of integrated stormwater management (i.e., integration of strategic land-use organization with site-scale stormwater BMPs) or its absence, and two regional growth patterns for maintaining streamflow regimes. We applied a three-step sequence to three urbanizing catchment basins in Oregon, to: (1) simulate landscape change under four future development scenarios with the agent-based model Envision; (2) model resultant hydrological change using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT); and (3) assess scenario impacts on streamflow regimes using 10 flow metrics that encompass all major flow components. Our results projected significant flow regime changes in all three basins. Urbanization impacts aligned closely with increases in flow regime flashiness and severity of extreme flow events. Most changes were associated with negative impacts on native aquatic organisms in the Pacific Northwest. Scenario comparisons highlighted the importance of integrated stormwater management for reducing flow alterations, and secondarily, compact growth. Based on a flow metric sensitivity typology, six flow metrics were insensitive to development in multiple basins, and four were sensitive to development and manageable with mitigation in multiple basins. Only three metrics were ever sensitive to development and resistant to mitigation, and only in one basin each. Our findings call for regional flow-ecology research that identifies the ecological significance of each flow metric, explores potential remedies for resistant ones and develops specific targets for manageable ones.
Role of primary afferents in the developmental regulation of motor axon synapse numbers on Renshaw cells

Motor function in mammalian species depends on the maturation of spinal circuits formed by a large variety of interneurons that regulate motoneuron firing and motor output. Interneuron activity is in turn modulated by the organization of their synaptic inputs, but the principles governing the development of specific synaptic architectures unique to each premotor interneuron are unknown. For example, Renshaw cells receive, at least in the neonate, convergent inputs from sensory afferents (likely Ia) and motor axons, raising the question of whether they interact during Renshaw cell development. In other well-studied neurons, such as Purkinje cells, heterosynaptic competition between inputs from different sources shapes synaptic organization. To examine the possibility that sensory afferents modulate synaptic maturation on developing Renshaw cells, we used three animal models in which afferent inputs in the ventral horn are dramatically reduced (ER81(-/-) knockout), weakened (Egr3(-/-) knockout), or strengthened (mlcNT3(+/-) transgenic). We demonstrate that increasing the strength of sensory inputs on Renshaw cells prevents their deselection and reduces motor axon synaptic density, and, in contrast, absent or diminished sensory afferent inputs correlate with increased densities of motor axons synapses. No effects were observed on other glutamatergic inputs. We conclude that the early strength of Ia synapses influences their maintenance or weakening during later development and that heterosynaptic influences from sensory synapses during early development regulates the density and organization of motor inputs on mature Renshaw cells.
The Importance of a Game

Organized play for many of the major sports that are popular around the world (baseball, basketball, hockey, tennis, and volleyball, for example) involves a contest between two opponents in which the victor is the team or individual that is the first to win a prescribed number of subcontests. Often during these contests one will hear in conversation or on a broadcast a statement such as "This game is the most important game of the series". Why are some games perceived as being more important than others, when each game counts the same toward the total number of victories required to win the contest? The purpose of this article to analyze the meaning and validity of such statements from a probabilistic perspective and to provide a means of quantifying importance, in order that the comparative significance of games can be measured. In this paper, the word game will refer to the subcontests that comprise a contest, and one participant in the contest will be arbitrarily denoted "the contestant", or "C". The key observation is that the importance of a game depends on context. Two distinct versions of importance, developed below, are therefore appropriate. It will be assumed that the outcome of each game in a contest is independent of all other outcomes. Participants in such contests frequently dispute the reasonableness of this supposition, citing the effects of momentum and other factors, primarily psychological; however, evidence from statistical analysis of contests [2] suggests that actual experience is quite compatible with the independence assumption.
Poly(L-Lysine) Adsorption to Fluoropolymer Films

The adsorption of poly(l-lysine) (PLL) from aqueous solution to poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) is investigated. Adsorption is controlled by choice of solvent (and PLL solution conformation) or by FEP surface chemistry. PLL adsorbs from pH 11 buffer solution to FEP: PLL adsorption is concomitant with the liberation of water molecules from the FEP-water interface resulting in a decreased interfacial free energy between organic and aqueous phases. PLL does not adsorb from an aqueous pH 7 solution to FEP unless the FEP surface is carboxylic acid-functionalized (FEPCO2H):an ionic interaction between FEP-carboxylate and PLL-ammonium enhances adsorption. The surface modifications are charaterized by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR IR), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), contact angle, and quantitatively by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The adsorbed amount of PLL to FEP (from pH 11) is proportional to molecular weight whereas the adsorbed amount of PLL to FEP-CO2H (pH 7) is independent of molecular weight and likely proportional to surface charge density. The modified film samples (relative to the unmodified film samples) show improved characteristics in terms of wettability, chemical reactivity, adhesion, cell growth.
Medical Technologists: Changing Roles in a Changing Environment

The role of the medical technologist in the clinical laboratory will change greatly in the coming years as a result of changes in the laboratory environment. Substantial modification in the medical technology curriculum is needed to prepare graduates for the technologic, regulatory, staffing, and operational changes that will occur in laboratory medicine in the 1990s. Curricular reform is also necessary to improve the products and services that laboratory educators provide to their customers. The reform will improve the quality of medical technology education to better meet customer needs.
Gene analysis of the Norovirus detected in diarrheal samples from infants in Shanghai area in 2006

[Objective] To study the genotype and the molecular characteristic of norovirus in the sporadic diarrheal samples collected from surveillance hospitals from infants in Shanghai area in 2006. [Methods] The viral RNA was extracted from 89 stools,and amplified with RT-PCR by using the human caliciviruses specific primers.The amplified genes were then sequenced,and analyzed by the DNAstar software to complete genotyping and homology analysis. [Results] Homology analysis revealed that the sequences of 12 specimens were homogeneous with genogroup GII.The sequences of 3 specimens was closer to the sequences from Germany in 2006,the sequences of the others specimens were closer to those of sequences from China in 2006,and Netherlands in 2006,and Japan between 2004 and 2005. [Conclusion] There were sporadic diarrhea cases in terms of norovirus genegroup GII.The majority of the sporadic strains in this study belonged to genotype GII.4 in infants in Shanghai area.
Optimal Channel and Power Allocation for Secondary Users in Cooperative Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive radios are a natural evolution of Software Defined Radios (SDRs) that are supposed to be equipped with the ability to learn their RF environment and reconfigurability. A cognitive radio can communicate over a primary user’s channel as long as the introduced interference does not degrade the primary Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR) below its minimum Quality of Service (QoS) requirement. In this paper, we employ cooperation in data transmission in order to increase the secondary transmit power limit. We present an optimal power allocation scheme for secondary users in order to achieve maximum SINR. We show that the optimal channel assignment problem that maximizes the sum-rate can be solved via the so-called Hungarian algorithm at a cubic complexity order. Also, we develop a suboptimal algorithm that permits to solve the channel assignment problem with a quadratic complexity order and with a slight performance degradation compared to that of the optimal solution.
Binding of adenylosuccinate synthetase to contractile proteins of muscle

The muscle isozyme of adenylosuccinate synthetase (AdSS), an enzyme of the purine nucleotide cycle, has previously been shown to bind to purified F-actin in buffers of low ionic strength and pH (Ogawa et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 85: 331-338, 1978). We have extended these observations by measuring the association of both crude and purified AdSS with the contractile proteins of muscle in buffers of physiological ionic strength and pH. Under these conditions, the enzyme binds to F-actin, actin-tropomyosin complexes, reconstructed thin filaments, and myofibrils but not to myosin. The apparent dissociation constant of 1.2 microM and binding maximum of 2.6 nmol enzyme/mg myofibrils indicate that binding of AdSS to myofibrils can be physiologically significant. The results suggest that AdSS in muscle may be associated with the thin filament of myofibrils.
Resistance to and repair of shell breakage induced by durophages in Late Ordovician brachiopods

Repaired shell breakage in Late Ordovician brachiopods from the Cincinnatian Series in the tri-state area of Indiana-Kentucky-Ohio may be described in increasing order of severity as scalloped, divoted, cleft and embayed. Concavo-convex brachiopod taxa display disproportionately higher frequencies of shell repair assigned to each category, whereas inflated, biconvex, plicate, sulcate taxa display disproportionately lower frequencies of shell repair. Certain plicate biconvex taxa lack examples of cleft and embayed valves. Plano-convex and dorsi-biconvex, costate taxa showed intermediate frequencies of shell repair, but lack representatives of embayed valves. Selective pressure for evolution of morphologic characters resistant to shell breakage may have favored phyletic trends of increasing size, geniculation and progressive development of a commissural ridge around the lophophore platform of the interior of the concave brachial valve of Leptaena and Rafinesquina . Size-frequency distributions for repaired and undamaged valves provide equivocal evidence of a size refuge from predator-induced shell breakage in Rafinesquina . Among the contemporaneous, potentially durophagous predators, nautiloids probably inflicted the sublethal injuries sustained by the brachiopods. The incriminating evidence includes a fragment of a crushing element imbedded in a valve of Rafinesquina that bears a very striking resemblance to calcified rhyncholites of Mesozoic to Recent nautiloids.
Associations among sugar sweetened beverage intake, visceral fat, and cortisol awakening response in minority youth.

Abstract Context Abdominal adiposity has long been associated with excess caloric intake possibly resulting from increased psychosocial stress and associated cortisol dysfunction. However, the relationship of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake specifically with cortisol variability and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is unknown. Objective To examine the relationships between SSB intake, VAT, and cortisol response in minority youth. Design A cross-sectional analysis. Setting The University of Southern California. Participants 60 overweight/obese Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adolescents ages 14–18 years. Main outcome measures VAT via Magnet Resonance Imaging (MRI), cortisol awakening response (CAR) via multiple salivary samples, and SSB intake via multiple 24-hour diet recalls. SSB intake was divided into the following: low SSB consumers ( Results The high SSB intake group exhibited a 7% higher VAT compared to the low SSB intake group (β = 0.25, CI:(0.03, 0.33), p = 0.02). CAR was associated with VAT (β = 0.31, CI:(0.01,0.23), p = 0.02). The high SSB intake group exhibited 22% higher CAR compared to the low SSB intake group (β = 0.30, CI:(0.02,0.48), p = 0.04). Conclusion This is the first study exploring the relationship between SSB, VAT, and CAR. SSB consumption appears to be independently associated greater abdominal adiposity and higher morning cortisol variability in overweight and obese minority youth. This study highlights potential targets for interventions specifically to reduce SSB intake in a minority youth population.
Breaking the cycle: How slow fashion can inspire sustainable collection development

What do academic librarians and fashion designers have in common? As designers produce a good—clothing—and librarians provide a service, it may seem like the two share no similarities. However, in recent years, both professions have been asked to do more with less. Designers are tasked with churning out clothing collections at a record rate while academic librarians have had to maintain and in some cases increase their level of service in the face of steadily decreasing budgets. One response to this relentless cycle in the fashion world is the development of slow fashion, a designer-oriented process that prioritizes producing fewer collections of clothing using materials that have less of an environmental impact. For libraries to respond to increasing demands, slow collection development is proposed and applied to building fashion resource collections in academic libraries.
Home Economics for Gender Justice? A Case for Gender-Differentiated Caregiving Education

Recent calls for reinstituting mandatory home economics education have emphasized its potential to advance gender egalitarian aims. The thought is that, because women’s disproportionate performance of caregiving and household labor is partially caused by gender socialization that better prepares women than men for such work, we can disrupt gender inegalitarian work distributions by preparing everyone for the sort of work in question. The curricula envisioned in these calls are gender-neutral, in the sense that they recommend identical educational interventions for all genders. By exploiting a parallel between gender-neutral educational policies and gender-neutral family leave policies, we argue first that gender-neutral home economics instruction is unlikely to advance gender egalitarian aims, and may in fact reinforce the very outcomes it is meant to disrupt. However, we further argue that a more radical home economics curriculum could avoid these difficulties. To the extent that we value educational interventions as a possible means for advancing gender egalitarian aims, we have good reason to seriously consider adopting a gender non-neutral program in which all and only boys receive mandatory caregiving instruction.
Overview of Operative Approaches and Staging Systems for Ventral/Incisional Hernia Repairs

Creating a common language for surgeons to discuss ventral hernias, including the techniques for repair and outcomes, can enhance overall knowledge of the disease process and improve care for patients. Many attempts have been made at defining a classification system including those brought forward by the European Hernia Society, Ventral Hernia Working Group, Modified Ventral Hernia Working Group, and most recently the Ventral Hernia Staging System. This chapter discusses each of these classification systems including strengths and weaknesses. Most importantly, we utilize the Ventral Hernia Staging System to provide an overview of operative approaches for the management of all stages of ventral hernias.
HEADSPACE TECHNIQUES USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE COMPONENTS FROM LIPOXYGENASE CATALYZED REACTIONS

Many volatile compounds that contribute to the flavor of fruits and vegetables are formed by enzymatic action during maceration of the tissue. In peanuts, soybeans, tomatoes, potatoes, and cucumbers the major volatiles in the flavor profiles arise via the breakdown of hydroperoxides produced by lipoxygenase from polyunsaturated acids containing a 1,4 cis, cis pentadiene system in the presence of molecular oxygen. Various isolation techniques and subsequent sampling methods for gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry have been employed to study the biochemistry of enzymatic flavor production and mechanisms involved. Headspace preconcentration methods and sampling techniques offer some unique advantages in this area. Volatiles can be preconcentrated and analyzed using a minimum of time under mild conditions which decreases the risk of possible artifact formation. The method of choice for preconcentration of headspace vapors depends on sample size, vapor pressure, concentration, boiling point range of volatiles to be studied, and information desired. Preconcentration methods, sampling techniques, interpretation of volatile profiles, and problems encountered in vapor phase analysis will be discussed. Data presented represents an application of headspace techniques to the study of biochemical production of volatile components from lipoxygenase catalyzed reactions.
The use of post-tensioning to reduce seismic damage in steel frames

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a post-tensioned friction damped connection for earthquake resistant steel moment resisting frames (MRFs). The post-tensioned high strength strands run parallel to the beam and are anchored outside of the connection. Due to the initial post-tensioning force applied to the strands, the beam flanges are compressed against the column flanges. Friction devices are located at the beam flanges, consisting of a friction plate sandwiched by two brass shim plates that are inserted between the beam flange reinforcing plate and an outer plate. All plates are bolted to the beam flanges. Long slotted holes are drilled through the friction plate. The computer program DRAIN-2DX is used to develop a model of the post-tensioned friction damped moment connection (PFDC) and the associated beams and columns of the MRF. The beams and columns are modeled using fiber elements. Each fiber element is divided into a number of segments along the element length. The cross-section of each segment is comprised of several fibers. The analytical investigations indicate that moment resisting frames with PFDCs may perform better than moment resisting frames with conventional welded moment connections.
Infliximab Therapy for Pediatric Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract most often diagnosed in adolescence and young adulthood, with a rising incidence in pediatric populations. The goals of therapy of IBD in children consist of eliminating symptoms, normalizing quality of life, restoring growth, and preventing complications while minimizing the adverse effects of medications. These goals are often not achieved with conventional therapeutic strategies, and the use of biologic therapies, like anti-TNF agents, has increasingly become prevalent leading to significant improvement in outcomes and quality of life. Infliximab was the first anti-TNF agent to be approved for treatment of IBD. Their use, however, must be tempered with recognition of side effects, especially infections and malignancies. Emerging strategies to minimize loss of response with scheduled dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring are being employed to maintain long-term remission with these medications.
Connecting in the Twitterverse: Using Twitter to satisfy unmet belonging needs.

The current study explored how social media can satisfy unmet needs for belonging. We predicted that, of those who experience chronic ostracism (feeling excluded and ignored frequently), people hig...
Intersectionality and Critical Race Theory: A Genealogical Note from a CLS Point of View

This comment, written as a contribution to an as yet unpublished book collection on Kim Crenshaw’s intersectionality writings, develops Crenshaw’s notion of critical legal studies as a “condition of possibility” for critical race theory. In terms of genealogy CRT is “descended” from CLS. I’ll give my own brief version of CLS as the “incubator” of CRT, and then shift to two other aspects of the mid-1980’s context, unrelated to CLS, that seem to me just as important in the genealogy. Then I ‘ll try to show that the incubator image understates the extent to which, as Kim I think rightly argued in her “Preface,” intersectionality, a major tendency within CRT, is an extension and development of substantive crit ideas about the role of law in social injustice. In the last section I remember with somewhat perverse old white male heavy satisfaction some of the ways in which CRT intersectionality disrupted the standard rhetorical moves of black men and white women, all the while forwarding a cross-category left coalition agenda.
A White Paper Submitted to The National Academy of Science's Committee on Exoplanet Science Strategy: Observing Exoplanets with the James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will revolutionize our understanding of exoplanets with transit spectroscopy of a wide range of mature planets close to their host stars ($ $10 AU). The census of exoplanets has revealed an enormous variety of planets orbiting stars of all ages and spectral types. With TESS adding to this census with its all-sky survey of the closest, brightest stars, the challenge of the coming decade will be to move from demography to physical characterization. This white paper discusses the wide variety of exoplanet opportunities enabled by JWST's sensitivity and stability, its high angular resolution, and its suite of powerful instruments. JWST observations will advance our understanding of the atmospheres of young to mature planets and will provide new insights into planet formation.
Exposure to Violence as a Mediator of the CU–Aggression Relationship: on the Importance of Establishing the Causal Direction of Variables in a Path Analysis

The current study sought to determine which of three variables—callous-unemotional (CU) traits, exposure to violence (ETV), and aggressive offending—did the best job of mediating the other two variables. This question was addressed in a sample of 1170 male delinquents from the Pathways to Desistance study using three waves of data and the comparison pathways approach to mediation. Consistent with predictions, ETV successfully mediated the CU–aggression relationship, whereas the two control pathways (ETV → CU → aggression and CU → aggression → ETV) were non-significant. These results suggest that certain variables are better suited to serving as mediators than other variables. Hence, while personality-based constructs like CU traits perform well as independent variables and behavioral measures like aggressive offending make for effective dependent variables, mediation is perhaps best served by social cognitive, affective-motivational, perceptual, and experiential variables, the latter of which is the category into which exposure to violence falls. From a theoretical standpoint, these findings suggest that exposure to violence may trigger or prime aggressive offending in individuals possessing strong CU traits. Exposure to violence may therefore serve as one mechanism with the capacity to link CU traits to later aggressive offending, with implications for both prevention and intervention.
Adnexal infarction after conservative surgical management of torsion of a hyperstimulated ovary

Objective To report a case of postoperative necrosis after conservative management of torsion of a hyperstimulated ovary. Design Case report and literature review. Setting Tertiary care center. Patient Infertility patient undergoing IVF-ET. Interventions Detorsion followed by unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy 2 days later. Main Outcome Measure Postoperative course. Results Postoperative necrosis after detorsion. Conclusions Postoperative necrosis is an uncommon but serious complication of conservative surgical management of adnexal torsion.
Hybrid Discrete and Continuous Control for Power Systems

The control of the electricity supply from generation to end-use has been an engineering and mathematical challenge for many decades. The continuous increase in power requirements, system interconnections and technological options prompted the search for discrete and continuous control systems. With the emergence of competition and limits on infrastructure construction, new methods of system control are needed to improve performance, to achieve minimum cost and desired reliability and to meet environmental requirements. The purpose of this paper is to describe a few electrical system control problems and introduce them to the Discrete Event Control research community with the expectation that useful approaches and valuable results will be developed and directed to the benefit of electric power system control needs.
The Historical Challenge of Juvenile Criminality

Juvenile criminality has been a problem for mankind since Biblical times, at least. Those acts that threaten the community structure, be it family, tribe, or nation, may be as destructive when committed by a child as by an adult. However, throughout time, human communities, as with other animal societies, have distinguished between the acts of children or babies and mature organisms. This chapter shall present several historical aspects of juvenile criminality in the Western world and will discuss those factors, relative to criminal law, to psychiatry, and to society.
Review of Interpolation Methods for Digital Terrain Models

This paper reviews the methods of height interpolation for digital terrain models that have been published in photogrammetric and related journals. These methods are arranged in six groups, accordi...
K88 adhesins of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and their porcine enterocyte receptors.

The three antigenic variants of the K88 fimbrial adhesin (K88ab, K88ac, and K88ad) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) each exhibit unique specificity with regard to their hemagglutination characteristics. The variants are also unique in the specificity of their binding to the brush borders of enterocytes isolated from pigs with different genetic backgrounds. Diversity in enterocyte binding specificity suggests the existence of several K88 receptors, expressed individually or in various combinations on porcine enterocytes. Three candidate receptors have been identified that may explain the adhesion of K88 fimbrial variants to various porcine enterocytes. These receptors are an intestinal mucin-type sialoglycoprotein (IMTGP), an intestinal transferrin (GP74), and an intestinal neutral glycosphingolipid (IGLad).The IMTGP binds K88ab and K88ac, but not K88ad. The GP74 binds K88ab, but not K88ac or K88ad, and the IGLad binds K88ad, but not K88ab or K88ac. Each of the candidate receptors has been found in brush borders that are adhesive for the fimbriae that bind the respective receptor. They have not been found in brush borders that are not adhesive for those same fimbriae. The presence of IMTGP was highly correlated with susceptibility of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs to ETEC expressing K88ab or K88ac.
Function: Gene Action

This review is intended to document some important trends in this field rather than to give a complete survey of the articles which are flooding the literature. The examples are chosen sometimes quite arbitrarily with the only goal being to document certain concepts.
Large ungulate mortality profiles and ambush hunting by Acheulean-age hominins at Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa

Abstract At Elandsfontein, a Middle Pleistocene marsh deposit preserves an abundance of mammalian fossils, along with a partial cranium of Homo heidelbergensis and a significant number of Acheulean stone tools. Most of this material was collected from the surface of eroding deposits in the 20th century, and it seemed to derive from a combination of hominin foraging activities and other, natural processes. Prior archaeological research on the fossil collection has emphasized natural, carnivore-related mortality and accumulation of large ungulates and downplayed the potential role of hominin hunting or scavenging at the marsh and more broadly at this time period in human evolution (Klein et al., 2007). Here, reanalysis of the most abundant large bovid taxa yields new, comprehensive estimates of the minimum number of individual (MNI) bovids and their age at death. The MNI = 125 for six species of size group 3 bovids, and the MNI = 37 for one species of size group 4 bovid. Analysis of these mortality profiles on triangular graphs reveals a consistent living-structure (i.e., catastrophic) profile for the pooled size group 3 taxa but an attritional profile for the size group 4 taxon. These results are contrary to prior reports for the collection, and they may indicate a larger role for hunting by H. heidelbergensis than heretofore reconstructed. The Elandsfontein mortality profiles, when compared to older and younger profiles from Stone Age and modern contexts in Africa and Europe, indicate more broadly that capable ambush hunting of large ungulate prey occurred throughout the past two million years of evolution of the genus Homo.
The Curse and the Blessing: The Self as Source of the Terror and the Primary Avenue for Managing It

Abstract Terror management is fundamentally a theory about the self, the problems that arise from self-awareness, and the role of the self in ameliorating those problems. In this chapter, we begin with an account of the emergence of the need for self-esteem. Then we review empirical evidence on the role of self-esteem in terror management. First, we consider evidence that self-esteem reduces anxiety, defenses, and death-related thought in response to mortality salience (MS). Then we review evidence that reminders of death increase self-esteem striving and desire for a coherent self-narrative. We then describe the evidence that self-awareness makes death-related thoughts more accessible. Finally, we consider the effect of MS on creativity and self-expansion. We conclude with a brief summary, note some remaining issues in need of further study, and provide an overview of a new line of research concerning perceptions of the self vis-a-vis animals.
Near-UV to mid-IR reflectance imaging spectroscopy of paintings on the macroscale

Broad spectral range reflectance imaging spectroscopy (BR-RIS) from the near UV through the mid–infrared (IR) (350 to 25,000 nm or 28,571 to 400 cm−1) was investigated as an imaging modality to provide maps of organic and inorganic artists’ materials in paintings. While visible–to–near-IR (NIR) reflectance and elemental x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging spectroscopies have been used for in situ mapping, each method alone is insufficient for robust identification. Combining the two improves results but requires complex data processing. To test BR-RIS, image cubes from early Italian Renaissance illuminated manuscripts were acquired using two spectrometers. Maps of pigments, including trace minerals associated with mined azurite, and their associated binding media were made. BR-RIS has a more straightforward analysis approach as implemented here than visible-to-NIR, mid-IR, or XRF imaging spectroscopy alone and offers the largest amount of macroscale information for mapping artists’ materials by comparison.
Abstract 057: Epigenome Wide Association Study Identifies DNA Methylation Sites Associated With Target Organ Damage in Elderly African Americans

Introduction: Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, influence gene expression and mediate responses to the environment over the lifecourse. Previous research has identified a number of ...
DC Circuit Analysis

The analysis of electric circuits is essential for both the design and understanding of electrical devices. As such, numerous different approaches have been developed to calculate the voltages, currents, and powers associated with each circuit model element when analyzing the circuit. These different approaches can be used to analyze circuits under a wide range of excitation conditions. However, when first learning circuits, it is best to limit our attention to DC circuits and thus avoid the complexity that comes with more complicated excitation conditions. DC refers to direct current, and DC circuits have voltages and currents that do not vary with time. Most battery-operated circuits operate at DC, so DC circuits do have some practical applications in addition to their use in illustrating basic circuit analysis concepts. As has been done by other authors, we will use uppercase letters (i.e., I and V) to denote currents and voltages that do not change with time and lower case letters (i.e., i and v) to denote values that have a time-varying component.
Repression of eEF2 kinase improves deficits in novel object recognition memory in aged mice

The normal aging process is commonly associated with mild cognitive deficits including memory decline. Previous studies indicate a role of dysregulated messenger ribonucleic acid translation capacity in cognitive defects associated with aging and aging-related diseases, including hyperphosphorylation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Phosphorylation of eEF2 by the kinase eEF2K inhibits its activity, hindering general protein synthesis. Here, we sought to determine whether cognitive deficits in aged mice can be improved by genetically deleting eEF2K (eEF2K KO) and consequently reduction of eEF2 phosphorylation. We found that suppression of eEF2K prevented aging-related deficits in novel object recognition memory. Interestingly, deletion of eEF2K did not alter overall protein synthesis in the hippocampus. Ultrastructural analysis revealed increase size and larger active zone lengths of postsynaptic densities in the hippocampus of aged eEF2K KO mice. Biochemical assays showed hippocampal eIF2α hyperphosphorylation in aged eEF2K KO mice, indicating inhibition of translation initiation. Our findings may provide insight into mechanistic understanding and thus development of novel therapeutic strategies for aging-related cognitive decline.
Abstract WP195: Accelerated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) as a Treatment for Subacute Post-Stroke Depression (PSD)

Introduction: Depression affects more than 50% of stroke survivors, reducing quality of life and increasing adverse outcomes. As stroke survivorship improves, the need for innovative treatments for...
Counterfactual Explanations for Machine Learning on Multivariate Time Series Data.

Applying machine learning (ML) on multivariate time series data has growing popularity in many application domains, including in computer system management. For example, recent high performance computing (HPC) research proposes a variety of ML frameworks that use system telemetry data in the form of multivariate time series so as to detect performance variations, perform intelligent scheduling or node allocation, and improve system security. Common barriers for adoption for these ML frameworks include the lack of user trust and the difficulty of debugging. These barriers need to be overcome to enable the widespread adoption of ML frameworks in production systems. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel explainability technique for providing counterfactual explanations for supervised ML frameworks that use multivariate time series data. The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art explainability methods on several different ML frameworks and data sets in metrics such as faithfulness and robustness. The paper also demonstrates how the proposed method can be used to debug ML frameworks and gain a better understanding of HPC system telemetry data.
Our Actions, Our Stories: A Readers Theater:

This article presents the script of Our Actions, Our Stories: A Readers Theater that was researched, written, and presented by students in a women’s and gender studies (WGS) class called “Action: I...
Inhibition of microbial deconjugation of micellar bile acids protects against intestinal permeability and liver injury

Altered host-microbe interactions and increased intestinal permeability have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases. However, the mechanisms by which gut microbes affect epithelial barrier integrity remain unclear. Few host-produced metabolites that protect against epithelial damage have been identified, and whether microbial metabolism of host factors alters intestinal barrier function is unknown. Here, we investigate the effects of bacterial metabolism of host-produced bile acid (BA) metabolites on epithelial barrier integrity. We observe that rats fed a choline-deficient, high-fat diet (CDAHFD) exhibit reduced abundance of host-produced conjugated BAs in the intestine at early timepoints coinciding with increased permeability. We show that in vitro, conjugated BAs protect gut epithelial monolayers from damage caused by bacterially produced unconjugated BAs through micelle formation. We then demonstrate that inhibition of BA deconjugation using a small molecule inhibitor of gut bacterial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes prevents development of pathologic intestinal permeability and hepatic inflammation in CDAHFD-fed rats. Finally, we show that the predominant conjugated BAs in humans protect against epithelial barrier disruption in vitro. Our study identifies a protective role for conjugated BAs in intestinal epithelial barrier function and suggests that rational manipulation of microbial BA metabolism could be leveraged to regulate gut barrier integrity.
Initial Rapid Proton Liberation During Hydrolysis of Adenosine Triphosphate by Myosin Subfragment 1

Abstract The rate of hydrogen ion liberation during the hydrolysis of ATP by Subfragment I was followed in a stopped flow spectrophotometer. At pH 8, 20°, and in the presence of MgCl2 the initial rate of hydrogen ion liberation was greater than the steady state rate and the approach to a steady state rate could be described by a single exponential term. The rate constant characterizing the exponential term increased with MgATP concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 mm above which an average limiting value of 128 s-1 was reached. It was confirmed that two exponential terms are required to describe the course of the reaction for myosin. These results can be interpreted as indicating interaction between the two ATPase sites on intact myosin.
Studies on isolated cell components. XI. Rat blood proteins.

Abstract Serum obtained from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats was examined by using moving boundary electrophoresis over the pH range 3.6–9.0. The “albumin” peak at pH 8.0 is found to break up into three peaks as the pH is lowered to 5. These constitute 15, 12, and 36 per cent of the serum proteins and have isoelectric points at pH 4.2, 4.4, and 4.6, respectively. The slowest moving peak (isoelectric point at pH 4.6) is identified as serum albumin. The β-globulin region is double peaked at pH 9, is single from pH 8.6 to 6.1, and double again from pH 5.6 to 4.9. The β-globulins account for approximately 9 per cent and the γ-globulins 7 per cent of the serum proteins. In the ultracentrifuge, three peaks are observed when whole serum is used. These have sedimentation coefficients of 4.78, 9.08, and 19.95 at 20 °C in water extrapolated to zero concentration. The first value compares favorably with the value of 4.74 obtained with purified serum albumin, but the second is considerably higher than the value of 6.94 obtained for purified rat γ-globulin. The preparation of rat serum albumin and γ-globulin by continuous paper curtain electrophoresis is described.
Effects of bacterial DNA on cytokine production by (NZB/NZW)F1 mice.

Microbial DNA has multiple immune effects including the capacity to induce polyclonal B cell activation and cytokine production in normal mice. We recently described the accelerated induction of anti-DNA Abs in NZB/NZW mice immunized with Escherichia coli (EC) dsDNA; paradoxically these mice developed less renal disease than unimmunized mice or mice immunized with calf thymus DNA. We postulated that alterations in cytokine production induced by bacterial DNA may play a key role in renal protection. To determine the effect of bacterial DNA on cytokine production in NZB/NZW mice, we measured the serum cytokine levels, cell culture supernatant cytokine levels, and number of cytokine-producing splenocytes in NZB/NZW mice injected with EC DNA, calf thymus DNA, or an immune active oligonucleotide. There was a 10- to 25-fold increase in the number of cells secreting IFN-γ compared with IL-4 in mice immunized with EC DNA. IL-12-secreting cells were also increased by bacterial DNA immunization. In parallel with the increase in IFN-γ secreting cells, there was a significant rise in serum IFN-γ levels in mice receiving EC DNA. These results indicate that EC DNA modulates systemic cytokine levels in NZB/NZW mice, selectively increasing IL-12 and IFN-γ while decreasing IL-4 production. The cytokine response of NZB/NZW mice to bacterial DNA may be of significance in disease pathogenesis and relevant to the treatment of lupus-like disease.
Degranulating mast cells in fibrotic regions of human tumors and evidence that mast cell heparin interferes with the growth of tumor cells through a mechanism involving fibroblasts

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mast cells that are present in fibrotic regions of cancer can suppress the growth of tumor cells through an indirect mechanism involving peri-tumoral fibroblasts. We first immunostained a wide variety of human cancers for the presence of degranulated mast cells. In a subsequent series of controlled in vitro experiments, we then co-cultured UACC-812 human breast cancer cells with normal fibroblasts in the presence or absence of different combinations and doses of mast cell tryptase, mast cell heparin, a lysate of the human mast cell line HMC-1, and fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7), a powerful, heparin-binding growth factor for breast epithelial cells. Degranulating mast cells were localized predominantly in the fibrous tissue of every case of breast cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease that we examined. Mast cell tryptase and HMC-1 lysate had no significant effect on the clonogenic growth of cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. By contrast, mast cell heparin at multiple doses significantly reduced the size and number of colonies of tumor cells co-cultured with fibroblasts, especially in the presence of FGF-7. Neither heparin nor FGF-7, individually or in combination, produced any significant effect on the clonogenic growth of breast cancer cells cultured without fibroblasts. Degranulating mast cells are restricted to peri-tumoral fibrous tissue, and mast cell heparin is a powerful inhibitor of clonogenic growth of tumor cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. These results may help to explain the well-known ability of heparin to inhibit the growth of primary and metastatic tumors.
Improving an alumina fiber filter membrane for hot gas filtration using an acid phosphate binder

Alumina fiber based filter membranes were prepared using acid phosphate (phosphoric acid plus aluminum hydroxide), colloidal alumina, monoaluminum phosphate and three types of colloidal silica binders at various binders contents. The filter membranes containing between 5% and 10% by weight of acid phosphate binder exhibited the highest flexural strength, compressive strength, work of fracture and elastic modulus in comparison to those containing the other binders at equivalent binder contents, and exhibited the lowest pressure drop in comparison to membranes with other binders and having equivalent flexural and compressive strengths. Microscopy showed that the acid phosphate caused the fibers to bond at their junctions only, whereas colloidal alumina or colloidal silica binders caused free binder particles within the fiber network.
Rous sarcoma virus-induced phosphorylation of a 50,000-molecular weight cellular protein

Transformation by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is mediated by a single virus-encoded polypeptide, pp60src (refs 1–3), which has protein kinase activity specific for tyrosine residues4–7. The identification of the proteins phosphorylated by pp60src is important in understanding the events involved in RSV-mediated transformation. One potential substrate is a 50,000-molecular weight (MW) phosphotyrosine-containing protein (pp50) which is associated in a complex with pp60src and a cellular 90,000-MW protein (pp90; ref. 8) and thus is immunoprecipitated by antibody to pp60src (refs 6, 9, 10). We have performed further studies to determine whether this 50,000-MW protein (pp50) is present in uninfected cells and whether its phosphorylation at tyrosine depends on RSV-induced transformation. Here we demonstrate that a phosphoserine-containing form of pp50 is present in uninfected chicken cells and that on transformation by RSV, a second form of pp50, detectable by two-dimensional analysis of 32P-labelled proteins, contains phosphotyrosine as well as phosphoserine. This phosphorylation of pp50 at tyrosine is not temperature sensitive (ts) in cells infected with mutant viruses containing a ts defect in the src gene. Previous results8 have suggested that the temperature stability of this phosphorylation might be a result of the strong interaction between the mutant pp60src protein and pp50.
The effect of sign language on hearing children's language development

Students in prekindergarten classes who receive sign instruction test significantly higher on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test than students in prekindergarten classes not receiving sign instruction. Their superior scores indicate that simultaneously presenting words visually, kinesically, and orally enhances a child's vocabulary development.
Deoxycytidine in Urine of Humans after Whole-Body Irradiation

Increased levels of deoxycytidine were found in the urine of two humans during the first 24 hours after irradiation. This substance presumably was produced by the break-down of DNA following irradiation, or resulted from interference with the synthesis of DNA.
Software storming: combining rapid prototyping and knowledge engineering

A method for rapidly producing highly functional prototypes is described. This method, called software storming, involves experts in the initial design and implementation of a system during an intense development effort that combines knowledge engineering with the latest advances in software-development technology and workstation hardware The experiment described is a test of tools and techniques developed in the field of artificial intelligence as well as the first step in the development of software storming. Using this approach, the authors developed a software prototype which possesses significantly more functionality than a standard prototype, in less than four months. >