cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Effluents from Central Arkansas Baitfish Ponds

Scientific information on baitfish effluents is important to provide a basis for the development of appropriate and cost-effective management practices that minimize environmental impacts. Effluents from 10 commercial golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucus ponds in central Arkansas were sampled December 2000 through June 2001. Grab samples of the first and last 10% of pond volume were collected during intentional draining events. Effluents were sampled as they exited pond drainpipes and at the ends of drainage ditches just prior to stream discharge. Concurrent receiving stream samples were collected upstream and downstream of the discharge point. Total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), 5-d biochemical oxygen demand (BOD,), and total suspended solids (TSS) of each sample were measured. Mean whole effluent concentrations for the first 10% were 36 mg TSSL, 9 mg/L BOD5, 2 mg TNL, and 0.5 mg TPL. The water quality of the first and last 10% of pond effluent were not significantly different (P c 0.05). Filtering effluents through a 5-pm mesh screen did not significantly reduce nutrient concentrations. Serial fractionation of effluents resulted in small but significant decreases in TSS concentrations in samples filtered through the 10, 8, and 5-pw meshes (P c 0.05). Eftluent discharge through farm ditches generally did not improve effluent water quality. Effluents collected at ditch ends were significantly less than drainpipe samples in BOD, concentrations only (P < 0.05). Limited data on receiving stream water quality indicated that only TP concentrations were greater in pond effluents than in receiving streams. Overall, baitfish pond effluents are similar in composition to effluents of other phytoplankton-based pond production systems. In 1998, there were 275 baitfish farms in the United States. The retail value of baitfish sold in North America reaches $1 billion annually (Litvak and Mandrak 1993). Approximately 61 % (by value) of U.S. farm-raised baitfish are produced in central Arkansas (NASS 2000). Two-thirds of the 1 1,260 ha of baitfish ponds in Arkansas are used to produce golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas (Collins and Stone 1999). At the time of this study the Environmental Protection Agency was in the process of setting standards for wastewater discharges from fish farms. Scientific information on baitfish effluents is important to provide a basis for the development of appropriate and cost-effective management practices that minimize environmental impacts. Baitfish culture practices affect effluent
Overexpression of antioxidant enzymes in ApoE-deficient mice suppresses Benzo(a)pyrene-accelerated atherosclerosis

The carcinogenic polycylic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), has been shown to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. To assess the causal role of BaP-generated ROS in this process, we evaluated atherosclerotic metrics in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice with or without overexpression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and/or catalase. Without BaP, aortic atherosclerotic lesions were smaller in ApoE(-/-) mice overexpressing catalase or both Cu/Zn-SOD and catalase than in those overexpressing neither or Cu/Zn-SOD only. After treating with BaP or vehicle for 24 weeks, mean lesion sizes in the aortic tree and aortic root of ApoE(-/-) mice were increased by approximately 60% and 40%, respectively. BaP also increased the levels of oxidized lipids in the aortic tree of ApoE(-/-) mice and increased the frequency of advanced lesions. In contrast, BaP did not significantly alter lipid peroxidation levels or atherosclerotic lesions in the aortas of ApoE(-/-) mice overexpressing Cu/Zn-SOD and/or catalase. Overexpression of Cu/Zn-SOD and/or catalase also inhibited BaP-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in aortas and endothelial cells, and reduced BaP-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. These observations, together with the functions of catalase and Cu/Zn-SOD to scavenge hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions, implicate a causal role of ROS in the pathogenesis of BaP-induced atherosclerosis.
Political Polarization Projection: Social Projection of Attitude Extremity and Attitudinal Processes

What influences perceptions of political polarization? The authors examine the polarization of people’s own political attitudes as a source of perceived polarization: Individuals with more extreme partisan attitudes perceive greater polarization than individuals with less extreme partisan attitudes. This “polarization projection” was demonstrated in three studies in which people estimated the distribution of others’ political attitudes: one study with a nationally representative sample concerning the 2008 Presidential election, and two studies concerning university students evaluating a policy regarding scarce resource allocation. These studies demonstrate that polarization projection occurs simultaneously with and independently of simple projection, the tendency to assume that others share one’s partisan political attitudes. Polarization projection may occur partly because people assume that others engage in similar attitudinal processes as the self, such as extensive thought and emotional arousal. The projection of attitudinal processes was demonstrated in a study concerning health care reform policies. Further supporting this explanation, polarization projection increased when people introspected about their own attitudinal processes, which increased the accessibility of those processes. Implications for perceptions of partisanship, social judgment, and civic behavior are discussed.
The Strategy of Analysis

This chapter addresses itself to the task of optimizing a researcher’s approach to a materials Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) problem. We will briefly discuss the AEM and related non-AEM techniques available and what each can tell us. The questions of where to start, the optimum strategy for problem solving, routes to avoid and useful shortcuts will be discussed. After we discuss strategies for analysis, there will be several examples of successful and unsuccessful applications of AEM. These will show the synergism of complementary techniques.
Inducible DNA repair and differentiation in Bacillus subtilis: interactions between global regulons

The SOS response of Escherichia coli has become a paradigm for the study of inducible DNA repair and recombination processes in many different organisms. While these studies have demonstrated that the components of the SOS response appear to be highly conserved among bacterial species, as with most models, there are some significant variations. Perhaps the best example of this comes from an analysis of the SOS-like system of the developmental organism, Bacillus subtilis. Accordingly, the most striking difference is the complex developmental regulation of the SOS system as this organism differentiates into its competent state. In this review we have given an overview of the elements that comprise the SOS system of B. subtilis. Additionally, we have summarized our most recent findings regarding the regulation of this regulon. Using these results along with new findings from other laboratories we have provided provocative molecular models for the regulation of the B. subtilis SOS system in response to DNA damage and during competent cell formation.
“Big Fish in a Small Pond”: Chinese Migrant Shopkeepers in South Africa:

The steady growth of Chinese migrants to South Africa in the past decade provides an opportunity to use Sen’s (2001, Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press) capabilities approach in the field of immigration. This theoretical framing reveals that the Chinese employ, what I call, a small pond migration strategy – utilizing mobility to maximize their social, economic, and human capital. I argue that the Chinese move to South Africa because of a desire to venture out of China and pursue freedoms associated with being one’s own boss. Once in South Africa, they choose to stay because of comfortable weather and a slower pace of life, despite losing freedoms associated with high crime in Johannesburg. The findings suggest alternative ways of understanding factors of migration as well as a model that explains migration from more developed countries to less developed ones.
The Development and Validation of the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT)

In this article we present the development and validation of two new measures of psychological well-being: the Comprehensive Inventory of Thriving (CIT) and the Brief Inventory of Thriving (BIT). These measures were developed with two specific goals in mind: (1) to measure a broad range of psychological well-being constructs and represent a holistic view of positive functioning; and (2) to predict important health outcomes that are useful for researchers and health practitioners. The CIT includes 18 subscales with 54 items in total, covering a broad range of well-being components. The BIT has 10 items in total and can serve as an indicator of psychological well-being and a brief screening tool of mental health. The new measures were evaluated in five samples of a total of 3,191 US participants with diverse demographics. The CIT and BIT had excellent psychometric properties and exhibited convergent validity with existing measures of psychological well-being and discriminant validity with measures of ill-being. Both measures contributed over and above existing measures of psychology well-being in predicting a variety of health outcomes, including self-reported and objective health status, physical functioning, and health behaviors. In addition, we showed the relative importance of thriving compared to ill-being for health outcomes and the benefits of assessing individuals' positive functioning beyond ill-being. Potential uses of the new measures are discussed.
A framework of fuzzy triggers for XML database systems

Triggers have played an important role in integrity constraint management for relational database systems. More research projects and commercial systems are working on supporting triggers in XML database systems in recent years. This paper describes our approach to incorporate fuzziness into XML triggers. By adding a thin layer to an existing database, fuzzy expressions can be used within triggers to specify application level constraints declaratively. Our system provides support to fuzziness over traditional XML databases, while the underlying XML data remains crisp. As a result, any existing application will not be affected and is not required to be altered when using our approach. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only research reported to support fuzzy triggers in XML database systems. This paper describes the language of the fuzzy trigger, the system architecture, and the implementation with a motivating example.
Sample Cases and Analyses of the Use of Anti-infective Agents

An 8-year-old boy presents with a severe sore throat and fever. On physical examination the patient is noted to have an exudative pharyngitis and a fever of 40°C and some tender cervical adenopathy but is otherwise unremarkable. Lab results reveal a leukocytosis with a predominance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and are otherwise within normal limits.
Propagation prediction in urban areas using geospatial data available on the Internet

A new method is introduced for the reconstruction of 3D building structures using single-view 2D image with controlling objects setup in Google Earth. The method is based on the theory of projective geometry and the aid of GE which provides means that make it possible to set controlling objects possible. Two types of building structures and their variations and combinations could be reconstructed. It is shown that the accuracy of the reconstruction is satisfactory based on observations of some test cases. The ray tracing method is used to calculate the received power in five routes in Rosslyn, VA. Comparison with the path gain obtained using a more accurate city model shows that the new model provides good results. More details and examples will be provided in the presentation.
Fragmentation of an axially impacted slender rod

Motivated by experimental results on the dynamic buckling and fragmentation of a vertical column impacted by a falling mass, results from an analytical model for dynamic buckling which considers the dynamic interaction between the axial column deformation and the out-of-plane buckling displacements are used to interpret the fragmentation process and the resulting fragment lengths. It is shown that a critical time exists for the rod to undergo fragmentation. At this critical time, the rod deforms in a modulated pattern of waves, setting up the stage for the ensuing fragmentation as a result of induced large curvatures that exceed the critical bending strain of the rod material. The resulting fragment length distributions, which show two characteristics peaks at and , where λ is a characteristic half-wavelength, are found to compare favorably with the experimental results.
Model-based programming for parallel image processing

We describe a programming environment which is being developed for the automatic generation of parallel image processing applications. Through the use of model-based software synthesis, we transparently create large grained data parallel applications which can be executed on arbitrary processor networks. The high-level abstractions provided by the modeling paradigm isolates the user from the complexity of the underlying implementation, allowing developers with little or no experience in parallel programming to rapidly create parallel applications. The data parallel modeling facilities perform the same tasks as the data alignment and distribution compiler directives of High Performance Fortran and the aggregate objects of pC++. However, we have found that by introducing the parallelism on the system level, instead of in the algorithm, we can use traditional compilers and leave the application specific code unchanged. This allows us to take advantage of existing well developed image processing code libraries. Here we describe a system which generates data parallel versions of applications created in Khoros, the popular image processing package developed by the University of New Mexico. This system retains the best qualities of Khoros: its interactive and experimental nature, and its visual interface, but adds the capability for automatically generating much higher performance parallel implementations when needed. This system demonstrate the suitability of the model-based approach for developing parallel imaging software. >
Molecular Interrelationships and Functions

The notion of a “spatial hierarchy” of biological organization has already been alluded to in Chap. 2. It is a paradigm (KUHN, 1970) of wide influence (LEAKS, 1969) which may be stated as follows: 1. there exists hierarchical continuity between successive integrative levels of biological organization, and 2. there are central organizing prin­ciples to be discovered (NEEDHAM, 1968).
Traceable radius measurements of micro-lenses

We have developed a method to measure the radius of curvature of micro-lenses. It is based on a coordinate transformation from known errors in the motion as the micro-lens is moved between the measurement positions
Government and Private Sector Roles in Providing Information Security in the U.S. Financial Services Industry

Abstract. The financial services sector provides an interesting case study for the proper relationship between government and the private sector in the area of information security. Financial information is attractive to thieves; the sector is pervasively and pro-actively examined and regulated; existing federal security rules impose specific process duties on financial institutions; financial regulatory agencies have exercised this authority in various ways from issuing examination guidance that have pushed the industry toward more robust online banking security procedures to using the industry’s payment card industry data security standard as a measure of reasonable levels of security. This paper suggests that the legitimate roles of government range from allowing the industry to autonomously develop its own set of security practices to actively encouraging the adoption of specific security measures. However, the government should generally refrain from enshrining specific security measures in law or regulation since it can freeze innovation, lock in less effective security measures, and prevent the development of compensating controls that are less costly and equally effective. A key role should be to assist the industry to move to higher and socially beneficial levels of security in order to overcome various coordination problems that prevent natural industry forces from moving in that direction.
Evaluating and Characterizing Ancient Whole-Genome Duplications in Plants with Gene Count Data

Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) have helped shape the genomes of land plants, and recent evidence suggests that the genomes of all angiosperms have experienced at least two ancient WGDs. In plants, WGDs often are followed by rapid fractionation, in which many homeologous gene copies are lost. Thus, it can be extremely difficult to identify, let alone characterize, ancient WGDs. In this study, we use a new maximum likelihood estimator to test for evidence of ancient WGDs in land plants and estimate the fraction of new genes copies that are retained following a WGD using gene count data, the number of gene copies in gene families. We identified evidence of many putative ancient WGDs in land plants and found that the genome fractionation rates vary tremendously among ancient WGDs. Analyses of WGDs within Brassicales also indicate that background gene duplication and loss rates vary across land plants, and different gene families have different probabilities of being retained following a WGD. Although our analyses are largely robust to errors in duplication and loss rates and the choice of priors, simulations indicate that this method can have trouble detecting multiple WGDs that occur on the same branch, especially when the gene retention rates for ancient WGDs are very low. They also suggest that we should carefully evaluate evidence for some ancient plant WGD hypotheses.
Osteosarcoma and Parosteal Osteogenic Sarcoma of the Maxillaand Mandible: Study of 20 Cases

The clinical records and tissue specimens of 20 patients referred to Anderson Hospital for treatment of osteosarcoma of the jaws were reviewed. Nine of the tumors arose in the maxilla and eleven in the mandible. Two were parosteal osteogenic sarcomas, one arising in the maxilla and one in the mandible; two osteosarcomas of the maxilla arose in areas previously irradiated for other conditions. No previous histories of trauma, benign tumors of the jaws, or Paget's disease of bone were noted. The most common presenting symptom in the series was a tumor or swelling of the affected area. The average age of onset of osteosarcoma of the jaw is one or two decades later than the age of onset of osteosarcomas of other locations. Roentgenographic examination is helpful, especially when an osteoblastic lesion is found in the bone. Only one case with widening of the periodontal membrane space was recorded. A histologic examination is imperative for a definitive diagnosis. Surgical resection is the recommended treatment for osteosarcoma of the jaws. Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the jaws has a better prognosis than osteosarcoma, since there is less tendency to metastasize. Among osteosarcomas of the jaws, the mandibular sarcomas have the best prognosis.
An update on ABO incompatible hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation

Hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplantation has long been established as the optimal treatment for many hematologic malignancies. In the setting of allogenic HLA matched HPC transplantation, greater than 50% of unrelated donors and 30% of related donors demonstrate some degree of ABO incompatibility (ABOi), which is classified in one of three ways: major, minor, or bidirectional. Major ABOi refers to the presence of recipient isoagglutinins against the donor's A and/or B antigen. Minor ABOi occurs when the HPC product contains the isoagglutinins targeting the recipient's A and/or B antigen. Bidirectional refers to the presence of both major and minor ABOi. Major adverse events associated with ABOi HPC transplantation includes acute and delayed hemolysis, pure red cell aplasia, and delayed engraftment. ABOi HPC transplantation poses a unique challenge to the clinical transplantation unit, the HPC processing lab, and the transfusion medicine service. Therefore, it is essential that these services actively communicate with one another to ensure patient safety. This review will attempt to globally address the challenges related to ABOi HPC transplantation, with an increased focus on aspects related to the laboratory and transfusion medicine services.
Analysis and improvement about a case of recloser miss operation when switch secret trip

There is a case that the switch of a 220kV transmission line refused to reclose when switch secret trip has been found while checking the new line protect circuit.This paper analyzes the switch operation mechanism and the recloser circuit,finds the reason and improves the recloser circuit based on the actual production.
DUAL SIGNALING POTENTIAL IS COMMON AMONG GS-COUPLED RECEPTORS AND DEPENDENT ON RECEPTOR DENSITY

We studied the relative ability to activate phospholipase C (PLC) of four Gs-coupled receptors expressed in L cells at different densities. Stable cell lines expressing various levels of the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), the type 2 vasopressin receptor (V2R), or the type 1 or type 2 beta-adrenergic receptor (beta 1- or beta 2AR) were isolated. The PLC activity was assessed by the measurement of free intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and the accumulation of inositol phosphates. We previously reported that, at 24,000 sites/cell, the LHR in L cells stimulated adenylyl cyclase by 10-fold over basal levels and PLC by 50% over basal levels. The EC50 for stimulation was 20-fold higher for PLC than for adenylyl cyclase. We now report that LHR tends to stimulate PLC more at a higher receptor density and less at a lower density. EC50 values for accumulation of inositol phosphates remained unchanged. The human V2R and the human beta ARs are strong adenylyl cyclase stimulators, and their potential for dual signaling was unknown. Expressing the V2R at 100,000 sites/cell or more and the beta ARs at 300,000 sites/cell resulted in stimulation of PLC by these receptors. As with the LHR, higher concentrations of vasopressin or isoproterenol were needed to reach 50% stimulation of PLC, compared with that of adenylyl cyclase. The beta 1AR was a stronger PLC stimulator than was the beta 2AR. The orders of potency for isoproterenol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine to stimulate adenylyl cyclase and PLC were the same for each of the two beta ARs. These results indicate that the ability of Gs-coupled receptors to stimulate PLC is dependent on the levels of receptor expression, and they suggest that dual signaling potential is a common property of Gs-coupled receptors and possibly also of G(i)-coupled receptors.
Brain Death in Children Guidelines and Experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital

The determination of death by brain criteria in children remains an area in which official guidelines are vague but one in which practical needs have mandated the adoption of specific criteria. This chapter presents the guidelines that have been developed for children at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), comments on their use over the past 2 years, and discusses several problems in their practical application.
SecondLook: Participatory Design Process to Create a Phone App that Detects Digital Dating Abuse

Digital dating abuse is carried out using text messages, emails and social media sites and has become a major mental health crisis among the college-going population. Existing technology and non-technology based intervention programs do not provide assistance at the onset of abuse. The goal of our project is to create a mobile phone application that can detect digital dating abuse. To create the user-interface of this application, we are using a participatory design process. This paper describes the first two phases of this process. Focus group sessions were conducted to understand user requirements and generate hand drawn images to get users' visions of the application. Themes generated using thematic analysis concluded that the users wanted an application with an educational component, supported by a detection tool and a resource locator. A digital mockup of the phone app, with the themes generated and images drawn out by the participants, was then created.
Ecological Momentary Assessment in Behavioral Research: Addressing Technological and Human Participant Challenges.

Background: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) assesses individuals’ current experiences, behaviors, and moods as they occur in real time and in their natural environment. EMA studies, particularly those of longer duration, are complex and require an infrastructure to support the data flow and monitoring of EMA completion. Objective: Our objective is to provide a practical guide to developing and implementing an EMA study, with a focus on the methods and logistics of conducting such a study. Methods: The EMPOWER study was a 12-month study that used EMA to examine the triggers of lapses and relapse following intentional weight loss. We report on several studies that informed the implementation of the EMPOWER study: (1) a series of pilot studies, (2) the EMPOWER study’s infrastructure, (3) training of study participants in use of smartphones and the EMA protocol and, (4) strategies used to enhance adherence to completing EMA surveys. Results: The study enrolled 151 adults and had 87.4% (132/151) retention rate at 12 months. Our learning experiences in the development of the infrastructure to support EMA assessments for the 12-month study spanned several topic areas. Included were the optimal frequency of EMA prompts to maximize data collection without overburdening participants; the timing and scheduling of EMA prompts; technological lessons to support a longitudinal study, such as proper communication between the Android smartphone, the Web server, and the database server; and use of a phone that provided access to the system’s functionality for EMA data collection to avoid loss of data and minimize the impact of loss of network connectivity. These were especially important in a 1-year study with participants who might travel. It also protected the data collection from any server-side failure. Regular monitoring of participants’ response to EMA prompts was critical, so we built in incentives to enhance completion of EMA surveys. During the first 6 months of the 12-month study interval, adherence to completing EMA surveys was high, with 88.3% (66,978/75,888) completion of random assessments and around 90% (23,411/25,929 and 23,343/26,010) completion of time-contingent assessments, despite the duration of EMA data collection and challenges with implementation. Conclusions: This work informed us of the necessary preliminary steps to plan and prepare a longitudinal study using smartphone technology and the critical elements to ensure participant engagement in the potentially burdensome protocol, which spanned 12 months. While this was a technology-supported and -programmed study, it required close oversight to ensure all elements were functioning correctly, particularly once human participants became involved. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(3):e77]
Criterion Functions for Clustering on High-Dimensional Data

In recent years, we have witnessed a tremendous growth in the volume of text documents available on the Internet, digital libraries, news sources, and company-wide intranets. This has led to an increased interest in developing methods that can help users to effectively navigate, summarize, and organize this information with the ultimate goal of helping them to find what they are looking for. Fast and high-quality document clustering algorithms play an important role toward this goal as they have been shown to provide both an intuitive navigation/browsing mechanism by organizing large amounts of information into a small number of meaningful clusters as well as to greatly improve the retrieval performance either via cluster-driven dimensionality reduction, term-weighting, or query expansion. This ever-increasing importance of document clustering and the expanded range of its applications led to the development of a number of new and novel algorithms with different complexity-quality trade-offs. Among them, a class of clustering algorithms that have relatively low computational requirements are those that treat the clustering problem as an optimization process, which seeks to maximize or minimize a particular clustering criterion function defined over the entire clustering solution.
A Model for HIV Transmission and AIDS

The model formulated for transmission of HIV (the AIDS virus) and the subsequent progression to AIDS is a system of nonlinear differential equations. They describe the infection process by interactions within and between risk groups such as homosexual men, bisexual men, female prostitutes, intravenous drug abusers and heterosexually active men and women. The progression to AIDS after infection is modeled by a sequence of stages. A modification of this model is being used to study the transmission of HIV infection and the incidence of AIDS in risk groups in the United States.
Utility of multimodality cardiac imaging in disorders of the pericardium

Disorders of the pericardium represent a diverse range of conditions that traditionally may not have received the same level of attention by cardiologists and physicians, owing partly to a lack of research into advanced diagnostic modalities, and limited, evidence-based treatment options. In recent years, there has been a timely resurgence of interest in pericardial diseases, in particular pericarditis. This is attributable to advances in multi-modality cardiovascular imaging, in particular cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), which may help guide treatment decisions for patients with pericardial syndromes. Additionally, increased research and understanding of the pathophysiological basis of pericarditis have shed light on the role of inflammation in pericarditis. This knowledge may help identify potential specific treatment targets. This article aims to provide a practical review of the role of multimodality cardiovascular imaging (echocardiography, multidetector cardiac computed tomography (MDCT), CMR) in pericardial conditions, focusing on the strengths and potential limitations of each imaging modality.
Serendipity—A Brief History of Events Leading to the Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Program at Los Alamos

How far back in our past did humans begin to use hot water and steam coming from vents in the earth’s surface to improve their lives? Did they make stops at such sites while moving from place to place, bathing in the warm pools or using the waters for cooking, and eventually construct villages near hot springs? We can only imagine in what ways man first availed himself of the earth’s heat; but we can assume that human populations in various areas sooner or later encountered hot waters that were bubbling up to the surface after having been raised to high temperatures by circulation through deep, hot rock—and that they made use of the heated water.
Cues Associated with Alternative Reinforcement During Extinction Can Attenuate Resurgence of an Extinguished Instrumental Response

In resurgence, a target behavior (R1) is acquired in an initial phase and extinguished in a second phase while an R2 behavior is reinforced. When R2 is extinguished, R1 behavior can return or resurge. Two experiments tested the effectiveness of a potential retrieval cue associated with extinction in attenuating resurgence. Experiment 1 established that a 2-s cue paired with outcome delivery in Phase 2 can attenuate resurgence when presented during testing. This effect depended on the cue being associated with the outcome, and it occurred if the cue was delivered contingently or noncontingently on responding during testing. Pairing the cue with reinforcement might be necessary to maintain attention to it during Phase 2. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the cue must be experienced in sessions that also include R1 extinction and that it does not reduce resurgence through a conditioned reinforcement mechanism. The results suggest that previously neutral stimuli can attenuate resurgence if they are first paired with alternative reinforcement and presented in sessions in which R1 is extinguished. They build on existing literature that suggests enhancing generalization between extinction and testing reduces resurgence. The results may have implications for reducing relapse following interventions in humans such as contingency management (CM), in which participants can earn vouchers contingent upon drug abstinence. A cue associated with CM might help reduce this relapse.
Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Mobilization: a Look Ahead

Mobilized peripheral blood is the predominant source of stem and progenitor cells for hematologic transplantation. Successful transplant requires sufficient stem cells of high enough quality to recapitulate lifelong hematopoiesis, but in some patients and normal donors, reaching critical threshold stem cell numbers is difficult to achieve. Novel strategies, particularly those offering rapid mobilization and reduced costs, remain an area of interest. This review summarizes critical scientific underpinnings in understanding the process of stem cell mobilization, with a focus on new or improved strategies for their efficient collection and engraftment. Studies are described that provide new insights into the complexity of stem cell mobilization. Agents that target new pathways such HSC egress identify strategies to collect more potent competing HSC, and new methods to optimize stem cell collection and engraftment are being evaluated. Agents and more effective strategies that directly address the current shortcomings of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and transplantation and offer the potential to facilitate collection and expand use of mobilized stem cells have been identified.
Experimental Evaluation of the Role of Ecologically-Relevant Hosts and Vectors in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype Displacement

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus that is maintained via transmission between Culex spp. mosquitoes and water birds across a large swath of southern Asia and northern Australia. Currently JEV is the leading cause of vaccine-preventable encephalitis in humans in Asia. Five genotypes of JEV (G-I–G-V) have been responsible for historical and current outbreaks in endemic regions, and G-I and G-III co-circulate throughout Southern Asia. While G-III has historically been the dominant genotype worldwide, G-I has gradually but steadily displaced G-III. The objective of this study was to better understand the phenomenon of genotype displacement for JEV by evaluating both avian host and mosquito vector susceptibilities to infection with representatives from both G-I and G-III. Since ducks and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are prevalent avian hosts and vectors perpetuating JEV transmission in JE endemic areas, experimental evaluation of virus replication in these species was considered to approximate the natural conditions necessary for studying the role of host, vectors and viral fitness in the JEV genotype displacement context. We evaluated viremia in ducklings infected with G-I and G-III, and did not detect differences in magnitude or duration of viremia. Testing the same viruses in mosquitoes revealed that the rates of infection, dissemination and transmission were higher in virus strains belonging to G-I than G-III, and that the extrinsic incubation period was shorter for the G-I strains. These data suggest that the characteristics of JEV infection of mosquitoes but not of ducklings, may have play a role in genotype displacement.
Using Technology to Enhance Resiliency Among Older Adults

Older adults are far less likely to adopt and successfully use technologies compared to younger groups. This is unfortunate given that older adults can benefit from technology use in a variety of ways. This chapter illustrates the ways in which technologies may benefit older adults in the US through the enhancement of resiliency. We begin by providing an overview of the aging population in the US and by discussing information and communication technology (ICT) use among older Americans. We discuss how ICTs can enhance resiliency among older Americans and, more specifically, among older adults living in continuing care retirement communities (CCRCs). We conclude by providing an overview of other technologies which may benefit older adults with regards to resiliency. Through this discussion, those working with older adults can understand the potential benefits and importance of technologies in the lives of older adults.
Save the Meat for Cats: Why It’s Wrong to Eat Roadkill

Because factory-farmed meat production inflicts gratuitous suffering upon animals and wreaks havoc on the environment, there are morally compelling reasons to become vegetarian. Yet industrial plant agriculture causes the death of many field animals, and this leads some to question whether consumers ought to get some of their protein from certain kinds of non factory-farmed meat. Donald Bruckner, for instance, boldly argues that the harm principle implies an obligation to collect and consume roadkill and that strict vegetarianism is thus immoral. But this argument works only if the following claims are true: (1) all humans have access to roadkill, (2) roadkill would go to waste if those who happen upon it don’t themselves consume it, (3) it’s impossible to harvest vegetables without killing animals, (4) the animals who are killed in plant production are all-things-considered harmed by crop farming, and (5) the best arguments for vegetarianism all endorse the harm principle. As I will argue in this paper, each of these claims are deeply problematic. Consequently, in most cases, humans ought to strictly eat plants and save the roadkill for cats.
Attention and executive functioning in infancy: Links to childhood executive function and reading achievement.

This study provides the first analyses connecting individual differences in infant attention to reading achievement through the development of executive functioning (EF) in infancy and early childhood. Five-month-old infants observed a video, and peak look duration and shift rate were video coded and assessed. At 10 months, as well as 3, 4, and 6 years, children completed age-appropriate EF tasks (A-not-B task, hand game, forward digit span, backwards digit span, and number Stroop). Children also completed a standardized reading assessment and a measure of verbal intelligence (IQ) at age 6. Path analyses on 157 participants showed that infant attention had a direct statistical predictive effect on EF at 10 months, with EF showing a continuous pattern of development from 10 months to 6 years. EF and verbal IQ at 6 years had a direct effect on reading achievement. Furthermore, EF at all time points mediated the relation between 5-month attention and reading achievement. These findings may inform reading interventions by suggesting earlier intervention time points and specific cognitive processes (i.e. 5-month attention).
Optimal forest management under financial risk aversion with discounted Markov decision process models

The common assumption of risk neutrality in forest decision making is generally inadequate because the stakeholders tend to be averse to fluctuations in the return criteria. In Markov decision proc...
Origin-Destination Tracking Analysis of an Intelligent Transit Bus System using Internet of Things

There is a dramatic increase in the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in the last couple of years. In Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), we introduced a cyber-physical system that monitors the quality of service (QoS) for transit buses around a mid-size university city using Internet of Things (IoT). The sensing IoT devices detected the number of riders waiting for the bus system at each bus station. The experiments ran for six weeks continuously to monitor seven different bus stations around the university. The collected data reports the number of people waiting for the bus at each station, the wait time for a particular bus station at different time/day(s). In this paper, we analyze the collected data for the various bus stations and the origin/destination of some riders who used one of the seven stations as origin and destination stations. Also, several security measurements have been added to address privacy concerns that might occur with the collection, transmission, and storage of data in the Cloud (e.g., the privacy of the ridership Media Access Control (MAC) addresses and tracking of a particular bus rider in the system). We implement security measurements to emphasize the privacy protection of bus riders.
Active Accelerated Self-healing as a Key Design Knob for Cross-Layer Resilience

Cross-layer resiliency is a closer to optimal way of maximizing reliability by breaking the abstraction layers boundaries across the system stack. In this chapter, we discuss how accelerated and active self-healing methods can be effectively applied at different levels in the system hierarchy. Circuit blocks that were presented in the previous chapter serve as the underlying infrastructure for recovery; at the architecture level, unit-level self-healing and intrinsic heat reduce the hardware costs for recovery through architectural opportunities; at the system level, scheduling that follows certain circadian rhythm can be implemented to deeply heal the circuit. Overall, these techniques can work together and compensate the trade-offs necessary for recovery.
Role for immune checkpoint blockade in BRCA2-mutant prostate cancer.

59Background: Except for rare cases with microsatellite instability, prostate cancer has low mutation burden and low response rate to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Genomic correlates of respons...
Using evidence to direct quality improvement efforts: Defining the highest impact complications after complex cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer

Abstract Objective We sought to identify postoperative complications with the greatest impact on patient-centric outcomes to serve as high yield QI targets in ovarian cancer (OC) surgery. Methods Women undergoing complex CRS (defined as cytoreductive surgery with colon resection) for OC between January 1, 2012 and 12/31/2016 were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. We determined the population attributable fraction (PAF) to quantify the contribution of each major complication towards adverse outcomes. PAF represents the burden of adverse outcomes that could be eliminated if the corresponding complication was prevented. Organ space surgical site infection (SSI) was used as a surrogate for anastomotic leak (AL). Results A total of 1434 women met inclusion criteria. Any adverse clinical outcome (composite of death, reoperation, or end organ dysfunction) occurred in 9.1% of women, and AL was the largest contributor to adverse clinical outcomes [PAF = 33.4% (95%CI: 22.3%–45.6%)]. The rates of increased resource utilization were as follows; prolonged hospitalization in 23.7%, non-home discharge in 10.7% and unplanned readmission in 14.8% of women. AL was the largest contributor to prolonged hospitalizations [PAF = 75.7% (95%CI: 51.4%–90.0%)] and readmissions [PAF = 17.1% (95%CI: 11.5%–22.6%)]; while transfusion was the largest contributor to non-home discharge [PAF = 22.8% (95%CI: 0.7%–42.4%)]. By comparison, the impact of other complications, including those targeted by the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP), such as incisional SSI, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, and urinary infection, was small. Conclusions Anastomotic leak is the largest contributor to adverse clinical outcomes and increased resource utilization after complex cytoreductive surgery. Quality improvement efforts to reduce AL and its impact should be of highest priority in OC surgery.
Alterations in retrotransposition, synaptic connectivity, and myelination implicated by transcriptomic changes following maternal immune activation in non-human primates

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is a proposed risk factor for multiple neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. However, the molecular and neurobiological mechanisms through which MIA imparts risk for these disorders remain poorly understood. A recently developed nonhuman primate model of exposure to the viral mimic poly:ICLC during pregnancy shows abnormal social and repetitive behaviors and elevated striatal dopamine, a molecular hallmark of human psychosis, providing an unprecedented opportunity for mechanistic dissection. We performed RNA-sequencing across four psychiatrically-relevant brain regions (prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, and primary visual cortex) from 3.5-4-year old male MIA-exposed and control offspring, an age comparable to mid adolescence in humans. We identify 266 unique genes differentially expressed (DE) in at least one brain region with the greatest number observed in hippocampus. Co-expression networks identified region-specific alterations in synaptic signaling and oligodendrocytes. Across regions, we observed temporal and regional differences, but transcriptomic changes were largely similar across 1st or 2nd trimester MIA exposures, including for the top DE genes, PIWIL2 and MGARP. In addition to PIWIL2, several other known regulators of retrotransposition, as well as endogenous transposable elements were dysregulated in MIA offspring. Together, these results begin to elucidate the brain-level molecular mechanisms through which MIA may impart risk for psychiatric disease.
Return to England (1641) and the New England Ironworks

One of the great needs of the Colonial enterprise was a local source of ironware. John Winthrop, Jr., traveled to England to raise the capital and recruit iron workers. While the political situation in England was unsettled, he visited alchemical friends in Europe and honed his iatrochemical skills. There was a vibrant intellectual world in England and the Colonies inspired by Francis Bacon and instantiated in the 1640s by Samuel Hartlib. Winthrop was a full member of this world. Their goal was a Protestant utopia enlightened by a direct interaction with the real world. The story of the production of iron in New England is presented in some detail, including the chemistry.
Association between interhospital transfer and morbid obesity in emergency general surgery procedures.

Abstract Background Obese patients may have unique surgical needs. The goal of this study is to determine if there is an association between obesity and transfer in patients undergoing EGS. Methods EGS patients were identified in the NSQIP 2011–2016 database. Outcome variables included interhospital transfer, days to surgery, SSI, postoperative LOS, discharge destination, and 30-day readmission. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression were utilized. Results 419,373 EGS patients were identified, and transfer status varied by obesity class. After controlling for other factors, obese patients had increased odds of interhospital transfer (OR = 1.07–1.53), SSI (OR = 1.22–1.69), and decreased odds of discharge to home (OR = 0.42–0.71, all p Conclusions Obese patients undergoing EGS procedures have an increased likelihood of transfer from an acute care hospital. As obese EGS patients are increasingly prevalent, determining best triage practices for this unique patient population warrants additional investigation.