cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dopa-Induced Blood Flow Responses in Nonhuman Primates

Initially, treatment with the dopamine precursor levodopa provides substantial symptomatic relief for patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, as the disease progresses, side effects such as involuntary movements or psychosis may accompany the response to medication. The mechanisms underlying these actions of levodopa remain unclear. To develop methodology for longitudinal studies of the effects of PD and levodopa treatment in living nonhuman primates, we first studied the effects of an acute dose of levodopa on regional brain activity in sedated baboons using positron emission tomography. We found that levodopa significantly decreased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) bilaterally in putamen and right cingulate and increased rCBF in right lateral temporal cortex and bilateral frontal cortex. We then performed similar studies on a nemestrina in awake and sedated states to determine whether these responses were affected by sedation. Interestingly, the directions of the rCBF responses in the putamen and temporal cortex were reversed depending on the presence or absence of sedation. Specifically, responses were decreased in sedated animals, but increased dose-dependently in the awake nemestrina. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of studies that use anesthesia. The responses in the awake nemestrina were most similar to those reported in humans and thus may be the most useful model system. Future imaging studies using selective dopaminergic agents in awake animals may permit the identification of relatively specific agonist-mediated pathways and may help separate the mechanisms that mediate levodopa's benefit from those that produce its unwanted side effects.
Toward an Understanding of NSAID-Related Adverse Events: The Contribution of Longitudinal Data

The ARAMIS (Arthritis, Rheumatism and Ageing Medical Information System) databanks have been used to objectify and quantify drug toxicity. The relative risk of a gastrointestinal (Gl)-provoked hospitalization was more than five times greater in patients taking non-steroidal and-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) than in non-NSAID-treated patients, with an excess hospitalization rate of 1.3% per annum. Additionally, there was an excess Gl-related death rate of around 3% in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with the normal population. Age, previous NSAID-related GI events, prednisone use, higher doses and greater disability predicted high-risk patients. A toxicity index showed clear differences between NSAIDs, with aspirin, salsalate and ibuprofen emerging as the least toxic, and meclofenamate and indomethacin as the most toxic. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were, surprisingly, found to have similar toxicity scores to the NSAIDs. This supports the contemporary practice of employing DMAR...
Parameter optimization in large-scale dynamical systems: a method of contractive mapping

A new method is given to optimize parameters in dynamical systems by supplementing conventional methods with a procedure of contractive mapping. The dynamical system is first decoupled in order to reduce the search size. The reference curves and the simulation curves are obtained with the pre-optimization. A contractive mapping procedure is designed to asymptotically reduce the differences between the curves, whereby the parameters are further optimized. Numerical results indicate that the present method can solve some large-scale problems that are difficult for the previous methods.
Stability of RuO2 thin film resistors

Abstract RuO 2 thin film resistors were deposited by reactive sputtering at room temperature on SiO 2 /Si or ceramic substrates. The temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) was adjusted to near zero using a post-deposition annealing process. High stability in TCR was proven under tests of long-term thermal storage, high humidity and power aging. Patterned samples were made from a lift-off process and resistors in a two orders range of resistance exhibited a uniform property. Using current-voltage-temperature ( I  V  T ) measurements, different conduction mechanisms were found for samples with positive, near zero and negative TCRs.
Semiparametric inference in mixture models with predictive recursion marginal likelihood

Predictive recursion is an accurate and computationally efficient algorithm for nonparametric estimation of mixing densities in mixture models. In semiparametric mixture models, however, the algorithm fails to account for any uncertainty in the additional unknown structural parameter. As an alternative to existing profile likelihood methods, we treat predictive recursion as a filter approximation to fitting a fully Bayes model, whereby an approximate marginal likelihood of the structural parameter emerges and can be used for inference. We call this the predictive recursion marginal likelihood. Convergence properties of predictive recursion under model mis-specification also lead to an attractive construction of this new procedure. We show pointwise convergence of a normalized version of this marginal likelihood function. Simulations compare the performance of this new marginal likelihood approach that of existing profile likelihood methods as well as Dirichlet process mixtures in density estimation. Mixed-effects models and an empirical Bayes multiple testing application in time series analysis are also considered.
Next generation models for storage and representation of microbial biological annotation

Traditional genome annotation systems were developed in a very different computing era, one where the World Wide Web was just emerging. Consequently, these systems are built as centralized black boxes focused on generating high quality annotation submissions to GenBank/EMBL supported by expert manual curation. The exponential growth of sequence data drives a growing need for increasingly higher quality and automatically generated annotation. Typical annotation pipelines utilize traditional database technologies, clustered computing resources, Perl, C, and UNIX file systems to process raw sequence data, identify genes, and predict and categorize gene function. These technologies tightly couple the annotation software system to hardware and third party software (e.g. relational database systems and schemas). This makes annotation systems hard to reproduce, inflexible to modification over time, difficult to assess, difficult to partition across multiple geographic sites, and difficult to understand for those who are not domain experts. These systems are not readily open to scrutiny and therefore not scientifically tractable. The advent of Semantic Web standards such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) and OWL Web Ontology Language (OWL) enables us to construct systems that address these challenges in a new comprehensive way. Here, we develop a framework for linking traditional data to OWL-based ontologies in genome annotation. We show how data standards can decouple hardware and third party software tools from annotation pipelines, thereby making annotation pipelines easier to reproduce and assess. An illustrative example shows how TURTLE (Terse RDF Triple Language) can be used as a human readable, but also semantically-aware, equivalent to GenBank/EMBL files. The power of this approach lies in its ability to assemble annotation data from multiple databases across multiple locations into a representation that is understandable to researchers. In this way, all researchers, experimental and computational, will more easily understand the informatics processes constructing genome annotation and ultimately be able to help improve the systems that produce them.
The influence of subsurface hydrology on nutrient supply and smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) production in a developing barrier island marsh

The supply of nutrients from surface and subsurface water flow into the root zone was measured in a developing barrier island marsh in Virginia. We hypothesize that high production of tall-formSpartina alterniflora in the lower intertidal zone is due to a greater nitrogen input supplied by a larger subsurface flux. Individual nitrogen inputs to the tall-form and short-formS. alterniflora root zones were calculated from water flow rates into the root zone and the nutrient concentration corresponding to the source of the flow. Total dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) input (as ammonium and nitrate) was then calculated using a summation of the hourly nutrient inputs to the root zone over the entire tidal cycle based on hydrologic and nutrient data collected throughout the growing season (April–August) of 1993 and 1994. Additionally, horizontal water flow into the lower intertidal marsh was reduced experimentally to determine its effects on nutrient input and plant growth. Total ammonium (NH4 +) input to the tall-formS. alterniflora root zone (168 μmoles 6 h−1) was significantly greater relative to the short-form (45 μmoles 6 h−1) during flood tide. Total NH4 + input was not significantly different between growth forms during ebb tide, and total nitrate (NO3 −) and total DIN input were not significantly different between growth forms during either tidal stage. During tidal flooding, vertical flow from below the root zone accounted for 71% and horizontal flow from the adjacent mudflat accounted for 19% of the total NH4 + input to the tall-formS. alterniflora root zone. Infiltration of flooding water accounted for 15% more of the total NO3 − input relative to the total NH4 + input at both zones on flood tide. During ebb tide, vertical flow from below the root zone still accounted for the majority of NH4 + and NO3 − input to both growth forms. After vertical flow, horizontal subsurface flow from upgradient accounted for the next largest percentages of NH4 + and NO3 − input to both growth forms during ebb tide. After 2 yr of interrupted subsurface horizontal flow to the tall-formS. alterniflora root zone, height and nitrogen content of leaf tissue of treatment plants were only slightly, but significantly, lower than control plants. The results suggest that a dynamic supply of DIN (as influenced by subsurface water flows) is a more accurate depiction of nutrient supply to macrophytes in this developing marsh, relative to standing stock nutrient concentrations. The dynamic subsurface supply of DIN may play a role in spatial patterns of abovegroundS. alterniflora production, but determination of additional nitrogen inputs and the role of belowground production on nitrogen demand need to also be considered.
Plasmonic excitations in tight-binding nanostructures

We explore the collective electromagnetic response in atomic clusters of various sizes and geometries. Our aim is to understand, and hence to control, their dielectric response, based on a fully quantum-mechanical description which captures accurately their relevant collective modes. The electronic energy levels and wave functions, calculated within the tight-binding model, are used to determine the non-local dielectric response function. It is found that the system shape, the electron filling and the driving frequency of the external electric field strongly control the resonance properties of the collective excitations in the frequency and spatial domains. Furthermore, it is shown that one can design spatially localized collective excitations by properly tailoring the nanostructure geometry.
Aggregate Price Indices, New Goods, and Generics

This paper examines the appropriate treatment in the cost-of-living index of the appearance of new varieties of old goods. Existing theory here applies to individual households. Thus, we first show in what sense Laspeyres and Paasche indices for groups of households can be considered approximations to theoretically desirable group indices and then go on to the case of new goods. We apply our results to the case of the introduction of generics in pharmaceuticals and show that proper treatment can make a considerable difference.
Copulatory behavior of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in a multimale situation

Twenty male white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, were tested for copulatory behavior under conditions in which either a single male or two males mated with a single female. Males did not fight over females. Qualitative aspects of copulatory behavior were unaltered in the two-male condition. There was some evidence of a social facilitation of copulatory behavior as the second ejaculations of two-male tests were attained with significantly fewer mounts and shorter inter-intromission intervals than in the one-male condition.
The “Psychic” Neuron of the Cerebral Cortex

Remarkable advances in the identification, cloning, and localization of ion channels and receptors in the central nervous system have opened up unprecedented possibilities for relating structure to physiological function at the subcellular level of analysis. A singularly advanced property of select central nervous system neurons is their ability to exhibit increases in firing rate in relation to the mnemonic trace of a preceding event, a property that has been referred to as "working memory." Single-cell recordings from the prefrontal cortex of nonhuman primates have revealed neurons in the prefrontal cortex that possess "memory fields" analogous to the receptive field properties of sensory neurons. The integrity of these neurons has been shown to be essential for accurate performance in memory tasks performed by trained monkeys (and humans). We can now show that the excitability and/or tuning of these prefrontal neurons are subject to modulatory influences by dopamine, serotonin, GABA, and glutamate among other peptides and conventional neurotransmitters. I will describe the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic innervation of pyramidal neurons engaged in working memory and the localization of neurotransmitter receptors through which they exert their actions. The findings reveal a remarkable degree of diversity in the subcellular localization and functionality of the five cloned dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) and two serotonin (5HT2A and 5HT3) receptors that have been examined to date. The potential now exists for linking systems neurobiology with molecular biophysics to comprehend the highest functions of information processing that distinguish our species.
Evaluating Pore Sizes in Mesoporous Materials: A Simplified Standard Adsorption Method and a Simplified Broekhoff−de Boer Method

The diameters of primary mesopores in materials with well-defined cylindrical pores can be accurately determined by the 4V/A method when the volume and surface area are determined by a standard adsorption method and 13.5 A2 is used as the molecular area of adsorbed nitrogen. A simple method for determining standard adsorption using the statistical thickness of the adsorbed gas layer defined by Frenkel−Halsey−Hill (FHH) theory is described. For materials in which the pores are not cylindrical or well-defined, a simplified Broekhoff−de Boer method can be used to determine pore dimensions. The use of Hill's approximation for the thickness of the adsorbed gas layer in the Broekhoff−de Boer method simplifies its use. The results of these methods on small pore MCM-41 materials, large pore SBA-15 materials, and spherical pore mesocellular foams are reported.
Human pancreatic secretory protein profiles in pancreas cancer and chronic pancreatitis.

Pancreatic secretory protein profiles differed significantly between patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) and pancreatic carcinoma (CA). Specific regions of the patterns were altered when CP versus CA and when CP versus normals were compared. Bands isoelectric in the region of pH 9–11 were elevated in CP. The possible identification of this band as lactoferrin is discussed.
Milankovitch forcing of the last interglacial sea level

During the last interglacial, sea level was as high as present, 4000 to 6000 years before peak Northern Hemisphere insolation receipt 126,000 years ago. The sea-level results are shown to be consistent with climate models, which simulate a 3° to 4°C July temperature increase from 140,000 to 130,000 years ago in high latitudes, with all Northern Hemisphere land areas being warmer than present by 130,000 years ago. The early warming occurs because obliquity peaked earlier than precession and because precession values were greater than present before peak precessional forcing occurred. These results indicate that a fuller understanding of the Milankovitch-climate connection requires consideration of fields other than just insolation forcing at 65°N.
Gβγ Mediates the Interplay between Tubulin Dimers and Microtubules in the Modulation of Gq Signaling

Agonist stimulation causes tubulin association with the plasma membrane and activation of PLCβ1 through direct interaction with, and transactivation of, Gαq. Here we demonstrate that Gβγ interaction with tubulin down-regulates this signaling pathway. Purified Gβγ, alone or with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), inhibited carbachol-evoked membrane recruitment of tubulin and Gαq transactivation by tubulin. Polymerization of microtubules elicited by Gβγ overrode tubulin translocation to the membrane in response to carbachol stimulation. Gβγ sequestration of tubulin reduced the inhibition of PLCβ1 observed at high tubulin concentration. Gβ1γ2 interacted preferentially with tubulin-GDP, whereas Gαq was transactivated by tubulin-GTP. Prenylation of the γ2 polypeptide was required for Gβγ/tubulin interaction. Both confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation studies revealed the spatiotemporal pattern of Gβγ/tubulin interaction during carbachol stimulation of neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. In resting cells Gβγ localized predominantly at the cell membrane, whereas tubulin was found in well defined microtubules in the cytosol. Within 2 min of agonist exposure, a subset of tubulin translocated to the plasma membrane and colocalized with Gβ. Fifteen min post-carbachol addition, tubulin and Gβ colocalized in vesicle-like structures in the cytosol. Gβ/tubulin colocalization increased after pretreatment of cells with the microtubule-depolymerizing agent, colchicine, and was inhibited by taxol. Taxol also inhibited carbachol-induced PIP2 hydrolysis. It is suggested that Gβγ/tubulin interaction mediates internalization of membrane-associated tubulin at the offset of PLCβ1 signaling. Newly cytosolic Gβγ/tubulin complexes might promote microtubule polymerization attenuating further tubulin association with the plasma membrane. Thus G protein-coupled receptors might evoke Gα and Gβγ to orchestrate regulation of phospholipase signaling by tubulin dimers and control of cell shape by microtubules.
Identification of the Nucleolar Targeting Signal of Human Angiogenin

Angiogenin is endocytosed by subconfluent endothelial cells, translocated to the nucleus and accumulates in the nucleolus. It also localizes into the nucleolus of digitonin-permeabilized endothelial cells. The peptide RRRGL corresponding to residues 31-35 of human angiogenin specifically targets non-nuclear carrier proteins such as albumin, an anti-human nucleolus monoclonal antibody and R33A angiogenin to the nucleolus of permeabilized endothelial cells. Proteins conjugated with a "mutant" peptide, RRAGL, are not imported. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated RRRGL is also rapidly imported into the nucleus and localized to the nucleolus, whereas the "mutant" peptide is not. Residue R33 is essential for nuclear translocation and R31 and R32 appear to modulate this process. Thus, 31RRRGL35 is a nuclear localization signal responsible for the nucleolar targeting of human angiogenin.
Chemical Mimicry in the Myrmecophilous Beetle Myrmecaphodius excavaticollis.

The myrmecophilus beetle Myrmecaphodius excavaticollis (Blanchard) was found to have species-specific cuticular hydrocarbons acquired-from one of its hosts, the ant Solenopsis richteri Forel. Removal from its ant host resulted in loss of the host hydrocarbons, leaving a cuticular pattern innate to the beetle. When beetles were transferred to colonies of three other Solenopsis species, they acquired the specific hydrocarbons associated with each of the new hosts. This passive integration mechanism is coupled with the beetle9s armored exterior to enable it to cope with multiple aggressive hosts.
Investigations on Polarization Schemes for use in Wireless Environments

This paper presents a summary of polarization diversity schemes used in wireless communications. Results of various polarization schemes using dipoles, evaluated with respect to parameters such as SINR, mean effective gain, correlation coefficient etc. are presented. Analytical results show a noticeable improvement of the performance of the polarization diversity scheme when combined with the space diversity scheme.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Highly Gifted Preschool Readers.

Twenty-four preschoolers in a summer program for highly gifted preschoolers were screened for reading ability using Durkin's (1966) word list. Readers and nonreaders were compared. Readers’ scores ...
Micro-Doppler target scattering

Micro-Doppler radar has proven to be a valuable tool in which micro-motions are encoded into detailed target signatures that greatly aid identification. Models of such targets often have elaborate motion representations but only use a simple point scatterer representation to compute received echo strength. Here, using simulations, we examine micro-Doppler target signatures of simple combinations of point scatters occupying a given resolution cell. Results show that more complex and subtle behaviors occur than might be evident from a cursory analysis. Further, we show, as the aspect angle of the target changes, so too does the form of scattered signal. Together these two characteristics of micro-Doppler signatures provide additional information about targets and scenarios that could further aid identification.
PAMPAS: real-valued graphical models for computer vision

Probabilistic models have been adopted for many computer vision applications, however inference in high-dimensional spaces remains problematic. As the state-space of a model grows, the dependencies between the dimensions lead to an exponential growth in computation when performing inference. Many common computer vision problems naturally map onto the graphical model framework; the representation is a graph where each node contains a portion of the state-space and there is an edge between two nodes only if they are not independent conditional on the other nodes in the graph. When this graph is sparsely connected, belief propagation algorithms can turn an exponential inference computation into one, which is linear in the size of the graph. However belief propagation is only applicable when the variables in the nodes are discrete-valued or jointly represented by a single multivariate Gaussian distribution, and this rules out many computer vision applications. This paper combines belief propagation with ideas from particle filtering; the resulting algorithm performs inference on graphs containing both cycles and continuous-valued latent variables with general conditional probability distributions. Such graphical models have wide applicability in the computer vision domain and we test the algorithm on example problems of low-level edge linking and locating jointed structures in clutter.
Passive Fraunhofer-wavelength atomic filter at 460.7 nm

A passive Fraunhofer-wavelength atomic filter in the spectral region of minimum seawater attenuation is reported. Signal light at 460.7 nm is strongly absorbed by strontium atoms contained in a heated vapor cell. Collisions with rare gases transfer population into the Sr(5p/sup 3/P/sub j/) level, which subsequently emits 689.3-nm photons. Up to 45% photon conversion efficiency was recorded. The strontium filter exhibits a 50- mu s decay time and a single noise passband. >
Using CART to segment road images

The 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge is a 132 mile race through the desert with autonomous robotic vehicles. Lasers mounted on the car roof provide a map of the road up to 20 meters ahead of the car but the car needs to see further in order to go fast enough to win the race. Computer vision can extend that map of the road ahead but desert road is notoriously similar to the surrounding desert. The CART algorithm (Classification and Regression Trees) provided a machine learning boost to find road while at the same time measuring when that road could not be distinguished from surrounding desert.
The tractability of subsumption in frame-based description languages

A knowledge representation system provides an important service to the rest of a knowledge-based system: it computes automatically a set of inferences over the beliefs encoded within it. Given that the knowledge-based system relies on these inferences in the midst of its operation (i.e., its diagnosis, planning, or whatever), their computational tractability is an important concern. Here we present evidence as to how the cost of computing one kind of inference is directly related to the expressiveness of the representation language. As it turns out, this cost is perilously sensitive to small changes in the representation language. Even a seemingly simple frame-based description language can pose intractable computational obstacles.
Triangular osteosynthesis and iliosacral screw fixation for unstable sacral fractures: a cadaveric and biomechanical evaluation under cyclic loads.

ObjectiveTo conduct a biomechanical comparison of a new triangular osteosynthesis and the standard iliosacral screw osteosynthesis for unstable transforaminal sacral fractures in the immediate postoperative situation as well as in the early postoperative weight-bearing period.DesignTwelve preserved
Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India

This paper aims to explain the growth experiences of 14 major states of India between 1980 and 1998. Using two measures of convergence, σ-convergence and s-convergence, we examine whether per capita incomes in the states have been converging or diverging. By both standards of convergence, India demonstrated overall divergence during 1980–;98, as well as during both the pre-reform and post-reform subperiods. Interestingly, the richer states experienced a degree of convergence during the post-reform period, whereas the poorer states did not. Divergence was most notable within the poorer group of states. A remarkable 82 percent of the cross-state variation in growth is explained by just the urbanization variable in India, with no hint of any conditional convergence after controlling for the degree of urbanization. The regression estimate shows that a 10 percentage point higher rate of urbanization is associated with 1.3 percentage points per year higher rate of annual growth.
Plots of modal field distribution in circular dielectric waveguide

A method to plot the modal field distributions in the circular dielectric waveguides is discussed in this article. By tracing the directions of fields, closed contours of the fields can be formed in dielectric waveguides. This method is a simple and general approach to plot and visualize the field distributions of the waveguides if the solutions of fields can be found. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2599–2601, 2015
Balancing Act: How College Students Manage Technology While in the Library During Crunch Time

The paper presents findings from 560 interviews with undergraduates on 10 campuses distributed across the US, as part of Project Information Literacy (PIL). Overall, the findings suggest that students use a "less is more" approach to manage and control all of the IT devices and information systems available to them while they are in the library during the final weeks of the term. In the hour before we approached them for an interview, more respondents had checked for messages (e.g., Facebook, email, texts, IMs) more than any other task while they were in the library. A majority of respondents who had checked for messages during the previous hour had also prepared assignments and/or studied for courses. More respondents reported using library equipment, such as computers and printers, more than they had used any other library resource or service. Over half the sample considered their laptop their most essential IT device and most had a Web browser and, to a lesser extent, a word processing application running at the time of the interviews. Most students were using one or two Web sites at the time of the interviews, but there was little overlap among the Web sites they were using. A large majority of the respondents could be classified as "light" technology users, i.e., students who use one or two IT devices to support one or two primary activities (at the time of the interviews). A preliminary theory is introduced that describes how students’ technology usage may be influenced by locale (i.e., the campus library) and circumstance (i.e., crunch time). Recommendations are made for how campus-wide stakeholders — faculty, librarians, higher education administrators, and commercial publishers — can work together to improve pedagogies for 21st century undergraduates.
Pinch Points of Debris from a Satellite Breakup

maneuver times. In the vertical plane, t f D 0:194386 s and three switches are required to execute the maneuver, whereas in the almost horizontalplane,t f D 0:186025s (4:5% less) and fourswitches are required. Figure 3 indicates the effect of g on the  nal time t f (solid line) and the switch times tsi . Note that the time-optimalmaneuvers have four switches if g· 7 m ¢ si2 and three switches if g> 7 m ¢ si2 . Also note that despite the downward motion of the links, the gravity increases themaneuver time. The switchingpatterns and the correspondingswitch functionsfor gD 1 are shown in Fig. 4. For gD 9:81 the switching patterns are similar, with the exception that the last switch, ts4, for u1 disappears.For both cases (four switches and three switches) the torque at the elbow switches twice, whereas the torque at the shoulder switches once for the verticalmotion and twice for gD 1.
Chemiluminescence Measurements and Modeling in Syngas, Methane and Jet-A Fueled Combustors

φ φ φ) and, for the syngas fuels, with reactant preheating and dilution. The model results for all three species are in good agreement with the experiments, except in the swirl-stabilized combustor near its lean blowout limit, where the assumptions embedded in the ideal 1-d, adiabatic flame model used are likely to fail. The models are then used to analyze chemiluminescence for equivalence ratio and heat release rate sensing in methane and Jet-A fuel combustion. The ratio of CH * to OH * emission is found be a good indicator of equivalence ratio for methane flames, increasing monotonically from φ~0.7 to at least 1.3; for Jet-A flames, however, the model shows the ratio is non-monotonic, with a minimum near φ=0.75. For all the fuels studied, all three chemiluminescence sources are less than ideal indicators of heat release if the equivalence ratio of the flame is also changing significantly, since the emission intensity normalized by the fuel consumption rate is dependent on φ. For syngas and methane systems, CO2 * chemiluminescence shows the least variation. For Jet-A, all three species have similar variations; the best choice for minimizing φ effects depends on the φ and temperature range of interest.
A new view of radiation-induced cancer: integrating short- and long-term processes. Part I: Approach

Mathematical models of radiation carcinogenesis are important for understanding mechanisms and for interpreting or extrapolating risk. There are two classes of such models: (1) long-term formalisms that track pre-malignant cell numbers throughout an entire lifetime but treat initial radiation dose–response simplistically and (2) short-term formalisms that provide a detailed initial dose–response even for complicated radiation protocols, but address its modulation during the subsequent cancer latency period only indirectly. We argue that integrating short- and long-term models is needed. As an example of this novel approach, we integrate a stochastic short-term initiation/inactivation/repopulation model with a deterministic two-stage long-term model. Within this new formalism, the following assumptions are implemented: radiation initiates, promotes, or kills pre-malignant cells; a pre-malignant cell generates a clone, which, if it survives, quickly reaches a size limitation; the clone subsequently grows more slowly and can eventually generate a malignant cell; the carcinogenic potential of pre-malignant cells decreases with age.
Semi-empirical method for estimation of forest biophysical properties from multifrequency polarimetric SAR

Empirical attempts to invert radar backscatter data for estimates of forest biophysical properties such as aboveground standing biomass have been partly successful in certain circumstances: (1) mono-species forests such as pine plantations and where (2) net biomass is less than a frequency dependent saturation threshold. In general, these rely on the power-law relationship between radar backscattering coefficient and net biomass. This relationship saturates at a level of biomass that scales with wavelength and is also known to be dependent upon forest structural type. In addition, these empirical relationships do not explicitly account for seasonal effects on radar backscattering behavior. These effects are related to (1) structural changes due to phenological development and (2) dielectric changes due to either phenological development or changes in the state of water contained within the plants as a consequence of freezing or thawing. As a result, the purely empirical approaches do not work well when applied to forests of mixed structural composition or when applied to forests that are structurally or dielectrically dissimilar to those used to develop the inverse model. The authors present a more robust approach to forest biomass retrieval that incorporates two main elements: (1) a pre-classification of forest by structural type and (2) a structure dependent semi-empirical inversion for biomass that uses multifrequency and polarimetric SAR data in a recursive fashion. >
Transmission of Crackles in Patients With Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis, Congestive Heart Failure, and Pneumonia

Objective Patients with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) often have diffusely abnormal findings on chest radiographs, making it difficult to detect evidence of superimposed congestive heart failure (CHF) or pneumonia. The goal of this study was to determine whether the crackles of IPF differed in their transmission and frequency from crackles of CHF and pneumonia in the hope of improving diagnosis and monitoring of these patients. Methods A multichannel lung sound analyzer was used to collect 20-s samples of sound from 25 patients with pneumonia, 17 patients with CHF, and 19 patients with IPF. We calculated a crackle transmission coefficient (CTC) by quantifying the distance a crackle spreads using a technique that cross-correlated the signal containing the highest amplitude crackle with the corresponding signal on all other ipsilateral channels: CTC, 0% = no transmission; CTC, 100% = equal transmission to all channels. Results Both the CTC and the crackle frequency in IPF were statistically different from that in CHF and pneumonia (p Conclusion These differences in CTC and crackle frequency offer the promise of helping guide treatment in IPF patients.
Exercise Self-Efficacy and its Correlates among Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Older Adults

Self-efficacy has been shown to be one of the strongest, mutable predictors of exercise behavior. This report presents data on exercise self-efficacy and outcome expectations and their correlates within a stratified random sample of 729 urban, lower-income primary-care patients age 55 and older. Exercise self-efficacy scores were greater among persons with current exercise, no pain or fear of shortness of breath with exercise, and good self-rated health. Higher outcome expectations scores were associated with verbal persuasion from a doctor or from family and friends and positive attitudes and knowledge of exercise. Sociodemographic characteristics, environmental factors, and intrapersonal factors accounted for 31% of the variance in self-efficacy, but just 13% of the variance in outcome expectations. Further work on potential correlates and their measurement is needed to identify determinants of both outcome expectations and self-efficacy.
Überleben als Neuland der Forschung

Der Mediziner PETER SAFAR aus Wien wurde in den USA zum Grundervater der modernen Intensivmedizin. Immer noch dehnt er die Grenzen der Lebensverlangerung und Wiederbelebung weiter aus — seit neuem mit Fast-Einfrierung.
Congressional Activism in the Foreign Policy Arena: A Case Study of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide

This article analyzes congressional activism during an international crisis. Using the 1994 Rwandan genocide as a case, this study explores executive–congressional relations during a time when immediate policy responses are needed. A content analysis of policy statements made during committees, on the House floor, and on the Senate floor is used to investigate the specific policy ideas proposed by members of Congress. The models presented pay particular attention to the actions of Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) members, in relation to other more common predictors of congressional activism. In addition to the results for CBC members, other conclusions indicate that foreign policy leaders in Congress are international affairs policy experts without serious concerns of being defeated in their next election.
A xenogeneic PSMA DNA vaccine for patients (pts) with non-castrate metastatic (NCMPC) and castrate metastatic prostate cancer (CMPC)—A phase I trial of proof of principle

3073 Background: Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) represents a target for both primary and metastatic prostate cancer and an anti-angiogenic approach for other solid tumors. Antitumor effe...
Measuring Perceived Service Quality as a Multi-Attribute Attitude

The past decade has witnessed concerted efforts to define and measure perceived service quality (e.g., Gronroos 1984; Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry 1988; Parasuraman, Berry, and Zeithaml 1990). In particular, Parasuraman and his colleagues have initiated a systematic research program in the services marketing area, developing a comprehensive measure of quality based on extensive conceptual work and empirical refinement. This instrument, called SERVQUAL, is considered to be a multidimensional measure of perceived service quality.
Aberrant Myeloid Differentiation Contributes to the Development of Osteoporosis in Neurofibromatosis Type 1

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen disease, is a common autosomal dominant genetic disorder affecting approximately 1 in 3000 individuals worldwide. NF1 results from heritable or spontaneous mutations of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene. NF1 encodes the protein neurofibromin, which functions to negatively regulate Ras-activity. Approximately 50 % of NF1 patients develop osteopenia or osteoporosis, resulting in significantly increased rates of long-bone fracture and morbidity. While defective osteoblast bone anabolism has been implicated as a central factor in the pathogenesis of NF1 associated skeletal deficits, recent data suggest that NF1 (Nf1) haploinsufficiency within the hematopoietic compartment, particularly in osteoclasts and myeloid progenitors, plays a pivotal role in engendering NF1 osseous manifestations. In this chapter, we review the latest data from clinical studies and murine models delineating a critical role for hematopoietic compartment, myeloid progenitors of NF1 (Nf1) haploinsufficient and their progeny-osteoclasts, in the pathogenesis of NF1 associated osteopenia/osteoporosis and discuss putative targets for future therapeutics.
The Early Development of Algebraic Geometry

(1969). The Early Development of Algebraic Geometry. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 451-460.
Psephenus (Coleoptera: Psephenidae) Parasitized by a New Chalcidoid (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). II. Biology of the Parasite

Larval and pupal stages of Psephenivorus mexicanus Burks are described and figured, and observations upon adult behavior are presented. The wasp utilizes prepupal and pupal hosts, as many as 39 wasps developing within a single host. The entire life cycle may be completed within 21 days. In the region of Sabinas Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon, Mexico, more than half of the pupal hosts found were parasitized and destroyed by Psephenivorus. The known host is Psephenus texanus Brown & Arrington, but other species such as P. palpalis Champion may be used. Attempts to find parasites in North American psephenids have thus far been unsuccessful, except in the vicinity of Del Rio, Texas.
The Significance of Nymphal Stages in the Study of Ephemeroptera

The aquatic nymphs and aerial adults offer 2 different sets of characters for study. Knowledge of the nymphs is essential for clarifying relationships and testing the validity of species concepts. The demand for specific identifications also is greatest for the nymphs, and the long-lived nymphs are more abundant in collections than are the short-lived adults. Despite the greater need for knowledge of nymphs, the adults are much better known. Field and laboratory rearing is needed in almost all parts of the world to associate adults and nymphs and provide the knowledge necessary for an adequate taxonomy. Association of adults and nymphs collected together in the field is useful if rigid precautions are observed. The authors suggest that the naming of species from nymphs only is useful when an appropriate effort is made to associate adults and nymphs of all species and the studies are revisional. Analysis of the cause of synonymies where some species have been described from nymphs only and some from adults only shows that very few synonymies result from such practices.
Oscillatory Control and the Effects of Actuation Frequency on a Wall-Mounted Hump

A large eddy simulation (LES) is used to explore the effects of high frequency actuation on a wall-mounted hump geometry. Low frequency forcing at F + � O(1) has been shown to increase entrainment through regular shedding of large-scale structures. Using a LES technique previously validated on the baseline and controlled flow over the wall-mounted hump geometry, the effectiveness of high frequency actuation is explored and compared with previous investigations. It is found that the high frequency actuation does not produce distinct vortical structures at the actuation frequency. The resulting mean flow is relatively unaltered by the application of high frequency actuation, although the local flow surrounding the actuation location is slightly modified.
Whose Tradition? Which Enlightenment? What Content? Engelhardt, Hauerwas, Capaldi, and the Future of Christian Bioethics

The development of a content-full Christian bioethics requires an analysis of the particular contents and traditions which different Christians bring to morality. For Hauerwas, the content of Christian ethics is the speech and practices of the community. For Engelhardt, only a content-full tradition, such as the Orthodox tradition, will be able to arrive at closure on the moral issues presented by the contemporary practice of medicine. Capaldi calls, in contrast, for a Kantian society of autonomous self-legislators whose responsible freedom is grounded in a cosmic order that must be explicated and retrieved in particular practices. The manner in which we view our own traditions and the shortcomings of modernity determine the content that Christianity brings to bioethics.
Application of the Combined Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation System in Wind Farms

In view of the defects caused by Static Var Compensator(SVC) or Static Var Generator(SVG) used alone in wind farms,a combined dynamic reactive power compensation system consisting of a large capacity SVC and a small capacity SVG is designed in this paper.Firstly,the structure of the combined dynamic reactive power compensation system is described;secondly,the strategy of the reactive power coordination control system used in this paper is analyzed;finally,simulation is conducted for the combined dynamic reactive power compensation system with actual parameters of a wind power farm considered.The results of the simulation show that die combined dynamic reactive power compensation system is both valid and rational.
Analytical research on wave diffraction of arc-shaped floating porous breakwaters

An analytical method was developed to study the wave diffraction effects on arc-shaped floating porous breakwaters.The breakwater was assumed to be rigid,thin,vertical,immovable and located in water of constant depth.The fluid domain was divided into two regions by imaginary interface.The velocity potential in each region was expanded by eigenfunctions.By satisfying the continuity of pressure and normal velocity across the imaginary fluid interface,a set of linear algebraic equations could be obtained to determine the unknown coefficients for eigenfunctions.Numerical results,in the form of contour maps of the relative wave amplitude around the breakwater,were presented for a range of wave and breakwater parameters.Results show that the sheltering effects on the arc-shaped floating porous breakwater are closely relative to the incident wavelength,the draft and the porosity of the breakwater.
Analysis of Monitoring Results of Iodized Salt in Dongxingqu from 2006 to 2011

Objective To understand iodized iodized salt condition of household in Dongxing from 2006 to 2011,to provide scientific basis for prevention and control strategy.Methods Accoding to the "Sichuan iodized salt monitoring program"to carry on the sampling examination and result analysis.Results Total 1728 iodized salt samples were examined in 6 years,non-iodized salt rate is 0.29%,iodized salt coverage rate is 99.71%,iodized salt qualified rate is 98.43%,qualified iodzed salt edible rate is 98.15%.Conclusion The coverage rate and qualified rate of iodized salt and qualified iodized salt edible rate all attain the national standard in dongxing from 2006 to 2011.
Scheduled Awakenings: A Behavioral Protocol for Treating Sleepwalking and Sleep Terrors in Children

Publisher Summary Scheduled awakenings (SA) has demonstrated efficacy for treating young children with chronic and severe sleepwalking (SW) and sleep terrors (ST). There are three primary hypotheses regarding the underlying mechanism for scheduled awakenings in reducing or eliminating SW and ST. First, it has been proposed that repeated scheduled awakenings alter the child's sleep cycle in such a way that the altered underlying electrophysiology of partial arousal is either prevented or interrupted, and results in remission of the disturbing behavioral features of these events. However, this proposed mechanism does not explain why partial arousal events do not return once SA is discontinued. An alternative hypothesis suggests that the repetition of scheduled awakenings conditions the patient to spontaneously arouse (i.e., self arousal) just prior to a parasomnia episode and thus avoids the event altogether despite the abnormal physiology. A third possible mechanism has been proposed based on the increased susceptibility for partial arousal parasomnias in sleep-deprived individuals during rebound slow-wave sleep.
On Paradigms, Progress, and Prospects for Public Management

The concept of paradigm has ambiguities. Masterman (1970, 61), demonstrated that Kuhn (1962), in his book that brought the concept of paradigm into prominence, used it in twenty-one distinct senses. If we construe the concept very broadly-as referring to a general orientation to reality and its analysis-we can include most or all of the scholars who converged on the Berkeley conference. Proponents of some versions of critical theory, or some Marxists, might argue that almost all of us share a narrowly modernist, empiricist, logical-positivist, structural-functional paradigm. They would be right, but largely because such a blizzard of isms spreads a blanket wide enough to drift over a variety of species. J-PART, 4(1994): 1:41-48