cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resurrecting an extinct salmon evolutionarily significant unit: archived scales, historical DNA and implications for restoration

Archival scales from 603 sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), sampled from May to July 1924 in the lower Columbia River, were analysed for genetic variability at 12 microsatellite loci and compared to 17 present-day O. nerka populations-exhibiting either anadromous (sockeye salmon) or nonanadromous (kokanee) life histories-from throughout the Columbia River Basin, including areas upstream of impassable dams built subsequent to 1924. Statistical analyses identified four major genetic assemblages of sockeye salmon in the 1924 samples. Two of these putative historical groupings were found to be genetically similar to extant evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) in the Okanogan and Wenatchee Rivers (pairwise F(ST) = 0.004 and 0.002, respectively), and assignment tests were able to allocate 77% of the fish in these two historical groupings to the contemporary Okanogan River and Lake Wenatchee ESUs. A third historical genetic grouping was most closely aligned with contemporary sockeye salmon in Redfish Lake, Idaho, although the association was less robust (pairwise F(ST) = 0.060). However, a fourth genetic grouping did not appear to be related to any contemporary sockeye salmon or kokanee population, assigned poorly to the O. nerka baseline, and had distinctive early return migration timing, suggesting that this group represents a historical ESU originating in headwater lakes in British Columbia that was probably extirpated sometime after 1924. The lack of a contemporary O. nerka population possessing the genetic legacy of this extinct ESU indicates that efforts to reestablish early-migrating sockeye salmon to the headwater lakes region of the Columbia River will be difficult.
Valence calculation of the electric polarizability on nHYP-Clover ensembles.

We present preliminary calculations for the electric polarizability of the neutral pion and neutron on three dynamically generated nHYP-Clover ensembles. We use two different pion masses (mp’ 300 and 220 MeV) to gauge the chiral behavior. The effects of partial quenching are analyzed by computing a string of partial quenched valence masses for each ensemble. We also analyzed the volume dependence using elongated lattices, where the elongation is in the direction of the electric field.
Capecitabine and radiation therapy preceded and followed by combination chemotherapy in advanced pancreatic cancer.

Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance and toxicity of radiation therapy (RT) and capecitabine in patients with advanced, unresectable pancreatic carcinoma. To control micrometastatic disease, combination chemotherapy (gemcitabine and cisplatin) before and after combined modality therapy (CMT) was planned. Methods and Materials: Patients with unresectable or metastatic pancreatic cancer were eligible. Gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 and cisplatin 35 mg/m2 were administered on Days 1 and 8 of a 21-day cycle for two cycles. RT was then given to a dose of 50.4 Gy in 1.8 Gy fractions. Patients were treated with capecitabine 1330 mg/m2 daily during RT. After CMT, two additional cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin completed the treatment. Results: Twenty-three patients were treated. Eighteen patients completed CMT. One patient was removed from study during CMT for toxicity issues. Treatment delays and dose reductions were common during the final two cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin as a result of myelosuppression. Median survival was 10.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.6, 13.7) for all 23 patients and 12.8 months (95% CI = 8.2, 18.9) for 18 patients without metastasis. Conclusion: Combined modality therapy with RT and capecitabine was well tolerated. Chemotherapy after CMT was difficult to complete owing to cumulative myelosuppression. Survival, response, and toxicity were comparable to infusional 5-fluorouracil and RT.
Thermally Driven Circulations in Small Oceanic Basins

Abstract A linear, steady model of the circulation of a small (f plane) oceanic basin driven by heating or cooling at the surface is considered in order to examine the partition of upwelling (heating) or downwelling (cooling) between the basin's interior and its boundary layers on the sidewall in which frictional dissipation and lateral temperature diffusion are dominant. The basin is rectangular in plan form. On three of its lateral sides the basin is insulated to heat exchange; on the fourth side the heat added at the surface is shown to be removed through a thin sublayer that also closes the mass balance. The temperature is linearized about a basic linear stratification. The analytical solution shows that in the case of heating (cooling) in the basin interior, most of the resulting upwelling (downwelling) near the upper surface actually occurs in narrow boundary layers, whose width is on the order of the deformation radius, rather than in the interior directly. This nonintuitive result is consistent wi...
TESTING PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES WITH STRATIGRAPHY AND MORPHOLOGY—A COMMENT ON SMITH (2000)

Smith (2000) critiqued several recently proposed phylogenetic methods that accommodate stratigraphic data as well as several simulation studies that examine the efficacy of such methods. Here, I will evaluate Smith's claims concerning: 1) the putative ad hoc nature of some tests using stratigraphic data; and 2) the relevancy of simulation studies to empirical studies. #### Ad hoc versus hypothetico-deductive tests Wagner (1995) used confidence intervals on observed stratigraphic ranges (Strauss and Sadler, 1989; Marshall, 1990) to test taxon durations hypothesized by a possible phylogeny. Smith (p. 764) dismissed this approach as ad hoc “weighting” of character and stratigraphic data. However, Wagner's use of confidence intervals is a hypothetico-deductive approach that assigns different roles to the two datasets. Morphology is used abductively (inferring a condition based on assumed properties of that condition; see Sober, 1988) to hypothesize that species X and Y are closest relatives among sampled taxa. If so, then: A) if one is ancestral, then the other's lineage diverged within the ancestor's duration; or B) if they are true sister taxa, then their lineages share a common divergence time. A and B both limit expected observable patterns in the fossil record. If stratigraphic data deviate from those expectations, then we reject the hypothesized durations and phylogeny. Smith (2001b) employed similar logic in a “stratigraphically restricted” phylogenetic analysis of echinoids, albeit without formalized rejection of possible relationships between old and (excluded) young taxa. This represents modus tollens deduction (i.e., dismissing an explanation because observation deviates from expectation). Why we even considered a hypothesis in the first place is irrelevant, except that we now cannot accept the premises that led to that hypothesis (see below). The germane point is that analyses formalizing expectations in a deductive statement are not ad hoc. #### The complexities of stratigraphy and the soundness of tests Although not ad hoc, hypothetico-deductive tests can be unsound (i.e., based on false premises). Smith …
The Effects of Age, Priming, and Working Memory on Decision-Making

In the current study, we examined the effects of priming and personality on risky decision-making while playing the Game of Dice Task (GDT). In the GDT, participants decide how risky they wish to be on each trial. In this particular study prior to playing the GDT, participants were randomly assigned to one of three priming conditions: Risk-Aversive, Risk-Seeking, or Control. In the Risk-Seeking condition, a fictional character benefitted from risky behavior while in the Risk-Aversive condition, a fictional character benefitted from exercising caution. Although not explicitly stated in the instructions, participants need to make “safe” rather than risky choices to optimize performance on the GDT. Participants were also given Daneman and Carpenter’s assessment of working memory task. Interestingly, although older adults self-reported being more cautious than younger adults on the Domain Specific Risk Attitude scale (DOSPERT), older adults made riskier decisions than younger adults on the GDT. However, after controlling for working memory, the age differences on the GDT became insignificant, indicating that working memory mediated the relation between age and risky decisions on the GDT.
Calculation of 16O binding energy (II)

Abstract Improvements have been made in previous calculations of the binding energy of 16O. The integral equation relating the exact reaction matrix to the one neglecting the Pauli principle, previously solved by a perturbation method, is now solved exactly. Correlation (re-arrangement) corrections to single-particle energies are calculated for the Hamada-Johnston potential. The energy diagrams with these corrections inserted in hole lines are also calculated and give ≈ 0.3 MeV binding/nucleon. The single-particle excitation diagrams are found to give ≈0.1 MeV binding/nucleon. Kinetic energies only are used in intermediate states when defining the reaction matrix. Including also harmonic oscillator potential energies decreases the binding by ≈0.65 MeV/nucleon. Including all corrections calculated to date the Hamada-Johnston potential gives 3.7 MeV/nucleon for 16O. Improvement of the shell-model potential might increase this binding slightly, but there is a definite discrepancy with the experimental binding 7.98 MeV/nucleon. The result is qualitatively in agreement with nuclear-matter calculations. Unless further diagrams contribute significantly (or basic errors in the theory exist) it is evident that a different nucleon potential, e.g. a soft core, is needed.
Construction of Cubic Structures with Quadrotor Teams.

We propose and investigate a system in which teams of quadrotor helicopters assemble 2.5-D structures from simple structural nodes and members equipped with magnets. The structures, called Special Cubic Structures (SCS), are a class of 2.5-D truss-like structures free of overhangs and holes. Grippers attached to the bottom of each quadrotor enable them to pick up, transport, and assemble the structural elements. The design of the nodes and members imposes constraints on assembly which are incorporated into the design of the algorithms used for assembly. We show that any SCS can be built using only the feasible assembly modes for individual structural elements and present simulation and experimental results with a team of quadrotors performing automated assembly. The paper includes a theoretical analysis of the SCS construction algorithm, the rationale for the design of the structural nodes, members and quadrotor gripper, a description of the quadrotor control methods for part pickup, transport and assembly, and an empirical analysis of system performance.
Back to school: what I learned teaching cross-culturally.

The need for nurse educators around the globe is prompting some to do short-term teaching internationally. Prompted by God's call and the great need at the Faculty of Nursing Science of the Episcopal University of Haiti (FSIL), the author taught in Leogâne, Haiti, for 18 days. This article shares practical insights from her experience and important revelations about teaching cross-culturally.
On-Board Electronic Warfare Simulator (OBEWS): Designing the Ground Support Subsystem (GSS) Man Machine Interface

This paper reports on the development of the On-Board Electronic Warfare Simulator (OBEWS) Ground Support Subsystem (GSS). The discussion will take place on two levels. At the top level, the theme of embedded training and the role that the OBEWS program will have in proving the feasibility of the concept will be discussed. At the second and more detailed level, the intensive human factors engineering effort undertaken in the design/development of the OBEWS GSS man machine interface (MMI) will be presented. A description of the resulting MMI will be included. The paper concludes with recommendations and lessons learned at both levels.
Social Media for Diabetes Health Education - Inclusive or Exclusive?

Technological innovations are rising rapidly and are inevitably becoming part of the health care environment. Patients frequently access Social media as a forum for discussion of personal health issues; and healthcare providers are now considering ways of harnessing social media as a source of learning and teaching. This review highlights some of the complex issues of using social media as an opportunity for interaction between public- patient-healthcare staff; considers the impact of self- education and self-management for patients with diabetes, and explores some recent advances in delivering education for staff. When using any information technology, the emphasis should rely on being assessed rigorously to show it promotes health education safely, can be recognized as delivering up-to- date health information effectively, and should ensure there is no bias in selective communication, or disadvantage to isolated patient groups.
Direct Observation of a Surface Phase Transition by hot Tunneling Microscopy

We study a reversible phase transition of one monolayer of Pb on a Ge(l11) surface over a range of temperature from below to above the transition temperature (:_75°C) with the tunneling microscope. The high temperature 1x1 phase is a ordered monolayer 1xl 2D solid. Below the transition temperature, Pb atoms are displaced from their ideal T1 positions to form trimers with {ie377-1} periodicity.
Resistance to Both Oulema melanopus and Cephus cinctus in Pubescent-Leaved and Solid-Stemmed Wheat Selections

An attempt was made to develop varieties of wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), that were resistant to both the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), and to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, by crossing 3 varieties resistant to the beetle (CI 9321, 9294, and 11490) with 3 varieties resistant to the sawfly (PI 94585-1, ‘Fortuna’, and ‘Rescue’). The means of F2 stem-solidness from these crosses were intermediate between the 2 parents, which suggested additivity for this character. The 3:1 ratio of pubescent to glabrous-leaved plants in the F2 suggested 1 gene for leaf pubescence in CI 9294 and 11490. When pubescent leaves were used as the indicator of beetle resistance, and solid stems as an indicator of sawfly resistance, 783 pubescent-leaved and solid-stemmed F2 plants were selected as resistant to both insects. These selections were tested for resistance to sawfly populations in Montana and beetle populations in Michigan. A total of 409 and 3204 plants was resistant to both insects.
The catalytic behavior of precisely synthesized Pt–Pd bimetallic catalysts for use as diesel oxidation catalysts

The demands of stricter diesel engine emission regulations have created challenges for current exhaust systems. With advances in low-temperature internal combustion engines and their operations, advances must also be made in vehicle exhaust catalysts. Most current diesel oxidation catalysts use heavy amounts of precious group metals (PGMs) for hydrocarbon (HC), CO, and NO oxidation. These catalysts are expensive and are most often synthesized with poor bimetallic interaction and dispersion. In this paper, the goal was to study the effect of aging on diesel emission abatement of Pt–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles precisely prepared with different morphologies: well dispersed core–shell vs. well dispersed homogeneously alloyed vs. poorly dispersed, poorly alloyed particles. Alumina and silica supports were studied. Particle morphology and dispersion were analyzed before and after hydrothermal treatments by XRD, EDX, and STEM. Reactivity as a function of aging was measured in simulated diesel engine exhaust. While carefully controlled bimetallic catalyst nanoparticle structure has a profound influence on initial or low temperature catalytic activity, the differences in behavior disappear with higher temperature aging as thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved. The metallic character of Pt-rich alumina-supported catalysts is such that behavior rather closely follows the Pt–Pd metal phase diagram. Nanoparticles disparately composed as well-dispersed core–shellmore » (via seq-SEA), well-dispersed homogeneously alloyed (via co-SEA), and poorly dispersed, poorly alloyed (via co-DI) end up as well alloyed, large particles of almost the same size and activity. With Pd-rich systems, the oxidation of Pd also figures into the equilibrium, such that Pd-rich oxide phases appear in the high temperature forms along with alloyed metal cores. Finally, the small differences in activity after high temperature aging can be attributed to the synthesis methods, sequential SEA and co-DI which give rise, after aging, to a bimetallic surface enriched in Pd.« less
The American National Corpus First Release.

The First Release of the American National Corpus (ANC) was made available in mid-fall, 2003. The data includes approximately 11 million words of American English, including written and spoken data and a variety of text types annotated for part of speech and lemma. The corpus is provided in XML format conformant to the XML Corpus Encoding Standard (XCES) (http://www.xml-ces.org), and is distributed in both a stand-off version (where annotation is in an XML document separate from the primary texts) and a merged version (where annotation is included in-line in the texts). The merged version includes annotation for part of speech and lemma produced by the Biber tagger; in stand-off annotation, in addition to the Biber tagging, morpho-syntactic annotations of the data are provided using the CLAWS 5 and 7 tagsets as well as several other tagsets.
Contributions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cerebral neurobiology: an integrated omics approach with epigenomic focus

The epigenetic landscape is vulnerable to diets. Here, we investigated the influence of different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) dietary supplements on rodents' nervous system development and functions and potential consequences to neurodegenerative disorders. Our previous nutrigenomics study showed significant impact of high n-3 PUFA-enriched diet (ERD) on synaptogenesis and various neuromodulators. The present study introduced a second equicaloric diet with n-6 PUFA balanced by n-3 PUFA (BLD). The typical lab diet with high n-6 PUFA was the baseline. Transcriptomic and epigenetic investigations, namely microRNA (miRNA) and DNA methylation assays, were carried out on the hemibrains of the C57BL/6j mice fed on any of these three diets from their neonatal age to midlife. Integrating the multiomics data, we focused on the genes encoding both hypermethylated CpG islands and suppressed transcripts. In addition, miRNA:mRNA pairs were screened to identify those overexpressed miRNAs that reduced transcriptional expressions. The majority of miRNAs overexpressed by BLD are associated with Alzheimer's and schizophrenia. BLD implicated long-term potentiation, memory, cognition and learning, primarily via hypermethylation of those genes that enrich the calcium-releasing neurotransmitters. ERD caused hypermethylation of those genes that enrich cytoskeletal development networks and promote the formation of neuronal precursors. We drew the present observations in light of our limited knowledge regarding the epigenetic influences on biofunctions. A more comprehensive study is essential to understand the broad influences of dietary supplements and to suggest optimal dietary solutions for neurological disorders.
Seven chilis: making visible the complexities in leveraging cultural repertories of practice in a designed teaching and learning environment

ABSTRACTDrawing upon four years of research within a social design experiment, we focus on how teacher learning can be supported in designed environments that are organized around robust views of learning, culture, and equity. We illustrate both the possibility and difficulty of helping teachers disrupt the default teaching scripts that privilege traditional forms of participation, support, and hierarchal relations, as well as disrupt static and reductive notions of culture. In doing so, we hope to make visible the complexities of leveraging cultural repertoires of practice within a designed learning environment in which novice teachers work to negotiate both common sense and normative conceptualizations of learning and culture.
Sage Kings & the State of Nature: Comparative Preconditions and the Social Contract

This paper contributes to the growing interest in comparative political theory by examining hypothetical antecedents in both Chinese and Western political thought and how these thought experiments of an idealized 'past' impact conceptions of 'good government' and political authority. One of the fundamental starting points in Western thought is the discussion of the 'state of nature' preceding the formation of government via the 'social contract', commonly characterized by the competing visions provided by Hobbes and Rousseau. From each, one derives assumptions about the purpose of politics, society, and appropriate human behavior with regard to government. Similarly, I argue that reference to the 'Sage Kings' of antiquity plays a similar role in the Chinese political philosophy. Inclusive of such thinkers as Laozi (ca. 6th C. BCE) and Mozi (ca. 400 BCE), the reference to Sage Kings invokes an idealized past, which serves much the same rhetorical device as the thought experiment of the state of nature: it allows for a consideration of the nature of humankind, establishes principles of 'good' government, and also establishes a foundation for assessing political behavior in the domestic and international arena. Thus, this paper seeks to progress our understanding of comparative political theory, and also takes the social constructivist strand of IR theory seriously by examining comparable foundational elements from non-Western philosophical traditions (in this case, that of the Chinese Sage Kings).
An Experimental Study on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Ethanol/Polyalphaolefin Nanoemulsion Flowing Through Circular Minichannels

This work experimentally studied the convective flow and heat transfer characteristics of a novel nanostructured heat transfer fluid: “ethanol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion” flowing through 12 circular minichannels of 1-mm diameter each. Ethanol/polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion is a thermodynamically stable system formed by dispersing ethanol into a mixture of “polyalphaolefin (PAO)” and surfactants. In this study, ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion is used as the working fluid to study the effect of ethanol nanodroplets on its convective flow and heat transfer characteristics. In addition, the effect of flow regime on its heat transfer is examined. It is found that using ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion fluids can improve convective heat transfer compared to that of pure PAO under both single- and two-phase flow regimes. For single-phase flow, there is no significant difference in Nusselt number between ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion and pure PAO in laminar flow regime. However, when entering transition flow regime, the ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion fluid showed a substantial increase in Nusselt number. Meanwhile, there is an increase in pressure drop and early onset of the laminar-turbulent transitional region for the ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion compared to pure PAO. The heat transfer coefficient of ethanol/PAO nanoemulsion can be further enhanced when the ethanol nanodroplets undergo phase change, which is hypothesized that such an effect is likely related to the enhanced interfacial thermal transport between the nanodroplets and base fluid under elevated temperature and the latent heat of phase changeable nanodroplets inside nanoemulsion. Further studies are needed to fully explore the convective heat transfer properties of nanoemulsion fluids.
Closing the Brief Case: Benign Rectal Polyp with Schistosoma mansoni.

1. Which species of Schistosoma does not stain acid fast positive? Answer: A. In Ziehl-Neelsen staining, all tissues and any microorganisms take on the carbol fuchsin stain. Cells lacking a lipid layer are decolorized by acids and lose the red color of carbol fuchsin. In acid-fast organisms, the
Complexity of the Stable Invitations Problem

We study the Stable Invitations Problem (SIP) in which an event organizer is to invite a subset of agents (from a group of agents) to an event, subject to certain rationality criteria. In SIP, the agents have friends, enemies, and preferences on the number of attendees at the event; an agent is willing to attend the event if all friends of the agent attend, no enemy of the agent attends, and the number of attendees is acceptable to the agent. We consider two solution concepts: (1) individual rationality (everyone who is invited is willing to attend) and (2) (Nash) stability (no agent wants to deviate from the given invitation).It is known that finding an invitation of given size for either concept is NP-complete. In this work, we study the complexity of SIP on a finer scale, through the lense of parameterized complexity.For the two solution concepts and the special cases where the number of friends and/or enemies is bounded above by a constant, we show that the problems belong to different complexity classes when parameterized by the size of solutions.For instance finding an individually rational invitation of size k is W[1]-complete, yet finding a stable invitation is W[2]-complete.Moreover, when all friend and enemy relations are symmetric, finding a solution of either of the concepts becomes fixed-parameter tractable unless agents have unbounded number(s) of enemies.
A framework for detection of sensor attacks on small unmanned aircraft systems

The work presented in this paper is part of an overall effort to design a secure autopilot, resilient against malicious attacks on both the cyber and physical layers, for a small unmanned aircraft system (UAS). This paper specifically deals with identification of malicious attacks on the sensors of a small UAS. A framework is presented wherein techniques from statistical analysis are used in a probabilistic setting to detect sensor attacks. The paper describes in detail the design of anomaly detectors and the Bayesian network. A case study involving detection of a spoofing attack on the GPS is used throughout the paper to illustrate the proposed approach. The anomaly detectors are designed based on a simulation dataset, and are re-tuned based on flight tests conducted on a small fixed-wing UAS platform. The performances of the detectors are studied under different external disturbances and conclusions are drawn.
“Regarding Lupe”: A one-act play where two cultures collide on the road to a Latina’s performance appraisal

This article presents an original academic play, “Regarding Lupe,” that explores traditional and emerging Latina cultural values and how cross-cultural differences may affect a performance appraisa...
To study if levetiracetam (Lev) is effective in reducing the incidence of early post traumatic seizures in 0–17 year old children with closed head trauma (P4.336)

Objective: To study if levetiracetam (Lev) is effective in reducing the incidence of early post traumatic seizures in 0–17 year old children with closed head trauma Background: Early post traumatic seizures (EPTS) occur within seven days of the head trauma. Seizures occur in 10% of traumatic brain injury patients. 20% of people with closed head trauma (CHT) and intracranial bleeding (ICH) have EPTS. 25% patients will have another seizure after their first EPTS. Use of phenytoin to prevent EPTS is the current standard of care in the first seven days post head trauma. In the adult population, some studies have shown that Lev is effective in decreasing the frequency of EPTS. However, in the pediatric population, these studies are lacking. Design/Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients admitted to our institution’s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit over a 5 year period, with a diagnosis of CHT. 38 patients were identified. Chi square (X2)analysis was used to compare the incidence of EPTS between 27 patients who received Lev and 11 patients who did not receive anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment. Results: Incidence of EPTS was 23.7% (9/38- 7 after Lev, 2 without AED). Neither was there a significant difference (X2 p value ‘p’= 0.45) in incidence of seizures in patients with Lev (7/27) compared to those without AED (2/11), nor in incidence of seizures in patients with ICH with lev (7/21) compared to those with ICH without AED (2/5) (p = 0.77). Conclusions: In 0–17 year old children with CHT, with or without ICH, Lev does not significantly reduce the incidence of EPTS. Analysing a larger number of patients may lend evidence supporting or refuting this conclusion. Disclosure: Dr. Taylor has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cobb has nothing to disclose. Dr. Arya has nothing to disclose.
Preferential replication of defective turnip yellow mosaic virus RNAs that express the 150-kDa protein in cis

The turnip yellow mosaic virus genome encodes two proteins (the 150-kDa and 70-kDa proteins) that are proteolytically released from a single precursor and which are essential for RNA replication. Genomes with mutations in either of these coding regions were defective for independent replication in turnip protoplasts. The replication in trans of genomes with mutations in each region was studied by coinoculation with either a helper genome that carries a deletion in the coat protein gene, or with a second defective RNA that carries a mutation in the region encoding the other essential protein. Inefficient trans-replication of the defective RNAs was observed in most cases. In contrast, a defective RNA with a large deletion in the 70-kDa protein coding region could be replicated efficiently in trans, demonstrating that the cis-preference of replication can be overcome in some cases. Defective RNAs encoding wild type 150-kDa protein and defective 70-kDa protein were more efficiently replicated in trans than those encoding defective 150-kDa protein and wild type 70-kDa protein. The results suggest a model in which the 150-kDa and 70-kDa proteins form a relatively stable complex in cis on the viral RNA template.
The role of difficulty in dynamic risk mitigation decisions

Previous research suggests that individuals faced with risky choices seek ways to actively reduce their risks. The risk defusing operators (RDOs) that are identified through these searches can be used to prevent or compensate for (here, pre- and post-event RDOs, respectively) negative outcomes. Although several factors that affect RDO selection have been identified, they are limited to static decisions conducted during descriptive tasks. The factors that influence RDO selection in dynamically unfolding environments are unknown, and the relationship between task characteristics and RDO selection has yet to be mapped. We used a videogame environment to conduct two experiments to address these issues and found that experienced losses impacted risk mitigation strategy: when the task was difficult, participants experienced greater losses and were more likely to select preventive RDOs (Experiment 1). Additionally, risk mitigation behavior stabilized as participants gained experience with the task (Experiments 1 and 2) and could be shifted by making an RDO easier to use (Experiment 2). Exploratory analyses suggested that these risk mitigation choices were not driven by judgments of difficulty (JODs), even though participants’ JODs were accurate and aligned with task difficulty. This research suggests that while people seek preventive RDOs when tasks are difficult and risky, risk mitigation strategy is shaped by experienced losses; decision makers do not use JODs to anticipate future risks and inform risk mitigation decisions.
Robust goal programming for multi-objective optimization of data-driven problems: A use case for the United States transportation command's liner rate setting problem

Abstract Robust goal programming (RGP) is a recently developed, powerful new optimization modeling technique that conjoins two widely accepted operations research disciplines: robust optimization (RO) and goal programming (GP). In lieu of applying a probability distribution over possible outcomes, an approach considered by stochastic programming, RO utilizes uncertainty sets to account for data uncertainty. This characteristic of RO is an important attribute because identifying such a probability distribution is challenging, at best. Given this RO context, RGP additionally incorporates GP, traditionally a deterministic procedure, to address optimization problems having multiple objectives. As such, RGP has potential to help address a wide array of data-driven applications, ranging from financial management to engineering design. As a motivating use case for the utility of an RGP approach, this paper demonstrates the applicability of RGP by way of the data-driven United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) liner rate setting problem. USTRANSCOM is responsible for the technical direction and supervision of over $7 billion [1] of annual passenger, cargo, mobility, and personal property movements in support of the Department of Defense (DoD). Transporting people and material with both organic and contracted assets, USTRANSCOM supports DoD organizations and agencies on a reimbursable basis, annually setting and charging rates for air and liner (i.e., sea) transport for their customers and reimbursing the transportation providers accordingly. The Cost Recovery Branch within TCJ8, the Financial Management and Program Analysis staff organization for USTRANSCOM, annually sets liner shipping rates specific to each combination of origin, destination, commodity type, booking terms, and container size for the upcoming fiscal year (FY). As a government entity, USTRANSCOM seeks to neither make a profit nor operate at a loss in any given FY. The current rate setting methodology assumes existing data is deterministic, resulting in process inaccuracies that contribute to unexpected surpluses or deficits each FY. Moreover, the current method fails to consider an additional USTRANSCOM objective: meeting customer's expectations that liner rates will change annually in accordance with industry-specific inflation. Considering the different goals and inherent parametric variance, the use case herein incorporates a decision maker's risk preference regarding parametric variability via a priori analysis to inform RGP techniques and improve the USTRANSCOM liner rate setting process.
UNIT 10.8 Multivariate Analysis

One of the goals of Current Protocols is to provide information from the very basic level to the very advanced. This unit is an excellent example of providing explanation and application for a complex area. Building upon several other units on data analysis, it provides a detailed explanation of how multivariate analytical techniques are applied to flow cytometry data. The unit deals with the covariance matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis and provides sources for software as well as example data files. This material will be particularly valuable to the graduate student trying to obtain a good understanding of statistical methods in flow cytometry, as well as to the experienced investigator who uses these tools on a regular basis without really understanding how they operate. Keywords: principal components analysis; cluster analysis; FCS file format One of the goals of Current Protocols is to provide information from the very basic level to the very advanced
Rapidly expanding nuclear arsenals in Pakistan and India portend regional and global catastrophe

Pakistan and India may have 400 to 500 nuclear weapons by 2025 with yields from tested 12- to 45-kt values to a few hundred kilotons. If India uses 100 strategic weapons to attack urban centers and Pakistan uses 150, fatalities could reach 50 to 125 million people, and nuclear-ignited fires could release 16 to 36 Tg of black carbon in smoke, depending on yield. The smoke will rise into the upper troposphere, be self-lofted into the stratosphere, and spread globally within weeks. Surface sunlight will decline by 20 to 35%, cooling the global surface by 2° to 5°C and reducing precipitation by 15 to 30%, with larger regional impacts. Recovery takes more than 10 years. Net primary productivity declines 15 to 30% on land and 5 to 15% in oceans threatening mass starvation and additional worldwide collateral fatalities.
Insights on Solidification of Mg and Mg–Al Alloys by Large Scale Atomistic Simulations

We investigate the evolution of solid-liquid interfaces in Mg and Mg–9 at % Al during directional solidification by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. At the initial stages of solidification, several solidification defects such as twins, stacking faults, and grain boundaries form, and at the final stages of solidification no new defects or grain boundaries form. The directional solidification in Mg–Al contains a considerable amount of heterogeneity due to formation of several Mg17Al12 precipitates.
Removal of Cadmium from Simulated Wastewater using Rotating Tubular Packed Bed Electrochemical Reactor: Optimization through Response Surface Methodology

A rotating tubular packed bed electrochemical reactor was used for the electrochemical removal of cadmium (Cd) from simulated wastewater. Impacts of electrolysis operating parameters: current (0.56–2.8 A), rotation speed (100–500 rpm), initial cadmium concentration (20–100 ppm), and pH (3-9) were investigated. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design were used for optimizing the process parameters where cadmium Removal Efficiency (RE %) was selected as a response function. Findings of the present work suggested that currently has a main impact on the removal efficiency of cadmium followed by rotation speed, then concentration and pH. The results of the regression analysis showed that experimental data could be fitted to a second-degree polynomial model with value of the determination coefficient (R2) equal to 91.8 %. Optimal conditions for process parameters based on the RSM model were initial Cd concentration of 32.0 ppm, current of 2.8 A, rotation speed of 371 rpm and pH = 3, where a final cadmium concentration less than 0.3 ppm was obtained after 30 min of electrolysis process (RE= 99.28% ).
Rethinking Gendered Citizenship: Intimacy, Sovereignty, and Empire

This editors’ introduction provides an overview of the special issue of Amerasia Journal, “Rethinking Gendered Citizenship: Intimacy, Sovereignty, and Empire.” This introduction offers expansive de...
The high-energy aerial insectivore lifestyle of swallows does not produce clear thermogenic side effects

Ecological traits related to pace of life, such as foraging strategies and activity levels, influence daily energy expenditure (DEE) and can affect fitness. A fast pace of life tends to be supported by high-energy aerobic activity and is positively correlated with high DEE and basal and maximal metabolic rates in some endotherms. Given that maximal capacities for exercise and thermogenesis are both functions of aerobic muscle output and are often positively correlated with each other, high-energy aerobic lifestyles might be associated with high aerobic capacities, which would be expected to produce high thermogenic capacities as a side effect. We tested whether the high-energy aerial insectivore lifestyle in swallows is correlated with elevated basal and maximal thermogenic metabolic rates. We measured basal (BMR) and summit (Msum = maximum cold-induced metabolic rate) metabolic rates in 6 species of swallows (Hirundinidae) and combined these data with literature data for additional swallows (n = 10 for BMR; n = 8 for Msum) and non-aerial insectivore birds (n = 215 for BMR; n = 64 for Msum) to address the hypothesis that swallows have higher BMR and Msum than non-aerial insectivores. BMR in swallows was significantly higher than for non-aerial insectivore birds for phylogenetically adjusted analyses after correcting for body mass and region of origin (tropical vs. temperate). In contrast, Msum did not differ significantly between swallows and non-aerial insectivores. Thermogenic scope (Msum – BMR), however, was lower in tropical non-aerial insectivore birds compared with tropical swallows and temperate birds. This suggests that the aerial insectivore lifestyle elevates maintenance costs, but maximum thermogenic capacities are not clearly upregulated, despite tropical swallows having higher thermogenic scope than tropical non-aerial insectivores. These data suggest that the high-energy aerial insectivore lifestyle does not produce strong thermogenic side effects in swallows.LAY SUMMARYAnimals have different lifestyles or paces of life that influence the amount of energy used per day.Swallows are aerial insectivores and have an active lifestyle that could lead to higher metabolic capacities at both basal and maximal levels.We measured basal and maximum cold-induced metabolic rates in swallows and compared these with non-aerial insectivore birds to test if swallows have higher basal and maximum metabolic capacities.We found that swallows have higher basal metabolic rates but not maximum cold-induced metabolic rates compared with other non-aerial insectivore birds.The results suggest that the active lifestyle of swallows required more energy for maintenance but did not produce high thermogenic capacities as a byproduct.
Combining Multiple Annotations to Count Cells in 3D Cardiovascular Immunofluorescent Images

Cell quantification in 3D atherosclerotic plaque immunofluorescent images is critical in improving understanding of plaque composition and possibly preventing rupture. Manual annotation of these cells is required to build predictive models that classify cell types within the lesion. Due to the difficulty and the amount of time required to label a substantial number of cells, researchers must often aggregate multiple annotation strategies with various limitations. We present several methods to create segmentation masks to include polygon outlines, basic shapes, and small dots. The combination of these methods leverages the nuclei polygon annotations that must be linked to the other cellular markers. A U-Net segmentation model was trained with these annotations and used for evaluation. The models achieved a test set total cell count percent error of -2.7 when assessing total cell count alone; and 5.3, and 1.4 when counting ACTA2+ or LGALS3+ cells respectively. Further analysis of these cell counts with patient phenotype data may lead to findings that ultimately reduce heart attack and stroke rates.
Characteristics and risk factors for thrombosis in POEMS syndrome: A retrospective evaluation of 230 patients.

Thromboses are prevalent in POEMS syndrome, but few risk factors for POEMS-associated thrombosis have been identified. The objective of this study is to identify novel risk factors for POEMS-associated thrombosis. In this retrospective cohort of 230 POEMS patients, 27% developed thrombosis. Arterial events were slightly more common than venous. Stroke accounted for 26% of all thromboses and 53% of arterial events. There were differences in baseline features between the thrombosis group and the no thrombosis group, and these were driven by patients with arterial thrombosis. Risk factors for arterial thrombosis included thrombocytosis, elevated hemoglobin/hematocrit, extravascular volume overload and splenomegaly. Hyperprolactinemia appeared to be a risk factor for venous thrombosis. The risk of thrombosis was most striking among men with elevated hemoglobin (32% versus 5%, p < 0.001) and hematocrit (42% versus 5%, p < 0.001) compared to men without. Most thromboses occurred prior to POEMS directed therapy, and most that occurred during therapy happened within 3 months of diagnosis. Twenty-one percent of patients with thrombosis had recurrence. In recognition of high overall rates of thrombosis in this population, all patients with POEMS syndrome should receive prophylactic antiplatelet therapy, and clinicians should consider anticoagulation in patients with risk factors for POEMS-associated thrombosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Economía crisis y construcción de sociedad

Transcripcion conferencia.Luis Jorge Garay RestrepoMuchas gracias por la oportunidad de venir nuevamente a la universidad de Antioquia , hacia ya muchos anos que no venia y tenia la oportunidad de hablar ante el grupo de investigadores , parte de lo que precisamente voy a presentar hoy , es fruto de un trabajo que he venido dirigiendo , con un grupo de Colciencias y el departamento nacional de planeacion , alrededor de un programa de estudio que denominamos “la industria de america latina ante la globalizacion economica”. Esto es solo una parte de los que voy a hablar, para mostrar algunos de los elementos estructurales de la crisis de la sociedad colombiana. Queria mencionar que esto es fruto de gente como ustedes, porque creo que en Colombia , como vamos a mencionar mas adelante , lo que nos hace falta es trabajar en todas y cada una de las actividades en que se desarrolla la sociedad.
Risk and Uncertainty for Food Safety and Animal Health

This article provides an introduction to the tools of uncertainty analysis as applied to food safety. In particular, we focus on the technique of two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation as a method of taking into account not only variability (which is already commonly addressed in simulation models), but also uncertainty about the inputs to the simulation. The potential uses and benefits of this technique are illustrated by several applications to food safety and animal disease; we also discuss how the technique can be applied to problems of concern with regard to homeland security, and provide some caveats. Keywords: risk; uncertainty; food safety; Monte Carlo simulation; two-dimensional Monte Carlo; animal disease
Climate change impacts on streamflow, water quality, and best management practices for the Shell and Logan Creek Watersheds in Nebraska, USA

Abstract: Improvements in the management of water, sediment, and nutrients under future climatic conditions are needed to ensure increased crop and livestock production to meet greater global needs and the future availability of water for competing demands and protection against adverse water quality impairments. This study determined the impacts of future climate change scenarios on streamflow, water quality, and best management practices (BMPs) for two watersheds in Nebraska, USA. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was employed to simulate streamflow, sediment, total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P) from the Shell Creek Watershed near Columbus, Nebraska and the Logan Creek Watershed near Sioux City, Iowa. Available streamflow and water quality records for the two watersheds were used to calibrate model parameters that govern streamflow, sediment, and nutrient responses in SWAT. For each watershed, precipitation, air temperature, and CO2 concentrations were input to SWAT for four climatic conditions: a baseline condition for the 1980 to 2000 period and the SRES A2, A1B, and B1 climate scenarios for a future period from 2040 to 2059. Findings from this study suggest that under the three future climate change scenarios, sediment losses are expected to be about 1.2 to 1.5 times greater than the baseline condition for Shell Creek and 2 to 2.5 times greater for Logan Creek; total N losses are expected to be about 1.2 to 1.4 times greater for Shell Creek and 1.7 to 1.9 times greater for Logan Creek. Relative to the baseline, total P losses under the future climate scenarios are projected to be about the same for Shell Creek and 1.5 to 1.7 times greater for Logan Creek. Findings from this study also suggest that future projected increases in both precipitation and CO2 concentration account for net increases in streamflow, but in different ways on each watershed. Keywords: hydrology, water quality, model calibration, climate change, SWAT DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20120501.003 Citation: Van Liew M W, Feng S, Pathak T B. Climate change impacts on streamflow, water quality, and best management practices for the Shell and Logan Creek Watersheds in Nebraska, USA. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2012; 5(1): 13