cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cyclopean eye and its implications: Vergence state and visual direction

Abstract The cyclopean illusion ( Hering, 1861 ) is an anomalous lateral shift in the apparent direction to a monocularly seen target, which arises when a change in vergence is made by the opposite (nonobserving) eye. Surprisingly, this directional illusion does not arise, when the observed target is an afterimage or an intermittently illuminated (4–8 Hz) object. Instead, during convergence, a monocularly imprinted afterimage seems to move toward the observer, and a stroboscopically illuminated target seems to remain fully stationary. The apparent displacement of an afterimage in depth is particularly puzzling. Since binocular interactions in the persistance of monocularly induced afterimages can be demonstrated, it is conceivable that long-persistant afterimages arise, in part, from binocularly driven neurons in the visual cortex, and that a monocularly induced afterimage can thereby become the perceptual equivalent of a binocularly fused target.
A novel mechanism for spin dephasing due to spin-conserving scatterings

A new spin dephasing mechanism is proposed for semiconductors with carrier momentum-dependent transition energies (inhomogeneous broadening) between spin states. In the presence of this inhomogeneous broadening of the spin transitions, spin-conserving (SC) scatterings lead to irreversible spin dephasing in a complete analogy to the optical dephasing of inhomogeneously broadened optical transitions. This phenomenon is demonstrated for the case when the g-factor becomes electron-energy dependent.
Experimental and theoretical performance of a demonstration solar chimney model—Part II: experimental and theoretical results and economic analysis

This paper describes details of the experimental program conducted to assess the viability of the solar chimney concept. A demonstration model was designed and built and its theoretical and experimental performance was examined. Two experimental modifications were tried on the collector: (1) extending the collector base and (2) introducing an intermediate absorber. The former modification helped in enhancing the air temperature, while the latter contributed to increasing the air temperature as well as the mass flow rate inside the chimney. Both enhancements helped to increase the overall chimney power output. Theoretical and experimental performance results of this demonstration model are presented in this paper, while the mathematical model developed in Part I was used to predict the performance of much larger systems. Mathematical model results were validated by comparing them to published data on the solar chimney system built in Manzanares, Spain. Also, an economic assessment of the system costs are presented. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communication complexity in the distributed design of linear quadratic optimal controllers

We consider a control design situation in which the knowledge of a linear time-invariant (LTI) plant?s model is segmented between two parties: one party knows the dynamics of a subsystem within the plant, and how some particular inputs affect the whole system, while the other party knows all the remaining information. We ask: ?how much of their partial knowledge of the model should the parties transmit to the control designer in order to enable her to construct an optimal controller?? Assuming that models are specified by their state-space representations, we tackle this question within the framework of Real Number Communication Complexity theory and prove that, for certain patterns of segmented model knowledge, the communication complexity of optimal control design is maximal. We also show that satisfactory suboptimal controllers can be constructed with reduced communication complexity.
Anaerobic Bacteria in Bone and Joint Infections

The etiologic importance of anaerobic microorganisms in bone and joint infections in certain settings has recently been emphasized. These settings include recovery of Actinomyces species, hematogenously acquired infection, the presence of anaerobes in pure culture, and prosthetic-joint infection. Frequently, mixed aerobic-anaerobic bone or joint infection develops as a consequence of infection in adjacent areas. The incidence with which anaerobes are present in these settings is undoubtedly underestimated and may often be unappreciated in regard to the selection of therapeutic agents. Therefore, a practical approach to the treatment of infections involving anaerobes that is based on our current knowledge is necessary. Animal models are now available for study of anaerobic osteomyelitis. In conjunction with prospective human studies utilizing careful microbiologic techniques, it should be possible to determine the significance of anaerobic bacteria when a polymicrobial flora is present in bone and joint infections.
Brief Report: Reporting Practices of Methodological Information in Four Journals of Pediatric and Child Psychology

Objective To replicate Sifers, Puddy, Warren, and Roberts (2002) examining reporting rates of demographic, methodological, and ethical information in articles published during 1997, and to compare these rates to those found in articles published during 2005, in order to determine whether and how reporting practices of these variables have changed over time. Methods We examined reporting demographic, methodological, and ethical information in articles in four journals: Journal of Pediatric Psychology, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, and Child Development. Reporting rates during 2005 were compared to articles published during 1997. Results These four journals improved on many of the 23 variables compared to Sifers et al. including increases in the reporting of ethnicity, attrition, child assent procedures, socioeconomic status, reliability, and reward/incentive offered to participants. Conclusions Improvements in descriptive information have implications for interpretation, replication, and generalizability of research findings.
Low-level arsenic exposure in wood processing plants

In October 1978, seven construction workers building a pier in Monterey, California, developed symptoms consistent with arsenic intoxication and had elevated urinary levels of arsenic. The wood used for the pier had been pressure-treated with an arsenic preservative. To evaluate the potential acute medical hazards of preserving wood with arsenic, we evaluated employees at three California plants where arsenic preservatives are mixed and applied to wood. Histories, physical examinations, and urine specimens for arsenic analysis were collected from 44 workers exposed to arsenic and from 37 controls in three woodworking plants where arsenic is not used. A comparison of the groups failed to show any significant differences in history or physical examination. Adjustment for age, length of employment, and smoking histories did not alter the pattern. Urinary arsenic concentration was found to increase with increased exposure. These results do not imply absence of chronic or delayed toxicity, nor do they preclude the presence of a more subtle toxicity such as nerve conduction deficits. The data indicate existence of an arsenic exposure hazard in wood processing.U
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN ANAGRAM-SOLVING ABILITY

Anagram solution was, as expected, significantly correlated with level of vocabulary (r = .29), but, while high anagram scores are associated with high vocabulary, low anagram scores are as often associated with high as with low vocabulary. MMPI measures of Anxiety and Repression were unrelated to anagram solution. In a second study, as predicted, Mednick's RAT, the Gottschaldt Figures Test and an incidental recall measure were significantly correlated with anagram solution (r = .43, .40, and .31, respectively, multiple R = .55), but the Stroop test, an incidental recognition measure and digit span measures were not. Two factors apparently underlie anagram solving ability—an adequate level of familiarity with words and the ability to shift attention in a directed but flexible manner.
Utilization of Localized Panel Resonant Behavior in Wind Turbine Blades

The shear webs and laminates of core panels of wind turbine blades must be designed to avoid panel buckling while minimizing blade weight. Typically, buckling resistance is evaluated by consideration of the load-deflection behavior of a blade using finite element analysis (FEA) or full-scale static loading of a blade to failure under a simulated extreme loading condition. This paper examines an alternative means for evaluating blade buckling resistance using non-destructive modal tests or FEA. In addition, panel resonances can be utilized for structural health monitoring by observing changes in the modal parameters of these panel resonances, which are only active in a portion of the blade that is susceptible to failure. Additionally, panel resonances are considered for updating of panel laminate model parameters by correlation with test data. During blade modal tests conducted at Sandia Labs, a series of panel modes with increasing complexity was observed. This paper reports on the findings of these tests, describes potential ways to utilize panel resonances for blade evaluation, health monitoring, and design, and reports recent numerical results to evaluate panel resonances for use in blade structural health assessment.
New models of interstellar gas–grain chemistry – I. Surface diffusion rates

In recent years it has become evident that large differences can exist between model results of grain-surface chemistry obtained from a rate equation approach and from a Monte Carlo technique. This dichotomy has led to the development of a modified rate equation method, in which a key element is the artificial slowing down of the diffusion rate of surface hydrogen atoms. Recent laboratory research into the surface diffusion rate of atomic hydrogen suggests that atomic hydrogen moves more slowly on grains than heretofore assumed. This research appears to lessen the need for modifications to the rate equation method. Based on the new laboratory work, we have developed appropriate models of gas-phase and grain-surface chemistry in quiescent dense cloud cores to examine the chemical effects of slowing down the rate at which atomic H can scan over dust surfaces. Furthermore, we have investigated the effect of slowing down the rate at which all species can move over grain surfaces.
Interaction with magnesium and ADP stabilizes both components of nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae against urea denaturation.

The nitrogenase enzyme of Klebsiella pneumoniae consists of two separable proteins, each with multiple subunits and one or more oxygen sensitive metallocenters. The wild-type nitrogenase proteins are stable to electrophoresis in high concentrations of urea under anaerobic conditions. Addition of Mg+2 and ADP greatly increases the stability of the smaller Fe protein (from 6 M for full unfolding), an effect directly analogous to stabilization in p21ras induced by Mg+2 and GDP. Stabilization by Mg+2 is slight for the holo MoFe protein (from approximately 1.5 to approximately 2.4 M) but more dramatic for the apo protein form of the MoFe protein accumulated by certain Fe protein (nifH gene) mutants. The potent product inhibitor of nitrogenase function, MgADP, increases stability of the MoFe protein more than Mg+2 alone, to approximately 3.6 M, showing that nucleotides interact with the MoFe protein. Mutations of the nifM gene result in slower accumulation of less stable Fe protein, indicating that NifM is involved in correct folding of the Fe protein. Mutationally altered proteins are often difficult to purify for study because of their inherent instability, low expression level, or oxygen lability. Crude extracts of 11 different mutants of Fe protein (nifH gene) were examined by transverse urea gradient gels to rapidly screen for stabilizing interactions in the presence or absence of substrate or inhibitor analogs. Amino acid alterations D44N and R188C, at the interface of the dimer, in the vicinity of the nucleotide binding site(s), have significantly lower stability than the wild-type enzyme in the absence of Mg+2 but comparable stability in its presence, showing the importance of Mg+2 in the subunit interactions. Mutations N163S and E266K, in which residues normally involved in hydrogen bonding far from the active site were altered, are more labile than the wild-type even with Mg+2 added. Seven other mutants, though nonfunctional, did not appear altered in stability compared to the wild-type.
Quantification of Gastric Solid-Liquid Discrimination During Digestion of Ordinary Meals

A method has been developed and validated that simultaneously quantifies gastric secretion and the emptying of solids and liquids after an ordinary mixed meal. Using this technique in healthy persons, it is possible to: (1) measure the transformation of the meal in the stomach, where partial digestion and solubilization reduced the volume of the solids by one-fifth, while endogenous secretion increased 3 times the volume of the liquid phase; (2) distinguish the gastric emptying pattern for solid and liquid meal components from the emptying of gastric juice; and (3) quantify the discriminatory function of the stomach which "filters" solids as it allows liquid to empty into the duodenum.
Inhibition of apoptosis by survivin improves transplantation of pancreatic islets for treatment of diabetes in mice.

Survivin is a cancer gene implicated in inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of mitosis, but its function in normal cells has remained elusive. Here, we show that transgenic mice expressing survivin in pancreatic islet b-cells show no changes in cell proliferation, as determined by islet size or islet number. Transplantation of survivin transgenic islets in diabetic recipient mice affords long-term engraftment and stable correction of hyperglycaemia. This involves intrinsic inhibition of b-cell apoptosis, in vivo, and global transcriptional changes in pancreatic islets with upregulation of stress response genes, antagonists of cytokine signalling and promoters of angiogenesis. These broad cytoprotective functions of survivin in vivo might
Clinically significant bradyarrhythmias in video-EEG patients.

Abstract Purpose The prevalence of patients thought to have epilepsy who are ultimately diagnosed with asystole or bradyarrhythmias not associated with seizures is currently unknown. We studied a tertiary referral population to determine the rate of clinically significant asystole or bradyarrhythmias in patients being evaluated for possible epilepsy in 2 inpatient epilepsy monitoring units (EMU). Methods A retrospective cohort of 1606 consecutive patients admitted for video-EEG monitoring at University of New Mexico Hospital from January 2000 to July 2005 and Mayo Clinic Florida from September 2005 to August 2009 was reviewed for clinical presentation and outcome of video-EEG and EKG monitoring. All patients included in the final analysis ( n =1433) were admitted with a diagnosis of "possible seizures". Results The majority of subjects were under the age of 20 and 10% of subjects were over age 50. The rate of significant cardiac bradyarrhythmias was 0.3% (4/1433). Three of the four subjects with cardiac arrhythmias had symptom onset in childhood. One subject died during the evaluation. Conclusions The rate of patients admitted for video-EEG monitoring who are ultimately diagnosed with asystole and bradyarrhythmias not associated with epilepsy is low. Symptom may begin in childhood.
Improving our legacy: incorporation of adaptive management into state wildlife action plans.

The loss of biodiversity is a mounting concern, but despite numerous attempts there are few large scale conservation efforts that have proven successful in reversing current declines. Given the challenge of biodiversity conservation, there is a need to develop strategic conservation plans that address species declines even with the inherent uncertainty in managing multiple species in complex environments. In 2002, the State Wildlife Grant program was initiated to fulfill this need, and while not explicitly outlined by Congress follows the fundamental premise of adaptive management, ‘Learning by doing’. When action is necessary, but basic biological information and an understanding of appropriate management strategies are lacking, adaptive management enables managers to be proactive in spite of uncertainty. However, regardless of the strengths of adaptive management, the development of an effective adaptive management framework is challenging. In a review of 53 State Wildlife Action Plans, I found a keen awareness by planners that adaptive management was an effective method for addressing biodiversity conservation, but the development and incorporation of explicit adaptive management approaches within each plan remained elusive. Only w25% of the plans included a framework for how adaptive management would be implemented at the project level within their state. There was, however, considerable support across plans for further development and implementation of adaptive management. By furthering the incorporation of adaptive management principles in conservation plans and explicitly outlining the decision making process, states will be poised to meet the pending challenges to biodiversity conservation. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
The Prediction Problems of Earthquake System Science

Editor’s note: The following is the text of the SSA Presidential Address presented at the Annual Luncheon of the Seismological Society of America (SSA) Annual Meeting on 30 April 2014. The Seismological Society of America (SSA) has always been dedicated to understanding and reducing the earthquake threat. The Society was founded in 1906 “for the acquisition and diffusion of knowledge concerning earthquakes and allied phenomena.” According to our new strategic plan, approved by the Board in 2012, the core purpose of SSA is to “advance seismology and the understanding of earthquakes for the benefit of society.” This plan lays out the vision for SSA to be “the primary forum for the assembly, exchange, and dissemination of scientific knowledge essential for an earthquake‐aware and safer world.” In the past twenty years or so, the study of earthquakes has become a true system science, offering new pathways for the advancement of seismology. Today I would like to explore what the rise of earthquake system science might imply for the future of our field and for SSA’s mission in earthquake research. System science seeks to explain phenomena that emerge from nature at the system scale, such as global climate change or earthquake activity in California or Alaska. The “system” is not a physical reality, but a hypothetical representation of nature, typically a numerical model that replicates an emergent behavior and predicts its future course. The choice of target behavior determines the system model, as can be illustrated by two representations of earthquake activity in California. One is UCERF3, the latest uniform California earthquake rupture forecast of the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, which represents future earthquake activity in terms of time‐dependent fault‐rupture probabilities. Another is the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC)’s CyberShake ground‐motion model, which uses simulations to represent the probability of …
Control of Vertebrate Development by MYC

The study of MYC has led to pivotal discoveries in cancer biology, induced pluripotency, and transcriptional regulation. In this review, continuing advances in our understanding of the function of MYC as a transcription factor and how its transcriptional activity controls normal vertebrate development and contributes to developmental disorders is discussed.
Association of Medical Comorbidities, Surgical Outcomes, and Failure to Rescue: An Analysis of the Rhode Island Hospital NSQIP Database

Background Failure to rescue (FTR) is a key metric of perioperative morbidity and mortality. We review perioperative medical comorbidities (MCMs) to determine what factors are associated with complications and rates of FTR. Study Design A retrospective review of a NSQIP database including general, vascular, and surgical subspecialty patients from a tertiary referral center between March 2008 and March 2013 was performed. Demographics, MCMs, complications, 30-day mortality, and risk of FTR associated with specific complications and MCM were evaluated. Results A total of 7,763 patients were included; 52.6% had MCMs and 14% (n = 1,099) experienced a complication. Patients with complications were older (64.9 vs 55 years; p Conclusions Specific comorbidities are associated with higher rates of complications and FTR. Preoperative CHF, renal failure, and ascites, which were associated with FTR, can reflect a physiologic inability to tolerate complication-induced fluid shifts. Postoperative mortality was associated with signs of end organ damage, including sepsis, respiratory failure, and renal failure. Earlier recognition of these complications in at-risk patients should improve rates of FTR.
Visual search and color coding

Several experiments were conducted to investigate the effects on search time of display and personnel characteristics. Search time increased by an order of magnitude when the number of display items of the target's color increased from one to the display density. Items not of the target's color affected search time to the extent that their color was similar to that of the target. The similarity of the colors was found to be well represented by a color difference calculation. The distribution on the display of target-colored items also affected search time. Personnel characteristics, including several measures of ability and experience, were unrelated to search speed. Language: en
Adenohypophysial corticotrophin, plasma free corticosteroids and adrenal weight following surgical trauma in the rat.

Abstract1. — Adenohypophysial corticotrophin, plasma free corticosteroids and adrenal weight were studied as ordinates of time following splenectomy in the rat.2. — Pituitary corticotrophin fell to 50–60% of the control level within 4 hours, remained depressed for periods of 8–20 hours, rose from then on to a peak concentration of 200% reached after 1–4 days, and regressed thereafter to normal values.3. — Plasma free corticosteroids rose to 600% of the baseline during the first hour and returned to the original level within 24 hours.4. — Adrenal weight increased to 120% of the control level within 12 hours, stabilized at this level until the 4th postoperative day, and slowly tapered off, from then on, to the normal values recorded after 64 days.5. — It is inferred from these data that the rates of corticotrophin release and synthesis are accelerated, in successive and overlapping stages, by a mechanism triggered by stress, and depressed, in a similar fashion, by the elevation of the steroid level.
Middle Childhood Antecedents of Age at Marriage Expectations among Low-Income Females

Abstract Marital timing has an important impact on one's life plans. For both theoretical and applied reasons, it would seem desirable to search for antecedents for age at marriage expectations. The major thrust of the present research is on how much of the differences in age at marriage expectations of adolescent girls can be explained by mothering behavior and the girls' self-concepts when they were fifth and sixth graders. Data from 311 Black and White girls and their mothers were gathered in 1969 and from the girls only in 1975. Most of the specific hypotheses were not supported, and regression analysis found that the predictor variables could account for only three to nine percent of the variance in age of marriage expectations. Theoretical and methodological explanations for the essentially negative findings are discussed.
Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the interaction of methanol with the S2 state of the Mn4O5Ca cluster of photosystem II.

The binding of the substrate analogue methanol to the catalytic Mn4CaO5 cluster of the water-oxidizing enzyme photosystem II is known to alter the electronic structure properties of the oxygen-evolving complex without retarding O2-evolution under steady-state illumination conditions. We report the binding mode of 13C-labeled methanol determined using 9.4 GHz (X-band) hyperfine sublevel-correlation (HYSCORE) and 34 GHz (Q-band) electron spin–echo electron nuclear double resonance (ESE-ENDOR) spectroscopies. These results are compared to analogous experiments on a mixed-valence Mn(III)Mn(IV) complex (2-OH-3,5-Cl2-salpn)2Mn(III)Mn(IV) (salpn = N,N′-bis(3,5-dichlorosalicylidene)-1,3-diamino-2-hydroxypropane) in which methanol ligates to the Mn(III) ion (Larson et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, 6263). In the mixed-valence Mn(III,IV) complex, the hyperfine coupling to the 13C of the bound methanol (Aiso = 0.65 MHz, T = 1.25 MHz) is appreciably larger than that observed for 13C methanol associated with the M...
Do insect outbreaks reduce the severity of subsequent forest fires

Understanding the causes and consequences of rapid environmental change is an essential scientific frontier, particularly given the threat of climate- and land use-induced changes in disturbance regimes. In western North America, recent widespread insect outbreaks and wildfires have sparked acute concerns about potential insect–fire interactions. Although previous research shows that insect activity typically does not increase wildfire likelihood, key uncertainties remain regarding insect effects on wildfire severity (i.e., ecological impact). Recent assessments indicate that outbreak severity and burn severity are not strongly associated, but these studies have been limited to specific insect or fire events. Here, we present a regional census of large wildfire severity following outbreaks of two prevalent bark beetle and defoliator species, mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and western spruce budworm (Choristoneura freemani), across the US Pacific Northwest. We first quantify insect effects on burn severity with spatial modeling at the fire event scale and then evaluate how these effects vary across the full population of insect–fire events (n = 81 spanning 1987–2011). In contrast to common assumptions of positive feedbacks, we find that insects generally reduce the severity of subsequent wildfires. Specific effects vary with insect type and timing, but both insects decrease the abundance of live vegetation susceptible to wildfire at multiple time lags. By dampening subsequent burn severity, native insects could buffer rather than exacerbate fire regime changes expected due to land use and climate change. In light of these findings, we recommend a precautionary approach when designing and implementing forest management policies intended to reduce wildfire hazard and increase resilience to global change.
Three Decades of Reliability in Communication Content Analyses: Reporting of Reliability Statistics and Coefficient Levels in Three Top Journals

This study examines reliability reporting in content analysis articles (N = 672) in three flagship communication journals. Data from 1985 to 2014 suggest improvements in reporting across time and also identify areas for additional improvement. Data show increased reporting of chance-corrected reliability coefficients and reporting reliability for all study variables, although increases were inconsistent among journals and the most recent time period showed slight declines. In general, the most often used coefficient was Scott’s Pi; however, Krippendorff’s Alpha was most used in the latest study period. Reporting of low reliability coefficients increased but then decreased most recently. Implications and areas for improvement are discussed.
Expressions of anxiety in African Americans: ethnography and the epidemiological catchment area studies.

High levels of anxiety have long been reported forAfrican Americans. Recent analyses of EpidemiologicalCatchment Area (ECA) data have failed to support this,although contemporary ethnographies have discussedimportant African American folk idioms of anxiety. This study compares ethnographically reported symptomsof anxiety in African Americans to those reported inthe ECA data. A multivariate analysis of femaleAfrican American and European American differences incomparable ECA and ethnographic symptoms wasperformed. Significant differences were found not inethnicity but in education levels. Alternativeinterpretations are discussed. Methodologicalproblems are discussed highlighting limitations ofboth household survey research, such as the ECAproject, and ethnography.
Criminal Liability of Newspaper Reporters Under United States Securities Laws

Newspaper reporters and those to whom they disclose unpublished information forthcoming in future newspaper columns are subject to criminal liability, in appropriate circumstances, under United States securities laws, because of the United States Supreme Court decision in Carpenter v. United States. The three defendants in Carpenter were convicted in the United States District Court of violating section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 of the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) promulgated under that Act. In Carpenter, defendant Winans had been employed as a reporter by the Wall Street Journal since March 1981 and was one of the writers of “Heard on the Street,” a particularly widely read and influential investment advice column, which had a significant impact on the market prices of securities it discussed. Carpenter worked as a news clerk at the Journal and, in the context of the scheme, served primarily as a messenger between Winans and Felis, a stock broker at Kidder Peabody, a stockbrokerage firm.The District Court decided that the defendants, acting in concert and motivated by personal gain, had knowingly breached a duty of confidentiality to the Journal by misappropriating its material, non-public information regarding the timing and content of the “Heard on the Street” columns in contravention of its policy; and that by trading on this information for personal gain, they thereby breached section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act 1934 and Rule 10b-5. In upholding these convictions, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit agreed that section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act 1934 and Rule 10b-5 prohibit employees from misappropriating a financial newspaper's forthcoming publication schedule to purchase and sell securities which would be discussed in future columns, and an evenly divided Supreme Court (4-4) affirmed the Court of Appeals' decision.
Trying to teach problem-solving instead of just assigning it: some practical issues

Several of our students lack deliberate methods for attacking problems when the solutions are not obvious. Instead, their approach often devolves to making random changes to their first attempt with the hope that a correct solution will evolve into existence. We created a first-semester Problem Solving course to make them aware of the steps they need to follow when solving problems. Several practical issues that arise for this kind of course are discussed.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes and nutritional strategies in very low birth weight infants

The developing brain of the very low birth weight (VLBW) infant is highly sensitive to effects of the nutritional milieu during the neonatal hospitalization and after discharge. Strategies to optimize nutritional care play an important role in reducing long-term neurodevelopmental morbidities in this population. Currently available interventions to ensure that the unique nutrient requirements of the VLBW infant are met include various dietary fortification strategies and parenteral nutrition. In this article, we review evidence regarding nutritional strategies and their beneficial effects on neurodevelopment in VLBW infants. We also highlight gaps in current knowledge and areas of current investigation that hold promise for improving nutritional care and long-term outcomes.
Risk, Loss, and Ambiguity Aversion after a Natural Disaster

We use survey and experimental methods to examine how residents’ risk, loss, and ambiguity aversion are affected by a tornado event. We survey residents of the Oklahoma City area where a 2013 tornado resulted in massive damage and 24 fatalities. Our evaluation shows that risk aversion increased for those who were injured by the tornado. However, persons who lost a friend or neighbor were emboldened, experiencing reduced risk aversion. Ambiguity aversion increased for those who lost their residence or had property damage, and loss aversion increased for those who lost a friend or neighbor. Risk preferences of individual citizens in disasters are affected in important and intricate ways, and these alterations may influence choices such as how and when to rebuild private homes, businesses and invest in a region’s critical public infrastructure.
Acoustical analysis of preschool classrooms

The present study explores acoustical parameters, including unoccupied and occupied noise levels and reverberation time (RT), in typical preschool classrooms located in the northern suburbs of Chicago. The study was motivated by the following observations: (1) preschool classrooms are often established in buildings that were not initially constructed to be learning spaces; (2) poor classroom acoustics interfere with skills related to academic outcomes including speech perception, serial recall, literacy, and cognitive skills; and (3) younger children are at greater risk for impaired performance in acoustically complex environments. The study was designed to determine whether these preschool classrooms meet existing classroom acoustics standards (ANSI S12.60-2010). Measurements were made with microphones positioned in locations of the classrooms where children typically engage in activities during school season to reflect realistic building operation situations. Unoccupied and occupied noises were recorded over long durations, with intensity and spectral analysis of the recordings conducted off-line. RTs were measured and quantified at the same microphone positions. Preliminary results suggested that none of the preschool classrooms met the recommended unoccupied noise levels, while 3/11 classrooms were found to have longer than recommended RTs. Occupied noise in these preschool classrooms, and implications for learning, will be discussed.
Effect of Long-Term Cultivation on Aggregate Stability, Organic Carbon Distribution, and Porosity of two Soil Series

Abstract Degradation of agricultural land by cultivation has frequently been reported but few studies have attempted to quantify its severity, particularly with respect to those properties important to erosion. This study attempts to quantify some important properties that may be influenced by cultivation of two soil series. Delineations of a Typic Hapludalf (Russell series) and Typic Argiudoll (Catlin series) with adjacent cultivated and virgin components were studied to determine the effects of long-term cultivation on porosity, bulk density (Db), aggregate size, and organic carbon (OC) distribution through the profile. Porosity was quantified using image analysis on thin sections and Db measurements as determined by the clod and excavation methods, aggregate size and stability were determined using wet sieving, and OC was determined by wet combustion. The cultivated component of the Udalf had a greater Db in the upper 50cm as compared to the virgin component. The cultivated surface had a greater number of fine and unconnected pores compared to the virgin surface. The aggregate size distribution of the A horizon for each soil was larger in the virgin condition, but there was a greater difference in the Udalf as compared to the Udoll. As OC decreased Db increased through the upper 50cm of the Udalf profiles. Long-term cultivation increased the potential erosion in these soil series by decreasing potential infiltration as a result of increased Db, reduction of interconnecting pores, finer aggregate size and reduced aggregate stability. Erodibility was also increased through reduction in organic matter and aggregate size.
Full-field imaging of thermal and acoustic dynamics in an individual nanostructure using tabletop high harmonic beams.

Imaging charge, spin, and energy flow in materials is a current grand challenge that is relevant to a host of nanoenhanced systems, including thermoelectric, photovoltaic, electronic, and spin devices. Ultrafast coherent x-ray sources enable functional imaging on nanometer length and femtosecond timescales particularly when combined with advances in coherent imaging techniques. Here, we combine ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging with an extreme ultraviolet high harmonic light source to directly visualize the complex thermal and acoustic response of an individual nanoscale antenna after impulsive heating by a femtosecond laser. We directly image the deformations induced in both the nickel tapered nanoantenna and the silicon substrate and see the lowest-order generalized Lamb wave that is partially confined to a uniform nanoantenna. The resolution achieved-sub-100 nm transverse and 0.5-A axial spatial resolution, combined with ≈10-fs temporal resolution-represents a significant advance in full-field dynamic imaging capabilities. The tapered nanoantenna is sufficiently complex that a full simulation of the dynamic response would require enormous computational power. We therefore use our data to benchmark approximate models and achieve excellent agreement between theory and experiment. In the future, this work will enable three-dimensional functional imaging of opaque materials and nanostructures that are sufficiently complex that their functional properties cannot be predicted.
Análise do comportamento e autismo: Marcos históricos descritos em publicações norteamericanas influentes

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) interventions for individuals with autism constitutes an influential domain in the USA, and its effectiveness is widely recognized. Understanding the contingencies that operate in this professional environment and practices that have been producing success as a consequence can bring benefits to other environments, including the Brazilian scientific community. The purpose of this article is to present a brief narrative of historical landmarks and practices described in influential American academic readings, with emphasis in the academic training and practices related to ABA interventions for individuals with autism. Issues related to the evolution of the field in Brazil are discussed.
A Process Model for Multicultural Social Work Practice

The authors discuss the first three steps of an eight-step communication process model designed to help social workers become effective multicultural practitioners. Introduced are type 1 and type 2...
A 32Gb/s NRZ 37dB SerDes in 10nm CMOS to Support PCI Express Gen 5 Protocol

This paper presents the first SerDes design to demonstrate a PCI-Express 5 link with area of 0.33mm2 per lane, die edge usage per lane of 285 um, dynamic junction temperature range from -40C to 125C, energy efficiency of 11.4pJ/bit including PLL and clocking, power management including power gating for all analog blocks, continuous data rate support between 1–32 Gb/s, and supporting channel topologies with insertion loss up to 37dB at 16GHz with BER < 1e-12 in 10nm process technology.
Disease economic burden associated with bacillary Shigellosis in Shanghai

细菌性痢疾(菌痢)是全球面临的主要公共卫生问题,全球每年菌痢大多发生在发展中国家[1];给家庭和社会带来较大的经济负担.本研究通过测算上海市菌痢患者一次患病的社会费用和个人费用,评估菌痢造成的疾病经济负担。
GRIA3 missense mutation is cause of an x-linked developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Abstract Purpose GRIA3, encoding subunit 3 of glutamate ionotropic AMPA receptor, is associated with X-linked intellectual disability (ID), dysmorphic features, and non-syndromic epilepsy. We aimed to characterize electro-clinical features of patients with GRIA3 variants. Methods We report a patient carrying a hemizygous missense variant c.2359 G > A (p.Glu787Lys) inGRIA3 gene. Following a literature search, we also reviewed clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, and genetic features of 19 patients with GRIA3 mutations. Results This 26-month-old boy had developmental delay, early onset refractory myoclonic epilepsy, and non-convulsive refractory status epilepticus. In published reports, epilepsy was in 6 of 19 patients carrying different genotypes, though epilepsy and electroencephalogram features were not completely defined. Out of the 6 patients, one presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures, two with myoclonic and clonic events (one also presented with epileptic spasms), and one with atypical absences and myoclonic jerks. Information on type of epilepsy was unavailable for 3 cases. Epilepsy onset was early in life and there was potential tendency for myoclonic/clonic events. The epilepsy was difficult to treat and prognosis is poor. Severity of ID ranged from mild to severe and was variably associated with bipolar affective disorder and autistic spectrum disorders. Other neurological features included hypotonia, asthenic body habitus with poor muscle bulk, and hyporeflexia. Conclusion Our report expands knowledge on the electro-clinical and molecular spectrum of GRIA3 variants. Larger investigations will better define the prevalence of epilepsy, the epileptic phenotype, and syndromic features underlying GRIA3 variants.
Working memory load reduces the electrocortical processing of positive pictures

To date, the emotion regulation literature has focused primarily on the down-regulation of negative emotion, with far fewer studies interrogating the mechanisms at work in positive emotion regulation. This body of work has suggested that nonaffective mechanisms, such as cognitive load have a role to play in reducing emotional response. For example, the late positive potential (LPP), which tracks attention to salient stimuli, is reduced when task-irrelevant negative and neutral stimuli are presented under high compared with low working memory load. Using positive stimuli, working memory load has been shown to reduce the LPP elicited by positive words and faces but has not previously been shown to modulate the LPP elicited by positive scenes. Emotional scenes are the predominant type of stimuli used in the broader emotion regulation literature, are more arousing than faces, and have been shown to more strongly modulate the LPP. Here, 41 participants performed a working memory task interspersed with the presentation of positive and neutral scenes, while electroencephalography was recorded. Results showed that the LPP was increased for positive compared with neutral pictures and reduced on high-load compared to low-load trials. Working memory performance was worse on high-load compared with low-load trials, although it was not significantly correlated with the LPP, and picture type did not affect working memory performance. Results bridge to the willful emotion regulation literature to increase understanding of the mechanisms underlying positive emotion regulation, which has been relatively unexamined.
Embedding Virtual Simulation Into a Course to Teach Parent–Teacher Collaboration Skills:

Teacher preparation programs have acknowledged the need to address the topic of collaboration in coursework; however, few educator preparation programs require collaboration courses or address the ...
A Holistic Analytics Approach for Determining Effective Promotional Product Groupings

With companies across industries continually striving to get ahead of the competition, product pricing could be the deciding factor in driving or destroying the margins of a company. Promotional grouping of products is an effective pricing strategy used across multiple industries such as retail, healthcare, and many more. Promotional product groupings or bundling can be seen everywhere, from buffets served at restaurants to the suite of products sold together by MS Office. The fact that the component products are readily available means that bundling is one of the most flexible elements of product strategy. However, some caveats come with bundling, most of which stem from inadequate planning. Bundling could lead to the cannibalization of products that are not present in bundles. Furthermore, it could lead to customers not choosing to buy the desired product because she would have to buy the other product bundled with it.
Pacific Plate subduction beneath the central Mariana and Izu‐Bonin fore arcs: New insights from an old margin

[1] Multichannel seismic (MCS) profiles and bathymetric data from the central Mariana and Izu-Bonin subduction systems image the subducting Pacific Plate from the outer trench slope to beneath serpentinite seamounts on the outer fore arc. Subducting oceanic crust varies along the Mariana margin from 5.3 to 7 km thick and is covered by 0.5–2 km thick sediments and numerous seamounts. Oceanic crustal thickness east of the Izu-Bonin Trench is ∼6 km. Faulting resulting from flexure of the incoming Pacific Plate begins up to 100 km east of the trench axis, near the 6 km depth contour. The plate is cut by normal faults that reactivate inherited tectonic fabric where that fabric strikes 25°, incoming crust breaks along new faults with a trench-parallel strike. The Mariana Trench axis is commonly a graben that accommodates an abrupt change (within 8° beneath the outer fore arc. We infer that the plate fails there rather than simply bends under the applied loads. Along portions of the Mariana margin, subducting seamounts displace the trench axis westward and uplift the toe of the slope. Surprisingly, west of the toe, there is no geophysical evidence of disturbance of the upper plate in response to seamount subduction, nor of significant subduction erosion or sediment underplating. MCS profiles across the base of the Mariana inner trench slope provide evidence for both complete subduction and small-scale accretion of Pacific Plate sediments; however, we found no evidence for long-term sediment accretion. The subducting plate dips 9–12° beneath serpentinite seamounts on the Izu-Bonin and Mariana fore arcs. Along the Mariana margin, the majority of these seamounts are located ∼50–70 km west of the trench where the mantle wedge is 3–7 km thick between 8–10 km thick fore-arc crust and the top of the subducting plate. The apparent lack of significant deformation of the Mariana fore arc crust by subducting seamounts may be the result of a weak serpentinized mantle wedge and/or progressive fracturing as the subducting plate increases in dip as it passes through the trench graben.
Kinetics of hydrolysis and mutational analysis of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide hydrolase from Pseudomonas putida DTB.

The initial step in the biodegradation pathway of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in Pseudomonas putida strain DTB is catalyzed by DEET hydrolase (DthA), which hydrolyzes the amide bond to yield 3-methylbenzoic acid and diethylamine. In order to extend our understanding of DthA, the enzyme was purified and characterized. The enzyme is most active at pH 7.9, and is probably a tetramer in its native state. The kinetic parameters of the wild-type enzyme are Km = 10.2 ± 0.8 μm, kcat = 5.53 ± 0.09 s−1, and kcat/Km = (5.4 ± 0.4) × 105 m−1·s−1. Mild substrate inhibition was observed with DEET concentrations over 500 μm. A homology model of DthA was used to guide mutational analysis of the active site, confirming that the catalytic triad is formed by Ser166, Ap292, and His320. The oxyanion hole is formed by the side chain OH of Tyr84 and the backbone amide of Trp167, with the Tyr84 OH being essential for enzyme activity. The DthA model also revealed a hydrophobic substrate-binding pocket comprosed of Trp167, Met170, and Trp214. W167A and M170A mutations decreased enzymatic activity and exacerbated substrate inhibition, whereas Trp214, which probably plays a role in substrate recognition, was essential for enzymatic activity. The pH rate profile of DthA was fitted to two ionizable groups (pKa1 = 6.1 and pKa2 = 9.9) that probably correspond to Ne of His320 and the OH of Tyr84, respectively. In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of DEET, DthA hydrolyzed a variety of esters and amides. Database Model data are available in the PMDB database under the accession number PM0077728. Structured digital abstract • DthA and DthA bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)