cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of high-power ultrasound during soy protein production and study of its effect on functional properties of soy protein isolate

A comprehensive review focusing on advantages of high-power ultrasound in extraction, emulsification, crystallization, defoaming and modification of functional properties of food proteins was conducted to understand the ultrasonic mechanisms, important process parameters and components to consider for scale-up. The effect of highpower ultrasound on the overall extractability of soy proteins, total sugar, and soy protein isolate yield and functional properties were evaluated. It was hypothesized that the pretreatment of defatted soy flakes with high-power ultrasound prior to soy protein extraction would enhance the extractability of the protein and sugar molecule. Because of the cavitation phenomenon occurring during ultrasound treatment, change in protein native state was expected to occur, which would affect the functional properties of the soy protein isolate. Defatted soy flakes dispersed in water were sonicated for 15, 30, 60 and 120 seconds using a bench-scale ultrasound unit. The ultrasonic amplitude was varied from 0, 21, 42, 63 and 84 μmpp (peak to peak amplitude in μm). The power densities were 0.30, 0.87, 1.53 and 2.56 W/mL representing, very low, low, medium and high-power, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of sonicated samples showed the structural disruption of soy flakes cell wall. The defatted soy flakes particle size was reduced nearly 10-fold following ultrasonic treatment at high-power settings. Treatment at high-power for 120 seconds gave the highest increase in total sugar release and protein yield, which was of 50 and 46%, respectively, when compared to non-sonicated sample (control). These conditions also gave the highest soy protein isolate yield increase, which was of 34%. To determine effect of temperature increase occurring
The Biophysics of Titin in Cardiac Health and Disease

Titin is a gigantic multifunctional filamentous protein that spans from the Z-disk to the M-band region of the cardiac sarcomere. The elastic I-band region of titin generates passive force during sarcomere stretch that plays important roles in maintaining the structural organization of the sarcomere and that contributes greatly to diastolic stiffness. Recent work has shown that to match hemodynamic demands the mechanical properties of titin can be finely tuned through differential expression of titin isoforms and phosphorylation of titin’s spring-like elements. Titin may also play a role in mechanically sensing sarcomere length changes due to its placement in the sarcomere and extensible, force-bearing I-band region. The precise ways in which titin behaves as a mechanosensor is not well established, but rapid progress is being made in our understanding of the various proteins involved in signaling pathways that interact with titin. Recent work also revealed mutations in the titin gene (TTN) as a major source of familial cardiomyopathies, including mutations in titin’s spring region linked to arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and mutations in titin’s A-band region responsible for ~30 % of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) cases. This chapter discusses the mechanical properties of titin and the role titin plays in cardiac health and disease.
α-Thrombin Upregulates Gαi3 in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells

Background and Purpose During thrombosis, α-thrombin becomes sequestered by fibrin and the subendothelial basement membrane, and it is available to interact with the vasculature over prolonged periods. In this study, we investigated the long-term effect of α-thrombin on Gαi3 and Gαs levels in human vascular endothelial cells (EC). Because obesity is associated with changes in receptor signaling in many animal models, we also explored the influence of this clinical risk factor. Methods Primary cultures of human EC were exposed to α-thrombin for 16 hours, and immunologically detectable Gαi3 and Gαs levels were measured. Results α-Thrombin (100 nmol/L) increased Gαi3 levels in EC derived from the cerebral microvasculature and superficial temporal artery (4.2±1.2-fold and 2.8±0.32-fold, respectively) but had no significant effect on EC derived from omental artery (P>.6) or from the superficial temporal artery of obese (body mass index ≥28 kg/m2) patients (P>.4). The expression of Gαs was unchanged in all cell...
Islamic Resistance in Palestine: Hamas, the Gaza War and the Future of Political Islam

The significant events stirring the Middle East can hardly be comprehended without recognising and conceptualising the considerable cultural transformations in the region. Hamas' electoral victory in January 2006 in Palestine, Hizbullah's political and military victory in Lebanon in the July war of the same year, and the instantaneous initiation of Iraqi resistance in April 2003 following the American invasion are neither isolated nor random events but events that require explanation. This paper examines the ‘New Islamic Phenomenon’, the latest reinvention of Islam and the corresponding new trend in political Islam, focusing primarily on the rise of Hamas, in order to explain the region's cultural transformations and consider the future trajectory of political Islam following Israel's war on Gaza. This article sharply distinguishes the new Islamic movements, politically and theologically, from other fundamentalist orientations and agues that the new trend in Islam represents both the new Arab nationalism ...
Notes on Pilocereus, Monvillea and Malacocarpus with special reference to Colombian and Venezuelan species

Pilocereus Lemaire: (nomen genericum conservandum propositum, 1937) / Monvillea Britton & Rose / Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck
Abstract P5-14-07: Comparison of infectious complications between breast conserving therapy with catheter-based accelerated partial irradiation and whole breast irradiation

Standard treatment after breast conserving surgery (BCS) has been whole breast irradiation (WBI), however, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) has recently been shown to be an alternative in a select group of patients. APBI has been associated with early postoperative as well as delayed infections. In the current study, we compared rates of infectious complications between patients treated with catheter-based APBI and WBI. Patients were identified from a single-institution prospective registry from 2009 to 2011. Selection criteria included patients who underwent BCT with either single-entry APBI or WBI and fulfilled criteria for ABPI including ≥50 years, tumor size ≤ 3cm, pN0, and no lympho-vascular invasion. Data regarding treatment, patient comorbidities, and outcomes were obtained. Infectious complications were assessed from the date of APBI catheter insertion or from the date of surgery to start of WBI. Infectious complications were classified as early (≤ 30 days) or delayed (> 30 days). Fisher9s exact test was used to compare the rate of infection between APBI and WBI. 91 patients were treated with single-entry catheter-based APBI and 267 patients were treated with WBI. Median follow-up time was 76.2 weeks for APBI patients and 115 weeks for WBI patients. Re-excision was required in 20 patients (21.7%) who underwent APBI and in 51 patients (19.1%) who underwent WBI. Overall, infection occurred in 13 patients (14.1%) who underwent APBI versus 39 patients (14.6%) who underwent WBI. In the APBI group, three (3.3%) patients had infection within 30 days and 10 (10.9%) had infection more than 30 days after catheter insertion. 24 (9.0%) patients had infections within 30 days after surgery and 15 (5.6%) patients occurred more than 30 days after surgery in the WBI group. Patients began WBI within an average of 84 days after surgery. In the APBI group, 4 patients required hospital admission, 5 patients had percutaneous aspiration, and one needed incision and drainage. 8 patients were managed with outpatient oral antibiotics. In the WBI group, 5 patients required hospital admission, 13 patients had percutaneous aspiration, and 30 patients were managed with outpatient oral antibiotics. Diabetes, smoking, and BMI >25 were factors commonly associated with infectious complications in both APBI and WBI but not statistically significant (P = 0.6, 0.09, 0.1. respectively). In contrast to other studies showing that patients treated with catheter-based APBI have higher rates of infection than patients treated with WBI, our study found no statistically significant difference in infection rates between the two groups. A majority of infections following APBI or WBI can be medically managed as an outpatient basis. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-14-07.
Low-Mass Clumps in TMC-1: Scaling Laws in the Small-Scale Regime

We present new observational data on the small-scale structure of the Taurus molecular cloud 1 (TMC-1) in the regime of 0.02-0.04 pc and 0.04-0.6 M☉. Our analysis is based on high-resolution, high-S/N, observations of an 8' × 8' area centered on the "cyanopolyyne peak" in the southeastern part of the TMC-1 ridge. The observations were made in the CCS 22 and 45 GHz transitions using NASA's Deep Space Network 70 m and 34 m telescopes at the Goldstone facility. The CCS emission in this region originates in three narrow components centered on LSR velocities of ~5.7, 5.9, and 6.1 km s-1. These components each represent a separate cylindrical feature elongated along the ridge. Among the three velocity components we identified a total of 45 clumps with a typical CCS column density of ~a few × 1013 cm-2, an H2 density of ~a few × 104 cm-3, and a mass in the range of 0.04-0.6 M☉. The statistical properties of these small-scale clumps are compared with those of the larger "NH3 cores" in cold clouds and "CS cores" in the hotter Orion region. The CCS clumps in TMC-1 are found to conform to Larson's scaling laws (relating observed line width to clump size) derived from the larger cores down to the small-scale regime (0.02 pc and 0.04 M☉). These clumps represent a regime in which microturbulence is small, amounting to ~10% of the thermal pressure inside a clump. Of the 45 clumps, only five appear to be gravitationally unstable to collapse. All unbound clumps have masses less than 0.2 M☉, while bound clumps have masses in the range 0.15-0.6 M☉. The 6.1 km s-1 velocity feature contains all the gravitationally unstable clumps and is the most likely site for future star formation.
Emergent pediatric thoracotomy following traumatic arrest

Abstract Objectives Emergent thoracotomy is a potentially life-saving procedure following traumatic cardiac arrest. The procedure has been studied extensively in adults, but its role in pediatric traumatic cardiac arrest remains unclear. We aimed to determine the prevalence of survival following emergent resuscitative thoracotomy in children. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study that included consecutive patients Results During the study period, 29 patients underwent emergent thoracotomy. Of these, 3 (10%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2–27%) survived to hospital discharge. All survivors sustained penetrating trauma to the heart and had signs of life on arrival of emergency medical services. Of the 13 patients who sustained blunt trauma, 0 (0%, 95% CI: 0–25%) survived, despite 69% (9/13) demonstrating signs of life on arrival of emergency medical services and 38% (5/13) having temporary return of spontaneous circulation. Conclusions Emergent thoracotomy is a potentially life-saving procedure for children following traumatic cardiac arrest. It appears most successful in children suffering penetrating trauma to the heart with signs of life on arrival of emergency medical services. Larger studies are needed to determine the factors associated with this survival benefit for emergent thoracotomy in children.
Transforming growth factor-β regulates production of proteoglycans by mesangial cells

Transforming growth factor-β regulates production of proteoglycans by mesangial cells. Accumulation of glomerular extracellular matrix is a prominent feature of most forms of progressive glomerular disease. Since some growth factors may play a role in extracellular matrix production, we examined the effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin 1, platelet derived growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor on the production of extracellular matrix components by cultured rat mesangial cells. In control experiments we found that mesangial cells produced two distinct proteoglycans identified as the small chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans biglycan (PG I) and decorin (PG II) by showing that their mobility on SDS-PAGE changed upon digestion by chondroitinase ABC, and that they reacted with antibodies raised against synthetic peptides from the core protein sequence of human biglycan and decorin. Exposure to TGF-β for 48 hours stimulated an 8- to 10-fold increase in the biglycan and decorin bands, and induced a structural change detected as a shift in electrophoretic mobility. TGF-β did not demonstrably affect the production of other matrix proteins by the mesangial cells. The other growth factors tested had no comparable effect on the production of proteoglycans or other extracellular matrix components by these cells. Our results show that TGF-β is unique among growth factors in its regulatory effects on mesangial cell proteoglycan production. The release or activation of TGF-β during glomerular injury could mediate the accumulation of proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix and predispose the kidney to development of glomerulosclerosis.
Representations of metabelian groups

A knowledge of the simple representation theory of finite abelian groups is useful for understanding the representations of solvable groups, since these provide the one-dimensional representations. The representation theory of metabelian groups (those G with abelian commutator subgroup G′) would seem to be a natural next level. In this paper we shall show that these representations, too, may be simply described in several ways: they are induced from linear representations of some explicity defined subgroups; their degrees may be calculated from a knowledge of the subgroups of G; these degrees depend only on the kernel of the representation (in fact, only on the intersection of this kernel with G′). As an application of these results, we can calculate for metabelian groups a certain measure of group-commutativity studied in an earlier paper [4].
Resveratrol is an effective inducer of CArG-driven TNF-α gene therapy

We report the anticarcinogenic, anti-aging polyphenol resveratrol activates the radio- and chemo-inducible cancer gene therapy vector Ad.Egr.TNF, a replication-deficient adenovirus that expresses human tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) under control of the Egr-1 promoter. Like ionizing radiation or chemotherapeutic agents previously shown to activate Ad.Egr.TNF, resveratrol also induces Egr-1 expression from its chromosomal locus with a possible role for Egr-1 promoter CC(A+T)richGG sequences in the expression of TNF-α. Resveratrol induction of TNF-α in Ad.Egr.TNF-infected tumor xenografts demonstrated antitumor response in human and rat tumor models comparable to that of radio- or chemotherapy-induced TNF-α. Although sirtuins are known targets of resveratrol, in vitro inhibition of SIRT1 activity did not abrogate resveratrol induction of Egr-1 expression. This suggests that SIRT1 is not essential to mediate resveratrol induction of Egr-1. Nevertheless, control of transgene expression via resveratrol activation of Egr-1 may extend use of Ad.Egr.TNF to patients intolerant of radiation or cytotoxic therapy and offer a novel tool for development of other inducible gene therapies.
Boundary length and internal surface area measurements in porous materials with elliptical pores

Formulae are derived for the stereological determination of boundary length per unit area,BA, and surface density,Sv, in materials with elliptically shaped pores. These relationships are valid for two-phase solids with orthotropically distributed internal surfaces (surfaces that can be mapped onto an ellipsoid). Maximum and minimum mean intercept length measurements in a plane are needed to calculateBA. Mean intercept length measurements in the three principal directions of porous symmetry are necessary to calculateSv. If the principal directions are not known they can be found by calculating the eigenvectors of a second rank tensor called the mean intercept length tensor. In a material with a transversely isotropic distribution of internal surfaces (surfaces that can be mapped onto a spheroid), mean intercept length measurements along and transverse to the axis of symmetry are needed to calculateSv.
The removal of the type-2 copper from Rhus vernicifera laccase.

Abstract We have studied the removal of the type-2 copper from tree laccase ( Rhus vernicifera ) by treatment with EDTA at pH 5.2 in the presence of a redox buffer containing ferri- and ferrocyanide. The efficiency with which the copper is removed depends on the Fe(CN) 6 4- /Fe(CN) 6 3- ratio. We have varied this ratio from approx. 2:1 to about 50:1 and the best results were obtained with the highest ratio, i.e., the most cathodic solution potential. Nevertheless, the presence of Fe(CN) 6 3- is required for the procedure to be effective. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that a mixed-valence form of laccase is the reactive species, we believe the results are better explained by a model which assumes that the removal of the type-2 copper depends upon an ordered sequence of oxidation-reduction reactions. Specifically, we propose that the copper is released as the monovalent ion from previously reduced laccase and then reoxidized in solution and sequestered with EDTA. The reoxidation step drives the reaction because recombination with the protein is inhibited when copper is in the divalent form. In testing this model, we have also shown that the type-2 copper can be removed under strictly reducing conditions when 4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-biquinoline (BCA) is present to complex the copper(I) ion. Although the BCA method is effective, the reaction takes longer, perhaps because of the limited solubility of BCA at the pH values of interest. Finally, we have found that the best results are obtained with either method when a cyanometalate ion such as Fe(CN) 6 3- or Co(CN) 6 3- is present in the medium. The exact role of this factor has yet to be established, but there is no indication that free cyanide has a role in the process. The most likely interpretation is that some type of binding interaction with the protein facilitates copper release.
Influence of the redox potential of the medium on the activity of polyphenol oxidase

While ascorbate is an inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase upon its activity on tyrosine, hydrogen peroxide has a promoting effect especially in conjunction with catalase. When both ascorbate and peroxide are present, the effect of the former dominates over the latter. These influences can be explained on the basis of the redox potential of the solutions: high potentials promote, while low potentials decrease the rate of the oxidative enzyme reaction. The findings might have some implications on the process of aging of tissues.
A test procedure of equivalence in ordinal data with matched-pairs

There are many epidemiologic studies or clinical trials, in which we may wish to establish an equivalence rather than to detect a difference between the distributions of responses. In this paper, we develop test procedures to detect equivalence with respect to the tail marginal distributions and the marginal proportions when the underlying data are on an ordinal scale with matched pairs. We include a numerical example concerning the unaided distance vision of two eyes over 7477 women to illustrate the practical usefulness of the proposed procedure. Finally, we include a brief discussion on the relation between the test procedures developed here and an asymptotic interval estimator proposed elsewhere for the simple difference in dichotomous data with matched-pairs.
Reduced intensity allogeneic umbilical cord blood transplantation in children and adolescent recipients with malignant and non-malignant diseases

There is a significant amount of morbidity and mortality following myeloablative umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT). Reduced intensity (RI) conditioning offers an alternative to myeloablative conditioning before UCBT. We investigated RI-UCBT in 21 children and adolescents with malignant (n=14), and non-malignant diseases (n=7). RI conditioning consisted of fludarabine (150–180 mg/m2) with either busulfan (⩽8 mg/kg)+rabbit antithymocyte globulin (R-ATG; n=16) or cyclophosphamide+R-ATG±etoposide (n=5). Human leukocyte antigen match: 4/6 (n=13), 5/6 (n=5) and 6/6 (n=3). The median total nucleated cell and CD34+ cell dose per kilogram were 3.58 × 107 and 2.54 × 105, respectively. The median time for neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 17.5 and 52 days, respectively. There were six primary graft failures (chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), β-thalassemia, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)). The probability of developing grade II to grade IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD was 28.6 and 16.7%, respectively. Incidence of transplant-related mortality (TRM) was 14%. The 5 years overall survival (OS) in all patients was 59.8%. The 5 years OS for patients with average versus poor-risk malignancy was 77.8 versus 22.2% (P=0.03). RI-UCBT may result in graft failure in specific high-risk chemo-naive patients (CML, β-thalassemia, HLH and MDS), but in more heavily pretreated pediatric and adolescent recipients results in rapid engraftment and may be associated with decreased severe GVHD and TRM.
Electronic properties of liquid MgSb

Abstract Measurements of the electrical conductivity, σ, and thermopower, S, of liquid MgSb over the entire composition range are reported. A deep minimum in σ exists at cs, the stoichiometric composition (Mg3Sb2); S changes sign abruptly at cs also, being 0 in the Sb-rich region. These results are analyzed in the light of a recent model for liquid semiconductors due to Enderby and Barnes. It is apparent that a rigid-band model is inadequate for this liquid, but that the gap in the density of states which promotes semiconducting character near c = cs closes with changing c. These conclusions are also consistent with measurements of the optical properties of amorphous MgSb.
Isotretinoin Embryopathy—A Continuing Problem

First trimester exposure to isotretinoin is associated with an estimated 20% risk of major fetal malformations. Product labeling in force up to August 1988 included a statement that the drug is contraindicated in pregnancy and suggested procedures for prescribing physicians to follow to prevent inadvertent first trimester exposure to the product. This limited educational intervention did not prevent the continued occurrence of isotretinoin-related birth defects. The effectiveness of recent changes in the package labeling in preventing such birth defects remains to be demonstrated. Two infants with major birth defects associated with first trimester exposure to isotretinoin (Accutane, Roche Laboratories) were reported to the New Jersey Birth Defects Registry within 6 months. Stimulated by these reports, we sought additional cases in New Jersey and found three. We here describe these five cases of isotretinoin embryopathy, including available information on the circumstances which led to maternal use of isotretinoin during the first trimester of pregnancy. In response to a preliminary report of these cases and to investigations by epidemiologists at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the manufacturer altered the package labeling. The revised product information includes a more prominent "contraindication and warning" section and a new "patient information/consent" section. The effectiveness of this educational intervention should be evaluated.
Automated Localization of Vertebra Landmarks in MRI Images

The identification of key landmark points in an MR spine image is an important step for tasks such as vertebra counting. In this paper, we propose a template matching based approach for automatic detection of two key landmark points, namely the second cervical vertebra (C2) and the sacrum from sagittal MR images. The approach is comprised of an approximate localization of vertebral column followed by matching with appropriate templates in order to detect/localize the landmarks. A straightforward extension of the work described here is an automated classification of spine section(s). It also serves as a useful building block for further automatic processing such as extraction of regions of interest for subsequent image processing and also in aiding the counting of vertebra.
Drug use frequency among street-recruited heroin and cocaine users in Harlem and the Bronx before and after September 11, 2001.

We determined if illicit drug use frequency changes after a disaster by comparing drug use frequency in two street-recruited samples of heroin and cocaine users, ages 15–40 years. The users were interviewed between July 11 and November 11 and divided into before- and after-September 11th groups for analysis. The before and after groups were similar in the mean number of days of drug use per month (sniff cocaine 6.8 days vs. 9.4 days, respectively, P=.17; snorted heroin 13.9 vs. 14.0, respectively, P=.96; smoked crack 16.9 vs. 15.6, respectively, P=.96; and smoked marijuana 17.5 vs. 15.3, respectively, P=.36) and in the proportion of daily users: sniffed cocaine 10% versus 17%, respectively (P=.28); snorted heroin 47% versus 40%, respectively (P=.91); smoked crack 33% versus 37%, respectively (P=.68); and smoked marijuana 47% versus 40%, respectively (P=.41). Among street-recruited heroin and cocaine users in Harlem and the Bronx, the frequency of drug use did not increase following the events of September 11, 2001.
Suppression of P450IIC12 gene expression and elevation of actin messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the livers of female rats after injection of the interferon inducer poly rI.poly rC.

Abstract Interferons and interferon inducers cause a reduction in hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 [AH, reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH hydroxylating), EC 1.14.14.1] content and drug-metabolizing activities in experimental animals. In the present study, the acute effects of administration of the interferon inducer polyriboinosinic acid · polyribocytidylic acid (poly rI·polyrC) to female rats on expression of the microsomal apoprotein and hepatic mRNA for P450IIC12, a constitutive enzyme comprising a significant fraction of the total P450 in untreated female rats, were examined. Poly rI·poly rC treatment (10mg/kg, i.p.) caused a suppression of P450IIC12 apoprotein that was of greatest magnitude (47% of control levels) 24 hr after injection. P450IIC12 was still suppressed significantly (P Drug Metab Dispos 18 : 649–653, 1990] a significant effect of the interferon inducer on actin expression was not observed in livers of male rats.
Vulcanism, mercury-sensitized photo-reactions and abiogenetic synthesis: a theoretical treatment.

Attention is called to the photodynamic and thermodynamic properties of Periodic Group IIb elements, most notably Hg, as they relate to ultra-violet sensitization in organic chemical reactions. The energy levels of 61P1 and 63P1 resonance states and the high vapor pressure (>10−3 mm) of the metal at temperatures as low as 293 K bring Hg with the range of bond dissociation energies in most organic molecules and many inorganics.
An ultrastructural study of lens invagination in the mouse.

Early lenses of mouse embryos were studied with the electron microscope to determine whether their cells contain organelles that can be causally related to the invagination of the lens placode. The cells of the placode and early lens cup are joined at their apical ends by junctional complexes. At the level of the zonula adhaerens, favorable sections show cytoplasmic filaments, 35 A to 50 A wide, arranged about the apex of a cell. Groups of filaments appear to originate on or near the plasma membrane and then to extend across the cytoplasm, parallel to the apical cell surface, to terminate on or near the plasma membrane some distance away. They are nearly always straight; in contrast, nearby lateral and apical cell membranes are twisted into irregular folds and projections. We present a model to explain lens invagination in which the filaments are considered to be contractile. On the basis of their location in the cells and their presumed function, these organelles are proposed to be a major component in the mechanism that leads to early morphogenesis of the lens.
Separated two-phase flow model: application to critical two-phase flow

Abstract A separated flow model has been developed to allow the calculation of critical flow rates for steam-water mixtures. This model considers hydrodynamic as well as thermal non-equilibrium effects which are present due to rapid depressurization. Thus, this model incorporates interphase interaction terms for momentum, energy and mass. The mass transfer, evaporation or condensation rate, is coupled with the heat transfer between the two phases. Certain empiricisms are necessary to be included into this model, e.g. the size and number of nucleation sites at the onset of flashing. Transitions from one flow regime to the other are assumed to occur at certain void fractions. Justification of these assumptions is only possible by comparison with experimental results of different authors which in general shows good agreement.
Ring chromosome 4 in a patient with early onset type 2 diabetes, deafness, and developmental delay

To date, most ring formations of chromosome 4 lose distal 4p and usually include the Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome region [WHS]. We describe a case with r(4) in a girl who presented without features of WHS; she had mild developmental delay, deafness, short stature, obesity, and the onset of type 2 diabetes in adolescence, a distinctive phenotype. Although 4p was significantly deleted on Giemsa banding, the 4p junction was distal to the WHS and FGFR3 but proximal to the D4S3360 marker. The 4q breakpoint was close to the telomere. The phenotype appears different from previous patients with 4p- or r(4), which have had more extensive 4p deletion.
Extraoral removal of mandibular odontogenic dentigerous cysts: a report of 2 cases.

A 35-year-old, otherwise healthy and asymptomatic white woman, presented to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery outpatient clinic with complaints of pain and mild swelling on the left side of the mandible. Additionally, she stated she could “feel a hard structure at the bottom of her jaw.” The panoramic radiograph revealed an impacted third molar penetrating the inferior border of the left mandible, encompassed by a 22-cm radiolucency (Fig 1). Extraoral examination revealed mild soft tissue swelling and tenderness in the left masseter region. A hard, exophytic mass was palpated inferiorly and lingually. The intraoral soft tissues were within normal limits, and the inferior alveolar nerve function was intact.
5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine induces placental alkaline phosphatase biosynthesis in cultured choriocarcinoma cells

5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) stimulated the biosynthesis and hence increased the activity of placental alkaline phosphatase in choriocarcinoma cells. While BrdUrd had no effect on the rate of degradation or processing of placental alkaline phosphatase, it increased the rate of phosphatase synthesis. The stimulation of enzyme activity could be completely accounted for by the increase in alkaline phosphatase protein. Both control and BrdUrd-induced cells contained polypeptides of 61,500 and 64,500 Da, identified as the precursor and fully processed forms of placental alkaline phosphatase monomer. The half-life of this enzyme monomer in both control and BrdUrd-treated cells was estimated to be 36 h. BrdUrd induced a specific increase in the placental alkaline phosphatase mRNA leading to the observed enhancement of biosynthesis. The continued rise in alkaline phosphatase biosynthesis in BrdUrd-induced cells following BrdUrd removal indicated that this analog acted by incorporation into DNA.
Genetic Programming to Investigate Design Parameters Contributing to Crash Occurrence on Urban Arterials

Nonlinear models were developed to estimate crash frequency on urban arterials with partial access control. These multilane arterials consist of midblock segments joined by signalized and unsignalized intersections (or access points). Crashes included in the analysis are of three major types: rear-end, angle, and head-on. Each crash type is further sorted into mutually exclusive categories on the basis of the roadway element responsible for the crashes: midblock segment, signalized intersection, and access point. Genetic programming (GP) is adopted for predicting crash frequency. GP, which is primarily based on genetic algorithms, uses the concept of evolution to develop models through the processes of crossover and mutation. The GP modeling approach gives independence for model development without restrictions on distribution of data. The models developed were compared to the basic negative binomial models. Morning and afternoon peak periods are observed to have fewer occurrences of rear-end crashes at a...
Double Robust Estimation in Longitudinal Marginal Structural Models

Abstract In this article we consider estimation of causal parameters in a marginal structural model for the discrete intensity of the treatment specific counting process (e.g. hazard of a treatment specific survival time) based on longitudinal observational data on treatment, covariates and survival. We define three estimators: the inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) estimator, the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), and a double robust (DR) estimator. The DR estimator is obtained by following a general methodology for constructing double robust estimating functions in censored data models as described in van der Laan and Robins (Unified Methods for Censored Longitudinal Data and Causality, 2002). The double-robust estimator is consistent and asymptotically linear when either the treatment mechanism or the partial likelihood of the observed data is consistently estimated. We illustrate the superiority of the DR estimator relative to the IPTW and ML estimators in a simulation study. The proposed methodology is also applied to estimate the causal effect of exercise on physical functioning in a longitudinal study of seniors in Sonoma County.
Four-Dimensional Beam Tomography

A computer code has been developed to reconstruct the 4-D transverse phase-space distribution of an accelerator beam from a set of linear profiles measured at different angles at three or more stations along the beam line. The code was applied to wirescan data obtained on the low-intensity H- beam of the LAMPF accelerator. A 4-D reconstruction was obtained from 10 wire-scan profiles; 2-D projections of the reconstruction agree fairly well with slit-and-collector measurements of the horizontal and vertical emittance distributions.
Ontogenetic differences in the expression of conditioned visual aversions.

We examined ontogenetic differences in the expression of conditioned visual aversions. Sprague-Dawley-derived rats, 16 or 21 days of age, were conditioned with either an element (brightness) or compound (brightness/odor) CS+ and tested for their aversion to the common element (brightness). Aversions to the brightness cue were assessed by either a traditional test of preference between the CS+ brightness and a contrasting brightness or by assessment of freezing in the presence of either brightness cue. The results indicated that strength of conditioning as well as the expression of overshadowing/potentiation was dependent on the age of the animal and on the technique used to assess conditioning.
Chemical Nonequilibrium, Heat Transfer, and Friction in a Detonation Tube with Nozzles

Performance losses in the form of chemical nonequilibrium, heat transfer, and friction are investigated in the context of a detonation tube with nozzles using quasi-one-dimensional computational fluid dynamics. Finite-rate chemistry losses incur up to 10% penalty in overall cycle impulse for mixtures containing fuel and oxygen. These same losses are greatly reduced when oxygen is replaced by air because of reduced energy available through chemical recombination. Heat transfer and friction are less important, both for diverging and converging nozzles (∼5% overall cycle impulse). The exception is for H 2 /air where losses can be up to 15%. Finally, a method of predicting losses assuming steady flow nozzles, thereby greatly reducing computational cost, is explored.
Natural variation in Arabidopsis seedling photomorphogenesis reveals a likely role for TED1 in phytochrome signalling

Natural genetic variation present among accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (commonly referred to as ‘ecotypes’) is a valuable, yet under-exploited genetic resource for the study of plant developmental, physiological. and evolutionary responses to the environment. Seedling photomorphogenic responses were surveyed in a set of 11 Arabidopsis accessions collected from a variety of edaphic habitats and geographic locations. We observed substantial variation in light-dependent hypocotyl growth responses in a variety of light conditions (white, red, blue, far-red enriched light). The genetic basis for differences in hypocotyl growth responses to light between the Columbia (Col-0) and Bensheim (Be-0) accessions was examined in an F2 population. Quantitative genetic and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses were consistent with a model in which differences in light responses were conditioned by a single major gene with semi-dominant effect, located on chromosome 4. Further experiments suggested that the genetic difference governing hypocotyl variation in this cross may be allelic to ted1, an extragenic suppressor of the de-etiolated mutant det1, that was identified as an ethylmethane sulphonate-induced mutation. This finding supports a role for ted1 in photomorphogenic signalling.
Welfare-Worsening Aid Flows To Small Countries: The Role of Nontraded Goods

This paper presents the circumstances under which foreign aid can immiserize a small, tariff-distorted economy, highlighting the role played by the nontraded sector in generating this outcome. An inflow of aid, provided in the form of an increase in the capital stock, can reduce real income of a small, tariff-distorted economy if: (i) the inflow results in an increase in the price of the nontraded good and the nontraded good and imports are sufficiently strong complements in demand; or (ii) if the inflow leads to a reduction in the price of the nontraded good and the nontraded good and imports are substitutes in demand, provided the degree of substitutability is not too large.
Long-term expression of protein kinase C in adult mouse hearts improves postischemic recovery

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) protects the heart from ischemic injury; however, its mechanism of action is unknown, in part because no model for chronic activation of PKC has been available. To test whether chronic, mild elevation of PKC activity in adult mouse hearts results in myocardial protection during ischemia or reperfusion, hearts isolated from transgenic mice expressing a low level of activated PKCbeta throughout adulthood (beta-Tx) were compared with control hearts before ischemia, during 12 or 28 min of no-flow ischemia, and during reperfusion. Left-ventricular-developed pressure in isolated isovolumic hearts, normalized to heart weight, was similar in the two groups at baseline. However, recovery of contractile function was markedly improved in beta-Tx hearts after either 12 (97 +/- 3% vs. 69 +/- 4%) or 28 min of ischemia (76 +/- 8% vs. 48 +/- 3%). Chelerythrine, a PKC inhibitor, abolished the difference between the two groups, indicating that the beneficial effect was PKC-mediated. (31)P NMR spectroscopy was used to test whether modification of intracellular pH and/or preservation of high-energy phosphate levels during ischemia contributed to the cardioprotection in beta-Tx hearts. No difference in intracellular pH or high-energy phosphate levels was found between the beta-Tx and control hearts at baseline or during ischemia. Thus, long-term modest increase in PKC activity in adult mouse hearts did not alter baseline function but did lead to improved postischemic recovery. Furthermore, our results suggest that mechanisms other than reduced acidification and preservation of high-energy phosphate levels during ischemia contribute to the improved recovery.
Recent Trends in Support by Private Foundations for Foreign Language Education

: The National Endowment for the Humanities provided support to ACTFL to conduct an analysis of the type of support provided by private foundations for foreign language education. Under the special NEH program that funded this project, no new data were to be collected; rather, the study was to be based on analyses of existing data resources. Using the Foundation Center's Grants Index as the primary source of data, ACTFL developed several categories for analyzing and reporting results. The study revealed a total of 340 grants made in support of foreign language education during the 1973–1984 period, with support totaling $14,983,347. Eighty-three supporting foundations and 178 recipient organizations were identified. The summary report that follows presents the highlights of the study.
Coseismic displacements: 1992 Landers, California, Earthquake

The rupture associated with the 1992 Landers earthquake (Ms = 7.5) extended along the west edge of a 60 × 50 km trilateration network that had been surveyed two months before the earthquake and was resurveyed a month after it. The coseismic displacement field within the network was calculated from the changes observed in the trilateration network supplemented by the displacements measured at four GPS stations and other less timely trilateration measurements. Stations near the rupture were displaced by as much as 3 m. The observed changes are reproduced reasonably well by dislocation modeling in which the Landers rupture is represented by 8 vertical fault segments, each extending from the surface to 9 km depth. Two additional segments represent the Big Bear and Eureka Peak faults. The average modeled right-lateral slip on the Landers rupture is about 5 m. However, the residuals for the best-fit slip distribution are about four times greater than expected from measurement error. Given that uncertainty, a broad range of slip models furnish acceptable fits to the data. The large residuals are attributed to inelastic deformation (principally sympathetic slip on numerous unmodeled faults) within the fault blocks assumed to be elastic in the model.
Linear stability of rotating Hagen-Poiseuille flow

Linear stability of rotating Hagen-Poiseuille flow has been investigated by an orthonormal expansion technique, confirming results by Pedley and Mackrodt and extending those results to higher values of the wavenumber |α|, the Reynolds number R, and the azimuthal index n. For |α| [gsim ] 2, the unstable region is pushed to considerably higher values of R and the angular velocity, Ω. In this region, the neutral stability curves obey a simple scaling, consistent with the unstable modes being centre modes. For n = 1, individual neutral stability curves have been calculated for several of the low-lying eigenmodes, revealing a complicated coupling between modes which manifests itself in kinks, cusps and loops in the neutral stability curves; points of degeneracy in the R, Ω plane; and branching behaviour on curves which circle a point of degeneracy.
The impact of algal fluorescence on the underwater polarized light field

Multiangular, hyperspectral measurements of the underwater polarization light field, as well as comprehensive measurements of IOPs were collected in several cruise campaigns in the Chesapeake/Virginia area and New York Harbor/Hudson River areas. The waters examined were mostly eutropic water with Chlorophyll a concentration up to approximately 57 μg/L. It is found that Chlorophyll a fluorescence markedly impacts (reduces) the underwater degree of polarization (DOP) in the 650 - 700 nm spectral region. By taking note of the unpolarized nature of algal fluorescence and the partially polarized properties of elastic scattering, particularly by non-algal particles, we were able to separate the Chlorophyll a fluorescence signal from the total radiance. The analysis is based on comparisons of the underwater multiangular, hyperspectral polarization measurements which include fluorescence, compared with adding - doubling polarized radiative transfer simulations of elastic scattering which use measured IOPs as input, and which do not include fluorescence. The difference between the two shows the impact of fluorescence. These relationships are examined in detail, and the efficacy of using DOP measurements for underwater fluorescence retrieval is evaluated for different scattering geometries and water conditions.
Signalling aspects of optimized inter-domains point to multipoint paths in Multi Protocol Label Switched networks

We propose a method to compute point to multipoint (P2MP) traffic engineered paths that cross several MPLS domains. It relies on the use of multiple Path Computation Elements (PCEs), in the goal of calculating a P2MP tree along a given tree of domains by using a recursive path computation technique. Indeed, the calculation is started by the PCEs of the destination domains, i.e. those ones that are not connected to any domain downstream and it is continued upstream from PCE to PCE until reaching the P2MP tree source. A PCE should determine the total number of paths downstream and send them to an upstream PCE. This is required in order to ensure that the obtained inter domain P2MP tree is optimized, where the optimization criteria is the minimization of the number of links of the tree. A detailed signaling example is hence highlighted and discussed.
Discriminating cellular heterogeneity using microwell-based RNA cytometry

Discriminating cellular heterogeneity is important for understanding cellular physiology. However, it is limited by the technical difficulties of single-cell measurements. Here we develop a two-stage system to determine cellular heterogeneity. In the first stage, we perform multiplex single-cell RNA cytometry in a microwell array containing over 60,000 reaction chambers. In the second stage, we use the RNA cytometry data to determine cellular heterogeneity by providing a heterogeneity likelihood score (HLS). Moreover, we use Monte-Carlo simulation and RNA cytometry data to calculate the minimum number of cells required for detecting heterogeneity. We apply this system to characterize the RNA distributions of ageing-related genes in a highly purified mouse haematopoietic stem cell population. We identify genes that reveal novel heterogeneity of these cells. We also show that changes in expression of genes such as Birc6 during ageing can be attributed to the shift of relative portions of cells in the high-expressing subgroup versus low-expressing subgroup.
FKBP8 is a negative regulator of mouse sonic hedgehog signaling in neural tissues

Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a secreted morphogen that regulates the patterning and growth of many tissues in the developing mouse embryo, including the central nervous system (CNS). We show that a member of the FK506-binding protein family, FKBP8, is an essential antagonist of SHH signaling in CNS development. Loss of FKBP8 causes ectopic and ligand-independent activation of the Shh pathway, leading to expansion of ventral cell fates in the posterior neural tube and suppression of eye development. Although it is expressed broadly, FKBP8 is required to antagonize SHH signaling primarily in neural tissues, suggesting that hedgehog signal transduction is subject to cell-type specific modulation during mammalian development.