cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alteration of Gene Expression Associated with Abscisic Acid-Induced Chilling Tolerance in Maize Suspension-Cultured Cells

ABA induces chilling tolerance in maize (Zea mays L., cv Black Mexican Sweet) suspension-cultured cells at 28[deg] C when ABA was added to the culture medium at least 6 h prior to chilling (4[deg] C), and this induction can be inhibited by blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide treatment (Z. Xin, P.H. Li [1992] Plant Physiol 99: 707-711). De novo synthesis of proteins and changes in poly(A+) RNAs were investigated during the ABA induction of chilling tolerance at 28[deg] C as well as during chilling exposure. At 28[deg] C, ABA increased the net synthesis of 11 proteins. Five of these proteins, whose net synthesis was also increased by chilling (4[deg] C), were called group I ABA-induced proteins; the remaining six proteins, whose net synthesis was not altered by chilling, were called group II ABA-induced proteins. Chilling suppressed the net synthesis of three proteins. ABA treatment prior to chilling did not alleviate this suppression. ABA applied at the inception of chilling induced neither chilling tolerance nor accumulation of any of the group II proteins; however, once the group II proteins appeared, they were continually synthesized even in a chilling regimen. ABA induced seven in vitro translation products at 28[deg] C. Three of these products could also be induced by chilling; the remaining four were induced by ABA only at 28[deg] C. These results suggest that ABA-induced alteration of protein synthesis at 28[deg] C is associated with an increased chilling tolerance in maize suspension-cultured cells.
The biological half-life of riboflavin-C14 in the liver of normal rats and rats fed 2-acetylaminofluorene.

Abstract The biological half-life of hepatic riboflavin was found to be 6.53 days in rats fed a semisynthetic diet. Inclusion of 0.03 % acetylaminofluorene in the diet reduced the biological half-life of liver riboflavin to 1.09 days.
Detecting scintillations in liquid helium

We review our work in developing a tetraphenyl butadiene (TPB)-based detection system for a measurement of the neutron lifetime using magnetically confined ultracold neutrons (UCN). As part of the development of the detection system for this experiment, we studied the scintillation properties of liquid helium itself, characterized the fluorescent efficiencies of different fluors, and built and tested three detector geometries. We provide an overview of the results from these studies as well as references for additional information.
Recognition of multiple-item probes

In the present study, we contrasted models in whichfamiliarity orstrength is the sole basis for recognition judgments (e.g., Gillund & Shiffrin, 1984) with models incorporating retrieval of specific information in a recall-like process (e.g., Humphreys, 1976, 1978; Humphreys & Bain, 1984). We also examined the possibility that an item’s “strength” is determined in part by the match between the verbal encoding contexts at study and at test. In two experiments, study items were presented in triplets. In Experiment 1 recognition was tested with all possible combinations of one-, two-, or three-item targets and distractors; in addition, three different decision criteria were employed in different lists. Experiment 2 included cued recognition among other test conditions. Recognition performance did not increase as more cues were added to the probe, a finding that is inconsistent with Humphreys’s model and other models of that type. Both studies were well fit by a version of the Search of Associative Memory model for recognition (Gillund & Shiffrin, 1984).
Calculated specific surface energy of molybdenite ( MoS 2 )

The interlayer binding energy of hexagonal molybdenum disulfide at 0 K was calculated employing an exponential-six potential function summed over all sulfur neighbors across the interlayer gap. A rigid-layer, two-dimensional lattice model was assumed. Experimental values of the equilibrium lattice constants, the lattice constants under pressure, and the bulk modulus in the $c$ direction were used to determine the parameters of the potential. The interlayer binding energy was calculated to be -520 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 40 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$---giving a specific surface energy of ---260 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 20 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The depth of the exponential-six potential (in temperature units) is 764 K, which is close to the temperature of an experimentally observed sintering process. The calculation was repeated using a Lennard-Jones potential, resulting in -490 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 40 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for the interlayer binding energy and a well depth of 703 K.
Evidence that autocrine signaling through Bmpr1a regulates the proliferation, survival and morphogenetic behavior of distal lung epithelial cells.

Abstract Lung development requires reciprocal epithelial/mesenchymal interactions, mediated by signaling factors such as Bmps made in both cell populations. To address the role of Bmp signaling in the epithelium, we have exploited the fact that Bmp receptor type Ia (Alk3) is expressed in the epithelium during branching morphogenesis. Deletion of Bmpr1a in the epithelium with an Sftpc-cre transgene leads to dramatic defects in lung development. There is reduced epithelial proliferation, extensive apoptosis, changes in cell morphology and extrusion of cells into the lumen. By E18.5, there are fewer Type II cells than normal, and the lung contains large fluid-filled spaces. If cell death is prevented by making embryos homozygous null for the proapoptotic gene, Bax, the epithelial cells that are rescued can apparently differentiate, but normal morphogenesis is not restored. To determine whether Bmps made by the epithelium can function in an autocrine manner, mesenchyme-free endoderm was cultured in Matrigel™ with Fgfs. Under these conditions, the mutant epithelium fails to undergo secondary budding. Abnormal development was also seen when Bmp4 was specifically deleted in the epithelium using the Sftpc-cre transgene. Our results support a model in which Bmp signaling primarily regulates the proliferation, survival and morphogenetic behavior of distal lung epithelial cells.
Controlling delivery properties of a waterborne, in-situ-forming biomaterial

This study details efforts to transition an in-situ-gelling polymer for endovascular embolization from the bench-top to preclinical cerebral arteriovenous malformation animal model studies. The in-situ-forming gel is based on waterborne, reverse emulsion materials. For controlled embolization of vascular defects, it is crucial to understand the delivery properties of an in-situ-forming gel. Directing a liquid into a small cavity requires both precise control of the fluid flow, and depends upon minimal variability in the materials behavior. A 23 factorial experiment performed in the laboratory revealed that temperature, mixing time, and buffer strength are all significant factors affecting the gelation time of the specific system studied. All three factors were also seen to reduce the standard deviation on the gel times. Changing the temperature from 21.3 to 37.0°C reduced the cross population variability from 6.0 ± 3.3 min to 3.4 ± 1.6 min. At 30-s premixing, the protocol produced an average gel time of 5.3 ± 3.0 min, which was reduced to 3.3 ± 1.2 min with 90 s. Finally, a 50 mM buffer solution provided a gel time of 6.5 ± 3.2 min, which was reduced to 2.95 ± 0.6 min at 100 mM. Viscosity data was analyzed to suggest a model for injection volume and viscosity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Isoetes howellii: a submerged aquatic CAM plant?

In the leaves (but not corms) of the submerged aquatic plant Isoetes howellii, malic acid concentration fluctuates from 1-3 mg g-1FW in the evening to 7-13 mg g-1FW in the morning. Associated with this is a change in pH (a.m. pH 3-4 vs. p.m. pH 5-6) and titratable acidity (75-200 geq g-1FW change in acidity between morning and evening) of the plant extract. 14CO2fixation experiments indicate that carbon is fixed in both the light and the dark, though the amount of carbon fixed in the light is more than double that fixed in the dark. Autoradiographs show 89% of dark-fixed CO2 ends up in malic acid and the remainder in citric acid, whereas these two acids constitute less than 5% of the light-fixation products. It is suggested that CAM metabolism in this aquatic species may be related to the lower availability of CO2 for photosynthesis during the day than during the night in its aquatic environment. DARK-FIXATION of CO2 is known to occur in roots, stems, and leaves of many plants both terrestrial and aquatic (e.g. Jacobson, 1965; Webb and Burley, 1965; Ting and Dugger, 1966; Willenbrink et al., 1979). In photosynthetic tissues of drought-adapted succulents known as CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) plants, dark-fixation of CO2 substantially contributes to the total carbon gain of the plant (Kluge and Ting, 1978). In CAM plants, CO2 is fixed at night, through /3-carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate, into organic acids (largely malic acid), which are stored in the cell vacuole until morning. During the day, these organic acids are removed from the vacuole, decarboxylated, and the CO2 released is incorporated into carbohydrates via the Calvin (C) pathway of photosynthesis.
Weapon Technology, Prey Size Selection, and Hunting Methods in Modern Hunter‐Gatherers: Implications for Hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic

The ethnographic and ethnohistoric literature on a global sample of 96 recent hunting peoples was surveyed to explore the relationships between weapons, prey body-size, and terrestrial hunting techniques. Findings include: (1) an association between the use of hand-delivered spears, large-bodied prey, and hunting techniques dependent on physiographic features and specific terrain types; (2) less dependence on terrain features in hunting with atlatl-propelled darts, and; (3) use of the bow and arrow without regard to prey size or terrain features. Findings also suggest that technologically aided hunting of medium-to-large game before the development of long-distance projectile weaponry involved a narrow range of strategies and limitations of prey choice. The effective exploitation of a wide range of terrestrial mammals characteristic of modern humans occurred after the advent of efficient projectile weapons.
Atmospheric mercury emissions and speciation at the sulphur bank mercury mine superfund site, Northern California.

One pathway for release of mercury (Hg) from naturally enriched sites is emission to the atmosphere. Elemental Hg, when emitted, will enter the global atmospheric pool. In contrast, if reactive gaseous Hg or Hg2+ (as HgCl2, HgBr2, or HgOH2) is formed, it will most likely be deposited locally. This study focused on the measurement of elemental Hg flux and reactive gaseous Hg concentrations at the Sulphur Bank Superfund Site, an area of natural Hg enrichment with anthropogenic disturbance and ongoing geothermal activity. Mean Hg emissions ranged from 14 to 11000 ng m-2 h-1, with the highest emissions from anthropogenically disturbed materials. Reactive gaseous Hg concentrations were the highest ever reported for a natural setting (0.3−76 ng m-3). Measured Hg fluxes were used within a Geographic Information System to estimate mercury releases to the atmosphere from the site. Results indicated ∼17 kg of Hg y-1 of is emitted to the atmosphere from the 3.8 km2 area, with half from mine waste, ore, and tailing p...
The TLR2 agonist in polysaccharide-K is a structurally distinct lipid which acts synergistically with the protein-bound β-glucan

Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (Krestin; PSK) is a hot-water extract of Trametes versicolor with immune stimulatory activity. It has been used for the past 30 years and has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in multiple types of cancer. The ability of PSK to activate dendritic cells and T cells is dependent on its ability to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), yet it remains unknown which structural component within PSK activates TLR2. The purpose of this study was to identify the TLR2 agonist within PSK and understand its role in the overall mechanism of PSK’s immunogenic activity. TLR2 activity was eliminated by treatment with lipoprotein lipase but not by trypsin or lyticase. Rapid centrifugation of PSK can separate the fraction with TLR2 agonist activity from the soluble β-glucan fraction. To study the potential interaction between the β-glucan component and the lipid component, we labeled the soluble β-glucan with fluorescein. Uptake of the labeled β-glucan by J774A macrophages and JAWSII dendritic cells was inhibited by anti-Dectin-1 antibody but not by anti-TLR2 antibody, confirming that Dectin-1 is the receptor for β-glucan. Interestingly, pre-treatment of JAWSII cells with the TLR2-active lipid fraction significantly enhanced the uptake of the soluble β-glucan, indicating the synergy between the TLR2 agonist component and the β-glucan component. Altogether, these results present evidence that PSK has two active components—the well-characterized protein-bound β-glucan and a previously unreported lipid—which work synergistically via the Dectin-1 and TLR2 receptors.
Strengthening the Focus on Business Results: The Need for Systems Approaches in Organizational Behavior Management

Current Organizational Behavior Management (OBM) research and practice may be characterized as either behavior focused or results focused. These two approaches stem from different origins and have different characteristics. The behavior-focused approach stems from applied behavior analysis (ABA) methods and emphasizes direct observation of and intervention on target behaviors of employees. In contrast, the behavioral systems approach encourages a shift from focusing on behavior exclusively toward focusing more on business results. A systems-oriented, results-focused approach toward Organizational Behavior Management is suggested as a means of making the field more relevant to the concerns of the business world.
On the Malgrange condition for complex polynomials of two variables

We show that if P  ℂ[X, Y] is nonconstant, the set K ∞ (P) of points where the Malgrange condition fails to hold coincides with the roots of a constructible polynomial in one variable. This strengthens weaker related results in the literature. The proof given here is purely analytical and bypasses the algebraic and topological arguments involved in other approaches. Applications to both the real and complex Jacobian Conjectures and to the reducibility of P-z are discussed.
Measurement of Plasma Renin Substrate by Radioimmunoassay of Angiotensin I: Concentration in Syndromes Associated with Steroid Excess

Plasma renin substrate (PRS) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured by radioimmunoassay of generated angiotensin I in normal subjects and patients with steroid excess syndromes. Significant elevations of plasma renin substrate were observed in subjects with Cushing's syndrome, glucocorticosteroid therapy and oral contraceptive agents or estrogens. Plasma renin activity was significantly suppressed only in subjects with primary aldosteronism. The significance of elevations of PRS was assessed by determining the Km of the plasma renin-substrate reaction at physiologic pH. The apparent Km for the reaction was 1,000 ng Angiotensin I in PRS units. Correction of measured PRA to a standardized PRA (PRAJ was achieved by calculation of the reaction rate that would occur at the mean normal PRS concentration of 1100 ng/ml. The results indicate that elevations of PRS which occur in Cushing's syndrome or with administration of glucocorticoids, oral contraceptive agents, or estrogens are sufficient to significan...
Cross-linguistic Differences in Early Semantic and Cognitive Development.

Abstract In a longitudinal study, the early semantic and cognitive development of 11 Koreanspeaking and 12 English-speaking children was recorded. Three types of cognitive abilities, object-permanence, means-ends problem solving, and categorization, and three related semantic abilities, disappearance words, success/failure words, and a naming spurt emerged at about the same time in English speakers. However, categorization and the naming spurt were significantly delayed relative to other abilities in the Korean speakers. In absolute terms, categorization and the naming spurt emerged later in Korean speakers than in English speakers, and means-ends abilities and success/failure words emerged earlier in Korean speakers than in English speakers. In a cross-sectional study of 18 Korean speakers and 30 English speakers, the Korean-speaking mothers consistently emphasized actions, and the English-speaking mothers consistently emphasized names. The Korean-speaking children were consistently delayed in categorization and advanced in means-ends abilities relative to the English speakers. These findings suggest that differences in linguistic input may affect cognitive development.
A sequential, solid-phase assay for biotin in physiologic fluids that correlates with expected biotin status☆

Interest in accurate measurement of biotin concentrations in plasma and urine has been stimulated by recent advances in the understanding of biotin-responsive inborn errors of metabolism and by several reports describing acquired biotin deficiency during parenteral alimentation. This paper presents a biotin assay utilizing radiolabeled avidin in a sequential, solid-phase method; the assay has increased sensitivity compared to previous methods (greater than or equal to 10 fmol/tube), correlates with expected trends in biotin concentrations in blood and urine in a rat model of biotin deficiency, and can utilize commercially available radiolabeled avidin.
Studies on the immunological properties of complex V (mitochondrial ATP synthetase complex)

Abstract Antibody raised in rabbits against Complex V (miochondrial ATP synthetase complex) purified from beef heart mitochondria cross-reacted with Complex V and submitochondrial particles from beef heart, beef adrenals, and rat liver as shown by double-diffusion and rocket immunoelectrophoresis analysis. Of the various isolated and purified components of Complex V, only the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein showed strong reactivity with the anti-Complex V antibody, soluble F 1 -ATPase reacted very faintly, while F 6 and ATPase inhibitor protein showed no precipitin lines. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis indicated that antigenic determinants recognized by the antibody were present on OSCP and possibly on the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein. The components of Complex V could be precipitated from beef heart submitochondrial particles dissolved in Triton X-100 and pretreated with control IgG. When the composition of the immunoprecipitate was compared to that of purified Complex V, all the constituent polypeptides of the latter were present in the immunoprecipitate, except for one polypeptide in the low-molecular-weight region. Incubation of Complex V or submitochondrial particles with the anti-Complex V antibody in the absence of Triton X-100 caused inhibition of ATP- P i exchange but not of ATPase activity. In the presence of Triton X-100, oligomycin sensitivity of Complex V was lost and the antibody was able to inhibit also the ATPase activity. The enzymic activity of soluble F 1 -ATPase was unaffected by the antibody in the absence or presence of Triton X-100. These results suggest that the anti-Complex V antibody might be a useful tool for identifying and probing the role of Complex V components involved in energy transduction.
On temporal generalization of simple recurrent networks

Abstract Simple recurrent networks (Elman networks) have been widely used in temporal processing applications. In this study we investigate temporal generalization of simple recurrent networks, drawing comparisons between network capabilities and human performance. Elman networks are trained to generate temporal trajectories sampled at different rates. The networks are then tested with trajectories at the trained rates and other sampling rates, including trajectories representing mixtures of different sampling rates. It is found that for simple trajectories the networks show interval invariance, but not rate invariance. However, for complex trajectories which require greater contextural information, these networks do not seem to show any temporal generalization. Similar results are also obtained using measured speech data. These results suggest that this class of recurrent networks exhibits severe limitations in temporal generalization. Discussions are provided regarding rate invariance and possible ways to achieve it in neural networks. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Organic carbon determination by the Walkley‐Black, Udy dye, and dry combustion methods for selected north dakota soils

Abstract Quantification of soil organic carbon level is important in areas of soil testing, soil classification, and application of agricultural chemicals. The Walkley‐Black method is widely accepted as a rapid procedure for semiquantitative determination of organic carbon. In this study organic carbon values obtained by the Walkley‐Black and Udy dye methods on 200 North Dakota agricultural soils were compared to values obtained by a standard dry combustion procedure. Values obtained by the Walkley‐Black and Udy dye methods were highly correlated to the dry combustion method (r = 0.98 and ‐0.94, respectively). Comprehensive conversion equations for the Walkley‐Black and Udy dye methods were, respectively: DC(%) = 0.23 + 1.17WB and DC(%) = 8.54 ‐8.63AV where DC = organic carbon by dry combustion, WB = percent oxidizable organic carbon by the Walkley‐Black method, and AV = absorbance value by the Udy dye method. The Walkley‐Black recovery rate averaged 72%. Recovery rate decreased with depth but was not inf...
Synthesis and evaluation of alkyl nitrates from triglycerides as cetane improvers

Alkyl nitrate derivatives of soybean oil, castor oil, olive oil, and canola oil were synthesized and evaluated as cetane improvers for use in diesel fuel. Of several nitration methods evaluated, mixtures of nitric acid with acetic anhydride provided quality product while allowing nitration at ambient temperatures. Nitration using neat concentrated nitric acid was also effective in certain applications. Significant process development strides were made in the areas of reducing nitration costs, reducing risks associated with this nitration chemistry, and identifying processes that simultaneously address constraints on processing viscosities, product solubility, and waste minimization. Some of the products were effective cetane improvers, but their performance was not as consistent as that of the commercial product 2-ethylhexylnitrate.
PARTNERSHIPS FOR RESEARCH AMONG MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATIONS

ABSTRACT: Researchers within health maintenance organizations (HMOs) need to create greater opportunities for collaborative research within their organizations. Multisite research will yield high-quality information for improving care. This paper describes situations in which competition as well as collaboration are possible across HMOs in the current environment. The paper considers the following questions: (1) What criteria determine if a project can be conducted as a multisite study; and (2) what population and organizational features should be considered when designing cross-site collaboration? The paper also discusses two important trends in the larger health care environment: cost containment, which is both a challenge and an opportunity for health services researchers working within managed care; and mergers and acquisitions, which are changing the face of the larger health care industry.
Orangutan Rehabilitation in Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesia

into appropriate habitat. The advantages of rehabilitation as a captive management tool include (1) providing demographic and genetic reservoirs from which new populations may be founded or genetic diversity can be increased and (2) reducing the threat of extinction of species in the wild, for example, Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) (Stanley Price 1989), Mauritius Kestrels (Falco punctatus) (Cade & Jones 1993), and Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) (Barclay & Cade 1983). Individuals from these species have, upon release, engaged in species-appropriate behaviors and successfully reproduced and reared offspring. Rehabilitation programs involving non-human primates have met with mixed success. Golden-lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) in Brazil are probably the best example of moderate success. Some tamarins have been successfully rehabilitated; however, even this project has had over 50% mortality and has cost hundreds of thousands of dollars (Kleiman et al. 1986). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Rubondo Island are doing quite well; they are completely independent of human intervention and have successfully reproduced. However, some formerly captive chimpanzees released in Africa are still dependent upon -daily feedings, despite several years investment in actively training the animals in nest-building, predator avoidance, and food seeking behavior (Hannah & McGrew 1991). This is at least partly due to inadequate habitat. The major question is why is rehabilitation apparently
Chemistry effects on RF attenuation during re- entry.

The results of the computation are graphed in Fig. 2. Further insight into inertia product effects can be obtained by calculating the absolute average of the torques over the orbit angle. Summing the average torques of each axis gives the following results: 5.04 X 10~ ft-lb torque with no inertia products, and 7.19 X 10~ ft-lb torque with inertia products included, a 40% increase. This large increase is not too surprising, because the inertia products range from 20 to 100% of the principal inertia differences.
Lixophaga diatraeae : Development at Different Constant Temperatures

Embryonic development occurred within Lixophaga diatraeae fly uteri at all constant temperatures tested (16–34°C), but maggots died before hatching when flies were held at 34°C. Egg incubation time at 26°C was ca. 5.5 days. Eggs accumulated in the uterus during the 6 days after mating and decreased thereafter. The peak number of hatchable maggots was present in the uterus the 12th day after mating (78/f1y) and from day 12 to 19 the average decreased from 75/f1y to 49/f1y. Duration of maggot and pupal stages decreased with increasing temperature up to 30–32°C, and maggots did not complete development at 34°C. Developmental time and puparia weight were greater for females than males. Average adult longevity exceeded 20 days at temperatures ranging from 16 to 30°C (except females at 28°C), but lifespan was reduced at 32 and 34°C.
Management of birth brachial plexus palsy

The indications for surgical repair of congenital brachial plexus palsy are controversial. Our objective was to determine the results of early brachial plexus surgery following obstetric-induced brachial plexus palsy. We performed a retrospective analysis of the outcome of 58 cases of brachial plexus surgery. The indication for operation consisted of the presence of less than antigravity strength in the biceps, triceps, and deltoid muscle groups at 6 months of age. Data gathered prospectively, previously, showed the likelihood of improvement with less than antigravity strength in these cases to be poor. Follow-up data were obtained on 52 of the 58 cases. Overall mean follow-up was 2 years. Twelve patients had more than 3 years follow-up (mean 5.5 years, range 3–11.5 years). Significant improvement was seen in all injury patterns i.e., C5-C6, C5-C7, and C5-C8, T1. Greater than antigravity strength in the biceps, triceps, and deltoid muscle groups was seen in the majority of cases at follow-up. Repair of obstetrical brachial plexus palsy in children at 6 months of age that is based on less than antigravity strength in the biceps, triceps, and deltoid muscle groups produces improvement in functional capabilities. Children with obstetrical brachial plexus palsy should be referred soon after birth to a center that specializes in the treatment of this type of palsy.
Imperialism, colonialism and the new science of nutrition : the Tanganyika experience 1925-1945

Abstract The League of Nations is generally remembered as the ineffective forerunner of the United Nations. It is seldom acknowledged for the groundbreaking work it sponsored in the 1920s and 30s in the then new science of nutrition. The League's work resulted in the first internationally-recognized table of dietary standards. The information collected through the League's research was applied primarily to improving the health of industrial workers in European nations. However, member nations, such as Great Britain, were required to conduct nutrition surveys in their overseas territories. British administrative policies in Africa were a key factor in precipitating the shortages for at least one ethnic group, the Sukuma of northwest Tanganyika. The Sukuma were unable to maintain their precolonial subsistence system under the pressure of colonial taxation. The gradual degeneration of subsistence production altered the quality of the Sukuma diet. Colonial medical officers assumed that these crisis diets were the “traditional” African diets. This assumption combined with the general racist attitudes of the period precluded the application of the League's research to African populations under British administration.
Soil Nitrate Concentrations Used to Predict Nitrogen Sufficiency in Relation to Yield in Perennial Grasslands

A method of evaluating soil N present in a perennial grassland system could help determine the need for additional N and enable more accurate N fertilization recommendations. The purpose of this study was to establish a relationship between a critical level (CL) of soil nitrate N under perennial grassland and optimum yield in a three-harvest system. A range of fertilizer treatments from 0 to 613 kg ha -1 was applied across two growing seasons to mixed stands of perennial forage grasses at two sites in Connecticut. Soil samples were taken on a weekly basis, and soil ammonium N and nitrate N were measured. Nitrate N was correlated with relative yield for three harvests within each growing season, and CLs of nitrate were generated using Cate-Nelson, linear response plateau, and quadratic response plateau models. Ranges of critical nitrate levels during the first 2 wk of each cycle were established: 2.0 to 4.5 mg kg -1 for the first harvest, 4.0 to 9.8 mg kg -1 for the second harvest, and 2.0 to 11.0 mg kg -1 for the third harvest. These values could be used to evaluate the necessity of adding N to a perennial grassland system in a three-harvest rotation and aid in a more correct fertilization of perennial grasses by offering soil-specific N evaluations.
Particle Size-Dependent Leakage and Losses of Aerosols in Respirators

Measuring particle size-dependent leakage into and losses inside a respirator reveals the deposition mechanisms occurring at the leak site and the flow dynamics inside the respirator. This study investigated particle size-dependent leakage and deposition within the mask by examining the leakage into the mask for different hole locations, probe locations, hole shapes, hole lengths and hole sizes. The shape of the leak has an effect on particle size-dependent leakage. Probe and leak location tests indicated that not only does the total measured leakage change but also the size-dependence of the leakage changes depending on the leak and probe locations. When the leak site is in the chin area, the clean air entering through the filters at the chin helps to carry the inward leakage into the breathing zone. Particle size-dependent leakage does occur and is due to both inertial entry losses at the leak site and within the mask, and diffusional losses within the mask and leak site. Particle size-dependent curves ...
Steady State and Multifrequency Phase Fluorometry Studies of Binding Site Flexibility in Related Antibodies

The fluorescence properties of related antibodies were characterized from proteins representing different time points in the murine antibody immune response (the period of time during which the selectivity and sensitivity to the small molecule hapten is enhanced several 100-1000-fold). Two of the antibodies studied are catalytic and bind covalently to a substrate analogue used to induce antibody production. The remaining three represent antibodies produced after primary, secondary, and tertiary immunizations with hapten. In the first series of experiments, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and multifrequency phase fluorometry were used to examine the fluorescence properties of the proteins’ tryptophan residues. Though unique interpretations regarding the binding site differences are confounded by the intrinsic complexity of the system, analysis of the data reveals that while the lifetimes are similar for the different antibodies, the lifetime distributions seem to narrow as a function of antibody maturity. Hapten binding results in little change in the lifetimes but a marked narrowing of the lifetime distributions. In the second series of experiments, the steady state and multifrequency phase fluorometry data of Prodan [6-propionyl-2-(dimethylamino)naphthalene], a fluorescent hapten analogue, were analyzed for binding site differences. Excitation and emission spectra, lifetimes, and lifetime distributions were measured and demonstrated differences in the binding sites of antibodies collected at different stages of the immune response.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Analysis of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Ligaments: A Cadaveric Study of Ligament Anatomy and Histology

Background: Stability and mobility represent the paradoxical demands of the human thumb carpometacarpal joint, yet the structural origin of each functional demand is poorly defined. As many as sixteen and as few as four ligaments have been described as primary stabilizers, but controversy exists as to which ligaments are most important. We hypothesized that a comparative macroscopic and microscopic analysis of the ligaments of the thumb carpometacarpal joint would further define their role in joint stability. Methods: Thirty cadaveric hands (ten fresh-frozen and twenty embalmed) from nineteen cadavers (eight female and eleven male; average age at the time of death, seventy-six years) were dissected, and the supporting ligaments of the thumb carpometacarpal joint were identified. Ligament width, length, and thickness were recorded for morphometric analysis and were compared with use of the Student t test. The dorsal and volar ligaments were excised from the fresh-frozen specimens and were stained with use of a triple-staining immunofluorescent technique and underwent semiquantitative analysis of sensory innervation; half of these specimens were additionally analyzed for histomorphometric data. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to estimate differences between ligaments. Results: Seven principal ligaments of the thumb carpometacarpal joint were identified: three dorsal deltoid-shaped ligaments (dorsal radial, dorsal central, posterior oblique), two volar ligaments (anterior oblique and ulnar collateral), and two ulnar ligaments (dorsal trapeziometacarpal and intermetacarpal). The dorsal ligaments were significantly thicker (p < 0.001) than the volar ligaments, with a significantly greater cellularity and greater sensory innervation compared with the anterior oblique ligament (p < 0.001). The anterior oblique ligament was consistently a thin structure with a histologic appearance of capsular tissue with low cellularity. Conclusions: The dorsal deltoid ligament complex is uniformly stout and robust; this ligament complex is the thickest morphometrically, has the highest cellularity histologically, and shows the greatest degree of sensory nerve endings. The hypocellular anterior oblique ligament is thin, is variable in its location, and is more structurally consistent with a capsular structure than a proper ligament. Clinical Relevance: Delineation of the structural and microscopic anatomy of the ligaments of the thumb carpometacarpal joint provides further evidence regarding the stability and mobility of this joint that is often affected by osteoarthritis.
Bone mineral density and body composition in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Abstract Objective: To examine bone mineral density (BMD) and fat distribution in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with matched control women. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: An academic clinical research center. Patient(s): Twelve non-Hispanic white women with PCOS and a body mass index of Intervention(s): Biometric measures, blood sample collection, and total body/regional bone density and fat analysis were performed. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum levels of androgens, glucose, and insulin were measured. Bone density and fat distribution were measured by total body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Result(s): Androgen levels were elevated significantly in the lean women with PCOS compared with the controls. There was no statistically significant difference in total body BMD between the two groups. A significant increase in BMD was noted in the left arm, right arm, and left ribs of the lean PCOS group. Evaluation of upper body BMD showed a significant correlation between testosterone levels and BMD. No statistically significant differences were noted in body fat distribution, although the lean PCOS group tended to have lower mean percentages of body fat. Conclusion(s): Lean women with PCOS have regional differences in BMD, with significantly increased BMD in the upper skeleton compared with control women.
Coherent ultrafast optical dynamics of the Fermi-edge singularity

We develop a nonequilibrium many-body theory of the coherent femtosecond nonlinear optical response of the Fermi-edge singularity. We study the role of the dynamical Fermi-sea response in the time evolution of the pump-probe spectra. The electron-hole correlations are treated nonperturbatively with the time-dependent coupled cluster expansion combined with the effective Hamiltonian approach. For short pulse durations, we find a nonexponential decay of the differential transmission during negative time delays, which is governed by the interactions. This is in contrast to the results obtained within the Hartree-Fock approximation, which predicts an exponential decay governed by the dephasing time. We discuss the role of the optically induced dephasing effects in the coherent regime. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Fieldwork on East Asian Buddhism: Toward a Person-Centered Approach

Recent interest in the contemporary practice of Buddhism in East Asia has led scholars of religion to undertake firsthand fieldwork among religious professionals and lay practitioners. Using three recent studies as examples, this paper argues that scholars of religion and Buddhism sometimes fail to maximize the potential of ethnographic fieldwork due to their focus on updating genealogies of Buddhist institutions. Drawing from a field-based study of lay Buddhists in contemporary Beijing, this paper advocates a “person-centered approach” that examines lay practitioners less as participants within a connected, institutionally-recognized narrative of Buddhism’s evolution in China and more as persons who use the social space of temples to find their place within a rapidly changing world, often in very different ways
On maximum likelihood estimators for a threshold autoregression

Abstract For a stationary ergodic self-exciting threshold autoregressive model with single threshold parameter, Chan (1993) obtained the consistency and limiting distribution of the least-squares estimator for the underlying true parameters. In this paper, we derive the similar results for the maximum likelihood estimators of the same model under some regularity conditions on the error density, not necessarily Gaussian.
A Role for Cargo in Arf-dependent Adaptor Recruitment

Membrane traffic requires the specific concentration of protein cargos and exclusion of other proteins into nascent carriers. Critical components of this selectivity are the protein adaptors that bind to short, linear motifs in the cytoplasmic tails of transmembrane protein cargos and sequester them into nascent carriers. The recruitment of the adaptors is mediated by activated Arf GTPases, and the Arf-adaptor complexes mark sites of carrier formation. However, the nature of the signal(s) that initiates carrier biogenesis remains unknown. We examined the specificity and initial sites of recruitment of Arf-dependent adaptors (AP-1 and GGAs) in response to the Golgi or endosomal localization of specific cargo proteins (furin, mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR), and M6PR lacking a C-terminal domain M6PRΔC). We find that cargo promotes the recruitment of specific adaptors, suggesting that it is part of an upstream signaling event. Cargos do not promote adaptor recruitment to all compartments in which they reside, and thus additional factors regulate the cargo's ability to promote Arf activation and adaptor recruitment. We document that within a given compartment different cargos recruit different adaptors, suggesting that there is little or no free, activated Arf at the membrane and that Arf activation is spatially and temporally coupled to the cargo and the adaptor. Using temperature block, brefeldin A, and recovery from each, we found that the cytoplasmic tail of M6PR causes the recruitment of AP-1 and GGAs to recycling endosomes and not at the Golgi, as predicted by steady state staining profiles. These results are discussed with respect to the generation of novel models for cargo-dependent regulation of membrane traffic.
Perceptions of Parent Success in Gifted Families

This study examined parent influence as perceived by gifted junior high school students and their parents. The 172 parents and their children ages 12 to 14 responded to parallel versions of the Parent Strengths and Needs Inventory which identified: (a) aspects of parenthood that are satisfying, (b) ways in which parents successfully perform their role, (c) the scope of teaching expected of parents, (d) difficulties with the obligations of parenting, (e) child behaviors which are frustrating to parents, and (0 information that parents need to know to function more effectively. Multivariate analysis of variance was utilized to determine the effects of generation of respondent, gender of parent, and child school performance on parent effectiveness. Analyses revealed significant main effects for all three independent variables. Interaction effects emerged for child school performance and parent gender. Implications are considered for planning parent education programs.
Electron Microscope Observations on the Behavior of the Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane During Cellular Division

Bacterial cells were fixed in OsO4, washed, dehydrated, and embedded in a methacrylate mixture. Ultrathin sections were cut on a Porter-Blum ultramicrotome and were examined in an RCA electron microscope, type EMU-2D. The sections revealed that the cytoplasmic membrane undergoes a centripetal growth to form a membrane septum. This septum is formed as a double structure. Constriction of the daughter cells and deposition of cell wall material lead to the separation of the daughter cells. The bacterial cytoplasm appears to consist largely of 200 A granules and occasionally reveals arrays of parallel dense lines.
Programmed cell death during plant growth and development.

This review describes programmed cell death as it signifies the terminal differentiation of cells in anthers, xylem, the suspensor and senescing leaves and petals. Also described are cell suicide programs initiated by stress (e.g., hypoxia-induced aerenchyma formation) and those that depend on communication between neighboring cells, as observed for incompatible pollen tubes, the suspensor and synergids in some species. Although certain elements of apoptosis are detectable during some plant programmed cell death processes, the participation of autolytic and perhaps autophagic mechanisms of cell killing during aerenchyma formation, tracheary element differentiation, suspensor degeneration and senescence support the conclusion that nonapoptotic programmed cell death pathways are essential to normal plant growth and development. Heterophagic elimination of dead cells, a prominent feature of animal apoptosis, is not evident in plants. Rather autolysis and autophagy appear to govern the elimination of cells during plant cell suicide.
HISTORY OF LEAF DEVELOPMENT IN BRYOPHYLLUM CALYCINUM

Numerous physiological studies of so-called " regeneration " in the Bryophyllum leaf have been undertaken in the past, particularly within the last fifteen years, but the results are difficult of correlation. Recently this leaf has been the subject of several morphological studies. Interest in these papers has centered upon the latent meristem of the leaf notches and its relation to the vegetative propagation of the plant. Howe (I93I) emphasized the normal occurrenlce of meristein in the leaf notches and its definite organization into "buds" upon adult leaves. She stated that the roots of the young plantlets take their origin " somewhere near the vein," and are formed some time after the stem primordium. Mehrlich (I93I) in a recent paper included some observations on the morphology and general structure of the leaf. He found that " marginal, sub-epidermal meristems " existed in young leaves olleeighth of an inch long and concluded that proliferation of the leaf does not involve the changing of differentiated cells into the embryonic condition. The writer (1932a) in a preliminary report on the Bryophyllumi leaf pointed out that latent meristems are present in leaves but 2 mm. in length and give rise in adult leaves to " foliar embryos " comprising primordia of both root and shoot. Since residual, localizedc meristem thus occurs normally in the notches of the leaves, it was argued that the term " regeneration " should not be applied to the development of such embryos. Naylor (I932) reported the normal occurrence of definitely organized primordia in the Bryophyllum leaf and applied the term " embryo " to such units. His conlclusions agree with those of Howe as to the origin of this foliar meristem; but Naylor also described root primordia and a " foot" region for embryos on attached, normal leaves. Notches were reported by Naylor as first appearing when leaves were 5-6 mm. long. The formation of such notches was correlated with the establishment of the meristem in the leaf. More recently the writer (1932b) published a developmental and anatomical study of the foliar embryos in Bryophyllum which included, however, only a general survey of leaf development. It was pointed out that foliar embryos are laid down very early in ontogeny and are to be correlated in time with the basipetal notch development. The appearance of these five articles within the past two years indicates a considerable interest in the morphology of the Bryophyllum leaf. It is
Isolation of Chromatin-free RNA Polymerase from Mammalian Cell Nuclei

MAMMALIAN RNA polymerase1 has been obtained in a soluble form from tumours2,3, chick embryo4, rat testis5 and rat liver nuclei6,7. The extraction procedures used involved the disruption of cell nuclei by sonication or exposure either to a hypotonic solution or alkaline pH. As a consequence, extracts were grossly contaminated with nuclear DNA and other cellular components and the yields of the enzyme were usually very low. We describe here a procedure for the rapid extraction from liver nuclei of fairly large yields of soluble RNA polymerase with fairly high specific activity.