cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the isolated cAMP‐binding B domain of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase

A 14.4-kDa cAMP-binding fragment was generated during bacterial expression and purification of recombinant bovine cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I alpha regulatory subunit (RI alpha). The full-length RI alpha from which the fragment was derived contained a point mutation allowing its B domain to bind both cAMP and cGMP with high affinity while leaving its A domain highly cAMP selective. The NH2 terminus of the fragment was Ser-252, indicating that it encompassed the entire predicted B domain. Although the [3H]cAMP and [3H]cGMP exchange rates of the isolated B domain were increased relative to the B domain in intact RI alpha, the [3H]cAMP exchange rate was comparable to that of the B domain of full-length RI alpha containing an unoccupied A domain. A plasmid encoding only the isolated B domain was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and a monomeric form of the B domain was purified that had identical properties to the proteolytically generated fragment, indicating that all of the elements for the high-affinity cAMP-binding B domain are contained within the 128 amino acid carboxyl terminus of the R subunit. Prolonged induction of the B domain in E. coli or storage of the purified protein resulted in the formation of a dimer that could be reverted to the monomer by incubation in 2-mercaptoethanol. Dimerization caused an approximate fivefold increase in the rate of cyclic nucleotide exchange relative to the monomer. The results show that an isolated cAMP-binding domain can function independently of any other domain structures of the R subunit.
Forming Economic Policy: The Case of Energy in Canada and Mexico

1. Introduction 2. How Crises Change Political Values 3. Micropolitics and Macropolitical Consequences in Mexico 4. Micropolitics and Macropolitical Consequences in Canada 5. Mexico's Energy Policies in the Seventies and Eighties: an Analysis 6. Canada's Energy Policies in the Seventies and Eighties: an Analysis 7. Conclusion Bibliography Index
Analysis of In-Flight Oxidation During Reactive Spray Atomization and Deposition Processing of Aluminum

This work defines a model to predict the characteristics of materials processed using reactive spray atomization and deposition. The materials considered are aluminum alloys while target dispersoids are primarily oxides. These may be obtained by the reaction of oxygen-containing atomization gas mixtures with molten alloy droplets. Droplet position and velocity histories are obtained from the numerical solution of the one-dimensional equation of motion. The energy equation inside the droplet is solved numerically using finite differences to predict the spatially resolved temperature field. The solid/liquid interface progression rate is estimated using a power law while an oxidation rate expression based on the Mott-Cabrera theory is used for the oxide thickness. Such a model should prove very valuable in determining the parameters controlling the volume fraction and the size distribution of the dispersoids for various systems.
Synchronized Formation of Subgalactic Systems at Cosmological Reionization: Origin of Halo Globular Clusters

Gas-rich subgalactic halos with mass Mt ? 107.5 M?, while incapable of forming stars because of a lack of adequate coolants, contain a large fraction of baryonic mass at cosmological reionization. We show that the reionization of the universe at z = 6-20 has an interesting physical effect on these halos. The external radiation field causes a synchronous inward propagation of an ionization front toward each halo, resulting in an inward, convergent shock. The resident gas of mass Mb ~ 104-107 M? in low-spin (initial dimensionless spin parameter ? ? 0.01) halos with a velocity dispersion of ?v ? 11 km s-1 would be compressed by a factor of about 100 in radius and form self-gravitating baryonic systems. Under the assumption that such compressed gaseous systems fragment to form stars, the final stellar systems will have a size of about 2-40 pc, a velocity dispersion of about 1-10 km s-1, and a total stellar mass of M* ~ 103-106 M?. The characteristics of these proposed systems seem to match the observed properties of halo globular clusters. The expected number density is consistent with the observed number density of halo globular clusters. The observed mass function of slope of about -2 at the high-mass end is predicted by the model. Strong correlation between velocity dispersion and luminosity (or surface brightness) and lack of correlation between velocity dispersion and size, in agreement with observations, are expected. Metallicity is, on average, expected to be low and should not correlate with any other quantities of globular clusters; however, a larger dispersion of metallicity among globular clusters is expected for larger galaxies. The observed trend of specific frequency with galaxy type may be produced in the model. We suggest that these stellar systems are seen as halo globular clusters today.
Policy barriers for advanced practice nurses in rural health care

Abstract Objectives The objective of this paper was to examine rural health access to care, barriers to practice for Advanced Practice Nurses (APNs) in rural health, explore solutions, and arrive at a policy change that would improve rural citizens′ access to health care. This policy change should improve access to care, be cost-efficient, and have ease of implementation. Methods Methods used for research included online health care journals, original research, and government statistics and websites. Sources were PubMed, Google Scholar, state Boards of Nursing publications including Scope of Practice statutes, and Rural Health Associations′ publications. Results Background information and evidence was gathered, and 3 alternatives were explored: (1) Increasing incentives to practitioners to practice in rural areas, (2) Removing regulatory barriers to practice for APNs in rural health, and (3) Funding original research to determine optimal provider mix in rural health care. Advantages and disadvantages to these alternatives were examined with respect to population benefit, cost-effectiveness, administrative feasibility, and resource allocation equity. The 2nd alternative was determined to be the most effective. Conclusion Access to health care for rural citizens is significantly worse than for urban dwellers, and the current methods of improving it are inadequate. The situation will be worsened by the projected shortage of primary care providers in the future, and therefore action to improve this is imperative. This situation can be greatly improved by removing barriers to practice for APNs to enable them to better provide care in rural areas, thus increasing rural citizens′ access to health care.
Role of Endothelial Kinins in Control of Coronary Nitric Oxide Production

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine whether interventions that promote kinin production or decrease kinin inactivation affect nitric oxide production in isolated canine coron...
Stalemate in the North-South Debate: Strategies and the New International Economic Order

A review of the recent literature reveals that during the 1970s there were three major positions in the North-South debate over the New International Economic Order (NIEO). Each represented a relatively coherent perspective on and strategy for reforming the international economy. The Structuralist position, advocating the NIEO, captured the allegiance of much of the South (the developing countries). The Functionalist position, supported by most of the governments of Northern capitalist societies, rejected the NIEO and sought to promote stable and dependable change through the specialized international agencies, such as the IMF, in which the North has considerable influence. A third position, with nongovernmental adherents from both North and South, urged Neofunctionalist reform directed toward global human rights, both civil and economic. Each of these perspectives represented a significant aspect of the actual condition of the international order, but none had the capacity to carry out its strategy. The result has been stalemate both in the negotiations for a NIEO and in the debate over the direction future international change should take.
The impact of warfare on the rate of invention: A time series analysis of United States patent activity

The outbreak of war is generally thought to shift the fields in which research is conducted. As a result, military conflict has historically been credited with being the catalyst which has caused decisive technological advances. It is also generally suggested that warfare has a systematic impact on the intensity of inventive activity. Most scholars have claimed that wars increase inventiveness, although a few argue that conflict is a hinderance to research. This question has not received extensive empirical examination. Using United States data, we show that a basic pattern is repeatedly observed. Immediately after the outbreak of a war, there is a significant decline in inventiveness, which is followed by a marked surge. The average net result is a virtual negation of the two trends.
Corrugations in the Disk of the Edge-On Spiral Galaxy IC 2233

We recently reported the discovery of a regular corrugation pattern in the H I disk of the isolated, edge-on spiral galaxy IC 2233. Here we present measurements of the vertical structure of this galaxy at several additional wavelengths, ranging from the far-ultraviolet to the far-infrared. We find that undular patterns with amplitude -->5'' ( 250 pc) are visible in a variety of Population I tracers in IC 2233, including the young to intermediate-age stars, the H II regions, and the dust. However, the vertical excursions become less pronounced in the older stellar populations traced by the mid-infrared light. This suggests that the process leading to the vertical displacements may be linked with the regulation of star formation in the galaxy. We have also identified a relationship between the locations of the density corrugations and small-amplitude ( 5 km s?1) velocity undulations in the H I rotation curve. We are able to exclude several possible mechanisms for the origin of the observed corrugations, including tidal interaction from a companion, Parker instabilities, or a galactic bore. Global gravitational instabilities appear to be the most likely explanation, although local perturbations may also be important.
Reinvestment in the housing stock: the role of construction costs and the supply side

Abstract While rational real estate entrepreneurs generally will not redevelop if asset values are below replacement costs, we investigate whether homeowners who have investment and consumption motivations behave similarly. We use a house's average ratio of value-to-construction cost to proxy for the value-to-cost ratio of marginal investments in renovation and find a strong negative impact on housing reinvestment for units with ratios below one. Owners of homes with market values below replacement costs spend up to 50 percent less on renovation than do owners of similar homes with market values above construction costs. Given the economically meaningful impact on reinvestment in housing that we find, urban scholars and policy makers should begin to pay more attention to the supply side of the housing market.
Network formation during cocure of phenolic resins with vinyl-ester and epoxy-amine systems for use in multifunctional composites

Traditionally, multilayered composites have been manufactured in multiple steps that involve the fabrication of each layer separately and the bonding them together by using adhesives or secondary bonding. More recently, manufacturing techniques have been developed that enable the manufacture of multilayered hybrid composite parts in a single step. In one such technique known as coinjection resin transfer molding (CIRTM), two or more resins are simultaneously injected into a mold filled with a stationary fiber bed. This method not only cuts down manufacturing costs and time, but also offers the potential of cocure of the adjacent thermosetting resins inside the mold, which could aid in the formation of a tougher interphase between the layers and improve long-term durability. The advantages offered by coinjection are, however, dependent on the successful cocure of the resins involved, and hence, there exists a need to determine compatible resin systems for coinjection. By compatible, it is meant that the resins must cure when in contact with each other, have compatible cure cycles (i.e., cure temperature, cure time, etc.), and result in acceptable physical and mechanical properties. The most commonly used matrix resins are vinyl-ester resins. The cure of vinyl-ester resin was found to be severely limited by contact with phenolic resin. This necessitates an impermeable separation layer between phenolic and vinyl-ester resins in CIRTM manufacture. A possible candidate for this separation layer was epoxy-amine-based prepregs or adhesive layers. Thus, the cocure of mixtures of phenolic with epoxy-amine was studied, and it was found that phenolic resin significantly affects the cure of epoxy-amines. A model to quantify the effect of phenolic resin on the cure of epoxy-amines has been proposed. By using this model, the fraction of primary amine consumed by the phenolic can be estimated. It was found that increasing the initial amine concentration in the cocure reaction mixture leads to an increase in the epoxy conversion as well as the Tg of the material. Therefore, it is recommended that, in cocure of epoxy-amine and phenolic resins, the initial concentration of amine must be greater than the stoichiometric amount to compensate for the loss of amine to the phenolic resin. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3107–3119, 2004
A practical implementation of semi-classical transition state theory for polyatomics

Abstract An algorithm is described for computing rate constants with semi-classical transition state theory (SCTST) formulated by Miller and coworkers. SCTST incorporates non-separable coupling among all degrees of freedom and multi-dimensional quantum mechanical tunneling along the curved reaction path. The algorithm, which is practical for reactants containing dozens of atoms, predicts both microcanonical and canonical rate constants. In addition, the quantum chemistry code CFOUR has been extended to efficiently compute fully-coupled vibrational anharmonicities for transition states at the CCSD(T) level of theory. The new methods are demonstrated for the H 2 + OH reaction and the ‘tail-biting’ isomerization of acetylperoxyl radical.
Placement of laminaria tents does not improve time to delivery in patients undergoing second trimester labor induction with misoprostol.

Objective. We sought to determine whether placement of laminaria tents improve time to delivery compared with misoprostol alone in second trimester labor induction.Methods. We retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing second trimester labor induction. Patients with ruptured membranes, abruption, cervical dilation and chorioamnionitis at presentation were excluded. Complications were defined as chorioamnionitis, retained placenta or other surgical procedures. Patients who received laminaria and vaginal misoprostol, 200 μg every 12 h, were compared to those who received misoprostol without laminaria.Results. Forty-three patients met inclusion criteria, 19 underwent induction with misoprostol alone and 24 with laminaria and misoprostol. The median times to fetal and placenta deliveries were 16.4 and 0.0 h in the misoprostol group, and 20.6 and 0.2 h in the laminaria group. There was no difference in complications. Post-hoc power analysis revealed >80% power to detect a difference in time to delivery o...
Treating hypertension and prehypertension in older people: When, whom and how

Prehypertension should be treated with lifestyle measures and not with antihypertensive drug therapy in older adults. Lifestyle measures should be encouraged both to retard development of hypertension and as adjunctive therapy in those with hypertension. A meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials of 40,325 older persons showed that antihypertensive drug therapy significantly reduced all-cause mortality 13% (7-19%), cardiovascular death 18% (7-27%), cardiovascular events 21% (13-27%), stroke 30% (23-37%), and fatal stroke by 33% (9-50%) (Ostrowski et al., 2014 [32]). The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly recommended that the systolic blood pressure be lowered to <140 mm Hg in older persons younger than 80 years and to 140-145 mm Hg if tolerated in adults aged 80 years and older. A meta-analysis of 147 randomized trials including 464,000 persons with hypertension showed that except for the extra protective effect of beta blockers given after myocardial infarction and a minor additional effect of calcium channel blockers in preventing stroke, the use of beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), diuretics, and calcium channel blockers cause a similar reduction in coronary events and stroke for a given decrease in blood pressure. The choice of specific antihypertensive drugs such as diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, beta blockers, or calcium channel blockers depends on efficacy, tolerability, presence of specific comorbidities and cost.
Altered proteoglycan synthesis disrupts feather pattern formation in chick embryonic skin.

Abstract We have tested the role of proteoglycans in the development of feather pattern by culturing 7-day-old embryonic chick skins on medium containing para-nitrophenyl-β- d -xyloside (2 mM). Xylosides compete with core proteins of proteoglycans by acting as exogenous acceptors for the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans leading to the synthesis of under- or unglycosylated core proteins and free glycosaminoglycans. We have demonstrated that xyloside treatment alters the structure of the proteoglycans synthesized by embryonic skin and disrupts the feather pattern. The altered pattern is seen as the fusion of individual feather rudiments. Fusion can occur diagonally, and in an anteroposterior and mediolateral direction. The effect induced by the disruption of proteoglycan structure takes place during the first 24 hr of culture during which time all the rows of feather rudiments are being established. The effect is reversible if the skins are returned to control medium after 24 hr but not after 48 hr of treatment with xyloside. Once established during the first 24 hr the feather pattern can only be slightly distorted by the xyloside treatment. The results are interpreted to mean that proteoglycans play a developmental role in the establishment of the feather pattern but not in its maintenance, suggesting that the two processes are under different developmental control. The altered feather pattern obtained by disrupting proteoglycan structure is highly similar to that obtained when skins are cultured in the presence of antibodies to L-CAM ( W. J. Gallin, C.-M., Chuong, L. H. Finkel, and G. M. Edelman (1986), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8235–8239 ). This observation suggests that there may be a functional relationship between the extracellular matrix and cell adhesion molecules in the establishment of feather pattern.
The coat protein of the RNA bacteriophage MS2

Abstract The amino acid composition of the coat protein of the MS2 phage seems to be identical to that of M12. The f2 phage differs from these by one methionine to leucine exchange and the R17, seemingly, by a glutamic acid or amide to lysine exchange. Alanine was found to be the N-terminal amino acid, and tyrosine preceded by isoleucine the C-terminal amino acids of the MS2 protein. All 11 unique tryptic fragments of the MS-2 protein have been separated and analyzed. By amino ethylation, followed by tryptic digestion, it was possible to locate the two cysteine residues and by cyanogen bromide cleavage the two methionine residues. The latter technique has been of particular advantage in lessening the interaction of the core peptides obtained upon tryptic digestion, and facilitating the isolation of the biggest peptide. Cyanogen bromide cleavage, in conjunction with the isolation of peptides resulting from subsequent thermolysin digestion, has also made it possible to align all tryptic peptides in a unique sequence.
Performance and combining ability in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) populations with diverse parents

Improving fiber quality properties of cotton is important for increasing the efficiency of manufacturing textiles, including enhancing yarn quality and spinning performance. This study was conducted to determine if we could identify valuable cotton cultivars to use as parents in breeding programs with the goal of improving fiber properties. Seven parents were combined in a diallel design and selfed to obtain 21 F2 populations. Positive general and specific combining ability effects were observed for all traits. General combining ability tended to be larger than specific combining ability, indicating these traits are controlled primarily by additive genetic effects. Correlations among traits were generally positive except for lint yield correlations with fiber strength and length. For improving the fiber quality measures of strength and length, line 7235 shows excellent general combining ability effects. SG125 would provide elite germplasm to increase agronomic measures of lint yield and lint percent. The MD51 genotype has the highest potential among the genotypes tested here to provide germplasm combining both improved yield and fiber strength. These parents, or their selected progeny, should be useful in a breeding program to generate variability from which selection can be used to identify lines with improved fiber and/or agronomic properties.
Nanoscience, Nanoengineering and Nanotechnology Education at Colorado State University - Pueblo

This work reports on the evolution of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology (NSET) education in the Engineering Department at the Colorado State University – Pueblo (CSU-Pueblo) from 2002 to 2006. It includes both, undergraduate and graduate courses with NSET topics as well as a review of undergraduate and graduate research projects.
Use of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for selection of 3PL providers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a decision model for selecting a third party logistics (3PL) provider, because international business can be a complex undertaking. It is a multi‐criteria problem, with alternative ways to weigh the importance of the chosen criteria.Design/methodology/approach – The paper used analytic hierarchy process and hierarchical decision model approaches.Findings – Given the criteria, weights and attribute scores, it was found that two 3PLs ranked very closely in the top position. It was also found that a simple ranking of the criteria can produce very similar aggregate weights, provided the number of experts is high enough. The paper contains an extensive literature review on the usage of AHP and related methods in a logistics context.Originality/value – This study applies AHP in a 3PL provider for international business, for the first time in the literature.
Severe group a streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, management with high volume plasmapheresis. A report of two cases

The relationship between the treatment and the clinical improvement was striking. We therefore suggest that plasmapheresis for streptococcal toxic shock may be beneficial and should be further explored.
Pain, positive and negative social exchanges, and depressive symptomatology in later life.

Objectives: Pain in older adulthood is correlated with both depressive symptomatology and positive and negative social exchanges, but the direction of these relationships remains unclear. This study investigated whether (a) pain is associated with increases in negative exchanges and decreases in positive exchanges and (b) negative exchanges play a greater role than positive exchanges in accounting for the association between pain and depressive symptomatology. Methods: Data were derived from the Later Life Study of Social Exchanges, a longitudinal survey of noninstitutionalized older adults. Interviews assessed participants' sociodemographic and biopsychosocial characteristics, as well as their interactions with network members. Results: Pain was significantly associated with negative exchanges, and both pain and negative exchanges predicted greater depressive symptomatology over time. Positive social exchanges, however, were not related to either pain or depression. Discussion: The findings underscore th...
Investigation of Notch3 as a candidate gene for bipolar disorder using brain hyperintensities as an endophenotype.

The purpose of the study was to consider MRI hyperintensities as a potential endophenotype for bipolar disorder (BPD) and to investigate Notch3 (CADASIL) as a candidate gene for BPD. MRI scans were performed on 21 members of a family with a high incidence of BPD. Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed and two exons of Notch3 were investigated with SSCP. Fifteen of 21 family members had MRI hyperintensities, including all bipolar patients and six family members with no affective illness. Two-point linkage analysis yielded negative results for all models. Multipoint linkage analysis yielded negative results except for Model 1a, in which a maximal LOD score was −1.24. A mutation screen of Exons 3 and 4 was negative. Notch3 does not appear to be a candidate gene for BPD in this family. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A higher-order sandwich plate theory accounting for 3-D stresses

In this paper we extend a layerwise higher-order shear-deformation theory to model a sandwich plate impacting with an elastic foundation at a low velocity. A new concept of sublaminates is introduced, and the new sandwich plate theory satisfies the continuity conditions of interlaminar shear and normal stresses, accommodates the normal and shear stresses on the bonding surfaces, and accounts for non-uniform distributions of transverse shear stresses in each layer. Moreover, the use of sublaminates enables the modeling of shear warpings that change with the spatial location, vibration frequency, and loading and boundary conditions. A finite-element model based on this sandwich plate theory is derived for performing direct transient analyses to predict the initiation and location of critical matrix crack and the threshold of impact damage. Moreover, analytical shear warping functions, shear coupling functions, and normal strain functions due to in-plane stretching, bending, transverse shearing, and surface loading are presented.
Potential effects of climate change and rising CO2 on ecosystem processes in northeastern U.S. forests

Forest ecosystems represent the dominant form of land cover in the northeastern United States and are heavily relied upon by the region’s residents as a source of fuel, fiber, structural materials, clean water, economic vitality, and recreational opportunities. Although predicted changes in climate have important implications for a number of ecosystem processes, our present understanding of their long-term effects is poor. In this study, we used the PnET-CN model of forest carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and water cycling to evaluate the effects of predicted changes in climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) on forest growth, C exchange, water runoff, and nitrate (\( {\text{NO}}^{ - }_{3} \)) leaching at five forest research sites across the northeastern U.S. We used four sets of statistically downscaled climate predictions from two general circulation models (the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 and the Parallel Climate Model) and two scenarios of future CO2 concentrations. A series of model experiments was conducted to examine the effects of future temperature, precipitation, CO2, and various assumptions regarding the physiological response of forests to these changes. Results indicate a wide range of predicted future growth rates. Increased growth was predicted across deciduous sites under most future conditions, while growth declines were predicted for spruce forests under the warmest scenarios and in some deciduous forests when CO2 fertilization effects were absent. Both climate and rising CO2 contributed to predicted changes, but their relative importance shifted from CO2-dominated to climate-dominated from the first to second half of the twenty-first century. Predicted runoff ranged from no change to a slight decrease, depending on future precipitation and assumptions about stomatal response to CO2. Nitrate leaching exhibited variable responses, but was highest under conditions that imposed plant stress with no physiological effects of CO2. Although there are considerable uncertainties surrounding predicted responses to climate change, these results provide a range of possible outcomes and highlight interactions among processes that are likely to be important. Such information can be useful to scientists and land managers as they plan on means of examining and responding to the effects of climate change.
Extracorporeal septoplasty: complications and new techniques.

Objectives To report our complication rates during extracorporeal septoplasty (ECS) and to describe a new fixation and splinting technique we developed to simplify stable midline fixation of the neocaudal septum. Correction of the caudally deviated septum remains one of the more difficult surgical goals in functional nasal surgery. Methods A retrospective medical record review of patients undergoing ECS at our institution. We report our complications and describe a new technique for ECS. Results Forty-six patients underwent ECS from June 1, 2007, through April 30, 2010. Twenty-six of these patients underwent primary surgical repair, whereas 20 presented for revision surgery from outside facilities. Ten revision cases required an ear cartilage graft, and 5 required a rib graft. The overall complication rate was 9% (4 patients), with 4% (2 patients) each for minor and major complications. Conclusions Complication rates of ECS are similar to those of endonasal septoplasty. Stable midline fixation of a reconstructed neocaudal septum is possible with a new technique that relies on novel splinting instead of suture fixation to the midline of the nasal spine.
Stochastic quadratic Nash and leader-follower games

In this paper we study and solve completely the static Nash and Leader-Follower games where the players have quadratic costs and linear measurements of a random variable which enters linearly into the costs, see (1)- (7). Several dynamic cases are included in the static formulation as long as appropriate nestedness conditions [4] are imposed on the information of the players.
Gravel Packing for High Rate Completions

Good engineering design and execution of gravel pack procedures can and have increased the oil flow rates of wells in the Gulf of Mexico by many thousands of barrels per day. However, many completions have failed to perform at design rates. The primary reason is that design methods have neglected the effect of the damaged formation around perforations. If damaged perforations are considered along with the effects of perforation washing, well flow analysis can better predict expected well productivity and help select better completion procedures.
Islet dysfunction: an underlying defect in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

6 Our current system of classification of diabetes, with a focus on drawing distinctions between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is probably an oversimplification. In fact, the pathophysiology of diabetes is now recognized to be far more heterogeneous than was previously thought. For example, some patients manifest elements of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (called “type 1 1⁄2” diabetes by some). Many patients who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes actually have latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), whereas a few with early onset and a strong family history may have maturityonset diabetes of the young (MODY). These syndromes present in a manner similar to type 2 diabetes, whereas ketosis-prone diabetes—which occurs primarily in people of African descent— has a presentation similar to that of type 1 diabetes with ketoacidosis. Nevertheless, these patients are antibody negative and can often be managed with diet and oral agents and thus have a variant of type 2 diabetes. Even within typical type 2 diabetes there is phenotypic heterogeneity between different ethnic groups, and within some well-defined ethnic groups there are variations between families. Substantial evidence indicates that type 2 diabetes is a genetic condition with a particularly complex pattern of inheritance. There are large differences between ethnic populations in their risk of diabetes, and the risk clearly runs in families, to the extent that a person who has an identical twin with type 2 diabetes has an 80% to 90% chance of developing it. Nevertheless, type 2 diabetes does not conform to simple Mendelian genetics. It is characterized by genetic heterogeneity, with different genes contributing risk for the condition in different populations, and with many genes involved, each with small to moderate effects. Complicating the search for a genetic cause of diabetes are the substantial environmental effects that contribute to the condition, including toxins, diet, in utero exposure, physical inactivity, obesity, and drugs such as steroids, protease inhibitors, and atypical antipsychotics. The heterogeneity of the pathophysiology of diabetes is reflected in the multiple metabolic abnormalities that contribute to it, including insulin resistance, insulin secretory dysfunction, glucagon dysregulation, changes in islet mass, and disturbances of incretin hormone physiology.
Effect of cyclosporine A on long-term allograft function in pediatric renal transplant recipients

There have been concerns regarding long-term adverse effects of cyclosporine A (CSA) on renal allograft function. In a retrospective study, we compared long-term allograft function up to 70 months after renal transplantation in pediatric recipients treated with and without CSA, using iothalamate clearance to assess glomerular filtration rate. Patients received CSA, prednisone, and azathioprine (CSA group,n=16) or prednisone and azathioprine alone (Pred/AZA,n=11). At 48 months post transplant, the iothalamate clearances (mean±SD) were 57.9±26.8 ml/min per 1.73 m2 in the CSA group and 68.5±20.2 in the Pred/AZA group (P>0.05). The mean of the slopes of individual iothalamate clearances versus time during the first 70 months following transplantation were −0.156 in the CSA group and −0.095 in the Pred/AZA group. Neither slope was statistically different from zero. These data suggest that allograft function is not significantly depressed by CSA at 48 months post transplantation and that there is no greater rate of decline in allograft function up to 70 months post transplantation in patients receiving CSA when compared with the AZA/Pred group.
FFDM image quality assessment using computerized image texture analysis

Quantitative measures of image quality (IQ) are routinely obtained during the evaluation of imaging systems. These measures, however, do not necessarily correlate with the IQ of the actual clinical images, which can also be affected by factors such as patient positioning. No quantitative method currently exists to evaluate clinical IQ. Therefore, we investigated the potential of using computerized image texture analysis to quantitatively assess IQ. Our hypothesis is that image texture features can be used to assess IQ as a measure of the image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To test feasibility, the "Rachel" anthropomorphic breast phantom (Model 169, Gammex RMI) was imaged with a Senographe 2000D FFDM system (GE Healthcare) using 220 unique exposure settings (target/filter, kVs, and mAs combinations). The mAs were varied from 10%-300% of that required for an average glandular dose (AGD) of 1.8 mGy. A 2.5cm2 retroareolar region of interest (ROI) was segmented from each image. The SNR was computed from the ROIs segmented from images linear with dose (i.e., raw images) after flat-field and off-set correction. Image texture features of skewness, coarseness, contrast, energy, homogeneity, and fractal dimension were computed from the Premium ViewTM postprocessed image ROIs. Multiple linear regression demonstrated a strong association between the computed image texture features and SNR (R2=0.92, p≤0.001). When including kV, target and filter as additional predictor variables, a stronger association with SNR was observed (R2=0.95, p≤0.001). The strong associations indicate that computerized image texture analysis can be used to measure image SNR and potentially aid in automating IQ assessment as a component of the clinical workflow. Further work is underway to validate our findings in larger clinical datasets.
A Redescription of the Holotrichous Ciliate Pseudomicrothorax dubius with Particular Attention to its Morphogenesis

SYNOPSIS. Pseudomicrothorax dubius, a rather rare protozoon assigned by Kahl to the trichostome order of ciliates, has been found and positively identified for the first time in America, and its morphology and morphogenesis have been studied in detail with the aid of modern techniques. The Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation method is considered indispensable in acquiring an understanding of the ciliate's infraciliature: both its anatomy in the mature vegetative animal and its activities during the morphogenetics of binary fission. Stomatogenesis is of a complex type, considered here as “semi-autonomous” in nature, although a single, true stomatogenous meridian also is involved. Details of this explicit morphogenetic phenomenon are offered. The presence of a true zone of three adoral membranelles, never before recognized with any accuracy in this ciliate, a buccal cavity and associated structures, and the mode of stomatogenesis have led the writers to propose transfer of the genus Pseudomicrothorax from the Trichostomatida to the order Hymenostomatida.
Effects of Round-Off Noise on Hadamard Transformed Imagery

The effects of hardware round-off error when using the two-dimensional Hadamard transform to code 8 by 8 pixel subpicture blocks of imagery are presented. The simulations show that at least 8 bits of precision are desirable.
Ovarian stromal tumors containing leydig cells. II. Pure leydig cell tumor, non‐hilar type

Rare benign neoplasms occur which are composed solely of Leydig cells derived from ovarian stroma rather than from preexisting hilus cells of the mesovarium. Two such tumors are described and two are noted in the literature although others, difficult to identify, undoubtedly exist. They are closely related to the stromal-Leydig cell tumor but are not multifocaland lack the thecoma-like stromal component. Both types of neoplasm occur in menopausal or post-menopausal women and are likely to be associated with masculinization. They are related to each other as the stromal luteoma is related to the partly luteinized theca cell tumor. The presence of crystalloids of Reinke in some of the lipid cells identifies the lipid cell component of the tumor as Leydig cells. Similar tumors lacking crystalloids, in fact, may be Leydig cell tumors but in the absence of definitive diagnostic criteria are best classified as lutein cell tumors.
Ethnic identity and self-concept in Mexican-American adolescents: Is bicultural identity related to stress or better adjustment?

The relationships of ethnic identity to self-esteem and psychosocial discomfort were studied in 62 Mexican-American high school students in a large midwestern city. It was hypothesized that those with bicultural identities would demonstrate greater self-esteem and psychosocial well-being than those who identified primarily with Mexican or U.S. cultures. Results indicate that bicultural participants reported greater self-esteem, ability to socialize in diverse settings, and psychological well-being than their primarily U.S. or Mexican acculturated peers. These findings suggest that bicultural adolescents may be better adjusted, more flexible, and better able to mediate acculturative stress in culturally ambiguous circumstances.
Lung congestion augments the responses of cells in the rapidly adapting receptor pathway to cigarette smoke in rabbit.

1. We examined the effects of cigarette smoke, inhaled alone and during mild pulmonary venous congestion, on the activity of fifty-three neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) that were excited by input from pulmonary rapidly adapting receptors (RAR). Ten neurones excited by slowly adapting stretch receptors (SAR) were also studied. 2. Extracellular recordings of RAR-activated neurones were recorded in alpha-chloralose anaesthetized rabbits. Smoke from low- and high-nicotine cigarettes was delivered through a ventilator. Mild pulmonary venous congestion was produced by inflating a balloon in the left atrium. 3. Inhalation of three breaths of smoke from low-nicotine cigarettes increased the activity of fifty-one out of fifty-three RAR-activated neurones from 5.9 +/- 1.0 to 14.4 +/- 2.1 spikes breath-1 (P 0.05), but enhanced the responses to smoke, increasing the activity from 7.6 +/- 2.1 to 17.1 +/- 4.8 spikes breath-1 (P < 0.05). The response was greater than to smoke alone (P < 0.05). 5. Of ten SAR-activated neurones, seven failed to respond to inhaled cigarette smoke, two were excited and one was inhibited. Pulmonary venous congestion had no effect on the unit activity before and after smoke (n = 4 neurones). 6. We conclude that smoke-evoked excitation of RAR lower-order neurones is augmented by pulmonary venous congestion.
Synthesis of 4-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d] Pyrimidines

Synthesis and ultraviolet analysis of 7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidine - 4(3H) - thione (III a ), 4-benzylthio-(III b ), and 4-methoxy-7H-pyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidines (IV) are described.
Growth morphologies of heteroepitaxial rutile films on sapphire substrates

Abstract The growth morphologies of (1 0 0), (1 0 1) and (0 0 1) rutile films grown on sapphire substrates by the ion-beam sputter deposition technique have been examined as a function of film/substrate orientation, film thickness, substrate surface preparation, growth rate and growth temperature. The rutile films of each orientation appear to grow via island (Volmer-Weber) type growth. At the early stages of growth ( ⩽100 A ) on as-polished substrates, the roughnesses of the films grown at 725°C and 3 A/min are correlated to their lattice mismatches and inversely related to the calculated surface energies of their sapphire substrates. Thicker films ( ⩾ 700 A ) have morphologies which are orientation dependent, appear to minimize their surface energies and are stable with respect to annealing. Rougher and slightly less crystallographically aligned (1 0 0) and (0 0 1) rutile films result from the more three-dimensional growth found on annealed sapphire substrates. Relatively small increases in the growth rate, at very low rates, can change the details of the surface structures present. The changes in the morphologies observed on films grown at lower temperatures indicate that the processes controlling their development have a strong temperature dependence at all stages. Comparisons were also made between (1 0 0) and (1 0 1) rutile films grown by the ion-beam sputter deposition and metalorganic chemical vapor deposition techniques under similar conditions. The chemical vapor deposited films have morphologies which are similar to the ion-beam sputtered films with comparable thicknesses, but grown at lower temperatures.
Saddle-point electrons in proton-impact ionization of H: A classical trajectory study.

Ionization in H(1s)+${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ collisions is studied in the relative collision energy range 4.0--25.0 keV by classical trajectory simulations. Improved total ionization cross sections are reported for the collision energies 2.0--10.0 keV. A thorough study of the qualitative dynamics of ionization has been carried out, with emphasis placed on the distinction between ``direct-impact'' and ``saddle-point'' mechanisms. A precise criterion for classifying trajectories according to these mechanisms is given, and by analyzing the trajectories in a quasistatic molecular frame it is shown that the distinction is established early in the collision. The development of position and velocity-space correlations in ensembles of trajectories of each type is studied.
Double jeopardy: Child maltreatment and mental retardation

The multiple associations between child abuse and neglect and mental retardation are reviewed. These include: (1) mental retardation as an etiological risk factor for child maltreatment; (2) mental retardation as a result of child maltreatment; and (3) mental retardation of a parent as an etiological risk factor for a child's maltreatment. Implications and recommendations for social work practice and research are discussed.
Requirement of Fatty Acid Transport Protein 4 for Development, Maturation, and Function of Sebaceous Glands in a Mouse Model of Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome

Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) is one of a family of six transmembrane proteins that facilitate long- and very long-chain fatty acid uptake. FATP4 is expressed in several tissues, including skin. Mutations in human SLC27A4, which encodes FATP4, cause ichthyosis prematurity syndrome, characterized by a thick desquamating epidermis and premature birth. Mice lacking FATP4, which genetically model the human disease, are born with tight, thick skin and a defective skin barrier; they die neonatally due to dehydration and restricted movements. Both the skin phenotype and the lethality are rescued by transgene expression of FATP4 in suprabasal keratinocytes. Sebaceous glands in Fatp4 null skin grafted onto nude mice were found to be dystrophic and enwrapped by thick layers of epithelial cells. Consistent with these results, transgene-rescued Fatp4 null mice showed a subnormal level of FATP4 expression in sebocytes and exhibited abnormal development of both sebaceous glands and meibomian glands, specialized sebaceous glands of the eyelids. Sebum from these mice contained a reduced level of type II diester wax, a major mouse sebum lipid species, and showed perturbations in mass spectrometric profiles of diester wax and cholesteryl ester species. In addition, these mice showed an impaired ability to repel water and regulate body temperature after water immersion. Taken together, our results suggest that FATP4 plays crucial roles in the development and maturation of both sebaceous and meibomian glands, as well as in the formation and composition of sebum, likely by regulating the trafficking of fatty acids necessary for proper synthesis of sebum lipids.
The Power and Peril of International Regime Complexity

The proliferation of international rules, laws, and institutional forms raises important questions for regime theory. Looking at the theoretical and empirical arguments presented by all the contributors, however, it seems clear that that complexity's effects on actor strategies—particularly powerful actors—remain open to debate. Some of the posited effects of international regime complexity have contradictory or cross-cutting effects. Further effects of regime complexity—cross-institutional strategizing, the asymmetrical distribution of legal and technical expertise, and the fragmentation of reputation—can erode the significance of institutions in complex environments. This contribution considers the effect that regime complexity has on how powerful actors approach world politics—in part by connecting the current debate with past discussions about the significance of international regimes in world politics.