cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Rank Category Variables to Represent Continuous Variables: Defects of Common Practice

Although many of the variables used in sociological propositions can be conceptualized as having continuous underlying values, it is common practice to accept rank category measures of these variables as adequate surrogates for the underlying values. This widespread practice results in an unacceptable amount of distortion in the metric of underlying variables. Using computer simulations, the influence of four factors on the degree of distortion is examined: (1) the number of categories, (2) the marginal proportions for the categories, (3) the shape or form of the underlying distribution, and (4) how the categories are scored. Given the amount of distortion found, it is suggested that sociologists concentrate on the improvement of their measures. Although many of the variables used in sociological propositions can be conceptualized as continuous variables, in general there is little effort paid to creating measures of these variables that even approach the interval level of measurement. This is the case in spite of the fact that we often employ statistical procedures which require interval level measures, e.g., regression/correlation analyses. For example, even if we conceive of variables such as political involvement (Hensler and Stipak); social differentiation, demographic complexity, religious differentiation (Silver); strike identification, political position (Lyons); attitudes toward drug use (Akers et al.); political attitudes (Robinson and Kelley); physical discomfort, physical demands (Cullen and Novick); salience of a topic (Herberlein and Baumgartner); poverty (Hofferth and Moore) and so on, as continuous interval level variables, we (and the researchers cited in this paragraph) usually measure them quite crudely by using rank caterory or even dichotomous classifications based upon judges' opinions or respondents' answers. 1
Using virtual reality to induce cross-axis adaptation of postural control: Implications for rehabilitation

Adaptation of sensorimotor processes has been studied for over a century. However, rigorous experimental approaches require controlling as many variables as possible to study the phenomenon, which limits generalizability. Conversely testing adaptation in an unconstrained ecologically valid situation makes it difficult to identify what parameters affect this process. This study utilizes virtual environments (VE) to create complex, but controlled environments to test visual, vestibular, and sensorimotor adaptation of whole-body posture. Findings show automatic postural processes can be adapted to unusual and discordant sensory environments, suggesting its lability would be advantageous when employing the kind of sensorimotor rehabilitation therapy VE affords.
The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century after Fifty Years

Since its introduction more than fifty years ago, the concept of a general seventeenth-century crisis has met with skepticism from most historians of Europe. Yet this historiographical latecomer persists as a seemingly necessary feature of early modern periodization. The economic contraction of the era is broadly accepted, but the crisis concept makes a larger claim—that the economic reversals led, ultimately, to a regrouping, a transformation of basic patterns and possibilities of European economic life. The challenge has always been to find a common thread—a credible theory—capable of tying together the disparate events of the time. The theoretical apparatus of fifty years ago may no longer serve, but more recent research offers possibilities for a rehabilitation of the concept of economic crisis.
Some Aspects of Energy Balance and Tsunami Generation by Earthquakes and Landslides

— Tsunamis are generated by displacement or motion of large volumes of water. While there are several documented cases of tsunami generation by volcanic eruptions and landslides, most observed tsunamis are attributed to earthquakes. Kinematic models of tsunami generation by earthquakes — where specified fault size and slip determine seafloor and sea-surface vertical motion — quantitatively explain far-field tsunami wave records. On the other hand, submarine landslides in subduction zones and other tectonic settings can generate large tsunamis that are hazardous along near-source coasts. Furthermore, the ongoing exploration of the oceans has found evidence for large paleo-landslides in many places, not just subduction zones. Thus, we want to know the relative contribution of faulting and landslides to tsunami generation. For earthquakes, only a small fraction of the minimum earthquake energy (less than 1% for typical parameter choices for shallow underthrusting earthquakes) can be converted into tsunami wave energy; yet, this is enough energy to generate terrible tsunamis. For submarine landslides, tsunami wave generation and landslide motion interact in a dynamic coupling. The dynamic problem of a 2-D translational slider block on a constant-angle slope can be solved using a Green's function approach for the wave transients. The key result is that the largest waves are generated when the ratio of initial water depth above the block to downslope vertical drop of the block H 0 /W sin δ is less than 1. The conversion factor of gravitational energy into tsunami wave energy varies from 0% for a slow-velocity slide in deep water, to about 50% for a fast-velocity slide in shallow water and a motion abruptly truncated. To compare maximum tsunami wave amplitudes in the source region, great earthquakes produce amplitudes of a few meters at a wavelength fixed by the fault width of 100 km or so. For submarine landslides, tsunami wave heights — as measured by b, block height — are small for most of the parameter regime. However, for low initial dynamic friction and values of H 0 /W sin δ less than 1, tsunami wave heights in the downslope and upslope directions reach b and b/4, respectively.Wavelengths of these large waves scale with block width. For significant submarine slides, the value of b can range from meters up to the kilometer scale. Thus, the extreme case of efficient tsunami generation by landslides produces dramatic hazards scenarios.
The Impact of CEO Status Diffusion on the Economic Outcomes of Other Senior Managers

In this paper we develop and test predictions regarding the impact of CEO status on the economic outcomes of top management team members. Using a unique data set incorporating Financial World's widely publicized CEO of the Year contest, we found that non-CEO top management team members received higher pay when they worked for a high-status CEO. However, star CEOs themselves retained most of the compensation benefits. We also show that there is a “burden of celebrity” in that the above relationships were contingent on how well a firm performs. Last, we found that, when compared with the subordinates of less-celebrated CEOs, members of top management teams who worked for star CEOs were more likely to become CEOs themselves through internal or external promotions.
Cost Optimization of Prestressed Concrete Bridges

According to the Federal Highway Administration, almost one-quarter of the more than one-half-million U.S. bridges make use of prestressed concrete beams in their designs. In this paper, a method is presented for the total cost optimization of precast, prestressed concrete I-beam bridge systems, by taking into account the costs of the prestressed concrete, deck concrete, prestressed I-beam steel, deck reinforcing steel, and formwork. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer-discrete nonlinear programming problem and solved using the robust neural dynamics model of Adeli and Park. An example is presented to demonstrate the practical application of the methodology. Typical network convergence curves using three different network starting points demonstrate the excellent convergence and the robustness of the optimization model presented in this paper.
Circuit reorganization in cerebellar cultures after injury.

As elaborated in a recent review (Seil, 2014), we used an easily manipulable cerebellar culture system to study injury-induced reorganizational changes in a simplified central nervous system (CNS) model. The structural and functional interrelationships of the neurons of the rodent cerebellar cortex are well known (Eccles et al., 1967). There are five major neuronal types, including Purkinje, granule, basket, stellate and Golgi cells. Purkinje cells are inhibitory and are the only cortical neurons to project to other parts of the CNS, their axons terminating mainly in the underlying deep cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cell axons also emit collaterals that project to other cortical neurons, including other Purkinje cells. Granule cells are the only excitatory cortical neurons and they project axons as bundles of parallel fibers to the dendrites of all other cortical neurons and form numerous synapses with Purkinje cell dendritic spines. The basket, stellate and Golgi cells are all inhibitory interneurons, their axons confined to the cortex. All of these neuronal types are represented in organotypic cerebellar cultures derived from newborn mice and allowed to develop in vitro (Seil, 1979).
A Solvent Cleaning Process for the Outer Surface of Plastic ICF Capsules

Because isolated contaminants on an inertial confinement fusion (ICF) ablator capsule can lead to undesirable instabilities during implosion, it is critical to remove particles from the surface of ...
Too close for comfort

Examined the association between attachment insecurity and electronic intrusion.No gender differences in perpetrating electronic intrusion in dating relationships.Attachment anxiety positively associated with perpetrating electronic intrusion.Romantic attachment insecurity associated with social media dating behaviors.Social media may increase risk for anxious college students to engage in electronic intrusion. Social media has become an important context for dating relationships among young adults. This study sought to explore how the ubiquitous and public nature of social media may interact with college students' individual characteristics to contribute to intrusiveness and invasion of privacy in dating relationships. A survey of 307 college students asked participants about their adult romantic attachment style and engagement in "electronic intrusion" (EI). EI included looking at a dating partner's private electronic information without permission, monitoring a partner's whereabouts using social media, and monitoring who a partner talks to or is friends with on social media. There were no gender differences in frequency of perpetrating EI. Results showed that level of attachment anxiety was positively associated with EI for women and men, and level of avoidance was negatively associated with EI for women. Results suggest that attachment style influences intrusive electronic dating behaviors, and social media may increase risk for anxiously attached college students to engage in EI for anxiety relief.
A Comprehensive Magnet Defect Fault Analysis of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors

In this paper, magnet defect faults and their corresponding reflections on permanent-magnet (PM) motor stator variables are investigated. An analytical approach based on a partitioned magnetic equivalent circuit is developed to determine the influence of magnet defect faults on PM motor variables. Due to the flexibility of the proposed method, the effect of each rotor magnets on each stator coil can be calculated to obtain the induced back electromotove force under faulty cases and observe the fault-related signatures in the frequency spectrum. The proposed tool significantly reduces the computational burden and provides sufficient accuracy, which significantly eases to simulate several magnet fault scenarios and examine detailed topology dependence relations in shorter time. Different cases, including various numbers and locations of defected magnets, winding configurations, and crack direction effects, are studied to understand the magnet defect influences comprehensively. The experiments and simulations are carried out at different speeds and load conditions to fully characterize the fault signatures. Comparative 2-D finite-element simulations and experimental results justify the theoretical magnet defect fault analysis and show the efficacy of the proposed approach.
A Neural Model of Coefficients of Forces and Moments of Aerodynamic Forces for a Turboprop Aircraft

The paper has been intended to present an artificial neural network that represents coefficients of forces and moments of aerodynamic forces of a light turboprop aircraft. Some unidirectional multi-layer artificial network was used, one with an algorithm of reverse error propagation. Measurements taken in flight, throughout the full operating range, with stall and spin maneuvers included, have been used to find the network. All the flight tests were carried out by the Air Force Institute of Technology under the flight test program intended to certify flying qualities of this aircraft. The paper is a continuation of work conducted by the Authors in the field of modeling with computer-based identification methods the aircraft/aircraft systems’ flight dynamics to be used then in simulators to give training to pilots. These identification methods have been used by the Authors to generate models of flight dynamics for all simulators developed in Poland to give training to pilots of military aircraft. The neural-network-based modeling of aerodynamic coefficients used in this paper is an alternative to computer-based identification methods. Practice shows that, in case of identification methods, numerous models need be employed for various ranges of parameters of motion (angle of attack, air speed, etc.) to reproduce aerodynamic coefficients of the aircraft. In this paper, a neural network has been offered, which represents aerodynamic coefficients for practically full operating range of the aircraft. Findings resulting from the comparison between the experimentally obtained aerodynamic coefficients and those from the neural network have also been given.
Effect of alfalfa-grass intercrops on insect populations

Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., and 2 alfalfa-grass intercrops were sampled in 1995 and 1996 to determine the effect of intercrops on alfalfa insect pests and associated insect predator populations. The 2 grasses intercropped with alfalfa were smooth bromegrass, Bromus inermis Leyss., and orchardgrass, Dactyli glomerata L. In the 1st forage crops, potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), numbers were significantly greater in the alfalfa monocultures than the 2 alfalfa-forage grass intercrops. Significantly greater numbers of alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), larvae were collected from alfalfa monocultures than alfalfa-orchardgrass intercrops, but monocultures were not significantly different from alfalfa-bromegrass intercrops. In the 2nd alfalfa crops, significantly greater numbers of potato leafhoppers were collected in the alfalfa monocultures compared with the alfalfa-orchardgrass intercrops. Significantly greater numbers of common damsel bugs, Nabis americoferus Carayon, were collected on alfalfa monocultures compared with the intercrops, but no consistent significant differences were observed between alfalfa-grass intercrops and the monoculture. Alfalfa stand densities and biomass estimates were significantly greater in alfalfa monocultures than alfalfa-forage grass intercrops. In the 1st and 2nd crops, orchardgrass densities and biomass were consistently larger than bromegrass. Few differences in total biomass were found among the treatments in either year. No significant differences in potato leafhopper and alfalfa weevil intensities on, alfalfa plants were found among the treatments. The results of this study suggest that alfalfa-forage grass intercrops reduce insect pest populations compared with monocultures, but additional management tactics may be needed to reduce insect pest levels below economic thresholds.
Four-Wave Mixing in a Stored Light Regime

We experimentally and theoretically analyze the propagation of weak optical signal pulses under the conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency in hot Rb vapor, and study the effects of resonant four-wave mixing on light storage.
Characterization Studies of the Pichinde Virus—a Member of the Arenavirus Group

SummaryPichinde virus, a virus capable of producing a chronic infection, was found to replicate in Vero cells and to form plaques in these cells. The virus had a latent period of approximately 8 hr and maximum titers were reached by 24 to 36 hr after infection. Adsorption of the virus was enhanced in the presence of 10 to 100 μg/ml of DEAE-dextran. Pichinde virus was found to be relatively thermostable, stable between pH 5.5 to 9.0 and sensitive to ethyl ether. Virus replication was not effected by the DNA inhibitors, IudR and ara-C; however, virus replication was inhibited by actinomycin D at concentrations of 1 and 4 μg/ml. The virus was stable in sucrose and cesium chloride and densities of 1.18 and 1.19 to 1.20 g/cm3, respectively, were obtained in gradients made of these two substances.
A Model for Economic Empowerment: Minority Business Development and Advocacy Before the California Public Utilities Commission

Given that the proceedings before public utility commissions (PUCs) are essentially political in nature, conventional methods of trial advocacy are not always applicable and outcomes cannot be assessed in ways comparable to traditional litigation. Intervenors must therefore often approach PUC proceedings with flexibility and a willingness to adapt to the social, political, and economic concerns of the individual commission. In California, several key community-based intervenors have emerged, focusing their advocacy on issues of urban entrepreneurship, economic and social equity, minority business development, and supplier diversity. Drawing on two preliminary case studies of community-based intervenors in California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) proceedings, this Article argues there is an significant opportunity for further the development of initiatives that address core issues of economic equity. In addition to reviewing the impact of intervenor litigation under General Order 156, this Article proposes one possible tool for measuring the success of intervenors -- the adoption of formal agreements within PUC proceedings that set transparent goals for minority business development. This Article urges the exploration of the diverse roles of community-based intervenors to develop a more robust understanding of interconnections between administrative advocacy, structural transformation, and public interest lawyering.
Geohelminthes infection in Yongjia County of Zhejiang Province in 2009

Objective To understand the infection status of geohelminthes,and to provide scientific bases for the prevention and control of soil-borne nematodes.Methods"Parasites Examination Registration Form"was drawn up for on-site registration and collection of specimens.The Kato-Katz method was used to count geohelminthes eggs,and the cellophane tape anal swab test were applied to detect pinworm infection of children from 3 to 12 years old.The data-base was established by Epidata 3.0,and analyzed by SPSS 13.0.Results The infection rate of geohelminthes was 6.56%,among which the infection rate of roundworm,hookworm,pinworm was 3.23%,2.96%,and 0.90%,respectively.Pinworm infection rate of children under the age of 12 was 5.99%.There were no differences in infection rates between different genders,but significant differences among different age groups that the older,the higher infection rate.The infection rates of farmers and housewives were higher than those of other groups.The infection rates were high among low education level.Conclusions Geohelminthes affected public health and children'growth and development seriously.Effective measures shoud be taken to reduce the infection rate of soil-borne nematodes.Particular attention should be paid to the farmers,housewives,old people and children and people withlow educational level during the prevention and control of parasitic diseases.
Distributed treatment systems

This section presents a review of the scientific literature published in 2019 on topics relating to distributed treatment systems. This review is divided into the following sections: constituent removal, treatment technologies, planning and treatment management, and other topics. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Highlights changes and innovation in removal techniques and technologies in water treatment. Reviews management systems of distributed treatment systems. Discusses point-of-use treatment systems.
Bilateral Thyroarytenoid Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for the Treatment of Refractory Chronic Cough.

Importance Refractory chronic cough is a debilitating condition with limited therapeutic options. Laryngeal botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) has been anecdotally reported to benefit patients with chronic cough. We report on our experience with the use of BtxA for the treatment of patients with refractory chronic cough. Objective To describe the effects of electromyography (EMG)-guided thyroarytenoid (TA) BtxA injection for the treatment of refractory chronic cough. Design, Setting, and Participants For this single tertiary referral center retrospective case series, we included all patients with refractory chronic cough who received bilateral EMG-guided TA BtxA injections (n = 22) between July 1, 2013, and July 31, 2014, at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Intervention Bilateral TA BtxA injection. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome is a self-reported improvement of 50% or more in cough severity and/or symptoms by a 2-month follow-up telephone call. Adverse events and patient-reported quality measures were also assessed. Results A total of 22 patients (median [interquartile range] age 61 [57.5-85] years; 19 of 22 women) underwent 31 distinct laryngeal BtxA treatment sessions. The primary outcome of self-reported improvement of 50% or more of cough severity and/or symptoms was achieved in 16 of 31 (52%) treatment sessions. Eleven patients (50%) reported greater than 50% improvement after the first BtxA injection. No major complications occurred. Postprocedural liquid dysphagia had a positive predictive value of 84% and negative predictive value of 100% for response to therapy. Conclusions and Relevance In this case series, laryngeal BtxA injection was well tolerated in patients with refractory chronic cough with half of participants experiencing at least short-term improvement in their cough. The occurrence of liquid dysphagia after a BtxA injection appeared to be predictive of a beneficial response. The durability of response, patient selection criteria, and optimal BtxA dosage remains to be determined.
III‒V compounds and optical computing

The III—V materials systems of GaAIAs, Gain AsP, and related compounds are very attractive for the implementation of the many different functions required in optical computing. Optical functions such as light generation, modulation, and detection can be combined with electronic functions of switching, amplification, and addressing in the same materials system. Devices that demonstrate these functions include electrically addressable 2-D surface emitting diode laser arrays, CCD addressed multiple quantum weil spatial light modulators, optical gates or neurons, and asymmetric coupled quantum well structures that demonstrate both enhanced electroabsorption and fast optical switching.
Neurofibromatosis 1, Thalamic Hyperintensities, and Cognitive Impairment

The relationship between T2 weighted MRI images (T2H) and cognitive functioning in a cohort of 76 children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) was determined in a study at Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Australia.
Metallaphotoredox-catalysed sp 3 – sp 3 cross-coupling of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides

In the past 50 years, cross-coupling reactions mediated by transition metals have changed the way in which complex organic molecules are synthesized. The predictable and chemoselective nature of these transformations has led to their widespread adoption across many areas of chemical research. However, the construction of a bond between two sp(3)-hybridized carbon atoms, a fundamental unit of organic chemistry, remains an important yet elusive objective for engineering cross-coupling reactions. In comparison to related procedures with sp(2)-hybridized species, the development of methods for sp(3)-sp(3) bond formation via transition metal catalysis has been hampered historically by deleterious side-reactions, such as β-hydride elimination with palladium catalysis or the reluctance of alkyl halides to undergo oxidative addition. To address this issue, nickel-catalysed cross-coupling processes can be used to form sp(3)-sp(3) bonds that utilize organometallic nucleophiles and alkyl electrophiles. In particular, the coupling of alkyl halides with pre-generated organozinc, Grignard and organoborane species has been used to furnish diverse molecular structures. However, the manipulations required to produce these activated structures is inefficient, leading to poor step- and atom-economies. Moreover, the operational difficulties associated with making and using these reactive coupling partners, and preserving them through a synthetic sequence, has hindered their widespread adoption. A generically useful sp(3)-sp(3) coupling technology that uses bench-stable, native organic functional groups, without the need for pre-functionalization or substrate derivatization, would therefore be valuable. Here we demonstrate that the synergistic merger of photoredox and nickel catalysis enables the direct formation of sp(3)-sp(3) bonds using only simple carboxylic acids and alkyl halides as the nucleophilic and electrophilic coupling partners, respectively. This metallaphotoredox protocol is suitable for many primary and secondary carboxylic acids. The merit of this coupling strategy is illustrated by the synthesis of the pharmaceutical tirofiban in four steps from commercially available starting materials.
Migrated Subclavian Venous Stent into the Right Atrium.

Central venous stenosis or occlusion occurs in 11–50% of hemodialysis patients with prior subclavian vein cannulation and ipsilateral fistula or shunt.1) Treatment for central venous stenosis includes percutaneous balloon angioplasty or stent implantation. Migration of intravenous stents is rare but it can be life-threatening. Migration of stents to the innominate vein, right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery have been previously reported.2),3),4)
Leadership Development for Frontier Societies: Reflections from Kenya

World over, the transfer of Western leadership development theories, knowledge, and practice has led to criticism in recent years. Valid arguments have been advanced regarding the need to develop leaders using indigenous theories of leadership applicable to all organizations and specific to each context. The search for more indigenous leadership development approaches is, however, made more complex in societies in transition with heterogeneous cultural background constantly influenced by outside cultural, political, social, and economic models. In this chapter, we discuss the African ubuntu paradigm of leadership development and practice and use examples and reflections from Kenya to show the relevance of ubuntu, caring leadership, and emotionally intelligent leadership as an effective approach to leadership development for frontier societies.
Literature Review of Cosmetic Procedures in Men: Approaches and Techniques are Gender Specific

The proportion of men receiving non-surgical cosmetic procedures has risen substantially in recent years. Various physiologic, anatomic, and motivational considerations differentiate the treatments for male and female patients. Nevertheless, research regarding approaches to the male cosmetic patient is scarce. We sought to provide an overview and sex-specific discussion of the most popular cosmetic dermatologic procedures pursued by men by conducting a comprehensive literature review pertaining to non-surgical cosmetic procedures in male patients. The most common and rapidly expanding non-surgical interventions in men include botulinum toxin, filler injection, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, laser resurfacing, laser hair removal, hair transplantation, and minimally invasive techniques for adipose tissue reduction. Important sex-specific factors associated with each of these procedures should be considered to best serve the male cosmetic patient.
Stress Management for College Students: An Experiential Multi-Modal Approach

This quasi-experimental study evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-modal experiential stress management course for college students. Experiential approaches included yoga, mindfulness hiking, and...
Energize job retention: Energy management strategies as a component of business retention and expansion programs

To address the barriers to the growth or retention of existing businesses, economic development practitioners commonly use a business retention and expansion (BRE) program. Businesses frequently ci...
Acute Flank Pain

The symptom complex of renal colic is common, and the central feature is flank pain with or without radiation to the groin. Acute ureteral obstruction causes an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the urinary system and is the inciting factor in the generation of acute flank pain of renal origin. The differential diagnosis for acute flank pain is broad and includes both urologic and non-urologic entities, with gastrointestinal, vascular, and gynecologic processes accounting for many of the non-urologic causes. The diagnostic workup begins with a complete history and physical exam with appropriate laboratory assessment. Imaging plays a critical role, with computed tomography (CT) serving as the ultimate cornerstone of the diagnostic algorithm. The overarching goal of the workup is to efficiently recognize signs of serious illness (e.g., fever, hypotension, peritonitis) and rapidly intervene to avoid patient morbidity.
ALTERNATIVE FUTURES OF THE WORLD ECONOMY, 1986–2000: Policy Simulations by the FUGI Global Macroeconomic Model

Abstract This article makes projections of the world economy for the period 1986-2000, using the latest version of the FUGI Global Model, giving due consideration to the complex international linkages which make for global interdependence. Directing attention to both (1) a “baseline” future scenario and (2) alternative policy mixes, the model forecasts that the real average growth rate of the world economy as a whole during 1986-2000 will likely be from around 3.3% (in the baseline projection) to 3.9% (with alternative policies)
High-speed modeling of thin-film lithium-niobate-on-silicon electrooptic modulators

A model is developed for frequency-dependent response of compact high-speed thin-film lithium-niobate-on-silicon electrooptic modulators. The model predicts potential for > 100 GHz modulation bandwidth.
Multiple Genome Constellations of Similar and Distinct Influenza A Viruses Co-Circulate in Pigs During Epidemic Events

Swine play a key role in the ecology and transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs) between species. However, the epidemiology and diversity of swine IAVs is not completely understood. In this cohort study, we sampled on a weekly basis 132 3-week old pigs for 15 weeks. We found two overlapping epidemic events of infection in which most pigs (98.4%) tested PCR positive for IAVs. The prevalence rate of infection ranged between 0 and 86% per week and the incidence density ranged between 0 and 71 cases per 100 pigs-week. Three distinct influenza viral groups (VGs) replicating as a "swarm" of viruses were identified (swine H1-gamma, H1-beta, and H3-cluster-IV IAVs) and co-circulated at different proportions over time suggesting differential allele fitness. Furthermore, using deep genome sequencing 13 distinct viral genome constellations were differentiated. Moreover, 78% of the pigs had recurrent infections with IAVs closely related to each other or IAVs clearly distinct. Our results demonstrated the molecular complexity of swine IAVs during natural infection of pigs in which novel strains of IAVs with zoonotic and pandemic potential can emerge. These are key findings to design better health interventions to reduce the transmission of swine IAVs and minimize the public health risk.
Nodal thermal analysis for multi-VT SOFFET based subthreshold circuits

Local heating happens faster than chip-wide thermal spikes. This can cause performance and reliability issues in high density ICs. This type of thermal effect is critical in subthreshold circuit designs. To mitigate the thermal effect, we are employing a new nodal thermal management scheme by utilizing a new multi-Vt transistor. Many circuits are implemented using multi-Vt transistors to minimize leakage power and thermal effect while optimizing delay. In this paper, we present multi-Vt circuit design using our recently proposed Silicon on ferroelectric insulator FET (SOFFET) based circuits. SOFFET has shown tremendous potential for various ultra-low-power (ULP) applications. In addition, it provides high-performance multi-Vt design, strong threshold voltage control, lower supply voltage, sub-60mV/decade operation, higher current drive, and better short-channel characteristics. The flexibility to control the threshold voltage via back gate has created tremendous interest in double-gated SOFFETs for nodal thermal control and next generation high speed and low power IC designs.
The Dominant Theory of Sovereignty

Since the late eighteenth century, the doctrine which maintains that international law is a body of rules governing the intercourse of independent States, and that sovereignty means the supreme power of the State inside its territory and its independence of any external authority, is called the classical or traditional doctrine, or even, colloquially, Vattel’s doctrine of international law. It is still the dominant doctrine, since most publicists of the present time are its supporters. It differs substantially from the doctrine of absolute sovereignty insofar as it submits the State to the rule of international law. Sovereignty is the freedom of action of a State inside and outside its territory, but only within the framework of those rules of international law which are binding upon the State. These rules are either conventional — which the State cocreated when concluding treaties with other States, or to which it acceded — or customary. The latter are binding upon the old States which co-created them by their tacit consent, and by their constant, uniform practice accepted as law;1 they are binding on new States at the moment of their factual or formal admission into the community of States, also called the international community.
Control of Membrane Fusion in Polyethylene Glycol-Resistant Cell Mutants

Cell fusion has been studied for more than A. century (Langerhans, 1868) as A. curious morphological phenomenon, occurring in certain developing tissues (Kalderon, 1980) and during the progression of A. variety of tumors and viral infections (Roizman, 1962; Guccion and Enzinger, 1972). Only with the use of cell hybrids in somatic cell genetics, however, did the impetus arise to develop fusion technology as an applied art, placing A. premium on the control of cell fusion (Davidson, 1977). The development of procedures for hybridoma production has made cell fusion A. fundamental tool of the growing biotechnology industry (Kohler and Milstein, 1975), and it is not surprising that improvements in the efficiency of cell hybridization protocols have been A. major goal in recent years (de St. Groth and Scheidegger, 1980).
Raising Three Children Across Three Continents

In this chapter, Sadik discusses her career pathways, including her professoriate and her journeys that took her from Nigeria to Australia and finally to the United States while raising three children. This story presents a global perspective with details about the differences in STEM education in those countries, as well as examples of the cultural differences that impacts Chemistry training. Her international perspectives—coupled with what it means to be a woman and a member of the underrepresented minority in STEM, as well as the on-going challenges of balancing professional and personal life—present a unique and impactful story.
EGF regulates biologically organized cysteine redox networks with distinct spatiotemporal dynamics

EGF coordinates ROS production with altered antioxidant activity to signal through cysteines, which selectively respond according to their proximity to ROS and the local redox state. Cysteine-based redox regulation transduces signals by modulating protein-protein interactions and function. We aimed to elucidate how the cysteine redox proteome dynamically responds to EGF stimulation as EGFR orchestrates downstream signaling. To accomplish this, we developed a global proteomic workflow, OxRAC, optimized to characterize the redox dynamics of cysteine networks. OxRAC couples enrichment of oxidized cysteines to maximize coverage depth with quantitative data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS). We quantified the redox regulation of 4,200 cysteine sites across 3,566 cysteine-containing peptides at five time points following EGF stimulation in A431 cells. We found that proteins in EGFR signaling pathways are widely redox regulated, but so too are a variety of unexpected protein families and domains. In addition, we find three temporal profiles of cysteine oxidation that each have unique biological organization. The sites largely lack solvent accessibility and their regulation occurs throughout all major cellular organelles, running counter to the current model that signaling is confined to endosomal microdomains. Thus, OxRAC provides insight toward a new model for EGF-mediated redox regulation in which changes in protein structure provide the context and specificity for signaling through cell-wide cysteine networks.
Microscopic Models of Drug/Chemical Diffusion Through the Skin Barrier: Effects of Diffusional Anisotropy of the Intercellular Lipid.

Abstract Owing to the systematic alignment and ordering of fatty acid and ceramide chains, lipid layers in biological membranes have strongly anisotropic diffusion properties. The diffusivity D ∥ lip for solute transport in the direction parallel to the lipid layer is typically 103-105 times the diffusivity D ⊥ lip for the perpendicular direction. This article explores the consequences of this strong degree of anisotropy on solute diffusion through the stratum corneum (barrier) layer of the skin based on a realistic representation of a unit cell of the microstructure. Complementary numerical methods (smoothed particle hydrodynamics, finite differences) are used to solve the steady-state unit-cell diffusion problem leading to the average (homogenized, coarse-grained) diffusion tensor characterizing the tissue as an effective continuum. A parametric study is presented characterizing solute concentration profiles in detail for testosterone- and caffeine-like permeants, and it is shown that the results cannot be mimicked by calculations based on an isotropic lipid-phase diffusivity. The ratio of lateral to transdermal effective diffusivities calculated by the present model is of the order of 40 and 300 for fully hydrated (in vitro) and partially hydrated (in vivo) states, respectively. These values compare favorably with the results of recent experiments.
Simulation analysis of a deep reinforcement learning approach for task selection by autonomous material handling vehicles

The use of autonomous vehicles is a growing trend in the material handling and warehousing. Some challenges that face material handling include the navigation within a warehouse, precision localization and movement, and task selection decisions. In this paper, we address the issue of task selection. In particular, we develop a deep reinforcement learning methodology to enable a vehicle to select from among multiple tasks and move to the closest task in the context of material handling in a warehouse. To evaluate the deep reinforcement learning methodology, we conduct a simulation-based experiment to generate scenarios to first train and then test the capabilities of the method. The results of the experiment show that the method performs well under the given conditions.
O 2 Activation by a Heterobimetallic Zr/Co Complex

Oxygen reduction is a critical half reaction in renewable fuel cell development and a key step in the development of aerobic oxidation reactions. Herein, we report rapid two-electron O2 reduction by a d0 ZrIV center with an appended redox-active Co-I site serving as an electron reservoir. The early/late heterobimetallic Zr/Co complex (THF)Zr(MesNP iPr2)3CoCN tBu (1) reacts readily with O2 and O atom transfer reagents to generate reactive oxygenated species including terminal peroxo and oxo complexes, (O2)Zr(MesNP iPr2)3CoCN tBu (2) and O≡Zr(MesNP iPr2)3CoCN tBu (3). The bimetallic Zr/Co complex provides a new cooperative synthetic pathway to promote multielectron redox processes such as oxygen reduction, with each metal playing a distinct role as a substrate binding site or redox mediator.
Motivations for Consonant Epenthesis in Nonstandard Suffixed Forms of Korean Nouns

This paper investigates variation in the treatment of consonant clusters in stem-final position in Korean nouns. Consonant clusters undergo obligatory simplification when nouns are in isolation (e.g., /talk/ [tak] 'chicken'). Consonant deletion may also occur in nonstandard Korean when a vowel-initial suffix is attached to nouns (e.g., /talk/ [ta.ki] 'chicken-nom'). Another nonstandard variant discussed in this study is the suffixed forms of nouns with consonant epenthesis – particularly with [s]-epenthesis (e.g., /talk-i/ [tak.si] 'chicken-nom'). The epenthetic consonant has received little or no attention, or neglected as a speech error in previous research. However, results from a production experiment show that [s]-epenthesis occurs consistently in terms of its position and quality. I propose this is motivated by the Base identity effect required both at the segmental and suprasegmental levels. In addition, the quality of the epenthetic consonant is also consistent: that is, only [s] but not any other consonant is epenthesized. I ascribe this to the frequency effects by which speakers epenthesize a consonant that is frequent in onset position overall in Korean.
The Isolation of Mitotic rec - Mutants in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

The mechanisms governing the interaction of homologous DNA molecules that lead to the formation of genetic recombinants remain largely unknown in eukaryotes. Recent evidence (for review see Stern and Hotta, 1973) obtained from work with several species of Lilium indicates that the enzymatic control of recombination may be similar to that observed in bacteria and viruses. Given the fact that a portion of the genome directs the synthesis of enzymes that mediate recombination, additional information relating to its biochemistry could be obtained by selecting for mutants that alter genetic map distances. Presumably such an altered phenotype, e.g. absence of genetic recombination, would arise as a consequence of a modified or missing gene product that mediates exchange.
Public School Policy and Minority Students

American school policy toward adolescents has traditionally operated through sanctions, tracking and leveling, economics, power, sorting and se lection, and dependency. Policies related to these areas are applied to all students; however, they have a negative impact on minority students. Evidence suggests that these policies primarily meet organizational needs and those of advantaged students. Since the minority student population is largely composed of disadvantaged students, there is the constant opportunity for conflict with the organization's value structure. Minority students who choose to rebel receive sanctions; they are required to conform or to drop out of school. Those who conform are given rewards distinctly different from their advantaged peers. These rewards encourage a sense of maintained dependency. School organizations that attempt to alter traditional policies are frequently met with resistance by administrators and faculty members who work to ensure the perpetuation of the school's ethos. School policy needs to be driven by a philosophy of equality that protects all students from academic, cultural, economic, and financial exploitation. Failure on the part of school organizations to provide such safeguards should result in the use of receivership as a sanction for continued discrimination against minority students.
Gender and Capital Gains Taxation

Most countries grant capital gains preferential treatment under their income tax laws by either excluding them from taxation or taxing them at a lower rate than wage or interest income. Although this preference is not uncontroversial, few people question it on grounds of gender. Nevertheless, gender issues exist. Most obviously, men as a group benefit more from the preference than women because they generally have more capital gains than women. Moreover, a major justification for the preference is that it increases economic growth by encouraging investments. However, to the extent it does so, it can have a disparate impact on men and women because economic growth can affect men and women differently. More subtle gender differences also exist. Empirical evidence suggests that attitudes and behaviors regarding financial decisions, including capital gains, are gendered. Women, for example, being more risk averse than men, may have fewer capital gains because they invest in fewer risky assets, which are the type of assets that produce the biggest capital gains. Risk aversion could produce this result even if men and women value economic growth equally, but it is possible that women do not value economic growth per se as highly as men do. They might value economic security and steady income more than men and therefore prefer less volatile investments that produce ordinary income, such as certificates of deposits, to riskier investments that produce capital gains.This essay explores the relationship between gender and capital gains taxation, an analysis that generally has been absent from debates about capital gains. Although it briefly looks at disparate impact due to disparities in economic situations, it concentrates on differences in attitudes and behaviors relative to capital gains. The essay’s limited space permits only an introduction; a fuller discussion awaits not only more space, but more data.
Structure and Development of Hospital-Based Perinatal Palliative Care Programs

In the field of palliative care, perinatal palliative care (PPC) is one of the newest arenas. PPC programs provide ongoing care for families who are pregnant with a fetus with a chronic or life-limiting fetal condition (LLFC). Care begins at the onset of diagnosis, through gestation and birth of the infant, into the neonatal period, and includes support at time of death and bereavement. As recently as 2007, few organized services were available for this vulnerable population, but the development of PPC programs has evolved significantly over the past 15 years. The PPC team is interdisciplinary, with each member serving a vital and separate but integrated role. This chapter will describe the recent development and structure of a PPC programs and the key roles of team members. We will also discuss strategies for formation and growth of a program based on the literature and the authors’ collective experience.
Simulation of edge effects in electroanalytical experiments by orthogonal collocation—VI. Cyclic voltammetry at ultramicroelectrode ensembles

Abstract Orthogonal collocation is used to simulate cyclic voltammetry at ensembles of disc ultra-microelectrodes. The effect of slow electron transfer is considered and a model is proposed for Ohmic drop across the face of the electrode.
Uranium Recovery from Seawater Using Amidoxime-Based Braided Polymers Synthesized from Acrylic Fibers

Global demand for nuclear energy is expected to rise in the coming decades. To meet these growing needs, new uranium resources must be explored. One of the potential alternatives to traditional ura...