cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A global priority: addressing violence against children.

Objective To determine the reasons for the lack of priority given to addressing violence against children, and to identify the challenges that proponents must address to improve prioritization of this issue. Methods We reviewed relevant literature to identify experts to interview. We carried out a thematic analysis of the literature and interview transcripts. We iteratively developed data coding on the many characteristics of violence against children, on the framing of the issue by proponents, and on the problem of governance - that is, how proponents organize themselves for collective action. Findings The analysis of our data sources reveals many obstacles for global prioritization of addressing violence against children, including the forms of violence considered, inadequate data to describe prevalence and a lack of evidence of the effectiveness of proposed solutions. There exists fundamental disagreement among proponents on the recently introduced frame of violence against children, including differences in the types of violence that should be prioritized and in the proposed solutions (e.g. prevention or remediation). On governance, competition between networks focused on specific forms of violence is hampering efforts to create strong governing institutions. Conclusion Despite the complex challenges identified, proponents have made some progress in global prioritization of addressing violence against children. To improve this prioritization further, proponents must resolve framing tensions and strengthen governance mechanisms to promote shared goals, while ensuring that networks focused on particular forms of violence are able to maintain their distinct identities.
Planning and Implementation Intention Interventions in Physical Activity

Interventions aimed at promoting physical activity behavior have tended to focus on targeting change in motivational determinants (e.g. intentions, attitudes, social norms, beliefs, self-efficacy). However, such interventions tend to lead to large positive changes in the physical activity intentions, and tend to have smaller effects on actual physical activity behavior. A reason for this is a ‘shortfall’ in those acting on their intentions, known as the intention-behavior ‘gap’. These observations have catalyzed research exploring volitional strategies aimed at promoting individuals to act on their physical activity intentions. Based on dual-phase approaches such as the model of action phases, this research has focused on planning strategies, based on the premise that augmenting intentions with plans facilitates behavioral enactment. This chapter briefly reviews the literature on intention-behavior relations in physical activity contexts and outlines the premises of the model of action phases and other dual-phase models of action. It then outlines how cue-to-action plans, especially implementation intentions or ‘if-then’ plans and action plans, have been used to promote behavior change in physical activity contexts. In addition, the conditions under which planning interventions are likely to be most effective, including the type of population, format of the plan, and the format and delivery of the planning intervention, are reviewed. Finally, the chapter outlines priorities for future research on planning interventions in physical activity.
The 1990s and the use of force: anxiety, realignment and new justifications

It's the 1990s. The Cold War is over. McDonald's opens in Moscow. The cool kids are listening to techno, hip-hop, and grunge. Europe coalesces into a Union. Racism is a faux pas. The food is stacke...
Do Mandated Health Insurance Benefits for Diabetes Save Lives

In response to the growing concern over diabetes, state-mandated health insurance benefits for diabetes have become popular since the late 1990s. However, little is known about whether these mandates improve the health of people with diabetes. In this paper, I use data from the Vital Statistics Multiple Cause of Death Mortality and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to investigate the effects of these mandates on diabetes-related mortality rates, along with underlying mechanisms behind the estimated effects. Using a difference-in-differences framework that leverages variation in the enactment of mandates both across states and over time, I find that about 3.2 fewer diabetes-related deaths per 100,000 occur annually in mandate states than in non-mandate states. The mechanism analysis suggests higher utilization of the mandated medical benefits caused these mortality improvements.
Chapter 24. Platelet Activating Factor (PAF), A Novel Type of Phospholipid with Diverse Biological Properties

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the developments of research on platelet activating factor (PAF) and studies of an anti-hypertensive polar renomedullary lipid (that appears to have similar biological properties to alkylacetyl-GPC and could be identical). The first discussion is on organic svnthesis of alkylacetyl-aglycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC) and related analogs. Initial studies showed that alkylacetyl-GPC possessed biological activities. Some of the plasmaogens, discussed in the chapter for the synthesis of the bioactive phospholipid class, are choline plasmalogens and lysoethanolamine plasmalogens. The complete organic synthesis of the natural isomer, 1-octadecyl-2-acetyl-GPC, has also been accomplished; it requires 10 reaction steps beginning with D-mannitol. The next topic for discussion is the structural–activity relationships that include information on the structural features of the phospholipid that are required for biological activity. Various compounds that bring in potent activity are discussed in this regard in the chapter. The relative potencies of the phospholipid analogs so far tested in relation to alkylacetyl-GPC appear to show responses of similar magnitude with respect to platelet aggregation and blood pressure. Under metabolism, the in vivo studies, cellular metabolism, biosynthetic enzymes, and catabolic enzymes are considered. In biochemical Properties, calcium involvement, prostaglandin relationship, and membrane binding sites were examined. The chapter also discusses the anaphylaxis (respiratory and cardiovascular events). The present literature provides descriptive information on the effects and responses of alkylacetyl-GPC in target cells.
What's the Cost of a Free Pass? A Call for the Re-Assessment of Statutes that Allow for the Elimination of Personal Liability for Directors

The 1985 Delaware Supreme Court decision in Smith v. Van Gorkom caused considerable unrest among members of corporate boards and their legal advisors. In that case, board members were held personally liable for a breach of their fiduciary duties, even though no conflict of interest existed. Many observers were taken aback by this result, and a public outcry followed. The consequences of this decision, particularly the perceived crisis in securing directors & officers liability insurance, spurred some legislatures into action. By 1986, Delaware had already enacted a statute enabling a corporation to limit or eliminate the personal liability of directors for breaches of their duty of care. Some version of this approach has now been implemented in all fifty states, and virtually all of the nation's largest corporations include these exculpatory provisions in their charters. This Article argues that the time has come to re-examine these statutes, and that this re-examination points to a need to improve the status quo. Part I of this Article describes the Smith v. Van Gorkom holding, and the subsequent decision in Delaware to allow corporations to remove the prospect of personal liability for directors for duty of care breaches. Part II argues that these exculpatory statutes, in their current form, are doing harm to shareholders and to the orderly function of corporate law. First, this Part demonstrates that the existence and current use of the statute incentivizes board members to engage in sub-optimal behavior. Second, the Part questions the legitimacy of the original stated need for enacting the statute. Third, this Part claims that another area of corporate law, judicial interpretation of the duty of good faith, is being manipulated to circumvent the restrictions placed on courts by corporations that choose to eliminate liability for breaching the duty of care. Part III then introduces the contractarian theory of the firm in support of the current statute, examines the limitations of that theory, and explores the implications of the theory in determining the proper course of action. Finally, Part IV recommends actions available to dissatisfied shareholders, including a specific improvement in the mechanics of the statute - the addition of a requirement that shareholders must reapprove an exculpatory charter provision at least every five years.
Lie Groups and the Jahn-Teller Effect for a Color Center

The F+ center in CaO consists of an electron trapped in an oxygen vacancy. The interaction between the electron and the even normal modes of the surrounding octahedron of calcium ions can be represented by an approximate Hamiltonian possessing an oscillator term of U(5) symmetry and an interaction term of O(3) symmetry. To separate repeated angular-momentum quantum numbers L in the symmetric irreducible representations of O(5), four independent methods have been studied.A remarkable coalescence of these approaches in the case of L=6 suggests a natural way to make the separation.
Indikacije za gastrointestinalno endoskopijo pri otrocih

Gastrointestinal endoscopy has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of many gastrointestinal diseases and is now an integral part of the evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in children and adolescents. Endoscopic gastrointestinal procedures are now common in most major pediatric centres and they can be safely performed in small infants, including newborns. Over the past few years, experts in committees and scientific societies have been working to establish indications for performing gastrointestinal endoscopy in children. With the development of pediatric gastroenterology new diseases emerged and indications for performing endoscopies had changed. The aim of the present review article is to summarize the most recent data on the indications for performing endoscopy in the most common pediatric gastrointestinal disorders.
COMPLEMENTARY COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF FORMATIVE PERIOD CERAMICS FROM THE TEOTIHUACAN VALLEY

During the Classic Period, Teotihuacan was an economic centre of central Mexico, but little is known about the development of this system. This paper presents a pilot study in multimethod analysis of Formative Period (1500/1400 BC – AD 150) ceramics from the Teotihuacan Valley. Pottery was characterized by instrumental neutron activation analysis, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, thermal ionization mass spectrometry and petrography. It appears that most pottery was made from local raw materials that differ from later Postclassic materials. Some inter-village interaction is suggested by stylistic choices, and one settlement had a group of ceramics made from unequivocally distinct raw materials. The study demonstrates how complementary methods can be used to draw greater anthropological meaning from compositional differences.
Optimism without Illusion: The Impact of Experience on Expectations

Whether judgment and decision making biases improve with experience remains an important and contentious question. Positive illusions, for example, have been documented extensively, but virtually always in single-shot settings. To what extent do these illusions persist over time? And what factors influence their persistence? We suggest that dispositional optimism plays an important but surprising role. Building on the link between optimism and positive coping, we suggest that, given experience, dispositional optimists have fewer positive illusions than pessimists. We test this hypothesis in a longitudinal study of graduate students. Initially we find that optimists' expectations about their grades are more positively biased than pessimists'. However, the impact of experience is quite different for optimists than pessimists-optimists' positive illusions decline over time while pessimists' increase. Consequently, by year's end the pattern is fully reversed: optimists have fewer positive illusions than do pessimists.
The role of flow dependency and water availability in fish assemblage homogenization in tributaries of the Chattahoochee River, Alabama, USA

The availability of water is becoming more variable as flow regime alterations intensify both locally and on a global scale. This pattern has been observed in the tributaries of the central Chattahoochee River System as water withdrawal and natural drought have caused flows to diminish. Stream discharge has steadily decreased in the study area by 31% over the last 50 years, and during this time, fish assemblage homogenization has occurred throughout the system. Our primary objective was to assess whether spawning mode and water availability are catalysts for fish assemblage change in tributaries of the Chattahoochee River System. We found that species which prefer or have adapted to low flow conditions (e.g. blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta, redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus and blackbanded darter Percina nigrofasciata) are becoming dominant and replacing historically dominant fluvial specialists. When examining short-term changes between a dry year (2009) and a wet year (2010), some species preferring higher flows such as the highscale shiner Notropis hypsilepis were detected during the wet year, suggesting that the amount of water is important for the presence of these species in upstream reaches where they were historically abundant. Species that can reproduce successfully in low flow conditions are thriving and expanding their native ranges as more habitat becomes suitable. Species that require higher flows for part of their life cycle, however, appear to be declining from upstream areas as water availability continues to decrease, despite temporary recovery from downstream refugia during wet years.
[20] Use of PCR for constructing jumping libraries

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for constructing Not I jumping library. The introduction of PCR in the protocol for Not I jumping library construction circumvents some of the problems encoutered with the conventional methods of library construction. It is now possible to construct jumping libraries from as little as 1μg of high-molecular-weight DNA. Reduction in the amount of starting DNA enhances the ability to better handle the large-size DNA for circularization at a very dilute concentration, without having to increase the volume of the ligation mixture for achieving desired concentration of DNA. The availability of representative jumping libraries corresponding to large-size Not I fragments will be extremely helpful in constructing long-range restriction maps and for generating useful landmarks along the chromosome. For the construction of jumping libraries, large fragments of genomic DNA are produced either by partial digestion with six base recognition restriction enzymes, or by complete digestion with rare cutter enzymes.
Growth, poverty, and inequality : a regional panel for Bangladesh

Most empirical work on how growth affects poverty and inequality has been based on international panel data sets. Panels can also be used within a country, if the analysis is carried out at the regional level. The author does this for Bangladesh, where regional panel estimates indicate that growth reduces poverty in both urban and rural areas. Growth is associated with rising inequality only in urban areas. Simulations based on these estimates indicate how much poverty reduction could increase in the next 10 years if growth were promoted in rural areas rather than urban areas.
Altered lysosomal proteins in neural-derived plasma exosomes in preclinical Alzheimer disease

Objective: Diverse autolysosomal proteins were quantified in neurally derived blood exosomes from patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) and controls to investigate disordered neuronal autophagy. Methods: Blood exosomes obtained once from patients with AD (n = 26) or frontotemporal dementia (n = 16), other patients with AD (n = 20) both when cognitively normal and 1 to 10 years later when diagnosed, and case controls were enriched for neural sources by anti-human L1CAM antibody immunoabsorption. Extracted exosomal proteins were quantified by ELISAs and normalized with the CD81 exosomal marker. Results: Mean exosomal levels of cathepsin D, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1), and ubiquitinylated proteins were significantly higher and of heat-shock protein 70 significantly lower for AD than controls in cross-sectional studies ( p ≤ 0.0005). Levels of cathepsin D, LAMP-1, and ubiquitinylated protein also were significantly higher for patients with AD than for patients with frontotemporal dementia ( p ≤ 0.006). Step-wise discriminant modeling of the protein levels correctly classified 100% of patients with AD. Exosomal levels of all proteins were similarly significantly different from those of matched controls in 20 patients 1 to 10 years before and at diagnosis of AD ( p ≤ 0.0003). Conclusions: Levels of autolysosomal proteins in neurally derived blood exosomes distinguish patients with AD from case controls and appear to reflect the pathology of AD up to 10 years before clinical onset. These preliminary results confirm in living patients with AD the early appearance of neuronal lysosomal dysfunction and suggest that these proteins may be useful biomarkers in large prospective studies.
Authorship attribution of text samples using neural networks and Bayesian classifiers

Previous work has shown that statistics of letter pairs extracted from text samples can be effective in discriminating between two authors writing in a similar style. This paper extends that work by using n-tuples for n from 1 to 5. The features used in classification are the relative frequencies of the tuples, transformed with a KL transform. Both three layer neural network classifiers and Bayesian classifiers are used with these features to classify text samples from two similar authors. The most effective combination was 2-tuples used with a neural network classifier, although other combinations did nearly as well. >
A mad partner for Shugoshin in meiosis.

The centromeric cohesin protector Shugoshin (Sgo) and the spindle checkpoint protein Mad2 are known to act in distinct pathways for ensuring accurate chromosome segregation during eukaryotic cell division. In this issue of The EMBO Journal , [Orth et al (2011)][1] describe an unexpected physical interaction between vertebrate Sgo and Mad2, as well as indications of their potential mutual regulation in meiosis. [1]: #ref-7
Molecular evolution of streptococcal M protein: cloning and nucleotide sequence of the type 24 M protein gene and relation to other genes of Streptococcus pyogenes

The structural gene for the type 24 M protein of group A streptococci has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene and the 3' and 5' flanking regions was determined. The sequence includes an open reading frame of 1,617 base pairs encoding a pre-M24 protein of 539 amino acids and a predicted Mr of 58,738. The structural gene contains two distinct tandemly reiterated elements. The first repeated element consists of 5.3 units, and the second contains 2.7 units. Each element shows little variation of the basic 35-amino-acid unit. Comparison of the sequence of the M24 protein with the sequence of the M6 protein (S. K. Hollingshead, V. A. Fischetti, and J. R. Scott, J. Biol. Chem. 261:1677-1686, 1986) indicates that these molecules have are conserved except in the regions coding for the antigenic (type specific) determinant and they have three regions of homology within the structural genes: 38 of 42 amino acids within the amino terminal signal sequence, the second repeated element of the M24 protein is found in the M6 molecule at the same position in the protein, and the carboxy terminal 164 amino acids, including a membrane anchor sequence, are conserved in both proteins. In addition, the sequences flanking the two genes are strongly conserved.
Time-dependent perioperative anesthetic management and outcomes of the first 100 consecutive cases of spring-assisted surgery for sagittal craniosynostosis.

Summary Background: The anesthetic risks and outcomes of the first 100 consecutive spring-assisted surgeries (SAS) for cranial expansion from a single institution are reported. The effect of number of procedures was also tested on hematocrit postoperative day 1 (POD1), anesthesia time, and surgery time of the first procedure. Methods: The records of 100 consecutive patients undergoing SAS were reviewed. Anesthesia management and related complications are presented. Time series linear regression analysis was performed on hematocrit POD1, anesthesia time, and surgery time of the first procedure. Results: The average age of the first insertion procedure was 4.4 and 9.0 months for the second removal procedure. Two patients were inadvertently extubated during positioning. Thirty-eight children had a decrease in blood pressure >20% from baseline. No child was admitted to the intensive care unit. No patient received any blood or blood product transfusion. Anesthesia time, surgery time, and hematocrit POD1 were correlated with procedure number or experience. Conclusions: Changes in anesthetic management resulted from changing the procedure. The reduction in volume resuscitation reduces the need for invasive monitoring. Facility and comfort with the surgical procedure increase with time and number of procedures performed. This experience further reduces blood loss and risk of transfusion.
Strengthening behavioral interventions for weight loss: A randomized trial of food provision and monetary incentives.

Behavioral treatments for obesity seek to modify eating and exercise behaviors by a change in their antecedents and consequences. More direct modification of antecedents and consequences by (a) the provision of food to patients and (b) the provision of financial rewards for weight loss was hypothesized to improve treatment outcomes. Two hundred two men and women were randomly assigned to no treatment, standard behavioral treatment (SBT), SBT plus food provision, SBT plus incentives, or SBT plus food provision and incentives. The major finding was that food provision significantly enhanced weight loss. Weight losses with SBT averaged 7.7, 4.5, and 4.1 kg at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively, compared with 10.1, 9.1, and 6.4 kg, respectively, at the same intervals with the addition of food. Food provision also enhanced attendance, completion of food records, quality of diet, and nutrition knowledge. We conclude that the provision of food to weight-loss patients is a promising methodology that deserves further exploration.
Experimental evidence of a collinear antiferromagnetic ordering in the frustrated CoAl 2 O 4 spinel

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), neutron diffraction (ND), x-ray diffraction, magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}$, and specific-heat measurements on the frustrated $A$-site spinel CoAl${}_{2}$O${}_{4}$ compound reveal a collinear antiferromagnetic ordering below ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ = 9.8(2) K. A high-quality powder sample characterized by x-ray diffraction that indicates a relatively low Co-Al inversion parameter $x=0.057(20)$ in (Co${}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$Al${}_{x}$)[Al${}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}$Co${}_{x}$]O${}_{4}$, shows a broad maximum around 15 K in $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ and a sharp peak at ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ in heat capacity ${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$. The average-ordered magnetic moment of Co${}^{2+}$ ($S=\frac{3}{2}$) ions at the $A$ site is estimated to be 2.4(1) ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ from NMR and 1.9(5) ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ from ND which are smaller than the expected value of 3 ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ for $S=\frac{3}{2}$ and $g$ = 2. Antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations and correlations in the paramagnetic state are revealed from the $\ensuremath{\chi}$, NMR, and ND measurements, which are due to spin frustration and site inversion effects in the system. The ND data also show short-range dynamic magnetic ordering that persists to a temperature that is almost twice ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$.
Fast-scanning fabry-perot spectrum analyzer with continuously tunable resolution

A novel fast-scanning Fabry-Perot spectrum nalyzer is presented that uses substrate-based, wire-grid olarizers as the reflectors. One improvement over previous esigns is the continuous tuning of the reflectivity, and hence pectral resolution, via the angular orientation of the wire-grid xis with respect to the incident polarization. Another mprovement is the ability of these polarizing reflectors to pproach near-zero separation, allowing for fundamental-mode peration without frequency ambiguity below ∼1.0 THz.
A quadratic programming model of the Appalachian steam coal market

Abstract The authors report on an extension of recent modelling efforts to analyse the Appalachian steam coal market using a programming approach. The background to these modelling efforts is examined first. The particular aspects of the steam coal market to be modelled are then presented and the corresponding coal model described. Empirical results are analysed for the 1973 base solution and then compared to alternative solutions embodying variations in the parametric structure. Conclusions are drawn regarding potential policy applications.
The fractional chromatic number, the Hall ratio, and the lexicographic product

Let @g"f denote the fractional chromatic number and @r the Hall ratio, and let the lexicographic product of G and H be denoted GlexH. Main results: (i) @r(GlexH)@?@g"f(G)@r(H); (ii) if @r(G)=@g"f(G) then @r(GlexH)=@r(G)@r(H) for all H; (iii) @g"f-@r is unbounded. In addition, the question of how big @g"f/@r can be is discussed.
Forced periodic operations of continuous recombinant cell cultures subject to antibiotic selection pressure

Sustained production of recombinant proteins encoded by extrachromosomal plasmid DNA over long duration is not possible due to reversion of recombinant cells to unproductive plasmid-free cells. Application of antibiotic selection pressure, the most effective measure to overcome this problem, at a constant rate is prohibitively expensive. Nonlinearities in kinetics of recombinant bioprocesses provide an opportunity to possibly improve the time-average performance of these by periodic forcing of feed conditions. This possibility is investigated in this article using the generalized π-criterion for continuous recombinant cell cultures subject to periodic variations in one or more inputs (feed parameters), viz., dilution rate and feed concentrations of antibiotic and limiting substrate. The two types of antibiotic action considered are: (i) death of plasmid-free cells and (ii) repression of growth of plasmid-free cells. Pertinent analytical observations, which are applicable to continuous processes in general, are made about operations involving periodic forcing of multiple inputs. Where appropriate, analytical expressions are obtained for optimum amplitude ratios, optimum phase differences, and the corresponding maximum improvement in the process performance. The frequency intervals where an improvement in culture performance is guaranteed are identified via numerical illustrations for the two antibiotic types. These illustrations demonstrate that an increase in the number of feed parameters perturbed leads to broadening of the regions in the multidimensional parameter space where forced periodic operations are superior to steady-state operation. The π-criterion is also employed to investigate if forced periodic operation may enable retention of recombinant cells under conditions where such retention is not possible in a steady-state operation.
How Pooling Failure Data May Reverse Increasing Failure Rates

Abstract Although mixtures of decreasing failure rate (DFR) distributions are always DFR, some mixtures of increasing failure rate (IFR) distributions can also be ultimately DFR. In this article various types of discrete and continuous mixtures of IFR distributions are considered, and conditions are developed for such mixtures to be ultimately DFR. These conditions lead to an interesting result—that certain mixtures of IFR distributions, even those with very rapidly increasing failure rates (e.g., Weibull, truncated extreme), ultimately become DFR distributions. It is common practice to pool data from several different IFR distributions to enlarge sample size, for instance. The results of this article sound a warning that such pooling may actually reverse the IFR property of the individual samples to a DFR property.
Towards a minimum description length based stopping criterion for semi-supervised time series classification

In the last decade the plunging costs of sensors/storage have made it possible to obtain vast amounts of medical telemetry. However for this data to be useful, it must be annotated. This annotation, requiring the attention of medical experts is very expensive and time consuming, and remains the critical bottleneck in medical analysis. Semi-supervised learning is an obvious way to mitigate the need for human labor, however, most such algorithms are designed for intrinsically discrete objects, and do not work well in this domain, which requires the ability to deal with real-valued objects arriving in a streaming fashion. In this work we make two contributions. First, we demonstrate that in many cases just a handful of human annotated examples are sufficient to perform accurate classification. Second, we devise a novel parameter-free stopping criterion for semi-supervised learning. We evaluate our work with a comprehensive set of experiments on diverse medical data sources including electrocardiograms. Our experimental results show that our approach can construct accurate classifiers even if given only a single annotated instance.
Spatial-temporal analysis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma risk using multiple residential locations

Exploring spatial-temporal patterns of disease incidence and mortality can identify areas of significantly elevated or decreased risk, providing potential etiologic clues. Several methodological issues arise in spatial-temporal analysis of cancer, including population mobility, disease latency, and confounding, but applying modern statistical methods to case-control studies with residential histories can address these issues. As an example, we present a spatial-temporal analysis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk using data from Los Angeles County, one of four centers in a population-based case-control study. Using residential histories, we fitted generalized additive models (GAMs) adjusted for known risk factors to model spatially the probability that an individual had NHL and identify areas of significantly elevated NHL risk. In previous analyses using models with single lag times, the lag time of 20 years yielded the most significant decrease in model deviance. To better assess cumulative effects of unmeasured environmental exposures over space and time, we considered models that allowed for multiple residences per subject through spatial smoothing functions of residential location at different times. We found that the model with the best goodness-of-fit included components for residential change and residential duration, although the model that included residential duration was not meaningfully better than the model that included only residential change. The estimated cumulative spatial risk surface from the model with residential change amplified the risk surface in some areas compared with the surface based on the model with a single component for the most significant time lag.
Enlightenment versus romantic models of creativity in science—and beyond

(1994). Enlightenment versus romantic models of creativity in science—and beyond. Creativity Research Journal: Vol. 7, Creativity and Discovery in Biomedical Sciences Guest Editor: Ken McNaughton Sponsor: Royal Society of Medicine, London, pp. 277-314.
Semi‐Arid Aquifer Responses to Forest Restoration Treatments and Climate Change

The purpose of this study was to develop an interpretive groundwater-flow model to assess the impacts that planned forest restoration treatments and anticipated climate change will have on large regional, deep (>400 m), semi-arid aquifers. Simulations were conducted to examine how tree basal area reductions impact groundwater recharge from historic conditions to 2099. Novel spatial analyses were conducted to determine areas and rates of potential increases in groundwater recharge. Changes in recharge were applied to the model by identifying zones of basal area reduction from planned forest restoration treatments and applying recharge-change factors to these zones. Over a 10-year period of forest restoration treatment, a 2.8% increase in recharge to one adjacent groundwater basin (the Verde Valley sub-basin) was estimated, compared to conditions that existed from 2000 to 2005. However, this increase in recharge was assumed to quickly decline after treatment due to regrowth of vegetation and forest underbrush and their associated increased evapotranspiration. Furthermore, simulated increases in groundwater recharge were masked by decreases in water levels, stream baseflow, and groundwater storage resulting from surface water diversions and groundwater pumping. These results indicate that there is an imbalance between water supply and demand in this regional, semi-arid aquifer. Current water management practices may not be sustainable into the far future and comprehensive action should be taken to minimize this water budget imbalance.
Path generating five-bar mechanisms

Abstract The synthesis of a linearly coordinated five-bar mechanism using six precision points to represent the trace curve is a complex problem involving a large number of unknowns and causing a multiplicity of roots in the solution. A modified Newton Method is utilized in this paper to solve the resulting equations. A continuation of the six-precision-point problem is accomplished by releasing the linear coordination of the input cranks and then designing for the non-linear coordination. This design consisted of a non-linear band mechanism. The procedure is fully demonstrated by means of an example problem. A discussion of the inaccuracies, uniqueness of solution, and the extension of this method to the seven-precision-point problem is presented.
Isolation, characterization and opiate activity of β-endorphin from human pituitary glands

The isolation of a 31-amino acid peptide from human pituitary glands has been described. Its amino acid sequence has been proposed to be identical to the sequence of the carboxyl-terminal 31 amino acids of human β-lipotropin. The peptide, designated as βh-endorphin, possesses significant opiate activity.
Growth, externalities, and sunspots

Abstract In this paper, we consider a simple model of neo-classical capital accumulation with production externalities, in which a continuum of identical infinitely lived agents produce output from a standard stationary neo-classical production technology, and choose their actions to maximize a discounted sum of single period utilities. Because of the presence of the externality in production, the model exhibits sunspot equilibria.
Response of larval frogs to Corexit 9500

The use of dispersants in the Gulf of Mexico has created a number of environmental and human health concerns, chief among them are questions regarding the potential impact of Corexit 9500 on the health and fitness of Gulf wildlife. These studies were designed to use a biological toxicity test during post-fertilization and early development to evaluate Corexit 9500A effect on The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) assay. Frog embryos were exposed to concentrations ranging from 1000 to 1 uL L−1 for Corexit 9500 A. Various forms of malformations were recorded following exposure to Corexit 9500. These abnormalities included pharyngeal and thoracic edema, severe optic edema, and incomplete and reversed gut coiling. The percent of males was higher in the Corexit-treated groups, while control was closer to the expected 50:50 males to females ratio. In addition, a statistically greater number of hypomelanistic animals were observed in the Corexit-treated animals versus controls. Exposure of early lif...
Social media use in sports and entertainment venues

Purpose – This paper aims to uncover how social media is used, managed, and perceived by sports and entertainment venue (SEV) managers. While there is considerable evidence that social media has been used effectively by Fortune 500 companies, it is not known how social media is administered and perceived among managers of arenas, stadiums, performing art centers, and convention centers.Design/methodology/approach – This paper used survey methodology to capture the perceptions of 383 venue management professionals, all members of the International Association of Venue Managers (IAVM).Findings – Most venue managers feel their social media efforts are proficient or at the expert level and most have a defined social media strategy. Others feel much less confident about their social media efforts and have no defined social media strategy. At a statistically significant level, those with a defined social media strategy report increased revenue, while those without a defined social media strategy do not. Venue m...
Noise of interacting transitions in thin film recording media

The noise of interacting di-bit transition pairs in thin-film longitudinal recording media is studied via computer simulations. It is shown that the intergranular exchange coupling yields large-scale irregular transition boundaries, and thereby large transition noise. At small bit intervals, the magnetostatic interaction field that has resulted from such a noisy transition significantly enhances the noise of a later adjacent transition. Such a mechanism results in a supralinear increase of the integrated noise at high recording densities. The noise increase includes the increases of both position jitter and transition length fluctuations. For films with no intergranular exchange coupling, the transition boundary exhibits narrow finger structures and only a very small supralinear increase of the integrated noise results at small bit intervals. Noise correlations between the two transitions in the di-bit pairs are analyzed for the exchange coupled films. >
Atmospheric Production of Glycolaldehyde Under Hazy Prebiotic Conditions

The early Earth’s atmosphere, with extremely low levels of molecular oxygen and an appreciable abiotic flux of methane, could have been a source of organic compounds necessary for prebiotic chemistry. Here, we investigate the formation of a key RNA precursor, glycolaldehyde (2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, or GA) using a 1-dimensional photochemical model. Maximum atmospheric production of GA occurs when the CH4:CO2 ratio is close to 0.02. The total atmospheric production rate of GA remains small, only 1×107 mol yr − 1. Somewhat greater amounts of GA production, up to 2 × 108 mol yr − 1, could have been provided by the formose reaction or by direct delivery from space. Even with these additional production mechanisms, open ocean GA concentrations would have remained at or below ~1 μM, much smaller than the 1–2 M concentrations required for prebiotic synthesis routes like those proposed by Powner et al. (Nature 459:239–242, 2009). Additional production or concentration mechanisms for GA, or alternative formation mechanisms for RNA, are needed, if this was indeed how life originated on the early Earth.
Fluctuation-induced forces in stacked fluid membranes

We present a new entropic interaction between foreign inclusions (e.g. proteins) confined to fluid membranes in a layered phase. This interaction arises from the coupling of thermal shape fluctuations to the variation in rigidity associated with the presence of inclusions. The force between inclusions exhibits interesting nonmonotonic behaviour as a function of the separation distance. At large separation, we find a weak power law attraction between inclusions of similar composition
Structural features associated with the binding of glutamine-containing peptides to Factor XIII.

Abstract Activated Factor XIII a 2 catalyzes the formation of intermolecular γ-glutamyl-e-lysyl cross-links in the fibrin network. Solution NMR studies were carried out to characterize, the structural features associated with the binding of glutamine-containing peptides to Factor XIII. A coupled uv/vis kinetic assay demonstrated that K9 peptide (1–10), α 2 -antiplasmin (1–15), and α 2 -antiplasmin (1–15 Q4N) all function as glutamine-containing substrates for activated Factor XIII a 2 . 2D TOCSY spectra of the peptides exhibit upfield chemical shifts for the glutamine protons in the presence of Factor XIII. These results indicate that the reactive peptide glutamines are encountering a distinctive environment within the Factor XIII active site. 1D proton line-broadening and 2D transferred-NOESY studies reveal that the glutamines and residues located C-terminally come in direct contact with the enzyme and adopt an extended conformation. Substrates with sequences similar to α 2 -antiplasmin (1–15) are proposed to bind both at the catalytic site and at a neighboring apolar region.
Identity Ambidexterity During Periods of Technology Change and Instability: Swiss Watchmaking

This comparative case analysis of eight watchmaking firms examines how each managed the tension between preservation and change during the re-emergence of the Swiss watch industry from 1983 to 2008. I focus on firms’ management of technology uncertainty, instability, embedded competencies, entrenched cultures, routinized processes, and especially, their identities. I find that while successful firms adopted a variety of different identity management strategies, they exploited elements associated with their old identity (e.g., heritage, craftsmanship) while paradoxically appending new identity elements (e.g., status, fashion, luxury) to redefine their identity. Building on recent work that explores ambidexterity as a dynamic capability, I extend this line of research to the processes of managing organizational identity during periods of environmental change. I introduce the notion of identity ambidexterity, i.e., an organization’s ability to exploit past and present identities while simultaneously integrat...
Validation of an Improved Experimental Method for Use in Impedance Eduction

Results from impedance eduction methods developed by NASA Langley Research Center are used throughout the acoustic liner community. Occasional anomalies persist with these methods at frequencies where the liner produces minimal attenuation. An approach to educe impedance spectra with increased confidence is demonstrated, by combining results from successive tests with different cavity depths. First, a raylometer is used to measure the DC flow resistance of three wire-mesh facesheets. These facesheets are then mounted onto frames and a normal incidence tube is used to determine their respective acoustic impedance spectra. Next, each facesheet is successively mounted onto three frames with different cavity depths, and a grazing flow impedance tube is used to educe their respective acoustic impedance spectra with and without mean flow. Since the resonance frequency varies with cavity depth, each sample provides robust results over a different frequency range. Hence, a combination of results can be used to de...
Measuring terrestrial movement behavior using passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags: effects of tag size on detection, movement, survival, and growth

Movement behaviors have broad ecological and evolutionary implications, affecting individual fitness, metapopulation dynamics, the distribution and abundance of species, as well as gene flow and thus adaptation and speciation. However, movement behaviors such as dispersal, station keeping, and ranging are poorly understood in many taxa due to the incompatibility of traditional tracking methods with long-term observations. This is particularly true for small-bodied life history stages and species. While the introduction of smaller passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and the development of PIT telemetry have removed some barriers, the trade-offs between different tag sizes are unknown. Through a series of experiments, we tested for effects of PIT tag size on detection, movement, tag retention, growth, and survival of a juvenile amphibian. We found no effect of PIT tag size on initial movement distance, survival, or growth; and all individuals retained their tag for the course of the experiment. Detection and recapture rates, however, were increased with PIT tag size. The orientation of the tag relative to the vertical axis of the antenna also affected the size of the detection field, which was 15.78–43.90 % smaller when the antenna was moved perpendicular rather than parallel to the long axis of the tag. We conclude that PIT telemetry is a suitable technique for marking previously untraceable species or life history stages and may offer insight into the behaviors of these individuals. Investigations using multiple PIT tag sizes should include this in statistical analyses to account for tag size biased detection differences.
Branching ratio measurements for vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation of 12C16O

The branching ratios for the spin-forbidden photodissociation channels of (12)C(16)O in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photon energy region from 102,500 (12.709 eV) to 106,300 cm(-1) (13.180 eV) have been investigated using the VUV laser time-slice velocity-map imaging photoion technique. The excitations to three (1)Σ(+) and six (1)Π Rydberg-type states, including the progression of W(3sσ) (1)Π(v' = 0, 1, and 2) vibrational levels of CO, have been identified and investigated. The branching ratios for the product channels C((3)P) + O((3)P), C((1)D) + O((3)P), and C((3)P) + O((1)D) of these predissociative states are found to depend on the electronic, vibrational, and rotational states of CO being excited. Rotation and e/f-symmetry dependences of the branching ratios into the spin-forbidden channels have been confirmed for several of the (1)Π states, which can be explained using the heterogeneous interaction with the repulsive D'(1)Σ(+) state. The percentage of the photodissociation into the spin-forbidden channels is found to increase with increasing the rotational quantum number for the K(4pσ) (1)Σ(+) (v' = 0) state. This has been rationalized using a (1)Σ(+) to (1)Π to (3)Π coupling scheme, where the final (3)Π state is a repulsive valence state correlating to the spin-forbidden channel.
The Relaxed Edge-Coloring Game and k-Degenerate Graphs

The (r, d)-relaxed edge-coloring game is a two-player game using r colors played on the edge set of a graph G. We consider this game on forests and more generally, on k-degenerate graphs. If F is a forest with Δ(F)=Δ, then the first player, Alice, has a winning strategy for this game with r=Δ−j and d≥2j+2 for 0≤j≤Δ−1. This both improves and generalizes the result for trees in Dunn, C. (Discret. Math. 307, 1767–1775, 2007). More broadly, we generalize the main result in Dunn, C. (Discret. Math. 307, 1767–1775, 2007) by showing that if G is k-degenerate with Δ(G)=Δ and j∈[Δ+k−1], then there exists a function h(k,j) such that Alice has a winning strategy for this game with r=Δ+k−j and d≥h(k,j).