cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response acquisition with signaled delayed reinforcement in a rodent model of ADHD

Abstract Previous research by Hand et al. [10] showed that acquisition of lever pressing was retarded in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) relative to Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) when unsignaled delays of 15 s separated lever presses from food delivery. The SHRs took longer to begin responding, exhibited a slower increase in response rates, responded at a lower asymptotic response rate and earned fewer reinforcers than the WKYs. The present experiment examined whether similar strain differences in acquisition would be observed if the same delay to reinforcement was signaled. Signaled delays of reinforcement typically result in lesser disruption of steady-state operant behavior than unsignaled delays, presumably because the signals function as conditioned reinforcers. Under a response-acquisition procedure, signals might be expected to facilitate acquisition which could minimize SHR–WKY strain differences. The present study exposed SHR and WKY rats to a procedure where a single lever press illuminated the houselight and delivered a food pellet 15 s later. Response acquisition was similar between SHR and WKY rats under 15-s signaled delays of reinforcement; the responses emitted, delay resets and pellets earned by both strains were similar. Removal of the delay signal immediately decreased responding for both strains with the SHRs showing a significantly slower recovery over time. Overall the results suggest that signals occurring during response-reinforcer delays can mitigate the response-weakening effects of delayed reinforcement in a rodent model of ADHD.
Internet auctions as a means of issuing financial securities: the case of the OpenIPO

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the OpenIPO process, vis‐a‐vis traditional bookbuilding, and evaluate the suitability of the OpenIPO for various types of companies, market conditions, and assets.Design/methodology/approach – This paper develops the pros and cons of the OpenIPO process, vis‐a‐vis the traditional bookbuilding method, in light of the recent academic literature on securities auctions and the results of the OpenIPOs Hambrecht has conducted, as of mid‐2004.Findings – The main advantage of the OpenIPO process is that it precludes many of the abuses recently observed in investment banking; however, it is not well suited for complex businesses that are either difficult to value or far removed from the public eye.Research limitations/implications – Only nine OpenIPOs have been conducted by Hambrecht, or using the Hambrecht method, as of the completion of this paper in mid‐2004.Practical implications – The paper foresees the OpenIPO process of Hambrecht as supplementing, rather tha...
High level expression of nonfused foreign genes with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus expression vectors

Abstract High levels of nonfused chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, β-galactosidase, and β-glucuronidase expressed under the control of new vector constructs of the polyhedrin promoter in Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were investigated by SDS-PAGE and RNA dot blot analysis of total cytoplasmic RNA. When the polyhedrin ATG start codon was converted to ATT by site-directed mutagenesis, translation initiated at downstream ATG codons resulting in high yields of nonfused foreign proteins. When a stop codon was inserted downstream from and in phase with the polyhedrin ATG codon but upstream from the ATG of a foreign gene, nonfused proteins were also produced, but at lower levels. The level of steady-state polyhedrin gene-promoted mRNA was not affected by the mutation from ATG to ATT or the insertion of in phase stop codons downstream from the polyhedrin ATG.
ON HYDROMAGNETIC STABILITY OF STATIONARY EQUILIBRIA

Bernstein et al., showed that the stability of a hydromagnetic fluid in static equilibrium could be determined by an energy principle formalism. Those methods are extended to the consideration of the stability of stationary equilibria. The considerations lack the powerful theorems available for systems governed by Hermitian operators, but it has been possible to obtain some general results for this case. Linearized equations of motion and the boundary conditions in a Lagrangian representation are discussed. Some properties of the equations and a general sufficient condition for stability are given. A general perturbation theory for small flow velocities is presented. A reformulation of the equations in hamiltonian form, and an application of the theory, calculated by Pytte, to a rotating stabilized pinch configuration are appended. (B.O.G.)
Comparison of two methods for assessment of seminal oxidative stress in infertile men.

OXIDATIVE STRESS IN INFERTILE MEN Ramadan A. Saleh, Navid Esfandiari, Saad S. Al-Dujaily, Rakesh K. Sharma, Anthony J. Thomas, Ashok Agarwal, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Objective: Seminal oxidative stress (OS) is defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and is highly correlated with male infertility. Evaluation of seminal OS status is of important diagnostic and prognostic value in a male infertility clinic. The objective of this study was to compare two methods for evaluation of the seminal OS: 1) by measurement of ROS directly in neat semen, and 2) by measurement of ROS in washed semen, TAC in seminal plasma, and the calculation of a composite ROS-TAC score.
Amplified interactive toxicity of chemicals at nontoxic levels: mechanistic considerations and implications to public health.

It is widely recognized that exposure to combinations or mixtures of chemicals may result in highly exaggerated toxicity even though the individual chemicals might not be toxic. Assessment of risk ...
An instance of unnecessary rote learning by humans.

Evidence of rote learning was obtained for a family of discrimination tasks that would have permitted solution on the basis of class concepts.
Diurnal variations in activity of four pyridoxal enzymes in rat liver during metabolic transition from high carbohydrate to high protein diet.

Abstract The diurnal variations in enzyme activities including tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) and serine dehydratase (SDH) have been studied in rats trained to a 2 hour meal feeding schedule (″2+22″) during metabolic transition from 12.5 to 60% protein diets over a period of 21 days. Although the maximal TAT activity on the first day was slightly lower compared with other days, both TAT and ODC activities adapted rapidly to the increased dietary protein from the first day. The responses of TAT and ODC to the food were so rapid that the maximal value was observed only 4 hrs after the onset of feeding. After each feeding ODC activity decreased rapidly after 4 hours, while TAT activity declined only after 6 hours had elapsed. No clear diurnal rhythm was observed in either OAT or SDH, though OAT activity tended to decrease from the beginning of the dark period and to resume a slow adaptation after about four hours. In contrast to ODC and TAT both OAT and SDH required about 7 days to fully adapt to the high protein diet. The activities of the four enzymes were also compared after 4 groups of rats had been adapted to the ″2+22″ feeding of 12.5, 30 and 60% protein diets and to 60% diet, ad libitum , respectively. The enzyme activities were not directly proportional to the protein content of the diets although higher activity was observed on the high protein diets. The diurnal variations in both TAT and ODC were observed in all ″2+22″ groups although the timing of the peak values were slightly different from each other. The maximal activities of TAT were found at earlier times in 12.5 and 30% protein groups than in the 60% protein group. The peak time for ODC activity was found at a later time in the 12.5% protein group than in rats fed 30% and 60% protein. Ad libitum rats fed 60% protein maintained relatively high levels of TAT activity compared to the rats on the schedule. However, the maximal activity of ODC on the 60% ″2+22″ protein diet ad libitum was so low that a diurnal rhythm was not clearly evident.
Determination of exchange integrals J 1 and J 2 and magnetic surface-anisotropy energy in EuS from standing-spin-wave resonance

The standing-spin-wave absorption spectrum in this EuS films has been measured in the temperature interval 1.3-4.2 K. The dependence of the magnetization on temperature has been determined from the ferromagnetic-resonance field and compared with spin-wave theory. The results are well described by the exchange-parameter combination $\frac{({J}_{1}+{J}_{2})}{{k}_{B}}=(0.096\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003)$ K. The temperature dependence of the exchange stiffness parameter $D(T)$ has been calculated including the contribution of a nonzero internal field. The experimental results have been analyzed taking the surface boundary conditions into account and correcting for the temperature and field dependence of ${H}_{i}$. The results show that the apparent temperature dependence of $D(T)$ arises almost entirely from the surface-anisotropy energy. The small observed variation $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}D(T)}{{D}_{0}}$ has been analyzed yielding $\frac{{J}_{2}}{{J}_{1}}=\ensuremath{-}0.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$. The results, expressed as $\frac{{J}_{1}}{{k}_{B}}=(0.214\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.026)$ K, $\frac{{J}_{2}}{{k}_{B}}=\ensuremath{-}(0.122\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.025)$ K are in essential agreement with the inelastic-neutron-scattering determination of Passel et al. but in marked disagreement with Swendsen's Green's-function theory and its application to the calculation of the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic Curie temperature. A comparison with other experimental determinations of ${J}_{1}$ and ${J}_{2}$ is made.
Speckle-phase measurement in a tandem-vortex coronagraph

A tandem-vortex coronagraph can in theory enable high-contrast imaging behind a classical on-axis telescope. Here we point out that a tandem-vortex coronagraph configuration can also directly enable the measurement of the phases of focal-plane speckles, thereby allowing for their suppression in the resultant high-contrast image.
Polymer-supported urea: The effect of hydrogen bonding on lanthanide ion affinities

Abstract Hydrogen bonding has been proposed as the triggering mechanism for the sorption of lanthanide ions by polymer-supported tetramethylmalonamide (TMMA) and diethylenetriamine (DETA) – substituted malonate ester. In the current study, DETA was immobilized onto cross-linked poly(vinylbenzyl chloride), converted to the urea, and its affinity determined for lanthanide ions from solutions of 2–8 M HCl. Lanthanide affinities significantly increase when the acid concentration exceeds 4 M. The site at which sorption occurs forms after protonation of the carbonyl, stabilization by hydrogen bonding to the interior nitrogen and resultant formation of an iminium ion. This is consistent with the mechanism proposed for the amide polymers. TMMA has the weakest affinities for Ln(III) ions yet is most selective due to attenuation of the (+) charge at the iminium site by two electron-donating methyl groups (=NR 2 (+)); DETA-malonamide (MAm) has higher Ln(III) affinities than TMMA but is less selective because the iminium has only one –CH 2 - moiety attenuating the (+) charge (=NHR(+)); the urea also forms a secondary iminium but its higher basicity makes its iminium more positively charged than that in DETA–MAm and therefore a stronger ligand. The urea has the highest affinities and is unique in having the lanthanide distribution coefficients correlate with the sum of the first, second and third ionization energies. The implication of this for the sorption mechanism is discussed.
Quinoline formation via a modified Combes reaction: examination of kinetics, substituent effects, and mechanistic pathways

This is the first reported investigation of the Combes condensation employing 19F NMR spectroscopy to monitor intermediate consumption and product formation rates. The reaction was found to be first order in both the diketone and aniline. Product regioselectivity and reaction rates were found to be influenced by substituents on the diketones and anilines with rates varying as much as five fold. The consumption rate of key imine and enamine intermediates mirrored quinoline formation rates, in accord with rate determining annulation. A ρ of −0.32 was determined for this cyclization. While the sign of the reaction constant is consistent with rate limiting electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS), the magnitude is likely a composite value, resulting from opposing substituent effects in the nucleophilic addition and EAS steps. Mechanistic details and reaction pathways supporting these findings are proposed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorylation of Yellow Fever Virus NS5 alters methyltransferase activity

Serine/threonine phosphorylation of the nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) is conserved feature of flaviviruses, but the kinase(s) responsible and function(s) remain unknown. Mass spectrometry was used to characterize phosphorylated residues of yellow fever virus (YFV) NS5 expressed in mammalian cells. Multiple different phosphopeptides were detected. Mutational and additional mass spectrometry data implicated serine 56 (S56), a conserved residue near the active site in the NS5 methyltransferase domain, as one of the phosphorylation sites. Methyltransferase activity is required to form a methylated RNA cap structure and for translation of the YFV polyprotein. We show the 2'-O methylation reaction requires the hydroxyl side chain of S56, and replacement with a negative charge inhibits enzymatic activity. Furthermore mutational alteration of S56, S56A or S56D, prevents amplification in a viral replicon system. Collectively our data suggest phosphorylation of NS5 S56 may act to shut down capping in the viral life cycle.
Thermal contact conductance of refractory ceramic coatings

The reliability of high-density circuit devices may be improved by enhancing the thermal contact conductance at electronic component interfaces. Previous studies involved metallic coatings, anodized coatings, or bulk ceramic materials between electronic components. This study examines the thermal contact conductance of four ceramic coatings, silicon nitride, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, and titanium nitride (TIN) deposited on aluminum 6101-T6 and TiN deposited on copper C11000-H03. The thermal contact conductance of beryllium oxide (BeO) deposited on aluminum 6101-T6 was also experimentally measured. Three of the coatings showed two orders of magnitude improvement when compared to an anodized layer. Experimental thermal conductance values for TiN deposited on copper showed four times the improvement over a nickel-plated coating. A comparison of the coatings to an aluminum 6101-T6 surface in contact with aluminum A356-61 indicates that the titanium nitride coatings have the highest thermal contact conductance and that the coatings only significantly deviate from the bare aluminum case at the higher pressures (greater than 344 kPa). Experimental thermal conductance values for BeO deposited on aluminum 6101-T6 ranged from 1308.7 to 25,688.7 W/m2-K, whereas thermal conductance values for TiN deposited on aluminum 6101-16 in contact with electroplated silver deposited on aluminum A356-T61 varied from 1169.4 to 13,152.1 W/m2-K for the range of parameters tested. The results predicted by the Antonetti and Yovanovich model lie well above the experimental values obtained for both bare surfaces and for several ceramic coatings (titanium nitride and beryllium oxide coatings deposited on aluminum 6101-T6 were the only exception). The thermal contact conductance values for the ceramic and oxide coatings were compared to the predicted results from Yip's model that lie well below the measured values; indicating higher thermal contact conductance.
The cinematic appropriation of theater: Introjection and incorporation in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead

(2000). The cinematic appropriation of theater: Introjection and incorporation in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 161-186.
FastProbe: Malicious user detection in Cognitive Radio Networks through active transmissions

Sensing white space channels to detect whether a particular channel is free or not is very crucial to the operation of Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). Cooperative sensing has been shown to improve the performance of channel sensing. However, cooperative sensing is susceptible to malicious users that may not faithfully follow sensing instructions to save energy and/or time, or to launch denial of service attacks against the network. In this paper, we propose a novel active transmissions based algorithm, FastProbe for detecting malicious users. FastProbe proactively detects malicious users before the CRN causes any interference to the Primary Users. Further, using active transmissions, FastProbe achieves higher detection accuracy while maintaining lower overheads when compared with existing algorithms. Simulations and experiments show that in the presence of malicious nodes operating under 2 different attack models, FastProbe reduces the throughput loss due to sensing by as much as 65% compared to existing algorithms. I. INTRODUCTION FCC regulations require Cognitive Radios (CRs) to operate on only those white space channels that are not occupied by Primary Users (PUs). To that end, CRs need to perform regular in-band scanning (or sensing) (1) of channels to avoid interference to PUs as well as out of band sensing to find unused channels. To achieve better sensing accuracy, CRs perform cooperative sensing where multiple nodes participate in channel sensing and their sensing results are processed centrally at a sensing server to determine if the channel is occupied (2). Cooperative sensing improves sensing accuracy but at the same time makes the system more susceptible to malicious users that may be present in the system. A malicious user may (i) have a hardware error due to which its readings are erratic; (ii) be hacked by the owner so that it reports arbitrary sensing results without performing any sensing to save time and/or energy; (iii) report the channel to be busy so as to either leave the channel free for its own personal usage (3) or to initiate a Denial-of-Service attack against the network (4); (iv) selfishly report the channel to be free so that it can operate on that channel; or, (v) skip in-band sensing in order to save energy and/or throughput. The recent increase in attacks against TCP Protocol (5), mobile devices and other hardware devices (6) as well as the software based design of CRs suggests that in the future CRs will be very vulnerable to similar kinds of attacks. Such attacks may affect the sensing capability of CRs and may result in nodes causing interference to PUs, thereby violating the FCC requirements.
The role of serum and serum components in the merocyanine 540-sensitized photoinactivation of K562 leukemia cells.

Serum is known to inhibit the merocyanine 540 (MC540)-sensitized photoinactivation of cells and enveloped viruses in a concentration-dependent manner. In diagnostic applications of MC540, a moderate amount of serum or serum albumin is frequently added to the staining solution because it enhances the contrast between intensely staining cells (e.g., electrically excitable cells or leukemia cells) and cells with a lower affinity for the dye (e.g., nonexcitable cells, red cells, normal leukocytes). In this communication we report on a quantitative analysis of the interactions of MC540 with serum and serum components. Human serum inhibited the MC540-sensitized photoinactivation of K562 leukemia cells most effectively, followed in order of decreasing potency by calf, newborn calf, horse, and fetal bovine serum. The photoprotective capacity of these five sera was directly proportional to their albumin content. Gel filtration experiments and differential spectroscopy showed that MC540 bound to serum albumin and lipoproteins. Both delipidated and lipidated albumin were capable of binding MC540. However, lipidated albumin had a considerably higher binding capacity and affinity for dye molecules.
Abstract 1720: Maritoclax, a selective Mcl-1 inhibitor, sensitizes melanoma cells to the Bad BH3-mimetic ABT-737.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer. Despite the development of the therapies it remains one of the most invasive and highly drug resistance cancers. The dysregulation of apoptosis are thought to be one barrier to effective systemic treatment of melanoma. The overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins has been associated with inferior survival, poor prognosis and chemoresistance of several cancers including malignant melanoma. ABT-737, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Bcl-w, has demonstrated efficacy in several forms of hematological and non-hematological cancers. However, the efficacy of ABT-737 is diminished in cancer cells with high levels of Mcl-1, another anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. The overexpression of Mcl-1 is frequently observed in melanoma and therefore, specifically targeting of Mcl-1 may overcome the resistance of ABT-737. In this study, we investigated the effects of Maritoclax, a novel Mcl-1-selective inhibitor, alone and in combination with ABT-737, on the survival of human melanoma cells. The treatments of Maritoclax reduce the cell viabilities of melanoma cells with an IC50 of between 2.2-5.0μM. Further, treatment of melanoma cells with 2.5 μM Maritoclax for 24 h showed significant decrease in Mcl-1 expression. We found that Maritoclax is able to induce apoptosis in melanoma cells in a caspase-dependent manner. Moreover, Maritoclax induces Mcl-1 degradation via the proteasome system, which is associated with its pro-apoptotic activity. Importantly, Maritoclax markedly enhances the efficacy of ABT-737 against melanoma cells. As a single agent, ABT-737 was not efficient in killing UACC 903 cells with IC50 values of >30 μm. However, in combination with a sub-optimal dose of Maritoclax (2.5μM), the efficacy of ABT-737 was enhanced (IC50 1.3 μm). Similarly, Maritoclax potentiated apoptotic effects of ABT-737 from 20%-71% and 18%-62% when measured by Live and Dead and annexin-V assay, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that targeting of Mcl-1 by Maritoclax may represent a new therapeutic strategy to sensitize melanoma cells to ABT-737-induced apoptosis. Citation Format: Manoj K. Pandey, Krishne Gowda, Kenichiro Doi, Arun Sharma, Hong-Gang Wang, Shantu Amin. Maritoclax, a selective Mcl-1 inhibitor, sensitizes melanoma cells to the Bad BH3-mimetic ABT-737. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1720. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1720
A survey of adenyl cyclase activity in head homogenates of fifth-instar diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)

Abstract 1. In head homogenates of 5th-instar European corn borer larvae reared under either LD 16:8 or LD 10:14 photoperiods, greater adenyl cyclase activity was observed in the presence of sodium fluoride as the larvae progressed through early, middle, and mature stages. 2. In LD 16:8 head homogenates activity was lowest in pharate pupae; in LD 10:14 it was highest in early diapause. Prediapause levels were found during late diapause. 3. Norepinephrine significantly enhanced adenyl cyclase activity in early diapause head homogenates; octopamine in early diapause and in late SD mature head homogenates. 4. Adenyl cyclase appears to be involved in diapause-associated reactions in this insect.
Post-mastectomy radiation in male breast cancer.

Abstract Background and purpose : Previous studies of male breast cancer have suggested that due to the lack of breast tissue, post-mastectomy radiation should be routinely utilized in all stages of this disease. We propose that the pattern of local recurrence in male breast cancer is, stage for stage, similar to female breast cancer and, therefore, the indications for post-mastectomy radiation should be similar. Materials and methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of 44 cases of male breast cancer from 1967 to 1995. Primary therapy was surgical in all cases and 13 patients received postoperative radiation. Results : Tumor, Nodal, Metastasis (TNM) classification revealed 34 Stages I/II and ten Stage III cases. The 5-year overall survival was 75% and the 5-year local recurrence free survival was 70% for the entire group. In patients with Stages I/II disease, 28/34 underwent surgery alone, of whom, at 5-year follow up, only one suffered an isolated local-regional recurrence (3.5%) and one distant failure (3.5%). Of the ten patients with Stage III disease, three underwent surgery alone and none suffered a local failure. While the crude rate of local recurrence (local recurrence at any time in relation to distant failure) for all patients as a whole was 11%, the isolated local recurrence rate (before distant failure) was seen in only 6%, and only 3% amongst those with Stages I/II disease treated with surgery alone. Conclusion : Although postoperative radiation is often routinely utilized in all stages of male breast cancer to help decrease the risk of local recurrence, this review suggests that this risk is small, especially in early stage disease, and, therefore, the same indications for post-mastectomy radiation that apply to female breast cancer, should be utilized in males.
Optimal control designs using predicting densities for the multivariate linear model

We provide an application of a variety of predicting densities to quality control involving multivariate normal linear models. We produce optimal control designs for single muleivaiiate future observations using predicting densities employing estimative, profile likelihood, Hinkley-Lauritzen, Butler, Bayesian, and Parametric Bootstrap methodologies. The decision-theoretic optimality criterion is an intuitively appealing quadratic consumer-producer risk function. The optimal control design arising from an optimal Kullback-Leibler frequentist prediction density is shown to coincide with that arising from an optimal Kullback-Leibler Bayesian predictive density. An example involving EVOP is provided to illustrate the methodology and to raise questions concerning the relative merics of the variety of predictive approaches in the quality control context.
94 Effect of Hypertonicity on the Metabolism of Brain in Vitro

Hypertonicity of body fluids whatever the cause—hypernatremia, uremia, hyperglycemia—alters CNS function with alteration of sensorium, coma and death. Also, hypdtonicity induces acidosis (SOTOS et al.: Pediatrics 26: 925; 30: 180). The mechanism of the alterations is unclear. Rat brain slices where incubated in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer containing glucose-UL-C-14 or pyruvic acid-2-C-14 as substrates in 100 % O2 atmosphere (ADDANKI et al.: Ann. Biochem. 13: 458 [1965]). Using glucose as substrate, increases in tonicity due to NaCl, sucrose or glucose (340 to 1000 mOsm/kg H2O) caused decreases in O2 consumption (97 to 100%). The same hypertonic media did not change O2 consumption of rat brain homogenate. Urea up to 1000 mOsmhad no effect on O2 uptake of slices. The C14O2 evolved decreased to 80 and 10 % of control with hypertonic media containing 450 and 900 mOsm of either NaCl or sucrose with glucose as substrate. These changes were due to decreased Krebs cycle activity, since similar values were obtained when pyruvic acid-2-C-14 was used as substrate. No effect was seen with urea solutions at 450 mOsm, decreasing to 81 % of control at 900 mOsm. Studies conducted with glucose l-C-14 or 6-C-14 did not show any significant change on the activity of the hexomonophosphate shunt. The different values can be accounted for by the different osmotic effect of the solutions. The lactic acid production increased 160 % of the control with NaCl hypertonic media. These observations bear on the pathogenesis of (acidosis and) CNS alterations observed in clinical conditions with hypernatremia, hyperosmolar non-ketotic diabetic coma and experimental uremia. This investigation was supported by USPHS grants NB 05114 and FR-78. (SPR)
Periodic Propellant Flames and Fluid-Mechanical Effects

We construct the combustion e eld generated by a periodic reactant supply that models the supply from a heterogeneous propellant. A full accounting of the e uid mechanics is incorporated. However, solutions differ little from those generated asssuming a uniform mass e ux (theconstant density model ). On the other hand, allowing for temperature-dependent transport (power law or Sutherland’ s law ) strongly affects the reaction rate and the heat e ux to the propellant surface. The effects of nonuniform mass e ux at the propellant surface are discussed, such nonuniformity arising, for example, because of the different densities of the oxidizer and binder. And we discuss the effects of hills and valleys in the propellant surface.
Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Regulation of Maternal and Zygotic Cytoskeletal Tropomyosin mRNA during Drosophila Development Correlates with Specific Morphogenic Events

We have characterized maternal and zygotic cytoskeletal tropomyosin mRNA expression during Drosophila embryogenesis using in situ hybridization to endogenous cytoskeletal tropomyosin mRNA and a cytoskeletal tropomyosin promoter/beta-galactosidase-encoding fusion gene mRNA in transgenic flies. A 2.0-kb maternal cytoskeletal tropomyosin mRNA is synthesized in the nurse cells and transported into the oocyte during oogenesis. During early embryogenesis, this mRNA becomes localized to the pole cell region and then to the cortex during the cellular blastoderm stage. In later embryos it is localized to the ventral and cephalic furrows and extending germ band. The major zygotic mRNA is 2.4 kb and is first detected at gastrulation. In early embryos, this mRNA is expressed in the invaginating anterior and posterior midgut, the transverse furrows, and the amnioserosa, all regions of the embryo undergoing intense cellular movement, and in later embryos, predominantly in the gut, brain, and epidermis. A transgene construct containing 1.2 kb of 5' cytoskeletal tropomyosin promoter sequences driving expression of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase and the cytoskeletal tropomyosin 3' untranslated region in transgenic flies has the same distribution of maternal and zygotic transcripts throughout oogenesis and embryonic development as the endogenous transcripts. A transgene containing the 3' untranslated region from either the hsp70 gene or the SV40 early genes, on the other hand, does not express maternal RNA. Furthermore, none of the transgenes expressed in the follicle cells, suggesting that expression in these cells is under different transcriptional control. Our results indicate that maternal and zygotic cytoskeletal tropomyosin mRNAs are localized to specific regions of the developing embryo, particularly in regions of the embryo undergoing cell movement and invagination. Furthermore, the synthesis, transport, and accumulation of this RNA is under transcriptional and post-transcriptional control.
What Is Community? An Evidence-Based Definition for Participatory Public Health

Increased emphasis on community collaboration indicates the need for consensus regarding the definition of community within public health.This study examined whether members of diverse US communities described community in similar ways. To identify strategies to support community collaboration in HIV vaccine trials, qualitative interviews were conducted with 25 African Americans in Durham, NC; 26 gay men in San Francisco, Calif; 25 injection drug users in Philadelphia, Pa; and 42 HIV vaccine researchers across the United States.Verbatim responses to the question “What does the word community mean to you?” were analyzed. Cluster analysis was used to identify similarities in the way community was described. A common definition of community emerged as a group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties, share common perspectives, and engage in joint action in geographical locations or settings.The participants differed in the emphasis they placed on particular elements of the definition. Community was defined similarly but experienced differently by people with diverse backgrounds.These results parallel similar social science findings and confirm the viability of a common definition for participatory public health.
Cycle of abuse and psychopathology in cleric and noncleric molesters of children and adolescents.

Sexual abuse in childhood is frequently reported among sex offenders and has been hypothesized to be one of a number of psychological factors etiologically related to perpetration of child molestation in adulthood. In the current study we examine a sample of cleric and noncleric admitted child molesters and normal control subjects in their exposure to sexual abuse in childhood and current psychopathology. Odds ratios for the association between exposure to sexual abuse and child molestation were obtained while adjusting for group differences in demographic and psychological characteristics. Results indicated exposure to sexual abuse in childhood was associated with becoming a child molester for both cleric and noncleric offenders (p < .0002). Nonclerics indicated more severe psychopathology than clerics. Sexual abuse in childhood is one of many risk factors for becoming a perpetrator of child molestation in adulthood for both cleric and noncleric child molesters. Noncleric offenders demonstrated more sociopathy and mental disorder in general while cleric offenders indicated more sexual conflictedness, suggesting different psychoetiologies of offending among cleric and noncleric child molesters.
The story of O/sub 2/

A complete description of the O/sub 2/ system, an object-oriented database system, is presented. It has the functionality of a DBMS (persistence, disk management, sharing and query language) and of an object-oriented system (complex objects, object identity, encapsulation, typing, inheritance, overriding, extensibility, and completeness). It also includes a set of user interface generation tools and a complete programming environment. O/sub 2/ supports a multilanguage paradigm and a dual mode of operation (development and execution) and it operates on a workstation/server configuration. The system is described as seen from the programmer's point of view and as seen through the programming environment. A complete description of the implementation is given. An evaluation of the prototype performance is also given. >
Mindfulness theory and professional family caregivers in long-term care facilities

Abstract This study utilized Ellen Langer's theory of mindfulness to better understand how individuals who work in nursing homes apply their professional knowledge to their personal lives within the context of nursing home family caregiving. Using a sample of 10 professional and 10 non-professional family caregivers ( n = 20), qualitative and quantitative methods were used to compare levels of mindfulness and nursing home knowledge. Qualitative analysis revealed similar responses for both types of caregivers in three out of four attributes of mindfulness. This indicates that being a family caregiver of an institutionalized parent is novel for both professional and non-professional caregivers. Narrative data indicates professionals were more mindful than non-professionals when using their nursing home knowledge to approach staff in a non-confrontational manner. Professionals were also more accepting of care-related problems than non-professionals.
Real-time synthesis and detection of ultrafast optical waveform

We describe several concepts for real time shaping and detection of femtosecond laser pulses using optical nonlinearities. Cascaded second order wave mixing is used for real-time conversion of spatial-domain images to ultrafast time-domain optical waveforms. We experimentally demonstrate a cascaded nonlinearity arrangement allowing generation of complex amplitude femtosecond waveforms with high fidelity and good conversion efficiency. Single-shot, phase-sensitive detection of femtosecond pulses is demonstrated using both nonlinear wave-mixing and 2-photon absorption in semiconductor detector arrays. Using commercial silicon charge-coupled device (CCD), the latter approach allows detection of broadband ultrashort signals in the important wavelength range around 1.5 microns without phase-matching limitations. Finally we describe an approach to characterization of the multimode fiber using ultrashort pulse interferometry.
Integrated nonlinear optimal control of spacecraft in proximity operations

This article proposes an integrated optimal control strategy for a servicing spacecraft in proximity operations on a target in space. The relative position vector between the servicing spacecraft and the target is required to direct towards the docking port of the target while the attitude of the two bodies must be synchronised without exciting large flexible vibrations. The control of translational, rotational and flexible motions is formulated in one unified optimal control framework in which the tracking errors in relative position and attitude, and flexible structure vibrations can be minimised simultaneously using one cost function. This formulation results in a highly nonlinear system that poses a challenging control problem. The nonlinear optimal control technique is employed to design a closed-form feedback control law for this nonlinear control problem by finding an approximate solution to the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) equation through a perturbation process. The closed-form controller offere...
Changes in coagulum configuration resulting from shear-induced coagulation

Abstract Coagulation of a colloidal suspension may occur by either Brownian motions or bulk fluid motions. In the analysis of either type of coagulation process it is generally assumed that the coagulum assumes a spherical shape, possibly incorporating empty space within the coagulum if the individual particles do not coalesce. Electron micrographs of the coagulum produced during shear coagulation experiments in this laboratory indicate that this assumption is valid only if Brownian coagulation processes are important. When shear coagulation processes dominate the coagulum appears as a string of particles rather than as a cluster. For particles containing adsorbed materials the coagulum is still elongated but forms more of a two-dimensional structure. This may be due to restricted motions of one particle with respect to another within the coagulum because of hydrophobic associations.
The chronoamperometric determination of homogeneous small molecule-redox protein reaction rates.

Abstract An essentially new application of chronoamperometry is presented for the determination of homogeneous second-order rate constants for the reactions between small molecule reductants and redox proteins. The first part of the work is a comparison between stopped-flow kinetics and chronoamperometric kinetics for the reaction of ferrous-EDTA with horse cytochrome c . The reaction was demonstrated to be first order in both ferrous-EDTA and cytochrome c and the effect of ionic strength was also studied. All of the chronoamperometric results compared well with the stopped-flow work which had been done previously. Chronoamperometry was then used to study several other reactions which have not been previously examined, including the reaction of ferrous-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid with cytochrome c . The reaction was slower than the ferrous-EDTA reaction but was more sensitive to ionic strength because of the greater charge (−3) on the complex. The second study was the reaction of ferrous-EDTA with Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome c 2 as a function of ionic strength. This novel application of chronoamperometry to small molecule-redox protein reactions represent a new and relatively easy alternative to anaerobic stopped-flow kinetics.
Youth, marginalisation, and the city

Lost youth in the global city: class, culture and the urban imaginary, by Jo-Anne Dillabough and Jacqueline Kennelly, London, Routledge, 2010, 256 pp., £26.99 (paperback), ISBN-13 978-0415995580 A ...
Novel systems modeling methodology in comparative microbial metabolomics: identifying key enzymes and metabolites implicated in autism spectrum disorders.

Autism spectrum disorders are a group of mental illnesses highly correlated with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Recent studies have shown that there may be one or more microbial “fingerprints” in terms of the composition characterizing individuals with autism, which could be used for diagnostic purposes. This paper proposes a computational approach whereby metagenomes characteristic of “healthy” and autistic individuals are artificially constructed via genomic information, analyzed for the enzymes coded within, and then these enzymes are compared in detail. This is a text mining application. A custom-designed online application was built and used for the comparative metabolomics study and made publically available. Several of the enzyme-catalyzing reactions involved with the amino acid glutamate were curiously missing from the “autism” microbiome and were coded within almost every organism included in the “control” microbiome. Interestingly, there exists a leading hypothesis regarding autism and glutamate involving a neurological excitation/inhibition imbalance; but the association with this study is unclear. The results included data on the transsulfuration and transmethylation pathways, involved with oxidative stress, also of importance to autism. The results from this study are in alignment with leading hypotheses in the field, which is impressive, considering the purely in silico nature of this study. The present study provides new insight into the complex metabolic interactions underlying autism, and this novel methodology has potential to be useful for developing new hypotheses. However, limitations include sparse genome data availability and conflicting literature experimental data. We believe our software tool and methodology has potential for having great utility as data become more available, comprehensive and reliable.
Google Scholar revisited

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to revisit Google Scholar.Design/methodology/approach – This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of Google Scholar.Findings – The Google Books project has given a massive and valuable boost to the already rich and diverse content of Google Scholar. The downside of the growth is that significant gaps remain for top ranking journals and serials, and the number of duplicate, triplicate and quadruplicate records for the same source documents (which Google Scholar cannot detect reliably) has increased.Originality/value – This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of Google Scholar.
Transportation Density and Opportunities for Expediting Recovery to Promote Security

New York State ranks prominently among other states in the nation in the size and scope of its transportation system, with most of the usage of that system concentrated in and around New York City. Areas of infrastructure density and bottlenecks pose security challenges. Moreover, transportation is highly dependent on other infrastructure. Research addressing the reduction of security threats is proposed in terms of transportation operations and expediting recovery. Existing research is presented on transit recovery in the New York area after September 11, 2001 as a guide for future research into prevention of, and recovery from, disruptions to transit.
Effect of Bupropion on Sexual Dysfunction

OBJECTIVETo determine the role of bupropion in treatment of sexual dysfunction.DATA SOURCESStudies and case reports were identified through MEDLINE (1970–July 2005) using search terms bupropion, antidepressants, sexual function, and sexual dysfunction.DATA SYNTHESISBupropion has been shown to have a favorable effect on sexual dysfunction. Several reports and small, short-term trials have examined bupropion as an adjunct or substitute for other antidepressants in sexually dysfunctional patients. Use of bupropion has also been studied in nondepressed patients. Bupropion may be a promising medication for treating sexual dysfunction. However, specific dosing is unclear.CONCLUSIONSWhile the studies reviewed here demonstrated some benefit in using bupropion to treat sexual dysfunction, limitations exist. Future studies should be conducted using larger sample sizes.
Large‐scale hydro‐climatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system

[1] The large-scale hydro-climatology of the terrestrial Arctic drainage system is examined, focusing on the period 1960 onward. Special attention is paid to the Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Mackenzie watersheds, which provide the bulk of freshwater discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Station data are used to compile monthly gridded time series of gauge-corrected precipitation (P). Gridded time series of precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P−ET) are calculated from the moisture flux convergence using NCEP reanalysis data. Estimates of ET are obtained as a residual. Runoff (R) is obtained from available discharge records. For long-term water-year means, P−ET for the Yenisey, Lena, and Mackenzie watersheds is 16–20% lower than the observed runoff. In the Ob watershed, the two values agree within 9%. Given the uncertainties in P−ET, we consider the atmospheric and surface water budgets to be reasonably closed. Compared to the other three basins, the mean runoff ratio (R/P) is lower in the Ob watershed, consistent with the high fraction of annual precipitation lost through ET. All basins exhibit summer maxima in P and minima in P−ET. Summer P−ET in the Ob watershed is negative due to high ET rates. For large domains in northern Eurasia, about 25% of July precipitation is associated with the recycling of water vapor evapotranspirated within each domain. This points to a significant effect of the land surface on the hydrologic regime. Variability in P and P−ET has generally clear associations with the regional atmospheric circulation. A strong link with the Urals trough is documented for the Ob. Relationships with indices of the Arctic Oscillation and other teleconnections are generally weak. Water-year time series of runoff and P−ET are strongly correlated in the Lena watershed only, reflecting extensive permafrost. Cold-season runoff has increased in the Yenisey and Lena watersheds. This is most pronounced in the Yenisey watershed, where runoff has also increased sharply in spring, decreased in summer, but has increased for the year as a whole. The mechanisms for these changes are not entirely clear. While they fundamentally relate to higher air temperatures, increased winter precipitation, and strong summer drying, we speculate links with changes in active layer thickness and thawing permafrost.
Chemical Beam Epitaxy of GaAs Films Using Single-Source Precursors

Abstract Two types of single-source precursors were studied that contained different Ga : As stoichiometry, [Me 2 Ga(μ-AS- t -Bu 2 )] 2 with a 1 : 1 stoichoimetry and Ga(As>- t -Bu 2 ) 3 with a 1 : 3 stoichiometry. Epitaxial films were grown from Ga(As- t -Bu 2 ) 3 on (100) GaAs in a chemical beam epitaxy system at 750 K and 6 × 10 −5 Torr. Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) studies for [Me 2 Ga(μ- As- t -Bu 2 )] 2 and Ga(As- t -Bu 2 ) 3 have been undertaken in a surface analysis chamber to develop an understanding of how precursor structure and reaction chemistry influence film properties. tert -Butyl ligands appear to react by β-hydride elimination process to isobutene and AsH. The methyl ligands appear to desorb rather than react with surface hydride to methane.