cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Value of Recovery Transformers in Protecting an Electric Transmission Grid Against Attack

This paper incorporates, as part of an attacker-defender (AD) model for an electric power transmission grid, an inventory of “recovery spares” for high-voltage transformers (HVTs). In this sequential-game model, an attacker first uses limited resources to disable grid components, seeking to maximize second-stage “total cost.” This value corresponds to a defender who operates the damaged grid to minimize generating and economic load-shedding costs. The defender's problem includes 1) optimal power-flow solutions to represent post-attack operations, 2) optimized replacement of disabled HVTs with quickly installable recovery spares, and 3) longer-term replacements using new procurements. Global Benders decomposition, with a mixed-integer subproblem, solves the AD model; new enumerative techniques help solve the decomposition's master problem and subproblems. Computational tests demonstrate tradeoffs between the number of recovery spares and worst-case total cost, and show how the model could help guide an inventory strategy for recovery spares in an adversarial setting.
Legal Progressivism, the Courts, and the Crisis of the 1890's

Reform spokesmen, believing that fundamental issues of social control were involved, hailed the refusal of the judiciary to intervene in the 1880's against state regulation of corporate power. The progressive triumph was short-lived. Reversing the earlier trend, the courts retreated into economic conservatism, but in so doing generated the fierce pressures that were later to explode into new outbursts of legal and social revolt.
The role of articulation in the production of rhesus monkey, Macaca mulatta, vocalizations

Abstract Abstract. Many non-human primates have large and acoustically diverse vocal repertoires. However, our understanding of the phonatory mechanisms underlying such acoustic variation is poor. Representative exemplars of some of the articulatory gestures used by free-ranging rhesus monkeys while uttering a range of vocalizations are provided. Results reveal that different call types appear to be associated with characteristic lip configurations and mandibular positions. Quantitative analyses of the 'coo' vocalization indicate that changes in the position of the mandible are reliably associated with changes in dominant frequency (i.e. resonance frequency), but not with changes in fundamental frequency. This finding suggests that rhesus monkeys can modify the spectral properties of the signal, independent of the glottal source (i.e. fundamental frequency). Such articulatory manoeuvres contribute to the animal's potential acoustic space, thereby potentially increasing the array of meaningful vocalizations within the repertoire.
Migration and escape of barium atoms in a thermionic cathode

A quantitative study of the physical processes on a thermionic cathode that are crucial to both cathode life and noise are investigated. Of particular interest are the transport of the barium atoms from the cathode interior to the cathode surface and beyond. To investigate these physical processes, a model of barium migration to the surface and its subsequent removal by bulk and monolayer evaporation and ion spattering is presented. This model incorporates material and tube environment parameters for the calculation of key terms governing diffusion, evaporation, and sputtering. Estimates of coverage, adsorbate work function values, lifetime, and current density are made, which are in qualitative agreement with the experiment. The model is based on a hopping model of barium diffusion to determine barium concentration within the cathode and the surface coverage ratio. Insofar as possible, all parameters are determined from simple models of the underlying physical processes.
Blur identification based on kurtosis minimization

In this paper, we describe an algorithm for identifying a parametrically described blur based on kurtosis minimization. Using different choices for the parameters of the blur, the noisy blurred image is restored using Wiener filter. We use the kurtosis as a measurement of the quality of the restored image. From the set of the candidate deblurred images, the one with the minimum kurtosis is selected. The proposed technique is tested in a simulated experiment on a variety of blurs including atmospheric turbulence blurs, Gaussian blurs, and out-of-focus blurs. The proposed approach is also tested on real blurred images. Moreover, we test the performance when a wrong blur model is given. Our experiments show that the kurtosis minimization measurements match well with methods that maximize PSNR.
Transition to an Oral Anticoagulant in Patients With Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Recommendations for transitioning from therapy with heparin or a low-molecular-weight heparin preparation to therapy with an oral anticoagulant in patients with acute venous or arterial thromboembolism have undergone several changes during the last two decades. Physicians are now comfortable with beginning treatment with an oral anticoagulant once the diagnosis is confirmed, and loading doses are no longer considered to be necessary. Exceptions to early transition may be necessary in patients with an extensive iliofemoral or axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism where thrombolytic agents may be indicated, or in individuals who require surgery or other invasive procedures, or if there are concerns about bleeding. The avoidance of early transition to oral anticoagulants in patients with acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia also has been advised because of the potential for further thrombotic complications, including venous limb gangrene and warfarin-induced skin necrosis Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Focus on Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
How Promptly Are Inpatients Treated for Critical Laboratory Results

Objective: The purpose of the study is to determine how frequently critical laboratory results (CLRs) occur and how rapidly they are acted upon. A CLR was defined as a result that met either the critical reporting criteria used by the laboratory at Brigham and Women's Hospital or other, more complex criteria. Design: This is a retrospective cohort study in a large academic tertiary-care hospital. Measurements: The proportion of chemistry and hematology results obtained in a 13-day period that met the hospital laboratory's critical reporting criteria were calculated. The charts of a stratified random sample of patients with CLRs due to sodium, potassium, and glucose were reviewed to determine the time interval until an appropriate treatment was ordered and the time interval until the critical condition was resolved. Results: In 13 days, 1938 of 201,037 laboratory results (0.96%, or 0.44 per patient-day) met the hospital's critical reporting criteria. In the chart review, 222 CLRs were included in the stratified random sample, and 99 of these met the inclusion criteria. Among these 99 CLRs, the median time interval until an appropriate treatment was ordered was 2.5 hours. This interval was 1.8 hours when the CLR met the laboratory's criteria and a phone call was made, and 2.8 hours when the CLR met more complex criteria not requiring a phone call (p = 0.07). For 27 (27%) of the CLRs, an appropriate treatment was ordered only after five or more hours. The median time until the condition resolved was 14.3 hours: 12.0 hours for CLRs that met the hospital's criteria and 20.9 hours for the CLRs that met the more complex criteria (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Although CLRs meeting the hospital's criteria were reported promptly by the laboratory, treatment delays were still common. Results that did not meet the hospital's critical criteria but still represented serious clinical situations were more often associated with treatment delays. Difficulty communicating critical results directly to the responsible caregiver is the likely cause of some delays in treatment. New communications methods, including computer-based technologies, should be explored and tested for their potential to reduce treatment delays and improve clinical care.
Tuberculous Abscesses in Patients with AIDS

Five cases of large tuberculous abscesses in patients with AIDS were observed over a 2-year period at the New York Veterans Affairs Medical Center. These cases represent 11.6% of the 43 cases of tuberculosis diagnosed in patients with AIDS during that period. The abscesses were located in the liver, abdominal wall, psoas muscle, mediastinum, and peripancreatic area. All patients presented with localized pain or swelling, and four of five patients had fever. The diagnosis was made on the basis of detection of abscesses on computed tomography (CT) and the results of culture of abscess material obtained by CT-guided aspiration. CT-guided therapeutic drainage was performed in two cases. Despite administration of therapy, two of five patients died of tuberculous infection. Formation of tuberculous abscesses appears to be a common complication of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. This diagnosis should be considered for patients with AIDS who have fever and localized pain or swelling.
Effects of selective testosterone and estradiol withdrawal on skeletal sensitivity to parathyroid hormone in men.

Context: Gonadal steroid withdrawal increases bone turnover and causes bone loss in men, but the underlying mechanisms have not been defined. We previously reported that gonadal steroid deprivation increases the skeletal sensitivity to the bone resorbing properties of PTH infusion in men, but it is not known whether this effect is mediated by the absence of androgens, estrogens, or both. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the selective effects of testosterone and estradiol withdrawal on the skeletal sensitivity to PTH infusion in healthy adult men. Design and Setting: We randomly assigned 58 healthy men between the ages of 20 and 45 yr to receive treatment with combinations of a GnRH analog, an aromatase inhibitor, and hormone add-back therapy to produce the following treatment groups: group 1 (testosterone and estradiol deficient, n = 16); group 2 (testosterone sufficient but estradiol deficient, n = 12); group 3 (testosterone deficient but estradiol sufficient, n = 14); and group 4 (...
Application of Multiple-Instance Learning for Hyperspectral Image Analysis

Multiple-instance learning (MIL) is a learning paradigm used for learning a target concept in the presence of noise or with an uncertainty in target information including class labels. Due to the difficult situations in which hyperspectral images (HSIs) are collected, research in this area is extremely relevant and directly applicable. In the following, an MIL framework is proposed for target spectra learning for HSI analysis. MIL techniques are compared to their non-MIL counterparts (standard machine learning techniques). Experimental results indicate that MIL can learn target spectra with a lack of target information and, furthermore, result in improved classifiers.
Psychometric Properties of the 8-Item English Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale in a Diverse Sample

Arthritis self-efficacy is important for successful disease management. This study examined psychometric properties of the 8-item English version of the Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES-8) and differences in ASES-8 scores across sample subgroups. In 401 participants with self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis, exploratory factor analysis and tests of internal consistency were conducted. Concurrent validity was examined by associating ASES-8 scores with disease-specific, psychosocial, functional, and behavioral measures expected to be related to arthritis self-efficacy. All analyses were conducted for the full sample and within subgroups (gender, race, age, education, and weight status). Exploratory factor analysis for the entire sample and in all 12 subgroups demonstrated a one factor solution (factor loadings: 0.61 to 0.89). Internal consistency was high for measures of Cronbach's alpha (0.87 to 0.94), omega (0.87 to 0.93), and greatest lower bound (0.90 to 0.95). ASES-8 scores were significantly correlated with all measures assessed (P < 0.05), demonstrating concurrent validity. Those with a high school education or greater had higher ASES-8 scores than those with less than a high school education (P < .001); no other subgroup differences were found. The ASES-8 is a valid and reliable tool to measure arthritis self-efficacy efficiently and thereby reduce participant burden in research studies.
Attitudes regarding life sentences for juvenile offenders

Twice in recent years, the U.S. Supreme Court has considered the constitutionality of life sentences without the possibility of parole (LWOP) for juvenile offenders. Given the public nature of this issue, there is scant information on beliefs about imposing LWOP on juveniles. Attitudes on related issues suggest two possibilities. On the one hand, because public opinion regarding juvenile offenders has become somewhat less punitive recently, LWOP may be viewed as excessively harsh punishment. On the other hand, portrayal of some juvenile offenders as superpredators suggests that LWOP may still have public support. We used survey methodology and the unique “ninth justice paradigm” to examine how an offender’s age influences beliefs about the appropriateness of LWOP, and the relationship between those beliefs and punishment-related ideologies. Results showed that, except in the case of murder, the majority of respondents disfavored imposing LWOP on juveniles, though a subset approved broad use of LWOP even for young offenders. In fact, after removing from consideration those who oppose LWOP under any circumstances, youthfulness of the offender has little impact on the beliefs about the types of crimes in which LWOP should be imposed (Study 1) or the mean sentence lengths imposed on juvenile offenders (Study 2). Respondents’ punishment goals influenced their attitudes, as did beliefs about the likelihood of rehabilitation and reform. Harsh judgments of juveniles who commit serious crimes may result from dispositional attributions of youthful offenders as irredeemable.
Response bias affects perceptual asymmetry scores and performance measures on a dichotic listening task

A dichotic listening paradigm discussed by Sidtis and Bryden (Neuropsycholog& , 1978, 16, 627 632) allows one to present non-verbal as well as verbal material. This paradigm also permits signal-detection analyses to separate response biases from discrimination abilities. The present study used Sidtis' (Neuropsychologia, 1981, 19, 103-112) Complex Tone Task as an example of the paradigm. Employing signal-detection analyses, we demonstrated that commonly used performance and asymmetry indices are confounded by response bias. Several indices based on signal-detection measures are suggested to replace current widely used measures. As pointed out by Bryden and Sprott (Neuropsychologia, 1981, 19, 571-581), currently the usefulness of a perceptual asymmetry score is mainly determined by mathematical and statistical properties rather than by a theoretical framework. Thus, the choice of a particular index based on signal-detection theory is arbitrary. The present results and those of Katsuki et al. (Journal of Speech and Hearin 9 Research, 1984, 27, 444~448) suggest that the confounding effect of response bias may be present in a variety of experiments investigating lateral processing. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd
The White-Noise Method in System Identification

Early in the study of the dynamics of a physiological system the bioscientist is faced with the task of recognizing the domains of linearity and of nonlinearity of the stimulus-response transformation that the system performs and how these domains compare with the dominant natural variation of the stimuli in the system’s environment. As we saw in the previous chapter, the analytical advantages of linear systems are many, and, therefore, they justify the search for a linear domain in the system’s operational range (if such exists). However, the bioscientist must resist the temptation of being carried away by a natural desire for beautiful and explicit solutions since they often tend to be unrealistic idealizations. We cannot but bow to the evidence that nonlinear system characteristics are abundant in nature and go far beyond the trite admission that every physical system is in some way nonlinear. In much the same way that nonlinearities optimize the design of artificial systems, nonlinearities seem to be necessary for the optimal functioning of physiological systems from the behavioral point of view. There are many such examples: the logarithmic transformation of sensory input in order to accommodate large stimulus ranges, dynamic asymmetries arising from such physiological necessities as sensing direction, and many others.
Local Temperature Deviance And National Prices: The U.S. Natural Gas Market

In this study we investigate the price discovery process in the U.S. natural gas spot and futures markets. We explore the relationships between the spot and futures markets, the effect of U.S. temperature changes on these markets and, in addition, test whether New York City temperature changes have a special impact on the national market for natural gas. We find that most price discovery occurs in the futures market. We also find that colder days in winter and hotter days in summer result in higher gas prices, although daily changes in temperature have a stronger effect on prices during the winter. Furthermore, we find that the daily temperature changes in New York City, where the futures market for natural gas is physically located, have an additional effect on gas prices beyond what could be explained by the temperature changes aggregated across the U.S.
Intranasal Spray Medications for Maintenance Therapy of Allergic Rhinitis

BackgroundIntranasal sprays are recommended as targeted therapy for allergic rhinitis (AR) by providing direct delivery of medication to the nasal mucosa, reducing the potential for systemic advers...
Acidic Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Liquefaction of Cellulose in Ethylene Glycol; Identification of a New Cellulose Derived Cyclopentenone Derivative

Cellulose can be liquefied in ethylene glycol at 180 °C, using 6.7 mol % 1-(1-alkylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids as catalysts. The maximum liquefied product yields of 0.3436 and 0.3046 g/g of cellulose were achieved after 20 h at 180 °C using 1-(1-proylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride and 1-(1-butylsulfonic)-3-methylimidazolium chloride as the catalysts. The liquefied oil produced from both ionic liquid catalysts had similar compositions. Unlike in previously reported mineral acid catalyzed cellulose liquefactions, the new catalysts give stable oils with well-defined compositions of only three compounds. The three compounds in the oil were identified as 2-hydroxyethyl levulinate, 2-hydroxyethyl levulinate ethylene ketal, and 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[1,4]dioxin-5-one using GC-MS, HRMS, and 1H, 13C, and 1H–1H COSY NMR spectroscopy. The third product 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-cyclopenta[1,4]dioxin-5-one is a new C-6 carbohydrate derived cyclopentenone derivative, identified for the...
Discrete Adjoint Method for Nonlinear Aeroelastic Sensitivities for Compressible and Viscous Flows

Presented is a discrete adjoint approach for computing nonlinear aeroelastic design sensitivities for transonic and viscous flows based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes computational fluid dynamic models. The method is based on a harmonic balance nonlinear frequency domain technique for modeling nonlinear aerodynamics in the frequency domain. Automatic differentiation is used to derive the computer code representing the adjoint gradient of the harmonic balance computational fluid dynamic solver. Discrete adjoint method airfoil geometric design sensitivities are demonstrated for a benchmark transonic airfoil aeroelastic configuration. Results are compared with finite-difference computations to demonstrate the accuracy of the methodology.
Cortical Interneuron Subtypes Vary in Their Axonal Action Potential Properties

The role of interneurons in cortical microcircuits is strongly influenced by their passive and active electrical properties. Although different types of interneurons exhibit unique electrophysiological properties recorded at the soma, it is not yet clear whether these differences are also manifested in other neuronal compartments. To address this question, we have used voltage-sensitive dye to image the propagation of action potentials into the fine collaterals of axons and dendrites in two of the largest cortical interneuron subtypes in the mouse: fast-spiking interneurons, which are typically basket or chandelier neurons; and somatostatin containing interneurons, which are typically regular spiking Martinotti cells. We found that fast-spiking and somatostatin-expressing interneurons differed in their electrophysiological characteristics along their entire dendrosomatoaxonal extent. The action potentials generated in the somata and axons, including axon collaterals, of somatostatin-expressing interneurons are significantly broader than those generated in the same compartments of fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons. In addition, action potentials back-propagated into the dendrites of somatostatin-expressing interneurons much more readily than fast-spiking interneurons. Pharmacological investigations suggested that axonal action potential repolarization in both cell types depends critically upon Kv1 channels, whereas the axonal and somatic action potentials of somatostatin-expressing interneurons also depend on BK Ca2+-activated K+ channels. These results indicate that the two broad classes of interneurons studied here have expressly different subcellular physiological properties, allowing them to perform unique computational roles in cortical circuit operations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Neurons in the cerebral cortex are of two major types: excitatory and inhibitory. The proper balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain is critical for its operation. Neurons contain three main compartments: dendritic, somatic, and axonal. How the neurons receive information, process it, and pass on new information depends upon how these three compartments operate. While it has long been assumed that axons are simply for conducting information from the cell body to the synapses, here we demonstrate that the axons of different types of interneurons, the inhibitory cells, possess differing electrophysiological properties. This result implies that differing types of interneurons perform different tasks in the cortex, not only through their anatomical connections, but also through how their axons operate.
Experimental Learning Theory and Its Application in Community Education

In the information era of lifelong learning,the various learning resources,learning accesses and teaching methods not only provide learners,who are mostly community residents,with a larger scale of knowledge,but also stimulate their interest in learning.With learners' increasing initiative for learning,teaching model in community education has been shifting from teacher-oriented one-way input model to learner-oriented experimental learning model.This article made an analysis on the definition of experimental learning,expounded the theory of experimental learning, explained how the theory is applied in community education,and discussed its potential impact on learners and the practice of teaching activity.
Application and Analysis of Selective Catalyst Reduction Denitration Technology for Boilers of Power Station

In order to meet the environmental protection demands,NOX emission of coal boilers should be controlled.This paper analyzes the selective catalyst reduction(SCR) technology for flue gas denitration and its chemical reduction mecha-nism.Taking SCR system of Fujian Houshi Power Plant for example,the influences of SCR system on boiler operation are summarized and analyzed,major factors influencing the denitration efficiency are described.It is expected that the SCR denitration technology will have broad application in China.
Ultrastructural analysis of human natural killer cell activation

In this study we describe characteristic ultrastructural changes of CD3- large granular lymphocytes (LGL), ie, natural killer (NK) cells, following stimulation with recombinant (r) interleukin 2 (IL 2) or r- gamma interferon (r-gamma IFN) and after interaction with K562 target cells (TC) or Sepharose-bound anti-Fc gamma receptor (FcR) monoclonal antibody (MoAb). When compared to resting cells the cytolytic activity of r-IL 2- and r-gamma IFN-stimulated cells against K562 TC was enhanced. The r-IL 2-stimulated LGL were larger and consistently displayed the shape and cytoskeletal rearrangement characteristic of activated cells. The Golgi apparatus was expanded, and the number of electron-dense granules and vesicles was increased. The ultrastructural changes in r-gamma IFN-stimulated LGL were markedly different from those observed following r-IL 2 activation. Cells did not exhibit changes in size, shape, cytoskeletal organization, or in the structure of the Golgi apparatus. However, r-gamma IFN-stimulated cells exhibited distinctive changes in the structure and content of electron-dense granules with deaggregation of the matrix and parallel tubular arrays (PTAs). Within organelles apparently derived from the electron-dense granules, vesicular and tubular structures were noted that may be the morphological equivalent of cytotoxic factors produced by cytolytic effector cells. These ultrastructural observations indicate that r-IL 2 and r-gamma IFN enhance the lytic ability of NK cells by acting on distinct cell machineries. The cytolytic ability was decreased when LGL were pretreated with K562 TC or immobilized anti-FcR antibody. In both experimental conditions cells displayed ultrastructural features indicating activation as well as loss of cytoplasmic granules and other Golgi-derived organelles. Stimulation of r-gamma IFN- or r-IL 2- activated LGL with K562 TC or Sepharose-bound anti-FcR antibody decreased their cytolytic ability, with cells depleted of granules at the ultrastructural level. Intracytoplasmic fusion of granules and a massive release of the granule content were found in r-IL 2-stimulated cells, reminiscent of the mechanism of basophil degranulation. These observations suggest that multiple activation signals involving distinct surface membrane molecules induce release of cytolytic factors by both resting and activated NK cells.
A Strategic Logic of the Military Fait Accompli

When trying to change the status quo in their favor, leaders sometimes launch sudden faits accomplis involving the costly, but limited, use of military force. In doing so, they hope that the potential defender accepts the consequences and does not pursue further military conflict. But comparatively little scholarship tries to explain the use of this strategy. I examine the logic for engaging in a fait accompli from within the rationalist bargaining approach to understanding costly military conflict. My analysis identifies informational and commitment problems that can cause a leader to undertake a fait accompli , as well as an informational problem under which the fait accompli can trigger an unwanted war with the potential defender. My model also applies to dilemmas of extended deterrence; it provides some new insights into this area as well. Overall, it helps explain wars that are not preceded by crisis bargaining.
ADA - Automatic Detection of Alcohol Usage for Mobile Ambulatory Assessment

Mobile ambulatory assessment systems are being actively developed for various psychological studies. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are very few being used for the detection of alcohol usage. This paper presents a new automatic data analysis pipeline, called ADA (Automatic Detection of Alcohol usage), to assess alcohol use or cravings and emotional dysregulation associated with underlying psychological disorders. ADA works closely with mAAS, a smartphone-based mobile ambulatory assessment system for psychology research, currently being used by approximately 30 subjects in the natural environment. mAAS provides real-time sensor and survey data monitoring and collection tools for real-life subject behavioral and psychological data, as well as physiological data. ADA builds models with the collected data to classify alcohol use or cravings and predict emotional dysregulation. Experiments on real patients and data analysis results are reported. Results show a significant difference between various factors related to drinking, such as emotional data and physiological data.
Abstract 824: Effects of metfornin on mammary carcinogenesis and metabolic profiles in methylnitrosourea-treated rats on standard or Western diets

The methylnitrosourea-induced model of ER + mammary cancer in female Sprague-Dawley rats has been routinely used to screen for chemopreventive agents. We recently reported that metformin was ineffective in reducing cancer formation in rats on a standard (4% fat) diet (Thompson, et al., Cancer Prev Res. 8, 231, 2015). In the present studies, rats were placed on a standard (Teklad) diet or on a Western diet (20% fat, low calcium) at 43 days of age (DOA), and administered MNU at 50 DOA. Rats were administered metformin or vehicle daily by gavage beginning at 57 days of age. Serum from the rats of the various groups was obtained both at 21 days following initial administration of metformin (or vehicle) and at the end of the study (when tumors had developed in most rats). We found an increase in the final body weights, number of mammary cancers, and the final weights of tumors in rats on western diet compared with standard diet. Furthermore, metformin failed to decrease tumor multiplicity in either diet, in fact, it increased final cancer weights (P Citation Format: Mark S. Miller, Matthew D. Thompson, Ronald A. Lubet, Vernon E. Steele, Harold E. Seifried, Clinton J. Grubbs. Effects of metfornin on mammary carcinogenesis and metabolic profiles in methylnitrosourea-treated rats on standard or Western diets. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 824.
Metallization of a 3D printed cavitiy for imaging

In this paper, we propose a metallized 3D printed cavity for K-band imaging and investigate the effect of metallization type on mode diversity and image reconstruction. The 3D printed cavity acts as a frequency-diverse aperture and is capable of imaging objects in an all-electronic manner utilizing computational imaging techniques. We demonstrate that metallization material choice can increase the mode diversity by 90.8%, significantly improving imaging.
HandMagic: Towards user interaction with inertial measuring units

We present a method of gesture recognition designed to be used with inertial measurement units (IMUs) for 3D user interaction. We provide a drone simulator environment to validate our work. It is important to use motion sensors for user interaction as other devices provide challenges not present in motion-sensors. It is also important since the current field of user interaction is moving towards a multi-modal paradigm and IMUs have been under studied for this field. This work presents the functionality of IMUs with a 6-axis model. We discussed our pilot study and its results, which were satisfactory.
Employee and customer handling of nicotine-containing e-liquids in vape shops.

Author(s): Garcia, Robert; Allem, Jon Patrick; Baezconde-Garbanati, Lourdes; Unger, Jennifer Beth; Sussman, Steve | Abstract: IntroductionVape shops sell electronic cigarettes and related products such as e-liquids, which may contain nicotine. Direct contact with nicotine can lead to adverse health effects, and few regulations exist on how nicotine is handled in vape shops. This study examined how customers and employees come into contact with, and handle, nicotine-containing e-liquids in vape shops with the goal of informing potential future regulation of nicotine handling in vape shops.MethodsData were collected from 77 vape shops in the Los Angeles basin. Characteristics of the shops were documented by employee interviews and in store observations. Data collection was focused on shops located in areas with high concentrations of communities of interest; 20 shops from African-American communities, 17 from Hispanic communities, 18 from Korean communities, and 22 from non-Hispanic White communities.ResultsHalf of the vape shops allowed customers to sample e-liquids with nicotine. Most of the shops (83%) provided self-service sampling stations for customers. A majority of shop employees (72%) reported that spills of e-liquids containing nicotine had occurred in the past. While 64% of the shops provided safety equipment, only 34% provided equipment for proper nicotine handling. Furthermore, 62% of shop employees reported handling nicotine without gloves or other safety equipment.ConclusionsRegulation on the handling of nicotine by customers and vape shop employees is important to prevent unsafe practices and subsequent injury. The frequent occurrence of spills and limited availability of safety equipment in vape shops highlights the need for the creation and enforcement of regulations to protect employees and customers. Appropriate safety training and equipment should be provided to employees to prevent accidental exposure to nicotine. Information on ways to safely handle nicotine should be communicated to vape shop employees and customers.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Institutional and Betrayal Trauma

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. [DSM–5]; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), trauma symptoms can result from “exposure to actual or threatened d...
EMA: Automated Eye-Movement-Driven Approach for Identification of Usability Issues

The work described in this paper presents an automated, eye movement-driven approach (EMA) that allows for the identification of time intervals in which a user is experiencing difficulties in locating interface components required for completion of a task. Due to the substantial amount of visual search exhibited during these time intervals, this type of the user behavior is referred to as excessive visual search (ES). In this work we propose and evaluate several ES detection algorithms as part of the EMA. Empirical results indicate that it is possible to identify ES with a certain degree of accuracy (51-61% on average), warranting future research that would allow for increased accuracy in ES identification and reduction of misclassification errors. Practical application of EMA should allow the reduction of the amount of time required for manual detection of usability problems present in graphical user interfaces.
Validação de um instrumento de avaliação dos fatores promotores da motivação para o trabalho: Um estudo com profissionais de saúde oncológica portugueses

No âmbito da prestacao de servicos de saude, especialmente, em contexto oncologico, a associacao entre motivacao e satisfacao no trabalho torna-se saliente. Partindo do instrumento de avaliacao da motivacao para o trabalho desenvolvido por Paleologou, Kontodimopoulos, Stamoli, Aletras e Niakas (2006), este estudo pretende, por um lado, avaliar a qualidade psicometrica deste instrumento, a sua estrutura fatorial, confiabilidade e validade numa amostra de profissionais de saude de um hospital oncologico portugues. Por outro lado, pretende-se investigar os componentes da motivacao que melhor predizem a satisfacao no trabalho. Os scores dos quatro fatores do instrumento de motivacao para o trabalho apresentaram boa consistencia interna ( α’s => .96). Os resultados da analise fatorial exploratoria revelaram uma estrutura fatorial composta por18 itens distribuidos por quatro fatores, adequada aos dados correlacionais (e ao construto teorico subjacente a escala) e com garantias de fiabilidade e validade. A correlacao de Pearson com a medida de satisfacao com o trabalho faculta evidencia acerca da validade convergente do instrumento de motivacao para o trabalho. O modelo de regressao multipla identifica os fatores job attributes, remuneration e achievements como preditores significativos da satisfacao no trabalho.
Test-Retest Reliability of the SERT Imaging Agent 11C-HOMADAM in Healthy Humans.

The aim of this study was to measure the test–retest reliability of 11C-N,N-dimethyl-2-(2′-amino-4′-hydroxymethylphenylthio)benzylamine (11C-HOMADAM) imaging of serotonin transporter (SERT) density in healthy control subjects. Methods: Two female and 2 male volunteers participated in the study, with each undergoing three 90-min 11C-HOMADAM PET scans. Time–activity curves were derived from SERT-rich structures and fit to 2 models: a simplified reference tissue model and a multilinear graphical model. Binding potential, the ratio of specifically bound uptake to nondisplaceable uptake at equilibrium, was calculated from the model parameter estimates. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated and adjusted for repeated measures. Results: The ICC values ranged from −0.13 in the dorsal raphe to 0.88 in the caudate nucleus. The highest average ICC values were in the striatum, but other regions were sensitive to measurement outliers. Conclusion: Good-to-excellent test–retest reliability was observed for SERT binding in the striatum. The dorsal raphe ICC value was sensitive to a measurement outlier. 11C-HOMADAM binding potential calculated from the simplified reference tissue model and the multilinear graphical model were robust and in good agreement.
Preclinical Development of CD38-Targeted [89Zr]Zr-DFO-Daratumumab for Imaging Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma B-cell hematologic cancer that causes significant skeletal morbidity. Despite improvements in survival, heterogeneity in response remains a major challenge in MM. Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38) is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed in myeloma cells and is implicated in MM cell signaling. Daratumumab is a U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved high-affinity monoclonal antibody targeting CD38 that is clinically benefiting refractory MM patients. Here, we evaluated [89Zr]Zr-desferrioxamine (DFO)-daratumumab PET/CT imaging in MM tumor models. Methods: Daratumumab was conjugated to DFO-p-benzyl-isothiocyanate (DFO-Bz-NCS) for radiolabeling with 89Zr. Chelator conjugation was confirmed by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, and radiolabeling was monitored by instant thin-layer chromatography. Daratumumab was conjugated to Cyanine5 (Cy5) dye for cell microscopy. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-daratumumab was performed using CD38+ human myeloma MM1.S-luciferase (MM1.S) cells. Cellular studies determined the affinity, immunoreactivity, and specificity of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-daratumumab. A 5TGM1-luciferase (5TGM1)/KaLwRij MM mouse model served as control for imaging background noise. [89Zr]Zr-DFO-daratumumab PET/CT small-animal imaging was performed in severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing solid and disseminated MM tumors. Tissue biodistribution (7 d after tracer administration, 1.11 MBq/animal, n = 4–6/group) was performed in wild-type and MM1.S tumor–bearing mice. Results: A specific activity of 55.5 MBq/nmol (0.37 MBq/μg) was reproducibly obtained with [89Zr]Zr-daratumumab-DFO. Flow cytometry confirmed CD38 expression (>99%) on the surface of MM1.S cells. Confocal microscopy with daratumumab-Cy5 demonstrated specific cell binding. Dissociation constant, 3.3 nM (±0.58), and receptor density, 10.1 fmol/mg (±0.64), was obtained with a saturation binding assay. [89Zr]Zr-DFO-daratumumab/PET demonstrated specificity and sensitivity for detecting CD38+ myeloma tumors of variable sizes (8.5–128 mm3) with standardized uptake values ranging from 2.1 to 9.3. Discrete medullar lesions, confirmed by bioluminescence images, were efficiently imaged with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-daratumumab/PET. Biodistribution at 7 d after administration of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-daratumumab showed prominent tumor uptake (27.7 ± 7.6 percentage injected dose per gram). In vivo blocking was achieved with a 200-fold excess of unlabeled daratumumab. Conclusion: [89Zr]Zr-DFO- and Cy5-daratumumab demonstrated superb binding to CD38+ human MM cells and significantly low binding to CD38low cells. Daratumumab bioconjugates are being evaluated for image-guided delivery of therapeutic radionuclides.
Engineering Students' Epistemic Cognition in the Context of Problem Solving.

Background Students' beliefs about knowledge (epistemic beliefs) and their motivations toward processing information (epistemic motivation) have been suggested as influencing aspects of learning. Purpose This study investigated the relationship between engineering students' approach to solving an open-ended homework problem and their epistemic motivation, engineering epistemic beliefs, and epistemic cognition. Methods The initial quantitative phase of this sequential explanatory mixed methods study employed a k-means cluster analysis to identify homogenous subgroups of biomedical engineering students based on their epistemic beliefs and epistemic motivation measured using a survey (n = 50). Eighteen of these students were interviewed to explore their epistemic cognitions when solving an open-ended homework problem. Transcripts were analyzed and results were overlaid with the clusters to investigate relationships between students' approaches to problem solving and their epistemic beliefs, motivation, and cognition. Results Three clusters of students were identified based on three constructs of epistemic beliefs and epistemic motivation: source of engineering knowledge, certainty of engineering knowledge, and closed-mindedness. Students in the same cluster activated similar components of epistemic cognition, such as their desired outcomes for solving the problem. Additionally, we identified that the instructor's description of the problem and how the assignment was structured influenced how students approached solving the problem. Conclusions Comparison of clusters revealed that having more constructivist epistemic beliefs does not guarantee that students will set epistemic aims or make epistemic gains. Additionally, students' approaches to solving the open-ended problem were influenced by their lack of desire to consider other ideas. The outcomes of this study provide a more complete understanding of students' epistemic cognitions and beliefs related to problem solving in the classroom.
Automatic Between-Pulse Analysis of DIII-D Experimental Data Performed Remotely on a Supercomputer at Argonne Leadership Computing Facility

AbstractFor the first time, an automatically triggered, between-pulse fusion science analysis code was run on-demand at a remotely located supercomputer at Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF, Lemont, Illinois) in support of in-process experiments being performed at DIII-D (San Diego, California). This represents a new paradigm for combining geographically distant experimental and high-performance computing facilities to provide enhanced data analysis that is quickly available to researchers. Enhanced analysis improves the understanding of the current pulse, translating into a more efficient use of experimental resources and quality of the resultant science. The analysis code used here, called SURFMN, calculates the magnetic structure of the plasma using Fourier transform. Increasing the number of Fourier components provides a more accurate determination of the stochastic boundary layer near the plasma edge by better resolving magnetic islands, but requires 26 min to complete using local DIII-D re...
Genetic Characterization of Secondary Metabolism in Arabidopsis

Over the last century, many thousands of plant species have been examined for their content of secondary metabolites, and tens of thousands of secondary metabolites have thus been identified. Unfortunately, many of the species from which these compounds have been isolated are intractable to genetic approaches, and the cloning of genes involved in their secondary metabolism will depend upon classical biochemical approaches. In contrast, a variety of classical- and molecular-genetic approaches are available for the study of biochemical, physiological, and developmental processes in Arabidopsis. The desirable attributes of this species have been described in numerous review articles,1,2,3 and include its short life cycle and small genome,4 the ease with which mutants can be isolated,5 availability of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation,6,7 and novel gene cloning strategies such as T-DNA tagging,8 map-based cloning9,10 and genomic subtraction.11 The combined use of all of these techniques has produced rapid advances in the understanding of the developmental biology, physiology and biochemistry of Arabidopsis.
Falling between the Cracks: Statelessness, Nationality and Migration

This article looks into the phenomenon of statelessness as it affects nationality and migration, especially among migrant women. It argues the existence of a thick (rather than a tenuous) nexus between statelessness and migration, which also means the vulnerability of women to statelessness and the vulnerabilities of women who are stateless.
What Is the Role of Ecosystem Engineers in New England Salt Marshes? A Mesocosm Study of the Fiddler Crab and the Purple Marsh Crab

The services and functions provided by coastal wetlands are numerous and influenced by factors ranging from climate and tidal regime to ecosystem engineers and anthropogenic modifications. In New England salt marshes, fiddler crabs and purple marsh crabs are cooccurring species that are among the most conspicuous burrowing macroinvertebrates in the region. Both are known to influence salt marsh ecosystem functions through their burrowing and feeding behavior, but the ways in which they regulate specific properties, individually and together, is unclear. Using an ex situ mesocosm study, I manipulated the presence of fiddler crabs and purple marsh crabs in order to evaluate their impact on several soil properties and aboveground biomass. Results show that, contrary to previous studies, the fiddler crab had little impact while the purple marsh crab altered soil quality with positive implications for plant growth. This suggests that the purple marsh crab, known to be a voracious consumer of marsh vegetation, may play a much more nuanced role in the maintenance of plant growth than previously thought. Additional ex situ studies should be done to further delineate the impact of these two species.