cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scale covariant gravitation. V - Kinetic theory. VI - Stellar structure and evolution

A scale covariant kinetic theory for particles and photons is developed. The mathematical framework of the theory is given by the tangent bundle of a Weyl manifold. The Liouville equation is derived, and solutions to corresponding equilibrium distributions are presented and shown to yield thermodynamic results identical to the ones obtained previously. The scale covariant theory is then used to derive results of interest to stellar structure and evolution. A radiative transfer equation is derived that can be used to study stellar evolution with a variable gravitational constant. In addition, it is shown that the sun's absolute luminosity scales as L approximately equal to GM/kappa, where kappa is the stellar opacity. Finally, a formula is derived for the age of globular clusters as a function of the gravitational constant using a previously derived expression for the absolute luminosity.
Cleft lip and palate

1. Mary-Alice Abbott, MD, PhD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA. Editor’s Note: In the recently published article “Causal Attributions of Cleft Lip and Palate Across Cultures” (Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2013;50[6]:655–661), the authors state that, across the world, culturally held beliefs concerning cleft lip and palate can have deleterious social effects on children and their families. Our readers should keep this in mind as they read the following article. Joseph A. Zenel, MD Editor-in-Chief Physicians should be aware of the potential associated medical problems with orofacial clefts, including airway obstruction, feeding difficulties, speech and language abnormalities, otitis media, and underlying genetic syndromes. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Understand the role of genetics and environmental factors in the incidence of orofacial clefts. 2. Be aware of the availability of special nipples and bottles for feeding some infants with orofacial clefts. 3. Recognize the associations between cleft palate and airway issues (Pierre Robin sequence) and palatal dysfunction and otitis media. Oral-facial clefts are a common birth defect, occurring in approximately 1 in 600 US live births. (1) Epidemiologic studies have found that incidence varies according to sex and ethnic background; clefts occur most commonly in Native American and Asian populations and are least common in those with African heritage. Clefts of the lip are associated with a palatal cleft in approximately two-thirds of affected individuals. Cleft lip with or without cleft palate occurs more often in males, whereas isolated cleft palate is seen more often in females; cleft lip with or without cleft palate is more frequent that cleft palate alone. Facial development is a complex process. Five structures are involved in the development of the fetal face: the median frontonasal prominence, …
"They treated me like a leper". Stigmatization and the quality of life of patients with hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatitis C virus is the most prevalent chronic blood-borne infection in the United States, typically acquired through contaminated blood products or needle sharing. We hypothesized that patients with chronic hepatitis C infection experience stigmatization independent of mode of acquisition and that it negatively affects quality of life.
Evidence for a pro-proliferative feedback loop in prostate cancer: the role of Epac1 and COX-2-dependent pathways.

Objective In human prostate cancer cells, a selective Epac agonist, 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP, upregulates cell proliferation and survival via activation of Ras-MAPK and PI- 3-kinase-Akt-mTOR signaling cascades. Here we examine the role of inflammatory mediators in Epac1-induced cellular proliferation by determining the expression of the pro-inflammatory markers p-cPLA2, COX-2, and PGE2 in prostate cancer cells treated with 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP. Methods We employed inhibitors of COX-2, mTORC1, and mTORC2 to probe cyclic AMP-dependent pathways in human prostate cancer cells. RNAi targeting Epac1, Raptor, and Rictor was also employed in these studies. Results 8-CPT-2Me-cAMP treatment caused a 2-2.5-fold increase of p-cPLA2(S505), COX-2, and PGE2 levels in human prostate cancer cell lines. Pretreatment of cells with the COX-2 inhibitor SC-58125 or the EP4 antagonist AH-23848, or with an inhibitor of mTORC1 and mTORC2, Torin1, significantly reduced the Epac1-dependent increase of p-cPLA2 and COX-2, p-S6-kinase(T389), and p-AKT(S473). In addition, Epac1-induced protein and DNA synthesis were greatly reduced upon pretreatment of cells with either COX-2, EP4, or mTOR inhibitors. Transfection of prostate cancer cells with Epac1 dsRNA, Raptor dsRNA, or Rictor dsRNA profoundly reduced Epac1-dependent increases in p-cPLA2 and COX-2. Conclusion We show that Epac1, a downstream effector of cAMP, functions as a pro-inflammatory modulator in prostate cancer cells and promotes cell proliferation and survival by upregulating Ras-MAPK, and PI 3-kinase-Akt-mTOR signaling.
Platelet crossmatch tests using radiolabelled staphylococcal protein A or peroxidase anti-peroxidase in alloimmunized patients

Refractoriness to random-donor platelets as a result of alloimmunization remains a major problem in long-term platelet transfusion therapy despite the use of HLA-matched platelets. We have therefore studied the use of two methods for detection of platelet associated IgG as platelet crossmatch tests for the selection of platelet donors. These methods use radiolabelled staphylococcal protein A (125I-SPA) and peroxidase anti-peroxidase (PAP), respectively. One hundred and ten crossmatch tests using 125I-SPA were performed retrospectively in 18 alloimmunized patients. The results indicated that the predictive value of a positive or a negative test was 87%; the sensitivity was 73% and the specificity was 95%. Results with the PAP test were similar. The HLA types were known for 48 donor-recipient pairs. With few exceptions, there was a correlation between the results of the platelet crossmatch tests and the effectiveness of platelet transfusion regardless of the degree of HLA match. These results indicate that platelet crossmatch tests may be valuable even when closely HLA matched donors are not available. A large-scale prospective study is warranted, particularly in highly immunized patients.
Occupational and Environmental Causes of Lung Cancer

Because tobacco smoking is a potent carcinogen, secondary causes of lung cancer are often diminished in perceived importance. The goal of this review is to describe the occurrence and recent findings of the 27 agents currently listed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as lung carcinogens. The IARC's updated assessments of lung carcinogens provide a long-overdue resource for consensus opinions on the carcinogenic potential of various agents. Supplementary new information, with a focus on analytic epidemiologic studies that has become available since IARC's most recent evaluation, are also discussed.
pros‐Methylimidazoleacetic Acid in Rat Brain: Its Regional Distribution and Relationship to Metabolic Pathways of Histamine

pros-Methylimidazoleacetic acid (p-MIAA; 1-methylimidazole-5-acetic acid), an isomer of the histamine metabolite, tele-methylimidazoleacetic acid (t-MIAA), is present in brain and CSF. Its relationship to histamine synthesis and catabolism was assessed in brains of rats. p-MIAA distribution in brain regions was heterogeneous although the concentrations in regions with the highest (hypothalamus) and the lowest (medulla-pons) levels differed less than four-fold. There was no significant correlation between the regional distributions of p-MIAA with those of histamine or its metabolites. pros-Methylhistidine (1 g/kg, i.p.) produced a 20-fold increase in mean levels of p-MIAA and up to a 50-fold increase in levels of pros-methylhistamine (p-MH), a putative intermediate; levels of histamine and its metabolites were unaltered. L-Histidine (1 g/kg, i.p.) or alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.), the irreversible inhibitor of histamine synthesis, did not alter the levels of p-MIAA in brain. Like the levels of t-MIAA, the levels of p-MIAA were unaltered after probenecid administration. Contrary to its effects in lowering t-MIAA levels, pargyline (75 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a slight rise in levels of p-MIAA in all regions. These findings suggest that, in brain, the metabolic pathways of histamine are independent of pathways that generate p-MIAA. Further, since brain is capable of p-MH formation, its use as an internal standard in analytical methods merits caution.
Magnetic sensing techniques for humanitarian ordnance detection and discrimination

Detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance (UXO) in areas of prior conflict is of high importance to the international community and the United States government. For humanitarian applications, sensors and processing methods need to be robust, reliable, and easy to train and implement using indigenous UXO removal personnel. This paper focuses on magnetometer sensing techniques, processing, and operation for UXO detection and discrimination applications. Specifically, we discuss the collection, processing, and discrimination of data collected using the PACMAG man-portable system consisting of arrays of sensitive total-field magnetometers, global positioning (GPS) combined with digital odometers, and a data acquisition system. We outline preliminary standard operating procedures for optimal collection of UXO-induced magnetic fields and associated position data using either a GPS, or odometer when surveying in GPS-denied areas. Processing techniques such as gridding and filtering, target picking, and discrimination lead to estimates of target size and location. Emphasis is placed on simplifying the production of magnetometer hardware and software for use by minimally-trained personnel with no advanced knowledge of magnetic sensing and geophysics.
The Lindstrom-Madden Method for Series Systems with Repeated Components.

The Lindstrom-Madden method of approximating lower confidence limits for series systems with unlike components is extended to series systems with repeated components utilizing the methods of Buehler, Sudakov and of Harris and Sons. An exact solution is given for no failures and key test results, together with an approximation for the general case. Numerical examples are also provided.
Fabrication and characterization of SMA hybrid composites

Results from an effort to fabrication shape memory alloy hybrid composite (SMAHC) test specimens and characterize the material system are presented in this study. The SMAHC specimens are conventional composite structures with an embedded SMA constituent. The fabrication and characterization work was undertaken to better understand the mechanics of the material system, address fabrication issues cited in the literature, and provide specimens for experimental validation of a recently developed thermomechanical model for SMAHC structures. Processes and hardware developed for fabrication of the SMAHC specimens are described. Fabrication of a SMA14C laminate with quasi-isotropic lamination and ribbon-type Nitinol actuators embedded in the 0' layers is presented. Beam specimens are machined from the laminate and are the focus of recent work, but the processes and hardware are readily extensible to more practical structures. Results of thermomechanical property testing on the composite matrix and Nitinol ribbon are presented. Test results from the Nitinol include stress-strain behavior, modulus versus temperature. and constrained recovery stress versus temperature and thermal cycle. Complex thermomechanical behaviors of the Nitinol and composite matrix are demonstrated, which have significant implications for modeling of SMAHC structures.
Cimon, Skyros and "Theseus' Bones"

Thucydides reports the capture of Skyros ‘next’ (ἔπϵιτα) after that of Eion under the generalship of Cimon, as the first events in his digression (έκβολή) on the Pentekontaetia. Further details are added by Diodorus (presumably following Ephorus) and Plutarch. It is of some importance to try to determine the date of this event, of even greater importance to see it in correct perspective for Cimon's rising star and Themistocles' falling one.The only specific indication of time we have is Plutarch's reference to an oracle ‘given to the Athenians when they made an inquiry after the Persian Wars in the archonship of Phaidon’ (i.e., 476/5 B.C.). This has generally been taken to provide a date for the capture of Skyros, and the transference of the bones of Theseus to Athens, which Plutarch says followed it. But it is worth pointing out again, with Busolt, that Plutarch's words give a ‘date’ only for the oracle. Diodorus dates the Skyros campaign (along with Eion before and the Eurymedon victory after) to the archonship of Demotion, 470/69, but his evidence is worth very little on a point of chronology such as this.
Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury is a major source of death and disability worldwide. Significant success has been achieved in improving short-term outcomes in severe traumatic brain injury victims; however, there are still great limitations in our ability to return severe traumatic brain injury victims to high levels of functioning. Primary brain injury, due to initial injury forces, causes tissue distortion and destruction in the early postinjury period. Clinical outcomes depend in large part on mediating the bimolecular and cellular changes that occur after the initial injury. These secondary injuries from traumatic brain injury lead to alterations in cell function and propagation of injury through processes such as depolarization, excitotoxicity, disruption of calcium homeostasis, free-radical generation, blood-brain barrier disruption, ischemic injury, edema formation, and intracranial hypertension. The best hope for improving outcome in traumatic brain injury patients is a better understanding of these processes and the development of therapies that can limit secondary brain injury.
Comparative X-ray absorption spectroscopic structural characterization of nickel metalloenzyme active sites

Abstract Recent results concerning structure-function relationships in nickel-containing metalloenzymes are reviewed. Ni x-ray absorption spectroscopy has proven useful in elucidating both molecular and electronic structural information concerning the active site structures of several nickel enzymes.
Genetic regulation of development in Aspergillus nidulans.

Abstract Aspergillus nidulans is a multicellular fungus whose genetic system can be manipulated with exceptional ease and sophistication. Development of conidiophores, the asexual reproductive structures formed by A. nidulans , is characterized by major qualitative changes in gene transcription. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms through which conidiation-specific gene products control and execute the orderly elaboration of the conidiophore is facilitated by the ability to clone developmentally regulated genes, to alter them in vitro , and then to reintroduce them into the organisms's genome with precision. Application of this molecular genetic approach has led to new insights into the chromosomal organizations, biological functions and regulated expression of genes that are specifically activated during A. nidulans development.
Emission from HCN and H2O lasers in the 4 to 13 μm region

Abstract Laser emission has been observed from a pulsed H 2 O laser at 11.83 μm, 11.96 μm and at 4.77 μm while an emission line at 12.85 μm has been observed in a pulsed HCN discharge. Tentative assignment is made for these lines from known molecular vibration-rotation levels.
Universal grain size distribution, most chaotic microstructures and tessellation condition

In this paper the probability distribution of grain sizes in the self-similar regime of grain growth is derived from the assumption that the grain boundary structure is the most chaotic. The grain size distribution obtained in this way does not contain fitting parameters and describes reasonably well the experimental data. The derivation is based on the suggested in the paper tessellation condition, the necessary and sufficient condition for a set of grains to fill the space without gaps and overlapping. The tessellation condition yields an infinite chain of constraints on the geometrical parameters of the grains. The derivation of the most chaotic grain size distribution employs only a few of these constraints, and, thus, the resulting distribution is approximate. It is checked that the incorporation of a few more constraints does not change the resulting distribution. Another aspect of the derivation is the notion of most chaotic microstructures as applied to polycrystal grains. This notion is introduced in accord with the Laplace principle of insufficient reasoning. Satisfactory description of experimental data indicates that the grain boundary structures developed in the self-similar regime of grain growth can be viewed as the most chaotic.
Thespesenone and dehydrooxoperezinone-6-methyl ether, new sesquiterpene quinones from Thespesia populnea.

Thespesia populnea grows as a small tree or large shrub that occurs throughout Polynesia. We report the isolation of 7-hydroxycadalene (6), thespesenone (7), and dehydrooxoperezinone-6-methyl ether (8) from its red heartwood. Compounds 7 and 8 are reported for the first time in nature. Several other sesquiterpene quinones were isolated including mansonone E (4), mansonone F (3), mansonone D (1), mansonone G (9), mansonone M (10), and thespesone (4); the 13C NMR spectra of these compounds are reported for the first time.
Increased large intestinal secretion of potassium in renal insufficiency

Increased large intestinal secretion of potassium in renal insufficiency. An increase in potassium excretion by the kidney, "renal potassium adaptation," following a reduction in nephron population, in the absence of a proportional reduction in dietary potassium, has been reported. This change involved an increase in basal rates of potassium excretion, a rise in the specific activity of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) in outer medulla, and a capacity for an augmentation of the rate of potassium excretion during acute loading with potassium salts. The present experiments indicate similar adaptive changes for potassium secretion in the colon in chronic renal insufficiency,produced by a 70% ablation of renal mass. Net movement of water and electrolytes, transmural potential difference, and Na-K-ATPase activity in colonic mucosal cells were studied in control and experimental rats receiving 15mEq of potassium per day. In animals with renal insufficiency, net potassium secretion increased from the control value of 2.2 ± 0.02µEq/min/g of dry weight to 5.2 ± 0.4 (P Augmentation de la secretion colique de potassium dans l'insuffisance renale. Une augmentation de l'excretion renale de potassium, "adaptation renale au potassium," a ete decrite comme une consequence de la reduction nephronique en l'absence de reduction proportionnelle du potassium alimentaire. Cette modification implique une augmentation du debit basal d'excretion de potassium, une augmentation de l'activite specifique de la Na-K-ATPase de la medullaire externe et une capacite d'augmenter le debit d'excretion de potassium au cours d'une charge aigue en sels de potassium. Les experiences rapportees indiquent des modifications adaptatives semblables de la secretion colique de potassium au cours de l'insuffisance renale chronique produits par l'ablation de 70% de la masse renale. Le mouvement net d'eau et d'electrolytes, la difference de potentiel transmurale, et l'activite de la Na-K-ATPase dans les cellules muqueuses du colon ont ete etudies chez des rats controles et experimentaux recevant 15mEq par jour de potassium alimentaire. Chez les animaux en insuffisance renale la secretion nette de potassium augmente de la valeur controle de 2,2 ± 0,02 µEq/min/g de poids sec a 5,2 ± 0,4(P
A Monte Carlo algorithm for calculating neutral gas transport in cylindrical plasmas

Abstract Monte Carlo techniques have been used to calculate neutral gas distributions in tokamaks. The algorithm uses track length estimators, suppression of absorption, and splitting with Russian roulette to reduce the variance, so that the algorithm is economic. The resultant package is small in memory requirements and relatively fast ( ∼15 seconds of PDP-10 KI time per neutral density profile). The tokamak is modeled as an infinite cylinder, and the plasma parameters are specified as a function of the radial coordinate of the cylinder. The effects of wall reflection and sputtering yields can be easily computed within the model. The algorithm has been incorporated in a one-dimensional tokamak transport code. The code has also been used to predict the energy spectra of charge-exchange neutrals which form the basis for measurements of ion temperatures in tokamaks.
NEGATIVE BINOMIAL FITS TO MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTIONS FROM CENTRAL 16O+Cu COLLISIONS AT 14.6 A GeV/c AND THEIR IMPLICATION FOR “INTERMITTENCY”

The method of normalized factorial moments has been used extensively to study the fluctuations in pseudorapidity of charged particle multiplicity as a function of the interval δη. Experience in analyzing the data from light and heavy ion collisions in terms of distributions rather than moments suggests that conventional fluctuations of multiplicity and transverse energy can be well described by gamma or Negative Binomial Distributions (NBD). Multiplicity distributions from central (ZCAL) collisions of 16O+Cu at 14.6 A GeV/c have been analyzed by the E802 collaboration as a function of the interval δη≥0.1 in the range 1.2≤η≤2.2. Excellent fits to NBD were obtained in all δη bins. The k parameter of the NBD fit exhibits a steep linear increase with the δη interval, which due to the well known property of the NBD under convolution, indicates that the multiplicity distributions in adjacent bins of pseudorapidity δη~0.1 are largely statistically independent. This result explains and demystifies “intermittency.”
Act and Event in Rahner and von Balthasar: A Case Study in Catholic Systematics1

In Benedict XVI's God is Love§1 humanity's relationship with God is described as an encounter with an ‘event’, the Christ-event. I argue that this shift in Catholic theology towards language of act and event signalled a relationship to existentialism, which, taken broadly, entailed an emphasis upon subjectivity and freedom uncharacteristic of the focus upon objectivity common to neo-Scholastic thought. As we shall see with Karl Rahner and Hans Urs von Balthasar, however, this newfound emphasis on subjectivity and freedom did not necessitate an abandonment of all the elements of the more ‘objective’ perspective. Rather, the task during the ascendancy of existentialist thought became the integration of human subjectivity with the objective and independent reality of the world and God. I suggest that Rahner and von Balthasar use notions such as act and event as a way of being mindful of the role of the subject's creativity and freedom in its encounter with the world, God, and other persons, without thereby undermining the freedom and creativity of that which is other than the subject.
Understanding risk for psychopathology through imaging gene–environment interactions

Examining the interplay of genes, experience and the brain is crucial to understanding psychopathology. We review the recent gene–environment interaction (G E) and imaging genetics literature with the goal of developing models to bridge these approaches within single imaging gene–environment interaction (IG E) studies. We explore challenges inherent in both G E and imaging genetics and highlight studies that address these limitations. In specifying IG E models, we examine statistical methods for combining these approaches, and explore plausible biological mechanisms (e.g. epigenetics) through which these conditional mechanisms can be understood. Finally, we discuss the potential contribution that IG E studies can make to understandingpsychopathologyand developingmorepersonalized and effective prevention and treatment. Genes, experience and the brain A burgeoning synergy of disciplines and technologies are providing unique insights into how the dynamic interplay between genes, brain and experience shapes individual risk for psychopathology. This interplay is being articulated at multiple levels of analysis from molecules to cells to neural circuits, from emotional responses to cognitive functions to personality, and from populations to families to individuals [1–4]. Here, we briefly review recent endeavors that highlight the potential value of such interdisciplinary research. We then provide perspectives on how existing approaches and methods could be leveraged further to advance understanding of the etiology, pathophysiology and, ultimately, treatment and prevention of psychopathology.
Zooplankton Community Structure of Lake Livingston, Texas, as Related to Paddlefish Food Resources

ABSTRACT The zooplankton community of Lake Livingston was examined in terms of composition, abundance, distribution, and appropriateness as a food resource for paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. By comparing the range of interraker distances of paddlefish (0.06–0.08 mm) to size measurements of different zooplankton taxa, we determined that paddlefish do not consume small rotifers and copepod nauplii as efficiently as they do larger, copepods and cladocerans. All zooplankton taxa (rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods) were comprised of relatively small organisms, and community abundance and biomass were dominated by small rotifers and copepod nauplii most of the year. In fall and winter, however, the biomass was dominated by copepods. A bioenergetics model predicted the paddlefish biomass that could be supported in Lake Livingston at a density of 1.17 kg ha−1, with a range of 0.06 to 10.45 kg ha−1.
Angleed probe design for scattering measurements from a small tissue volume

An angled probe combined with a lookup table method was employed for measuring reduced scattering coefficients from a small tissue volume. The strategy was tested by both Monte Carlo simulated data and phantom experiments.
Inadvertent fatal imipramine poisoning of a child: what happened to Tommy?

This column illustrates the importance of considering interindividual variance when prescribing medications. In this tragic case, the failure to consider age and body weight when prescribing a drug, imipramine, with a narrow therapeutic index caused the death of an otherwise physically healthy 6-year-old child. This death could also have been avoided by using therapeutic drug monitoring to properly adjust the dose. This case illustrates the importance of the second (pharmacokinetics) and third (biological variance) variables in the equation frequently cited in this column: clinical response=affinity for and intrinsic activity at site of action x drug concentration at site of action x underlying biology of the patient. (Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2011;17:118-123). Language: en
Understanding the nature of apraxia of speech: Theory, analysis, and treatment

Researchers have interpreted the behaviours of individuals with acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) as impairment of linguistic phonological processing, motor control, or both. Acoustic, kinematic, and perceptual studies of speech in more recent years have led to significant advances in our understanding of the disorder and wide acceptance that it affects phonetic - motoric planning of speech. However, newly developed methods for studying nonspeech motor control are providing new insights, indicating that the motor control impairment of AOS extends beyond speech and is manifest in nonspeech movements of the oral structures. We present the most recent developments in theory and methods to examine and define the nature of AOS. Theories of the disorder are then related to existing treatment approaches and the efficacy of these approaches is examined. Directions for development of new treatments are posited. It is proposed that treatment programmes driven by a principled account of how the motor system learns to...
Webs, Veronese curves, and bihamiltonian systems

Abstract We define a special kind of multidimensional webs, connected with the Veronese curve. For these webs the foliations in question depend not on a discrete parameter, but on the point on a projective line. For each bihamiltonian system of odd dimension in general position we construct such a web and show how to reconstruct the original bihamiltonian system based on these data.
Sensor based registration and stacking of electronic substrate layers

This sensor-based approach for registration and stacking of electronic substrate sublaminates replaces pin-in-slot methods, yet does not require accurate automation equipment. Tests of a pilot workcell for this approach showed that the contact holes were consistently aligned to 2.5 /spl mu/m (3/spl sigma/), more than ten times better than the traditional mechanical method.
A case study on the internationalization process of a ‘born-global’ fashion retailer

This case study on Zara elucidates the expansion strategies used by both born-global and gradual global fast-fashion retailers based on theories of internationalization. Aspects related to knowledge sharing, resource-based theory, and psychic distance are overlaid with Zara's internationalization strategies to advance understanding of the role fashion plays in dynamic internationalization. Zara employs a high-risk, high-reward model of internationalization to defend its unique merchandise and retail position by remaining completely vertical. Zara's born-global expansion strategy engendered a psychic distance paradox in that it was very successful in distant markets early on. It is proposed that fashion retailers may take note of Zara's success through the proposed ‘dynamic strategic planning process’ for expansion in international markets. Researchers can test the proposed framework empirically to investigate the theoretical constructs for both gradual- and born-global firms.
Touch, click, navigate: comparing tabletop and desktop interaction for map navigation tasks

Multi-touch tabletops and desktop computers offer different affordances for interaction with digital maps. Previous research suggests that these differences may affect how a person navigates in the world. To test this idea we randomly assigned 22 participants to one of two conditions. Participants used the interfaces to complete a series of tasks in which they interacted with a digital map of a fictitious city and then attempted to navigate through a corresponding virtual world. However, based on participant performance, we find no evidence that interface type affects navigation ability. We discuss map navigation strategies across the two conditions and analyze multi-touch gestures used by participants in the tabletop condition. Finally, based on these analyses, we consider implications for the design of interactive map interfaces.
Separation and classification of axisymmetric particles in an inclined settler

Abstract The behavior of axisymmetric particles settling through a quiescent fluid in an inclined settler is studied. The particles undergo Jeffery orbits as they settle, causing their settling rate to vary continually. The orbit-averaged settling velocity is evaluated for any given particle in suspension, and the overall behavior is described by integrating over the probability density function for all particles. Expressions for the degree of classification in an inclined settler (i.e. the particle volume fraction and distribution in the overflow relative to the feed) as the volumetric overflow rate varies are given for: (i) the general case in terms of the distribution of particle size, aspect ratio and orbit constant; (ii) a monodisperse suspension; and (iii) a suspension of equal-diameter cylinders with a log-normal length distribution. Experiments were performed with two monodispersed suspensions of cylinders, and classification results are compared with theoretical predictions. The agreement is within the experimental error, except slightly more particles reached the settler overflow than predicted for the low aspect ratio suspension.
An Analysis of Four Spectral Control Charts

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.]Spectral control charts, based on the periodogram evaluated at the Fourier frequencies, are used to detect the onset of periodic behavior. In this study, two additional spectral charts that use establish..
Spin- and valley-dependent analysis of the two-dimensional low-density electron system in Si MOSFETs

The two-dimensional electron system (2DES) in $\mathrm{Si}$ metal-oxide field-effect transistors consists of two distinct electron fluids interacting with each other. We calculate the total energy as a function of the density $n$ and the spin polarization $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ in the strongly correlated low-density regime, using a classical mapping to a hypernetted-chain (CHNC) equation inclusive of bridge terms. The ten distribution functions arising from spin and valley indices are calculated to obtain the total free energy, the chemical potential, the compressibility, and the spin susceptibility. The $T=0$ results are compared with the two-valley quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) data of Conti and Senatore [Europhys. Lett. 36, 695 (1996)] (at $T=0$, $\ensuremath{\zeta}=0$) and found to be in excellent agreement. Unlike in the one-valley 2DES, it is shown that the unpolarized phase is always the stable phase in the two-valley system, right up to Wigner crystallization at ${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}40$. Hence ${g}^{*}$ is insensitive to the spin polarization and to the density. The compressibility and the spin-susceptibility enhancement calculated from the free energy validate a simple approach to the two-valley response based on coupled-mode formation. The local-density approximation of density-functional theory is shown to fail, especially near ${r}_{s}=1$, even though the 2DES is uniform. The spin-susceptibility enhancement calculated from the coupled-valley response and directly from the two-valley energies is discussed. The three methods, QMC, CHNC, and coupled-mode theory, agree closely. Our results contain no ad hoc fit parameters and lead to general agreement with available experimental results.
Antibiotics in milk-a review.

Summary The widespread use of antibiotics has contributed to the control of diseases and the nutritional well-being of livestock. However, the use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis has created problems for the milk processor and consumer. Following treatment of mastitis with antibiotics, they may be found in the milk in sufficient concentrations to inhibit dairy starter microorganisms and cause economic losses to the cheese and fermented milk industries. Penicillin in very small concentrations found in milk may cause reactions in highly sensitive individuals. Nationwide surveys revealed that penicillin was the primary antibiotic found in the central milk supply. Ten surveys covering a 9-yr. period (prior to 1960) in which 7,201 samples were tested, found 377 (5.2%) to be positive for the presence of antibiotics. The application of testing methods by regulatory and dairy personnel during 1960 resulted in a significant reduction in antibiotic-adulterated milk. Analyses of approximately 770,000 producer milk samples showed an incidence of 0.54%—a tenfold decrease. When antibiotics are used to treat mastitis, dairymen should follow the prescribed recommendations for withholding milk for human use following treatment. Data compiled on intramammary infusions, intramuscular injections, and oral administration of antibiotics and their vehicles illustrate that wide variations exist concerning the relative persistence of the amount of antibiotics found in milk. The persistence of antibiotics in milk differs in milk from cows in early-, mid-, and late-lactation. Some recent studies using highly sensitive methods indicate that antibiotics are transferred from treated to untreated quarters, but wth penicillin this transfer is slight and of short duration and not likely to present a problem. When adulterated milk leaves the farm, it is subjected to various processes in the milk plant. Antibiotics in milk are relatively stable to pasteurization temperatures and above, as well as to low temperatures (0–10° F.). Under refrigeration temperatures up to seven days of storage, in raw and pasteurized milk there tends to be a loss in antibiotic activity. Large quantities of milk are necessary to dilute milk from treated quarters, since cultures may be retarded if the concentration of penicillin is approximately 0.05 unit/per milliliter or greater. Several substances have been found that will inactivate penicillin. The most promising, penicillinase, can be used to hydrolyze penicillin in milk and in penicillin allergy cases. Larger quantities of inoculum and use of resistant cultures are an aid in the production of cheese made from milk that contains antibiotics. The presence of antibiotics in milk constitutes an adulteration under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Educational and testing programs participated in by the Extension Service, veterinarians, dairy inspectors, sanitarians, fieldmen conferences, dairy schools, and government agencies have been helpful and cooperative, but the primary responsibility continues to rest with dairymen.
Fungal pathogens are platforms for discovering novel and conserved septin properties

Septins are filament-forming GTP-binding proteins that act as scaffolds in diverse cell functions including division, polarity and membrane remodeling. In a variety of fungal pathogens, it has been observed that septins are required for virulence because cells are unable to survive or are misshapen when septins are mutated. Cell morphology is interconnected with pathogenesis and thus septin mutants displaying aberrant cell morphologies are commonly deficient in host tissue invasion. The degree to which septins orchestrate versus maintain changes in fungal cell morphology during pathogenesis remains to be determined. Aside from the importance of septins in the process of pathogenesis, animal and plant fungal pathogens display complexity in septin form, dynamics, and function not seen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae making these organisms important models for uncovering diversity in septin behavior. Additionally, host septins have recently been implicated in the process of Candida albicans invasion, motivating the need to examine host septins in fungal pathogenesis. Understanding the role of septins in the host-pathogen interaction not only illuminates pathogenesis mechanisms but importantly also expands our understanding of septin biology in general.
Carbon Flux Distributions at the Pyruvate Branch Point in Corynebacterium glutamicum during Lysine Overproduction

In order to achieve the theoretical maximum yield of lysine from glucose (75% molar), flux partitioning at principal branch points (glucose 6-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate) in the primary metabolic network of Corynebacterium glutamicum must be significantly altered from that observed during balanced growth, so that lysine precursors are synthesized in optimal stoichiometric ratios. In this article, we employ flux analysis, which provides a snapshot of metabolic flux distributions from extracellular measurements, in conjunction with two metabolic perturbations of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) to examine the possibility that flux partitioning at the pyruvate (Pyr) branch point (i. e., pyruvate availability) limits lysine yield. The two perturbation experiments involved (1) isolation and flux analysis of a PDC-attenuated mutant of C. glutamicum and (2) flux analysis following the addition of fluoropyruvate (FP) to a standard fermentation during the initial period of lysine overproduction. No significant alteration in flux partition was observed at any of the three principal nodes in the PDC-attenuated strain. However, the PDC mutation did cause a 70% uniform decrease in carbon flow throughout the network, which indicates that the lysine yield is not limited solely by a weakly rigid Pyr branch point. The addition of FP did not affect the lysine synthesis rate, but did temporarily redirect carbon flow away from the TCA cycle toward pyruvate excretion, which further confirms that the lysine yield is not pyruvate-limited and that the Pyr branch point is not weakly rigid.
Characterization of ultraviolet radiation-induced damage to keratinocytes in a skin equivalent in vitro

The human skin equivalent (HSE) provides a convenient model for studying the dermatological effects of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. HSEs, constructed by overlaying a collagen-fibroblast matrix with epidermal cells, were maintained submerged for 1 week after the addition of epidermal cells and then raised to the air-liquid interface for an additional 3 weeks. HSEs were exposed to sublethal doses of UV radiation ranging from 0 to 500 J/m2, incubated up to 48 h in medium containing 3H-thymidine and fixed for ultrastructural and autoradiographic analysis. Exposure to radiation doses greater than 50 J/m2 led to vacuolation of the cornified envelopes and enlargement of intercellular spaces. These doses also led to the formation of dense cytoplasmic bodies, and separation and vesiculation of the nuclear envelope in the basal cells. DNA synthesis in the basal cells was analyzed autoradiographically. Maximal numbers of labeled basal cells were observed 24 h after exposure to UV radiation at 50 J/m2. Although the proportions of labeled cells varied among different epidermal donors, the maximal responses and time-course of 3H-thymidine incorporation remained consistent, supporting the usefulness of the HSE in studying the effects of UV irradiation on human skin.
Major Late-Triassic strike-slip displacement in the Seven Devils terrane, Oregon and Idaho: A result of left-oblique plate convergence?

Abstract The shortening direction in rocks deformed in collision or subduction zones is not directly related to the plate-convergence vector; rather, it is perpendicular to the collision zone or subduction zone, even in cases where plate convergence is oblique. The component of convergence parallel to the subduction/collision zone is expressed by strike-slip displacement in the arc region behind the subduction zone. Such strike-slip shear zones have been recognized in the Seven Devils terrane of northeastern Oregon and adjacent Idaho. One of these (the Oxbow shear zone consisting of cataclasite, mylonite, and ultra-mylonite) trends northeasterly from Oxbow, Oregon to Cuprum, Idaho. The original rock types of the shear zone were plagiogranite, gabbro, diabase, bassalt, and keratophyre. The age of the mylonitization is constrained by 40Ar/39Ar dates as Late Triassic. Meso- and microscopic structures (textures and quartz c- axes fabrics) indicate that the shear zone was formed by left-lateral, strike-slip motion. A minimum left-lateral displacement of 65 km has been estimated, but the true displacement may have been much larger. The Oxbow shear zone is interpreted as an intra-arc strike-slip zone of the Seven Devils terrane, related to left-oblique plate convergence during the Triassic.
Paleoseismic indicators near Bluffton, South Carolina: An appraisal of their tectonic implications

Radiocarbon dating of paleoliquefaction features near Bluffton in Beaufort County, South Carolina, indicates a likelihood of four prehistoric seismic events that occurred at 500 ±180, 1180 ±220, 2355 ±365, and 3355 ±485 yr B.P. Among these, the 500 ±180 and 2355 ±365 yr B.P. events appear to have originated near Bluffton, outside of the currently active Charleston seismic source zone. Association of these two events with a local source near Bluffton conflicts with the idea of periodic activation of a single seismic source near Charleston. The felt shocks of 1826, 1903, and 1912, reported from ∼20 km south of the paleoliquefaction sites, and a small earthquake on January 1989 located near Bluffton indicate that this area has been moderately active in historic times. Releveling data have identified an ∼30-km-long zone of uplift in the area. Stratigraphic data indicate the presence of an east-trending buried fault in the vicinity. These observations imply the presence of an additional seismic source zone in the South Carolina coastal plain, near Bluffton.
Optimum design of passive-adaptive, linear feedback systems with varying plants

In designing a feedback control system involving a variable (or incompletely known) plant the prime consideration, besides obtaining a satisfactory transfer function, is to specify a system which is insensitive to plant variations. Some procedures for obtaining insensitive designs have been described in the literature, but they all result in systems having large open loop bandwidths. In the presence of instrument noise such systems would tend to produce an excessive noise output. In this paper a minimization is carried out, where the conflicting requirements of small sensitivity to plant variations and insensitivity to instrument noise are satisfied simultaneously. The solution is approximate, but can be justified in most physical situations. A method for iterating the solution is also described.
Clinical and histologic evaluation of non-surgical periodontal therapy with enamel matrix derivative: a report of four cases.

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a composite of proteins that was demonstrated histologically to work as an adjunct to periodontal regenerative surgical therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and histologic effects of EMD as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.Methods: Four patients with severe chronic periodontitis and scheduled to receive complete dentures were accrued. Probing depth and clinical attachment levels were obtained. Unlimited time was allowed for hand and ultrasonic instrumentation. A notch was placed in the root ≥1 to 2 mm from the apical extent of root planing. EMD was inserted into the pocket, and a periodontal dressing was placed. Patients were seen every 2 weeks for plaque control. At 6 months post-treatment, soft tissue measurements were repeated, and the teeth were removed en bloc and prepared for histomorphologic analysis.Results: Probing depth reduction and clinical attachment level gain were obtained in three-fourths of the specimens. Three...
Generation of an Unprecedented Excited State Oxidant in a Coordinately Unsaturated Platinum Complex

Two new diimine dithiolate-ortho-carborane platinum(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. These platinum chromophores are photochemically stable, soluble in solvents of varying polarities, and potent oxidizing agents in their excited state.
Adolescent group psychotherapy in a psychiatric training center.

Group psychotherapy for adolescents can be a helpful therapeutic procedure. A coed group is preferable but not essential. The difficulties and limitations of a short-term patient population can be surmounted with good organization and technique. In a training situation, co-therapists are to be preferred. A total, pragmatic approach is used in which the therapist is flexible enough to vary his techniques with the needs of the patients and the group. Resistances by adolescents to the group are met by improved rapport between therapists and the patients. One method is an occasional individual interview.
The Perplexing Parity Puzzle

Indiscriminate application of terms such as gravidity, parity, number of births, viability, term, pre‐term and post‐term leads to confusion and frustration. Standardized terminology along with clear criteria for applying these terms will enhance communication between patients and providers. A collaborative, multidisciplinary dialogue to develop a consensus on standardized terms in obstetrics should take place among nurses, midwives and doctors practicing perinatal medicine.