cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State of the Art: Use of Real-World Evidence to Drive Drug Development Strategy and Inform Clinical Trial Design

Interest in real-world data (RWD) and real-world evidence (RWE) to expedite and enrich the development of new biopharmaceutical products has proliferated in recent years, spurred by the 21st Century Cures Act in the United States and similar policy efforts in other countries, willingness by regulators to consider RWE in their decisions, demands from third-party payers, and growing concerns about the limitations of traditional clinical trials. Although much of the recent literature on RWE has focused on potential regulatory uses (e.g., product approvals in oncology or rare diseases based on single-arm trials with external control arms), this article reviews how biopharmaceutical companies can leverage RWE to inform internal decisions made throughout the product development process. Specifically, this article will review use of RWD to guide pipeline and portfolio strategy; use of novel sources of RWD to inform product development, use of RWD to inform clinical development, use of advanced analytics to harness "big" RWD, and considerations when using RWD to inform internal decisions. Topics discussed will include the use of molecular, clinicogenomic, medical imaging, radiomic, and patient-derived xenograft data to augment traditional sources of RWE, the use of RWD to inform clinical trial eligibility criteria, enrich trial population based on predicted response, select endpoints, estimate sample size, understand disease progression, and enhance diversity of participants, the growing use of data tokenization and advanced analytical techniques based on artificial intelligence in RWE, as well as the importance of data quality and methodological transparency in RWE.
Editorial: Towards stronger theory development in international advertising research

(2010). Editorial: Towards stronger theory development in international advertising research. International Journal of Advertising: Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 9-14.
Biomembranes research using thermal and cold neutrons.

Abstract In 1932 James Chadwick discovered the neutron using a polonium source and a beryllium target ( Chadwick, 1932 ). In a letter to Niels Bohr dated February 24, 1932, Chadwick wrote: “whatever the radiation from Be may be, it has most remarkable properties.” Where it concerns hydrogen-rich biological materials, the “most remarkable” property is the neutron’s differential sensitivity for hydrogen and its isotope deuterium. Such differential sensitivity is unique to neutron scattering, which unlike X-ray scattering, arises from nuclear forces. Consequently, the coherent neutron scattering length can experience a dramatic change in magnitude and phase as a result of resonance scattering, imparting sensitivity to both light and heavy atoms, and in favorable cases to their isotopic variants. This article describes recent biomembranes research using a variety of neutron scattering techniques.
When Is A Soliton

The title of this article is a paraphrase of another by the high-energy physicist Sidney Drell [2]. The latter article asks the question “When is a particle?” and deals with the changing standards of proof which lead us today to accept as “real” some fundamental particles (quarks) which we may never observe. Our situation is somewhat similar in that “hard evidence” of the existence of Davydov solitons remains elusive despite many years of effort expended in their study. As has been revealed during the discussions at this meeting, a part of this elusiveness does not arise from genuine problems of physics but from problems of communication between workers in the field. Among the latter is a considerable variance in the accepted meanings of the central terms “soliton” and “Davydov soliton” themselves. While most of us have a working knowledge of what the latter term means, the lack of a precise definition has been a root cause of some of the softness in the concept of the Davydov soliton. The physics of the underlying physical problem is, of course, completely indifferent to such linguistic difficulties which are purely of human origin; it is well, therefore, not to imbue them with undue importance. However, as the technical portion of this paper addresses a rather broad spectrum of behaviors open to an exciton in a deformable solid, we shall find it necessary to impose some precision on the terms to be used. In our general discussion, we will try use more general terms; when we encounter more distinct and special structures, we will try to preserve the distinctions in our language. It is inevitable that our terminology will conflict with that accepted by some segments of our audience; however, we hope that that will not prevent our message from being understood.
Accumulation of topically applied porcine insulin in the retina and optic nerve in normal and diabetic rats.

PURPOSE To explore the pharmacokinetics of topical insulin administration in relation to retinal and optic nerve retention. METHODS Insulin eye drops (approximately 15 microL: 0.75% porcine insulin + 0.5% permeation enhancer) were applied to the eyes of normal and diabetic rats. The rats were killed at various intervals up to 16 hours, and the retinas and optic nerves from both eyes were analyzed for the presence of insulin in an ELISA. The extent to which systemically absorbed insulin accounted for the findings of insulin in the retina was explored by examining the effects of intravenously injected insulin on retinal insulin levels and by examining the effects of eye drop administration in decapitated rats. RESULTS Insulin levels rose significantly and peaked in the retina of normal rats 20 minutes after eye drop application (0.7 pg/microg; P < 0.00001). Levels in diabetic retinas peaked at 60 minutes (0.66 pg/microg; P < 0.004) and remained elevated for a longer period than in normal rats. The contralateral retina showed delayed accumulation of lesser amounts of insulin in both normal and diabetic rats. Significant elevations also occurred in the optic nerves in normal and diabetic rats, with concentrations reaching 13 pg/microg in normal rats at 20 minutes and 26 pg/microg in diabetic rats at 5 hours. Topical insulin application resulted in a decrease in serum glucose concomitant with an increase in serum porcine insulin. It did not appear, however, that the systemic absorption of insulin contributed to the accumulation of insulin in the ipsilateral retinas, for two reasons: The intravenous injection of a high concentration of insulin did not appreciably influence retinal insulin levels, and the application of insulin eye drops to decapitated rats still resulted in the accumulation of insulin in the retina. CONCLUSIONS These results led to the conclusion that topically applied insulin accumulates in the retina and optic nerve in normal and diabetic rats, with levels remaining elevated longer in diabetic animals. It did not appear that systemically absorbed insulin, resulting from ocular drainage, contributed to this effect.
Development and Pilot Testing of an Encounter Tool for Shared Decision Making About the Treatment of Graves' Disease

Background: The best treatment option for patients with Graves' disease (GD) depends on each person's situation and how the differences between the treatment options matter to them in bringing resolution to their illness. The objective of this study was to develop and test an encounter decision tool (GD Choice) for patients and clinicians to engage in shared decision making about the treatment of GD. Methods: GD Choice was developed using an iterative process based on the principles of interaction design and participatory action research. To evaluate the impact of the tool, a controlled before–after study was conducted, assessing the use of GD Choice versus usual care (UC). Results: Sixty-eight patients were enrolled, 37 to UC and 31 to GD Choice. At baseline, the groups were similar. Treatment discussion length was similar in both arms. After their visit, patients in both groups had similar knowledge about the options, except for GD Choice patients knowing significantly more about the complications of tr...
IS ECONOMIC HEGEMONY NECESSARY FOR MAINTAINING OPEN TRADE? AN EMPIRICAL CHALLENGE TO THE HEGEMONIC STABILITY THEORY

Old international relations theories never die. They don’t even fade away. Perhaps the most tenacious of them all is hegemonic stability theory (HST), which is the argument that a hegemonic power is necessary to maintain a stable, open international economic order because only a hegemon is able and potentially willing to do what is needed to preserve openness. Despite repeated criticism over four decades, HST – like James Cameron’s terminator – keeps coming back. Two things explain HST’s enduring popularity. First, many scholars find discussing US perceived hegemony – and its ostensive demise – intellectually irresistible. Second, and perhaps more important, HST has proved devilishly difficult to specify and to assess empirically. This paper strives to surmount those challenges by producing the first ever assessment of HST using inferential statistics. It models HST with both a single hegemon and an alternative variant involving collective hegemony by a relatively small number of leading economies. Results show significant correlations between hegemony and openness, but the sign is always the opposite of what hegemonic stability theorists anticipate. That is, economic diffusion rather than hegemony is associated with openness. Similarly, the data do not indicate that the United States has been willing to play a key role that Kindleberger ascribes to the hegemon: serving as a market for distress goods. We offer an alternative explanation for contemporary economic openness rooted in microeconomic theories of competition. These findings suggest that observers should not necessarily take a decline in the concentration of economic power, either of the United States or the world’s leading economies, to be a harbinger of a reversal of economic openness.
Cholesterol depletion induces solid-like regions in the plasma membrane.

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked and transmembrane major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II I-Ek proteins, as well as N-(6-tetramethylrhodaminethiocarbamoyl)-1,2-dihexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (Tritc-DHPE), are used as probes to determine the effect of cholesterol concentration on the organization of the plasma membrane at temperatures in the range 22°C–42°C. Cholesterol depletion caused a decrease in the diffusion coefficients for the MHC II proteins and also for a slow fraction of the Tritc-DHPE population. At 37°C, reduction of the total cell cholesterol concentration results in a smaller suppression of the translational diffusion for I-Ek proteins (twofold) than was observed in earlier work at 22°C (five sevenfold) Vrljic, M., S. Y. Nishimura, W. E. Moerner, and H. M. McConnell. 2005. Biophys. J. 88:334–347. At 37°C, the diffusion of both I-Ek proteins is Brownian (0.9 < α-parameter < 1.1). More than 99% of the protein population diffuses homogeneously when imaged at 65 frames per s. As the temperature is raised from 22°C to 42°C, a change in activation energy is seen at ∼35°C in the Arrhenius plots. Cytoskeletal effects appear to be minimal. These results are consistent with a previously described model of solid-like domain formation in the plasma membrane.
ANALYTICAL MODEL OF LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICALS IN TISSUES WITH FIRST-ORDER-RATE METABOLISM KINETICS

The profile of regional distribution of chemicals in tissue is important for the development of novel locally applied therapies. Here we introduce an analytical approach for the temporal and spatial regional distribution of chemicals in living tissues. The new aspect of this model is in local chemical concentration dependence on the tissue perfusion rate, in addition to diffusion and metabolism rates. Using the Duhamel theorem we performed dimensionless and dimensional analysis for local chemical distribution and report on steady-state and transient solutions for tissues with the first-order kinetic rate of clearance by perfusion and metabolism. The predictions of our model are in good correlation with clinically observed data on percutaneous ethanol ablation of liver. Our results emphasize the importance of mathematical modeling that includes perfusion in the planning of therapies with local chemical distribution in living tissues.
An asymptotically exact reduced PDE model for the magnetorotational instability: derivation and numerical simulations

Taking advantage of disparate spatio-temporal scales relevant to astrophysics and laboratory experiments, we derive asymptotically exact reduced partial differential equation models for the magnetorotational instability. These models extend recent single-mode formulations leading to saturation in the presence of weak dissipation, and are characterized by a back-reaction on the imposed shear. Numerical simulations performed for a broad class of initial conditions indicate an initial phase of growth dominated by the optimal (fastest growing) magnetorotational instability fingering mode, followed by a vertical coarsening to a box-filling mode.
Loyalty, Utility, and Integrity in Casablanca: The Use of Film in Explicating Philosophical Disputes Concerning Utilitarianism

Can concepts such as loyalty and integrity remain intrinsically valuable personal traits even as we devote ourselves to that which requires the loyalty in the first place (the greater good)? Does utilitarian deliberation rest on too extreme a notion of impartiality—one that focuses exclusively on the consequences of actions, leaving people, in the words of Bernard Williams, “mere faceless numbers”? Using the film Casablanca as an extended analogy, this article attempts to reconcile the concept of loyalty to a cause, as described by Josiah Royce, with Williams's argument that personal integrity can remain part of even utilitarian thought processes.
AEROBIC SPORULATING BACTERIA I. Glucose Dehydrogenase of Bacillus cereus

Abstract Bach, John A. (Michigan State University, East Lansing) and H. L. Sadoff. Aerobic sporulating bacteria. I. Glucose dehydrogenase of Bacillus cereus. J. Bacteriol. 83:699–707. 1962.—A heat-resistant glucose dehydrogenase occurs in cultures of Bacillus cereus which are in the initial stages of sporulation. This enzyme is, kinetically, identical to the glucose dehydrogenase which can be extracted from mature spores, but is considerably more heat resistant than the spore-free enzyme. The two enzymes produce identity lines in two-dimensional immunodiffusion experiments, and their behavior in chromatographic and electrophoretic studies is also identical. A labile glucose dehydrogenase can be extracted from germinated spores of B. cereus. It differs from its stable counterparts in possessing a higher pH optimum for enzymatic activity.
Expression of the barley dehydrin multigene family and the development of freezing tolerance.

Dehydrins (DHNs; LEA D11) are one of the typical families of plant proteins that accumulate in response to dehydration, low temperature, osmotic stress or treatment with abscisic acid (ABA), or during seed maturation. We previously found that three genes encoding low-molecular-weight DHNs (Dhn1, Dhn2 and Dhn9) map within a 15-cM region of barley chromosome 5H that overlaps a QTL for winterhardiness, while other Dhn genes encoding low- and high-molecular-weight DHNs are located on chromosomes 3H, 4H and 6H. Here we examine the expression of specific Dhn genes under conditions associated with expression of the winterhardiness phenotype. Plants grown at 4°C or in the field in Riverside, California developed similar, modest levels of freezing tolerance, coinciding with little low-MW Dhn gene activity. Dicktoo (the more tolerant cultivar) and Morex (the less tolerant) grown in Saskatoon, Canada had higher levels of expression of genes for low-MW DHNs than did the same cultivars in Riverside, with expression being higher in Dicktoo than Morex. Dehydration or freeze-thaw also evoked expression of genes for low MW DHNs, suggesting that the dehydration component of freeze-thaw in the field induces expression of genes encoding low-MW DHNs. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the major chilling-induced DHNs help to prime plant cells for acclimation to more intense cold, which then involves adaptation to dehydration during freeze-thaw cycling. A role for chromosome 5H-encoded DHNs in acclimation to more intense cold seems possible, even though it is not the basis of the major heritable variation in winterhardiness within the Dicktoo × Morex population.
Offensive Language in the General Hospital

Background Offensive language (spoken by medical staff and by patients and their families) is often heard in the general hospital, but its manifestations and clinical implications have not been previously examined. Objective The authors sought to facilitate an understanding of the effects and treatment of offensive utterances and their downstream consequences. Method The authors present a sampling of clinical vignettes that illustrate a variety of examples of hospital-based events in which offensive language was used and discuss differential diagnoses and management strategies. Results Swearing can also be used as a psychological tool in the service of helping. Swearing may provide a channel of catharsis for aggressive drives and affects that have been building in either the doctor or the patient. Discussion Placing offensive behaviors, for example, use of profane language, in a biopsychosocial context can facilitate an understanding of the causes, effects, and treatment of these events.
Pressure fluctuations in the tip region of a blunt-tipped airfoil

The characteristics of turbulence generated in the tip region of a blunt-tipped airfoil were studied using surface pressure measurements. The model was a NACA 0012; tests were performed at flow speeds of 75, 55, and 35 m/s and angles of attack of 6, 12, and 16 deg. Reynolds numbers based on the wing chord were 1.9, 3.0, and 4.1 million. Pressure fluctuations measured near the primary tip-vortex on the upper, low pressure side of the wing tip were uncorrelated with those on the blunt tip. Fluctuations on the high pressure side of the wing were strongly correlated with those on the flat tip, but 10-20 dB less intense. Spectra measured on the flat tip displayed pronounced peaks at dimensionless frequencies of 0.8 to 1.3. Cross correlations between some of the flat-tip pressures displayed two echolike groupings. A model is proposed that explains these correlations.
Transition to adulthood: Supporting young adults to access social, employment, and civic pursuits

"Transition support" is a concept new to the field of secondary transition. This paper describes the development of a model of transition support as derived from the empirical literature (Hughes and Carter. [2000] The Transition Handbook. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes). The components of the Transition Support Model are both empirically based and field-tested among practitioners. The over 500 transition support strategies that compose the model have been used by practitioners in the field to improve educational and postschool outcomes for high school students. These strategies are grouped according to two main goals (i.e., "developing support in the environment" and "increasing students' competence") and corresponding components. Literature supporting the Transition Support Model is described as well as the use of the model in the transition planning process. Suggestions are made for application of transition support in high schools and the need for future research. MRDD Research Reviews 7:84-90, 2001. (c) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Numerical investigation of Rayleigh nanoparticlesensing using a whispering-gallery-mode resonator

We present a rigorous numerical study of a Rayleigh nanoparticle sensing scheme using a whispering-gallery-mode resonator and compare the results to a recent theoretical analysis. Our calculations confirm that the number of adsorbed nanoparticles is accurately proportional to the central spectral shift of the transmission spectrum. Moreover, our results show that when two particles are in proximity, so that each particle experiences the polarization field from the other, the induced secondary spectral shift remains small. Our calculations provide a basis for extending the sensing scheme to large particle influx regimes for real-world applications, such as the determination of the concentration of ultra-fine particles in arc welding, ambient atmosphere, combustion, or on-road aerosol due to traffic exhaust emissions.
Metallothionein-null and wild-type mice show similar cadmium absorption and tissue distribution following oral cadmium administration.

Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant and is toxic to many tissues. Food is the primary source of Cd exposure for the general population. Metallothionein (MT), a cysteine-rich, Cd-binding protein, plays an important role in Cd detoxication. However, the role of MT in Cd absorption and distribution is still controversial. For example, some reports assert that MT in the intestine decreases Cd absorption and increases its distribution to the kidney, relative to the liver. Therefore, to further clarify the role of MT in Cd absorption and tissue distribution, MT-I/II knockout (MT-null) mice and their parental background wild-type mice were given a single dose of (109)Cd (1-300 micromol/kg po or 0.1-30 micromol/kg iv). Cd content in 15 organs was determined 4 h after Cd administration by gamma scintillation spectrometry. Approximately 60% of the Cd administered iv was retained in liver, and about 5% was retained in kidney in both MT-null and wild-type mice. The distribution of iv administered Cd was independent of dose. In contrast, when administered po, approximately 0.15% of the lowest dose (1 micromol/kg) and 0.75% of the highest dose (300 micromol/kg) was detected in the liver of both MT-null and wild-type mice. Similarly in kidney, approximately 0.05% of the dose was detected after the lowest dose and about 0.15% after the higher doses in both MT-null and wild-type mice. In summary, this study demonstrates that the absorption and initial distribution of orally administered Cd is dose dependent but is not influenced by MT.
Screening leadership through Shakespeare: Paradoxes of leader–follower relations in Henry V on film

Abstract This paper focuses on the depiction of leadership in Kenneth Branagh's cinematic interpretation of Shakespeare's history play, Henry V, with substantial comparative discussion of the earlier version directed by Laurence Olivier—an important and justly celebrated film, but one that lacks the Branagh film's nuanced, detailed emphasis on leader–follower relations. Blending analysis of performance and film technique with the insights of leadership research in the social sciences, this paper explores the film's treatment of transformational leadership, charisma, task vs. relationship approaches, and follower empowerment. The paper argues that in terms of leadership technique, King Henry exemplifies what contemporary theory generally associates with effective, inspiring leadership. In terms of leadership content, however—content understood here as the goals and consequences of leadership—Branagh's film seriously qualifies and darkens the moral dimensions of Henry's rule. Throughout the film, follower empowerment paradoxically operates as a form of follower control, serving chiefly to advance the king's own agenda of imperialism and power aggrandizement. Ultimately, Branagh's Henry V is a brilliantly realized artistic examination of how the most compelling, follower-enhancing leadership can become insidiously compromised by its own ethical myopia.
Fabrication of cast particle-reinforced metals via pressure infiltration

A new casting process for fabrication of particle-reinforced metals is presented whereby a composite of particulate reinforcing phase in metal is first produced by pressure infiltration. This composite is then diluted in additional molten metal to obtain the desired reinforcement volume fraction and metal composition. This process produces a pore-free as-cast particulate metal-matrix composite. This process is demonstrated for fabrication of magnesium-matrix composites containing SiC reinforcements of average diameter 30, 10 and 3 Μm. It is compared with the compocasting process, which was investigated as well for similar SiC particles in Mg-10 wt % Al, and resulted in unacceptable levels of porosity in the as-cast composite.
Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and histologic findings

Adenomyoepithelioma is an uncommon tumor of the breast which clinically presents as a discrete nodule and histologically is composed of lumenal spaces lined by a mixture of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. It has a spectrum of histologic appearances which are gradually gaining wider recognition. There are, however, only a few descriptions of the fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) findings in adenomyoepithelioma. We report the FNAB and histologic features of a mammary adenomyoepithelioma which contained a prominent epithelial component including a focus of marked epithelial atypia. This expands the spectrum of FNAB findings which have been reported in adenomyoepithelioma. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Growth and reproduction in single-and ten-worm infections ofZygocotyle lunata (Trematoda) in the chick

Domestic chicks were fed either a single cyst or ten cysts ofZygocotyle lunata. There was no significant difference in the length ofZ. lunata adults from single- or ten-cyst infections in the cecum of chicks after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Single worms produced eggs which contained fully developed miracidia. Histologic observations showed that single worms were capable of self-fertilization. Although no evidence was found that worms from ten-cyst infections were capable of cross-fertilization, eggs from these worms contained significantly more fully developed miracidia than those from single worms.
Polymorphisms in POMC are not associated with dry matter intake and average daily gain phenotypes in beef cattle

Source/description: The purpose of this study was to evaluate proopiomelanocortin (POMC) as a positional candidate gene for association with feed intake and body weight gain in an attempt to develop SNP markers located in or near this gene with predictive merit for variation among cattle. Crossbred steers (n = 1195, mean age = 276 ± 14 days) of known lineage were fed a high-corn diet for 140 days from Calan gates, and average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) for individual animals were measured. A wholegenome association analysis was conducted using the Illumina Bovine SNP50 BeadChip to genotype these animals. Several markers were significantly associated with ADFI and ADG phenotypes. Specifically, 11 markers between BTA11: 74.91– 77.9 based on the Btau4.0 genome assembly were associated (P < 0.05) with ADFI and eight markers in the same region were associated (P < 0.05) with ADG (Table S1). Proopiomelanocortin was identified as a positional and functional candidate gene located within this region at BTA11: 76.25–76.26. The protein encoded by POMC is a polypeptide hormone that is cleaved into several different products that are responsible for multiple biological and cellular functions including appetite, feeding behavior, and energy homeostasis.
The effect of auricular acupuncture on psychophysiological measures of cocaine craving

This study used a randomized pretest/posttest control group design to test the effectiveness of auricular acupuncture interventions in diminishing psychological and physiological changes associated with cocaine craving in 30 treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent patients. The experimental group received the real auricular acupuncture intervention, insertion of needles into ear point locations specifically targeted for drug withdrawal. The control group received sham or placebo auricular acupuncture, insertion of needles into ear point locations not targeted for any specific therapeutic benefit. Psychological (Cocaine Craving Questionnaire - Now) and physiological (skin conductance activity) changes associated with cocaine craving were measured. Results showed no differences between the control and the experimental group in diminishing psychological and physiological measures associated with craving. There were differences from pre- to posttest on measures of psychological but not physiological craving for the combined experimental and control groups.
Effect of hypertonic stress on mammalian cell lines and its relevance to freeze-thaw injury.

Abstract The effect of subjecting the mammalian cell lines MRC-5 and CHO to hypertonic salt concentrations (0.16 to 2.4 m ) and returning them to isotonic conditions was investigated. Parameters for measuring cell size, viability and release of radiochemical markers were used to determine the relative susceptibilities of the two cell lines to hypertonic stress and the relative effects of increasing and decreasing hypertonicity. The aim of this study was to determine how great a role hypertonic stress plays in freeze-thaw damage of mamalian cells. This type of study has been extensively used for erythrocytes but not for nucleated mamamlian cell lines. The findings were that considerable cell shrinkage occurred, with a minimum size at 0.6 m NaCl, but that this caused no cell injury or death. Injury, measured by cation leakage and release of membrane and cytoplasmic labels occurred whilst the cell was swelling after reaching its minimum volume. MRC-5 cells succumbed at relatively low salt concentrations and became denatured. CHO cells withstood far high salt concentrations but were then damaged during dilution back to isotonic conditions. Comparison of the data obtained from hypertonic stress experiments and freeze-thaw experiments showed many similarities for CHO cells and indicated that the cell membrane could withstand high salt concentrations both at constant and changing temperatures but were prone to injury on dilution back to isotonic conditions. MRC-5 cells were shown to be very prone to cold shock and the results indicated that they probably succumb to damage and death during the hypertonic phase of cooling rather than thawing thus explaining their much lower survival from freeze-thaw experiments than CHO cells. The influence of DMSO in delaying cell damage to higher salt concentrations and lessening disruptive swelling during dilution were also demonstrated.
Book Review: Media and Religion: Foundations of an Emerging Field

Media and Religion: Foundations of an Emerging Field. Daniel A. Stout. New York, NY: Routledge, 2012. 204 pp. $120.00 hbk. $34.95 pbk.Reviewed by: Hugh M. Culbertson, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USADOI: 10.1177/1077699012472021Religious experience can scarcely exist without communication. Study of one of these entities seemingly requires study of the other. Yet religion and communication scholars seldom develop theory or do research based on insights from both fields.Daniel Stout, a professor of journalism and media studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, has written this book to promote a subdiscipline drawing on the two realms. He likens this project to the discovery that sociology and psychology could not study all relevant phenomena by theorizing and researching separately, so they created a new field called social psychology.Stout has coauthored books with religion and media scholar Judith Buddenbaum, formerly of Colorado State, to further this collaborative effort. He also served as founding coeditor of the Journal of Media and Religion.This compact, tightly edited volume makes a strong case. It covers symbols within religion (e.g., the pyramids in Egypt and the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California). But it devotes more emphasis to communication external to religion that may affect it. For example, the TV program The 700 Club promotes a particular brand of Christianity. More than a century ago, evangelist Dwight L. Moody was called a rival of P. T. Barnum as mastermind of "the Greatest Show on Earth." And, of particular concern to Stout, Andrew Comstock hampered intellectual inquiry by confiscating, burning, and censoring racy books and images to "protect" people from smut.The author emphasizes that, in this postmodern era, scholars and journalists need to define religion broadly. Until fairly recently, the field focused primarily on traditional faiths-particularly Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Also of interest were denominations and sects within faiths. Now, however, new denominations, and even new religions, crop up quite often, and serve many traditional functions, albeit in new and different ways. Results include creating a sense of awe, real meaning in life, and often (not always) a comforting or disconcerting concept of life after death.Stout seeks to add clarity and coherence to this analysis by emphasizing a concept called the Numinous, which has at least four elements. These include1. Ritual. Elvis Presley fans come to Graceland, Elvis's home in Memphis, each year to celebrate the King. They dress and fix their hair much as he did.2. Core beliefs that help bind fans to each other. Star Trek fans-Trekkies- share a positive vision of the world and how it can be improved through innovation, technology, and science. …
Electrical impedance imaging for tissue monitoring and assessment during thermal therapy

Electrical properties of tissues in the 10 KHz to 10 MHz range are known to be temperature sensitive making the monitoring and assessment of thermal insult delivered for therapeutic purposes possible through imaging schemes which spatially resolve these changes. We have been developing electrical impedance imaging technology from both the hardware data acquisition and software image reconstruction perspectives in order to realize the capability of spectroscopically examining the electrical property response of tissues undergoing hyperthermia therapy. Results from simulations, in vitro phantom experiments and in vivo studies including in human patients are presented. Specifically, a new prototype multi-frequency data acquisition system which is functional to 1 MHz in both voltage and current modes is described. In addition, recent advances in image reconstruction methods which include the enhancement techniques of total variation minimization, dual meshing and spatial filtering are discussed. It is also clear that the electrical impedance spectrum of tissue has the potential to monitor other types of treatment-induced injury. Preliminary in vivo electrical impedance measurements in a rat leg model suggest that the tissue damage from radiation therapy can be tracked with this technique. Both dose and time-dependent responses have been observed in the electrical impedance data when compared to measurements recorded in an untreated control. Correlations with histological examination have also been performed and indicate that electrical impedance spectroscopy may provide unique information regarding tissue functional status and cellular morphology. Representative results from these studies are reported.
538 ETHYLMALONIC-ADIPIC ACIDURIA: A NEW DEFECT OF BUTYRATE OXIDATION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA

538 ETHYLMALONIC-ADIPIC ACIDURIA: A NEW DEFECT OF BUTYRATE OXIDATION ASSOCIATED WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA
Burden of facial cellulitis: estimates from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample.

Objective Multitude of maxillofacial infections from odontogenic and nonodontogenic origins can progress to facial cellulitis, which may require an emergency department (ED) visit for appropriate care. The aim of this study was to investigate national prevalence of ED visits attributed primarily to facial cellulitis, to quantify the associated hospital charges, and to identify a cohort of population presenting to the ED with facial cellulitis. Study design The Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) for the year 2007, a component database of the health care cost and utilization project was used for this study. All ED visits that had a primary diagnosis of facial cellulitis (ICD-9-CM code 682.0) were selected for analysis. All estimates were projected to national levels using the discharge weight variables. Results In 2007, a total of 302,507 ED visits were attributed primarily to facial cellulitis in the USA. The average age of the patients was 35.0 years. The mean hospital charge for each ED visit was $1,024, with a total charge of $241,541,694. A total of 17.8% of ED visits were admitted into the same hospital for inpatient care, and 78.5% of ED visits were discharged routinely; 67.6% of ED visits occurred on weekdays. Private insurance payers comprised the largest proportion (31.6%). Conclusions This study highlights the prevalence of hospital-based ED visits primarily due to facial cellulitis in the USA in year 2007, its significant associated hospital resource utilization for treatment, and characteristics of the patient population who are likely to visit a hospital-based ED for treatment of facial cellulitis.
Macular infarction after transpupillary thermotherapy for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the complication of macular infarction after transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) for the treatment of subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). DESIGN: Interventional case reports. METHODS: Among 107 consecutive patients with subfoveal CNV due to AMD, a 73-year-old woman with recurrent subfoveal classic choroidal neovascularization and a 76-year-old man with subfoveal occult choroidal neovascularization with adjacent areas of geographic retinal pigment epithelium atrophy noted a severe decrease in visual acuity and photopsias within hours of undergoing TTT. RESULTS: Both patients had marked whitening of the macula clinically and closure of the perifoveal capillaries on fluorescein angiography. Immediately after treatment their visual acuity decreased from 20/200 to 6/200 and from 20/400 to 2/200, respectively. Several months later, all exudation had resolved and their visual acuity had stabilized at 20/100 and 20/200, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Macular infarction is a rare complication that occurred in two of 107 patients undergoing TTT for subfoveal CNV due to AMD. The presence of geographic retinal pigment epithelium atrophy or a previous laser treatment scar in the macular region may predispose patients to this complication.
Agonistic aiding: Kinship, rank, age, and sex influences

An analysis of 3,774 episodes of agonistic aiding collected during a two-year study of a rhesus monkey group (Macaca, mulatta) indicated the differential influence of kinship and rank relationships on the participation of different age-sex classes in both aid to victims and aid to aggressors. Most aiding favored victims rather than aggressors and was much more likely to occur when matrilineal kin were involved. Females were more likely to aid than were males, and the frequency of their participation increased with age. Females were much more influenced by kinship than were males and defended or aggressively supported kin against any third party regardless of dominance relationships. Adult males seldom aided against animals that were dominant to themselves; the rare exceptions occurred when adult males defended kin. Aiding was far more likely to occur if the victim was squealing, and noisy agonistic episodes often involved multiple aiders on both sides. Aiding patterns had some potential to insure dominance rank inheritance within families, in accordance with the Kawamura hypothesis. In aiding animals outside of their own matrilines, however, group members aided randomly with respect to this model. There was little evidence that aiding functioned to support individuals when they targeted animals to which they should be dominant as adults based on matrilineal dominance relationships. Most defensive aiding seemed to function primarily to defend victims (primarily kin) of aggression. Aggressive support of the attacker, on the other hand, seemed to function primarily to reinforce coalitions with the attacker. The identity of the victim was unimportant as long as it was neither kin to nor dominant to the aider. Aggressive support of attackers did not overturn existing dominance relationships.
Bayesian variables acceptance-sampling plans: quadratic loss function and step-loss function

In developing quality-control procedures, a step-loss function has been used implicitly or explicitly to describe consumer perceptions about product quality. A quadratic loss function has been suggested by Taguchi as an alternative to the step-loss function in measuring the loss due to imperfect product quality (cost of acceptance). In this article, Bayesian analyses of the known-standard-deviation acceptance-sampling problem are described for both the step and quadratic loss functions with three cost components—cost of inspection, cost of acceptance, and cost of rejection. A normal prior distribution is used for the lot mean. Efficient procedures for finding minimum expected cost procedures are given. For a particular example, comparisons are made of how optimal sampling plans and costs computed under the two cost structures change as the form of the prior distribution and misspecification of its mean and variance are varied. Sensitivity analyses for both cost functions show that the optimal sampling pla...
Anticipated attitude motion of Skylab for a 1979 revisit mission

The objective of the 1979 Skylab revisit mission is to place Skylab into a higher orbit or on a specified re-entry trajectory through the use of a teleoperator propulsion unit. This device will be attached via remote control to the Apollo docking port, provided Skylab's attitude motion is minimal. Digital computer simulations of current and predicted Skylab attitude motion have been developed. Gravity-gradient and aerodynamic torques are the primary disturbances acting on the vehicle. Limited observations of Skylab confirm results which indicate that it is presently oscillating about a gravity-gradient-stabilized mode. However, in October 1979, at least large oscillatory motion is predicted, but tumbling motion is highly likely. The expected higher solar activity and lower altitude of the spacecraft cause significant increases in atmospheric density and, therefore, larger aerodynamic torques. Uncertainties in future solar activity prevent accurate predictions of orbital life or the exact time of initiation of tumbling.
Automatic documentation generation via source code summarization

Programmers need software documentation. However, documentation is expensive to produce and maintain, and often becomes outdated over time. Programmers often lack the time and resources to write documentation. Therefore, automated solutions are desirable. Designers of automatic documentation tools are limited because there is not yet a clear understanding of what characteristics are important to generating high quality summaries. I propose three specific research objectives to improving automatic documentation generation. I propose to study the similarity between source code and summary. Second, I propose studying whether or not including contextual information about source code improves summary quality. Finally, I propose to study the problem of similarity in source code structure and source code documentation. This paper discusses my work on these three objectives towards my Ph.D. dissertation, including my preliminary and proposed work.
Precision engineering and Einstein: The Relativity Gyroscope experiment

Abstract One hundred years after Einstein's birth and sixty-four years after the publication of his theory of gravity, General Relativity remains one of the least tested of physical theories. This paper outlines the status of Einstein's tests and goes on to describe a new test, the Relativity Gyroscope experiment, made possible by two relatively new areas of research; space technology and large scale cryogenics technology. The fundamental limits to precision of this experiment are examined with particular emphasis on precision engineering and metrology
Effect of experimental hyperinsulinaemia on intracellular glucose metabolism of isolated adipocytes.

Glucose oxidation and lipogenesis were studied in isolated adipocytes from control and nonobese, experimentally hyperinsulinaemic rats. In cells from the hyperinsulinaemic animals oxidation of either [1-14C]- or [6-14C] glucose was increased in the presence or absence of insulin, at substrate concentrations from 0.1 to 20 mmol/l. Glucose incorporation into total triglycerides and fatty acids was also increased. These enhanced rates of glucose metabolism were due to increased activity of the glucose transport system in addition to increased activity of intracellular glucose metabolism. Therefore, these data indicate that insulin can influence long term glucose homoeostasis by augmenting the overall cellular capacity for glucose metabolism at several loci.
Effects of the Spin-Flop Transition on the Two-Magnon Absorption in Mn F 2

The effect of the spin-flop transition on the magnon dispersion relations in uniaxial antiferromagnets has been investigated. The contribution of the dipole-dipole interaction is studied in detail for Brillouin-zone-edge magnons. It is shown that the magnon-pair modes shift at the spin-flop transition to lower energies by an amount that is directly related to the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$-dependent contribution of the dipole-dipole interaction. Shifts of the far-infrared two-magnon absorptions in Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ of 0.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2 and 2.15 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.3 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ were measured for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\parallel}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{c}}$ and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\perp}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{c}}$, respectively, by Fourier-transform spectroscopy at $T\ensuremath{\approx}1.4$ K. These shifts are in agreement with the calculated values and constitute a direct observation of the $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}$-dependent dipolar energy.
The Jazz Tradition: Black Music and its White Critics

For the reader who wishes a superficial work on jazz, written from an avowedly anti-Marxist perspective by an author who confesses that he is "repeatedly disengaged" by the post1960 music of John Coltrane, by all means Williams (1970) is to be recommended.' Were it simply a matter of Williams' book alone, the matter could be left at that. Implicitly at stake, however, is an issue of much larger and more significant dimensions: who is to have custody over the interpretation of black music, and what uses will its future custodians make of it? Leaving aside the particular merits (or failings) of Williams' work, this issue is sufficiently demanding to require some earnest consideration. To my knowledge, the question was first raised by LeRoi Jones (1 963a). In his essay, Jones called attention to the fact that historically the music has been almost entirely created by blacks but almost entirely interpreted by whites, and that the consequences of this situation were, notwithstanding the occasional exception, virtually always disastrous for those