cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean-field and information-theoretic algorithms for direct segmentation of tomographic images

We apply the weak membrane model with optimization by mean field annealing to the direct segmentation of tomographic images. We also introduce models based on the minimum description length principle that include penalties for measurement error, boundary length, regions, and means. Outliers are prevented by upper and lower bound constraints on pixel values. Several models are generalized to three-dimensional images. The superiority of our models to convolution back projection is demonstrated experimentally.
Direct access storage device (DASD) modeling and validation

In a distributed environment where data are distributed and stored in individual DASDs, the performance of each of these DASD subsystems is critical to overall system performance. Hence, in order to size the DASD subsystems within a distributed environment appropriately, a flexible and robust planning tool is needed. A planning tool in the form of a robust simulation-based model is proposed for the performance evaluation of noncached and cached DASD subsystems. It is validated with performance data obtained from a real-world environment. This planning tool is part of an ongoing research project in the development of a four-level distributed information system simulator. >
History of ultrasonic duplex scanning

Ultrasonic duplex scanning was developed and introduced into clinical practice by the combined efforts of engineers and physicians. The instrumentation represents a marriage of B-mode imaging and Doppler technology. Since its introduction in 1974, numerous modifications and upgrading of the technology have taken place. The modern duplex scanner can be used to study vascular disease wherever it is found in the body.
Epstein-Barr Virus gH Is Essential for Penetration of B Cells but Also Plays a Role in Attachment of Virus to Epithelial Cells

Entry of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) into B cells is initiated by attachment of glycoprotein gp350 to the complement receptor type 2 (CR2). A complex of three glycoproteins, gH, gL, and gp42, is subsequently required for penetration. Gp42 binds to HLA class II, which functions as an entry mediator or coreceptor and, by analogy with other herpesviruses, gH is then thought to be involved virus-cell fusion. However, entry of virus into epithelial cells is thought to be different. It can be initiated by attachment by an unknown glycoprotein in the absence of CR2. There is no interaction between gp42 and HLA class II and instead a distinct complex of only the two glycoproteins gH and gL interacts with a novel entry mediator. Again, by analogy with other viruses gH is thought to be critical to fusion. To investigate further the different roles of gH in infection of the two cell types and to examine its influence on the assembly of the gH-gL-gp42 complex, we constructed two viruses, one in which the gH open reading frame was interrupted by a cassette expressing a neomycin resistance gene and the gene for green fluorescent protein and one as a control in which the neighboring nonessential thymidine kinase gene was interrupted with the same cassette. Virus lacking gH exited from cells normally, although loss of gH resulted in rapid turnover of gL and gp42 as well. The virus bound normally to B lymphocytes but could not infect them unless cells and bound virus were treated with polyethylene glycol to induce fusion. In contrast, virus that lacked the gH complex was impaired in attachment to epithelial cells and the effects of monoclonal antibodies to gH implied that this resulted from loss of gH rather than other members of the complex. These results suggest a role for gH in both attachment and penetration into epithelial cells.
Using Human Rights to Improve Arctic Governance

Each day brings new evidence that human activity is dramatically and irreversibly altering planet Earth, potentially unraveling the life support systems on which we and all other living creatures rely. Nowhere is that evidence more vivid than in the Arctic. Headlines about the Arctic with alarming phrases like “After the Ice” have become common fare. As the ice melts, the once-remote Arctic becomes increasingly accessible to shipping, oil and gas extraction, fishing and tourism. The new Arctic activities made possible by a warming climate will ultimately be managed, coordinated and regulated. The only questions are when, under what governance structures, and by whose rules. The international community faces a choice — governance initiatives must either get ahead of changing circumstances or will assuredly trail in their wake. This chapter makes the case that Arctic governance should draw on human rights norms in order to grapple more effectively with issues of participation, fairness and transparency in managing Arctic resources. In particular, this chapter suggests that embrace of emerging human rights norms around participation, access to information, and prior informed consent will help decisionmakers exercise their discretion in a fashion that not only supports rather than undermines legitimacy, but also leads to better, more sustainable decisionmaking.
Spatial Synchrony Among and Within World-Systems: Insights From Theoretical Ecology

This paper reports on research in population ecology and suggests ways it might be useful in explaining spatial dynamics of states, groups, and world-systems. In particular it focuses on how and why populations at opposite of ends of Afroeurasia come to rise and fall simultaneously over long periods of time. We call for exploration of research in population ecology for understanding world-system evolution and suggest directions for possible future research.
Application of the Extended Health Control Belief Model to Predict Hepatitis A and B Vaccinations

Background Adult vaccination compliance rates vary according to sample and type of vaccine administered (influenza, pneumococcal). This study looked at vaccination of a community sample of low-income, minority adults. Methods Nurses offered free vaccination for hepatitis A and B in the form of the combined Twinrix vaccine to adults on a walk-in basis. In addition to dosing information, participants completed the Risk Behavior Assessment, the Coping Strategies Indicator and the Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Skaff's extended Health Belief Model was used as the theoretical framework. Count regression was used to model receipt of one, two, or three doses. Results The majority of participants were male with a mean age of 40 years. The distribution of doses was: 173 individuals (27.6%) received one dose only, 261 (41.7%) received two doses, and 191 (30.5%) received three doses of vaccine. The multivariate count regression model including being male, having previously been told by a health care provider that one has syphilis, having severe negative emotions, and perceived social support were associated with participants' receiving fewer doses of hepatitis vaccine. A greater problem-solving score was associated with a higher number of vaccine doses received. Conclusion Despite free vaccinations offered in an easily accessible community setting, the majority of participants failed to complete the hepatitis vaccine series. More effort is needed to get adult men to participate in hepatitis vaccination clinics. Additional research is necessary to understand barriers other than cost to adults receiving vaccination.
Development of the Children With Disabilities Algorithm

BACKGROUND: A major impediment to understanding quality of care for children with disabilities (CWD) is the lack of a method for identifying this group in claims databases. We developed the CWD algorithm (CWDA), which uses International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes to identify CWD. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study that (1) ensured each of the 14 567 codes within the 2012 ICD-9-CM codebook was independently classified by 3 to 9 pediatricians based on the code’s likelihood of indicating CWD and (2) triangulated the resulting CWDA against parent and physician assessment of children’s disability status by using survey and chart abstraction, respectively. Eight fellowship-trained general pediatricians and 42 subspecialists from across the United States participated in the code classification. Parents of 128 children from a large, free-standing children’s hospital participated in the parent survey; charts of 336 children from the same hospital were included in the abstraction study. RESULTS: CWDA contains 669 ICD-9-CM codes classified as having a ≥75% likelihood of indicating CWD. Examples include 318.2 Profound intellectual disabilities and 780.72 Functional quadriplegia. CWDA sensitivity was 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.63–0.84) compared with parent report and 0.98 (0.95–0.99) compared with physician assessment; its specificity was 0.86 (0.72–0.95) and 0.50 (0.41–0.59), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ICD-9-CM codes can be classified by their likelihood of indicating CWD. CWDA triangulates well with parent report and physician assessment of child disability status. CWDA is a new tool that can be used to assess care quality for CWD.
More nerve root injuries occur with minimally invasive lumbar surgery: Let's tell someone.

Background In a recent study entitled: "More nerve root injuries occur with minimally invasive lumbar surgery, especially extreme lateral interbody fusion (XLIF): A review", Epstein documented that more nerve root injuries occurred utilizing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) versus open lumbar surgery for diskectomy, decompression of stenosis (laminectomy), and/or fusion for instability. Methods In large multicenter Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial reviews performed by Desai et al., nerve root injury with open diskectomy occurred in 0.13-0.25% of cases, occurred in 0% of laminectomy/stenosis with/without fusion cases, and just 2% for open laminectomy/stenosis/degenerative spondylolisthesis with/without fusion. Results In another MIS series performed largely for disc disease (often contained nonsurgical disc herniations, therefore unnecessary procedures) or spondylolisthesis, the risk of root injury was 2% for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) versus 7.8% for posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). Furthermore, the high frequencies of radiculitis/nerve root/plexus injuries incurring during anterior lumbar interbody fusions (ALIF: 15.8%) versus extreme lumbar interbody fusions (XLIF: 23.8%), addressing disc disease, failed back surgery, and spondylolisthesis, were far from acceptable. Conclusions The incidence of nerve root injuries following any of the multiple MIS lumbar surgical techniques (TLIF/PLIF/ALIF/XLIF) resulted in more nerve root injuries when compared with open conventional lumbar surgical techniques. Considering the majority of these procedures are unnecessarily being performed for degenerative disc disease alone, spine surgeons should be increasingly asked why they are offering these operations to their patients?
Classical eyelid conditioning of the severely retarded: Partial reinforcement effects

Eyelid conditioning data was obtained from severely retarded Ss by using a motion picture as a distractor during the experimental session. In contrast to findings with normal Ss, there was little reinforcement decrement in acquisition, and partial reinforcement Ss extinguished as rapidly as those receiving continuous reinforcement.
Shpil: The Art of Playing Klezmer edited by Yale Strom

The 1970s klezmer revival in the United States lead to a rediscovery of the classic recordings of the early twentieth century with a special emphasis on the oeuvre of virtuosic band leaders such as...
Racial Attitudes Characterizing Social Work Students at a Southern University

ABSTRACTSocial work students and professionals need to develop the ability to gauge potential links between race and resource deprivation and limited access to social services. Using data from a university-wide student survey, we tested two hypotheses: (a) that social work students exhibit greater racial tolerance than students not studying social work and (b) that entering and graduating MSW students alike exhibit greater racial tolerance than BSW students. Our results clearly suggest social work students were more tolerant than other students. However, with a few exceptions, progress through social work study was not significantly associated with increase in tolerance.
Effect of feather meal on live animal performance and carcass quality and composition of growing-finishing swine

A total of 252 crossbred pigs were used in two experiments to determine the effect of feeding hydrolyzed feather meal (FM) during the growing-finishing period on animal performance, carcass composition, and pork quality. All pigs were blocked by weight, and dietary treatments were assigned randomly to pens within blocks. In Exp. 1, 24 pens were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments: 1) control corn-soybean meal starter, grower, and finisher diets devoid of FM; 2) control diets formulated with 3% FM; and 3) control diets formulated with 6% FM. During the starter phase, there was a quadratic decrease in average daily gain (P 0.10) on performance during the grower-I phase, finisher phase, or in the overall trial. Moreover, carcasses from pigs fed 3% FM had greater (P 0.10) ham or carcass lean composition. In Exp. 2, 24 pens were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments: 1) positive control corn-soybean meal-based starter, grower, and finisher diets; 2) negative control corn-soybean meal- and wheat middlings-based starter, grower, and finisher diets; 3) negative control diets formulated with 3% FM; and 4) negative control diets formulated with 6% FM. Dietary FM had no effect (P > 0.10) on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or gain:feed during any phase of the experiment. Ham weight decreased linearly (P < 0.04), whereas ham lean weight increased linearly (P < 0.09), with increasing levels of FM in the diet. Pork from pigs fed 3% FM tended (quadratic effect, P < 0.10) to receive higher Japanese color scores than pork from pigs fed either negative control or 6% FM diets. Moreover, pork color became lighter (P c 0.08), less red (P < 0.001), and less yellow (P < 0.003) as FM level was increased in swine diets. Results from these two experiments indicate that as much as 6% FM can be incorporated into isolysinic diets of growing-finishing pigs without adversely impacting animal performance, carcass composition, or pork quality.
The Great Nuremberg Trial

Professor Weinberg, an authority on World War II and its documentation, and the AMS Press merit great credit for republishing this principal source material on the trial of the 22 "major" Nazi leaders by the International Military Tribunal (IMT). Although during the two and one half years after the case against Hermann Goering et al., twelve other trials against a total of some 200 defendants-most of them also of high position and vast power-were held in the same ornate courtroom by tribunals composed exclusively of American judges, it is the IMT case, as the most historic of these altogether 13 trials, with which the name of Nuremberg (previously identified with Hitler's pomp-and-frenzy rallies) has been linked ever since.
Best Clinical Practice: Current Controversies in Evaluation of Low-Risk Chest Pain-Part 1.

Abstract Background Chest pain is a common presentation to the emergency department (ED), though the majority of patients are not diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Many patients are admitted to the hospital due to fear of ACS. Objective Our aim was to investigate controversies in low-risk chest pain evaluation, including risk of missed ACS, stress test, and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Discussion Chest pain accounts for 10 million ED visits in the United States annually. Many patients are at low risk for a major cardiac adverse event (MACE). With negative troponin and nonischemic electrocardiogram (ECG), the risk of MACE and myocardial infarction (MI) is Conclusions With nonischemic ECG and negative cardiac biomarker, the risk of ACS approaches
Is Selectively Not Resurfacing the Patella an Acceptable Practice in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background To resurface or not to resurface the patella remains a controversy in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to assess the long-term outcomes associated with selectively not resurfacing the patella. Methods This was a historical cohort study of 15,497 patients with 21,371 primary TKA procedures performed at a single institution between 1985 and 2010. The cohort included 402 (2%) knees with unresurfaced patellae and 20,969 knees with all-polyethylene patellae designs. Reasons for not resurfacing the patella were documented. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the risk of complications and revisions among procedures with unresurfaced patellae. Results According to the surgeon, reasons for not resurfacing were normal cartilage (226, 56%), young patient (30, 8%), thin patella (53, 13%), and surgeons' choice (93, 23%). In age, sex, and calendar year-adjusted analyses, the risk of complications (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06, 1.46) and all-cause revisions (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.89) were significantly higher after TKA with unresurfaced patellae. However, after adjusting for femoral component types and operative diagnoses, these associations were no longer significant. The only group with significantly worse outcomes were those with a thin patellae with increased risk of complications (HR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.70, 4.17) and revisions (HR: 5.94, 95% CI: 2.35, 15.02). Yet, the excess risk in the thin patellae group was mainly due to infections, and not related to unresurfaced patellae. Conclusion Selectively not resurfacing the patella seemed to provide similar results compared with routine resurfacing.
Usefulness of Echocardiography/Doppler to Reliably Predict Elevated Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension.

The ability of echocardiography (echo)/Doppler to predict elevated left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (EDP) specifically among patients with pulmonary hypertension is not well defined. This was a retrospective analysis of 161 patients referred to a specialized pulmonary hypertension clinic. A model based on an American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) joint statement was evaluated, and a new model was developed using univariate linear regression and multivariable logistic regression for potentially better prediction of elevated LVEDP. The study cohort had a median pulmonary arterial pressure was 34.0 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance was 3.7 Wood units; 81 patients (51%) had LVEDP >15 mm Hg on invasive testing. Doppler E/A, E/e′ (septal, lateral, and average), e′/a′ (lateral and average), and left atrial volume and diameter all had significant correlation with LVEDP (p
Amino Acid Mutations in the NS4A Region of Hepatitis C Virus Contribute to Viral Replication and Infectious Virus Production

ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain JFH-1, which belongs to genotype 2a, replicates autonomously in cultured cells, whereas another genotype 2a strain, J6CF, does not. Previously, we found that replacement of the NS3 helicase and NS5B-to-3′X regions of J6CF with those of JFH-1 confers J6CF replication competence. In this study, we aimed to identify the minimum modifications within these genomic regions needed to establish replication-competent J6CF. We previously identified 4 mutations in the NS5B-to-3′X region that could be used instead of replacement of this region to confer J6CF replication competence. Here, we induced cell culture-adaptive mutations in J6CF by the long-term culture of J6CF/JFH-1 chimeras composed of JFH-1 NS5B-to-3′X or individual parts of this but not the NS3 helicase region. After 2 months of culture, efficient HCV replication and infectious virus production in chimeric RNA-transfected cells were observed, and several amino acid mutations in NS4A were identified in replicating HCV genomes. The introduction of NS4A mutations into the J6CF/JFH-1 chimeras enhanced viral replication and infectious virus production. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that some of these mutations altered the subcellular localization of the coexpressed NS3 protein and affected the interaction between NS3 and NS4A. Finally, introduction of the most effective NS4A mutation, A1680E, into J6CF contributed to its replication competence in cultured cells when introduced in conjunction with four previously identified adaptive mutations in the NS5B-to-3′X region. In conclusion, we identified an adaptive mutation in NS4A that confers J6CF replication competence when introduced in conjunction with 4 mutations in NS5B-to-3′X and established a replication-competent J6CF strain with minimum essential modifications in cultured cells. IMPORTANCE The HCV cell culture system using the JFH-1 strain and HuH-7 cells can be used to assess the complete HCV life cycle in cultured cells. This cell culture system has been used to develop direct-acting antivirals against HCV, and the ability to use various HCV strains within this system is important for future studies. In this study, we aimed to establish a novel HCV cell culture system using another HCV genotype 2a strain, J6CF, which replicates in chimpanzees but not in cultured cells. We identified an effective cell culture-adaptive mutation in NS4A and established a replication-competent J6CF strain in cultured cells with minimum essential modifications. The described strategy can be used in establishing a novel HCV cell culture system, and the replication-competent J6CF clone composed of the minimum essential modifications needed for cell culture adaptation will be valuable as another representative of genotype 2a strains.
Imperfect two-dimensional topological insulator field-effect transistors

To overcome the challenge of using two-dimensional materials for nanoelectronic devices, we propose two-dimensional topological insulator field-effect transistors that switch based on the modulation of scattering. We model transistors made of two-dimensional topological insulator ribbons accounting for scattering with phonons and imperfections. In the on-state, the Fermi level lies in the bulk bandgap and the electrons travel ballistically through the topologically protected edge states even in the presence of imperfections. In the off-state the Fermi level moves into the bandgap and electrons suffer from severe back-scattering. An off-current more than two-orders below the on-current is demonstrated and a high on-current is maintained even in the presence of imperfections. At low drain-source bias, the output characteristics are like those of conventional field-effect transistors, at large drain-source bias negative differential resistance is revealed. Complementary n- and p-type devices can be made enabling high-performance and low-power electronic circuits using imperfect two-dimensional topological insulators. A challenge of using 2D materials for nanoelectronic devices is the need for defect-free lattice supporting efficient carrier transport. Here, the authors show theoretically that 2D topological insulators enable high-performance, low-power field-effect transistors without requiring defect-free materials.
LIFE, DEATH, AND IDENTITY IN ZHONGSHAN: SORTING OUT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

THE MANY STRUCTURES AND ARTIFACTS RECENTLY EXCAVATED from the Zhongshan capital, Lingshou, provide a broader archaeological context in which the remains from King Cuo's tomb can be examined and interpreted. In addition, the cemeteries in and around Lingshou, and tombs in the Zhongshan territory beyond the capital, betray cultural changes and interactions in this area through the Eastern Zhou period. These archaeological contexts will be examined against the cultural and political background provided by relevant historical sources. The purpose of the following discussion is not to use one type of source to complement another, although sometimes archaeological evidence and historical evidence do seem to illuminate each other. On more occasions, interpretations derived from historical and archaeological records contradict, instead of confirm, each other. Instead of treating historical texts as authoritative and archaeological remains as supplementary, or vice versa, I will interpret them on their own merit and see what different pictures each of the two categories of sources helps to construct. By accepting that both textual documents and archaeological data are ambiguous, context-dependent, and open to interpretation, and that they do not have to match, we can “take advantage of different aspects of both textual and non-textual data,” and as a result, we will be able to get a more multifaceted understanding of past societies in this area. The sociopolitical context reconstructed through archaeological and textual sources in this chapter will also shed light on the relation between artifacts and politics discussed in the following chapters. SHANG AND WESTERN ZHOU PERIOD REMAINS IN THE REGION Sites of the Shang and Western Zhou periods abound in the area east of the Taihang mountains, which later became Xianyu and Zhongshan territory. Shang sites were found in Gaocheng 藁城, Shijiazhuang 石家莊, Zhengding 正定, Wuji 無極, Lingshou, Pingshan, Quyang 曲陽, Wanxian 完縣, and Mancheng 滿城 counties, and yielded assemblages of Shang-style bronze vessels and weapons, some inscribed with prominent Shang clan names. Shang (or Yin) people must have settled in this area from the Middle Shang period. Western Zhou period sites were found in Gaocheng, Wuji, Quyang, Tangxian 唐縣, and Mancheng along the eastern foot of the Taihang mountains. Typical Western Zhou-style bronzes from these sites include ding 鼎, li 鬲, gui 簋, hu 壺, pan 盤, and yi 匜. No northern-style items of this period have been found in this region.
Mapping transit accessibility: Possibilities for public participation

Abstract The value of accessibility concepts is well-established in transportation literature, but so is the low adoption of accessibility-based instruments by practitioners. Based on the premise that leveraging accessibility concepts to address public involvement challenges could promote their adoption in planning practice, this research investigates mechanisms to promote social learning among participants in public workshops. Potential mechanisms of learning include specific tool-based interactions and how such interactions reinforce structures of learning such as alignment and imagination. This paper details iterative testing of these mechanisms with a tool called CoAXs (short for Collaborative ACCESSibility-based stakeholder engagement system), through focus groups and exploratory workshops. A mixed-methods analysis of the workshops supports the expectation that alignment and imagination correlate positively with social learning, as measured by reported learning and dialog quality. Specific interactions with the accessibility-based features of CoAXs in turn correlate positively with alignment and imagination, at individual and group levels of analysis. These findings, while not robustly generalizable, suggest that effective targeted stakeholder engagement for public transport can be structured around collaborative accessibility mapping. Adoption for broader public participation requires further development, especially the incorporation of actual day-to-day experiences such as unreliable operations.
Neonatal immune challenge followed by adult immune challenge induces epigenetic-susceptibility to aggravated visceral hypersensitivity.

Background Abdominal pain is one of the major symptoms of inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The inflammatory mediators released by colon inflammation are known to sensitize the afferent neurons, which is one of the contributors to abdominal pain. However, not all IBD patients have abdominal pain, and some patients report abdominal pain during remission, suggesting contributions of other pathological factors to abdominal pain in IBD. Epidemiological studies found early-life gastrointestinal infections a risk factor for IBD symptoms and adult-life gastrointestinal infections may trigger the onset of IBD. We investigated the hypothesis that neonatal colon immune challenge followed by an adult colon immune challenge upregulates spinal cord BDNF that aggravates visceral sensitivity over and above that induced by adult colon immune challenge alone. Methods We induced neonatal and adult colon immune challenges by intraluminal administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid to the rat colon. Key Results We found that neonatal immune challenge triggers epigenetic programming that upregulates tyrosine hydroxylase in the locus ceruleus when these rats are subjected to an adult colon immune challenge. The upregulation of locus ceruleus tyrosine hydroxylase, upregulates norepinephrine in the cerebrospinal fluid that acts on adrenergic receptors to enhance pCREB binding to the cAMP response element, which recruits histone acetylene transferase (HAT) to the BDNF gene to enhance its transcription resulting in aggravated visceromotor response to colorectal distension. HAT and adrenergic receptor antagonists block the aggravation of visceral sensitivity. Conclusion & Inferences HAT and adrenergic receptor inhibitors may serve as alternates to opioids and NSAIDS in suppressing abdominal pain in IBD.
Vector and Matrix Norms

This chapter begins the study of numerical linear algebra. The length, or norm, of a vector is defined, and the 2-, 1-, and infinity vector norms are defined. There are inequalities that bound each norm in terms of the others. The chapter develops properties of the 2-norm, since it is most frequently used in applications. In particular, the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and the Pythagorean theorem are satisfied by the 2-norm. The 2-norm is orthogonally invariant and thus is very important in computer graphics. If a set of k vectors in n -dimensional space are orthogonal, they form a basis for a k -dimensional subspace. Multiplication by an orthogonal matrix effects a change of coordinates. Spherical coordinates are introduced, and an orthogonal matrix is developed to change to and from Euclidean coordinates and spherical coordinates. The spherical coordinate basis vectors are the columns of the orthogonal matrix. The chapter defines the matrix norm and first presents the Frobenius norm. The induced matrix norm is defined, and the unit spheres for the infinity, 1- and 2- norm vector norms are drawn. The value of an induced matrix norm is the maximum value of Ax for x on the unit sphere. The infinity norm of a matrix is developed both experimentally and mathematically. The submultiplicative property for matrix norms is defined and it is shown that the Frobenius norm is submultiplicative. The 2-norm is the most complicated norm to compute. Begin with the symmetric matrix A T A whose eigenvalues are nonnegative. A singular value is the square root of an eigenvalue of A T A . Using the spectral theorem, it is shown that the matrix 2-norm is the largest singular value. Important properties of the 2-norm are developed, including orthogonal invariance, the fact that the 2-norm of a matrix equals the 2-norm of its transpose, and that the 2-norm of the inverse of A is the reciprocal of the smallest singular value of A .
The Creativity Curse: When Attempts at Improvement have Psychological Cost

Creative ideas are prized by most organizations because a new product or service can be highly profitable (George, 2007). In many organizations, however, creative solutions are also aimed at improving the organization itself. What if the process of generating creative solutions aimed at improving the organization comes at a cost? Drawing on judgment and decision theory, I predict that individuals asked to direct their creativity toward organizational improvement will actually become dissatisfied with the organization as a result. This will happen because people will imagine a better hypothetical version of the organization, which will then make the real world seem worse by comparison. A series of experiments support this prediction and replicate the results across different subject organizations. I discuss implications of these results for organizations, managers, and for creativity research in general.
Utility of the BRAF p.V600E immunoperoxidase stain in FNA direct smears and cell block preparations from patients with thyroid carcinoma.

Background The identification of BRAF mutations in thyroid cancer has prognostic and therapeutic implications. Although the gold standard for identifying BRAF mutations is molecular testing, the ability to perform BRAF p.V600E immunostaining on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) samples can facilitate the rapid triaging of patients to treatment options. Methods A total of 50 thyroid carcinoma FNA samples, including papillary (29 samples), poorly differentiated (10 samples), anaplastic (9 samples), and Hurthle cell (2 samples) carcinomas, with a known BRAF p.V600E mutation status were selected for the current study. Immunostaining was performed on smears and cell block sections using an anti-BRAF p.V600E antibody (clone VE1). The results were compared with the known mutation status obtained by molecular testing and/or immunostaining of surgical pathology material from the same patient. Results Of the total of 50 cases, 26 cases had smears available for the evaluation of BRAF p.V600E immunostaining; positive immunostaining was noted in 16 samples and negative immunostaining was noted in 4 samples, whereas 6 cases were equivocal. Of the 34 cases for which cell blocks were available for evaluation, BRAF p.V600E immunostaining was positive in 17 cases, negative in 16 cases, and equivocal in 1 case. The overall sensitivity and specificity of BRAF p.V600E immunostaining on the cell block preparation was 94.4% and 100%, respectively, whereas for the smears it was 80% and 63.6%, respectively. Conclusions BRAF p.V600E immunostaining can be performed reliably on thyroid FNA cell block preparations. However, false-positive results on direct smears limit their utility and therefore need to be interpreted with caution. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:406-13. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Delays in diagnosis for children with newly diagnosed central nervous system tumors.

Background United States studies documenting time interval from symptom onset to definitive diagnosis for childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors are more than a quarter-century old. The purpose of this study is to establish an accurate and contemporary Ohio baseline of the diagnostic interval for children with newly diagnosed CNS tumors. Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for 301 children with newly diagnosed CNS tumors from January 2004 to August 2015 at Nationwide Children's Hospital. We obtained comprehensive data on 171 patients (56.8%). Records were reviewed for age, gender, tumor type, presenting symptoms, number of health care visits prior to diagnosis, time interval (in months) from onset of symptoms to definitive diagnosis, and any associated genetic syndromes. Results Of the 171 patients with newly diagnosed CNS tumors, 25 children (14.6%) had a known cancer predisposition syndrome (all with neurofibromatosis type 1). Among the remaining 146 children, the median and mean time intervals from symptom onset to definitive diagnosis were 42 days and 138 days (range < 1 to 2190 days), respectively. Conclusions We have documented and quantified the contemporary delays in diagnosis of childhood brain tumors in central Ohio to serve as a benchmark for our future planned interventions to reduce the time interval from symptom onset to diagnosis through adaptation of the United Kingdom HeadSmart program throughout the state of Ohio and ultimately throughout the United States.
Maximizing Continuity in Continuity Clinic

The inpatient and outpatient rotations during residency impact resident clinic continuity. Even with block systems separating inpatient and outpatient duties, keeping continuity between resident providers and their clinic patients is challenging. This chapter reviews the evidence for continuity, different metrics of measuring continuity, as well as strategies to maximize continuity between residents and patients. It also examines how continuity measures may fail for account for meaningful forms of contact and continuity between patients and providers.
Emulsification and fatty-acid chain length affect the utilization of medium-chain triglycerides by neonatal pigs.

Three experiments were conducted using 52 pigs between 22 and 35 h of birth to determine the effects of emulsification and fatty-acid chain length on utilization of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). After a 4-h period during which feed was withheld, pigs were force-fed 6 mL of nonemulsified (NE) MCT or 20 mL of a 30% (vol/vol) Tween 80-(polyoxy-ethylene [20] sorbitan monooleate) MCT emulsion, marking time 0, and serial blood samples were drawn throughout 8 h for analysis of medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) concentrations by HPLC. In Exp. 1, pigs received either NE or emulsified Tri-C4, -C5, -C6, or -C7. The emulsified treatments were discontinued due to deaths caused by coma resulting from high concentrations (up to 12 mM) of plasma MCFA. Concentrations in pigs fed emulsified MCT were 2.5-fold higher than those in pigs fed NE MCT. In pigs fed NE MCT, concentrations of even-chain-length MCFA were higher than those of odd-chain-length MCFA (P < .001), with a tendency for C6 to be higher than C4 (P < .1). In Exp. 2 and 3, pigs received an equimolar mixture of MCT in either emulsified or NE form. In Exp. 2, the mixture contained Tri-C4 through Tri-C7; whereas, in Exp. 3 the mixture contained Tri-C4, -C6, -C8, and -C10. A three-way interaction (emulsion x fatty acid x sample time; P < .05) was observed in both experiments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Accommodation and Accommodative Esotropia: Where Mysteries Abound

(1997). Accommodation and Accommodative Esotropia: Where Mysteries Abound. American Orthoptic Journal: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 60-71.
Molecular ablation of tumor blood vessels inhibits therapeutic effects of radiation and bevacizumab.

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and highly vascular tumor with median survival below 2 years. Despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, survival has improved modestly. To combat glioma vascular proliferation, anti-angiogenic agents targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were introduced. Preclinically these agents were effective, yet they did not improve overall survival in phase III trials. We tested the hypothesis that ganciclovir (GCV)-mediated killing of proliferating endothelial cells expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK) would have direct antitumor effects, and whether vessel ablation would affect the antitumor activity of anti-VEGF antibodies and radiotherapy. Methods Proliferating endothelial cells were eliminated using GCV-mediated killing of proliferating endothelial cells expressing HSV1-TK (in Tie2-TK-IRES-GFP mice). Syngeneic NRAS/p53 (NP) gliomas were implanted into the brains of Tie2-TK-IRES-GFP mice. Endothelial proliferation activates the Tie2 promoter and HSV1-TK expression. Administration of GCV kills proliferating tumor endothelial cells and slows tumor growth. The effects of endothelial cell ablation on anti-angiogenic therapy were examined using anti-VEGF antibodies or irradiation. Results GCV administration reduced tumor growth and vascular density, increased tumor apoptosis, and prolonged survival. Anti-VEGF antibodies or irradiation also prolonged survival. Surprisingly, combining GCV with irradiation, or with anti-VEGF antibodies, reduced their individual therapeutic effects. Conclusion GCV-mediated killing of proliferating endothelial cells expressing HSV1-TK, anti-VEGF antibodies, or irradiation all reduced growth of a murine glioma. However, elimination of microvascular proliferation decreased the efficacy of anti-VEGF or irradiation therapy. We conclude that, in our model, the integrity of proliferating vessels is necessary for the antiglioma effects of anti-VEGF and radiation therapy.
Educating Restaurant Workers About Paid Sick Leave: A Pilot Study From New York City.

Across the United States, cities, states, and counties are rapidly adopting paid sick leave laws. Paid sick leave policies for restaurant workers may be particularly beneficial, since these workers...
Abstract 17780: Influence of Cardiac Catheterization and Automated Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Placement on Long-Term Cause of Death in Cardiac Arrest Patients Discharged From the Hospital

Introduction: We and others have associated cardiac catheterization (cath) and cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) implantation with improved long-term survival after cardiac arrest. It is unclear if...
Experimental Methods in Shock Wave Physics

The study of the response of solid materials to high velocity deformation, also called shock wave physics, stems from several objectives and draws on a wide spectrum of technologies. As so frequently happens in science, the whole subject derived considerable impetus from the relatively sudden availability of new tools in the form of high quality solid explosives and plane wave explosive lenses shortly after World War II. Further developments in tools to generate analyzable shock waves and the means of analysis have resulted from the space program, which led to modern gas gun technology, and space, military and nuclear weapons programs which have speeded the development of modern submicrosecond resolution electronics, optics and radiography.
Root exudation and physiological status of a root-colonizing fluorescent pseudomonad in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The effect of mycorrhizal infection on root exudation and the survival and physiological status of a bioluminescent fluorescent pseudomonad on the roots of pepper was examined. Pepper plants were grown for 27 days in split-root microcosms with one side mycorrhizal with Glomus deserticola (GD) or Glomus intraradices (GI) while the other side was non-mycorrhizal. Plants with both sides non-mycorrhizal served as controls. The soil was inoculated with a bioluminescent fluorescent pseudomonad (P. fluorescens 2-79RL). This strain emits light in its exponential growth phase, such that the length of the lag phase prior to bioluminescence can be used to assess the physiological status of the bacterium. Mycorrhizal infection had no significant effect on plant growth. The percent root length infected was 8% for GD and 34% for GI. After pulse-labeling of the shoots with 14CO2, quartz filter strips were used to collect 14C labeled root exudates at specific locations on the roots. Compared with the non-mycorrhizal roots, GI decreased 14C labeled root exudation by 78% at the root tip and by 50% at the older root parts. GD had no effect on 14C labeled root exudation. Rhizosphere soil solutions collected with quartz filter strips were analyzed for amino acids and organic acids by GC-MS. The overall pattern of the chromatograms of the rhizosphere soil solution was similar in the non-mycorrhizal and the mycorrhizal roots. The number of peaks detected was higher in the non-mycorrhizal roots than in the mycorrhizal roots. Compared with the non-mycorrhizal plants, GI decreased the population density of P. fluorescens 2-79RL on the roots by one order of magnitude, both on the mycorrhizal and the non-mycorrhizal side. GD decreased the population density by one order of magnitude only on the side where the fungus was present. The physiological status of P. fluorescens 2-79RL on the roots, as measured by the length of the lag phase prior to bioluminescence, decreased significantly from day 3 to day 6 and remained at a similar level thereafter. Mycorrhizal infection had little effect on the physiological status. Compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants, GI increased the physiological status of P. fluorescens 2-79RL only during the first 6 days, while GD had no effect at all. It is concluded that mycorrhizal infection may decrease root exudation and alter the composition of the rhizosphere soil solution, thereby reducing the population density of certain bacterial groups in the rhizosphere.
Complications of emergency center thoracotomy.

During the past several decades, emergency center thoracotomy (ECT) has evolved from a rare, heroic act into a procedure with defined indications—and, in some circumstances, nearly 80% survival rates.1 This evolution is an outgrowth of systematic study and the refinement of criteria to determine which patients benefit from this procedure. Because of the improved survival rates in ECT, cardiovascular surgeons could be asked to consult on a patient who has survived the procedure. Accordingly, it is important for the cardiovascular surgeon to understand various complications that can occur when the operation has been performed by trauma surgeons who might have comparatively less experience operating in the chest. Following is an overview of the current indications for performing ECT, and a review of several of the most common complications.
Sixty years of change in Tibetan fertility: An assessment.

Existing knowledge of Tibetan historical population development is mostly based on ‘best-guess’ estimates and is heavily politicized. Using census data, I reconstruct the development of Tibetan fer...
Assessing How the AO Navigated Turbulences

By 2011, following the acquisition of Synthes by J&J, the AO had gone through just about any kind of turbulence one could imagine. The organization had stabilized, and its activities were humming along at a record pace. The AO had grown, added resources, and overcome every one of the challenges thrown at it.
American Veterans and the Evolution of Mental Health: A Historical Review of Diagnoses and Depiction

This article reviews the interwoven history surrounding mental health diagnoses and military veteran depictions of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Including a detailed historical review focusing on three major time periods: WWI-Korean War (1915-1950s); Vietnam War (1960s-1980s); and the Gulf/Middle East conflicts (1981-Present). By noting prevailing connections throughout these time periods, including the continuity of stigma and the depictions of veterans as well as the evolution of changing interpretations in what images and depictions of veterans mean including their associated social and political usages. Finally, a number of implications, both positive and negative surrounding the interconnected nature of veterans and mental health (namely PTSD), are offered, with recommendations for future inquiry and policy.