cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ensemble modeling informs hypoxia management in the northern Gulf of Mexico

A large region of low-dissolved-oxygen bottom waters (hypoxia) forms nearly every summer in the northern Gulf of Mexico because of nutrient inputs from the Mississippi River Basin and water column stratification. Policymakers developed goals to reduce the area of hypoxic extent because of its ecological, economic, and commercial fisheries impacts. However, the goals remain elusive after 30 y of research and monitoring and 15 y of goal-setting and assessment because there has been little change in river nitrogen concentrations. An intergovernmental Task Force recently extended to 2035 the deadline for achieving the goal of a 5,000-km2 5-y average hypoxic zone and set an interim load target of a 20% reduction of the spring nitrogen loading from the Mississippi River by 2025 as part of their adaptive management process. The Task Force has asked modelers to reassess the loading reduction required to achieve the 2035 goal and to determine the effect of the 20% interim load reduction. Here, we address both questions using a probabilistic ensemble of four substantially different hypoxia models. Our results indicate that, under typical weather conditions, a 59% reduction in Mississippi River nitrogen load is required to reduce hypoxic area to 5,000 km2 The interim goal of a 20% load reduction is expected to produce an 18% reduction in hypoxic area over the long term. However, due to substantial interannual variability, a 25% load reduction is required before there is 95% certainty of observing any hypoxic area reduction between consecutive 5-y assessment periods.
Under Foot: The Paleontology of Mammoth Cave

This chapter focuses on the fossils of vertebrates (animals with backbones) found in the caves of Mammoth Cave National Park. Bat remains are the most ubiquitous kind of fossil, but several extinct animals have been identified. The Pleistocene is well-represented. The oldest radiocarbon-dated remains are a deposit from the Sangamon Interglacial Episode. In order to orient the casual reader to the paleontology of Mammoth Cave, the following background is provided: brief overview of some basic principles of geology, common types of fossils located in the limestone in which the cave is formed, vertebrate fossils found outside the boundaries of the park, and methods used by cave paleontologists.
Glucose availability controls adipogenesis in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes via up-regulation of nicotinamide metabolism

Expansion of adipose tissue in response to a positive energy balance underlies obesity and occurs through both hypertrophy of existing cells and increased differentiation of adipocyte precursors (hyperplasia). To better understand the nutrient signals that promote adipocyte differentiation, we investigated the role of glucose availability in regulating adipocyte differentiation and maturation. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were grown and differentiated in medium containing a standard differentiation hormone mixture and either 4 or 25 mm glucose. Adipocyte maturation at day 9 post-differentiation was determined by key adipocyte markers, including glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and adiponectin expression and Oil Red O staining of neutral lipids. We found that adipocyte differentiation and maturation required a pulse of 25 mm glucose only during the first 3 days of differentiation. Importantly, fatty acids were unable to substitute for the 25 mm glucose pulse during this period. The 25 mm glucose pulse increased adiponectin and GLUT4 expression and accumulation of neutral lipids via distinct mechanisms. Adiponectin expression and other early markers of differentiation required an increase in the intracellular pool of total NAD/P. In contrast, GLUT4 protein expression was only partially restored by increased NAD/P levels. Furthermore, GLUT4 mRNA expression was mediated by glucose-dependent activation of GLUT4 gene transcription through the cis-acting GLUT4–liver X receptor element (LXRE) promoter element. In summary, this study supports the conclusion that high glucose promotes adipocyte differentiation via distinct metabolic pathways and independently of fatty acids. This may partly explain the mechanism underlying adipocyte hyperplasia that occurs much later than adipocyte hypertrophy in the development of obesity.
A viral Sm-class RNA base-pairs with mRNAs and recruits microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis

Viruses express several classes of non-coding RNAs; the functions and mechanisms by which most of these act are unknown. Herpesvirus saimiri, a γ-herpesvirus that establishes latency in the T cells of New World primates and has the ability to cause aggressive leukaemias and lymphomas in non-natural hosts, expresses seven small nuclear uracil-rich non-coding RNAs (called HSURs) in latently infected cells. These HSURs associate with Sm proteins, and share biogenesis and structural features with cellular Sm-class small nuclear RNAs. One of these HSURs (HSUR2) base-pairs with two host cellular microRNAs (miR-142-3p and miR-16) but does not affect their abundance or activity, which suggests that its interactions with them perform alternative functions. Here we show that HSUR2 also base-pairs with mRNAs in infected cells. We combined in vivo psoralen-mediated RNA-RNA crosslinking and high-throughput sequencing to identify the mRNAs targeted by HSUR2, which include mRNAs that encode retinoblastoma and factors involved in p53 signalling and apoptosis. We show that HSUR2 represses the expression of target mRNAs and that base-pairing between HSUR2 and miR-142-3p and miR-16 is essential for this repression, suggesting that HSUR2 recruits these two cellular microRNAs to its target mRNAs. Furthermore, we show that HSUR2 uses this mechanism to inhibit apoptosis. Our results uncover a role for this viral Sm-class RNA as a microRNA adaptor in the regulation of gene expression that follows precursor mRNA processing.
Manometry and electromyography of the upper esophageal sphincter in the opossum.

Abstract Studies were performed in anesthetized and awake opossums to define the genesis of resting pressure and opening of the upper esophageal sphincter. Intraluminal pressures were measured with low compliance, perfused catheters. Electromyograms were recorded using miniature concentric bipolar electrodes from the cricopharyngeus, inferior pharyngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor, proximal end of the esophagus, and geniohyoid muscles. Upper esophageal sphincter pressure showed radial as well as axial asymmetry; the pressures were higher in awake than in anesthetized animals. Electromyographically, only the cricopharyngeus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor fired continuously at rest and ceased to fire during swallowing. d -Tubocurarine or section of the motor nerve abolished electrical activity in the cricopharyngeus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor and caused marked reduction but not obliteration of upper esophageal sphincter pressure. Contraction of the geniohyoid muscle abolished the remaining pressure in the upper esophageal sphincter. Moreover, contraction of the geniohyoid muscle caused a fall in upper esophageal sphincter pressure, even when the cricopharyngeus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor were kept contracted. These studies indicate: (1) upper esophageal sphincter corresponds mainly to the cricopharyngeus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor; (2) the resting upper esophageal sphincter pressure is attributable to continuous active muscle contraction as well as the elasticity of the surrounding structures; and (3) the opening of the upper esophageal sphincter is attributable to inhibition of the contraction of the cricopharyngeus and inferior pharyngeal constrictor and the forward displacement of the larynx by the geniohyoid muscle.
Transient Dynamics of Pulsed-Current-Biased YBa2Cu3O7-δ Superconducting Photoswitches

Studies on time-resolved dynamics of optically-thick YBa2Cu3O7-δ microbridges biased with supercritical current pulses I of nanosecond duration and synchronously excited by femtosecond optical pulses have been carried out. The switching process is explained by the transient vortex dynamics in the superconducting stripe. It was found that the amplitude of the photoresponse increased linearly with the increase of laser fluence up to Ic could driven by optical pulses of comparatively weak fluence in the range of few tens of mW.
A secure camouflaged logic family using post-manufacturing programming with a 3.6GHz adder prototype in 65nm CMOS at 1V nominal V DD

With the continued globalization of the IC manufacturing supply chain, securing that supply chain is becoming increasingly difficult and this opens the door to a myriad of security threats such as unauthorized production, counterfeiting, IP theft, and hardware Trojan Horses. A parallel and related threat is posed by advanced reverse engineering capabilities, such that even chips manufactured at the most advanced technology nodes can be de-layered, imaged, and analyzed [1]. While various manufacturing methodologies and camouflaged gates have been proposed, none fully address these threats, especially in combination. To address these concerns, we use post-manufacturing programmable camouflaged logic topology to simultaneously obscure the design IP from the manufacturer as well as combat reverse engineering. The basis of the design is a threshold-voltage-defined (TVD) logic gate topology that solely uses different threshold voltage implants to determine the logic gate function [2]. Every gate has an identical physical layout and is post-manufacturing programmed with different threshold voltages for different Boolean functions using intentional directed hot-carrier injection (HCI). Similar intentional HCI techniques have previously been used to enhance SRAM margins, boost PUF reliability, and build TRNGs [3][4]. The design is fully compatible with standard CMOS logic processes, requiring no special layers, structures, or process steps.
Internet and Jurisdiction

Now more than ever, we must employ the same tools and methods that built the Internet to improve its safety, security, privacy and utility.
Extreme Correlation and Repulsive Interactions in Highly Excited Atomic Alkali Anions

At high energies, single-photon photodetachment of alkali negative ions populates final states where both the ejected electron and the residual valence electron possess high angular momenta. The photodetached electron interacts strongly with the anisotropic core, and thus the partial cross sections for these channels display non-Wigner threshold behavior reflecting these large, and occasionally repulsive, interactions. Our fully quantum-mechanical theoretical study enables a deeper interpretation of these partial cross sections. Comparisons of the behavior in different channels and between different atomic species---sodium, potassium, and cesium---show the critical role of near degeneracies in the energy spectrum and demonstrate that much of the behavior of the partial photodetachment cross sections stems from the permanent, rather than induced, electric dipole moments of these nearly degenerate channels. This provides a concrete example of a system where negative dispersion forces play a decisive role.
Flipping the Dental Anatomy Classroom.

The development of cognitive knowledge, motor skills, and artistic sense in order to restore lost tooth structure is fundamental for dental professionals. The course of dental anatomy is taught in the initial years of dental school, and is a component of the basic core sciences program in the faculties of dentistry. The learning objectives of the dental anatomy course include identifying anatomical and morphological characteristics of human primary and permanent teeth; identifying and reproducing tooth surface details in order to recognize and diagnose anatomical changes; and developing student’s psychomotor skills for restoring teeth with proper form and function. The majority of dental schools rely on traditional methods to teach dental anatomy, using lectures to convey the theoretical component; whereas the practical component uses two-dimensional drawing of teeth, identification of anatomical features in samples of preserved teeth, and carving of teeth. The aim of the present literature review is to summarize different educational strategies proposed or implemented to challenge the traditional approaches of teaching dental anatomy, specifically the flipped classroom educational model. The goal is to promote this approach as a promising strategy to teaching dental anatomy, in order to foster active learning, critical thinking, and engagement among dental students.
A Pig Model of Myocardial Infarction: Catheter-Based Approaches

Despite enormous efforts in treating myocardial infarction (MI) and subsequent heart failure, the recent statistics from the American Heart Association evidently show that there still remains room for improvements. To develop and translate new therapeutics toward clinics, large animal models that allow us to test new therapies in human-like conditions are of extraordinary importance. In this chapter, we describe detailed protocols for the creation of a closed-chest MI model in pigs. The advantages of this model include high survival rate (>90% after ischemia-reperfusion), adjustable MI size depending on coronary occlusion site, reproducible cardiac dysfunction, and relatively low invasive method. The temporary coronary occlusion method for ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as the permanent occlusion method, using clot injection or embolic coil implantation, are described. Furthermore, we describe the key steps needed for understanding, performing, and analyzing cardiac angiography and echocardiography in pigs.
Hypersensitive site 5 of the human beta locus control region functions as a chromatin insulator

The human beta locus control region (LCR) consists of five DNAse I hypersensitive sites (HS), four of which are erythroid specific and one, the further upstream located 5'HS5, is constitutive. To characterize the function of 5'HS5 we analyzed globin gene expression of various constructs containing HS3 as an enhancer, HS5, and the beta gene as a reporter. Expression was analyzed in stably transfected MEL cells. We found that the enhancing effect of hypersensitive site 3 is blocked when the HS5 is interposed between HS3 and the beta globin gene. These data suggest that the human 5'HS5 has the properties of a chromatin insulator.
Influence of induction chemotherapy (IC) in trimodality-eligible esophageal cancer patients: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial.

4027Background: The primary analysis of a phase II randomized trial did not show benefit from IC for overall survival (OS) or pathologic complete response (pathCR). A secondary analysis was done to...
Persistent Homology for Detection of Objects from Mobile LiDAR Point Cloud Data in Autonomous Vehicles

Recently, researchers have paid significant attention to problems related to object detection and computer vision for autonomous vehicles. Such vehicles offer many benefits, including their ability to help address transportation-related issues such as safety concerns, traffic jams, and overall mobility. Multi-beam ‘light detection and ranging’ (LiDAR) is one of the main sensors that is used to sense and detect objects by creating a point cloud data map of the surrounding environment. Current object detection tasks that use only mobile LiDAR data divide the entire area into cubes and employ image object detection methods. Such an approach poses challenges due to the third dimension that increases computational time, which thus requires a tradeoff between performance and time optimization. In this paper, we propose a new approach to detect objects using point cloud data by investigating the shapes of the objects. To this end, we developed a method based on topological data analysis achieved via persistent homology to analyze the qualitative properties of the data. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to develop topological data analysis for real-world mobile LiDAR point cloud data exploration. The evaluation result shows a high accuracy classification result using features extracted from barcodes.
Patterns of Corpora Allata Activity in Ovariectomized Blattella germanica

The corpora allata (CA) of adult female cockroaches, including Blattella germanica (Gadot et al., 1989a,b), synthesize juvenile hormone-III (JH-III) in a precisely regulated cycle which corresponds to the ovarian cycle. The brain, the ovary and the ootheca have been implicated as the main sources of regulatory factors which modulate the activity of the CA (Tobe and Stay, 1985). In Nauphoeta cinerea and Diploptera punctata, the maturing ovary activates the CA at the beginning of the first ovarian cycle, while the mature ovary (just before ovulation) has an inhibitory effect on JH-III synthesis (Lanzrein et al., 1981; Rankin, 1989). Herein we examine the role of the ovary in modulating CA activity in B. germanica.
SNP Mitigates Malignant Salt Effects on Apple Plants

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) a nitric oxide donor is utilized as an antioxidant under stress conditions in order to mitigate stress damages. To probe into the potential relieving salinity malignant effects, we investigated the protective roles of SNP. An apple plant (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. Fuji grafted on MM106 and M9 clonal rootstocks was chosen for the experiment and imposed to salinity stress for 4 months with 35 mM NaCl. SNP with different three doses (1, 2 and 4 mM) was applied to the roots of the salt-stressed apple plants except control. SNP applications inhibited apple plants growth depression through increasing stomatal conductivity, chlorophyll and protein content and decreasing electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation. Beside that, SNP triggered chlorophyll biosynthesis and maintained better cell membrane stability compared to control. In cv. Fuji/MM106, 1 mM SNP application had the highest SPAD value (48.6) even more than control plants (44.8). 4 mM SNP showed the highest stomatal conductivity (313 mmol m−2 s−1) and the lowest value was obtained from salt plant (141 mmol m−2 s−1). In cv. Fuji/M9, 4 mM SNP elevated the protein content by 73% compared to control. Information from current experiment SNP can be utilized to improve soil management practises under salt stress condition. Moreover, SNP affected apple plants through antioxidant mechanism, but did not have impact on osmotical adjustment.
A Modest Proposal Regarding College Admissions

Colleges have shown themselves unable or unwilling to maintain the integrity of the admissions process, with abundant concerns about fraudulent applications, “legacy” admissions, and the special treatment of wealthy benefactors. This is particularly troubling at selective colleges, whose diplomas provide a fast pass to professional success and economic well-being. Given that, here is a modest proposal for instittuions of higher education which regard themselves as engines of opportunity: adopting a system of lottery admissions, which treats equally all applicants who have earned a high school diploma (or its equivalent).
Generic drug competition: The pharmaceutical industry “gaming” controversy

Among American adults 20 years and older, 59 percent take at least one prescription drug on a regular basis. Unlike most branded drugs, which are generally drugs that have a trade name and are protected by a patent, off‐patent generic drugs make up approximately 90 percent of prescriptions annually filled in the United States; yet in 2017, generic drugs made up only 23 percent of total drug costs in the U.S. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has taken the lead in encouraging increased competition in the nation's prescription drug marketplace, most recently with its release of the agency's Drug Competition Action Plan, but also with its regulatory guidance and enforcement efforts to eliminate “gaming” of the regulatory process by both branded and generic pharmaceutical manufacturers. Such “gaming” activities include “pay‐for‐delay” agreements involving financial compensation between branded and generic pharmaceutical manufacturers to forestall the emergence into the market of generic pharmaceuticals to compete against a formerly patent‐protected branded drug. A combination of new enabling legislation, federal judicial guidance, and agency regulatory activities show promise in encouraging increased competition in the prescription drug marketplace, with the American consumer the ultimate beneficiary of lower health care costs and improved overall personal health.
Correcting under-reported COVID-19 case numbers

The COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide in a matter of a few months, while healthcare systems struggle to monitor and report current cases. Testing results have struggled with the relative capabilities, testing policies and preparedness of each affected country, making their comparison a non-trivial task. Since severe cases, which more likely lead to fatal outcomes, are detected at a higher rate than mild cases, the reported virus mortality is likely inflated in most countries. Lockdowns and changes in human behavior modulate the underlying growth rate of the virus. Under-sampling of infection cases may lead to the under-estimation of total cases, resulting in systematic mortality estimation biases. For healthcare systems worldwide it is important to know the expected number of cases that will need treatment. In this manuscript, we identify a generalizable growth rate decay reflecting behavioral change. We propose a method to correct the reported COVID-19 cases and death numbers by using a benchmark country (South Korea) with near-optimal testing coverage, with considerations on population demographics. We extrapolate expected deaths and hospitalizations with respect to observations in countries that passed the exponential growth curve. By applying our correction, we predict that the number of cases is highly under-reported in most countries and a significant burden on worldwide hospital capacity.
Glider Sampling Simulations in High-Resolution Ocean Models

AbstractIdealized simulations of autonomous underwater glider sampling along sawtooth vertical–horizontal paths are carried out in two high-resolution ocean numerical models to explore the accuracy...
Heuristiken für schwere kombinatorische Optimierungsprobleme

Nachdem wir erkannt haben, dass es sehr schwere kombinatorische Optimierungs-probleme gibt, die wir nicht in angemessener Zeit exakt losen konnen, mussen wir zu Approximationsmethoden greifen. Wir wollen in diesem Kapitel erortern, wie man solche Heuristiken entwickelt und was man von ihnen erwarten kann. Als Beispiel diene zunachst das Rucksackproblem (Knapsackproblem).
Exploiting KRAS-driven Ferroaddiction in Cancer Through Ferrous Iron-Activatable Drug Conjugates (FeADC)

KRAS mutations cause a quarter of cancer mortality and currently are not sensitive to any targeted, FDA-approved agents. Several inhibitors of the MAPK pathway are FDA approved but exhibit low clinical tolerability at doses needed to adequately extinguish KRAS signaling. We discovered an avidity for ferrous iron (Fe2+) induced by and dependent on oncogenic KRAS signaling. We leveraged an FDA-approved MEK inhibitor to produce a prototypical Ferrous Iron Activatable Drug Conjugate (FeADC) and with this novel agent achieved MAPK blockade in tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. These improvements allowed sustainable, effective treatment of tumor bearing animals with superior tolerability. Iron-activated therapeutics are unknown outside of antiparasitic therapy but may hold significant promise for the treatment of KRAS-driven solid tumors.
Detection of pathogenic bacteria in large volume food samples using an enzyme-linked immunoelectrochemical biosensor

Abstract Increased speed and sensitivity of testing are always desired for the detection of pathogens in foods. Presented a test sample with low microbial analyte concentration, it is an advantage to analyze as much volume as possible of the sample to attain the best limit of detection (LOD). Therefore, a rapid screening method using a novel flow-through immunoelectrochemical biosensor was developed for the detection of pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella) in food (ground beef). As the working electrode employed was comprised of a porous, antibody-coated graphite felt electrode that served as both a biorecognition-element coated solid support for capture of targeted pathogens as well as a signal transducer, high volumes of aqueous sample could be rapidly exposed to the solid support via gravity flow. Flow rates as high as 16.7 mL/min and 12.3 mL/min could be achieved for bacterial samples in buffer and 1:4 ground meat (beef) homogenate, respectively, with no significant effect on LOD. Fastest flow rates for beef homogenate, without clogging of the porous electrode as well as reduction in apparent electrochemical interference, was realized with a tandem combination of sample pretreatment strategies that included filtration with glass wool and graphite felt as well as continuous flow centrifugation. The LOD for 10,000 E. coli O157 cells in 5, 60, and 1000 mL of buffer was 2000, 170, and 10 cells/mL, respectively in a total assay time of 3 h whereas the LOD for E. coli O157 was 400 cells/mL in 1:4 beef homogenate.
Development of a cognitive behavioral therapy with integrated mindfulness for Latinx immigrants with co-occurring disorders: Analysis of intermediary outcomes.

Objectives: Transdiagnostic interventions have been increasingly used in the management of a variety of mental health and substance use conditions, and in the context of chronic stress. We discuss the development and evaluation of the Integrated Intervention for Dual Problems and Early Action (IIDEA), a 10-session manualized intervention that includes cognitive therapy and mindfulness practice designed to improve symptoms of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, and co-occurring substance use problems. Methods: In this secondary analysis of a randomized-controlled trial of IIDEA conducted with an international sample of immigrant Latinx in the United States and Spain, we evaluate intermediate outcomes-mindful awareness, working alliance with clinician and illness self-management-and integrate statistical findings with results from qualitative interviews with participants. Results: The IIDEA intervention group showed higher levels of mindful awareness, illness self-management, and working alliance over an enhanced treatment as usual control group (usual treatment plus scheduled assessments) and qualitative data offer insights into the importance of therapeutic alliance and integration of mindfulness practice with cognitive therapy management skills. Conclusions: Findings suggest that skills related to the studied intermediary outcomes can be helpful for Latinx immigrants experiencing circumstances of ongoing exposure to adversity and traumatic stress. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS): A Review and Focus on Considerations for COVID-19.

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is a support modality for patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who have failed conventional treatments including low tidal volume ventilation, prone positioning, and neuromuscular blockade. In addition, ECLS can be used for hemodynamic support for patients with cardiogenic shock or following cardiac arrest. Injured patients may also require ECLS support for ARDS and other indications. We review the use of ECLS for ARDS patients, trauma patients, cardiogenic shock patients, and post cardiac arrest patients. We then describe how these principles are applied in the management of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Indications, predictors, procedural considerations, and post-cannulation management strategies are discussed.
Defect suppression in wet-treated etched-and-regrown nonpolar m-plane GaN vertical Schottky diodes: A deep-level optical spectroscopy analysis

Steady-state photocapacitance (SSPC) was conducted on nonpolar m-plane GaN n-type Schottky diodes to evaluate the defects induced by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) dry etching in etched-and-regrown unipolar structures. An ∼10× increase in the near-midgap Ec – 1.9 eV level compared to an as-grown material was observed. Defect levels associated with regrowth without an etch were also investigated. The defects in the regrown structure (without an etch) are highly spatially localized to the regrowth interface. Subsequently, by depth profiling an etched-and-regrown sample, we show that the intensities of the defect-related SSPC features associated with dry etching depend strongly on the depth away from the regrowth interface, which is also reported previously [Nedy et al., Semicond. Sci. Technol. 30, 085019 (2015); Fang et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 4207–4212 (2003); and Cao et al., IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 47, 1320–1324 (2000)]. A photoelectrochemical etching (PEC) method and a wet AZ400K treatment are also introduced to reduce the etch-induced deep levels. A significant reduction in the density of deep levels is observed in the sample that was treated with PEC etching after dry etching and prior to regrowth. An ∼2× reduction in the density of Ec – 1.9 eV level compared to a reference etched-and-regrown structure was observed upon the application of PEC etching treatment prior to the regrowth. The PEC etching method is promising for reducing defects in selective-area doping for vertical power switching structures with complex geometries [Meyers et al., J. Electron. Mater. 49, 3481–3489 (2020)].
New Directions in Bandeirismo Studies In Colonial Brazil

he suffix -ism (-ismo in Portuguese) has several purposes. The Oxford English Dictionary informs us that this suffix may form "a simple noun of action," express "the action or conduct of a class of persons," or form "the name of a system of theory or practice," for example political or social. Each usage would be applicable to bandeirismo (whose etymology is bandeira+ismo). This word appears to have come into the Portuguese language as spoken in Brazil in the late twentieth century. It does not appear in the Diciondrio da lingua portuguesa contemporanea published in 2001 by the Portuguese Academia de Ciencias. The Brazilian Diciondrio Houaiss also published in 2001 offers the following definitions for bandeirismo: "conjunto de acontecimentos relacionados com as bandeiras (expediq6es)" and "maneira de agir das bandeiras e dos bandeirantes."'
Recruitment and Retention Strategies Among Racial and Ethnic Minorities in Web-Based Intervention Trials: Retrospective Qualitative Analysis

Background: Racial and ethnic minority groups are underrepresented in health research, contributing to persistent health disparities in the United States. Identifying effective recruitment and retention strategies among minority groups and their subpopulations is an important research agenda. Web-based intervention approaches are becoming increasingly popular with the ubiquitous use of the internet. However, it is not completely clear which recruitment and retention strategies have been successful in web-based intervention trials targeting racial and ethnic minorities. Objective: This study aims to describe lessons learned in recruiting and retaining one of the understudied ethnic minority women—Korean Americans—enrolled in a web-based intervention trial and to compare our findings with the strategies reported in relevant published web-based intervention trials. Methods: Multiple sources of data were used to address the objectives of this study, including the study team’s meeting minutes, participant tracking and contact logs, survey reports, and postintervention interviews. In addition, an electronic search involving 2 databases (PubMed and CINAHL) was performed to identify published studies using web-based interventions. Qualitative analysis was then performed to identify common themes addressing recruitment and retention strategies across the trials using web-based intervention modalities. Results: A total of 9 categories of recruitment and retention strategies emerged: authentic care; accommodation of time, place, and transportation; financial incentives; diversity among the study team; multiple, yet standardized modes of communication; mobilizing existing community relationships with efforts to build trust; prioritizing features of web-based intervention; combined use of web-based and direct recruitment; and self-directed web-based intervention with human support. Although all the studies included in the analysis combined multiple strategies, prioritizing features of web-based intervention or use of human support were particularly relevant for promoting recruitment and retention of racial and ethnic minorities in web-based intervention trials. Conclusions: The growing prevalence of internet use among racial and ethnic minority populations represents an excellent opportunity to design and deliver intervention programs via the internet. Future research should explore and compare successful recruitment and retention methods among race and ethnic groups for web-based interventions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03726619; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03726619.
The Effect of Adiposity on Cardiovascular Function and Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Background Patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) develop cardiomyopathy because of a dystrophin deficiency causing fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium. Corticosteroid use and mobilit...
Use of EEG-based Adaptive Biocontrol in Correcting Neurological Patients' Functional State

This article deals with changes in the EEG amplitudes and frequencies, spatial distribution of the main EEG rhythms, and structure of the interconnections between various zones of the hemispheric cortex in neurological patients before and after adaptive biocontrol sessions aimed at normalizing their state. The authors discuss the strategy and tactics of adaptive biocontrol with regard for the individual disorders of EEG parameters. Purposeful voluntary modification of the structure of interzonal relations leads to the rearrangement of intercentral connections and contributes to the cessation of pathological states; neurological symptoms completely disappear in most of the patients. It is concluded that if the parameters of purposeful EEG regulation are selected properly, taking into account individual rearrangements, adaptive biocontrol may be used more widely in rehabilitation.
Communicating Affection: ENCODING AFFECTIONATE MESSAGES

Most people would rather give than get affection. – Aristotle Human communication is an extraordinarily diverse enterprise, and the communication of affection is no exception. Individuals use a broad range of behaviors to encode feelings of affection for each other. Some are verbal in nature, such as a spoken or written declaration of love. Others are nonverbal gestures, such as hugs or kisses or pats on the back. Still others consist of supportive behaviors that may not necessarily be thought of as affectionate expressions but have that connotative meaning within particular relationships. This chapter explores the different forms of encoding affectionate messages (including those that are idiomatic to particular relationships), and reviews research on what individual-, relational-, and contextual-level influences affect the encoding of affection. With respect to categorizing affectionate behaviors, one might offer that they can be most parsimoniously understood as comprising three separate but interrelated types. A Tripartite Model for Encoding Affectionate Messages Early work on the encoding of affectionate communication adopted, at least implicitly, a two-dimensional model wherein affectionate messages were either encoded verbally (e.g., by saying “I love you” or “I care about you”) or nonverbally (e.g., by hugging, kissing, or holding hands). Many measurement models assessed verbal and nonverbal expressions without making an a priori distinction between them. For instance, Noller (1978) examined videotaped interactions of 87 parent–child dyads and coded “the number of instances of interactive behavior that would normally be regarded as affectionate,” including kissing, cuddling, or saying “I love you” (p. 317).
Perinatal Hormones and Their Role in the Development of Sexually Dimorphic Behaviors

In the previous chapter, we saw that steroid hormones have long been known to play an important role in the morphological differentiation of genital tissues. It is only more recently that the idea of an influence of steroids on the differentiation of neural substrates for sexual behavior has been brought forward and systematically examined. The purpose of this chapter is to survey the evidence on which the notion of behavioral differentiation is based. But first, let us ask why the idea that perinatal steroids affect the differentiation of neural tissues regulating adult behavior has been so slow to take root. Three major conceptual confusions can be cited as obstacles.
Abstract 1823: Novel regulation of Jagged1 by ErbB2 in breast cancer: implications for anti-ErbB2 therapy

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA We have demonstrated that Notch1 is required for trastuzumab resistance in ErbB2 positive breast cancer. This indicates that ErbB2 suppresses Notch1 in breast cancer and therapeutic intervention targeting ErbB2 might have an unintended consequence which is aberrant up regulation of Notch1 which is a breast oncogene. However, the mechanism of action by which ErbB2 restricts Notch1 activation is unknown. In this current study, we investigated the role of cis- and trans-activation of Notch signaling by Notch ligands which are developmentally conversed to tightly regulate Notch activation. To address this hypothesis, we performed co-culture studies using fibroblasts expressing no Notch ligands or over-expressing human Jagged1 or Deltalike1 and ErbB2 positive breast cancer cells. We performed flow cytometry to isolate breast cancer cells after co-culture and extracted RNA to measure expression of Notch gene targets as a measure of Notch activity. The results showed that trastuzumab, Lapatinib, or ErbB2 knockdown increased overall Notch activition. Similarly, Co-culture with Jagged1-expressing fibroblasts increased overall Notch activation. However, Knocked down of Jagged1 in the breast cancer cells had little effect on ligand-induced Notch activation relieving the possibility of cis-inhibition. In contrast, Jagged1 knocked down abrogated trastuzumab-induced Notch activation in the breast cancer cells. These results suggest that ErbB2 might restrict Notch activation by preventing Jagged1-mediated trans activation of Notch and not by promoting cis-inhibition. Confocal immunofluorescence showed that Jagged1 is localized with Notch1 when ErbB2 is hyperactive but is trafficked to the cell surface in response to trastuzumab. K44ADynamin abrogated Jagged1 expression on the cell surface as measured by IF and surface biotinylation studies. Furthermore, K44ADynamin expression abrogated trastuzumab-induced Notch1 activation. Importantly, we measured growth consequences of Jagged1-mediated Notch activation in response to trastuzumab and found that Jagged1 is necessary for survival of ErbB2 positive breast cancer cells and trastuzumab resistance as measured by cell cycle analysis and Annexin V staining. These results taken together indicate that ErbB2 restricts Notch by limiting Jagged1-mediated trans-activation. Citation Format: Clodia Osipo, Kinnari Pandya, Debra Wyatt. Novel regulation of Jagged1 by ErbB2 in breast cancer: implications for anti-ErbB2 therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1823. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1823
Exploring the development and dismantling of equivalence classes involving terrorist stimuli.

The present paper describes 2 studies that present a conceptual interpretation and experimental findings involving the developing and dismantling of equivalence cl’asses consisting of terrorist stimuli. In the first study, 8 United States citizen participants were trained to match nonterrorist stimuli to American and terrorist images. Afterwards, participants were tested for derived relations between American and terrorist stimuli. Results revealed all participants had a high probability of making predictable responses across culturally framed stimuli during a pretest (i.e., match American to American and terrorist to terrorist), yet after training, made fewer culturally controlled responses during the posttest. The second study examined the acquisition rate and resulting equivalence test performance of 7 United States citizen participants who received training with 3 sets of visual stimuli that consisted of (a) terrorist, (b) mixed terrorist/American, and (c) neutral (flowers) images. Most participants acquired the relations involving the terrorist stimuli in fewer trials and scored with higher accuracy during testing when compared to their performance on the other two sets (mixed terrorist/American, flowers). Implications for various theories of stimulus equivalence are discussed.
Network imprecision: a new consistency metric for scalable monitoring

This paper introduces a new consistency metric, Network Imprecision (NI), to address a central challenge in largescale monitoring systems: safeguarding accuracy despite node and network failures. To implement NI, an overlay that monitors a set of attributes also monitors its own state so that queries return not only attribute values but also information about the stability of the overlay--the number of nodes whose recent updates may be missing and the number of nodes whose inputs may be double counted due to overlay reconfigurations. When NI indicates that the network is stable, query results are guaranteed to reflect the true state of the system. But when the network is unstable, NI puts applications on notice that query results should not be trusted, allowing them to take corrective action such as filtering out inconsistent results. To scalably implement NI's introspection, our prototype introduces a key optimization, dual-tree prefix aggregation, which exploits overlay symmetry to reduce overheads by more than an order of magnitude. Evaluation of three monitoring applications demonstrates that NI flags inaccurate results while incurring low overheads, and monitoring applications that use NI to select good information can improve their accuracy by up to an order of magnitude.
Tricyclic antidepressants: is your patient taking them? Observations on adherence and unreported use using prescriber-reported medication lists and urine drug testing.

Objective Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are first-line treatment for neuropathic pain. Despite widespread use, many health care providers do not know which patients are currently taking TCAs. The objective of this retrospective data analysis was to determine adherence rates to amitriptyline, nortriptyline, or imipramine. The rate at which patients used TCAs (confirmed by presence of TCA in the urine) but did not inform their health care provider is also reported (non-informed prescriber rate). Finally, the effects of age, sex, and number of prescriptions on adherence and non-informed prescriber rates were assessed. Methods Urinary excretion data were obtained from 55,296 patients with pain and were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in a multiplex assay which included amitriptyline, nortriptyline, and imipramine. Results The adherence rate was 66% (1,407/2,137); the rate of non-informed prescribers was 3% (1,547/55,296) among the general population, and 52% (1,547/2,954) when only TCA users were considered. While adherence was higher among older and female subjects, the number of other medications did not affect adherence rate. Conclusions This analysis reveals that many prescribers are not informed when patients start and stop using TCAs.
Kinetics of Photoresponse of the Chlorine Dioxide-Iodine-Malonic Acid Reaction

We studied the photoresponse of the chlorine dioxide−iodine−malonic acid (CDIMA) reaction. In a continuously fed stirred tank reactor, the photosensitivity increases with decreasing residence time and increasing concentration of chlorine dioxide. Under certain conditions, concentrations change in a sigmoidal fashion in response to a jump in the intensity of illumination. We propose a new mechanism for the effect of visible light on the CDIMA reaction. Simulations based on the proposed mechanism accurately describe the experimentally observed kinetics.
Blood pressure and obesity in childhood and adolescence epidemiologic aspects

Abstract Blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) are first considered independently, and then jointly, on the basis of both cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies. The relations between these two attributes are investigated further by analysis of the “velocity curves” of age increments, from ages 6 to 24, in both blood pressure (systolic and fifth-phase diastolic) and BMI, from data from the US Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1971–1974. The results of both reported studies and the present exploratory analysis indicate sometimes strong but quite variable relations between blood pressure and BMI, which differ by age, gender, and the particular blood pressure measure under consideration.
The fate of mental health services in health care reform: II. Realistic solutions.

in the second part of a two-part paper, the three major proposals for U. S. health care reform—the government-sponsored model, the employment-based model, and the market reform model—are reviewed. Barriers to their success include the currect economic crisis, the lack of a clear consensus, and the high costs of the proposals. Most proposals limit the extent of psychiatric coverage; some exclude such coverage from minimum benefit packages, an area of concern for clinicians. The author concludes that any substantial health care reform is unlikely in the near future. A thoughtful, realistic, and yet vigorous strategic plan is needed now to forestall the possible exclusion of significant mental health coverage. The basic elements of such a plan are reviewed.
Ab initio calculations of electronically excited states of cyano-substituted polyacetylene cations.

Abstract The transition energies for the lowest energy π→π* electronic excitations are calculated with the complete active space self-consistent field method (CASSCF) and with the complete active space second-order perturbation theory method (CASPT2) for the linear cyano-substituted polyacetylene cations, H–Cn–CN+, n=4–11, and NC–Cn–CN+, n=2–10. These systems are models for an important class of interstellar species. We demonstrate the utility of the theoretical calculations in assigning the experimental spectra.