cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Confinement Effects on Chain Entanglement in Free-Standing Polystyrene Ultrathin Films

A study of the confinement effects on chain entanglements in free-standing ultrathin (<100 nm) polymer films is presented. Chain entanglements are probed by deter- mining the lifetime and breakup time scale of a branched network of suspended fibers formed from the annealing of these films. Films of polystyrene (between 50 and 100 nm) cast via flow coating are suspended atop lithographically patterned arrays of pillars. The films are then annealed above the glass transition temperature, where holes are randomly formed. The holes expand exponentially due to capillary forces and impinge upon each other to form a suspended, branched network of fibers. The thinning of fibers as well as the lifetime and breakup of this fibernetworkisobservedviaopticalmicroscopy.Amodelfortheviscoelastic-capillarythinningof fiberscanbeappliedtodetermine a time scale for the breakup of individual samples. The decay of this time scale, below a critical parent film thickness, shows a transition between interchain and self-entanglements when crossing into a confined regime, illustrating a significantly decreased interchain entanglement density and breakdown in the entangled network of the polymer melt. This analysis ofconfinement effects on chain entanglement extends the understanding of ongoing studies into suspended fiber formation from the melting of free- standing polymer thin films. A better knowledge of chain entanglements in confined systems will make future fabrication of nanoscale suspended fibers, new architectures, and subsequent devices more controlled and accessible.
Fascism and Italian-Americans in Detroit, 1933–1935:

Relations between the United States and Italy during the Fascist period have been the subject of a growing number of scholarly studies in recent years. For the most part, these works have focused on three general areas: the diplomatic and economic relations of the two countries, the attitudes and reactions of Americans toward Fascism and Mussolini, and the anti-Fascist opposition in the United States.1 But from the point of view of immigrant history, little research has been devoted to the impact of Fascism on individual Italian-American communities. This subject is, however, an important area of investigation, not only for what it can reveal about the specific question of Fascism and anti-Fascism among Italian immigrants, but also because it sheds considerable light on the broader process and the internal dynamics of socio-political integration among ethnic groups in general. The present essay is intended, therefore, as a preliminary case study designed to point out the potential possibili? ties, problems, and implications involved in such research. Throughout most of the 1920s relations between Italy and the Ameri? can government were friendly and Mussolini enjoyed a great deal of popularity in the United States among Americans in general as well as in
Evaluating effects of water rights diversions in coastal California streams over spatial and temporal scales

While much of the western United States may be considered arid, some regions receive more water annually than most agricultural zones in the rest of the US. The problem inherent to agriculture in a region such as California’s north -central coast is that the timing of water availability is opposite that of need: roughly 45 inches of rain falls in the Russian River watershed, but all between November and March. Vintners (representing the most common form of agriculture in the region) therefore must meet water needs by obtaining it from supplies available during summer growing months, principally groundwater, surface streams, and artificial impoundments. Diversion of flow from small streams may conflict with flow needed by federally protected salmonids for spawning and rearing habitat. Historical stream flow data and water rights records highlight the disparity between stream flow and water needs: streams varying in size may dry at different points after the rainy season, but the demand for water from these streams continues throughout the summer. The difference between water demanded from small streams and the amount of water they can provide may be the primary hurdle to restoring coastal river fisheries.
Nondestructive in Situ Characterization of Molecular Structures at the Surface and Buried Interface of Silicon-Supported Low-k Dielectric Films

As low-k dielectric/copper interconnects continue to scale down in size, the interfaces of low-k dielectric materials will increasingly determine the structure and properties of the materials. We report an in situ nondestructive characterization method to characterize the molecular structure at the surface and buried interface of silicon-supported low-k dielectric thin films using interface sensitive infrared-visible sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG). Film thickness-dependent reflected SFG signals were observed, which were explained by multiple reflections of the input and SFG beams within the low-k film. The effect of multiple reflections on the SFG signal was determined by incorporating thin-film interference into the local field factors at the low-k/air and Si/low-k interfaces. Simulated thickness-dependent SFG spectra were then used to deduce the relative contributions of the low-k/air and low-k/Si interfaces to the detected SFG signal. The nonlinear susceptibilities at each inte...
Comparison of vacuum membrane distillation of three electrolyte solutions

Vacuum membrane distillation experiments of aqueous NaCl,KCl and MgCl2 solutions are carried out in the study.The effects of inlet concentration of solution,inlet temperature,circulation velocity and vacuum level on vapor fluxes are investigated.The results show that the differences of water activity and viscosity of the three electrolyte solution are the key factors that cause distinction of membrane flux.With the rising of the solutions concentration,the membrane flux subsequently reduced.The membrane flux of three electrolyte solution is almost same at low concentration.The membrane flux of aqueous MgCl2 solution gets lower when the concentration exceeds 3.0 mol/L.Circulation velocity significantly affects the temperature difference of inlet and outlet temperature of feed stream,which finally influences evaporation efficiency of membrane module.Inlet temperature of feed stream and vacuum level on permeate side play the most important roles in effect on membrane fluxes.
A reconditioning program to lower the recurrence rate of brachial plexus neurapraxia in collegiate football players.

Abstract Objective: To present clinical techniques for managing class I brachial plexus neurapraxia (BPN) in collegiate football players. Background: During a football career, up to 50% of college football players develop BPN. It is difficult to return the player to practice and competition without many recurrences during the same season. Postseason reconditioning programs may improve the outcome by allowing the injured nerves a chance to heal adequately. Flexibility and strength of the neck and shoulder girdle are the focus of this proposed postseason BPN reconditioning program. This clinical technique is designed to reduce or eliminate inflammation, weakness, and hypomobility that contribute to reinjury of the brachial plexus and the resulting class I BPN. Description: After the football season, the team physician performs a mandatory follow-up examination. Any pathology that may be exacerbated is ruled out before beginning this program. Conservative management is prescribed during the first 4 weeks postseason. Then an 8-week period of aggressive reconditioning is initiated. Players begin manual resistance and Nautilus neck machine exercises 3 times per week. A cervical spine mobilization and modified shoulder resistance program is performed 2 days per week. Subsequently, players proceed with modification of the general neck and shoulder program used by the rest of the squad. Shoulder pad and neck orthoses selection should be reviewed to ensure that the best protection against reinjury is used when the athlete returns to play. To minimize any chance of recurrence, a progressive pattern of gradually increasing collision work is employed after the athlete is cleared by the physician. Clinical Advantages: Postseason observation of players after 1 year should reveal decreased recurrence of brachial plexus injury. The reconditioning program format, together with protective equipment considerations, may have a significant effect in reducing or eliminating the recurrence of BPN in football players.
Quantum impurity in a Luttinger liquid: Exact solution of the Kane-Fisher model

A Luttinger liquid coupled to a quantum impurity describes a large number of physical systems. The Hamiltonian consists of left- and right-moving fermions interacting among themselves via a density-density coupling and scattering off a localized transmitting and reflecting impurity. We solve exactly the Hamiltonian by means of an incoming-outgoing scattering Bethe basis which properly incorporates all scattering processes. A related model, the weak-tunneling model, wherein the impurity is replaced by a tunnel junction, is solved by the same method. The consistency of the construction is established through a generalized Yang-Baxter relation. Periodic boundary conditions are imposed and the resulting Bethe ansatz equations are derived by means of the off-diagonal Bethe ansatz approach. We derive the spectrum of the model for all coupling constant regimes and calculate the impurity free energy. We discuss the low energy behavior of the systems for both repulsive and attractive interactions.
Highly efficient photorefractive polymers: their physics, performance, and applications

Photorefraetivity in polymeric materials has been a rapidly growing field of research.1-3 The efficiency of photorefractive polymers (PRP) has been improved by five orders of magnitude in a short period of time. Fully reversible, refractive index modulation amplitudes higher than An = 7×10−3 and two-beam coupling net gain coefficients higher than Γ = 200 cm−1 have been achieved recently2 in a PVK (poly[N-vinylcarbazole])-based polymers doped with the nonlinear optical chromophore DMNPAA4 and the photoconducting plasticizer ECZ (N-ethylcarbazole).
Revani: Revising and Verifying Normative Specifications for Privacy

Privacy remains a major challenge today, partly because it brings together social and technical considerations. Yet, current software engineering focuses only on the technical aspects. In contrast, the authors' approach, Revani, understands privacy from the standpoint of sociotechnical systems (STSs), with particular attention on the social elements of STSs. They specify STSs via a combination of technical mechanisms and social norms founded on accountability. Revani provides a way to formally represent mechanisms and norms and applies model checking to verify whether specified mechanisms and norms would satisfy stakeholder requirements. Additionally, Revani provides a set of design patterns and a revision tool to update an STS specification as necessary. The authors demonstrate the work of Revani on a healthcare emergency use case pertaining to patient privacy during disasters.
Food safety hazards associated with ready-to-bake cookie dough and its ingredients

Cookie dough is recognized as a potential vehicle of Salmonella due to common use of raw eggs as an ingredient. As seen in the E. coli O157:H7 outbreak in 2009, which was associated with commercial pre-packaged cookie dough, this product also can serve as a novel vehicle for transmission of pathogens. Additionally, many ingredients of cookie dough including flour, eggs, chocolate and peanut butter have also been associated with foodborne illness outbreaks, and therefore the potential of cookie dough carrying microbiological hazards is relatively high. Government agencies and food manufacturers warn against the consumption of cookie dough due to the potential hazards associated with it, but it was reported that young adults in the United States frequently consume cookie dough. In this review, an updated overview of food safety risks associated with each ingredient of cookie dough with main focus on microbiological hazards is provided. Additionally, intrinsic characteristics of cookie dough and their effect on food safety are also addressed in this review.
Comparison of different methods in the establishment of necrotizing enterocolitis models in premature rats

Objective To establish and evaluate three different necrotizing enterocolitis models,established by combination of formula feeding, hypoxia and cold exposure, hypoxia-reoxygenation, and intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in premature rats. Methods Group A was given formula feeding, hypoxia by exposing to 100% N2 for 90 s and 4 ℃ cold stress for 10 minutes, the hypoxia and cold stress were given twice a day for 2 d. Group B was put into 100% N2 for 5 min and then 100% O2for 5 min, twice a day for 3 d. Group C was injected intraperitoneally 5 mg/kg LPS. Group D, E and F were served as the corresponding controls for group A, B and C. Ileocecal junction, liver, kidney and lung tissues were harvested and evaluated by HE staining for histological analysis, histological changes of ileal tissues were scored, and rats with score higher than two were diagnosed with NEC. Results Premature rats in group A, B and C showed various degrees of decreasing activity, abdominal distention, diarrhea,intestinal dilatation and congestion. Histological score in group A to F were 3. 13 ± 0. 64, 1.40 ±0. 52,2. 00±0. 42,0. 30±0. 48, 0. 30±0. 48 and 0. 40±0. 52, respectively. There were significant differences between model groups and their corresponding control groups (P＜0. 01 ). Among the model groups, the histological score of group A was higher than group B (P＜0.01) and group C (P＜0.05). The incidences of NEC in group A, B and C were 6/8, 20% (5/10) and 4/8, respectively, while of zero in all control groups. Liver, kidney and lung injures were more serious in group C compared with the other groups.Conclusions Compared with the single-factor modeling approaches of intraperitoneal injection of LPS and hypoxiareoxygenation, the NEC animal model in preterm rats established by formula feeding, repeated hypoxia and cold exposure, is more similar to the etiological factors of neonatal NEC in human, with higher incidence, better reproducibility and specificity. Key words: Infant,premature; Enterocolitis,necrotizing; Disease models,animal; Evaluation studies
Tax Efficiency of Minority Investment Portfolios

In this study we use the 2010-2013 Survey of Consumer Finances to analyze the allocation and location of financial assets in categorizing the tax-efficiency of investment portfolios by race/ethnicity. We find that Blacks and Hispanics tend to be more tax-efficient since they invest largely through tax-deferred accounts. We also find that minority households that own taxable accounts have less than 10% the average dollar amount in those accounts than held by White households. This information is important for educators, counselors and planners since minority households may have less liquid and more conservative portfolios affecting their overall financial well-being.
Total Joint Arthroplasty in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: Survivorship, Outcomes, and Reasons for Failure.

Abstract Background Gait instability and muscle rigidity are known characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD), putting PD patients at risk for complications following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The outcomes of Parkinson's patients undergoing TJA are largely unknown. This study evaluated the outcomes of TJA in this population. Methods A single institution retrospective cohort of 123 TJAs (52 hips, 71 knees) from 2000 to 2016 was reviewed. An electronic chart query was performed using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision codes to identify this population. A manual chart review was performed to confirm the diagnosis of PD, survivorship, and reason for failure. A control cohort was matched 2:1 based on age, body mass index, joint, and comorbidities. Outcomes were assessed using revision for any reason as the primary endpoint. Functional outcomes were assessed using Short-Form 12 scores. Results At an average follow-up of 5.3 years, 23.6% of patients required revision surgery. The most common reasons for revision for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were periprosthetic infection and for total hip arthroplasty (THA) were periprosthetic fracture and dislocation. Overall survivorship of TJA at years 2, 5, and 10 respectively were 94.9%, 87.9%, and 72.3%. The survivorship of TKA was 95.2%, 89.8%, and 66.2%. THA implant survivorship was 94.3%, 85.3%, and 78.7%. Functional score improvement was less in PD cohort than the control. Conclusion Patients with PD are at increased risk for complications, particularly periprosthetic infection following TKA and periprosthetic fracture and dislocation following THA. Despite this increased risk of complications, patients with PD can demonstrate improved functional outcomes but not as high as patients without PD. Patients with PD should be counseled appropriately prior to undergoing TJA.
Citizens, budgets and performance measures: a case study of west hartford, connecticut

This article reports on a design for citizen identified performance measures for budgeting that seeks to overcome problems of validity and representativeness that typically exist in citizen involvement processes. This design selected participants using random sampling so that each resident had the same chance of being invited to be in one of the focus groups that worked to develop outcome measures for a set of town services. In order to assure that the resulting measures were helpful to residents at large, an additional phase of the process involved a large sample survey of town residents to validate the results. The results were a set of performance measures that were developed by a small group of citizens that the population at large found useful to them when thinking about local services.
Comparison of Long-Term Fertility Outcomes after Myomectomy: Relationship with Number of Myomas Removed.

Abstract Study Objective To determine if the number of myomas removed during myomectomy for symptomatic relief affects long-term fertility outcomes in reproductive-aged women. Design Retrospective cohort survey study (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting University hospital. Patients One hundred forty-four patients who underwent myomectomy for symptomatic myomas and attempted to conceive afterward. Intervention Questionnaire mailed to reproductive-aged women who received robotic, laparoscopic, or abdominal myomectomy. Measurements and Main Results Patients with >6 myomas removed were less likely to achieve pregnancy after myomectomy than patients with ≤6 myomas removed (22.9% vs 70.8%, respectively; p 6 myomas removed (vs 17.6% of those with ≤6 myomas removed) relied on fertility treatment (clomiphene citrate, letrozole, intrauterine insemination, or in vitro fertilization). Of those with >6 myomas removed who became pregnant, 45.5% had a term birth, 45.5% miscarried, and 9.1% had an ectopic pregnancy. Of those with ≤6 myomas removed who became pregnant, 61.8% had a term birth, 23.5% had a preterm birth, and 13.2% miscarried. Conclusion The number of myomas removed during myomectomy significantly affects fertility. Women with >6 myomas removed were less likely to become pregnant, more likely to require fertility treatment, and less likely to have a term birth when compared with women with ≤6 myomas removed.
Hemocytes and Phagocytosis in the American Lobster, Homarus Americanus

Phagocytosis in vertebrates is the initial step in the development of specific immunity against foreign materials. The initial adherence of a foreign particle to the surface of phagocytes is usually mediated by opsonins which, in the vertebrates, are immunoglobulins. The particle is then taken into the phagocyte where it is usually digested following fusion of the phagosome and lysosomes. In the invertebrates, a similar series of events takes place. Since invertebrates lack the specific immunoglobulins which characterize vertebrate immunity, phagocytosis is much more significant to their total immunological defense.
Adaptive introgression and maintenance of a trispecies hybrid complex in range-edge populations of Populus.

In hybrid zones occurring in marginal environments, adaptive introgression from one species into the genomic background of another may constitute a mechanism facilitating adaptation at range limits. Although recent studies have improved our understanding of adaptive introgression in widely distributed tree species, little is known about the dynamics of this process in populations at the margins of species ranges. We investigated the extent of introgression between three species of the genus Populus sect. Tacamahaca (P. balsamifera, P. angustifolia and P. trichocarpa) at the margins of their distributions in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and Canada. Using genotyping by sequencing (GBS), we analysed ~ 83,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 296 individuals from 29 allopatric and sympatric populations of the three species. We found a trispecies hybrid complex present throughout the zone of range overlap, including early as well as advanced generation backcross hybrids, indicating recurrent gene flow in this hybrid complex. Using genomic cline analysis, we found evidence of non-neutral patterns of introgression at 23% of loci in hybrids, of which 47% and 8% represented excess ancestry from P. angustifolia and P. balsamifera, respectively. Gene ontology analysis suggested these genomic regions were enriched for genes associated with photoperiodic regulation, metal ion transport, maintenance of redox homeostasis and cell wall metabolites involved in regulation of seasonal dormancy. Our study demonstrates the role of adaptive introgression in a multispecies hybrid complex in range-edge populations and has implications for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of adaptation in hybrid zones, especially at the margins of species distributions.
Assessing Cloud Network Performance

Performance and scalability of cloud applications are heavily dependent on those same characteristics in the underlying network. Several factors complicate cloud network evaluation. Most notable are 1) large scale, 2) a practically infinite set of application workloads, 3) a large set of potential metrics, 4) a large variety of available configurations within and across clouds and 5) a lack of visibility into the underlying network. There is a tremendous need for a cloud network evaluation methodology that overcomes these challenges, that is practical to apply and provides predictive results. We describe our work to develop such a methodology for cloud network evaluation and a tool (Euclid) that automates its application. Euclid leverages a set of widely used traffic generators to evaluate throughput and latency across a cloud network between endpoint pairs. Evaluation of these micro benchmarks between and among different sets of endpoints is coordinated to reflect several well-known application traffic patterns. Large sets of results are distilled into a tractable set of metrics and associated graphs that facilitate consumption of the results by cloud operators and users. We report results from applying Euclid to seventeen cloud configurations that span three public and one private cloud. The results demonstrate the practicality of our approach and highlight some interesting differences across clouds.
Prognostic importance of p16 status for women with vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with radiotherapy.

5599Background: To evaluate the association between p16 status and in-field recurrence (IFR), progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival in patients with vulvar SCC treated with radiation (RT...
Photosynthesis: The Game Changer

The exhaustion of the prebiotically produced food supply by the earliest organisms not only led to competition between and selection for the more efficient forms, but gave impetus to development of biochemical pathways that could use simple inorganic energy sources such as molecular hydrogen, or direct support of biochemical synthesis using sunlight. Pigments originally useful in protecting simple cells from the destructive effects of solar radiation turned into traps and converters of solar energy to drive useful biochemical reactions. This direct access to energy resources freed these cells from dependence on external food sources that were becoming short in supply. Initially these photosynthetic process used reduced compounds including molecular hydrogen, ferrous iron, hydrogen sulfide and even some simple organic compounds to serve as sources of hydrogen (and reducing capacity) to convert carbon dioxide into energetic compounds (e.g. sugars) to be used as food by the cell. At some point a pigment system arose that could use water as the hydrogen source, with free oxygen as the waste product. This led directly to a major change not only to life, but to conditions on Earth’s surface. These changes are recorded in the complexity of the phylogenetic trees showing how various organisms are related to one another.
Modulation of Expression of miRNAs for Therapeutic Effects in Human Malignant Neuroblastoma

Abstract The small non-coding RNAs are called microRNAs or miRNAs that play key roles in mRNA silencing as well as in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells. The finding of miRNAs as negative regulators of gene expression at post-transcriptional level have added a new layer to the fine regulation of cell signaling mechanisms in human health and disease. Many miRNAs are known to play key roles in tumor biology. The actions of miRNAs may produce oncogenic or tumor suppressive effects. A specific miRNA may act as an oncogenic miRNA or a tumor suppressor miRNA depending on the tumor. The pathogenesis of human malignant neuroblastoma, which is a deadly childhood tumor, is now known to be associated with upregulation of oncogenic miRNAs and down regulation of tumor suppressor miRNAs. Upregulation of oncogenic miRNAs drives the growth of human malignant neuroblastoma by avoiding cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptotic death. On the other hand, the down regulation of tumor suppressor miRNAs promotes cell proliferation, hypoxia, autophagy, multidrug resistance, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis in human malignant neuroblastoma. So, inhibition of expression of specific oncogenic miRNAs and promotion of expression of tumor suppressor miRNAs may provide novel therapeutic opportunities to induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma cells in vitro as well as in vivo. The success of modulation of expression of miRNAs in preclinical models of human malignant neuroblastoma may eventually be translated to the clinics for successful treatment of neuroblastoma patients in the future.
La posición de la especie africana Wissadula rostrata en el género predominantemente neotropical Wissadula

The African species Wissadula rostrata (Schumach. & Thonn.) Pl. ex Hook. has sometimes been recognized in specific rank and sometimes in varietal rank within either W. amplissima (L.) R.E. Fr. or W. hernandioides (L’Her.) Garcke, both from the Americas. It is here noted that W. rostrata has greater affinity with the South American W. parviflora (A.St.-Hil.) R.E.Fr., and it is concluded that it merits recognition in specific rank.
A psychometric evaluation of the Family Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale among surrogate decision-makers of the critically ill.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to report the psychometric properties, in terms of validity and reliability, of the Unconscious Version of the Family Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale (FDMSE). Methods A convenience sample of 215 surrogate decision-makers for critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation was recruited from four intensive care units at a tertiary hospital. Cross-sectional data were collected from participants between days 3 and 7 of a decisionally impaired patient's exposure to acute mechanical ventilation. Participants completed a self-report demographic form and subjective measures of family decision-making self-efficacy, preparation for decision-making, and decisional fatigue. Exploratory factor analyses, correlation coefficients, and internal consistency reliability estimates were computed to evaluate the FDMSE's validity and reliability in surrogate decision-makers of critically ill patients. Results The exploratory factor analyses revealed a two-factor, 11-item version of the FDMSE was the most parsimonious in this sample. Furthermore, modified 11-item FDMSE demonstrated discriminant validity with the measures of fatigue and preparation for decision-making and demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability estimates. Significance of results This is the first known study to provide evidence for a two-factor structure for a modified, 11-item FDMSE. These dimensions represent treatment and palliation-related domains of family decision-making self-efficacy. The modified FDMSE is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used to measure family decision-making self-efficacy among surrogate decision-makers of the critically ill.
Small Body Size Is Associated with Increased Aggression in the Solitary Sweat Bee Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera, Halictidae)

Modifying ancestral regulatory mechanisms can be a source of evolutionary novelty. Bees in small-colony, dominance-based societies typically show a link between size and aggression: larger bees are more aggressive. This led to the hypothesis that this size-aggression link is a characteristic of ancestral solitary bees that has acquired a novel function in the evolutionary transition from solitary to social behavior. Here we test the central prediction of this hypothesis, that size is linked to aggression in an ancestrally solitary bee. We use the sweat bee Nomia melanderi (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) in the subfamily Nomiinae, which is sister to the social sweat bees, all of which are in the subfamily Halictinae. We measured aggression using a standardized behavioral assay (circle tube) in which two bees were placed together and allowed to interact. We used three treatments: size matched small bees, size matched large bees, and one large bee paired with one small bee. We found no link between ovary size and aggression, but because we used only reproductively active bees we may not have had sufficient variation to detect such a link. Across treatments, body size negatively correlated with aggression. There were no differences between large and small bees in the matched treatments, but in the mixed treatment, small bees were more aggressive than large bees. This supported our prediction of a size-aggression link, although the link was in the opposite direction seen in social bees. Moreover, our data show that even solitary bees can modulate their aggression in response to social context and highlight the importance of studying related solitary species to understand the evolutionary origins of sociality.
Linking the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene, animal models, and Parkinson's disease

Abstract Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic causes for both familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). How mutant LRRK2 causes dopaminergic neuronal loss is still unclear. Tremendous efforts have been put into developing both in vitro and in vivo model systems to decipher the mechanisms underlying LRRK2-induced dopamine neurodegeneration. Among all model systems, animal models have been aimed at reproducing human disease pathology and have provided crucial insights into the pathogenesis of LRRK2-associated PD. In this chapter, we focus on genetic animal models of LRRK2 including invertebrate and vertebrate models.
Interactive Case-Based Childhood Adversity and Trauma-Informed Care Electronic Modules for Pediatric Primary Care.

Introduction Training health professionals for the skills and capacity to respond adequately to children and adults who have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences is recognized as an essent...
Ethics as Obligation: Reconciling Diverging Research Practices With Marginalized Communities:

This article argues that research design is impacted by ideological frameworks, and when conducting community-based participatory research (CBPR), can create challenges and conflicts throughout the...
Clinical Telemedicine Practice: From Ad Hoc Medicine to Modus Operandi

Several countries and states and regions around the world have adopted clinical telemedicine, although it has been considered to stagnate in a larger-scale expansion of development. Successful telemedicine programs have been implemented and provide excellent examples for others; however, the adoption of technology, programs, and systems has not happened as readily as expected, until the new pandemic caused by coronavirus, COVID-19, this year. Prosperous programs have large-scale applications, dedicated leadership, and are fully immersed in clinical programs. These programs typically have champions who facilitate program funding with government and private sector connections, or who have successful granting. Despite the current growth and newer enthusiastic acceptance of telemedicine during COVID-19, when one considers the potential of telemedicine, this is all still on a smaller scale, and there is much room for improvement. We need to transform the application of clinical telemedicine from crisis mode or from ad hoc medicine to sustainable modus operandi.
Agency-level Perceptions of Monetary Sanctions: Current Landscape and Impediments to Reform:

Due to increasing recognition of the collateral consequences associated with monetary sanctions, fees have begun to occupy a prominent place in critical debates. This is especially true for communi...
Sensitivity minimization, biological homeostasis and information theory

All organisms must be able to adapt to changes in the environment. To this end, they have developed sophisticated regulatory mechanisms to ensure homeostasis. Control engineers, who must design similar regulatory systems, have developed a number of general principles that govern feedback regulation. These lead to constraints which impose trade-offs that arise when developing controllers to minimize the effect of external disturbances on systems. Here, we review some of these trade-offs, particularly Bode’s integral formula. We also highlight its connection to information theory, by showing that the constraints in sensitivity minimization can be cast as limitations on the information transmission through a system, and these have their root in causality. Finally, we look at how these constraints arise in two biological systems: glycolytic oscillations and the energy cost of perfect adaptation in a bacterial chemotactic pathway.
Simulation to Prepare for the Surge: Workload Management When There Are Too Many Patients

Healthcare providers are often trained and evaluated in an encounter of a single patient. Healthcare education does not adequately instruct or assess trainees in the management of increasing cognitive complexity and system influences of real-life clinical environments during multi-patient care. It is imperative that we begin to understand the best methodologies to improve knowledge, skills, teamwork, and communication during the care of multiple patients. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a practical guide for simulation educators and researchers who wish to design simulation resources to improve individual, team, or system skills during clinical surges.
Right Atrial Function Changes in Tetralogy of Fallot

Background: There is limited information on right atrial (RA) function in the congenital heart defects. RA volume and function may give insight into the right ventricle (RV) diastolic function. We sought to assess RA function in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) patients prior to and after complete surgical repair. Methods: Infants with TOF prior to complete repair were included for retrospective chart review and offline analysis of 2-dimensional echocardiograms (echo) before …
Mechanism of boric acid cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines

3384 Breast Cancer is the most common form of cancer in women. While there are several treatment regimens available, current efforts are being made toward early detection and chemo-prevention. Boric acid, an essential plant element, has recently been implicated as a chemo-preventive agent in prostate cancer. However, the mechanism of action is not yet fully known. Our interest is to determine if Boric acid displays this same preventative role in breast cancer and by what mechanism it acts. Integrins are heterodimeric, glycoprotein, transmembrane molecules responsible for cell adhesion, survival, motility, growth and interaction. We hypothesize that Boric acid molecules interact with integrins through cis-diol bonds and mediate a response in breast cancer cells. To test this hypothesis we use Phenylboronic acid (PBA), a bulkier analog of Boric acid, on both breast ductal carcinoma, ZR-75-1, and breast andenocarcinoma, MCF-7. We studied cell growth, cell adherance and cytotoxicity using PBA. Proliferation assays using 1mM PBA display a 68% inhibition of growth beginning on day 3 in ZR-75-1 cells and 70% inhibition of growth on day 5 in MCF-7. Adhesion assays with 1mM PBA resulted in a decrease in adherence of treated cells (ZR-75-1 and MCF-7) even in the presence of MnCl2 (ZR-75-1), which increases cell adherence. Cytotoxicity assays show a dose response in cell death with increasing concentrations of PBA (0.20 mM - 5.0 mM). In all these preliminary experiments, we also observed ZR-75-1 cells to be more sensitive to PBA treatment than MCF-7. We will investigate the role of integrins in Boric acid response through observing cell survival, identifying specific integrins involved with PBA through western blots and identifying up-regulated proteins following treatment with PBA using protein microarray analysis.
Reviewer Essay: Identifying High Quality SoTL Research: A Perspective from a Reviewer

Excerpt: I am pleased to respond to Alan Altany’s invitation to write this short piece on what I look for when reviewing research articles for the International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, or for SOTL publications more generally. I do not claim that the three points below are comprehensive or allencompassing, but rather offer them as a guide to some more relevant considerations I entertain as a reviewer.
PATERNAL AGE AND EFFECTS ON CHROMOSOMAL AND SPECIFIC LOCUS MUTATIONS AND ON OTHER GENETIC OUTCOMES IN OFFSPRING

Investigation of effects of parental aging upon genetic effects in offspring is of significance for several reasons: (1) accurate description of these effects will provide appropriate data for genetic counseling and enable informed decisions regarding reproduction; (2) the identification of high-risk groups by age will facilitate efficient delivery of specific secondary “preventive” techniques, (e. g. amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis) to appropriate target groups in the population — at least to those to whom such techniques are ethically acceptable; (3) identification of the biological processes responsible for the association of aging with adverse genetic outcomes may eventually lead to primary prevention and new methods of secondary prevention.
Pose control in dynamic conditions

Pose control for physically simulated characters has typically been based on proportional-derivative (PD) controllers. In this paper, we introduce a novel, analytical solution to the 2nd-order ordinary differential equation governing PD control. The analytic solution is tailored to the needs of pose control for animation, and provides significant improvement in the precision of control, particularly for simulated characters in dynamic conditions.
Alternative perfusion technique without axillary artery cannulation during combined aortic root and total arch replacement.

This report describes an effective cerebral perfusion method using an additional 4th side limb graft sewn to a trifurcated graft in patients undergoing redo aortic root reconstruction combined with total aortic arch replacement. This method is useful in cases where the origin of the innominate artery is unsuitable for clamping or when axillary perfusion is not employed, and assures continuous brain protection and minimizes circulatory arrest time. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12114 (J Card Surg 2013;28:427–429)
Transmission of organelle genomes in citrus somatic hybrids

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), were used to analyze the organelle composition of two-year-old trees, recovered from two different experiments: protoplasts from embryogenic cell suspensions of `Succari' sweet orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) were fused with leaf protoplasts of Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kell or to leaf protoplasts of Atalantia ceylanica(Arn.) Oliv. The somatic hybrids of both fusion combinations had the mitochondrial genome from the embryogenic partner. In some somatic hybrids, non-parental fragments were observed among the mitochondrial patterns. Somatic hybrids between `Succari' + Atalantia had plastid DNA from the embryogenic parent, while the somatic hybrids of `Succari' + Citropsis all had both parental chloroplast genomes. The relative abundance of organelle DNAs in the donor embryogenic and leaf cells may explain the consistent transmission of the embryogenic parent mitochondrial DNA and the inheritance of the chloroplast genome from either parent.
Brujería, género e inquisición en Nueva Vizcaya

Algunos investigadores han sugerido que, en terminos de etnia, la sociedad colonial del septentrion de Mexico era menos jerarquica que la de otras regiones de Nueva Espana, pero mas rigida en el sentido patriarcal. Este articulo considera casos de brujeria de Nueva Vizcaya, en los cuales las mujeres de varias etnias y clases desafiaron este orden patriarcal e invirtieron las jerarquias de sexo para ocupar espacios liminales. Usaron la magia para protegerse o hacerse poderosas; inclusive algunas llegaron a hacer pactos con el diablo para alcanzar el dominio o la seguridad en sus relaciones con hombres en esas regiones del norte durante los siglos XVII y XVIII. Este estudio examina como fueron recibidas sus actividades por el Santo Oficio de la Inquisicion
Chapter 21: Public Sector Labor Issues: Rights, Retrenchment, and Democracy

Public sector unions operate in politically challenging environments. Recent limitations on collective bargaining rights in Wisconsin and attempts to curtail collective bargaining in Ohio are illustrative of union vulnerability to shifts in the political climate. In Wisconsin, only months after taking office, Governor Walker eliminated most collective bargaining rights for public sector employees, excluding the police and firefighters. Day care workers and home health care aides had only gained such rights under the previous governor (Collins, 2012). In Ohio, Governor Kasich introduced similar legislation, but unlike Walker also attempted to limit collective bargaining for public safety employees. Like in Wisconsin, child care providers and home health care aides lost their collective bargaining rights gained under the immediately preceding governor (Early and Wilson, 2012).The susceptibility of unions to political changes stems in part from the legal environment in which they operate and in part from the nature of their employers (Slater, 2012). State law governs collective bargaining for public sector employees, and the employers, that are also elected officials, can change the law depending on their preferences. Preferences of elected officials related to collective bargaining rights, and unions more broadly, depend on various factors ranging from party ideology, legitimacy concerns, and power relations among political actors to changes in local fiscal conditions and shifts in public opinion. The election of public officials unsympathetic to unions in several states and the pressure placed by recent budget crises even on sympathetic elected officials resulted in what some scholars call a “war on public sector collective bargaining” and “the most widespread and substantive attack on collective bargaining in the US since the 1930s’ battles in the private sector” (Freeman and Han, 2012, p. 387).This paper examines recent developments in public sector labor relations at the state and local levels. It begins with an overview of the state and local public sector workforce characteristics followed by a brief description of events surrounding pension crises and limitations on collective bargaining rights in several states and municipalities. The paper further discusses forms, causes, and implications of restrictions on collective bargaining for public sector employees. Finally, concluding remarks focus on some of the lessons learned from recent developments in public sector labor relations and offer suggestions for the way forward.
Assessing and Treating Culturally Diverse Clients: A Practical Guide

Minority, Multicultural, Race, and Ethnicity Concepts General Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Multicultural Groups Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of African American Clients Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Hispanic Clients Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of Asian Clients Guidelines for the Assessment and Treatment of American Indian Clients Guidelines for the Prevention of Attrition of African American, American Indian, Asian and Hispanic Clients Guidelines for Evaluating and Using the Epidemiological Mental Health Literature with Multicultural Groups Using Culturally Biased Instruments Using Cultural Variables in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Controlling J‐aggregate formation for increased short‐circuit current and power conversion efficiency with a squaraine donor

A squaraine dye is tested for novel application in a near-infrared-active organic photovoltaic cell that is subsequently optimized to obtain a power conversion efficiency of 2.4 ± 0.3%. The optimization utilizes an Alq3 buffer layer and macroscopic structure control through the addition of co-solvents in the spin-casting process. Co-solvent addition increases the amount of aggregates present as measured through linear absorption spectroscopy, and there is a concurrent increase in both efficiency and short-circuit current. An interpretation of the greatly increased current density is presented that describes how increased J-aggregation likely increases hole mobility and, as a result, charge separation of the photogenerated excited state. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balancing Rights and Obligations in Sharing Benefits from Natural Genetic Resources: International Legal Rules

Volumen VII - 2007 ISSN 1870-4654 BALANCING RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IN SHARING BENEFITS FROM NATURAL GENETIC RESOURCES: INTERNATIONAL LEGAL RULES Sergio PENA-NEIRA * Natural Genetic Resources is a topic extremely related to issues such application, interpretation and conflict of laws. Here the author explores answers to the problem of conflicts of different international conventions to solve issues of rights and obligations related to the biodiversity, natural genetic reosurces and economic, social and cultural rights. * Professor, Universidad del Mar, Valparaiso. M. A. (Amsterdam), Ph. D. (c) (Ghent). Research Fellow, Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (University of California, Santa Barbara). Various papers related to the present article has been published in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The author wants to thank scholarships, universities and institutes that has given the opportunity to develop part of the research. This is a draft from the final paper. * Nota: Debido que la traduccion es automatica podra ser inexacta o contener errores.