cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anticholinesterases: Medical Applications of Neurochemical Principles

: Cholinesterases form a family of serine esterases that arise in animals from at least two distinct genes. Multiple forms of these enzymes can be precisely localized and regulated by alternative mRNA splicing and by co- or posttranslational modifications. The high catalytic efficiency of the cholinesterases is quelled by certain very selective reversible and irreversible inhibitors. Owing largely to the important role of acetylcholine hydrolysis in neurotransmission, cholinesterase and its inhibitors have been studied extensively in vivo. In parallel, there has emerged an equally impressive enzyme chemistry literature. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used widely as pesticides; in this regard the compounds are beneficial with concomitant health risk. Poisoning by such compounds can result in an acute but usually manageable medical crisis and may damage the CNS and the PNS, as well as cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue. Some inhibitors have been useful for the treatment of glaucoma and myasthenia gravis, and others are in clinical trials as therapy for Alzheimer's dementia. Concurrently, the most potent inhibitors have been developed as highly toxic chemical warfare agents. We review treatments and sequelae of exposure to selected anticholinesterases, especially organophosphorus compounds and carbamates, as they relate to recent progress in enzyme chemistry.
A Local Least Squares Framework for Ensemble Filtering

Many methods using ensemble integrations of prediction models as integral parts of data assimilation have appeared in the atmospheric and oceanic literature. In general, these methods have been derived from the Kalman filter and have been known as ensemble Kalman filters. A more general class of methods including these ensemble Kalman filter methods is derived starting from the nonlinear filtering problem. When working in a joint state‐ observation space, many features of ensemble filtering algorithms are easier to derive and compare. The ensemble filter methods derived here make a (local) least squares assumption about the relation between prior distributions of an observation variable and model state variables. In this context, the update procedure applied when a new observation becomes available can be described in two parts. First, an update increment is computed for each prior ensemble estimate of the observation variable by applying a scalar ensemble filter. Second, a linear regression of the prior ensemble sample of each state variable on the observation variable is performed to compute update increments for each state variable ensemble member from corresponding observation variable increments. The regression can be applied globally or locally using Gaussian kernel methods. Several previously documented ensemble Kalman filter methods, the perturbed observation ensemble Kalman filter and ensemble adjustment Kalman filter, are developed in this context. Some new ensemble filters that extend beyond the Kalman filter context are also discussed. The two-part method can provide a computationally efficient implementation of ensemble filters and allows more straightforward comparison of methods since they differ only in the solution of a scalar filtering problem.
The Market for NFL Coaches and Managers

Everyone in an organization plays a role in the success or lack thereof in achieving stated objectives. Sports are no exception in this regard. Players, coaches, trainers, front offices, owners, and other staff each contribute to the ultimate results, whether they be winning, making money, or both. It is hardly uncommon for debates to ensue across the country regarding which group is ultimately the most responsible for the success or failure of the team. In this chapter, the contribution of coaches is considered.
Sexual Self-Schemas of Gay Men A Qualitative Investigation

Self-schemas derive from past experience, influence current experiences, and facilitate the processing of sexual information. Using this concept, this study addressed the following question: How do gay men understand their own sexual self-schemas? Perspectives of 20 gay men were drawn together using a grounded theory methodology and member checking. A seven-category model emerged depicting the behaviors and values participants described as the gay male sexual schema (e.g., Avoidance of Emotional Expression; Pornography and Sexual Orientation Identity; Physically Attractive Men; Managing Sex and Social Perception; Competition for Men; Sex, Emotion, and Intimacy; and Commitment and Work in Relationships). In addition, all participants discussed a process of sexual self-schema transition over time. The resulting model may be used in counseling and in social justice and advocacy to produce adaptive changes for gay male clients.
Archiving, accessibility, and citation: the relationship between original materials and scholarly discussion in homosexual interpretations of the Batman franchise

Scholars from many fields have been writing about homosexual interpretations of Batman for more than 60 years. This research investigates the relationship between scholarly writing on the subject and the comics, films and other media that make up the Batman franchise. The analysis is done through the lens of a bibliographic citation analysis. The goal is to investigate which portions of the franchise influence discussion most and better understand how authors approached the subject from a research perspective. The results revealed that the writing on the topic is focused on a very small subset of materials, and materials reprinted in a few bound editions played an oversized role. It was also discovered that this phenomenon is largely about comics. Authors did not figure newer media forms such as animation and videogames into their writing. Other trends were discovered, such as a move towards better citation in scholarly writing in more recent work, and evidence was discovered that points towards a relatio...
Undergraduate Research as a Fate Accompli: Innovation and Evolution of a Student Conference in Business.

The benefits of undergraduate research continue to receive academic attention and it is becoming an engaged learning practice present on many college campuses today. As research participation grows, an opportunity exists to showcase the work being accomplished and to use this public presentation to foster a culture of undergraduate research on campus, lobby for additional funding, and increase student and faculty participation. We describe the innovation and evolution of a student conference in business, sharing lessons learned and measureable results for the ten years this conference has been in place.
Addition of pregabalin to multimodal analgesic therapy following ankle surgery: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background and Objectives Pregabalin is often used as a perioperative analgesic adjunct; some studies show benefit, but others do not. Adverse effects, such as confusion and sedation, have been attributed to perioperative use of pregabalin. We tested the hypothesis that pregabalin, when used as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen, reduces the duration of moderate to severe pain in the first 24 hrs following foot or ankle surgery. Secondary outcomes included measures of opioid and pregabalin adverse effects. Methods Sixty patients scheduled for hospital admission after foot or ankle surgery entered this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients received a neuraxial anesthetic, a popliteal fossa sciatic nerve block using 30 mL 0.375% bupivacaine with clonidine 100 µg and epinephrine, a saphenous nerve block, postoperative hydromorphone intravenous patient-controlled analgesia, and oral analgesics (oxycodone/acetaminophen). Patients were randomized to receive pregabalin (100 mg preoperatively, then 50 mg every 12 hrs) or a placebo for 3 days. The primary outcome was the number of hours that patients reported moderate to severe pain. Results Both groups reported a similar number of hours of moderate to severe pain during the first 24 hrs: 4.1 (SD, 4.1) hrs (pregabalin) versus 4.5 (SD, 3.5) hrs (placebo). Pain scores, opioid use, and adverse effects were also similar in both groups. Conclusions No clinical benefit was obtained from perioperative administration of pregabalin (100 mg preoperative, then 50 mg every 12 hrs) as part of a multimodal postoperative analgesic regimen following foot and ankle surgery.
Effect of chain length on rates of uptake of free fatty acids during in vitro incubations of rat adipose tissue

The incorporation into triglycerides of l-14C-labeled saturated free fatty acids (FFA) of different chain lengths (C2–C16) was studied using incubation of rat epididymal fat pads in vitro. The results indicate that the rate at which adipose tissue incorporates FFA is dependent on chain length. With very short-chain acids a small amount is directly esterified into triglycerides, but the major portion is elongated and esterified. Analyses by means of Factice chromatography showed that acids with a chain length of 10 or longer were esterified without elongation.
What Contributes to College Students’ Cheating? A Study of Individual Factors

To better understand the multiple individual factors that contribute to college cheating, we undertook a multivariate analysis of a national sample of 2,503 college students. Our findings indicated that demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, socioeconomic status, and year in college), character qualities (e.g., lack of self-control, others-oriented life purpose), college experience (e.g., academic preparation, extracurricular activities involvement, and working), and student perceptions and attitudes (e.g., attitude toward academic cheating, perception of faculty’s actions against cheating and cheating environment) are all significantly associated with academic cheating.
A Method for Summating the Infinite Series sum from n=1 to ∞(1/(2n-1)~(2k))

According to the theory of infinit multinomial,the power series of cosin function was put into the form of infinit product.And a method for calculating the sum from n=1 to ∞(1/(2n-1)~(2k))(k is a positive integer) was obtained by using the power series expansion ln(1+x).
Effect of No-tillage and Minimum Tillage Cultivation on Yield and Quality of Rice and Economic Benefit Analysis

In order to explore the effect of different cultivation conditions on yield and quality of rice,taking two different types of rice as materials(Longdao 5which was semi-erect panicle variety and Dongnong 428 which was curve panicle variety)that cultivated in the second accumulated temperature region of Heilongjiang province.Contrast test was conducted to analyze the economic benefit of no-tillage,minimum tillage and conventional tillage.The results showed that no-tillage and minimum tillage cultivation had negative impact on yield and quality,and the effect of no-tillage cultivation was greater than minimum tillage.The economic benefit of minimum tillage cultivation was greater than no-tillage and conventional tillage.The economic benefit of no-tillage cultivation was not great due to its great effect on yield.
Are patient self-report measures of arthritis activity confounded by mood? A longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To determine the extent to which mood in general, and depression in particular, may confound self-report measures of functional disability, pain, and global arthritis status among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Twenty-four patients with RA were prospectively examined every 2 weeks for up to 60 weeks. At each examination, self-report measures of functional disability, pain, and global arthritis status were assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire, and the clinical measures of swollen and tender joint counts, duration of morning stiffness, grip strength, 50' walk time, and Westergren sedimentation rate were recorded. In addition, patients completed a questionnaire derived from the Profile of Mood States-B (POMS-B), which assessed positive and negative moods, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) at each examination. The degree to which mood or depression confounded the self-report measures of functional disability, pain, and global arthritis status was estimated using pooled time series regression models that examined the relationship between changes in either mood or depression and changes in each self-report measure over the course of the study, while controlling for the effects of the clinical measures of arthritis activity. Results Mood, as measured by the POMS-B scale, explained 2.0% or less of the variation in longitudinal changes in each of the self-report measures, after controlling for the effects of the clinical measures of arthritis activity. Depression, as measured by the CES-D, explained less than 2.0% of the variation in changes in functional disability, but explained 6.0 and 8.0% of the variation in changes in pain and global arthritis status, respectively. Conclusion Depression may confound self-reports of pain and global arthritis status somewhat, but appears to have minimal influence on self-reported functional disability.
Fundamental examination of gain, differential gain, and modulation dynamics in bulk and QW lasers

Quantum well (QW) lasers have been predicted to have enhanced differential gain compared to their bulk counterparts—double heterostructure (DH) Quantum well (QW) lasers have been predicted to have enhanced differential gain compared to their bulk counterparts—double heterostructure (DH) lasers.' Thus, higher modulation bandwidth is expected for QW lasers due to the higher differential gain. However, the modulation bandvvidths of QW lasers do not show too much improvement over the DH lasers in experiments, especially for the case of SQW lasers. Enhanced photon density dependent gain compression,^ which leads to anomalously high damp;; ing, and carrier transport mechanism’ have been proposed to explain modulation dynamics of QW lasers. To fully understand the modulation dynamics of QW lasers it is necessary to carefully investigate the differential gain of QW lasers. The separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) QW structure is usually employed in QW lasers to support the quantum confinement of the injected carriers and confinement of the optical field. At finite temperature, due to the Fermi-Djrac statistics, the injected carriers populate not only the energy states of the QW(s) but also the large density of states in the SCH structures. The carriers populating the SCH states contribute little to the peak gain because of their nonresonance with the optical transition at the peak gain. The carrier population of SCH states makes the quasi-Fermi energy levels change slovvly with the change of injected carrier density. These lead to lower differential gain. Figure 1 shows the calculated differential gain for a typical GaAs/ AlGaAs DH laser and typical GaAs/ AlGaAs QW lasers with various number of wells. The differential gain in SQW structure is lower than that of the DH structure. There is a differential gain enhancement as the number of wells CWR5 Fig, 1. Differential gain as a function of modal gain for a typical GaAs/AlGaAs DH laser and typical GaAs/AlGaAs QW lasers with different quantum well number. increases in MQW structures. The differential gain enhancement in MQW structures is attributed to the fact that the effect of carrier population in SCH structure is distributed among the QWs and the quasi-Fetmi level is lower in MQW structures than that in a SQW structure for the same value of modal gain. These results, combined with considerations of damping effects and operating conditions, are consistent with the experimental observations. Figure 2 shows the maximum modulation bandwidth for DH laser and QW lasers with different well number. We find that some of the previous conclusions about QW lasers need to be changed by considering the unavoidable thermal population of injected carriers in the optica] SCH region. CWR5 Fig. 2. Maximum modulation bandwidth as a function of cavity length for a typical CaAs DH laser and typical GaAs QW laser.s with different well number.
Precisely controlling level by level behavior

We construct four models containing one supercompact cardinal in which level by level equivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness and level by level inequivalence between strong compactness and supercompactness are precisely controlled at each non-supercompact measurable cardinal. In these models, no cardinal is < 0 supercompact, where 0 is the least inaccessible cardinal greater than .
Viscoelastic Hemostatic Assays in the Management of the Pediatric Trauma Patient

Viscoelastic hemostatic assays (VHA), such as TEG and ROTEM, are whole blood tests that depict functional coagulation both numerically and graphically. The development of rapid VHA technology, which allows for the first data points to result within minutes of test initiation, has increased the utility of these tests in the treatment of trauma patients. Both adult and pediatric centers have integrated VHAs into trauma resuscitation and transfusion protocols. Literature regarding the use of VHAs for injured children is limited. Here, we discuss the mechanics and interpretation of VHAs as well as the use of VHAs in data-driven resuscitation of pediatric trauma patients. Novel research on fibrinolysis states after injury as well as hypercoagulable state diagnosed with VHAs are presented.
Atomistic Modeling of Ion Conduction through the Voltage-Sensing Domain of the Shaker K+ Ion Channel

Voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) sense changes in the membrane electrostatic potential and, through conformational changes, regulate a specific function. The VSDs of wild-type voltage-dependent K+, Na+, and Ca2+ channels do not conduct ions, but they can become ion-permeable through pathological mutations in the VSD. Relatively little is known about the underlying mechanisms of conduction through VSDs. The most detailed studies have been performed on Shaker K+ channel variants in which ion conduction through the VSD is manifested in electrophysiology experiments as a voltage-dependent inward current, the so-called omega current, which appears when the VSDs are in their resting state conformation. Only monovalent cations appear to permeate the Shaker VSD via a pathway that is believed to be, at least in part, the same as that followed by the S4 basic side chains during voltage-dependent activation. We performed μs-time scale atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of a cation-conducting variant of the Shake...
Investigation of Chiral Recognition by Molecular Micelles with Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to characterize the binding of the chiral drugs chlorthalidone and lorazepam to the molecular micelle poly-(sodium undecyl-(L)-leucine-valine). The project's goal was to characterize the nature of chiral recognition in capillary electrophoresis separations that use molecular micelles as the chiral selector. The shapes and charge distributions of the chiral molecules investigated, their orientations within the molecular micelle chiral binding pockets, and the formation of stereoselective intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the molecular micelle were all found to play key roles in determining where and how lorazepam and chlorthalidone enantiomers interacted with the molecular micelle.
The space of possibilities of dispositional essentialism

How we define the space of possibilities of dispositional essentialism (DE)—that is, the set of possible worlds that are genuinely possible from the point of view of DE—has important consequences for central modal debates such as how to understand the concept of essence or the relation between DE and the necessity of laws of nature. In order to define DE’s space of possibilities we need to explore DE’s consequences regarding both necessity and possibility. Unfortunately, the notion of possibility has not received much attention within the DE literature. In this paper, I attempt to fill this gap. I argue that the standard way of understanding possibility found in the literature—a proposition is possible iff it expresses the manifestation of some actual disposition—needlessly restricts the space of possibilities by not accepting global and absolute possibilities, including some alien properties, as genuinely possible. I propose instead to accept a more permissive understanding of possibility: a proposition is possible iff it does not contradict any of the necessities that follow from the core commitments of DE. This allows dispositionalists to expand their modal space and to account for modal intuitions that may otherwise undermine the tenability of DE.
Immune profiling of circulating T cells and TILs following neoadjuvant ipilimumab and chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

26Background: Ipilimumab (Ipi) is a humanized CTLA-4 antibody that blocks binding of CTLA-4 to B7, permitting T cell activation through CD28. Phased in Ipi added to chemotherapy (C) may enhance eff...
Optimierung und Minimumprinzip

Die Optimierung ist ein relativ eigenstandiger Zweig der angewandten Mathematik. Zwar gibt es gelegentlich Ausfluge in andere Disziplinen (beispielsweise bei der Behandlung von Differentialgleichungen), doch ist die in der Optimierung zu losende Aufgabe im Wesentlichen immer wieder dieselbe: Finde das Minimum von F(x 1 ,.., x n ). Wenn F eine hochgradig nichtlineare Funktion ist, ist dies keine einfache Aufgabenstellung. In den hier behandelten Fallen ist F meist quadratisch, aber eine Funktion von vielen Variablen x j und mit vielen Nebenbedingungen. Diese Nebenbedingungen konnen die Form Ax = b oder x j ≥ 0 haben. Ganze Lehrbucher, Vorlesungen und Softwarepakete sind dem Problem der Minimierung unter Nebenbedingungen gewidmet.
Fast connected component labeling algorithm using a divide and conquer technique.

We investigate a method to speed up the O(n) labeling algorithm of Rosenfeld and Pfaltz for segmenting binary images, which is unduly complex for large images. That algorithm searches line-by-line, top to bottom, to assign a blob label to each current pixel that is connected to a blob. A large number K of labels arises of which many are equivalent, so the equivalence must be resolved. This requires a KxK matrix to represent the connectivity and O(K) operations for resolution, which is very large for large images. Our approach partitions the binary image into NxN rectangles and perform local equivalence resolution on each while keeping track of the global equivalence with list pointers to equivalence lists. Such divide and conquer technique greatly increases the run time speed.
Aparallel digraphs and splicing machines

Abstract The concepts of a splicing machine and of an aparalled digraph are introduced. A splicing machine is basically a means to uniquely obtain all circular sequences on a finite alphabet by splicing together circular sequences from a small finite set of “generators”. The existence and uniqueness of the central object related to an aparallel digraph, the strong component, is proved, and this strong component is shown to be the unique fixed point of a natural operator defined on sets of vertices of the digraph. A digraph is shown to be a splicing machine if and only if it is the strong component of an aparallel digraph. Motivation comes, on the applied side, from the splicing of circular sequences on a finite alphabet and, on the theoretical side, from the Banach fixed point theorem.
The Composition of Plasma inside Geostationary Orbit Based on Van Allen Probes Observations

Author(s): Yue, Chao; Bortnik, Jacob; Li, Wen; Ma, Qianli; Gkioulidou, Matina; Reeves, Geoffrey D; Wang, Chih-Ping; Thorne, Richard M; Lui, Anthony TY; Gerrard, Andrew J; Spence, Harlan E; Mitchell, Donald G
Are NIH-funded publications fulfilling the proposed research? An examination of concept-matchedness between NIH research grants and their supported publications

Abstract The conceptual connections between scientific grants and publications are important, yet often overlooked in quantitative studies of science. An analysis of such connections could offer important insights into how science is conducted by individual researchers and research teams under the social and economic conditions of science. This study aims to offer the first piece of evidence towards this endeavor by analyzing the ratio of keyword matchedness between accepted NIH research grants from 2008 to 2015 and their funded publications. By applying linear regression method, we identified and examined three identified predictors of the outcome: 1) the funding rate of an NIH research program in a specific year, 2) the year difference between grant and publication, and 3) the funding size of a grant. Our findings suggest that these three factors contribute to the outcome in different capacities. Moreover, all of them may have different performances in individual funding programs, which highlights the importance of understanding the differences among individual funding mechanisms.
Who are Rural Students? How Definitions of Rurality Affect Research on College Completion

Given a revived national discourse about rural populations, more educational research on rural students is necessary, including ways that rural students transition to college and the success (or lack thereof) that they experience once there. However, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) has changed the definition of rurality used in each iterative dataset over the last few decades, casting doubt on the consistency of what is meant by the term rural. The purpose of this study is to: (a) communicate to the educational research audience various ways of defining rural students, and specifically how NCES has changed their definition of rurality over their last three major data collections; (b) demonstrate how conclusions about rural students’ and their college degree completion may differ based on these alternate NCES definitions; and (c) discuss how this specific example using NCES data relates to the wider landscape of research on rural students. Results show that conclusions about college degree completion change depending on the definition of rurality used for analysis. Therefore, the education research community should consider the options for defining rural students, report transparently about the choices made, consider the sensitivity of results to the definition of rurality, and ultimately build a more robust body of literature concerning rural students’ college success. Gaining definitional clarity will be beneficial, particularly for those who wish to translate their research into practical action for the benefit of rural students.
Attention Drives Emotion: Voluntary Visual Attention Increases Perceived Emotional Intensity:

Attention and emotion are fundamental psychological systems. It is well established that emotion intensifies attention. Three experiments reported here (N = 235) demonstrated the reversed causal direction: Voluntary visual attention intensifies perceived emotion. In Experiment 1, participants repeatedly directed attention toward a target object during sequential search. Participants subsequently perceived their emotional reactions to target objects as more intense than their reactions to control objects. Experiments 2 and 3 used a spatial-cuing procedure to manipulate voluntary visual attention. Spatially cued attention increased perceived emotional intensity. Participants perceived spatially cued objects as more emotionally intense than noncued objects even when participants were asked to mentally rehearse the name of noncued objects. This suggests that the intensifying effect of attention is independent of more extensive mental rehearsal. Across experiments, attended objects were perceived as more visually distinctive, which statistically mediated the effects of attention on emotional intensity.
M cells: Intelligent engineering of mucosal immune surveillance

M cells are specialized intestinal epithelial cells that provide the main machinery for sampling luminal microbes for mucosal immune surveillance. M cells are usually found in the epithelium overlying organized mucosal lymphoid tissues, but studies have identified multiple distinct lineages of M cells that are produced under different conditions, including intestinal inflammation. Among these lineages there is a common morphology that helps explain the efficiency of M cells in capturing luminal bacteria and viruses; in addition, M cells recruit novel cellular mechanisms to transport the particles across the mucosal barrier into the lamina propria, a process known as transcytosis. These specializations used by M cells point to a novel engineering of cellular machinery to selectively capture and transport microbial particles of interest. Because of the ability of M cells to effectively violate the mucosal barrier, the circumstances of M cell induction have important consequences. Normal immune surveillance insures that transcytosed bacteria are captured by underlying myeloid/dendritic cells; in contrast, inflammation can induce development of new M cells not accompanied by organized lymphoid tissues, resulting in bacterial transcytosis with the potential to amplify inflammatory disease. In this review, we will discuss the life history of M cells and the open questions regarding their unusual biology.
Freezing of Gait can persist after an acute levodopa challenge in Parkinson's disease.

Study objectives included testing whether presumed levodopa-unresponsive freezing of gait (FOG) in Parkinson’s disease (PD) actually persists in the presence of adequate dopaminergic dosing and to investigate whether the presence of other parkinsonian features and their responsiveness to therapy varies across patients without FOG (NO-FOG), with levodopa-responsive FOG (OFF-FOG), and with levodopa-unresponsive FOG (ONOFF-FOG). Fifty-five PD patients completed levodopa challenges after >12-h OFF with supratherapeutic doses of dopaminergic medications. Observed responses in FOG, measured with MDS-UPDRS-III during the patient reported full “ON”, were used to classify them as NO-FOG, OFF-FOG, or ONOFF-FOG. Serum levodopa levels were measured. Only those with ≥20% improvement in MDS-UPDRS-III score were included in analyses. Levodopa challenge was sufficient to bring about a full “ON” state with ≥20% improvement in 45 patients. Levodopa-equivalent-dose utilized was 142 ± 56% of patients’ typical morning doses. Overall, 19/45 patients exhibited FOG in the full “ON” state (ONOFF-FOG), 11 were classified as OFF-FOG, and 15 NO-FOG. Linear mixed models revealed a highly significant association between serum levodopa level and total MDS-UPDRS-III score that was similar across groups. The ONOFF-FOG group exhibited significantly higher New-FOG-questionnaire and MDS-UPDRS-II scores compared to the OFF-FOG group. Among MDS-UPDRS-III subdomains significant effects of group (highest in ONOFF-FOG) were identified for other axial parkinsonian features. We found that FOG can persist in the full “ON” state brought about by ample dopaminergic dosing in PD. Other axial measures can also be levodopa-unresponsive among those with ONOFF-FOG only. These data provide evidence that ONOFF-FOG is distinct from responsive freezing.
Lack of efficient killing of purified dormant spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales species by glycerol monolaurate in a non-aqueous gel

Inactivation of Bacillales and Clostridiales spores is of interest, since some cause food spoilage and human diseases. A recent publication (mSphere 3: e00597-1, 2018) reported that glycerol monolaurate (GML) in a non-aqueous gel (GMLg) effectively killed spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridioides difficile, and Bacillus anthracis spores to a lesser extent. We now show that (i) the B. subtilis spores prepared as in the prior work were impure; (ii) if spore viability was measured by diluting spores 1/10 in GMLg, serially diluting incubations 10-fold and spotting aliquots on recovery plates, there was no colony formation from the 1/10 to 1/1000 dilutions due to GMLg carryover, although thorough ethanol washes of incubated spores eliminated this problem and (iii) GMLg did not kill highly purified spores of B. subtilis, B. cereus, Bacillus megaterium and C. difficile in 3-20 h in the conditions used in the recent publication. GMLg also gave no killing of crude B. subtilis spores prepared as in the recent publication in 5 h but gave ~1·5 log killing at 24 h. Thus, GMLg does not appear to be an effective sporicide, although the gel likely inhibits spore germination and could kill spores somewhat upon long incubations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Given potential deleterious effects of spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales, there is an ongoing interest in new ways of spore killing. A recent paper (mSphere 3: e00597-1, 2018) reported that glycerol monolaurate (GML) in a non-aqueous gel (GMLg) effectively killed spores of many species. We now find that (i) the Bacillus subtilis spores prepared as in the previous report were impure and (ii) GMLg gave no killing of purified spores of Bacillales and Clostridiales species in ≤5 h under the published conditions. Thus, GMLg is not an effective sporicide, though may prevent spore germination or kill germinated spores.
Bayesian variable selection and shrinkage strategies in a complicated modelling setting with missing data: A case study using multistate models:

Multistate modelling is a strategy for jointly modelling related time-to-event outcomes that can handle complicated outcome relationships, has appealing interpretations, can provide insight into di...
Policy Brief: Source of Income Discrimination in Ohio

Over 229,000 households in Ohio use a federal housing voucher to help pay their rent. Yet in most places in the state, landlords can legally refuse to rent to a prospective tenant solely based on the source of their rent payment. This practice, known as “source of income discrimination” adds unnecessary burdens to households that already face many challenges in securing housing and disproportionately impacts marginalized populations such as women and African Americans throughout the state. This policy brief describes the scope of Source of Income Discrimination in Ohio and discusses House Bill 229, intended to respond to the practice.
The Effect of Social Determinants of Health on Overactive Bladder Symptom Severity.

Purpose:Social determinants of health may significantly impact overall health and drive health disparities. We evaluated the association between social determinants of health and overactive bladder...
Molecular recognition of sugar binding in a melibiose transporter MelB by X-ray crystallography

The symporter melibiose permease MelB is the best-studied representative from MFS_2 family and the only protein in this large family with crystal structure determined. Previous thermodynamic studies show that MelB utilizes a cooperative binding as the core mechanism for its obligatory symport. Here we present two sugar-bound X-ray crystal structures of a Salmonella typhimurium MelB D59C uniport mutant that binds and catalyzes melibiose transport uncoupled to either cation, as determined by biochemical and biophysical characterizations. The two structures with bound nitrophenyl-α-D-galactoside or dodecyl-α-D-melibioside, which were refined to a resolution of 3.05 or 3.15 A, respectively, are virtually identical at an outward-facing conformation; each one contains a α-galactoside molecule in the middle of protein. In the substrate-binding site, the galactosyl moiety on both ligands are at an essentially same configuration, so a galactoside specificity determinant pocket can be recognized, and hence the molecular recognition mechanism for the binding of sugar in MelB is deciphered. The data also allow to assign the conserved cation-binding pocket, which is directly connected to the sugar specificity determinant pocket. The intimate connection between the two selection sites lays the structural basis for the cooperative binding and coupled transport. This key structural finding answered the long-standing question on the substrate binding for the Na+-coupled MFS family of transporters.
The mediating role of avoidant coping in the relationships between physical, psychological, and social wellbeing and distress in breast cancer survivors.

OBJECTIVE Many breast cancer survivors (BCSs) recover from the negative sequelae of cancer treatment. However, some report persistent and disruptive distress well into disease-free survivorship. More information is needed on the predictors of distress in this growing population of BCS, including the role of avoidant coping, or attempts to avoid thoughts, feelings, and reminders of cancer, in mediating the relationship between distress and psychological, physical, and social domains of well-being. METHODS In a large cross-sectional study, BCS (n = 1,127), who were 3 to 8 years post-diagnosis, completed a survey assessing demographic characteristics, medical history, distress (anxiety and depressive symptoms), avoidant coping, and physical (fatigue), psychological (fear of recurrence, attention, body image), and social (social support from a partner, social constraints from a partner) well-being. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to determine if avoidant coping mediated the relationship between each distress variable (anxiety and depressive symptoms) and each well-being (fear of recurrence, attention, body image, fatigue, social support, and social constraints) variable. RESULTS In all six mediation models, avoidant coping significantly (p < 0.001) mediated the relationship between each well-being variable (fear of recurrence, attention, body image, fatigue, social support, and social constraints) and each distress indicator (depression and anxiety). Avoidant coping mediated 19%-54% of the effects of the contributing factors on the distress variables. CONCLUSIONS Avoidant coping may indicate risk for, or presence of, distress among BCS. Interventions to reduce distress may benefit from addressing avoidant coping styles.
Designing Synergistic Electrocatalysts for H2 Oxidation and Evolution Reactions in Alkaline Media

In this work, we systematically addressed the electrocatalytic activity of different Pt group metals and their alloy catalysts ranging from bulk electrodes and surface-modified electrodes to nanopa...
How Extended Family Mental Health Issues Influence Household Portfolio Allocations

Growing research links household financial decisions to physical and mental health status within the nuclear family. However, the focus on the nuclear family could underestimate the health-wealth effect. Research also finds that household wealth can decline when an extended family member experiences a physical health shock. We expand current economic modeling to investigate the connection between household portfolio allocations and the mental health of siblings. We hypothesize that mental health issues (psychological distress) outside of the nuclear family unit are a unique contributor to household portfolio allocation decisions. We use panel data and find that having at least one sibling with psychological distress decreases probability of risky asset ownership (stocks, mutual funds), decreases risky assets as a share of financial assets, and decreases total amount of risky asset holding. These results have important implications for understanding the connection between health, portfolio allocation, and wealth building.
A Model of Trade and Exchange Rates

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a model of world trade and exchange rates. The modeling effort has focused on combining research on individual equations into a logically consistent empirical model. The model is designed to give projections of trade volume and exchange rates, given various assumptions on alternative developments in the economies of the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD), developing countries, and centrally planned economies (CPEs). The model covers 26 regions, of which 23 are members of the OECD. The present model is not a closed system; it contains equations for international trade and exchange rates. To operate, the model must be linked to a set of country macromodels or must be driven by exogenous time series for real gross domestic product (GDP) and domestic production costs. It is designed to project changes in the pattern of international trade in goods and services. The channels, through which the trade patterns change, are relative price changes and differential rates of growth in the domestic economies. The changing volume and patterns of trade would determine the current-account position, net foreign assets, and movements of the exchange-rate and/or official-reserves position of a country. Exchange-rate changes affect imports through the relative prices of foreign and domestic goods and affect exports through the relative level of the export prices of competitors. Exchange rates are determined by countries' holdings of net foreign assets, and holdings of assets in other countries.
Determinants of voluntary dissemination of financial data at corporate Web sites

We hypothesize that this variation in the extent and nature of financial data disseminated through corporate Web sites is associated with the factors that influence the initial disclosure of financial information. We consider information items that contain required disclosures separately from those that contain mainly voluntary disclosures, since most previous work that identifies factors affecting financial disclosures have focused on discretionary information. To test our hypotheses, we employ a sample of companies rated by the AIMR. We use the AIMR's disclosure quality rating as an independent variable to investigate whether companies have disclosure profiles that carry over to their Web dissemination practices. Our results confirm that they do, although mainly with respect to the presentation of voluntarily produced financial data. Consistent with extant literature on voluntary disclosure, our evidence suggests that firms develop a Web-based dissemination policy based on their size, need to access the capital markets, need to reduce information asymmetry, and their non-Web-based disclosure personality. Of particular interest, these results indicate that some of the incentives thought to motivate initial voluntary disclosure also explain subsequent voluntary dissemination.
Abstract 16200: Risk of Stroke After Catheter Ablation or Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation: Results From a Large Administrative Database, 2008-2012

Background: Stroke is the major cause of morbidity and mortality related to atrial fibrillation (AF). Catheter ablation for AF is effective in reducing AF burden, but the impact on long term stroke risk is unknown. Methods: This retrospective, propensity-matched study using a large, national US health plan administrative claims database included AF patients who underwent a catheter ablation between 2008 and 2012 and created a comparison group (matched for age, sex, year of service, and CHADS2 score) of AF patients who were treated with cardioversion over the same time period. The primary endpoint was first ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or TIA. We compared periprocedural incident stroke (within 30 days of ablation or cardioversion), as well as incident late stroke (31 days to end of follow up) and incident total stroke between the two groups. Results: 14,852 patients (7,426 ablation and 7,426 cardioversion patients) were included in analysis. The mean age was 58.3 (SD 10.5) years, 70.9% were male, and 25%...
The Distinguishing Chromatic Number of Kneser Graphs

A labeling $f: V(G) \rightarrow \{1, 2, \ldots, d\}$ of the vertex set of a graph $G$ is said to be proper $d$-distinguishing if it is a proper coloring of $G$ and any nontrivial automorphism of $G$ maps at least one vertex to a vertex with a different label. The distinguishing chromatic number of $G$, denoted by $\chi_D(G)$, is the minimum $d$ such that $G$ has a proper $d$-distinguishing labeling. Let $\chi(G)$ be the chromatic number of $G$ and $D(G)$ be the distinguishing number of $G$. Clearly, $\chi_D(G) \ge \chi(G)$ and $\chi_D(G) \ge D(G)$. Collins, Hovey and Trenk have given a tight upper bound on $\chi_D(G)-\chi(G)$ in terms of the order of the automorphism group of $G$, improved when the automorphism group of $G$ is a finite abelian group. The Kneser graph $K(n,r)$ is a graph whose vertices are the $r$-subsets of an $n$ element set, and two vertices of $K(n,r)$ are adjacent if their corresponding two $r$-subsets are disjoint. In this paper, we provide a class of graphs $G$, namely Kneser graphs $K(n,r)$, whose automorphism group is the symmetric group, $S_n$, such that $\chi_D(G) - \chi(G) \le 1$. In particular, we prove that $\chi_D(K(n,2))=\chi(K(n,2))+1$ for $n\ge 5$. In addition, we show that $\chi_D(K(n,r))=\chi(K(n,r))$ for $n \ge 2r+1$ and $r\ge 3$.
The History of Anti-Racism in the United States

(1975). The History of Anti-Racism in the United States. The Black Scholar: Vol. 6, Black History II, pp. 16-22.
Characteristics of Students Placed in Special Programs for the Seriously Emotionally Disturbed.

Subjects studied were 249 seriously emotionally disturbed students (204 boys, 45 girls) ranging in age from 7 to 19 years. Data included 10. teacher's estimate of academic performance in core acade...
The 1962 He3 Scale of Temperatures IV. Tables

The detailed tables of the 1962 He3 Scale of Temperatures are presented. The vapor pressure of He3 is tabulated in steps of 1 millidegree from 0.2 to 3.324 °K, the critical temperature. A table giving temperature, to 0.1 millidegree, as a function of pressure is included, as well as the temperature derivative of the vapor pressure.
NO-mediated activation of Src kinase during hypoxia in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.

Abstract The present study aims to investigate the mechanism of Src kinase activation during hypoxia and tests the hypothesis that the hypoxia-induced activation of Src kinase, as determined by Src kinase phosphorylation, in the cerebral cortical membranes of newborn piglets is mediated by NO derived from neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Fifteen piglets were divided into normoxic (Nx, n = 5), hypoxic (Hx, n = 5) and hypoxic-treated with nNOS inhibitor I (Hx-nNOSi) groups. Hypoxia was induced by decreasing FiO 2 to 0.06 for 1 h. nNOS inhibitor I (selectivity >2500 vs eNOS and >500 vs iNOS) was administered (0.4 mg/kg, i.v.) 30 min prior to hypoxia. Cortical membranes were isolated and phosphorylation of Src kinase was determined by Western blot analysis. Src kinase activity was determined by radioactive assay using immunopurified enzyme. Membrane proteins were separated by 12% SDS–PAGE and probed with anti-phospho (pTyr 418 )-Src kinase antibody. Protein bands were detected, analyzed by densitometry and expressed as absorbance (OD × mm 2 ). Density (OD × mm 2 ) of phosphorylated Src kinase was 111.7 ± 21.1 in Nx, 234.5 ± 23.8 in Hx ( p p p = NS vs Nx). Src kinase activity (pmol/mg protein/ h) was 2472 ± 75 in Nx, 4556 ± 358 in Hx ( p p p = NS vs Nx). The data show that pretreatment with nNOS inhibitor prevents the hypoxia-induced increase in tyrosine phosphorylation and the activity of Src kinase. We conclude that the mechanism of hypoxia-induced increased activation of Src kinase is mediated by nNOS derived NO. We propose that NO mediated inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases SH-PTP-1 and SH-PTP-2 leads to increased tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Src kinase in the cerebral cortex of newborn piglets.