cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
System mitigation techniques for single event effects

Single event effects (SEE) caused by atmospheric radiation have been recognized in recent years as a design issue for avionics systems, as well as high reliability ground-based systems. This paper provides a background of the atmospheric radiation phenomenon and the resulting single event effects, including single event upset (SEU) and latch up conditions. The need to incorporate an assessment of SEE susceptibility and an impact evaluation methodology into the product development process is also addressed. Descriptions are provided for the potential system failure modes, device effects, as well as assessment and measurement methods. Mitigation techniques for the system designer are discussed, with the purpose of developing fault-tolerant system architectures.
Principles for forcing tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Abstract Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.
Stress radiographs after ankle fracture: the effect of ankle position and deltoid ligament status on medial clear space measurements.

Objective:This study was designed to determine 1) how ankle position affects the medial clear space by using stress radiographs, 2) which medial clear space measurement, overall width or increase in width, better predicts deep deltoid ligament disruption after Weber type-B distal fibular fracture, a
Self‐reports of HIV risk behavior by injecting drug users: are they reliable“

While most studies of AIDS risk behavior rely on self-reports, few studies have assessed the reliability of these reports. The present study examines self-reports of drug-related and sexual risk behavior among pairs of injecting drug users (IDUs) recruited from the streets in New York City. Since both members of the pair were interviewed, it was possible to compare their responses in order to assess reliability. Subjects reported on their contacts' demographic data (age, gender, race/ethnicity) and on shared risk behaviors, including syringe sharing. Despite the private and/or illegal nature of AIDS risk behaviors, IDU subjects were generally reliable in their reports of both demographic and AIDS risk behaviors.
Improved Representation of Boundary Layer Clouds over the Southeast Pacific in ARW-WRF Using a Modified Tiedtke Cumulus Parameterization Scheme*

AbstractA modified Tiedtke cumulus parameterization (CP) scheme has been implemented into the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF) to improve the representation of marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds over the southeast Pacific (SEP). A full month simulation for October 2006 was performed by using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) final analysis (FNL) as both the initial and lateral boundary conditions and the observed sea surface temperature (SST). The model simulation was compared with satellite observations and with results from an intense ship-based campaign of balloon soundings during 16–20 October 2006 at 20°S, 85°W.The model with the modified Tiedtke scheme successfully captured the main features of the MBL structure and low clouds over the SEP, including the geographical distribution of MBL clouds, the cloud regime transition, and the vertical structure of the MBL. The model simulation was repeated with the various CP schemes currently provided as...
Asian aerosol transport to Alaska during ACE-Asia

[1] Aerosols were collected at Adak Island, Alaska, one of the southernmost Aleutian Islands, and the Poker Flat Research Range, 30 km northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska, during the 2001 Aerosol Characterization Experiment-Asia Intensive Field Phase (March through April 2001). The size- and time-resolved aerosols were collected using three-stage DRUM aerosol sampling systems and analyzed for 42 elements between sodium and lead using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence. The results of these elemental analyses and back trajectory calculations clearly demonstrate the transport of Asian aerosols into Alaska and the sub-Arctic. In addition, the aerosols at Adak Island demonstrate that northern Europe and Russia are contributing to the aerosol composition, loading, and deposition over the North Pacific Ocean. The peak concentration of large (1.15 to 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter) soil aerosols at Poker Flat is 15% of that observed at Adak Island. If it is assumed that the same air mass is sampled at both sites and that deposition is the only aerosol removal mechanism, then this implies a large deposition of crustal elements to the marine and terrestrial ecosystems along the transport path. However, the observed concentration difference could be influenced by differences in transport path, the layered nature of Asian aerosol transport, and different vertical mixing properties over Adak Island and Poker Flat. Future work will examine the relative impacts of the above processes on the observed soil element concentrations.
Cost-of-illness analyses for policy making: a cautionary tale of use and misuse.

(2003). Cost-of-illness analyses for policy making: a cautionary tale of use and misuse. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research: Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 367-369.
Sites of lipase activation and prostaglandin synthesis in isolated, perfused rabbit hearts and hydronephrotic kidneys

Abstract The tissue lipids of isolated, perfused rabbit hearts and hydronephrotic kidneys were labelled with [14C]-arachidonic acid by two different techniques: direct infusion of [14C]-arachidonic acid in a protein free media into the perfused organ (method A), and recirculation of [14C]-arachidonic acid in a solution containing albumin (method B). Autoradiography of the labelled organs demonstrated that method A resulted in selective labelling of arteries and arterioles in both perfused organs as well as glomeruli in the kidney. Labelling with method B resulted in a non-specific radioisotope incorporation in both the vasculature and myocardial cells in the heart; and of the vasculature and renal tubules in the perfused kidneys. Analysis of the tissue lipids shows similar patterns of incorporation of radioactivity between methods A and B. Peptide hormone stimulation (bradykinin) and non-specific noxious stimulation (with transient ischemia) were employed to elicit lipase activation (i.e., release of [14C]-arachidonate) and prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. It was found that in both hearts and hydronephrotic kidneys, the radioactive PG release in response to bradykinin and ischemia was much higher with method A (vascular labelling) than with method B (diffuse labelling) despite the appearance of comparable amounts of bioassayable PG release, thus indicating the sites of PG synthesis in these organs is predominantly localized in the vascular tissue. Furthermore, the radioactive arachidonic acid release in response to bradykinin stimulation in the hydronephrotic kidneys was 3 times higher with method A than with method B, suggesting the predominant sites of hormone specific lipase activation in the renal cortex is also in the vasculature. However, the radioactive arachidonic acid release in response to ischemia was much higher with method B than with method A in both hearts and hydronephrotic kidneys, indicating the sites of non-specific lipase activation in these organs are more diffusely distributed, and present also in the myocardial cells and renal tubules.
The Devaluation of Women's Competence

Research on the evaluation of competent women is reviewed in the context of the experiences of some eminent academic women with the objectives of bridging the distance between these two sources of data, and of identifying some of the conditions under which competent women are likely to be evaluated less favorably than comparable men. Findings generally support the hypothesis that the typical responses (of men, primarily) to a competent woman include prejudice, stereotyped beliefs, and overt or subtle discrimination, unless competing responses are evoked by other features of the situation or by the stimulus person's unique qualities. Thus, a competent woman is most likely to be devalued when judgments are elicited in realistic contexts in which there are potential consequences for the evaluator (e.g., a real employer) and when the woman is unfamiliar.
Sparse matrix techniques applied to modal analysis of multi-section duct liners

A simplified procedure is presented for analysis of ducts with discretely nonuniform properties. The analysis uses basis functions as the generalized coordinates. The duct eigenfunctions are approximated by finite series of these functions. The emphasis is on solution of the resulting large sparse set of linear equations. Characteristics of sparse matrix algorithms are outlined and some criteria for application are established. Analogies with structural methods are used to illustrate variations which can increase efficiency in generating values for design optimization routines. The effects of basis function selection, number of eigenfunctions and identification and ordering of equations on the sparsity and solution stability are included.
Fluorescein Labeling of Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Subretinal Thrombolysis

Purpose To assess a technique that facilitated the use of tissue plasminogen activator in the dissolution and evacuation of subretinal blood. Methods Fluorescein dye was added to the tissue plasminogen activator solution before subretinal injection. Results Labeling tissue plasminogen activator solution with fluorescein made the solution easily visible, enhancing the ability of the surgeon to assess clot lavage, detect reflux into the vitreous cavity, and judge the extent of clot dissolution. Conclusions Adding fluorescein dye to tissue plasminogen activator solution is simple and gives the surgeon added control of clot lysis.
GPU-based spatial interaction force simulation

This paper presents a study of performance in spatial interaction force simulation. Both CPU-based and GPU-based simulations are examined using a realistic scalable data set. Performance is analyzed for various stages of execution and simulation/optimization parameters.
Secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor from cultured rat hypothalamic cells: effects of catecholamines.

An understanding of the regulation of CRF secretion in rats is currently incomplete, in part due to the lack of sensitive in vitro models available for studying this neuropeptide. In particular, the effects of catecholamines on CRF secretion, and the receptor subtypes mediating these actions have long been the subject of much debate. A cultured cell model has been adapted for studying secretory responses of hypothalamic cells of 1-week-old rats. Between 7–16 days in monolayer culture the cells secreted detectable levels of immunoreactive CRF, and this release was paralleled by the appearance of punctate bead-like regions of immunoreactivity along fine cellular processes. CRF secretion was increased up to 4-fold by norepinephrine (EC50, -0.5 μM). The increase in CRF secretion produced by norepinephrine was blocked by the β-receptor antagonist propranolol, but not by the α-antagonist prazosin. Moreover, the β-receptor agonist isoproterenol significantly elevated CRF secretion, whereas the α-agonist phenylep...
Are Adolescents Receptive to Current Sales Promotion Practices of the Tobacco Industry

Abstract Background.The tobacco industry increased the portion of its marketing budget for sales promotion to $2.5 billion in 1993. Although it claims not to target those under age 18 years, it is important to determine the extent to which adolescents are affected as participation may lead to smoking initiation. Methods.California population surveys, conducted in 1993 among youth ages 12–17 years (N= 5,531) and in 1994 among both youth (N= 1,735) and adults (N= 4,170), asked questions regarding possession and willingness to use promotional items. Results.In 1994, young adults (18–24 years) were the most likely topossessa promotional item (27.5 ± 4.1, ± 95% confidence limit). However, willingness tousean item was highest among those ages 15–17 years (35.4 ± 3.4%) and was also high among those ages 12–14 years (24.4 ± 2.7%). Among youth, ownership or willingness to use promotional items was more likely for boys, whites, those reporting below average school performance, and those smoking or susceptible to smoking. Youth ownership of promotional items increased from 1993 to 1994, as did the frequency of their obtaining items from coupons. Conclusions.Promotional marketing undertaken by the tobacco industry was effective in capturing the interest of adolescents, although actual acquisition was highest among young adults. The rapidly increasing interest in tobacco promotional items from 1993 to 1994 may soon translate into increased adolescent smoking rates.
An Evaluation of Two Simple Methods for Calibrating Wavelength and Absorbance Scales of Modern Spectrophotometers

Two simple methods have been evaluated for calibrating wavelength and absorbance scales of modern spectrophotometers, namely, a method for wavelength scales which is based on the locations of the maxima and minima of the absorbance wave of a pair of transparent closely-spaced parallel plates, and a method for absorbance scales which is based on the absorbances of properly oriented screens of square-woven single strands of brass wire. The evaluations were carried out by means of a Beckman D.U., a Cary, and a Hardy-GE spectrophotometer. It is our hope that the simple, convenient methods will encourage more frequent calibration of spectrophotometers, especially when the wavelengths and values of absorbance extremes are of importance. (This paper deals only with methods and should not be construed as an evaluation of the performance of the spectrophotometers employed.)
Computations of Flow and Heat Transfer in a Channel With Rows of Hemispherical Cavities

Computations were performed to investigate the three-dimensional flow and heat transfer in a high aspect ratio channel in which one or two wall are lined with four rows of hemispherical cavities arranged in a staggered fashion with two Reynolds numbers (23,000 and 46,000). The focus is on understanding the flow induced by cavities and how that flow affects surface heat transfer. Computed results were compared with available experimental data.This computational study is based on the ensemble-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum (compressible Navier-Stokes), and energy closed by the low Reynolds number shear-stress transport k-ω turbulence model (wall functions were not used). Solutions were generated by a cell-centered finite-volume method that uses third-order accurate flux-difference splitting of Roe with limiters, multigrid acceleration of a diagonalized ADI scheme with local time stepping, and patched/overlapped structured grids.Copyright © 1999 by ASME
Drug Complications in Outpatients

OBJECTIVE: Outpatient drug complications have not been well studied. We sought to assess the incidence and characteristics of outpatient drug complications, identify their clinical and nonclinical correlates, and evaluate their impact on patient satisfaction.
UVB-irradiation regulates VLA-4-mediated melanoma cell adhesion to endothelial VCAM-1 under flow conditions.

The major aspect contributing to the mortality of melanoma is its ability to spread, or metastasize. Ultraviolet B light (UVB) is considered an indirect cause of melanoma formation. However, little is known about the potential effects of UVB to melanoma metastasis. Integrins, a large family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) expressed on the melanoma cell surface, are important for cell signaling, growth, and migration during metastasis. Most critically, tumor cell tissue invasion is dependent on the initial interaction of tumor cells with vascular endothelium at the target organ, and there is increasing evidence for a prominent role of melanoma very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) integrin binding to its endothelial ligand vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in this process. This research focuses on the quantitative modulation of VLA-4 integrin expression and function on melanoma cells after UVB irradiation. The present data show that at 3, 12, and 18 h post-UVB irradiation, VLA-4 expression was unchanged relative to untreated cells, but adhesion to VCAM-1 decreased significantly. Immunofluorescence studies implied that the spatial organization of VLA-4 on the melanoma cell surface contributed to the changes in avidity for VCAM-1 upon UVB irradiation. With increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma-endothelial interactions upon UVB irradiation, clinical advances for melanoma may be developed.
Early adolescents' reflections on social justice: Facing History and Ourselves in practice and assessment

This article describes Facing History and Ourselves, an international moral, character and civic education program, and introduces an assessment instrument used to explore young people’s perspectives on their and others’ choices in relation to social exclusion and teasing among peers. The instrument, developed collaboratively by educational researchers and practitioners, is based on a theory of psychosocial development and core themes and practices of the program. The assessment elicits students’ responses to a true story about a girl who had been ostracized by peers and is then invited to join them in teasing another girl. A rubric is introduced for analyzing perspectives on the girls’ choices as a bystander to teasing.
Spin crossover equation of state and sound velocities of (Mg0.65Fe0.35)O ferropericlase to 140 GPa

to the full P-V data set, resulting in a zero-pressure volume V0 = 77.24 � 0.17 A 3 , bulk modulus K0 = 159 � 8 GPa and its pressure-derivative K′0 = 4.12 � 0.42 for high-spin FP35 and K0,LS = 72.9 � 1.3 A 3 , K0,LS = 182 � 17 GPa with K′0,LS fixed to 4 for low-spin FP35. The high-spin to low-spin transition occurs at 64 � 3 GPa. Using the spin crossover EOS and Debye sound velocity, we derived the shear (VS) and compressional (VP) velocities for FP35. Comparing our data with previous results on (Mg,Fe)O at similar pressures, we find that the addition of iron decreases both VP and VS, while elevating their ratio (VP/VS). Small amounts (<10%) of low-spin FP35 mixed with silicates could explain moderate reductions in wave speeds near the core mantle boundary (CMB), while a larger amount of FP35 near the CMB would not allow a large structure to maintain neutral buoyancy.
SU‐E‐I‐193: Dynamic Gain Adjustment of a High Resolution Microangiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) for Improved Imaging of Intracranial Aneurysm Coiling

Purpose: To provide improved MAF image guidance during intracranial aneurysm treatment (IAT) with detachable coils. Method and Materials:The MAF is an ultra‐high resolution (35 μm pixels), high speed detector mounted on a clinical Flat Panel (FP) C‐arm used whenever high resolution is needed in a small field of view. During IAT's the interventionalists fill the aneurysm dome with platinum or highly x‐ray attenuating detachable micro‐coils. For medium and large aneurysms, the coil mass becomes increasingly dense making any additional coil nearly impossible to visualize with the standard FP. Thus estimation of dome filling relies heavily only on experience rather than actual imagery. The MAF gain is capable of adjusting dynamically during the procedure based on the average pixel value indicated in a custom or preset ROI. In this study we selected an ROI fitted over the aneurysm, so that as the aneurysm fills with coils, the MAF gain increases to keep the ROI average pixel value the same even with increased x‐ray attenuation. The aneurysm was coiled using MAF fluoroscopic guidance for an elastomer aneurysm phantom superimposed on an anthropomorphic head phantom. The technique was repeated for the FP for comparison purposes. Results: The MAF used with dynamically adjustable gain offered excellent coil visualization during the entire process while the microcatheter tip position and deployment in the aneurysm within the coil mass was visible at all times even though background values increased during deployment to saturation. For the FP, imaging of the catheter tip was not distinguishable after 1/3 coil filling. Conclusions: Improved image guidance for coil deposition in aneurysms is presented. Catheter tip visualization was possible during the entire process which could result in better aneurysm dome coil filling due to improved image guidance with the MAF. NIH Grants R01‐EB008425, R01‐EB002873.
Validation of semiautomated segmentation algorithm with partial volume redistribution

Purpose - To reduce partial volume contamination, we present a linear interpolation combining quantitative T1 information with segmented base images. In addition, manual segmentation was completed for comparison to both of the techniques. Methods - To quantitatively assess T1, a precise and accurate inversion recovery (PAIR) sequence was acquired. The Kohonen SOM segmentation algorithm used the four base images as inputs and had nine output neurons. The segmented regions were manually classified by an expert for training a multi-layered backpropagation neural network to automate this process. A linear interpolation based on mean T1 relaxivity for each segmented class (regional method) and a pixel by pixel basis (pixel method) was performed. Manual segmentation was performed directly on base images by three observers. Differences between the techniques are reported as percent errors of the mean difference divided by the mean estimates of the manual segmentation. Results and Discussion -Within observer variances for the manual segmentation were less than 5.6% while between observer variances were 11.7% and 7.2% for white and gray matter respectively. The regional method had variances of 4.1% and 1.0% while the pixel method produced variances of 5.8% and 1.5% for white and gray matter, respectively, compared to the manual segmentation.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hormones and structural plasticity in the adult brain

A traditional belief concerning the development of the nervous system has been that neural structures and/or networks do not, under normal circumstances, show significant changes in adulthood. Once the development of a particular nucleus within the CNS is complete, that nucleus is assumed to remain relatively constant in terms of overall volume, intrinsic cellular morphology, pattern of synaptic connectivity, and potential for subserving some function. However, striking examples to the contrary have recently been discovered in the hormone-sensitive system of interconnected brain regions that controls vocal learning and vocal production in passerine birds. This neural system demonstrates a remarkable capacity for change and plasticity in adult canaries, a capacity that seems to be regulated by gonadal hormones. Furthermore, these neural changes in adulthood are correlated with a specific function, namely learned vocal behavior. The close correlations which have been observed in birds between specific brain areas and vocal behavior argue in favor of a high degree of localization of function in this system, and invite more detailed analysis of the mechanisms underlying neural changes in adulthood as well as the exact contribution of such changes to specific aspects of vocal learning.
Cellular immunologic responses to cochlear implantation in the human.

Abstract A cochlear implant array consists of biomaterials, including metal and polymeric in type which are biocompatible, but not necessarily bio-inert. Histologic evidence of a foreign body reaction has been described in temporal bones in patients who in life had undergone cochlear implantation. In the current study, the cellular immune response was characterized using immunohistochemical stains for B-cell lymphocytes (CD20), T-cell lymphocytes (CD3), and macrophages (CD68). In addition, energy dispersive spectroscopy by scanning electron microscopy (EDS-SEM) was performed to characterize the nature of particulate foreign material seen near the electrode array. Infiltrations of B-cell and Tcell lymphocytes and macrophages were identified immunohistochemically. The track of the electrode array was frequently lined by multi-nucleated foreign body giant cells. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy identified the particulate material found in the fibrous sheeth surrounding the cochlear implant to be consistent with platinum. In conclusion, a cochlear implant generates a vigorous cellular immune response consisting of B and T lymphocytes, foreign body giant cells, and macrophages. Platinum was identified as one of the antigens likely responsible for this cellular response. This foreign body response may in certain cases result in migration or even extrusion of an implant device.
Outcomes of anconeus interposition for proximal radioulnar synostosis.

Background/Hypothesis Proximal radioulnar synostosis after elbow injuries can produce debilitating contractures. The estimated range of motion required to perform many activities of daily living is a 100° arc of forearm rotation. We hypothesized that excision of heterotopic bone and anconeus flap interposition could restore functional prono-supination in patients with proximal radioulnar synostosis. Methods Patients with proximal radioulnar synostosis were subdivided into 2 groups on the basis of etiology: (1) as a complication after distal biceps tendon repair or (2) as a result of direct trauma to the proximal forearm/elbow. All patients underwent an excision of the synostosis with interposition of an anconeus flap and were observed clinically for a minimum of 6 months. Results Twenty-three patients (16 men, 7 women) were included, with a mean age of 47 years and mean clinical follow-up of 4.8 years. Mean arc of forearm rotation improved from 21° to 132°, pronation increased from 12° to 70°, and supination increased from 9° to 62° ( P Conclusion Anconeus interposition flap for management of proximal radioulnar synostosis produces significant and reliable clinical improvement in elbow prono-supination. Patients with biceps tendon repair etiology had a trend toward greater motion improvement than that of patients with a traumatic etiology. The degree of improvement seen would provide nearly full restoration of functional motion, resulting in minimal limitations in activities of daily living.
Mathematical Analysis of Double Line-to-Ground Short Circuit of an Alternator

The performance equations of ac machines referring to the ?and saxes developed in a previous paper[1] are used to study the case of a double line-to-ground short circuit of a salient pole synchronous machine. Significant corrections are offered to the solutions proposed by other authors pertaining to the same case. Mathematical proof is established for such rectifications. As a result, new expressions for armature currents and field current are developed. In addition, decrement factors and a simple formula for X2 are derived.
Breaking the Ties: French Romantic Socialism and the Critique of Liberal Slave Emancipation*

In 1846, the romantic socialist Desire Laverdant observed that although Great Britain had rightly broken the ties binding masters and slaves, “in delivering the slave from the yoke, it has thrown him, poor brute, into isolation and abandonment. Liberal Europe thinks it has finished its work because it has divided everyone.” Freeing the slaves, he thus suggested, was only the beginning of emancipation. Laverdant’s comment reflects a broader political conversation about the individual and society that was ongoing in France during the 1830s and 1840s in which the issues of colonial slavery, metropolitan wage labor, and imperial expansion in Algeria were intertwined. The July Monarchy, the temporal frame for this discussion, marked a period in which French society suffered the driving forces of modernization alongside
Energy-efficient fault-tolerant data storage & processing in dynamic networks

With the advance of mobile devices, cloud computing has enabled people to access data and computing resources without spatiotemporal constraints. A common assumption is that mobile devices are well connected to remote data centers and the data centers securely store and process data. However, for systems like mobile cloud deployed in infrastructureless dynamic networks (i.e., with frequent topology changes because of node failure/unavailability and mobility), reliability and energy efficiency remain largely unaddressed challenges. To address these issues, we develop the first 'k-out-of-n computing' framework that ensures nodes retrieve or process data stored in mobile cloud with minimum energy consumption as long as k out of n storage/processing nodes are accessible. We demonstrate the feasibility and performance of our framework through both hardware implementation and extensive simulations.
ADRENAL ESTROGENS. I. CONVERSION OF 4-C14-CORTISONE ACETATE TO 11-OXYGENATED ESTROGENS IN WOMEN

The bioconversion of adrenal corticosteroids to phenolic estrogens was investigated. After the administration of 4-C14-cortisone acetate to a castrated and adrenalectomized woman with breast cancer, 11β-hydroxyestrone and 11β-hydroxyestradiol were isolated from the urine. The radiochemical purity and identity of the C14-labeled conversion products were ascertained by paper chromatography, counter-current distribution, and carrier crystallization. After administration of 4-C14-cortisol to the. same patient, however, this conversion did not occur.
Simulation of Water Age and Residence Time in New York Bight

Abstract The time scales on which river inflows disperse in the coastal ocean are relevant to a host of biogeochemical and environmental processes. These time scales are examined in a modeling study of the Hudson River plume on its entry to the New York Bight (NYB). Constituent-oriented age and residence-time theory is applied to compute two time scales: mean age, which is calculated from the ratio of two model tracers, and residence time, which is calculated using the adjoint of the tracer conservation equation. Spatial and temporal variability associated with river discharge and wind is investigated. High river discharge lowers surface water age and shortens residence time in the apex of the NYB. Easterly winds increase surface water age and extend the duration waters along the Long Island coast remain in the NYB apex. Southerly winds increase age along the New Jersey coast but drive a decrease in age of offshore surface waters and prolong the time that surface waters close to the New Jersey coast stay ...
Sorting nonredundant files—techniques used in the FACT compiler

Some typical file structures, including some called “non-redundant,” are examined, and the methods used in FACT to sort such files are discussed.
CHARMM Additive All-Atom Force Field for Glycosidic Linkages in Carbohydrates Involving Furanoses

Presented is an extension of the CHARMM additive carbohydrate all-atom force field to enable modeling of polysaccharides containing furanose sugars. The new force field parameters encompass 1 ↔ 2, 1 → 3, 1 → 4, and 1 → 6 pyranose-furanose linkages and 2 → 1 and 2 → 6 furanose-furanose linkages, building on existing hexopyranose and furanose monosaccharide parameters. The model compounds were chosen to be monomers or glycosidic-linked dimers of tetrahydropyran (THP) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as to contain the key atoms in full carbohydrates. Target data for optimization included two-dimensional quantum mechanical (QM) potential energy scans of the Φ/Ψ glycosidic dihedral angles, with geometry optimization at the MP2/6-31G(d) level followed by MP2/cc-pVTZ single-point energies. All possible chiralities of the model compounds at the linkage carbons were considered, and for each geometry, the THF ring was constrained to the favorable south or north conformations. Target data also included QM vibrational frequencies and pair interaction energies and distances with water molecules. Force field validation included comparison of computed crystal properties, aqueous solution densities, and NMR J-coupling constants to experimental reference values. Simulations of infinite crystals showed good agreement with experimental values for intramolecular geometries as well as for crystal unit cell parameters. Additionally, aqueous solution densities and available NMR data were reproduced to a high degree of accuracy, thus validating the hierarchically optimized parameters in both crystalline and aqueous condensed phases. The newly developed parameters allow for the modeling of linear, branched, and cyclic pyranose/furanose polysaccharides both alone and in heterogeneous systems including proteins, nucleic acids, and/or lipids when combined with existing additive CHARMM biomolecular force fields.
Useful synthetic reagents derived from 1-triisopropylsilylpropyne and 1,3-[triisopropylsilyl]propyne, direct, stereoselective synthesis of either or enynes

Abstract Lithio reagents derived from 1-triisopropylsilylpropyne ( 1 ) and 1,3- bis -[triisopropylsilyl]propane ( 3 ) are effective for the synthesis of Z or E terminal enyne units (CHCHCCH) and for carboncarbon bond formation with halides, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, and α,β-enones.
Hypothyroidism Delays Fetal Stratum Corneum Development in Mice

The epidermal permeability barrier, required for terrestrial life, is localized to lipid-enriched lamellar membranes in the extracellular spaces of the stratum corneum (SC). Immaturity of the SC is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Previous studies have shown that supraphysiologic concentrations of thyroid hormone accelerate epidermis/SC ontogenesis. Here we studied SC development in Hyt/Hyt mice who are genetically hypothyroid due to a mutation in the TSH receptor. In control mice on d 18 of gestation (term 19.5 d), only focal areas displayed a mature SC membrane pattern. By 19 d of gestation there was a mature multilayered SC with lamellar unit structures filling the extracellular spaces similar to that seen in mature mice. In Hyt/Hyt mice SC development was delayed at both 18 and 19 d of gestation. In both strains of mice, within the first day after birth there were no differences in epidermal or SC appearance, and the SC was fully mature. These findings indicate that thyroid hormone plays a physiologic role during normal intrauterine development of the SC. However, normal SC maturation ultimately occurs, indicating that thyroid hormone is not absolutely essential. Previous studies have shown that glucocorticoids accelerate SC development in euthyroid rats, and in the present study we demonstrate that glucocorticoids also accelerate SC ontogenesis in euthyroid mice. In contrast, in Hyt/Hyt mice glucocorticoids did not accelerate or normalize SC development, indicating that the glucocorticoid effect on SC maturation requires a euthyroid state or that glucocorticoids act via thyroid hormone. These studies demonstrate that thyroid hormone status is an important regulator of fetal SC development.
Synthesis of heptaprenyl-lipid IV to analyze peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases.

Bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall containing layers of peptidoglycan, the integrity of which is essential for bacterial survival. In the final stage of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (PGTs; also known as transglycosylases) catalyze the polymerization of Lipid II to form linear glycan chains. PGTs have tremendous potential as antibiotic targets, but the potential has not yet been realized. Mechanistic studies have been hampered by a lack of substrates to monitor enzymatic activity. We report here the total synthesis of heptaprenyl−Lipid IV and its use to study two different PGTs from E. coli. We show that one PGT can couple Lipid IV to itself whereas the other can only couple Lipid IV to Lipid II. These in vitro differences in enzymatic activity may reflect differences in the biological functions of the two major glycosyltransferases in E coli.
Electric Field Induced De-Channeling in LiNbO3

An electric field has been imposed on single crystals of pure and doped LiNbO3 during bombardment with 1.03 MeV protons and 2.1 MeV alpha particles. Simultaneous (p,p), (p,α) and (p,p’γ) channeling between the crystal planes showed that the channeling is less pronounced when an electric field of 106 volts/m is imposed perpendicular to the incident ion beam direction and to the channeling planes in the crystal. The results obtained are discussed and compared to the effects due to the fringe field outside the crystal, differential cation-anion movement, movement of interplanar impurities, the piezoelectric strain and movement or creation of crystal defects on ion channeling.
Theoretical search for Chevrel-phase-based thermoelectric materials

We investigate the thermoelectric properties of some semiconducting Chevrel phases. Band-structure calculations are used to compute thermopowers and to estimate the effects of alloying and disorder on carrier mobility. Alloying on the Mo site with transition metals like Re, Ru, or Tc to reach a semiconducting composition causes large changes in the electronic structure at the Fermi level. Such alloys are thus expected to have low-carrier mobilities. Filling with transition metals was also found to be incompatible with high thermoelectric performance based on the calculated electronic structures. Filling with simple metals, like Zn, Cu, and especially with Li was found to be favorable. The calculated electronic structures of these filled Chevrel phases are consistent with low scattering of carriers by defects associated with the filling. We expect reasonable mobility and high thermopower in materials with compositions near $(\mathrm{L}\mathrm{i},\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}{)}_{4}{\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}{\mathrm{Se}}_{8}.$
Ultrasonic sensing and time-frequency analysis for detecting plastic deformation in an aluminum plate

ABSTRACT We investigate the use of low frequency (10-70 MHz) laser ultrasound for the detection of fatigue damage.While high frequency ultrasonics have been utilized in earlier work, unlike contacting transducers, laser-basedtechniques allow for simultaneous interrogationof the longitudinal and shear moduli of the fatigued material. Thedierential attenuation changes with the degree of damage, indicating the presence of plasticity. In this paper, wedescribe a structural damage identication approach based on ultrasonic sensing and time-frequency techniques.A parsimonious representation is rst constructed for the ultrasonic signals using the modied matching pursuitdecomposition (MMPD) method. This decomposition is then employed to compute projections onto the variousdamage classes, and classication is performed based on the magnitude of these projections. Results are presentedfor the detection of fatigue damage in Al-6061 and Al-2024 plates tested under 3-point bending.Keywords: structural health monitoring, ultrasonic sensing, damage detection, time-frequency analysis, match-ing pursuit decomposition
Induction of morphological differentiation of neuroblastoma cells by a mitotic inhibitor: Neuritogenesis is a default pathway invoked by developmental withdrawal of neuroblasts from the mitotic cycle

Treatment of cultured SH-SY5Y human and NB2a/d1 mouse neuroblastoma cells with 1mM Hydroxyurea (HU) reduced cell division and fostered the elaboration of neurites. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed the deposition within these neurites of axonal-specific markers including phosphorylated neurofilaments, acetylated microtubules, and the microtubule associated protein tau. Extended HU treatment was markedly toxic to otherwise undifferentiated neuroblastoma, but did not induce overt toxicity to the same cells provided they had been previously differentiated by retinoic acid. These findings indicate that neural differentiation and the concomitant elaboration of axonal-like neurites is a default pathway invoked following the withdrawal of neurblasts from the mitotic cycle. These findings also suggest that targeted delivery of mitotic inhibitors may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
An Investigation of the Ionospheric D Region at Sunrise: 2, Estimation of Some Photodetachment Rates

The photodetachment rates of several negative ions believed to be present in the D region are estimated for sunrise conditions. The photodetachment cross sections of O− and O2− which have been measured in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges are used. Since the photodetachment cross sections of NO2− and NO3− are not yet known, the behavior of their rates could only be estimated. Infrared band absorption by H2O and CO2 is included in the calculations. For atoms and molecules with large electron affinities the ozone ultraviolet absorption is important. The effects of photodetachment on D-region behavior are discussed and found to be relatively unimportant.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Mitral Valve Prolapse

Objectives This study sought to develop cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) diagnostic criteria for mitral valve prolapse (MVP) using echocardiography as the gold standard and to characterize MVP using cine CMR and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE)-CMR. Background Mitral valve prolapse is a common valvular heart disease with significant complications. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is a valuable imaging tool for assessing ventricular function, quantifying regurgitant lesions, and identifying fibrosis, but its potential role in evaluating MVP has not been defined. Methods To develop CMR diagnostic criteria for MVP, characterize mitral valve morphology, we analyzed transthoracic echocardiography and cine CMR images from 25 MVP patients and 25 control subjects. Leaflet thickness, length, mitral annular diameters, and prolapsed distance were measured. Two- and three-dimensional LGE-CMR images were obtained in 16 MVP and 10 control patients to identify myocardial regions of fibrosis in MVP. Results We found that a 2-mm threshold for leaflet excursion into the left atrium in the left ventricular outflow tract long-axis view yielded 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for CMR using transthoracic echocardiography as the clinical gold standard. Compared with control subjects, CMR identified MVP patients as having thicker (3.2 ± 0.1 mm vs. 2.3 ± 0.1 mm) and longer (10.5 ± 0.5 mm/m 2 vs. 7.1 ± 0.3 mm/m 2 ) indexed posterior leaflets and larger indexed mitral annular diameters (27.8 ± 0.7 mm/m 2 vs. 21.5 ± 0.5 mm/m 2 for long axis and 22.9 ±0.7 mm/m 2 vs. 17.8 ± 0.6 mm/m 2 for short axis). In addition, we identified focal regions of LGE in the papillary muscles suggestive of fibrosis in 10 (63%) of 16 MVP patients and in 0 of 10 control subjects. Papillary muscle LGE was associated with the presence of complex ventricular arrhythmias in MVP patients. Conclusions Cardiovascular magnetic resonance image can identify MVP by the same echocardiographic criteria and can identify myocardial fibrosis involving the papillary muscle in MVP patients. Hyperenhancement of papillary muscles on LGE is often present in a subgroup of patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias.
Kit-On-A-Lid-Assays for accessible self-contained cell assays.

Microscale methods for cell-based assays typically rely on macroscopic reagent handling and fluidic loading protocols that are technically challenging and do not scale with the number of assays favorably. Here, we demonstrate a microfluidic platform technology called “Kit-On-A-Lid-Assay” (KOALA), that enables the creation of self-contained microfluidic cell-based assays, integrating all the steps required to perform cell-based assays. The KOALA platform allows the pre-packaging of reagents, cryopreservation of cell suspensions, thawing of cell suspensions, culture of cells, and operation of whole cell-based assays. The operation of the KOALA platform is user-friendly and consists of bringing together a lid containing the microchannels, and a base containing the pre-packaged reagents, thereby causing fluidic exchange in all the channels simultaneously. We demonstrate that the KOALA cell-based assays can be simply operated from start to finish without any external laboratory equipment.
Visibility and the Birch and Swinnerton–Dyer Conjecture for Analytic Rank One

Let E be an optimal elliptic curve over of conductor N having analytic rank one, i.e. such that the L-function L E (s) of E vanishes to order one at s = 1. Let K be a quadratic imaginary field in which all the primes dividing N split and such that the L-function of E over K vanishes to order one at s = 1. Suppose there is another optimal elliptic curve over of the same conductor N whose Mordell-Weil rank is greater than one and whose associated newform is congruent to the newform associated to E modulo an integer r. The theory of visibility then shows that under certain additional hypotheses, r divides the product of the order of the Shafarevich-Tate group of E over K and the orders of the arithmetic component groups of E. We extract an explicit integer factor from the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjectural formula for the product mentioned above, and under some hypotheses similar to the ones made in the situation above, we show that r divides this integer factor. This provides theoretical evidence for the second part of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture in the analytic rank one case.
Psychometric and Instructional Validation of Hierarchical Domain Structures.

Abstract Six hundred twenty-six subjects from the University of Arizona participated in an investigation designed to examine congruence of a math domain hierarchy validated psychometrically and validated instructionally. The hierarchy consisted of quadratic and cubic equation tasks. Three studies comprised the investigation. Study 1 validated a hierarchy of quadratic and cubic equation domains psychometrically. Studies 2 and 3 instructionally validated domains and prerequisite relations identified in Study 1 and examined generalization and transfer between subordinate and superordinate skills within and between domains. The investigation revealed congruence between hierarchies validated psychometrically and instructionally. In addition, generalization and transfer were revealed within and between domains. The implications for hierarchical sequencing and instructional technology were discussed.
Commentary to "Safety and efficacy of spica casts for immobilization following initial bladder closure in classic bladder exstrophy".

The authors of this treatise try to convince us that, in a small series with a significant failure rate, a spica cast is safe and comparable to pelvic immobilization with an external fixation device and modified Buck’s traction. In these reviewers’ extensive experience with both primary and failed exstrophies, we do not find this to be the case at all. By quoting some of the older literature, they try to bring the use of spica casts up to the level of success of external fixation. Much more recent references show that the rate of nerve palsy and of superficial pin-site infection are 2% and 3%, respectively [1]. In the cited work by Meldrum et al. (2003), the results of the use of spica casts in newborns and older children with and without osteotomy were abysmal, with success rates between 0% and 17%. In addition, in a recent large series of CPRE patients from Egypt, where spica casts were used exclusively, the failure rate was 15.6%. This, like the authors’ results, is excessive in modern exstrophy closure, whichever technique is chosen at birth [2]. In a recent report from our unit of 122 reclosure patients, a success rate of 98% was achieved in the reclosure of failed primary and secondary closures using external