cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Levels of Interleukin 10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Cerebrospinal Fluid During the Onset of Bacterial Meningitis

Since interleukin-10 (IL-10) controls the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and this latter cytokine has a deleterious effect on neuronal cells, we determined the levels of both cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from children with bacterial meningitis. High levels of IL-10 (1,164 pg/mL) and TNF-alpha (3,158 pg/mL) were detected in CSF from 10 children with meningitis, but these cytokines were not detectable in CSF from 12 controls. In vitro neutralization of IL-10 demonstrated that endogenously formed IL-10 is important for limiting the production of TNF-alpha by leukocytes. We assume that IL-10 in CSF will decrease the inflammatory reaction associated with meningitis and will result in the development of fewer sequelae because of its inhibitory effect on the production of TNF-alpha.
Tibenelast, 5,6-diethoxybenzo (B) thiophebe-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt (LY 186655), is an orally active anti-asthma compound in the guinea pig

Abstract Anaphylactic shock was induced in actively sensitized guinea pigs by free inhalation of a high dose of ovalbumin (10 mg/ml) aerosol. Tibenelast (LY 186655), 5,6-diethoxybenzo (b)-thiophene-2-carboxylic acid, sodium salt, proved to be a potent orally active compound against anaphylactic shock induced by high dose antigen aerosol. When a lower aerosol challenge (0.05 mg/ml) was employed, bronchoconstriction was observed with a concomitant increase in lung resistance (RL) and a fall in dynamic compliance (Cdyn). Tibenelast at 25 mg/kg p.o. prevented these changes. Tibenelast was 10 times more potent than aminophylline by i.v. administration; normalization of pulmonary function was achieved at 1 mg/kg i.v. Tibenelast was synergistic with epinephrine. Combination of no-effect doses of epinephrine (0.025 mg/kg s.c.) and tibenelast (0.1 mg/kg i.v.) normalized pulmonary function. The oral dose response curve of tibenelast was enhanced with the co-administration of epinephrine. These data suggest that tibenelast may act at a site different from that of epinephrine, although the mechanism of action of tibenelast is unclear at present. Tibenelast may be of significant value in the treatment of asthma and other respiratory diseases.
Increased nasal resistance induced by the pressure-flow technique and its effect on pressure and airflow during speech.

Abstract Although the validity of the pressure-flow technique has been verified in a number of laboratories, some questions still remain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the procedures involved in estimating orifice size affect the pressure and airflow variables being measured. Twenty subjects with demonstrated velopharyngeal inadequacy on pressure-flow testing (VPO ≥ 0.10 cm2) were assessed under two contrasting conditions. Subjects were asked to produce /p/ in the word “hamper” with a) one nostril occluded by a cork as in pressure-flow testing and b) both nostrils patent. The results indicate that the increased nasal resistance resulting from occlusion of one nostril does not appreciably affect pressure and airflow associated with plosive consonant production in patients with velopharyngeal inadequacy.
Electron acceleration by magnetosonic waves in solar flares

Results of a simulation of electron acceleration by magnetosonic waves in a solar coronal loop are presented. The dependence of the energization rate on the strength and shape of the wave spectrum is discussed. Comparisons are made with the predictions of quasilinear theory and of a model describing stochastic acceleration by waves as isotropic diffusion in momentum space.
Microvascular response to angiography

A controlled laboratory study using matched groups of pure-bred Sprague-Dawley rats evaluated the histologic microvascular response to contrast angiography. The femoral vessels were studied by both light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) following injection of the infrarenal aorta with Renografin-60 or saline at intervals from 2 hours to 56 days. None of the specimens studied showed significant cellular, interstitial, or intravascular injury. TEM demonstrated electron-dense particles which migrated from the vessel lumen into the endothelial cytoplasm and basil lamina and subsequently diffused back into the cytoplasm. This study demonstrates the absence of microvessel damage from a radiopaque contrast medium administered by techniques designed to parallel the clinical model.
747-1 Progression of Aortic Regurgitation Assessed by Doppler Echocardiography in 127 Patients: Degree of Regurgitation

To assess the progression of chronic aortic regurgitation (AR), 127 patients 169 men; 59 ± 21 yr) with AR (59 mild, 8 mild-to-moderate, 41 moderate, 4 moderate-to-severe, 15 severe) who had ≥ 6 months of follow-up (6–47 months) by color Doppler and 2-D echo were studied. The degree of AR was established at entry and follow-up studies using an algorithm (semi-quantitative) that takes into account several Doppler criteria (jet area and jet height ratios, jet length, pressure half-time, reversal of flow in descending aorta) and the jet height/LV outflow tract (LVOT) height ratio (quantitative). LV volume (Simpson) and LV mass (Devereux) were calculated. A significant increase in jet/LVOT height ratio was observed in the whole population (30 ± 17 vs. 35 ± 20%; p l 0.00001) and in the subsets of patients with mild (18 ± 7 vs. 22.3 ± 9%; p l 0.01), moderate (40 ± 14 vs. 44 ± 16%; p l 0.01) and severe (54 ± 19 vs. 65 ± 15%; p l 0.05) AR. An increase in the degree of AR (semi-quantitative) during the follow-up was observed in 38 (30%) of patients: 25% with mild, 37% with mild-to-moderate, 44% with moderate and 50% with moderate-to-severe AR (p l 0.006). Patients were further divided according to the rank order in the rate of progression of jet/LVOT height ratio into “progressives” (n = 18; rate g 5.64%/yr) and “non-progressives” (n = 109). Patients with “progressive” AR had a faster rate of progression of LV end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume and LV mass than “non-progressives” (p l 0.025). Conclusions AR is a progressive disease even in patients with mild insufficiency. The progression in the degree of AR is more frequent in patients with more severe disease. The rate of progression of regurgitation appears to playa role in LV overload in patients with AR.
Characterization of distinct phospholipases mediating bradykinin and noradrenaline hyperalgesia.

Specific prostaglandins have been identified that mediate the sympathetic postganglionic neuron-terminal dependent hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin and norepinephrine, prostaglandin E2 and prostacyclin, respectively. In this study we evaluated the hypothesis that bradykinin and norepinephrine stimulate prostaglandin production in the rat, via distinct phospholipases. We found that, in normal skin, bradykinin hyperalgesia is inhibited by the phospholipase A2 inhibitor, mepacrine, but not by the phospholipase C inhibitor, neomycin and is mimicked by phospholipase A2. In chloroform-treated skin or when co-injected with A23187, bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia was found to consist of two components, one resulting from prostaglandin E2 synthesis (phospholipase A2-dependent) and one resulting from prostacyclin synthesis (phospholipase C-dependent). This latter component is blocked by Quin 2 and verapamil and also inhibited by yohimbine, an alpha2 receptor antagonist. Arachidonic acid induces a dose-dependent hyperalgesia that was found to be like bradykinin-hyperalgesia in untreated skin (prostaglandin E2-mediated and phospholipase A2-dependent). In chloroform-treated skin or in the presence of A23187, arachidonic acid like bradykinin led to the production of prostacyclin as well as prostaglandin E2. Norepinephrine does not produce hyperalgesia in untreated skin, but in chloroform pretreated skin or in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187, norepinephrine produces a potent dose-dependent hyperalgesia. This hyperalgesia is prevented by sympathectomy and suppressed by the calcium antagonists Quin 2 and verapamil. It is also suppressed by indomethacin and neomycin but not by SC19220 and mepacrine and is mimicked by phospholipase C. Our findings suggest that bradykinin-induced hyperalgesia in untreated skin results from phospholipase A2-mediated production of prostaglandin E2 and that hyperalgesia in chloroform-treated skin (e.g. norepinephrine-dependent hyperalgesia) is produced by prostacyclin, mediated by phospholipase C activity.
Development and characterization of an airborne‐based instrument used to measure nitric acid during the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific field experiment

[1] A new inlet and instrument have been developed for the rapid measurement of gas phase nitric acid (HNO3) from an airborne platform. The inlet was kept near ambient temperatures with a very short sampling time (100 ms) to minimize desorption of particle nitrates. In addition, inlet surface adsorption problems were minimized by the use of extruded perfluoroalkoxy as a sampling material. Nitric acid was detected by selected ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry using deprontonated methanesulfonic acid as a reagent ion. Laboratory tests showed no interferences from NO, NO2, NO3, and N2O5 under wet (relative humidity (RH) = 100%) or dry (RH = 0%) conditions at levels exceeding those found in the troposphere. The inlet and instrument were flown on the NASA P-3B aircraft as part of the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) field campaign off the coast of Asia during February–April 2001. Nitric acid was measured every 5 s for a 3 s integration period with a limit of detection of ∼10 parts per trillion by volume (pptv). The instrument was calibrated by the addition of isotopically labeled H15NO3 near the front of the ion source on a continual basis. Absolute uncertainties including systematic errors are the limit of detection (10 pptv) plus ±20% for HNO3 > 200 pptv, ±25% for HNO3 100–200 pptv, and ±30% for HNO3 < 100 pptv (±2 σ). Rapid changes in ambient HNO3 were resolved, suggesting minimal influences from instrument surfaces. Finally, the measurements compared favorably with the University of New Hampshire’s mist chamber/ion chromatography instrument flown on board the NASA DC-8 aircraft during two intercomparison flights. The in-flight performance of the instrument is demonstrated under the wide range of conditions observed in TRACE-P.
Localization and characterization of adenosine triphosphate in guinea pig intestinal epithelium

1. 1. The distribution and characteristics of sodium- and potassium-stimulated, ouabain-inhibited adenosine triphosphate (Na+K+ATPase) of guinea pig intestinal epithelium were studied. 2. 2. Brush border-rich fractions of mucosal homogenates from all levels of the intestine were found to have Na+K+ATPase activity. Separation of a mucosal cell homogenate by ultracentrifugation showed the Na+K+ATPase activity to be concentrated in a high density fraction composed largely of the striated or brush borders from the luminal surface of the cell. The 24,000 g and 100,000 g fractions were found to contain Na+K+ATPase with similar specific activities. 3. 3. Lithium, Tris, guanidinium and potassium were inactive as substitutes for sodium in the assay system. 4. 4. Attempts directed towards solubilizing the Na+K+ATPase with sodium deoxycholate resulted in loss of activity, and physical separation from a sodium-, potassium- and ouabain-insensitive ATPase was not achieved. 5. 5. The presence of Na+K+ATPase at the luminal border of the intestinal cell suggests that the enzyme may participate in energy-requiring transport processes at that location.
A comparative assessment of student learning outcomes in large online and traditional campus‐based introduction to criminal justice courses

The current paper discusses a comparative assessment of student learning outcomes in large online and traditional in‐class courses when teaching introduction to criminal justice. The courses were taught to over 500 students in a public, urban university in the southeast. Overall, the findings of the current study highlight that there are few differences regarding student performance and knowledge obtainment in the two courses. The only significant correlations with the delivery method were weakly related to the third exam grade and the class final grade. The online class received significantly higher grades on the third exam in comparison to the in‐class group. However, the students’ final grades and course delivery type were negatively correlated indicating that the traditional class received a significantly higher final grade than the online class. Lastly, the results revealed that students were less satisfied with the online course, which may have been attributed to technological problems during the se...
Confidence bounds on respiratory mechanical properties estimated from transfer versus input impedance in humans versus dogs

A sensitivity analysis is used to determine whether and why the six-element model of A.B. Dubois et al. (1956) could be applicable to lower-frequency ( >
Direct effects of triiodothyronine on human internal mammary artery and saphenous veins

Abstract Objective: Thyroid hormone (3,5,3′-triiodo-L-thyronine) is under investigation as a positive inotrope and vasodilator for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. This study determined the direct effects of triiodothyronine on human blood vessels. Design: Prospective, controlled, in vitro study. Setting: Laboratory facility in a university teaching hospital. Participants: Small excess segments of internal mammary arteries or saphenous veins were obtained from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Interventions: Vessel segments were cut into rings to measure isometric tension development in isolated tissue baths containing Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution at 37°C. Rings were prestretched in vitro to resting tensions analogous to mean arterial or central venous pressures in vivo and then constricted with potassium or phenylephrine. Rings were exposed to increasing concentrations of triiodothyronine (4 × 10−12to 1 × 10−4 mol/L) to obtain dose-response curves. Measurements and Main Results: High concentrations (≥3.3 × 10−5 mol/L) of triiodothyronine produced dose-dependent relaxation of preconstricted rings. The relaxation was not selective for arteries or veins at arterial resting tensions, and with either potassium or phenylephrine as a vasoconstrictor. Propranolol had little effect on subsequent triiodothyronineinduced relaxation of potassium-constricted rings at resting arterial tensions. Conclusions: Triiodothyronine, in supraphysiological and suprapharmacological concentrations, dilates preconstricted rings of human blood vessels in vitro; however, triiodothyronine had no demonstrable vasomotor effects on human internal mammary artery or saphenous vein in clinically relevant concentrations (10−9 to 10−8 mol/L). Triiodothyronine administration in vivo most likely has little direct effect on the tone of human vascular smooth muscle, particularly coronary artery bypass conduits.
X-ray observations to detect hot coronae around galaxies

X-ray observations were made of two nearby edge-on spiral galaxies with the Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) on the Einstein Observatory in an effort to detect hot (1,000,000 K), gaseous galactic coronae. No diffuse emission from galactic coronae was detected. Upper limits to diffuse emission (0.3-2.9 keV) are 10 to the 39th ergs/sec (NGC 3628) and 2 x 10 to the 38th ergs/sec (NGC 4244). The measurements indicate that less than 1/1000 of the energy supplied by supernovae in these galaxies appears as soft X-rays. The energy from supernovae may be radiated away by cool gas (less than 600,000 K) whose emission is undetectable by the Einstein Observatory, or the energy may be carried away by a hot wind (10,000,000 K) which radiates inefficiently. Serendipitous X-ray sources from the two IPC fields are listed.
Chemical conversion of nitrate and nitrite to nitrous oxide for nitrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis in freshwater and seawater.

We present a novel method for nitrogen and oxygen natural isotopic abundance analysis of nitrate and nitrite of seawater and freshwater at environmental concentrations. The method involves the reduction of nitrate to nitrite using spongy cadmium with further reduction to nitrous oxide using sodium azide in an acetic acid buffer. For separate nitrite analysis, the cadmium reduction step is simply bypassed. Nitrous oxide is purged from the water sample and trapped cryogenically using an automated system with subsequent release into a gas chromatography column. The isolated nitrous oxide is then analyzed on a continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer via an open split. This paper describes the basic protocol and reaction conditions required to obtain reproducible natural abundance level nitrogen and oxygen isotopic ratios from nitrate, nitrite, or both, and the results obtained to support these conclusions. A standard deviation less than 0.2‰ for nitrogen and 0.5‰ for oxygen was found for nitrate sampl...
Integrating virtual patients into a self-care course.

Objective. To develop, implement, and evaluate the use of virtual patients as a teaching tool for third-professional year PharmD students within an advanced elective self-care course. Design. Practicing community pharmacists, faculty members, and pharmacy residents with alias e-mail accounts served as virtual patients and corresponded on a weekly basis via e-mail with pharmacy students regarding an assortment of fictional health concerns. Self-care inquiries were e-mailed to the students who replied and then forwarded their response to the course coordinator for evaluation and class discussion. At the end of the course, students were asked to assess the value of the learning activity. Assessment. Students demonstrated significant improvement in knowledge, problem-solving, communication, and professional skills upon course completion. Student's assessments of the virtual patient activity have suggested positive feedback on developing self-care skills, patient interactions, and group dynamics. Conclusion. T...
Efficient evaluation of array subscripts of arrays

The APL language allows subscripted expressions such as A[I;J;K], where A is an array and I, J and K may be scalars, vectors or arrays of any size and shape. We describe an efficient method of evaluating these expressions. The method is quite general and yet it does recognize all the special cases in which multiple subscripts can be reduced to a simpler form. We show how the same mechanism can be used to evaluate other selection operations, such as transpose, and how selection operations may be combined.
Musical notation for the keyboard: An examination of stimulus‐response compatibility

A recent stimulus-response compatibility model was used to provide a performance evaluation of an experimental notation for the keyboard in which pitch varies horizontally in visual space. One hundred and twenty subjects performed a choice reaction time task using either the horizontal notation or a more traditional vertical notation. Half the subjects in each notation group received white noise and half received pitch-varying feedback with responses. A horizontal display advantage was revealed when rules of the model were applied to data analyses. Further, the horizontal display advantage was not dependent on the nature of the feedback. In a second experiment, performance of musicians and non-musicians was compared using the horizontal and vertical notations. Musicians' performance was uniformly better than that of non-musicians, and did not differ with notation orientation. The findings support the use of non-traditional horizontal notations for novice performance on a keyboard instrument.
Muscle metabolism and meat quality of Pectoralis from turkeys treated with postmortem electrical stimulation

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on muscle metabolism and breast meat quality in turkeys. Thirty-six turkey hens were either ES at the neck in a saline bath (570 V, 450 mA, AC, 60 Hz, 2 s on 1 s off for 10 pulses) or used as unstimulated controls. One breast fillet from all carcasses was harvested at 2 h postmortem. The opposite fillet was harvested from the ES carcasses at 8 h postmortem and from the unstimulated controls at either 8 or 24 h postmortem. All fillets were sampled at time of deboning for expressible moisture, pH, R-value, gravimetric fragmentation index (GFI), and sarcomere length. The remainder of the fillet and the samples for GFI and sarcomere length were aged on ice until 24 h postmortem. After aging, fillets were analyzed for cook loss and shear value. Color was measured at time of deboning and at 24 h postmortem. Electrical stimulation accelerated rigor mortis development as indicated by significantly lower pH values and higher R-values at 2 h postmortem when compared to control fillets. The pH and R-values of the 2-h ES treatment were not significantly different from the 8-h ES, 8-h controls, or the 24-h controls. Fillets from carcasses that were ES and deboned at 2 h had significantly longer sarcomeres than the 2-h controls; however, there were no significant differences between the 2-h ES and the 8-h ES treatments, 8-h controls, or the 24-h controls. Although ES accelerated muscle metabolism at 2 h postmortem, it had no effect on shear value, expressible moisture, cook loss, GFI, L*, or a* color values. These results suggest that this postmortem ES system would not benefit turkey processors.
Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: course, pathophysiology, prevention and management

Although effective anti-neoplastic agents, anthracyclines are limited by their well recognized and pervasive cardiotoxic effects. The incidence of late progressive cardiovascular disease in long-term survivors of cancer is established and may contribute to heart failure and death. To maximize the benefits of these drugs, a high-risk population has been identified and new strategies have been investigated to minimize toxic effects, including limiting the cumulative dose, controlling the rate of administration and using liposomal preparations and novel anthracycline analogues. Dexrazoxane also shows promise as a cardioprotectant during treatment. This paper reviews these strategies, as well as medications used to manage anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, and functional and biochemical means of monitoring cardiotoxicity, including echocardiography, radionuclide scans and biomarker analysis. The treatment of adult cancer survivors who have had anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity has not been systematically studied. Empirically, anthracycline-associated cardiac dysfunction is treated very similarly to other forms of heart failure. These treatments include avoiding additional cardiotoxic regimens, controlling hypertension, lifestyle changes, medications and heart transplantation.
The hard pulse approximation for the AKNS (2 × 2)-system

In the hard pulse approximation, commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance, one considers potentials for the AKNS system that are sums of δ-functions. The system of differential equations does not, strictly speaking, make sense for such potentials. In Magland (2004 PhD Thesis (arXiv:0903.4363)) an analogous discrete forward and inverse problem is analyzed. We review these results and show that pulses obtained using the inverse scattering transform for this hard pulse approximation converge to the expected continuum potential both uniformly and in the L1-norm. We also show that the AKNS system makes sense with potentials that are non-atomic measures with finite total variation.
An internally amplified signal SOI nano-bridge biosensor for electrical detection of DNA hybridization

Despite all technical improvements in semiconductor industry, technology development in biomedicine still requires a lot of improvement to satisfy the current need. Impedance biosensors are a class of electrical biosensors that show promise for point-of-care and disease discovery due to real time, low cost, ease of miniaturization and label-free operation. This paper outlines how the modulation of impedance in a novel silicon nano-bridge (nanowire) biosensor can be used in characterizing biochemical species such as an antibodies / antigens or for detection of a particular DNA sequence hybridization.
Forces between polyethylene surfaces in oxyethylene dodecyl ether solutions as influenced by the number of oxyethylene groups.

The atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe technique was used to study the effect of oxyethylene dodecyl ethers, C12En (n = 1−7), on interactions between hydrophobic polyethylene (PE) surfaces in aqueous solutions. Long-range (colloidal) and contact (pull-off) forces were measured between 10 to 20 μm PE spheres and a flat PE surface at concentrations of surfactant of 1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4 M. The surface tension of the surfactant solutions and contact angles at PE surfaces were also studied. The influence of the number of oxyethylene groups in the surfactant molecule was examined. Initially, long-range attractive (hydrophobic) forces between the PE surfaces were observed that decreased in range and magnitude with an increase in the number of oxyethylene groups in 1 × 10-4 M solutions. Above four oxyethylene groups per molecule, repulsive forces were observed. The measured pull-off force between PE surfaces decreased monotonically from approximately 500 mJ/m2 for C12E1 to 150 mJ/m2 for C12E7. The int...
Study of Zener Diodes by Sem-DVC

A Scanning Electron Microscopy method called Dark Voltage Contrast (DVC) was applied for the first time to investigate on a microscale, the narrow depletion region of a Zener diode. Zener diodes were fabricated by the Sprague Semiconductor Corp. using conventional boron diffusion into a n-type wafer with phosphorus. Zener diodes were chosen because of the presence of a shallow p-n junction and for the ability of Zeners to work in the breakdown regime where the dynamics of the current might influence the field distribution in the p-n junction. The samples were examined in the SEM with a beam current below 50 pA to minimize injection of electrons into the depletion region. Reverse and forward biased diodes were examined and potential distribution information was obtained, using Dark Voltage Contrast software. Doping information and C-V measurements were used to double check DVC depletion region measurements. The main results of these studies include measurements of electrical field for three regimes of operation: forward, reverse, and breakdown, with almost ideal field distribution in some Zeners, and fluctuations in others. The field irregularities are related to the defects in the junction area. However the amount of charge build-up appears to depend on the current flow in the dynamic regime for the breakdown. The typical measurements of depletion region width were Wf=. 14 µm when forward biased, Wr=0.35 µm at 3–4 volts when reverse biased and Wbr= 0.44 µm for 6 v of breakdown. This data helps to reconstruct the diffusion profile.
Nested institutions and the need to improve international water institutions.

In this paper we identify a number of critical water problems and discuss the key role institutions can play in their resolution. We develop our framework for analysis based on Williamson's (2000) four-levels of institutions (e.g. norms, laws, and policies). Next, we discuss the problems of designing institutions. This is followed by a section arguing that we have, in the past, overinvested in water infrastructure and underinvested in -water institutions. Next, we discuss some of the changes that have occurred in the developing world as it has become integrated into world markets and the implications this has for water. We then list five priority areas where new water institutions need to be developed and old ones modified or discarded. Finally, we conclude with a call for a greater emphasis on the development of new and improved water institutions, particularly water rights.
Relationship between metabolic rate and various physiological and biochemical parameters. A comparison of alligator, man and shrew

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolic rate of the shrew is about 60 times that of man, whose metabolic rate in turn is about 60 times that of a grown male alligator. 2. 2. Estimates of the following biochemical and physiological parameters were compared in the three animals: O 2 consumption in heart and brain, energy production, maximum aerobic power, rates of catabolism of fats, sugars, and amino acids, food and water requirements, excretion of salts, nitrogen and water, protein turnover rates, and power required for operation of the Na-K-ATPase pump. 3. 3. Although most values were in proportion to the respective metabolic rates, the relatively high protein consumption of the shrew and alligator increased the urine volume and the water requirement over that predicted from metabolic rate alone. 4. 4. Since the oxidative energy available to the alligator is very small, the amount needed for the electrolyte pumps and for protein turnover must be much less than the commonly accepted values.
Leadership style and worker interpersonal orientation: A computer simulation study

Abstract A simulation model of an industrial work group is constructed. Because organizational simulation models possess low face validity, the author first tests the reliability of the stochastic simulation model. Reliability is defined as the capacity of the simulation model to generate consistent output time series regardless of the stream of pseudorandom numbers used in driving the model. Spectral analysis is used to compare the cyclic behavior of the output time series for the initial and replicated runs for each experimental cell. Then the output of the model is compared to a “real world” benchmark study. Lastly, in a replicated 3 × 5 experiment the model is utilized to examine the impact of leadership style and work force composition on worker productivity, job satisfaction, and group cohesiveness over a simulated period of 5 yr. Six specific hypotheses are tested. The paper demonstrates that the simulation technique is a feasible vehicle for conducting research into organizational and industrial behavior.
Review of the systematics and phylogenetic relationships of the Sabethini (Diptera: Culicidae)

This paper reviews the historical treatment of the tribe Sabethini and genus-group taxa and examines the unusual life histories associated with the group. Although recognized by taxonomists as distinct, the taxonomic position of sabethines has been questioned and their rank within the family Culicidae unstable. In order to evaluate the current status of the classification of the tribe a cladistic analysis is performed. Thirty-seven taxa are selected from within the Sabethini and two outgroups were chosen from the tribe Aedini. Exemplars are selected from genus-group taxa world-wide and new and traditional character systems examined in larval, pupal and adult life stages. The results firmly establish the sabethines as a monophyletic group. However, the genera Runchomyia, Tripteroides and Wyeomyia are not demonstrably monophyletic. In addition, the data support the New World taxa as a monophyletic group to a paraphyletic assemblage of Old World taxa. The pattern displayed by the cladogram suggests the ability to vector arboviruses has arisen more than once in mosquitoes.
Uveitis associated with pediatric behçet disease in the american midwest.

Purpose To describe demographics, clinical course, treatment, and visual prognosis of uveitis in pediatric patients with Behcet disease, and to compare childhood-onset with adult-onset Behcet uveitis. Design Retrospective, observational case series. Methods setting: Uveitis service, University of Illinois at Chicago and private office of one of the authors (H.H.T.). study population: Patients diagnosed with Behcet uveitis using International Study Group criteria between January 1, 1973 to December 31, 2007. main outcome measures: Demographics, symptoms, clinical course, management, laboratory tests, complications, and visual prognoses were recorded. Results Thirty-three patients had available records with at least one month follow-up; four were children and 29 were adults. All children and 19 adults were male. The most common initial symptom was oral ulcers and the most common uveitis type was panuveitis with retinal vasculitis in both groups. There was an average delay of one year among children and 1.8 years among adults between onset of uveitis and disease diagnosis. Immunosuppressive therapy was employed in all children and 23 of 29 adults. Treatment response was variable in both groups. Maculopathy was the most common cause of permanent visual impairment, both in children and in adults. Six of eight pediatric eyes (75%) and 13 of 25 adult eyes (52%) retained a visual acuity better than 20/200 at three years. Conclusions Behcet disease is an uncommon cause of uveitis in the United States, with a male predominance. Although the clinical picture of Behcet uveitis was similar among both groups, the visual prognosis appeared worse in adults. Awareness of this disease should be increased in nonendemic areas to prevent blindness resulting from delays in diagnosis.
Gender-related factors influencing the viability of irrigation projects in Lesotho

Women are the primary farm managers in Lesotho and therefore deserve special consideration in the implemention of any new agricultural technology. Eighty-two female Basotho farmers newly-involved in commercial irrigated vegetable production were interviewed to determine their receptivity and adjustment to irrigation systems. The time-use patterns of these agriculturalists were examined to determine the potential constraints imposed by the implementation of more labor-intensive agriculture. Further, respondents were queried as to their access to credit, extension agents, training, and as to their specific problems with irrigation. In addition to describing their responses, the analysis includes comparisons with female and male respondents involved in mechanized, dryland agriculture and with the responses of male irrigators. The findings suggest that among the primary threats to the long-term viability of irrigation systems in this environment are the time constraints faced by women irrigators. Time constraints may serve to exacerbate the other threats such as the "donor-dependency syndrome" found among farmers in Lesotho. Suggestions for accommodating potential conflicts include educating women to hire additional laborers during peak labor periods, providing alternative sources of child care, and taking action to decrease dependency.
Amino acids in yeast acceptor ribonucleic acid

Abstract Yeast acceptor RNA was found to contain considerable quantities of amino acids bound to the RNA in a manner unknown, but different from the enzymically attached amino acids.
Standards for PCM files

One problem facing the speech research community is how to share complex programs and A/D sampled data. This paper is a general discussion of different approaches to sharing and the advantages, disadvantages, and implications of each method. The focus is on setting a standard for PCM (Pulse Code Modulated) data files and how this could be accomplished.
Subcube Level Time-Sharing in Hypercube Multicomputers

A novel approach for subcube level time-sharing in hypercube multicomputers is proposed. Using this approach, multiple tasks may execute on the same processors. The tasks may be completely or partially overlapped with synchronous or asynchronous context switching. A dynamic binary tree is used for subcube allocation and deallocation. An incoming task is allocated to a subcube within which it will encounter minimum interference from other tasks. The allocation and deallocation time complexities are shown to be 0(n2). The proposed strategy has been implemented on an nCUBE 2. Measurement results indicate that the proposed strategy outperforms the FCFS-based batch-scheduling policy and an existing time-sharing policy by significantly reducing the average turn-around times.
Radial mode observations from the 5/23/89 MacQuarie Ridge Earthquake

The radial modes 1S0–5S0 axe clearly observable on several long-period seismic records from the 5/23/89 Macquarie Ridge earthquake. Observations of 0S0 are weaker, but stacking demonstrates significant excitation. Calculations suggest that, for spherical-earth models, no simple double couple in the uppermost mantle can explain the excitation amplitudes of 1S0–5S0 relative to 0S0. Calculations suggest that the anomalous amplitudes of 1S0–5S0 can be explained by coupling to other modes induced by plausible levels of deep-earth lateral structure. The coupling of 0S0 is much weaker, and its observed amplitude suggests that roughly 4% of the total moment release inferred from surface wave studies deviated from pure strike-slip geometry. This can be modeled by ⪎8° deviations from λ = 0°, δ = 90° in a simple double-couple point source, or by thrust subevents within the main shock.
Prostaglandin E2 and IL‐23 plus IL‐1β Differentially Regulate the Th1/Th17 Immune Response of Human CD161+CD4+ Memory T Cells

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-23, and IL-1beta (β) propagate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by enhancing the development and function of IL-17 producing CD4(+) T helper (Th17) cells. CD4(+) T cells that express the C-type lectin-like receptor CD161 have been proposed to be the physiologic pool of circulating Th17 cells implicated in IBD. We sought to understand how PGE2, alone and in combination with IL-23 and IL-1β, modulate human peripheral CD161(+) CD4(+) memory T cells. We found that CD161(+) cells comprise a significant proportion of human peripheral CD4(+) memory T cells. PGE2 and IL-23 plus IL-1β synergistically induced early IL-17A secretion from CD161(+) CD4(+) memory T cells and the selective enrichment of IL-17A(+) CD161(+) CD4(+) memory T cells in culture. Conversely, IL-23 plus IL-1β partially opposed the PGE2-mediated repression of early interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion from CD161(+) cells, as well as the PGE2-mediated depletion of IFN-γ(+) CD161(+) cells. Our results suggest that PGE2 and IL-23 plus IL-1β induce the Th17 immune response preferentially in CD161(+) CD4(+) memory T cells, while divergently regulating their ability to express IFN-γ. We hypothesize that Th17-mediated chronic inflammation in IBD depends on the net response of CD161(+) CD4(+) memory T cells to both PGE2 and IL-23 plus IL-1β.
Science spending budget set

The Senate Budget Committee took an important first step in setting federal science spending levels for the fiscal year starting on October 1 by sending to the full Senate a concurrent budget resolution. This measure increases the science budget over spending levels for the current fiscal year, although reduces it from the Bush Administration's Fiscal Year 1991 request.
Participation in industrial training programs

Two questions suggested by the recent literature on the matching of workers and firms are examined. The first relates to differences in the proportion of workers that participate in industrial training programs in large and small firms. The second relates to the characteristics of workers who participate in such programs. The major finding of this study is that workers in large firms are more likely to participate in industrial training programs than similar workers in small firms; the large-small firm training program participation rate differential is less, however, among low productivity workers than among high productivity workers. Additionaly, workers with vocational training received outside of a work setting are just as likely to find employment in small firms as in large ones.
On the edge of paradise: A.C. Benson, the diarist

A biography based upon a re-examination of the diaries following the expiry of the embargo, contains further quotation, but no extended passages.
Undergraduate students trained to provide basic health care screening in an underserved community: a door-to-door campaign.

OBJECTIVE Millions of Americans fail to receive proper preventative care and/or have poorly managed chronic conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine if local student volunteers could be utilized to assess hypertension in an underserved community. The two primary objectives included first determining if student volunteers could be effectively trained to perform blood pressure screening and if they could then successfully provide such screening door-to-door in a targeted community. RESULTS Volunteers were recruited from local universities, trained and skill tested in basic medical techniques and simulated door-to-door interactions. Of 43 initial students, 37 successfully completed written and competency exams. During the two-weekend community engagement, 220 individuals answered door knocks and 80 agreed to screening. Of those without a previous diagnosis of hypertension, 70.9% had an abnormal reading as did 87% of those who had been previously diagnosed with hypertension. This methodology was implemented at minimal cost and was perceived as a benefit by both students and community members. CONCLUSIONS The study scope did not allow longer-term follow up for those with abnormal readings, but did serve as a reminder for those diagnosed with hypertension to monitor their status and as an indication for those undiagnosed that they may need to seek further care. Our findings are important because they show that undergraduate students are a viable source of volunteers for performing medically-related community outreach.
Recent Livermore research on ion beam fusion targets: Utilization of direct-drive efficiency during optimization of symmetry and utilization of polarized DT fuel

We investigated several examples of ion beam targets that utilize the energy efficiency of direct drive while optimizing on the symmetry requirements. Heavy-ion beams of charge state Z ≥ 3 at 5–10 GeV have ≲15–20 m bending radii with 3.5-T fields. Beams like these could be used with targets involving direct drive. Control of asymmetries in direct-drive ion beam targets depends on control of the effects of residual target asymmetries after an appropriate illumination scheme has been adopted. In this paper, we outline results of our investigations into ion beam target concepts in which the effects of residual asymmetries are ameliorated. The beams are placed according to our axially symmetric Gaussian-quadrature illumination scheme (Mark 1986). The targets survive the effects of residual asymmetries in our recent 2-D hydrodynamic simulations. We also briefly discuss the additional positive effects of polarized DT fuel on ion beam targets.
New clinical markers predictive of cardiovascular disease: the role of inflammatory mediators.

Identification of persons at risk for developing cardiovas­ cular disease has focused attention on blood pressure, smoking, and serum cholesterol levels. Modification of these factors has resulted in reduction of overall morbidity and mortality within the popula­ tion. While significant, these risk factors do not predict all cardio­ vascular events, because the causes of cardiovascula r disease are multifactorial and the risk associated with any given factor is compounded by the presence of other risk factors. Additional risk factors that may also identify risk for cardiovascular disease may include inflammatory mediators such as C-reactive protein, interleu- kin 6, cell adhesion molecules, and fibrinogen. Although additional studies are needed to establish the clinical utility of these markers, they may improve the identification and assessment of patients at risk for future cardiovascular events.
Supreme Court Auditing of the US Courts of Appeals: An Organizational Perspective

Using an aggregate-level model of Supreme Court-circuit court interactions, this study assesses the extent to which the Court's auditing process of circuit court outputs is shaped by organizational dynamics such as structural capacity, institutionalization, and demographic characteristics. Principals in organizational hierarchies must audit the behavior of their agents to ensure that the agents are faithfully complying with the principals' preferences. In the case of the Supreme Court, such auditing activities must take place in the face of very limited institutional capacity on the Court's part. We propose that the Court considers certain broad organizational and institutional characteristics at the circuit level when performing this task. In particular, we find that the Court strategically allocates its limited institutional resources to audit decisions to respond to its recent interactions with individual circuits in past terms, the circuits' internal decision-making dynamics (including dissent and reversal rates), and goal conflict between the circuit and the Supreme Court.
Effects of low survivability cues and participant sex on physiological and behavioral responses to sexual stimuli

article i nfo According to life history theory, environmental cues indicating that one's future survivability is low increase reproductive effort. This suggests that exposure to low survivability cues will increase people's preparedness to engage in sex. However, according to sexual selection theory and parental investment theory, evolutionary pressures favored a more conservative sexual strategy among women compared to men. We therefore hypothesized that men, but not women, would respond to low survivability cues with increased sexual preparedness. Accordingly, both subliminal and supraliminal death primes (as compared with control primes) led men, but not women, to exhibit increased physiological arousal in response to sexual images (Study 1), and stronger approach-oriented behavioral responses to sexual images (Study 2). Theoretical implications for life history theory are discussed.
Macrophage receptors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The resurgence of concern about tuberculosis has resulted in the discovery that Mycobacterium tuberculosis , a facultative intracellular pathogen, has developed numerous mechanisms for entering human macrophages. In this regard M. tuberculosis differs from obligate extracellular pathogens, such as
Considerations in Extending Shift-Share Analysis: Note

One of the limitations to the widespread use of the Esteban-Marquillas shift-share extension has been the Stokes (1974) proof of the lack of regional additivity of the Esteban-Marquillas competitive components. Since the Arcelus extension (1984) of the traditional shift-share decomposition is a continuation of the logical framework by Esteban-Marquillas (1972), the Stokes criticism would at first appear to have equal relevance to this new work. This note demonstrates that the relationship between the rate of growth of the larger region and the rates of growth of its constituent subregions is ignored in the Stokes criticism and in the subsequent critique by Beaudry and Martin (1979). By explicitly incorporating the relationship between the rate of growth of the larger region and the rates of growth of the constituent subregions, we also demonstrate that the recent shift-share extensions by Esteban-Marquillas and Arcelus share with the classical shift-share decomposition the desirable additive properties under regional disaggregation of the data.