cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spermatogenesis of Bruchus quadrimaculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Notwithstanding the fact that several species of Bruchidae have been used by geneticists for several years, no cytological studies have as yet been made on any member of this family of the Coleoptera. The present paper gives a general account of the spermatogenesis of Bruchus quadrimaculatus Fabr. The spermatogonia undergo two mitotic divisions. After the second division, the nuclei remain small and very dense for some time before the beginning of the growth phase. During this interval the nuclei do not assume again the characteristics of the interkinesis stages. In the primary spermatocytes typical tetrads are formed. The chromosomes are asymmetrically V-shaped. The end of one arm of the ‘V’ fuses with the end of the corresponding arm of its synaptic mate. Disjunction takes place in the primary spermatocyte division. After the division of the secondary spermatocytes, the chromosomes become vesicular and form a reticular nucleus in the spermatid, after which the chromatin becomes deposited as a chromatin rim around the nuclear periphery. The diploid number of chromosomes is nineteen in spermatogonia and in male somatic cells, and twenty in female somatic cells. An unpaired X chromosome is present in the spermatogonia, which fails to divide in the primary spermatocyte division, but passes as a whole to one pole in advance of the autosomes. The X chromosome divides normally in the secondary spermatocyte division with the autosomes. In the method of sex determination, Bruchus does not follow the method of the majority of beetles, since most of those studied adhere to the X-Y type.
High‐temperature molding of pyrrones

High temperature pyrrones molding, discussing covalent organic bonds breakage and subsequent structural rearrangement of crosslinked polymer network
Google image swirl: a large-scale content-based image visualization system

Web image retrieval systems, such as Google or Bing image search, present search results as a relevance-ordered list. Although alternative browsing models (e.g. results as clusters or hierarchies) have been proposed in the past, it remains to be seen whether such models can be applied to large-scale image search. This work presents Google Image Swirl, a large-scale, publicly available, hierarchical image browsing system by automatically group the search results based on visual and semantic similarity. This paper describes methods used to build such system and shares the findings from 2-years worth of user feedback and usage statistics.
High vitamin D and calcium intakes reduce diet-induced obesity in mice by increasing adipose tissue apoptosis

Scope Modulation of apoptosis is emerging as a promising antiobesity strategy because removal of adipocytes through this process will result in reducing body fat. Effects of vitamin D on apoptosis are mediated via multiple signaling pathways that involve common regulators and effectors converging on cellular Ca(2+) . We have previously shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces the Ca(2+) signal associated with activation of Ca(2+) -dependent apoptotic proteases in mature adipocytes. In this study, a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model was used to evaluate the role of vitamin D and calcium in adiposity. Methods and results DIO mice fed high vitamin D3 , high Ca, and high D3 plus high Ca diets demonstrated a decreased body and fat weight gain, improved markers of adiposity and vitamin D status (plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, adiponectin, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH)), but an increased plasma Ca(2+) . High D3 and Ca intakes were associated with induction of apoptosis and activation of Ca(2+) -dependent apoptotic proteases, calpain and caspase-12, in adipose tissue of DIO mice. The combination of D3 plus Ca was more effective than D3 or Ca alone in decreasing adiposity. Conclusion The results imply that high vitamin D and Ca intakes activate the Ca(2+) -mediated apoptotic pathway in adipose tissue. Targeting this pathway with vitamin D and Ca supplementation could contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity. However, this potentially effective and affordable approach needs to be evaluated from a safety point of view.
GUIDANCE: A MULTI-SERVICE MODEL OF HELPING

This article was stimulated by the omission of the term guidance from the new name of the professional association of American counselors. Was this merely a sign of preference in terminology or did it constitute a repudiation of the concept of guidance itself? After differentiating the descriptive term and the programmatic concept of guidance, the writer identifies American school guidance as a constellation of integrated services (counseling, appraisal, information, etc.). The fact, that guidance was primarily associated with the school system is inconsequential. As a multiple service model of helping it is equally applicable in other settings. Community mental health providers — clinicians, social workers, and community conselors — warn against one-sided approaches and advocate multiple service care delivery. The final section of the article reviews the gradual development of guidance services since World War II to their present form. There is no valid argument to support the opinion that AACD, by its name change, did repudiate the programmatic concept of guidance as a model of multi-service care delivery. No doubt, the term guidance will be retained in American schools. Counselors working in other settings may want to acquire a new term for an integrated, multi-service model of helping.
Isolation and identification of rutin as the major mutagen of red wine

The polyphenolics of a red wine were concentrated by salt-induced phase separation into acetone-alcohol and fractionated by Sephadex LH-20 and multi-layer counter-current chromatography. The mutagenicity of each fraction was evaluated by the Salmonella mutagenesis assay. The mutagen of red wine required activation by both rat-liver microsomal enzymes and human-fecal enzymes (fecalase). The mutagenic component of red wine was purified to homogeneity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) on Lichrosorb C18 and was identified as rutin by UV spectrometry, co-chromatography with authentic standard on RPHPLC and gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Object-oriented modeling using C++

Object-oriented modeling provides a natural and powerful paradigm for representing the elements of a discrete-state system and their behavior. The concepts of encapsulation and inheritance are central to the realization of the object orientation. The C + + programming language supports encapsulation through the class construct, and inheritance through derived classes. A hierarchy of C + + classes designed to support an event-oriented simulation viewpoint is presented. The use of this package is demonstrated through an example program for simulating the operation of a simple computer system.
Aqueous Micellar Solutions of Hydrophobically Modified Polyelectrolytes

Aqueous micellar solutions of ionic/neutral block copolymers have been studied by static light scattering, photon correlation spectroscopy, small-angle neutron scattering, and surface tension measurements. The polymers used have short poly(tert-butylstyrene) (PtBS) neutral segments and long sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS) segments. The scattering studies that were performed are all compatible with the existence of spherical micelles, with highly extended NaPSS coronas, at low salt concentrations (10-4 M). Aggregation numbers of 30−40 were found. As the salt (NaCl) concentration is increased, the micelles decrease in size, although the salt dependence is weaker than that predicted by existing theories. The aggregation number does not appear to depend on NaCl concentration over the range of 10-4−10-2 M, but decreases to values of 15−20 at high salt (0.1−0.5 M). The addition of NaPSS/PtBS to water decreases the surface tension above a threshold concentration of around 10-3 g/mL.
Optimizing irrigation management for a spatially variable soybean field

Abstract During the last few years, water has become a limited resource in the southeastern USA. Most farmers, however, are not using any scheduling methods to optimize their irrigation applications. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of spatially variable irrigation management for a typical soybean field in the Coastal Plain area. The selected field (9.94 ha) had previously been delineated into five spatially variable management zones. For each of the five selected management zones, the soil water limits were estimated from particle size distribution data. Subsequently the plant available soil water was derived from these limits. A process oriented crop model, CROPGRO-Soybean, was used to determine optimal irrigation schedules for each zone, based on 25 years of local historical weather data. The resulting sets of irrigation strategies were then applied to the entire field, with special emphasis on the strategies that (1) produced the highest yield, (2) showed the earliest sign of water stress, or (3) had the largest area. The impact of spatially variable irrigation was analyzed by meeting the optimal irrigation requirements for each zone for all years. Total production, water usage by irrigation, and water drained were calculated for the entire field based on simulation results of each management zone. An economic analysis, using a price of $222.40 per 1000 kg for soybean and costs of $1.50, $2.00, and $2.50 per ha-cm for irrigation water, was also conducted. Spatially variable irrigation resulted in the best management option. Among the uniform irrigation strategies, management according to the requirements of the largest zone gave the best response. The differences between the best and worst management option were relatively small, i.e. $16/ha. Although this projected benefit is low for the small field, benefits for large center pivot irrigation systems would be attractive to farmers. The approach used in this study is an excellent method to analyze spatially variable irrigation management strategies under weather uncertainty.
Combining static concurrency analysis with symbolic execution

Static concurrency analysis detects anomalous synchronization patterns in concurrent programs, but may also report spurious errors involving infeasible execution paths. Integrated application of static concurrency analysis and symbolic execution sharpens the results of the former without incurring the full costs of the latter when applied in isolation. Concurrency analysis acts as a path selection mechanism for symbolic execution, while symbolic execution acts as a pruning mechanism for concurrency analysis. Methods of combining the techniques follow naturally from explicit characterization and comparison of the state spaces explored by each, suggesting a general approach for integrating state-based program analysis techniques in a software development environment. >
Ablation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter, Abca2 modifies response to estrogen-based therapies.

The ATP-binding cassette transporter 2 (ABCA2) is an endolysosomal protein expressed in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, prostate, ovary and macrophages. In cell cultures, ABCA2 over-expression has been linked with resistance to the anticancer agent, estramustine phosphate (EMP; a nor-nitrogen mustard conjugate of estradiol). The present study shows that Abca2 knockout (KO) mice have greater sensitivity to a variety of side effects induced by EMP treatment. Chronic EMP (12 × 100 mg/kg body weight) produced mortality in 36% of KO mice, but only 7% of age-matched wild type (WT). Side effects of the drug were also more prevalent in the KO mouse. For example, during the first week of EMP treatments, 67% of KO males (compared to 6% of WT males) responded with episodic erectile events. In WT mice, ABCA2 protein localized within pene corpuscles, (which rely on modified Schwann cells for amplification of tactile signals) suggesting that the transporter may function in the erectile process. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; a source of nitric oxide during erectile response) levels were similar in WT and KO male penile tissue. Treatment with 100 mg/kg EMP (once daily for four days) elevated serum estradiol and estrone in both WT and KO. However, the circulating levels of these estrogens were higher in KO mice implying a reduced plasma clearance of estrogens as a consequence of ABCA2 ablation. Consistent with the pro-convulsant effects of estrogens, KO mice also displayed an increased incidence of seizures following EMP (14% vs. 0%). Taken together, these data indicate that ABCA2 deficiency renders mice more sensitive to EMP treatment-induced effects implying that the transporter has a role in regulating EMP transport and/or metabolism.
Using Fermat to solve large polynomial and matrix problems

Fermat is an interactive system for mathematical experimentation. It is a super calculator - computer algebra system, in which the basic items being computed can be rational numbers, modular numbers, finite fields, multivariable polynomials, rational functions, or polynomials modulo other polynomials.In Fermat the default "ground ring" F is the field of rational numbers. One may choose to work modulo a specified integer m, thereby changing the ground ring F from Q to Z/m. On top of this may be attached any number of symbolic variables t1, t2, . . ., tn, thereby creating the polynomial ring F[t1, t2, . . ., tn] and its quotient field, the field of rational functions, whose elements are called quolynomials, Further, polynomials p, q, . . . can be chosen to mod out with, creating the quotient ring F(t1, t2, . . .) / , whose elements are called polymods. If this is done correctly, finite fields result. Finally, it is possible to allow Laurent polynomials, those with negative as well as positive exponents. Once the computational ring is established in this way, all computations are of elements of this ring.Fermat has extensive built-in primitives for array and matrix manipulations, such as submatrix, sparse matrix, determinant, minors, normalize, column reduce, reduced row echelon, matrix inverse, Smith normal form, and characteristic polynomial. It is consistently faster than some well known computer algebra systems - orders of magnitude faster in some cases.Fermat is a complete programming language. Programs and data can be saved to an ordinary text file that can be read during a later session or read by some other software system.Fermat has solved real problems that other computer algebra systems could not. It is more efficient in both time and space. These problems have come from algebraic topology, group theory, image processing, computational geometry, decision theory, and signal processing.Most recent applications involve solving systems of polynomial equations with the Dixon Resultant technique. I will demonstrate this method at the conference, in particular how I attack the spurious factor problem.Fermat is available for Windows95/98/NT/etc and Mac OS. Fermat for Linux is ready for beta testing.
Isolation and Characterization of Clostridium difficile Associated with Beef Cattle and Commercially Produced Ground Beef

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection has recently increased in North American and European countries. This pathogen has been isolated from retail pork, turkey, and beef products and reported associated with human illness. This increase in infections has been attributed to the emergence of a toxigenic strain designated North America pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (NAP1). The NAP1 strain has been isolated from calves as well as ground meat products, leading to speculation of illness from consumption of contaminated meat products. However, information on C. difficile associated with beef cattle during processing and commercially produced ground beef is limited. To address this data gap, samples from various steps during beef production were collected. Samples from hides (n = 525), preevisceration carcasses (n = 475), postintervention carcasses (n = 471), and 956 commercial ground beef samples were collected from across the United States. The prevalence of C. difficile spores on hides was...
ZnO thin film transistors and electronic connections for adjustable x-ray mirrors: SMART-X telescope

The proposed SMART-X telescope consists of a pixelated array of a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin film deposited on flexible glass substrates. These cells or pixels are used to actively control the overall shape of the mirror surface. It is anticipated that the telescope will consist of 8,000 mirror panels with 400-800 cells on each panel. This creates an enormous number (6.4 million) of traces and contacts needed to address the PZT. In order to simplify the design, a row/column addressing scheme using ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs) is proposed. In addition, connection of the gate and drain lines on the mirror segment to an external supply via a flexible cable was investigated through use of an anisotropic conductive film (ACF). This paper outlines the design of the ZnO TFTs, use of ACF for bonding, and describes a specially designed electronics box with associated software to address the desired cells.
Permanent Magnetic Bearing for Spacecraft Applications

A permanent, totally passive magnetic bearing rig was designed, constructed, and tested. The suspension of the rotor was provided by two sets of radial permanent magnetic bearings operating in the repulsive mode. The axial support was provided by jewel bearings on both ends of the rotor. The rig was successfully operated to speeds of 5500 rpm using an air impeller. Radial and axial stiffnesses of the permanent magnetic bearings were experimentally measured and then compared to finite element results. The natural damping of the rotor was measured and a damping coefficient was calculated.
Nonlocal theory of accelerated observers

A nonlocal theory of accelerated observers is developed on the basis of the hypothesis that an electromagnetic wave can never stand completely still with respect to an observer. In the eikonal approximation, the nonlocal theory reduces to the standard extension of Lorentz invariance to accelerated observers. The validity of the nonlocal theory would exclude the possibility of existence of any basic scalar field in nature. The observational consequences of this theory are briefly discussed.
Ice Cream: Foam Formation and Stabilization—A Review

Ice cream has been studied from ingredients to process conditions, ice crystal formation to ice crystal growth, and ingredient selection to eating quality. One of the key aspects of ice cream is air cells, as formation and acceptance of ice cream rely on foam production and stabilization. Air cells in ice cream provide a unique structure that governs many of this product's keeping and eating qualities. The air cells are dependent upon ice cream mix composition (fat, protein, and surface active ingredients) as well as processing conditions (freezer shear force, hardening time, and storage temperatures). Optical, low-temperature scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are applied to observe the morphology and size of air cells in ice cream. Air cells are crucial in forming the product and for eating quality and enjoyment.
Identification of bovine and novel interferon-tau alleles in the American plains bison (Bison bison) by analysis of hybrid cattle x bison blastocysts.

The objective of this study was to generate bison x cattle hybrid embryos by in vitro fertilization, to assess their developmental potential, to determine the pattern of secretion of the embryonic signaling molecule interferon-τ (IFN-τ), and to identify novel IFN-τ mRNA polymorphism in the American plains bison. A total of 600 bovine oocytes were inseminated with frozen-thawed bison semen. Of these, 40.7% cleaved and 14.8% proceeded to the blastocyst stage. Individual blastocysts were cultured on a basement membrane (Matrigel) and their ability to attach and form outgrowths was monitored. A total of 36 blastocysts were cultured of which 22 formed outgrowths. During individual culture, medium samples were collected and their IFN-τ concentration was measured. On day 6 after onset of individual culture, attached outgrowths produced significantly more IFN-τ than unattached viable or degenerate blastocysts. At this time, female conceptuses also produced significantly more IFN-τ than their male cohorts. However, by day 12 this difference had disappeared. Total mRNA was extracted from three individual outgrowths and analyzed by RT-PCR. Subsequent sequencing of 28 clones showed several known bovine IFN-τ sequences as well as two novel sequences termed bisIFN-τ1 and 2. To determine the origin of these, DNA was extracted from bison semen and analyzed by PCR. One bovine IFN-τ sequence (bovIFN-τ1d) as well as bisIFN-τ2 and a third novel sequence bisIFN-τ3 were detected. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using hybrid embryos for the analysis of developmentally regulated gene expression in species where embryos may not be available. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 70: 228–234, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of mineral supply on the amino acid composition of plants.

Turnip plants have been grown under conditions of normal mineral nutrition and with deficiencies of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium or magnesium. The uncombined amino acids were separated from the protein fraction. The protein fraction of the leaves was analyzed for constituent amino acids. It was found that there were considerable differences in protein level between deficient and normal leaves but that the relative composition of the protein fraction was only slightly affected. The non-protein amino acids were profoundly influenced by mineral nutrition. The differences in amino acid concentrations suggested that the lack of various macronutrients affected the metabolism of amino acids in many ways.
Relief of post-herpetic neuralgia by surgical removal of painful skin: 5 years later.

Surgical removal of painful skin was first attempted as a treatment for chronic intractable post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) more than a century ago, but long-term follow-up has rarely been reported. A patient who underwent surgical excision of 294 cm2 of thoracic skin comprising the entire area of pain and allodynia in October 2000 has been followed for 5.5 years post-surgery. Our initial report presented evidence of benefit in the form of reduced pain, elimination of allodynia, and reduced medication consumption during the first post-operative year. Unfortunately, pain steadily increased and now exceeds pre-surgery levels despite increased medication use. Pain topography and characteristics are different from pre-surgery and may relate to the pathophysiology of PHN. Skin resection cannot be recommended as a treatment for PHN.
Phosphorus Fractions of Various Feedstuffs and Apparent Phosphorus Availability to Channel Catfish

Abstract This study was conducted to determine different phosphorus fractions in corn, cottonseed meal, dehulled soybean meal, fish meal analog, meat-bone meal, fish meal from menhaden Brevoortia spp., rice bran, sorghum, wheat, and wheat middlings, and phosphorus availability of these feedstuffs to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Test diets consisting of a 70:30 mixture of reference diet to test ingredient were used with chromic oxide as the nondigestible marker. The various test diets were fed for 5 d in triplicate to groups of channel catfish weighing approximately 150–200 g, and the fecal samples were obtained by stripping approximately 12 h after feeding. Feed and fecal samples were analyzed for total phosphorus (TP) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), from which apparent availability coefficients were calculated. Apparent availability of SRP exceeded 92% for all ingredients, except menhaden fish meal (61%) and wheat (44%). Total phosphorus availability from animal products was variable: 47% ...
The resistive transition in weakly coupled superconductors

Abstract Films of weakly connected particles have narrower transitions above the half resistance point than uniform films of the same resistance. In contrast, the region of finite resistivity below the halfway point remains very broad.
Teratogenic effects of the fungicide dinocap in the mouse

The teratogenic potential of the fungicide dinocap was evaluated in CD-1 mice. Pregnant mice were dosed by intubation with dinocap in corn oil on gestation days 7-16. Doses used were 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg/day, based on day 6 weight. Dams were killed on day 18, at which time fetuses were counted, weighed, and preserved for necropsy or skeletal examination. The highest dose killed 80% of the dams dosed, while 29% of the dams in the 80 mg/kg group died during dosing. There was no dose-related maternal mortality at lower doses. Net maternal weight gain was affected only at 80 mg/kg/day. There were no live fetuses at 120 mg/kg/day. The number of live fetuses per litter was decreased and resorptions increased at 80 mg/kg. Dose-related decreases in gravid uterus weight and fetal weight were significant at all doses of dinocap. Cleft palate was found in fetuses at 5(1/234; 0.4%), 20(46/195; 23.6%), 40(140/185; 75.5%), and 80(63/85; 74.1%) mg/kg/day. There was a dose-related increase in supernumerary ribs and a low frequency of exencephaly and umbilical hernia at high doses. This study shows that dinocap is teratogenic in the CD-1 mouse at doses well below those causing maternal toxicity.
Conversion of arene groups to η2-cyclohexene rings at tungsten metal centers

Abstract The sodium amalgam (4Na per W) reduction of hydrocarbon solutions of [W(OC 6 HPh 4 -2,3,5,6) 2 Cl 4 ] ( 1 ) (OC 6 HPh 4 -2,3,5,6 = 2,3,5,6 tetraphenylphenoxide) in the presence of phosphine ligands (L) leads to the deep-green complexes [W(OC 6 HPh 3 -η 6 -C 6 H 5 )(OC 6 PHh 4 -2,3,5,6)(L)] ( 2a , L = PMe 2 Ph; 2b , L = PMePh 2 ). The solid state structure of 2a shows one of the ortho -phenyl groups of an aryloxide ligand bound to the tungsten metal center. The η 6 -arene complex 2a reacts very slowly with H 2 (1 atm, 25°C) in C 6 D 6 solution to produce a dark-brown complex [W(OC 6 HPh 3 -η 2 -C 6 H 9 )(OC 6 HPh 3 -η 6 -C 6 H 5 )(PMe 2 Ph)] ( 3a ), the solid-state structure of which shows that one of the ortho -phenyl rings has undergone reaction with two equivalents of H 2 to produce a cyclohex-1-ene ring which is η 2 -bound to the metal center. The remaining aryloxide ligand in 3a is chelated through an η 6 -interaction, leading to a formal 18-electron configuration at the metal.
Simple methods for calculating reaction equilibria in single reaction or single moiety chemical networks.

Abstract Simple procedures and programs for the HP-25 scientific calculator are given for solving mass action equilibrium problems in chemical networks which contain a single reaction or a single moiety.
A Test of the Model-Free Formulas. Effects of Anisotropic Rotational Diffusion and Dimerization

The effects of anisotropy of rotational diffusion and extent of dimerization on the performance of the simple and extended model-free formulas are investigated. Numerically exact 15N NMR R1, R2, and NOE data are simulated for cylindrically symmetric species and also for mixtures of spherical monomers and dimers with the same internal dynamics. The relevant internuclear vectors are assumed to move in isotropic deflection potentials fixed at different orientations in the molecule and to exhibit a single relaxation time in their internal correlation functions. The simple model-free formula is fitted to these simulated data in order to obtain the best-fit order parameter and internal relaxation time for each nucleus. Fitting is accomplished by the standard data-analysis protocol, in which a single common global correlation time is adjusted, and also by an alternative protocol, in which the global correlation time is adjusted separately for each nucleus. The extended model-free formula is likewise fitted to these same data. With noise-free data, the simple model-free formula and standard protocol yield remarkably good best-fit internal motion parameters up to moderate anisotropies (r = D||/D⊥ = 2.0), but some or many of the NMR relaxation data are not fitted well even for quite modest anisotropies (r = 1.3). The extended model-free formula yields an improved fit to the NMR data, but predicts substantial amplitudes of nonexistent slow internal motions (τ ≳ 0.2 ns) for many of the nuclei for all r ≥ 1.3. The simple model-free formula with the alternate protocol yields even better internal motion parameters than the standard protocol and also an excellent fit to the NMR relaxation data. The best-fit global correlation time for each nucleus corresponds very closely to the theoretical correlation time defined herein. Knowledge of these times would allow one not only to estimate the anisotropy of diffusion but also in favorable cases to infer the existence of slow internal motions. Inclusion of typical statistical errors in R1, R2, and NOE, or modest exchange contributions to R2, seriously degrades the performance of the simple model-free formula with either protocol, especially in regard to the internal relaxation times, which can exhibit very large deviations from their input value even for spherical diffusers. When the fraction of monomers existing as dimers lies in the range 0.1 ≤ ƒd ≤ 0.8, none of the three model-free approaches tested yields reliable internal motion parameters.
The alteration of intellectual performance after lateralized brain-injury in man

The effects of left- and right-brain lesions on verbal (VIQ) and performance (PIQ) subtests of the WAIS were investigated. Multivariate covariance analysis was used to statistically adjust for effects of age, education and intelligence. Results showed a decrement on VIQ scores with left-sided lesions. Right-sided lesions, however, did not reveal the expected impairment on “nonverbal” PIQ scores.
Foregrounds for 21-cm observations of neutral gas at high redshift

We investigate a number of potential foregrounds for an ambitious goal of future radio telescopes such as the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) and the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR): spatial tomography of neutral gas at high redshift in 21-cm emission. While the expected temperature fluctuations due to unresolved radio point sources is highly uncertain, we point out that free–free emission from the ionizing haloes that reionized the Universe should define a minimal bound. This emission is likely to swamp the expected brightness temperature fluctuations, making proposed detections of the angular patchwork of 21-cm emission across the sky unlikely to be viable. Hα observations with JWST could place an upper bound on the contribution of high-redshift sources to the free–free background. An alternative approach is to discern the topology of reionization from spectral features due to 21-cm emission along a pencil-beam slice. This requires tight control of the frequency-dependence of the beam in order to prevent foreground sources from contributing excessive variance. We also investigate potential contamination by galactic and extragalactic radio recombination lines (RRLs). These are unlikely to be show-stoppers, although little is known about the distribution of RRLs away from the Galactic plane. The mini-halo emission signal is always less than that of the intergalactic medium (IGM), making mini-haloes unlikely to be detectable. If they are seen, it will be only in the very earliest stages of structure formation at high redshift, when the spin temperature of the IGM has not yet decoupled from the cosmic microwave background.
Proposed Boundary Condition Potential for the Two-Nucleon Problem

The proposed approach to the nuclear problem is to use as a starting point a somewhat different two-body potential which should adequately describe nucleonnucleon scattering data amd for which the Brueckner technique can be applied somewhat more readily. A brief description of this potential and a preliminary account of its application to the two-nucleon problem are given. (W.D.M.)
Role of hypothermia in hemorrhagic shock

Hemorrhagic shock that leads to cardiovascular collapse does not respond well to conventional methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Even when the source of bleeding can be controlled and the circulation restored, cerebral ischemia lasting for >5 min invariably results in severe brain damage. Often the underlying injuries are reparable but the patient dies of irreversible shock. In this setting, strategies to maintain cerebral and cardiac viability long enough to gain control of hemorrhage and restore intravascular volume could be life-saving. This requires an entirely new approach to the problem, with emphasis on rapid total body preservation, repair of injuries during metabolic arrest, and controlled resuscitation, so-called emergency preservation and resuscitation. Currently, hypothermia is the most effective method for preserving cellular viability during prolonged periods of ischemia. Herein, the authors describe the rationale behind the development of this strategy, its impact on various cellular...
Influence of 2-Mercaptoethanol Treatment on Opsonizing Activity of Human and Rabbit 7 S Antibodies*

Resume Le traitement au mercaptoethanol de trois anticorps 7 S (1 serum de lapin anti-erythrocyte de rat, 2 serums anti-nucleoproteine humaine) reduit leurs capacites de fixer le complement «opsonisant» et dans deux cas le complement «hemolytique». Un serum humain d'un patient souffrant de lupus erythemateux dissemine etait fortement anticomplementaire. La diminution du complement responsable de l'opsonisation ne peut etre evaluee que si on teste des dilutions progressives de complement. Zusammenfassung Die ME-Behandlung von drei 7S-Antikorpern (Anti-Ratten-Erythrozyten-Immunserum von Kaninchcn, zwei menschliche Anti-Nukleoproteinseren) setzte ihr Vermogen zur Bindung von «opsonisierendem» und in zwei Fallen auch von «hamolytischem» Komplement herab. Ein Serum eines Patienten mit SLE war stark antikomplementar. Der Schwund der komplementabhangigen Opsonisation kann nur beurteilt werden, wenn Verdunnungsreihen vom Komplement untersucht werden.
Metal complexes of pyrimidine derivatives and adenosine monophosphate—III

Abstract The following compounds were investigated by ion-exchange or potentiometric methods for complex formation in the presence of divalent metal ions: uracil-5-carboxylic acid, uracil-6-carboxylic acid, 5-nitro-orotic acid, 2-ethylthio-iso-orotic acid, 2-thio-iso-orotic acid, adenosine-3′-phosphate (3′-AMP), adenosine-5′-phosphate (5′-AMP) and α- d -glucose-1′-phosphate (1′-GP). Radiochemical cation-exchange experiments indicated no complexing of Zn(II) ions with uracil-6-carboxylic acid, while mononuclear species were found for the remaining pyrimidine complexes of Zn(II), Co(II) and Mn(II), in the pH range studied. Formation constants calculated by cation exchange methods were found to be in good agreement with titration values. Potentiometric studies of adenosine-3′-phosphate indicated that the predominant species was the normal mononuclear complex (MA), but that the existence of a protonated complex (MHA) does exist. Equilibrium constants were calculated for MHA complexes of 3′-AMP and Ni(II), Co(II), Mn(II) ions; formation constants were determined for MA complexes of Zn(II), Co(II) and Mn(II) using ion-exchange and titration methods. For 3′-AMP, the stability of the MA complex followed the order, Zn > Co > Mn. Formation constants calculated for the MA mononuclear 5′-AMP complexes indicated the trend in complex stability, Ni > Co > Mn. An iterative computer programme was written for normal and protonated complexes for dibasic acids and divalent metal ions. Complexation studies of α- d -glucose-1′-phosphate supported the views of previous investigators that the adenosine residue does not play a major role in metal complexing. Formation constants were calculated for mononuclear 1'GP complexes of Zn(II), Co(II) and Mn(II). The relative order of stability for Co(II) and Mn(II) complexes of the phosphate ligands studied was found to follow the order, 5′-AMP > 1′-GP > 3′AMP.
Activity of Amantadine, Rimantadine, and Ribavirin Against Swine Influenza in Mice and Squirrel Monkeys

Amantadine, rimantadine, and ribavirin given orally, either prophylactically or therapeutically, reduced mortality and increased the survival time of 3-week-old mice infected with the type A/New Jersey/8/76 (swine) strain of influenza virus. In addition, amantadine and rimantadine, administered therapeutically, increased the rate of virus clearance from lungs of infected mice. Administration of amantadine either before or after virus challenge ameliorated the illness in squirrel monkeys; when administered therapeutically, it appeared to eliminate virus shedding from infected monkeys within hours after therapy was initiated.
Cascading events in linked ecological and socioeconomic systems

Cascading events that start at small spatial scales and propagate non-linearly through time to influence larger areas often have major impacts on ecosystem goods and services. Events such as wildfires and hurricanes are increasing in frequency and magnitude as systems become more connected through globalization processes. We need to improve our understanding of these events in order to predict their occurrence, minimize potential impacts, and allow for strategic recovery. Here, we synthesize information about cascading events in systems located throughout the Americas. We discuss a variety of examples of cascading events that share a common feature: they are often driven by linked ecological and human processes across scales. In this era of globalization, we recommend studies that explicitly examine connections across scales and examine the role of connectivity among non-contiguous as well as contiguous areas. Los eventos consecutivos en cascada que empiezan a pequenas escalas espaciales y que se propagan...
Attributional correlates of depression: An interactional model including problem solving

The present investigation sought to evaluate the relationships between causal attributions, problem solving, and depressive symptomatology. We hypothesized that problem solving would function as a moderator variable between causal ascriptions and depression. To test this, 128 undergraduate students completed the Beck Depression Inventory, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, and the Problem-Solving Inventory. Results from a multiple regression analysis indicated that problem-solving scores were significant predictors of depression even after attributions were taken into account. Further, a negative attributions × problemsolving interaction was also found to be significantly related to depression scores. Causal ascriptions concerning positive events on the ASQ were found to be unrelated to BDI scores. Whereas these findings are in partial support of the reformulated learned-helplessness theory of depression, the results suggest the need to consider the interaction between causal attributions and problem-solving ability with respect to the study of depression.
Use of estrogen-treated rats as a bioassay for evaluating catabolism of very low density lipoproteins.

Abstract Estradiol-treated rats have markedly reduced circulating very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-triglyceride (TG) pool sizes, and may provide a useful model to study the effect of differences in VLDL-TG composition on their in vivo catabolism. The results presented describe this approach, and its use to document impaired VLDL-TG catabolism of prelabeled VLDL in plasma injected from diabetic donor rats.
Physician Investigators for Academic Medicine

Excerpt In contrast to speculation about the future of the physician investigator, real information on academic medicine manpower has been provided by a little-known committee of the National Acade...
Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders

There is increasing evidence for an important role of adverse early experience on the development of major psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), an endogenous neuropeptide, is the primary physiological regulator of the mammalian stress response. Grown nonhuman primates who were exposed as infants to adverse early rearing conditions were studied to determine if long-term alterations of CRF neuronal systems had occurred following the early stressor. In comparison to monkeys reared by mothers foraging under predictable conditions, infant monkeys raised by mothers foraging under unpredictable conditions exhibited persistently elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of CRF. Because hyperactivity of CRF-releasing neurons has been implicated in the pathophysiology of certain human affective and anxiety disorders, the present finding provides a potential neurobiological mechanism by which early-life stressors may contribute to adult psychopathology.
Bias-motivated bullying and psychosocial problems: implications for HIV risk behaviors among young men who have sex with men.

The present study aimed to determine whether the experience of bias-motivated bullying was associated with behaviors known to increase the risk of HIV infection among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) aged 18–29, and to assess whether the psychosocial problems moderated this relationship. Using an Internet-based direct marketing approach in sampling, we recruited 545 YMSM residing in the USA to complete an online questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses tested three regression models where we controlled for sociodemographics. The first model indicated that bullying during high school was associated with unprotected receptive anal intercourse within the past 12 months, while the second model indicated that bullying after high school was associated with engaging in anal intercourse while under the influence of drugs or alcohol in the past 12 months. In the final regression model, our composite measure of HIV risk behavior was found to be associated with lifetime verbal harassment. None of the...
Critical Properties of Spin-Glasses

The critical properties of the model of a spin-glass proposed by Edwards and Anderson are studied using the renormalization group. The critical exponents are calculated in $6\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ spatial dimensions. It is argued that a tricritical point can exist where the nonordering field is the skewness of the distribution of $J$.
Empirical approach to the sequential relationships between firm strategy, export activity, and performance in U.S. manufacturing firms

Abstract This paper empirically examines the sequential relationships between the firm’s strategic factors, export actvity, and performance in US manufacturing firms. The main question addressed in this paper relates to how the firm’s key strategic factors such as diversification in product and market, firm size, R&D intensity, and capital intensity influence export activity, and further how the export activity is finally linked to the firm’s economic performance with respect to diverse dimensions of performance. The results in a sequential model show that (1) product diversification, R&D intensity, and firm size significantly affect the firm’s export activity, (2) export intensity, stemming from the company’s key strategic components of business activity, was positively and uniformly related to all aspects of the firm’s economic performance, and (3) export activity moderates the relationships between organization’s strategic factors and firm performance. Although market diversification does not directly affect exporting, it does, however, sequentially influence firm performance with respect to market-based performance. This study contributes to a new strategic implication of export activity and performance linkage in business and economic research.
Managing Dynamic Inventory Systems with Product Returns: A Markov Decision Process

This paper presents a Markov decision process for managing inventory systems with Markovian customer demand and Markovian product returns. Employing functional analysis, we prove the existence of the optimal replenishment policies for the discounted-cost and average-cost problems when demand, returns, and cost functions are of polynomial growth. Our model generalizes literature results by integrating Markovian demand, Markovian returns, and positive replenishment lead times. In particular, the optimality of the reorder point, order-up-to policies is proved when the order cost consists of fixed setup and proportional cost components and the inventory surplus cost is convex. We then make model extensions to include different cost components and to differentiate returned products from new ones. Finally, we derive managerial insights for running integrated closed-loop supply chains. At the aggregate level, returns reduce effective demand while many structural characteristics of inventory models are intact. A simple heuristic for managing systems with returns is to still utilize literature results without returns, but effective demand is lower than customer demand.
The association between migraine and cerebral vascular events: an analytical review.

Abstract This paper explores the uncertain relationship between migraine headache and thromboembolic stroke. In reviewing the literature that links migraine with thromboembolic cerebral vascular events, a distinction is made between two stroke events that occur in migraine patients: stroke associated with a migraine attack (a migrainous stroke) and stroke unrelated to a migraine attack (a nondashmigrainous stroke). In a recent community-based stroke register, migrainous strokes occurred at a rate of 3.4 per 100,000 per annum. Prevalence rates for migraine in young stroke populations (11–28%) are similar to those in the general population and do not support an additional long-term risk of nondashmigrainous stroke in migraine patients. The only study providing a controlled estimate of long-term thromboembolic stroke risk (odds ratio = 1.7; 95% CI 1.3, 2.2) included only women and has not been independently confirmed. The contribution of migraine to other known risk factors for thromboembolic stroke needs to be examined further by controlled studies.
Fluctuations in Partial Radiation Widths

One of the main efforts of slow-neutron spectroscopy has been to measure and interpret the distribution of partial widths for elastic scattering, radiative capture, and fission in neutron resonances. The ability to measure the partial widths for individual radiative transitions has resulted from improvement in experimental techniques. An experiment is described in which an attempt was made to observe the high energy end of resonant-capture gamma spectra of W/sup 183/, Pt/sup 195/, and Hg/sup 199/ in enough detail to be able to determine the probabilities of transitions not only to the ground state but also to one or more of the low-energy states of the compound nucleus. (W.D.M.)
Modelling the hydrological cycle in assessments of climate change

The predictions of climate change studies depend crucially on the hydrological cycles embedded in the different models used. It is shown here that uncertainties in hydrological processes and inconsistencies in both climate and impact models limit confidence in current assessments of climate change. A future course of action to remedy this problem is suggested.