cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Newly born dentate granule neurons after pilocarpine-induced epilepsy have hilar basal dendrites with immature synapses

Neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus persists throughout the lifespan of mammals, and the resulting newly born neurons are incorporated into existing hippocampal circuitry. Seizures increase the rate of neurogenesis in the adult rodent brain and result in granule cells in the dentate gyrus with basal dendrites. Using doublecortin (DCX) immunocytochemistry to label newly generated neurons the current study focuses on the electron microscopic features of DCX-labeled cell bodies and dendritic processes in the dentate gyrus of rats with pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. At the base of the granule cell layer clusters of cells that include up to six DCX-labeled cell bodies were observed. The cell bodies in these clusters lacked a one-to-one association with an astrocyte cell body and its processes, a relationship that is typical for newly born granule cells in control rats. Also, DCX-labeled basal dendrites in the hilus had immature synapses while those in control rats lacked synapses. These results indicate that increased neurogenesis after seizures alters the one-to-one relationship between astrocytes and DCX-labeled newly generated neurons at the base of the granule cell layer. The data also suggest that the synapses on DCX-labeled hilar basal dendrites contribute to the persistence of hilar basal dendrites on neurons born after pilocarpine-induced seizures.
Programs developed in response to teen pregnancies

This paper describes programs developed in response to the dramatic rise in adolescent pregnancies and births during the past 15 years. In the main, these programs are targeted to reduce pregnancies among the teen population, as well as to teach teen mothers positive parenting and health care practices. The emphasis on parenting skills arose due to the fact that low-birth-weight and premature children tend to occur in large numbers in teen populations and that these children are at risk for child abuse and neglect. Primary prevention programs are designed, e.g., within school clinics that dispense contraceptives, and are among the most successful of the newer movements in the field. Greater attention currently is given to the teen father. An ideal program is presented and recommended for widespread adoption because the United States continues to experience large numbers of adolescent pregnancies.
Scattering from multilayer coatings: a linear systems model

It is finally being recognized that residual surface roughness over the entire range of relevant spattalfrequencies must be specified and controlled In many precision optical systems. This includes the 'mid" spatial frequency surface errors that span the gap between the traditional "figure" and "finish" errors. This is particularly true for enhanced reflectance multilayers if both high reflectance and high spatial resolution are desired. If we assume that the interfaces making up a multilayer coating are uncorrelated at high spatial frequencies (microroughness) and perfectly correlated at low and mid spatial frequencies, then the multilayer can be thought of as a surface power spectral density (PSD) filter function. Multilayer coatings thus behave as a low-pass spatial frequency filter acting upon the substrate PSD, with the exact location and shape of this cut-off being material and process dependent. This concept allows us to apply conventional linear systems techniques to the evaluation of image quality, and to the derivation of optical fabrication tolerances, for applications utilizing multilayer coatings.
Prospective, randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic pancreatic stent placement for endoscopic snare excision of the duodenal ampulla.

Background Tumors that arise in the region of the major duodenal papilla account for 5% of GI neoplasms and 36% of resectable pancreaticoduodenal tumors. There is limited published literature that addresses the safety of endoscopic excision of the papilla. Although there is consensus about prophylactic pancreatic-duct stent placement, there is little supporting prospective data. The aim of this randomized, controlled trial was to compare the rates of postsnare ampullectomy pancreatitis in patients who did/did not receive prophylactic pancreatic-duct stent placement. Methods Consecutive patients who were to undergo en bloc snare ampullectomy were randomized to placement of pancreatic-duct stent after ampullectomy or to no stent placement. Results In total, 19 patients were enrolled, and 10 received pancreatic stents. Postprocedure pancreatitis occurred in 3 patients in the 24 hours after endoscopy, all cases occurred in the unstented group, 33% vs. 0% (stented group), p =0.02. Median peak amylase level was 3692 U/L (range 1819-4700 U/L) and median peak lipase level was 11450 U/L (range 5900-17,000 U/L). All 3 patients were hospitalized for a median of 2 days (range 1-6), and all made a complete recovery. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a protective effect is conferred by pancreatic stent placement in reducing postampullectomy pancreatitis. Future large-scale studies are required to confirm this benefit.
Classical generalized constant coupling model for geometrically frustrated antiferromagnets

A generalized constant coupling approximation for classical geometrically frustrated antiferromagnets is presented. Starting from a frustrated unit we introduce the interactions with the surrounding units in terms of an internal effective field which is fixed by a self-consistency condition. Results for the magnetic susceptibility and specific heat are compared with Monte Carlo data for the classical Heisenberg model for the pyrochlore and kagom\'e lattices. The predictions for the susceptibility are found to be essentially exact, and the corresponding predictions for the specific heat are found to be in very good agreement with the Monte Carlo results.
Theory for Sintering in Temperature Gradients: Role of Long‐Range, Mass Transport

For a one-component crystalline solid, the driving force for diffusion in a temperature gradient by any path is the gradient in the equilibrium vapor pressure. A When transport is limited by a surface step, the driving force is the difference in vapor pressures at the extremes of the temperature gradients. Sample calculations suggest that temperature gradients are important in driving densification during fast firing and probably are important during conventional firing.
Test of an Alternative Method for Determining Sex from the Os Coxae: Applications for Modern Americans

A recently proposed method for determining sex from the os coxae reports a 98% success rate using European collections. The purposes of the present study are to (1) evaluate the success rate of this proposed method using modern American os coxae from different population subgroups; (2) compare the success rate of the new method with that obtained using traditional techniques; and (3) determine replicability of the new method and interobserver error. Eight hundred and seventy-six adult left os coxae were independently evaluated by both authors. Summary statistics for sex classifications were calculated for the total sample and for a random sample of 400 individuals. The impact of sex and ancestry on the success of each method was calculated on the random sample using Pearson's chi2 values. Results demonstrate that for modern American os coxae, neither sex nor race have a significant impact on the success rate for either the new or traditional methods (p < 0.01). Additionally, the success rate of the new method is comparable with that obtained using traditional techniques. Finally, interobserver error using the new method for overall sex determination is low.
The Prospects of Age War: Inequality between (and within) Age Groups☆

Abstract For decades, political analysts have been predicting a war between age groups over scarce public resources, such as income, health care, and social services. This article examines theoretical propositions and empirical evidence regarding the possibility of such intergenerational conflict. After providing an overview of demographic changes that proponents of age wars use to buttress their arguments of impending conflict, I use data from the 1996 General Social Survey to test for age group differences in public opinion toward government spending on old age assistance. Results from logistic regression models show that age is not a strong differentiator of public opinion on federal government spending for older adults. For only one dependent variable, too little spending on Social Security, did age group differences remain after controlling for demographic, social class, and political affiliation variables—and this in the opposite direction to that predicted by the “gray peril” hypothesis. Empirical results highlight the intersecting cleavages of sex, race, education, income, subjective class location, and political affiliation that reduce the potential for age wars.
When a Slap is Not Just a Slap: The Construction of Normal Violence in Psychiatric Treatment

This research shows how a psychiatrist who was forced to surrender his medical license for criminal and ethical violations, including beatings, kidnapping, false imprisonment, and sexual abuse, was shielded from criticism by his professional colleagues. In their descriptions of his work, they routinely omitted details of his patients’ pain and injuries while concurrently proclaiming his therapeutic successes and good intentions. This single case analysis confirms what labeling theorists have long been telling us about categorical identity: it is not a function of factual correctness. Reference to a physician as “abusive” is not necessarily provided by the fact that he assaults patients before an audience of expert witnesses. Other categories such as “miracle man” or “warrior” or “crusader” can also be justified.
Optimal Least Square Filtering With A Digital Optically Interconnected Processor

Abstract An optical crossbar interconnected signal processor, proposed previously, is reviewed. The ability to implement difficult -to-parallelize algorithms on this processor with reasonable efficiency is illustrated using optimal least square filtering. An inversefilter for removing the effects of a ringing source from reflected data is used as an example. A large number of Toeplitz matrixequations must be solved to determine the optimum inverse filter length and phase. Efficient parallel computation is required. Equations for Levinson's algorithm are provided and an implementation on the optical system is suggested. Performance estimates suggest that interleaving may be used to improve efficiency from 5% to approximately 30 %. Introduction An optical crossbar interconnected signal processor was proposed previously that has a large number of processing element.connected via optical fibers to an optical crossbar switch'''. A deformable mirror device is used to construct the crossbar switch.I previously showed how to efficiently implement basic signal processing algorithms such as an FFT, systolic filter, and matrix -
On the convergence of averages of mixing sequences

We construct an absolutely regular stationary random sequence which is an instantaneous bounded function of an aperiodic recurrent Markov chain with a countable state space, such that the large deviation principle fails for the arithmetic means of the sequence, while the exponential convergence holds. We also show that exponential convergence holds for the arithmetic means of a vector valued strictly stationary bounded ϕ-mixing sequence.
When everyone’s a winner

Win‐win analysis involves finding alternatives to policy and other problems so that conservatives, liberals and other major viewpoints can all come out ahead of their best initial expectations. Win‐win thinking is increasing, due to such developments as the end of the Cold War, free trade, growth economics and new computerized technologies that provide increased benefits while reducing costs. But above all it is driven by the knowledge that everyone benefits from consensus, and that alternative systems of conflict‐resolution have not served us well in the past.
Molecular population genetics of sequence length diversity in the Adh region of Drosophila pseudoobscura.

Positive and negative selection on indel variation may explain the correlation between intron length and recombination levels in natural populations of Drosophila. A nucleotide sequence analysis of the 3.5 kilobase sequence of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) region from 139 Drosophila pseudoobscura strains and one D. miranda strain was used to determine whether positive or negative selection acts on indel variation in a gene that experiences high levels of recombination. A total of 30 deletion and 36 insertion polymorphisms were segregating within D. pseudoobscura populations and no indels were fixed between D. pseudoobscura and its two sibling species D. miranda and D. persimilis. The ratio of Tajima's D to its theoretical minimum value (D m i n ) was proposed as a metric to assess the heterogeneity in D among D. pseudoobscura loci when the number of segregating sites differs among loci. The magnitude of the D/D m i n ratio was found to increase as the rate of population expansion increases, allowing one to assess which loci have an excess of rare variants due to population expansion versus purifying selection. D. pseudoobscura populations appear to have had modest increases in size accounting for some of the observed excess of rare variants. The D/D m i n ratio rejected a neutral model for deletion polymorphisms. Linkage disequilibrium among pairs of indels was greater than between pairs of segregating nucleotides. These results suggest that purifying selection removes deletion variation from intron sequences, but not insertion polymorphisms. Genome rearrangement and size-dependent intron evolution are proposed as mechanisms that limit runaway intron expansion.
Clinical efficacy of buprenorphine: comparisons to methadone and placebo

Buprenorphine has been studied extensively since 1978 when it was initially proposed as an alternative to methadone for treatment of opioid dependence. Early work by Jasinski et al., 1978; Mello and Mendelson, 1980; Mello et al., 1982; Mello et al., 1983 and Mendelson et al., 1984 and their colleagues demonstrated buprenorphine's low physical abuse potential and its ability to substitute for heroin and reduce heroin self-administration in opiate-dependent humans. The subsequent early clinical studies suggested that, in clinical settings, buprenorphine was a safe and efficacious opiate dependence pharmacotherapy. Formal approval for general clinical use, however, required that systematic data be gathered on buprenorphine's safety and efficacy in larger groups and a series of controlled clinical trials was designed to evaluate its utility from a medication development perspective. In general, these trials adhered to one of three basic protocol designs: comparison of buprenorphine to methadone; dose comparisons using dose response as an indicator of efficacy; and comparison of buprenorphine to placebo. Retention in treatment, reduction in illicit drug use and craving, and patient and staff ratings of improvements were the most frequently used outcome indicators in these trials. Additional data collected included optimum dosing and dosage schedules, adverse reactions and common side-effects, and other information intended to clarify buprenorphine's benefit-risk relationship and to help prepare guidelines for its safe marketing and utilization by physicians in general clinical practice. This paper presents a review of the buprenorphine/methadone comparison trials conducted in the United States and two such trials conducted in Europe. Also reviewed are three placebo-controlled trials and a buprenorphine/methadone detoxification study. Overall, this series of studies did firmly establish the efficacy of buprenorphine alone and in comparison to methadone.
Increased anesthetic requirements for isoflurane, halothane, enflurane and desflurane in obese zucker rats are associated with insulin-induced stimulation of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase

A wide spectrum of structurally disparate inhalational anesthetics reduce brain synaptic plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) activity, whereas phospholipid methyltransferase I (PLMTI) is enhanced by anesthetics. Several rat models with incidental or disease-induced reduction of PMCA and enhancement of PLMTI activities manifest increased sensitivity to inhalational anesthetics. Because insulin is known to stimulate PMCA, anesthetic requirements in hyperinsulinemic obese Zucker rats (fa/fa) and in normoinsulinemic lean Zucker heterozygotes (fa/+) were examined, and brain synaptic PMCA and PLMTI activities were determined in both genotypes. Significantly higher partial pressures of halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane were required to inhibit the pain response in obese rats compared to lean Zucker rats. Dose dependent stimulation of PMCA pumping was observed in synaptic membranes from both types, but insulin concentrations in extracts of diencephalon-mesencephalon, cerebellum, and medulla (but not cortex) were higher in obese than in lean Zucker rats. Microdialysis of three subcortical regions showed marked increases in insulin levels with halothane exposure in obese rats, compared to lean controls. These observations in an anesthetic resistant rat model lend further support to the hypothesis that the calcium pump plays a functional role in production of the anesthetic state.
Fabrication of ultrasmall tunnel junctions by electron‐beam lithography

Fabrication of a variety of ultrasmall tunneling structures is presented for possible applications in single electronics. Two main structures are described: (i) arrays of nanometer‐scale metal dots and (ii) single and multiple linear tunnel junctions formed by overlapping lines. Very large, uniform particle arrays were fabricated by electron‐beam lithography (EBL) with particle diameters as small as 25 nm. The advantage of our dot array system is its high degree of uniformity and very small junction size coupled with the use of isolated particles to reduce stray capacitance effects. Single and multiple linear tunnel junctions were fabricated by EBL using single‐layer resist and angled evaporations. Our fabrication technique differs from previous ones in its ability to create very small tunnel junctions without the need for multilayer resist systems or precise knowledge of the angle of evaporation.
On the nature of the hypertrophied pituitary gland induced in the mouse by I131 injections, and the mechanism of its development.

THE occurrence of pituitary tumors in mice treated with radioactive iodine has recently been reported by Gorbman (1949). Pronounced enlargement of the gland was observed as early as 150 days after single injections of 100-1000μc. of I131, and by the time 1-2 years had elapsed, pituitaries as large as 200–240 mg. were found. The normal pituitary in the strains of mice used by Gorbman weighed approximately 2 mg. In a recent study carried out in this laboratory (Goldberg and Chaikoff, 1950), distinct enlargement of the pituitary gland was not observed in rats similarly treated with I131. Rats weighing about 250 gm. were injected with 875μc. of I131. Their glands, examined 11 months later, weighed from 12-Jun mg. Pituitary glands of uninjected controls weighed 6–9 mg. The pituitaries of the I131-treated rats were not larger than those observed in rats subjected to surgical thyroidectomy.
Autoradiographic localization of radioactivity in rat brain after injection of tritiated sex hormones.

Radioactivity was found in cell bodies of neurons and glial cells throughout brains of male and female rats that had been injected with either testosterone-H3 or estradiol-H3. Uptake by limbic and hypothalamic structures was higher and longer lasting than that in nonlimbic structures. In all brains, the preoptic area, prepiriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, and septum had particularly high, long-lasting uptake of both hormones.
Radiation-Induced Erythema Multiforme An Unusual Presentation with Elastic Tissue Phagocytosis

A 51-year-old white man, presented with a two-day history of an eruption on his chest, back, hands, and forearms. He was receiving radiation therapy for biopsy-proven large cell carcinoma of the lung. The tumor was found to be diffusely metastatic by bone scan. Two weeks after completing his last series of radiation treatments, an eruption started on the dorsal aspect of both hands, then spread to his palms, forearms, chest and upper back. The lesions were slightly painful but there was no associated pruritus, fever, myalgias, or arthralgias
Characterization of the non-crystalline phase of oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) by chain-intrinsic fluorescence

Abstract We have investigated the suitability of the chain-intrinsic fluorescent properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) for characterizing ‘amorphous orientation’ in semicrystalline films and fibres of this polymer. By developing an apparatus which permits the polarized fluorescence to be measured in the optical axis, we have eliminated possible sources of measurement error. Our results provide further evidence that the increase in fluorescence intensity at high draw ratios arises from light scattering between crystallites and not from an increase in the population of fluorescent dimers. This cause of intensity increase would have no influence on the orientation function, and one can correct for any significant depolarization due to scattered light. For hot-drawn film, the amorphous orientation data obtained from intrinsic fluorescence provide a consistent explanation of the influence of strain rate on the induction and development of crystallinity. For fibres, our intrinsic fluorescence data confirm that high speed spinning results in substantially lower amorphous orientation than spin-drawing, and that amorphous orientation goes through a maximum as a function of spinning speed. These fluorescence results are in very good qualitative agreement with data we obtained from a birefringence/X-ray method; quantitative differences seem to arise from the choice of values for intrinsic birefringence (Δoc and Δoa) required in the latter method. Determination of Δoc and Δoa using amorphous orientation data from the fluorescence method provides support for the argument that these values are not truly intrinsic, but are dependent on the structural state of the crystalline and amorphous regions.
Application of Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Persymmetric Covariance Matrices to Adaptive Processing

The optimum weights for an adaptive processor are determined by solving a particular matrix equation. When, as is usually true in practice, the covariance matrix is unknown, a matrix estimator is required. Estimating the matrix can be computationally burden some. Methods of decreasing the computational burden by exploiting persymmetric symmetries are discussed. It is shown that the number of independent vector measurements required for the estimator can be decreased by up to a factor of two.
Inhibitory Fields in the Limulus Lateral Eye

The inhibition that is exerted mutually among receptor units (ommatidia) of the lateral eye of Limulus does not diminish uniformly with increasing distance between units. Instead the response of a receptor unit is most effectively inhibited by other units separated from it by approximately 1 mm (three to five receptor diameters); the effectiveness diminishes with distances both greater and less than this value. The ommatidial inhibitory field as measured by the spatial function of the inhibitory coefficients contains a uniform depression in the central region, a uniformly high annulus at some distance from the center, and a gradual tapering off toward the periphery. The field is large—covering over 30 % of the retina—and is somewhat elliptical in shape with its major axis in the anteroposterior direction on the lateral eye. A number of experiments reveal similar configurations in a sizable part of the eye. Control experiments show that the diminution of the inhibitory effects near the center of the field is not an artifact of the measuring technique and cannot be explained readily by local neural excitatory processes.
United States Navy (USN) Integrated Power System (IPS) Gas Turbine Generator Set Test Experience

Many Navies around the world have either committed to or are considering utilizing an integrated electric propulsion and ship service power system for their next generation of surface combatants. An integrated system provides for greater operational flexibility, efficiency, and survivability as described in Reference [1]. Two examples of this concept are the Type 45 Destroyer program for the Royal Navy and the DD (X) program for the US Navy. The machinery plant for the Type 45 will include both gas turbine and diesel generators sets, and although not determined yet, the DD (X) plant will undoubtedly include gas turbine prime movers. The US Navy has been evaluating a gas turbine generator based Integrated Power System (IPS) architecture at the Land Based Engineering Site (LBES) at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Ship Systems Engineering Station (NSWCCD-SSES) in Philadelphia, Pa since 1999. This paper will describe the IPS configuration, test program, gas turbine generators, gas turbine generator operational experience, and recommendations for future systems.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Surgical restoration/repair of articular cartilage injuries in athletes.

AbstractArticular cartilage injuries of the knee are an increasingly common source of pain and dysfunction, particularly in the athletic population. In the athlete, untreated articular cartilage defects can represent a career threatening injury and create a significant obstacle in returning to full athletic participation. The markedly limited healing potential of articular cartilage often leads to continued deterioration and progressive functional limitations. Numerous studies have shown that full thickness articular cartilage lesions are frequently encountered at the time of arthroscopy, particularly associated with athletic injury. A variety of surgical treatment options exist, including debridement, microfracture, osteochondral autograft, osteochondral allograft, and autologous chondrocyte implantation. Each technique has advantages and limitations for restoring articular cartilage function, and emerging technology continues to improve the results of treatment. Our article provides an evidence-based re...
Testing Long-Period Ground-Motion Simulations of Scenario Earthquakes Using the Mw 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah Mainshock: Evaluation of Finite-Fault Rupture Characterization and 3D Seismic Velocity Models

Using a suite of five hypothetical finite-fault rupture models, we test the ability of long-period ( T >2.0 s) ground-motion simulations of scenario earthquakes to produce waveforms throughout southern California consistent with those recorded during the 4 April 2010 M w 7.2 El Mayor-Cucapah earthquake. The hypothetical ruptures are generated using the methodology proposed by Graves and Pitarka (2010) and require, as inputs, only a general description of the fault location and geometry, event magnitude, and hypocenter, as would be done for a scenario event. For each rupture model, two Southern California Earthquake Center three-dimensional community seismic velocity models (CVM-4m and CVM-H62) are used, resulting in a total of 10 ground-motion simulations, which we compare with recorded ground motions. While the details of the motions vary across the simulations, the median levels match the observed peak ground velocities reasonably well, with the standard deviation of the residuals generally within 50% of the median. Simulations with the CVM-4m model yield somewhat lower variance than those with the CVM-H62 model. Both models tend to overpredict motions in the San Diego region and underpredict motions in the Mojave desert. Within the greater Los Angeles basin, the CVM-4m model generally matches the level of observed motions, whereas the CVM-H62 model tends to overpredict the motions, particularly in the southern portion of the basin. The variance in the peak velocity residuals is lowest for a rupture that has significant shallow slip (<5 km depth), whereas the variance in the residuals is greatest for ruptures with large asperities below 10 km depth. Overall, these results are encouraging and provide confidence in the predictive capabilities of the simulation methodology, while also suggesting some regions in which the seismic velocity models may need improvement.
Sorption isotherms for predicting potassium requirements of some Iowa soils

Abstract The sorption isotherm technique was used in predicting potassium requirements of some Iowa soils for growing tomatoes, potatoes, celery and beans. Based on previous comparisons, all of these soils would require additional amounts of K for optimum yields of celery, potatoes, tomatoes and beans. According to Woodruff's energy of exchange concept of K availability, all the soils used in this study are potassium deficient. Amounts of K needed to maintain a specific level of K in sorption equilibrium solution appeared to be largely a function of physicochemical characteristics of the soil. Predicted K requirements of these soils for optimum yields of these crops are reported.
Light Microscopy of Living Tissue: The State and Future of the Art

Since its introduction over a decade ago, confocal microscopy has found wide applicability in the microscopy of thick specimens and living tissue because of its ability to obtain images from deep inside the sample without interference from scattered or out-of-focus light. Three new instruments that are capable of imaging optically dense specimens such as the skin are considered here: a modified tandem-scanning confocal, the video-rate laser-scanning confocal microscope (both of which were developed specifically to examine skin in vivo), and the two-photon laser-scanning microscope, a design which is “inherently confocal.” The tandem-scanning and video-rate confocals use visible and infra-red light, respectively, to acquire reflection images, whereas the two-photon scanner is a fluorescence microscope. The advantages and drawbacks of each of these instruments is considered. Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings 3:166–171, 1998
Enhanced Release of Norepinephrine in Rat Hippocampus during Spontaneous Alternation Tests

Recent evidence suggests that release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the hippocampus is associated with performance on a spontaneous alternation task and with enhancement of that performance by systemic and central injections of glucose. The present study extended these findings by examining norepinephrine (NE) release in the hippocampus using in vivo microdialysis while rats were tested for spontaneous alternation performance with and without prior injections (ip) of glucose. Microdialysis samples were collected every 12 min and assayed for NE content by HPLC-ECD. Like ACh, NE release in hippocampus increased during spontaneous alternation testing. As in past experiments, administration of glucose (250 mg/kg) significantly enhanced alternation scores. However, glucose did not influence NE release either during behavioral testing or at rest. These findings contrast with prior evidence showing that glucose augments testing-related increases in ACh release. The findings suggest that norepinephrine is released within the hippocampus while rats are engaged in alternation performance. However, increased release of norepinephrine apparently does not contribute to the enhancement of alternation scores produced by glucose.
White and Black Careers During the First Decade of Labor Force Experience. Part I: Occupational Status.

Abstract Retrospective life history data are used in this analysis of the processes which lead to differential levels of occupational success, using data collected from cohorts of black and white men, aged 30–39 in 1968. The analysis shows that educational level far outweighs other individual characteristics in determining the occupational status of first jobs. The value of education for whites is about twice that for blacks. Results indicate that 58.3% of the status difference between blacks and whites is due to the different levels of background resources brought to the labor market, 32.5% is due to differences in efficacy of these resources, with the remaining 9.2% due to unexplained differences. The analysis of later job statuses shows that the initial status difference between the two groups was 5.59 status units, and widens to 10.95 units by the end of 10 years. The effects of occupational status of four clusters of intervening events and experiences are examined; educational activities, occupational activities, marital and family events, and residential movement. For both blacks and whites, activities in the educational sphere are most important in incrementing status. In determining the extent to which racial differences in status change are caused by differential levels of resources or differential efficacy of these resources, the analysis shows that approximately half the differences in status changes is due to original levels of resources and approximately half to the differential efficacy of the same resources and activities. In examining the effects of the intervening events, however, the efficacy of these events (primarily part-time education and on-the-job training) is just as great for blacks as for whites.
Influence of sialic acid on cell surface properties in I-cell disease fibroblasts

Fibroblasts derived from patients with I-cell disease have been shown to accumulate many natural substrates including a three to fourfold increase in sialic acid content compared to that found in normal fibroblasts. This diverse accumulation of storage material is due to a massive deficiency of multiple lysosomal hydrolases as they are preferentially excreted into the culture fluid. There is evidence that the I-cell plasma membrane itself is abnormal with respect to certain transferase activities and in its sensitivity to freezing and Triton X-100. In this study, we have shown that a neuraminidase-sensitive substrate, and perhaps others in I-cell fibroblasts, contribute to an increased electronegativity of the I-cell fibroblast surface and to the cells' sensitivity to freezing. We also found that neuraminidase treatment of I-cell fibroblasts before preservative freezing in liquid nitrogen enables the cells to adapt more easily to subculture upon thawing.
A Note On Fourfold Point Correlation

Formulas are presented for a modification of Pearson's fourfold point correlation possessing always-attainable limits of ± 1 and intermediate values operationally interpretable in terms of proporti...
LOGIC‐BASED MEASUREMENT OF VERBAL REASONING: A KEY TO INCREASED VALIDITY AND ECONOMY

The purpose of this paper is to define logic-based measurement as a method of measurement in which all measures (test items) are constructed according to the applicable inferential formulae of logic. Such a method of test construction brings into verbal reasoning tests the inferential objectivity of numerical reasoning tests. The availability of such a technology has powerful implications in personnel selection regarding real-life prediction of inferential performance, the legal defensibility of personnel selection tests, the design of economical, inferentially nonredundant tests, and the design of test taxonomies in which basic inferential processes can be thoroughly sampled. These implications are discussed in this paper. Also the paper includes a discussion of the linkage of logic-based measurement with other recently developed technologies such as validity generalization and computer-tailored testing.
The kinetics of surface craze growth in polycarbonate exposed to normal hydrocarbons

A variable radius of curvature strain bending apparatus has been used to investigate the propagation of surface crazes in polycarbonate exposed to a series of normal hydrocarbons fromn-hexane ton-dodecane. In all cases it was found that for crazes growing in a zone free of other crazes, the growth rate was linear at constant temperature, and exponentially dependent upon temperature. An activated-state theory was developed to describe the kinetics of growth in terms of two parameters,B, a dimensionless strain constant which was independent of both the test variables and the crazing agent used, andA′ a characteristic growth rate parameter that varied exponentially with temperature whereA′=G0 exp —ΔEG/RT. The rate constantG0 and the activation energy ΔEG correlate with the square of the difference between the solubility parameters of the crazing agent and polycarbonate.
Optimization of magnetic powdered activated carbon for aqueous Hg(II) removal and magnetic recovery

Activated carbon is known to adsorb aqueous Hg(II). MPAC (magnetic powdered activated carbon) has the potential to remove aqueous Hg to less than 0.2 μg/L while being magnetically recoverable. Magnetic recapture allows simple sorbent separation from the waste stream while an isolated waste potentially allows for mercury recycling. MPAC Hg-removal performance is verified by mercury mass balance, calculated by quantifying adsorbed, volatilized, and residual aqueous mercury. The batch reactor contained a sealed mercury-carbon contact chamber with mixing and constant N(2) (g) headspace flow to an oxidizing trap. Mercury adsorption was performed using spiked ultrapure water (100 μg/L Hg). Mercury concentrations were obtained using EPA method 245.1 and cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. MPAC synthesis was optimized for Hg removal and sorbent recovery according to the variables: C:Fe, thermal oxidation temperature and time. The 3:1 C:Fe preserved most of the original sorbent surface area. As indicated by XRD patterns, thermal oxidation reduced the amorphous characteristic of the iron oxides but did not improve sorbent recovery and damaged porosity at higher oxidation temperatures. Therefore, the optimal synthesis variables, 3:1 C:Fe mass ratio without thermal oxidation, which can achieve 92.5% (± 8.3%) sorbent recovery and 96.3% (± 9%) Hg removal. The mass balance has been closed to within approximately ± 15%.
Characteristics of Granular Cold-Water Gelling Starches of Cereal Grains and Legumes Prepared Using Liquid Ammonia and Ethanol

ABSTRACT Starches of wheat, corn, smooth and wrinkled peas, and chickpeas were modified to a free-flowing powder of granular cold-water gelling (GCWG) starch using liquid ammonia and ethanol at 23°C and atmospheric pressure. Amylose content of starches was 26.3% in wheat, 27.1% in corn, 35.4% in chickpeas, 43.2% in smooth peas, and 79.9% in wrinkled peas. The modified starches remained in granular form with an increased number of grooves and fissures on the surface of the granules compared with native starch, while the crystallinity was mostly lost, as shown by X-ray diffractograms and DSC endothermic enthalpies. Pasting viscosity of modified starches at 23°C was 171 BU and 305 BU in wheat and corn, respectively, and much higher in legume starches, ranging from 545 BU to 814 BU. Viscosities of modified legume starches at 23°C were at least twice as high as those of native starches determined at 92.5°C. Swelling power of modified starches at 23°C ranged from 8.7 g/g to 15.3 g/g, while swelling power of nat...
Constitution and Similarity

Whenever an object constitutes, makes up orcomposes another object, the objects inquestion share a striking number of properties. This paper is addressed to the question of whatmight account for the intimate relation andstriking similarity between constitutionallyrelated objects. According to my account, thesimilarities between constitutionally relatedobjects are captured at least in part by meansof a principle akin to that of strongsupervenience. My paper addresses two mainissues. First, I propose independentlyplausible principles by means of which todelineate, in a non-ad-hoc, non-stipulative andnon-circular fashion, those properties whichcan be expected to be shared amongconstitutionally related objects in virtue oftheir being so related from those which ingeneral cannot be expected to be shared, orwhich are shared for other reasons. Secondly,I spell out in detail the nature of thesupervenience-principle at work in thiscontext. My account thus aims at isolating, ina methodologically responsible fashion, theparticular sort of restricted indiscernibilityprinciple which is a component of theconstitution-relation.
The consumer welfare implications of the hospital ownership mix in the US: an exploratory study

This paper offers an empirical test concerning how hospital ownership mix affects consumer welfare in the US. The test compares the market benefits and costs resulting from an increased presence of nonprofit hospitals by observing empirically how the nonprofit market share impacts hospital care utilization at the margin. The empirical results suggest that too many not-for-profit and public hospitals exist in the inpatient care segment of the typical hospital services industry of the US. In contrast, the empirical findings indicate that too many for-profit hospitals operate in the outpatient care portion of the hospital services industry. The policy implication is that more quality of care per dollar might be obtained by promoting increased for-profit activity to inpatient care and more nonprofit activity to outpatient care in some market areas. This conclusion, however, is tempered with several caveats. We discuss these and also make recommendations for further research.
Comparison of buck converter small signal dynamics for pulse-width modulated and quasi-resonant switches

The generalized canonical model obtained from extended state-space averaging is employed as a design tool for evaluation of the buck converter dynamics in different switching schemes. Designs are given at a specified constant conversion ratio and load for the pulse-width modulated, zero-current, zero-voltage, and nonlinear resonant switch full and half-wave converters. The small-signal equivalent-circuit model of each is discussed, and the feedback effects introduced by resonant switching on line and control transfer functions are evaluated. The small-signal transfer functions of half-wave converters are heavily load-current dependent, resulting in much greater damping at light loads than for full-wave converters, even to the point of causing two real poles in the converter response instead of a complex conjugate pair. This damping effect is evaluated over the entire normalized load current range for the linear and nonlinear zero-current switching converters, and simple approximate expressions are given for the real poles. Experimental verification of the half-wave analysis is presented, and good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained. >
The effects on hemostasis of oral contraceptives containing desogestrel

Epidemiologic research has shown that current low-dose estrogen oral contraceptives are associated with a low risk of vascular events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis or thromboembolism). Yet questions still persist about the effects of low-dose oral contraceptives on the cardiovascular system. Changes in the coagulation system have been linked primarily to the estrogen component; however, it has been proposed that the progestin may have an influence on the fibrinolytic system. Desogestrel, a new gonane progestin, has been commercially available in Europe since 1981. It has been widely shown to produce minimal changes of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems, and it has not been associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disorders.
Peripheral-motion-triggered attention

A model vision system that includes compensation for self-motion, in terms of an explicit conversion of retinal stimuli to an egocentric map, is considered. In particular, an extension of that model, with a hybrid scheme for object position constancy in which spatial operations are carried out in an egocentric map while object recognition is performed in allocentric space, is reported. The concept of stimulus synchronized optic flow for encoding visual motion is introduced. Its utility for preattentive direction of attention is discussed, and preliminary experimental results are presented. >
Intercultural communication and related courses taught in tesol masters' degree programs☆

Abstract This study reviewed courses in or related to intercultural communication taught in TESOL masters' programs in the United States. Out of the 178 TESOL masters' programs listed in the Directory of Professional Preparation Programs in TESOL in the United States (Kornblum, 1992), 85 programs listed an intercultural communication or related course. Letters were sent to each of these programs requesting course syllabi. The response rate was 75 per cent. The course syllabi were used us the primary data source. The analysis of the syllabi examined course objectives, content, materials and requirements. Analysis revealed a great deal of variation in course goals and objectives, course content, and course textbooks and materials. Perhaps the most noticeable finding was that less than half of TESOL masters' programs offered a course related to intercultural communication.
Interaction of cyanide and nitric oxide with cytochrome c oxidase: implications for acute cyanide toxicity.

Acute cyanide toxicity is attributed to inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX), the oxygen-reducing component of mitochondrial electron transport; however, the mitochondrial action of cyanide is complex and not completely understood. State-3 oxygen consumption and CcOX activity were studied in rat N27 mesencephalic cells to examine the functional interaction of cyanide and nitric oxide (NO). KCN produced a concentrationdependent inhibition of cellular respiration. Cyanide’s median inhibitory concentration (IC50) of oxygen consumption (13.2 ± 1.8mM) was higher than the CcOX IC50 (7.2 ± 0.1mM). Based on respiratory threshold analysis, 60% inhibition of CcOX was necessary before oxygen consumption was decreased. Addition of high levels of exogenous NO (100mM S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DLpenicillamine) attenuated cyanide inhibition of both respiration and CcOX. On the other hand, when endogenous NO generation was blocked by an NOS inhibitor (N v -monomethyl-L-arginine ester), the cyanide IC50 for both respiration and CcOX increased to 59.6 ± 0.9mM and 102 ± 10mM, respectively, thus showing constitutive, low-level NO production enhanced cyanide inhibition. Laser scanning cytometry showed that cyanide elevated mitochondrial NO, which then was available to interact with CcOX to enhance the inhibition. It is concluded that the rapid, potent action of cyanide is due in part to mitochondrial generation of NO, which enhances inhibition of CcOX. At low mitochondrial oxygen tensions, the cyanide-NO interaction would be increased. Also, the antidotal action of sodium nitrite is partly explained by generation of high mitochondrial levels of NO, which antagonizes the CcOX inhibition.
Describing Instrumental Music Teachers’ Thinking: Implications for Understanding Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Pedagogical content knowledge, the particular ways that teachers understand their subjects in order to instruct others, has been described and explored in the math and science education fields in s...