cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
User preferences in formats of print and electronic journals

The introduction of electronic journals and electronic versions of journals has made serials collection management more complex. Libraries may want to offer a particular journal in both print and electronic formats, but find that it is often not financially feasible. More publishers are charging separately for the print or electronic versions or charging a higher price for both bundled together. As budgets become tight, librarians are having to choose between one format or another. In order to make the decision about what format to purchase, librarians need to know the format preferences of the users. To determine these preferences, library professionals can use several methods, such as user surveys, usage reports, and educated guessing.
Signals via the adaptor MyD88 in B cells and DCs make distinct and synergistic contributions to immune activation and tissue damage in lupus.

Detection of self nucleic acids by Toll-like receptors (TLR) preciptates autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It remains unknown how TLR signals in specific cell types contribute to distinct manifestations of SLE. Here, we demonstrate that formation of anti-nuclear antibodies in MRL.Fas(lpr) mice entirely depends on the TLR signaling adaptor MyD88 in B cells. Further, MyD88 deficiency in B cells ameliorated nephritis, including antibody-independent interstitial T cell infiltrates, suggesting that nucleic acid-specific B cells activate nephrotoxic T cells. Surprisingly, MyD88 deletion in dendritic cells (DCs) did not affect nephritis, despite the importance of DCs in renal inflammation. In contrast, MyD88 in DCs was critical for dermatitis, revealing a separate pathogenetic mechanism. DC-expressed MyD88 promoted interferon-α production by plasmacytoid DCs, which was associated with Death domain-associated protein 6 upregulation and B lymphopenia. Our findings thus reveal unique immunopathological consequences of MyD88 signaling in B cells and DCs in lupus.
Adolescent Affection and Helpfulness Toward Parents:: A 2-Year Follow-Up

This short-term longitudinal investigation examined the 2-year stability of adolescents’ prosocial behavior toward mothers and fathers and the predictive role of attachment, conflict, and parental influence in adolescents’ prosocial behavior. At Time 1, adolescents (n = 129) in Grades 6, 8, and 10 and their mothers (n = 126) and fathers (n = 104) completed several questionnaires during two in-home visits. Two years subsequently, families (n = 42) completed the same measures from Time 1. In general, adolescents reported less affectionate behavior and helpfulness toward fathers and mothers during early adolescence and middle adolescence. Parents reported no change in adolescents’ behavior. Adolescents’ affection and helpfulness remained stable across 2 years. For adolescent reports, attachment predicted affection, whereas paternal influence predicted helpfulness toward fathers. For parent reports, conflict and parental influence predicted adolescent affection. The use of the relational approach for understa...
Charging and discharging rate studies of polypyrrole films in AlCl3: 1-methyl-(3-ethyl)-imidazolium chloride molten salts and in CH3CN

Abstract The chronocoulometric charging and discharging of polypyrrole films in basic AlCl 3 /1-methyl-(3-ethyl)-imidazolium chloride molten salts and CH 3 CN have been investigated. Both processes follow a t 1 2 time dependence and are significantly faster in the molten salts. Comparison with redox polymer and porous electrode models shows that neither model is satisfactorily applicable over the entire potential region studied. The charging and discharging rates are limited by ion migration in the polymer and for potential steps in the “double layer charging” region polypyrrole behaves as a porous electrode material. In this region there is a good correlation between the charging/discharging rates and the solvent conductivity.
The mRNA level of the potassium-chloride cotransporter KCC2 covaries with seizure susceptibility in inferior colliculus of the post-ischemic audiogenic seizure-prone rat

Cardiac arrest and resuscitation were used to induce brain damage and susceptibility to sound-triggered seizures in Sprague-Dawley rats. Glucose preloading was used to vary seizure susceptibility. Because loop diuretics can block these seizures, we investigated changes in KCC2, a potassium-chloride cotransporter, in the inferior colliculus - the origin of the seizures. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we found that collicular KCC2 mRNA levels covaried with seizure susceptibility in these animals. Using quantitative PCR, we found that a fivefold increase in collicular KCC2 mRNA levels was associated with a doubling of seizure incidence. A hypothesis linking KCC2 activity to seizure susceptibility is presented.
Structure of the annealed Au-Si(100) system: a UHV-HREM study

The structure obtained on annealing sub-monolayer of Au deposited on clean Si(100) surfaces at room temperature was studied using mainly ultrahigh vacuum transmission electron imaging (UHV-HREM). Spots suggesting a 5×1 type reconstruction and faint 1/2 order streaks were seen in the diffraction patterns. The reconstructed wave shows pairs of Au-rows which correspond to the “trenches” reported in an earlier STM study. Lateral disorder across the rows was seen to be responsible for the streaks in the patterns.
Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment for Pressure Systems

There have been many instances where serious injuries and fatalities have resulted from over-pressurization, thermal stress, asphyxiation and other potential hazards associated with testing, handling and storage of compressed gases and pressure facilities at numerous production and research facilities. These hazards are major issues that should be addressed in system design and in materials selection appropriate for high pressure applications. Potential hazards may be mitigated through system analysis and design process which are the major factors in preventing thermal/pressure hazards caused by possible leaks and fragmentation, in the case of rupture. This paper presents a conceptual model and framework for developing a safety analysis which will reduce potential hazards, accidents and legal liabilities. The proposed systematic approach allows to identify hazards provide timely documentation of potential hazards and risks associated with systems, facilities, and equipment. As a result of this hazard analysis process, provisions and actions for hazard prevention and control have been put in place, and all identifiable potential hazards can be reduced to a low risk level.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Optimal control of auxiliary heating of passive-solar-heated buildings

Abstract Previous papers have demonstrated that low-cost off-peak electricity can be used to provide auxiliary heating for a passive-solar-heated residence. This paper describes the development of optimal control strategies for the operation of this auxiliary heating system. The temperature in the residence throughout the day as determined by computer simulation is presented for several optimal and conventional control strategies. The optimal control strategies improved the temperature control in the building compared to the conventional strategies. All strategies were shown to depend heavily on weather prediction. Computer simulations showed that errors in weather prediction had a small effect on heating cost and a large effect on being able to maintain the desired indoor temperature.
Multiparty quantum states stabilized by the diagonal subgroup of the local unitary group

We classify, up to local unitary equivalence, the set of $n$-qubit states that is stabilized by the diagonal subgroup of the local unitary group. We exhibit a basis for this set, parameterized by diagrams of nonintersecting chords connecting pairs of points on a circle, and give a criterion for when the stabilizer is precisely the diagonal subgroup and not larger. This investigation is part of a larger program to partially classify entanglement type (local unitary equivalence class) via analysis of stabilizer structure.
Application of electrochemical technology to the improvement of rock-drilling systems

Abstract Studies of rock drilling with water-based mud have indicated the existence of a current of electrons from the rock to the drill. If this so-called “normal current” is reduced to zero or is reversed by an applied potential, there is a significant reduction in drill wear. The wear rate is enhanced if oxygen is bubbled through the drilling mud and reduced if nitrogen is used, but in any case the electrical effects can still be observed. Observation of the normal drilling current with an oscilloscope has suggested that, when the drill is “sharp”, the normal current is a time-varying d.c. signal with most of the signal levels at frequencies below 25 Hz. As the drill becomes dull, the number of higher frequency signals and the overall signal amplitude increase. We suggest that this change in signal frequency with wear can be used to monitor the condition of an operational drill.
High-Velocity Interstellar Gas in the Lines of Sight to the Wolf-Rayet Stars HD 97152 and HD 96548

The interstellar medium was studied in the direction to the WR stars HD 96548 and HD 97152, and the results are reported. New observational data on the UV spectra of several field stars near both these WR stars are presented. The high-velocity gas seen in the spectra of these stars suggests that the detected expanding interstellar gas structure consists of two OB cluster supershells. The presence of high-velocity absorption components in one of five field star spectra in the direction of the more isolated WR star HD 96548 suggests that this expanding gas does not originate from the optical ring nebula RCW 58 surrounding HD 96548, as previously believed, but instead indicates the detection of a previously unknown expanding interstellar shell in this line of sight.
Baire one, Gibson and weakly Gibson real functions of several real variables

We investigate Darboux-like properties for real-valued, Baire one functions defined on Euclidean n-space which belong to the classes of Gibson and weakly Gibson functions recently introduced and investigated by Kenneth Kellum.
Predicting bathymetry from Geosat-ERM and shipborne profiles in the South Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Portions of two Geosat-ERM altimeter tracks and corresponding suborbital shipboard gravity and bathymetry profiles in the South Atlantic Ocean were analyzed: one across the Walvis Ridge (about 1100 km long) and the other in the Brazil Basin (about 2300 km long). Together, these profiles sample those types of sea-floor topography which dominate the gravity signature at wavelengths of 20 to 300 km. The Walvis Ridge is a massive aseismic ridge and the Brazil Basin profile crosses both an old seamount (emplaced at the time the crust was young) and a very young mid-plate volcano. Both profiles cross fracture zones. After the gravity and bathymetry profiles were split into subprofiles, various cross-spectral characteristics could be determined by FFT techniques. Analysis showed that observed admittance is not well constrained by either an Airy-type or flexural compensation models across the Walvis Ridge, but those over the Brazil Basin can be readily explained by an Airy-type model with a mean crustal thickness of about 20 km. A theoretical filter was then designed, based on a priori geological knowledge, and used to predict bathymetry from the high-passed gravity/geoid anomalies. Not surprisingly, the predicted bathymetry shows more detailed and correct short-wavelength (20–300 km) features than those predicted from the historical data base, as represented e.g., by the DBDB5 gridded bathymetric model. For areas where historical shipboard bathymetry measurements are widely spaced (longer than about 10 km for single-beam data) but where some regional geologic information is available (such as the relative ages of mid-plate volcanoes and crust), bathymetry predicted from altimetric data can be used to upgrade regional bathymetrie data bases, on which regional geologic/geophysical understanding depends.
Robotic-assisted median arcuate ligament release

Median arcuate ligament syndrome results from external compression of the celiac axis by attachments of the diaphragmatic crura. It has been treated with open or laparoscopic surgical decompression of the celiac axis with neurolysis. We describe our initial experience treating three patients using a robotic-assisted technique with median arcuate ligament release and celiac neurolysis. Average operative time was 2.2 hours. No intraoperative complications occurred. At an average of 11 months postoperative (14, 11, and 8 months), two patients continue with resolution of preoperative symptoms. Our experience affirms that further study using the robotic approach appears warranted.
Shifts in dietary carbohydrate-lipid exposure regulate expression of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated gene PNPLA3/adiponutrin in mouse liver and HepG2 human liver cells.

Objective Patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3, adiponutrin) has been identified as a modifier of lipid metabolism. To better understand the physiological role of PNPLA3/adiponutrin, we have investigated its regulation in intact mice and human hepatocytes under various nutritional/metabolic conditions.
Long-term efficacy of biofeedback therapy for dyssynergic defecation: randomized controlled trial.

Long-Term Efficacy of Biofeedback Therapy for Dyssynergic Defecation: Randomized Controlled Trial
Enthalpy Relaxation of Layered Silicate‐Epoxy Nanocomposites

Using standard and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry, we have studied the segmental relaxation behavior of montmorillonite-epoxy nano-composites. The experimental results showed that the incorporation of clay particles caused the epoxy network to exhibit slower relaxation dynamics compared with the neat epoxy resin. Analysis based on the Tool-Narayanaswamy-Moynihan (TNM) model indicated that the nanocomposite systems had greater nonlinearity, higher apparent activation energy, and broader relaxation time distribution tha the neat epoxy resin. Further analysis based on the Adam-Gibbs model indicated that the presence of clay nanoparticles decreased the macroscopic configurational entropy of the epoxy network, and increased the size of the cooperative rearrangement region as ell as the fundamental energy barrier. The peculiar relaxation behavior observed in the present experiments was attributed to the confinement effect of nanoparticles on molecular entities during the segmental relaxation. This confinement effect led to a stronger temperature dependence of the relaxation behavior near the glass transition temperature, or greater fragility. An inverse correlation between nonexponentiality and fragility was also observed, which is consistent with the results reported in the literature.
Unexpectedly high among-habitat spider (Araneae) faunal diversity from the Arctic Long-Term Experimental Research (LTER) field station at Toolik Lake, Alaska, United States of America

A comparison is made between a three-year structured-sampling study that compared spider faunas of two tundra habitats and a single-year unstructured-sampling study, both within the Arctic Long-Term Experimental Research (LTER) field station at Toolik Lake, Alaska, United States of America. The three-year study documented 51 species and predicted a total of 60 species for the area. Our one season study documented 39 species, of which 24, or 62%, are not shared by the three-year study, raising the total count for the LTER to 75 species. These findings emphasise limitations of species richness estimation methods and help dispel the perception that Arctic tundras are homogeneous and species poor.
Morphological communication: exploiting coupled dynamics in a complex mechanical structure to achieve locomotion.

Traditional engineering approaches strive to avoid, or actively suppress, nonlinear dynamic coupling among components. Biological systems, in contrast, are often rife with these dynamics. Could there be, in some cases, a benefit to high degrees of dynamical coupling? Here we present a distributed robotic control scheme inspired by the biological phenomenon of tensegrity-based mechanotransduction. This emergence of morphology-as-information-conduit or ‘morphological communication’, enabled by time-sensitive spiking neural networks, presents a new paradigm for the decentralized control of large, coupled, modular systems. These results significantly bolster, both in magnitude and in form, the idea of morphological computation in robotic control. Furthermore, they lend further credence to ideas of embodied anatomical computation in biological systems, on scales ranging from cellular structures up to the tendinous networks of the human hand.
Harnessing Models of Users' Goals to Mediate Clarification Dialog in Spoken Language Systems

Speaker-independent speech recognition systems are being used with increasing frequency for command and control applications. To date, users of such systems must contend with their fragility to subtle changes in language usage and environmental acoustics. We describe work on coupling speech recognition systems with temporal probabilistic user models that provide inferences about the intentions associated with utterances. The methods can be employed to enhance the robustness of speech recognition by endowing systems with an ability to reason about the costs and benefits of action in a setting and to make decisions about the best action to take given uncertainty about the meaning behind acoustic signals. The methods have been implemented in the form of a dialog clarification module that can be integrated with legacy spoken language systems. We describe representation and inference procedures and present details on the operation of an implemented spoken command and control development environment called DeepListener.
Development of an in-fiber white-light interferometric distance sensor for absolute measurement of arbitrary small distances

The fabrication, implementation, and evaluation of an in-fiber white-light interferometric distance sensor that is capable of measuring the absolute value of an arbitrary small distance are presented. Taking advantage of the mode-coupling effect of a long-period fiber grating, an additional cavity distance is added to the optical path difference of the distance sensor; therefore, it can generate a sufficient number of fringes for distance demodulation even if the free-space cavity distance is very small. It is experimentally verified that the distance sensor is capable of measuring small distances that are beyond the capability of a Fabry-Perot interferometric distance sensor.
Downregulation of gamma interferon receptor 1 by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K3 and K5.

Upon viral infection, the major defense mounted by the host immune system is activation of the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral pathway. In order to complete their life cycles, viruses must modulate the host IFN-mediated immune response. The K3 and K5 proteins of a human tumor-inducing herpesvirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been shown to downregulate the surface expression of host immune modulatory receptors by increasing their endocytosis rates, which leads to suppression of cell-mediated immunity. In this report, we demonstrate that K3 and K5 both specifically target gamma interferon receptor 1 (IFN-γR1) and induce its ubiquitination, endocytosis, and degradation, resulting in downregulation of IFN-γR1 surface expression and, thereby, inhibition of IFN-γ action. Mutational analysis indicated that K5 appeared to downregulate IFN-γR1 more strongly than K3 and that the amino-terminal ring finger motif and the carboxyl-terminal region of K5 were necessary for IFN-γR1 downregulation. These results suggest that KSHV K3 and K5 suppress both cytokine-mediated and cell-mediated immunity, which ensures efficient viral avoidance of host immune controls.
Will they like me? Adolescents’ emotional responses to peer evaluation

Relative to children and adults, adolescents are highly focused on being evaluated by peers. This increased attention to peer evaluation has implications for emotion regulation in adolescence, but little is known about the characteristics of the evaluatee and evaluator that influence emotional reactions to evaluative outcomes. The present study used a computer-based social evaluation task to examine predictors of adolescents’ emotional responses to feedback from unknown peers. Nine-to-seventeen-year-olds (N = 36) completed the “chatroom task” and indicated the degree to which each peer would be interested in interacting with them and how good they felt after receiving acceptance and rejection feedback from peers. We examined whether adolescents’ age and gender impacted their emotional responses to being accepted or rejected by peers of different age groups (i.e., early or middle adolescence) and genders. We also tested whether expectations about peers’ interest was associated with variability in adolescen...
Differences in cold tolerance, desiccation resistance, and cryoprotectant production between three populations of Eurosta solidaginis collected from different latitudes.

Possible links between cold-tolerance and desiccation resistance were examined between larvae of the goldenrod gall fly collected from Michigan, southern Ohio, and Alabama locations as their host plant senesced. After acclimation to 5°C, Michigan-collected larvae were more cold-tolerant (25% survival after a 96 h exposure to −40°C) than larvae from Ohio (10% survival) and Alabama (0% survival). Increased cold-tolerance was partially linked to higher concentrations of the cryoprotectant glycerol (Michigan: 500 ± 30 mmol; Ohio: 270 ± 20; Alabama: 220 ± 20). Moreover, cryoprotectants may have functioned to reduce rates of overall and cuticular water loss for Michigan larvae, 0.10 ± 0.01 and 0.037 ± 0.003 μg mm−2 h−1, respectively, values that were 40-44% lower than those for Ohio and Alabama larvae and may represent a link between desiccation resistance and cold-tolerance. After acclimation to 20°C, Alabama-collected larvae had metabolic rates that were 40% lower than those from Ohio and Michigan that averaged 0.100 ± 0.006 μl of CO2 produced g−1 h−1. The lower metabolic rate of Alabama-collected larvae at 20°C likely resulted in reduced respiratory transpiration that may represent a mechanism to maintain water balance at the higher overwintering temperatures they typically experience.
Wireless powering of biomedical device via magnetic resonance

Wireless power transfer efficiency of system based on the Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) is studied here for non-homogenous interfaces. Specifically, the SCMR wireless power transfer from a source in air to a sensor embedded in tissue is analyzed. A comparison of wireless power transfer efficiency between resonant loop and SCMR structure is shown. The efficiencies achieved in different types of tissue are also reported.
SLAT Regulates CD8+ T Cell Clonal Expansion in a Cdc42- and NFAT1-Dependent Manner

After antigenic stimulation, CD8+ T cells undergo clonal expansion and differentiation into CTLs that can mount a strong defense against intracellular pathogens and tumors. SWAP-70–like adapter of T cells (SLAT), also known as Def6, is a novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Cdc42 GTPase and plays a role in CD4+ T cell activation and Th cell differentiation by controlling Ca2+/NFAT signaling, but its requirement in CD8+ T cell response has not been explored. Using a range of transgenic and knockout in vivo systems, we show that SLAT is required for efficient expansion of CD8+ T cells during the primary response but is not necessary for CTL differentiation. The reduced clonal expansion observed in the absence of SLAT resulted from a CD8+ T cell–intrinsic proliferation defect and a reduced IL-2–dependent cell survival. On a molecular level, we show that Def6 deficiency resulted in defective TCR/CD28-induced NFAT translocation to the nucleus in CD8+ T cells. Constitutively active Cdc42 or NFAT1 mutants fully restored the impaired expansion of Def6−/− CD8+ T cells. Taken together, these data describe a new and pivotal role of SLAT-mediated NFAT activation in CD8+ T cells, providing new insight into the signaling pathways involved in CD8+ T cell proliferation.
T-Cell Epitope Mapping of the Three Most Abundant Extracellular Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Outbred Guinea Pigs

The three most abundant extracellular proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the 30-, 32-, and 16-kDa major extracellular proteins, are particularly promising vaccine candidates. We have mapped T-cell epitopes of these three proteins in outbred guinea pigs by immunizing the animals with each protein and assaying splenic lymphocyte proliferation against a series of overlapping synthetic peptides covering the entire length of the mature proteins. The 30-kDa protein contained nine immunodominant epitopes, the 32-kDa protein contained two immunodominant epitopes, and the 16-kDa protein contained a highly immunodominant region at its N terminus. The immunodominant epitopes of the 30- and 32-kDa proteins in outbred guinea pigs were frequently identified in healthy purified-protein-derivative-positive or BCG-vaccinated individuals in previous studies. The immunodominant epitopes of these major extracellular proteins have potential utility in an epitope-based vaccine against tuberculosis.
Hypertensive encephalopathy: Mechanisms, clinical features, and treatment

T HE TERM hypertensive encephalopathy should be reserved for a dramatic clinical syndrome that occasionally punctuates the course of hypertension, either primary or secondary, manifested by subacute alterations in cerebral function that can be reversed by prompt reduction of blood pressure. Unfortunately, this term has been used erroneously to describe a variety of chronic organic brain syndromes occurring in hypertensive patients including residuals of cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction, senile dementia, cortical atrophy, pseudbbulbar palsy, and others. Hypertensive encephalopathy is a medical emergency that demands prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment before irreversible brain damage or death ensues. From the clinical standpoint, hypertension is the hallmark of hypertensive encephalopathy. Hypertension may be primary (“essential”) or secondary to chronic renal parenchymal disease, renovascular disease, or pheochromocytoma. Hypertensive encephalopathy is rarely observed, if ever, in patients with coarctation of the aorta or primary aldosteronism. The appearance of cerebral symptoms usually follows sudden onset of hypertension or an abrupt increase in blood pressure in patients with already established hypertension. Symptoms appear at lower levels of blood pressure when hypertension is of recent onset rather than when it is chronic. For example, it is not unusual to observe severe headaches, blurred vision, mental obtundation, nausea, vomiting, and focal neurologic signs (including convulsions), characteristic of hypertensive encephalopathy in children with acute glomerulonephritis or women with eclampsia when the blood pressure is no greater than 160/100 mm Hg. However, this syndrome rarely occurs in chronically hypertensive patients until their blood pressure exceeds 2501150 mm Hg.
Manifestations of Enduring During Interviews With Sexual Assault Victims

The retelling of a sexual assault, whether during sexual assault care or law enforcement interviews, or in the process of seeking social support, is an emotionally stressful event, yet there is little research describing the psychological experiences of retelling. In a study of barriers to sexual assault care, 43 survivors recounted 76 assault events during individual interviews. Although assaults occurred from 1 to 15 years prior to the interview, participants demonstrated emotional upset. Using the praxis theory of suffering as a scaffold, the author describes manifestations of enduring and emotional suffering. The separation of enduring from emotional suffering indicates potential usefulness of the praxis theory of suffering in the provision of post-sexual assault care.
Simulation of Radiation Effects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are desirable for space applications because of their relative radiation hardness. Predictive modeling of these devices is therefore desired; however, physics-based models accounting for radiation-induced degradation are incomplete. In this work, we show that a partially ionized impurity scattering mobility model can explain the observed reduction in mobility. Electrostatic changes can be explained by confinement of negative charge near the 2DEG in the GaN buffer layer. Simulation results from FLOODS (a TCAD simulator) demonstrate that partial ionization of donor traps is responsible for this phenomenon. Compensation of the acceptor traps by the ionized donors in the GaN confine the acceptor traps (negative space charge) to a thin layer near the AlGan/GaN interface. The simulation results show that near equal concentrations of acceptor traps and donor traps of 1 × 1017 cm−3 can account for the performance degradation of HEMTs given 5 MeV proton radiation at a fluence of 2 × 1014 cm−2. Our results imply that device performance can be accurately simulated by simultaneously accounting for mobility and electrostatic degradation in TCAD solvers using the presented approach. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0181503jss] All rights reserved.
Fibrates in 2003: therapeutic action in atherogenic dyslipidaemia and future perspectives

Abstract Objectives: To explore the therapeutic potential of fibrates to attenuate premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in the atherogenic dyslipidemias typical of Type II diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and the Type IIB (mixed) lipid phenotype; such dyslipidemias frequently feature peripheral insulinoresistance. Background: Recent epidemiological data reveal that a marked increase in the prevalence of Type II diabetes, obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome has occurred on a worldwide scale. Dyslipidemia is an integral component of the metabolic perturbations which characterise these disorders, and is intimately associated with premature atherosclerosis and elevated cardiovascular risk. The atherogenic dyslipidemias of Type II diabetes, the Metabolic Syndrome and mixed (IIB) hyperlipidemia feature moderate to marked elevation of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, low HDL-C cholesterol levels, and a dense LDL phenotype; equally, they feature an inflammatory state. Fibrates, agonists of PPARα, act to modulate the expression of key genes of lipid transport and metabolism in organs such as the liver and adipose tissue; equally, they exert pleiotropic, anti-inflammatory effects downregulating expression of genes encoding acute phase proteins and inflammatory cytokines. By inducing elevation of HDL-C levels, reduction in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and a shift in the dense LDL phenotype to receptor-active, buoyant LDL, and by diminishing the inflammatory state, fibrates act to attenuate the atherosclerotic burden in atherogenic dyslipidemia. Such actions translate into significant clinical benefit as demonstrated by the reduction in cardiovascular morbi-mortality observed in both primary and secondary intervention trials (VA-HIT, Helsinki Heart Study, SENDCAP, DAIS, BECAIT). Conclusions: Fibrate therapy represents a cost effective approach to the clinical management of a wide spectrum of atherogenic dyslipidemias involving low HDL-C and elevated TGRL levels, and which include Type II diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome. Optimised clinical application of these lipid modulating, anti-inflammatory drugs in these disorders in the context of either monotherapy or in combination with low dose statin is, therefore, warranted.
A generic software system for drift reliability optimization of VLSI circuits

A generic software system called GOSSIPDR (generic optimization system for statistical improvement of performance) to perform DR (drift reliability) analysis and optimization is presented. This system was developed based on new DR analysis and optimization methodologies. Several useful system features and functions are described. Applications in VLSI circuit design are given, in which degradations due to hot electron effects are considered. >
REACTIONS OF MONKEYS TO EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED STREPTOCOCCUS HEMOLYTICUS, GROUP C, INFECTION AN ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIVE RÔLES OF HUMORAL AND CELLULAR IMMUNITY UNDER CONDITIONS OF OPTIMAL OR DEFICIENT NUTRITION

Macaca mulatta on a normal diet proved to be resistant on intranasal inoculation with Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C. More than half of the monkeys maintained for various periods on a modified dietary regimen deficient in vitamin B became more or less anemic. All developed a granulopenic leucopenia during which many developed spontaneous infections, and all were extremely susceptible on intranasal instillation of Streptococcus hemolyticus, group C. In normal monkeys, primary inoculation with the streptococcus resulted in an immediate marked neutrophilic leucocytosis. In the nutritionally deficient animals with leucopenia, only an abortive transitory leucocytosis was observed. Following reinoculation with the same strain of hemolytic streptococci in normal healthy monkeys, the prompt leucocytic response originally observed, failed to develop, yet the animals remained asymptomatic. In the first instance the opsonic index remained low at the preinoculation base line level, but in the second, a sharp increase in the opsonic index occurred in several days. This humoral response apparently rendered unnecessary the quantitative granulocytic leucocytosis associated with survival in the first instance. There was no demonstrable difference in time of appearance or titer of the antibody responses, i.e. precipitins, antistreptolysins, and opsonins between the normal and nutritionally deficient monkeys. Synthetic folic acid (L. casei factor) relieved both leucopenia and anemia promptly in the "vitamin M"-deficient monkeys, with increase in resistance to endogenous infection when this supplement was given sufficiently promptly.
NCML: a data exchange format for internet-based machining

The goal of our research is to develop a 'clean interface' between design and fabrication facilities for the production of custom machined parts. The research accomplishments are summarised: (1) creation of a new format for data exchange, Numerical Control Markup Language (NCML), (2) development of a prototype system to illustrate how NCML can be effectively used to conduct e-commerce for custom machined parts and (3) testing of the methodology with a number of parts obtained from three different sources: the Design Repository located at Drexel University, Manufacturing Quote, Inc., a commercial company that is in the business of matching buyers and sellers of custom machined parts and Stone Machine Co., a local machine shop that is typical of the type of fabrication facility which would use NCML.
Biomineralization, structure and diagenesis of the coelenterate skeleton

Review of biomineralization and microstructure in major coelenterate groups leads to generalizations regarding the locus and method of skeletogenesis. The Hy­ drozoa. which include the most primitive skeleton-bearing coelenterates, gene­ rally have an aragonitic skeleton formed externally of varying combinations of spherulitic crystallites modified by organic matrix material. Living An­ thozoa show two markedly differing plans of skeletogenesis. In Octocorallia, internal crystallization of calcite closely controlled by organic matrix forms spicules. while the Scleractinia have external crystallization of aragonite with microstructure likewise closely controlled by envelopes of organic matrix. Fossil corals (Rugosa) followed the same architectural plan as the Scleractinia. although building of calcite. As a result of differing biogenic mineralogy. dia­ genetic structures differ greatly between the two especially where vadose or fresh water diagenesis was involved. Both groups are characterized by biogenic structures of a trabecular or fibro-normal nature.
Cocaine: peak time of action on isolation-induced fighting.

Abstract Cocaine (35 mg/kg i.p.) produced a peak increase in fighting duration in isolated male ICR mice at 30 minutes. However, the crest of this peak ranged from 15–45 minutes. During the offset period (45–120 min.), fight duration remained elevated, but at a lower level. At 240 and 360 minutes, fighting had essentially returned to control levels. The results coincide with peak effects reported by others for locomotor activity, stereotypy, and other cocaine-induced behaviors in animals but later than physiological and subjective parameters measured in human volunteers (cocaine addicts) after intravenous and intranasal administration of the drug.
Microprocessor applications to substation control and protection

Some of the characteristics of microprocessor applications introduced over the last ten years are surveyed, and the specific benefits received from these uses are pointed out. The focus is on specific design issues that illustrate some of the design characteristics and advantages achieved by using microprocessors. Specific examples related to the development of distance relays, distribution feeder monitoring and protection systems, and integrated control and protection systems for high-voltage substations are discussed. >
An Open-Circuit-Voltage Model of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Effective Incremental Capacity Analysis

Open-Circuit-Voltage (OCV) is an essential part of battery models for state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. In this paper, we propose a new parametric OCV model, which considers the staging phenomenon during the lithium intercalation/deintercalation process. Results show that the new parametric model improves SOC estimation accuracy compared to other existing OCV models. Moreover, the model is shown to be suitable and effective for battery state-of-health monitoring. In particular, the new OCV model can be used for incremental capacity analysis (ICA), which reveals important information on the cell behavior associated with its electrochemical properties and aging status.
"You have to be there": twenty-five years of SCAMC/AMIA symposia.

The AMIA Annual Symposium began life as the Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC) in 1977. Inaugurated as a multidisciplinary meeting with multiple sponsors, the Symposium quickly became a force in the development of the field of medical informatics. The authors summarize the 25-year history of the meeting and its proceedings, drawing on information in the printed programs and proceedings and on the personal recollections of some Symposium organizers and attendees. They also present the results of a study of the extent to which Symposium papers have been cited in the journal literature.
Formation of DPM ethers using O-diphenylmethyl trichloroacetimidate under thermal conditions.

Alcohols are effectively converted to their corresponding diphenylmethyl (DPM) ethers by reaction with O-diphenylmethyl trichloroacetimidate in refluxing toluene without the requirement of a catalyst or other additives. A number of acid and base sensitive substrates were protected in excellent yield using this new method without disturbing the pre-existing functionality present in these molecules. This reaction is the first example of the formation of an ether from stoichiometric amounts of a trichloroacetimidate and an alcohol without the addition of a Bronsted or Lewis acid catalyst.
Negative emotions versus target descriptions: Examining perceptions of racial slurs as expressive and descriptive:

There is a debate about whether racial slurs operate primarily as descriptives (of the ethnicity of targets) or expressives (of negative emotions toward targets). In three studies (overall N = 471), we examined whether different racial slurs used in different situations led to slurs being perceived as descriptive versus expressive, and whether this distinction was related to the perceived offensiveness of the slurs. Our results showed the descriptive and expressive natures of racial slurs are directly related to their perceived offensiveness. Specifically, as the perceived offensiveness of slurs increase in intensity, the slurs are perceived as more negatively expressive, more descriptive, less positively expressive, and comparatively less descriptive and more expressive.
Das Potenzial aufgeladener Ottomotoren mit Direkteinspritzung

Die Volkswagen-Konzernforschung hat die Potenziale der strahlgefuhrten Benzin-Direkteinspritzung an einem 2,0-l-Turbo-FSI-Ottomotor mit einer zentralen Anordnung von Injektor und Zundkerze analysiert. Die langjahrigen Felderfahrungen der Marken des Volkswagen-Konzerns mit der bereits 1999 serienmasig eingefuhrten Benzin-Direkteinspritzung der ersten Generation stehen dabei fur eine erfahrungsbasierte Beurteilungskompetenz auf dem Gebiet der Direkteinspritzung.
Fragmentation of perfluorinated membranes used in fuel cells: detecting very early events by selective encapsulation of short-lived fragments in β-cyclodextrin.

The fragmentation of perfluorinated ionomeric membranes during fuel cell (FC) operation is studied in our laboratory by direct electron spin resonance (ESR) and by spin trapping ESR, and interpreta...
Stenosing Ureteritis in Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

We report on a boy with Henoch-Schonlein purpura in whom flank pain and gross hematuria developed during the early phase of the disease. Urologic investigations revealed hydronephrosis and ureteral stenosis. Pyeloplasty was done to relieve ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Severe hemorrhagic ureteritis and vasculitis were noted on the ureteral biopsy. Recovery was slow and residual hydronephrosis persisted. Although abdominal pain usually accompanies Henoch-Schonlein purpura, colicky flank pain associated with hematuria should alert the physician to the presence of ureteritis. Recognition and early surgical treatment of this urologic complication of Henoch-Schonlein purpura may prevent a potentially serious outcome.
Heart Rate Variability Moderates the Association Between Separation-Related Psychological Distress and Blood Pressure Reactivity Over Time

Divorce is a stressor associated with long-term health risk, though the mechanisms of this effect are poorly understood. Cardiovascular reactivity is one biological pathway implicated as a predictor of poor long-term health after divorce. A sample of recently separated and divorced adults (N = 138) was assessed over an average of 7.5 months to explore whether individual differences in heart rate variability-assessed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia-operate in combination with subjective reports of separation-related distress to predict prospective changes in cardiovascular reactivity, as indexed by blood pressure reactivity. Participants with low resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia at baseline showed no association between divorce-related distress and later blood pressure reactivity, whereas participants with high respiratory sinus arrhythmia showed a positive association. In addition, within-person variation in respiratory sinus arrhythmia and between-persons variation in separation-related distress interacted to predict blood pressure reactivity at each laboratory visit. Individual differences in heart rate variability and subjective distress operate together to predict cardiovascular reactivity and may explain some of the long-term health risk associated with divorce.
The Edition de Luxe and the Scribner Edition

By 1926 Yeats’s works had already been issued in two collected editions: the eight volumes of the sumptuous Collected Works in Verse & Prose published by the Shakespeare Head Press in 1908; and the more mundane series of six volumes published by Macmillan over a period of five years (Later Poems, 1922; Plays in Prose and Verse, 1922; Plays and Controversies, 1923; Essays, 1924; Early Poems and Stories, 1925; Autobiographies, 1926). The latter series, though, was rather a putative collected edition. The title “The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats” appears only in the final two instalments — and only at the end of each volume. And of course the set was incomplete, the most notable exclusion being the 1925 A Vision.
Technosex and the Politics of Location

The notion of an open and diversified sexscape holds the promise of sexual liberation and the casting off of sexual stigmas. But on closer investigation, it is clear that the sexscape is rife with generic and conventional bodies, scenarios, and activities. The images and practices of the sexscape are an effect of entrenched sociosexual scripts enlaced with the structures of power in which these scripts are generated. Technologies of sex are always deeply implicated in the sociocultural contexts within which they emerge and operate; they also operate on those contexts, rearranging the milieus of their operation as well as the bodies with which they are conjoined. In the machinic suturing of technologies and bodies, social imperatives of race, class, and gender continue to matter. The feminist concept of a politics of location is a useful tool for tracing the coordinates of identity that mark bodies’ relationships to power. I argue here that the politics of location is a politics of embodiment, and the analysis of technosex is best advanced by questioning its complicity with extant relations of sexual, racial, classed, and geographic power.
Norms as a rhetorical competition: Soviet–American confrontations over Cuba, 1970–85Michael Griesdorf is a political affairs officer with the United Nations. He received his PhD from Harvard University in 2006.

After going to the brink of nuclear war in the Cuban Missile Crisis, in 1962 President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev resolved the crisis by establishing an ambiguous ‘Understanding’, the terms of which were never publicly signed or ratified. In the absence of an explicit agreement in 1962, over the next 20 years the United States and the Soviet Union continued to compete over Cuba by seeking to portray revisionist behaviour as consistent or in concordance with the ’62 Understanding. I argue that this interaction is indicative of rhetorical-oriented conception of norms. Against constructivist approaches that focus on social identity and contractual institutionalist literature that focuses on focal points and convergent expectations, this approach emphasizes how states use norms to compete under circumscribed conditions. Under this perspective, norms are organic entities, which like the concept of judicial review, evolve in meaning in conjunction with their practical use.
A general algorithm for generating isotropy subgroups in superspace

This paper presents a general algorithm for generating the isotropy subgroups of superspace extensions of crystallographic space groups involving arbitrary superpositions of multi-k order parameters from incommensurate and commensurate k vectors. Several examples are presented in detail in order to illuminate each step of the algorithm. The practical outcome is that one can now start with any commensurate parent crystal structure and generate a structure model for any conceivable incommensurate modulation of that parent, fully parameterized in terms of order parameters of irreducible representations at the relevant wavevectors. The resulting modulated structures have (3 + d)-dimensional superspace-group symmetry. Because incommensurate structures are now commonly encountered in the context of many scientifically and technologically important functional materials, the opportunity to apply the powerful methods of group representation theory to this broader class of structural distortions is very timely.