cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
cDNA cloning and expression of potato polyphenol oxidase.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) of plants are copper metalloproteins which catalyze the oxidation of mono- and o-diphenols to o-diquinones. Although PPOs are believed to be primarily responsible for the deleterious browning of many fruit and vegetable crops and are thought to be involved in plant-pest interactions, direct evidence for these roles is lacking. We report the cloning of two PPO cDNAs from Solanum tuberosum leaves. These cDNAs exhibit 97% and 98% sequence similarity at the DNA and deduced amino acid levels, respectively. Putative copper-binding regions of both cDNAs are very similar to those of mammalian, bacterial and Neurospora tyrosinases. Both leaf PPO cDNAs appear to encode polypeptides which are processed to a mature molecular weight of 57000. In potato leaves, petioles, roots, and flowers, PPO is encoded by ca. 2 kb transcripts. Leaf PPO mRNA is developmentally regulated and only detectable in young foliage. In contrast, the protein profile of immunologically detectable PPO remains constant from the apical node through the eleventh leaf node.
Dose-response relationships in attenuation of puromycin-induced amnesia by neurohypophyseal peptides.

Summary Intracerebral injections of puromycin one day after training of mice in a Y-maze cause amnesia when the animals are tested 7 days later. This amnesia was shown to be attenuated by various neurohypophyseal hormones, analogs and fragments, administered subcutaneously immediately after training. Dose-response relationships have been obtained for the attenuation of puromycin-induced amnesia in mice by selected neurohypophyseal peptides. All of the compounds tested reduce the amnesia in a dose-related way, suggesting that these peptides may interact with specific receptors to induce their central effect. Among the peptides studied the two most potent — i.e., those that cause substantial retention of memory at the lowest doses — are the neurohypophyseal hormone arginine vasopressin and Z-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide (Z-MIF).
The use of precolumns for solvent focusing in capillary column gas chromatography

In trace analysis by capillary GC it is often desirable to use larger than normal injection volumes to obtain sufficient sensitivity. This, however, results in a wider solvent peak and tailing, and may reduce column efficiency. This paper describes the use of a short length of a capillary precolumn coated with a stationary phase of polarity similar to that of the sample solvent and a film thickness greater than that of the analytical column; provided the right combination of polarities of injection solvent and liquid phases are used, the precolumn focuses the solvent band, thereby enabling the maximum injection volume to be increased without measurably reducing efficiency. Typical precolumn dimensions are 1 m length, 0.32 mm i.d., and 0.5 μm stationary phase film thickness. Using a precolumn increases the maximum injection volume up to 8 or 10 μl, or three times that appropriate for a conventional analytical column, with little or no loss in efficiency.
Stochastic Resonance Enhanced Imaging for Defect Location in Silicon Solar Cells

We describe the use of stochastic resonance enhanced thermoreflectance imaging for characterizing and locating defects including shunts and microcracks in multicrystalline silicon solar cells.
Significant bed elevation changes related to Gulf Stream dynamics on the South Carolina continental shelf

Abstract Photographs of the seabed taken from an instrumented bottom tripod located approximately 100 km east of Charleston, South Carolina, reveal bed elevation changes of over 20 cm between July and November 1978. The tripod was in 85 m of water and was equipped with two current meters at 38.7 and 100 cm from the bed, a pressure sensor, a transmissometer, which fouled early during the deployment, a temperature sensor and a camera. The sediment under the tripod was composed of poorly sorted sand, some shell debris and numerous small biological tubes. Bed roughness varied throughout the deployment from biologically-produced mounds (2–5 cm high and 5–20 cm diameter) to streaks to a smooth bed, depending upon the frequency and magnitude of the sediment transporting events. Even though these events were common, especially during the later part of the deployment, the bed was rarely rippled, and there was no evidence of large bedforms such as dunes or sand waves migrating through the field of view of the camera. Photographs did clearly show, however, a gradual net deposition of the bed of nearly 20 cm, followed by erosion of approximately 5 cm. The flow field near the bed was dominated by sub-tidal period currents. Hourly-averaged currents at 100 cm from the bed typically varied between 10 and 30 cm s−1 and occasionally were as high as 60 cm s−1. The large flow events were predominantly toward the southwest along the shelf in the opposite direction of the northeast flowing Gulf Stream. The cross-shore component of the flow near the bed was predominantly directed offshore due to a local topographic steering effect. Current, temperature and satellite data suggest that the largest flow events were associated with the advection of Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Erosion events, as seen from the photographs, were highly correlated with the passage of these Gulf Stream filaments past the tripod. Gradual deposition of sediment, which occurred during the first half of the deployment, appears to have been associated with the convergence of the near-bed sediment flux near the shelf break.
Development of responses to an artificial nipple in the rat fetus: involvement of mu and kappa opioid systems.

Abstract Presentation of an artificial nipple to the rat fetus on E19, E20, or E21 of gestation promotes the expression of organized behavioral responses. Fetal responses include mouthing, licking, head-turning, and oral grasping of the nipple. Fetuses on E21 were more successful at grasping the nipple. Because all subjects were naive at the time of testing, this improved performance occurred in the absence of explicit experience with the nipple or specific practice (grasping the nipple). Manipulation of kappa and mu opioid activity with selective agonist drugs(U60,488 and DAMGO, respectively) altered fetal responsiveness to the nipple. U50,488 generally disrupted appetitive responses and promoted aversive reactions to the artificial nipple, whereas DAMGO increased responsiveness (licking and oral grasping), especially on E21. These findings suggest that both the mu and kappa systems may play functional roles in regulating neonatal behavior at the nipple by initiating and terminating a suckling bout.
Tissue-dependent alterations in lipid mass in mice lacking glycerol kinase

Glycerol kinase (ATP:glycerol-3-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.30, glycerokinase) (Gyk) has a central role in plasma glycerol extraction and utilization by tissues for lipid biosynthesis. Gyk deficiency causes various phenotypic changes ranging from asymptomatic hyperglycerolemia to a severe metabolic disorder with growth and psychomotor retardation. To better understand the potential role of Gyk in tissue lipid metabolism, we determined phospholipid (PL), cholesterol (Chol), and triacylglycerol (TG) mass in a number of tissues from mice lacking Gyk. We report a tissue-dependent response to Gyk gene deletion. Tissues with elevated total PL mass (brain, kidney, muscle) were characterized by the increased mass of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (EtnGpl), choline glycerophospholipids, and phosphatidylserine (PtdSer). In heart, lipid changes were characterized by a reduction in total PL, including decreased EtnGpl, phosphatidylinositol, and PtdSer mass and decreased TG and FFA mass. In parallel with tissue PL alterations, tissue Chol was also changed, maintaining a normal Chol/PL ratio. Under conditions of Gyk deficiency, we speculate that glycerol-3-phosphate and lipid production is maintained via alternative biosynthesis, including glycolysis, glyceroneogenesis, or by direct acylation of glycerol in brain, muscle, kidney, and liver, but not in heart.
Molecular anatomy and pathophysiologic implications of drug resistance in hepatitis B virus infection

Synthesis of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA genome occurs within the viral nucleocapsid in a mechanistically ordered fashion. The nucleocapsid contains small pores that permit influx of nucleotide triphosphates and metabolites of nucleoside analogues such as lamivudine for DNA synthesis. Lamivudine is a potent inhibitor of HBV and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptases, but substitutions of isoleucine or valine for methionine within the tyrosine-methionine-aspartate-aspartate (YMDD) motif are associated with virologic and clinical resistance to lamivudine therapy. Under lamivudine selection pressure, the high viral production rate and the low fidelity viral polymerase contribute to frequent development of the YMDD mutants. However, the pattern and dynamics of emergence of the mutant viruses over the wild-type virus are determined by multiple factors including replication efficiency, host immune response, and availability of replication space. Structural modeling of HIV reverse transcriptase has permitted key insights into the molecular basis of lamivudine resistance of HBV based on evolutionary relatedness of HIV and HBV. The side groups of isoleucine and valine of the YMDD mutants sterically prevent lamivudine from appropriately configuring into the nucleotide binding site of the reverse transcriptase. Aminotransferase flares are associated with lamivudine therapy and may signify clinical resistance with emergence of YMDD mutants. They may also herald the recovery phase with seroconversion and viral clearance. Reconstitution of the endogenous anti-HBV immune response may be equally important in the control of viral replication by lamivudine and other nucleoside analogues.
Measuring Cosmological Parameters with Galaxy Surveys

We assess the accuracy with which future galaxy surveys can measure cosmological parameters. By breaking parameter degeneracies of the Planck cosmic microwave background satellite, the Sloan digital sky survey may be able to reduce the Planck error bars by about an order of magnitude on the large-scale power normalization and the reionization optical depth, down to percent levels. However, pinpointing attainable accuracies to within better than a factor of a few depends crucially on whether it will be possible to extract useful information from the mildly nonlinear regime.
COMPARATIVE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE AND SEXUAL THECAE OF PERIDINIUM LIMBATUM AND PERIDINIUM CINCTUM (DINOPHYCEAE)

Peridinium limbatum (Stokes) Lemmerman reproduces sexually in nitrogen deficient medium. Sexual reproduction is homothallic and similar to that reported for other Peridinium species. Thecate planozygotes of P. limbatum and P. cinctum enlarge greatly. Suture bands connecting thecal plates enlarge unequally in P. cinctum producing a "warty" zygote and equally in P. limbatum maintaining the regular but enlarged appearance of the cell. Zygotes can be recognized by greatly enlarged striated suture bands. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION in the dinoflagellates
Nonrecursive decoding algorithm for PR4 channel

The Viterbi algorithm (VA) is a recursive optimal solution to the state sequence estimation problem. The recursive nature of this algorithm puts limitations on high-speed implementations of Viterbi decoders. The authors propose a nonrecursive suboptimal decoding algorithm for the PR4 channel. The new decoder has negligible performance loss.
Reduction of the state vector by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation

It is hypothesized that the state vector describes the physical state of a single system in nature. Then it is necessary that the state vector of a macroscopic apparatus not assume the form of a superposition of macroscopically distinguishable state vectors. To prevent this, it is suggested that a nonlinear term be added to the Schr\"odinger equation, which rapidly drives the amplitude of one or another of the state vectors in such a superposition to one, and the rest to zero. It is proposed that it is the phase angles of the amplitudes immediately after a measurement which determine which amplitude is driven to one. A diffusion equation is arrived at to describe the reduction of an ensemble of state vectors corresponding to an ensemble of macroscopically identically prepared experiments. Then a nonlinear term to add to the Schr\"odinger equation is presented, and it is shown that this leads to the diffusion equation in a weak-coupling approximation.
Inhibition of tyrosine-3-monooxygenase by benserazide

Le benserazide possedant une structure catechol, les auteurs ont examine la capacite de cette substance a permettre la determination de l'hydroxylation de la tyrosine in vivo, ainsi que celle du NSD-1015 ne possedant pas la structure catechol. Pour cela, les auteurs etudient l'activite enzymatique de l'enzyme EC 1.14.16.2 en presence de chaque substance, in vitro, apres avoir rappele la structure moleculaire des 2 produits
Using consumer-perceived risks to set optimal discount levels

Managing revenue includes setting the lowest discounts necessary to achieve the desired boost in unit sales and profits. This study systematically examines how four risk types; financial, performance, social/psychological and physical, relate to the optimal discount selected by consumers in 12 product categories. Higher priced products had the highest perceived financial risk; performance and physical risk was highest for tyres; and social/psychological risk was highest for shirt/blouse. Two of the risk factors, social/psychological and physical, were found to be predictive of optimal discount levels. The revenue management implications of setting discount levels in different product categories are discussed.
Size-dependent electron injection from excited CdSe quantum dots into TiO2 nanoparticles.

Electron injection from excited CdSe quantum dots into TiO2 nanoparticles can be easily modulated by controlling the particle size. Femtosecond transient absorption studies indicate that the rate constant for electron transfer from the thermalized s-state of CdSe quantum dots increases with decreasing particle size. The energy difference between the conduction bands of the two semiconductor systems acts as a driving force for the electron transfer in the normal Marcus region. An increase in the interparticle electron transfer rate constant by 3 orders of magnitude (from ∼107 to 1010 s-1) has been achieved by decreasing the CdSe particle diameter from 7.5 to 2.4 nm.
Intratumoral delivery of CpG-conjugated anti-MUC1 antibody enhances NK cell anti-tumor activity

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against tumor-associated antigens are useful anticancer agents. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is one of the major mechanisms responsible for initiating natural killer cell (NK)-mediated killing of tumors. However, the regulation of ADCC via NK cells is poorly understood. We have investigated the cytolytic activity of NK cells against pancreatic cancer cells that were coated with an antibody directed against the human tumor antigen, Mucin-1 designated HMFG-2, either alone or conjugated to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN). Conjugated antibodies were tested for their ability to elicit ADCC in vitro and in vivo against pancreatic cancer cells. NK cells cultured in the presence of immobilized CpG ODN, HMFG-2 Ab, or CpG ODN-conjugated HMFG-2 Ab were able to up-regulate perforin similarly. Interestingly, a significant higher ADCC was observed when CpG ODN-conjugated HMFG-2-coated tumor cells were co-cultured with NK cells compared to unconjugated HMFG-2 Ab or CpG ODN alone. Moreover, MyD88-deficient NK cells can perform ADCC in vitro. Furthermore, intratumoral injections of CpG ODN-conjugated HMFG-2 induced a significant reduction in tumor burden in vivo in an established model of pancreatic tumor in nude mice compared to CpG ODN or the HMFG-2 alone. Depletion of macrophages or NK cells before treatment confirmed that both cells were required for the anti-tumor response in vivo. Results also suggest that CpG ODN and HMFG-2 Ab could be sensed by NK cells on the mAb-coated tumor cells triggering enhanced ADCC in vitro and in vivo.
Identity Crisis–Teaching the Concepts and History of Private Security to Introductory Criminal Justice Undergraduate Students: A Preliminary Study

This article discusses the categorical relationship between content in introductory criminal justice textbooks and the amount of actual number of jobs within each category in the United States. It is proposed that these introductory criminal justice textbooks provide a “first glimpse” for undergraduate students and their future career and educational paths that the textbooks reviewed fail to represent the field of private security as a viable or important element in the criminal justice system.
JamDetect: A system to detect RAA aware jamming attacks in IEEE802.11 networks

The popularity of wireless sensor and mobile computing networks has increased exponentially in recent years with applications ranging from environmental monitoring and emergency response to battlefield operations. However, recent work has brought to the forefront a new class of intelligent IEEE802.11 jammers that are rate adaptation algorithm (RAA) aware. These jammers selectively jam packets to force the RAA of the transmitter to decrease the transmission rate and prevent future rate increases. RAA aware jammers significantly degrade network performance while expending only minimal energy achieving up to 100x higher efficiency in contrast to traditional jammers. Due to the threat posed by this new class of jammers we propose JamDetect, a transmitter based active detection system for RAA aware jamming attacks. The detection is based on identifying the randomness of the packet loss sequence. We evaluate the performance of our system using a comprehensive set of scenarios that combine RAA aware jamming with natural wireless phenomena such as fading, hidden terminal interference, and nodal mobility. The results show that the detection rate of our system is more than 90% with a false positive rate of at less than 5% for the vast majority of cases.
The Stefan problem of a binary liquid mixture

Isothermal evaporation of a binary liquid mixture into the air is studied, taking into account diffusion in the liquid phase as well as the moving interface during evaporation. The analysis is extended to measure the binary liquid diffusion coefficient by observing the position of liquid-gas interface. The resulting diffusion coefficient is in good agreement with the reported value.
How I Wish to be Remembered: The Use of an Advance Care Planning Document in Adolescent and Young Adult Populations

Abstract Background: Discussing end-of-life (EOL) issues is difficult with any population. These conversations are even more challenging with adolescents and young adults due to the poignancy of the situation and the need for developmentally appropriate language. Objective: To explore whether adolescents and young adults living with a life-limiting illness find it acceptable and helpful to have a planning document to share their wishes and thoughts regarding EOL care. If so, to learn about specific concerns adolescents and young adults feel are important to include in such a document. Methods: Adolescents and young adults with metastatic cancer or pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection were presented Five Wishes®, an advance directive document for adults. Each participant was asked to critically evaluate each wish in terms of whether the concepts within were considered (1) appropriate to ask individuals the participant's age; (2) helpful for other people the participant's age to think ab...
Visual autokinesis as a function of the amount of “possible” movement

Reports of autokinetic movement were obtained from 10 male and 10 female Ss when the Ugh t was remembered as appearing in a large (15 in. square) window or in a small (5 in. square) window. The effect of exposure duration (10 sec vs 20 sec), trial blocks, and sex of S were also varied in the 2 by 2 by 2 by Ss design. More movement was reported for the large window (pK.025), the 20-sec duration (p <.001), and the first trial block (p < 025). No other effects were significant The results were discussed in terms of a cognitive organization imposed upon the inherently ambiguous perceptual situation.
Remote measurements of thundercloud electrostatic fields

[1] Analytical and numerical models of the radio frequency emissions produced by relativistic runaway electron avalanches initiated by cosmic ray extensive air showers are presented. It is found that single-point measurements of the distant electromagnetic fields allow the remote determination of the electrostatic field in the runaway electron avalanche region. For instance, it is possible to use ground-based and/or remote airborne measurements of the radio frequency pulses from the runaway electron avalanches to map the magnitudes and directions of the electrostatic field within a thundercloud for regions with electric fields above the runaway avalanche threshold. Such measurements, which are difficult to perform in situ, may help answer several key questions regarding lightning initiation, such as what electric fields are usually present when lightning initiates and whether electric fields in small regions ever reach the conventional breakdown field.
The organization and aims of the American Geophysical Union

This is the fourth annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union, as such, although on June 24–25, 1919, there was held a preliminary meeting of a tentatively organized “American Section of the proposed International Geophysical Union,” then in process of formation under the auspices of the International Research Council, which, as will be recalled, was established in 1918, when the world conflict was drawing to a close. However, the concept of our Union may trace its origin even prior to the formation of the International Research Council and of the present International Geodetic and Geophysical Union. For soon after the establishment of our National Research Council in 1916, the chairman, Dr. Hale, requested the writer to prepare a memorandum respecting provision to be made for certain geophysical sciences. To quote from this memorandum but one sentence germane to our topic today—“It would appear that great opportunities are before us to make our influence felt in the world-sciences, by which are meant those subjects of research which embrace the Earth, or even the Universe, within their legitimate provinces.” In subsequent correspondence with Dr. Hale it was suggested that the term “geophysics” be understood to include geodesy, geological physics, meteorology, terrestrial magnetism, terrestrial electricity, seismology, tides and oceanography; and it was recommended that there be formed a special committee of the Council, or a subcommittee of physics dealing specially with “world physical sciences.”
Live Recombinant Salmonella Typhi Vaccines Constructed to Investigate the Role of rpoS in Eliciting Immunity to a Heterologous Antigen

We hypothesized that the immunogenicity of live Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi vaccines expressing heterologous antigens depends, at least in part, on its rpoS status. As part of our project to develop a recombinant attenuated S. Typhi vaccine (RASTyV) to prevent pneumococcal diseases in infants and children, we constructed three RASTyV strains synthesizing the Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein PspA to test this hypothesis. Each vector strain carried ten engineered mutations designed to optimize safety and immunogenicity. Two S. Typhi vector strains (χ9639 and χ9640) were derived from the rpoS mutant strain Ty2 and one (χ9633) from the RpoS+ strain ISP1820. In χ9640, the nonfunctional rpoS gene was replaced with the functional rpoS gene from ISP1820. Plasmid pYA4088, encoding a secreted form of PspA, was moved into the three vector strains. The resulting RASTyV strains were evaluated for safety in vitro and for immunogenicity in mice. All three RASTyV strains were similar to the live attenuated typhoid vaccine Ty21a in their ability to survive in human blood and human monocytes. They were more sensitive to complement and were less able to survive and persist in sewage and surface water than their wild-type counterparts. Adult mice intranasally immunized with any of the RASTyV strains developed immune responses against PspA and Salmonella antigens. The RpoS+ vaccines induced a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response while the RpoS− strain χ9639(pYA4088) induced a strong Th2 immune response. Immunization with any RASTyV provided protection against S. pneumoniae challenge; the RpoS+ strain χ9640(pYA4088) provided significantly greater protection than the ISP1820 derivative, χ9633(pYA4088). In the pre-clinical setting, these strains exhibited a desirable balance between safety and immunogenicity and are currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial to determine which of the three RASTyVs has the optimal safety and immunogenicity profile in human hosts.
H/sub 2/ control with time-domain constraints: theory and an application

In this paper, we study the problem of minimizing the H/sub 2/ norm of a given transfer function subject to time-domain constraints on the time response of a different transfer function to a given test signal. The main result of this paper shows that this problem admits a minimizing solution in R~H~/sub 2/. Moreover, rational solutions with performance arbitrarily close to optimal can be found by constructing families of approximating problems. Each one of these problems entails solving a finite-dimensional quadratic programming problem whose dimension can be determined before hand. These results are illustrated and experimentally validated by designing a controller for an active vision application.
Electrical and far‐infrared optical properties of p‐type Hg1−xCdxTe

Electrical transport measurements have been made on p‐type Hg1−xCdxTe with carrier concentrations ranging from 4×1015 to 1×1017 cm−3 and with x in the range 0.26–0.6. The acceptor ionization energy was determined to be about 14 meV by measurement of carrier freeze out in Hg0.6Cd0.4Te. Far‐infrared photoconductivity and transmittance measurements in Hg0.6Cd0.4Te were used to verify this ionization energy of the acceptor. Calculations of both the ionized‐impurity‐scattering‐limited mobility and the Hall coefficient as functions of temperature indicate that the p‐type Hg1−xCdxTe crystals are compensated.
A 6‐day clinical pathway after a pancreaticoduodenectomy is feasible, safe and efficient

Abstract Background The utilization of post‐operative clinical pathways leads to shorter hospital stays and decreased healthcare costs. This study evaluated patient outcomes after implementation of a 6‐day discharge pathway after a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods A post‐operative clinical pathway was developed and implemented for patients undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy at the present institution aimed at discharge by post‐operative day six. Patient charts were retrospectively reviewed to determine the rates of adherence to the pathway at each step, readmission and post‐operative complications. Results In total, 113 consecutive patients underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy, receiving post‐operative care under the clinical pathway guidelines. The median length of stay was 7 days (mode 6 days); 41% of patients were discharged by post‐operative day six, 62% by day seven and 79% by day eight. In univariate analysis, delayed gastric emptying was associated with a delayed discharge after post‐operative day six (P = 0.002). There were no post‐operative deaths and 16% of patients required readmission within 30 days of discharge. In univariate analysis, obesity was the only variable associated with an increased rate of readmission (P Discussion Clinical pathway utilization after a pancreaticoduodenectomy allows a high percentage of patients to be discharged within a week and is associated with a low rate of readmission. Clinical pathway implementation allows for safe and efficient patient care.
A new composite designed to resist wear

Abstract Nacre is known for its superior mechanical properties due to its uniquely interlocked-layered structures. In this study, a new composite containing nacre in an Al matrix was fabricated. The composite was produced using powder metallurgy method followed by a heat treatment. Mechanical properties were tested using SEM, micro hardness tester and profilometer. Results showed that the hardness of the composites increased as the concentration of nacre increased in the composite. The hardness of a composite containing 20 wt% of nacre increased by 40% compared to pure Al. Tribological evaluation indicates that samples with 1 wt% and 5 wt% of nacre exhibited the best wear resistance. The wear mechanism changed from adhesive to abrasive wear with varying concentration of nacre. This research demonstrates that the design of mechanical properties and the control of wear mechanisms is possible through the optimization of hybrid configuration. This approach can be adapted to most conventional materials.
A microparticulate diet for a suspension-feeding bivalve mollusc, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin)

Abstract Juvenile oysters, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), were fed on an artificial diet consisting of microgel particles, microcapsules, kaolin, and dissolved trace metals. The effects of both the type of agitation and the addition of dispersants and antibiotics on the stability of food-particle suspensions and oyster growth were determined. Agitation of cultures with a magnetic stirrer bar, instead of agitation with bubbled air, reduced losses of small (2.1–4.5 μm) food particles from suspension and improved oyster growth. The addition of 10 mg· 1 −1 of the lignosulphonate dispersant Reax 100 M together with 5 mg· 1 −1 each of the antibiotics rifampicin and chloramphenicol significantly reduced bacterial concentrations associated with the artificial diet and reduced the clumping and loss of food particles from suspension. The addition of the dispersant/antibiotic mixture reduced variation among experiments in the growth of oysters fed on the artificial diets, to between 41 and 64% of the growth of algal-fed oysters. Experimental evidence suggested that reduced variation in oyster growth was due to an indirect effect of the antibiotics on the qualitative composition of bacterial populations present in the oyster cultures.
Identification and evolution of fungal mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases with group I intron splicing activity

The bifunctional Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (CYT-18 protein) both aminoacylates mitochondrial tRNATyr and acts as a structure-stabilizing splicing cofactor for group I introns. Previous studies showed that CYT-18 has distinct tRNATyr and group I intron-binding sites, with the latter formed by three small “insertions” in the nucleotide-binding fold and other structural adaptations compared with nonsplicing bacterial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases. Here, analysis of genomic sequences shows that mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases with structural adaptations similar to CYT-18's are uniquely characteristic of fungi belonging to the subphylum Pezizomycotina, and biochemical assays confirm group I intron splicing activity for the enzymes from several of these organisms, including Aspergillus nidulans and the human pathogens Coccidioides posadasii and Histoplasma capsulatum. By combining multiple sequence alignments with a previously determined cocrystal structure of a CYT-18/group I intron RNA complex, we identify conserved features of the Pezizomycotina enzymes related to group I intron and tRNA interactions. Our results suggest that mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases with group I intron splicing activity evolved during or after the divergence of the fungal subphyla Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina by a mechanism involving the concerted differentiation of preexisting protein loop regions. The unique group I intron splicing activity of these fungal enzymes may provide a new target for antifungal drugs.
Werner syndrome: Entering the helicase era

Werner syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that mimics some of the characteristics of aging. The gene for this disorder has recently been identified as a helicase of the recQ subclass. Other phenotypically distinctive disorders caused by different helicase mutations include Bloom syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum and trichothiodystrophy. Possible mechanisms by which helicases might produce the variable phenotypes are discussed. These include altered nucleotide excision repair and RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. The discovery of the helicase defect in Werner syndrome provides a road map for future study of its unique pathogenesis and conceivable, but unproved, relationship to the aging process.
Myrcianthes (Myrtaceae) in Chile

The new combinationMyrcianthes coquimbensis is proposed, based onMyrtus coquimbensis. The species is described and its relationships and nomenclatural history are discussed.
Living or Leaving the Techno‐Apocalypse: Paul Virilio's Critique of Technology and Its Contribution to Architecture

Abstract Although Virilio is a strong critic of technology, hisWar and Cinema was central in shaping many architects' enthusiasm for digital imaging technologies. To assess how this paradox is possible, I consider the soundness of Virilio's arguments about the relationship of technology to modern experience, to epistemology, and to history. I describe how Virilio constructs history as a teleology driven by a technological spirit that defeats itself. His line of reasoning is premised on the problematic assumption that reality and agency have been eliminated from subjectivity, and that subjectivity has been delivered over to technology. Virilio's main criticism of technology is in fact its hypostatization.
Engineered Nanopore of Phi29 DNA-Packaging Motor for Real-Time Detection of Single Colon Cancer Specific Antibody in Serum

The ingenious design of the bacterial virus phi29 DNA packaging nanomotor with an elegant and elaborate channel has inspired its application for single molecule detection of antigen/antibody interactions. The hub of this bacterial virus nanomotor is a truncated cone-shaped connector consisting of 12 protein subunits. These subunits form a ring with a central 3.6-nm channel acting as a path for dsDNA to enter during packaging and to exit during infection. The connector has been inserted into a lipid bilayer. Herein, we reengineered an Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) peptide into the C-terminal of nanopore as a probe to specifically detect EpCAM antibody (Ab) in nanomolar concentration at the single molecule level. The binding of Abs sequentially to each peptide probe induced stepwise blocks in current. The distinctive current signatures enabled us to analyze the docking and undocking kinetics of Ab-probe interactions and determine the Kd. The signal of EpCAM antibody can be discriminated from the background events in the presence of nonspecific antibody or serum. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of generating a highly sensitive platform for detecting antibodies at extremely low concentrations in the presence of contaminants.
Transfer of the movement protein gene between two tobamoviruses: Influence on local lesion development

The effects of transfer of the movement gene between the tobamoviruses tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco mild green mosaic virus (TMGMV) were studied. The movement protein (MP) gene of TMGMV was cloned into an infectious cDNA of TMV to build the recombinant virus V23. V23, like TMV and TMGMV, caused systemic infection in Nicotiana tabacum Xanthi. In N. sylvestris V23 and TMV spread systemically although TMGMV produces necrotic local lesions on this host. V23 and TMV cause systemic infection on tomato plants while TMGMV does not infect tomato. In Xanthi nc plants, V23 produced necrotic local lesions similar in size to those produced by TMGMV. On the other hand in transgenic Xanthi nc tobacco plants that express a gene encoding the MP of TMV the necrotic lesions produced by V23 and TMGMV were similar in size to those produced by TMV. These results indicate that the size of necrotic lesions produced by TMGMV and TMV on Xanthi nc plants is influenced by the MP gene.
Cabibbo Angle-Enhanced and Doubly Suppressed D→Kπ Weak Decays and Pcac

The observed branching ratio of D°→K+π− to K−π+ is obtained using current algebra-PCAC consistency. The latter approach also sets the scale for the three Cabibbo angle-enhanced $D \to \bar K{\rm{\pi }}$ decays in a manner compatible with data.
MapMerge: correlating independent schema mappings

One of the main steps towards integration or exchange of data is to design the mappings that describe the (often complex) relationships between the source schemas or formats and the desired target schema. In this paper, we introduce a new operator, called MapMerge, that can be used to correlate multiple, independently designed schema mappings of smaller scope into larger schema mappings. This allows a more modular construction of complex mappings from various types of smaller mappings such as schema correspondences produced by a schema matcher or pre-existing mappings that were designed by either a human user or via mapping tools. In particular, the new operator also enables a new "divide-and-merge" paradigm for mapping creation, where the design is divided (on purpose) into smaller components that are easier to create and understand, and where MapMerge is used to automatically generate a meaningful overall mapping. We describe our MapMerge algorithm and demonstrate the feasibility of our implementation on several real and synthetic mapping scenarios. In our experiments, we make use of a novel similarity measure between two database instances with different schemas that quantifies the preservation of data associations. We show experimentally that MapMerge improves the quality of the schema mappings, by significantly increasing the similarity between the input source instance and the generated target instance.
Bend magnet beamline for scanning transmission x-ray microscopy at the Advanced Light Source

A bend magnet at the advanced light source is sufficiently bright to illuminate a scanning transmission x-ray microscope, with a zone plate lens to focus the soft x-ray beam at the diffraction limit. The beam line must be carefully optimized for this one purpose of high count-rates, of the order of 1MHz, are to be achieved in the microscope. Such a design is described. The nominal resolving power is 2000 from 150eV to 600eV using a single spherical diffraction grating. Twice the resolving power is available at reduced flux, and the intensity can be traded independently against the spatial and spectral resolution.
A-15 phases: Occurrence, Geller radii, and electronic structure

Reported A-15 phases are tabulated using a comparison between measured and predicted lattice parameter as a criterion. An enlarged set of Geller radii is calculated, and trends in these are used to discuss electronic features of these compounds. The small variation of superconductingT c among some compounds related to Nb3Sn is explained in terms of constant electronic feature deduced from the Geller radii.
Two transactivation mechanisms cooperate for the bulk of HIF-1-responsive gene expression

The C-terminal activation domain (C-TAD) of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α binds the CH1 domains of the related transcriptional coactivators CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300, an oxygen-regulated interaction thought to be highly essential for hypoxia-responsive transcription. The role of the CH1 domain in vivo is unknown, however. We created mutant mice bearing deletions in the CH1 domains (ΔCH1) of CBP and p300 that abrogate their interactions with the C-TAD, revealing that the CH1 domains of CBP and p300 are genetically non-redundant and indispensable for C-TAD transactivation function. Surprisingly, the CH1 domain was only required for an average of ∼35–50% of global HIF-1-responsive gene expression, whereas another HIF transactivation mechanism that is sensitive to the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSAS) accounts for ∼70%. Both pathways are required for greater than 90% of the response for some target genes. Our findings suggest that a novel functional interaction between the protein acetylases CBP and p300, and deacetylases, is essential for nearly all HIF-responsive transcription.
Effects of Light Intensity and Edge Density on Visually Evoked Potentials in Rhesus Monkeys

Visually evoked potentials were recorded from bipolar electrodes implanted in the foveal and parafoveal striate, prestriate and inferotemporal cortices of mature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The stimuli used were a blank field and three checkerboard patterns containing checks whose sizes were 2° 24′, 36′, and 9′ of visual arc. In addition to the size of the checks within the patterns, the intensity at which the stimuli were presented was also varied. In all four regions studied, check size had a significant effect on the amplitude of the average evoked potential, but intensity showed an effect only in the two striate regions. Certain regions of the visual cortex can apparently process two dimensions of a stimulus concurrently, and the same mass of neuronal tissue can participate in the processing of different dimensions of a stimulus at different times. The results are discussed in the context of existing literature concerning the evoked potential as an indicator of sensory information processing.
Partial purification and functional reconstitution of GDP sensitive brown adipose tissue mitochondria uncoupling protein using octyl glucoside.

Summary A partial purification of the uncoupling protein of brown adipose tissue mitochondria (BATM) was achieved by extraction of BATM with 40 mM octyl glucoside, followed by affinity chromatography on ATP-agarose. The isolated protein was functionally reconstituted into liposomes using octyl glucoside dialysis. Proteoliposomes containing the uncoupling protein had an increased proton or chloride conductance when subjected to a valinomycin-induced potassium diffusion potential. The increased ion conductance was consistently found to be inhibited by 200 μM GDP.
A new elasticity element made for enforcing weak stress symmetry

We introduce a new mixed method for linear elasticity. The novelty is a simplicial element for the approximate stress. For every positive integer k, the row-wise divergence of the element space spans the set of polynomials of total degree k. The degrees of freedom are suited to achieve continuity of the normal stresses. What makes the element distinctive is that its dimension is the smallest required for enforcing a weak symmetry condition on the approximate stress. This is achieved using certain "bubble matrices", which are special divergence-free matrix-valued polynomials. We prove that the approximation error is of order k + 1 in both the displacement and the stress, and that a postprocessed displacement approximation converging at order k + 2 can be computed element by element. We also show that the globally coupled degrees of freedom can be reduced by hybridization to those of a displacement approximation on the element boundaries.
A prospective randomized study comparing volume-standardized modified and conventional ultrafiltration in pediatric cardiac surgery

Abstract Background: Modified ultrafiltration has been touted as superior to conventional ultrafiltration for attenuating the consequences of hemodilution after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass in children. We conducted a prospective randomized study to test the hypothesis that modified and conventional ultrafiltration have similar clinical effects when a standardized volume of fluid is removed. Methods: From October 1998 to September 1999, 110 children weighing 15 kg or less (median weight 6.1 kg, median age 6.3 months) undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass for functionally biventricular congenital heart disease were randomized to conventional (n = 67) or arteriovenous modified ultrafiltration (n = 43) for hemoconcentration. The volume of fluid removed with both methods was standardized as a percentage of effective fluid balance (the sum of prime volume and volume added during cardiopulmonary bypass minus urine output): in patients weighing less than 10 kg, 50% of effective fluid balance was removed, whereas 60% was removed in patients weighing 10 to 15 kg. Hematocrit, hemodynamics, ventricular function, transfusion of blood products, and postoperative resource use were compared between groups. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in age, weight, or duration of cardiopulmonary bypass. The total volume of fluid added in the prime and during bypass was greater in patients undergoing conventional ultrafiltration than in those receiving modified ultrafiltration (205 ± 123 vs 162 ± 74 mL/kg; P =.05), although the difference was due primarily to a greater indexed priming volume in patients having conventional ultrafiltration. There was no difference in the percentage of effective fluid balance that was removed in the 2 groups. Accordingly, the volume of ultrafiltrate was greater in patients receiving conventional than modified ultrafiltration (95 ± 63 vs 68 ± 28 mL/kg; P =.01). Preoperative and postoperative hematocrit levels were 35.6% ± 6.6% and 36.3% ± 5.6% in patients having conventional ultrafiltration and 34.4% ± 6.7% and 38.7% ± 7.5% in those having modified ultrafiltration. By repeated-measures analysis of variance, patients receiving modified and conventional ultrafiltration did not differ with respect to hematocrit value ( P =.87), mean arterial pressure ( P =.85), heart rate ( P =.43), or left ventricular shortening fraction ( P =.21) from baseline to the postbypass measurements. There were no differences between groups in duration of mechanical ventilation, stay in the intensive care unit, or hospitalization. Conclusions: When a standardized volume of fluid is removed, hematocrit, hemodynamics, ventricular function, requirement for blood products, and postoperative resource use do not differ between pediatric patients receiving conventional and modified ultrafiltration for hemoconcentration after cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;122:220-8