cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hypoglycemic hyperemia in retina of newborn pigs. Involvement of adenosine.

PURPOSE To determine whether retinal blood flow increases in response to perinatal hypoglycemia and whether the vasodilator adenosine is involved in mediating the hyperemic response. METHODS Retinal fluorescein videoangiography was undertaken in intact eyes of isoflurane-anesthetized piglets using intracarotid injections of sodium fluorescein. Angiograms were recorded to videotape and analyzed off-line by image analysis software to determine stimulus-induced changes in mean arteriovenous transit times, and arteriolar and venular diameters, from which retinal blood flow was calculated. Two groups of animals were rendered hypoglycemic (blood glucose = 19 +/- 1 mg/dl) by insulin (25 IU/kg, intravenously), and angiograms were obtained at 10-minute intervals for 0.5 hour of hypoglycemia. One group (n = 5) served as controls. In the other (n = 5), the nonspecific adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8PT) was administered intravenously approximately 15 minutes before hypoglycemia to examine the role of adenosine in the hemodynamic response to hypoglycemia. RESULTS Acute hypoglycemia was associated with an increase in mean retinal blood flow of 94 +/- 18% (P < 0.002). However, in animals pretreated with 8PT, this hyperemic response was severely attenuated, primarily by an effect on arteriovenous transit time. In these latter animals, mean retinal blood flow only increased 19 +/- 10% in response to hypoglycemia (P = 0.13 versus normoglycemic baseline; P = 0.007 versus untreated hypoglycemic animals). All other hemodynamic variables were similar between animal groups. CONCLUSIONS Acute hypoglycemia causes a compensatory increase in retinal blood flow in the perinatal period. Because the adenosine receptor antagonist 8PT attenuated this hyperemic response, it is concluded that adenosine is involved in eliciting the increase in retinal blood flow that accompanies hypoglycemia.
Operator-Theoretic Aspects of the Nevanlinna-Pick Interpolation Problem

The Nevanlinna-Pick problem is the problem of interpolating prescribed values on a given set of points in the unit disk by means of a holomorphic function obeying a prescribed bound. These lectures are intended to bring out certain operator-theoretic aspects of that problem. Two approaches to the problem will be discussed, the original function-theoretic one of R. Nevanlinna and a recent operator-theoretic one due to J. A. Ball and J. W. Helton. The latter approach will be employed to study the extension problem for Hankel operators.
On the nature of 4ƒ bonding in the lanthanide elements and their compounds

Abstract A new model is proposed for the electronic configuration of the trivalent lanthanide metals in the condensed state. It is suggested that there are two kinds of 4ƒ electrons—the “atomic” 4ƒ electrons and the 4ƒ “band” electrons. The former are the 4ƒ electrons which are commonly associated with the trivalent metals and ions. The number of 4ƒ atomic electrons varies from zero for La to 14 for Lu and accounts for the normal magnetic susceptibilities observed in the elements and their compounds. The 4ƒ band electron, as the name implies, is one of the valence or conduction band electrons. The 4ƒ band electron occurs because the lowest of the empty energy levels, which vary from 14 for La to one for Tm, lies very close to the Fermi level (and thus is partially occupied by the conduction or valence band electrons) and not well above the Fermi level as has been commonly assumed previously or perhaps completely ignored. The 4ƒ band electron varies from about 0.7 of an electron for the light lanthanides to about 0.1 or less for the heavy lanthanides (for Lu there is no 4ƒ band electron since all 14 atomic 4ƒ levels are filled). The 4ƒ band electron does not contribute to the magnetic susceptibility, except as a conduction electron. It does, however, contribute to the bonding and thus influences the melting point and heat of sublimation. An analysis of these two physical properties permits one to estimate the fractional 4ƒ electron concentration in the valence band. The influence of the bonding 4ƒ electron on ionic and covalent compounds is also briefly discussed.
Cervical spine stabilization

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory arthritis that typically affects multiple diarthrodial joints with varying degrees of systemic involvement and is one of the most common disabling diseases. The number of patients with RA in the USA has been estimated to be 2–2.4 million and 630–650,000 in the United Kingdom. A significant number of these patients will develop involvement of the cervical spine that requires attention. The prevalence of RA in adults over the age of 15 is approximately 1%, with a peak incidence occurring in the fourth through sixth decades of life.
Introduction: Historical Context and Textual Interpretation

Spiritual and intellectual crises and social and political disruption in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Europe elicited three of the canonical texts of political philosophy. The Prince, Leviathan, and the Second Treatise advance a conception of the human condition and of the role of the state in human affairs that is profoundly different than that held by their authors’ ancient and medieval predecessors.
Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Proteins Enable High-Throughput Assignment of Cell Cohorts Directly from MALDI-MS Images

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provides a unique in situ chemical profile that can include drugs, nucleic acids, metabolites, lipids, and proteins. MSI of individual cells (of a known cell type) affords a unique insight into normal and disease-related processes and is a prerequisite for combining the results of MSI and other single-cell modalities (e.g. mass cytometry and next-generation sequencing). Technological barriers have prevented the high-throughput assignment of MSI spectra from solid tissue preparations to their cell type. These barriers include obtaining a suitable cell-identifying image (e.g. immunohistochemistry) and obtaining sufficiently accurate registration of the cell-identifying and MALDI-MS images. This study introduces a technique that overcame these barriers by assigning cell type directly from mass spectra. We hypothesized that, in MSI from mice with a defined fluorescent protein expression pattern, the fluorescent protein’s molec...
Association of Area Deprivation and Diabetic Ketoacidosis Readmissions: Comparative Risk Analysis of Adults vs Children with Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is associated with mortality in adults and children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed to evaluate the association of area deprivation and other patient factors with recurrent DKA in pediatric patients compared with adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study used the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission's database to identify patients with T1D admitted for DKA between 2012 and 2017. Area deprivation and other variables were obtained from the first DKA admission of the study period. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine predictors of DKA readmissions. Interactions (Ints) evaluated differences among the groups. RESULTS There were 732 pediatric and 3305 adult patients admitted with DKA. Area deprivation was associated with higher odds of readmission in pediatric patients than in adults. Compared with the least deprived, moderately deprived pediatric patients had an OR of 7.87-(95% CI, 1.02 to 60.80) compared with no change in odds in adults for four or more readmissions (Pint < 0.01). Similar odds were observed in the most deprived pediatric patients, which differed significantly from the OR of 2.23 (95% CI, 1.16 to 4.25) in adults (Pint of 0.2). Moreover, increasing age, female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and discharge against medical advice conferred a high odds for four or more readmissions in pediatric patients compared with adults. CONCLUSION Area deprivation was predictive of recurrent DKA admissions, with a more pronounced influence in pediatric than adult patients with T1D. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms behind these associations and address disparities specific to each population.
Transplantation and Immunogenetics

One of the characteristics of modern science is the willingness of the practitioner to cross disciplinary boundaries. This trend has surely accelerated in the biomedical sciences since the 1960s, and immunology has been one of the more important catalysts of this change. The molecular biologist studies the immunoglobulin gene superfamily; the oncologist studies T and B cell subsets; the internist and neurologist study autoimmune diseases and HLA predispositions; and everyone uses monoclonal antibodies and immunoassays. One of the advantages of recent ecumenism is the rapid exchange of information among disciplines, so one of the disadvantages of early isolationism was the lack of recognition of significant conceptual advances in other disciplines. This chapter briefly discusses the transplantation and immunogenetics; transplantation studies were once a contributor to the stimulus for phase-shift in immunologic interests, and one of the beneficiaries of the new movement.
Is Extended-Duration (Post-Hospital Discharge) Venous Thromboembolism Chemoprophylaxis Safe and Efficacious in High-Risk Surgery Patients? A Systematic Review.

The risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) persists beyond hospitalization in surgical patients, yet post-hospital discharge chemoprophylaxis regimens are not common. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature regarding extended-duration (post-hospital discharge) venous thromboembolism chemoprophylaxis and to determine whether it is warranted in high-risk surgical patients, as determined by its safety and efficacy. We searched four online databases for articles evaluating extended-duration (post-hospital discharge) VTE chemoprophylaxis regimens in surgical patients between the years January 2000 and February 2020. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used. GRADE methodology and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Randomized Controlled Trials were used to grade the quality of evidence and assess risk of bias. Nineteen studies with 10,544 patients were analyzed. The duration for extended-duration VTE chemoprophylaxis ranged from 7 to 42 days. In our study cohort, high-risk patients not prescribed extended-duration VTE chemoprophylaxis had a mean VTE incidence rate of 12.23%, while patients receiving 28–30 days of chemoprophylaxis had a mean VTE incidence rate of 4.37% (p = 0.006). The risk of bleeding events did not correlate with the duration of chemoprophylaxis. Extended-duration VTE chemoprophylaxis in high-risk surgical patients decreased the incidence of thrombotic complications without increasing the risk of bleeding events. Further research is needed to establish guidelines for the optimal duration of VTE chemoprophylaxis in high-risk surgical patients. III.
Abstract #3808: RNA immunoprecipitations (RIP-on-Chip) identify unique subsets of genes in ER+ and ER- breast cancer

Due to the poor correlation between steady state mRNA levels and protein products, traditional microarray analysis may miss many genes which are regulated primarily at the level of mRNA stability and translation. Posttranscriptional gene regulation is becoming increasingly recognized as an important form of cellular control. The importance of microRNAs and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) is now beginning to be better appreciated. We study the elav (embryonic lethal abnormal vision) family of RBPs, which are paraneoplastic antigens, over-expressed in a variety of malignancies, including breast cancer. Antibodies against elav family members are believed to be cancer-protective. The elav family of RBPs binds to the AU-rich elements (AREs) found in the 3\#8217; untranslated regions (UTRs) of many early-response genes, including proto-oncogenes and cell cycle regulators. HuR, the ubiquitously expressed family member, has been described to play a role in cancer progression. HuR stabilizes and translationally up regulates the expression of its target mRNAs. Elevated levels of cytoplasmic HuR directly correlate with increased invasiveness of malignancy and poor prognosis for many cancers, including those of the breast. Recently, HuR has been implicated in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. HuR has been described to control the expression of genes in all six different areas of transformation originally described by Hanahan and Weinberg. Hence, it has been suggested that HuR may serve as a tumor maintenance gene which allows for cancers, once they are established, to proliferate. Therefore, it is of interest to discover in vivo HuR targets, as these genes may play vital roles in transformed cells. We have developed methods which enable us to identify en masse, in vivo targets of RBPs such as HuR from cell lines and now for the first time, solid tissues as well. We call this ribonomic analysis or RNA immunoprecipitations applied to microarrays, RIP-on-Chip. This technique, in which no cross linking is used, allows one to en masse identify different in vivo mRNA targets which different RBPs interact with. We have used RIP-on-Chip to identify distinct subsets of HuR associated mRNAs in MDA MB231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Whereas some gene targets are well appreciated cancer genes, a number do not have clear cut associations with cancer and may well represent novel targets. To further investigate the role of HuR in triple negative breast cancer, we have over expressed HuR in MB231 cells, which results in accelerated growth. Therefore, we conclude that HuR pull downs can identify not only known but also novel cancer targets and RIP-on-Chip analysis identifies distinct subsets of cancer relevant genes. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 3808.
Bidirectional redox cycling of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid by Citrobacter portucalensis MBL drives increased nitrate reduction

Phenazines are secreted metabolites that microbes use in diverse ways, from quorum sensing to antimicrobial warfare to energy conservation. Phenazines are able to contribute to these activities due to their redox activity. The physiological consequences of cellular phenazine reduction have been extensively studied, but the counterpart phenazine oxidation has been largely overlooked. Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) is common in the environment and readily reduced by its producers. Here, we describe its anaerobic oxidation by Citrobacter portucalensis strain MBL, which was isolated from topsoil in Falmouth, MA, and which does not produce phenazines itself. This activity depends on the availability of a suitable terminal electron acceptor, specifically nitrate or fumarate. When C. portucalensis MBL is provided reduced PCA and either nitrate or fumarate, it continuously oxidizes the PCA. We compared this terminal electron acceptor-dependent PCA-oxidizing activity of C. portucalensis MBL to that of several other γ-proteobacteria with varying capacities to respire nitrate and/or fumarate. We found that PCA oxidation by these strains in a fumarate- or nitrate-dependent manner is decoupled from growth and correlated with their possession of the fumarate or periplasmic nitrate reductases, respectively. We infer that bacterial PCA oxidation is widespread and genetically determined. Notably, reduced PCA enhances the rate of nitrate reduction to nitrite by C. portucalensis MBL beyond the stoichiometric prediction, which we attribute to C. portucalensis MBL's ability to also reduce oxidized PCA, thereby catalyzing a complete PCA redox cycle. This bidirectionality highlights the versatility of PCA as a biological redox agent.
Planning for Middle Level Clinical Experiences during a Crisis

This article describes the trials and tribulations that a middle level education program faced during the global pandemic and recommendations that others can take away from these experiences. The provided suggestions for middle level teacher education programs are specifically for the current pandemic, but can be used for other disasters as well. We advocate that educator preparation programs develop a plan to deal with possible school closers or other disruptions to their field placements to prepare for the next disaster. Some of the recommendations include: (a) create an emergency plan, (b) cultivate relationships, (c) prepare your candidates in the best practices of online teaching and educate them about online teaching platforms, (d) focus on the well-being of the candidates and not just ensuring that they complete the requirements, (e) consider relationship building skills when hiring field supervisors, (f) include strategies that help candidates understand how to deal with stress into your curriculum, and (g) adjust to situations on a case-to-case basis.
Arbitrating Public Policy: Why the Buck Should Not Stop at National Courts

The U.S. Supreme Court in Mitsubishi v. Soler famously declares that antitrust claims are arbitrable in cases where the underlying dispute arises from an international transaction. Employing this ruling, the Article argues that arbitration is a suitable venue for resolving public policy related matters not only antitrust claims with international character. Contrary to the current trend, the Article suggests that arbitral bodies handle cases with controversial issues related to public policy provided that courts play an active role in reviewing arbitral awards based on their public policy implications
Why do consumers with social phobia prefer anthropomorphic customer service chatbots? Evolutionary explanations of the moderating roles of social phobia

Abstract Drawing from evolutionary psychology of anthropomorphism and social phobia, two between-subjects experiments examined the effects of different types of customer service chatbots. Experiment 1 supports the interaction effects between chatbots’ anthropomorphism and consumers’ social phobia on continuance use intention and willingness to recommend the chatbot. Consumers with high social phobia prefer anthropomorphic chatbots to less anthropomorphic chatbots. Experiment 2 confirms the moderating role of social phobia in determining the effects of consumer-chatbot personality matching (similarity attraction) vs. mismatching (complementarity attraction) on the outcome variables only for competent chatbots. For the consumer-chatbot personality mismatching condition, developing competent chatbots for less conscientious consumers with high social phobia will help alleviate socially isolated consumers’ social pain, while developing too smart chatbots for less conscientious consumers with low social phobia can have detrimental effects. Evolutionary psychological mechanisms and managerial implications for chatbot developers and creative directors are explained.
A trilingual Asian-American child’s encounters with conflicting selves in the figured worlds of a multicultural book club

This study explores a Japanese-Korean-English trilingual Asian-American child’s identity negotiation in a multicultural book club. Drawing upon the conception of figured world (Holland et al. 1998....
The Trajectory of the (η5-Cyclopentadienyl)cobalt-Mediated Cycloisomerization of Ene-Yne-Ene-Type Allyl Propargylic Ethers to Furans: A DFT Appraisal

The mechanisms by which the complexes CpCoL2 (Cp = C5H5; L = CO or CH2=CH2) mediate the cycloisomerizations of α,δ,ω-enynenes containing allylic ether linkages are probed by DFT methods. The outcomes corroborate experimental results and provide energetic and structural details of the trajectories leading to 3-(oxacyclopentyl or cycloalkyl)furans via the intermediacy of isolable CpCo-η 4-dienes. They comprise initial stereoselective complexation of one of the double bonds and the triple bond, rate-determining oxidative coupling to a triplet 16e cobalta-2-cyclopentene, and terminal double bond docking, followed by stereocontrolled insertion to assemble intermediate cis- and trans-fused triplet cobalta-4-cycloheptenes. A common indicator of the energetic facility of the latter is the extent of parallel alignment of the alkene moiety and its target Co–Cα bond. The cobalta-4-cycloheptenes transform further by β-hydride elimination–reductive elimination to furnish CpCo-η 4-dienes, which are sufficiently kinetically protected to allow for their experimental observation. The cascade continues through cobalt-mediated hydride shifts and dissociation of the aromatic furan ring. The findings in silico with respect to the stereo-, regio-, and chemoselectivity are in consonance with those obtained in vitro.
Police Stops and Adolescent Substance Use: Findings From the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study.

Purpose The aim of this study is to investigate associations between police stops and adolescent substance use among a large, representative sample of adolescents in the United Kingdom (UK). Methods Data from the three most recent sweeps of the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative contemporary birth cohort of children born in the UK between September 2000 and January 2002, were analyzed in 2021 (N = 10,345). Lifetime police stops are assessed at age 14 (Sweep 6, 2015) and a diverse set of adolescent substance use behaviors are assessed at age 17 (Sweep 7, 2018). Weights are used to account for sample design and multiple imputation for missing data. Results Youth experiencing police stops by the age of 14 (14.72%) reported significantly higher engagement in substance use behaviors at age 17, including frequent binge drinking (adjusted relative risk ratio [ARRR] = 3.56, confidence interval [CI] = 2.80-4.03), cigarette use (ARRR = 3.97, CI = 3.26-4.84), e-cigarette use (ARRR = 2.22, CI = 1.69-2.93), cannabis use (ARRR = 3.63, CI = 2.88-4.57), and illicit drug use (adjusted incidence rate ratio = 3.06, CI = 2.45-3.81). Ancillary analyses revealed that findings linking police stops to substance use emerge across distinct stop features (e.g., questioned vs. warned), following adjustment for substance use at age 14, and when examining substance use initiation after the age of 14. Conclusions Police officers should be trained to effectively communicate and interact with youth to mitigate adverse sequelae of stops. Youth may also benefit from mental health and substance use screenings as well as counseling care following these events.
Remote virtual whiteboard assistance for improving task performance during lunar surface operations

During extravehicular activities (EVAs), astronauts are heavily dependent on the Mission Center (MCC) and their Intra-Vehicular Astronaut (IVA) counterparts. Each procedure step in a mission is relayed to the astronaut through a real-time voice loop, and emergency procedures are written on cuff checklists that astronauts must read from their spherically shaped helmet. In all situations, crew members heavily rely on IVA or MCC support, especially when they do not understand a procedure or need help with a specific problem. However, it can be hard to communicate procedures effectively due to a lack of visual diagrams and situational awareness between the two parties. To improve EVA efficiency, we investigated the use of a virtual whiteboard on a heads-up display during a lunar surface EVA task with virtual reality (VR). The virtual whiteboard allows MCC to send additional visual guidance (e.g., drawings and annotations) overlayed on the astronaut’s visual field of view to better assist with mission tasks. We conducted a between-subjects experiment where 21 participants were asked to accomplish a rover repair procedure, with (n = 11) and without (n = 10) the virtual whiteboard, using a VR lunar environment with support of a research proctor acting as MCC. The whiteboard group completed the rover procedure 39.1% faster than the non-whiteboard group, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.017). The total number of words exchanged during the experimental sessions was not statistically different between groups (p = 0.99). However, participants in the whiteboard group showed a tendency to talk less than their counterparts, while the research proctor in the whiteboard group showed a tendency to speak more. Finally, analysis of the spatial locations during the experiment indicated that whiteboard participants stayed closer to the rover, showing a better focus on the task at hand and therefore short completion times. The results of this experiment inform future development of AR spacesuit technologies for future planetary exploration EVA operations.
Mitigating severe channel effects using tripolar antenna diversity

Machine-to-machine (M2M) networks are already being developed for, as examples, the autonomous health monitoring and energy management of a variety of systems. Given the breadth of potential M2M systems, it is clear that the environments in which they will be deployed will also vary greatly. Among possible environments one can expect are those which are challenging for wireless systems, with multipath and depolarization effects that are not well-captured using existing channel propagation models and/or are not well-mitigated using present antenna systems. This paper presents work in characterizing such channels along and demonstrates the mitigation achieved for a particularly harsh propagation environment using a prototype tripolar antenna.
Gapless edge states of background field theory and translation-symmetric Z 2 spin liquids

We study possible gapless edge states of translation-symmetric ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids. The gapless edge states emerge from dangling Majorana fermions at the boundary. We construct a series of mean-field Hamiltonians of ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids on the square lattice; these models can be obtained by generalization of Wen's exactly solvable plaquette model. We also study the details of the edge theory of these ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids and find their effective background field (BF) theory descriptions. The effective BF theories are shown to describe the crystal momenta of the ground states and their degeneracies and to predict the edge theories of these ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids. As a by-product, we obtained a way to classify the BF theories reflecting the lattice symmetries. We discuss in closing three-dimensional ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ spin liquids with gapless surface states on the cubic lattice.
Hey, I'm No Superman: The Teacher as Hero

Alan Block’s Hey, I’m No Superman: The Teacher as Hero , is a engaging journey through teacher identity formation as it relates to current education reform efforts.
A Bright Bio-Inspired Future

Biominerals are formed through an intimate association of inorganic materials and organic macromolecules. As Douglas explains in his Perspective, materials scientists increasingly use these materials as an inspiration for new synthetic materials with superior properties. Model systems can also shed light on the mechanisms of biomineral formation. Aizenberg et al. show how an array of organic posts can relieve stress and hence aide a phase change from an amorphous film to a single calcite crystal. The posts also serve as conduits for the removal of water an impurities. Similar processes may for example play a role in the formation of sea urchin spines.
Protection and Security Issues for Future Systems

In the coming years an increasing number of services will become available by computer. Many of these services will require interaction between parties that do not completely trust one another. Computer networks and the systems connected to them will, in effect, become an electronic marketplace. The users of such systems will demand protection from the actions of others.
Computing the Edit-Distance between Unrooted Ordered Trees

An ordered tree is a tree in which each node's incident edges are cyclically ordered; think of the tree as being embedded in the plane. Let A and B be two ordered trees. The edit distance between A and B is the minimum cost of a sequence of operations (contract an edge, uncontract an edge, modify the label of an edge) needed to transform A into B. We give an O(n3 log n) algorithm to compute the edit distance between two ordered trees.
Observational evidence of strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation since 1980

The change of the Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) over the period of 1980–2009 is examined through a combined analysis of satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU) lower stratospheric temperatures (TLS), ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and observed estimates of changes in ozone, water vapor, well-mixed greenhouse gases, and stratospheric aerosols. The MSU/AMSU-observed tropical TLS trend is first empirically separated into a dynamic component associated with the BDC changes and a radiative component due to the atmospheric composition changes. The derived change in the dynamic component suggests that the annual mean BDC has accelerated in the last 30 years (at the 90% confidence interval), with most of the change coming from the Southern Hemisphere. The annual mean Northern Hemisphere contribution to the acceleration is not statistically significant. The radiative component of tropical TLS trends is independently checked using observed changes in stratospheric composition. It is shown that the changes in ozone, stratospheric aerosols, well-mixed greenhouse gases, and water vapor make important contributions to the radiative component of tropical TLS trends. Despite large uncertainties in lower stratospheric cooling associated with uncertainties in observed ozone and water vapor changes, this derived radiative component agrees with the empirically inferred radiative component, both in terms of its average value and small seasonal dependence. By establishing a relationship between tropical residual vertical velocity at 70 hPa and TLS, we show that the relative strengthening of the annual mean BDC is about 2.1% per decade for 1980–2009, supporting the results from state-of-the-art chemistry-climate model simulations.
Fiber Intakes and Anthropometric Measures are Predictors of Circulating Hormone, Triglyceride, and Cholesterol Concentrations in the Women's Health Trial

The unhealthy eating patterns and obesity among women in the U.S. are indicated by changes in biomarkers, such as insulin, lipoproteins, and estradiol, that are risk factors for breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article models the interrelations among diet, serum insulin, estradiol, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations, plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol, and net triglyceride concentrations, using the data at baseline and 12 mo on 379 and 615 postmenopausal women in the Control and Intervention groups, respectively, of the Women’s Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations. Subjects in the Intervention group received detailed advice over a period of 1 y for reducing fat intakes and increasing the consumption of whole grains and fruits and vegetables. The main findings were that there were significant differences between the Control and Intervention groups in the changes from baseline to 12 mo in LDL and HDL cholesterol and SHBG concentrations. Second, using a comprehensive random effects modeling framework, the ratio of fiber to energy intake was significantly associated (P , 0.05) with lower insulin and triglyceride levels, and with a higher HDL cholesterol concentration in the Intervention group. Third, the subjects’ waist-to-hip ratio and BMI were significantly associated with insulin, SHBG, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations. Fourth, insulin levels were significantly negatively associated with SHBG and HDL cholesterol, and positively associated with LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and estradiol concentrations. Overall, weight loss, especially around the waist, and increased fiber intakes are likely to be beneficial for lipid, cholesterol, and hormone profiles of U.S. women. J. Nutr. 136: 2249–2254, 2006.
A generalized study of the weighted least-squares measure for the selection of the regularization parameter in inverse problems

The weighted least-squares (WLS) measure is studied when linear and nonlinear estimators are considered. Nonlinear estimators become increasingly important in association with robust restoration schemes. Such estimators often lack analytic interpretation rendering the direct computation of the WLS measure useless. It is shown that the solution of a nonlinear equation. The approximation improves as the signal-to-noise ratio increases. The efficiency of this approximation is verified through restoration examples in Laplacian noise. >
Airborne Immunization against Tuberculosis

Inhalation of very small numbers of living attenuated (BCG) organisms and their multiplication in guinea pigs results in the development of acquired resistance against subsequent airborne infection with virulent tubercle bacilli. Different strains of BCG have differing capacities to immunize by this means.
Van der Waals energy contour map describing the orthorhombic hydrocarbon chain packing of symmetry Pbnm

The packing of long aliphatic chains was classified by static lattice energy calculations. For the orthorhombic space group 62 (Pbnm), the van der Waals energy of subcells with systematically varied lattice constants aSC and bSC was minimized by changing the dihedral angle between the backbone planes of zigzag chain fragments (–CH2–CH2–). The calculated energies relate to infinite aliphatic chains because of the unlimited periodicity of the fragments in the C–C backbone direction. In order to facilitate the application of the energy criterion in the trial and error based indexing process, the resulting set of 383 energy data was plotted as a van der Waals energy contour map projected onto a plane of the reciprocal space, which is defined by the reciprocal spacings s110s. s020. The absolute and local energy minima correspond to different packing modes of orthorhombic subcells. The energy hyper-surface is divided by lines corresponding to special cell geometries into different areas. The lines are localized near saddle points of the energy surface. For the first time, the geometrical and energetic relations between the different packing modes of symmetry Pbnm are clearly demonstrated using van der Waals energy calculations. Based on these calculations, a new nomenclature for chain packing modes is suggested.
Specialized Face Learning Is Associated with Individual Recognition in Paper Wasps

We demonstrate that the evolution of facial recognition in wasps is associated with specialized face-learning abilities. Polistes fuscatus can differentiate among normal wasp face images more rapidly and accurately than nonface images or manipulated faces. A close relative lacking facial recognition, Polistes metricus, however, lacks specialized face learning. Similar specializations for face learning are found in primates and other mammals, although P. fuscatus represents an independent evolution of specialization. Convergence toward face specialization in distant taxa as well as divergence among closely related taxa with different recognition behavior suggests that specialized cognition is surprisingly labile and may be adaptively shaped by species-specific selective pressures such as face recognition.
Facility-to-Community Transition Needs for Adjudicated Youth With Disabilities

As part of a statewide multiagency collaboration to provide transition services for adjudicated youth with disabilities in Oregon, we conducted a needs assessment to identify facility-to-community transition supports and barriers. We conducted a nominal group technique in five communities with groups composed of multiple stakeholders. In addition, we conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 33 adjudicated youth in which they described their perceptions of barriers to and supports necessary for a successful transition from either a youth correctional facility or from probation. Findings suggest that transition services for adjudicated youth with disabilities need to focus on assisting youth to develop self-determination skills and nurturing positive social networks while providing traditional transition-related services (e.g., employment, education, and independent living support).
Effects of photoperiod and temperature on flowering in mungbean ( Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek )

Forty strains of mungbeans, including all of the entries in the 1st and 2nd International Mungbean Nurseries (IMN), were grown in plant growth chambers in photoperiods of 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 hours and mean temperatures of 18, 23, and 28°C. Results show that (1) mungbean strains differ in their flowering response to photoperiod and to mean temperature; (2) increasing the photoperiod of reducing the mean temperature delayed flowering, the amount of delay varied with the strain: (3) variations in mean temperature may alter the effect of the photoperiod on flowering in particular strains. Twenty-five strains which flowered in all photoperiod-temperature treatments could be divided into four groups, each group being successively later in flowering. The remaining 15 strains could be divided into four groups, according to their failure to flower within 105 days in specific photoperiod-temperature treatments. Flowering response in the growth chamber is useful in explaining flowering response in the 2nd IMN at three locations varying from 14°N to 49°N latitude.
FCM Fuel Development for SMR Applications

Fully ceramic microencapsulated (FCM) fuels are identified as suitable fuel forms for development and deployment of SMR technologies. High thermal conductivity of the composite fuel coupled with its exceptional radiation and environmental stability enable monolithic compact cores for SMR applications. Meanwhile the built-in redundancy of multiple layers for fission-product retention alleviates the need for structurally demanding pressure vessels and containment buildings. All of the above will enable the reactor designer to achieve a compact and passively safe SMR through utilization of a flexible fuel technology that is currently under active development.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Characterization of a human peptide deformylase: implications for antibacterial drug design.

Ribosomal protein synthesis in eubacteria and eukaryotic organelles initiates with an N-formylmethionyl-tRNAi, resulting in N-terminal formylation of all nascent polypeptides. Peptide deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the subsequent removal of the N-terminal formyl group from the majority of bacterial proteins. Deformylation was for a long time thought to be a feature unique to the prokaryotes, making PDF an attractive target for designing novel antibiotics. However, recent genomic sequencing has revealed PDF-like sequences in many eukaryotes, including man. In this work, the cDNA encoding Homo sapiens PDF (HsPDF) has been cloned and a truncated form that lacks the N-terminal 58-amino-acid targeting sequence was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant, Co2+-substituted protein is catalytically active in deformylating N-formylated peptides, shares many of the properties of bacterial PDF, and is strongly inhibited by specific PDF inhibitors. Expression of HsPDF fused to the enhanced green fluorescence ...
Genomic organization and promoter analysis of human KCNN3 gene.

KCNN3 is a member of the gene family, KCNN1–4, encoding the small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Long CAG-repeat alleles of this gene have been found to be over-represented in patients with schizophrenia in a number of population-based association studies, and this gene maps to human chromosome 1q21, a region recently implicated in schizophrenia by linkage. To set the stage for a further functional evaluation of KCNN3, we defined the nature of the genomic locus in the size, structure, and sequence of its introns and exons and the function of potential upstream regulatory regions. We isolated P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones from a genomic library and identified an overlapping available bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone. Cosmids subcloned from the PAC and BAC clones were then sequenced and merged with the sequence in the public database. The KCNN3 gene spans over 163.1 kb and is composed of eight exons and seven introns. All of the exon-intron junctions conform closely to consensus splice sites. The proximal 2.5 kb of the 5′-flanking sequence was obtained and analyzed for potential transcription factor binding sites. In the proximal 2.5 kb upstream region, potential sites for the Ikaros factor (IK2), homeodomain factor Nkx-2.5/Csx (NKX25), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), upstream stimulating factor (USF), c-AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB), POU factor Brn2 (BRN-2), myeloid zinc finger protein (MZF1), vitellogenin binding protein (VBP), HNF3 forkhead homologue 2 (HFH2), and transcription initiation were identified, as well as several potential AP-1 and AP-4 sites. Finally, a 2261-bp fragment of this upstream region was cloned into a promoterless pGL3-luciferase vector, where it produced orientation-dependent expression of the reporter gene in transiently transfected PC12 cells, cells which natively express functional KCNN3 channels, suggesting that this cloned fragment includes competent promoter elements of this gene.
THE PRODUCTION OF PARTIAL LIVER INSUFFICIENCY IN RABBITS

A rapid and simple method for the production of marked liver insufficiency in rabbits has been described. The necessary operation can be carried out by an unassisted operator in a few minutes. The method should further the study of liver physiology. The changes as concerns blood sugar, urea formation, and uric acid metabolism would appear to be the same in the rabbit suffering from hepatic insufficiency as in the dog.
Postinfantile giant cell hepatitis complicating ulcerative colitis: a case report and review of the literature

Giant cell hepatitis is common in the neonatal period. When present in adults, it is known as postinfantile giant cell hepatitis (PGCH). PGCH can arise in the context of viral, drug-related, and autoimmune disorders but, in many other cases, its etiology remains unclear. We report a case of PGCH occurring in the setting of autoimmune hepatitis and ulcerative colitis. This case highlights the close association between PGCH and autoimmune disorders and the need to recognize it as a hepatic complication of inflammatory bowel disease.
1D polarisation contrast retina

The authors propose the design of a 1D polarisation contrast retina. The retina uses two parallel, linear arrays of 29 photodiodes used as sensing elements. A polarising material is placed on the focal plane so that each array of photodiodes receives linearly polarised light whose e-vector components are orthogonal. On-chip analogue subthreshold MOS circuitry computes the polarisation contrast.
Hemispheric Organization of Local- and Global-Level Visuospatial Processes in Deaf Signers and Its Relation to Sign Language Aphasia ☆ ☆☆

Previous work has shown that deficits in the production and perception of signed language are linked to left hemisphere damage but not right hemisphere damage in deaf lifelong signers, whereas severe deficits in nonlinguistic visuospatial abilities are more frequent following right hemisphere damage than left hemisphere damage in this population. In the present study we investigated the extent to which sign language deficits in deaf individuals can be dissociated from more subtle visuospatial deficits commonly associated with left hemisphere damage in the hearing/speaking population. A group of left- or right-lesioned deaf signers were asked to reproduce (1) two line drawings (a house and an elephant) and (2) four hierarchical figures. Drawings were scored separately for the presence of local vs global features. Consistent with data from hearing patients, left hemisphere-damaged deaf subjects were significantly better at reproducing global-level features, whereas right hemisphere-damaged deaf subjects were significantly better at reproducing local-level features. This effect held for both types of stimuli. Local-level performance in the LHD group did not correlate with performance on sign language tasks, suggesting that language deficits in LHD deaf signers are in fact linguistic specific.
Strained spiral vortex model for turbulent fine structure

A model for the intermittent fine structure of high Reynolds number turbulence is proposed. The model consists of slender axially strained spiral vortex solutions of the Navier–Stokes equation. The tightening of the spiral turns by the differential rotation of the induced swirling velocity produces a cascade of velocity fluctuations to smaller scale. The Kolmogorov energy spectrum is a result of this model.
Measurements of Mechanical Properties of Human Red Blood Cells

We developed a novel method to measure the rheological properties of single red blood cells (RBC) using the atomic force microscope (AFM). A spherical bead at the AFM cantilever tip compressed and relaxed the RBC. The force and displacement were converted into effective stress and strain. The impulse viscoelastic technique was used to compute the effective storage (E') and loss (E") moduli and phase lag (δ). Unfixed and fixed red blood cells were tested. Both cells were on glass coated with poly-l-lysine and then kept in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) until the experiment was finished. Measurements were done with height change and force up to 451nm and 64nN. The cells were found to be quite elastic, with phase lag on the order of 10-2 to 10-1 rad. Stepped changes in oscillation rate from 0.5Hz to 2.5Hz did not result in significant change in the measured results. To improve accuracy, we also design a bimaterial cantilever which consists of a gold layer on silicon with controlled thermal stresses such that the cantilever is curved. The curvature allows the root to fits the angle of the AFM head and the tip to be parallel to the substrate so that the RBC is squeezed between two parallel surfaces.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
An Isocurvature Cold Dark Matter Cosmogony. II. Observational Tests

A companion paper presents a worked model for evolution through inflation to initial conditions for an isocurvature model for structure formation. It is shown here that the model is consistent with available observational constraints that can be applied without the help of numerical simulations. The model gives a generally good fit to the distributions of the thermal cosmic background radiation and the galaxies, with the possible need for a special adjustment to fit the COBE measurement of the slope of the fluctuation spectrum on large angular scales. The mass function for clusters of galaxies requires a rather low but observationally acceptable mass density, 0.1Ω0.2 in a cosmologically flat universe. Galaxies would be assembled earlier in this model than in the adiabatic version, an arguably good thing. Aspects of the predicted non-Gaussian character of the anisotropy of the thermal background radiation in this model are discussed.
A Note on the Negative Binomial Distribution

(1962). A Note on the Negative Binomial Distribution. Technometrics: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 609-610.
Comparative histopathology of infection by Ovavesicula popilliae (Microsporida: Pleistophoridae) in larval and adult Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica.

The host response to infection and tissue susceptibility of larval and adult Japanese beetles,Popillia japonica Newman, to the microsporidium,Ovavesicula popilliae Andreadis & Hanula, are reported. The normally transparent Malpighian tubules of Japanese beetle larvae, were hypertrophied and white in color when infected withO. popilliae, a microsporidian which also infects larval fat body, epidermis and pericardial cells. In addition to these tissues, œnocytes and tracheal epithelial cells were also infected in adults. Adult and larval reactions to infection included hypertrophied cells and melanization of the pericardium, but only larvae exhibited an intense inflammatory response. The discoloration of the pericardium most likely resulted from an accumulation of melanin.