cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near optimal rate selection for wireless control systems

With the advent of industrial standards such as WirelessHART, process industries are now gravitating towards wireless control systems. Due to limited bandwidth in a wireless network shared by multiple control loops, it is critical to optimize the overall control performance. In this article, we address the scheduling-control co-design problem of determining the optimal sampling rates of feedback control loops sharing a WirelessHART network. The objective is to minimize the overall control cost while ensuring that all data flows meet their end-to-end deadlines. The resulting constrained optimization based on existing delay bounds for WirelessHART networks is challenging since it is nondifferentiable, nonlinear, and not in closed-form. We propose four methods to solve this problem. First, we present a subgradient method for rate selection. Second, we propose a greedy heuristic that usually achieves low control cost while significantly reducing the execution time. Third, we propose a global constrained optimization algorithm using a simulated annealing (SA) based penalty method. We study SA method under both constant factor penalty and adaptive penalty. Finally, we formulate rate selection as a differentiable convex optimization problem that provides a quick solution through a convex optimization technique. This is based on a new delay bound that is convex and differentiable, and hence simplifies the optimization problem. We study both the gradient descent method and the interior point method to solve it. We evaluate all methods through simulations based on topologies of a 74-node wireless sensor network testbed. The subgradient method is disposed to incur the longest execution time as well as the highest control cost among all methods. Among the SA-based constant penalty method, the greedy heuristic, and the gradient descent method, the first two represent the opposite ends of the tradeoff between control cost and execution time, while the third one hits the balance between the two. We further observe that the SA based adaptive penalty method is superior to the constant penalty method, and that the interior point method is superior to the gradient method. Thus, the interior point method and the SA-based adaptive penalty method are the two most effective approaches for rate selection. While both methods are competitive against each other in terms of control cost, the interior point method is significantly faster than the penalty method. As a result, the interior point method upon convex relaxation is more suitable for online rate adaptation than the SA based adaptive penalty method due to their significant difference in run-time efficiency.
Infinite dimensional forward-backward stochastic differential equations and the KPZ equation

Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) equation is a quasilinear stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) driven by a space-time white noise. In recent years there have been several works directed towards giving a rigorous meaning to a solution of this equation. Bertini, Cancrini and Giacomin have proposed a notion of a solution through a limiting procedure and a certain renormalization of the nonlinearity. In this work we study connections between the KPZ equation and certain infinite dimensional forward-backward stochastic differential equations. Forward-backward equations with a finite dimensional noise have been studied extensively, mainly motivated by problems in mathematical finance. Equations considered here differ from the classical works in that, in addition to having an infinite dimensional driving noise, the associated SPDE involves a non-Lipschitz (specifically, a quadratic) function of the gradient. Existence and uniqueness of solutions of such infinite dimensional forward-backward equations is established and the terminal values of the solutions are then used to give a new probabilistic representation for the solution of the KPZ equation.
What Do the Worldwide Governance Indicators Measure

As policymakers and researchers focus more on the question of the impact of governance in economic development, they have required measures of the quality of governance to set policy or to conduct analyses. A number of measures of the quality of governance have been created. Among these are the Worldwide Governance Indicators, which rank countries on six aspects of ‘good governance’. Critics have focused on problems of bias or lack of comparability that raise questions about the utility of these indicators. However, a more fundamental question is that of whether the indicators have ‘construct validity’ – whether they measure what they purport to measure. This paper considers the construct validity of the indicators and raises the question of whether researchers and policymakers are relying on wrong data, rather than poor data. Les responsables politiques et les chercheurs ont besoin de mesures concretes de la qualite de la gouvernance afin de pouvoir determiner l’impact de celle-ci, en particulier par rapport au developpement economique. Un certain nombre d’indicateurs ont recemment ete crees, parmi lesquels les Indicateurs de gouvernance dans le monde de la Banque Mondiale, qui classent les pays a partir de six criteres de « bonne gouvernance ». L’utilite de ces indicateurs a ete mise en question pour des raisons de distorsion ainsi que des problemes de manque de comparabilite. Cependant, une question plus fondamentale est celle de la validite theorique de ces indicateurs, c’est-a-dire, s’ils mesurent ce qu’ils pretendent mesurer. Cet article considere la validite conceptuelle de ces indicateurs et cherche a determiner dans quelle mesure les chercheurs et les responsables politiques ne sont pas en train de se baser sur des donnees fausses, plutot que des donnees insuffisantes.
High-energy neutrinos from the sun and cold dark matter

Abstract We consider in detail the possibility of a flux of high-energy neutrinos from the sun due to the annihilation within of particles which make up the galactic halo. Specifically, if the halo consists of heavy neutrinos or stable supersymmetric particles with mass ≳6 GeV, halo particles will be trapped in the sun and annihilate to produce a potentially observable high-energy neutrino flux. We provide detailed estimates of this flux for a variety of candidate halo particles: photinos, higgsinos, scalar neutrinos, heavy Dirac neutrinos, and heavy Majorana neutrinos. All of these can (for appropriate ranges of parameters) produce fluxes whose absolute value is at least comparable to atmospheric background. We briefly discuss how the solar fluxes could be distinguished from the background. We also discuss the effect of trapped halo particles on the solar neutrino problem.
Investigation of current-sheet microstructure.

The magnetic field and the driven gas in a plasma accelerator are separated by a thin, dense current layer, provided that the time scale of the operating impulse is sufficiently short. Theoretical models of current-sheet structure usually involve the assumption that the propellant is a fully ionized plasma; whereas in most real devices, there is no significant preionization. Thus, such formulations are of limited usefulness. Almost invariably, the current sheet itself is the ionizing agent. We have conducted a series of experiments in which the object is the determination of such current sheet structure through detailed mapping of the electromagnetic field structure [E (r, t), B (r, t)] of the system, and mapping of the electron density through a modified form of schlieren photography. Discharge geometries characterized by good optical accessibility and uniform current layers have been used, i.e., a parallelplate accelerator and an inductive "theta pinch." The experimental approach is to relate E, B, and ne through the generalized Ohm's law and thus to draw inferences concerning gross plasma drifts, ion-electron current partitioning, electrical conductivity, and electron temperature. One significant finding is that in a plasma gun running on hydrogen, an important fraction of the total current seems to be carried by ions in a displacement current occurring with the ionization process.
Interferometric Observation of the Highly Polarized SiO Maser Emission from the v = 1, J = 5-4 Transition Associated with VY Canis Majoris

We used the Submillimeter Array to image the SiO maser emission in the v = 1, J = 5-4 transition associated with the peculiar red supergiant VY Canis Majoris. We identified seven maser components and measured their relative positions and linear polarization properties. Five of the maser components are coincident to within about 150 mas (~200 AU at the distance of 1.5 kpc); most of them may originate in the circumstellar envelope at a radius of about 50 mas from the star along with the SiO masers in the lowest rotational transitions. Our measurements show that two of the maser components may be offset from the inner stellar envelope (at the 3 σ level of significance) and may be part of a larger bipolar outflow associated with VY CMa identified by Shinnaga et al. The strongest maser feature at a velocity of 35.9 km s-1 has a 60% linear polarization, and its polarization direction is aligned with the bipolar axis. Such a high degree of polarization suggests that maser inversion is due to radiative pumping. Five of the other maser features have significant linear polarization.
Near-Field Characterization of Effective Optical Interfaces

The properties of heterogeneous media depend on both surface roughness and local variations of the permeability. Using approaches of near-field optics, the two influences are decoupled and a quantitative assessment of their contributions is obtained.
Flow Measurements in a Turbine Scroll

The paper presents a study conducted to determine experimentally the flow behavior in the combined scroll nozzle assembly of a radial inflow turbine. It is shown that hot film anemometry was used to measure the flow velocity in the scroll.
Do we have what it takes to put all students on the graduation path

According to current estimates, more than a quarter of all students and over 40 percent of African American and Hispanic students do not graduate from high school on time. The vast majority of those young people who do not graduate with their peers drop out. The enormous costs to these individuals, their communities, and our society require us to invest in systems that accurately identify young people at risk of dropping out and provide the supports necessary to keep them on track to graduation. This chapter offers a framework for action that calls on communities to identify the scale and scope of the dropout problem and understand why students disengage from school; transform or replace low-performing schools; install early warning and multitiered response systems that provide comprehensive, targeted, and intensive supports to students in and out of school; establish supportive policies and resource allocations; and build community will and capacity so positive changes are deeply implemented and sustained.
Note on the Radial Magnetic Gradient of the Sun

Dr. Hale and his collaborators at Mt. Wilson Observatory have studied the general magnetic field of the Sun by spectroscopic measurements of the Zeeman-effect. These researches established the fact that at any given level the distribution of the magnetic field was very similar to the terrestrial distribution. A study of the radial distribution showed that the field decreased radially several thousand times as fast as would be expected if the Sun were uniformly magnetized. This rapid radial variation has made it very difficult to obtain a consistent view of the general magnetic fields of the Sun and Earth.
Reclaiming revolution: William Wells Brown's irreducible Haitian heroes

This article examines black abolitionist William Wells Brown's 1854 lecture St. Domingo: Its Revolutions and its Patriots, juxtaposing Brown's history of the Haitian Revolution against those printed in publications such as the American DeBow's Review and the British Anti-Slavery Reporter. The staggered, often contradictory nature of the multiple insurrections and uprisings occurring in Haiti complement Brown's own interest in fragmented narratives, and allow him to offer a model for black revolutionary activity contained not in a singular moment or figure, but instead spread across multiple revolutions and revolutionaries. Following Brown's logic opens up the possibility of developing an international revolutionary continuum deeply dependent upon black liberatory goals. A host of events could subsequently re-emerge as part of such a continuum, including but certainly not limited to the American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and an internationally inflected American Civil War.
X-rays from colliding stellar winds

A stellar wind from a massive OB or Wolf-Rayet star in a binary system will strike the surface or stellar wind of its companion, forming shocked gas that can radiate X-rays. The X-ray spectrum from the shocked winds will vary in a predictable way with orbital phase, owing to photoelectric absorption by the stellar winds. Detailed models are calculated for the hydrodynamics and X-ray emission from two such systems. In one of these systems (HD 165052), the winds are nearly identical in strength. In the other (V444 Cygni), the wind of the Wolf-Rayet star overwhelms and crushes that of its companion. The calculated X-ray luminosities agree fairly well with the observed values for HD 165052 and for V444 Cygni. These results can be scaled to other such systems.
Structural equivalence of automata

This paper concerns with the problem of comparing structures of automata which are in general incomplete and non-deterministic. It is shown here that in many cases where behavioral equivalence between automata have been established in the literature, those automata are also structurally equivalent. A necessary and sufficient condition is also given for a class of automata to be structurally equivalent.
Social Influence and Evolution of Market Share

Abstract We propose a model for the evolution of market share in the presence of social influence. We study a simple market in which the individuals arrive sequentially and choose one of a number of available products. Their choice of product is a stochastic function of the inherent quality of the product and its market share. Using techniques from stochastic approximation theory, we show that market shares converge to an equilibrium. We also derive the market shares at equilibrium in terms of the level of social influence and the inherent quality of the products. In a special case, in which the choice model is a multinomial logit model, we show that inequality in the market increases with social influence and that with strong enough social influence, monopoly occurs. These results support the observations made in the experimental study of cultural markets in [Salganik et al. 06].
A Model of strong flavor dynamics for the top quark

Abstract We discuss a model in which the third generation fermions undergo a different SU (2) weak interaction from the first two generation fermions. In general, a flavor changing neutral current interaction is expected at tree level. Constrained by the precision low energy data, the mass ( M Z ′ = M W ′ ) of the heavy gauge bosons is bounded from below to be about 1.1 TeV for α s = 0.125 and about 1.3 TeV for α s = 0.115, at the 3σ level. This model favors a larger R b and a smaller R c as compared with the Standard Model, but it does not explain the R c data. If one takes the R b data seriously, then M Z ′ is bounded, at the 3σ level, to be 462 GeV M Z ′ cos Φ
INCREMENTAL LEARNING OF PRODUCTION RULES FROM EXAMPLES UNDER UNCERTAINTY: A ROUGH SET APPROACH

This paper introduces an algorithm, LEM3, for incremental learning of production rules from examples. Based on the concept of rough sets introduced by Pawlak, LEM3 is capable of learning rules from consistent as well as inconsistent examples. In LEM3, rules are generated by using the rule-generating procedure implemented in a nonincremental learning program LEM2. Consequently, the rules learned by LEM3 do not use redundant attribute-value pairs. One major feature of LEM3 is the incorporation of a separate global data structure for storing information learned from new examples. The global data structure is updated on an example by example basis, and it provides all the essential information for the incremental updating of lower and upper approximations of a concept and the generating of rules. This separation of learned knowledge from rule-generating procedures provides a more modular design of learning systems.
Resonance Raman Spectra of Tetrapyrrole Complexes of Oxomolybdenum(V)

The resonance Raman spectra of MoO(MEC) and MoO(OEP)(OMe) have been measured in the solid state. Due to low symmetry of the tetrapyrrole core, the former exhibits about 2 times more bands than the latter in the 1650-400-crn-' region. Excitation profile studies on MoO(MEC) show that some tetrapyrrole core vibrations give maxima at the (~(0-0) band and that two bands at 950 cm-' (Mo=O stretching) and 320 cm-I are enhanced more than the core vibrations as the exciting frequency approaches the strong band at 455 nm. These results suggest that the 455-nm band is largely due to a ligand-metal charge-transfer transition and that the 320-cm-' band is assignable to the Mo-N stretching vibration enhanced via such charge transfer. The spectral change caused by laser irradiation of MoO(OEP)(OMe) in the solid state has been attributed to polymerization through the formation of the methoxy bridge between two metal atoms.
Seesaw neutrino mass ratios with radiative corrections

Abstract Unlike neutrino masses, the ratios of neutrino masses can be predicted by up-quark seesaw models using the known quark masses and including radiative corrections, with some restrictive assumptions. The uncertainties in these ratios can be reduced to three: the type of seesaw (quadratic, linear, etc.), the top quark mass, and the Landau-triviality value of the top quark mass.
The FK5 Extension on the FK4 system

This paper reports on the computations necessary to place the FK5 Extension (epoch of place B1950.0) on the B1950.0/FK4 system from its published form and the availability of this version of the catalog. An application of the utility of the new version of the FK5 Extension, to the AGK3U, is given too. This confirms both the system of the AGK3U and the estimated values of its equatorial coordinate and proper motion mean errors. In addition, we have fully exploited the flexibility of the method of infinitely overlapping circles to compute a mean epoch of place/FK4 version of the FK5 Extension which we also make available. These modifications include taking into account the changes induced by the new system of general precession constants, adjusting for the e-terms of aberration, correcting for both the FK5/FK4 equinox offset and motion, and the FK5/FK4 positional and the proper motion systematic differences.
Microstructures of Pt-Ce and Rh-Ce particles on alumina and silica

The effects of adding Ce to 20–200 A diameter particles of Pt and Rh on planar Al2O3 and SiO2 substrates are examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), following treatments in H2 and O2 atmospheres. Samples were transferred repeatedly between furnace and TEM so that the time evolution of the microstructure of individual particles could be followed. TEM shows that upon heating Pt alone on Al2O3 or SiO2 in H2, Pt forms cubic particles, while when Pt and Ce are codeposited, the Pt particles are about the same size but no longer have square outlines. XPS shows that the Pt peak shifted to Pt+2 when heated in O2 on both Al2O3 and SiO2 when Ce was present and returned to Pt0 after heating in H2. The Pt particles tend to shrink or disappear after heating in O2 at 650C, and this is much faster without Ce, showing that Ce retards the volatilization of Pt oxides. When Rh-Ce on Al2O3 of SiO2 is heated in H2, Rh forms particles of no preferred shape. After heating in O2 to 600°C, Rh oxidizes to Rh2O3 and remains particulate on Al2O3, but spreads to a film on SiO2 in the presence of Ce. Upon reduction, Rh2O3 reduces to metallic Rh and forms particles of approximately the same size as the original particles on A1203 and larger than the original size on SiO2. Ce2Si2O7 has been characterized on SiO2 adjacent to Rh particles after reduction of an oxidized sample, but CeAlO3 has not been observed on Al2O3.
Bear squeezes, volatility spillovers and speculative attacks in the hyperinflation 1920s foreign exchange

Abstract This paper examines some of the characteristics of the foreign exchange market in the 1920s floating period. Nominal returns appear to exhibit properties consistent with asset prices on modern more well-organized financial markets; i.e. they appear to be well described by martingales and possess persistent time dependent heteroscedasticity. In order to deal with the extreme kurtosis in the exchange rate series we use robust inferential methods to test for volatility spillovers and shocks that might effect subsequent mean returns. Apart from some particularly abnormal ‘bear squeeze’ episodes the markets appear remarkably efficient.
On retiming for FPGA logic module minimization

In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the number of logic modules for Actel 2 or Actel 3 sequential circuits. We make use of the fact that if a flip-flop is the only destination of its driving combinational block, then both the flip-flop and the combinational block can be put in a sequential module. Retiming technique is applied to minimize the number of registers that cannot be merged with combinational blocks. We formulate the problem as an integer linear program. We show that the constraint matrix of the integer program is totally unimodular. As a result, we can solve our logic module minimization problem optimally by solving the linear relaxation of the integer program.
Catalytic multicomponent synthesis of highly substituted pyrroles utilizing a one-pot sila-Stetter/Paal-Knorr strategy.

A multicomponent synthesis of highly substituted pyrroles catalyzed by thiazolium salts has been disclosed. The reaction employs an acyl anion conjugate addition reaction of acylsilanes (sila-Stetter) and unsaturated ketones to generate 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds in situ. The subsequent addition of various amines promotes a Paal−Knorr reaction, affording the desired pyrrole nucleus in an efficient one-pot process.
A parallel unmixing algorithm for hyperspectral images

We present a new algorithm for feature extraction in hyperspectral images based on source separation and parallel computing. In source separation, given a linear mixture of sources, the goal is to recover the components by producing an unmixing matrix. In hyperspectral imagery, the mixing transform and the separated components can be associated with endmembers and their abundances. Source separation based methods have been employed for target detection and classification of hyperspectral images. However, these methods usually involve restrictive conditions on the nature of the results such as orthogonality (in Principal Component Analysis - PCA and Orthogonal Subspace Projection - OSP) of the endmembers or statistical independence (in Independent Component Analysis - ICA) of the abundances nor do they fully satisfy all the conditions included in the Linear Mixing Model. Compared to this, our approach is based on the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF), a less constraining unmixing method. NMF has the advantage of producing positively defined data, and, with several modifications that we introduce also ensures addition to one. The endmember vectors and the abundances are obtained through a gradient based optimization approach. The algorithm is further modified to run in a parallel environment. The parallel NMF (P-NMF) significantly reduces the time complexity and is shown to also easily port to a distributed environment. Experiments with in-house and Hydice data suggest that NMF outperforms ICA, PCA and OSP for unsupervised endmember extraction. Coupled with its parallel implementation, the new method provides an efficient way for unsupervised unmixing further supporting our efforts in the development of a real time hyperspectral sensing environment with applications to industry and life sciences.
Flat branches and pressure amorphization

Abstract After summarizing the phenomenology of pressure amorphization (PA), we present a theory of PA based on the notion that one or more branches of the phonon spectrum soften and flatten with increasing pressure. The theory expresses the anharmonic dynamics of the flat branches in terms of local modes, represented by lattice Wannier functions, which are in turn used to construct an effective Hamiltonian. When the low-pressure structure becomes metastable with respect to the high-pressure equilibrium phase and the relevant branches are sufficiently flat, transformation into an amorphous phase is shown to be kinetically favored because of the exponentially large number of both amorphous phases and reaction pathways. In effect, the critical-size nucleus for the first-order phase transition is found to be reduced to a single unit cell, or nearly so. Random nucleation into symmetrically equivalent local configurations characteristic of the high-pressure structure is then shown to overwhelm any possible domain growth, and an `amorphous' structure results.
SYNTHESIS OF 6-FORMYLURIDINE 5′-MONOPHOSPHATE: 6-FORMYL-UMP

A synthesis of 6-formyluridine 5′-monophosphate (6-formylUMP) in 6 steps starting from uridine is described. This approach should be applicable to the preparation of other O5′-phosphorylated 6-formylUrds such as 6-formylUDP and 6-formylUTP.
The OSI network management model

It is useful to reconsider the central questions of network management: What should be monitored? How should it be interpreted? How should this analysis be used to control the network behavior? Management protocol standards provide syntactic structures to organize and access managed information. Such a syntactic framework can be useful in enabling systematic answers to these questions. However, the semantics of managed information, rather than its syntax, is the key to the answers. Clearly, the data that should be monitored needs to be derived from the model that is used to interpret the data. The model must be based on the semantics of the network operational behavior. Unfortunately, the manner in which interactions among network processes lead to faults or performance inefficiencies is not well understood. Significant research is needed to develop improved understanding of network operations and to build effective manageability. Standardization of managed information syntax is best viewed as a first step toward handling the semantics of network operations. Network management needs and scenarios are likely to continue and change as new types of networks, new applications, and better management technologies arise throughout the coming decade. As our understanding of the semantics of operations improves, new syntactic structures to support manageability will continue to emerge. Standardization of these mechanisms likely will continue and evolve in a manner not asimilar to the SNMP's evolution.
Nb2O5-Based Oxide Ceramics and Single Crystals-Investigation of Dielectric Properties

The behavior of enhancements of dielectric constant of Nb2O5 through small substituents of TiO2 is of interest. The ceramics of these solid solutions were prepared by the conventional mixed oxide method. Single crystal fibers were grown by the Lase r-Heated Pedestal Growth (LHPG) technique, which is considered to be a powerful tool for rapid growth of high-melting temperature oxides and incongruent melting compositions. The dielectric properties as function of temperature (−180°C to 180°C) and frequency (1 KHz to 1 MHz) were measured. The direct-current (dc) electric field dependence of the dielectric constant has been studied. The results show the strong dielectric dispersion which exists in a large frequency range which implies that the relaxation process involved is not of a Debye type. A relaxation distribution can be therefore expected. The influence of the cluster size dispersion is one assumption. Thus, the data of dc bias field dependence of the dielectric constant has been analyzed by the modifie...
There's gold in them thar networks!: or searching for treasure in all the wrong places

This document was presented at the 1991 ACM SIGUCCS User Services Conference. It appears here in its updated form.
Seismostratigraphic inversion: Appraisal, ambiguity, and uncertainty

Geologic process models predict the geometry of geologic strata and their petrophysical properties, based on mathematical models of geological processes that affect the formation and evolution of geologic strata. Such processes include erosion, sediment transport, and deposition. The resulting forward model is typically nonlinear. Given observations and a misfit measure, one may attempt inversion of these models to estimate process parameters that yield compatible predictions. For seismostratigraphic inversion, seismic data are used as observations. We tested such an algorithm in a prograding-delta environment to examine the effect of using different seismic attributes as observations and, thus, different choices of misfit measures. The first measure, based on the degree of parallelism between seismic reflectors and modeled geologic strata, demonstrated a trade-off between geologic time and the sediment-influx rate used to parameterize the model. A second misfit measure used unwrapped seismic instantaneous phase as a crude proxy to relative geologic time, which regularized the model parameters. Then last, we combined the two measures to take advantage of their individual characteristics. For most of these inversion experiments, we obtained results that capture the geometry of the geologic strata as observed on the seismic data. With the exception of the depositional time-rate trade-off, where the same strata can be obtained in a shorter geologic interval when rates are increased, we found the inversion to be surprisingly stable, with a unique cluster of acceptable parameters, despite the nonlinearity of the geologic forward model.
New codes and inner bounds for exact repair in distributed storage systems

We study the exact-repair tradeoff between storage and repair bandwidth in distributed storage systems (DSS). We give new inner bounds for the tradeoff region and provide code constructions that achieve these bounds.
Limits of Predictability in Human Mobility

A range of applications, from predicting the spread of human and electronic viruses to city planning and resource management in mobile communications, depend on our ability to foresee the whereabouts and mobility of individuals, raising a fundamental question: To what degree is human behavior predictable? Here we explore the limits of predictability in human dynamics by studying the mobility patterns of anonymized mobile phone users. By measuring the entropy of each individual's trajectory, we find a 93% potential predictability in user mobility across the whole user base. Despite the significant differences in the travel patterns, we find a remarkable lack of variability in predictability, which is largely independent of the distance users cover on a regular basis.
Entropic barriers, activated hopping, and the glass transition in colloidal suspensions

A microscopic kinetic description of single-particle transient localization and activated transport in glassy fluids is developed which combines elements of idealized mode-coupling theory, density functional theory, and activated rate theory. Thermal fluctuations are included via a random force which destroys the idealized glass transition and restores ergodicity through activated barrier hopping. The approach is predictive, containing no adjustable parameters or postulated underlying dynamic or thermodynamic divergences. Detailed application to hard-sphere colloidal suspensions reveals good agreement with experiment for the location of the kinetic glass transition volume fraction, the dynamic incoherent scattering relaxation time, apparent localization length, and length scale of maximum nongaussian behavior. Multiple connections are predicted between thermodynamics, short-time dynamics in the nearly localized state, and long-time relaxation by entropic barrier crossing. A critical comparison of the fluid volume fraction dependence of the hopping time with fit formulas which contain ideal divergences has been performed. Application of the derivative Stickel analysis suggests that the fit functions do not provide an accurate description over a wide range of volume fractions. Generalization to treat the kinetic vitrification of more complex colloidal and nanoparticle suspensions, and thermal glass-forming liquids, is possible.
Ambiguity processing by joint Fourier transform holography

Theory and practice of an optical ambiguity processor based on space-variant joint Fourier transform holography are presented. The approach evolves from the joint Fourier transform optical correlator concept, which represents a different technique of implementing the matched filter correlator concept advanced by Vander Lugt. Experimental demonstration using photographic film for signal recording and the thermoplastic device for hologram recording will be reported.
CORRELATIONS WEAK AND STRONG: DIVERS GUISES OF THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS

The three-dimensional electron-gas model has been a major focus for many-body theory applied to the electronic properties of metals and semiconductors. Because the model neglects band effects, whereas electronic systems are generally more strongly correlated in narrow band systems, it is most widely used to describe the qualitative physics of weakly correlated metals with unambiguous Fermi liquid properties. The model is more interesting in two space dimensions because it provides a quantitative description of electrons in quantum wells and because these can form strongly correlated many-particle states. We illustrate the range of possible many-particle behaviors by discussing the way correlations are manifested in 2D tunneling spectroscopy experiments.
Evaluation of semisubmersible drilling vessels

The paper describes methods for evaluating and comparing motion characteristics, structural integrity, and stability of semisubmersible drilling vessels. A computer program for predicting semisubmersible motions is presented, along with evidence of its validity. The range of heave values calculated for nine different rig designs is shown for both regular and irregular waves. A method for analyzing stresses in irregular seas and a computer program for evaluating semisubmersible stability is described. (Authors)
Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular C−O Bond Formation

A number of oxygen heterocycles were synthesized using the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular etherification of aryl halides by employing di-tert-butylphosphinobiaryl ligands. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions using weak bases such as Cs2CO3 or K3PO4. A variety of functional groups are tolerated in the reaction, and enantioenriched alcohols can be coupled without erosion of optical purity. The mildness of the reaction conditions allows for the use of polyfunctionalized substrates. This method was used as the key step in the synthesis of MKC-242, an antidepressant currently in clinical trials. The synthesis of MKC-242 was achieved in 40% overall yield from commercially available sesamol and acrylonitrile.
Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluorides: Negishi cross-couplings of racemic α,α-dihaloketones.

The development of new approaches to the construction of fluorine-containing target molecules is important for a variety of scientific disciplines, including medicinal chemistry. In this Article, we describe a method for the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of tertiary alkyl fluorides through Negishi reactions of racemic α-halo-α-fluoroketones, which represents the first catalytic asymmetric cross-coupling that employs geminal dihalides as electrophiles. Thus, selective reaction of a C–Br (or C–Cl) bond in the presence of a C–F bond can be achieved with the aid of a nickel/bis(oxazoline) catalyst. The products of the stereoconvergent cross-couplings, enantioenriched tertiary α-fluoroketones, can be converted into an array of interesting organofluorine compounds.
Semantic Web search based on rough sets and Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis

Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis (FFCA) is a generalization of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) for modeling uncertainty information. FFCA provides a mathematical framework which can support the construction of formal ontologies in the presence of uncertainty data for the development of the Semantic Web. In this paper, we show how rough set theory can be employed in combination with FFCA to perform Semantic Web search and discovery of information in the Web.
Novel 3-aminomethyl- and 4-aminopiperidine analogues of 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazines: synthesis and evaluation as dopamine transporter ligands.

We have undertaken a program to develop cocaine antagonists based on the premise that such compounds should block cocaine binding but permit reuptake of dopamine at the dopamine transporter (DAT). To evaluate the structural features of potential cocaine antagonists, 3-aminomethylpiperidine and 4-aminopiperidine moieties were incorporated at the central bridge region (piperazine ring) of GBR 12935. The compounds were assayed as inhibitors of [125I]RTI-55 binding at the DAT and monoamine transport. The results indicated that most of the new compounds preferentially inhibited norepinephrine reuptake by its transporter (NET) but in some cases retained binding selectivity for the DAT. In general, the binding selectivity and potency of [3H]NE reuptake inhibition were very sensitive to modifications of the central bridge diamine moiety (position of two basic nitrogen atoms). Compound 6 exhibited the highest ratio (14-fold) of DA reuptake inhibition to RTI-55 binding inhibition at the DAT; however, in an in vitro...
Smart Ferroelectric Films and Fibers; Applications in Micromechanics.

Smart electroceramics, in the form of ferroelectric thin films show great potential for applications in the field of microelectromechanical systems. Ferroelectric thin films will become a key player due to their optical, mechanical, electrical and thermal sensing with actuating capabilities. Recent results on electromechanical transduction in piezoelectric (e.g. PZT), electrostrictive (e.g. PLZT), and antiferroelectricferroelectric phase switching (e.g. PLZSnT) thin films and their potential applications in smart micromechanical systems are discussed. The possibility of three dimensional structures exists in the emerging technology of ferroelectric fibers. Some exciting applications for these films and fibers include microvalves, ultrasonic micromotors, microrobotic actuators and micropumps.
On the parity-flavor-breaking phase in QCD with two flavors of Wilson fermions

We present further data in search of a parity-flavor-breaking phase in simulations of dynamical QCD with two flavors of light Wilson fermions in the strong coupling region. This is done on lattice sizes of 44 an up to 104 for a variety of values of β and κ as well as the coefficient, h, of an explicit breaking term included in the action. We confirm the existence of a region in the β - κ plane where such a phase exists at β = 6/g2 smaller than 5.0 and above κc.
Integrating perception, narrative, premonition and confabulatory continuation

Abstract Current state-of-the-art AI algorithms outperform humans on several well delimited tasks but have difficulty emulating general human behavior. One of the reasons for this is that human behavior, even in short scenarios, requires the integration of multiple cognitive mechanisms that are deployed simultaneously and are interacting with each other in complex and subtle ways. In this paper we show how a simple scenario of watching television requires at least four different cognitive mechanisms: perception, narrative, premonition and confabulatory continuation. We describe the general requirements of these mechanisms and outline the techniques through which the Xapagy cognitive architecture implements them.
Learning with animation and the illusion of understanding

The illusion of understanding hypothesis asserts that, when people are learning with multimedia presentations, the addition of animation can affect metacognitive monitoring such that they perceive the presentation to be easier to understand and develop more optimistic metacomprehension. As a result, learners invest less cognitive effort when learning with animation. This study tested the illusion of understanding hypothesis with a randomized, double-blind, 2 × 2 factorial design using two different types of animation—representational and directive. Representational animation had a negative effect on learning, and directive animation had a positive effect. Both representational and directive animations induced illusion of understanding. Moreover, the animations induced multiple forms of the illusion. Consistent with expertise reversal effect, the animations induced more optimistic metacomprehension in low-proficiency learners but more pessimistic metacomprehension in high-proficiency learners.
A capture problem in Brownian motion and eigenvalues of spherical domains

We resolve a question of Bramson and Griffeath by showing that the expected capture time of four predators pursuing a single prey, all moving by standard Brownian motion on a line, is finite. Our main tool is an eigenvalue estimate for a particular spherical domain, which we obtain by a coning construction and domain perturbation.
Two Pillars of Asset Pricing

The Nobel Foundation asks that the Nobel lecture cover the work for which the Prize is awarded. The announcement of this year’s Prize cites empirical work in asset pricing. I interpret this to include work on efficient capital markets and work on developing and testing asset pricing models—the two pillars, or perhaps more descriptive, the Siamese twins of asset pricing. I start with efficient markets and then move on to asset pricing models.
Survival in untreated and treated cancer

During 1935 to 1951, a total of 75,494 cancer cases occurred among the inhabitants of Connecticut, of whom there were 2,000,000 in 1950. The five-year survival rate has improved gradually from 12 and 19 percent of all males and females, respectively, in 1935 to 1940, to 20 and 32 percent, respectively, during 1947 to 1951. This improvement is not due to earlier diagnosis of the cases, as can be seen from the similar distribution of localized and disseminated cases during the whole period of study. The improvement has occurred in cancer that is diagnosed when it is clinically localized and when it involves regional areas, but not when it is disseminated. The most marked improvement is recorded for cancers of the colon and rectum in both sexes, and of the uterine cervix in women. The data are compared with survival rates anticipated in untreated neoplastic disease. A new era of detection and treatment of cancer is being entered through the studies on in situ and occult cancers among the population.
Exterior Monge-Ampère solutions

Abstract We discuss the Siciak–Zaharjuta extremal function of a real convex body in C n , a solution of the homogeneous complex Monge–Ampere equation on the exterior of the convex body. We determine several conditions under which a foliation by holomorphic curves can be found in the complement of the convex body along which the extremal function is harmonic. We study a variational problem for holomorphic disks in projective space passing through prescribed points at infinity. The extremal curves are all complex quadratic curves, and the geometry of such curves allows for the determination of the leaves of the foliation by simple geometric criteria. As a byproduct we encounter a new invariant of an exterior domain, the Robin indicatrix, which is in some cases the dual of the Kobayashi indicatrix for a bounded domain. Finally, we construct extremal curves for two non-convex bodies in R 2 .
Amino acids in posterior pituitary protein.

Abstract Posterior pituitary protein is composed of 16 amino acids. These have been determined after acid hydrolysis by means of paper chromatography. The results have been compared with those of du Vigneaud, Pierce, and Turner, who analyzed the oxytocic and vasopressor polypeptides of the posterior pituitary.
Measuring Distances Using Infrared Surface Brightness Fluctuations

Surface brightness fluctuations (SBFs) are much brighter in the infrared than they are at optical wavelengths, making it possible to measure greater distances using IR SBFs. We report new K' (2.1 ?m) SBF measurements of nine galaxies in the Fornax and Eridanus clusters using a 10242 pixel HgCdTe array. We used improved analysis techniques to remove contributions to the SBFs from globular clusters and background galaxies, and we assess the relative importance of other sources of residual variance. We applied the improved methodology to our Fornax and Eridanus images and to our previously published Virgo cluster data. Apparent fluctuation magnitudes were used in conjunction with Cepheid distances to M31 and the Virgo cluster to calibrate the K' SBF distance scale. We find the absolute fluctuation magnitude ${u{M}{"7016}}$ -->$K{′}$ -->=-5.61?0.12, with an intrinsic scatter of 0.06 mag to the calibration. No statistically significant change in ${u{M}{"7016}}$ -->$K{′}$ --> is detected as a function of (V-I). Our calibration is consistent with simple (constant age and metallicity) stellar population models. The lack of a correlation with (V-I) in the context of the stellar population models implies that elliptical galaxies bluer than (V-I) = 1.2 have SBFs dominated by younger (5-8 Gyr) populations and metallicities comparable to redder ellipticals. Significant contributions to the SBFs from anomalous populations of asymptotic giant branch stars are apparently uncommon in giant ellipticals. K' SBFs prove to be a reliable distance indicator as long as the residual variance from globular clusters and background galaxies is properly removed. Also, it is important that a sufficiently high signal-to-noise ratio be achieved to allow reliable sky subtraction because residual spatial variance can bias the measurement of the SBF power spectrum.
Stress testing by financial intermediaries: Implications for portfolio selection and asset pricing

Abstract Financial intermediaries often use stress testing to set risk exposure limits. Accordingly, we examine a model with an agent who faces stress testing constraints and another who does not. Three results are obtained. First, when there are K * binding constraints, the constrained agent's optimal portfolio exhibits ( K * + 2 )-fund separation. Second, the effect of the constraints on the optimal portfolio is identical to that of an adjustment in the expected payoffs of the risky securities that tends to lower them. Third, a security's equilibrium expected return depends on both its systematic risk and its idiosyncratic returns in the states where the constraints bind.
Baryon decuplet mass relations in chiral perturbation theory

Abstract Baryon decuplet masses within an SU (3) L × SU (3) R chiral Lagrangian formalism are found to satisfy four relations at second order in flavor breaking. As a result, the one-loop corrections from Lagrangian terms up to first order in flavor breaking are observed to give finite and calculable corrections to these relations. The importance of group theory in establishing the relations and eliminating many loop corrections is emphasized. The formal expressions for these corrections are presented, followed by numerical evaluations. We find consistency between the experimental values of breaking of the relations and the loop corrections of these relations as predicted by chiral perturbation theory.