cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infolded plasma membranes of keratinized cells.

Within the keratinized cells from five different sources, the trilaminar plasma membranes were commonly found. They have derived from the invaginated plasma membrane formed when the membrane-coating granules were discharged, or from infolded plasma membrane due to cellular dehydration and shrinkage. The marginal band was not formed upon these intracellular plasma membranes.
Left ventricular systolic and diastolic flow abnormalities determined by doppler echocardiography in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

To analyze the relation of systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, peak left ventricular (LV) outflow tract velocity, aortic flow and mitral flow, 17 patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) (8 men, 9 women), aged 19 to 88 years (mean 45), were studied using M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography and pulsed and continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography and results were compared with those from 18 age-matched normal subjects. SAM was present in all patients with HC and absent in normal subjects. Time to peak outflow velocity as a percentage of LV ejection time was 63% in patients with HC and 29% in normal subjects (p less than 0.001). In 13 patients, time from the R-wave peak to the closest approximation of the mitral valve to the ventricular septum or initial contact during SAM was determined and was 242 +/- 66 ms and time from the R-wave peak to the peak LV outflow tract velocity was 242 +/- 73 ms (r = 0.90). In 11 patients time from the R-wave peak to cessation of flow in the ascending aorta was measured and was 286 +/- 80 ms; time from the R-wave peak to the peak LV outflow tract velocity was 246 +/- 75 ms. The ratio of early to late diastolic filling velocities of the left ventricle was 1.47 +/- 0.40 in the normal subjects and 1.26 +/- 0.84 in patients with HC (difference not significant). The early to late ratio of the 12 patients without mitral regurgitation was 0.99 +/- 0.52 (p less than 0.01 vs normal subjects).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a clinicopathological condition that comprises a wide spectrum of liver damage, ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis represents only a stage within the spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and is defined pathologically by the presence of steatosis together with necro-inflammatory activity. The true prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is unknown, but it is estimated that it affects 10-24% of the general population in different countries. The diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is based upon convincing evidence of absent or minimal alcohol consumption, compatible histological changes in liver biopsy and the exclusion of other liver diseases. The natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease remains to be defined. Patients with pure steatosis on liver biopsy follow a relatively benign course, whereas patients with histological necro-inflammatory changes and/or fibrosis may progress to end-stage liver disease. An initial step in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the management of associated conditions, such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidaemia. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients with steatohepatitis and/or fibrosis on liver biopsy may benefit from investigational pharmacological therapy. Patients with decompensated cirrhosis from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may be candidates for liver transplantation.
Crystallization of satellite tobacco mosaic virus. I: Nucleation phenomena

Quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) was used to investigate homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation events in the crystallization of satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV). Under conditions of relatively moderate supersaturation (σ ≈ 1.00–1.40), the critical nuclear size supportive of stable crystal growth, Rc, was estimated from time dependent size distribution analyses to be in the range of 30 to 7 virus particles respectively. From the same data, the molar interfacial free energy and the activation energy for crystal growth was deduced to be 2.2 and 10 kcal/mol, respectively. These, we believe represent the first such estimates for virus crystal growth. The acceleration of nucleation and crystal growth by the introduction of heterogeneous nucleants (latex microspheres) was demonstrated.
Flight experience with time-of-arrival control for STOL aircraft in the terminal area

A research program on STOL operating systems is underway at the Ames Research Center. One investigation is concerned with design, analysis, and flight test of promising four-dimensional RNAV systems. One promising system generates a capture flight path from the present aircraft position to a waypoint on a selected fixed STOL approach route. It predicts arrival time at the runway and controls time and position along the path. The system was flight tested using a digital avionics system on a Convair 340 and on an experimental powered-lift STOL airplane. Flight tests in the flight director mode show that the pilot can choose and change the desired time of arrival, and meet this time within a few seconds, in spite of navigation errors and varying winds. Initial tests of the automatic mode using a flight simulator and the NASA Augmentor Wing Jet STOL Research Aircraft (AWJSRA) show that good time control was achieved at the cost of excess throttle activity. This fault was later corrected.
Biofeedback as therapy in Raynaud's disease.

The following dimensions of Raynaud's disease are reviewed: (a) etiological factors, particularly those of a psychological nature, (b) proposed biological mechanisms of vasospastic episodes, (c) efficacy of pharmaceutical and surgical interventions, and (d) use of biofeedback as therapy. Emotional stress appears to be wholly sufficient to induce vasospastic episodes in victims. Some authors further hypothesize that suppressed anger may be involved in the phenomenon. Vehicles proposed to account for the symptoms include local vascular pathology, sympathetic discharge, and biochemical phenomena. Sympathectomy does not produce permanent remission and vasodilator medications tend to have undesirable side effects even when successful. Documented success with feedback techniques is sparse but encouraging. Published outcome studies are often confounded by the use of additional treatment modes such as relaxation training and hypnosis. The study of Raynaud's disease has enormous potential for the understanding of psychosomatic illness in a holistic fashion. Stresses induce immediate physiological responses, and corrective conditioning is easily implemented and monitored.
THE LEONID METEOROID SHOWER: LESSONS LEARNED FROM 1997 AND PLANS FOR 1998–2001 ☆

Abstract This paper discusses the upcoming Leonid meteoroid storm and its effects on spacecrafts. All satellites will be hit by tiny meteoroids but most of them will cause no problem. Penetration of spacecraft components is less of a threat than the plasma-related effects — ground currents and communication noise arising when impact-generated plasma strikes the antennae. Results from the 1997 monitoring campaign suggest that the storm intensity will be less than previously believed but sufficiently large uncertainties in both the number of meteoroids and the impact phenomenology that spacecraft owners and operators are urged to review the mitigation options presented in the paper and develop their own plans.
EXPERIMENTAL ALTERATION OF COUPLING RESISTANCE AT AN ELECTROTONIC SYNAPSE

Adjacent segments of the septate axon of the crayfish Procambarus are electrotonically coupled by junction located in the septa between them (see Pappas et al. 1970. J. Cell Biol. 49: 173). The coupling resistance at the septa was changed by several experimental treatments. Mechanical injury to an axon increased coupling resistance (more than 7-fold); no recovery of coupling resistance was observed, although the resting potential and resistance of the injured axon could return to near normal levels. Immersion in salines with Na propionate substituted for NaCl increased coupling resistance (mean: 6.1-fold). On return of the preparation to normal saline, coupling resistance recovered virtually completely. Immersion in low Ca ++ solutions moderately increased coupling resistance (3.5-fold or less), but return to normal saline was followed by large increases in coupling resistance (5–100-fold). 60 nM Ca ++ is near the maximum concentration that leads to increased coupling resistance on return to normal saline. Large increases in coupling resistance are associated with separation of junctional membranes (Pappas et al. 1970. Ibid.); calculations show that the separated membranes greatly increase in resistance. Increase in coupling resistance is probably an important response to injury. Mechanisms underlying changes reported here may be relevant to normal physiological processes of coupling and decoupling.
Pavlovian Conditioning Requires Ruling Out Nonassociative Factors to Claim Conditioning Occurred

In a thought provoking article based on their studies concerning the behavioral capacities of spinallytransected rats, Grau and Joynes (2005) claim that protection-from-habituation and pairing-specific enhanced sensitization are learned phenomena that occur during pairings between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. Our commentary questions whether such effects: (1) should be put in the same category as associative learning; (2) necessitate or warrant a new neurofunctionalism; (3) suggest that the field should have less emphasis on the methods of Pavlov and Skinner and more focus on function and neuroscience; (4) suggest that our textbooks be revised. Grau and Joynes (2005) propose a new approach to the study of learning, labeled "neural-functionalism," stemming from their critique of perceived problems involving the practice (i.e., methodological issues) and image management (for our students and for colleagues in other disciplines) of the field of animal learning and conditioning. We discuss these critiques and this new approach by focusing on these two problems in turn. Although some important, if primarily familiar, issues are raised, we are unconvinced by Grau and Joynes's arguments. Methodological Issues The views articulated by Grau and Joynes developed out of their research into the learning capacities of a reduced animal preparation, spinally-transected rats. This work, involving the analysis of behavior produced by pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US), appears to be amenable to explanation in terms of one of three factors: Pavlovian conditioning as it is conventionally viewed, protection from habituation (PH), or pairing-specific enhanced sensitization (PSES). Most researchers would ask whether the change in behavior observed is due to associative learning or an artifact (PH or PSES). Grau and Joynes concluded that the behavioral effects obtained in their spinal rats were not due to the former factor and, rather than accepting an artifactual interpretation, the authors took a much bolder step by declaring that PH and PSES should be considered
Dashboard Impact Evaluation for Primary Care and Community Health Programs

Dashboard impact evaluations are studies that assess the short-term effects of health programs on performance indicators that are of interest to senior managers. Evaluations of this type can be performed rapidly and at relatively low cost if evaluators are experienced and independent, and use standard methods. Assessment of short-term impacts can provide valuable encouragement or raise concerns that call for close monitoring or redirection of program activities. Preliminary results can be in hand as early as 60 days after a program begins operations.
Iron Deficiency and Erythropoiesis: New Diagnostic Approaches

Iron deficiency anemia is one of the most common diseases worldwide. In the majority of cases, the presence of hypochromic microcytic anemia and biochemical evidence for depletion of body iron stores makes the diagnosis relatively straightforward. However, in several clinical conditions, classic biochemical indices such as serum iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin may not be informative or may not change rapidly enough to reflect transient iron-deficient states (functional iron deficiency), such as the ones that develop during recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) therapy. The identification and treatment of iron deficiency in settings such as r-HuEPO therapy, anemia of chronic disease, and iron deficiency of early childhood may be improved by the use of red cell and reticulocyte cellular indices, which reflect in almost real time the development of iron deficiency and the response to iron therapy. In the anemia of chronic disease, measurements of plasma cytokines and iron metabolism regulators such as hepcidin (when available) may be helpful in the characterization of the pathophysiologic basis of this condition. The ratio of serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) to serum ferritin (R/F ratio) has been shown to have excellent performance in estimating body iron stores, but it cannot be used widely because of the lack of standardization for sTfR assays. The combination of hematologic markers such as reticulocyte hemoglobin content, which decreases with iron deficiency, and R/F ratio may allow for a more precise classification of anemias.
Linear FM Signal Formats for Beacon and Communication Systems

This paper examines the capabilities of the class of linear FM spread-spectrum signals within the context of potential communications systems usage in order to establish some performance criteria and bounds that permit comparison with other spread-spectrum formats. A systematic basis is provided for parameter selection for this class of signals by examining the interaction a mong the frequency-modulation indices, time-bandwidth product, and cross-talk criteria that determine the number of effective linear FM signals (or channels) that can be used within the constraints of a bounded time-frequency region. A general expression is derived relating N, the number of useful signals, R2, a cross-talk parameter, ToWo, the mean time-bandwidth product, and ?max and ?min, the maximum and minimum FM rates of the signal set. Canonic signal processor structures are described for ensembles of linear FM signals that have either constant duration or constant bandwidth. It is then shown that the signal modulation format can be modified in accordance with classical paired-echo theory to expand the utility of this class of signals in both synchronous and nonsynchronous operations to yield the equivalent of time-division and code multiplexing. Possible applications for this signal format are discussed.
The size, characteristics and partnership networks of the health-related non-profit sector in three regions of South Africa: implications of changing primary health care policy for community-based care

Background Health-related community-based care in South Africa is mostly provided through non-profit organizations (NPOs), but little is known about the sector. In the light of emerging government policy on greater formalization of community-based care in South Africa, this article assesses the size, characteristics and partnership networks of health-related NPOs in three South African communities and explores implications of changing primary health care policy for this sector. Methods Data were collected (2009-11) from three sites: Khayelitsha (urban), Botshabelo (semi-rural) and Bushbuckridge (semi/deep rural). Separate data sources were used to identify all health-related NPOs in the sites. Key characteristics of identified NPOs were gathered using a standardized tool. A typology of NPOs was developed combining level of resources (well, moderate, poor) and orientation of activities ('Direct service', 'Developmental' and/or 'Activist'). Network analysis was performed to establish degree and density of partnerships among NPOs. Results The 138 NPOs (n = 56 in Khayelitsha, n = 47 in Bushbuckridge; n = 35 in Botshabelo) were mostly local community-based organizations (CBOs). The main NPO orientation was 'Direct service' (n = 120, 87%). Well- and moderately resourced NPOs were successful at combining orientations. Most organizations with an 'Activist' orientation were urban. No poorly resourced organizations had this orientation. Well-resourced organizations with an 'Activist' orientation were highly connected in Khayelitsha NPO networks, while poorly resourced CBOs were marginalized. A contrasting picture emerged in Botshabelo where CBOs were highly connected. Networks in Bushbuckridge were fragmented and linear. Conclusions The NPO sector varies geographically in numbers, resources, orientation of activities and partnership networks. NPOs may perform important developmental roles and strong potential for social capital may reside in organizational networks operating in otherwise impoverished environments. A uniform approach to policy implementation may not accommodate variations in the NPO sector. Considerations for adaptation may be necessary in light of the observed differences between urban and rural settings.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE NO SCALPEL AND STANDARD INCISION APPROACHES TO VASECTOMY IN 5 COUNTRIES

Purpose:: We compare the safety, ease of use and effectiveness of the no scalpel and standard incision approaches to vasectomy.Materials and Methods:: A multicenter, randomized, partially masked controlled trial was conducted at 8 sites in Brazil, Guatemala, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Semen samples were collected 10 weeks postoperatively and tested to ascertain sterility using verification of no living spermatozoa.Results:: The study included 1,429 men seeking vasectomy. The efficacy of the 2 approaches was virtually identical. In the no scalpel group operating time was significantly shorter, and complications and pain were less frequent than in the standard incision group. The no scalpel group resumed intercourse sooner, probably as a result of less pain following the procedure.Conclusions:: The no scalpel approach is an important advance in the surgical approach to vasectomy, and offers fewer side effects and greater comfort compared to the standard incision technique, without compromising efficacy.
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy in Chronic Pseudophakic Ocular Inflammation Associated With Misplaced Intraocular Lens Haptics

Purpose To evaluate the usefulness of ultrasound biomicroscopy in confirming intraocular lens haptic–induced ocular irritation and in the management of these patients. Design A retrospective review of patient data. Methods Twenty pseudophakic patients who underwent ultrasound biomicroscopy examination between May 2009 and February 2011 to confirm the clinical suspicion of misplacement of intraocular lens haptics were reviewed. Ophthalmic findings at the time of presentation and at each follow-up visit, and management of each patient, were recorded. Results Intraocular lens haptic misplacement was confirmed by ultrasound biomicroscopy in all suspected cases. In 75% of the eyes 1 haptic was embedded in the iris; it extended into the ciliary body process in 35% and into the pars plana in 10%. Focal iris thinning/atrophy was detected by ultrasound biomicroscopy in 15% of cases and focal angle closure in 25%. Intraocular lens exchange was performed in 40% of patients. The remaining 60% were kept under observation, with the addition of topical steroids and/or cycloplegics in eyes that demonstrated anterior chamber inflammation and intraocular pressure–lowering medications in eyes with persistent elevated intraocular pressure or glaucoma. Conclusions Ultrasound biomicroscopy appears to be a valuable tool in confirming the presence of haptic-induced ocular irritation and in assisting the management of these patients.
Three-phase pole-by-pole model of a linear induction machine

This paper develops a stationary-reference-frame coupled circuit model for a 4-pole linear induction machine (l.i.m.), a model similar in nature to the abc-phase model used to predict conventional round-rotor machine behaviour. A comparison between model predictions and high-speed double-sided l.i.m. data shows that good predictions can be made using equivalent-circuit parameters calculated from machine dimensions. It is shown that the application of the (d, q) transformation slightly degrades the predictions for the machine studied, at the same time halving the computational time. The model derived requires a mathematical lengthening of the machine's primary. It is shown that results are improved when the actual length of the primary is used to calculate coupling coefficients for the model. Since the basic abc-phase 4-pole machine model is represented by a matrix differential equation of order 15, programming and solution time are relatively short as compared to some other methods.
Scalable load balancing congestion-aware Network-on-Chip router architecture

Adaptive routing algorithms have been employed in interconnection networks to improve network throughput and provide better fault tolerance characteristics. However, they can harm performance by disturbing any inherent global load balance through greedy local decisions. This paper proposes a novel scalable load balancing congestion-aware Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture that not only enhances network transmission performance while maintaining a feasible implementation cost, but also improves overall network throughput for various traffic scenarios. This congestion control scheme which consists of dynamic input arbitration and adaptive routing path selection is proposed to balance global traffic load distribution so as to alleviate congestion caused by heavy network activities. Furthermore, faulty links information can be broadcasted by existing congestion management control signals to prevent packets from routing through defected areas in order to eliminate potential heavy congestion situations around these regions. Experimental results show that throughput is improved dramatically while maintaining superior latency performance for various traffic patterns. Compared to a baseline router, the proposed congestion management mechanism requires negligible cost overhead but provides better throughput for both mesh and diagonally-linked mesh NoC platforms.
Extravasation of systemic hemato-oncological therapies

Systemic intravenous chemotherapeutic agents can cause multiple emergency situations including acute and chronic local and systemic reactions. Amongst them, drug extravasation is one of the most devastating complications, as many drugs can cause varying degrees of local tissue injury when extravasated. Although it is difficult to give an accurate measurement, the incidence of extravasation of systemic infusional chemotherapeutic agents has been reported to occur in 0.1-6.5% of cases. Since most extravasations can be prevented with the systematic implementation of careful administration techniques, guidelines have been published for the administration of vesicant drugs. The proper maintenance of intravenous lines, application of local cooling or warming for certain extravasations, and the use of antidotes to prevent the local toxic action of the extravasated drugs are the basis of medical management. The specific antidotes for certain chemotherapeutic agents are also discussed in this article.
A Study of Epitaxial Relations of CaF2 Films Grown on (111) Silicon by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

When preparing singles-crystal films of CaF2 on (111) oriented silicon by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), we found that these dielectric films grew into either A or B type depending on the substrate temperature during growth. As-type films follow the same orientation as that of the substrate silicon, while Bs-type films rotate 180° about the surface normal with respect to the substrates. p]Xs-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms the single crystallinity and identifies the epitaxial relationships between the film and the substrate. Epitaxial CaF2 films were obtained at growth temperatures ranging from 200°C to 800°C. Employing the asymmetric xs-ray diffraction of atomic planes inclined to the sample surface, we found that As-type CaF2 grows at lower substrate temperatures, while Bs-type films dominate at higher temperatures.
making sense of a mélange: Representing Cultural Citizenship in Singapore's Asian Civilisations Museum

Museums around the globe are increasingly being employed to expand the practice and experience of cultural citizenship, interpreting cross-cultural connections as key to civic identity and pride. This article is an ethnographic case study of how two museums represent different visions of cultural citizenship in the ethnically diverse nation of Singapore. Viewing exhibitions as texts and drawing on interviews and interactions with museum staff, visitors, and community members as well as observations made within the museum environment, this research suggests that the two branches of Singapore's Asian Civilisations Museum—the new “Peranakan Museum” and the Empress Place Museum—can be seen as tools that are central to the promotion of government agendas of nation building and cultural citizenization in Singapore. In this article, I analyze them in terms of their embodiment of “traditional” versus “post” multicultural characteristics. [national museums, identity, postcolonialism, multiculturalism, Peranakans, Singapore]
On the Reasons for the Formation and Variability of the Azores Current

Abstract Recent studies have shown that the formation of the well-defined, zonally oriented Azores Current may be the result of water mass transformation associated with the Mediterranean outflow in the Gulf of Cadiz. As the denser Mediterranean water descends down the continental slope, it entrains overlying North Atlantic Central Water. It is believed that the Azores Current then forms as part of the horizontal recirculating gyre generated through the β-plume mechanism. In this study, the authors further explore this hypothesis by performing a series of numerical experiments. These experiments are based on a high-resolution general circulation model that includes the Mediterranean Sea and that realistically simulates the water mass exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar and the transport and variability of the Azores Current. The authors show that the divergence of the relative vorticity flux and the planetary vorticity flux, associated with planetary waves, are the main factors determining the variab...
Sequential hypothesis testing with off-line randomized sensor selection strategy

We purpose and analyze an off-line randomized sensor selection strategy for sequential hypothesis testing problem constrained with sensor measurement costs. Within the framework of Wald's approximation, the sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) with sensor selection is designed for minimizing the expected total measurement cost subject to reliability and sensor usage constraints. In the case of symmetric hypotheses, we introduce a quantity, called efficiency, of a sensor and show that it is critical to the sensor selection in SPRT. Furthermore, an algorithm with linear time complexity is proposed to obtain the optimal sensor selection probabilities.
The value of urodynamic studies in infants less than 1 year old with congenital spinal dysraphism.

AbstractThe role and timing of urodynamic studies in infants with congenital spinal dysraphism are controversial. We reviewed 64 consecutive infants with a mean followup of 28 months who underwent video urodynamic study when they were less than 1 year old (50 of the 64 patients were less than 3 months old). A previously reported video urodynamic “hostility score” from 0 (best) to 10 (worst) was given to each study and compared with the outcome of the upper urinary tract and subsequent urodynamic studies. A larger fraction of these children with high hostility scores (5 or greater) had upper tract deterioration (39%) compared to those with low hostility scores (9%). Moreover, 6 of 14 patients in the low hostility group who underwent repeat video urodynamic studies after age 1 year had high hostility lower urinary tracts. We conclude that urodynamic studies during and after the first year of life are useful in the appropriate urological evaluation and management of infants with spinal dysraphism.
Expression in Escherichia coli of the 37-kilodalton endoflagellar sheath protein of Treponema pallidum by use of the polymerase chain reaction and a T7 expression system.

Abstract We previously reported the complete primary structure of the 37-kilodalton endoflagellar sheath protein (FlaA) of Treponema pallidum. However, we were unable to determine the nucleotide sequence of flaA upstream of amino acid 10. The desired nucleotide sequence was obtained by use of a strategy based upon the polymerase chain reaction and was found to contain a consensus Escherichia coli promoter, a ribosomal binding site, and a 20-amino-acid signal peptide. Expression of FlaA in E. coli was achieved by cloning polymerase chain reaction-derived constructs lacking the native T. pallidum promoter into a temperature-inducible T7 expression system. Pulse-chase and ethanol inhibition analyses of protein processing in E. coli cells and minicells, respectively, indicated that processing of the FlaA precursor was incomplete. Native and recombinant FlaA were identical as assessed by antibody reactivity and sodium dodecyl sulfate- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobilities. Soluble FlaA was not detected in either the cytoplasmic or the periplasmic fractions of E. coli transformants. Fractionation of E. coli cell envelopes unexpectedly revealed that FlaA precursor and FlaA were associated with both the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. This is the first report of expression in E. coli of a T. pallidum protein which could not be cloned or expressed with its native promoter. Our data also indicate that information obtained in E. coli regarding the subcellular location of cloned treponemal proteins must be cautiously extrapolated to T. pallidum.
Who Is Leading the Replication Fork, Pol ε or Pol δ?

Several studies in the past decade support a model wherein DNA polymerase e (Pol e) carries out the majority of leading-strand DNA replication of the undamaged eukaryotic nuclear genome. Now a recent paper in Molecular Cell from the Prakash laboratory challenges this model, claiming instead that Pol δ is the major replicase for both strands and that Pol e’s primary role is only to proofread errors made by Pol δ during leading-strand replication (Johnson et al., 2015). While we fully subscribe to the idea that the replication fork is plastic and that its composition can adapt to various challenges, we believe the foundation for an unchallenged replication fork remains as established before the Prakash paper, for the following reasons.
Communicating About Chronic Caregiving in the Workplace: Employees’ Disclosure Preferences, Intentions, and Behaviors

A growing number of Americans are living with chronic health conditions that require informal, ongoing care from family members who are also in the paid labor force. In this exploratory study, communication privacy management is used to make sense of chronic caregiving (N = 48–64) and noncaregiving (N = 174–178) employees’ disclosure preferences, intentions, and behaviors in the workplace. We find that workers in general anticipate that they would disclose to many individuals at work about their caregiving, but employees actually disclose much less information to far fewer people at work when they occupy the chronic caregiver role. For chronic caregivers, positive perceptions about coworker supportiveness predict increased disclosure behaviors. Finally, future research directions as employers, workers, and policy makers prepare for the complex challenges associated with negotiating paid work and unpaid chronic caregiving are provided.
DYNAMICS OF CORRELATED GENETIC SYSTEMS. I. SELECTION IN THE REGION OF THE GLUED LOCUS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The dynamical behavior of chromosomal segments undergoing strong selection was investigated in four replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster. This was accomplished by following the joint behavior of allozyme markers at the loci phosphoglucomutase and esterase C, adjacent to the recessive lethal locus Glued, during and following the course of selection against Glued. The results show strong selection at other loci in the region of the marked segment. Examination of the joint dynamic of the two markers indicates that there must be more than one, and probably several, selected loci in the region under observation, with large epistatic effects. The mode of selection on the segment often results in excess heterozygosity at the markers, but does not appear to be constant in time. It is concluded that the density of selective effects in the region under study is substantial.
SOLVOLYSIS REACTIONS OF ANTIMONY (III) O,O-DISUBSTITUTED PHOSPHORODITHIOATES

Abstract Antimony (III) tris-(O,O-di-p-tolyl phosphorodithioate) (4) has been found to undergo solvolysis in ethanol to give antimony triethylate and O,O-di-p-tolyl phosphorodithioic acid (5). Both 4 and antimony (III) tris-(O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) (3) undergo solvolysis reactions with diethylamine to give the respective diethylammonium O,O-disubstituted phosphorodithioates and complex oxidation products. Compounds 3 and 4 are similar to passivation agents used in petroleum refining, and the results suggest that such compounds can undergo solvolysis at antimony with various components of crude petroleum prior to the ultimate pyrolysis reactions.
Defining the sign of a permutation

We would like to call attention to a way of defining the sign of a permutation that offers several advantages over traditional approaches. We will comment on these advantages after giving the definition. Consider a permutation a: S -* S. Let n be the number of points in S and let Ia denote the number of orbits of a. We define the sign of a by
Podcasts of the POEMs featured in AFP are now available.

Insightful discussions about POEMs published in AFP are available as a free podcast via iTunes.
Carbon sequestration on Mars: Reply

Martian atmospheric pressure has important implications for the past and present habitability of the planet, including the timing and causes of environmental change. The ancient Martian surface is strewn with evidence for early water bound in minerals (e.g., Ehlmann and Edwards, 2014) and recorded in surface features such as large catastrophically created outflow channels (e.g., Carr, 1979), valley networks (Hynek et al., 2010; Irwin et al., 2005), and crater lakes (e.g., Fassett and Head, 2008). Using orbital spectral data sets coupled with geologic maps and a set of numerical spectral analysis models, Edwards and Ehlmann (2015) constrained the amount of atmospheric sequestration in early Martian rocks and found that the majority of this sequestration occurred prior to the formation of the early Hesperian/late Noachian valley networks (Fassett and Head, 2011; Hynek et al., 2010), thus implying the atmosphere was already thin by the time these surface-water-related features were formed.
Abstract B17: Predictors of chemotherapy attitudes in African American women with breast cancer

Background: Studies have noted that compared to white women with breast cancer, black women receive less appropriate adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy. It has been suggested that black women may have less favorable views about chemotherapy or that cultural factors such as medical mistrust may affect their utilization. Little research has been conducted to quantitatively examine chemotherapy attitudes in black breast cancer patients. Our aims were to: 1) examine the association between cultural beliefs and chemotherapy attitudes and 2) identify predictors of chemotherapy attitudes. Methods: We conducted structured telephone interviews with patients after their definitive diagnosis. Eligible women were black patients diagnosed with T 1,2,3 N any M 0 disease. Key measures were: cultural beliefs (e.g., medical mistrust, religiosity, and collectivism), perceptions of disease severity, healthcare satisfaction, and demographic factors. Eighty-eighty women were recruited from two cancer centers (74%) and physician practices (26%). Ages ranged from 29 to 78 years (m=54.3). Most were either never married (31%) or currently unmarried (35%). Sixty-five percent had at least a high school diploma and 68% were privately insured. Patients reported high levels of religiosity (m=30; SD: 5.0; range: 12–36), moderate levels of collectivist beliefs (m=8.9; SD: 2.6; range: 6–14) and moderate levels of medical mistrust (m=28.8; SD: 5.8; range: 16–42). Women had moderately positive attitudes about chemotherapy (m=18.4; SD: 4.7; range: 4–28). In the multivariate multiple regression model, predictors of having positive chemotherapy attitudes were: age (=.−255), medical mistrust (=.−283), and perceptions of disease severity (=.500) (p Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that women9s perception regarding the severity of their disease was the strongest predictor of chemotherapy attitudes. Also, younger women and those with lower levels of medical mistrust had more positive attitudes about chemotherapy. Further studies are needed to examine the effect of chemotherapy attitudes on women9s actual treatment adherence.
MicroRNAs as Future Therapeutic Targets for Spinal Cord Injury

The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) changes dynamically during the different stages of spinal cord development and following injury. In injury these changes attempt to repair inflicted cellular damage. Recent discoveries suggest that miRNAs can be used to reprogram fibroblasts into neuronal cells, strongly supporting the hypothesis that they are involved in defining the cellular identity of neuronal lineage. Also, they have been shown to be involved in immune response to neuronal damage by microglia, and their expression is as well changed in other cellular compartments of the injured spinal cord. Overall, these findings recognize miRNAs as critical targets for future therapeutics aimed at the regeneration of a functional spinal cord. However, further knowledge about their functions in each and every cellular compartment of the spinal cord in both physiological and pathological conditions is needed for future miRNA-based regeneration therapies.
A Predictive Model to Identify Patients With Fecal Incontinence Based on High-Definition Anorectal Manometry

Background & Aims Three-dimensional high-definition anorectal manometry (3D-HDAM) is used to assess anal sphincter function; it determines profiles of regional pressure distribution along the length and circumference of the anal canal. There is no consensus, however, on the best way to analyze data from 3D-HDAM to distinguish healthy individuals from persons with sphincter dysfunction. We developed a computer analysis system to analyze 3D-HDAM data and to aid in the diagnosis and assessment of patients with fecal incontinence (FI). Methods In a prospective study, we performed 3D-HDAM analysis of 24 asymptomatic healthy subjects (control subjects; all women; mean age, 39 ± 10 years) and 24 patients with symptoms of FI (all women; mean age, 58 ± 13 years). Patients completed a standardized questionnaire (FI severity index) to score the severity of FI symptoms. We developed and evaluated a robust prediction model to distinguish patients with FI from control subjects using linear discriminant, quadratic discriminant, and logistic regression analyses. In addition to collecting pressure information from the HDAM data, we assessed regional features based on shape characteristics and the anal sphincter pressure symmetry index. Results The combination of pressure values, anal sphincter area, and reflective symmetry values was identified in patients with FI versus control subjects with an area under the curve value of 1.0. In logistic regression analyses using different predictors, the model identified patients with FI with an area under the curve value of 0.96 (interquartile range, 0.22). In discriminant analysis, results were classified with a minimum error of 0.02, calculated using 10-fold cross-validation; different combinations of predictors produced median classification errors of 0.16 in linear discriminant analysis (interquartile range, 0.25) and 0.08 in quadratic discriminant analysis (interquartile range, 0.25). Conclusions We developed and validated a novel prediction model to analyze 3D-HDAM data. This system can accurately distinguish patients with FI from control subjects.
Pareto-Based Optimization

Engineering and architectural problems most of the times are not dealing with only one single objective to be satisfied. To the contrary almost always these problems contain different objectives to be fulfilled: problems such as how to select the optimized option among objectives such as energy consumption, comfort, and beauty of the building, or construction cost, operation and maintenance costs, and expected life-span of the design building.
Smarter, Stronger, Kinder—Developing Effective Media-Based Tools for At-Risk Populations: Commentary on Chapter 15

We approach our commentary of McClure and Barr’s chapter not only as research scientists, but also as educators involved in creating educational media experiences. We spend our days entrenched in developing content across media platforms to address specific educational needs of children spanning the ages of 2–8, creating curriculum documents to guide content creation, and conducting applied research at Sesame Workshop, the producers of Sesame Street. The mission of Sesame Workshop is to harness the power of media to help children grow smarter (academic skills and executive function skills), stronger (physical health and resiliency skills), and kinder (building empathy, compassion, and other prosocial behavior). Since its inception, content produced by Sesame Workshop is curriculum driven to address an educational, health, or societal issue, informed by content experts, and guided by basic and formative research with children, parents, caregivers, and educators. As such, we ensure that the media content that is created is of high quality and developmentally appropriate. Much of our experiences at Sesame Workshop, however, have been focused on unidirectional video interventions or interactive technologies for colocated parents and children ages 2 and older.
Who’s Taking the Accounting Class? Leveraging Professional Skepticism While Teaching Accounting Online

The shortage of academically qualified accounting professors makes this a relevant time to increase the use of online tools for content delivery, assignment completion and assessment. Accounting students employed as teaching assistants (TA) can develop professional skills including skepticism, problem solving, analysis, organization and electronic documentation, while in academia. Certified Public Accountants (CPA) and educators are held accountable to high ethical standards through a code of conduct and academic integrity policies. This teaching case incorporates ethical decision making from an experience in an online virtual classroom where power differentials and analysis of student activity require research in a learning experience.
Global Oil Market: Main Trends

Implementation of OPEC+ oil output cut agreements has led to stabilization of the world oil prices in the $60-70 per barrel range. In H2 2019, the oil prices pushed closer to the lower bound of this range. In December 2019, members of OPEC+ decided to cut further the oil production from January 1, 2020. Amid growing oil production seen in the countries outside the cut deal such measure should prolong stabilizing effect on the oil market and prevent a significant price slump.
Distributed and cooperative optimization-based iterative learning control for large-scale building temperature regulation

In this paper, a distributed and cooperative optimization-based iterative learning control (ILC) algorithm is proposed for large-scale building temperature control problems. With the algorithm, large-scale building temperature control problems are solvable with reasonable computational load and guaranteed control performance under nearly repetitive disturbances. The large-scale centralized system is separated into several distributed and cooperative small-scale subsystems that communicate among each other. For each subsystem, a convex optimization problem is solved. The cooperative learning policy allows all subsystems to contribute together to improve the overall performance. The convergence property of the algorithm is proved and simulation results are provided to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Student Support and Retention Services: A Primer for Next Generation e-Learning Leaders

e-Learner support and retention can often be an afterthought when designing e-learning experiences. In this chapter, the authors discuss the main differences between e-learners and traditional on-campus students and share methods for thinking intentionally about the support services for e-learners. The authors outline the accreditation and policy guidelines that shape learner success initiatives at institutions of higher education and offer a comprehensive overview of the kinds of services and systems recommended by accrediting bodies as well as the student support components that are typically offered in e-learning units. Because an important component of providing student success services is networking and collaborating with academic departments and other institutional partners, the authors describe some of the more typical partnerships between e-learning units and various campus stakeholders in the provision of student success services and programs. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the growing trends of predictive modeling and real-time data analytics and concrete strategies that e-learning leaders can use in the development of strong student success models.
Global Climate Change and the "So What?" Issue: Reversing the Impact of Donald Trump.

An editorial is presented which discusses the authors' views about global climate change (GCC), U.S. President Donald Trump's decision to withdraw America from the Paris Agreement international climate change accord, and public attitudes about various environmental and sustainability issues. The history of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is mentioned, along with concerns regarding climate change and distributions of social and economic capital.
Benchmarking inscribed matter probes

Abstract We have explored the optimal frequency of interstellar photon communications and benchmarked other particles as information carriers in previous papers of this series. We now compare the latency and bandwidth of sending probes with inscribed matter. Durability requirements such as shields against dust and radiation, as well as data duplication, add negligible weight overhead at velocities v 0.2 c. Probes may arrive in full, while most of a photon beam is lost to diffraction. Probes can be more energy efficient per bit, and can have higher bandwidth, compared to classical communication, unless a photon receiver is placed in a stellar gravitational lens. The probe's advantage dominates by order of magnitude for long distances (kpc) and low velocities ( 0.1 c ) at the cost of higher latency.
Overview of Temperature and Environmental Effects on Fatigue of Structural Metals

This introductory lecture of the 27th Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference is intended to provide a general overview of the effects of temperature and environments on the fatigue behavior of structural alloys. A broad view, it is hoped, will compliment the more specialized subjects to be treated in the next three days. Included there will be such topics as the role of environment on the fatigue process at room and elevated temperatures, the fatigue performance of specific materials, largely metals but also ceramics and engineering plastics and engineering applications, all to be dealt with in some detail.