cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized Scalable Multiple Copy Algorithms for Biological Molecular Dynamics Simulations in NAMD

Computational methodologies that couple the dynamical evolution of a collection of copies, or replicas, of a system of interest offer powerful and flexible approaches to characterize complex molecular processes. Such multiple copy algorithms (MCAs) can be used to enhance sampling, compute reversible work and free energies, as well as refine transition pathways. Widely used examples of MCAs include temperature and Hamiltonian-tempering replica-exchange molecular dynamics (T-REMD and H-REMD), alchemical free energy perturbation with lambda replica exchange (FEP/-REMD), umbrella sampling with Hamiltonian replica exchange (US/H-REMD), and string method with swarms-of-trajectories to determine conformational transition pathways. Here, we report a robust and general implementation of MCAs for molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the highly scalable program NAMD built upon the parallel programming system charm++. Multiple concurrent NAMD instances are launched with internal partitions of charm++ and located continuously within a single communication world. Messages between NAMD instances are passed by low-level point-to-point communication functions, which are accessible through NAMD's Tcl scripting interface. The communication-enabled Tcl scripting provides a sustainable application interface for end users to realize generalized MCAs without modifying source code. Illustrative applications of MCAs with fine-grained inter-copy communication structure, including global lambda exchange in FEP/-REMD, window swapping US/H-REMD in multidimensional order parameter space, and string method with swarms-of-trajectories were carried out on IBM Blue Gene/Q to demonstrate the versatility and massive scalability of the present implementation.
Geophysical evolution of Saturn’s satellite Phoebe, a large planetesimal in the outer Solar System

Abstract Saturn’s satellite Phoebe is the best-characterized representative of large outer Solar System planetesimals, thanks to the close flyby by the Cassini spacecraft in June 2004. We explore the information contained in Phoebe’s physical properties, density and shape, which are significantly different from those of other icy objects in its size range. Phoebe’s higher density has been interpreted as evidence that it was captured, probably from the proto-Kuiper-Belt. First, we demonstrate that Phoebe’s shape is globally relaxed and consistent with a spheroid in hydrostatic equilibrium with its rotation period. This distinguishes the satellite from ‘rubble-piles’ that are thought to result from the disruption of larger proto-satellites. We numerically model the geophysical evolution of Phoebe, accounting for the feedback between porosity and thermal state. We compare thermal evolution models for different assumptions on the formation of Phoebe, in particular the state of its water, amorphous or crystalline. We track the evolution of porosity and thermal conductivity as well as the destabilization of amorphous ice or clathrate hydrates. While rubble-piles may never reach temperatures suitable for porous ice to creep and relax, we argue that Phoebe’s shape could have relaxed due to heat from the decay of 26Al, provided that this object formed less than 3 Myr after the production of the calcium–aluminum inclusions. This is consistent with the idea that Phoebe could be an exemplar of planetesimals that formed in the transneptunian region and later accreted onto outer planet satellites, either during the satellite’s formation stage, or still later, during the late heavy bombardment.
Differentiating the Effects of Internet Usage and Wireless Usage on Business-to-Business and Business-to-Consumer E-commerce

Information and communication technology (ICT) has contributed to global electronic commerce. In this study, researchers examine the effects of two types of ICT usage (Internet and wireless) on two types of e-commerce, namely, business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). Based on panel data of 31 countries over six years (2005–2010), researchers' analysis confirms that both B2B and B2C e-commerce are positively affected by a country's economic growth but are affected differently by the two types of ICT usage. Moreover, ICT exerts a stronger effect on e-commerce in less wealthy countries than in wealthy countries. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Limb Chondrogenesis of the Seepage Salamander, Desmognathus aeneus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Salamanders are infrequently mentioned in analyses of tetrapod limb formation, as their development varies considerably from that of amniotes. However, urodeles provide an opportunity to study how limb ontog- eny varies with major differences in life history. Here we assess limb development in Desmognathus aeneus ,a direct-developing salamander, and compare it to patterns seen in salamanders with larval stages (e.g., Ambystoma mexicanum). Both modes of development result in a limb that is morphologically indistinct from an amniote limb. Developmental series of A. mexicanum and D. aeneus were investigated using Type II collagen immunochemistry, Al- cian Blue staining, and whole-mount TUNEL staining. In A. mexicanum, as each digit bud extends from the limb palette Type II collagen and proteoglycan secretion occur almost simultaneously with mesenchyme condensation. Conversely, collagen and proteoglycan secretion in digits of D. aeneus occur only after the formation of an amniote- like paddle. Within each species, Type II collagen expres- sion patterns resemble those of proteoglycans. In both, distal structures form before more proximal structures. This observation is contrary to the proximodistal develop- mental pattern of other tetrapods and may be unique to urodeles. In support of previous findings, no cell death was observed during limb development in A. mexicanum. How- ever, apoptotic cells that may play a role in digit ontogeny occur in the limbs of D. aeneus, thereby suggesting that programmed cell death has evolved as a developmental mechanism at least twice in tetrapod limb evolution. J. Morphol. 265:87-101, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Neurologic Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Families: II. Neurologic and Psychiatric Findings in Relatives

• Neurologic abnormalities in 21 nonschizophrenic siblings and parents of schizophrenics, 24 DSM-III schizophrenics, and 24 normal "control" subjects were assessed by experienced neurologists blind to the subjects' psychiatric status. Medication artifacts and other neurologic signs likely to be etiologically irrelevant to psychiatric illness were excluded. Psychiatric diagnostic assessments of subjects were made blind to neurologic results. The prevalence of neurologic abnormalities in relatives was significantly greater than in controls, but similar to that among the schizophrenics. Relatives and controls differed even more markedly on signs involving motor system abnormalities of localizing significance. Finally, the relatives showed a suggestive dissociation of psychopathology and neurologic signs. The results appear most consistent with the hypothesis that overt schizophrenia may often result from the combined operation of two independent familial factors—one "psychopathologic," the other "neurologic."
Who are feminists and what do they believe? The role of generations

Using the 1996 General Social Survey, the antecedents of feminist self-identification and their link to gender-related social attitudes are explored. Although most socio-demographic variables show either no relationship or a weak relationship with feminist self-identification, there are strong differences across cohorts. Males and females who were young adults during the second wave of feminism (birth years 1936 to 1955) are more likely to identify as feminists than are those younger or older. In addition, the link between feminist self-identification and some social attitudes is cohort specific: Seemingly profeminist positions distinguish self-identified feminists from nonfeminists only among members of the second-wave generation. These results reinforce the importance of political generation and suggest increasing heterogeneity in public conceptions of feminism.
Arthur C. Clarke and the Limitations of the Ocean as a Frontier

AbstractBefore World War II, the resources that most Americans imagined using from the ocean were rather limited: fish, transportation, and a site for warfare. After the war, however, the ocean as ...
A Monte Carlo simulation of the growth of Si(001)2×1: datom/SA step interactions and growth mechanisms

Abstract Results of a solid-on-solid lattice Monte Carlo simulation of the vapor phase epitaxial growth of Si(001)2×1 are described. Comparison of the simulations with published experimental results imply that adatoms are bound to type A surface steps with an energy of 0.1 ± 0.05 eV. There is apparently no significant barrier to adatom motion across the type A step. It is proposed that the motion of the type A step is nucleation limited while that of the type B step is controlled by the rate of attachment of adatoms to the step. The implications of this distinction are discussed. It is suggested that the effective critical nucleus size increases near both SA and SB steps because of coalescence with the SA steps and cluster disruption by vacancies produced at SB steps, respectively.
Genetic Interrelationships of Parturition Problems and Production

Data were 5091 calvings from 3904 cows for milk fever, retained placenta, mastitis within 48-h postpartum, calving difficulty, and 48-h calf livability collected from 27 large California dairies analyzed for genetic interrelationships among parturition problems. Heritability of each trait was small; however, retained placenta had large positive genetic correlations with milk fever (.34) and mastitis (.33). Adding difficulty-mortality classes to models to study genetic relationships of parturition problems had little effect on estimates but did influence incidence of parturition problems. With calving difficulty, incidence of milk fever increased by 4.9% and retained placenta by 5.3%. With calf mortality, milk fever increased by 4.4% and retained placenta by 13%. A combination of difficulty and mortality was related to a 9.6% increase of milk fever and a 20.2% increase of retained placenta. Genetic correlations of all problems with mature equivalent milk indicated that selection for increased production would be accompanied by lower incidence of retained placenta, 48-h mastitis, and milk fever. Genetic correlations of retained placenta with milk fever and 48-h mastitis were positive. Selection for increased milk yield should not increase incidence of parturition problems, and prescreening of bulls on parturition performance of daughters would be feasible.
Contouring Aspheric Surfaces Using Two-wavelength Phase-shifting Interferometry

Two-wavelength holography and phase-shifting interferometry are combined to measure the phase contours of deep wavefronts and surfaces, such as those produced by aspherics, with a variable sensitivity. When interference fringes are very closely spaced, the phase data contain high frequencies where 2 ~ ambiguities cannot be resolved. In this technique, the surface is tested at a synthesized longer equivalent wavelength. The phase of the wavefront is calculated modulo 2φ using phase-shifting techniques at each of two visible wavelengths. The difference between these two phase sets is the phase of the wavefront as it would be measured at λeq=λ1λ2/|λ1 − λ2 |, assuming that 2π ambiguities can be removed at λeq. This technique enables surfaces to be contoured to an accuracy of λeq/100.
An ingredient for the elixir of youth

Emerging evidence indicates that there are factors within the blood of young animals that have the ability to restore youthful characteristics to a number of organ systems in older animals. Growth/differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is the first of such factors to be identified, and two new studies demonstrate that this "factor of youth" rejuvenates stem cells found in the skeletal muscle and brain of aged mice.
Expression and Circular Dichroism Studies of the Extracellular Domain of the alpha Subunit of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

To provide material suitable for structural studies of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, we have expressed and purified the NH2-terminal extracellular domain of the mouse muscle alpha subunit. Several constructs were initially investigated using Xenopus oocytes as a convenient small scale expression system. A fusion protein (alpha210GPI) consisting of the 210 NH2-terminal amino acids of the alpha subunit and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchorage sequence conferred surface alpha-bungarotoxin binding in oocytes. Coexpression of alpha210GPI with an analogous construct made from the delta subunit showed no evidence of heterodimer formation. The alpha210GPI protein was chosen for large scale expression in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. The alpha210GPI protein was cleaved from these cells and purified on an immunoaffinity column. Gel and column chromatography show that the purified protein is processed as expected and exists as a monomer. The purified protein also retains the two distinct, conformation-specific binding sites expected for the correctly folded alpha subunit. Circular dichroism studies of alpha210GPI suggest that this region of the receptor includes considerable beta-sheet secondary structure, with a small proportion of alpha-helix.
Candidate materials for the positive current collector in sodium-sulfur cells—I. Ceramic oxides

Abstract Chromium oxides doped with various metal oxides and strontium doped lanthanum chromite perovskites were prepared, physically characterized and tested for their suitability as coating materials for positive current collectors in sodium-sulfur cells. All of the materials studied are corrosion resistant. Perovskites show the highest conductivities, whereas only the chromium oxides doped with lower valence metal cations indicated acceptably low resistivities. However, upon exposure to the melt the resistivity of all materials studied increased in time. This has been shown to be caused by the loss of electron hole carriers during sample equilibration with the low oxygen partial pressure in the melt. The rate of the loss of conductivity is sufficiently slow to make the perovskites and chromium oxides doped with lithia or magnesia usable as coating materials for positive current collectors in sodium-sulfur cells.
Facilitation of avoidance conditioning in mice by posttraining administration of Bemegride

Mice were given 50 massed training trials on an active avoidance task (wheel-turn response) on 3 successive days and one subsequent test session given 4 days later. Mice in different groups received I. P. injections of Bemegride (5, 10 or 15 mg/kg) or saline immediately after each training session. On 2nd and 3th day, as well as on the subsequent test given on 7th day, the avoidance responses of mice in the 10.0 and 15.0 mg/kg groups were significantly greater than those of the controls. The degree of facilitation was greatest in animals which performed poorly on the first training session. The findings suggest the drug effects on performance are due to enhancement of memory storage processes.
Serotonergic and antiserotonergic influences on amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior

Abstract 5-Hydroxytryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, was found to antagonize amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. The serotonin antagonist methysergide was found to potentiate amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior. This suggests that serotonin, acting as a neurotransmitter, can influence the effect of dopamine on striatal neurons and implies that serotonin may play a role in the physiology of the striatum. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the physiologic balance of the striatum involves serotonin as well as dopamine and acetylcholine. The possible implications of this hypothesis in several human extrapyramidal disorders are discussed.
Abstract 158: Sustained adrenergic signaling activates pro-inflammatory networks in ovarian carcinoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Purpose: To determine the role of adrenergic activation in driving tumor inflammation through COX-2/Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) axis as PGE2 is known to play an important role in the induction of a pro-inflammatory signature in the tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Methods We first analyzed global metabolic changes in tumors isolated from patients with known Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D; depressive) scores and tumoral norepinephrine (NE) levels. Beta-adrenergic receptor (ADRB) positive cells (Skov3 and HeyA8) were used to study mechanism at gene and protein levels of PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase2), PTGES (prostaglandin E synthase) and metabolite levels (all prostaglandins, PGs) in vitro and in vivo. Results Our results revealed that levels of PGs were significantly increased in patients with high CESD scores (>16). PGE2 was upregulated by 2.38 fold when compared to the low CES-D scores. A similar trend was also observed with other pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, such as 6-keto prostaglandin F1 Alpha (2.03), prostaglandin A2 (1.39) and prostaglandin E1 (1.39). Exposure to NE resulted in increased PTGS2 and PTGES (prostaglandin E2 synthase) gene expression in adrenergic receptor positive cell lines. Mass-spectroscopy analyses confirmed that upon treatment with NE and arachidonic acid (substrate), PGE2 levels were increased in conditioned medium from Skov3 cells. Treatment with a broad ADRB agonist (isoproterenol) or ADRB2 specific agonist (terbutaline) led to increases in expression of PTGS2 and PTGES. Conversely, treatment with a broad antagonist (propranolol) or an ADRB2 specific antagonist (butoxamine) in the presence of NE abrogated gene expression changes of PTGS2 and PTGES. Silencing PTGS2 resulted in significantly decreased migration (40%) and invasion (25%) of Skov3 and HeyA8 cells in the presence of NE. Importantly, silencing PTGS2 in a restraint stress orthotropic model decreased tumor burden by 70% and metastasis (tumor confined to the ovary) in Skov3-ip1 orthotopic mouse model as compared to control siRNA with restraint stress. Conclusion Increased adrenergic stimulation results in a pro-inflammatory milieu that drives tumor progression and metastasis. Citation Format: Archana S. Nagaraja, Guillermo Armaiz-Pena, Julie Allen, Nouara C. Sadaoui, Behrouz Zand, Peiying Yang, Lin Tan, Steve Cole, Susan Lutgendorf, Anil K. Sood. Sustained adrenergic signaling activates pro-inflammatory networks in ovarian carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 158. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-158
Capacitance studies of thermal equilibrium changes in n-type amorphous silicon

Abstract In this paper we investigate equilibrium changes in n-type amorphous silicon by means of capacitance-voltage measurements at varying frequencies. We show that both the density of shallow band tail charge as well as the dopant density are temperature dependent. Our results have been interpreted by means of a computer program enabling us to calculate the capacitance of thick Schottky barrier diodes based on a realistic density of states model for doped amorphous silicon. The computer modeling agrees well with the experimental data together with previously published results from sweep-out experiments.
Expression of Antigens by Cultured Epithelial Cells: Comparison of Epidermis and Thymic Epithelium

We have established long term in vitro cultures of human thymic epithelium and human epidermis free of contaminating fibroblasts. The cultured cells were examined using a panel of monoclonal antibodies which were raised against human thymic stroma and recognize tissue specific differentiation antigens of human epidermis and thymic epithelium. A subset of cultured epidermal cells (50%) and thymic epithelial cells (18%) expressed the TE-4 antigen characteristic of basal keratinocytes in skin and endocrine epithelium found in the subcapsular cortex and medulla of the thymus. Subpopulations of the cultured cells expressed the antigens detected by antibodies TE-8 and TE-15. In tissue sections antibodies TE-8 and TE-15 bound to the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum of skin and to the Hassall's bodies of thymus, and therefore recognize antigens characteristic of late stages of keratinized epithelial differentiation. In addition, a subset of thymic epithelial cells expressed the antigen detected by antibody TE-3 which is expressed by nonendocrine thymic epithelium found in the thymic cortex. Thus, in vitro cultures of both epidermal and thymic epithelial cells expressed the entire array of differentiation antigens detected by our panel of monoclonal antibodies. This approach can be used to evaluate the role of components of the thymic microenvironment at various stages of differentiation on developing T lymphocytes. In addition, the cultured epidermal cells can be used to evaluate epidermis as a site of extrathymic T cell maturation.
The Yeast Iron Regulatory Proteins Grx3/4 and Fra2 Form Heterodimeric Complexes Containing a [2Fe-2S] Cluster with Cysteinyl and Histidyl Ligation

The transcription of iron uptake and storage genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is primarily regulated by the transcription factor Aft1. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Aft1 is dependent upon mitochondrial Fe-S cluster biosynthesis via a signaling pathway that includes the cytosolic monothiol glutaredoxins (Grx3 and Grx4) and the BolA homologue Fra2. However, the interactions between these proteins and the iron-dependent mechanism by which they control Aft1 localization are unclear. To reconstitute and characterize components of this signaling pathway in vitro, we have overexpressed yeast Fra2 and Grx3/4 in Escherichia coli. We have shown that coexpression of recombinant Fra2 with Grx3 or Grx4 allows purification of a stable [2Fe-2S]2+ cluster-containing Fra2-Grx3 or Fra2-Grx4 heterodimeric complex. Reconstitution of a [2Fe-2S] cluster on Grx3 or Grx4 without Fra2 produces a [2Fe-2S]-bridged homodimer. UV−visible absorption and CD, resonance Raman, EPR, ENDOR, Mossbauer, and EXAFS studies of [2Fe-2S] Grx3/4...
Functional trait assembly through ecological and evolutionary time

A classic community assembly hypothesis is that all guilds must be represented before additional species from any given guild enter the community. We conceptually extend this hypothesis to continuous functional traits, refine the hypothesis with an eco-evolutionary model of interaction network community assembly, and compare the resultant continuous trait assembly rule to empirical data. Our extension of the “guild assembly rule” to continuous functional traits was rejected, in part, because the eco-evolutionary model predicted trait assembly to be characterized by the expansion of trait space and trait/species sorting within trait space. Hence, the guild rule may not be broadly applicable. A “revised” assembly rule did, however, emerge from the eco-evolutionary model: as communities assemble, the range in trait values will increase to a maximum and then remain relatively constant irrespective of further changes in species richness. This rule makes the corollary prediction that the trait range will, on average, be a saturating function of species richness. To determine if the assembly rule is at work in natural communities, we compared this corollary prediction to empirical data. Consistent with our assembly rule, trait “space” (broadly defined) commonly saturates with species richness. Our assembly rule may thus represent a general constraint placed on community assembly. In addition, taxonomic scale similarly influences the predicted and empirically observed relationship between trait “space” and richness. Empirical support for the model’s predictions suggests that studying continuous functional traits in the context of eco-evolutionary models is a powerful approach for elucidating general processes of community assembly.
Investigation of anion-exchange and immunoaffinity particle-loaded membranes for the isolation of charged organic analytes from water

Anion-exchange and immunoaffinity particle loaded membranes (PLMs) were investigated as a mechanism for the isolation of charged organic analytes from water. Kinetic properties determined theoretically included dynamic capacity, pressure drop (ΔP), residence and diffusion times (Tr, Td), and total membrane porosity (eT). These properties were confirmed through experimental evaluation, and the PLM method showed significant improvement over conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ion-exchange formats. Recoveries of more than 90% were observed for a variety of test compounds at flow rates up to 70 mL/min (equipment-limited maximum flow rate). A fast-flow immunoaffinity column was developed using antibodies (Abs) attached to the PLMs. Reproducible recoveries (88% ± 4%) were observed at flow rates up to 70 mL/min for the antibody (Ab)-loaded PLMs. Findings indicate increased selectivity over anion-exchange PLMs and conventional SPE or ion-exchange methods and rapid Ab−antigen binding rates given the exce...
DYNA — A HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATOR FOR TWO‐VALLEY SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

A hydrodynamic semiconductor device simulator, DYNA, is introduced. A new relaxation time evaluation scheme for two‐valley semiconductors is proposed to account for the dependence of the electron mobility on the impurity scattering. Some robust solution methods are used in the simulator for treating the highly nonlinear system of equations. The simulation results for a nonuniformly‐doped GaAs MESFET are also shown.
On the spectral radius of positive operators

Professor J.J. Grobler has kindly pointed out to us that Theorems 4.4 and 5.3 in our paper [1] are false as stated and need correction. The error in the proofs is the tacit claim that T is a nonzero positive operator. To avoid this situation, we need to add the minor extra assumption T 2 4= 0, which is automatically satisfied in all places where Theorems 4.4 or 5.3 are invoked. Therefore, all results in [1] on the positivity of the spectral radius are correct as stated. We follow the terminology and notation of [1] and start by stating and proving the correct version of Theorem 4.4.
Intraspecific density mediates sex-change in the territorial patellacean limpet Lottia gigantea

The effects of intraspecific density and agonistic interactions on sex-change were studied in the territorial limpet Lottia gigantea. In a one-year field experiment (1982–1983) on San Nicolas Island off the southern California coast, USA, male limpets transplanted to large enclosures changed sex more frequently than those transplanted to small enclosures (9 of 13 vs 1 of 10; p=0.013), indicating that intraspecific density can profoundly influence the probability of sex change. Large limpets were more likely to change sex than small ones. Observations of gender-age distributions as well as field behavior suggested that each limpet's territorial status prior to the experiment may have been an important component of this size effect, although other interpretations including an effect of age are possible. Pooling the results with those of two previous studies confirmed that sex-change is enhanced by low density. This enhancement was observed among the largest members of a local population in the first year of each experiment, while among the smaller members the enhancement was delayed until the second or third year. Low density may be a correlate of high mortality, and therefore an adaptive cue for an earlier age of sex change. Dominant territorial status correlates with an individual's size, and therefore egg-producing capacity, relative to its neighbors, and thus may also be a good cue for the initiation of sex-change.
Safety consciousness: Assignments that expand focus beyond the bedside

In order to stimulate safety consciousness beyond the bedside, a series of meaningful, practice-based learning activities were devised that compel students in a baccalaureate nursing program to consider safety issues beyond the obvious concerns at the point of care. The assignments emphasize systems level thinking and process evaluation of facility characteristics, team communication, and unit based improvement campaigns. Reflective components engage students in evaluation of their comfort level with being an agent of change, the climate for change on their unit, and their confidence in delegation and communication skills. Through these assignments, students demonstrated integration of concepts from lecture (change theory, systems theory, quality improvement, and process evaluation) and achievement of Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competencies. The reflective components stimulated critical reflection of practice. Examples of student responses are included in this article.
Bead formation near the contact line in forced spreading

When a plate is dragged out of a pool of non-wetting liquid, the meniscus that results has a bead near the contact line. The problem can be formulated under the lubrication theory approximation. The solution to this problem exists and shows that a bead will form. However, this solution is not valid at its two ends. Near the contact line a separate solution, the inner expansion, is constructed and matched to the base case. At the other end where the meniscus blends into the pool of liquid, it is argued that the meniscus shape is given by the equilibrium profile where gravity is important. This is the outer solution and it is also matched to the base case. The matching provides for the overall solution and the values of the unknown parameters in the base case in terms of the equilibrium contact angle, slip length and gravity are obtained. The matched solution is confined to large equilibrium contact angles and the absolute value of the meniscus height remains unknown. Two results are that the non-existence of the solution is shown to be the wetting case, in contrast to the earlier view that it represented the general condition of entrainment for non-wetting liquids. Further, the issues of how to determine the dynamic contact angles are resolved as the profile shape is known. It is important to note that among methods that relate dynamic contact angles to the capillary number, none of them use a good solution for the film profile to greater or lesser extent. Some differences among standard methods emerge.
Particle acceleration by coronal and interplanetary shock waves

Utilizing many years of observation from deep space and near-earth spacecraft a theoretical understanding has evolved on how ions and electrons are accelerated in interplanetary shock waves. This understanding is now being applied to solar flare-induced shock waves propagating through the solar atmosphere. Such solar flare phenomena as gamma-ray line and neutron emissions, interplanetary energetic electron and ion events, and Type II and moving Type IV radio bursts appear understandable in terms of particle acceleration in shock waves.
Physical activity, BMI and cancer prevention in urban adults

Background Developing countries are undergoing epidemiological transitions with increasing prevalence of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) particularly cancers. In many African countries, poor lifestyle choices including dietary patterns, lack of physical activity and weight gain contribute to the risk factors of many cancers. In this study, we evaluated physical activity, carbohydrate intake and anthropometric measurements in an urbanized Nigerian population. Our objective was to measure the prevalent lifestyle, as well as develop and disseminate adequate educational strategies based on our findings, to alleviate the problem in the population.
The Politics of Publishing Oral Sources From the Mara Region, Tanzania

The intense scholarly debate concerning the shift from orality to literacy has not often directly concerned African historians in spite of the fact that many work closely with oral sources. In the process of publishing a series of locally-written histories, I discovered that transforming oral tradition into written form is ultimately political. It raised a number of important ethical dilemmas for me as a scholar and brought to my attention the power relations inherent in these transactions. Oral knowledge and its transformation is not neutral or entirely benevolent. I found out that the change from an oral to a written knowledge base takes power out of the hands of community elders and puts it into the public domain, where literate men have the advantage and where community security may be vulnerable. As scholars we need to face our own involvement in these political processes, even if we cannot ultimately control them.
Inter- and intra-specific interactions of Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister, 1843) and Octolasion lacteum (Örley, 1881) (Lumbricidae) and the implication for C cycling

Abstract Earthworms are important engineering species of many terrestrial ecosystems as they play a significant role in regulating C turnover. The effects of earthworms on moderating C decomposition processes differ across species and with interactions between species, which is not fully understood. We carried out an experiment to study the interactions of Lumbricus rubellus and Octolasion lacteum, and their effects on soil respiration. Laboratory mesocosms were set up using tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) leaf litter and varying densities of earthworms in single and combined species treatments. CO2 efflux rate was used as an indicator of C decomposition rates, and measured with CO2 sensors every five days over one month. L. rubellus induced higher leaf consumption rate and higher CO2 efflux than O. lacteum; meanwhile O. lacteum grew more than L. rubellus. Both litter consumption rate and growth rate of earthworms decreased with increasing earthworm density. Soil CO2 efflux increased with increasing earthworm density (from ∼1–2 μg CO2 g−1 hr−1 with no earthworms to ∼ 4 μg CO2 g−1 hr−1 with 8 earthworms). Combining the two species had a synergistic effect on leaf litter consumption, and neutralizing effects on soil respiration. The data suggest that the strength of intra- and inter-specific interactions among earthworm ecological groups varies at different absolute and relative densities, leading to altered leaf litter decomposition and C cycling.
Evaluation of substation bus schemes considering reliability

The substations' bus schemes used by Taiwan usually adopted “one and a half breaker” for 345kV system, “double bus” for 69/161kV system and “single bus with tie” for 22/11kV distribution system. This is considering both of the investment costs and reliability of electricity supply. Due to expansion plan of substation and the increasing concern of power supply reliability, considering a more suitable bus scheme for the modern substation is important. Some power companies in other countries apply double bus or ring type bus schemes for their distribution systems. Therefore, the benefit and suitability of different distribution bus schemes for Taiwan is worth to further analysis and study. The main objective of this paper is to build a reliability model and evaluation approach under different bus schemes. Therefore, the impact of a variety of distribution substations and feeder bus schemes on the load-point reliability index can be evaluated through the derivation of the distribution system reliability model. Finally, reliability evaluation approach is developed to fully evaluate the feasibility of different bus schemes for substation design and provide recommendations that considering reliability issues for the future planning of Taiwan and references for other power utilities
The Need to Feed: Urban Metabolic Struggles of Actually Existing Radical Projects:

Cities are a locus for struggles over the ability for historically marginalized groups to feed themselves. These stratified spaces represent a distinct expression of the conventional agrifood syste...
Toward a dynamic generic framework of apologia: A case study of Dow chemical, Vietnam, and the napalm controversy

This study argues that the genre of apologia has distinct situational, substantive, and stylistic factors that are dynamically related. A dynamic theoretical framework using these three factors is proposed and used to analyze the protracted apologia of the Dow Chemical Company from 1966‐1969 in response to charges by antiwar protesters of immorality for producing napalm. Dow's rhetorical choices become much clearer when seen through the clear, serious, unprecedented, and diffuse accusatory climate that precipitated the adoption of a self actualized motive and an argumentative battle on the grounds of jurisdiction. Special constraints that corporate apologists may face as nonpersons are advanced to complete the configuration of this dynamic generic framework.
The Metaphysics of Consciousness and the Hermeneutics of Social Life: Hegel's Phenomenological System

Utilisant l'argument hegelien de la transformation de la perception en comprehension dans la «Phenomenologie de l'esprit», d'une part, et appliquant la dialectique de la relation absolue dans la «Science de la logique», d'autre part, l'A. developpe un argument transcendantal afin de montrer que la disparite entre la forme que prend notre experience et les concepts que nous utilisons pour la decrire trace un chemin dialectique entre les differentes doctrines metaphysiques d'Aristote, Spinoza et Leibniz qui aboutit au systeme phenomenologique de Hegel, dont la cloture metaphysique pose la condition meme de notre ouverture a autrui dans le cadre d'une hermeneutique de la vie sociale
Effect of altitude upon 1968 Olympic Games running performances.

The record running times of Mexico City Olympic Games gold medal winners (men and women) were plotted against the pre-October 1968 records, showing that performances for short distances were better at mid-altitude, while for long distances the performances were better at low elevations.
Quantitative autoradiography of angiotensin II receptors in the rat solitary-vagal area: effects of nodose ganglionectomy or sinoaortic denervation.

Abstract The experiments reported here were designed to examine whether angiotensin II (AII) receptors in the rat solitary-vagal area (SVA) are associated with the neuronal components of the baroreceptor reflex. AII receptors were characterized both in membrane preparations from the rat brainstem and by in vitro autoradiography using the radiolabeled AII antagonist [125I]Sar1, Ile8-AII ([125I] SI- AII). Saturation analysis of [125I]SI-AII binding to membrane preparations from rat brainstem indicated binding to two high affinity sites (Kd1 0.32 nM and Bmax1 5.10fmol/mg protein, Kd2 0.99 nM and Bmax2 7.94fmol/mg protein). The rank order competition by unlabeled angiotensin peptides (SI-AII>AII>AIII>AI) in both membrane preparations and by quantitative autoradiography was consistent with the labeling of the brain AII receptor. Autoradiography of the [125I]SI-AII binding in sections through the SVA revealed that the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) were heavily labeled. Bilateral sinoaortic denervation, which disrupts primary baroreceptor afferents, resulted in a small decrease in [125I]SI-AII binding in the rostral and intermediate NTS and DMV. Unilateral nodose ganglionectomy, which disrupts completely the vagal afferent input to the NTS and produces retrograde degeneration of the vagal efferent neurons in the DMV, resulted in a marked decrease in [125I]SI-AII binding at all levels of the ipsilateral NTS and 56% decrease within the ipsilateral DMV. These results indicate that AII receptors within the SVA are distributed heterogeneously, with a large portion associated with vagal afferent fibers in the NTS and vagal efferent neurons of the DMV, and a small but significant portion associated with baroreceptor afferents. The majority of AII receptors in the NTS, however, were not affected by these surgical interventions and therefore appear to be located interneurons or non-vagal afferents in the NTS.
The FtsZ protofilament and attachment of ZipA—structural constraints on the FtsZ power stroke

Bacterial cell division protein FtsZ forms protofilaments in vitro that can shift from a straight to a curved conformation. The inside of the curved protofilaments, which corresponds to the carboxyl terminus, should face the center of the cell as curvature increases during constriction of the Z-ring. ZipA, a membrane-tethered division protein, binds to a highly conserved short peptide on the carboxyl terminus of FtsZ. A model is proposed here for how membrane-bound ZipA can reach around the FtsZ protofilament to bind the carboxy-terminal peptide, which faces away from the membrane.
Collaboration operations: ensuring success

Summary form only given. Collaboration services promise to improve the engagement and effectiveness of humans across geospatial, temporal, and organizational boundaries. However there also are many examples of collaboration failures. This article describes several successful deployments of state of the art collaboration environments and exemplifies and demonstrates the use of collaboration services to enhance team endeavors. We highlight both synchronous and asynchronous collaboration services such as conferencing (audio, video, text), data and application sharing, and workflow management and describe more sophisticated services including expertise location, translingual chat, and meeting transcription/summarization. We describe successful collaboration deployments in several domains including joint air operations, intelligence, and coalition operations. Operational outcomes have included dramatic effects such as a doubling the level of situational awareness, cutting in half the time to perform operations, significantly reducing forward deployed personnel, and transforming serial operations into parallel ones. Video and pictures from real world operations will highlight both enablers of and impediments to successful collaboration. This article does not evaluate or recommend any specific tools, rather report experiences and lessons learned from over a decade of experience with multiple collaboration environments in operational settings. We summarize key lessons learned and outline collaboration best practices that promise to increase the likelihood of successful collaboration. This includes efforts that address technology, process, and culture challenges that ensure successful awareness, information sharing, joint action, and, ultimately, goal alignment. We introduce a collaboration Capability Maturity Model (C-CMM) that describes key elements underlying collaboration process maturity
Leveraging complexity in software for cybersecurity

A method for assessing statistically quantifiable improvements in security for software vulnerabilities is presented. Drawing on concepts in complexity theory, undecidability, and previous work in high-reliability systems, we show that ensembles of similar implementations have statistical value even though each by itself is inscrutable. Research questions are identified that may allow practical application of these concepts.
Characterization of a Glucocorticosteroid-Induced Inhibitor of Interferon-Gamma Induction of HLA-DR Expression

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) induces human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR antigen expression on a variety of cell types, and in human skin cells this induction is inhibited by trypsin inhibitors. Recently a trypsin-like protease was characterized whose activity is required for HLA-DR induction in a hybrid epidermal cell line. Glucocorticosteroids also inhibit IFN-gamma-induced HLA-DR expression, and similarities have been noted between the inhibition by trypsin inhibitors and by glucocorticosteroids. To assess the possibility that glucocorticosteroid inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced HLA-DR expression might be due to induction of an inhibitor of trypsin activity that is re-expression, we examined culture medium supernates (CM) of glucocorticosteroid-treated cells for HLA-DR- and trypsin-inhibitory activities. We report here that CM of glucocorticosteroid-treated H12 cells contain inhibitors of HLA-DR expression and of trypsin activity, but that the two inhibitors are not identical. H12 cells constitutively secrete a greater than 30,000 MW, acid- and heat-stable trypsin inhibitor, whose expression is not modulated by glucocorticosteroid or IFN-gamma, and that does not inhibit IFN-gamma-induced HLA-DR expression. The HLA-DR inhibitor, on the other hand, is present only in CM of glucocorticosteroid-treated cells, is distinct from glucocorticosteroid itself, of a MW less than 500 and does not inhibit trypsin. We conclude, therefore, that the glucocorticosteroid inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced HLA-DR expression is by a mechanism other than secretion of a trypsin inhibitor.
An Evaluation of Mark–Recapture Estimates of Black Crappie Population Size Determined by Trap-Netting during Fall and Spring in Minnesota Lakes

Abstract We evaluated mark–recapture population estimates of black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus 200 mm and longer made with trap-net catches during fall or spring in eight Minnesota lakes (18–168 ha). We estimated population size N during fall by use of marking and recapture in fall (FF estimates) and marking in fall and recapture during the following spring (FS estimates). We estimated spring N by use of marking and recapture after ice-out in early spring (ES estimates) and marking after ice-out and recapture during late spring (LS estimates). The FF and ES estimates were multiple-census estimates, whereas the FS and LS estimates were two-census estimates even though sampling occurred over many days. The most precise estimates were the LS estimates (median 95% confidence limits (CLs) were within 36% of 1/N), and FF estimates were least precise (median 95% CLs were within 51% of 1/N) among sampling scenarios. The median trap-net effort needed to achieve 95% CLs within 25% of 1/N estimates ranged from 1...
GM1 ganglioside restores dopaminergic neurochemical and morphological markers in aged rats.

Abstract The monosialoganglioside GM1 exerts neurotrophic-like activity in vitro and in vivo . In particular, it improves cholinergic neuron morphology and chemistry and learning abilities of cognitively impaired aged rats and young animals with cholinergic lesions, and restores neurochemical, pharmacological, morphological and behavioral parameters in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Our studies present evidence that GM1 reverses dopaminergic deficits in the nigrostriatal neurons of aged rats. GM1 administered to aged Sprague–Dawley rats for 30 days reversed the decreased activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in the midbrain and striatum, elevated the reduced protein content and mRNA levels of the enzyme in the midbrain, and reversed the decrements of dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid content in both the midbrain and striatum. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity of the midbrain, but not of the striatum, remained elevated for 15 days after discontinuing GM1. The count profiles of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neurons, the size of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive neurons and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunopositive fibers were decreased in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area of aged rats. GM1 corrected the morphology of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and partially improved it in the ventral tegmental area. These findings support the notion that the aged striatal dopaminergic neurons respond to GM1, and strengthen the utility of using this compound for combating age-associated neuronal deficits.