cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jack London's Koreans as "People of the Abyss"

Jack London (1876–1916) was America’s leading novelist and short story writer at the dawn of the twentieth century. He was also a brilliant essayist and feature-writing journalist and a crusading socialist, an impassioned and articulate spokesman for the underclasses. In his essays and in much of his fiction, London was determined to demonstrate the squalid living conditions of the working class. His most poignant work is his 1903 book The People of the Abyss, which brilliantly portrays the economic and social misery of the poor living in London’s great East End slum. London’s thesis is not a condemnation of the wealthy capitalist class per se; instead, he points out the irony that tens of thousands of British subjects were still living and working in conditions of abject degradation in what was supposedly the wealthiest city in the world. London maintained this theme when he traveled to Japan and Korea during the winter and spring of 1904 to report on the Russo-Japanese War for the Hearst newspaper chain. His twenty-two feature articles and accompanying photographs portray the squalor and degradation of the Korean people. As was the case the previous year in Great Britain, London’s goal was not to condemn Korea’s ruling class but to showcase the misery of Korea’s mammoth lower classes.
Prediction-Serving Systems: What happens when we wish to actually deploy a machine learning model to production?

This installment of Research for Practice features a curated selection from Dan Crankshaw and Joey Gonzalez, who provide an overview of machine learning serving systems. What happens when we wish to actually deploy a machine learning model to production, and how do we serve predictions with high accuracy and high computational efficiency? Dan and Joey’s selection provides a thoughtful selection of cutting-edge techniques spanning database-level integration, video processing, and prediction middleware. Given the explosion of interest in machine learning and its increasing impact on seemingly every application vertical, it’s possible that systems such as these will become as commonplace as relational databases are today
Abstract TMP53: Mexican Americans and Non-Hispanic Whites Have Different Prestroke Comorbidity Profiles: Results From the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project

Introduction: Multiple comorbid conditions (MCC) explain variation in stroke outcomes beyond the damage caused by the stroke. Mexican Americans (MAs) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) may have a diffe...
What drives people to believe in Zika conspiracy theories

Conspiracy theories and other pseudo-scientific claims about the Zika virus have been prominent on social media. To what extent are the public concerned about the virus, and to what extent have the public adopted Zika conspiracy theories? Using data from the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study, we show that a majority of Americans are not concerned about the Zika virus, but approximately one in five Americans believes in at least one Zika-related conspiracy theory. The most widely believed is that the virus is caused by genetically modified mosquitoes. We find that elevated levels of conspiracy thinking are correlated with both concern over Zika and belief in Zika-related conspiracy theories. For example, a person scoring the maximum on the conspiratorial thinking scale is estimated to believe in .61 Zika conspiracy theories while a person scoring the minimum is estimated to believe in only .06 Zika conspiracy theories. This study demonstrates the role of predispositions, specifically underlying conspiracy thinking, in the acceptance of conspiratorial and unscientific beliefs.
Synaptic Vesicles Having Large Contact Areas with the Presynaptic Membrane are Preferentially Hemifused at Active Zones of Frog Neuromuscular Junctions Fixed during Synaptic Activity.

Synaptic vesicles dock on the presynaptic plasma membrane of axon terminals and become ready to fuse with the presynaptic membrane or primed. Fusion of the vesicle membrane and presynaptic membrane results in the formation of a pore between the membranes, through which the vesicle’s neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft. A recent electron tomography study on frog neuromuscular junctions fixed at rest showed that there is no discernible gap between or merging of the membrane of docked synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, however, the extent of the contact area between the membrane of docked synaptic vesicles and the presynaptic membrane varies 10-fold with a normal distribution. The study also showed that when the neuromuscular junctions are fixed during repetitive electrical nerve stimulation, the portion of large contact areas in the distribution is reduced compared to the portion of small contact areas, suggesting that docked synaptic vesicles with the largest contact areas are greatly primed to fuse with the membrane. Furthermore, the finding of several hemifused synaptic vesicles among the docked vesicles was briefly reported. Here, the spatial relationship of 81 synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane at active zones of the neuromuscular junctions fixed during stimulation is described in detail. For the most of the vesicles, the combined thickness of each of their contact sites was not different from the sum of the membrane thicknesses of the vesicle membrane and presynaptic membrane, similar to the docked vesicles at active zones of the resting neuromuscular junctions. However, the combined membrane thickness of a small portion of the vesicles was considerably less than the sum of the membrane thicknesses, indicating that the membranes at their contact sites were fixed in a state of hemifusion. Moreover, the hemifused vesicles were found to have large contact areas with the presynaptic membrane. These findings support the recently proposed hypothesis that, at frog neuromuscular junctions, docked synaptic vesicles with the largest contact areas are most primed for fusion with the presynaptic membrane, and that hemifusion is a fusion intermediate step of the vesicle membrane with the presynaptic membrane for synaptic transmission.
Collaboration: Getting All Hands on Deck Facilitates School Change.

Collaboration, a powerful tool for school reform, facilitates school improvement efforts and minimizes the overwhelming dimensions of change. A collaborative change process underway in North Caroli...
Overview of Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Guide for General Practitioners.

IMPORTANCE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly evolving into one of the most common pediatric liver diseases and currently is the most common cause for liver transplantation in young adults. Therefore, early recognition of risk factors, disease prevention, and diagnosis during childhood is paramount for effective management. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this review is to discuss updated recommendations for screening, diagnosis and management of NAFLD. The secondary objective is to review the extent and impact of pediatric NAFLD in Oklahoma through our center's participation in a multi-center prospective study. EVIDENCE REVIEW We reviewed updated guidelines from the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN), the approach used in our clinic and data from a multi-center collaboration on NAFLD, known as TARGET-NASH. FINDINGS Our review highlights that obese and Hispanic children are at greatest risk for developing NAFLD. Screening with ALT should be considered between ages 9-11 years for children with BMI more than the 95th percentile. Liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of NAFLD and currently lifestyle modification is the only effective therapy for management of NAFLD. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE All obese children, especially those who are Hispanics or have a family history of NAFLD should be considered for screening with serum ALT between the ages of 9 and 11 years. Children with ALT values that are elevated more than twice the upper limit of normal for more than 3 months must be referred to pediatric hepatology for timely evaluation.
Usefulness of direct clipping for the bleeding source of colonic diverticular hemorrhage (with videos).

Background and study aims The efficacy of endoclips for colonic diverticular hemorrhage remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoclips versus endoscopic band ligation (EBL) for the treatment of colonic diverticular hemorrhage. Patients and methods At Nara City Hospital, 93 patients with colonic diverticular hemorrhage with stigmata of recent hemorrhage (SRH) were treated using endoclips or EBL between January 2013 and December 2018. We classified the patients treated by endoclips into the direct clipping group and indirect clipping group. Endoclips were placed directly onto the vessel if technically feasible (direct clipping). When direct placement of endoclips onto the vessel was not possible, the diverticulum was closed in a zipper fashion (indirect clipping). Patient demographics, rate of early rebleeding within 30 days after initial treatment, and complications were retrospectively evaluated. Results Of the 93 patients, 34, 28, and 31 were in the direct clipping group, indirect clipping group, and EBL group, respectively. Rates of early rebleeding in the direct clipping, indirect clipping, and EBL groups were 5.9 % (2/34), 35.7 % (10/28), and 6.5 % (2/31), respectively (P = 0.006: direct clipping vs indirect clipping, P = 1: direct clipping vs EBL). No complications occurred in any groups. All patients who had early rebleeding in the direct clipping group underwent EBL, and no further bleeding occurred after repeat therapy. Conclusions Direct clip placement is acceptable as the first treatment choice for colonic diverticular hemorrhage. When direct placement of endoclips is not possible, EBL should be performed instead of indirect clipping.
Sexual assault, alcohol use, and gender of sexual partners among cisgender women seeking care at US college health centers, 2015-2018

Objectives. To assess differences by gender of sexual partner in the association between sexual assault and alcohol use among women seeking care in college health centers.Methods. This longitudinal study comprised 1578 women aged 18 to 24 years visiting 28 college health centers in Pennsylvania and West Virginia from 2015 to 2018. We used multilevel logistic regression and negative binomial regression, testing for interactions of gender of sexual partners, sexual assault, and prevalence and frequency of alcohol use and binge drinking.Results. Sexual assault was reported by 87.3% of women who had sex with women or with women and men (WSWM), 68.2% of women who had sex with men only (WSM), and 47.5% of women with no penetrative sexual partners. The relative associations between sexual assault and alcohol outcomes were smaller for WSWM (prevalence: odds ratios from 0.04 to 0.06; frequency: incidence rate ratios [IRRs] from 0.24 to 0.43) and larger for women who had no penetrative sexual partners (IRRs from 1.55 to 2.63), compared with WSM.Conclusions. Alcohol use patterns among women who have experienced sexual assault differ by gender of sexual partners.
THE EFFECT OF HOUSING CIRCUMSTANCES ON RECIDIVISM: Evidence From a Sample of People on Probation in San Francisco.

The relationships between housing circumstances and recidivism are well established among people released from prison. Despite probation being far more common than prison or parole, we know little ...
Multi-Network Provisioning for Perpetual Operations in IoT-Enabled Smart Spaces

The IoT revolution has enabled perpetual continuous monitoring of spaces, people and events. Data thus generated can be used to create knowledge for diverse ubiquitous services. Today, IoT platforms are key technology substrate for smart homes/buildings that are equipped with heterogeneous devices and diverse (often multiple) network interfaces. In this paper, we address a key challenge in perpetual smartspace applications, i.e. that of energy cost associated with continuous sensing and communication. Diverse applications utilize data at different levels of quality; we exploit these quality tolerances by modeling them as “space-states” and intelligently leverage the dynamic space-states to select and provision resources (access networks, device capabilities) to reduce energy overhead while ensuring application quality. We propose efficient IoT provisioning algorithms that trigger actions and space-state shifts to drive energy-optimized sensor/network activations. To validate our approach, we derive use-cases from real-world assisted living smarthomes with multiple personal and in-situ devices and target applications such as elderly fall detection. Through detailed testbed measurements and larger simulated scenarios, we show that adaptive provisioning techniques that use state-spaces and their semantics can achieve greater than 3X reductions in energy dissipation and reduce active devices without loss of sensing accuracy.
Time-to-Event Analyses: Return to Unrestricted Participation After Sport-Related Concussion in a Cohort of High School Athletes.

Context Understanding time loss resulting from sport-related concussion (SRC) within individual sports allows high school athletic trainers to provide accurate and evidence-based clinical information. Currently, research regarding patterns of clinical recovery outcomes in high school student-athletes across sports is lacking. Objective To describe the time to authorized unrestricted return to participation (RTP) after SRC in a large cohort of high school student-athletes in a variety of sports using a time-to-event analysis. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Aggregate injury and player exposure data from the Michigan High School Athletic Association Head Injury Reporting System. Patients or other participants High school student-athletes. Main outcome measure(s) Dates for SRC injury events and authorized unrestricted RTP were entered into the Head Injury Reporting System for each case and were used to calculate time to unrestricted RTP. Survival analysis indicated the time to authorized RTP for males and females in weekly increments across sports and academic years. Separate Kaplan-Meier analyses adjusted for SRC cases with a history of concussion also identified the proportions of student-athletes who obtained authorized medical clearance in weekly increments. Results A total of 15 821 SRCs, 10 375 (65.6%) in males and 5446 (34.4%) in females, were reported during the 2015-2016 through 2018-2019 academic years. The median time to authorized unrestricted RTP was 11 days for all patients. Approximately 30% of concussed student-athletes were not cleared for unrestricted RTP by 14 days after their SRC diagnosis, with 13% taking longer than 21 days to return to unrestricted RTP after SRC. Conclusions The results from this multisite, state-based injury surveillance system indicated that it is not abnormal for high school student-athletes to take longer than 14 days to fully recover from an SRC. This information may be useful for educating high school student-athletes and sport stakeholders, normalizing SRC recovery trajectory perceptions, and establishing realistic RTP timeline expectations.
Multi-decadal trends in mercury and methylmercury concentrations in the brown watersnake (Nerodia taxispilota)

Abstract Mercury (Hg) is an environmental contaminant that poses a threat to aquatic systems globally. Temporal evaluations of Hg contamination have increased in recent years, with studies focusing on how anthropogenic activities impact Hg bioavailability in a variety of aquatic systems. While it is common for these studies and ecological risk assessments to evaluate Hg bioaccumulation and effects in wildlife, there is a paucity of information regarding Hg dynamics in reptiles. The goal of this study was to investigate temporal patterns in total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations across a 36-year period, as well as evaluate relationships among and between destructive (kidney, liver, muscle) and non-destructive (blood, tail) tissue types in a common watersnake species. To accomplish this, we measured THg and MeHg concentrations in multiple tissues from brown watersnakes (Nerodia taxispilota) collected from Steel Creek on the Savannah River Site (SRS; Aiken, SC, USA) from two time periods (1983–1986 and 2019). We found significant and positive relationships between tail tips and destructive tissues. In both time periods, THg concentrations varied significantly by tissue type, and destructive tissues exhibited higher but predictable THg values relative to tail tissue. Methylmercury concentrations did not differ among tissues from the 1980s but was significantly higher in muscle compared to other tissues from snakes collected in 2019. Percent MeHg of THg in N. taxispilota tissues mirrored patterns reported in other reptiles, although the range of % MeHg in liver and kidney differed between time periods. Both THg and MeHg concentrations in N. taxispilota declined significantly from the 1980s to 2019, with average values 1.6 to 4-fold lower in contemporary samples. Overall, our data add further evidence to the utility of watersnakes to monitor Hg pollution in aquatic environments and suggest attenuation of this contaminant in watersnakes in our study system.
miRNA serum testing for endometriosis: recent headway on the path to clinical utility.

Endometriosis, defined as the presence of estrogen-responsive endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus, remains a considerable health challenge. Affecting an estimated 10% of reproductive-a...
HO-1 Induction Attenuates Fructose Mediated Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver in Hepatocytes and Obese Mice : Involves SIRT1

Oxidative stress underlies pathological complication in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a potent endogenous antioxidant gene that plays a key role in decreasing...
Why the boundary of a round drop becomes a curve of order four

Mathematical model First integrals of boundary motion Algebraic solutions Contraction of a gas bubble Evolution of a multiply connected domain Evolution with topological transformations Contraction problem on surfaces.
Identification of Proteins Associated with Spatial-Specific Phytochrome- Mediated Light Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Photosensory phytochromes perceive mainly red and far-red light and utilize a linear tetrapyrrole chromophore, phytochromobilin, for their photoactivity in plants. Although phytochromes have been extensively studied for light-dependent regulation of numerous developmental processes, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for distinct organ- and tissue-specific phytochrome responses is still limited. Recent studies using transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants expressing a gene that encodes the biliverdin IXα reductase (BVR) enzyme, which reduces the biosynthesis and accumulation of phytochromobilin, and thus inactivates phytochromes, have led to advances in probing tissue-specific roles of phytochromes in plant development. We performed one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, followed by protein identification and peptide quantification using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MSMS) to identify proteins that accumulate differentially in transgenic Arabidopsis lines with mesophyll specific phytochrome deficiencies (i.e., CAB3::pBVR2 plants) compared to wild-type (WT). We identified the large subunit of Rubisco (RbcL) and small subunit of Rubisco (RbcS), which accumulated to lower levels in CAB3::pBVR2 relative to WT under continuous far-red light. We found that Beta-glucosidase proteins (BGLUs) accumulated highly in the CAB3::pBVR2 line under these conditions. RT-PCR and microarray analyses showed a positive correlation between the expression of the target genes and the accumulation of their products in BVR lines. We conclude that RbcL, RbcS, and BGLU18 are targets of mesophyll-specific phytochrome-mediated light signaling under far-red conditions.
Sampling rate for information encoding using multilayer neural networks

A new approach to band-limited function approximation using two-layer neural networks is presented. The Nyquist sampling rate theorem is used to solve for the optimum amount of learning data in n-dimensional input space. Choosing the least but still sufficient set of training vectors results in reduced number of hidden neurons and learning time for the network.
Effects of Heat on Platelet Structure and Function

The destructive effect of heat on platelet function was established by early investigators. Warming platelets to temperatures above 42 C. was found to destroy their clot-retracting capacity. In the present study, electron microscopic observation has been correlated with tests of platelet function to determine the basis of the damaging effect of heat on platelet physiology. Platelets exposed to temperatures above 42 C. for brief periods lose their discoid shape and become irregularly swollen. The granules of heated platelets are transported to the cell centers where they fuse together. Heat-altered platelets do not aggregate in response to ADP or thrombin and will not retract clots.
Chapter 19. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses advancement in the area of metabolism of plasma lipoproteins and their role in the atherogenic process, the cellular basis of familial hypercholesterolemia, and the clinical effects and mechanisms of action of clofibrate. Lipoprotein base (LL) has been implicated in a newly proposed mechanism, which attributes key roles, not only to low density lipoproteins (LDL), but also to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and chylomicrons. LL presence in the arterial wall suggests that the concentration of LDL at the blood-artery interface may greatly exceed concentrations in circulating blood. The clinical prominence of clofibrate as a hypolipidemic agent has provided the impetus for numerous studies of its mechanism of action. Clofibrate and structurally related agents prevents fatty livers produced by orotic acid. Several reports describing the effects of tibric acid in plasma lipid levels in man and animals have appeared. This structurally distinct agent is the most potent member from a series of sulfamylbenzoic acids and owes its hypolipidemic effect to a reduction in the hepatic level of α-glycerophosphate, an essential triglyceride precursor. RMI 14,514 inhibits hepatic biosynthesis of fatty acids, and reduces plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rats. The mechanism of action of RMI 14,514 on hepatic lipogenesis appears to be distinct from that of cIofibrate.
Masers at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths

Observations of interstellar and circumstellar maser emission at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths can be used to probe the physical conditions and the chemistry in the emitting regions. Furthermore, because of their high brightnesses, many maser lines can be utilized as phase reference sources by future (sub)millimeter-wavelength interferometric arrays.
Arthur C. Bohart, Barbara S. Held, Edward Mendelowitz, and Kirk J. Schneider (Eds.). (2013). Humanity's Dark Side: Evil, Destructive Experience, and Psychotherapy

Humanity's Dark Side: Evil, Destructive Experience, and Psychotherapy is a timely contribution to theory and practice in the helping professions, offering diverse perspectives on human destructiven...
Does altering the occlusal vertical dimension produce temporomandibular disorders? A literature review.

The purpose of this review was to present a comprehensive review of the scientific evidence available in the literature regarding the effect of altering the occlusal vertical dimens-ion (OVD) on producing temporomandibular disorders. The authors conducted a PubMed search with the following search terms 'temporoman-dibular disorders', 'occlusal vertical dimension', 'stomatognatic system', 'masticatory muscles' and 'skeletal muscle'. Bibliographies of all retrieved articles were consulted for additional publications. Hand-searched publications from 1938 were included. The literature review revealed a lack of well-designed studies. Traditional beliefs have been based on case reports and anecdotal opinions rather than on well-controlled clinical trials. The available evidence is weak and seems to indicate that the stomatognathic system has the ability to adapt rapidly to moderate changes in occlusal vertical dimension (OVD). Nevertheless, it should be taken into consideration that in some patients mild transient symptoms may occur, but they are most often self-limiting and without major consequence. In conclusion, there is no indication that permanent alteration in the OVD will produce long-lasting TMD symptoms. However, additional studies are needed.
Anesthetic management of patients with intracranial aneurysms.

Background Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), a significant cause of hemorrhagic stroke, continues to have poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to improving outcomes. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and aSAH are often accompanied by multiple comorbidities, making anesthetic management of these patients complex. Methods This article summarizes the goals of anesthetic management of patients with cerebral aneurysm, including preoperative considerations, intraoperative management, and postoperative considerations. Results Hemodynamic monitoring is an important aspect of management. Use nicardipine, labetalol, and esmolol to avoid increases in blood pressure that may cause aneurysm rupture, and avoid low blood pressure as this may decrease cerebral perfusion pressure. Nimodipine is recommended for vasospasm prophylaxis in all patients with aSAH. The hypertension arm of Triple H therapy (hypertension, hypervolemia, hemodilution) is the most important to improve cerebral perfusion. Erythropoietin has shown some promise in lowering the incidence of vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. Albumin is the preferred colloid. Conclusion Anesthetic management of patients with aSAH and SAH is a complex endeavor. Careful consideration of individual patient status, optimal techniques, and the safest evidence-based methods are the best options for successfully treating these life-altering conditions.
RefSeq curation and annotation of antizyme and antizyme inhibitor genes in vertebrates

Polyamines are ubiquitous cations that are involved in regulating fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth and proliferation; hence, their intracellular concentration is tightly regulated. Antizyme and antizyme inhibitor have a central role in maintaining cellular polyamine levels. Antizyme is unique in that it is expressed via a novel programmed ribosomal frameshifting mechanism. Conventional computational tools are unable to predict a programmed frameshift, resulting in misannotation of antizyme transcripts and proteins on transcript and genomic sequences. Correct annotation of a programmed frameshifting event requires manual evaluation. Our goal was to provide an accurately curated and annotated Reference Sequence (RefSeq) data set of antizyme transcript and protein records across a broad taxonomic scope that would serve as standards for accurate representation of these gene products. As antizyme and antizyme inhibitor proteins are functionally connected, we also curated antizyme inhibitor genes to more fully represent the elegant biology of polyamine regulation. Manual review of genes for three members of the antizyme family and two members of the antizyme inhibitor family in 91 vertebrate organisms resulted in a total of 461 curated RefSeq records.
Fatty acid binding proteins--the evolutionary crossroads of inflammatory and metabolic responses.

Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are members of a highly conserved family of proteins with the task of protecting a cell’s delicate lipid balance. Yet they fail when faced with metabolic or inflammatory stress, turning the cytosol into an inhospitable environment with less than ideal outcomes. This review will focus on how FABPs direct lipid traffic and simultaneously control inflammatory and metabolic pathways under the pressures of the Metabolic Syndrome.
Spectral diagnosis of disease

Summary form only given. Techniques of optical spectroscopy - fluorescence emission and Raman and elastic scattering - can be used to diagnose diseased tissue and extract biochemical and morphological information. Data can be obtained in real time during clinical procedures using optical fiber contact probes, needles, and endoscopic imaging techniques. Clinical results and their biological basis are presented. Prospects for spectral imaging in two and three dimensions are discussed.
On the Legitimacy of National High Courts

The purpose of this research is to examine theories of diffuse support and institutional legitimacy by testing hypotheses about the interrelationships among the salience of courts, satisfaction with court outputs, and diffuse support for national high courts. Like our predecessors, we are constrained by essentially cross-sectional data; unlike them, we analyze mass attitudes toward high courts in eighteen countries. Because our sample includes many countries with newly formed high courts, our cross-sectional data support several longitudinal inferences, using the age of the judicial institution as an independent variable. We discover that the U.S. Supreme Court is not unique in the esteem in which it is held and, like other courts, it profits from a tendency of people to credit it for pleasing decisions but not to penalize it for displeasing ones. Generally, older courts more successfully link specific and diffuse support, most likely due to satisfying successive, nonoverlapping constituencies.
Understanding the Dynamics of Leadership: The Role of Follower Self-Concepts in the Leader/Follower Relationship.

In this paper we integrate recent theory and research on the self-concept with leadership theory. We conceptualize the self as being defined at three levels: the individual, interpersonal, and group levels. The effects of the self on information processing and behavior are mediated by the working self-concept, which is composed of self-views, possible selves, and goals (standards). Leaders are seen as producing short-run changes by influencing the working self-concept and more enduring changes through the development of chronic schema. Subordinates are also seen as influencing leaders' self-schema, both individually and collectively. Both practical and theoretical implications of this perspective are discussed.
Properties and localization of bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase activity in rat brain.

— A 20–30 per cent stimulation of ATPase activity by added NaHCO3 was found in homogenates of a variety of mammalian tissues. The subcellular distribution of this (HCO3-)—stimulated activity was examined in detail using rat cerebral cortex. The stimulation was specific for the HCO3- ion and was predominantly localized in the mitochondrial subcellular fraction, in which a 2-fold stimulation by HCO3- was found. The effect of inhibitors supported the identification as the mitochondrial ATPase. Both sodium azide and thiocyanate were inhibitory. The effects of varying the Mg2+ concentration, HCO3- concentration, and pH were also studied. In the presence of HCO3- the Km for ATP was reduced approximately 3-fold. There was no effect of HCO3- on the ma + K) ATPase or Mg2+ ATPase from the microsomal fraction of rat cerebral cortex. Our findings have been discussed in relation to previous work on HCO3- stimulation of ATPae activity in subcellular fractions from other tissues, as well as its possible relevance to the known effects of HCO3- and carbonic anhydrase on active ion transport.
The distribution of bismuth (III) and polonium (IV) between trilaurylamine solutions of xylene and hydrochloric and hydrobromic acid solutions

Abstract Distribution of bismuth(III) and polonium(IV) between hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids and trilaurylamine-xylene solutions indicates that BiX 5 (HAm) 2 and PoX 6 (HAm) 2 are found in the organic phase. An equation is derived which describes the features generally observed for this type of distribution equilibrium. The equation shows that the position of the distribution maximum is determined by the size of the formation constants of the aqueous complexes, the maximum coordination number of the aqueous complexes, and the acid to amine ratio in the organic phase.
Porphyrins and Related Compounds as Photodynamic Sensitizers

It was shown early in this century that certain porphyrins are photosensitizers of the photodynamic type, i.e., they sensitize the photooxidative damage of biological systems on illumination in the presence of molecular oxygen. An extensive literature has accumulated on porphyrin-sensitized photodynamic effects on multicellular organisms (including humans), cells, biomacromolecules, and small organic molecules of biological importance. The mechanism of the porphyrin-sensitized injury to multicellular organisms is poorly understood; effects at the cellular level appear to be mediated by photodynamic damage to plasma and lysosomal membranes. Damage to proteins involves the photooxidation of certain types of amino acid residues. Efficiencies of porphyrins as photodynamic sensitizers depend critically on the metal chelated by the molecule; porphyrins containing paramagnetic metal atoms are typically nonsensitizers. The sensitizing efficiencies and substrate specificities of metal-free and diamagnetic metalloporphyrins are determined to some extent by the side chains on the molecule. In water solution, photosensitizing porphyrins give a good yield of long-lived triplet states on illumination which are quenched by molecular oxygen with high efficiency. Kinetic and product-formation studies with amino acids and proteins suggest that porphyrin-sensitized photooxidations occur by a singlet oxygen mechanism. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the various kinds ofmore » studies that have been made with porphyrins as photosensitizers; the coverage of the literature is extensive rather than intensive in order to illustrate the great range of systems studied.« less
Global-to-local representation and visualization of molecular surfaces using deformable models

Macromolecules such as proteins and enzymes are responsible for most of cellular functionality. Many molecular interactions, such as protein-protein interactions or protein-ligand binding, occur at what can be defined as the molecular surface. The topology of the molecular surface is often complex, containing various geometric features such as clefts, cavities, tunnels, and flat regions. These geometric features coupled with non-geometric physicochemical properties influence surface-based molecular interactions. Consequently analysis of molecular surfaces is crucial in elucidating structure-property relationships of molecules. In this paper we propose a method for visualizing a molecular surface in a manner that preserves and elucidates salient features. The method involves mapping of a molecular surface to a standard spherical coordinate system. The ability to map arbitrary molecular surfaces to a standard coordinate system aids in comparison of surface features across different molecules. The mapping is accomplished by enclosing the molecular surface by a sphere, and then iteratively deforming the sphere until it converges by wrapping the entire molecular surface. This allows a one-to-one relationship to be established between points on the molecular surface and points on the surface of the sphere. The presence of discontinuities such as tunnels in the molecular surface can be identified by detecting collision between patches of the deforming sphere. Subsequently, the deformable surface is restored back to the sphere, retaining the mapping. Features and properties defined at the molecular surface are then mapped and visualized in the standard spherical coordinate system. The proposed approach has several key advantages. First, it allows a global-to-local visualization of molecular surfaces. Second, it facilitates comparison of specific features as well as collection of features within and across molecules by mapping them to a common coordinate system. Third, the method allows visualization of both geometric and non-geometric surface properties. Fourth, specific molecular characteristics can be visualized individually or in combination on-demand. Finally, and crucially the advantages offered by the proposed visualization do not involve simplification of the surface characteristics thereby ensuring that no loss of potentially important information occurs.
Huddling: Brown Fat, Genomic Imprinting and the Warm Inner Glow

Heat generated by huddling animals is a public good with a private cost and thus vulnerable to exploitation, as illustrated by recent work on rabbits and penguins. Effects of imprinted genes on brown adipose tissue suggest that non-shivering thermogenesis is an arena for intragenomic conflict.
Modulation of receptor signaling by glycosylation: fringe is an O-fucose-β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase

The Notch family of signaling receptors plays key roles in determining cell fate and growth control. Recently, a number of laboratories have shown that O-fucose glycans on the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats of the Notch extracellular domain modulate Notch signaling. Fringe, a known modifier of Notch function, is an O-fucose specific beta1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. The transfer of GlcNAc to O-fucose on Notch by fringe results in the potentiation of signaling by the Delta class of Notch ligands, but causes inhibition of signaling by the Serrate/Jagged class of Notch ligands. Interestingly, addition of a beta1,4 galactose by beta4GalT-1 to the GlcNAc added by fringe is required for Jagged1-induced Notch signaling to be inhibited in a co-culture assay. Thus, both fringe and beta4GalT-1 are modulators of Notch function. Several models have been proposed to explain how alterations in O-fucose glycans result in changes in Notch signaling, and these models are discussed.
A Gap Analysis of Professional and Academic Perceptions of the Importance of International Marketing Curriculum Content and Research Areas

The authors surveyed marketing academicians and practitioner members of the American Marketing Association who designated international marketing as a field of interest. This study compares and con...
Beta-Glucuronidase studies in inbred mice: androgenic hormones and kidney and urinary beta-glucuronidase activity.

INTRODUCTION THE effects of sex hormones on tissue β-glucuronidase activity in inbred mice were reported in a previous paper (Fishman & Farmelant, 1953). Among other findings, it was established that testosterone propionate produced a marked elevation in kidney β-glucuronidase in all inbred strains which were studied. In some preliminary histochemical experiments, it appeared that the enzyme was localized in both the lumina and in the epithelial cells lining the renal tubules. This suggested that some of the androgen-stimulated kidney β-glucuronidase may be excreted in the urine. The present paper deals with experiments designed to study this possibility. METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Details may be found in a previous publication (Fishman and Farmelant, 1953) concerning types and source of animals used, the nature of the hormone treatment, types of controls, method of assay of β-glucuronidase activity, etc. The routine of urine collection was as follows. Often at two times in the day, 10 A.M. and 4...
Epigallocatechin gallate induces expression of heme oxygenase-1 in endothelial cells via p38 MAPK and Nrf-2 that suppresses proinflammatory actions of TNF-α☆☆☆

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, acutely stimulates production of nitric oxide (NO) from vascular endothelium to reduce hypertension and improve endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Herein, we explored additional mechanisms whereby EGCG may mediate beneficial cardiovascular actions. When compared with vehicle-treated controls, EGCG treatment (2.5 μM, 8 h) of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) caused a ~three-fold increase in heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA and protein with comparable increases in HO-1 activity. This was unaffected by pretreatment of cells with wortmannin, LY294002, PD98059 or L-NAME (PI 3-kinase, MEK and NO synthase inhibitors, respectively). Pretreatment of HAEC with SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) or siRNA knockdown of p38 MAPK completely blocked EGCG-stimulated induction of HO-1. EGCG treatment also inhibited tumor-necrosis-factor-α-stimulated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and decreased adhesion of monocytes to HAEC. siRNA knockdown of HO-1, p38 MAPK or Nrf-2 blocked these inhibitory actions of EGCG. In HAEC transiently transfected with a human HO-1 promoter luciferase reporter (or an isolated Nrf-2 responsive region), luciferase activity increased in response to EGCG. This was inhibitable by SB203580 pretreatment. EGCG-stimulated expression of HO-1 and Nrf-2 was blocked by siRNA knockdown of Nrf-2 or p38 MAPK. Finally, liver from mice chronically treated with EGCG had increased HO-1 and decreased VCAM-1 expression. Thus, in vascular endothelium, EGCG requires p38 MAPK to increase expression of Nrf-2 that drives expression of HO-1, resulting in increased HO-1 activity. Increased HO-1 expression may underlie anti-inflammatory actions of EGCG in vascular endothelium that may help mediate beneficial cardiovascular actions of green tea.
Ab initio wavenumber accurate spectroscopy: 1CH2 and HCN vibrational levels on automatically generated IMLS potential energy surfaces.

We report here calculated J = 0 vibrational frequencies for {sup 1}CH{sub 2} and HCN with root-mean-square error relative to available measurements of 2.0 cm{sup -1} and 3.2 cm{sup -1}, respectively. These results are obtained with DVR calculations with a dense grid on ab initio potential energy surfaces (PESs). The ab initio electronic structure calculations employed are Davidson-corrected MRCI calculations with double-, triple-, and quadruple-{zeta} basis sets extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. In the {sup 1}CH{sub 2} case, Full CI tests of the Davidson correction at small basis set levels lead to a scaling of the correction with the bend angle that can be profitably applied at the CBS limit. Core-valence corrections are added derived from CCSD(T) calculations with and without frozen cores. Relativistic and non-Born-Oppenheimer corrections are available for HCN and were applied. CBS limit CCSD(T) and CASPT2 calculations with the same basis sets were also tried for HCN. The CCSD(T) results are noticeably less accurate than the MRCI results while the CASPT2 results are much poorer. The PESs were generated automatically using the local interpolative moving least-squares method (L-IMLS). A general triatomic code is described where the L-IMLS method is interfaced with several common electronicmore » structure packages. All PESs were computed with this code running in parallel on eight processors. The L-IMLS method provides global and local fitting error measures important in automatically growing the PES from initial ab initio seed points. The reliability of this approach was tested for {sup 1}CH{sub 2} by comparing DVR-calculated vibrational levels on an L-IMLS ab initio surface with levels generated by an explicit ab initio calculation at each DVR grid point. For all levels ({approx}200) below 20000 cm{sup -1}, the mean unsigned difference between the levels of these two calculations was 0.1 cm{sup -1}, consistent with the L-IMLS estimated mean unsigned fitting error of 0.3 cm{sup -1}. All L-IMLS PESs used in this work have comparable mean unsigned fitting errors, implying that fitting errors have a negligible role in the final errors of the computed vibrational levels with experiment. Less than 500 ab initio calculations of the energy and gradients are required to achieve this level of accuracy.« less
Productivity enhancement through simulation and queuing network analysis

This paper presents results from a research project dealing with the search and investigation of opportunities for productivity improvement at a manufacturing concern involved in fabrication and assembly operations. A SLAM II simulation model was developed to assess the material flow problems and the storage capacity of the system. A queuing network analysis for an automated serial assembly line was also performed using MANUPLAN due to insufficient time and scarcity of accurate production data. Results from the study outline the steps required to improve productivity.
Femtosecond pulses from coherently combined parallel chirped pulse fiber amplifiers

Active coherent combining of femtosecond pulses from parallel chirped-pulse fiber amplifiers is demonstrated. This opens a new path for simultaneously increasing both energy and average power of ultrashort pulses from fiber based systems.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the head and neck: analysis of prognostic factors.

Abstract Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors of the head and neck region are uncommon and may be associated with neurofibromatosis or occur in a sporadic manner. This is a retrospective review of 17 patients with these tumors who were treated at a single institution. Analysis of clinical and pathologic factors that influenced outcome was performed. There were 9 men and 8 women. Seven patients had a history of neurofibromatosis. Radiotherapy was implicated as a possible etiologic factor in 4 patients. The neck was the most frequently involved site. Overall survival at 5 years was 52%. Survival was improved for women and for patients with low-grade tumors. Age, tumor site, and size had no impact on survival. Survival was worse for patients with neurofibromatosis than for those with the sporadic form of the disease ( P = 0.02). Survival was calculated by the method of Kaplan and Meier. The significance of such results was based on results of the log rank test. Local recurrence correlated with tumor size and resection margin status. No local recurrences occurred in those patients who had negative margins of resection and received adjuvant radiotherapy. Tumor grade was predictive of the development of distant metastases. Negative margins of resection are essential for obtaining local control, and the addition of adjuvant radiotherapy may be beneficial in this group. Salvage surgery for local recurrence is possible in some patients. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;122:667-72.)