cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DOPAMINE RECEPTOR IN THE MAMMALIAN CAUDATE NUCLEUS

I SHALL summarize very briefly some of the work which we ,have been doing in our laboratory relevant to the nature of the dopamine receptor and to the mechanism of action of neuroleptic drugs. Our involvement in the world of dopamine began with the superior cervical ganglion, and I’ll devote a small fraction of my presentation to summarize that work, which was carried out by MCAFEE, J. W. KEBABIAN and myself. We obtained evidencele3 suggesting that cyclic AMP mediates dopaminergic transmission in the ganglion and, thereby, modulates nicotinic cholinergic transmission through the ganglion. Part of the evidence that we had for this conclusion was the observation that dopamine, which was known to hyperpolarize the post ganglionic neurons of the ganglion, also causes an increase in ganglionic cyclic AMP. Moreover, we found that cyclic AMP is able to mimic the hyperpolarizing action of dopamine. The question as to how dopamine causes an increase in cyclic AMP was then studied, and it was found, using cell-free preparations of the ganglion, that dopamine stimulated an adenylate cyclase. This occurred at very low concentrations of dopamine, and the effect was specific for dopamine. These and other of our studies with the ganglion suggested that the “dopamine receptor” in the ganglion was the dopamine-binding portion of a dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase, and that this enzyme might be involved in the mediation of dopaminergic synaptic transmission in the ganglion. In view of the work of HORNYKIEWICZ, CARLSSON and their collaborators, as well as of a number of other investigators, we turned our attention to the dopamine receptor of the caudate nucleus, with the idea that possibly this dopamine receptor, which had been well characterized pharmacologically, both in intact experimental animals and clinically, might, like the dopamine receptor in the ganglion, be the dopamine-binding portion of a dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. To test that possibility, KEBABIAN, PETZOLD and I prepared homogenates of caudate nuclei of the rat, and examined the homogenates for the presence of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity.4 There was, indeed, such an adenylate cyclase in the caudate nucleus, and interestingly, virtually all of the known properties of the caudate dopamine receptor could be mimicked by the properties of this cell-free enzyme system. For instance, this adenylate cyclase was stimulated by very low concentrations of dopamine (Fig. 1). (Norepinephrine was considerably less effective than dopamine in stimulating enzyme activity, and isoproteronol was virtually ineffective.) The stimulatory effect of dopamine was mimicked by very low concentrations of apomorphine (Fig. 2). The stimulatory effect of either dopamine or apomorphine was prevented
An implementation of an algorithm for univariate minimization and an application to nested optimization

This paper provides an efficient numerical algorithm for solving quite general single variable constrained minimization problems. Also given are a listing of the corresponding FORTRAN subroutine PQ1, an explanation of its general use and a description of its particular use in solving a practical resource allocation problem via a dual technique requiring nested optimization.
THE VARIABILITY OF LONG DIFFRACTION SPACINGS IN PARAFFIN WAXES.

So much interest is being manifested in the polymorphism of long chain compounds, particularly the fatty acids (Piper, Malkin, and Austin, J. Chem. Soc., 1926, 2310. de Boer, NATURE, 119, 50, 635; 1927. Thibaud, Compt. rend., 184, 24, 96; 1927. Muller, Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 114, 542; 1927), that it seems advisable to report the results of some X-ray experiments with ordinary commercial paraffin waxes. Only one mention of X-ray studies of these complex mixtures of many hydrocarbons has been made, that by Piper, Brown, and Dyment (J. Chem. Soc., 127, 2194; 1925), who found that the lines of the C28 hydrocarbon appeared alone for a paraffin wax, although this fraction furnished only 16 per cent, of the mixture and other members as high as C32 were probably present.
A Skein Approach to Bennequin-Type Inequalities

We give a simple unified proof for several disparate bounds on Thurston-Bennequin number for Legendrian knots and self-linking number for transverse knots in , and provide a template for possible future bounds. As an application, we give sufficient conditions for some of these bounds to be sharp.
The conjugacy problem for the automorphism group of the random graph

We prove that the conjugacy problem for the automorphism group of the random graph is Borel complete, and discuss the analogous problem for some other countably categorical structures.
Dynamic and non-uniform pricing strategies for revenue maximization

We study the Item Pricing problem for revenue maximization in the limited supply setting, where a single seller with n distinct items caters to m buyers with unknown subadditive valuation functions who arrive in a sequence. The seller sets the prices on individual items, and each buyer buys a subset of yet unsold items that maximizes her utility. The goal is to design pricing strategies that guarantee an expected revenue that is within a small factor of the optimal social welfare -- an upper bound on the maximum revenue possible. We design poly-logarithmic approximation algorithms for revenue maximization in this setting, and in process highlight a strong separation between the power of some natural classes of pricing strategies.
Walter Kaufmann and the future of the humanities

Walter Kaufmann (1921-1980) is best remembered for his work on Nietzsche However, from 1950 to the end of his life he produced a wing-raging and provocative body of philosophical criticism. At the heart of Kaufmann's efforts was a concern for the humanities and its role in modern intellectual life. Kaufmann's central meditation on this subject, The Future of the Humanities (1970) deserves more attention that it has received so far. It finds a way to blend two fundamental goals of contemporary theory, a quest of authenticity and the desire to foster a critical spirit. The way Kaufmann achieved these goals, testifying to his ongoing relevance for those who care about the humanities, is the subject of this essay.
Of Sullivan models, Massey products, and twisted Pontrjagin products

Associated to every connected, topological space $$X$$ there is a Hopf algebra-the Pontrjagin ring of the based loop space of the configuration space of two points in $$X$$ . We prove that this Hopf algebra is not a homotopy invariant of the space. We also exhibit interesting examples of $$H$$ -spaces, which are homotopy equivalent as spaces, which lead to isomorphic rational Hopf algebras or not, depending crucially on the existence of Whitehead products. Moreover, we investigate a (naturally motivated) twisted version of these Pontrjagin rings in the various aforementioned contexts. In all of these examples, Massey products abound and play a key role.
Self-assembled chains of graphitized carbon nanoparticles

We report a technique which allows self-assembly of conducting nanoparticles into long continuous chains. Transport properties of such chains have been studied at low temperatures. At low bias voltages, the charges are pinned and the chain resistance is exponentially high. Above a certain threshold VT, the system enters a conducting state. The threshold voltage is much bigger than the Coulomb gap voltage for a single particle and decreases linearly with increasing temperature. A sharp threshold was observed up to about 77 K. Such chains may be used as switchable links in Coulomb charge memories.
Energy exchange in fast optical soliton collisions as a random cascade model

Abstract We study the dynamics of a probe soliton propagating in an optical fiber and exchanging energy in fast collisions with a random sequence of pump solitons. The energy exchange is induced by Raman scattering or by cubic nonlinear loss/gain. We show that the equation describing the dynamics of the probe soliton's amplitude has the same form as the equation for the local space average of energy dissipation in random cascade models in turbulence. We characterize the statistics of the probe soliton's amplitude by the τ q exponents from multifractal theory and by the Cramer function S ( x ) . We find that the nth moment of the two-time correlation function and the bit-error-rate contribution from amplitude decay exhibit power-law behavior as functions of propagation distance, where the exponents can be expressed in terms of τ q or S ( x ) .
R&D Shocks and News Shocks

Most of the theoretical work in the news shock literature abstracts away from structural explanations, assuming instead that news is a pure signal giving agents advance notice that aggregate technology will undergo exogenous change at some future point. This paper proposes that a surprise improvement in sector-specific productivity in the research and development sector can be seen as news about aggregate productivity. I not only offer a deeper explanation for the news but also show that the model performs modestly better in matching empirical facts than a standard, one-sector neoclassical growth model augmented with exogenous news shocks does.
Effects of State-level Public Spending on Health on the mortality Probability in India

This study uses the second National Family Health Survey of India to estimate the effect of state-level public health spending on mortality across all age groups, controlling for individual, household, and state-level covariates. We use a state's gross fiscal deficit as an instrument for its health spending. Our study shows a 10% increase in public spending on health in India decreases the average probability of death by about 2%, with effects mainly on the young, the elderly, and women. Other major factors affecting mortality are rural residence, household poverty, and access to toilet facilities.
Effectiveness of the Woodruff School Doctoral Teaching Intern Program

This article discusses a unique teaching internship program that has been in place in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology since 1990. The objective of the program is to provide doctoral students who are considering an academic career an opportunity to gain teaching experience under the tutelage of a faculty member. This article summarizes the major findings from student evaluations and from surveys of former student and faculty participants and discusses the apparent need and benefit of such a doctoral teaching intern program. Benefits and drawbacks of participation are discussed from the intern, faculty mentor, and student points of view. Conclusions are drawn about the overall effectiveness of the program and recommendations are made for implementing a successful teaching internship program.
Helical peptide and protein design

The design of dimeric coiled-coils has ultimately led to novel applications, such as self-replicating peptide systems, whereas the structural features of the less common trimeric coiled-coil continue to be elucidated. Novel topologies have been discovered in designed proteins, as exemplified by the right-handed tetrameric coiled-coil and the inverted U four-helix bundle, and a single switch of two amino acids within a protein has been shown to be sufficient to designate a new protein fold. Conformational switching from helix to sheet has been observed for designed peptides and transcription factors, whereas peptides designed from beta-amino acids have been found to adopt a helical conformation in aqueous solution.
It's the Right Time for Advances in Nutrition

Dear Colleagues: We are pleased to present this inaugural issue of Advances in Nutrition. Everyone is invited to take advantage of its high-profile, state-of-the-science reviews in the nutritional sciences. To enlist readers and successfully launch Advances in Nutrition, the Executive Board of The American Society for Nutrition (ASN) has decided to offer the publication without the need for subscription until 2012. Given the growing popularity of online journals and the need to keep costs low, the journal will be an electronic publication only. Why did the ASN decide to publish this new reviews journal? The answer is simple: it will benefit our members and the broader community interested in nutrition. Our 2 flagship journals, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN) and The Journal of Nutrition (JN), publish <30% of the manuscripts submitted to them. Although they publish some review articles, the primary focus of both AJCN and JN is on the publication of original research reports. The launch of Advances in Nutrition will allow ASN to greatly expand the availability of high-quality review articles on all aspects of nutrition research. Moreover, ASN members and associated professionals have told us that it is increasingly difficult to keep abreast of important developments outside their specialties. Advances in Nutrition will help them do so. There is growing interest in the nutritional sciences well beyond the ASN community. This includes not only health care professionals, but also the general public. Like our membership, they need a source that succinctly explains the importance and application of original research findings in the nutritional sciences. With the launch of Advances in Nutrition, ASN will be able to address this unfulfilled need to publish high-quality review articles in an online format and extend our reach and impact to a much broader audience. Whereas AJCN and JN are primarily focused on discovery, Advances in Nutrition will help ASN fulfill its commitment to translation of nutritional science.
Modelling of ethylbenzene dehydrogenation in a catalytic membrane reactor

Abstract A two-dimensional mathematical model was formulated and solved for a catalytic membrane reactor in a tube-and-shell configuration. The model was compared to experimental conversions for the reversible gas-phase catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. No adjustable parameters were used; the ceramic membrane diffusion coefficients and the reaction kinetics for the iron oxide catalyst were determined from independent experiments. The model correctly predicted the 20% increase in conversion over conventional fixed bed operation, when a permselective alumina membrane was used as the fixed bed reactor tube. The porous tube wall allowed the selective removal of hydrogen from the catalyst bed. Changes in conversion that occurred when tube- and shell-side flow rates were changed were also correctly predicted. The model predicted a small increase in conversion (2%) when catalyst was deposited in the membrane wall, which was less than the experimentally observed increase (an average of 10% ).
A bio-inspired multi degree of freedom actuator based on a novel cylindrical ionic polymer-metal composite material

In this work, we explore a promising electroactive polymer (EAP), called ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) as a material to use as a multi degree of freedom actuator. Configuration of our interest is a cylindrical IPMC with 2-DOF electromechanical actuation capability. The desired functionality was achieved by fabricating unique inter-digitated electrodes. First, a 3D finite element (FE) model was introduced as a design tool to validate if the concept of cylindrical actuators would work. The FE model is based upon the physical transport processes-field induced migration and diffusion of ions. Second, based upon the FE modeling we fabricated a prototype exhibiting desired electromechanical output. The prototype of cylindrical IPMC has a diameter of 1 mm and a 20 mm length. We have successfully demonstrated that the 2-DOF bending of the fabricated cylindrical IPMCs is feasible. Furthermore, the experimental results have given new insight into the physics that is behind the actuation phenomenon of IPMC.
Bypass Transition in Boundary Layers Including Curvature and Favorable Pressure Gradient Effects

Recent studies of 2-D boundary layers undergoing bypass transition were reviewed. Bypass transition is characterized by the sudden appearance of turbulent spots in boundary layer without first the regular, observable growth of disturbances predicted by linear stability theory. There are no standard criteria or parameters for defining bypass transition, but it is known to be the mode of transition when the flow is disturbed by perturbations of sufficient amplitude.
Active Galactic Nuclei in Void Regions

We present a comprehensive study of accretion activity in the most underdense environments in the universe, the voids, based on the SDSS DR2 data. Based on investigations of multiple void regions, we show that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are definitely common in voids, but that their occurrence rate and properties differ from those in walls. AGNs are more common in voids than in walls, but only among moderately luminous and massive galaxies (Mr < − 20, log M*/M☉ < 10.5), and this enhancement is more pronounced for the relatively weak accreting systems (i.e., L[O III] < 1039 erg s−1). Void AGNs hosted by moderately massive and luminous galaxies are accreting at equal or lower rates than their wall counterparts, show lower levels of obscuration than in walls, and have similarly aged stellar populations. The very few void AGNs in massive bright hosts accrete more strongly, are more obscured, and are associated with younger stellar emission than wall AGNs. These trends suggest that the accretion strength is connected to the availability of fuel supply, and that accretion and star formation coevolve and rely on the same source of fuel. Nearest neighbor statistics indicate that the weak accretion activity (LINER-like) usually detected in massive systems is not influenced by the local environment. However, H II galaxies, Seyferts, and transition objects are preferentially found among more grouped small-scale structures, indicating that their activity is influenced by the rate at which galaxies interact with each other. These trends support a potential H II→ Seyfert/transition object→ LINER evolutionary sequence that we show is apparent in many properties of actively line-emitting galaxies, in both voids and walls. The subtle differences between void and wall AGNs might be explained by a longer, less disturbed duty cycle of these systems in voids.
Synthesis Of Fully-Substituted Enediynes by the Corey-Winter Reaction

Abstract Functionalized alkynes are oxidized to the corresponding α-diketones with catalytic RuO4 and NaIO4. Treatment of these diones with metal acetylenides then gives mixtures of erythro- and threo-1,5-hexadiyne-3,4-diols with good erythro-selectivity. Reaction of the erythro-diols with thiophosgene in the presence of n-BuLi or KH as base results in the formation of the corresponding cyclic thionocarbonates in moderate to good yields. Reaction of the cyclic thionocarbonates with 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine at 40 oC results in the formation of enediynes substituted at the 3- and 4-positions. As anticipated fom the mechanism of the pericyclic syn-elimination, the erythro-thionocarbonates provide pure Z-enediynes.
Strength scaling in fiber composites

A research program was initiated to study and isolate the factors responsible for scale effects in the tensile strength of graphite/epoxy composite laminates. Four layups were chosen with appropriate stacking sequences so as to highlight individual and interacting failure modes. Four scale sizes were selected for investigation including full scale size, 3/4, 2/4, and 1/4, with n = to 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The full scale specimen sizes was 32 piles thick as compared to 24, 16, and 8 piles for the 3/4, 2/4, and 1/4 specimen sizes respectively. Results were obtained in the form of tensile strength, stress-strain curves and damage development. Problems associated with strength degradation with increasing specimen sizes are isolated and discussed. Inconsistencies associated with strain measurements were also identified. Enhanced x ray radiography was employed for damage evaluation, following step loading. It was shown that fiber dominated layups were less sensitive to scaling effects compared to the matrix dominated layups.
Temporal variations of suspended sediment transport in Oneida Creek watershed, central New York

Using event-based suspended sediment data collected from 2008 to 2010 in a medium-size agricultural watershed in Central New York, we first examined the statistical properties of suspended sediment concentration, C and the associated water discharge, Q. Next, we identified two different transport processes in two discharge ranges separated by a different threshold Qt for each season. Different exponents of sediment rating curves (SRCs) in each season revealed that sediment was transported near capacity during lower discharges but well below capacity during higher discharges. The persistence of these two trends in all seasons suggested that suspended sediment transport was generally supply limited. Sediment loads predicted by a single seasonal SRC are similar to those predicted by the two separate SRCs for above and below Qt, which suggests that the two transport processes are not significantly different and seasonal sediment transport may be described by a single SRC. The better fit of SRC for the combined 3-year data compared to those for individual years indicates that seasonal changes of suspended sediment transport are limited and the transport dynamics that emerge at shorter time scales (i.e., event and season) are effectively averaged out. We then calculated sediment yields for 3 years using a process-based SRC method: annual hydrograph was divided into storm and base flows using values of Qt for all seasons and only storm flows were used to calculate sediment yields based on the developed SRCs. Comparing sediment yields of 3 years calculated using three seasonal SRCs to those using the combined 3-year SRC indicated that the discrepancies between the two were less than 5%, suggesting that sediment yield may be accurately estimated using the single combined-year SRC. Finally, we discussed the appropriate sampling strategy in the region and demonstrated geomorphological nature of sediment transport based on the calculated effective discharges and cumulative sediment loads.
Entrepreneurial Taxation with Endogenous Entry

I analyze the optimal taxation of profits and labor income under endogenous firm formation. Individuals differ in their skill and cost of setting up a firm, and can become workers or entrepreneurs. A tax system in which profits and labor income are subject to the same schedule uses general equilibrium effects through wages to indirectly redistribute across occupations. Optimal policies can involve low tax rates at the top and distortions of firms' input choices. However, these properties disappear under a differential treatment of profits and labor income. Then, redistribution is achieved directly through taxes and production efficiency is always optimal.
Composite fermion approach to the quantum Hall hierarchy: when it works and why

Abstract The mean field composite Fermion (MFCF) picture has been qualitatively successful when applied to electrons (or holes) in the lowest Landau level. Because the energy scales associated with Coulomb interactions and with Chern–Simons gauge field interactions are different, there is no rigorous justification of the qualitative success of the MFCF picture. Here we show that what the MFCF picture does is to select from all the allowed angular momentum ( L ) multiplets of N electrons on a sphere, a subset with smaller values of L . For this subset, the coefficients of fractional parentage for pair states with small relative angular momentum R (and therefore large repulsion) either vanish or they are small. This set of states forms the lowest energy sector of the spectrum.
A photochemical route to carbapenems from pyrazolidin-3-ones. Formal synthesis of PS-5

Abstract Photochemical ring contraction of a cis disubstituted pyrazolidin-3-one, prepared by hydrazinolysis of an α, β-unsaturated δ-lactone, gave the corresponding azetidinone which has been converted previously to the carbapenem antibiotic PS-5.
The Challenges of Electronic Cooling: Past, Current and Future

This paper represents my personal recapitualation of my 4 decades of continuous involvement in all phases of electronic cooling, from conceptual design, through engineering development to product implementation. The cooling designs that we applied successfully in the past are reviewed chronologically. The challenges we are currently facing are also discussed and an attempt is made to forecast the challenges that will confront the electronics cooling community in the near and distant future. The paper includes a summary of IBM sponsored research spanning a period of 25 years at 12 universities on a wide range of topics related to electronic cooling technology.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
UTS-I: a macro system for traffic network simulation

One of the major crises which our cities must face is the problem of traffic congestion. Already, many areas are so congested that new roads seem to be the only answer. In densely populated areas, however, new roads are often unwanted because of the valuable land they use and are not the solution to today's problems because of the long time delay between planning and construction. Therefore, it is essential that cities obtain maximum throughput from existing roads before new construction is tried. A general urban traffic network simulation system has been designed and programmed to assist traffic engineers and planners in studying alternative solutions to traffic problems. The implementation consists of a set of macros which are used to describe the network, and a set of subroutines which perform the actual simulation.
The geometric thickness of low degree graphs

We prove that the geometric thickness of graphs whose maximum degree is no more than four is two. All of our algorithms run in O(n) time, where n is the number of vertices in the graph. In our proofs, we present an embedding algorithm for graphs with maximum degree three that uses an n x n grid and a more complex algorithm for embedding a graph with maximum degree four. We also show a variation using orthogonal edges for maximum degree four graphs that also uses an n x n grid. The results have implications in graph theory, graph drawing, and VLSI design.
Construction of exotic smooth structures

Abstract In this article, we construct infinitely many simply connected, nonsymplectic and pairwise nondiffeomorphic 4-manifolds starting from the elliptic surfaces E ( n ) and applying the sequence of knot surgery, ordinary blowups and rational blowdown. We also compute the Seiberg–Witten invariants of these manifolds.
Random matrices and the Glasgow method

Abstract A simple non-Hermitean random matrix (RM) model is used to study the Glasgow method of finite-density lattice QCD. The zeros of the RM partition function are evaluated through an averaging procedure, involving the zeros of the random ‘propagator matrix’ in the complex chemical-potential plane. The nature of the uncertainty affecting the results is similar to that produced by rounding errors in computing the known analytic result. This similarity is exploited to give quantitative estimates on the relationship between the size of the matrix and the number of configurations needed to achieve a given precision. For the quenched ensemble considered here, the relationship is exponential.
Anisotropic optical scattering within Saturn's rings

Visual photometric-function data for Saturn's rings are analyzed in terms of elementary anisotropic-scattering radiative-transfer models which involve the Henyey-Greenstein function. Limits are placed on the combinations of single-scattering albedo and backscattering directivity which are permitted by observation. Particles with both microscopic and macroscopic lunarlike scattering properties are excluded by the analysis. Results are consistent with the ring particles being nearly pure spherical conglomerates of H2O frost.
The Luminosity-Spectral Index Relationship for Radio Galaxies

THE relationship between spectral index and luminosity for the 3CR extragalactic sources suggests1–3 that sources with high radio luminosity have, on the average, steeper spectra than do the low luminosity sources. But as Kellermann et al.3 point out, the scatter in the relationship is quite large. In addition, they found that the correlation exists only for radio galaxies and not for quasars.
Reparameterization invariants for anisotropic Bianchi I cosmology with a massless scalar source

Intrinsic time-dependent invariants are constructed for classical, flat, homogeneous, anisotropic cosmology with a massless scalar material source. Invariance under the time reparameterization-induced canonical symmetry group is displayed explicitly.
Multicopper Oxidases and Oxygenases

Copper is an essential trace element in living systems, present in the parts per million concentration range. It is a key cofactor in a diverse array of biological oxidation-reduction reactions. These involve either outer-sphere electron transfer, as in the blue copper proteins and the Cu{sub A} site of cytochrome oxidase and nitrous oxide redutase, or inner-sphere electron transfer in the binding, activation, and reduction of dioxygen, superoxide, nitrite, and nitrous oxide. Copper sites have historically been divided into three classes based on their spectroscopic features, which reflect the geometric and electronic structure of the active site: type 1 (T1) or blue copper, type 2 (T2) or normal copper, and type 3 (T3) or coupled binuclear copper centers. 428 refs.
Membrane Physical Properties Influence Transmembrane Helix Formation

ThepHLIPpeptidehasthreestates:(I)solubleinaqueousbuffer,(II)bound to the bilayer surface at neutral pH, and (III) inserted as atransmembrane (TM) helix at acidic pH. The membrane insertion ofpHLIP at low pH can be used to target the acidic tissues character-istic of different diseases, such as cancer. We find that the α-helixcontent of state II depends on lipid acyl chain length but notcholesterol, suggesting the helicity of the bound state may be con-trolled by the bilayer elastic bending modulus. Experiments withthe P20G variant show the proline residue in pHLIP reduces theα-helix content of both states II and III. We also observe that themembrane insertion pKa is influencedbymembranephysicalprop-erties, following a biphasic pattern similar to the membrane thick-ness optima observed for the function of eukaryotic membraneproteins. Because tumor cells exhibit altered membrane fluidity,we suggest this might influence pHLIP tumor targeting. We useda cell insertion assay to determine the pKa in live cells, observingthat the properties in liposomes held in the more complex plasmamembrane. Our results show that the formation of a TM helix ismodulated by both the conformational propensities of the peptideand the physical properties of the bilayer. These results suggest aphysical role for helix-membrane interactions in optimizing thefunction of more complex TM proteins.
Planetary Magnetodiscs: Some Unanswered Questions

Characteristic of giant planet magnetospheres is a near equatorial region in which a radially stretched magnetic field confines a region of high density plasma. The structure, referred to as a magnetodisc, is present over a large range of local time. This introductory chapter describes some of the physics relevant to understanding the formation of this type of structure. Although many features of the magnetodisc are well understood, some puzzles remain. For example, Jupiter’s magnetodisc moves north-south as the planet rotates. The displacement has been attributed to the motion of the dipole equator, but at Saturn the dipole equator does not change its location. This chapter argues that the reasons for flapping may be similar at the two planets and suggests a role for compressional waves in producing the displacement. The development of thermal plasma anisotropy and its role in the structure of Jupiter’s magnetodisc are explored. Finally, localized plasma enhancements encountered by the New Horizons spacecraft at large downtail distances in Jupiter’s nightside magnetodisc are noted and a firehose instability of stretched flux tubes is proposed as a possible interpretation of the observations.
An introduction to quantum order, string-net condensation, and emergence of light and fermions

Abstract We review some recent work on new states of matter. Those states cannot be described by symmetry breaking and hence contain a new kind of order—quantum order. Some quantum orders are shown to be closely related to string-net condensations. Those quantum orders lead to an emergence of gauge bosons and fermions from pure bosonic models.
Sparse linear methods with side information for top-n recommendations

The increasing amount of side information associated with the items in E-commerce applications has provided a very rich source of information that, once properly exploited and incorporated, can significantly improve the performance of the conventional recommender systems. This paper focuses on developing effective algorithms that utilize item side information for top-N recommender systems. A set of sparse linear methods with side information (SSLIM) is proposed, which involve a regularized optimization process to learn a sparse aggregation coefficient matrix based on both user-item purchase profiles and item side information. This aggregation coefficient matrix is used within an item-based recommendation framework to generate recommendations for the users. Our experimental results demonstrate that SSLIM outperforms other methods in effectively utilizing side information and achieving performance improvement.
Nucleophilic Attack at Heterocyclic Nitrogen: Unusual Reactivity of the Benzotriazole Heterocyclic Ring

Grignard reagents attack 1-imidoylbenzotriazoles at the imidoyl carbon atom and also at the benzotriazolyl N-2 and N-3 atoms leading to complex reaction mixtures, the composition of which allowed identification of the main reaction paths. Mechanisms are discussed. Previous examples of nucleophilic attack on pyridine-like nitrogen atoms are reviewed. The 1-imidoylbenzotriazoles were prepared from amides with benzotriazole and phosphoryl chloride. Amides derived from secondary amines give α-(benzotriazol-1-yl) enamines.
Effective Lagrangian and quantum screening in charged condensate

A condensate of charged scalars in a neutralizing background of fermions (e.g., condensed helium-4 nuclei in an electron background in white dwarf cores) is investigated further. We discuss an effective Lagrangian approach to this system and show that the strong screening of an electric charge found previously in arXiv:0806.3692 in a mean-field approximation, is a consequence of a cancellation due to a phonon. The resulting propagators contain terms that strongly modify their infrared behavior. Furthermore, we evaluate a one-loop fermion quantum correction to the screened potential, and find that it is also suppressed by the phonon subtraction. Therefore, charged impurities (e.g., hydrogen or helium-3 nuclei) will be screened efficiently by the condensate.
On boundaries of highly visible spaces and applications

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the properties of a certain class of highly visible spaces. For a given geometric space C containing obstacles specified by disjoint subsets of C, the free space F is defined to be the portion of C not occupied by these obstacles. The space is said to be highly visible if at each point in F a viewer can see at least an e fraction of the entire F. This assumption has been used for robotic motion planning in the analysis of random sampling of points in the robot's configuration space, as well as the upper bound of the minimum number of guards needed for art gallery problems. However, there is no prior result on the implication of this assumption to the geometry of the space under study. For the two-dimensional case, with the additional assumptions that C is bounded within a rectangle of constant aspect ratio and that the volume ratio between F and C is a constant, we use the proof technique of "charging" each obstacle boundary segment by a certain portion of C to show that the total length of all obstacle boundaries in C is O(√nµ(F)/e), if F contains polygonal obstacles with a total of n boundary edges; or O(√nµ(F)/e), if C contains n convex obstacles that are piecewise smooth. In both cases, µ(F) is the volume of F. For the polygonal case, this bound is tight as we can construct a space whose boundary size is Θ(√nµ(F)/e). These results can be partially extended to three dimensions. We show that these results can be applied to the analysis of certain probabilistic roadmap planners, as well as a variant of the art gallery problem. We also propose a number of conjectures on the properties of these highly visible, spaces.
Experimental Study of the Impact of Drilling Fluid Contamination on the Integrity of Cement–Formation Interface

Flood experiments were conducted over 30-day periods at 14.48 MPa (2100 psi) confining pressure and temperature of 22 °C (72 °F) with cement–sandstone composite cores and brine at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Higher pH values were observed in the effluent brine from the 10% mud contaminated core than the 0% mud contaminated core due to increased dissolution of cement. Microtomography revealed higher porosity at the interface zone of the 10% mud contaminated core. These show that mud contamination has a deleterious effect on the cement–sandstone interface and may create pathways for interzonal communication as well as sustained casing pressure.
Ohmic losses in valence-band photoemission experiments

Abstract Photoemission experiments involve the motion of an electron near a conducting surface. This necessarily generates heat by ohmic losses from eddy currents. This inelastic scattering of the electrons will result in a downward shift in observed spectra. This effect is most pronounced in poorly conducting metals: in good metals the electron’s field is screened out of the material, while insulators are by definition unable to absorb electromagnetic energy at low frequencies. We give a classification of photoemission processes which shows that the effect is an extrinsic process distinct from final state effects. The shift is illustrated by a model system with a Drude-like conductivity function and a temperature-dependent relaxation time. We give a brief experimental survey of systems in which the ohmic losses may be significant, without making definitive claims about any one of them.
Higher-Dimensional Algebra II. 2-Hilbert Spaces☆

Abstract A 2-Hilbert space is a category with structures and properties analogous to those of a Hilbert space. More precisely, we define a 2-Hilbert space to be an Abelian category enriched over Hilb with a ∗-structure, conjugate-linear on the hom-sets, satisfying ⦠ fg , h ⦔=⦠ g , f * h ⦔=⦠ f , hg *⦔. We also define monoidal, braided monoidal, and symmetric monoidal versions of 2-Hilbert spaces, which we call 2-H*-algbebras, braided 2-H*-algebras, and symmetric 2-H*-algbebras, and we describe the relation between these and tangles in two, three, and four dimensions, respectively. We prove a generalized Doplicher–Roberts theorem starting that every symmetric 2-H*-algebra is equivalent to the category Rep( G ) of continuous unitary finite-dimensional representations of some compact supergroupoid G . The equivalence is given by a categorified version of the Gelfand transform; we also construct a categorified version of the Fourier transform when G is a compact Abelian group. Finally, we characterize Rep( G ) by its universal properties when G is a compact classical group. For example, Rep(U( n )) is the free connected symmetric 2-H*-algebra on one even object of dimension n .
Legal process and economic development: A case study of Indonesia

Abstract This paper tries to unravel the nature of legal processes in developing countries and explain how and why they may differ from legal processes in industrialized countries. It introduces two opposing models — the “formal” and the “informal” — to illustrate different means by which legal functions can be handled. A central theme is that risk and information costs affect many of the characteristics of the legal process. It then describes formal and informal legal processes in Indonesia, using the Indonesian tax system as a case study.
Effects of energy addition and dissipation on dual-spin spacecraft attitude motion

The attitude motion of an axisymmetric dual-spin spacecraft in which energy is both added and dissipated is considered. Energy addition to the spacecraft occurs because a constant spin rate of the rotor with respect to the remainder of the spacecraft (i.e., the "platform") is maintained. Dissipation of energy is due to the operation of a spring-mass-dashpot nutation damper on the platform. The attitude motion is determined qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative results are obtained using the generalized method of averaging and energy-sink considerations. Quantitative information is obtained from the generalized method of averaging, numerical integration, and an extended energy-sink method. In applying the generalized method of averaging, it is assumed that the contribution of the damper mass to the overall transverse moment of inertia of the spacecraft is small. However, the nutation angle is not restricted. The results obtained using the generalized method of averaging agree well with numerical integration results. The extended energy-sink method produces an analytical result for the average time rate of change of the nutation angle that agrees with the result from the generalized method of averaging. This analysis substantiates the conclusion that energy-sink methods, when properly applied, lead to meaningful results even for systems containing driven rotors.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydrofurans via Mead Reductive Cyclization of Keto-β-Lactones Derived from the Tandem Mukaiyama Aldol Lactonization (TMAL) Process

The development of a diastereoselective, three-step strategy for the construction of substituted tetrahydrofurans from alkenyl aldehydes based on the tandem Mukaiyama aldol-lactonization process and Mead reductive cyclization of keto β-lactones is reported. Stereochemical outcomes of the TMAL process are consistent with models established for Lewis acid-mediated additions to α-benzyloxy and β-silyloxy aldehydes while reductions of the five-membered oxocarbenium ions are consistent with Woerpel's models. Further rationalization for observed high diastereoselectivity in reductions of α-silyloxy 5-membered oxocarbenium ions based on stereoelectronic effects are posited. A diagnostic trend for coupling constants of γ-benzyloxy β-lactones was observed that should enable assignment of the relative configuration of these systems.
Nucleosynthesis in the Outflow from Gamma-Ray Burst Accretion Disks

We examine the nucleosynthesis products that are produced in the outflow from rapidly accreting disks. We find that the type of element synthesis varies dramatically with the degree of neutrino trapping in the disk and therefore the accretion rate of the disk. Disks with relatively high accretion rates such as {dot M} = 10 M {circle_dot} s{sup -1} can produce very neutron-rich nuclei that are found in the r-process. Disks with more moderate accretion rates can produce copious amounts of nickel, as well as the light elements such as lithium and boron. Disks with lower accretion rates such as {dot M} = 1 M {circle_dot} s{sup -1} produce large amounts of nickel, as well as some unusual nuclei such as {sup 49}Ti, {sup 45}Sc, {sup 64}Zn, and {sup 92}Mo. This wide array of potential nucleosynthesis products is due to the varying influence of electron neutrinos and antineutrinos emitted from the disk on the neutron-to-proton ratio in the outflow. We use a parameterization for the outflow and discuss our results in terms of entropy and outflow acceleration.
Local capacity and resilience to flooding: community responsiveness to the community ratings system program incentives

To incentivize more community flood risks mitigation, the US Congress implemented the community rating system (CRS) in 1990. The CRS seeks to help communities build capacity to address flood risks and become more resilient to future flood disasters. Communities participating in CRS can reduce their flood risks and enjoy discounted premiums (up to 45 %) on federally required flood insurance commensurate with their community’s CRS score. A participant community is placed into one of the ten classes depending on its CRS score. Although previous research finds that the program’s structure creates opportunities for communities participating in CRS to respond to its incentives, no study has examined the characteristics of communities that changed their mitigation behavior due to this incentive scheme. In order to evaluate the performance of CRS and its tiered incentive structure, this study investigates the extent to which communities are responding strategically to CRS incentives and the characteristics of those communities behaving strategically. This study uses a regression discontinuity approach to compare the characteristics of communities above and below CRS class thresholds. The results show strategic behavior of communities participating in CRS. Communities with more information-based flood management activities, lower property values, lower flood risk, and lower population densities are more likely to respond strategically with respect to smaller CRS subsidies. For larger subsidies, the results indicate that CRS communities with higher property values are more likely to respond strategically to the policy incentives. The study concludes with a discussion of the implications of these results for the CRS program.
Non-Parametric Bayesian Areal Linguistics

We describe a statistical model over linguistic areas and phylogeny. Our model recovers known areas and identifies a plausible hierarchy of areal features. The use of areas improves genetic reconstruction of languages both qualitatively and quantitatively according to a variety of metrics. We model linguistic areas by a Pitman-Yor process and linguistic phylogeny by Kingman's coalescent.
Synthesis and assignments of regioisomeric cyanoimidazole esters

Abstract Regioassignments of ethyl cyanoimidazolecarboxylates have been performed by the nuclear Overhauser effect(NOE) studies on the regioisomeric monocyanoimidazoles obtained by the hydrolysis of the esters followed by decarboxylation. Alternately, regioassignment could also be carried out by comparing the chemical shifts of the N-methyl groups.
Search for extractable fullerenes in the Allende meteorite

— In an effort to confirm earlier observations of fullerenes in the Allende meteorite by Becker et al. (1994), we have treated nine separate whole-rock chips of this meteorite with toluene to search for extractable C60 and C70 fullerenes. The analysis was done with high performance liquid chromatography. Less than 1 ppb C60 and C70 were detected in a total of 131.82 g of this meteorite. Becker et al. (1994) have estimated a content of 100 ppm in one Allende sample. Either they have grossly overestimated the C60 content of their sample, or Allende is very inhomogeneous concerning fullerenes.