cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus in the Nutrition of the Adult Hen 3. The Influence of Phosphorus Source and Level on Cage Layer Osteoporosis (Cage Layer Fatigue)

Abstract DURING a series of experiments conducted in this laboratory between 1961 and 1967 on the relative availability of phosphorus from various sources for caged hens, unexpected mortality was observed to which osteoporosis appeared to be a major contributing factor. The syndrome resembled “cage layer fatigue” (CLF) as first described by Couch (1955) and later in greater detail by Grumbles (1959). A similar condition has since been reported elsewhere in the world by Bell and Siller (1962, Scotland), Gardiner (1964, Ireland), Smetana (1965, Australia), and Hartwigk (1966, Germany). Genetic differences in susceptibility were reported by Francis (1957) based on variations in incidence of CLF from 0.65% to 3.95% in seven strains of birds. Several reports have implicated skeletal weakness or damage in the condition. Urist and Deutsch (1960) described severe osteoporosis in White Leghorn hens in heavy egg production and noted that it did not occur in immature and young mature…
Hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis: Two global disease entities of public health importance

Two relatively new opportunistic diseases — hyalohyphomycosis and phaeohyphomycosis — are the byproduct, in most cases, of the progress being made in combating microbial and non-microbial diseases. Immunologically impaired hosts have become vulnerable to infection by fungi that were long considered to be innocuous. The currently known etiologic agents of these two diseases are listed and pertinent literature references are cited. The basic histologic differences between phaeohyphomycosis and chromoblastomycosis was emphasized and illustrated.
An Axisymmetric, Hydrodynamical Model for the Torus Wind in Active Galactic Nuclei

We report on time-dependent axisymmetric simulations of an X-ray-excited flow from a parsec-scale, rotating, cold torus around an active galactic nucleus. Our simulations account for radiative heating and cooling and radiation pressure force. The simulations follow the development of a broad biconical outflow induced mainly by X-ray heating. We compute synthetic spectra predicted by our simulations. The wind characteristics and the spectra support the hypothesis that a rotationally supported torus can serve as the source of a wind which is responsible for the warm absorber gas observed in the X-ray spectra of many Seyfert galaxies.
Total-energy study of electronic structure and mechanical behavior of C15 Laves phase compounds: NbCr2 and HfV2.

First-principles electronic structure calculations based on a full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method have been used to study the electronic and mechanical properties of the early transition metal C15 Laves phase compounds ${\mathrm{NbCr}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{HfV}}_{2}$. For both compounds, total energies are computed and compared for the two Laves phase crystal structures C15 and C14. The lower total-energy structure for ${\mathrm{NbCr}}_{2}$ is found to be the C15 structure as opposed to the C14 structure for ${\mathrm{HfV}}_{2}$. We have calculated the equilibrium unit cell volumes, bulk moduli, cohesive energies, and heats of formation. We have obtained the density of states and charge density contour plots. Based on these results, we discuss the elastic properties, the stability of the C15 phase, and the bonding and deformation mechanisms in Laves phases. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A computer experiment in pattern theory

A pattern theoretic model of random shape is described and applied to noisy digital images of human hand. Algorithms are derived from the model for processing the pictures, in particular for image restoration. To learn about the power and limitations of the techniques we introduce more and more complex visual noise until the algorithms fail. The noise model is then modified in order to compensate for the peculiarities of the noise. In order to make the techniques computationally feasible analytical results have been exploited to speed up stochastic relaxation. For massive mathematical experiments on the computer, such as the present one, the mathematician needs more advanced computer resources than are usually available. The need for this is emphasized, in particular for powerful single user machines, and appropriate support personnel
Synthesis and pyrolysis of cyclic sulfonium ylides

Abstract Intramolecular capture of carbenoid intermediates by sulfides results in the formation of a series of stable cyclic sulfonium ylides.
Prognostic impact of deletions of derivative chromosome 9 in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with nilotinib or dasatinib.

BACKGROUND: Deletions of derivative chromosome 9 are a poor prognostic factor in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treated with hydroxyurea, interferon, or stem cell transplantation. Imatinib may overcome the adverse prognostic impact of deletions of derivative chromosome 9. METHODS: A study was undertaken to investigate the prognostic impact of deletions of derivative chromosome 9 in 353 patients with CML receiving the second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) nilotinib (n = 161) or dasatinib (n = 192). RESULTS: Deletion of derivative chromosome 9 status was determined in 245 (69%). Twenty-eight (11%) patients, 22 in chronic phase, 4 in accelerated phase, and 2 in blast phase, carried deletions of derivative chromosome 9, including 17 receiving nilotinib and 11 receiving dasatinib (P = .47). Overall survival (OS) at 24 months was similar between patients with or without deletions of derivative chromosome 9 (70% vs 71%, P = .76). For patients in chronic phase, no significant differences in overall major cytogenetic response (77% vs 82%, P = .57) or complete cytogenetic response (77% vs 81%, P = .71) rates were observed between patients with or without deletions of derivative chromosome 9. At 24 months, patients with CML in chronic phase without deletions of derivative chromosome 9 had improved event-free survival (EFS) (88% vs 66%, P = .07) and OS (96% vs 82%; P = .08) compared with those carrying deletions of derivative chromosome 9. However, multivariate analysis established second-line versus frontline second generation TKI therapy as the only adverse prognostic factor for EFS and increased bone marrow blast burden and older age as independent adverse prognostic factors for OS. CONCLUSIONS: Deletions of derivative chromosome 9 do not appear to be an independent risk factor for survival among patients with CML in chronic phase receiving second generation TKIs. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Two Molecular Forms of Ferritin in Rabbit Marrow

IN normal circumstances the bulk of iron bound to transferrin is delivered to the erythroid marrow for use in haemoglobin synthesis. Iron metabolism is conservative, however, and transferrin acquires its iron chiefly from storage depots in the reticuloendothelial system. The reticuloendothelial cells are responsible for the breakdown of red blood cells and for the salvage of iron which, after degradative breakdown of haemoglobin, is stored in these cells as ferritin. Transferrin again acquires this iron and transports it back to the erythroblasts, where it is incorporated both into ferritin and into haemoglobin. The factors which control the flow of iron from ferritin in reticuloendothelial cells to ferritin in erythroblasts are not understood. In this report, ferritin of reticuloendothelial cell origin, referred to as “catabolic” ferritin is distinguished from ferritin of erythroblasts, called here “anabolic” ferritin.
Plasma facing surface composition during NSTX Li experiments

Abstract Lithium conditioned plasma facing surfaces have lowered recycling and enhanced plasma performance on many fusion devices. However, the nature of the plasma–lithium surface interaction has been obscured by the difficulty of in-tokamak surface analysis. We report laboratory studies of the chemical composition of lithium surfaces exposed to typical residual gases found in tokamaks. Solid lithium and a molybdenum alloy (TZM) coated with lithium have been examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature programmed desorption, and Auger electron spectroscopy both in ultrahigh vacuum conditions and after exposure to trace gases. Lithium surfaces near room temperature were oxidized after exposure to 1–2 Langmuirs of oxygen or water vapor. The oxidation rate by carbon monoxide was four times less. Lithiated PFC surfaces in tokamaks will be oxidized in about 100 s depending on the tokamak vacuum conditions.
First Evidence of a Binucleate Rhizoctonia as the Causal Agent of Dry Rot Canker of Sugar Beet in Nebraska.

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is the primary source of domestic sucrose in the United States. In 2011, a sugar beet field in Morrill County, NE, was noted with wilting and yellowing symptoms suggestive of Rhizoctonia root and crown rot (RRCR), an important disease of sugar beet primarily caused by Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 2-2 (4). While the foliar symptoms were consistent with RRCR, the symptoms on the root were not. Root symptoms consisted of localized, dry, sunken lesions covering brown spongy tissue penetrating deeply into taproots. The surface tissues of the cankers distinctively produced a series of concentric circles. These root symptoms are inconsistent with RRCR, but are suggestive of a rarely occurring disease known as dry rot canker (DRC). DRC was first identified from Utah in 1921 (1), and assumed at the time to be caused by an uncharacterized strain of R. solani. It has since been sporadically but empirically noted from most western sugar beet growing states (4), but little is know...
Application of novel hyperspectral imaging technologies in combat casualty care

Novel hyperspectral imaging (HSI) methods may play several important roles in Combat Casualty Care: (1) HSI of the skin may provide spatial data on hemoglobin saturation of oxygen, as a "window" into perfusion during shock. (2) HSI or similar technology could be incorporated into closed-loop, feedback-controlled resuscitation systems. (3) HSI may provide information about tissue viability and/or wound infection. (4) HSI in the near-infrared range may provide information on the tissue water content--greatly affected, e.g., by fluid resuscitation. Thus, further refinements in the speed and size of HSI systems are sought to make these capabilities available on the battlefield.
Studies on anaerobic metabolism in the fresh-water turtle (Pseudemys scripta elegans).

Abstract 1. 1. Chemical assays were made on blood, brain, heart and liver of fresh-water turtles (Pseudemys scripta elegans) after 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 hr of anaerobiosis. 2. 2. During anaerobiosis there was a progressive fall in liver glycogen and rise in blood glucose. Cardiac glycogen was exhausted after 3 hr and brain glycogen remained unchanged. 3. 3. The rate of glycolysis was increased during the first 6 hr and then decreased progressively. 4. 4. ATP and creatine phosphate stores began to decline during the first 3 hr of anaerobiosis and were nearly exhausted after 15 hr. 5. 5. Anaerobic survival of the fresh-water turtle is probably limited by the energetic inefficiency of glycolysis, with increasing tissue acidity playing a secondary role.
Operational Envelopes for Working Bodies of Mechanisms and Manipulators

The set of all points in space that are occupied by points in the working body of a mechanism or manipulator, for some kinematically admissible configuration, is defined as its operational envelope. Criteria for points on the boundary of the operational envelope of working bodies with smooth boundaries are developed, for both parametric and equation representations of domains and boundaries of working bodies, in two- and three-dimensional space. The criteria derived involve kinematic constraint equations for the underlying mechanism and equations that characterize the shape of the working body. A row rank deficiency condition is derived as a criterion for the boundary of the operational envelope, and numerical methods based on this condition for mapping the boundary are presented. Examples involving a planar Stewart platform with a dome attached and the wheel assembly of a vehicle suspension system in three dimensions are analyzed numerically.
A mutational analysis of residues essential for ligand recognition at the human P2Y1 receptor

We conducted a mutational analysis of residues potentially involved in the adenine nucleotide binding pocket of the human P2Y1receptor. Mutated receptors were expressed in COS-7 cells with an epitope tag that permitted confirmation of expression in the plasma membrane, and agonist-promoted inositol phosphate accumulation was assessed as a measure of receptor activity. Residues in transmembrane helical domains (TMs) 3, 5, 6, and 7 predicted by molecular modeling to be involved in ligand recognition were replaced with alanine and, in some cases, by other amino acids. The potent P2Y1 receptor agonist 2-methylthio-ATP (2-MeSATP) had no activity in cells expressing the R128A, R310A, and S314A mutant receptors, and a markedly reduced potency of 2-MeSATP was observed with the K280A and Q307A mutants. These results suggest that residues on the exofacial side of TM3 and TM7 are critical determinants of the ATP binding pocket. In contrast, there was no change in the potency or maximal effect of 2-MeSATP with the S317A mutant receptor. Alanine replacement of F131, H132, Y136, F226, or H277 resulted in mutant receptors that exhibited a 7–18-fold reduction in potency compared with that observed with the wild-type receptor. These residues thus seem to subserve a less important modulatory role in ligand binding to the P2Y1 receptor. Because changes in the potency of 2-methylthio-ADP and 2-(hexylthio)-AMP paralleled the changes in potency of 2-MeSATP at these mutant receptors, the β- and γ-phosphates of the adenine nucleotides seem to be less important than the α-phosphate in ligand/P2Y1 receptor interactions. However, T221A and T222A mutant receptors exhibited much larger reductions in triphosphate (89- and 33-fold versus wild-type receptors, respectively) than in diphosphate or monophosphate potency. This result may be indicative of a greater role of these TM5 residues in γ-phosphate recognition. Taken together, the results suggest that the adenosine and α-phosphate moieties of ATP bind to critical residues in TM3 and TM7 on the exofacial side of the human P2Y1 receptor.
Indirect Effect of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Pneumococcal Colonization among Unvaccinated Household Members

Background. Since the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in the United States, rates of invasive pneumococcal disease have decreased in both vaccinated and unvaccinated age groups. Reduction of invasive pneumococcal disease in unvaccinated groups has been attributed to reduced transmission of vaccinetype pneumococci in the community. Understanding the impact of PCV7 on carriage among vaccinated and unvaccinated community members is critical to interpreting, predicting, and understanding the impact of PCV7 on disease. Methods. A group-randomized, phase III efficacy trial of PCV7 was conducted among southwestern American Indian communities. Meningococcal conjugate vaccine against serogroup C was used as the control. After the trial was unblinded, we conducted a carriage study of participating communities to evaluate the impact of PCV7 on colonization among trial participants and their unvaccinated household members. Results. Adults and unvaccinated children aged !5 years living in households with a PCV7 vaccinee were less likely to be colonized with vaccine-type pneumococci (odds ratio [OR] for adults, 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33‐0.99; OR for children, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.26‐0.98) than were those living in a household with a control vaccinee. There was no difference for children aged 5‐17 years. Decreases in vaccine-type carriage were offset by increases in carriage of nonvaccine types. Among adults living with a trial participant colonized with vaccine-type pneumococcus, those in the households randomized to receive PCV7 were less likely to be colonized with the same serotype than were those in the households randomized to receive the control vaccine (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.11‐0.99). Conclusions. Vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage was lower among adults and unvaccinated children living with a PCV7 vaccinee. This is attributable to reduced exposure and reduced transmission when exposure occurs. Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are highly effective in the prevention of pneumococcal disease in children. Since the introduction of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) (Prevnar; Wyeth Vaccines) in 2000, substantial decreases in US rates of invasive pneu
Cathepsin B Regulates the Appearance and Severity of Mercury-Induced Inflammation and Autoimmunity

Susceptibility and resistance to systemic autoimmunity are genetically regulated. This is particularly true for murine mercury-induced autoimmunity (mHgIA) where DBA/2J mice are considered resistant to disease including polyclonal B cell activation, autoantibody responses, and immune complex deposits. To identify possible mechanisms for the resistance to mHgIA, we exposed mHgIA sensitive B10.S and resistant DBA/2J mice to HgCl2 and assessed inflammation and pro-inflammatory responses at the site of exposure and subsequent development of markers of systemic autoimmunity. DBA/2J mice showed little evidence of induration at the site of exposure, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, T cell activation, or autoantibody production, although they did exhibit increased levels of total serum IgG and IgG1. In contrast B10.S mice developed significant inflammation together with increased expression of inflammasome component NLRP3, proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, hypergammaglobulinemia, splenomegaly, CD4(+) T-cell activation, and production of autoantibodies. Inflammation in B10.S mice was associated with a selective increase in activity of cysteine cathepsin B but not cathepsins L or S. Increased cathepsin B activity was not dependent on cytokines required for mHgIA but treatment with CA-074, a cathepsin B inhibitor, led to transient reduction of local induration, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and subsequent attenuation of the systemic adaptive immune response. These findings demonstrate that sensitivity to mHgIA is linked to an early cathepsin B regulated inflammatory response which can be pharmacologically exploited to abrogate the subsequent adaptive autoimmune response which leads to disease.
From Ardrey to altruism: a discourse on the biological basis of human behavior.

Extrapolations from the behavior of animals to that of man frequently err when they assume the behavior in question to be a unitary phenomenon. For example, the territorial behavior of vertebrates, which has been cited as providing a biological explanation (and justification) for human property rights, probably has as many different bases as there are species. Extrapolations, if they are to be useful, must be accurate. This requires us to focus upon similarities in evolutionary and physiological processes rather than upon similarities in final appearances.
Comparison of animal models for head and neck cancer cachexia

Objectives/hypothesis Despite its negative impact on cancer patients, there are few animal models of cancer cachexia. Our hypothesis was that different human cell lines would variably induce cachexia. Study design Prospective animal study. Methods We established two xenograft models in athymic mice and compared these with a cachexigenic cell line, the murine adenocarcinoma 16 (MAC16) cell line. Eight-week-old female, athymic mice were injected with human head and neck cell lines (JHU022, JHU012) and the MAC16 cell line. Body weight, food intake, body composition, leg weights, serum cytokines, and lipid mobilizing factor (LMF) were compared. Results Mean food intake for all groups was equivalent. Mean percent change in body weight after 18 days was 18%, 19%, 12%, and 3% for control, JHU012, JHU022, and MAC16 experimental groups, respectively. Both JHU022- and MAC16-injected mice showed wasting even when tumor burden was low. In contrast, mice injected with JHU012 developed larger tumors yet lacked evidence of cachexia. These mice demonstrated loss of lean body mass but not fat mass. Serum cytokine levels for interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and IL-1 beta were elevated in JHU022-bearing mice, whereas IL-1 alpha, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-alpha were elevated in MAC16-bearing mice. LMF was present in both the JHU022 and JHU012 cell lines. Conclusions The JHU022 cell line caused more severe cachexia than the JHU012 cells, suggesting these cell lines may be used to further study cancer cachexia. IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in the JHU022 model may be mediators of cachexia, whereas TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-6 may be mediators in MAC16-induced cachexia.
Worlds and Propositions Set Free

The authors provide an object-theoretic analysis of two paradoxes in the theory of possible worlds and propositions stemming from Russell and Kaplan. After laying out the paradoxes, the authors provide a brief overview of object theory and point out how syntactic restrictions that prevent object-theoretic versions of the classical paradoxes are justified philosophically. The authors then trace the origins of the Russell paradox to a problematic application of set theory in the definition of worlds. Next the authors show that an object-theoretic analysis of the Kaplan paradox reveals that there is no genuine paradox at all, as the central premise of the paradox is simply a logical falsehood and hence can be rejected on the strongest possible grounds—not only in object theory but for the very framework of propositional modal logic in which Kaplan frames his argument. The authors close by fending off a possible objection that object theory avoids the Russell paradox only by refusing to incorporate set theory and, hence, that the object-theoretic solution is only a consequence of the theory’s weakness.
International Education and Developing Countries: Research and Educational Collaboration in the Field

Conducting collaborative fieldwork between American researchers and foreign scholars in developing countries is a difficult prospect for political scientists. Yet, we can use our knowledge and position at an American university to contribute to the academic community in our areas of study and establish lasting personal and institutional ties with our host institutions. This article proposes several ways in which a collaborative-training and research program that can help American professors and students develop long-term relationships with their overseas colleagues. First, direct involvement in training local students and faculty from our host institutions can improve the quality of our data and research. Second, American scholars can reduce host university costs by developing institutional ties with smaller more enthusiastic host universities rather than the top academic institutions in their respective host countries. Third, we can teach American students how to practice collaborative-training research....
Standardized Approaches to Individual Psychotherapy of Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder

Recent developments in individual psychotherapy for patients with borderline personality disorder include psychodynamic, interpersonal, behavioral, and cognitive treatments. The author provides an overview of standardized treatment approaches--that is, modes of treatment that have a clear theoretical rationale and specific strategies and techniques--for borderline personality disorder. Evaluations of the efficacy of these approaches are discussed. Although there is little empirically based knowledge about the effectiveness of these treatments, their adaptation for the specific treatment of borderline personality disorder represents an important step for treatment and research in this area.
Evaluation of Telavancin Activity versus Daptomycin and Vancomycin against Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus in an In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model

Daptomycin-nonsusceptible (DNS) Staphylococcus aureus strains have been reported over the last several years. Telavancin is a lipoglycopeptide with a dual mechanism of action, as it inhibits peptidoglycan polymerization/cross-linking and disrupts the membrane potential. Three clinical DNS S. aureus strains, CB1814, R6212, and SA-684, were evaluated in an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model with simulated endocardial vegetations (starting inoculum, 10(8.5) CFU/g) for 120 h. Simulated regimens included telavancin at 10 mg/kg every 24 h (q24h; peak, 87.5 mg/liter; t(1/2), 7.5 h), daptomycin at 6 mg/kg q24h (peak, 95.7 mg/liter; t(1/2), 8 h), and vancomycin at 1 g q12h (peak, 30 mg/liter; t(1/2), 6 h). Differences in CFU/g between regimens at 24 through 120 h were evaluated by analysis of variance with a Tukey's post hoc test. Bactericidal activity was defined as a ≥3-log(10) CFU/g decrease in colony count from the initial inoculum. MIC values were 1, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/liter (telavancin), 4, 2, and 2 mg/liter (daptomycin), and 2, 2, and 2 mg/liter (vancomycin) for CB1814, R6212, and SA-684, respectively. Telavancin displayed bactericidal activities against R6212 (32 to 120 h; -4.31 log(10) CFU/g), SA-684 (56 to 120 h; -3.06 log(10) CFU/g), and CB1814 (48 to 120 h; -4.9 log(10) CFU/g). Daptomycin displayed initial bactericidal activity followed by regrowth with all three strains. Vancomycin did not exhibit sustained bactericidal activity against any strain. At 120 h, telavancin was significantly better at reducing colony counts than vancomycin against all three tested strains and better than daptomycin against CB1814 (P < 0.05). Telavancin displayed bactericidal activity in vitro against DNS S. aureus isolates.
cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum(II) Accumulation in Sensitive and Resistant Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells

We have characterized the accumulation of cisplatin (DDP) into parent and cisplatin-resistant 2008 human ovarian carcinoma cells. Accumulation of DDP at 1 h was a linear function of concentration from 0.25 to 100 microM DDP in both cell types. DDP-resistant cells that were only 3.3-fold resistant had approximately 50% less accumulated platinum at all concentrations examined. Accumulation of 1.0 microM DDP was linear for approximately 3 h and then slowed but did not reach equilibrium at up to 24 h in either cell type. The decreased DDP accumulation in resistant cells did not appear to be due to increased efflux; similar percentages of platinum were available for exodus in parent and resistant cells. Intracellular metabolites of DDP appeared to be decreased by similar amounts in the resistant cells. Native DDP was not driven uphill into cells against a concentration gradient, suggesting that DDP uptake does not involve primary active transport. The metabolic inhibitors, dinitrophenol and NaF, did not decrease DDP accumulation; iodoacetate had a stimulatory effect. Dinitrophenol, however, in combination with NaF or iodoacetate decreased DDP accumulation. A 30-min exposure to 0.2 mM ouabain also decreased DDP accumulation in both parent and resistant cells. A component of DDP accumulation thus appears to be energy dependent. These studies have identified decreased DDP accumulation as an important mechanism of resistance that is expressed early in the acquisition of DDP resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells.
Multimode One-Way Waveguides of Large Chern Numbers

Current experimental realizations of the quantum anomalous Hall phase in both electronic and photonic systems have been limited to a Chern number of one. In photonics, this corresponds to a single-mode one-way edge waveguide. Here, we predict quantum anomalous Hall phases in photonic crystals with large Chern numbers of 2, 3, and 4. These new topological phases were found by simultaneously gapping multiple Dirac and quadratic points. We demonstrate a continuously tunable power splitter as a possible application of multimode one-way waveguides. All our findings are readily realizable at microwave frequencies.
The Prevalence of Sexual Assault Against People Who Identify as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual in the United States: A Systematic Review

This article systematically reviews 75 studies that examine the prevalence of sexual assault victimization among gay or bisexual (GB) men, and lesbian or bisexual (LB) women, in the United States. All studies were published between 1989 and 2009 and report the results of quantitative research. The authors reviewed the reported prevalence of lifetime sexual assault victimization (LSA), and where available, childhood sexual assault (CSA), adult sexual assault (ASA), intimate partner sexual assault (IPSA), and hate crime-related sexual assault (HC). The studies were grouped into those that used a probability or census sampling technique (n = 25) and those that used a non-probability or ‘‘community-based’’ sampling technique (n = 50). A total of 139,635 gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) respondents participated in the underlying studies reviewed. Prevalence estimates of LSA ranged from 15.6-85.0% for LB women and 11.8—54.0% for GB men. Considering the median estimates derived from the collective set of studies...
Using Semantic Web Technologies for Integrating Domain Specific Modeling and Analytical Tools

Abstract This paper discusses the potential advantages and pitfalls of using semantic web technologies for representing and integrating modeling and analysis tools. Analytical tools are often not designed to be integrated with information sources and general-purpose modeling tools, and often do not support detection of problems across domains. Additionally, these modeling tools may not capture and represent explicitly the information needed to leverage the capabilities of analysis tools. The method described uses semantic web technology as the integrating mechanism between domain specific modeling (DSM) tools and analytical tools. We describe a method and tool set for representing the analytical knowledge through semantic web ontologies that map between the metamodels of both the DSM and analytical tools. We compare an earlier tool-chain prototype with a significantly revised prototype to reflect on the benefits from using semantic web technologies as an integrating mechanism. A potential advantage is the ability to represent the relationships between modeling and analytical tools explicitly and transparently.
Glucose oxidase-graphene-chitosan modified electrode for direct electrochemistry and glucose sensing

Direct electrochemistry of a glucose oxidase (GOD)-graphene-chitosan nanocomposite was studied. The immobilized enzyme retains its bioactivity, exhibits a surface confined, reversible two-proton and two-electron transfer reaction, and has good stability, activity and a fast heterogeneous electron transfer rate with the rate constant (k(s)) of 2.83 s(-1). A much higher enzyme loading (1.12 x 10(-9)mol/cm(2)) is obtained as compared to the bare glass carbon surface. This GOD-graphene-chitosan nanocomposite film can be used for sensitive detection of glucose. The biosensor exhibits a wider linearity range from 0.08mM to 12mM glucose with a detection limit of 0.02mM and much higher sensitivity (37.93microAmM(-1)cm(-2)) as compared with other nanostructured supports. The excellent performance of the biosensor is attributed to large surface-to-volume ratio and high conductivity of graphene, and good biocompatibility of chitosan, which enhances the enzyme absorption and promotes direct electron transfer between redox enzymes and the surface of electrodes.
Complete Remission of Post-transplantation Recurrence of Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis With the Use of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone Gel: Case Report.

Abstract Background Post-transplantation recurrence of primary focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is estimated to occur in 30%–50% of cases and doubles the risk of allograft failure. Treatment of recurrent FSGS is challenging because specific pathogenic targets are unknown and available therapeutic options have limited efficacy. Case Report We report a case of recurrent FSGS with nephrotic-range proteinuria (urine protein creatinine ratio [UPCR], >50) and debilitating edema that was resistant to rituximab and plasmapheresis. The patient had a remarkable response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) gel and achieved complete remission (UPCR, 0.5; serum albumin, 4.1 g/dL; serum creatinine, 1.0 mg/dL) which was maintained over 10 months on this treatment. Conclusions We conclude that ACTH gel is a potential therapeutic option for post-transplantation recurrence of FSGS and warrants further evaluation.
Metabolic Sensing in Brain Dopamine Systems

The gustatory system allows the brain to monitor the presence of chemicals in the oral cavity and initiate appropriate responses of acceptance or rejection. Among such chemicals are the nutrients that must be rapidly recognized and ingested for immediate oxidation or storage. In the periphery, the gustatory system consists of a highly efficient sensing mechanism, where distinct cell types express receptors that bind specifically to chemicals associated with one particular taste quality. These specialized receptors connect to the brain via dedicated pathways, the stimulation of which triggers stereotypic behavioral responses as well as neurotransmitter release in brain reward dopamine systems. However, evidence also exists in favor of the concept that the critical regulators of long-term nutrient choice are physiological processes taking place after ingestion and independently of gustation. We will appraise the hypothesis that organisms can develop preferences for nutrients independently of oral taste stimulation. Of particular interest are recent findings indicating that disrupting nutrient utilization interferes with activity in brain dopamine pathways. These findings establish the metabolic fate of nutrients as previously unanticipated reward signals that regulate the reinforcing value of foods. In particular, it suggests a role for brain dopamine reward systems as metabolic sensors, allowing for signals generated by the metabolic utilization of nutrients to regulate neurotransmitter release and food reinforcement.
Barry Saltzman and the Theory of Climate

Barry Saltzman was a giant in the fields of meteorology and climate science. A leading figure in the study of weather and climate for over 40 yr, he has frequently been referred to as the “father of modern climate theory.” Ahead of his time in many ways, Saltzman made significant contributions to our understanding of the general circulation and spectral energetics budget of the atmosphere, as well as climate change across a wide spectrum of time scales. In his endeavor to develop a unified theory of how the climate system works, he played a role in the development of energy balance models, statistical dynamical models, and paleoclimate dynamical models. He was a pioneer in developing meteorologically motivated dynamical systems, including the progenitor of Lorenz’s famous chaos model. In applying his own dynamical-systems approach to long-term climate change, he recognized the potential for using atmospheric general circulation models in a complimentary way. In 1998, he was awarded the Carl-Gustaf Rossby medal, the highest honor of the American Meteorological Society “for his life-long contributions to the study of the global circulation and the evolution of the earth’s climate.” In this paper, the authors summarize and place into perspective some of the most significant contributions that Barry Saltzman made during his long and distinguished career. This short review also serves as an introduction to the papers in this special issue of the Journal of Climate dedicated to Barry’s memory.
Behavioural biometrics: a survey and classification

This study is a survey and classification of the state-of-the-art in behavioural biometrics which is based on skills, style, preference, knowledge, motor-skills or strategy used by people while accomplishing different everyday tasks such as driving an automobile, talking on the phone or using a computer. The authors examine current research in the field and analyse the types of features used to describe different types of behaviour. After comparing accuracy rates for verification of users using different behavioural biometric approaches, researchers address privacy issues which arise or might arise in the future with the use of behavioural biometrics.
Fermentation of Glycerol to Succinate by Metabolically Engineered Strains of Escherichia coli

The fermentative metabolism of Escherichia coli was reengineered to efficiently convert glycerol to succinate under anaerobic conditions without the use of foreign genes. Formate and ethanol were the dominant fermentation products from glycerol in wild-type Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, followed by succinate and acetate. Inactivation of pyruvate formate-lyase (pflB) in the wild-type strain eliminated the production of formate and ethanol and reduced the production of acetate. However, this deletion slowed growth and decreased cell yields due to either insufficient energy production or insufficient levels of electron acceptors. Reversing the direction of the gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase reaction offered an approach to solve both problems, conserving energy as an additional ATP and increasing the pool of electron acceptors (fumarate and malate). Recruiting this enzyme through a promoter mutation (pck*) to increase expression also increased the rate of growth, cell yield, and succinate production. Presumably, the high NADH/NAD+ ratio served to establish the direction of carbon flow. Additional mutations were also beneficial. Glycerol dehydrogenase and the phosphotransferase-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase are regarded as the primary route for glycerol metabolism under anaerobic conditions. However, this is not true for succinate production by engineered strains. Deletion of the ptsI gene or any other gene essential for the phosphotranferase system was found to increase succinate yield. Deletion of pflB in this background provided a further increase in the succinate yield. Together, these three core mutations (pck*, ptsI, and pflB) effectively redirected carbon flow from glycerol to succinate at 80% of the maximum theoretical yield during anaerobic fermentation in mineral salts medium.
Diffusion Tensor Tractography of Traumatic Diffuse Axonal Injury

Background Diffuse axonal injury is a common consequence of traumatic brain injury that frequently involves the parasagittal white matter, corpus callosum, and brainstem. Objective To examine the potential of diffusion tensor tractography in detecting diffuse axonal injury at the acute stage of injury and predicting long-term functional outcome. Design Tract-derived fiber variables were analyzed to distinguish patients from control subjects and to determine their relationship to outcome. Setting Inpatient traumatic brain injury unit. Patients From 2005 to 2006, magnetic resonance images were acquired in 12 patients approximately 7 days after injury and in 12 age- and sex-matched controls. Main Outcome Measures Six fiber variables of the corpus callosum, fornix, and peduncular projections were obtained. Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended scores were assessed approximately 9 months after injury in 11 of the 12 patients. Results At least 1 fiber variable of each region showed diffuse axonal injury–associated alterations. At least 1 fiber variable of the anterior body and splenium of the corpus callosum correlated significantly with the Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended scores. The predicted outcome scores correlated significantly with actual scores in a mixed-effects model. Conclusion Diffusion tensor tractography–based quantitative analysis at the acute stage of injury has the potential to serve as a valuable biomarker of diffuse axonal injury and predict long-term outcome.
Interactions of the Anticancer Drug Tamoxifen with Lipid Membranes

Interactions of the hydrophobic anticancer drug tamoxifen (TAM) with lipid model membranes were studied using calcein-encapsulated vesicle leakage, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) based force spectroscopy, and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The addition of TAM enhances membrane permeability, inducing calcein to translocate from the interior to the exterior of lipid vesicles. A large decrease in the FTIR absorption band’s magnitude was observed in the hydrocarbon chain region, suggesting suppressed bond vibrational dynamics. Bilayer thickening was determined from SANS data. Force spectroscopy measurements indicate that the lipid bilayer area compressibility modulus KA is increased by a large amount after the incorporation of TAM. MD simulations show that TAM decreases the lipid area and increases chain order parameters. Moreover, orientational and positional analyses show that TAM exhibits a highly dynamic conformation within the lipid bilayer. Our detailed experimental and computational studies of TAM interacting with model lipid membranes shed new light on membrane modulation by TAM.
Changes in Secondary Protein Structures During Mixing Development of High Absorption (90%) Flour and Water Mixtures

ABSTRACT Wheat flour and water mixtures at 90% absorption (dry flour basis) prepared at various mixing times were examined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) reflectance spectroscopy. Spectra were obtained using a horizontal attenuated total reflection (ATR) trough plate. The apparent amount of protein and starch on the surface of the dough varied with mixing time but this was likely due to the polyphasic nature of the substrate and the changing particle distributions as the batter matrix was developed. Deconvolution of the Amide I band revealed contributions from alpha helical, β-turn, β-strand, β-sheet, and random conformations. The ratio of β-sheet to nonsheet conformations reached its greatest value about the same time that the mixture was most effectively separated by a laboratory-scale, cold-ethanol-based method but before the peak consistency measured by a microfarinograph.
The Nature of Winter Clouds and Precipitation in the Cascade Mountains and their Modification by Artificial Seeding. Part II: Techniques for the Physical Evaluation of Seeding

Abstract Airborne, ground and radar techniques used for evaluating the effects of artificial seeding on winter clouds and precipitation over the Cascade Mountains are described. The clouds were seeded for 1 or 2 h with silver iodide and/or Dry Ice, dispersed from an aircraft, at locations which particle trajectory analysis, based on field data, indicated would affect precipitation in a small (90 km2) predetermined target area straddling the Cascade crest. The effects of seeding on the clouds were determined from the aircraft through visual observations, ice nuclei measurements, and measurements of the type and concentrations of cloud particles. A Doppler radar located near the Cascade crest was used to measure the spectra of fallspeeds of the precipitation particles. At manned stations within the target area on the ground, measurements and observations were made before, during and after seeding of precipitation rates, the types, concentrations and degrees of riming of snow crystals, and the concentrations...
A Computer Program for Tracking the Evolution of a Psychotherapy Treatment

Describing troubling events and images and reflecting on their emotional meanings are central components of most psychotherapies. The computer system described here tracks the occurrence and intensity of narration or imagery within transcribed therapy sessions and over the course of treatments; it likewise tracks the extent to which language denoting appraisal and logical thought occurs. The Discourse Attributes Analysis Program (DAAP) is a computer text analysis system that uses several dictionaries, including the Weighted Referential Activity Dictionary (WRAD), designed to detect verbal communication of emotional images and events, and the Reflection Dictionary (REF), designed to detect verbal communication denoting cognitive appraisal, as well as other dictionaries. For each dictionary and each turn of speech, DAAP uses a moving weighted average of dictionary weights, together with a fold-over procedure, to produce a smooth density function that graphically illustrates the rise and fall of each underlying psychological variable. These density functions are then used to produce several new measures, including measures of the vividness of descriptions of images or events, and a measure of the extent to which descriptions of events or images and reflection on their meaning occur separately.
Does the Acquisition System of Property Taxation Increase Neighborhood Social Capital

Acquisition systems of property taxation can lead individuals who just bought a home to pay five times more property taxes than neighbors who own comparable homes (Nordlinger v. Hahn). These large inequities seem to violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. However, the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled such inequities constitutional, because they serve the legitimate state interest of encouraging neighborhood preservation. In this paper we examine whether acquisition systems of property taxation increase neighborhood specific social capital investments; specifically, whether they increase the likelihood that parents put their elementary school children in public school and carpool. We find no evidence in support of this hypothesis. On the contrary, we find that households that benefit from lower taxes are less likely to send their children to public elementary schools and to carpool.
A Controlled Trial Comparing Foscarnet with Vidarabine for Acyclovir-Resistant Mucocutaneous Herpes Simplex in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Background and methods Most strains of herpes simplex virus that are resistant to acyclovir are susceptible in vitro to both foscarnet and vidarabine. We conducted a randomized trial to compare foscarnet with vidarabine in 14 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and mucocutaneous herpetic lesions that had been unresponsive to intravenous therapy with acyclovir for a minimum of 10 days. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either foscarnet (40 mg per kilogram of body weight intravenously every 8 hours) or vidarabine (15 mg per kilogram per day intravenously) for 10 to 42 days. In the isolates of herpes simplex virus we documented in vitro resistance to acyclovir and susceptibility to foscarnet and vidarabine. Results The lesions in all eight patients assigned to foscarnet healed completely after 10 to 24 days of therapy. In contrast, vidarabine was discontinued because of failure in all six patients assigned to receive it. The time to complete healing (P = 0.01), time to 50 percent reductions in the size of the lesions (P = 0.01) and the pain score (P = 0.004), and time to the end of viral shedding (P = 0.006) were all significantly shorter in the patients assigned to foscarnet. Three patients had new neurologic abnormalities while receiving vidarabine. No patient discontinued foscarnet because of toxicity. Although initial recurrences of herpes simplex infection after the index lesion had healed tended to be susceptible to acyclovir, acyclovir-resistant infection eventually recurred in every healed patient, a median of 42.5 days (range, 14 to 191) after foscarnet was discontinued. Conclusions For the treatment of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex infection in patients with AIDS, foscarnet has superior efficacy and less frequent serious toxicity than vidarabine. Once the treatment is stopped, however; there is a high frequency of relapse.