cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The GSK3β inhibitor, TDZD-8, rescues cognition in a zebrafish model of okadaic acid-induced Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Currently, no treatments exist that are able to directly treat against Alzheimer's disease (AD), and we are facing an inevitable increase in the near future of the amount of patients who will suffer from AD. Most animal models of AD are limited by not being able to recapitulate the entire pathology of AD. Recently an AD model in zebrafish was established by using the protein phosphatase 2A inhibitor, okadaic acid (OKA). Administering OKA to zebrafish was able to recapitulate most of the neuropathology associated with AD. Therefore, providing a drug discovery model for AD that is also time and cost efficient. This study was designed to investigate the effects of GSK3β inhibition by 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1, 2, 4-thiadiazolidine-3, 5-dione (TDZD-8) on this newly developed AD model. Fish were divided into 4 groups and each group received a different treatment. The fish were divided into a control group, a group treated with 1 μM TDZD-8 only, a group treated with 1 μM TDZD-8 + 100 nM OKA, and a group treated with 100 nM OKA only. Administering the GSK3β inhibitor to zebrafish concomitantly with OKA proved to be protective. TDZD-8 treatment reduced the mortality rate, the ratio of active: inactive GSK3β, pTau (Ser199), and restored PP2A activity. This further corroborates the use of GSKβ inhibitors in the treatment against AD and bolsters the use of the OKA-induced AD-like zebrafish model for drug discovery.
Nonlinear energy transfer from an engine crankshaft to an essentially nonlinear attachment

Abstract This study proposes an application of lightweight vibration control strategy known as nonlinear energy sink (NES) to mitigate the undesired vibrations in engine crankshaft systems. Linear vibration absorbers have long been used to suppress undesired vibrations. These devices can be tuned to reduce vibrations at a single frequency while adding extra inertia to the powertrain system. On the contrary, the NES is a lightweight vibration energy absorber. The presence of essential nonlinearity in the NES design provides the means for realization of irreversible targeted energy transfer (TET) from the primary system to the NES and attenuation of energy over a wide range of frequencies. This study introduces the conditions critical to achieve TET through its mathematical analysis and understanding the dynamical mechanisms governing this phenomenon in a strongly nonlinear transient dynamical system.
Chapter 13 – Physical Acquisitions

Many digital investigations rely on the ability to recover artifacts that the user has deleted. While this aspect is typically thought of when explaining physical acquisitions, it is not the only component. Some mobile devices will utilize their own proprietary (physical) format. To obtain such a “pull” may require specialized bootloaders, repair boxes, or other tools and utilities not necessarily designed for mobile forensics. Specialized adaptors, data cables, and, in some cases, power cables can be required to help facilitate a physical examination. Physical acquisitions can include advanced techniques that are nondestructive and destructive. Obtaining a physical pull does not always equate to the file being supported for decoding. Many of the tools designed for physical acquisitions are created for repairs, and as such, the ability to properly parse and decode the file can present problems. One of the more popular features of many tool vendors is to unlock the phone from the network it was serviced for.
Liquid water is a dynamic polydisperse branched polymer

We developed the RexPoN force field for water based entirely on quantum mechanics. It predicts the properties of water extremely accurately, with Tmelt = 273.3 K (273.15 K) and properties at 298 K: ΔHvap = 10.36 kcal/mol (10.52), density = 0.9965 g/cm3 (0.9965), entropy = 68.4 J/mol/K (69.9), and dielectric constant = 76.1 (78.4), where experimental values are in parentheses. Upon heating from 0.0 K (ice) to 273.0 K (still ice), the average number of strong hydrogen bonds (SHBs, rOO ≤ 2.93 A) decreases from 4.0 to 3.3, but upon melting at 273.5 K, the number of SHBs drops suddenly to 2.3, decreasing slowly to 2.1 at 298 K and 1.6 at 400 K. The lifetime of the SHBs is 90.3 fs at 298 K, increasing monotonically for lower temperature. These SHBs connect to form multibranched polymer chains (151 H2O per chain at 298 K), where branch points have 3 SHBs and termination points have 1 SHB. This dynamic fluctuating branched polymer view of water provides a dramatically modified paradigm for understanding the properties of water. It may explain the 20-nm angular correlation lengths at 298 K and the critical point at 227 K in supercooled water. Indeed, the 15% jump in the SHB lifetime at 227 K suggests that the supercooled critical point may correspond to a phase transition temperature of the dynamic polymer structure. This paradigm for water could have a significant impact on the properties for protein, DNA, and other materials in aqueous media.
Cost-effectiveness of molecular diagnostic assays for the therapy of severe sepsis and septic shock in the emergency department.

Objectives Sepsis presents a major burden to the emergency department (ED). Because empiric inappropriate antimicrobial therapy (IAAT) is associated with increased mortality, rapid molecular assays may decrease IAAT and improve outcomes. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of molecular testing as an adjunct to blood cultures in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock evaluated in the ED. Methods We developed a decision analysis model with primary outcome the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio expressed in terms of deaths averted. Costs were dependent on the assay price and the patients’ length of stay (LOS). Three base-case scenarios regarding the difference in LOS between patients receiving appropriate (AAT) and IAAT were described. Sensitivity analyses regarding the assay cost and sensitivity, and its ability to guide changes from IAAT to AAT were performed. Results Under baseline assumptions, molecular testing was cost-saving when the LOS differed by 4 days between patients receiving IAAT and AAT (ICER -$7,302/death averted). Our results remained robust in sensitivity analyses for assay sensitivity≥52%, panel efficiency≥39%, and assay cost≤$270. In the extreme case that the LOS of patients receiving AAT and IAAT was the same, the ICER remained≤$20,000/death averted for every studied sensitivity (i.e. 0.5–0.95), panel efficiency≥34%, and assay cost≤$313. For 2 days difference in LOS, the bundle approach was dominant when the assay cost was≤$135 and the panel efficiency was≥77%. Conclusions The incorporation of molecular tests in the management of sepsis in the ED has the potential to improve outcomes and be cost-effective for a wide range of clinical scenarios.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 7-nitroindazole, a selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, in the rat hippocampus.

Purpose. This study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS).
Neotropical Turtle Blood Flukes: Two New Genera and Species from the Amazon River Basin with a Key to Genera and Comments on a Marine-Derived Parasite Lineage in South America.

Two new genera and species of freshwater turtle blood flukes (TBFs) are described herein based on specimens infecting the nephritic and mesenteric blood vessels of “matamatas” (a side-necked turtle, Chelus fimbriata [Schneider, 1783] [Pleurodira: Chelidae]) from the Amazon River Basin, Peru. These taxa comprise the first-named species and the first-proposed genera of freshwater TBFs from the continent of South America. A new comparison of all TBF genera produced 6 morphologically diagnosed groups that are discussed in light of previous TBF classification schemes and a novel phylogenetic hypothesis based on the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S). Considering external and internal anatomical features, species of the new genera (Atamatam Bullard and Roberts n. gen., Paratamatam Bullard and Roberts n. gen.) are most similar to each other and are together most similar to those of several marine TBF genera. The 28S phylogenetic analysis supported the monophyly of all 6 morphologically diagnosed groups of genera. Most notably, the freshwater TBFs of South America comprise a derived group nested within the clade that includes the paraphyletic marine TBFs. Not surprisingly in light of morphology, another marine TBF lineage (Neospirorchis Price, 1934) clustered with the freshwater TBFs of Baracktrema Roberts, Platt, and Bullard, 2016 and Unicaecum Stunkard, 1925. Our results, including an ancestral state reconstruction, indicated that (1) freshwater TBFs have colonized marine turtles twice independently and that (2) the South American freshwater TBFs comprise a marine-derived lineage. This is the first evidence that TBFs have twice independently transitioned from a marine to freshwater definitive host. Marine incursion is considered as a possible mechanism affecting the natural history of marine-derived freshwater TBFs in South America. A dichotomous key to accepted TBF genera is provided.
Minimized Metal Dissolution from High-Energy Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide Cathodes with Al2O3 Coating and Its Effects on Electrolyte Decomposition on Graphite Anodes

High-energy nickel cobalt manganese oxides have been studied intensively as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. However, several hurdles need to be overcome to adopt these cathodes in commercial lithium-ion batteries. Herein, aluminum oxide (Al2O3) coating was applied to high-energy nickel cobalt manganese oxides (HE-NCM, Li1.33Ni0.27Co0.13Mn0.60O2+d) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and its effects on HE-NCM/graphite full cells were investigated. HE-NCM/graphite full cells have better cycling performance and efficiency when HE-NCM is coated with Al2O3. ICP-MS measurements show that the Al2O3 coating can effectively prevent transition metal dissolution from HE-NCM. XPS and FT-IR analysis suggests that the surface film on HE-NCM cathodes does not change significantly with the Al2O3 coating even after 50 cycles, however the surface film on graphite anodes shows a significant change. The resistance of graphite electrodes cycled with the uncoated HE-NCM is higher than that of graphite electrodes cycled with the Al2O3-coated HE-NCM due to the increased SEI thickness. The improved cycling performance of HE-NCM/graphite cells with Al2O3 coating can be attributed to the minimized resistance increase on graphite as well as the suppression of cathode active material loss.
Los heraldos negros: una contemporaneidad contradictoria

Este articulo estudiara —en el centenario de la publicacion del primer libro de Cesar Vallejo— el retorno al tiempo perdido de la infancia —el hogar materno— y el mundo andino, explorando la exclusion del sujeto poetico en relacion con estos dos ambitos. Dicho quedarse afuera o situacion de externalidad se revelara como una condicion del poeta moderno, en la medida en que la reconstruccion verbal de la cultura andina, pero tambien la bohemia literaria, urbana y costena (y dentro de ella las relaciones amorosas) seran sometidas por Vallejo a una critica textual debido a su dimension estatica. El articulo explorara los diversos recursos —ya sea de indole simbolista/modernista, mitologica, biblica o indigenista— a traves de los cuales nuestro supremo poeta busco yuxtaponer esa especie de estetica en colision que configura el caracteristico y propio lenguaje de esta gran poesia.
Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease Have Worse Functional Status at Time of Liver Transplant Registration and Greater Waitlist and Post-transplant Mortality Which Is Compounded by Older Age.

Worse functional status correlates with increased mortality on the liver transplant (LT) waitlist. Whether functional status affects LT outcomes equally across cirrhosis etiologies is unclear. We evaluate the impact of functional status on waitlist and post-LT mortality stratified by etiology and age. Functional status among US adults from 2005 to 2017 United Network for Organ Sharing LT registry data was retrospectively evaluated using Karnofsky Performance Status Score (KPS-1 = functional status 80–100%, KPS-2 = 60–70%, KPS-3 = 40–50%, KPS-4 = 10–30%). Waitlist and post-LT survival were stratified by KPS and cirrhosis etiology, including alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatitis C (HCV), and HCV/ALD, and evaluated using Kaplan–Meier and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Among 94,201 waitlist registrants (69.4% men, 39.5% HCV, 26.7% ALD, 23.2% NASH), ALD patients had worse functional status compared to HCV (KPS-4: 17.2% vs. 8.3%, p < 0.001). Worse functional status at time of waitlist registration was associated with higher 90-day waitlist mortality with the greatest effect in ALD (KPS-4 vs. KPS-1: ALD HR 2.16, 95% CI 1.83–2.55; HCV HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.87–2.51). Similar trends occurred in 5-year post-LT survival with ALD patients the most harmed. Compared to patients < 50 years, patients ≥ 65 years had increased waitlist mortality at 90-days if they had HCV or HCV/ALD, and 5-year post-LT mortality regardless of cirrhosis etiology with ALD patients most severely affected. In a retrospective cohort study of patients, US ALD patients had disparately worse functional status at time of LT waitlist registration. Worse functional status correlated with higher risk of waitlist and post-LT mortality, affecting ALD and HCV patients the most.
Crashes in safety analysis

Abstract A crash occurs as a result of human error of some sort. Among safety factors, human mistakes are the leading cause of a crash. Haddon's matrix splits safety factors into three periods: pre-crash, crash, and post-crash. An event is reported as a crash if it is sufficiently harmful. A surrogate event definition must provide consistent results. The majority of safety models estimated with crash data assume the Poisson-Gamma mix of distributions. Crash statistical models typically carry quite limited safety information and are subject to multiple concerns, including long periods of data collection and related strong data aggregation, poor quality of crash reports, endogeneity, crash underreporting, and limited ability to estimate temporal safety effects.
Strategies for measuring airway mucus and mucins

Mucus secretion and mucociliary transport are essential defense mechanisms of the airways. Deviations in mucus composition and secretion can impede mucociliary transport and elicit airway obstruction. As such, mucus abnormalities are hallmark features of many respiratory diseases, including asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studying mucus composition and its physical properties has therefore been of significant interest both clinically and scientifically. Yet, measuring mucus production, output, composition and transport presents several challenges. Here we summarize and discuss the advantages and limitations of several techniques from five broadly characterized strategies used to measure mucus secretion, composition and mucociliary transport, with an emphasis on the gel-forming mucins. Further, we summarize advances in the field, as well as suggest potential areas of improvement moving forward.
Medical Improvisation Training for all Medical Students: 3-Year Experience

Effective communication has been shown to improve patients’ health outcomes. This study utilizes medical improvisation techniques to teach communication skills to an entire medical school class. Required workshops were held for entering third-year students from 2005 to 2017. Workshop evaluations were obtained immediately following each session and at 3 months post-workshop for one cohort. Four hundred ninety-four medical students participated in the improvisation workshops. Over 90% of students rated the workshops as above average or excellent. Students reported a gain in insights regarding their role as a physician (≥ 90%), an improvement in their ability to demonstrate effective communication (80–87%), and a positive impact on teamwork (91–93%). At 3 months post-workshop, 84% of students reported they had used at least 1 improvisation skill on their clinical wards (50% response rate). This study demonstrates that medical improvisation exercises can be scaled to an entire class of medical students versus a self-selected group of students. Further, we found that students felt that it improved their communication. This study also provides new insights regarding specific improvisation exercises that are most useful for the clinical environment.
Improving Safety of Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder Through Simulation

Abstract Patient safety is the number one priority in health care as safety is considered at every level of a health care organization (e.g., building, equipment, communication, processes for medications, treatments, and surgical procedures). Addressing the welfare of patients can be challenging, yet for some of the most vulnerable patients (e.g., special needs, disabilities and mental and social health issues), even the most routine nursing requests can put them at a safety risk. Simulations provide an opportunity for nursing students and professional nurses with realistic experiences caring for individuals with unique needs, especially when safety is a major concern.
Decline in respiratory deaths not associated with influenza in Russia: effect of the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), or improvement in care?

Abstract Background Pneumococcal vaccination (PCV13) for children (as well as older adults) in Russia was introduced in 2014, with no prior PCV7 use. While pneumonia hospitalization rates, both in children and adults didn’t decrease in the following years, respiratory mortality rates declined with time. Moreover, there is a strong association between antibiotic, including multidrug resistance and PCV13 vaccine serotypes for S. pneumoniae in children in Russia, and presence of S. pneumoniae among sepsis cases in Russia during the recent years has been very low. Annual variability in influenza circulation may affect some of the changes in respiratory mortality rates, obscuring the trends in respiratory mortality related to pneumococcal vaccination. Methods We applied the inference method from our recent study of influenza-associated mortality in Russia to relate monthly respiratory mortality rates between 09/2010 and 08/2019 to monthly indices of influenza circulation and baseline rates of mortality not associated with influenza, allowing for a potential trend in the baseline rates starting 2015. Results Baseline rates of respiratory mortality not associated with influenza decreased with time starting from the 2014/15 season (with each season running from September to August), with the 2018/19 baseline rates of respiratory mortality per 100,000 individuals being lower by 12.41 (95% CI (10.6,14.2)) compared to the 2010-2014 period. Conclusions While improvement in care might have contributed to the reduction in the rates of respiratory mortality not associated with influenza in Russia, the above temporally consistent reduction is compatible with the gradual replacement of vaccine serotypes in the transmission and carriage of S. pneumoniae following the introduction of PCV13. Further work is needed to better understand the impact of PCV13 on the epidemiology of respiratory infections and related mortality in Russia.
Positive radial solutions to classes of nonlinear elliptic systems on the exterior of a ball

Abstract We study positive radial solutions to n × n nonlinear elliptic systems of the form: { − Δ u i = λ K i ( | x | ) f i ( u i + 1 ) in x ∈ Ω E , u i = 0 on | x | = r 0 , u i → 0 as | x | → ∞ , where i ∈ { 1 , 2 , … , n } , u 1 ≡ u n + 1 , Δ u : = div ( ∇ u ) , λ > 0 , N > 2 , r 0 > 0 , Ω E : = { x ∈ R N | | x | > r 0 } , K i ∈ C ( ( r 0 , ∞ ) , ( 0 , ∞ ) ) and f i ∈ C ( [ 0 , ∞ ) , R ) . We establish existence, multiplicity and uniqueness results for various nonlinearities f i .
Relationships among dietary lipid intake, serum cholesterol and ovarian function in Holstein heifers.

Experiments were performed to determine whether serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) undergo cyclic changes during the estrous cycle of dairy heifers and to assess the relationship between serum concentrations of TC and ovarian steroid hormones. The effects of a hypercholesterolemic diet upon luteal progesterone secretion also were determined. Experiment 1 involved five dairy heifers exhibiting normal estrous cycles. Serum concentrations of TC, progesterone, testosterone and estradiol-17 beta were determined in blood samples collected throughout a complete estrous cycle. A transient decline in TC was observed during the luteal phase of all heifers beginning on d 2 and reached a nadir 6 d after estrus. Highest mean concentrations of TC occurred between d -2 and +2 (96.3 +/- 8.2 mg/dl), which were markedly higher (P less than .05) than the lowest mean concentrations (76.3 +/- 10.3 mg/dl) observed on d 6. Concentrations of serum TC were negatively correlated (r = -.40; P less than .01) with progesterone between d 2 and 9. Serum TC was not correlated with testosterone or estradiol-17 beta. In Exp. 2, seven cycling Holstein heifers were fed a control diet for 70 d (Stage I), a diet containing 15% whole sunflower seed as a source of supplemental dietary lipid for 70 d (Stage II) and then the control diet for 70 d (Stage III). Diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. All heifers were synchronized with prostaglandin F2 alpha after wk 5 in each of the three feeding stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clinically significant fear and anxiety of COVID-19: A psychometric examination of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale.

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) using an online survey of 398 adult Amazon MTurk workers in the U.S. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the CAS measures a reliable (α = 0.92), unidimensional construct with a structure that was shown to be invariant across gender, race, and age. Construct validity was demonstrated with correlations between CAS scores and demographics, coronavirus diagnosis, history of anxiety, coronavirus fear, functional impairment, alcohol/drug coping, religious coping, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, as well as social attitudes (e.g., satisfaction with President Trump). The CAS also demonstrated solid discrimination ability for functional impairment (AUC =0.88), while the original cut score of ≥9 (76% sensitivity and 90% specificity) showed the strongest diagnostic effectiveness among scores. Overall, these findings are largely consistent with the results of the first CAS investigation and support the validity of this mental health screener for COVID-19 related research and practice.
Multiple Salinity Equilibria and Resilience of Persian/Arabian Gulf Basin Salinity to Brine Discharge

The Persian/Arabian Gulf is the most important region for seawater desalination. Surrounding countries produce about 50 % of global desalinated seawater. If Gulf salinity significantly rises because of desalination effluent (brine), marine ecosystems and the water supply for many population centers will be threatened. In order to quantify current and future impacts of seawater desalination on Gulf salinity and avoid costly environmental problems, it is vital to first examine the present Gulf salinity state and its response to salinity perturbation (i.e. determine its stability). Here, using a coupled Gulf-Atmosphere numerical climate model, we test the hypothesis that the Gulf has a single stable equilibrium state under the current climate. Simulations with different initializations under identical external forcing show that the natural coupled Gulf-Atmosphere system may exhibit a mixture of unstable and stable equilibrium salinity states. When continuous salinity perturbation is added to the simulations, results show that the present Gulf equilibrium state, characterized by annual mean basin-average salinity of about 40.6 g/kg, is stable. We conclude that Gulf basin salinity is resilient to present brine discharge activities under the current climate.
Compounded bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy – a physician perspective

One of the defining moments of the 80-year evolution of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) was the 2002 reveal of the initial results of the combined hormone therapy arm of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial. The exodus from regulatory approved MHT was prompt and profound and accompanied by a rapid acceleration of the compounding pharmacy 'bioidentical' hormone therapy industry. Compounders had recruited prescribers and promoted compounded bioidentical hormone therapy (cBHT) well before the WHI, yet the startling results provided a catalyst that enabled a leap in production of compounded hormones that were variably regulated, basically unstudied, and inconsistently labeled. In this review, the story of the rise of cBHT and the regulatory double standard is eclipsed only by the 2020 findings and recommendations of the US National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine. Their investigation, commissioned by the US Food and Drug Administration, was tasked to: provide an evidence-based summary of the clinical utility of cBHT; evaluate whether the evidence of safety and efficacy supports the use of cBHT; and identify patient populations that might need cBHT in lieu of an approved drug product. Their conclusions are consistent with sound science and their recommendations are in harmony with global menopause societies.
Sensitivity of FD-NIRS dual slopes to absorption perturbations in layered media

In this work we provide some examples of sensitivity of the dual slope method to localized absorption changes in the layered geometry. Reasonably, this model geometry better represents many types of tissue. The sensitivity is shown in a two- and three-layer geometry for alternating current (AC) and phase data for both point-like and layered-like absorption perturbations. Contrary to the homogeneous medium geometry, where the ratio of deep to superficial tissue sensitivity of phase is always greater than that of AC, this is not always the case in the layered geometry. Therefore, depending on the targeted tissue, subject and protocol, in some cases it might be preferable to use AC dual-slopes, whereas in other cases phase dual-slope may be a better choice.
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of The Frontal Sinus: A Case Report:

We report a rare case of an extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) in the frontal sinus with an indolent clinical presentation. Although a history of trauma was absent, the initial diagnosis was a mucoc...
Interiorism as a Means to Go Forward in Designing for the Adaptable City

In the context of the city, we must-especially today-study the types of places cities present as public, free and open. To re-think the notion of the urban public sphere, a focus on interiorism expands and deepens the awareness and perception of how urban forms, materials, and the senses interact, to invite various behaviors. This essay presents a pedagogy that extends interior and architectural design practice and theory, through multidisciplinary and multi-site research. A course created by the author called New Interior Urbanism, included a series of local and global urban interior research scenarios to study how streets, parks, plazas, and markets normally considered urban exteriors, should be understood as interiors. Along with on site and virtual fieldwork, a multi-disciplinary reading list informed student opinions;while, the addition of a COVID-19 pandemicinfluenced Sketch Problem/Charrette asked for contemplating interior-based, forwardthinking attitudes to create hypothetical adaptations for existing global public urban spaces, with social/physical distancing strategies. Planned and unplanned course explorations yielded new realizations about: Distinguishing interiorism within urban public places;pondering how individuals and the collective navigate, experience and witness freedom in public space;and, how to consider designing in this dynamic era, and beyond. © 2021 Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. All rights reserved.
Effect of build orientation and raster pattern on the fracture behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites fabricated by additive manufacturing

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) process parameters highly affect the mechanical and fracture properties of additively manufactured carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. In this work, we study the effect of two process parameters, including build orientation (XYZ, XZY, and ZXY) and raster pattern ( ± 45o and 0o/90o), on the fracture behavior of the CFRP composites fabricated by fused filament fabrication (FFF). The mode I fracture toughness and effective fracture energy of the CFRP composite materials are measured on compact tension samples. The crack growth direction in the FFF-fabricated CFRP composites is found to be controlled by both build orientation and raster pattern. The fracture toughness of the examined CFRP material is sensitive to build orientation, while the effective fracture energy reveals significant dependence on both build orientation and raster pattern. The samples fabricated with the XYZ and ZXY build orientations exhibit 5-fold greater effective fracture energy than the ones with the XZY build orientation. A wide range of fracture energy dissipation mechanisms, including fiber-bridging and fiber pull-out, are identified depending on the process parameters. The reported fracture trends in this study have the potential to provide guidelines for the development of FFF-fabricated CFRP composites with high fracture resistance.
Where is also about time: A location-distortion model to improve reverse geocoding using behavior-driven temporal semantic signatures

Abstract While geocoding returns coordinates for a full or partial address, the converse process of reverse geocoding maps coordinates to a set of candidate place identifiers such as addresses or toponyms. For example, numerous Web APIs map geographic point coordinates, e.g., from a user’s smartphone, to an ordered set of nearby Places Of Interest (POI). Typically, these services return the k nearest POI within a certain radius and measure distance to order the results. Reverse geocoding is a crucial task for many applications and research questions as it translates between spatial and platial views on geographic location. What makes this process difficult is the uncertainty of the queried location and of the point features used to represent places. Even if both could be determined with a high level of accuracy, it would still be unclear how to map a smartphone’s GPS fix to one of many possible places in a multi-story building or a shopping mall. In this work, we break up the dependency on space alone by introducing time as a second variable for reverse geocoding. We mine the geosocial behavior of users of online location-based social networks to extract temporal semantic signatures. In analogy to the notion of scale distortion in cartography, we present a model that uses these signatures to distort the location of POI relative to the query location and time, thereby reordering the set of potentially matching places. We demonstrate the strengths of our method by evaluating it against a purely spatial baseline by determining the Mean Reciprocal Rank and the normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain. Our method performs substantially better than said baseline.
Optimization of metal-induced growth for the fabrication of microcrystalline Si thin film solar cells

Metal-induced growth (MIG) of microcrystalline Si (/spl mu/c-Si) thin films has been proposed and studied due to potentially reduced process cost and decrease in the thermal budget. Large grain size Si films were produced by using Ni or Co as seed layers. The optimization of the process is very important in order to fabricate device quality /spl mu/c-Si thin films. In this paper, three important process optimizations are reported and discussed. Two-step sputtering controls the sputtering power and deposition rate at different stages of Si film deposition to produce large grain Si films with preferred orientation together with improved J/sub sc/ and V/sub oc/ for Schottky solar cells. A double seed layer method uses a thin Co layer on top of a Ni layer to reduce the Ni diffusion into the Si films, which decreased leakage current and increased the open-circuit voltage (V/sub oc/). Oxygen level and resulting thermal donor effect was suppressed by filtering the sputtering gas to 50 ppb oxygen level. The total charge state density in the Si film was reduced so that the J/sub sc/ was improved due to less oxygen impurity in the Si film. With the optimized condition (two-step sputtering, 5 nm-Co/25 nm-Ni double seedlayer, using an oxygen filter and annealing of the Si film at 800 /spl deg/C in forming gas (15% H/sub 2/), Au/n-Si (5 /spl mu/m) Schottky junction solar cells showed a J/sub sc/ and V/sub oc/ of 12 mA/cm/sup 2/ and 0.215 V, respectively. By passivating the MIG /spl mu/c-Si surface with hydrogenated nanocrystalline Si (nc-Si:H), the V/sub oc/ was improved to 0.31 V. Note that Schottky solar cells were used for convenience and may not be the final device of choice.
Tyrosine phosphorylation of the gamma subunit of Fc gamma receptors, p72syk, and paxillin during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages.

Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis in mouse macrophages occurs by a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway (Greenberg, S., Chang, P., and Silverstein, S.C. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 177, 529-534). To identify proteins that are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues during phagocytosis, we used anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies to perform immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation of lysates derived from Fc receptor-stimulated macrophages. Proteins of 26, 30, 35, 37, 40, 43, 47, 56, 60, 68, 83, 116, and 150 kDa displayed enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins was not a consequence of actin polymerization since treatment with cytochalasin D did not alter the pattern of Fc receptor-stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation. The 68-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein was identified as paxillin, a cytoskeletal-associated tyrosine kinase substrate previously identified in fibroblasts and shown to localize to focal adhesions (Turner, C.E., Glenney, J.R., and Burridge, K. (1990) J. Cell Biol. 111, 1059-1068). Paxillin colocalized with F-actin beneath nascent phagosomes. In addition to the above proteins detected by anti-phosphotyrosine immunoblotting, the gamma subunit of FcRI and III was shown to undergo tyrosine phosphorylation during Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Of several candidate tyrosine kinases that may be activated during Fc receptor stimulation, p72syk, but not p125FAK, displayed enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation during Fc receptor aggregation. The coordinated tyrosine phosphorylation of the gamma subunit of macrophage Fc receptors, the tyrosine kinase syk, and the cytoskeletal-associated protein, paxillin, may be important steps in integrating signals between Fc receptors and the underlying cytoskeleton.
BLACK LEADERSHIP IN GANG MOVEMENTS: TOWARD NEW DIRECTIONS

Researchers, professionals, and public officials have been struggling to explain the recent increase in black youth violence in the United States. The current plight of African American males is believed to be associated with street gang activities. There is a widespread belief that black people, and particularly young black inner city males, are far more prone to violence than white people. The current status of black men and boys reveals alarming data which has often been viewed as gang-related:
The stock pools and the Securities Exchange Act

Abstract The stated justification for the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) was to eliminate manipulation. The primary evidence of manipulation was the existence of `stock pools,' through which groups of traders jointly traded in a particular stock. The conclusion of Congress that the pools were manipulative is inconsistent with the evidence produced by the Senate's own investigation. The returns on a sample of pool stocks are also inconsistent with manipulation. These findings suggest that congressional and presidential desires to increase political control over the New York Stock Exchange was a more important motivation for the Exchange Act.
Computational Models for Investigating the Patellofemoral Joint: Clinical Relevance

Computational models of the patellofemoral joint are commonly utilized to characterize patellofemoral kinematics, areas of contact, and pressure applied to patellofemoral cartilage. Computational models can provide enhanced display of patellofemoral kinematics by graphically recreating motions performed by subjects. The reconstructed motions are typically highly accurate, but studies can be limited by the imaging requirements and the recruitment of subjects. Graphical models of joint anatomy can also be combined with mathematical representations of the soft tissues surrounding the joint to predict the desired output. These models provide more flexibility for parametric studies focused on the influence of surgical and nonsurgical treatment methods on patellofemoral biomechanics, but the mathematical approximations raise concerns about accuracy. Thorough validation is required for these models.
Changes in carbohydrate coordinated partitioning and cell wall remodeling with stress-induced pathogenesis in wheat sheaths

Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that undergo specific remodeling events during plant defence responses. Changes in the coordinated partitioning of carbohydrates between the cytosol and the extracellular milieu may direct sheath cell wall remodeling that occurs in a wheat-endophytic interaction with a Fusarium proliferatum (F.p.) species. Increased levels of apoplastic myoinositol and glucose were apparent in the endophyte-positive F.p.-infected sheaths from asymptomatic greenhouse-grown wheat. The F.p.-infected plants exhibited a resistant-like response under conditions of host stress. Cellular concentrations of galactinol, glucose, fructose, sucrose and melibiose increased in wheat sheaths infected with the F.p. species compared to the non-infected control sheaths. In addition, the symptomatic F.p.-infected plants showed increased accumulation of arabinogalactans, syringyl lignin and ferulate dimers in the sheath epidermal walls in contact with the endophyte. These were distinct from the carbohydrate, lignin and ferulate deposition patterns in the non-infected control sheaths. Further examination of sheath walls in F.p.-infected and control wheat using laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed a distinct spectral emission profile localized to the epidermal walls in F.p.-infected plants that was concomitant with the enhanced deposition of wall-bound ferulates. Increased levels of total ferulate dimers, particularly the 8-O-4 and 5-5 linkages were found in the F.p.-infected compared to control sheaths.
Regions associated with electron physics in asymmetric magnetic field reconnection

[1] Spatial relationships between regions containing signatures of electron physics in asymmetric reconnection with a guide field are examined using simulations and space observations that are in excellent agreement. These electron physics regions do not completely overlap, are not confined to sizes ∼electron skin depth, and do not surround the X-line. The electron ideal Ohm's law, E + Ue × B = 0, is violated over many ion inertia lengths in the outflow direction. Thus, pressure terms and, to a lesser extent, inertia terms in the Generalized Ohm's Law are important in producing electron physics on ion scales. Parallel electric fields that are necessary but not sufficient for reconnection are found in the simulation and in space on ion scales in the outflow direction. They account for ∼10% of j · E, averaged over the current sheet. The electron exhaust jet exists over a shorter length for asymmetric reconnection than it does for symmetric reconnection.
Update on Interconversions of Vitamin B-6 with Its Coenzyme

Biosynthesis of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) depends upon the relatively specific action of two consecutive enzymes, viz. pyridoxal (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine) kinase and pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) phosphate oxidase. Less specific phosphatases catalyze hydrolyses of the 5'-phosphates of the vitamers pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine. From the recognition a generation ago of these processes by which the three forms of vitamin B-6 and their 5'-phosphates are interconverted, more recent studies have provided a fairly sophisticated understanding of the molecular characteristics of the enzymes involved. The evolutionary retention of homologous portions of pyridoxal kinase in humans as well as bacteria and the most recent finding of a highly conserved region of the pyridoxine (pyridoxamine) phosphate oxidase, also from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, emphasize the importance of these catalysts in the formation of a coenzyme that is essential for most organisms. Both kinase and oxidase involved in B-6 metabolism are potential targets for pharmacologic agents.
Enzymatic Inactivation of Residual Gentamicin After Membrane Filtration

Residual gentamicin on a Millipore membrane was inactivated by modification with two different enzymes: gentamicin adenylyltransferase and 3-N-acetyltransferase. Both modifications allowed the growth of susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
Newly identified caveolin-1 mutation associated with heritable human pulmonary arterial hypertension mediates hyperproliferation via augmented calcium signaling (1089.10)

Objective: Recently, a new mutation in Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) was identified in a family with heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension (hPAH), but the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the Cav-...
Discontinuous transcription generates heterogeneity at the leader fusion sites of coronavirus mRNAs

Abstract Coronavirus mRNA is synthesized by a discontinuous transcription process, which involves a free leader RNA species. As a result, each virus-specific mRNA contains an identical leader RNA derived from the 5', end of the genomic RNA. In this study, we demonstrate by primer extension studies that the leader-fusion sites on a given species of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA are heterogeneous. The heterogeneity was due to variation in the number of pentanucleotide (UCUAA) repeats present at the leader fusion site. This pentanucleotide repeat region was complementary between the free leader RNA and the transcription start sites on the template RNA. This result suggests that the discontinuous transcription of coronavirus mRNAs occurs within the complementary sequences localized in two different RNA segments and that RNA joining occurs at variable sites.
Endometrial cancer in polyps associated with tamoxifen use

We report 5 cases of carcinoma arising within tamoxifen-associated endometrial polyps. In 4 of 5 cases there were no other changes within the endometrium. Given these findings, the sonohysterographic differentiation between a polypoid structure and thickened endometrium does not eliminate the need for histologic sampling of the uterine cavity.
Molecular Mechanisms of Phototherapy of Neonatal Jaundice

The success of phototherapy depends on photochemical transformations of bilirubin within light-exposed tissues. These reactions alter the structure of bilirubin in such a way that the intact molecule or fragments of it can be excreted via the kidney or liver without having to undergo further metabolic modification. So far three photochemical reactions of bilirubin have been shown to occur in vivo, and it is likely that these three together account for most of the effect of light on bilirubin metabolism in jaundiced newborns. The three reactions are photooxidation, configurational isomerization, and structural isomerization. In this presentation I shall discuss briefly some of our evidence for the occurrence of these reactions in vivo and speculate on their relative contributions to the net effect of phototherapy. Since the interpretation of the in vivo studies is very much dependent on knowledge gleaned from in vitro photochemical studies, I shall begin with a discussion of the latter.
The effect of load scaling on the coordination of manual squat lifting

Abstract Despite much experimental work on the biomechanics and psychophysics of manual lifting techniques, little information exists on the coordination of such tasks. This study sought to determine whether the coordination of the body for squat lifting remained invariant or changed when the load being lifted was increased in magnitude, and whether the degrees of freedom required to study this task could be reduced by discovering collective variables for its coordination. Principles of dynamic pattern theory served as a basis for our experimental approach. This approach has been applied primarily to rhythmical motor tasks involving the movement of only a few limbs or joints. We extend its application to the study of a relatively more discrete, multi-segment motor task. Relative timing between movement of the major joints involved in the task was studied to determine the behavior's order parameters. The relative timing between most joint pairs remained unchanged or changed only slightly with changes in the load magnitude. Significant load effects were found for ankle-hip, knee-back, ankle-back, knee-ankle, and hip-back relative timing measures. All changes were relatively linear in nature. A factor analysis of the relative timing measures that changed significantly with load suggested a further reduction in the number of components required to characterize this task's coordination. No apparent changes occurred in the stability of the observed lifting patterns as the load became heavier, suggesting that the observed changes in inter-joint coordination were not phase transitions.
Pneumoparotitis with orthodontic treatment

A case report of pneumoparotitis associated with orthodontic treatment is presented with a brief review of the literature.
Computation of finite population parameters and approximate probability values for multi-response permutation procedures (mrpp)

An algorithm is presented for computing the finite popula-tion parameters and the approximate probability values associ-ated with a recently-developed class of statistical inference techniques termed multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP).
Differences in the protocollagen hydroxylase activities from Ascaris muscle and hypodermis.

Abstract Protocollagen hydroxylase (PCH) was partially purified from Ascaris lumbricoides muscle and from cuticle fluid. This fluid is found in the space formed between the cuticle and muscle layer when the worms are frozen at −40 ° for several days and then thawed. The enzyme in this fluid is probably derived from the hypodermal cells of the subcuticular layer which are disrupted during shrinkage. While PCH is present in the muscle layer and in the fluid, no PCH activity has been found in cleaned cuticle. Muscle PCH is optimally active at 1–5% O 2 . High oxygen concentrations (30%) reversibly inhibit the enzyme. Cuticle fluid PCH does not show maximal activity until 20% O 2 and remains elevated to at least 40% O 2 . The Michaelis constant ( K m ) for oxygen substrate was 1.11% O 2 for muscle PCH and 2.87% O 2 for PCH isolated from fluid. The protocollagen substrate K m for muscle PCH at 5% O 2 was 1.25 mg substrate protein/ml; for the cuticle fluid, 5.52. At 30% O 2 these values were 0.78 and 12.9, respectively. With respect to α-ketoglutarate, the K m for muscle PCH at 5% O 2 was 1.6 × 10 −4 m ; for cuticle fluid, 8 × 10 −3 m . 14 C-Lys-protocollagen substrate was hydroxylated by both the fluid and muscle crude enzyme extract at 5%, or 30% oxygen. Here again, muscle PCH became less active at higher O 2 concentrations. The evidence indicates two different PCH activities, one in the muscle and one in the hypodermis. It is not yet known whether these two activities are due to two distinct enzymes or to the effects of the two microenvironments.