cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND SPECTROELECTROCHEMISTRY OF RE(1,2-BIS(DIMETHYLPHOSPHINO)ETHANE)3+

Abstract The electrochemical properties of [Re(dmpe) 3 ] + , where dmpe is 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, have been investigated in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions by cyclic and square wave voltammetry as well as by thin-layer electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques. The redox behavior in N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) is described in terms of three interrelated one-electron oxidations and the chemistry from decomposition of electrogenerated Re(III) species. The first and third redox processes are assigned to the oxidation of [Re(dmpe) 3 ] + to [Re(dmpe) 3 ] 2+ and [Re(dmpe) 3 ] 2+ to [Re(dmpe) 3 ] 3+ ; the corresponding E p values from square wave voltammetry are +0.336 and +1.120 V versus Ag/AgCl (3 M NaCl). The second redox process (+0.884 V) is described as the oxidation of an Re(II) species, [Re(dmpe) 2 (η 1 -dmpe)S] 2+ (S=a solvent molecule), which is proposed as an intermediate in the dissociation of a dmpe ligand. Complete dissociation of dmpe occurs from the Re(III) complexes to yield a species denoted as [Re(dmpe) 2 S 2 ] 3+ , which is reduced with a peak potential from square wave voltammetry at −0.288 V in DMF. Identification of this species as a bis(dmpe) complex is accomplished by comparison of its FAB mass spectrum, UV–Vis spectrum, HPLC retention time, and electrochemical properties to those of an independently synthesized complex, where S is replaced by Cl − .
Cellulose levulinate: a protecting group for cellulose that can be selectively removed in the presence of other ester groups

Levulinate is an important hydroxyl protecting group in carbohydrate chemistry but has not previously been so employed in cellulose chemistry, perhaps because of challenges involved in synthesis of cellulose levulinates. Herein we describe homogeneous acylation of cellulose in N,N-dimethylacetamide/LiCl using differently activated levulinic acid derivatives, including in situ activation with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole, or trifluoroacetic anhydride, providing and comparing several methods to access cellulose levulinates. Degree of substitution (DS) has been determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy using perpropionylated cellulose levulinates, showing that DS values as high as 2.42 are attainable. Cellulose levulinate esters were deacylated selectively by hydrazine without detectable loss of other alkanoate ester groups (acetate or propionate), indicating strong promise for levulinate as a useful protecting group for the synthesis of regioselectively substituted cellulose and other polysaccharide derivatives.
Clumped isotope thermometry of carbonatites as an indicator of diagenetic alteration

Abstract We measure the clumped isotopic signature of carbonatites to assess the integrity of the clumped isotope paleothermometer over long timescales (107–109 years) and the susceptibility of the proxy to closed system re-equilibration of isotopes during burial diagenesis. We find pristine carbonatites that have primary oxygen isotope signatures, along with a Carrara marble standard, do not record clumped isotope signatures lighter than 0.31‰ suggesting atoms of carbon and oxygen freely exchange within the carbonate lattice at temperatures above 250–300 °C. There is no systematic trend in the clumped isotope signature of pristine carbonatites with age, although partial re-equilibration to lower temperatures can occur if a carbonatite has been exposed to burial temperatures for long periods of time. We conclude that the solid-state re-ordering of carbon and oxygen atoms is sufficiently slow to enable the use of clumped isotope paleothermometry on timescales of 108 years, but that diagenetic resetting can still occur, even without bulk recrystallization. In addition to the carbonatite data, an inorganic calibration of the clumped isotope paleothermometer for low temperature carbonates (7.5–77 °C) is presented and highlights the need for further inter-lab standardization.
Response of a non-linear system with restoring forces governed by fractional derivatives—Time domain simulation and statistical linearization solution

Abstract In this paper, the random response of a non-linear system comprising frequency dependent restoring force terms is examined. These terms are accurately modeled in seismic isolation and in many other applications using fractional derivatives. In this context, an efficient numerical approach for determining the time domain response of the system to an arbitrary excitation is first proposed. This approach is based on the Grunwald–Letnikov representation of a fractional derivative and on the well-known Newmark numerical integration scheme for structural dynamic problems. Next, it is shown that for the case of a stochastic excitation, in addition to the time domain solutions, a frequency domain solution can be readily determined by the method of statistical linearization. The reliability of this solution is established in a Monte Carlo simulation context using the herein adopted time domain solution scheme. Furthermore, several related parameter studies are reported.
Measurement of dwarf galaxies in the rich clusters Abell 665 and 963 at z=0.2

We show that the luminosity functions of the distant rich clusters Abell 665 (z=0.182) and Abell 963 (z=0.206) are flat or gradually rising down to MR=−14, with α≈−1.2???0.4 [here α is the logarithmic slope of the luminosity function: φ(L)∝Lα at the faint end]. We do not confirm the steep luminosity functions (α≤−1.8) that have been recently proposed for these two clusters. Several technical points are discussed in detail. In particular, we compute the corrections to the background contamination caused by gravitational lensing from the cluster dark matter, and show that the corrections are small unless we wish to determine variations in the luminosity function on small scales. Recent observations have also shown that the field galaxy luminosity function at z≈0.2 is also shallow between MB=−19 and MB=−13. Abell 665 and 963 are two of the richest clusters known at that redshift. We therefore propose that the galaxy luminosity function might be universal in this magnitude range at z=0.2. The dwarf galaxies that we see in Abell 665 have a colour distribution that is strongly peaked at B−R=1.9. We compute K-corrections based on the spectral energy distributions of local galaxies, and show that these are probably dwarf spheroidal galaxies. This might suggest that the dwarf spheroidal population observed in Virgo already existed at z=0.2.
A Model of Job Performance, Job Satisfaction, and Life Satisfaction Among Sales and Sales Support Employees at a Pharmaceutical Company

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the influence of role conflict, role ambiguity, and role strain on job performance, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction among field sales and company sales support employees in a single pharmaceutical company. Because this study is based on data from a single company, these results may not necessarily be generalized to all companies in the industry. In the present research, a path model of the process reveals important variations in response to role conflict, role ambiguity, and role strain between the two classes of employees. For both classes, the influence of decreased role ambiguity is generally positive for measured outcomes. However, reductions in role conflict, while lessening role strain, are likely to result in lower job performance for field sales employees. Decreases in role strain, while improving life satisfaction, may lead to lower job satisfaction for sales support employees.
Familiarity with Latin and Greek anatomical terms and course performance in undergraduates

Commonly used technical anatomy and physiology (A&P) terms are predominantly rooted in Latin and Greek vocabulary, so it is commonly inferred that a solid grounding in Latin and Greek roots of medical terminology will improve student learning in anatomy and related disciplines. This study examines the association of etymological knowledge of A&P terms and A&P course performance among 446 undergraduates in their first semester of the study of human gross anatomy and physiology, with a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of 52 students who filled out surveys about their prior knowledge and experiences related to medicine or anatomy. In both data sets, there was only a weak positive correlation between the performance on a quiz of Latin and Greek medical terms and the students' performance on regular assignments. The presumption that familiarity with Latin and Greek word roots has a strong influence on successful learning of anatomy is not supported by these data. Future research should address whether or not there are particular skills associated with using etymological knowledge in improving A&P course performance.
Determination of processing-induced stresses and properties of layered and graded coatings: Experimental method and results for plasma-sprayed NiAl2O3

An experimental method is proposed which enables the determination of processing-induced intrinsic stresses, elastic modulus, and coefficients of thermal expansion of surface coatings of homogeneous and graded compositions. In this method, a number of identical substrate specimens are coated simultaneously with surface layers of fixed or graded compositions, and specimens with different layer thicknesses are periodically removed from the deposition chamber. It is shown that the following results can be obtained from a knowledge of the strain or curvature and thermal history of the coated specimens, in conjunction with simple four-point bend tests and thermal loading/cycling at different temperatures: (i) the magnitude of the processing-induced intrinsic stresses through the thickness of the coating, (ii) the in-plane Young's modulus, E, as a function of the coating thickness, (iii) the coefficient of thermal expansion, α, as a function of the coating thickness, (iv) the variation of E and α as a function of temperature at any thickness location within the coating, and (v) the separation of internal stresses arising from thermal expansion mismatch between different constituent phases or layers from those arising from the deposition process (so-called “intrinsic” or “quench” stresses). The thermomechanical analyses underlying this method are discussed in detail, and its significance and limitations are addressed. The proposed method is used to determine the evolution of processing-induced stresses during the successive build-up of plasma-sprayed NiAl2O3 coatings of homogeneous and graded compositions.
Identification of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) scenes in video simulating medical crises

Medical simulations, where uncommon clinical situations can be replicated, have proved to provide a more comprehensive training. Simulations involve the use of patient simulators, which are lifelike mannequins. After each session, the physician must manually review and annotate the recordings and then debrief the trainees. The physician responsible for the simulation has recorded over 100 videos, and has realized that this process can be tedious and that retrieval of specific video segments should be automated. In this paper, we propose a machine learning based approach to detect and classify scenes that involve CPR scenes. It provides answers to queries that are of interest to the physician supervising the training sessions such as: show me all the scenes that have a CPR action from a given video simulation training, or ”retrieve time specific data about such critical events as elapsed time between failure of circulation and the initiation of CPR, a measure clearly association with patient outcome”. Our approach consists of two main steps: The first one segments the video into shots, selects one keyframe for each shot, and identifies regions with skin-like colors in each keyframe. Each skin region is then represented by sequence of observations that encode its motion in the different frames within the shot boundary. The second step consists of using motion-based features in a discrete HMM classifier to identify the skin-like regions that involve CPR activities. The proposed approach was evaluated and validated using a 30 min video simulation session. We show that the HMM classifier can detect 80% of the CPR scenes with only 10% false alarms.
A Theoretical Model for High Rate Electrochemical Machining

A theoretical model for the process occurring in the cutting zone is developed. A computer solution to apply the model to an actual ECM situation is outlined. A simplified model and computer solution is described which can be used to predict machining parameters for complex geometries. For both models good correlation of experimental results is found in most cases. The application of classical electrochemistry to conditions where extreme current densities (5800 amps/cm2 ) are encountered is discussed.
Success strategies for thesis students: Creating a video toolbox

With an increase in our pool of users and a cap on hiring, the librarians in our shop needed a way to clone themselves in order to deliver the same good service on which we pride ourselves and on which our constituency has come to rely. Our proposed solution was to create video segments on how to use the library effectively. Funded by a grant, a project was undertaken to produce a series of fifteen videos designed to guide students through the research and writing skills that their program chairs deem essential for top-quality work. This paper presents the thought process that went into this project, the theoretical underpinnings, and our progress to date. Success Strategies for Thesis Students: Creating a Video Toolbox
The distribution of histocompatibility antigens on T and B cells in the guinea pig.

SUMMARY The distribution of histocompatibility (H) antigens on different lymphocyte populations in the guinea pig was examined with alloantisera prepared by cross immunizing strain 2 and strain 13 animals. These alloantisera killed only 30-40% of lymph node cells, and those cells that remain alive after killing by the alloantisera are markedly depleted in immunoglobulin-bearing B lymphocytes. Absorption studies of the anti-2 serum demonstrated that the alloantigen content of lymph node cells was 7-8 times that of thymocytes, while the alloantigen content of L2C leukemia cells, a pure population of malignant B cells, was 25-30 times that of thymocytes. Furthermore, pure B lymph node cells, prepared by treating lymph node cells with an anti-T cell serum and C, were more efficient than normal lymph node cells in the absorption of the alloantisera. Finally, those lymph node cells which remain alive after treatment with the alloantisera and C failed to respond to endotoxin, a B cell mitogen, whereas these same cells responded normally to phytohemagglutinin, a T cell mitogen. These results demonstrate an increased content of H antigen on the B lymphocyte compared to the T lymphocyte. Since H antigens play a role in the cooperation between B and T cells, information as to the distribution of H antigens on these cells may have important implications for cell to cell interaction in the immune response.
Tying up loose ends: the Creole Prototype after all

Since the introduction of the Creole Prototype hypothesis in 1998, much of the controversy it has occasioned has centered on a question as to whether it is scientifically appropriate to reconstruct creoles as born as pidgins, rather than as results of only moderately transformational second-language acquisition or as simply mixtures of ‘features’ from assorted languages coming together. This paper first outlines traits in creoles that reveal their origin in pidgins. Then, the paper refines the characterization of the Creole Prototype’s three features, regarding inflectional morphology, tone, and compositionality of derivation-root combinations. The inflectional component is refined to incorporate Booij’s (1993) distinction between contextual and inherent inflection and Kihm’s (2003) proposal that inflectional morphology can be either bound or free. The tonal stipulation is refined in view of traits of Mon-Khmer phonology that distinguish these languages from creoles despite their analyticity, and the grammatical uses of tone in some creoles such as Papiamentu and Principense. Finally, for the derivational component, an account is proposed for the noncompositionality of reduplicated forms that have been observed in many creoles. The conclusion is that there remains a synchronic characterization possible only in languages recently born from pidgins, and impossible of older (i.e. most) languages.
Second-line uterotonics and the risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity

OBJECTIVE: Uterine atony is a leading cause of postpartum hemorrhage. Although most cases of postpartum hemorrhage respond to first-line therapy with uterine massage and oxytocin administration, second-line uterotonics including methylergonovine and carboprost are integral for the management of refractory uterine atony. Despite their ubiquitous use, it is uncertain whether the risk of hemorrhagerelated morbidity differs in women exposed to methylergonovine or carboprost at cesarean delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a secondary analysis using the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Cesarean Registry. We identified women who underwent cesarean delivery and received either methylergonovine or carboprost for refractory uterine atony. The primary outcome was hemorrhage-related morbidity defined as intraoperative or postoperative red blood cell transfusion or the need for additional surgical interventions including uterine artery ligation, hypogastric artery ligation, or peripartum hysterectomy for atony. We compared the risk of hemorrhagerelated morbidity in those exposed to methylergonovine vs carboprost. Propensity-score matching was used to account for potential confounders. RESULTS:Thestudycohortcomprised1335women;870(65.2%)women received methylergonovine and 465 (34.8%) women received carboprost. After accounting for potential confounders, the risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity was higher in the carboprost group than the methylergonovine group (relative risk, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.2e2.6). CONCLUSION: In this propensity scoreematched analysis, methylergonovine was associated with reduced risk of hemorrhage-related morbidity during cesarean delivery compared to carboprost. Based on these results, methylergonovine may be a more effective secondline uterotonic.
Quantitative internuclear distancesvia two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra: A test case and a DNA octamer duplex

Two-dimensional proton nuclear magnetic resonance nuclear Overhauser effect experiments have been performed at a series of mixing times on proflavine and on a DNA octamer duplex [d-(GGAATTCC)]2 in solution. Using the complete matrix approach recently explored theoretically (Keepers and James, 1984), proton-proton internuclear distances were determined quantitatively for proflavine from the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect results. Since proflavine is a rigid molecule with X-ray crystal structure determined, interproton distances obtained from the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect experiments in solution can be compared with those for the crystalline compound agreement is better than 10 %. Experimental two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectral data for [d-(GGAATTCC)]2 were analyzed by comparison with theoretical two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectra at each mixing time calculated using the complete 70 × 70 relaxation matrix. The theoretical spectra were calculated using two structures: a standard B-form DNA structure and an energy-minimized structure based on similarity of the octamer's six internal residues with those of [d-(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2, for which the crystal structure has been determined. Neither the standard B-DNA nor the energy-minimized structure yield theoretical two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectra which accurately reproduce all experimental peak intensities. But many aspects of the experimental spectra can be represented by both the B-DNA and the energy-minimized structure. In general, the energy-minimized structure yields theoretical two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectra which mimic many, if not all, features of the experimental, spectra including structural characteristics at the purine-pyrimidine junction.
Decreasing Surgical Risks for Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea

ABSTRACT The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has only recently been appreciated, in part because the signs and symptoms of OSA were previously overlooked. The identification of this disorder is extremely important before surgery to allow appropriate airway management. This article presents a brief overview of sleep apnea, its symptoms, and potential consequences. Nursing interventions are given for the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases. A resource list of agencies and internet sites that reference OSA is included for additional information. AORN J 68 (July 1998) 50–55.
Posturas "testimoniales" en Historia verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva España

Los estudios sobre la escritura de testimonio son insuficientes para explicar el desarrollo historico y el marco conceptual del genero. En efecto, los criticos, al preferir la exegesis de textos producidos en el ultimo siglo, ignoran documentos que establecieron ciertas pautas discursivas de este genero. Mi ensayo explora la relacion que existe entre la literatura testimonial del siglo XX y la Historia verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espana de Bernal Diaz del Castillo. El articulo analiza los paralelos que se pueden encontrar en ambas lecturas; tal es el caso de la necesidad de una retribucion ya sea etica o economica que exige el ?testigo?, el caracter colectivo de la narracion, el deseo de recuperar la memoria de personas marginalizadas por la historia oficial y, sobre todo, las posturas testimoniales que asume el sujeto textual.
UPDATED BOUNDS ON HIGGS TRIPLET VACUUM EXPECTATION VALUES AND THE TREE-LEVEL ρ PARAMETER FROM RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS

We obtain 95% C. L. upper limits on the ratio of triplet to doublet vacuum expectation values in two extended electroweak models from radiative corrections. We use as input data from LEP, the Tevatron, the CERN colliders, and various low-energy experiments such as atomic parity-violation and deep inelastic scattering. The analysis includes the incorporation of leading two-loop electroweak contributions to ∆r and ρ arising from heavy top quarks and Higgs bosons, the Consoli–Hollik–Jegerlehner resummation technique, and QCD corrections to the hadronic partial widths of the Z using the new value for the (αs/π)3 coefficient. Our limits are found to be only mildly sensitive to the top quark and Higgs boson masses and somewhat stronger than those obtained previously. Our results are then generalized to bounds on the allowed value of the tree-level ρ parameter.
Combination of abundant protein depletion and multi-lectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC) for plasma protein biomarker discovery.

We report on the development of a robust and relatively high-throughput method for in-depth proteomic analysis of human plasma suitable for biomarker discovery. The method consists of depletion of albumin and IgG and multi-lectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC), followed by nanoLC-MS/MS analysis of digested proteins and label-free comparative quantitation of proteins. The performance of the method is monitored by multiple quality control points to ensure reproducibility of the analysis. The method identifies proteins that are reported to be present in normal plasma at concentrations of 10−100 ng/mL and that may be of particular interest when studying a variety of disease conditions. Numerous tissue leakage proteins of potentially even lower concentrations are also identified. When the method was used in a study to identify potential biomarkers of psoriasis, the differential abundance of proteins present at low μg/mL level was quantitated and later verified by ELISA measurements. Keywords: plasma • multi-l...
Identifying Aggregate Scanning Strategies to Improve Usability Evaluations

Automated analysis methods are needed to convert eye tracking data into meaningful descriptions of high-level scanning strategies that can help usability professionals understand how designs are viewed. Prior techniques for analyzing eye tracking sequences, or scanpaths, are limited in their ability to find aggregated visual search strategies for a group of observers. We describe a pattern analysis tool that finds clusters of sequentially matching patterns among multiple scanpaths. Scanning strategies are clustered hierarchically, then represented as aggregate scanpaths. The tool can also match scanpaths against a hypothetical scanning strategy, input by mouse gesture. Use of the pattern analysis tool was demonstrated using a 114-participant eye tracking dataset in which several aggregate scanning strategies were identified. Matching against a hypothetical, counter-clockwise scanning strategy was also included in the demonstration. The analysis tool provides a valuable resource for aggregating or grouping...
One-dimensional line radiative transfer

Integrations over solid angle and frequency are performed in the expressions for the radiant heat flux and local energy loss of a line in a region of strong variations of the source function in one direction. Approximations are given for coefficients and kernels in the resulting forms which involve integrals over the physical coordinate.
Observations on Coleoscirus simplex (Acarina: Prostigmata), a predatory mite that colonizes greenhouse cultures of rootknot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.), and a review of feeding behavior in the Cunaxidae

Coleoscirus simplex (Ewing) · (Cunaxidae: Coleoscirinae) colonizes greenhouse pot cultures of rootknot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Orlando, Florida, where it preys on vermiform nematodes and soil arthropods. This is the first report of nematophagy in a cunaxid mite. Mating was required for oviposition inC. simplex. An average of 4.4 eggs were laid per day, and mean generation time was 14.3 days at 28°C. A silken web was spun around the mite and the end of each active instar.Coleoscirus simplex fed near the top of the food web that colonized rootknot nematode cultures, but feeding relationships were complex. Size, degree of sclerotization, speed, and availability of alternative prey influenced predatory success. Cannibalism was common, including attacks on quiescent immatures in the molting web.Coleoscirus simplex did not feed on the eggs of either rootknot nematodes or arthropods. Neoscirula sp. (Coleoscirinae) andPulaeus sp. (Cunaxoidinae) also fed on both arthropods and nematodes, but three species in the Cunaxinae,Dactyloscirus inermis (Tragardh),Dactyloscirus sp., andCunaxa sp., fed only on arthropods.
Does Borna disease virus infect humans

Borna virus causes neurological disease in animals. It may be responsible for human disorders as well (pp. 232–236).
ON THE WEAKENING OF THE POLAR MAGNETIC FIELDS DURING SOLAR CYCLE 23

The Sun's polar fields are currently ~40% weaker than they were during the previous three sunspot minima. This weakening has been accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength, by a ~20% shrinkage in the polar coronal-hole areas, and by a reduction in the solar-wind mass flux over the poles. It has also been reflected in coronal streamer structure and the heliospheric current sheet, which only showed the expected flattening into the equatorial plane after sunspot numbers fell to unusually low values in mid-2008. From latitude-time plots of the photospheric field, it has long been apparent that the polar fields are formed through the transport of trailing-polarity flux from the sunspot latitudes to the poles. To address the question of why the polar fields are now so weak, we simulate the evolution of the photospheric field and radial IMF strength from 1965 to the present, employing a surface transport model that includes the effects of active region emergence, differential rotation, supergranular convection, and a poleward bulk flow. We find that the observed evolution can be reproduced if the amplitude of the surface meridional flow is varied by as little as 15% (between 14.5 and 17 m s?1), with the higher average speeds being required during the long cycles 20 and 23.
A seed specific dose kernel method for low-energy brachytherapy dosimetry

We describe a method for independently verifying the dose distributions from pre- and post-implant brachytherapy source distributions. Monte Carlo calculations have been performed to characterize the three-dimensional dose distribution in water phantom from a low-energy brachytherapy source. The calculations are performed in a voxelized, Cartesian coordinate geometry and normalized based upon a separate Monte Carlo calculation for the seed specific air-kerma strength to produce an absolute dose grid with units of cGy hr(-1) x U(-1). The seed-specific, three-dimensional dose grid is stored as a text file for processing using a separate visual basic program. This program requires the coordinate positions of each seed in the pre- or post-plan and sums the kernel file for a three-dimensional composite dose distribution. A kernel matrix size of 81x81x81 with a voxel size of 1.0x1.0x1.0 mm3 was chosen as a compromise between calculation time, kernel size, and truncation of the stored dose distribution as a function of radial distance from the midpoint of the seed. Good agreement is achieved for a representative pre- and post-plan comparison versus a commercial implementation of the TG-43 brachytherapy dosimetry protocol.
Regeneration, duplication and transdetermination in fragments of the leg disc of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract When fragments of the foreleg disc are injected into old larval hosts, they differentiate structures according to the anlage plan. When a short additional time for growth is allowed, they can also duplicate patterns, regenerate, or form multiple copies of units of markers. Transdetermination is observed only when fragments are cultured for longer periods. The type of differentiation which is produced is dependent on the origin of the fragment. Medial halves regenerate, show multiplication of units, and later on transdetermine very frequently; pattern duplications are rare. Under the same conditions, lateral halves do not form allotypic structures but often duplicate their patterns. Regeneration occurs in a proximodistal as well as a mediolateral direction. It was shown that a specific quarter of a disc is capable of regenerating a complete leg. It seems that structures are successively replaced predominantly from one cutting region.
Comparative evaluation of efficiency of oil-saturation determination by neutron-activation 'oxygen' and 'carbon-oxygen' logging on physical and mathematical modelling basis

Summary form only given, as follows. Based on physical and mathematical modeling using the Monte Carlo method, the main features of C/O-logging and oxygen activation logging have been investigated, and a comparative evaluation of their efficiencies has been carried out. >
Small Business Capital Structure Choice

A simple single-period model of entrepreneurial capital structure choice under conditions of informational asymmetry is developed. The uncertain terminal cash flow generated by a business venture is assumed to depend on both the amount of effort provided by the entrepreneur and the quality of the business venture. External financing induces the effort-averse entrepreneur to reduce the amount of effort he exerts. However, by astute choice of capital structure, the entrepreneur can mitigate this effect. It is shown that this entails financing high quality ventures with debt and low quality ventures with equity. This explains the predominance of debt in the capital structures of small firms.
Amantadine to improve neurorecovery in traumatic brain injury-associated diffuse axonal injury: a pilot double-blind randomized trial.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by a high-speed transportation accident results in a mechanism of injury commonly described as diffuse axonal injury (DAI), which is associated with a reduction in dopamine turnover in the brain. Because of its affect on both dopamine and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels, amantadine has been the subject of considerable interest and clinical use in acute TBI. Participants: In this study, 35 subjects, who had a TBI in a transportation accident and were initially seen with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 10 or less within the first 24 hours after admission, were randomly assigned to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design trial. Main Outcome Measures: Amantadine, 200 mg, or placebo was each administered for 6 weeks (12 weeks total) to patients who were recruited consecutively. Results: There was an improvement in the Mini-Mental Status (MMSE) scores of 14.3 points (PD .0185), Disability Rating Scale (DRS) score of 9.8 points (PD .0022), Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score of 0.8 points (PD .0077), and in the FIM Cognitive score (FIM-cog) TM of 15.1 points (PD .0033) in the group that received amantadine during the first 6 weeks (group 1), but there was no improvement in the second 6 weeks on placebo (P> .05). In group 2 (active drug second 6 weeks), there was an improvement in the MMSE of 10.5 points, in the DRS of 9.4 points (PD .0006), in the GOS of 0.5 points (PD .0231), and in the FIM-cog of 11.3 points (PD .0030, Wilcoxon signed rank) spontaneously in the first 6 weeks on placebo (PD .0015). However, group 2 gained a statistically significant additional 6.3 points of recovery in the MMSE (PD .0409), 3.8 points in the DRS (PD .0099), 0.5 points in the GOS (PD .4008), and 5.2 points in the FIM-cog (PD .0173, Wilcoxon signed rank) between the sixth week and the twelfth week of treatment on the active drug. Conclusions: There was a consistent trend toward a more rapid functional improvement regardless of when a patient with DAI-associated TBI was started on amantadine in the first 3 months after injury. Key words: amantadine, diffuse axonal injury
Bone morphogenetic protein heterodimers assemble heteromeric type I receptor complexes to pattern the dorsoventral axis.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate zebrafish dorsoventral patterning through two distinct receptor complexes. Surprisingly, BMPs function as an obligate heterodimer of BMP-2 and -7, while BMP homodimers are inactive.
Two Metabotropic γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors Differentially Modulate Calcium Currents in Retinal Ganglion Cells

Metabotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors were studied in amphibian retinal ganglion cells using whole cell current and voltage clamp techniques. The aim was to identify the types of receptor present and their mechanisms of action and modulation. Previous results indicated that ganglion cells possess two ionotropic GABA receptors: GABAAR and GABACR. This study demonstrates that they also possess two types of metabotropic GABAB receptor: one sensitive to baclofen and another to cis-aminocrotonic acid (CACA). The effects of these selective agonists were blocked by GDP-β-S. Baclofen suppressed an ω-conotoxin–GVIA-sensitive barium current, and this action was reversed by prepulse facilitation, indicative of a direct G-protein pathway. The effect of baclofen was also partially occluded by agents that influence the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. But the effect of PKA activation was unaffected by prepulse facilitation, indicating PKA acted through a parallel pathway. Calmodulin antagonists reduced the action of baclofen, whereas inhibitors of calmodulin phosphatase enhanced it. Antagonists of internal calcium release, such as heparin and ruthenium red, did not affect the baclofen response. Thus, the baclofen-sensitive receptor may respond to influx of calcium. The CACA-sensitive GABA receptor reduced current through dihydropyridine-sensitive channels. Sodium nitroprusside and 8-bromo-cGMP enhanced the action of CACA, indicating that a nitric oxide system can up-regulate this receptor pathway. CACA-sensitive and baclofen-sensitive GABAB receptors reduced spike activity in ganglion cells. Overall, retinal ganglion cells possess four types of GABA receptor, two ionotropic and two metabotropic. Each has a unique electrogenic profile, providing a wide range of neural integration at the final stage of retinal information processing.
Mnemonics for DSM-IV psychiatric disorders: Part II.

Mnemonics are devices to aid memory, popular in medical education. They are of particular benefit in psychiatry, since use of an atheoretical framework, as in the current day psychiatric diagnostic criteria (e.g. the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fourth edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) makes recall more difficult; it is unlikely this will change in the immediate next editions of DSM. While mnemonics have been published for earlier versions of DSM (Short et al., 1992), few have appeared in the literature for a broad range of DSM-IV disorders. In a previous paper (Keshavan, 2009), I provided mnemonics that pertain to general principles in psychiatric assessment. In this paper, mnemonics that cover the diagnoses and treatment of a wide range of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders are presented. Our goal is not to provide an account of the diagnostic features which are to be found in standard textbooks, but only to summarize the key points to remember as memory aids. The following mnemonics were developed largely by this author as an outcome of several years of experience in teaching psychiatry residents and medical students. These mnemonics are to be used as general guides and memory aids, and are not designed as a substitute for the published
Biochemical Effects of the Mouse Hepatocarcinogen Oxazepam: Similarities to Phenobarbital

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) recently determined that the commonly prescribed sedative hypnotic agent oxazepam is a mouse liver carcinogen. Many other benzodiazepines are metabolized to oxazepam resulting in further human exposure to this drug. This has resulted in considerable interest in the mechanism of oxazepam-mediated mouse liver carcinogenesis for use in human risk assessment. Several directions for mechanistic research were examined in this study. B6C3F1 mice were treated with oxazepam-dosed feed at 125 (noncarcinogenic) and 2500 ppm (carcinogenic) for 3, 7, 10, and 21 days. Cell proliferation in liver, cytochrome P450 induction, free radical formation, GSH depletion, and levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were analyzed at these time points. Increased levels of hepatic cell proliferation were observed by 7 days at 125 ppm and by 10 days at 2500 ppm. Microsomal enzyme induction also occurred and was associated with elevated plasma TSH levels. Hepatic GSH levels were slightly depressed but there was no evidence of increased oxidative stress. A similar pattern of biochemical events has been observed to occur during dosed feed treatment with phenobarbital. These results suggest that oxazepam and phenobarbital may induce carcinogenesis by similar mechanisms in mice.
WiFi-Nano: reclaiming WiFi efficiency through 800 ns slots

The increase in WiFi physical layer transmission speeds from 1~Mbps to 1 Gbps has reduced transmission times for a 1500 byte packet from 12 ms to 12 us. However, WiFi MAC overheads such as channel access and acks have not seen similar reductions and cumulatively contribute about 150 us on average per packet. Thus, the efficiency of WiFi has deteriorated from over 80% at 1 Mbps to under 10% at 1 Gbps. In this paper, we propose WiFi-Nano, a system that uses 800 ns slots} to significantly improve WiFi efficiency. Reducing slot time from 9 us to 800 ns makes backoffs efficient, but clear channel assessment can no longer be completed in one slot since preamble detection can now take multiple slots. Instead of waiting for multiple slots for detecting preambles, nodes speculatively transmit preambles as their backoff counters expire, while continuing to detect premables using self-interference cancellation. Upon detection of preambles from other transmitters, nodes simply abort their own preamble transmissions, thereby allowing the earliest transmitter to succeed. Further, receivers speculatively transmit their ack preambles at the end of packet reception, thereby reducing ack overhead. We validate the effectiveness of WiFi-Nano through implementation on an FPGA-based software defined radio platform, and through extensive simulations, demonstrate efficiency gains of up to 100%.
Individual Decisions and Collective Effects in a Simulated Traffic System

The interdependence of the time-dependent behavior of traffic flows and tripmakers' departure time decisions is central to the analysis of congestion phenomena. The study of the day-to-day dynamics of this interaction in the field is hampered by the inability to obtain adequate data. This paper presents an experimental approach involving real commuters, whereby a traffic simulation model is used to predict congestion patterns under given departure distributions resulting from the actual decisions of the individual participants. These decisions are updated daily, in response to information on prior system performance predicted by the simulation model. The results of this experiment are described in this paper, with emphasis on the system's evolution and dynamic properties, particularly convergence. In addition, concentration and congestion patterns as well as the associated travel time variability are addressed. Initial insights into the processes underlying user behavior in this system are also presented.
State-Corporate Crime on the Navajo Nation: Human Consumption of Contaminated Waters

History is always written from the point of view of the conqueror. This article is written from the point of view of an environmentally conquered people on one area of the Navajo Nation. As is the case with many other Native American nations, the Navajo are on the frontline of contemporary colonial struggles. They are sitting on resources the rest of the world wants at the lowest possible cost. Their territories are considered lands that are un-owned, underutilized, and therefore, open to exploitation. This is a scholarly article, written in a journalistic style based my visits to the Navajo Reservation, talking with those who live there and experience first-hand how coal production, and uranium mining has caused life-threatening pollution, massive habitat death and destruction to the people and their way of life. I have visited the Navajo Nation a number of times, and have gathered information from attending Chapter House meetings, and interacting with the people living in the contaminated area. Therefore, this article is not intended to present all sides of the issue, or to include all areas affected by the Bennett Freeze. This article is intended to bring to light information and awareness, based on my field observations, of the suffering endured by Navajo people occupying a particular area of the reservation that has not been a part of public conversation.
Cloning and transcriptional expression of a leucokinin-like peptide receptor from the Southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Leucokinins are invertebrate neuropeptides that exhibit myotropic and diuretic activity. Only one leucokinin-like peptide receptor is known, the lymnokinin receptor from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. A cDNA encoding a leucokinin-like peptide receptor was cloned from the Southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, a pest of cattle world-wide. This is the first neuropeptide receptor known from the Acari and the second known in the subfamily of leucokinin-like peptide G-protein-coupled receptors. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits 40% identity to the lymnokinin receptor. The receptor transcript is present in all tick life stages as determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also propose that the sequence AAF50775.1 from the Drosophila melanogaster genome (CG10626) encodes the first identified insect leucokinin receptor.
The Impact of Comprehensive Services in Substance Abuse Treatment for Women With a History of Intimate Partner Violence

This study examines the impact of comprehensive services on posttreatment substance use among women with a history of intimate partner violence. The sample includes 1,123 women from 50 treatment facilities derived from the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES). Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to determine whether a history of intimate partner violence moderates the association between service receipt and posttreatment substance use. Significant interactions were found between history of intimate partner violence and concrete ( p = .016) and family services (p = .023) in predicting substance use.
The hysteroscopic management of endometrial leiomyomatosis

Uterine myomata are frequently the cause of abnormal uterine bleeding. They may be removed successfully by hysteroscopy. As a rule, the myomata are single, although on occasion several pedunculated myomas may be present. Three women were diagnosed with extremely large numbers of submucous leiomyomata. Many of the lesions were removed by hysteroscopic resection and many were destroyed with the neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser.
Viable deep-submicron FD/SOI CMOS design for low-voltage applications

Current interest in SOI is focused mainly on low-voltage/low-power digital CMOS applications requiring deep-submicron devices. For low-voltage operation, thin-film fully depleted (FD) SOI MOSFETs are superior to their non-fully depleted (NFD) counterparts in several regards, e.g., nearly ideal subthreshold slope, immunity to the floating-body kink effect (i.e., threshold reduction), and easily reduced short-channel effect, all of which enable, in principal, scaling of the threshold voltage for speed retention. There is concern though about the sensitivity of the FD/SOI MOSFET threshold voltage to the film thickness since the film must be very thin to assure the FD condition. Conversely, the NFD/SOI MOSFET offers good threshold voltage control. In this paper, we use physical SOI MOSFET models implemented in a circuit simulator (SOISPICE) to gain insights regarding design of deep submicron FD/SOI CMOS for low-voltage applications. We demonstrate that FD/SOI is viable, but that a hybrid FD/NFD technology might be the optimal design for operation at less than 2 volts.
Localization of boron in membranes

Abstract A spectrofluorometric analysis for boron with carminic acid has been made of protoplast membranes, protoplasts, and hypocotyls of mung bean seedlings (Vigna radiata L., c.v. Berken). When expressed on a protein basis, a major part of the boron is localized in the membranes.
Student Reactions to Public Safety Reports of Hate Crimes

This study investigated participant's reactions to hate crime versus nonbiased crime incident reports that included more or less detail about the crime using a 2 (victim race: African American, unstated)×2 (amount of information: vague, detailed) between-subjects factorial design. We hypothesized that participants would be more sympathetic, more distressed, and blame the victim less if the victim was African American (designating a hate crime) and if more detail was included in the incident report. The results generally showed greater psychological impact for a hate crime versus nonbiased crime and when more information was presented than with vague information, and these two manipulations did not interact in influencing participants' reactions. These results indicate that amount of detail provided about a crime should be considered when publishing incident reports.
Response of arteriovenous malformations to gamma knife therapy evaluated with pulsed arterial spin-labeling MRI perfusion

OBJECTIVE. The goal of this study was to use pulsed arterial spin-labeling (PASL) MRI to evaluate the effect of gamma knife treatment on arteriovenous malformation (AVM) blood flow by measuring perfusion of the AVM nidus and nearby vascular territories.CONCLUSION. PASL can show and quantify the steal phenomena and the relative flow rates within the AVM nidus and may be used to follow AVM perfusion over time to assess treatment efficacy.