cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Small Impoundments on Habitat and Fish Communities in Headwater Streams

Abstract We surveyed the habitat and fish assemblages of four impounded and three unimpounded neighboring headwater streams, separated longitudinally into multiple upstream and downstream reaches. Instream habitat characteristics were similar between reaches of unimpounded streams and reaches above impoundments, and differed significantly from reaches below impoundments that included deeper water and more stable flows. Species richness was similar above and below impoundments, and between impounded and unimpounded streams, but fish assemblage composition and structure differed. Stream reaches above impoundments supported higher percentages of centrarchids compared to upper reaches of unimpounded streams, which had more obligate stream cyprinids. Reaches below impoundments supported mainly centrarchid species whereas lower reaches of unimpounded streams supported a balanced mix of cyprinids and centrarchids. Percina maculata (Blackside Darter) occurred throughout the study area except in upper reaches of i...
Flexing to aging: a children's hospital responds to a maturing workforce.

espite the recent focus on resident work duty hours and the changing demographics of the pediatric workforce, we found scant literature directly addressing the development and implementation of specific policies regarding the aging physician. This observation stands in stark contrast to readily accessible information on aging workers in aviation and mining. Nationally, the changing demographics of the pediatric work force provide special challenges. Between 1991 and 2008, the percentage of women occupying PL-3 slots nationally increased from 54.4% to 73%. Forty percent of recently graduated residents sought part-time work and half of them accepted part-time positions. Those accepting part-time positions are more likely to work in academic medical centers than those accepting full-time work (25% vs 15%, P < .05). At the other end of the age spectrum, a recent American Academy of Pediatrics survey reports that even though 78% of 60to 64-year-old pediatricians work full-time, full-time work drops off steeply thereafter. Women are less likely to work past 65 years of age and more likely to cite poor health and family responsibilities as reasons for retirement. Medical and surgical care at Connecticut Children’s Medical Center is provided predominately by physicians employed by the hospital’s Connecticut Children’s Specialty Group (CCSG). Within 5 years, 16% of the female and 27% of the male CCSG workforce will be $60 years old, and 1 in 5 CCSG physicians will be $60 years old. Aging faculty may face challenges during their senior years in the work force, including (1) personal health challenges; (2) health challenges of family members; (3) a shift in their professional and/or personal goals; (4) decreased physical energy or capacity; or (5) decreased mental capacity, particularly during periods of sleep deprivation. These challenges may have implications for both their own and their colleagues’ professional careers because others may be asked to assume additional responsibilities as the senior faculty member pursues his or her own career and life needs. Recognizing our ‘‘maturing’’ workforce, a CCSG peer taskforce was assembled to develop a systematic process for considering requests for changes in clinical work load due to
The Market and Welfare Effects of the New National Organic Program

AbstractThe chapter examines the scope and significance of the National Organic Program (NOP) recently introduced in the United States and systematically analyzes the effects of the new national organic standards on the markets for organic, conventional and genetically modified food products (GMPs). The effect of the NOP on consumer purchasing decisions and welfare is examined under the current no labeling of GMPs regime. A model of vertical product differentiation is developed to capture heterogeneous consumer preferences regarding interventions in the production process. Analytical results show that, as long as the NOP does not impose significant costs in the organic food supply chain, the introduction of the new organic standards can increase the market share of the organic sector and can enhance aggregate consumer welfare. Overall, the market and welfare effects of the NOP depend on the distribution of consumer preferences and the level of aversion to interventions in the production process, the production share of GMPs, the effect of the NOP on the price of the organic product and the relative costs of producing organic, conventional and GM products.
Identification of the glycosidically bound sialic acid in mucin glycoproteins that reacts as "free sialic acid in the Warren assay

A widely employed colorimetric assay for sialic acids based on periodate oxidation followed by reaction with thiobarbituric acid depends on the formation of a hexos-5-uluronic acid product, the pre-chromogen, by the periodate cleavage of the C6-C7, C7-C8, and C8-C9 bonds in free sialic acid. Glycosidically bound sialic acids are not expected to react in the assay since cleavage cannot occur between C6-C7 to yield the pre-chromogen. However, several investigators have reported the detection of a positive reaction by certain sialoglycoconjugates. In this study, it was found that various mucins but not other classes of sialoglycoconjugates or asialomucins exhibited this phenomenon. Of the mucins tested, ovine submaxillary mucin showed the maximum reactivity followed by the bovine and porcine counterparts. The disaccharide Neu5Acalpha2-->6 GalNAc(OH) released from mucins by alkaline borohydride treatment also reacted, albeit weakly compared to the native mucins, but other sialyl saccharides including 6'-sialyllactose and 6'-sialyl N -acetyllactosamine did not react. The positive reaction of the submaxillary mucins is not due to the presence of 3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid (KDN), a minor component in submaxillary mucins, or the release of sialic acid by the acidic condition of the assay. It is demonstrated that sialyl residues linked alpha2-->6 to unsubstituted N -acetylgalactosamine (sialyl Tn antigen structure) in mucin glycoproteins is responsible for the positive reaction. Apparently, periodate oxidation of the N -acetylgalactosamine residue leads to the release of sialic acid from the Neu5Acalpha2-->6 GalNAc linked to serine/threonine by an acid-catalyzed beta-elimination reaction. The findings provide a basis for the development of a chemical method to estimate sialyl Tn epitopes associated with cancer cells.
Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) Resistance to Insecticides in Hawaii: Intra-Island Variation and Cross-Resistance

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), larvae from 10 field populations in Hawaii were tested for susceptibility to DDT, diazinon, permethrin, and fenvalerate. Data were analyzed by probit methods and by ANOVA (analysis of variance), which has some advantages compared with probit and diagnostic dose tests for resistance. Relative to a laboratory strain, maximum resistance ratios at LC50 were 130 for DDT, 15 for diazinon, 5 for permethrin, and 3 for fenvalerate. Significant intra-island variation in susceptibility among populations occurred. Some populations separated by <10 km differed in susceptibility, but variation among islands was not significant. Results suggest that past selection by insecticides other than pyrethroids (e.g., DDT and diazinon) caused some cross-resistance to permethrin. Sequences, rotations, and combinations of conventional insecticides are unlikely to retard resistance development in the diamondback moth due to cross-resistance. Management of the diamondback moth with pathogens, natural enemies, cultural controls, and limited insecticide use may slow evolution of resistance.
ALBUMIN MODULATES S1P DELIVERY FROM RED BLOOD CELLS IN PERFUSED MICROVESSELS: MECHANISM OF THE PROTEIN EFFECT

Removal of plasma proteins from perfusates increases vascular permeability. The common interpretation of the action of albumin is that it forms part of the permeability barrier by electrostatic bin...
Fabrication of molecular-scale patterns with chemically tunable functionalities

This paper presents a scalable hybrid molecular nanofabrication approach of sub-10 nm patterns with functionalized surfaces by combining “bottom-up” surface initiated polymerization (SIP) with “top-down” electron beam lithography (EBL). This prototype molecular nanofabrication is based on the concept of nanolithography-based molecular manipulation (NMM). The strategy is to apply free-radical SIP (“bottom-up”) to the non-molecularly engineered and chemically inert nano-patterns prepared by “top-down” nanolithography, e.g. EBL. This integration can minimize feature sizes to molecular length scales (sub-10 nm) and simultaneously tune the surface chemistry of the nano-patterns through functional polymer brushes. In this work, 4 nm nanostructures have been obtained which are chemically functionalized by poly(vinyl pyridine) (PVP).
Integrating Motivational and Instructional Strategies

Blueprints are an essential part of construction. A contractor would not even consider the possibility of initiating the construction of a building without first having a detailed set of blueprints. The blueprints describe the specific ways in which all of the components, or subsystems such as electrical, mechanical, plumbing, and framing, are designed and will be constructed and interconnected. Similarly, a lesson plan contains descriptions of the objectives, content, instructional tactics, and materials that are required to develop, or shall we say “construct,” a lesson. However, unlike the contractor, it is not uncommon for instructors to list a few key ideas and launch into a lesson without having worked out all the details. Depending on the instructor’s skill and experience, the lesson might be “okay,” but it is unlikely to be as effective as it would be with detailed planning. A good set of lesson plans is especially beneficial when beginning to teach a new course instead of preparing a single lesson.
Interactive narrative planning in the best laid plans

The Best Laid Plans is an interactive narrative video game that uses cognitive-inspired fast planning techniques to generate stories with conflict during play. Players alternate between acting out a plan and seeing that plan thwarted by non-player characters. The Glaive narrative planner combines causal-link-based computational models of narrative with the speed of fast heuristic search techniques to adapt the story each time the player attempts a new plan.
Aseneth’s Gaze Turns Swords into Dust

This article argues that Aseneth’s prayer and the divine response in Joseph and Aseneth 27.8 are later hagiological interpolations that reflect the concerns of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. In the Hellenistic version of Joseph and Aseneth , the heroine performs her miraculous rescue using only her glance: the power accorded her sight fully corresponds with predominant theories of antiquity on the divine nature of light. Hellenistic audiences were familiar with the concept of emission of energy through the human eye, maintained by Plato, Euclid and Ptolomy, which under certain circumstances and divine favor could perform miracles. Hagiographically inspired editors, insisting that the miracle related not to Aseneth’s powerful gaze but to her piety and the divine response, added the lines and so shifted the focus from the powerful gaze to the power of piety.
Effects of Temperature and Charge Depletion on the Spin Density in Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon

The dependence of the spin density upon temperature and charge depletion is calculated based on the standard defect model in a-Si:H of a D-center with positive, neutral, and negative charge states. The results are compared with recent measurements of depletion width modulated spin densities and temperature-dependent spin densities. It is shown that the initial charge density assumed for the defect system substantially affects conclusions regarding electronic correlation energies drawn from the measurements.
Toward a More Complete Picture of Outpatient, Office-Based Health Care in the U.S.

The healthcare system in the U.S., particularly outpatient, office-based care, has been shifting toward service delivery by advanced practice providers, particularly nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs). The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is the leading source of nationally representative data on care delivered by office-based physicians. This paper first describes NAMCS, then discusses key NAMCS expansion efforts, and finally presents major findings from two exploratory studies that assess the feasibility of collecting data from NPs and PAs as sampled providers in NAMCS. The first NAMCS expansion effort began in 2006 when the NAMCS sample was expanded to include community health centers and started collecting and disseminating data on physicians, NPs, PAs, and nurse midwives in these settings. Then, in 2013, NCHS included workforce questions in NAMCS on the composition and clinical tasks of all healthcare staff in physician offices. Finally, in 2013–2014, NCHS conducted two exploratory studies and found that collecting data from NPs and PAs as sampled providers in NAMCS is feasible. However, modifications to the current NAMCS procedures may be necessary, for example, changing recruitment strategies, visit sampling procedures, and physician-centric survey items. Collectively, these NCHS initiatives are important for healthcare research, practice, and policy communities in their efforts toward providing a more complete picture of the changing outpatient, office-based workforce, team-based care approach, and service utilization in the U.S.
Preparation of in Situ Cu-Nb Composite Sheet and Wire for Tem Analysis

Cu-Nb in situ composites attain anomolous increases in strength upon mechanical deformation. The unique filamentary microstructures that evolve during processing (cold rolling and/or wire drawing) are the source of the strengthening. Results from transmission electron microscopy characterization studies have played a key role in the understanding of the relationships between structure and properties. However, the fabrication of reliable TEM samples has been extremely challenging for the following reasons: (1) traditional electrochemical techniques are not suitable for the two-phase microstructure, (2) preparation of longitudinal and transverse sections of fine (∼150 μm diameter wires) and thin (∼60 μm thick) sheet is tedious, and (3) it is necessary to avoid excessive heat (< 30°C) during sample preparation to preserve the metastable structural arrangements. This paper will review the procedures used to prepare TEM specimens from bulk wire and sheet samples as well as from extracted Nb filaments. Proper techniques for plating, mounting, sectioning, polishing, and ion-thinning will be discussed.
A Novel Marker for Neuroinflammation in Diabetic Neuropathy (P03.195)

Objective: To report a new marker for neuroinflammation in diabetic distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Background A conduction slowing seldom fulfilling the AAN criteria for CIDP has been observed in diabetic distal symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSP) in several studies. Design/Methods: Urine secretory phopholipase activity (sPLA2) was measured in 34 DSP patients with at least one nerve conduction velocity (CV) slowing in the AAN demyelinating range (DSPs), 52 diabetic patients without CV slowing (DSPns), 5 diabetic patients without neuropathy (DWN) and 5 CIDP. Using multiple linear regression analysis, we related conduction velocity, (CV) ,distal latency (DL) and F latency to distal CMAP amplitude of median, ulnar, peroneal and tibial nerve in 76 patients with CIDP. The developed equations that assessed the range of slowing in CIDP were used to study conduction slowing in the above DSP patients. Results: sPLA2 activity was significantly higher is the DSPs in nmol/min/ml (1411.2±281.09) and CIDP (1349.1 ±328.45) compared to controls (581.56±73.95) p Conclusions: Urine sPLA2 activity is significantly higher in DSPn compared to DSPns. When combined to CV slowing, it could be used as a marker of inflammatory demyelination in diabetic neuropathy. Disclosure: Dr. Maybodi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ende has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Souayah has received personal compensation for activities with Walgreens as a consultant. Dr. Souayah has received research support from Talecris.
Deficit Models, Spatial Visualization, and Reading Disability

The work reported here was done in an interdisciplinary clinical setting, and some of the characteristics of this setting may have been important in determining our results. As in all the clinics of the National Institutes of Health, the population seen was determined by the research questions being asked. Since NIH clinical services are free and many disciplines are potentially available, this leads to differences both in the nature of the population seen and the questions asked, compared to investigations that come out of a standard clinic or school situation. In most clinics the population that comes in determines the research question that is eventually asked; in our situation the research question determined the population. Belmont and Birch (1966) allude to this problem when they criticize the literature on reading difficulty as using samples that suffer from a lack of representativeness of any population and as being at high risk for having other concurrent pathology. They conclude that study samples used are in most cases "agglomerations of retarded readers for whom test data were either available or readily obtainable." A neurology clinic, a psychiatric clinic, a language clinic all will tend to see a higher proportion of children with a disability relevant to their special interests than would be found in the popu lation at large; nothing wrong with that; anything else would be an ineffi cient use of clinical services. The problem comes when research is based on such populations, with intent to make inferences to a problem in the popula tion at large. For example, studies done in neurological clinics of children with reading difficulties have shown as high as 50% of the children seen to have abnormal EEGs (Cohn, 1961). This is unrepresentative of any external population, but the finding within such samples of a high incidence of be havior disturbance or "soft" neurological signs frequently seems to be used
Probing the effects of DNA-protein interactions on DNA hole transport: the N-terminal histone tails modulate the distribution of oxidative damage and chemical lesions in the nucleosome core particle.

The ability of DNA to transport positive charges, or holes, over long distances is well-established, but the mechanistic details of how this process is influenced by packaging into DNA–protein complexes have not been fully delineated. In eukaryotes, genomic DNA is packaged into chromatin through its association with the core histone octamer to form the nucleosome core particle (NCP), a complex whose structure can be modulated through changes in the local environment and the histone proteins. Because (i) varying the salt concentration and removing the histone tails influence the structure of the NCP in known ways and (ii) previous studies have shown that DNA hole transport (HT) occurs in the nucleosome, we have used our previously described 601 sequence NCPs to test the hypothesis that DNA HT dynamics can be modulated by structural changes in a DNA–protein complex. We show that at low salt concentrations there is a sharp increase in long-range DNA HT efficiency in the NCP as compared to naked DNA. This enh...
Path Representation of a Free Throw Shooter's Progress

1. Joseph Bak and Donald J. Newman, Complex Analysis, 2nd edition, Springer Verlag, New York, 1997. 2. William R. Derrick, Introductory Complex Analysis, and Applications, Academic Press, New York and Lon don, 1972. 3. Benjamin Fine and Gerard Rosenberger, The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, Springer Verlag, New York, 1997. 4. Z. Nehari, Conformai Mapping, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952. 5. M.H. Protter and H.F. Weinberger, Maximum Principles in Differential Equations, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1967. 6. E.C. Titchmarsh, The Theory of Functions, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, London, 1939. 7. Gabor Toth, Glimpses of Algebra and Geometry, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1997. 8. J.V. Uspensky, Theory of Equations, Mc-Graw Hill, New York, 1948.
Current concepts of nerve repair.

Peripheral nerve repair may be the last frontier in the treatment of injuries to the hand and forearm. The author discusses the current “state of the art” and outlines principles and techniques of surgical management of transected nerves, including indications for epineurial suture and group funicular suture.
A Family of non-GPCR Chemosensors Defines an Alternative Logic for Mammalian Olfaction.

Summary Odor perception in mammals is mediated by parallel sensory pathways that convey distinct information about the olfactory world. Multiple olfactory subsystems express characteristic seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in a one-receptor-per-neuron pattern that facilitates odor discrimination. Sensory neurons of the "necklace" subsystem are nestled within the recesses of the olfactory epithelium and detect diverse odorants; however, they do not express known GPCR odor receptors. Here, we report that members of the four-pass transmembrane MS4A protein family are chemosensors expressed within necklace sensory neurons. These receptors localize to sensory endings and confer responses to ethologically relevant ligands, including pheromones and fatty acids, in vitro and in vivo. Individual necklace neurons co-express many MS4A proteins and are activated by multiple MS4A ligands; this pooling of information suggests that the necklace is organized more like subsystems for taste than for smell. The MS4As therefore define a distinct mechanism and functional logic for mammalian olfaction.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of Molten Steel Flow Patterns and Particle–Wall Interactions Inside a Slide-Gate Nozzle by a Hybrid Turbulent Model

Melt flow patterns and turbulence inside a slide-gate throttled submerged entry nozzle (SEN) were studied using Detached–Eddy Simulation (DES) model, which is a combination of Reynolds–Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and Large–Eddy Simulation (LES) models. The DES switching criterion between RANS and LES was investigated to closely reproduce the flow structures of low and high turbulence regions similar to RANS and LES simulations, respectively. The melt flow patterns inside the nozzle were determined by k–e (a RANS model), LES, and DES turbulent models, and convergence studies were performed to ensure reliability of the results. Results showed that the DES model has significant advantages over the standard k–e model in transient simulations and in regions containing flow separation from the nozzle surface. Moreover, due to applying a hybrid approach, DES uses a RANS model at wall boundaries which resolves the extremely fine mesh requirement of LES simulations, and therefore it is computationally more efficient. Investigation of particle distribution inside the nozzle and particle adhesion to the nozzle wall also reveals that the DES model simulations predict more particle–wall interactions compared to LES model.
Cutting back on high-dosage narcotics.

Over the past decade, the promotion of narcotics for control of malignant and non-malignant pain has been advocated by specialists in the pain community. While most physicians accept the use of aggressive narcotic analgesia in patients with cancer-related pain, the use of opioids in chronic, nonterminal conditions remains highly controversial.
The Dynamics of Apoptotic Cell Clearance

The phagocytic clearance of dying cells in a tissue is a highly orchestrated series of intercellular events coordinated by a complex signaling network. Recent data from genetic, biochemical, and live-imaging approaches have greatly enhanced our understanding of the dynamics of cell clearance and how the process is orchestrated at the cellular and tissue levels. We discuss how networks regulating apoptotic cell clearance are integrated to enable a rapid, efficient, and high-capacity clearance system within tissues.
Upper airway structural changes induced by CPAP in OSAS patients: a study using drug-induced sleep endoscopy

We studied upper airway structural changes induced by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) patients using drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE). This prospective study was conducted at an academic secondary referral center. In total, 28 male OSAS patients (mean age 41.1 years) with only retropalatal level obstructions were enrolled. Measurements of the obstruction site were obtained in two steps: first a measurement was taken of the obstruction site in accordance with sleep apnea, then, a measurement was taken of the obstruction site in accordance with DISE-assisted CPAP titration, including quantitative changes in the occlusion site before and after CPAP in pixel format using an area calculation program. There was a tendency for persistent closing in cases of antero-posterior (AP) obstruction versus cases of lateral (Lat) obstruction in the CPAP titration. Lat obstructions showed a tendency to be wider than AP obstructions in the quantitative analysis. These results show that the pattern and degree of airway expansion after CPAP differ in accordance with the obstruction site.
Focused Genital Exam

The patient’s medical history can often lead to a diagnosis before an examination or other testing has been performed. In patients with multiple sexual complaints, a thorough history is even more important to identify the chronology of the development of the problems; as in sexual medicine, one complaint may be related to another complaint. The physical exam, while sometimes noncontributory, is an essential component to confirm a suspected diagnosis or pick up an otherwise unsuspected etiology to the patient’s problem.
Preclinical Safety Pharmacology of Baxter’s Longer Acting rFVIII (BAX 855)

Abstract 4357 Baxter has developed a PEGylated recombinant human factor VIII conjugate by modifying the FVIII molecule with polyethylene glycol (PEGylation). The product is derived from a CHO cell line using a plasma-protein-free method and a virus inactivation step. The objective of this preclinical study-program was to evaluate the safety of Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII in different species. The thrombogenic potential of Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII was evaluated in the rabbit stasis model developed by Wessler . Two lots of Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII were used to demonstrate consistent safety between different batches. Advate served as the control item. Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII was not thrombogenic in this preclinical model at a dose of 900 U/kg. There was no evidence of thrombogenic potential after intravenous treatment with either the test item or Advate, the active reference item. The effects of Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII on body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory variables or QT, QTcf, PR and/or QRS intervals and respiratory system (intra-thoracic pressure) was evaluated in eight male, conscious telemetered cynomolgus monkeys. Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII was given at 150 and 600 U/kg/day to male monkeys by intravenous administration. Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII did not cause any adverse clinical, respiratory or cardiovascular effects and was very well tolerated at all dose levels tested. In conclusion, Baxter’s longer acting rFVIII did not cause any thrombocenic events or adverse clinical, respiratory or cardiovascular effects and was very well tolerated at all dose levels. Disclosures: Dietrich: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Kubik: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ehrlich: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Scheiflinger: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Schwarz: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Muchitsch: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.
Skills Shortages, Over-Education and Unemployed Youth: An International Dilemma

One goal of all nations is to pursue policy that continuously improves the wealth and standards of living of its population. For this reason, economic growth is a priority worldwide. Modern economic theory attributes economic growth to the interaction of four types of economic capital: natural resources; technology; human capital— i.e. skilled workers; and social capital. These are social standards that are conducive to economic growth. Of these four, human and social capital are now generally considered as the most important resources in the new global economy (Thurow, 1996, 2003). The reason is that natural resources and technology now move around the world to a place where the prerequisite workforce skills can be purchased for the lowest relative wage rates. This reality is not lost even on oil-rich nations as they look to the future, and in fact there are cases in developing countries where rising world prices for oil and other minerals have led to a decline, not an increase, in gross national product (GNP). Thus, a nation’s workforce will determine the degree to which it participates in global economic growth in the long run. Importantly, a nation’s workforce—its citizens—are ‘relatively’ less mobile than other types of capital, more likely to stay in the country and, thus, human capital investments—or human resource development—are becoming the best public policy for the future growth of nations (McLean, Osman-Gani & Cho, 2004; Paprock, 2006).
Prolonged exposure to particulate chromate inhibits RAD51 nuclear import mediator proteins.

Particulate hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is a human lung carcinogen and a human health concern. The induction of structural chromosome instability is considered to be a driving mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced carcinogenesis. Homologous recombination repair protects against Cr(VI)-induced chromosome damage, due to its highly accurate repair of Cr(VI)-induced DNA double strand breaks. However, recent studies demonstrate Cr(VI) inhibits homologous recombination repair through the misregulation of RAD51. RAD51 is an essential protein in HR repair that facilitates the search for a homologous sequence. Recent studies show prolonged Cr(VI) exposure prevents proper RAD51 subcellular localization, causing it to accumulate in the cytoplasm. Since nuclear import of RAD51 is crucial to its function, this study investigated the effect of Cr(VI) on the RAD51 nuclear import mediators, RAD51C and BRCA2. We show acute (24 h) Cr(VI) exposure induces the proper localization of RAD51C and BRCA2. In contrast, prolonged (120 h) exposure increased the cytoplasmic localization of both proteins, although RAD51C localization was more severely impaired. These results correlate temporally with the previously reported Cr(VI)-induced RAD51 cytoplasmic accumulation. In addition, we found Cr(VI) does not inhibit interaction between RAD51 and its nuclear import mediators. Altogether, our results suggest prolonged Cr(VI) exposure inhibits the nuclear import of RAD51C, and to a lesser extent, BRCA2, which results in the cytoplasmic accumulation of RAD51. Cr(VI)-induced inhibition of nuclear import may play a key role in its carcinogenic mechanism since the nuclear import of many tumor suppressor proteins and DNA repair proteins is crucial to their function.
Post-cardiac Arrest Management

This chapter will review the elements of cardiac arrest resuscitation that begin after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). In-hospital mortality of patients who achieve ROSC long enough to be admitted to an ICU averages 60 % with wide inter-institutional variability (40–80 %) (Carr et al. Resuscitation 80:30–34, 2009). The pathophysiology of post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) is composed of four major components: post-cardiac arrest brain injury, post-cardiac arrest myocardial dysfunction, systemic ischemia/reperfusion response, and persistent precipitating pathology (Neumar et al. Circulation 118(23):2452–2483, 2008). It is important to recognize that each component is potentially reversible and responsive to therapy. A comprehensive multidisciplinary management strategy that addresses all components of post-cardiac arrest syndrome is needed to optimize patient outcomes (Callaway et al. Circulation 132(Suppl 1):S465–S482, 2015). In addition, a reliable strategy to prognosticate neurologic outcome in persistently comatose patients is essential to prevent premature limitation of care and make possible appropriate stewardship of patient care resources (Callaway et al. Circulation 132(Suppl 1):S465–S482, 2015).
Detecting primordial gravitational waves with circular polarization of the redshifted 21 cm line. I. Formalism

In the first paper of this series, we showed that the CMB quadrupole at high redshifts results in a small circular polarization of the emitted 21 cm radiation. In this paper we forecast the sensitivity of future radio experiments to measure the CMB quadrupole during the era of first cosmic light (z ∼ 20). The tomographic measurement of 21 cm circular polarization allows us to construct a 3D remote quadrupole field. Measuring the B-mode component of this remote quadrupole field can be used to put bounds on the tensor-to-scalar ratio r. We make Fisher forecasts for a future Fast Fourier Transform Telescope (FFTT), consisting of an array of dipole antennas in a compact grid configuration, as a function of array size and observation time. We find that a FFTT with a side length of 100 km can achieve σ(r) ∼ 4 × 10^(−3) after ten years of observation and with a sky coverage f_(sky) ∼ 0.7. The forecasts are dependent on the evolution of the Lyman-α flux in the pre-reionization era, that remains observationally unconstrained. Finally, we calculate the typical order of magnitudes for circular polarization foregrounds and comment on their mitigation strategies. We conclude that detection of primordial gravitational waves with 21 cm observations is in principle possible, so long as the primordial magnetic field amplitude is small, but would require a very futuristic experiment with corresponding advances in calibration and foreground suppression techniques.
Three-Dimensional Models of the Human Brain Development and Diseases

Deciphering the human brain pathophysiology remains one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Neurological disorders represent a significant proportion of diseases burden; however, the complexity of the brain physiology makes it challenging to model its diseases. Simple in vitro models have been very useful for precise measurements in controled conditions. However, existing models are limited in their ability to replicate complex interactions between various cells in the brain. Studying human brain requires sophisticated models to reconstitute the tangled architecture and functions of brain cells. Recently, advances in the development of three-dimensional (3D) brain cell culture models have begun to recapitulate various aspects of the human brain physiology in vitro and replicate basic disease processes of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and microcephaly. In this review, we discuss the progress, advantages, limitations, and future directions of 3D cell culture systems for modeling the human brain development and diseases.
Automated measurements of gas‐liquid mass transfer in micropacked bed reactors

Gas-liquid mass transfer in micro-packed bed reactors is characterized with an automated platform integrated with in-line Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. This setup enables screening of a multidimensional parameter space underlying absorption and with chemical reaction. Volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficients (kLa) are determined for the model reaction of CO2 absorption in a methyl diethanolamine/water solution. Parametric studies are conducted varying gas and liquid superficial velocities, packed bed dimensions and packing particle sizes. The results show that kLa values are in the range of 0.24∼0.64 s−1, which is about one-to-two orders of magnitude larger than those of conventional trickle beds. An empirical correlation predicts kLa in micro-packed bed reactors in good agreement with experimental data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Understanding human-robot interaction in virtual reality

Interactions with simulated robots are typically presented on screens. Virtual reality (VR) offers an attractive alternative as it provides visual cues that are more similar to the real world. In this paper, we explore how virtual reality mediates human-robot interactions through two user studies. The first study shows that in situations where perception of the robot is challenging, a VR display provides significantly improved performance on a collaborative task. The second study shows that this improved performance is primarily due to stereo cues. Together, the findings of these studies suggest that VR displays can offer users unique perceptual benefits in simulated robotics applications.
Cytokine-induced STAT signalling through the cytoplasmic compartment.

The standard model for cytokine-induced signalling through the cytoplasmic compartment by the family of proteins designated “STATs” (“signal transducers and activators of transcription”) posits that STAT proteins exist in the cytoplasmic compartment as monomers which are activated by tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation by receptor-associated Janus family kinases (JAKs), the Tyr-phosphorylated STATs dimerize and then the STAT dimers translocate to the nucleus’. In previous work from this laboratory we have evaluated whether STAT proteins existed in the cytoplasmic compartment as free monomers and whether these then dimerized upon Tyr-phosphorylation following cytokine induction2’3. We used gel-filtration chromatography through Superose-6 columns for sizing STAT protein complexes, and observed that STAT1, STAT3, STAT5a, and STAT5b existed in complexes of size 200-400 kDa and 1-2 MDa in the cytosolic compartment of hepatocytes (rat liver or human Hep3B hepatoma cell lines)2’3. Upon stimulation with interleukin-6 (IL-6) there was no appreciable shift in size of the Tyr-phosphorylated STAT3 that would indicate the occurrence of a simple monomer to dimer transition2’3. These observations, among others, led us to propose that STAT proteins existed in the cytoslic compartment not as free monomers but as high molecular weight complexes of size 200-400 kDa (“statosome I”) and 1-2 Mda (“statosome II”) in association with othor proteins which regulated STAT function and trafficking through the cytoplasmic compartment 2,3(Fig.1).
The Relationship Between Optimism and Coping Styles of Salespeople

Despite an awareness of the inverse relationship between stress levels and job performance, researchers have not addressed the specific coping strategies used by salespeople in their efforts to cope with sales-related stress. A framework is developed that suggests dispositionally optimistic salespeople may employ different coping strategies than do pessimistic salespeople. Support for hypotheses that have been grounded in this broad proposition was developed in a study that employed a multi-firm sales sample. Optimists were found to employ more problem-focused coping tactics, while pessimists used more emotion-focused coping. Issues relating to why problem-focused coping tactics are preferable as well as how greater use of problem-focused coping may be promoted within a sales organization are discussed.
Some sources of music in Western Sudan from 1300-1700

African music seems to be still viewed as being without history, at least when judged by the attention paid to this aspect of it. It is only recently that a few scholars have directed their interest to the study of African music in the 19th century. The history of music in Africa in ‘mediaeval’ times gives rise to even more questions. Though we are furnished with a fairly complete knowledge of ‘mediaeval’ West Africa in almost all its aspects by Arabian and Sudanese contemporaries of the time, few scholars contributed to the exploration of these early sources
pH Driven Hydrothermal Syntheses of Neodymium Sulfites and Mixed Sulfate-Sulfites

A family of four new neodymium(III) compounds containing either sulfite or a mixture of hydrogen-sulfate and sulfite ligands has been hydrothermally synthesized. The low solubility of lanthanide sulfite compounds has, in the past, made the isolation of single-crystalline products difficult. To obtain these phases, sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) and sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) were employed as both anion sources and pH regulators. The in situ oxidation of sulfite to sulfate was controlled by dictating the pH of the starting solutions with these ligands. Sulfites were found to form at a neutral pH, whereas, when the pH was increased, the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate was observed in the crystalline products. The products discussed herein reveal the pH controlled process of in situ oxidation in these hydrothermal reactions.
Aerial-CAM: Salient Structures and Textures in Network Class Activation Maps of Aerial Imagery

This paper aims at visualizing how deep networks interpret aerial scenes by examining their internal representations. We utilize Class Activation Mapping (CAM) techniques to obtain a view of a deep network's perception of aerial images and identify salient local regions. We apply our methods on two remote sensing datasets, the AID dataset and the UC Merced Land use dataset, and we show that local structures and textures emerge in the most active regions of aerial images. We then analyze these interpretations when the network is trained on one dataset and tested on another to demonstrate the robustness of feature learning across aerial datasets. We finally visualize these interpretations when transfer learning is performed from an aerial dataset (AID) to a generic object dataset (MS-COCO) to illustrate how transfer learning benefits the network's internal representations.
Phylogeny, evolution and systematic revision of the mite harvestman family Neogoveidae (Opiliones Cyphophthalmi)

Mite harvestmen of the family Neogoveidae have a tropical trans-Atlantic distribution with representatives in equatorial West Africa and the Neotropics, specifically in the south-east region of the USA and in northern South America, being conspicuously absent from Central America. We provide a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the family including representatives of all genera but the monotypic Tucanogovea Karaman, 2013, and new information on the type species described by Jochen Martens in 1969 that were unavailable for molecular study until now: Brasiliogovea microphaga, Metagovea oviformis and ‘? Gen. enigmaticus’. Additionally, we revisit the somatic and male genitalic morphology of representatives of all genera by means of scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and describe the new genera Leggogovia Benavides & Giribet, gen. nov., Microgovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov., Waiwaigovia Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, gen. nov. and 13 new species: Brasiliogovea aphantostylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea microstylus Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Brasiliogovea yacambuensis Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea matapi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Metagovea planada Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Microgovia chenepau Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea branstetteri Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov., Neogovea matawai Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia montealensis Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia prietoi Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov., Parogovia putnami Benavides & Giribet, sp. nov. and Waiwaigovia schultzi Benavides, Hormiga & Giribet, sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on maximum likelihood, parsimony and Bayesian inference support the monophyly of Neogoveidae and a sister group relationship of Neogoveidae + Ogoveidae with Troglosironidae (a clade named Sternophthalmi). Relationships among neogoveid genera are largely congruent between methods as follows: ((Leggogovia gen. nov., Metasiro), (Parogovia, ((Canga, Microgovia gen. nov.), ((Brasiliogovea, Neogovea), (Huitaca, (Waiwaigovia gen. nov., Metagovea)))))). In light of our results, the following taxonomic changes are proposed: Metagovea oviformis Martens, 1969 is transferred to Microgovia, gen. nov.; Parogovia pabsgarnoni Legg, 1990 is transferred to Leggogovia, gen. nov.; ‘? Gen. enigmaticus Martens, 1969’ is an invalid name according to the ICZN; the corresponding taxon is redescribed and formally named as Neogovea enigmatica Martens, sp. nov.
Quantifying Year-to-Year Variations in Solar Panel Soiling from PV Energy-Production Data

We present a method for quantifying solar panel soiling loss from PV energy-production data and show how it can be used to quantify year-to-year variations in soiling loss. Cleaning events are automatically detected, eliminating the need for precipitation data or assumptions about cleaning. The method also calculates the reduction of energy yield due to soiling, not just a soiling rate. We apply the method annually and also to multi-year datasets. We find significant year-to-year variation in soiling loss, a result with important implications for site planning and financing. The method presented here can leverage existing datasets of daily energy yield to quantify annual and total soiling risk without the need for new hardware and serves as a supplement to standard plant planning practices.
Day of Departure from America

By 1969, the year that Harvard University was embroiled in the student movement, I realized it had been five years since I had left Japan. Not having returned to Japan during that time, the period of high economic growth rate experienced in Japan was entirely missing from my own experience. I received an offer to become an assistant professor at the newly founded Institute of Economic Research at Kyoto University. The late Director Hideo Aoyama and the late Professor Tsunehiko Watabe were engaged in founding a research institute with an excellent research environment. I hadn’t yet made up my mind whether to return to Japan, but I thought I could spend one year there and return to Harvard before making a final decision. So I accepted this kind offer.
Disaggregating catastrophic health expenditure by disease area: cross-country estimates based on the World Health Surveys.

Financial risk protection (FRP) is a key objective of national health systems and a core pillar of universal health coverage (UHC). Yet, little is known about the disease-specific distribution of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) at the national level. Using the World Health Surveys (WHS) from 39 countries, we quantified CHE, or household health spending that surpasses 40% of capacity-to-pay by key disease areas. We restricted our analysis to households in which the respondent used health care in the last 30 days and categorized CHE into disease areas included as WHS response options: maternal and child health (MCH); high fever, severe diarrhea, or cough; heart disease; asthma; injury; surgery; and other. We compared disease-specific CHE estimates by income, pooled funding as a share of total health expenditure, share of the population affected by the different diseases, and poverty status. Across countries, an average of 45.1% of CHE cases could not be tied to a specific cause; 37.6% (95% UI 35.4–39.9%) of CHE cases were associated with high fever, severe cough, or diarrhea; 3.9% (3.0–4.9%) with MCH; and 4.1% (3.3–4.9%) with heart disease. Injuries constituted 5.2% (4.2–6.4%) of CHE cases. The distribution of CHE varied substantially by national income. A 10% increase in heart disease prevalence was associated with a 1.9% (1.3–2.4%) increase in heart disease CHE, an association stronger than any other disease area. Our approach is comparable, comprehensive, and empirically based and highlights how financial risk protection may not be aligned with disease burden. Disease-specific CHE estimates can illuminate how health systems can target reform to best protect households from financial risk.