cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clicks intended: An integrated model for nuanced social feedback system uses on Facebook

Abstract Social button-based feedback systems have evolved from soliciting a binary response to allowing for more nuanced expressions. This study examines motivational mechanisms underlying the use of Facebook Reactions, which is a successful example of nuanced social feedback systems. By integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Uses and Gratification Theory (U&G) into a single framework, the study introduces a structural model that expands the notion of ‘perceived usefulness’ as a multifaceted concept reflective of different utilities of nuanced feedback systems. A survey was conducted in a large U.S. public university (N = 422), finding that social cognitive factors, as operationalized in TAM, affect perceived usefulness for different utilities. However, social cognitive factors had only indirect effects on increasing the use intention, mediated by hedonic and expressive usefulness. Despite occurring in an instant, clicking a social button is a mindful behavior. Successful implementation of a nuanced social feedback system may rely on the extent to which users perceive the usefulness of the system for enhancing enjoyment and expressing their feelings.
Abstract IA13: Discovery of K-Ras inhibitors for the treatment of cancer

Aberrant activation of the small GTPase Ras by oncogenic mutation or constitutively active receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) results in the deregulation of cellular signals governing growth and survival in cancer. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Son of Sevenless (SOS) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the activation of Ras by exchanging GDP for GTP. SOS is therefore a key control point for the propagation of RTK and Ras signaling. Here we report the discovery of small molecules that bind to a unique pocket on the Ras:SOS:Ras complex, increase SOScat-catalyzed nucleotide exchange, and perturb Ras signaling pathways in cells. X-ray crystallographic studies of Ras:SOS:Ras complexed with these small molecules reveal that they bind in a hydrophobic pocket in the CDC25 domain of SOS adjacent to the Switch II region of Ras. The structure-activity relationships exhibited by these compounds can be rationalized on the basis of the x-ray structures of multiple co-complexes. In addition, structure-based mutational analyses indicate that this newly identified pocket is essential for compound activity. As predicted, these molecules increase Ras-GTP levels in cells. However, they unexpectedly inhibit MAPK and PI3K signaling. Our studies suggest a novel way to target K-Ras and offer possible starting points for the discovery of compounds that could be used to treat Ras-driven tumors. Citation Format: Stephen W. Fesik. Discovery of K-Ras inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on RAS Oncogenes: From Biology to Therapy; Feb 24-27, 2014; Lake Buena Vista, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA13. doi: 10.1158/1557-3125.RASONC14-IA13
Shifting Emphases Among Aristotle’s Criteria: Two Key Historical Occurrences

Applying criteria originating from Aristotle to university-based business schools indicates three emphases: (1) seeking higher learning; (2) promoting the virtuous practice of business; and (3) addressing topics that have utility for the effective practice of business. Two occurrences in the history of business schools are noteworthy because they made attempts to establish or shift the degree to which these three criteria were emphasized. The first event was the founding of the first US business school at the University of Pennsylvania. The second event was mid-twentieth-century “soul-searching” by US business schools culminating in the release in 1959 of reports by the Carnegie Foundation and the Ford Foundation.
Utilization of morphometric analysis in evaluating response of Plectonema boryanum (Cyanophyceae) to exposure to eight heavy metals.

The techniques of morphometric analysis were used to study the ultrastructural changes induced inPlectonema boryanum (Cyanophyceae) by heavy metal exposure. Four of the test metals (Mn, Zn, Hg, and Cd) produced no changes in overall cell dimensions. Two metals (Pb and Cu) produced significant increases in cell size and two other metals (Co and Ni) caused significant decrease in cell size. Mn, Pb, Co, Ni, and Cd caused significant increases in the surface area of the cell's thylakoids and Ni, Co, Zn, and Hg caused a significant reduction in the volume of the intrathylakoidal spaces. All tested metals except Pb and Mn caused the production of extra intracellular membrane whorls. Pb, Mn, Co, Zn, Hg, Cd, and Ni caused coalescence of cellular lipid while Cu caused a reduction in cellular lipid content. Co caused a reduction in the number of polyhedral bodies and Cd caused an increase in the volume of the cell's polyphosphate bodies. The physiological significance of these findings are discussed in terms of potential toxic action of cations and the cellular mechanisms for the detoxification of cations once they enter the cell. Common mechanisms of both procaryotic and eucaryotic algae are discussed and the utilization of stereological techniques for electron microscopic morphometric analysis is established in studies of metal toxicity at the cellular level.
On lower iteration complexity bounds for the saddle point problems

In this paper, we study the lower iteration complexity bounds for finding the saddle point of a strongly convex and strongly concave saddle point problem: $\min_x\max_yF(x,y)$. We restrict the classes of algorithms in our investigation to be either pure first-order methods or methods using proximal mappings. The existing lower bound result for this type of problems is obtained via the framework of strongly monotone variational inequality problems, which corresponds to the case where the gradient Lipschitz constants ($L_x, L_y$ and $L_{xy}$) and strong convexity/concavity constants ($\mu_x$ and $\mu_y$) are uniform with respect to variables $x$ and $y$. However, specific to the min-max saddle point problem these parameters are naturally different. Therefore, one is led to finding the best possible lower iteration complexity bounds, specific to the min-max saddle point models. In this paper we present the following results. For the class of pure first-order algorithms, our lower iteration complexity bound is $\Omega\left(\sqrt{\frac{L_x}{\mu_x}+\frac{L_{xy}^2}{\mu_x\mu_y}+\frac{L_y}{\mu_y}}\cdot\ln\left(\frac{1}{\epsilon}\right)\right)$, where the term $\frac{L_{xy}^2}{\mu_x\mu_y}$ explains how the coupling influences the iteration complexity. Under several special parameter regimes, this lower bound has been achieved by corresponding optimal algorithms. However, whether or not the bound under the general parameter regime is optimal remains open. Additionally, for the special case of bilinear coupling problems, given the availability of certain proximal operators, a lower bound of $\Omega\left(\sqrt{\frac{L_{xy}^2}{\mu_x\mu_y}+1}\cdot\ln(\frac{1}{\epsilon})\right)$ is established in this paper, and optimal algorithms have already been developed in the literature.
Benzodiazepine & Zolpidem Usage in Multiple Myeloma Patients Undergoing Transplantation

Background Multiple myeloma (MM) patients (pts) are older and have poorer quality of life (QOL) compared to pts with other hematologic malignancies (Nielsen et al, Eur J Haematol 2017). Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) acutely exacerbates psychosocial distress & insomnia. These symptoms are often treated with benzodiazepines and zolpidem-class drugs (B/Z Rx) that come with serious toxicities in older adults. B/Z Rx patterns in HCT recipients, particularly among MM patients who tend to be older with more co-morbidities, are unknown. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all pts with MM or light-chain amyloidosis who underwent autologous HCT at our institution from 1/1/17-12/31/18. We identified B/Z Rx at 3 timepoints: (1) pre-HCT baseline; (2) discharge, or D+14 for outpatient HCT; and (3) D+100 follow-up. Results 205 pts (43% female) underwent HCT, 184 (90%) as inpatient (inpt) and 21 (10%) as outpatient (outpt). The median age was 61; 27 pts (13%) were ≥ 70. 174 pts (85%) had received melphalan 200 mg/m2 conditioning; the remainder received 140 mg/m2. 28% of pts (n=58) had ≥ 1 B/Z Rx at all timepoints, while 38% (n=77) had no Rx at any timepoint. As shown in Figures 1 & 2: 33% of pts (n=67) had B/Z Rx at baseline, 57% (n=116) at discharge, and 51% (n=104) at D+100. Among B/Z-naive pts at baseline (n=138), the D+100 B/Z Rx rate was significantly higher among those with any B/Z Rx at discharge than those without (34% vs. 11%, p The most common B/Z Rx's were lorazepam (55% of pts, n=113) and zolpidem (12%, n=24). Of the 113 pts with lorazepam Rx, 35% (n=40) had a specific indication (2nd-line management of nausea/vomiting) without listing a distress-related symptom (e.g., anxiety). After excluding these 40 pts, overall rates of B/Z Rx fell to: 33% (54/165) at baseline, 47% (77/165) at discharge, and 48% (79/165) at D+100. Conclusions 62% of MM pts undergoing HCT received ≥ 1 B/Z Rx peri-HCT, a substantially higher rate than the 13% prevalence in the US population. ∼1/4 of pts experienced escalation of B/Z Rx therapy. Among B/Z-naive pts at baseline, pts prescribed B/Z Rx at discharge were 3x as likely to have continued B/Z Rx at D+100. These findings demonstrate the prevalence and persistence of B/Z Rx use despite their known toxicities. Limitations of our single-center study include an inability to assess how frequently prn Rx were actually taken or prescribed by local oncologists. Nevertheless, we are now investigating non-pharmacologic interventions to improve distress & insomnia in HCT recipients with the eventual goal of lowering B/Z Rx usage.
Supramolecular pore formation as an antimicrobial strategy

Abstract Although synthetic amphiphiles that form ion-conducting pores have surged in interest within the chemical community, their potential as antimicrobials is little appreciated. The formation of pores in bacterial membranes has at least two obvious consequences. First, insertion of the amphiphile into the bacterial membrane results in membrane disruption or disorganization, enhancing membrane permeability. Second, to the extent that ion-conducting pores form within the membranes, ion homeostasis is likely to be affected. Changes in ion balance will have secondary effects on cytosolic proteins that may adversely affect bacterial survival.
Longitudinal associations between adolescent information management and mother–teen relationship quality: Between- versus within-family differences

Parent-adolescent relationships are related to adolescents' disclosure and concealment, but these associations may represent between-family differences (e.g., families with more negative interactions have adolescents who disclose less) or within-family processes (e.g., when a family has more negative interactions, their adolescent discloses less). This study used cross-lagged panel modeling (CLPM) and random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling (RI-CLPM) to separate these elements. U.S. adolescents (N = 214, Mage = 16.0, 52% female) reported on their disclosure, concealment, positive relationships, and negative interactions with mothers 3 times over a year. Consistent with prior research, adolescent disclosure was transactionally associated with more positive and less negative relationships with mothers over time in between-family (CLPM) analyses. However, in the within-family (RI-CLPM) analyses, which controlled for the fact that more positive and less negative families had adolescents who disclosed more, changes in relationship quality within a family were not linked with changes in disclosure. In contrast, negative interactions and greater concealment were reciprocally related over time both between families and within families, even when considering that families with more negative interactions also had adolescents who concealed more. Positive relationships were associated with less adolescent concealment, but only relative to other families (at the between level) and not over time. Results confirm the importance of examining disclosure and concealment as separate processes, particularly at the within-family level, and indicate that the cycle of concealment and negative interactions among troubled families may be a particularly ripe area for intervention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Myocardial Recovery in Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Goal Directed Medical Therapy

Background Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of heart failure (HF). Goal Directed Medical Therapy (GDMT) for HF has been shown to improve mortality and morbidity but rate of myocardial recovery is not well known. Methods In this retrospective study, 325 patients with newly diagnosed systolic heart failure (LVEF 10% and maintained >6 months. At baseline, all patients underwent echocardiogram; additionally, 22% underwent cardiac MRI, 7% cardiopulmonary stress test and 14% right heart catherization. GDMT was initiated inpatient and titrated weekly the first month, biweekly for the second month and monthly thereafter in our HF clinic. At discharge, 25% of the patients were sent home with wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD). Results Of the 325 patients, 148 patients (45.5%) had myocardial recovery. In the recovery group, average age was 55.0 years, 58.8% were males, 64.9% Caucasians and 30.0% African Americans. At baseline, average LVEF was 27.3% and NYHA class 2.3. Average time for myocardial recovery was four months post initiation of GDMT. At one-year follow-up, average LVEF was 48.6% and NYHA class 1.7. In the recovery group, 84.0% were on ACEI/ARB/ARNI, 95.3% BB, 59.5% MRA, 4.7% Hydralazine, 2.7% Nitrates and 13.4% on Digoxin. No malignant arrhythmias were noted in patients discharged with WCD. The 30-day HF readmission rate in the myocardial recovery group was Conclusion GDMT for HF is well established and with aggressive medication titration in newly diagnosed systolic HF due to DCM and NICM, myocardial recovery is possible with rates as high as 45.5% at one-year.
Capacity Achieving Quantizer Design for Binary Channels

We consider a communication channel with a binary input $X$ being distorted by an arbitrary continuous-valued noise which results in a continuous-valued signal $Y$ at the receiver. A quantizer $Q$ is used to quantize $Y$ back to a binary output $Z$ . Our goal is to determine the optimal quantizer $Q^{*}$ and the corresponding input probability mass function $\mathbf {p}_{X}^{*}$ that achieve the capacity. We present a new lower bound and a new upper bound on the capacity in terms of quantization parameters and the structure of the associated channel matrix. Based on these theoretical results, we propose an efficient algorithm for finding the optimal quantizer.
Sulfur isotope analysis of cysteine and methionine via preparatory liquid chromatography and elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

Rationale Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of organic sulfur molecules has previously been hindered by challenging preparatory chemistry and analytical requirements for large sample sizes. The natural-abundance sulfur isotopic compositions of the sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, have therefore not yet been investigated despite potential utility in biomedicine, ecology, oceanography, biogeochemistry, and other fields. Methods Cysteine and methionine were subjected to hot acid hydrolysis followed by quantitative oxidation in performic acid to yield cysteic acid and methionine sulfone. These stable, oxidized products were then separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and verified via offline liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The sulfur isotope ratios (δ34 S values) of purified analytes were then measured via combustion elemental analyzer coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS). The EA was equipped with a temperature-ramped chromatographic column and programmable He carrier flow rates. Results On-column focusing of SO2 in the EA/IRMS system, combined with reduced He carrier flow during elution, greatly improved sensitivity allowing precise (0.1-0.3‰ 1s.d.) δ34 S measurements of 1 to 10 μg sulfur. We validated that our method for purification of cysteine and methionine was negligibly fractionating using amino acid and protein standards. Proof-of-concept measurements of fish muscle tissue and bacteria demonstrated differences up to 4‰ between the δ34 S values of cysteine and methionine that can be connected to biosynthetic pathways. Conclusions We have developed a sensitive, precise method for measuring the natural-abundance sulfur isotopic compositions of cysteine and methionine isolated from biological samples. This capability opens up diverse applications of sulfur isotopes in amino acids and proteins, from use as a tracer in organisms and the environment to fundamental aspects of metabolism and biosynthesis.
Quality improvement: Online resources to support nursing education and practice

BACKGROUND Quality improvement (QI) competence is included in the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Essentials for pre-licensure and graduate degrees and is invaluable to nurses at all levels of professional practice. Among barriers to integration of QI competency is insufficient QI knowledge and skills among faculty and practicing nurses. Many nurses completed their nursing education before the introduction of the QI competencies in nursing programs, and it is understandable if they lack QI knowledge, skills, and attitudes. PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to provide information about QI online resources to nursing faculty, nurse leaders, and nurses in clinical practice with educational and training tools and opportunities to broaden their QI competence. METHODS The authors completed a comprehensive review of online resources for learning and/or teaching QI in health care and explored the websites of eight organizations. RESULTS Within eight selected websites, the authors chose over 20 online self-study resources to learn and/or teach QI in health care with content for beginner, intermediate, and advanced learners. CONCLUSION The QI online resources are easily accessible and can enable learning and engagement in QI of nursing faculty, students, and practicing nurses with no or limited exposure to the discipline.
Contemporary Distal Femoral Replacements for Supracondylar Femoral Fractures Around Primary and Revision Total Knee Arthroplasties

Abstract Background There is a paucity of data on the outcomes of distal femoral replacements (DFRs) in patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) periprosthetic fractures. We sought to characterize these patients’ survivorship free from rerevision. Methods We retrospectively identified 49 patients, including 34 after primary TKA (primary cohort), 9 after revision TKA, and 6 conversions for failed open reduction and internal fixation (revision cohort) that underwent DFR for a periprosthetic femur fracture. The mean age was 76 years, and 40 patients (82%) were female. The mean follow-up was 4 years. Femoral fixation included 44 cemented stems (90%) and 5 cementless stems (10%). Survivorship free from rerevision was characterized by the Kaplan–Meier method; cox proportional regression was used to analyze the risk factors for rerevision. Results Survivorship free from any rerevision at 5 years in the primary and revision cohort was 93% and 18%, respectively. The revision cohort had a 5.3× higher risk of re-revision (P = .008). Survivorship free from re-revision for aseptic loosening at 5 years in the primary and revision cohort was 93% and 53%, respectively. Two of the 3 patients with cementless stems in the primary cohort underwent early rerevision for aseptic loosening, but patients with prior primary TKAs treated with cemented femoral fixation (n = 31) had a 97% 5-year survivorship free from re-revision. Conclusion Patients with periprosthetic fractures around prior primary TKAs treated with DFRs with cemented femoral fixation had a 97% 5-year survivorship free from any re-revision. DFRs for periprosthetic femur fractures around revision TKAs or conversions of failed open reduction and internal fixations have a 5× increased risk of rerevision.
Cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating bacteria and fungi in coastal precipitation

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) represent a rare subset of aerosol particles that initiate cloud droplet freezing at temperatures above the homogenous freezing point of water ( −38 ∘ C). Considering that the ocean covers 71 % of the Earth's surface and represents a large potential source of INPs, it is imperative that the identities, properties and relative emissions of ocean INPs become better understood. However, the specific underlying drivers of marine INP emissions remain largely unknown due to limited observations and the challenges associated with isolating rare INPs. By generating isolated nascent sea spray aerosol (SSA) over a range of biological conditions, mesocosm studies have shown that marine microbes can contribute to INPs. Here, we identify 14 (30 %) cultivable halotolerant ice-nucleating microbes and fungi among 47 total isolates recovered from precipitation and aerosol samples collected in coastal air in southern California. Ice-nucleating (IN) isolates collected in coastal air were nucleated ice from extremely warm to moderate freezing temperatures ( −2.3 to −18 ∘ C). While some Gammaproteobacteria and fungi are known to nucleate ice at temperatures as high as −2 ∘ C, Brevibacterium sp. is the first Actinobacteria found to be capable of ice nucleation at a relatively high freezing temperature ( −2.3 ∘ C). Air mass trajectory analysis demonstrates that marine aerosol sources were dominant during all sampling periods, and phylogenetic analysis indicates that at least 2 of the 14 IN isolates are closely related to marine taxa. Moreover, results from cell-washing experiments demonstrate that most IN isolates maintained freezing activity in the absence of nutrients and cell growth media. This study supports previous studies that implicated microbes as a potential source of marine INPs, and it additionally demonstrates links between precipitation, marine aerosol and IN microbes.
Development and Validation of a Model to Predict Long-Term Survival After Liver Transplantation

Patients are prioritized for liver transplantation (LT) under an "urgency-based" system using the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. This system focuses solely on waitlist mortality, without considerations of posttransplant morbidity, mortality, and health care use. We sought to develop and internally validate a continuous posttransplant risk score during 5-year and 10-year time horizons. This retrospective cohort study used national registry data of adult deceased donor LT (DDLT) recipients with ≥90 days of pretransplant waiting time from February 27, 2002 to December 31, 2018. We fit Cox regression models at 5 and 10 years to estimate beta coefficients for a risk score using manual variable selection and calculated the absolute predicted survival time. Among 21,103 adult DDLT recipients, 11 variables were selected for the final model. The area under the curves at 5 and 10 years were 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-0.66) and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.64-0.70), respectively. The group with the highest ("best") scores had 5-year and 10-year survivals of 89.4% and 85.4%, respectively, compared with 45.9% and 22.2% for those with the lowest ("worst") scores. Our score was significantly better at predicting long-term survival compared with the existing scores. We developed and validated a risk score using nearly 17 years of data to prioritize patients with end-stage liver disease based on projected posttransplant survival. This score can serve as the building block by which the transplant field can change the entire approach to prioritizing patients to an approach that is based on considerations of maximizing benefits (ie, survival benefit-based allocation) rather than simply waitlist mortality.
What We Have Learned: Different Locations, Shared Experiences

In this collection of personal essays, the MFT academic leaders examine the intersectionality of their social location, where differing social positions reinforce and interact with opportunity, power, marginalization, and discrimination. Multiple reciprocal influences are reflected in our lived experiences as MFT professors. The authors who have been in MFT academia, defined as education, supervision, and administration, between 5 and 20 years are attentive to issues of power and disadvantages in various academic and clinical settings. We see how these MFT leaders weave together their stories of achievement and discrimination. Each leader reflects on their commitment to social change and openness to continue in this type of work to support other faculty, professionals, and students in similar situations. Though each author’s story is unique and profoundly inspiring, many commonalities connect the authors together and convey a larger story. The larger story as suggested in the title of this book “Intersectionality in Family Therapy Leadership—Professional Power, Personal Identities” is about MFT educators’ collective encountering of inequality and discrimination as a result of our social locations and our greater access to power and resources that we used in initiating social change within our sphere of influence. We are not alone in these encounters, but with collective action through sharing experiences with colleagues, we gain success in our professional work.
Effective tetracycline removal from liquid streams of dairy manure via hierarchical poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene)/polyaniline metal complex nanofibrous membranes

Abstract Antibiotic residues from animal wastes enter underground and surface water streams, posing high risks to public health. Novel technologies capable of removing the residues from the matrix of concern such as animal waste should be developed. This research investigates the development of nanofiber absorbent for removing tetracycline (TC) antibiotic residues from liquid streams of dairy manure produced in a typical dairy farm. Hierarchically structured nanofibrous adsorbent was developed through growing a uniform polyaniline (PAni) nanodots on poly (vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (EVOH) nanofiber membrane (NFM). Moreover, Cu2+ ions were chelated on the developed EVOH/PAni-Cl NFM to improve TC adsorption efficiency and selectivity. The TC adsorption capacities of EVOH/PAni-Cl-Cu2+ and EVOH/PAni-Cl) NFM were 1100 mg g−1 and 600 mg g−1 within 120 min., respectively. The NFMs adsorption efficiency was investigated using dairy wastewater. Initial TC concentrations in dairy wastewater sample varied between 20 and 50 ppm. The EVOH/PAni-Cl-Cu2+ NFM showed TC removal of 86% from dairy manure samples at 25 ppm initial TC concentration within 60 min. during batch mode treatment. Results showed that the dynamic binding efficiency of 450 mg g−1 can be achieved at an initial TC concentration of 50 ppm. Furthermore, the NFM displayed efficient chemical and physical stability even after 8 cycles of reusing without significant changes in its performance or hazardous Cu2+ leaching.
Development of fiber-reinforced transparent composites:

In this study, a continuous glass fiber-reinforced composite is manufactured using the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. The composite is manufactured from an S-glass fiber ac...
Role of Innate Immunity in Initiation and Progression of Osteoarthritis, with Emphasis on Horses

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition with diverse etiologies, affecting horses, humans, and companion animals. Importantly, OA is not a single disease, but rather a disease process initiated by different events, including acute trauma, irregular or repetitive overload of articular structures, and spontaneous development with aging. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of OA is still evolving, and OA is increasingly considered a multifactorial disease in which the innate immune system plays a key role in regulating and perpetuating low-grade inflammation, resulting in sustained cartilage injury and destruction. Macrophages within the synovium and synovial fluid are considered the key regulators of immune processes in OA and are capable of both stimulating and suppressing joint inflammation, by responding to local and systemic cues. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of the innate immune system in the overall pathogenesis of OA, drawing on insights from studies in humans, animal models of OA, and from clinical and research studies in horses. This review also discusses the various therapeutic immune modulatory options currently available for managing OA and their mechanisms of action.
Challenges of Forecasting and Measuring a Complex Networked World

A new era of data analytics of online social networks promises tremendous high-impact societal, business, and healthcare applications. As more users join online social networks, the data available for analysis and forecast of human social and collective behavior grows at an incredible pace. The first part of this talk introduces an apparent paradox, where larger online social networks entail more user data but also less analytic and forecasting capabilities [7]. More specifically, the paradox applies to forecasting properties of network processes such as network cascades, showing that in some scenarios unbiased long term forecasting becomes increasingly inaccurate as the network grows but, paradoxically, short term forecasting -- such as the predictions in Cheng et al. [2] and Ribeiro et al. [7] -- improves with network size. We discuss the theoretic foundations of this paradox and its connections with known information theoretic measures such as Shannon capacity. We also discuss the implications of this paradox on the scalability of big data applications and show how information theory tools -- such as Fisher information [3,8] -- can be used to design more accurate and scalable methods for network analytics [6,8,10]. The second part of the talk focuses on how these results impact our ability to perform network analytics when network data is only available through crawlers and the complete network topology is unknown [1,4,5,9].
Dell H. Hymes: His Scholarship and Legacy in Anthropology and Education

Dell Hathaway Hymes, linguistic anthropologist and educational visionary extraordinaire, passed away in November 2009, leaving behind a voluminous scholarship and inspirational legacy in the study of language and inequality, ethnography, sociolinguistics, Native American ethnopoetics, and education. This essay provides a brief account of Hymes's life and scholarly contributions, especially his early and enduring influence in the anthropology of education; and goes on to comment briefly on this AEQ set of essays honoring Hymes.[Dell Hymes, anthropology of education, ethnography, social justice, ethnography in education, educational linguistics, ethnography and social justice, communicative competence, verbal repertoire, ethnographic monitoring, ethnography of communication, ethnopoetics]
Bioethics: Institutionalization of

Bioethics is a recognized discipline in the academy, an established practice within the clinic and a source of guidance for healthcare policy and the conduct of human research. As a complex of theoretical and practical undertakings, bioethics now commands an officially recognized cluster of norm-setting and behaviour-guiding roles that have become institutionalized elements of the scholarly, clinical, human research and public policy establishment. The integration of the antecedents of bioethics into these settings began in the 1960s but these activities were recognized under this name only at the end of the 1970s. By 1979, there was an established literature, numerous individuals who called themselves bioethicists, academic programs engaged in bioethics. Attention to bioethics internationally continues to grow, particularly as biotechnological developments raise new questions and concerns. Key Concepts The antecedents of bioethics emerged in the 1960s, and then the field took shape under this rubric in the 1970s. Awareness of past abuses of human research subjects and the need to conduct more research to secure progress in medicine led to a focus on research ethics and the regulation and oversight of research. Cultural shifts in the 1960s and 1970s that emphasized individual rights led to discussions about patients’ rights and patient-driven decisions. The secularization of U.S. society in the 1960s created space for discussions of medical morality among secular scholars who sought a secular source for moral guidance. Bioethicists provide clinical and research ethics consultations, teach and conduct research in the academy and are involved in the creation of public policy. Bioethics continues to seek substantive moral insight from secular sources. Keywords: bioethicists; bioethics; clinical ethics; healthcare policy; medical ethics; research ethics
Radial and Latitudinal Variations of the Energetic Particle Response to ICMES

We present energetic particle observations during events in which the interplanetary counterpart of a single coronal mass ejection (ICME) has been observed by spacecraft widely separated in radial distance and latitude. The effects that ICMEs have on energetic particle intensities depend on (1) the ability of ICMEs to drive strong shocks able to accelerate energetic particles, (2) the existence of an intra-ICME energetic particle population, and (3) the capability of the ICMEs to confine (or exclude) energetic particles. These three factors depend upon (1) the energy of the particles, (2) the solar wind medium in which the ICMEs propagate, (3) the mechanisms of energetic particle transport within and around the ICMEs, and (4) the magnetic topology of the ICMEs. As ICMEs expand, ICME-driven shocks weaken and intra-ICME magnetic field intensities decrease. These changes, together with the fortuitous occurrence of solar energetic particle events during the transit time of the ICMEs to large distances are the main causes for the different energetic particle signatures observed during the passage of the same ICME at two distant heliospheric locations.
Chest radiography versus chest CT in the evaluation for pulmonary metastases in patients with Wilms' tumor: a retrospective review.

Background. Determination of the presence of pulmonary metastases in children with Wilms' tumor is an important part of staging and treatment. We sought to compare the efficacy of chest radiography (CXR) and chest CT in the evaluation for pulmonary metastases in patients with Wilms' tumor. Materials and methods. This retrospective study included 83 children with Wilms' tumor diagnosed between 1980 and 1993. All patients with pulmonary nodules (n = 12) as well as 14 Wilms' tumor patients without pulmonary metastases (control group) had blinded review of the CXR and chest CTs by three pediatric radiologists. Presence, size, and certainty of metastatic diagnosis were recorded. Medical records were reviewed. The remaining 57 patients had review of their medical and imaging records to confirm the absence of pulmonary metastases. Results. Ten of the 12 with pulmonary masses had imaging available for review. Eight had both positive CXR and chest CT examinations. Two patients had pulmonary nodules seen by CT only: one had a right cardiophrenic angle mass and died as a result of liver metastases. The other had a solitary nodule, which proved to be a plasma-cell granuloma. Overall, the CXR and chest CT data concur in 79/81 (98 %). Conclusion. CXR alone appears adequate for the diagnosis or exclusion of pulmonary metastases in patients with Wilms' tumor.
Functional expression of a transfected murine class II MHC gene.

The activation of T helper lymphocytes involves the recognition of class U major histocompatibility complex antigens, which are dimeric glycoproteins (of subunit composition AαAβ or EαEβ) expressed on the surfaces of macrophages and B lymphocytes1–5. One approach to understanding the relationship between the structure of these antigens and their functions in the immune response6,7 is to clone the genes that encode them8–13, to obtain functional expression of the cloned genes transfected into an appropriate cell line, and then to see how those functions are affected in variant genes generated in vitro. We report here the expression in Iad-bearing B cells of an Akβ gene, which confers on the transfected cells the capacity for both allostimulation and antigen-dependent activation of an I–Ak-restricted T-cell clone.
Mitochondrial decay in aging

Several mitochondrial functions decline with age. The contributing factors include, the intrinsic rate of proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane (a correlate of oxidant formation), decreased membrane fluidity, and decreased levels and function of cardiolipin, which supports the function of many of the proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxidants generated by mitochondria appear to be the major source of the oxidative lesions that accumulate with age. Evidence supports the suggestion that age-associated accumulation of mitochondrial deficits due to oxidative damage is likely to be a major contributor to cellular, tissue, and organismal aging.
Affective disorders and ABO blood types

Results of the present study provide evidence of: 1) a positive association between bipolar affective disorder and blood type O and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood type A, 2) a positive association between unipolar affective disorder and blood type O, and 3) a positive association between involutional depression and blood type A and a corresponding negative association between the former and blood types B and O. Sex does not appear to modify the ABO blood types' distribution in patients with bipolar, unipolar affective disorder, or involutional depression, and the same holds for early- or late-onset of the illness in patients with bipolar or unipolar affective disorders. Findings in the present study do not support the validity of the bipolar-unipolar distinction of affective disorders, and provide evidence in favour of the view that involutional depression is a genetically distinct nosological entity.
Wavelet Analysis of Coherent Structures at the Atmosphere-Forest Interface.

Abstract Wavelet analysis was applied to turbulence data for temperature and vertical velocity within and above a deciduous forest. This method appears to provide an objective technique for examining thermal and flow fields associated with coherent structures occurring near the forest. The two-dimensional unfolding in time and scale by the wavelet transform illustrates discrete warm and cool centers associated with organized updrafts and downdrafts, which have similar patterns but different magnitudes at different heights. Wavelet variances computed for temperature and velocity at different heights appear to have local maximum values corresponding to certain time scales, which are self-consistent and useful for objective determination of the principal time scale of the structures. Within the canopy, the principal time scales of the structures determined by this technique are 5660 s and 4044 s for the temperature and vertical velocity fields, respectively. These time scales are close to those determined ...
Simulated changes in Northwest U.S. Climate in response to Amazon deforestation

AbstractNumerical models have long predicted that the deforestation of the Amazon would lead to large regional changes in precipitation and temperature, but the extratropical effects of deforestation have been a matter of controversy. This paper investigates the simulated impacts of deforestation on the northwest United States December–February climate. Integrations are carried out using the Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Model (OLAM), here run as a variable-resolution atmospheric GCM, configured with three alternative horizontal grid meshes: 1) 25-km characteristic length scale (CLS) over the United States, 50-km CLS over the Andes and Amazon, and 200-km CLS in the far-field; 2) 50-km CLS over the United States, 50-km CLS over the Andes and Amazon, and 200-km CLS in the far-field; and 3) 200-km CLS globally. In the high-resolution simulations, deforestation causes a redistribution of precipitation within the Amazon, accompanied by vorticity and thermal anomalies. These anomalies set up Rossby waves that propagate...
Dysfunctional action monitoring hyperactivates frontal–striatal circuits in obsessive–compulsive disorder: an event-related fMRI study

Converging evidence suggests that hyperactivity in frontal-striatal circuits and in action-monitoring processes characterizes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It remains unclear, however, just how these abnormalities in brain function translate into the cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestations of OCD. One possibility is that exaggerated or false error signals generated by the anterior cingulate (ACC) underlie compulsive behaviors by triggering the feeling that things are "not just right" even when no actual error has been made. Since recurrent compulsive behavior typically follows correct completion of a behavioral task (e.g., hand washing), ACC hyperactivity should be observed during correctly completed, high-conflict trials as well as during error trials. Frontal-striatal regions would also be expected to be activated during both trial types, as these regions are robustly associated with OCD across multiple neuroimaging paradigms. To test this hypothesis, 14 OCD patients and 14 matched controls completed a speeded reaction time task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Only correctly rejected, high-conflict trials produced excessive activation in both action monitoring (rostral and caudal ACC, LPFC) and frontal striatal regions (lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), caudate, and thalamus) among OCD patients when compared to healthy controls. Portions of the posterior cingulate were also hyperactive among OCD patients. These results suggest that correctly rejected, high-conflict trials that require response inhibition may provide a better model than error trials of compulsive behaviors in OCD.
Heisenberg’s chemical legacy: resonance and the chemical bond

Heisenberg’s explanation of how two coupled oscillators exchange energy represented a dramatic success for his new matrix mechanics. As matrix mechanics transmuted into wave mechanics, resulting in what Heisenberg himself described as “…an extraordinary broadening and enrichment of the formalism of the quantum theory”, the term resonance also experienced a corresponding evolution. Heitler and London’s seminal application of wave mechanics to explain the quantum origins of the covalent bond, combined with Pauling’s characterization of the effect, introduced resonance into the chemical lexicon. As the Valence Bond approach gave way to a soon-to-be dominant Molecular Orbital method, our understanding of the term resonance, as it might apply to our understanding the chemical bond, has also changed.
Interaction with babies as guidance in development.

Young children rapidly develop into socialized participants in their culture through a finely tuned combination of infants' skills and the guidance of more experienced people.
Polyamine‐modified urea‐formaldehyde resins. I. Synthesis, structure, and properties

The objective of this study was to improve the durability and stability of urea–formaldehyde-bonded wood products by decreasing the internal stress developed during resin cure and by improving the ability of the cured resin to withstand cyclic stresses. This paper presents initial results from modifying a urea–formaldehyde resin by incorporating di- and trifunctional amines. The amines were incorporated by adding them as amines during resin synthesis, by adding urea-capped amines during resin synthesis, and by using amine hydrochlorides as acidic curing agents. Addition of amines during resin synthesis produced uncurable resins. However, modification with urea-capped amines or curing with amine hydrochlorides provided cure rates comparable to that of unmodified resin cured with ammonium chloride. These modifications also reduced the tendency of the resin to crack and fracture and substantially improved the resistance of bonded joints to cyclic stress imposed by cyclic wet–dry exposures. Resins cured with amine hydrochlorides had lower formaldehyde liberation than those cured with ammonium chloride. Thus, incorporation of flexible di- and triamines offers promise for improving the durability and stability of urea–formaldehyde-bonded wood products.
A CMOS fully differential W-band passive imager with &#60;2 K NETD

This paper presents a fully differential W-band passive imager that integrates LNA, Dicke switch, detector and filter, with minimum NEPs of 21 ƒW/√Hz / 24 ƒW/√Hz for without/with switch cases and a peak responsivity of >1.8 MV/W. To authors' knowledge, this represents the largest responsivity to date from a CMOS radiometer chip. It achieves NETD = 1.94 K with 30ms integration time. The chip occupies 0.49 mm2 active area with 57 mW power consumption.
Calling the Shots: Using a Required Ethics Course to Promote Intentional Moral Development in Student Conduct Violations

This paper discusses the use of a required ethics class to promote moral development in the student judicial process. Research related to moral development as well as several student development theories are reviewed for their implications in using a required ethics course for moral development purposes.
Manual stimulation collection of semen from stallions: training time, sexual behavior and semen

Abstract In Experiment 1, 31 pony stallions of unknown breeding history were trained to either manual stimulation (n = 20) or traditional artificial vagina (n = 11) collection of semen. For manual stimulation, 45% achieved ejaculation on the ground during the initial training session. The remaining 55% achieved ejaculation by manual stimulation while mounted during the first or second training session. For artificial vagina training, 73% ejaculated during the first training session. The mean number of training sessions required was 1.15 for the manual stimulation technique and 1.18 for the traditional artificial vagina technique. Experiment 2 was conducted to compare sexual behavior and the semen obtained by manual stimulation and artificial vagina procedures. Six stallions which had been trained for manual stimulation collection of semen in Experiment 1 were used. Semen was collected from each stallion in two replicates of four collections per replicate, during which each stallion was exposed alternately on four successive days to manual stimulation or artificial vagina technique. There were no significant differences due to the method of collection in total collection time, number of mounts required, or mount to ejaculation latency. Manual stimulation required a mean of nine thrusts, while the artificial vagina method required only six. This difference was significant (P
Attempt to Detect the Lyman α Line of the Positronium Atomic Spectrum

An unsuccessful attempt to observe the 2430-A Lyman $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ line of the positronium atom is described. The construction of the source was based on the assumption that occasionally a slow positron at the surface of a metal will capture an electron to form an excited positronium atom which will emerge and radiate.
Radiologic Impact on Operative Access to a Retrorectal Cyst

Diverse incisions have been used to excise retrorectal lesions. Operative access must be planned with regard to level and type of lesion, and prevention of postoperative complications. In this case, pelvic contrast CT scan conclusively showed communication between the rectum and a retrorectal cyst-hamartoma. A potential rectocutaneous fistula through the previously planned parasacrococcygeal incision was avoided by this preoperative documentation.