cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute cellular alterations in the hippocampus after status epilepticus.

~~ Summary: The critical, fundamental mechanisms that determine the emergence of status epilepticus from a single seizure and the prolonged duration of status epilepticus are uncertain. However, several general concepts of the pathophysiology of status epilepticus have emerged: (a) the hippocampus is consistently activated during status epilepticus; (b) loss of GABAmediated inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus is critical for emergence of status epilepticus; and, finally (c) glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission is important in sustaining status epilepticus. This review focuses on the alteration of GABAergic inhibition in the hippocampus that occurs during the prolonged seizures of status epilepticus. If reduction in GABAergic inhibition leads to development of status epilepticus, enhancement of GABAergic inhibition would be expected to interrupt status epilepticus. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are both used in the treatment of status epilepticus and both drugs enhance GABA, receptor-mediated inhibition. However, patients often become refractory to benzodiazepines when seizures are prolonged, and barbiturates are often then used for these refractory cases of status epilepticus. Recent evidence suggests the presence of multiple GABA, receptor isoforms in the hippocampus with different sensitivity to benzodiazepines but similar sensitivity to barbiturates, thus ex~~~ ~ plaining why the two drug classes might have different clinical effects. In addition, rapid functional plasticity of GABA, receptors has been demonstrated to occur during status epilepticus in rats. During status epilepticus, there was a substantial reduction of diazepam potency for termination of the seizures. The loss of sensitivity of the animals to diazepam during status epilepticus was accompanied by an alteration in the functional properties of hippocampal dentate granule cell GABA, receptors. Dentate granule cell GABA, receptor currents from rats undergoing status epilepticus had reduced sensitivity to diazepam and zinc but normal sensitivity to GABA and pentobarbital. Therefore, the prolonged seizures of status epilepticus rapidly altered the functional properties of hippocampal dentate granule cell GABA, receptors, possibly explaining why benzodiazepines and barbiturates may not be equally effective during treatment of the prolonged seizures of status epilepticus. A comprehensive understanding of the cellular and molecular events leading to the development, maintenance, and cytotoxicity of status epilepticus should permit development of more effective treatment strategies and reduction in the mortality and morbidity of status epilepticus. Key Words: GABAHippocampus-Seizures-Status epilepticus.
Essential Role of Nuclear Localization for Yeast Ulp2 SUMO Protease Function

The SUMO protein is covalently attached to many different substrates throughout the cell. This modification is rapidly reversed by SUMO proteases. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SUMO protease Ulp2 is...
The Long and Winding Road: Civil Repair of Intimate Injustice

Over the last decade, I have been trying to help fashion a new kind of critical social theory, one that can contribute to the "new theoretical reflection and interpretation of social contestation and political action" (Cohen 1982:xii) that such post-Marxist thinkers as Cohen and Seyla Benhabib (1986) called for two decades ago but that has seemed less and less ascertainable with the passing of time. Outlining a sociological approach to what I call the "civil sphere" of society, I have defined what I would like to think is a new object domain for sociology, one centering on the expansion and contraction of democratic solidarity. Through a series of conceptual elaborations and empirical investigations, I have begun to sketch out core components of this "civil sphere." These cultural and institutional components are fundamentally ambiguous, and they form contradictory relations with the "noncivil" domains that surround the civil sphere. Language: en
STUDIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM CONTROLLING THE INITIATION OF LACTATION AT PARTURITION I. CAN ESTROGEN SUPPRESS THE LACTOGENIC HORMONE OF THE PITUITARY?1,2

THE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE for the control of the initiation of lactation at parturition has long remained a mystery. No definite progress was made on this problem until 1928 and 1929 when Strieker and Grueter (1, 2) announced the discovery of a factor in the pituitary which was capable of initiating lactation in animals whose mammary glands had been suitably developed. This work was soon confirmed in this country by Corner (3), Nelson and Pfiffher (4), Asdell (5), and Turner and Gardner (6). Riddle and his coworkers (7, 8) suggested the use of the pigeon as a sensitive assay animal, which has proven invaluable in the study of the chemistry and physiology of this hormone. Excellent extraction methods for obtaining lactogen in relatively pure form were devised by Bates and Riddle (9), Lyons (10), and Bergman and Turner (11).
Role of natriuretic peptides in cardiovascular surgery

Acute kidney injury is a major complication of cardiovascular surgery. Therapies to reduce or prevent acute kidney injury are highly desirable, and recent advances have helped refine the targets for such therapy, albeit with surprises and controversies. Among these therapies, natriuretic peptides have received the most scrutiny owing to the difficulty in explaining the conflicting evidence for effectiveness in some, but lack thereof, in other studies. This article examines the possible reasons for the conflicting results reported with natriuretic peptides in various clinical conditions.
Self-Configuration of Network Security

The proliferation of networked systems and services along with their exponential growth in complexity and size has increased the control and management complexity of such systems and services by several orders of magnitude. As a result, management tools have failed to cope with and handle the complexity, dynamism, and coordination among network attacks. In this paper, we present a self-configuration approach to control and manage the security mechanisms of large scale networks. Self-configuration enables the system to automatically configure security system and change the configuration of its resources and their operational policies at runtime in order to manage the system security. Our self-configuration approach is implemented using two software modules: component management interface (CMI) to specify the configuration and operational policies associated with each component that can be a hardware resource or a software component; and component runtime manager (CRM) that manages the component operations using the policies defined in CMI. We have used the self-configuration framework to experiment with and evaluate different mechanisms and strategies to detect and protect against a wide range of network attacks.
Genetics of Hearing Loss—Nonsyndromic

Eighty percent of nonsyndromic hearing losses are caused by autosomal-recessive (AR) inheritance, while most of the other 20% are caused by autosomal-dominant (AD) inheritance. Although AR nonsyndromic SNHL is most commonly caused by GJB2 and SLC26A4, there is no single gene that accounts for any significant proportion of AD SNHL. High-throughput sequencing techniques, also called next-generation sequencing (NGS) or massively parallel sequencing (MPS), may allow for routine definitive diagnosis of all possible genetic causes for hearing loss in the not-too-distant future.
Disparities in contraceptive knowledge, attitude and use between Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites.

Abstract Background Higher rates of unwanted pregnancies and lower rates of contraceptive use have been reported among Hispanic women than among non-Hispanic whites. Despite these differences, it is unclear how these groups differ with respect to various psychosocial factors that are associated with contraceptive decision making, including contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy and social support. Methods A total of 443 sexually active, nonpregnant, low-income women (137 non-Hispanic whites, 74 US-born Hispanics and 231 non-US-born Hispanics) were surveyed at two publicly funded clinics. Results The greatest number of barriers to the effective use of contraception was seen among non-US-born Hispanic women. Fewer differences emerged between US-born Hispanics and whites, although differences continued to exist between the two groups in certain key areas. As compared to non-Hispanic whites, US-born Hispanic women had lower levels of social support for and self-efficacy in contraceptive use, desired larger families, had more religious objections to using birth control and were more those likely to believe that birth control use is the responsibility of women. As compared to whites, both US and non-US-born Hispanic women had significantly lower rates of ever-use of contraceptives that are highly effective in preventing pregnancy or in preventing disease transmission, and higher rates of unintended pregnancies. All associations were independent of known confounders. Conclusion Despite improvements in contraceptive knowledge and attitude, birth control and disease-preventive practices did not improve significantly among Hispanics who were born in the United States. Hispanic women are at higher risk for unintended pregnancy than are non-Hispanic whites, irrespective of their US nativity.
Object detection by two-dimensional linear prediction

This paper addresses the problem of detecting small areas of textured images which differ from their immediate surroundings. A significance test is described which adapts itself to the generally changing background statistics so that a constant false alarm rate is maintained. A detection algorithm is derived from the fact that this significance test can be expressed in terms of the error residuals of an adaptive two-dimensional linear predictor whose coefficients are estimated from the background. The algorithm has been successfully demonstrated with both synthetic and real-world images.
A Converse Lyapunov Theorem for Uncertain Switched Linear Systems

The main contribution of this paper is a converse Lyapunov theorem derived for a class of switched linear systems with time-variant parametric uncertainties. Both discrete-time and continuous-time switched linear systems are investigated. It is shown that the existence of asymptotically stabilizing switching laws implies the existence of a polyhedral Lyapunov function along with conic partition based stabilizing switching laws.
Incorporating industrial co-op experience in high school classroom outreach

This paper describes high school STEM lessons created by three undergraduate mentors. The mentors participated in a classroom outreach program called Computer Science Investigations (CSI: Cincinnati) as part of the Mentoring for Connections to Computing effort funded by the National Science Foundation's Broadening Participation in Computing program. The CSI program performs pre-college outreach with a team of undergraduates in computing-related majors who deliver an original lesson with hands-on activities and interact with high school students in their classroom. The mentors leverage their industrial and academic experiences to create the lessons and act as role models for college and professional success. The evaluation of the CSI activities includes pre- and post-surveys of the high school students' interest in computing as well as reflections from the mentors' journals.
Value of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for rejection in pediatric heart transplant recipients

We analyzed 211 consecutive plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurements in 59 pediatric heart transplant patients along with echocardiographic and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy samples. Patients with a biopsy specimen negative for rejection had significantly lower BNP levels than those patients with a biopsy positive (p ≤0.04) for rejection. BNP significantly decreased with treatment (p ≤0.007). BNP levels in the first year after heart transplantation in all patients were significantly greater than BNP levels after the first year in all patients (p
Three-stage prediction of protein β-sheets by neural networks, alignments and graph algorithms

Motivation: Protein β-sheets play a fundamental role in protein structure, function, evolution and bioengineering. Accurate prediction and assembly of protein β-sheets, however, remains challenging because protein β-sheets require formation of hydrogen bonds between linearly distant residues. Previous approaches for predicting β-sheet topological features, such as β-strand alignments, in general have not exploited the global covariation and constraints characteristic of β-sheet architectures. Results: We propose a modular approach to the problem of predicting/assembling protein β-sheets in a chain by integrating both local and global constraints in three steps. The first step uses recursive neural networks to predict pairing probabilities for all pairs of interstrand β-residues from profile, secondary structure and solvent accessibility information. The second step applies dynamic programming techniques to these probabilities to derive binding pseudoenergies and optimal alignments between all pairs of β-strands. Finally, the third step uses graph matching algorithms to predict the β-sheet architecture of the protein by optimizing the global pseudoenergy while enforcing strong global β-strand pairing constraints. The approach is evaluated using cross-validation methods on a large non-homologous dataset and yields significant improvements over previous methods. Availability: http://www.igb.uci.edu/servers/psss.html Contact: pfbaldi@ics.uci.edu
Simultaneous Detection of Climate Change and Observing Biases in a Network with Incomplete Sampling

Abstract All instrumental climate records are affected by instrumentation changes and variations in sampling over time. While much attention has been paid to the problem of detecting “change points” in time series, little has been paid to the statistical properties of climate signals that result after adjusting (“homogenizing”) the data—or to the effects of the irregular sampling and serial correlation exhibited by real climate records. These issues were examined here by simulating multistation datasets. Simple homogenization methods, which remove apparent artifacts and then calculate trends, tended to remove some of the real signal. That problem became severe when change-point times were not known a priori, leading to significant underestimation of real and/or artificial trends. A key cause is false detection of change points, even with nominally strict significance testing, due to serial correlation in the data. One conclusion is that trends in previously homogenized radiosonde datasets should be viewed...
The stimulation of insulin secretion in dogs by tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane.

SummaryDogs infused with Tris buffer exhibited not only the hypoglycemia reported by others, but also an increase in plasma insulin level as estimated by immunoassay. The induced hyperinsulinemia was much greater in portal vein than in peripheral vein plasma samples. Both hypoglycemia and hyperinsulinemia were much more pronounced when the Tris infused was at pH 10.2 than at pH 7.4. Since Tris molecules are less ionized at higher pH, these findings are in accord with the hypothesis that hypoglycemia induced by Tris is due to this compound penetrating into and inducing release of insulin from the pancreas. The hyperinsulinemia induced by pH 10.2 Tris infusion into the pancreatic artery started later and was more variable than that induced by an equimolar infusion of glucose.
Validity of the Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT)

The immediate post concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) is the most widely used concussion assessment tool. Despite its popularity, it is unclear if validation studies for the ImPACT test covered all aspects of validity to support its widespread use in research and clinical practice. The purpose of this report is to review literature surrounding the validity and the utility of the ImPACT test. A systematic review of relevant studies in PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO was carried out. Studies were evaluated using the STROBE (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) or the STARD (standards for reporting of diagnostic accuracy) criteria. The literature search yielded 5968 studies. Sixty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative review. Although the convergent validity of ImPACT was supported, evidence of discriminant and predictive validity, diagnostic accuracy and responsiveness was inconclusive. The utility of the ImPACT test after acute symptom resolution was sparse. The review found many factors influenced the validity and utility of ImPACT scores. Clinicians must consider the benefit of ImPACT testing for their patients on a case-by-case scenario and must take the psychometric properties of the test into account when interpreting results.
Enveloping Protection Method for Power Generation Equipments

According to different characteristics of devices in steam turbine power plant,this paper puts forward a new method of seal up devices for safekeeping,by combining methods of dry protection and wet protection,its protection procedures and the key requirements of regular monitoring are also described.
Identification and prediction of functional protein modules using a bi-level community detection algorithm

Identifying functional modules is believed to reveal most cellular processes. There have been many computational approaches to investigate the underlying biological structures. We shall use community detection algorithm which we present in a bi-level algorithmic framework to accurately identify protein complexes in less computational time. We call this algorithm bi-level label propagation algorithm BLLP. Using this algorithm, we extract 123 communities from a protein-protein interaction PPI network involving 2361 proteins and 7182 interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae i.e. yeast. Based on these communities found, we make predictions of functional modules for 57 uncharacterised proteins in our dataset, with 80%+ accuracy. We also perform a comparative study by applying various well-known community detection algorithms on the PPI yeast network. We conclude that, BLLP algorithm extracts more accurate community structures from PPI yeast networks in less computational time.
Observation of the quantum paradox of separation of a single photon from one of its properties

Researchers detected the polarization of a photon separate from the photon itself, just as the grin of Lewis Carroll's Cheshire cat can appear apart from the cat's body.
Enzymatic epoxidation and oxygen activation

Issued as Progress report, Annual letter reports [1-2], and Final report, Project no. G-33-655
Standardized Grape Powder for Basic and Clinical Research

To facilitate basic, preclinical, and clinical research regarding the health benefits of grapes, a freeze-dried grape powder has been developed that blends seeded and unseeded varieties of green, red, and blue–black California table grapes in proportions representative of an entire annual crop. Using good manufacturing practice, ~500 kg has been produced from a single vintage and analyzed for content and nutritional value. Chemical standardization is carried out that includes quantitative analysis of the major polyphenols and antioxidants catechin and epicatechin; the flavonols quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin; the anthocyanidins malvidin, peonidin, and cyanidin; and the chemoprevention agent resveratrol. For human clinical trials, a placebo powder has also been developed that is similar in caloric value, color, texture, and flavor. For animal studies, a sugar-matched diet is employed as the control. The powders can be blended with food or mixed with water and consumed as a beverage. As a result, long-term animal feeding studies or clinical trials can be carried out to assess the health benefits of grapes using a stable, reproducible, and chemically and nutritionally standardized freeze-dried grape product with an appropriate placebo powder as a control.
Integrated current sensing for power electronic modules using GMR field detectors

The latest developments in point field detection for integrated current sensing are discussed. The effects that the skin-effect has on bandwidth and accuracy are explored. Numerical calculations and experimental measurements are performed on conductors with rectangular cross-sections. Point field measurements are made using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) field detectors, and are compared with results from numerical analyses. Two-dimensional finite element models demonstrate the tradeoff between flat measurement bandwidth and field strength as a function of frequency. Optimization functions are used to determine the best placement of the field detector for use as a current sensor
Industry sizes up nanotubes

The numerous extraordinary properties of carbon nanotubes are now well known – as the other articles in this special issue emphasize – and it is clear that nanotubes differ from ordinary molecules and solids in many respects. In fact, nanotubes have an ambiguous identity: they have reasonably well defined structures – albeit a large variety of them – like molecules, but their relatively large length and width means that they also resemble solids. Indeed, nanotubes can be extended to macroscopic lengths and Widths to ultimately merge With bulk graphite, which has a familiar layered structure.
A sinusoidal model for seasonal bicycle demand estimation

Abstract As urban populations grow, there is a growing need for efficient and sustainable modes, such as bicycling. Unfortunately, the lack of bicycle demand data stands as a barrier to design, planning, and research efforts in bicycle transportation. Estimating bicycle demand is difficult not only due to limited count data, but to the fact that bicyclists are highly responsive to a multitude of factors, particularly seasonal weather. Current estimation methods capable of accurately adjusting for seasonal demand change often require substantial data for ongoing calibration. This makes it difficult or impossible to utilize those methods in locations with minimal continuous count data. This research aims to help mitigate this challenge by developing an estimation method using sinusoidal model to fit the typical pattern of seasonal bicycle demand. This sinusoidal model requires only a single calibration factor to adjust for scale of seasonal demand change and is capable of estimating monthly average daily bicycle counts ( MADB ) and average annual daily bicycle counts ( AADB ) . This calibration factor can be established using a minimum of two short-term counts to represent the maximum and minimum monthly MADB in summer and winter. To develop the model, this research use data from bike-share systems in four cities and 47 permanent bicycle counters in six cities. Although this model is not suitable for locations with mild or atypical seasons, it successfully models MADB and serves as a useful alternative or supportive estimation method in locations where minimal demand data exist.
Leptomeningeal disease: current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

// Gautam Nayar 1, 2, 3 , Tiffany Ejikeme 1, 2, 3 , Pakawat Chongsathidkiet 1, 2, 6 , Aladine A. Elsamadicy 1, 2, 3 , Kimberly L. Blackwell 4 , Jeffrey M. Clarke 5 , Shivanand P. Lad 3 and Peter E. Fecci 1, 2, 3, 6 1 Duke Brain Tumor Immunotherapy Program, Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 2 The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 5 Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA 6 Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Correspondence to: Peter E. Fecci, email: Peter.fecci@duke.edu Keywords: leptomeningeal disease, neoplastic meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, intrathecal chemotherapy, radiation therapy Received: May 10, 2017 Accepted: July 20, 2017 Published: August 16, 2017 ABSTRACT Leptomeningeal disease has become increasingly prevalent as novel therapeutic interventions extend the survival of cancer patients. Although a majority of leptomeningeal spread occurs secondary to breast cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma, a wide variety of malignancies have been reported as primary sources. Symptoms on presentation are equally diverse, often involving a combination of neurological deficits with the possibility of obstructive hydrocephalus. Diagnosis is definitively made via cerebrospinal fluid cytology for malignant cells, but neuro-imaging with high quality T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can aid diagnosis and localization. While leptomeningeal disease is still a terminal, late-stage complication, a variety of treatment modalities, such as intrathecal chemotherapeutics and radiation therapy, have improved median survival from 4–6 weeks to 3–6 months. Positive prognosticative factors for survival include younger age, high performance scores, and controlled systemic disease. In looking to the future, diagnostics that improve early detection and chemotherapeutics tailored to the primary malignancy will likely be the most significant advances in improving survival.
Lung Progenitor Cell Specification and Morphogenesis

Abstract The respiratory system develops through a series of events that include specification and expansion of progenitors and morphogenetic processes that ultimately generate the airways and alveoli. This chapter focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the initial stages of lung development and discusses how signaling molecules present in the early lung influence this process.
Gait Anomaly Detection of Subjects With Parkinson’s Disease Using a Deep Time Series-Based Approach

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a cognitive degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system. The earliest symptoms evidence a general deficit of coordination and an unsteady gait. Current approaches for the evaluation and assessment of gait disturbances in PD have proved to be expensive, inconvenient and ineffective in the detection of anomalous walking patterns. In this paper, we address these issues by defining a deep time series-based approach for the detection of anomalous walking patterns in the gait dynamics of elderly people by analyzing the acceleration values of their movements. The results show a training accuracy and testing accuracy of over 90% with an accuracy improvement of 4.28% in comparison with related works.
Control and Modulation of a Bipolar Multi-Level Active Power Pulsation Buffer for Single-Phase Converters

The bipolar ripple port converter is an active decoupling method that allows the use of the minimum buffering capacitance in single-phase conversion using buck-type converters. However, while the buffering capacitance is minimized, due to high voltage stress and low switching frequencies, the full-bridge converter in the ripple port still requires large filter inductors, and has relatively high loss, which offsets the benefits of small buffer capacitor. In other words, the passive components for filtering twice-line frequency power ripple are minimized, but the ones for filtering switching frequency ripple are not. In this work, a bipolar ripple port converter based on two flying capacitor multilevel (FCML) legs is proposed to shrink the filter inductor size. A PLL-based feedforward control scheme is proposed for twice-line frequency active power decoupling. Modulation schemes for the two FCML legs are discussed and compared. Experimental results demonstrating the active decoupling and modulation scheme with a compact hardware are provided and discussed.
Unusual Reactivity of a Thiazole-Based Mn Tricarbonyl Complex for CO2 Activation

Manganese tricarbonyl complexes have attracted considerable attention as competent electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction owing to their unique chemistry and the natural abundance of Mn. While the anal...
Using Bugs in Student Code to Predict Need for Help

Code Puzzles can be an engaging way to learn programming concepts, but getting stuck in a puzzle can be discouraging when no help or feedback is available. Teachers and facilitators can alleviate this problem in a classroom setting, but it can be hard for teachers to keep track of who needs help and who is likely to resolve their problem on their own, especially in a large classroom. This work is a step toward helping teachers optimize their time by automatically gauging which students may benefit from an intervention at any given time. We use information about the bugs present in student code to predict which students are more likely to abandon the puzzle or take too long in solving it. Ultimately, we envision that teachers could use these predictions to make decisions about whom they should help next, and how.
Compassion and Communication in Caring for Patients

Attention to good manners is important in the hospital, office, and clinic. A patient encounter offers you the opportunity to demonstrate your respect for human dignity and your patient’s importance to you. Civility, without regard to your patient’s station in life, is a moral value without which your actions and opinions might be viewed as self-serving. The practice of manners-based medicine demonstrates your morality. Showing your respect reinforces to your patient your commitment to their health. Attentive listening, a pleasant demeanor, attention to the patient’s physical comfort, and pleasant surroundings are all good manners and also a way to show your compassion. The healthcare profession presents to the practitioner special situations that elevate the usefulness of good manners from a guide for acting in an agreeable manner in everyday situations to providing guidelines for the efficiency and coordination necessary to save life and limb in potentially chaotic situations.
Rasgos de personalidad del grupo C y trastorno por déficit de atención en estudiantes de medicina: estudio transversal analítico

Background Attentional deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is associated with borderline personality characteristics or cluster B (emotional instability), but in certain populations, such as medical students, it might be associated with cluster C traits (perfectionism, dependency, anxiety). This may be compensatory to ADHD. Aim To analyze the association between ADHD and cluster C personality traits in medical students. Material and methods Biodemographic characteristics, the presence of ADHD and personality traits according to clusters A, B and C were evaluated in medical students. These characteristics were compared between students with unlikely diagnosis of ADHD (Group 1) and likely or very likely diagnosis of ADHD (Group 2). Results We included 336 participants (44% women). A likely or very likely diagnosis of ADHD was present in 64% (Group 2). Concerning personality traits, 45% exhibited traits of cluster A, 57% of cluster B, and 67% of cluster C. Compared to their counterparts of Group 1, participants in Group 2 were more likely to have a history of psychiatric/psychological care, previous diagnosis of ADHD and traits of cluster B (37 and 68% respectively) and C (55 and 74% respectively). The odds ratio of having A, B or C traits when a likely or very likely ADHD was present, were 1.29 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.8-2.07], 3.79 95% CI [2.3-6.22] and 2.4 95% CI [1.46-3.96], respectively. Conclusions Cluster C personality traits were frequent among medical students and were significantly associated with ADHD.
Mobile app validation: a digital health scorecard approach

While digital health solutions continue to grow in number and in complexity, the ability for stakeholders in healthcare to easily discern quality lags far behind. This challenge is in part due to the lack of a transparent and standardized approach to validation. Evaluation of mobile health applications (apps) is further burdened by low barriers to development and direct-to-user marketing, leading to a crowded and confusing landscape. In this context, we investigated the pragmatic application of a previously described framework for digital health validation, the Digital Health Scorecard, in a cohort of 22 popular mobile health oncology apps. The apps evaluated using this framework performed poorly, scoring 49.4% across all evaluation criteria as a group. Performance across component domains varied considerably with cost scoring highest at 100%, usability at 56.7%, technical at 37.3%, and clinical at 15.9%. satisfaction of prospectively determined end-user requirements derived from patient, family, and clinician consensus scored 37.2%. While cost outperformed consistently and usability was adequate, the results also suggested that apps suffered from significant technical limitations, were of limited clinical value, and generally did not do what end users wanted. These large gaps further support the need for transparent and standardized evaluation to help all stakeholders in healthcare improve the quality of mobile health.
Factivity mirrors interpretation: The selectional requirements of presuppositional verbs

Different verbs can take different kinds of arguments. Factive verbs such as remember and forget take clausal complements which are presupposed to be true. In contrast, verbs such as say and think do not presuppose the truth of their complements. I suggest that the complements of presuppositional verbs like remember, forget, admit and deny are actually definite DPs, picking out a discourse referent in the Common Ground. Under this view, factive verbs turn out to be subset of presuppositional verbs, verbs which presuppose the existence of their complement as a proposition in the Common Ground. Factive verbs further require that this proposition be true. It has been established that certain effects arise in clauses embedded by presuppositional verbs: only complements can be extracted from them and argument fronting inside of them is not allowed. I also note that these clauses can have DP pro-forms (which). This stands in opposition to non-presuppositional clauses, where extraction and fronting are possible, and only CP pro-forms (as, so) are allowed. The DP view allows for a uniform solution to these puzzles; the crucial distinction is whether the matrix verb selects for a definite entity (presuppositional) or for a proposition (non-presuppositional). Going further, I introduce crosslinguistic data showing that the entity/proposition split parallels a split in interpretation between DP and CP complements: a presuppositional DP complement is interpreted like a presupposed entity, while a non-presuppositional CP complement has the semantics of a novel proposition. This way of looking at clausal complements also allows us to account for the behavior of sentential subjects, which have been argued to be both nominal and factive. I flesh out these generalizations and show that they emerge as a natural result in our framework. With sentential subjects as with clausal complements, factivity and presupposition correlate with the syntactic category of the argument. I take this to imply a form-meaning isomorphism in the syntax and semantics with regard to what a verb licenses (DP or CP).
A spectrophotometric study on the interaction of hemoglobin in a diazo coupling reaction of neonatal bilirubin

Abstract The foregoing experiments have shown some of the difficulties in establishing a mechanism of action for hemoglobin in diazo coupling reactions for bilirubin. All attempts to understand the reaction are complicated by a variety of factors, including the diversity of the reactions generally referred to as Jendrassik-Grof, the heterogeneity of the reaction matrix, and the potential multiple interactions of any generated intermediate or product with other constituents present in the diazo reagents. Probing of the reaction mechanism with an enzyme such as catalase seems to be of questionable value at this point. Because of the unusually high concentrations of enzyme required to inhibit azobilirubin fading, there is a greater possibility for side reactions in the diazo media. The possibility of the occurrence of a Fenton reaction with the spontaneous generation of a superoxide ion or OH radical by a chelated ferrous species cannot be conclusively defined from the several experiments described. However, a hint involving peroxide formation is suggested by the catalase and SOD experiments.
Bacteriophage f1 Infection and Colicin Tolerance

Bacteriophage f1-infected cells are relatively insensitive to a variety of colicins including E1, E2, and K; an f1 gene product is responsible for this insensitivity. A colicin-tolerant mutant cannot grow f1 phage; f1 DNA does not penetrate this mutant properly. One interpretation of these results is that an f1 gene product blocks the penetration of colicins which is necessary for their action, whereas the colicin-tolerant mutation blocks the penetration of colicins as well as phage f1 DNA.
Effect of process parameters on the polymer mediated synthesis of silica at neutral ph

We report herein the synthesis of well-defined silica structures atneutral pH and ambient conditions using poly(allylamine hydrochloride)(PAH), a cationically charged synthetic polymer, as a catalyst/template.Tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) was used as the precursor and the synthesisprocess parameters varied include TMOS pre-hydrolysis time(tP), reaction time (tR), buffer, molecular weightof the polymer, TMOS concentration, polymer concentration andperturbation of the reaction mixture. It was found that the TMOSpre-hydrolysis time was an important parameter governing the resultingsilica morphology along with the reaction time and the TMOSconcentration. Characterization of the silica was performed using SEM,FTIR, EDS and XRD. The poly(allylamine hydrochloride), which was thecatalyst/template, was found to be incorporated into the silicaparticles. These findings are of importance for understanding the roleof polypeptides, in nature, and macromolecules, in general, that arecapable of forming similar silica structures.
Nature of Altered Pulsatile Hormone Release and Neuroendocrine Network Signalling in Human Ageing: Clinical Studies of the Somatotropic, Gonadotropic, Corticotropic and Insulin Axes

Recent clinical investigations have implemented an array of new analytical tools to evaluate the neuroregulation of endocrine axes. These studies demonstrate multifold disruption within the growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH)-testosterone, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-cortisol and the insulin axes in healthy ageing men and women. Novel research strategies in ageing include such developments as the indirect in vivo assessment of neuroendocrine network integration, via the approximate entropy (ApEn) statistic to monitor the unihormonal orderliness and bihormonal synchronicity of hormone release, and thus infer stability of network-integrative processes. For example, ApEn calculations show that the individual orderliness of GH, insulin or LH release falls progressively in older men and women, and the conditional synchrony between LH and testosterone (or LH and follicle-stimulating hormone/prolactin) release, and LH secretion and the neurogenically organized signal, nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), all decline markedly in older men. Evaluation of the ACTH-cortisol axis points additionally to disrupted bihormonal synchrony within this stress-responsive system in healthy ageing. A complementary investigative tool, viz. a stochastic differential equation random-effects feedback construct of the interactive male gonadotropin-releasing hormone-LH-testosterone axis, predicts that only certain extant postulates of ageing in the male reproductive axis will give rise to the observed erosion of LH-testosterone synchrony. Collectively, available clinical data suggest a general model of early neuroendocrine ageing in the human, in both the male and female, wherein ageing is marked by variable disruption in the time-delayed feedback and feedforward interconnections among neuroendocrine glands, which constitute an integrated axis and which control the joint synchrony of hormone release.
Infant Stimulation Reassessed: A New Approach to Providing Care for the Preterm Infant

Developmental intervention is a new method of improving the care of preterm infants. Use of the Assessment of Preterm Infant Behavior (APIB) to determine the current behavioral functioning of an infant and how that information can be used to develop and implement an individualized program of nursing care are described. Three examples of individualized programs developed as a result of assessment are presented. General environmental guidelines for special care nursery procedures, parent involvement, and nurse training are given.
Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase as a reporter in mammalian gene transfer.

Reporter genes can be used to advantage in a variety of different kinds of gene transfer experiments. One of the most common applications is the optimization of transfection methods. Owing to the large number of variables that influence the uptake and expression of exogenously introduced genes, it is extremely helpful to have available rapid, sensitive methods for determining transfection efficiency. A second frequent application of reporter genes is to study promoters and transcriptional enhancers. To rigorously map functional domains in transcriptional control elements it is often necessary to generate large numbers of deletions, insertions, and point mutations, and then carry out functional assays on each construct. As in optimization studies, an appropriate reporter gene can greatly facilitate the rate with which information is accumulated. Another gene regulation application involves measuring activity of transacting transcriptional regulatory proteins. In such experiments, one plasmid codes for the transacting factor, while the second cotransfected plasmid carries a target cis-acting element coupled to a reporter gene. Examples of more novel reporter gene uses include introducing translational stop codons into a reporter coding sequence to measure suppressor function in mammalian cells (1,2), and measuring transcriptional competence of UV-irradiated reporter plasmid DNA (3).
Work Softening of Ti-6A1-4V Due to Adiabatic Heating

Many investigators have shown that at high strain rates at elevated temperature (1300-1900°F), and for large deformations, Ti-Alloys (specifically Ti-6A1-4V) exhibit considerable work softening. The mechanism of such metal softening is different from the one encountered in processes at lower strain rates (creep). In the high temperature range, Ti-6A1-4V is known to be both temperature and strain rate sensitive; i.e. an increase in strain-rate will increase the flow stress and an increase in temperature significantly decreases the flow stress. Therefore, thermal changes strongly influence the metal behavior during the deformation. When metal is undergoing large plastic deformation, approximately 95% of the plastic work is converted into heat almost instantaneously (less than 1 milliseconds). This rapid dissipation of large amounts of energy causes temperature rises in the material. Such a heating would cause (contribute) the metal softening during the process relative to what would be observed in isothermal deformations.
Tail monotonicity properties of Student's family of distributions

Let Gp denote the tail function of Student's distribution with p degrees of freedom. It is shown that the ratio Gq(x)/Gp(x) is decreasing in x > 0 for any p and q such that 0 0. AMS 2000 subject classifications: Primary 60E15; secondary 62E15, 62F03.
Late evening snack: Exploiting a period of anabolic opportunity in cirrhosis

Background and Aim: Cirrhosis is a state of accelerated starvation with impaired protein synthesis. Increased rate of gluconeogenesis and alterations in skeletal muscle signaling pathways result in anabolic resistance and consequent loss of muscle mass or sarcopenia in cirrhosis. Late evening snack (LES) is an intervention to reduce the postabsorptive (fasting) phase with the potential to improve substrate utilization and reverse sarcopenia. Published reports were evaluated to examine the effect of LES on regulation of substrate utilization (short-term studies) and nutritional outcomes (long-term studies). Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, Google scholar and OVID databases were searched. All studies published on LES in cirrhosis were included. Studies that included few (n < 3) subjects and patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were excluded. Results: Late evening snack decreased lipid oxidation and improved nitrogen balance, irrespective of the composition or type of formulation used. Daytime isocaloric isonitrogenous snacks did not have the metabolic or clinical benefit of LES. LES decreased skeletal muscle proteolysis. No studies have examined its effect on muscle protein synthesis. There was inconsistent translation into an increase in lean body or skeletal muscle mass. Improved quality of life occurs but decreased mortality or need for transplantation has not been reported. The optimal composition of LES has not been defined, but based on mechanistic considerations, a branched chain supplemented LES holds most promise. Conclusions: Late evening snack holds the most promise as an intervention to reverse anabolic resistance and sarcopenia of cirrhosis with improved quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. Long term benefit and improved survival need critical evaluation.
Characterization of volatile and aroma-impact compounds in persimmon (Diospyros kaki L., var. Triumph) fruit by GC-MS and GC-O analyses

Although persimmon fruit is grown in various countries and is increasingly appreciated for its nutritional value, health benefits and rich flavour, surprisingly little research has been conducted to uncover the components responsible for its unique flavour. An aroma extract of persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L., var. Triumph) was obtained by hydrodistillation under vacuum followed by solid phase extraction. Gas chromatography–mass spectometry (GC-MS) analysis of the extract led to the positive identification of 50 compounds, among which aldehydes emerged as the most important class of volatile compounds. Thirty-two compounds were determined to have aroma-impact, by gas chromatography–olfactometry analysis of the aroma extract. The six most intense aroma-impact compounds were methional, (E)-2-hexenal, phenylacetaldehyde, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, hexanal and Furaneol®. Their aroma qualities largely explain the aroma character of persimmon fruit, which was described as fresh peach, a touch of orange, sweet, woody, floral, green and potato. Unambiguous identification of trace aroma-impact compounds (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-nonatrienal and (E,Z,Z)-2,4,7-decatrienal by GC-MS was achieved by applying a solid phase extraction procedure for selective isolation of carbonyl compounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropology of Policy: Critical Perspectives on Governance and Power

Anthropology of Policy: Critical Perspectives on Governance and Power. Cris Shore and Susan Wright. eds. New York: Routledge, 1997. 294 pp.
Electrosynthesis of open‐pore urea/formaldehyde structure

Open-pore urea/formaldehyde (OPUF) structure has been prepared electrolytically at the anode from an aqueous solution of a nonetherified urea/formaldehyde resin. A decrease in pH at the anode due to an electrochemical reaction results in the formation of the open-pore structure. The electrolytically generated OPUF powder has the same characteristics as the chemically prepared OPUF obtained by acidification of urea/formaldehyde resin solution.