cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Naueti relationship terminology: A new instance of asymmetric prescription from East Timor

Relationship terminologies of an asymmetric prescriptive character are widespread throughout mainland and insular Southeast Asia. Their western limit is marked by the Kachin of northern Burma (Leach 1961:28-53) while their eastern limit is marked by the Mambai people of central East Timor (Figures 1 and 2). Between these limits are such other instances as occur, for example, among the Lamet of Cambodia (Needham 1960), the various Batak groups of Sumatra (Rodgers 1984), and the Rindi of eastern Sumba (Forth 1981). The principal intention of the present paper is to establish the existence of a new asymmetric prescriptive terminology in East Timor, and by doing so provide empirical justification for adjusting the easternmost limits of nomenclatures of this kind. A subsidiary intent is to offer a contribution to current speculations regarding the transformation of relationship terminologies in eastern Indonesia (Guermonprez 1998; Smedal 2002).
The preparation and use of radioactive tracers for the study of comminution processes. Part I. homogeneous materials

Abstract As part of an investigation of the radioactive tracer method for the study of comminution processes, the distribution of radioactive isotopes in various particle sizes after grinding was investigated. It is found that certain apparently homogeneous materials break down into fragments of different elemental compositions upon comminution. Moreover, comminution also affects the average elemental composition of the unbroken particles. Under such circumstances the gross counting of all radioisotopes produced by irradiation in a nuclear reactor is not applicable as a tracer method in the study of comminution. Refinement of this technique using gamma-ray spectroscopy may reveal the presence of suitable specific elements which can be used individually as tracers.
Src-family kinases in B-cell development and signaling

The Src-family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are known to play key roles in initiating signal transduction by the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR). In addition, numerous studies have shown that this family of molecules also contributes to signaling by BCR surrogates during B-lymphocyte lineage development and maturation. Paradoxically, ablation of SFKs not only results in obvious defects in B-cell development but also in the onset of autoimmunity. Thus SFKs, most notably Lyn, play both activating and inhibitory roles in B-cell function. Confounding analyses of SFK function in B cells is the varied coexpression of family members that mediate redundant as well as unique functions. In this review, we will focus mainly on the role of Lyn in mediating positive and negative roles in B-cell activation and how these affect immune signaling and disease progression.
TU-A-213CD-01: GDRR: A GPU Tool for Cone-Beam CT Projection Simulations

Purpose: Realistic calculations of x‐ray projection images play an important role in many projects related to CBCT, such as the design of scanners and reconstruction algorithms. However, to yield a desired level of realism it usually requires a tremendously long computational time, which hinders the research process. The purpose of this project is to develop a realistic x‐ray projection image simulation package, gDRR, on a computer graphics processing unit (GPU) to achieve both high accuracy and efficiency. Methods: Primary signals in a projection is computed by GPU‐based ray‐tracing algorithms, with many features considered, e.g. source energy spectrum, fluence map due to a bowtie filter, and detector response. Scatter signals are obtained by Monte Carlo(MC) simulations on GPU under the aforementioned realistic setup followed by a denoising step. Noise signals are calculated by taking the difference between the MC simulated primary and the ray‐tracing primary signals, and the difference between the MC simulated scatter signals and the denoised scatter signals. The noise level is calibrated according to the mAs level in a scan. Results: The primary signals agree well with results from MC simulations. As for the scatter signals, our MC results for real patient cases are in good agreement with those from EGSnrc with less than 2% relative error using 10 million source photons. Various realistic artifacts can be observed in CBCTimagesreconstructed from the simulated projections, e.g. beam hardening, scatter, and noise. The computation time per projection is ∼20ms for primary signal per energy channel, ∼4sec for scatter signal, and 1∼2sec for all other steps. Conclusions: We have developed a complete simulation package on GPU to compute x‐ray projections in CBCT. Primary, scatter, and noise signals can be calculated with a high level of realism at a high efficiency. This work is supported in part by NIH (1R01CA154747‐01), Varian Medical Systems through a Master Research Agreement, and the Thrasher Research Fund.
Diet-Genotype Interactions in the Development of the Obese, Insulin-Resistant Phenotype of C57BL/6J Mice Lacking Melanocortin-3 or -4 Receptors

Loss of brain melanocortin receptors (Mc3rKO and Mc4rKO) causes increased adiposity and exacerbates diet-induced obesity (DIO). Little is known about how Mc3r or Mc4r genotype, diet, and obesity affect insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance, assessed by insulin and glucose tolerance tests, Ser(307) phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, and activation of protein kinase B, was examined in control and DIO wild-type (WT), Mc3rKO and Mc4rKO C57BL/6J mice. Mc4rKO mice were hyperphagic and had increased metabolic efficiency (weight gain per kilojoule consumed) relative to WT; both parameters increased further on high-fat diet. Obesity of Mc3rKO was more dependent on fat intake, involving increased metabolic efficiency. Fat mass of DIO Mc3rKO and Mc4rKO was similar, although Mc4rKO gained weight more rapidly. Mc4rKO develop hepatic insulin resistance and severe hepatic steatosis with obesity, independent of diet. DIO caused further deterioration of insulin action in Mc4rKO of either sex and, in male Mc3rKO, compared with controls, associated with increased fasting insulin, severe glucose intolerance, and reduced insulin signaling in muscle and adipose tissue. DIO female Mc3rKO exhibited very modest perturbations in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Consistent with previous data suggesting impaired fat oxidation, both Mc3rKO and Mc4rKO had reduced muscle oxidative metabolism, a risk factor for weight gain and insulin resistance. Energy expenditure was, however, increased in Mc4rKO compared with Mc3rKO and controls, perhaps due to hyperphagia and metabolic costs associated with rapid growth. In summary, DIO affects insulin sensitivity more severely in Mc4rKO compared with Mc3rKO, perhaps due to a more positive energy balance.
Measurement of the ratio of the proton form factors, GE/GM, at high momentum transfers and the question of scaling

Abstract Electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections have been measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center at four-momentum transfers squared (q2) of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5and 3.75 (GeV/c)2. The angular distributions at q2 = 2.5 and 3.75 (GeV/c)2are sufficient to provide values of the ratio GE/GMindependent of the results from other laboratories. Our results are compatible with scaling, GE(q2) = GM(q2)/μ, within the experimental errors.
A CLOSED-LOOP COMPARISON OF CONTROL ALLOCATION METHODS

This paper compares closed- and open-loop performance measures for sixteen control allocation approaches. The approaches are regular and discrete time versions of direct allocation, linear programming, quadratic programming, and several variations of the weighted pseudo-inverse approach including a cascaded generalized inverse. The control allocation methods are first evaluated using open-loop measures including the percent volume of the attainable moment subset for which the allocation method produces admissible solutions and the ability to attain commanded moments for a prescribed rolling maneuver. Then, the control allocation methods are compared closed-loop using a dynamic inversion control law to perform the same rolling maneuver. All maneuver results are completed using a simplified 5 degree-of-freedom nonlinear simulation with seven control effectors. The results show that the open-loop measures do not necessarily translate to closed-loop performance.
Numerical simulation of a reflex triode

Summary form only given. Electron beams are often used to make bremsstrahlung X-rays for a wide variety of applications. In a standard bremsstrahlung converter, electrons are accelerated from a cathode onto a high-atomic-number (high-Z) anode target. Since this target is usually less than the continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) range, the high-Z target is usually followed by a low-Z beam stop. Some of the X-rays that are created in the converter get absorbed before they can escape. The absorption is spectrum dependent with the softer portions of the spectrum getting preferentially absorbed. The optimum target thickness is determined by making the target thick enough to produce a significant number of X-rays and yet thin enough to minimize X-ray absorption. Coupled Monte-Carlo electron/photon transport analysis shows that the X-ray dose is maximized when the target is about 1/3 the CSDA range and the beam-stop is about 2/3 the CSDA range. In a reflexing converter, electrons are electrically trapped on a high-Z foil by either a virtual cathode (reflex diode) or a second cathode (reflex triode) causing them to make several passes through the foil. Each time the electrons pass through the foil they make X-rays. Since the target foils can be much thinner than 1/3 the CSDA range, the dose from a reflexing converter can be substantially larger than a standard converter. To achieve this dose increase, the product of the number of passes and the foil thickness should be a substantial fraction of the electron CSDA range. Since electrons are trapped on the anode, additional dose gains can be realized by eliminating the beam-stop. The ion current in a reflex diode can be a large portion of the total current. This can result in tremendous X-ray production inefficiency. This paper presents results from 2D LSP particle-in-cell simulations of the reflex diode and reflex triode. The output of LSP has been coupled with the integrated tiger series of radiation transport codes to predict the radiation field. The results show that the X-ray dose can be increased over the non-reflexing diode if ion production is controlled. Most of this increased dose is the result of an increase in the number of soft photons
Production System Models of Residential Search Behavior: A Comparison of Behavior in Computer-Simulated and Real-World Environments:

Recent research has indicated that production system models of sequential decision-making can be both highly predictive of behavior in computer-simulated environments and related to cognitive knowledge structures. The authors present evidence from a study of housing market search indicating that ‘real-world’ behavior is related to behavior in computer-simulated environments and to the behavior predicted by production system models. Hence the use of computers to infer models of decisionmaking from behavior in computer-simulated environments promises to offer valuable insights into real-world decisionmaking behavior.
Prediction of ICU In-Hospital Mortality Using Artificial Neural Networks

This work aims to predict in-hospital mortality in the open-source Physionet ICU database from features extracted from the time series of physiological variables using neural network models and other machine learning techniques. We developed an effective and efficient greedy algorithm for feature selection, reducing the number of potential features from 205 to a best subset of only 47. The average of five trials of 10-fold cross validation shows an accuracy of (86.23±0.14)%, a sensitivity of (50.29±0.22)%, a specificity of (92.01 ± 0.21)%, a positive prediction value of (50.29±0.50)%, a negative prediction value of (92.01±0.00)%, and a Lemeshow score of 119.55±9.87. By calibrating the predicted mortality probability using an optimization approach, we can improve the Lemeshow score to 27.51±4.38. The developed model has the potential for application in ICU machines to improve the quality of care and to evaluate the effect of treatment or drugs.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: The “Gift” That Keeps on Giving!

There are events that occur during our lives that because of the significance or enormity of the event we vividly remember the time, place, and what we were doing at the time! Clearly, events related to our family life would be good examples as we all remember the time, place, and emotion surrounding the birth of a child, a marriage, or perhaps the untimely death of a parent or other loved one. We also seem to recall with uncanny details where we were and what we were doing when we first heard news of a remarkable achievement, a human tragedy, or natural disaster. For example, most people today will easily recall their circumstances on the morning of 11 September 2001. Those in our generation vividly remember when we first heard of the assassination of John F. Kennedy or watched the first lunar landing on our black-and-white televisions. With this in mind, we can vividly recall when the initial results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) were presented in Las Vegas in 1993 at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Scientific Sessions. During the session, the significance of the findings was quite apparent. We realized there was no more guessing on what our standards of treatment were to be…now we had data! But, to be honest, we clearly did not appreciate the fact that 20 years later, we would be reflecting on that moment as just the beginning of a long and rewarding story. We agreed that the initial results at the time ushered in a new paradigm of treatment, but not one of us in attendance that day could have predicted what was to come of the DCCT and that the study would be as relevant today as it was then and continue to inform and provide new information …
Localization of 5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase in regenerating (and normal) limb tissues of the adult newt Notophthalmus viridescens.

The regenerating forelimb of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens was investigated for 5′-nu-cleotidase (5'ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, 3.1.3.5) activity. The newt's humeri were surgically removed, and after a twenty-one-day recovery period, the forelimbs amputated above the elbows. Regenerates were sampled at predetermined times for specific phases in the progress of regeneration, frozen, sectioned in a cryostat, and the sections fixed in 10% cold formol calcium. The Wachstein and Meisel [25] lead procedure at neutral pH was used predominately in these experiments, although tests were also conducted with Gomori's [14] calcium, and Allen's [21] highly alkaline procedures. The substrates used to obtain specific enzyme reactions were adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil and inosine 5′-monophosphate nucleotides. Sodium β-glycerophosphate served as a non-specific phosphomonoesterase substrate, distilled water replaced substrate, and inhibitors such as zinc and cyanide ions were used as control measures to assist in increasing the precision in interpreting the results obtained. The most reactive 5′-nucleotidase (5′-Nase) loci were in the walls of the blood vascular system, mysial and neural sheaths, dermis, and periosteum: the principal cells involved were macrophages, endothelium of blood vessels, and fibrocytes of connective tissues. A moderate enzyme response was elicited from secretory cells of some of the subcutaneous glands, hypertrophied chondrocytes and osteogenic centers, chondrocytes in the articular regions and within red blood cells and leucocytes. Normal, injured and degenerating, or regenerating striated muscle and nerve fibers were judged unreactive for 5′-Nase. The epidermis and wound epithelium displayed negative responses for 5′-Nase. Cells forming the regeneration blastema were 5′-Nase reactive during the early formative phase, but with growth and development of the blastema into bulb and conic forms, these cells did not respond for this enzyme-activity. One suggestion offered is that the absence of 5′-Nase in cells of the blastema may be related to the lack of an adequate blood-vascular supply. Several functions of 5′-Nase in normal and regenerating tissues are discussed. A basic conclusion reached is that 5′-nucleotidase hydrolyses may be more involved in fundamental anabolic than in catabolic metabolism.
The Revolutionary Influence of Journalism

In the early hours of Friday, the thirtieth of July, this placard, originating in the office of the National, was posted everywhere in the city:
Trace Ethnography: Following Coordination through Documentary Practices

We detail the methodology of 'trace ethnography', which combines the richness of participant- observation with the wealth of data in logs so as to reconstruct patterns and practices of users in distributed sociotechnical systems. Trace ethnography is a flexible, powerful technique that is able to capture many distributed phenomena that are otherwise difficult to study. Our approach integrates and extends a number of longstanding techniques across the social and computational sciences, and can be combined with other methods to provide rich descriptions of collaboration and organization.
Marital Change During the Transition to Parenthood and Security of Infant-Parent Attachment

To extend research on the characteristics and determinants of marital change during the transition to parenthood to include the consequences of such change, the security of infant-parent attachment was examined. Drawing on data from a longitudinal study of infant and family development, groups were formed on the basis of attachment security at one year and compared in terms of patterns of marital change displayed by mothers and fathers. Mothers of insecure infants experienced significantly greater declines in positive marital activities and sentiments and greater increases in negative marital activities and sentiments than did mothers of secure one-year-olds, and this difference emerged between three and nine months postpartum. Even before babies were born, mothers of secure and insecure infants differed in their marital appraisal. Specifically, mothers of secure infants tended to base their prenatal marital satisfaction appraisals more on positive than negative aspects of the marriage whereas the reverse...
MULTIPLE AFFINITY STATES OF DIFFERENT CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTORS

We transfected COS cells with cDNA for rat cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) and different CCK-B receptors and measured binding of 125I-CCK-8, [3H]L-364,718 and [3H]L-365,260 to characterize the different affinity states for each type of CCK receptor. Rat CCK-A and CCK-B receptors, canine CCK-B receptors and canine mutant CCK-B (M-CCK-B) receptors in which the leucine in position 355 was replaced by valine each existed in three different affinity states for CCK-8, high affinity, low affinity, and very low affinity. In rat CCK-A and probably CCK-B receptors, most were in the very low affinity state, whereas with canine CCK-B and M-CCK-B receptors, most were in the low affinity state. Studies with CCK receptor agonists, CCK-8, gastrin, and CCK-JMV-180, in conjunction with CCK receptor antagonists, L-364,718 and L-365,260, showed a different pattern of affinities for these ligands at the different CCK receptors. Thus, each transfected CCK receptor can exist in three different affinity states for CCK-8 and has a characteristic pattern of interaction with different ligands. This ability to exist in multiple affinity states is an intrinsic property of the CCK receptor molecule itself.
Testing Two Approaches to Revictimization Prevention Among Adolescent Girls in the Child Welfare System

Abstract Purpose Girls in the child welfare system are at high risk of revictimization in adolescence. The present study compared two interventions designed to decrease revictimization in a diverse sample of adolescent child welfare–involved girls. The social learning/feminist (SL/F) intervention focused on concepts derived from social learning and feminist models of risk, such as sexism and beliefs about relationships. The risk detection/executive function (RD/EF) intervention focused on development of specific executive function abilities related to detecting and responding to risky situations/people. Methods Participants were randomized to RD/EF (n = 67) or SL/F intervention (n = 67). A group of youth (n = 42) engaged in the research assessments only. Participants (n = 180) were assessed before intervention, immediately after intervention, 2 months after intervention, and 6 months after intervention. We examined revictimization (the presence/absence of sexual or physical assault in any relationship) over time. Results Adolescent girls in the RD/EF condition were nearly five times less likely to report sexual revictimization compared with girls in the no-treatment group. A trend suggested that girls who participated in the SL/F intervention were 2.5 times less likely to report sexual revictimization relative to the no-treatment group. For physical revictimization, the odds of not being physically revictimized were three times greater in the SL/F condition and two times greater in the RD/EF condition compared with the no-treatment group. Conclusions The active interventions did not differ significantly from one another in rates of revictimization, suggesting that practitioners have at least two viable options to engage high-risk youth in revictimization prevention.
First-principles study of the structure and lattice dielectric response of CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12

Structural and electronic properties of ${\mathrm{CaCu}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ are calculated using density-functional theory within the local spin-density approximation. After an analysis of structural stability, zone-center optical phonon frequencies are evaluated using the frozen-phonon method and mode effective charges are determined from computed Berry-phase polarizations. Excellent agreement between calculated and measured phonon frequencies is obtained. The calculated mode effective charges are in poorer agreement with experiment, although they are of the correct order of magnitude and the lattice contribution to the static dielectric constant is calculated to be $\ensuremath{\sim}40.$ On the basis of these results, various mechanisms are considered for the enormous dielectric response reported in recent experiments. No direct evidence is found for intrinsic lattice or electronic mechanisms, suggesting that increased attention should be given to extrinsic effects.
Studying the Earth with interferometric radar

High-speed and large-volume computational capabilities have affected many branches of scientific research. Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and its spatially dense, accurate deformation measurements have advanced studies of the Earth's crust. The most important contributions are related to seismic and volcanic processes and the mapping of glacier and ice-sheet motions in the environmentally-sensitive and diagnostic polar regions.
Flow in shock tubes with area change at the diaphragm section

This paper describes theoretical and experimental studies of the effects on shock tube flows of a monotonic convergence at the diaphragm section. Systematic flow equations are developed for tubes of uniform bore and tubes having either a monotonic convergence or a convergence-divergence in the diaphragm section. Except across the shock front itself, isentropic processes and ideal-gas behaviour have been assumed. Simplified procedures are presented for predicting the ideal-flow parameters over a wide range of operating conditions, as well as for comparing straight and convergent tubes. Such comparisons made by other investigators are found to be incomplete or in error. The experiments described utilize a very simple device for altering the diaphragm section convergence and a multi-station measurement of shock velocity. The expected effect of convergence is verified over a wide range of Mach numbers. Even at Mach numbers where the processes of shock formation can no longer be ignored, it is found that the relative performance between a uniform and convergent tube is preserved.
Discussion of ''Three-Dimensional CFD Modeling of Self-Forming Meandering Channel'' by Nils Reidar B. Olsen

The paper presented the computational simulation of a selfforming meandering channel from an initially straight channel with a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics ~CFD! model. The simulated meandering channel wavelength and magnitude are closer to the experimental results ~Friedkin 1945! as compared to the simulated results with an enhanced 2D model ~Duan et al. 2001!. However, the discusser feels that the simulated results will be more convincing if the author explained in detail the approaches in calculating suspended sediment and bedload transport and plotted the simulated velocity vector field and bed topographic configurations shown in Fig. 7. In Eq. ~1!, the author set the suspended sediment diffusion coefficient equal to the eddy viscosity taken from the k‐« model. Studies have shown that the mass diffusion coefficient can be expressed as G5v t /s c , in which v t5eddy viscosity, and s c5turbulent Schmidt number, which represents the ratio of eddy viscosity to eddy diffusivity. A value of s c50.5 has been found suitable in previous calculations of pollutant spreading in an open channel ~Rastogi and Rodi 1978!. Ye and McCorquodale ~1997! have used s c50.15 in the simulation of pollutant dispersion with a depth-averaged 2D model. With respect to suspended sediments, the mass diffusion coefficient is equal to the eddy viscosity only when the Schmidt number equals 1.0, which is not true based on previous studies ~Rastogi and Rodi 1978; Ye and McCorquodale 1997!. In particular, the mass diffusion coefficient for suspended sediments in the vertical direction « z is much larger than that in the horizontal direction and relates to the fluid momentum diffusion ~van Rijn 1984! as follows:
Direct adaptive control for tendon-driven manipulators

The development and evaluation of both adaptive primary (inner-loop) and robust secondary (output-loop) model-based controllers is discussed. Previous case studies rigorously investigated the feasibility of implementing passivity-based inner-loop adaptation on an industrial manipulator. An unanswered question was the general validity of those results. The authors address that issue by repeating the analysis on a small serial robot with a pneumatic tendon drive system. Experimental analysis reverifies the algorithm's adaptation/learning capabilities and provides new insight into how the implementation issues of tuning, and parameter convergence depend on specific manipulator structure. Direct adaptive control enhances trajectory tracking efficacy and reduces payload sensitivity for a wide range of manipulators. >
Model-Driven SIMD Code Generation for a Multi-resolution Tensor Kernel

In this paper, we describe a model-driven compile-time code generator that transforms a class of tensor contraction expressions into highly optimized short-vector SIMD code. We use as a case study a multi-resolution tensor kernel from the MADNESS quantum chemistry application. Performance of a C-based implementation is low, and because the dimensions of the tensors are small, performance using vendor optimized BLAS libraries is also sub optimal. We develop a model-driven code generator that determines the optimal loop permutation and placement of vector load/store, transpose, and splat operations in the generated code, enabling portable performance on short-vector SIMD architectures. Experimental results on an SSE-based platform demonstrate the efficiency of the vector-code synthesizer.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell death of C3H mouse peritoneal macrophages in the presence of cycloheximide: different susceptibilities of C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice macrophages

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytotoxicity toward mouse peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN mice but not C3H/HeJ mice in vitro in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX). More than 1 ng/ml LPS induced a significant time-dependent release of a cytoplasmic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), while even 1000 ng/ml LPS failed to induce it in LPS-non-responsive C3H/HeJ mouse macrophages. Although similar LPS-induced cytotoxicity was observed in a murine macrophage-like cell line, J774.1, but not in an LPS-resistant mutant of J774.1, the LPS1916 cell line, these results suggest that the induction of this cytotoxicity is linked to the LPS-sensitivity of mouse macrophages. A recombinant TNF-alpha (rTNF-alpha) at 100 ng/ml augmented LDH release from both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ macrophages treated with LPS and CHX, while rTNF-alpha alone or in combination with LPS or CHX failed to induce LDH release. These results suggest that this cytotoxicity might be partially regulated by high concentrations of exogenous TNF-alpha in both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ macrophages, implying a possibility of paracrine regulation of TNF-alpha in mice toward LPS-treated macrophages under impaired protein synthesis.
The neuronal basis of behavior in Tritonia. 3. Neuronal mechanism of a fixed action pattern.

We have investigated the roles played by numerous identified brain cells in initiating and controlling the coordinated sequence of movements of an instinctive escape-swimming sequence in an intact animal preparation of the nudibranch mollusc Tritonia diomedia. Intracellular electrical activity in different neurons has been correlated with the various phases of the behavior. We recognized four major stages in the response: (1) reflex local withdrawal; (2) preparation for swimming; (3) swimming; and (4) termination. We have located and studied brain cells whose activity is associated with the following aspects of swimming: withdrawal; elongation; triggering behavior; dorsal flexion; ventral flexion; and neurons which excite both dorsal and ventral flexor neurons simulataneously. We find that specific neurons play clearly defined and invariant roles in control of escape-swimming and that the neuronal circuitry underlying the coordination of the sequence is the same in different individuals of the species. Details of the neuronal circuitry and a number of the general functional attributes of interacting cell groups have been determined directly or inferred from observations of cell to cell interactions. A preliminary model of the neuronal apparatus which controls this behavior is discussed. The principal findings are: (1) a discrete group of electrically coupled neurons determines, by its output, whether or not escapeswimming will be executed; (2) the neuronal elements responsible for execution of the swimming stages of the sequence are maintained in an excited state for the required period, in part by a regenerative feedback system; (3) alternating bursts of impulses in functional antagonists are co-ordinated in part by reciprocal inhibition between them; and (4) termination of the sequence occurs abruptly at a particular phase in the swimming cycle and appears to be an active neural process, rather than a simple running-down.
Developing Training Programs for Clinical Supervisors

Training for clinical supervisors is receiving increased attention within the field of psychology. This article describes the two methods of training supervisors that have been predominant in the past, "transfer of therapy training" and "reciprocal role experience," as well as the limitations inherent in each of these. In order to design comprehensive training programs for the present and future this article offers a description of three necessary components. For the first component, theoretical content, the authors provide an outline of relevant conceptual material which can be incorporated. The authors particularly emphasize and elaborate upon the value of the second training component, simulated experience and relate this to the social psychological concepts of "role taking" and "rites of passage." The third component, "in vivo" practice with actual supervisees, is described as the final phase of a comprehensive program of training for supervisors.
The allelic isozymes of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isolated from Fundulus heteroclitus: physical characteristics and kinetic properties.

Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( H6PDH-A2 ; P-D-~~ucosxNAD( P)’ oxidoreductase; E.C. 1.1.1.47) of the teleost FunduZus heterocZitus (L.) shows clinal allelic variation along the east coast of North America. Three of the major allelic isozymes have been purified and compared for native molecular weight, subunit molecular weight, isoelectric point, thermal stability, and steady-state kinetic properties (pH 8.0 and 25°C). Significant differences were found among the allelic isozymes for isoelectric point, thermal stability, and some kinetic parameters. The predominant allelic isozyme in northern populations ( H6PDH-ACAc) was found to be more sensitive to heat denaturation than were the predominant homozygous allelic isozymes isolated from southern populations ( H6PDH-A “A a and H6PDH-A bAb). The H6PDH-ACAC allelic isozyme had both a significantly greater K,,, for glucose6-phosphate than did either of the southern phenotypes and a significantly greater K,,, for NADP+ and Ki of NAD+ than did one of the southern phenotypes (H6PDHAaAa). While the allelic isozymes are functionally nonequivalent, it is not yet known whether these differences are reflected at higher levels of biological organization.
Architecture and Landscape of a Mined Environment: Reading the Traces

This study focuses on the coal company town of Everettville, WV in north-central West Virginia and, at its center, a former mined landscape, Federal No. 3, that is currently being reintegrated into the community as a culture/ nature park. The mine began operation in 1921 and a town was established which included hierarchically and racially ordered residences, segregated churches and schools, and a company store. The mine site’s significance as a cultural landscape is grounded in an explosion that occurred in the spring of 1927 when 151 miners were killed under suspicious circumstances. Examining historical maps, photos, and other records of the town and mine site reveals spatial patterns and structures in existence during the area’s formative years. Analyzing current conditions through overlay mapping seeks to uncover remnants of the town’s form and its current ability to communicate the conditions of the 1920s. LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) was used to document current conditions of the mine site: topography, vegetation, spatial organization and architectural forms as a framework for mapping and measuring cultural landscape characteristics and to guide the development of context sensitive interpretive designs. Overlay mapping depicts substantial landscape change especially related to the development of mine-related infrastructure. While the number of buildings in the town remained relatively constant, new spatial organization was seen especially with evolving infrastructure. The collected point cloud data at the mine site reveals much of the original spatial organization which will guide park development including rail beds and a bench road on which original structures were sited. The point cloud did not however reveal those structures, likely because of regrading of the site during reclamation and colluvial erosion over time. As the park evolves further documentation will continue to create a four-dimensional model as longitudinal studies examine change over time in landscape forms, patterns and processes.
Measurement of Impotence by Laser Doppler Flowmetry and Conventional Methodology

AbstractThe problem of vasculogenic impotence was evaluated by laser Doppler flowmetry with the LD5000 capillary perfusion monitor to determine cutaneous penile blood flow in 25 men defined previously as impotent by Doppler ultrasound with penile brachial ratios of 0.63 ± 0.14. Erotic visual stimulation for 1, 2 and 4 minutes did not statistically change the cutaneous flow as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry from its baseline of 20 mv. The dynamics of skin microcirculation in the penis may reflect changes in the deeper vessels and represent an alternate, dependable method to evaluate capillary perfusion. (J. Urol, 140: 749-750, 1988)
Academic Integrity Across Physician Assistant Programs in the United States.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe how academic integrity is addressed in physician assistant (PA) programs across the United States. METHODS A descriptive survey was developed dividing questions into 2 groups: demographic information and academic integrity questions. The survey tool was distributed to program directors at all PA programs in the United States that were both fully accredited and provisionally accredited. RESULTS A total of 171 surveys were distributed with a response of 110 surveys. Most institutions have honor codes in place (86.14%), with most having had an honor code for more than 10 years (62.38%). A notable percentage (25.45%) of program directors believes that academic integrity is a problem at their institution. Overall, 45.45% responded that academic integrity is voiced as an issue by faculty in all disciplines at their institution. Yet, when participants were asked to rate their concern about academic integrity at their program, 49.50% had little or no concern, 30.69% were neutral, and 19.80% reported great or extreme concern about academic integrity within their program. CONCLUSIONS This study provided baseline data on how academic integrity is currently addressed in PA programs. Drawing from this baseline data and the review of the literature, the next step is to develop academic integrity recommendations that PA programs can adopt.
Chemokine receptors as specific anti-inflammatory targets in peripheral nerves.

Chemokines are the initial mediators of leukocyte migration across concentration gradients in vitro and to sites of inflammation in vivo. Chemokines signal via specific seven-transmembrane spanning G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). About 50 chemokine ligands and 18 receptors have been identified to date, and several are involved in leukocyte trafficking in human inflammation. Several chemokines signal via a single receptor, while others signal via multiple receptors. This redundancy may be necessary to mediate essential biological processes in vivo. There is evidence that specific chemokines and their receptors are expressed in the peripheral nerves or cerebrospinal fluid of patients with autoimmune neuropathies such as Guillain-Barre syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy and their animal models. Hematogenous leukocyte trafficking and chemokine-mediated signaling has also been implicated in the generation of neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury. Chemokine receptors, being GPCRs, provide an attractive drug target for modulating the harmful effects of peripheral nerve inflammation. The efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapies, including treatments that restrict leukocyte migration, has been established in several inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis. There are several ongoing clinical trials testing chemokine receptor antagonists as specific anti-inflammatory drugs. This review evaluates the current status of the chemokine biology of peripheral neuropathies, highlighting areas where further studies are needed and discusses potentially selective drug targets for peripheral nerve inflammation and neuropathic pain.
Study on Separation and Purification of Theaflavins by Polyamide

This study investigated purification of theaflavins by polyamide. The optimal separation conditions were the volume of theaflavins 250 mg/50 ml polyamid, the sovlent system including methanol, chloroform, acetone and glacial acetic acid with their respective ratio as 3:5:8:0.3, and speed of washout 0.6 BV/h. Two components of TF and TF-3'-G were obtained, and their concentrations were 93% and 85% respectively. This is a simple and effective method for separation and purification of the theaflavins.
An Unusual Cause for Noninfectious Subcutaneous Emphysema of the Upper Extremity: A Case Report.

Subcutaneous emphysema after trauma should raise immediate suspicion for a necrotizing soft-tissue infection. However, there are certain circumstances in which subcutaneous emphysema is the result of a benign or noninfectious process. In the literature, subcutaneous emphysema has been reported secondary to high-pressure injection injuries, factitious self-injection of air and chemical substances in the extremities, elbow arthroscopy, air-sucking phenomenon from traumatic lacerations, and iatrogenic use of hydrogen peroxide in the face and extremities1-13. Surgical evaluation should be obtained for the assessment of subcutaneous emphysema so that, if necessary, immediate surgical intervention can be performed. We report a case of noninfectious subcutaneous emphysema of the upper extremity with an unusual cause. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent. A forty-six-year-old right-hand-dominant woman fell on some ice and landed on the left elbow, causing a 2-cm laceration over the olecranon process. The patient reported that she initially had managed the wound with intermittent hydrogen peroxide irrigation and gauze dressing. She was a medical assistant for a primary care physician who evaluated the wound at work approximately twelve hours after the initial injury. At that time, she had not experienced any symptoms in the upper extremity except for localized pain around the wound. She continued to work with a sterile dressing over the wound, but did not have the wound closed. Approximately twenty-four hours after the fall, she presented to our emergency room with the symptom of subjective pain (rated 5 of 10) in the entire upper extremity, especially with elbow range of motion. She also described a “crunchy” feeling in the forearm that had worsened over the course of the day and copious drainage from the laceration site. She denied numbness or tingling distally and any systemic symptoms …
Die christliche Mystik

Die aufeinanderfolgenden Formen der religiosen Mystik kann man als Ausdruck einer riesigen erfahrungsmasigen Bewegung betrachten, die auf verschiedene Weise eine immer vollstandigere Befriedigung fundamentaler Bedurfnisse zu erreichen strebt. Gewisse Bedurfnisse und Methoden, die in den niedrigeren Formen der Mystik hervortreten, verschwinden in den hoheren oder nehmen eine untergeordnete Stellung ein; andere Bedurfnisse und andere Methoden treten an ihre Stelle. Der Ubergang von einer Form der Mystik in die andere wird auserdem durch einen Wechsel in der Auffassung der Macht, die als Ursache aller Erfahrung betrachtet wird, bezeichnet.
Screening for oral potentially malignant epithelial lesions and squamous cell carcinoma: a discussion of benefit and risk.

From an individual's point of view, early diagnosis is a must; however, from the public health view, it is a measure of probability. These perspectives are often at odds. Although screening for early detection of disease has been promoted for many years, recently the practice has been under increasing scrutiny for many conditions. This paper reviews the issues surrounding screening for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC).
Larger-context language modelling with recurrent neural network

In this work, we propose a novel method to incorporate corpus-level discourse information into language modelling. We call this larger-context language model. We introduce a late fusion approach to a recurrent language model based on long shortterm memory units (LSTM), which helps the LSTM unit keep intra-sentence dependencies and inter-sentence dependencies separate from each other. Through the evaluation on four corpora (IMDB, BBC, Penn TreeBank, and Fil9), we demonstrate that the proposed model improves perplexity significantly. In the experiments, we evaluate the proposed approach while varying the number of context sentences and observe that the proposed late fusion is superior to the usual way of incorporating additional inputs to the LSTM. By analyzing the trained larger-context language model, we discover that content words, including nouns, adjectives and verbs, benefit most from an increasing number of context sentences. This analysis suggests that larger-context language model improves the unconditional language model by capturing the theme of a document better and more easily.
Opial-Type Inequalities for Balanced Fractional Derivatives

Here we study L p; p > 0; fractional Opial-type inequalities subject to high-order boundary conditions. They involve the right and left Caputo, Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. These derivatives are blended together into the balanced Caputo, Riemann–Liouville, respectively, fractional derivative. We give an application to a balanced fractional boundary value problem by proving uniqueness of the solution. This chapter relies on [7].
Computer-aided game design: doctoral consortium research abstract

Artificial intelligence can model and predict how humans will react to game systems. Using models of human-like imperfect play, one can estimate how quantitative changes to a game will impact a player's qualitative experience. I discuss my research to use artificial intelligence to automatically play, analyze, and design certain classes of games. Not only does it generate new content quickly and effectively, this research also provides some insights into why humans find some games more difficult than others, and how player skill measurably improves over time.
A pilot study to assess the utility of five established variables to standardize exercise treadmill test reporting

Abstract Background The prognostic utility of 5 established variables (functional capacity, Duke treadmill score, chronotropic response to exercise, heart rate recovery, and premature ventricular contractions) together after routine exercise treadmill testing (ETT) has not been determined. Methods We assessed the combined prognostic ability of 5 established variables for the primary outcome (myocardial infarction [MI], coronary revascularization [CR] or all-cause mortality) and the secondary outcome of unnecessary downstream testing (defined as receipt of further noninvasive imaging without CR, MI, or death) compared with standard methods. Using a retrospective study design, 1857 consecutive patients were enrolled in the year 2014 and followed until December 31, 2015. Optimal discrimination and global fit statistics were assessed from logistic regression models. Classification and regression tree (CART) methodology was used for the final model. Results The mean [SD] age was 56.0 [12.5]years; median comorbidities (2, IQR 2) with 26% having an equivocal report. Compared to other models, a model with age, sex, and the 5 established variables showed an improvement in discrimination for the primary [c-statistic 0.85 versus (0.69–0.79)] and secondary [c-statistic 0.73 versus (0.65–0.71)] outcomes with substantial improvement in global fit. The final, optimal, 10-fold cross-validated CART model had a c-statistic of 0.78. Conclusions The utility of the 5-established variables, based on the current study, resides in its ability to decrease unnecessary downstream testing and improve cardiovascular event prognostication. This is accomplished by removing the subjective interpretation of currently used ETT variables that can lead to an equivocal report.