cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photometric theory for wide-angle phenomena

An examination is made of the problem posed by wide-angle photographic photometry, in order to extract a photometric-morphological history of Comet P/Halley. Photometric solutions are presently achieved over wide angles through a generalization of an assumption-free moment-sum method. Standard stars in the field allow a complete solution to be obtained for extinction, sky brightness, and the characteristic curve. After formulating Newton's method for the solution of the general nonlinear least-square problem, an implementation is undertaken for a canonical data set. Attention is given to the problem of random and systematic photometric errors.
Monte-Carlo models of amorphous materials

Abstract A Monte-Carlo technique is described for the determination of atomic and molecular arrangements in simple amorphous solids. This method appears to be capable of describing configurations of atoms in glasses with sufficient detail to reproduce an experimental radial distribution function. The radial distribution function is combined with data on chemical bonding and with data on other physical properties to generate a model of the atomic arrangements which provides a view of the local order in an amorphous material. The entire procedure involves two steps. In the first, a quasi-random arrangement of atoms is constructed by a stochastic Monte-Carlo procedure. In the second stage the atomic arrangement is subjected to an extended Monte-Carlo perturbation, whereby the final configuration is described by the experimental radial distribution function.
America's Progress in Achieving the Legalization of Same-Gender Adoption: Analysis of Public Opinion, 1994 to 2012

The struggle to achieve the legalization of same-gender adoption is ongoing. Notably, not until 2011 was adoption by a lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender individual legalized in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and adoption by same-gender couples is still illegal in many states. Anti-adoption forces are ever-present: From 2011 to 2013, at least five states passed laws granting faith-based agencies the right to refuse service to same-gender couples or to give preference to heterosexual couples. The aim of this article is, first, to examine the challenges confronting the legalization of same-gender adoption; second, to report the current legal status of same-gender adoption for each state; third, to report on Americans' attitudes toward the legalization of same-gender adoption from 1994 to 2012, drawing from previously published surveys of a cross section of Americans; and, fourth, to explore the implications for social work practice, including social advocacy and social policy implementation.
Effects of D- and L-thyroxine and of D- and L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine on development and regression of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits

Summary 1. Rabbits were maintained on an atherogenic diet (2 % cholesterol and 6 % corn oil) and the effects of orally administered D-thyroxine (1 or 0.5 mg/day) and L-thyroxine (0.05 mg/day) on experimental atherosclerosis were compared. 2. D-thyroxine was as effective as L-thyroxine in reducing the severity of the atherosclerosis in rabbits. 3. The thyroxine-fed groups exhibited lower serum-cholesterol levels than did the controls, but liver-cholesterol levels were usually comparable in all three groups. 4. At the dosages used neither compound showed a consistent effect on weight gains. 5. In one experiment D-triiodothyronine (90μg/day) and L-triiodothyronine (18μg/day) were found to exert little influence on either cholesterolemia or atheromatosis. 6. Two regression experiments were carried out. Six groups of rabbits were maintained on an atherogenic diet for 6 or 8 weeks. One group was sacrificed at 6 or 8 weeks (Expts. 5 and 6, respectively). The five surviving groups were placed on a normal diet; one group served as control and the others were fed D- or L-thyroxine or D- or L-triiodothyronine as soon as cholesterol feeding was suspended. At the end of the regression phase (6 or 8 weeks) all surviving rabbits showed 75-90 % reductions in serum-cholesterol levels and large reductions in liver-cholesterol levels. In all surviving groups atherosclerosis was less severe than in the surviving controls, but more severe than in the initial controls. 7. 7. Radioactive cholesterol administered at the start of the regression phase of the experiment was present in the aortas and livers of rabbits after 8 weeks.
Sub-millimeter sized methyl butanoate droplet combustion: Microgravity experiments and detailed numerical modeling

Abstract Combustion characteristics of isolated sub-millimeter sized methyl butanoate (MB) droplets are studied at low gravity (10−4 m/s2) in a 1.2 s drop tower. In the experiments, droplets were grown and deployed onto the intersection of two 14 μm silicon carbide fibers in a cross-string arrangement and exposed to symmetrically placed spark ignition sources. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 0.54 ± 0.01 mm, and experiments were carried out in room temperature air at atmospheric pressure. Detailed measurements of the evolution of droplet diameter, flame standoff ratio and burning rate are reported. The experimental results are compared against predictions from a comprehensive time-dependent, sphero-symmetric droplet combustion simulation that includes detailed gas phase chemical kinetics, spectrally resolved radiative heat transfer, multi-component diffusive transport, full thermal property variations and tether fiber perturbation effects. The predicted combustion characteristics of MB are also compared with n-heptane droplets of nearly identical sizes over a range of oxygen concentrations. The results show that predicted burning histories, burning rates and flame standoff ratios are in excellent agreement with the measurements. The average burning rates and flame temperatures for both fuels were found to be similar even though the heat of combustion of n-heptane is higher by a factor of ∼1.6. However, the average flame standoff ratio for MB was found to be significantly smaller than for n-heptane, due to the presence of additional oxygen atoms in the parent fuel. Important differences in the diffusion flame chemistries of the two fuels are also discussed.
Strategic behavior in electric generation markets via dynamic governor control design

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated the potential for coordinated control of a group of generators in a generation market, with the goal of destabilizing other machines in the system, while maintaining (nearly) completely satisfactory performance within this control group. Such action would clearly achieve an anti-competitive objective, and might be attractive strategic behavior if the entities involved believed it would go undetected. The work here examines the degree to which, among all competing generators, a subset may be specifically `targeted' to experience instability. It refines the earlier design technique to demonstrate that anti-competitive control can indeed selectively target competing generators. This form of strategic behavior will be termed `predatory control.' The results presented suggest that the risk of predatory control is more severe than earlier analysis might have suggested, and provides a cautionary note to indicate that entities responsible for system security must have tools to guard against such behavior.
Enzyme variability in the Drosophila Willistoni group. V. Genic variation in natural populations of Drosophila equinoxialis.

We have studied genetic variation at 27 loci in 42 samples from natural populations of a neotropical species, Drosophila equinoxialis, using standard techniques of starch-gel electrophoresis to detect allelic variation in genes coding for enzymes. There is considerarle genetic variability in D. equinoxialis. We have found allelic variation in each of the 27 loci, although not in every population. On the average, 71% of the loci are polymorphic – that is, the most common allele has a frequency no greater than 0·95 – in a given population. An individual is heterozygous on the average at 21·8% of its loci.The amount of genetic variation fluctuates widely from locus to locus. At the Mdh-2 locus arout 1% of the individuals are heterozygotes; at the other extreme more than 56% of the individuals are heterozygous at the Est-3. At any given locus the configuration of allelic frequencies is strikingly similar from locality to locality. At each and every locus the same allele is generally the most common throughout the distribution of the species. Yet differences in gene frequencies occur between localities. The pattern of genetic variation is incompatible with the hypothesis that the variation is adaptively neutral. Genetic variation in D. equinoxialis is maintained by balancing natural selection.The amount and pattern of genetic variation is similar in D. equinoxialis and its sibling species, D. willistoni. Yet the two species are genetically very different. Different sets of alleles occur at nearly 40% of the loci.
Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized

Preface Part I. Intelligence: 1. Background work on intelligence 2. The theory of successful intelligence Part II. Creativity: 3. Background work on creativity 4. The investment theory of creativity as a decision 5. The propulsion theory of creative contributions Part III. Wisdom: 6. Background work on wisdom 7. The balance theory of wisdom Part IV. Synthesis: 8. WICS: the relations among intelligence, creativity, and wisdom References Author index Subject index.
Smooth Trajectories Travel Farther into the Future: Perceptual Fluency Effects on Prediction of Trend Continuation

This research examines how processing fluency influences people's perceptions of whether a trend will continue into the future. Specifically, three studies hypothesized that people who read descriptions of increasing or decreasing trends in easy-to-read font would be more likely to predict that the trend would continue into the future, compared to people exposed to difficult-to-read font. Studies 1 and 2 establish this effect for an increasing trend, whereas Study 3 replicates the findings with a decreasing trend. Taken together, these results suggest processing fluency as a factor that affects assessment of future potential.
Preparation of fat emulsions for intravenous alimentation

Descriptions are given of the high pressure homogenization equipment used and of the actual procedure followed in the preparation of fat emulsions suitable for intravenous nutrition. Such emulsions contain 10–15% oil (w/v) dispersed in particles less than one micron in diameter. They are made under nitrogen and subsequently autoclaved to ensure sterility.
Oxidation and Reduction of the 5‐(2′‐Deoxyuridinyl)methyl Radical

Sleeping beauty: The 5-(2’-Deoxyuridinyl) methyl radical 1 is a key intermediate in the thymine oxidative reaction mediated by reactive oxygen species. Evidence is presented that 1 is prone to both oxidation and reduction reactions at the absence of O2. These results question the current paradigm and suggest that the redox chemistry of 1, which has been largely overlooked in the past, may play a major role in determining the fate of 1.
Antiflammins: Bioactive Peptides Derived from Uteroglobin

: Uteroglobin/Clara cell 10-kDa protein (UG/CC10) is a hormonally regulated small secretory protein that has a variety of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effects. These include a potent anti-inflammatory activity and inhibitory effects on neutrophil migration, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, in vitro chemoinvasion, as well as “tumor suppressor”-like effects and other properties. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed for these effects. Pharmacological properties suggest that UG itself or substances derived from it may be used as experimental drugs for several indications. The group of oligopeptides collectively known as “antiflammins” (AFs) were originally described in 1988. Their design was derived from the region of highest sequence similarity between UG and another group of proteins with anti- inflammatory properties, the lipocortins or annexins. Nanomolar concentrations of these peptides can reproduce several of the pharmacological activities of UG, including its in vivo anti-inflammatory effects and inhibition of platelet aggregation. The AFs have been safely and effectively used to suppress inflammation and fibrosis in several animal models. Progress in clarifying the mechanism of action of the AFs may facilitate the structure-based design of a novel class of potent anti-inflammatory, antichemotactic drugs.
Neuroendocrine control of photoperiodic changes in immune function

Seasonal variation in immune function putatively maximizes survival and reproductive success. Day length (photoperiod) is the most potent signal for time of year. Animals typically organize breeding, growth, and behavior to adapt to spatial and temporal niches. Outside the tropics individuals monitor photoperiod to support adaptations favoring survival and reproductive success. Changes in day length allow anticipation of seasonal changes in temperature and food availability that are critical for reproductive success. Immune function is typically bolstered during winter, whereas reproduction and growth are favored during summer. We provide an overview of how photoperiod influences neuronal function and melatonin secretion, how melatonin acts directly and indirectly to govern seasonal changes in immune function, and the manner by which other neuroendocrine effectors such as glucocorticoids, prolactin, thyroid, and sex steroid hormones modulate seasonal variations in immune function. Potential future research avenues include commensal gut microbiota and light pollution influences on photoperiodic responses.
The Local Phospholipid Environment Modulates the Activation of Blood Clotting

Examples abound of membrane-bound enzymes for which the local membrane environment plays an important role, including the ectoenzyme that triggers blood clotting, the plasma serine protease, factor VIIa, bound to the integral membrane protein, tissue factor. The activity of this enzyme complex is markedly influenced by lipid bilayer composition and further by tissue factor partitioning into membrane microdomains on some cell surfaces. Unfortunately, little is known about how membrane microdomain composition controls factor VIIa-tissue factor activity, as reactions catalyzed by membrane-tethered enzymes are typically studied under conditions in which the experimenter cannot control the composition of the membrane in the immediate vicinity of the enzyme. To overcome this problem, we used a nanoscale approach that afforded complete control over the membrane environment surrounding tissue factor by assembling the factor VIIa·tissue factor complex on stable bilayers containing 67 ± 1 phospholipid molecules/leaflet (Nanodiscs). We investigated how local changes in phospholipid bilayer composition modulate the activity of the factor VIIa·tissue factor complex. We also addressed whether this enzyme requires a pool of membrane-bound protein substrate (factor X) for efficient catalysis, or alternatively if it could efficiently activate factor X, which binds directly to the membrane nanodomain adjacent to tissue factor. We have shown that full proteolytic activity of the factor VIIa·tissue factor complex requires extremely high local concentrations of anionic phospholipids and further that a large pool of membrane-bound factor X is not required to support sustained catalysis.
Sol-Gel Derived Ceramic-Ceramic Composites using Short Fibers

Short ceramic fibers or whiskers may be ideally suited for the fabrication of ceramic-ceramic composites using the sol-gel process. The fibers can be uniformly dispersed in a low viscosity sol and then frozen into the matrix through gelation. Several ceramic composites were prepared by synthesizing an Al2O3 precursor from aluminum sec-butoxide and then dispersing fibers of either zirconia, graphite or SiC. The composites were dried at room temperature and fired up to 1200°C. The fibers reduce the volume shrinkages in comparison to that obtained with pure Al2O3 during processing. Structures with dimensions of several cm2 can be rapidly produced with this method without cracking.
Resistance of a free operant to extinction and suppression with punishment as a function of amount of training

Three groups of 20 Ss were given 200, 1,000 or 3,000 reinforcements in a Skinner box on a VI 30-sec. schedule of reinforcement. On the day following completion of training, half of each group was exposed to a 1 hr. test session in which punishment followed each response; the remaining Ss were given a 1 hr. extinction test session. The mean number of punished responses during testing was nonmonotonic ally related to amount of training, while additional training increased resistance to extinction of the unpunished groups.
The Effect of Alkaline pH on Growth and Metabolic Products of a Motile, Yellow-pigmented Streptococcus sp.

SUMMARY: Streptococcus BL 78/7 was isolated from alkaline potato-processing effluent, and resembled S. casseliflavus in morphology, motility and pigment. In aerobic conditions, at controlled pH, growth occurred between pH 5 and 11 with a maximum growth rate between pH 8 and 9 and a maximum yield at pH 8. The major metabolic products formed from glucose were lactate and acetate. The molar proportion of lactate to acetate decreased with increasing pH, from 4:1 at pH 5 to approximately 1:1 above pH 9. Growth occurred under nitrogen over the pH range from below 6 to 11, with a maximum growth rate and yield at pH 7 to 8. Lactate was the major metabolic product, with formate, acetate and ethanol also present in the molar ratio of 2:1:1. The molar proportion of lactate to formate decreased from 5:1 at pH 6 to 1.3:1 at pH 11.
Evaluation of the coupled proton—optic-mode model for K H 2 P O 4 and Rb H 2 P O 4

The microscopic parameters for the Kobayashi model and their pressure derivatives are evaluated from Raman scattering results on K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ and Rb${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$P${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. The results are used within the framework of this model to calculate the temperature and pressure dependences of the dielectric properties, including the dielectric constant, Curie constant, spontaneous polarization, and the suppression of ferroelectricity at high pressure.
Attracting communities and students to IT with a community service web contest

This paper describes a high school web design contest held by a computer and information technology program. The goals were to serve the community with community engagement websites and also to provide experiential learning in an IT field and hopefully to encourage students to pursue careers in IT. Five high schools competed, with forty-eight students in thirteen different teams.
Matrix assisted pulsed laser deposition of light emitting polymer thin films

Matrix assisted laser processing allows for the deposition of functional and fragile materials with a minimum of breakdown and decomposition. In this communication we report on light emitting thin films of ruthenium tris(bipyridine)-centered star-shaped poly(methyl methacrylate), Ru(bpyPMMA2)3(PF6)2, grown by matrix assisted pulsed laser deposition. A pulsed excimer laser (KrF) operating at 248 nm was used for all experiments. Due to the absorption at 248 nm and the solubility characteristics of [Ru(bpyPMMA2)3](PF6)2, dimethoxy-ethane (DME) was used as a solvent [1]. Dilute solutions (2 wt. %) of [Ru(bpyPMMA2)3](PF6)2 and DME were flash frozen in liquid nitrogen producing a solid target. Thin films ranging from 20 to 100 nm were grown on Si in an Ar atmosphere at 200 mTorr at a laser fluence of 0.04 J/cm2. The deposited materials were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) equipped with refractive index (RI), and ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) detection.
Building Reputation: Why Governments Fight Some Separatists but Not Others

This article attempts to show that future players and future stakes—two factors generally ignored by political scientists— strongly influence government decisions to cooperate or fight at least against ethnic minorities seeking self-determination. Data on all separatist movements between 1956 and 2002 reveals that governments are significantly less likely to accommodate one challenge if the number of ethnic groups in a country and the combined value of the land that may come under dispute in the future is high. Governments that refused to accommodate one challenger were also significantly less likely to face a second or third challenge down the road. This provides some of the first systematic evidence that governments invest in reputation building a least in the domain of domestic ethnic relations.
Ally Development Through Feminist Pedagogy: A Systemic Focus on Intersectionality

This article utilizes feminist pedagogy to facilitate ally development within counseling students. Counselor educators are challenged to find methods of incorporating competencies for counseling with transgender and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, intersex, and ally (LGBTQQIA) individuals into curriculum. Through the application of feminist and experiential theories, students engage in a way that challenges traditional pedagogical methods. The intersection of sexual orientation, gender, and race in the classroom can facilitate awareness of the experiences of LGBTQQIA people, thereby promoting skill, advocacy, and ally behaviors in emergent counselors. Suggestions for student engagement in the classroom are presented.
General formulas for the adiabatic propagation velocity of the normal zone

The influence on the propagation velocity of the normal zone of four phenomena was investigated: (1) the temperature dependence of the specific heat and the thermal conductivity; (2) the current-sharing zone; (3) the electromagnetic diffusion of current through a possible superstabilizer; and (4) the thermal diffusion through a possible insulator. At the beginning, these influences were studied independently of each other. In all cases, after a model of the particular phenomenon was created, the equations of thermal and electromagnetic behavior were solved analytically and the expressions for the propagation velocity obtained. These expressions were then put into nondimensional forms, which have allowed four correction factors to be defined that take into account the influences studied, and depend only on one or two nondimensional parameters. Subsequent studies were made to investigate how to combine these correction factors to obtain general formulas for the velocity, taking into account a part or all of these influences. A review is presented of these formulas, which are of interest for the superconducting windings where the heat transfer to helium can be neglected on the time scale of the quench process. >
Influence Strategies in Buying Centers

Research on influence strategies has typically been conducted in interorganizational settings. In a departure from this tradition, the authors focus on influence strategies used by managers in buyi...
Genetic Programming and Autoconstructive Evolution with the Push Programming Language

Push is a programming language designed for the expression of evolving programs within an evolutionary computation system. This article describes Push and illustrates some of the opportunities that it presents for evolutionary computation. Two evolutionary computation systems, PushGP and Pushpop, are described in detail. PushGP is a genetic programming system that evolves Push programs to solve computational problems. Pushpop, an “autoconstructive evolution” system, also evolves Push programs but does so while simultaneously evolving its own evolutionary mechanisms.
Laboratory assessment of atrazine and fluometuron degradation in soils from a constructed wetland.

Constructed wetlands offer promise for removal of nonpoint source contaminants such as herbicides from agricultural runoff. Laboratory studies assessed the potential of soils to degrade and sorb atrazine and fluometuron within a recently constructed wetland. The surface 3 cm of soil was sampled from two cells of a Mississippi Delta constructed wetland; one shallow area disturbed only hydrologically, and the second excavated to provide greater water-holding capacity. The excavated area was more acidic on average (pH 4.85 versus 5.21), but otherwise the physical properties and general microbial enzyme activities in the two areas were similar. Soils were treated with 84 and 68l gk g � 1 soil 14 C-ring labeled atrazine and fluometuron, respectively, and incubated under either saturated (88% moisture, w:w) or flooded (1 cm standing water) conditions. Soils were sampled over 32 days and extracted for herbicide and metabolite analysis. Under saturated conditions, fluometuron metabolized to desmethylfluometuron (DMF) with a half-life equal 25–27 days. However, under flooded conditions, the half-life of fluometuron was more than 175 days. Atrazine dissipated rapidly in saturated and flooded soil with a half-life of approximately 23 days, but only 10% of atrazine was mineralized to CO2. The overall atrazine and fluometuron dissipation rates were similar between the two cells, but each area had a different pattern of metabolite accumulation. The major route of atrazine dissipation was incorporation of atrazine residues into methanol-nonextractable (soil-bound) components, with minimal extractable metabolite accumulation. A mixed-mode extractant (potassium phosphate:acetonitrile) recovered greater amounts of 14 C-residues from atrazine-treated soils, suggesting that hydrolysis of atrazine to
Space Group Symmetry

Thus far the treatment of symmetry has been restricted to the proper rotational and reflection symmetries of space lattices. The discussion of the symmetry of crystalline solids does not end with the presentation of the 14 Bravais lattice types because the symmetry of a solid is the symmetry of its three-dimensionally periodic particle density, and there are more symmetries available to such periodic patterns than to the lattices which characterize their translational symmetries. This is because of the existence of symmetry operations appropriate to such patterns but not to their lattices, for example the pattern need not be centrosymmetric while the lattice must be.
An in vitro assay for neural crest cell migration through the somites.

Neural crest cells in the trunk of the avian embryo come into contact with the somites and neural tube during the course of their migration. However, the relationship between the somites and the early migratory routes followed by these cells is not yet completely understood. Here, we use a tissue culture assay to examine if avian neural crest cells migrate through the somites. Cultures of quail somites were prepared from four adjacent regions along the neural axis in the trunk. Each region had four pairs of consecutive somites with region I being most anterior and region IV containing the last four segments. Within each region, the somites were separated from other tissues by enzymatic digestion and plated onto collagen-coated dishes. Immuno-cytochemical techniques were used to confirm that no neural crest cells, recognized by the HNK-1 antibody, were present on the surface of the somites at the time of explantation. After several days in culture, the explanted somites were screened to identify pigment cells. Because neural crest cells give rise to all of the melanocytes in the trunk, the presence of pigment cells indicated that neural crest precursors were contained within the initial explant. After 5–11 days in vitro, the percentage of somite cultures containing pigment cells in regions I through IV, respectively, was 36%, 51%, 31% and 1%. These results suggest that neural crest cells migrate through the somitic mesenchyme and first enter the somites between 5 to 9 segments rostral to the most recently formed somite.
Expression analysis of endoglin missense and truncation mutations: insights into protein structure and disease mechanisms

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia caused by mutations in either endoglin (HHT1) or activin-like kinase receptor-1 (ALK-1) (HHT2). The majority of the mutations in endoglin cause frameshifts and premature stop codons. Although initial reports suggested a dominant-negative model for HHT1, more recent reports have suggested that mutations in endoglin lead to haploinsufficiency. In this study, we investigated six different missense mutations and two truncation mutations in the endoglin gene to examine whether mechanisms other than haploinsufficiency might be involved in HHT1. Expression of the missense mutants alone revealed that they are misfolded and that most show no cell surface expression. When co-expressed with wild-type endoglin, the missense mutants are able to dimerize with the normal endoglin protein and are trafficked to the cell surface. We also show that although one truncation mutation acts through haploinsufficiency, the other acts in a dominant-negative way. This implies that either dominant-negative protein interactions or haploinsufficiency can cause HHT1. The biochemical analyses for the different mutations suggest that the endoglin N-terminus is important for correct protein folding and that cysteine residues in the first 350 amino acids are involved in intramolecular disulfide bonds, whereas cysteines located closer to the C-terminus of the extracellular domain are responsible for inter-molecular disulfide bond dimerization.
Synthesis and characterization in solution and in the solid State of the palladium aryl bromide complexes [Pd(Ar)Br{(S)-BINAP}]: formation of cyclopalladated complexes and direct observation of a C-N reductive elimination to form heterocycles

The complexes resulting from the 1:4 mixture of [Pd2(dba)3] and P(o-tolyl)3 in benzene react with ortho substituted-arylbromides to generate in situ the corresponding bromide dimer [Pd(Ar)(m-Br){P(o-tolyl)3)}] 2. Addition of 2 equiv. of (S)-BINAP gave the corresponding [PdBr(o-RC6H4){(S)-BINAP}] in good yields (57-89%). The crystal structure of [PdBr(o-C6H4CH2 CON(H)Bn){(S)-BINAP}] (1) shows a square planar arrangement around palladium with the aryl ring positioned nearly perpendicular to the square-planar coordination plane. Since these complexes exhibit restricted rotation about the palladium-aryl bond and contain a chiral ligand, they exist as two distinct diastereoisomers discernable by 31P{1H} NMR. The dynamic behavior of the complexes 1, 13CO-1, and 15N-1 in CDCl3 was studied by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. 13CO-labeled 1 was also studied by 13C{1H} NMR. At temperatures below 0 oC three species were detected on the 31P{1H} and 13C{1H} NMR time scale. They were assigned as the two diastereoisomers and the cationic complex [Pd(o-C6H4CH2 CON(H)Bn) {(S)-BINAP}]+Br. Above 40o 12 L2 = (S)-BINAP, 88 yield] were obtained by treatment of the aryl bromide complexes with NaO-t-Pn. 31P{1H} NMR spectra of the 15N labeled complexes 11 and 12 clearly showed a Pd-N bond. Decomposition of the palladacycle 12 afforded the heterocycle and the amide reduced product.
Pathoscope: Species identification and strain attribution with unassembled sequencing data

Emerging next-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionized the collection of genomic data for applications in bioforensics, biosurveillance, and for use in clinical settings. However, to make the most of these new data, new methodology needs to be developed that can accommodate large volumes of genetic data in a computationally efficient manner. We present a statistical framework to analyze raw next-generation sequence reads from purified or mixed environmental or targeted infected tissue samples for rapid species identification and strain attribution against a robust database of known biological agents. Our method, Pathoscope, capitalizes on a Bayesian statistical framework that accommodates information on sequence quality, mapping quality, and provides posterior probabilities of matches to a known database of target genomes. Importantly, our approach also incorporates the possibility that multiple species can be present in the sample and considers cases when the sample species/strain is not in the reference database. Furthermore, our approach can accurately discriminate between very closely related strains of the same species with very little coverage of the genome and without the need for multiple alignment steps, extensive homology searches, or genome assembly--which are time-consuming and labor-intensive steps. We demonstrate the utility of our approach on genomic data from purified and in silico "environmental" samples from known bacterial agents impacting human health for accuracy assessment and comparison with other approaches.
Can Ethics And Strategy Co-Exist: A Human Resource Management Case Study

An HRM case dealing with problems encountered as ethics conflict with strategy. Discussion concerns how such a case can be used to exhibit the alignment between HRM and business strategy.
Phenotypic Markers for Chloroplast DNA Genes in Higher Plants and Their Use in Biochemical Genetics

Plants belonging to the genera Nicotiana, Avena, and Triticum appear to transmit chloroplast DNA exclusively by the maternal parent. In Nicotiana this mode of inheritance has been demonstrated for a variegation caused by the presence of normal and defective chloroplasts contained within the same cells of N. tabacum leaves (1). The defective chloroplasts have a DNA which is slightly different in physical structure from the DNA of the normal chloroplasts (2). Maternal inheritance also governs transmission of coding information for the large subunit of Fraction I protein (3) as well as the site of its ribulose diphosphate carboxylase catalytic activity (4). In Avena, Steer (5) has found that the electrophoretic mobility of Fraction I protein is controlled by coding information transmitted via the maternal line. In Triticum, genetic information controlling the isoelectric points of the three polypeptides comprising the large subunit of Fraction I protein is also inherited exclusively from the maternal parent (6). In all three genera, the demonstration of chloroplast DNA phenotypic markers for genes controlling the primary structure of proteins has arisen because F1 plants can be created by interspecific hybridization, often in reciprocal fashion.
Androgen receptor repression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription via enhancer 1.

Abstract Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays a major role in the hypothalamic-pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, and synthesis and secretion of GnRH are regulated by gonadal steroid hormones. Disruptions in androgen levels are involved in a number of reproductive defects, including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Androgens down-regulate GnRH mRNA synthesis in vivo and in vitro via an androgen receptor (AR)-dependent mechanism. Methyltrienolone (R1881), a synthetic AR agonist, represses GnRH expression through multiple sites in the proximal promoter. In this study, we show AR also represses GnRH transcription via the major enhancer (GnRH-E1). A multimer of the −1800/−1766 region was repressed by R1881 treatment. Mutation of two bases, −1792 and −1791, resulted in decreased basal activity and a loss of AR-mediated repression. AR bound to the −1796/−1791 sequence in electrophoretic mobility shift assays, indicating a direct interaction with DNA or other transcription factors in this region. We conclude that AR repression of GnRH-E1 acts via multiple AR-responsive regions, including the site at −1792/−1791.
Process and Device Considerations for Small Grain Polysilicon Transistors

Polysilicon transistors offer the first entry into 3-dimensional ICs. This paper reviews some process and device considerations in using these devices in VLSI environments. The process issues include the choice of polysilicon grain size, layer thickness, doping, and methods of grain boundary passivation. The device considerations are closely related to the effects of grain boundaries in modifying the device characteristics. Three specific application examples are reviewed. It is concluded that polysilicon transistors offer new possibilities to enhance the performance of bulk technologies without resorting to any recrystallization techniques.
Acute osteomyelitis in children (Adelaide) 1975 through 1979

All cases of acute ostemomyelitis amongst children without pre-existing bone disease at the Adelaide Children’s Hospital were analysed for the 5-yr period 1975 through 1979. There were 104 cases. The children had a median age of 7 yr, age range 6 wk to 16 yr. There were more than twice as many cases in summer (41) as in winter (16) with an almost equal prevalence in autumn (23) and in spring (24). Boys outnumbered girls 2:1. The commonest site affected was the foot (25 cases) followed by the tibia (21) and the femur (19). Lower limb sites totalled 76 (73% of all cases). Next in order of prevalence were the upper limb (10 including humerus 5), pelvis (8), spine (6) and skull (2). In 2 children 2 sites were affected. Blood or bone cultures (or both) were collected from 88 children. Of these 59 (67%) yielded a pathogen: 49 Staphylococcus aureus. 4 Streptococcus pyogenes , 3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (one with Staphylococcus aureus as well), 2 a pneumococcus and one Mycobacterium tuberculosis (from a Vietnamese orphan). The remaining 29 (33%) failed to yield a pathogen. Osteomyelitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae was not encountered.
Influence of water stress on abscisic acid and ethylene production in tomato under different PAR levels

SummaryTomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Better Boy) were grown in plastic pots under greenhouse conditions. The plants were subjected to 0.07 MPa (high) 0.015 MPa (medium) and 0.001 MPa (apparent saturation moisture stress conditions), and exposed to high (1200), medium (900) and low (600) µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) supplied by Metalare lamps (500-620 nm). Soil moisture and light levels induced different effects on tomato plants. Low stress and apparent soil moisture saturation regimes increased ABA and ethylene concentrations, and reduced nonstructural carbohydrate and total chlorophyll content. Moisture stress influenced the above variates more than PAR levels.
Environmental Persistence of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Virus

Human cases of disease caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype are rare, yet characterized with a mortality rate of approximately 60%. Tests were conducted to determine the environmental persistence of an HPAI (H5N1) virus on four materials (glass, wood, galvanized metal, and topsoil) that could act as fomites or harbor the virus. Test coupons were inoculated with the virus and exposed to one of five environmental conditions that included changes in temperature, relative humidity, and simulated sunlight. At time periods up to 13 days, the virus was extracted from each coupon, and quantified via cytopathic effects on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. The virus was most persistent under the low temperature condition, with less than 1 log reduction on glass and steel after 13 days at low relative humidity. Thus, at these conditions, the virus would be expected to persist appreciably beyond 13 days.
Network Traffic Prediction Model Based on Mixed Kernels RVM Optimized by CS Algorithm

In order to improve the prediction accuracy of network traffic,a network traffic prediction model is proposed based on cuckoo searching algorithm optimizing the parameters of mixed kernel relevance vector machine( CS-RVM) to solve limitations of single kernel function for relevance vector machine. Firstly,the polynomial and Gaussian kernel functions are produced to mixed kernel function for the relevance vector machine,and then the cuckoo searching algorithm is introduced to optimize the parameters of hybrid kernel function,finally network traffic prediction model is established based on the relevance vector machine using the optimal parameters. The simulation results show that,CS-RVM model is of good effect and could improve the prediction accuracy of network traffic.
Ifosfamide studies for primary or recurrent pediatric malignant solid tumors and leukemia

The major hematopoietic growth factors have been produced through recombinant DNA technology and have entered initial clinical trials; results of these trials will be reviewed here. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been tested in patients with bladder cancer and small-cell carcinoma of the lung. In these studies, G-CSF ameliorated the leukopenia associated with combination chemotherapy, reduced the incidence of mucositis in the bladder cancer patients, and nearly eliminated the occurrence of serious infections in the lung cancer patients. Trials involving another factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), have resulted in a marked increase in white blood cell (WBC) counts in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, and has accelerated the appearance of leukocytes and platelets after autologous bone marrow transplants. GM-CSF can also increase the WBC counts in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients treated with zidovudine. Both G-CSF and GM-CSF may produce multilineage effects in certain clinical settings and dose ranges. Finally, interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-3, which commit very early stem cells to a myeloid pathway, may be used in combination with G-CSF or GM-CSF to produce a synergistic response to various clinical situations.
Cultured Vascular Endothelial Cells as a Model System for the Study of Cellular Senescence

Publisher Summary The vascular endothelium plays an important role in major age-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. The endothelium is a major histological cell type (2 kg/70 kg human) forming the luminal surface of the entire vascular and lymphatic systems and, as such, is of crucial importance in many normal physiological functions. Conversely, an abnormal functioning of the endothelium may lead to numerous pathologic conditions. Electron microscopic examination of normal arteries and the capillary microcirculation reveals that only low-molecular weight compounds cross the endothelium in large vessels, whereas complex molecules, such as lipoproteins, cross the thinner and more loosely joined (or perforated) capillary endothelium to reach the tissue where they are utilized. One prime example of the pathological significance of endothelial injury is the development of atherosclerotic plaques in arterial walls and the resulting clinical events of coronary artery occlusion, myocardial infarction, cerebral vascular accidents, and gangrene.
Resource Issues and Strategic Planning, 1945–73

The period from 1945 to the Middle East War and oil crisis of 1973 was one of transition from the wartime legacy of resource-related planning in the context of prolonged general war to the new requirements of strategic planning in the nuclear age. Despite the very substantial evolution in strategic thinking necessitated by the introduction of nuclear weapons, there would continue to be strong elements of continuity with traditional, pre-1945 approaches to resource questions. Events in this period will be discussed with particular reference to American policy, and a view towards answering a critical question: how did nuclear weapons affect the relevance of resource factors to military power, potential and planning? Key developments during this period which would influence the formation of strategy included the tremendous growth of civilian demand for raw materials relative to the potential military requirements in wartime, and most importantly, the very great expansion in the worldwide demand for oil. Finally, the increasing desire of newly-independent and developing countries for control over valuable indigenous resources would raise new questions with regard to the security of access to resources in peace and war.
A framework for understanding the characteristics of complexity in biology

Understanding the functioning of natural systems is not easy, although there is general agreement that understanding complex systems is an important goal for science education. Defining what makes a natural system complex will assist in identifying gaps in research on student reasoning about systems. The goal of this commentary is to propose a framework that explicitly defines the ways in which biological systems are complex and to discuss the potential relevance of these complexity dimensions to conducting research on student reasoning about complexity in biology classrooms. We use an engineering framework for dimensions of complexity and discuss how this framework may also be applied to biological systems, using gene expression as an example. We group dimensions of this framework into components, functional relationships among components, processes, manifestations, and interpretations within biological systems. We explain four steps that discipline-based education researchers can use to apply these dimensions to explore student reasoning about complex biological systems.
Managers' Perception of Proper Ethical Conduct: The Effect of Sex, Age, and Level of Education

This study examined the impact of sex, age, and level of education on the perception of various business practices by managers of a large non-profit organization. Female managers perceived the acceptance of gifts and favors in exchange for preferential treatment significantly more unethical than male managers. Older managers (40 plus) perceived five practices significantly more unethical than younger managers (giving gifts/favors in exchange for preferential treatment, divulging confidential information, concealing ones error, falsifying reports, and calling in sick to take a day off). The practice of padding expense account by over 10% was reported to be significantly more unethical by managers with a graduate degree.
Markov stochasticity coordinates

Markov dynamics constitute one of the most fundamental models of random motion between the states of a system of interest. Markov dynamics have diverse applications in many fields of science and engineering, and are particularly applicable in the context of random motion in networks. In this paper we present a two-dimensional gauging method of the randomness of Markov dynamics. The method–termed Markov Stochasticity Coordinates–is established, discussed, and exemplified. Also, the method is tweaked to quantify the stochasticity of the first-passage-times of Markov dynamics, and the socioeconomic equality and mobility in human societies.
Best Start Time Journeys

The time dependence of parameters in a spatio-temporal network adds to the semantics of common network operations. The result of any analysis in a time dependent network depends on the time at which it is performed. Shortest path from an origin to a destination can vary significantly depending on the start time. This leads to an important and interesting formulation of shortest path computation, “When is the best time to start a journey so that the time spent in the network is minimized?” This chapter describes this formulation in detail and presents algorithms for the computation of ‘best start time’ shortest paths.