cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"A Résumé for the Baby": Biosocial Precarity and Care of Substance-Using, Pregnant Women in San Francisco.

In the United States, the historical condemnation and punitive legal consequences of substance use during pregnancy—ranging from incarceration to termination of parental custody of a newborn—render pregnant women in state of biosocial precarity. Yet pregnant women who use illicit substances who desire to parent must generate a legible narrative for bureaucratic groups, such as Child Protective Services, through engagement with biomedical care in order to demonstrate parental capacity. Based on longitudinal interviews with pregnant women who were actively using illicit substances and attempting to parent after delivery, we posit that the relationship between biosocial precarity and biomedical care is a procedural interaction that is rooted in the potential to parent, described as the ability to have a “take-home baby.” In order to achieve this goal, the need for engagement in biomedical care and the creation of a biomedical narrative, described as a “resume for the baby” is required. The relationship between care and biosocial precarity is a unique, underdeveloped concept within medical anthropology and has important consequences not only for the ethical turn within anthropology, but also how applied researchers consider engagement with this highly marginalized, vulnerable population.
Legends from Home Still Count

There is nothing that disturbs law-abiding adults more than a group of hooligans invading the local cemetery in the middle of the night looking for ghosts and demons. It is often impossible for teenagers to fulfill their horror-driven desires while being so closely watched. However, in the age of the internet, that impossibility becomes relatively easy to overcome. First, it is necessary to understand what drives youngsters to partake in scary activities. Jih-Hsuan et al. suggest that this desire, especially for horror video games, comes from a feeling of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as "an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments" (Carey and Forsyth). Essentially, people enjoy being scared because they enjoy satisfying the belief that they would perform well in the same situation they see in front of them. So many "bad" horror movies are watched over and over because the viewers satisfy their self-efficacy by making fun of the characters' decisions or inserting themselves in the situation and surviving.
Lessons from Surveyor VI: Hopping Spacecraft for Low-Cost Surface Mobility on Small Bodies

There is great interest in missions to small bodies in our solar system such as asteroids, comets, Centaurs, dwarf planets, and moons. A key aspect of these bodies that makes them interesting is their varying morphologies over (and under) their surfaces. To characterize these bodies with in-situ exploration, a surface landing architecture is necessary that allows for the study of multiple diverse areas. Current stationary surface landers have only a short range, limited to capabilities of their on-board instruments and robotic arms. Surface rovers, while more mobile, are inherently more complex than landers and incur high costs both in development and operations. A surface lander capable of performing multiple hops could not only lower the cost of this mobility significantly, but also allow for the characterization of even more diverse areas than a rover. While a rover can cover tens of kilometers over the course of its lifetime, a hopper could potentially perform multiple hops of that same distance. While multiple mission concepts have been proposed (CHOPPER, Mars Geyser Hopper, GRUNT), and some have even flown (MINERVA-II, NEAR Shoemaker, Philae), the only mission to execute a planned hop on the surface of another body is the lunar lander, Surveyor 6. Performed in November of 1967, the results of this three-meter hop experiment contain lessons that will aid the development of future hopping mission concepts. This paper will first summarize previous hop attempts - both intentional and unintentional-and proposed concepts for future hopping spacecraft. A more in-depth study of the Surveyor 6 mission will be included, and lessons learned from the study will be applied to other small bodies. Analysis of ballistic, Surveyor 6-like hops, are performed for a diverse catalogue of small bodies including dwarf planet Ceres, comet 67P, and the moon Triton. Feasibilities of hops on each body are then evaluated based on distance and $\Delta-\mathbf{V}$ , among other considerations. The utility of another style of hop, the “jump-and-wait” method, is also examined for the same bodies and compared to the Surveyor style hop results. The paper will conclude with a summary of the applicability of various types of hops for a variety of small bodies.
Comparison of forward and backward gait characteristics between those with and without a history of breast cancer.

Abstract Background Decreased muscular strength and poorer postural stability impact the physical function of breast cancer survivors (BCS) and increases their risk of falls. Gait assessment, particularly in the backward direction, is often used as an indicator of fall risk in several populations. However this information is unknown in BCS. Research question What are the differences in forward, backward, and accelerated forward walking in BCS in comparison to individuals without a prior cancer diagnosis? Methods 17 postmenopausal BCS (mean age: 58.5 (8.5) years) and 17 age-matched women without a prior cancer diagnosis (mean age: 59.11 (5.55) years) completed 5 trials each of forward, backward, and fast forward walking conditions. Absolute (Means) and variability (Coefficient of variation) estimates were obtained for spatio-temporal gait parameters. Lower body, upper body and handgrip strengths were measured. Results For absolute estimates of gait, significant group main effects indicated that BCS had 7% shorter step length (P = 0.019) and 8% slower gait speed (P = 0.048). For variability estimates of gait, there was a significant interaction for stance time (P = 0.035). BCS had greater stance time variability during forward and fast forward conditions, but lesser variability during backward condition. Averaged across all the conditions, BCS had 38% greater step length variability (P = 0.043), 50% greater gait speed variability (P = 0.028), and 28.5% greater single support time variability (P = 0.004). Averaged across both the groups, all the variables except for swing time variability were significantly different among the conditions (all P Significance Slower and shorter steps while walking both forwards and backwards could be indicative of a more cautious gait strategy by BCS. Also, BCS possibly focused on controlling spatial parameters during forward walking but temporal parameters while backward walking. Whether these alterations are related to an increased fall risk within BCS needs to be determined.
OS-Augmented Oversubscription of Opportunistic Memory with a User-Assisted OOM Killer

Exploiting opportunistic memory by oversubscription is an appealing approach to improving cluster utilization and throughput. In this paper, we find the efficacy of memory oversubscription depends on whether or not the oversubscribed tasks can be killed by an OutOf Memory (OOM) killer in a timely manner to avoid significant memory thrashing upon memory pressure. However, current approaches in modern cluster schedulers are actually unable to unleash the power of opportunistic memory because their user space OOM killers are unable to timely deliver a task killing signal to terminate the oversubscribed tasks. Our experiments observe that a user space OOM killer fails to do that because of lacking the memory pressure knowledge from OS while the kernel space Linux OOM killer is too conservative to relieve memory pressure. In this paper, we design a user-assisted OOM killer (namely UA killer) in kernel space, an OS augmentation for accurate thrashing detection and agile task killing. To identify a thrashing task, UA killer features a novel mechanism, constraint thrashing. Upon UA killer, we develop Charon, a cluster scheduler for oversubscription of opportunistic memory in an on-demand manner. We implement Charon upon Mercury, a state-of-the-art opportunistic cluster scheduler. Extensive experiments with a Google trace in a 26-node cluster show that Charon can: (1) achieve agile task killing, (2) improve the best-effort job throughput by 3.5X over Mercury while prioritizing the production jobs, and (3) improve the 90th job completion time of production jobs over Kubernetes opportunistic scheduler by 62%.
Anxiety sensitivity not distress tolerance as a predictor of generalized anxiety symptoms and worry

Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 has become a risk factor for identifying anxiety and depressive conditions across both clinical and nonclinical samples. Distress tolerance has been a strong predictor of anxiety, mood disorders, and personality disorders. This study evaluated the predictive ability of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) and the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) to identify generalized anxiety symptoms and worry. A cross-sectional design evaluated the ability of ASI-3 lower order factors and distress tolerance to predict generalized anxiety symptoms and worry, while controlling for gender and trait anxiety. Two hundred twenty-five students completed the measures online. It was hypothesized that Physical, Cognitive, and Social Concerns subscales of the ASI-3 and total DTS scores would predict worry and generalized anxiety symptoms. Regression analyses showed that the ASI-3 Social Concerns factor significantly predicted worry and generalized anxiety symptoms (R2 = .546; R2 = .503, respectively). DTS did not significantly predict worry or generalized anxiety symptoms when added to the regression models. These results suggest that interpretation of ASI-3 subscale scores must be made within the context of an individual’s trait anxiety level and gender.
The economics of drug allergy.

Purpose of review As drug allergy research aims to inform clinical practice, implementation of best practices may be influenced by financial resources required to incorporate new interventions and the resulting clinical and economic returns on those resource investments. The present review summarizes new insights into the economics of drug allergy over the past year. Recent findings While considering economic implications of recent drug allergy research, many studies have addressed different contextual factors related to the setting, provider, or outcomes. Advances in technology have enabled specialized allergists to support remote settings through telemedicine consultation. Training opportunities and interdisciplinary approaches to address drug allergy challenges have enabled multiple provider types to play a role in screening, diagnosis, and management. Penicillin allergy testing has been a major focus for many institutions, with several studies focused on de-labeling strategies including confirmatory skin testing and direct oral challenges. Summary Studies over the past year provide new opportunities for the field of drug allergy research. The focus of current research to capture direct health costs or savings associated with drug allergy interventions demonstrates opportunity for more cost-effective care delivery and opportunity to explore greater benefits to society.
Temporal Trends in Stroke-Related Memory Change: Results From a US National Cohort 1998-2016.

Background and Purpose: Findings from the Framingham Heart Study suggest that declines in dementia incidence rates over recent decades are partially due to decreases in stroke incidence and mortali...
Performance of direct injected propane and gasoline in a high stroke-to-bore ratio SI engine: Pathways to diesel efficiency parity with ultra low soot:

This work explores pathways to achieve diesel-like, high-efficiency combustion with stoichiometric 3-way catalyst compatible combustion in a single-cylinder spark ignition (SI) research engine. A u...
Survival and Contaminants in Imperiled and Common Riverine Fishes Assessed with an In Situ Bioassay Approach.

An in situ bioassay approach was used to determine whether aquatic contaminant stressors in a large Atlantic river ecosystem affect the survival three fish species; the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides, juveniles), the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, adults), and the robust redhorse (Moxostoma robustum, juveniles). Hatchery-propagated fish were placed into cages to assess site-specific survival in the Yadkin-Pee Dee River of North Carolina and South Carolina, USA. Contaminants were measured in the caged fish and sediment and surface water at each site. No apparent longitudinal trends in fish survival were detected, and contaminant concentrations varied among sites. Juvenile largemouth bass and robust redhorse did not survive past 13 and 23 days with corresponding Kaplan-Meier median survival estimates of 9.7 d and 12.1 d, respectively. Survival of adult fathead minnows deployed in cages alongside the juvenile fish averaged 43% survival at the end of the 28-d exposure with a 22-d median survival estimate. The intersex condition, an indicator of endocrine disruption, was not observed in any adult fathead minnow. Contaminant accumulation in surviving fathead minnows was apparent, with highest accumulated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (34.6-93.4 ng/g dry weight), organochlorine pesticides (19.9-66.1 ng/g dry weight), and mercury (0.17-0.63 μg/g dry weight). Contaminants and other water quality stressors in this river system appear to detrimentally impact juvenile fish survival with presumed effects at the fish assemblage and community levels. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Lung protective ventilation based on donor size is associated with a lower risk of severe primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.

BACKGROUND Mechanical ventilation immediately after lung transplantation may impact the development of primary graft dysfunction (PGD), particularly in cases of donor-recipient size mismatch as ventilation is typically based on recipient rather than donor size. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult bilateral lung transplant recipients at our center between January 2010 and January 2017. We defined donor-based lung protective ventilation (dLPV) as 6 to 8 ml/kg of donor ideal body weight and plateau pressure <30 cm H2O. We calculated the donor-recipient predicted total lung capacity (pTLC) ratio and used logistic regression to examine relationships between pTLC ratio, dLPV and PGD grade 3 at 48 to 72 hours. We used Cox proportional hazards modelling to examine the relationship between pTLC ratio, dLPV and 1-year survival. RESULTS The cohort included 373 recipients; 24 (6.4%) developed PGD grade 3 at 48 to 72 hours, and 213 (57.3%) received dLPV. Mean pTLC ratio was 1.04 ± 0.18. dLPV was associated with significantly lower risks of PGD grade 3 (OR = 0.44; 95% CI: 0.29-0.68, p < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (HR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.29-0.8, p = 0.018). There was a significant association between pTLC ratio and the risk of PGD grade 3, but this was attenuated by the use of dLPV. CONCLUSIONS dLPV is associated with decreased risk of PGD grade 3 at 48 to 72 hours and decreased 1-year mortality. Additionally, dLPV attenuates the association between pTLC and both PGD grade 3 and 1-year mortality. Donor-based ventilation strategies may help to mitigate the risk of PGD and other adverse outcomes associated with size mismatch after lung transplantation.
Using Python for Textual Accounting Research

In this book I aim to help those accounting researchers who have no or limited programming knowledge to jump start their self-learning by introducing the Python language from a non-programmer perspective and hopefully make their initial learning curve less overwhelming.
The Law of Strikes and Picketing in CARICOM Countries

In the following pages an attempt will be made to consider not only the legal position of strikes, but also the law with regard to picketing in Caricom countries.1 Prior to the enactment of labour law statutes in Caricom countries,2 any agreement to persuade workmen to break their contract with their employer was an offence of criminal conspiracy. These statutes for the first time granted to workers' organisations the right to declare strikes and to do certain things in furtherance of trade disputes. They are based to a considerable extent on the English trade union statutes which were in operation prior to the Trade Disputes Act, 1906. Thus, it seems appropriate to trace the development of the law of strikes and picketing both in England and in Caricom countries.
Branches of a twisting tree: Domain-specific threat psychologies derive from shared mechanisms

Threat intensifies ideological investment (e.g., ethnocentrism, religiosity) as well as a diverse and orthogonally related set of responses, such as aesthetic preferences or tendencies to seek physical proximity with others. An emerging consensus unifies these diverse threat-responses as superficially varied expressions of a single underlying process designed to reduce anxiety. In contrast, evolutionary thinking favors hypothesizing multiple functions designed to strategically manage specific threats (e.g., pathogen threats should motivate responses targeted to deter contagion), and views anxiety as a proximate tool rather than an ultimate problem. As distinct threat adaptations co-opt proximate mechanisms related to anxiety, focusing on anxiety-reduction risks obscuring important functional differences. Here, current accounts of threat-modulated bias are evaluated through an evolutionary functional lens.
Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home

In Opting-Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home, Pamela Stone refutes the notion that contemporary women are freely choosing to leave the workplace to stay at home with their children. T...
Visual word encoding and the effect of adult age and word frequency

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses word encoding, which is the first step in the process of reading and discusses the effect of increased adult age on visual word encoding. It means that the transduction of light information from a word stimulus into a code is then used for lexical access. This specialized form of pattern perception involves both the formation of an input code and lexical access. To address this issue of age differences in visual word encoding, the chapter reviews the literature on the basic word encoding (both the transduction and the lexical access components). After developing a general framework with which to conceptualize the processes of word encoding, the theories of aging with regard to visual word recognition are reviewed. The aging literature on visual word recognition and word frequency are also reviewed and integrated with general theories of word recognition and cognitive aging. The chapter provides a relatively in depth review of the basic literature in visual word encoding and lexical access.
Women's decision making during the menopausal transition.

Purpose: To describe women's experiences during decision making about hormonal and nonhormonal therapies during the menopausal transition. Data Sources: Transcripts from 21 semi-structured audio taped interviews with seven peri- and postmenopausal women who had a recently visited a nurse practitioner (NP) and were making a decision about menopausal management. Conclusions: Decision making was a nonlinear process in which women considered available options, weighed benefits and risks and likely outcomes. Reevaluation of the decision was ongoing. Both internal and external conditions influenced their decisions. Media reports of findings from the Women's Health Initiative study may have influenced some women's perceptions of the risk of using hormones for symptom relief. Implications for Practice: Women described caring and empowering consultations with the NPs. They appreciated provision of information, adequate time spent at the visit, and decision support. NPs have a critical role to play in providing women with current research findings about hormone therapy and alternatives for symptom relief, and assisting women with understanding risks and benefits of each possible choice. Both individual and group approaches for decision support should be available to women. The approach of a collaborative partnership in decision making is a model that is congruent with nursing practice.
First 3DMHD simulation of a massive-star magnetosphere with application to Hα emission from θ1 Ori C

We present the first fully 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation for magnetic channelling and confinement of a radiatively driven, massive-star wind. The specific parameters are chosen to represent the prototypical slowly rotating magnetic O star θ 1 Ori C, for which centrifugal and other dynamical effects of rotation are negligible. The computed global structure in latitude and radius resembles that found in previous 2D simulations, with unimpeded outflow along open field lines near the magnetic poles, and a complex equatorial belt of inner wind trapping by closed loops near the stellar surface, giving way to outflow above the Alfv´ en radius. In contrast to this previous 2D work, the 3D simulation described here now also shows how this complex structure fragments in azimuth, forming distinct clumps of closed loop infall within the Alfv´ en radius, transitioning in the outer wind to radial spokes of enhanced density with characteristic azimuthal separation of 15 ◦ –20 ◦ . Applying these results in a 3D code for line radiative transfer, we show that emission from the associated 3D ‘dynamical magnetosphere’ matches well the observed Hα emission seen from θ 1 Ori C, fitting both its dynamic spectrum over rotational phase and the observed level of cycle-to-cycle stochastic variation. Comparison with previously developed 2D models for the Balmer emission from a dynamical magnetosphere generally confirms that time averaging over 2D snapshots can be a good proxy for the spatial averaging over 3D azimuthal wind structure. Nevertheless, fully 3D simulations will still be needed to model the emission from magnetospheres with non-dipole field components, such as suggested by asymmetric features seen in the Hα equivalent-width curve of θ 1 Ori C.
THE CORNERING COMPLIANCE CONCEPT FOR DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLE DIRECTIONAL CONTROL PROPERTIES

In this paper, a concept for combining most vehicle design parameters into two terms, front and rear cornering compliance, is proposed. Analysis and simulation results are presented to illustrate the correspondence between the front and rear cornering compliance parameters and vehicle steady state and transient responses. The results indicate that the cornering compliance approach is reasonably accurate. /GMRL/
Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Hormonal Control of Mammary Function

In the previous chapter, the regulation of mammary growth and lactation were discussed from the perspective of the whole organism. In the past decade exciting progress has been made toward understanding the cellular and molecular events underlying these regulatory interactions and it has become clear that lactogenic proteins, particularly prolactin, play the primary role in regulating mammary function, with the sex steroids and cortisol acting as important modulators. In this chapter, we will summarize the current status of our knowledge in this area emphasizing prolactin secretion and action and the regulatory effects of estrogens, progesterone and glucocorticoids. The effects of insulin, thyroid hormones, prostaglandins, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) will be described more briefly. Because these areas are currently the subject of intensive investigation in many laboratories, the serious reader is urged to regard this chapter only as a starting point for consideration of current information as it appears in the primary literature.
Acidic cloud water and cation loss from red spruce foliage

Declines of red and Norway spruce in North America and Europe are occurring at high elevations where cloud interception is a major source of water and chemical deposition and the mean pH of cloud water is markedly lower than that of rainfall. At the summit of Whitetop Mountain (1700 m) in the southern Appalachians the chemistry of ambient cloud water was compared on a cloud event basis to that of cloud water-generated throughfall from red spruce saplings. Large shifts occurred in the relative importance of all the cations measured as cloud water became throughfall, whereas the relative importance of the major anions (SO4 2−, NO3 −, Cl−) remained relatively constant. Hydrogen ion and NH4 + percentage contributions were reduced to two-thirds and one-third of their original percentages respectively, whereas the other four major cations (K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) all at least doubled in importance. Losses of Ca and Mg from native red spruce foliage were observed to intensify markedly with increases in the acidity of cloud water. On sites where the available pools of certain cations are already marginal, losses of cations caused by acidic cloud water may contribute to nutrient deficiencies.
Prior Sternotomy and Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Do Not Adversely Impact Survival or Allograft Function After Heart Transplantation

Background Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) remains the gold standard for end-stage heart failure. However, donor availability is severely limited. With a median wait time of 6.6 months and more than 12% of patients waiting 5 or more years, the decision is often made to implant a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as a bridge to transplantation for medical stabilization. Furthermore, the number of patients who have had at least one prior sternotomy while awaiting transplantation is increasing. Previous studies have indicated reoperative sternotomy as a risk factor for compromised survival. Concerns are specifically focused on perioperative, short-term, and long-term outcomes after LVAD explantation or redo sternotomy before OHT because of increasing operative complexity. We hypothesize that despite the greater technical difficulty caused by LVAD explantation or redo sternotomy, outcomes would not be compromised. Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent OHT at the University of Pennsylvania during a 5-year period (2008–2013; n = 253). All patients who underwent a bridge to transplantation LVAD (n = 72) or prior sternotomy (n = 65) were compared with those undergoing OHT with a virgin chest (n = 116). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were analyzed. Short- and long-term survival were studied (minimum follow-up, 6 months). Results Comorbidities were similar among the groups. There was no difference in donor allograft ischemic time ( p = 0.6). However, cardiopulmonary bypass time was longer in both bridge to transplantation and prior sternotomy cohorts ( p p = 0.0007) and prior sternotomy groups (11.7 ± 12.9 units; p = 0.02) as compared with the virgin chest cohort (7.1 ± 10.7 units). For bridge to transplantation, both time to extubation (1.0 ± 1.6 versus 0.9 ± 1.0 days; p = 0.03) and intensive care unit length of stay (7.0 ± 7.0 versus 6.0 ± 7.0 days; p = 0.06) were longer compared with the virgin chest cohort. The same was true for prior sternotomy (extubation time, 1.9 ± 4.4 days; p = 0.005; intensive care unit length of stay, 8.0 ± 12.0 days; p = 0.06). There was no difference in hospital length of stay ( p = 0.2). Overall, there was no difference in short- or long-term survival. Conclusions Implantation of an LVAD as a bridge to transplantation or prior sternotomy does not adversely impact allograft function, hospital length of stay, or long-term outcomes after OHT. The decision to manage a patient medically while awaiting transplantation versus an LVAD bridge strategy should not be limited by concerns of subsequent poor outcomes after transplantation.
THE INFLUENCE OF CLOSE-FOLLOWING UPON THE COOLING MODULE AIR FLOW

The purpose of this report is to experimentally determine the air flow through the cooling module (air-conditioning condenser plus engine radiator) of a Ford Windstar minivan when the van is operated at a fraction of a vehicle length behind a lead van. Pressures and temperatures are measured across the cooling module while the vans are in operation, and a standard calibration relates the pressure drop to the flow velocity through the cooling module. The Windstars are connected in tandem and driven on a test track at spacings of 0.22, 0.28, 0.38, 0.62, 0.88, and 1.0, expressed as fractions of the Windstar length. For the purposes of the test, an override switch is installed to allow the close-following van to be operated either with both cooling fans remaining on or with both fans disabled. Air flow is expressed either as a volume flow, in cubic meters per second, or as the fraction of the flow for a van operating in isolation at the same forward speed. With both fans disabled, the air flow is approximately twenty per cent of the isolation value at the shortest spacing, and increases to about sixty per cent at a spacing of one vehicle length. With both fans operating, the air flow is approximately fifty per cent of the isolation value at the shortest separation, and increases to about seventy per cent at one vehicle length separation. These represent substantial decreases in air flow, and will result in a diminished operating envelope for the vehicle in close-following.
ECHO 11 VIRUS INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EXANTHEMS.

Seven cases of ECHO 11 virus infection with exanthem are described. The etiologic relation of the rashes to the viruses is suggestive but not statistically validated. Evidence is presented that at least two antigenic variants were related to the cases reported and neither was closely related antigenically to the prototype strain. The data also suggested that HI test is more sensitive but less specific than the neutralization test in identifying infections with ECHO 11 viruses. A case with a chronic, recurrent vesicular rash was described in which an ECHO 11 virus was isolated from a lesion, but no corresponding antibody could be demonstrated in the patient9s serum.
Cache miss analysis of WHT algorithms

On modern computers memory access patterns and cache utilization are as important, if not more important, than operation count in obtaining high-performance implementations of algorithms. In this work, the memory behavior of a large family of algorithms for computing the Walsh-Hadamard transform, an important signal processing transform related to the fast Fourier transform, is investigated. Empirical evidence shows that the family of algorithms exhibit a wide range of performance, despite the fact that all algorithms perform the same number of arithmetic operations. Different algorithms, while having the same number of memory operations, access memory in different patterns and consequently have different numbers of cache misses. A recurrence relation is derived for the number of cache misses and is used to determine the distribution of cache misses over the space of WHT algorithms.
Instituciones de mercado, reforma en Europa del Este y teoría económica

El derrumbe de los estados totalitarios ha renovado el interes por las instituciones. Este trabajo muestra que la transicion del socialismo a economias de mercado exige desarrollar muchas instituciones, incluido el mercado mismo. Se requiere establecer un nuevo sistema de derechos de propiedad para construir un mercado donde estos se transfieran en forma rutinaria. La rutinizacion requiere una estructura legal del Estado para regular las transferencias y resolver los conflictos entre las partes. La experiencia de Europa de Este muestra la pobreza del enfoque neoclasico que supone dadas a las instituciones: no puede considerar en forma adecuada la estructura legal que provee el Estado para establecer y legitimar los derechos de propiedad, ni la regulacion estatal generalizada inherente al capitalismo del siglo veinte. Al suponer el comportamiento economico puede separarse de las especifidades de cada sociedad, cae en errores conceptuales que llevan a un optimismo infundado sobre la reforma economica y a una vision ingenua de la privatizacion. En las fases iniciales, la construccion del Estado puede ser la mejor estrategia de una reforma economica exitosa. Ironicamente, la mejor ayuda que puedan prestar los gobiernos occidentales es apoyar el desarrollo de las instituciones estatales que fijen las reglas para organizar el intercambio.
Critical Perspectives on Globalization and Neoliberalism in the Developing Countries

This introductory article provides an overview of the contemporary effects of globalization and neoliberalism on the developing countries. It provides a critical examination of the effects these two contemporary forces are having on economic, political, and social conditions in these societies at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Through critically analyzing the contemporary nature, context, and effects of globalization and neoliberalism in these societies, this article provides a critique of the contemporary global capitalist system and the adverse consequences suffered by the developing countries as a result of their "integration" into this system. The other contributions to this special issue of the Journal of Developing Societies are introduced at the end of this introductory essay.
Cardiac dysfunction in β-carotene-15,15'-dioxygenase-deficient mice is associated with altered retinoid and lipid metabolism.

Dietary carotenoids like β-carotene are converted within the body either to retinoid, via β-carotene-15,15′-dioxygenase (BCO1), or to β-apo-carotenoids, via β-carotene-9′,10′-oxygenase 2. Some β-ap...
"Binary" and "non-binary" detection tasks: are current performance measures optimal?

Rationale and Objectives We have observed that a very large fraction of responses for several detection tasks during the performance of observer studies are in the extreme ranges of lower than 11% or higher than 89% regardless of the actual presence or absence of the abnormality in question or its subjectively rated “subtleness.” This observation raises questions regarding the validity and appropriateness of using multicategory rating scales for such detection tasks. Monte Carlo simulation of binary and multicategory ratings for these tasks demonstrate that the use of the former (binary) often results in a less biased and more precise summary index and hence may lead to a higher statistical power for determining differences between modalities.
Heat transfer through porous solids with complex internal geometries

Abstract A thermal conductance model for heat transfer in a porous solid has been developed by using a probabilistically determined unit cell for a characteristic geometry. An apparatus was designed and used to measure overall thermal conductances (effective thermal conductivities) of several porous solids over a wide temperature range. A parameter required by the model was inferred from the measurements, and predicted and measured overall thermal conductances agreed to within the uncertainty of the experiments. Parametric calculations indicate that, when radiation is significant, overall thermal conductance increases with the temperature difference across the porous solid and is independent of thickness when the thickness is large relative to the pore size.
Thermal characterization and analysis of microliter liquid volumes using the three-omega method

Thermal phenomena in many biological systems offer an alternative detection opportunity for quantifying relevant sample properties. While there is substantial prior work on thermal characterization methods for fluids, the push in the biology and biomedical research communities towards analysis of reduced sample volumes drives a need to extend and scale these techniques to these volumes of interest, which can be below 100 pl. This work applies the 3ω technique to measure the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and heat capacity of de-ionized water, silicone oil, and salt buffer solution droplets from 24 to 80 °C. Heater geometries range in length from 200 to 700 μm and in width from 2 to 5 μm to accommodate the size restrictions imposed by small volume droplets. We use these devices to measure droplet volumes of 2 μl and demonstrate the potential to extend this technique down to pl droplet volumes based on an analysis of the thermally probed volume. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses provide guidance for relevant design variables for characterizing properties of interest by investigating the tradeoffs between measurement frequency regime, device geometry, and substrate material. Experimental results show that we can extract thermal conductivity and heat capacity with these sample volumes to within less than 1% of thermal properties reported in the literature.
Plasma membrane redox enzyme is involved in the synthesis of O2− and H2O2 by Phytophthora elicitor-stimulated rose cells

An elicitor prepared from the autoclaved cell walls of Phytophthora sp. induced O2- generation and H2O2 accumulation by cultured cells of Rosa damascena Mill. cv Gloire de Guilan. N,N-Diethyldithiocarbamate, a superoxide dismutase inhibitior, blocked H2O2 accumulation and caused a dramatic accumulation of O2- by elicitor-treated rose cells. In the absence of N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate no detectable O2- was accumulated. Diphenyleneiodonium, quinacrine, pyridine, and imidazole, inhibitors of the mammalian neutrophil NADPH oxidase responsible for the generation of O2- during phagocytosis, inhibited O2- generation by elicitor-treated rose cells. Diphenyleneiodonium also inhibited NADH-dependent O2- production by plasma membranes isolated from rose cells. None of the four compounds inhibited the peroxidase activity in the cell-suspension medium. These results demonstrate that elicitor-stimulated accumulation of H2O2 comes only from superoxide dismutase-catalyzed dismutation of O2-. The data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the synthesis of O2- is catalyzed by extracellular peroxidase and suggest that the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of O2- by elicitor-treated rose cells might be similar to the mammalian neutrophil NADPH oxidase.
Conical nozzles for pulsed laser propulsion

A CO 2 laser of 300 ns pulse length, operating at 10.6 μm wavelength and from 1-4 J pulse energy was used to ablate carbon-doped Delrin ® (polyoxymethylene, or POM) targets in a set of conical aluminum minithrusters at standard temperature and pressure. Nozzles with lengths ranging from 0.5 - 5 cm were used (corresponding to expansion ratios of about 4 to 16), as well as a bare sample with no nozzle. A piezoelectric force sensor was used to record the imparted impulse for fluences in the range of 1-100 J/cm 2 for each thruster. The effect of increasing the expansion ratio on the impulse generation for single pulse laser propulsion experiments will be described. The study will also clarify the effect of confining air from an ambient atmosphere in augmenting impulse generation.
Genetic diversity and structure of natural and agronomic switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) populations.

Panicum virgatum L. (switchgrass) is an obligate outcrossing C4 perennial prairie grass currently being pursued for the production of lignocellulosic ethanol. Commercial production of switchgrass for bioenergy has increased substantially in the United States. Understanding the degree of native genetic diversity within and among switchgrass populations will facilitate effective germplasm improvement, conservation, and management programs. In this study, the genetic diversity and differentiation among natural and agronomic switchgrass populations were analyzed at the molecular level by using random amplified polymorphic (RAPD) DNA markers. The mean genetic diversity among populations ranged from 0.051 ± 0.136 to 0.243 ± 0.214 and the mean genetic similarity among all the switchgrass populations was 0.775. The clustering pattern of switchgrass populations grouped the individuals based on their sites of origin, with agronomic cultivars predominantly separated into distinct clusters. The grouping of individuals within and across the populations was corroborated by principal component analysis. These results are consistent with previous reports for switchgrass accessions. RAPD DNA markers were suitable for quickly estimating the genetic diversity of native and agronomic switchgrass populations, and suggest that introgression of agronomic genes into natural switchgrass populations and subsequent changes in genetic structure may be detectable.
Do the laparoscopic skills of trainees deteriorate over time

Without ongoing practice, acquired motor skills may deteriorate over time. The purpose of this study is to document the level of retention of laparoscopic skills over time. Thirty-three general-surgery PGY 1, 2, and 3 residents trained to established criteria and passed an exam for each of seven technical skills (camera navigation, instrument navigation, camera/instrument coordination, grasping, lifting and grasping, cutting, and clip applying) on a virtual simulator (LapSim® Surgical Science Ltd., Goteborg, Sweden). Six months later, the residents again completed the exam for each of the seven skills. During the 6 months, the simulators were available, but additional practice was not required. The retesting process consisted of three attempts, the first of which was acclimatization. The results of the subsequent two exams were compared with baseline data. At retest, the number of residents who passed clip applying (7, 21%) and cutting tasks (18, 55%) was significantly lower than for the other five tasks (p < 0.05). In failed tests, instrument wandering and tissue damage were more common than increases in task time. Upper-level residents were significantly more likely to pass than first-year residents were (p < 0.01). Time of day did not influence passing rates. Six months after training to criteria, instrument and tissue-handling skills deteriorated more than the speed with which a task is completed. Evidence of skill retention was present for some but not all tasks. Fine motor skills, required to perform more difficult tasks, deteriorated more than skills needed for easier tasks.
A kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of chemical vapor deposition: non-monotonic variation of surface roughness with growth temperature

Abstract We have implemented a 2D+1 solid-on-solid kinetic Monte Carlo model to explore aspects of thin film growth via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) that may differ from growth via physical vapor deposition. This model is a minimal extension to CVD of models that have previously been used by others to successfully simulate growth by molecular beam epitaxy. This extension involves the introduction of a molecular species that has a relatively high surface mobility and dissociates, at a site-dependent rate, into an atomic species with a lower mobility that is subsequently integrated into the film. Introducing this molecular species can result in a non-monotonic dependence on growth temperature of film surface roughness. A similar non-monotonic dependence of film quality on temperature has been reported in CVD growth of high temperature superconductors. We also found a difference in film morphology between molecular-mobility controlled growth and atomic-mobility controlled growth that may indicate a difference in the fractal dimension of the surface.
Yoshiki Hotta's influence

The first time I became aware of Yoshiki Hotta was in 1973 when I was a third year PhD student in Max Delbruck's lab in the Division of Biology at Caltech. I was then working on sensory transductio...
Neural circuitry controlling vasopressin‐stimulated scent marking in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)

In Syrian hamsters, arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays a critical role in the control of a form of scent marking called flank marking. Microinjection of AVP into the medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (MPOA-AH), lateral septal nucleus (LS), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and the periaqueductal gray (PAG) stimulates high levels of flank marking. Microinjection of an antagonist of the V1a-AVP receptor into sites such as the MPOA-AH inhibits expression of flank marking. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neural circuit controlling flank marking by localizing the induction of Fos protein in response to the microinjection of AVP, a V1a-AVP antagonist (AVPA) or saline into the MPOA-AH. Immediately after microinjection, hamsters were placed in a clean cage and their behavior was videotaped for 10 minutes. Ninety minutes after the behavioral experiment hamsters were perfused and their brains removed for subsequent immunocytochemical localization of Fos protein. The number of Fos-positive neurons was significantly greater in the BNST, PAG, and central amygdala (Ce) following the microinjection of AVP than following the microinjection of either AVPA or saline. In AVP-injected animals, the number of Fos-labeled cells in the Ce, PVN, and PAG increased with increased frequency of either flank marking or flank gland grooming. These data support the hypothesis that neurons within the MPOA-AH, BNST, and PAG play an important role in the control of flank marking and suggest that the Ce may be a previously unrecognized part of this neural circuit. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Electron Impact Excitation Collision Strengths for Extreme Ultraviolet Lines of Fe VII

Extensive calculations have been performed for electron impact excitation collision strengths and oscillator strengths for the Fe VII extreme ultraviolet lines of astrophysical importance. The collision strengths for fine-structure transitions are calculated in the B-spline Breit-Pauli R-matrix approach. The target wavefunctions have been calculated in the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock method with term-dependent non-orthogonal orbitals. The close-coupling expansion includes 189 fine-structure levels of Fe VII belonging to terms of the ground 3p 63d 2 and excited 3p 53d 3, 3p 63d4l, 3p 63d5s, and 3p 63d5p configurations. The effective collision strengths are determined from the electron excitation collision strengths by integration over a Maxwellian distribution of electron velocities. The effective collision strengths are provided for 17766 fine-structure transitions at electron temperatures from 104 to 107 K. Our results normally agree with the previous R-matrix frame-transformation calculations by Witthoeft & Badnell. However, there are important differences for some transitions with the previous calculations. The corrections to the previous results are mainly due to more extensive expansions for the Fe VII target states.