cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fires and forest succession in the Bitterroot Mountains of northern Idaho

Foresters have recently begun to seek a more intimate knowledge of the natural, successional stages by which forests regain terrain lost by extensive fires or other pronounced denuding agencies. Studies in this field lead to a closer understanding of the factors which control the distribution, composition and density of the present forest, the silvical requirements of the various species which compose the existing forest and of the soil building or soil deteriorating influences which are operative after large fires. It is the author's privilege in this paper to record certain observations on forest succession in the Bitterroot Mountains in northern Idaho, gathered in the course of several years of forest research in that region. This is the territory lying north of the Salmon river between the crest of the Bitterroot divide and the Columbia river plateau. Perhaps no other region in the United States is visited by forest conflagrations of similar magnitude, frequency or degree of destruction. The contributing causes are mainly as follows: the moist winter and spring which give rise to a profuse and luxuriant forest vegetation of a highly inflammable nature; an invariably dry summer with afternoon temperatures often ranging between 95 and ioo degrees F. (350 to 380 C.); the low atmospheric humidity which frequently falls to I5 per cent and lower. These critical conditions are combined with strong, desiccating winds sweeping in from the arid region to the southwest. The fires, therefore, when once under way, travel with great speed and rapidly assume uncontrollable proportions. Not infrequently an entire township (approximately 95 sq. km.) of timber is wiped out in the course of one or two days. These large forest fires kill all of the trees and the seedlings. In from ten to twenty years most of this dead timber lies prone, and it then presents a fire hazard of greater magnitude than existed in the green, virgin forest. The second fire, on this account, is even less controllable and more destructive than the first. The return of the forest to the climax composition subsequent to these devastating fires proceeds along certain well defined steps or stages which may be considered parts of the entire cycle of succession, or the natural process of regeneration. The first steps in this succession begin with the appearance of species intolerant of shade, and capable of withstanding considerable drought and exposure, and concludes with the establishment of 67
A connectionist central pattern generator for the aquatic and terrestrial gaits of a simulated salamander.

This article investigates the neural mechanisms underlying salamander locomotion, and develops a biologically plausible connectionist model of a central pattern generator capable of producing the typical aquatic and terrestrial gaits of the salamander. It investigates, in particular, what type of neural circuitry can produce and modulate the two locomotor programs identified within the salamander's spinal cord; namely, a traveling wave of neural activity for swimming and a standing wave for trotting. A two-dimensional biomechanical simulation of the salamander's body is developed whose muscle contraction is determined by the locomotion controller simulated as a leaky-integrator neural network. While the connectivity of the neural circuitry underlying locomotion in the salamander has not been decoded for the moment, this article presents the design of a neural circuit that has a general organization corresponding to that hypothesized by neurobiologists. In particular, the locomotion controller is based on a body central pattern generator (CPG) corresponding to a lamprey-like swimming controller, and is extended with a limb CPG for controlling the salamander's limbs. The complete controller is developed in three stages: first the development of segmental oscillators, second the development of intersegmental coupling for the making of a lamprey-like swimming CPG, and finally the development of the limb CPG and its coupling to the body CPG. A genetic algorithm is used to determine the parameters of the neural circuit for the different stages, given a high-level description of the desired state space trajectories of the different subnetworks. A controller is thus developed that can produce neural activities and locomotion gaits very similar to those observed in the real salamander. By varying the tonic (i.e. non-oscillating) excitation applied to the network, the speed, direction and type of gait can be varied.
Perturbation treatment of multiple site reactivity. II. Additivity in trimolecular interactions

A multiple perturbation method for the study of molecular reactivity following multiple site interactions has been extended to trimolecular systems. The theory is reformulated by the many-body diagrammatic method. While adding no new physical content to the previous theory, the present formulation allows for a systematic way of evaluating higher-order energies. The additivity of perturbation contributions to the modification of molecular reactivity is tested on dihydrated adenine. The results compare favorably with supermolecule calculations.
Methods for addressing electron-trapping optical memory material

Electron optical trapping material (ETOM) has proven to be a viable material for thin film optical memory and is being explored commercially for read/write disk. The characteristics of ETOM are discussed including new measurements at femtosecond speeds. The advantages and disadvantages of ETOM are considered. An example of a hierarchical deflection system is provided that uses mirrors, AO cells and EO cells. The status of research in all-optical switches is reviewed briefly for Kerr, cross phase modulation, TOAD, directional couplers, and semiconductors. An example shows how switches can be used to interleave demultiplex an incoming optical fiber bit stream at greater than 10 Gbps into lower data rate channels for storage using deflectors or moving media.
Superiority of a vertical sternal lead for detection of arrhythmias during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring

In a preliminary study comparing 7 sets of bipolar leads with standard modified V1 and V5 leads, a vertical sternal lead system with the negative lead just below the suprasternal notch, and the positive lead over the xiphoid had the greatest P-wave area. In the current study, the vertical sternal and modified V1 leads were obtained simultaneously using 2-channel ambulatory electrocardiographic recorders in 50 consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic ambulatory electrocardiography for suspected arrhythmias. The vertical sternal lead provided tracings with a larger P-Wave area compared with that of the modified V1 (0.58 ± 0.44 vs 1.23 ± 0.69 mm2; p < 0.0001), and a greater QRS complex (9.23 ±4.16 vs 11.78 ± 4.90 mm; p = 0.006). During premature atrial contractions and supraventricular tachycardia, P-wave visibility was significantly better in the sternal lead than in V1 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, sternal lead tracings were superior with regard to overall quality and noise level. It is suggested that the vertical sternal lead replace the currently used modified V1 during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. This lead system in conjunction with the standard modified V5 lead should be useful in the differential diagnosis of atrial arrhythmias.
Acetaldehyde acutely impairs canine testicular testosterone secretion.

Abstract Utilizing a method for perfusion of the in vivo isolated canine testis we have examined basal and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated testosterone production of testes acutely exposed to ethanol and acetaldehyde. Ethanol infused at concentrations of 0.2 g/dl to 0.6 g/dl did not alter basal or hCG-stimulated testicular testosterone production of one testis when compared to the saline-infused control testis of the same animal. However, acetaldehyde infused at a concentration of 0.2 mg/dl, a level similar to that found in humans drinking moderate amounts of ethanol, significantly impaired hCG-stimulated testicular testosterone production. It is concluded that acetaldehyde acutely impairs hCG-stimulated testicular testosterone secretion by a direct effect on the testis, but ethanol does not.
Facial expression representation and recognition based on texture augmentation and topographic masking

The variation of facial texture and surface due to the change of expression is an important cue for analyzing and modeling facial expressions. In this paper, we propose a new approach to represent the facial expression by using a so-called topographic feature. In order to capture the variation of facial surface structure, facial textures are processed by increasing the resolution. The topographical structure of human face is analyzed based on the resolution-enhanced textures. We investigate the relationship between the facial expression and its topographic features, and propose to represent the facial expression by the topographic labels. The detected topographic facial surface and the expressive regions reflect the status of facial skin movement. Based on the observation that the facial texture and its topographic features change along with facial expressions, we compare the disparity of these features between the neutral face and the expressive face to distinguish a number of universal expressions. The experiment demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed approach for facial expression representation and recognition.
A radical spin on viologen polymers: organic spin crossover materials in water

A polymer containing viologen radical cation monomer units is shown to reversibly switch between paramagnetic and diamagnetic states via non-covalent host–guest interactions or temperature control in water. Cycling between diamagnetic and paramagnetic forms is accompanied by changes in optical and magnetic properties.
Integration and Optimization of the Gas Removal System for Hybrid-Cycle OTEC Power Plants

A preliminary design of the noncondensible gas removal system for a 10 MWe, land-based hybrid-cycle OTEC power plant has been developed and is presented herein. This gas removal system is very different from that used for conventional power plants because of the substantially larger and continuous noncondensible gas flow rates and lower condenser pressure levels which predicate the need for higher-efficiency components. Previous OTEC studies discussed the need for multiple high-efficiency compressors with intercoolers; however, no previous design effort was devoted to (a) the details of the intercoolers, (b) integration and optimization of the intercoolers with the compressors, and (c) the practical design constraints and feasibility issues of these components. The resulting gas removal system design uses centrifugal (radial) compressors with matrix-type crossflow aluminum heat exchangers as intercoolers. Once-through boiling of ammonia is used as the heat sink for the cooling and condensing of the steam-gas mixture. A computerized calculation method was developed for the performance analysis and subsystem optimization. For a specific number of compressor units and the stream arrangement, the method is used to calculate the dimensions, speeds, power requirements, and costs of all the components.
Descendants of “Ruth:” black Girls Coping Through the “Black Male Crisis”

This article presents the complex relationship between how black male and female identities have been constructed dichotomously in response to the gender framed “crisis” in black America. The ethnographic research study was conducted in an secondary African American History course, located in an urban school district in the southern portion of the United States. A case study of one black female student in a class of fourteen black male students was developed to deconstruct opposition and the use of resistance and empowerment by the female student. The classroom interactions among the male students, teacher, and Nicole were presented and analyzed from Nicole’s perspective. Analysis centralizes how Nicole interprets the class community, social interactions, and language used reflecting the needs of the African American males at the expense of her own social, cultural, and gender identity.
Quantification of growth hormone mRNA in blood

Abstract Background Growth hormone (GH) is present in human lymphocytes and the relative concentration of GH mRNA in circulating cells is reportedly increased in patients with acromegaly. No quantitative assay has been described to measure GH in circulating cells. Methods To measure GH mRNA, we used real-time reverse-transcriptase (RT) quantitative PCR (qPCR) with nested primers, a synthetic nucleotide standard and SYBR Green I detection. Blood samples from volunteers with and without pituitary disorders were collected in PAXgene Blood RNA tubes. Essential MIQE guidelines were followed during sample preparation and assay development. Results RT-qPCR assay was specific for GH mRNA and was linear from ≤ 90 to ≥ 90,000 copies of GH mRNA per reaction. Day-to-day imprecision (CV) was 31%–46% at mean concentrations of 3400 and 2630 copies/mL of blood, respectively (n = 10). The variability (CV) of results in samples collected from a single individual over a year and assayed in a single run was 28% (n = 17 samples). The mean concentrations of GH mRNA in blood were statistically indistinguishable in patients with acromegaly, control subjects, and patients receiving replacement doses of recombinant GH. Moreover, GH mRNA concentrations in blood were not correlated with concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I in plasma. Conclusions The RT-PCR assay quantifies GH mRNA at concentrations present in circulating cells. The present study suggests that the absolute concentration of GH mRNA in circulating cells is not altered in patients with acromegaly.
Comparison of the activity of polyanions and polycations on the classical and alternative pathways of complement

Abstract Polyanions and polycations inhibit activity of the alternative and classical pathways of complement. We compared polyanions (commercial porcine heparin, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate B (dermatan sulfate), chondroitin sulfate C and heparatin sulfate) with polycations (salmon sperm protamine sulfate, poly- L -lysine, poly- L -arginine, polybrene and synthetically prepared portion of platelet factor 4) for ability to inhibit alternative and classical pathway activity. The polyanions had considerably more activity on the alternative than on the classical pathway, whereas the polycations more profoundly inhibited classical than alternative pathway activity. For example, heparin, a polyanion, at 1.0 μg (7.7 × 10 −7 M based upon an M r average of 13000)/10 7 cellular intermediates, inhibited alternative pathway activity and classical pathway activity by 77 and 14%, respectively, whereas protamine sulfate, a polycation, at 0.25 μg/10 7 cellular intermediates, inhibited these two pathways by 34 and98%, respectively. These studies suggest that the capacity to inhibit complement activity is a common feature of highly charged substances and the polyanions preferentially inhibit the alternative pathway while polycations preferentially inhibit the classical pathway. In vivo these highly charged substances could play an important role in the tissues in regulating the activity of both pathways of complement.
Purification and partial characterization of an extracellular β‐glucosidase of Trichoderma reesei using cathodic run, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

P-Glucosidase (BG) is a hydrolytic enzyme which acts on various compounds with p-D-glucosidic linkages. It has been shown to play a key role in the cellulase complex of T. reesei by hydrolyzing cellobiose to glucose.' Numerous methods have been employed to purify P-glucosidase from various fungd sources.z4 T. reesei P-glucosidase has been purified using affinity chromatography to remove unwanted cellulases in conjunction with anion and cation exchange chr~matography.~ A one-step purification procedure utilizing DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography has been reported which yields T. reesei P-glucosidase fractions with only a slight amount of extraneous protein.6 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques have also been employed to yield partially purified T. reesei P-glucosidase fractions. '.* The goal of our research has been to determine the secretory pathway of P-glucosidase in T. reesei through the use of monospecific polyclonal antibodies directed against secreted P-glucosidase. To this end, we have developed a one-step procedure for obtaining purified P-glucosidase from T. reesei culture supernatants using neutral pH, cathodic run, discontinuous PAGE.
Retinal Hemodynamics in Retinitis Pigmentosa

Purpose To investigate the retinal hemodynamic changes occurring in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods Bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry and monochromatic fundus photography were used to determine retinal venous diameter (D), maximum erythrocyte velocity (V max ), and volumetric blood flow (Q) in the major retinal veins of eight patients with RP and eight age-matched normal controls. The retinal vascular regulatory responses to hyperoxia, defined as the percent decreases in D (R D ), V max , and Q (R Q ) at four to six minutes of breathing 100% oxygen, were determined in eight normal subjects and five RP patients. Results Average D, V max , and Q ± S.D. in the largest retinal vein of each subject were 106 ± 14 μm, 1.01 ± 0.20 cm/sec, and 3.5 ±1.3 μl/min, respectively, in RP patients, and 166 ± 12 μm, 1.79 ± 0.14 cm/sec, and 14.7 ± 2.6 μl/min, respectively, in normal subjects. This corresponded to significant decreases from normal of 36% in D, 44% in V max , and 76% in Q in RP patients (Wilcoxon's rank sum test, P Conclusions Retinal blood flow is significantly decreased in patients with RP, probably as a result of vascular remodeling in response to reduced metabolic demand. The regulatory responses to hyperoxia are similar to those of normal subjects. Measurements of retinal blood flow may help assess the progression of the disease and the effects of treatment.
Response curves and the environmental limits for peat-forming species in the northern Andes

Peatlands, with organic soils, are usually dominated by one or a few species. Above and belowground ecological processes are regulated by the characteristics of the dominant species in the peat. Understanding how these species relate to climatic or water chemistry gradients will help to predict the fate of those ecosystems under current climate change. The patterns of abundance and occurrence of 12 major peat-forming species from different structural plant groups were quantified along gradients of elevation, precipitation, and water chemistry. The species were distributed in four major structural groups: cushion plants, true mosses, sedges, and Sphagnum mosses. A response curve for each species was built with Generalized Additive Models. Niche breadths, species tolerances, and species optima were estimated using bootstrap resampling. Our results showed that species were limited in their elevational ranges; Sphagnum species were biased toward low to intermediate elevations, sedges, and true mosses to intermediate elevations and cushion plants to very high elevations. Sphagnum species were more likely to occur in sites with low precipitation, while sedges preferred wet sites. Sphagnum species preferred habitats with acidic pH. The species tolerances and optimum distributions are an indication to the vulnerability of the species to changes in their environment. Species with limited tolerances are more vulnerable, such as the narrow elevational distribution of cushion plants or the low pH and narrow tolerances observed for Sphagnum species. Climate and hydrological changes will very possibly affect the distribution of those species forcing changes on ecosystem functioning.
NMR structure of the 101-nucleotide core encapsidation signal of the Moloney murine leukemia virus.

Abstract The full length, positive-strand genome of the Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus contains a “core encapsidation signal” that is essential for efficient genome packaging during virus assembly. We have determined the structure of a 101-nucleotide RNA that contains this signal (called mΨ) using a novel isotope-edited NMR approach. The method is robust and should be generally applicable to larger RNAs. mΨ folds into three stem loops, two of which (SL-C and SL-D) co-stack to form an extended helix. The third stem loop (SL-B) is connected to SL-C by a flexible, four-nucleotide linker. The structure contains five mismatched base-pairs, an unusual C·CG base-triple platform, and a novel “A-minor K-turn,” in which unpaired adenosine bases A340 and A341 of a GGAA bulge pack in the minor groove of a proximal stem, and a bulged distal uridine (U319) forms a hydrogen bond with the phosphodiester of A341. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these essential structural elements are conserved among the murine C-type retroviruses.
Characteristics of Monoclonal Antibodies to Lucerne Transient Streak Sobemovirus and Their Use in Epitope Localization

Murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to lucerne transient streak sobemovirus (LTSV) were used as probes for examining the virion capsid organization. A panel of nine mAbs from approximately 100 hybridomas were chosen for this study. All of these mAbs interacted effectively with sites on intact capsid and isolated coat protein sub-units (i.e. metatopes) in ELISA and Western blots. Only one of these mAbs reacted with virions in gel diffusion test producing a visible precipitin band. Competitive binding assays showed that these mAbs recognized the same or very similar metatopes. None of the mAbs neutralized LTSV virion infectivity but rabbit polyclonal antibodies drastically reduced infectivity. Treatment of virions with EDTA (swollen LTSV). protein crosslinking reagents or sodium dodecyl sulphate caused no detectable alterations in their reactivities with these mAbs, The binding sites for monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were located on denatured 5.5 kDa fragments resulting from partial trypsinization of LTSV coat protein and 8 kDa fragments formed with chymopapain proteolysis. These results indicate that these LTSV epitopes are of linear (or sequential) configuration and are located on the exposed, structurally stable domain of the virion capsid. Zusammenfassung Von Mausen stammende monoklonale Antikorper (MAbs) gegen das Lucerne transient streak sobemovirus (LTSV) wurden als Sonden verwendet, um die Organisation des Viruskapsids zu untersuchen. Die Versuche erfoigten mit einem Sortiment, das neun MAbs von ca. 100 Hybridomen umfaβte. Alle MAbs traten im ELISA und in Western blots mit Stellen des intakten Kapsids wirksam in Wechselwirkting, ebenso mit isolierten Untereinheiten des Hullproteins (d.h. mit Metatopen). Nur ein MAb reagierte im Geldiffusiotistest mit Virionen und bildete eine sichtbare Prazipitin-Bande. Versuche zur kompetitiven Bindung zeigten. daβ diese MAbs die gleichen oder sehr ahnliche Metatope erkennen. Kein MAb neutralisierte die Infektivitat der LTSV-Virionen. doch polyklonale Kaninchenantikorper verringerten die Infektivitat drastisch. Eine Behandlung der Virionen mit EDTA (geschwoUene LTSV). Reagenzien zur Vernetzung der Proteine sowie Natriumdodeclysulfat verursachten keine feststellbaren Veranderungen der Reaktivitaten der MAbs. Die Bindungsstellen fur mono- und polyklonale Antikorper wurden auf denaturierten 5,5 kDa groβen Fragmenten lokalisiert, die durch eine partielle Trypsinisierting des LTSV-Hβullproteins erhalten wurden, auβer-dem auf 8 kDa groβen Fragmenten, die aus einer Chymopapain-Proteolyse resultierten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daβ diese LTSV-Epitope von linearer (oder sequen-zieller) Konfiguration sind und sich auf dem exponierten, strukturell stabilen Bereich des Viruskapsids befinden.
Breit–Pauli energy levels, lifetimes, and transition probabilities for the beryllium-like to neon-like sequences☆

Abstract Energy levels, lifetimes, and transition probabilities for transitions between computed levels are reported for the Be-like ( Z =4,…,12) to Ne-like ( Z =10,…,24) sequences. In most cases, results include all levels up to 2s3d in spectra of Be-like atoms or ions and 2s 2 2p n 3d, n =0,…,5 in spectra of B-like to Ne-like, respectively. Wavefunctions were determined using the multi-configuration Hartree–Fock method with relativistic effects included through the Breit–Pauli Hamiltonian, omitting only the orbit–orbit interaction. Both allowed (E1) and forbidden (M1, E2, M2) transitions are reported.
An RF-powered wireless multi-channel implantable bio-sensing microsystem

An RF-powered wireless three-channel implantable bio-sensing microsystem is developed with blood pressure, EKG, and core body temperature sensing capability for untethered genetically engineered laboratory mice real-time monitoring. A flat silicone blood pressure sensing cuff with a MEMS capacitive pressure sensor is employed to form a novel less-invasive blood pressure sensor, which avoids vessel occlusion, bleeding, and blood clotting associated with the conventional catheter-based sensors. The implantable microsystem can be powered by an adaptively controlled external RF energy source at 4 MHz to ensure a stable on-chip power supply. The overall system dissipates 200 µW and achieves a blood pressure sensing resolution of 1 mmHg within 1 kHz bandwidth, an EKG sensing resolution of 7.4 bits, and a temperature sensitivity of 19 mV/°C measured from 22 °C to 43 °C. A prototype packaged sensor exhibits a weight of 495 mg, which is approximately 2% of a laboratory mouse body mass. On-going research effort is devoted to demonstrate in vivo performance in laboratory animals.
Graphical operations on projective spaces

Motivated by the work of Crapo and Rota [6] on the lifting of a projective complex, we introduce a class of invariant operations associated to integral-weighted graphs, which we call graphical operations. Such operations generalize the sixth harmonic of a quadranguler set on a projective line. We determine the expansion of the graphical operations in terms of multi-linear bracket polynomials in a Grassmann-Cayley algebra. Reducibility and compositions of such invariant operations are also investigated with a number of examples.
Analytical expressions of conditional mean, covariance, and sample functions in geostatistics

This work presents analytical expressions for the best estimate, conditional covariance function, and conditional realizations of a function from sparse observations. In contrast to the prevalent approach in kriging where the best estimates at every point are determined from the solution of a system of linear equations, the best-estimate function can be represented analytically in terms of basis functions, whose number depends on the observations. This approach is computationally superior when graphing a function estimate and is also valuable in understanding what the solution should look like. For example, one can immediately see that all “singularities” in the best-estimate function are at observation points.
U–Sr isotopic speedometer: Fluid flow and chemical weathering rates in aquifers

Abstract Both chemical weathering rates and fluid flow are difficult to measure in natural systems. However, these parameters are critical for understanding the hydrochemical evolution of aquifers, predicting the fate and transport of contaminants, and for water resources/water quality considerations. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and ( 234 U/ 238 U) activity ratios are sensitive indicators of water–rock interaction, and thus provide a means of quantifying both flow and reactivity. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr values in ground waters are controlled by the ratio of the dissolution rate to the flow rate. Similarly, the ( 234 U/ 238 U) ratio of natural ground waters is a balance between the flow rate and the dissolution of solids, and α-recoil loss of 234 U from the solids. By coupling these two isotope systems it is possible to constrain both the long-term (ca. 100’s to 1000’s of years) flow rate and bulk dissolution rate along the flow path. Previous estimates of the ratio of the dissolution rate to the infiltration flux from Sr isotopes ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) are combined with a model for ( 234 U/ 238 U) to constrain the infiltration flux and dissolution rate for a 70-m deep vadose zone core from Hanford, Washington. The coupled model for both ( 234 U/ 238 U) ratios and the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr data suggests an infiltration flux of 5 ± 2 mm/yr, and bulk silicate dissolution rates between 10 −15.7 and 10 −16.5 mol/m 2 /s. The process of α-recoil enrichment, while primarily responsible for the observed variation in ( 234 U/ 238 U) of natural systems, is difficult to quantify. However, the rate of this process in natural systems affects the interpretation of most U-series data. Models for quantifying the α-recoil loss fraction based on geometric predictions, surface area constraints, and chemical methods are also presented. The agreement between the chemical and theoretical methods, such as direct measurement of ( 234 U/ 238 U) of the small grain size fraction and geometric calculations for that size fraction, is quite good.
Validation of Inhibition Tasks for a Comprehensive Assessment of Visual Attention Across Age Groups

The primary goal of this study was to assess the utility of adding the Conners’ Continuous Performance Task (CPT) to a comprehensive assessment of visual attention, in order to provide it with a better measure of response inhibition. Two Maximum Likelihood Factor Analyses (MLFA) were performed and compared (one containing the Conners’ CPT and one without), in order to assess any differences within the resulting factor solutions. The two factor solutions were almost identical, with the exception of an additional factor of response inhibition existing within the MLFA containing the Conners’ CPT. This revealed that the Conners’ CPT did add a meaningful factor of response inhibition to the existing attention battery. In addition, age group differences were assessed by one-way ANOVAs of the individual factor scores from the Conners MLFA.
Changes in channels of distribution caused by market development

The comparative analysis of channel structures may offer early warning of changing distribution requirements
Concretion: assumption-based understanding

A language understanding program must produce as precise a meaning representation as possible from a linguistic input. CONCRETION is the process of developing a specific interpretation by combining various levels of conceptual information. This process represents an assumption-based method of language interpretation, and departs from the traditional approach of treating multiple interpretations as independent. Concretion allows the language analyzer to develop a sufficiently specific representation without excessive computation or brittle interpretation rules.
Über die Empfindliehkeit chemischer Fällungsreaktionen

1. In der Beziehung E = L + S, in der E die Empfindlichkeit der Fallungsreaktion, L die Loslichkeit und S die Sichtbarkeit bedeuten, sind L und S im allgemeinen keine Konstanten. 2. Die Beziehung zwischen Loslichkeit einerseits, Oberflachenspannung und Teilchengrosse andererseits ist besprochen und ihre Bedeutung fur das Verstandnis analytischer Probleme auseinandergesetzt worden. 3. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Trubungsgrad und Teilchengrosse ist kurz besprochen und ihre Bedeutung fur die Nephelometrie nachdrucklich betont worden.
Analyzing block locality in Morton-order and Morton-hybrid matrices

As the architectures of computers change, introducing more caches onto multicore chips, even more locality becomes necessary. With the bandwidth between caches and RAM now even more valuable, additional locality from new matrix representations will be important to keep multiple processors busy. The default storage representations of both C and Fortran, row- and column-major respectively, have fundamental deficiencies with many matrix computations. By switching the storage representation from cartesian to block indices, one is able to take better advantage of cache locality at all levels from L1 to paging. This paper only changes storage representation from row-major to Morton-hybrid, and applies it to matrix multiplication. Its purpose is to show that, even with only traditional iterative algorithms, simply changing storage representation offers significant speedups.
SU-FF-T-111: Bladder Dose Distribution in Cylindrical Brachytherapy Treatment

Objective: This work compares the characteristics of dose volume histogram (DVH) and dosesurface area histogram (DSH) analysis of contoured bladder volumes in HDR vaginal cylinder brachytherapy.Method and Materials:CT scans were obtained on 20 patients with gynecological cancer who received in total 74 fractions of high dose rate brachytherapy treatment to the vaginal cuff, with the vaginal cylinder in situ. As part of an IRB approved study, the patients' bladder filling status was intentionally different for each fraction. The bladder was manually contoured for each treatment fraction including any fluid filling the bladder. The 3D bladder structure was reconstructed and its surface was extracted and represented with a triangular mesh. The dwell locations of the HDR source were identified for each fraction. Dose to each point on bladder was calculated according to the treatment plans. Results: The mean and standard deviation of volume (154.4 ±153.9 in cc) and the surface area (184.4 ± 91.8 in cm2) of the bladder varied with filling status. The bladder filling has caused more variation in DSH than in DVH in the high dose region. The average dose for the most irradiated volume D2cc was 70%±18% of the prescribed dose. The average surface area receiving D2cc was 11.6 ± 2.0 in cm2, or 7.5 ±3.1% of the total surface area compared to 2.4±1.8 % of the bladder volume. DSH is a smooth function with larger variation than DVH for doses over 70% of prescription. Conclusion: The nature of the bladder suggests that the surface area is a more realistic way of describing bladder. While both DVH and DSH may quantify the high dose region, surface area is more sensitive. As such DSH may offer a better correlation to clinical outcome.
Theoretical study of native defects and impurities in InP.

A study is made of the trends in the deep levels, formation energies, and abundances of native defects and impurities in InP. We predict deep-level positions and equilibrium abundances for the eight native tetrahedral point defects. These consist of two vacancies, two antisites, and the two native atoms at both nonequivalent tetrahedral interstitial sites. The effects on native defects of electron irradiation and the introduction of common dopants Zn and S in InP are also investigated. The theoretical studies are done within the local-density approximation using a recently developed parameter-free self-consistent pseudopotential and pseudoatomic orbital scheme.
Usability evaluation for enterprise SOA APIs

SAP recently began offering access to web services through its Enterprise Service-Oriented Architecture (E-SOA) plat-form. It is in the best interest of SAP that its E-SOA service operations are easier for developers to use and understand, which will contribute to higher E-SOA adoption, and a more effective means of innovation on the part of business customers. To facilitate such a change, Carnegie Mellon University's Human-Computer Interaction Institute is working with SAP's E-SOA and Business Process Reno-vation Teams to analyze the E-SOA interfaces using HCI techniques and determine means by which developers assigned to create SOA APIs in general, and Enterprise SOA APIs in particular, can design superior interfaces. The identification of usable design patterns, and methodologies to determine these patterns, can streamline SOA projects for API developers and programmers who use SOA APIs.
A thermodynamic basis for the derivation of the Darcy, Forchheimer and Brinkman models for flows through porous media and their generalizations

Abstract In this study we use a general thermodynamic framework which appeals to the criterion of maximal rate of entropy production to obtain popular models due to Darcy and Brinkman and their generalizations, to describe flow of fluids through porous solids. Such a thermodynamic approach has been used with great success to describe various classes of material response and here we demonstrate its use within the context of mixture theory to obtain the classical models for the flow of fluids through porous media and more general models which are all consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.
Interaction of Copper Film with Silicides

Bilayers of Cu with TiSi2 and TaSi2 were tested by furnace annealing at temperatures from 200 to 500°C. Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) technique was used to investigate the interaction between various films and determine the stability of Cu on silicide structures. The sheet resistance was also monitored. The results show that Cu on TiSi2 and TaSi2 structures are extremely stable structures at annealing temperatures in the range of room temperature to 500 °C. In such structures, therefore, there will not be a need of any diffusion barrier between Cu and the silicide films.
Gold grown epitaxially on mica: conditions for large area flat faces

Abstract We have grown Au epitaxially on green and ruby muscovite mica in UHV for use as substrates for STM and AFM in solution and air. We have optimized the process to obtain flat, large areas (micrometers squared with a corrugation which rarely exceeded 10 nm from maximum to minimum height).
Clinical relevance of extent of extreme drug resistance in epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of the extent of extreme drug resistance (EDR) in in vitro drug resistance assays in advanced epithelial ovarian, fallopian, and primary peritoneal cancers. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using the database for in vitro drug resistance assay (EDR Assay®, Oncotech, Inc.) results for advanced stage ovarian cancer samples obtained at primary surgery between 1995 and 2009. In vitro drug resistance assay results were evaluated for thirteen drugs according to the following two groups: platinum and taxane (primary treatment group) vs remaining agents (secondary treatment group). Dual-resistance was then defined as at least one EDR in the primary and secondary treatment groups. Chemotherapy response and survival outcome were correlated with assay results. Results There were 253 cases identified. Dual-resistance ( n =53, 20.9%) was not associated with chemotherapy response ( p =0.62) or survival outcomes (PFS, p =0.52; OS, p =0.11). Only one (0.4%) case exhibited complete EDR to all tested drugs, and 74 (29.4%) cases showed no EDR. There was no statistical correlation between total number of drugs in the EDR range and chemotherapy response ( p =0.55), progression-free survival (PFS) ( p =0.18), and overall survival (OS) ( p =0.87). Proportion of EDR, defined as the ratio of the number of EDR drugs divided by all drugs for an individual patient, was also not related to chemotherapy response ( p =0.37), PFS ( p =0.13), or OS ( p =0.13). Conclusions Presence of extreme drug resistance to multiple agents in the in vitro drug resistance assays was not associated with survival outcomes in advanced stage epithelial ovarian, fallopian, and primary peritoneal cancers.
Acetamide Selection of Kluyveromyces lactis Cells Transformed with an Integrative Vector Leads to High-Frequency Formation of Multicopy Strains

The yeast Kluyveromyces lactis has been extensively used as a host for heterologous protein expression. A necessary step in the construction of a stable expression strain is the introduction of an integrative expression vector into K. lactis cells, followed by selection of transformed strains using either medium containing antibiotic (e.g., G418) or nitrogen-free medium containing acetamide. In this study, we show that selection using acetamide yields K. lactis transformant populations nearly completely comprised of strains bearing multiple tandem insertions of the expression vector pKLAC1 at the LAC4 chromosomal locus, whereas an average of 16% of G418-selected transformants are multiply integrated. Additionally, the average copy number within transformant populations doubled when acetamide was used for selection compared to G418. Finally, we demonstrate that the high frequency of multicopy integration associated with using acetamide selection can be exploited to rapidly construct expression strains that simultaneously produce multiple heterologous proteins or multisubunit proteins, such as Fab antibodies.
Evolving a Non-playable Character team with Layered Learning

Layered Learning is an iterative machine learning technique used to train agents how to perform tasks. The technique decomposes a task into simpler components and trains the agent to learn how to perform progressively more complex sub-tasks to solve the overall task. Layered Learning has been successfully used to instruct computer programs to solve Boolean-logic problems, teach robots how to walk, and train RoboCup soccer playing agents. The proposed work answers the question of how well does Layered Learning apply to the evolved development of a heterogeneous team of Non-playable Characters (NPCs) in a video game. The work compares the use of Layered Learning against evolving NPCs with monolithic based approaches. Experiment data show that Layered Learning can result in the successful development of NPCs and demonstrates that the approach performs well against monolithic evaluation.
Blunt Cardiac Injury A Case Report

A 53-year-old woman was kicked by her horse, with the hoof striking her in the center of the chest. She developed severe chest pain and was transported to our institution for treatment. Initial physical examination revealed a horseshoe-shaped contusion in the central chest (Figure 1). Cardiac auscultation was normal. Rib radiographs did not reveal any fractures. A chest x-ray showed clear lung fields and a normal cardiac silhouette (Figure 2). A 12-lead ECG demonstrated sinus tachycardia with a minor right ventricular conduction delay and no ischemic changes (Figure 3). Serum troponin I was elevated (3.60 ng/mL, normal <0.08 ng/mL). Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography revealed a partially flail septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve (Figure …
Fitted HBT radii versus space-time variances in flow-dominated models

The inability of otherwise successful dynamical models to reproduce the "HBT radii" extracted from two-particle correlations measured at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is known as the "RHIC HBT Puzzle". Most comparisons between models and experiment exploit the fact that for Gaussian sources the HBT radii agree with certain combinations of the space-time widths of the source which can be directly computed from the emission function, without having to evaluate, at significant expense, the two-particle correlation function. We here study the validity of this approach for realistic emission function models some of which exhibit significant deviations from simple Gaussian behaviour. By Fourier transforming the emission function we compute the 2-particle correlation function and fit it with a Gaussian to partially mimic the procedure used for measured correlation functions. We describe a novel algorithm to perform this Gaussian fit analytically. We find that for realistic hydrodynamic models the HBT radii extracted from this procedure agree better with the data than the values previously extracted from the space-time widths of the emission function. Although serious discrepancies between the calculated and measured HBT radii remain, we show that a more "apples-to-apples" comparison of models with data can play an important role in any eventually successful theoretical description of RHIC HBT data.
A simple approach to the joint inversion of seismic body and surface waves applied to the southwest U.S.

[1] Body and surface wave tomography have complementary strengths when applied to regional-scale studies of the upper mantle. We present a straight-forward technique for their joint inversion which hinges on treating surface waves as horizontally-propagating rays with deep sensitivity kernels. This formulation allows surface wave phase or group measurements to be integrated directly into existing body wave tomography inversions with modest effort. We apply the joint inversion to a synthetic case and to data from the RISTRA project in the southwest U.S. The data variance reductions demonstrate that the joint inversion produces a better fit to the combined dataset, not merely a compromise. For large arrays, this method offers an improvement over augmenting body wave tomography with a one-dimensional model. The joint inversion combines the absolute velocity of a surface wave model with the high resolution afforded by body waves—both qualities that are required to understand regional-scale mantle phenomena. INDEX TERMS: 7218 Seismology: Lithosphere and upper mantle; 7255 Seismology: Surface waves and free oscillations; 7294 Seismology: Instruments and techniques; 8109 Tectonophysics: Continental tectonics— extensional (0905); 8180 Tectonophysics: Tomography. Citation: West, M., W. Gao, and S. Grand (2004), A simple approach to the joint inversion of seismic body and surface waves applied to the southwest U.S., Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L15615,
Electrostatic contribution to the binding stability of protein–protein complexes

To investigate roles of electrostatic interactions in protein binding stability, electrostatic calculations were carried out on a set of 64 mutations over six protein-protein complexes. These mutations alter polar interactions across the interface and were selected for putative dominance of electrostatic contributions to the binding stability. Three protocols of implementing the Poisson-Boltzmann model were tested. In vdW4 the dielectric boundary between the protein low dielectric and the solvent high dielectric is defined as the protein van der Waals surface and the protein dielectric constant is set to 4. In SE4 and SE20, the dielectric boundary is defined as the surface of the protein interior inaccessible to a 1.4-A solvent probe, and the protein dielectric constant is set to 4 and 20, respectively. In line with earlier studies on the barnase-barstar complex, the vdW4 results on the large set of mutations showed the closest agreement with experimental data. The agreement between vdW4 and experiment supports the contention of dominant electrostatic contributions for the mutations, but their differences also suggest van der Waals and hydrophobic contributions. The results presented here will serve as a guide for future refinement in electrostatic calculation and inclusion of nonelectrostatic effects.
Representing Student Achievements in Science

In what follows, we develop a conceptual argument for expanding current visions of performance assessment to include the following three ideals: that performance/assessment addresses the value-laden decisions about what and whose science is learned and assessed and include multiple worldviews, that performance/assessment in science simultaneously emerges in response to local needs, and that the performance/assessment is a method as well as an ongoing search for method. To make this argument, we draw together ideas raised by critical, feminist and multicultural science educators to describe an inclusive science education, one we refer to as critical science education, to raise questions about the nature and purpose of performance assessment in science education. We are particularly interested in how the science of assessment is challenged and transformed within a critical science education perspective and the conditions needed to create an equitable and inclusive practice of science and science assessment across diversity. We present a case study from a youth-led community science project in the inner city to help contextualize our argument. fl 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 337 - 354, 2001 Different things you can do in the garden