cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current account dynamics in a finite horizon model

Abstract This paper examines the response of the current account in a small open economy to a permanent change in the price of imported intermediate goods. To do so, it extends Blanchard's (1985) open economy model to incorporate the capital stock with adjustment costs a la Hayashi (1982). A price increase in imported intermediate goods can be viewed as a combination of transfer payments abroad and capital taxation. The former effect leads to a current account deficit and the latter leads to a current account surplus. The overall effect depends on the relative magnitude of these effects.
Driving proteins off DNA using applied tension

Proteins that bind DNA so as to reduce its end-to-end length can be dissociated by application of force. The thermodynamics of this process are discussed, with special attention to the case of histones bound to DNA (i.e., a string of nucleosomes, or chromatin fiber). The histone octamer is predicted to be driven off chromatin fiber for tensions >2 piconewtons.
A novel immunodetection screen for vacuolar defects identifies a unique allele of VPS35 in S. cerevisiae

The late endosome and vacuole of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are functionally equivalent to the mammalian late endosome and lysosome. The late endosome is the convergence point of the biosynthetic and endocytic trafficking to the vacuole. Here, we describe a novel immunodetection screen to isolate mutants defective in trafficking the soluble hydrolase carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) at the late endosome to vacuole interface (env mutants). Mutants exhibit vacuolar morphology and endocytosis defects as assayed by electron, fluorescent, and nomarski microscopy. In biochemical assays, they internally accumulate p2CPY in a dense membrane compartment lacking vacuolar properties yet display normal secretion phenotypes. The results suggest vacuolar morphology and function defects that are exclusively at the late endosome/vacuole interface. env mutants define five complementation groups. The first gene of the collection to be cloned, ENV1 is allelic to VPS35 whose established function is in retrograde trafficking from late endosome to trans-Golgi network (TGN). Microscopic, biochemical, and growth analyses establish that env1 is distinct from other alleles of VPS35 in vacuolar morphology, growth characteristics, and internal accumulation of p2CPY. Our results indicate that ENV genes may define new gene functions at the late endosome to vacuole interface.
Book Review: Big Brown: The untold story of UPS by Greg Niemann

Big Brown: The untold story of UPS, by Greg Niemann. San Francisco, CA, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. 245pp. ISBN 978-0-7879-9402-0
Boundary localized symmetry breaking and topological defects

We discuss the structure of topological defects in the context of extra dimensions where the symmetry breaking terms are localized. These defects develop structure in the extra dimension which differs from the case where symmetry breaking is not localized. This new structure can lead to corrections to the mass scale of the defects which is not captured by a simple effective theory obtained by integrating out the extra dimension. We also consider the Higgsless model of symmetry breaking and show that no finite energy defects appear in some situations where they might have been expected.
Instrumentation optimization for positron emission mammography

The past several years have seen designs for PET cameras optimized to image the breast, commonly known as Positron Emission Mammography or PEM cameras. The guiding principal behind PEM instrumentation is that a camera whose field of view is restricted to a single breast has higher performance and lower cost than a conventional PET camera. The most common geometry is a pair of parallel planes of detector modules, although geometries that encircle the breast have also been proposed. The ability of the detector modules to measure the depth of interaction (DOI) is also a relevant feature. This paper finds that while both the additional solid angle coverage afforded by encircling the breast and the decreased blurring afforded by the DOI measurement improve performance, the ability to measure DOI is more important than the ability to encircle the breast.
Hollow-cathode transverse discharge He−Ne and He−Cd+ lasers

An all-metal hollow-cathode laser tube consisting of a perforated cylindrical cathode surrounded by a coaxial cylindrical anode has been operated as a He−Ne laser at 0.6328, 1.15 and 3.39 μm, and as a He−Cd laser at red, green and blue visible wavelengths, using both de and pulsed-plus-dc excitation. Laser oscillation in He−Zn, Ne−Cd, Xe−Cd and Ar−Cd mixtures has also been obtained. The hollow-cathode discharge consists primarily of an intense cathode glow inside the cathode cylinder, giving a quiet, stable, low-voltage, positive-resistance discharge. Results for the He−Ne and He−Cd laser output versus partial and total pressures and discharge currents are presented. The unoptimized laser performance for the He−Ne case approaches but does not yet equal the conventional positive-column case, while the He−Cd performance for the charge-transfer-pumped green 5378A line appears particularly promising.
INHIBITION OF THE L-TYPE CALCIUM CHANNEL BY THE FIVE MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS (M1-M5) EXPRESSED IN NIH 3T3 CELLS

Modulation of L-type calcium channels by the five cloned muscarinic receptors was studied by expression of the receptors in NIH 3T3 cells. Application of acetylcholine (ACh) to cells transfected with m1–m5 resulted in a reduction in the L-type calcium current amplitude. Elevations in intracellular cAMP concentrations induced by 8-bromo-cAMP or forskolin resulted in no discernible change in the L-type calcium current. In addition, treatment with Rp-adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphothioate triethylamine (Rp-cAMPS), a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, had no effect on the L-type currents. Conversely, application of phorbol dibutyrate, an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) or 8-bromo-cGMP, an activator of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), reduced the calcium currents. Incubation of the cells with KT5823, an inhibitor of PKG, resulted in a reduction of the response to 8-bromo-cGMP. The ACh-induced depression of L-type calcium current amplitude was sensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX) in cells transfected with the m2 or m4 receptor subtype. The m2-muscarinic-receptor-induced inhibition of the L-type calcium current was attenuated by preincubation of the cells with 8-bromo-cAMP and was unaffected by KT5823 or by calphostin C. The m1-muscarinic-receptor-induced inhibition of the L-type calcium conductance was insensitive to PTX treatment. However, the m1-induced response was blocked by preincubation of the cells with calphostin C. The present data indicate that the m2 (and possibly also the m4) muscarinic receptors inhibit the L-type calcium conductance by a reduction in cAMP concentration and that the m1 (and possibly also the m3 and m5) muscarinic receptors inhibit the L-type calcium channel via activation of PKC.
Autocatalytic Fusion-Fission Burn in the Focus of Two Magnetically Insulated Transmission Lines

A configuration made up of two nested magnetically insulated transmission lines, the inner one carrying a high voltage lower current - and the outer one a high current lower voltage - pulse, was in a previous communication proposed for the ignition of a magnetic field assisted thermonuclear detonation wave. Unlike the fast ignition concept, it does not require the compression of the DT fusion fuel to densities in excess of the solid state. Here I show that with the same configuration, but by surrounding the DT fusion fuel with a blanket of solid U238, Th232 or B 10, the ignition of a thermonuclear detonation wave is possible with densities of the DT fuel less than solid state densities, because the DT fusion neutrons can make a sufficient number of fission reactions, greatly increasing the pressure in the blanket, compressing the DT to high densities, launching a magnetic field assisted thermonuclear detonation wave. This autocatalytic fusion-fission burn has the further advantage that it can burn natural uranium, thorium and even boron.
THE INTER-BELATION OF THE THYREOID AND HYPOPHYSIS IN THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF FROG LARVAE

In attempts at establishing the function of the ductless glands, investigators are limited to relatively a few kinds of experiments. One can administer a particular gland to an animal or transplant the gland into the animal in the hope of bringing about a condition wherein the subject receives more than the normal amount of the hormone being studied. One can extirpate a gland from an animal and then administer to it preparations of the type of gland removed, and one can remove a gland of one type and administer prepared glands of another type. Still further, various combinations and modifications of the above kinds of experiments can be attempted. The unsatisfactory elements in ductless gland investigations are difficulties of controlling the experiments and the greater difficulties of interpretation of the results. In administering ductless glands one must admit that the preparations are abnormal to begin with. The glands used are dead and only hormones that are relatively stable can be preserved.
Characterization of adaptive optics at Keck Observatory: part II

This paper is a continuation of the characterization of adaptive optics (AO) at Keck Observatory (SPIE 5169-01). The bandwidth and measurement noise error terms are often the important sources of wave-front error. Here, we show how the magnitude of these two terms is estimated. First, the Bayesian wave-front reconstructor employed at Keck Observatory is presented and shown to perform better than a conventional SVD reconstructor. A novel technique used to estimate the size of the spot on a Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor quad cell detector is introduced, along with experimental results using this technique. The spot size is an essential component of the dynamic model of the AO system, which is presented and used to find the bandwidth and noise error terms.
New Species of Eimeria (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from Malaysian Squirrels*

SYNOPSIS. In a survey of 520 squirrels of 19 species from Malaysia, 6 new species of Eimeria were found. Three are described from the subfamily Petauristinae: E. kylopetis n. sp. from the red-cheeked flying squirrel Hylopetes spadiceus; E. aeromysis n. sp. from the large black flying squirrel Aeromys tephromelas; E. malayensis n. sp. from the spotted giant flying squirrel Petaurista elegans. Three are described from the subfamily Sciurinae: E. hippuri n. sp. from the horse-tailed squirrel Sundasciurus hippurus; and E. notati and E. pahangi n. spp. from the plantain squirrel Callosciurus notatus.
Declining Return Migration From the United States to Mexico in the Late-2000s Recession: A Research Note

Researchers in the United States and Mexico have variously asserted that return migration from the United States to Mexico increased substantially, remained unchanged, or declined slightly in response to the 2008–2009 U.S. recession and fall 2008 global financial crisis. The present study addresses this debate using microdata from 2005 through 2009 from a large-scale, quarterly Mexican household survey, the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE), after first validating the ENOE against return-migration estimates from a specialist demographic survey, the National Survey of Demographic Dynamics (ENADID). Declines in annual return-migration flows of up to a third between 2007 and 2009 were seen among the predominantly labor-migrant groups of male migrants and all 18- to 40-year-old migrants with less than a college education; and a decline in total return migration was seen in the fourth quarter of 2008 (immediately after the triggering of the global financial crisis) compared with the fourth quarter of 2007.
&#x201C;Cool&#x201D; Load Balancing for High Performance Computing Data Centers

As we move to exascale machines, both peak power demand and total energy consumption have become prominent challenges. A significant portion of that power and energy consumption is devoted to cooling, which we strive to minimize in this work. We propose a scheme based on a combination of limiting processor temperatures using dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and frequency-aware load balancing that reduces cooling energy consumption and prevents hot spot formation. Our approach is particularly designed for parallel applications, which are typically tightly coupled, and tries to minimize the timing penalty associated with temperature control. This paper describes results from experiments using five different Charm++ and MPI applications with a range of power and utilization profiles. They were run on a 32-node (128-core) cluster with a dedicated air conditioning unit. The scheme is assessed based on three metrics: the ability to control processors' temperature and hence avoid hot spots, minimization of timing penalty, and cooling energy savings. Our results show cooling energy savings of up to 63 percent, with a timing penalty of only 2-23 percent.
Slowly varying fully nonlinear wavetrains in the Ginzburg-Landau equation

Abstract Following the ideas of Howard and Kopell [9] a perturbation theory is developed for slowly varying fully nonlinear wavetrains (i.e. solutions which appear locally as travelling waves, but with frequencies and wavelengths which may vary widely on long length and time scales). This perturbation theory is applied to the Ginzburg-Landau equation. The motion and stability of slowly varying wavetrains is shown to be governed by a simple wave equation which can develop shocks corresponding to rapid changes in wavenumber. Numerical results supporting this theory are presented. A shock structure is proposed and numerically verified. These results together with a winding invariant valid in the limit of slow variation suggest that over a large range of parameters many initial conditions relax to uniform wavetrains. The evolution of a marginally diffusively stable wavetrain is also examined; it is argued that the evolution is governed by a perturbed Korteweg-de Vries equation.
Standardization of weekly growing degree day accumulations based on differences in temperature observation time and method

Abstract Efforts to develop comparable growing degree day (GDD) accumulations across the US-Canadian border have revealed significant anomalies resulting from differences in observing times among US stations and reporting practices between US and Canadian stations. Simulations using hourly temperature data indicate that the period required to reach a given GDD threshold value during a growing season often varies by 2 weeks or more solely because of observation time differences. Previous work on methods to adjust such biases has concentrated on seasonal totals and long-term averages. In this study, empirical methods are developed to standardize weekly GDD accumulations to a common observing time. Hourly data for a 10 year period from five northeastern United States stations are used in the development of the adjustment procedure. However, only daily maximum and minimum temperatures are needed to implement the adjustment scheme. Different weekly adjustment factors are used for each month from March through November. In addition, the weekly adjustment factors are decreased in magnitude during individual spring and autumn weeks in which fewer than 25 degree days (13.9°C GDD) accumulate. Correction factors are also reduced during summer weeks which exhibit minimal day-to-day variation in temperature. An additional adjustment is applied to observations taken in the late afternoon and evening to ensure that the maximum temperature observed at these stations has occurred on the same day as that reported by morning observing sites. Validation trials using data from six independent stations indicate that average weekly differences of as much as 10 GDD (5.6°C GDD) are reduced to less than 1 GDD (0.6°C GDD). After applying the standardization procedures, GDD values based on different observation times and the Canadian observation practice accumulate at similar rates.
The leaf as the site of gibberellin action in flower formation in Bryophyllum daigremontianum

The long-short-day plant Bryophyllum daigremontianum can be induced to flower by transfer from long to short days (LD→SD), or by gibberellin (GA) application under SD. Application of GA to mature leaves of intact or partially defoliated plants induces flowering more effectively than when applications are made to the youngest leaf pair and the shoot tip. Mature leaves on de-budded plants in SD are induced to produce floral stimulus by GA application, as demonstrated by grafting LD receptor scions onto the debudded plants, or by grafting SD leaves treated with GA onto receptor stocks in LD. This shows that GA applied to Bryophyllum in SD exerts its flower-promoting effect in the leaves. The minimal number of SD necessary for flower formation in Bryophyllum is approximately 15, both in case of photoinduction by the shift LD→SD, and after GA treatment in SD. It is concluded that the LD part of photinduction establishes a high level of endogenous GAs in the leaves which is a prerequisite for production of floral stimulus under subsequent SD.
Objective classification of oceanic ridge-crest terrains using two-dimensional spectral models of bathymetry: Application to the Juan de Fuca Ridge

An important application of detailed bathymetric mapping is the interpretation of geological processes based on the nature of the fine-scale morphology of the seafloor. This interpretation is usually accomplished through qualitative analysis of contour maps. In this paper, an objective classification technique, based on a two-dimensional spectral model of bathymetry developed by Fox and Hayes (1985) is applied to detailed Sea Beam data from the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Parameters of the model can be directly related to seafloor properties corresponding to 1) isotropic (non-directionally dependent) roughness; 2) anisotropic (directionally dependent) roughness; 3) orientation of the anisotropic component; and 4) spectral rool-off ( ∼ fractal dimension), by fitting the model surface to two-dimensional amplitude spectra of bathymetry determined on a regular grid over the study area. A test area was selected which encompasses the southern volcanic rift zone of Axial Volcano and the northern terminus of the Vance Segment. Parameters of the model clearly define the contrast between the constructional volcanic terrain (rough, isotropic, with high fractal dimension) and the tectonic extensional terrain (smoother, anisotropic, with low fractal dimension). An agglomerative, hierarchical cluster analysis is applied to the data, independent of spatial information, to delineate groups of spectra with similar characteristics. Distinct, mappable regions, corresponding to volcanic and tectonic provinces, are objectively determined. Also, coherent sub-regions of consistent spectral properties occur within the larger volcanic/tectonic divisions. The classification is extended to the Juan de Fuca Ridge system from 44°30′ N to 47°20′ N through combining these results with an a priori technique (K-means clustering). Broad-scale physiographic regions of the Juan de Fuca Ridge are delineated by the technique, which may aid geologists in the interpretation of crustal accretion processes at seafloor spreading centers.
Myocardial involvement in primary hemochromatosis demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging.

Fig. 2. Right endocardial atrial mapping after mare procedure (A). Note atrial potentials at 80 beats/min and other independent ones at 400 beatslmin at posterior area of midright atrium (MRA post). Diagram of maze procedure (B). Atrium is represented schematically from posterior view. Dotted areas, area of applied cryocoagulation; crossed lines, incisions that interrupt conduction route of reentrant wave front of AF; SN, sinus node; SVC, superior vena cava; IVC, inferior vena cava; RAA, right atrial appendage; LAA, left atrial appendage; star, position of catheter of MRA post.
Associations between sleep loss and increased risk of obesity and diabetes

During the past few decades, sleep curtailment has become a very common in industrialized countries. This trend for shorter sleep duration has developed over the same time period as the dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and diabetes. Evidence is rapidly accumulating to indicate that chronic partial sleep loss may increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. Laboratory studies in healthy volunteers have shown that experimental sleep restriction is associated with an adverse impact on glucose homeostasis. Insulin sensitivity decreases rapidly and markedly without adequate compensation in beta cell function, resulting in an elevated risk of diabetes. Prospective epidemiologic studies in both children and adults are consistent with a causative role of short sleep in the increased risk of diabetes. Sleep curtailment is also associated with a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine control of appetite, with a reduction of the satiety factor, leptin, and an increase in the hunger-promoting hormone, ghrelin. Thus, sleep loss may alter the ability of leptin and ghrelin to accurately signal caloric need, acting in concert to produce an internal misperception of insufficient energy availability. The adverse impact of sleep deprivation on appetite regulation is likely to be driven by increased activity in neuronal populations expressing the excitatory peptides orexins that promote both waking and feeding. Consistent with the laboratory evidence, multiple epidemiologic studies have shown an association between short sleep and higher body mass index after controlling for a variety of possible confounders.
Black women managers and administrators: experiences and implications

During the past two decades, an increasing amount of research has focused on career progress for women; however, gender has been the main focus of study, with the aspect of race rarely mentioned. In response, recent studies have begun to refute the implicit assumption that references to “women” in such research include all women, and that the experiences of all women are similar. This preliminary study focuses on the life and career experiences of a group of black women managers and administrators, exploring factors they identify as having impacted their career progress. Interviews and focus groups were used to gather data. Discusses ideas for additional research and implications for organizations interested in fostering a more supportive environment for women of colour.
Only Male Mice Show Sensitization of Handling‐Induced Convulsions Across Repeated Ethanol Withdrawal Cycles

Background: Alcohol abuse, especially when experienced in multiple cycles of chronic abuse and withdrawal, leads to a sensitization of central nervous system hyperexcitability that may culminate in overt expression of seizures. In spite of the growing prevalence of alcohol abuse and dependence in females shown in recent epidemiologic studies, evidence of sexual dimorphism in the expression of alcohol withdrawal-induced seizures and the development of seizure sensitization following multiple cycles of ethanol (EtOH) exposure and withdrawal has not been examined in either animal models or in clinical reports. Methods: Subjects in these experiments were male and female C3H/Hecr mice. The female mice were intact or ovariectomized, with ovariectomized mice receiving 17-β-estradiol or placebo pellets. All mice were exposed to 4 cycles of exposure to 16-hour EtOH vapor, separated by 8-hour withdrawal periods. During each 8-hour withdrawal, hourly assessment of seizure propensity was assessed as handling-induced convulsions. Additional assessments were taken up to 72 hours after the final EtOH withdrawal cycle. Results: Male and female mice showed similar seizure propensity during an initial withdrawal from chronic EtOH. Across subsequent withdrawal cycles, however, male mice exhibited a robust increase in seizure severity beginning with the third withdrawal cycle. In marked contrast, female mice failed to demonstrate sensitization of seizure severity. The lack of seizure sensitization following up to 4 cycles of alcohol exposure and withdrawal could not be explained by hormonal status (presence or absence of estrogen) or by sex differences in blood alcohol levels. Conclusions: Male and female mice exposed to the same number of cycles of EtOH withdrawal demonstrate differences in expression of seizures. Males show the typical sensitization of seizures, or kindling response, which has been reported clinically as well as in animal models, but females do not. The reason for the lack of seizure sensitization in female mice remains to be elucidated, but may be related to sex differences in alcohol effects on excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission, rather than to hormonal or blood alcohol level differences.
Sulfamethazine residues in swine

Two possible causes of violative sulfonamide residues in swine were studied. To determine if sulfamethazine accumulated in the tissues of swine when the drug was administered in feed, the rates of plasma drug disappearance following a single oral dose and continuous feeding of the drug were compared. The rate of plasma drug disappearance was not significantly different (alpha = 0.05) when the two methods of drug dosing were compared. When feed containing 2 micrograms sulfamethazine/gm was fed to swine during a 7-day period preceding slaughter, the animal's liver contained violative residues. Violative concentrations of sulfamethazine were detected in the livers, kidneys, and skeletal muscle of swine which consumed feed containing 8 micrograms sulfamethazine/gm.
Synthesis of d-camphor based γ-amino acid (1S,3R)-3-amino-2,2,3-trimethylcyclopentane carboxylic acid

Synthesis of a γ-amino acid derived from (1R,3S)-camphoric acid is described. d-(+)-Camphoric anhydride, prepared from d-(+)-camphoric acid by treatment with methanesulfonyl chloride and triethylamine, was reacted with benzyl alcohol and catalytic DMAP, and subsequently reacted in a Curtius rearrangement to afford the corresponding carbamate derivative. This derivative was converted to the desired γ-amino acid through hydrogenolysis.
The polarization of scattered Lyα radiation around high-redshift galaxies

The high-redshift Universe contains luminous Lya emitting sources such as galaxies and quasars. The emitted Lyα radiation is often scattered by surrounding neutral hydrogen atoms. We show that the scattered Lyα radiation obtains a high level of polarization for a wide range of likely environments of high-redshift galaxies. For example, the backscattered Lya flux observed from galaxies surrounded by a superwind-driven outflow may reach a fractional polarization as high as ∼40 per cent. Equal levels of polarization may be observed from neutral collapsing protogalaxies. Resonant scattering in the diffuse intergalactic medium typically results in a lower polarization amplitude (<7 per cent), which depends on the flux of the ionizing background. Spectral polarimetry can differentiate between Lya scattering off infalling gas and outflowing gas; for an outflow, the polarization should increase towards longer wavelengths while for infall the opposite is true. Our numerical results suggest that Lya polarimetry is feasible with existing instruments, and may provide a new diagnostic of the distribution and kinematics of neutral hydrogen around high-redshift galaxies. Moreover, polarimetry may help suppress infrared lines originating in the Earth's atmosphere, and thus improve the sensitivity of ground-based observations to high-redshift Lya emitting galaxies outside the currently available redshift windows.
Effect of acetylation and permethylation on the conformation and candidacidal activity of salivary histatin-5

Salivary histatins provide the non-immune defense against oral pathogens such as Candida albicans. The structural requirements of histatin-5 for anticandida activity were examined with respect to its ability to adopt helical structures, its electrostatic interactions and the hydrogen-bonding potency of its basic residues. For this purpose, the lysine and/or histidine residues of histatin-5 were chemically modified by acetylation and permethylation. Acetylated histatin-5 retained its ability to adopt helical structures in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, but completely lost its ability to kill yeast cells. In contrast, permethylated histatin-5 shows very little tendency to adopt a helical structure, but retained significant anticandida activity. The results suggest that the candidacidal activity can arise even when the histatin does not have the ability to adopt helical structures. The candidacidal activity of the derivatives is discussed in terms of electrostatic interactions and hydrogen-bonding potency.
Ethics and Regulatory Complexities for Pragmatic Clinical Trials

Some patients do not receive the best care possible, either because research to support clinical decision making with high-quality evidence is lacking or because evidence-based practices are not routinely implemented.1 Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs), which include patients in routine clinical practice settings and typically incorporate comparative effectiveness research (CER)—that is, comparing the safety and effectiveness of diagnostic, therapeutic, or delivery system options—can help overcome these challenges. The advent of research methods that use cluster randomization and leverage patient data from electronic health records (EHRs) to increase the sample size of trials at much lower costs is enabling major national initiatives to generate the data needed to improve care. These include the Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory2 and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Network (PCORnet).
Effects of hippocampectomy in a one-trial electroconvulsive shock paradigm

One hundred and twenty male hooded rats sustained massive hippocampal lesions, cortical ablations, or sham operations, and were pretrained for 5 consecutive days in a standard two-compartment passive avoidance box. Footshock-ECS training intervals of.5 and 30 sec were evaluated; control groups received ECS alone or footshock alone. Posttraining testing was conducted for 5 consecutive days, and activity levels were monitored both pre- and posttesting in an open field. Although the standard retrograde effects of ECS were replicated, the finding that memory in amnesic rats recovers with repeated posttraining testing was not substantiated. While hippocampectomized rats displayed enhanced open-field exploration and short step-through latencies, massive hippocampectomy, contrary to an earlier report, failed to attenuate the amnesic effects of ECS.
Effect of a High Electric Field on the Absorption of Light by Pb I 2 and Hg I 2

High electric fields produce a shift of the optical band edge to longer wavelengths in single crystals of Pb${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ and Hg${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$. Fields in the range of ${10}^{5}$ to ${10}^{6}$ v/cm cause shifts of the band edge up to 30 A. The magnitude of the shift is proportional to the square of the applied field in agreement with the theoretical prediction of Franz. Using ac fields, the frequency response of the effect has been followed up to 5 kc/sec with no observable inertia.
Quantitative Reduction of Saliva Production with Botulinum Toxin Type B Injection into the Salivary Glands

Drooling is common in patients with neurological disorders. Recently, botulinum toxin type B has been shown to be effective in the treatment of drooling. The authors present a unique case of a 57-year-old man with a history of a brainstem stroke and severe drooling. The patient's parotid and submandibular glands were injected under ultra-sound guidance with botulinum toxin type B. Saliva was collected and quantified before and after the injections by 2 different collection methods: suctioning and dental rolls. Total saliva production decreased by 23.8% after injection of the parotid glands and by 85.8% after submandibular injection compared to the preinjection level. The 2 methods demonstrated similar results. In addition, the patient experienced less drooling and increased participation in therapies without any side effects. This case demonstrates that saliva secretion and drooling can effectively be treated by injections of botulinum toxin type B into the salivary glands.
The Arf-GTPase-Activating Protein Gcs1p Is Essential for Sporulation and Regulates the Phospholipase D Spo14p

SPO14, encoding the major Saccharomyces cerevisiae phospholipase D (PLD), is essential for sporulation and mediates synthesis of the new membrane that encompasses the haploid nuclei that arise through meiotic divisions. PLD catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. PA stimulates Arf-GTPase-activating proteins (Arf-GAPs), which are involved in membrane trafficking events and actin cytoskeletal function. To determine if Spo14p-generated PA mediates its biological response through Arf-GAPs, we analyzed the sporulation efficiencies of cells deleted for each of the five known and potential yeast Arf-GAPs. Only gcs1Δ mutants display a sporulation defect similar to that of spo14 mutants: cells deleted for GCS1 initiate the sporulation program but are defective in synthesis of the prospore membrane. Endosome-to-vacuole transport is also impaired in gcs1Δ cells during sporulation. Furthermore, Arf-GAP catalytic activity, but not the pleckstrin homology domain, is required for both prospore membrane formation and endosome-to-vacuole trafficking. An examination of Gcs1p-green fluorescent protein revealed that it is a soluble protein. Interestingly, cells deleted for GCS1 have reduced levels of Spo14p-generated PA. Taken together, these results indicate that GCS1 is essential for sporulation and suggest that GCS1 positively regulates SPO14.
Nucleic acid-based assays for the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus: a technical review.

Nucleic acid-based high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing is essential to contemporary cervical cancer screening. The numbers of commercially available assays approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for HPV nucleic acid detection have increased, each offering various approaches to analysis. An understanding of the methodologies associated with HPV testing is important to the practice of laboratory medicine. An overview of instruments, chemistries, laboratory workflows, and test limitations associated with current US Food and Drug Administration-approved assays is provided. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:639–645. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Isolation of TRPV1 independent mechanisms of spontaneous and asynchronous glutamate release at primary afferent to NTS synapses

Cranial visceral afferents contained within the solitary tract (ST) contact second-order neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and release the excitatory amino acid glutamate via three distinct exocytosis pathways; synchronous, asynchronous, and spontaneous release. The presence of TRPV1 in the central terminals of a majority of ST afferents conveys activity-dependent asynchronous glutamate release and provides a temperature sensitive calcium conductance which largely determines the rate of spontaneous vesicle fusion. TRPV1 is present in unmyelinated C-fiber afferents and these facilitated forms of glutamate release may underlie the relative strength of C-fibers in activating autonomic reflex pathways. However, pharmacological blockade of TRPV1 signaling eliminates only ~50% of the asynchronous profile and attenuates the temperature sensitivity of spontaneous release indicating additional thermosensitive calcium influx pathways may exist which mediate these forms of vesicle release. In the present study we isolate the contribution of TRPV1 independent forms of glutamate release at ST-NTS synapses. We found ST afferent innervation at NTS neurons and synchronous vesicle release from TRPV1 KO mice was not different to control animals; however, only half of TRPV1 KO ST afferents completely lacked asynchronous glutamate release. Further, temperature driven spontaneous rates of vesicle release were not different from 33 to 37°C between control and TRPV1 KO afferents. These findings suggest additional temperature dependent mechanisms controlling asynchronous and thermosensitive spontaneous release at physiological temperatures, possibly mediated by additional thermosensitive TRP channels in primary afferent terminals.
Formation of an Energized Inner Membrane in Mitochondria with a γ-Deficient F1-ATPase

Eukaryotic cells require mitochondrial compartments for viability. However, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to survive when mitochondrial DNA suffers substantial deletions or is completely absent, so long as a sufficient mitochondrial inner membrane potential is generated. In the absence of functional mitochondrial DNA, and consequently a functional electron transport chain and F1Fo-ATPase, the essential electrical potential is maintained by the electrogenic exchange of ATP4− for ADP3− through the adenine nucleotide translocator. An essential aspect of this electrogenic process is the conversion of ATP4− to ADP3− in the mitochondrial matrix, and the nuclear-encoded subunits of F1-ATPase are hypothesized to be required for this process in vivo. Deletion of ATP3, the structural gene for the γ subunit of the F1-ATPase, causes yeast to quantitatively lose mitochondrial DNA and grow extremely slowly, presumably by interfering with the generation of an energized inner membrane. A spontaneous suppressor of this slow-growth phenotype was found to convert a conserved glycine to serine in the β subunit of F1-ATPase (atp2-227). This mutation allowed substantial ATP hydrolysis by the F1-ATPase even in the absence of the γ subunit, enabling yeast to generate a twofold greater inner membrane potential in response to ATP compared to mitochondria isolated from yeast lacking the γ subunit and containing wild-type β subunits. Analysis of the suppressing mutation by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis also revealed that the α3β3 heterohexamer can form in the absence of the γ subunit.
Phosphate binders: hold the calcium?

Several retrospective studies of large databases have shown that most dialysis patients have elevated levels of serum phosphorus and that this elevation, independent of a variety of relevant variables, adversely affects patient survival (1,2). Although there are no data demonstrating that a reduction of serum phosphorus will improve survival, a prudent clinician cannot dismiss this compelling epidemiologic evidence and will strive to lower serum phosphorus in dialysis patients. Although the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines indicate that a serum phosphorus value that exceeds the upper limit of normal is acceptable for dialysis patients (3), more recent data suggest that we should aim for a level of phosphorus within the normal laboratory range (4). Phosphorus is ubiquitous in our daily diet, and its absorption is poorly regulated. We continue to absorb approximately 60 to 70% of dietary phosphorus regardless of bodily needs or renal function (5). As our renal excretory capacity diminishes, unrelenting absorption coupled with impaired excretion results in phosphorus retention. Dialysis effectively removes a single day’s worth of absorbed phosphorus (6); our patients generally receive dialysis only 3 d/wk, but they continue to eat on all 7 days. Therefore, to prevent phosphorus retention, we must first decrease dietary phosphorus, which results in less absorption and is always worthwhile but limited by …
Heart rate variability - a historical perspective.

Heart rate variability (HRV), the beat-to-beat variation in either heart rate or the duration of the R-R interval – the heart period, has become a popular clinical and investigational tool. The temporal fluctuations in heart rate exhibit a marked synchrony with respiration (increasing during inspiration and decreasing during expiration – the so called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) and are widely believed to reflect changes in cardiac autonomic regulation. Although the exact contributions of the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system to this variability are controversial and remain the subject of active investigation and debate, a number of time and frequency domain techniques have been developed to provide insight into cardiac autonomic regulation in both health and disease. It is the purpose of this essay to provide an historical overview of the evolution in the concept of heart rate variability. Briefly, pulse rate was first measured by ancient Greek physicians and scientists. However, it was not until the invention of the “Physician’s Pulse Watch” (a watch with a second hand that could be stopped) in 1707 that changes in pulse rate could be accurately assessed. The Rev. Stephen Hales (1733) was the first to note that pulse varied with respiration and in 1847 Carl Ludwig was the first to record RSA. With the measurement of the ECG (1895) and advent of digital signal processing techniques in the 1960’s, investigation of HRV and its relationship to health and disease has exploded. This essay will conclude with a brief description of time domain, frequency domain, and non-linear dynamic analysis techniques (and their limitations) that are commonly used to measure heart rate variability.
General default theories

In this chapter we introduce default logic. Default logic is concerned with proof systems which are obtained from propositional logic by adding some nonstandard inference rules called defaults. A default differs from an inference rule, as defined in the previous chapter, in that its premises are of two types. Premises of the first type, called prerequisites, act in the same way as the premises of an inference rule. In order to apply a default it is necessary that each of its prerequisites be proved. Premises of the second type, called justifications, do not need a proof. It is only required that each of them be possible in order for a default to be applicable. In this chapter we will formally define defaults and default logic and make precise what is meant by a proof and by being possible. To this end, we will introduce the notion of an extension for a default theory. Extensions can be thought of as descriptions of all possible knowledge (belief) sets that are represented by a default theory. They play a similar role to that of the set of all consequences of a theory in propositional logic. In this chapter we study the notion of an extension and provide several characterizations of extensions as well as algorithms to compute them.
Abridgment of tuned radio-frequency amplifiers

A simplified method of calculating the performance of a tuned amplifier circuit is given and the effect of the various circuit constants on the characteristics is shown. The predicted results are found to check experimental observation quite closely. Curves showing the performance obtained with various types of tubes are also given. The factors affecting the stability are pointed out and typical methods for suppressing undesired oscillations are given, together with the principles involved.
Spatial patterns of atmospherically deposited organic contaminants at high elevation in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains, California, USA.

Atmospherically deposited contaminants in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, USA have been implicated as adversely affecting amphibians and fish, yet little is known about the distributions of contaminants within the mountains, particularly at high elevation. The hypothesis that contaminant concentrations in a high-elevation portion of the Sierra Nevada decrease with distance from the adjacent San Joaquin Valley was tested. Air, sediment, and tadpoles were sampled twice at 28 water bodies in 14 dispersed areas in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (2,785–3,375 m elevation; 43–82 km from Valley edge). Up to 15 chemicals were detected frequently in sediment and tadpoles, including current- and historic-use pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Only β-endosulfan was found frequently in air. Concentrations of all chemicals detected were very low, averaging in the parts-per-billion range or less in sediment and tadpoles, and on the order of 10 pg/m3 for β-endosulfan in air. Principal components analysis indicated that chemical compositions were generally similar among sites, suggesting that chemical transport patterns were likewise similar among sites. In contrast, transport processes did not appear to strongly influence concentration differences among sites, because variation in concentrations among nearby sites was high relative to sites far from each other. Moreover, a general relationship for concentrations as a function of distance from the valley was not evident across chemical, medium, and time. Nevertheless, concentrations for some chemical/medium/time combinations showed significant negative relationships with metrics for distance from the Valley. However, the magnitude of these distance effects among high-elevation sites was small relative to differences found in other studies between the valley edge and the nearest high-elevation sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1056–1066. © 2010 SETAC
Spatial Logic In Paleogeography and the Explanation Of Continental Drift

Abstract The scientific methods employed in paleogeography have followed two distinct logics. Spatial logic accepts morphology, spatial distribution, and spatial association as primary evidence of earth processes that must be tested through process-oriented research. Process logic accepts contemporary knowledge about individual earth processes, synthesizes general theory, and proposes spatial tests. Wegener's argument for continental drift, based on spatial logic, was rejected by most scientists from 1912 to 1960. Arguments for sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics, based on spatial logic, were accepted by most scientists from the 1960s to the present. Since the 1960s, process logic has dominated the search for mechanisms causing plate tectonics. Extension of spatial logic in this research finds previously undocumented continental fits among South America and Africa, South America and North America, and North America and Australia. This evidence suggests a new theoretical model of continental drift and ...
Wide-band spectrum analysis with area modulation.

Nonlinearity of the film characteristics is a major problem in optical spectrum analysis with density modulation. The problem of nonlinearity can be avoided by using area modulation due to its binary recording format. The feasibility of using area modulation for wide-band signal analysis [ ThomasC. E., Appl. Opt.5, 1782 ( 1966)] is demonstrated. The results obtained with area modulation is shown to be similar to that of density modulation. However, area modulation requires a larger system space. Therefore, the available space–bandwidth product for a given system size is smaller with area modulation than with density modulation.