cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New Right and State Power

The fundamental difficulty facing British politicians in the late 1960s and 1970s was a failure of state power, not simply economic and geopolitical decline. Both political parties had been discredited by the end of the 1970s. As the crisis deepened, so ideological debate intensified. For the Conservatives, the ‘undermining of the traditional authority of the state that was thought to be occurring in the 1970s’ led to the development of the new right or Thatcherism (Barry, 1990, p. 21). This, along with efforts by the Labour Party to renew socialism marked what Raymond Plant refers to as ‘a tacit admission of the failure of the British state to govern efficiently, justly and authoritatively’ (1988, p. 9). Carried out in the discourse of economic language, this debate posed the question of how political control was to be reestablished.
American Monsters: Tabloid Media and the Satanic Panic, 1970–2000

“American Monsters” analyzes the satanic panic, an episode of national hysteria that dominated the media throughout the 1980s. It involved hundreds of accusations that devil-worshipping pedophiles were operating America's white middle-class suburban daycare centers. Communities around the country became embroiled in trials against center owners, the most publicized of which was the McMartin Preschool trial in Manhattan Beach, California, still the longest and most expensive criminal trial in the nation's history. This article explores how the panic both reflected and shaped a cultural climate dominated by the overlapping worldviews of politically active conservatives. Their ideology was incorporated into the panic and reinforced through tabloid media. Infotainment expanded dramatically in the 1980s, selling conservative-defined threats as news. The panic unfolded mostly through infotainment, lending appeal to subgenres like talk shows. In the 1990s, judges overturned the life sentences of defendants in most major cases, and several prominent journalists and lawyers condemned the phenomenon as a witch hunt. They analyzed it as a powerful delusion, or what contemporary cultural theorist Jean Baudrillard termed a “hyperreality,” in which audiences confuse the media universe for real life. Integral to the development, influence, and success of tabloid television, the panic was a manifestation of the hyperreal.
RADON IN US WORKPLACES: A REVIEW

Exposure to naturally occurring radon is unavoidable and is second only to smoking as a direct cause of lung cancer in the USA. The literature for existing information on US occupations that are prone to increased radon exposures was reviewed. Current recommendations and applicable protective standards against occupational radon exposure that are applicable to US workers are discussed. Exposure varied widely among several working populations, most of whom were employed in industries that were unrelated to the uranium fuel cycle. Radon protection standards differed among agencies and have not changed since the height of domestic uranium production in the 1970s. In contrast, European countries are adopting recommendations by the International Commission on Radiation Protection to set a reference level near a derived annual exposure of about one working level month, which is 25% of the level currently established for US miners.
Adhesion and Friction at Graphene/Self-Assembled Monolayer Interfaces Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy

The functional implementation of graphene as a solid boundary lubricant requires the ability to control its frictional response across a variety of interfaces. This is challenging, as being a single atomic layer thick, the nanotribological properties of graphene depend highly on the competing interaction strengths with the converse sides of the top and bottom contacts of the interfaces it is placed in between. One method to modulate these interactions is to tune the surface chemistry (of one or both counter-faces) with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). To fully understand the effects on the graphene/SAM (G-SAM) composite interfaces formed, however, first necessitates a basic understanding of graphene–SAM interactions. To explore graphene–SAM adhesive and frictional interactions over a range of chemical functionalities, SAMs were used to functionalize atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips with varying terminal end-groups (−NH2, −CH3, and –phenyl, compared to unfunctionalized −OH terminated reference tips). AF...
The metabolism of d-lysine-ϵ-C14☆

Abstract 1. 1. d -Lysine-ϵ-C 14 was fed to rats or injected intravenously. Measurement of the distribution of radioactivity after 6 hr. revealed that almost all of the C 14 was found in the urine and in the nonprotein fraction of the tissues. 2. 2. Insignificantly small amounts of C 14 activity were detected in the plasma and tissue proteins, and in the expired carbon dioxide. 3. 3. Examination of the urine collected for 24 hr. after feeding d -lysine yielded no evidence for the presence of d -pipecolic acid. With similar procedures, added pipecolic acid was readily detected by paper chromatography.
Chalcogenide negative curvature fibers

The development of negative curvature fibers is an exciting advance in optical fiber technology that combines relatively low loss over a broad bandwidth with relatively high tolerance for fabrication imperfections. Tolerance of fabrication imperfections is particularly important for chalcogenide fibers, and negative curvature geometries have made it possible to fabricate hollow-core chalcogenide fibers that can transmit light at 10 μm with a loss of 2.1 dB/m. We review theoretical and experimental work that we have carried out to determine the performance limits and to design and fabricate chalcogenide negative curvature fibers.
Uncoding the genetic heterogeneity of myelodysplastic syndrome

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by functional impairment of hematopoiesis and abnormal bone marrow morphology. The type and severity of hematopoietic dysfunction in MDS are highly variable, and the kinetics of disease progression are difficult to predict. Genomic studies have shown that MDS is typically driven by a multistep somatic genetic process affecting a core set of genes. By definition, recurrent MDS driver mutations all drive clonal dominance, although they can have stereotyped positions in the clonal hierarchy or patterns of comutation association and exclusivity. Furthermore, environmental context, such as exposures to cytotoxic chemotherapy or the presence of germ-line predisposition, can influence disease pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. This review will address how an enhanced understanding of MDS genetics may enable refinement of current diagnostic schema, improve understanding of the pathogenesis of therapy-related MDS, and identify germ-line predispositions to development of MDS that are more common than recognized by standard clinical evaluation.
The Infinite Elastic Beam on a Linear Viscoelastic Foundation

The infinite, elastic beam on three different types of linear viscoelastic foundations is analyzed under various loads. Initial, transient, and terminal states of beam deflection and foundation pressure are determined; conditions on the load function are stated. Numerical examples with graphs are given. The extension of the results to finite beams is discussed.
Modeling wettability alteration effect on well performance in Permian basin with complex fracture networks

Abstract The effectiveness of surfactants to improve oil recovery in unconventional oil reservoirs through wettability alteration and enhancement of spontaneous imbibition has been extensively studied. However, very few simulation studies have considered the impact of complex fracture networks on the wettability alteration due to the difficulty in handling the connection between fractures and matrix. Non-uniform fracture networks are difficult to represent using traditional discrete fracture models and local grid refinement (LGR). In this study, we used the Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (EDFM) method to simulate wettability alteration in reservoirs with complex fracture networks. In EDFM, the reservoir is discretized with structured grids, and additional grids are created to represent the fractures. Each fracture plane is that is physically embedded inside a matrix grid is discretized by the cell boundaries, and transport coefficients are calculated for those additional grids. We verified our EDFM model against LGR in both oil wet and water wet conditions for relatively uniform geometries, observing good matches in well productivities and pressure responses. Then we performed a series of numerical sensitivity studies to demonstrate the impact of natural fracture networks on the wettability alteration. Our results show that fracture density, sets of fractures, and fracture conductivity significantly affect the well productivity. The matrix permeability also has similar effects. We modified the wettability condition of the activated fracture grids and matrix grids around fractures from oil-wet to water-wet. The impacts of fractures and permeability were greatly amplified in changing from oil-wet to water-wet systems, as occurs when surfactant is added to injected frac water. This study improves our capability in the area of modeling complex fracture networks, and provides meaningful guidance for enhanced oil recovery in shale reservoirs when designing a surfactant injection strategy.
Name Tags and Pipes: Assessing the Role of Metaphors in Students’ Early Exposure to Computer Programming Using Emoticoding

This paper presents a case study for assessing the effect of emoticoding during the students’ first encounter with text-based coding interfaces, in which period a student could have a deeply disappointing experience that may lead to “blank page trauma” as well as negative attitude towards the subject. A prototype metaphor-based source code editor was developed using novel human-computer interaction mechanics based on the concept of emoticon-like scripting. Similarly to the use of shortcuts for typing emoticons in social media, visual or textual replacements appear in the proposed text editor when the user types complete valid tokens from a given programming language. Appropriate metaphors can be used in the design of the token replacements so that they are appealing to a particular age, gender, or cultural groups of users. Quantitative analysis of data from 5th-grade students (n = 40) shows that metaphor-based emoticoding improves significantly the students’ performance in terms of syntax recall when they transition from block- to text-based programming in comparison to transitioning without emoticoding.
Care Ethics and Unintended Consequences

Unintended consequences regularly occur in business and professional practice and often are devastating. Although social scientists have devoted some energy to identifying such consequences, ethicists rarely speak of them. This oversight is particularly unfortunate because thought needs to be given to how we should think and act in a world fraught with unanticipated effects. Simply having good intentions does not suffice to make us responsible agents. To the extent that some unforeseen effects are nonetheless in principle foreseeable, we ought to hold ourselves accountable for trying to identify them when making choices. Moreover, if some ethical theories are better than others in coping with unintended consequences in business and professional spheres, we ought to be using these better theories more extensively, especially in applied ethics. This chapter is an attempt to remedy this neglect of an important dimension of ethical thinking. Part 1 defines just what an unintended consequence is. Part 2 gives examples of various types of unintended consequences in business and elsewhere and discusses why some are in principle foreseeable. Part 3 argues that an ethic of care is well-suited for both helping us to anticipate foreseeable unintended effects in business and for dynamically coping with them as they emerge. Part 4 provides some reasons for thinking that an ethic of care is better adapted for dealing with unidentified consequences than either utilitarian or deontological moral theories.
RNA-DNA Hybridization Analysis of Gene Expression

During the last decade, significant insight into the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression has been achieved, in part from studies made possible by RNA-DNA hybridization. These studies take advantage of the ability of RNA to form stable complexes with denatured strands of complementary DNA, enabling the investigator to relate genomic DNA to the immediate products of gene expression. Nucleic acid hybridization is a research tool that has proven fundamental to the major advances in molecular biology and provides a framework for recent recombinant DNA technology. Indeed, quantitative hybridization analysis has become to the molecular biologist what enzyme assays are to the enzymologist or protein biochemist.
Phase Fluctuation and Damping in Two-Level Optical Resonance

The interaction of a monochromatic optical field with a two-level atomic resonance is one of the basic problems in quantum optics. For a closed two-level system, we can describe the dynamics of the resonance the with optical Bloch equations:1 $$\dot u = - \tilde \Delta v - \frac{1}{{{{T'}_2}}}u$$ (1) $$\dot v = \tilde \Delta u + \kappa \varepsilon w - \frac{1}{{{{T'}_2}}}v$$ (2) $$\dot v = - \kappa \varepsilon v - \frac{1}{{{T_1}}}\left( {w + 1} \right).$$ (3)
A mitochondrial uncoupler increases KCa currents but decreases KV currents in pulmonary artery myocytes

Intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and ATP play important roles in the regulation of K- channels in pulmonary artery (PA) myocytes. Previous studies have demonstrated that hypoxia and the metabolic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, decrease voltage-gated K+ (KV) currents [IK(V)] and thereby depolarize PA myocytes; these effects lead to a rise in [Ca2+]i. Here, we used carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP), a protonophore that uncouples mitochondrial respiration from ATP production, to test whether the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation affects K+ channel activities in rat PA myocytes. Patch-clamp and fluorescent-imaging microscopy techniques were used to measure K+ currents (IK) and [Ca2+]i, respectively. FCCP (3-5 microM) reversibly raised [Ca2-]i in the presence and absence of external Ca2+. This effect was prevented by pretreating the cells with the membrane-permeable Ca2+ chelator, 1,2-bis(2-amino-phenoxy) ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA-AM). This suggests that much of the FCCP-evoked rise in [Ca2-]i was due to Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Brief exposure to FCCP (approximately 2 min) reversibly enhanced Ik. This augmentation was not influenced by glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive K channel blocker, but was eliminated by pretreatment with BAPTA-AM. This implies that the FCCP-evoked rise in [Ca2+]i activated Ca(2+)-activated K- (Kca) channels. Furthermore, in BAPTA-treated cells, longer application (> or = 6 min) of FCCP reversibly decreased IK(V) in PA cells bathed in Ca(2+)-free solution. These results demonstrate that FCCP affects KCa and Kv channels by different mechanisms. FCCP increases IK[Ca] by raising [Ca2+]i primarily as a result of Ca2+ release, but decreases IK(V) by a Ca(2+)-independent mechanism, presumably the inhibition of oxidative ATP production.
Development and validation of a multi-level air freight handling safety climate scale

Abstract Safety is of critical importance in many industries. One of the more dangerous environments in industry, and the military, is air freight handling, where the fatal injury rate has consistently been higher than the national average. Nonetheless, peer-reviewed safety research that is focused on air freight handling is practically non-existent. Therefore, research that helps academicians and managers better understand safety climate and its potential influence on employee attitudes and behaviors is vitally important. To address these concerns, we develop and validate an air freight handling-specific safety climate scale capable of capturing employees’ safety climate perceptions at the organization and group levels. We also found that, in general, measurement scale dimensions in this context are like those in other high-risk, transportation-related contexts, and that the nomological network may be converging on a cross-context set of safety climate dimensions. The resultant scale can be used to investigate safety climate’s relationship with various employee attitudes, safety and operational behaviors in this high-risk environment.
An Energy-Efficient Graphics Processor in 14-nm Tri-Gate CMOS Featuring Integrated Voltage Regulators for Fine-Grain DVFS, Retentive Sleep, and ${V}_{\text{MIN}}$ Optimization

Graphics workloads make highly dynamic use of resources such as execution units (EUs), and thus can benefit from fast, fine-grain dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) and retentive sleep. This paper presents a 14-nm graphics processing unit (GPU) prototype with modified EUs which include an integrated voltage regulator (IVR). The IVR enables energy-efficient EU turbo operation, data retention, and $V_{\text {MIN}}$ optimization per EU. Silicon measurements show that IVR-enabled EU turbo operation offers up to 32% (average 29%) energy reduction at constant performance.
The nucleolus: a central response hub for the stressors that drive cancer progression

The nucleolus is a sub-nuclear body known primarily for its role in ribosome biogenesis. Increased number and/or size of nucleoli have historically been used by pathologists as a prognostic indicator of cancerous lesions. This increase in nucleolar number and/or size is classically attributed to the increased need for protein synthesis in cancer cells. However, evidences suggest that the nucleolus plays critical roles in many cellular functions in both normal cell biology and disease pathologies, including cancer. As new functions of the nucleolus are elucidated, there is mounting evidence to support the role of the nucleolus in regulating additional cellular functions, particularly response to cellular stressors, maintenance of genome stability, and DNA damage repair, as well as the regulation of gene expression and biogenesis of several ribonucleoproteins. This review highlights the central role of the nucleolus in carcinogenesis and cancer progression and discusses how cancer cells may become “addicted” to nucleolar functions.
Hemostasis and Thrombosis in Pregnancy

In developing countries, the leading cause of maternal death is postpartum hemorrhage, and in industrialized nations, the leading cause of maternal death is venous thromboembolism. Furthermore, there are several other hematologic maladies that may present additional challenges in maintaining the health and well-being of the mother and child during pregnancy, delivery, and the postpartum period. In this chapter, we discuss the hematologic disease states that most commonly complicate pregnancy and offer insight into the diagnosis and management of these conditions.
Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the eukaryotic lipid flippase Drs2p-Cdc50p.

The heterodimeric eukaryotic Drs2p-Cdc50p complex is a lipid flippase that maintains cell membrane asymmetry. The enzyme complex exists in an autoinhibited form in the absence of an activator and is specifically activated by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), although the underlying mechanisms have been unclear. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of intact Drs2p-Cdc50p isolated from S. cerevisiae in apo form and in the PI4P-activated form at 2.8 A and 3.3 A resolution, respectively. The structures reveal that the Drs2p C-terminus lines a long groove in the cytosolic regulatory region to inhibit the flippase activity. PIP4 binding in a cytosol-proximal membrane region triggers a 90° rotation of a cytosolic helix switch that is located just upstream of the inhibitory C-terminal peptide. The rotation of the helix switch dislodges the C-terminus from the regulatory region, activating the flippase. The heterodimeric eukaryotic Drs2p-Cdc50p complex is a lipid flippase that maintains cell membrane asymmetry and its autoinhibition is released by PI4P binding. Here authors show cryo-EM structures of Drs2p-Cdc50p in apo and PI4P-activated form which reveal the structural changes upon PI4P binding.
Adaptively reconfigurable radar: real-time optimization of the transmitter amplifier and waveforms

Future radar systems will need to be adaptive and reconfigurable to allow for adequate sharing of the spectrum with wireless communication systems. This chapter has described several algorithms that facilitate the optimization of transmitter circuitry andradarwaveforms. The goals of these approaches include (1) ensuring desiredradar range/Doppler resolution characteristics, (2) achieving high powerPAE, and (3) spectral compliance to minimize the interference to other spectrum users. Algorithms for the fast tuning of the power amplifier load impedance, as well as simultaneous tuning of load impedance with input power or bias voltage, have been demonstrated to locate the optimal solution within a feasible number of required measurements.
Do hybrid arch bar screws pose a risk to the dentition

Objective Hybrid arch bars have become popular alternatives to traditional Erich arch bars for use in craniomaxillofacial surgery. They offer the benefit of decreased time for application, reduced risk of sharps exposure to healthcare personnel, and decreased risk of compromised periodontal health. However, it has not been established if they pose a significant risk to the dentition. Damage to the teeth, such as violation of the pulpal canal or root fracture, can lead to clinically significant sequelae. The purpose of the study was to examine if the screws contact or violate the tooth structure during placement. Study Design A retrospective radiographic review of 50 patients treated with Stryker SMARTLock Hybrid Maxillomandibular fixation system at University Medical Center Hospital in New Orleans, from January 2018 to August 2018, was conducted. Postoperative axial slices of computed tomography (CT) scans were examined for screw position relative to the adjacent tooth roots. Patients were excluded if they were fully edentulous, were incarcerated, or did not have arch bars applied to both arches. Variables examined were screw violation of the periodontal ligament, gross disruption of tooth root dentin, pulpal violation, and root fracture. The location of the tooth injured with regard to the maxilla versus the mandible and the anterior, premolar, or molar dentition was also examined. Statistical analysis was performed with unpaired t test and 1-wayanalysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. Results Fifty patients were analyzed, for a total of 507 screws in 100 arches with 1340 teeth present. Overall, 31.49% of teeth had contact or injury with the screws, with screw violation of the periodontal ligament (7.39%), dentin (19.78%), and pulp (3.81%) and root fracture (0.45%). There was a significantly higher incidence of root fracture in the mandible (N = 5) versus maxilla (N = 1) (P Conclusions Hybrid arch bars offer many benefits to the surgeon, but there is no risk of the screw contacting or violating the tooth structure. There is an increased risk to the anterior dentition and the maxillary dentition. The mandibular teeth are also more likely to experience root fracture compared with the maxillary teeth. The hybrid arch bars should be applied with consideration to patient anatomy and tooth position to prevent injury to the tooth roots.
Reflections on a Decade of Promoting Consumer Health Resources at Remote Area Medical Clinics

AbstractLibrarians at the East Tennessee State University (ETSU) Quillen College of Medicine Library have provided consumer health outreach services to rural and underserved populations at Remote A...
Teaching intercultural competence through heavy metal music

What does it mean to teach intercultural competence? Do we need to travel to “other” places? In what way does content need to reflect the traditions of “other” cultures? How can popular musics info...
p62/Sequestosome 1 levels increase and phosphorylation is altered in Cx50D47A lenses, but deletion of p62/sequestosome 1 does not improve transparency.

Purpose p62/Sequestosome 1 (p62) is a stress-induced protein that is involved in several different intracellular pathways, including regulation of aspects of protein degradation. p62 levels are elevated in several types of cataracts. We investigated whether levels of p62 and its phosphorylation were altered in the lenses of Cx50D47A mice, which express a mutant of connexin50 (Cx50) that leads to cataracts and impaired lens differentiation. To evaluate the importance of p62 in the lens defects caused by a connexin50 mutant, we also examined the effect of deleting p62 in homozygous Cx50D47A mice. Methods Protein levels were determined with immunoblotting. Mouse lenses were examined with dark-field illumination microscopy. Intensities of the opacities and lens equatorial diameters were quantified using ImageJ. Nuclei and nuclear remnants were detected with fluorescence microscopy of lens sections stained with 4',6-diamino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI). Results Levels of total p62 were increased in the lenses of homozygous Cx50D47A mice compared to those of the wild-type animals. The ratio of p62 phosphorylated at threonine-269/serine-272 (T269/S272) to total p62 was significantly decreased, whereas the ratio of p62 phosphorylated at serine-349 (S349) to total p62 was significantly increased in lenses of homozygous Cx50D47A mice. However, deletion of p62 did not affect the sizes of the lenses or the severity of their cataracts in homozygous Cx50D47A mice. Deletion of p62 did not improve connexin50 or connexin46 levels. Moreover, deletion of p62 did not change the levels of crystallins, histone H3, the mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog, or the abundance of nuclei and nuclear fragments in the lenses of homozygous Cx50D47A mice. Homozygous deletion of p62 led to an 84% increase in the levels of ubiquilin 2, but did not significantly affect the levels of ubiquilin 1 or ubiquilin 4. Conclusions Although homozygous Cx50D47A lenses have increased levels of p62, a specific reduction in p62 phosphorylation at T269/S272, and a specific increase in p62 phosphorylation at S349, this protein is not a critical determinant of the severity of the abnormalities of these lenses (reduced growth or differentiation and cataracts). The lens may utilize redundant or compensatory systems (such as changes in levels of ubiquilin 2) to compensate for the lack of p62 in homozygous Cx50D47A lenses.
Policing in the Era of AI and Smart Societies: Austerity; Legitimacy and Blurring the Line of Consent

The policing of space, in the traditional sense, can no longer be defined by physical boundaries and is unable to be controlled by any single legal jurisdiction or one rule of law. In a time of artificial intelligence (AI) and smart technologies, arguably policing has reached the limits of policing by public consent in the sense that the new police were introduced in 1829 to counter the problems of rising crime which were becoming a threat the existing social and political order [9]. Policing threats such as cybercrime—whilst experiencing several years of simultaneous budgets cuts, the evolution of new technologies, and the changing nature of crime has created challenges for the governance of policing [54]. This is the context in which this chapter will explore the capacity and limits of policing in an age of austerity, to combat the ever-increased risk of becoming a victim of some form of cybercrime whilst practicing within the global context of AI and smart technologies.
Metagenomic analysis reveals global-scale patterns of ocean nutrient limitation

Nutrient supply regulates the activity of phytoplankton, but the global biogeography of nutrient limitation and co-limitation is poorly understood. Prochlorococcus adapt to local environments by gene gains and losses, and we used genomic changes as an indicator of adaptation to nutrient stress. We collected metagenomes from all major ocean regions as part of the Global Ocean Ship-based Hydrographic Investigations Program (Bio-GO-SHIP) and quantified shifts in genes involved in nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron assimilation. We found regional transitions in stress type and severity as well as widespread co-stress. Prochlorococcus stress genes, bottle experiments, and Earth system model predictions were correlated. We propose that the biogeography of multinutrient stress is stoichiometrically linked by controls on nitrogen fixation. Our omics-based description of phytoplankton resource use provides a nuanced and highly resolved description of nutrient stress in the global ocean.
Rheostat Coordination of Latent Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus RNA Expression in Single Cells.

We detected precise coordination of RNA levels between two latent genes of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) using single-cell RNA sequencing. LANA and vIL6 are expressed during latency by different promoters on remote regions of the episome.….
Enforcing the Clean Water Act in the Twenty-First Century: Harnessing the Power of the Public Spotlight

This article examines enforcement of the Clean Water Act's (CWA) point source permitting (National Pollution Elimination Discharge System, or NPDES) program, in particular enforcement by the 45 states that have received federal delegation to implement the program. It first canvasses existing empirical evidence showing that state performance is often deficient, and that rates of significant noncompliance by major facilities with CWA permit requirements is consistently around 25%. The article then discusses the significant resource gap facing state NPDES programs. It reports on a survey that I conducted of all delegated state NPDES programs, which found that 11 of 17 responding states reported that their funding for enforcing the NPDES program is inadequate, with seven states reporting that the funding available for enforcement is 60 percent or less of what is necessary to comply with all federal and state mandates. Of the five states reporting that their funding is sufficient, most rely heavily on permit fee programs to fund their NPDES programs. The article then discusses the debate that has raged in recent years about what type of enforcement approach best achieves compliance with environmental laws, a sanctions oriented, deterrence-based model, or a conciliatory, cooperative-based approach. It argues that a third model - a "spotlighting" approach that relies on mandatory disclosure of enforcement- and compliance-related data, and public accountability for enforcement agencies - has the potential to significantly improve the current performance gap in NPDES programs. The article proposes that federal and state agencies adopt three specific spotlighting strategies: (1) EPA and the states should spotlight the enforcement and compliance related records of regulated firms; (2) EPA should spotlight the performance of state NPDES programs in achieving compliance among regulated firms within their states; and (3) the Securities and Exchange Commission should spotlight polluting companies by expanding the mandatory environmental disclosure requirements for publicly-traded corporations.
The geometry of the full Kostant-Toda lattice of sl(4,C)

Abstract The full Kostant–Toda lattice is an integrable system whose geometry appears naturally in the setting of flag manifolds but is not easily apparent in the original phase space. Separatrices in the flows for two different families of integrals in the Toda lattice of sl(4, C ) appear in splittings of weight polytopes associated to partial flag manifolds of Sl(4, C ) . Each family of integrals gives rise to a C * -bundle of level set varieties with singular fibers. In a neighborhood of a separatrix, the monodromy is a single twist of the noncompact cycle around the cylinder, C * . Near another type of singularity, the cycle is twisted twice; this interchanges the source and sink of one of the Hamiltonian flows.
New trends in Milky Way research

I feel honored indeed to have been asked to present the opening remarks at this beautifully planned Workshop on problems relating to the structure, kinematics and dynamics of the Milky Way System. These are exciting days for we have in recent years witnessed remarkable leaps forward in at least five areas of research relating to our Galaxy: (1) Evidence that our familiar Galaxy, with its central bulge, disk with spiral structure, and long-recognized modest halo is embedded in a huge outer halo or corona with a mass at least five times that estimated for our traditional Galaxy and a radius three or more times the traditional value. (2) Thanks mostly to advances in instrumentation in the near and far infrared, in radio astronomy, and in X-ray and Gamma-ray astronomy, we are constantly learning new facts about the central regions of our Galaxy, including the very center itself. (3) The recent CO radio-molecular studies are blowing new life into the study of the spiral structure of our Galaxy. This applies to spiral features in the inner parts (the beautiful results by Cohen et al. deserves special mention) and especially to features that are traceable in H I and in CO in the nearer parts of the outer halo or Corona. (4) The study of globular star clusters shows great promise for the future, but we must admit that the situation has become rather confusing. A few years ago it seemed as though real advances were being made in the study and interpretation of abundances of the elements from the spectra of stars in globular clusters, but today the whole story seems confused. We have made great advances in research on the dynamics of globular clusters, but much remains to be done on the dynamics of the globular cluster system, especially on the interpretation of the observed motions of the remote globular clusters that may define the outer rim of the outer halo or corona of our Galaxy. (5) One of the healthiest and most active fields for research on our Galaxy relates to star birth and early evolution. Here radio-molecular, near and far infrared work, and research based on observations in the old-fashioned optical region, are continuing to reveal new vistas. We seem to have succeeded pretty well in pinpointing the places in our Galaxy where the action lies.
Ex vivo expansion of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells based on synergy between IL-2 and 4-1BB signaling

Naturally occurring CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells require three distinct signals transduced via TCR, CD28, and IL-2R for their development and maintenance. These requirements served as the basis for several recently developed ex vivo expansion protocols that relied on the use of solid support-bound Abs to CD3 and CD28 in the presence of high dose IL-2. We report in this study that Treg cells up-regulate the expression of inducible costimulatory receptor 4-1BB in response to IL-2, and stimulation using this receptor via a novel form of 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) fused to a modified form of core streptavidin (SA-4-1BBL) was effective in expanding these cells up to 110-fold within 3 wk. Expanded cells up-regulated CD25, 4-1BB, and membranous TGF-beta, suppressed T cell proliferation, and prevented the rejection of allogeneic islets upon adoptive transfer into graft recipients. Importantly, SA-4-1BBL rendered CD4(+)CD25(-) T effector cells refractive to suppression by Treg cells. This dual function of signaling via 4-1BB, vis-a-vis Treg cell expansion and licensing T effector cells resistant to Treg cell suppression, as well as the up-regulation of 4-1BB by IL-2 may serve as important regulatory mechanisms for immune homeostasis following antigenic challenge. Stimulation using a soluble form of SA-4-1BBL represents a novel approach to expand Treg cells with potential therapeutic applications in autoimmunity and transplantation.
Comparison of corrosion behavior of Al-Mn and Al-Mg alloys in chloride aqueous solution

The microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Mn alloy 3A21 and Al-Mg alloy 5A05 in 3.5% NaCl solution were examined and compared. The results of the microstructure survey performed by optical microscope confirm the inhomogeneous nature of the intermetallic particles of the two alloys. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the presence of intermetallic Al6Mn and Al6(FeMn) particles in the 3A21 alloy and Al3Mg2, Mg2Si and FeAl3 particles in the 5A05 alloy, respectively. Electrochemical results, in parallel with corrosion morphology characterization, show that these two alloys both suffer pitting corrosion type attack under the conditions employed in the present study, with better corrosion resistance and stronger repassivating capability for the 5A05 alloy. Furthermore, the validity of the difference ΔE (Epit–Ecorr, Ecorr–Eprot) and Eptp as criteria for susceptibility to localized corrosion of aluminum alloys are also discussed.
Rapid transient-liquid-phase bonding of Al2O3 with microdesigned Ni/Nb/Ni interlayers

Abstract The vast majority of man-made devices contain joints between similar or dissimilar materials. Ideally, joining is fast, reliable, and inexpensive. In this work we demonstrate that robust refractory joints between Al2O3 bodies can be produced rapidly and consistently by a transient-liquid-phase bonding process exploiting microengineered multilayer Ni/Nb/Ni interlayers. Samples were bonded for times ranging from 5 min to 6 h at 1400°C. Well-bonded assemblies were produced in all cases. Interlayers with remelt temperatures > 2200°C were achieved in as little as 5 min at 1400°C. In room-temperature bend tests, fractures initiated and propagated almost exclusively in the ceramic. Extension of this approach to other advanced ceramics should be possible, providing a rapid and reliable alternative to conventional joining approaches.
Clays in prebiological chemistry.

The ways in which clays have been utilized in studies of prebiological chemistry are reviewed, and an assessment is given of the possible role of clays in prebiological systems. The adsorption of organic molecules on clays has been demonstrated, as has the synthesis of bioorganic monomers in the presence of clays. For instance, amino acids, purines and pyrimidines have been obtained from carbon monoxide and nitric acid in the presence of clays at relatively high temperatures (250-325 C). The oligomerization of biochemical monomers, mediated by clays, has also been shown to result in the formation of polymer molecules basic to life. Clays have also been found to affect the condensation of mononucleotides to oligonucleotides.
Kinetics of NO reduction by char: Effects of coal rank

The heterogeneous reaction of NO with coal char has potential as the basis for both reburning and postcombustion clean-up processes to control NO x emissions from combustion. The reaction is also important in understanding the formation and reduction of NO during coal combustion. In this study, the kinetics of NO reduction by chars made from coals ranging in rank from lignite to low-volatile bituminous (Beulah-Zap [NDL], Dietz, Utah Blind Canyon [UBC], Pittsburgh #8, and Pocahontas #3) were investigated in a packed-bed reactor at temperatures between 723 and 1173 K. Graphite and coconut char were also studied. The low-rank chars were found to be significantly more reactive than the high-rank chars (NDL>Dietz ≫coconut ∼ Pittsburgh #8 ∼ UBC ∼ Pocahontas #3 ≫graphite) with the T 50 (temperature required for 50% NO conversion) varying from 870 K for NDL to 1100 K for graphite for a given set of conditions. For all chars studied, the reaction was found to be first order with respect to NO partial pressure and to exhibit an activation energy ( E A ) shift from 100–160 kJ/mol at low temperatures to 190–250 kJ/mol at high temperatures. The shift to distinctly different and higher E A 's at higher temperature is opposite to what would be expected if a reaction is shifting from chemical rate control to mass transfer control and suggests different mechanisms or rate-determining steps at high and low temperatures. Although all chars exhibited the shift in E A , the shift temperature and the E A within each temperature regime tended to increase with increasing rank. Also, the relative reactivity of the chars depends not only on organic char surface area but also on inorganic content, specifically, CaO surface area.
CHICK THYROID RESPONSES AS A BASIS FOR THYROTROPIC HORMONE ASSAY

Several criteria for assaying thyrotropic anterior pituitary hormone have been suggested, among which marked hyperplasia of the guinea-pig thyroid following injection of active thyrotropic substances has been widely used (1, 2, 3). Hertz (4) used the histological reaction of thyroids in hypophysectomized rats, thus removing any suspicion that pituitaries of the test animals might affect the response. Anderson and Collip (5), departing from thyroid morphology as a basis for assay, suggested that increased B.M.R. following thyrotropic hormone injection be used. Stimmel, McCullagh and Picha (6) proposed a method dependent on the decrease of thyroid iodine following thyrotropic administration as shown by Schockaert and Foster (7). Rowlands and Parkes (8) used weight increase response of the guinea-pig thyroid to thyrotropic hormone, constructing an assay curve on this basis. Since these available assay methods require special technic or apparatus,
Exploring the extent and function of higher-order auditory cortex in rhesus monkeys

Just as cortical visual processing continues far beyond the boundaries of early visual areas, so too does cortical auditory processing continue far beyond the limits of early auditory areas. In passively listening rhesus monkeys examined with metabolic mapping techniques, cortical areas reactive to auditory stimulation were found to include the entire length of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) as well as several other regions within the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. Comparison of these widespread activations with those from an analogous study in vision supports the notion that audition, like vision, is served by several cortical processing streams, each specialized for analyzing a different aspect of sensory input, such as stimulus quality, location, or motion. Exploration with different classes of acoustic stimuli demonstrated that most portions of STG show greater activation on the right than on the left regardless of stimulus class. However, there is a striking shift to left-hemisphere "dominance" during passive listening to species-specific vocalizations, though this reverse asymmetry is observed only in the region of temporal pole. The mechanism for this left temporal pole "dominance" appears to be suppression of the right temporal pole by the left hemisphere, as demonstrated by a comparison of the results in normal monkeys with those in split-brain monkeys.
Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of [125I]MRS1898, a high-affinity, selective radioligand for the rat A3 adenosine receptor

A known selective agonist of the A(3) adenosine receptors (AR), MRS1898 [(1'R,2'R,3'S,4'R,5'S)-4-{2-chloro-6-[(3-iodophenylmethyl)amino]purin-9-yl}-1-(methylaminocarbonyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,3-diol], was synthesized in radioactive form and characterized pharmacologically. This agonist ligand series, based on nucleoside analogues containing a rigid, bicyclic ring system in place of the ribose moiety, was selected for radiolabeling due to its high A(3)AR affinity across species, with nanomolar binding at both rat and human A(3)ARs. The radioiodination of MRS1898 on its N (6)-3-iodobenzyl substituent was accomplished in 76% radiochemical yield by iododestannylation of a 3-(trimethylstannyl)benzyl precursor. [(125)I]MRS1898 bound to the rat A(3)AR with a K(d) value of 0.17 +/- 0.04 nM and a B(max) value of 0.66 +/- 0.15 pmol/mg protein. The competition binding profiles for other agonists and antagonists obtained with this radioligand are similar to those previously obtained with other radioligands. The advantages of [(125)I]MRS1898 compared with previously used radioligands are primarily its high selectivity and affinity for the rat A(3)AR and also its facile synthesis and radiochemical stability; however, a relatively high level of nonspecific binding presents a limitation. Thus, we have introduced the first selective radioligand for the rat A(3)AR.
Atomic Masses in the Region Xenon to Europium

A six-inch double-focusing mass spectrometer employing the peak matching method of measurement has been used to measure 36 atomic masses in the region $130\ensuremath{\leqq}A\ensuremath{\leqq}154$ and $54\ensuremath{\leqq}Z\ensuremath{\leqq}63$. Atomic masses of 41 radioactive nuclei have then been calculated from mass differences derived from nuclear reaction and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay energies. Nucleon binding and pairing energies have been calculated from the resulting mass table. The effect of the shell closure at $N=82$ on the systematics of nuclear binding and pairing energies has been investigated in greater detail than has previously been possible. The discontinuity in neutron binding energy, observed in reaction measurements and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay systematics, is shown to be caused by a decrease in binding energy of neutrons beyond $N=82$ rather than a particular large binding energy at $N=82$. The systematic behavior of proton binding and pairing energies is also studied. The nucleon binding and pairing energy results show departures from uniformity in the region near $N=90$. Electric quadrupole systematics have also indicated a change in nuclear structure in this region. The present atomic masses are also employed in the isotopic identification of several reactions, in the study of several natural alpha decays, and in the interpretation of several $\ensuremath{\beta}$-decay disintegration schemes.
Spinodal Line and Critical Point of an Acrylamide Gel

We present direct evidence for the existence of the critical point in an acrylamide gel, the gel consisting of a covalently cross-linked polymer network immersed in an acetone-water mixture. We determined the spinodal line for the gel from the measurements of the scattered light intensity. The spinodal line has a maximum at $T=(10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$C and a network volume concentration of (18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)%. This corresponds to the critical point.
Exact critical behavior of a random bond two-dimensional Ising model.

A 2D Ising model in which the bonds K fluctuate randomly about ${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{c}}$, the critical value of the pure system, is considered. The ensemble average of the square of the two-point function, ${\mathrm{s}}_{0}$${\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{R}}$${\mathrm{〉}}^{2}$${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathrm{Av}}$, is shown to decay as (lnR${)}^{1/4}$${\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ aat the critical point. This implies that ${\mathrm{s}}_{0}$${\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{R}}$${}_{\mathrm{Av}}$ is bounded above by (lnR${)}^{1/8}$${\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/4}$ in disagreement with the exp [-(ln lnR${)}^{2}$] decay law found by Dotsenko and Dotsenko by a different method. On the other hand, the present calculation reproduces their specific-heat singularity C\ensuremath{\sim}ln\ensuremath{\Vert}ln\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\Vert} (\ensuremath{\tau}=K-${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{c}}$).
Academic Development in Test Engineering

A 2-semester program of lectures and laboratory work in mixed-signal test development engineering has been initiated at San Jose State University. Class one involves bench-top assessment on a specifically-designed printed circuit board to explore basic issues of testing: accuracy, guard bands, repeatability, correlation, and printed circuit board design. Class two revisits many of these issues in off-line and on-line programs for manufacturing testers like Agilent's 93k. The trade-offs in accuracy versus test time are focal. This paper outlines the courses and presents an example of student ATE lab work.