cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-FF-I-161: Non-Destructive Grid Ratio Measurement

Purpose: The anti‐scatter grid is often neglected during acceptance testing or is only examined for damage, non‐uniformities, and centering. Other important performance parameters are being overlooked, including grid ratio. The grid ratio is an important parameter that determines the ability of a grid to improve contrast, and should be verified during acceptance. Materials and methods: We developed an analytical method for calculating the grid ratio from simple measurements. An image of the grid is acquired at an SID not equal to the focal distance, and mean pixel values are measured in three regions of interest in the resulting image — at the center and equal distances to either side of the center. These data, along with the known focal distance of the grid and the SID used to acquire the image, are used to calculate the grid ratio for each half of the grid. Grid ratios were measured for four DR systems — three identical systems and one from a different manufacturer. Results: Measured ratios were in some cases substantially less than nominal ratios. In several cases, different ratios were measured for each side of a grid. Our results identified one of the three grids from the identical systems as having a higher ratio than the others. Measurements made at distances greater than the focus distance yielded more reproducible results than ones made at distances less than the focus distance. Two stand‐alone grids were measured, then disassembled to measure the actual grid ratio for comparison. Conclusions: This method can be used to measure ratios for both DR and CR systems and other grids. The method can be extended to use screen‐film as the receptor. Our results indicate that the actual grid ratios for many grids in use at our institution are less than the stated ratio, resulting in reduced image quality.
Vasodilator effect on right ventricular function in congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension: end-systolic pressure--volume relation

The right ventricular (RV) end-systolic pressure-volume relation during vasodilator administration was studied in 10 patients with pulmonary arterial (PA) hypertension, most of whom had biventricular failure. RV end-systolic volumes were estimated from equilibrium radionuclide RV counts and forward cardiac output. Simultaneous radionuclide and hemodynamic values were measured at rest and during nitroglycerin and nitroprusside infusion. Vasodilator administration resulted in decreases in PA mean and systolic pressures in all 10 patients, with an average decrease in end-systolic pressure (p less than 0.001) from 48 +/- 11 to 38 +/- 9 and 35 +/- 10 mm Hg during nitroglycerin and nitroprusside administration, respectively. In each patient, a direct linear relation was observed between the vasodilator-induced decrease in PA end-systolic pressure and in RV end-systolic volume. Average RV end-systolic volume decreased (p less than 0.001), from 130 +/- 69 ml/m2 at baseline to 108 +/- 62 and 102 +/- 55 ml/m2 during nitroglycerin and nitroprusside infusion, respectively. The slope of the RV end-systolic pressure-volume relation was directly related to RV ejection fraction. Thus, the vasodilator-induced decrease in PA systolic pressure is accompanied by a linear decrease in RV end-systolic volume, with a slope which is dependent on RV systolic function. This linear relation is analogous to the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation.
Comparing the diel vertical migration of Karlodinium veneficum (dinophyceae) and Chattonella subsalsa (Raphidophyceae): PSII photochemistry, circadian control, and carbon assimilation.

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is thought to provide an adaptive advantage to some phytoplankton, and may help determine the ecological niche of certain harmful algae. Here we separately compared DVM patterns between two species of harmful algae isolated from the Delaware Inland Bays, Karlodinium veneficum and Chattonella subsalsa, in laboratory columns. We interpreted the DVM patterns of each species with Photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, rates of carbon assimilation, and specific growth rates. Each species migrated differently, wherein K. veneficum migrated closer to the surface each day with high population synchrony, while C. subsalsa migrated near to the surface from the first day of measurements with low population synchrony. Both species appeared to downregulate PSII in high light at the surface, but by different mechanisms. C. subsalsa grew slower than K. veneficum in low light intensities (≈bottom of columns), and exhibited maximal rates of C-assimilation (Pmax) at surface light intensities, suggesting this species may prefer high light, potentially explaining this species’ rapid surface migration. Contrastingly, K. veneficum showed declines in carbon assimilation at surface light intensities, and exhibited a smaller reduction in growth at low (bottom) light intensities (compared to C. subsalsa), suggesting that this species’ step-wise migration was photoacclimative and determined daily migration depth. DVM was found to be under circadian control in C. subsalsa, but not in K. veneficum. However, there was little evidence for circadian regulation of PSII photochemistry in either species. Migration conformed to each species’ physiology, and the results contribute to our understanding each alga’s realized environmental niche.
Enduring Resilience: How Oil Markets Handle Disruptions

Plentiful spare capacity persists in the oil production and tanker industries, contrary to Michael Levi's contention in his response to our earlier article, “Protecting ‘The Prize.' ” OPEC leaders retain excess capacity to minimize cartel members' cheating, and tanker companies retain considerable flexibility that allows them to adapt to political-military and other fluctuations in the market. Oil supplies are not on a knife-edge; exaggerated claims of energy vulnerability distort U.S. national security policy.
Divine Activity and Motive Power in Descartes's Physics

This paper is the second of a two-part reexamination of causation in Descartes's physics. Some prominent contemporary scholars, including Gary Hatfield and Daniel Garber, have argued that Descartes is an Occasionalist about natural motion. On their reading, Descartes holds that God alone causes the motions that are not caused by the free actions of finite minds. Hatfield and Garber offer similar, but independent arguments that Descartes's views about physics – in particular, his arguments that the laws of nature are grounded in God's immutability – entail Occasionalism about natural motion. In this paper I argue contra Hatfield and Garber that Descartes's natural philosophy does not entail Occasionalism. Descartes holds that God is a direct efficient cause of every natural motion. Yet he does not take this to imply that bodies lack genuine causal powers. According to Descartes, God concurs with bodies to cause natural motion in such a way that both God and bodies are genuine, efficient causes of motion. I...
The systematic distribution of tannins in the leaves of angiosperms: A tool for ecological studies

Abstract The systematic distribution of tannins in foliar tissues has not been comprehensively reviewed for the Angiosperms in over 20 years. Here their systematic distribution is assessed using data based on protein precipitation or chemically specific tests. Fewer families are characterized by the typical presence of tannins than has previously been reported, and a greater variation in the occurrence of tannins in species sampled from within single plant families has been detected. This study presents the proportion of tannin-containing species in angiosperm families arranged according to the system of Cronquist for the first time. The potential utility of these data in testing ecological ideas about the distribution of tannins, such as those based on plant habit or life-history, is discussed.
Testing for Markov-chain properties in the circulation of science monographs

Abstract The data for the study is based on the circulation history of the unique copy of science monograph titles obtained from The Ohio State University. Tests of the time independence of the circulation data revealed a time dependence in all of the 14 data sets. Tests of the Markovity of the circulation data where second order Markovity is assumed and first order Markovity is tested revealed 10 of the 14 data groups to be without Markovity. It appears from this study that direct tests of the Markovity of library circulation data should be conducted before models based on the assumption of Markovity are used.
Development of YBCO-coated conductors for electric power applications

Abstract Biaxially textured MgO template films have been fabricated on a Ni-based alloy substrate (Hastelloy C276) by inclined-substrate deposition (ISD), using electron beam evaporation, at the high deposition rate of 120–300 nm/min. Buffer films were subsequently deposited on these template films, and YBCO films were finally deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Crystal textures of the YBCO films were examined by X-ray pole figure, φ - and ω -scans analysis. Good in-plane and out-of-plane textures were observed, with MgO(0 0 2) φ -scan full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 10.0° and ω -scan FWHM of 5.5°, for a film deposited with an incline angle of 55°. YBCO films were epitaxially grown on ISD MgO-buffered Hastelloy C276 substrates by PLD. T c of 90 K with sharp transition and transport J c of ≈1.4×10 5 A/cm 2 were obtained on a 0.5-μm-thick YBCO film at 77 K in zero field.
Technical Section: Fast construction of the Vietoris-Rips complex

The Vietoris-Rips complex characterizes the topology of a point set. This complex is popular in topological data analysis as its construction extends easily to higher dimensions. We formulate a two-phase approach for its construction that separates geometry from topology. We survey methods for the first phase, give three algorithms for the second phase, implement all algorithms, and present experimental results. Our software can be used also for constructing any clique complex, such as the weak witness complex.
Frequency response of a resonant dielectric amplifier

A fundamental limitation on the steady-state signal frequency response of a series-resonant dielectric voltage amplifier is the time required for the resonant circuit to adjust to a change in tuning. This paper analyzes this limitation for the case where nonlinear resonance effects may be neglected. Typically, this limitation may require that the power or carrier frequency be several hundred times the highest signal frequency, if the gain of the amplifier is to be constant.
The deafferentation syndrome in genetically blind rats: A model of the painful phantom limb

Abstract The hypothesis was tested which states that the somatic deafferentation syndrome is a visually prompted response to sensorimotor loss. The dorsal roots, C5-T2, were bilaterally cut in a strain of rats known to be genetically blind. These complete dorsal rhizotomies left the forelimbs totally anesthetic, analgesic and paretic. Contact and visual placing reactions were absent, and responses to pinprick or pinch were absent. Self-mutilation limited to the distal digits appeared on the first or second postoperative days and then progressed proximally. The forelimbs were symmetrically affected, and no other body parts were mutilated. The spatial precision of this syndrome, in the absence of visual as well as peripheral somatosensory information from the affected limb, indicates that controlled guidance of the behavior arises from an existing central representation of the limb and its relationship with the total body; a phatom limb. Consideration of other reports regarding the deafferentation syndrome leads to the view that it is motivated by disturbing abnornal sensations (pain) of central neural origin.
Altered Coding in Single Stranded DNA Viruses

SEVERAL Escherichia coli viruses contain single stranded circular DNA (for review see ref. 1). Two types have been found: spherical viruses such as φX174, and filamentous viruses such as fd. The base composition of the DNA from viruses of both types is similar with an unusually high content of thymine (Table 1). The single stranded DNA of minute virus of mice (MVM) also has about one-third thymine (L. V. Crawford, quoted in ref. 1).
Notwithstanding the notwithstanding clause: Political regimes and constitutional politics in the United States and Canada

A range of scholars and commentators has recently observed the rise of judicial activism by the Supreme Court of Canada. However, unlike the United States, Canada's elected bodies possess a constitutional democratic check on most of the actions of the Supreme Court via section 33 of the Canadian Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. Through this “notwithstanding clause”, the federal parliament and provincial legislatures have the power to override a decision of the Supreme Court without the aid of a constitutional amendment. By looking to the American experience, this article explores the significance of this little‐used clause for understanding the role of political regimes in the construction of Canadian constitutional doctrine, and considers its usefulness for resolving future constitutional conflicts.
Migration and adaptation of popular Balladry in the US Appalachian region

Abstract Scottish ballads were carried to isolated hamlets in the Appalachian Mountains of North America through successive waves of migration in the 17th and 18th centuries. The cultural diffusion of ballad singing underwent divergence as the songs were transmitted orally. Place names, local festivals, and current events were especially plastic components of this process. In the beginning of the 20th century, the intrusion of the radio and rural disturbances brought about by the coal industry functioned as barriers to cultural transmission of the ballads. Even so, songs were kept alive as evidenced by the metamorphosis of My Boy Tammie into Billy Boy and the more recent resurrection of The Elfin Knight into popular culture as Scarborough Fair by Simon and Garfunkel. The relationship between orality and literacy is multi‐faceted and difficult to categorise and evaluate.
NMR Chemical Shifts. 2. Interpretation of the Carbon Chemical Shifts in Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds and Carbenes

The physical basis of the well-known linear correlation between 13C chemical shift and charge density in monocyclic aromatic ions has been investigated. Structures of the ions were calculated at the MP2/6-31G* level, and their chemical shifts were calculated using GIAO and IGAIM at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p) level using the MP2 geometries. The calculated tensor components of the shifts are in good accord with the experimental data. The linear correlation of chemical shift with charge was extended to CH3+ and planar CH3-, and the physics underlying this correlation has also been found to explain shielding trends for singlet carbenes. The tensor components along the in-plane axes for CH3- are close to the maximum diamagnetic shielding for carbon. The corresponding components for CH3+ are 700 ppm downfield from CH3-, largely resulting from paramagnetic current densities about the in-plane axes. On the other hand, the tensor components about the out-of-plane axis, resulting from magnetically induced current de...
Shared cultural norms for justice in water institutions: Results from Fiji, Ecuador, Paraguay, New Zealand, and the U.S.

It is widely agreed that current institutions are insufficient to meet global water challenges, and extensive institutional reforms are needed. To achieve effective local water management, institutional rules should be congruent with local cultural norms. Conversely, a major potential challenge is posed by tensions between institutional rules and local cultural norms for justice. We propose and demonstrate a new approach to cross-cultural analysis designed to investigate this tension, which can assess when local cultural norms are likely to facilitate or impede the acceptance of specific institutional rules. Using data from 238 respondents in five global sites (in Fiji, Ecuador, Paraguay, New Zealand, and the U.S.) analyzed using cultural consensus analysis, we find evidence of culturally-shared norms of justice in water institutions in at least six domains: a human right to water, water governance, water access, environmental stewardship, aspects of water markets, and aspects of water quality and health. Additionally, local cultural models across sites differed on only two topics: (1) ownership and allocation and (2) restrictions and enforcement. Indigenous heritage is the best single predictor of views on controversial institutional rules dealing with water restrictions/enforcement and ownership/allocation. This approach can help build effective water management solutions by identifying cases in which specific institutional reforms are congruent with local cultural norms (or not), and when those will matter most.
Global climate change during the 13,500-b.p. Gothenburg geomagnetic excursion

ROBERTS and Olsen1 suggested that high latitude atmospheric ionisation has an important role in nucleating cirrus clouds. And Harrison and Prospero2 deduce that, if this is correct, severe drops of the Earth's magnetic field strength, such as are believed to accompany reversals, would lead to increased upper atmospheric cloudiness at all latitudes and correspondingly to major climatic events. There is likely to be warming at high latitudes but considerable cooling in the middle latitudes, in a way analogous to the aerosols3.
LIPOPHILIC ORGANIZING STRUCTURES OF SPERM NUCLEI TARGET MEMBRANE VESICLE BINDING AND ARE INCORPORATED INTO THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

We report the existence of lipophilic structures (LS's) associated with demembranated sperm nuclei which together act as a pronuclear envelope organizing center. These structures can be visualized as objects which stain with lipophilic dyes but are resistant to solubilization in 0.1% of the non-ionic detergent Triton X (TX)-100. The structures, located at the acrosomal and centriolar poles of the sea urchin sperm nucleus, initiate ATP-dependent membrane vesicle binding in a fertilized egg extract. The lipophilic material in LS's is incorporated into the nuclear envelope during GTP-induced membrane fusion. Removal of the LS's from sperm nuclei with 1% TX-100 abolishes membrane vesicle binding to the nuclei. LS's recovered from supernatants of extracted nuclei can be reconstituted to their original locations on the stripped nuclei. Rebinding of isolated LS's occurs preferentially at the acrosomal pole. Such reconstituted nuclei direct membrane vesicle binding only to the acrosomal pole region and result in incomplete nuclear envelope assembly following membrane fusion. Binding of LS's and subsequently membrane vesicles to both nuclear poles allows complete nuclear envelope formation.
Bioengineering Organs Using Small Intestinal Submucosa Scaffolds: In Vivo Tissue-Engineering Technology

ABSTRACT Tissue engineering is a promising field of research that has the potential to revolutionize urinary bladder reconstruction. Currently, two techniques for the induction of bladder regeneration are being researched. The first, the in vivo technique, involves the use of a biodegradable scaffold that the host bladder can use to remodel and regenerate. This technique takes advantage of the cell's natural ability to heal or regenerate itself back to a normal state. The second technology, the in vitro technique, involves establishment of primary cell cultures from the host's native bladder. These cells are seeded on a biodegradable scaffold to create a composite graft that is then transplanted back into the host for continuation of the regeneration process. Clearly, both techniques have advantages and disadvantages, and both will have some role in future urinary reconstruction. To date, the most successful results utilizing in vivo techniques have been with small intestinal submucosa (SIS). In this arti...
13.3: Using New Driving Method to Reduce Data IC Heat, with the Single Scan Mode, in a 50-In Full HD PDP

In order to improve image quality, there is a need for high definition, which is an increase in vertical lines. However, with such an increase, the data IC heat becomes an issue. The data ER circuit is used to solve this problem. We can eliminate the data ER circuit that is used by using a linear-subfield driving, a new data switching algorithm, and a new subfield mapping in a 50-in full HD PDP with single scan mode.
ECDYSTEROIDS IN THE EMBRYOS AND SERA OF THE CRABS, CANCER MAGISTER AND C. ANTHONYI

Ecdysteroids in the embryos and sera of ovigerous brachyuran crabs, Cancer magister and C. anthonyi, were measured and characterized by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). C. magister embryos displayed a biphasic pattern of ecdysteroid fluctuation during development; titers decreased until mid embryogenesis and then increased and peaked prior to hatching. HPLC-RIA analysis indicated increasing ecdysone concentrations from mid embryogenesis to hatching. Endogenous biosynthesis of ecdysone by the embryos is suggested. In contrast, ecdysteroid titers in the embryos of C. anthonyi showed a steady decrease from very high initial concentrations. The decrease in titers of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone is suggestive of utilization of maternally derived ecdysteroids rather than endogenous biosynthesis during the shorter embryogenic period for C. anthonyi. Ecdysteroid concentrations did not differ with respect to location of the embryo within the egg mass. Serum ecdysteroids in C. magister females generally showed a monotonic pattern during brooding. However, for C. anthonyi females, increasing and decreasing titers were observed during the brood and interbrood periods, respectively. These fluctuations suggest mobilization of the ecdysteroids to the ovaries for subsequent storage and utilization during embryogenesis. The evolutionary significance of these differing patterns of ecdysteroid metabolism in these congeners is discussed.
Brief Therapeutic Report: Papaverine Prophylaxis of Complicated Migraine

SYNOPSIS Use of vasoconstrictor agents for treatment of migraine associated with prolonged neurologic manifestations has been controversial because permanent sequelae, though rare, occur most commonly in these patients. A slowly released form of Papaverine, 150 mg twice a day prevented the premonitory neurologic symptoms in seven patients with complicated migraine. Four of these patients also became headache-free and the remaining three were considerably improved. Papaverine therapy was effective in patients in whom the use of ergotamine or other potent vasoconstrictor agents might be hazardous
Protection from Hyperoxia-Induced Cytostatis in H441 Cells by Enhancement of Mitochondrial Glutathione Reductase Activities Via Adenoviral Transfection

Protection from Hyperoxia-Induced Cytostatis in H441 Cells by Enhancement of Mitochondrial Glutathione Reductase Activities Via Adenoviral Transfection
A Cross Cultural Perspective on Perceived Leadership Effectiveness

We propose a theoretical model to explain how societal/cultural settings may influence the leadership perception processes of followers and the ways perceived leadership effectiveness can be achiev...
Montelukast for Symptom Control of Interstitial Cystitis

Objective:To describe the effects of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma, on the symptoms of interstitial cystitis (IC).Case Summary:A 64-year-old male had a history of IC with previous trials of solifenacin, dutasteride, and tamsulosin and little improvement in IC symptom reduction. When montelukast 10 mg was initiated for allergic rhinitis symptoms, a substantial improvement in urinary urgency and pain during therapy was noted. This improvement subsequently disappeared when montelukast was stopped.Discussion:IC, a rare occurrence in the male population, is related to an inflammatory process and has also been associated with inappropriate leukotriene release, which is the target of montelukast therapy. In general, treatment for IC Includes systemic medical therapy, local bladder treatment, surgical and neurosurgical procedures, and intravesical drug installation. Currently, montelukast is Food and Drug Administration approved for u...
Techniques to Reduce the Inherent Limitations of Fully Digit On-Line Arithmetic

A fully digit on-line arithmetic unit generates at least the i most (least) significant digits of the output after having been supplied no more than the (i + k) most (least) significant digits of each input, where k is some small constant. This digit serial property can be used to reduce the aggregate fill and flush times of a chained list of digit on-line arithmetic units (which in turn reduces the required amount of parallelism needed to obtain high hardware utilization), and the VLSI interconnection complexity (which in turn reduces pin count). However, because of this digit serial property, unique limitations may be imposed on any arithmetic unit which performs certain operations in a digit on-line manner. Furthermore, these limitations are inherent in the sense that any fully digit on-line arithmetic unit which performs these operations will have some type of similar limitations. For some calculations, these limitations may be so severe as to make evaluation of that calculation by a digit on-line arithmetic unit virtually impossible. For other calculations, these limitations may not be nearly as severe. We will investigate techniques to either avoid or reduce the impact of these limitations.
System constraints effects on optimal dispatch schedule for battery storage systems

As the demand to develop more green and cost efficient means of supplying power to customers grows, we need to look at the solution from another angle. From the customer viewpoint, this paper identifies an efficient manner in which to utilize available resources. These resources include traditional utility sources, renewable solar, and battery storage. This paper looks at how constraints set can affect the optimal solution.
A search for CDKN2A/p16INK4a mutations in melanocytic nevi from patients with melanoma and spouse controls by use of laser-captured microdissection.

Objective To determine the frequency at which the CDKN2A coding region is mutated in the atypical nevi of persons with sporadic melanoma. Design DNA samples, isolated by laser-captured microdissection of atypical nevi from 10 patients with newly incident cases of sporadic melanoma and their spouses as matched controls, were used as templates for nested polymerase chain reaction amplification of CDKN2A exons 1 and 2. Results No point mutations in the coding region of CDKN2A were observed in any of the melanocytic nevi. Conclusions Point mutations in CDKN2A are an uncommon event in the atypical nevi of persons with melanoma. As such, the data may support a hypothesis of melanocytic nevus histogenesis, in which the melanocytic nevus and malignant melanoma represent separate, pleiotropic pathways resulting from common stimuli, such as genomic damage from UV radiation.
Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae in the Alzheimer's brain

We assessed the presence and characteristics of the intracellular pathogen Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae in brain-tissue samples from 25 patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 27 non-AD control individuals. 20/27 AD patients, but only 3/27 controls, were PCR-positive in multiple assays targetting the Cpn1046 and Cpn0695 genes. Culture of the organism from brain-tissue homogenate from one AD patient, and assessment of various chlamydial transcripts in RNA preparations from several patients, demonstrated that the organisms were viable and metabolically active in those samples. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that astrocytes, microglia, and neurons all served as host cells for C. pneumoniae in the AD brain, and that infected cells were found in close proximity to both neuritic senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the AD brain. These observations confirm and significantly extend our earlier study suggesting that this unusual pathogen may play a role in the neuropathogenesis characteristic of AD.
Pregnant adolescents and their mothers. A shared experience of teen mothering.

PURPOSE To explore and describe the relationships between African American adolescent mothers and their mothers. DESIGN A qualitative, descriptive approach was used. METHODS In-depth, audio-taped interviews, using a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions, were conducted with a convenience sample of 12 mother/daughter pairs and three teen mother/mother-figure pairs in a university research area designed for the comfort of the participants. Mothers and daughters were interviewed separately to enhance free expression of their feelings. Participants were recruited through an ongoing study on adolescent motherhood. RESULTS Four major themes emerged from the analysis. The two symbolic themes were communication between mother and daughter and role change. The two dominant interactive themes were conflict and social isolation. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Nursing assessment of pregnant and parenting teen mothers that includes an assessment of the character of the mother/daughter relationship can be valuable in assisting the pregnant teen toward better health.
‘Black Theology Then and Now: A Second Generation Assessment’

Book reviewed in this article: Dwight N. Hopkins, Heart and Head: Black Theology Past, Present and Future
Design and analysis of heterogeneous nanoscale on-chip communication networks

Abstract With a continuing downscaling of the physical feature sizes, an increase in complexity and the number of on-chip devices, and an increase in their heterogeneity, the traditional on-chip communication infrastructure needs to be revisited. It has previously been shown that multi-hop communication suffers from high latency and power consumption and that networks with long-range, high-bandwidth, and low power communication links significantly improve the system performance. Yet, it is an open problem what level of heterogeneity and what link type characteristics represent an optimum for on-chip communication networks. In this paper we design and analyze optimal heterogeneous networks by considering different cost and performance trade-offs in a technology-agnostic framework. We show that there is an optimal number of different link types for each set of constraints and that the heterogeneous network performance allows for a higher throughput at a lower cost compared to 2D regular mesh and homogeneous networks. From our results it follows that the link types available with current technology are non-optimal in a heterogeneous setup. We show that the main results are robust against certain model assumptions. In addition, the proposed heterogeneous networks scale up significantly better in terms of both cost and performance. The results are relevant for the design of emerging nanoscale communication fabrics and will help to drive the development of new technology.
Risk as an Inherent Element in the Study of Crisis Communication

Despite the fact that most Mississippians living on the gulf coast knew about the approach of Hurricane Katrina and had adequate time to evacuate, only one-third of that population left. Almost two-thirds of those who stayed indicated that they did so because they did not think the storm would be that bad (Harvard, 2006). Emergency risk messages that appeared in the most popular newspaper in the region attempted to communicate the grave danger of this massive storm. Unfortunately, these messages often relied on comparing the imminent threat to 1969's Hurricane Camille. If community members viewed Camille as causing few deaths or serious injuries, they would have little reason to accept evacuation as better than staying. This study analyzes emergency risk messages presented in the Biloxi Sun Herald and explains how people could construe an interpretation of reality that would lead them to remain in the path of one of the deadliest storms in American history.
The Fermi surfaces of thin Sb(111) films

Abstract Angular resolved photoemission spectroscopy is used to map the Fermi surface of Sb(1 1 1). In the region close to the T-point, we find multiple Fermi surface features. Utilizing the tuneability of Synchrotron radiation shows that these structures are not multiply connected, but can be associated with the bulk hole-Fermi surface and electron pockets originating from two 2D-bands crossing the Fermi level at K F ∼0.1 and ∼0.05 A −1 . The energy dispersion of the latter band follows that of a rotational paraboloid with a circular Fermi surface. The cross section of the bulk hole-pocket in the mirror plane is compared with theoretical predictions.
Parameter estimations of sigmoidal models of cancer

Background Tumor growth, a relationship between tumor size and time, is of special interest since growth estimation is very critical in a clinical practice. There are some mathematical models which describe tumor growth and have prediction capabilities. Typically, there are three ways to model non-complex growth behavior: exponential, logistic and sigmoidal. In 1825, Benjamin Gompertz introduced the Gompertz function, a sigmoid function, which is found to be applicable to various growth phenomena, in particular tumor growth. Besides the Gompertz model which includes three parameters, the Weibull and Richards models with four parameters are known as sigmoidal models. The aim of this project is to introduce continuous fractional and discrete fractional models of the tumor growth and also estimate parameters of these models in order to have better data fitting.
POLYMER IODINATION FOR IMPROVED IN VITRO TRACKING OF BIODEGRADABLE STENT DEGRADATION: SERIAL MICROCT IMAGING FOR BIOREACTOR TESTING

Evaluating the in vitro degradation of a biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloy stent by X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) is made difficult by low attenuation of Mg and polymer coating. Addition of iodine (I) to polymer coating of Mg stents was investigated to improve segmentation of microCT images
A nonradioactive plate-based assay for stimulators of nonspecific DNA nicking by HIV-1 integrase and other nucleases

Retroviral integrase enzymes have a nonspecific endonuclease activity that is stimulated by certain compounds, suggesting that integrase could be manipulated to damage viral DNA. To identify integrase stimulator (IS) compounds as potential antiviral agents, we have developed a nonradioactive assay that is suitable for high-throughput screening. The assay uses a 49-mer oligonucleotide that is 5'-labeled with a fluorophore, 3'-tagged with a quencher, and designed to form a hairpin that mimics radioactive double-stranded substrates in gel-based nicking assays. Reactions in 384-well plates are analyzed on a real-time PCR machine after a single heat denaturation and subsequent cooling to a point between the melting temperatures of unnicked substrate and nicked products (no cycling is required). Under these conditions, unnicked DNA reforms the hairpin and quenches fluorescence, whereas completely nicked DNA yields a large signal. The assay was linear with time, stimulator concentration, and amount of integrase, and 20% concentrations of the solvent used for many chemical libraries did not interfere with the assay. The assay had an excellent Z' factor, and it reliably detected known IS compounds. This assay, which is adaptable to other nonspecific nucleases, will be useful for identifying additional IS compounds to develop the novel antiviral strategy of stimulating integrase to destroy retroviral DNA.
Growth patterns of the eight regions in the People's Republic of China (1980–1985)

The objective of this brief paper is very specific: to test with data from the People's Republic of China (PRC) an earlier model by the author on regional relative dynamics. Originally, that model was used to replicate the regional relative population and income growth of Nine Divisions in the United States for the period 1929–1979.
A position analysis of coupled spherical mechanisms found in action origami

Abstract Origami has been previously utilized in design to create deployable systems. Action origami, origami designed to move, has the ability to deploy to a larger state and have motion in the deployed state. The majority of action origami achieves motion through coupled systems of spherical mechanisms. An origami vertex, the point at which folds converge, is shown to be equivalent to a spherical change-point mechanism. A position analysis of an origami vertex is presented, resulting in a relationship between input and output angles as well as the path of the coupler link. A method for analyzing coupled systems of repeated spherical mechanisms is proposed and demonstrated using two examples. A better understanding of the kinematics of action origami increases the ability of designers to create compact, deployable mechanisms for use in packaging, space, and medical industries.
Electron microscopy of the oxynticopeptic cells of the gastric glands and the intestinal glands of the caecum of the guineapig

Histomorphology of the gastric and intestinal glands was investigated in 19 sexually mature, adult guineapigs by light and transmission electron microscopy. Gastric glands exhibited the cytological...
Prevention of renal hypertension and of the central pressor effect of angiotensin by ventromedial hypothalamic ablation

Abstract Various lines of research have implicated the central nervous system in the development of renal hypertension. The ablation of a periventricular region surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) has been shown to block the development of renal hypertension. Because the hemodynamic effects produced by AV3V electrical stimulation can be abolished by a midline lesion of the ventromedial hypothalamic-median eminence region (VMH-ME), the effect of VMH-ME ablation on the development of renal hypertension was studied. Following recovery from surgery that destroyed the VMH-ME region the lesioned rats and controls were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy and figure-of-eight wrapping of the remaining kidney. Control animals developed renal hypertension but those with VMH-ME lesions did not. When the pressor response produced by intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II was studied, it was found that rats with VMH-ME lesions, as compared to neurologically intact animals, showed significantly attenuated responses. The data suggest that a neural system related to cardiovascular control descends through the VMH-ME region and that the integrity of this pathway is necessary for the development of renal hypertension.
Irrigating field crops in the presence of saline groundwater

L'irrigation de cultures au dessus d'eaux souterraines salees presente des chances et des defis uniques. A mesure que la demande mondiale en eau augmente, il appartient a l'agriculture de maximiser l'utilisation d'eaux de toutes qualites. La gestion traditionnelle des eaux d'irrigation et de drainage en milieux salins a ete concue pour permettre le lessivage des sels de la zone racinaire et l'evacuation non controlee des eaux de drainage salees. Cette pratique n'est plus acceptable et plusieurs choix ont ete developpes pour maximiser l'utilisation d'eaux de toutes qualites et reduire ainsi le volume d'evacuation du drainage souterrain a un minimum. Cet article decrit la gestion integree de systemes d'irrigation et de drainage dans des sols salins pour reduire l'ecoulement total de drainage sans diminuer les rendements. Les methodes employees consistent a utiliser les eaux de drainage salees pour des irrigations supplementaires, a augmenter l'utilisation d'eau provenant de la nappe phreatique, a installer des dispositifs de controle avec un systeme de drainage souterrain pour maitriser la hauteur de la nappe et reduire ainsi l'ecoulement de drainage. Dans une parcelle sans drainage souterrain, une culture a pu etre maintenue en utilisant un systeme d'irrigation au goutte-a-goutte souterrain, ce qui a preserve les rendements et reduit l'infiltration vers la nappe phreatique. Les sels presents dans la zone racinaire ont ete geres efficacement en irrigant avant plantation dans des zones avec et sans drains souterrains.
A single copy gene for chicken chromosomal protein HMG-14b has evolutionarily conserved features, has lost one of its introns and codes for a rapidly evolving protein

The evolutionary origins and common features of the genes coding for the HMG-14/-17 family of chromosomal proteins have been studied by isolating and sequencing the chicken HMG-14b gene, the true homolog of the human and calf HMG-14 gene. Comparison of the structure of this gene to that of the human HMG-14 gene and to the human and chicken HMG-17 genes indicates that the HMG-14 and HMG-17 genes evolved from a common ancestor. We postulate that the ancestral gene consisted of six exons. In all genes the first exon codes for the entire 5' untranslated region and for the first four amino acids, which are invariant among all the known members of the HMG-14/-17 protein family. The last exon codes for ten to 16 amino acids and for the entire 3' untranslated region, which, for each gene, constitutes over 70% of the transcript. The DNA-binding domain of the proteins is encoded by two distinct exons. The genes are characterized by 5' regions that are highly enriched in G + C residues and have features characteristic of "housekeeping" genes. The HMG-17 genes are distinct from the HMG-14 in that the 5' regulatory region of the former has two TATA boxes while the HMG-14 genes have no such regulatory element. The chicken HMG-14b gene is a single-copy gene and produces a unique transcript. In this gene, exons II and III are fused and intron 2 is missing. The fusion of the two exons produced a codon for valine in a position that, among all HMG-14/-17 proteins, is unique to HMG-14b. The possible consequences of a valine insertion at the N-terminal end of the DNA-binding domains are discussed. The HMG-14 proteins evolve significantly faster than HMG-17, suggesting that the proteins are subject to different evolutionary pressure. However, certain amino acids are conserved among all the known members of the HMG-14/-17 protein family, suggesting that they are part of the functional domain of this family of chromosomal proteins.
Temporomandibular joint noises in infants: Review of the literature and report of cases

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function and dysfunction in infants and children are poorly understood. Some reports of dysfunction in children and adolescents have appeared in the literature; however, no contemporary reports of TMJ dysfunction in infants have been published. Here we describe three cases of TMJ noises that may represent an anatomic abnormality. Patients' ages at onset were 3 days, 5 months, and 6 months. All noises occurred in the apparent absence of trauma and without other clinical findings. Two cases resolved spontaneously over a 2- to 5-month period. One case is still occurring, but the frequency is decreasing with age. In all cases there was no history of distress on the part of the child during mandibular movements or when the noises occurred. Included is a review of the literature and hypotheses of the etiology of TMJ noises in infants.
Surface subsidence caused by mantle plumes and volcanic loading in large igneous provinces

Abstract Large igneous provinces form with massive flood basalts being erupted over a large region within a few million years. A prevailing model for their formation is a mantle plume model in which a plume head originates from the core–mantle boundary, ascends through the mantle, and produces topographic uplift and eventually massive melting at the surface. However, many geological observations indicate surface subsidence in the central region before or during flood basalt eruptions. In this study, we demonstrate that a plume head temporarily ponding below the 660-km phase change boundary causes significant subsidence at the Earth's surface over an extended period before the eruption, and that the loading from erupted basalts causes surface subsidence at the periphery of the eruption area that affects the environment for subsequent episodes of basalt eruptions. Our studies therefore demonstrate that the observed subsidence history in many flood basalt provinces is characteristic of the dynamics of mantle plumes and may be used as diagnostics for identifying plume-induced flood basalt events.
Radiative lifetimes, absorption cross sections, and the observation of new high-lying odd levels of 238 U using multistep laser photoionization*

We report the observation of over 100 new high-lying odd levels in atomic uranium between 32 600 and 34 200 cm−1 using tunable laser techniques. These augment the 32 odd levels previously determined in this energy regime by conventional atomic spectroscopy. The method used in these studies, multistep photoionization under pulsed dye laser excitation, was also employed to make J assignments, measure radiative lifetimes, and to obtain absorption cross sections of transitions involving these levels.
Incomplete recanalization as an important determinant of Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) grade 2 flow after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction

The outcome of patients with Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial grade 2 flow is worse than that of patients with TIMI grade 3 flow after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. It is unclear whether TIMI grade 2 flow represents incomplete recanalization of the culprit lesion or poor distal runoff. The Thrombolytic Trial of Eminase (anistreplase) in Acute Myocardial Infarction (TEAM)-2 and TEAM-3 were randomized trials comparing anistreplase with streptokinase (TEAM-2, n = 370) or with alteplase (tissue plasminogen activator) (TEAM-3, n = 325). We compared the minimal luminal diameter of the culprit lesion in patients with TIMI grade 2 flow with that in patients with TIMI grade 3 flow both 90 minutes (TEAM-2) and 1 day (TEAM-3) after thrombolysis. Patients with TIMI grade 2 flow had a lower residual luminal diameter in the culprit lesion than patients with TIMI grade 3 flow (TEAM-2, 0.58 +/- 0.03 vs 0.79 +/- 0.02 mm, p = 0.0001; TEAM-3, 0.88 +/- 0.04 vs 1.17 +/- 0.03 mm, p = 0.0001, for patients with TIMI grades 2 and 3 flow). Residual percent stenosis was correspondingly higher in patients with TIMI grade 2 flow. At the early angiogram, 66% of patients with TIMI grade 2 flow, but only 35% of those with TIMI grade 3 flow, had a minimal luminal diameter of 0.6 mm (positive predictive value 87%, negative predictive value 35%). Incomplete recanalization of the culprit lesion may thus be an important determinant of TIMI grade 2 flow after thrombolysis. Whether more complete thrombolysis or rescue angioplasty improves outcome in these patients deserves evaluation.
Shape-changing hydrogel surfaces trigger rapid release of patterned tissue modules.

Abstract The formation and assembly of diverse tissue building blocks is considered a promising bottom-up approach for the construction of complex three-dimensional tissues. Patterned shape-changing materials were investigated as an innovative method to form and harvest free-standing tissue modules with preserved spatial organization and cell–cell connections. Arrays of micro-scale surface-attached hydrogels made of a thermoresponsive polymer were used as cell culture supports to fabricate tissue modules of defined geometric shape. Upon stimulation, these hydrogels swelled anisotropically, resulting in significant expansion of the culture surface and subsequent expulsion of the intact tissue modules. By varying the network crosslink density, the surface strain was modulated and a strain threshold for tissue module release was identified. This mechanical mechanism for rapid tissue module harvest was found to require inter- and intra-cellular tension. These results suggest that the cell–matrix adhesions are disrupted by the incompatibility of surface expansion with tissue module cohesion and stiffness, thus providing a novel method of forming and harvesting tissue building blocks by a mechanism independent of the thermal stimulus that induces the biomaterial shape change.