cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Overview of the Studies

A number of researchable questions about mass-produced original paintings are introduced. Eleven original studies by the author are summarized. They focus on (1) mass-produced paintings, (2) comparisons between mass-produced and matched museum paintings, and (3) the ability to recognize the two kinds of paintings. The studies also examined the role of age, gender, art background, and setting in responding to both kinds of paintings. A table outlines the studies.
Grounded Theory Approaches Used in Educational Research Journals

Grounded theory has become one of the most commonly used qualitative research approaches. Since its first introduction, grounded theory methodology has taken on different iterations and evolved a n...
CIA Estimates of Soviet Defense Spending: A Review

(1998). CIA Estimates of Soviet Defense Spending: A Review. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics: Vol. 39, No. 9, pp. 549-553.
Weightbearing Radiographs Facilitate Functional Treatment of Ankle Fractures of Uncertain Stability

The most important determinant in the treatment of malleolar fractures is stability. Stable fractures have an intact deep deltoid ligament and do not displace with functional treatment. If the deep deltoid/medial malleolar complex is disrupted, the talus is at risk of displacement. Weber (2010) showed that weightbearing radiographs predicted stability in patients with undisplaced ankle fractures. We developed clinical criteria for potential instability and applied them to a prospective series of patients. The criteria included a medial clear space of <4 mm; medial tenderness, bruising or swelling; a fibular fracture above the syndesmosis; a bimalleolar or trimalleolar fracture; an open fracture; and a high-energy fracture mechanism. A prospectively documented series of 43 patients chose functional brace treatment of the potentially unstable fractures. Weightbearing radiographs were performed with the patient wearing the brace before treatment and free of the brace at clinical union (6 to 9 weeks for all patients). The patients were encouraged to bear full weight and actively exercise their ankles in the brace. All fractures healed without displacement. The risk of displacement was 0% (95% confidence interval 0% to 9.5%). The results of the present preliminary series give support for the use of weightbearing radiographs to guide treatment of undisplaced ankle fractures.
Intestinal epithelial cells contribute to Citrobacter rodentium induced infectious colitis through an NF-κB-dependent mechanism (MUC2P.826)

Exposing mice to a psychological stressor during challenge with the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium ( Cr ) exacerbates Cr -induced infectious colitis. Enhanced recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the colon, via a CCL2-dependent mechanism, is essential for the exacerbation of infectious colitis by stressor exposure, however the cell type responsible for the increase of colonic CCL2 is unknown. Previous evidence demonstrates that Cr -induced CCL2 is through an NF-κB mediated mechanism, thus this study was designed to test the hypothesis that NF-κB-derived gene expression from intestinal epithelial cells is necessary for the exacerbation of colitis via the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, as well as the corollary hypothesis that inflammatory monocytes contribute to infectious colitis also via NF-κB activation. To test these hypotheses, two different strains of mice were challenged with Cr in which classical NF-κB activation is defective via the deletion of IKKβ in either intestinal epithelial cells (IKKβ ΔIEC ) or myeloid-derived cells (IKKβ ΔMY ). There was a reduction in Cr -induced colon mass, colonic histopathology, and colonic inflammatory mediator gene expression in IKKβ ΔIEC mice as compared to wild type controls. In addition, Cr -induced colon mass, histopathology, and colonic gene expression is further reduced in IKKβ ΔMY mice. Together, these data illustrate the deleterious effects of pathogen induced NF-κB activation has during enteric pathogen challenge.
Acute and chronic effects of aspirin on hematological parameters and hepatic ferritin expression in mice

OBJECTIVE: To examine the acute and chronic effects of aspirin on peripheral blood and bone marrow counts and hepatic ferritin expression in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Adult male albino mice were orally administered aspirin at a dose of 600 mg/kg thrice daily for 7 days or 150 mg/kg once daily for 6/7 days up to 25 weeks. At the end of the experiment the red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and packed cell volume were estimated. Bone marrow films were studied to estimate the rate of erythropoiesis and leucopoiesis. Expression of liver ferritin was tested by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Acute or chronic doses of aspirin reduced the RBC count, hemoglobin and other red cell indices as compared to controls. The WBC counts were higher in the treated animals as compared to the untreated animals. Both the treatment regimens appeared to suppress the rate of erythropoiesis in the marrow, while the rate of leucopoiesis appeared to increase in the marrow of the treated animals. Aspirin treatment did not significantly affect the expression of ferritin in the liver. CONCLUSION: Aspirin in either acute or chronic doses induces anemia associated with leucocytosis in mice; the anemia does not seem to be induced due to alterations in iron metabolism. The drug appears to use multiple targets which affect red cell production and maturation processes.
The extended H/sub /spl infin// filter-a robust EKF

The use of the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is heavily entrenched in non-linear signal processing applications. However linearisation errors inherent in the specification of an EKF can severely degrade its performance. The paper presents a new approach to the robustification of the EKF by application of robust linear design methods based on the H/sub /spl infin// norm minimisation criterion. The results of simulations are presented to demonstrate an advantage for the demodulation of frequency and phase modulated signals. >
Successful operative correction of intrapulmonary rupture of a post-traumatic left ventricular aneurysm. Documentation of complete spontaneous closure of an associated ventricular septal defect.

Abstract A stab wound in a 25 year old man resulted in a false aneurysm of the left ventricle and a ventricular septal defect. The aneurysm ruptured into the left lung producing recurrent and finally massive hemoptysis, which necessitated emergency operative repair. The ventricular septal defect closed spontaneously and completely, and this event was documented by serial cardiac catheterizations.
Victims and Vamps, Madonnas and Whores

This article explores how the US ‘war on drugs’ depends on certain notions of femininity and womanhood. In particular, I examine how female drug couriers from the Americas are constructed at US border sites of international airports in the 1990s. I find that female drug couriers are described in terms of victims and vamps – a take off of the madonna/whore dichotomy. The victim and vamp discourses, I argue, are the performative enactments of a security state that operates according to a racialized logic of masculinist protection. I hold in tension the circulation of the victim/vamp discourses with the story of Paula, a Colombian woman who was caught trafficking heroin in hidden compartments of her suitcase. I use Paula's story to call attention to the political work in dismissing women as agents in the international drug trade.
A Comparison of OLS and WS unit Root Test Results

OLS-based unit root tests (e.g., Dickey-Fuller, Augmented DickeyFuller, and PhiHips-Perron tests) typically fail to reject the unit root null at conventional significance levels when applied to macroeconomic time series data. This has stimulated a large amount of research regarding the applied and theoretical econometric implications of unit root processes. However, these tests are known to have low power against trend stationary and near-unit-root alternatives, the leading alternative data generating processes for these data. Recently, Pantula, GonzalezFarias, and Fuller (1994) proposed a unit root test based upon the weighted-symmetric estimator of an autoregressive model developed by Park and Fuller (1993). Their simulation studies suggest that this is a more, powerful test than the OLS-based tests. In this paper we consider the practical implications of the new test by applying the Pantula, GonzalezFarias, and Fuller (PGF) test and the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test to the extended Nelson-Plosser data set.
Recent Approaches to Confucian Filial Morality

A hallmark of Confucian morality is its emphasis on duties to family and kin as weighty features of moral life. The virtue of ‘filiality’ or ‘filial piety’ (xiao), for example, is one of the most important in the Confucian canon. This aspect of Confucianism has been of renewed interest recently. On the one hand, some have claimed that, precisely because it acknowledges the importance of kin duties, Confucianism should be seen as an ethics rooted in human nature that remains a viable system of morality today. On the other hand, some have argued that the extreme emphasis on filial duties is precisely the aspect of Confucian moral philosophy that ought to be jettisoned in favor of greater impartialism; without mitigating its emphasis on filial piety, Confucianism risks irrelevance to modern concerns. In this study, I will outline the nature of filial morality in the Confucian tradition and discuss these recent contributions to the literature.
General Education Teacher Planning: What Can Students with Learning Disabilities Expect?

This in-depth study addressed the nature of general education teachers' planning for content area instruction for students with learning disabilities. Participants included 12 teachers, elementary through high school. Through interviews, classroom observations, teacher reflections, and surveys, we used the Flow of the Planning Process Model to investigate teachers' preplanning, interactive planning, and postplanning activities. Elementary general education teachers did more planning to include the needs of diverse students—and collaborated more with special education teachers—than did teachers at other levels. Other results indicated the extent of special help offered by teachers, as well as the pressures felt by teachers to cover the curriculum.
Distribution-enhanced homogenization framework and model for heterogeneous elasto-plastic problems

Abstract Multi-scale computational models offer tractable means to simulate sufficiently large spatial domains comprised of heterogeneous materials by resolving material behavior at different scales and communicating across these scales. Within the framework of computational multi-scale analyses, hierarchical models enable unidirectional transfer of information from lower to higher scales, usually in the form of effective material properties. Determining explicit forms for the macroscale constitutive relations for complex microstructures and nonlinear processes generally requires numerical homogenization of the microscopic response. Conventional low-order homogenization uses results of simulations of representative microstructural domains to construct appropriate expressions for effective macroscale constitutive parameters written as a function of the microstructural characterization. This paper proposes an alternative novel approach, introduced as the distribution-enhanced homogenization framework or DEHF, in which the macroscale constitutive relations are formulated in a series expansion based on the microscale constitutive relations and moments of arbitrary order of the microscale field variables. The framework does not make any a priori assumption on the macroscale constitutive behavior being represented by a homogeneous effective medium theory. Instead, the evolution of macroscale variables is governed by the moments of microscale distributions of evolving field variables. This approach demonstrates excellent accuracy in representing the microscale fields through their distributions. An approximate characterization of the microscale heterogeneity is accounted for explicitly in the macroscale constitutive behavior. Increasing the order of this approximation results in increased fidelity of the macroscale approximation of the microscale constitutive behavior. By including higher-order moments of the microscale fields in the macroscale problem, micromechanical analyses do not require boundary conditions to ensure satisfaction of the original form of Hill's lemma. A few examples are presented in this paper, in which the macroscale DEHF model is shown to capture the microscale response of the material without re-parametrization of the microscale constitutive relations.
Focusing on Participants Feminist Process Model for Survey Modification

This article presents a model developed and assessed by a women's health research team to enhance sensitivity and increase readability of a survey to be used with community-based women. The survey consisted of quantitative measures of AIDS-related attitudes and behaviors, developed and used with traditional-aged college populations, and included questions of a highly personal nature. In Study 1, 30 women with English reading levels of third grade and above from two targeted community populations completed a survey in two waves of focus groups and gave feedback about readability, length, format, content, emotional responses, truthfulness in responding, and opinions about the research. Problem areas and changes that made the survey more readable, understandable, emotionally sensitive, and effective are reviewed. In Study 2, pre- and postmodification versions of nine scales are compared in 430 traditionalaged college women (pre) and 793 community-based women (post), the latter broken into subsamples for more...
CASTRATION INDUCES ACUTE VASOCONSTRICTION OF BLOOD VESSELS IN THE RAT PROSTATE CONCOMITANT WITH A REDUCTION OF PROSTATIC NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ACTIVITY

ABSTRACTPurpose: Previous studies demonstrating a rapid and drastic reduction of blood flow to the rat prostate gland resulting from castration caused us to consider the influence of castration on the state of vascular constriction and on the activity of the vascular tone-regulating factors (nitric oxide synthase and cyclic GMP) in the rat prostate.Materials and Methods: Sections of ventral prostate glands obtained from intact and castrated rats were analyzed for the mean areas within smooth muscle-coated blood vessels using a computerized microscopic image analysis system. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) levels were measured in prostatic extracts from unoperated or castrated rats using an enzyme assay system that measures conversion of 3H-L-arginine to citruline. Cyclic GMP levels were measured in prostatic extracts from unoperated or castrated rats using a competitive radioimmunoassay system.Results: The mean area within ventral prostate smooth muscle-coated blood vessels was reduced 39% at 24 hours after c...
Surface plasmon mode coupling to the insulator/metal interface of sloped sidewalls of wet-etched Quantum Cascade lasers

We find the main challenge for narrowing wet-etched ridges of long-wavelength Quantum Cascade lasers is surface plasmon mode coupling at the insulator/metal interface of sloped sidewalls, resulting in extra waveguide loss and hence high threshold.
Integration of Semiconductor and Magnetic Bubble Devices: Soi on Garnet

Silicon on insulator (SOI) technology makes it possible to fabricate semiconductor devices on foreign substrates. In this paper, we present results for a process in which field effect transistors are fabricated in recrystallized polysilicon on a magnetic bubble substrate. We report on the characteristics of the field effect transistors and the effect of the necessary processing steps on the magnetic properties of the substrate. A memory constructed in this hybrid technology would have very high density, multiple detectors for high speed, and direct logic level outputs.
An application of an effective interdisciplinary health-focused cross-cultural collaboration.

Abstract The phenomenon of cross-cultural collaboration is not new. What is lacking in the literature, however, is a discussion of how health professionals from various cultures, collaborating together, have addressed their patients' health care needs to improve their quality of life. Because of increased interest in global health issues, it seems logical that health professionals from various countries form collaborative partnerships to investigate and address these health issues. Although treatments to health problems are offered, it is not generally communicated in the literature how cross-cultural collaboration played a role in managing the process to solve the problem. By applying the concepts for global managers outlined by P. R. Harris and R. T. Moran (1996), this article describes how the investigators established a successful cross-cultural collaboration for conducting health research between teams in the United States and Russia. J Pediatr Nurs 17:33-39, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Venom Collection from Honey Bees

A device that provides an electric shock makes it possible to collect pure venom from several thousand honey bees (Apis mellifera). The collection apparatus fits underneath the brood chamber of a colony of bees and may be moved from hive to hive. Each colony is "milked" for 5 minutes. An average of 20 hives must be "milked" to obtain 1 gram of venom. Under optimum conditions this quantity of venom is produced by 10,000 worker bees.
A new class of oxygen selective chemically driven nonporous ceramic membranes. Part I. A-site doped perovskites

The transport properties of a new class of inorganic nonporous membranes based on mixed-conducting perovskites were measured by a solid state electrochemical technique. Since oxygen is the only ionic species that is transported, these membranes provide absolute selectivity for oxygen. The chemical diffusion coefficient of oxygen in (La0.79Sr0.20)MnO3−δ and (La0.50Sr0.50)MnO3−δ was found to be of the order of 10−8 to 10−6 cm2/sec between 700°C and 860°C. Such high transport rates open up exciting opportunities for chemically driven membrane applications for the selective separation or purification of oxygen. The oxygen permeation rates calculated for modest oxygen pressure differential values across 1 mm thick (La0.79Sr0.20)MnO3−δ membranes are about 10−11 mol/sec-cm2 at 700°C and close to 10−9 mol/sec-cm2 at 860°C. These values provide an attractive alternative to polymeric and porous ceramic membranes, all of which have only limited oxygen selectivity.
Understanding price effects for new nondurables: How price responsiveness varies across depth-of-repeat classes and types of consumers

Abstract The objective of this study is to gain insights into the effectiveness of consumer price promotions on trial/repeat processes of newly introduced brands of consumer packaged goods. Using a consumer risk perception perspective, we develop a theoretical framework that relates the effectiveness of consumer price promotions to the depth-of-repeat cycle, the level of a consumer's brand loyalty, and usage intensity. To evaluate the theory, we calibrate a multiple spell hazard rate model for several new product introductions in different product categories. The results show that promotional price sensitivities are generally higher for repeat purchases than for trial. In addition, the results indicate that loyals are less price sensitive than nonloyals. Finally, heavy users in the product class are found to be more price sensitive than light users at the trial stage.
J.D. Bernal: the sage of science

John Desmond Bernal (1901-1971) was one of the most influential and original scientists of the twentieth century. No less an authority than James Watson has stated that Bernal's genius inspired the birth of molecular biology. By examining Bernal's interactions with others, I attempt to illustrate his personality, brilliance, breadth, foibles and essential humanity.
Parameter Distribution Analysis of Tau Fragment K18 Fibrillization

Neural amyloid deposits of microtubule-associated protein tau are implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, notably Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Fibrillization of tau, and of amyloid-forming proteins in general, appears to involve nucleation-dependent polymerization wherein small concentrations of “nuclei” form initially, followed by the rapid, highly favorable addition of further monomer to nuclei/fibril ends. Secondary nucleation, the formation of nuclei from fibrillar material, is a particularly important determinant of amyloid formation kinetics. When the reaction is monitored, this type of behavior results in highly cooperative, sigmoidal fibrillization curves. A number of small molecules derived from natural products have been shown to inhibit tau amyloid formation, but our understanding of their mechanistic effects is largely empirical. A thorough investigation of the kinetic and structural effects of these compounds could aid in the rational design of more potent, specific inhibitors.Toward this end, we are utilizing a combination of fluorescence spectroscopy, mathematical modeling and numerical simulation to evaluate the heparin-induced fibrillization of a fragment of tau, K18. This strategy enables us to examine entire distributions of model parameter values that describe the data with comparable accuracy, as opposed to the conventional approach of identifying a single “best-fit” set of parameters. Both for experimental K18 fibrillization timecourses and for simulated sets of test data, the parameter distribution approach appears to better reflect the true experimental uncertainties involved in studies of amyloid formation than conventional least-squares fitting. These parameter distributions are sensitive to relatively small changes in the underlying kinetic rates, and we discuss how they can be used to assign detailed effects to known small molecule inhibitors of tau amyloid formation in an effort to generate more detailed models for their mechanisms of action.
Transoral approach to the upper cervical spine

The transoral approach to pathology of the upper cervical spine is logical, but it is seldom used due to concerns about exposure and infection. The authors report on 16 consecutive patients requiring exposure from clivus through C3 for pathology, including spinal cord compression by rheumatoid pan-nus, craniovertebral anomalies, and tumor. Exposure was obtained using a Dingman mouth gag and soft palate retraction with silicone rubber sheeting. A horizontal “H” incision was made in the posterior pharyngeal wall creating three layers, closed separately, with attention to a watertight closure of the final mucosal layer. In no case was it necessary to divide the mandible, tongue, soft palate, or uvula. There were no deaths, wound breakdowns, infections, or persistent cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Patients with neurological indications improved postopera-tively, and all tumors were grossly resected. Combined otolaryngology/neurosurgical exposure and treatment of pathology involving the upper cervical spine via the transoral approach is safe and effective. Functional results have been excellent, and no major complications were encountered.
Pharmacogenetics of β-Blockers

β-Blockers are an important cardiovascular drug class, recommended as first-line treatment of numerous diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, and angina, as well as treatment after myocardial infarction. However, responses to a β-blocker are variable among patients. Results of numerous studies now suggest that genetic polymorphisms may contribute to variability in responses to β-blockers. This review summarizes the pharmacogenetic data for β-blockers in patients with various diseases and discusses the potential implications of β-blocker pharmacogenetics in clinical practice.
Parental stress response to sexual abuse and ritualistic abuse of children in day-care centers

The purpose of this study was to examine the stress responses of parents to the sexual and ritualistic abuse of their children in day-care centers. Sixty-five mothers and 46 fathers of children sexually abused in day-care centers completed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), a measure of psychological distress. These scores were compared with a carefully matched comparison group of parents of 67 nonabused children. Parents of abused children also completed the Impact of Event Scale (IES), a measure which indexes symptoms that characterize posttraumatic stress disorder. Parents of sexually abused children reported significantly more psychological distress than parents of nonabused children, with parents of ritually abused children displaying the most severe psychological distress. Parents of abused children reported symptom profiles on the SCL-90-R and IES consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder. Language: en
Chemically induced grain boundary migration in calcite: temperature dependence, phenomenology, and possible applications to geologic systems

Chemically induced grain boundary migration (CIGM) is a solid-state reaction mechanism which involves grain boundary migration. Initially straight grain boundaries in calcite bicrystals exhibit CIGM when exposed to a SrCO3 or BaCO3-rich melt at temperatures of 680–840° C in a 1-bar CO2 atmosphere. Under these conditions, CIGM is apparently a much more efficient way to form solid-solutions than lattice diffusion. The maximum observed rate of migration, 1×10−9 m/s, occurred at about 760° C. Below that temperature, migration was thermally activated, but above it, the process was thermally inhibited. Some portions of the boundary swept through a given crystal volume more than once. In the (Ca, Sr) CO3 system, the solute concentrations incorporated during a single pass of the boundary were far less than values expected at chemical equilibrium, and departed further from equilibrium at higher temperatures. CIGM may be geologically important when the distances characteristic of grain boundary migration and diffusion are much larger than those characteristic of lattice diffusion. The great similarity between results in ionic calcite and metals systems suggests CIGM is a very general process which may be expected to occur in a large number of geologic systems.
Reflection Coefficient Transformations for Phase-Shift Circuits

It is shown how switchable one-port circuits having two impedance states may be transformed so as to exhibit reflection coefficients which have a prescribed phase angle difference and equal magnitude in the two states. In reflection-type phase shifters, arbitrary phase shift may be obtained without change of signal amplitude. The reflection properties are achieved by the use of an impedance-transforming two-port network. Design equations and an example are given.
The slippery slope of constructivism

Abstract While constructivism as both a philosophy and a clinical practice is being embraced by many individual and family practitioners, it remains controversial. This paper examines the difficulties one encounters in trying to balance the client's “relative truths” with those around them, including that of the therapist. Through the use of clinical vignettes, the authors demonstrate the difficulties inherent in dealing with ambiguities in the clinical situation, balancing the client's perspective, with that of a predominant culture or biological “fact,” and considering the issue of the client's “veracity.” Particular attention is paid to the difficulties involved in work with trauma survivors, whose own recollections of events may be ambiguous. Finally, the authors discuss the implications that constructivism holds for research and social action and advocacy. In sum, the authors recognize significant promise in the constructivist perspective, but caution clinicians to consider the inherent difficulties ...
Long-term metered-dose inhaler adherence in a clinical trial

Poor adherence to medication regimens is a well-documented phenomenon in clinical practice and an ever-present concern in clinical trials. Little is known about adherence to inhaled medication regimens over extended periods. The present paper describes the 2-yr results of the Lung Health Study (LHS) program, which was developed to maintain long-term adherence to an inhaled medication regimen in 3,923 special intervention participants (as measured by self-report and medication canister weight). The LHS is a double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial of smoking intervention and bronchodilator therapy (ipratropium bromide or placebo) for early intervention in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). At the first 4-mo follow-up visit, nearly 70% of participants reported satisfactory or better adherence. Over the next 18 mo, self-reported satisfactory or better adherence declined to about 60%. Canister weight classified adherence as satisfactory or better in 72% of participants returning all canisters at 1 yr, and in 70% of the participants returning all canisters at the 2-yr follow-up. Self-reporting confirmed by canister weight classified 48% of participants at 1 yr as showing satisfactory or better adherence. Overusers were 50% more likely than others to misrepresent their true smoking status, suggesting that canister weights indicating overuse may be deceptive. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis indicate that the best compliance was found in participants who were married, older, white, had more severe airways obstruction, less shortness of breath, and fewer hospitalizations, and who had not been confined to bed for respiratory illnesses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate from glucose decreases during amino acid starvation of human lymphoblasts.

Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PP-Rib-P) is a key regulator of de. novo purine synthesis and because of the kinetic properties of glutamine amido-phosphoribosyltransferase, small changes in the intracellular concentration of PP-Rib-P can cause major changes in rates of de novo purine synthesis (1). We recently showed that ribose 5-phosphate (Rib-5-P), the immediate precursor of PP-Rib-P may also be rate-limiting for de novo purine synthesis in human lymphoblasts, since its intracellular concentration is well below the Km of PP-Rib-P synthetase for this substrate at physiological phosphate concentrations (2, 3).
Sue Ned Block!: Making a better case for P-consciousness

Block makes a case for the existence of conscious experience without access. His case would have been much stronger, however, if he had woven fully unconscious processing into the “mesh argument,” and considered arguments that are intrinsic to neuroscience.
Prediction of cellular structure in free expansion of viscoelastic media

A systematic model is presented for a free expansion polymer foaming process that includes simultaneous nucleation and bubble growth. An influence volume approach, which couples nucleation and bubble growth, is used to account for the limited supply of dissolved gas. The melt rheology is described using the Larson viscoelastic model. The initial conditions are obtained at the upper bound of critical cluster size under conditions of elastic deformation. The resulting set of equations are solved using a combination of numerical techniques. A parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of key process variables on bubble growth, nucleation, and final bubble size distribution. It shows that the factors influencing nucleation and growth affect the ultimate bubble sizes and their distribution. The Gibbs number, a dimensionless measure of the barrier to overcome for nucleation, has the strongest impact on the cellular structure of the foam. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 67:1353–1368, 1998
Histone Modifications Associated with Somatic Hypermutation

A number of modified histones, including acetylated H3 and H4 and phosphorylated H2AX (gammaH2AX), are associated with V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination (CSR). In contrast, little is known concerning the chromatin modifications associated with somatic hypermutation (SHM) in vivo. Here, we report that several modifications--including histone acetylation and H3-lysine 4 methylation--fail to demarcate an actively hypermutating immunoglobulin (Ig) locus or to correlate spatially with SHM within Ig loci. Furthermore, no obvious association between SHM and gammaH2AX could be detected. Instead, we find that the phosphorylated form of histone H2B (H2B(Ser14P)) correlates tightly with SHM and CSR. Phosphorylation of H2B within Ig variable and switch regions requires AID and may be mediated by the histone kinase Mst1. These findings indicate that SHM and CSR trigger distinct DNA damage responses and identify a novel histone modification pattern for SHM consisting of H2B(Ser14P) in the absence of gammaH2AX.
Identification of chromosomal location of yeast DNA from hybrid plasmid pYelueu10

THERE is strong evidence to suggest that some genes of baker' yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be expressed in Escherichia coli when cloned on plasmid or phage vectors1,2. This conclusion is based on the observation that hybrid plasmids and bacteriophage carrying specific fragments of yeast nuclear DNA can complement certain auxotrophic mutations in the E. coli genome. Complementation alone, however, is not sufficient to prove that the cloned DNA contains a yeast gene equivalent to the defective bacterial gene. One aspect of the identification of any cloned DNA is the identification of its chromosomal origin. We present here a method for the identification of the chromosomal origin of cloned yeast DNA using hybridisation to DNA from yeast strains aneuploid for a single chromosome. Using this method we have confirmed the chromosomal location of the DNA of a yeast hybrid plasmid (pYeleu1O) presumed to contain sequences coding for the leucine biosynthetic enzyme β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, the leu2 gene of yeast.
Understanding of PS-b-PMMA phase segregation under laser-induced millisecond thermal annealing

Laser thermal annealing of PS-b-PMMA is shown to modify phase segregation within the milliseconds timeframe at temperatures from the glass transition to far above the order-disorder transition temperature. We report the kinetics of phase segregation of cylinder forming PS-b-PMMA (53.8 kg/mol, fPS = 0.7) as probed by micro-beam grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering. Structure evolution was probed as a function of peak temperature, time at temperature, and quench rate, with phase segregation readily occurring on millisecond time scales and at peak quench rates up to 107 K/s. The final film morphology is dependent on both the anneal time and the quench rate to ambient. With heating to sufficiently high temperatures, the thermal history is erased yielding a final state is purely dependent on the quench rate.
The development of a systematic approach to mental health screening in Child Advocacy Centers

Abstract We report on efforts to implement a new protocol of mental health screening for children seen in Child Advocacy Centers (CACs), including the results from the first year of implementation with 1685 families. The parent-reported child screening results (obtained on 46.3% of children) indicate that while many children were not experiencing significant symptoms of internalizing or externalizing problems, a subset of children had very elevated scores. At the one-week and one-month screening, consistent predictors of more severe internalizing problems included age, a parent or step-parent as the offender, and having been removed from the home. For externalizing problems, consistent predictors included Caucasian ethnicity and having been removed from the home. By the one-week follow-up, about half of those interviewed (50.8%) had entered counseling or had an appointment pending. The likelihood of initiating mental health services was increased when the alleged abuse type was sexual, when the child had been removed from the home, and when the child's internalizing and externalizing symptoms were more severe. Surveys of the CAC staff implementing the new process suggest that it helped them understand the needs of the children, though their ability to reach some families was a barrier to implementation.
NUMERICAL MODELING OF COASTAL INUNDATION AND SEDIMENTATION BY STORM SURGE, TIDES, AND WAVES AT NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, USA

A nearshore hydrodynamic and sediment transport model was developed to simulate synthetic storms with design SLR scenarios surrounding the military installations in Norfolk, Virginia. Foreseeable risk and effect of storm surge damage accompanied by waves, tides, and Sea Level Rise (SLR) were examined. The final results include the evaluation of impacts for five SLR (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m) and three storm conditions (50-yr, 100-yr return tropical storms, and a winter storm). Associated with the storm surge and SLR, extensive inundation will occur at the Naval Station Norfolk, approximately 70-80% of the Naval Station Norfolk under the 2-m SLR scenario. The calculated morphology changes indicate that the sediment movement mostly occurs in the navigation channels and the maximum depth changes are more than 3.0 m along the channels. The bed volume changes show that the storms induce a net volume loss within the channel area, an indication of channel flushing in the study area.
Prolonged venous access for chemotherapy by means of the hickman catheter

One hundred and six long-term right atrial (Hickman) catheters have been used to establish permanent venous access in 99 patients undergoing prolonged chemotherapy for leukemia and other malignancies at the University of Maryland/Baltimore Cancer Research Center over the 30-month period from November 1978 to May 1981. A uniform technique for insertion, using cannulation of the external or internal jugular vein and atraumatic dissection of the subcutaneous tunnel, has resulted in no episodes of hemorrhage or tunnel infection in the last 55 placements in these high-risk granulocytopenic, thrombocytopenic patients. Twelve catheters have now been in place for over one year, and two catheters have been in place for over two years without apparent ill effects. A low catheter related infection rate is attributed to meticulous adherence to catheter care guidelines, supervised by a single trained and interested nurse. Cancer 52:185-192, 1983.
Heat and thyroxine sensitive isozymes of rat liver N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase☆

Abstract 1. 1. l -Thyroxine (200 μg/100g b.w./day for 4 days) evokes an increase in N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (HEX) activity in adult rat liver. 2. 2. This increase occurs solely in the “A-like” (heat-labile) components of HEX. 3. 3. The activity of the “B-like” (heat-stable) component is unaffected by thyroxine.
Counterconditioning and exposure-only in the treatment of specific (conditioned suppression) and generalized fear in rats ☆

Abstract In Experiment 1 the conditioned suppression technique was used to condition specific fear, suppression of operent lever pressing for food to a discrete CS. The efficacy of four treatment conditions on fear reduction was evaluated. Counterconditioning in which exposure to the CS was contiguously paired with food was significantly less effective than noncontiguous CS exposure and food. An exposure-only effect was indicated by the superiority of all three treatments involving CS exposure (the above two plus a typical conditioned suppression extinction procedure) to treatment consisting of food only. The reverse counterconditioning effect and the exposure effect are consistent with current views that emphasize the centrality of aversive stimulus exposure in fear reduction. Experiment 2 investigated elimination of generalized fear produced by unsignalled, inescapable shocks in the lever-pressing apparatus. Two treatments (counterconditioning and exposure-only) were equally effective and they were superior to no exposure control treatment. The results of the two experiments reinforce recent attempts toward a reevaluation of the role of anxiety-competing responses in elimination of fear.
Geostrophic Departures in the Jet Stream

The effect of gradients in the cross-current eddy motions on the geostrophic balance is illustrated by means of an integrated model. It is suggested that gradients of the Reynolds stress associated with such eddy motions in the atmosphere and in the oceans may lead to sensible average geostrophic departures which appear as a normal inertial effect in eddying currents. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1950.tb00334.x
Non-linear numerical study of the single-fiber fragmentation test. Part I: Test mechanics

Abstract A non-linear finite element method is used to investigate the mechanics of the test procedure of single-fiber fragmentation test of AS4/Epon 828 composite containing an interphase. Stress transfer between the fiber and matrix for fragments created at different matrix strain state is evaluated. The ineffective fiber length was found to vary with the matrix strain state. It is found that the stress transfer and local stress fields remain unchanged for constant, linear and power-law interphase property gradients as long as the average interphase properties are the same. Causes and effects of debonding and debond propagation are examined through the evaluation of the stress fields near the fiber breaks. The effect of thermal residual stresses is examined. Stress transfer for fragments of shorter length than the critical length is studied. Physical meaning of the critical length is discussed.
Beyond Contested Exchange: The Importance of Consumption and Communication in Market Exchange

Current research on efficiency wages and transaction costs utilizes models of economic behavior that require a theory of market institutions. Yet the institutional structure of market exchange appears at odds with the neoclassical theory of markets under perfect competition. Both Samuel Bowles/Herbert Gintis and David Levine recognize this as a problem for traditional economic theory. Bowles and Gintis suggest that market power is a prerequisite for the effective utilization of resources within the capitalist enterprise. Levine identifies market exchange with the need for individuals to define for themselves a distinct way of life in order to secure the recognition of others and preserve the integrity of the self. The middle ground between a theory of market power and individual personality formation lies in the inherent social relations governing market exchange. By exploring this middle ground, market exchange can be presented as a set of communicative practices through which individual needs are shaped...
Long-term results of treatment for prostate carcinoma by staging pelvic lymph node dissection and definitive irradiation using low-dose rate temporary iridium-192 interstitial implant and external beam radiotherapy

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate long-term treatment outcome of definitive irradiation by using temporary interstitial implant and limited dose of external beam radiotherapy in treatment of localized prostate carcinoma. METHODS In total, 536 patients with biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the prostate, classification T1–T3, underwent staging pelvic lymph node dissection and brachytherapy delivering an average tumor dose of 30 grays (Gy), supplemented by external beam radiation therapy for an additional dose of 36 Gy delivered over 4 weeks. One hundred of 536 (18%) patients had pathologic D1 disease. A total of 181 patients had undergone transurethral prostatectomy before the treatment. Repeat prostate biopsy was performed on 132 patients 18 or more months after treatment. None of the patients received neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormone therapy. RESULTS Cumulative disease free survival (DFS) including biochemical DFS at 10 and 15 years for classification T1B,C was 78% and 72%; for T2A, 78% and 78%; for T2B,C, 68% and 66%; and for T3A–C, 45% and 45%, respectively. Cause specific survival for the entire group at 10 and 15 years was 89% and 87%, respectively. Severe complications occurred only in the early developmental phase of the study. CONCLUSIONS In univariate analysis, the clinical stage, histologic grade, pretreatment PSA level, lymph node status, and results of repeat posttreatment biopsy were all independently significant prognostic factors. However, the authors' study indicates that in multivariate analysis, only two factors emerged with statistical significance—the status of pelvic lymph nodes and the results of posttreatment biopsy. This signifies the importance of local tumor control to achieve ultimate cure and the importance of assessment of pelvic lymph nodes before definitive local therapy other than radical prostatectomy, especially in the high-risk group. Cancer 2001;92:2084–94. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
A Spherical Drift Chamber Area Detector for X-Ray Crystallography

A multiwire proportional chamber system has been built as an area detector for use in x-ray crystallography with Cu K? radiation (1.54A). The chamber, constructed by Charpak and collaborators at CERN, consists of a 10cm thick spherical interaction region with a radial electric field, a transition from spherical to plane geometry and a 50cm × 50cm multiwire proportional chamber and subtends a 90° opening angle. Two dimensional position information is obtained from orthogonal cathode planes using a high speed analog centroid finding technique. Data on spatial and energy resolution as a function of angle and depth of interaction in the spherical drift region using a collimated, pulsed, x-ray source are presented. Ionization loss as a function of drift distance and field and loss due to field shaping grids has also been measured.
Book review: The wonderful world of stochastics: A tribute to Elliott W. Montroll

This wonderful book is a superb tribute to a great scientist and human being, Elliott W. Montroll. The volume consists of an introduction outlining Montroll's life and scientific contributions written by two of his former students, Shlesinger and Weiss; a list of Montroll's publications; a collection of contributions to the Elliott W. Montroll Memorial Symposium on Mathematical Physics held on May 3-4, 1984 at the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.; and reprints of some of Montroll's most important, characteristic, and seminal papers. All of the contributors to the symposium were students, collaborators and/or friends of Montroll. The papers are either directly stimulated by Montroll's work or by his spirit. Those in the first category are on these topics: dielectric relaxation by Bendler and Shlesinger, statistical problems in quantum electronics by Hioe, diffusion in solids by Meijer, Mayer-Montroll equations by Stell, illumination in a random medium by van Kampen, random walks in crystallography by Weiss and Kiefer, and the quantum Langevin equation by West and Lindenberg. In the latter category are the papers by Domb on the fascination of old texts, by Potts on Mathieu difference equations, and by Bricmont, Lebowitz, and Pfister on inequalities for anisotropic rotators. The papers are nicely written and scientifically interesting, as befits work dedicated to Montroll. The most valuable part of this volume consists of Montroll's own papers and the insights one obtains from the introduction and contributions to Montroll's personality and scientific mode of thought. This volume is a fitting tribute to Elliott, a work of love and respect for a great man. It would be a welcome addition to the bookshelves of