cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote Forensics May Bring the Next Sea Change in E-discovery: Are All Networked Computers Now Readily Accessible Under the Revised Federal Rules of Civil Procedure?

The recent amendments to Rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure created a two-tiered approach to discovery of electronically stored information (â€œESIâ€). Responding parties must produce ESI that is relevant, not subject to privilege, and reasonably accessible. However, because some methods of storing ESI, such as on magnetic backup tapes and within enormous databases, require substantial cost to access and search their contents, the rules permit parties to designate those repositories as â€œnot reasonably accessibleâ€ because of undue burden or cost. But even despite the difficulty in searching for ESI, the partyâ€™s duty to preserve potentially responsive evidence remains; it simply gains the option to forgo poring over the material. Further, the court might nevertheless compel production if the requesting party demonstrates good cause. Regardless of whether the responding party believes certain documents to be reasonably accessible or not, courts may still require their production.Â Â In such cases, the court may then choose to order production, but shift the costs of doing so to the requesting party.Â Throughout this process, the burden and cost of production are central themes.Â Â Their determination is fluid, varying from case to case and even over time in the same situation.Â Â Nowhere is this more evident than where a responding party has numerous, geographically dispersed computers under its control that may contain responsive ESI to a request for production of documents.Â Traditionally, a responding party would be forced to make a decision of whether or not to send out computer forensic experts to all of these locations to make forensically sound copies of all of those computers and then analyze each.Â Â This process is time consuming and costly.Â Recently, several companies have put forth substantial solutions that facially allow a responding party to capture and analyze data on geographically dispersed computers remotely.Â That process, in general, is often defined as remote forensics.Â The question is now whether newly available remote forensic solution indicate that all networked computers are readily accessible under the current state of the law. Â This article attempts to define remote forensics, examines a selection of applicable court decisions, and then analyzes the currently available commercial software packages that allow remote forensics.
Psychological intimacy in the lasting relationships of heterosexual and same-gender couples.

This research focused on the meaning of psychological intimacy to partners in heterosexual and same-gender relationships that have lasted for an average of 30 years. In-depth interviews were used to explore the meaning of intimacy to 216 partners in 108 relationships. The participants were whites, blacks, and Mexican-Americans, with Catholic, Jewish, and Protestant religious backgrounds; they were employed in both blue- and white collar occupations. Psychological intimacy was defined as the sense that one could be open and honest in talking with a partner about personal thoughts and feelings not usually expressed in other relationships. Factors that had a significant role in shaping the quality of psychological intimacy in the last 5 to 10 years of these relationships (recent years) were the absence of major conflict, a confrontive conflict management style between partners, a sense of fairness about the relationship, and the expression of physical affection between partners. Women in same-gender relationships, compared to their heterosexual and gay counterparts, were more likely to report that psychologically intimate communication characterized their relationships. The findings are important for understanding factors that contribute to psychological intimacy in long-term relationships and how the gender roles of partners may shape the quality of psychological intimacy in heterosexual and same-gender relationships.
Quantum Mechanical Modeling of Radiation-Induced Defect Dynamics in Electronic Devices

Density functional theory (DFT) has emerged as a powerful tool to model defect properties and dynamics at the quantum mechanical level. Results from targeted DFT calculations can provide valuable insight into the atomistic nature of radiation-induced defect phenomena in microelectronics. This review describes the foundations of DFT, its implementations, and defect calculations. Illustrative examples from recent studies are presented in which DFT calculations, combined with experiments, have led to new insights into the microscopic processes that lead to the observed radiation response. These include GaN/AlGaN HEMTs, proton-induced interface-trap formation at the ${\rm Si}-{\rm SiO}_2$ interface, and the role of hydrogen in enhanced low-dose-rate sensitivity (ELDRS) in bipolar devices and ICs.
Nonlinear Predictive Control of a Semi Batch Polymerization Reactor by an Extended DMC

In this paper a new nonlinear model predictive control law is applied to a semi-batch polymerization reactor. The particular model used in this study is the free radical polymerization of polymethylmethacrylate. The principal nonlinearities are due to the reaction rates and the gel effect. Two cases are considered: jacket temperature controlling the reaction temperature, and a MIMO structure where both the reaction temperature and the molecular weight are controlled by the jacket temperature and the initiator feed. The proposed control algorithm uses an explicit nonlinear process model and some of the elements of the classical DMC to solve the nonlinear input-output operator equation without computing the derivatives of the states and output equations. Constraints are not included in the present method.
NASA-GSFC's geodetic VLBI program: a twenty-year retrospective

Abstract Our geodetic VLBI group at the Goddard Space Flight Center was constituted in 1974 and has been active ever since. The earliest VLBI data in our archives were taken in 1972 with the Mark I VLBI system. In the analysis of these data the formal errors in the length of 4000-km baselines spanning the U.S. are typically 70 mm. Today - ∼25 years later - with the Mark IIIA VLBI system we are obtaining formal errors under 1 mm for the best comparable baselines. There have been similar improvements in the estimates of UT1 and polar motion based on VLBI. These improvement came about as a result of continuous improvements in data acquisition hardware, correlators, experiment planning and data analysis. Geodetic VLBI has produced numerous important scientific results. It has verified that the motions of the stable plate interiors are in very good agreement with motions predicted by plate motion models based on data sensitive to effects on the geologic time scale. It has shown that there are broad regions of deformation along the plate boundaries and it has detected discontinuous motions associated with earth-quakes. The Earth orientation results showed that space geodetic techniques could completely replace classical techniques for monitoring Earth orientation. Earth orientation results from VLBI have been used to study the Earth's core/mantle interface and ocean tidal currents. Starting in 1999 our group will be a part of an international consortium measuring Earth orientation on a continuous basis with 24-hour observing sessions scheduled every day and using the Mark IV VLBI system.
Regularization uses fractal priors

Many of the processing tasks arising in early vision involve the solution of ill-posed inverse problems. Two techniques that are often used to solve these inverse problems are regularization and Bayesian modeling. Regularization is used to find a solution that both fits the data and is also sufficiently smooth. Bayesian modeling uses a statistical prior model of the field being estimated to determine an optimal solution. One convenient way of specifying the prior model is to associate an energy function with each possible solution, and to use a Boltzmann distribution to relate the solution energy to its probability. This paper shows that regularization is an example of Bayesian modeling, and that using the regularization energy function for the surface interpolation problem results in a prior model that is fractal (self-affine over a range of scales). We derive an algorithm for generating typical (fractal) estimates from the posterior distribution. We also show how this algorithm can be used to estimate the uncertainty associated with a regularized solution, and how this uncertainty can be used at later stages of processing.
Secretion of biliary calcium is increased in dogs with pigment gallstones.

We have previously demonstrated that gallbladder bile is supersaturated with calcium bilirubinate in a canine dietary model of pigment gallstones. Supersaturation resulted from combined increases in the concentrations of both biliary calcium and unconjugated bilirubin. The elevations in biliary calcium and unconjugated bilirubin concentrations remain unexplained but could possibly be due to increases in hepatic or ductular secretion, alterations in bile composition with respect to calcium- or bilirubin-binding affinity, decreases in absorption from the gallbladder lumen, or, in the case of unconjugated bilirubin, production within the lumen by hydrolysis of conjugated bilirubin. Here, we study a single possible cause for the observed increase in biliary calcium concentration during pigment gallstone formation in dogs. Secretion of calcium into bile in dogs with pigment gallstones before and after infusion of the bile salt, taurocholate, was compared to normal dogs. A significant increase in bile acid-independent bile flow and calcium output (CaO) was observed at any given bile acid output. Thus, plots of bile flow and CaO versus bile acid output yielded two separate functions in normal dogs and dogs with pigment gallstones. The slopes of these functions were similar, but intercepts extrapolated to zero bile acid output were markedly different, indicating that bile acid-independent, but not bile acid-dependent, bile flow and CaO was increased. The increase in CaO was not due to secretion of bile with increased concentrations of calcium but rather to the increases in the rate of bile flow. These findings might, in part, explain elevated calcium concentrations since increased amounts of calcium would be presented to the gallbladder in these animals during gallstone formation.
Some new computer generated results in Ramsey graph theory

Some computer programs used to generate Ramsey edge colorings of graphs are described. New results are given, including the determination of the Ramsey number of K5−e and an improved upper bound on the Ramsey multiplicity of K4.
Noise near charge ordering transitions

ABSTRACT We analyze the noise uctuations near charge ordering transitions in disordered materials. In particular weconsider a two-dimensional (2D) system at nite temperature with a xed number of defect sites and increasethe number of mobile charges. We nd that for a high density of charges the system forms a high mobilityliquid with low spectral power and a white noise characteristic. As the density of charges is lowered we nd acoexistence of liquid regions with locally frozen regions. In this regime the noise power is high and has a 1 /f form with 0.5 to 1.5. For the low charge density regime we nd a disordered frozen regime where all thecharges are localized. We also nd that for increasing temperature the noise power drops. We compare ourresults to recent noise experiments on the 2D metal-insulator transition and the vortex-liquid to vortex glasstransition found in superconductors.Keywords: metal-insulator, conduction noise, glasses, melting 1. INTRODUCTION Noise measurements are becoming increasingly useful as a probe for dynamical or structural transitions inmaterials systems. A time series of some uctuating quantity such as conductance, voltage, or magnetization ismeasured as some parameter is systematically changed. For instance, in the case of variations of temperature,a system can be tuned from a high temperature liquid state to a low temperature glassy state with distinctchanges in the noise signatures. Additionally it is possible to consider driven phases where an external eld suchas voltage or current is increased, causing more mobile carries to become activated. One example of this occursin superconductors where vortices are driven by an applied current.
Resolving Disputed Financial Reporting Issues: Effects of Auditor Negotiation Experience and Engagement Risk on Negotiation Process and Outcome

SUMMARY: In an experiment involving a dyadic negotiation between a computer‐simulated client and practicing auditors, we examine the effects of engagement risk and auditor negotiation experience on the process and outcomes of client‐auditor negotiations. We find that auditors with lower negotiation experience who encounter a high risk client use a more concessionary negotiation strategy, achieve a negotiated outcome that is more aggressive (consistent with the client's aggressive preference), and are less confident that the outcome they negotiate is acceptable under GAAP compared with the negotiation process and outcome results of auditors with higher negotiation experience. In contrast, auditors with higher negotiation experience use a less concessionary strategy, achieve an outcome that is more conservative regardless of risk context, and are more confident that the outcome they negotiate is acceptable under GAAP. This study illustrates the important roles that engagement risk, task‐specific negotiation...
Harnessing communications in a packaged software community

This paper talks about how a Web 2.0 system helps an open source ERP (enterprise resource planning) software company utilizes its internal and external communications towards an economic advantage. Using the system the company harnesses the communications with its users, customers and implementation partners to lower software development, product support and implementation costs. The system and the experience learned can be utilized by other software companies and knowledge communities.
Strain scaling for CMOS

This article describes various techniques for applying strain to current and future complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) channels to boost CMOS performance. A brief history of both biaxial and uniaxial strain engineering in planar CMOS technology is discussed. Scalability challenges associated with process-induced uniaxial strain in sub-22 nm CMOS is highlighted in view of shrinking device dimensions and 3D device architecture (such as fin field-effect transistors [FinFETs]). Non-uniform strain relaxation in patterned geometries in tight pitch two- and three-dimensional devices is addressed. A case is made that the future scalable strain platform will require a combination of biaxial strain at wafer level in conjunction with local uniaxial strain. Finally, potential application of strain engineering to advanced III–V metal oxide semiconductor FET channels will be examined.
Clock domain crossing (CDC) for inter-logic-layer communication in 3-D ICs

3D technology is becoming more popular due to improved design density and performance. However, single global clock distribution to a complex system, like 3-D IC, is a very challenging task. Due to potentially heterogeneous, dice integration also omens for increasing environmental and process non-idealities. Therefore, inter-logic layer communication in 3-D ICs can leverage from clock domain crossing (CDC) techniques to perform timely and correct data transactions. In this paper, we investigate two classes of CDC techniques, the pseudo quasi-delay insensitive (QDI) based GALS and loosely synchronous CDC technique under 3-D IC context. It is found that although pseudo QDI based GALS design provides an attractive solution because of the relaxed constraint on clock distribution network, but for 8 or higher data-bits/transaction its hardware overhead becomes more than the loosely synchronous design. To the best of authors' knowledge this is a premier work in investigating design guidelines for CDC techniques in through silicon via (TSV) based 3-D ICs.
Cyberethics bibliography 2005

Included in the 2005 cyberethics bibliography update is an annotated list of more than fifty recent books; each has a publisher's date of 2002 or later. This list expands upon the books identified and annotated in cyberethics bibliography included in the June 2003 issue of ACM Computers and Society Magazine. For information about selected books published between 1998 and 2002, see the June 1999, June 2000, June 2001, and June 2002 issues of Computers and Society; and for a comprehensive list of books and articles published before 1997, see my Computing, Ethics, and Social Responsibility: A Bibliography (available at http://cyberethics.cbi.msstate.edu/biblio).
Role of Insulin in Body Growth and the Growth of Salivary and Endocrine Glands in Rats

Alloxan-induced diabetes in immature rats retarded body growth and growth of salivary and endocrine glands. In mature rats, atrophic changes in salivary glands and weight loss resulted. In proportion to dose levels, insulin treatments prevented the retardation of body growth and growth of salivary and endocrine glands in immature diabetic rats and prevented the defective changes of salivary glands and body weight loss in mature diabetic rats.
Artificial intelligence to reduce practice variation in the ICU

Practice variation refers to how identical patients with exactly the same comorbidities and clinical presentation are managed differently by clinicians. It is increasingly recognized as a major contributor to inefficiencies in healthcare delivery as well as medical errors. The ICU is a place where significant practice variation exists. In this project, the concept of extracting information from a large database in order to reduce practice variation and facilitate care customization is explored. Calculation of maintenance fluid requirement was selected to investigate the feasibility of this approach.
Mortality of Juvenile Salmonids Passing through Ossberger Crossflow Turbines at Small-Scale Hydroelectric Sites

Abstract Experiments were conducted on Ossberger Crossflow turbines to determine the amount of mortality that would be incurred by downstream-migrating juvenile salmonids passing through these turbines. Species tested were Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, and rainbow trout and steelhead Salmo gairdneri. A highly significant (P < 0.01) relationship between fish size and are sine square root of mortality was found. Regression equations were calculated to predict expected mortality through 48 hours based upon size of fish. Mortality ranged from 15% for 85-mm fish to over 70% for 280-mm fish. No significant differences in mortality existed among similar size-groups of the three salmonids tested. Neither output of the turbine nor its size (650 versus 850 kilowatts) affected the amount of mortality. Temporal distribution of mortality after fish passed through the turbine was not different among species nor was it affected by the absolute rate of mortality in a given trial. Over 75% of the mortality was considered i...
Ocean crust vein mineral deposition: Rb/Sr ages, U-Th-Pb geochemistry, and duration of circulation at DSDP sites 261, 462 and 516

Abstract Cation exchange experiments (ammonium acetate and cation resin) on celadonite-smectite vein minerals from three DSDP holes demonstrate selective removal of common Sr relative to Rb and radiogenic Sr. This technique increases the Rb/Sr ratio by factors of 2.3 to 22 without significantly altering the age of the minerals, allowing easier and more precise dating of such vein minerals. The ages determined by this technique (site 261—121.4 ±1.6m.y.; site 462A—105.1 ±2.8m.y.; site 516F—69.9 ±2.4m.y.) are 34, 54 and 18 m.y. younger, respectively, than the age of crust formation at the site; in the case of site 462A, the young age is clearly related to off-ridge emplacement of a massive sill/flow complex. At the other sites, either the hydrothermal circulation systems persisted longer than for normal crust (10–15 m.y.), or were reactivated by off-ridge igneous activity. Celadonites show U and Pb contents and Pb isotopic compositions little changed from their basalt precursors, while Th contents are significantly lower. Celadonites thus have unusually high alkali/U,Th ratios and low Th/U ratios. If this celadonite alteration signature is significantly imprinted on oceanic crust as a whole, it will lead to very distinctive Pb isotope signatures for any hot spot magmas which contain a component of aged subducted recycled oceanic crust. Initial Sr isotope ratios of ocean crust vein minerals (smectite, celadonite, zeolite, calcite) are intermediate between primary basalt values and contemporary sea water values and indicate formation under seawaterdominated systems with effective water/rock ratios of 20–200.
A stable numerical solution method for in-plane loading of nonlinear viscoelastic laminated orthotropic materials

In response to the tremendous growth in the development of advanced materials, such as fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) composite materials, a new numerical method is developed to analyze and predict the time-dependent properties of these materials. Basic concepts in viscoelasticity, laminated composites, and previous viscoelastic numerical methods are presented. A stable numerical method, called the nonlinear differential equation method (NDEM), is developed to calculate the in-plane stresses and strains over any time period for a general laminate constructed from nonlinear viscoelastic orthotropic plies. The method is implemented in an in-plane stress analysis computer program, called VCAP, to demonstrate its usefulness and to verify its accuracy. A number of actual experimental test results performed on Kevlar/epoxy composite laminates are compared to predictions calculated from the numerical method.
OPTIMAL SUBSITE OCCUPANCY AND DESIGN OF A SELECTIVE INHIBITOR OF UROKINASE

Human urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA) is a member of the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases that can play important roles in both health and disease. We have used substrate phage display techniques to characterize the specificity of this enzyme in detail and to identify peptides that are cleaved 840–5300 times more efficiently by u-PA than peptides containing the physiological target sequence of the enzyme. In addition, unlike peptides containing the physiological target sequence, the peptide substrates selected in this study were cleaved as much as 120 times more efficiently by u-PA than by tissue type plasminogen activator (t-PA), an intimately related enzyme. Analysis of the selected peptide substrates strongly suggested that the primary sequence SGRSA, from position P3 to P2′, represents optimal subsite occupancy for substrates of u-PA. Insights gained in these investigations were used to design a variant of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1, the primary physiological inhibitor of both u-PA and t-PA, that inhibited u-PA approximately 70 times more rapidly than it inhibited t-PA. These observations provide a solid foundation for the design of highly selective, high affinity inhibitors of u-PA and, consequently, may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents to inhibit the initiation and/or progression of selected human tumors.
Laser raman spectra of oxidized hydroperoxidases

Resonance Raman spectra of oxidized hydroperoxidases are examined for shifts in the structure-sensitive, anomalously polarized bands; these are found, respectively, at 1576, 1567 and 1570 cm-1 in the high-spin resting enzymes: horse radish peroxidase, horse blood catalase, and cytochrome c peroxidase. In compound II of horse radish peroxidase and horse blood catalase, and in the enzyme-substrate complex of cytochrome c peroxidase, this band appears at 1587-1590 cm-1 and indicates the iron atom is now in-plane with the porphyrin ring. Weak Raman scattering found with horse radish peroxidase I is consistant with a porphyrin eta-cation radical formulation.
Vitamin D metabolism in mammary gland and breast cancer

Abstract 1α,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25D) mediates growth inhibition and terminal differentiation in mammary epithelial cells via interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This review focuses on the concept that cells in the mammary gland express the vitamin D metabolizing enzyme CYP27B1 which converts the circulating vitamin D metabolite 25D to the active metabolite 1,25D. In support of this concept, CYP27B1 is developmentally regulated in mouse mammary gland, with highest levels found during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, human mammary cells cultured from normal breast tissue express VDR, CYP27B1 and the megalin–cubilin complex that facilitates internalization of 25D complexed with the vitamin D binding protein. When incubated with physiological concentrations of 25D, human mammary cells synthesize 1,25D in sufficient quantities to mediate growth inhibition. However, emerging evidence suggests that deregulation of VDR and CYP27B1 occurs during cancer development and contributes to abrogation of the tumor suppressive effects triggered by 25D.
Markov chain models for multivariate repeated binary data analysis

Repeated categorical outcomes frequently occur in clinical trials. Muenz and Rubinstein (1985) presented Markov chain models to analyze binary repeated data in a breast cancer study. We extend their method to the setting when more than one repeated outcome variable is of interest. In a randomized clinical trial of breast cancer, we investigate the dependency of toxicities on predictor variables and the relationship among multiple toxic effects.
Retained surgical items and minimally invasive surgery

A retained surgical item is a surgical patient safety problem. Early reports have focused on the epidemiology of retained-item cases and the identification of patient risk factors for retention. We now know that retention has very little to do with patient characteristics and everything to do with operating room culture. It is a perception that minimally invasive procedures are safer with regard to the risk of retention. Minimally invasive surgery is still an operation where an incision is made and surgical tools are placed inside of patients, so these cases are not immune to the problem of inadvertent retention. Retained surgical items occur because of problems with multi-stakeholder operating room practices and problems in communication. The prevention of retained surgical items will therefore require practice change, knowledge, and shared information between all perioperative personnel.
“This So Horrid Spectacle”: Samson Agonistes and the Execution of the Regicides

17 (October 1660) This day were executed those murderous Traytors at Charing-Crosse, in sight of the place where they put to death their natural Prince, and in the Presence of the King his sonn, whom they also sought to kill: take(n) in the trap they laied for others: The Traytors executed were Scot, Scroope, Cook, Jones. I saw not their execution, but met their quarters mangld and cutt and reaking as they were brought from the Gallows in baskets on the hurdle: o miraculous providence of God.
Forward Looking Anomaly Detection via Fusion of Infrared and Color Imagery

This paper develops algorithms for the detection of interesting and abnormal objects in color and infrared imagery taken from cameras mounted on a moving vehicle, observing a fixed scene. The primary purpose of detection is to cue a human-in-the-loop detection system. Algorithms for direct detection and change detection are investigated, as well as fusion of the two. Both methods use temporal information to reduce the number of false alarms. The direct detection algorithm uses image self-similarity computed between local neighborhoods to determine interesting, or unique, parts of an image. Neighborhood similarity is computed using Euclidean distance in CIELAB color space for the color imagery, and Euclidean distance between grey levels in the infrared imagery. The change detection algorithm uses the affine scale-invariant feature transform (ASIFT) to transform multiple background frames into the current image space. Each transformed image is then compared to the current image, and the multiple outputs are fused to produce a single difference image. Changes in lighting and contrast between the background run and the current run are adjusted for in both color and infrared imagery. Frame-to-frame motion is modeled using a perspective transformation, the parameters of which are computed using scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) keypoint correspondences. This information is used to perform temporal accumulation of single frame detections for both the direct detection and change detection algorithms. Performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated on multiple lanes from a data collection at a US Army test site.
“The tempest in my mind”: Cultural interfaces between psychiatry and literature, 1844–1900

The professional literature of the first generation of American psychiatrists is replete with poetical passages drawn from the imaginative works of such English authors as Shakespeare, Byron, and Scott as well as the writings of residents of the asylums they tended. A close reading of such passages in the American Journal of Insanity (AJI), the central medium through which members of this nascent profession attempted to "popularize the study of insanity," suggests they were not simply textual ornaments or signs of the underdeveloped state of American psychiatry in the mid-nineteenth century. Indeed, literary manifestations of the imaginative minds of patients and renowned writers were scrutinized by psychiatrists seeking to advance their understanding of mental disease. Moreover, the English authors were often elevated to the status of medical experts and their poetry and prose were commended to fellow medical practitioners as sources of psychological insight. Toward the turn of the century psychiatrists' engagement with these literary forms was less pronounced in the AJI, due in large part to the impact of rising asylum populations and the coming of a culture of positivist medicine. Yet literary influences on psychiatric writing are still evident in this period, indicating the complexity of the cultural interfaces between psychiatry and literature and the importance of examining the historical processes that have served to define and distinguish the enterprise of the psychiatrist from that of the poet.
Why does silane enhance the protective properties of epoxy films

Using neutron reflectivity, the protection mechanisms of a novel one-step epoxy-silane coating system were investigated in terms of coating structure and water response behavior. By comparing pure epoxy and epoxy-silane mixtures in various aqueous environments, the effects of the addition of silane were determined. Specifically, a bridged bis-silane coupling agent with six alkoxy moieties and a polysulfur bridge was investigated. The key mechanisms of silane-enhanced protection are (1) the silane is enriched at the substrate-coating interface, forming a hydrophobic dense interfacial layer and good adhesion to the substrate, and (2) the silane serves as a cross-linker, resulting in a denser and less hydrophilic bulk film compared to the neat epoxy. The hydrophobic nature of bis-sulfur silane also increases the overall hydrophobicity of the mixed film.
EEG predicts movement response to surgical stimuli during general anesthesia with combinations of isoflurane, 70%N2O, and fentanyl

Objective. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of the EEG as an indicator of anesthetic depth by measuring EEG prediction of movement response to surgical stimuli.Methods. While using 5 different combinations of isoflurane, 70% N2O, and fentanyl, we measured the EEG of 246 patients during pelvic laparoscopy and observed their movement responses to opening stimuli (defined as skin incision, CO2 needle insertion, or trocar insertion) and also to closing stimuli (defined as sutures during incision closure). The EEG was expressed asF95, the frequency in hertz below which resides 95% of the power in the EEG frequency spectrum. The relations betweenF95 and movement response were expressed as logistic regression curves.F95-response logistic regression curves, which are analogous to dose-response curves, were calculated for each of the 2 stimuli administered during each of the 5 anesthetic techniques. The prediction of patient responsiveness byF95 was tested using β (beta), a measure of the slope of anF95-response logistic curve. The presence of shifts among theF95-response logistic curves was tested using the differences inF95 values between curves. Hypothesis tests used a level of significance ofP = 0.05.Main Results. The slopes of theF95-response logistic regression curves showed a statistically significant ability to predict movement response to stimuli for 9 of the 10 combinations of stimuli and anesthetic techniques. We did not calculate anF95-response logistic curve for the tenth combination because it contained burst suppression, which our EEG analysis method was not designed to process. TheF95-response logistic curves were shifted relative to each other, and the shifts were affected by the type of stimulus and the combination of anesthetic agents. Referenced to opening curves, the mean shift of the closing curves was ± 4.2 ± 0.3 Hz (mean ± SD). With increasing doses of fentanyl, the use of 70% N2O, or both, the curves shifted to higher values ofF95; the range in shifts was 0.2 to 8.1 Hz. The slope β values of theF95-response logistic curves and the shifts among the curves were similar to the β values and shifts that might be expected from changes in anesthetic agent doses.Conclusions. The EEG, expressed asF95, predicted movement response to surgical stimuli during combinations of isoflurane, 70% N2O, and fentanyl. TheF95-response curves shifted upward on the frequency scale for the less intense stimuli and for anesthetic techniques using 70% N2O, fentanyl, or both.F95 prediction of movement response appeared to be related to anesthetic agent doses. OurF95-response curves may provide helpful guidelines for usingF95 to titrate the administration of anesthetic agents and for assessing the depth of general anesthesia.
The Efficacy of Sexual Violence Prevention Programs: Implications for Schools.

Over the past decade researchers have begun to explore the prevalence, incidence, short and long term effects, and prevention of sexual violence. The purpose of this article was to provide a review of the literature related to the efficacy of sexual violence prevention programs. The review showed that there are many prevention programs yet few that have been formally evaluated and little empirical evidence to show that knowledge gained in these programs leads to prevention. This review highlighted criteria that are essential for prevention programs, recommendations for future programmatic directions and research, and implications for school personnel are presented.
The effect of renal ligation on serum penicillin levels produced by penicillins G and K in rabbits.

Evidence is presented that in rabbits complete renal ligation results in prolongation of blood levels following the injection of either penicillin K or penicillin G. A theory is advanced that both excretion and an undetermined inactivation mechanism are involved in the failure of penicillin K to maintain adequate blood levels in rabbits. This inactivation mechanism is believed also to inactivate penicillin G but to a lesser extent than penicillin K.
Dimensionality reduction and early event detection using online synchrophasor data

This paper proposes a novel approach to utilizing large online synchrophasor data for early event detection in power systems. Based on principal component analysis (PCA), a linear basis of the massive online phasor measurement unit (PMU) data can be extracted to reduce the dimensionality. Using the linear basis with much reduced dimensionality, an early event detection algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is capable of predicting the changes of system operating conditions by comparing the error between PCA-projected and actual values from a few selected locations. Numerical case studies based on both PSS/E simulation and actual PMU data from Electric Reliability Council of Texas are conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of this algorithm.
Gradient-enhanced multiple-quantum filter (ge-MQF). A simple way to obtain single-scan phase-sensitive HMQC spectra

Gradient-enhanced NMR techniques (ge-NMR) recently have gained much attention because of improvements in gradient technology. These methods are especially useful for ‘H-detected heteronuclear experiments (Z-4) and exchange spectroscopy (5). A number of experiments have been published which allow recording of highquality single-scan two-dimensional (2, 6, 7) and three-dimensional (a-20) spectra with inherent frequency-independent solvent suppression. Although ge-NMR has a number of important advantages over NMR experiments employing phase cycling, it also suffers from a number of drawbacks. Probably most important is the fact that coherence selection by gradient pulses results in phasemodulated signals in the indirectly detected dimensions (4, 6, 11) . As a consequence, spectra must be displayed in absolute-value mode. In order to get rid of the broad dispersive tails, time-domain filter functions which enhance resolution at the cost of signal-to-noise are usually applied. Generally, it is worth the time and disk space to record the additional data needed for amplitude-modulated signals, so that phasesensitive spectra can be obtained. A number of ways to obtain phase-sensitive spectra have been proposed. Twodimensional J-modulated spectra have been processed using maximum-entropy methods to yield in-phase spectra (12) and such procedures may possibly also be applicable to the time-domain data of a ge-NMR experiment. However, the procedures employing MEM or MEM-like techniques are computationally very demanding and this may presently prohibit actual use for 3D or 4D datasets. An alternative solution (SWAT) has been proposed by Hurd et al. (I3), in which two coherence pathways are alternatingly rephased and sampled during acquisition. The 2D time-domain signal is reconstructed in the processing stage. Some drawbacks, however, are the need for very short gradient pulses and the increased bandwidth of the electronic filters, which will result in extra noise.
An Improved Lightweight RFID Authentication Protocol

This study extends the vulnerability analysis of a RFID authentication protocol and offers solutions to security weaknesses through enhanced measures. Vajda and Buttyan (VB) proposed a lightweight RFID authentication protocol, called XOR. Defend, Fu, and Juels (DFJ) analyzed it and proposed repeated keys and nibble attacks to the protocol. In this paper, we identify the source of vulnerability within VBâ€™s original successive session key permutation algorithm. We propose three improvements, namely removing bad shuffles, hopping the runs, and authenticating mutually, to prevent DFJâ€™s attacks, thereby significantly strengthening the security of the protocol without introducing extra resource cost.
Inductively Coupled 180-nm CMOS Charger With Adjustable Energy-Investment Capability

Although wireless microsensors can add performance-enhancing and energy-saving intelligence to factories, hospitals, and others, their tiny onboard sources are exhausted quickly. Luckily, coupling power inductively can both energize system components and recharge a battery. Miniaturized receiver coils, however, capture a small fraction of the magnetic energy available; thus, coupling factors kC and, as a result, power-conversion efficiencies are low. In other words, damping the magnetic source so it outputs maximum power is difficult. Investing energy into the coil increases its ability to draw power, but only when optimized. Since state-of-the-art systems can only recycle harvested energy, they are optimal only at one kC value. The inductively coupled 180-nm CMOS charger prototyped, measured, and presented here invests programmable amounts of battery energy into the pickup coil to generate 8-390 μW when kC is 0.009-0.076 and raise output power by 132% and 24% at kC's of 0.020 and 0.076, respectively.
Under- and over-use of pesticides: An international analysis

Abstract This paper analyzes the economic, political and environmental factors that contribute to the consumption and under- or over-use of pesticides. Using unbalanced panel data analysis, we study how pesticide over- or under-use varies for countries with different per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and foreign direct investment (FDI) stock. We begin by controlling for climatic and agricultural variables that should lead to variation in pesticide application rates. The residual from the regression provides an indication of a nation's deviation in pesticide use relative to the mean. The more negative the residual, the more likely it is that that nation is under-using pesticides. The more positive it is, the more likely it is that pesticides are being over-used. We study the correlation of this residual with important economic and political variables. We find that at low levels of per capita GDP, there is evidence of pesticide under-use and that at the highest income levels, there may be increasing over-use. We also look at the correlation of pesticide use with foreign direct investment stock, farm size, mechanization and democracy and, in most cases find significant correlation with these variables.
mRNA Phenotyping for Studying Gene Expression in Small Numbers of Cells: Platelet-derived Growth Factor and Other Growth Factors in Wound-derived Macrophages

The understanding of biologic and pathophysiologic processes in lung is aided by a technique for ascertaining the transcriptional phenotype of small numbers of cells examined in vivo. The mRNA phenotyping procedure consists of scaled-down methods for isolating mRNA from small numbers of cells, followed by reverse transcription of the RNA and specifically primed amplification of the cDNA by the polymerase chain reaction. We show an example of the use of the technique in a study of expression of platelet-derived growth factor and other growth factor genes in macrophages isolated from wound cylinders implanted in mice. With this technique, the transcriptional phenotype of purified normal lung epithelial and mesenchymal cells, macrophages, or cells obtained from lavaged lungs or punch biopsy specimens can be examined as a rapid first step in understanding molecular processes in the lung.
Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of lanthanum-containing C 82

THE conjecture that atoms can be trapped inside closed carbon cages such as the fullerenes was first made by Kroto et al1. Mass spectroscopic evidence obtained soon after2 suggested that lanthanum atoms were encapsulated in fullerenes prepared by laser vaporization of a lanthanum-impregnated graphite disk, and these results were later corroborated3,4. Recently, helium atoms have been incorporated into fullerenes through collisions in the gas phase5, and evidence has been obtained for the formation of metal-containing fullerenes during arc burning of composite graphite rods6. All of these studies, however, have produced quantities too small for characterization using standard spectroscopic techniques. We report here the preparation of milligram quantities of lanthanum-containing C82, which can be solvent-extracted in yields of about 2% along with empty C60 and C70 cages. We have measured the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of this mixture, both in solution and in the solid state, which reveals that the lanthanum atom has a formal charge of 3+, and the C82a charge of 3-. This runs contrary to some expectations that the doubly charged f ulleride anions would be the most stable species6,7; it also reveals that the fullerene cages have the same formal charge as in the superconducting alkali-metal-doped phases8,9.
Electron microscopy of supported metal particles II. Further studies of Pt/TiO

Hydrogen and carbon monoxide chemisorption on Pt on titanium oxide powders [Pt/TO(P)] and transmission electron microscopy of Pt on titanium oxide films [Pt/TO(F)] have been investigated for a common series of thermal treatments in various gaseous atmospheres. Following reduction at 875 K in H2, Pt/TO(P) did not adsorb H2 or CO, and X-ray diffraction examination showed that the Pt had not agglomerated. This behavior is attributed to a strong metal-support interaction (SMSI). The adsorption of H2 and CO could be partially restored if the sample in the SMSI state were treated with H2O vapor at 525 K or O2 at 875 K, the latter treatment being more effective. Transmission electron microscopy studies of Pt/TO(F) treated in the same way as the Pt/TO(P) showed that in the SMSI state the Pt was in the form of hexagonal thin pillbox structures grown on a lower oxide of titania, Ti4O7. When Pt in the SMSI state was oxidized, there was an appreciable increase in the growth rate of the Pt particles, comparable to that found on conventional supports. Examination of the individual Pt particles showed that while their shape remained hexagonal, their thickness increased following oxidation so they were no longer present as thin pillbox structures. Electron diffraction analysis demonstrated that the support had also undergone a structural change, Ti4O7 reverting to TiO2. Reduction of the sample to induce the SMSI state showed that although a few large Pt crystallites remained, there was significant redispersion of the metal. Following re-reduction, all particles had again assumed the pillbox structure of the SMSI state and the support had reverted, once again, to Ti4O7. A schematic model is presented to illustrate the sequence of events during cycling into and out of the SMSI state.
Notes on caridean shrimps collected during the Snellius-II expedition. I. Associates of Anthozoa

Abstract During the Snellius-II Expedition to Indonesian waters in 1984, ten species of shrimp were collected associated with Anthozoa (Actiniaria: 6 species; Corallimorpharia: 1 species; Scleractinia: 3 species). These species are: Thor amboinensis (Hippolytidae), Periclimenes brevicarpalis, P. aff. inornatus, P. ornatus, P. holthuisi, P. magnificus, Pliopontonia furtiva, Paratypton siebenrocki, Philarius gerlachei and Jocaste japonica (all Palaemonidae, Pontoniinae). Four new associations and four new records for Indonesian waters were established. Biogeographical aspects, as well as taxonomic problems in some groups are discussed.