cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologic assessment of reproductive success and infant mortality in ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata)

Retrospective epidemiologic evaluation of 27 years of colony data (1966–1993) from a large breeding center for ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) was used to quantitatively assess the risk imposed by different management variables on reproductive success (littering) and infant viability (litter death). Logistic regression analysis was used, both with and without a term to account for extra-binomial variation in the data (random effects) associated with repeated assessments of individual lemur dams during the study period. Population-based littering rates are defined and shown not to fluctuate substantially over time, although the proportion of females given the opportunity to breed was drastically reduced in 1986 due to changes in the species management strategy and limited breeding center space resources. No management-related factors were found to be associated with littering success. However, young age of dam (odds ratio = 4.3, P = 0.016) and housing in natural habitat enclosures (odds ratio = 6.5, P = 0.003) significantly predicted complete litter mortality by 48 hr post-partum. Varecia females >15 years of age (8 dams, 42 observation-years) produced 18 litters and 37 infants, 31 of which survived at least 48 hr. Use of established epidemiologic methods to analyze data from existing colony records should be used to help direct the management of this endangered species toward maximally efficient goals, especially in light of current conservation resource limitations. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An experimental study of drop migration in shear flow between concentric cylinders

Abstract The phenomenon of migration of liquid drops in Couette flow between concentric cylinders due to non-Newtonian fluid properties and shape deformation has been studied experimentally. The results agree very well with the theory of Chan and Leal, which included the effect of hydrodynamic interaction with the bounding walls, and that of velocity profile curvature in a Couette device. Significant observations that were not reported in previous studies include the migration of a deformable Newtonian drop to an equilibrium position between the centerline and the inner rotor, and the competition between normal stresses and shape deformation effects for the case of a Newtonian drop in a non-Newtonian fluid.
Dynamic Models of Pesticide Effectiveness

A general procedure for formulating mathematical models of pesticide effectiveness is presented, consisting of a differential equation for deposition and degradation of the pesticide in the environment, a differential equation for intake and clearance of the pesticide by the insects, and a functional equation relating the hazard function of the insects to their curve of pesticide retention. Differences among previously developed models for pesticide-induced mortality have not been recognized, and their application to new situations has been limited by these unrecognized differences. Examples of the proposed procedure are developed and applied to two contrasting data sets from the literature. Because the model is formulated using the hazard function, the procedure can be used for modeling and analyzing data from many different kinds of studies and for comparing results from different kinds of studies.
1289 CAPTOPRIL ADMINISTRATION TO THE PREGNANT GUINEA PIG INHIBITS FETAL ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

1289 CAPTOPRIL ADMINISTRATION TO THE PREGNANT GUINEA PIG INHIBITS FETAL ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME ACTIVITY
Fitness of Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica longicornis, and Their Hybrids (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, the northern corn rootworm, and Diabrotica longicornis (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), are currently recognized as closely related chry- somelid species. Hybridization has been proposed to occur between them, although the viability of hybrids has never been tested. The objective of this study was to assess life-history parameters of D. barberi, D. longicornis, and their hybrids under laboratory conditions to examine the potential for Þeld hybridization. D. barberi and D. longicornis were collected in allopatry and were used to create lab colonies. Parental species were crossed to obtain F1 hybrids, F2 hybrids, and backcrosses to either parental species. Various life-history traits, which may contribute to overall Þtness, were measured, and population growth rates were calculated for all crosses. D. barberi had greater reproductive potential than D. longicornis, but D. longicornis individuals lived longer than D. barberi individuals. In other traits, the two parental species were similar. The Þtness of hybrids of a D. longicornis female and D. barberi male, as estimated by reproduction, survival, developmental time, longevity, and head capsule width, was similar to that of the parental species. Hybrids of a D. barberi female and D. longicornis male demonstrated consistently poor egg viability, low survival, and shortened adult life span. The cause of the hybrid unidirectionality is unknown, but these data collectively suggest that hybrids of a D. longicornis female and D. barberi male and F2 backcrosses with parentals could potentially be as viable as either parental species and contribute to population growth under Þeld conditions.
Generation and characterization of bone marrow-derived cultured canine mast cells

Disorders of mast cells, particularly mast cell tumors (MCTs), are common in dogs. There now is evidence that many of these disorders exhibit breed predilections, suggesting an underlying heritable component. In comparison to humans and mice, little is known regarding the biology of canine mast cells. To facilitate the study of mast cell biology in other species, bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMCMCs) often are used because these represent a ready source of large numbers of cells. We have developed a protocol to successfully generate canine BMCMCs from purified CD34(+) cells. After 5-7 weeks of culture with recombinant canine stem cell factor (rcSCF), greater than 90% of the cell population consisted of mast cells as evidenced by staining with Wright's-Giemsa, as well as production of chymase, tryptase, IL-8 and MCP-1. These cells expressed cell surface markers typical of mast cells including Kit, Fc epsilonRI, CD44, CD45 and CD18/CD11b. The canine BMCMCs were dependent on rcSCF for survival and proliferation, and migrated in response to rcSCF gradients. Cross-linking of cell surface-bound IgE induced the release of histamine and TNFalpha. Histamine release could also be stimulated by ConA, compound 48/80, and calcium ionophore. In summary, canine BMCMCs possess phenotypic and functional properties similar to mast cells found in vivo. These cells represent a novel, valuable resource for investigating normal canine mast cell biology as well as for identifying factors that lead to mast cell dysregulation in the dog.
Stimulation of erythropoiesis in plethoric mice by prostaglandins and its inhibition by antierythropoietin.

SummaryProstaglandins of the E series stimulated erythropoiesis in the plethoric mouse, whereas prostaglandin F2α was inactive. The erythropoietic stimulation was erythropoietin dependent, since it did not occur in antierythropoietin-injected mice.
Leaky polarizing beam splitter with adjustable leak ratio for operation in the wavelength range of 440-690 nm.

We discuss the optomechanical design and fabrication of a novel wideband (440–690-nm), leaky polarizing beam splitter with an adjustable leak ratio. This beam splitter is an important component of a multiwavelength dynamic testbed that we have constructed for testing optical disks. The multilayer thin-film structure of the beam splitter is essentially a stacked pair of narrow-band dielectric reflectors that have been fine tuned for optimal performance. The characteristics of the fabricated device are in good agreement with our theoretical calculations.
New chiral phases of superfluid 3 He stabilized by anisotropic silica aerogel

A rich variety of Fermi systems condense by forming bound pairs, including high-temperature and heavy-fermion superconductors, Sr_2RuO_4 (ref. 3), cold atomic gases and superfluid ^3He (ref. 5). Some of these form exotic quantum states with non-zero orbital angular momentum. We have discovered, in the case of ^3He, that anisotropic disorder, engineered from highly porous silica aerogel, stabilizes a chiral superfluid state that otherwise would not exist. Furthermore, we find that the chiral axis of this state can be uniquely oriented with the application of a magnetic field perpendicular to the aerogel anisotropy axis. At sufficiently low temperature we observe a sharp transition from a uniformly oriented chiral state to a disordered structure consistent with locally ordered domains, contrary to expectations for a superfluid glass phase.
Paradoxical increase of ventricular fibrillation threshold in response to coronary sinus obstruction

We determined the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) changes in response to graded coronary sinus (CS) obstruction in 13 chloralose-anesthetized dogs with fixed heart rate (150 min-1, mean systemic arterial pressure (80 mm Hg), and cardiac index (100 ml/min.kg-1 body weight). VFT in milliamperes (VFTmA) increased linearily with CS pressure (CSP) increases up to 41.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (VFTmA = 6.5 + 0.14 CSP mm Hg, p less than 0.01). Total coronary venous effluent (CBF) did not change significantly, suggesting compensatory coronary vasodilation. Myocardial O2 consumption also remained unchanged. At higher CSP, both CBF and VFT declined precipitously (VFTmA = 20.9 - 0.27 CSP mm Hg, p less than 0.02). With simultaneous increases of systemic arterial along with CSP, VFT increased again along with the CSP-induced reduction of gradient until it reached 42.8 +/- 3.2 mm Hg. We conclude that with coronary venous obstruction, despite coronary perfusion gradient reduction to about 40 mm Hg, CBF remains constant. This constant flow vasodilation is associated with substantial (82%) VFT increase. The mechanism may involve enhanced homogeneity of CBF distribution and increased extracellular fluid.
A Smooth Muscle-Like Origin for Beige Adipocytes

Thermogenic UCP1-positive cells, which include brown and beige adipocytes, transform chemical energy into heat and increase whole-body energy expenditure. Using a ribosomal profiling approach, we present a comprehensive molecular description of brown and beige gene expression from multiple fat depots in vivo. This UCP1-TRAP data set demonstrates striking similarities and important differences between these cell types, including a smooth muscle-like signature expressed by beige, but not classical brown, adipocytes. In vivo fate mapping using either a constitutive or an inducible Myh11-driven Cre demonstrates that at least a subset of beige cells arise from a smooth muscle-like origin. Finally, ectopic expression of PRDM16 converts bona fide vascular smooth muscle cells into Ucp1-positive adipocytes in vitro. These results establish a portrait of brown and beige adipocyte gene expression in vivo and identify a smooth muscle-like origin for beige cells.
Selecting the optimum plot size for a California design-based stream and wetland mapping program.

Accurate estimates of the extent and distribution of wetlands and streams are the foundation of wetland monitoring, management, restoration, and regulatory programs. Traditionally, these estimates have relied on comprehensive mapping. However, this approach is prohibitively resource-intensive over large areas, making it both impractical and statistically unreliable. Probabilistic (design-based) approaches to evaluating status and trends provide a more cost-effective alternative because, compared with comprehensive mapping, overall extent is inferred from mapping a statistically representative, randomly selected subset of the target area. In this type of design, the size of sample plots has a significant impact on program costs and on statistical precision and accuracy; however, no consensus exists on the appropriate plot size for remote monitoring of stream and wetland extent. This study utilized simulated sampling to assess the performance of four plot sizes (1, 4, 9, and 16 km2) for three geographic regions of California. Simulation results showed smaller plot sizes (1 and 4 km2) were most efficient for achieving desired levels of statistical accuracy and precision. However, larger plot sizes were more likely to contain rare and spatially limited wetland subtypes. Balancing these considerations led to selection of 4 km2 for the California status and trends program.
The effect of age on the acquisition of second language prosody

This study reports an exploratory analysis of the age of arrival (AoA) effect on the production of second language (L2) prosody. Three groups of Mandarin-speaking immigrants (N=10 in each group) with varying AoA in the United States and ten native speakers of English as controls participated in the study. All participants read a paragraph of English, and their speech samples were subjected to three prosodic analyses: speech and articulation rates, native speakers' judgment of the prosody based on segment-filtered speech, and analyses of tones and prosodic groupings using the Mainstream American English Tones and Break Indices (MAE_ToBI) transcription conventions. The L2 groups also filled out a survey providing information about their demographic background, English input, and socio-psychological aspects of language learning. The results revealed that the AoA factor impacted different aspects of prosody to varying degrees. Group differences were statistically significant for speech rate, degree of foreign prosody, the frequency of pitch accents, and the frequency of high boundary tones (H-H%). However,group differences were not significant for articulation rate, prosodic groupings, and the rest of the ToBI-labeled phonological categories. Multiple regression analyses further confirmed the AoA effect on degree of foreign prosody, the frequency of pitch accents, and high boundary tones (H-H%); AoA remained a significant predictor controlling for the effects of other variables. However, speech rate was predicted by English media exposure and motivation variable but not by AoA.
INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL (n,2n) EXCITATION FUNCTIONS

Radiochemically determined ($n, 2n$) excitation functions for ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{45}$, ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}$, ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{58}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{65}$, ${\mathrm{Ge}}^{70}$, ${\mathrm{As}}^{75}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{84}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$, ${\mathrm{Y}}^{89}$, ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{90}$, ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{112}$, ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{116}$, ${\mathrm{Sb}}^{123}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ have been interpreted in terms of the statistical model of nuclear reactions. Values of the level density parameter $a$ are obtained and correlated with mass number. A procedure is outlined for predicting the magnitude of any ($n, 2n$) cross section from the nuclear content of the target material. Two level density formulations are studied, and approximations customarily made in calculations of this sort are examined quantitatively.
Understanding Engineers’ Roles in Delivering Solutions to Curtail Urban Sprawl

Most Americans blame lack of centralized urban planning, weak political will, divisive politics, and way of life for urban sprawl in America. Urban sprawl worsens America’s addiction to oil. Americans drive at least five times farther to get to work than people elsewhere in the developed world. Even though the solutions, knowledge, and technology to curb urban sprawl and oil addiction are available, political hostility and unfavorable market conditions prevent them from being implemented effectively. Although engineers should be at the front lines, delivering these solutions, they are often not directly involved in the process. Because they are more reactive than proactive, they are impeding the future effectiveness of these solutions. This paper examines the political and market factors that drive urban sprawl and describes the role of engineers in delivering the solutions necessary to curtail urban sprawl.
Mesoporous aluminosilicate catalysts from FAU precursor under mild acidic conditions and with Al in totally tetrahedral coordination

Al-SBA-15 mesoporous catalyst with strong Bronsted acid sites and Al stabilized in a totally tetrahedral coordination was synthesized from the addition of hydrothermally aged zeolite Y precursor to SBA-15 synthesis mixture under mildly acidic condition of pH 5.5. The materials possessed surface areas between 690 and 850 m2/g, pore sizes ranging from 5.6 to 7.5 nm and pore volumes up to 1.03 cm3, which were comparable to parent SBA-15 synthesized under similar conditions. As much as 2 wt.% Al was present␣in the most aluminated sample that was investigated, and the Al remained stable in totally tetrahedral coordination, even after calcination at 550 °C. Calcined Al-SBA-15 showed high hydrothermal stability when treated with steam (20% v/v in nitrogen) at 650 °C for 2 h. Textural characteristics are maintained on steam treatment, and very little or no conversion of Al from tetrahedral to octahedral coordination resulted. The Al-SBA-15 mesoporous catalyst showed significant catalytic activity for cumene dealkylation, and activity increased as the amount of zeolite precursor added to the SBA-15 mixture was increased. The catalyst’s activity was not affected by the aging time of the precursor for up to the 24 h aging time investigated. This method of introducing Al and maintaining it in a total tetrahedral coordination is very effective, in comparison to other direct and post synthesis alumination methods reported.
K, Ar, Illite Burial

K, Ar, and mineral analyses of montmorillonitic mud samples 4233 ft to 16,450 ft deep from a well in the Mississippi Delta area show that, with depth, the apparent K-Ar ages of the bulk samples decrease 100 m.y.; the >2 μ fraction is relatively constant in apparent age at approximately 400 m.y.; and the apparent age of the μ fraction decreases 40 m.y. with depth. With increasing depth and temperature, K (0.8 percent) appears to be released from the course K-feldspar and mica and to become fixed between the montmorillonite layers. Due to the formation of chloritic layers, fewer illitic layers are formed than is commonly supposed. K-Ar data may be useful in reconstructing the thermal and burial history of shales.
Correlation of laparoscopic experience with differential functional brain activation: a positron emission tomography study with oxygen 15-labeled water.

Design: We compared novice and expert laparoscopists using positron emission tomography (PET) during the peg transfer task of the McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills (MISTELS) protocol. The first scan (rest) was performed with the subject’s eyes closed. The second scan (video 1) was performed while watching a peg transfer video. The third scan (peg 1) was acquired during the peg transfer task. The forth scan (peg 2) was performed after practicing 15 minutes. The fifth scan (video 2) was performed after peg 2 as the subject watched a video clip of a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. The sixth scan (peg 3) was conducted during the final peg transfer task after 15 more minutes of practice. Main Outcome Measures: Differences in brain activation as determined by changes in regional cerebral blood flow on PET scans with oxygen 15–labeled water. Results: The first analysis examined group differences between the 3 peg scans and the rest scan. The novice group had a significantly (P.001) higher activation (with deactivation in the expert group) in the left precentral gyrus and insula and the right precuneus and inferior occipital gyrus. The second analysis compared the 2 video scans and the rest scan. In contrast to the expert group, the novices had significantly (P .001) higher activation in the right precuneus and cuneus but deactivation in the bilateral posterior cerebellum. Conclusions: This study demonstrates differential regional brain activation patterns between novice and expert laparoscopists during surgery-related motor and visual association tasks.
Studies of dark energy with x-ray observatories

I review the contribution of Chandra X-ray Observatory to studies of dark energy. There are two broad classes of observable effects of dark energy: evolution of the expansion rate of the Universe, and slow down in the rate of growth of cosmic structures. Chandra has detected and measured both of these effects through observations of galaxy clusters. A combination of the Chandra results with other cosmological datasets leads to 5% constraints on the dark energy equation-of-state parameter, and limits possible deviations of gravity on large scales from general relativity.
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Pregnant Patient

This article describes clinical approaches for the perioperative management of the pregnant oral and maxillofacial surgical patient. The following topics are discussed: ethical principles of treatment during pregnancy, physiologic changes and their treatment considerations, fetal and maternal risks of various medications, medical problems occurring during pregnancy, and common minimally invasive approaches that the surgeon can apply to minimize the risk to the mother and unborn child. The strategies discussed provide successful treatment outcomes during this important time in the female surgical patient's life.
Effect on Survival of Double Versus Single Lung Transplantation in Patients with Primary and Secondary Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

s S185 estimates and Cox regression was used to examine post-Tx survival of CF patients by BMI cohort ( 18.5). Survival was compared between CF patients stratified by BMI to cohorts of IPF* or COPD* patients (*excluding: age> 60, ECMO, mechanically ventilated, or with pulmonary hypertension). Results: Compared to patients with CF and BMI> 18.5, survival was lower in patients with BMI< 17(HR for death [95%CI]:1.2[1.1-1.4], p= 0.007) and with BMI 17-18.5(HR[95%CI]:1.3[1.1-1.4], p< 0.001). Survival between patients with BMI< 17 and those with BMI 17-18.5 was not different (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.8-1.1], p= 0.7). Survival of CF patients with BMI< 17 or BMI 17-18.5 was not different than that of the IPF* cohort (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.8-1.1], p= 0.7) and (HR1.0[0.9-1.2], p= 0.9). Survival of CF patients with BMI < 17 or 17-18.5 was not different than that of the COPD* cohort (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.9-1.1], p= 0.7) and (HR[95%CI]:1.0[0.9-1.2], p= 0.7). Survival at 1 and 5 years is listed in the Table. Conclusion: Although survival of underweight CF patients is statistically lower than normal weight CF patients, it is not inferior to other populations that are often transplanted. This study suggests that as a single risk factor, BMI< 17 in the CF population should not be treated as an absolute contraindication to lung transplantation. Table 1. Kaplan Meier Survival Estimates # at risk LAS++ (Median IQR) 1-year Survival (95% CI) 5-year Survival
Housing Arrays Following Disasters Social Vulnerability Considerations in Designing Transitional Communities

Displacement and dislocation from homes disrupt fundamental social processes necessary for optimal community functioning. Neighborhood and community social capital, collective efficacy and place attachment are social processes that may be compromised following disaster, conflict, and upheaval. A collaborative approach to the preplanning, design, and creation of temporary and transitional communities following large-scale events is discussed. When architects, planners, and behavioral and health scientists collaborate, preexisting neighborhood social processes can be preserved or even strengthened and can facilitate resilient recovery among vulnerable groups (e.g., elders, children and their care providers, the poor, and underserved minorities). Such a cross-disciplinary, eco-developmental approach should result in more healthful, sustainable, and culturally appropriate individual and community level outcomes for vulnerable subgroups. Observations from housing accommodations following Hurricane Katrina are used to inform future efforts to rebuild neighborhoods following disasters.
A novel proposal for simplified design of metamaterial shrinking device

Abstract Metamaterial shrinking device is a fascinating device of longstanding interest, which can convert an arbitrary object virtually into a small-size object as one desires. To accelerate its practical realization, a simplified shrinking device with only axial parameter varying with radius is proposed through choosing appropriate spatial transformation. The advantages of such a device are that radial and azimuthal parameters are constants, and these parameters have finite and positive values. The full-wave simulation confirms the good performance of the device. Besides, the effects of material loss and parameter deviation on the performance of the device are also investigated. This work provides a new and feasible solution to push the shrinking device more closely to the practice.
A Counterexample to Artin Approximation With Respect to Subrings.

In [1] Artin proved that if f~(x,z)eC{x,z} is a finite system of convergent power series equations, c a positive integer, x=(x~,...,x,,), z=(zl,...,zN), with a formal solution ~ ( x ) ~ [ [ x ] ] , then there is a convergent solution z(x)e~{x} with z=~modm c, where m is the maximal ideal of ¢ [ [ x ] ] . Also he posed the following question" if some of the ~'s are independent of some of the x's, can the new solution z(x) be picked so the same zi's are independent of the same x's. In [2-1 Gabrietov (using an example of Osgood [3, Chapter II.5.2, pp. 121-123]), gave a counterexample to this conjecture. He gave a single convergent power series equation (actually a polynomial equation with coefficients in a power series ring, i.e. an element o f ~ {xl, x2,x3} [z]). with some of the ~'s in ~ [ [ x l , x2]-I, which has a formal sobation but no convergent solution. In this paper I give a counterexample which is a single polynomial equation with coefficients in the residue field ~, i.e. an element of ¢[xl, x2,z], with some of the z's in ¢ [ [ x i ] ] and some in IE[[x2]].
Spanish Phonology and Morphology: Experimental and quantitative perspectives

Unlike most monographs on Spanish phonology and morphology that approach these topics from a structuralist or generativist framework, this volume is written from a less traditional point of view. More specifically, it emphasizes quantitative evidence from sources such as usage-based studies, psycholinguistic experiments, corpus data, and computer simulations. Arguments are presented to demonstrate that these kinds of evidence are crucial for establishing theories of language that relate to the psychological mechanisms involved in producing and comprehending speech, in contrast to theories about abstract linguistic structure. A range of topics is covered including morphological parsing, nominalization, stress, syllable structure, diphthongization, gender, morphophonemic alternations, and epenthesis. An appendix is included that serves as a primer on quantitative linguistic research. It discusses how some of the cited experiments were carried out, provides an introduction to statistical analysis, and discusses tools that are available for conducting quantitative research on the Spanish language.
Television and Politics in the Former East Germany

In her paper, "Television and Politics in the Former East Germany," Claudia Dittmar analyzes how in the former East Germany (GDR) while television audience was restricted severly by government, at the same time West German broadcasts acquired a substantial audience and what the impact of these broadcasts had on the audience. West German television programs enjoyed a high level of popularity with the East German population, thereby posing the greatest competition to the GDR's own television stations. As a result, GDR television was forced to counteract the impact of West German television. Dittmar discusses how the West German media were accused of attempting to influence the East German audience ideologically and how the leadership of the GDR sought this to prevent by all means. The resulting competition on the airwaves forced the television stations of the GDR to adapt to the wishes of its audience, even if this meant that entertainment won the upper hand over the mediation of socialist politics and policies: Popular programs of West German television were countered with programs of mass appeal produced in the GDR. Claudia Dittmar, "Television and Politics in the Former East Germany" page 2 of 9 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 7.4 (2005):
XLVI. On the rotation of the equipotential lines of an electric current by magnetic action

(1885). XLVI. On the rotation of the equipotential lines of an electric current by magnetic action. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 19, No. 121, pp. 419-438.
Actions of elementary Abelian p-groups

WE STUDY actions of elementary abelian p-groups (i.e. G = fi E/p, p prime), on manifolds or near-manifolds X (i.e. X is an n-manifold off of a singularity set of dimension <n 2). The usual approach to actions of G on finite dimensional spaces Y is that pioneered by Bore1 [2], and refined by Quillen [l 11 and others, and shows that one can calculate the homology of the fixed set YG from the homology of the Bore1 construction Y x E, (all with [F, G coefficients). One may roughly describe this approach by saying that if one can calculate a great deal about Y x E,, then one may calculate a great deal about YG. In this paper we G
DESENSITIZATION TECHNIQUES IN THE TREATMENT OF SCHOOL PHOBIA

A child's fear of school was eliminated by having him approach the school accompanied by the therapist and by proceeding in a series of graded steps from the least anxiety-evoking stimulus situation to the most powerful fear stimulus. After 20 consecutive treatments the child resumed a normal school routine with no return of the symptoms noted during a two-year follow-up period.
Static Versus Prospective Gated Non–breath Hold Volumetric MDCT Imaging of the Lungs1

Rationale and Objectives: We seek to establish lung imaging methods which provide for the ability to image the lung under dynamic, non-breath hold conditions while providing “virtual breath hold,” quantifiable volumetric image data sets. We use static, breath hold images as the gold standard for evaluating these virtual breath hold images in both a phantom and sheep. Materials and Methods: We have developed axial methods for gating image acquisition to multiple points in the respiratory cycle interleaved with incremental table stepping during multidetector-row CT (MDCT) scanning. Datasets are generated over multiple breaths, providing volume images representative of multiple points within a respiratory cycle. To determine the reproducibility and accuracy of the methods , 6 anesthetized sheep were studied by MDCT in non-gated and airway-pressure (Pawy)-gated modes where Pawy was 0, 7 and 15 cmH2O. Results: No significant differences were found between the coefficient of variation in air volume measured from repeated static scans (1.74±1.78%), gated scans: Inspiratory gated (1.2±0.44%) or expiratory-gated (1.39±0.98%), or between static (1.74±1.78%) and gated (1.39+/-0.98%) scanning at similar Pawy (p>0.1). Measured air volumes were larger from static vs. gated scans by 5.85±3.77% at 7cmH2O and 4.45±3.6% at 15cmHL2O Pawy (p<0.05) consistent with hysteresis. Differences between air volumes at 7 and 15 cmH2O measured from either static or gated scans or that delivered by a supersyringe were insignificant (p<0.05). Visual accuracy of 3D anatomic geometry was achieved, and landmark certainty was within 1mm across respiratory cycles. Conclusion: A method has been demonstrated which provides for accurate gating to respiratory signals during axial scanning. High resolution volumetric image datasets are achievable while the scanned subject is breathing.Images are quantitatively similar to breath hold images with differences likely explained by known P-V hysteresis effects.
Effect of parathyroid hormone (hPTH[1-34]) infusion on serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone in normal women

Calcium absorption declines with age. Because 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) is the major hormone controlling calcium absorption, changes in vitamin D metabolism may account for the malabsorption of aging. Serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D have been reported to either decrease or remain unchanged with age. To assess the effect of aging on renal production of 1,25(OH)2D, we evaluated the response of renal 25OHD 1 alpha hydroxylase to human parathyroid hormone (hPTH(1-34) stimulation in 119 women ages 25-83 years. In this population, baseline serum 25OHD and 1,25(OH)2D values did not significantly change with age, but serum iPTH (r = 0.44; p < 0.001) and serum creatinine (r = 0.31; p < 0.01) increased with age. However, the stimulatory activity of hPTH(1-34) on the renal production of 1,25(OH)2D declined with age (r3 = -0.36; p < 0.001) and was most apparent after age 75, being 50% less than that of younger women. Besides age, the production of 1,25(OH)2D was found to be dependent on baseline serum iPTH (r = -0.31; p < 0.0001). Administration of hPTH(1-34) led to suppression of endogenous PTH, and suppressibility of endogenous PTH declined with age (r = 0.53; p < 0.0001). The increase in serum PTH and decreased suppressibility of PTH with age could be due to mild secondary hyperparathyroidism. The increase in PTH with age is probably responsible for maintaining normal serum 1,25(OH)2D levels in elderly subjects; however, decreased metabolism of 1,25(OH)2D in the elderly could also maintain normal serum 1,25(OH)2D levels.
An equilibrium model of city size

Abstract This paper develops an equilibrium model of city size in which population distribution, real prices, and real wages are determined. Two possible modifications are considered, one involving externalities. The partial equilibrium changes resulting from these modifications are derived and seen to be quite different from the general equilibrium changes. Finally, the paper suggests that site-specific factors of production must be introduced into any consistent model of city size.
The Fentanyl Story

Fentanyl, introduced more than 50 years ago, has become the most often used opioid for intraoperative analgesia. Since the early 1990s the fentanyl patch has been available for management of chronic pain of all forms of cancer as well as the persistent, intense pain from many noncancerous maladies. More than a half dozen rapid-onset transmucosal fentanyl preparations have been developed, approved, launched, and popularized for "breakthrough" pain syndromes in the past 20 years. The purpose of this article is to describe why this opioid has become so important in the treatment of pain in modern clinical practice. The data indicate that fentanyl's popularity has occurred because it has minimal cardiovascular effects, does not result in increases in plasma histamine, is relatively short in onset of action and duration of effect, is easy and inexpensive to synthesize and prepare for the marketplace, and is now familiar to clinicians working in pain and perioperative medicine throughout the world.
Generic Language in Parent-Child Conversations

Generic knowledge concerns kinds of things (e.g., birds fly; a chair is for sitting; gold is a metal). Past research demonstrated that children spontaneously develop generic knowledge by preschool age. The present study examines when and how children learn to use the multiple devices provided by their language to express generic knowledge. We hypothesize that children assume, in the absence of specifying information or context, that nouns refer to generic kinds, as a default. Thus, we predict that (a) Children should talk about kinds from an early age. (b) Children should learn generic forms with only minimal parental scaffolding. (c) Children should recognize a variety of different linguistic forms as generic. Results from longitudinal samples of adult-child conversations support all three hypotheses. We also report individual differences in the use of generics, suggesting that children differ in their tendency to form the abstract generalizations so expressed.
Preserved Fetal Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in the Presence of Maternal Hypoaminoacidemia

ABSTRACT: The effects on the conceptus of persistently decreased maternal plasma amino acid concentrations were studied in pregnant rats by the infusion of glucagon (0.21 mg/day) to the mother from day 14 to 20 of gestation with a subcutaneous, osmotically driven minipump. Controls received diluent. The experimental animals either had normal caloric intake and weight gain, or diminished caloric intake with no weight gain. Both experimental groups exhibited a decrease in plasma total amino acid concentration of approximately 50%. Maternal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were unaffected except for slight decreases in the low weight gain group. At cesarean section on day 20, fetal weight was unaffected in the normal weight gain group, while the low weight gain animals exhibited intrauterine growth retardation. Fetal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were unaffected. Despite the marked decrease in maternal plasma total amino acid concentration, fetal plasma total amino acid concentration was unaffected. Individual plasma amino acid concentrations in the normal weight gain mothers and fetuses revealed a spectrum of changes. Some maternal amino acids were decreased by more than 60% (α-aminobutyric acid, asparagine, threonine, glutamine, alanine) while others were unaffected (tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine). In general, amino acids that were decreased in the mother exhibited no change or a lesser decrease in fetal plasma concentration, while those that were unaffected in the mothers showed increased fetal concentrations. Fetuses from the low weight gain mothers had plasma amino acid profiles that were similar to those of the normal weight gain mothers. We speculate that the preserved fetal plasma amino acid concentrations are due to enhanced placental transport of amino acid secondary to maternal substrate decrease.
1B2u↔1A1g spectroscopy of jet‐cooled benzene: Single vibronic level fluorescence studies

As part of an investigation of intramolecular energy transfer in jet‐cooled 1B2u benzene, an extensive study of one photon 1B2u↔1A1g spectroscopy has been carried out. Our data lead to an assignment for ν8 in the 1B2u state (1516 cm−1), to a number of new assignments involving activity in ν18 and ν4, and they show that many of the higher vibrational levels in the 1B2u manifold are mixed. The activities of components of combination levels with different vibrational angular momenta have been observed and used to resolve several controversies concerning assignments in the 1B2u↔1A1g spectrum of benzene.
Cross Sections for the Production of Lyman- α Radiation by Fast-Proton Impact on H 2

Absolute cross sections have been measured for the production of Lyman-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation by proton impact on ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in the energy range from 20 to 120 keV. Radiation from slow H atoms produced by dissociative excitation of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecule was separated from the radiation from fast hydrogen atoms produced by electron capture by using a Doppler-shift technique. Reasonable agreement is obtained with other investigators where the cross sections overlap. The fast-atom emission exhibits a sharp monotonic decrease with energy, characteristic of charge transfer. The slow-atom emission also monotonically decreases with energy but not nearly as rapidly. It is estimated that about 4% of the total charge transfer goes into producting fast atoms in the $2p$ state.
POLITICAL INSTABILITY, REFUGEES, AND A HEALTH CARE CRISIS IN MALAWI

ABSTRACT Between 1985 and 1992 political instability in Mozambique caused large-scale out-migration of Mozambicans to Malawi. Malawi was sought as a place of refuge since it neighbored Mozambique, was politically stable, and seemed to be better equipped with food and health resources. Such factors encouraged close to one million Mozambican refugees to seek refuge in Malawi. The growth of Malawi's refugee population strained Malawi's already densely populated, ecologically degraded, and economically troubled landscape, creating stress within its health care system. By the 1990s Malawi's limited health care facilities showed signs of collapse. This paper argues that Malawi's experience with Mozambican refugees upset the stability of its health care system, burdening resources and leading to degradation of health care for Malawians and refugees alike. It is suggested that political instability has profound effects on health care systems, as a host country attempts to address the combined health care needs of...
Patient-reported communications with pharmacy staff at community pharmacies: the Alabama NSAID Patient Safety Study, 2005-2007

Abstract Objectives To examine the prevalence of patient–pharmacy staff communication about medications for pain and arthritis and to assess disparities in communication by demographic, socioeconomic, and health indicators. Design Descriptive, nonexperimental, cross-sectional study. Setting Alabama between 2005 and 2007. Patients 687 patients participating in the Alabama NSAID Patient Safety Study (age ≥50years and currently taking a prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [NSAID]). Intervention Not applicable. Main outcome measures Communication with pharmacy staff about prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) NSAIDs was examined before and after adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, and health indicators. Results For the entire cohort (n = 687), mean (±SD) age was 68.3 ± 10.0years, 72.8% were women, 36.4% were black, and 31.2% discussed use of prescription pain/arthritis medications with pharmacy staff. Discussing use of prescription pain/arthritis medications with pharmacy staff differed by race/gender ( P Conclusion Given the complex risks and benefits of chronic NSAID use, pharmacists, pharmacy staff, and patients all are missing an important opportunity to avoid unsafe prescribing and decrease medication adverse events.
Can morbidity and mortality of SLE be improved

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the second most common autoimmune disorder (after thyroid disease) in women of childbearing age. Lupus is increasingly being recognized throughout the world's population. The incidence and prevalence of SLE varies among racial and ethnic groups. Lupus patient survival has significantly improved over the past five decades, but a three- to fivefold increased risk of death remains compared with the general population. As lupus patients survive longer, these individuals face a range of complications from the disease itself or consequent to its treatment. Emerging data from epidemiological studies underscore the importance of incorporating race and ethnicity in understanding the risk factors leading to the significant burden of mortality and morbidity associated with this disease. This chapter describes the epidemiology of lupus with a focus on racial and ethnic differences, reviews the mortality associated with the disease, discusses selected complications associated with morbidity related to the disease and highlights areas where we can improve mortality and morbidity.
Osteogenesis in a human hydroxyapatite orbital implant 5.5 years after implantation.

Abstract PURPOSE: We report the histological findings of a hydroxyapatite orbital implant 5.5 years after implantation. METHODS: The hydroxyapatite orbital implant was excised from the left orbit of a 17-year-old female, and it was decalcified and processed for routine light microscopic evaluation. RESULTS: The implant showed complete fibrovascularization with nearly complete osteogenesis with hematopoiesis. CONCLUSION: Bone may biointegrate throughout the pores of hydroxyapatite orbital implants.
Comprehensive compositional analysis of plant cell walls (lignocellulosic biomass) part II: carbohydrates.

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st century. This has rekindled interest in the use of plant products as industrial raw materials for the production of liquid fuels for transportation2 and other products such as biocomposite materials6. Plant biomass remains one of the greatest untapped reserves on the planet4. It is mostly comprised of cell walls that are composed of energy rich polymers including cellulose, various hemicelluloses, and the polyphenol lignin5 and thus sometimes termed lignocellulosics. However, plant cell walls have evolved to be recalcitrant to degradation as walls contribute extensively to the strength and structural integrity of the entire plant. Despite its necessary rigidity, the cell wall is a highly dynamic entity that is metabolically active and plays crucial roles in numerous cell activities such as plant growth and differentiation5. Due to the various functions of walls, there is an immense structural diversity within the walls of different plant species and cell types within a single plant4. Hence, depending of what crop species, crop variety, or plant tissue is used for a biorefinery, the processing steps for depolymerisation by chemical/enzymatic processes and subsequent fermentation of the various sugars to liquid biofuels need to be adjusted and optimized. This fact underpins the need for a thorough characterization of plant biomass feedstocks. Here we describe a comprehensive analytical methodology that enables the determination of the composition of lignocellulosics and is amenable to a medium to high-throughput analysis (Figure 1). The method starts of with preparing destarched cell wall material. The resulting lignocellulosics are then split up to determine its monosaccharide composition of the hemicelluloses and other matrix polysaccharides1, and its content of crystalline cellulose7. The protocol for analyzing the lignin components in lignocellulosic biomass is discussed in Part I3.
Frequency Dispersion Limits Resolution in Veselago Lens

The properties of a lossless Veselago lens is examined when the material parameters epsilon and mu are frequency dispersive. A complete solution is presented that is based on the use of Fourier transforms in the frequency domain and is obtained in terms of the residues at the poles and branch cut integrals. It is shown that for an incident fleld with a flnite frequency spectrum the excited evanescent fleld consists of resonant even and odd surface wave modes that do not grow exponentially within the slab. For a lossless slab and a sinusoidal signal of flnite duration, at a single frequency corresponding to that where the relative values of epsilon and mu equal i1, Pendry's solution is obtained along with excited surface wave modes and other interfering waves that makes it impossible to obtain a coherent reconstruction of the spatial spectrum of the object fleld at the image plane. If the slab material is lossy the excited interfering surface wave modes will decay away in a relatively short time interval, but as shown by other investigators the resolution of the lens will be reduced in a very substantial way if the losses are moderate to large.