cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Independence of Size and Shape before and after Scale Change

Let \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{X} \) and \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{Q} \) be k-dimensional positive random vectors related by an unequal linear scale change; that is Qi = ai Xi, ai > 0, i = 1,…,k, with some ai ≠ aj. In this paper we study the independence of shape and size (or size-ratios) before and after the scale change. If, before the change, shape is independent of size, G(\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{X} \)), then the new shape after the change is also independent of G(\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{X} \)). However, shape after the change is not independent of size after, G(\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{Q}\)), unless the ratio G(\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{X} \))/G(\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{Q} \)) is degenerate. Similarly, if shape before the change is independent of a ratio of related size variables, then shape after the change cannot be independent of the same ratio applied to \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{Q} \) unless again G(\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{X} \))/G(\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{Q} \)) is degenerate. A consequence is that if proportions (shape) follow a generalized Dirichlet distribution before the change on \(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle\thicksim}$}}{X} \) they cannot do so after the change.
Zeroth Law Revisited; Motive Forces; Thermodynamic Stability

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics asserts that if a given macroscopic system is in thermal equilibrium simultaneously with two different systems, then those two (otherwise separate) systems are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Further, whenever this happens, there is a property common to all three systems. This property is identified as the “temperature.”
Adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy on cognitive impairment for men with prostate cancer: A meta-analysis.

e16506Background: Use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may confer a higher risk of cognitive impairment. Published results are variable and lack consensus. Our objective was to perform meta-an...
Laser Annealing to Enhance Performance of All-Laser-Based Silicon Back Contact Solar Cells

This study investigated the use of lasers for the fabrication of interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells where low-power laser annealing was used to improve the device performance. We have successfully demonstrated a novel concept of low-power laser annealing after the high-power laser doping which can effectively activate the dopants and increase the diffusion length as noticed by the decrease of sheet resistance. The low-power laser annealing decreased the series resistance and increased the fill factor to 77.2%, compared to 68.1% in non-annealed devices. The photovoltaic efficiency of 18.9% was achieved in laser annealed cells, compared to 16.5% in non-annealed cells.
Ensuring Causal, Not Casual, Inference

With innovation in causal inference methods and a rise in non-experimental data availability, a growing number of prevention researchers and advocates are thinking about causal inference. In this commentary, we discuss the current state of science as it relates to causal inference in prevention research, and reflect on key assumptions of these methods. We review challenges associated with the use of causal inference methodology, as well as considerations for hoping to integrate causal inference methods into their research. In short, this commentary addresses the key concepts of causal inference and suggests a greater emphasis on thoughtfully designed studies (to avoid the need for strong and potentially untestable assumptions) combined with analyses of sensitivity to those assumptions.
Disciplinary Applications of Information Literacy Threshold Concepts. Samantha Godbey, Susan Beth Wainscott, and Xan Goodman, eds., for the Association of Research Libraries. Chicago: American Library Association, 2017. 368p. Paper, $72.00 (ISBN 978-0-8389-8970-8).

Approaches to student learning and information literacy continue to evolve. Threshold concepts in information literacy (IL) are a relatively new way of critically considering the learning that students do. The editors note in their introduction that “threshold concepts are currently defined by the following characteristics: transformative, integrative, irreversible, bounded, and troublesome” and include a discussion of what each defining characteristic means. The ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education , introduced in 2015, is based in part on the idea of threshold concepts, and each frame was developed with threshold concepts in mind. The discussion of what constitutes an information literacy threshold concept has been an important part of a larger conversation of how to approach the use of the ACRL Framework . This book strives to address some of the questions surrounding information literacy threshold concepts within specific disciplines with the ultimate goal of improving student-learning experiences in impactful ways.
Tailored Activities to Reduce Neuropsychiatric Behaviors in Persons With Dementia: Case Report

Importance: Neuropsychiatric behaviors of persons with dementia, including agitation, aggression, and rejection of care, are almost universal; occur throughout the disease process; and have negative consequences for both persons with dementia and their caregivers. Nonpharmacological approaches are now recognized as first-line treatment to address these behaviors. One promising approach is activity tailored to the person’s interests, abilities, and physical and social environment. An evidence-based program, New Ways for Better Days: Tailoring Activities for Persons With Dementia and Their Caregivers (TAP), draws on occupational therapy principles (person–environment–occupation fit, activity analysis) to meaningfully engage persons with dementia. Objective: This case report describes the TAP protocol and clinical reasoning processes underlying use of tailored activities as a therapeutic modality to address dementia-related neuropsychiatric behaviors. Design: This is a case study of an African-American woman in her 60s caring for her father, age 92, who has severe dementia and multiple behaviors. Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes in this case report include the person with dementia’s engagement in an activity and the reported neuropsychiatric behaviors. In addition, the caregiver’s confidence in using activities is reported. These and other measures from the TAP protocol are described in full. Results: After working with an occupational therapist for eight sessions, the person with dementia’s engagement in activity increased by 50% and his frequency of vocal disturbance decreased, and the caregiver felt more confident in using activities with her father. Conclusion and Relevance: This case report illustrates how occupational therapists working with families of persons with dementia can use the TAP protocol to help them manage neuropsychiatric behaviors by tailoring activities. What This Article Adds: Occupational therapists are uniquely qualified to systematically assess the cognitive functioning of persons with dementia, caregivers, and home environments and to integrate this information to derive and implement activities tailored to the person’s capacities and context, thereby reducing neuropsychiatric behaviors and increasing engagement in meaningful activity.
Mode of Action of Aspirin in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and debilitating autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system in which the autoimmune T cells destroy myelin, thus causing lesion, damage, and neuronal dys...
Present but not prevalent: identifying the organizational correlates of researcher-practitioner partnerships in U.S. Law Enforcement

Federal funding streams, the International Association of Chiefs of Police, and policing executives and scholars alike have advocated for more researcher-practitioner partnerships in American law enforcement. While a few studies have explored the growth and prevalence of research partnerships in policing, less attention has been placed on the organizational correlates of such collaborative relationships. Using a nationally representative sample of US law enforcement agencies, the current study investigated participation in what we term ‘rigorous partnerships’ – more formal, long-term relationships between researchers and practitioners with increased opportunity for interactive knowledge exchange. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed, with a specific focus on the barriers and impediments that both parties face for successful collaborative efforts and research translation.
Predictors of Improved Aerobic Capacity in Individuals With Chronic Stroke Participating in Cycling Interventions.

Abstract Objective To determine demographic and physiological factors that predict improvement in aerobic capacity among individuals with chronic stroke participating in cycling interventions. Design Secondary analysis of data from 2 randomized clinical trials. Setting Research laboratory. Participants Individuals with chronic stroke (N=44). Interventions Participants were randomized to one of the following interventions: forced aerobic exercise and upper extremity repetitive task practice (FE+UERTP, n=16), voluntary aerobic exercise and upper extremity repetitive task practice (VE+UERTP, n=15), or a nonaerobic control group (control, n=13). All interventions were time-matched and occurred 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Main Outcome Measure Aerobic capacity as measured by peak oxygen consumption per unit time (VO2peak) during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing. Results Significant improvements in VO2peak were observed from baseline to postintervention in the VE+UERTP group (P Conclusions High exercise rate (cycling cadence) appears to be an important variable in improving aerobic capacity and should be considered when prescribing aerobic exercise for individuals with chronic stroke. Those with low VO2peak at baseline may benefit the most from aerobic interventions as it relates to cardiorespiratory fitness. Further investigation is warranted to understand the precise role of other exercise and demographic variables in the prescription of aerobic exercise for this population and their effects on secondary stroke prevention and mortality.
Improving implantable cardioverter defibrillator deactivation discussions in admitted patients made DNR and comfort care

Background Unintended shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) are often distressing to patients and family members, particularly at the end of life. Unfortunately, a large proportion of ICDs remain active at the time of death among do not resuscitate (DNR) and comfort care patients. Methods We designed standardised teaching sessions for providers and implemented a novel decision tool in the electronic medical record (EMR) to improve the frequency of discussions surrounding ICD deactivation over a 6-month period. The intended population was patients on inpatient medicine and cardiology services made DNR and/or comfort care. These rates were compared with retrospective data from 6 months prior to our interventions. Results After our interventions, the rates of discussions regarding deactivation of ICDs improved from 50% to 93% in comfort care patients and from 32% to 70% in DNR patients. The rates of deactivated ICDs improved from 45% to 73% in comfort care patients and from 29% to 40% in DNR patients. Conclusion Standardised education of healthcare providers and decision support tools and reminders in the EMR system are effective ways to increase awareness, discussion and deactivation of ICDs in comfort care and DNR patients.
Analysis of the front Mg x Zn 1-x O interface in CdTe thin film solar cells using Density Functional Theory (DFT)

Using DFT in conjunction with semi-empirical methods, band alignments at the interfaces of thin film solar cells employing CdTe as the absorber material have been investigated. This study was performed on certain orientations of the interface between cubic CdTe(111) and the hexagonal metal oxides ZnO(0002) and the ternary Mg x Zn 1-x O (0002). The results indicate that electronic states at the interfaces are influenced by surface chemistry (termination), with the band alignment affected by relative strain and structural relaxation.
Younger age is associated with greater early neurocognitive decline postcardiopulmonary bypass

Structured Abstract Objective The effect of aging on post-operative NCD in cardiac surgery patients. Methods Patients undergoing CABG or open AVR were administered RBANS battery at pre-op, POD4, and 1 month. Blood samples were collected at pre-op, 6hrs post-op, and POD4. Plasma IL-6, TNF-a, and CRP levels were quantified. QOL was measured with SF-12 survey. Data were analyzed using paired ratio and unpaired t-tests with Welch's correction, and linear regression for cytokine levels. Results NCD occurred in 15 patients (N=33, 45.5%). Dichotomized at age extremes ( Conclusion Younger patients tend to have better cognitive scores before surgery, but scores at POD4 are similar to those of older patients, with this trend disappearing at 1 month. IL-6 and CRP upregulation is greater in younger patients, suggesting that a robust peri-operative inflammatory response may be associated with reduction in neurocognitive function, and this may be greater in younger vs older patients.
Investigating the use of microhubs and crowdshipping for last mile delivery

Abstract The rise of e-commerce and same-day delivery services has led to increased freight movement in urban areas adding to negative externalities, including traffic congestion, noise, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates the performance of a microhub delivery paradigm in combination with crowdshipping. Performance was evaluated by comparing it with the traditional hub-and-spoke delivery service paradigm. The proposed Microhubs with Crowdshipping delivery paradigm aims to reduce the number of trucks and crowdshippers dispatched, their fuel usage and operating costs. The study also investigates the effect of network size on the performance of the proposed paradigm.
Do Violations of Global Beliefs and Goals Drive Distress and Meaning Making Following Life Stressors

Theoretical and treatment approaches posit that violations of beliefs and goals by stressful experiences drive distress and meaning making. However, empirical work examining this notion is limited....
A Multimode Multi-Efficiency-Peak Digital Power Amplifier

A 30.0-dBm polar digital power amplifier (PA) is implemented based on a switched-capacitor PA (SCPA) and multiple efficiency-enhancement techniques, such as Class-G, Doherty, and time interleaving (TI). The PA demonstrates six efficiency peaks and seamless efficiency curves between the peaks in the power back-off (PBO) region with the three efficiency-enhancement techniques. For the implementation of the efficient and linear Class-G technique, a linear single-supply current-reuse Class-G switch is proposed. It realizes a Class-G operation without any additional dedicated supply voltages, resulting in enhanced efficiency and reduced cost for an external power management unit (PMU). A local oscillator (LO) signal restoration technique is proposed to reduce the area and power consumption for the LO signal distribution. The prototype SCPA, fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS, generates 30-dBm peak output power ( $P_{\mathrm {OUT}}$ ) at 2.4 GHz and achieves drain efficiency (DE) (normalized DE) of 40.2% (100%), 37.9% (94.3%), 38.8% (96.3%), 36.3% (90.2%), 29.4% (73.0%), and 19.7% (48.9%) at 0-, 2.5-, 6-, 8.5-, 12-, and 18-dB PBOs, respectively. It achieves less than ±1° amplitude modulation (AM)–phase modulation (PM) distortion with a continuous-wave (CW) signal. It also demonstrates error vector magnitude (EVM) of −41.7 dB (−44.5 dB) and DE of 30.3% (36.2%) at an average output power of 19.1 dBm (23.2 dBm) for a 10-MHz 64-quadrature AM (QAM) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) signal with a 10.9-dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) (10-MHz single-carrier 1024-QAM signal with 6.8-dB PAPR).
Cold Brew: Distilling Graph Node Representations with Incomplete or Missing Neighborhoods

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved state of the art performance in node classification, regression, and recommendation tasks. GNNs work well when high-quality and rich connectivity structure is available. However, this requirement is not satisfied in many real world graphs where the node degrees have power-law distributions as many nodes have either fewer or noisy connections. The extreme case of this situation is a node may have no neighbors at all, called Strict Cold Start (SCS) scenario. This forces the prediction models to rely completely on the node's input features. We propose Cold Brew to address the SCS and noisy neighbor setting compared to pointwise and other graph-based models via a distillation approach. We introduce feature-contribution ratio (FCR), a metric to study the viability of using inductive GNNs to solve the SCS problem and to select the best architecture for SCS generalization. We experimentally show FCR disentangles the contributions of various components of graph datasets and demonstrate the superior performance of Cold Brew on several public benchmarks and proprietary e-commerce datasets. The source code for our approach is available at: https://github.com/amazon-research/gnn-tail-generalization.
Wireless local area networks: the new wireless revolution

Contributors. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Guide to Wireless LAN Analysis. The Evolution of 2,4-GHz Wireless LANs (C. Heegard, et al.). The 5-GHz IEEE 802.11a Wireless LAN (J. Chen). Migration Strategies for IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs 91. 5-GHz Radio Spectrum Regulations (T. Tan). Quality of Service and Multimedia Support in 802.11 Standards (G. Parks). Overview of Wireless LAN Security. Wireless Network Security (D. Stanley). Building Secure Wireless Local Area Networks. Wireless LAN for Mobile Operators (P. Lane). Wireless LAN Access Architecture for Mobile Operators (J. Ala-Laurila, et al.). From Wirelss LANs to Wireless Network Solutions: Applying Lessons from Cellular Networking to Enterprise Wireless Networking (S.K. Singhal). The Bluetooth Basics (M. Sheppard). Coexistence of IEEE 802.11b WLAN and Bluetooth WPAN (S.J. Shellhammer). An Introduction to Ultra Wide Band Wireless Technology (K. Siwak and L.L.Huckabee). Glossary. Related Web Sites. About the Author. Index.
On the filtration performance of dust-loaded trilobal fibers

Abstract This paper is prepared to shed some light on the filtration performance of fibers with trilobal cross-section in comparison to their circular counterparts when loaded with aerosol particles. A trilobal geometry consisting of three overlapping elliptical lobes with major and minor diameters of 8 and 4 μm, and a particle diameter range of 0.125–2 μm are considered as representative examples of fibers and particles of a common aerosol filtration application. The results reported in this paper are obtained using micro- and macroscale simulation methods that we previously developed for modeling unsteady-state dust-cake formation inside and outside fibrous filters. Different flow velocities are considered to discuss performance of trilobal fibers under different particle capture regimes. For the range of particle and fiber diameters considered, the trilobal fibers are found to outperform their circular counterparts only when the particles are highly inertial, and only if the orientation of the trilobal cross-section with respect to the incoming flow is such that one of the grooves of the fiber faces the flow with a normal angle. This is in agreement with our previous simulations of clean trilobal fibers. In the case of low inertial particles, trilobal fibers were found to exhibit a higher efficiency with loading but at the expense of a significantly higher pressure drop. With the lack of perfect control over how the grooves will be oriented in a fibrous filter, one may conjecture that, other parameters being constant, the probability of an aerosol filter comprised of trilobal fibers performing better than its counterpart made of circular fibers is not very high. We also studied the effects of the through-plane orientation of the trilobal fibers on their performance relative to their circular counterpart. Similar conclusions were drawn from the latter simulations.
DSM-III. A step forward or back in terms of the classification of child psychiatric disorders?

Abstract This paper appraises DSM-III as a classification of child psychiatric disorders. Its successes include the use of a phenomenological approach, its recognition that disorders rather than individuals should be classified, the introduction of a multiaxial framework, the provision of a more comprehensive listing of child psychiatric disorders, improved diagnostic criteria, the addition of codings for psychosocial stressors, and the recognition that disorders may persist into adult life. Criticisms of DSM-III as a source of discriminatory labeling are rejected. However, criticisms are made of the structure of the multiaxial system, the decision not to put mental retardation on a separate axis, the principles employed on the psychosocial axes, the proliferation of unvalidated diagnostic categories, and the extension of research diagnostic criteria to categories which lack the empirical findings which might justify them. Nevertheless, DSM-III constitutes a marked improvement over DSM-II and represents a landmark in the development of psychiatric classification systems.
Plage and Enhanced Network Indices Derived from Ca II K Spectroheliograms

NSO Sacramento Peak Ca II K images are analyzed for the years 1992 through September 1996 with about a 50% coverage,. The plage, decayed plage, enhanced network, and quiet-Sun features are identified on each image with an algorithm that uses the criteria of intensity, size, and filling factor. These algorithms can be adapted for analyzing spectroheliograms from ground-based or space-based observatories. Plage and enhanced network indices, for these time periods, are shown. We present intensity contrasts for the plage, decayed plage, and enhanced network. We also find that these contrasts, which are an average of the structures intensity relative to the quiet Sun over the whole disk, remain essentially constant over the solar cycle.
Iris compression for cryptographically secure person identification

This paper proposes EyeCerts, a biometric system for identification of people, which achieves off-line verification of certified, cryptographically secure documents. An EyeCert is a printed document, which certifies the association of a given text with a biometric feature-a compressed version of a human iris in this work. As a central component of the EyeCert system, an iris analysis technique that extracts and compresses the unique features of a given iris using limited storage is presented. The compressed features should be at maximal distance with respect to a reference iris image database. The iris analysis algorithm performs several steps in three main phases: (i) it detects the human iris, (ii) it converts the isolated iris using a modified Fourier-Mellin transform into a standard domain where the common radial patterns of the human iris are concisely represented, and (iii) it optimally selects, aligns, and near-optimally compresses the most distinctive transform coefficients for each individual user. Using a low quality imaging system (sub-US$100) and developed and readily available low complexity processing techniques, the overall system is shown to have probabilities of false negative and false positive on the order of 10/sup -5/.
A Case Study of the Hybrid Model for Facilitating Cross-Border Legal Practice: The Agreement between the American Bar AssociationAnd the Brussels Bars

This paper contains two separate sections. The first section analyzes the different approaches that have been used to respond to global cross-border legal practice. The article distinguishes among several different models of regulation, including models that have been used where there is no single regulatory authority and models that have been used where there is a single regulating authority. The paper observes that one possible model to use where there is no single regulatory authority is the "hybrid approach" in which an agreement is reached between regulatory authorities and private sector lawyers (or their representatives). The second section of this paper examines the 1994 agreement between the American Bar Association and the two Bar Associations that regulate Brussels lawyers; the Agreement is an example of the hybrid model of regulating cross-border legal practice. This section of the paper provides background information about the legal situation in Brussels before 1994 and a summary of the Brussels Bars' dealings with foreign lawyers up until the Agreement. It continues with a "behind-the-scenes" explanation of how the Agreement was developed. The article continues by analyzing the substance of the Agreement, including its provisions related to forms of association, scope of practice, and ethics and discipline issues. This second section provides information about the implementation of the Agreement. It concludes with an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the hybrid model for facilitating cross-border legal practice. The appendices to the article include the Agreement and the Brussels Bars' foreign lawyer registration forms.
High-performance architectures

The author discusses the following architectures: mini-supercomputers; super-minicomputers; and high performance workstations. Such systems are becoming increasingly important in applications ranging from transaction processing to modeling physical systems, and are blurring the traditional performance/price hierarchy of minicomputers, mainframes, and traditional supercomputers. >
Identification and Determination of Organic Acids in Sea Water by Partition Chromatography

Sea water was examined for the identification and determination of organic acids. Samples were frozen at -7°C at the time of collection, and subsequently melted and -filtered through Millipore (registered trademark, Millipore Filter Corp., Bedford, Mass.) filters in the laboratory. From 4 to 8 liters of the filtered samples were condensed to about one-fifth of their volume by vacuum distillation, and organic acids were removed by continuous chloroform or ether extraction. Acetic (0.07 to 2.8 mg/Jiter), formic (0.03 to 1.0 mg/liter), lactic (0.00 to 0.13 mgt liter). and glycolic (0.00 to 1.4 ms'fliter) acid were identified and determined by partition chromatgraphy on a silica gel column in samples from the northeast Pacific and inshore waters of the State of Washington. Offshore waters contained smaller concentrations of these acids as did the deeper waters from the inshore stations. The evidence indicates that the major part ~£ these acids are breakdown products of organic compounds of high molecular weight.
Some Experiments with Queer Sentences

Eight sorts of sentences—true, false, contradictory, analytic, anagram, and three sorts of semi-grammatical sentences were used as experimental materials in three experiments; a rating task, a short-term memory task, and a free-recall task. Predictions of the relative degrees of " cognitive impairment " of the sentence types were derived, chiefly from a generative grammar. In general, the predictions were confirmed, with the results of the three tasks being generally similar. This similarity is interpreted as indicating that the main effect of queer sentences on cognitive processes is at the level of initial comprehension, i.e. on the production of a semantic reading, rather than on various memory processes. In contrast, false sentences were found to be easier than true sentences in the free-recall task but slightly harder than true ones in the short-term memory task.
Contrast-enhanced diagnostic ultrasound causes renal tissue damage in a porcine model.

Objective. Glomerular capillary hemorrhage (GCH) has been reported and confirmed as a consequence of contrast-enhanced diagnostic ultrasound (CEDUS) imaging of rat kidney. This study assessed renal tissue injury in the larger porcine model. Methods. The right kidneys of anesthetized pigs were imaged in 8 groups of 4 pigs. A Vingmed System Five ultrasound machine (General Electric Co, Cincinnati, OH) was used at 1.5 MHz in the B-mode to intermittently scan the kidney at 4-second intervals. An Acuson Sequoia 512 machine (Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA) was used in the 1.5-MHz Cadence contrast pulse sequencing mode with intermittent agent clearance bursts at 4second intervals. Kidneys were scanned transabdominally or after laparotomy through a saline standoff. The second machine’s probe was placed in contact with the kidney for 1 group. A perflutren lipid microsphere contrast agent (Definity; Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc, North Billerica, MA) was infused at 4 µL/kg/min (diluted 33:1 in saline) for 4 minutes during scanning. Results. Blood-filled urinary tubules were evident on the kidney surface for all groups except the group with the probe in contact with the kidney. Glomerular capillary hemorrhage was found by histologic processing in 31.7% ± 9.8% (mean ± SD) of glomeruli in the center of the scan plane for 1.7-MPa transabdominal scanning and 1.5% ± 2.9% of glomeruli in sham samples (P < .05). In addition, hematuria was detected after scanning, and tubular obstruction occurred in some nephrons. Conclusions. Renal tissue damage was induced by CEDUS in the porcine model. This result, together with previous studies in rats, support a hypothesis that GCH would occur in humans from similar CEDUS exposure. Key words: Bowman’s space clot; diagnostic ultrasound adverse effects; glomerular hemorrhage; renal intratubular obstruction; ultrasound contrast agent.
Tracking the multi-component motion of a cable using a television camera

A realizable, accurate, real-time method for measuring and tracking the multi-component displacement and velocity of a cable under arbitrary dynamic environments is presented. Such measurements are essential for the control and monitoring of smart structures. The approach utilizes a TV camera, commercial x-y tracker and a conventional PC, with a limited number of channels, to give interpolated displacement estimates to within 0.25 cm anywhere on a 15 m cable. The method avoids use of complicated instrumentation cabling, but is limited to structures with frequencies of interest of less than 15 Hz. The measurement approach can perform well in most environmental settings, but may be limited by severe rain or sun interference.
Modeling of ductile fracture: Application of the mechanism-based concepts

Abstract This paper summarizes our recent studies on modeling ductile fracture in structural materials using the mechanism-based concepts. We describe two numerical approaches to model the material failure process by void growth and coalescence. In the first approach, voids are considered explicitly and modeled using refined finite elements. In order to predict crack initiation and propagation, a void coalescence criterion is established by conducting a series of systematic finite element analyses of the void-containing, representative material volume (RMV) subjected to different macroscopic stress states and expressed as a function of the stress triaxiality ratio and the Lode angle. The discrete void approach provides a straightforward way for studying the effects of microstructure on fracture toughness. In the second approach, the void-containing material is considered as a homogenized continuum governed by porous plasticity models. This makes it possible to simulate large amount of crack extension because only one element is needed for a representative material volume. As an example, a numerical approach is proposed to predict ductile crack growth in thin panels of a 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, where a modified Gologanu–Leblond–Devaux model [Gologanu, M., Leblond, J.B., Devaux, J., 1993. Approximate models for ductile metals containing nonspherical voids – Case of axisymmetric prolate ellipsoidal cavities. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 41, 1723–1754; Gologanu, M., Leblond, J.B., Devaux, J., 1994. Approximate models for ductile metals containing nonspherical voids – Case of axisymmetric oblate ellipsoidal cavities. J. Eng. Mater. Tech. 116, 290–297; Gologanu, M., Leblond, J.B., Perrin, G., Devaux, J., 1995. Recent extensions of Gurson’s model for porous ductile metals. In: Suquet, P. (Ed.) Continuum Micromechanics. Springer-Verlag, pp. 61–130] is used to describe the evolution of void shape and void volume fraction and the associated material softening, and the material failure criterion is calibrated using experimental data. The calibrated computational model successfully predicts crack extension in various fracture specimens, including the compact tension specimen, middle crack tension specimens, multi-site damage specimens and the pressurized cylindrical shell specimen.
Systemic lupus erythematosus with paraproteinemia

Nine patients (2.2%) in a group of 415 who were followed in a longitudinal prospective study of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were found to have various monoclonal (M) proteins in their blood (IgG [6 patients], IgA [2 patients], IgM [1 patient]). No other findings compatible with plasmacytic dyscrasia were found. Bence Jones proteinuria was absent. Bone marrow aspirates and skeletal radiographs did not reveal any associated features of malignancy. Four of the 9 patients were under the age of 50. From the point of view of the M components, 3 groups emerged: transient (2 patients), persistently stable (6 patients), and increasing serum concentrations (1 patient). Using current measures of disease status, no correlation was apparent between the presence, type, and concentration of the M protein and the clinical and laboratory variables of lupus activity. Thus, M proteins were found in 2% of our SLE patients, but their relationship to the polyclonal B cell activation seen in this disorder, or perhaps to therapeutic modalities used in its treatment, remains to be elucidated.
Experimental Studies Bearing on the Origin of Pseudoleucite and Associated Problems of Alkalic Rock Systems

Selected parts of the system nepheline-kalsilite-silica-water were studied at elevated temperatures and, for the most part, at a constant P H 2 o of 1000 bars. Concomitantly, experimental work was carried out with natural specimens of leucite and pseudoleucite. The liquidus of the isobaric section through the quaternary system ( P H 2 o = 1000 bars) is substantially lower (200°–400° C) than in the ternary system nepheline-kalsilite-silica, and the primary field of leucite is considerably restricted. Leucite solid solution is extensive along the join KAlSi 2 O 6 –NaAlSi 2 O 6 , reaching 28 weight per cent NaAlSi 2 O 6 at 1000 bars. The solid solution increases as the water-vapor pressure decreases and reaches a maximum of ~40 weight per cent in the dry system. Below the solidus, sodium-rich leucite becomes unstable and breaks down to nepheline and feldspar as the temperature falls. This subsolidus reaction continues until either the leucite is completely converted to nepheline and feldspar or the remainder is so poor in sodium that it becomes stable. The subsolidus breakdown of leucite solid solution is responsible for the formation of pseudoleucite. Whether or not pseudoleucite may also result from the breakdown of a potassium-rich analcite was not definitely determined. The importance of the incongruent melting of K feldspar and reactions at the peritectic has been overestimated in explaining the phase assemblage nepheline-feldspar. Most plutonic alkalic rocks that crystallized leucite during their cooling history, and that now consist of nepheline and feldspar, owe their final assemblage to the subsolidus breakdown of leucite solid solution.
Ora Wiskind-Elper. Tradition and Fantasy in the Tales of Reb Nahman of Bratslav. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. viii, 310 pp.

Few critical terms in use over the past two decades have been so abused and hence rendered almost meaningless as “postmodern.” And yet the term can be used to advantage to describe a period, its critical suppositions, and its inherent dispositions. It does signify the blurring of categories and styles, the shifting of identities, the often self-conscious invasion of the objective by the subjective. When the author of a serious scholarly study of a complex, seminal religious figure—a major influence and icon in modern Jewish narrative art like Reb Nahman of Bratslav (1772–1810)—designates herself a postmodern and conducts her investigation as a postmodernist scholar, we cannot ignore this hermeneutic stance.
The nonlinear optimization problem in heat conduction

In this paper we study the existence and geometric properties of an optimal configuration to a nonlinear optimization problem in heat conduction. The quantity to be minimized is $\int_{\partial D} \Gamma (x,u_\mu) d\sigma$ , where D is a fixed domain. A nonconstant temperature distribution is prescribed on $\partial D$ and a volume constraint on the set where the temperature is positive is imposed. Among other regularity properties of an optimal configuration, we prove analyticity of the free boundary.
The Differential Geometry of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Games

Via the Riemannian metric introduced by Shahshahani and Conley, some elementary ideas from differential geometry have proved broadly useful in mathematical biology. The mathematics is not very deep but it is unfamiliar to many, so we begin with a survey of the elements of linear algebra on Euclidean vector spaces and of calculus on Riemannian manifolds. We then apply the Shahshahani metric to population genetics, deriving the occurrence of cycling in the two locus, two allele model. Then we turn to evolutionary games and compare the ESS condition with other notions of stability.
Comparisons of selected methods for the determination of kinetic parameters from electrothermal atomic absorption data

Abstract Three of the methods available for the determination of kinetic parameters for atom formation in ETAAS were compared. In the approach of mcnally and holcombe [ Anal. Chem . 59 , 1015 (1987)], Arrhenius-type plots are used to extract activation energy values while an approximation of the order of release is obtained by studying the alignment of the absorption maxima at increasing analyte concentrations. In the method of rojas and olivares [ Spectrochim. Acta 47B , 387 (1992)], plots are prepared for different orders of release, with the correct order yielding a longer linear region from whose slope the activation energy is calculated. The method of yan et al . [ Spectrochim. Acta 48B , 605 (1993)] uses a single absorption profile for the calculations. Activation energy and the order of release are obtained from the slope and intercept, respectively, on their graph. All three methods assume linear heating rate, constant activation energies, and furnace isothermality. The methods were tested with the same experimental data sets for Cu, Au and Ni using a spatially isothermal cuvette. Since intensive mathematical treatments commonly have deleterious effects on the uncertainty of the final result, the methods were compared using both the original data and a smoothed version of it. In general, the three methods yielded comparable results for the metals studied. However, choosing the most linear plot to determine the correct order of release when using Rojas and Olivares' method was sometimes subjective, and McNally and Holcombe's method provided only estimates for the orders of release that were neither zero nor unity.
The Development of the Early School Personality Questionnaire

(1959). The Development of the Early School Personality Questionnaire. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 143-152.
Relevance of sensorimotor task components to the interpretation of task related blood flow changes.

Abstract This study demonstrated the importance of documenting rCBF changes produced by the sensorimotor components of a cognitive task when making inferences regarding brain-behavior relations. Subjects were ten young, non-smoking, adult, right-handed, normal male volunteers. They were administered two tasks having identical cognitive and similar sensory components but different response modalities (oral vs manual). The two tasks produced highly divergent rCBF landscapes. In conjunction with the results from a previous rCBF activation study, these data were used to illustrate the necessity of including sensorimotor control tasks in cognitive activation studies designed to elucidate brain-behavior relations.
Effect of thermal annealing on elastic properties of Ag/Pd superlattice films

Abstract We report a 50 % increase in the shear elastic constant c 55 in Ag/Pd superlattice films upon thermally annealing as measured by Brillouin light scattering. X-ray diffraction studies show that this increase is due to intermixing of the Ag and Pd layers.
THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD IN RELATION TO (1) THE FUNCTIONAL SUFFICIENCY OF THE KIDNEYS; (2) PERITONITIS

1. The inhibiting action of urine on catalase depends to a great extent on its reaction. The urine of a nephritic has no greater inhibiting power than normal urine provided the reaction of urines tested is neutral. 2. The catalytic activity of a single rabbit's blood is constant from day to day. 3. There is considerable variation in the catalytic action of the blood of different rabbits. 4. Following ligation of the ureters the catalytic activity of the blood gradually decreases; the tissues of an animal which has died as a result of ligation of the ureters show a decided decrease in catalytic activity, when compared with those of normal animals. 5. Following bilateral nephrectomy the same decline of the catalytic action of the blood is observed as after bilateral ligation of ureters. 6. Following unilateral nephrectomy the catalytic activity of the blood may temporarily fall and then rise above its previous level, or it may fall continuously. Wherever the continuous fall occurs the animal dies. 7. When the kidneys are allowed to function but the urine is drained into the peritoneal cavity there is no change in the catalytic activity of the tissues post-mortem but a marked rise in the catalytic activity of the blood accompanies the resulting peritonitis. 8. The same rise in the catalytic activity of the blood is obtained in experimental bacterial peritonitis. This might be of diagnostic importance in determining early inflammations of the peritoneum. 9. A kidney functioning normally changes substances circulating in the blood into urinary products devoid of any influence on catalase. If the kidney cannot effect this change, these substances remain unaltered in the circulating blood and by their presence inhibit the catalytic activity of the blood and organs. 10. Nephritis (Uranium Nitrate).—A. In acute nephritis there is a marked decrease in the catalytic activity of the blood and of the tissues post-mortem. The decrease in the catalytic activity of the blood may vary directly with the amount of urine excreted. B. With the onset of uraemia the catalytic activity of the blood decreases markedly and follows in a general way the urinary findings, especially the total amount of urine. If the animal recovers the catalase gradually rises. C. Although the catalytic activity of a normal rabbit's blood is constant from day to day, the activity of blood from a rabbit in which an experimental nephritis has been produced oscillates markedly. The catalytic activity of the blood may under certain conditions indicate the functional sufficiency of the kidneys much more accurately than the urinary findings.
Realtime response of shortest path computation

Computing the shortest path between two locations in a network is an important and fundamental problem that finds applications in a wide range of fields. This problem has attracted considerable research interest and led to a plethora of algorithms. However, existing approaches have two main drawbacks: complete path computation before movement and re-processing when node failure occurs. In this paper, two novel algorithms, RSP (Realtime Shortest Path) and RSP+ (Realtime Shortest Path Plus), are proposed to handle both shortcomings. We perform a network pre-processing to ensure a constant time response of retrieving the shortest route for an arbitrary node to an important set of destinations. RSP+ further divides the complete path into smaller partial paths, which can then be computed in parallel. Besides, considering the continuous changes of the network, like traffic jams and road constructions, where certain paths are blocked, a fast recovery method to efficiently find the best alternative route is integrated into RSP+. Empirical studies have shown that RSP+ can achieve an average query processing time of 0.8 microseconds. Besides, the effectiveness of the recovery mechanism demonstrates that alternative routes can be obtained to avoid unavailable areas.
Vascular invasion by hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor. A clinicopathologic study.

Background. Unusual lesions composed of fibrous tissue, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and plasma cells, called inflammatory pseudotumors (IPT), are being increasingly recognized in many organs and tissues. A hepatic IPT extending into the inferior vena cava has never been reported before to the authors' knowledge. The patient in this study underwent liver resection with cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest to excise the IPT. Methods. The tissue was studied extensively using histologic, immunohistologic, flow cytometric, and gene rearrangement analysis and electron microscopic methods. Results. On gross examination, the large hepatic tumor resembled a malignancy invading the vena cava. Microscopically, a mixture of T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and plasma cells were scattered throughout the tumor. DNA flow cytometry did not reveal aneuploidy suggestive of neoplasia. Genetic analysis of the immuno-globulin and T-cell receptor genes did not detect evidence of clonal expansion of B-cells or T-lymphocytes. Conclusions. This experience with the vascular invasive and biliary obstructive nature of IPT and the difficulty in diagnosing it before or during surgery underscores the potentially adverse impact of this lesion on patients. The authors believe that an aggressive approach should be taken when evaluating and treating hepatic masses, even though they may later be confirmed as being IPT.
Stress corrosion cracking of alpha brass in a tarnishing ammoniacal environment: Fractography and chemical analysis

Alloy 260 brass specimens under stress were exposed at room temperature to 15 N aqueous ammonia solution with 8 g/1 of cupric copper predissolved. This environment causes tarnishing of the brass surface and intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and Auger electron spectroscopy were employed to study fractography, corrosion product composition and distribution within the stress corrosion crack, and fracture surface chemistry characteristic of stress corrosion cracking in this system. A thin oxidized film was detected by Auger spectroscopy at the leading edge of the propagating crack. With continued exposure to the corrosive environment, deposits form on the fracture surface, then coalesce to form a continuous tarnish film that is depleted of zinc. No bulk depletion of zinc was detected in the alloy at the stress corrosion crack leading edge. No evidence of noncrystallographic crack arrest marks was found on the intergranular fracture surface.