cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Government for the People: On the Determinants of the Size of U.S. Government

Trends in the size of U.S. government are examined. In the postwar period, general government primary spending rose by ¼ percent of GDP a year through 1975, stabilizing thereafter. With higher social transfers offset by a lower burden of defense spending, expansion reflected a baby-boom driven rise in education spending. The parallel improvement in tax efficiency helped equate the benefits of higher spending with the costs from higher taxation, in accordance with a marginalist view of the size of government. Looking forward, the retirement of baby boomers appears likely to expand government and lead to a more efficient tax system.
Design of intermodal logistics networks with hub delays

Abstract In an intermodal hub network, cost benefits can be achieved through the use of intermodal shipments and the economies of scale due to consolidation of flows at the hubs. However, due to limited resources at the logistics hubs, shipment delays may affect the service performance. In this research hub operations are modeled as a GI/G/1 queuing network and the shipments as multiple job classes with deterministic routings. By integrating the hub operation queuing model and the hub location-allocation model, the effect of limited hub resources on the design of intermodal logistics networks under service time requirements is investigated. The managerial insights gained from a study of 25-city road-rail intermodal logistics network show that the level of available hub resources significantly affects the logistics network structure in terms of number and location of hubs, total network costs, choice of single-hub and inter-hub shipments and service performance.
Avian Pineal Gland: Progonadotropic Response in the Japanese Quail

Pinealectomy in juvenile Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) exposed to stimulatory photoperiods results in delay of ovarian and oviducal development and decreased pituitary weight. These effects are transitory and occur during a phase of growth immediately preceding the onset of sexual maturity. No effect was found in males. These results suggest that the pineal gland in females has a stimulatory effect on gonadal growth during maturation.
Divergence formulation of source term

In this paper, we propose to write a source term in the divergence form. A conservation law with a source term can then be written as a single divergence form. We demonstrate that it enables to discretize both the conservation law and the source term in the same framework, and thus greatly simplifies the construction of numerical schemes. To illustrate the advantage of the divergence formulation, we apply the new formulation to construct a uniformly third-order accurate edge-based finite-volume scheme for conservation laws with a source term. Third-order accuracy is demonstrated for regular and irregular triangular grids for the linear advection and Burgers' equations with a source term.
Infrageneric nomenclature in Acer (Aceraceae)

Acer sect. and ser.Macrophylla were not validly published until 1962 by Momotani.Acer sect. and ser.Spicata Pax are synonyms of sect. and ser.Acer respectively since they include the generic lectotype;Acer sect.Parviflora Koidz. and ser.Caudata Pax are adopted here for the taxa which includeAcer spicatum Lam. and its close relatives.Acer sect.Integrifolia Pax becomes a synonym of sect.Palmata following the lectotypification of Fang, not Murray; sect. Oblonga (Hu & Cheng) Delendick is proposed as a new combination to replace sect.Integrifolia sensu Murray.
The Influence of Attitudes on the Response to AIDS in the United States

Here I will examine what human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS have done to the United States as a society and as a nation. This plague has changed much in America and on our planet. It has changed the interactions between people, the relationships between doctors and their patients, and the way people respond to one another in situations of crisis. The amounts of discrimination and stigmatization have been massive.
The basis for intrinsic drug resistance or sensitivity to methotrexate

Abstract Natural resistance to MTX in three different types of malignant cells is discussed. Two causes of resistance found were impaired drug uptake and impaired polyglutamylation. These resistance mechanisms have also been described to occur in cell lines with acquired resitance to this drug. In cells with acquired drug resistance, these phenotypic changes may reflect mutations in genes associated with transport of MTX or the enzyme DHFR, or in some circumstances reversion of the cell to a different phenotype without a mutational event. In cells with intrinsic resistance, the genetic mechanism responsible for these phenotypes is not known. Alternate treatment programs, e.g., with TMTX, or with TMTX and CPG 2 , a folate depleting enzyme, are under evaluation for these MTX resistant neoplasms.
Two-stage pedicled tenoplasty for the reconstruction of multiple flexor tendons in zone V: case report

The two-stage tenoplasty for zone II flexor tendon injuries in single digits was reported by Paneva-Holevich in 1965 with results comparable to or better than the standard free tendon graft reconstruction [15]. This technique has the advantage of the use of the flexor digitorum superficialis as an intrasynovial “pedicled” tendon graft and allowed healing of the proximal tenorrhaphy site so that mobilization after the second stage procedure can begin immediately to minimize tendon scarring [16]. In 1972, Kessler described the combination of this technique with the use of silicone rods [3] as described by Carroll in 1964 [6] and refined and popularized by Hunter in 1970 [8] as a “space saver” and to create a pseudosheath to facilitate gliding of the tendon graft. Since then, several other series using the pedicled tendon graft technique have been reported in both adults and children for the management of zone II injuries in single or multiple digits with silicone rods and various modifications [3, 5, 20]. In 1997, Naam reported a series of 47 patients using the combined technique as previously described [14]. However his series also included five patients with injuries in zone III and three in zone IV. In these cases as in the others, reconstruction included replacement of the tendon in zone II with attachment of the distal tendon graft to the distal phalanx with a pull-out wire technique. The results for zone III and zone IV injuries were comparable to that for zones I and II. The pedicled tenoplasty technique has well-described advantages for reconstruction in zone II but offers an alternative technique with other advantages that may be applicable to flexor tendon reconstruction outside of zone II as well [9, 16]. The tendon “loop” that is constructed at the first stage will be healed by the second stage, and as such, there is less concern about the nutrient supply for adequate healing, early disruption at the proximal tenorrhaphy site, and vascular ingrowth leading to scar formation to promote healing but which may limit tendon gliding. The use of intrasynovial tendons such as the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) may still provide favorable characteristics for gliding, especially in a scarred wound bed even if used for reconstruction outside of zone II [1, 7, 11, 18]. Our purpose is to present the first report of the use of the two-stage pedicled tenoplasty technique for the reconstruction of multiple flexor tendons in zone V in association with a chronic wound bed, major nerve injury requiring reconstruction, and soft tissue defect requiring flap coverage.
Stanfield Rogers: insights into virus vectors and failure of an early gene therapy model.

Genetic management and treatment of human disease coalesced around vague ideas of “genetic engineering” by the mid 1960s. Early discussions centered largely on the medical, ethical, and policy problems associated with genetic screening, its applications to selective abortion, and the implications of a eugenic “slippery slope.” At the same time, research was beginning to suggest more interventional uses of genetic knowledge, that is, not just the detection of genetic defects, but ways to alter an organism's genetic content and modify the expression of the disease-causing genes.
Managers' reactions to a corporate acquisition: a test of an integrative model

Summary Drawing upon previous theoretical and empirical work on mergers and acquisitions, survivors' reactions to layoffs, organizational stress, and perceived personal control, we proposed a structural model of managers' reactions to the acquisition of their company. The model was evaluated on the basis of survey data collected from a sample of middlelevel managers (N= 91) whose company was acquired through a hostile takeover by another company. Both were Fortune 500 companies. Though most variables were measured 16 months after the initial implementation phase of the merger, manifest indicators of change in job control were measured twice: at the beginning of the implementation phase and 16 months later. Mixed latent/manifest variable structural equations analyses provided results that were generally consistent with the proposed model. Implications of the results as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
The stereospecific distribution and evolutionary significance of invertebrate lactate dehydrogenases

Abstract 1. 1. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide coenzyme-linked lactate dehydrogenases from 48 species representing six invertebrate phyla have been examined for lactate stereospecificity and starch gel electrophoretic mobility. 2. 2. Every organism was found to contain enzyme activity for only one lactate stereoisomer, although in several cases multiple molecular forms were observed. 3. 3. The minimum number of changes in stereospecificity to accommodate the evolution of the major invertebrate classes are four. 4. 4. An alternative evolutionary tree for the invertebrates based on lactate dehydrogenase is presented which requires only one change in stereospecificity.
Deliberate Indifference in Jail Suicide Litigation: A Fatal Judicial Loophole

Numerous national lawsuits have alleged that certain U.S. jails and detention centers are at fault for suicides that occur within their facilities. However, a significant number of court decisions have released the jail of liability. This article contends that the judicial rationale used in deciding the standard for liability, deliberate indifference, favors ignorance and has created an environment of ambiguity for jail suicide prevention policies. Cases involving custodial suicides and the recommended prevention policies developed by organizations affiliated with the U.S. correctional system are discussed. These are supplemented with anecdotal data from key informants working in the system. The analyses are followed by implications for augmenting existing practices through proactive policy changes to support enhanced systems of care.
Cumulative Effect of Leaf Compost on Yield And Size Distribution in Onions

For three years, a one inch layer of leaf compost was applied to plots on a sandy terrace soil in Windsor, Connecticut and fertilized with 1300 lb 10-10-10/A (N-P2O5-K2O). Yields of four cultivars of onions (Allium cepa L.) (3 Spanish, 1 storage) from these plots were compared to yields from unamended control plots fertilized at the same rate. Year to year variability in yields was significantly lower in compost-amended plots. Yields from the unamended control plots (52% variation) fluctuated more than the compost-amended plots (3% variation) in response to variable rainfall from year to year. After three years of compost additions, yields from the compost-amended plots of the three Spanish onion cultivars were significantly greater than yields of these cultivars grown in unamended plots. The greater yields were due to both increased bulb weight and greater percent harvested. In two of three years, the compost-amended plots produced a greater percentage of colossal and jumbo sized onions in all cultivars....
Bed orientation and position in field inconsistently affect yields of strip-cropped vegetables

ABSTRACT Bed orientation and location of crops in the field in a strip-cropping system may affect yield of one or more of the component crops. Tiers of crops were comprised of three beds of sweet corn (Zeamays L.), and one bed each of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.), or cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and a bed that was not planted, oriented east-west or north-south in 1998 and 1999. Yields of individual vegetables in the tier, and their totals for the tier, were determined. Yields in 1998 were generally lower than in 1999. Tier location had small effects on yield. East-west oriented beds in 1998 had yields that were almost 2-fold that of north-south oriented beds. There was little effect on yield due to bed orientation or tier in 1999. The 1998 growing season was hotter and drier than in 1999. Bed orientation and tier inconsistently affected yield when bell pepper, cucumber, and sweet corn were strip-cropped.
Mammogram-Screening Policy as Need Intervention

This study examines the rhetorical process that underlies how we constitute and promote needs related to mammogram-screening policy specifically and policy-making generally. The Rhetoric of Social Intervention model first frames a brief historical overview of symbolically constituted needs related to screening policy and then is used to analyze how the 2009 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) attempted to introduce an alternative screening policy. Rhetorical strategies, tactics, and maneuvers related to promoting and impeding policy change are examined. Although the USPSTF intended to expand women's options by directing attention to women's individualized needs for screening, its approach to communicating appears inadvertently to have reduced them. To intervene more effectively, then, practitioners must consider a social system's worldview and interdependencies upon which the symbolic needs generating a policy are based. The findings suggest the overarching ideological need to create a more perfect...
Photochemically catalyzed reaction of ochratoxin A with D- and L-cysteine

The photolysis (>300 nm) of ochratoxin A (OTA, N-[[(3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-7-isochromanyl]carbonyl]-3-phenyl-L-alanine, 1) in the presence of excess (2 and 12 molar equiv) cysteine (CySH) has been investigated and found to yield sulfur adducts 5 and 6 that are characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The adduct 5 was ascribed to the Michael addition conjugate resulting from covalent attachment of CySH to the ochratoxin quinone (4) generated by photooxidation of OTA. This species was also formed by photolysis of a synthetic sample of the hydroquinone of OTA (ochratoxin hydroquinone, 3) in the presence of 12 equiv L-CySH. The conjugate 5 derived from photolysis of 3 with L-CySH was used for 1H-NMR analysis. The sulfur adduct 6 was the major species detected from covalent attachment of CySH to photoactivated OTA, and it resulted from direct displacement of the OTA Cl atom by CySH. The implications of the cysteinyl adducts to the in vivo toxicity of OTA are discussed, with particular emphasis given to conjugate 5, as products from the photooxidative pathway may be of relevance to the nephrotoxic properties of OTA.
Modeling the Quantization Staircase Function

Quantization plays a central role in data compression. In speech systems, vector quantizers are used to compress speech parameters. In video systems, scalar quantizers are used to reduce variability in transform coefficients. More generally, quantizers are used to compress all forms of data. In most cases, the quantizers are based on some form of staircase function. Deriving an analytical expression for a uniform midrise quantizer is well known and straightforward. In this paper, we create an alternate method of deriving such an analytical expression with the hope that the steps involved will be useful in understanding quantization and its various applications.
Magnification of light from many distant quasars by gravitational lenses

Exceptionally bright quasars with redshifts up to z = 6.28 have recently been discovered. Quasars are thought to be powered by the accretion of gas onto supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies. Their maximum (Eddington) luminosity depends on the mass of the black hole, and the brighter quasars are inferred to have black holes with masses of more than a few billion solar masses. The existence of such massive black holes poses a challenge to models for the formation of structures in the early Universe, as it requires their formation within one billion years of the Big Bang. Here we show that up to one-third of known quasars with z approximately equal to 6 will have had their observed flux magnified by a factor of ten or more, as a consequence of gravitational lensing by galaxies along the line of sight. The inferred abundance of quasar host galaxies, as well as the luminosity density provided by the quasars, has therefore been substantially overestimated.
Two Powers, One Ability: The Understanding and Imagination in Kant's Critical Philosophy

Soulevant le probleme de la transition entre la deduction transcendantale des categories et la synthese de l'imagination dans la seconde edition de la «Critique de la raison pure» de Kant, l'A. defend la position selon laquelle la sensibilite et l'entendement constituent les deux puissances de la meme faculte de representation des objets de l'intuition. Rapprochant la question de l'identite de l'entendement et de l'imagination dans la «Critique de la raison pure» de la synthese transcendantale de l'imagination realisee dans la «Critique du jugement», l'A. montre que l'analytique du beau vient renforcer la similitude entre les jugements logiques et esthetiques
An Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase Enables the Use of a LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 5 V Cathode with Conventional Electrolytes

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spinel is considered one of the most promising cathodes for advanced lithium ion batteries. However, the operation potential of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, ~4.75 V, is beyond the high voltage limit of the state-of-art electrolyte, ~4.3 V. Here, using thin films of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 as a model material, we show evidence that an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) enables the use of this 5 V cathode with conventional carbonate electrolytes. A thin coating of Lipon (lithium phosphorus oxynitride) as an artificial SEI on LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 could remedy the decomposition of the electrolyte. The thickness of the Lipon artificial SEI is optimized by balancing the protection and additional resistance. The strategy of artificial SEI on cathodes is expected to enable the wide application of other high voltage cathodes for lithium ion batteries.
Cross‐tolerance in amphibians: Wood frog mortality when exposed to three insecticides with a common mode of action

Insecticide tolerance and cross-tolerance in nontarget organisms is often overlooked despite its potential to buffer natural systems from anthropogenic influence. We exposed wood frog tadpoles from 15 populations to three acetylcholine esterase-inhibiting insecticides and found widespread variation in insecticide tolerance and evidence for cross-tolerance to these insecticides. Our results demonstrate that amphibian populations with tolerance to one pesticide may be tolerant to many other pesticides.
Scalability analysis of enterprise javaworkloads on a multi-core system

This paper shows that not only lock contentions, but also adherence issues between two layers of a software stack impact scalability of Java enterprise workloads.
Hydration of the partially folded peptide RN-24 studied by multidimensional NMR

Peptide-water interactions of a ribonuclease C-peptide analogue, RN-24 (Suc-AETAAAKFLRAHA-NH2), which exhibits significant helicity, have been studied in solution using homonuclear 2D and 3D NMR cross-relaxation experiments. Dipolar peptide proton-water proton interactions are indicated by a large number of NOESY-type cross peaks at the H2O resonance frequency, most of them with opposite sign relative to the diagonal. Some cross peaks arise from intrapeptide cross relaxation to labile protons of histidine, threonine, lysine and arginine side chains. The observed peptide-water interactions are rather uniformly distributed, involving peptide backbone and side chains equally. The data are consistent with rapid fluctuations of the conformational ensemble and the absence of peptide regions that are highly shielded from bulk solvent, even in a peptide that exhibits high propensities for formation of helical secondary structure.
A fixed-dose study of adinazolam-SR tablets in generalized anxiety disorder

1. This four-week, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study compared the efficacy and safety of adinazolam-SR, at three dosage levels, with placebo. Forty (40) patients were randomized at our site: 10 to adinazolam 30 mg/day, 10 to 60 mg/day, 10 to 90 mg/day, and 10 to placebo. All patients were moderately anxious with Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) scores of > or = 21 at baseline. 2. The data were analyzed by pooling the three adinazolam groups and comparing them with the placebo group using t-tests. HAM-A scores decreased significantly more in the pooled adinazolam-SR treatment group than in the placebo group at both Week one (p or = 50% reduction on the baseline HAM-A score) while none of the placebo patients were responders (p < .05). Dose-response effects were evaluated and relationships were not statistically significant. 4. The results indicate that adinazolam-SR was clearly superior to placebo for the treatment of patients suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
Diamagnetic Effects of Blood in a Magnetically Levitated Blood Pump

Magnetic bearings are becoming increasingly popular in ventricular assist devices. In most cases, blood fills a portion of the gap between the magnetic actuators and rotor. Understanding the effects of the operating fluid on magnetic suspension is necessary, particularly when the device geometry features a relatively large gap (typically defined as greater than 150 um and as large as 2 mm in some pumps). A large gap reduces cell damage and allows unrestricted flow, it but increases the distance and amount of material through which magnetic fields must pass. These net effects of the operating fluid on the magnetic suspension can be characterized in terms of a contribution to the overall damping and stiffness of the system. This contribution may be caused by traditional tribological properties (density and viscosity) as well as the magnetic properties of the medium. This research isolates the effects of fluid diamagnetism on a magnetically levitated blood pump. Experimental transient and frequency responses of the system operating at 3000 to 6000 rpm are presented while pumping different liquid media: Blood, water, and fluids with similar densities and viscosities to each, but different magnetic susceptibilities. In order to calculate the stiffness and damping coefficients, a mathematical model of the system is iteratively updated to match experimental transient response. The resulting coefficients are validated in the frequency domain by means of simulations, which agree with experimental frequency response data. The relationship between diamagnetism, damping and stiffness coefficients of the test fluids with known magnetic susceptibility is also used to obtain a quantitative estimate of the magnetic susceptibility of blood.
A Survey of Imidacloprid Levels in Water Sources Potentially Frequented by Honeybees (Apis mellifera) in the Eastern USA

Imidacloprid, a water-soluble neonicotinoid pesticide used globally in many applications, has been the subject of numerous studies (1) to determine its sublethal effects (5–100 ppb, LD50 ∼200 ppb) on honeybees. This study was undertaken to determine, by ELISA assay, the presence of imidacloprid in water sources potentially frequented by honeybees in urban, suburban, and rural environments across the state of Maryland. Eighteen sites (six samples/site) were chosen which spanned diverse habitats including golf courses, nursery, livestock and crop farms, residential neighborhoods, and cityscapes. Hives were present either at or within 0.5 miles of each site. Imidacloprid was quantifiable in 8 % of the samples at sublethal levels (7–131 ppb). They were not clustered at any one type of site. Results for 13 % of the samples were at the threshold of detection; all others were below the detection limit of the assay (<0.2 ppb).
Rethinking subjectivity in law and ideology: A semiotic perspective

Post-Renaissance thought ushered in a new global optimism; however, postmodernist thought has recently challenged many of the claims to truth that form the basis of this line of inquiry and semiotic analysis has been one of its critical tools. Accordingly, this paper focuses on establishing a psychoanalytic semiotic perspective in law which is materially based. Law, ideology, and subjectivity are investigated in terms of discourse analysis. A Lacanian framework is integrated with a critically informed analysis that examines how the ‘what happened’ in the courtroom is constructed. It is argued that subjectivity is intrinsically connected with discourse. Two levels of discourse analysis are examined: the level of juridico-semiotic production, and the sphere of intra- and inter-subjective semiotic production. The notion of a semiotic grid constituted by three axes is developed, and extraverbal context is conceptualized as determinative. An alternative conceptualization of subjectivity in law based on Lacan is then argued for.
Extensive pulmonary embolism presenting as severe adult respiratory distress syndrome after surgical resection of a cornual pregnancy.

A rare case of severe adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with a P O 2 of 9 mm Hg after surgical resection of a cornual pregnancy at 10 weeks' gestation was treated successfully with positive end-expiratory pressure. The underlying cause, extensive pulmonary embolism, was subsequently revealed. The patient survived without residual brain damage. The possible causes of adult respiratory distress syndrome in pregnancy are discussed.
Outcomes of Congenital Heart Surgery Patients After Extracorporeal Life Support at Texas Children's Hospital

The objective of this study was to investigate the outcomes of children with heart failure of various etiologies requiring temporary use of currently available technology in the U.S.A. after extracorporeal life support (ECLS) [left ventricular assist device (LVAD) or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)] at Texas Children's Hospital. Between July of 1995 and October of 2002, 2847 patients underwent congenital heart surgical repairs with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass at Texas Children's Hospital. During this period, 17 patients required chronic mechanical circulatory assistance with Biomedicus centrifugal pump (n=8) or Thoratec LVAD (n=4), and ECMO (n=5). Six out of 17 patients required ECLS for postcardiotomy heart failure. Seven of the 17 patients had congenital heart disease, six had cardiomyopathy, three had late acute rejection following heart transplantation, and one had myocardial infarction. Twelve patients survived and five patients expired. Six of 12 survivors recovered sufficient cardiac function to allow device removal; and the remaining six patients underwent heart transplantation. Three out of five deaths were ECMO patients. The need for ECLS following repair of congenital heart disease is extremely rare in our institution. The requirement for the use of ECMO confers a significantly higher mortality presumably because of associated combined cardiopulmonary failure. Congenital heart disease appears to be associated with significantly higher mortality.
Highly strained pseudomorphic InxGa1−xAs/AlAs based resonant tunneling diodes grown on patterned and non-patterned GaAs(100) substrates

Resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) with strained well and spacer regions made of InxGa1-xAs alloys or (InAs)M/ (GaAs)N short period multiple quantum well (SPMQW) have been fabricated on GaAs(100) substrates. With increasing x, the presence of strain results in generation of misfit dislocations and/or change to three-dimensional island mode of growth, both detrimental to the performance of the RTDs. Consequently, a systematic study of the electrical and structural properties of RTDs with 0.10 ≤ x ≤ 0.33 was carried out with emphasis on control of the growth kinetics. This has led to RTDs with (InAs)1/(GaAs)2 wells having room temperature peak to valley ratios (PVR) of 4.7 with peak current densities (Jp) of 125 kA/cm2. This is the first time that devices grown on GaAs substrate without any thick strain relieving intermediate layers have shown simultaneously high PVRs and Jp.
Effects of oral stimulation on the cephalic phase of pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs

Abstract In dogs with cannulated gastric and duodenal fistulas, gustatory receptors were stimulated by swab application of taste stimulus solutions. The experiments were performed with fistulas open. A single taste stimulus of either 0.29 M sucrose, 0.1 M critic acid or 0.001 M quinine sulfate produced a large increase in pancreatic secretion of both volume and protein output. Sucrose was a better stimulant than citric acid or quinine sulfate for pancreatic output. After only one or two trials with each stimulant, the secretory response was no longer seen in any of the dogs. Following this extinction of the secretory response, the same dogs were given orally 100 ml of taste stimulus solution mixed with 25 g cellulose. Pancreatic secretory response occurring within 40 min following administration was gradually restored primarily for sucrose-cellulose. Oral administrations of the unpalatable citric or quinine-cellulose mixtures resulted in low pancreatic output, similar to the control water-cellulose. In contrast to oral administrations, intragastric administrations of these taste stimulus-cellulose mixtures resulted in low pancreatic output within 40 min after administration. The results suggest that taste stimulation alone does not affect pancreatic secretion. However, when coupled with swallowing, there is a greater effect by palatable than unpalatable taste stimuli on the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion.
TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE CHANGES DURING MICROWAVE DRYING OF SLICED FOOD

ABSTRACT Microwave drying characteristics of sliced foods were investigated using potatoes (Solarium tuberosum) as a test model. Sliced samples were dried to 7-10% moisture content at microwave power levels between 2.2 W/g and 3.6 W/g (raw material). Moisture and temperature changes during drying were monitored. Semi-empirical models were developed that followed temperature and moisture changes during microwave drying. Sliced potatoes experienced three distinct periods: a warming-up period with little removal of moisture; a constant temperature period in which most of the drying took place; and a heating up period in which the drying rate decreased and sample temperature increased rapidly, often causing partial charring. Product temperature during the second period of microwave drying increased with sample thickness and microwave power. Drying rates were not affected by slice thickness, but increased with the microwave power/mass ratio. Product charring towards the end of drying may be avoided by reducing...
Principles and processes

The Solid Earth: An Introduction to Global Geophysics. By C. M. R. Fowler. Cambridge University Press: 1990. Pp. 472. £40, $59.50 (hbk); £19.50, $37.50 (pbk).
Oxidation of Alanine, Acetate, Glutamate, and Succinate by Digitonin‐Permeabilized Leishmania major Promastigotes

Leishmania major promastigotes were treated with digitonin and the rates at which [1-14C]acetate, [1,4-14C]succinate, [1-14C]glutamate, and [U-14C]alanine are oxidized were measured in the presence of suitable cofactors. Acetate was oxidized at the lowest rate of the four substrates examined, even in the presence of added NAD, CoA, ADP and acetyl-CoA synthase. Its rate of oxidation was negligible if the permeabilized cells were washed before the cofactors were added, indicating the requirement for an as yet unknown factor. Succinate was oxidized at a rate much higher than the very slow rate at which it is oxidized by intact cells. Its rate of oxidation was strongly inhibited by antimycin A, but that of glutamate was scarcely affected. Fumarate inhibited the rate of oxidation of acetate, glutamate, and succinate, but increased that of alanine. Ca++ inhibited the rates of oxidation of alanine and succinate, but not of acetate or glutamate. Increasing the osmolality by addition of mannitol partially inhibited the rate of oxidation of alanine but had little effect on that of glutamate. These results show that appreciable transaminase activity remains in the permeabilized cells and support earlier data indicating the presence of a branched NAD-to-cytochrome oxidase system. These results also provide preliminary information on the sensitivity of the two branches to Ca++, hyperosmolality, and Krebs cycle intermediates.
A Once Yearly IV Infusion of Zoledronic Acid Prevented Fractures in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis

Source Citation Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, et al. Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1809-22. 17476007
Changes in Vigorous Physical Activity and Incident Diabetes in Male Runners

OBJECTIVE —We examined the relationship between changes in reported vigorous exercise and self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes in 25,988 active men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —The dose-response relationship between changes in reported vigorous exercise (running distance, change in kilometers per week) and self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes was followed prospectively for 7.8 ± 1.8 years (means ± SD). RESULTS —Logistic regression analyses showed that the log odds for diabetes declined significantly in relation to men's change in running distance (coefficient ± SE: −0.012 ± 0.004, P < 0.01), which remained significant when adjusted for BMI (−0.018 ± 0.003, P < 0.0001). The decline in the log odds for diabetes was related to the distance run at the end of follow-up when adjusted for baseline distance, with (−0.024 ± 0.005, P < 0.0001) or without (−0.027 ± 0.005, P < 0.0001) adjustment for BMI. Baseline distance was unrelated to diabetes incidence when adjusted for the distance at the end of follow-up. Compared with men who ran <8 km/week at the end of follow-up, incidence rates in those who ran ≥8 km/week were 95% lower between 35 and 44 years of age ( P < 0.0001), 92% lower between 45 and 54 ( P < 0.0001), 87% lower between 55 and 64 ( P < 0.0001), and 46% lower between 65 and 75 ( P = 0.30). For the subset of 6,208 men who maintained the same running distance during follow-up (±5 km/week), the log odds for diabetes declined with weekly distance run (−0.024 ± 0.010, P = 0.02) but not when adjusted for BMI (−0.005 ± 0.010, P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS —Vigorous exercise significantly reduces diabetes incidence, due in part to the prevention of age-related weight gain and in part to other exercise effects.
Prevalence of anemia and effects on mortality in patients with heart failure

Background In patients with chronic kidney disease, the adverse cardiovascular effects of anemia have been well established. New data are emerging to suggest anemia may represent an important treatable cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. To improve the understanding of the problem of anemia in heart failure, it is important to assess the factors that influence the prevalence of anemia and to assess the consistency of the association of anemia and mortality in various populations of patients with heart failure. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted by performing detailed searches of MEDLINE and EMBASE, searching the bibliographies of the articles retrieved during the database search, and conferring with heart-failure experts involved in clinical trials. Twenty-eight publications from 26 studies that evaluated anemia prevalence with or without effects on mortality in patients with heart failure were identified. The definition of anemia used in each study was tabulated along with pertinent patient characteristics, the prevalence of anemia, and the association between anemia and mortality. Results Anemia is common among patients with heart failure. The prevalence of anemia increases with increasing severity of heart failure, declining renal function, and increasing age. Anemia is consistently associated with poorer survival in all patient populations, but there are substantial differences in the patient populations and definition of anemia. Conclusions To clarify the prognostic relationship of anemia in patients with heart failure, a standard definition of anemia should be adopted accounting for the menopausal status of women. Age, severity of heart failure, evaluation of kidney function, important comorbidities, and use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors should be included, and correctable causes of anemia should be excluded. Inclusion of these factors should allow better definition of the relationship between anemia and prognosis in patients with heart failure.
Fabrication and evolution of multilayer silver nanofilms for surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensing of arsenate

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently been investigated extensively for chemical and biomolecular sensing. Multilayer silver (Ag) nanofilms deposited on glass slides by a simple electroless deposition process have been fabricated as active substrates (Ag/GL substrates) for arsenate SERS sensing. The nanostructures and layer characteristics of the multilayer Ag films could be tuned by varying the concentrations of reactants (AgNO3/BuNH2) and reaction time. A Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) double-layer was formed by directly reducing Ag+ ions on the glass surfaces, while a top layer (3rd-layer) of Ag dendrites was deposited on the double-layer by self-assembling AgNPs or AgNPs aggregates which had already formed in the suspension. The SERS spectra of arsenate showed that characteristic SERS bands of arsenate appear at approximately 780 and 420 cm-1, and the former possesses higher SERS intensity. By comparing the peak heights of the approximately 780 cm-1 band of the SERS spectra, the optimal Ag/GL substrate has been obtained for the most sensitive SERS sensing of arsenate. Using this optimal substrate, the limit of detection (LOD) of arsenate was determined to be approximately 5 μg·l-1.
Continuum Manipulator Statics Based on the Principle of Virtual Work

This paper presents a generalized method of determining the static shape conformation of a continuum robot based on the principle of virtual work. A lumped parameter model is utilized to model a prototypical single-segment manipulator. Elastic effects, gravitational forces and actuation loading are modeled as generalized forces and moments acting along the manipulators at discrete masses. A brief derivation of the governing static equations based on the principle of virtual work is presented, and then applied to the problem of continuum manipulator statics. The numerical method was successfully implemented numerically, capable of determining a system’s static equilibrium given a prescribed actuation.© 2012 ASME
Farm Business and Household Expenditure Patterns and Local Communities: Evidence from a National Farm Survey

Farm operators are an integral part of some rural economies. The businesses they operate support jobs and purchase goods and services from local implement and input suppliers. Farm household spending on food, furniture and appliances, trucks and automobiles, and a range of consumer goods also supports local jobs and retail businesses. Based on the 2004 Agricultural Resource Management Survey, the linkages between farm household and business expenditures and communities are explored. Farms in urban areas purchase household goods in markets closest to the farmstead, but traveled further to purchase farm business items. The opposite pattern was observed in rural locations.
Female mate assessment and choice behavior affect the frequency of alternative male mating tactics

Explanations for the existence of alternative male mating tactics focus primarily on male–male competition. Mating systems, however, are composed of interactions both within and between the sexes, and the role of female behavior in shaping male mating tactics should not be overlooked. By using a dynamic state variable game model, I examine how female mate assessment and choice behavior affect the frequency of alternative male mating tactics. When females can accurately assess the quality of males, only males with high quality are likely to be chosen as mates, and thus, lower-quality males gain little fitness from courting females. This leads lower-quality males to switch to an alternative mating tactic that attempts to circumvent female mate choice. In contrast, if the abilities of females to accurately assess males are constrained by assessment costs, imperfect information, or time constraints, or if the pool of available males is smaller, then lower-quality males are increasingly chosen as mates and they less often use alternative mating tactics. Thus, female behavior shapes the frequency of alternative male mating tactics. A consequence of this game between the sexes is that male behavior (i.e., increased alternative mating tactics) decreases the benefits females might otherwise gain from lower assessment costs, clearer signals of male quality, more time to choose a male, and more males from which to choose a mate. Key words: alternative mating tactics, dynamic game, mate assessment, mate choice. [Behav Ecol 15:239–247 (2004)]
Asymmetric dihydroxylation (AD)/cyclization of N-diBoc allylic and homoallylic amines: Selective differentiation of the hydroxyl groups.

Abstract Asymmetric dihydroxylation of N-diBoc protected allylic and homoallylic amines with in situ cyclization affords the corresponding oxazolidinones in good yields. The enantioselectivity is dependent on the substitution pattern of the olefin and ranges from 34 – 98%. This methodology allows selective differentiation of the hydroxyl groups formed in the AD and increases the potential applications of the resulting products.
Computer simulation of integrated circuits in the presence of electrothermal interaction

A computer program which predicts the DC and transient performance of monolithic integrated circuits in the presence of electrothermal interactions on the integrated circuit die is described. The thermal modeling of the die/package structure and the numerical analysis procedure is discussed. Experimental and simulation results are compared for monolithic operational amplifiers, voltage regulators, and a temperature-stabilized voltage reference.
Temporal changes in C and N stocks of restored prairie: implications for C sequestration strategies.

The recovery of ecosystem C and N dynamics after disturbance can be a slow process. Chronosequence approaches offer unique opportunities to use space-for-time substitution to quantify the recovery of ecosystem C and N stocks and estimate the potential of restoration practices for C sequestration. We studied the distribution of C and N stocks in two chronosequences that included long-term cultivated lands, 3- to 26-year-old prairie restorations, and remnant prairie on two related soil series. Results from the two chronosequences did not vary significantly and were combined. Based on modeling predictions, the recovery rates of different ecosystem components varied greatly. Overall, C stocks recovered faster than N stocks, but both C and N stocks recovered more rapidly for aboveground vegetation than for any other ecosystem component. Aboveground C and N reached 95% of remnant levels in only 13 years and 21 years, respectively, after planting to native vegetation. Belowground plant C and N recovered several ...
Developing and evaluating the code bubbles metaphor

Today's integrated development environments (IDEs) are hampered by their dependence on files and file-based editing. A novel user interface that is based on collections of lightweight editable fragments, called bubbles, which when grouped together form concurrently visible working sets is proposed. An overview of this interface, as well as a summary of the results of a quantitative and a qualitative evaluation of the interface is presented.
Determinants of water and sodium intake and output

Physiological regulation of sodium and water intake and output is required for the maintenance of homeostasis. The behavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms that govern fluid and salt balance are highly interdependent, with acute and chronic alterations in renal output tightly balanced by appropriate changes in thirst and, to a lesser extent in humans, sodium appetite. In healthy individuals, these tightly coupled mechanisms maintain extracellular fluid volume and body tonicity within a narrow homeostatic range by initiating ingestive behaviors and the release of hormones necessary to conserve water and sodium within the body. In this review, the factors that determine output of sodium and fluid and those that determine "normal" input (i.e., matched to output) are addressed. For output, individual variability accompanied by dysregulation of homeostatic mechanisms may contribute to acute and/or chronic disease. To illustrate that point, the specific condition of salt-sensitive hypertension is discussed. For input, physical characteristics, physiological phenotypes, genetic and developmental influences, and cultural and environmental factors combine to result in a wide range of individual variability that, in humans, is compensated for by alterations in excretion.
Book Review: The Big One: The Earthquake That Rocked Early America and Helped Create a Science Jack Page and Charles Officer Houghton Mifflin, 2004 Hardcover: ISBN 0618341501, $24

Disasters make news; big disasters make headlines. Some 190 years after their occurrence, the New Madrid earthquakes are still highly newsworthy, as evidenced by a new book: The Big One , by Jake Page and Charles Officer. Jack Page is a book and magazine editor and natural history writer. Charles Officer will be immediately recognizable by baby boomers as the author of the excellent geophysics textbook published some 30 years ago. Page and Officer have also jointly written Fabulous Kingdom: The Exploration of the Arctic and Earth and You: Tales of the Environment. Their present publication The Big One is subtitled “The Earthquake That Rocked Early America and Helped Create a Science.” The earthquakes summarized in this book were centered in the Mississippi …
Food Vacuole Contents in the Ciliate, Balantidium jocularum (Balantididae), a Symbiont in the Intestine of the Surgeonfish, Naso tonganus (Acanthuridae)

During the past 16 years, the ciliate Balantidium jocularum has been collected from the intestines of many specimens of its fish host, Naso tonganus, all collected from the Great Barrier Reef near Lizard Island, Australia. Ciliates for this study of food consumption were isolated in 1988, 1989, 2003, and 2005. Nineteen specimens of B. jocularum were examined in the transmission electron microscope to determine the contents of both food vacuoles and a putative discharging cytoproct vacuole. Food vacuoles contained rod-shaped bacteria, tightly coiled spirilliform bacteria, and one or more euglenid flagellates. In several balantidia of somewhat different form than the type species of B. jocularum, the large bacterium, Epulopiscium fishelsoni, was observed in light microscope protargol preparations. Some putative phagolysosomes retained spirilliform bacteria that were apparently intact, and others contained partially digested flagellates. Food in a single discharging cytoproct vacuole consisted of normal appearing spirilliform bacteria, some other bacteria, and no flagellates. The results argue for non-selective ingestion of food and selective digestion; hence, somewhat inefficient food processing.