cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal boundary resistance and thermal conductivity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes

Thermal boundary resistance (Kapitza resistance) and thermal conductivity of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are calculated assuming the properties of graphite in the temperature range of $10--100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. By including the thermal boundary resistance between the MWCNT and the measuring device, calculated thermal conductivity of MWCNT is in very good agreement with the experimental data of Kim et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 215502 (2001)], showing that the thermal behavior of MWCNTs is similar to graphite. Thermal conductivity of MWCNT as measured by Kim et al. is smaller than the thermal conductivity of graphite fibers and pyrolytic graphite at low temperatures due to thermal boundary resistance. The intrinsic mean free path of phonons in MWCNTs in the temperature range of $10--100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ is found to be similar to the mean free path in graphite fibers. Finally, it is shown that the thermal boundary resistance could be one of the main reasons that the thermal conductivity of MWCNT bundles as measured by Kim et al. is lower than the thermal conductivity of a single MWCNT.
X-ray lasing by optical-field-induced ionization.

A scheme for accomplishing tabletop x-ray lasing in Li-like Ne at 98 \AA{} in an optically ionized plasma during recombination in the transient regime is presented. Saturation effects and parametric heating processes by stimulated Raman scattering are analyzed and found to allow energy efficiencies in excess of ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ for a 100-fsec duration, 0.25-\ensuremath{\mu}m laser driver of intensity ${10}^{17}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Significant improvement in efficiency is indicated for shorter laser pulse lengths.
The prevalence of an elevated anion gap in dehydrated pediatric patients with acidosis. 362

The prevalence of an elevated anion gap in dehydrated pediatric patients with acidosis. 362
Sites of transition between functional systemic and cerebral arteries of rabbits occur at embryological junctional sites

The vascular smooth muscle of cerebral blood vessels is relatively insensitive to sympathomimetic stimulation compared with muscle from systemic vessels. The transition in the vertebral artery occurs just rostral to the emergence of that artery from the foramen of the lateral process of the atlas and in the internal carotid artery just before it enters the carotid canal. These sites in the adult correspond to embryological junctions between segments of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries derived from the primitive dorsal aortas and their branches with vessels originating locally from the bilateral longitudinal neural arteries. Topographic patterns of vascular properties may in some cases be explained by the different sites of origin of their primordial mesodermal cells.
Migration and retention of elements at the Oklo natural reactor

The Oklo natural reactor, Gabon, permits study of fission-produced elemental behavior in a natural geologic environment. The uranium ore that sustained fission reactions formed about 2 billion years before present (BYBP), and the reactor was operative for about 5 × 105 yrs between about 1.95 to 2 BYBP. The many tons of fission products can, for the most part, be studied for their abundance and distribution today. Since reactor shutdown, many fissiogenic elements have not migrated from host pitchblende, and several others have migrated only a few tens of meters from the reactor ore. Only Xe and Kr have apparently been largely removed from the reactor zones. An element by element assessment of the Oklo rocks' ability to retain the fission products, and actinides and radiogenic Pb and Bi as well, leads to the conclusion that no widespread migration of the elements occurred. This suggests that rocks with more favorable geologic characteristics are indeed well suited for consideration for the storage of radioactive waste.
Variation in the gas chromatographic stationary phase propertiesof tetra-n-butylammonium salts as a function of the anion type

The gas chromatographic stationary phase properties of fifteen tetra-n-butyl-ammonium salts containing chloride, bromide,iodide, nitrate, nitrite, thiocyanate, perchlorate, hexafluorophosphate, tetrabutylborate, tetraphenylborate, picrate, tetrafluoroborate, 4-toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, and trifluoromethanesulfonate anions are described. For five of these salts the liquid temperature range exceed 100°C:4-toluenesulfonate (55-200°C), tetrafluoroborate (162-290°C), trifluoromethanesulfonate (112-240°C), picrate (90-200°C), and methanesulfonate (79-180°C). The tetra-n-butylammonium salts exhibit unique solute selectivity, manifested in very weak dispersion and proton donor interactions, accompanied by strong orientation and proton acceptor interactions. For the anions picrate, tetrabutylborate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, 4-toluenesulfonate, nitrate, methanesulfonate, bromide, nitrite, and chloride dipole interactions are fairly constant and change little with the anion type (except for chloride), while the proton acceptor capability of the salts is a strong function of the anion type, increasing in the following order: picrate ≈ trifluoromethanesulfonate < 4-toluenesulfonate < nitrate ≈ methanesulfonate < bromide < nitrite < chloride. The retention of organic solutes on tetra-n-butylammonium 4-toluenesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, methanesulfonate, picrate, and chloride salts occurs primarily by gas-liquid partition. Gas-liquid adsorption makes a small but significant contribution to the retention of hydrocarbons and to a lesser extent that of pyridine, but in general, does not contribute to the retention of polar solutes. The chromatographic characteristics of the tetra-n-butylammonium salts are illustrated by the separation of some essential oils.
Optical correction for multiple back reflections in an automated spectroradiometric measurement system

The University of Arizona's Remote Sensing Group depends heavily upon automated solar radiometers and transfer radiometers for calibration of sensors. Interference filters are essential for these devices and accuracy in determining filter transmittance characteristics is crucial. The Remote Sensing Group uses a commercially available automated spectroradiometric measurement system equipped with a dual monochromator and a filter transmittance accessory for measuring filter transmittance. Examination of the design of transmittance attachment and the detector assembly indicated the possibility of multiple back reflections between an interference filter and the detector and that higher than expected transmittance values were likely. To reduce this, a fine annealed BK7 wedge with an 8-degree deviation angle was placed in the optical path between the transmittance accessory focusing lens and the detector. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the system with the BK7 wedge. The effect of the wedge will be negligible for an absorption filter and possibly significant for interference filters in the band-pass region. Two interference filters were analyzed via three repeats for each of the following scenarios: broadband with and without the wedge and band-pass with and without the wedge. The broadband at low spectral resolution and band-pass at high spectral resolution trials had comparable results while the greatest percent difference in transmittance occurred in the out-of-band region due to the extremely small transmittance values associated with the noise level for the instrument in general and for each interference filter specifically. For the band-pass region, the trials yielded a 0.015 to 0.062 difference in transmittance with the greatest difference occurring in the large gradient zone between the band-pass and the out-of-band region. The wedge makes a significant difference in transmittance measurements.
'Hygienic' lymphocytes convey increased cancer risk.

Risk of developing inflammation-associated cancers has increased in industrialized countries during the past 30 years. One possible explanation is societal hygiene practices with use of antibiotics and Caesarian births that provide too few early life exposures of beneficial microbes. Building upon a ‘hygiene hypothesis’ model whereby prior microbial exposures lead to beneficial changes in CD4+ lymphocytes, here we use an adoptive cell transfer model and find that too few prior microbe exposures alternatively result in increased inflammation-associated cancer growth in susceptible recipient mice. Specifically, purified CD4+ lymphocytes collected from ‘restricted flora’ donors increases multiplicity and features of malignancy in intestinal polyps of recipient Apc Min/+ mice, coincident with increased inflammatory cell infiltrates and instability of the intestinal microbiota. We conclude that while a competent immune system serves to maintain intestinal homeostasis and good health, under hygienic rearing conditions CD4+ lymphocytes instead exacerbate inflammation-associated tumorigenesis, subsequently contributing to more frequent cancers in industrialized societies.
Quantification of Fungal Colonization, Sporogenesis, and Production of Mycotoxins Using Kernel Bioassays

The rotting of grains by seed-infecting fungi poses one of the greatest economic challenges to cereal production worldwide, not to mention serious risks to human and animal health. Among cereal production, maize is arguably the most affected crop, due to pathogen-induced losses in grain integrity and mycotoxin seed contamination. The two most prevalent and problematic mycotoxins for maize growers and food and feed processors are aflatoxin and fumonisin, produced by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides, respectively. Recent studies in molecular plant-pathogen interactions have demonstrated promise in understanding specific mechanisms associated with plant responses to fungal infection and mycotoxin contamination1,2,3,4,5,6. Because many labs are using kernel assays to study plant-pathogen interactions, there is a need for a standardized method for quantifying different biological parameters, so results from different laboratories can be cross-interpreted. For a robust and reproducible means for quantitative analyses on seeds, we have developed in-lab kernel assays and subsequent methods to quantify fungal growth, biomass, and mycotoxin contamination. Four sterilized maize kernels are inoculated in glass vials with a fungal suspension (106) and incubated for a predetermined period. Sample vials are then selected for enumeration of conidia by hemocytometer, ergosterol-based biomass analysis by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), aflatoxin quantification using an AflaTest fluorometer method, and fumonisin quantification by HPLC.
Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia caused by a benign adrenal medullary tumor.

An ACTH-containing benign adrenal medullary tumor (paraganglioma) situated within the right adrenal gland associated with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia and Cushing's syndrome is reported. The clinical and chemical features were those usually associated with an ACTH-secreting carcinoma. The hyperplastic adrenal gland remaining after surgery did not respond to ACTH initially. Two months postoperatively it responded subnormally to ACTH stimulation, but response to metyrapone was demonstrated; this indicated that a responsive pituitary-adrenal mechanism was operative at that time. The patient is well 2½ yr postoperatively.
Statistical calculation for a model ferromagnetic liquid

A theoretical method is developed for treating model ferromagnetic liquids. In this method the spins are treated in the mean-field approximation while spatial correlations are retained in a manner similar to conventional theories of classical liquids. Coupled self-consistency equations for the magnetization and an effective radial distribution function are derived and solved. The method is applied to a primitive model characterized by a simple spin-dependent interparticle potential. Conditions under which such a simple liquid can exhibit ferromagnetic order are determined. Numerical examples show how the transition temperature and the temperature dependence of the magnetization can be calculated.
In vitro analyses of the combination of high-dose doxycycline and antifungal agents against Candida albicans biofilms.

Abstract The potential of antifungal agents used as antimicrobial lock therapy (ALT) for the conservative management of catheter-related candidemia has not been fully defined. We sought to determine the antifungal effect of high-dose doxycycline (DOX), alone or in combination with standard concentrations of amphotericin B (AMB), caspofungin (CAS) or fluconazole (FLC), against biofilms formed by Candida albicans in vitro. DOX alone (at 2048 μg/mL and 1024 μg/mL) demonstrated up to an 85% reduction of the metabolic activity of the C. albicans biofilm. Regardless of the concentration tested, FLC alone showed minimal activity (mean 22.9% reduction) against the C. albicans biofilm. When DOX 2048 μg/mL was used in combination with FLC, antifungal activity also increased up to 85%, suggesting an additive effect. DOX 128 μg/mL in combination with FLC demonstrated synergy (mean 58.3% reduction). The combination of DOX 2048 μg/mL or 512 μg/mL and AMB was superior to AMB alone at low concentrations (0.25–0.03125 μg/mL). However, DOX 128 μg/mL was antagonistic in combination with low concentrations of AMB. Maximal efficacy against the biofilm was observed with CAS at 8–0.25 μg/mL compared with FLC and AMB alone. A paradoxical effect (PE) occurred with CAS at 16 μg/mL, which showed a marked reduction in antifungal activity compared with lower concentrations of CAS. CAS at 16 μg/mL in combination with either DOX 2048 μg/mL or 512 μg/mL resulted in attenuation of the PE. These findings suggest that a high-dose DOX-based ALT strategy in combination with traditional antifungal agents may be useful for the treatment of C. albicans biofilms.
User needs of cultural portals A study of model invariance within the Korean population

This study investigated a cultural portal measurement model as it relates to Korean user needs. With the conceptual framework that a Web portal is a complex Web service application that has the characteristics of both the information system and service agent, and additionally that users’ reactions to technology can have an impact on the service quality, a measurement model of cultural portal user needs was created by adapting data quality, service quality, and technology adoption models. The analyses indicated that the factor structure is the same regardless of users’ gender, educational background, role when using cultural portals, and experience with cultural portals. It was, however, found that the factor structure is not the same across age groups, providing evidence of generational differences and suggesting that additional efforts to create inclusive cultural portals are needed.
Angiosperm DNA Contamination by Endophytic Fungi: Detection and Methods of Avoidance

PCR primers with broad applicability are useful in many molecular-based studies; however, their universality can compromise results when DNA contaminants also are amplified. Eighty-one templates ofDahlia (Asteraceae), primarily extracted from native Mexican populations, were tested for the presence of fungal contaminants; out of these, almost 1 in 7 templates (13.6%) was contaminated. In a second survey across 12 angiosperm families using material collected in Illinois, fungal DNA contaminated over 60% of the templates analyzed. Endophytic fungi often are symptomless symbionts living within the above-ground tissues of their angiosperm hosts and are not affected by surface sterilization techniques. Recent studies have revealed their widespread occurrence and broad host range. We also present field strategies for obtaining plant material to reduce the possibility of collecting infected leaves and a simple screening test for detecting fungal DNA in angiosperm templates.
Non-newtonian antiplane flow and its application to plate deformation

Abstract Studies of the mechanical deformation of the earth's mantle are traditionally made under the assumption of Newtonian flow. There is much evidence, however, that the relationship of stress to deformation rate in mantle materials at high temperature and pressure is not linear, but rather a power-law relationship. Thus an antiplane model of a plate sheared from below and terminated by a transform fault was devised to investigate the consequences of an upper mantle with a power-law constitutive relationship. Applying finite-difference numerical techniques to this two-dimensional non-linear problem, several conclusions were drawn: 1. (a) For all situations examined, the non-Newtonian strain-rate fields are more concentrated near the fault boundary than the Newtonian ones. 2. (b) For velocity fields imposed on the bottom of the plate, as the stress exponent n increases, the velocity and strain-rate are less dispersed as they propagate up through the plate. As n → ∞ the fields at the surface become the same as those imposed at the bottom. 3. (c) For the case of shear stress imposed along the bottom, the shear stress parallel to the fault changes little with changing n. 4. (d) For a velocity bottom condition, the shear stress parallel to the fault becomes more uniform throughout the plate with increasing n. 5. (e) For a shear stress bottom condition, the velocity and strain-rate fields become concentrated near the fault as n increases. As n → ∞ all the strain is at the fault boundary. 6. (f) A multilayer model with velocity bottom condition deforms much the same as a single-layer model. 7. (g) The time-dependent case is not geophysically significant. The implications of these results for an earth exhibiting power law creep are: 1. (1) The length scale over which surface fields vary is less indicative of the depth scale of deformation as n increases. 2. (2) The strain field cannot be more concentrated at the surface than at depth for a velocity bottom condition. 3. (3) For shear stress bottom conditions, even broad spatial variations in the stress or strain fields in the mantle can concentrate strain near the fault. This method of analyzing non-linear flow problems can be applied to a wide variety of tectonic situations, such as post-glacial uplift.
Transmission of forces within mammalian skeletal muscles

Most models of in vivo musculoskeletal function fail to take into account the diversity of force trajectories defined by muscle fiber architecture. It has been shown for many muscles, across species, that muscle fibers commonly end within muscle fascicles without reaching a myotendinous junction, and that many of these fibers show a progressive decline in cross-sectional area along the length of the muscle. The significance of these anatomical observations is that the tapering would seem to preclude forces generated at the largest cross-sectional area of the fibers being transmitted to the sarcomeres toward the ends of the tapered fiber. If all of the forces are transmitted via the sarcomeres arranged in series, those few sarcomeres at the smaller ends of the fibers must tolerate the stress exerted by the more numerous sarcomeres arranged in parallel at the portions of the fiber with larger cross-sectional areas. A logical alternative would be for forces to be transmitted laterally along the length of a fiber to the cell membrane and the extracellular matrix. Such a structural arrangement would permit an alternative force transmission vector and minimize the necessity for a precise level of force to be generated along the entire length of a fiber. There are cytoarchitectural and biochemical data demonstrating the presence of a subcellular network which is appropriately located to transmit forces from the active intracellular contractile elements to the extracellular intramuscular connective tissues. However, to fully comprehend how forces are transmitted from individual cross bridges to the tendon, it will be necessary to understand the interactions of all of the components of the muscle tendon complex from the molecular to the multicellular level. It is insufficient to know the physiology of the individual components in a restricted experimental paradigm and assume that these conditions account for the functional characteristics in vivo. Thus, the challenge is to understand how the sarcomeres and all of the associated structures transmit the forces of the whole muscle to its attachments.
A Heat Transfer Model for the Production of Semi-Solid Billets with the SEED Process

A heat transfer model was built to predict the temperature evolution of semi-solid aluminum billets produced with the SEED process. An inverse technique was used to characterize the heat transfer coefficient at the interface between the crucible and the semi-solid billet. The effect of several process parameters on the heat transfer coefficient was investigated with a design of experiments and the coefficient was inserted in a computer model. Numerical simulations were carried out and validated with experimental results.
A Cost-Effectiveness Model for Air Pollution Control with a Single Stochastic Variable

Abstract A cost-effectiveness model for air pollution control is constructed in which the total cost of abatement is minimized for a given set of air quality goals and for varying degrees of confidence that the goals will be achieved. The probabilistic element is confined to a single stochastic variable, annual average wind velocity. While this is a simplified model, the results indicate that the cost of increased certainty rises rapidly. This suggests that air quality goals should be expressed not only in terms of maximum pollutant concentrations but also the minimum probabilities that these maximums will not be exceeded.
Publishing, property, and the national information infrastructure

Upon reviewing thePreliminary Draft of the Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights, given the titleIntellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure, one immediately confronts the grand ambiguity that resides in the two words: “intellectual property.” That the task force on the information infrastructure, enshrined with the acronym NII, had to locate precedent for its missioning Supreme Court Justice Story's 1841 observations on copyright issues as an area involving the “metaphysics of the law” indicates what a long reach the very notion of intellectual property entails in a democratic society.
Spatial alterations in endothelin receptor expression are temporally associated with the altered microcirculation after brain trauma

Abstract Objectives: To study the cellular distribution of endothelin receptors A and B (ETrA and ETrB) in the post-traumatic sensorimotor cortex and hippocampus. Materials and methods: We inflicted closed head trauma to male Sprague–Dawley rats and visualized ETrA and ETrB immunoreactivity with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. Results: ETrA immunolabeling was the most prominent in pyramidal neurons 24 and 48 hours post-trauma, while it reached its peak in the microvasculature at hour 4. ETrB immunolabeling was observed in endothelial cells, perivascular neurons, smooth muscle cells (SM) and pericytes, the expression being the most pronounced 24 hours post-trauma. Discussion: The results suggest that the vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) is mediated primarily by ETrA. The dual effects of ETrB are reflected in its vasoconstrictor role at the vascular bed and conversely, in the attenuation of ET-1 availability and synthesis. We conclude that both receptors play a role in the disturbed microvascular autore...
The Future of Seawater Desalination: Energy, Technology, and the Environment

In recent years, numerous large-scale seawater desalination plants have been built in water-stressed countries to augment available water resources, and construction of new desalination plants is expected to increase in the near future. Despite major advancements in desalination technologies, seawater desalination is still more energy intensive compared to conventional technologies for the treatment of fresh water. There are also concerns about the potential environmental impacts of large-scale seawater desalination plants. Here, we review the possible reductions in energy demand by state-of-the-art seawater desalination technologies, the potential role of advanced materials and innovative technologies in improving performance, and the sustainability of desalination as a technological solution to global water shortages.
The Cytochrome c Maturation Components CcmF, CcmH, and CcmI Form a Membrane-integral Multisubunit Heme Ligation Complex

Cytochrome c maturation (Ccm) is a post-translational and post-export protein modification process that involves ten (CcmABCDEFGHI and CcdA or DsbD) components in most Gram-negative bacteria. The absence of any of these components abolishes the ability of cells to form cytochrome c, leading in the case of Rhodobacter capsulatus to the loss of photosynthetic proficiency and respiratory cytochrome oxidase activity. Based on earlier molecular genetic studies, we inferred that R. capsulatus CcmF, CcmH, and CcmI interact with each other to perform heme-apocytochrome c ligation. Here, using functional epitope-tagged derivatives of these components coproduced in appropriate mutant strains, we determined protein-protein interactions between them in detergent-dispersed membranes. Reciprocal affinity purification as well as tandem size exclusion and affinity chromatography analyses provided the first biochemical evidence that CcmF, CcmH, and CcmI associate stably with each other, indicating that these Ccm components form a membrane-integral complex. Under the conditions used, the CcmFHI complex does not contain CcmG, suggesting that the latter thio-reduction component is not always associated with the heme ligation components. The findings are discussed with respect to defining the obligatory components of a minimalistic heme-apocytochrome c ligation complex in R. capsulatus.
Proportional Hazards Models of Graduation

Survival analysis is a statistical tool used to describe the duration between events. Many processes in medical research, engineering, and economics can be described using survival analysis techniques. This research involves studying engineering college student graduation using Cox proportional hazards models. Among male students with American College Test (ACT) scores only, those with better Science ACT scores were more likely to graduate. Among students submitting only Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) scores upon application, controlling for other descriptors such as in-state residence, hometown population, and student major, students with better SAT Math score and female students were more likely to graduate. In summary, results reported here are the significance of standardized math test scores, gender, and Science ACT scores in explaining variation in student graduation under different conditions.
Field and Laboratory Studies of the Susceptibility of the Green Treefrog (Hyla cinerea) to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection

Amphibians worldwide are experiencing devastating declines, some of which are due to the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Bd). Populations in the southeastern United States, however, have not been noticeably affected by the pathogen. The green treefrog (Hyla cinerea) is abundant and widespread in the southeastern United States, but has not been documented to harbor Bd infection. This study examined the susceptibility of H. cinerea to two strains of Bd in the lab and the prevalence of infection in wild populations of this species in southeastern Louisiana. Although we were able to infect H. cinerea with Bd in the lab, we did not observe any clinical signs of chytridiomycosis. Furthermore, infection by Bd does not appear to negatively affect body condition or growth rate of post-metamorphic individuals. We found no evidence of infection in surveys of wild H. cinerea. Our results suggest that H. cinerea is not susceptible to chytridiomycosis post-metamorphosis and probably is not an important carrier of the fungal pathogen Bd in the southeastern United States, although susceptibility at the larval stage remains unknown.
International Relations, Domestic Politics, and Asylum Admissions in the United States:

What explains variation in U.S. asylum approval rates across countries of origin? Previous research has found that humanitarian factors and diplomatic relations play an important role in shaping asylum decisions. This article examines the impact of domestic politics. The authors find that media and congressional attention play an important role in influencing how the executive branch makes enforcement decisions. Popular attention to asylum increases the importance of humanitarian concerns relative to instrumental factors. The effect of congressional attention depends on whether asylum is seen as an enforcement or humanitarian issue. The importance of these factors has also changed over time.
Analysis of inverters and dc/dc converters

Although this is the fifth conference in the series, it is only the third that has included a session on Analysis Techniques. The session was introduced into the program in the belief that this area deserved greater attention and would provide a cornerstone to which application oriented sessions could be referred. In its two previous years, the Analysis session has been well received, and this year four out of the six papers present developments or extensions of work reported in the previous years.
Concerning the electronic and geometric structure of bromodifluoroacetonitrile, CBrF 2 CN

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of bromodifluoroacetonitrile between 7.7 and 18 GHz has been measured on a chirped pulse microwave spectrometer. The spectra are dense with 889 measured transitions in the region. Rotational, centrifugal distortion, nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants (79Br, 81Br, and 14N), and nuclear magnetic spin-rotation constants (79Br/81Br) were determined and are reported for the first time. Quantum chemical calculations were made of the nuclear quadrupole coupling constants to assist with assignment of the spectra. Spectra from both 13C isotopologues were measured in natural abundance. The effects of flourination on the nuclear electric quadrupole coupling tensor components for the series of monobrominated acetonitrile molecules are discussed.
Lipolytic Activity in the Blood After Lipase Ingestion.

SummaryThe nature of the enzyme appearing in the blood after oral ingestion of pancreatic lipase has been studied by determining the effect of the presence of cholic acid upon the activity of some enzymes which might be present. The activity of lipo-protein and serum lipase were markedly depre.ssed by the bile acid while the enzymic activity of both pancreatic lipase and the enzyme present in the blood after pancreatic lipase ingestion were greatly enhanced by the presence of cholic acid. Although the rate of fat absorption has been shown to be affected by lipase ingestion, the possibility remains that this increased lipolytic activity may play some role in clearing the blood of fat.The authors wish to acknowledge the technical assistance of Mrs. Patricia Gifford.
Dowry as Female Competition

Boserup (1970) views dowry as a payment made by women to guarantee future support for them and their children under circumstances where their own contributions to subsistence are relatively small. We call this the labor-value model. Here, building on the polygyny threshold theory from behavioral ecology (Orians 1969), we view dowry as a reproductive tactic used by prospective brides and their kin to attract the wealthiest bridegrooms. Our model predicts dowry in stratified, nonpolygynous societies where the desirability of wealthy males is not reduced by diversion of resources to additional wives and their children. We call this the female-competition model. We use discriminant analysis to test both these models on the 1,267 societies of the Ethnographic Atlas. While both models perform better than chance, the female-competition model is clearly superior. It accurately predicts the occurrence of dowry in nearly 95% of societies and identifies coding errors in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample with extreme efficiency.
Brefeldin A Inhibited Activity of the Sec7 Domain of p200, a Mammalian Guanine Nucleotide-exchange Protein for ADP-ribosylation Factors

Abstract A brefeldin A (BFA)-inhibited guanine nucleotide-exchange protein (GEP) for ADP-ribosylation factors (ARF) was purified earlier from bovine brain cytosol. Cloning and expression of the cDNA confirmed that the recombinant protein (p200) is a BFA-sensitive ARF GEP. p200 contains a domain that is 50% identical in amino acid sequence to a region in yeast Sec7, termed the Sec7 domain. Sec7 domains have been identified also in other proteins with ARF GEP activity, some of which are not inhibited by BFA. To identify structural elements that influence GEP activity and its BFA sensitivity, several truncated mutants of p200 were made. Deletion of sequence C-terminal to the Sec7 domain did not affect GEP activity. A protein lacking 594 amino acids at the N terminus, as well as sequence following the Sec7 domain, also had high activity. The mutant lacking 630 N-terminal amino acids was, however, only 1% as active, as was the Sec7 domain itself (mutant lacking 697 N-terminal residues). It appears that the Sec7 domain of p200 contains the catalytic site but additional sequence (perhaps especially that between positions 595 and 630) modifies activity dramatically. Myristoylated recombinant ARFs were better than non-myristoylated as substrates; ARFs 1 and 3 were better than ARF5, and no activity was detected with ARF6. Physical interaction of the Sec7 domain with an ARF1 mutant was demonstrated, but it was much weaker than that of the cytohesin-1 Sec7 domain with the same ARF protein. Effects of BFA on p200 and all mutants with high activity were similar with ∼50% inhibition at ≤50 μm. The inactive BFA analogue B36 did not inhibit the Sec7 domain or p200. Thus, the Sec7 domain of p200, like that of Sec7 itself (Sata, M., Donaldson, J. G., Moss, J., and Vaughan, M. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 4204–4208), plays a role in BFA inhibition as well as in GEP activity, although the latter is markedly modified by other structural elements.
Photocatalytic Self Cleaning Textile Fibers by Coaxial Electrospinning

Photocatalytic self-cleaning textile fibers have been created using coaxial electrospinning. This is accomplished by electrospinning cellulose acetate as the core phase and a dispersion of nanocrystalline TiO2, a well-known photocatalyst, in the sheath phase. A simple deacetylation step after the initial electrospinning yields self-cleaning textile fibers. Self-cleaning activity is exhibited at moderate power densities in indoor lighting conditions. Nanofibers created from coaxial electrospinning outperform TiO2 surface-loaded nanofibers obtained by conventional electrospinning. Surface-loaded fibers degrade blue dye stains only to a minimum of 20% of the initial concentration, whereas fibers created by coaxial electrospinning fully degrade stains (in 7−8 h).
SUGGESTIONS FOR STUDYING STRATEGY PROCESS: A RESEARCH NOTE

This paper makes three suggestions to researchers for studying strategy process. First, define the meaning of process. Process is often used in three ways in the literature: (1) a logic used to explain a causal relationship in a variance theory, (2) a category of concepts that refer to actions of individuals or organizations, and (3) a sequence of events that describe how things change over time. The second suggestion is to clarify the theory of process. An interdisciplinary literature review identifies four types of theories of process that can be drawn upon: life cycle, teleology, dialectics, and evolution. The third suggestion is to design research to observe strategy process in such a way that is consistent with one's definition and theory of process.
Unified constitutive modeling of rubber-like materials under diverse loading conditions

Abstract This paper presents a new constitutive model that unifies the behavioral characterizations of rubber-like materials in a broad range of loading regimes. The proposed model combines a selection of existing components that are known to reflect, with suitable accuracy, two fundamental aspects of rubber behavior in finite strain: (i) rate-independent softening under deformation, also known as the Mullins effect, and (ii) hyper-viscoelasticity, including at high strain rates. The evolution model is further generalized to account for multiple rates of internal dissipation (or material time-scales). Suitable means of identifying the system’s parameters from simple uniaxial extension tests are explored. Several aspects of the model’s behavior are shown in virtual experiments of uniaxial extension, at different stretch rates. A possible directional approach extending the model to handle softening induced anisotropy is briefly discussed.
Combined wind speed and angle control in a virtual environment using a static observer

This paper develops a static observer for estimating wind speed in order to control wind speed and angle control at a user position in a submersive virtual environment. Addition of wind display evolves the Treadport Virtual environment into a highly immersive virtual environment called Treadport Active Wind Tunnel (TPAWT). Experiments on a scaled model of the TPAWT show that headwind flow stream diverges at the user. Pitot tube sensors placed at a particular region of converged flow in the scaled TPAWT provide measurements with lower noise. Open loop experiments on a scaled model of TPAWT show that there exists a relationship between speed measured at this region of converged flow and the wind speed at the user position. Using this relationship, the wind speed at the user can be estimated. We use this relation and combine previously used speed and angle controllers based upon the small gain theorem with a dynamic extension and conditional angular rate-switching control. Finally, we simultaneously control wind speed and headwind angle.
Spectroscopy of Optical Glasses

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of radiation with matter as a function of the energy or wavelength of the absorbed or emitted particles—most commonly, photons or electrons. The application of spectroscopy to glasses and other materials without long-range atomic order is a specialized subfield which has been treated in at least one monograph [1] and will be the subject of the present discussion. Structural studies based on the diffraction of the impinging radiation by the material system are sometimes considered to be outside of the field of spectroscopy and for brevity will not be considered here. It is sometimes convenient to order the various spectroscopic techniques according to the energy regimes probed. From the highest to the lowest energies, these include: Mossbauer (γ ray), x-ray, ultraviolet (UV), visible, infrared (IR) and Raman, electron spin resonance (ESR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and acoustic. However, numerous derivative spectroscopies have been developed involving various combinations of the preceding, e.g., radioluminescence, cathodoluminescence, photodetected ESR, electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), and photoacoustic spectroscopy.
INTERBANK DEPOSITS AND EXCESS RESERVES

COMMERCIAL BANKS which are members of the Federal Reserve System are required to hold reserves in the form of deposits in their district Reserve Bank. With respect to demand liabilities, these minimum reserves are calculated as a percentage of "net" demand deposits held in the commercial bank by its customers. Net demand deposits equal gross deposits minus the sum of cash items in process of collection and balances held in domestic commercial banks. In brief, the demand deposits against which reserves must be held are total demand deposits less "due from." Under the present system of calculating required reserves, the decisions of banks to change the form in which they keep the bulk of their cash assets, i.e., as between reserves and interbank deposits, affect the total excess reserves of the banking system and thus the total volume of deposits that a given cash holding of the system would support.' Consider a reserve city bank (RC) which holds deposits of a correspondent bank, say a country bank (CB). Assume that CB has a 10 per cent required reserve ratio; RC has a 20 per cent ratio. Now, CB transfers a $100 deposit from RC to its Federal Reserve bank.
Radiation Doses and Cancer Risks from Breast Imaging Studies

A single breast-specific gamma imaging or positron emission mammography study is associated with a fatal radiation-induced cancer risk higher than or comparable to that of annual screening mammography in women aged 40–80 years.
The effect of an LH pulse on 3H-thymidine incorporation into cultured ovaries of metestrous rats.

The effect of an LH pulse on the rate at which 3H-thymidine is incorporated into cultured ovaries of metestrous rats was studied. In comparison to ovaries cultured with tonic LH, an LH pulse (1) “rescued” follicles from atresia, (2) induced thecal cell proliferation, and (3) increased the rate at which granulosa cells enter mitosis. It is concluded that LH pulses increase follicular growth by first triggering thecal cell proliferation and then inducing mitotic divisions within the granulosa cells of both atretic and non-atretic follicles.
Endothelin signalling regulates volume-sensitive Cl− current via NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species

ET-1 elicited ICl,swell under isosmotic conditions. Outwardly rectified Cl 2 current was blocked by the ICl,swell-selective inhibitor DCPIB or osmotic shrinkage and involved ETA but not ETB receptors. ET-1-induced current was abolished by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase or phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI-3K), indicating that these kinases were downstream. Regarding upstream events, activation of ICl,swell by osmotic swelling or angiotensin II (AngII) was suppressed by ETA blockade, whereas AngII AT1 receptor blockade failed to alter ET-1-induced current. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX) stimulate ICl,swell. As expected, blockade of NOX suppressed ET-1-induced ICl,swell, but blockade of mitochondrial ROS production with rotenone also suppressed ICl,swell. ICl,swell was activated by augmenting complex III ROS production with antimycin A or diazoxide; in this case, ICl,swell was insensitive to NOX inhibitors, indicating that mitochondria were downstream from NOX. ROS generation in HL-1 cardiomyocytes measured by flow cytometry confirmed the electrophysiological findings. ET-1-induced ROS production was inhibited by blocking either NOX or mitochondrial complex I, whereas complex III-induced ROS production was insensitive to NOX blockade. Conclusion ET-1-ETA signalling activated ICl,swell via EGFR kinase, PI-3K, and NOX ROS production, which triggered mito- chondrial ROS production. ETA receptors were downstream effectors when ICl,swell was elicited by osmotic swelling or AngII. These data suggest that ET-1-induced ROS-dependent ICl,swell is likely to participate in multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes.
The Integration of Mildly Retarded Students in the Schools: A Historical Review

The most efficacious placement for mildly retarded students has been examined and debated for more than fifty years. Five historical stages can be identified in the effort to arrive at some resolution of this issue: the birth of the efficacy question, the tremendous growth in special classes, the move to abolish such classes, the search for alternatives along the continuum of services, and the recent re-analysis of appropriate placements due to changes in the population of students in programs for the mildly retarded. Research and perspectives are discussed for each of these stages and conclusions relevant to the present are drawn.
Targeted Preoperative Autologous Blood Donation in Total Knee Arthroplasty Reduces the Need for Postoperative Transfusion

Background Preoperative donation of autologous blood has been widely used to minimize the potential risk of allogeneic transfusions in total knee arthroplasty. A previous study from our center revealed that preoperative autologous donation reduces the allogeneic blood exposure for anemic patients but has no effect for non-anemic patients.
Significance of agglutinate mounds on lava flows associated with monogenetic cones: An example at Sunset Crater, northern Arizona

Large mounds of welded pyroclasts and rootless flows on top of mafic lava flows associated with symmetrical scoria cones may be evidence for breaching and subsequent restoration of the cones. Textures and bedding structures of the agglutinate mounds are distinctly different from those of hornitos and indicate deposition proximal to a major explosive vent. Breaching of a cone armored by an agglutinate carapace may cause the welded deposits to collapse onto the emerging lava, which then rafts them away. Renewed or continued Strombolian eruptions from the vent can restore the symmetry of the cone and conceal the disrupted structure. Rafted agglutinate mounds on the Bonito lava flow at Sunset Crater, a symmetrical Holocene scoria cone in northern Arizona, extend in a belt from near the base of the cone toward the northwest, the direction the lava flowed. Eye-witness accounts of the eruption at Paricutin, Mexico, in 1943 record breaching and restoration events similar to the one inferred to have occurred at Sunset Crater and demonstrate that symmetrical monogenetic cones may have complicated histories.
Essential Role for Humoral Immunity during Ehrlichia Infection in Immunocompetent Mice

Although cellular immunity is essential for host defense during intracellular bacterial infections, humoral immunity can also play a significant role in host defense during infection by some intracellular bacteria, including the ehrlichiae. Antibodies can protect susceptible SCID mice from fatal Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection, an observation that has been hypothesized to involve the opsonization of bacteria released from host cells. To determine whether humoral immunity plays an essential role during ehrlichia infection in immunocompetent mice, we utilized a murine model of fatal monocytotropic ehrlichiosis caused by Ixodes ovatus ehrlichia. Mice lacking either B cells or FcγRI were unable to resolve a low-dose (sublethal) I. ovatus ehrlichia infection, which suggested that humoral immunity is essential for resistance. Polyclonal sera generated in I. ovatus ehrlichia-infected mice recognized a conserved ehrlichia outer membrane protein and, when administered to infected mice, caused a significant decrease in bacterial infection. Mice experimentally depleted of complement, or deficient for complement receptors 1 and 2, were also susceptible to sublethal I. ovatus ehrlichia infection, as were mice that lacked the phox91 subunit of NADPH oxidase. The data are consistent with a mechanism whereby bacteria released from infected cells are lysed directly by complement or undergo antibody-mediated FcγR-dependent phagocytosis and subsequent exposure to reactive oxygen intermediates. The findings suggest mechanisms whereby antibodies contribute to immunity against intracellular bacteria in immunocompetent mice.