cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is aging a problem?: Dependency, long-term care, and public policies in Chile.

ABSTRACT Chile is facing changes associated with the demographic transition. So far, these challenges have been framed as age related. This has contributed to approaching a broad set of issues from a narrow perspective. The focus on aging has fragmented a multidisciplinary problem into different parts—particularly health and social policies—with different actors dealing with it from the perspective of their own sector. This process has generated an incomplete picture, preventing the definition and measurement of dependency and long-term care, and hindering a coordinated response to these issues. This article advocates for a change in the definition of the problem, by adopting the concept of long-term care, in order to gain a deeper and more comprehensive perspective on the issues arising from the situation that Chile is experiencing.
Chapter 5 – Radar

This chapter reviews the principles of radar remote sensing from the origins of radar up to the present day. Radar theory is reviewed with a focus on the use of radar in satellite remote sensing. The radar equation is introduced and its consequences are discussed for various remote sensing radar systems, with an emphasis on the use of radar for remote sensing of the Earth’s surface. Radar systems are reviewed including the matched filter. Radar waveforms are introduced as well as the various types of radar are used for ocean remote sensing. Synthetic aperture radar is introduced and discussed at length. The polarization of the radar signals is discussed. Radar antennas are discussed in considerable detail. Final sections discuss radar altimetry and scatterometry.
Nutrition and Blood Pressure

Nutrition may affect blood pressure in at least two ways: the body habitus of the patient and the intake of nutrients may each have major effects on blood pressure.
Adding neck muscle activity to a head phantom device to validate mobile EEG muscle and motion artifact removal

Recent advancement in electroencephalography (EEG) signal processing and hardware can greatly reduce motion artifact, but neck muscle electrical activity is a problem during mobile brain imaging studies examining whole body movement tasks like walking and running. To test the ability of independent component analysis (ICA) to extract neural signals contaminated by neck muscle electrical activity, we broadcast ground-truth electrical signals through a head phantom device during motion. We placed the phantom on a motion platform used to replicate human head trajectories during walking and embedded neck muscle sources within the phantom. ICA was able to extract artificial neural sources from even the most contaminated data in this simulation of human walking. Performance of ICA in high muscle activity amplitude conditions was improved by including electromyographic recordings in the ICA decomposition. These results highlight the importance of recording multiple electromyographic signals from the neck during mobile brain imaging with EEG for studying electrocortical dynamics during movement.
Cross-Categorical Transfer Learning based Composite Load Protection Modeling

Protection equipment is used to prevent damage to induction motor loads by isolating them from power systems in the event of severe faults. Modeling the response of induction motor loads and their protection is vital for power system planning and operation, especially in understanding system's dynamic performance and stability after a fault occurs. Induction motors are usually equipped with several types of protection with different operation mechanisms, making it challenging to develop adequate yet not overly complex protection models and determine their parameters for aggregate induction motor models. This paper proposes a novel cross-categorical transfer learning based framework to determine protection model parameters for aggregate induction motor loads in commercial buildings. Introducing a mathematical abstraction, the task of determining a suitable set of parameters for the protection model in composite load models is formulated as a combination of feature extraction using transferable layers, followed by affine operations through non-transferable layers applied on the previous extracted features. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the application of the framework.
Ethics in Descartes and Seventeenth Century Cartesian Textbooks

Roger Ariew looks at the effort on the part of Descartes’s disciples to create, from what little material Descartes left to them, a system of Cartesian ethics. Ariew contrasts the ethics of the 1685 Cartesian manual Ethica, produced by piecing together Descartes’s correspondence and portions of his treatise The Passions of the Soul, with the treatment given to it by three main Cartesian textbook writers: Pierre Sylvain Regis, Jacques Du Roure, and Antoine Le Grand. In these authors, we see how Descartes is made to lend authority in an area of thought in which we do not normally think of him today as having had much interest or influence.
Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance

In the past decade, advances in the identification of biomarkers have led to increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to states of insulin resistance (IR) and associated diseases. While knowledge of IR biomarkers specific to children and adolescents continues to be limited, increased research and recent technological advances promise to greatly expand this body of knowledge in the coming years. In this chapter, we review biomarkers of IR in adults and provide data specific to children and/or adolescents where available.
Methylene blue as a far-red light-mediated photocleavable multifunctional ligand

Methylene blue (MB) with a 10-N-carbamoyl linkage was discovered and developed as a multifunctional far-red (660 nm) photocleavable ligand capable of rendering a series of MB-conjugated compounds with off-to-on fluorescence switch properties through the controlled release of MB.
Refining the spatial and temporal signatures of creep and co-seismic slip along the southern San Andreas Fault using very high resolution UAS imagery and SfM-derived topography, Coachella Valley, California

Abstract The current interseismic period for an event on the Coachella Valley segment of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) is ~300 years, much greater than the best-estimated average recurrence interval of ~180 years, prompting questions regarding earthquake recurrence and fault behavior. Digital Surface Models (DSMs) generated using Structure-from-Motion-Multiview Stereo (SfM-MVS) techniques on unmanned aerial systems (UAS) imagery and very-high resolution UAS orthomosaics were used to identify and measure fault-related offsets of small geomorphic features and develop a model of late Holocene slip-per-event for the southern SAF (sSAF) in the Coachella Valley. We aim to better constrain slip estimates from recent earthquakes along the sSAF and combine new slip data with ages of past earthquakes from paleoseismic studies to understand earthquake recurrence. Slip-per-event for paleoearthquakes, which ruptured this segment of the sSAF, and the relationship between co-seismic slip events, creep or afterslip, and triggered slip were evaluated. Examination of offsets suggests that five (5) large, surface rupturing events produced average displacements of 2.6–3.1 m per event. Gaussian distribution analysis revealed small-scale offset clusters that we attribute to climate-modulated channel incision across the fault and subsequent creep. These offset clusters support a creep rate of ~3 mm/yr in the Mecca Hills averaged over the past ~160 years.
Revisiting the Hole Size in Double Helical DNA with Localized Orbital Scaling Corrections

The extent of electronic wave function delocalization for the charge carrier (electron or hole) in double helical DNA plays an important role in determining the DNA charge transfer mechanism and ki...
Assessing the potential for "undesired" effects of passive back-support exoskeleton use during a simulated manual assembly task: Muscle activity, posture, balance, discomfort, and usability.

Abstract Back-support exoskeletons (BSEs) are wearable systems designed to reduce physical demands on the back, but which could have undesired effects beyond this design intention. Participants (n = 18) used two commercial BSEs to complete a brief (~15–20 s) simulated manual assembly task in varying conditions, with outcome measures that included: working posture, activity levels in “secondary” muscle groups (shoulders and thighs), perceived balance, discomfort, and usability. Using a BSE led to small and inconsistent changes in working postures (e.g.,
Forage Type and Transportation Stress Effects on Gut Microbial Counts and Meat Quality in Goats

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of feeding highly condensed tannin legume (sericea lespedeza, SL; Lespedeza cuneata) forage on gastrointestinal tract microbial counts and meat ...
Networks of High Aspect Ratio Particles to Direct Colloidal Assembly Dynamics and Cellular Interactions

Injectable colloids that self-assemble into three-dimensional networks are promising materials for applications in regenerative engineering, as they create open systems for cellular infiltration, interaction, and activation. However, most injectable colloids have spherical morphologies, which lack the high material-biology contact areas afforded by higher aspect ratio materials. To address this need, injectable high aspect ratio particles (HARPs) were developed that form three-dimensional networks to enhance scaffold assembly dynamics and cellular interactions. HARPs were functionalized for tunable surface charge through layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly. Positively charged Chitosan-HARPs had improved particle suspension dynamics when compared to spherical particles or negatively charged HARPs. Chit-HARPs were used to improve the suspension dynamics and viability of MIN6 cells in three-dimensional networks. When combined with negatively charged gelatin microsphere (GelMS) porogens, Chit-HARPs reduced GelMS sedimentation and increased overall network suspension, due to a combination of HARP network formation and electrostatic interactions. Lastly, HARPs were functionalized with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) to highlight their use for growth factor delivery. FGF2-HARPs increased fibroblast proliferation through a combination of 3D scaffold assembly and growth factor delivery. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the development and diverse uses of high aspect ratio particles as tunable injectable scaffolds for applications in regenerative engineering.
Scaling pulser output parameters for standard and dry brick configurations

The building block of the linear transformer driver pulser, known as a brick, can be thought of as the smallest, independent unit from which the entire pulser is built. In a ``standard'' brick configuration, two capacitors and a spark-gap switch are connected in series and are oil insulated. Such a brick could be assembled, for example, from two 80-nF, 100-kV capacitors and a 200-kV spark-gap switch. A single brick in this configuration is capable of generating a current pulse with up to 50 kA of peak current and a rise time on the order of 100 ns, after the capacitors have been discharged at a combined output voltage of 200 kV (twice the bipolar charge voltage). By contrast, in a ``dry'' brick configuration, the two capacitors are placed in parallel and a multigap, multichannel ``ball'' switch follows them in series. The dry brick is epoxy insulated, and its slightly different configuration allows it to have a peak output current of up to 100 kA, after being discharged at a total output voltage of 100 kV (equal to the unipolar charge voltage). In this paper, we present how these two different brick topologies, either oil insulated (standard) or epoxy insulated (dry), affect a pulser's output parameters, where the pulser has been constructed by connecting the outputs of $N$ bricks together in parallel. We find that in many cases, the use of a dry brick configuration results in more current being delivered to the load. We also find that if the time to peak current is not a critical parameter for the experiment, then the lower charging voltage across the switch and the absence of insulating oil make the dry brick an excellent alternative to the standard brick, especially for smaller research laboratories with limited maintenance staff.
Seasonal variation in added sugar or sugar sweetened beverage intake in Alaska native communities: an exploratory study.

Excess added sugar intake contributes to tooth decay risk in Alaska Native communities. The goal of this exploratory study was to determine if there is seasonal variation in total added sugar intak...
Plasma-cascade instability

In this paper we describe a new microbunching instability occurring in charged particle beams propagating along a straight trajectory. The nature of these exponentially growing plasma oscillations gave the reason for its name: plasma-cascade instability. Such instability can strongly amplify longitudinal microbunching originating from the beam's shot noise, even to the point of saturation. Resulting random density and energy microstructures can drastically reduce beam quality. Conversely, such instability can drive novel high-power sources of broadband radiation or can be used as a broadband amplifier. We discovered this phenomenon in a search for such amplifier in the coherent electron cooling scheme [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 114801 (2009)] without separation of electron and hadron beams. In this paper we present a brief analytical theory of this new phenomenon, detailed numerical studies, the results of experimental demonstration as well as control of the longitudinal plasma-cascade instability.
The Asymmetric Effects of Positive or Negative Experiences with an Extension on Low- vs. High-Equity Parent Brands: A Microtheoretical Notion

We investigate the effects of actual product experiences with typical brand extensions on attitudes toward low- vs. high-equity brands. By using a three-wave longitudinal design, we assess both the immediate and delayed intra-individual influence of an experience with an extension on evaluations of the core brand. We find support for the microtheoretical notion that the valence of the experience with an extension has asymmetric effects on parent brand attitudes depending on the equity of the core brand. Good experiences with extensions result in greater attitude enhancement for low-equity brands, whereas bad experiences lead to greater attitude dilution for high-equity brands. These results are primarily due to the disconfirmation of expectations associated with the core brand, not the differential diagnosticity of the experience with the extension. Although the immediate effects are stronger than the delayed effects, the asymmetric feedback effects persist over time and beyond the context in which the experience occurred.
Context and Transfer: How Physics Education Research Informs Teaching and Learning

An important aspect of physics education research is understanding how students use their prior knowledge in making sense of the concepts of physics that they are studying. In these situations, the students must transfer knowledge which was acquired in a different context to a situation in physics. Much research has shown us that students rely heavily on their experiences which occurred before they studied physics when interpreting or applying the principles, while they are studying physics. Thus, they transfer to physics experiences from other formal learning, from everyday life, and from other learning environments. Sometimes this transfer is appropriate and helpful; other times it leads students down a wrong path. However, transfer within physics learning is equally important. Students need to be able to use knowledge from one part to learn successfully other concepts. As with transfer to physics, this type of transfer can sometimes be helpful and sometime hinder learning. This paper reviews some aspects of such transfer and includes an example in which the author needed to transfer some previously acquired knowledge to a new situation.
Diverse biosphere influence on carbon and heat in mixed urban Mediterranean landscape revealed by high resolution thermal and optical remote sensing.

Abstract A fundamental challenge in verifying urban CO2 emissions reductions is estimating the biological influence that can confound emission source attribution across heterogeneous and diverse landscapes. Recent work using atmospheric radiocarbon revealed a substantial seasonal influence of the managed urban biosphere on regional carbon budgets in the Los Angeles megacity, but lacked spatially explicit attribution of the diverse biological influences needed for flux quantification and decision making. New high-resolution maps of land cover (0.6 m) and irrigation (30 m) derived from optical and thermal sensors can simultaneously resolve landscape influences related to vegetation type (tree, grass, shrub), land use, and fragmentation needed to accurately quantify biological influences on CO2 exchange in complex urban environments. We integrate these maps with the Urban Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (UrbanVPRM) to quantify spatial and seasonal variability in gross primary production (GPP) across urban and non-urban regions of Southern California Air Basin (SoCAB). Results show that land use and landscape fragmentation have a significant influence on urban GPP and canopy temperature within the water-limited Mediterranean SoCAB climate. Irrigated vegetation accounts for 31% of urban GPP, driven by turfgrass, and is more productive (1.7 vs 0.9 μmol m−2 s−1) and cooler (2.2 ± 0.5 K) than non-irrigated vegetation during hot dry summer months. Fragmented landscapes, representing mostly vegetated urban greenspaces, account for 50% of urban GPP. Cooling from irrigation alleviates strong warming along greenspace edges within 100 m of impervious surfaces, and increases GPP by a factor of two, compared to non-irrigated edges. Finally, we note that non-irrigated shrubs are typically more productive than non-irrigated trees and grass, and equally productive as irrigated vegetation. These results imply a potential water savings benefit of urban shrubs, but more work is needed to understand carbon vs water usage tradeoffs of managed vs unmanaged vegetation.
A low-voltage low-power 1.5 GHz CMOS LNA design

A low-voltage and low-power 1.5 GHz low-noise amplifier in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology for GPS application is designed, this LNA has 28.7 dB gain with 0.2 dB noise figure from 1.0 V supply voltage. Basic noise analysis and design method are presented in this paper.
Position sensitivity of graphene field effect transistors to X-rays

Device architectures that incorporate graphene to realize detection of electromagnetic radiation typically utilize the direct absorbance of radiation by graphene. This limits their effective area to the size of the graphene and their applicability to lower-energy, less penetrating forms of radiation. In contrast, graphene-based transistor architectures that utilize the field effect as the detection mechanism can be sensitive to interactions of radiation not only with graphene but also with the surrounding substrate. Here, we report the study of the position sensitivity and response of a graphene-based field effect transistor (GFET) to penetrating, well-collimated radiation (micro-beam X-rays), producing ionization in the substrate primarily away from graphene. It is found that responsivity and response speed are strongly dependent on the X-ray beam distance from graphene and the gate voltage applied to the GFET. To develop an understanding of the spatially dependent response, a model is developed that incorporates the volumetric charge generation, transport, and recombination. The model is in good agreement with the observed spatial response characteristics of the GFET and predicts a greater response potential of the GFET to radiation interacting near its surface. The study undertaken provides the necessary insight into the volumetric nature of the GFET response, essential for development of GFET-based detectors for more penetrating forms of ionizing radiation.
Quantum optical coherence tomography and applications to biological imaging

We propose a method of quantum optical coherence tomography (QOCT) that utilizes a nonclassical source of entangled photons (signal and idler). By using type-II spontaneous parametric downconversion, where signal and idler photons emerge with orthogonal polarizations, it is possible to probe the biological sample using a polarization-entangled state.
A Genetic Algorithm for Multiobjective Robust Design

The goal of robust design is to develop stable products that exhibit minimum sensitivity to uncontrollable variations. The main drawback of many quality engineering approaches, including Taguchi's ideology, is that they cannot efficiently handle presence of several often conflicting objectives and constraints that occur in various design environments. Classical vector optimization and multiobjective genetic algorithms offer numerous techniques for simultaneous optimization of multiple responses, but they have not addressed the central quality control activities of tolerance design and parameter optimization. Due to their ability to search populations of candidate designs in parallel without assumptions of continuity, unimodality or convexity of underlying objectives, genetic algorithms are an especially viable tool for off-line quality control. In this paper we introduce a new methodology which integrates key concepts from diverse fields of robust design, multiobjective optimization and genetic algorithms. The genetic algorithm developed in this work applies natural genetic operators of reproduction, crossover and mutation to evolve populations of hyper-rectangular design regions while simultaneously reducing the sensitivity of the generated designs to uncontrollable variations. The improvement in quality of successive generations of designs is achieved by conducting orthogonal array experiments as to increase the average signal-to-noise ratio of a pool of candidate designs from one generation to the next.
Visualizing unstructured text sequences using iterative visual clustering

This paper presents a keyword-based information visualization technique for unstructured text sequences. The text sequence data comes from nursing narratives records, which are mostly text fragments with incomplete and unreliable grammatical structures. Proper visualization of such text sequences can reveal patterns and trend information rooted in the text records, and has significant applications in many fields such as medical informatics and text mining. In this paper, an Iterative Visual Clustering (IVC) technique is developed to facilitate multi-scale visualization, and at the same time provide abstraction and knowledge discovery functionalities at the visualization level. Interactive visualization and user feedbacks are used to iteratively group keywords to form higher level concepts and keyword clusters, which are then feedback to the visualization process for evaluation and pattern discovery. Distribution curves of keywords and their clusters are visualized at various scales under Gaussian smoothing to search for meaningful patterns and concepts.
Modulation of dendritic patterns during electrodeposition: A nonlinear phase-field model

Abstract A nonlinear phase-field model, accounting for the Butler–Volmer electrochemical reaction kinetics, is developed to investigate the dendritic patterns during an electrodeposition process. Using lithium electrodeposition as an example, the proposed model is first verified by comparison with the Nernst equation in a 1D equilibrium system. The nonlinear electrochemical kinetics is also confirmed at non-equilibrium condition. The dendritic patterns are examined as a function of applied voltage and initial electrode surface morphology. A design map is proposed to tailor the electrode surface morphology and the applied voltage to avoid undesired dendritic patterns.
Online learned discriminative part-based appearance models for multi-human tracking

We introduce an online learning approach to produce discriminative part-based appearance models (DPAMs) for tracking multiple humans in real scenes by incorporating association based and category free tracking methods. Detection responses are gradually associated into tracklets in multiple levels to produce final tracks. Unlike most previous multi-target tracking approaches which do not explicitly consider occlusions in appearance modeling, we introduce a part based model that explicitly finds unoccluded parts by occlusion reasoning in each frame, so that occluded parts are removed in appearance modeling. Then DPAMs for each tracklet is online learned to distinguish a tracklet with others as well as the background, and is further used in a conservative category free tracking approach to partially overcome the missed detection problem as well as to reduce difficulties in tracklet associations under long gaps. We evaluate our approach on three public data sets, and show significant improvements compared with state-of-art methods.
T Cell Clonal Conditioning: A Phase Occurring Early after Antigen Presentation but before Clonal Expansion Is Impacted by Toll-Like Receptor Stimulation

After in vivo immunization, Ag-specific T cells disappear from circulation and become sequestered in lymphoid tissue where they encounter Ag presented by dendritic cells. In the same site and just after Ag presentation, they "disappear" a second time and we investigated this process. Using a mouse model of T cell deletion (without Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation) vs survival (with TLR stimulation), Ag-specific T cells indeed became undetectable by flow cytometry, however were readily detected by immunohistochemistry. Thus, whether or not the activated T cells were destined to delete or survive, they were difficult to extract from lymphoid tissue and did not disappear but in fact were abundantly present. Nevertheless, profound differences were observed during this time period when tolerizing conditions were compared with immunizing conditions. TLR stimulation induced an increase in CD25 expression, acquisition of surface MHC class II, and abnormally high increases in forward and side scatter of the peptide-specific T cells. Using a modified adoptive transfer approach, we demonstrated by flow cytometry that in the presence of TLR stimulation the Ag-specific T cells were tightly coupled to dendritic cells, explaining the unusual increases in size and granularity. Ultimately, these events induced the specific T cells to differentiate into memory cells. We postulate that this is a stage where T cells are either conditioned to survive or to delete depending upon the activation status of the innate immune system.
Training Independent Learners: Student Self-Editing Checklist for Law School Papers, Notes and Comments

Too often, professors offer exemplar edits of student papers providing a single edit or identifying one or two instances of a problem. The expectation is that the students will respond to the general principle and use it themselves in editing the remainder of their own pieces. Independent learning theory suggests that students learn best if they learn the tools of self-assessment. Editing checklists abound. Grammar dos and don'ts are not difficult to obtain; indeed, virtually every legal writing text has some variation. Students who take the time to review these lists find them quite helpful. Independent learners only need access to the information. Not all students, however, are independent learners. Many need more than a nudge to use information that is provided to them. Requiring self-editing certification enables the student to develop editing skills by focusing on discrete tasks rather than the often overwhelming instruction to proofread carefully. Although this same information is available in a myriad of sources, the certification directs the student to manageable tasks. The following is a checklist for students to use in editing their own papers. It lists many of the most basic principles of good, clear writing and many of the most common flaws in students' papers. It requires the student to certify, by signing and noting the date and time, that the student has checked the paper for each of the points listed.
Ltc1 is an ER-localized sterol transporter and a component of ER–mitochondria and ER–vacuole contacts

Organelle contact sites perform fundamental functions in cells, including lipid and ion homeostasis, membrane dynamics, and signaling. Using a forward proteomics approach in yeast, we identified new ER-mitochondria and ER-vacuole contacts specified by an uncharacterized protein, Ylr072w. Ylr072w is a conserved protein with GRAM and VASt domains that selectively transports sterols and is thus termed Ltc1, for Lipid transfer at contact site 1. Ltc1 localized to ER-mitochondria and ER-vacuole contacts via the mitochondrial import receptors Tom70/71 and the vacuolar protein Vac8, respectively. At mitochondria, Ltc1 was required for cell viability in the absence of Mdm34, a subunit of the ER-mitochondria encounter structure. At vacuoles, Ltc1 was required for sterol-enriched membrane domain formation in response to stress. Increasing the proportion of Ltc1 at vacuoles was sufficient to induce sterol-enriched vacuolar domains without stress. Thus, our data support a model in which Ltc1 is a sterol-dependent regulator of organelle and cellular homeostasis via its dual localization to ER-mitochondria and ER-vacuole contact sites.
Elementary School Teachers' Manipulative Use.

Using data from 503 inservice elementary teachers, this study investigated the relationship between teachers' background characteristics, teachers' beliefs about manipulatives, and the frequency with which teachers use manipulatives as part of their mathematics instruction. Findings from the study show that teachers' grade level and beliefs about manipulatives are important predictors of teachers' use of manipulatives in their mathematics instruction.
Characterization of defects in a-Si:H solar cells using sub-band gap photocurrent spectroscopy

Measurements of sub-band gap primary photocurrent spectra on p-i-n devices are used to characterize defects between 1.0 and 1.4 eV above the valence band. The effect of light soaking is to increase the absorption due to light-induced defects centered between 1.2 and 1.3 eV, consistent with the results from photothermal deflection spectroscopy. A degradation in FF (fill factor) is correlated with an increase in light-induced defects measured on the same solar cells. Although increasing the i-layer deposition temperature reduces FF, it is suggested that this reduction is due to p/i interface degradation because bulk i-layer defects decrease with the deposition temperature. The measurement is applicable to any a-Si:H or a-SiGe:H p-i-n solar cell and provides information about fundamental i-layer properties (defect density and Urbach energy) which can be related to the device performance. >
High-precision millimeter-wave spectroscopy with the lamb dip☆

Abstract Use of the Lamb dip to circumvent Doppler broadening has allowed microwave measurement of rotational lines in the 1–3-mm wave region to accuracies of 1 part in 108. Rotational constants of OCS and CH3F are improved in accuracy by two orders of magnitude.
Identifying Critical Infrastructure: The Median and Covering Facility Interdiction Problems

Facilities and their services can be lost due to natural disasters as well as to intentional strikes, either by terrorism or an army. An intentional strike against a system is called interdiction. The geographical distribution of facilities in a supply or service system may be particularly vulnerable to interdiction, and the resulting impacts of the loss of one or more facilities may be substantial. Critical infrastructure can be defined as those elements of infrastructure that, if lost, could pose a significant threat to needed supplies (e.g., food, energy, medicines), services (e.g., police, fire, and EMS), and communication or a significant loss of service coverage or efficiency. In this article we introduce two new spatial optimization models called the r-interdiction median problem and the r-interdiction covering problem. Both models identify for a given service/supply system, that set of facilities that, if lost, would affect service delivery the most, depending upon the type of service protocol. These models can then be used to identify the most critical facility assets in a service/supply system. Results of both models applied to spatial data are also presented. Several solutions derived from these two interdiction models are presented in greater detail and demonstrate the degree to which the loss of one or more facilities disrupts system efficiencies or coverage. Recommendations for further research are also made.
Vibrational dynamics and structure of liquid Te

Abstract Polarized and depolarized Raman spectra are reported for liquid Te near the melting point. The spectra differ significantly from liquid Se indicating that 2-fold coordinated chains are not present in substantial numbers. The three peaked nature and polarization properties of the Raman spectra are consistent with the Cabane-Friedel picture of As-like short range order. The Raman scattering and diffraction studies suggest a 3-fold coordinated, random network model.
Submicron e-beam lithography process using an overcoating conducting polymer for the reduction of beam charging effects on lithium niobate and quartz

This paper presents a processing methodology for direct write E-beam lithography on insulating substrates. Processes suitable for use with negative tone SAL-601-ER7 and positive tone PMMA are presented. Both are three level processes and are used for fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with transducer electrode line space dimensions of 0.7 and 0.4 micron, respectively. The authors method involves spinning a film of a commercially available conductive polymer, known as TQV-501, as the final coating. A Leica Instruments EBMF 10.5 electron beam tool operating at an energy of 30 keV is used to perform lithography. SAW devices were patterned with these processes and then realized by metallization with aluminum via lift-off. A two level positive tone process was used consisting of a film of P(MMA-MAA) followed by a film of PMMA. This is followed by a final spin coating of TQV-501 to provide a discharge medium. The negative tone process consists of a film of SAL-601-ER7 which is followed by a film of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). A final film layer of TQV-501 is then applied. The PVA serves as both a diffusion barrier to prevent intermixing of the TQV-501 and SAL-601-ER7 during layering and later to prevent stripping the SAL-601-ER7 during the solvent strip of the TQV-501. Patterns are written in reversed tone form on negative resist to provide the proper final positive image tone suitable for lift-off. TQV-501 offers the advantage of simple application via spin coating and a soft bake and easy removal by stripping in solvent.
Auxin-Regulated Genes Encoding Cell Wall-Modifying Proteins Are Expressed during Early Tomato Fruit Growth

An expansin gene, LeExp2 , was isolated from auxin-treated, etiolated tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum cv T5) hypocotyls. LeExp2 mRNA expression was restricted to the growing regions of the tomato hypocotyl and was up-regulated during incubation of hypocotyl segments with auxin. The pattern of expression of LeExp2 was also studied during tomato fruit growth, a developmental process involving rapid cell enlargement. The expression of genes encoding a xyloglucan endotransglycosylase ( LeEXT1 ) and an endo-1,4-β-glucanase ( Cel7 ), which, like LeExp2 , are auxin-regulated in etiolated hypocotyls (C. Catala, J.K.C. Rose, A.B. Bennett [1997] Plant J 12: 417–426), was also studied to examine the potential for synergistic action with expansins. LeExp2 and LeEXT1 genes were coordinately regulated, with their mRNA accumulation peaking during the stages of highest growth, while Cel7 mRNA abundance increased and remained constant during later stages of fruit growth. The expression of LeExp2 , LeEXT1 , and Cel7 was undetectable or negligible at the onset of and during fruit ripening, which is consistent with a specific role of these genes in regulating cell wall loosening during fruit growth, not in ripening-associated cell wall disassembly.
Surface Roughness Healing Of Substrates For XUV Multi Layer Coatings

The roughness of interfacial surfaces of multilayer coatings contributes significantly to the degradation of normal incidence reflectivity for the XUV wavelengths. Sub-nanometer rms roughness of the interfacial surfaces is required to appreciably reduce interfacial scattering of XUV radiation. The goal of the present work is to measure the amount of surface roughness healing which can be achieved by the deposition of thin silicon films, using dc triode sputtering, upon candidate substrates for figured XUV optics. The substrates used in the present work are float glass, semiconductor grade silicon wafers, and diamond turned aluminum flats. The surface roughness profiles are measured with a WYKO TOPO-3D phase shifting interferometer and a Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM). This paper describes initial rms roughness measurements and autocovariance calculations for the above-mentioned substrates.
Soluble tubulin complexes, γ-tubulin, and their changing distribution in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovary, oocyte and embryo

Tubulin dynamics, i.e., the interchange of polymeric and soluble forms, is important for microtubule (MTs) cellular functions, and thus plays essential roles in zebrafish oogenesis and embryogenesis. A novel finding in this study revealed that there were soluble pools of tubulins in zebrafish oocytes that were sequestered and maintained in a temporary "oligomeric" state, which retained assembling and disassembling potential (suggested by undetected acetylated tubulin, marker of stable tubulin), but lacked abilities to assemble into MTs spontaneously in vivo. Using differential centrifugation, gel chromatography and DM1A-probed western blot, soluble alpha-tubulin was found to be associated with large molecular weight complexes (MW range to over 2 MDa) which were reduced in amount by the blastula stage, especially in some batches of embryos, with a concomitant decrease in soluble tubulin. Complexes (MW range less than 2 MDa) then increased in the gastrula with an increase in soluble alpha-tubulin. Two different anti-gamma-tubulin monoclonal antibodies, GTU 88 and TU 30, revealed the existence of soluble gamma-tubulin in both zebrafish oocytes and embryos, which also decreased by the blastula stage and increased in the gastrula stage. Soluble alpha-tubulin and gamma-tubulin extracted from zebrafish ovaries, oocytes and embryos co-localized in fractions on three different columns: S-200 Sephacryl, DEAE and Superose-6b. The soluble tubulin complexes were competent to assemble into MTs in vitro induced by taxol, and gamma-tubulin was co-localized with assembled MTs. These soluble tubulin complexes were stable during freeze-thaw cycles and resisted high ionic interaction (up to 1.5 M NaCl). Furthermore, some ovarian soluble alpha-tubulin could be co-immunoprecipitated with gamma-tubulin, and vice versa. Two antibodies specific for Xenopus gamma-tubulin ring complex proteins (Xgrip 109 and Xgrip 195) detected single bands from ovarian extracts in western blots, suggesting the existence of Xgrip 109 and Xgrip 195 homologues in zebrafish. These findings, together with recent work on gamma-tubulin ring complexes in oocytes, eggs and embryos of other species, suggest that soluble gamma-tubulin-associated protein complexes may be involved in regulating tubulin dynamics during zebrafish oogenesis and embryogenesis.
Log space machines with multiple oracle tapes

Abstract As an alternative to previously studied models for space-bounded relative computation, an oracle Turing machine with a space bound on its worktape and an arbitrary number of oracle tapes is considered. Basic properties of the resulting reducibilities are examined.
Difluorodioxirane: An Unusual Cyclic Peroxide

The surprisingly high stability of the dioxirane CF{sub 2}O{sub 2} (2), its unusual geometry, its infrared spectrum, and NMR chemical shifts are determined and analyzed on the basis of extended ab initio calculations including seven different methods and nine different basis sets. At the highest level of theory, the CCSD(T) approach has been used together with a cc-VTZ2P+f basis set, which leads to an accurate description of geometry and vibrational frequencies. Stabilizing CF,CF bond interactions add 19.5 kcal/mpl and CF,CO bond interactions 12 kcal/mol to the stability of the dioxirane ring. The latter effect reduces ring strain from 32.8 (dioxirane) to 20.5 kcal/ mol (2) where 17 kcal/mol are due to CO bond strenthening and 4.6 kcal/mol to OO bond weakening. Changes in CO and OO bond strength are caused by a transfer of negative charge from the CF{sub 2} group to the antisymmetric Walsh MO of the ring. The calculated {Delta}H{sub f}{sup o}(298) value of 2 is -102 {+-} 1.5 kcal/mol, which indicates that 2 is thermodynamically rather stable. Calculated {sup 13}C (133 ppm) and {sup 17}O NMR chemical shifts (403 ppm) are usually positive for an organic cyclic peroxide, but should facilitate the identification of 2 in themore » presence of its isomers F{sub 2}COO and FC(=O)OF, which possess {Delta}H{sub f}{sup o}(298)values of -60 and -104 kcal/mol, respectively. 67 refs., 5 figs., 7 tabs.« less
The effect of heart rate on the heart rate variability response to autonomic interventions.

Heart rate variability (HRV), the beat-to-beat variation in either heart rate (HR) or heart period (R-R interval), has become a popular clinical and investigational tool to quantify cardiac autonomic regulation. However, it is not widely appreciated that, due to the inverse curvilinear relationship between HR and R-R interval, HR per se can profoundly influence HRV. It is, therefore, critical to correct HRV for the prevailing HR particularly, as HR changes in response to autonomic neural activation or inhibition. The present study evaluated the effects of HR on the HRV response to autonomic interventions that either increased (submaximal exercise, n = 25 or baroreceptor reflex activation, n = 20) or reduced (pharmacological blockade: β-adrenergic receptor, muscarinic receptor antagonists alone and in combination, n = 25, or bilateral cervical vagotomy, n = 9) autonomic neural activity in a canine model. Both total (RR interval standard deviation, RRSD) and the high frequency variability (HF, 0.2 to 1.04 Hz) were determined before and in response to an autonomic intervention. All interventions that reduced or abolished cardiac parasympathetic regulation provoked large reductions in HRV even after HR correction [division by mean RRsec or (mean RRsec)2 for RRSD and HF, respectively] while interventions that reduced HR yielded mixed results. β-adrenergic receptor blockade reduced HRV (RRSD but not HF) while both RRSD and HF increased in response to increases in arterial blood (baroreceptor reflex activation) even after HR correction. These data suggest that the physiological basis for HRV is revealed after correction for prevailing HR and, further, that cardiac parasympathetic activity is responsible for a major portion of the HRV in the dog.
Applications of a semiconductor-surface-state charge-storage device

Abstract Several possible applications of a new two-terminal semiconductor device which utilizes surface phenomena to produce a charge-storage effect are described. The major advantage of the device lies in the magnitude of the charges which can be stored and the ease with which it can be controlled by small bias currents.
Evolutionary ecology of senescence: a case study using Tree Swallows, Tachycineta bicolor

Tree Swallows, Tachycineta bicolor, have been studied at nest box colonies at sites throughout North America. They can be easily aged, captured, repeatedly sampled, and their physiology and reproductive success measured across their lifetime. These traits have made Tree Swallows an important model species for many ecological and evolutionary studies. We have studied aging in free-living Tree Swallows colonies located in Iowa and New York, USA, for several years, and here we review what these studies are revealing about physiological attributes of senescence and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. Telomeres, the DNA “caps” on each chromosome, shorten with age, which may contribute to the senescing phenotype, and birds with longer telomeres at 1 year of age have a significantly longer predicted life span than birds with shorter telomeres. Tree Swallows display decreased cell-mediated immune function with age, but other components of the immune system do not decline with age. Older, nesting females who display immunosenescence also show exaggerated sickness behavior compared to younger birds in response to a simulated bacterial infection. Sickness behavior in old birds leads to loss of body condition and decreased parental behavior, suggesting that immunosenescence carries fitness costs in the wild. We are also carrying out an experimental test of the leading theory for aging–oxidative stress. Preliminary data from metabolically-handicapped Tree Swallows carrying an extra 5% of their body mass suggest birds may suffer increased oxidative damage and telomere shortening, reduced immune function, and lower reproductive success. Continued cross-sectional and longitudinal studying of Tree Swallows will enable us to distinguish between intrinsic change with age common to all birds and the results of selection on traits that affect survivorship and differ between individuals. Our results suggest continued work with Tree Swallows holds great promise to understand the evolutionary ecology of senescence in birds and other animals.
Ablation of de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a in the nervous system leads to neuromuscular defects and shortened lifespan

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism involved in gene regulation and implicated in the functioning of the nervous system. The de novo DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3a is expressed in neurons, but its specific role has not been clarified. Dnmt3a is activated around embryonic day 10.5 in mouse neuronal precursor cells and remains active in postmitotic neurons in the adult. We assessed the role of neuronal Dnmt3a by conditional gene targeting. Mice lacking functional Dnmt3a in the nervous system were born healthy, but degenerated in adulthood and died prematurely. Mutant mice were hypoactive, walked abnormally, and underperformed on tests of neuromuscular function and motor coordination. Loss of Dnmt3a also led to fewer motor neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus and more fragmented endplates in neuromuscular junctions of the diaphragm muscle. Our results implicate a role for Dnmt3a in the neuromuscular control of motor movement.
Anything Doesn't Go: A Critical Look at Dance in Musical Theater

Abstract Many of our students lack the tools necessary to form critical opinions about the complex elements of dance and choreography in the musical. While there are several models for critically discussing concert dance, the choreography in the interdisciplinary art of musical theater is a unique craft that cannot be addressed in the same manner as isolated dance works. While the aesthetic principles of form are vitally important in both dance genres, the choreography in the musical differs from concert dance in its objectives as it is wedded to book, lyric, and music. This article offers general questions for analysis of the movement component of the musical. It addresses the idea that choreography should play an integral role in carrying the plot, setting the mood, developing the characters, or communicating ideas and that this must be done in a creative way that takes into account the technical abilities of the actors, singers, and dancers in the cast. We will examine choreographers who have successfu...