cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of test strips with colour meter to measure blood-glucose.

Abstract The enzyme-impregnated plastic strip method ('Dextrostix') of blood-glucose estimation has been criticised in the past largely because of observer error in judging colour changes. A new reflectance meter capable of quantitating the degree of colour change circumvents this problem. Thirty-four healthy volunteers were given a 3-hour oral glucose-tolerance test, and blood-glucose was determined simultaneously by enzyme-strip/reflectance-meter and 'AutoAnalyzer'. There was a high degree of concordance between the two methods. The reflectance meter adds significant quantitative precision to the enzyme-strip technique of glucose determination.
Advances in Technology and Global Welfare

The real impact of advances in technology on global welfare is an unresolved issue. According to a recent Human Development Report, globalization based on technical advances in information technology has not had a positive impact on economies of developing countries. While advances in technology have helped improve standards of living in industrialized countries, they have caused developing countries to further lag behind. Some other studies, however, have concluded that investment in technology is a critical factor in improving economic welfare of all countries. It is important to note that most of the empirical studies in the latter group have treated technology investment as an independent variable explaining growth in economic welfare. In this paper, we argue against the notion that investment technology is an independent variable explaining welfare in developing countries. In section one, we present logical reasons why technology in itself fails to create better standards of living in developing countries. In section two, we will use a cross sectional simple regression model to test the relationship between advances in technology and economic welfare in developing countries. The results of our empirical study confirm our arguments of section one that global technological advances have not helped the economies of developing countries.
Evidence for proteolytic processing and stimulated organelle redistribution of iPLA2β

Abstract Over the past decade, important roles for the 84–88 kDa Group VIA Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) in various organs have been described. We demonstrated that iPLA2β participates in insulin secretion, insulinoma cells and native pancreatic islets express full-length and truncated isoforms of iPLA2β, and certain stimuli promote perinuclear localization of iPLA2β. To gain a better understanding of its mobilization, iPLA2β was expressed in INS-1 cells as a fusion protein with EGFP, enabling detection of subcellular localization of iPLA2β by monitoring EGFP fluorescence. Cells stably-transfected with fusion protein expressed nearly 5-fold higher catalytic iPLA2β activity than control cells transfected with EGFP cDNA alone, indicating that co-expression of EGFP does not interfere with manifestation of iPLA2β activity. Dual fluorescence monitoring of EGFP and organelle Trackers combined with immunoblotting analyses revealed expression of truncated iPLA2β isoforms in separate subcellular organelles. Exposure to secretagogues and induction of ER stress are known to activate iPLA2β in β-cells and we find here that these stimuli promote differential localization of iPLA2β in subcellular organelles. Further, mass spectrometric analyses identified iPLA2β variants from which N-terminal residues were removed. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for endogenous proteolytic processing of iPLA2β and redistribution of iPLA2β variants in subcellular compartments. It might be proposed that in vivo processing of iPLA2β facilitates its participation in multiple biological processes.
Light-Scattering Studies on Bile Acid Salts I: Pattern of Self-Association of Sodium Cholate, Sodium Glycocholate, and Sodium Taurocholate in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

The pattern of association of the trihydroxy bile salts in aqueous electrolyte solutions was investigated utilizing the light-scattering technique. The turbidity of the bile salts sodium cholate, sodium taurocholate, and sodium glycocholate was determined over the concentration range of 0-25 mg/ml at 25 degrees. For sodium cholate, the concentration of the supporting electrolyte was varied from 0.15 to 0.5 M. For all bile salts in 0.15 M electrolyte, the turbidity was determined in sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, and sodium iodide. Comparison of the light-scattering data with amonomer-micellar model showed that qualitative agreement was obtained; however, quantitative agreement could not be achieved. Further examination of the data showed that the light-scattering results were in good agreement with a model that includes dimers, trimers, and a higher aggregate containing approximately eight monomeric units.
E.s.r. studies on free radicals generated in poly[p-(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzoic acid] fibres at low temperatures

Abstract Free radicals generated in stretched and ground poly [ p -(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzoic acid] (PEOB) were studied by e.s.r. spectroscopy in an effort to isolate those formed by main chain scission. PEOB fibres stretched at −86°C in a dry nitrogen atmosphere gave an asymmetric spectrum, which had patterns characteristic of both phenoxy and peroxy radicals in addition to some unknown peaks. The shape of the spectrum changed with increasing temperatures, finally becoming identical to that of phenoxy radicals at room temperature. The phenoxy radical was observed in all PEOB films ground or γ-irradiated in liquid nitrogen. In some cases a small peak of peroxy radical was observed. Theoretical spectra calculated for possible radical species or combinations of them were compared with those observed. No direct evidence was observed of the formation of alkyl type and radicals which were assumed to be formed with phenoxy radicals upon main chain rupture of PEOB. However, the relatively unstable peroxy radical observed in these experiments is thought to arise from them.
Use of synthetic gramicidins in the determination of channel structure and mechanism.

The syntheses of (1-13C) Trp9 gramicidin A (GA), (1-13C) Trp11 GA, (1-13C) Trp13 GA, (1-13C) Trp15 GA, and D . Leu2 GA are verified by means of high performance liquid chromatography, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism and characterization of transport properties. The use of these and other synthetic gramicidins is discussed in terms of determining ion binding sites within the channel, helix sense of the channel, the basis of monovalent vs divalent cation selectivity, and means of modulating channel conductance.
Radical Scission of Symmetrical 1,4-Dicarbonyl Compounds: C−C Bond Cleavage with Titanium(IV) Enolate Formation and Related Reactions

Reaction of Ti(NRAr1)3 (1, R = C(CH3)3, Ar1 = 3,5-C6H3Me2) with 0.5 equiv of symmetrical 1,4-diketones (ArCOCH2)2 (Ar = p-Tol or p-MeOC6H4) in hydrocarbon solvents at ≤25 °C resulted in carbon−carbon bond cleavage with clean formation of titanium-bound enolates, 1-OC(CH2)Ar. Treatment of Ti(NRAr1)3 with esters or amides of succinic acid, under the same mild conditions, smoothly produced titanium(IV) compounds containing the corresponding amide or ester enolate moiety. The amide enolate condenses with benzaldehyde in an aldolic fashion. Differences in the observed reactivity of amido-enolate vs ketone-derived enolate toward aldol condensation were interpreted with the help of computational methods. Upon reaction with Ti(NRAr1)3, para-substituted acetophenones yielded equal amounts of enolate and alkoxide products. Under similar experimental conditions, acetophenone itself produced quantitatively a species whose proposed structure incorporates characteristics reminiscent of a Gomberg dimer. This intermediat...
Modulated wavy vortex flow in laboratory and rotating reference frames

Abstract Experiments on flow between two concentric cylinders reveal a regime characterized by modulated wavy vortices. We show that spectral techniques can be used to determine that the observed states correspond to equal phase differences between modulations of successive waves.
Nanotube Crossbar Array via Microcontact Printing for Biomolecule Detection

The paper describes the fabrication and characterization of an ionic junction nanodevice as a biosensor using surfactant coated single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT’s) via microcontact printing and its application in detecting standard protein biomolecules ( biotin-avidin). Intrinsic semiconducting SWCNT’s are doped with anionic and cationic surfactant molecules respectively. Using double patterning process, these ionically doped anionic and cationic semiconducting SWCNT’s are alternatively symmetrically patterned in a parallel array to form crossbar junctions onto base microelectrode arrays using flexible polymeric poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps. Parallel alignment of SWCNT’s is achieved, due to transfer of the inked SWCNT’s from the PDMS relief structure onto the microelectrode array. Base microcontacts on the microelectrode array serve as a platform for measuring electrical characteristics that get modulated due to the biomolecule binding. Functionality of the nanodevice is demonstrated by measuring impedance changes due to biomolecule binding. The modulation of the electrical behavior indicates the existence of potential for using ionically doped nanomaterial systems in fabricating functional building blocks for biosensors.
Generation by lipopolysaccharide of a late-acting soluble suppressor of antibody synthesis.

Abstract Polyclonal stimulation of normal mouse spleen cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium resulted in the generation of a factor which was capable of suppressing the humoral immune response in vitro . LPS effectively induced the release of the inhibitory material into the supernatants of these cultures within 24 hr. The suppressive mediator, which was similar in properties to the antigen-generated, transiently-acting soluble suppressor (TASS) reported earlier, partially abrogated (by 30–80%) the anti-sheep erythrocyte plaque-forming cell response when added to test cultures ~20 hr prior to assay for direct hemolytic plaques. Although LPS, in submitogenic doses, also was effective in depressing the in vitro hemolysin response, the inhibitory activity of residual mitogen present in the test supernatants, and that of the LPS-induced factor, were shown to be different. By use of antisera and complement treatment to selectively deplete spleen cell populations of T or B lymphocytes, it was demonstrated that B cells were essential for production of the suppressive mediator.
On a class of computationally efficient feature selection criteria

Abstract This paper considers the computation problems in feature selection. A recursive computation procedure is presented for feature selection and ordering by using the indirect measures such as the Bhattacharyya distance and mutual information. Both binary and quantized measurements are considered. Supporting computer results are provided.
Escape and Avoidance Conditioning in Human Subjects without Their Observation of the Response

An invisibly small thumb-twitch increased in rate of occurrence when it served, via electromyographic amplification, to terminate or postpone aversive noise stimulation. Subjects remained ignorant of their behavior and its effect. Their cumulative response curves resembled those obtained in similar work with animals. Other subjects, informed of the effective response, could not produce it deliberately in a size small enough to qualify for reinforcement.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes associated with feed efficiency in beef cattle.

General, breed- and diet-dependent associations between feed efficiency in beef cattle and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotypes were identified on a population of 1321 steers using a 50 K SNP panel. Genomic associations with traditional two-step indicators of feed efficiency – residual feed intake (RFI), residual average daily gain (RADG), and residual intake gain (RIG) – were compared to associations with two complementary one-step indicators of feed efficiency: efficiency of intake (EI) and efficiency of gain (EG). Associations uncovered in a training data set were evaluated on independent validation data set. A multi-SNP model was developed to predict feed efficiency. Functional analysis of genes harboring SNPs significantly associated with feed efficiency and network visualization aided in the interpretation of the results. For the five feed efficiency indicators, the numbers of general, breed-dependent, and diet-dependent associations with SNPs (P-value < 0.0001) were 31, 40, and 25, and with haplotypes were six, ten, and nine, respectively. Of these, 20 SNP and six haplotype associations overlapped between RFI and EI, and five SNP and one haplotype associations overlapped between RADG and EG. This result confirms the complementary value of the one and two-step indicators. The multi-SNP models included 89 SNPs and offered a precise prediction of the five feed efficiency indicators. The associations of 17 SNPs and 7 haplotypes with feed efficiency were confirmed on the validation data set. Nine clusters of Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway categories (mean P-value < 0.001) including, 9nucleotide binding; ion transport, phosphorous metabolic process, and the MAPK signaling pathway were overrepresented among the genes harboring the SNPs associated with feed efficiency. The general SNP associations suggest that a single panel of genomic variants can be used regardless of breed and diet. The breed- and diet-dependent associations between SNPs and feed efficiency suggest that further refinement of variant panels require the consideration of the breed and management practices. The unique genomic variants associated with the one- and two-step indicators suggest that both types of indicators offer complementary description of feed efficiency that can be exploited for genome-enabled selection purposes.
Interactions of Human Mismatch Repair Proteins MutSα and MutLα with Proteins of the ATR-Chk1 Pathway

At clinically relevant doses, chemotherapeutic SN1 DNA methylating agents induce an ATR-mediated checkpoint response in human cells that is dependent on functional MutSα and MutLα. Deficiency of either mismatch repair activity renders cells highly resistant to this class of drug, but the mechanisms linking mismatch repair to checkpoint activation have remained elusive. In this study we have systematically examined the interactions of human MutSα and MutLα with proteins of the ATR-Chk1 pathway using both nuclear extracts and purified proteins. Using nuclear co-immunoprecipitation, we have detected interaction of MutSα with ATR, TopBP1, Claspin, and Chk1 and interaction of MutLα with TopBP1 and Claspin. We were unable to detect interaction of MutSα or MutLα with Rad17, Rad9, or replication protein A in the extract system. Use of purified proteins confirmed direct interaction of MutSα with ATR, TopBP1, and Chk1 and of MutLα with TopBP1. MutSα-Claspin and MutLα-Claspin interactions were not demonstrable with purified proteins, suggesting that extract interactions are indirect or depend on post-translational modification. Use of a modified chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that proliferating cell nuclear antigen, ATR, TopBP1, and Chk1 are recruited to chromatin in a MutLα- and MutSα-dependent fashion after N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment. However, chromatin enrichment of replication protein A, Claspin, Rad17-RFC, and Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 was not detected in these experiments. Although our failure to observe enrichment of the latter activities could be due to sensitivity limitations, these observations may indicate a novel mechanism for ATR activation.
The Application of a Risk Index Model to Strategic Marketing Programmes for Commercial Banks

Three distinct product areas exist for banks — deposit gathering, customer services and loans. Up until now loans have scarcely been marketed. If they have, they have not been viewed in the context of what would create an optimal product mix. Yet a bank's loan mix is a major portion of its product mix and has the same dimensions of width, breadth and consistency as any other product line. It appears that a significant amount of difficulty in developing effective loan mix strategies has been due to the lack of a system to predetermine loan quality objectively. Management's attitude towards risk, the type of community and future economic conditions all play major roles in determining a suitable loan mix. Loan mix strategy should begin with a recognition of attainable goals and end with a defined programme to co‐ordinate the efforts of marketing staff and the loan department. The optimal loan mix will suit customer needs and return the desired levels of profits.
Surface characterization of novel alumina-based composites for energy efficient sliding systems

Friction, wear, and lubrication have direct influence on performance, reliability, and service life of devices that contain moving components. These are universal in applications of energy conversion, power generation, energy harvesting in the broader fields such as agriculture, transportation, drug delivery, and bioengineering. The useful life of these systems and their energy efficiency can be improved by improving the surface properties (performances) of sliding systems. Further, the applications of sliding systems are limited in extreme environments such as high temperature and space application etc. due to their limited surface properties. Therefore, development of a new class of materials with superior surface properties will improve the energy efficiency, sustainability, and applicability. This paper focuses on development of self-lubricating materials with superior surface properties for reduced friction and wear applications.
Measuring the incentive value of escalating doses of heroin in heroin-dependent Fischer rats during acute spontaneous withdrawal

Rationale/objectives Although continued heroin use and relapse are thought to be motivated, in part, by the positive incentive-motivational value attributed to heroin, little is understood about heroin’s incentive value during the relapse-prone state of withdrawal. This study uses place preference to measure the incentive value attributed to escalating-dose heroin in the context of heroin dependence.
Abstract 4206: Tumorigenic polyploid cells contain elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and are selectively targeted by antioxidant treatment

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Polyploidy has been linked to the tumorigenicity mainly due to the chromosomal aberrations. Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, on the other hand, has also been associated with oncogenic transformation in most cancer cells. However, a possible link between ploidy and ROS is largely not known. Here we have explored the role of ROS in the tumorigenicity of polyploid cells. We show that polyploid prostate and mammary epithelial cells contain higher levels of ROS due to their higher mitochondrial contents. ROS levels and mitochondrial mass are also higher in dihydrocytochalasin B (DCB)-induced polyploid cells, suggesting that higher levels of ROS observed in polyploid cell is due to cytokinesis failure. Interestingly, polyploid cells were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the antioxidant, N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), than control diploid cells. Treatment of polyploid/diploid cells with NAC led to the selective elimination of polyploid cells over time and abrogated the tumorigenicity of polyploid cells. This was partially mediated via the Akt signaling pathway. We next explored a possible role for ROS in promoting chromosomal instability by analyzing the effects of ROS on the mitotic stage of the cell cycle. Enhancing ROS levels by treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide delayed not only entry into and but also exit from mitosis. Furthermore, increasing ROS levels significantly increased taxol resistance. Our results indicate that increased ROS in polyploid cells can contribute to tumorigenicity and illuminates therapeutic potential of antioxidant by selectively targeting the tumorigenic polyploidy cells and reversing taxol resistance. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4206. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4206
Anomalous Reactive Transport in the Framework of the Theory of Chromatography

The anomalous reactive transport considered here is the migration of contaminants through strongly sorbing permeable media without significant retardation. It has been observed in the case of heavy metals, organic compounds, and radionuclides, and it has critical implications on the spreading of contaminant plumes and on the design of remediation strategies. Even in the absence of the well-known fast migration pathways, associated with fractures and colloids, anomalous reactive transport arises in numerical simulations of reactive flow. It is due to the presence of highly pH-dependent adsorption and the broadening of the concentration front by hydrodynamic dispersion. This leads to the emergence of an isolated pulse or wave of a contaminant traveling at the average flow velocity ahead of the retarded main contamination front. This wave is considered anomalous because it is not predicted by the classical theory of chromatography, unlike the retardation of the main contamination front. In this study, we use the theory of chromatography to study a simple pH-dependent surface complexation model to derive the mathematical framework for the anomalous transport. We analyze the particular case of strontium (Sr2+) transport and define the conditions under which the anomalous transport arises. We model incompressible one-dimensional (1D) flow through a reactive porous medium for a fluid containing four aqueous species: H+, Sr2+, Na+, and Cl−. The mathematical problem reduces to a strictly hyperbolic 2 × 2 system of conservation laws for effective anions and Sr2+, coupled through a competitive Langmuir isotherm. One characteristic field is linearly degenerate while the other is not genuinely nonlinear due to an inflection point in the pH-dependent isotherm. We present the complete set of analytical solutions to the Riemann problem, consisting of only three combinations of a slow wave comprising either a rarefaction, a shock, or a shock–rarefaction with fast wave comprising only a contact discontinuity. Highly resolved numerical solutions at large Peclet numbers show excellent agreement with the analytic solutions in the hyperbolic limit. In the Riemann problem, the anomalous wave forms only if: hydrodynamic dispersion is present, the slow wave crosses the inflection locus, and the effective anion concentration increases along the fast path.
C-terminal polypeptides are necessary and sufficient for in vivo targeting of transiently-expressed proteins to peroxisomes in suspension-cultured plant cells

The potential of tobacco BY-2 suspension-cultured cells for examining in vivo targeting and import of proteins into plant peroxisomes was shown recently in our laboratory. In the current study, the necessity and sufficiency of putative C-terminal targeting signals on cottonseed malate synthase and bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) were examined in BY-2 cells. Cotton suspension cells also were evaluated as another in vivo peroxisome targeting system. Ultrastructural views of BY-2 cells showed that the peroxisomes were relatively small (0.1-0.3 μm diameter), a characteristic of so-called “unspecialized” peroxisomes, Peroxisomes in cotton and tobacco cells were identified with anti-cottonseed catalase IgGs as distinct immunofluorescent particles clearly distinguishable from abundant immunofluorescent mitochondria and plastids, marked with antibodies to β-ATPase and stearoyl-ACP Δ 9 desaturase, respectively. The C-terminal ser-lys-leu (SKL) motif is a well-established peroxisome targeting signal (PTS 1) for mammals and yeasts, but not for plants. Antiserum raised against SKL peptides recognized proteins only in peroxisomes in cotton and tobacco cells. The necessity of SKL-COOH for targeting of proteins to plant peroxisomes had not been demonstrated; we showed that SKL-COOH was necessary for directing cottonseed malate synthase to BY-2 peroxisomes. KSRM-COOH, a conservative modification of SKL-COOH, was shown by others to be sufficient for redirecting CAT in stably-transformed Arabidopsis plants to the leaf peroxisomes. Here we show with the same CAT constructs (e.g., pMON316CAT-KSRM) that KSRM is sufficient for targeting transiently-expressed passenger proteins to unspecialized BY-2 peroxisomes. These results provide new direct evidence for the necessity of SKL-COOH (a type 1 PTS) and sufficiency of a conservative modification of the PTS 1 (KSRM-COOH) for in vivo, heterologous targeting of proteins to plant peroxisomes.
Wagner's canalization model.

Abstract Wagner (1996, Does evolutionary plasticity evolve? Evolution 50, 1008–1023.) and Siegal and Bergman (2002, Waddington's canalization revisited: Developmental stability and evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10528–10532.) have studied a simple model of the evolution of a network of N genes, in order to explain the observed phenomenon that systems evolve to be robust. These authors primarily considered the case N = 10 and used simulations to reach their conclusions. Here we investigate this model in more detail, considering systems of different sizes with and without recombination, and with selection for convergence instead of to a specified limit. For the simpler evolutionary model lacking recombination, we analyze the system as a neutral network. This allows us to describe the equilibrium distribution networks within genotype space. Our results show that, given a sufficiently large population size, the qualitative observation that systems evolve to be robust, is itself robust, as it does not depend on the details of the model. In simple terms, robust systems have more viable offspring, so the evolution of robustness is merely selection for increased fecundity, an observation that is well known in the theory of neutral networks.
Ti XAS of a novel Cs-Ti silicate

Ti XANES and EXAFS were performed to determine the coordination environment of Ti in several Ti oxide standards with known structures and two unknowns with CsTiSi{sub 2}O{sub 6.5} composition, one amorphous and one fully crystalline. Analysis of both the XANES and EXAFS data of the unknowns indicate that Ti{sup 4+} is 5-fold coordinate in CsTiSiO{sub 2}O{sub 6.5} and that the site is highly distorted. Plots of intensity versus the energy of a Ti pre-edge feature result in the separation of 6-, 5-, and 4-fold coordinate Ti into three distinct regions. EXAFS and XANES data show that the Ti coordination environment for the amorphous and crystalline CsTiSi{sub 2}O{sub 6.5} samples is the same indicating that the Ti coordination environment forms early in the crystallization process. Preliminary measurements at the Cs K-edge EXAFS on the same samples shows that the Cs coordination environment is different for the amorphous and the crystalline CsTiSi{sub 2}O{sub 6.5} samples suggesting that the Cs coordination environment forms late in the crystallization process.
Elimination of retinal disparity cue in the Howard-Dolman apparatus.

When the Howard-Dolman apparatus is turned on its side the binocular cue of retinal disparity is not present. 13 Ss made 5 settings for each of four conditions—monocular and binocular vision for apparatus both upright and horizontal. Ss' mean setting of when the rods were side by side is less accurate with monocular vision and with binocular vision using the horizontal apparatus than with binocular vision using the upright apparatus.
A unique code for each species of VA mycorrhizal fungi.

(1990). A Unique Code for Each Species of Va Mycorrhizal Fungi. Mycologia: Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 256-260.
Relativistic configuration-interaction calculations of the low-lying states of ICl and ICl+

Abstract Relativistic configuration-interaction calculations which include spin-orbit interaction and correlation are carried out for the low-lying states of ICl and ICl + . The spectroscopic properties and potential energy curves of eight low-lying ω-ω states as well as the corresponding λ-s states of ICl are computed. The ionization energies of 1 Σ + state of ICl to 3 2 , 1 2 , 3 2 (II), 1 2 (II), 1 2 (III) and 5 2 states of ICl + are computed with the photoelectron spectra of ICl. The properties and potential energy curves of six low-lying ω-ω states and the corresponding λ-s states of ICl + are calculated using relativistic configuration-interaction calculation. These results are compared with vacuum ultraviolet Rydberg spectra of ICl. The nature of the Cl wavefunctions of the low-lying states of ICl and ICl + is discussed.
Mysid Shrimp Abundance in Surface Waters of Indian River Inlet, Delaware'

A study was made on mysid species composition, reproductive periods, and diurnal and seasonal abundance in Indian River Inlet, Delaware. Neomysis americana was present in the surface plankton throughout the year and was the dominant species, averaging 80% of the mysid population. This species was most numerous in surface waters during hours of darkness and seasonally was most abundant from April through September. It may possibly produce three generations per year—two short-lived summer generations and a longer-lived winter generation. Mysidopsis bigelowi was also present through the year. It averaged 17% of the mysid population and was sporadically abundant from September through February. It reproduces from April through November. Metamysidopsis munda andGastrosaccus dissimilis were infrequently collected and together averaged less than 3% of the mysid population. They were encountered only in late summer and fall, during which time egg-bearing females or larvae were observed. Mysids are extremely abundant in these Delaware waters and there is evidence that they serve as an important source of food for fish populating these inshore waters during the warmer months.
Special Populations Telehealth Advance Practice Nursing: The Lived Experiences of Individuals With Acute Infections Transitioning in the Home

AIM. This paper aims to describe the “lived experience” of individuals with acute infections transitioning in the home with support by an advance practice nurse using telehealth. BACKGROUND. The use of telehealth in individuals’ homes in the United States is increasing in an effort to cut cost by limiting admissions to hospitals and/or reducing length of stay. This increase has not been driven by conclusive research findings in support of this technology; furthermore, the majority of research conducted has been in the area of chronic disease management. METHOD. A qualitative approach was used to describe the essential structure of the lived experience as told during taped interviews by individuals who had been enrolled in a pilot quantitative telehealth study over the past 2 years. FINDINGS. Major findings consisted of three theme categories: Initial response, Engaging in care, and Experiencing the downside. The transition that occurred when an individual with an acute infection was discharged from the hospital to the home supported by telehealth technology revealed an overall positive experience from the 10 participants. There was one negative experience in a participant who had two separate telehealth enrollments. CONCLUSIONS. The findings add valuable insight for advanced practice nurses into the experience of participants with acute illness who are receiving telehealth as they transition from hospital care to home care. The findings highlighted the importance of the participants having a sense of control when recovering from their illness, which could be achieved at home with a family member acting as a substitute nurse. The participants shared that the hospital environment may not be optimal for recovering from an illness. This provides the advanced practice nurse with information on risk and benefits of telehealth from the individuals’ perspective.
Building addressable libraries: the use of "safety-catch" linkers on microelectrode arrays.

A “safety-catch” linker strategy has been used to site-selectively cleave and characterize molecules from a microelectrode array. The linkers are attached to the array by means of an ester and contain either a protected amine or protected alcohol nucleophile that can be released using acid generated at the microelectrodes.
Identification, Development, and Regional Distribution of Ribonucleotide Reductase in Adult Rat Brain

The development and regional distribution of ribonucleotide reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) were determined in rat brain. Ribonucleotide reductase was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation (20-40% saturation). Enzyme activity was measured by a specific radiochemical assay. This method involved the reduction of [14C]cytidine diphosphate (CDP) to [14C]deoxycytidine diphosphate with subsequent hydrolysis and separation of the product ([14C]deoxycytidine) from substrate ([14C]cytidine) by Dowex-1-borate ion-exchange chromatography. The specific activity of ribonucleotide reductase in whole brain of newborn rats was 3.78 +/- 0.55 units (pmol/h)/mg protein (SEM; n = 6) and declined to 0.17 +/- 0.01 units/mg protein (n = 7) at 10-12 weeks of age, with a further decline to 0.11 +/- 0.01 units/mg protein (n = 3) at 1 year. Ribonucleotide reductase activity in rat liver decreased from 4.58 +/- 0.62 units/mg protein (n = 3) in newborn animals to 0.06 +/- 0.01 units/mg protein (n = 7) at 10-12 weeks and was present at trace levels at 6 months of age. The decline in specific activity with age was not due to a change in the Km for CDP. The Km for CDP in brain of newborn and adult rats was 80-90 microM. In 10- to 12-week-old rats, the specific activity of ribonucleotide reductase was similar in the various regions of the brain tested except for the brainstem, which had 50% lower specific activity than the whole brain. These results indicate that ribonucleotide reductase activity is present and widely distributed in adult rat brain.
Barrier-width dependence of emission in triple-quantum-well broadband light-emitting diodes

Broadband (1.3-1.9 /spl mu/m) emission has been demonstrated using triple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes fabricated from InGaAs/InGaAlAs digital alloys. Obtaining comparable emission intensities from the three wells requires careful choice of the barrier-layer thicknesses.
El Abencerraje como problema heroico: una lectura según modelos homéricos

Despite the deep epic and mythological relations that the Abencerraje presents and the knowledge in this area of the alleged author, Antonio de Villegas, we still lack of studies connecting the work with Homeric patterns. This paper represents an effort to illustrate how the quest for beauty that initially was understood as the retrieving of the beloved lady, ultimately becomes an ethical quest that favors heroic asceticism. We will critically review about the characters of Narvaez and Abindarraez, their presumed differences, their commitment to attain public esteem, their detachment from sensual pleasures in order to complete a chivalrous and warlike paradigm. Finally, we stop at the cosmology that the work presents in order to explain an oppressive religious system masquerading as Christianity, but that basically contains much of the Greek concept of the envy of the gods.
Tests with Benzene, Paradichlorobenzene and other Insecticides Against the Tobacco Flea Beetle, Epitrix parvula (F.), in Plant Beds

Serious damage to tobacco is caused frequently by the feeding of adults of the tobacco flea beetle (Epitrix parvula (F.)) on the leaves, stems, and roots of the plants. Complete destruction of tobacco in plant beds may be caused by such feeding when the plants are very small. In addition to the direct damage caused by the feeding of the flea beetles on the small plants in the plant bed, it has been shown by Levin (1940) that the tobacco plant bed is the most important breeding ground of this beetle during the early part of the season.
ACCEPTANCE: AN HISTORICAL AND CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

Recognition of the value of acceptance of the self, others, and the flux of human experience, has philosophical and religious roots that date back thousands of years. The past two decades have witnessed a swell of interest in acceptance, as evidenced by an increase in acceptance-based therapeutic interventions, and a growing appreciation of the paradoxical nature of acceptance and personal change and the role of experiential avoidance in psychopathology. In this article we review historical and contemporary descriptions and definitions of acceptance, measures of acceptance, the relation between acceptance and change, and the role of acceptance in psychopathology and psychotherapy. Our central objective is to delineate a rich conceptual scheme that encompasses the diverse ways in which acceptance has been explicated in classical and contemporary writings, and to highlight the need for further validation of this useful and popular construct.
Response-based decision trees to trigger one-shot stabilizing control

This paper describes a method for developing response-based decision trees (DTs) to trigger stabilizing control. The DT inputs are apparent resistance R and its rate of change Rdot measured near the electrical center of the Pacific AC Intertie (PACI). The method involves triggering a fixed combination of one-shot controls when a DT trained for stability prediction indicates impending loss of synchronism. The proposed scheme is able to prevent loss of synchronism across the PACI in many situations, and it can preserve stability for the entire network sometimes. Robustness is demonstrated by evaluating the fixed control combination on a large number of simulations.
CDK4/6 inhibitors have potent activity in combination with pathway selective therapeutic agents in models of pancreatic cancer

// Jorge Franco 1 , Agnieszka K. Witkiewicz 1,2 and Erik S. Knudsen 1,2 1 Department of Pathology , UT Southwestern, Dallas TX 2 Simmons Cancer Center, UT Southwestern, Dallas TX Correspondence: Erik S. Knudsen, email: // Agnieszka K. Witkiewicz, email: // Keywords : RB, CDK4/6, palbocicllb, pancreatic cancer, E2F Received : July 10, 2014 Accepted : July 26, 2014 Published : July 26, 2014 Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) has a poor prognosis, in part, due to the therapy-recalcitrant nature of the disease. Loss of the CDK4/6 inhibitor CDKN2A is a signature genetic event in PDA. Therefore, PDA may be amenable to treatment with pharmaceutical CDK4/6 inhibitors. Surprisingly, response to CDK4/6 inhibition was highly variable in PDA models, and was associated with differential suppression of RB-regulated gene expression. Mitotic genes were repressed and FOXM1 was uniformly attenuated; however, genes involved in DNA replication were uniquely suppressed in sensitive models. Aberrant induction of Cyclin E1 was associated with resistance, and knockdown demonstrated synergistic suppression of the cell cycle with CDK4/6 inhibition. Combination therapies are likely required for the effective treatment of disease, and drug screening demonstrated additive/antagonistic interactions with CDK4/6 inhibitors. Agents dependent on mitotic progression (taxanes/PLK1 inhibitors) were antagonized by CDK4/6 inhibition, while the response to 5-FU and gemcitabine exhibited drug specific interactions. PI3K/MTOR and MEK inhibitors potently cooperated with CDK4/6 inhibition. These agents were synergistic with CDK4/6 inhibition, blocked the aberrant upregulation of Cyclin E1, and yielded potent inhibition of tumor cell growth. Together, these data identify novel mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitions and provide a roadmap for combination therapies in the treatment of PDA.
Brookite-rich titania films made by pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Pulsed laser deposition has been used to prepare thin films of TiO2 on silicon and other substrates. X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering results show that brookite is the main phase present in the films. Brookite has not previously been reported for pulsed laser deposited titania thin films.
An interactive multi-objective artificial neural network approach for machine setup optimization

In this paper, we develop an artificial neural network method for machine setup problems. We show that our new approach solves a very challenging problem in the area of machining i.e. machine setup. A review of machine setup concepts and methods, along with feedforward artificial neural network is presented. We define the problem of machine setup to assessing the values of machine speed, feed and depth of cut (process inputs) for a particular objective such as minimize cost, maximize productivity or maximize surface finish. We use cutting temperature, cutting force, tool life, and surface roughness (process outputs) rather than objective functions to communicate with the decision maker. We show the relationship between process inputs to process outputs. This relationship is used in determining machine setup parameters (speed, feed, and depth of cut). Back propagation neural network is used as a decision support tool. The network maps, the forward relationship, and backward relationship between process inputs and process outputs. This mapping facilitates an interactive session with the decision maker. The process input is appropriately selected. Our method has the advantage of forecasting machine setup parameters with very little resource requirement in terms of time, machine tool, and people. Forecast time is almost instantaneous. Accuracy of the forecast depends on training and a well determined training sample provides very high accuracy. Trained network replaces the knowledge of an experienced worker, hence labor cost can be potentially reduced.
Self-tuning multiloop PI rate controller for an MIMO AQM router with interval gain margin assignment

We design a self-tuning multiloop PI (proportional-integral) rate controller for the MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) AQM (active queue management) router to support best-effort service traffic in the Internet. Unlike the manual trial and error approach, our controller design employs the DNA (direct Nyquist array) method by shaping Gershgorin band analytically, thus allowing users to achieve the good stability robustness of the MIMO AQM control system through assigning proper gain margin interval. The self-tuning multiloop PI rate controller is located in every output port of the MIMO router and can calculate the respective advertised source transmission rates based on the instantaneous queue length of the buffer.
Therapeutic frontiers: preventing and treating infectious diseases by inhibiting bacterial quorum sensing

Density-dependent cell-cell communication, or quorum sensing (QS), has been demonstrated in numerous species of bacteria. The basic function of QS is likely to confer a nutritional advantage, particularly in a highly populated, mixed-species environment. QS also has ramifications on the production of colonization and virulence factors. Pheromone-like substances secreted into the extracellular milieu appear to govern many of the transcription products in these bacteria. At a high cell density, the QS systems are triggered, and the transcription of the colonization factors are suppressed and replaced by the expression of virulence factors. Major pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, have evolved with numerous QS circuits, which modulate the production of various toxins and regulate parallel QS systems. Several QS-modulating therapies, such as macrolide antibiotics, QS vaccines, and competitive QS inhibitors, have been investigated and may prove to be helpful in diminishing the translation of QS-directed toxins or by prematurely activating the QS response to alert the immune system to bacteria hiding in a low cell density. QS represents a recently discovered method of bacterial communication and population control, which may prove to be a unique mechanism to prevent, suppress, and/or treat infectious diseases.
Ipsilateral recurrence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the prevalence of recurrence of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) in the same eye and possible contributing risk factors. DESIGN: Cohort study. METHODS: Setting: Institutional. STUDY POPULATION: The study includes 594 consecutive patients (829 eyes) with a diagnosis of NA-AION and follow-up of at least two months after the onset of NA-AION, examined in the Ocular Vascular Clinic since 1973. Simple progression of visual loss during an episode of NA-AION was not considered a fresh episode. INTERVENTION OR OBSERVATION PROCEDURES: Every patient had ophthalmic evaluation, including visual acuity, visual fields with a Goldmann perimeter, intraocular pressure, and slit lamp and ophthalmoscopic evaluation at initial visit and at each follow-up visit. The patients also had systemic evaluation; some patients had echocardiography (166 patients) and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring—the latter was investigated in 80 patients (17 with and 63 without recurrence of NA-AION) who consented to participate in this study which was started in 1989. While optic disk edema was present, the patients were followed every 2 to 3 weeks. Once the optic disk edema resolved, they were followed up after 3 months, 6 months, and then at yearly intervals unless they had some new visual complaint. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of a fresh episode of NA-AION in the same eye, and comparison of ocular and systemic risk factors between patients with and without recurrence of NA-AION in the same eye. RESULTS: Of the 594 patients (829 eyes) in the study, recurrence of NA-AION in the same eye occurred in 45 patients (53 eyes) with a median follow-up of 3.1 years (range 2 months to 30.5 years) from the first onset of NA-AION. The Kaplan–Meier survival curve showed cumulative percentage of recurrence of NA-AION from first episode to second episode at three months 1.0%±0.4%(SE), at 6 months 2.7%±0.7%, at one year 4.1%±0.9%, and 2 years 5.8%±1.1%. There was no significant association between recurrence of NA-AION and the systemic conditions that were examined, except for nocturnal arterial hypotension. Overall patients with a recurrence of NA-AION had a significantly lower mean nighttime minimum diastolic BP ( P = .003) and greater mean percentage drop during sleep in diastolic BP ( P = .011) than those with no recurrence of NA-AION; all other measures of nocturnal hypotension were not significantly predictive. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrence of NA-AION in the same eye is uncommon (6.4%). Our study indicates that nocturnal diastolic arterial hypotension may be a risk factor; however, since this is a multifactorial disease, other so far unknown risk factors may also play a role. The role of various risk factors which may contribute to the recurrence of NA-AION is discussed.
A Toxic Cardiomyopathy Caused by Cassia occidentalis. I. Morphologic Studies in Poisoned Rabbits

The ground endosperm of the seeds of Cassia occidentalis (coffee senna) administered to rabbits, orally, 0.25-3.0% body weight, produced a fatal cardiomyopathy characterized by mitochondrial degeneration, lipid accumulation, myofibrillar degeneration, myocytolysis and relatively minor reparative changes. Mitochondrial damage is probably the primary morphologic lesion and results from the specific action of the toxic principle(s) of coffee senna. The other changes reflect the disordered metabolism caused by the altered function of the damaged mitochondria. The microscopic lesions in the hearts of poisoned rabbits resembled those in cattle poisoned with coffee senna and thus the rabbit is considered a useful model for the study of the intoxication. The microscopic appearances of coffee senna poisoning in rabbits and cobalt toxicity in the rat are similar.