cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Control of Variable Speed Wind Turbines With Switching Across Operating Regimes

One of the key control problems associated with variable speed wind turbine systems is maximization of energy extraction when operating below the rated wind speed and power regulation when operating above the rated wind speed. In this paper, we approach these problems from a nonlinear systems perspective. For below rated wind speeds we adopt existing work appearing in the literature and provide further insight into the characteristics of the resulting equilibrium points of the closed-loop system. For above rated wind speeds, we propose a nonlinear controller and analyze the stability property of the resulting equilibria. We also propose a method for switching between the two operating regimes that ensures continuity of control input at the transition point. The control laws are verified using a wind turbine model with a standard turbulent wind speed profile that spans both operating regimes.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Data Analyis System Design for Lidar Experimentation

A Web-based Lidar Experimentation and Data Analysis System (LEDAS) was developed, with support from a National Science Foundation award, to support resource sharing of lidar equipment, datasets and data analysis routines and collaboration between members of the Connecticut State University System (CSUS) Lidar Collaboratory. The system allows users at different geographical locations to conduct remote sensing research and education over the Web through remote access and control of a single shared lidar system and Web-based data analysis. Users need not have any specialized instrumentation or software at their institutions, thereby making real remote sensing research available to students and faculty from institutions which may not have the internal budgets for such facilities. An original structure providing basic functionality was developed and implemented. This paper describes the second generation data analysis system which provides significant new enhancements and capabilities.
Individual Distance in Crustacea

The effects of density and environmental complexity on distance of separation when agonistic acts were executed were studied in the spider crab Microphrys bicornutus. Crabs were held at one of two densities and either in a simple (no structural complexity) or complex environment (rocks added to the aquarium). Behavior patterns and the distances at which they were executed were observed in a neutral container. Analysis of the 580 behavior-distance measurements indicated effects of both density and environmental complexity.
Implementing the National Academy's Vision and Strategy for Toxicity Testing: Opportunities and Challenges Under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act

In 2007, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council (NRC), issued the report Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. This report, which was commissioned by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), called for the U.S. EPA to develop a new approach for how this agency evaluates the toxicity of compounds. The report recommended that the agency move from its current testing system, which is based largely on traditional toxicology, to a testing system that is based primarily on human cell lines and in vitro systems. Successful implementation of the report's vision and strategy will require that scientists, lawyers, and policymakers work together to bridge the gap among disciplines. An important step in building this bridge requires an analysis of the U.S. legal system that frames toxicity testing. If the U.S. laws, regulations, and policies erect barriers that would prevent or impede the U.S. EPA adoption of the NRC vision and strategy, it is important to ide...
Changes in pH and blood flow induced by glucose, and their effects on hyperthermia with or without BCNU in RIF-1 tumours.

The changes in pH and blood flow of tumours caused by hyperglycaemia, and their effects on hyperthermia with BCNU, were investigated using RIF-1 tumours which grew intradermally in the thigh of C3H mice. The pH of the tumour was measured by inserting a microelectrode into the tumour. The blood flow in the tumour was estimated by flow cytometry from the uptake of the bisbenzamide fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 into the tumour. Administration of glucose resulted in a transient drop of both pH and blood flow of the tumour. The change in blood flow appeared earlier than that in pH. The response of the tumour to heat was enhanced by the administration of glucose in a time-and dose-dependent fashion, and closely correlated to the change in tumour pH. Glucose administration reduced the cytotoxicity of BCNU. This can be explained by the inhibitory effect of glucose on tumour blood flow. The effect of BCNU was enhanced by hyperthermia. This combined effect of heat and BCNU was further enhanced by the addition of gluco...
Effect of nutrition and body composition on bone density after liver transplantation.

Abstract We investigated the relationship between nutrition, body composition, and bone mineral density (BMD) in young adults after liver transplantation. Method A cross-sectional study involving bone densitometry, anthropometry, and detailed food and lifestyle questionnaires. Results Of 37 patients recruited, 26 were male. The mean age was 38.8 (±12.3) years, and the posttransplant period was 7.5 (±5.1) years (range 1.3–16.4). A significant proportion of patients (23 [62%]) were overweight (BMI 25–29.9) or obese (BMI ≥30). A total of 20 (54%) patients were osteopenic, and four (11%) had osteoporosis (lumbar spine or total body BMD). Lean mass showed a statistically significant correlation with lumbar spine and total body BMD in men and women, the most significant being bone mineral content, r = 0.66, P = .01. The correlation was stronger in females ( r = 0.81, P r = 0.56, P Conclusion Osteopenia determined by lumbar spine BMD underestimates poor BMD in our population of young adults after liver transplant. Maintaining muscle mass may be helpful in preserving BMD. The effect of a limited intake of magnesium needs further investigation.
Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: The University of Virginia Experience

This article summarizes our approach to the management of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injuries treated at the University of Virginia. A thoughtful methodology of treating patients with PCL injuries is essential to guarantee accurate diagnoses, appropriate triage into nonsurgical or surgical options, and optimal rehabilitation outcomes. In most patients, concomitant injuries provide a challenge and determine the selected therapeutic options. With advanced surgical techniques in PCL reconstruction, we have embraced the in-lay technique to achieve our preferred graft position. Furthermore, our rehabilitation protocols have emphasized early prone passive range of motion. Our clinical results have been promising and characterized with the help of advanced gait analyses. We encourage those involved in the treatment of ligamentous knee injuries to participate in well-designed clinical studies to enhance evidence-based knowledge regarding the therapeutic options for PCL injuries.
Rare Case of Duplication Cyst was Misdiagnosed as Pancreatic Pseudocyst

A 7-year-old boy presents with a history of recurrent pancreatitis. His abdominal pain started in 2007, but his first episode of pancreatitis was in January 2010. Since that time has had at least five known episodes of pancreatitis with mild elevation of his amylase and lipase (range: 200 - 300). There is no history of abdominal trauma and he had negative genetic testing for the hereditary pancreatitis (CFTR, PRSS1, and SPINK1 gene mutations). He had numerous imaging studies revealing a persistent cystic lesion near the pancreatic head, since his first episode of pancreatitis. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed thick-walled U-shaped cystic structure lying between the head of the pancreas, the inferior gastric antrum and the proximal descending duodenum. An abdominal US demonstrated a bi-lobed thick-walled cystic mass with a positive rim sign. Recurrent pancreatitis is uncommon in pediatric patients. Causes of recurrent pancreatitis in pediatrics are different than those in adults. While hereditary pancreatitis is one of the causes, the genetic testing was negative and there was no sign of pancreatic injury or inflammation in any of the images. Pancreatic pseudocyst is a complication of acute pancreatitis and usually has a thin wall instead of a thick wall, and it’s unlikely to be present during the first episode of pancreatitis. Foregut duplication cyst is a rare (about 1 in 4,500) congenital anomaly that can happen anywhere throughout the GI tract. The US finding of a rim sign is a typical appearance of a duplication cyst and usually is managed by surgical resection. Even though foregut duplication is a rare congenital anomaly, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of cases of chronic pancreatis, especially with the presence of thick walled cystic formation on imaging studies. J Med Cases. 2013;4(5):316-317 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/jmc1181w
Essay: A national ocean governance strategy for the United States is needed now

Although the United States has one of the most complex bodies of ocean law and policy in place, it has yet to develop a national ocean governance strategy to achieve sustainable development of the U.S. ocean. The commentary reviews the need for, goals, and critical elements of such a strategy, outlines the steps involved in creating the strategy, and reviews various options for beginning the work on the National Ocean Governance Strategy.
Politics, Economics, and Health Services in Rural Oaxaca, Mexico

Underdeveloped nations around the world are actively promoting programs which are said to be improving the health status of their disadvantaged populations. Recently created government health services in Mexico are being provided free of charge for millions of rural inhabitants. However, the beneficiaries must help build and maintain their local clinic, without pay. Moreover, the federal government may require (but has not yet) all "covered" household heads to donate ten days' labor for their clinic each year, which would substantially increase their costs for these "free" health services. Fieldwork among Oaxaca's highland Chinantec during 1980-1982 shows that local political considerations counterbalance villagers' dissatisfaction with the health services, and would likely compel the villagers to work the ten days rather than risk losing their clinic. This paper's political economic analysis of Mexico's recent rural health program includes broad structural considerations as well as village-level factors....
Growth and pruning of mushroom body Kenyon cell dendrites during worker behavioral development in the paper wasp, Polybia aequatorialis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Adult workers of some social insect species show dramatic behavioral changes as they pass through a sequence of task specializations. In the paper wasp, Polybia aequatorialis, female workers begin adult life within the nest tending brood, progress to maintaining and defending the nest exterior, and ultimately leave the nest to forage. The mushroom body (MB) calyx neuropil increases in volume as workers progress from in-nest to foraging tasks. In other social Hymenoptera (bees and ants), MB Kenyon cell dendrites, axons and synapses change with the transition to foraging, but these neuronal effects had not been studied in wasps. Furthermore, the on-nest worker of Polybia wasps, an intermediate task specialization not identified in bees or ants, provides the opportunity to study pre-foraging worker class transitions. We asked whether Kenyon cell dendritic arborization varies with the task specialization of Polybia workers observed in the field near Monteverde, Costa Rica. Golgi-impregnated arbors in the lip and collar calyces, which receive a predominance of olfactory and visual input, respectively, were quantified using Sholl’s concentric circles and a novel application of virtual spherical probes. Arbors of the lip varied in a manner reminiscent of honeybees, with foragers having the largest and in-nest workers having the smallest arbors. In contrast, arbors of the collar were largest in foragers but smallest in on-nest workers. Thus, progression through task specializations in P. aequatorialis involves subregion specific dendritic growth and regression in the MB neuropil. These results may reflect the sensitivity of Kenyon cell dendritic structure to specialization dependent social and sensory experience.
A study to Determine the Toxicity of Fumaric Acid

Data are given on the effects of administering small amounts of fumaric acid to rats, guinea pigs, and human subjects daily for prolonged periods of time and to rats in larger doses for short periods. The results of the study described indicate a low degree of toxicity for fumaric acid and sodium fumarate. The possibility of using fumaric acid in place of tartaric acid in foods and drugs is suggested.
Determination of the Fe-rich portion of the Fe-Ni-S phase diagram

The low-temperature, Fe-rich portion of the Fe-Ni-S phase diagram was determined from Fe-Ni-S alloys (2.5,5,10,20, and 30 wt.% Ni, 10 wt % S, balance Fe) heat treated at 100 °C intervals from 900 to 300 °C. The microstructure and microchemistry of the phases in the heat treated Fe-Ni-S alloys were studied using a high-resolution field-emission gun (FEG) scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), and analytical electron microscope (AEM). Tieline compositions were obtained by determining the average phase composition and by measuring compositional profiles across interphase interfaces with the EPMA and AEM. At 600 °C and below, at least one phase was <1 Μm in size requiring the use of the AEM for analysis. The measured α + FeS, γ+ FeS, and α + γ + FeS boundaries in the Fe-rich corner of the Fe-Ni-S isotherms are consistent with previous studies. However, two new phases were observed for the first time coexisting with γ and FeS phases: FeNiγ′′ (∼52 wt.% Ni) at 600 and 500 °C and Ni 3 Fe, ordered Ll 2,γ′ (∼64 wt.% Ni) at 400 °C. New ternary isotherms are given at 600,500, and 400 °C that include the newly determined γ+γ′′ + FeS and the γ + γ′ + FeS three-phase fields. The effects of S on the phase boundaries of the α + γ phase field and the application of the Fe-Ni-S phase diagram to explain the microstructure and microchemistry of the metallic phases of stony meteorites are also discussed.
Effects of population size on performance and inbreeding depression in Lupinus perennis

We investigated the relationships among population size, offspring performance, and inbreeding depression (δ) in Lupinus perennis by examining the effect of population size category (large vs. small) on seed production and offspring performance for three pollination treatments (open pollination, hand crossing and hand selfing). In each of our four pairs of populations, one member of the pair was substantially larger than the other. We then grew seeds from this factorial design (2 sizes × 4 pairs × 3 pollination treatments) in the greenhouse to investigate whether population size affects offspring performance in a common environment, and how small size affects purging of the inbreeding load. Multiplicative performance across four early life-stage components (seed production, seedling emergence, seedling survival and seedling growth) of smaller populations was not significantly lower, although biomass of seedlings declined in smaller populations. Self-pollination reduced seed production, seedling emergence and seedling growth, reflecting substantial inbreeding depression (δ = 0.404 ± 0.043). Population size categories did not consistently differ in levels of inbreeding depression, suggesting that purging of genetic load in smaller populations has been limited, and that all populations still harbor inbreeding load. We also found a significant decrease in log performance with increases in the population inbreeding coefficient. These results indicate that even in seemingly large populations, lupines are susceptible to considerable fitness declines through both inbreeding load within populations, and drift load via genetic erosion and fixation of deleterious alleles between populations.
The Use Of Multilayer Diffraction Gratings In The Determination Of X-Ray, Soft X-Ray, And Vuv Elemental Scattering Cross-Sections

The dispersion of light by multilayer combined microstructure diffraction gratings is affected by the scattering cross-sections of the elements used to synthesize the multilayer. This effect will be analytically evaluated, and the results of model calculations for spectral regions of interest presented. Experimental results for these domains will also be presented and compared with data from the literature and with the results of modelling calculations.
Heterochronic differences of Hoxa-11 expression in Xenopus fore- and hind limb development: Evidence for lower limb identity of the anuran ankle bones

The wrist (carpus) and ankle (tarsus) of most tetrapods, as well as the wrist of anurans, contains relatively small nodular skeletal elements. The anuran tarsus, however, comprises a pair of long bones, the proximal tarsals tibiale and fibulare, which resemble the lower leg bones, tibia and fibula (zeugopodium). In this paper we investigate whether the proximal tarsals of Xenopus are of zeugopodial character identity, i.e. whether they develop under the influence of the same genes that pattern the lower limb. We compare Hoxa-11 expression in the forelimb bud with that in the hind limb bud by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Hoxa-11 has been implicated in the development of the lower limb. In Xenopus we note three differences between Hoxa-11 expression in fore- and hind limb buds: (1) Hoxa-11 expression is maintained until the hind limb bud reaches a larger size (2 mm) than that of the forelimb bud (1.5 mm); (2) Hoxa-11 expression is maintained over larger spatial domains than in the forelimb; and (3) Hoxa-11 expression has a pronounced posterior polarity in the hind limb, but not in the forelimb. Hind limb expression of Hoxa-11 can be understood as a heterochronic prolonging of the expression dynamic in the forelimb. Finally we found that the proximal tarsals start to develop within the expression domain of Hoxa-11, while in the forelimb the lower arm elements reach the distal expression limit of Hoxa-11. The gene expression data presented here support the notion of a zeugopodial identity of the proximal tarsal elements in Xenopus.
MACRONUCLEAR GENETICS OF TETRAHYMENA I. RANDOM DISTRIBUTION OF MACRONUCLEAR GENE COPIES IN T. PYRIFORMIS, SYNGEN 1

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to test the idea that the macronuclear (somatic) genetic information is randomly distributed at each cell division in Tetrahymena pyriformis , syngen 1. We took advantage of a quick and reliable test for the detection of stable vegetative segregants in clones heterozygous for ts2 , a heat-sensitive mutation. Clones that originated from cells inferred to contain very few (1-3) copies of the ts2 + allele in their macronuclei were selected for pedigree analysis. Experimental results were compared with the results of a computer simulation of the experiment. Our results are fully consistent with the predictions of the Allen-Nanney-Schensted model concerning the replication and distribution of functional gene copies. This model proposes that the macronucleus contains many functional copies of a given gene that are duplicated once during the cell cycle and are randomly distributed to the two-daughter nuclei. Our work has provided a more sensitive test of the assumption of randomness than was previously available. Our evidence for complete randomness suggests that 45, the effective number of macronuclear gene copies previously inferred from the segregation rate, indeed represents the actual number of copies. This conclusion, coupled with previously available evidence that the macronucleus is approximately 45-ploid, suggests that the segregating genetic units in the macronucleus are in effect haploid. This appears to remove the need to postulate inter-allelic repression to account for the phenomenon of phenotypic assortment. Our results, as well as those of others, also are inconsistent with any simple form of the master-slave hypothesis of Allen and Gibson.
A Study of Data Reduction Using Multiset Decision Tables

In rough set theory, observations of objects in a domain of interest are stored in a decision table where each row denoting one object. Objects with same description are duplicated. Duplications may be reduced by using information multisystems, which can be further transformed into multiset decision tables (MDT). In this paper, we have demonstrated the efficacy of MDT when dealing with very large data sets. Experimental results based on the well-known intrusion detection system (IDS) data set show that the size of MDT is only 1/3 of the original decision table when all features are used. It could be further reduced to 1/7 when a set of 7 features is used. We also showed that the running time of generating an MDT is faster than generating a C4.5-like decision tree based on the MS SQL server 2000.
Control of a manufacturing system with random product yield and downward substitutability

We consider a manufacturing system where the quality of the end product is uncertain and is graded into one of several quality levels after production. We assume stochastic demand for each quality level, stochastic production times, and random quality yields. We also assume downward substitutability (i.e., customers who require a given product will be satisfied by a higher quality product at the same price). The firm produces to stock and has the option to refuse satisfying customers even when it has items in stock. We formulate this problem as a Markov Decision Process in the context of a simple M/M/1 make-to-stock queue with multiple customer classes to gain insight into the following questions: (i) how does the firm decide when to produce more units (i.e., what is the optimal production policy?) and (ii) how does the firm decide when to accept/reject orders and when to satisfy customers demanding lower quality products using higher quality products? In the case of two product classes, we completely characterize the structure of the optimal production and acceptance/substitution policies. However, the structure of the optimal policy is complicated and we therefore develop a simple heuristic policy for any number of classes which performs very well. We finally extend our heuristic to the system where production occurs in batches of size of larger than one, the system where there is a setup cost for initiating production, and the case where processing time distribution is Erlang.
Abnormal plasma neuroactive progestagen derivatives in ill, neonatal foals presented to the neonatal intensive care unit

Aims To determine the pregnane profile of foals with neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS) and compare it with that of healthy controls and sick, non-NMS foals. Methods Thirty-two foals with a clinical diagnosis of NMS, 12 foals with other neonatal disorders and 10 healthy control foals were selected for the study. Heparinised blood samples were collected from each group of foals and pregnane and androgen concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry at 0, 24 and 48 h of age. Results Healthy foals showed a significant decrease in pregnane concentrations over the first 48 h of life (P<0.01). Foals with NMS and sick, non-NMS foals had significantly increased progesterone, pregnenolone, androstenedione dehydroepiandrosterone and epitestosterone concentrations compared with healthy foals (P<0.05). Progesterone and pregnenolone concentrations of sick, non-NMS foals decreased significantly over 48 h (P<0.05), whereas concentrations in NMS foals remained elevated. Conclusions and practical relevance Pregnane concentrations of ill, neonatal foals remain elevated following birth, reflective of a delayed, or interrupted, transition from intra- to extra-uterine life. These pregnanes are potent allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor and are important in providing tonic inhibition of fetal central nervous system activity and damping movement to prevent maternal damage. Infusion of the pregnane allopregnanolone into neonatal foals leads to somnolence and loss of affinity for the dam (Madigan et al. 2012). Together, these findings suggest that the pathogenesis of NMS may be associated with the persistence of high concentrations of pregnanes. Serial progesterone and pregnenolone measurement may be useful in aiding diagnosis of NMS. Ethical animal research The UC Davis IACUC approved the project. Sources of funding: Private donation. Competing interests: None.
Incompletely specified probabilistic networks

Probabilistic networks, used as an adjunct or alternative to the logical models used in AI and DSS, offer a way to compactly represent a distribution over a set of random variables. Nonetheless, the specification of a given network may require conditional probabilities which are simply unavailable. A means for analyzing incompletely specified networks is presented, and some general rules are derived from the application of the method to some simple networks. >
Observations and recommendations on the investigation of clinical decision-making and usage involving electrophysical agents

Electrophysical agents (EPAs), including electrotherapy, are important components of patient/client management. A recent study by Springer et al. has elucidated the pattern of use and factors in clinical decision-making by Israeli physiotherapists regarding EPAs. It is evident from their data that EPAs, especially those related to electrotherapy, are still considered relevant to physiotherapy practice. Included in this commentary are observations on the findings of the current study, as well as recommendations on an alternative approach to the investigation of clinical decision-making and usage of EPAs. Discussion also includes a proposed and apparent de-emphasis of EPAs in physiotherapy education and practice in the USA, which may impact some of the factors found in the current study to be relevant in clinical decision-making and usage for EPAs.
Electrolytic Co-deposition of Ni-CrAlY Composite Coatings Using Different Deposition Configurations

With the aim of seeking an alternative low-cost process for the fabrication of MCrAlY coatings, an electrolytic co-deposition process was employed to form a composite coating consisting of a Ni matrix and CrAlY particles. Three configurations were investigated in the co-deposition process, including a vertical setup, a horizontal arrangement, and a rotating barrel. The CrAlY volume fractions in the resultant composite coatings were compared. The advantages and disadvantages of each configuration were discussed. Among the three configurations studied in this paper, the rotating barrel demonstrated the best overall performance, with the capability of producing coatings with more uniform CrAlY particle incorporation of up to 40 vol.%.
Gauging a Firm's Financing Orientation: Integrating Predictions of the Trade-off Theory, the Pecking Order Model, and the Market Timing Hypothesis

After critiquing arguments and evidence associated with the trade-off theory, the pecking order model, and the market timing hypothesis of corporate financing behavior, we develop a financing orientation hypothesis that integrates arguments from all three theories. The hypothesis posits that a firm's optimal leverage and its propensity to use debt to offset a current financing imbalance (i.e., the basic pecking order coefficient) are both largely driven by (i.e., are strongly inversely related to) the value of the firm's profitable investment opportunities. We test the hypothesis using data on U.S. firms for the years 1971-2009. The evidence is strongly consistent with the hypothesis, and resolves several puzzles lingering from previous empirical studies of the individual theories.
Usefulness of Diastolic Strain Measurements in Predicting Elevated Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Risk of Rejection or Coronary Artery Vasculopathy in Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients

In pediatric heart transplant recipients, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is associated with rejection and coronary artery vasculopathy. This study aimed to evaluate which echocardiographic parameters track changes in PCWP and predict adverse outcomes (rejection or coronary artery vasculopathy). This prospective single-center study enrolled 49 patients (median 11.4 years old, interquartile range 7.4 to 16.5) at time of cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Median follow-up was 2.4 years (range 1.2 to 3.1 years), with serial testing per clinical protocol. Ratio of early mitral inflow to annular velocity (E/E'), left atrial (LA) distensibility, peak LA systolic strain, E/left ventricular (LV) diastolic strain, and E/LV diastolic strain rate were measured from echocardiograms. Increase in PCWP ≥3 mm Hg was associated with changes in LA distensibility, E/E', and E/LV diastolic strain, with highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for E/LV diastolic strain (0.76). In 9 patients who subsequently developed rejection or coronary artery vasculopathy, E/LV diastolic strain rate at baseline differed from patients without events (median 57.0 vs 43.6, p = 0.02). On serial studies, only change in LV ejection fraction differed in patients with events (median -10% vs -1%, p = 0.01); decrease in LV ejection fraction of -19% had a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 44%. In conclusion, LV diastolic strain and strain rate measurements can track changes in PCWP and identify patients at risk for subsequent rejection or coronary artery vasculopathy. Further studies are necessary to confirm these data in a larger cohort.
A New Material to Secure Cage Entrances

One of the greatest problems in cage building is to fit a door securely enough to prevent insects from escaping and to exclude unwanted insects. Generally such openings require careful and time-consuming carpentry to obtain a tight fit. A modern product, Velcro®, which is available at most sewing-supply stores, has been successfully used in our laboratory in the construction of cages for the rearing of Rhyacionia spp.
Paper 1: “Cement as a Thermoelectric Material,” [J. Mater. Res. 15, 2844-2848 (2000)] And Paper 2: “Rectifying and Thermocouple Junctions Based on Portland Cement,” J. Mater. Res. 16, 1989-1993 (2001)]

In the two papers listed above, the conversion of the Seebeck coefficient (relative to copper) to the absolute thermoelectric power was done by using the wrong sign of the absolute thermoelectric power of copper (2.34 μV/°C). The corrected tables are shown below for both papers. The correction means that plain cement paste is slightly p-type rather than slightly n-type. In addition, it means that cement pastes with carbon fibers are more p-type and those with steel fibers are less n-type than reported. Note in Table III of Paper 2 that all cement pastes are p-type except for paste (ii). Note in Table IV of Paper 2 that all cement junctions are pn-junctions (rather than some being nn+-junctions).
The Discontinuous Galerkin method for partially ionized gas compressible flows under the influence of electromagnetic fields

The flow of ionized gases under the influence of electromagnetic fields is governed by the coupled system of the compressible flow equations and the full Maxwell equations. In this system, coupling of the flow with the electromagnetic field is obtained through nonlinear and stiff source terms. The high-order discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is used for the numerical solution of this system. For preserving the divergence of the magnetic and the electric vector fields constraints, the perfectly hyperbolic form of the Maxwell equations is adopted for the solution of the electromagnetic field. Implicit time marching is used for the fully coupled system to avoid wrong wave shapes and propagation speeds that are obtained when the coupling source terms are lagged in time or by using splitting iterative schemes. Numerical solutions of fully and partially ionized gas flows with this fully coupled approach showed good agreement with other numerical solutions and exact results.
Gallium Nitride Epitaxy on Silicon: Importance of Substrate Preparation

Hexagonal GaN films grown on non-isomorphic substrates are usually characterized by numerous threading defects which are essentially boundaries between wurtzite GaN domains where the stacking sequences do not align. One origin of these defects is irregularities on the substrate surface such as surface steps. Using Si substrates and a substrate preparation procedure that makes wide atomically flat terraces, we demonstrate that reduction of these irregularities greatly improves the crystalline and luminescent quality of GaN films grown by plasma-enhanced molecular beam epitaxy. X-ray rocking curve width decreases from over 1 degree to less than 20 minutes, while PL halfwidth decreases from over 15 meV to less than 10 meV.
VITAMIN E AND THE RISK OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Before the widespread use of vitamin E in any dosage regimen can be recommended for the prevention of CAD, more information on its efficacy and adverse effects must be obtained. Unfortunately, the results of ongoing studies will not be available for several years. Until then, pharmacists can play a major role in monitoring vitamin E supplementation and educating both patients and other healthcare professionals about its potential role in decreasing the risk of coronary artery disease.
Cardiopulmonary bypass in infants under four months of age.

Thirty infants under 4 months of age who had cardiac surgery with standard cardiopulmonary bypass were reviewed in order to assess the results and applicability of cardiopulmonary bypass in these very young infants. Their major diagnoses were as follows (deaths in parentheses): transposition of the great vessels (TGA), 9 cases (5); aortic stenosis, 5 cases (2); double-outlet right ventricle, 3 cases (3); total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, 3 cases (one); ventricular septal defect (VSD), 3 cases (0); tetralogy of Fallot, 2 cases (one); pulmonary stenosis, 2 cases (one); atrial septal defect (ASD) with primary pulmonary hypertension, one case (one), VSD and ASD, one case (0); and dextrocardia and common atrioventricular canal, one case (0). The over-all hospital mortality rate was 46.6 per cent (14 deaths). Two deaths in the transposition group resulted from attempts to explore or close a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). These cases might have been better managed by surface cooling and limited cardiopulmonary bypass. One case of postoperative hemorrhage and cardiac tamponade might have been partially related to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Four deaths were due to uncorrectable lesions, two each were related to technical errors and improper choice of operations, and one each was related to irreversible preoperative deterioration, advanced primary pulmonary hypertension, and intractable arrhythmia. Thus the deaths directly related to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass are infrequent. Standard cardiopulmonary bypass, in conjunction with mild-to-moderate hypothermia, is applicable even in small infants and gives satisfactory exposure in most routine operations. No imposition of a significant time limit is advantageous on a surgical teaching service. The so-called Kyoto technique may afford better exposure in repairs of TGA and total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and may also facilitate concomitant repair of associated extracardiac shunts.
Volcanic Winter? Climatic Effects of the Largest Volcanic Eruptions

Calculations suggest that the largest volcanic eruptions could have significant effects on global climate. We estimate the amount of sulfur volatiles that could have been released in very large eruptions by scaling up from smaller historical eruptions. The greatest well-known Late Quaternary explosive eruption, Toba (Indonesia, 75,000 years B.P.) erupted at least 1000 km3 of magma, and may have released enough sulfur volatiles to have formed 9 × 1014 to 5 × 1015 g of H2SO4 stratospheric aerosols. Basaltic fissure eruptions release even greater amounts of sulfur volatiles, which can be lofted into the stratosphere in convective plumes rising above fire fountains. The Roza flow eruption (about 700 km3 of magma) of the Miocene Columbia River Basalt Group could have produced up to 6 × 1015 g of aerosols. Distributed worldwide, these aerosol mass loadings would lead to effects ranging from a noticeable dimming of the sun to conditions similar to those described in some models of nuclear winter. Unless self-limiting mechanisms of stratospheric aerosol formation and removal are important, very large eruptions may lead to widespread darkness, cold weather, and acid precipitation. Even the minimum estimated effects of these great eruptions would represent significant perturbations of the global atmosphere.
Robust Signed-Rank Variable Selection in Linear Regression

The growing need for dealing with big data has made it necessary to find computationally efficient methods for identifying important factors to be considered in statistical modeling. In the linear model, the Lasso is an effective way of selecting variables using penalized regression. It has spawned substantial research in the area of variable selection for models that depend on a linear combination of predictors. However, work addressing the lack of optimality of variable selection when the model errors are not Gaussian and/or when the data contain gross outliers is scarce. We propose the weighted signed-rank Lasso as a robust and efficient alternative to least absolute deviations and least squares Lasso. The approach is appealing for use with big data since one can use data augmentation to perform the estimation as a single weighted L1 optimization problem. Selection and estimation consistency are theoretically established and evaluated via simulation studies. The results confirm the optimality of the rank-based approach for data with heavy-tailed and contaminated errors or data containing high-leverage points.
Lost in Translation: Gender and High School Computer Science

This chapter contains sections titled: Prologue, Introduction, Theoretical Framework and Data Collection Strategies, School Settings, Reduced Access to Computer Science, Perceptions of Computer Scientists and the Field, Breaking the Image of the “Lone” Programmer, Importance of Social Networks, Connection (or Lack Thereof) to Career Choices, Competitiveness for College (Academic Relevance), Climate in Computer Science Classrooms, Engagement in the Computer Science Classroom, Needed: Computer Science Teachers to Revision an Alternative Classroom Culture and Pedagogy, Summary, Notes
Relative Age, Supervisor Support and Perceived Work Group Inclusion: The Role of Core Self-Evaluations

ABSTRACTUsing data from a 2007 survey of employees, we investigated the effects of perceived supervisor age and work-group age composition on supervisor support and work-group inclusion, respectively. We found that employees with lower core self-evaluations reported higher supervisor support if they believed their supervisors were older than they were, but for employees with moderate or high levels of core self-evaluations, the perception of having an older supervisor was negatively associated with supervisor support. If the majority of the work group was older than the employee, the employee reported lower levels of inclusion.
Cortical and amygdalar neuronal ensembles in alcohol seeking, drinking and withdrawal

Alcohol induces many alterations in the brain that are thought to contribute to alcohol addiction. Most of the known alterations are induced in all neurons of a brain area or all neurons of a given cell type, regardless of whether they were activated during behavior. While these alterations can have important modulatory effects on behavior, they cannot explain why animals respond specifically to alcohol-paired cues as opposed to all other non-paired cues and evoke highly specific goal-directed learned responses in models of drug craving. As an alternative, we hypothesize another class of alterations that are induced only within sparsely distributed patterns of neurons, called neuronal ensembles, that are selectively activated by alcohol-specific cues during behavior and encode the long-term memories underlying these learned behaviors in animal models of alcohol addiction. Here we review recent studies and techniques used to identify the role of neuronal ensembles in animal models of different phases of the alcohol addiction cycle. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "Alcoholism".
Feasibility study of transmission between wireless interconnects in multichip multicore systems

The paper presents a feasibility study of transmission between wireless interconnects in Multichip Multicore (MCMC) systems. The MCMC model consists of four IC's, each with four cores that are placed at the corners. For this work, 4 electrically small monopole antennas are considered as wireless interconnects, placed on 3 IC's. Simulation is performed using ANSYS Electronics suite. As expected, transmission decreases with the distance between the antennas. Further, distortions of the radiation pattern due to the lossy silicon layer and the ground plane, significantly affect the transmission between the antennas. For experimental validation, zigzag antennas have been fabricated on silicon wafers. Measurements and analysis for a wireless channel modeling is under progress.
Stimulants and Mood Disorders

To review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of co-occurring mood disorders (bipolar disorder and major depression) and stimulant use disorders (SUD), which includes cocaine and methamphetamine use disorders. Epidemiological studies support frequent co-occurrence between mood and SUD. Multiple studies support a bidirectional negative impact between mood and SUD for clinical outcomes and treatment response. Only a few clinical trials were conducted in individuals with mood and SUD comorbidity. The majority of trials for mood disorders have excluded patients with comorbid substance use disorders. Future clinical trials that are focused on behavioral and pharmacological treatment of mood and SUD are needed. Further, research focused on understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mood and SUD comorbidity as well as improving the diagnosis and engagement of these patients is needed.
Introduction to Simultaneous Equations Models

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an informal introduction to the unique estimation problems arising in economic models where the values of several variables are determined simultaneously. Some examples include the usual Keynesian and monetary macroeconomic models as well as supply and demand equations of microeconomic markets. The models addressed to this point are appropriate when the conditional expectation, E(y X), is approximately linear and the stochastic process which generates the regressor X operates independently of the error e t. This assumption allows the determination of X to be treated independently of y. In some cases, however, it is more appropriate to treat X and y as jointly determined.
Counselor Development and Cognitive Science Models of Expertise: Possible Convergences and Divergences

Counseling development models have many of the same purposes and address many of the same phenomena as the cognitive science models of expertise. But these two model types have been developed independently and each has drawn only minimally from the other. The purpose of this article is to point out some of the similarities and differences between the model types.
Reporter Comments on Session 4 - Experimental Observations

Session 4 dealt with experimental observations on the fracture behavior of ceramic and cement based materials. Summaries of the three presentations in this session are as follows: (1) “R-Curves and Strength of Ceramics,” S. J. Bennison, S. Lathabai, J. Rodel, and B. R. Lawn, National Institute of Standards and Technology - The researchers generated R-curves in ceramic materials by a strength-indentation method. In this manner, the short, intermediate, and long crack domains were observed experimentally. The primary mechanism responsible for rising R-curves was determined to be crack bridging by grains in the crack wake. Grain size and residual stresses were important microstructural features related to crack bridging. Increasing grain size in Al2O3 and increasing thermal expansion anisotropy in Al2TiO5 resulted in enhanced R-curve behavior. A model for grain bridging in the crack wake, involving the application of closure forces was proposed. (2) “Damage and Fracture Mechanisms During High Temperature Creep in Hot-Pressed Alumina,” D. S. Wilkinson, A. G. Robertson, and C. H. Caceres, McMaster University - The rersearchers determined the mechansms of creep and fracture in hot pressed Al2O3. Three stress dependent damage regimes were evident, depending on the stress level. In the slow crack growth regime (high stresses), nucleation of a single crack at a dominant processing flaw resulted in failure. In the microcrack growth and linkage regime (intermediate stresses), microcracks nucleated at processing flaws, however, crack tip stress relaxation processes were also observed. In the creep fracture regime (low stresses), cavitation, by surface diffusion and grain boundary sliding, was observed. Microcrack development was also limited in the creep fracture regime. For all three of the above stress levels, processing flaws ultimately controlled the creep strength. (3) “Study of the Fracture Process in Mortar with Laser Holographic Measurements,” A. Castro-Montero, S. P. Shah, Northwestern University, and R. A. Miller, Univesity of Cincinnati - The researchers described a method to measure crack opening displacements and strain fields in mortars using holographic techniques. A cohesive crack model, based on linear elastic fracture mechanics and closure pressures on crack faces, was used to describe the fracture behavior. For short cracks, the holographic measurements were similar to the linear elastic fracture mechanics profiles. For long cracks, the holographic measurements produced smaller crack opening displacements than linear elastic fracture mechanics profiles. This difference was attributed to aggregate bridging and microcracking in the crack wake. It was also shown that the cohesive crack model adequately explained R-curve behavior.
Lists: Behavior Specification, Models and Implementations

You are familiar with linked lists from earlier courses in programming. Some languages, such as Lisp and Scheme, provide lists as built-in data structures together with some essential associated operations. But most languages don’t provide lists as basic data structures, so we must create and manipulate them using their basic data-structuring and procedure definition facilities. How would we go about defining a class of list objects and methods in such a language?