cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Safeguards and Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Materials

Nuclear technology, by its very nature, may be used for peaceful or harmful ends. From its birth, efforts have existed to control access to, as well as the spread of, nuclear technology for destructive purposes, while at the same time attempting to provide access to its multitude of beneficial applications. Nuclear safeguards refers to the system of legal, institutional, and technical mechanisms used to control the use of nuclear materials, detect nuclear material misuse, and if the material is misused, to provide domestic and international responses in a timely fashion. Proliferation refers to the spread of weapons usable or direct-use materials, nuclear weapons technology, and the knowledge and skills necessary for the design and manufacture of such weapons.
What Is the Best Systemic Therapy for Left-sided RAS Wild-type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer?

There is a significant difference in embryological origin, gene expression, gene mutation profile, and microbiome between the right-sided and left-sided colon. It has been shown that the sidedness of primary colorectal cancer is a significant prognostic factor and predictive to the clinical benefit of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody-containing chemotherapy in patients with metastatic CRC. Herein, current clinical recommendations for the treatment of patients with left-sided RAS wild-type mCRC are reviewed. Retrospective analyses of prior randomized trials (CRYSTAL, PRIME, FIRE-3, CALGB 80405, and PEAK trials) showed that primary tumor sidedness is predictive to anti-EGFR antibody therapy in the first-line treatment of patients with RAS wild-type mCRC, and patients with left-sided RAS wild-type mCRC had a significantly better survival benefit with anti-EGFR antibody plus chemotherapy when compared with anti-VEGF treatment plus chemotherapy. The primary tumor sidedness is a significant prognostic factor and predictive to anti-EGFR antibody-containing chemotherapy in patients with metastatic CRC. Based on the currently available data, chemotherapy plus anti-EGFR antibody is recommended for the first-line treatment of patients with left-sided RAS wild-type mCRC. Chemotherapy plus bevacizumab or anti-EGFR antibody is recommended for the second-line therapy of RAS wild-type mCRC regardless of sidedness. However, these recommendations are based on the limited data from the retrospective analyses of prior trials, warranting further prospective randomized trials.
The Triality of Strain, Self-Control, and Eating Disorders

This study examines the potential relationship between eating disorders and antisocial behaviors through the lenses of the general theory of crime and general strain theory. We utilized the data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of juveniles in grades 7 to 12 in the United States between 1994 and 2008. We constructed three separate measures of eating disorders and examined their relationships with both petty theft and aggressive behaviors. Results indicated that previous traumatic experiences (such as sexual abuse) are consistent risk factors for eating disorders, and that eating disorders can increase antisocial involvements. Moreover, eating disorders can diminish self-control and agitate depressed moods, which may increase the likelihood of both petty theft and violent conduct, and this effect can extend to later adulthood as well.
Mission-Centered Engagement with Asian American Student Veterans

This article draws qualitatively on the experiences, reflections, and expressions of Asian American student veterans through Asian American Studies courses and activities the authors have led in the decade between 2006 and 2016, at an urban public research university that is federally designated as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander Serving Institution, and recognized annually among four-year universities as “best for vets.” Beginning with a brief introduction to Asian American military service historically and currently, we note the lack of research and resource materials available nationally that is informed by or responsive to the backgrounds, perspectives, and needs of Asian American student veterans in college. We then provide a synthesis of rich documentary evidence based on Asian American student veterans’ voices, to illustrate the value of Asian American Studies curricular strategies and pedagogical approaches, particularly through digital storytelling, that create integrative contexts for their holistic connections and contributions as Asian Americans, as veterans, and as university students. Beyond the classroom and campus, we also offer concrete examples of community-centered connections through Asian American Studies that enable Asian American student veterans to engage with public sites and local civic organizations that share significant legacies of Asian American veterans’ leadership and service across generations.
The impact of strengthening agricultural extension services on women farmers: Evidence from Ethiopia

This paper evaluates the effect of the Rural Capacity Building Project (RCBP), which aimed at promoting growth by strengthening the agricultural service systems in Ethiopia, and by making them more responsive to smallholders’ needs, in particular women farmers. We examine the gender‐differentiated impact of the RCBP using panel data on 1,485 geographically dispersed households in project and control kebeles. We find that women farmers’ access and satisfaction with extension services increased significantly immediately after the start of the project, but that effect did not last into the medium term. The project led to an increase in the adoption of high‐value crop farming, area of land cultivated, and economic participation of household members, benefiting male‐ and female‐headed households equally. Results point to the positive impact of incorporating women's needs and constraints in the design of the agricultural extension system. However, the project was not able to reduce the preexisting gender gap in agricultural outcomes.
Effect of Carbon-Fiber Properties on Volumetrics and Ohmic Heating of Electrically Conductive Asphalt Concrete

AbstractThis experimental study examines the influence of different sources and lengths of carbon fiber (CF) on the volumetric properties, volume resistivity, and heat-generation efficiency of elec...
Anxiety in transition: Neuroendocrine mechanisms supporting the development of anxiety pathology in adolescence and young adulthood

Adolescence marks a key developmental window during which emotion dysregulation increases, along with risk for the onset of anxiety and other affect-related pathologies. Although emotion dysregulation and related pathologies normatively decline during the transition into adulthood, this does not occur for a sizable minority of individuals. Finally, sex differences in anxiety emerge during adolescence, with females developing a 2-fold increase in risk relative to males. Unfortunately, a neurobiological model of the mechanisms that cause these changes during adolescence has yet to be proposed. In the present work, we first provide brief reviews of relevant literature. Next, we outline a dual-mechanism model focused on (i) the influence of pubertal testosterone on key emotion-regulation circuitry (i.e., orbitofrontal cortex-amygdala coupling) and (ii) myelination of the fiber bundles connecting such circuitry (i.e., uncinate fasciculus). The proposed model offers a set of specific, testable hypotheses that will hopefully spur much needed cross-disciplinary research.
Robotic Process Automation

Artificial intelligence is clearly a disruptive and potentially disruptive technology tool, but it is important to take a step back and observe the overall business environment in addition to the finance and accounting specific applications that have entered the marketplace. Drilling down, and taking a realistic analysis of where both personnel and technology tools are currently positioned in the marketplace it may be logical to conclude that implementing an artificial intelligence platform may not be a practical option at this time. Additionally, and dealing with the reality that some individuals will be less engaged in the technological process than others within the organization, RPA offers several benefits that a fully fledged blockchain or artificial intelligence may not be able deliver at the present time (Fig 7.1).
Jammer-Nulling Transmit-Adaptive Radar Against Knowledge-Based Jammers in Electronic Warfare

The authors present transmit-adaptive jammer nulling waveforms in cognitive radar (CRr) for aircraft response recognition as a form of electronic support in the electronic warfare domain. New forms of knowledge-based noise jammers that function as a form of electronic attack to matched illumination waveforms are also introduced. These knowledge-based noise jamming techniques capitalize on prior knowledge of the target’s frequency response to obscure the true target response echo. The results from simulation show that real-time adaptive waveforms suppress the effects of electronic attack noise jammers and the newly introduced knowledge-based noise jammers. High bandwidth radar cross section (RCS) responses via electromagnetic (EM) simulations of true-to-physical-size aircraft are used for simulations to produce CRr classification performance against a comprehensive list of noise jammers.
Anxious Publics, Disruptive Bodies: Online Discourse About Transgender Children

This chapter uses an intersectional approach to explore the mutual construction of raced/gender bodies and public space in order to theorize how certain bodies – specifically, the bodies of transgender and gender non-conforming children – elicit fear, terror, or anxiety by their presence in certain spaces. I analyze reader responses to online news reports of a widely publicized 2011 case in which a transgender child sought to join a Girl Scout troop. This chapter demonstrates how people use online spaces to reinscribe binaries of race, gender, and age as a way of dealing with the ontological anxiety that transgender children produce. I argue, then, that beyond serving as a measure of current public opinion about transgender and gender non-conforming children, such online discussions can also illuminate some of the connections among race, gender, embodiment, and belonging in the contemporary United States.
How discrimination in adoptive, foster, and medical systems harms LGBTQ+ families: Research on the experiences of prospective parents

LGBTQ+ people face multiple challenges to parenthood because of barriers such as discriminatory legislation and policies influencing foster parenting, adoption, and reproductive health services. Th...
On Upper Bounds for D2D Group Size

In this paper, we derive upper bounds for the number of Device-to-Device (D3D)-capable out-of- coverage (OOC) User Equipments (UEs) that can share the Physical Sidelink Discovery Channel (PSDCH) while maintaining a minimum probability of discovery message decoding. We maximize these upper bounds with respect to the UEsâ€™ transmission probability threshold by exploiting the fact that the upper bound is nearly linear with respect to the number of resources in the discovery resource pool. The resulting simple approximate bound is accurate over a large range of parameter values. We validate our results using Monte Carlo simulations in MATLAB and the ns-3 simulation tool.
Compelled voters and accountability in Australia

Does compulsory voting (CV) result in divergent voting paths? Using the heterogeneous attribution thesis, we test whether compelled voters are less likely to rely on egotropic perceptions of the ec...
Youth Purpose: A Translational Research Agenda

Psychological research on purpose conducted in the past 15–20 years has considerably advanced our understanding of the construct. However, there are at least two questions that have not been as adequately explored: How can we foster purpose in the lives of young people, and what does purpose look like among diverse groups of youth? This chapter reviews a series of studies that have sought to explore these questions. For instance, we include a discussion of two empirically-tested interventions that help young people search for and identify their purpose in life. Design logic and lessons gleaned from these studies are addressed. In addition, the chapter outlines studies of purpose with young people from low-socioeconomic areas in the United States, with street children living in Liberia, and with European college students living amidst a serious economic downturn. Findings and implications from this line of research are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of topics future researchers of youth purpose should explore.
A Virus-Like Particle-Based Solid-Phase Competition Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Antibody Detection of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is caused by FMD virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious disease of ruminants, which is primarily controlled by vaccination. The monitoring of antisera after vaccination is...
Interior Neumann Problem

The interior Neumann problem consists of the equation and boundary condition $$\displaystyle \begin {array}{ll} &Au(x)=0,\quad x\in S^+,\\ &Tu(x)=\mathscr {N}(x),\quad x\in {\partial S}, \end {array} $$ where the vector function \(\mathscr {N}\in C^{(0,\alpha )}({\partial S})\), α ∈ (0, 1), is prescribed.
Retinol-binding protein 4 mRNA translation in hepatocytes is enhanced by activation of mTORC1

Increased expression of the peptide hormone retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and visual dysfunction. Prior investigations of the mechanisms that influence RBP4 synthesis have focused solely on changes in mRNA abundance. Yet, the production of many secreted proteins is controlled at the level of mRNA translation, as it allows for a rapid and reversible change in expression. Herein, we evaluated Rbp4 mRNA translation using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In the liver of fasted rodents, Rbp4 mRNA translation was low. In response to refeeding, Rbp4 mRNA translation was enhanced and RBP4 levels in serum were increased. In H4IIE cells, refreshing culture medium promoted Rbp4 mRNA translation and expression of the protein. Rbp4 mRNA abundance was not increased by either experimental manipulation. Enhanced Rbp4 mRNA translation was associated with activation of the kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin in complex 1 (mTORC1) and enhanced phosphorylation of the translational repressor eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). In H4IIE cells, expression of a 4E-BP1 variant that is unable to be phosphorylated by mTORC1 or suppression of mTORC1 with rapamycin attenuated activity of a luciferase reporter encoding the Rbp4 mRNA 5'-untranslated region (UTR). Purine substitutions to disrupt a terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP)-like sequence in the Rbp4 5'-UTR prevented the suppressive effect of rapamycin on reporter activity. Rapamycin also prevented upregulation of Rbp4 mRNA translation in the liver and reduced serum levels of RBP4 in response to feeding. Overall, the findings support a model in which nutrient-induced activation of mTORC1 upregulates Rbp4 mRNA translation to promote RBP4 synthesis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY RBP4 plays a critical role in metabolic disease, yet relatively little is known about the mechanisms that regulate its production. Herein, we provide evidence for translational control of RBP4 synthesis. We demonstrate that activation of the nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 promotes hepatic Rbp4 mRNA translation. The findings support the possibility that targeting Rbp4 mRNA translation represents an alternative to current therapeutic interventions that lower serum RBP4 concentration by promoting urinary excretion of the protein.
Extremizing and Anti-Extremizing in Bayesian Ensembles of Binary-Event Forecasts

Probability forecasts of binary events are often gathered from multiple models or experts and averaged to provide inputs regarding uncertainty in important decision-making problems. Averages of well-calibrated probabilities are underconfident and methods have been proposed to make them more extreme. To aggregate probabilities, we introduce a class of ensembles that are generalized additive models. These ensembles are based on Bayesian principles and can help us learn why and when extremizing is appropriate. Extremizing is typically viewed as shifting the average probability farther from one-half; we emphasize that it is more suitable to define extremizing as shifting it farther from the base rate. We introduce the notion of anti-extremizing to learn instances where it might be beneficial to make average probabilities less extreme. Analytically, we find that our Bayesian ensembles often extremize the average forecast, but sometimes anti-extremize instead. On several publicly available datasets, we demonstrate that our Bayesian ensemble performs well and anti-extremizes anywhere from 18% to 73% of the cases. It anti-extremizes much more often when there is bracketing with respect to the base rate among the probabilities being aggregated than with no bracketing, suggesting that bracketing is a promising indicator of when we should consider anti-extremizing
Atypical de Quervain's thyroiditis diagnosed as atypia of undetermined significance by cytology and suspicious for cancer by Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier

We report a case of atypical de Quervain's thyroiditis diagnosed as atypia of undetermined significance by cytology and suspicious for cancer by Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier. A 71-year-old male underwent thyroid ultrasound for goiter and was found to have two American Thyroid Association (ATA) 2015 high-suspicion nodules. The larger, 2.2-cm nodule was biopsied and the cytology showed atypical follicular cells and histiocytes. The Afirma Genomic Sequencing Classifier (detecting mRNA expression profile) result was ''suspicious'' (risk of malignancy ~50%) but Afirma Xpression Atlas (detecting specific mutations) did not find mutations in BRAF V600E, RET/PTC1, or RET/PTC3. The patient saw two endocrine surgeons and two endocrinologists who each recommended hemithyroidectomy. The patient chose to monitor the nodules. A new diagnostic ultrasound performed 3 months after the first one showed that the thyroid was significantly smaller and the previously seen nodules were no longer found. Re-examination of the cellular smears confirmed that the cytological findings were also compatible with de Quervain's thyroiditis. This case illustrates that atypical de Quervain's thyroiditis should be in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules for cytologists, radiologists, and clinicians. Furthermore, this case demonstrates that atypical de Quervain's thyroiditis can generate false positive results of molecular tests for indeterminate thyroid nodules.
Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Disease: Updates and Continued Challenges.

This article defines neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease and describes the progress over the past 40 years that has revolutionized the management of HSV disease in neonates to improve their outcomes. These advancements include the introduction of acyclovir in the 1980s, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of HSV DNA in the 1990s, and recommendations on managing infants born to mothers with active genital lesions. Despite these advancements, however, there remain high morbidity and mortality in affected neonates, with need for continued improvement. Areas of high interest include vaccine development and rapid PCR detection at time of delivery.
Reconstructing Dipsacales phylogeny using Angiosperms353: issues and insights.

Premise Phylogenetic relationships within major angiosperm clades are increasingly well resolved, but largely informed by plastid data. Areas of poor resolution persist within the Dipsacales, including placement of Heptacodium and Zabelia, and relationships within the Caprifolieae and Linnaeeae, hindering our interpretation of morphological evolution. Here, we sampled a significant number of nuclear loci using a Hyb-Seq approach and used these data to infer the Dipsacales phylogeny and estimate divergence times. Methods Sampling all major clades within the Dipsacales, we applied the Angiosperms353 probe set to 96 species. Data were filtered based on locus completeness and taxon recovery per locus, and trees were inferred using RAxML and ASTRAL. Plastid loci were assembled from off-target reads, and 10 fossils were used to calibrate dated trees. Results Varying numbers of targeted loci and off-target plastomes were recovered from most taxa. Nuclear and plastid data confidently place Heptacodium with Caprifolieae, implying homoplasy in calyx morphology, ovary development, and fruit type. Placement of Zabelia, and relationships within the Caprifolieae and Linnaeeae, remain uncertain. Dipsacales diversification began earlier than suggested by previous angiosperm-wide dating analyses, but many major splitting events date to the Eocene. Conclusions The Angiosperms353 probe set facilitated the assembly of a large, single-copy nuclear dataset for the Dipsacales. Nevertheless, many relationships remain unresolved, and resolution was poor for woody clades with low rates of molecular evolution. We favor expanding the Angiosperms353 probe set to include more variable loci and loci of special interest, such as developmental genes, within particular clades.
El futuro del liberalismo feminista

Feminists have sometimes argued that philosophical theories of justice deriving from the liberal tradition cannot deal adequately with the concerns of women. I argue that in many ways this contention is mistaken: the best liberal theories of justice provide a very strong basis for thinking about what respect for human dignity requires. There are, however, two areas pertinent to sex equality in which even the strongest liberal theories have grave difficulty. First is the area of need and dependency. All theories of justice and morality deriving from the European social contract tradition fail to build into the basic social structure concern for care in times of asymmetrical dependency. The second problem I investigate is the problem of just distribution within the family. Focusing on the theory of John Rawls, I argue that his liberal commitment to seeing the family as a sphere of protected personal choice is in tension with his admission that the family is part of the "basic structure" of society. Moreover, the family does not exist by nature: it is always a construct of state action. The state should therefore make sure that this constructing is done well, compatibly with justice for women and children.
SEISA: Secure and efficient encrypted image search with access control

Image search has been widely deployed in many applications for the rich content that images contain. In the era of big data, image search engines have to be hosted in data centers. As a viable solution, outsourcing the image search to public clouds is an economic choice for many small organizations. However, as many images contain sensitive information, e.g., healthcare information and personal faces/locations, directly outsourcing image search services to public clouds obviously raises privacy concerns. With this observation, several attempts are made towards secure image search over encrypted dataset, but they are limited by either search accuracy or search efficiency. In this paper, we propose a lightweight secure image search scheme over encrypted data, namely SEISA. Compared with image search techniques over plaintexts, SEISA only increases about 9% search cost and sacrifices about 3% on search accuracy. SEISA also efficiently supports search access control by employing a novel polynomial based design, which enables data owners to define who can search a specific image. Furthermore, we design a secure k-means outsourcing algorithm that significantly saves the data owner's cost. To demonstrate SEISA's performance, we implement a prototype of SEISA on Amazon EC2 cloud over a dataset with 10 million images.
Northern Mockingbirds produce syntactical patterns of vocal mimicry that reflect taxonomy of imitated species

ABSTRACT Detailed studies of the patterns and processes associated with avian vocal mimicry are rare. Some vocal mimics, such as Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), often produce song types in rapid succession, but no published data exist concerning the syntactical organization of this behavior. We follow up on an undocumented assertion from the literature that mockingbirds cluster temporally their imitations of the same species. We examined long bouts of singing by 18 male mockingbirds and classified all songs as either mockingbird-specific song or one of 55 mimetic types defined by the species mimicked and the song or call type of that species. Temporal pairs consisting of two exemplars of a single mimetic type were found at 2.6 times the level predicted by ordering songs by chance. Temporal pairs consisting of two mimetic types from the same species were found at 4.2 times chance levels. Temporal pairs consisting of mimetic types from two different species in the same family were found at 1.7 times chance levels, though this pattern was just above the significance threshold. We examined two functional hypotheses to explain these patterns, one involving female preferences and one involving interspecies communication, but found no support for either hypothesis. Detailed field observations of the social contexts in which temporal pairs are used by mockingbirds will be needed to better understand their function.
Computerized Stokes analysis of optically active polymer films

Optics labs are an integral part of the advanced curriculum for physics majors. Students majoring in other disciplines, like chemistry, biology or engineering rarely have the opportunity to learn about the most recent optical techniques and mathematical representation used in today's science and industry optics. Stokes analysis of polarization of light is one of those methods that are increasingly necessary but are seldom taught outside advanced physics or optics classes that are limited to physics majors. On the other hand biology and chemistry majors already use matrix and polarization techniques in the labs for their specialty, which makes the transition to matrix calculations seamless. Since most of the students in those majors postpone their enrollment in physics, most of the registered in those classes are juniors and seniors, enabling them to handle those techniques. We chose to study polymer samples to aid students majoring in other disciplines, especially chemistry and engineering, with understanding of the optical nature of some of the objects of their study. The argument in this paper is that it is advantageous to introduce Stokes analysis for those students and show a lab developed and taught for several years that has successfully, in our experience, done that. Measurements of oriented and unoriented polymer samples are discussed to demonstrate to students the effects of the molecular polarizability on the sample birefringence and the anisotropic Fletcher indicatrix in general.
Models of Data

To nearly all the members of this Congress, the logical notion of a model of a theory is too familiar to need detailed review here. Roughly speaking, a model of a theory may be defined as a possible realization in which all valid sentences of the theory are satisfied, and a possible realization of the theory is an entity of the appropriate set-theoretical structure. For instance, we may characterize a possible realization of the mathematical theory of groups as an ordered couple whose first member is a nonempty set and whose second member is a binary operation on this set. A possible realization of the theory of groups is a model of the theory if the axioms of the theory are satisfied in the realization, for in this case (as well as in many others), the valid sentences of the theory are defined as those sentences which are logical consequences of the axioms. To provide complete mathematical flexibility I shall speak of theories axiomatized within general set theory by defining an appropriate set-theoretical predicate (e.g., ‘is a group’) rather than of theories axiomatized directly within first-order logic as a formal language. For the purposes of this paper, this difference is not critical. In the set-theoretical case, it is convenient sometimes to speak of the appropriate predicate’s being satisfied by a possible realization. But whichever sense of formalization is used, essentially the same logical notion of model applies.1
Advocates of Diversity: Exploring the Mission, Scope and Impact of Gender & Ethnic Based Independent Public Sector Employee Associations

This paper seeks to highlight an often overlooked actor in diversity management efforts within the public sector, the gender and ethnic based, independent public sector employee association. Many of these associations function as advocates of diversity in public sector employment and operate ‘shadow’ recruitment and development programs aimed at increasing the presence of women and minorities in the public sector. This paper provides an introductory analysis of the unique mission and role of these organizations and discusses the need to further evaluate their impact on public sector employment.
Reculturing Teacher Education: One College Begins the Journey

Abstract In this paper we document the first year of a reculturation process of the middle-years teacher education program at North Carolina State University. Employing Henry Levin's Accelerated Schools process as a vehicle for change, we illustrate the beginning signs of reculturation in our College as we moved from separation to connection, from individual to collective vision, and from inquiry to action. We provide examples of the kinds of progress we made in our inquiry groups and outline what we think needs to happen in order to sustain our momentum for continued progress.
Faster computation of Z-matrices for triangular segments in planar circuits

The method of images and currently available single-series formulation of a rectangular planar segment have been applied to speed up the computations of impedance matrix elements of 30°–60°–90° and equilateral triangular microstrip segments used in planar microwave circuits. For an equilateral triangular segment, the elements of Z-matrix are obtained by using the results for two 30°–60°–90° triangular segments, one of which has all magnetic walls and, in the other segment, one of the magnetic walls is replaced by an electric wall. The present formulations have been verified by comparison with the previously available double series formulations.
Multiple ciliary stuctures in developing spermatozoa of marine Catenulida (Turbellaria)

Numerous short ciliary structures are described in immature spermatozoa of a marine catenulid,Retronectes atypica (Doe and Rieger, 1977). These ciliary structures are associated with spherical bodies consisting of concentric flat vesicles. Since such spherical bodies have been described for several other species of Retronectidae (Sterrer and Rieger, 1974), it is assumed that the multiple ciliary structures may be a characteristic of the whole family. Nuclear morphology and other cytological structures are described for mature and immature stages of spermatogenesis. The finding of these ciliary structures is thought to underline the unique and isolated position of the Catenulida within the Platyhelminthes and the lower worms as a whole.
Oxytocin Curbs Cookie Consumption

Can the same hormone that helps you bond with people help you lose weight? Historically, oxytocin has been recognized for its role in lactation, parturition, and, more recently, social bonding, but this neuropeptide may also affect eating behavior. Animal studies of rodents with diet-induced obesity
Public Reporting of Quality Data for Stroke. Is It Measuring Quality

Background and Purpose— Public reporting of quality data is becoming more common and increasingly used to improve choices of patients, providers, and payers. We reviewed the scope and content of stroke data being reported to the public and how well it captures the quality of stroke care. Methods— We performed a cross-sectional survey of all report cards within the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Report Card Compendium. Stroke quality data were categorized into one of 5 groups: structure, process, outcomes, utilization, and finances. We also determined the congruence of mortality ratings of New York hospitals provided by 2 different report cards. Results— Of 221 available report cards, 19 (9%) reported quality information regarding stroke and 17 specifically addressed the quality of hospital-based stroke care. The most frequent data reported were utilization measures (n=15 report cards) and outcome measures (n=14 report cards). Data regarding finances (n=4), structure of care (n=2), and process ...
Safety and tolerability of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate among HIV-infected women on antiretroviral therapy: ACTG A5093.

Abstract Background Concomitant use of antiretroviral (ARV) and hormonal contraceptives may change the metabolism of each and the resulting safety profiles. We evaluated the safety and tolerability of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) among women on ARV. Study Design HIV-infected women on selected ARV regimens or no ARV were administered DMPA 150 mg intramuscularly and evaluated for 12 weeks for adverse events, changes in CD4+ count and HIV RNA levels, and ovulation. Results Seventy evaluable subjects were included, 16 on nucleoside only or no ARV, 21 on nelfinavir-containing regimens, 17 on efavirenz-containing regimens and 16 on nevirapine-containing regimens. Nine Grade 3 or 4 adverse events occurred in seven subjects; none were judged related to DMPA. The most common findings possibly related to DMPA were abnormal vaginal bleeding (nine, 12.7%), headache (three, 4.2%), abdominal pain, mood changes, insomnia, anorexia and fatigue, each occurring in two (2.9%) subjects. No significant changes in CD4+ count or HIV RNA levels occurred with DMPA. No evidence of ovulation was detected, and no pregnancies occurred. Conclusions The clinical profile associated with DMPA administration in HIV-infected women, most on ARV, appears similar to that seen in HIV-uninfected women. DMPA prevented ovulation and did not affect CD4+ counts or HIV RNA levels. In concert with previously published DMPA/ARV interaction data, these data suggest that DMPA can be used safely by HIV-infected women on the ARV studied.
Precarious Alliances: The Cultural Politics and Structural Predicaments of the Indigenous Rights Movement in Tanzania

Since 1990, over one hundred indigenous nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) have emerged in predominantly Maasai areas in Tanzania, attempting to organize people around diverse claims of a common "indigenous" identity based on ethnicity, mode of production, and a long history of political and economic disenfranchisement. Despite attempts to foster unity and promote common political agendas, the indigenous rights movement has been fractured by sometimes quite hostile disagreements over priori- ties, competition over resources, and tensions over membership and representation. This article explores the complicated causes and consequences of these tensions by focusing on the discussions, disagreements, and silences that occurred during a recent attempt to reconcile indigenous groups in Tanzania. The workshop offers a unique window on the cultural, political, and historical dynamics of the indigenous rights movement in northern Tanzania, the principles and practices of inclusion and exclusion that have defined and shaped the movement, and the internal and external stresses that have made alliances within and among the INGOs, donors, and the government precarious, at best. (Keywords: indigenous peoples, social movements, cultural politics, Maasai, Tanzania)
Pt surface segregation in bimetallic Pt3M alloys: A density functional theory study

Abstract A simplified 5-layer slab model is used to study Pt segregation at Pt 3 M(1 1 1) surfaces (M = Ag, Au, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ir, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pd, Re, Rh, Ru, Ti, V). The calculated segregation energies are generally in good agreement with the experimental results. However, for Pt 3 Ti(1 1 1) and Pt 3 Mn(1 1 1), the model is unable to give the correct prediction because the experimental subsurface compositions are very different from those of the model. Pt segregation is found to be correlated with the subsurface atomic structure, the size of metal atoms and the surface energy. Interestingly, the calculations show that the displacement of M atoms at the topmost Pt 3 M layer can be used to predict the surface segregation trend. The local geometries for the segregation and non-segregation structures are carefully compared and the surface geometric effect on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity is discussed. In particular, it is determined that the enhanced ORR activity for the Pt-skin surfaces of Pt 3 Ni(1 1 1) and Pt 3 Co(1 1 1) alloys are not caused by geometric effects.
The politics of ethnographic practice in the Colombian vaupés

The current situation in Colombia's Vaupes region involves a complicated mosaic of various change agents, colonists, and indigenous communities. This paper discusses the role of the anthropologist investigating ethnic nationalism in such a setting, asking questions about: (a) the best position to take with respect to helping local communities carve out geographical and cultural space for themselves; (b) how best to help Indian organizations, when requested, understand the costs and benefits of proposed development projects; (c) how best to analyze, write about, and interact with local indigenous organizations and the communities they represent when different factions see things differently; and (d) in such cases, who constitutes a concerned anthropologist's constituency? The general issue of what the role of anthropology should be in such highly politicized situations is also considered.
Velocity Distributions and Mixing in the Translational Region of a Kneading Section in a Co-rotating Twin-screw Extruder

Velocity distributions in the kneading section of a co-rotating, self-wiping, twin-screw extruder were determined using laser Doppler anemometry to understand flow field and elucidate the mixing effectiveness of kneading blocks. Velocity profiles in the translational region were measured at three screw speeds using a Newtonian fluid. Effects of pitch and thickness of individual kneading disks, on the flow field, were also investigated. From the measured flow field, the total shear rate distribution and flow number were calculated. It was found that kneading blocks have substantial leakage flow, which increased with its pitch and rotational speed. Also, the flow number values indicated that there was more dispersive mixing than distributive mixing in the translational region of a kneading section.
An automatic fall detection framework using data fusion of Doppler radar and motion sensor network

This paper describes the ongoing work of detecting falls in independent living senior apartments. We have developed a fall detection system with Doppler radar sensor and implemented ceiling radar in real senior apartments. However, the detection accuracy on real world data is affected by false alarms inherent in the real living environment, such as motions from visitors. To solve this issue, this paper proposes an improved framework by fusing the Doppler radar sensor result with a motion sensor network. As a result, performance is significantly improved after the data fusion by discarding the false alarms generated by visitors. The improvement of this new method is tested on one week of continuous data from an actual elderly person who frequently falls while living in her senior home.
The effect of artificial wilting on the metabolism of phosphate compounds in tea shoots and strawberry leaves

Abstract The concentrations of phosphate esters, nucleotides and sugars were measured in tea shoots and in strawberry leaves stored either under conditions in which no loss of water occurred or under severe wilting conditions. In both a reserve material other than sugars was used as a substrate for respiration. In the case of strawberry leaves, under severe wilting conditions, sucrose increased in amount. The changes in the phosphate compounds were slight when the leaves were stored without loss of water, except for the 3-phosphoglyceric acid. Under severe wilting conditions the phosphate compounds decreased in concentration but the ratio of the concentrations of the various sugar phosphates known to be enzymically linked did not change appreciably. The ratio ATP-ADP decreased, suggesting loss of respirable substrate or damage to the oxidation mechanism particularly in tea shoots.
A GaAs MESFET Mixer with Very Low Intermodulation

This paper describes the design and performance of a new type of resistive mixer, which uses the channel resistance of a GaAs MESFET to achieve frequency mixing. Because this resistance is highly linear, very low intermodulation results. The mixer can be analyzed via existing mixer theory, with good agreement with measured performance. At 10 dBm LO power, the X-band mixer achieves 6.5 dB conversion loss, 6.6 dB noise figure, 21.5 dBm output third-order intermodulation intercept point, and 9.1 dBm 1-dB compression point.
Task Coordination and Group Foraging in Healthcare Delivery Teams

In healthcare, the team of medical providers must cooperatively seek the information and physical resources needed in order to be able to attend to patients in a timely and effective manner. Foraging theory is one field that may help describe the strategies used to acquire resources; however, the concept and definitions of foraging must be expanded to appropriately describe the team coordination activities in a high-risk, time-limited, event-driven environment. The issues of resource handoffs and the coordination of multiple task demands with shifts between tasks become crucial to the overall performance of the healthcare delivery system. Task interleaving and parallel work load issues are being investigated to distinguish these actions from the issue of workload interruptions emphasized in previous research.
The blocking probability of Geiger-mode avalanche photo-diodes

When a photo is detected by a Geiger-mode avalanche photo-diode (GMAPD), the detector is rendered inactive, or blocked, for a certain period of time. In this paper we derive the blocking probability for a GMAPD whose input is either an unmodulated, Benoulli modulated or pulse-position-modulated Poisson process.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 and Its Cofactor Vitronectin Stabilize Arterial Thrombi After Vascular Injury in Mice

Background—The origin and contribution of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and its cofactor vitronectin (VN) to arterial thrombosis/thrombolysis in vivo is controversial. Methods and Resul...
High-efficiency InGaN MQW blue and green LEDs

Abstract High-efficiency blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with multiple quantum well (MQW) InGaN active regions have been grown by low-pressure MOCVD on sapphire substrates. The devices have active regions composed of 12 InGaN wells clad by GaN barrier layers. A high density of crystallographically-oriented pits form during growth of the MQW layers and planarize during the growth of subsequent layers. Blue (∼470 nm) LEDs exhibit external quantum efficiencies of 10.6% at 20 mA and 8.7% at 100 mA. Green LEDs (522 nm) have external quantum efficiencies of 4.5% at 20 mA. Operating voltages as low as 2.96 V at 20 mA have been achieved. These are the highest efficiencies published to date for nitride-based MQW LEDs. Blue and blue-green device efficiencies are comparable to the best reported SQW devices at 20 mA drive current and exceed the SQW LEDs at higher currents.
InAs/GaAs nanostructures grown on patterned Si(001) by molecular beam epitaxy

The potential benefit from the combination of the optoelectronic and electronic functionality of III–V semiconductors with silicon technology is one of the most desired outcomes to date. Here we have systematically investigated the optical properties of InAs quantum structure embedded in GaAs grown on patterned sub-micron and nanosize holes on Si(001). III–V material tends to accumulate in the patterned sub-micron holes and a material depletion region is observed around holes when GaAs/InAs/GaAs is deposited directly on patterned Si(001). By use of a 60 nm SiO2 layer and patterning sub-micron and nanosize holes through the oxide layer to the substrate, we demonstrate that high optical quality InAs nanostructures, both quantum dots and quantum wells, formed by a two-monolayer InAs layer embedded in GaAs can be epitaxially grown on Si(001). We also report the power-dependent and temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra of these structures. The results show that hole diameter (sub-micron versus nanosize) has a strong effect on the structural and optical properties of GaAs/InAs/GaAs nanostructures.
The Effect of Age on the Retardation of Axial Elongation Following a Lensectomy in Infant Monkeys

Objective To determine the effect of age on the retardation of axial elongation in neonatal monkey eyes following the extraction of the crystalline lens. Methods A monocular lensectomy was performed on 4 rhesus monkeys when they were 4 days, 2 weeks, 7.5 months, and 1 year of age. Longitudinal measurements of axial lengths and keratometry readings were made. Results The aphakic eye was 1.7 mm shorter than the unmanipulated fellow eye in the monkey undergoing surgery at 4 days of age and 1.1 mm shorter in the monkey undergoing surgery at 2 weeks of age. However, the aphakic eyes were only 0.2 mm and 0.1 mm shorter than their unmanipulated fellow eyes, respectively, in the monkeys undergoing surgery at 7.5 months and 1 year of age. Conclusions The retardation of axial elongation following a lensectomy in infantile monkey eyes is age dependent. Little effect is observed in monkeys aged 7.5 months or older.
Mechanical behavior of representative volume elements of lithium-ion battery modules under various loading conditions

Abstract Mechanical behavior of lithium-ion battery modules is investigated by conducting tensile tests of the module components, constrained compression tests of dry module representative volume element (RVE) specimens, and a constrained punch test of a small-scale dry module specimen. The results of tensile tests of the module components are used to characterize the tensile behavior of module specimens. The results in-plane constrained compression tests of module RVE specimens indicate that the load carrying capacity is characterized by the buckling of the module components and the final densification of the module components, and the nominal stress-strain curves appear to be independent of the specimen height. The results of different compressive nominal stress-strain curves in the in-plane and out-of-plane directions indicate the module RVE specimens are anisotropic. The results of a buckling analysis of the module RVE specimens under in-plane constrained compression are in agreement with the experimental results. The module RVE specimen is dominated by the buckling of the aluminum heat dissipater sheet under in-plane constrained compression. Finally, the results of a constrained punch test of a module specimen are in agreement with those of the corresponding finite element analyses based on a macroscopic homogenized foam material model.