cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical Fatigue Damage/Failure Mechanisms in SCS-6/Timetal 21S [0/90](Sub S) Composite

The thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) deformation, damage, and life behaviors of SCS6/Timetal 21S (0/90)s were investigated under zero-tension conditions. In-phase (IP) and out-of-phase (OP) loadings were investigated with a temperature cycle from 150 to 650 deg C. An advanced TMF test technique was used to quantify mechanically damage progression. The technique incorporated explicit measurements of the macroscopic (1) isothermal static moduli at the temperature extremes of the TMF cycle and (2) coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as functions of the TMF cycles. The importance of thermal property degradation and its relevance to accurate post-test data analysis and interpretation is briefly addressed. Extensive fractography and metallography were conducted on specimens from failed and interrupted tests to characterize the extent of damage at the microstructure level. Fatigue life results indicated trends analogous to those established for similar unidirectional(0) reinforced titanium matrix composite systems. High stress IP and mid to low stress OP loading conditions were life-limiting in comparison to maximum temperature isothermal conditions. Dominant damage mechanisms changed with cycle type. Damage resulting from IP TMF conditions produced measurable decreases in static moduli but only minimal changes in the CTE. Metallography on interrupted and failed specimens revealed extensive (0) fiber cracking with sparse matrix damage. No surface initiated matrix cracks were present. Comparable OP TMF conditions initiated environment enhanced surface cracking and matrix cracking initiated at (90) fiber/matrix (F/M) interfaces. Notable static moduli and CTE degradations were measured. Fractography and metallography revealed that the transverse cracks originating from the surface and (90) F/M interfaces tended to converge and coalesce at the (0) fibers.
Congenital complete heart block in patients without anatomic cardiac defects

Abstract Forty-three patients with congenital complete heart block and an otherwise structurally normal heart were reviewed in an effort to better define the profile of an anatomically homogenous group and to identify factors that may predict the need for pacing. Fourteen patients (32%) developed "symptoms" during follow-up, including two with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Heart rate on electrocardiogram or Holter monitor did not clearly distinguish this subgroup. The presence of alternate "risk factors," such as atrial enlargement seen on electrocardiogram, cardiomegaly seen on x-ray film, or prolonged QT interval were independent predictors of symptoms and poor outcome ( p
Mathematical models of diffusion-constrained polymerase chain reactions: basis of high-throughput nucleic acid assays and simple self-organizing systems

DNA templates amplified by polymerase chain reaction in thin polyacrylamide gels form diffusion-constrained amplicons called "polonies" (polymerase colonies) that have been used to phase DNA haplotypes over long distances, to analyse RNA splice variants, and to assay other phenomena of biological interest. We present two sets of mathematical models, one for single polony growth (SPGM) and one for two polony interaction (TPIM), that will be used to optimize polony technology. The models provide detailed predictions of polony yield, concentration profiles, growth of isolated polonies, and the interaction of neighboring polonies. The TPIM explains an experimental observation that nearby polonies deform against each other rather than interpenetrate, an effect important for optimizing polony protocols. However, the TPIM also predicts that polonies may invade each other with a complex geometry when sufficiently close. Polonies are also of interest as simple abiotic systems that exhibit lifelike properties of self-organization, growth, and development, and the models may also apply to biological phenomena involving propagation through tethering and diffusion. Our polony modeling software is available at our web site.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Octyl Glucoside Micelles: Structural Properties

Molecular dynamics simulations were used to explore the effect of aggregate size on structural properties of octyl glucoside (OG) micelles. Systems included micelles of 1, 5, 10, 20, 27, 34, 50, and 75 surfactant molecules in water, as well as an OG bilayer, and neat octane. Micelles consisting of 5 lipids were unstable, while those of 10 or more remained intact (except for rare single lipid escapes) during the 4 ns simulations. Aggregate shape and internal properties (tail length, dihedral angle distributions, and isomerization rates) change little with size. In contrast, surface properties (hydrophobic accessible surface area and headgroup cluster size) vary with size, a consequence of the decreasing surface area-to-volume ratio in larger aggregates. Micelles in the studied size range are nonspherical with rough, uneven surfaces. Their tail lengths are comparable to those in the bilayer and neat octane, indicating that packing into a compact highly curved shape does not significantly distort the tails. ...
Chromatin regulates origin activity in Drosophila follicle cells

It is widely believed that DNA replication in multicellular animals (metazoa) begins at specific origins to which a pre-replicative complex (pre-RC) binds1. Nevertheless, a consensus sequence for origins has yet to be identified in metazoa. Origin identity can change during development, suggesting that there are epigenetic influences. A notable example of developmental specificity occurs in Drosophila, where somatic follicle cells of the ovary transition from genomic replication to exclusive re-replication at origins that control amplification of the eggshell (chorion) protein genes2. Here we show that chromatin acetylation is critical for this developmental transition in origin specificity. We find that histones at the active origins are hyperacetylated, coincident with binding of the origin recognition complex (ORC). Mutation of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) Rpd3 induced genome-wide hyperacetylation, genomic replication and a redistribution of the origin-binding protein ORC2 in amplification-stage cells, independent of effects on transcription. Tethering Rpd3 or Polycomb proteins to the origin decreased its activity, whereas tethering the Chameau acetyltransferase increased origin activity. These results suggest that nucleosome acetylation and other epigenetic changes are important modulators of origin activity in metazoa.
The B4 lectin from Vicia villosa seeds interacts with N-acetylgalactosamine residues on erythrocytes with blood group Cad specificity

Summary We have previously shown that the B4 lectin from Vicia villosa seeds interacts with N-acetylgalactosamine α-linked to serine or threonine in cell surface glycoproteins. In the present study, we show that the lectin also binds to Cad erythrocytes (0.44–2.78 × 106 sites/cell) with an association constant of 0.61–0.84 × 107M−1. Variability in the number of B4 lectin binding sites in Cad erythrocytes from different individuals parallels reactivity of these erythrocytes with other N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectins. Agglutination of Cad erythrocytes with B4 lectin is inhibited by urinary Tamm-Horsfall Sda-active glycoprotein. Since the Cad and Sda determinants share the terminal GalNAc β1,4 Gal sequence, our results indicate that Vicia villosa B4 lectin can also interact with terminal β-linked N-acetylgalactosamine in closely-spaced oligosaccharide units of cell surface glycoproteins.
The City from Afar Urbanization and the Aerial View in Alvin Coburn’s The Octopus

This essay focuses on Alvin Coburn’s The Octopus, a photograph of Madison Square taken from atop the Met Life Tower in 1912. Working against the conventional interpretation of the image as a study ...
Nebulized Fentanyl for Palliation of Dyspnea in a Cystic Fibrosis Patient

Dyspnea, the subjective symptom feeling of breathlessness, is a common symptom in terminally ill patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The palliation of the dyspnea is a reasonable goal to improve patient comfort as the progression of the disease worsens. We report the successful use of inhaled fentanyl for 3 days in a 17-year-old female with terminal CF lung disease, as measured by improved oxygenation and a reduction in the modified Borg score, and the subjective feeling of less air hunger reported by parents and patient.
Interaction of Lactose and Sucrose with Cornmeal Proteins During Extrusion

The presence of lactose or sucrose during the extrusion of cornmeal was studied in relation to protein solubility and sugar binding capacities of the various cornmeal protein fractions. When lactose or sucrose was present during extrusion, the solubility of the proteins in NaCl was generally enhanced over that of the extruded cornmeal control (100% cornmeal). These results suggest that lactose, as well as the inherent glucose released during the thermal degradation of sucrose, interacts with amino acid residues forming a more hydrophilic complex, which could thereby be more salt soluble. This hypothesis is supported by amino acid composition data. Gel filtration chromatography revealed that the high molecular weight proteins in the NaOH soluble fraction had a greater reactivity towards lactose than did the lower molecular weight proteins and peptides. The incorporation of [14C] lactose during the extrusion of a cornmeal-lactose blend indicated a preferential binding of lactose to the salt and alkali soluble proteins, as was determined by measurements of specific protein-bound radioactivity.
Dosimetric comparison of multichannel with one single-channel vaginal cylinder for vaginal cancer treatments with high-dose-rate brachytherapy

Abstract Purpose To compare the three-dimensional (3D) image (CT/MR)-based planning with a multichannel vaginal cylinder (MVC) to a single-channel vaginal cylinder (SVC) for the treatment of vaginal cancer. Methods and Materials A total of 20 consecutive patients were treated with 3D CT/MR image-based high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy using an MVC. All patients received external beam radiation therapy before HDR brachytherapy. A brachytherapy dose of 20–25 Gy of more than five fractions was delivered to clinical target volume (CTV). Retrospectively, treatment plans for all patients were generated using the central channel only to mimic an SVC applicator. The SVC plans were optimized to match CTV coverage with MVC plans. Dose homogeneity index as well as bladder, rectum, sigmoid, and urethral doses were compared. Results The mean D90 for CTV was 74.2 Gy (range: 48.8–84.1 Gy). The mean (±standard deviation) of dose homogeneity index for MVC vs. SVC was 0.49 (±0.19) and 0.52 (±0.23), respectively (p = 0.09). Mean bladder 0.1, 1, and 2 cc doses for MVC vs. SVC were 69 vs. 71.2 Gy (p = 0.35), 61.4 vs. 63.8 Gy (p = 0.1), and 59.5 vs. 60.9 Gy (p = 0.31), respectively. Similarly, mean rectum 0.1, 1, and 2 cc doses for MVC vs. SVC were 67.2 vs. 75.4 Gy (p = 0.005), 60.0 vs. 65.6 Gy (p = 0.008), and 57.3 vs. 62.0 Gy (p = 0.015), respectively, and mean sigmoid doses were 56.3 vs. 60.5 Gy (p = 0.10), 50.9 vs. 53.1 Gy (p = 0.09), and 49.1 vs. 50.7 Gy (p = 0.10), respectively. Conclusion The 3D CT-/MR-based plan with MVC may provide better dose distribution in the management of certain clinical situations of vaginal cancer requiring intracavitary brachytherapy, especially in minimizing potential late rectal complications.
Raman Study of the Semiconductor-Metal Transition in Ti 2 O 3

The Raman spectrum of ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ exhibits seven modes as predicted for the corundum structure. The persistence of all seven of these modes above the semiconductor-metal transition temperature indicates no space-group change on going through the phase transition. The ${A}_{1g}$ mode at 269 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ (300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K) exhibits a significant frequency change (about 16%) and a large intensity increase relative to the other modes in the temperature range of the semiconductor-metal transition. These results are interpreted in terms of electronic and structural changes during the phase transition.
Inactivation of angiotensin converting enzyme by sodium nitroprusside

Angiotensin I converting enzyme is rapidly inactivated by sodium nitroprusside and that inactivation is suppressed in the presence of chloride ion and by the presence of L-alanyl-L-proline or glycyl-L-tryptophan, which are both competitive inhibitors of its catalytic activity. The inactivation by sodium nitroprusside appears to result from the modification of an unusually reactive lysine residue in or near the active site.
Functional organization of primary visual cortex in the mink (Mustela vison), and a comparison with the cat.

The functional organization of geniculocortical afferents and the visual responses of neurons in primary visual cortex (area 17) were studied in barbiturate-anesthetized, paralyzed minks and cats. Responses of the afferents were studied after silencing intrinsic cortical activity with injections of kainic acid. In both species, afferents were segregated into patches on the basis of eye of origin. In the mink, but not in the cat, there was a further segregation on the basis of center type, with on- and off-center afferents terminating in alternating, partially overlapping patches. The visual responses of cortical neurons in the mink showed many similarities to those in the cat. Nearly all units were orientation-selective, and there was a columnar organization for preferred orientation. Many units were selective for one direction of movement. Within the binocular segment of cortex, although many units could be driven from either eye, there was a marked bias toward the contralateral eye compared to the cat. There was a columnar system for ocular dominance, but contralateral eye columns were wider than ipsilateral. In both species, a quantitative study was made of the responses of cortical neurons to stationary, flashing slits as a function of position in the receptive field. In the mink, and less clearly in the cat, units could be identified as simple or complex on the basis of the spatial separation or overlap of “on” and “off” discharge zones. In both species, simple cells were found most commonly in layers IV and VI, while layer V contained the greatest proportion of complex cells. The relative strengths of the on and off discharges of single cells were also measured. In the mink, many units gave better overall responses to the on or off phase of the stimulus, and 15% showed a strong (>9:1) preference for one or the other, compared to 4% in the cat. In the mink, units with a common preference for the on or off phase of stationary stimuli were arranged in columnar aggregates, a feature of cortical organization that was not found in the cat. These columns probably result from the partial segregation of on-center and off-center geniculate afferents within layers IV and VI of the mink's cortex. On-dominated columns were, however, wider or more numerous than off-dominated columns.
Skeletal muscle architecture of the rabbit hindlimb: functional implications of muscle design

The muscle-fiber architecture of 29 muscles from six rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) was measured in order to describe the muscular properties of this cursorial animal, which possesses several specific skeletal adaptations. Several muscles were placed into one of four functional groups: hamstrings, quadriceps, dorsiflexors, or plantarflexors, for statistical comparison of properties between groups. Antagonistic groups (i.e., hamstrings vs. quadriceps or dorsiflexors vs. plantarflexors) demonstrated significant differences in fiber length, fiber length/muscle length ratio, muscle mass, pinnation angle, and number of sarcomeres in series (P less than .02). Discriminant analysis permitted characterization of the "typical" muscle belonging to one of the four groups. The quadriceps were characterized by their large pinnation angles and low fiber length/mass ratios, suggesting a design for force production. Conversely, the hamstrings, with small pinnation angles, appeared to be designed to permit large excursions. Similar differences were observed between plantarflexors and dorsiflexors, which have architectural features that suit them for force production and excursion respectively. Although these differences were not absolute, they represented clear morphological distinctions that have functional consequences.
Magnon–plasmon interactions

Abstract Spin polarized plasmons as well as the spin-polarized Drude tail have been examined as a function of wave vector for strained Gd on Mo(112). The magnon–plasmon interactions are shown to depend on wave vector while the wave vector dependence of the Drude tail is consistent with the spin polarized band structure of the Gd.
Developmental outcomes of children with hearing loss born in Colorado hospitals with and without universal newborn hearing screening programs.

The developmental outcomes of children born in hospitals with universal newborn hearing screening programs were compared with children born in hospitals without universal newborn hearing screening programs. Eight-four percent of children born in screening hospitals were early-identified with hearing loss prior to 6 months of age as compared to 8% of the children in the non-screen group. The participants in the screen group had an average language quotient of 82 while the participants in the non-screen group had an average language quotient of 62. Children in the screen group had better receptive and expressive language quotients, more different consonants in the spontaneous phonetic repertoire, better speech intelligibility, and larger expressive vocabulary inventories. Odds risk ratio estimates indicate that 80% of the children with cognitive quotients 80 or greater or four out of five children had language quotients within the normal range, 80 or greater, when they were in the screen group.
The thermodynamic state of the hot gas behind reflected shock waves: Implication to chemical kinetics†

Procedures are discussed to correct for nonideality in a shock tube used in the reflected mode in conjunction with flash photolysis and atomic resonance absorption to measure chemical kinetics of atoms at high temperatures. Experimentally, pressure time profiles for the incident and reflectedshock regions are made close to the location of the observation windows through which absorbance is measured. The corresponding temperatures are calculated from the adiabatic equation of state. Justification for this procedure is provided by extending Mirels' boundary layer theory to take intoaccount interaction of the reflected wave with the flowing gas in the free stream and in the boundary layer. These theoretical methods are described for calculating the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic states behind the reflected wave from initial values of pressure and temperature and the measured velocity of the incident wave. The implication of these results to kinetic measurements at high temperature is discussed.
CD5+CD23+ leukemic cell populations in TCL1 transgenic mice show significantly increased proliferation and Akt phosphorylation

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is the most common adult leukemia. Deregulation of the T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (TCL1) oncogene in mouse B cells causes a CD5-positive leukemia similar to aggressive human B-CLLs. We recently reported that levels of TCL1 expression in B-CLL are regulated by miR-29 and miR-181 that target 3′ UTR of TCL1. To determine whether treatment with microRNAs targeting TCL1 can inhibit B-CLL in mice, we generated TCL1 transgenic mice using a construct containing the 3′ and 5′ UTRs of TCL1 under B-cell-specific Eμ promoter (Eμ-TCL1FL). At the age of 16–20 months, these mice showed B-CLL-like disease. Immunophenotyping revealed accumulation of CD5+CD23+B220+ population in spleens and lymph nodes. Our results show that CD5+CD23+ B-cell populations from Eμ-TCL1FL mice actively proliferate and show significantly increased levels of phospho-Akt. Eμ-TCL1FL mice showed immunological abnormalities similar to human B-CLL, including hypoimmunoglobulinemia, abnormal levels of cytokines and impaired immune response. These findings revealed biochemical and immunological similarities between Tcl1-driven B-CLL in mice and human B-CLL.
SPECIAL ORNL ISOTOPIC PREPARATIONS

Abstract The electromagnetic separations group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has collected and purified isotopes for special purposes, including 46 Ca, 48 Ca, 182 W, 186 W, 33 S, 29 Si and 30 Si. Certain contaminants have been reduced to the ppb-range in some preparations. Experiences in preparing ∼ 10-g crystals of 48 CaF 2 and > 100-g cylinders of tungsten isotopes are given. The results of experimental ion collections on single crystals of copper and on various other substrates are presented. These collection techniques are applicable for preparation of specimens for diffusion studies, the formation of semiconductors, etc. Singly or doubly charged ions can be deposited with a considerable choice of ion velocity. In other preparations, actinide isotopes have been electrodeposited uniformly on a variety of metal forms.
The 2014 RSNA Annual Oration in Diagnostic Radiology: Transitioning from Volume-based to Value-based Practice—A Meaningful Goal for All Radiologists or a Meaningless Platitude?

This article discusses a series of concrete doable steps that radiologists need to take to save the field from commoditization and disrespect and instead turn it into one that provides high value to patients, referring physicians, and hospitals.
A 85mV 40nW Process-Tolerant Subthreshold 8×8 FIR Filter in 130nm Technology

Subthreshold operation is limited by low performance and high susceptibility to process variation. We propose variation tolerant ultra-dynamic voltage scaling (UDVS), and as an example we present an 8 times 8 process-tolerant FIR filter, working in both superthreshold and subthreshold regions featuring adaptive beta-ratio modulation and integrated level converters. Measurements show that the filter works at 85 mV consuming 40 nW, and the proposed method can salvage circuits which potentially failed to operate due to variations.
Coded Aperture Spectroscopy with Regularization via Convex Optimization

Three coded aperture spectrometers are compared for performance. The classic understanding of performance under poisson noise is shown to be incomplete through simulation. The slit spectrometer code is not the optimal code for compressible signals.
Plasmonic nanorectennas for energy conversion

There is renewed interest in using rectennas (consisting of an antenna coupled to a rectifying diode) for energy conversion applications. Progress in nanofabrication has enabled nanoscale devices to be fabricated, such that "nanoantennas" exist that resonate at visible/near-infrared (vis/nir) wavelengths, and ultrafast "nanodiodes" exist that can rectify vis/nir frequencies (above 10 14 Hz). Photon energies are so high at these frequencies that existing theories of diode responsivity may not apply, justifying new simulations and experiments. We present modeling and experiments of nanoantenna-coupled nanodiodes, such as metal-insulator-metal structures, and discuss how our findings influence models of energy conversion in these structures. We simulate and measure the properties of potential nanorectennas such as gold nanowires on ultrathin insulators.
Pharmacologic options for the overactive bladder.

Abstract Objectives. To review the current pharmacologic options for treatment of the overactive bladder and to describe potential therapies on the horizon. Methods. The literature on the clinical efficacy and safety of the currently available agents is described. Results. According to the guidelines issued by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), anticholinergic agents should be the first-line pharmacologic therapy for patients with detrusor instability. Oxybutynin is the anticholinergic of choice for this indication, whereas propantheline is the second-line therapy. Although calcium antagonists have been investigated, the one such drug introduced for the treatment of overactive bladder (terodiline) was withdrawn from the market because of a risk of cardiac arrhythmia. Studies of potassium channel openers have found either a lack of clinical efficacy or an unacceptable level of side effects. Alpha-adrenergic antagonists may be useful for decreasing bladder overactivity in patients who have autonomous bladders as the result of conditions such as spinal cord injury. Tricyclic antidepressants (particularly imipramine) may be effective in decreasing bladder contractility, although the AHCPR guidelines caution that these drugs should be reserved for use in carefully evaluated patients. Future developments in the treatment of detrusor overactivity are likely to occur in 3 categories: drugs that affect peripheral excitatory mechanisms, drugs that inhibit afferent mechanisms, and drugs that affect more central actions at either the ganglionic, spinal cord, or supraspinal level. Conclusions. Although pharmacologic management of the overactive bladder has progressed little in the past 10 years, the future may hold the promise of more effective therapies.
BUMPS: A program for animating projections

BUMPS (Brown University Multiple Projection System) is a program that illustrates the implementation of viewing transformations using animation. The program uses the viewing model defined in the Core Graphics System. BUMPS employs interactive computer graphics to demonstrate how planar geometric projections are generated, what the effects of different projections and projection parameters are on the projected object, and how the viewing functions of the Core Graphics System work. After presenting background material on projections, the features of BUMPS are described, followed by a pictorial user scenario of BUMPS in action. The paper concludes with a discussion of the merits of user controlled animation for teaching and possible improvements to the program.
Data-driven image completion by image patch subspaces

We develop a new method for image completion on images with large missing regions. We assume that similar patches form low dimensional clusters in the image space where each cluster can be approximated by a (degenerate) Gaussian. We use sparse representation for subspace detection and then compute the most probable completion. Our results show almost no blurring or blocking effects. In addition, both the texture and structure of the missing regions look realistic to the human eye.
A Frontal Plane Model of the Lumbar Spine Subjected to a Follower Load: Implications for the Role of Muscles

Compression on the lumbar spine is 1000 N for standing and walking and is higher during lifting. Ex vivo experiments show it buckles under a vertical load of 80-100 N. Conversely, the whole lumbar spine can support physiologic compressive loads without large displacements when the load is applied along a follower path that approximates the tangent to the curve of the lumbar spine. This study utilized a two-dimensional beam-column model of the lumbar spine in the frontal plane under gravitational and active muscle loads to address the following question: Can trunk muscle activation cause the path of the internal force resultant to approximate the tangent to the spinal curve and allow the lumbar spine to support compressive loads of physiologic magnitudes? The study identified muscle activation patterns that maintained the lumbar spine model under compressive follower load, resulting in the minimization of internal shear forces and bending moments simultaneously at all lumbar levels. The internal force resultant was compressive, and the lumbar spine model, loaded in compression along the follower load path, supported compressive loads of physiologic magnitudes with minimal change in curvature in the frontal plane. Trunk muscles may coactivate to generate a follower load path and allow the ligamentous lumbar spine to support physiologic compressive loads.
Kinetic studies of the enzymatic isomerization of xylose

Abstract d -Xylose isomerase catalyses the conversion of the common pentose, d -xylose, to its keto-isomer, d -xylose. This reaction is of interest because many microorganisms that are unable to metabolize d -xylose can utilize d -xylulose. The kinetics of a commonly used immobilized whole-cell isomerase, Sweetzyme Q, have been determined from initial rate studies on the forward and reverse reactions. The effect of pH, temperature, and substrate and product concentration on enzyme activity have all been examined. Reaction rates were modelled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Using constants determined from Lineweaver-Burk plots, the rate equation accurately simulated experimental conversion data.
The interpretation of isopotential points at rotating ring-disk electrodes

Summary The requirements for the production of isopotential points on the ring electrode of a rotting ring-disk electrode are discussed. Ring electrode isopotential points can occur along with disk electrode isopotential points, and the relationship between these points is presented. Conditions under which only ring electrode isopotential points, or disk electrode isopotential points, occur are also treated. Experimental examples of several cases are given.
Effects of aging on luteinizing hormone release in different physiological states of the female golden hamster.

Effects of aging on estrous cycles and LH release in response to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), castration, and estradiol benzoate were studied in the female golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). About 80% to 90% of female golden hamsters still cycled regularly when reaching 19–22 months of age. However, some animals showed age-induced irregularity of the estrous cycle which included an interruption of complete absence of estrous vaginal discharge. Young female hamsters (3–5 months) had significantly (p<0.01) higher basal LH concentration than old animals (19–22 months) in the morning of each stage of estrous cycle. LHRH elicited about 20–30 fold increase in serum LH concentrations in both young and old hamsters. No significant difference in LH release was observed between young and old hamsters in response to LHRH. In acyclic hamsters, the peak of LH release in response to LHRH was delayed. LHRH-induced LH release was greater in the morning of proestrus than during diestrus in both young and old hamsters. LH increase was significantly greater in the young than in old hamsters on the 13th and 15th day after castration. However, positive feedback stimulation of LH release by estradiol benzoate was the same in both young and old hamsters. These results indicate that in the female hamster, LH response to acute stimuli such as LHRH and estrogens is the same in the young as in the old animal and that circulating basal LH concentration may decrease or its degradation or clearance may increase during the aging process in female golden hamsters. Irregularity of estrous cycles in aging hamsters may be related to delayed responsiveness of pituitary LH to LHRH stimulation.
Fluorescently labelled molecules as probes of the structure and function of living cells.

A new approach to cell biology has been created by combining the techniques of micromanipulation of cells, fluorescence spectroscopy and low level light detection. These methods are now being used to study the spatial and temporal distribution, interaction and activity of specific molecules in living cells
Variations among Strains of Psoroptes ovis (Acarina: Psoroptidae) on Sheep and Cattle

Evidence is presented to support the position that distinct strains of the common sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis (Hering), may exist. Differentiation between strains is based on observations that (1) some strains withstand population reduction more successfully than others during summer months, (2) members of such strains survived contact with the acaricide coumaphos, in contrast to less aggressive strains against which comparable coumaphos formulations were completely effective, (3) populations of these highly pathogenic strains survived longer than avirulent strains on sheep held in individual isolation, and (4) aggressive strains of mites of sheep origin were able to spread within herds of cattle more rapidly, and produce more obvious clinical responses than less pathogenic strains. Difficulties experienced in the eradication of scab from sheep and cattle in the United States are believed to be related, at least in part, to the existence of persistent, drug-resistant strains of mites.
Sustained pulsatile flow regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase expression in co-cultured vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells.

Abstract This study addresses the effect of sustained increased pulsatile flow on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (Cox) expression and activity in co-cultured endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). Using a perfused transcapillary co-culture system which permits the chronic exposure of cultured EC and SMC to physiological shear stresses, co-cultures were exposed to step-wise increases in flow up to: (i) 2 ml/min (low flow: 0.5 dyn/cm 2 ); or (ii) 44 ml/min (high flow: 15 dyn/cm 2 ) and maintained for 72 h before SMC and EC were harvested separately. There was no NOS activity or protein expression in co-cultured SMC under flow conditions. There was a significant increase in eNOS activity in co-cultured EC under high flow conditions, compared to low flow, which correlated with an increase in eNOS expression and mRNA levels. The flow-induced increase in eNOS activity was potentiated by indomethacin treatment, suggesting a modulatory role for a cyclooxygenase product. Prostacyclin levels in co-culture perfusate were significantly elevated under high flow conditions. While both co-cultured EC and SMC expressed cyclooxygenase (Cox-I and Cox-II), they were differentially regulated by pulsatile flow. EC Cox-I and Cox-II protein expression were both decreased. Indomethacin treatment increased the expression of both Cox-I and Cox-II in co-cultured SMC under high flow conditions. We conclude that sustained increases in pulsatile flow maintain elevated eNOS and Cox protein expression and activity in EC while decreasing Cox expression in co-cultured SMC. These data suggest that regulation of these pathways may contribute to flow-induced vascular remodeling in vivo .
Surface-confined monomers on electrode surfaces Part 3. Electrochemical reactions and scanning probe microscopy investigations of ω-(N-pyrrolyl) alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on gold

Abstract The formation and subsequent polymerization of ω-( N -pyrrolyl)alkanethiol monolayers on polycrystalline gold under various conditions was performed. Polymer formation in the monolayer is suppressed by addition of H 2 O or pyridine to the Bu 4 NClO 4 -CH 3 CN or Bu 4 -propylene carbonate (PC) electrolyte. Exposure of gold electrodes to ethanol solutions of n -hexanethiol and N -(6-mercaptohexyl)pyrrole results in monolayers which do not reflect the composition of the dosing solution. The presence of 75% n -hexanethiol in the assembly solution results in mixed monolayers which still display surface-confined pyrrole oxidation, but no voltammetric evidence for polymer formation. Scanning tunneling microscopy of the oxidized monolayers on Au(111)/mica yields images which are not substantially different from those of the unoxidized monolayers on Au(111)/mica.
Development of a chip-based micromachined THz-spectrometer

We present a coplanar waveguide design with integrated photoconductive transceivers; the system is fabricated on a 1.4-μm-thick SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 membrane supported by a micromachined silicon substrate. LTG GaAs is used as photon absorbing material of the photoconductive switches allowing full electron mobility at strongly reduced carrier-lifetime. By combining this circuit with a bonded sample cell, we are able to measure transmitted, reflected intensity and its phase correlations. The system was characterized by theoretical calculation and simulations.
Acid phosphatase II. Cytochemical localization in lenses of normal and glactose-fed rats

Abstract Previous cytochemical and biochemical studies have shown an increase in the activity of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase during the induction of galactose cataracts in rat lenses. It was postulated that these enzymes may be involved in lens fiber degradation observed during cataractogenesis, however, the role of these enzymes in the repair process was not ruled out. The present investigation has evaluated the level of acid phosphatase activity in lenses in which the induction of opacity is inhibited with the aldose reductase inhibitor sorbinil and during the recovery of galactose induced opacity. Sprague-Dawley rats received 50% galactose diet, or galactose diet with sorbinil, or laboratory chow diet. Following 20 days on this diet all rats received lab chow plus 50 mg kg −1 sorbinil (recovery diet). The lenses were removed at desired intervals following the initiation of the above three diets and following the transfer of animals to the recovery diet. Cytochemical localization and biochemical quantitation of acid phosphatase activity were performed with methods previously reported. Most of the enzyme activity was localized within the epithelial cells and superficial cortical fibers. In the epithelial cell layer, the enzyme activity was primarily localized in lysosomes and at extracellular sites near the epithelial cell membrane which abut each other and cortical fibers. In cortical fibers the enzyme activity was observed at various extracellular sites between the cell membranes of neighboring fibers. The effect of sorbinil, if any, and the possible role of acid hydrolases in the repair process during cataract reversal is discussed.
Aortic Aneurysms Remain a Significant Source of Morbidity and Mortality After Use of Dacron® Patch Aortoplasty to Repair Coarctation of the Aorta: Results from a Single Center

Aortic aneurysm formation after coarctation repair is a serious and life-threatening complication. Repairs using synthetic materials such as Dacron(®) may carry the highest risk of aneurysm formation and rupture. The authors sought to determine the prevalence of aneurysm formation in patients who previously underwent coarctation repair using Dacron(®) patch aortoplasty at their institution. Between 1977 and 1994, 63 patients underwent isolated coarctation repair using Dacron(®) patch aortoplasty. Aneurysms were defined as an aortic dimension 1.5 times that of the aorta at the level of the diaphragm as shown by angiography, computed tomography (CT) scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Of 61 early survivors, 29 (47 %) experienced an aneurysm in the area of previous repair. Nine patients (31 %) had spontaneous rupture of the aneurysm, which caused death in seven cases. Elective or emergent aneurysm repair was performed for 20 patients without complication, and 2 patients are being monitored at this writing. The mean interval from patch placement to aneurysm repair was 15 years (range, 4-27 years). Overall freedom from the development of an aortic aneurysm was 97 % at 5 years, 90 % at 10 years, 69 % at 20 years, and 42 % at 25 years. After repair of coarctation using Dacron(®) patch aortoplasty, the risk for aneurysm formation in the area of repair and death from rupture is extremely high. Therefore, in accordance with the 2008 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC) guidelines, all patients with repaired aortic coarctation should undergo either CT or MRI imaging at least every 5 years to assess for aortic aneurysm formation. More frequent imaging should be obtained for patients previously repaired with Dacron(®) patch aortoplasty.
SYMPLECTIC BILINEAR FORMS ON AFFINE REAL ALGEBRAIC SURFACES

(X(R),t Hl Z/2), we refer to [2] and [8].2. Results. First we need some preparation. Let X be a smooth quasi-projectivevariety over R. The set A'(R) of R-rational points of X, equipped with the strongtopology, has the natural structure of a C°° = manifold & or di, X(R)m X(R) = dim X.Given a closed d-dimensional subvariety Y of X, let \Y\ denote the fundamental class ofy(R) in H
S RNase and interspecific pollen rejection in the genus Nicotiana: multiple pollen-rejection pathways contribute to unilateral incompatibility between self-incompatible and self-compatible species

In self-incompatible (SI) plants, the S locus acts to prevent growth of self-pollen and thus promotes outcrossing within the species. Interspecific crosses between SI and self-compatible (SC) species often show unilateral incompatibility that follows the SI x SC rule: SI species reject pollen from SC species, but the reciprocal crosses are usually compatible. The general validity of the SI x SC rule suggests a link between SI and interspecific pollen rejection; however, this link has been questioned because of a number of exceptions to the rule. To clarify the role of the S locus in interspecific pollen rejection, we transformed several Nicotiana species and hybrids with genes encoding SA2 or SC10 RNase from SI N. alata. Compatibility phenotypes in the transgenic plants were tested using pollen from three SC species showing unilateral incompatibility with N. alata. S RNase was implicated in rejecting pollen from all three species. Rejection of N. plumbaginifolia pollen was similar to S allele-specific pollen rejection, showing a requirement for both S RNase and other genetic factors from N. alata. In contrast, S RNase-dependent rejection of N. glutinosa and N. tabacum pollen proceeded without these additional factors. N. alata also rejects pollen from the latter two species through an S RNase-independent mechanism. Our results implicate the S locus in all three systems, but it is clear that multiple mechanisms contribute to interspecific pollen rejection.
Optimum Structural Design of Internal Combustion Engine Systems by Branch-and-Bound Algorithm

This paper develops an alternative optimization approach for systematic design of a parametrized engine system and illustrates the procedure through application to a novel conversion device, the patented Stiller-Smith mechanism (1, 2). Using simultaneous interplay between a simulation scheme, presented in detail elsewhere (3), and an optimization scheme, the proposed structural design process integrates the multiple objectives of structural design. Developed here in detail, optimization involves intermediate continuous optimization via a penalty function method, and integer or discrete programming through the branch-and-bound algorithm. The ensuing application illustrates the approach by optimizing a 16-cylinder Stiller-Smith engine for minimum weight-power and dimensions-power ratios under several types of constraints. In the context of a multi-objective constrained non-linear programming problem, the design example proceeds through three stages: (a) preliminary, in which the designer applies the simulat...
Misreading One's Sources: Charles Taylor's Rousseau

This article challenges Taylor's defense of community by criticizing his reading of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Taylor, who adheres to the old charge that Rousseau is at bottom a totalitarian, neglects several points of resistance to the claims of the community that are present in Rousseau's political thought. Such points of resistance prove, on close examination, to be unavailable to Taylor. Taylor inadvertently offers a theoretical attack on individualism and a foundation for social tyranny more powerful than any to be found in Rousseau's thought.
COUNTERGRADIENT SELECTION FOR RAPID GROWTH IN PUMPKINSEED SUNFISH: DISENTANGLING ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS

Ecologists often assume that the evolutionary response to an environmental gradient will be the same as the phenotypic response. However, under some circumstances the evolutionary response to a gradient may be opposite of the ecological response, a phenomenon known as "countergradient variation." We had previously predicted that coun- tergradient selection has occurred in pumpkinseed sunfish in response to a resource gradient created by competition with bluegill sunfish. Because competition only occurs when pump- kinseed are small, rapid growth has evolved to allow passage through the competing size classes as quickly as possible. We performed a common-garden experiment using juvenile pumpkinseed derived from lakes with bluegill and from lakes without bluegill. Pumpkinseed were raised in cages without bluegill, or with a low density of bluegill, or with a high density of bluegill. Bluegill significantly decreased growth for all pumpkinseed, following the predicted ecological gradient. However, pumpkinseed derived from lakes with bluegill grew faster than those from lakes without bluegill under all treatments, following the predicted evolutionary response.
Species effects on resource supply rates: do they influence competitive interactions?

We examined two ways in which species effects on nitrogen supply rates could influence species competitive interactions and lead to coexistence between species with very different patterns of resource use. First, through differential effects on the rates of resource cycling, species may modify resources in divergent directions to better tolerate neighbors under self-modified conditions (tolerance modification). Second, plant-induced shifts in resource supply could enhance the degree to which species can suppress individuals (suppression modification). We addressed these hypothesized mechanisms in the non-successional moist meadow alpine tundra, which is codominated by Acomastylis rossii, a slow-growing roseaceous forb with high nutrient retention that is associated with slow rates of nitrogen supply, and Deschampsia caespitosa, a graminoid with rapid growth potential that is associated with fast rates of nitrogen (N) supply. Neighbors inhibited Acomastylis transplants (the species with high N retention) less than Deschampsia transplants (the species with rapid potential growth) in both neighborhood types, and hence neighborhood type did not influence species tolerance to neighbors. Likewise, Acomastylis neighborhoods inhibited transplant growth more than Deschampsia neighborhoods regardless of transplant species identity. When N supply rates were enhanced through repeated N additions in the two neighborhood types or in the presence of each species’ litter, the inhibitory effects associated with Acomastylis were offset to a greater degree than those associated with Deschampsia, as predicted by the suppression modification. These effects appeared to be density or size-dependent, with few effects observed at low density. Our results suggest that species effects on supply rates may influence competitive interactions, particularly if these effects are complemented by other sources of temporal or spatial variation such as pulses in resource availability.
Stabilized imploding liner research for high magnetic field plasma compression

Abstract The use of ultrahigh magnetic fields obtained by imploding liner magnetic flux compression to achieve high density fusion plasmass is described briefly in the context of the NRL LINUS research effort. Recent results demonstrating stabilized, repetitive liner implosions are reviewed and theoretical plasma behavior during liner compression is indicated.