cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population Genetics of an Ecosystem-Defining Reef Coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Tropical Eastern Pacific

Background: Coral reefs in the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) are amongst the most peripheral and geographically isolated in the world. This isolation has shaped the biology of TEP organisms and lead to the formation of numerous endemic species. For example, the coral Pocillopora damicornis is a minor reef-builder elsewhere in the Indo-West Pacific, but is the dominant reef-building coral in the TEP, where it forms large, mono-specific stands, covering many hectares of reef. Moreover, TEP P. damicornis reproduces by broadcast spawning, while it broods mostly parthenogenetic larvae throughout the rest of the Indo-West Pacific. Population genetic surveys for P. damicornis from across its Indo-Pacific range indicate that gene flow (i.e. larval dispersal) is generally limited over hundreds of kilometers or less. Little is known about the population genetic structure and the dispersal potential of P. damicornis in the TEP. Methodology: Using multilocus microsatellite data, we analyzed the population structure of TEP P. damicornis among and within nine reefs and test for significant genetic structure across three geographically and ecologically distinct regions in Panama. Principal Findings/Conclusions: We detected significant levels of population genetic structure (global RST=0.162), indicating restricted gene flow (i.e. larvae dispersal), both among the three regions (RRT=0.081) as well as within regions (RSR=0.089). Limited gene flow across a distinct environmental cline, like the regional upwelling gradient in Panama, indicates a significant potential for differential adaptation and population differentiation. Individual reefs were characterized by unexpectedly high genet diversity (avg. 94%), relatively high inbreeding coefficients (global FIS=0.183), and localized spatial genetic structure among individuals (i.e. unique genets) over 10 m intervals. These findings suggest that gene flow is limited in TEP P. damicornis populations, particularly among regions, but even over meter scales within populations.
STUDIES ON THE METABOLISM OF THE COLORLESS ALGA PROTOTHECA ZOPFII.

The metabolism of Prototheca zopfii was investigated in an attempt to establish the specific function of its growth factor, thiamin. A study of the oxidative decomposition of various substrates by this organism demonstrated that the addition of catalytic amounts of thiamin to vitamin-deficient cells causes a pronounced stimulation in the rate of oxygen utilization during the degradation of certain compounds. The phosphoric ester of thiamin is known to be the prosthetic group of carboxylase. The fact that this enzyme is involved in the decomposition of pyruvic acid suggested that this alpha-keto acid might be an important intermediate product in the metabolism of Prototheca. Pyruvic acid, however, was not included in the list of organic substances which Barker had reported as utilized by this alga. Barker's observations were confirmed, but subsequent experiments led to serious doubts as to the validity of his interpretation. Further investigations resulted in the establishment of environmental conditions which permit this alga to readily decompose pyruvic acid, as well as nearly all other organic acids tested. This can be accomplished by providing a millieu of sufficiently low pH to insure the presence of undissociated acid molecules. The stimulatory effect on the rate of oxygen consumption, caused by the addition of minute amounts of thiamin to suspensions of vitamin-deficient cells of Prototheca respiring pyruvic acid, indicates that the presence of thiamin results in the synthesis of enzyme systems which are involved in the decomposition of pyruvic acid. Experimental data on the oxidation of pyruvic acid and other organic compounds are discussed in the light of various hypotheses which have been advanced concerning the role of carboxylase in the decomposition of pyruvic acid. The conservative conclusion which can be drawn from the available information is that there appears to be no justification for a belief that thiamin and carboxylase are functional in biochemical reactions other than in decarboxylation and carboxylation processes. The discovery of the ability of Prototheca to utilize substituted and dicarboxylic acids led to further studies on the mechanism of oxidative assimilation. The results of these investigations are in agreement with those of Clifton and Logan, and of Doudoroff, and indicate the existence of a relatively simple chemical mechanism of assimilation rather than of a strictly energetic coupling of catabolic and anabolic reactions. A consideration of possible mechanisms for the oxidative assimilation of pyruvic and lactic acids indicates acetic acid as the most likely starting point for the assimilatory process proper. Experimental investigations of the mode of acetate breakdown began with studies on the oxidation of glycolic acid. This substance is shown to be an oxidation catalyst in the metabolism of Prototheca zopfii. The exact nature of the catalytic function has not yet been determined.
Gramicidin channels and pores.

MODEL NOMENCLATURE 129 POLYMORPHISM OF GRAMICIDIN . . 133 Identification of Multiple Conformations in Solution 133 One Predominant Conformation Is Present in Membranes 137 Ion Binding Affects Gramicidin Conformations ... 139 PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE CONFORMERS 141 The Pore Is a Double Helix 1 41 The Channel Is a Helical Dimer 144 fon Binding Sites in the Pore and in the Channel 147
Information Efficiency of Ad Hoc Networks with FH-MIMO Transceivers

We consider an ad hoc network where frequency hopping (FH) and coding are employed in order to mitigate multiple-access interference. In contrast to previous work, in our model hopping takes place at the symbol level. As a result, different interference levels are encountered across a codeword/packet, creating interference diversity which is exploited through coding. Moreover, the nodes are equipped with multiple antennas which can be used for further error protection or increase of the transmission rate through space-time block coding or spatial multiplexing, respectively. Assuming an infinite network of terminals, modelled as a Poisson random field, the performance is evaluated in terms of the product (spectral efficiency) times (distance), often referred to as information efficiency. With a cross-layer design perspective in mind, results are presented for various combinations of routing strategies, MIMO techniques and code diversity orders.
H-BIND: a new approach to providing statistical performance guarantees to VBR traffic

Current solutions to providing statistical performance guarantees to bursty traffic such as compressed video encounter several problems: (1) source traffic descriptors are often too simple to capture the burstiness and important time-correlations of VBR sources or too complex to be used for admission control algorithms; (2) stochastic descriptions of a source are inherently difficult for the network to enforce or police; (3) multiplexing inside the network's queues may change the stochastic properties of the source in an intractable way, precluding the provision of end-to-end QoS guarantees to heterogeneous sources with different performance requirements. We present a new approach to providing end-to-end statistical performance guarantees that overcomes these limitations. We term the approach hybrid bounding interval dependent (H-BIND) because it uses the deterministic-BIND traffic model to capture the correlation structure and burstiness properties of a stream; but unlike a deterministic performance guarantee, it achieves a statistical multiplexing gain (SMG) by exploiting the statistical properties of deterministically-bounded streams. Using traces of MPEG-compressed video, we show that the H-BIND scheme can achieve average network utilizations of up to 86% in a realistic scenario.
Physiologic Correlates of Sleep Quality in Severe Emphysema

Background: Sleep quality is poor in severe emphysema. We hypothesized that in addition to nocturnal oxygen desaturation, the severity of airflow obstruction and degree of thoracic hyperinflation are responsible. Methods: Twenty-five patients (14 males, 64 ± 6 [ ± SD] yrs, BMI 24.7 ± 4.2 kg/m2) with severe emphysema (FEV1 = 28 ± 8% predicted, TLC = 125 ± 14% predicted) were studied. Measurements included spirometry, lung volumes, arterial blood gas, length of the diaphragm's zone of apposition (LZAP) and a polysomnogram. Results: Total sleep time (TST) was 227 ± 93 minutes with a sleep efficiency (SE) of 56 ± 21%. The mean SaO2, lowest SaO2, and% TST with a SaO2 < 90% were 90 ± 5%, 83 ± 8% and 29 ± 40%, respectively. TST correlated with FEV1% (r = 0.5, p = 0.02), FVC% (r = 0.4, p = 0.03) and LZAP (r = 0.5, p = 0.01). SE correlated with FEV1% (r = 0.5, p = 0.02) and LZAP (r = 0.5, p = 0.01), but not with FVC% (r = 0.4, p = 0.07). Additionally, TST and SE correlated negatively with residual volume% (r = -0....
Universal and Culture-Specific Properties of Greetings

The literature on greetings includes several commonly made claims that require an agreed-upon definition of what constitutes a greeting exchange. I propose six criteria for identifying greetings across languages and speech communities. Applying these criteria to a speech community in Western Samoa, I identify four types of greeting exchanges there. These exchanges show, contra claims in the greetings literature, that not all greetings are devoid ofpropositional content and that they need not be "expressive" acts of the type proposed by speech act theory. In greetings, Samoans accomplish various social acts, including searching for new information and sanctioning social behavior.
Chemical and Mineralogical Variations during Prograde Metamorphism, Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee

Chemical and mineralogic variations during prograde regional metamorphism were studied in meta-arkoses of the Thunderhead Sandstone of the Great Smoky Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee. Twelve localities along a profile normal to the regional isograds were sampled. Biotite, muscovite, and total rocks were chemically analyzed. Relict quartz and K-feldspar in arkose exhibit little recrystallization until the staurolite zone, but shaly interbeds are completely recrystallized throughout the sequence and isograds are based upon mineralogic changes in these interbeds. In the garnet zone the presence of metamorphic garnet in meta-arkose, which should not be stable according to the whole rock chemistry, indicates that equilibrium was obtained only in the interstitial portions of the system. Metal/Al ratio in meta-arkose remains constant throughout the biotite and garnet zones. At the beginning of the staurolite zone, however, numerous chemical changes are apparent in the bulk rocks and in the micas. These changes and the disappearance of relict minerals suggest the entry of a significant aqueous phase at the staurolite isograd coupled with a sufficiently high temperature for the reactions. With the formation of staurolite from chlorite in the pelitic interbeds, sufficient water was released to provide an aqueous transporting and catalyzing medium in the arkose, allowing rapid approach to equilibrium. At the entry of this aqueous phase, the system became a macro-system; chemical equilibrium was set up over large volumes of rock rather than in the interstitial microsystems encountered at lower rank.
Life-sized projector-based dioramas

We introduce an idea and some preliminary results for a new projector-based approach to re-creating real and imagined sites. Our goal is to achieve re-creations that are both visually and spatially realistic, providing a small number of relatively unencumbered users with a strong sense of immersion as they jointly walkaround the virtual site.Rather than using head-mounted or general-purpose projector-based displays, our idea builds on previous projector-based work on spatially-augmented realityand shader lamps. Using simple white building blocks we construct a static physical model that approximates the size, shape, and spatial arrangementof the site. We then project dynamic imagery onto the blocks, transforming the lifeless physical model into a visually faithful reproduction of the actual site. Some advantages of this approach include wide field-of-view imagery, real walking around the site, reduced sensitivity to tracking errors, reduced sensitivity to system latency, auto-stereoscopic vision, the natural addition of augmented virtualityand the provision of haptics.In addition to describing the major challenges to (and limitations of) this vision, in this paper we describe some short-term solutions and practical methods, and we present some proof-of-concept results.
Profiles in Leadership: Donald E. Francke, MSc, DSc (Hon).

The Director's Forum series is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. August 2013 marked the 50th anniversary of the publicati...
The contribution of academic-industry interaction to product innovation: The case of New York State's medical devices sector

This note examines the role of academic-industry linkages in the innovation performance of New York State manufacturers of medical devices. Evidence from a pilot survey of 63 specialised producers suggests that innovation rates are higher among firms that exploit university resources. The contribution of the academic sector to industrial innovation is quantified via a series of OLS regressions. These models suggest that geographic proximity to academic resources is less important to the innovation process than the extent of academic-industry interaction (though the two are positively correlated). While the empirical results confirm that close proximity to academic research units is a helpful factor in product development, the data reveal that non-geographic factors play a stronger role overall. Factors of notable significance include in-house R&D effort, investment in academic interaction and the extent of collaborative research with other manufacturing firms.
Strangers in the Halls: Isolation and Delinquency in School Networks

Although criminologists have long recognized the strong correlation between a person's delinquency and the delinquency of his or her friends, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain elusive. The current study adds to research on peers and delinquency by exploring the behaviors of adolescents isolatedfrom schoolfriendship networks. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) allow me to identify an isolated population and test theoretically derived hypotheses. Results suggest that low peer attachment in and of itselffails to increase future delinquency. However, isolation in conjunction with problematic peer encounters at school was found to significantly increase delinquency and delinquent peer associations. The theoretical implications of this interaction are discussed. Understanding the relationship between peers and individual delinquency has been one of criminology's most rigorously pursued and controversial research areas. Studies have consistently found that the delinquency of a person's friends is among the strongest correlates of his or her own delinquent behavior (Akers 1979; Gleuck & Gleuck 1950; Gold 1970; Haynie 2001; Hirschi 1969; Matsueda & Heimer 1987; Short 1957; Warr 1993). However, the causal significance of this relationship remains a point of considerable contention. For socialization theories (e.g., differential association, learning, subcultural, and interactional theories), delinquent peers are thought to be a primary mechanism whereby adolescents acquire the techniques, attitudes, and opportunities necessary for criminal behavior. In contrast, control and propensity theories question the causal role of peers in explaining individual delinquency. Researchers from this * I thank Ross Matsueda, Kate Stovel and the reviewersfor their helpful advice and comments on this project. This research uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J. Richard Udry, Peter S. Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris and funded from the National Institute of
Magma extraction from the mantle wedge at convergent margins through dikes: A parametric sensitivity analysis

[1] We address under what conditions a magma generated by partial melting at 100 km depth in the mantle wedge above a subduction zone can reach the crust in dikes before stalling. We also address under what conditions primitive basaltic magma (Mg # > 60) can be delivered from this depth to the crust. We employ linear elastic fracture mechanics with magma solidification theory and perform a parametric sensitivity analysis. All dikes are initiated at a depth of 100 km in the thermal core of the wedge, and the Moho is fixed at 35 km depth. We consider a range of melt solidus temperatures (800–1100C), viscosities (10– 100 Pa s), and densities (2400–2700 kg m � 3 ). We also consider a range of host rock fracture toughness values (50–300 MPa m 1/2 ) and dike lengths (2–5 km) and two thermal structures for the mantle wedge (1260 and 1400C at 100 km depth and 760 and 900C at 35 km depth). For the given parameter space, many dikes can reach the Moho in less than a few hundred hours, well within the time constraints provided by U series isotope disequilibria studies. Increasing the temperature in the mantle wedge, or increasing the dike length, allows additional dikes to propagate to the Moho. We conclude that some dikes with vertical lengths near their critical lengths and relatively high solidus temperatures will stall in the mantle before reaching the Moho, and these may be returned by corner flow to depths where they can melt under hydrous conditions. Thus, a chemical signature in arc lavas suggesting partial melting of slab basalts may be partly influenced by these recycled dikes. Alternatively, dikes with lengths well above their critical lengths can easily deliver primitive magmas to the crust, particularly if the mantle wedge is relatively hot. Dike transport remains a viable primary mechanism of magma ascent in convergent tectonic settings, but the potential for less rapid mechanisms making an important contribution increases as the mantle temperature at the Moho approaches the solidus temperature of the magma.
Bilateral atypical nodular posterior scleritis.

PURPOSE To evaluate ocular features of nodular posterior scleritis simulating choroidal melanoma. METHODS. A 60-year old woman presented with blurred vision in her right eye of two weeks duration. On examination she had a mild right-globe proptosis with an episcleral nodular mass as well as a large elevated nonpigmented choroidal mass involving the nasal quadrant. RESULTS. A and B-scan ultrasonography showed a medium to high-reflective solid choroidal mass. MRI demonstrated a bi-convex mass in the medial aspect of the right globe with signal characteristics compatible with choroidal melanoma. Biopsy of the extra ocular lesion demonstrated chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate suggestive of posterior scleritis. She responded to corticosteroid therapy. On evaluation 41 months later she was noted to have a similar choroidal mass in the left eye. CONCLUSIONS. The physician should be aware of the clinical manifestations and diagnostic hallmarks of nodular posterior scleritis in order to differentiate this inflammatory process from choroidal melanoma.
Mapping the Germ-Line and Somatic Genomes of a Ciliated Protozoan,Tetrahymena thermophila

Ciliates are among the very few eukaryotes in which the powers of molecular biology, conventional genetics, and microbial methodology can be synergistically combined. Because ciliates also are distant relatives of vertebrates, fungi, and plants, the sequencing of a ciliate genome will be of import to our understanding of eukaryotic biology. Tetrahymena thermophila is the only ciliate in which a systematic genetic mapping of DNA polymorphisms has begun. Tetrahymena has many biological features that make it a specially or uniquely useful experimental system for fundamental research in cell and molecular biology and for biotechnological applications. A key factor in the usefulness of Tetrahymena is the speed, facility, and versatility with which it can be cultivated under a wide range of nutrient conditions, temperature, and scale. This article describes the progress made in genetically and physically mapping the genomes of T. thermophila: the micronuclear (germ-line) genome, which is not transcriptionally expressed, and the macronuclear (somatic) fragmented genome, which is actively expressed and determines the cell's phenotype.
MTR-10PHARMACOLOGICAL NOTCH BLOCKADE IN GLIOMAS INDUCES AUTOPHAGY AND COMBINATION TREATMENT WITH AN AUTOPHAGY INHIBITOR INCREASES TUMOR CELL DEATH

BACKGROUND: Induction of autophagy has been identified as a potential mechanism for chemotherapeutic resistance, and its manipulation has increasingly been explored as a treatment strategy in many cancers. However, there is minimal data on the effects of the Notch pathway on autophagy in cancer, and none in gliomas. We examined if Notch pathway blockade using a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) MRK003 would induce autophagy in glioma neurosphere lines and studied the effects of chloroquine (CQ), a late-stage autophagy inhibitor, in combination with the GSI. METHODS: 500,000 cells from 2 neurosphere lines (JHH520 and HSR-GBM1), maintained in Neural Stem Cell medium with EGF and FGF, were treated with DMSO, 0.5-5 µM levels of MRK003, and/or 10 µM CQ for 24-72 hours. Western blotting was performed to detect alterations in protein levels of LC3B, pAkt, Akt, p62 and cleaved PARP. MTS, Ki-67, Annexin V, cell cycle and soft agar assays were performed to look at the combinatorial effects of MRK003 and CQ. RESULTS: An LC3B-II band, suggesting induction of autophagy, was observed after Notch pathway blockade in a dose dependent manner in the 2 neurosphere lines. Reduction of pAkt was seen in GBM1, suggesting mTORC2 inhibition. Decreased growth (MTS assay both p <0.001), proliferation (Ki-67 assay: both p <0.05), increased apoptosis (increased sub-G1 population: JHH520 p <0.005, HSR-GBM1 p <0.05; increased Annexin V percentage: JHH520 p <0.05, HSR-GBM1 p <0.01, increased cleaved PARP protein expression), and decreased clonogenicity (soft agar assay) were seen after combination MRK003 and CQ treatment compared to DMSO. CONCLUSIONS: Induction of autophagy, possibly through mTORC2 inhibition, occurs after Notch inhibition in glioma neurospheres using a GSI. Inhibition of autophagy using CQ caused increased cytotoxicity. These results suggest a possible resistance mechanism to Notch inhibition in malignant gliomas and pave the way for a new treatment strategy.
Uncertainty in maternal exposures to ambient PM2.5 and benzene during pregnancy: Sensitivity to exposure estimation decisions.

Abstract We investigate uncertainty in estimates of pregnant women's exposure to ambient PM 2.5 and benzene derived from central-site monitoring data. Through a study of live births in Florida during 2000–2009, we discuss the selection of spatial and temporal scales of analysis, limiting distances, and aggregation method. We estimate exposure concentrations and classify exposure for a range of alternatives, and compare impacts. Estimated exposure concentrations were most sensitive to the temporal scale of analysis for PM 2.5 , with similar sensitivity to spatial scale for benzene. Using 1–12 versus 3–8 weeks of gestational age as the exposure window resulted in reclassification of exposure by at least one quartile for up to 37% of mothers for PM 2.5 and 27% for benzene. The largest mean absolute differences in concentration resulting from any decision were 0.78 µg/m 3 and 0.44 ppbC, respectively. No bias toward systematically higher or lower estimates was found between choices for any decision.
Seduction, Integration and Conceptual Frameworks

One contribution to a symposium on the influence of scholarship on judges, this article argues that legal scholarship has an enormous influence on judges, but that this influence cannot be measured by direct citations of scholarly work in judicial decisions. Rather, scholarship exercises its primary influence by shaping the concepts on which judges rely. The article then illustrates this process by examining the concept of common law as it has evolved through American history. It traces the way that Blackstone, Legal Formalism, Legal Realism and now Empirical Legal Studies have shaped the way that judges think about common law, and how conceptual changes from one approach to another are reflected in changing approaches to common law and changing formulations of common law doctrine.
Abdominal surgery after lung transplantation.

Among 450 patients who underwent lung transplantation (LuT) between April 1994 and April 2009 at a single academic hospital, 75 received surgical consultation, and 52 underwent 65 abdominal operations. Operations included colectomy (17), cholecystectomy (14), exploratory laparotomy (10), ulcer repair (five), hernia repair (four), Nissen fundoplication (four), pancreatic debridement (four), ostomy takedown (two), drainage of intra-abdominal abscess (two), and major vascular procedure, gastrostomy, splenectomy, fascial closure, laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, and small bowel resection (one each). Fourteen patients (27%) died within 30 days of surgery. On univariate analysis, age, race, comorbidities, history of previous abdominal surgery, transplant type, and timing of surgery after transplant were similar between the patients who survived and died. On multivariate analysis, emergent surgery, multiple medical comorbidities, and male gender were predictive of 30-day mortality (P or =50 per cent 30-day mortality. This is the largest series reporting outcomes of abdominal operations after LuT. Elective operations in LuT patients are safe, whereas emergent operations carry an extremely high short-term mortality rate. Aggressive prophylaxis for ulcer disease and early elective intervention for potential surgical problems, such as gallstones and uncomplicated diverticulitis, should be considered.
Functional block identification in circuit design recovery

Design recovery is commonly conducted across many different platforms to gain knowledge about the underlying internals of a system. In this paper, a concept of segmentation and fuzzy matching is introduced to identify IP blocks within a design. Through this process, known IP blocks, especially in optimized ASIC and FPGA designs, can be identified within a netlist. Furthermore, these algorithms are computationally more efficient in comparison to the traditional subgraph isomorphism problem.
Concentrations and speciation of arsenic in New England seaweed species harvested for food and agriculture.

A survey of arsenic (As) concentrations and speciation was conducted on 10 species of seaweed from commercial harvesters and from collection at two sites in New England. Concentrations of As ranged from 4 to 106 mg/kg, mostly in the form of arsenosugars, with the distribution of arsenosugar analogs varying between taxa. In brown algae, As levels were correlated with phosphate concentrations, and arsenosugar speciation reflected differences in sulfur and phosphate concentrations between taxa. Several samples of the brown algae species Laminaria digitata contained significant levels of inorganic As (2.8-20 mg/kg), the most toxic form of As. A weak acid extraction with microwave heating was compared with a weaker methanol: water extraction method, and found to give slightly higher extraction efficiency with comparable relative concentrations of inorganic As, supporting the use of this faster and simpler extraction method for monitoring. Seaweed is a niche dietary item in the U.S. but its popularity is increasing; it is also used in agriculture and livestock farming which provide potential indirect routes for human exposure. The presence of occasional high concentrations of iAs, as well as the lack of toxicity studies on organic As species, suggest that monitoring of these high As foods is warranted.
A postcolonial approach to the sociology of globalization: some empirical evidence

We tested a new perspective on the sociology of globalization that assumes increasing inequality across the world is a consequence of an emerging global economy rather than an outcome of underdevelopment. The sample included 126 countries classified as low-income to low-middle-income countries by the World Bank Regression anafysis revealed support for a postcolonial paradigm on globalization, suggesting exclusion by design of peripherized masses in developing countries. Discussion centers on reconsidering the nature of globalized capitalism to imderstand an impasse in development and development studies. Introductioa There are more poor in the world today than 50 years ago. Poverty is proportionately increasing around the world and even in industrialized coxmtries. The United Nations declared 1996 the "International Year for the Eradication of Poverty." In a report issued on the occasion, "Poverty and development: an (im)balance sheet" (United Nations, 1996), the world bocfy" admitted; "Poverty remains, endangerii^ both the people and the planet...The report states that income disparities between the richest 20 percent and the poorest 20 percent of the world's popxaladon doubled fi-om 1960 to 1991. Eight hundred million people, including children, are chronically undemourished. The world's poorest 50 coimtries account for less than 2 percent of the world's income. More than a billion people in developing countries live in absolute poverty makii^ less than $1 a day each. In South Asia, home to nearfy' half of the world's poor, the situation is even worse. !^fchbub ul Haq (1995), fomier director of the Human Development Report at the UN, observers, "South Asia is fast emerging as the poorest, the most illiterate, the most malnourished, the least gender sensitive indeed the most deprived region in the world" (1993, p. 5). la South Asia 800 million do without elementary sarutaiion, 380 million are illiterate, and 300 million drink from ponds rather than taps. Haq (1995) concludes that the scale of social depravation and hiiman despair is tremendous.
Identifying Risk Factors Associated with Inappropriate Use of Acid Suppressive Therapy at a Community Hospital

Purpose. By examining the prescribing patterns and inappropriate use of acid suppressive therapy (AST) during hospitalization and at discharge we sought to identify the risk factors associated with such practices. Methods. In this retrospective observational study, inpatient records were reviewed from January 2011 to December 2013. Treatment with AST was considered appropriate if the patient had a known specific indication or met criteria for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Results. In 2011, out of 58 patients who were on AST on admission, 32 were newly started on it and 23 (72%) were inappropriate cases. In 2012, out of 97 patients on AST, 61 were newly started on it and 51 (84%) were inappropriate cases. In 2013, 99 patients were on AST, of which 48 were newly started on it and 36 (75%) were inappropriate cases. 19% of the patients inappropriately started on AST were discharged on it in three years. Younger age, female sex, and 1 or more handoffs between services were significantly associated with increased risk of inappropriate AST. Conclusion. Our findings reflect inappropriate prescription of AST which leads to increase in costs of care and unnecessarily puts the patient at risk for potential adverse events. The results of this study emphasize the importance of examining the patient's need for AST at each level of care especially when the identified risk factors are present.
Preoperative Considerations and Imaging

Creation of adequate dialysis access is the most critical component of renal replacement therapy. Proper site selection can provide years of maintenance-free dialysis, whereas selection of a suboptimal site leads to multiple procedures, high cost, inadequate dialysis, and even a shortened life span. Thoughtful, thorough preoperative planning is the first step in this process. The choice of procedure depends on the individual’s goals of care and will be very different for a young person at the beginning of his or her illness than for an elderly patient who has suffered for decades with multiple prior hospitalizations. For some, peritoneal dialysis is the best option. It is well tolerated, more gentle than hemodialysis, and can be done at home and in the evening. However, it requires a willing and compliant patient with a stable, clean home environment and suitable abdominal anatomy. For patients with a short life expectancy, a tunneled catheter may provide the most ready access with sufficient long-term patency. For most, the best access is a native arteriovenous fistula in the nondominant upper extremity. The choice of access is discussed elsewhere. This chapter will discuss patient evaluation with an emphasis on preoperative ultrasound imaging.
Mir-155 Contributed to Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Survival by Modulation of BCR-Signalling

Abstract 620 The microRNA miR-155 is encoded within the B-cell integration cluster bic, which is a frequent integration site for avian leucosis virus. This microRNA is over-expressed in certain B cell lymphomas, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), suggesting miR-155 contributes to lymphoma development. Consistent with this are observations that mice made transgenic for miR-155 under a B-cell-specific promoter develop pre-B cell lymphomas. One of the target genes regulated by miR-155 is SHIP-1, a phosphatase that plays a critical role in down-modulating B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, which appears to provide a growth and/or survival stimulus for CLL B cells. To test for this, we examined for relationships between the CLL-cell expression of miR-155, SHIP-1, magnitude of BCR-signaling, and time from diagnosis to initial therapy (TFS) in 33 pts with CLL. The relative level of miR-155 was determined by real-time PCR. SHIP-1 protein was determined by flow cytometry and immunoblot analyses. We noted variations in expression levels of miR-155 among patient samples studied. CLL cells that expressed levels of miR-155 higher than the median level of miR-155 for all patients studied had significantly lower expression levels of SHIP-1 protein than CLL cells that expressed levels of miR-155 lower than the median level of miR-155 had (7.0 ± 0.2 vs. 8.3 ± 0.47, mean ± SEM, P Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Complexity with Rod

Rod Downey and I have had a fruitful relationship though direct and indirect collaboration. I explore two research directions, the limitations of distillation and instance compression, and whether or not we can create NP-incomplete problems without punching holes in NP-complete problems.
Rapid generation of drug-resistance alleles at endogenous loci using CRISPR-Cas9 indel mutagenesis

Genetic alterations conferring resistance to the effects of chemical inhibitors are valuable tools for validating on-target effects in cells. Unfortunately, for many therapeutic targets such alleles are not available. To address this issue, we evaluated whether CRISPR-Cas9-mediated insertion/deletion (indel) mutagenesis can produce drug-resistance alleles at endogenous loci. This method takes advantage of the heterogeneous in-frame alleles produced following Cas9-mediated DNA cleavage, which we show can generate rare alleles that confer resistance to the growth-arrest caused by chemical inhibitors. We used this approach to identify novel resistance alleles of two lysine methyltransferases, DOT1L and EZH2, which are each essential for the growth of MLL-fusion leukemia cells. We biochemically characterized the DOT1L mutation, showing that it is significantly more active than the wild-type enzyme. These findings validate the on-target anti-leukemia activities of existing DOT1L and EZH2 inhibitors and reveal a simple method for deriving drug-resistance alleles for novel targets, which may have utility during early stages of drug development.
On global channel state estimation and dissemination in ring networks

This paper studies global channel state information (CSI) in time-slotted wireless ring networks with time-varying reciprocal channels. Lower bounds on maximum and average staleness of global CSI are derived, and efficient protocols that achieve the bounds are developed. Two extreme scenarios are considered with either (i) one node transmitting at a time or (ii) the maximum number of nodes transmitting at a time without collisions. In addition, the amount of CSI disseminated per packet is varied between two extremes. Simulation results confirm the analysis and quantify staleness in terms of the network parameters.
Math by Pure Thinking: R First and the Divergence of Measures in Hegel's Philosophy of Mathematics

We attribute three major insights to Hegel: first, an understanding of the real numbers as the paradigmatic kind of number (which also accords with their role in physical measurement); second, a recognition that a quantitative relation has three elements (the two things being related and the relation itself), which is embedded in his conception of measure; and third, a recognition of the phenomenon of divergence of measures such as in second-order or continuous phase transitions in which correlation length diverges (e.g., the critical point of water at which the reciprocal size of the droplets diverges). For ease of exposition, we will refer to these three insights as the R First Theory, Tripartite Relations, and Divergence of Measures. Given the constraints of space, we emphasize the first and the third in this paper.
Estimating the health consequences of flight attendant work: comparing flight attendant health to the general population in a cross-sectional study

Flight attendants are an understudied occupational group, despite undergoing a wide and unique range of adverse job-related exposures. In our study, we aimed to characterize the health profile of cabin crew relative to the U.S. general population. In 2014–2015, we surveyed participants of the Harvard Flight Attendant Health Study. We compared the prevalence of their health conditions to a contemporaneous cohort in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013–2014) using age-weighted standardized prevalence ratios (SPRs). We also analyzed associations between job tenure and selected health outcomes, using logistic regression and adjusting for potential confounders. Compared to the NHANES population (n = 2729), flight attendants (n = 5366) had a higher prevalence of female reproductive cancers (SPR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.18–2.33), cancers at all sites (SPR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.73–2.67 among females), as well as sleep disorders, fatigue, and depression, with SPRs ranging between 1.98 and 5.57 depending on gender and the specific condition examined. In contrast, we observed a decreased prevalence of cardiac and respiratory outcomes among flight crew relative to NHANES. Health conditions that increased with longer job tenure were sleep disorders, anxiety/depression, alcohol abuse, any cancer, peripheral artery disease, sinusitis, foot surgery, infertility, and several perinatal outcomes. We observed higher rates of specific adverse health outcomes in U.S. flight attendants compared to the general population, as well as associations between longer tenure and health conditions, which should be interpreted in light of recall bias and a cross-sectional design. Future longitudinal studies should evaluate specific exposure-disease associations among flight crew.
Survival after surgery for metastatic small bowel compared to pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

221Background: Surgical management of small bowel (mSBNET) and pancreatic (mPNET) neuroendocrine tumors with hepatic metastases remains controversial. Previous studies, often drawn from single inst...
Age- and sex-dependent effects of methamphetamine on cognitive flexibility and 5-HT2C receptor localization in the orbitofrontal cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats.

Adolescents and females experience worse outcomes of drug use compared to adults and males. This could result from age- and sex-specific consequences of drug exposure on brain function and cognitive behavior. In the current study, we examined whether a history of intravenous methamphetamine (METH) self-administration impacted cognitive flexibility and 5-HT2CR localization in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in an age- and sex-dependent manner. Strategy shifting was assessed in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats that had self-administered METH (0.08 mg/kg/inf) or received non-contingent infusions of saline during periadolescence or young adulthood. After all rats reached adulthood, they were tested in an operant strategy shifting task and their brains were subsequently analyzed using immunofluorescence to quantify co-localization of 5-HT2C receptors with parvalbumin interneurons in the OFC. We found that adolescent-onset females were the only group impaired during discrimination and reversal learning, but they did not exhibit changes in localization of 5-HT2C receptors. In contrast, adult-onset males exhibited a significant increase in co-localization of 5-HT2C receptors within parvalbumin interneurons in the left hemisphere of the OFC. These studies reveal that age and sex differences in drug-induced deficits in reversal learning and 5-HT2CR co-localization with parvalbumin interneurons are dissociable and can manifest independently. In addition, these data highlight the potential for certain treatment approaches to be more suitable in some populations compared to others, such as alleviating drug-induced cognitive deficits as a focus for treatment in adolescent females.
A comparison of methods of observation in preservice teacher training

This study tested the hypothesis that different techniques of classroom observation result in different degrees of learning by teachers-in-training. Specifically, it was predicted that kinescope recordings (prepared in advance) provide a more effective medium of observation than closed-circuit television and that TV observation is in turn more effective than the traditional procedure of direct observation in the classroom. The logical theoretical basis for this hypothesis and the special conditions of experimentation used in this study were elaborated.
Techniques for the isolation of Labyrinthula and Thraustochytrium in pure culture.

Thegenus Labyrinthula, generally regarded as aslime moldbutdiffering fromtheAcrasieae, theMyxomyceteae, andthePlasmodiophoreae (Alexopoulos, Introductory Mycology, JohnWiley andSons, NewYork,1952), wasdescribed by Cienkowski (Arch. mikroskop. Anat., 3,274, 1867)almost a century ago.Detailed studies weremadebyDangeard (LeBotaniste, 24,217, 1932)and Zopf(Beitr. Physiol. Morphol. niederer Org., 2,36,1892), andmorerecently byRenn(Biol. Bull., 70,148,1936) andYoung (Am.J.Botany, 30,586,1943). Manyuncertainties still exist concerning themorphology, gliding motility, taxonomy, andecology ofthese unusual organisms, owing largely tothefact that earlier investigators studied onlycrudeenrichmentcultures. We havedevised atechnique for growing these organisms inpure, reproducible laboratory culture toclarify these uncertainties andtoreinvestigate Renn'scontention that Labyrinthula wastheepiphytotic agent inthe devastating "wasting disease" of eelgrass (Zostera marina), whichformerly flourished in theshallow waters along theAtlantic seacoast. Labyrinthula wasfirst obtained byusin1949
Behavioral Morbidity in Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing

Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is associated with a wide range of emotional and behavioral symptoms. Despite high prevalence rates, symptoms of SDB and potential SDB contributions to behavioral difficulties are often over-looked. During the past several years, case series, cross-sectional studies, and meta-analyses have suggested higher frequencies of SDB in children who are also diagnosed with disruptive behavior disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Conversely, children with objectively defined SDB exhibit higher frequencies of these disorders or related symptoms. The precise neuroanatomic mechanisms of these associations are not clear; however, we here provide a neuroanatomic model that attempts to synthesize the links between sleep problems, associated neurophysiological disruption, and observed behavioral difficulties. We propose that repeated sleep fragmentation due to ­frequent respiratory-related arousals, as well as hypoxemia are likely to impede normal development of the frontal-subcortical circuits implicated in disruptive behavioral disorders. In addition, considerations for assessment and treatment are provided through a case example. Recommendations for future directions highlight the need to clarify optimal polysomnographic definitions for pediatric SDB and to develop more sensitive ­methods that better predict neurobehavioral consequences.
Milk lipid globules and their surrounding membrane: a brief history and perspectives for future research.

Most of the lipids in milk are triacylglycerols that occur in globules surrounded by a membrane derived from cellular membranes. This membrane, the milk-fat or milk-lipid globule membrane (MLGM),2 surrounds globules during the process of their secretion from the cell. The nature and cellular origin of the milk lipid globule membrane has been the subject of a considerable amount of research. Milk lipid globules originate as very small lipid droplets formed on or in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by release into the cytosol. These droplets consist of a triacylglycerol-rich core coated with a layer of proteins and polar lipids. How these droplets are formed, how they can grow in volume, how they move through the cell, and how they are secreted are questions that have been the basis for a number of investigations. While the general outlines of droplet formation, growth, movement, and secretion are known, virtually no molecular details of any of these processes have been elucidated. In this article I have presented a brief historical account of research on milk fat globules, their surrounding membrane, and on aspects of the intracellular origin, growth, and secretion of milk lipid globules. I have also attempted to call attention to those areas where further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the processes involved.
Sequential Test Generation

Test generation for sequential circuits has long been recognized as a difficult problem [16, 68, 91]. In particular, unstructured, random, sequential digital designs are very difficult to test. The test generation problem is difficult mainly because the input space that must be searched to obtain a test vector sequence is huge. Since most circuits have a large number of inputs, it is not possible to enumerate the input space explicitly. The structure of the circuit must be exploited to search the input space implicitly and reduce the complexity of the search process for the expected cases. Another difficulty in circuits without reset lines is the necessity of initializing the latches to a known value.
Decentralized Interleaving of Parallel-connected Buck Converters

We present a decentralized control strategy that yields switch interleaving for parallel-connected dc–dc buck converters. Compared to state-of-the-art methods that are distributed at best, the proposed architecture requires no communication, and hence, presents a variety of advantages with regard to reliability, modularity, and cost. The method is based on the digital implementation of the dynamics of a Lienard-type oscillator circuit as the controller for the converters. Each controller only requires the locally measured output current to synthesize the pulsewidth modulation (PWM) carrier waveform. The intrinsic electrical coupling between converters drives the nonlinear-oscillator-based controllers to converge to an interleaved state with uniform phase spacing across PWM carriers, independent of the number of converters, the load, and initial conditions. We provide analytical guarantees for existence and stability of the interleaved state as well as extensive hardware results for a system of five 120 W 48 V-to-12 V dc–dc buck converters that demonstrate convergence to the interleaved state in the face of a variety of large-signal disturbances.