cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Experiments on Convective Heat Transfer in Water-Saturated Porous Media at Near-Critical Conditions

Fluid and heat flow at temperatures approaching or exceeding that at the critical point (374 °C for pure water, higher for saline fluids) may be encountered in deep zones of geothermal systems and above cooling intrusives. In the vicinity of the critical point the density and internal energy of fluids show very strong variations for small temperature and pressure changes. This suggests that convective heat transfer from thermal buoyancy flow would be strongly enhanced at near-critical conditions. This has been confirmed in laboratory experiments. We have developed special numerical techniques for modeling porous flow at near-critical conditions, which can handle the extreme nonlinearities in water properties near the critical point. Our numerical simulations show strong enhancements of convective heat transfer at near-critical conditions; however, the heat transfer rates obtained in the simulations are considerably smaller than data reported from laboratory experiments by Dunn and Hardee. We discuss possible reasons for this discrepancy and develop suggestions for additional laboratory experiments.
A technique to correct for backgrounds caused by break-up neutrons from the D(d, n) reaction

Abstract Use of the D(d, n) reaction as a monoenergetic source for bombarding energies of 5 MeV and higher is complicated by the presence of neutrons lower than those in the monoenergetic peak. These “break-up” neutrons are more numerous than those produced by foils and beam stop. A technique for stimulting this spectrum by bomabarding a 3H target with deutrons is presented. We also discuss a gas cell assembly which facilitates rapid cycling between two target gases.
Towards a new benchmarking paradigm in EDA: analysis of equivalence class mutant circuit distributions

Today, typical experiments that report `performance' of EDA algorithms are based on isolated instances of circuit benchmarks. In this paper, we design and report results of experiments that use a large number of sample circuits from several equivalence classes. We consider a number of known circuit benchmarks and construct large samples of circuits that belong to the same equivalence class. Speci cally, we examine properties of the recently introduced equivalence class of signature-invariant mutants i 2 N 0(i > 0), where the signature 0 is based on a single reference circuit 0. The main goals of the experiments in this paper are: (1) to introduce a methodology that objectively measures the performance of algorithms used repeatedly in typical EDA tools, (2) to critically examine data sets that can be or should be used to support such a methodology. We argue that the proposed selection of mutants from the respective equivalence class represents an important set of benchmarks since we can consistently show that design objectives, being optimized by various algorithms, behave as random variables and give rise to well-de ned distributions of circuit mutants.
Susceptibility weighted imaging of the neonatal brain

Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) is a well-established magnetic resonance technique, which is highly sensitive for blood, iron, and calcium depositions in the brain and has been implemented in the routine clinical use in both children and neonates. SWI in neonates might provide valuable additional diagnostic and prognostic information for a wide spectrum of neonatal neurological disorders. To date, there are few articles available on the application of SWI in neonatal neurological disorders. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and describe the characteristic SWI findings in various typical neonatal neurological disorders.
Gas transport through homogeneous and asymmetric polyestercarbonate membranes

Abstract Permeabilities, solubilities and diffusivities of N2, O2, CO2 and H2 are reported for a polyestercarbonate at 35°C and 4.4 atm. Constant activation energies of permeation were determined for dense films and defect-free asymmetric polyestercarbonate membranes over a temperature range of 25–55°C. Activation energies of permeation were 10 and 20% higher for N2 and O2, respectively, in the asymmetric membrane samples as compared to the dense films. Permselectivities for the gas pairs O 2 N 2 , H 2 N 2 and CO 2 N 2 were found to be higher in the asymmetric membranes compared to those of the dense films. The detailed cause of the higher permselectivities and activation energies in the asymmetric membranes is currently not known. Possible orientation-induced increases in segmental packing density in the asymmetric membrane skin is discussed as a potential explanation for the differences between the asymmetric and dense films.
Bridge Scour: Prediction, Modeling, Monitoring, and Countermeasures—Review

Scour is one of the main causes of bridge failures. It accounts for about 60% of bridge failures in the United States. Scour failures tend to occur suddenly without prior warning and are very difficult to monitor during flood events. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the up-to-date work on scour at bridge piers and abutments. First, a general introduction of bridge scour including the current situation of bridge scour problems and different types of bridge scour is given. Then, different approaches developed for predicting bridge scour are reviewed. Numerical and laboratory models established for bridge scour studies are also presented. Moreover, laboratory experiments and field tests conducted for bridge scour are reviewed. Different techniques and instruments developed for bridge scour monitoring are also presented with their advantages, disadvantages, and relative cost summarized in a table. Finally, various mitigation countermeasures developed for bridge scour are discussed.
Moonlighting in Law School: A Multischool Study of Part-Time Employment of Full-Time Students

The part-time employment of full-time law students is a significant aspect of contemporary legal education. Successful socialization and training in law are presumed to require the undivided time, effort, and commitment of students. Part-time employment, therefore, is commonly believed to siphon those scarce personal resources away from the central task of legal education. This multi-school study of a sample of 1,370 law students attempted to determine the significant ways in which employed students were differentiated from nonemployed classmates in finances, attitudes, and uses of time, and whether type of law school and student's year in school had effects on patterns of student employment. The incidence of part-time employment, while strongly related to personal financial resources, was found to be equally influenced by the type of school attended and year in school. While those settings varied substantially in the degree of permissiveness toward student part-time employment, students employed part time could not be distinguished statistically from their nonemployed classmates in terms of levels of involvement in law school or their levels of morale. Both temporal and attitudinal disengagement from law school were found to be commonplace among upper-class students in all school settings, but part-time employment did not appear to contribute to it uniquely.
Brain Expression of Cre Recombinase Driven by Pancreas-Specific Promoters

Cre-loxP technology enables specific examination of the function and development of individual nuclei in the complex brain network. However, for most brain regions, the utilization of this technique has been hindered by the lack of mouse lines with Cre expression restricted to these regions. Here, we identified brain expressions of three transgenic Cre lines previously thought to be pancreas-specific. Cre expression driven by the rat-insulin promoter (Rip-Cre) was found mainly in the arcuate nucleus, and to a lesser degree in other hypothalamic regions. Cre expression driven by the neurogenin 3 promoter (Ngn3-Cre mice) was found in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Cre expression driven by the pancreas-duodenum homeobox 1 promoter (Pdx1-Cre) was found in several hypothalamic nuclei, the dorsal raphe and inferior olivary nuclei. Interestingly, Pdx1-Cre mediated deletion of vesicular GABA transporter led to postnatal growth retardation while Ngn3-Cre mediated deletion had no effects, suggesting a role for Pdx1-Cre neurons, but not pancreas, in the regulation of postnatal growth. These results demonstrate the potential for these Cre lines to study the function and development of brain neurons.
Concept Referentialism and the Role of Empty Concepts

This paper defends a reference-based approach to concept individuation against the objection that such an approach is unable to make sense of concepts that fail to refer. The main line of thought pursued involves clarifying how the referentialist should construe the relationship between a concept's (referential) content and its role in mental processes. While the central goal of the paper is to defend a view aptly titled Concept Referentialism, broader morals are drawn regarding reference-based approaches in general. The paper closes by calling for a shift in the current debate between referentialists and their opponents.
Global English in the Humanities? A Longitudinal Citation Study of Foreign-Language Use by Humanities Scholars

The authors counted 16,138 citations within 468 articles found in four journals from history, classics, linguistics, and philosophy in the years 1962, 1972, 1982, 1992, and 2002 in order to identify trends in foreign-language citation behavior of humanities scholars over time. The number of foreign-language sources cited in the four subjects has not declined over time. Consistent levels of foreign-language citation from humanities scholars indicate a need for U.S. research libraries to continue to purchase foreign-language materials and to recruit catalogers and collection development specialists with foreign-language knowledge.
Distinctive G protein-dependent signaling in smooth muscle by sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors S1P1 and S1P2.

We examined expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors and sphingosine kinase (SPK) in gastric smooth muscle cells and characterized signaling pathways mediating S1P-induced 20-kDa myosi...
Rapid translation of circulating tumor cell biomarkers into clinical practice: technology development, clinical needs and regulatory requirements

The great hope in circulating tumor cell (CTC) research lies in the use of these rare cells as an accessible "fluid biopsy" that would permit frequent, minimally invasive sampling of tumor cells for similar molecular assays that are performed on traditional biopsies. Given the rarity of CTCs in peripheral circulation, microscale methods show great promise and superiority to capture and analyze these cells from patients with solid tumors. Novel technologies that produce validated CTC biomarkers may finally provide medical oncologists the tools needed to provide precise, personalized medical care for patients with advanced cancer. However, few CTC technologies demonstrate both experimental and clinical evidence of an accurate, reliable and reproducible assay that also meets the regulatory requirements to enter routine clinical practice. Many opportunities exist to incorporate clinical needs and regulatory benchmarks into technology development to more quickly garner FDA approval to direct decisions on patient care. This review will address: 1) device development tailored to address predictive, prognostic and/or therapeutic needs across the multitude of malignancies and disease stages; 2) validation benchmarks for clinical assay development; 3) early establishment of standard operating procedures for sample acquisition and analysis; 4) demonstration of clinical utility; 5) clinical qualification of a novel biomarker; and 6) integration of a newly validated and qualified technology into routine clinical practice. Early understanding and incorporation of these regulatory requirements into assay development can simplify and speed the integration of these novel technologies into patient care. Meeting these benchmarks will lead to the true personalization of cancer therapies, directing initial and subsequent treatments for each individual based on initial tumor characteristics while monitoring for emerging mechanisms of resistance in these continually evolving tumors.
Role of Dopamine Transporter in Methamphetamine-Induced Neurotoxicity: Evidence from Mice Lacking the Transporter

The role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in mediating the neurotoxic effects of methamphetamine (METH) was tested in mice lacking DAT. Dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) content, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, and free radical formation were assessed as markers of METH neurotoxicity in the striatum and/or hippocampus of wild-type, heterozygote, and homozygote (DAT −/−) mice. Four injections of METH (15 mg/kg, s.c.), each given 2 hr apart, produced 80 and 30% decreases in striatal DA and 5-HT levels, respectively, in wild-type animals 2 d after administration. In addition, GFAP mRNA and protein expression levels, extracellular DA levels, and free radical formation were increased markedly. Hippocampal 5-HT content was decreased significantly as well (43%). Conversely, no significant changes were observed in total DA content, GFAP expression, extracellular DA levels, or free radical formation in the striatum of DAT −/− mice after METH administration. However, modest decreases were observed in striatal and hippocampal 5-HT levels (10 and 17%, respectively). These observations demonstrate that DAT is required for, and DA is an essential mediator of, METH-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity, whereas serotonergic deficits are only partially dependent on DAT.
Early Modern or Late Imperial Philology? The Crisis of Classical Learning in Eighteenth Century China

The discourses of classical scholars during the eighteenth century reinforced a shift from Song-Ming rationalism to a more skeptical and secular classical empiricism. By making precise scholarship the source of acceptable knowledge, Qing classicists contended that the legitimate reach of ancient ideals should be reevaluated through comparative delineation of the textual sources from which all such knowledge derived. This turn to empirically based classical inquiry meant that abstract ideas and rational argumentation gave way as the primary objects of elite discussion to concrete facts, verifiable institutions, ancient natural studies, and historical events. In general, Qing classicists regarded Song and Ming “Learning of the Way” as an obstacle to verifiable truth because it discouraged further inquiry along empirical lines. The empirical approach to knowledge they advocated placed proof and verification at the heart of analysis of the classical tradition. During this time, scholars and critics also applied historical analysis to the official Classics. Classical commentary yielded to textual criticism and a “search for evidence” to refortify the ancient canon. Representing a late imperial movement in Confucian letters, Qing classicists still sought to restore the classical vision. The early modern power of their philology, however, yielded the forces of decanonization and delegitimation as modernist trends, which went beyond the intellectual limits they had imposed on their own writings.
A Simple Distribution-Free Test for Nonnested Model Selection

This paper considers a simple distribution-free test for nonnested model selection. The new test is shown to be asymptotically more efficient than the well-known Vuong test when the distribution of individual log-likelihood ratios is highly peaked. Monte Carlo results demonstrate that for many applied research situations, this distribution is indeed highly peaked. The simulation further demonstrates that the proposed test has greater power than the Vuong test under these conditions. The substantive application addresses the effect of domestic political institutions on foreign policy decision making. Do domestic institutions have effects because they hold political leaders accountable, or do they simply promote political norms that shape elite bargaining behavior? The results indicate that the latter model has greater explanatory power.
A comparative study of the reactivity of poly(vinyl chloride) and of poly(vinyl nitrate) with sodium azide

Formation de couleur et gelification. Formation d'insaturations. Effet d'une reaction prolongee
CO Meets CO, One at a Time

In his 1959 lecture, “There is plenty of room at the bottom” ( 1 ), Richard Feynman challenged scientists to build microscopes that could be used to manipulate atoms one by one. Twenty-five years later, the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was invented ( 2 ), enabling individual atoms to be dragged to specific locations in a smooth surface ( 3 ). The atomic force microscope (AFM) ( 4 ) allowed even more sophisticated manipulations of atoms and molecules. At first sight, the importance of these feats may appear to be of an academic nature, but the wider implications in nanotechnology, which aims to manipulate matter at the atomic level to produce new materials, soon became clear. On page 1120 of this issue, Weymouth et al. ( 5 ) measure the forces between two single CO molecules, an example of the type of fundamental understanding that can be obtained with atomic force microscopy.
Longitudinal Patterns of Women’s Marital Quality: The Case of Divorce, Cohabitation, and Race-Ethnicity

Previous work on marital quality has compared average levels of marital quality by demographic characteristics, such as cohabitation, divorce, or race-ethnicity. Less work has examined whether such differences persist over time. To begin to answer this question, this paper uses multigroup latent growth curves to examine changes in marital quality over time in addition to measuring differences in levels of reported marital quality among cohabitors vs. non-cohabitors, divorced vs. stably married women, and members of different racial-ethnic groups. Although many of the differences are small and statistically insignificant, the results show that non-normative and traditionally disadvantaged groups experience not only lower levels of marital quality but that these differences also persist throughout the life course. I also show that using marital instead of relationship duration for cohabitors has substantive implications when interpreting the results.
Plant sterols and host plant suitability for generalist and specialist caterpillars.

Insects, unlike plants and vertebrates, lack the ability to biosynthesize sterols. Cholesterol is typically the most common sterol found in plant-feeding insects, but it is rarely found in plants above trace levels, so plant-feeding insects must produce the cholesterol they need by metabolizing the sterols found in the plants they eat. Plant-feeding insects are, however, often limited in terms of which sterols can be converted to cholesterol. In the current study we used a transgenic tobacco plant line that displays high levels of atypical plant steroids, specifically stanols and ketone-steroids, to explore how novel steroid structural features affect performance in three economically important caterpillars (Heliothis virescens, Spodoptera exigua, and Manduca sexta). For each species we measured pupation success, larval development, pupal mass, pupal development, and eclosion success. For the two generalists species (H. virescens and S. exigua) we also measured egg production and egg viability. We then used these eggs to replicate the experiment, so that we could examine the effect of parental steroid dietary history on survival, growth and reproduction of 2nd-generation individuals. Significant negative effects of novel steroids on larval and pupal performance were observed for each caterpillar in the first generation, although these were often subtle, and were not consistent between the three species. In the second generation, larval survival estimated by ‘pupation number/plant’ on the tobacco plants with novel steroids was significantly reduced, while eclosion success was significantly lower for H. virescens. With respect to adult reproduction (i.e. egg production and egg viability) there were no observed differences in the first generation, but novel steroids significantly negatively impacted reproduction in the second generation. The findings from this study, when integrated into a simple population growth model, demonstrate the potential in using plants with modified steroids as a novel approach to manage populations of economically important caterpillar species.
Hu antigen R and tristetraprolin: counter-regulators of rat apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by way of effects on messenger RNA stability.

The apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) is the major carrier protein involved in the ileal reabsorption of bile acids (1, 2). ASBT also transports bile acids across the apical membrane of renal proximal convoluted tubule cells and cholangiocytes. Ileal transport plays a critical role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Bile acids are essential for normal liver function, in particular for maintenance of bile flow. In addition, they are essential for intestinal absorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins. ASBT mediated ileal bile acid transport leads to physiologically relevant signaling to the gallbladder and liver via ileal secretion of fibroblast growth factor-19 (3, 4). Both deficiency and surplus of bile acids can lead to liver-based pathologic processes. As such, a number of mechanisms exist permitting tight regulation of bile acid homeostasis, thereby preventing disease (5). The regulation of ASBT expression is complex and has been the subject of many recent investigations. Mechanisms of transcriptional control of ASBT expression have been elucidated over the past 10 years (1). More recent studies have implicated post-transcriptional processes in regulating ASBT expression (6-8). Normal ontogeny of ileal ASBT expression in the rat is biphasic, with fetal expression, postnatal repression and induction at weaning (9). Postnatal repression of ASBT expression may provide a critical signal to enhance hepatic synthesis of bile acids thereby expanding the bile acid pool size. Descriptive analyses of the ontogeny of ASBT in rat ileum and kidney suggest that ASBT expression may be controlled in part by regulated changes in mRNA stability (10, 11). During normal development in the rat ileum there is a greater than 100-fold increase in steady-state ASBT mRNA levels, while there is only a 10-fold difference in ASBT transcription as assessed by nuclear run-on assays (10, 11). In preweaning kidney steady-state ASBT mRNA levels are 10-fold higher than in the ileum, yet transcription rates are similar. These findings suggest that mRNA stabilization contributes to the steady-state accumulation of ASBT mRNA in the adult ileum. Moreover, they also support that differential stabilization of ASBT mRNA plays a critical role in controlling ASBT expression in a tissue-specific manner. Currently, there are no data that describe a molecular mechanism for the regulation of ASBT expression via changes in mRNA stability and thus the following investigations were undertaken.
Relevance of octanol-water distribution measurements to the potential ecological uptake of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Many potential applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) require various physicochemical modifications prior to use, suggesting that nanotubes having varied properties may pose risks in ecosystems. A means for estimating bioaccumulation potentials of variously modified CNTs for incorporation in predictive fate models would be highly valuable. An approach commonly used for sparingly soluble organic contaminants, and previously suggested for use as well with carbonaceous nanomaterials, involves measurement of their octanol–water partitioning coefficient (KOW) values. To test the applicability of this approach, a methodology was developed to measure apparent octanol–water distribution behaviors for purified multi-walled carbon nanotubes and those acid treated. Substantial differences in apparent distribution coefficients between the two types of CNTs were observed, but these differences did not influence accumulation by either earthworms (Eisenia foetida) or oligochaetes (Lumbriculus variegatus), both of which showed minimal nanotube uptake for both types of nanotubes. The results suggest that traditional distribution behavior-based KOW approaches are likely not appropriate for predicting CNT bioaccumulation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1106–1112. © 2010 SETAC
Mechanochemical models of processive molecular motors

Motor proteins are the molecular engines powering the living cell. These nanometre-sized molecules convert chemical energy, both enthalpic and entropic, into useful mechanical work. High resolution single molecule experiments can now observe motor protein movement with increasing precision. The emerging data must be combined with structural and kinetic measurements to develop a quantitative mechanism. This article describes a modelling framework where quantitative understanding of motor behaviour can be developed based on the protein structure. The framework is applied to myosin motors, with emphasis on how synchrony between motor domains give rise to processive unidirectional movement. The modelling approach shows that the elasticity of protein domains are important in regulating motor function. Simple models of protein domain elasticity are presented. The framework can be generalized to other motor systems, or an ensemble of motors such as muscle contraction. Indeed, for hundreds of myosins, our framewo...
Speaking of writing: Some functions of talk in the ESL composition class

Abstract The social interactionist view of emergent literacy holds that a learner's early attempts at writing are grounded in speech and, therefore, that the development of written language is best fostered within a supportive conversational environment. Many second language (L2) teachers recognize that an interactive classroom also benefits L2 writers by providing them with an enhanced oral language environment in which to develop literacy skills. However, the specific roles that oral discourse plays in the L2 writing classroom are not well understood. This article explores the functions of oral language in university English as a Second Language (ESL) composition classes. A case study is reported describing instructional discourse in five ESL writing classes. A set of discourse categories is employed that analyzes classroom conversation specifically as it relates to writing. Findings indicate relatively little classroom talk devoted to topic invention and development or to oral rehearsal of potential written text. The majority of teachers' speech moves functioned either to give direct instruction or to analyze already written texts. Results also point to the critical role that transmission-style instruction and textbook use play in determining the oral discourse characteristics of composition classes. Finally, techniques are suggested through which ESL writing teachers can better manage the role that talk plays in their composition classes and allow for a greater range of classroom discourse styles to best fit their instructional goals.
Improved Direct Measurement Fiber-Optic Skin Friction Gauge for Flight Test and Laboratory Applications

‡§ Direct measurement skin friction gauges based on the wheel flexure design developed in previous studies have proven to be successful alternatives to cantilevered beam style designs. The wheel flexure design maintains accuracy while eliminating the need for a damping fluid due to the mass balancing of the wheel flexures. This paper summarizes the analysis and design of improved wheel flexure based fiber-optic gauges for the measurement of one- and two-component wall shear. It is shown through careful analysis and design that significant reductions in the size of the gauges can be obtained while increasing the performance characteristics. Size reductions of at least 50% in all three dimensions, and the reduction of total volume by a factor of 14 compared to previous designs is achieved for both -and twocomponent gauges. The fundamental frequency of the gauges is increased by a factor of 20 compared to the previous designs due to reduction in size which results in improved response times. The improved gauges also offer collocated temperature and pressure sensing for increased utility and a nickel bellows for environmental protection of the internal components of the gauge.
Guided modes and anomalous scatterign by a periodic lattice

We study a discrete prototype of anomalous electromagnetic scattering associated with the interaction of guided modes of a periodic scatterer and plane waves incident upon the scatterer.
Reverse Engineering Measures of Clinical Care Quality: Sequential Pattern Mining

Pattern mining has been applied to classification problems. However, detection and analysis of frequently occurring patterns in clinical data is less studied. Instead, data-driven measures of the quality of clinical care are based on abstractions from clinical guidelines, and often are not validated on the basis of outcomes. We hypothesize that by using outcomes as a training signal, we can discover patterns of treatment that lead to better or worse than expected outcomes. Because clinical data is often censored, traditional classification algorithms are inappropriate. In addition, it is difficult to infer the latent meanings of patterns in clinical data if frequency is the only explanation. In this paper, we present a framework for discovering critical patterns in censored data. We evaluate this framework by comparing the patterns we detect with guidelines. Our framework can improve the accuracy in survival analysis and facilitate discovery of patterns of care that improve outcomes.
Support for context-aware intelligibility and control

Intelligibility and control are important user concerns in context-aware applications. They allow a user to understand why an application is behaving a certain way, and to change its behavior. Because of their importance to end users, they must be addressed at an interface level. However, often the sensors or machine learning systems that users need to understand and control are created long before a specific application is built, or created separately from the application interface. Thus, supporting interface designers in building intelligibility and control into interfaces requires application logic and underlying infrastructure to be exposed in some structured fashion. As context-aware infrastructures do not provide generalized support for this, we extended one such infrastructure with Situations, components that appropriately exposes application logic, and supports debugging and simple intelligibility and control interfaces, while making it easier for an application developer to build context-aware applications and facilitating designer access to application state and behavior. We developed support for interface designers in Visual Basic and Flash. We demonstrate the usefulness of this support through an evaluation of programmers, an evaluation of the usability of the new infrastructure with interface designers, and the augmentation of three common context-aware applications.
An Adaptive modular neural network with application to unconstrained character recognition

The topology and the capacity of a traditional multilayer neural system, as measured by the number of connections in the network, has surprisingly little impact on its generalization ability. This paper presents a new adaptive modular network that offers superior generalization capability. The new network provides significant fault tolerance, quick adaption to novel inputs, and high recognition accuracy. We demonstrate this paradigm on recognition of unconstrained handwritten characters.
Low-Cost Airports for Low-Cost Airlines: Flexible Design to Manage the Risks

Airport planning is shifting from the traditional pattern – driven by long-term point forecasts, high standards, and established clients – to that of recognizing great forecast uncertainty, many st...
Milk protein typing of bovine mammary gland tissue used to generate a complementary deoxyribonucleic acid library.

Abstract The milk protein genotype of a mammary gland tissue that was used to generate a cDNA library at the University of California, Davis was typed by PAGE. Casein and whey proteins were extracted from the mammary tissue and typed utilizing fast mini-gel procedures that provide excellent resolution of the milk proteins. The genotype of the mammary tissue was classified as κ-casein AB, β-casein A2A1, α s1 -casein BB, β-lactoglobulin AA, and α-lactalbumin BB. The genes κ-casein A, β-casein A2, β-lactoglobulin A, and α-lactalbumin B that have been cloned from this cDNA library coincide with those in the above tissue genotype with the exception of the recently reported cloning of the α s1 -casein A gene. The gene frequencies for die casein genetic variants for three breeds of dairy cattle is presented and discussed in relation to the low frequency (.3%) of the α s1 -casein A in the population.
Review of immediate angioplasty after fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: insights from the RESCUE I, RESCUE II, and other contemporary clinical experiences.

Abstract Background Prompt restoration of Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 3 flow improves survival in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI). Fibrinolytic therapy fails to restore TIMI 3 flow within 90 minutes in 40% to 50% of patients. Because the results of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for MI seem to be improving, a reevaluation of the role of PCI after fibrinolytic therapy for MI appears to be warranted. Methods and Results Data from all 9 randomized controlled trials (including new data from 4 trials) of rescue percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) versus conservative therapy after fibrinolytic therapy (1456 patients), 4 contemporary registries of PCI in this setting (977 patients), and other germane studies are reviewed. PTCA after failed fibrinolysis (TIMI 0 to 1 flow) appears to reduce early severe heart failure (3.8% vs 11.7%, P =.04) and improve survival over 1 year in patients with moderate to large MI (92% vs 87%, P =.001) and possibly reduces early repeat MI (4.3% vs 11.3%, P =.08). Assessment of the possible benefit of PTCA for TIMI 2 flow is hampered by the small number of patients randomly assigned. Repeat MI may be decreased and left ventricular functional recovery enhanced. PTCA early after successful fibrinolysis is nearly always technically successful and may reduce repeat MI and hospital length of stay. However, it must be recalled that randomized trials from the 1980s suggested increased mortality rates with PTCA after restoration of TIMI 2 to 3 flow with fibrinolysis. Data from contemporary randomized studies of stents and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors suggest that PCI as performed today may yield better results than those reviewed. Conclusions These data suggest a probable benefit of rescue PTCA in several distinct scenarios and that the pivotal mid-1980s studies suggesting no benefit or harm for PTCA after fibrinolytic therapy may no longer be relevant. The role of mechanical intervention in the treatment of patients treated in these settings should be reassessed. (Am Heart J 2000;139:1046-53.)
Plasma mass loading from the extended neutral gas torus of Enceladus as inferred from the observed plasma corotation lag

[1] At Saturn, significant plasma mass loading and radial transport occur together throughout the extended neutral torus, both producing corotation lags. We present a theory that depends upon the ratio of two classes of process: those injecting new mass (simple ionization) and those effectively removing momentum without changing plasma mass density (elastic ion-neutral collisions, like-species charge exchange). Both induce ionospheric torques, but only the former increases total outward mass flux. From an observed angular velocity, our model calculates the distribution of mass loading with radial distance. We present solutions based on Cassini Plasma Spectrometer measurements and theoretical chemistry models for Saturn's magnetosphere. We find a pronounced interaction peak near Enceladus' orbit and a broad ionization region between 5 and 8 Saturn radii (Rs). The total mass outflux at 8Rs is 100 kg/s × (Σ/0.1 S), where Σ is Saturn's ionospheric Pedersen conductance. The reported decrease in lag beyond 8Rs requires that Σ ≠ const or reducing the total mass outflux.
A new assay for tRNA aminoacylation kinetics.

An improved quantitative assay for tRNA aminoacylation is presented based on charging of a nicked tRNA followed by separation of an aminoacylated 39-fragment on an acidic denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Kinetic parameters of tRNA aminoacylation by Escherichia coli AlaRS obtained by the new method are in excellent agreement with those measured by the conventional method. This assay provides several advantages over the traditional methods of measuring tRNA aminoacylation: (1) the fraction of aminoacyl-tRNA is measured directly; (2) data can be obtained at saturating amino acid concentrations; and (3) the assay is significantly more sensitive.
Manual therapy as an effective treatment for fibrosis in a rat model of upper extremity overuse injury

Key clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome and other types of cumulative trauma disorders of the hand and wrist include pain and functional disabilities. Mechanistic details remain under investigation but may involve tissue inflammation and/or fibrosis. We examined the effectiveness of modeled manual therapy (MMT) as a treatment for sensorimotor behavior declines and increased fibrogenic processes occurring in forearm tissues of rats performing a high repetition high force (HRHF) reaching and grasping task for 12 weeks. Young adult, female rats were examined: food restricted control rats (FRC, n=12); rats that were trained for 6 weeks before performing the HRHF task for 12 weeks with no treatment (HRHF-CON, n=11); and HRHF task rats received modeled manual therapy (HRHF-MMT, n=5) for 5 days/week for the duration of the 12-week of task. Rats receiving the MMT expressed fewer discomfort-related behaviors, and performed progressively better in the HRHF task. Grip strength, while decreased after training, improved following MMT. Fibrotic nerve and connective tissue changes (increased collagen and TGF-β1 deposition) present in 12-week HRHF-CON rats were significantly decreased in 12-week HRHF-MMT rats. These observations support the investigation of manual therapy as a preventative for repetitive motion disorders.
Effect of Drop Size and Wall Solution Concentration on Determinations Made with the Hill-Baldes Method

SummaryExperiments are described that test the effect on osmotic pressure readings made with the Hill-Baldes vapor tension method, of the size of the drops placed on the thermocouple loops and of the concentration of the solution placed on the walls of the thermocouple chamber. Evidence is presented indicating that when readings are made over long periods of time after drop deposition on the thermocouple loops the drops must be of equal size and the reference and wall solutions must be identical if accurate osmotic pressure values are to be obtained throughout the course of the experiment.
Solitary burrow use by adult Patagonian tuco-tucos (Ctenomys haigi)

Although >100 Patagonian tuco-tucos ( Ctenomys haigi ) were live-trapped in the Limay River Valley, Rio Negro Province, Argentina, during January 1994, December 1994, and January 1996, no more than one adult was captured per burrow system. Radiotelemetry studies of nine adults revealed that areas occupied by different individuals did not overlap. This pattern of burrow use differed markedly from that reported for the colonial tuco-tuco ( C. sociabilis ), which also occurs in the Limay Valley. We suggest that comparative studies of C. haigi and C. sociabilis will yield important new insights into factors associated with interspecific differences in the social systems of subterranean rodents.
Mitigation of partial volume effects in susceptibility‐based oxygenation measurements by joint utilization of magnitude and phase (JUMP)

PURPOSE Susceptibility-based blood oxygenation measurements in small vessels of the brain derive from gradient echo (GRE) phase and can provide localized assessment of brain function and pathology. However, when vessel diameter becomes smaller than the acquisition voxel size, partial volume effects compromise these measurements. The purpose of this study was to develop a technique to improve the reliability of vessel oxygenation estimates in the presence of partial volume effects. METHODS Intravoxel susceptibility variations are present when a vessel and parenchyma experience partial volume effects, modifying the voxel's GRE phase signal and attenuating the GRE magnitude signal. Using joint utilization of magnitude and phase (JUMP), both vessel susceptibility and voxel partial volume fraction can be estimated, providing measurements of venous oxygen saturation ( Yv) in straight, nearly vertical vessels that have improved robustness to partial volume effects. RESULTS JUMP was demonstrated by estimating vessel Yv in numerical and in vivo experiments. Deviations from ground truth of Yv measurements in vessels tilted up to 30° from B0 were reduced by over 50% when using JUMP compared with phase-only techniques. CONCLUSION JUMP exploits both magnitude and phase data in GRE imaging to mitigate partial volume effects in estimation of vessel oxygenation. Magn Reson Med 77:1713-1727, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Quantum Multiple-Valued Decision Diagrams Containing Skipped Variables.

Quantum multiple-valued decision diagrams (QMDD) are data structures that enable efficient representation and manipulation of unitary matrices representing reversible and quantum circuits. QMDDs are of the form of a rooted, directed, acyclic graph with initial and terminal vertices where each vertex is annotated with a variable name representing a circuit line. Directed paths from the intial to a terminal vertex can be represented as a sequence of variable names in the order in which they appear in the path. The existence of QMDD paths that do not contain all variable names, or “skipped variables”, has direct ramifications in the formulation of synthesis and other algorithms for reversible and quantum logic. Skipped variables are generally rare and tend to appear in quantum circuits that are intended to operate using superimposed values on the control lines. We have found that a unitary matrix representing a circuit whose QMDD contains skipped variables is likely to exhibit a specific anomaly when decomposed into a cascade of unitary matrices using the Reck-Zeilinger-BernsteinBertani algorithm.
Treating obesity in growing children. 2. Specific aspects: activity and diet.

Most obese children actually have a calorie intake in line with or lower than that of their more active peers. Thus, exercise is the cornerstone of the regimen detailed here. Every effort must be made to increase physical activity so that the child will “spend” more calories. When dietary regulation also is needed, the calorie deficit should be only moderate, to avoid interference with growth or other harmful effects.
Coverage of Mexico in United States media: Phases of academic scholarship:

This study summarizes the research produced from 1984 to 2014 about coverage of Mexico in the United States media. The most important findings are: in the last three decades there has been an expon...
Emergency Medical Services and Atrial Fibrillation

Prehospital management of atrial fibrillation (AF) varies depending upon local protocol. For providers with an appropriate scope of practice, several interventions are common. Best practices include obtaining a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG), administering aspirin, rate control medications for patients with rapid ventricular reentry, and electrical cardioversion for patients with hemodynamic compromise. Through earlier access to advanced therapies, patients may have improved outcomes.
Minimalist Antibodies and Mimetics: An Update and Recent Applications

The immune system utilizes antibodies to recognize foreign or disease-relevant receptors, initiating an immune response to destroy unwelcomed guests. Because researchers can evolve antibodies to bind virtually any target, it is perhaps unsurprising that these reagents, and their small-molecule conjugates, are used extensively in clinical and basic research environments. However, virtues of antibodies are countered by significant challenges. Foremost among these is the need for expression in mammalian cells (largely due to often necessary post-translational modifications). In response to these challenges, researchers have developed an array of minimalist antibodies and mimetics, which are smaller, more stable, simpler to express in Escherichia coli, and amendable to laboratory evolution and protein engineering. Here we describe these scaffolds and discuss recent applications of minimalist antibodies and mimetics.
Clostridium difficile colitis: pathogenesis and host defence

Clostridium difficile is a major cause of intestinal infection and diarrhoea in individuals following antibiotic treatment. Recent studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that induce spore formation and germination and have determined the roles of C. difficile toxins in disease pathogenesis. Exciting progress has also been made in defining the role of the microbiome, specific commensal bacterial species and host immunity in defence against infection with C. difficile. This Review will summarize the recent discoveries and developments in our understanding of C. difficile infection and pathogenesis.
Bridge-Language Capitalization Inference in Western Iranian: Sorani, Kurmanji, Zazaki, and Tajik

In Sorani Kurdish, one of the most useful orthographic features in named-entity recognition – capitalization – is absent, as the language’s Perso-Arabic script does not make a distinction between uppercase and lowercase letters. We describe a system for deriving an inferred capitalization value from closely related languages by phonological similarity, and illustrate the system using several related Western Iranian languages.
An Integrated eVoucher Mechanism for Flexible Loads in Real-Time Retail Electricity Market

This paper proposes an innovative economic and engineering coupled framework to encourage typical flexible loads or load aggregators, such as parking lots with high penetration of electric vehicles, to participate directly in the real-time retail electricity market based on an integrated eVoucher program. The integrated eVoucher program entails demand side management, either in the positive or negative direction, following a popular customer-centric design principle. It provides the extra economic benefit to end-users and reduces the risk associated with the wholesale electricity market for electric distribution companies (EDCs), meanwhile improving the potential resilience of the distribution networks with consideration for frequency deviations. When implemented, the eVoucher program allows typical flexible loads, such as electric vehicle parking lots, to adjust their demand and consumption behavior according to financial incentives from an EDC. A distribution system operator (DSO) works as a third party to hasten negotiations between such parking lots and EDCs, as well as the price clearing process. Eventually, both electricity retailers and power system operators will benefit from the active participation of the flexible loads and energy customers.