cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobility of water near charged interfaces

Abstract The location of the hydrodynamic shear surface is discussed for micelles of Na dodecyl sulfate and for clay particles (platelets of montmorillonite and of vermiculite). Micelles are characterized by a combination of experiments: light scattering, micellar self-diffusion, intrinsic viscosity, electrophoresis and electric conductance. The concerted interpretation of these experiments shows that the shear surface of micelles coincides within 0.1 nm with the surface enveloping the heads of the micellized ions. Claims of structured water in clays and an abnormally high viscosity of clay-held water have been based on the low self-diffusion of water in swollen clays, and on the temperature dependence of the hydraulic resistance of clay plugs (anomalous activation energy). It is shown that the self-diffusion of water between the platelets requires corrections for a wall effect and for the hydration of the exchangeable, slow moving cations. After application of such corrections, the viscosity of water in clay is found to be about the same as of bulk water, with the shear surface located at 0.1 ± 0.1 nm from the clay/water interface. The small anomaly in the activation energy of water in clay plugs is reasonably explained by a slight change with temperature of the pore size distribution in the plugs. Approximate calculations of the dielectric constant of water in electric double layers suggest some restriction in the orientation of water molecules in the first layer next to highly charged interfaces such as vermiculite/water. The various results all indicate that changes in the water mobility induced by a charged interface are small and do not reach beyond the first layer of water molecules.
Isolating an Odd Number of Elements and Applications in Complexity Theory

Naor and Naor [11] implicitly isolate an odd number of elements of a nonempty set of n -bit vectors. We perform a tighter analysis of their construction and obtain better probability bounds. Using this construction, we improve bounds on several results in complexity theory that originally used a construction due to Valiant and Vazirani [18]. In particular, we obtain better bounds on polynomials which approximate boolean functions; improve bounds on the running time of the ? P machine in Toda's result [16]; and improve bounds on the size of threshold circuits accepting languages accepted by AC 0 circuits.
Reaction swing approach for hydrogen production from carbonaceous fuels

Abstract The paper presents the results of the investigations on a reaction swing approach for the production of high purity hydrogen from syngas exploiting the Boudouard at temperatures ranging from 550 to 700 ∘ C and pressures ranging from 0 to 150 psig. The concept of the process is the sequential use of a catalyst, that enhances the CO disproportionation reaction in conjunction with the water gas shift reaction to completely eliminate the CO in the product stream, and a CO 2 removal agent for in situ capture of the produced CO 2 . The thermodynamic evaluation of the above system shows the potential of achieving greater than 99% hydrogen purity values in the product stream even at atmospheric pressures. The effects of temperature, pressure and steam addition on the hydrogen enrichment are reported. Experiments were also conducted to evaluate the effect of catalyst and CO 2 removal material loadings on the product gases. Increasing the pressure improved the purity and the duration of the enrichment cycle. The separation efficiency was maximized at a temperature of 650 ∘ C . A 1:2 ratio of the catalyst to CO 2 removal material was found to be sufficient to produce nearly carbon-free hydrogen for over an hour before regeneration. The use of 25% steam was found to increase the hydrogen yield by nearly 50% (due to the contribution of the water gas shift). The results from simultaneous coal gasification and hydrogen enrichment experiments in a single reactor are also presented. It was found that for a Fe 2 O 3 : coal ratio of 22:1 for effective gasification and over 99% pure hydrogen stream.
The general image quality equation and the structure of the modulation transfer function

Previous work by Hindsley and Mozurkewich (2001) showed that analysis of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) demonstrated the proportionality of signal-to-noise in a sparse aperture to the fill factor of the aperture. Analysis of the MTR also could enumerate the noise amplification characteristics of particular sparse apertures. However, such image quality metrics as the General Image Quality Equation (GIQE) also include edge effects, basically due to ringing and reduction in the edge sharpness. Here we report on our analysis of the MTF in order to quantify the relationship between the other terms in the GIQE and the structure of the MTF. We find that, for a fixed amount of optical surface, the image quality will improve with decreasing fill fraction due to an increase in resolution. Apodization of the Wiener Filter used to restore the image, as advocated by Hindsley and Mozurkewich, does not result in an improved image quality; use of the traditional unapodized Wiener Filter is highly favored. While the GIQE does not appear very sensitive to input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the input SNR does limit the ability to successfully reconstruct the image and is the ultimate limiting constraint on the fill fraction.
Overview of foliage/ground penetration and interferometric SAR experiments

This paper describes foliage/ground-penetration radar experiments and interferometric synthetic aperture radar experiments sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency in 1992-3. In the foliage/ground penetration experiments, airborne synthetic aperture radar data have been collected at a variety of sites in three bands, 20-90 MHz, 100-500 MHz, and 1200-1300 MHz. Foliage penetration data were collected on Panamanian rain forest and on Northern Maine woods, and ground penetration data were collected on buried objects in a desert site in Arizona. Interferometric SAR data have been collected on various terrain to extract terrain height, and on military vehicles such as tanks and trucks to assess the utility of height information for target detection and recognition.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The influence of Mount St. Helens volcanic ash on alfalfa growth and nutrient uptake

Abstract Concern has been expressed that large amounts of volcanic ash from the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens may have created potential nutritional problems associated with forage production in northern Idaho and eastern Washington to the extent that adjustments need to be made in soil test correlation data. The objectives of this greenhouse study were to: (1) determine the effect of varying amounts of volcanic ash mixed into soils of northern Idaho on total alfalfa biomass production, and (2) to determine the effect of various soil/ash mixtures on the nutrient concentrations of P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn in alfalfa. Alfalfa was grown in eight different northern Idaho soils amended with differing levels of volcanic ash (0, 20, 35, 50 and 75%) in the greenhouse. The alfalfa seeds were inoculated and fertilizer P and S were added to all treatments. Total plant biomass and P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn plant concentrations were measured. The eight soils were pooled for analysis and it was found tha...
Development banking: Top management tasks and structure

What is the emerging social function of a development bank in a dynamic social setting? The charter of a development bank can never define the social function once and for all. It is the task of top management to find out the specific implications of this function in the light of changing socioeconomic reality. The top management thus needs to have a precise knowledge of the different elements of the socioeconomic structure in its dynamic setting. Mere knowledge cannot suffice; top management has to evolve organic links with the decision-making vrocess in the institutions which have an impact on its work, so that its functioning is integrated with that of related institutions. Top management as a function sui generis is discussed in Section I, while the top management tasks and structure as they relate to development banking are indicated in Section IL Communication and information systems as related to the top management task of effective decision-making are discussed in Section III. The organisation principles and designs relevant for different tasks and functions are dealt with in Section IV, Section V deals with the central problem of top management the problem of motivating the organisation members to seek self-fulfilment in progressively improving the performance of the organisation.
Hysteretic behavior of soft living animal tissue.

The mechanical response to external loading of a particular soft extensible tissue, the cat's mesentery, has been determined.First the hysteretic behavior of thein situ mesenteric membrane was measured and compared with the response of excised membrane. The response of the lving tissuein situ differed markedly from that of the excised tissue both with respect to the magnitude of response and with respect to ability to recover following a cycle of loading. It was observed that the tissue continuously degraded, i.e., suffered a decrease in modulus, if the overall sequence of loading cycles was continuous. However, with a recovery period of about 5 min between loading cycles, thein situ tissue would either completely or largely recover its initial cycle response. The excised tissue did not show significant (i.e., 0–15%) recovery in a coressponding time interval. The tension in the tissuein situ was not unique but could vary significantly according to the physical condition of the membrane per se as well as the state of the gut and the large blood vessels. The most nearly unique length of the tissue which could be measured by these experimental methods was a relaxed length determined by excising a rectangular piece of tissue of known dimensions and then immediately measuring the freely floating (in a physiologic solution) dimensions to which the tissue relaxed. There was no marked material anisotropy in the plane of the membrane, i.e., two principal dimensions in the plane of the excised mesentery did not vary by more than 5% even with wide history variations just prior to excision. This relaxed length of the excised tissue has been used in normalizing the stretch in the hysteresis plots for the tissue. Photomicrographs of the living tissue were taken during the course of the mechanical loading cycles. These concomitant observations on structural changes (visible in the light microscope) were correlated with the force-stretch plots to determine the extent to which they could be used to explain the hysteresis.
Learning in a search-for-the-best-alternative experiment

Abstract Actual behavior may deviate from optimal predicted behavior because of optimization cost. Optimization cost may decline with experience. Experience appears particularly important when the optimal solution involves considering future events. This paper reports the results of an individual decision making experiment in which optimal behavior involves considering future events. In the experiment potential choices are held constant between two decision formats. One format encourages consideration of future events. The results indicate optimal choices are made more frequently as subjects gain experience, regardless of format and the format that encourages consideration of future events expedites the role of experience.
Early follicular phase hormone levels in relation to patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and coffee use

Abstract Objective: To examine the effects of alcohol, caffeine, and tobacco use on early follicular phase FSH, LH, E2, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Academic medical center. Patient(s): Four hundred ninety-eight women selected from the general population, ages 36–45, who were not currently pregnant, breast feeding, or using exogenous hormones. Intervention(s): A general questionnaire assessing demography, anthropometry, and smoking habits and a standardized dietary questionnaire assessing food and beverage frequencies, including sources of alcohol and caffeine. Main Outcome Measures: FSH, LH, E2, and SHBG levels measured during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Result(s): Significant associations observed in a univariate analysis included age ≥40 and current smoking associated with higher FSH; higher body mass index (BMI) associated with lower SHBG levels; and daily alcohol use, cholesterol consumption greater than the median, and coffee use >1 cup/d associated with higher E2 levels. In a multivariate model, total caffeine use was significantly associated with E2 levels after adjustment for age, BMI, total calories, current smoking, alcohol, cholesterol consumption, and day of sampling. Early follicular phase E2 increased from 28.2 pg/mL for women consuming ≤100 mg of caffeine to 45.2 pg/mL for women consuming ≥500 mg of caffeine per day, about a 70% increase. Conclusion(s): Coffee consumption and total caffeine use may increase early follicular phase E2 levels independent of related habits of alcohol or tobacco use.
SU-E-I-10: Putting Teeth into Your CT Dosimetry Program: Approaches to Cone- Beam Dental/Maxillofacial CT Dosimetry.

Purpose: To review and compare different approaches to the problem of dosimetry for limited field‐of‐view (FOV) cone beam CT devices for dental and maxillofacial applications. Methods: The determination of patient doses from specialized, cone‐beam CT devices for dental and maxillofacial work requires medical physicists to re‐evaluate their dosimetry methods. These devices work in cone‐beam geometry, with an axial field dimension on the order of the lengths of the standard head CTDI phantom and pencil ionization chamber. They may also utilize less than 360 degree scans, resulting in asymmetrical radiation distributions. This operating regime is far from that for which conventional CTdosimetry was designed, and alternative approaches must be considered. The alternatives include extensions of conventional CTdosimetry currently used for large axial FOV scanners (e.g. the extended CTDI parameter (CTDIe) for the Toshiba Aquillion One with 160 mm axial FOV) and the new method based on point dosimetrymeasurements recently formalized in AAPM Report TG‐111. Conventional, modified‐conventional, and TG‐111 dosimetrymeasurements are used in two CT dose phantoms (adult head and pediatric head) to obtain dose indices for the Planmeca ProMax 3D Max dental CTscanner. Surface dose maps are generated using radiochromic film for correlation with the chamber dosimetry.Results: Results for the three dosimetry approaches are compared for the specific case of the ProMax 3D Max scanner. Strengths and weaknesses of the three measurement paradigms for this type of application are compared. Conclusions: The increasing availability of specialized scanners operating in full cone‐beam mode will require the clinical medical physicist to be conversant with extensions to the CT dose index methodology suitable for this equipment.
Thinking you can catch mental illness: How beliefs about membership attainment and category structure influence interactions with mental health category members

We explored beliefs about mental disorder categories that influence potential interactions with category members. Specifically, we investigated beliefs related to how membership in a mental disorder category is obtained (communicability and causal origin) as well as beliefs related to the underlying reality of disorder categories (essentialism and controllability). In Experiment 1, participants’ interaction-willingness decisions were predicted by their beliefs that a mental disorder category was (1) communicable, (2) psychologically caused, (3) environmentally caused, and (4) possessed all-or-none membership. With fictitious mental disorders, people were less willing to interact with people described as having a communicable mental disorder than with those described as possessing any of the other factors of interest, highlighting the independent influence of these contagion beliefs (Experiment 2). We further explored beliefs about the communicability of mental disorders in Experiment 3 by asking participants to generate descriptions of how mental disorders are transferred between people. Our findings suggest the importance of understanding contagion beliefs in discovering why people distance themselves from people diagnosed with mental disorders. More generally, our findings help in understanding how our basic category knowledge is used to guide interactions with category members, illustrating how knowledge is translated into action.
Sex differentials in unintentional injury mortality in relation to age at death.

Sex differentials in unintentional injury mortality were examined using death records for New York State residents that died as the result of an unintentional injury between the years 1984 and 1988 (n = 22,547). Male/female ratios were computed for nine age groups and for the four leading causes of unintentional injury death: motor vehicle incidents, falls, fire, and drowning. Male mortality is significantly higher than female mortality for all causes (P < 0.05). The age-specific pattern of mortality varies among the four causes of death examined, but the age-specific pattern of male/female mortality ratios is consistent among all four causes. All four leading causes of unintentional injury death show a peak in relative male risk in young adulthood (usually between 15 and 24 years of age). This common peak may reflect increased risk associated behaviors of young males, including alcohol. Two causes of death, motor vehicle incidents and fire, show a second peak in relative male risk among the elderly (75+ years), perhaps reflecting sex differences in alcohol and tobacco use.
On the Use of a Pile-of-Plates Polarizer—The Transmitted Component

Formulas for the transmitted component of a pile-of-plates polarizer are derived in terms of the angle of incidence, the index of refraction, and the number of (transparent) plates for singly and multiply reflected rays. Numerical results are discussed for one, two, five, and ten plates and for indices of refraction of 1.5170, 1.5180, 1.5725, 1.6210, and 2.0060.
Local uniformity properties for glauber dynamics on graph colorings

We investigate some local properties which hold with high probability for randomly selected colorings of a fixed graph with no short cycles. In a number of related works, establishing these particular properties has been a crucial step towards proving rapid convergence for the single-site Glauber dynamics, a Markov chain for sampling colorings uniformly at random. For a large class of graphs, this approach yields the most efficient known algorithms for sampling random colorings. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2013
Digital hum filtering

Abstract Data may be overprinted by a steady-state cyclical noise (hum). Steady-state indicates that the noise is invariant with time; its attributes, frequency, amplitude, and phase, do not change with time. Hum recorded on seismic data usually is powerline noise and associated higher harmonics; leakage from full-waveform rectified cathodic protection devices that contain the odd higher harmonics of powerline frequencies; or vibrational noise from mechanical devices. The fundamental frequency of powerline hum may be removed during data acquisition with the use of notch filters. Unfortunately, notch filters do not discriminate signal and noise, attenuating both. They also distort adjacent frequencies by phase shifting. Finally, they attenuate only the fundamental mode of the powerline noise; higher harmonics and frequencies other than that of powerlines are not removed. Digital notch filters, applied during processing, have many of the same problems as analog filters applied in the field. The method described here removes hum of a particular frequency. Hum attributes are measured by discrete Fourier analysis, and the hum is canceled from the data by subtraction. Errors are slight and the result of the presence of (random) noise in the window or asynchrony of the hum and data sampling. Error is minimized by increasing window size or by resampling to a finer interval. Errors affect the degree of hum attenuation, not the signal. The residual is steady-state hum of the same frequency.
Eigenvalues of Regular Sturm-Liouville Problems

Abstract The eigenvalues of Sturm–Liouville (SL) problems depend not only continuously but smoothly on the problem. An expression for the derivative of an eigenvalue with respect to a given parameter: an endpoint, a boundary condition, a coefficient or the weight function, is found.
One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias : A Detailed Description and Review of Treatment Efficacy

One-Session Treatment (OST) is a form of massed exposure therapy for the treatment of specific phobias. OST combines exposure, participant modeling, cognitive challenges, and reinforcement in a single session, maximized to three hours. Clients are gradually exposed to steps of their fear hierarchy using therapist-directed behavioral experiments. Although there are several studies in the literature examining the efficacy of OST, little has been done to summarize this research. In the following review, research on and empirical support for OST are reviewed with an emphasis on the types of stimuli, samples, and methodologies utilized. Research generally supports OST's efficacy, although replication by independent examiners using adult and child samples is needed using more rigorous comparisons (e.g., psychological placebo or other treatments). Overall, OST continues to be a promising treatment for specific phobias; however, a great deal more investigation is needed to identify mechanisms of change, mediators, and moderators.
X-ray and Electron Diffraction of Ocular and Bone Marrow Crystals in Paraproteinemia

Crystals in the cornea, conjunctiva, and bone marrow of a patient with a monoclonal gammopathy were analyzed by x-ray and selective-area electron diffraction. X-ray diffraction rings obtained from the abnormal crystalline deposits closely matched cholesteryl stearate patterns, and electron diffraction findings were suggestive of this lipid.
Academic Differentiation, School Achievement and School Violence in the USA and South Korea.

Whilst school violence is a major public concern and a focus of educational reforms both in the USA and South Korea, few studies have comparatively examined the rates of school violence and school factors associated with them. Analysing nationally‐representative data from eighth graders, their mathematics teachers and principals in 150 South Korean schools and in 216 US schools, the authors found that: 1) the rates of school violence are higher in the US than South Korea, 2) student‐reported violence rates are not associated with school‐reported violence rates in both nations and 3) South Korean schools with academic tracking and low‐achieving US schools are more likely to have higher rates of school violence. Policy and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Review of well models and assessment of their impacts on numerical reservoir simulation performance

Abstract Reservoir simulators have long become primary reservoir engineering tools for simulating fluid flow in porous media, recovery analyses and performance evaluation in the oil and gas industry. This review focuses on recent advancement in the development and representation of conventional and advanced well models used in reservoir simulators for simulating fluid flow in porous media since the last review on the subject (Demetri and Farouq, 1993). Well models have been developed to different degrees of sophistication resulting in significant positive impact on numerical reservoir simulation performance. In spite of the complexities of these developed well models and the successes recorded with them in predicting well and reservoir performances, some predictions made with them in some cases do not match actual field performances. The major factors contributing to these observed well models' limitations are emphasized and future perspectives on the development of next generation well models which are suitable for more efficient, comprehensive, faster and highly scalable next generation reservoir simulators with enhanced computing capabilities are advised.
The pathophysiology of early-stage chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) and response to phosphate binders in the rat

Chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a systemic disorder that describes the complex bone and mineral abnormalities that occur in CKD. To understand the pathophysiology of CKD-MBD and determine whether the early use of phosphate binders would alter this physiology, we used a naturally occurring, slowly progressive model of CKD-MBD, the Cy/+ rat. Male Cy/+ rats were compared with their normal littermates at 20 weeks of age after 1 week of no phosphate binder, calcium carbonate, or sevelamer carbonate. The Cy/+ rat had renal function that was 50% of that of normal littermates, elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), decreased 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] levels, but normal calcium and phosphorus levels. There was a significant positive correlation of blood FGF23 and phosphorus levels and blood FGF23 and urine phosphorus levels. There was an inverse correlation between FGF23 and calcium levels. mRNA from the kidney demonstrated 50% reduction in klotho and Npt2a expression but no difference in CYP27B1. In the intestine, CKD animals had reduced active phosphate absorption in the jejunum using modified Ussing chambers and a reduction in Npt2b expression throughout the small intestine compared with normal littermates. In bone, mRNA expression of FGF23 was reduced (driven by lowering with phosphate binders), and TRAP expression was increased in CKD. By histology, there was increased osteoclast activity and number, and there were reductions in some measures of femoral neck mechanical strength. One week of phosphate binders reduced intestinal phosphate flux, serum phosphorus levels, and urinary phosphate excretion. These results demonstrate marked abnormalities in kidney, intestine, and bone in early CKD-MBD. While phosphate binders were effective in lowering urine phosphorus, they had little effect on end organs after 1 week of administration. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Effects of vectorlike leptons on $h\to 4\ell$ and the connection to the muon g-2 anomaly

The mixing of new vectorlike leptons with leptons in the standard model can generate flavor violating couplings of $h$, $W$ and $Z$ between heavy and light leptons. Focusing on the couplings of the muon, the partial decay width of $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}_{4}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$, where ${e}_{4}$ is the new lepton, can be significant when this process is kinematically allowed. Subsequent decays ${e}_{4}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$ and ${e}_{4}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\nu}$ lead to the same final states as $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z{Z}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}W{W}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}W\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}$, thus possibly affecting measurements of these processes. We calculate $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}_{4}{\ensuremath{\ell}}_{i}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z{\ensuremath{\ell}}_{i}{\ensuremath{\ell}}_{j}$, where ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{i,j}$ are standard model leptons, including the possibility of off-shell decays, interference with $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z{Z}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z{\ensuremath{\ell}}_{i}{\ensuremath{\ell}}_{i}$, and the mass effect of ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{i,j}$ which are important when the mass of ${e}_{4}$ is close to the mass of the Higgs boson. We derive constraints on masses and couplings of the heavy lepton from the measurement of $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4\ensuremath{\ell}$. We focus on the couplings of the muon and discuss possible effects on $h\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Z{Z}^{*}$ from the region of parameters that can explain the anomaly in the measurement of the muon $g\ensuremath{-}2$.
Non-radiative excitation decay of cresyl violet on TiO2: variation with dye-surface separation

Abstract Dye-to-surface non-radiative excitation transfer is verified to be an important decay mode for S 1 state cresyl violet separated from a TiO 2 surface by distances between 80 and 509 A. Fluorescence profiles have also been obtained for cresyl violet adsorbed directly onto TiO 2 .
Biosynthesis and Secretion of Growth Factor Proteins by Kidney Cells from DES-Treated Syrian Hamsters

Abstract Long-term estrogen treatment of Syrian hamsters results in the initiation and development of hormone-dependent renal adenocarcinomas. The pathway(s) to neoplastic transformation remain unknown in this animal model of hormonal carcinogenesis. In the present study, short-term primary kidney cell cultures and incubations of freshly prepared kidney slices have been incubated with [35S]-methionine to study the effects of estrogen treatment on protein biosynthesis in the Syrian hamster. An increase in amount of two secreted proteins were observed with an increasing duration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment. Further characterization of these proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis identified two proteins present only in treated hamsters, a 20-22 kDa protein and a 16-18 kDa protein with an isoelectric point of 8.5-9.0. Immunoprecipitation using specific antibodies to growth factors, followed by separation on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, showed that kidney slices from five month-treated animals produced a TGF-α-like protein and a bFGF-like protein. The induction of these growth factors may play an important role in the tumorigenic process in kidneys of Syrian hamsters, including cell proliferation and vascularization of the tumor tissue.
Far-field stimulation of cardiac tissue

This article outlines the mechanisms involved in far-field stimulation of cardiac tissue by the applied strong electric field, such as in cardioversion and defibrillation. In contrast to near-field stimulation which represents excitation of tissue in the vicinity of the cathode, far-field stimulation is defined as stimulation that results in tissue excitation away from the cathode. Conditions under which far-field stimulation occurs are often complex and non-intuitive. The paper discusses the structural features of the myocardium and the characteristics of the applied electric field that contribute to far-field stimulation. Analytical expressions and results from computer simulations are included to demonstrate the role of applied-field and tissue-structure features to far-field stimulation of the myocardium. The paper also presents arguments pertaining to the effect of the shock to tissue in fibrillation.
On the Elimination of Nuisance Parameters

Abstract Eliminating nuisance parameters from a model is universally recognized as a major problem of statistics. A surprisingly large number of elimination methods have been proposed by various writers on the topic. In this article we propose to critically review two such elimination methods. We shall be concerned with some particular cases of the marginalizing and the conditioning methods. The origin of these methods may be traced to the work of Sir Ronald A. Fisher. The contents of the marginalization and the conditionality arguments are then reexamined from the Bayesian point of view. This article should be regarded as a sequel to the author's three-part essay (Basu 1975) on statistical information and likelihood.
Shell corrections for K- and L-electrons

Abstract Walske's asymptotic stopping power formulae for K- and L-shell electrons are extended to cover the entire periodic table. Extensive use is made of the various existing formulae in numerical calculations.
Cardio-pulmonary function in broilers reared at warm or cool temperatures: effect of acute inhalation of 100% oxygen

Fast growth and cool temperatures are the primary triggers for pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites) during commercial broiler growout. We evaluated cardio-pulmonary function in male broilers that initially were reared together at normal brooding temperatures and then were randomly assigned to chambers maintained at 28 C (warm group) or 16 C (cool group). Cardio-pulmonary evaluations were conducted between 35 and 42 d of age. The groups initially did not differ in body weight, right:total ventricular weight ratio, respiratory rate, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, or pulmonary vascular resistance, nor did their arterial blood gas values differ for the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration, or hydrogen ion concentration. When compared with the warm group, the cool group had heavier total ventricular weights and higher values for pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, mean systemic arterial pressure, and hematocrit and a marginally lower (P = 0.06) partial pressure of oxygen. Inhaling 100% O2 for 20 min caused equivalent increases in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (> or =388 mm Hg) and the percentage saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen (99.9%) in both groups. The respiratory rate was reduced and total peripheral resistance in both groups was increased; the pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output, and heart rate in the cool group were also reduced. Cool temperatures contributed to the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure primarily by increasing the metabolic demand for oxygen, as reflected by incipient hypoxemia (reduced blood oxygen and elevated hematocrit), generalized ventricular hypertrophy, and an elevated cardiac output. It was the elevated cardiac output rather than hypoxemic pulmonary vasoconstriction that increased the pulmonary arterial pressure in the cool group when compared with the warm group.
Social class, race, and toxic releases in American counties, 1995

Abstract This article, using data on 2,083 counties in 1995, tests the environmental racism/classism hypotheses and concludes that both have merit, however, specific findings demonstrate that the relationships are more complex than heretofore reported. Class and race relationships are conditional: while high social class reduces the level of toxic releases, it does so by moderating the relationship between fiscal capacity, pollution potential and this environmental harm. Further, while toxic releases increase as a function of the Black population, this relationship is stronger in the Sunbelt.
Formative Feedback: Involving Students as Partners in Assessment to Enhance Learning.

Planning time for giving students effective feedback is an important and challenging aspect of the teaching and learning process. In our article we describe and analyze how we engage students as partners in providing formative feedback in time for students to modify their own thinking or behavior to improve learning. We have found ways to provide formative feedback more frequently and to involve students in providing effective formative feedback to each other. The four techniques we describe are the following: a) three-color group quiz with feedback on product, process, and progress; b) midterm student conferencing; c) shared revision of student generated questions and statements; and d) timely feedback using collaborative assignment blogs. These techniques give feedback in time for revisions to occur, provide scaffolding for learners, inform instruction, and most importantly, involve students as partners in assessment. These pedagogical strategies show that the resulting benefits of improved instruction,...
Reliability of the medical history in identifying patients likely to place dentists at an increased hepatitis risk.

Serologic testing of dental school patients with histories of hepatitis infection was performed to determine whether the medical history is valid in identifying those patients who may pose a health risk to dental office personnel and other patients. Blood was sampled for all new patients entering a dental school clinic to determine the presumed carrier prevalence in such a population. In a second portion of the study, serologic testing was completed for 140 patients who had a history of hepatitis infection or exposure to hepatitis, or who otherwise were part of a group likely to have a high incidence of hepatitis. The results from the test were compared with the information given by the patients.
In vitro replication of human mitochondrial DNA: Accurate initiation at the origin of light-strand synthesis

Synthesis of human light-strand mitochondrial DNA was accomplished in vitro using DNA primase, DNA polymerase, and other accessory proteins isolated from human mitochondria. Replication begins with the synthesis of primer RNA on a T-rich sequence in the origin stem-loop structure of the template DNA and absolutely requires ATP. A transition from RNA synthesis to DNA synthesis occurs near the base of the stem-loop structure and a potential recognition site for signaling that transition has been identified. The start sites of the in vitro products were mapped at the nucleotide level and were found to be in excellent agreement with those of in vivo nascent light-strand DNA. Isolated human mitochondrial enzymes recognize and utilize the bovine, but not the mouse, origin of light-strand replication.
Harry Truman: Practical persuader

One of the most popular areas of recent historical examination has been the presidential campaign of 1948. Historians have concluded that Truman's surprising victory was the result of a complicated potpourri of variables. While the established strength of the Democratic Party was one of the most important factors in the final outcome, the strategies of both Dewey and Truman were equally decisive. This essay analyzes and evaluates the choice and performance of those strategies, with special emphasis on Truman's successful tactics.
Robust Signal Recovery And Recognition With Optical Analogs Of Neural Nets And Spurious Memory Discrimination

Storage recipes used in forming associative content addressable memory (ACAM) based on models of neural nets are known to generate false spurious memory states together with those being intentionally stored. Effective use of such memories, and of recent optical embodiments of them, may require either exorcising the spurious states or devising a means for discriminating against them when they are evoked. In this paper an opto-electronic spurious memory discriminating circuit is described. It is used in conjunction with an ACAM, is designed to ignore spurious states when they occur, and indicates which of the nominal states is evoked by the stimulus achieving thereby robust recognition. The latter recognition circuit discussion is used as a vehicle for pointing out distinctive features of the "neural net" approach to signal processing as opposed to other approaches to performing the tasks described.
The Power of Participation: Explaining the Issuance of Building Permits in Post-Katrina New Orleans

The uneven distribution of urban services has been the subject of debate in the urban studies literature, and yet no consensus has been reached upon its determinants. This article reexamines this p...
Distinct dynamin-dependent and -independent mechanisms target structurally homologous dopamine receptors to different endocytic membranes

D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are structurally homologous G protein–coupled receptors that serve distinct physiological functions both in neurons and nonneural cell types. We have observed that these receptors are selectively endocytosed in HEK293 cells by distinct dynamin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Although these endocytic mechanisms operate with similarly rapid kinetics, they differ in their regulation by agonist and deliver D1 and D2 receptors specifically to different primary endocytic vesicles. After this segregation into different endocytic membranes, both D1 and D2 receptors recycle to the plasma membrane. Similar results are observed in Neuro2A neuroblastoma cells coexpressing both receptors at high levels. These findings establish that “classical” dynamin-dependent and “alternative” dynamin-independent endocytic mechanisms differ in their physiological regulation, sort structurally homologous signaling receptors in the plasma membrane, and mediate distinct early endocytic pathways leading to recycling endosomes. Our results also refute the previous hypothesis that dynamin-independent endocytosis targets G protein–coupled receptors selectively to lysosomes, and they suggest a new role of endocytic sorting mechanisms in physically segregating structurally homologous signaling receptors at the cell surface.
Mechanistic Aspects of Alkylchlorosilane Coupling Reactions

Toluene solutions of monochlorosilane and trichlorosilane coupling agents are shown to react differently with hydrated and dry silicon surfaces. For typical hydrated surfaces produced by piranha (H2O2 + H2SO4) etching, the saturation coverages of octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (ODMS) (one reactive Si−O bond) are approximately a third that of octadecyltrichlorosilane (ODTS) (three reactive Si−O bonds). In contrast, for samples vacuum baked at 400 °C, the saturation coverages of ODTS and ODMS are comparable. These data are consistent with coupling reactions limited to the surface hydroxyl groups. The ODTS saturation coverage on vacuum-fired silicon samples can be increased by soaking in water followed by a second ODTS exposure. From X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectra (SIMS) obtained as a function of solution exposure time, saturation coverage is shown to take at least 2 h and to be limited by the concentration of surface hydroxyl groups; a direct correlation is seen in SIMS betw...
Climbing fibers in mouse cerebellum co-cultured with inferior olive.

Cerebellar explants derived from neonatal mice were co-cultured with medulla containing inferior olive. The explants exhibited extracellular climbing fiber-like responses to electrical stimulation. On ultrastructural examination, many terminals with a high packing density of round, clear vesicles in a dark filamentous cytoplasm were present. Similar terminals, characteristics of climbing fibers, had not been identified in previous studies with cerebellar explants incorporating dorsal pons, but excluding medulla. The climbing fiber terminals formed appropriate synapses with Purkinje cell dendritic spines. The findings suggest that when climbing fibers are introduced into cerebellar cultures, accurate functional and morphological units are established.
Pediatric Exercise Stress Laryngoscopy following Laryngotracheoplasty A Comparative Review

ObjectiveExercise-induced airway obstruction in pediatric patients is a unique phenomenon with multiple potential etiologies. An accurate diagnosis can be challenging to establish in pediatric patients because they are frequently asymptomatic at rest. Exercise stress laryngoscopy (ESL) is a modality by which pediatric patients can be evaluated under physiologic conditions that produce their symptoms. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate (1) the diagnostic effectiveness of pediatric ESL and (2) the ability of ESL to guide treatment for “normal” and post–airway reconstruction patients with exercise intolerance.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care children’s hospital.Subjects and MethodsPatients undergoing ESL for exercise intolerance were reviewed. Demographics, surgical history, examination findings, and management recommendations were extracted.ResultsThirty-seven patients (average age, 13.5 years; range, 5-21 years) were included. There were 14 male and 23 female patient...
Beyond Formalism and Altruism: The Prospects for Moral Personality

Abstract Previously, we argued that moral development research has for too long been reliant on the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The Kantian legacy forces improper restrictions on the moral domain, fails to acknowledge mature but non-Kantian moral conceptions such as eudaimonism, and isolates moral development from the development of the self. Now we respond to critical commentary from advocates of post-Kantian formalism (Helwig, Turiel, & Nucci, 1996) and post-Kantian altruism (Eisenberg, 1996). Helwig et al. deny the validity of eudaimonism as a moral perspective while asserting that it has been incorporated wholesale into a post-Kantian moral synthesis. We refute each of the arguments they present. Even if their objections to eudaimonism are completely correct, they have still not explained how anyone might develop a eudaimonistic moral conception. Eisenberg questions our definitions of altruistic and prosocial behavior; we defend them on their own terms, while showing how they are largely in accord with Eisenberg's own practice, and that of other “prosocial development” researchers. We conclude that moral personality is a legitimate object of study (despite efforts by Helwig et al. to push it out of the scientific arena) and discuss the challenges posed by taking moral personality seriously.
‘Late Onset’ Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency: Function of Three Purified Recombinant Mutant Enzymes

Although many mutations in the ornithine transcarbamylase gene have been correlated with 'late onset' of hyperammonemia in patients, the effects of these mutations on enzyme function are largely unknown. Three recurrent mutations (R40H, R277W and R277Q) found in patients with 'late onset' disease were incorporated into 'mature' human ornithine transcarbamylase cDNA and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The three recombinant mutant enzymes were purified to homogeneity on an affinity column and their biochemical characteristics were compared to the wild type enzyme. The R277W and R277Q mutants display markedly reduced affinity for L-ornithine, loss of substrate inhibition, alkaline shift of pH optimum, and reduced thermal stability compared to the wild type enzyme. These differences, particularly the reduced affinity for L-ornithine, are sufficient to account for their biochemical effects. In contrast, the 'mature' R40H mutant was biochemically indistinguishable from the wild type enzyme in vitro.
Adaptive robotic visual tracking: theory and experiments

The use of a vision sensor in the feedback loop is addressed within the controlled active vision framework. Algorithms are proposed for the solution of the robotic (eye-in-hand configuration) visual tracking and servoing problem. Visual tracking is stated as a problem of combining control with computer vision. The sum-of-squared differences optical flow is used to compute the vector of discrete displacements. The displacements are fed to an adaptive controller (self-tuning regulator) that creates commands for a robot control system. The procedure is based on the online estimation of the relative distance of the target from the camera, but only partial knowledge of the relative distance is required, obviating the need for offline calibration. Three different adaptive control schemes have been implemented, both in simulation and in experiments. The computational complexity and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms can be implemented in real time. >