cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causation Research on Diabetic Foot Complications-What I Learned From Roger Pecoraro: The 2021 Roger E. Pecoraro Award Lecture

Roger Pecoraro made important contributions to diabetic foot research and is primarily responsible for instilling in me an interest in these complications. Our collaboration in the final years of his life led to the development of the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study. At the time it began, the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study was perhaps unique in being a prospective study of diabetic foot ulcer conducted in a nonspecialty primary care population of patients with diabetes and without foot ulcer. Important findings from this research include the demonstration that neurovascular measurements, diabetes characteristics, past history of ulcer or amputation, body weight, and poor vision all significantly and independently predict foot ulcer risk. A prediction model from this research that included only readily available clinical information showed excellent ability to discriminate between patients who did and did not develop ulcer during follow-up (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] 0.81 at 1 year). Identification of limb-specific amputation risk factors showed considerable overlap with those risk factors identified for foot ulcer but suggested arterial perfusion as playing a more important role. Risk of foot ulcer in relation to peak plantar pressure estimated at the site of the pressure measurement showed a significant association over the metatarsal heads, but not other foot locations, suggesting that the association between pressure and this outcome may differ by foot location. The Seattle Diabetic Foot Study has helped to expand our knowledge base on risk factors and potential causes of foot complications. Translating this information into preventive interventions remains a continuing challenge.
Aelfric's Letter to the monks of Eynsham

Though best known today for his Old English homilies, the Anglo-Saxon scholar AElfric also composed a Latin 'letter' to his fellow monks at Eynsham (Oxfordshire) containing a detailed outline of their daily and seasonal round of prayer and other duties. The document offers a rare glimpse of what ordinary monks in Anglo-Saxon England were expected to know and do. This 1999 book contains an edition of the Latin letters a textual commentary, and a complete English translation of the work. Dr Jones also provides substantial introductory chapters which establish the exceptional importance of the Eynsham letter for our understanding of late Anglo-Saxon monasticism and liturgy. The book will interest students of early medieval culture, monasticism and Church history.
Imaging Effects of Hypertension on the Brain: A Focus on New Imaging Modalities and Options

Recent developments in neuroimaging have allowed better qualification and quantification of the effects of hypertension (HTN) on the brain in vivo. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is generally recognized to be the most sensitive imaging modality to the effects of HTN, computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) still provide useful information in many circumstances. CT is the most prevalent imaging modality used throughout the world due to both its availability and relatively low cost. The recent introduction of multislice rapid CT scanners has increased its sensitivity to many of the effects of HTN on the brain, and it has reinvigorated interest in the use of CT not only for clinical assessment but also in basic and applied clinical research. Similarly, there has been an increase in the use of PET to characterize the metabolic effects of HTN with the relatively recent advances and use of 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) PET (FDG-PET). The purpose of the current chapter is to describe the advances in CT, MRI, and PET for characterizing these effects on the brain.
What's in a Culture? What's in a Novel?

Abstract Cultural heritage, as an evolving pattern of human interaction, vitalizes members of society. And in our present day world where globalization plays a major role, cultural studies, rather than adherence to literary studies, have gained significance. Thus there has been a trend to shift from traditional literary studies to cultural studies, which takes us to the concept around which this paper is formed. The novel Tales from the Expat Harem: Foreign Women in Modern Turkey by Anastasia Ashman and Jennifer Eaton Gokmen was used and students were asked to write briefly what they learned about the Turkish culture, and their overall views on the book. Interestingly enough, almost all of them believed the book exposed them to a culture they had no prior knowledge about, and a good number of them thought they should follow the footsteps of the expats and immerse themselves in new cultures.
Serving Two Masters: Evaluating the Criminal or Civil Nature of the VWPA and MVRA Through the Lens of the Ex Post Facto Clause, the Abatement Doctrine, and the Sixth Amendment

Restitution has been described as a “court-imposed sanction,” a “valuable and meaningful remedy,” a “rehabilitative tool,” a “punitive measure,” and an “equity tool” to help make “victims ‘whole.’” The concept of restitution—an offender compensating a victim for a wrong the offender inflicted on the victim—goes back millennia and is recorded in the writings of the early civilization of Sumer over four thousand years ago. The treatment of restitution as a method of punishment and or compensation, and its incorporation into state criminal law has been inconsistent over time. Recently, restitution has found a home in the federal criminal system, where it has the potential to expose criminal defendants to huge financial penalties.
Primal-Dual Pairs

Every linear programming problem or primal linear program has an associated dual linear program like follows, where any of the mi x nj submatrices A ij for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 3 may be empty: $$ \begin{gathered} PRIMAL DUAL \hfill \\ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\min } & {c_1 x + } & {c_2 y + } & {c_3 z} & {} \\ {s.t.} & {A_{11} x + } & {A_{12} y + } & {A_{13} z} & { = b_1 } \\ {} & {A_{21} x + } & {A_{22} y + } & {A_{23} z} & { \geqslant b_2 } \\ {} & {A_{31} x + } & {A_{32} y + } & {A_{33} z} & { \leqslant b_3 } \\ {} & x & {} & {} & { \geqslant 0} \\ {} & {} & y & {} & { \leqslant 0} \\ {} & {} & {} & {} & {z free} \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{*{20}c} {\max } & {ub_1 } & { + vb_2 } & { + wb_3 } & {} \\ {s.t} & u & {} & {} & {free} \\ {} & {} & v & {} & { \geqslant 0} \\ {} & {} & {} & w & { \leqslant 0} \\ {} & {uA_{11} } & { + vA_{21} } & { + wA_{31} } & { \leqslant c_1 } \\ {} & {uA_{12} } & { + vA_{22} } & { + wA_{32} } & { \geqslant c_2 } \\ {} & {uA_{13} } & { + vA_{23} } & { + wA_{33} } & { = c_3 } \\ \end{array} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ The primal-dual mechanism for a primal minimization problem is summarized as follows: The dual is a maximization problem Equations of the primal give rise to “free” variables in the dual Inequalities of the ≥ type correspond to nonnegative dual variables Inequalities of the ≤ type correspond to nonpositive dual variables. Nonnegative primal variables give rise to inequalities of the type ≤ in the dual problem, nonpositive primal variables to inequalities of the type ≥ and free primal variables to equations in the dual
Evaluation of the effectiveness of comprehensive and continuous pediatric care.

Two controlled studies were undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of comprehensive and continuous pediatric care. In the first study, 220 infants of primiparous adolescents were randomly allocated to either a comprehensive care (CC) or traditional care (TC) group. CC infants received all medical care, preventive and therapeutic, in a hospital-based program staffed by a pediatrician, public health nurse, and social worker. Mothers of TC infants were left to obtain care from emergency rooms, well-baby and outpatient clinics. One year after delivery, each mother was interviewed and her infant9s medical records abstracted. No differences were found between CC and TC infants in completeness of immunization, utilization of medical resources, morbidity, or mortality. In a second study, it was hypothesized that patient compliance with physicians9 recommendations would be favorably influenced by continuous care. Seventy-seven children on daily oral penicillin prophylaxis for history of rheumatic fever (RF) were studied. For one year, compliance was determined by periodic urine tests for penicillin. Patients were then stratified for age, sex, and compliance and randomly allocated to continuous care (CC) or traditional care (TC) groups. CC patients received all medical care, even for problems unrelated to RF, from the same two physicians for 15 months. TC patients continued to receive specialty clinic care, were seen at the RF clinic by different physicians and referred elsewhere for all problems unrelated to RF. Urine specimens were tested periodically for penicillin. After 15 months, no differences were observed between CC and TC groups in proportion of noncompliers or in internal shifts in compliance which had occurred during the study. Thus, neither of these studies was able to demonstrate that comprehensive and continuous care was more effective than conventional ambulatory care for children.
Low-power equalizers for 51.84 Mb/s very-high-speed digital subscriber loop (VDSL) modems

We present low-power equalizers derived via dynamic algorithm transformations (DAT). These transformations achieve low-energy operation by reconfiguring the architecture and the supply voltage in response to channel non-stationarities. Practical reconfiguration strategies are derived as a solution to an optimization problem with energy as the objective function and a constraint on the algorithm performance (specifically the SNR). Simple energy models for multipliers are presented. The DAT-based adaptive filter is employed as an equalizer for 51.84 Mbit/s very high-speed digital subscriber loop (VDSL) over 24-pair BKMA cable. On average, 88% energy savings are achieved due to variations in cable length and number of far-end crosstalk (FEXT) interferers.
Randomized control trial of external cephalic version with tocolysis in late pregnancy

Abstract Two strategies have evolved for managing term intrapartum breech presentation: routine cesarean section and selective vaginal delivery. Both result in an exceedingly high cesarean section rate and neither attacks the frequency of breech presentation in labor. External cephalic version under tocolysis (ECV-T) offers an altemative. In a randomized, controlled trial, we tested ECV-T (terbutaline) at 37 to 39 weeks' gestation on 51 low-risk patients. Normal real time B-scan examination and reactive nonstress test were prerequisites. Rigid exciusion criteria were employed. Version succeeded in 68% of the attempts and all presented in labor with a vertex presentation. All those in whom version falled (32%) presented in labor with a breech presentation and 75% were delivered by cesarean section. Nulliparity, maternal obesity, engagement of the breech, and uterine anomaly prejudiced success. In the control group (version not attempted), 18% converted spontaneously to vertex while 82% persisted with a breech presentation. Despite a liberal policy concerning vaginal breech delivery, 85% of the patients (entire series) with breech presentation during labor were delivered by cesarean section. Transient fetal heart rate (FHR) deceleration was noted during version in 36% of the attempts (24% of successes and 63% of failures) but invariably responded when manipulation ceased. However, fetal distress immediately following successful version necessitated intervention in one patient who ultimately had a normal labor and vaginal delivery of a healthy infant. There were no other untoward maternal, fetal, or neonatal complications and outcome was uniformly good. These preliminary data suggest that ECV-T late in pregnancy reduces (p
Imaging-based systems biology

Arguably the most significant contribution of the human genome project is that we can now build a recombinant construct of every gene and every promotor in C. elegans (worm), D. melanogaster (fly), M. musculus (mouse), and H. sapiens (human). These include fluorescent proteins and other markers that can be induced at controlled time points via a change in temperature, light, or chemistry. Combined with tremendous advances in light and electron microscopy in recent years, I believe we are now poised to visualize the meso-scale of the cell, and development and small organs (e.g. a fly's brain) at the resolution of individual cells. Toward this end, my group is working on a number of preliminary imaging projects along these lines. These include (a) studies of development and gene expression in worms and flies, (b) neural patterning in flies and mice, and (c) the interpretation of signals from a new sub-wavelength resolution light microscope. We describe preliminary results on limited data sets and extrapolate on what we might be able to infer from such data. We further speculate on the potential implications of such work for the future of molecular biology.
An equilibrium model with buy and hold investors

This is the first study to analyze the effects of buy and hold investors on equilibrium security price dynamics. The empirical literature suggests that many investors follow buy and hold strategies by rarely changing asset and flow allocations due to information costs or other frictions. Similar strategies are documented for institutional investors. Such strategies reduce market liquidity and amplifies the volatility of risky assets. A buy and hold investor effectively faces an incomplete market and differs in her pricing of risk from a dynamic asset allocator. The equilibrium is solved through the construction of a representative agent with state-dependent utility. The fraction of the stock held by the buy and hold investor emerges as an additional state variable. Characterizations of equilibrium quantities are given analytically as functions of the state variables. In contrast to most previous literature, stock return volatility is solved endogenously in this paper. A simple calibration of our model shows that the economy with buy and hold investors can simultaneously produce a low interest rate and a high Sharpe ratio for the stock. In addition, the buy and hold economy can deliver stock return volatility more than twice that in the limited participation economy, because the stock price is more sensitive to dividend shocks in the buy and hold economy. Moreover, the buy and hold economy achieves this while keeping interest rate volatility at reasonably low levels at the same time.
The collaborative composite image at RIT: the MAG project

Professors Susan Lakin and David Halbstein developed and implemented a new course at RIT, designed to explore the practical and aesthetic challenges encountered during a collaborative effort between students of photography and students of 3D digital design. Wanting to reach beyond the more traditional kinds of imagery that might result from this kind of collaboration, we explored the possibilities of using augmented reality in one of our projects.
Coherent Splitting of Bose-Einstein Condensed Atoms With Optically Induced Bragg Diffraction

We have observed Bragg diffraction of a Bose-Einstein condensate of sodium atoms by a moving, periodic, optical potential. The coherent process of Bragg diffraction produced a splitting of the condensate with unidirectional momentum transfer. Using the momentum selectivity of the Bragg process, we separated a condensate component with a momentum width narrower than that of the original condensate. By repeatedly pulsing the optical potential while the atoms were trapped, we observed the trajectory of the split atomic wave packets in the confining magnetic potential.
[Cr4S(O2CCH3)8(H2O)4](BF4)2·H2O: Ferromagnetically Coupled Cr4S Cluster with Spin 6 Ground State

Data on the preparation, structure, and magnetism of the new complex [Cr4S(O2CCH3)8(H2O)4](BF4)2⋅H2O are presented. The metal-sulfur M4S core structure is similar to that found in M4S[S2As(CH3)2]6 ...
Eigenvectors and cyclic vectors of bilateral weighted shifts. II: Simply invariant subspaces

Let T be an injective bilateral weighted shift onl 2 thought as "multiplication by λ" on a space of formal Laurent series L2(β). (a) If L2(β) is contained in a space of quasi-analytic class of functions, then the point spectrum σp(T⋆) of T⋆ contains a circle and the cyclic invariant subspaceM f of T generated by f is simply invariant (i.e., ∩{(Tk M f)−: k ≥ 0}= {0}) for each f in L2(β); (b) If L2(β) contains a non-quasi-analytic class of functions (defined on a circle г) of a certain type related with the weight sequence of T, then there exists f in L2(s) such thatM f is a non-trivial doubly invariant subspace (i.e., (TM f)− =M f); furthermore, if г ⊂ σp(T*), then σp (T*) = г and f can be chosen so that σp([T∣M f]*) = г∖{α}, for some α e г. Several examples show that the gap between operators satisfying (a) and operators satisfying (b) is rather small.
Cutaneous Immunofluorescence Studies to Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis in Sun‐exposed and Non‐sun‐exposed Areas

: The incidence and significance of positive cutaneous immunofluorescence findings were assessed in biopsy specimens of both sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed skin of 34 adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were not receiving systemic corticosteroids. The incidence of lupus erythomatosus (LE)-band was low (8.6%) in both groups. Twenty-eight percent of the patients had perivascular IgM and lor C3 deposits, and 74% had cytoid bodies in the papillary dermis. These studies indicate that the incidence of LE band is low in RA and that the detection of such a band in normal skin warrants close follow-up of RA patients for possible development of LE.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHOLEST‐5‐ENE‐3β, 24‐DIOL (CEREBROSTEROL) BY BOVINE CEREBRAL CORTICAL MICROSOMES1

The presence of cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol (cerebrosterol) in samples of human, bovine, and rabbit brains has been established by isolation of the sterol therefrom and identification by comparison of physical properties. Cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol was present at the level of 66.5 sg/g of dried tissue in human brain, 42.9 μg/g in cattle brain, and 89.5 pg/g in rabbit brain. Cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol was the only readily detectable hydroxycholesterol derivative in these brain tissues and was concentrated in the 105,000 g pellet (microsomal fraction) of both human and bovine cerebral cortex, with no demonstrable amounts of the sterol present in nuclear or mitochondrial fractions. Incubation of [1,2-3H]- or of [4-14C]-cholesterol with the 105,000 g microsomal pellet from bovine cerebral cortical homogenates demonstrated 0.1-0.38 per cent conversions to radioactive cholest-5-ene-3β, 24-diol, isolated and purified as the 3β, 24-dibenzoate. The bioconversion required oxygen, and a stimulation of hydroxylation by added NADPH2 was demonstrated. Our observations establish that a sterol 24-hydroxylase system is present in bovine cerebral cortex.
Blends of poly(ϵ‐Caprolactone) with poly(vinyl chloride). II. Crystallization kinetics

Crystallization kinetics of poly(e-caprolactone) from the blends of poly(e-caprolactone (PCL) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were investigated. The isothermal spherulitic growth rates were measured with an optical microscope. Linear growth rates were obtained for all samples at temperatures between 20° and 35°C. The introduction of PVC into PCL resulted in a reduction in spherulitic growth rate. The overall crystallization rates were measured with a density gradient column. The Avrami equation was employed to analyze the isothermal crystallization kinetics. It was found that the value of Avrami constant k decreases markedly with increasing PVC concentration. However, the Avrami constant n has a value in the neighborhood of 3, almost independent of the composition. In light of these results, it is suggested that, for these blends, the crystallization proceeds by heterogeneous nucleation, followed by a three-dimensional growth.
Popular music and World War II: The rhetoric of continuation

(1976). Popular music and World War II: The rhetoric of continuation. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 62, No. 2, pp. 145-156.
Isolation of mouse cell lines resistant to the fusion-inducing effect of polyethylene glycol.

Lines of mouse L cells resistant to the fusion-inducing effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 have been isolated by treating cultures with 50 % PEG and selecting cells that remained unfused and able to proliferate. With repeated cycles of PEG treatment and selection, populations have been obtained that exhibit progressively increased resistance to the fusion-inducing effect of PEG. With the parental line, more than 90% of the cells fused when treated with 50% PEG. In contrast, with a population isolated after 24 cycles of PEG selection, fewer than 25 % of the cells fused when treated with PEG. The decreased fusion response of the selected cells appeared to be stable for long periods of growth in the absence of PEG treatment, and the populations of selected cells seemed homogeneous in terms of the fusion response of individual subclones. Resistance to the fusion-inducing effect of PEG was concentration dependent, as the selected cells that fused poorly when treated with 50 % PEG fused very efficiently when the PEG concentration was increased to 55%. The cells that were resistant to the fusion-inducing effect of 50% PEG also were more resistant to the toxic effect of PEG than were the parental cells.
An ecological analysis of infant neglect by adolescent mothers

Abstract To inform efforts to prevent child neglect, we investigated a wide range of risk factors that have been largely unexamined in relation to infant neglect, the most commonly occurring form of child maltreatment. Using an ecological model of child neglect, we assessed the influence of characteristics at the level of the child, the mother, the family, and broader childrearing contexts on adolescent mothers’ likelihood of being a perpetrator in a substantiated case of neglect against their firstborn infants (n = 383, M = 12 months). Several factors were associated with infant neglect by young mothers: median block income, low infant birth weight, maternal smoking, maternal childhood history of neglect and of positive care, intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrated by either the mother or her partner, and maternal use of mental health services. In multivariate models, income, a maternal childhood history of positive care, IPV by either a mother or her partner, and mental health service usage made significant contributions to the odds that a mother neglected her infant. Our findings suggest that these factors have particular salience to policymakers’ and practitioners’ efforts to identify high risk families and to intervene during the earliest months of life to prevent child neglect.
Letter by Qureshi et al Regarding Article, “Warfarin Use and the Risk for Stroke and Bleeding in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Dialysis”

We read with interest the study by Shah et al1 suggesting that warfarin use is not beneficial in reducing stroke risk but is associated with a higher bleeding risk in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing dialysis compared with patients not on dialysis. It follows then that there would be no difference in stroke between warfarin users and nonusers dialysis patients, but there was …
Aminophylline-induced preictal alterations in cortical astrocytes

Abstract A light and electron microscopic study was performed on rat cerebral cortex in the preictal state following the intraperitoneal injection of aminophylline. Morphological changes were observed only in astrocytes. The changes consisted chiefly of nuclear and cytoplasmic hydropic alterations, nuclear chromatin clumping, and a slight increase in cytoplasmic glycogen. It is suggested that astrocyte abnormalities may play a role in the pathogenesis of aminophylline-induced seizures.
The Rise and Fall of an Urban School System: Detroit, 1907-81

Detroit's public school system, lauded as a model for the nation in the 1920s and 1930s, has become one of the city's most conspicuous failures. Jeffrey Mirel draws on Detroit's experience to offer a new interpretation of urban educational decline in the twentieth century, suggesting specific answers to what ails America's public schools and how public education can be improved. Jeffrey Mirel has won two prestigious book awards for "The Rise and Fall of an Urban School System." Stanford University and the American Educational Research Association awarded the book the 1994-95 "Outstanding Book Award" stating, "Mirel's documentation and interpretations serve as valuable and refreshing commentary on the current status of urban education, and by extension, all American education and society. . . . The book is admirably written with touches of drama, pathos, and hope." The American Educational Studies Association awarded Mirel the 1994 "Critics' Choice Award" for his outstanding contribution to Educational Studies. This new paperback edition includes a comprehensive epilogue focusing on recent events in Detroit educational reform. Detailing the formation and rapid collapse of a campaign in the late 1980s and early 1990s to radically restructure the Detroit public schools, Mirel's new analysis of this experiment illuminates both the persistence of historical trends in the school district and the possibilities for change. Jeffrey Mirel is David L Angus Collegiate Professor of Education, University of Michigan.
Numerical Analysis for Adaptive Traffic Simulation

Because of the increased interest in modeling multiresolution traffic simulation, the adaptive simulation concept and approach are addressed. Adaptive simulation does not predefine the spatial-temporal domain of high-fidelity simulation rules, but rather uses driving conditions and driver response. Adaptive simulation is intended not to couple two or more simulation models of known resolution but to create a finer scale of resolution with a range of rules to allow smoother transition in the spatial-temporal resolution domain. The adaptive simulation concept is implemented in the anisotropic mesoscopic simulation framework, in which a lane-based simulation framework and lane-changing rules, as well as a triggering mechanism, are devised. The numerical experiments highlight the difference between hybrid and adaptive simulation. The general property, such as sensitivity of the adaptive simulation model with respect to its parameter, is also tested, and its performance reported.
Teratogenic effects of cholinergic insecticides in chick embryos. III. Development of cartilage and bone.

Teratogenic effects of two organophosphate insecticides, diazinon and dicrotophos, were investigated in regard to skeletal development, particularly of the extremities and vertebrae. Cartilage and calcified bone were examined with alcian blue and alizarin red S staining techniques, respectively, in chick embryos of d 5 to 17 of incubation. The age‐related development of both cartilaginous and ossified portions of the hind leg was measured in control and insecticide‐treated groups. Diazinon and dicrotophos (200 μg/egg), injected on d 3, inhibited growth of the following skeletal elements: femur, tibia, metatarsi and digits of the leg. The inhibition was noticeable from the 9th d of incubation. The greatest reduction of the skeletal length was observed in tibia and metatarsi, and was characterized by angulations toward the dorsal side. Percent of growth inhibition of the calcified region in the legs was similar to that of the entire length of each skeletal element, but there was no difference between contro...
Active Transportation to School: Findings From a National Survey

This article reports on a survey of active transportation to school, focusing on the bicycling or walking to school habits of a national sample of boys and girls in grades 4-12 (n = 1,395 parent-child pairs). The interviewers asked each parent and a randomly selected child from the same household about patterns of physical activity and characteristics thought to predict such activity. Overall, 14% of children and adolescents reported active transportation to school (ATS). ATS ws more frequent among boys (16.6%) than girls (11.1%) and among children in lower than upper grades: 20.5% in grades 4-6, 12.4% in grades 7-9, and 8.0% in grades 10-12. Hispanic race/ethnicity, living with one parent, and perceiving a safe neighborhood were associated with ATS in the unadjusted but not the adjusted logistic model. After adjustment, several characteristics remained independently associated with ATS, including gender, grade level, living in a suburb or small town, parent not currently married, moderate physical activity of the child, perception of being too overweight to do physical activities, and presence of neighborhood sidewalks. The authors conclude that the most modifiable characteristic associated with ATS is the presence of neighborhood sidewalks.
The 10-Minute Test Plan

The lowly test plan is perhaps the least appreciated of all supporting (read: noncode) software development artifacts. All projects need one, but few engineers appreciate their existence. So it's important to spend no more time than is absolutely necessary in the creation, care, and feeding of the test plan. Ten minutes, to be precise.
Management of hyperlipidemia in pediatrics.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to provide up-to-date information on diagnosis and management of hyperlipidemia in children and adolescents.Recent findingsRecent research reemphasizes the importance of dyslipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and supports a universal a
Through a Different Lens: Spirituality in the Lives of Individuals with Asperger's Syndrome

Spirituality is an important component in the lives of many individuals. Very little information is available on how spirituality impacts individuals with Asperger's syndrome, a high functioning form of autism. This article presents an overview of Asperger's syndrome and discusses how cognition is reflected in their development of existential theory of mind, their propensity toward the sciences, and their understanding of spirituality. It concludes with a discussion of how faith-based communities may promote personal and spiritual growth.
Lipids of Drosophila: A Newly Detected Lipid in the Male

A thin-layer chromatographic analysis of Drosophila melanogaster revealed a lipid to be found almost exclusively in the adult male. The compound or class of compounds having an R(F) close to that of methyl oleate is present in substantial amounts and is located predominantly in the ejaculatory bulb. It appears from genetic studies that the formulation of the lipid is not mediated by the Y chromosome.
Specific recognition of protein carboxy-terminal sequences by natural IgM antibodies in normal serum.

Abstract Our previous study indicated that normal serum contains complement-fixing natural IgM antibodies reacting with a large variety of randomly generated protein carboxy-termini. Here we show that the "carboxy-terminal" IgM (C-IgM) antibodies specifically react with short peptide sequences located immediately at the protein carboxy-terminus. The specificity of C-IgM–peptide interactions is tentatively defined by three to four amino acid residues. All carboxy-terminal peptides in a large peptide library apparently react with C-IgM antibodies. Immobilized synthetic peptides also react with C-IgM antibodies. No interaction of C-IgM antibodies with internal peptide sequences has been observed. C-IgM antibodies are present in germ-free and in athymic adult rats and are absent in newborn rats. The natural ubiquity of protein carboxy-termini in biological structures suggests that C-IgM could play an important role in antigen clearance and presentation to the immune system. From a practical viewpoint, the recognition of carboxy-terminal peptides by complement-fixing C-IgM antibodies has profound implications for the use of peptide- and protein-derivatized delivery vehicles and artificial materials.
A reassessment of Max Wertheimer's contribution to Psychological Theory.

Abstract Max Wertheimer founded Gestalt psychology on a physiological principle later to be called isomorphism, and in doing so he reformulated the nature of explanation of perceptual phenomena. That this explanation applies to all perceptual phenomena is shown by an examination of Hamlyn's mistaken notions that veridical perception is a valid concept and that veridical perception cannot be given a psychological explanation of a scientific kind. The view of O'Neil and Landauer that Wetheimer's contribution is more a polemical rallying point that a theoretical turning point is examined and criticized as misunderstanding the axiomatic nature of Wertheimer's explanation for all percepts, and for inadvertently interposing their own elementaristic theory in its stead. The elementaristic theory cannot, however, explain phi-phenomena, while the axiom of isomorphism, by deduction, can explain them. It is held, finally, that by explaining perceptual phenomena — all of them — axiomatically, Wertheimer has given a Copernican twist to the understanding of perception.
Applying the 2003 Beers update to elderly Medicare enrollees in the Part D program.

Background: Inappropriate prescribing of certain medications known as Beers drugs may be harmful to the elderly, because the potential risk for an adverse outcome outweighs the potential benefit. Objectives: (1) To assess Beers drug use in dual enrollees compared to non-duals; (2) to explore the association between dual enrollment status and Beers use, controlling for the effects of age, gender, race/ethnicity, census region, and health status; (3) to assess which medication therapeutic category had the highest Beers use. Design: Cross sectional retrospective review of 2007 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Service Part D data. Potentially inappropriate medication use was assessed, independent of diagnosis, using the 2003 update by Fick et al. Findings: The likelihood of Beers drug use among duals approximates that of non-duals (OR 1.023, 95% CI 1.020–1.026). Characteristics associated with the receipt of a Beers medication include Hispanic origin, younger age, female gender, poor health status, and residence outside of the U.S.’ Northeast region. Genitourinary products had the highest Beers use within medication therapeutic categories among both dual and non-dual enrollees (21.1% and 19.9%, respectively). Conclusions: Part D data can be successfully used to monitor Beers drug use. With adjustments for several important and easily measured demographic, health, and prescription drug use covariates, Beers drug use appears to be as common among non-dual enrollees as it is among dual enrollees in the Part D program. New Part D drug utilization policies that apply to all beneficiaries may need to be enacted to reduce Beers drug use.
A Normalized Probabilistic Expectation-Maximization Neural Network for Minimizing Bayesian Misclassification Cost Risk

In this paper, we propose a normalized semi-supervised probabilistic expectation-maximization neural network (PEMNN) that minimizes Bayesian misclassification cost risk. Using simulated and real-world datasets, we compare the proposed PEMNN with supervised cost sensitive probabilistic neural network (PNN), discriminant analysis (DA), mathematical integer programming (MIP) model and support vector machines (SVM) for different misclassification cost asymmetries and class biases. The results of our experiments indicate that the PEMNN performs better when class data distributions are normal or uniform. However, when class data distribution is exponential the performance of PEMNN deteriorates giving slight advantage to competing MIP, DA, PNN and SVM techniques. For real-world data with non-parametric distributions and mixed decision-making attributes (continuous and categorical), the PEMNN outperforms the PNN.
Infection of percutaneous devices: Prevention, monitoring, and treatment

Infection continues to pose the major obstacle to long-term percutaneous access. Development of methods to prevent infection or techniques to determine early onset of infection at a time when antibiotic therapy may prove successful would be of enormous value. Our laboratory has been working toward developing and testing a noninvasive semiquantitative swab culture technique (SQ) to monitor percutaneous leads for infection. This technique was found to have a 76% sensitivity having identified 47 of 62 organisms detected by a quantitative tissue culture technique (Q) at the time of system explant. Furthermore, 47 of 61 organisms identified by the SQ technique accurately detected those isolated by the Q techniques. Accordingly, the SQ technique has a 77% specificity. This technique was capable of detecting organisms a median of 14 days prior to overt clinical infection. Prompt initiation of oral antibiotic treatment based on SQ results has doubled system survival compared with untreated systems. Clearly, the SQ technique has proven useful to monitoring percutaneous devices.
The transition from college to work during the great recession: employment, financial, and identity challenges

This study examines the challenges that recent college graduates face in a hard-hit US region during the Great Recession. In their poignant and sometimes heartbreaking perceptions of their ‘biggest challenges,’ graduates vividly illustrate the negative implications of degree completion during the recession. Based on an analysis of both closed and open-ended survey data of Michigan's 2012 graduates, we find that women and first generation college graduates fare the worst in terms of their employment status, debt and income levels, and subjective assessments of job opportunities and financial stress. In contrast, men, especially those whose parents have at least a bachelor's degree, were more likely than their counterparts to report that their ‘biggest challenge’ since graduation was linked with making the transition into adult roles. Taken together, these findings suggest widespread difficulty after graduating from college during the Great Recession, and the ways in which these difficulties are linked with...
Regulatory regions driving developmental and tissue-specific expression of the essential pancreatic gene pdx1.

pdx1 (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene-1), which is expressed broadly in the embryonic pancreas and, later, in a more restricted manner in the mature beta cells in the islets of Langerhans, is essential both for organ formation and beta cell gene expression and function. We carried out a transgenic reporter gene analysis to identify region- and cell type-specific regulatory regions in pdx1. A 14.5-kb pdx1 genomic fragment corrected the glucose intolerance of pdx1(+/-) animals but, moreover, fully rescued the severe gut and pancreas defects in pdx1(-/-) embryos. Sequences sufficient to direct reporter expression to the entire endogenous pdx1 expression domain lie within 4.3 kb of 5' flanking DNA. In this region, we identified two distinct fragments that drive reporter gene expression to different sets of islet neuroendocrine cells. One shows pan-endocrine cell specificity, the other is selectively activated in insulin-producing beta cells. The endocrine-specific regulatory regions overlap a localized region of 5' flanking DNA that is remarkably conserved in sequence between vertebrate pdx1 genes, and which has been associated with beta cell-selective expression in cultured cell lines. This region contains potential binding sites for several transcription factors implicated in endodermal development and the pathogenesis of some forms of type-2 diabetes. These results are consistent with our previous proposal that conserved upstream pdx1 sequences exert control over pdx1 during embryonic organogenesis and islet endocrine cell differentiation. We propose that mutations affecting the expression and/or activity of transcription factors operating via these sequences may predispose towards diabetes, at least in part by direct effects on endocrine pdx1 expression.
Composite particle emission in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Abstract Inclusive spectra of d, t, and 3He have been measured over a wide range of fragment angles and energies. The observed spectra are well reproduced by the “coalescence model” with a coalescence radius p0 which is independent of beam energies and which decreases as the sizes of the target-projectile combinations increase. The sizes of the interaction regions have been derived from these p0 values. The experimental cross sections generally deviate from predictions of the firestreak model.
Eutectic solidification processing via bulk melt undercooling

The control of eutectic microstructures is generally achieved via controlling the growth velocity, thermal gradients and the alloy composition. While current efforts in producing in-situ nanocomposites are centered on conventional rapid solidification processing (RSP), we describe here a more non-traditional processing of eutectics by RSP via bulk melt undercooling of near-eutectic compositions. It will be shown that a wide variety of microstructures can be produced in alloys with the same composition. These include the formation of metastable phases, growth of coupled eutectic compositions and the formation of mixed metastable/stable eutectics. These effects are discussed using examples of rapidly solidified Nb-Si alloys processed in a containerless environment.
Rotational Excitation by Slow Electrons

Theoretical cross sections for the rotational excitation of homonuclear molecules by slow electrons are applied to calculation of the fractional energy loss per collision ($\ensuremath{\lambda}$) in ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The theoretical losses are not more than $2.5(\frac{2m}{M})$ and except at the lowest energies studied (\ensuremath{\sim}0.1 ev) are smaller than observed.It would be desirable to have more direct experimental evidence of rotational excitation. For this reason we have calculated $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in pure para-hydrogen and in normal hydrogen at that temperature. At electron energies \ensuremath{\sim}0.075 ev, the two $\ensuremath{\lambda}'\mathrm{s}$ should differ by about 50 percent. Similarly, because of the altered rotational distribution, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ for deuterium differs from $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ for ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. Such differences, if observed, could hardly be accounted for on any other basis than rotational excitation.
Inheritance in Gammarus Chevreuxi Sexton

AN account was recently given of some new mutations in Gammarus chevreuxi Sexton (NATURE, Feb. 6, 1926). A certain white-body mutation did not behave in a simple Mendelian manner. In this mutant the body is devoid of the normal green and brown pigments. The mutant is recessive to the normal ‘black-eyed’ form, and the homozygote mutant has black eyes and white body (white-body Black). With certain exceptions to be considered later, ‘Whitebody’ is recessive to another mutant, the ‘New Red’ (with red eyes and normally pigmented body). But if homozygous for ‘White-body’, the ‘Red’ fails not only to develop body-colour but also the red eye colour; a ‘White’ individual in both eyes and body results.
Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity

Usual residue-management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (E 0 ) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two E 0 's. Energy-limited evaporation rates under mulch (E 0 m followed the soil-specific relation E 0m /E 0 = a e (bRes+cEo) , where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; E 0 is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy-limited stage'U' was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE-U) was regressed over (t - ti) 0.5 to obtain the slope 'α' (Ritchie 1972) for the soil-limited evaporation stage. The observed 'U' was independent of mulch rate and E 0 but was strongly affected by soil type. Values of 'α'decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in E 0 and coarseness of soil. The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from 'U' and 'α' agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for 'undercut' and 'residue mixed' treatments on all soils regardless of E 0 , and for all situations under small E 0 . However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under E 0 of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.
Self-Concept: A comparison of Native American and Anglo preschoolers

This study compared the scores of Native American and Anglo American preschoolers on the Primary Self-Concept Inventory, a self-report measure of self-concept. Fifty-eight preschoolers between the ages of 4-0 and 5-11 participated. Analysis of the variance revealed no overall significant difference between self-concept scores; however, mean scores on the variable of Personal-Self were significantly higher for Native American preschoolers. Lack of overall difference might have been attributable to similar educational, regional, and socioeconomic factors.
On the Conceptual Implications of Some Recent Results on Pole Assignment

Recent studies have shown that, for a given system ?, the possibilities for pole assignment through internally stable output-feedback control configurations depend on certain integer invariants, related to the number of unstable poles, the number of unstable zeros, and the number of zeros at infinity of the system ?. The present note provides a qualitative discussion of the conceptual and of the intuitive origins of these results.