cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inadvertent Trypan Blue Staining of Posterior Capsule during Cataract Surgery Associated with “Argentinian Flag” Event

Trypan blue is common in visualizing the anterior capsule during cataract surgery. Inadvertent staining of the posterior capsule during phacoemulsification is a rare complication and there are few reports in the literature. The proposed mechanism of posterior capsule staining in previous reports includes a compromised zonular apparatus or iris retractors facilitating the posterior flow of trypan blue. We report the first case of trypan blue staining of the posterior capsule associated with the “Argentinian flag” sign. In our case, the “Argentinian flag” allowed the trypan blue to seep between the posterior capsule and the lens, staining the anterior surface of the posterior capsule.
Dyke Award paper. MR of wallerian degeneration in the feline visual system: characterization by magnetization transfer rate with histopathologic correlation.

PURPOSE To examine the utility of measuring magnetization transfer ratio for for delineating the dynamic changes of wallerian degeneration which occur after controlled injury in a feline model in which anatomic pathways are well understood. METHODS Using standard neurosurgical techniques, discrete lesions were made to ablate the visual cortex. Gradient imaging was performed serially at 1.5 T, with and without a saturation pulse to create a magnetization transfer effect. At varying intervals, the animals were killed for histologic analysis. RESULTS Within the first 2 weeks there is a statistically significant increase in magnetization transfer ratio relative to the control hemisphere within the white matter connections between the lateral geniculate nucleus and the visual cortex at a time when no effects are visually detectable on spin-echo images. Between 16 and 28 days, this reverses to a decrease in magnetization transfer ratio in both the lateral geniculate nucleus itself and the adjacent superolateral white matter. More remote white matter tracts remained stable, without significant change. CONCLUSIONS Magnetization transfer ratio seems to be more sensitive for early detection of degeneration than conventional spin-echo imaging. Moreover, temporal changes in magnetization transfer ratio seem to correspond well with known histologic phases of wallerian degeneration.
An Economics Analysis for the Change of the Residents'Income Difference between Urban and Rural Households in China

Since 1985,the residents' income difference between urban and rural households has shown an enlarging trend in fluctuation in China.These main influence factors such as dual-economic structure,market adjusting,social and economic policies of the government,tradition and history etc led to this change.In which,the strengthening of the dual-economic structure is the most main factor.
Modeling terrain profiles from digital terrain elevation data and national land cover data

An algorithm is presented for synthesizing mathematical models of terrain elevation and re ectivity from digital elevation terrain data (DTED) and national land cover data (NLCD). Assuming the DTED and NLCD have spatial intersection, it is straightforward to interpolate each set individually to a common set of coordinates in the intersection. However, DTED is continuous and NLCD is not typically which results in different and sometimes contrasting sampling requirements of the intersecting region. This study evaluates different similarity measures used to assess the quality of re-sampling DTED and NLCD data for the purpose of building elevation and reflectivity profiles for physical optics calculation of site-specific radar clutter. Examples of the algorithm are presented for clutter scene generation with the Raider Tracer prediction tool.
Real-Time Monitoring the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Intracellular cGMP in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Real-time and noninvasive imaging of intracellular second messengers in mammalian cells, while preserving their in vivo phenotype, requires biosensors of exquisite constitution. Here we provide the methodology for utilizing the single wavelength cGMP-biosensor δ-FlincG in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells.
Performing grief: the music of three children of holocaust survivors – Geddy Lee, Yehuda Poliker, and Mike Brant

ABSTRACT“I always have music in my heart and no one can take that away from me.” These words from the oldest Holocaust survivor, Alice Herz-Sommer, have a particular resonance for this paper, in which I explore the work of three popular musicians – Geddy Lee, Yehuda Poliker, and Mike Brant – who also happen to be children of Holocaust survivors. Using theories from scholars who have studied the psychology of the “second-generation,” I shed light on the diverse ways in which these musicians have confronted their trauma and the trauma of their parents. For Lee and Poliker, this has taken the form of developing personal identities on and off stage as Jewish musicians with a cause, either for social justice or for preserving Holocaust memory; for Mike Brant, who committed suicide in 1975, his career and body of work involved a toxic mix of superstardom and depression, which many in his family, even his mother who survived the Holocaust, linked to his inability to address childhood anxieties about his parents’...
Multi-Component Fe–Ni Hydroxide Nanocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution and Methanol Oxidation Reactions under Alkaline Conditions

Iron-incorporated nickel-based materials show promise as catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) half-reaction of water electrolysis. Nickel has also exhibited high catalytic activity for methanol oxidation, particularly when in the form of a bimetallic catalyst. In this work, bimetallic iron–nickel nanoparticles were synthesized using a multistep procedure in water under ambient conditions. When compared to monometallic iron and nickel nanoparticles, Fe–Ni nanoparticles show enhanced catalytic activity for both OER and methanol oxidation under alkaline conditions. At 1 mA/cm2, the overpotential for monometallic iron and nickel nanoparticles was 421 and 476 mV, respectively, while the bimetallic Fe–Ni nanoparticles had a greatly reduced overpotential of 256 mV. At 10 mA/cm2, bimetallic Fe–Ni nanoparticles had an overpotential of 311 mV. Spectroscopy characterization suggests that the primary phase of nickel in Fe–Ni nanoparticles is the more disordered alpha phase of nickel hydroxide.
Newly Discovered Polymorphism in the CD34+ Stem Cell Specific AC133-P1 Promoter Linked to Leukemias.

Abstract AC133 (CD133, human Prominin-1) is a cell-surface glycoprotein which is expressed on several types of stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells. AC133 is also expressed on acute and chronic myeloid leukemias, as well as lymphoblastic leukemias. AC133 expression is correlated with a poor prognosis in cases of leukemia; in addition, preliminary observations suggest that AC133 may define a population of leukemic stem cells. We previously identified and characterized the AC133 promoter region, and demonstrated that transcription of AC133 is driven by five alternative promoters in a tissue-dependent manner, resulting in the formation of multiple alternatively spliced isoforms. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells were found to utilize only one of the five promoters, AC133-P1. Furthermore, preliminary data suggest that hematopoietic stem cells express only one AC133 isoform. We identified four allelic variants in the AC133-P1 promoter, 250 bp upstream of the transcription initiation point, which differ by the number of short tandem repeats as well as by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). One allele, (CAA)3CAG, is found in patients with AML, chloroma, and myeloma. Two different alleles, (CAA)4 and (CAAAA)5, are found in cancer cell lines derived from AML, retinoblastoma, colon cancer, and sarcoma. One allele, (CAA)5, is found only in healthy human subjects. Our preliminary results show that these different alleles may affect the activity of the AC133-P1 promoter. These data might lay a foundation for testing a risk of susceptibility to AC133+ leukemias. Additional investigations are required to establish the role of AC133 in emergence, development and survival of leukemias, as well as to explore the viability of AC133 as a primary therapeutic target in patients with aggressive AC133+ leukemia.
Virus-mimicking Hybrid Nanostructures Containing Indocyanine Green and Albumin for Near Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Ovarian Cancer Cells

We have engineered nano-constructs composed of plant virus capsid proteins encapsulating indocyanine green complexed with albumin. Our results that demonstrate the effectiveness of these nano-constructs for fluorescence imaging of ovarian cancer cells in vitro.
Better living through operational semantics: an optimizing compiler for radio protocols

Software-defined radio (SDR) promises to bring the flexibility and rapid iterative workflow of software to radio protocol design. Many factors make achieving this promise challenging, not least of which are the high data rates and timing requirements of real-world radio protocols. The Ziria language and accompanying compiler demonstrated that a high-level language can compete in this demanding space, but extracting reusable lessons from this success is difficult due to Ziria's lack of a formal semantics. Our first contribution is a core language, operational semantics, and type system for Ziria. The insight we gained through developing this operational semantics led to our second contribution, consisting of two program transformations. The first is fusion, which can eliminate intermediate queues in Ziria programs. Fusion subsumes many one-off optimizations performed by the original Ziria compiler. The second transformation is pipeline coalescing, which reduces execution overhead by batching IO. Pipeline coalescing relies critically on fusion and provides a much simpler story for the original Ziria compiler's "vectorization" transformation. These developments serve as the basis of our third contribution, a new compiler for Ziria that produces significantly faster code than the original compiler. The new compiler leverages our intermediate language to help eliminate unnecessary memory traffic. As well as providing a firm foundation for the Ziria language, our work on an operational semantics resulted in very real software engineering benefits. These benefits need not be limited to SDR---the core language and accompanying transformations we present are applicable to other domains that require processing streaming data at high speed.
Stigler on the Science of Economics: A Tale of Two Knights

Our focus in this chapter will be on the methodological role that Stigler played in validating what he regarded as the science of economics that he had inherited from his own teacher, Frank Knight, and how this affected his understanding not only of economic theory but also public policy. Stigler’s understanding of economic science, viewed from a Knightian perspective, illustrates the evolution of economic science in twentieth-century neoclassical economics in two respects. First, it illustrates what was deemphasized and what was later carried forward from Knight by the generation of Chicago economists following WWII. Second, it highlights how Stigler’s understanding of Knight contributed and detracted from the mainline of economic science and its public policy relevance.
Analysis of Multiple Classes of Soybean Heat Shock Genes and Proteins

The influence of high temperature stress (heat shock or HS) and other environmental stress agents on gene expression of soybean seedlings has been extensively studied. The sequence analysis of HS genes has revealed a high degree of conservation among individual members of several heat shock protein (HSP) families and different classes within a family, but some interesting differences have been noted. These studies have also revealed complex patterns of regulation of expression of the HS genes and accumulation of the HSPs. Based primarily upon the deduced amino acid sequence of the HSPs, immunological cross-reactivity, and intracellular localization, the complex group of low molecular weight (LMW) HSP genes have been organized into multiple classes. In soybean several cDNA and genomic clones encoding 20 to 24 kD LMW HSPs have been isolated which represent new classes of the LMW HSP gene super family based on nucleotide/amino acid sequence and cell fractionation analyses. The mRNAs transcribed from these genes are of lower abundance than those for the 15 to 18 kD Class I and II proteins, and these genes occur as small multigene (i.e. three to four) classes or subfamilies. The mRNAs of three of these classes of LMW HSP genes are translated on ER- bound ribosomes and possess hydrophobic leader sequences. The presence of a consensus ER retention sequence on two of these proteins indicates that they probably reside within the ER. The third protein lacks the consensus ER retention signal and presumably is translocated to an as yet unidentified location. The mRNA representing a fourth LMW gene class is translated on unbound cytoplasmic ribosomes, and the predicted protein has a N-terminal sequence with properties similar to that of some proteins which are translocated into mitochondria. Early studies with soybean seedlings indicated that some 22 to 24 kD HSPs are localized in mitochondria. Differential induction by amino analog treatment indicates that genes assigned to the same class based on amino acid similarity and localization can be regulated differently. The possible role of the multiple classes on LMW 15 to 24 kD HSPs in protein protection from denaturation at high temperature (i.e. a chaperone function), based on studies from other laboratories is noted and some of these results will be summarized.
Gendered Interests in Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering: Intersections With Career Outcome Expectations

Contribution: The current study finds that female-identified students report stronger associations between “helping others” and interest in bioengineering/biomedical engineering than non-females, while they report less interest in electrical and computer engineering overall, with similar associations to factors such as “inventing/designing things” than non-females. Background: While women have made gains in STEM, electrical and computer engineering programs award 13% of their Bachelor’s degrees to women while bioengineering/biomedical engineering programs award over 40%. Prior work suggests that women’s persistent under-representation in electrical and computer engingeering may be due to them being drawn into other disciplines. Women persist in engineering at similar rates as men, so a better understanding of early college attitudes is needed. Research Questions: 1) How are career outcome expectations associated to electrical engineering, computer engineering, and bioengineering/biomedical engineering? 2) What are females’ interests in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and bioengineering/biomedical engineering? 3) Are outcome expectations and major interests distinct for female-identified students? Methodology: Regression analyses were conducted on multiply-imputed data of introductory engineering students at four public universities in the U.S. Findings: Students associate inventing/designing things and “developing new knowledge and skills” to electrical engineering, and associate inventing/designing things and “working with people” (negative) to computer engineering. Students associate helping others and “supervising others” (negative) to bioengineering/biomedical engineering. Female-identified students are less interested in electrical and computer engineering, more interested in bioengineering/biomedical engineering, and associate helping others to bioengineering/biomedical engineering more strongly.
The ties that bind: Cradling in Tajikistan

A traditional childrearing practice-"gahvora" cradling-in Tajikistan and other parts of Central Asia purportedly restricts movement of infants' body and limbs. However, the practice has been documented only informally in anecdotal reports. Thus, this study had two research questions: (1) To what extent are infants' movements restricted in the gahvora? (2) How is time in the gahvora distributed over a 24-hour day in infants from 1-24 months of age? To answer these questions, we video-recorded 146 mothers cradling their infants and interviewed them using 24-hour time diaries to determine the distribution of time infants spent in the gahvora within a day and across age. Infants' movements were indeed severely restricted. Although mothers showed striking uniformity in how they restricted infants' movements, they showed large individual differences in amount and distribution of daily use. Machine learning algorithms yielded three patterns of use: day and nighttime cradling, mostly nighttime cradling, and mostly daytime cradling, suggesting multiple functions of the cradling practice. Across age, time in the gahvora decreased, yet 20% of 12- to 24-month-olds spent more than 15 hours bound in the gahvora. We discuss the challenges and benefits of cultural research, and how the discovery of new phenomena may defy Western assumptions about childrearing and development. Future work will determine whether the extent and timing of restriction impacts infants' physical and psychological development.
Proceedings of the 43rd annual Southeast regional conference - Volume 2

Welcome to Kennesaw State University and the Forty-third annual ACM Southeast Conference. We are very excited with the quantity and quality of our presenters. This year's program includes an impressive collection of papers, tutorials/workshops, panels, undergraduate and graduate student posters and faculty posters as well as internationally known keynote speakers and high tech companies exhibiting their products. Many thanks to all contributors for their efforts. Special thanks for every member of the ACMSE Program Committee --- particularly Meg Murray, Hisham Haddad, Ken Hoganson, Kim King, Jose Garrido, Victor Clincy, Venu Dasigi and Ahmad Ghafarian.This year's conference has exceeded the number of submissions, acceptances and attendees of previous ACMSE Conferences. Despite the large numbers of submissions, all were refereed. Acceptance rates were 60% for Papers, 58% for Graduate Student Posters, 67% for Undergraduate Student Posters, 76% for Faculty Posters, and 79% for Workshops/Tutorials/Panels.In addition to the regular conference activities, we would like to invite attendees to participate in tourist and social activities that will follow the conference. Please refer to the conference web site at http://acmse.kennesaw.edu for more information.We also like to welcome you to next year's conference hosted by the Florida Institute of Technology located in Melbourne, Florida (March 17-19, 2006).Again, I welcome you to the 43rd ACM Southeast Conference, the campus of Kennesaw State University, and to the greater Atlanta area.
Keeping with: The Civic Work of Heritage Claims

This article proposes keeping with as a rhetorical practice used by communities to maintain cultural heritages in unfamiliar or unwelcoming settings. Grounded in interviews from participatory resea...
Planar low-energy asteroid and comet transit analysis using isolating blocks

Asteroids and comets often capture and sometimes transit near a planet by traveling through the $$\hbox {L}_1$$ and $$\hbox {L}_2$$ libration point gateways, and these regions are therefore key to understanding the mechanism by which captures, transits, and some potential impacts of these bodies occur. Isolating blocks have recently been used to provide a theoretically rigorous method for computing the invariant manifolds of libration point periodic orbits in the circular restricted three-body problem (CRTBP), and for an appropriate energy range, they can allow us to compute all possible transit trajectories at a particular Jacobi constant in the CRTBP. In this study, both $$\hbox {L}_1$$ and $$\hbox {L}_2$$ isolating blocks are found for the Sun–Earth and Sun–Jupiter CRTBP systems to rigorously compute trajectories transiting near the Earth and Jupiter in the low-energy regime common for asteroids and comets. The characteristics of these transit trajectories are explored, and individual trajectory solutions are analyzed in more detail. The transit trajectories are also characterized using their orbital elements and compared to known comets and asteroids.
Quality of Life of Latino and Non-Latino Youth With Sickle Cell Disease as Reported by Parents and Youth.

Introduction Approximately 10% to 15% of people affected by sickle cell disease (SCD) in the United States are Latino, many of whom are primary Spanish speakers. A key tool for self-reported outcome measures, the Pediatric QOL Inventory (PedsQL) SCD module, was not available in Spanish. Here, we assess the linguistic validity of a Spanish translation and compare perception of disease-specific and generic quality of life (QOL) in a sample of Latino and non-Latino children with SCD and their parents. Method Following forward and backward translation, Spanish-speaking child-parent dyads linguistically validated the translated instruments. Disease-specific and generic QOL perception of 28 child-parent dyads who participated in a clinical feasibility trial, HABIT (Hydroxyurea Adherence for Personal Best in Sickle Cell Disease), were compared by ethnicity. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, absolute score differences, and minimal clinically important differences (MCID). Results The translated questionnaire required no further language changes. QOL scores were higher for Latino children and parents compared with non-Latinos, with score differences exceeding MCIDs for total scores and the majority of subscale scores. Conclusion Spanish language PedsQL SCD instruments allow measurement of QOL in Spanish-speaking Latino children with SCD and their parents. Score differences for Latinos mostly exceeded MCIDs, suggesting that these differences are clinically meaningful. Confirmation of these findings is warranted.
Ferric Heme as a CO/NO Sensor in the Nuclear Receptor Reverbβ by Coupling Gas binding to Electron Transfer

Rev-Erbβ is a nuclear receptor that couples circadian rhythm, metabolism, and inflammation.1-7 Heme binding to the protein modulates its function as a repressor, its stability, its ability to bind other proteins, and its activity in gas sensing.8-11 Rev-Erb β binds Fe3+-heme tighter than Fe2+-heme, suggesting its activities may be regulated by the heme redox state.9 Yet, this critical role of heme redox chemistry in defining the protein9s resting state and function is unknown. We demonstrate by electrochemical and whole-cell electron paramagnetic resonance experiments that Rev-Erbβ exists in the Fe3+ form within the cell essentially allowing the protein to be heme-replete even at low concentrations of labile heme in the nucleus. However, being in the Fe3+ redox state contradicts Rev-Erb9s known function as a gas sensor, which dogma asserts must be a Fe2+ protein This paper explains why the resting Fe3+- state is congruent both with heme-binding and cellular gas sensing. We show that the binding of CO/NO elicits a striking increase in the redox potential of the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple, characteristic of an EC mechanism in which the unfavorable Electrochemical reduction of heme is coupled to the highly favorable Chemical reaction of gas binding, making the reduction spontaneous. Thus, Fe3+-Rev-Erb β remains heme-loaded, crucial for its repressor activity, and only undergoes reduction when diatomic gases are present. This work has broad implications for hemoproteins where ligand-triggered redox changes cause conformational changes influencing protein9s function or inter-protein interactions, like NCoR1 for Rev-Erbβ. This study opens up the possibility of CO/NO-mediated regulation of the circadian rhythm through redox changes in Rev-Erbβ.
The contribution of the cardiomyocyte to tissue inflammation in cardiomyopathies

Cardiac injury triggers an acute immune response that drives tissue healing and remodeling via the activation of compensatory mechanisms. Over time, remodeling and inflammation become chronic and have adverse effects that lead to a depression of cardiac function and eventual heart failure. Cardiac inflammation is characterized by dynamic spatial and temporal crosstalk between the resident cells of the heart and recruitment of circulating leukocytes. Until recently, the cardiomyocyte has not been accepted as a direct contributor to cardiac inflammation. It has now emerged as a key initiator of the acute immune response via its ability to produce cytokines and may also synchronize leukocyte recruitment post-injury. This review will focus on the role of the cardiomyocyte in the acute immune response to ischemic and non-ischemic injury and the mechanisms by which it may influence the course of cardiac remodeling and failure.
Simulating military conflict with a continuous flow model

A continuous flow model of infantry behaviour in military conflict is proposed, combining a crowd flow model based on conservation of individuals, empirical data on walking speed under varying crow...
168 Endometrial and colon cancer risk assessment in women with lynch syndrome: provider comfort, knowledge, and current practice

Objective Women with Lynch Syndrome (LS) experience a lifetime risk of endometrial (EC) and colon (CC) cancer of up to 57%, and the risk is approximately equal for each LS gene. Our objective was to determine knowledge of EC and CC risks, screening guidelines, and management recommendations among healthcare providers caring for women with LS. Methods An anonymous survey was sent to providers in primary care, ob/gyn, gynecologic oncology, gastroenterology, and clinical genomics across a healthcare enterprise. Data reported using descriptive statistics. Results 215 of 1198(18%) providers responded and 89% either had or anticipated caring for women with LS. Of 167 providers who completed the survey, 51% were primary care and 38% reported feeling at least somewhat uncomfortable with cancer screening for LS. Among the 77 (46%) currently caring for women with LS, 39% counsel that the risk of CC is approximately equivalent to the risk of EC; 34% counsel that the risk of EC is lower than the risk of CC or consistent with the general population. Additional counseling rates shown in table 1. Conclusions A large portion of providers who care for LS patients feel uncomfortable with making cancer screening recommendations. One-third of providers potentially underestimate a woman’s risk of EC, and most do not recognize that EC could be the presenting cancer for women. Improved education of providers regarding cancer screening and risk reduction options for women with LS may improve adherence to management guidelines.
Persistent Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy After Repair of Native Coarctation of Aorta in Adults

The purpose of this study was to describe procedural outcomes, hemodynamic improvement, regression of left ventricular (LV) mass hypertrophy, and cardiovascular. The primary outcomes were procedural complications, reinterventions, and hemodynamic improvement after coarctation of aorta (COA) repair. The secondary outcomes were improvement in the severity of hypertension, regression of LV mass index, and incidence of cardiovascular events (atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, heart failure hospitalization, and cardiovascular death) after COA repair. Secondary outcomes were assessed only in patients with isolated COA who had clinical and imaging follow-up at 1 year and 3 years postintervention. Of 172 patients that underwent COA repair (surgical 161; transcatheter 11), there were no procedural deaths, and all patients had residual COA gradient <20 mm Hg. Of 128 patients that met criteria for secondary outcomes assessment, 39 (36%) had a reduction in the intensity of antihypertension therapy, and cardiovascular events occurred in 16 (13%) patients. There was no significant reduction in the overall prevalence of hypertension (stage 1 and stage 2) over time (78% versus 70% versus 73%, P=0.4 at baseline, 1 year and 3 years). Postintervention hypertension (both stage 1 and 2) were independent risk factors for suboptimal left ventricular mass index regression and cardiovascular events. Persistent hypertension was common after repair of native COA in adults and was associated with suboptimal left ventricular mass index regression and cardiovascular events. These results suggest that optimal blood pressure control with medical therapy after COA repair may result in improved clinical outcomes.
PharmGKB, an Integrated Resource of Pharmacogenomic Knowledge

The Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) is an integrated online knowledge resource for the understanding of how genetic variation contributes to variation in drug response. Our focus includes not only pharmacogenomic information useful for clinical implementation (e.g., drug dosing guidelines and annotated drug labels), but also information to catalyze scientific research and drug discovery (e.g., variant-drug annotations and drug-centered pathways). As of April 2021, the annotated content of PharmGKB spans 715 drugs, 1761 genes, 227 diseases, 165 clinical guidelines, and 784 drug labels. We have manually curated data from more than 9000 published papers to generate the content of PharmGKB. Recently, we have also implemented an automated natural language processing (NLP) tool to broaden our coverage of the pharmacogenomic literature. This article contains a basic protocol describing how to navigate the PharmGKB website to retrieve information on how genes and genetic variations affect drug efficacy and toxicity. It also includes a protocol on how to use PharmGKB to facilitate interpretation of findings for a pharmacogenomic variant genotype or metabolizer phenotype. PharmGKB is freely available at http://www.pharmgkb.org. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Navigating the homepage of PharmGKB and searching by drug Basic Protocol 2: Using PharmGKB to facilitate interpretation of pharmacogenomic variant genotypes or metabolizer phenotypes.
The Utility of Genomics for Studying Primate Biology

An overall theme of this volume is the utility of genomic approaches for the examination of primate (both human and nonhuman) biology. This volume also emphasizes biological characteristics that are relevant for risk of disease. Utilizing an evolutionary framework, the genomic study of nonhuman primates is shown to inform our knowledge of human biology. In this chapter, we supply a brief integrative synopsis of those chapters that most directly focus on nonhuman primate genomics and speculate upon where the post-genomic era may lead us.
Promoting faculty professionalism: a case-based approach.

Introduction Professionalism is a key attribute for health professionals. Yet, it is unknown how much faculty development is directed toward skills and behaviours of faculty professionalism. Faculty professionalism includes boundaries in teacher-student relationships, self-reflection, assuring one’s own fitness for duty, and maintaining confidentiality when appropriate.
Two-Species Colonization Model

Here is another model of a classical two species competition. The superior species expands and contracts its territory as though it was the only species in the given space. The inferior species moves more quickly but loses territory to the Superior species. Two possibly new principles of ecology are apparent within this model. Does the amount of space allowed for this interaction govern the system dynamics? Does a sudden system disruption act to keep the inferior species present in the system? If the previous models are considered to be acting on a patch of the landscape and such disturbance-prone patches are arranged into a full landscape, does the total biomass fluctuate or remain constant over a long period of time?
Enthalpy of hydrolysis of the 3' bond of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate.

Abstract The enthalpy of hydrolysis of the 3' bond of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate has been measured calorimetrically and found to be -14,100 cal per mole. This value is close to that which has been reported for the free energy of hydrolysis of the same bond. The enthalpy of hydrolysis of the 3' bond of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate is substantially lower, but still indicative of a high energy bond, being -10,500 cal per mole.
An Assessment of Community Suicide Risk

The contributions of several core variables to the white suicide rates in 24 Florida counties were examined, and a prediction equation, using multiple linear regression, was developed. Age was found to be about 50% more important than divorce. With both age and divorce controlled, loneliness and insanity were found to be significant core variables (p less than .05). A prediction equation including age, crime rate, insanity, and alcoholism was found that accounted for 79% of the variation in the suicide rates across counties. The observed rates were divided by predicted rates to yield standardized mortality ratios. It is proposed that these ratios may serve to assess both the need for and the impact of community suicide prevention services by placing suicide rates in the context of relevant social conditions.
Differences between continuous and discrete contingent value estimates

In a split-sample contingent valuation study of willingness to pay (WTP) for food safety improvements, the dichotomous choice (DC) elicitation method consistently generated much larger estimates of WTP than did a continuous method. Little or none of these differences was due to bias introduced by the statistical techniques used with the DC data. Most or all of the difference was due to differences in respondent behavior. In addition, the continuous WTP responses showed a significant scope effect, while the DC responses did not. The observed difference in behavior may be attributable in part to yea-saying by DC respondents.
Experiments and modeling of intense charged-particle beam transport cells

Summary form only given. The intense electron beam generated by a paraxial diode can deposit, in under 50 ns, on the order of 1 Joule/cm/sup 3/ in the downstream 10 Torr air transport cell. Such large energy densities and short time scales require a theoretical and computational physics model which can accurately handle molecular dissociation, multiply ionized atoms, and non-equilibrium populations. Correctly modeling the conductivity of the background plasma is critical for determining beam stopping and the plasma return current, J/sub p/. This plasma return current, which partially neutralizes the self-magnetic fields of the beam, in turn affects the spot size, transverse temperature, optimal location of a bremsstrahlung converter, and, finally, the radiation output. The gas-physics method described here extends an earlier scalar conductivity swarm model which was compared to experiment through theory and computation. In the present model, at early times in the experiment the relaxation toward equilibrium of the molecular and atomic degrees of freedom is taken to control the level of dissociation of the primary diatomic components of air, N/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/. Later, for moderate background electron densities (/spl sim/10/sup 17//cm/sup 3/) and high temperatures (/spl sim/5 eV), a time-dependent coronal model, balancing collisional excitation with radiative decay, is appropriate. The combination of dissociation physics and coronal modeling allows the extension of the conductivity model to severely-disturbed gases characteristic of paraxial diodes. An NRL Gamble II paraxial-diode experiment has conducted laser interferometry, time-resolved spot size, target energy-deposition calorimetry, and net-current measurements of a 1.2 MV, 40 kA electron beam in the gas transport cell. Comparisons of these results both with theory and an extended gas-physics model in the computational code LSP are discussed. The computer code also presents opportunities to study pre-ionization of the transport gas and advanced paraxial-diode geometries. The physics understanding gained by the present campaign should prove valuable for optimizing the performance of a diode which has previously been studied primarily empirically, as well as exploring various parameter regimes of severely-disturbed plasmas.
Understanding Student Language: An Unsupervised Dialogue Act Classification Approach

Within the landscape of educational data, textual natural language is an increasingly vast source of learning-centered interactions. In natural language dialogue, student contributions hold important information about knowledge and goals. Automatically modeling the dialogue act of these student utterances is crucial for scaling natural language understanding of educational dialogues. Automatic dialogue act modeling has long been addressed with supervised classification techniques that require substantial manual time and effort. Recently, there is emerging interest in unsupervised dialogue act classification, which addresses the challenges related to manually labeling corpora. This paper builds on the growing body of work in unsupervised dialogue act classification and reports on the novel application of an information retrieval technique, the Markov Random Field, for the task of unsupervised dialogue act classification. Evaluation against manually labeled dialogue acts on a tutorial dialogue corpus in the domain of introductory computer science demonstrates that the proposed technique outperforms existing approaches to education-centered unsupervised dialogue act classification. Unsupervised dialogue act classification techniques have broad application in educational data mining in areas such as collaborative learning, online message boards, classroom discourse, and intelligent tutoring systems.
The NAV100/spl trade/ a new paradigm in small, high accuracy, inertial navigation systems

The NAV100/spl trade/ is an Inertial Sensor Assembly (ISA) that provides compensated inertial velocity and attitude data, along with flight control rates and linear accelerations over a 1 MHz, RS-422 serial data bus. The communication protocol for the ISA is point-to-point Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC).
Intersections on Non-singular Varieties

If Y is a non-singular variety, the diagonal imbedding δ of Y in Y x Y is a regular imbedding. For x, y ∈ A * Y, the product x·y ∈ A * Y is defined by the formula $$ x \cdot y = {\delta ^ * }\left( {x \times y} \right) $$ Setting \( {A^P}Y = {A_{N - P}}Y \), n = dim Y, this product makes A * Y into a commutative, graded, ring, with unit [Y].
Fredkin gate circuits via recombination enzymes

Using DNA, Fredkin gates are constructed whose outputs are used as inputs for other Fredkin gates. Each gate is designed to operate at a particular time step, although many different gates can operate simultaneously. Thus, arbitrary circuits of Fredkin gates can be constructed, including computers. An example application is given: a depth-two decision tree circuit that directs control and data from one gate to the next.
Ethanol Induces Oxidative Stress in Alveolar Macrophages via Upregulation of NADPH Oxidases

Chronic alcohol abuse is a comorbid variable of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Previous studies showed that, in the lung, chronic alcohol consumption increased oxidative stress and impaired alveolar macrophage (AM) function. NADPH oxidases (Noxes) are the main source of reactive oxygen species in AMs. Therefore, we hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption increases AM oxidant stress through modulation of Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 expression. AMs were isolated from male C57BL/6J mice, aged 8-10 wk, which were treated with or without ethanol in drinking water (20% w/v, 12 wk). MH-S cells, a mouse AM cell line, were treated with or without ethanol (0.08%, 3 d) for in vitro studies. Selected cells were treated with apocynin (300 μM), a Nox1 and Nox2 complex formation inhibitor, or were transfected with Nox small interfering RNAs (20-35 nM), before ethanol exposure. Human AMs were isolated from alcoholic and control patients' bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Nox mRNA levels (quantitative RT-PCR), protein levels (Western blot and immunostaining), oxidative stress (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate and Amplex Red analysis), and phagocytosis (Staphylococcus aureus internalization) were measured. Chronic alcohol increased Nox expression and oxidative stress in mouse AMs in vivo and in vitro. Experiments using apocynin and Nox small interfering RNAs demonstrated that ethanol-induced Nox4 expression, oxidative stress, and AM dysfunction were modulated through Nox1 and Nox2 upregulation. Further, Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4 protein levels were augmented in human AMs from alcoholic patients compared with control subjects. Ethanol induces AM oxidative stress initially through upregulation of Nox1 and Nox2 with downstream Nox4 upregulation and subsequent impairment of AM function.
Effects of Morphographic Instruction on the Morphographic Analysis Skills of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students

Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students have delayed morphographic knowledge that negatively affects their morphographic analysis and decoding abilities. Morphographic analysis instruction may improve DHH students' morphographic knowledge delay. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of morphographic instruction on the morphographic analysis skills of reading-delayed, late-elementary DHH students. The research question was: What effect does morphographic instruction have on the morphographic analysis skills of DHH students who are reading below grade level? The study included 3 student participants and 1 teacher participant from a local school district. The researchers used a multiprobe multiple baseline across participants design. The intervention was implemented for 20 min a day, 5 days a week for 2-3 weeks. Visual analysis of the data revealed the requisite number of demonstrations of effect and replications. The intervention improved DHH students' ability to dissect words and determine affix meanings, which may in turn positively affect their decoding abilities. Implications of this study and future research are discussed.
Effect of alloying elements on the microstructure and mechanical properties of nanostructured ferritic steels produced by spark plasma sintering

Abstract Several Fe–14Cr based alloys with varying compositions were processed using a combined route of mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering. Microstructural characteristics of the consolidated alloys were examined via transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, and mechanical properties evaluated using microhardness testing. Lanthanum oxide (0.5 wt.%) was added to Fe–14Cr leading to improvement in microstructural stability and mechanical properties mainly due to a high number density of La–Cr–O-enriched nanoclusters. The combined addition of La, Ti (1 wt.%) and Mo (0.3 wt.%) to the Fe–14Cr base composition further enhanced the microstructural stability and mechanical properties. Nanoclusters enriched in Cr–Ti–La–O with a number density of 1.4 × 10 24 m −3 were found in this alloy with a bimodal grain size distribution. After adding Y 2 O 3 (0.3 wt.%) along with Ti and Mo to the Fe–14Cr matrix, a high number density (1.5 × 10 24 m −3 ) of Cr–Ti–Y–O-enriched NCs was also detected. Formation mechanism of these nanoclusters can be explained through the concentrations and diffusion rates of the initial oxide species formed during the milling process and initial stages of sintering as well as the thermodynamic nucleation barrier and their enthalpy of formation.
The odyssey of chronic cardiac mechanical support.

The field of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has made significant progress that has been achieved over a long period of time and required tremendous efforts from various groups around the globe: from the early 1960s, when Moulopoulos and Kolff pioneered intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
TDMA and CDMA Capacities in Air-Ground Communications

Weevaluatethecapacitiesofcodedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA)andtimedivisionmultipleaccess(TDMA)schemesinanaeronauticalenvironment.Themodelfortheenvironment is a three-dimensional cellular arrangement, analogous to the two-dimensional model used for terrestrial cellular radio. The transmission schemes we consider are based upon those of terrestrial cellular, suitably modified to accommodate the unique requirements of pilot-tocontroller communications in civilian air-to-ground communication settings. In accounting forthenearfree-spacepropagationofinterference,weemploynewparametervaluesrequired for the estimation of capacities in the aeronautical environment: theTDMA frequency re-use factorandtheCDMAoutsidecellinterferencefactor.Baseduponthemodifiedterrestrialcellular schemes and these new parameters, we show that if average interference is considered, CDMA capacity is largest. If worst-case interference is considered, the half-duplex TDMA capacity is comparable to the CDMA capacity when the CDMA system uses rebroadcast of air-ground transmissions in the ground-air link, but if this rebroadcast mode is not used, worst-case CDMA capacity is also larger than worst-case TDMA capacity.
Theoretical simulation of oxygen transport to brain by networks of microvessels: effects of oxygen supply and demand on tissue hypoxia.

Objective:Simulations of oxygen delivery by a three-dimensional network of microvessels in rat cerebral cortex were used to examine how the distribution of partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in tissue depends on blood flow and oxygen consumption rates. Methods:Network geometry was deduced from previously published scanning electron micrographs of corrosion casts. A nonlinear least-squares method, using images obtained at three different angles, was used to estimate vessel locations. The network consisted of 50 segments in a region 140 µm × 150 µm × 160 µm. A Green's function method was used to predict the PO2distribution. Effects of varying perfusion and consumption were examined, relative to a control state with consumption 10 cm3O2/100 g per min and perfusion 160 cm3/100 g per min. Results:In the control state, minimum tissue PO2was 7 mm Hg. A Krogh-type model with the same density of vessels, but with uniform spacing, predicted a minimum tissue PO2of 23 mm Hg. For perfusion below 60% of control, tissue h...
Calcitriol Derivatives with Two Different Side Chains at C-20. V. Potent Inhibitors of Mammary Carcinogenesis and Inducers of Leukemia Differentiation†

Calcitriol is implicated in many cellular functions including cellular growth and differentiation, thus explaining its antitumor effects. It was shown that gemini, the calcitriol derivative containing two side chain at C20, is also active in gene transcription with enhanced antitumor activity. We have now further optimized both the A-ring and the two side chains. The chemical structures of the resulting 18 geminis were correlated with biological activities. Those containing the 1alpha-fluoro A-ring are the least active. Those featuring 23-yne and 23(E) side-chains are generally more active in human breast cancer cell growth inhibition and human leukemia cell differentiation induction than their 23(Z) counterparts. On the basis of these evaluations, we selected as lead compound a 20(R) gemini, related to calcitriol in terms of it is A-ring, where one side chain was modified by introduction of a 23-yne function and replacement of the geminal methyl groups with trifluoromethyl groups, the other created by extension of C21 with a 3-hydroxy-3-trideuteromethyl-4,4,4-trideutero-butyl moiety.