cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomized Clinical Trial of Morphine in Acute Abdominal Pain

Study objective Administration of analgesia to patients with acute abdominal pain is controversial. We test the hypothesis that morphine given to emergency department (ED) patients with acute abdominal pain will reduce discomfort and improve clinically important diagnostic accuracy. Methods Pain was measured with a standard 0- to 100-mm visual analog scale. ED patients with acute abdominal pain were randomized in a double-blind fashion to 0.1 mg/kg intravenous morphine or placebo. The primary endpoint was the difference between the 2 study arms in clinically important diagnostic accuracy. Clinically important diagnostic accuracy was defined a priori by its complement, clinically important diagnostic error, using 2 independent, blinded investigators to identify any discordance between the provisional and final diagnoses that might adversely affect the patient's health status. The provisional diagnosis was provided by an ED attending physician, who examined the patient only once, 15 minutes after administration of the study agent. The final diagnosis was obtained through follow-up at least 6 weeks after the index ED visit. Results We randomized 160 patients, of whom 153 patients were available for analysis, 78 patients in the morphine group and 75 patients in the placebo group. Baseline features were similar in both groups, including initial median visual analog scale scores of 98 mm and 99 mm. The median decrease in visual analog scale score at 15 minutes was 33 mm in the morphine group and 2 mm in the placebo group. There were 11 instances of diagnostic discordance in each group, for a clinically important diagnostic accuracy of 86% (67/78) in the morphine group and 85% (64/75) in the placebo group. The difference in clinically important diagnostic accuracy between the 2 groups was 1% (95% confidence interval [CI] −11% to 12%). Analysis by efficacy and intention to treat yielded similar results. κ for interobserver concordance in classification of clinically important diagnostic accuracy was 0.94 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.00). No patients required naloxone. Conclusion Although administration of intravenous morphine to adult ED patients with acute abdominal pain could lead to as much as a 12% difference in diagnostic accuracy, equally favoring opioid or placebo, our data are most consistent with the inference that morphine safely provides analgesia without impairing clinically important diagnostic accuracy.
Female control of offspring paternity in a western population of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)

Extra-pair copulations, which occur when individuals that have formed social relationships to breed copulate outside their pairbond, now are recognized as an important component of reproductive success in many species. In situations where both males and females benefit from extra-pair copulations without incurring much risk, an inevitable conflict arises between pairbonded mates. In this study I investigated the conflict of interest between male and female reproductive strategies in a western population of red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus). Female red wings in this population initiate extra-pair copulations, which resulted in a 35% rate of extra-pair fertilization. Females initiated the majority (78%) of extra-pair copulations away from their nesting territory where pairbonded individuals typically copulate, and females that engaged in extra-pair copulations spent a significantly greater amount of time off the marsh during peak fertilization compared to females that did not. In addition, females that nested in areas with a large number of potential extra-pair partners produced significantly more extra-pair fertilized young compared to females that nested on marshes with few male neighbors. Males’ strategies to protect paternity were limited primarily to patrolling territory boundaries and to opportunistically preventing extra-pair copulations off the marsh when they were visible. In this population females appear to use behavioral means to control nestling paternity, which in turn directly affected their mate’s reproductive success, and males were restricted to using strategies that were largely ineffective at preventing the threat of extra-pair paternity.
Conjunctions and modularity in language analysis procedures

The further enrichment of natural language systems depends in part on finding ways of "factoring" the effects of various linguistic phenomena, so that these systems can be partitioned into modules of comprehensible size and structure. Coordinate conjunction has a substantial impact on all aspects of syntactic analysis -constituent structure, grammatical constraints, and transformations. If the rules of syntactic analysis were directly expanded to accomodate conjunction, their size would increase severalfold. We describe below the mechanisms we have used to localize the effect of conjunction in our natural language analyzer, so that most of the rules of our grammar need not explicitly take conjunction into account.
Can renal tubular hypokalemic disorders be accurately diagnosed on the basis of the diuretic response to thiazide

Can renal tubular hypokalemic disorders be accurately diagnosed on the basis of the diuretic response to thiazide?
Nitrogen activated bowing parameter of GaAs1−xNx (x⩽1%) obtained from photoreflectance spectra

Abstract Photoreflectance studies were made for a series of GaAs 1− x N x samples with x ⩽0.01. The photoreflectance studies reveal that the composition dependent bowing parameter of the band gap obtained from the photoreflectance measurements are consistent with those from other optical measurements and also from the first principle supercell calculation.
Artificial spider: eight-legged arachnid and autonomous learning of locomotion

Evolution has produced organisms whose locomotive agility and adaptivity mock the difficulty faced by robotic scientists. The problem of locomotion, which nature has solved so well, is surprisingly complex and difficult. We explore the ability of an artificial eight-legged arachnid, or animat, to autonomously learn a locomotive gait in a three-dimensional environment. We take a physics-based approach at modeling the world and the virtual body of the animat. The arachnid-like animat learns muscular control functions using simulated annealing techniques, which attempts to maximize forward velocity and minimize energy expenditure. We experiment with varying the weight of these parameters and the resulting locomotive gaits. We perform two experiments in which the first is a naive physics model of the body and world which uses point-masses and idealized joints and muscles. The second experiment is a more realistic simulation using rigid body elements with distributed mass, friction, motors, and mechanical joints. By emphasizing physical aspects we wish to minimize, a number of interesting gaits emerge.
Adult Age Differences in Regional Cerebral Blood Flow during Visual Word Identification: Evidence from H215O PET

We used H215O PET to investigate adult age differences in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during the performance of a visual word identification task. The study participants were 20 healthy, right-handed men: 10 young adults between 18 and 27 years of age, and 10 older adults between 63 and 75 years of age. The word identification task comprised six blocks of test trials representing four task conditions; subjects responded manually. The task conditions varied with regard to whether semantic retrieval was required (e.g., word/nonword discrimination vs simple response to each stimulus) and with regard to the difficulty of visual encoding (e.g., words presented normally vs words with asterisks inserted between adjacent letters). Each subject performed all six trial blocks, concurrently with each of six H215O PET scans. Analyses of quantitative CBF data obtained from the arterial time-activity curve demonstrated a significant age-related decline in global CBF rate. Analyses of the changes in rCBF between task conditions indicated that retrieval of semantic information sufficient to distinguish words from nonwords is mediated by a ventral occipitotemporal cortical pathway. Specific areas within this pathway were also associated with visual encoding processes. Several rCBF activations were significantly greater for young adults than for older adults, indicating an age-related decline in processing efficiency within this ventral occipitotemporal pathway. Although the performance data demonstrated a greater age-related slowing for visual encoding than for semantic retrieval, these age-related performance changes were not associated with corresponding changes in rCBF activation.
Spectral-domain magnetomotive OCT imaging of magnetic nanoparticle biodistribution

Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MMOCT) is a method for imaging the distribution of magnetic nanoparticles in tissue by applying an external dynamic magnetic field gradient during B-mode scanning. We present a new method for spectral-domain MMOCT imaging which affords increased sensitivity and frame rates compared to previous work, with a demonstrated sensitivity to <100 ppm iron oxide nanoparticles and imaging time of 5 s. Agarose phantoms embedded with iron oxide nanoparticles (~20 nm) also provide negative T2 contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with sensitivity <10 ppm, which is promising for multi-modality applications where MRI and MMOCT provide whole-body and microscopic imaging, respectively. To demonstrate the biomedical potential of this technique, rats are injected with the same nanoparticles as those used in MRI, and uptake into the spleen is detected and imaged post mortem by MMOCT. This illustrates a potentially powerful multi-modal platform for molecular imaging using targeted magnetic nanoparticles.© (2008) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Female contraceptive sterilization.

Data on female contraceptive sterilization published between 1968 and 1974 are reviewed with attention given to 1) accepted indications for sterilization from both the physicians and the patients point of view 2) techniques currently in use with complication morbidity and failure rates for each where available and 3) long-term emotional and physical sequelae resulting from the procedure and required gynecologic surgery subsequent to sterilization. An approach is suggested for the selection of the proper sterilization technique for the individual patient.
High-Power Test on a Cloverleaf Cavity

A one-cell plus two half-cell cloverleaf cavity similar to those suitable for a proton linear accelerator has been operated up to four times the design power to investigate sparking and heat distribution problems. This cavity was fabricated of oxygen-free high-conductivity copper forgings using techniques suitable for mass production. The power source used was a 100-kw, 800-Mc power amplifier running at 6% duty factor. No sustained sparking has been observed even at the highest power levels. Data taken on cavity clean up, equilibrating times, x-ray yield and resonant frequency versus power input are given. Details of the cavity fabrication, waveguide matching, and the waveguide vacuum window are discussed.
Alkali and alkaline earth metal chemistry of marine aerosols generated in the laboratory with natural sea waters

Abstract Atmospheric sea salt particles, produced in the laboratory by bubbles bursting at the surface of natural seawater solutions, were examined for their alkali and alkaline earth metal content in several particle size categories. No enrichments of K, Ca and Mg relative to the seawater source were found in these atmospheric particles using 1. (1) Sargasso seawater or Narragansett Bay seawater. 2. (2) filtered seawater or unaltered seawater. 3. (3) two different bubble path lengths. Only with the addition of natural surfactants was any enrichment over the seawater ratio found in these aerosols. In this case, K and Mg may have been enriched on the smallest particles. Calculations, indicate that the organic carbon content of aerosols produced from even highly productive natural seawaters cannot account for apparent enrichments of K observed in the environment. These experiments suggest that enrichment of alkali and alkaline earth metals in sea salt particles produced from most natural seawaters is environmentally insignificant.
A novel ab initio approach to problems of electronic structure calculations of the gas‐solid interface

A calculational procedure that permits the approximation of an infinite or semi-infinite lattice by a finite cluster is described and applied to the surfaces of the allotropes of carbon—diamond and graphite. The Hartree-Fock-Roothaan equations are modified to permit a portion of the wave-function to be fixed while other parts are variationally determined in the field generated by themselves and by the fixed part. A projection technique is developed to transfer a representation of the electronic structure of the variational part to the fixed part, and self-defining cycles are followed to convergence. Recent results for diamond and graphite surfaces suggest that for a given finite size of cluster, the procedures result in a more uniform description of electron densities than does a straightforward SCF calculation.
The construction of a closed-chambered incubator for use in such techniques as enzyme and immunoperoxidase histochemistry

Many histochemical procedures, in an attempt to be as variable-free as possible, often require such a quantity of incubation solution that there is a resulting waste of expensive chemical substrates, coupling salts, antigens, etc. More economic procedures are justifiably ignored in histochemical studies because of their uncontrollable variables. However, the variables associated with one such economic procedure (the drop method) can now be eliminated by utilizing the closed-chambered incubator described in this paper. Slides containing tissue sections incubated in this apparatus need only 1 ml of incubation medium per slide to achieve a similar reaction product as tissue sections emersed in Coplin jars of medium. This incubator incorporates a water-bath circulator to heat and circulate water below a shelf containing the tissue sections. Within 0.5 h, the entire incubating chamber is saturated with a 310 K water vapour. The water vapour eliminates the primary variable of the drop method incubation, evaporation of the medium. This paper describes the construction of the incubator, its evaluation, the savings obtained from one simple histochemical procedure and its applicability in enzyme and the immunoperoxidase histochemical techniques.
Performance analysis of CONWIP systems with batch size constraints

Multi-product manufacturing systems operating under CONWIP control are often modeled as closed queuing networks with synchronization stations. Performance analysis of these systems can be challenging, especially when batch size constraints are explicitly considered. This research develops a new approach for evaluating the performance of these systems based on parametric characterizations and traffic process approximations. The approach explicitly models the effect of batch size constraints on the departure process and waiting times at the different stations in the network to derive new characterization equations. These equations are used to derive a set of linking equations that is solved using an iterative algorithm to obtain estimates of network performance. Numerical studies indicate that the proposed method is yields fairly accurate performance estimates and can be useful in evaluating tradeoffs that guide managerial decisions.
Microscopic Tool Wear in Machining Aluminum 6061 T6 (Cold Compressed Air, Nitrogen and Dry Environments

The current study is a statistically designed experiment to evaluate different cutting environments that can be used in machining aluminum 6061 T6. High speed steel inserts were used along with different levels of uncut chip thickness in a classic orthogonal tube turning experiment. The cutting fluids used in this study are nitrogen and cold compressed “shop” air that are compared to the results obtained from dry machining. The force data (cutting force and the thrust force) were collected using a Kistler force dynamometer and processed using Labview software. The tools are subjected to 1 minute of cutting at two different feed rates of 0.002″/rev. and 0.004″/rev at a constant depth of cut of 0.125″ and at a constant speed. The tool inserts after 1 minute of cutting are studied for tool wear using a Keyance microscope. The surface finish of the work piece surface (average surface roughness) after one minute of cutting is examined under a Dektak 150 contact type surface profilometer. Alternative metal working fluid options are discussed.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
INTEREST RATE RULES AND EQUILIBRIUM STABILITY UNDER DEEP HABITS

This paper studies the determinacy of equilibrium in a new Keynesian model with deep habits under different interest rate rules. The main finding is that an interest rate rule satisfying the Taylor principle is no longer a sufficient condition to guarantee determinacy. Including interest rate smoothing and a response to output deviations from steady state significantly enlarges the regions of determinacy. However, under all the simple interest rate rules considered, determinacy is not guaranteed for a very high degree of deep habits. Deep habits give rise to countercyclical markups, which is in line with empirical evidence and makes them an appealing feature in the study of demand shocks. The countercyclicality of markups also leads to multiple equilibria because of self-fulfilling expectations for a high degree of deep habit formation.
The impact of employment counseling on substance user treatment participation and outcomes.

The nationally representative Alcohol and Drug Services Study (ADSS, 1996–1999) is used to examine employment counseling's impact on treatment participation and on postdischarge abstinence and employment. Employment counseling (EC) is among the more frequently received ancillary services in substance user treatment. The ADSS study sample showed it was received by 13% of all (N = 988) nonmethadone outpatient clients, and 42% of the 297 clients with a need for it. Clients who received needed EC (met need) are compared to clients who did not receive needed EC (unmet need). Met-need clients had significantly longer treatment duration and greater likelihood of employment postdischarge than unmet-need clients. Both groups were as likely to complete treatment and be abstinent at follow-up. Implications are discussed. Future needed research and unresolved critical issues are also noted.
Lesbian Experiences in Sport: A Social Identity Perspective

In this paper, we introduce the social identity (SI) perspective to enhance our understanding of the experiences of lesbians in sport. This perspective attempts to explain individual and social behavior through perceptions of group membership. It examines the interactions among social forces, self-concept, selfand collective (e.g., team) esteem, and identity development. We apply the perspective to create a social psychological framework for examining lesbians' experiences in sport. Context plays a central role in SI perspective, and the sport environment is unique in creating mechanisms that frame sport experiences for lesbians. We employ the major components of SI perspective (social and self-categorization, social comparison, individual mobility, and social change) to explain and describe how attitudes and behaviors of lesbians and about lesbians in sport are initiated, instituted, and sustained.
A Quasi-Species Model for the Propagation and Containment of Polymorphic Worms

Polymorphic computer worms are characterized by their ability to change their byte sequence as they replicate and propagate, thereby aiming to thwart intrusion detection systems (IDSes). In this letter, we propose a model based on coevolution of biological quasi-species to characterize the propagation of polymorphic worms and the effect of IDSes on their dynamics. The model is used to derive the conditions required for the IDS to contain the worm. The model is validated using simulations.
Psychometric Properties of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index. Part II: Investigating Factor Structure Findings in a National Clinic-Referred Youth Sample

We examined the underlying factor structure of the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index (PTSD-RI) using data from 6,591 children/adolescents exposed to trauma, presenting for treatment at any of 54 National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN) centers. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we tested the 3-factor DSM-IV PTSD model, 2 separate 4-factor models (Dysphoria vs. Emotional Numbing) and a recently conceptualized 5-factor Dysphoric Arousal model. We found a slight, but significant advantage for the Dysphoria model over the Emotional Numbing model on the PTSD-RI, with a difference in Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values of 81 points. As with several recent studies of adult trauma victims, we found a slight advantage for the Dysphoric Arousal model over the other models on the PTSD-RI, with BIC differences exceeding 300 points. Retaining the Dysphoric Arousal model, we tested the convergent validity of the PTSD-RI factors against subscales of the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children. Supporting the convergent validity of the PTSD-RI, in the Dysphoric Arousal model, the dysphoric arousal factor related most strongly to anger, whereas the emotional numbing factor related most strongly to depression, and anxious arousal factor related most strongly to anxiety. Results support the use of the PTSD-RI for evaluating PTSD among youth.
Criteria for rheological compatibility of polymer blends

Criteria for rheological compatibility of polymer blends are suggested. The criteria suggested make use of plots of first normal stress difference (N1) against shear stress (σ12), and of storage modulus (G′) against loss modulus (G″). Compatible blend systems considered are (1) blends of two different grades of low-density polyethylene, (2) blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(methyl methacrylate), (3) blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and polystyrene, and (4) blends of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) and poly(styrene-co-maleic anhyride). And incompatible blend systems considered are (1) blends of nylon 6 and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and (2) blends of nylon 6 and an ethylene-based multifunctional polymer. It has been found that plots of N1 vs. σ12 and G′ vs. G″ give (a) temperature-independent correlations for both compatible and incompatible blend systems; (b) composition-independent correlations for compatible blends; (c) composition-dependent correlations for incompatible blends.
Collection and freezing of epididymal stallion sperm.

In the event of catastrophic injury, death, or even elective castration, stallion sperm capable of fertilization can be harvested from the cauda epididymides [1,2] and frozen for future use [2], thereby salvaging valuable genetics. The timing and, often, location of the castration or postmortem tissue harvest are not always appropriate for sperm collection and preservation. Little is known regarding the survival and fertility of frozen-thawed epididymal stallion sperm, although the first successful pregnancy resulted from frozen semen collected from the epididymis [2]. Since then, most research has focused on procedures using ejaculated semen. Procedures for the collection or shipment of the epididymides and subsequent sperm cell harvest and cryopreservation are discussed. Harvesting of epididymides Collection of sperm from the epididymides requires cannulation of the epididymides or surgical removal. In our laboratory, we have successfully collected sperm via cauda epididymal aspiration from anesthetized and standing stallions. Although this means of sperm harvest is certainly possible, few cells are collected when compared with collection after epididymal removal and are of little value in postmortem situations. The two caudal epididymides of a normal, sexually rested, adult stallion should contain 54 10 9 sperm or approximately 61% of the sperm in the excurrent duct system [3]. Therefore, we concluded that the most efficient means of obtaining the greatest number of sperm requires surgical removal of the epididymides, granted that this is for a single and final collection. To accomplish this, both testes and their associated epididymides should be collected using
Political Metaphysics: God in Global Capitalism (the Slave, the Masters, Lacan, and the Surplus)

Soulignant la difference psychanalytique qui distingue la theorie lacanienne des epistemologies postmodernes concernant l'absence de fondement de l'Autre social, l'A. etudie quatre figures essentielles de la tradition occidentale qui expriment cet echec de la raison a produire un discours seculier en vue d'une eventuelle ideologie: 1) la tautologie divine chez Spinoza; 2) Les antinomies de la raison pure chez Kant; 3) la logique des genres et des especes (genus-species) chez Hegel; 4) la valeur du surplus chez Marx
Consequences of discrepant explicit and implicit attitudes: Cognitive dissonance and increased information processing

Abstract Attitudes research has shown that evaluations assessed directly (explicit attitudes) and indirectly (implicit attitudes) can diverge for many reasons. However, only recently has work begun to examine the phenomenology of experiencing discrepant explicit and implicit attitudes, and a number of important questions remain unanswered. What are the consequences of explicit–implicit attitude discrepancies on information processing? What psychological states accompany these discrepancies, and can they account for behavior? In two experiments, the current work examined whether dissonance-related discomfort results from discrepant explicit and implicit attitudes and considered its role in directing subsequent information processing. Dissonance and additional information processing were observed in experimental conditions where explicit and implicit attitudes diverged (and increased dissonance-related discomfort accounted for greater information processing; Experiment 1), but they were eliminated by a manipulation that reduced dissonance (i.e., self-affirmation; Experiment 2). The role of cognitive dissonance in explicit–implicit attitude inconsistencies and information processing is discussed.
The Effect of Reflecting Surfaces on the Vertical Structure and Variability of Stratospheric Planetary Waves

The effects of an upper-stratospheric reflecting surface on the vertical structure of stratospheric planetary waves are considered. A diagnostic of the basic-state wave propagation characteristics, which is particularly useful for determining the existence and location of turning surfaces for meridional and vertical propagation, is developed. The diagnostic used is a more accurate indicator of wave propagation regions than the index of refraction because it diagnoses meridional and vertical propagation separately. The diagnostic is tested on a series of simple models, both steady state and time dependent. It is found that the stratospheric waveguide sets the meridional wavenumber of the waves, regardless of the characteristics of their tropospheric forcing, making it easier to understand the effects of damping and turning surfaces on the vertical structure of the waves. The diagnostic is then applied to observations of the Southern Hemisphere winter of 1996. It is shown that the differences in vertical wave structure between middle and late winter can be explained as a linear response to the seasonal evolution of the basic state, which involves a formation of a reflecting surface in late winter. It is also shown that on daily timescales wave‐mean flow interactions cause significant changes in the basic-state propagation characteristics for periods of a few days. These changes, along with the time variations in the forcing of the waves, are responsible for the observed daily timescale variations in wave structure. The fact that the observed evolution of the waves and the basic state are consistent with linear or quasi-linear wave theory (depending on the timescale looked at) supports the applicability of the theory, as well as the validity of the observations.
The Organizational Dynamics of Service Provision in a Machine and a Reform County Agency

The political environment of a tax-supported agency is a potentially critical variable affecting the organization's structure and processes. Internal organizational dynamics in turn affect the efficiency and innovativeness of service delivery. Machine and reform governments are very different political environments for public agencies. In particular, machines have highly concentrated power over agencies and use the agencies for placement of patronage workers. Reform governments have much more diffuse power and a general policy of noninterference with public agencies. This research examines the organization's response to political control of its budget and to patronage placements. The method was a case study of two county health departments using long-term observation and formal and informal interviewing. Important differences were found between the machine and reform county health departments. Hypotheses are developed that will explain the differences based on the interaction of budget constraints, the le...
Family and Peer Systems in Early Adolescence: New Models of the Role of Relationships in Development

This paper proposes a reconsideration of the role of family experiences in early adolescent peer relations. Although early models of family-peer relations stressed either their dissimilarity or their inevitably competitive quality, current research indicates greater integration and continuity between them. Recent findings suggest that the picture of early adolescent peer relations as universally successful in providing adolescents with the experience of intimacy is inaccurate, and that accounting for individual differences in adolescents' capacity to engage in and benefit from close relationships is a significant goal of future work. This paper proposes that one source of these differences can be found in the conceptions and skills of relationships young adolescents bring with them from their experiences in their families. Three compatible approaches to the investigation of such issues are examined; they address individuation in relationships, the construction of self through social means, and the develop...
Long-term opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain: unproven efficacy and neglected safety?

BACKGROUND For the past 30 years, opioids have been used to treat chronic nonmalignant pain. This study tests the following hypotheses: (1) there is no strong evidence-based foundation for the conclusion that long-term opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain is effective; and (2) the main problem associated with the safety of such treatment - assessment of the risk of addiction - has been neglected. METHODS Scientometric analysis of the articles representing clinical research in this area was performed to assess (1) the quality of presented evidence (type of study); and (2) the duration of the treatment phase. The sufficiency of representation of addiction was assessed by counting the number of articles that represent (1) editorials; (2) articles in the top specialty journals; and (3) articles with titles clearly indicating that the addiction-related safety is involved (topic-in-title articles). RESULTS Not a single randomized controlled trial with opioid treatment lasting >3 months was found. All studies with a duration of opioid treatment ≥6 months (n = 16) were conducted without a proper control group. Such studies cannot provide the consistent good-quality evidence necessary for a strong clinical recommendation. There were profound differences in the number of addiction articles related specifically to chronic nonmalignant pain patients and to opioid addiction in general. An inadequate number of chronic pain-related publications were observed with all three types of counted articles: editorials, articles in the top specialty journals, and topic-in-title articles. CONCLUSION There is no strong evidence-based foundation for the conclusion that long-term opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain is effective. The above identified signs indicating neglect of addiction associated with the opioid treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain were present.
Translating Research on Healthy Lifestyles for Children: Meeting the Needs of Diverse Populations

This article provides two examples of approaches nursing can take to reach diverse populations of children and their families to enhance health lifestyles. First, a descriptive summary of a brief after-school intervention program aimed at influencing 8- and 9-year-old children's media habits and the prevention of negative health behaviors is presented. Design consideration for translating health lifestyles research findings into a nurse-managed inner city primary care practice is reviewed in the second example.
Mechanical behavior and properties of mechanically alloyed aluminum alloys

The fracture and deformation behaviors of several product forms produced from mechanically alloyed (MA) aluminum alloys 9052 and 905XL were studied. The main operative strengthening mechanism is strengthening due to the submicron grain size. Ductility and toughness were found to be controlled by the morphology of the prior particle boundaries. We propose that the work-hardening behavior of these MA alloys is similar to the behavior exhibited by a deformed fcc alloy that (a) contains rigid barriers to dislocation motion, (b) deforms by wavy slip, and (c) forms a cell substructure upon deformation.
A Novel planar cylindrical waveguide-to-planar transition for transceivers at 2.45 GHz ISM-band

A novel planar waveguide-to-planar transition will be presented. This transition will be used to realize a RFID antenna which can be embedded inside of metallic objects. Measurement and deembedding of the results will be presented. The designed transition and antenna achieves better than 10 dB impedance matching to a 50 ohms system in the frequency range from 2.3 GHz to 2.55 GHz.
An optimization approach for real time evacuation reroute planning

This paper addresses evacuation route management in the case of incidents arising during an evacuation and aims to minimize further delays they may cause. An evacuation reroute planning approach is developed for decision makers to utilize alternative routes in real time for the evacuees whose evacuation paths are affected by an incident during the evacuation process. Assuming that real time traffic information is available, a preprocessing algorithm is performed to update the evacuation networks. A multi-commodity network flow optimization model is then utilized to develop alternative paths and corresponding flow rates. Due to the underlying optimization model being a mixed integer nonlinear programming formulation, a linear reformulation of the model is developed to improve the computational performance. In the numerical results, the performance of the proposed decision making tool is tested using a case study.
Prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms in college athletes and differences by gender and sport

Background There are approximately 400 000 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student athletes and 5–7 million high school student athletes competing each year. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, the depression prevalence rate for young adults, which ranges from 10% to 85% across studies, is higher than that of other age groups. Given the relatively high prevalence of depression in individuals of collegiate age in the general population, the prevalence of depression among athletes in this age group warrants further study. This multiyear study examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms in college athletes, as well as demographic factors related to increased or decreased rates of depressive symptoms by gender and sport. Objective To describe the prevalence of depression symptoms among NCAA division I student athletes at a single institution over 3 consecutive years. Method Participants (n=465) completed a battery of measures during their yearly spring sports medicine physical across 3 consecutive years. The battery included the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and a demographic questionnaire, administered during the course of routine sports medicine physical examinations. Differences in depressive symptoms prevalence and relative risk ratios were calculated by gender and sport. Results The prevalence rate for a clinically relevant level of depressive symptoms, as measured on the CES-D (CES-D ≥16), was 23.7%. A moderate to severe level of depressive symptoms was reported by 6.3%. There was a significant gender difference in prevalence of depressive symptoms, χ 2 (1)=7.459, p=0.006, with female athletes exhibiting 1.844 times the risk of male athletes for endorsing clinically relevant symptoms. Conclusions The CES-D identified clinically relevant levels of depressive symptoms in nearly one-quarter of college student athletes in this large cross-sectional sample. Female college athletes reported significantly more depressive symptoms than males. Findings suggest that depression prevalence among college athletes is comparable to that found in the general college population. In light of these findings, sports medicine personnel may wish to implement depression screening and assessment of depressive symptoms across sports to identify at-risk athletes. Risk factors related to depression in college athletes warrant additional study.
Assessment of multi-wavelength pulse photometry for non-invasive dose estimation of circulating drugs and nanoparticles

The feasibility of multi-wavelength photoplethysmography for the real-time sensing of absorptive and scattering agents in pulsatile blood is discussed. The use of pulsatile signals extracted from trans-illumination of an accessible section of tissue allows us to calculate the concentration of the optically extinctive species in the pulsatile blood. This technology, initially used for pulse oximetry and dye densitometry, can be applied to monitor in vivo concentration and clearance of various absorptive species. Recently, our prototype has been used monitor the concentration of therapeutic gold nanoparticles, antimalarial quinine, and the antifungal agent amphotericin B. The assessment of the optical properties, device specifications, and signal quality for each compound are presented. We observe that this technology can be used to monitor numerous extinctive drug and nano-materials that present features in the 350-1100 nm range. The rationale for using this technology in a clinical setting would be to improve outcomes by real-time pharmacological feedback and/or control at point of care in addition to the elimination of invasive blood draws for collection of data.
Dynamic Loading Approach for Structural Evaluation of Ultra Large Container Carriers

The emerging global economic needs are driving the designs for the next generation of ocean going vessels. Current ultra-large container carrier (10,000 TEU plus) designs are considerably larger and more complex than any currently in service. Proper and rational classification assessment requires that first principles based direct calculation methods be used to augment the standard classification review. The design philosophy behind the ABS Dynamic Loading Approach enables comprehensive identification of potential failure mechanisms. The scope of the necessary engineering assessment encompass full-ship finite element analysis under non-linear sea loads, spectral fatigue analysis, finite element lashing analysis, free and forced vibration analysis, and transient and impact load analysis. This paper describes key aspects of the DLA design philosophy such as non-linear sea loads, load combinations, various applications derived from full-ship finite element analysis. Several examples are given to highlight some critical failure mechanisms to be considered for ultra-large container carriers.
Adult Congenital Heart Surgery A Thing of Beauty

A year ago, we had the good fortune to participate in the planning of an International Symposium on Grown-Up Congenital Heart Disease. It was a collaborative effort between Policlinico Agostino Gemelli/Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Rome and Johns Hopkins University. Two very interesting articles from this symposium, one ‘‘medical’’ and one ‘‘surgical,’’ are included in this issue of World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. In the early stages of planning the program for the 2015 Symposium in Rome, we sent an informal opinion survey to colleagues engaged in the practices of cardiac surgery and cardiology across the United States. The objective of the survey was to seek an answer to the question ‘‘Is It Adult Congenital Heart Surgery?’’ and to see whether we could then summarize a position that would qualify as ‘‘consensus.’’ What we learned is that ‘‘Adult Congenital Heart Surgery, like other things of beauty, is in the eye of the beholder.’’ A list of 37 specific clinical scenarios was provided to the survey recipients, and they were asked to simply respond YES or NO to the question ‘‘Is it adult congenital heart surgery?’’ The question was not whether the operations described should be done in a general hospital or a children’s hospital . . . . . .Not whether they should be entered in a Congenital Heart Surgery Database or an Adult Cardiac Surgery Database . . . . . .Not whether the surgeons should have specialized training or credentials . . . The question was, simply, which scenarios do you consider to be ‘‘Adult Congenital Heart Surgery?’’ The survey was sent to thirty-six individuals, made up of equal numbers of Pediatric/Congenital Heart Surgeons, Adult Cardiac Surgeons, and Cardiologists who specialize in the care of adult patients with congenital heart disease, all in the United States. The Adult Cardiac Surgeons were deliberately chosen on the basis of having experience and expertise with complex cardiac surgery including aortic surgery – no run-ofthe-mill ‘‘valve and CABG guys’’ among them! When the answers provided by the thirty respondents were considered as a single group, more than two-thirds of the group had replied ‘‘YES’’ with respect to roughly one half of the clinical scenarios. These included such things as:
Control over position, orientation, and spacing of arrays of gold nanorods using chemically nanopatterned surfaces and tailored particle-particle-surface interactions.

The synergy of self- and directed-assembly processes and lithography provides intriguing avenues to fabricate translationally ordered nanoparticle arrangements, but currently lacks the robustness necessary to deliver complex spatial organization. Here, we demonstrate that interparticle spacing and local orientation of gold nanorods (AuNR) can be tuned by controlling the Debye length of AuNR in solution and the dimensions of a chemical contrast pattern. Electrostatic and hydrophobic selectivity for AuNR to absorb to patterned regions of poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) and polystyrene brushes and mats was demonstrated for AuNR functionalized with mercaptopropane sulfonate (MS) and poly(ethylene glycol), respectively. For P2VP patterns of stripes with widths comparable to the length of the AuNR, single- and double-column arrangements of AuNR oriented parallel and perpendicular to the P2VP line were obtained for MS-AuNR. Furthermore, the spacing of the assembled AuNR was uniform along the stripe and related to t...
Rapid Time Domain Molecular Conductance Measurement of Alkanedithiols Using STM

Molecules such as dithiols are of significant interest for potential molecular electronics applications. To investigate their properties, an efficient method for measuring their electrical conductance is crucial. This research focuses on the time domain measurement, a novel technique capable of measuring hundreds of molecules within a matter of seconds. Measurements were conducted using STM with the tip positioned within tunneling distance over a SAM of 1,8-octanedithiol on Au(111)-mica substrate submerged in toluene. Bonding/debonding events between the tops of molecules and the tip were observed through jumps in the time domain current waveform. A new time-spent histogram data analysis technique was developed to extract conductance values from complex waveforms. Conductance of 2.6 nS was obtained for a single 1,8-octanedithiol molecule, consistent with results obtained from well-established but time consuming break junction technique, validating the new STM based time domain technique for fast measurement of molecular conductance.
Direct molecular cloning to construct recombinant AdHu5-mfsp27 and its amplification and purification

Objective The aim of this study was to construct recombinant AdHu5-040-mfsp27(cds) using direct molecular cloning and obtain viruses with a high titer and level of purity for laboratory and clinical trials.Methods The target gene mfsp27 was cloned into pShuttle and located between two rare restriction enzymes(REs)(I-ceuI and PI-sceI).After digestion,gel ligation,and transformation,recombinants were selected and confirmed by specific RE cutting and sequencing.The candidate recombinant plasmid was then linearized and transfected into HEK293 cells.After infection and expansion,the crude virus stock was collected and purified by modified cesium chloride gradient centrifugation.The virus multiplicity of infection(MOI) was measured by series dilution of the stock.Results Recombinant AdHu5-040-fsp27(cds) was successfully constructed.The titer(O.D.measurement) was as high as to 1×1013VP/ ml and MOI was 1.44×1011.The ratio of the two values was 69.44.The recombinant virus had potent ability to infect HEK293 cells.Conclusion Direct molecular cloning to construct recombinant AdHu5-040-fsp27(cds) is better than homologous recombination because it takes less time and it provides highly positive clones with fewer mutations of target genes.Modified cesium chloride gradient centrifugation combined with a liquid chromatography column and biogels is a simple and efficient way to obtain purified viruses in high titers and with a high level of activity.This provides an experimental basis for the study of gene function and the industrial production of recombinant adenovirus.
Effect of time after vaccination and varicella attack rate on effectiveness of a single dose of varicella vaccine

Objective To investigate the effect of time after vaccination and varicella attack rate on the effectiveness of a single dose of varicella vaccine.Methods A case-control study with 1 ∶ 1 matching was performed in patients at ages of 1 ~ 15 years,who occurred in January to June 2011 in Tianhe District,Guangzhou City,China,to evaluate the effect of time after vaccination and varicella attack rate on the effectiveness of a single dose of varicella vaccine.Results A total of 601 pairs of patients / normal controls were investigated.The total effectiveness of vaccine was 70.33%(95% CI: 60.42% ~ 77.76%,P 0.01).The effectiveness of vaccine was 90%(95% CI: 65.27% ~ 97.12%,P 0.01)in the children at ages of one year,and showed a decreasing tendency with increasing age(χ2 trend = 12.68,P 0.01).The varicella attack rates showed no significant difference in the patients / normal controls at ages of not less than 10 years,indicating basic disappearance of protective effect of vaccine.In the 511 pairs of patients / normal controls at ages of 2 ~ 15 years in cluster case study,the effectiveness of varicella vaccine was 66.67%(95% CI: 54.52% ~ 75.57%,P 0.01),and decreased with the increasing attack rate,which showed no significant difference in patients and in normal controls when the attach rate was more than 15%(P 0.05),indicating basic disappearance of protective effect of vaccine.Conclusion The failure rate of vaccination with a single dose of varicella vaccine was about 10%.Both the time after vaccination and varicella attack rate showed significant effect on the effectiveness of varicella vaccine,while the latter was more likely.It was suggested that a booster dose of varicella vaccine should be given to control the outbreak of varicella in children.