cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations of the annual cycle of sea ice temperature and mass balance

A vertical array of thermistors coupled with an autonomous data-logging system was used to obtain a 15-month record of ice temperature profiles in a multiyear floe in the Beaufort Sea. This record was used to monitor atmosphere, ice and ocean temperatures, determine changes in the ice mass balance, and infer estimates of the ocean heat flux and the snow thermal conductivity. Ablation during the summer melt season consisted of approximately 0.3 m of snow melt, 0.67 m of ice surface ablation and 0.25 m of bottom ablation. There was 0.45 m of bottom accretion during the growth season. The annually averaged ocean heat flux was 4 W m−2, with a summertime value of 9 W m−2. Comparing these results to earlier studies conducted in the same region showed considerable interannual variability in summer melting. The thermal conductivity of snow cover was approximately 0.3 W m−1 K−1 during winter.
Specific Frontal Lobe Deficits among Women with the Fragile X Gene

Abstract The neurocognitive phenotype of fragile X and its relation to cytogenetic expression were examined among 10 fragile X women with $ 2% expression, 10 0% obligate carriers, and 10 controls. Measures were obtained for intellectual ability, achievement, and verbal, nonverbal, memory, and frontal lobe functions. Results show that no group demonstrated deficits on verbal, nonverbal, or memory measures. In contrast, when controlling for effects of IQ, the expressing fragile X women exhibited (1) deficits on measures of frontal lobe functioning, and (2) enhanced performance on verbal, but not figural, memory. Frontal lobe deficits may account for behavioral and cognitive manifestations of fragile X.
Depth Extent of the Lau Back-Arc Spreading Center and Its Relation to Subduction Processes

Seismic tomography and wave form inversion revealed that very slow velocity anomalies (5 to 7 percent) beneath the active Lau spreading center extend to 100-kilometer depth and are connected to moderately slow anomalies (2 to 4 percent) in the mantle wedge to 400-kilometer depth. These results indicate that geodynamic systems associated with back-arc spreading are related to deep processes, such as the convective circulation in the mantle wedge and deep dehydration reactions in the subducting slab. The slow regions associated with the Tonga arc and the Lau back arc are separated at shallow levels but merge at depths greater than 100 kilometers, suggesting that slab components of back-arc magmas occur through mixing at these depths.
Translocation of Particles to the Tracheobronchial Lymph Nodes after Lung Deposition: Kinetics and Particle-Cell Relationships

One of the pathways for particle clearance from the lung involves the translocation of particles from the alveoli to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Details of the mechanisms involved in this translocation process have not been well delineated. In the present study, we: assessed the kinetics of particle transfer to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes in the rat over a 30-day period following the intrapulmonary deposition of 4 X 10(8), 1.9 micron, fluorescent polystyrene microspheres; utilized multiparameter flow cytometric technology to quantitatively differentiate between "free" and cell-associated particles that accumulated in the lymph nodes; and assessed the role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in carrying particles to the lymph nodes by comparing the distributions of particles in lavaged AM with distributions of particles found in nodal mononuclear phagocytes (NMP). The accumulation of particles, most of which were extracellular, in the nodes was biphasic with the most rapid phase occurring within the first 24 hr. Over the Day 1-30 period, the numbers of particles in the lymph nodes increased linearly to approximately equal to 1.2 X 10(6) microspheres, or approximately equal to 0.3% of the originally instilled lung burden. The percentages of the nodal particles that were associated with NMP over the course of the study were inversely proportional to nodal particulate burdens, even though the percentage of cells with engulfed particles increased; the percentage of NMP asymptotically approached a maximum value over the range of nodal burdens of 6-12 X 10(5) particles. The distributions of the microspheres in the NMP were essentially identical on Days 1, 14, and 30. Major differences in the distributions of particles in lavaged AM and NMP were not consistent with the notion that the latter represented translocated AM.
Abnormal Schwann Cell-Axon Interactions in CMT Neuropathies: The Effects of Mutant Schwann Cells on the Axonal Cytoskeleton and Regeneration-Associated Myelination

Preferential distal axonal loss is a common feature of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) hereditary neuropathies. The general hypothesis tested here is that the axonal loss in these disorders is due to perturbed Schwann cell-axon interactions resulting from primary Schwann genetic defects. The nerve xenograft model was used to study the local influence of mutant Schwann cells derived from patients on axonal properties and the regeneration-associated myelination process. Sural nerve segments from individuals with PMP22 duplications or deletions and point mutations, as well as Cx32 point mutations were grafted into cut ends of the sciatic nerve of nude mice and studied at different time intervals after grafting. CMT1A and CMTX xenografts examined at 16 weeks show that the nude mouse axons within the proximal part of grafts demonstrate a significant increase in axonal area with an increase in the neurofilament and membranous organelle density compared to distal graft and distal host segments. A preferential distal axonal loss associated with a perpetual axonal atrophy, degeneration, and axonal sprouting was observed over time with increasing frequency at 8 to 16 weeks. A distal summation of the pathology, as evidenced by a greater amount of fiber loss in the distal graft segments, was present similar to that observed in patients. These alterations were seen to a lesser extent in PMP22 deletion or point mutation xenografts and were not observed in controls. Collectively, these findings show that Schwann cells bearing the PMP22 or Cx32 genetic defects cause major perturbations in Schwann cell-axon interactions emphasizing the role of axonal component in the pathogenesis of hereditary neuropathies.
The GLUT4 Glucose Transporter

Few physiological parameters are more tightly and acutely regulated in humans than blood glucose concentration. The major cellular mechanism that diminishes blood glucose when carbohydrates are ingested is insulin-stimulated glucose transport into skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle both stores glucose as glycogen and oxidizes it to produce energy following the transport step. The principal glucose transporter protein that mediates this uptake is GLUT4, which plays a key role in regulating whole body glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on recent advances on the biology of GLUT4.
Electrostatic radius of the gramicidin channel determined from voltage dependence of H+ ion conductance

The results of Decker and Levitt (1987) suggest that the conductance of H+ ion through the gramicidin channel is limited primarily by diffusion in the bulk solution at the channel mouth. It is assumed in this paper that the H+ conductance is 100% diffusion limited. This means that all the factors that influence the H+ flux are external to the channel and are presumed to be known. In particular, the diffusion coefficient of H+ in this region is assumed to be equal to the bulk solution value and the only force acting on the ion is that due to the applied voltage. A model of the H+ flux is derived, based on the Nernst-Planck equation. It has three adjustable parameters: the electrostatic radius, the capture distance, and the radius of the H+ ion. The acceptable range of the parameters was determined by comparing the predictions of the model with the experimental measurements of the H+ conductance at pH 3.75. The best fit was obtained for an electrostatic radius in the range 2.3–2.7 A. This is in good agreement with earlier predictions (2.5 A) based on the assumption that the dielectric constant of the channel water is equal to that of bulk water. The addition of 1 M choline Cl- (an impermeant) increases the H+ current at low voltage and decreases it at high voltage. The increase can be explained by the small surface charge that results from the separation of charge produced by exclusion of the large choline cation (relative to Cl-) from the membrane surface. The decrease at high voltages can be accounted for by the change in the profile of the applied potential produced by the increase in ionic strength.
Specificity of the Chemical Alteration in the Diabetic Glomerular Basement Membrane

A distinct chemical change has previously been described in the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) of patients with long standing diabetes mellitus. To assess the specificity of this lesion the chemical composition of the GBM was determined in a group of patients with nondiabetic renal disease associated with significant proteinuria and agematched normal controls. The chemical composition of the GBM in these diverse cases closely resembled that seen in controls. The increase in glucosyl-galactosyl hydroxylysine and the decrease in lysine previously described in the diabetic GBM were not observed in the nondiabetic cases. The absence of significant change in chemical composition of the GBM in nondiabetic renal disease would tend to support the hypothesis that the chemical change in the diabetic GBM is specific for the renal disease associated with long standing diabetes mellitus.
Digital interval modeling and hybrid control of uncertain materials and structures

This paper deals with the problems of converting a continuous-time uncertain system to an equivalent discrete-time interval model and constructing a robust hybrid control law for an uncertain sampled-data system. The system matrices characterizing the state-space representation of the original uncertain materials and structures are assumed to be interval matrices. The Pade approximation method together with interval arithmetic is employed to obtain the approximate discrete-time interval models. A technique is developed to estimate the less conservative modeling errors. These modeling errors are used to modify the obtained Pade interval approximants. The resulting modified interval models are able to tightly enclose the exact discrete-time uncertain model. Various digitally redesigned nominal controllers, which are developed for digital control of continuous-time nominal systems, are extended to the corresponding interval controllers for robust digital control of continuous-time uncertain systems. Using the digitally redesigned interval controllers, the dynamic states of the digitally controlled sampled-data uncertain systems are able to closely match with those of the original analogously controlled continuous-time uncertain systems for a relatively longer sampling period.
Correlates of Effective Teaching as Measured by Student Ratings.

The study examined the specific correlates of an overall rating of instructional effectiveness. A 23-item instrument with reliability of .85 was used by 1,650 students to rate 50 instructors who volunteered for the study. Specific teacher attributes as measured by 22 items on the rating scale were correlated with a high-inference rating of teaching effectiveness. The attributes that made the strongest bivariate contributions to the overall rating of a course were: motivating students for maximum learning, interesting way of presentation, explaining clearly, and accomplishing course objectives.
Quinupristin-Dalfopristin: An Overview

Synercid (RP 59500), the first injectable streptogramin antibiotic, is composed of two semisynthetic pristinamycin derivatives, quinupristin and dalfopristin. Individually, each component has bacteriostatic activity against staphylococci and streptococci, but together, the agents exhibit synergy, leading to bactericidal activity. The combination drug, however, is bacteriostatic against Enterococcus faecium and has poor activity against Enterococcus faecalis. Despite a short half-life, an extended postantibiotic effect allows the agent to be dosed every 8-12 hours. Both drugs are largely hepatically metabolized and excreted in bile. Although not metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4, quinupristin-dalfopristin can inhibit agents that are metabolized through this pathway. Dosage adjustments may be necessary in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Alterations in renal function have minimal effects on the agent's pharmacokinetics. Adverse events include arthralgia, myalgias, and infusion-related pain. Based on available data, quinupristin-dalfopristin appears to have a role in treating severely ill patients with infections due to multiresistant gram-positive pathogens.
The plasticity of estrogen receptor-DNA complexes: binding affinity and specificity of estrogen receptors to estrogen response element half-sites separated by variant spacers.

Abstract The consensus estrogen response element (cERE) contains a palindromic sequence of two 6-base pair (bp) half-sites separated by a spacer size of 3 bp. This study investigates the extent to which estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ can bind target sequences not considered as conventional EREs. We determined the effect of spacer size (n = 0–4) on the binding affinity and conformation of ERα and ERβ in these complexes and the effect of HMGB1 on the complexation. We find (1) both receptors bind similarly and with progressively reduced affinity to cEREn, as n differs from 3; (2) however, both receptors bind as strongly to the cERE with no spacer (cERE0) as to cERE3; (3) HMGB1 enhances ER binding affinity in all complexes, resulting in strong and comparable binding affinities in all complexes examined; (4) the full-length ER binding differs strikingly from similar binding studies for the ER DNA binding domain (ERDBD), with the full-length ER dimer exhibiting strong binding affinity, enormous plasticity and retaining binding cooperativity as the spacer size varies; (5) both protease digestion profiles and monoclonal antibody binding assays indicate the conformation of the receptor in the ER/ERE complex is sensitive to the spacer size; (6) the ER/cERE0 complex appears to be singularly different than the other ER/cEREn complexes in binding and conformation. This multifaceted approach reinforces the notion of the plasticity in ER binding and leads to the hypothesis that in most cases, the minimum requirement for estrogen receptor binding is the ERE half-site, in which one or more cofactors, such as HMGB1, can cooperate to decrease ER binding specificity, while increasing its binding affinity.
Size distribution of thoracic duct lymph chylomicrons from rats fed cream and corn oil.

Summary Thoracic duct lymph of rats fed corn oil or cream was subjected to centrifugation in a sucrose gradient. The median particle size of chylomicrons was between 150 and 200 mμ with only very few particles exceeding 500 mμ. An inverse relationship exists between the logarithm of particle number and particle size. Phase contrast microscopy, as well as centrifugation, failed to detect any difference in the size of chylomicrons obtained after feeding with cream or corn oil.
γδ T cells are required for pulmonary IL-17A expression after ozone exposure in mice: role of TNFα.

Ozone is an air pollutant that causes pulmonary symptoms. In mice, ozone exposure causes pulmonary injury and increases bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages and neutrophils. We have shown that IL-17A is important in the recruitment of neutrophils after subacute ozone exposure (0.3 ppm for 24–72 h). We hypothesized that cd T cells are the main producers of IL-17A after subacute ozone. To explore this hypothesis we exposed wildtype mice and mice deficient in cd T cells (TCRd 2/2 ) to ozone or room air. Ozone-induced increases in BAL macrophages and neutrophils were attenuated in TCRd 2/2 mice. Ozone increased the number of cd T cells in the lungs and increased pulmonary Il17a mRNA expression and the number of IL-17A + CD45 + cells in the lungs and these effects were abolished in TCRd 2/2 mice. Ozone-induced increases in factors downstream of IL-17A signaling, including G-CSF, IL-6, IP-10 and KC were also decreased in TCRd 2/2 versus wildtype mice. Neutralization of IL-17A during ozone exposure in wildtype mice mimicked the effects of cd T cell deficiency. TNFR2 deficiency and etanercept, a TNFa antagonist, also reduced ozone-induced increases in Il17a mRNA, IL-17A + CD45 + cells and BAL G-CSF as well as BAL neutrophils. TNFR2 deficient mice also had decreased ozone-induced increases in Ccl20, a chemoattractant for IL-17A + cd T cells. Il17a mRNA and IL-17A + cd T cells were also lower in obese Cpe fat versus lean WT mice exposed to subacute ozone, consistent with the reduced neutrophil recruitment observed in the obese mice. Taken together, our data indicate that pulmonary inflammation induced by subacute ozone requires cd T cells and TNFadependent recruitment of IL-17A + cd T cells to the lung.
Some Characteristics of Microwave Balanced Modulators

Microwave modulator characteristics pertinent to two state balanced modulation are discussed. An equivalence between balanced modulation and phase modulation is shown for rectangular modulation waveforms and experimental results are described. The characteristics of a tuned hybrid tee, untuned hybrid tee and novel circulator type of balanced modulator are compared. X-band measurements show that a carrier rejection of 70 db and modulator loss of 3 db can be achieved with carrier levels up to several hundred milliwatts. The carrier rejection of an untuned modulator is dependent on crystal match and data showing dependence of the match on orientation and temperature are presented.
Z-ring: fast prefix routing via a low maintenance membership protocol

In this paper, we introduce Z-ring, a fast prefix routing protocol for peer-to-peer overlay networks. Z-ring incorporates cost-efficient membership protocol to achieve fast routing with small maintenance cost. Z-ring achieves routing in logGN steps, where N is the network size and G is the size of a group that can be maintained by a membership protocol with low cost. With G=4096, it translates to one-hop routing for intranet environments (N<4096), two-hop routing for mid-scale internet applications (N<16 million), and three-hop routing for ultra-large Internet applications (N<64 billion). Z-ring maintains good routing success rate under churn and low maintenance cost even at large network size. Its modularized use of the membership protocol also makes it adaptive to dynamic and wide-range network size changes.
Intrapericardial parathyroid adenoma

Primary hyperparathyroidism from a parathyroid adenoma is common. Ectopic parathyroid glands have been reported in numerous locations, including the chest. We present a single case report of an intrapericardial parathyroid gland found after failed bilateral neck exploration. The patient presented with severe, recurrent nephrolithiasis and acute renal failure prior to his surgical intervention. Repeat imaging identified a parathyroid adenoma in the mediastinum that was localized to the aortopulmonary window. After attempts at minimally invasive thoracotomy and posterolateral thoracotomy, a median sternotomy was ultimately required to identify the adenoma.
Crowded minds: The implicit bystander effect.

Five studies merged the priming methodology with the bystander apathy literature and demonstrate how merely priming a social context at Time 1 leads to less helping behavior on a subsequent, completely unrelated task at Time 2. In Study 1, participants who imagined being with a group at Time 1 pledged significantly fewer dollars on a charity-giving measure at Time 2 than did those who imagined being alone with one other person. Studies 2-5 build converging evidence with hypothetical and real helping behavior measures and demonstrate that participants who imagine the presence of others show facilitation to words associated with unaccountable on a lexical decision task. Implications for social group research and the priming methodology are discussed.
Newly emerged Batesian mimicry protects only unfamiliar prey

The evolution of Batesian mimicry was tested experimentally using avian predators. We investigated the effect of a search image on the protection effectiveness of a newly emerged Batesian mimic. The two groups of predators (adult great tits, Parus major) differed in prior experience with prey from which the mimic evolved. The Guyana spotted roach (Blaptica dubia) was used as a palatable prey from which the mimic emerged, and red firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus) was used as a model. Optical signalization of the insect prey was modified by a paper sticker placed on its back. The cockroaches with the firebug pattern sticker were significantly better protected against tits with no prior experience with cockroaches. The protection of the firebug sticker was equally effective on cockroaches as it was on firebugs. The cockroaches with firebug stickers were not protected against attacks of tits, which were familiar with unmodified cockroaches better than cockroaches with a cockroach sticker. We suppose that pre-trained tits acquired the search image of a cockroach, which helped them to reveal the “fake” Batesian mimic. Such a constraint of Batesian mimicry effectiveness could substantially decrease the probability of evolution of pure Batesian mimic systems.
Susceptibility of middle adolescent females to sexually transmitted infections: impact of hormone contraception and sexual behaviors on vaginal immunity.

Problem The resistance and/or susceptibility to infections can be influenced by patterns of immunomodulators. Based on this and the high rate of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in adolescents, we examined the longitudinal relationship between sexual behaviors, hormonal contraceptive use, and bacterial vaginosis (BV) with vaginal-associated immunomodulators in adolescent females. Method of study Over 27 months, subjects completed detailed questionnaires, and consented to vaginal swabs for STI testing, and vaginal lavages for identification of immunomodulators including T-helper, proinflammatory, and chemokines. Concentrations of immunomodulators were correlated with each parameter together with prevalence of STIs. Results Each parameter had a limited influence on vaginal immunomodulators with no evidence of any pattern(s) associated with infection. Conversely, the local presence of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophils in those with an STI indicated some immune responsiveness. Conclusion Sexual behaviors, contraceptive usage, and BV do not appear as factors in susceptibility of adolescents to STIs through the influence of local immunomodulators.
Coming Through in a Crisis: How Chapter 11 and the Debt Restructuring Industry Are Helping to Revive the U.S. Economy

During the recent financial crisis, U.S. bankruptcy courts and debt restructuring practitioners were faced with the largest wave of corporate defaults and bankruptcies in history. In 2008 and 2009, $1.8 trillion worth of public company assets entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection—almost 20 times the amount during the prior two years. And the portfolio companies of U.S. private equity firms faced a towering wall of debt that, many observers predicted, was about to wipe out most of the industry. But far from the death of private equity or a severe contraction of corporate America, the past three years have seen an astonishingly rapid working off of U.S. corporate debt overhang, allowing corporate profits and values to rebound with remarkable speed and vigor. And as the author of this article argues, corporate America's recovery from the recent financial crisis provides a clear demonstration of the importance of U.S. bankruptcy laws and restructuring practices in maintaining the competitiveness of U.S. companies and the long-run growth of the U.S. economy.
Resurgent Mass Partisanship: The Role of Elite Polarization

For the most part, scholars who study American political parties in the electorate continue to characterize them as weak and in decline. Parties on the elite level, however, have experienced a resurgence over the last two decades. Such a divergence between elite behavior and mass opinion is curious, given that most models of public opinion place the behavior of elites at their core. In fact, I find that parties in the electorate have experienced a noteworthy resurgence over the last two decades. Greater partisan polarization in Congress has clarified the parties’ ideological positions for ordinary Americans, which in turn has increased party importance and salience on the mass level. Although parties in the 1990s are not as central to Americans as they were in the 1950s, they are far more important today than in the 1970s and 1980s. The party decline thesis is in need of revision.
The German Business Cycle in the 1920 's: A Comment and Reply

IN a recent issue of this Review, an article by Malcolm Falkus contested a previous article of mine on the origins of the German economic downturn in i929.1 The point at issue is whether the decline of American foreign lending at the end of the i920's was the precipitating factor in the German downturn. I claimed that it was not and called for-but did not furnish-an explanation resting on domestic factors. Falkus demurred, attempting to resurrect the traditional story which asserted that the decline in capital inflow was the cause of the German downturn. The stories that appear in my article and in Falkus's article are quite different, and they are based largely on different kinds of evidence. There is, however, one critical point in the argument where we both employed the same kind of evidence. As this is a major point in the development of the argument, and as Falkus's use of evidence is unjustifiably incorrect, a comment on this point seemed necessary. Other points in the discussion will have to await further research. In my article, I assigned a central role in the origin of the German depression to inventory fluctuations. I then said that, "Recent research into the determinants of inventory investment in the United States has failed to uncover any significant or consistent relationship between credit conditions and inventory investment."2 After a few caveats about the use of this finding in a discussion about Germany, I concluded, "It is therefore entirely unreasonable to hypothesize a relationship between inventories and credit conditions in Germany in the late i920'S strong enough to explain the change in the former by changes in the latter."3 Falkus, in contrast, asserts that, "as emphasized by contemporaries, monetary stringency was inducing industries to cut back inventories [in i928-9]."4 His evidence for this extremely important assertion is meagre-and largely incorrect as we shall see. Falkus's evidence comes in three parts. First, there is a citation to the contemporary opinion mentioned in the passage just quoted. While contemporary opinion should never be ignored, we now know that contemporary observers in the late i920's were as often wrong about the nature of current economic events as they were right. Second, Falkus asserts that the levels of income and of
Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in the ovarian follicle involve keratinocyte and hepatocyte growth factor production by thecal cells and their action on granulosa cells.

Mesenchymal-epithelial cell interactions between thecal and granulosa cells in bovine ovarian follicles were investigated. Experiments were designed to examine the local production and action of two mesenchymal (stromal)-derived growth factors, keratinocyte and hepatocyte growth factors (KGF and HGF). Using reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction, gene expression for KGF and HGF was detected in the mesenchymal-derived thecal cells, but not in the epithelial granulosa cells. The bovine polymerase chain reaction products for KGF and HGF were sequenced and found to be similar to known mouse, rat, and human sequences. The bovine KGF sequence was found to have a high degree of identity (86-95%) with the other species, whereas bovine HGF has a lesser degree of identity (60-63%). Immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled thecal cell secreted proteins with a KGF antibody demonstrated production of the 28-kilodalton (kDa) KGF protein. An immunoblot of thecal cell secreted proteins with HGF antibodies detected the 87-kDa HGF as well as relevant 69- and 34kDa subunits. Therefore, thecal cells were found to express the genes and secrete the nroteins for KGF and HGF. Granulosa cells had no detectable KGF or HGF expression. Treatment with recombinant KGF or HGF stimulated the proliferation of granulosa cells, but not thecal cells. Therefore, the actions of KGF and HGF in the ovarian follicle appear to be restricted to granulosa cells. The combined results indicate that KGF and HGF are produced locally in the bovine ovarian follicle bv thecal cells. and that both of these arowth factors can act on Ganulosa cells to influence cell proliferation. These observations demonstrate that KGF and HGF can mediate mesenchvmal-enithelial cell interactions between thecal and granulosa cells. The potential importance that the mesenchymal derived thecal cells may have in ovarian follicle development is discussed. (Endocrinology 135: 569-575, 1994)
A millimeter-wave CPW-fed twin slot/infrared dipole antenna coupled Ni-NiO-Ni diode

Millimeter-wave (mmW) imaging systems offer a good complement to infrared (IR) imaging systems. High resolution IR systems suffer high attenuation in cloudy and foggy atmospheres, while mmW systems penetrate through clouds and fog offering an excellent all-weather imaging system. In our application, we aim at integrating both mmW and IR detection capabilities in one sensor and thus combining the advantages of high resolution and all-weather detection capabilities. Antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal (MOM) diodes have been used in the past for detection and mixing in the IR and mmW portions of the spectrum. A MOM diode with low enough junction capacitance, corresponding to a small enough junction area, to rectify IR radiation will also rectify mmW radiation, thus is a good candidate for this application. CPW-fed twin slots were successfully coupled to Schottky diodes and SIS mixers for detection in the mmW region. Dipole antennas were also successfully coupled to MOM diodes for detection at 10.6 /spl mu/m. In this paper we integrate both types of antenna and report on a Ni-NiO-Ni diode coupled to a dipole antenna for 28 THz response and a CPW-fed twin slot antenna for 94 GHz response.
Relationship of Near-Crash/Crash Risk to Time Spent on a Cell Phone While Driving

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine in a naturalistic driving setting the dose–response relationship between cell phone usage while driving and risk of a crash or near crash. How is the increasing use of cell phones by drivers associated with overall near-crash/crash risk (i.e., during driving times both on and off the phone)?Methods: Day-to-day driving behavior of 105 volunteer subjects was monitored over a period of 1 year. A random sample was selected comprised of 4 trips from each month that each driver was in the study, and in-vehicle video was used to classify driver behavior. The proportion of driving time spent using a cell phone was estimated for each 3-month period and correlated with overall crash and near-crash rates for each period. Thus, it was possible to test whether changes in an individual driver's cell phone use over time were associated with changes in overall near-crash/crash risk.Results: Drivers in the study spent 11.7% of their driving time interacting with a cel...
Novel Degradable Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Protein

Hydrogels have become increasingly important in the biomedical field. This paper describes synthesis and characterization of two types of novel degradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels with potential utility as delivery carriers for bioactive drugs. The simplest gel is prepared by one-step polycondensation of difunctional PEG acid and branched PEG “polyol”. The second type of the novel degradable PEG hydrogel was prepared in a two-step process, in which an ester-containing, amine-reactive PEG derivative was synthesized and then reacted with a branched PEG amine to form the gel. The two-step gels are formed in very mild conditions, and therefore fragile drugs such as proteins can be loaded during gel formation. Because most proteins have free amino groups in the sequence, these proteins can be covalently linked to the hydrogel network. This covalent attachment provides a new way to achieve long-term controlled release of proteins. These hydrogels have a wide range of degradation rates. Upon hydrolysis, these PEG hydrogels will degrade into low molecular weight PEG derivatives, which can be easily cleared by the body.
Model-based spectroscopic analysis of the oral cavity: impact of anatomy

In order to evaluate the impact of anatomy on the spectral properties of oral tissue, we used reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy to characterize nine different anatomic sites. All spectra were collected in vivo from healthy oral mucosa. We analyzed 710 spectra collected from the oral cavity of 79 healthy volunteers. From the spectra, we extracted spectral parameters related to the morphological and biochemical properties of the tissue. The parameter distributions for the nine sites were compared, and we also related the parameters to the physical properties of the tissue site. k-Means cluster analysis was performed to identify sites or groups of sites that showed similar or distinct spectral properties. For the majority of the spectral parameters, certain sites or groups of sites exhibited distinct parameter distributions. Sites that are normally keratinized, most notably the hard palate and gingiva, were distinct from nonkeratinized sites for a number of parameters and frequently clustered together. The considerable degree of spectral contrast (differences in the spectral properties) between anatomic sites was also demonstrated by successfully discriminating between several pairs of sites using only two spectral parameters. We tested whether the 95% confidence interval for the distribution for each parameter, extracted from a subset of the tissue data could correctly characterize a second set of validation data. Excellent classification accuracy was demonstrated. Our results reveal that intrinsic differences in the anatomy of the oral cavity produce significant spectral contrasts between various sites, as reflected in the extracted spectral parameters. This work provides an important foundation for guiding the development of spectroscopic-based diagnostic algorithms for oral cancer.
An effectiveness trial of a new enhanced dissonance eating disorder prevention program among female college students

Objective Efficacy trials indicate that a dissonance-based prevention program in which female high school and college students with body image concerns critique the thin-ideal reduced risk factors, eating disorder symptoms, and future eating disorder onset, but weaker effects emerged from an effectiveness trial wherein high school clinicians recruited students and delivered the program under real-world conditions. The present effectiveness trial tested whether a new enhanced dissonance version of this program produced larger effects when college clinicians recruited students and delivered the intervention using improved procedures to select, train, and supervise clinicians.
Serum Immunoglobulin G4 Antibodies to the Recombinant Antigen, Ll-SXP-1, Are Highly Specific for Loa loa Infection

The clinical manifestations and geographic distribution of loiasis overlap with those of other human filarial parasites, presenting challenges in the specific diagnosis of loiasis that may lead to delays in appropriate therapy. A recombinant antigen (Ll-SXP-1), preferentially recognized by serum samples from experimentally infected rhesus monkeys, was identified from a Loa loa L3 cDNA library. IgG4 antibody reactivity to purified Ll-SXP-1 was assessed by means of ELISA, using serum samples from patients with loiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, mansonellosis, or other helminthiases and healthy control subjects. The assay was 56% sensitive and 98% specific for loiasis. Antibody reactivity was detectable before microfilaremia in experimentally infected rhesus monkeys and declined (but did not disappear) after diethylcarbamazine therapy in infected patients. IgG4 antibodies to recombinant Ll-SXP-1 are a highly specific marker of L. loa infection and may be useful for the diagnostic evaluation of persons with filariasis of unclear etiology.
Outdoor scene analysis using range data

This paper describes techniques for outdoor scene analysis using range data. The purpose of these techniques is to build a 3-D representation of the environment of an mobile robot equipped with a range sensor. Algorithms are presented for scene segmentation, object detection, map building, and object recognition. We present results obtained in an outdoor navigation environment in which a laser range finder is mounted on a vehicle. These results have been successfully applied to the problem of path planning through obstacles.
An examination of places where African American men who have sex with men (MSM) use drugs/drink alcohol: A focus on social and spatial characteristics

Abstract Background Drug and alcohol use are risk factors for HIV transmission. Much of the HIV behavioural research has focused on risk without consideration of the social and spatial context of the behaviour. Yet, risk may be specific or unique to place. The purpose of this study was to examine the social and spatial characteristics of places where African American men who have sex with men (AA MSM) use drugs and/or alcohol. Specifically, we examined spatial intensity and clustering of drug/alcohol places and characteristics of their social networks at these places. Methods Participants were recruited using outreach, on-line advertisements and word-of-mouth referrals. Inclusion criteria were: age 18 or older and sex with a man in the prior 90 days. Participants ( n =51) completed a socio-spatial inventory in which they provided addresses of n =187 places where they most recently used drugs and/or drank alcohol. Participants described characteristics of people who were at these places. Results The mean age of participants was 36.5 years (SD=10.9). Half (51%) identified as gay, 31% bisexual, 4% heterosexual and 10% as not sure/questioning and 27% self-reported HIV positive status. Drug/alcohol places were spatially concentrated in the inner part of the city and evidence of clustering by participant characteristics was present. Of n =187 places named where the participant drank alcohol or used drugs, 68% were described as a residence (participants or "someone one else's house"), 20% were bars/clubs or restaurants, 8% were outside places and 4% were miscellaneous (e.g. on the bus/car). There were differences in the characteristics of social network members by place-type. At residential places, a greater proportion of networks listed were sex partners or kin, compared to other place-types. A greater proportion of networks listed at bars/clubs/restaurants were gay, knew that the participant had sex with men, and were younger compared to other place-types. Conclusion AA MSM drink alcohol and use drugs in a variety of place-types and with various social network members. Little research has been done on factors that shape the geography of AA MSM substance use. Future research is needed to explore these complex associations.
Pacific–East Asian Teleconnection. Part II: How the Philippine Sea Anomalous Anticyclone is Established during El Niño Development*

The anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone (PSAC) conveys impacts of El Nino to east Asian climate during the mature and decay of an El Nino (from the winter to ensuing summer). It is shown that the anomalous PSAC forms in fall about one season prior to the peak El Nino; its strength increases with the El Nino intensity and its sign reverses during a La Nina. The PSAC formation concurs with abnormal deepening of the east Asian trough and with increasing number of northward recurvature of tropical storms in the western Pacific. The PSAC establishment is abrupt, coupling with a swing from a wet to dry phase of an intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) and often concurrent with early retreat of the east Asian summer monsoon. The ISO becomes inactive after PSAC establishment. The development of the PSAC is attributed to combined effects of the remote El Nino forcing, tropical- extratropical interaction, and monsoon-ocean interaction. The developing El Nino induces off-equatorial as- cending Rossby wave responses and land surface cooling in northeast Asia; both deepen the east Asian trough in fall and induces vigorous tropical-extratropical exchange of air mass and heat, which enhances the cold air outbreak and initiation of the PSAC. Through exciting descending Rossby waves, the El Nino-induced Indonesian subsidence generates low-level anticyclonic vorticity over south Asia, which is advected by mean monsoon westerly, instigating the anomalous PSAC. The ISO interacting with the underlying ocean plays a critical role in the abrupt establishment of PSAC. The wind-evaporation/entrainment feedback tends to amplify (suppress) ISO before (after) winter northeasterly monsoon commences, suggesting the roles of atmosphere-ocean inter- action and the seasonal march of background winds in changing the Philippine Sea ISO intensity and maintaining PSAC.
Changes in intermediate filament immunolabeling occur in response to retinal detachment and reattachment in primates.

The immunolabeling patterns for vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were studied in five rhesus monkeys that had undergone retinal detachment or detachment and reattachment. Anti-vimentin and anti-GFAP labeling intensity increased in Miiller cells after 2 days of detachment. Weak anti-vimentin labeling of the basal RPE cytoplasm, which was absent in control tissue, was detected 2 days after detachment. After detachment for 7 days and reattachment for 7 or 14 days, the pattern and extent of intermediate filament (IF) labeling changed. In Miiller cells, the labeling, which in controls was restricted to processes near the vitreal border of the retina, was present in Miiller processes spanning the entire retina. In retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, prominent anti-vimentin labeling was identified in the basal and basolateral cytoplasm. The extent of RPE and Miiller cell IF labeling in two animals whose retinas had been detached and then reattached for 150 days was different from that found at either the 7- or 14-day reattachment time points. This suggests that the abnormal IF distribution triggered by detachment may be attenuated after a lengthy period of reattachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 31:1474-1482, 1990
Eriophyoid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) on Trochodendron aralioides (Trochodendraceae) from Taiwan

In this work, three new species of vagrant mites on Trochodendron aralioides in Taiwan are described and illustrated. They are: Sierraphytoptus taiwanensus sp. nov., Abacarus aralioidus sp. nov. and Diptilomiopus aralioidus sp. nov.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia and the Myelodysplastic Syndromes

The incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the United States is about 2.5 per 100,000, with a strong association with increasing age.1 Males are predominantly affected. There is a predilection for Caucasians in North America and Australasia.2 The incidence of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is increased in Hispanics and may be associated with a breakpoint in the PML-RARa gene pathognmonic of that disease.
Probing the living ocean with ecogenomic sensors

This review discusses the role of ecogenomic sensors in biological oceanography. Ecogenomic sensors are instruments that can autonomously collect biological samples and perform molecular analyses. This technology reduces logistical constraints on the length and duration of biological data collection. Autonomous, robotic performance of molecular assays shows particular promise in the field of public health. Recent applications include simultaneous detection of harmful algal species and fecal markers paired with same-day remote reporting of test results. Ecogenomic instruments are also showing promise for molecular ecological studies. Autonomous collection and preservation of biological samples is facilitating high-resolution ecological studies that are expanding our understanding of marine microbial ecology and dynamics. This review discusses recent applications of these instruments and makes recommendations for future developments.
CRITICAL THRESHOLDS IN MULTI-DIMENSIONAL RESTRICTED EULER EQUATIONS ∗

Using the spectral dynamics, we study the critical threshold phenomena in the multi- dimensional restricted Euler (RE) equations. We identify sub-critical and sup-critical initial data for all space dimensions, which extends the previous result for the 3D and 4D restricted Euler equations. Our result suggests that: if the number of dimensions is odd, the finite time blowup is generic; in contrast, if the number of dimensions is even, there is a rich set of initial data which yields global smooth solutions.
The dopamine receptor in adult and maturing kidney.

Dopamine, like other neurotransmitters, exerts its biological effects by occupation of specific receptor subtypes. The dopamine receptors in the central nervous system and certain endocrine organs ...
Histologic classification and differential diagnosis of mesothelioma.

Abstract Controversy surrounds the diagnosis, classification, and therefore the epidemiology of those tumors which have been designated as mesotheliomas. The group includes lesions which are as broadly different as benign fibrous lesions which some authors refer to as fibromas and anaplastic tumors which are extremely difficult to differentiate from peripheral lung cancers. The former are benign tumors which are usually readily resected and therefore cured. The latter are unresectable tumors which are invariably fatal and which may terminate with extensive metastatic disease. The reasons for including all of these lesions under the category of mesothelioma and the differential diagnosis of the various types is discussed.
The rise of global English: Challenges for English-medium instruction and language rights

This essay examines the spread of English as the dominant lingua franca worldwide, its educational impact on language rights, and the underlying tension between globalization and national identity. Focused on Western Europe, but with broader implications, it draws on overlapping controversies in May 2013 in France and Italy over the use of English as the medium of university instruction. It uses the public debates surrounding these events to critically explore the legal, cultural and pedagogical issues endemic to English medium instruction, but also to address deeper tensions between globalization and linguistic diversity within Europe. In doing so, it further considers the implications of global English for the rights of linguistic minority children and for European policies promoting multilingualism or “mother tongue plus two” in the interests of European integration and job mobility. Though recognizing the utility of English as a common vehicle for global communication, the paper concludes that the “rise of global English” is not a zero-sum game, but rather demands measured strategies that reasonably balance the competing interests at stake and maintain a sense of proportionality.