cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetically Stabilized Cystine Knot Peptides That Bind Alpha-v-Beta-6 Integrin with Single-Digit Nanomolar Affinities for Detection of Pancreatic Cancer

Purpose: Detection of pancreatic cancer remains high priority and effective diagnostic tools are needed for clinical applications. Many cancer cells overexpress integrin αvβ6, a cell surface receptor being evaluated as a novel clinical biomarker. Experimental Design: To validate this molecular target, several highly stable cystine knot peptides were engineered by directed evolution to bind specifically and with high-affinity (3-6 nM) to integrin αvβ6. The binders don9t cross-react with related integrin αvβ5, integrin α5β1 or tumor-angiogenesis associated integrin, αvβ3. Results: Positron emission tomography showed that these disulfide-stabilized peptides rapidly accumulate at tumors expressing integrin αvβ6. Clinically relevant tumor-to-muscle ratios of 7.7 ± 2.4 to 11.3 ± 3.0 were achieved within one hour after radiotracer injection. Minimization of off-target dosing was achieved by reformatting αvβ6-binding activities across various natural and pharmacokinetically-stabilized cystine knot scaffolds with different amino acid content. We demonstrate that a peptide scaffold9s primary sequence directs its pharmacokinetics. Scaffolds with high arginine or glutamic acid content suffered high renal retention of > 75 percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g). Substitution of these amino acids with renally-cleared amino acids, notably serine, led to significant decreases in renal accumulation of < 20 %ID/g 1h post injection (p < 0.05, n=3). Conclusions: We have engineered highly stable cystine knot peptides with potent and specific integrin αvβ6 binding activities for cancer detection. Pharmacokinetic engineering of scaffold primary sequence led to significant decreases in off-target radiotracer accumulation. Optimization of binding affinity, specificity, stability and pharmacokinetics will facilitate translation of cystine knots for cancer molecular imaging.
Animal models of functional HIV cure

Developing new therapeutic strategies to achieve a functional cure for HIV infection is a central objective for contemporary AIDS research. A key obstacle towards a functional cure for HIV/AIDS is the paucity of information regarding the establishment and maintenance of the persistent reservoirs of latently HIV-infected cells which support the rapid reactivation of virus replication when antiretroviral therapy (ART) is stopped. Given the many and important similarities between HIV-infection of humans and SIV infection of macaques, it is very likely that crucial information on the nature of HIV reservoirs may come from studies conducted in SIV or SHIV-infected macaques that are treated with ART. While this area of AIDS research is still in its early stages, it is important to note that these studies have now become possible due to the availability of antiretroviral regimens that successfully reduce SIV or SHIV replication below detectable limits. Specific advantages of the non-human primate models for HIV latency, reservoirs and functional cure include the following: (i) possibility to conduct extensive characterization of the virus reservoirs and pathogenic processes in tissues (including elective necropsy); (ii) performance of in vivo pilot trials of new therapeutic approaches can be conducted in a timely and controlled fashion; (iii) developing and testing of “risky” interventions (i.e., cell depletion experiments, stem cell-based interventions etc) that may pose significant ethical challenges in humans; and (iv) possibility to control for various clinical parameters that are very hard to control in humans (time of infection, duration of ART etc). On the other hand, current limitations to this type of studies are their cost and the lack of standardized research resources (i.e., assays, virus stocks, etc). In this presentation, the potential and limitations of animal models of functional HIV cure will be discussed together with selected examples of therapeutic approaches that could be developed and tested in non-human primates.
Differential Interactions of Human Sos1 and Sos2 with Grb2

The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Son of sevenless (Sos) performs a crucial step in the coupling of receptor tyrosine kinases to Ras activation. Mammalian cells contain two related but distinct Sos proteins, Sos1 and Sos2. Although they share a high degree of overall similarity, it is not known to what extent their biological and biochemical properties overlap. In the present study, we have compared the interactions of the two human homologues of Sos, hSos1 and hSos2, with the adaptor protein Grb2. We show that hSos2 interacts with Grb2 via its proline-rich COOH-terminal domain and that this interaction is dependent on the SH3 domains of Grb2. In general, these characteristics are similar to the ones reported previously for the interaction of hSos1 with Grb2. However, the apparent binding affinity of hSos2 for Grb2 is significantly higher relative to that of hSos1 both in vitro and in vivo. The region conferring this higher binding affinity has been mapped to residues 1126-1242 of the hSos2 COOH-terminal domain. These results suggest that Sos1 and Sos2 may differentially contribute to receptor-mediated Ras activation.
Trichurispora wellgundis n. g., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae) Parasitizing Adult Water Scavenger Beetles, Tropisternus collaris (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) in the Texas Big Thicket

Trichurispora wellgundis n. g., n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida: Hirmocystidae) is described from the adults of the water scavenger beetle Tropisternus collaris (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) collected from B A Steinhagen Lake in the Cherokee Unit of the Big Thicket National Preserve, Tyler County, Texas, U.S.A. Trichurispora is distinguished from known genera of Hirmocystidae by a distinct ''trichurisiform'' oocyst that is hesperidiform in outline, comprising a fusiform oocyst with shallowly ovoid terminal knobs or caps. Oocyst residua are present but confined to a central fusiform residuum vacuole. Adult and larval hydrophilid beetles represent distinctly different opportunities for parasite colonization and diversification. Gregarines have been reported from both adult and larval hydrophilid beetles, but no species and no genus is reported from both adult and larval hosts. In fact, gregarine taxic richness is often more disparate between adult and larval beetles of the same species than between host beetle species. This is the first report of a septate gregarine from an adult hydrophilid beetle in the Nearctic.
Notes on the Nature and Development of General Theories

There is a remarkable absence of discussion in sociology about the nature of (grounded) theories, how to generate them, and go about verifying them (witness the recent Handbook of Qualitative Research). Most theories are substantive. Differences among types of theories along various dimensions are discussed. A stand is taken against the usual oversimplified hierarchization of them by "levels," using an analysis of how theories appear in Science articles. For social scientists, this use constitutes models to be learned from, but not slavishly followed. Extended illustration is given from the author's research on the control of information, including guarding secrets, giving misleading information, engaging in suspicion searches, and the like. From this research, several innovative procedures are discussed relative to developing, checking, and linking general theories, both with each other and with substantive theories.
Effect of early caffeine on neurodevelopmental outcome of very low-birth weight newborns

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of early caffeine therapy started within the first 48 h of life on neurodevelopmental outcome in very low birth weight (VLBW) newborns.Study design: VLBW newborns received either caffeine therapy within first 48 h of life (Early group), after 3rd day of life (Late group) or no caffeine during first month of life as per clinical team. A cohort of these newborns (n = 160) who survived were evaluated using Bayley Scale of Infant Development III (BSID III) developmental testing between 18 and 22 months of corrected age.Results: VLBW newborns in the “Early group” had significantly better composite, cognitive, language and motor BSID III scores as compared to those in “Late group” and no caffeine group. Composite BSID III scores were unchanged in the presence or absence of chorioamnionitis for “Early group”, while the BSID III scores were significantly lower in the presence of acute chorioamnionitis in “Late group” and no caffeine group.C...
Memory management in real-time multiprocessors

The Kumaran II architecture is a multiprocessor architecture targeted for real-time applications. The authors describe the specification and the implementation of the user-interface to Kumaran II memory management. Kumaran II contains seven MC68030 processors and 32 Mbyte of physical memory. Kumaran II enforces a strict memory management discipline which partitions the 32 M byte memory into seven 4 Mbyte local memories and one, 4 Mbyte shared memory area. A virtual memory system is provided by the MC68030. It was found that using virtual memory eliminates the chance of processors modifying the instructions and data of another processor and their own code. This in turn has reduced the amount of time spent in debugging multiprocessor applications. By avoiding paging to a secondary storage device and multi-level page tables, the normal overhead found in standard virtual memory implementations has been eliminated. >
Epitope mapping of antigenic MUC1 peptides to breast cancer antibody fragment B27.29: a heteronuclear NMR study.

MUC1 mucin is a breast cancer-associated transmembrane glycoprotein, of which the extracellular domain is formed by the repeating 20-amino acid sequence GVTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPAH. In neoplastic breast tissue, the highly immunogenic sequence PDTRPAP (in bold above) is exposed. Antibodies raised directly against MUC1-expressing tumors offer unique access to this neoplastic state, as they represent immunologically relevant "reverse templates" of the tumor-associated mucin. In a previous study (Grinstead, J. S., et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 9946-9961), 1 H NMR methods were used to correlate the effects of cryptic glycosylation outside of the PDTRPAP core epitope sequence on the recognition and binding of Mab B27.29, a monoclonal antibody raised against breast tumor cells. In the study presented here, isotope-edited NMR methods, including 15 N and 13 C relaxation measurements, were used to probe the recognition and binding of the PDTRPAP epitope sequence to Fab B27.29. Two peptides were studied: a one-repeat MUC1 16mer peptide of the sequence GVTSAPDTRPAPGSTA and a two-repeat MUC1 40mer peptide of the sequence (VTSAPDTRPAPGSTAPPAHG) 2. 15 N and 13 C NMR relaxation parameters were measured for both peptides free in solution and bound to Fab B27.29. The 13 CR T1 values best represent changes in the local correlation time of the peptide epitope upon binding antibody, and demonstrate that the PDTRPAP sequence is immobilized in the antibody-combining site. This result is also reflected in the appearance of the 15 N- and 13 C-edited HSQC spectra, where line broadening of the same peptide epitope resonances is observed. The PDTRPAP peptide epitope expands upon the peptide epitope identified previously in our group as PDTRP by homonuclear NMR experiments (Grinstead, J. S., et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 9946-9961), and illustrates the usefulness of the heteronuclear NMR experiments. The implications of these results are discussed within the context of MUC1 breast cancer vaccine design.
Intraseptal injections of NGF attenuates edema formation following septal lesions in the rat

Rats with electrolytic lesions of the medial septum received a single intraseptal injection of either nerve growth factor (NGF) or saline immediately following surgery. The formation of edema was then assessed at five time points following the lesions to the septum: 6 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 5 days. Edema formation was detected as early as 6 h in both groups. However, by 2 days following surgery, the NGF treated rats had significantly less edema formation than their lesion alone counterparts. These results can be taken to indicate that NGF may alter locally mediating events that limit the effects of reactions associated with the inflammation of damaged tissue.
Anticonvulsant actions of anticholinergic drugs in soman poisoning.

The acute effects of the organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor soman include hypersecretions, convulsions, and death. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticholinergic compounds aprophen, atropine sulfate, azaprophen, benactyzine, benztropine, biperiden, scopolamine HBr, and trihexyphenidyl for their efficacy in preventing soman-induced hypersecretions and convulsions. Male rats were injected with the oxime HI-6 (125 mg/kg, i.p.), to increase survival time, along with various intramuscular doses of the anticholinergics 30 min prior to a dose of soman (180 micrograms/kg, s.c.; equivalent to 1.6 x the median lethal dose) that produced 100% convulsions. Signs of intoxication as well as the time-to-onset of convulsions were observed. The calculated anticonvulsant median effective dose values were 0.18, 0.33, 0.36, 0.55, 2.17, 2.30, 2.45, and 31.09 mumol/kg for scopolamine HBr, biperiden, trihexyphenidyl, benactyzine, benztropine, azaprophen, aprophen, and atropine sulfate, respectively. The same rank order of potency for inhibition of hypersecretions among these compounds was observed. Parallel studies with quaternary analogs of atropine sulfate and scopolamine HBr demonstrated, however, that these charged compounds afford no protection against soman-induced hypersecretions and convulsions. The results indicate that tertiary anticholinergic compounds afford protection against soman-induced convulsions and hypersecretions and that the beneficial anticonvulsant effects are mediated through the central cholinergic system. Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter systems may be involved in the effectiveness of these compounds.
The forgotten pectoralis minor syndrome: 100 operations for pectoralis minor syndrome alone or accompanied by neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome.

Background Since 2005 when we became aware of pectoralis minor syndrome (PMS), more than 75% of patients diagnosed with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS) also have neurogenic PMS (NPMS), and about 30% have only NPMS, without NTOS. Methods Diagnosis was made based on history, physical examination, pectoralis minor (PM), and scalene muscle blocks with lidocaine. Pectoralis minor tenotomy was performed as an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia with heavy sedation through a 5-7 cm transaxillary incision. Results The clinical picture included pain or tenderness in the anterior chest wall and axilla, together with physical findings of tenderness over the pectoralis minor tendon. Other symptoms were extremity pain, weakness, and paresthesia, similar to symptoms of NTOS. In 76 patients, 100 operations were performed: 48 for NPMS combined with NTOS and 52 for NPMS-alone. Features distinguishing the PM-alone group were fewer and milder occipital headaches, less neck pain, and fewer positive physical findings. Preoperatively, 85% of the of the PM-alone group were still employed compared to only 57% of the combined group (p=0.01). Success rates with 1-3-year follow-up for the PM-alone group were 90% good-excellent, 2% fair, and 8% failed; for the combined group success rates were 35% good-excellent, 19% fair, and 46% failed. All but one of the failures was immediate, only one was late. The only complication was 3 wound infections. Most patients returned to work within a few days. In the combined PMS/TOS group, most of the failed patients subsequently had thoracic outlet operations. Conclusion PMS commonly accompanies NTOS and frequently exists alone. Its recognition is important as many patients with suspected NTOS can be treated successfully with a simple, essentially risk-free PM tenotomy. Should this fail, thoracic outlet decompression can always be performed at a later date.
Grammatical competence is not a psychologically valid construct

It is not unusual for developmental psychologists to become frustrated with the theory of universal grammar (UG), whose proponents have tended to dismiss most research on children's language production and comprehension as irrelevant to explaining how human languages are acquired. This is because children's actual linguistic behaviour is presumed to reflect factors besides their grammatical competence, rendering most methods of sampling linguistic behaviour unsuitable for evaluating UG theory. This means, in practice, that UG proponents do not view performance errors as evidence against their hypothesis that grammatical knowledge is largely innate. When children perform at ceiling on a given task, this is usually taken as proof of their adultlike grammatical competence, while poor performance is dismissed as due to research design flaws or limitations in information processing capacities (e.g. working memory). Crain & Thornton (1998) attempt to eliminate what they consider to be post hoc processing accounts of children's linguistic behaviour by arguing, counter to Chomsky (1965) and many others, that children and adults share identical language processing mechanisms, and that linguistic performance directly reflects grammatical competence. Therefore, if UG principles are available from an early age, child and adult performance should be the same when tasks are properly constructed to avoid extra-linguistic demand characteristics (excepting adult–child differences predicted by parameter-setting or maturational models). It should not be surprising then that some psycholinguists, such as Drozd (target article), would find C&T to be misguided with respect to these issues, because children's linguistic behaviour surely differs from adults' in seemingly unpredictable ways.
Three-dimensional routing in underwater acoustic sensor networks

Underwater sensor networks will find applications in oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation, and tactical surveillance applications. In this paper, the problem of data gathering in a 3D underwater acoustic sensor network is investigated at the network layer, by considering the interactions between the routing functions and the characteristics of the underwater channel. Two routing algorithms are proposed for delay-insensitive and delay-sensitive sensor network applications, respectively.The proposed distributed algorithm for delay-insensitive applications allows each node to select its next hop, with the objective of minimizing the energy consumption taking into account the varying condition of the underwater channel. A centralized algorithm for delay-sensitive routing in an underwater environment is proposed. The solution relies on topology information gathered by a surface station, which optimally configures the network paths. The proposed algorithms are shown to achieve the performance targets of the underwater environment by means of simulation.
Learning multiple correct classifications from incomplete data using weakened implicit negatives

Classification problems with output class overlap create problems for standard neural network approaches. We present a modification of a simple feedforward neural network that is capable of learning problems with output overlap, including problems exhibiting hierarchical class structures in the output. Our method of applying weakened implicit negatives to address overlap and ambiguity allows the algorithm to learn a large portion of the hierarchical structure from very incomplete data. Our results show an improvement of approximately 58% over a standard backpropagation network on the hierarchical problem.
Data Aggregation and the Fourth Amendment

Data aggregation has played a role in several recent cases implicating one’s reasonable expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment. First, in United States v. Jones, five Supreme Court Justices relied on aggregation to depart from the public expo-sure doctrine and hold that long-term, warrantless GPS tracking violated the Fourth Amendment. Second, in Riley v. California, a unanimous Supreme Court relied on aggregation to depart from the search incident to arrest exception to the warrant requirement and hold that a warrantless search of an arrestee’s cell phone or smart phone violated the Fourth Amendment. Finally, in Commonwealth v. Augustine, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts relied on aggregation to depart from the third-party doctrine and hold that obtaining cell site location information (CSLI) without a war-rant violated the Fourth Amendment. Although these cases involved different doctrines, each court relied on data aggregation to depart from existing Fourth Amendment doctrine. This article considers where the aggregation principle may go next.
System-Wide Training and Coordination, the Impact of Learning on the Bullwhip Effect: An Experimental Study

This paper investigates how training and communication affect the bullwhip effect, in supply chains - an observation that orders become more variable as one moves towards the source of production. We study the issue in the laboratory using the Beer Distribution Game, and find that the visibility of one's own supply line, (unfilled orders) helps stabilize the system, but does not eliminate the bullwhip effect. We test two different training protocols - system wide training, in which each participant experiences every supply chain role, and role-specific training, in which each participant experiences a single role only. We find that neither training protocol improves performance in our experiments, but when training is combined with communication, performance improves markedly. Our results indicate that the bullwhip effect is, at least in part, due to insufficient coordination between supply chain partners.
Recent Developments in Plastic Design Practice

Summarizes advances that have been made in last decade on research activities and practical application of plastic method of analysis for steel frames. Impact of these advances resulted in some changes in design philosophy, reflected on steel specifications and codes of many countries. Tentative revisions on ASCE Manual No. 41 "Plastic Design in Steel" and AISC Specification are summarized prior to their publication scheduled for fall, 1969. Paper indicates problems associated with plastic design that need further investigation. Trends in design practice are also presented.
Understanding mechanisms of rarity in pteridophytes: competition and climate change threaten the rare fern Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum (Aspleniaceae).

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Understanding the ecology of rare species can inform aspects of conservation strategies; however, the mechanisms of rarity remain elusive for most pteridophytes, which possess independent and ecologically distinct gametophyte and sporophyte generations. To elucidate factors contributing to recent declines of the rare fern Asplenium scolopendrium var. americanum, we studied the ecology and ecophysiology of its gametophyte generation, focusing on responses to competition, temperature, and water stress. METHODS Gametophytes of A. scolopendrium var. americanum, its widespread European relative A. scolopendrium var. scolopendrium, and five co-occurring fern species were grown from spores. Gametophytes were grown at 20°C and 25°C, and germination rates, intra- and interspecific competition, desiccation tolerance, and sporophyte production were determined for all species. KEY RESULTS Gametophytes of A. scolopendrium var. americanum had the lowest rates of germination and sporophyte production among all species studied and exhibited the greatest sensitivity to interspecific competition, temperature increases, and desiccation. Mature gametophytes of A. scolopendrium var. americanum grown at 25°C were 84.6% smaller than those grown at 20°C, and only 1.5% produced sporophytes after 200 d in culture. Similar responses were not observed in other species studied. CONCLUSIONS The recent declines and current status of populations of A. scolopendrium var. americanum are linked to its gametophyte's limited capacity to tolerate competition and physiological stress linked to climate change. This is the first study to develop a mechanistic understanding of rarity and decline in a fern and demonstrates the importance of considering the ecology of the gametophyte in plants with independent sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
Spatial multiplexing of whispering gallery mode sensors for trace species detection

Whispering gallery mode resonators provide a robust and sensitive platform for the trace detection of chemical and/or biological analytes. The conventional approaches exhibit some challenges in simultaneous multi-channel (i.e., multi-species) detection. We will present an alternative monitoring scheme that allows for the spatial multiplexing of whispering gallery mode resonators with the simultaneous observation of the resonance spectra from each of them. The resonance spectra and corresponding shifts due to analyte adsorption are readily observed from different spherical resonators.
Clinical analysis of 8 cases with solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas

Objective To evaluate the clinical presentations of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas(SPT) and examine the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of SPT.Methods Eight patients with SPT managed in our hospital between April 1980 and July 2005 were reviewed.Results All the patients,female with mean age of 24.5 years(ranged from 18 to 34 years old) were diagnosed as SPT at our institution.Clinical presentation included a palpable abdominal mass in four patients and abdominal distention in another two.Two patients were asymptomatic;their tumors were found incidentally on abdominal sonographic examination for other reasons.Solid and solid-cystic masses of low echo were found in pancreas by ultrasonic examinations.CT scan found masses of low density in pancreas,while irregular enhancement appeared in the circumference or parenchyma of all tumors in enhanced CT scan sequences.Tumor markers in patients,serum were all negative.The lesions located in the body and tail in three cases and in the head of the pancreas in five.The mean diameter of the tumors in the eight patients was 6.2 cm(ranged from 4 to 8 cm).Pancreaticoduodenectomy were performed in 5 cases.Three patients underwent distal pancreatectomy and spleen resection.None of the patients received adjuvant therapy.The mean follow up was 7.25 years(ranged from 3 to 25 years).No evidence of relapses and metastasis in these cases was found.Conclusion Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas is a rare tumor with low malignant potential,affecting primarily young women.Surgical resection is generally curative and the prognosis is excellent.
Construct Confounding Among Predictors of Mathematics Achievement

Identifying which early mathematics skills have the largest effects on later mathematics achievement has important implications. However, regression-based estimates often rely on untested assumptio...
Simple export of journal citation data to Excel using any reference manager

Working with citation data from literature searches for systematic reviews can be problematic. The quantity of citations can be quite large. Export functions to the various citation managers (e.g., RefWorks, Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote) are not always sufficient to the task.
Type 1 Autoimmune Pancreatitis Associated with Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm

The relationship between autoimmune pancreatitis and pancreatic neoplasia is poorly understood. We report a case of a 26-year-old woman who presented with a 2-month history of upper abdominal pain. Computed tomography scan revealed a 5.8 cm cyst within the pancreatic tail. Fine needle aspiration revealed mildly atypical mucinous cells. Fluid analysis revealed elevated CEA …
Microwave absorbing composites for vacuum electronics: New material compositions with unusual frequency responses and improved characterization of existing materials

Microwave absorbing composites are of considerable importance in vacuum electronics, and therefore present an opportunity for further research. The synthesis and complex dielectric properties of new types of transition metal spinel-based microwave absorbing composites with unusual frequency responses are described. Also presented are improved dielectric measurements of more traditional BeO-SiC absorbers.
Variance estimation for radiation analysis and multi-sensor fusion

Variance estimates that are used in the analysis of radiation measurements must represent all of the measurement and computational uncertainties in order to obtain accurate parameter and uncertainty estimates. This report describes an approach for estimating components of the variance associated with both statistical and computational uncertainties. A multi-sensor fusion method is presented that renders parameter estimates for one-dimensional source models based on input from different types of sensors. Data obtained with multiple types of sensors improve the accuracy of the parameter estimates, and inconsistencies in measurements are also reflected in the uncertainties for the estimated parameter. Specific analysis examples are presented that incorporate a single gross neutron measurement with gamma-ray spectra that contain thousands of channels. The parameter estimation approach is tolerant of computational errors associated with detector response functions and source model approximations.
Superintendent’s leadership: the cultural aspects of the role enactment

AbstractThis qualitative study seeks to create a better understanding of the work of school superintendents. This study was conducted using ethnographic techniques as a way to describe the practice of a Latino superintendent in a borderland community in south Texas. Guiding questions for this study were: What goes on in the workday life of a superintendent? and how does the superintendent enact his role as superintendent? Field study for this qualitative inquiry occurred over a period of seven months. Data for this study, including transgressive data, were collected primarily through participant observations, semi-structured ethnographic interviews, from artefacts and journal notes.
Magnetic Anisotropy Energy of Transition Metal Alloy Clusters

The binary clusters of transition metal atoms form an interesting platform for studying the effects of shape, size, chemical compositions, and ordering on its magnetic properties. Notably, mixed clusters often show higher magnetic moments compared to pure elemental clusters. Due to the reduced dimension of the clusters, they tend to behave as single domain particles. One important parameter of their magnetic behavior is the magnetic anisotropy energy. In this chapter we review previous works on the magnetic anisotropy energy of binary alloy clusters, along with a density functional theory based method to compute the anisotropy energy with applications to binary metal clusters. The clusters of transition metal atoms often show high spin moments but generally are also reactive with the environment. Passivation of the surface atoms can lead to more stable clusters. We have explored one such avenue for passivation in this work. We consider the As@Ni12@As20 cluster which in the neutral state has a magnetic moment of 3 μB. We dope this cluster by substituting various numbers of Ni atoms by Mn atoms. The substitutional doping leads to spin moments located mostly on the Mn atoms. The doping also leads to symmetry breaking and as a consequence the number of structural isomers and spin ordered states for each isomer becomes very large. We have investigated all possible ferromagnetic isomers for a given number of dopants and subsequently all the possible anti-ferromagnetic states for the lowest energy structure were examined. The results show that the encapsulation within the As20 cage stabilizes the clusters and the atomization energy of the clusters increases as the number of dopant increases. These clusters have small energy barrier for reversal of magnetization and also have rich variation in configuration and spin states with many low-lying spin states.
Legitimación textual a través de los sueños: el caso del sueño del ṣāliḥ de Túnez (ms. RESC/55 del CSIC)

Manuscript Resc/55 of the CSIC has a chapter telling the story of a dream that a Tunisian ṣāliḥ had with the Prophet Muḥammad. In the dream the Prophet tells the dreamer about the events of Judgment Day, gives him some recommendations, and promises that however little the faith of a Muslim may be, he will enter Paradise, provided he remains a Muslim. These words likely were well received by the Mudejars or Moriscos who selected this text and copied it so many times. The author of this article analyses the contents of the story using an approach that takes into account both the Arabic literary tradition of edifying dream stories (manamāt), as well as the socio-historical background of the Moriscos. Of particular importance is understanding how the text legitimizes its contents and represents the words of the Prophet as authentic by resorting to a long tradition of dreams about Muḥammad. At the end of the article there is a transliteration of the aljamiado text.
Deviant Peer Associations and Perceived Police Legitimacy: Is There a Connection?:

For police officers to effectively enforce the law, it is imperative that citizens perceive of them as legitimate authority figures. Although procedural justice has shown to be a salient predictor ...
Improvements in VIIRS reflective band calibration accuracy and stability provided by RSBAutoCal

Reflective solar band (RSB) calibration of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Sensor Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite was automated in November 2015. The algorithm and science code for automating RSB calibration, known as RSBAutoCal, were developed by The Aerospace Corporation as part of its support to the VIIRS calibration/validation (cal/val) effort led by the NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR). Prior to its automation, RSB calibration was performed via weekly updates of look-up tables (LUTs) ingested by the Sensor Data Record (SDR) ground processing performed by the Interface Data Processing Segment (IDPS). RSBAutoCal has significantly improved the accuracy and stability of the VIIRS RSB calibration relative to the prior LUT based approach. In this paper we quantify this improvement based on a full year of calibration data, showing that RSBAutoCal is essential to reduce predict-ahead error, one component of accuracy, below 0.1%.
Resiliency to multiple nucleation in temperature-1 self-assembly

We consider problems in variations of the two-handed abstract Tile Assembly Model (2HAM), a generalization of Erik Winfree’s abstract Tile Assembly Model (aTAM). In the latter, tiles attach one-at-a-time to a seed-containing assembly. In the former, tiles aggregate into supertiles that then further combine to form larger supertiles; hence, constructions must be robust to the choice of seed (nucleation) tiles. We obtain three distinct results in two 2HAM variants whose aTAM siblings are well-studied.
Policy, Ethical, and Legal Issues

Physical and cognitive decline in old age often put the autonomy of older adults at risk. A comorbid mental illness is likely to further compound this problem, increasing their dependency on those around them. A key issue encountered in the clinical care of older adults is respecting their autonomy, while also ensuring their overall well-being. This chapter describes important ethical and medicolegal concepts relevant to the care of older adults. The first section of the chapter examines the role of a geriatric psychiatrist across health-care systems and models of care. The next section describes the commonly encountered task of assessing the decision-making capacity of older adults across domains of health care, finances, independent living, driving, and sexual relations. This is followed by a discussion of medicolegal issues germane to the older adult, which includes the concepts of advance care planning, surrogate decision-making, as well as the assessment and diagnosis of elder abuse. We will then review issues that relate to the elderly prisoner, namely, their care in the criminal justice system, as well as the assessment of criminal responsibility and competence to stand trial. The last section of the chapter is a description of treatment setting regulations in geriatric psychiatry, specifically the care of older adults in nursing homes.
The “Good Catholic”

Just as Catholics created new understandings of what it meant to be good women, men, and spouses, so did they need to create new definitions of what it meant to be a good Catholic. The most common new model of loyal Catholicism adopted in the British Isles combined the seemingly contradictory values of Christian militancy with patience in novel ways that provided alternatives to conventional gender and religious roles. Authors of pastoral literature, for example, increasingly encouraged women to adopt combative qualities usually reserved for men, thus stretching understandings of women’s contributions to family, society, and Catholicism. Lay Catholic masculinity, too, evolved into a combination of traditional masculine values, such as good husbandry and courage, with new exhortations toward patience, resignation, and constancy. These latter traits were traditionally associated in Catholicism with saints’ lives, the masculinity of priests and monks, and femininity, but not with the masculinity of ordinary laymen.
Adaptive Array Processing for Acoustic Imaging

The need for high resolution acoustic image formation under the constraints imposed by small (≈ 100 wavelengths) apertures, long wavelength radiation, and sparsely sampled discrete apertures is encountered in many applications. Most techniques currently in use require large arrays for resolution and uniform sampling of the array aperture for sidelobe control to yield adequate performance when imaging specular reflectors. This paper examines the applicability of the data-adaptive array processing technique known as the Maximum Likelihood Method to image formation in the undersea environment, where acoustics and acoustic imaging techniques have long been of interest as a result of their utility in probing where electromagnetic radiation will not penetrate. The approach taken is to suppress the usual deterministic outlook wherein the propagation phenomenon is “undone”, and to look at the problem in a statistical sense. The result is an imaging technique that is essentially spatial and temporal spectral density estimation for a space/time random process which is sampled at a small number of discrete spatial locations.
Amoxapine and amitriptyline. I. Relative speed of antidepressant action.

Speed of onset of antidepressant effect was studied in 20 depressed outpatients assigned double-blind to equipotent doses of amoxapine or amitriptyline. In counterbalanced order, each patient had 2 periods of 3 weeks on active agent interspersed with 2 similar periods of placebo control. On daily and weekly self-ratings, amoxapine was found to reduce symptoms significantly more rapidly than amitriptyline. Psychiatrist-ratings were consonant with selfreports.
Architects, Renovators, Builders, and Fragmenters: A Model for First Year Students' Self-perceptions and Perceptions of Information Literacy

Abstract The transition from high school to college is fraught with academic, social, and emotional changes for first-year students. This year long qualitative study uses cognitive dissonance theory to examine first-year students' changing perceptions of their information literacy competencies throughout their freshman year. Through the examination of students' self-reflections and semi-structured interviews, the study produced cognitive dissonance in students, revealed four information literacy journeys, demonstrated the shifting of students' definitions of research, and shed light on the emotional labor involved in college-level research. Implications for information literacy instruction and future research are discussed.
Biosurfactants Change the Thinning of Contaminated Bubbles at Bacteria-Laden Water Interfaces

Bubbles reside at the water surface before bursting, emitting droplets that can contain chemicals and pathogens linked to disease and contamination. We discover that bacterial secretions enhance the lifetime of bubbles. We also reveal and elucidate two distinct regimes of thinning for such contaminated bubbles. Initially, marginal regeneration governs their thinning rate, similarly to clean water bubbles. However, due to their enhanced lifetime, it is eventually evaporation that governs their thinning, thus also dramatically decreasing their thickness at burst. We derive and experimentally validate the expression for the critical timescale at which the transition between the two regimes occurs. The shift in thinning law makes the droplets produced by contaminated bubbles smaller, faster, and more numerous than those produced by clean bubbles. Our findings suggest that microorganisms can manipulate the aging physics of surface bubbles to enhance their own water-to-air dispersal.
JID VisualDx Quiz: September 2013

1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2013), Volume 133 © 2013 The Society for Investigative Dermatology QUESTIONS 1. What is your diagnosis? a. Pemphigus vulgaris. b. Bullous pemphigoid. c. IgA pemphigus. d. Staphylococcus scalded skin. e. Bullous lupus. JID VisualDx Quiz: September 2013 John Kowalczyk1 and Robert S. Kirsner1 Journal of Investigative Dermatology (2013) 133, e8. doi:10.1038/jid.2013.297
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging techniques for structural and functional characterization of murine model kidneys.

Abstract Murine models are used in a wide range of renal studies, from those assessing the role of molecular and genetic factors in mammalian development and congenital diseases, to developing and screening new therapeutics. In studies of these models, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are playing an ever increasing role in characterizing both structural and functional changes of the kidneys. This chapter details the use of MRI for this purpose—from acquisition to image analysis. An overview of the wide range of characterization that can be performed by this technology is first given. Next, basic image analysis and more advanced image processing techniques are detailed. The utility of MR for characterizing anatomical and physiological properties of murine models of disease is supplemented with data from our work studying polycystic kidney disease.
Dairy Farming in Pakistan: The Transformation of Small Farms and Livestock Management Practices

There is a white revolution taking place in Pakistan, led by the private sector. It is transforming the practices of the country’s dairy farmers and tying them in to the increasing demand for milk of its growing middle class. For the most part, the government and its functionaries are absent from this structural transformation in the country’s rural economy Such absence is a first in the country’s modern history. Stretching back to the colonial era under the Raj in India, when the building of irrigation canals starting in the 19th century transformed the landscape and tied rural populations to global commodity markets, the government always had a robust presence in the operations and changes of the rural economy. This time around, it is large multinationals led by Nestle and large Pakistani industrial food giants led by Engro Foods that are taking the lead in reshaping the rural economy, this time in the dairy sector. To tie farmers to their supply chains, these and other companies guarantee that they will be the sole purchaser for the farmer’s entire dairy production. They then work with farmers to change on-farm dairy management practices to ensure consistent yields and quality of milk production. For farmers, having a guaranteed buyer for their enhanced milk production gives them an incentive to make the production and practice changes that the companies demand of them. Also, shorter payment cycles in the form of weekly payments to farmers means that their cost recovery time is significantly improved from traditional agricultural production of crops and commodities that are largely restricted to the country’s two planting cycles. This financial transformation of the rural economy with its greater infusion of cash to farmers is also changing their ability to afford greater schooling access for their children with a broadly expressed desire that their children will not follow them into dairy farming.
Chapter 10 – Fracture Healing

Bone fractures are common and costly to the public due to high health care expenditures. In order to find ways to treat bone fractures, it is essential to understand how fractures normally heal and what factors interfere with fracture healing. All fractures can be broadly described as closed (no skin break) or open (skin break). Fracture of long bones can be classified as simple, comminuted, and stress fractures. Fracture healing can be considered as a series of four discrete stages occurring in sequence and overlapping to a certain extent, including inflammatory response, cartilage formation, primary bone formation, and bone remodeling. This chapter further provides an overview of the fracture healing process at the cellular and molecular levels and a discussion of several key local factors and systemic situations that complicate healing processes. Current therapeutic strategies that are aimed at accelerating fracture repair are also discussed.
Utilization of health information technology among cancer genetic counselors.

BACKGROUND Health information technology (IT) is becoming increasingly utilized by cancer genetic counselors (CGCs). We sought to understand the current engagement, satisfaction, and opportunities to adopt new health IT tools among CGCs. METHODS We conducted a mixed-mode survey among 128 board-certified CGCs using both closed- and open-ended questions. We then evaluated the utilization and satisfaction among 10 types of health IT tools, including the following: cancer screening tool, family health history (FHx) collection tools, electronic health records (EHRs), telegenetics software, pedigree drawing software, genetic risk assessment tools, gene test panel ordering tools, electronic patient education tools, patient communication tools, and family communication tools. RESULTS Seven of 10 health IT tools were used by a minority of CGCs. The vast majority of respondents reported using EHRs (95.2%) and genetic risk assessment tools (88.6%). Genetic test panel ordering software had the highest satisfaction rate (very satisfied and satisfied) at 80.0%, followed by genetic risk assessment tools (77.1%). EHRs had the highest dissatisfaction rate among CGCs at 18.3%. Dissatisfaction with a health IT tool was associated with desire to change: EHRs (p < .001), cancer screening tools (p = .010), genetic risk assessment tools (p = .024), and family history collection tools (p = .026). We found that nearly half of CGCs were considering adopting or changing their FHx tool (49.2%), cancer screening tool (44.9%), and pedigree drawing tool (41.8%). CONCLUSION Overall, CGCs reported high levels of satisfaction among commonly used health IT tools. Tools that enable the collection of FHx, cancer screening tools, and pedigree drawing software represent the greatest opportunities for research and development.