cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life History and Laboratory Rearing of Sinea diadema (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) with Descriptions of Immature Stages

The life history of the harpactorine reduviid Sinea spinipes (Herrich-Schaeffer) was studied in southern Illinois from February 2001 to November 2002, and the immature stages were described. The bug also was reared from egg to adult under controlled laboratory conditions. This univoltine species occurred on vegetation along roadsides within forests, in open fields beneath or near scattered trees, and along forest edges. It overwinters as adults, which emerged in mid-April and were found through early September. Nymphs were found from early June through late September. The bug was reared in the laboratory on larval beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), at 26 ± 3.0°C under a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The incubation period averaged 15.13 d; eyespots appeared in ≈7 d. The five stadia averaged 8.15, 9.22, 9.21, 11.43, and 19.59 d, respectively. The total developmental period averaged 72.73 d. Instars can be distinguished by differences in several anatomical features, including body length and width and progressive development of size, number, and pattern of spines.
Lymphedema Precautions: Time to Abandon Old Practices?

A 46-year-old premenopausal woman with a body mass index of 21 was found on screening mammography to have a new, approximately 1-cm spiculated mass with associated calcifications in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. Stereotactic core biopsy showed a focus of invasive duct carcinoma, strongly positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors and negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, with associated ductal carcinoma in situ. Clinical examination revealed no palpable mass or axillary lymphadenopathy. She underwent a left lumpectomy with seed localization and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Final pathology revealed an 8-mm well-differentiated invasive carcinoma without lymphovascular invasion and intermediate grade ductal carcinoma in situ. The margins were clear, and three sentinel lymph nodes were negative for metastasis. The 21-gene recurrence score was 10, suggesting a 7% risk of 10-year distant recurrence with adjuvant endocrine treatment. After the completion of adjuvant radiotherapy (42.50 Gy in 16 fractions to the breast), the patient has returned for a follow-up visit. She is a professional violinist and would like to know what she can do to prevent lymphedema on her upcoming flight to Vienna.
Echinostomes as Experimental Models for Biological Research

Preface. 1. Biology of Echinostomes - An Overview I. Kanev, et al. 2. The Systematics of the Echinostomes A. Kostadinova, D.I. Gibson. 3. Echinostomes in Veterinary and Wildlife Parasitology J.E. Huffman. 4. Human Echinostomiasis: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Resistance M.A. Haseeb, L.K. Eveland. 5. Maintenance, Cultivation, and Excystation of Echinostomes B. Fried. 6. Ultrastructural Studies on Echinostomes T. Fujino, H. Ichikawa. 7. Reproductive Physiology and Behavior of Echinostoimes P.M. Nollen. 8. Immunobiology of the Relationship of Echinostomes with Snail Intermediate Hosts C.M. Adema, et al. 9. The Behavioral Biology of Echinostomes W. Haas. 10. Physiology and Biochemistry of Echinostomes J. Barrett. 11. Neuromusculature - Structure and Functional Correlates J.E. Humphries, et al. 12. Immunobiology and Immunodiagnosis of Echninostomiasis T.K. Graczyk. 13. Molecular Biology of Echinostomes J.A.T. Morgan, D. Blair.
Steven Conn, Americans Against the City: Anti-Urbanism in the Twentieth Century (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014). Benjamin Ross, Dead End: Suburban Sprawl and the Rebirth of American Urbanism (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2014).

The place of suburbs in the U.S. experience has been a scholarly focus for decades. Seminal works such as Jackson (1985) established the fact that access to land and unprecedented affluence have sh...
Induction of tolerance in nondefective mice after in utero transplantation of major histocompatibility complex-mismatched fetal hematopoietic stem cells.

Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with the conditioning therapy needed for postnatal bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for inherited diseases. This could be eliminated with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation in utero, when the immunoincompetence of the fetus permits engraftment without the need for immunosuppressive therapy. We have established an in utero (day 11 to day 13) model of HSC transplantation in nondefective, allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched mice. Donor cells wre from pooled fetal livers of C57BL/6 (H-2b, GPI-1b) mice. Engraftment was tested by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the Y chromosome in female recipients (with 0.00001% sensitivity). Eight percent (3 of 36) of allogeneic mismatched (Balb-c, H-2d) recipients and 25% (3 of 12) of congenic (C57B1/6, GPI-1a) recipients showed durable engraftment (male donor cells detected beyond 20 weeks of age) based on analysis of peripheral blood leukocytes (P > .08). When spleen and liver were analyzed, 51% (17 of 33) of allogeneic recipients and 50% (6 of 12) of congenic recipients showed durable engraftment (P > .3). The percent donor cells that durably engrafted varied from as low as 0.0001% in spleen and liver to as high as 0.6% in peripheral blood. Postnatal boosting with a single dose of allogeneic MHC-mismatched donor cells in a tolerant, engrafted mouse resulted in a significant increase in donor cells in the peripheral blood from 0.2% pre-boost to 5% 6 months after the boost. There was no evidence of engraftment in nontolerant mice after the postnatal boost with a similar dose of donor cells. Twenty-two allogeneic recipients were evaluated for donor skin graft acceptance at 6 to 12 months of age. Three mice with engraftment in blood and/or tissue permanently accepted donor skin grafts, one of them with donor cells detectable only in the liver. Six additional mice that showed prolonged skin graft acceptance had no evidence of durable engraftment in the blood but were engrafted in the liver and/or spleen. The degree of engraftment in tolerant mice was low (< or = 0.1% donor cells). We conclude that at an early gestational age in nondefective mice (1) high rates of durable engraftment are achievable, although the degree of engraftment is usually low (less than 1%); (2) the percent of donor cells in the peripheral blood may be increased by a postnatal boost of donor cells in tolerant animals without conditioning therapy; (3) MHC appears to have little influence on engraftment efficiency at an early gestational age; (4) a very small number of circulating donor cells in the blood or the tissues is sufficient for the induction and maintenance of tolerance, and (5) the presence of donor cells in the circulating blood is not necessary for prolonged skin graft acceptance or maintenance of permanent skin graft acceptance.
On the Inverse Scattering Problem for Cubic Eigenvalue Problems of the Class ψxxx + 6Qψx + 6Rψ = λψ

The inverse scattering problem for cubic eigenvalue equations of the form ψxxx + 6Qψx + 6Rψ = λψ is outlined and formally solved. Many properties of the scattering data are obtained, the continuous spectrum is briefly discussed, special one soliton solutions are obtained, and the infinity of conserved quantities are determined in terms of the scattering data.
Making and Characterizing Negative Poisson's Ratio Materials:

We present an introduction to the use of negative Poisson's ratio materials to illustrate various aspects of mechanics of materials. Poisson's ratio is defined as minus the ratio of transverse strain to longitudinal strain in simple tension. For most materials, Poisson's ratio is close to 1/3. Negative Poisson's ratios are counter-intuitive but permissible according to the theory of elasticity. Such materials can be prepared for classroom demonstrations, or made by students.
ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF FLOWER COLOR AND INTER-TRAIT CORRELATIONS IN AN IPOMOPSIS HYBRID ZONE.

Flower color is often viewed as a trait that signals rewards to pollinators, such that the relationship between flower color and plant fitness might result from its association with another trait. We used experimental manipulations of flower color and nectar reward to dissociate the natural character correlations present in a hybrid zone between Ipomopsis aggregata and Ipomopsis tenuituba. Isozyme markers were used to follow the male and female reproductive success of these engineered phenotypes. One field experiment compared fitnesses of I. aggregata plants that varied only in flower color. Plants with flowers painted red received more hummingbird visits and sired more seeds than did plants with flowers painted pink or white to match those of hybrids and I. tenuituba. Our second field experiment compared fitnesses of I. aggregata, I. tenuituba, and hybrid plants in an unmanipulated array and in a second array where all flowers were painted red. In the unmanipulated array, I. aggregata received more hummingbird visits, set more seeds per flower, and sired more seeds per flower. These fitness differences largely disappeared when the color differences were eliminated. The higher male fitness of I. aggregata was due to its very high success at siring seeds on conspecific recipients. On both I. tenuituba and hybrid recipients, hybrid plants sired the most seeds, despite showing lower pollen fertility than I. aggregata in mixed donor pollinations in the greenhouse. Ipomopsis tenuituba had a fitness of only 13% relative to I. aggregata when traits varied naturally, compared to a fitness of 36% for white relative to red flowers when other traits were held constant.
The Social Ecology of Adolescents’ Cancer Experience: A Narrative Review and Future Directions

Smaller improvements in survival rates among adolescent patients with cancer relative to their pediatric and older adult counterparts are indicative of a need for greater research pertaining to their unique illness experience. Most recent studies focus on and implicate adolescent patients’ distinct cancer biology and unmet needs for specialized treatment as likely explanations, but adolescent patients differ in other ways as well, namely in their intra- and interpersonal contexts, or social ecology. Providing better treatment for adolescent cancer patients requires a better understanding of how their social ecology influences and is influenced by their illness. This narrative review provides evidence to support the need for adolescent-specific research focused on the interaction between adolescent patients’ cancer experience, their developmental life stage, and the primary relationships within their family unit and healthcare settings. A brief overview of the relevance of each social ecological context is provided, and important considerations for future research efforts and interventions are presented. Conclusions encourage researchers to include adolescent cancer patients’ social ecology in their investigations and clinical trials so as to offer this patient cohort the best care possible and eliminate their lag in survival rates.
Gender and Perceptions of Danger

This study examined how gender affects evaluations of potentially dangerous situations, perceptions of risk, and advice given to a potential victim. Responses of 660 university students (68% female; 52% Anglo, 34% Hispanic) to a multipart questionnaire indicated that gender of the respondent, the potential aggressor, and the potential victim can all influence evaluations of danger, willingness to use a gun, beliefs about risk, and advice concerning how to behave in a dangerous situation. As hypothesized, responses reflected stereotypes of greater male aggressiveness, greater female fearfulness, and greater perceived danger for women than for men. Also as predicted, respondents perceived greater danger to others than to themselves and from strangers rather than from intimates.
Immediate breast reconstruction with tissue expanders.

Tissue expansion has facilitated reconstruction in selected burn patients. For the past 5 years the authors have used this modality in 45 patients, reconstructing the head and neck, trunk, and extremities.
Methyl-binding DNA capture sequencing for patient tissues

Methylation is one of the essential epigenetic modifications to the DNA, which is responsible for the precise regulation of genes required for stable development and differentiation of different tissue types. Dysregulation of this process is often the hallmark of various diseases like cancer. Here, we outline one of the recent sequencing techniques, Methyl-Binding DNA Capture sequencing (MBDCap-seq), used to quantify methylation in various normal and disease tissues for large patient cohorts. We describe a detailed protocol of this affinity enrichment approach along with a bioinformatics pipeline to achieve optimal quantification. This technique has been used to sequence hundreds of patients across various cancer types as a part of the 1,000 methylome project (Cancer Methylome System).
Eclipsed by the Prostate: Expanding Testicular Cancer Scholarship Through Years of Potential Life Lost and Economic Productivity.

Men’s health has been generalized as prostate cancer (PCa) with a supporting cast of other health issues, such as testicular cancer (TCa). As a result, research and scholarship in these supporting topical areas may not receive appropriate attention.This may possibly lead to disease burden indicators failing to comprehensively assess overall affect from a specific outcome within the population. The following commentary provides an example of years of potential life lost (YPLL) and economic productivity as it relates to TCa to encourage diversity in male health research and scholarship topical areas. Overall incidence and mortality rates overwhelmingly support a disparate burden from PCa as compared to other male-specific outcomes, specifically, TCa. When factoring in YPLL and lost economic activity as a result of early death, that disparity essentially dissipates. This discussion will provide an alternative disposition on how males are affected by PCa and TCa. Although PCa has much larger mortality and inc...
Computing Spatiotemporal Heat Maps of Lipid Electropore Formation: A Statistical Approach

We extend the multiscale spatiotemporal heat map strategies originally developed for interpreting molecular dynamics simulations of well-structured proteins to liquids such as lipid bilayers and solvents. Our analysis informs the experimental and theoretical investigation of electroporation, that is, the externally imposed breaching of the cell membrane under the influence of an electric field of sufficient magnitude. To understand the nanoscale architecture of electroporation, we transform time domain data of the coarse-grained interaction networks of lipids and solvents into spatial heat maps of the most relevant constituent molecules. The application takes advantage of our earlier graph-based activity functions by accounting for the contact-forming and -breaking activity of the lipids in the bilayer. Our novel analysis of lipid interaction networks under periodic boundary conditions shows that the disruption of the bilayer, as measured by the breaking activity, is associated with the externally imposed pore formation. Moreover, the breaking activity can be used for statistically ranking the importance of individual lipids and solvent molecules through a bridging between fast and slow degrees of freedom. The heat map approach highlighted a small number of important lipids and solvent molecules, which allowed us to efficiently search the trajectories for any functionally relevant mechanisms. Our algorithms are freely disseminated with the open-source package TimeScapes.
A multiagent reinforcement learning control approach to environment exploration

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of machine learning and a branch of artificial intelligence (AI). In RL agents freely interact with environment and learn through trial and error with reward and punishment provided by the environment where agents exist. The method is inspired by behaviorist psychology, and similar to how living beings learn by trial and error. An important aspect of RL is that agents aim to maximize end cumulative reward not immediate reward. This is a very important feature as it allows RL to be applied to complex problems where immediate results are very different to final end outcomes. For example, individual moves in a business deal could incur loss, but an overall strategy over time could result in net gain. Such complex problems are well suited to RL. Most RL studies deal with single agent acting in an environment; here we deal with a more efficient paradigm where multiple agents act and cooperate in the environment to maximize the final outcome. A multiagent reinforcement leaning (MARL) can be very effective in finding solutions to complex problems.
Process Factors Associated with Improved Outcomes in CBT for Anxious Youth: Therapeutic Content, Alliance, and Therapist Actions

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been established as an empirically supported treatment for anxiety in youth. Recent efforts have been underway to elucidate the evidence- based process factors that are associated with successful outcomes. These factors have included both therapy content (homework; exposure tasks) and therapy process (therapeutic alliance; therapist actions). Although exposure tasks have been identified as a key component of CBT, they are not always implemented with the greatest efficacy, in session or at home. Successful implementation of exposure tasks may rely, in part, on a strong therapeutic alliance. Furthermore, therapist actions influence the alliance and client motivation and participation in homework and exposure tasks. A review of the relevant literature indicates that additional research is needed to elucidate the interaction between therapeutic process factors, such as alliance and therapist actions, and therapeutic content, including exposure tasks.
Head-on replication-transcription collisions lead to formation of life threatening R-loops

Encounters between transcription and DNA replication machineries lead to conflicts that shape genomes, influence evolution, and lead to genetic diseases in humans. Although unclear why, head-on transcription (lagging strand genes) is especially disruptive to replication, increases DNA breaks, and promotes mutagenesis. Here, we show that head-on replication-transcription conflicts lead to pervasive RNA:DNA hybrid formation in Bacillus subtilis. We find that replication beyond head-on conflict regions requires the activity of a RNA:DNA hybrid processing enzyme, RNase HIII. Remarkably, pervasive RNA:DNA hybrid formation at head-on genes completely stops replication and inhibits gene expression in a replication-dependent manner. Accordingly, we find that resolution of head-on conflicts by RNase HIII is crucial for survival upon exposure to various stresses, as many stress response genes are encoded head-on to replication. We conclude that R-loops, RNA:DNA hybrids formed outside of the transcription bubble, exacerbate head-on replication-transcription conflicts, thereby threatening life, especially upon exposure to environmental stresses.
Animal Products and Human Nutrition

Summary Total and per capita consumption of animal products (meat, milk, eggs, and fish) are increasing globally. This shift reflects improved living standards, consumer demand, and efficient production. It should be recognized that 765 million people still suffer from chronic undernourishment/hunger. Animal products have high contents of protein and fat, particularly saturated fat. Animal products provide a source of highly digestible protein and of high quality with good balance of amino acids particularly indispensable amino acids. In the USA, people with an omnivorous diet consume 65% of their protein intake and 26% of their energy from animal products. The Recommended Dietary Allowance for protein is 56 g day−1 for men and 46 g day−1 for women. Meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products are a valuable source of minerals including calcium, zinc, and iron together with vitamins, such as vitamin B12. Animal products are predominantly low in carbohydrates except dairy products, which contain the disaccharide, lactose. The intestinal enzyme, lactase, is essential for lactose digestion. The expression of lactase decreases in most children. However, the enzyme persists in some people depending on their genetics and they can readily digest dairy products. In contrast, when lactase declines there is lactose intolerance. Animal products, such as liver and eggs are important sources of essential fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid; these being critical to the development of the brain and nervous system. Nutrient deficiencies, especially of animal product-rich nutrients, are a major problem globally. Protein malnutrition continues to be a major problem globally. Protein–energy deficiency results in stunting and insufficient weight in over 175 million children. Deficiencies in micronutrients result in 50% of deaths, directly and indirectly, to children and infants less than 5 years old globally. Iron deficiency impacts 30% of the world’s population. Vitamin B12 deficiency is widespread globally being found, for instance, in 40% of children and adults in Latin America, 70% of children in Kenya, and 80% of children in India and in the elderly and vegans in Western countries. Processed red meat and probably nonprocessed red meat have negative effects on health and mortality. Cholesterol is no longer viewed as a nutrient of concern for overconsumption. The safety and sustainability of animal products and ongoing use of animal products are discussed.
Initiation of Soft Tissue Sarcomas: Muscle Stem/Progenitor Cells as Targets

Soft tissue sarcomas represent a diverse collection of mesenchymal tumors which affect both children and adults. A variety of different mutations and cell types play a role in sarcoma formation, and this has complicated efforts to discover its cell of origin. In this chapter, we will first provide a general background of the sarcoma field including common mutations and involved cell types. We will then focus on rhabdomyosarcoma and reveal how knowledge from normal stem cell biology and differentiation has provided tools to enable powerful studies in genetically engineered mice.
Examining Online Chinese Buyer-Seller Relationships, Understanding E-Guanxi: An Abstract

Guanxi, defined as a close and pervasive interpersonal relationship, is a key component of buyer-seller transactions in China (Fan, 2002; Ou, Pavlou, & Davison, 2014). Guanxi facilitates positive business outcomes by lubricating business relationships with personal social connections. The unique role of guanxi in China’s social and business life is well known (Ou et al., 2014). The existing literature on guanxi has largely focused on the institutional governance and B2B aspect of this concept (Yang & Wang, 2011). However, guanxi may refer to buyer-seller relationships established during online exchange, i.e., e-guanxi. This process need not be the transaction itself; rather, it entails activities that enhance relationship building and rapport fostering. Although e-guanxi should differ from traditional offline guanxi due to the unique opportunities and constraints of online environments, i.e., the physical and temporal separation among online buyers and sellers precludes face-to-face social interaction and development of mutual affection, key elements of traditional guanxi (i.e., reciprocity, affection, and trust) could also pertain to the formation of e-guanxi (Yen, Barnes, & Wang 2011; Ou et al., 2014). If present, e-guanxi should function similarly to traditional offline guanxi; hence, it should facilitate positive marketing outcomes between e-buyers and e-sellers. Traditionally, guanxi has been crucial to customer satisfaction in offline contexts (Leung et al., 2005). As guanxi implies an affirmative ongoing relationship perceived positively by both parties to a buyer-seller dyad, the same effect should pertain in online environments. Extant literature also suggests guanxi can be improved or fostered through increased social interaction frequencies (Lee & Xu, 2001; Seligman, 1999; Yen et al., 2011). For example, in traditional offline contexts, meal gatherings and social events trigger communication among event attendees. Although face-to-face communication is unlikely to occur in online environments, computer-mediated communication technologies such as AliWangWang will likely facilitate that communication process and lead to e-guanxi formation (Ou et al., 2014).
Paul and the issue of syncretism

Paul’s response to syncretism in the first-century Roman Empire may guide us in our attempts to respond to syncretism today. Paul identifies with people of various cultures and religions in order t...
4D Continuous Medial Representation Trajectory Estimation for Longitudinal Shape Analysis

Morphological change of anatomy over time has been of great interest for tracking disease progression, aging, and growth. Shape regression methods have shown great success to model the shape changes over time to create a smooth and representative shape trajectory of sparsely scanned medical images. Shape changes modeled by shape regression methods can be affected by pose changes of shapes caused by neighboring anatomies. Such pose changes can cause informative local shape changes to be obscured and neglected in longitudinal shape analysis. In this paper, we propose a method that estimates a continuous trajectory of medial surfaces with correspondence over time to track longitudinal pose changes and local thickness changes separately. A spatiotemporally continuous medial surface trajectory is estimated by integrating velocity fields from a series of continuous medial representations individually estimated for each shape in a continuous 3D shape trajectory. The proposed method enables straightforward analysis on continuous local thickness changes and pose changes of a continuous multi-object shape trajectory. Longitudinal shape analysis which makes use of correspondence and temporal coherence of the estimated continuous medial surface trajectory is demonstrated with experiments on synthetic examples and real anatomical shape complexes.
The effect of the transition period and postpartum body weight loss on macrophage infiltrates in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue

The transition period in dairy cattle is characterized by a rapid increase in metabolic demands due to the onset of lactation in parallel with a voluntary drop in dry matter intake, which slowly increases compared with the rapidly increasing milk production. The resulting deficit in energy intake is largely met by lipolysis of adipose tissue stores liberating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) as energy substrates to support milk production and for the synthesis of milk fat. Previous work in cattle and other species has documented an increase in adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) during periods of feed restriction and lipolysis; however, alterations in ATM during the transition period have only recently received interest because of the role that adipose tissue remodeling and inflammation may play during this time. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the number of macrophages in subcutaneous adipose tissue from dairy cattle at multiple time points throughout the transition period. Secondary objectives included the evaluation for potential associations of ATM with changes in body condition score (BCS) and concentrations of circulating NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate. Holstein cows (n = 25) were enrolled in the study 28 d before expected parturition and fed the same prepartum and postpartum rations for ad libitum consumption. On d 10 before expected parturition, and on d 4 and 21 after calving, subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were taken from the paralumbar fossa and preserved in formalin. Paraffin-embedded sections of tissue from each of the 25 cows at the 3 time points (total of 75 samples) were labeled with an immunohistochemical marker of macrophages, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1, also known as allograft inflammatory factor 1). The number of Iba1-positive cells, the number of crown-like structures, and the number of immunopositive aggregates were enumerated in each sample. The number of Iba1-positive macrophages increased by 60 and 93% on d 4 and 21, respectively, when compared with the average prepartum number. Additionally, cows that lost ≥0.50 points of BCS had a 57 and 52% higher number of ATM on d 4 and 21 postpartum, respectively, when compared with cows that lost ≤0.25 points of BCS. No association was found between ATM numbers and NEFA and β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations or milk production in early lactation. Cows experiencing a more pronounced decrease in BCS postpartum had the largest increase in adipose tissue macrophage counts, suggesting that a greater degree of adipose tissue remodeling during the period of greatest nutrient deficit may be associated with higher numbers of ATM.
Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order

The liberal international order, erected after the Cold War, was crumbling by 2019. It was flawed from the start and thus destined to fail. The spread of liberal democracy around the globe—essentia...
Effect of fatty acid ester structure on cytotoxicity of self-emulsified nanoemulsion and transport of nanoemulsion droplets.

Abstract Although the cytotoxic and permeation enhancing activities of some fatty acid esters (FAEs) have been studied individually, there lacks systemic studies on how their molecular structures can affect these activities and how the activities would change when FAEs form micelles or nanoemulsion droplets. Therefore, this study aims to address these issues by investigating the cytotoxic and permeation enhancing effects of twenty-six FAEs in lipid droplets on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell monolayer. The effect of FAEs on the cytotoxicity and the transport of nanoemulsion droplets depends on how easy the FAE monomers can diffuse out of the droplets and perturbate into the cellular membrane, which determined by the critical structures of FAEs including hydrophilic head size, chain length, number of chains, and number of double bond(s) in the chain. The less the intermolecular attraction, the easier the monomer to diffuse out of the lipid droplets and the more interaction with the cell monolayer. Fatty acid monoester (FAME) with less intermolecular attraction than di- and tri-esters had more cytotoxic and higher permeation enhancing effects. Among the FAMEs, the cytotoxicity and permeation enhancing effects were in the order: medium-chain with small hydrophilic head (propylene glycol and glycol) > long-chain with two double bonds > medium-chain with large head (sorbitan, polyethylene glycol, sucrose, and PEGylated sorbitan) ≈ long-chain with single double bond > saturated long-chain, which are consistent with the intermolecular attraction force (low-high). However, the more kinks in the monomer’s tail caused by the double bond, the less the monomer can perturbate into the cell membrane, resulting in less cytotoxicity and permeation enhancement. In conclusion, the FAEs with less intermolecular attraction and straight chain have more cytotoxic and permeation enhancing effects when formulated in nanoemulsion.
Sensitivity of hydrology and water quality to variation in land use and land cover data

Abstract Land use and land cover (LULC) change is critical to hydrologic study as it affects surface runoff, sediment yield, and nutrient load from watersheds. Change in LULC is a continuous process in agricultural watersheds as per the growing and harvesting seasons. In this study, monthly LULC data layers were generated for the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW), Mississippi by classifying cloud free Landsat images from 2014 to 2018 and combining them according to the season in order to obtain dominant LULC data layers for spring, summer, and fall. About 60 % of the total land area in summer was cultivated land, whereas only 20 and 5 % of the total land area were cultivated land during fall and spring, respectively. The rest of the total land area was constantly covered with urban, forest, and water for the three seasons. The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient ranging from of 87 % to 92 % and 0.8 to 0.90 was obtained during accuracy assessment of the seasonal LULC data layers. This suggested that the seasonal data layers can reasonably be used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to analyze the effects of LULC data variation on hydrology and water quality of BSRW. SWAT was calibrated and validated for streamflow, sediment yield, and nutrient concentration using the summer LULC data layer and those parameters were applied to the models using the spring and fall LULC data layers. SWAT output for runoff, sediment yield, and nutrient load was found to be very sensitive to the change in LULC data layers. The average amount of runoff and sediment yield was higher during the summer while total nitrogen and total phosphorous yields were higher during the fall and spring, respectively. Agricultural operations are usually conducted during the summer and fields are mostly barren during the spring and fall. The use of seasonal LULC data layers is very beneficial to the scientific community as they can better explain the seasonal variation in hydrology and water quality as compared to the annual cropland data layer that is available for a single season of a year.
Top consumer uses of bestselling, single-ingredient vitamin and mineral supplements

Abstract Objective Vitamin and mineral supplements are widely used for self-care of a variety of medical conditions, but little is known about the specific conditions for which they are used. This study mined consumer product reviews to determine specific ways vitamin and mineral supplements are being used therapeutically. Design/Setting A cross-sectional analysis of user reviews for top-selling, single-ingredient vitamin and mineral products from a popular online retailer was performed to identify the most frequently appearing words associated with medical conditions. Results of individual analyses were compared to achieve consensus on the top, relevant keywords for each supplement. The full text of the reviews was searched for these keywords to distinguish whether they referred to therapeutic uses or adverse effects. Results A total of 14 vitamin and 11 mineral supplements were analyzed. The number of user reviews for the analyzed products varied from 41 for manganese to over 5000 for biotin and vitamin D (median = 547 reviews per product). Cohen’s kappa test for investigator-selected keywords related to medical conditions was generally greater than 0.6, indicating good interrater reliability. From these lists, the top consumer self-care uses were identified for 24 supplements. Commonly reported adverse effects were also noted for several products. Conclusion This study used data mining to identify the top ways consumers use an array of bestselling, single-ingredient vitamin and mineral supplements. These results can provide healthcare and nutrition professionals with information to anticipate the supplement-related education needs of patients and provide researchers with priority areas for clinical studies.
International trade and cyber conflict: Decomposing the effect of trade on state-sponsored cyber attacks:

A state’s decision to engage in cyber operations has important implications for its trade. Successful cyber espionage could yield valuable trade secrets that could boost domestic production and spu...
Bedsharing in Early Childhood: Frequency, Partner Characteristics, and Relations to Sleep.

Bedsharing (sharing a bed with others during sleep) in early childhood (3–5 years old) is common across Western and non-Western societies alike. Though prior work indicates that bedsharing may rela...
The Goldilocks effect: female geladas in mid-sized groups have higher fitness.

The cost–benefit ratio of group living is thought to vary with group size: individuals in ‘optimally sized’ groups should have higher fitness than individuals in groups that are either too large or...
Antibody Display of cell surface receptor Tetraspanin12 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

In previous work, Hsieh and Higgins presented a novel structure of antibodies identified from malaria-exposed individuals, in which the extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain of leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIR1) is presented on the third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) of the Ig heavy chain. Here we develop an Antibody Display technology based on this LAIR1-containing antibody, by grafting proteins of interest (POI) onto the heavy chain CDR3 while retaining the biological properties of the POI. As a proof of principle, we displayed the second extracellular domain of Tetraspanin12 (Tspan12EC2) and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on the heavy chain CDR3. Our data revealed that Antibody Display Tspan12EC2 bound to Norrie Disease Protein (Norrin) and Antibody Display SARS-CoV-2 RBD bound to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and neutralizing nanobodies. Collectively, Antibody Display technology offers the general strategy of designing novel antibodies by grafting POI onto the CDR3.
Tonsillectomy Outcomes for Children With Severe Obesity.

Objectives/hypothesis To determine the success of an adenotonsillectomy (T&A) in treating children with severe obesity utilizing a more accurate obesity scale. Study design Retrospective cohort. Methods A retrospective cohort of children with obesity between 5 and 10 years of age who underwent a T&A at Children's Hospital of Colorado (CHCO) was used. This study also utilized publicly available data from the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT) study. The cohort was divided into three obesity classes using age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile (%BMIp95) and compared for operative success differences. Results There were 132 patients included in our primary analysis, with obesity distribution as follows: Class 1 to 53 patients (40%), Class 2 to 45 patients (34%), and Class 3 to 34 patients (26%). Overall, 52 patients (35.9%) experienced a cure (obstructive apnea/hypopnea index [OAHI] .05). There was no significant difference in the preoperative to postoperative percent change in mean oxygen saturation (P = .82 CHCO, P = .43 CHAT), oxygen nadir (P = .20 CHCO, P = .49 CHAT), or OAHI (P = .12 CHCO, P = .26 CHAT) between the obesity classes. Conclusion After adjusting for covariates, children with Class 3 obesity are as likely to be cured with a T&A as those with Class 1 obesity. A T&A should be considered a first line treatment for all children with obesity. Level of evidence 3 Laryngoscope, 2021.
Tensegrity laboratory drilling rig for earth and space drilling, mining, and exploration

Drilling operations are increasingly becoming a manufacturing process where repeatability, versatility, and speed matter the most for an operator or future space missions. Nonetheless, the ongoing energy transition efforts will undoubtedly shape the objectives and priorities of drilling operators into new markets with unexplored technical challenges, where versatility, mobility, and automated systems will play crucial roles in determining successful applications. This study explores and introduces the application of tensegrity-based structures, commonly used in space exploration, to Earth and Space drilling systems by modeling, designing, and building a tensegrity-based miniature drilling rig. Robust models for designing a drilling rig based on tensegrity structures and anticipated load conditions are presented. In addition, the drilling tests and experimental results described proving that the tensegrity could be applied to unusual applications such as drilling. Furthermore, our models show that constructing a lightweight tensegrity-based structure for drilling applications on Earth and Mars is not only possible but feasible by tuning design variables, such as the structure complexity, bar and string sizes, pre-stress, etc. Ultimately, tensegrity structures allow more volume-efficient, lightweight, and deployable mechanisms, to name a few benefits essential for space deployment and help earth-based systems enhance rig mobility that could reduce drilling cost and the environmental footprint of drilling the Exploration and Production (E&P) industry by downsizing the site's carbon expenditure.
The role of allelic variation in estrogen receptor genes and major depression in the Nurses Health Study.

Purpose The role of exogenous and endogenous sex hormones in the etiology of depression remains elusive, in part because sex hormone variation is often correlated with behaviors, life stage changes, and other factors that may influence depression. Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and beta (ESR2) are known to regulate gene expression and estrogen response in areas of the brain associated with major depression and are unlikely to be correlated with exogenous factors that may influence depression.
Brown Bowel and Skeletal Myopathy Associated with Vitamin E Depletion in Pancreatic Insufficiency

Summary In an adult man, myopathy manifested by proximal muscle atrophy, weakness, creatinuria, and characteristic histological changes has been shown to be associated with vitamin E deficiency secondary to pancreatic disease with marked steatorrhea and with brown pigmentation of the bowel. Administration of d-α-tocopherol promptly caused disappearance of the creatinuria and resulted as well in definite but poorly understood alterations in vitamin B 12 metabolism. Among the causes of proximal muscle disease of obscure etiology, loss of fat-soluble vitamins as a result of malabsorption due to pancreatic or intestinal disorders should be considered.
5 The Chloride Cell: The Active Transport of Chloride and the Paracellular Pathways

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the active transport of chloride and the paracellular pathways. The anatomic element directly associated with the secretion of salts is the chloride cell located on the gill filaments, mainly on its proximal end. These large columnar cells are present in greater quantities in the seawater-adapted fish and are less frequent in the freshwater-adapted fish. The tissue lining the opercular cavity of Fundulus heteroclitus consists of a stratified epithelium with an underlying layer of connective tissue. The method utilized for the isolation and study of isolated chloride cell-rich opercular epithelia is described in the chapter. The electrical potential difference of opercular epithelia of Fundulus heteroclitus oscillates between 10 and 35 mV. The flat sheet of opercular epithelium contains considerable numbers of chloride cells and it is clear that potential difference, short-circuit current, and ion flux will be directly related to the presence of so many chloride cells. Several agents or drugs related to transport mechanisms or specific effects that are used to interpret membrane phenomena have also tested for their action on chloride fluxes. In all instances, either stimulations or inhibitions were correlated with an increase of chloride transport by the chloride cells of the epithelia studied.
Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor‐Tyrosine Kinase B Pathway Mediates NMDA Receptor NR2B Subunit Phosphorylation in the Supraoptic Nuclei Following Progressive Dehydration

We studied the effects of water deprivation (WD) on the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and NMDA receptor subunits in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat. Laser capture microdissection and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to demonstrate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB gene expression in vasopressin SON neurones. Immunohistochemistry confirmed BDNF staining in vasopressin neurones, whereas staining for phosphorylated TrkB was increased following WD. Western blot analysis of brain punches containing the SON revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB (pTrkBY(515)), serine phosphorylation of NR1 (pNR1S(866) or pNR1) and tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B subunits (pNR2BY(1472) or pNR2B) were significantly increased in WD animals compared to controls. Access to water for 2 h reduced pTrkBY(515) content to control levels without affecting pNR1 or pNR2B. Four hours of rehydration was needed to reduce pNR1 and pNR2B to control levels. To test whether increased phosphorylation of TrkB in the present study is mediated by BDNF, a group of animals were instrumented with right SON cannula coupled to mini-osmotic pumps filled with vehicle or TrkB-Fc fusion protein, which prevents BDNF binding to TrkB. In the left SON contralateral to the cannula, TrkB phosphorylation was significantly enhanced following WD. Separate analysis of the right SON, which received TrkB-Fc, showed that the TrkB receptor phosphorylation following WD was significantly attenuated. Although increased pNR1S(866) following WD was not affected by local infusion of TrkB-Fc, pNR2BY(1472) was significantly reduced. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed an increased physical interaction between Fyn kinase and NR2B and TrkB in the SON following WD. Thus, activation of TrkB in the SON following WD may affect cellular excitability through the phosphorylation of NR2B subunits.
Complex-Difference Constrained Compressed Sensing Reconstruction for Accelerated PRF Thermometry with Application to MRI Induced RF Heating

Purpose Introduce a novel compressed sensing reconstruction method to accelerate proton resonance frequency shift temperature imaging for MRI-induced radiofrequency heating evaluation. Methods A compressed sensing approach that exploits sparsity of the complex difference between postheating and baseline images is proposed to accelerate proton resonance frequency temperature mapping. The method exploits the intra-image and inter-image correlations to promote sparsity and remove shared aliasing artifacts. Validations were performed on simulations and retrospectively undersampled data acquired in ex vivo and in vivo studies by comparing performance with previously published techniques. Results The proposed complex difference constrained compressed sensing reconstruction method improved the reconstruction of smooth and local proton resonance frequency temperature change images compared to various available reconstruction methods in a simulation study, a retrospective study with heating of a human forearm in vivo, and a retrospective study with heating of a sample of beef ex vivo. Conclusion Complex difference based compressed sensing with utilization of a fully sampled baseline image improves the reconstruction accuracy for accelerated proton resonance frequency thermometry. It can be used to improve the volumetric coverage and temporal resolution in evaluation of radiofrequency heating due to MRI, and may help facilitate and validate temperature-based methods for safety assurance. Magn Reson Med 73:1420–1431, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lateral waves on diffuse dielectric interfaces

Abstract : In the past the lateral wave has been investigated for the case of a sharply bounded transition layer and a layer with a linear velocity variation. The interpretation of the lateral wave given in these instances cannot be extended to an arbitrary smooth layer, and in many cases, the exact nature of the lateral wave contribution becomes unclear. It is our purpose to clarify these matters and to present the characteristics of lateral wave propagation on a layer of arbitrary variation. The models employed can simulate an inhomogeneous plasma having a number density profile, n(z), which varies continuously between two homogeneous half spaces. An integral representation for the scattered field in the optically denser half space is found and evaluated asymptotically in the high frequency limit. This asymptotic evaluation is carried out in two parameter ranges: first, when the layer is thick compared with wavelength; and second, when the layer thickness is arbitrary but the observation point's distance along the interface is large compared with layer thickness.