cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concepts and Perceptual Belief: How (Not) to Defend Recognitional Concepts

Recognitional concepts have the following characteristic property: thinkers are disposed to apply them to objects merely on the basis of undergoing certain perceptual experiences. I argue that a prominent strategy for defending the existence of constitutive connections among concepts, which appeals to thinkers’ semantic-cum-conceptual intuitions, cannot be used to defend the existence of recognitional concepts. I then outline and defend an alternative argument for the existence of recognitional concepts, which appeals to certain psychological laws.
A 3D finite-element model of the Adriatic tides

A 3D finite-element numerical model is applied to the Adriatic Sea to simulate its tidal motions. This fully nonlinear model includes a free surface, very realistic topography, and an advanced turbulence closure. Comparison with available tidal elevations at coastal stations and with tidal ellipses at a few locations in the open sea demonstrates that the model simulations are highly accurate. The results are then used to determine the 3D distribution of the tidal residual currents. D 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Time reversal receivers for underwater acoustic communication using vector sensors

Acoustic communication often relies on a large size array with multiple spatially separated hydrophones to deal with the challenging underwater channel. This poses serious limitation to its application at compact size underwater platforms, for example, autonomous underwater vehicles. In this paper, we propose to use vector sensors to achieve reliable acoustic communication. Using experimental data, we show the usefulness of particle velocity channels for acoustic communication. Further, to deal with the dynamic ocean environment, a time reversal multichannel receiver is proposed to utilize particle velocity channels. Our results show that the receiver using vector sensors can offer significant size reduction, compared to the receiver based on the pressure sensors, while providing comparable communication performance.
Evaluation of Hemivertebrae and Fetal Ribs Using 3D Sonography

Hemivertebrae is the failure of an ossification center to develop, resulting in an abnormal curvature of the spine. It is the primary cause of scoliosis and kyphosis. Hemivertebrae may be isolated or associated with multiple anomalies, the most common being neural tube defects. It is also strongly associated with upper extremity and rib abnormalities. Other associated abnormalities include cardiac, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal abnormalities as well as a variety of syndromes. The prognosis is directly related to the associated findings. Three-dimensional sonography provides a significant increase in the diagnostic recognition of rib and scapula abnormalities associated with hemivertebrae. This allows for a more accurate prenatal diagnosis and predicted prognosis.
Can treadmill walking be used to assess propulsion generation

Instrumented treadmills offer significant advantages for analysis of human locomotion, including recording consecutive steady-state gait cycles, precisely controlling walking speed, and avoiding force plate targeting. However, some studies of hemiparetic walking on a treadmill have suggested that the moving treadmill belt may fundamentally alter propulsion mechanics. Any differences in propulsion mechanics during treadmill walking would be problematic since recent studies assessing propulsion have provided fundamental insight into hemiparetic walking. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that there would be no difference in the generation of anterior/posterior (A/P) propulsion by performing a carefully controlled comparison of the A/P ground reaction forces (GRFs) and impulses in healthy adults during treadmill and overground walking. Gait data were collected from eight subjects walking overground and on a treadmill with speed and cadence controlled. Peak negative and positive horizontal GRFs in early and late stance, respectively, were reduced by less than 5% of body weight (p<0.05) during treadmill walking compared to overground walking. The magnitude of the braking impulse was similarly lower (p<0.05) during treadmill walking, but no significant difference was found between propulsion impulses. While there were some subtle differences in A/P GRFs between overground and treadmill walking, these results suggest there is no fundamental difference in propulsion mechanics. We conclude that treadmill walking can be used to investigate propulsion generation in healthy and by implication clinical populations.
Mixed-effects models for GAW18 longitudinal blood pressure data.

In this paper, we propose two mixed-effects models for Genetic Analysis Workshop 18 (GAW18) longitudinal blood pressure data. The first method extends EMMA, an efficient mixed-model association-mapping algorithm. EMMA corrects for population structure and genetic relatedness using a kinship similarity matrix. We replace the kinship similarity matrix in EMMA with an estimated correlation matrix for modeling the dependence structure of repeated measurements. Our second approach is a Bayesian multiple association-mapping algorithm based on a mixed-effects model with a built-in variable selection feature. It models multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) simultaneously and allows for SNP-SNP interactions and SNP-environment interactions. We applied these two methods to the longitudinal systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) data from GAW18. The extended EMMA method identified a single SNP on Chr5:75506197 (p-value = 4.67 × 10−7) for SBP and three SNPs on Chr3:23715851 (p-value = 9.00 × 10−8), Chr 17:54834217 (p-value = 1.98 × 10−7), and Chr21:18744081 (p-value = 4.95 × 10−7) for DBP. The Bayesian method identified several additional SNPs on Chr1:17876090 (Bayes factor [BF] = 102), Chr3:197469358 (BF = 69), Chr15:87675666 (BF = 43), and Chr19:41642807 (BF = 33) for SBP. Furthermore, for SBP, we found a single SNP on Chr3:197469358 (BF = 69) that has a strong interaction with age. We further evaluated the performances of the proposed methods by simulations.
Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan‐Speaking Peoples

Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-Speaking Peoples. Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Jack Golson, and Robin Hide, eds. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2006. 817 pp.
Murine Coronavirus-Induced Hepatitis: JHM Genetic Background Eliminates A59 Spike-Determined Hepatotropism

Recombinant murine coronaviruses, differing only in the spike gene and containing the strain A59 (moderately hepatotropic) and JHM (neurotropic) spike genes in the background of the JHM genome, were compared for the ability to replicate in the liver and induce hepatitis in weanling C57BL/6 mice. Interestingly, expression of the A59 spike glycoprotein within the background of the neurotropic JHM strain does not reproduce the A59 hepatotropic phenotype. Thus, the JHM genetic background plays a dominant role over the spike in the determination of hepatotropism.
A framework for shape representation and recognition

Describes a novel framework which represents and recognizes animate objects from their silhouettes. The authors model animate objects at three levels of complexity: (i) primitives, (ii) mid-grained shapes, which are deformations of the primitives, and (iii) objects constructed by using a grammar to join mid-grained shapes together. The deformations of the primitives can be characterized by principal component analysis. This framework provides a generic low dimensional parameterized representation for animate objects and it also gives a formalism for solving the inverse problem of object recognition. The paper is mainly focused on generating and representing animate objects. The authors briefly describe how this representation can be automatically extracted for recognition, the complete system is described in Zhu and Yuille (1994). >
Power and precision of alternate methods for linkage disequilibrium mapping of quantitative trait loci.

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis in outbred populations uses historical recombinations to detect and fine map quantitative trait loci (QTL). Our objective was to evaluate the effect of various factors on power and precision of QTL detection and to compare LD mapping methods on the basis of regression and identity by descent (IBD) in populations of limited effective population size (Ne). An 11-cM region with 6–38 segregating single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a central QTL was simulated. After 100 generations of random mating with Ne of 50, 100, or 200, SNP genotypes and phenotypes were generated on 200, 500, or 1000 individuals with the QTL explaining 2 or 5% of phenotypic variance. To detect and map the QTL, phenotypes were regressed on genotypes or (assumed known) haplotypes, in comparison with the IBD method. Power and precision to detect QTL increased with sample size, marker density, and QTL effect. Power decreased with Ne, but precision was affected little by Ne. Single-marker regression had similar or greater power and precision than other regression models, and was comparable to the IBD method. Thus, for rapid initial screening of samples of adequate size in populations in which drift is the primary force that has created LD, QTL can be detected and mapped by regression on SNP genotypes without recovering haplotypes.
Hemodynamic observations in a case of carcinoid heart disease associated with an atrial right-to-left shunt.

Abstract An unusual case is presented in which the cardiac lesion of the malignant carcinoid syndrome with pulmonic and tricuspid valvular disease was complicated by a right-to-left shunt at the atrial level, probably through a patent foramen ovale. These findings were documented by right heart catheterization. The probable explanation for the development of this situation is discussed.
Silage Collected from Dairy Farms Harbors an Abundance of Listeriaphages with Considerable Host Range and Genome Size Diversity

Since the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is common in dairy farm environments, it is likely that phages infecting this bacterium (“listeriaphages”) are abundant on dairy farms. To better understand the ecology and diversity of listeriaphages on dairy farms and to develop a diverse phage collection for further studies, silage samples collected on two dairy farms were screened for L. monocytogenes and listeriaphages. While only 4.5% of silage samples tested positive for L. monocytogenes, 47.8% of samples were positive for listeriaphages, containing up to >1.5 10 4 PFU/g. Host range characterization of the 114 phage isolates obtained, with a reference set of 13 L. monocytogenes strains representing the nine major serotypes and four lineages, revealed considerable host range diversity; phage isolates were classified into nine lysis groups. While one serotype 3c strain was not lysed by any phage isolates, serotype 4 strains were highly susceptible to phages and were lysed by 63.2 to 88.6% of phages tested. Overall, 12.3% of phage isolates showed a narrow host range (lysing 1 to 5 strains), while 28.9% of phages represented broad host range (lysing >11 strains). Genome sizes of the phage isolates were estimated to range from approximately 26 to 140 kb. The extensive host range and genomic diversity of phages observed here suggest an important role of phages in the ecology of L. monocytogenes on dairy farms. In addition, the phage collection developed here has the potential to facilitate further development of phage-based biocontrol strategies (e.g., in silage) and other phage-based tools.
On QoS Guarantees with Reward Optimization for Servicing Multiple Priority Classes in Wireless Networks

We report performance characteristics of a class of call admission control (CAC) algorithms designed for servicing multiple priority classes in wireless networks with the goal of quality of service (QoS) satisfaction and reward optimization. By reward, we mean some sort of "value" obtained by the system as a result of servicing multiple priority classes. In this paper we design and evaluate the performance of anew algorithm, elastic threshold-based CAC, in terms of the maximum reward obtainable with QoS satisfaction from servicing multiple priority classes with distinct QoS requirements, and compare it with existing partitioning, threshold, and spillover CAC algorithms. We also develop a heuristic-based search method to determine the best threshold-value sets used for multiple service classes by sequentially adjusting these thresholds based on the total reward and rejection rate vs. QoS constraints of each service class. We demonstrate through test cases and simulation that elastic threshold-based CAC outperforms existing CAC algorithms for QoS satisfaction and reward optimization in solution optimality for serving multiple QoS service classes in wireless networks.
Human tracking with an infrared camera using a curve matching framework

The Kalman filter (KF) has been improved for a mobile robot to human tracking. The proposed algorithm combines a curve matching framework and KF to enhance prediction accuracy of target tracking. Compared to other methods using normal KF, the Curve Matched Kalman Filter (CMKF) method predicts the next movement of the human by taking into account not only his present motion characteristics, but also the previous history of target behavior patterns-the CMKF provides an algorithm that acquires the motion characteristics of a particular human and provides a computationally inexpensive framework of human-tracking system. The proposed method demonstrates an improved target tracking using a heuristic weighted mean of two methods, i.e., the curve matching framework and KF prediction. We have conducted the experimental test in an indoor environment using an infrared camera mounted on a mobile robot. Experimental results validate that the proposed CMKF increases prediction accuracy by more than 30% compared to normal KF when the characteristic patterns of target motion are repeated in the target trajectory.
Thermodynamics and constitutive theory for multiphase porous-media flow considering internal geometric constraints

Abstract This paper provides the thermodynamic approach and constitutive theory for closure of the conservation equations for multiphase flow in porous media. The starting point for the analysis is the balance equations of mass, momentum, and energy for two fluid phases, a solid phase, the interfaces between the phases and the common lines where interfaces meet. These equations have been derived at the macroscale, a scale on the order of tens of pore diameters. Additionally, the entropy inequality for the multiphase system at this scale is utilized. The internal energy at the macroscale is postulated to depend thermodynamically on the extensive properties of the system. This energy is then decomposed to provide energy forms for each of the system components. To obtain constitutive information from the entropy inequality, information about the mechanical behavior of the internal geometric structure of the phase distributions must be known. This information is obtained from averaging theorems, thermodynamic analysis, and from linearization of the entropy inequality at near equilibrium conditions. The final forms of the equations developed show that capillary pressure is a function of interphase area per unit volume as well as saturation. The standard equations used to model multiphase flow are found to be very restricted forms of the general equations, and the assumptions that are needed for these equations to hold are identified.
Integration in the PVN: another piece of the puzzle.

the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus is a major integratory region in the hypothalamus that helps maintain homeostasis. Functionally, the PVN is involved in regulation of food intake, responses to stress, modulating metabolic rate, thermoregulation, and regulation of cardiovascular
Automated segmentation of breast fat-water MR images using empirical analysis

Breast density (BD) has been advocated as a risk factor for the development of breast cancer. BD is typically measured from mammograms. However for longitudinal studies of patients at risk, BD can be better assessed using MRI due to the lack of ionizing radiation and the 3D capabilities of the technique. A fat-water (FW) imaging technique called RAD-GRASE was developed to acquire images of the entire breast in a few minutes and can generate fat-fraction maps, which can be used to assess BD. The time consuming manual segmentation on ~19 slices per exam can be challenging. In this paper, we present a method to automatically segment the breast tissue in FW images and yield FW profiles of the region of interest (ROIs).
Temporal measurement of hot-electron relaxation in a phonon-cooled metal island

We report temporal measurements of the dynamic electronic temperature and the electron-phonon thermal relaxation rate in a micron-scale metal island, with an electronic heat capacity of order 1 fJ/K $(C\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{7}{k}_{B}).$ We employed a superconductor--insulator--normal-metal tunnel junction, embedded in a radio-frequency resonator, as a fast $(\ensuremath{\sim}20\mathrm{MHz})$ thermometer. A resistive heater coupled to the island allowed us to pulse the electronic temperature well above the phonon temperature. Using this device, we have determined the thermal relaxation rate of a hot-electron population in a thin normal-metal film with a measurement bandwidth that exceeds the low-temperature thermal bandwidth.
The emergence of Dinophysis acuminata blooms and DSP toxins in shellfish in New York waters

A B S T R A C T The dynamics of Dinophysis acuminata and its associated diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) as well as pectenotoxins (PTXs), were investigated within plankton and shellfish in Northport Bay, NY, USA, over a four year period (2008–2011). Over the course of the study, Dinophysis bloom densities ranged from � 10 4 to 10 6 cells L � 1 and exceeded 10 6 L � 1 in 2011 when levels of total OA, total DTX1, and PTX in the water column were 188, 86, and 2900 pg mL � 1 , respectively, with the majority of the DSP toxins present as esters. These cell densities exceed – by two orders of magnitude – those previously reported within thousands of samples collected from NY waters from 1971 to 1986. The bloom species was positively identified as D. acuminata via scanning electron microscopy and genetic sequencing (cox1 gene). The cox1 gene sequence from the D. acuminata populations in Northport Bay was 100% identical to D. acuminata from Narragansett Bay, RI, USA and formed a strongly supported phylogenetic cluster (posterior probability = 1) that included D. acuminata and Dinophysis ovum from systems along the North Atlantic Ocean. Shellfish collected from Northport Bay during the 2011 bloom had DSP toxin levels (1245 ng g � 1 total OA congeners) far exceeding the USFDA action level (160 ng g � 1 total OA of shellfish tissue) representing the first such occurrence on the East Coast of the U.S. D. acuminata blooms co-occurred with paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) causing blooms of Alexandrium fundyense during late spring each year of the study. D. acuminata cell abundances were significantly correlated with levels of total phytoplankton biomass and Mesodinium spp., suggesting food web interactions may influence the dynamics of these blooms. Given that little is known regarding the combined effects of DSP and PSP toxins on human health and the concurrent accumulation and depuration of these toxins in shellfish, these blooms represent a novel managerial challenge.
Pulmonary intravascular macrophages: their contribution to the mononuclear phagocyte system in 13 species

The organ uptake of intravenously injected particles was examined in 13 species. All animals were injected intravenously with 198Au colloid and magnetic iron oxide particles. Vascular clearance kinetics of 198Au colloid was similar in all species. Pulmonary uptake of 198Au colloid ranged from 17 to 60% in sheep, calves, pigs, and cats but was <1.1% in monkeys, hyraxes, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice, and chickens. For iron oxide particles, pulmonary uptake ranged from 80 to 99% in sheep, calves, pigs, goats, and cats and 15 to 18% in hamsters, hyraxes, and monkeys and was <10% in rabbits, chicken, mice, rats, and guinea pigs. In all species, the bulk of the remainder of particle uptake was in the liver. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages are the cellular site of lung uptake in calves, cats, pigs, goats, and sheep, whereas monocytes and neutrophils predominate in other species. Kupffer cells were the site of uptake in the liver. Our data show marked species differences in the fate of circulating particles; ruminants, pigs, and cats have extensive pulmonary localization due to phagocytosis by pulmonary intravascular macrophages.
Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Exact Matching: Fundamental Preprocessing and First Algorithms

The naive method Almost all discussions of exact matching begin with the naive method , and we follow this tradition. The naive method aligns the left end of P with the left end of T and then compares the characters of P and T left to right until either two unequal characters are found or until P is exhausted, in which case an occurrence of P is reported. In either case, P is then shifted one place to the right, and the comparisons are restarted from the left end of P . This process repeats until the right end of P shifts past the right end of T . Using n to denote the length of P and m to denote the length of T , the worst-case number of comparisons made by this method is Θ( nm ). In particular, if both P and T consist of the same repeated character, then there is an occurrence of P at each of the first m − n + 1 positions of T and the method performs exactly n ( m − n + 1) comparisons. For example, if P = aaa and T = aaaaaaaaaa then n = 3, m = 10, and 24 comparisons are made. The naive method is certainly simple to understand and program, but its worst-case running time of Θ( nm ) may be unsatisfactory and can be improved. Even the practical running time of the naive method may be too slow for larger texts and patterns.
Daedalea Quercina Forma Trametea in Illinois

In September, 1972, Dr. J. W. Gerdemann of the University of Illinois brought to the author's attention an unusual basidiocarp of Daedalea quercina (L.) Pers. ex Fr. recently collected by Mr. Stanley Sipp of the Department of Forestry. It had been found on a large stump of Quercus macrocarpa Michx. at Allerton Park, Piatt Co., Ill. Rather than the typical labyrinthiform pore surface by which the genus was defined, the basidiocarp possessed large, angular pores similar to those of the genus Trametes. Although such a growth form is not uncommon in certain species of Daedalea such as Daedalea confragosa Bolt. ex Fr. (Overholts, 1953), it seems quite rare in Daedalea quercina.
New Fe(III)(cyclam) Complexes Bearing Axially Bound geminal-Diethynylethenes

Reported herein are the preparation and characterization of trans-[Fe(cyclam)(X-gem-DEE)2]OTf (where cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane, gem-DEE = σ-geminal-diethynylethene, and OTf = trifluoromethanesulfonate) compounds 2a, 2b, and 2c (X = −Ph (2a), −SiiPr3 (2b), and −Fc (2c)), which are the first examples of redox-active 3d metal complexes containing gem-DEE ligands. These compounds were prepared from the reaction between cis/trans-[Fe(cyclam)(OTf)2]OTf (1) and X-gem-DEE-Li. Compounds 2a–2c were characterized by spectroscopic/voltammetric techniques. The trans-orientation of the gem-DEE ligands was established from the single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 2a. Furthermore, the electronic structures of the model compounds 2a′+ and 2b′+ were analyzed with density-functional-theory calculations, which revealed significant dπ(Fe)−π(gem-DEE) interactions.
Direct flow medical percutaneous aortic valve: proof of concept.

AIMS This paper reports the technical feasibility of using the Direct Flow Medical percutaneous aortic valve (PAV) to treat patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS AND RESULTS Eight patients with critical AS underwent temporary implantation of the PAV. Two patients received open surgical implantation of the device while six patients underwent percutaneous implantation. The mean age of these eight patients was 58.1 years, mean pre-procedural aortic valve area was <0.65 cm2 and pre-procedural gradient was 87.6 +/- 12.4 mmHg. Procedural success was achieved in seven out of eight patients, with a mean post-implantation gradient of 17.9 +/- 9.1 mmHg. There was one death related to inferior hypogastric artery dissection. All other patients subsequently received open surgical explantation of the PAV and aortic valve replacement with a mechanical valve. CONCLUSIONS The Direct Flow Medical PAV is technically feasible and safe to deploy in humans with severe AS and results in a significant transaortic gradient reduction.
186 EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS ON NEURAL STEM CELL SURVIVAL AND IMMUNE MOLECULE EXPRESSION

In neurodegenerative disorders, oxidative stress is an important mediator of neural cell death. However, very little is known about the effects of oxidative stress on the cells critical for the development, maintenance and repair of the CNS: the neural stem cells (NSC). We hypothesize that oxidative stress induces the expression of immune recognition molecules on the surface of NSCs, which makes them vulnerable targets for rejection or destruction. We are currently investigating this hypothesis by first, examining whether oxidative stress affects the expression of immune molecules in NSC. We are currently using the mouse C17.2 NSC line for these in vitro studies. We have found that model NSCs express the Fas (CD95) death receptor and B7.1 co-stimulatory molecule, and that hydrogen peroxide up regulates their expression. Further flow cytometry experiments indicate the up regulation of co-stimulatory molecule B7.1 in response to oxidative stress induced by rotenone, a neurotoxic pesticide. Secondly, we will determine whether protection from reactive oxygen intermediates promotes NSC9s survival and differentiation following oxidative stress. We are examining mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2), a protein which is known to increase cells9 anti-oxidative capacity and reduce expression of immune recognition molecules. As UCP-2 enhances the capacity to handle reactive oxygen species inside mitochondria, we believe that UCP-2 expression will reduce the effects of oxidative stress. To this end, we are developing a C17.2 cell line stably transfected with a construct containing a constitutively expressed mouse UCP-2 gene. Thus, we have found that oxidative stress affects the dynamics of NSC immune molecule expression and we are investigating possible protection from such stress via UCP-2.
A Survey of Post-stroke Depression in Basic Medical Institutions of the 6 Counties in Liaoning Province of China

To investigate the incidence of post-stroke depression (PSD) and related risk factors in stroke patients. Methods: During March 2007 to October 2008, 6 counties in Liaoning province including Benxi, Xifeng, Fuxin, Zhuanghe, Jianping, and Dawa were selected by using the stratified cluster sampling method. A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted among 2929 stroke patients from basic medical institutions of these 6 counties. Results: There were 2929 cases of stroke patients in this study, the incidence of depression was 33.87%. Single factor analysis showed that age, gender, education, ethnic, marriage, income, as well as smoking, drinking and other general behaviors, and patients with neurologic impairment, disease progress, family members of patients with heart disease were all of statistical significance with the onset of PSD (P0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that disease progress, education, drinking, family members of patients with heart disease, combined with diabetes and neurologic impairment, were all of statistical significance with the onset of PSD(P0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of PSD was high. PSD was associated with a variety of factors, mainly in patients with the disease progress, education, drinking, family members with heart disease, combined with diabetes, neurological impairment.
Epidemiological analysis of mumps diseases in Beibei district of Chongqing municipal from 2008 to 2010

Objective To understand the epidemical characteristics of mumps in Beibei of Chongqing 2008-2010 and provide scientific basis mumps for formulating prevention measures.Methods The mumps cases from 2008 to 2010 were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods.Results There were 1 028 accumulative reported on mumps cases of Beibei in these 3 years,no deaths.The average annual report mobidity rate was 56.81/100 000.The peaks of mumps cases were from November to December and from May to July.Most of the cases were occurred in Tiansheng street(192),Xiema(189) and Tongjiaxi town(120).There were more incidences occurred in streets than in towns(P0.05).Majority of the cases were under 14 years old(79.57%),of which 71.11% was students and 16.15% was preschool kids.Conclusion To strengthen the monitoring and improve vaccination coverage,were the main measures to prevent and control the mumps.
Calibration of UHF Sensor for Detection of Partial Discharge in Transformer

An installation kit of the ultra-high-frequency(UHF)sensor for detecting partial discharge(PD)in a transformer,an adjustable artificial nanosecond pulse source,a transformer PD fault simulation device,and some analogue electrodes of defects were designed to calibrate the sensitivity of the UHF sensor and to test the detection range in laboratory. This calibration method can also be used to test the UHF sensor's detection performance of PD in a transformer on site after installation. The on-site UHF sensor test method was verified with the transformer simulation tool-kit in laboratory.
Enhanced cytotoxicity of bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on equine sarcoid cells following electroporation-mediated delivery in vitro.

Electroporation is a method used to deliver poorly permeant chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells, potentiating the cytotoxic effects of drugs and overall clinical response. Despite existing evidence of the potential benefits of electroporation to enhance the antitumoral effects of drugs, there is a lack of understanding about the effects of electroporation on equine tumor cells. This study investigated the combined effects of electroporation and bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on an equine sarcoid cell line (EqS04b). The use of electroporation increases the cytotoxic effects of bleomycin, cisplatin, and carboplatin on the equine sarcoid cell line by 5-fold, 4-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. These very promising findings demonstrate proof of principle for future preclinical studies on different tumor cells to investigate the in vivo effects of electroporation in sarcoid tumors.
Experimental Phase Relations and Occurrence of the Iron-Magnesium Amphiboles

Bowen and Tuttle (1949) first directed the attention of experimental petrologists to anthophyllite by producing it as a metastable breakdown product of talc; these authors were unable to demonstrate a stability field for anthophyllite and suggested that its production might depend on the absence of H2O-rich fluid. Yoder (1952) experienced similar results in his investigation of the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O, and advanced the concept of the “water deficient region,” that is, chemographic space in which a stable fluid phase is prohibited; Yoder suggested that anthophyllite might be confined to such a compositional region, at least in the investigated system.
Concluding Observations about Public Support of R&D in Small, Entrepreneurial Firms

This chapter summarizes the earlier chapters in the monograph. Key arguments for and empirical evidence about the SBIR program are presented.
Literary Polemics Continue

The first centuries BC and AD saw a continuation among epigrammatists, both Greek and Roman, of anti-Callimacheanism. The poets involved built upon the mixed literary-polemical context exploited by their predecessors, in which both Callimachean and anti-Callimachean language and concepts could be used to subvert and deform Callimachus’ ideals. Many of their epigrams which criticise grammarians and Callimacheans come from the Garland of Philip ; hence the cultural and political background to this movement has sometimes been identified as a reaction under Caligula against Tiberius’ taste for philological problems of the type pursued by grammatici . Tiberius certainly had a keen interest in such matters, and was an admirer of Euphorion, Rhianus and Parthenius, poets of a Callimachean bent; and Caligula indeed loathed everything connected with Tiberius. But Caligula's known literary eccentricities amounted only to thoughts of expunging the works of Homer, and plans, almost fulfilled, for removing those of Virgil and Livy from all libraries; these aspirations do not exactly mark out Caligula as anti- Callimachean. Moreover, Antipater of Thessalonica, who was a protege of L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi ( cos. 15 BC), the life-long friend and trusted colleague of Tiberius, attacked the grammatici in AP 11.20 = 20 GPh. (discussed below, pp.172–5); if this was such a sensitive subject, he would not have done so. The chronology too does not fit: apart from the early anti-grammarian Herodicus 1 FGE = SH no. 494, the bitterest of the epigrams attacking Callimacheans is Erucius AP 7.377 = 13 GPh. (see below pp.179–85), composed around the mid-first century BC. Telchines and grammarians The late- and post-Hellenistic epigrams criticising the Callimacheans are, on the whole, more strident than their predecessors, with gibes and openly insulting characterisations appearing frequently. For example, it will emerge from the study of several which revive Posidippus’ literary symbolism that they are much more explicitly anti-Callimachean than Posidippus. Their authors view the complex of imagery – thorns, a cicada, books (for them evidently implying bookworms too), toil, and possibly harvesting – assembled by Posidippus in AP 5.134 and AP 12.98 as emblematic of a conflict between the sort of poetry (especially epigrams) which is the product of love, wine, and ‘real’ life, and the more bookish poetry represented by Callimachus, particularly in his Aetia .
SUPPRESSOR CELL REGULATION OF SELF TOLERANCE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the suppressor cell regulation of self-tolerance. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) provides a unique model to study immunologic self-tolerance with potential relevance to human demyelinating diseases. In the Lewis rat, EAE is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease that occurs following immunization with guinea pig myelin basic protein (BP) in a complete Freunds adjuvant. Lewis rats can be rendered tolerant to EAE by pretreatment with BP in incomplete Freunds adjuvant, which is nonencephalitogenic. Viable lymph node cells and spleen cells (SpC) from tolerant donors can adoptively transfer unresponsiveness to normal syngeneic recipients. In an experiment described in the chapter, it was observed that splenic T cell responses were nonspecifically suppressed following treatment with BP + IFA and following pretreatment with unrelated antigens in IFA. When adherent SpC were removed by a passage through glass wool columns, the proliferative responses were restored to a normal level, suggesting that an adherent suppressor cell may have been present.
Mathematical analysis of oxygen transport to tissue in the human.

A composite mathematical model which is capable of integrating thermal, respiratory, and circulatory factors in the analysis of oxygen transport is described in this paper. The model has several uses. It provides a mechanism for evaluating parameters for the human when only indirect measurements are available. It can be used also to predict responses under various pathological or stressful conditions. Much work remains to be done, but it is felt that a preliminary report should be included in this conference.
My Journey Into the Physics of David Finkelstein

David Finkelstein was a co-pioneer of the use of topology and solitons in theoretical physics. The author reflects on the great impact Finkelstein had on his research throughout his career. The author provides an application of one of Finkelsteins idea pertaining to the fusion of quantum theory with relativity by utilizing techniques from Loop Quantum Gravity.
Adaptive designs from a Data Safety Monitoring Board perspective: Some controversies and some case studies:

This article describes vignettes concerning interactions with Data Safety Monitoring Boards during the design and monitoring of some clinical trials with an adaptive design. Most reflect personal experiences by the author.
Relationships of Measured Iohexol GFR and Estimated GFR With CKD-Related Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents

Background 2 valid and reliable estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) equations for the pediatric population have been developed from directly measured GFR data in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) cohort: the full CKiD and bedside CKiD equations. Although adult GFR estimating equations replicate relationships of measured GFR with biomarkers, it is unclear whether similar patterns exist among children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Study Design Prospective cohort study in children and adolescents. Settings & Participants 730 participants contributed 1,539 study visits. Predictors Measured GFR by plasma iohexol disappearance (mGFR), estimated GFR by the full CKiD equation (eGFR CKiDfull ; based on serum creatinine, cystatin C, serum urea nitrogen, height, and sex), and estimated GFR by the bedside CKiD equation (eGFR CKiDbed ; calculated as 41.3 × height [m]/serum creatinine [mg/dL]) were predictors of CKD-related biomarkers. Deviations of mGFR from eGFR CKiDfull and deviations of eGFR CKiDfull from eGFR CKiDbed from linear regressions (ie, residuals) were included in bivariate analyses. Outcomes & Measurements: CKD-related biomarkers included values for urine protein-creatinine ratio, blood hemoglobin, serum phosphate, bicarbonate, potassium, systolic and diastolic blood pressure z scores, and height z scores. Results The median age of 730 participants with CKD was 12.5 years, with median mGFR, eGFR CKiDfull , and eGFR CKiDbed of 51.8, 54.0, and 53.2mL/min/1.73m 2 , respectively. eGFR CKiDfull demonstrated as strong or stronger associations with CKD-related biomarkers than mGFR; eGFR CKiDbed associations were significantly attenuated (ie, closer to the null). Residual information in mGFR did not substantially increase explained variability. eGFR CKiDbed estimated faster GFR decline relative to mGFR and eGFR CKiDfull . Limitations Simple linear summaries of biomarkers may not capture nonlinear associations. Conclusions eGFR CKiDfull closely approximated mGFR to describe relationships with CKD-severity indicators and progression in this pediatric CKD population. eGFR CKiDbed offered similar inferences, but associations were attenuated and rate of progression was overestimated. The eGFR CKiDfull equation from 2012 is preferred for pediatric research purposes.
Moonlighting GAPDH in Neuronal Structure and Function: Regulation of Ion Channels and Signal Transduction

The interrelationship between neuronal structure and function represents the fundamental basis for cognitive behavior. As such, the development of the latter is dependent on the proteins and mechanisms, which comprise the former. Recent evidence indicates that moonlighting GAPDH fulfills important roles in the organization of neuronal structures is required for neuronal receptor–mediated cell signaling as well as the control of neuronal cell proliferation. In particular, it is a component of a number of characteristic synaptic–related structures regulates both synaptic glutamate accumulation and GABAAR activity as well as Na+ and K+ ion–gated channels. The role of extracellular neuronal GAPDH is considered as well as its potential role in the etiology of epilepsy.
Multi-eavelength electro-optic pulse characterization

Fiber-optic-based electro-optic polarization rotators are used to modulate multiple wavelengths simultaneously to facilitate single-shot pulse characterization and enhanced signal-to-noise ratios with electro-magnetic interference and radiation hardness. Multiple wavelengths create independent samples for averaging.
The Distinction of Fields

The concept of scientific field lacks a definition in a form allowing the distinction of whether a particular academic area of study is or is not a true scientific field. Starting with the classic definition by Whitley of a field as a “reputational work organization,” this essay extracts eleven explicit and implied features of a field from Whitley’s definition and discussion, extending his analysis. The article reviews Hambrick and Chen’s model of field formation as an “admittance-seeking social movement.” Hambrick and Chen argue that strategic management followed that model with success, offering the SIM Division of the Academy of Management as an unsuccessful example. The article notes errors in their assessment of SIM, argues that Hambrick and Chen are really offering a model of what I term condensation and promulgation of a field and that their model cannot be used to determine whether a field exists. The article applies the extended Whitley model of a field to examine three candidate fields within SI...
Less Is More Ideological: Conservative and Liberal Communication on Twitter in the 2016 Race

Prior to the 2016 race, Twitter was seen as a more Democratic than Republican campaign platform. In light of the extraordinary use of social media by the Trump campaign, this chapter examines how ideological communication by either faction can be advanced or limited within this medium. We argue that the simplest and most inciting aspects of each ideology can be communicated clearly, but not the more complex or mundane facets. This suggests that certain issues will be emphasized and others neglected on Twitter by each side. These hypotheses are borne out in the 2016 Twitter campaigns, in which Clinton and Trump focused on only specific aspects and issues of the competing ideologies, and followers retweeted in a similar pattern. In the Twitter campaign, less can indeed be more ideological when the ideologies are communicated in their reduced forms.
An Exploratory Study of College Choice for Southeast Asian American Students

The study of college choice among all students continues to be crucial in higher education. More importantly, a critical examination of understanding the influences of college choice for ethnically...
Recent advances in the SILK knowledge representation and its usage

SILK is an expressive Semantic Web rule language and system equipped with scalable reactive higher-order defaults. We present some of its latest novel language features and examples of its usage, including to answer questions about causal processes in college-level biology, e.g., for an e-learning application. A new feature is to permit formulas of more complex form, including quantifiers and disjunction, in prioritized defeasible rules. We also briefly present our progress and lessons to date in interoperating between SILK and ResearchCyc. Part of Vulcan Inc.'s Project Halo, SILK integrates and extends recent theoretical and implementation advances in semantic rules and ontologies. It addresses fundamental KR requirements for scaling the Semantic Web to large knowledge bases in science and business that answer questions, proactively supply info, and reason powerfully. SILK radically extends the KR power of W3C OWL RL, SPARQL, and RIF, as well as of SQL and production rules. It includes defaults (cf. Courteous LP), higher-order features (cf. HiLog), frame syntax (cf. F-Logic), external actions (cf. production rules), and sound interchange with the main existing forms of knowledge/data in the Semantic Web and deep Web. These features cope with knowledge quality and context, provide flexible meta-reasoning, and activate knowledge.
Nanoscale characterization of squaraine-fullerene-based photovoltaic active layers by atomic force microscopy mechanical and electrical property mapping

Abstract The efficiency of organic solar cells can be increased by careful control of the nanoscale morphology of a dispersed bulk heterojunction device. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has often been used to characterize morphology but debate persists over the value of traditional AFM measurements since the technique only addresses the active layer topography, and provides insufficient contrast to differentiate between components in a well-mixed composite. Using newer Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping (QNM) modes, we demonstrate contrast due to differing elastic modulus and surface potentials between donor and acceptor materials and highlight the value of these techniques to understand critical materials properties as part of a comprehensive nanomorphology study. We test the value of our approach using blends of each of two anilinic squaraines with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methylester. These two squaraine materials differ in chemical compatibility with the standard fullerene acceptor. We vary annealing conditions for our blended films and use the described AFM approaches to demonstrate changing domain sizes, which are affected by chemical compatibility with the fullerene. We demonstrate how KPFM measurements go beyond QNM to provide contrast between materials with reproducibility at a higher image resolution. With the ability to measure contrast between donor and acceptor material, we make a strong case for non-destructive microscopy data to measure effects of variations in annealing temperature on squaraine film morphology, which we confirm influences device performance and efficiency. These conclusions are important for informing material selection for long-term use of associated commercial devices in the field.
Duration of seminal Zika viral RNA shedding in immunocompetent mice inoculated with Asian and African genotype viruses

Abstract Prior to the emergence of Asian genotype Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Western hemisphere, sexual transmission in humans was documented. Sexual transmission by African genotype ZIKVs has not been assessed in laboratory animal models, due to rapid and high mortality rates of immunodeficient mice following inoculation. To overcome these limitations, immunocompetent C57Bl/6 mice were used to longitudinally assess Asian and African genotype ZIKV sexual transmission potential. Furthermore, to determine if enhanced pathogenesis of African genotype ZIKVs is due to structural determinants, PRVABC59 prM/E was replaced with African MR766 prM/E (chimeric ZIKV). The African genotype and chimeric ZIKV elicited greater pathogenic effects in the male reproductive tract and generated higher viremias. Yet, the duration, magnitude and efficiency of seminal shedding of infectious virus and viral RNA were similar between chimeric-, African and Asian genotype ZIKV-inoculated mice. These data show that increased male reproductive tract pathology does not increase sexual transmission potential.
The Relationship Between Language and Planning in Children With Language Impairment.

Purpose This study examined the relationship between language and planning, a higher order executive function skill, in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and typically developing (TD...