cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic modulation of neurons in the gustatory region of the nucleus of the solitary tract

The rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) is an obligatory relay for gustatory afferent input on its way to the forebrain. Previous studies have demonstrated excitation of rNTS neurons by glutamate and substance P and inhibition by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and met-enkephalin (ENK). Despite the existence of cholinergic neurons and putative terminals within the rNTS, there are no data on the effects of acetylcholine (ACh) on rNTS processing. Here, we use patch-clamp recording of rNTS neurons in vitro to examine ACh-mediated responses and voltage-gated conductances in these cells. Results revealed (1) intrinsic voltage-gated inhibition via activation of voltage-gated potassium A-channels (I(A)), found almost exclusively in the medial rNTS, and hyperpolarization-activated potassium/sodium channels (I(h)), found more frequently in the lateral rNST; and (2) ligand-gated inhibition via activation of muscarinic m2 ACh receptors (mAChRs) linked to inward rectifier potassium channels (K(ir)) evenly distributed throughout the rNTS, a mechanism dependent on cholinergic inputs. Muscarinic responses were blocked by AFDX-116, a selective m2 mAChR antagonist, and by BaCl2, an antagonist of K(ir) channels. In addition, many rNTS neurons exhibited excitation via alpha7 and non-alpha7 nicotinic AChRs. Non-alpha7 nAChRs, blocked by 10 microM mecamylamine, occurred more frequently in the lateral rNTS. In contrast, alpha7 nAChRs, blocked by 20 nM methyllcaconitine, were evenly distributed across the nucleus. As previously reported for voltage-activated conductances, none of these currents was related to neuronal morphology. These voltage- and ligand-dependent inhibitory mechanisms would be expected to contribute to the modulation of gustatory processing through the NST.
A modulator domain controlling thermal stability in the Group II chaperonins of Archaea

Archaeal Group II chaperonins (Cpns) are strongly conserved, considering that their growth temperatures range from 23 to 122°C. The C-terminal 15-25 residues are hypervariable, and highly charged in thermophilic species. Our hypothesis is that the C-terminal is a key determinant of stabilization of the Cpn complex. The C-terminus of the Cpn from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus was mutated to test this hypothesis. C-terminal deletions and replacement of charged residues resulted in destabilization. The stability of ATPase activity declined in proportion to the reduction in charged residues with Ala or Gly. An EK-rich motif ((528)EKEKEKEGEK5(37)) proved to be a key domain for stabilization at or near 100°C. Mutations "tuned" the Cpn for optimal protein folding at lower optimal temperatures, and Glu substitution was more potent than Lys replacement. Pf Cpn stability was enhanced by Ca(2+), especially in the mutant Cpn lacking C-terminal Lys residues. This suggests that Glu-Glu interactions between C termini might be mediated by Ca(2+). The C-terminal of a Cpn from the psychrophilic archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii was replaced by a domain from the hyperthermophile, resulting in increased thermostability and thermoactivity. We conclude that localized evolutionary variation in the C-terminus modulates the temperature range of archaeal Cpns.
Modeling Optimization Problems in the Unstructured World of Spreadsheets

Electronic spreadsheets are the most common software tool managers use to analyze data and model quantitative problems. Increasingly, these software packages are being used in introductory OR/MS courses to introduce students to a variety of quantitative modeling tools. Because spreadsheets are inherently free-form, they impose no particular guidelines or structure on the way problems may be modeled. Thus, academics and practitioners accustomed to solving problems using very structured, dedicated OR/MS software packages are facing the challenge of dealing with these problems in the unstructured spreadsheet environment where there is often a variety of ways to implement and solve the same problem. This challenge is particularly acute in the case of optimization problems. Some are responding to this challenge by devising rules for implementing models that impose an artificial structure on spreadsheets, sometimes resembling the operation of dedicated OR/MS optimization packages. This paper offers a critique of this approach and provides some guidelines we believe to be more helpful in creating effective spreadsheet models for optimization problems.
Worlds in the city: Manhattan transfer and the ascendance of spectacular space

Abstract Prompted by recent reports from the Asia Pacific of what will soon be the tallest buildings in the world, the paper examines the symbolic functions of architectural gigantism as part of a globally competitive display of economic virility and political power-between nations, cities and corporations as well as human subjects. Focusing on the image of the building as a polysemic, multifunctional cultural sign, the paper examines specific histories, societies and geographies in which representations of urban modernity have been constructed. It also addresses the various'worlds' to which these representations belong and the competing social and spatial orders in which they have been circulated. It argues that earlier symbolic representations of urban modernity in the West have become increasingly outmoded.
Stability and change in vocal dialects of the yellow-naped amazon.

Cultural evolution is an important force in creating and maintaining behavioural variation in some species. Vocal dialects have provided a useful model for the study of cultural evolution and its interactions with genetic evolution. This study examined the acoustic and geographical changes in vocal dialects over an 11-year span in the yellow-naped amazon, Amazona auropalliata, in Costa Rica. Contact calls were recorded at 16 communal night roosts in 1994 and 19 roosts in 2005, with 12 of the roosts sampled in both surveys. In both surveys, three dialects were found, each characterized by a distinctive contact call type and each encompassing multiple roosts. The limits between two of these dialects, the North and South dialects, was found to be geographically stable, while at the boundary between the North and Nicaraguan dialect there was introgression of each call type into roosts in the bordering dialect. Acoustic measurements and cross-correlations of spectrograms detected no change in the acoustic structure of contact calls in the South dialect but did show significant differences in the calls of both the North and Nicaraguan dialect between 1994 and 2005. These results are consistent with the vocal convergence hypothesis, which proposes that dialects are long-term features maintained through some combination of biased transmission of local call types and purifying selection against foreign call types. Migration, copying errors and cultural drift may also play a role in the more subtle changes seen in the acoustic form of dialect call types.
The study of sequence learning in individuals with schizophrenia: A critical review of the literature

The serial reaction time task (SRTT) has been used extensively to study implicit sequence learning. A number of studies have used the SRTT to examine sequence learning in schizophrenia patients. Despite these studies, it remains unclear whether sequence learning is impaired in patients, whether antipsychotic medications affect sequence learning, and what types of sequential information patients might have difficulty learning. Methodological limitations have made it difficult to obtain good answers to these questions. Methodological innovations from the general SRTT literature that have not yet been adopted in the schizophrenia literature could provide better answers.
The crystal structure of Na2LiBe2F7

Abstract Na 2 LiBe 2 F 7 is isostructural with the mineral s melilite and hardystonite. The compound crystallizes with space group P42 1 m, a o = 7.593(2) A , c o = 4.841(2) A and Z = 2. The Be 2 F 7 −3 ion is composed of two Be-F tetrahedra that share a corner and have co-planar bases. The four Be-F distances range from 1.505(5) to 1.591(5)A and the tetrahedral angles range from 104.4(3) to 114.8(3)°. The Li + ion is tetrahedrally coordinated with all four Li-F distances equal to 1.826(6)A. There are eight NaF distances ranging from 2.378(3) to 2.657(3)A.
Augmented reality tower technology flight test

Augmented reality technology adapted for air traffic control tower applications was used to track an OH-58C helicopter in proximity to an airport. A camera and 'see-through' display system was used to measure the registration error of static airport features and dynamic test aircraft. The observed registration errors of the test aircraft were largely attributable to two terms of error: 1) aircraft surveillance transport latency, and 2) registration error (from all sources) of the static environment. Compensating for registration errors of static objects and modeling aircraft movement reduces registration errors for dynamic (aircraft) objects to ≤2° of error for aircraft-surveillance transport latency ≤ 5 seconds, and to ≤1° of error for transport latency ≤ 2 seconds.
Modular Development and Integration of a Corrosion Control System

This paper describes the consolidation and expansion of Saudi Aramco's computer systems used for capture and analysis of petroleum-facilities-related corrosion. Specifically, modular development techniques coupled with a prototyping methodology are highlighted as key contributors to the success of the project. A mainframe resident Corrosion Control System (CCS) was developed through joint efforts between the Northern Area Producing Operations Engineering (NAPOE) and Petroleum Engineering Applications Services (PEAS) departments. CCS takes full advantage of Saudi Aramco's extensive computing network to manage data on corrosion coupons, water quality, bacteria, chemical use, and cathodic protection. Selection of a centralized computer system over a distributed computing environment has yielded many benefits. The data management, user interface, and results presentation components are consistent. Remote users can take advantage of the installed computing infrastructure, workstations, and peripherals. The installed base of high-speed printers, color plotters, and slide equipment can be used easily for hard copy.
Respiration and Assimilation of 4-Bromophenol by Estuarine Sediment Bacteria

A variety of infaunal marine polychaete and hemichordate species produce brominated secondary metabolites, particularly bromophenols, bromopyrroles, and bromobenzylalcohols. Rates of14C-4-bromophenol respiration and assimilation by sediment microflora were determined in intact cores taken from a site inhabited by the bromophenol-producing polychaete, Notomastus lobatus, and from a similar site having very low levels of bromophenols. Rates were similar at both locations, ranging from 6 to 87 pmole ml−1 h−1 for respiration, and from 13 to 35 pmole ml−1 h−1 for assimilation. Respiration rates exhibited strong seasonal variation, consistent with results of temperature response experiments, while assimilation rates showed less seasonal variation. Calculated areal rates of bromophenol degradation (to a sediment depth of 6 cm) ranged from 2.0 to 7.8 μmole m−2 h−1, equivalent to 350–1,250 μg m−2 h−1, indicating an important role for sediment bacteria in turnover of these compounds. Similar rates of bromophenol degradation at bromophenol-containing and non-bromophenol-containing locations show that adaptation of sediment bacteria by prior exposure to bromophenols is not required for degradation of these compounds.
Brominated flame retardants, tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane, activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in human natural killer cells.

Natural killer (NK) cells provide a vital surveillance against virally infected cells, tumor cells, and antibody-coated cells through the release of cytolytic mediators and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) is a brominated flame retardant used primarily in expanded (EPS) and extruded (XPS) polystyrene foams for thermal insulation in the building and construction industry. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is used both as a reactive and an additive flame retardant in a variety of materials. HBCD and TBBPA contaminate the environment and are found in human blood samples. In previous studies, we have shown that other environmental contaminants, such as the dibutyltin (DBT) and tributyltin (TBT), decrease NK lytic function by activating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the NK cells. HBCD and TBBPA also interfere with NK cell(s) lytic function. The current study evaluates whether HBCD and/or TBBPA have the capacity to activate MAPKs and MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks). The effects of concentrations of HBCD and TBBPA that inhibited lytic function on the phosphorylation state and total levels of the MAPKs (p44/42, p38, and JNK) and the phosphorylation and total levels of the MAP2Ks (MEK1/2 and MKK3/6) were examined. Results indicate that exposure of human NK cells to 10–0.5 μM HBCD or TBBPA activate MAPKs and MAP2Ks. This HBCD and TBBPA-induced activation of MAPKs may leave them unavailable for activation by virally infected or tumor target cells and thus contributes to the observed decreases in lytic function seen in NK cells exposed to HBCD and TBBPA.
Similar shape retrieval using a structural feature index

Abstract In image database systems, we often want to retrieve images whose contents satisfy certain conditions specified in an iconic query (i.e. queries that involve input images and conditions on them). One type of image data retrieval called ‘shape similarity-based retrieval” involves retrieval of images containing one or more shapes similar to the shapes specified in the query or shapes present in the query image. In this paper, a new approach to shape similarity-based retrieval is proposed. The proposed approach is flexible enough to handle query images with overlapping or touching parts. In this approach a shape is represented by a set of boundary components, called features. Each structural feature is encoded as a point in multidimensional space. A similar or identical structural component (or shape) can be found by organizing the data in any multidimensional point access index structure. A prototype system is described in detail. Some experimental results are also presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed technique.
The efficacy of three non-mammalian test systems in the identification of chemical teratogens.

This report concerns an evaluation of three in vitro teratogenesis tests: the Dugesia regeneration assay, the Hydra reaggregation assay and the Xenopus embryo assay. Our approach involves the establishment and/or refinement of test protocols, definition of endpoints, and evaluation of test performance by comparison with available results of in vivo mammalian studies. Chemicals used for preliminary evaluation studies were the known mammalian teratogens, vinblastine sulfate (VIN) and hydroxyurea (HU), a coeffective teratogen, cadmium chloride (Cd), and an National Toxicology Program priority chemical, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride (9AA). The Dugesia assay takes advantage of the ability of beheaded flatworms to regenerate and can be completed in 7–14 days. Concentrations of VIN of 3.2 mg 1−1 inhibited auricle formation and further regeneration observed in 3–6 days. Similarly, eyespot and auricle formation was blocked by HU (180 mg 1−1). The duration of regeneration, measured as the time elapsed between decapitation and eyespot formation (control =5 days), was extended by 1–4 days during exposure to 9AA. Sublethal Cd had little effect on regeneration. The Hydra assay is an evaluation of the ability of dissociated cells to regenerate complete organisms when randomly reassociated. A teratogenic test substance is detected by observing the ratio of the minimal effective concentrations of a substance between intact organisms and regenerates. Compounds with a ratio > 2.0 are potential teratogens. The ratios determined for 9AA, VIN, HU and Cd, respectively, were 10.0, 4.0, 2.7 and 1.2. These results indicate that the first three compounds tested positive for teratogenesis. The Xenopus assay has several endpoints, all of which can be compared with embryolethality in order to index teratogenic hazard. A 4-day test encompasses development from the blastula stage, through hatching, to formation of swimming tadpoles. Reduced growth was noted during exposure to HU concentrations above 50 mg 1−1 (embryolethality of HU was above 200 mg1−1). Significant skeletal abnormalities, recorded as moderate to severe spinal curvature and resultant loss of swimming ability, were observed during exposure to all four test chemicals. However, this phenomenon was apparent at non-embryolethal concentrations only for HU and VIN. Further abnormalities, such as altered skin pigmentation and osmoregulatory failure were also recorded.
Post-CHF two-phase flow with low wall-superheat

Abstract Heat transfer was measured to a two-phase flow in the post-CHF region under liquid-heated conditions and low wall-superheat. The boiling fluid was water at high pressure, 7.0–15.3 MPa, and mass fluxes in the range of 720–3200 kg/m 2 s. Experiments were performed in a vertical tube with a 10 mm inside diameter and a 13.1 m heated length. In considering the effects of thermodynamic non-equilibrium and direct drop-wall heat transfer at the low wall-superheats of this investigation (25–100°C), 13 correlations, models and analysis were compared to the data. A review of these formulations is presented including development bases and approaches. The effects of both non-equilibrium and drop-wall heat transfer were evaluated, and recommendations are presented for post-CHF heat transfer predictions at low wall-superheat.
Competence feedback, task feedback, and intrinsic interest: An examination of process and context.

Abstract The process by which competence feedback affects intrinsic motivation has not typically been examined in conjunction with effects of other information that may be conveyed in feedback. As such, it is difficult to determine the degree to which the proposed mechanisms are tied to the competence information in feedback. When Sansone (1986, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 918–931) separated feedback into components satisfying curiosity (task feedback) or signifying competence (positive normative feedback), each enhanced subsequent interest in the task. The present study investigated two possible explanations: whether an insufficiently autonomy-supportive context prevented a stronger relationship between perceived competence and interest and, secondly, whether competence feedback more strongly affected previously identified processes (perceived competence, competence valuation, performance pressure, and perceived autonomy) which have both positive and negative implications for interest. Although positive normative feedback enhanced perceived competence, perceived competence was not related to interest, and this relationship did not change as the degree of autonomy support varied. Furthermore, the results suggest that competence information can affect interest through several processes simultaneously, such that when perceived competence is not relevant, other processes (i.e., competence valuation and perceived autonomy) are. In addition, there may be unique contributions of other kinds of information present in feedback (e.g., task feedback). The implications for process models of intrinsic motivation are discussed.
Predicting the Thermal Conductivity of Foam Neoprene at Elevated Ambient Pressure

The purpose of this paper is to present a correlation for predicting the thermal conductivity of foam neoprene at varying ambient pressure. In a previous study, the authors used well-known upper and lower bounds to develop the form of a semi-empirical correlation for the thermal conductivity of foam neoprene as a function of increasing ambient pressure. The correlation was in terms of three constants, which were determined by performing a nonlinear regression on experimentally measured thermal conductivity values of foam neoprene insulation at varying ambient pressure. In this present paper, we show that the three correlation constants can, alternately, be determined by using values of the constituent thermal conductivities (e.g., air and rubber) and the effective thermal conductivity at one pressure point only (reference pressure). Values predicted using the correlation were compared with previously measured values of the effective thermal conductivity of foam neoprene insulation under increased ambient pressure, up to 1.18 MPa. It was found that there was a maximum difference of approximately 14% between the predicted and measured values. It was also found that the accuracy of the correlation did not depend strongly on the reference pressure used. It was therefore concluded that the effective thermal conductivity of foam neoprene, as a function of increasing ambient pressure, can be predicted if the constituent thermal conductivities are known (air and rubber), as well as the effective thermal conductivity at one reference pressure.
Sleep electroencephalographic coherence abnormalities in individuals at high risk for depression: a pilot study.

Abstract Background: Sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of individuals with major depressive disorder have identified several microarchitectural features associated with the illness. These abnormalities are also found in clinically remitted individuals, raising the question of whether they are vulnerability markers of depression. This study evaluated the sleep EEG in high-risk individuals to see if abnormalities are present in the sleep EEG prior to the onset of illness. Methods: A total of 26 subjects (13 males and 13 females) were recruited for study on the basis of 1) having a parent or grandparent treated for major depressive or bipolar affective disorder and 2) having no history of personal psychiatric illness. Polysomnographic data were collected and compared with gender- and age-matched healthy control subjects with no personal or family history of psychiatric illness. The primary outcome measures were interhemispheric and intrahemispheric coherence. Results: Period analysis of the sleep EEG showed that beta–delta coherence was lower bilaterally in male high-risk subjects. Right-hemispheric theta–delta coherence was also lower in male high-risk subjects, with female high-risk subjects evidencing lower beta coherence. Conclusions: Sleep-EEG abnormalities associated with major depressive disorder are present in never mentally ill individuals at high risk for the illness. These markers may be useful in the prediction of illness and in family genetic studies of mood disorders.
Resolution and reconstitution of complex V of the mitrochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system: Properties and composition of the membrane sector☆

Abstract The membrane sector (F0) of the purified mitochondrial ATP synthetase complex (Complex V) was prepared by extracting Complex V with (a) 4 m NaBr and (b) 4 m urea. NaBr extraction resulted in nearly complete removal of the β, δ, and ϵ subunits of F1-ATPase and approximately 50% of the γ subunit. The extracted Complex V so obtained had no ATP-Pi exchange or ATPase activity, but the latter activity and rutamycin sensitivity could be partially restored by addition of F1-ATPase. ATPase activity of the reconstituted complex was 30 to 50% of that of the untreated Complex V, rutamycin sensitivity was only about 70–75%, and F1-ATPase binding to the extracted complex was associated with 70% loss of its activity. Additions of other coupling factors ± phospholipids did not improve these results. Urea (4 m ) extraction of Complex V resulted in a preparation depleted almost completely of δ, ϵ, oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein (OSCP), and the ATPase inhibitor protein, and largely of α, β, and γ. This preparation (urea-F0) combined with added F1-ATPase without loss of F1 activity, and when supplemented with OSCP it resulted in a reconstituted complex with ATPase activity (15–17 μmol/min/mg) and rutamycin sensitivity (>90%) comparable to those of unresolved Complex V. The preparation also exhibited uncoupler and rutamycin-sensitive ATP-Pi exchange activity (115 nmol/min/mg). F1 binding to urea-F0 did not require added OSCP, but rutamycin sensitivity depended on OSCP addition. The above results suggest that NaBr extraction, which has been used by several other laboratories, results in an F0 with altered properties, as indicated by partial loss of rutamycin sensitivity and extensive loss of ATPase activity of the reconstituted system. By contrast, F0 prepared by urea extraction of Complex V exhibits upon reconstitution with F1 and OSCP undiminished ATPase activity and rutamycin sensitivity as well as uncoupler-sensitive ATP-Pi exchange activity.
THREE APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF INPUT

Within the field of second language acquisition research, one can discern three different approaches to the study of the input requirements of second language learners: the data-oriented approach, the language-model approach, and the processing-model approach. In this article, each approach is characterized and its strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. Then one type of input, metalinguistic input, is identified, and the three approaches are compared with respect to their claims concerning the metalinguistic needs of the learner.
Magnetic analog of self-avoiding random walks (polymer chains) on a lattice

It is shown that if one considers the $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ limit of a magnetic system consisting of $n$-component classical spins on a lattice, one indeed obtains a correspondence with a system of self-avoiding random walks; that is, polymer chains with excluded volume in a solution, but the correspondence is not isomorphic. It turns out that $K$ and $H$ do not serve as the activities for the polymer system, which, in fact, are given by $\frac{K}{z}$ and $\frac{H}{\sqrt{z}}$, where $z=1+\frac{{H}^{2}}{2}$. Moreover, the polymer free energy $\stackrel{^}{W}$ is also different from the magnetic free energy ${W}_{0}$ in the limit $n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. Various polymer correlation functions are calculated and are found to be different from those proposed by other authors. It is also shown that $\stackrel{^}{W}$ satisfies the proper convexity properties, even though ${W}_{0}$ does not.
L-Glutamine Enzyme Electrode for On-Line Mammalian Cell Culture Process Control

Abstract Glutaminase and glutamate oxidase were immobillzed into a gelatin support fixed on a pO2 sensor. The overall activity (02 consumption) was correlated to glutamine concentrations range from 0.2 to 2mM. The sample oxygen content dependence of the signal was minimized by the support properties. Measuring time for each sample was 2 minutes including response data treatment and rinsing steps. On repeated use, the electrode signal for 0.5mM was stable for 300 assays at least. This technique has been applied in different mammalian cell cultures.
Comparing the usefulness of video and map information in navigation tasks

One of the fundamental aspects of robot teleoperation is the ability to successfully navigate a robot through an environment. We define successful navigation to mean that the robot minimizes collisions and arrives at the destination in a timely manner. Often video and map information is presented to a robot operator to aid in navigation tasks. This paper addresses the usefulness of map and video information in a navigation task by comparing a side-by-side (2D) representation and an integrated (3D) representation in both a simulated and a real world study. The results suggest that sometimes video is more helpful than a map and other times a map is more helpful than video. From a design perspective, an integrated representation seems to help navigation more than placing map and video side-by-side.
Réécriture et fiction dans “disent les imbéciles”

La fiction de N. Sarraute, si elle s'applique a reecrire, c'est pour explorer les possibles du reel, l'elargir par la creation d'une forme
Calorimetric studies of hydrogen-bond formation in propylene carbonate III. Conjugation involving nitrate and halide ions at 298.15 K

Abstract An enthalpimetric study of the energetics of hydrogen-bond formation between the ions NO 3 − , Cl − , Br − , and I − and the proton donors HCl, CHCl 2 COOH, CCl 3 COOH, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, pentachlorophenol, and picric acid in propylene carbonate ( pc ) is reported. The results for the conjugation of HCl, the chloroacetic acids, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, and pentachlorophenol with the halide ions are in general agreement with the relative acidities of the proton donors and the sizes of the anions. The unusually large enthalpy effect found for the reaction of NO 3 − with HCl, however, might indicate a special role for the three oxygens of this anion. No energy is evolved when picric acid reacts with any of the three halide ions in pc . Furthermore, addition of small amounts of water reduces the amount of energy evolved when Cl − reacts with CCl 3 COOH in pc . The interpretation of these observations in terms of solvation enthalpies and selective solvation of reactants and products is discussed.
A water-cooled mirror system for synchrotron radiation

Abstract This paper describes the design and performance of a directly-cooled soft X-ray mirror system which has been developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory for synchrotron radiation beam lines in which mirror thermal distortion must be minimized for acceptable optical performance ∗ . Two similar mirror systems are being built: the first mirror has been installed and operated at the National Synchrotron Light Source on the X-17T miniundulator beam line and will be moved to the permanent X-1 beam line when a new, more powerful undulator is installed there. The second system is being built for installation at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory on Beam Line VI, where the total absorbed power on the mirror may be as high as 2400 W with a peak absorbed power density of 520 W/cm2. Direct cooling by convection is achieved using internal water channels in a brazed, dispersion-strengthened copper and OFHC copper substrate with a polished electroless-nickel surface. A simple kinematic linkage and flexural pivot mounting provide for mirror positioning about two rotational axes that coincide with the optical surface. Surface figure metrology, optical configurations, and tolerancing are also discussed.
Effects of hypertonic saline on regional function and blood flow in canine hearts during acute coronary occlusion

Small-volume resuscitation using hypertonic saline (7.5%) is effective for various types of shock. Recently, hypertonic saline has been proposed for fluid management in patients with impaired cardiovascular function. Whether hypertonic saline is safe in the compromised heart during coronary occlusion is not known. We examined the effects of hypertonic saline at 4 mL.kg-1 on myocardial function and blood flow during acute coronary occlusion. In anesthetized dogs, the left ventricle (LV) was instrumented with pressure and ultrasonic dimension transducers. Myocardial contractility was assessed using percent of systolic shortenings measured in both normal or ischemic regions. Blood flow distribution was measured using radioactive microspheres. Percent of systolic shortening and blood flow in the normal myocardium, unaltered by coronary occlusion, increased significantly after hypertonic saline from 11.0 +/- 1.1% to 13.7 +/- 1.4% and from 120 +/- 13 mL.min-1.100 g-1 to 169 +/- 13 mL.min-1.100 g-1, respectively. In the ischemic myocardium, occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery markedly decreased percent of systolic shortening from 13.0 +/- 1.2% to 9.3 +/- .9% and blood flow from 98 +/- 13 mL.min-1.100 g-1 to 19 +/- 10 mL.min-1.100 g-1. At peak effect of hypertonic saline contractility and blood flow in the ischemic myocardium decreased to 7.4 +/- .8% and 12 +/- 5 mL.min-1.100 g-1, respectively. Five of the nine dogs developed premature ventricular beats during hypertonic saline infusion. However, no significant changes were observed when normal saline was given at equivalent volumes to hypertonic saline in six dogs. Hypertonic saline was associated with significant increases in heart rate (from 116 +/- 3 beats.min-1 to 129 +/- 5 beats.min-1) and cardiac output (from 2.54 +/- .17 L.min-1 to 3.32 +/- .26 L.min-1). Except for an improved perfusion in the skin, hepatic arterial, and coronary beds, blood flow to the muscle, spleen, jejunum, kidney, and brain was not significantly altered by hypertonic saline. Our data demonstrates variant effects of hypertonic saline on either normal or ischemic myocardium. Whereas contractile function and blood flow in the normal myocardium were improved after hypertonic saline infusion, further decreases in blood flow and contractile function in region distal to coronary occlusion could lead to worsening of ischemic injury. These data suggest that hypertonic saline may be deleterious in hearts with impaired contractile function caused by ischemia.
Depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation measurements using fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography

Conventional polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can provide depth-resolved Stokes parameter measurements of light reflected from turbid media. A new algorithm, which takes into account changes in optical axis, is introduced to give depth-resolved birefringence and differential optical axis orientation images using fiber-based PS-OCT. Quaternion, a convenient mathematical tool, is used to represent an optical element and simplify the algorithm. Experimental results with beef tendon and rabbit tendon and muscle show that this technique has promising potential for imaging the birefringent structure of multiple-layer samples with varying optical axes.
Ocean Reference Stations (ORS): An Air-Sea Flux Reference Network

As a part of the global array of ocean time series stations or observatories, surface moorings equipped with comprehensive surface meteorological and air-sea exchange sensor systems are planned at key sites. The sites are chosen to be representative of the diverse meteorological regimes of the world's oceans and would be permanently occupied in order to collect long time series in support of climate monitoring and prediction, of making accurate maps of the air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater and momentum, of improving numerical weather prediction and other atmospheric models, and of understanding, modeling and predicting ocean variability. These sites are known as Ocean Reference Stations (ORS). This paper reviews work at select ORS in order to illustrate methodology and results.
Biological and NMR markers for cancer.

Abstract The search for a universal tumor marker continues. Present markers range from tumor products (polyamines, glycoproteins, peptides, hormones or carbohydrate-linked markers) to reaction products produced by the host tissues during tumor invasion. Techniques use to identify them include the classical methods of histology and cytochemistry as well as the more recent radioimmunoassay and metabolic probes. The in vivo techniques of increasing use for patient monitoring are MRS (magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging). The efficiency of some markers and statistical methods used in analyzing data are discussed, as are the ethical problems surrounding the use of new testing methods. Recent developments in MRI and MRS, marker elucidation, and evidence for a new autocrine differentiation-inhibiting factor (ADIF) are reviewed. Future needs and approaches focus on greater utilization of indicators of the preneoplastic state and of risk to cancer, as well as more careful attention to statistical analysis.
Is there a correlation between ventricular fibrillation cycle length and electrophysiological and anatomic properties of the canine left ventricle

We hypothesized that myocardial infarction-related alterations in ventricular fibrillation (VF) cycle length (VFCL) would correlate with changes in local cardiac electrophysiological and anatomic p...
Synthesis of methyl (or propyl) 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside 6-(α-D-glucopyranosyl phosphate) and derivatives for the study of the phosphoric ester linkage in the Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell-wall

Abstract Methyl 2-acetamido-3- O -allyl-2-deoxy-4-O-methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside, methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside, and methyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di- O -allyl-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranoside, prepared from methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranoside, were coupled with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate ( 13 ), to give the phosphoric esters methyl 2-acetamido-3- O -allyl-2-deoxy-4- O -methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside 6-(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate) ( 16 ), methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4- O -methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside 6-(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate) ( 23 ), and methyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di- O -allyl-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranoside 6-(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate) ( 17 ). Compound 13 was prepared from penta- O -acetyl-β- D -glucopyranose by the phosphoric acid procedure, or by acetylation of α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate. Removal of the allyl groups from 16 and 17 gave 23 and methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranoside 6-(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate) ( 19 ), respectively. O -Deacetylation of 23 gave methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4- O -methyl-α- D -glucopyranoside 6-(α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate) ( 26 ) and O -deacetylation of 19 gave methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranoside 6-(α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate) ( 24 ). Propyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranoside 6-(α- D -glucopyranosyl phosphate) ( 25 ) was prepared by coupling 13 with allyl 2-acetamido-3,4-di- O -benzyl-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranoside, followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the product to give the propyl glycoside, which was then O -deacetylated. Compounds 24, 25, and 26 are being employed in structural studies of the Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell-wall.
Infrared Spectrum of Dideuteroacetylene (C 2 D 2 )

Thirty bands of C2D2 have been observed and measured between 1900 and 3300 cm−1. Twenty of these have been resolved well enough to permit extraction of rotational constants. The Δ2F values up to J35 for three Σg ground state bands were averaged and correlated with other data for a more reliable B0 = 0.84794 ± 0.00005 and D0 = 7.85 × 10−7 ± 0.4 × 10−7, where the indicated uncertainties are the probable errors of the coefficients. Better resolution and higher J values have reduced the uncertainty derived from other sources. The l-type doubling constants for ν41 and ν51 have been obtained from resolved Q branches and split P and R branches; they are q4 = 0.00316 and q5 = 0.00314 cm−1.
Development of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in Sand Containing Varying Amounts of Manure Solids and Moisture

House flies, Musca domestica L., developed in 200 cm3 of coarse sand containing just 1 ml (0.47%) of dairy manure solids and 10 ml (4.74%) of moisture. At these levels, development was slow (21.5 d from 1st instar to adult), adult survival was low (7.5%), but successful development did occur. At higher manure and moisture levels, rates of development and survival were similar to those reported previously. All soil samples collected from a feedlot dairy contained higher levels of manure solids than the highest level tested in the laboratory. The implications for fly control in soil/manure mixtures and the need for additional studies are discussed.
Kinetic characterization of baculovirus‐induced cell death in insect cell cultures

The death process of baculovirus-infected insect cells was divided into two phases: a constant viability (or delay) phase characterized by a delay time (td) and a first-order death phase characterized by a half-life (t1/2). These two parameters were used in conjunction with the n-target theory to classify the kinetics of cell death under various conditions, including different multiplicity of infection (MOI), host cell lines, virus types, incubation volumes, cell density and extracellular L(+)-lactate and ammonium concentrations. Two groups of kinetic effects were found: one characterized by a constant number of hypothetical targets and the other by decreased numbers of hypothetical targets. The first group includes effects such as MOI, virus types, and host cell lines. The second includes the effects of environmental perturbations, such as incubation volume, cell density, and extracellular concentrations of L(+)-lactate and ammonium. Although the underlying mechanisms of these effects are as yet unknown, the death kinetics of infected cells significantly affects the recombinant protein production. In general, foreign protein production does not correlate with the cell life after infection © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Epidemiology of the plasma-cell disorders.

This review of the plasma-cell disorders begins with the definition of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The prevalence of MGUS in white and black populations is described. MGUS is a common finding in the medical practice of all physicians, and thus it is important to both the patient and the physician to determine whether the monoclonal protein remains stable or progresses to multiple myeloma (MM), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), primary systemic amyloidosis (AL), or a related disorder. The long-term (almost 40 years) follow-up data of 241 patients in the Mayo Clinic population is provided. In a large study of 1384 patients with MGUS from southeastern Minnesota, the risk of progression to MM, WM, AL, or other disorders was approximately 1% per year. Risk factors for progression are provided. The incidence of MM in Olmsted County, Minnesota, remained stable for the 56-year span 1945–2001. The apparent increase in incidence and mortality rates among patients with MM in many studies is due to improved case ascertainment, especially among the elderly. The incidence and mortality rates of MM in the United States and other countries are presented. The major emphasis is on the cause of MM, which is unclear. Exposure to radiation from atomic bombs, therapeutic and diagnostic radiation, and in workers in the nuclear industry field are addressed. Many studies involving agricultural occupations, exposure to benzene, petroleum products, and engine exhaust and other industrial exposures are discussed. Tobacco use, obesity, diet, and alcohol ingestion are all possible causes of MM. Clusters of MM have been noted. Multiple cases of MM have been found in first-degree relatives.
Recovering accessory minerals from lead and zinc process wastes

Abstract This research is part of a continuing effort to reduce environmental conflicts and occupational hazards associated with mineral processing and to recover valuable constituents in wastes. A laboratory process for lead smelter flue dust (sulfation roasting followed by water leaching) extracts over 950 of the Cd and Zn. Ninety-nine percent of the Cd is recovered from solution by sponging with zinc dust, and Zn is electrowon from the resulting solution after purification. The Cd and Zn leach residue consists largely of PbSO 4 , which is converted to PbCO 3 and leached with H 2 SiF 6 to produce PbSiF 6 electrolyte for lead electrolysis. Accessory minerals (such as Co and Ni) are separated into purification residues for subsequent recovery. A copper-cake residue treatment process consists of leaching with sulfuric acid to extract Cd and Zn, which are recovered as in the flue dust processing. The insoluble residue, containing Cu, As, Co, and Ni, is leached with manganese dioxide and sulfuric acid to solubilize those metals while leaving a residue of PbSO 4 . The solubilized metals are recovered from the leach solution by caustic purification (As and Fe removal) and sequential sulfide precipitations. The products are copper sulfide and cobalt-nickel sulfide. The manganese is reclaimed from the leach liquor as manganese dioxide for recycle.
Inhibition of c-jun N terminal kinase (JNK) improves functional beta cell mass in human islets and leads to AKT and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) phosphorylation.

Aims/hypothesis Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) has been described in islet isolation and engraftment, making JNK a key target in islet transplantation. The objective of this study was to investigate if JNK inhibition with a cell-permeable TAT peptide inhibitor (L-JNKI) protects functional beta cell mass in human islets and affects AKT and its substrates in islet cells.
Survival and Home-range Size of Northern Spotted Owls in Southwestern Oregon

Abstract In the Klamath province of southwestern Oregon, Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) occur in complex, productive forests that historically supported frequent fires of variable severity. However, little is known about the relationships between Spotted Owl survival and home-range size and the characteristics of fire-prone, mixed-conifer forests of the Klamath province. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate monthly survival rates and home-range size in relation to habitat characteristics for Northern Spotted Owls in southwestern Oregon. Home-range size and survival of 15 Northern Spotted Owls was monitored using radiotelemetry in the Ashland Ranger District of the Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest from September 2006 to October 2008. Habitat classes within Spotted Owl home ranges were characterized using a remote-sensed vegetation map of the study area. Estimates of monthly survival ranged from 0.89 to 1.0 and were positively correlated with the number of late-seral h...
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Tooth Profile Modification for Multimesh Gear Vibration

This work studies the effects of tooth profile modification on multimesh gearset vibration. The nonlinear analytical model considers the dynamic load distribution between the individual gear teeth and the influence of variable mesh stiffnesses, profile modifications, and contact loss. The proposed model yields better agreement than two existing models when compared against nonlinear gear dynamics from a finite element/contact mechanics benchmark. These comparisons are made for different loads, profile modifications, and bearing stiffness conditions. This model captures the total and partial contact losses demonstrated by finite element. Perturbation analysis based on the proposed model finds approximate frequency response solutions for the case of no total contact loss due to the optimized system parameters. The closed-form solution is compared with numerical integration and provides guidance for optimizing mesh phasing, contact ratios, and profile modification magnitude and length. DOI: 10.1115/1.2976803
The N = 1 quivers of types An and Dn have finite representation type

We show that under certain conditions, the N = 1 types A and D quivers are of finite representation type.
An experimental study of vertical wall fire in a stratified ambient atmosphere

Abstract Experiments were conducted on flat, vertical samples of polymethylmethacrylate burning in ambient atmospheres having nonuniform vertical distribution of temperature and oxygen mass fraction, simulating wall fire in a room. The stratification of ambient atmosphere was determined by measuring the temperature and oxygen mass fraction variation with the height, and their effect on burning of the wall was determined by measuring the local mass loss rate of the wall as a function of the distance from the leading edge. Measurements were compared with a previously developed model and available data on burning rates in uniform atmosphere. It was clearly seen that the upstream (lower-layer) conditions have a strong effect on the burning of the entire wall via convection of oxygen, and the radiation form the upper layer also affects the burning rates significantly.
Decay of PSI and upsilon into a lepton pair and gluons

Abstract We calculate the decay of a heavy vector quarkonium state into a lepton pair and two gluon jets, in lowest order QCD. We present branching ratios, and the lepton pair spectrum as a function of its invariant mass, and of the missing mass recoiling against it.