cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional modeling of electroremediation

A mathematical model and numerical code for the simulation of contaminant removal from soils by electric fields are applied in two dimensions. The model describes the coupled transport of mass and charge, and the chemical speciation of a multicomponent system subjected to an electric field. Transport mechanisms included are electroosmosis, pressure-driven convection, electromigration, and diffusion. The model can also describe complexation, dissolution and precipitation reactions, surface complexation and sorption processes, and electrochemical reactions. Chemical and sorption equilibria are assumed. Transport equations used are based on quantities conserved throughout chemical reactions so that only the time scales of transport processes need to be resolved. The model is used to simulate the removal of phenol from kaolin clay for which experiments are presented. The successful explanation of the experimental observations confirms the theoretical bases of the model.
A four year comparison of premarital sexual attitudes.

(1973). A four year comparison of premarital sexual attitudes. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 91-96.
A branch and bound approach to facility design for continuous flow manufacturing systems

SUMMARY Designing continuous flow manufacturing (CFM) facilities involves assigning a sequence of operations to facilities and solving a resource assignment subproblem (RAS) to minimize machine acquisition costs, and location assignment subproblem (LAS) to minimize transport costs. This paper presents a branch-and-bound based heuristic for developing CFM configurations used as part of a decision support system for CFM system design.
Enzyme-modified electrodes for peroxide, choline, and acetylcholine

Abstract Enzyme-modified electrodes for peroxide, choline, and acetylcholine have been developed. Horseradish peroxidase, choline oxidase, and acetylcholinesterase were immobilized within a cross-linkable, redox polymer deposited onto the surface of carbon electrodes. The amperometric, enzymebased sensors were developed for use in the extracellular fluid of brain tissue and for single-cell analysis. The sensitivity, selectivity, size, and response time of the sensors were addressed.
A survey of twenty community water systems in New York State for PCDDs and PCDFs

Abstract Two tetrachlorodibenzofurans (TCDFs) were found at concentrations of 1 part-per-quadrillion (ppq) in finished drinking water from one of 20 community water systems in New York State. A follow-up study also revealed that tetra- to octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs) and chlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) were present at part-per-trillion (ppt) to part-per-billion (ppb) concentrations in sediments taken from the same community water system and at ppq in raw water entering the plant.
Futher insights into the electrochemical oxidation of uric acid

Abstract The electrochemical oxidation of uric acid has been studied between pH 1.5 and 9.5 in phosphate buffers using thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry to generate and study UV-absorbing intermediates. Some intermediates and all important products have been separated and analyzed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. It is concluded, on the basis of this and preceding studies, that uric acid is initially oxidized in a 2e-2H+ reaction to a very unstable quinonoid diimine (half-life \ 22 ms). At pH ⩾ 6 the anion of the latter species is attacked by water to give an anionic imine-alcohol that undergoes a ring contraction reaction to give 1-carbohydroxy-2,4,6, 8-tetraaza-3,7-dioxo-4-ene-bicyclo-(3,3,0)-octane (BCA). This then decomposes to allantoin. At pH 3–5.6 a neutral quinonoid diimine is generated upon 2e-2H+ oxidation of uric acid. In high-phosphate buffers H2PO4− attacks the diimine, whereas in low-phosphate buffers solvent (H2O) attacks the diimine. In high-phosphate buffers analysis of absorbance vs. time curves obtained following oxidation of uric acid in a thin-layer cell allows three intermediate species to be inferred. In low-phosphate buffers only two intermediates may be inferred. Mechanisms are advanced to rationalize these observations and to account for the end products formed, i.e. allantoin, 5-hydroxyhydantoin-5-carboxamide and, at pH 3, alloxan.
MMPI: comparison of the oral form presented by a live examiner and the booklet form.

A comparison of the oral form presented by a live E and the booklet form of the MMPI was made for 35 male hospitalized psychoneurotic patients. Results indicate the high comparability of the two forms but suggest that caution in their use should be exercised with paranoid personality disorders.
Analysis of a 762-bp proximal leptin promoter to drive and control regulation of transgene expression of growth hormone receptor in mice.

Abstract Transgenic (TG) mice expressing porcine GH receptor (pGHR) directed by a 762-bp proximal leptin promoter were used to analyze the capability of the promoter to drive and regulate pGHR expression in vivo. Transgene expression occurred in inguinal, retroperitoneal, and epididymal/parametrial fat depots in both male and female TG mice, but not in wild type (WT) mice. pGHR transgene was also expressed in liver, heart, kidney, muscle, lung, and brain. Levels of pGHR transgene mRNA were higher in tissues other than adipose tissue. Fasting reduced leptin mRNA levels in adipose; however, pGHR transgene expression was not affected in either adipose or muscle. These results suggest (1) the region between +3 and −759 bp of the leptin promoter is able to drive gene expression in vivo, (2) this region may not be responsible for adipose tissue specificity of leptin expression, and (3) this region may not be responsible for negative regulation of leptin gene expression during fasting.
Does minimally invasive thoracic surgery warrant fast tracking of thoracic surgical patients

This article evaluates the advantages of fast-tracking the patient who has undergone video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery instead of open thoracotomy. Key issues such as chest tube and air leak management, pain medicine protocols, psychologic advantages, and hospital length of stay are examined. It concludes that teaching, philosophy, and doctor and patient attitude may be more important than the type of surgery performed.
The Dutch disease and the technological gap

Abstract I present a theory explaining why less technologically advanced countries could be more vulnerable to the Dutch disease. In a bilateral trade model with monopolistic competition and increasing returns to scale, the extent of the crowding-out in the tradable sector depends positively on an interaction between the amount of revenues from natural resources’ exports and the productivity gap vis-a-vis the trade partners. With learning-by-doing, the mechanism is self-reinforcing leading to a productivity divergence pattern. The predictions of the model are consistent with cross-country empirical evidence.
Overexpression of focal adhesion kinase (p125FAK) in human colorectal carcinoma liver metastases: Independence from c-src or c-yes activation

Background: p125FAK, pp60c-src, and pp62c-yes are protein tyrosine kinases that function in signaling pathways regulating cell adhesion, migration, and growth. The expression and tyrosine kinase activities of pp60c-src and pp62c-yes, and the expression of p125FAK are increased in colorectal tumor metastases relative to normal mucosa. This study investigates whether differences in the activation of pp60c-src and pp62c-yes in colorectal liver metastases correlated with differences in p125FAK expression and whether prognostic significance could be demonstrated from the extent of expression of p125FAK in metastases.
FAVORABLE FORAGING LOCATIONS FOR YOUNG ATLANTIC SALMON: APPLICATION TO HABITAT AND POPULATION RESTORATION

Declines in the populations of salmonid fishes have generated major interest in conservation and restoration of wild populations and river habitats. We used a foraging-based model, combined with field observations and surveys, to predict individual habitat use, and to assess the effects of stream habitat conditions and management practices on the potential for reestablishing Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Using a model based on a simple trade-off between increasing prey encounter rate and decreasing salmon capture success with increasing stream current velocity, we predicted favorable foraging locations for salmon in their first (age-0) spring and summer. We tested, in six streams, whether (1) salmon preferred locations (=microhabitats) that were predicted to yield high consumption rates, (2) salmon growth and survival was greater in streams with a greater proportion of preferred, profitable, microhabitats, and (3) stream habitat remediation (introduction of large in-stream structures such as large woody d...
Biomechanical parameters of the brain under blast loads with and without helmets

Computational results on biomechanics of brain for a human head model with and without a helmet under the blast loading are presented. The blast propagation is simulated using the hybrid method combining the multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element formulation and empirical blast load equations. A three dimensional model of a combat helmet is integrated with a validated 50th percentile human head-neck model. The blast-head model interactions are modelled using a penalty-based fluid-structure interaction algorithm. Biomechanical data parameters of the head/brain such as intracranial pressures and maximum shear stress are recorded and compared both with and without a helmet. The results are studied the severity of the blast under different values for the high explosive explosions and the efficiency of the wearing ballistic impact under the blast situation.
Modelling Occupational Choice in Blue-Collar Labor Markets.

Abstract This paper presents rational, adaptive, and naive expectations models of the occupational choice of students in vocational and technical schools. The models were estimated using the method of Seemingly Unrelated Regressions. None of the three models consistently out-performed the other two. Vocational and technical school students were found to be responsive to the opportunity cost of their occupational choice. They were not necessarily responsive to the level of demand. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the students occupational choice is influenced in large part by variables such as parental occupations and attitudes toward vocational and technical education.
Quantum-noise suppression in lasers via memory-correlation effects

We discuss the influence of atomic memory effects on the field fluctuations of a laser in a general context. We derive a Fokker-Planck equation for the field that takes into account the long lifetime of the lasing atoms. Using this equation, we discuss two consequences of atomic memory. First, we find that even in the presence of saturation, memory effects can lead to a reduction of spontaneous-emission noise for short measurement times. Second, we quite generally show that atomic memory effects lead to time-dependent diffusion coefficients.
Timing variability and not force variability predicts the endpoint accuracy of fast and slow isometric contractions

The purpose of the study was to determine the contributions of endpoint variance and trajectory variability to the endpoint accuracy of goal-directed isometric contractions when the target force and contraction speed were varied. Thirteen young adults (25 ± 6 years) performed blocks of 15 trials at each of 2 contraction speeds and 4 target forces. Subjects were instructed to match the peak of a parabolic force trajectory to a target force by controlling the abduction force exerted by the index finger. The time to peak force was either 150 ms (fast) or 1 s (slow). The target forces were 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the maximal force that could be achieved in 150 ms during an MVC. The same absolute forces were required for both contraction speeds. Endpoint accuracy and variability in force and time along with intramuscular EMG activity of the agonist (first dorsal interosseus) and antagonist (second palmar interosseus) muscles were quantified for each block of trials. The principal dependent variables were endpoint error (shortest distance between the coordinates of the target and the peak force), endpoint variance (sum of the variance in peak force and time to peak force), trial-to-trial variability (SD of peak force and time to peak force), SD of the force trajectory (SD of the detrended force from force onset to peak force), normalized peak EMG amplitude, and the SD of normalized peak EMG amplitude. Stepwise multiple linear regression models were used to determine the EMG activity parameters that could explain the differences observed in endpoint error and endpoint variance. Endpoint error increased with target force for the fast contractions, but not for the slow contractions. In contrast, endpoint variance was greatest at the lowest force and was not associated with endpoint error at either contraction speed. Furthermore, force trajectory SD was not associated with endpoint error or endpoint variance for either contraction speed. Only the trial-to-trial variability of the timing predicted endpoint accuracy for fast and slow contractions. These findings indicate that endpoint error in tasks that require force and timing accuracy is minimized by controlling timing variability but not force variability, and that endpoint error is not related to the amplitude of the activation signal.
Print Magazines for American College Libraries

Abstract This paper opens discussion about the periodicals that are left behind in the debate over the transition from print to electronic journals in academic libraries, particularly college libraries. The author annotates 100 English-language print magazines titles that support a liberal arts curriculum and the leisure reading of an American college community. These titles should be maintained in print versions for browsing and usefulness, even if online availability exists. Magazines, with their mix of articles, illustrations, sidebars, tables, charts, graphs, lists, and short features, still have an important place in college libraries.
Abnormal ryanodine receptor channels in malignant hyperthermia

Previous studies have demonstrated a defect associated with the calcium release mechanism of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) from individuals susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH). To examine whether SR calcium release channels were indeed altered in MH, SR vesicles were purified from normal and MH susceptible (MHS) porcine muscle. The Ca2+ dependence of calcium efflux rates from 45Ca2(+)-filled SR vesicles was then compared with the Ca2+ dependence of single-channel recordings of SR vesicles incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. The rate constants of 45Ca2+ efflux from MHS SR were two to threefold larger than from normal SR over a wide range of myoplasmic Ca2+. Normal and MHS single channels were progressively activated in a similar fashion by cis Ca2+ from pCa 7 to 4. However, below pCa 4, normal channels were inactivated by cis Ca2+, whereas MHS channels remained open for significantly longer times. The altered Ca2+ dependence of channel inactivation in MHS SR was also evident when Ca2+ was increased on the trans side while cis Ca2+ was held constant. We propose that a defect in a low-affinity Ca2+ binding site is responsible for the altered gating of MHS SR channels. Such a defect could logically result from a mutation in the gene encoding the calcium release channel, providing a testable hypothesis for the molecular basis of this inherited disorder.
Dumping Ground or Effective Alternative: Dropout-Prevention Programs in Urban Schools

Focusing on students'perspectives, this article examines whetheran urban dropout prevention program offers students effective alternatives to regular classes or if, instead, the program is simply a...
Release Rates of Manure-Borne Coliform Bacteria from Data on Leaching through Stony Soil

Manures are sources of several human pathogens that can potentially contribute to surface and groundwater contamination. Microorganisms must first be released from the manure matrix before they can infiltrate into and leach through the vadose zone. The objective of this study was to estimate rates of rainfall-induced release of fecal coliform (FC) from surface-applied bovine manure. Simulated rainfall of 7.1 cm h −1 was applied to the surface of 90-cm-long lysimeters filled with the undisturbed stony soil. When the steady state was reached, clumps of manure were placed on the surface. Rainfall was continued for about 5 h after application of manure, and 10-min leachate portions were analyzed for turbidity and FC. The convective–dispersive equation with linear adsorption–exclusion and the first-order removal–regrowth terms was used as a model of the coliform transport in soil. Asymptotic properties of the solution of this equation with the exponentially decreasing boundary concentration were used to infer the release rate constant from the FC breakthrough curves. A value of 0.0054 ± 0.0015 min −1 was found for the FC release rate constant. The regression line of reduced coliform concentrations on reduced turbidity values was not significantly different from the one-to-one line; R 2 was 0.807. Assuming that turbidity can be used as a measure of concentration of manure particulates in leachates, we found that average values for the release rate constants were not significantly different for FC and manure particulates. The average velocity of bacteria and manure particulates transport was about seven times larger than the average pore velocity. The proposed technique of estimating FC and manure release rates shows promise for use in further studies needed to elucidate and assess factors affecting release rate.
Comprehensive phenotyping of group III and IV muscle afferents in mouse

While much is known about the functional properties of cutaneous nociceptors, relatively little is known about the comprehensive functional properties of group III and IV muscle afferents. We have ...
The contributions of religious traditions to business ethics

Over a quarter of a century ago in 1955 Fortune magazine staff interviewed a sampling of 115 twenty-five year old men (notice: men not women) starting out in business and found them to be an optimistic, tractable, incurious lot, dedicated to family and community service. 1 These young men were the same managers whom William H. Whyte Jr. named "the organization men ''2 and Michael Maccoby called "company men". 3 The organization men had strong loyalty to their companies. The corporations provided an immediate personal identity for them; indeed, corporations granted legitimacy
Iatrogenic Monoamniotic Twins as a Complication of Therapeutic Amniocentesis

Abstract Background: Therapeutic amniocentesis has been accepted widely as a safe and efficacious way to treat the polyhydramnios-oligohydramnios sequence associated with twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Case: A 28-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, diagnosed with twin–twin transfusion syndrome at 28 weeks’ gestation was treated with serial amniocenteses. The dividing membrane was ruptured inadvertently during therapeutic amniocentesis, with subsequent complete disruption of the amniotic membrane. Iatrogenic monoamniotic twins with cord entanglement and knotting resulted. Conclusion: Creation of monoamniotic twins by disruption of the dividing membrane can be a complication of therapeutic amniocentesis for twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Such disruption may result in the same morbidity and mortality that are seen in naturally occurring monoamniotic twins.
Optimal foraging and feeding mode shifts in fishes

Most optimal foraging models for fishes are based on particulate feeding behavior. But many obligate planktivores also filter zooplankton. I suggest that feeding mode shifts (e.g. from particulate feeding to filtering) may be predictable from the costs and benefits of foraging in various modes. Quantitative examples of feeding mode shifts in three species of fishes (northern anchovy, pacific mackerel and alewife) from 3 different families support this hypothesis. Feeding mode shifts seem to depend on relative profitability of each mode, but improvements in model predictions will need to include the effects of spatial and temporal patchiness on encounter rates of prey of various sizes.
Mechanical Properties of rapidly solidified aluminium alloys

Abstract Aluminium is often selected for use in applicationssuch as aerospace where lightweight is important. However properties, like strength at room and elevated temperatures are inferior to those of steel. The possibility of improving the mechanical properties of aluminium by rapid solidification processing has been investigated. In this paper, the properties of two kinds of powder made by rotating disk atomization and conventional air atomization and alloys made from these powders were evaluated and compared. The causes of the differences in the two kinds of materials were then investigated.
H2O adsorption on Cu2O(100)

Abstract The adsorption of water at 110 and 300 K has been studied on the reconstructed, Cu + -terminated, Cu 2 O(100) surface with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Adsorption at 110 K is both dissociative and molecular, with only about 10% of a monolayer of water dissociated. Adsorption at 300 K is dissociative only. While UPS can be used to clearly distinguish between molecular and dissociated water, the identification of dissociation products is complicated by the overlap of substrate valence bands with the adsorbate-derived signal. However, a comparison of surface dipole changes for dissociated water to those for predissociated hydrogen and atomic oxygen suggests that hydroxyl groups are formed as dissociation products. Two H 2 O desorption features in TDS are assigned to recombination processes. The low-temperature recombination pathway (about 300 K) is assigned to OH disproportionation. The high-temperature recombination pathway occurs at 465 K, and the rate limiting step appears to be OCu + bond breaking to remove lattice-like oxygen. For the predominant molecular species at low temperatures, TDS shows no evidence for the clustering often observed on metal surfaces.
Plane-Wave DFT Investigations of the Adsorption, Diffusion, and Activation of CO on Kinked Fe(710) and Fe(310) Surfaces

The adsorption, diffusion, and dissociation properties of CO on kinked Fe(710) and Fe(310) surfaces have been analyzed using spin-polarized plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). Several one-, two-, three- and 4-fold binding configurations have been identified among which the preferential adsorption takes place at a 4-fold hollow site near the top of the step while the one with the smallest activation energy for dissociation is located at a 4-fold site near the bottom of the step. In the case of the individual atomic species, the adsorption takes place preferentially at the hollow site for the C atom and at the pseudo 3-fold site on the step for the O atom. By the increase in coverage, there is an overall decrease of the adsorption energies for either molecular (CO) or atomic (C,O) species. The diffusion barriers among different local minima at the steps or on the terraces of both surfaces have been determined, and their values were fou...
X-linked hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis: Clinical syndromes and chloride channel mutations

The recent discovery of a gene responsible for a particular form of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis has created excitement because it promises to shed light on mechanisms involved in both calcium stone formation and renal epithelial function. The disease that I will refer to here as X-linked hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis (XLHN) has been the subject of some confusion owing to the fact that it has been described over the past five years by different groups using different names, all but one of them polysyllabic: “X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis with renal failure” in North America, “Dent’s disease” in the United Kingdom, “X-linked recessive hypophosphatemic rickets” in Italy, and “low-molecularweight proteinuria with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis” in Japan. These syndromes differ in degree from each other, but common themes include proximal tubular reabsorptive failure, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, progressive renal insufficiency, and in some cases rickets. The fact of mutations in the same gene in each of these syndromes has now established that they are phenotypic variants of a single disease and not separate entities. Clinical studies of these patients produced few clues as to the pathophysiology of the condition, and the gene responsible for this disease was identified through a positional cloning approach rather than through the study of logical candidate genes. The gene identified, CLCN5, was novel. Sequence homology suggested, and expression studies confirmed, that the gene product was a member of the CLC family of voltage-gated chloride channels. This was a surprise, since it is not immediately clear how mutations in such a chloride channel could explain the clinical findings in this disease. The physiology of the gene product, designated CLC-5, is at present only partly understood, and is the subject of active research. SYNDROMES OF X-LINKED HYPERCALCIURIC NEPHROLITHIASIS Four syndromes of X-linked hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis (XLHN) were reported independently, but mutations in the chloride channel gene CLCN5 have been identified in all four syndromes, justifying the view that these together represent a single disease. Table 1 summarizes the features of these syndromes as originally described. An understanding of these reports is valuable in that it emphasizes the range of phenotypes in this disease, and as an effort to clarify the relationships among what some might otherwise be tempted to consider as separate entities.
Managing the World Economy

The nature and extent of world economic interdependence is producing a search for institutions capable of global economic management. GATT, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations system have been tried for aspects of global economic management with mixed results. Recently there has been increasing use of the Group of Seven nations, and a series of ad hoc arrangements. The problem of coordination of fiscal, monetary, trade, and other policies has yet to be resolved. This study surveys and analyzes the efforts to institutionalize management of the world economy.
Continuous and dynamic spectral tuning of single nanowire lasers with subnanometer resolution using hydrostatic pressure

We report continuous, dynamic, reversible, and widely tunable lasing from 367 to 337 nm from single GaN nanowires (NWs) by applying hydrostatic pressure up to ∼7 GPa. The GaN NW lasers, with heights of 4–5 μm and diameters ∼140 nm, are fabricated using a lithographically defined two-step top-down technique. The wavelength tuning is caused by an increasing Γ direct bandgap of GaN with increasing pressure and is precisely controllable to subnanometer resolution. The observed pressure coefficients of the NWs are ∼40% larger compared with GaN microstructures fabricated from the same material or from reported bulk GaN values, revealing a nanoscale-related effect that significantly enhances the tuning range using this approach. This approach can be generally applied to other semiconductor NW lasers to potentially achieve full spectral coverage from the UV to IR.
The Subalgebra of Finite Support in an Incidence Algebra

The automorphisms of the subalgebra of elements of finite support in the incidence algebra are described, and it is shown when this subalgebra is algebraically determined within the incidence algebra.
Paths of least resistance in possibilistic production systems

Abstract We introduce the idea of possibilistic production systems. We provide a general algorithm for finding a path from an initial node to a goal node. We show that the use of a heuristic function can help in the efficient implementation of the search process. We see that a significant role in determining potential optimal paths is played by concentrating on the most difficult activity to accomplish.
On the extension of Frank's formula to crystals with different lattice parameters

The concepts involved in Frank's [1] formula and the treatment of surface dislocations by Bilby et al. [4] are combined to develop a vector equation for the closure failure associated with a boundary between crystals with different lattice parameters. The relation between the extended Frank's formula and Bollmann's work [13 to 15], coincidence boundaries, and moire fringes is discussed. A tilt-misfit and a twist-misfit phase boundary are treated. The range of applicability of the equations is limited to low-angle phase boundaries including low-angle grain boundaries. Die der Frankschen Formel [1] zu Grunde liegenden Konzeptionen und die Behandlung von Oberflachenversetzungen durch Bilby et al. [4] werden kombiniert, um die bisher fehlende Vektorgleichung, die mit einer Grenze zwischen Kristallen mit unterschiedlichen Gitterparametern verknupft ist, zu entwickeln. Die Beziehung zwischen der erweiterten Frankschen Formel und der Arbeit von Bollmann [13 bis 15], der Koinzidenzgrenzen und Moire-Streifen wird diskutiert. Eine Kipp-Misfit- und eine Drehungs-Misfit-Phasengrenze werden behandelt. Der Anwendungsbereich dieser Gleichungen ist auf Kleinwinkelphasengrenzen einschlieslich Kleinwinkelkorngrenzen beschrankt.
Neural Control of Energy Balance: Translating Circuits to Therapies

Recent insights into the neural circuits controlling energy balance and glucose homeostasis have rekindled the hope for development of novel treatments for obesity and diabetes. However, many therapies contribute relatively modest beneficial gains with accompanying side effects, and the mechanisms of action for other interventions remain undefined. This Review summarizes current knowledge linking the neural circuits regulating energy and glucose balance with current and potential pharmacotherapeutic and surgical interventions for the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
Instruction by Television: Two Presentations Compared.

Closed‐circuit television equipment was used to produce two versions of a programme on the Psychology of Learning for showing to student teachers. Programme A was designed in accordance with the su...
Intercluster beamforming using selection combining

Collaborative beamforming promises important advantages for networks of power-constrained nodes. Realizing these gains requires significant levels of synchronization among transmitters which limits the applications of the technology and increases complexity. This paper considers a selection combining approach to relax synchronization requirements for intercluster beamforming. Simulations demonstrate that synchronization error results in a channel modeled well by Rayleigh fading. For small receive and large transmit clusters, the behavior is very close to that predicted, and selection combining provides significant benefits.
Ideational Origins of Modern Theories of Ethnicity: Individual Freedom vs Organizational Growth*

It is argued that sociological theories of ethnicity can be subsumed under two basic paradigms. One assumes modernity means increasing individual freedom (an assumption derived from classical liber...
Cytogenetic and Molecular Characterization of a Malignant Mixed Mullerian Tumor of the Uterus with a t(8;22)(q24.1;q12)

We report the cytogenetic and molecular findings in a malignant mixed Mullerian tumor of the uterus in a 65-year-old woman. Karyotypic analysis revealed a t(8;22)(q24.1;q12) as the sole abnormality in all 20 cells analyzed. Southern blot analysis of two positional candidate genes, MYC at 8q24, and EWS at 22q12, showed no genomic rearrangement. The finding of the t(8;22) as the only abnormality may be of etiologic significance.
Numerical Simulation of a Tornado Vortex

Abstract A two-way interactive, nested-grid simulation of a rotating supercell thunderstorm was performed. After 90 min the genesis of a descending incipient tornado vortex initially located aloft was simulated. The associated pressure-deficit tube subsequently built downward into the subcloud layer, where it continually fed upon a low-level source of vertical vorticity possibly introduced by the low-level downdraft. The pressure-deficit tube then drew in the low-level vorticity-rich air, allowing it to descend to the surface. A strong vortex thus formed in the subcloud field.
Effect of membrane potential changes on the calcium transient in single rat cardiac muscle cells

The mechanism that links membrane potential changes to the release of calcium from internal stores to cause contraction of cardiac cells is unclear. By using the calcium indicator fura-2 under voltage-clamp conditions, changes in intracellular calcium could be monitored in single rat ventricular cells while controlling membrane potential. The voltage dependence of the depolarization-induced increase in intracellular calcium was not the same as that of the calcium current (Isi), which suggests that only a small fraction of Isi is required to trigger calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In addition, sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release may be partly regulated by membrane potential, since repolarization could terminate the rise in intracellular calcium. Thus, changes in the action potential will have immediate effects on the time course of the calcium transient beyond those associated with its effects on Isi.
Fibular taping does not alter lower extremity spinal reflex excitability in individuals with chronic ankle instability

Abstract Objective To determine changes in spinal reflex excitability of the soleus and fibularis longus muscles before and after fibular taping intervention. Methods Twenty-one individuals (age=23.4±2.7y, height=171.0±12.8cm, mass=69.7±11.8kg) with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and at least 5° ankle dorsiflexion asymmetry volunteered for this randomised crossover design study. Each participant received a fibular taping with tension or fibular taping without tension during separate sessions. Spinal reflex excitability of the soleus and fibularis longus was determined by obtaining maximum values for H-reflex (Hoffmann reflex) and maximum compound muscle action potential (Mmax), which was expressed as a ratio (H/M ratio). Measures were obtained immediately before and after a fibular taping intervention. Results The application of tape to the fibula, regardless of tension, did not produce a change in spinal reflex excitability for the soleus ( F 1,39=.01, P =.91) or fibularis longus ( F 1,39=.001, P =.99). Conclusions Fibular taping with and without tension did not result in an immediate change in spinal reflex excitability of the soleus or fibularis longus in individuals with CAI. Although fibular taping has been shown to reduce recurrent ankle sprains in individuals with CAI, the mechanism of effectiveness may not involve an immediate increase in spinal reflex excitability.
Disclosure and reproduction of a fistula tract in the routine impression procedure by use of silicone rubber: report of case

Although rubber impression material should not be used exclusively, it would have been impossible to discover this abnormality by use of an impression compound.
Holographic fabrication of 3D photonic crystals using silicon based reflective optics element

We present a silicon based single optical element that is able to automatically generate desired laser beam polarizations and intensities for the holographic fabrication of woodpile-type photonic crystal templates. A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) mold based reflective optics element is fabricated for the generation of five-beam interferences where four beams are arranged four-fold symmetrically around a central beam. Silicon chips in the inner surfaces of the mold are used to reflect the circularly or elliptically polarized beam into four side beams that are linearly polarized with electric fields normal to the incident plane, and reduce their laser intensities. Photonic crystal templates are holographically fabricated in a photosensitive polymer through this silicon-on-PDMS based single optical element and single beam based configuration.
Vibrio cholerae O395 tcpA pilin gene sequence and comparison of predicted protein structural features to those of type 4 pilins.

Abstract Vibrio cholerae O1 expresses a pilus that is coordinately regulated with cholera toxin production and hence termed TCP, for toxin-coregulated pilus. Insertion of Tn5 IS50L::phoA (TnphoA) into the major pilin subunit gene, tcpA, has previously been shown to render the strain avirulent as a result of its inability to colonize. One such insertion was isolated and used as a probe to screen for clones containing the intact tcpA gene. The DNA sequence of tcpA was determined by using the intact gene and several tcpA-phoA gene fusions. The deduced protein sequence agreed completely with that previously determined for the TcpA N terminus and with the size of the mature pilin protein. The reported homology with N-methylphenylalanine (type 4) pilins near the N terminus was extended and shown to include components of the atypical leader peptide as well as overall predicted structural similarities in other regions of the pilins. In contrast to the modified N-terminal phenylalanine residue found in all characterized type 4 pilins, the corresponding position in tcpA contains a Met codon, thus implying that the previously uncharacterized amino acid corresponding to the N-terminal position of the mature TcpA pilin is a modified form of methionine. Except for this difference, mature TcpA has the overall predicted structural motifs shared among type 4 pilins.
Hypothermia is a marker for adequacy of resuscitation in severe truncal injury

Hypothermia after massive resuscitation is known to lead to coagulopathy, myocardial depression, and a depressed immune response. Attempts at prevention or correction of hypothermia in the perioperative period frequently fail in spite of utilizing aggressive rewarming modalities. We hypothesized that the response to rewarming is directly correlated to control of bleeding and adequacy of resuscitation.
The Yeast Telomere Length Counting Machinery Is Sensitive to Sequences at the Telomere-Nontelomere Junction

Saccharomyces cerevisiae telomeres consist of a continuous 325 ± 75-bp tract of the heterogeneous repeat TG1-3 which contains irregularly spaced, high-affinity sites for the protein Rap1p. Yeast cells monitor or count the number of telomeric Rap1p molecules in a negative feedback mechanism which modulates telomere length. To investigate the mechanism by which Rap1p molecules are counted, the continuous telomeric TG1-3 sequences were divided into internal TG1-3 sequences and a terminal tract separated by nontelomeric spacers of different lengths. While all of the internal sequences were counted as part of the terminal tract across a 38-bp spacer, a 138-bp disruption completely prevented the internal TG1-3 sequences from being considered part of the telomere and defined the terminal tract as a discrete entity separate from the subtelomeric sequences. We also used regularly spaced arrays of six Rap1p sites internal to the terminal TG1-3 repeats to show that each Rap1p molecule was counted as about 19 bp of TG1-3 in vivo and that cells could count Rap1p molecules with different spacings between tandem sites. As previous in vitro experiments had shown that telomeric Rap1p sites occur about once every 18 bp, all Rap1p molecules at the junction of telomeric and nontelomeric chromatin (the telomere-nontelomere junction) must participate in telomere length measurement. The conserved arrangement of these six Rap1p molecules at the telomere-nontelomere junction in independent transformants also caused the elongated TG1-3 tracts to be maintained at nearly identical lengths, showing that sequences at the telomere-nontelomere junction had an effect on length regulation. These results can be explained by a model in which telomeres beyond a threshold length form a folded structure that links the chromosome terminus to the telomere-nontelomere junction and prevents telomere elongation.
Ankle Sprain Prophylaxis: An Analysis of the Stabilizing Effects of Braces and Tape

Five cadaveric ankles were used to determine the ef fects of prophylactic bracing and tape on resisting an inversion moment applied to the ankle. The ankles were tested in neutral flexion and 30° of plantar flexion and with both low- and high-top shoes. Eight different strap-on braces were studied. High-top sneakers sig nificantly increased the passive resistance to inversion afforded by all braces and tape. Many of the braces functioned to resist inversion at a level that was com parable with or exceeded the capability of freshly ap plied tape. This finding was independent of the type of footwear. Braces that were not as effective as freshly applied tape nevertheless retained the advantage over tape in that they could be easily readjusted and their effectiveness restored, whereas the quality of the sup port provided with tape deteriorated with usage.
QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BENTHIC ALGAL COMMUNITIES ALONG A DEPTH GRADIENT IN LAKE MICHIGAN1,2

This study analyzes the impact of conditions associated with depth upon benthic algal communities in Lake Michigan. Diatom abundance was greater at 9.1 and 14.6 m depths than 6.5, 22.6 and 27.4 m. Shallow (6.5 m), mid-depth (9.1 and 14.6 m) and deep (22.6 and 27.4 m) zones were distinguishable on the basis of community composition, structure and abundance. Dominance of benthic species, high diversity and low abundance in shallow communities probably resulted from substantial substrate disturbance by wave action in this productive zone. Dominance of benthic species, high diversity and high abundance characterized mid-depth communities where less wave disturbance enabled algal accumulation. Preponderance of living planktonic taxa, low diversity and low abundance delineated deep communities where planktonic algae accumulated and low light levels reduced growth of benthic species.
Treatment Algorithms in Critical Care: Do They Improve Outcomes?:

Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) often have significant underlying morbidities that require complex treatment plans. Because of these complexities, numerous guidelines have been developed to facilitate the management of the critically ill patient. Some of these guidelines include sepsis, community-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia, sedation, and glycemic control. Once guidelines are written, a treatment protocol must be developed and implemented within the critical care unit. Our medical center has implemented multiple treatment protocols, often with preprinted order sets with various degrees of success. In 2003, we implemented and later evaluated a sedation order form and protocol. Patients whose sedation was initiated with a standardized order form had more frequent sedation score assessment, less time between sedation vacations, reduced ICU length of ICU stay, and a trend in reduction of ventilator days. However, only 37% of eligible patients were treated using the order form and the protocol, despite the potentially beneficial effects. Some recommendations within guidelines are based on sound clinical evidence supported by randomized controlled trials, although others are based on expert opinion only. The most often-cited reason for protocol noncompliance is disagreement with the published clinical trial data. This paper examines both infectious and noninfectious treatment guidelines and the supportive evidence that they improved patient outcomes. In addition, strategies for successful implementation of a treatment guideline are discussed for clinicians to follow in order to maximize clinical outcomes.
The contribution of additive genetic variation to personality variation: heritability of personality

Individual animals frequently exhibit repeatable differences from other members of their population, differences now commonly referred to as ‘animal personality’. Personality differences can arise,...
Changing presentation of knee dislocation and vascular injury from high-energy trauma to low-energy falls in the morbidly obese

Objective Reports in the literature of low-energy (LE) knee dislocation (KD) in obese patients have been increasing. This study was undertaken to define the risk factors for KD by LE mechanisms and the outcomes of these patients compared with those with high-energy (HE) trauma. Methods All patients with a complete KD presenting to the emergency department of a large urban level I trauma center were reviewed. Patient information collected included age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), injury mechanism, neurovascular and orthopedic injuries, and operations performed to treat vascular injuries. Risk factors for KD and concomitant injuries were compared between HE traumatic dislocations and LE dislocations in obese patients (BMI >30 kg/m 2 ), including stratification for increasing levels of obesity. Results Between January 1995 and April 2012, 53 patients with KD were identified. The mechanism of injury was HE in 28 (53%) and LE in 25 (47%). Of the LE KDs, 18 (72%) were related to obesity (BMI >30 kg/m 2 ). Obese patients with LE trauma were more likely to have associated nerve injuries (50% vs 6%; P P = .048), and vascular surgical repairs (28% vs 6%; P = .038) than patients with HE traumatic dislocations. These rates were highest in the patients with a BMI >40 kg/m 2 . Although all LE KDs in the obese involved an isolated extremity, the hospital lengths of stay were comparable to those with HE KDs who frequently had multisystem trauma (8.7 vs 11.4 days). During a 17-year period, LE KDs in the obese represented an increasing proportion, from 17% in 1995 to 2000 up to 53% in 2007 to 2012, and the eventual majority of all KDs at our institution ( P = .024). Conclusions LE KDs in obese patients are becoming increasingly prevalent. These patients are more likely to have nerve and vascular injuries and are more likely to undergo vascular repair than patients with HE trauma. The epidemic of obesity in the United States presents unique challenges in the identification and treatment of patients with LE KD and their associated injuries.
Public Debt and Functional Finance in an OLG Model with Imperfect Competition

This paper examines the role of scal policy in the long run. We show that (i) dynamic ine¢ ciency may be empirically relevant in a modi ed Diamond OLG model with imperfect competition, (ii) scal policy may be needed to avoid ine¢ ciency (if investment adjusts passively to saving) and maintain full employment (if investment and saving decisions are taken separately), (iii) a simple and distributionally neutral tax scheme can maintain full employment in the face of variations in household con dence, and (iv) the debt ratio is inversely related to both the growth rate and government consumption. JEL classi cation: E62, E22 Key words: Public debt, Keynesian OLG model, dynamic e¢ ciency, con dence, sustainability. Early versions of this paper have been presented at the Eastern Economic Association Meetings, the Analytical Political Economic Workshop, Queen Mary, University of London, and in seminars at the University of Massachusetts and Aalborg University. We thank the participants for helpful comments and suggestions. yDepartment of Economics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003,USA, and Aalborg University; email: pskott@econs.umass.edu. zDepartment of Accounting, Finance and Economics, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA; email: sryoo@.adelphi.edu