cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Futures Market and Price Discovery in the Textile Industry

Most futures market literature emphasizes two important roles played by the market: inventory guidance and establishment of forward prices. The hypothesis that a futures contract price for next year's crop reflects the market's estimates of next year's cash price and the extent to which futures prices are unbiased point estimates of subsequent cash prices has been explored (Bakken, Gardner, Gray, Dow, Telser, Tomek and Gray, Working). Telser concludes that, "futures price can be considered as an unbiased prediction of the subsequent spot price" (Telser, p. 174). Kofi contended that futures markets perform their forward pricing function very well. However, work by Gray indicates that under certain conditions futures may not satisfactorily perform a forward pricing function (Gray 1962, 1972). This note examines the role that the cotton futures market plays in the price discovery process for the textile industry. In this industry, forward ordering is quite prevalent. It is not unusual for large multistore chain distributors to contract for their stocks twelve months or more prior to manufacture and delivery. Since catalogues and sales materials must be prepared, a firm price commitment from mills must be obtained. The mills can either cover these textile sales immediately by buying spot cotton and incurring finance charges or wait until cotton is needed to buy it. The uncertainty facing the mills is obvious-they have no way to know what cotton prices will be if they wait to make their purchases as needed. An alternative is to forward contract with producers, but producers are erratic in their forward contracting depending upon what they expect the market to do. Another (and more prevalent) alternative to this uncertainty is to take a buyer's hedge in the futures market when mill commitments are made. Textile goods are "forward contracted." In this respect, producers, processors, or merchants not only use these markets to protect the value of inventories, but they also rely upon the prices generated as an aid in their decision making (Tomek and Gray). All of these alternatives are used by mills. However, the industry psychology is based on hedging in the futures market. Thus, a temporally relevant futures price was hypothesized to be more indicative of cotton consumption (as measured by bales entering mill opening rooms) than either the cash price or futures market price prevailing at that time. Specifically, we argue that price discovery occurs in the futures market at a time preceding actual mill utilization by a period equal to a mill's planning horizon.
Kant on the relation between the cosmological and ontological arguments

Kant a soumis les preuves ontologique et cosmologique a une critique approfondie. Sa plus fameuse attaque contre la derniere est basee sur le fait qu'en un certain lieu, elle depend de la premiere. Dans cet article, l'A. discute l'argument de Kant et les consequences que le philosophe en a tirees
HG-08DISRUPTING THE EPIGENETIC MODIFIER HMGA2 IN DIPG AND GBM INHIBITS TUMOR INVASION, GROWTH AND TUMORIGENICITY

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and glioblastoma (GBM) are lethal, incurable brain tumors with poor prognosis. Identifying and targeting novel molecular markers regulating tumor invasion and growth can lead to development of better therapies. HMGA2, a minor-groove DNA-binding protein, is a transcriptional modulator in normal and cancer stem cells. We hypothesized that HMGA2 contributes to pediatric high grade glioma invasion and tumorigenicity through its ability to alter the transcription of large numbers of genes. We found increased expression of HMGA2 in a subset of GBM and DIPG tumors by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. We confirmed this result in multiple patient-derived tumor cell lines, including 4 DIPG neurosphere cell lines. Lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated reduction of HMGA2 in GBM cells significantly reduced invasion in transwell assay and colony formation in soft agar assay (shHMGA2 vs. shControl, P < 0.01). Similarly, shRNA mediated suppression of HMGA2 in DIPG cell lines reduced proliferation as measured by BrdU incorporation, reduced invasion by transwell assay and increased apoptosis by cleaved caspase-3 (CC-3) immunofluorescence (shHMGA2 vs. shControl, P < 0.01). Pharmacological inhibition of HMGA proteins using the DNA minor-groove binding drug Netropsin significantly inhibited growth (BrdU assay) and increased apoptosis (CC-3 immunofluorescence) of GBM and DIPG cell lines (P < 0.01). Mice bearing orthotopic GBM xenograft cell lines transduced with HMGA2 shRNA lived longer (median survival = 108 days) compared to control shRNA (67.5 days, P < 0.0001 by log-rank analysis). Our results suggest an oncogenic role of HMGA2 in promoting DIPG and GBM invasion and growth, identifying HMGA2 as a potential therapeutic target in these devastating tumors. Netropsin or other minor groove binding agents may be effective therapeutics for pediatric high-grade gliomas.
Surgical management of cervical and lumbosacral radiculopathies: indications and outcomes

Abstract The most common indication for the surgical management of compressive cervical and lumbar radiculopathies is a herniated disc in a patient who has not improved with conservative management. Even though a herniated disk is a common condition, it is paramount that the examining physician considers an extensive differential diagnosis when evaluating radiculopathies, especially in patients with a history of cancer, multiple medical illnesses, secondary gain, or advanced age. This consideration has become even more important as imaging studies have improved, because previously undetected degenerative changes are now clearly visualized on MRI and CT scans. These improved studies, however, do not replace a thorough history and physical examination, because a patient's signs and symptoms may not correlate with the radiographic findings. The authors have presented a series of surgical techniques used to manage cervical and lumbar discectomies to the most recent "minimally invasive" percutaneous techniques. Much debate and controversy surround these more recent techniques. There is no controversy, however, in stating that achieving good outcomes, regardless of technique, is predicated on proper patient selection. Because patient selection is the most important predictor of outcome and because serious complications have been reported with "minimally invasive" percutaneous procedures, the authors continue to advocate the proven traditional surgical approaches until prospective, randomized studies demonstrate a clear benefit to using alternative techniques.
A system of corticotropin releasing factor-containing amacrine cells in the rat retina

Abstract Immunohistochemical processing of Long-Evans retina wholemounts using an antiserum directed against rat, human corticotropin releasing factor revealed a group of immunoreactive amacrine cells. Two subpopulations could be distinguished based primarily on the location of their cell bodies. One subpopulation had cell bodies situated along the junction of the inner nuclear layer and the inner plexiform layer. The other subpopulation had cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer. The latter was judged to be displaced amacrine cells since double-label experiments indicated that the pattern of corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactive staining in the ganglion cell layer did not coincide with that of ganglion cells labeled retrogradely with fluorogold. Corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactive amacrine cells on either side of the inner plexiform layer emitted processes which ramified extensively in sublamina 5 and, to a lesser degree, in sublamina 4. A minority of these cells also sent a single process to ramify in sublamina 1. Throughout the retina, corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactive cells were distributed relatively evenly, with a tendency to peak in the superior temporal region. Despite the anatomical classification into two subpopulations, it is proposed that the corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactive cells are functionally one system, influencing preferentially synaptic interactions associated with the inner half of the inner plexiform layer. The results of this study provide anatomical basis for further investigations of corticotropin releasing factor as a putative peptidergic neurotransmitter in the retina.
Is cell death necessary for hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting

Abstract To examine the relationship between cell death and sprouting of the mossy fibers, repeated seizures of the hippocampal–parahippocampal circuit were elicited in anesthetized rats. The presence of mossy fiber growth was assessed with the Timm's stain for zinc. At 4 weeks, after 18 repeated seizures, there was a significant increase in the degree of zinc containing granules in the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The amount of sprouting was less than that seen four weeks after a single injection of kainic acid. A silver impregnation stain and an assay for damaged DNA were used to detect damaged or dying neurons and immunohistochemistry for a 72 kDa heat shock protein was used to detect any neurons that had suffered potentially injurious stress. The same number of repeated seizures that caused sprouting of the mossy fibers did not cause detectable cell death or severe stress in any cells within the hippocampus, subicular region or adjacent entorhinal cortex. These experiments demonstrate that repeated seizures of the hippocampal–parahippocampal circuits can cause sprouting of mossy fibers in the absence of evidence of cell death. This supports the hypothesis that alterations in intrinsic neural excitability and impulse activity from the dentate gyrus can result in growth of axonal processes in the adult rat brain.
Follistatin, an antagonist of activin, is expressed in the Spemann organizer and displays direct neuralizing activity

In the accompanying paper, we show that the expression of a dominant negative activin receptor can convert prospective ectoderm into neural tissue, which suggests that activin is an inhibitor of neuralization. Here we report the isolation and characterization of an activin antagonist, follistatin, that can induce neural tissue directly in vivo. Follistatin RNA is localized in the Spemann organizer and notochord, tissues known to be potent neural inducers. We demonstrate that follistatin RNA and protein are able to block the activity of activin in embryonic explants. Furthermore, we show that follistatin RNA directly neuralizes ectodermal explants in the absence of detectable mesoderm. Thus, follistatin is present at the correct time and location to play a role in neural induction in vivo.
HIV risk behavior in opioid dependent adults seeking detoxification treatment: An exploratory comparison of heroin and oxycodone users

Heroin users are at high risk for HIV infection, but little is known about HIV risk in oxycodone users. This study examined HIV risk behaviors in heroin (n = 27) and oxycodone (n = 23) users seeking inpatient detoxification at a private psychiatric hospital. Drug use histories were similar, except oxycodone users used marijuana more frequently. Injection drug risk occurred exclusively among heroin users. The rates of sexual activity (66%), unprotected intercourse (69%), sex while intoxicated (74%), and sex with strangers (24%) were similar, but more oxycodone users had multiple partners (39% vs. 6%, p < .05). HIV prevention efforts should target both heroin and oxycodone users.
Divorce in Medieval England: from one to two persons in lawSARA M. BUTLER

The title of Sara M. Butler's book might surprise those who believe that Henry VIII introduced divorce into England when he wished to marry Anne Boleyn. Butler provides copious examples that docume...
General Formulation For Optical Signal Processing Architectures

A new general multi-dimensional formulation of optical signal processing systems is advanced. All existing optical signal processing systems are described and summarized in this new notation. The advantages and disadvantages of the various systems are apparent from this formulation as well as a myriad of new system architectures and necessary component research.
Z/E PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF UROCANIC ACID*

— The E ⇆ Z photoisomerization of the title compound (UA) (a naturally occurring sunscreen) has been studied in aqueous solution. At a UA concentration of 6mM and using 313nm excitation, φEz= 0.52, φZE= 0.47 and the photostationary state is 34% E. Under these conditions, loss of UA is minimal. Low energy triplet quenchers fail to impede the isomerization, but the reaction can be induced by several triplet sensitizers. The ET for UA is estimated to be approximately 55 kcal/mol.
Ethylene polymerization characteristics of an electron-deficient nickel(II) phenoxyiminato catalyst modulated by non-innocent intramolecular hydrogen bonding

The synthesis and characterization of the neutrally charged electron-deficient nickel(II) phenoxyiminato catalyst {2-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-4-tert-butyl-[6-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)]salicylaldiminato}methyl(trimethylphosphine)nickel(II) (1b) with an intramolecular hydrogen bond directed toward the active catalytic site is reported. At room temperature, catalyst 1b exhibits 2.5× greater ethylene polymerization activity and 2× greater polyethylene product branching than an analogous catalyst without the hydrogen bond (2b). Furthermore, catalyst 1b produces substantially greater polyethylene yields in the presence of polar additives such as ethyl ether, acetone, and water than does 2b under identical conditions. This enhanced polymerization activity in the presence of polar additives suggests that the hydrogen bonding proximate to the metal center significantly modifies the relative rates of competing enchainment and chain transfer processes.
Models of hematopoietic malignancies: chronic myeloid leukemia

Studies of the molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) using various models have contributed greatly to the development of targeted therapies of CML. However, although remarkably effective, selected BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors appear not to be sufficient to cure CML. Here, we review the CML disease models currently available for the further elucidation of the mechanism of CML and for the development and testing of novel therapies for CML.
Effects of ketone body infusion on hypoglycemic reaction in postabsorptive dogs

Abstract The hypoglycemic reaction following the injection of a large dose of insulin was studied in postabsorptive, anesthetized dogs. The rate of epinephrine release into the adrenal vein was monitored to provide an index of hypoglycemic stress at the level of the central nervous system. As expected an acute discharge of epinephrine was observed during the insulin-provoked hypoglycemia. It is shown that this epinephrine discharge can be prevented by infusing ketone bodies to sustain blood ketone body concentrations in the range of 1 to 2 mM. Arterial-venous differences across the head during hypoglycemia were of 0.20 ± 0.03 mmoles/liter for the extraction of ketone bodies. Since basal arterial-venous difference due to glucose oxidation were of 0.24 ± 0.11 mmoles/liter, it is concluded that the brain of the dog has the ability to use quantitatively important amounts of ketone bodies without prior adaptation to starvation.
Cardinalities of some Lindelöf and ω1-Lindelöf T1/T2-spaces

Abstract We show that every first-countable countably paracompact Lindelof T 1 -space has cardinality at most c ; every first-countable ω 1 -Lindelof Hausdorff space has cardinality at most 2 c ; every realcompact first-countable ω 1 -Lindelof space has cardinality at most c . In all these results, first countability can be replaced by countable tightness plus either countable or countable closed pseudocharacter. We also show that the Lindelof number of every ω 1 -Lindelof regular space of countable tightness is at most c .
Dendritic cells in the circulation of women with preeclampsia demonstrate a pro-inflammatory bias secondary to dysregulation of TLR receptors

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are central components of the innate immune system that recognize both microbial ligands and host products released during tissue damage. Data from epidemiologic studies and animal models suggest that inappropriate activation of the immune system plays a critical role in the development of preeclampsia. This study evaluates in a systematic fashion the expression and function of TLRs in the circulation of patients with preeclampsia compared to healthy pregnant controls. We evaluated TLR expression and function in primary dendritic cells (DCs) of 30 patients with preeclampsia and 30 gestational age-matched healthy pregnant controls. DCs were stimulated with the different TLR ligands engaging TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9. The expression of TLR-induced production of TNF-α, IFN-α, IL-6, and IL-12 were measured by multicolor flow cytometry. Basal expression of TLR3, TLR4 and TLR9 was significantly increased in DCs isolated from women with preeclampsia. Preeclamptic DCs also expressed significantly higher basal levels of cytokines. In contrast, preeclamptic DCs demonstrated a less robust response to stimulation with various TLR ligands as compared with healthy pregnant controls. Under basal conditions, DCs from preeclamptic individuals express higher levels of select TLRs and produce more pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared with healthy controls. As such, the ability of these cells to mount an inflammatory reaction in response to a TLR ligand is limited. These data demonstrate a dysregulated pattern of TLR expression and cytokine production in DCs from PE patients that may limit further activation by TLR engagement.
QR-Codes for the chronically homeless

We propose a system to use QR codes and cheap cell phones to alleviate some challenges faced by the chronically homeless. We propose combining the affordability, simplicity and portability of cell phones with the fast emerging QR Code technology to develop an information system which could augment current data entry methods utilized by homeless service agencies. The system offers simple interfaces which employ QR Codes for configuring cell phones to perform basic functions such as setting up reminders. The system is robust to the loss of its components, individual phones and QR cards. We developed and refined our design concept through an iterative design process of contextual inquiry, persona development, prototyping, and user tests.
Monoquaternized pyrazinium cations as examples of ‘non-basic’ nitrogen-donor ligands

Abstract The reaction of some representative metal halides with the halides of N-methylpyrazinium,N(1)-methyl-2, 5-dimethylpyrazinium, and N(1)-methyl-2, 6-dimethylpyrazinium was investigated to establish the coordinating ability of these monoquaternized diaza-heterocyclic cations (L+). It was found that N-methlypyrazinium readily coordinates to metal ions forming zwitterionic complexes of the types [MX3(L+)] (where M is Co(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and X is Cl, Br) or [MX4(L+2] (where M is Ni(II) and X is Cl, Br). The mono-hindered N(1)-methyl-2, 5-dimethylpyrazinium, however, combines with the same metal ions to give only [MX3(L+)] complexes, while the doubly-hindered N(1)-methyl-2,6-dimethylpyrazinium behaves as a counterion in salts of the type (L+)2[MX4]. The facile complexation of the N-methylpyrazinium cation-ligand sharply contrasts with the very low basicity of the parent pyrazine molecule (pKa = 0.65) and with the complete lack of proton acceptor properties of its monoquaternized derivatives.
The placebo phenomenon: implications for the ethics of shared decision-making.

Recent research into the placebo effect has implications for the ethics of shared decision-making (SDM). The older biomedical model views SDM as affecting which therapy is chosen, but not the nature or likelihood of any health outcomes produced by the therapy. Research indicates, however, that both the content and manner in which information is shared with the patient, and the patient’s experience of being involved in the decision, can directly alter therapeutic outcomes via placebo responses. An ethical tension is thereby created between SDM aimed strictly and solely at conveying accurate information, and “outcome engineering” in which SDM is adapted toward therapeutic goals. Several practical strategies mitigate this tension and promote respect for autonomous decision-making while still utilizing the therapeutic potential of SDM.
Production of prompt muons in the forward direction by 400-GeV proton interactions

The ratio of prompt negative muons to negative pions produced in the forward direction by the interaction of 400-GeV protons on copper has been determined to be 5.8 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ for 55-GeV muons, 3.05 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ for 102-GeV muons, and 1.93 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ for 230-GeV muons. The ratio of prompt positive muons to negative muons was about 1.
Reliability from a system point of view

The development of complex electronic and electromechanical systems during the past fifteen years has been guided primarily by considerations of improved performance.
Identification of a dissipative transport system

The aim of this paper is to identify the properties of an unknown medium of a transport system from measurements of outputs at the boundaries. A new method is developed here based on the inverse problem and the properties of a scattering matrix and its generator.
Minimum hop flow assignment and routing in computer-communication networks

The problem of minimum hop flow assignment and routing in computer-communication networks subject to an average message delay constraint or to a set of end-to-end average message delay constraints is formulated, and a simple algorithm for solution of the problem is developed. The algorithm is illustrated via an example, and directions for future research are indicated.
Extraction of complex resonances associated with buried targets

Early time returns affect the estimation of complex natural resonance (CNR) frequencies associated with a target. This is especially true when there is a small separation between the early time returns and the late time response of the target and the CNRs are low Q mechanisms. A good example of this scenario is antipersonnel mines. In this situation, it helps to remove the early time returns from the total scattered field. A new technique to accomplish this is presented here. Using some numerical data and some experimental data, it is demonstrated that this technique is very effective in removing the early time returns. The modified scattered field data then yields better estimates of CNR frequencies.
Evidence implicating phospholipase as a virulence factor of Candida albicans

Three different approaches were used to investigate the role of extracellular phospholipases in the pathogenicity of Candida albicans. First, we compared 11 blood isolates of this yeast with an equal number of commensal strains isolated from the oral cavities of healthy volunteers. Blood isolates produced significantly more extracellular phospholipase activity than the commensal strains did. Second, two clinical isolates of C. albicans that differed in their levels of virulence in a newborn mouse model were compared for their ability to secrete phospholipases. The invasive strain produced significantly more extracellular phospholipase activity than the noninvasive strain did. Third, nine blood isolates were characterized for their phospholipase and proteinase production, germ tube formation, growth, and adherence to and damage of endothelial cells in vitro. These factors were analyzed subsequently to determine whether they predicted mortality in a mouse model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. By proportional hazard analysis, the relative risk of death was 5.6-fold higher (95% confidence interval, 1.672 to 18.84 [P < 0.005]) in the mice infected with the higher-phospholipase-secreting strains than in the low-phospholipase secretors. None of the other putative virulence factors predicted mortality. Characterization of phospholipases secreted by three of the blood isolates showed that these strains secreted both phospholipase B and lysophospholipase-transacylase activities. These results implicate extracellular phospholipase as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of hematogenous infections caused by C. albicans.
Use of computer‐administered cognitive‐behavior therapy with depressed inpatients

Twenty-two depressed inpatients were randomly assigned to treatment with either therapist-delivered cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT), computer-assisted CBT, or “treatment as usual” on an inpatient psychiatric unit. All patients received antidepressant medication in addition to their assigned treatments. At discharge from the hospital, the patients receiving therapistdelivered CBT and the patients in the control group were significantly less depressed when pre- and post-treatment ratings from the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were compared. Patients receiving computer-assisted CBT did not improve significantly. Furthermore, patients receiving therapist-delivered CBT were significantly less depressed at discharge from the hospital than those receiving computer-assisted CBT. Patients receiving computer-assisted CBT fared no better than those patients in the control group. Computer-assisted CBT appeared to provide no advantage in the treatment of depressed inpatients. This study suggests that therapist-delivered CBT should remain the standard of care for inpatients receiving CBT. Depression 1:294–299 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Communitarianism ‘Social Constitution,’ and Autonomy

Communitarians defend what we may call the ‘social constitution thesis,’ that participation in society makes us what we are. This claim, however, is ambiguous. In an attempt to shed some light on it and to better understand the impact its truth would have on our beliefs regarding autonomy, I offer four possible ways it could be understood and four corresponding senses of individual independence and autonomy. I also indicate what senses liberals can accept that we are socially constituted and in what sense I take communitarians to argue we are socially constituted.
Kniest Dysplasia Is Caused by Dominant Collagen II (COL2A1) Mutations: Parental Somatic Mosaicism Manifesting as Stickler Phenotype and Mild Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia

We describe two unrelated children with Kniest dysplasia, a severe autosomal dominant form of chondrodysplastic dwarfism associated with cleft palate, progressive arthropathy, myopia and retinal detachment. In the first patient the disorder was caused by a 28 base pair exon 12/intron 12 deletion in the gene coding for type II collagen. Her mother had mild abnormalities of the vertebral bodies and long bones compatible with abnormalities seen in Stickler arthro-ophthalmopathy. The second child had a transition of AG to GG at the 3' splice site of intron 20 of the COL2A1 gene. Her father had premature polvarthrosis interpreted as a sequela of mild spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Molecular studies revealed that the mother of the first and the father of the second child each had somatic mosaicism of the same mutation as their children. Heterozygous mutations of the gene coding for type II collagen can cause Kniest dysplasia, and somatic mosaicism for the same mutations can result in the Stickler phenotype or in mild spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia leading to premature polyarthrosis.
Micro-Mechanical Model with Strain-Rate Dependency and Damage for Impact Simulation of Woven Fabric Composites

A simple 3-D micro-mechanical model for woven fabric composites is created for impact simulations using transient finite element codes. The model possesses all main energy dissipative characteristics of composite material: inelasticity, damage development, and post failure energy dissipation. The matrix material is assumed to be a viscoplastic strain-rate dependent isotropic material with nonlinearity. The yarn material is modeled as elastic transversely isotropic material with damages. Weibull distribution law describes the damage evolution. The fiber breakage is assumed to be the only ultimate failure and strain-rate dependency is imposed on the damage evolution parameters. *Associate Professor, author to whom correspondence should be addressed. †Graduate Research Assistant.
Analysis of the importance of controllable versus uncontrollable stress on subsequent behavioral and physiological functioning

Abstract Original observations of the effects of stress exposure on behavioral, physiological and pathological indices were documented in the mid 1960s [J.B. Overmier, Interference with avoidance behavior: failure to avoid traumatic shock, J. Exp. Psychol. 78 (1968) 340–343 [12] ; J.B. Overmier, M.E.P. Seligman, Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance learning, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 63 (1967) 28–33 [13] ; M.E.P. Seligman, S.F. Maier, Failure to escape traumatic shock, J. Exp. Psychol. 74 (1967) 1–9 [15] ; J.M. Weiss, Effects of coping responses on stress, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 65 (1968) 251–260 [18] ]. Studies employing the triadic design (e.g. escapable stress, yoked-inescapable stress and no stress) indicated that the deficits following stress exposure were not caused by stress per se, rather the uncontrollability of the stress was the critical determinant. In this paradigm, the first group (escape) receives exposure to an environmental event that it can “control” by performing a behavioral response. Stress control or coping behavior includes the ability to alter the onset, duration, intensity or pattern of an aversive experience [S.F. Maier, M.E.P. Seligman, Learned helplessness: theory and evidence, J. Exp. Psychol.: Gen. 105 (1976) 3–46 [10] ]. The second group is “yoked” to its escape partner and receives the identical physical stressor as its escape counterpart, but there is no behavioral response that the yoked subject can make to alter the outcome. The third group (naive) receives no stress exposure and is either restrained in the experimental apparatus or remains in the home cage until subsequent testing. Researchers using this triadic design should be aware of the concerns of certain investigators [R.M. Church, Systematic effect of random error in the yoked control design, Psychol. Bull. 62 (1964) 122–131 [3] ; E.A. Wasserman, Response bias in the yoked control procedure, Behav. Brain Sci. 11 (1988) 477–478 [17] ] who have raised important issues about the validity of the yoked control design because of the possibility of systematic biases. For example, individual differences in stress reactivity may result in random error in the yoked control group. This point will be addressed further in Section 5 . This procedure allows the investigator to analyze the contributions of the importance of psychological dynamics of stress on a variety of dependent measures including: behavioral, pharmacological, neurochemical and immunological indices.
The rubella syndrome

Summary 1. A retrospective survey of 20 children with the rubella syndrome was conducted in an institution for mentally retarded children. Rubella infection was acquired during the first trimester of pregnancy. 2. Among the 20 children, a high incidence of prematurity was observed. The average birth weight was low, even in fullterm infants. 3. Among the 20 children, cataracts were observed in 15, deafness in 11, congenital heart disease in 13, microcephaly in 10 and mental retardation in 20. 4. Although 69 anomalies were observed in the 20 children by 5 years of age only 17 anomalies were detected at birth.
Accuracy improvement of urban true orthoimage generation using 3D R-tree-based urban model

When applying the existing TRUE orthorectification methods to orthorectify urban high buildings, there exist many problems such as incomplete orthorectification of boundaries of artificial buildings, edge blurring and distortion; incomplete orthorectification to small buildings in building roofs, and/or balcony due to the lack of proper 3D model representation. This paper presents a novel orthorectification method that is based on 3D R-tree CSG urban building model. This method can exactly solve the problem mentioned above and improve the accuracy of true orthoimage. A test field located in downtown of Denver, Colorado has been used to test our methods. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method in this paper can effectively improve the accuracy of urban buildings with 3-5 pixels, especially for the boundaries of building, and some small buildings can completely orthorectified.
Simplified Procedure for Determining Sensitivities of Mastitis Causing Organisms to Antibacterial Agents

Summary The practicability of employing mastitic milk directly for determination of antibacterial sensitivities has been demonstrated. It was shown that when the antibiotic to be tested was added to the milk in conjunction with litmus as an indicator, results obtained following incubation were comparable to those obtained by the disc plate assay method using the isolated organisms. The proposed method has been shown to be feasible, in that it correlated well with the standard plate method, and recent reports (2, 3) have pointed out certain other advantages in the use of milk in sensitivity testing. Results of the seven antibiotics tested, as shown by the tube method, indicate that chloromycetin was the most effective agent against mastitie organisms. Triple sulfa, erythromycin, penicillin, and neomycin were the most effective, in that order. Dihydrostreptomycin and colymycin were the least effective. These two agents are mainly effective against Gram-negative organisms and, since none were found, effectiveness of these agents is expected to be low. On the basis of this work, it appears that it is feasible to perform antibacterial sensitivities directly in mastitic milk. The method would have particular application to veterinarians and in laboratories with limited facilities, in that no special equipment is required. The method has been shown to be simple, inexpensive, and accurate.
Immunochemical pattern of aspartate aminotransferase isozymes in several rodents and in ehrlich ascites cells.

Antisera against rat liver aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1) isozymes were used to study the activity and immunologic pattern of these isozymes in the livers of the rat, mouse, hamster, gerbil and in Ehrlich ascites cells. A double immunodiffusion precipitin test and immunoelectrophoresis showed that, except for the gerbil, there was a pattern of identity of AAT isozymes in the presence of either the antianionic or the anticationic antisera. Although gerbil AAT isozymes are immunochemically different from those of the other rodents studied, they were inactivated by the respective antiserum in a manner similar to that observed with the other species. This may suggest that antigenic determinants at the catalytic site of each of the liver aspartate aminotransferase isozymes are least likely to change throughout the evolutionary process.
Immunopathological characteristics of in situ T-cell subpopulations in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HI-VAN) is a common form of nephropathy present in HIV-infected individuals that clinically presents with proteinuria that is frequently in the nephrotic range, less often with hematuria, and with a course that may evolve to irreversible azotemia ultimately resulting in renal failure. Pediatric and adult HIV-positive patients both experience HIVAN morphologically after displaying focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial hyperplasia, microcystic tubular dilatation, interstitial inflammation, edema, and fibrosis. There is minimal information regarding the interstitial inflammatory cell infiltrate, despite the possibility that these cells may play an important role in the etiology of HIVAN. This study was designed to characterize and compare several morphological and immunopathological features of clearly established HIVAN, particularly the hematopoietic cell markers present on the interstitial inflammatory cells and the state of T-lymphocyte activation (ie, class II expression). Quantitative grading of HIVAN kidneys showed that CD4-positive and CD8-positive T cells comprised the major cell populations in the interstitium, often with CD4-positive T cells exceeding or being equivalent in number to CD8-positive T cells. B cells and macrophages were negligible components of the infiltrate. Human leukocyte antigen-DR class II molecules were found to be increased on the interstitial T cells as well as on all glomerular cells and endothelial cells. There was no significant relationship established between the immunophenotype of the interstitial inflammatory cells and other morphological, ultrastructural, immunofluorescent, or clinical features. These data imply that the inflammatory infiltrate in HIVAN is largely composed of activated T cells. At this point the role of these interstitial T cells in HIVAN is undetermined, although it can be speculated that they may be participating as antiviral or autoreactive immune effector cells imparting renal injury in this entity.
Stakeholder Theory and Media Management: Ethical Framework for News Company Executives

Contrary to stockholder theories that place the interests of profit-seeking owners above all else, stakeholder theorists argue that corporate executives have moral and ethical obligations to consider equally the interests of a wide range of stakeholders affected by the actions of a corporation. This paper argues that the stakeholder approach is particularly appropriate for the governance of news media companies and outlines an ethical framework to guide news company executives.
ACROMEGALY AND DIABETES MELLITUS

SINCE THE FIRST description of acromegaly by Pierre Marie, repeated clinical observations and a large series of experiments have demonstrated both that the pituitary gland possesses the power of influencing carbohydrate metabolism in the general sense and that in cases of hyperpituitarism, best illustrated by acromegaly, diabetes develops with unusual frequency. The demonstration that extracts of the anterior pituitary when given by injection in large amounts will produce diabetes in a dog has led to the supposition that a disorder of the pituitary gland might be the underlying cause for most if not all cases of diabetes mellitus. In order to test this hypothesis not only clinical but pathologic evidence would be necessary. It is well known that one may have a clinical syndrome without uniform and demonstrable structural changes. Such might be the case with the relation between the pituitary gland and diabetes.
Directional Neutron Detection Using a Time Projection Chamber

Time projection chambers offer unique capabilities for detection of fast neutrons from special nuclear material. We have demonstrated a directional detector for fast neutrons based on a hydrogen-filled time projection chamber. Experimental results for imaging of a fissile material surrogate 252Cf source are presented. Strategies for background rejection via particle identification are discussed.
Avoiding adverse outcomes in anaesthesia. The relevant As: allergy, asthma airway and anaphylaxis

The perioperative preparation of children presenting for surgery aims to identify medical problems that might influence the outcome and to institute management strategies to reduce those risks. Adverse respiratory events remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in modern paediatric anaesthesia. This manuscript addresses some common medical problems that may impact on the anaesthetic. These include upper respiratory tract infections, and allergy and asthma; conditions whose optimal management should invoke daily discussions, and which can have significant implications if not managed correctly.
Global determinants of mRNA degradation rates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Degradation of mRNA contributes to variation in transcript abundance. Studies of individual mRNAs show that cis and trans factors control mRNA degradation rates. However, transcriptome-wide studies have failed to identify global relationships between transcript properties and mRNA degradation. We investigated the contribution of cis and trans factors to transcriptome-wide degradation rate variation in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using multiple regression analysis. We find that multiple transcript properties are associated with mRNA degradation rates and that a model incorporating these factors explains ~50% of the genome-wide variance. Predictors of mRNA degradation rates include transcript length, abundance, ribosome density, codon adaptation index (CAI) and GC content of the third position in codons. To validate these factors we studied individual transcripts expressed from identical promoters. We find that decreasing ribosome density by mutating the translational start site of the GAP1 transcript increases its degradation rate. Using variants of GFP that differ at synonymous sites, we show that increased GC content of the third position of codons results in decreased mRNA degradation rate. Thus, in steady-state conditions, a large fraction of genome-wide variation in mRNA degradation rates is determined by inherent properties of transcripts related to protein translation rather than specific regulatory mechanisms.
Primitive recursive functional with dependent types

This paper presents an extension of an ML style type system to support dependent product types for programs. The study is based on the lambda calculus with primitive recursion and a simple type system with primitive recursive sequences of types and products dependent on natural numbers. I show that it is possible in this system, called Tπ, to type a sensible primitive recursive function that is not typable in ML. The paper presents typing rules, a semantic model with soundness and completeness theorems, and examples of how to type representations of tuples and projections as products dependent on the tuple width. I discuss a method for type reconstruction that extends ML style type reconstruction to dependent types. The type system is a representation of an earlier system by Tait [9] and Martin Lof
Stump Neuroma Masquerading as Recurrent Malignancy on Chest Roentgenogram

An amputation neuroma is a nerve's attempt at repair following amputation. While many are asymptomatic, some present as a painful mass. We describe a patient who, following a forequarter amputation for sarcoma, developed a stump neuroma that was unusual because it was first discovered on a routine chest roentgenogram.
Serum levels of retinol-binding protein 4 and risk of colon adenoma

Retinol binding-protein 4 (RBP4), a recently identified adipokine and retinol transporter, has been shown to play a causative role in insulin resistance, an underpinning between obesity and colon neoplasia. Yet, the relationship between RPB4 and cancer, including colon neoplasia is largely unexplored. We carried out a cross-sectional study to determine the risk association between RBP4 and colon adenomas. We determined pre-diagnostic serum levels of RBP4 in 626 patients undergoing screening colonoscopies from January 2006 to March 2007. The cases had statistically significant higher levels of RBP4 than the controls (58.5µg/mL ± 38.2 vs. 51.9µg/mL ± 32.5, p=0.03). Multivariate logistic regression model revealed a statistically significant overall association of RBP4 with risk of colon adenoma (OR = 3.10 for each increment of 35µg/mL, CI = 1.15 – 8.66; p = 0.03). Stratified analysis by the median BMI showed that the risk association was largely limited to those with BMI < 27.8 kg/m2. Compared to those in the bottom tertile of RBP4, the ORs for the 2nd and 3rd tertiles were 1.84 (CI = 0.89–3.8) and 2.14 (CI = 1.08–4.23) respectively (p for trend = 0.03); there was little evidence for such an association among those with BMI ≥ 27.8 kg/m2. This is the first study to show colon adenoma risk association with high circulating levels of RBP4. Further study is merited to investigate the mechanism that underlies the RBP4-colon neoplasia link.
Equation-based packet marking for Assured Forwarding services

This paper introduces a new packet marking algorithm that can be used in the context of Assured Forwarding (AF) in the Differentiated Services (DiffServ) framework. The new marking algorithm is called equation-based marking (EBM) and is based on the TCP model in Padhye et al. (1998). EBM is to handle the problems found in other marking schemes regarding fairness among heterogeneous TCP flows through a tight feedback-loop operation and adaptation of the packet marking probability to network conditions. We design a packet marker that uses EBM as the marking algorithm, and evaluate its performance using in-depth simulation. We also prove analytically the correctness of the marking algorithm and compare it with other marking schemes for different network scenarios. Our evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of EBM in providing the required fairness among heterogeneous flows and ensuring protection against nonassured traffic.
Early Local Cytokine Profiles in Strains of Mice with Different Outcomes from Chlamydial Genital Tract Infection

In this study, we expand on the examination of genetically determined differences in host responses that correlate with clearance of Chlamydia trachomatis from the genital tract. We infected C57BL/6, BALB/c, and C3H/HeN mice with the mouse pneumonitis agent of C. trachomatis (MoPn). C57BL/6 mice had the shortest course of infection (22 days) and the lowest incidence of severe hydrosalpinx. BALB/c mice also had a short course of infection (25 days), but all developed hydrosalpinx. C3H/HeN mice had the longest course of infection (38 days), and all developed severe hydrosalpinx. Determination of local cytokine responses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of genital tract secretions revealed that the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were significantly increased in the C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains compared to those in the C3H/HeN strain whereas the level of IL-6 was not different. The level of the neutrophil chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) was increased during the first week of infection in all three strains but was significantly higher in the BALB/c strain, the strain with the most rapid influx of neutrophils into the genital tract. Prolonged detection of MIP-2 in C3H/HeN mice was associated with a protracted presence of neutrophils in the genital tract. Early increases in the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β are associated with earlier eradication of infection in the C57BL/6 and BALB/c strains than in the C3H/HeN strain. Increased levels of MIP-2 and neutrophils in BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice relative to C57BL/6 mice suggest that these responses may contribute to pathology.
Starting Behind: Wage and Employment Differentials Between Young Adults With and Without Disabilities

We estimate the wage offers and employment of young adults with and without disabilities using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 data. We find evidence that wage offer and employment gaps ...
The Effect of External Memory Aids on Choice Strategy1

In a laboratory study involving brand choice of hi fi receivers, subjects who were free to use paper and pencil as an external memory aid used more complex choice strategies than subjects that were not provided with paper and pencil. These results are interpreted to mean that current information processing theories of consumer choice may overstate the effects of short term memory constraints.