cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Onk-stage Euclidean algorithms for Galois extensions of ℚ

LetR be an integral domain whose quotient field is an algebraic number field. Cooke and Weinberger [4] showed that, assuming the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, ifR is a principal ideal domain and has infinite unit group, thenR is 4-stage Euclidean with the absolute value of the norm as algorithm. We remove the assumption of the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis from this result for totally real Galois extensions of ℚ of degree greater than or equal to three, replacing it with the requirement of finding sufficiently many prime elements ofR, ℚ such that the unit group ofR maps onto (R/((π1⋯πr)2))* via the reduction map. A similar result holds for real quadratic fields.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF THE Si(100)-(5×3)-Au SURFACE

An atomic structure model for the 5×3 phase observed on annealing Au deposited on clean Si(100) surfaces at room temperature is proposed from an ultrahigh-vacuum transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction study. The basic structure is made of silicon and gold atoms arranged in four parallel rows on the surface, and two parallel rows of gold atoms in the third layer in the bulk. The spacing between these subsurface gold rows results in the application of a compressive strain to the two outer surface rows. A combination of such structural units arranged in 5×3 and geometries satisfactorily explains earlier scanning tunneling microscopy, and current transmission electron microscopy data.
Comparison of two sites of inflow pressure measurement during retrograde cerebral perfusion

Abstract Objective: To determine whether internal jugular venous valves influence inflow pressure during retrograde cerebral perfusion. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Community hospital, university setting, single institution. Participants: Ten patients undergoing reconstructive aortic arch surgery with profound hypothermic circulatory arrest. Interventions: During retrograde cerebral perfusion, inflow pressure was continuously measured at 2 separate sites relative to the left internal jugular venous valve (ie, superior vena cava inflow catheter [infravalvular pressure] and rostral left internal jugular vein [supravalvular pressure]). Measurements and Main Results: Infravalvular pressure of 29.8 ± 3.5 mmHg and supravalvular pressure of 22.7 ± 0.8 mmHg were significantly different (mean difference, 7.1 ± 3.6 mmHg; p = 0.041). In 8 patients, the pressure difference was 20 mmHg. Bland and Altman analysis revealed 95% limits of agreement on mean bias of −12.9 to 27.8 mmHg. Conclusion: Internal jugular venous valves can obstruct retrograde cerebral perfusion inflow, manifest by an inflow pressure difference between the superior vena cava and internal jugular vein. In the presence of competent internal jugular venous valves, measurement of inflow pressure in the superior vena cava may be an inaccurate estimate of actual cerebral perfusion pressure. Internal jugular vein pressure should be monitored to avoid inadvertent cerebral hypoperfusion. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Tacit coordination in monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins and virtual twins: Effects and implications of genetic relatedness

Abstract Game theorists have long been interested in why some partners are more successful at achieving mutual goals than others. The present study was conducted to determine if tacit coordination (non-negotiated consensus) varies as a function of genetic relatedness between social partners. The sample included 7–13-year-old monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs (n = 53), dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs (n = 85) and virtual twin (VT) pairs (n = 42; same-age unrelated siblings). Co-twin agreement on questions completed under individual and coordination conditions was compared across the three groups. MZ twins showed significantly greater overall agreement than DZ twins and VTs, using multiple criteria. The implications of these findings are considered with reference to behavioral-genetic and evolutionary theories of behavior.
Rapid-Onset Obesity With Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation (ROHHAD) Syndrome May Have a Hypothalamus–Periaqueductal Gray Localization

Abstract Background Anatomical localization of the rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome has proved elusive. Most patients had neuroimaging after cardiorespiratory collapse, revealing a range of ischemic lesions. Patient Description A 15-year-old obese boy with an acute febrile encephalopathy had hypoventilation, autonomic dysfunction, visual hallucinations, hyperekplexia, and disordered body temperature, and saltwater regulation. These features describe the ROHHAD syndrome. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed pleocytosis, elevated neopterins, and oligoclonal bands, and serology for systemic and antineuronal antibodies was negative. He improved after receiving intravenous steroids, immunoglobulins, and long-term mycophenolate. Screening for neural crest tumors was negative. Conclusion Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain early in his illness showed focal inflammation in the periaqueductal gray matter and hypothalamus. This unique localization explains almost all symptoms of this rare autoimmune encephalitis.
Smooth muscle archvillin is an ERK scaffolding protein.

ERK influences a number of pathways in all cells, but how ERK activities are segregated between different pathways has not been entirely clear. Using immunoprecipitation and pulldown experiments with domain-specific recombinant fragments, we show that smooth muscle archvillin (SmAV) binds ERK and members of the ERK signaling cascade in a domain-specific, stimulus-dependent, and pathway-specific manner. MEK binds specifically to the first 445 residues of SmAV. B-Raf, an upstream regulator of MEK, constitutively interacts with residues 1–445 and 446–1250. Both ERK and 14-3-3 bind to both fragments, but in a stimulus-specific manner. Phosphorylated ERK is associated only with residues 1–445. An ERK phosphorylation site was determined by mass spectrometry to reside at Ser132. A phospho-antibody raised to this site shows that the site is phosphorylated during α-agonist-mediated ERK activation in smooth muscle tissue. Phosphorylation of SmAV by ERK decreases the association of phospho-ERK with SmAV. These results, combined with previous observations, indicate that SmAV serves as a new ERK scaffolding protein and provide a mechanism for regulation of ERK binding, activation, and release from the signaling complex.
Variations in the Contractual Terms of Cooperative Advertising Contracts: An Empirical Investigation

Cooperative advertising arrangements between manufacturers and resellers contain two principal components in their payment schedules: a participation rate and an accrual rate. We analyze 2,156 cooperative advertising plans to see how they vary across consumer and industrial products, as well as between convenience and nonconvenience consumer products. We also study how participation and accrual rates vary by the level of manufacturer concentration across product categories. We find that both participation and accrual rates are higher for consumer products than for industrial products and within consumer products are higher for convenience products than for nonconvenience products. We find mixed results for the effect of manufacturer concentration on these rates. We discuss how these results are consistent with existing perspectives on cooperative advertising.
Bias and error in estimates of mean shape in geometric morphometrics.

Abstract Sampling experiments were performed to investigate mean square error and bias in estimates of mean shape produced by different geometric morphometric methods. The experiments use the isotropic error model, which assumes equal and independent variation at each landmark. The case of three landmarks in the plane (i.e., triangles) was emphasized because it could be investigated systematically and the results displayed on the printed page. The amount of error in the estimates was displayed as RMSE surfaces over the space of all possible configurations of three landmarks. Patterns of bias were shown as vector fields over this same space. Experiments were also performed using particular combinations of four or more landmarks in both two and three dimensions. It was found that the generalized Procrustes analysis method produced estimates with the least error and no pattern of bias. Averages of Bookstein shape coordinates performed well if the longest edge was used as the baseline. The method of moments (Stoyan, 1990, Model. Biomet. J. 32, 843) used in EDMA (Lele, 1993, Math. Geol. 25, 573) exhibits larger errors. When variation is not small, it also shows a pattern of bias for isosceles triangles with one side much shorter than the other two and for triangles whose vertices are approximately collinear causing them to resemble their own reflections. Similar problems were found for the log-distance method of Rao and Suryawanshi (1996, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 95, 4121). These results and their implications for the application of different geometric morphometric methods are discussed.
Direct comparison of observed magnitude-redshift relations in complete galaxy samples with systematic predictions of alternative redshift-distance laws

La magnitude apparente moyenne directement observee comme fonction du redshift dans chacun des echantillons complets de galaxies est comparee aux predictions des lois en puissance hypothetiques distance-redshift d'un point de vue statistique
Association of ongoing drug and alcohol use with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy and higher risk of AIDS and death: results from ACTG 362

Abstract Drug and alcohol use have been associated with a worse prognosis in short-term and cross-sectional analyses of HIV-infected populations, but longitudinal effects on adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and clinical outcomes in advanced AIDS are less well characterized. We assessed self-reported drug and alcohol use in AIDS patients, and examined their association with non-adherence and death or disease progression in a multicenter observational study. We defined non-adherence as reporting missed ART doses in the 48 hours before study visits. The association between drug use and ART non-adherence was evaluated using repeated measures generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. The association between drug and alcohol use and time to new AIDS diagnosis or death was evaluated via Cox regression models, controlling for covariates including ART adherence. Of 643 participants enrolled between 1997 and 1999 and followed through 2007, at entry 39% reported ever using cocaine, 24% amphetamines, and...
Synthesis, stabilization, and applications of nanoscopic siloxane-metal particle conjugates

This account reports the new directions in the synthesis and characterization of polysiloxane-encapsulated metal nanoparticles and their applications to catalysis. These materials are prepared by sequestering metal ions with hydropolysiloxanes followed by chemical reduction to yield the corresponding zerovalent metal nanoparticles. The size and processability of such particles depends on the metal to polysiloxane ratios. Our method enables routine formation of stable nanometallic reservoirs in organic solvents avoiding particle aggregation during the storage as well as nucleation and growth process. Catalytic activity of nanoparticles vs metal complexes compares favorably for silaesterification reactions. We also demonstrate the utility of such reservoirs in grafting the surface properties of nanosized silver particles by ligand exchange reactions with thiols and phosphine oxide surfactants.
Energy Dependence of the Recoil Properties of Products from the Interaction of U 238 with 0.45-11.5-GeV Protons

The energy dependence of the integral recoil properties and formation cross sections of a number of barium and strontium nuclides produced in the interaction of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ with protons has been studied between 0.45 and 11.5 GeV. The ranges and forward-to-backward ratios ($\frac{F}{B}$) of the neutron-excessive products are nearly independent of energy, and the results indicate that these products are formed in binary fission following interactions with low deposition energies. The ranges of the neutron-deficient products are practically constant up to 1 GeV, decrease by nearly a factor of 2 between 1 and 5 GeV, and decrease very slightly thereafter. The $\frac{F}{B}$ values exhibit a pronounced peak in the vicinity of the midpoint of this interval. The results up to 1 GeV are consistent with binary fission. At this energy a different mechanism becomes noticeable and by 5 GeV this process predominates. Comparisons are made with the results expected for spallation, fission of a moderately light nucleus, and fragmentation. The latter is the only process which can account for the various experimental results. It is concluded that fragmentation is the main mechanism for the formation of neutron-deficient products lying in the "fission" region for incident energies above 5 GeV.
Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica presenting as right middle lobe collapse. Diagnosis by bronchoscopy and computerized tomography

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rarely described disorder which historically has not been frequently recognized antemortem. Studies by computerized tomography (CT) and bronchoscopy now permit a definitive antemortem diagnosis and can obviate a more invasive diagnostic evaluation. We describe two cases of TO presenting as right middle lobe collapse, discuss the clinical and pathologic features, and outline an approach to its evaluation using CT and bronchoscopic study.
Microkeratome-assisted posterior keratoplasty

Microkeratome-assisted posterior keratoplasty is a new surgical technique that may be valuable in treating patients with corneal decompensation secondary to endothelial dysfunction. A hinged anterior stromal flap is fashioned in the host cornea using a microkeratome, and the diseased posterior stroma and endothelium are resected. A complementary donor stromal button is prepared using a microkeratome and an artificial anterior chamber. The donor button is transplanted and secured with sutures, and the flap is repositioned. The flap can be lifted later to remove the sutures or to correct residual refractive errors using an excimer laser. This technique may allow the use of infant corneal donor tissue and may improve the outcomes of posterior keratoplasty.
Studying the everyday information behavior of tweens: Notes from the field

Abstract Researching how children engage with everyday information poses methodological challenges that differ significantly from those associated with adult populations. These challenges are exacerbated by the lack of domain-specific methodological research in library and information science (LIS) that addresses the developmental needs and attributes of young people. This article introduces a novel approach to the study of “tweens” (preteens ages 9–13) and their everyday information seeking. A description of the specific features of the study design includes discussion of how the methods used target the developmental attributes and needs of early adolescents (physical, social, and cognitive). The study design was tested with diverse populations in three distinct locations. The article outlines key features of a holistic youth information perspective, directions for future studies using the Tween Day methodology, and implications for youth information behavior studies in general.
Impact of Similarity of Interviewer-Interviewee and Interviewer-Interviewer on Ratings in a Selection Interview:

This study aimed to determine whether similarity of interviewer and interviewee or interviewer and interviewer influenced applicant interview ratings. Data on background characteristics, relative i...
Locating nearby sources of air pollution by nonparametric regression of atmospheric concentrations on wind direction

The relationship of the concentration of air pollutants to wind direction has been determined by nonparametric regression using a Gaussian kernel. The results are smooth curves with error bars that allow for the accurate determination of the wind direction where the concentration peaks, and thus, the location of nearby sources. Equations for this method and associated confidence intervals are given. A nonsubjective method is given to estimate the only adjustable parameter. A test of the method was carried out using cyclohexane data from 1997 at two sites near a heavy industrial region in Houston, Texas, USA. According to published emissions inventories, 70% of the cyclohexane emissions are from one source. Nonparametric regression correctly identified the direction of this source from each site. The location of the source determined by triangulation of these directions was <500 m from that given in the inventory. Nonparametric regression is a powerful technique that has many potential uses in air quality studies and atmospheric sciences.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Au Penetration through Alkanethiol Monolayers on the Au(111) Surface

We present results on the energetics and dynamics of Au atoms interacting with alkanethiol monolayers using molecular dynamics in conjunction with quantum-mechanical calculations. Using a classical force field calibrated by first-principle calculations, we have found that under certain physical conditions, gold atoms can penetrate the molecular monolayer to join the underlying Au(111) surface. We have investigated the dependence of surface coverage and temperature, and have found that our results agree well with available experimental observations. The electronic structure of the system, the potential energy as a function of penetration depth, and the charge transfer at the interface between the molecules and the Au(111) surface are analyzed to determine the potential implications for experiments.
An empirical study on real bug fixes

Software bugs can cause significant financial loss and even the loss of human lives. To reduce such loss, developers devote substantial efforts to fixing bugs, which generally requires much expertise and experience. Various approaches have been proposed to aid debugging. An interesting recent research direction is automatic program repair, which achieves promising results, and attracts much academic and industrial attention. However, people also cast doubt on the effectiveness and promise of this direction. A key criticism is to what extent such approaches can fix real bugs. As only research prototypes for these approaches are available, it is infeasible to address the criticism by evaluating them directly on real bugs. Instead, in this paper, we design and develop BugStat, a tool that extracts and analyzes bug fixes. With BugStat's support, we conduct an empirical study on more than 9,000 real-world bug fixes from six popular Java projects. Comparing the nature of manual fixes with automatic program repair, we distill 15 findings, which are further summarized into four insights on the two key ingredients of automatic program repair: fault localization and faulty code fix. In addition, we provide indirect evidence on the size of the search space to fix real bugs and find that bugs may also reside in non-source files. Our results provide useful guidance and insights for improving the state-of-the-art of automatic program repair.
Evaluation of timed insemination during summer heat stress in lactating dairy cattle.

Abstract We wished to compare the effect of summer heat stress on pregnancy rate in cows that were inseminated at a set interval associated with a synchronized ovulation vs those inseminated upon routine estrus detection. The study was carried out on a commercial dairy farm in Florida from May to September 1995. Lactating dairy cows were given PGF 2α (25 mg im) at 30 + 3 d postpartum and randomly assigned to be inseminated at a set time (Timed group) or when estrus was detected (Control group). Cows in the Timed group were synchronized by sequential administration of Buserelin (8 μg im) on Day 0 at 1600 h, PGF 2α (25 mg im) on Day 7 at 1600 h and Buserelin (8 μg im) on Day 9 at 1600 h. They were inseminated on Day 10 between 0800 and 0900 h (Day 9 + 16 h). Cows in the Control group were given PGF 2α at 57 + 3 d postpartum and inseminated when detected in estrus. Estrus detection or insemination rate for control insemination cows was 18.1 ± 2.5% versus 100% for time inseminated cows (P 2α to insemination was shorter for time inseminated cows (3 ± 2.1 d 4.8 ± 2.5%; P 16.5 ± 3.5%; P 1.27 ± 0.11; P
Fat formation and glycolysis in tissue culture action of hydrocortisone.

Fettsauresynthese wird durch die Anwesenheit eines glykolytischen reduzierenden Systems gefordert. Die auffallende Tendenz normaler Gewebskulturzellen zur Fettanhaufung im Zytoplasma scheint mit dem charakteristisch hohen Fermentationsstoffwechsel der Gewebskulturen zusammenzuhangen. Die Steigerung der Fettbildung durch Hydrocortison in hoher Konzentration mag auch in Zusammenhang stehen mit dessen Eigenschaft, Spaltungsstoffwcchsel zu fordern.
CpG Mutation Rates in the Human Genome Are Highly Dependent on Local GC Content

CpG dinucleotides mutate at a high rate because cytosine is vulnerable to deamination, cytosines in CpG dinucleotides are often methylated, and deamination of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) produces thymidine. Previous experiments have shown that DNA melting is the rate-limiting step in cytosine deamination. Here we show, through the analysis of human single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), that the mutation rate produced by 5mC deamination is highly dependent on local GC content. In fact, linear regression analysis showed that the log(10) of the 5mC mutation rates (inferred from SNP frequencies) had slopes of -3 when graphed with respect to the GC content of neighboring sequences. This is the ideal slope that would be expected if the correlation between CpG underrepresentation and GC content had been solely caused by DNA melting. Moreover, this same result was obtained regardless of the SNP locations (all SNPs versus only SNPs in noncoding intergenic regions, excluding CpG islands) and regardless of the lengths over which GC content was calculated (SNP sequences with a modal length of 564 bp versus genomic contigs with a modal length of 163 kb). Several alternative interpretations are discussed.
The New Governmental Financial Reporting Model under GASB Statement No. 34: An Emphasis on Accountability

After more than a decade and a half of research, study, and public comment, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) in June 1999 issued the standards for a new governmental accounting model, GASB Statement No. 34, Basic Financial Statements—and Management's Discussion and Analysis—for State and Local Governments (hereafter Statement No. 34). These new standards introduced significant operational accountability by adding a set of additional government-wide financial statements to the current set of fund-based financial statements, which had previously focused on fiscal accountability. Other changes have resulted in substantially improved accountability in the government reporting model.
The Chicago-Poznan and Columbia-Poznan University Connections

In spite of the tendency of national culture societies and individuals to be protective about products identified as of their own creation, the cosmopolitan community of scholars has developed along many lines, even in the pre-email and Internet times. This study traces one such line, initiated by one scholar interested in knowledge of another society who personally went to it, met another scholar and entered into a joint venture. Their product became a classic and the contacts extended over the years and involved increasing numbers of students and scholars who crossed national, even continental boundaries. I have limited myself here to the contacts of scholars between two universities in America and one university in Poland. The initial lines of connection have been followed by other scholars into other centers, resulting in numerous contributions to scholarly knowledge.
On the interpretation of photoconductivity and photo-hall spectra in semi-insulating GaAs:Cr☆

Abstract A mixed-conductivity analysis is used to separate the contributions of n , p . and μ n to photoconductivity and photo-Hall spectra in semi-insulating GaAs:Cr. It is shown that the spectral dependence of μ n is often important in the interpretation of these data. A room-temperature energy diagram is presented, and includes chromium-related centers at 0.73 and 0.52 eV from the conduction band.
Progress made in groundwater flow and transport modeling

A special session, “Automated Parameter Identification and Sensitivity Analysis in Groundwater Flow and Transport,” was held at the Spring AGU meeting last May to explore recent scientific and technological developments in this expanding research area. The problems and approaches discussed are crucial to any field of Earth science in which models are used to represent physical processes and simulated values are compared with measured quantities. Although methods for automated parameter identification and sensitivity analysis were first developed at about the same time as numerical groundwater models, they are rarely used. Presentations at this special session clearly demonstrated the potential contributions of these methods for more insightful groundwater model development and calibration.
Parenteral nutrition and oral intake: effect of glucose and fat infusions.

The effect of intravenous nutrition on voluntary oral intake was studied in healthy male volunteers. Subjects were confined to the Surgical Metabolic Unit for the 17 to 19 day study and were restricted to a commercial liquid diet. Each study consisted of three consecutive phases: (1) Ringer's lactate (RL), (2) peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN) administered for 5 or 6 days as a combination of glucose (caloric load equal to 34% resting energy expenditure, REE), fat (34% REE), and amino acids (17% REE) or a single nutrient infusion of glucose (68% REE), fat (68% REE), glucose (34% REE), or fat (34% REE), and (3) RL for the third period. When all three nutrients or glucose alone (68% REE) were given, subjects decreased daily voluntary food intake within 24 to 48 hr by an amount that closely compensated for the infused calories. Intake was reduced by only 20% to 40% of the infused calories when fat alone (68% REE) was given. There were no significant effects when the lower levels of glucose and fat were gi...
On the lifetime and mobility of photoexcited electrons in aqueous and organic glasses

Abstract Drift mobility time-of-flight measurements in aqueous and organic glasses are reexamined. Laser pulse excitation indicates that the lifetime of photoexcited electrons is less than 20 ns which is consistent with previous laser photobleaching experiments.
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal effects of sixth‐grade setting‐level norms for nonviolent problem solving on aggression and associated attitudes

Setting-level norms are typically measured by using the mean of individual reports. Investigating norms for nonviolent problem solving, this study assessed the added value of two additional characteristics: the range of acceptable behaviors and the degree of consensus among individuals in each setting. Using data from 5,386 participants in a violence prevention project (74 classes), this study estimated the cross-sectional and longitudinal effects of norm characteristics on aggression, beliefs about aggression, self-efficacy for nonviolence, and beliefs about nonviolence. Each norm measure showed acceptable setting-level reliability. Class mean approval predicted beliefs about aggression, self-efficacy, and beliefs about nonviolence. With class means already in the model, the range of acceptable behaviors predicted additional cross-sectional variance in all four outcomes. Consensus predicted aggression and beliefs about nonviolence beyond other characteristics. Mean approval and consensus had effects on growth in at least one outcome. Discussion focuses on the importance of setting-level measurement and implications for intervention. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coordinated down-regulation of NBC-1 and NHE-3 in sodium and bicarbonate loading

Coordinated down-regulation of NBC-1 and NHE-3 in sodium and bicarbonate loading. Background Bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney proximal tubule is predominantly mediated via the apical Na + /H + exchanger (NHE-3) and basolateral Na + :HCO 3 - cotransporter (NBC-1). The purpose of these studies was to examine the effects of Na + load and altered acid-base status on the expression of NHE-3 and NBC-1 in the kidney. Methods Rats were placed on 280mmol/L of NaHCO 3 , NaCl, or NH 4 Cl added to their drinking water for 5 days and examined for the expression of NHE-3 and NBC-1 in the kidney. Results Serum [ HCO 3 - ] was unchanged in NaHCO 3 - and NaCl-loaded animals versus control ( P 4 Cl-loaded animals. A specific polyclonal antibody against NBC-1 recognized a 130 kD band, which was exclusively expressed in the basolateral membrane of proximal tubules. Immunoblot studies indicated that the protein abundance of NBC-1 and NHE-3 in the cortex decreased by 74% ( P P 3 loading and by 72% ( P P 3 to distilled water resulted in rapid recovery of NHE-3 and NBC-1 protein expression toward normal levels. Metabolic acidosis increased the abundance of NHE-3 ( P P Conclusions NaHCO 3 - or NaCl loading coordinately down-regulates the apical NHE-3 and basolateral NBC-1 in rat kidney proximal tubule, presumably due to increased Na + load. We propose that the down-regulation of these two Na + - and HCO 3 -absorbing transporters is, to a large degree, responsible for enhanced excretion of excess of Na + and alkaline load and prevention of metabolic alkalosis in rats subjected toNaHCO 3 - loading.
Psychiatric illness on paternal and maternal sides in reactive psychoses

Summary A computational model derived by Slater for distinguishing polygenic inheritance from the effects of a single dominant gene was applied to reactive psychoses. The method of obtaining psychiatric histories favored recording more serious illnesses such as manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia. Secondary cases of bipolar manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia were infrequently observed, while unipolar depressives and reactive psychoses were noted more often. The distribution of secondary cases favored polygenic transmission.
Effect of lower-body positive pressure on postural fluid shifts in men

The effect of the lower-body positive pressure (LBPP) on the orthostatic fluid and protein shifts were investigated in five men during combined tilt-table/antigravity suit inflation and deflation experiments. Changes in the mass densities of venous blood and plasma were measured and the values were used to calculate the densities of erythrocytes, whole-body blood, and shifted fluid. It was found that the application of 60 mm Hg LBPP during 60-deg head-up tilt prevented about half of the postural hemoconcentration occurring during passive head-up tilt.
Stress Intensity Factors for Reactor Vessel Nozzle Cracks

A method consisting of a marriage between frozen stress photoelasticity and a computerized least-squares data analysis for extracting stress intensity factor (SIF) distributions in three-dimensional cracked body problems is reviewed. Results from the application of the method to three programs dealing with nozzle corner cracks are discussed. The importance of using actual flaw shapes in analysis is stressed. It is concluded that the flaw growth in such problems is generally not self-similar due to the complexity and variety of boundary shapes. The experimental technique described appears to offer a viable independent estimate of SIF distributions for such problems.
On the acoustic profile of the rattlesnake rattle

A survey of the acoustical profile of 74 rattlesnakes, representing 27 taxa was performed. A close relationship was found between the size of the proximal rattle segment and acoustic properties of the rattling sound. No evidence of distinct interspecific variation in the acoustic profile of the rattle was found. The results suggest that measurements of the proximal rattle segment may be useful as a predictor of the sound produced by the snake.
A failure diagnosis system based on a neural network classifier for the Space Shuttle main engine

A model-based failure diagnosis system based on a neural network classifier for the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME) is described. It relies on the accurate and reliable identification of the parameters of the highly nonlinear and very complex engine. The system may be used to monitor the life cycle of engine components and for the early detection, isolation, and diagnosis of engine failures. Thus the proposed system will be one part of a larger engine health monitoring system. The design approach is presented in some detail, along with the results for a failed valve. The preliminary results verify that the developed parameter identification technique, together with a neural network classifier, can be used for the detection and diagnosis of valve failure. >
Evidence for three subtypes of repetitive behavior in autism that differ in familiality and association with other symptoms

Background: Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism and consist of a variety of behaviors, ranging from motor stereotypies to complex circumscribed interests. The objective of the current study was to examine the structure of RRBs in autism using relevant items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised in a sample of 316 individuals with autistic disorder. Methods/Results: Using exploratory factor analysis, three distinct factors were identified: Repetitive Motor Behaviors (RMB), Insistence on Sameness (IS), and Circumscribed Interests (CI). RMB were found to be associated with a variety of subject characteristics such as IQ, age, social/communication impairments, and the presence of regression. IS was associated with social and communication impairments whereas CI appeared to be independent of subject characteristics, suggesting CI may be particularly useful in subsetting samples. Based on sib-pair correlations, IS and CI (but not RMB) appear to be familial. Analysis of the data at the case level suggests that the presence of multiple forms of RRB in an individual is associated with more impairment in the social and communication domains, suggesting a more severe presentation of autistic disorder. Conclusions: There appears to be considerable structure within repetitive behavior in autism. The finding that these behaviors are differentially related to subject characteristics and familiality adds to their validity. Keywords: Autism, repetitive behavior, factor analysis, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.
The metabolic autopsy comes of age.

The concept of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was introduced in the early 1970s in an attempt to categorize death in a group of infants who died suddenly and unexpectedly and in whom a thorough postmortem investigation failed to provide a credible diagnosis (1) The diagnosis of SIDS or sudden unexpected death in early life, which encompasses a greater number of cases, remains the largest single cause of death in children in the industrialized nations. The reported frequency is ∼1:1000 live births, a figure that represents 25% of all deaths in the first year of life. In the beginning, the first clue that a subset of these infants may have a metabolic derangement came from the pioneering autopsy studies of Professor John Emery (2) By investigating 200 infants who were initially given the diagnosis of SIDS, Emery recognized that 5% of them had diffuse fatty change of the liver. It was suggested that these children had been in some state of metabolic “poisoning” or had suffered an acute metabolic decompensation such as that seen in Reye syndrome. The first factual diagnosis of an inborn error of metabolism in an infant initially classified as SIDS was made in 1984 (3) A 14-month-old infant who died suddenly after a 48-h history of nonspecific malaise, was found at autopsy to have diffuse fatty changes to viscera, and was eventually …
A bridging domain method for coupling continua with molecular dynamics

Abstract A bridging domain method for coupling continuum models with molecular models is described. In this method, the continuum and molecular domains are overlapped in a bridging subdomain, where the Hamiltonian is taken to be a linear combination of the continuum and molecular Hamiltonians. We enforce the compatibility in the bridging domain by Lagrange multipliers or by the augmented Lagrangian method. An explicit algorithm for dynamic solutions is developed. Results show that this multiscale method can avoid spurious wave reflections at the molecular/continuum interface without any additional filtering procedures, even for problems with significant nonlinearities. The method is also shown to naturally handle the coupling of the continuum energy equation with the molecular subdomain. A multiple-time-step algorithm is also developed within this framework.
Training English and Chinese Listeners to Perceive Thai Tones: A Preliminary Report

The ability of native English (NE) and native Chinese (NC) speakers to identify and discriminate the mid- versus the low-tone contrast in Thai was investigated before and after auditory training. The variables under investigation were first language background and the interstimulus interval (ISI) of the presentation (500 ms vs. 1500 ms). The NC group outperformed the NE group in its ability to discriminate the two Thai tones under the ISI 500 ms condition before training and under both ISI conditions after training. A significant improvement in identification from the pretest to the posttest was observed in the NC group under both ISI conditions, but not in the NE group. These results suggest that prior experience with the tone system in one tone language may be transferable to the perception of tone in another language.
Comments on “Numerical Study of Microwave Scattering in Breast Tissue via Coupled Dielectric and Elastic Contrasts”

The article comments on the original article by M.Zhao et al, which presented the numerical analysis of microwave scattering in breast tissue via coupled dielectric and elastic contrasts. Fuqiang et al claim that some validations were incorrect and present amended versions.
Ionic Liquids Based on Azolate Anions

Compartmentalized molecular level design of new energetic materials based on energetic azolate anions allows for the examination of the effects of both cation and anion on the physiochemical properties of ionic liquids. Thirty one novel salts were synthesized by pairing diverse cations (tetraphenylphosphonium, ethyltriphenylphosphonium, N-phenyl pyridinium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, and tetrabutylammonium) with azolate anions (5-nitrobenzimidazolate, 5-nitrobenzotriazolate, 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate, 2,4-dinitroimidazolate, 4-nitro-1,2,3-triazolate, 4,5-dinitroimidazolate, 4,5-dicyanoimidazolate, 4-nitroimidazolate, and tetrazolate). These salts have been characterized by DSC, TGA, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. The azolates in general are surprisingly stable in the systems explored. Ionic liquids were obtained with all combinations of the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation and the heterocyclic azolate anions studied, and with several combinations of tetraethyl- or tetrabutylammonium cations and the azolate anions. Favorable structure-property relationships were most often achieved when changing from 4- and 4,5-disubstituted anions to 3,5- and 2,4-disubstituted anions. The most promising anion for use in energetic ionic liquids of those studied here, was 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate, based on its contributions to the entire set of target properties.
Re-flooding a Historically Drained Wetland Leads to Rapid Sediment Phosphorus Release

Wetland restoration provides many benefits, but re-flooding historically drained land can have unintended negative consequences, including phosphorus (P) release from sediments. To investigate the effects of re-flooding on P cycling, this study monitored a restoration in Michigan that back-flooded old drainage ditches and re-flooded former wetland soils. Immediately after re-flooding, previously exposed sediments released substantial amounts of P to the water column. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations in re-flooded areas were as high as 750 μg P l−1. At peak P concentrations, there were about 20 times more SRP and 14 times more total P in the surface water than in the much smaller flooded area that existed before re-flooding. Prolific growth of filamentous algae and duckweed was observed in subsequent summers. Sedimental analyses suggest that most of the P released originated from iron-bound fractions. The highest SRP concentrations occurred during the first year when surface water dissolved oxygen was low (<5.5 mg l−1). Similarly low oxygen in the second year after flooding was not associated with such high P concentrations. After 1 year postflooding, SRP concentrations remained below 50 μg P l−1 (but still high enough to produce eutrophic conditions) until the end of sampling about 15 months after re-flooding. When re-flooding historically drained soils, managers should consider the potential for sediment P release to jeopardize restoration goals and therefore should incorporate longer term monitoring of water quality into restoration plans. Knowledge of sediment P amounts and forms can indicate the potential for P release to overlying water.
Privacy implications for single sign-on authentication in a hospital environment

Healthcare providers and their IT staff, working in an effort to balance appropriate accessibility with stricter security mandates, are considering the use of a single network sign-on approach for authentication and password management. There is an inherent tension between an authentication mechanism's security strength and the privacy implications of using that authentication technology. This is particularly true with single sign-on authentication. While single sign-on does facilitate authentication, our on-going field work in a regional hospital reveals several unanticipated privacy implications.
Development of a High-Throughput Assay for Identifying Inhibitors of TBK1 and IKKε

IKKe and TBK1 are noncanonical IKK family members which regulate inflammatory signaling pathways and also play important roles in oncogenesis. However, few inhibitors of these kinases have been identified. While the substrate specificity of IKKe has recently been described, the substrate specificity of TBK1 is unknown, hindering the development of high-throughput screening technologies for inhibitor identification. Here, we describe the optimal substrate phosphorylation motif for TBK1, and show that it is identical to the phosphorylation motif previously described for IKKe. This information enabled the design of an optimal TBK1/IKKe substrate peptide amenable to high-throughput screening and we assayed a 6,006 compound library that included 4,727 kinase-focused compounds to discover in vitro inhibitors of TBK1 and IKKe. 227 compounds in this library inhibited TBK1 at a concentration of 10 µM, while 57 compounds inhibited IKKe. Together, these data describe a new high-throughput screening assay which will facilitate the discovery of small molecule TBK1/IKKe inhibitors possessing therapeutic potential for both inflammatory diseases and cancer.
A Low 1/f Noise CMOS Low-Dropout Regulator with Current-Mode Feedback Buffer Amplifier

Low-noise, low-dropout (LN-LDO) regulators are critical for supply regulation of deep-submicron analog baseband and RF system-on-chip designs. A low 1/f noise LDO regulator utilizing a chopper stabilized error amplifier is presented. In order to achieve fast response during load transients, a current-mode feedback amplifier (CFA) with an asymmetrical input pair is designed as a second stage. With chopping frequencies up to 1MHz, an output noise spectral density of 32nV/radicHz and PSR of 38dB is achieved at 100kHz. Compared to an equivalent noise density static regulator, the error amplifier silicon area is reduced by 75%. With the current-mode feedback second stage buffer, settling time is reduced by 60% in comparison to an equivalent power consumption voltage mode buffer, achieving 0.6musec settling time for a 50mA load step. The LN-LDO is designed and fabricated on a 0.25 mum CMOS process with five layers of metal, occupying 0.88mm2
A Low Power 77 GHz Low Noise Amplifier With an Area Efficient RF-ESD Protection in 65 nm CMOS

An area efficient electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection structure is presented to protect the RF input PAD of a 77 GHz low noise amplifier in a 65 nm CMOS process. The results show a measured small signal gain of 10.5 dB at 77 GHz with 37 mW dc power consumption. The measured noise figure at 77 GHz is 7.8 dB. The proposed RF-ESD protection co-design using an inductive cancellation method can handle transmission line pulse ESD currents up to more than 2.7 A without RF performance degradation, which corresponds to an equivalent 4.05 kV voltage level of the human body model. The occupied area by the ESD device is only 0.01 , reducing cost and making it suitable for highly integrated mmW receivers.
Mass loading of the solar wind by a sungrazing comet

Collisionless mass loading was suggested by Biermann et al. (1967) for describing interactions between the solar wind and cometary atmospheres. Recent observations have led to an increased interest in coronal mass loading due to sungrazing comets and collisional debris of sunward migrating interplanetary dust particles. In a previous paper, we presented a 3-D MHD model of the solar corona based on the Block-Adaptive-Tree-Solarwind-Roe-Upwind-Scheme code which includes the interaction of dust with the solar wind. We have shown the impact on the solar wind from abrupt mass loading in the coronal region. We apply the model to a sungrazing cometary source, using ejected dust dynamics to generate tail-shaped mass-loading regions. Results help predict the effects on the solar wind acceleration and composition due to sungrazing comets, such as Comet C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy). We show how these effects may be detected by the upcoming Solar Probe Plus Mission.
Acoustic wave transmission media using silicon plates with micromachined cavities

The author describes the application of micromachining techniques to form two types of cavities useful in silicon acoustic wave oscillators for sensor applications. Under the design conditions described, it is possible in one processing operation to form two kinds of rectangular cavities in the interior of a silicon die: (1) cavities with long perpendicular walls that are suitable for acting as reflecting surfaces for an ultrasonic beam, and (2) cavities with long sloping walls that are suitable for acting as boundary surfaces, confining the divergent lobes of an ultrasonic beam and dissipating unwanted wave energy by a combination of mode conversion and absorption. By combining these two types of cavities with transducers directing an acoustic beam in directions, it is possible to form an acoustic wave oscillator with a relatively long, multisegment propagation path. >
Identification of Streptococcus bovis Biotype I Strains among S. bovis Clinical Isolates by PCR

Streptococcus bovis causes 24% of all streptococcal infective endocarditis cases. There are many reports linking both S. bovis bacteremia and endocarditis with various forms of gastrointestinal disease (primarily colonic cancers). S. bovis is divided into two biotypes: I and II. The biotype I strain is much more frequently isolated from patients with endocarditis, gastrointestinal disease, or both. We describe here the isolation of biotype I-specific DNA sequences and the development of a PCR test which can identify S. bovis biotype I strains among S. bovis clinical isolates.