cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling water, carbon, and nitrogen dynamics for two drained pine plantations under intensive management practices

Abstract This paper reports results of a study to test the reliability of the DRAINMOD-FOREST model for predicting water, soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics in intensively managed forests. The study site, two adjacent loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantations (referred as D2 and D3), are located in the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. Controlled drainage (with weir and orifice) and various silvicultural practices, including nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, thinning, harvesting, bedding, and replanting, were conducted on the study site. Continuous collection of hydrological and water quality data (1988–2008) were used for model evaluation. Comparison between predicted and measured hydrologic variables showed that the model accurately predicted long-term subsurface drainage dynamics and water table fluctuations in both loblolly pine plantations. Predicted mean and standard deviation of annual drainage matched measured values very well: 431 ± 217 vs. 436 ± 231 mm for D2 site and 384 ± 152 vs . 386 ± 160 mm for D3 site. Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients (NSE) were above 0.9 for drainage predictions on annual and monthly basis and above 0.86 for predictions of daily water table fluctuations. Compared to measurements in other similar studies, the model also reasonably estimated long-term dynamics of organic matter pools on forest floor and in forest soil. Predicted mean and standard deviation of annual nitrate exports were comparable to measured values: 1.6 ± 1.3 vs. 1.5 ± 1.5 kg ha −1 for D2 site, and 1.4 ± 1.3 vs . 1.3 ± 1.1 kg ha −1 for D3 site, respectively. Predicted nitrate export dynamics were also in excellent agreement with field measurements as indicated by NSE above 0.90 and 0.84 on annual and monthly bases, respectively. The model, thus successfully tested, was applied to predicted hydrological and biogeochemical responses to drainage water management and silvicultural practices. Specifically, the model predicted reduced rainfall interception and ET after clear cutting, both of which led to increased water yield and elevated water table, as expected. The model also captured temporary changes in nitrogen transformations following forest harvesting, including increased mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, and decreased plant uptake. Overall, this study demonstrated that DRAINMOD-FOREST can predict water, C and N dynamics in drained pine forests under intensive management practices.
Retirement Effects of Proposals by the President's Commision to Strengthen Social Security

A structural dynamic model of retirement and saving is used to simulate the retirement effects of proposals made by the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security. Provisions reducing the growth in real benefits and increasing actuarial incentives to work reduce retirements. They more than offset increases in retirements caused by individual accounts, increased benefits for low wage workers and survivors, and reductions in the top AIME bracket. By 2075, the Commission's proposals would reduce retirements at age 62 by roughly 4 percentage points, mitigating an 8.7 percentage point trend to earlier retirement projected to reassert itself after its recent interruption.
Treatment of Ocular Adnexal Kaposi's Sarcoma in Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Purpose: To determine the most effective, safe, and cost-efficient treatment for ocular adnexal Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Methods: Eighty-two patients with ocular adnexal Kaposi's sarcoma related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome were examined, and 25 were selected to participate in a 3-year study that treated the ocular lesions based on stage of development and location. Results: Of 14 patients with bulbar conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma treated with surgical excision, 2 stage III lesions recurred during a follow-up that ranged from 8 to 31 months; no stage I or stage II lesion recurred. Of 7 patients with eyelid Kaposi's sarcoma treated with cryotherapy, 2 stage III lesions recurred during a follow-up that ranged from 9 to 24 months; no stage I or stage II lesion recurred. Four patients with stage III Kaposi's sarcoma of the bulbar conjunctiva were treated with fluorescein angiography-based surgical excision. None of these lesions recurred during a follow-up that ranged from 4 to 8 months. Conclusion: A treatment regimen for ocular adnexal Kaposi's sarcoma related to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome based on tumor stage and location, using cryotherapy and surgical excision with or without fluorescein angiography, is effective, safe, and cost-efficient.
Treatment acceptability of interventions published in six school psychology journals

Treatment acceptability (TA) is critical when selecting and implementing an intervention, as TA is associated with treatment outcomes. The significance of TA is reflected in school psychology models for services that state that school psychologists should address TA during development, implementation, and evaluation of interventions. However, the understanding of TA as it pertains to issues relevant to school psychologists is limited by the lack of analyses of the reporting of TA in intervention research. This study addresses this topic, as it represents a content analysis of intervention research published in six peer-reviewed journals in the field of school psychology from 2005–2014; the search yielded 2,343 articles, of which 243 were intervention research articles that included children as target samples. Overall results suggest low assessment or monitoring of TA in school psychology intervention research. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Sum-Rate Analysis of General OFDM Downlink Channels with 1-bit Feedback per Sub-Carrier

The ergodic sum-rate capacity of a single-input single-output (SISO) OFDM downlink channel, with K homogenous users scales as log log K when optimal scheduling is employed under certain conditions. However, the optimal scheduling requires that the full channel state information (CSI) for all users be available to the transmitter utilizing valuable bandwidth resources. In (S. Sanayei, et. al., 2004), the authors show that almost the same capacity growth holds even if the feedback rate from the users to the transmitter is reduced to 1-bit per sub-carrier per fading block for a limited class of channels. In this work, we present an alternative simple analysis for a more general class of channels resulting in a closed form expression for the ergodic achievable sum-rate. The mechanism of setting sub-optimal thresholds for the 1-bit quantizers is elucidated by simple lower bound to the sum-rate. Setting these sub-optimal thresholds ensures the same growth rate and non-interference limited behavior (at high-SNR regime) as that of the full-CSI scheme asymptotically with K.
The 2008 Presidential Primaries through the Lens of Prediction Markets

To explore the influence of primary results during the 2008 nomination process we leverage a previously unused methodology—the analysis of prediction market contracts. The unique structure of prediction markets allows us to address two unexplored questions. First, we analyze whether primary results affect candidates’ chances in the general election, as candidates who take strong positions during the nomination contest may be unable to easily appeal to centrist voters in the general election. We also assess whether states with early primaries, such as Iowa and New Hampshire, have a disproportionate effect on the nominating process. We show that the length of the primary season has a minimal impact of the electability of candidates in the general election, and that some states have a disproportionate impact on the nominating process. However, the states that have the largest impact are not necessarily New Hampshire and Iowa, the states that have often been assumed to be the most influential because of their early position on the primary calendar.
Biogeography and Environmental Restoration: An Opportunity in Applied Research

Environmental restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. This is a broadly defined endeavor, where directed manipulation of the environment, the effects of anthropogenic disturbance, and processes interconnecting communities, species, and populations with each other and their physical environment fall within the conceptual boundaries. Restoration requires a broad perspective and range of expertise, and biogeographers provide the interdisciplinary background inherent to geographic training that squarely situates us to make significant contributions. The avenues for involvement include pre- and post-restoration monitoring, reference-site selection, data collection and analysis for sound project planning, development and testing of foundational theory, social perceptions and public involvement, and others. This article illustrates the areas where biogeographers from the ecological biogeography, historical biogeography, and cultural biogeography sub-fields can apply their expertise for the benefit of restoration science, student training, and research application and funding.
Effect of adherence to self-monitoring of diet and physical activity on weight loss in a technology-supported behavioral intervention

Background: Examination of mediating behavioral factors could explain how an intervention works and thus provide guidance to optimize behavioral weight-loss programs. This study examined the mediating role of adherence to self-monitoring of diet and physical activity on weight loss in a behavioral weight-loss trial testing the use of personal digital assistants (PDA) for self-monitoring. Methods: Mediation analysis was conducted to examine the possible mediating role of adherence to self-monitoring of diet and physical activity between treatments using varying self-monitoring methods (paper record, PDA, and PDA with daily tailored feedback messages) and weight loss.Findings: The sample (N = 210) was predominantly white (78%) and female (85%). Compared to a paper record, using a PDA for self-monitoring diet (P = 0.027) and physical activity (P = 0.014) had significant direct effects on weight loss at 12 months, as well as a significant indirect effect on outcomes through improved adherence to self-monitoring (PS < 0.001). Receiving an automated daily feedback message via PDA only had a significant indirect effect on weight through self-monitoring adherence to diet (P = 0.004) and physical activity (P = 0.002).Conclusions: Adherence to self-monitoring of diet and physical activity is important as the underlying mechanism in this technology-supported behavioral weight-loss intervention.
Seven new species and one new variety of Valeriana (Valerianaceae) from Mexico

Seven new species of Valeriana endemic to Mexico are described and illustrated. Valeriana naidae Barrie is a suffrutescent, simple-leaved dioecious vine similar to V. subincisa Benth. Valeriana otomiana Barrie, V. zapotecana Barrie, V. chiapensis Barrie, V. moorei Barrie and V. rzedowskiorum Barrie are tap-rooted, perennial herbs. Valeriana tzotzilana Barrie is a biennial herb, endemic to Chiapas. The subspecies V. urticifolia var. scorpioides (DC.) Barrie is proposed, based on V. scorpioides DC. Additionally, a nomen novum, V. oaxacana Barrie, is proposed to replace the illegitimate name V. affinis M. Martens & Galeotti. A key to all species known to occur in Mexico is provided.
An efficient hybrid strategy for temporal planning

Temporal planning (TP) is notoriously difficult because it requires to solve a propositional STRIPS planning problem with temporal constraints. In this paper, we propose an efficient strategy for solving TP, which combines, in an innovative way, several well established and studied techniques in AI, OR and constraint programming. Our approach integrates graph planning (a well studied planning paradigm), max-SAT (a constraint optimization technique), and the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), a well established technique in OR. Our method first separates the logical and temporal constraints of a TP problem and solves it in two phases. In the first phase, we apply our new STRIPS planner to generate a parallel STRIPS plan with a minimum number of parallel steps. Our new STRIPS planner is based on a new max-SAT formulation, which leads to an effective incremental learning scheme and a goal-oriented variable selection heuristic. The new STRIPS planner can generate optimal parallel plans more efficiently than the well-known SATPLAN approach. In the second phase, we apply PERT to schedule the activities in a parallel plan to create a shortest temporal plan given the STRIPS plan. When applied to the first optimal parallel STRIPS plan, this simple strategy produces optimal temporal plans on most benchmarks we have tested. This strategy can also be applied to optimal STRIPS plans of different parallel steps in an anytime fashion to find an optimal temporal plan. Our experimental results show that the new strategy is effective and the resulting algorithm outperforms many existing temporal planners.
The impact of the format of graphical presentation on health-related knowledge and treatment choices.

Objective: To evaluate the ability of six graph formats to impart knowledge about treatment risks/benefits to low and high numeracy individuals. Methods: Participants were randomized to receive numerical information about the risks and benefits of a hypothetical medical treatment in one of six graph formats. Each described the benefits of taking one of two drugs, as well as the risks of experiencing side effects. Main outcome variables were verbatim (specific numerical) and gist (general impression) knowledge. Participants were also asked to rate their perceptions of the graphical format and to choose a treatment. Results: 2412 participants completed the survey. Viewing a pictograph was associated with adequate levels of both types of knowledge, especially for lower numeracy individuals. Viewing tables was associated with a higher likelihood of having adequate verbatim knowledge vs. other formats (p < 0.001) but lower likelihood of having adequate gist knowledge (p < 0.05). All formats were positively received, but pictograph was trusted by both high and low numeracy respondents. Verbatim and gist knowledge were significantly (p < 0.01) associated with making a medically superior treatment choice. Conclusion: Pictographs are the best format for communicating probabilistic information to patients in shared decision making environments, particularly among lower numeracy individuals. Practice Implications: Providers can consider using pictographs to communicate risk and benefit information to patients of different numeracy levels. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Decay of temperature variance in the presence of nonhomogeneous strain

The effect of nonhomogeneous strain caused by two-dimensional objects on single point statistical properties of the turbulent velocity and turbulent scalar (temperature) and their cross moments are investigated experimentally. The heated turbulent flow is produced by means of a biplane array of round rods and a biplane array of heated, thin wires placed downstream of the turbulence producing grid. The experiments are performed for three different ratios of the integral scale, L 0 , to the object dimension, D, of 0.38, 1.90 and 3.1
Convergent design in ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing and networking have been fertile grounds for innovation while presenting the challenge of realizing a superior user experience and a viable business model. Unassumingly exploring both the difficult task of innovation and the user experience design, this short contribution will briefly document the emergent trend of combining science and engineering with fields of studies that are considered non-science and non-engineering such as design, fashion and visual arts. The thesis of this work is that ubiquitous computing and networking could substantially benefit from such integrative approach.
Detection of calcifications in breast biopsies by scanning electron microscopy.

The identification of microcalcifications in breast biopsy specimens is a common and important task for the surgical pathologist that may sometimes be problematic. Although visualized by preoperative mammographic and operative specimen radiography, some cases may fail to reveal calcifications by histopathologic examination or occasion laborious and time-consuming study to confirm sparse calcifications. The present study demonstrates how conventional bright-field and polariscopic light microscopy did require considerable effort to confirm rare calcification. On the other hand, scanning electron microscopy was employed directly on a routine slide and provided definitive visual and physical proof, e.g., by means of energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis of a rare calcification on a slide previously judged to be negative for calcium and in a short period of time. Recent instrument advances in high voltage beam stabilization and in the ability to vary the pressure of the scanning electron microscope in the vici...
A guide to interpreting economic studies in infectious diseases

Healthcare providers continue to seek improved methods for preventing, detecting and treating diseases that affect human survival and quality of life. At the same time, there will always be financial constraints because of limited societal resources. Many of the discussions on how to provide economically sound solutions to this challenge have not fully engaged the input of clinicians in the field. The purpose of this review is to increase economic knowledge for clinicians. We cover healthcare cost elements and methods used to assign value to a health outcome. We outline the challenges in conducting economic studies in the field of infectious diseases. Finally, we discuss the meaning of efficiency from multiple perspectives, and how the concept of economic externalities applies to infectious diseases.
PROPERTIES OF GUINEA PIG 7S ANTIBODIES III. IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIBODIES INVOLVED IN COMPLEMENT FIXATION AND HEMOLYSIS

Guinea pig 7Sgamma(2) antibodies were demonstrated to fix complement in the presence of antigen and to sensitize antigen-coated, tanned erythrocytes for lysis in the presence of complement; guinea pig 7Sgamma(1) antibodies did not participate in these reactions. Gamma-2 antibodies were more efficient in provoking hemorrhagic necrosis in reverse passive Arthus reactions than equal amounts of non-complement-fixing gamma-1 antibodies. Unlike anaphylaxis in the guinea pig, both guinea pig 7Sgamma(1) and 7Sgamma(2) antibodies provoked passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions in the rat. Efficient hemolytic activity attributable to 7S guinea pig anti-sheep erythrocyte antibodies migrated faster than the peak of complement-fixing activity, but slower than the peak of PCA activity in starch block electrophoresis. It is uncertain whether this activity is a function of a third type of antibody produced in response to the particulate property of the antigen or whether it is due to the antigenic heterogeneity of the erythrocyte cell membrane.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF CHOLINE INCORPORATION INTO PERIPHERAL NERVE MYELIN

This radioautographic study was designed to localize the cytological sites involved in the incorporation of a lipid precursor into the myelin and the myelin-related cell of the peripheral nervous system. Both myelinating and fully myelinated cultures of rat dorsal root ganglia were exposed to a 30-min pulse of tritiated choline and either fixed immediately or allowed 6 or 48 hr of chase incubation before fixation. After Epon embedding, light and electron microscopic radioautograms were prepared with Ilford L-4 emulsion. Analysis of the pattern of choline incorporation into myelinating cultures indicated that radioactivity appeared all along the length of the internode, without there being a preferential site of initial incorporation. Light microscopic radioautograms of cultures at varying states of maturity were compared in order to determine the relative degree of myelin labeling. This analysis indicated that the myelin-Schwann cell unit in the fully myelinated cultures incorporated choline as actively as did this unit in the myelinating cultures. Because of technical difficulties, it was not possible to determine the precise localization of the incorporated radioactivity within the compact myelin. These data are related to recent biochemical studies indicating that the mature myelin of the central nervous system does incorporate a significant amount of lipid precursor under the appropriate experimental conditions. These observations support the concept that a significant amount of myelin-related metabolic activity occurs in mature tissue; this activity is considered part of an essential and continuous process of myelin maintenance and repair.
Access Control and Resource Allocation for Peer-to-Peer Video Streaming Based on Fuzzy Logic

The fast development of peer-to-peer video-on-demand (P2P-VoD) technologies provides people new experience of watching videos and live TVs online. However, reliability of the streaming source and resource allocation are still concerns from end-users. This paper introduces an adaptive control framework using fuzzy logic into user preference definition for peer-to-peer (P2P) video streaming access control, and designs a novel decision-making mechanism using formal fuzzy rules and reasoning mechanisms to adjust P2P video streaming resource allocation following individual users’ preferences.
Cannibalism in the Marketplace

tain quantitative and qualitative data must be collected and analyzed. The show audit should verify the projected target audience. Sales personnel should have maintained accurate records of sales leads, if that was an objective, by name, title, etc. to verify what percent of the projected target audience and actual target audience were contacted at the exhibit. A simple analysis can be conducted of the dollar cost per contact by dividing the actual total cost of participation at the show by the total number of the target audience contacted. Management can also evaluate their sales personnel's effectiveness at the show by determining the percent of the projected target audience actually contacted. If sales were an objective of the show, then an evaluation of the effectiveness will be an on-going project. Dollar cost per contact can be translated into a dollar cost per sales result if an intensive follow-up of every show contact is conducted. Costs can be readjusted every three months, or longer if the sales cycle is long, to reflect the return-on-investment to date. Follow-up of contacts should be emphasized to sales personnel even if sales were not an objective. Otherwise, show attendees may feel that their expressed interest was of no concern to the company. For a complete evaluation of the show, the company needs qualitative information such as show attendees' reaction to meetings and exhibits, average time spent in the company's booth by a target audience member, and competition's activity at the show. This is subjective information and can best be obtained by surveying a sample of the target audience, the show attendees and the company's sales personnel. Other types of subjective information can also assist management in the final evaluation: an analysis of sales personnel effort and teamwork, an analysis of the quality of the message as determined by requests for information and inquiries after the show, the functional and aesthetic attributes of the exhibit structure, and the publicity effort of other collateral materials. The trade show exhibit can be a highly efficient and effective media for communicating a message to a target audience of current or potential customers at a relatively low cost. The success of any trade show depends on the careful planning and setting of objectives in order to best match the message and the audience. It is imperative to evaluate the effectiveness of the trade show as well, since management is demanding and deserves precise measurements to determine the return on the trade show investment.
Wave-equation tomography using image-space phase encoded data

Wave-equation tomography in the image-space is a powerful technique that promises to yield more reliable velocity models than ray-based migration velocity analysis in areas of complex overburden. Its practical use, however, has been limited because of the high computational cost. Applying a target-oriented approach and using data reduction can make wave-equation tomography in the image space of practical use. Here, we present results of applying image-space wave-equation tomography in the generalized source domain, where a small number of synthesized shot gathers are generated. Specifically, we generate synthesized shot gathers by image-space phase encoding. This technique can also be used in a target-oriented way. The comparison of the gradients of the tomography objective functional obtained using image-space encoded gathers with those obtained using the original shot gathers shows that those encoded shot gathers can be used in wave-equation tomography problems. Velocity inversion using image-space phase-encoded gathers converges to reasonable results when compared to the correct velocity model. We illustrate our method by applying it to the Marmousi model.
Crowd Noise and Conformity

90 college men and women worked problems in the presence of crowd noise (CN), white noise (WN), or no noise (NN). CN produced more tendency to conform to answers chosen by others than NN among men (p < .05) but not among women.
A Task Force Approach to Instruction in International Relations

One of the distinctive features of the present generation of college students is its concern with relevance. Students want to know the relationship of what they are learning to what is happening in the world around them. They want to know whether what they learn in the classroom will have any utility in making the world more understandable and more amenable to improvement and reform. In the spring of 1966, I began experimenting with a teaching technique which I hoped would give some positive answers to these concems. They are concerns which are not the monopoly of students. In 1964, the Committee on the College and World Affairs (chaired by John W. Nason) reported:
RACE, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION, AND EMOTION‐FOCUSED COPING

This study examined the associations among race, perceived discrimination, and emotion-focused coping. Participants were 3,688 respondents (160 Blacks and 3,533 non-Hispanic Whites) to the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States. We tested our hypotheses with analyses of covariance and multiple regression, and we confirmed mediation with bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals. All analyses controlled for age and gender; educational attainment and household income were included as covariates in additional analyses. Consistent with previous research, Blacks engaged in more emotion-focused coping than did Whites. However, as predicted, perceived discrimination explained the association between race and emotion-focused coping. Being Black compared with White predicted more perceived discrimination; in turn, perceived discrimination predicted more emotion-focused coping. Perceived discrimination fully mediated the association between race and emotion-focused coping. Findings demonstrate that relying on emotion-focused coping is a function of facing daily discrimination rather than racial status.
Stabilization of heterogeneous silicon lasers using Pound-Drever-Hall locking to Si 3 N 4 ring resonators.

Recent results on heterogeneous Si/III-V lasers and ultra-high Q Si3N4 resonators are implemented in a Pound-Drever-Hall frequency stabilization system to yield narrow linewidth characteristics for a stable on-chip laser reference. The high frequency filtering is performed with Si resonant mirrors in the laser cavity. To suppress close in noise and frequency walk off, the laser is locked to an ultra-high Q Si3N4 resonator with a 30 million quality factor. The laser shows high frequency noise levels of 60 × 103 Hz2/Hz corresponding to 160 kHz linewidth, and the low frequency noise is suppressed 33 dB to 103 Hz2/Hz with the PDH system.
Abstract LB-021: LRIG1 opposes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inhibits invasion of triple-negative/basal-B breast cancer cells

LRIG1, a member of the LRIG family of transmembrane leucine rich repeat-containing proteins, is a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and a tumor suppressor. LRIG1 expression is broadly decreased in human cancer and in breast cancer, low expression of LRIG1 has been linked to decreased relapse-free survival. Recently, low expression of LRIG1 was revealed to be an independent risk factor for breast cancer metastasis and death. These findings suggest that LRIG1 may oppose breast cancer cell motility and invasion, cellular processes which are fundamental to metastasis. However, very little is known of LRIG1 function in this regard. In this study, we demonstrate that LRIG1is down-regulated during epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human mammary epithelial cells, suggesting that LRIG1 expression may represent a barrier to EMT. Indeed, depletion of endogenous LRIG1 in human mammary epithelial cells expands the stem cell population, augments mammosphere formation and accelerates EMT. Conversely, expression of LRIG1 in highly invasive triple-negative/Basal B breast cancer cells provokes a mesenchymal to epithelial transition accompanied by a dramatic suppression of tumorsphere formation and a striking loss of invasive growth in three-dimensional culture. LRIG1 expression perturbs multiple signaling pathways and represses markers and effectors of the mesenchymal state. Furthermore, LRIG1 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells significantly slows their growth as tumors, providing the first in vivo evidence that LRIG1 functions as a growth suppressor in breast cancer. Citation Format: Nucharee Yokdang, Jason Hatakeyama, Jessica Wald, Catalina Simion, Joseph Tellez, Dennis Chang, Manojit Swamynathan, Mingyi Chen, William Murphy, Kermit Carraway, Colleen Sweeney. LRIG1 opposes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and inhibits invasion of triple-negative/basal-B breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-021.
The effect of K(+) on caspase activity of corneal epithelial cells exposed to UVB

Exposure of human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells to UVB triggers rapid loss of K(+) and apoptosis via activation of caspases -9, -8 and -3. It has been shown that preventing loss of intracellular K(+) can inhibit apoptosis. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of K(+) on the UVB-induced caspase activity. HCLE cells were exposed to 150 mJ/cm(2) UVB, followed by measurement of caspase activity in cell lysates. Caspase activity was measured in the presence and absence of 100 mM K(+) in the reaction buffer. UVB-induced activity of caspases -9, -8 and -3 all decreased in the presence of 100 mM K(+). These results suggest that a role of high [K(+)] in the cell is to inhibit caspase activity. Therefore, when cells lose K(+) in response to UVB, caspases are activated and cells go into apoptosis. This supports our hypothesis that K(+) inhibits caspase activity.
Alien Capital: Asian Racialization and the Logic of Settler Colonial Capitalism

Iyko Day. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. x and 256 pp., illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $24.95 paper (ISBN 978-0-8223-6093-3); $94.95 cloth (ISBN 978-0-8223-6079-7).At the turn...
Reaching Urban Poor Hypertensive Patients: A Novel Model of Chronic Disease Care Versus a Traditional Fee-for-Service Approach

Background: There is a significant disparity in hypertensive treatment rates between those with and without health insurance. If left untreated, hypertension leads to significant morbidity and mort...
Embodying Herethics: Rossetti’s Speaking Likenesses

Jenkins demonstrates how Speaking Likenesses supports the recognition of the abject other, whether within the self or with another, that enables compassion rather than fear, possibility rather than paralysis, through literary transference. Rossetti offers readers the opportunity to experience an ethical process, one that builds upon dismantled binaries of difference and demonstrates Kristeva’s Herethical model. Herethics compounds the biological and conceptual, the literal and the abstract, to illustrate the dynamic relationship that builds from the body metaphorically but resides in the human body as an affective experience of love that propels compassion rather than narcissistic desire. Engaging in the process of a Herethical dynamic, the individual gains access to abjection’s sublime to create, imagine, and thrive.
Beyond the boundaries: Enabling new circuit opportunities by using SiGe HBTs in counterintuitive ways

SiGe HBT technology has enjoyed substantial success over the past 25 years for use in realizing performance-constrained, highly-integrated mixed-signal electronics spanning the range of DC to sub-mm-wave operational frequencies. This success has been bolstered by advances in device scaling which have been truly impressive, now routinely achieving multi-hundred GHz frequencies, a fact which is currently opening many new and interesting application possibilities. Most of these emerging opportunities were never envisioned at the very beginning of this field (which is reflective of the inherent nature of innovation), and many involve using the SiGe HBT in ways which may appear counterintuitive to “classical” circuit designers. Examples include operation: in radiation environments, in inverse mode, in weak saturation, and beyond SoA boundaries. This invited paper will explore this emerging design space, both from device and circuit perspectives.
The Left’s Contribution to Social Justice in Iran: A Brief Historical Overview

This chapter will trace the origin of modern Iran’s social justice projects to the contribution of a small internationally inspired social democratic movement during the 1906–1911 Constitutional Revolution. It will then argue Iran’s modern social justice agenda—that is, popular sovereignty, equal rights, regardless of gender, religion and ethnicity, and preventing labor’s exploitation—was primarily advocated and advanced by socialists and communists. Both the Pahlavi monarchy and the Islamic Republic borrowed their welfare state and populist programs directly from the Left. However, contemporary social justice agendas must go beyond traditional leftist paradigms toward the empowerment of subaltern groups and classes in grassroots alliances beyond nation-states, in transnational networks of locally autonomous polities democratically joined in regional and global confederate structures.
Cyber security vulnerability assessment for Smart substations

Cyber security vulnerabilities of smart substation have become an emerging issue since IEC 61850 based Smart substations were heavily dependent on information and communication technologies. In this paper, a comprehensive vulnerability assessment platform is proposed to evaluate the cyber security vulnerability of devices and networks in smart substation automation system. Assessment methods employed in the platform include cyber-attacks simulating and fuzz testing based on TCP/IP and IEC 61850 that commonly used to detect potential loopholes of system and protocol. A compliance evaluation approach is also provided in the platform to check the management compliance of smart substations, in accordance with the requirements of IEC 62443-3-3. The assessment platform has been implemented on a test substation base on a real time digital simulator (RTDS).
Constant-Distance Mode Nanospray Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biological Samples with Complex Topography

A new approach for constant-distance mode mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of biological samples using nanospray desorption electrospray ionization (nano-DESI) was developed by integrating a shear-force probe with the nano-DESI probe. The technical concept and basic instrumental setup, as well as the general operation of the system are described. Mechanical dampening of resonant oscillations due to the presence of shear forces between the probe and the sample surface enabled the constant-distance imaging mode via a computer-controlled closed-feedback loop. The capability of simultaneous chemical and topographic imaging of complex biological samples is demonstrated using living Bacillus subtilis ATCC 49760 colonies on agar plates. The constant-distance mode nano-DESI MSI enabled imaging of many metabolites, including nonribosomal peptides (surfactin, plipastatin, and iturin) on the surface of living bacterial colonies, ranging in diameter from 10 to 13 mm, with height variations up to 0.8 mm above the agar ...
Outcomes of 507 Consecutive Robotic-Assisted Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasties With a Minimum of 2-Year Follow-Up

Introduction Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) has seen renewed interest in recent years and is a viable option for patients with limited degenerative disease of the knee as an alternative to total knee arthroplasty. However, the minimally invasive UKA procedure is challenging and accurate component alignment is vital to long-term survival. Robotic-assisted UKA allows for greater accuracy of component placement and dynamic intraoperative ligament balancing which may improve clinical patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes in a large, consecutive cohort of patients that underwent robotic-assisted UKA. Materials and Methods A search of the institutional joint arthroplasty registry identified 507 patients with a mean age of 63 years (range, 28 to 88 years) who underwent robotic-assisted UKA between July 2008 and June 2010. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Oxford Knee Score and patients without recent follow-up were contacted by telephone. The revision rate and time to revision were also examined. Results All patients had a minimum of 2 years follow-up (mean 33 months, range 24 to 47 months). Most patients were doing well at latest clinical follow-up. Preliminary results revealed a mean Oxford Knee Score of 36.1 + 9.92. The preliminary revision rate was found to be 2.6%. Conclusion Robotic-assisted UKA provides good pain relief and functional outcomes at a minimum of 2-year follow-up. Improved component alignment and ligament balancing increases the probability of favorable outcomes following surgery. Proper patient selection in combination with robotic-assisted UKA may decrease revision rates encountered with early UKA systems.
The Risks of Benefit-Cost-Risk Analysis

First of all, it is a pleasure to be here to talk to you and to have an opportunity to deal with an audience of people that normally I would not see. Five years ago, we had a conference in this very room on questions of risk assessment. At that time I talked about some early ideas I had on how to approach the question of the value of life.
Obesity, Behavioral Treatment of

Behavioral modification is the leading treatment for obesity because it produces moderate (i.e., 10%) weight losses with minimal side effects. Historically, obesity treatment has targeted various aspects of food intake and physical activity. However, the emergence of behavioral treatment in the 1960s marked a change in the way such modifications were approached. Behavioral treatment is based on principals of social learning theory that suggests that maladaptive eating and exercise behaviors are learned and can be ‘;unlearned’; through a series of techniques. The basic components of treatment include self-monitoring, stimulus control, cognitive restructuring, and education in nutrition and exercise. Well-controlled studies on the short- and long-term effects of behavioral treatment indicate beneficial short-term outcomes. However, long-term maintenance of weight loss continues to be problematic. Sampling, bias, poor measurement tools, and a lack of assessment of health-related outcomes limit the current state of research. To advance, the field must investigate varous components of treatment and discover new ways to promote long-term cognitive and behavioral control to manage this chronic and refractory disorder.
Legal Issues: Googling Google's Google and the Risk of the Generic Trademark

When the trademark of a product is no longer recognized as being distinct from the product itself, trademark protection can be lost in a process known as genericizing or trademark erosion. This occurs over time when a brand name is so widely used to describe the underlying product that it comes to describe all such products regardless of the brand. When that becomes the norm, the trademark can be declared as no longer valid and the rights to legally exploit or utilize the trademark are lost. The question is now being asked whether “google” (also googling, googled, etc.) used as a verb to represent the action of conducting a search on the internet has become genericized. The verb obviously arose from the trademarked Google search engine, which over the past decade has become the dominant Internet search engine with 67% to 90% of the search engine market share–depending on which survey your read.
Business, Corruption, and Human Rights: Towards a New Responsibility for Corporations to Combat Corruption

Due to the impact of corruption on corporations’ human rights obligations, this Article argues for a new conceptualization of what it means for a corporation to combat corruption. This new conceptualization results from integrating corporations’ responsibilities to combat corruption with its responsibilities to respect human rights. Integrating these two responsibilities not only changes what it should mean for a corporation to combat corruption, but also moves corruption directly within the business and human rights movement.
The roles of working memory and cognitive load in geoscience learning

Working memory is a cognitive system that allows for the simultaneous storage and processing of active information. While working memory has been implicated as an important element for success in m...
The slowing pace of life expectancy gains since 1950.

New technological breakthroughs in biomedicine should have made it easier for countries to improve life expectancy at birth (LEB). This paper measures the pace of improvement in the decadal gains of LEB, for the last 60-years adjusting for each country’s starting point of LEB. LEB increases over the next 10-years for 139 countries between 1950 and 2009 were regressed on LEB, GDP, total fertility rate, population density, CO2 emissions, and HIV prevalence using country-specific fixed effects and time-dummies. Analysis grouped countries into one-of-four strata: LEB < 51, 51 ≤ LEB < 61, 61 ≤ LEB < 71, and LEB ≥ 71. The rate of increase of LEB has fallen consistently since 1950 across all strata. Results hold in unadjusted analysis and in the regression-adjusted analysis. LEB decadal gains fell from 4.80 (IQR: 2.98–6.20) years in the 1950s to 2.39 (IQR:1.80–2.80) years in the 2000s for the healthiest countries (LEB ≥ 71). For countries with the lowest LEB (LEB < 51), decadal gains fell from 7.38 (IQR:4.83–9.25) years in the 1950s to negative 6.82 (IQR: -12.95--1.05) years in the 2000s. Multivariate analysis controlling for HIV prevalence, GDP, and other covariates shows a negative effect of time on LEB decadal gains among all strata. Contrary to the expectation that advances in health technology and spending would hasten improvements in LEB, we found that the pace-of-growth of LEB has slowed around the world.
Unanticipated formation of a novel octaazacyclodecane ring upon oxidation of a 1,1-bis-urazole.

Tetra­hydro­tetra­zoles are a little-explored class of five-membered heterocycles with four contiguous singly-bonded N atoms. Recent work in our labs has demonstrated that urazole radicals are amenable to N—N bond formation via radical combination to form such a chain of four N atoms. Previously described 1,1-bis-urazole compounds appeared to be convenient precursors to the target tetra­zoles via their oxidation to inter­mediate urazole diradicals, which upon N—N bond formation would complete the tetra­zole framework. While oxidation proceeded smoothly, the novel 10-membered octa­aza heterocycle 7,7,18,18-tetra­acetyl-4,10,15,21-tetra­phenyl-1,2,4,6,8,10,12,13,15,17,19,21-do­deca­aza­penta­cyclo­[17.3.0.02,6.08,12.013,17]docosan-3,5,9,11,14,16,20,22-octone, C42H32N12O12, was obtained (36% yield) instead of the expected tetra­zole product, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Calculations at the (U)B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory suggest that the desired tetra­zoles have weak N—N bonds connecting the two urazole units.
The action of pancreatic desoxyribonuclease. I. Isolation of mono- and dinucleotides

The nature of the products of the action of pancreatic desoxyribonuclease (DNase) upon highly polymerized desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been the subject of numerous investigations. Titrimetric studies (1-5) have revealed that, during the digestion, approximately one secondary phosphate group becomes titratable per 4 phosphorus atoms, which may be interpreted to mean that the products are, on the average, of the magnitude of tetranucleotides. More recently, ionophoretic (9), diffusion (5), and dialysis (10, 11) studies of the digest have suggested that it contains a complex mixture of polynucleotides of a range of magnitudes.
Resolution of the Radio Source γ 2 Vel

The WC star γ2 Vel has been resolved at radio wavelengths with the VLA. At a frequency of 4860 MHz, the flux density observed at a given antenna separation is independent of the position angle of the baseline, implying that the wind is spherical. The data at three frequencies suggest that the electron density decreases with distance more rapidly than r-2 for distances greater than 3 x 1015 cm. The wind is isothermal with temperature 5600 ± 500 K, and the mass loss rate is (8.6 ± 1.0) x 10-5 M0 yr-1.
Without Supporting Statistical Evidence, Where Would Reported Measures of Substantive Importance Lead? To No Good Effect

Although estimating substantive importance (in the form of reporting effect sizes) has recently received widespread endorsement, its use has not been subjected to the same degree of scrutiny as has statistical hypothesis testing. As such, many researchers do not seem to be aware that certain of the same criticisms launched against the latter can also be aimed at the former. Our purpose here is to highlight major concerns about effect sizes and their estimation. In so doing, we argue that effect size measures per se are not the hoped-for panaceas for interpreting empirical research findings. Further, we contend that if effect sizes were the only basis for interpreting statistical data, social-science research would not be in any better position than it would if statistical hypothesis testing were the only basis. We recommend that hypothesis testing and effect-size estimation be used in tandem to establish a reported outcome’s believability and magnitude, respectively, with hypothesis testing (or some other inferential statistical procedure) retained as a “gatekeeper” for determining whether or not effect sizes should be interpreted. Other methods for addressing statistical and substantive significance are advocated, particularly confidence intervals and independent replications.