cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variation in winter wheat field soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus communities after non-mycorrhizal crop cultivation

Intensive farming practices that implement deep and frequent tillage, high input inorganic fertilization, cultivation with non-host species, and pesticide use are widely reported to be detrimental for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are one of the most important plant biofertilizers. The effect of the reduction of agricultural input on AMF community dynamics following conversion from conventional non-mycorrhizal to lower input mycorrhizal crop cultivation has not yet been fully elucidated. We investigated the effect of the reduction of agricultural input, rotation, and season on AMF communities in winter wheat field soil after conversion from long-term (more than 20 years) non-mycorrhizal (sugar beet) crop cultivation. We described AMF communities from bulk soil samples by specifically targeting the 18S ribosomal gene using a combination of AMF specific primers and 454 pyrosequencing. No effect was found after 3 years’ reduction of agricultural input, and only marginal effects were due to rotation with specific crops preceding winter wheat. Instead, season and year of sampling had the most appreciable influence on the AMF community. We suggest that, after conversion from long-term non-mycorrhizal to mycorrhizal crop cultivation, AMF diversity is low if compared to similar agroecosystems. Seasonal and successional dynamics play an important role as determinants of community structure.
Nationalism and Human Rights

Do nationalist political parties violate human rights more than others or are they the protectors of their people’s rights when they are in power? I argue that nationalist political actors have the duty of protecting national unity at any cost and prioritizing national interests over any other concerns. These goals jeopardize certain types of human rights. In contrast to the view that civic nationalism can be more benign compared with ethnic nationalism, I argue that they both have similar effects on human rights. However, democratic institutions can tame nationalism and limit its effects on human rights. I test my theory by using a large-N sample including forty-nine countries between 1981 and 2011, and supplement my findings with a short case study. The findings show that nationalism has negative effects on certain types of human rights only in partial democracies. This article contributes to the literature by presenting a causal mechanism relating the core elements of nationalism to human rights practi...
Child Nurturance: Patterns of Supplementary Parenting

Without consistent, long-term care, the human infant would not survive. In Western cultures, the family unit has traditionally been seen as the most advantageous and viable social context for meeting the biophysical and psychosocial needs of a young child. As a result, theorists and researchers have long been interested in the range of variability and consistency that may be found in both particular and universal family settings and the ultimate effect these characteristics have on human development. Moreover, there is growing interest, as well as growing concern, that there may be certain aspects of childrearing that are unique to, and dependent upon, the family as we have come to know it. Today, these are being more urgently examined in light of the rather dramatic social changes being experienced by families and other social institutions. It may be that resulting adaptations have mandated an increasing prominence in the supplementary parenting patterns described in the bulk of this volume.
DC Magnetic Field Induced Magnetocytolysis of Cancer Cells Targeted by LH-RH Magnetic Nanoparticles in vitro

Major advances in nanotechnology and cancer biology have occurred throughout the last 30 years. The concept of “magnetic nanoclinic” demonstrated here, combines these advances in cancer and nanotechnology forming the basis for a new generation of non-invasive anti-cancer tools. This nanoclinic is a multifunctional nanoparticle (< 50 nm) that has been fabricated to selectively enter, provide optical imaging capability and administer externally controled therapy from within the cell. The magnetic nanoclinics were designed with an Fe2O3 core for magnetocytolysis using a DC magnetic field and a two-photon fluorescent probe to aid in optical tracking. Surface labeling with the peptide analog of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) provides targetting to specific cancer cell types. These nanoclinics demonstrate the ability to selectively lyse cells expressing LH-RH receptors upon exposure to a DC magnetic field similar to that used for magnetic resonance imager in diagnostic settings. This study demonstrates the fabrication of and in vitro feasibility of nanoclinics as a non-invasive approach to the treatment of selected cancers using a DC magnetic field.
Attitudes, Political and Public Opinion

This article is reproduced from the previous edition, volume 18, pp. 12560–12563, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd., with revisions made by the Editor.
Electronic tattoos: the most multifunctional but imperceptible wearables

Wearable electronics are finding emerging applications in mobile health, rehabilitation, prosthetics/exoskeletons, athletic training, human-machine interaction, etc. However, our skin is soft, curvilinear and dynamic whereas wafer-based electronics are hard, planar, and rigid. As a result, state-of-the-art wearables can only be strapped or clipped on human body. The development of flexible and stretchable electronics offers a remedy for such challenge. E-tattoos represent a class of stretchable circuits, sensors, and actuators that are ultrathin, ultrasoft, skin-conformable and deformable just like a temporary tattoo. We introduce a low-cost, dry and freeform “cut-and-paste” and “cut-solder-paste” method invented by my lab to fabricate e-tattoos. This method has been proved to work for thin film metals, polymers, ceramics, as well as 2D materials. Using these method, we created the first truly imperceptible e-tattoos based on graphene, and modular and reconfigurable Bluetooth and NFC enabled wireless e-tattoos.
Cost-effectiveness of a video game versus live simulation for disaster training

Introduction Disaster triage training for emergency medical service (EMS) providers is unstandardised. We hypothesised that disaster triage training with the paediatric disaster triage (PDT) video game ‘60 s to Survival’ would be a cost-effective alternative to live simulation-based PDT training. Methods We synthesised data for a cost-effectiveness analysis from two previous studies. The video game data were from the intervention arm of a randomised controlled trial that compared triage accuracy in a live simulation scenario of exposed vs unexposed groups to the video game. The live simulation and feedback data were from a prospective cohort study evaluating live simulation and feedback for improving disaster triage skills. Postintervention scores of triage accuracy were measured for participants via live simulations and compared between both groups. Cost-effectiveness between the live simulation and video game groups was assessed using (1) A net benefit regression model at various willingness-to-pay (WTP) values. (2) A cost-effectiveness acceptability curve (CEAC). Results The total cost for the live simulation and feedback training programme was $81 313.50 and the cost for the video game was $67 822. Incremental net benefit values at various WTP values revealed positive incremental net benefit values, indicating that the video game is more cost-effective compared with live simulation and feedback. Moreover, the CEAC revealed a high probability (>0.6) at various WTP values that the video game is more cost-effective. Conclusions A video game-based simulation disaster triage training programme was more cost-effective than a live simulation and feedback-based programme. Video game-based training could be a simple, scalable and sustainable solution to training EMS providers.
Differences in early auditory exposure across neonatal environments

Date Presented 04/06/19 Language development relies on early auditory exposure, both in utero and the first year of life. During this time, infants undergo vast structural and sensory development, while experiencing sensory inputs that impact the auditory system. This presentation will outline the progression of auditory development and impact of early exposures. Findings from a recent study that quantified types of auditory exposures across infant environments and potential clinical implications will be discussed. Primary Author and Speaker: Lara Liszka Additional Authors and Speakers: Maggie Crabtree Contributing Authors: Roberta Pineda
The Clinical Implications of Spontaneous Hemorrhage in Vestibular Schwannomas

Background Spontaneous hemorrhage into vestibular schwannomas (VSs) is rare and can render more rapid symptom onset and a seemingly poorer prognosis for an otherwise benign pathology. We describe our series of hemorrhagic VS (HVSs) and systematically reviewed the literature to better understand relevant clinical factors and outcomes. Methods Retrospective case review series and systematic review of the literature using PRISMA guidelines. Results Fifty-three patients with HVS met inclusion criteria. Compared with historical data for all VS, patients with HVS had relatively higher rates of perioperative mortality, significant preoperative facial weakness, and harbored relatively larger tumors. Regardless of the extent of resection (EOR), surgery for HVS resulted in significant improvement of facial weakness (p = 0.041), facial numbness (p Conclusion HVS may be an aggressive subgroup of VS, associated with a surprisingly high mortality rate. When features of HVS are identified on imaging, these patients should be treated expeditiously, especially given that facial nerve dysfunction, which is identified in more than half of patients with HVS, appears to be reversible. Overall, this study has significant implications in the management of VS, raising awareness of a small, but highly morbid subgroup.
Electric Transmission Fault Location Techniques Using Traveling Wave Method and Discrete Wavelet Transform

Accurate fault location within electric power systems is important in reducing outage duration and increasing the system reliability. This paper explores the topic of fault location using traveling waves generated by fault conditions and the discrete wavelet transform used for identifying wavefront arrival time. There is a great deal of literature on travelling wave based fault location methods. The contributions of the paper include thorough examination of the impacts of wavelet families used for analysis and sampling rate on fault location accuracy. The single-ended and double-ended methods are presented and evaluated on a single circuit and double circuit 500kV system modeled using Matlab simpowersystems.
Antibiotic Residues and the Public Health

The evolution of antibiotic use in domestic animals followed very closely the development and therapeutic utilization of these agents in human beings. Antibiotics are administered to food-producing animals in therapeutic or in subtherapeutic amounts. The therapeutic indications include therapy of existing disease, or prophylactically to prevent disease. The most important age-related factors which help to determine the disposition and elimination of antibacterial drugs in food animals are renal function, drug distribution volume, degree of protein binding, drug metabolism and biliary excretion. These potential hazards can be subdivided into four groups: toxicological, microbiological, immunopathological and environmental hazards. In spite of the concern about their potential adverse effects on the general public health, little direct evidence exists which supports this fear.
Straight from the Mini-Horse's Mouth: Potential Carrier for Opportunistic Human Pathogens

Background The benefits of animal assisted therapy (AAT) in both inpatient and outpatient settings has long been recognized in the improvement of health and well-being. Most AAT hospital programs have policies and protocols around testing, vaccination and grooming that must be done prior to a hospital visit. However, beyond the realm of dogs, most facilities do not have defined strategies for other animal visits. Our facility was approached to expand our AAT program to include a mini-horse. Due to limited publications on the safety of barn animals in healthcare settings, our infection prevention (IP) department collaborated with laboratory medicine to determine if the mini-horse was a carrier for human pathogens. Methods Pre and post-visit eSwabs of three visits were collected on the mini-horse (about 1.5 hours apart) from five sites: oral, nasal, armpit, coat and rectal. Swabs were plated onto several different media for overnight incubation at 35°C. Any colonies which grew on these plates were subsequently identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). Results 51 colonies were identified from the different media. Of these, 14 (28%) were found to be of the opportunistic human pathogens Acinetobacter baumanii, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Species of Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus that are found in humans, animals, and the environment were also identified. Additionally, 10 (20%) colonies were unable to be identified. Conclusions Our study identified that mini-horses can carry potential human pathogens and as such, proper IP practices should be followed prior and after visits. Additionally, petting locations should be minimized in hospitals to avoid breaches in protocol.
Grouped Variation in Factor Shares: An Application to Misallocation

A striking feature of micro-level plant data is the presence of significant variation in factor cost shares across plants within an industry. We develop a methodology to decompose this variation into idiosyncratic and group-specific components and to use cluster analysis to recover the number and membership of groups using breaks in the dispersion of factor cost shares across firms. We apply our methodology to Chilean plant-level data and find that group-specific variation accounts for approximately one-third of the variation in factor shares across firms. We motivate our results with an economic model in which group-specific variation can arise from differences in production technologies or through distortions that affect different groups of firms. We evaluate several potential explanations for our results and argue that our findings are most consistent with the interpretation of group-specific variation arising from the presence of multiple production technologies. Under this interpretation, ignoring groups overstates the gains from eliminating mis-allocation by roughly one-third.
Nitrogen oxidation and carbon removal from high strength nitrogen habitation wastewater with nitrification in membrane aerated biological reactors

Abstract Bioreactors for space habitation systems have unique constraints. One type of reactor that could meet these constraints are membrane aerated biological reactors (MABRs). The objective of this work was to establish the performance and optimal loading capacities of multiple MABRs with a variety of habitation waste streams. The MABRs operated over a large range of organic nitrogen (ON) and organic carbon (OC) loading rates (36–220 g/m3-d and 20–200 g/m3-d, respectively) across all wastewaters excluding humidity condensate (HC) where ON and OC loading rates ranged from 1.6 to 11 g/m3-d and 7–55 g/m3-d, respectively. OC and ON transformation rates (29–210 g/m3-d and 23–170 g/m3-d, respectively) were proportional to loading rates and similar to MABRs treating terrestrial high strength wastewaters at similar loadings. MABR maximum loading rates are limited by ON oxidation which controls pH. Above a pH of ~7.8 ON removal is inhibited by free ammonium due to the elevated concentrations of ON in all wastewaters excluding HC. While loading rates are lower than typical terrestrial systems, the MABRs stably operated for up to 5 years with limited maintenance and no solids processing. This work supports the use of MABRs to reliably stabilize habitation wastewaters with minimal consumables. These results also support the use of these MABRs for terrestrial high strength, low volume wastewaters where complex technology may be unsupportable, such as in rural or developing communities with no centralized treatment or for applications where typical two-phase aeration can lead to undesirable off gassing.
The Special Olympics Unified Champion Schools Program and High School Completion

Despite an increase in special education enrollment, a stark gap in high school completion between students with and without disabilities persists. This study examined the impact of Unified Champio...
Dual-Element, Solid-State Fluid Flow Sensor

The theory, design and operation of a solid-state fluid-flow sensor are presented together with some results of laboratory evaluations. Two silicon sensing elements, mounted inside a cylindrical tube and connected through a resistance bridge, are maintained at a constant temperature differential with one element at the temperature of the fluid, providing a reference. The magnitude of flow can be determined from the heat transfer rate off the hotter of the two elements. Flow rates between about 2 and 40 1/hr. may be resolved with the present sensor arrangement. Dynamic range and resolution can be adjusted for particular applications by varying the values of the fixed bridge resistors, thus varying the temperature differential between sensors, or by varying the tube diameter. The measurement of fuel flow is a potential application.
Teacher-directed student use of the Internet for curricular-activities: Profiles of frequent and infrequent use

The purpose of this study was to develop profiles that described teachers with infrequent and frequent teacher-directed student use of the Internet for curricular purposes. Responses to the teachers' self-reported needs, beliefs, demographics, Internet skill levels, and other information were examined as the basis for the study. The study was descriptive in nature, utilized correlation and causal-comparative methods, and employed a convenience sample. The population consisted of 3,187 public school teachers from Nebraska and four service regions in upstate New York. Data related to the research questions were gathered using an online survey. After minimum access was determined, frequencies, percentages, t tests, and correlations were used to examine the data. Teachers with infrequent ( . 90 mins. /week) use group were predominately (75%) high school level, with the majority teaching computer and business subjects. Significant differences were found between the use groups regarding beliefs about the Internet's effect on students and schools and feelings about designing lessons that included the Internet or technology. Within the infrequent use group, significant correlations were found between comparative Internet skill levels and (a) hours of technology-related professional development and (b) willingness to use the Internet for professional development. Further study should be given to the question of how these differences and correlations may affect the amount of teacher-directed student use of the Internet. The profiles developed in this study provide a starting point to assist regional, district, and school-level personnel in assessing local needs and focusing resources on developing strategies to increase teacher-directed student use of the Internet.
Intimate partner violence risk among victims of youth violence: are early unions bad, beneficial, or benign?

Youth violent victimization (YVV) is a risk factor for precocious exits from adolescence via early coresidential union formation. It remains unclear, however, whether these early unions 1) are associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, 2) interrupt victim continuity or victim-offender overlap through protective and prosocial bonds, or 3) are inconsequential. By using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 11,928; 18-34 years of age), we examine competing hypotheses for the effect of early union timing among victims of youth violence (n = 2,479)-differentiating across victimization only, perpetration only, and mutually combative relationships and considering variation by gender. The results from multinomial logistic regression models indicate that YVV increases the risk of IPV victimization in first unions, regardless of union timing; the null effect of timing indicates that delaying union formation would not reduce youth victims' increased risk of continued victimization. Gender-stratified analyses reveal that earlier unions can protect women against IPV perpetration, but this is partly the result of an increased risk of IPV victimization. The findings suggest that YVV has significant transformative consequences, leading to subsequent victimization by coresidential partners, and this association might be exacerbated among female victims who form early unions. We conclude by discussing directions for future research.
Longitudinal mean trends

Our next task is to take the genetic simplex model as described in Chapter 14 and see whether the predicted change in variance over time is mirrored by a similar change in means. Although we said in the first chapter that inferences about means are not the primary focus of the study of individual differences, the longitudinal study is one in which changes in mean over time or growth, is of itself of considerable interest. This Chapter is not the first time that we have modeled information on means as well as covariances; in Chapter 8 we tested for the effects of sampling bias with the pairs concordant and discordant for study participation. Thus while at first glance the algebra and model formulation may seem a little intimidating, it covers what should by now be relatively familiar material.
Effect of Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty: The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

Abstract Fourteen patients undergoing vagotomy and pyloroplasty for duodenal ulcer disease were studied with oral glucose tolerance tests before and 4 to 8 weeks after surgery. Although none had a history of diabetes or glycosuria, 6 were chemically diabetic preoperatively. Results showed that glucose levels were higher postoperatively than preoperatively at 30 and 60 min after glucose ingestion. Glucose levels at 120 min, however, were significantly lower than those preoperatively: Five diabetics with elevated 2-hr glucose values preoperatively had normal 2-hr values postoperatively. The data suggested that the 2-hr value in the oral glucose tolerance test after vagotomy and pyloroplasty will underdiagnose the diabetic state.
Nanoscale phase separation in deeply underdoped Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO 6 + δ and Ca 2 CuO 2 Cl 2

We demonstrate that the tunneling spectra from deeply underdoped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{6+\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (Bi2201) and ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ (CCOC) provide clear evidence for a nanoscale phase separation (NPS), which causes the gap to fill rather than close with doping. The phase separation extends from half-filling to a doping of $x\ensuremath{\sim}0.09$. Assuming that the NPS is in the form of stripes, the nodal gap, which we model as a Coulomb gap, arises from impurity pinning of the charged stripes, and ultimately drives a metal-insulator transition.
Adiponectin in relation to malignancies: a review of existing basic research and clinical evidence

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone that plays an important role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease, may also be of importance in the development and progression of several malignancies. Circulating adiponectin concentrations, which are determined mainly by genetic factors, nutrition, and adiposity, are lower in patients with breast, endometrial, prostate, and colon cancer. It has thus been proposed that adiponectin may be a biological link between obesity (especially central obesity) and increased cancer risk. Adiponectin may influence cancer risk through its well-recognized effects on insulin resistance, but it is also plausible that adiponectin acts on tumor cells directly. Several cancer cell types express adiponectin receptors that may mediate the effects of adiponectin on cellular proliferation. Herein, we review recent evidence supporting a role of serum adiponectin concentrations as a novel risk factor and possible diagnostic marker for obesity-related malignancies, including cancers of the breast, endometrium, colon, and prostate. Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the potential role of adiponectin in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
RADICAL CRIMINOLOGY: An Explication

This study addresses the current controversy involving radical criminology. It is argued that much of the polemic related to radical criminology is directed at a “straw man.” a monolithic conception of the perspective that fails to consider important philosophical, theoretical, practical, and nominal dfferences among those who write radical criminology (i.e.p “radical criminologists”). Furthermore, although radical criminologists share many philosophical, theoretical, and practical assumptions, it is emphasized that they hold to these shared assumptions with dffering degrees of sensitivity, sophistication, andsubtlety a point often ignored by critics and enthusiasts alike. Consequently, this study explicates not only some of the shared assumptions of radical criminologists, but also some of the dfferences.
Sub-resolution assist feature (SRAF) printing prediction using logistic regression

In optical proximity correction (OPC), the sub-resolution assist feature (SRAF) has been used to enhance the process window of main structures. However, the printing of SRAF on wafer is undesirable as this may adversely degrade the overall process yield if it is transferred into the final pattern. A reasonably accurate prediction model is needed during OPC to ensure that the SRAF placement and size have no risk of SRAF printing. Current common practice in OPC is either using the main OPC model or model threshold adjustment (MTA) solution to predict the SRAF printing. This paper studies the feasibility of SRAF printing prediction using logistic regression (LR). Logistic regression is a probabilistic classification model that gives discrete binary outputs after receiving sufficient input variables from SRAF printing conditions. In the application of SRAF printing prediction, the binary outputs can be treated as 1 for SRAFPrinting and 0 for No-SRAF-Printing. The experimental work was performed using a 20nm line/space process layer. The results demonstrate that the accuracy of SRAF printing prediction using LR approach outperforms MTA solution. Overall error rate of as low as calibration 2% and verification 5% was achieved by LR approach compared to calibration 6% and verification 15% for MTA solution. In addition, the performance of LR approach was found to be relatively independent and consistent across different resist image planes compared to MTA solution.
Social Workers, Unions, and Low Wage Workers: A Historical Perspective

Using primary and secondary sources, this article explores the relationship between social workers' and low-wage workers' efforts to improve their economic conditions, especially through unions. It examines ways in which the profession's mission has been interpreted and suggests some implications for social workers' roles in contemporary economic justice struggles.
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging Reveals Mismatch Repair Dynamics in Live Bacillus Subtilis

The error-free progression of DNA replication is essential for all organisms, and deficiencies in DNA repair mechanisms can have severe consequences, from increased antibiotic resistance in bacteria to human cancers. The mismatch repair (MMR) pathway corrects base-pairing errors that are incorporated during genome replication. This pathway is critical for maintaining genomic fidelity: loss of MMR increases the mutation rate several hundred-fold in bacteria and humans alike. From prokaryotes to human cells, the highly conserved MMR protein MutS and its homologs recognize mismatched nucleotides and recruits downstream MMR proteins for repair. Despite the crucial role of MutS in MMR, the mechanism by which MutS first locates base-pairing errors remains unclear.We have developed new methods of super-resolution imaging to reveal the in vivo single-molecule distributions and dynamics of MutS in live Bacillus subtilis. This Gram-positive bacterium has served as the model for studying DNA replication and repair due to its genetic competence and high homology with corresponding pathways in humans. Based on Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) and single-particle tracking (SPT), we localized and tracked MutS-PAmCherry and the replisome subunit DnaX-mCitrine with 20-nm precision to reveal the spatial relationship and diffusive behaviors of these two proteins. We observed transient, mismatch-dependent colocalization between MutS-PAmCherry and DnaX-mCitrine with two-color PALM imaging, and SPT revealed dramatic changes in MutS-PAmCherry diffusion rates and confinement behavior upon mutagen treatment. To develop a mechanistic understanding, we have studied wt MutS as well as mutant strains defective for mismatch recognition and mismatch unbinding, respectively, and studied how the interactions between MutS-PAmCherry and the replisome are changed by such mutations. Together, our results provide strong evidence supporting that MutS recruitment to the replisome is required for MMR and precedes mismatch binding events in vivo.
Structures and energetics of the deprotonated adenine-uracil base pair, including proton-transferred systems.

The B3LYP/DZP++ level of theory has been employed to investigate the structures and energetics of the deprotonated adenine−uracil base pairs, (AU−H)-. Formation of the lowest-energy structure, [A(N9)−U]- (which corresponds to deprotonation at the N9 atom of adenine), through electron attachment to the corresponding neutral is accompanied by proton transfer from the uracil N3 atom to the adenine N1 atom. The driving force for this proton transfer is a significant stabilization from the base pairing in the proton transferred form. Such proton transfer upon electron attachment is also observed for the [A(N6b)−U]- and [A(C2)−U]- anions. Electron attachment to the A−U(N3) radical causes strong lone pair repulsion between the adenine N1 and the uracil N3 atoms, driving the two bases apart. Similarly, lone pair repulsion in the anion A(N6a)−U causes the loss of coplanarity of the two base units. The computed adiabatic electron attachment energies for nine AU−H radicals range from 1.86 to 3.75 eV, implying that t...
Electric potential near a charged metal surface in contact with aqueous electrolyte

Abstract The time independent electric potential due to water and a lithium ion near a charged metal surface is calculated by space and ensemble averaging of trajectories generated by a molecular dynamics simulation. Since the cation does not contact adsorb, variations in the electric potential near the metal surface are due to water oriented in the electric field of the charged surface. The potential is decomposed into separate contributions from monopoles (from the ions), and dipoles, quadrupoles and octopoles (from the water molecules). At distances greater than about 0.5 nm from the electrode (two to three water molecules) the potential is ‘flat’ with the quadrupole contributing most due to a near cancellation of the ion and water dipole components. Approaching the surface, weak features are encountered due to water packing and then a big oscillation due to water oriented in a layer next to the electrode. None of these effects are described in theories that approximate water as a continuum fluid.
Hospital ethics committees: a survey in Upstate New York.

This survey describes in detail ethics committees (ECs) at acute care hospitals in Upstate New York. It finds that in just two years (1984 and 1985), following the Baby Doe controversy and the Report of the President’s Commission, 40% of urban ECs and 37% of university ECs were formed. One half of rural ECs formed in 1992–1995, following the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) requirement of access to ethics consultation. Generally, ECs are committees of the powerful within the hospital; the administration or the medical staff is the organizational parent of 73% of ECs. These groups appoint 80% of EC chairs and 79% of members; they constitute 45% of the membership. Most EC members (81%) lack even rudimentary formal training in bioethics, yet only 18% of ECs consider member education a major role. Many ECs are rather inactive: 53% meet less than every other month and 61% have fewer than six case consultations in the prior year. On the basis of this survey’s findings, suggestions are offered to improve the credibility of these ubiquitous committees as stewards of bioethics, rather than of the powerful within the hospital.
Periods of child growth up to age 8 years in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam: key distal household and community factors.

Recent research has demonstrated some growth recovery among children stunted in infancy. Less is known about key age ranges for such growth recovery, and what factors are correlates with this growth. This study characterized child growth up to age 1 year, and from ages 1 to 5 and 5 to 8 years controlling for initial height-for-age z-score (HAZ), and identified key distal household and community factors associated with these growth measures using longitudinal data on 7,266 children in the Young Lives (YL) study in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. HAZ at about age 1 year and age in months predicted much of the variation in HAZ at age 5 years, but 40 to 71% was not predicted. Similarly, HAZ at age 5 years and age in months did not predict 26 to 47% of variation in HAZ at 8 years. Multiple regression analysis suggests that parental schooling, consumption, and mothers’ height are key correlates of HAZ at about age 1 and also are associated with unpredicted change in HAZ from ages 1 to 5 and 5 to 8 years, given initial HAZ. These results underline the importance of a child’s starting point in infancy in determining his or her growth, point to key distal household and community factors that may determine early growth in early life and subsequent growth recovery and growth failure, and indicate that these factors vary some by country, urban/rural designation, and child sex.
Simple method for ion isolation in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: combined notch excitation and selective ion partitioning in a dual cell

Abstract A simple approach is described for the mass selection of ions in Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. The method is based on the principles of notch ejection and selective ion partitioning in a dual cell. In most instances, the application of only two radiofrequency pulses allows the isolation of the desired ion from a mixture of ions with mass values over a wide range. This is also true in cases for which several interfering ions have similar mass values to the ion to be isolated. This method is readily applied in most custom-built and commercial dual-cell FT-ICR devices without modification of the hardware or software.
An Activity Based Approach to Sustainability Assessments

This article begins by introducing a method for life cycle and sustainability assessments. The methodology uses an activity based object oriented approach to define classes of elements with prescribed common properties and behaviors. This method improves upon existing models by providing a platform on which multiple perspectives of a single element can be represented. Furthermore, this approach makes elements easier to manipulate and makes it easier to modify the model while maintaining its ability to integrate with other systems to generate a more complete representation and assessment. Next, this article defines a structural framework that will be used to model a system. This framework is composed of three parts that outline how objects are classified, how they are structured in a specific case, and a model that stores the raw data needed for computations. This article hypothetical example of a manufactured part and demonstrates how the model would look. Then, the model looks at what a real part would look like when defined in terms of the model, though the real part is not fully realized in the model. The hypothetical part model demonstrates some capabilities of the object oriented approach, while steps for expanding the model to a more complex system are presented as part of future work. Finally, some existing work that has been done to turn the framework into an executable model discussed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The Tumor Recall Response of Antitumor Immunity Primed by a Live, Recombinant Listeria monocytogenes Vaccine Comprises Multiple Effector Mechanisms

Listeria monocytogenes, a facultative intracellular bacterium, can induce a potent antitumor immune response if engineered to express a model tumor antigen also expressed by the tumor cells. The effectiveness of this approach is dependent on L. monocytogenes-induced tumor-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. CD8(+) T-cells may mediate tumor eradication largely through direct CTL activity, but the role of CD4(+) T-cells and other cells of the immune system is less clear. Here we investigate their role and the role of the cytokines they produce in the ability of L. monocytogenes-induced antitumor immunity to protect against tumor challenge. Our results suggest that a complex cytokine response, involving type 2 as well as type 1 cytokines, is responsible for the ability of Lm-NP-immunized mice to resist tumor challenge, potentially mediating tumor cell killing through multiple effector pathways.
Error analysis and correction in a beam profile monitor

Abstract An analysis of the accuracy and sources of error of transverse beam profile measurements made with an ion profile monitor in the Fermilab booster is presented. Two dimensional computer simulations are compared with experiment to determine the magnitude of the errors and a correction algorithm that uses beam size and charge as parameters is developed.
Circuit-aware architectural simulation

Architectural simulation has achieved a prominent role in the system design cycle by providing designers the ability to quickly examine a wide variety of design choices. However, the recent trend in system design toward architectures that react to circuit-level phenomena has outstripped the capabilities of traditional cycle-based architectural simulators. In this paper, we present an architectural simulator design that incorporates a circuit modeling capability, permitting architectural-level simulations that react to circuit characteristics (such as latency,energy,or current draw) on a cycle-by-cycle basis. While these additional capabilities slow simulation speed, we show that the careful application of circuit simulation optimizations and simulation sampling techniques permit high levels of detail with sufficient speed to examine entire workloads.
Optical communications with femtosecond lasers

Free space optical communications using 9-10 fs pulses was investigated through aerosol clouds approaching 10 4 to 10 5 particles per cm 3 in a 15 cm long tube containing aerosol particles 4-5 μm in diameter. This small size is representative of the most difficult situation for the transmission of light through the atmosphere. The ultra fast pulse transmission were compared to continuous wave (cw) transmission through the exact same aerosols clouds and compared to the ultra short pulses. Results indicate that there was increased transmission for the ultra short laser pulses, but was not as high as expected. The results now can be explained by a recent paper demonstrating that deviation from the Beer Lambert law does not occur until the ultra short pulse transverses a longer path length in water. Results will be presented on the pulse dispersion in water and glass.
Design of microfocusing bent-crystal double monochromators

Abstract Design relations are given for double bent-crystal monochromators ensuring both spatial microfocusing and focusing in reciprocal space in powder diffraction. The choice of crystals for monochromators for microfocus stress scanning in steels is discussed. Design computations for an instrument at the Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR, thermal neutron flux 1014 n/cm2 s) with small-mosaic Cu(200) crystals are presented. The spot size can be brought down to 2.5 × 4 mm, with a peak flux at focus approaching 108 n/cm2 s.
Sumerian Theology and Ethics

The sumerians failed to develop a systematic philosophy in the accepted sense of the word. In particular it never occurred to them to raise any questions concerning the fundamental nature of reality and knowledge, and therefore they evolved practically nothing corresponding to the philosophical subdivisions commonly known as metaphysics and epistemology. They did, however, speculate on the nature and, more particularly, the origin of the universe, as well as on its method of operation. And there is good reason to infer that in the course of the third millennium B.C. there emerged a group of Sumerian thinkers and teachers who, in the course of their quest for satisfactory answers to some of the problems raised by their cosmic speculations, evolved a systematic cosmology and theology carrying such high intellectual conviction that they became the basic creed and dogma of much of the ancient Near East.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 ICP22 Regulates the Accumulation of a Shorter mRNA and of a Truncated US3 Protein Kinase That Exhibits Altered Functions

The U(S)3 open reading frame of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) was reported to encode two mRNAs each directing the synthesis of the same protein. We report that the U(S)3 gene encodes two proteins. The predominant U(S)3 protein is made in wild-type HSV-1-infected cells. The truncated mRNA and a truncated protein designated U(S)3.5 and initiating from methionine 77 were preeminent in cells infected with a mutant lacking the gene encoding ICP22. Both the wild-type and truncated proteins also accumulated in cells transduced with a baculovirus carrying the entire U(S)3 open reading frame. The U(S)3.5 protein accumulating in cells infected with the mutant lacking the gene encoding ICP22 mediated the phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 1, a function of U(S)3 protein, but failed to block apoptosis of the infected cells. The U(S)3.5 and U(S)3 proteins differ with respect to the range of functions they exhibit.
The impact of team-based learning on a foundational pharmacokinetics course.

Objective. To assess the impact of team-based learning (TBL) in a foundational pharmacokinetics course.Design. The course was arranged into 5 modules based on the TBL format. Each module contained ...
Pharmacological treatment of conduct disorder.

Conduct disorder is one of the most common disorders in children and adolescents, and yet we know little about its cause and treatment.
Implementing a Standardized Testing Program: Preparing Students for the NCLEX-RN

The undergraduate nursing faculty of a large Midwestern university initiated a program of standardized computerized testing for two purposes: to provide students experience with standardized computerized testing prior to taking the National Council Licensure Exam for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) and to increase the students' NCLEX-RN passing rate. This article chronicles the process of implementing a comprehensive testing program developed by the Assessment Technologies Institute (Overland Park, KS). Although the first class of students to have taken the entire testing package has just graduated, midprogram results have demonstrated potential as key indicators for identifying at-risk students. The trends in scores on standardized computerized tests, grades in prerequisite science courses, and grades in medical–surgical courses are used to identify students who are at risk for failure in the program and on the NCLEX-RN. Faculty advisors meet with these students to develop individual plans of study and to provide additional resources. The testing process is going on smoothly, and faculty members are learning to use the extensive information on students' test scores to further assist them in passing the NCLEX-RN.
Die proximale Verschiebeosteotomie mit winkelstabiler Plattenosteosynthese zur Korrektur der fortgeschrittenen Hallux valgus Deformität

Zusammenfassung Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war, den Nutzen winkelstabiler Implantate in der Korrektur fortgeschrittener Hallux valgus Deformitaten nachzuweisen. Zwischen 11/2005 und 3/2008 wurden insgesamt 95 Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem Hallux valgus durch eine Kombination einer proximalen Verschiebeosteotomie des MT I sowie einer winkelstabilen Plattenosteosynthese operativ versorgt. Die winkelstabile Platte (TOM, Fa. Wright Medical) wird in einer Rechts- oder Links-Version geliefert mit einer zentralen Abstufung (Stufen von 1–5 mm) und einem zusatzlichen Kompressions-Schraubenloch im distalen Plattenschenkel. Die bicorticale proximale Verschiebeosteotomie erlaubt eine Korrektur in allen Ebenen. In allen Fallen wurde sowohl der Hallux valgus Winkel als auch der IM-Winkel signifikant korrigiert (IM-Winkel I/II: 15,1° MW praop. zu 6,1° MW postop., HAV-Winkel 38° MW praop. zu 11,5° MT postop.). Bei 80 Patienten des Kollektives erfolgte eine zusatzliche subcapitale Korrekturosteotomie des MT I zur Korrektur des PASA-Winkels. Die wesentlichen Komplikationen bestanden in einer Uberkorrektur des Hallux valgus (n=6) als Ausdruck fur das hohe Korrekturpotential dieser Operationsmethode. Eine verzogerte Knochenheilung (n=2) erforderte bei einem Pat. eine Reoperation. Auch bei Korrektur groster Deformitaten erlaubt die winkelstabile Platte eine fruhzeitige Teilbelastung der operierten Extremitat. Durch die bicorticale Osteotomie lassen sich selbst IM-Winkel uber 20° korrigieren und belastungsstabil mit der winkelstabilen Platte versorgen.
Structure/property relationships in nematic liquid crystal/polymer alignment layer interactions

Abstract The interactions occurring at the interface between a liquid crystal (LC) and the walls of a LC cell have been studied using microsecond time resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. We have found that, by varying the structure of the alignment layers, different rates of electro-optical response could be achieved. These differences stem from the different strengths of interactions between the LC and the alignment layers. No specific, strong interactions (i.e. hydrogen bonding) were found by a direct analysis of the spectra. By calculating the local dipole moment of the polymer films using semi-empirical molecular orbital methods, a direct correlation between the electro-optical behavior and dipole moment was found for several polymers with similar base structures. This shows that the interactions at the LC/alignment layer interface are dominated by dipole–dipole forces.
Effect of fluoride dosage on human parotid saliva fluoride levels.

Abstract Parotid fluid and urine F levels were studied in healthy young adult males receiving either 0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg of F by mouth. Urinary F excretion rates were virtually a linear function of size of dose. For the different doses of F, urine F recovery rates ranged from 20.0 to 31.3 per cent (mean = 25.3 per cent). For saliva F, dosage with 1.0 mg did not significantly change the placebo pattern. The 3.0 mg dose increased saliva F significantly in the 20–30 min sample. The 5.0 mg dose produced this change in the 10–20 min sample, and the 10 mg dose was effective in the 0–10 min specimen. Peak salivary F concentrations occurred at about 40–50 min after dosage and declines, with slopes a function of dose level, ensued thereafter. Even after 4 hr, saliva F levels for the 3 higher dose groups remained significantly elevated. There was a suggestion of carry-over effect in that pre-dose control saliva F levels each morning were significantly higher when subjects were receiving 3.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mg than when the dosage level was 1.0 mg.