cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Student Satisfaction: An Examination of Preference, Asynchronous Course Elements and Collaboration Among Online Students

Online courses provide students the opportunity and flexibility to attend college courses on their own schedule and within the comforts of their own home. While most enjoy the flexibility offered by this type of course delivery method and the quality between distance (online) and face-to-face courses being relatively equal, the question has been raised about the student satisfaction in online or hybrid courses (online courses containing synchronous elements). This paper seeks to explore student satisfaction toward online courses through the lens of preference to delivery method, the impact of asynchronous instruction on satisfaction and the role of rapport/ collaboration between students in an online environment. To fully understand the impact that these aspects have on student satisfaction, a survey was constructed and distributed to the entire student population of the Learning Technologies department at a public institution of higher learning in Texas. As an added dimension to the results obtained by the survey, interviews were held with a subsection of the survey participants to further explore the elements that impact their satisfaction towards online courses.
Journalism and the Novel: Literary realism and the fictions of the industrialized press, 1850–1915: Mark Twain to Theodore Dreiser

(Your literature is) all such truth – truth to life; everywhere your pen falls it leaves a photograph. I did imagine that everything had been said about life at sea that could be said – but no matter, it was all a failure and lies, nothing but lies with a thin varnish of fact – only you have stated it as it absolutely is. – Mark Twain to William Dean Howells I have known … men as truthful, but not so promptly, so absolutely, so positively, so almost aggressively truthful. He could lie, of course, and did to save others from grief or harm; he was not stupidly truthful; but his first impulse was to say out the thing and everything that was in him. – William Dean Howells on Mark Twain I was never more confounded than by the discrepancy existing between my own observations and those displayed here, the beauty and peace and charm to be found in everything … Perhaps, as I now thought, life as I saw it, the darker phases, was never to be written about … I read and read, but all I could gather was that I had no such tales to tell, and however much I tried, I could not think of any. – Theodore Dreiser in his memoirs, describing the magazines he read in the days when he was trying to establish himself as a serious writer The art of depicting nature as seen by toads. – Ambrose Bierce's definition of Realism in the Devil's Dictionary
Exploring the NRO Opportunity for a Hubble-Sized Wide-Field Near-IR Space Telescope - New WFIRST

We discuss scientific, technical, and programmatic issues related to the use of an NRO 2.4m telescope for the WFIRST initiative of the 2010 Decadal Survey. We show that this implementation of WFIRST, which we call "NEW WFIRST," would achieve the goals of the NWNH Decadal Survey for the WFIRST core programs of Dark Energy and Microlensing Planet Finding, with the crucial benefit of deeper and/or wider near-IR surveys for GO science and a potentially Hubble-like Guest Observer program. NEW WFIRST could also include a coronagraphic imager for direct detection of dust disks and planets around neighboring stars, a high-priority science and technology precursor for future ambitious programs to image Earth-like planets around neighboring stars.
Abstract P340: Associations between Subclinical Carotid Atherosclerosis and Future Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Community (ARIC) Study

Background: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially lethal vasculopathy that shares multiple risk factors with conventional atherosclerotic disease, including advanced age, male sex, hypertension, and smoking. However, it is still debated whether subclinical atherosclerosis is an independent risk factor for AAA. Hypothesis: Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis is positively associated with future risk of AAA, independent of shared cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: We included 15,363 ARIC participants (74% whites) who had measures of carotid ultrasound at baseline (1987-89) at 45-64 years of age. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured bilaterally in the common carotid artery, carotid bifurcation, and internal carotid artery. Mean cIMT was estimated by combining the averages of cIMT measures at the 6 carotid sites. The presence of atherosclerotic plaque at any of the 6 segments was defined based on wall thickness ≥1.5 mm, or the presence of luminal encroachment or irregular intimal surface, or characteristics of arterial wall structural heterogeneity. Clinical AAAs were ascertained through hospital discharge diagnoses and death certificates through 2010. We used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the association between baseline carotid ultrasound measures and subsequent occurrence of clinical AAA. Results: In the total study sample (age 54±6 years, 45% men), the median (25 th to 75 th percentiles) cIMT at baseline was 0.71 (0.62 to 0.82) mm. Over an average of 21 years of follow up, a total of 392 clinical AAAs (74% male and 85% Whites) were ascertained. After adjustment for age, sex and race, participants in the highest quartile of baseline cIMT had 2.25 times higher risk of AAA (95% CI: 1.81, 2.79) compared to those in the lower 75 percentile. The presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque at baseline was associated with 1.77 times increased risk of AAA (95% CI: 1.44, 2.17) after adjustment for age, sex and race. The associations for cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque remained significant after additional adjustment for baseline height, pack-years of smoking, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension: HR=1.66 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.08) for cIMT quartile 4 vs lower 75 percentile and 1.34 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.66) for presence of carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Further exclusion of participants with history of coronary heart disease or stroke at baseline slightly attenuated but did not abolish the associations of cIMT and atherosclerotic plaque with AAA (p Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in middle-age is independently associated with future risk of clinical AAA.
Eliminating the Gap between the High and Low Students through Meta-cognitive Strategy Instruction

One important goal of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) is to bring students up to the same level of mastery. We showed that an ITS teaching a domain-independent problem-solving strategy indeed closed the gap between High and Low learners, not only in the domain where it was taught (probability) but also in a second domain where it was not taught (physics). The strategy includes two main components: one is solving problems via Backward-Chaining (BC) from goals to givens, named the BC-strategy, and the other is drawing students' attention on the characteristics of each individual domain principle, named the principle-emphasis skill. Evidence suggests that the Low learners transferred the principle-emphasis skill to physics while the High learners seemingly already had such skill and thus mainly transferred the other skill, the BC-strategy. Surprisingly, the former learned just as effectively as the latter in physics. We concluded that the effective element of the taught strategy seemed not to be the BC-Strategy, but the principle-emphasis skill.
Modeling of moisture over-saturation and vapor pressure in die-attach film for stacked-die chip scale packages

Die-attach film failure during soldering reflow is of particular concern for reliability of 3D ultra-thin stacked-die chip scale packages (CSPs), as extremely high vapor pressure can be generated from vaporized moisture to cause severe damages. Under rapid heating, pressure-driven moisture vapor flow could become as significant as concentration-driven diffusion, and should be included in moisture transport models. In this study, a convection–diffusion (CD) model is presented for analyzing vapor pressure and moisture behavior of soft die-attach films for 3D CSPs, with both vapor flow and the effect of temperature on saturated moisture content considered. By using a 1D model according to experimental observations, the over-saturation phenomenon in the thin film and vapor pressure evolution are investigated. It is found that the reflow profiles and substrate thickness could have great impact on the magnitude of vapor pressure, which agrees well with the experimental results. Sensitivity analyses show that a high vapor permeability and a large porosity could lead to low vapor pressure. Being a vapor pressure-based model, the CD model is suitable to study multiple-material systems without discontinuity issue at the material boundary. It is concluded that the CD model could serve as an effective method for predicting vapor pressure and moisture behaviors during soldering reflow for 3D stacked-die CSPs.
Parafac methods for blind beamforming: multilinear ALS performance and CRB

Low-rank trilinear and quadrilinear decomposition is shown to underlie the basic model for deterministic blind beamforming (DBB) in the presence of incoherent multipath with small delay spread. Quadrilinear regression is proposed for simultaneously estimating all model parameters and compared to the column span method of van der Veen (1998). A derivation and discussion of pertinent Cramer-Rao bounds for the trilinear model, and comparison of trilinear regression performance to the CRB are also included. These are of interest beyond the application scope of this paper.
PTEN: One Gene, Many Syndromes

PTEN, on 10q23.3, encodes a major lipid phosphatase which signals down the phosphoinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway and effects G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Germline PTEN mutations have been found to occur in 80% of classic Cowden syndrome (CS), 60% of Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), up to 20% of Proteus syndrome (PS), and approximately 50% of a Proteus-like syndrome (PSL). CS is a heritable multiple hamartoma syndrome with a high risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial carcinomas. BRRS is a congenital autosomal dominant disorder characterized by megencephaly, developmental delay, lipomatosis, and speckled penis. PS and PSL had never been associated with risk of malignancy. Finding germline PTEN mutations in patients with BRRS, PS, and PSL suggests equivalent risks of developing malignancy as in CS with implications for medical management. The mutational spectra of CS and BRRS overlap, with many of the mutations occurring in exons 5, 7, and 8. Genotype-phenotype association analyses have revealed that the presence of germline PTEN mutations is associated with breast tumor development, and that mutations occurring within and 5' of the phosphatase motif were associated with multi-organ involvement. Pooled analysis of PTEN mutation series of CS and BRRS occurring in the last five years reveals that 65% of CS-associated mutations occur in the first five exons encoding the phosphatase domain and the promoter region, while 60% of BRRS-associated mutations occur in the 3' four exons encoding mainly the C2 domain. Somatic PTEN mutations occur with a wide distribution of frequencies in sporadic primary tumors, with the highest frequencies in endometrial carcinomas and glioblastoma multiform. Several mechanisms of PTEN inactivation occur in primary malignancies derived from different tissues, but a favored mechanism appears to occur in a tissue-specific manner. Inappropriate subcellular compartmentalization and increased/decreased proteosome degradation may be two novel mechanisms of PTEN inactivation. Further functional work could reveal more effective means of molecular-directed therapy and prevention.
Deep trench process performance enhancements in an MERIE reactor

ABSTRACT The development of a 16Mb DRAM capable, deep trench etch in an Applied Materials P5000E, 200mm, reactoris discussed in this paper. In order to meet the stringent device requirements extensive system modification, betterprocess control tool development and process optimization were necessary. The system modification activities haveincluded (1) a monopolar electrostatic chuck in place ofthe normal mechanical clamp to reduce trench profile tilt atthe wafer edge, (2) an increase in cathode size and (3) magnetic field modification. Both (2) and (3) improved thetrench etch rate uniformity. For better process control, a blue laser diffraction etch rate monitor system has been demonstrated for O.8im x 4 7jim 16Mb trenches using two chemistries, HBr/SiFJHe-O2 and HBr/NF/He-02. By means of process optimization, both HBr/SiFJHe-O2 and HBrfNF/He-O2 chemistries are able to meet thereqthrements for 1 6Mb trench. 1. INTRODUCTION The trend of l.JLSI device development towards reduced feature size and increased die size drives the need forimproved process performance. To achieve these increasingly stringent requirements, dry etcher vendors putemphasis onto (1) system modification; e.g., modifying parts for existing reactors or developing new technologies,(2) incorporating new diagnostic tools to have better process control, and (3) finding better chemistries or processconditions for each etching application.In this paper, we discuss the application of the above improvements to a commercial etching system, AppliedMaterials P5000E, for a 16Mb DRAM, trench capacitor application for 200mm wafers. The minimumrequirements for a production-worthy trench process are given in Table I. Key areas requiring improvement overexisting technologies (4Mb and below) were Si etch rate, Si etch rate unifonnity, trench profile unifonnity, proffletilt, sidewall roughness and process control. To eliminate trench tilt, a monopolar electrostatic chuck (ESC) wasdeveloped to replace the existing mechanical clamp. Two other ideas were also evaluated with the ESC cathode so asto improve the etch rate uniformity; namely by cathode size increase and by magnetic field modification. To improveprocess control, a blue laser diffraction system was used to give real time measurement of the etch rate and trenchdepth. Two processes, HBr/SiF4JHe-02 and HBr/NF3/He-02 have been evaluated and applied to 0.8 pm wide by4— 11 p.m deep trenches. The smoothness of the trench sidewall may become an increasingly important factor forgood quality capacitor dielectric in future 64 Mb DRAM devices. The influence of process conditions on sidewallroughness, e.g., at different powers and B-fields, will also be discussed in this paper.
A meta-analysis of course evaluation data and its use in the tenure decision

A meta-analysis of studies examining the criterion validity of student course evaluation data was completed. Results indicated that the overall size of effect was not only highly significant, but also very meaningful when analyzed in relation to enhancing the likelihood of making more accurate tenure decisions.
Modulation of GABAergic receptor binding by activation of calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase II membrane phosphorylation.

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Because of the important role that GABA plays in the CNS, alteration of GABAA receptor function would significantly affect neuronal excitability. Protein phosphorylation is a major mechanism for regulating receptor function in the brain and has been implicated in modulating GABAA receptor function. Therefore, this study was initiated to determine the role of calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaM kinase II) membrane phosphorylation on GABAA receptor binding. Synaptosomal membrane fractions were tested for CaM kinase II activity towards endogenous substrates. In addition, muscimol binding was evaluated under equilibrium conditions in synaptosomal membrane fractions subjected to either basal (Mg2+ alone) or maximal CaM kinase II-dependent phosphorylation. Activation of endogenous CaM kinase II-dependent phosphorylation resulted in a significant enhancement of the apparent Bmax for muscimol binding without significantly altering the apparent binding affinity. The enhanced muscimol binding could be increased further by the addition of exogenous CaM kinase II to synaptosomal membrane fractions. Co-incubation with inhibitors of kinase activity during the phosphorylation reactions blocked the CaM kinase II-dependent increase in muscimol binding. The data support the hypothesis that activation of CaM kinase II-dependent phosphorylation caused an increased GABAA receptor binding and may play an important role in modulating the function of this inhibitory receptor/chloride ion channel complex.
All Spin Logic device as a compact artificial neuron

In our recent work we have proposed the possibility of using magnets interacting via spin currents to implement all-spin logic (ASL) devices for information processing [1], fundamentally different from the standard charge-based architecture. Information is stored in the state of magnetization of the magnets and is communicated between magnets through pure spin currents.
The Prosecutor and the Presumption of Innocence

In what ways is the conduct of prosecutors constrained by the presumption of innocence? To address this question, I first develop an account of the presumption in the trial context, according to which it is a vital element in a moral assurance procedure for the justified infliction of legal punishment. Jurors must presume the factual innocence of defendants at the outset of trials and then be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt by the government’s evidence before they convict defendants. Prosecutors’ responsibilities to promote the integrity of this moral assurance procedure are then divided into pre-trial, during-trial, and post-trial phases. Since most charge adjudication is effected through plea bargaining, the ways in which plea procedures must be modified to conform to this moral assurance procedure, and thus honor the presumption of innocence, are also discussed.
TypingRing: A Wearable Ring Platform for Text Input

This paper presents TypingRing, a wearable ring platform that enables text input into computers of different forms, such as PCs, smartphones, tablets, or even wearables with tiny screens. The basic idea of TypingRing is to have a user wear a ring on his middle finger and let him type on a surface - such as a table, a wall, or his lap. The user types as if a standard QWERTY keyboard is lying underneath his hand but is invisible to him. By using the embedded sensors TypingRing determines what key is pressed by the user. Further, the platform provides visual feedback to the user and communicates with the computing device wirelessly. This paper describes the hardware and software prototype of TypingRing and provides an in-depth evaluation of the platform. Our evaluation shows that TypingRing is capable of detecting and sending key events in real-time with an average accuracy of 98.67%. In a field study, we let seven users type a paragraph with the ring, and we find that TypingRing yields a reasonable typing speed (e.g., 33-50 keys per minute) and their typing speed improves over time.
A QUASI-LAGRANGIAN SYSTEM OF HYDRODYNAMICAL EQUATIONS

Abstract In this paper a system of hydrodynamical equations is developed which utilizes as independent variables two space coordinates and a material coordinate together with time. The space coordinates retain the same significance as the corresponding space coordinates in the Eulerian system of equations, while the material coordinate has properties identical with one of the material coordinates in the Lagrangian system. The system here presented is therefore one of the possible hybrid combinations of the two classic systems. A Cartesian reference framework is used throughout, although other reference coordinates could be used. The fundamental principles are formulated, including various forms of the equation of continuity and the equations of motion. The main purpose of the system here described is to render certain geophysical problems more directly tractable for analysis and solution.
Model for kinetic and steady state analysis of receptor mediated endocytosis

Abstract We present an analysis of receptor mediated endocytosis which includes the following elements: ligand binding to receptors, interaction of the ligand-receptor complex with coated pits, internalization of coated pit contents, recycling of receptors, and degradation of ligand. The model accounts quantitatively for epidermal growth factor binding and clustering in coated pits at 4°C, for its internalization and degradation at 37°C, and for EGF receptor down-regulation. Steady state analysis of the model indicates that the slope and intercept of a Scatchard plot are functions of the kinetic parameters of the endocytic loop and do not necessarily reflect the affinity and number of receptors in metabolically active cells. Moreover, the model predicts that for homogeneous receptors, a Scatchard plot can be either linear or nonlinear, depending on the concentration of proteins in coated pits which interact with ligand-receptor complexes. A slight generalization of the model in which phorbol ester-receptor complexes compete with EGF-receptor complexes for the same coated pit proteins provides a quantitative explanation for the loss of the high affinity portion of the EGF Scatchard plot subsequent to preincubation with phorbol esters. This explanation leads to the prediction of a local homology between a portion of the phorbol ester receptor sequence and a portion of the EGF receptor sequence.
Critical radius for sustained propagation of spark-ignited spherical flames

Abstract An experimental study was performed to determine the requirements for sustained propagation of spark–ignited hydrogen–air and butane–air flames at atmospheric and elevated pressures. Results show that sustained propagation is always possible for mixtures whose Lewis number is less than unity, as long as a flame can be initially established. However, for mixtures whose Lewis number is greater than unity, sustained propagation depends on whether the initially ignited flame can attain a minimum radius. This minimum radius was determined for mixtures of different equivalence ratios and pressures, and was found to agree moderately well with the theoretically predicted critical radius beyond which there is no solution for the adiabatic, quasi-steady propagation of the spherical flame. The essential roles of pressure, detailed chemistry, and the need to use local values in the quantitative evaluation of the flame response parameters are emphasized.
Evaluation of least squares designed contrast-enhancing FIR filters for automatic segmentation of 3D confocal images

With recent advances in high-speed confocal imaging, data storage, and computational power, practical high-speed 3D cytometry instrumentation is on the horizon. For 3D cytometry to become practical for example from the perspective of a pathologist, speed attained in part by walk-away automation is fundamentally important. This level of automation can only be obtained with fully automated segmentation of image objects from background. Accuracy of this first image analysis task is crucial since it determines the results of all subsequent quantitative analyses. Confocal cell images often have low contrast due to both inherently low signal-to-noise ratios and high cell- cell contrast ratios that can occupy much of the available imaging dynamic range. A contrast-enhancing technique previously developed for 2D images of fluorescent cell nuclei was extended for 3D confocal images (stacks of 2D image slices). Edge sharpening and contrast-enhancement necessary for automatic thresholding are achieved by filtering with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter. These optimal FIR filters range in size from 3 X3X3X to 13X13X13 and were designed by utilizing the perceptron criterion and nonlinear least squares on confocal training datasets derived from fluorescent microspheres. By utilizing fluorescent beads of known shapes and sizes, the ideal (or standard) segmented image is known a priori. The contrast-enhancing performance of these filters on 3D confocal images of DAPI stained cell nuclei demonstrates that they should lead to accurate, fully automated 3D image segmentation.
Patterns of coexistence in sexual and asexual species of Cnemidophorus lizards

The lizard genus Cnemidophorus (family Teiidae) contains sexual as well as parthenogenetic species. The theoretical two-fold fitness advantage of asexuality does not translate into any obvious distributional or numerical superiority of the parthenogenic species in the southwestern US and northern Mexico where their ranges overlap. I tested the prediction that the genetically diverse sexual species should have a higher between-individual niche width than a similar sympatric asexual species by studying the prey in stomach contents of sympatric and allopatric populations of C. tigris (sexual) and C. sonorae (asexual) in southern Arizona. The expectation proved true for niche breadths based on both prey length and prey taxa categories. The within-individual component of niche breadth was not different between species. Meaningful comparisons between species in sympatry and allopatry are confounded by the uncontrolled differences in the availability and diversity of food items between sites. Before the generality of these results can be assessed the study should be repeated in other areas where sexual and asexual species are syntopic and of similar body size.
Critical notice: Cycles of contingency – developmental systems and evolution

The themes, problems and challenges of developmental systems theory as described in Cycles of Contingency are discussed. We argue in favor of a robust approach to philosophical and scientific problems of extended heredity and the integration of behavior, development, inheritance, and evolution. Problems with Sterelny's proposal to evaluate inheritance systems using his `Hoyle criteria' are discussed and critically evaluated. Additional support for a developmental systems perspective is sought in evolutionary studies of performance and behavior modulation of fitness.
Outcome of corneal and laser astigmatic axis alignment in photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy.

Abstract Purpose To compare the refractive results of laser astigmatic treatment in eyes in which the astigmatic axes of the eye and laser are aligned by limbal marking at the 6 o’clock position and in eyes that are not marked. Setting University Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Methods This retrospective study comprised 143 eyes that had photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy with the VISX Star excimer laser. The eyes were divided into marked (G1) and unmarked (G2) groups. Based on the preoperative astigmatism, each group was subdivided into low astigmatism (≤1.00 diopter [D]) and high astigmatism (≥1.25 D). Early postoperative manifest refractions (1.0 to 2.5 months) were analyzed. The Alpins vector analysis method was used to calculate the target induced astigmatism, surgically induced astigmatism, difference vector (DV), magnitude of error (ME), angle of error (AE), and index of success (IS). Results There was no significant difference between the groups in DV, ME, and IS. When the subgroups were analyzed, the DV and ME were comparable; the IS in the G1 high astigmatism subgroup was significantly better than that in the G2 high astigmatism subgroup (0.22 ± 0.08 and 0.29 ± 0.04, respectively; P Conclusion Limbal marking and subsequent eye and laser astigmatic axis alignment improved the refractive outcome of laser astigmatic treatment of ≥1.25 D. A preliminary report of an ongoing prospective randomized study of eyes that had laser in situ keratomileusis is included.
Inception of a 24‐hr memory capacity in two mouse strains

Separate groups of C3H and Swiss-Webster (S-W) mice received 25 escape training trials in a straight alley at 8 or 10 days of age. Each of these groups was then divided into 3 retention groups, receiving an additional 25 training trials, 1, 6, or 24 hr following original training. Comparisons of the retest scores with original training scores, as well as with litter-mate controls without prior training, indicated that both strains trained at 8 days of age failed to demonstrate retention of learning when retested 24 hr after training, although they showed reliable 1-hr retention and some evidence of 6-hr retention. However, mice trained at 10 days of age performed better on the retention tests at all retest intervals than they had on original training, as well as better than maturation controls without prior training. These results indicate that a 24-hr retention capacity for escape training develops between 8-10 days of age in both mouse strains.
Effects of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation on regional coronary blood flow in experimental myocardial infarction

Abstract Intraaortic balloon Counterpulsation was carried out in 10 anesthetized normotensive dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The distribution of myocardial blood flow was determined in these animals by the radioactive microsphere technique. Counterpulsation resulted in a significant decrease in mean arterial pressure of 29 mm Hg ( P P
Small molecule drug activity in melanoma models may be dramatically enhanced with an antibody effector.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 38C2 belongs to a group of catalytic antibodies that were generated by reactive immunization and contains a reactive lysine. 38C2 catalyzes aldol and retro-aldol reactions, using an enamine mechanism, and mechanistically mimics natural aldolase enzymes. In addition, mAb 38C2 can be redirected to target integrins αvβ3 and αvβ5 through the formation of a covalent bond between a β-diketone derivative of an arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) peptidomimetic and the reactive lysine residue in the antibody combining site to provide the chemically programmed mAb cp38C2. In this study, we investigated the potential of enhancing the activity of receptor-binding small molecule drug (SCS-873) through antibody conjugation. Using a M21 human melanoma xenograft model in nude mice, cp38C2 inhibited the growth of the tumor by ˜81%. The chemically programmed antibody was shown to be highly active at a low concentration while SCS-873 alone was ineffective even at dosages ˜1,000-fold higher than those used for the chemically programmed antibody. In vitro programming of the catalytic antibody was shown to be as effective as in vivo programming. In an experimental metastasis assay, treatment with mAb cp38C2 significantly prolonged overall survival of tumor-bearing severe combined immuno-deficient (SCID) mice when compared to treatment with unprogrammed mAb 38C2, SCS-873 alone or the integrin-specific monoclonal antibody LM609. In vitro, cp38C2 inhibited human and mouse endothelial and human melanoma cell adhesion, migration and invasion. Additionally, cp38C2 inhibited human and mouse endothelial cell proliferation and was active in complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays. These studies establish the potential of chemically programmed monoclonal antibodies as a novel and effective class of immunotherapeutics that combine the merits of traditional small molecule drug design with immunotherapy. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of heat denaturation on the adsorption of β-lactoglobulin at the oil/water interface and on coalescence stability of emulsions

Abstract The adsorption behavior of heat treated β-lactoglobulin at the oil/water emulsion interface and the coalescence stability of the emulsion droplets were studied. Heating of β-lactoglobulin (β-lg) increased its surface hydrophobicity probably due to uncoiling. The average volume—surface droplet size of all these emulsions was kept constant. The change of conformation of β-lg on progressive heating was monitored by measuring surface hydrophobicity. The amount of protein adsorbed at the oil/water interface initially decreased from 2.8 to 1.4 mg/m 2 with increase of surface hydrophobicity, followed by a sharp increase to about 5 mg/m 2 to form multilayers. The coalescence of emulsion droplets followed first-order kinetics and the rate constant decreased from 8 × 10 −6 to 2 × 10 −6 s −1 as the surface hydrophobicity increased from 80 to 500. The strength of the interfacial film was determined by its resistance to removal by detergent. The film strength increased with decreased stability of the compact structure of β-lg. The proteins adsorbed in the multilayers were loosely bound and did not significantly contribute to coalescence stability. Surface hydrophobicity and film strength showed strong correlation with coalescence stability. The results indicated that conformational instability of β-lg was more important than film thickness in controlling droplet coalescence.
Enhancing Mentoring of Teacher Candidates through Consultative Feedback and Self-Evaluation of Instructional Delivery.

In this study, the authors evaluate the efficacy of videotape analysis with structured expert consultation and self-evaluation to improve teacher candidates’ instructional delivery. A single-case, multiple-baseline, across-participants design was used to evaluate lesson components, rate of praise statements, and rate of opportunities to respond included by teacher candidates in their teaching. After teacher candidates videotaped their instructional delivery, they met with an instructional consultant and evaluated the components of instruction included in the lesson, received feedback and guidance from the instructional consultant, and established goals for subsequent instruction. Consultation was effective in increasing the number of lesson components and amount of behavior-specific praise delivered during instruction for all participants. Effects varied by participants for rates of opportunities to respond. Limitations of this study and future implications for research are discussed.
Observations Of Sky Brightness Spatial Variations

Two dimensional spatial variations of the night sky in the visible spectrum have been observed at the focal plane of the 48-inch telescope at Cloudcroft, New Mexcio. A calibrated, slow-scan, intensified television type sensor was used with exposure periods of the order of one second. It is believed that these sky brightness variations are not readily observed with film because of temporal smoothing which accompanies the very long exposure periods needed to achieve comparable brightness threshold levels. In this paper, instrumentation and test data are described, and speculations are made on the origin of the sky brightness variations and on the impact on future systems.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental thermal–hydraulic evaluation of constructal microfluidic structures under fully constrained conditions

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the relative hydrodynamic and thermal performance of microfluidic, constructal-based, self-similar bifurcated flow channel arrangements with branching angles of 90°. The complexity of the microchannel arrangement was varied from zero to three bifurcation levels while the heat transfer area was held constant for all complexity levels. Constraining the area facilitates comparison of the thermal performance of test sections of different complexities. Each of the channel arrangements considered was incorporated into an independent, modular test section, which had overall dimensions of 10 mm by 10 mm. Using soft lithography and other standard microfabrication techniques, each test section was fabricated and assembled from a silicon heat transfer layer and two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers which were stacked and bonded to form a monolithic test section. For the testing, an experimental apparatus was designed that allowed for experiments to be run at fixed pressure drops. Experiments were performed for single fixed inlet fluid and heater temperatures and at various pressure drops. The results, which are reported in terms of mass flow rate, heat transfer rate, pumping power, and overall test section coefficient of performance (COP), indicate that complexity has a strong effect on both the pressure drop and heat transfer. When the pumping power required to produce a given heat transfer rate is taken into account, the results suggest that higher complexity arrangements can be beneficial under certain conditions, as theoretically shown in the literature. This conclusion is also confirmed by the trends observed in the COP.
Quark-Quark Correlations in the Nucleon in a Generalized Nambu-Jona-Lasinio Model

We present a relativistic model of the nucleon based upon a quark-diquark structure that emerges from a study of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. Similar calculations, made by other authors, have been carried out after a Wick rotation is performed. These previous calculations have neglected confinement; therefore, the masses of the quarks and diquarks had to be adjusted so that the diquarks and the nucleon were stable, in which case the Wick rotation may be made. In our work, we include a momentum-space model of confinement developed earlier and we are therefore able to carry out the calculation in Minkowski space, after making a number of approximations. We determine the relative admixture of a scalar-isoscalar diquark and an axialvector-isovector diquark dynamically and find that an approximately equal admixture provides a reasonable fit to the nucleon magnetic moments. While the original problem (without approximation) requires the specification of eight scalar functions of two variables, our various approximations allow us to calculate several functions of a single variable. We find that only two of these functions are important. Therefore, we can exhibit a relatively simple relativistic wave function of the nucleon expressed in terms of two wave functions describing the relative motion of the quarks and diquarks.
Monitoring of met-enkephalin in vivo with 5-min temporal resolution using microdialysis sampling and capillary liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Abstract A method based on microdialysis sampling and capillary liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection that allows in vivo monitoring of met-enkephalin with 5-min temporal resolution is described. Sampling was achieved using a concentric microdialysis probe made from polycarbonate membrane material with a 20 kDa cut-off. This probe had an in vitro relative recovery for met-enkephalin of 63% at a dialysis flow-rate of 0.6 μl/min. Separations were performed using 7 cm×25 μm I.D. fused-silica capillary columns packed with 5 μm Alltima C18 particles. A carbon fiber microelectrode was used as the detector electrode. The mass detection limit for met-enkephalin with this system was 40 amol. With on-column preconcentration, up to 2 μl of sample could be loaded onto the column resulting in concentration detection limits as low as 20 pM for met-enkephalin. Direct injection of dialysate, collected at 5-min intervals, allowed determination of met-enkephalin concentrations in the rat globus pallidus under basal and K+-induced depolarization conditions.
Workplace Policy and Environment, Family Role Quality, and Positive Family-to-Work Spillover

We used role theory to direct our analysis of the association between family-friendly policies, workplace environment, family role quality, and positive spillover from family to work. Taking data from 104 dual-earner couples with children living in Utah, we examined the influence of both partners’ access to family-friendly policies, both partners’ workplace environments, and the family role quality reported by the couple. We found that family role quality was significantly associated with positive family-to-work spillover for men and women. In addition, women’s own workplace culture and the ability of women’s partners to leave work to care for children were associated with women’s positive family-to-work spillover. These findings were viewed through the lens of gender theory and traditionally structured institutions and roles.
His Bundle Rhythm

Traditionally the site of impulse formation in so-called A-V nodal rhythms has been considered to be within the upper, middle, and lower portions of the A-V node. In this study, evidence obtained supports the concept that the His bundle and not the A-V node is the pacemaker site in nodal rhythms. His bundle activity was recorded in clinical cases of nodal rhythms and A-V dissociation by using an electrode catheter positioned at the tricuspid valve. In these studies a single His deflection preceded each QRS complex. From the results of this study, it is suggested that in so-called lower and middle nodal rhythms the pacemaker site is within the His bundle. It is further suggested that so-called upper nodal rhythms may represent a coronary sinus or inferior left atrial rhythm.
Transformations of the distribution of nuclei formed in a nucleation pulse: Interface-limited growth

A typical nucleation-growth process is considered: a system is quenched into a supersaturated state with a small critical radius r∗− and is allowed to nucleate during a finite time interval tn, after which the supersaturation is abruptly reduced to a fixed value with a larger critical radius r∗+. The size-distribution of nucleated particles f(r,t) further evolves due to their deterministic growth and decay for r larger or smaller than r∗+, respectively. A general analytic expressions for f(r,t) is obtained, and it is shown that after a large growth time t this distribution approaches an asymptotic shape determined by two dimensionless parameters, λ related to tn, and Λ=r∗+/r∗−. This shape is strongly asymmetric with an exponential and double-exponential cutoffs at small and large sizes, respectively, and with a broad near-flat top in case of a long pulse. Conversely, for a short pulse the distribution acquires a distinct maximum at r=rmax(t) and approaches a universal shape exp[ζ−eζ], with ζ∝r−rmax, indep...
Using critical action research to enhance outdoor adventure education instructional practice

Few research studies have been conducted concerning instructional practices in outdoor adventure education (Crosby, 2000; Phipps & Claxton, 1997). The application of critical action research strategies to enhance instructional practice within an outdoor adventure education preparation program is explored as a possible methodology to add to this knowledge base. The study took place within a program consisting of a collection of college courses called the Outdoor Adventure Leadership Immersion Semester Program (OAL ISP). Nine participants, two apprentice instructors, and the instructor of record were immersed within the experience for four months while conducting the study. Data from evolutive mini group sessions, collaborative discussions, instructional observations, and participant journals revealed three themes regarding the modification of instructional practice. These themes included assessing experience through journal construction, leadership melioration through leader of the day experiences, and enhancing reflection through journal topic development. The methodology used in this study provides a platform from which to examine how to improve outdoor adventure education instructional practice.
Outcomes after surgery for focal epilepsy in children.

Object Surgery is an effective treatment for selected patients with intractable epilepsy. The authors report the outcomes of focal resection in a series of children suffering from intractable focal epilepsy treated at a single institution.
The congenital refluxing megaureter: experiences with surgical reconstruction.

Summary A series of 17 children with congenital refluxing megaureters underwent ureteric tailoring and reimplantation. The results obtained suggest that such surgery should be restricted to those cases in which an obstructive element is introduced as a result of the reflux or in which ascending infection is further damaging the already prenatally defective kidney parenchyma.
Maze routing on a hypercube multicomputer

The implementation of Lee's maze routing algorithm on an MIMD hypercube multiprocessor computer can follow several plausible mappings and synchronization strategies. These are evaluated experimentally on an NCUBE/7 hypercube computer with 64 processors. Different grid partitioning and mapping strategies result in a different balance between computation and communication time. The total routing time is significantly impacted by the synchronization and termination detection scheme used. Further, by rearranging the computation, it is possible to overlap much of the interprocessor communication with the computation and realize a significant reduction in the overall run time. By choosing the right partitioning and synchronization scheme and by overlapping computation and communication, a good speedup is obtained on large routing grids.
Synthesis and characterization of polynuclear copper(II) complexes with pyridylbis(phenol) ligands.

Three new pyridylbis(phenol) ligands with imine (H2Limine), amine (H2Lamine), or amide (H4Lamide) linkages, along with their copper complexes, were synthesized and characterized. Treatment of H2Limine with copper(II) in the presence of base produced mononuclear copper complex [Cu(Limine)(MeOH)] (1), while the same procedure with H2Lamine produced trinuclear [Cu3(Lamine)2(CH3CN)2](ClO4)2 (2). The more rigid H4Lamide forms tetranuclear [Cu4(Lamide)2(H2O)4] (3), which upon recrystallization yielded crystals of hexanuclear [Cu6(HLamide)4(H2O)2] (4).
Biological rhythms and technology

Biological rhythms enable living organisms to adapt and live with periodical environmental changes, such as variation in the relative position of the earth and the sun. Internal rhythms, like body temperature and sleep-wake cycle, are driven by numerous biological processes and can be maintained even in the absence of external environmental cues. These rhythms affect how we feel, think, and act. They are profoundly important for our health, quality of sleep, and mood. Yet the digital devices we use are ignorant of our biology. They respond uniformly to our touch and click. Recently there has been a considerable increase of research within the HCI community to support behavior change, personal insight, and increase productivity. This workshop will bring together researchers in sleep, wellbeing, and circadian rhythms to discuss the possibility of rhythm systems: technologies that play to the strengths of our biology. It will investigate how HCI can complement our biological rhythms and will focus on two areas: measurement and intervention.