cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of texture on Hall–Petch relationships in an Mg alloy

Abstract The influence of changes in crystallographic texture on the Hall–Petch (H–P) relationship for an Mg alloy was investigated. First, the texture variations were facilitated by changing the uniaxial tensile loading orientation with respect to the normal direction of the rolled Mg plate. With a strong plane texture of the as-received material, the initial dominant deformation mechanisms were systematically varied from the basal slip and prismatic slip to extension twinning, as well as combinations thereof. Second, different grain sizes were produced for each loading orientation through isochronal annealing at various temperatures up to 773 K while closely monitoring grain size and texture distributions. The experimental results are presented for the grain growth kinetics during annealing, changes in yielding behavior as a function of grain size and initial texture, and H–P relationship as a function of the texture. Moreover, the effects of changes in texture and dominant deformation mechanism on H–P parameters – namely, friction stress, σo, and strength coefficient, kσ – are discussed. Finally, H–P relationships for each individual deformation mode including basal, prismatic and pyramidal slips as well as extension twin are identified.
The clinical significance criterion in DSM-IV post-traumatic stress disorder.

Background. The DSM-IV definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires that the syndrome cause clinically significant distress or impairment. The impact of the clinical significance criterion on the lifetime prevalence of PTSD among civilian victims of traumatic events has not been evaluated. Method. Data from two community-based samples were examined, the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (n=2181) and the Mid-Atlantic Urban Youth Study (n=1698). The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WHO CIDI) was used to ascertain DSM-IV PTSD. Results. The inclusion of the clinical significance criterion in DSM-IV reduces the conditional probability of PTSD given exposure to trauma by approximately 30%. Cases with clinically significant syndrome showed more pervasive and persistent disturbance and an excess in impaired activity days. Conclusions. The consistency of the findings between the two studies strengthens the evidence on the impact of the clinical significance criterion in the diagnosis of PTSD, and the construct validity of its measurement. There is a need for greater research effort on the definition and measurement of the clinical significance criterion.
2‐(2‐Bromo‐4‐chloro­anilino)‐2‐phenyl­ethanol

The title complex, C14H13BrClNO, adopts a helical motif built up from inter­molecular O—H⋯O inter­actions with a repeat distance of 8.4 A. Further assembly of the helices forms a parallel square grid array reminiscent of apolar peptide extended packing motifs.
Transonic Region of a Supersonic Boundary Layer Turning a Sharp Corner

T paper presents solutions for the flow variables in the transonic region of a steady, laminar, supersonic boundary layer turning a corner. The analysis holds in those cases where the corner is sharp and the pressure drop across the corner is large enough that separation occurs, viscous effects in the corner region are important only in a negligibly thin sublayer, and the base pressure to which the flow expands is less than the sonic pressure, P*, corresponding to the flow conditions at the wall upstream of the corner. It has been shown' that under these conditions, in viscid flow equations may be employed in a region extending a few boundary-layer thicknesses upstream of the corner; the sonic line intersects the corner to the scale of the inviscid region. Since this analysis is concerned only with the transonic flow in the inviscid region, it is valid in a region with dimensions small compared to those associated with the inviscid region, yet large compared to those associated with the viscous sublayer. It supplements Refs. 1 and 2 by supplying detailed transonic solutions not given in these references. Hence, the solutions given here fulfill the same role in the problem of the turning of a supersonic boundary layer around a corner, that Vaglio-Laurin's transonic corner flow solutions do in the problem of an inviscid flow turning a corner. Physical applications are the corner flows occurring at the lip of a rocket nozzle, at a rearward facing step, or at the base corner of a re-entry vehicle, for example. A systematic method of treating rotational transonic inviscid flow around a convex corner was presented in a previous paper by the present authors. In that paper, the method was applied to the transonic region in the case where the boundary layer approaching the corner had no pressure gradient or heat transfer. In this paper, the method is extended to cover the case of a laminar supersonic boundary layer with pressure gradient and heat transfer; it is demonstrated that the shape of the sonic line and the pressure gradient are fundamentally changed from the simple case. Y Y-4
Effects on Gingivitis of Two Different 0.4% SnF2 Gels

For nine months we monitored the periodontal health of 81 adolescents undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances, to determine whether daily use of a brush-on 0.4% SnF 2 gel would be better than toothbrushing alone in maintaining periodontal health in these patients, and whether a gel supplying a high percentage of available Sn2+ ion would be more beneficial than a gel supplying a low percentage of available Sn2+ ion. The subjects were matched for age and sex and placed into a control group, which used toothbrushing alone, and two treatment groups, which used toothbrushing supplemented with daily use of a SnF2 gel. One treatment group used a gel with 98% available Sn2+ ion twice daily for the entire nine months. The other treatment group used a gel with less than 2% available Sn2+ once a day for six months, then twice a day for the remaining three months of the study. Clinical assessments (Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Bleeding Tendency, pocket depth, and coronal staining) were made before app...
Ritual Control and Transformation in Middle-Range Societies: An Example from the American Southwest

Abstract Ritual practices play an important role in the constitution and reproduction of social structures in middle-range societies. Oftentimes individuals and groups transform rituals during periods of social disruption in order to restructure the social landscape. This article develops a practice-based approach to ritual change that delineates contexts conducive to the transformation of extant ritual systems by individuals and groups looking to improve their social standing. This framework is then employed to discuss the shifts in ritual architecture that accompanied episodes of migration and environmental change during the Pueblo I period (A.D. 750–900) in the northern San Juan region of the American Southwest. These architectural shifts were linked to changes in the control of communal ritual and the negotiation of social power in relatively large, short-lived villages.
Transfer coefficients on the surfaces of a transverse plate situated in a duct flow

Abstract Experiments have been performed to determine the heat-/mass-transfer coefficients on the upstream and downstream faces of a wall-attached transverse plate which partially blocks the flow cross section of a square duct. The experiments involved mass transfer and were carried out via the naphthalene sublimation technique, with air as the working fluid. By virtue of the analogy between heat and mass transfer, the results are also relevant to heat transfer. The transverse plates employed in the experiments gave rise to blockages which ranged from one-sixth to two-thirds of the duct cross section. The duct Reynolds number was varied from 5000 to 30 000. It was found that at a given Reynolds number, both the upstream-face and downstream-face transfer coefficients were quite insensitive to the extent of the blockage. The upstream-face coefficients were generally higher than those for the downstream face, but the differences diminished with increasing Reynolds number. The coefficients exhibited a power-law dependence on the Reynolds number, the power being approximately one-half for the upstream face and two-thirds for the downstream face.
Membrane fluidizing effects of the general anesthetic methoxyflurane elicit an acclimation response in Tetrahymena

Abstract The general anesthetic methoxyflurane exerts a reversible fluidizing effect upon the membranes of Tetrahymena pyriformis . The organism responds by decreasing its fatty acid desaturase activity in much the same fashion observed during its acclimation to high temperature and other environmental factors which increase membrane fluidity.
Characterizing the Relation Between Apex-Map Synthetic Probes and Reuse Distance Distributions

Characterizing a memory reference stream using reuse distance distribution can enable predicting the performance on a given architecture. Benchmarks can subject an architecture to a limited set of reuse distance distributions, but it cannot exhaustively test it. In contrast, Apex-Map, a synthetic memory probe with parameterized locality, can provide a better coverage of the machine use scenarios. Unfortunately, it requires a lot of expertise to relate an application memory behavior to an Apex-Map parameter set. In this work we present a mathematical formulation that describes the relation between Apex-Map and reuse distance distributions. We also introduce a process through which we can automate the estimation of Apex-Map locality parameters for a given application. This process finds the best parameters for Apex-Map probes that generate a reuse distance distribution similar to that of the original application. We tested this scheme on benchmarks from Scalable Synthetic Compact Applications and Unbalanced Tree Search, and we show that this scheme provides an accurate Apex-Map parameterization with a small percentage of mismatch in reuse distance distributions, about 3% in average and less than 8% in the worst case, on the tested applications.
Effects of Intracellular Tyrosine Residue Mutation and Carboxyl Terminus Truncation on Signal Transduction and Internalization of the Rat Bradykinin B2 Receptor

Abstract Presently, little is known of the amino acid motif(s) participating in bradykinin B2 receptor-mediated signal transduction processes. In this report we investigate the potential role of the two existing tyrosine (Tyr) residues in the intracellular regions and the carboxyl terminus in the regulatory function of this receptor. Rat-1 cells, which do not contain detectable bradykinin B2 receptor, were transfected with wild type and mutant receptor cDNAs. Tyr-131 and Tyr-321 were each mutated to corresponding alanine-, serine-, and phenylalanine-containing sequences. The last 34 amino acid residues of the carboxyl terminus were truncated. Rat-1 cells transfected with the mutant forms of the receptor cDNA including the truncated COOH-terminal cDNA all bound [3H]bradykinin with essentially the sameK d of approximately 2.2 nm as cells transfected with the wild type bradykinin B2 receptor. However, mutating Tyr-131 resulted in important changes in bradykinin-stimulated phosphoinositide turnover and arachidonate release. For example, exchanging Tyr-131 for alanine led to an 80% decreased arachidonate release (p < 0.005), 90% decrease in inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation (p < 0.001), with receptor uptake at 15 min remaining essentially unchanged. Mutating the same Tyr to phenylalanine resulted in unchanged bradykinin-stimulated IP accumulation, only a slightly lowered arachidonate release, and unchanged receptor uptake at 15 min. Mutating Tyr-321 to alanine resulted in a very different pattern. There was a small but significant reduction in arachidonate release (p < 0.03) and IP accumulation (p < 0.008) with a large, 30%, increase in receptor uptake at 15 min (p < 0.010). Truncation of a portion of the carboxyl tail also proved meaningful, with a 60% decrease in arachidonate release and an 80% decrease in IP accumulation. The truncation also resulted in a large, 130%, decrease in receptor uptake at 15 min (p < 0.023). Taken together, these results point to Tyr-131 as an important element in determining bradykinin-stimulated arachidonate release and IP accumulation. Tyrosine phosphorylation at this site apparently does not play a major role. Tyr-131, Tyr-321, and the carboxyl tail appear to be important in determining receptor uptake.
Regulation of slow potential shifts in nucleus reticularis thalami by the mesencephalic reticular formation and the frontal granular cortex

Novel stimuli or electric stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) produced large positive slow potentials (SPs) in rostral nucleus reticularis thalami (RVA) that accompanied the negative SPs known to occur in frontal cortex. SP durations (20-30 sec) were similar to the periods of unit inhibition that occur in RVA following MRF stimulation. Trains of 8 c/sec medial thalamic stimuli produced phasic negative SPs in RVA similar in duration to the intervals of unit excitation that follow each stimulus pulse. These results suggest that the polarity and duration of the SPs in RVA reflect changes in excitation of the underlying neurons. Direct activation of a specific region of RVA produced complete inhibition of visual cortex responses evoked by optic tract stimuli, a finding which suggests that RVA has an inhibitory action on the thalamus. A tone reinforced by electric shock also elicited SPs in frontal cortex (negative) and RVA (positive). In contrast to the long duration of the MRF- or novelty-elicited SPs, the durations of the conditioned SPs were phasic and were regulated by the tone--shock interval. Bilateral cryogenic blockade of the interconnections between the frontal cortex and medial thalamus abolished SPs of all origins in the frontal cortex. The blockade also abolished conditioned SPs in RVA, but did not affect the MRF-elicited ones. Thus, the subcortical SPs that accompany orienting to novel stimuli are distinct from those which occur during the higher cognitive process of conditioned expectancy and require the integrity of the mediothalamic-frontocortical system.
Further interpretation of the relation of organochlorine residues in brown pelican eggs to reproductive success

Abstract This study was conducted to provide additional interpretation of the relation of organochlorine pollutants to reproductive success and population stability of brown pelicans Pelecanus occidentalis in the southeastern United States from 1969 to 1977. The sample egg technique was employed in South Carolina; it involved collecting an egg from each of 156 marked nests, analysing the eggs for residues and relating residue levels to nest success. All of the organochlorines appeared to induce adverse effects on reproductive success of brown pelicans, but the correlative evidence indicated that DDE was responsible for most of the pollutant-related nest failure. Close intercorrelation of each of the organochlorines presented a problem in the separation of the effects of each pollutant. The critical level of DDE in brown pelican eggs was 3 μg g −1 , this level was associated with substantially impaired reproductive success and 4 μg g −1 of DDE was associated with sotal reproductive failure. The critical level for dieldrin was not determined, but it appeared to exceed 1 μg g −1 . Dieldrin, DDT, DDD and the PCBs apparently exerted a minor effect on reproductive success of brown pelicans in South Carolina. Endrin seemed to induce reproductive impairment in brown pelicans in Louisiana in 1975. The critical level in eggs is only roughly estimated at −1 because it was not possible to use the sample egg technique in this small population. Significant declines in organochlorine residues in South Carolina during this study were associated with increases in eggshell thickness, reproductive success and the breeding population. Of those avian species studied, the brown pelican remains the most sensitive to organochlorine contaminants, particularly DDE and endrin; factors related to this sensitivity are poorly known.
Perturbations in two- and three-dimensional transonic flows

The difficulty of treating the perturbation of transonic flow, during which shock waves change position, can be overcome by using a distorted coordinate system in which the locations of all shock waves do not change; the distortion is found as part of the solution. This device leads to a relation that allows a range of flows, with differing shock locations, to be related algebraically to two known 'calibration' flows. Results for flows around finite wings, including those with multiple, intersecting shock waves, are presented. A typical computing time for such examples is 0.3 sec on a CDC 7600 computer.
Measuring Anhedonia in Adolescents: A Psychometric Analysis.

Anhedonia—the reduced capacity to experience pleasure—is a trait implicated in mental and physical health. Yet, psychometric data on anhedonia measures in adolescents are absent. We conducted an in-depth psychometric analysis of the Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS; Snaith et al., 1995)—a self-report measure of anticipated pleasure response to 14 pleasant experiences—in adolescents. Adolescents (N = 585, M age = 14.5) completed the SHAPS and other paper-and-pencil surveys. Item response theory models were used to evaluate the psychometric performance of each SHAPS item. Correlations of the SHAPS with other personality and psychopathology measures were calculated to evaluate construct validity. Results showed that (a) certain items (e.g., reported pleasure from basic experiences like “seeing smiling faces” or “smelling flowers”) provided more information about latent anhedonia than others; and (b) SHAPS scales exhibited construct-consistent convergent and discriminant validity (i.e., stronger correlat...
Depletion of Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Stores Protects against Hypoxia- and Mitochondrial Inhibitor-Induced Cellular Injury and Death☆☆☆

We have shown previously that intracellular Ca+2 chelation and calpain inhibitors block the influx of extracellular Ca+2 and Cl- during the late phase of cell injury in renal proximal tubules (RPT) exposed to the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A. Since the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major intracellular Ca+2 storage site, ER Ca+2 release/depletion may mediate the Ca+2 influx and cell death. Treatment of RPT suspensions with thapsigargin, an ER Ca+2-ATPase inhibitor, increased cytosolic free Caf+2 (Ca+2) levels from 122 +/- 7 to 322 +/- 55 nM within 10 sec of addition followed by a return to control levels within 3 min. A 5-min pretreatment of RPT suspensions with thapsigargin blocked antimycin A- and hypoxia-induced influx of extracellular Ca+2 and Cl- and the resulting cell death/lysis. These data suggest that ER Ca+2 release/depletion during cell injury may trigger a signaling cascade that causes extracellular Ca+2 influx followed by Cl- influx, cell swelling, and ultimately cell death/ lysis.
RT-level fault simulation based on symbolic propagation

The rapid rise in size and complexity of VLSI circuits has stimulated a need to handle fault simulation at higher levels of abstraction. We outline an RT-level fault simulation technique that utilizes symbolic data to group fault effects. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology provides superior speed-ups and accurate fault coverages.
Neural networks for step edge detection

Summary form only given. Previously proposed neural networks were modified to enhance their capability of edge detection. The previous network consists of two separate modules: the prospective edge selection module and the final edge selection module. The prospective edge selection module consists of two or more networks, working in parallel, that locate prospective edges in the image. A separate network is required to detect the edges in each desired orientation. The prospective edge map resulting from the preliminary networks is then fed into the final network to remove spurious edges and select the desired edges. The proposed modification allows the networks to ignore small changes of pixel values in a region and thus avoid overdetection. In addition, only the edge pixels detected by the preliminary network have the chance to retain their status (as edge pixels) in the final network. The inclusion of this constraint not only avoids the occurrence of inconsistency between the preliminary and final networks but also speeds up the computation significantly. >
Histological and Ultrastructural Studies on the Conjunctiva of the Barred Owl (Strix varia)

This report is the first characterization of the histology and ultrastructure of the barred owl conjunctiva. The inferior eyelid was dominated by a large disk-shaped plate covered by a non-keratinized stratified squamous or cuboidal epithelium of variable thickness. The apical surface of the plate epithelium varied from flat to long microvilli or even short cytoplasmic extensions similar to those seen in the third eyelid. All specimens had a few goblet cells filled with mucous secretory granules in the plate region. The underlying connective tissue was a dense fibroelastic stroma. Eosinophils were surprisingly common in the epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue in the plate and more distal orbital mucosal region. The orbital mucosa contained goblet cells with heterogeneous glycosylation patterns. The leading edge and marginal plait of the third eyelid are designed to collect fluid and particulate matter as they sweep across the surface of the eye. The palpebral conjunctival surface of the third eyelid was covered by an approximately five-cell-deep stratified squamous epithelium without goblet cells. The bulbar surface of the third eyelid was a bilayer of epithelial cells whose superficial cells have elaborate cytoplasmic tapering extensions reaching out 25 μm. Narrow cytofilia radiated outwards up to an additional 15–20 μm from the cytoplasmic extensions. Lectin labeling demonstrated heterogeneous glycosylation of the apical membrane specializations but only small amounts of glycoprotein-filled secretory granules in the third eyelid.
Vibration control of flexible manipulators

The authors present a comparative study of two vibration reduction schemes for flexible manipulators. The two methods under consideration are the command preshaping technique and the feedforward control technique. The first method limits vibrations in the system by shaping the system inputs. The second method uses the inverse arm approach to reduce vibrations. It is also shown that the first method is a special case of the feedforward control technique. The design method is illustrated with a numerical example. >
A readout magnet for prepolarized MRI

Conventional MRI systems rely on large magnets to generate a field that is both strong and extremely uniform. This field is usually produced by a heavy permanent magnet or a cryogenically cooled superconductor. An alternative approach, called prepolarized MRI (PMRI), employs two separate fields produced by two different magnets. A strong and inhomogeneous magnetic field is used to polarize the sample. After polarization, a weak magnetic field is used for readout. These fields can be produced by two separate resistive electromagnets that cost significantly less than a single permanent or superconducting magnet. At Stanford, the authors are constructing a PMRI prototype scanner suitable for imaging human extremities roughly 20 cm in diameter. With this system the authors hope to demonstrate comparable image quality to MRI with reduced system cost. The authors' initial work on low-frequency reception indicates that it will be possible to obtain comparable image signal-to-noise ratio to an MRI scanner operating at the same polarizing field strength. To reduce the capital cost of the system, the authors use resistive electromagnets. Here the authors discuss the full development of the readout magnet including important design considerations, shimming, and field plots. These encouraging results are an important step toward evaluating the cost effectiveness of PMRI.
Dynamic evolution of V1R putative pheromone receptors between Mus musculus and Mus spretus

The mammalian vomeronasal organ (VNO) expresses two G-protein coupled receptor gene families that mediate pheromone responses, the V1R and V2R receptor genes. In rodents, there are ~150 V1R genes comprising 12 subfamilies organized in gene clusters at multiple chromosomal locations. Previously, we showed that several of these subfamilies had been extensively modulated by gene duplications, deletions, and gene conversions around the time of the evolutionary split of the mouse and rat lineages, consistent with the hypothesis that V1R repertoires might be involved in reinforcing speciation events. Here, we generated genome sequence for one large cluster containing two V1R subfamilies in Mus spretus, a closely related and sympatric species to Mus musculus, and investigated evolutionary change in these repertoires along the two mouse lineages. We describe a comparison of spretus and musculus with respect to genome organization and synteny, as well as V1R gene content and phylogeny, with reference to previous observations made between mouse and rat. Unlike the mouse-rat comparisons, synteny seems to be largely conserved between the two mouse species. Disruption of local synteny is generally associated with differences in repeat content, although these differences appear to arise more from deletion than new integrations. Even though unambiguous V1R orthology is evident, we observe dynamic modulation of the functional repertoires, with two of seven V1Rb and one of eleven V1Ra genes lost in spretus, two V1Ra genes becoming pseudogenes in musculus, two additional orthologous pairs apparently subject to strong adaptive selection, and another divergent orthologous pair that apparently was subjected to gene conversion. Therefore, eight of the 18 (~44%) presumptive V1Ra/V1Rb genes in the musculus-spretus ancestor appear to have undergone functional modulation since these two species diverged. As compared to the rat-mouse split, where modulation is evident by independent expansions of these two V1R subfamilies, divergence between musculus and spretus has arisen more by mutations within coding sequences. These results support the hypothesis that adaptive changes in functional V1R repertoires contribute to the delineation of very closely related species.
The Structure of Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Comparison to Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus

The structure of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV; strain Fny) has been determined to a 3.2-Å resolution using X-ray crystallography. Despite the fact that CMV has only 19% capsid protein sequence identity (34% similarity) to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), the core structures of these two members of the Bromoviridae family are highly homologous. As suggested by a previous low-resolution structural study, the 305-Å diameter (maximum) of CMV is ∼12 Å larger than that of CCMV. In CCMV, the structures of the A, B, and C subunits are nearly identical except in their N termini. In contrast, the structures of two loops in subunit A of CMV differ from those in B and C. These loops are 6 and 7 residues longer than the analogous regions in CCMV. Unlike that of CCMV, the capsid of CMV does not undergo swelling at pH 7.0 and is stable at pH 9.0. This may be partly due to the fact that the N termini of the B and C subunits form a unique bundle of six amphipathic helices oriented down into the virion core at the threefold axes. In addition, while CCMV has a cluster of aspartic acid residues at the quasi-threefold axis that are proposed to bind metal in a pH-dependent manner, this cluster is replaced by complementing acids and bases in CMV. Finally, this structure clearly demonstrates that the residues important for aphid transmission lie at the outermost portion of the βH-βI loop and yields details of the portions of the virus that are hypothesized to mediate binding to aphid mouthparts.
Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Quaternary Tephra along the South Rift Zone of Mauna Kea Volcano, Hawaii

Cinder cones and associated tephra layers along the south rift zone of Mauna Kea volcano accumulated during explosive eruptions of alkalic rocks during the late Quaternary Period. Six widespread tephra units, the youngest consisting of at least five subunits, are recognized on the basis of distributional patterns, variations in particle size and thickness, mineralogical parameters, and stratigraphic relations with respect to two buried soils. Four layers underlying the regionally extensive Humuula soil, the formation of which ended about 4,500 yrs ago based on carbon-14 age determinations, consist of scoriaceous cinders and shards of opaque black glass and crystals of olivine and plagioclase. The two major post-Humuula units lack crystals. Although compositions of crystals are too similar to be useful in differentiating the pre-Humuula layers, plagioclase/olivine ratios are diagnostic. Refractive indices of cinders, based on optical measurements of fused glass beads, range from 1.553 to 1.579, the index falling with decreasing age of units. Individual layers reach an observed thickness of 10 m, with thickness varying exponentially as a function of distance from the source vent. Maximum particle size also varies exponentially with distance and provides a measure of relative magnitude of eruptions. The major tephra-producing eruptions along the south rift zone built cinder cones that are among the largest on the mountain. Pre-Humuula tephra layers and associated lava flows fall broadly within the last episode of ice-cap glaciation (more than 9,100 yrs B.P. by radiocarbon dating). Holocene eruptions that largely buried the Humuula soil on the lower part of the rift zone apparently are represented by thin ash layers in Lake Waiau near the summit of the mountain. The youngest ash layer in the lake, inferred to be about 3,600 yrs old, probably records the latest eruption of the volcano.
Nebraska's Library Depository Retrieval Facility

High-density storage of library materials, while becoming more commonplace, is still uncharted territory for many academic libraries. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries undertook the challenge of planning, construction and implementation of a Library Depository and Retrieval Facility (LDRF) as a preservation and money-saving solution for expanding collections and decreased funding. The project was a library-system wide undertaking, with project management being the chosen method of organizational structure and process. This article describes the process in several phases, from initial discussions through development of a program statement, funding, planning, construction, load-in, and operations. The discussion will provide those considering a similar project at their institutions with an overview and a practical guide to the process.
Changes in pectin structure and localization during the growth of unadapted and NaCl‐adapted tobacco cells

Summary Tobacco cells adapted to grow in high concentrations of NaCl exhibit a drastically altered growth physiology that results in cells whose fully expanded volume is only one-fifth to one-eighth those of unadapted cells. Comparison between NaCl-adapted and unadapted tobacco cells provides an opportunity to evaluate current concepts of the structural and mechanical determinants of cell wall expansion. Both biochemical studies of pectic polymers and the ultrastructural localization of pectic epitopes at three specific phases of cell culture, maximal cell division, maximal elongation, and stationary phase are reported here. One-half of the galactosyluronic acid units in wall polymers of NaCl-adapted cells are esterified throughout the culture period, while wall polymers of unadapted cells show a rise in esterified polygalacturonic acid from 50 to 80% during elongation and then a decrease to 70% at stationary phase. Methyl esters account for only a proportion of the total esterified polygalacturonic acid at any stage in both unadapted and NaCl-adapted cell walls. Using monoclonal antibodies, we show differences in the localization of relatively methyl-esterified and unesterified pectic epitopes at different stages of growth and corroborate the chemical determinations. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy of representative walls of both NaCl-adapted and unadapted cells confirms, at the single cell wall level, that results obtained from chemical analysis of bulk samples are applicable to the entire cell population. FTIR microspectroscopy also reveals an increase in wall protein in the walls of adapted cells. Images obtained by the fast-freeze, deep-etch, rotary-shadowed replica technique show clearly different cell wall architectures in NaCl-adapted compared with unadapted cells; walls of elongating unadapted cells contain long, thin fibres that show a net orientation with respect to the long axis of the cell, whereas walls of adapted cells have thicker, flatter bundles of fibres with no clear net orientation. Polarized FTIR microspectroscopy indicates that, in unadapted tobacco cells during elongation, pectin molecules may be oriented within the wall in a similar manner to cellulose. Possible ways in which pectin structure and conformation may affect the behaviour of the cellulose-xyloglucan network are discussed.
Experimental Results of Free Targets

Plasmas produced from free small (5 to l0μ radius) electromagnetically suspended LiH targets showed in the first measurements a quite symmetric expansion but finally an asymmetry with a preferential direction against the laser. Preheating by tailored laser pulses re-established conditions of the self-similarity model of a symmetric expansion and heating up to temperatures of few hundred eV. Aluminum balls of 50 to 150 μ radius showed two groups of plasma, a slow spherical inner core fulfilling thermokinetic properties describable by the self-similarity model, and an asymmetric outer shell expanding preferentially against the laser due to a nonlinear surface process. Free hydrogen targets of the same larger size expand symmetrically and drift slowly into the direction of the laser radiation, indicating a recoil by a surface acceleration against the laser. Magnetic fields decrease the expansion velocity and increase the duration of luminosity in some experiments. Emission of microwave radiation can be explained, but many effects are unsolved (increase of ion energy, increase of electric resistivity, instabilities etc.).
Is the technically limited echocardiographic study an endangered species? endocardial border definition with native tissue harmonic imaging and Optison contrast: a review of 200 cases.

Abstract Objective: Our goal was to determine whether contrast adds diagnostic value to both fundamental and native tissue harmonic imaging (NTHI) for endocardial border definition. Methods: Two hundred consecutive patients who underwent stress echocardiography imaging were studied in either fundamental (n = 52) or NTHI mode (n = 148) with an Acuson Sequoia echocardiographic system. Contrast agent (Optison) was administered (0.5 to 1 mL) for enhancement of endocardial borders. Two- and 4-chamber views were analyzed before and after administration of contrast at peak stress for grading of 5 endocardial border segments. Scores from 0 to 5 were assigned to each study for all the images both before and after contrast (0 = 0 segments completely visualized; 5=5 segments completely visualized). Results: The use of Optison contrast significantly enhanced border definition when imaging was performed in either fundamental or NTHI mode. Addition of contrast resulted in better endocardial border definition in fundamental mode (4.1 ± 1.0 versus 2.3 ± 1.3, P P P P Conclusion: As defined in 200 cases, the combination of NTHI with Optison contrast results in nearly complete and consistent endocardial border definition. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:771-3.)
Bringing the Behavioral Health Improvement Program (BeHIP) to Rural Kentucky

Cost-effective strategies for assisting patients in behavior change are needed at the primary care level. The purpose of this project was to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of linking rural practices with an established telephonic counseling service housed at an academic medical center
Investigations of Structure Sensitivity in Heterogeneous Catalysis: From Single Crystals to Monodisperse Nanoparticles

Metal surface structure is often a crucial component in determining the activity and selectivity of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Many important industrial reactions, such as ammonia synthesis, catalytic combustion, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and hydrocarbon reforming have been labeled as structure-sensitive. Metal single crystal studies utilizing ultra high vacuum techniques have repeatedly shown the importance of surface structure in reaction kinetics. Recent advances in the field of colloidal synthesis allow for fine control of the size and shape of metal nanoparticles, which permits catalytic studies of structure sensitivity to be performed on nanometer sized catalysts. It is clear that in order to optimize the performance of a catalyst, a complete molecular level understanding of the role of surface structure in the reaction of interest is essential. This article aims to review the importance of surface structure in heterogeneous catalysts, ranging from single crystals to size and shape controlled nanocatalysts.
A case of small cell cancer of the breast in a male with synchronous stage IV non-small cell lung carcinoma

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (EPSCC) are extremely rare. Most reports indicate success with therapy directed at the tumor as if it was pulmonary small cell carcinoma Primary small cell carcinoma of the breast is an uncommon form of EPSCC. Differentiating between a primary small cell carcinoma of the breast from metastatic disease to the breast is very important. According to the literature, there have been approximately 70 cases reported worldwide. Of these cases, only two cases are documented in men. Prognosis is varied and depends on stage of disease at presentation. A combination of surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation is required to adequately treat patients with small cell carcinoma of the breast. We present a case of a male patient diagnosed with stage IV non-small cell lung carcinoma first and then subsequently diagnosed with a concurrent small cell carcinoma of the breast responding to treatment with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation.
Implementation issues in the development of the PARSEC parser

This paper describes the implementation of a constraint-based parser, PARSEC (Parallel ARchitecture SEntence Constrainer), which has the required flexibility that a user may easily construct a custom grammar and test it. Once the user designs grammar parameters, constraints, and a lexicon, our system checks them for consistency and creates a parser for the grammar. The parser has an X-windows interface that allows a user to view the state of a parse of a sentence, test new constraints, and dump the constraint network to a file. The parser has an option to perform the computationally expensive constraint propagation steps on the MasPar MP-1. Stream and socket communication was used to interface the MasPar constraint parser with a standard X-windows interface on our Sun Sparcstation. The design of our heterogeneous parser has benefitted from the use of object-oriented techniques. Without these techniques, it would have been more difficult to combine the processing power of the MasPar with a Sun Sparcstation. Also, these techniques allowed the parser to gracefully evolve from a system that operated on single sentences, to one capable of processing word graphs containing multiple sentences, consistent with speech processing. This system should provide an important component of a real-time speech understanding system.
In vitro determination of red cell alloantibody significance using an assay of monocyte-macrophage interaction with sensitized erythrocytes.

Summary One hundred and forty-eight red cell alloantibodies, of specificities generally considered to be of clinical significance, were studied in vitro for their ability to induce phagocytosis of sensitized red cells by allogeneic mononuclear phagocytes. Results indicate that only 53% of the alloantibodies studied mediated significant phagocytosis in vitro. The percentages for each blood group system were as follows: Kell, 73%; Jka, 32%; Jkb, 67%; D, 75%; E, 60%; Fya, 62%; Yta, 25%; Ge, 22%; and Vel, 25%. Significant phagocytosis was independent of the strength of the indirect antiglobulin test. The percentage of anti-Jka and anti-Fya mediating significant phagocytosis was increased when fresh complement was added during the sensitization procedure and/or red cells homozygous for the antigen in question were used. The in vivo clinical significance or lack of significance was documented for nine alloantibodies; five caused haemolysis and four did not. Those causing in vivo haemolysis mediated in vitro phagocytosis by monocyte-macrophages whereas the antibodies that did not result in haemolysis showed no increased in vitro phagocytosis. Autologous monocytes were more reliable than random allogeneic monocytes in that phagocytosis was increased over that obtained using allogeneic monocyte-macrophages with two of four alloantibodies having documented clinical significance. The use of target red cells homozygous for the antigen in question, the addition of fresh complement in the antibody sensitization procedure, and use of autologous and allogeneic monocyte-macrophages appear necessary for optimal results. Since 47% of those alloantibodies generally considered to be clinically significant failed to mediate phagocytosis in vitro, the monocyte-macrophage assay should not be considered a predictive assay of a given alloantibody's in vivo significance or lack of significance until more extensive correlation of these assays with in vivo red blood cell survival is obtained.
A routing protocol for socially selfish delay tolerant networks

Existing routing algorithms for Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) assume that nodes are willing to forward packets for others. In the real world, however, most people are socially selfish; i.e., they are willing to forward packets for nodes with whom they have social ties but not others, and such willingness varies with the strength of the social tie. Following the philosophy of design for user, we propose a Social Selfishness Aware Routing (SSAR) algorithm to cope with user selfishness and provide good routing performance in an efficient way. To select an effective forwarding node, SSAR considers both users' willingness to forward and their contact opportunity, and derives a metric with mathematical modeling and machine learning techniques to measure the forwarding capability of the mobile nodes. Moreover, SSAR formulates the data forwarding process as a Multiple Knapsack Problem with Assignment Restrictions (MKPAR) to satisfy user demands for selfishness and performance. Trace-driven simulations show that SSAR allows users to maintain selfishness and achieves good routing performance with low transmission cost.
Selective activity of 5-fluoroorotic acid against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro.

Unlike mammalian cells, malarial parasites are completely dependent on de novo pyrimidine metabolism. Even though these parasites do not use external uracil or uridine, orotic acid, an intermediate of pyrimidine biosynthesis, is successfully transported into the parasite and incorporated into parasite nucleic acids. On this basis, it was hypothesized that 5-fluoroorotate, a cytotoxic derivative of orotic acid, may be a potent and selective antimalarial agent. In vitro, 5-fluoroorotate caused 50% inhibition of the growth of Plasmodium falciparum at a concentration of 6.0 nM. In contrast, 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouridine, and 5-fluoro 29-deoxyuridine were much less effective against malarial parasites. Chloroquine-susceptible and chloroquine-resistant clones of P. falciparum were equally susceptible to 5-fluoroorotate. The toxicity of 5-fluoroorotate was evaluated on four human cell lines (HT-1080, IMR-90, HeLa S3, and HL-60) and one mouse cell line (L-1210). Compared with malarial parasites, the mammalian cells were relatively tolerant of 5-fluoroorotic acid (50% inhibitory concentration, 0.9 to 10 microM). Finally, in the presence of 1 mM uridine, all mammalian cells were partially protected from 5-fluoroorotate cytotoxicity, but uridine offered no protection to P. falciparum.
Lossless compression of medical images using hierarchical autoregressive models

This paper introduces new hierarchical autoregressive (HMAR) models for lossless compression of medical images. The proposed concept involves a multi-layered modeling approach. The 2-D HMAR models can be thought of as modified versions of one-dimensional hierarchical AR (1-D HAR) signal models. The first layer of a 1-D HAR consists of a conventional AR model for the data, whereas each subsequent layer, in turn, attempts to model the AR coefficients of the preceding layer using a new AR model. The main advantage of HMAR is that the transmission of blockwise model coefficients becomes unnecessary. The performances of the proposed technique is compared with two existing alternative techniques; namely, hierarchical interpolation (HINT), and fixed differential pulse code modulation (DPCM). In terms of compression efficiency, HMAR models performs better than the other techniques considered.
DAPR (Distributed Adaptive Precomputed Restoration): An Algorithm for Assured Availability Directional RF and FSO MANET

Assuring network availability in directional RF and FSO (Free Space Optics) MANET Networks is fraught with challenges. These challenges stem mainly from the increased vulnerability of directional RF and FSO links to atmospheric effects, LOS blocking caused by geographic terrain, and increased difficulty in beam pointing and tracking owing to the narrow beam bandwidth. In this paper we propose a new Layer 1 restoration protocol called DAPR (Distributed Adaptive Precomputed Restoration). DAPR has innovative topology update and route update components which exhibit fast convergence under rapidly changing battlefield conditions, and guarantee up to three paths for all node pairs. It is expected that this Layer 1 protocol will be fast enough to be transparent to higher layers in all but the most extreme conditions, there by paving the way for high bandwidth any-any communications with guaranteed QoS, in directional MANETs. Preliminary simulation studies of DAPR have shown significant improvements in network availability.
Maximal number of distinct H-eigenpairs for a two-dimensional real tensor

Based on the generalized characteristic polynomial introduced by J. Canny in Generalized characteristic polynomials [J. Symbolic Comput., 1990, 9(3): 241–250], it is immediate that for any m-order n-dimensional real tensor, the number of distinct H-eigenvalues is less than or equal to n(m−1)n−1. However, there is no known bounds on the maximal number of distinct Heigenvectors in general. We prove that for any m ⩾ 2, an m-order 2-dimensional tensor A exists such that A has 2(m − 1) distinct H-eigenpairs. We give examples of 4-order 2-dimensional tensors with six distinct H-eigenvalues as well as six distinct H-eigenvectors. We demonstrate the structure of eigenpairs for a higher order tensor is far more complicated than that of a matrix. Furthermore, we introduce a new class of weakly symmetric tensors, called p-symmetric tensors, and show under certain conditions, p-symmetry will effectively reduce the maximal number of distinct H-eigenvectors for a given two-dimensional tensor. Lastly, we provide a complete classification of the H-eigenvectors of a given 4-order 2-dimensional nonnegative p-symmetric tensor. Additionally, we give sufficient conditions which prevent a given 4-order 2-dimensional nonnegative irreducible weakly symmetric tensor from possessing six pairwise distinct H-eigenvectors.