cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forecasting British elections: a dynamic perspective

Abstract This is a plea for a dynamic perspective in forecasting British elections. Autoregressive models are capable of making forecasts in their own right (ex-ante, early, and unconditionally). Their large forecast errors, however, suggest that these models be used in combination with structural models of the vote. Lewis-Beck has identified the key short-term predictors of the vote such as government approval and economic conditions. The performance of such a vote model can only be helped by the inclusion of a dynamic element that captures the undeniable return of the British vote to equilibrium.
Co-Management of Natural Resources: The Long View from Northwestern Spain

Stakeholder co-management, a relatively new approach to environmental man agement, has come under criticism in recent years. The ethnographic and ethnohistorical record of co-management offers a rich body of experiences in responding to these criticisms. To illustrate, the history of local resource management of forests, water, land, and pastures in the upper Duero basin of Spain from the Reconquest to the liberal administrative reforms of the nineteenth century is discussed.
A fluorescent inositol phosphate glycan stimulates lipogenesis in rat adipocytes by extracellular activation alone.

Abstract The chemical synthesis of 2,6-dideoxy-2-amino-6-mercaptoglucopyranosyl-(α1–6)-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate and its conjugation with a lucifer yellow derivative are reported. The resulting fluorescent IPG analogue was able to stimulate lipogenesis in rat adipocytes despite the fact that it was not internalized into the cell. The results demonstrate that internalization of the IPG is not required for manifestation of its insulin-like effects.
Dynamic removal of oral biofilms by bubbles

A novel approach to the removal of biofilms from solid surfaces is to pass large numbers of air bubbles over the surfaces. Such a phenomenon occurs when teeth are brushed with some types of powered toothbrushes that accelerate bubbly fluid against or across teeth surfaces. Video recordings of air bubbles propelled against a mature biofilm of Streptococcus mutans showed that the bubbles removed the biofilm at the point of collision. A mathematical model of the removal process was proposed and was able to simulate the kinetics of the biofilm removal process. Removal rate was modeled to be proportional to the bubble footprint area and the number of collisions per time. The fraction of biofilm removed per bubble collision is on the order of 0.4, a value much larger than would have been expected based on previous research employing bubbles that moved slowly along a surface that was partially covered with adherent bacteria. The higher removal efficiency is attributed to fluid dynamic shear forces that occur in conjunction with the thermodynamic forces that pull bacteria from a surface as a bubble contacts the biofilm. Fast bubbly flow is expected to remove bacterial biofilm from hard surfaces such as teeth.
Role of Promyelocytic Leukemia (Pml) Protein in Tumor Suppression

The promyelocytic leukemia (PML) gene encodes a putative tumor suppressor gene involved in the control of apoptosis, which is fused to the retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) gene in the vast majority of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients as a consequence of chromosomal translocations. The PMLRARα oncoprotein is thought to antagonize the function of PML through its ability to heterodimerize with and delocalize PML from the nuclear body. In APL, this may be facilitated by the reduction to heterozygosity of the normal PML allele. To determine whether PML acts as a tumor suppressor in vivo and what the consequences of deregulated programmed cell death in leukemia and epithelial cancer pathogenesis are, we crossed PML−/− mice with human cathepsin G (hCG)-PMLRARα or mammary tumor virus (MMTV)/neu transgenic mice (TM), models of leukemia and breast cancer, respectively. The progressive reduction of the dose of PML resulted in a dramatic increase in the incidence of leukemia, and in an acceleration of leukemia onset in PMLRARα TM. By contrast, PML inactivation did not affect neu-induced tumorigenesis. In hemopoietic cells from PMLRARα TM, PML inactivation resulted in impaired response to differentiating agents such as RA and vitamin D3 as well as in a marked survival advantage upon proapoptotic stimuli. These results demonstrate that: (a) PML acts in vivo as a tumor suppressor by rendering the cells resistant to proapoptotic and differentiating stimuli; (b) PML haploinsufficiency and the functional impairment of PML by PMLRARα are critical events in APL pathogenesis; and (c) aberrant control of programmed cell death plays a differential role in solid tumor and leukemia pathogenesis.
Noise exposure reconstruction and evaluation of exposure trends in two large automotive plants.

This study used a task-based approach to reconstruct employee noise exposures at two large automotive manufacturing plants for the period 1970–1989, utilizing historic noise measurement data, work history records, documented changes in plant operations, focus group discussions, structured interviews with long-tenure employees, and task-based job profiles. Task-based job noise exposure profiles were developed in the 1990s when the plants conducted task-based noise monitoring. Under the assumption that tasks and time-at-task profile within jobs did not change over time, these profiles were applied to historic jobs. By linking historic noise exposure meas urements to job tasks, this approach allowed task-based reconstructed noise exposure profiles to capture variability of daily noise exposures. Reconstructed noise exposures, along with taskbased noise exposure measurements collected at each plant during the 1990s, were analyzed to examine time trends in workplace noise levels and worker noise exposure. Our analysis of noise exposure trends revealed that noise levels for many jobs declined by ≥3 dBA from 1970 to 1998 as operational and equipment changes occurred in the plants and some noise control measures were implemented, but for some jobs, noise levels increased in the mid- to late 1990s, most likely because of an increase in production at that time. Overall, the percentage of workers exposed to noise levels >90 dBA decreased from 95% in 1970 to 54% in 1998 at one of the plants and decreased from 36% in 1970 to ~5% in 1999 at the other plant. These reductions indicate a degree of success for the hearing conservation program. However, the actual number of employees with noise exposure >90 dBA increased because of a substantial increase in the number of production employees, particularly in jobs with high noise levels, which shows a hearing conservation program challenge that companies face during periods of increased production. Future analysis of hearing levels in these plant populations will help determine whether noise level reduction translates into decreased hearing loss at these plants.
The Origin of the Anaphora of the Liturgy of St. Basil

Dr. G. A. Michell has argued that the kind of Eucharistic Prayer presupposed in the letter of Firmilian to Cyprian, about a prophetess who arrogated to herself the functions of the ordained ministry, was an invocation, or naming, of the Trinity, ending with the Sanctus; that this was, therefore, the kind of Eucharistic Prayer which was used at Caesarea in Firmilian's time; and that it survives in the first part of the Anaphora of the Liturgy of St. Basil, ending with the Sanctus. If this is true, it follows that all the rest of the prayer has been added, after the original ending. The question arises, whether it is an original composition, or whether it is borrowed from another church. This essay will try to answer that question, in the light of an attempt to recover the original structure of this part of the prayer.
Cytologic findings of acquired cystic disease‐associated renal cell carcinoma: A report of two cases

Renal tumors may arise in the setting of end-stage renal cell disease. The risk is 100 times that of the normal population with an incidence ranging from 3–7%. The most common malignant tumor to arise in the setting of acquired cystic disease of the kidney is the acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma (ACD-associated RCC). The cytomorphologic features of ACD-associated RCC, which has not been described previously, show moderately cellular specimens composed of clusters of cells with papillary configuration. The cells ranged from polygonal to columnar and contained abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. The nuclei were round and centrally located, and the chromatin was finely granular with prominent central nucleoli that corresponded to Fuhrman's grade 3 nucleolar size. The main differential diagnosis is type 2 papillary renal cell carcinoma, from which it can be distinguished based on clinical findings only at this moment. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:344–347. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Understanding asphalt mastic behavior through micromechanics

The mechanical properties of asphalt-mineral filler mastics have long been known to significantly influence the overall performance of paving mixtures. However, reinforcement mechanisms associated with the presence of fillers in asphalt mastics are not well understood. Particulate composite micromechanical models are shown to be a powerful tool for separating various reinforcing mechanisms in asphalt mastics, including volume filling, physiochemical, and particle-interaction reinforcement. The generalized self-consistent scheme model is shown to predict very reasonable baseline reinforcement levels for asphalt mastics, and simplified prediction tools are presented as an alternative to the cumbersome micromechanical solution. An experimental program was conducted to evaluate micromechanical predictions of mastic properties over a broad range of temperatures and filler concentrations. A new equivalent rigid layer modeling technique was developed, which suggests that stiffening effects observed in mastics be...
Automated feature extraction from power system transients using wavelet transform

Feature extraction plays an important role for event detection and classification. In this paper, an automated feature extraction method based on wavelet packet transform and best basis algorithm has been proposed. The problem of shift invariance has also been discussed.
Correction of chemical-shift artifacts in 19F imaging of PFOB : a robust signed magnitude method

This paper describes a method for correcting the chemical-shift artifacts in 19F NMR imaging of perfluoroctylbromide emulsion (PFOB) by utilizing the two spectral peaks of PFOB which have a long T2 value in conjunction with the Dixon method. Corrected images are obtained from the magnitude of the measured images using the sign determined from the phase images. The method was tested in the presence of several phase deformation factors, such as static magnetic field inhomogeneity and inaccurate time shift of the π refocusing pulse, which affect the phase errors of each pixel in the reconstructed image. The advantage of the signed magnitude method is demonstrated experimentally by comparing it with the currently used complex and magnitude summation/subtraction methods. © 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
A new family of grain orinted glass-ceramics for piezoelectric and pyroelectric devices

Abstract Grain oriented polar glass-ceramics have been evaluated for application in piezoelectric and pyroelectric devices. The main advantage of the method is the possibility of preparing large area elements in a simple way at a relative low cost.
Diseases of the Female Genital Tract I

Transvaginal Sonography (TVS) is often the initial imaging exam used when evaluating the female genital tract. However, if the TVS is suboptimal or non-diagnostic, or if additional information is needed, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be considered. MRI is advantageous because of its multiplanar capability, high spatial and contrast resolution and lack of ionizing radiation. For the evaluation of a possible pelvic abnormalities, MRI is able to address the following clinical questions: (1) where is it? (e.g., uterine or ovarian); (2) what is it? (neoplastic or non-neoplastic, malignant or benign, congenital or acquired); and (3) how does the information impact patient management (e.g., selection of appropriate candidates for different therapies and patient monitoring following treatment).
Molecular battles between plant and pathogenic bacteria in the phyllosphere

The phyllosphere, i.e., the aerial parts of the plant, provides one of the most important niches for microbial colonization. This niche supports the survival and, often, proliferation of microbes such as fungi and bacteria with diverse lifestyles including epiphytes, saprophytes, and pathogens. Although most microbes may complete the life cycle on the leaf surface, pathogens must enter the leaf and multiply aggressively in the leaf interior. Natural surface openings, such as stomata, are important entry sites for bacteria. Stomata are known for their vital role in water transpiration and gas exchange between the plant and the environment that is essential for plant growth. Recent studies have shown that stomata can also play an active role in limiting bacterial invasion of both human and plant pathogenic bacteria as part of the plant innate immune system. As counter-defense, plant pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) DC3000 use the virulence factor coronatine to suppress stomate-based defense. A novel and crucial early battleground in host-pathogen interaction in the phyllosphere has been discovered with broad implications in the study of bacterial pathogenesis, host immunity, and molecular ecology of bacterial diseases.
Parametric Study of Injection Rates With Solenoid Injectors in an Injection Quantity and Rate Measuring Device

The rate at which fuel is injected into the cylinder of a direct injection Diesel engine has significant implications for the ensuing mixture formation and combustion processes. Advances in fuel injector technology enable a variety of advanced injection strategies, particularly very closely coupled injection events. In this work, a Moehwald HDA injection quantity and rate measuring unit is used to investigate the injection rates obtained with a pre-production solenoid injector with a fast acting, pressure-balanced control valve using a blend of n-hexadecane and heptamethylnonane (DPRF58). The effects of digital signal filtering on the rate shape and injected mass are investigated for a single injection. Additionally, the effects of physical parameters such as fuel and measurement chamber temperature, axial clamping force on the injector, high pressure line length, and solenoid current pull up time on the rate shape are investigated. The primary purpose of these simple parameter variations is to establish whether or not they have an impact on the measured injection rate traces and/or total measured injected masses. At each dwell time, the rates of injection are compared between the three injectors tested. These results show that these pre-production injectors can operate with very short dwell times while the injection rate curves indicate distinct pilot and main injection events and an influence of dwell on the rate shape of the main injection. Testing with PRF, a blend of n-heptane and isooctane, shows that while rates of injection are comparable to those obtained with the DPRF for a single injection, they are dramatically different for multiple injections. This has significant implications for the optical diagnostic techniques that may be employed to study the effects of multiple injections on the mixture formation process.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Modeling Landfast Sea Ice by Adding Tensile Strength

Landfast ice is sea ice that forms and remains fixed along a coast, where it is either attached to the shore or held between shoals or grounded icebergs. The current generation of sea ice models is not capable of reproducing certain aspects of landfast ice behavior, for example the persistence of landfast sea ice under the effect of offshore winds. The authors develop a landfast sea ice model by adding tensile strength to the viscous–plastic as well as two versions of the elastic–viscous–plastic sea ice rheologies. One-dimensional implementations of these rheologies are used to explore the ability of coastal sea ice to resist offshore winds over extended times. While all modified rheologies are capable of maintaining landfast ice–like structures in the model, only the viscous–plastic rheology fulfills theoretical expectations. The elastic–viscous–plastic rheologies show initial elastic waves that weaken the ice and thus reduce its capacity of maintaining landfast ice. Further, special care has to be taken when implementing the most commonly used version of the elastic– viscous–plastic rheology because the standard set of parameters is not adequate for landfast sea ice modeling.
Comparison of usual podiatric care and early physical therapy intervention for plantar heel pain: study protocol for a parallel-group randomized clinical trial

Background A significant number of individuals suffer from plantar heel pain (PHP) and many go on to have chronic symptoms and continued disability. Persistence of symptoms adds to the economic burden of PHP and cost-effective solutions are needed. Currently, there is a wide variation in treatment, cost, and outcomes of care for PHP with limited information on the cost-effectiveness and comparisons of common treatment approaches. Two practice guidelines and recent evidence of effective physical therapy intervention are available to direct treatment but the timing and influence of physical therapy intervention in the multidisciplinary management of PHP is unclear. The purpose of this investigation is to compare the outcomes and costs associated with early physical therapy intervention (ePT) following initial presentation to podiatry versus usual podiatric care (uPOD) in individuals with PHP.
The impact of mental health insurance laws on state suicide rates

In the 1990s and early 2000s, a number of states passed laws requiring mental health benefits to be included in health insurance coverage. The variation in the characteristics and enactment date of the laws provides an opportunity to measure the impact of increasing access to mental health care on mental health outcomes, as evidenced by state suicide rates. In contrast with previous research, results show that when states enact laws requiring insurance coverage to include mental health benefits at parity with physical health benefits, the suicide rate decreases significantly by 5%. The findings are robust to a number of specifications and falsification tests.
An auction-based flexible pricing scheme for renegotiated QoS connections and its evaluation

This work presents a new renegotiated flexibly-priced communication service. The service is based on a novel auction-based flexible pricing scheme, where the flexibility is expressed in terms of client-supplied budget functions that represent the upper bound on the bandwidth unit price the client is willing to pay, as a function of time. This flexibility allows for the admission control and the bandwidth maintenance policies of the scheme to be decentralized. The policies are implemented by the involved switches in a distributed fashion, such that the clients do not need to participate so long as their budget functions remain competitive. We define four measures of flow satisfaction in terms of the quality and the price. We have performed a comprehensive simulation study of the scheme that confirms its positive qualities. One of the main observations is that clients benefit financially when choosing flexible budget functions, when compared to clients that use fixed budget functions and that achieve similar quality of service. Flexible flows achieving 90% throughput satisfaction can save from 7% to 12% in bandwidth unit price, and flows that may be content with lower satisfaction can save up to 46%.
A better survival for women with heart failure? It's not so simple ...

The value of experience is not in seeing much, but in seeing wisely. —William Osler [(1)][1] Good news! The incidence of heart failure (HF) in women has dropped by one-third from the 1950s through the 1990s but has remained unchanged in men over the same time period [(2)][2]. This decline may be
Preparing Young and/or Disabled Children to Benefit from CBT in School-Based Settings

School psychologists and other school-based mental health workers service children from kindergarten age through the teenage years. The age span of students in schools is quite broad. In addition, some school psychologists service children while they are still in preschool and some handicapped students may remain under the public school umbrella into their twenties, continuing to require mental health services. Given the broad age range, the concerns in the literature around the use of CBT for young and handicapped children must be addressed. This is particularly important given Friedberg and Dalenberg’s (1991) warning that task demands can exceed the capacities of children. When this is the case, children may present as if they are resistant or avoidant when they are simply misunderstanding directions or the intentions of the therapist. Students may appear incompetent when the issues are developmental, or represent a deficit, or a delay.
Identification and Characterization of a Differentiation-Specific Antigen on Normal and Malignant Murine Erythroid Cells

Rauscher murine erythroleukemia cells grow continuously in vitro and undergo terminal differentiation in response to the physiological inducer erythropoietin. In the course of this developmental process they express many erythroid-specific markers. In order to investigate the expression of cell surface determinants during Rauscher cell differentiation we generated monoclonal antibodies to uninduced cells. Using an anti-Rauscher cell monoclonal antibody, we have identified a cell surface determinant, designated ERY-1, that is present on normal murine erythroid cells. This determinant is apparently absent from the early progenitor BFU-E, but is present on the more mature progenitors CFU-E and CFC-E. It disappears during erythroid maturation and is absent from the mature erythrocyte. This pattern of ERY-1 expression is exhibited with remarkable fidelity during the erythropoietin-induced differentiation of Rauscher cells. Such differentiation-specific expression of the ERY-1 determinant suggests that it may play a functional role in erythropoiesis.
Against Prediction: Profiling, Policing, and Punishing in an Actuarial Age

From random security checks at airports to the use of risk assessment in sentencing, actuarial methods are being used more than ever to determine whom law enforcement officials target and punish. And with the exception of racial profiling on our highways and streets, most people favor these methods because they believe they're a more cost-effective way to fight crime. In "Against Prediction," Bernard E. Harcourt challenges this growing reliance on actuarial methods. These prediction tools, he demonstrates, may in fact "increase" the overall amount of crime in society, depending on the relative responsiveness of the profiled populations to heightened security. They may also aggravate the difficulties that minorities already have obtaining work, education, and a better quality of life-thus perpetuating the pattern of criminal behavior. Ultimately, Harcourt shows how the perceived success of actuarial methods has begun to distort our very conception of just punishment and to obscure alternate visions of social order. In place of the actuarial, he proposes instead a turn to randomization in punishment and policing. The presumption, Harcourt concludes, should be "against prediction."
Common Misunderstandings of Electricity: Analysis of Interview- Responses of Electrical Engineering Technology Students

In the recent decade the wide body of research on misconceptions focused on establishing understandable schemes of why some scientific concepts are so difficult to understand for students in various Engineering Technology majors. The present interview-based, qualitative study of two student groups opened some interesting insides and explains common struggling of learning the basic electrical concepts. It had been observed that progressing from a freshman to a senior level, students developed strong technical/terminological vocabulary, but often they were unable to clear explain what those terms mean. Both student cohorts (from freshmen to seniors) continuously applied incorrect “water-analogy” to the concepts of current flow. Also, in majority of cases, they perceive electricity ontologically incorrect as a “Substance-that-can-be-used-up”.
Benefits of attending a summer camp for children with inflammatory bowel disease.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate knowledge ofpediatricpatientswithinﬂammatoryboweldisease(IBD)andperceptionsofCamp Gut Busters, an IBD summer camp.Methods: The present ethnographic study uses traditional anthropologicalmethods to investigate participants’ knowledge and perceptions of CampGut Busters. Data were gathered using in-depth qualitative interviews,participant observation during 4 Camp Gut Busters summer sessions, andattendance records for the summer camp. Participants either attended CampGutBusters(campers)ordidnotattend(noncampers).Campers’knowledgeandperceptionswerebasedon their actualexperienceat CampGutBusters,whereas those of noncampers were based on their expectations of camp.Results: Participant responses reference their illness experience with IBD,theirstrugglesoflearningtolivewithachroniccondition,andthebeneﬁtsofattending a disease-speciﬁc camp. Campers addressed notions of identity,the isolation associated with having a potentially stigmatizing chroniccondition, therapeutic routines, and awareness of IBD. Noncampersfocused on discomfort with IBD and their identity as an individual andchild with the disease.Conclusions: Pediatric patients with IBD who attended a disease-speciﬁcsummercampbeneﬁtedfromtheexperience.Exposuretopeerswithsimilartherapeutic routines and to the range of IBD helped campers build anempathetic social network and introduced a new perspective on theirdisease. Attending a disease-speciﬁc camp helps pediatric patients withIBD in psychosocial adjustment and acquisition of knowledge about theirdisease. Ultimately, it helps them learn to live with their chronic condition.Key Words: chronic illness, disease adjustment, pediatric inﬂammatorybowel disease, quality of life, summer camp
Present status of isolation perfusion and intra-arterial infusion technics.

The success of regional chemotherapy in malignancy depends chiefly on the sensitivity of the tumor to the particular agent that is used.Isolation perfusion of chemotherapeutic agents has apparently proved effective as an adjunctive measure in certain malignancies of the extremities; in other areas, leakage of the agent into the systemic circulation is such that no value is obtained from this procedure.Continuous intra-arterial administration of alkylating agents may prove effective in malignancies of the extremities, head and neck and pelvic regions.All forms of isolation perfusion and intra-arterial infusion have been equally impressive in relieving pain in far-advanced malignancies.
Inclusive. cap alpha. -particle production in the /sup 12/C+/sup 12/C reaction

The ..cap alpha..-particle yield from /sup 12/C+/sup 12/C has been measured for E/sub c.m./=12--31.5 MeV. The data exhibit many resonantlike structures, some of which are correlated with inelastic-scattering resonances. An anomalously large yield is observed in the E/sub c.m./=12--18 MeV region. The remarkable similarity in ..cap alpha..-particle yields from /sup 12/C+/sup 16/O and /sup 12/C+/sup 12/C above E/sub c.m./=18 MeV and the abrupt change in the nature of the resonant structure below this energy are discussed.
The World in a Blind Masseur's Eyes:An Analysis of the Narrative Perspective in the Novel Massage by Bi Feiyu

Massage,a novel by Bi Feiyu,could be regarded as a risk taken by the author himself,because he is trying to picture the life of a blind masseur who lives in the bottom of society by describing the hero's physical disabilities and psychological activities.The author aims at unveiling the blind's normal life in the society but not leading the readers to the characters' psychical disabilities.This novel has opened a scroll of pictures about the unknown life difficulties of the blind and their hopes for brightness in a dark world,which has definitely broken the prejudice against the blind hold by those who think that they are normal persons.
Protein requirements of mature working horses.

Eighteen mature horses were used to study proteins requirements of working horses. Treatments included intense exercise, medium exercise and maintenance in a 3 X 3 factorial arrangement with three levels of calculated dietary crude protein (CP; 8.5, 7.0 and 5.5%). The horses were on the various exercise-protein treatments for 60 d, then fasted 4 d to evaluate their N status after the treatment period. Exercise had no significant effect on body weight over the feeding and fasting periods. No one exercise or protein treatment expressed the classical low plasma albumin or total protein concentrations of protein-deficient or malnourished animals. Plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations reflected the amount of protein in the diet, with the horses fed the high-protein treatment having the highest PUN concentration (P less than .05). Fasting brought about a significant rise in the urinary percentage of urea + NH3 N, with the highest protein treatment excreting the highest percentage (P less than .05). Because plasma protein concentrations were maintained and labile protein reserves were apparently not depleted, it appears that the lowest protein diet containing 1.9 g digestible protein/W.75 was adequate, regardless of work load.
PKC activity modulates availability and long openings of L-type Ca2+ channels in A7r5 cells

The possibility that protein kinase C (PKC) could control the activity of L-type Ca2+ channels in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle-derived cells in the absence of agonist stimulation was investigated us...
Policies for Controlling Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in US Healthcare Facilities Reporting to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2014

We examined reported policies for the control of common multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in US healthcare facilities using data from the National Healthcare Safety Network Annual Facility Survey. Policies for the use of Contact Precautions were commonly reported. Chlorhexidine bathing for preventing MDRO transmission was also common among acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016:1-4.
REVIEW ESSAY: Did Pennsylvania Have a Middle Ground? Examining INdian-White Relations on the Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania Frontier

NEARLY EVERY STUDENT and scholar of Pennsylvania history is familiar with the story of the Paxton Boys. It has come to occupy an infamous but lasting place in the landscape of colonial Pennsylvania history. Indeed, several important scholarly books published over the last twelve years have afforded considerable attention to the Paxton Boys and their motivations for murder. This essay is, for the most part, about what historians have said about those motivations and the conditions that precipitated them.
Deoxyfluoro Sugars from Epoxides: 3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-d-xylose from Methyl 2,3-Anhydro-β-d-ribofuranoside

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation of deoxyfluoro sugars from epoxides. The method utilizes displacement reactions, involving reaction of fluorides in various solvents with suitably protected 2,2'-anhydronucleosides, carbohydrate epoxides, and sulfonate esters and leads to inversion at the carbon atom undergoing attack. The procedure described in the chapter involving reaction of fluoride with an epoxide in ethylene glycol has been used to synthesize mono-deoxyfluoro derivatives of d -arabinose, d -xylose, d -glucose, and d -altrose. This method possesses the advantage of leading to furanose derivatives suitable for the synthesis of nucleosides and the free sugar itself, both of which are of interest in the study of enzyme inhibition.
Nicotine enhancement and reinforcer devaluation: Interaction with opioid receptors

Abstract In rats, nicotine enhances responding maintained by non-pharmacological reinforcers, and discontinuation of nicotine devalues those same reinforcers. The goal of this study was to assess the interaction of nicotine and opioid receptors and to evaluate the degree to which nicotine enhancement and nicotine-induced devaluation are related to opioid activation. Nicotine (0.4 mg/kg), or nicotine plus naloxone (0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg), was delivered to rats prior to progressive ratio (PR) schedule sessions in which sucrose was used as a reinforcer. PR-schedule responding was assessed during ten daily sessions of drug delivery, and for three post-dosing days/sessions. Control groups for this investigation included a saline-only condition, and naloxone-only (0.3 or 3.0 mg/kg) conditions. When administered in conjunction with nicotine, both naloxone doses attenuated nicotine enhancement of the sucrose reinforcer, and the combination of the larger dose of naloxone (3.0 mg/kg) with nicotine produced significant impairments in sucrose reinforced responding. When administered alone, neither dose of naloxone (0.3 & 3.0 mg/kg) significantly altered responding in comparison to saline. Furthermore, when dosing was discontinued after ten once-daily doses, all nicotine groups (nicotine-only and nicotine + naloxone combination) demonstrated significant decreases in sucrose reinforcement compared to the saline group. Although opioid antagonism attenuated reinforcement enhancement by nicotine, it did not prevent reinforcer devaluation upon discontinuation of nicotine dosing, and the higher dose of naloxone (3.0 mg/kg) produced decrements upon discontinuation on its own in the absence of nicotine.
Financial and emotional support in close personal ties among Central Asian migrant women in Russia

This study advances research on the role of personal networks as sources of financial and emotional support in immigrants' close personal ties beyond the immediate family. Because resource scarcity experienced by members of immigrant communities is likely to disrupt normatively expected reciprocal support, we explored multi-level predictors of exchange processes with personal network members that involve (1) only receiving support, (2) only providing support, and (3) reciprocal support exchanges. We focus on an understudied case of Central Asian migrant women in the Russian Federation using a sample of 607 women from three ethnic groups-Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uzbek-who were surveyed in two large Russian cities-Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan. The survey collected information on respondents' demographic, socioeconomic, and migration-related characteristics, as well as characteristics of up to five individuals with whom they had a close relationship. Multi-level multinomial regression analyses were used to account for the nested nature of the data. Our results revealed that closer social relationships (siblings and friends) and greater levels of resources (income and regularized legal status) at both ego and alter levels were positively related to providing, receiving, and reciprocally exchanging financial and emotional support. Egos were more likely to provide financial assistance to transnational alters, whereas they were more likely to engage in mutual exchanges of emotional support with their network members from other countries. Personal network size and density showed no relationship with support exchanges. These findings provide a nuanced picture of close personal ties as conduits for financial and emotional support in migrant communities in a major, yet understudied, migrant-receiving context.
Ghrelin receptor antagonism of hyperlocomotion in cocaine‐sensitized mice requires βarrestin‐2

The "brain-gut" peptide ghrelin, which mediates food-seeking behaviors, is recognized as a very strong endogenous modulator of dopamine (DA) signaling. Ghrelin binds the G protein-coupled receptor GHSR1a, and administration of ghrelin increases the rewarding properties of psychostimulants while ghrelin receptor antagonists decrease them. In addition, the GHSR1a signals through βarrestin-2 to regulate actin/stress fiber rearrangement, suggesting βarrestin-2 participation in the regulation of actin-mediated synaptic plasticity for addictive substances like cocaine. The effects of ghrelin receptor ligands on reward strongly suggest that modulation of ghrelin signaling could provide an effective strategy to ameliorate undesirable behaviors arising from addiction. To investigate this possibility, we tested the effects of ghrelin receptor antagonism in a cocaine behavioral sensitization paradigm using DA neuron-specific βarrestin-2 KO mice. Our results show that these mice sensitize to cocaine as well as wild-type littermates. The βarrestin-2 KO mice, however, no longer respond to the locomotor attenuating effects of the GHSR1a antagonist YIL781. The data presented here suggest that the separate stages of addictive behavior differ in their requirements for βarrestin-2 and show that pharmacological inhibition of βarrestin-2 function through GHSR1a antagonism is not equivalent to the loss of βarrestin-2 function achieved by genetic ablation. These data support targeting GHSR1a signaling in addiction therapy but indicate that using signaling biased compounds that modulate βarrestin-2 activity differentially from G protein activity may be required.
On Time-Reversal of Reflected Brownian Motions

In this paper, a partial converse of a previous result on time-reversal of reflected Brownian motions is proved. Indeed, from [11], the time-reversal of a stationary reflected Brownian motion in a simple polyhedral domain is again a reflected Brownian motion if the directions of reflection satisfy a certain skew symmetry condition, and in this case the stationary distribution has a separable density. A converse of this result is proved here for a certain class of reflected Brownian motions in polyhedral domains that arise in applications to queueing theory. Before elaborating on this, some background on time-reversal of reflected Brownian motions is provided in the following paragraph.
Cost-effective write disturbance mitigation techniques for advancing PCM density

Rapid technology scaling has enabled the integration of many cores into a single chip. Given this level of core integration, the requirements for a large and scalable main memory system will only grow. Current DRAM-based main memory systems face power and scalability issues when working at sub-micron scales. Phase Change Memory (PCM) has been proposed as one of the most promising technology candidates to replace or complement DRAM. However, scaling down cell sizes introduces significant thermal-based write disturbance challenges in PCM. Due to the heat generated for programming cells, neighboring cells may be disturbed, experiencing changes in their values. A naive solution is to increase inter-cell space, attempting to isolate cell programming and eliminating write disturbance, but this approach significantly reduces PCM density. In this paper, we propose two cost-effective solutions to reduce the probability of write disturbance. Our solutions come with few side-effects on other memory system metrics. The first technique is based on data encoding, and tries to reduce the number of vulnerable data patterns when writing data to main memory. The second technique detects vulnerable cells, and overwrites them if their occurrence is below a set threshold. The proposed techniques are general and can avoid much of the performance overhead introduced by write disturbance. Our proposed solutions can reduce the average number of writes by 49% over traditional schemes, while incurring minimal impact on PCM lifetime and energy consumption.
A Quasi‐Physical Dynamic Reduced Order Model for Thermospheric Mass Density via Hermitian Space‐Dynamic Mode Decomposition

Thermospheric mass density is a major driver of satellite drag, the largest source of uncertainty in accurately predicting the orbit of satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) pertinent to space situational awareness. Most existing models for thermosphere are either physics-based or empirical. Physics-based models offer the potential for good predictive/forecast capabilities but require dedicated parallel resources for real-time evaluation and data assimilative capabilities that have yet to be developed. Empirical models are fast to evaluate, but offer very limited forecasting abilities. This paper presents a methodology of developing a reduced-order dynamic model from high-dimensional physics-based models by capturing the underlying dynamical behavior. This work develops a quasi-physical reduced order model (ROM) for thermospheric mass density using simulated output from NCAR's Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circular Model (TIE-GCM). The ROM is derived using a dynamic system formulation from a large dataset of TIE-GCM simulations spanning 12 years and covering a complete solar cycle. Towards this end, a new reduced order modeling approach, based on Dynamic Mode Decomposition with control (DMDc), that uses the Hermitian space of the problem to derive the dynamics and input matrices in a tractable manner is developed. Results show that the ROM performs well in serving as a reduced order surrogate for TIE-GCM while almost always maintaining the forecast error to within 5\% of the simulated densities after 24 hours.
Limits to Biodiversity (Species Packing)

Species packing is the study of the co-occurrence of different species of organisms in a particular sampling area. Certain regions are known to contain many species of particular groups. Samples of coral reefs, the middle depth sea bottoms, and some tropical forests contain many species while samples from arctic lakes, northern forests, and estuarine bottoms have relatively few. Since it is known that several species simultaneously introduced into a container cannot persist, there is a question about how so many species can be packed into certain situations and not into others. The theory of species packing was a response to this problem.
Impact of Breast Reconstruction on Time to Definitive Surgical Treatment, Adjuvant Therapy, and Breast Cancer Outcomes.

Delays in surgery and adjuvant treatment for breast cancer are associated with decreased survival. However, the time between diagnosis and surgery is rising, partly attributed to the added complexity of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR). We sought to investigate time to treatment and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients undergoing IBR. We performed a retrospective review of 2004–2014 California Cancer Registry data for stage 0–III breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. Time to surgery, adjuvant systemic therapy and radiation therapy, propensity score, and covariate-adjusted overall mortality hazard ratios (HRs) were assessed by IBR status. Of 56,782 patients, 13,738 (24.2%) underwent IBR, with a median follow-up of 68.8 months. Median time between diagnosis and surgery was increased for patients undergoing IBR compared with those without {49 days (interquartile range [IQR] 34–73) vs. 35 days (IQR 21–56), p 120 days demonstrated significantly lower survival in women < 60 years of age. While IBR delays time to definitive surgery, its use did not substantially affect time to adjuvant treatment or survival outcomes. Further research is ongoing to mitigate the effects of potential selection bias in favor of IBR.
Similar within-utterance loci of dysfluency in acquired neurogenic and persistent developmental stuttering.

Abstract Although the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown for both persistent developmental stuttering (PSD) and acquired neurogenic stuttering (ANS), few studies have examined similarities/differences between these two disorders. We evaluated in both PDS (n = 35) and ANS (n = 5) phonetic, word class, word length, and word position variables that are widely believed to influence at which loci within utterances PDS speakers’ stuttering is most likely to occur. For both groups, (a) word weights based on the combination of variables were greater for stuttered vs. fluent words, and (b) stuttered words were loaded more by individual variables. However, contrary to long-standing views regarding PDS, greater loading for stuttered words was not found for the position variable. Findings suggest similar loci of stuttering in adults with PDS and ANS, and, for both groups, the probability of stuttering on a given word was more influenced by motor production variables than language variables.
Mapping the sites of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) interaction provides mechanistic insight into LPL inhibition.

Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death throughout the world for nearly 2 decades. Hypertriglyceridemia affects more than one-third of the population in the United States and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Despite the frequency of hypertriglyceridemia, treatment options are primarily limited to diet and exercise. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is an enzyme responsible for clearing triglycerides from circulation, and its activity alone can directly control plasma triglyceride concentrations. Therefore, LPL is a good target for triglyceride-lowering therapeutics. One approach for treating hypertriglyceridemia may be to increase the amount of enzymatically active LPL by preventing its inhibition by angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4). However, little is known about how these two proteins interact. Therefore, we used hydrogen–deuterium exchange MS to identify potential binding sites between LPL and ANGPTL4. We validated sites predicted to be located at the protein–protein interface by using chimeric variants of LPL and an LPL peptide mimetic. We found that ANGPTL4 binds LPL near the active site at the lid domain and a nearby α-helix. Lipase lid domains cover the active site to control both enzyme activation and substrate specificity. Our findings suggest that ANGPTL4 specifically inhibits LPL by binding the lid domain, which could prevent substrate catalysis at the active site. The structural details of the LPL–ANGPTL4 interaction uncovered here may inform the development of therapeutics targeted to disrupt this interaction for the management of hypertriglyceridemia.
Diet-Induced Obesity in Cannabinoid-2 Receptor Knockout Mice and Cannabinoid Receptor 1/2 Double-Knockout Mice.

Objective Evidence suggests that cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1R) activation is associated with increased food intake and body weight gain. Human epidemiological studies, however, show decreased prevalence of obesity in cannabis users. Given the overlapping and complementary functions of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), mice lacking CB2R and mice lacking both CB1R and CB2R were studied. Methods A high-fat diet was used to study metabolic changes in male mice lacking CB2R (CB2-/- ) or lacking both CB1R and CB2R (double-knockout [CB-DKO]) compared with wild-type mice. Results When CB2-/- mice were maintained on a high-fat diet, their weight gain was not different from wild-type mice (gaining 19 and 21 g, respectively), whereas CB-DKO mice gained only 5 g. There were no significant differences in food intake or locomotor activity between the three groups. Respiratory exchange rate and heat production were elevated in CB-DKO mice, with upregulation of adipose tissue thermogenic genes. Glucose tolerance test and insulin levels indicated increased insulin sensitivity in CB-DKO mice, whereas CB2-/- displayed signs of impaired glucose clearance. Conclusions These results indicate that lacking both CB1R and CB2R protected mice from diet-induced obesity, possibly through the prominent role of CB1R in obesity or through an interactive effect of both receptors.