cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HYBRID SIMULATION CODES WITH APPLICATION TO SHOCKS AND UPSTREAM WAVES

Hybrid codes in which part of the plasma is represented as particles and the rest as a fluid are discussed. In the past few years such codes with particle ions and massless, fluid electrons have been applied to space plasmas, especially to collisionless shocks. All of these simulation codes are one-dimensional and similar in structure, except for how the field equations are solved. We describe in detail the various approaches that are used (resistive Ohm’s law, predictor-corrector, Hamiltonian) and compare results from the various codes with examples taken from collisionless shocks and low frequency wave phenomena upstream of shocks.
Monodromy groups of Hurwitz-type problems

Abstract We solve the Hurwitz monodromy problem for degree 4 covers. That is, the Hurwitz space H 4 , g of all simply branched covers of P 1 of degree 4 and genus g is an unramified cover of the space P 2 g + 6 of ( 2 g + 6 ) -tuples of distinct points in P 1 . We determine the monodromy of π 1 ( P 2 g + 6 ) on the points of the fiber. This turns out to be the same problem as the action of π 1 ( P 2 g + 6 ) on a certain local system of Z / 2 -vector spaces. We generalize our result by treating the analogous local system with Z / N coefficients, 3 ∤ N , in place of Z / 2 . This in turn allows us to answer a question of Ellenberg concerning families of Galois covers of P 1 with deck group ( Z / N ) 2 : S 3 .
Systematic study of the jet fragmentation function for inclusive jet-production in p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s}=200$ GeV in STAR

Jet fragmentation functions measured in e+e− and \(p+\bar{p}\) experiments are well-described on an inclusive hadron level by QCD-based calculations. Fragmentation is expected to be modified by the presence of a strongly interacting medium, but full theoretical description of this modification must still be developed. It has recently been suggested that particle-identified fragmentation functions may provide additional insight into the processes underlying jet quenching. To assess the applicability of QCD-based fragmentation calculations to RHIC data, and to provide a baseline with which to compare fragmentation function measurements in heavy ion collisions, we present the first measurements of charged hadron and particle-identified fragmentation functions of jets reconstructed via a midpoint-cone algorithm from p+p collisions at 200 GeV in STAR. We study the dependence on jet cone-size and jet-energy, and compare the results to PYTHIA simulations based on the Modified Leading Log Approximation (MLLA).
Surface properties of a north ray crater soil /Apollo 16/

Surface properties of lunar fines sample 67481 have been investigated by measuring the adsorptions of nitrogen (at -196 C) and water (at 20 C). Characteristics of this sample are similar to those of samples from other locations on the lunar surface and include the more typical alteration reaction with adsorbed water. Although their maturities are markedly different, the surface properties of 67481 are very much like those of the more mature 63341 from the adjacent station 13. These results indicate that the surface properties of lunar soils attain an equilibrium state faster than other properties used to indicate maturity.
o-(α-Benzotriazolylalkyl)phenols: Versatile Intermediates for the Synthesis of Substituted Phenols

Phenols and naphthols are benzotriazolylmethylated by 1-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-benzotriazole (13) (a formaldehyde derivative) in the o- or (if both o-positions are occupied) in the p-position. The reaction can be extended to other aldehydes in the case of the naphthols. The methylene group in the o-(benzotriazolylmethyl)phenols can be lithiated (but only after trimethylsilyl protection of the hydroxy group) and then substituted by various electrophiles. The benzotriazole residues in both the primary products and in their substituted derivatives can be displaced by the alkyl anions of Grignard reagents or by hydride ions allowing the elaboration of many new types of substituted phenols.
The muon anomalous magnetic moment—significance of the new measurement

Abstract Theoretical calculations of the hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment utilize experimental data from e + e − annihilation and tau decay. The data provide input to a dispersion relation. I contend that it is not possible to put error bounds on the dispersion-relation calculation absent proof—not presently available—that the amplitudes in question are polynomially bounded. Examples are provided.
Structure in the upper lunar crust

Warren and Trice (1975) have shown that bulk elastic properties of lunar samples can be systematically correlated with petrographic classification and descriptions of lithification and disaggregation. The present paper reviews the underlying systematics and uses them to estimate the average degree of lithification and structure densities compatible with the observed seismic profiles in the top 30 km of the moon. The estimates are discussed in terms of some of their implications for the thermal gradient and for annealing and fracture histories. The published lunar seismic profiles are consistent with a sharp gradient in structure density at a depth of about 1 km, from highly fractured lithic units above 1 km to only moderately fractured competent rock below.
Political Cleavages and Economic Sanctions: The Economic and Political Winners and Losers of Sanctions

We develop and test a theory, based on the Stolper–Samuelson Theorem, of the effectiveness of sanctions. We treat sanctions as exogenously imposed changes in a country's exposure to international markets. In a country with an open-trade regime, owners and intensive users of the abundant factor of production hold economic and political power. In a country closed to trade, however, economic and political power rests with owners and intensive users of scarce factors. Thus, if real rates of return to the abundant factor decline during sanctions against a trade-open country, or real rates of return to the scarce factor decline during sanctions against a trade-closed country, we expect these economically and politically powerful segments of the targeted country to push hard for policy changes that would bring about an end to sanctions. Statistical analysis of sanctions episodes initiated between 1971 and 2000 provides support for the paper's expectations.
Computer-assisted instruction in mathematics and language arts for deaf students

This paper summarizes a three-year project running from July 1, 1970 to June 30, 1973, which was concerned with research and development in computer-assisted instruction (CAI) for hearing-impaired or deaf students. CAI curriculums developed by the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences (IMSSS) at Stanford University were used by more than 1,000 deaf students during the 1970--71 school year and by more than 2,000 deaf students during the 1971--72 and 1972--73 school years.
A novel ring contraction of rapamycin

Abstract The first synthesis of a novel ring contracted analogue of rapamycin is reported. The synthesis employs a stereoselective and regioselective reduction of the C 27 ketone followed by a 1,3-acyl migration.
Transformation from proper time on Earth to coordinate time in solar system barycentric space-time frame of reference

In order to obtain accurate computed values of Earth-based range and Doppler observables of a beep space probe, an expression is required for the time differencet−τ, wheret is coordinate time in the solar system barycentric space-time frame of reference and τ is proper time recorded on a fixed atomic clock on earth. This paper is part 1 of a two-part article which obtains an expression fort−τ which is suitable for use in obtaining computed values of observations of a spacecraft or celestial body located anywhere in the solar system. The expression can also be used in the computation of Very Long Baseline Interferometry data types. Part 1 obtains an expression fort−τ which is a function of position and velocity vectors of the major celestial bodies of the solar system and the atomic clock on Earth which reads τ. In Part 2, this expression will be transformed to a function of time and the Earth-fixed coordinates of the atomic clock.
Black hole entropy from near-horizon microstates

Black holes whose near-horizon geometries are locally, but not necessarily globally, AdS3 (three-dimensional anti-de Sitter space) are considered. Using the fact that quantum gravity on AdS3 is a conformal field theory, we microscopically compute the black hole entropy from the asymptotic growth of states. Precise numerical agreement with the Bekenstein-Hawking area formula for the entropy is found. The result pertains to any consistent quantum theory of gravity, and does not use string theory or supersymmetry.
EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF 5-ARYL-2-VINYLFURANS BY PALLADIUM CATALYZED CROSS-COUPLING STRATEGIES

Abstract The synthesis of substituted 5-aryl-2-furfurals from furfural by three alternative palladium cross coupling strategies are described. The resulting 5-aryl-2-furfurals were converted into their corresponding 5-aryl-2-vinylfurans in good yields by Wittig chemistry.
CONELIKE SOAP FILMS SPANNING TETRAHEDRA

In this paper we provide the first examples of non-flat soap films proven to span tetrahedra. These are members of a continuous two parameter family of soap films with tetrahedral boundaries. Of particular interest is a two parameter subfamily where each spanning soap film has the property that two minimal surfaces meet along an edge of the boundary at an angle greater than 120°.
Habenariol, a freshwater feeding deterrent from the aquatic orchid Habenaria repens (Orchidaceae)

An uncommon ester, bis-p-hydroxybenzyl-2-isobutylmalate, habenariol, has been isolated, by bioassay-guided fractionation, from the organic extract of the freshwater orchid Habenaria repens. The structure of habenariol was determined by the interpretation of spectral data. Feeding bioassays showed that habenariol deters feeding by the common freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Habenariol is related to a bis-ester glycoside isolated from the non-aquatic orchid Galeola faberi.
Irreversible quantum mechanics in the neutral K-system

The neutral kaon system is used to test the quantum theory of resonance scattering and decay phenomena. The two dimensional Lee-Oehme-Yang theory with complex Hamiltonian is obtained by truncating the complex basis vector expansion of the exact theory in rigged Hilbert space. This can be done forK1 andK2 as well as forKS andKL, depending upon whether one chooses the (self-adjoint, semibounded) Hamiltonian as commuting or noncommuting withCP. As an unexpected curiosity, one can show that the exact theory (without truncation) predicts long-time 2π decays of the neutral kaon system even if the Hamiltonian conservesCP.
Low Angular Momentum Accretion in the Collapsar: How Long Can a Long GRB Be?

The collapsar model is the most promising scenario to explain the huge release of energy associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Within this scenario GRBs are believed to be powered by accretion through a rotationally supported torus or by fast rotation of a compact object. In both cases rotation of the progenitor star is a key property, because it must be high enough for the torus to form, the compact object to rotate very fast, or both. Here, we check what rotational properties a progenitor star must have in order to sustain torus accretion over relatively long activity periods such as observed in most GRBs. We show that simple, often cited, estimates of the total mass available for torus formation and consequently the duration of a GRB are only upper limits. We revise these estimates by taking into account the long-term effect that as the compact object accretes, the minimum specific angular momentum needed for torus formation increases. This in turn leads to a smaller fraction of the stellar envelope that can form a torus. We demonstrate that this effect can lead to a significant (an order of magnitude) reduction of the total energy and overall duration of a GRB event. This of course can be mitigated by assuming that the progenitor star rotates faster then we assumed. However, our assumed rotation is already high compared to observational and theoretical constraints. We estimate the GRB duration times, first by assuming a constant accretion rate, an also by explicitly calculating the free-fall time of the gas during the collapse. We discuss the implications of our results.
Was Star Formation Suppressed in High-Redshift Minihalos?

The primordial gas in the earliest dark matter halos, collapsing at redshifts z ~ 20, with masses Mhalo ~ 106 M☉ and virial temperatures Tvir 104 K). This conclusion is insensitive to assumptions about the efficiency of ionizing photon production in the large halos, as long as reionization ends by z = 6, as required by the spectra of bright quasars at z 6. Our conclusion is strengthened if the clumping of the ionized gas evolves with redshift, as suggested by semianalytical predictions and three-dimensional numerical simulations.
An analog-digital simulator for the design and improvement of man-machine systems

Under sponsorship of the Aero Medical Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center, the National Bureau of Standards is designing a simulator facility for research on man-machine systems. The facility is specifically intended to enable experimentation with man-machine control systems such as those for airtraffic control, ground control of interceptors, and command systems in general. The facility is to be equipped for the dynamic representation and simulation of control systems which have human operators as elements of the closed loop. The present work has included the construction of a prototype of the essential elements of a complete simulation facility. This paper presents some design considerations peculiar to this class of simulator, describes the present prototype, and indicates refinements which might profitably be incorporated in the final facility.
Retro-biosynthetic screening of a modular pathway design achieves selective route for microbial synthesis of 4-methyl-pentanol

Microbial pathways can be engineered for the sustainable production of chemical products such as transportation fuels. Here the authors design and implement a de novo biosynthetic pathway in E. coli that is capable of producing the gasoline replacement, 4-methyl-pentanol.
Grand challenges in power semiconductors

Semiconductor materials and devices used for high-power switching and amplification of electrical and optical signals are often subjected to extreme levels of electrical and thermal stresses. This paper presents new opportunities for developing rugged power semiconductor devices to meet the challenges of the 21st century energy conversion applications.
Inorganic photochemistry - - then and now

Abstract Some of the early quantitative history of inorganic photochemistry is recalled and some of the early experiences of the writer. Conceptual landmarks in the progress to the present are outlined. The role of the Italian school of photochemistry in this development is noted. The current state of the field is discussed briefly along with some predictions.
SCANNING LASER DOPPLER TECHNIQUES FOR VIBRATION TESTING

The feasibility of using a scanning LDV to measure the mode shape of a vibrating structure has been shown. The technique of simultaneously gathering vibration velocity information from multiple locations along the scan has been demonstrated. This makes it possible to obtain the velocity simultaneously from multiple points using a single-sensor system. A new data-processing technique extracts Cheby-shev approximations to the velocity profile. The scanning LDV provides a measuring tool that is noncontacting and adds no mass to the structure. The mode-shape data from measurements using the scanning LDV exhibit good agreement with theoretical predictions. Additional work is necessary to exploit the benefits of this development and to apply it to other important practical problems like separation of interacting modes and nonharmonic or random vibrations.
Feasibility of Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) of Atlantic Cod with Seafloor Scattering Limitations

Recently reported declines in the population of Atlantic cod have led to calls for additional survey methods for stock assessments. In combination with conventional line-transect methods that may have ambiguities in sampling fish populations, Ocean Acoustic Waveguide Remote Sensing (OAWRS) has been shown to have a potential for providing accurate stock assessments (Makris N.C., et al. Science 2009, 323, 1,734–1,737; 54th Northeast Regional Stock Assessment Workshop (54th SAW) US Department of Commerce, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 2012). The use of OAWRS technology enables instantaneous wide-area sensing of fish aggregations over thousands of square kilometers. The ratio of the intensity of scattered returns from fish versus the seafloor in any resolution cell typically determines the maximum fish detection range of OAWRS, which then is a function of fish population density, scattering amplitude and depth distribution, as well as the level of seafloor scattering. With the knowledge of oceanographic parameters, such as bathymetry, sound speed structure and attenuation, we find that a Rayleigh–Born volume scattering approach can be used to efficiently and accurately estimate seafloor scattering over wide areas. From hundreds of OAWRS measurements of seafloor scattering, we determine the Rayleigh–Born scattering amplitude of the seafloor, which we find has a ƒ2,4 frequency dependence below roughly 2 kHz in typical continental shelf environments along the US northeast coast. We then find that it is possible to robustly detect cod aggregations across frequencies at and near swim bladder resonance for observed spawningconfigurations along the U.S. northeast coast, roughly the two octave range 150–600 Hzfor water depths up to roughly 100 m. This frequency range is also optimal for long-rangeocean acoustic waveguide propagation, because it enables multimodal acoustic waveguidepropagation with minimal acoustic absorption and forward scattering losses. As the sensingfrequency moves away from the resonance peak, OAWRS detection of cod becomesincreasingly less optimal, due to a rapid decrease in cod scattering amplitude. In otherenvironments where cod depth may be greater, the optimal frequencies for cod detectionare expected to increase with swim bladder resonance frequency.
Inferred bimodality in the distribution of soil moisture at Big Meadows, Shenandoah National Park, Virginia

[1] Recent work has shown that distinct steady-state modes of soil moisture frequency can occur resulting in soils being preferentially in either dry states or wet states. Bimodal distributions of summer soil moisture can be due to precipitation feedback, to variations in climate from early summer to late summer, or to interannual rainfall variability. We examined the frequency distribution in the Palmer Drought Severity Index at Big Meadows, which is a relatively flat, open area in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. We found that a pronounced bimodality exists not only during the summer months, but also during the remainder of the year. Furthermore, our analyses show that the bimodality in the distribution exists for the month of August alone, suggesting that there are intrinsically dry states and wet states and that the bimodality is not merely a result of climate differences from early to late summer.
Discrete Molecular Catalysts for Methane Functionalization

The implementation of selective, energy efficient, direct alkane oxidation chemistry could lead to a new paradigm in materials and energy technologies for the 21st century that is environmentally and economically superior to current processes. Such processes would allow the vast reserves of natural gas to be directly employed as feedstocks for fuels and chemicals. Molecular catalysts that activate and functionalize the CH bonds of unactivated hydrocarbons are of particular interest, from both a scientific and economic viewpoint. This results from the unique properties of these engineered materials, which allow them to carry out oxidative hydrocarbon functionalization, with high atom and energy efficiency, under relatively mild conditions. Despite the large body of work on the activation of CH bonds over the last three decades, relatively few catalyst systems based on this approach present a viable route to functionalize hydrocarbons. This dilemma is largely due to the large gaps in our fundamental knowledge to allow rational design of such catalysts. Addressed in this paper are some of the key challenges and approaches to the de novo design of alkane functionalization molecular catalysts based on the CH activation reaction, with an emphasis on our own research.
Mapping, monitoring, and modelling of hazardous waste sites

Abstract Management of the industrial nations' hazardous waste is a current and exponentially increasing, global threatening situation. Improved environmental information must be obtained and managed concerning the current status, temporal dynamics and potential future status of these critical sites. To test the application of spatial environmental techniques to the problem of hazardous waste sites, a Superfund (CERCLA) test site was chosen in an industrial/urban valley experiencing severe TCE, PCE, and CTC ground water contamination. A paradigm is presented for investigating spatial/environmental tools available for the mapping, monitoring and modelling of the environment and its toxic contaminated plumes. This model incorporates a range of technical issues concerning the collection of data as augmented by remotely sensed tools, the format and storage of data utilizing geographic information systems, and the analysis and modelling of the environment through the use of advance GIS analysis algorithms and geophysic models of hydrologic transport including statistical surface generation. This spatial based approach is evaluated against the current government/industry standards of operations. Advantages and lessons learned of the spatial approach are discussed.
Who Says there is a High Consensus Among Analysts when Market Uncertainty is High? Some New Evidence from the Commercial Real Estate Market

This paper seeks to determine whether analyst consensus is a function of the level of price informativeness, and therefore attempts to gauge the extent to which analyst consensus is high when market uncertainty is high. There is the view that a small or declining volume of trading implies less information and lower quality information, and that a lower level of price informativeness will lead analysts to put more weight on their private information at the time of forecasting. We add to this view the notion that when uncertainty is high there might be a positive option value of waiting. In this case, it appears reasonable to conclude that analysts may actually lack consensus when uncertainty is high. If this hypothesis is correct, then one would expect the level of price informativeness to override the Keynesian incentive “to fail conventionally than to succeed unconventionally” or at least reduce its magnitude in periods of declining trading volume and low price discovery. Tests of this hypothesis produce favorable results.
Notes on some inequalities in economics

Inequalities created by relating gauge (distance) functions and their dual support functions have been used in economics and operations research/management science to measure efficiency and productivity. The most familiar example is the Farrell (1957) measure of cost efficiency and its decomposition into technical and allocative components, which can be shown to be an application of the Mahler (1939) inequalities, although Farrell was probably unaware of the connection. In this short paper we add to this literature by providing explicit relationships between distance functions and support functions to form five different inequalities. These inequalities are derived from three support functions: the cost function, the revenue function and the profit function, and three gauge (distance) functions: the input distance function, the output distance function and the directional (technology) distance function.
Bloch surface eigenstates within the radiation continuum

From detailed numerical calculations, we demonstrate that in simple photonic crystal structures, a discrete number of Bloch surface-localized eigenstates can exist inside the continuum of free-space modes. Coupling to the free space causes the surface modes to leak, but the forward and back-reflected leakage may interfere destructively to create a perfectly bound surface state with zero leakage. We perform analytical temporal coupled-mode theory analysis to show the generality of such phenomenon and its robustness from variations of system parameters. Periodicity, time-reversal invariance, two-fold rotational symmetry and a perfectly reflecting boundary are necessary for these unique states. Inside the periodic structure of a photonic crystal, photons behave analogously to electrons in solid-state materials. Localized light patterns can be found at the interface between a photonic crystal and the surrounding air. Such surface states can exist even when the light has a possibility of escaping into the air, as Marin Soljacic and co-workers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, USA, now show in a theoretical study. They demonstrate that under certain conditions, different leakage channels from the crystal surface interfere destructively and thus cancel each other completely. These findings should help in the design of photonic-crystal structures for applications such as sensing and spectroscopy, where strongly localized light states are desired.
Experimental study of vortex flow control on double-delta wings using fillets

An experimental investigation of vortex flow control through small geometry modifications (fillets) at the strake/wing junction of a cropped, double-delta whig model with sharp leading edges was conducted in a water tunnel at a model Reynolds number of 1.875 X 10. The fillets increased the whig area of the baseline model by 1%. The main focus of this study was to evaluate the effects of fillets on vortex core trajectories, interactions, and breakdown (bursting) on the leeward surface at high angles of attack (AOAs), using the dye-injection technique. Comparison of test results for different fillet shapes indicates delay hi both vortex interaction and breakdown at high AOAs, particularly for the diamond-fillet shape. The vortex trajectory data for the diamond-fillet shape clearly imply lift augmentation, thus supporting the concept of flow control using fillets. The vortex breakdown data indicate lift augmentation for both the static and dynamic cases.
Global orthogonal spectra

For any compact Lie group G, there are several well-established definitions of a G-equivariant spectrum. In this paper, we develop the definition of a global orthogonal spectrum. Loosely speaking, this is a coherent choice of orthogonal G-spectrum for each compact Lie group G. We use the framework of enriched indexed categories to make this precise. We also consider equivariant K-theory and Spin(c)-cobordism from this perspective, and we show that the Atiyah-Bott-Shapiro orientation extends to the global context.
The TopHat Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy experiment

We have developed a balloon-borne experiment to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation anisotropy on angular scales from ∼50° down to ∼20′. The instrument observes at frequencies between 150 and 690 GHz and will be flown on an Antarctic circumpolar long duration flight. To greatly improve the experiment performance, the front-end of the experiment is mounted on the top of the balloon. With high sensitivity, broad sky coverage, and well-characterized systematic errors, the results of this experiment can be used to strongly constrain cosmological models and probe the early stages of large-scale structure formation in the Universe.
Chevalley restriction theorem for the cyclic quiver

We prove a Chevalley restriction theorem and its double analogue for the cyclic quiver. The aim of this paper is to prove a Chevalley restriction theorem and its double analogue for the cyclic quiver. When the quiver is of type Â0, we recover the results for gln. The proof of our Chevalley restriction theorem is similar to the proof for gln; however, the proof of the double analogue uses a theorem of Crawley-Boevey on decomposition of quiver varieties. The double analogue is the limiting case of an isomorphism between a Calogero-Moser space and the center of a symplectic reflection algebra proved by Etingof and Ginzburg. It is also the associated graded version of a conjectural Harish-Chandra isomorphism for the cyclic quiver. We now introduce our notations. Let Q be the cyclic quiver with m vertices. Let δ = (1, . . . , 1) be the minimal positive imaginary root. Let Rn = Rep(Q,nδ) be the space of representations of Q with dimension vector nδ. Thus, Rn = gln × · · · × gln } {{ } m . Next, let h be the subspace of diagonal matrices in gln, and let Ln = {(z, . . . , z) ∈ Rn | z ∈ h}. Note that Ln is a n dimensional subspace of Rn. Let Gn = GLn × · · · ×GLn } {{ } m . An element (g1, . . . , gm) ∈ Gn acts on an element (x1, . . . , xm) ∈ Rn, giving (g 2 x1g1, g −1 3 x2g2, . . . , g −1 1 xmgm). Let Sn be the symmetric group on n letters, which we will also regard as the subgroup of permutation matrices in GLn. Finally, let Wn = Sn ⋉ (Z/mZ) .
VLSI Impact on microprocessor evolution, usage, and system design

The rapidly expanding capability of Large-Scale and Very-Large-Scale Integration (LSI and VLSI) and their interaction with computer technology gave birth to the now ubiquitous microprocessor. Recent trends in digital integrated-circuit technology and their impact on microprocessor technology will be reviewed. Additionally, we will categorize microprocessors, discuss the microprocessor industry, and overview their impact on industrial, commercial, and consumer applications. Finally, we will discuss the impact VLSI will have on both chip and system design.
Kolmogorov Complexity in Randomness Extraction

We clarify the role of Kolmogorov complexity in the area of randomness extraction. We show that a computable function is an almost randomness extractor if and only if it is a Kolmogorov complexity extractor, thus establishing a fundamental equivalence between two forms of extraction studied in the literature: Kolmogorov extraction and randomness extraction. We present a distribution Mk based on Kolmogorov complexity that is complete for randomness extraction in the sense that a computable function is an almost randomness extractor if and only if it extracts randomness from Mk.
Synthesis of aryl-substituted aldehydes and ketones via palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides and non-allylic unsaturated alcohols

Abstract The palladium-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides and non-allylic unsaturated alcohols affords excellent yields of aryl-substituted aldehydes and ketones.
Thrust Chamber Dynamics and Propulsive Performance of Single -Tube Pulse Detonation Engines

This pape r deals with the modeling and simulation of the thrust chamber dynamics in an airbreathing pulse detonation engine (PDE). The system under consideration includes a supersonic inlet, an air manifold, a rotary valve, a single -tube combustor , and a convergent -divergent nozzle. The analysis accommodates the full conservation equations in two - dimensional coordinates, along with a calibrated one - progress -variable chemical reaction scheme for a stoichiometric hydrogen/air mixture. The combustion and flow dynamics involved in typical PDE operations are carefully examined. In addition, a flow -path based performance prediction model is established to estimate the theoretical limit of the engine propulsive performance. Various performance loss mechanisms, including refilling process, mismatch of nozzle exit flow conditions with the ambient state, nozzle flow divergence, and internal flow dynamics, are identified and quantified. The internal flow loss, which mainly arises from the shock waves within the chamber, play s a dominant role in degrading the PDE performance. The effects of engine operating parameters and nozzle configurations on the system dynamics are also studied in depth. Results indicate the existence of an optimum operating frequency for achieving a be st performance margin. For a given cycle period and purge time, the performance increases with decreasing valve close -up time in most cases. On the other hand, a larger purge time decreases the specific thrust but increases the specific impulse for a giv en cycle period and valve close -up time. The nozzle throat area affects both the flow expansion process and chamber dynamics, thereby exerting a much more significant influence than the other nozzle geometrical parameters.
Growth in Russia's Federal Districts, 1994-2003

Russian macroeconomic growth in the transition era is analysed across federal districts using a neoclassical production function often found in studies of Soviet-era economic growth. An adjusted capital stock series for Russian regions is created and used in the aggregate production function for 1995–2003 to analyse growth across the 11 federal districts in Russia. Federal district output growth is found to be explained well by neoclassical growth theory, indicating that poorer regions may converge to richer regions, thereby strengthening the Russian Federation. Federal districts also have high capital/labour ratios, suggesting that expanded regional domestic and foreign investment across Russia in the future will enhance growth.
Molecular Studies of Model Surfaces of Metals from Single Crystals to Nanoparticles under Catalytic Reaction Conditions. Evolution from Prenatal and Postmortem Studies of Catalysts

Molecular level studies of metal crystal and nanoparticle surfaces under catalytic reaction conditions at ambient pressures during turnover were made possible by the use of instruments developed at the University of California at Berkeley. Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFGVS), owing to its surface specificity and sensitivity, is able to identify the vibrational features of adsorbed monolayers of molecules. We identified reaction intermediates, different from reactants and products, under reaction conditions and for multipath reactions on metal single crystals and nanoparticles of varying size and shape. The high-pressure scanning tunneling microscope (HP-STM) revealed the dynamics of a catalytically active metallic surface by detecting the mobility of the adsorbed species during catalytic turnover. It also demonstrated the reversible and adsorbate-driven surface restructuring of platinum when exposed to molecules such as CO and ethylene. Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) detected the reversible changes of surface composition in rhodium-palladium, platinum-palladium, and other bimetallic nanoparticles as the reactant atmosphere changed from oxidizing to reducing. It was found that metal nanoparticles of less than 2 nm in size are present in higher oxidation states, which alters and enhances their catalytic activity. The catalytic nanodiode (CND) confirmed that a catalytic reaction-induced current flow exists at oxide-metal interfaces, which correlates well with the reaction turnover.
Figures of merit to characterize the importance of on-chip inductance

A closed-form solution for the output signal of a CMOS inverter driving an RLC transmission line is presented. This solution is based on the alpha power law for deep submicrometer technologies. Two figures of merit are presented that are useful for determining if a section of interconnect should be modeled as either an RLC or an RC impedance. The damping factor of a lumped RLC circuit is shown to be a useful criterion. The second useful figure of merit considered in this paper is the ratio of the rise time of the input signal at the driver of an interconnect line to the time of flight of the signals across the line. AS/X circuit simulations of an RLC transmission line and a five section RC II circuit based on a 0.25-/spl mu/m IBM CMOS technology are used to quantify and determine the relative accuracy of an RC model. One primary result of this paper is evidence demonstrating that a range for the length of the interconnect exists for which inductance effects are prominent. Furthermore, it is shown that under certain conditions, inductance effects are negligible despite the length of the section of interconnect.
One-pot synthesis of 1-allyl- and 1-allenyl-6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glycosides from methyl tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glycosides

Abstract A one-pot synthesis of 1-allyl- and 1-allenyl-6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glycosides from the corresponding methyl per-benzyl-α-D-glycosides and allyl trimethylsilane or propargyl trimethylsilane in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoro-methanesulfonate followed by addition of acetic anhydride in good yields was described.
Rise and fall of the Eastern Great Indonesian arc recorded by the assembly, dispersion and accretion of the Banda Terrane, Timor

Abstract New age, petrochemical and structural data indicate that the Banda Terrane is a remnant of a Jurassic to Eocene arc–trench system that formed the eastern part of the Great Indonesian arc. The arc system rifted apart during Eocene to Miocene supra-subduction zone sea floor spreading, which dispersed ridges of Banda Terrane embedded in young oceanic crust as far south as Sumba and Timor. In Timor the Banda Terrane is well exposed as high-level thrust sheets that were detached from the edge of the Banda Sea upper plate and uplifted by collision with the passive margin of NW Australia. The thrust sheets contain a distinctive assemblage of medium grade metamorphic rocks overlain by Cretaceous to Miocene forearc basin deposits. New U/Pb age data presented here indicate igneous zircons are less than 162 Ma with a cluster of ages at 83 Ma and 35 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of various mineral phases from metamorphic units all cluster at between 32–38 Ma. These data yield a cooling curve that shows exhumation from around 550 °C to the surface between 36–28 Ma. After this time there is no evidence of metamorphism of the Banda Terrane, including its accretion to the edge of the Australian continental margin during the Pliocene. These data link the Banda Terrane to similar rocks and events documented throughout the eastern edge of the Sunda Shelf and the Banda Sea floor.
Angiogenic sprouting is regulated by endothelial cell expression of Slug

The Snail family of zinc-finger transcription factors are evolutionarily conserved proteins that control processes requiring cell movement. Specifically, they regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) where an epithelial cell severs intercellular junctions, degrades basement membrane and becomes a migratory, mesenchymal-like cell. Interestingly, Slug expression has been observed in angiogenic endothelial cells (EC) in vivo, suggesting that angiogenic sprouting may share common attributes with EMT. Here, we demonstrate that sprouting EC in vitro express both Slug and Snail, and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of either inhibits sprouting and migration in multiple in vitro angiogenesis assays. We find that expression of MT1-MMP, but not of VE-Cadherin, is regulated by Slug and that loss of sprouting as a consequence of reduced Slug expression can be reversed by lentiviral-mediated re-expression of MT1-MMP. Activity of MMP2 and MMP9 are also affected by Slug expression, likely through MT1-MMP. Importantly, we find enhanced expression of Slug in EC in human colorectal cancer samples compared with normal colon tissue, suggesting a role for Slug in pathological angiogenesis. In summary, these data implicate Slug as an important regulator of sprouting angiogenesis, particularly in pathological settings.
UNIPOTENT VARIETY IN THE GROUP COMPACTIFICATION

Abstract The unipotent variety of a reductive algebraic group G plays an important role in the representation theory. In this paper, we will consider the closure U ¯ of the unipotent variety in the De Concini–Procesi compactification G ¯ of a connected simple algebraic group G. We will prove that U ¯ - U is a union of some G-stable pieces introduced by Lusztig in [Moscow Math. J 4 (2004) 869–896]. This was first conjectured by Lusztig. We will also give an explicit description of U ¯ . It turns out that similar results hold for the closure of any Steinberg fiber in G ¯ .
In search of a meaningful field-error specification for wigglers

Abstract The quality of a wiggler field is often characterized by its rms deviation from the ideal. This deviation, however, is a poor predictor of actual system performance, particularly in light of the possibilities for optimized error ordering. An alternative field-quality characterization in terms of trajectory wander and cumulative phase shake shows greatly improved correlation with performance.
Simulation of integrated beam experiment designs

Simulations of designs of an Integrated Beam Experiment (IBX) class accelerator have been carried out. These simulations are an important tool for validating such designs. Issues such as envelope mismatch and emittance growth can be examined in a self-consistent manner including the details of injection, accelerator transitions, long-term transport, and longitudinal compression. The simulations are three-dimensional and time dependent, and begin at the source. They continue up through the end of the acceleration region, where the data are passed on to a separate simulation of the drift compression. Results are presented.
Adaptive Training for Correlated Fading Channels With Feedback

We consider data transmission through a time-selective, correlated (first-order Markov) Rayleigh fading channel subject to an average power constraint. The channel is estimated at the receiver with a pilot signal, and the estimate is fed back to the transmitter. The estimate is used for coherent demodulation, and to adapt the data and pilot powers. We derive the Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman (HJB) equation for the optimal policy in a continuous-time limit where the channel state evolves as an Ornstein--Uhlenbeck diffusion process, and is estimated by a Kalman filter at the receiver. Finding an explicit solution to the HJB equation, as well as proving that a (twice-differentiable) solution exists, appears to be quite challenging. However, assuming that such a solution does exist, we explicitly determine the optimal pilot and data power control policies. The optimal pilot policy switches between zero and the maximum (peak-constrained) value (“bang-bang” control), and approximates the optimal discrete-time policy at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (equivalently, large bandwidths). The switching boundary is defined in terms of the system state (estimated channel mean and associated error variance), and can be explicitly computed. Under the optimal policy, the transmitter conserves power by decreasing the training power when the channel is faded, thereby increasing the data rate. Numerical results show a significant increase in achievable rate due to the adaptive training scheme with feedback, relative to constant (nonadaptive) training, which does not require feedback. The gain is more pronounced at relatively low SNRs and with fast fading. Results are further verified through Monte Carlo simulations.
Bargaining between firms and environmental protection bureaus: Water pollution in China

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors that affect China's water pollution in the prospective of environmental enforcement using a bargaining approach.Design/methodology/approach – A bargaining model that determines the level of discharge standard and over‐discharge fee is constructed. Comparative static analysis is conducted.Findings – Comparative static analysis shows that enlarging the economic incentive of firm managers can aggravate water pollution. Moreover, increasing firm managers' bargaining power or reserve utility has the same negative effect. On the other hand, however, restricting the financial supports for environmental protection bureaus or increasing firm manager's fixed income can alleviate the water pollution.Originality/value – This is the first research that applies bargaining approach to studying the determination of over‐discharge fees and the standard of discharge level.
Combinatorial Theorems on the Simplotope that Generalize Results on the Simplex and Cube

In the context of the theory and computation of fixed points of continuous mappings, researchers have developed combinatorial analogs of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem on the simplex and on the n-cube. Although the simplex and the cube have different combinatorial properties regarding their boundaries, they are both instances of a simplotope, which is the cross-product of simplices. This paper presents three combinatorial theorems on the simplotope, and shows how each translates into some known and new results on the simplex and cube, including various forms of Sperner's lemma. Each combinatorial theorem also implies set covering lemmas on the simplotope, the simplex, and the cube, including the Generalized Covering lemma, the Knaster--Kuratowski--Mazurkiewicz Lemma, and a lemma of Freidenfelds.
Fluorinated intermediates in the synthesis of β-2-fluorodideoxynucleosides

Abstract A new and efficient method is described for the preparation of (3 S-cis )-3-fluoro-5-[( t -butyldimethylsiloxy) methyl]-2-tetrahydrofuranone ( 1b ), a valuable intermediate for the synthesis of fluorinated nucleosides. The conversion of 1b to 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-d- threo -pentofuranosyl) thymine ( 5 ) is described.
Impact of Systematic Errors in Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Surveys of Galaxy Clusters

Future high-resolution microwave background measurements hold the promise of detecting galaxy clusters throughout our Hubble volume through their Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) signature, down to a given limiting flux. The number density of galaxy clusters is highly sensitive to cluster mass through fluctuations in the matter power spectrum, as well as redshift through the comoving volume and the growth factor. This sensitivity in principle allows tight constraints on such quantities as the equation of state of dark energy and the neutrino mass. We evaluate the ability of future cluster surveys to measure these quantities when combined with Planck-like CMB data. Using a simple effective model for uncertainties in the cluster mass–SZ flux relation, we evaluate systematic shifts in cosmological constraints from cluster SZ surveys. We find that a systematic bias of 10% in cluster mass measurements can give rise to shifts in cosmological parameter estimates at levels larger than the 1σ statistical errors. Systematic errors are unlikely to be detected from the mass and redshift dependence of cluster number counts alone; increasing survey size has only a marginal effect. Implications for upcoming experiments are discussed.