cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of b quark fragmentation fractions in the production of strange and light B mesons in pp̄ collisions at √s=1.8 TeV

A new technique to measure the ratio of b quark fragmentation fractions in $p\overline{p}$ collisions is described. Using a ${70\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{b}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ sample of low-mass dimuon trigger data recorded with the Collider Detector at Fermilab, we identify B mesons by observing the double semileptonic decays $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{b}c\ensuremath{\mu}X$ with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{c}s\ensuremath{\mu}X.$ By counting the numbers of ${K}^{*}{(892)}^{0},$ ${K}^{*}{(892)}^{+},$ and \ensuremath{\varphi}(1020) mesons produced in association with these muon pairs, we measure the ratio of strange to nonstrange B meson production to be ${f}_{s}{/(f}_{u}{+f}_{d})=[21.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.6(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}3.0}^{+3.8}(\mathrm{syst})]%.$ This measurement is the most precise available from hadron collisions to date. Limits on the branching fractions of semileptonic charm meson decays with ${K}_{1}(1270),$ ${K}_{1}^{*}(1410),$ and ${K}_{2}^{*}(1430)$ mesons in the final state are also obtained.
Streptolysin O II. Relationship of Sulfyhdryl Groups to Activity.

Streptolysin O (SO), a group A streptococcal toxin, exists in two forms, a reduced active state and an oxidized reversibly inactive state. Activity is measured by red blood cell hemolysis. SO is a labile toxin, and, with time, activity is irreversibly lost. The rate of activity loss is slowed by incubation with 0.1 m 2-mercaptoethanol or 0.01 m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The effect of EDTA can be reversed by excess MgSO4. Reversibly oxidized SO is activated by cleavage of disulfide bonds. When the free sulfhydryl groups of the active SO are alkylated with iodoacetamide, complete and irreversible loss of activity results. Periodate (0.01 m) oxidation also causes complete loss of activity which may be due to oxidation of sulfhydryl groups. SO in the active form reacts with Fe2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, causing loss of activity in various degrees depending on the ions and the concentration used. Ferric and cupric ions are most effective and cause loss of activity at concentrations on the order of 10−4m. The reversibly oxidized form of SO is not influenced by exposure to cupric ions (0.01 m), indicating that the reaction is only with the active form of SO, probably involving the free sulfhydryl groups. These groups may be responsible for the direct binding of the toxin to the target membrane or for the maintenance of the proper conformation for activity.
The industrial division of labor among immigrants and internal migrants to the Los Angeles economy.

Between 1985 and 1990, the Los Angeles CMSA received about 400,000 working immigrants and about 575,000 working native in-migrants. We subdivide these native- and foreign-born migrants by national origin and race to examine the processes that channel recent arrivals into different industrial sectors. Our analysis extends previous research on migrant employment and the ethnic division of labor in two ways. We compare the employment of recent arrivals to that of residents for several groups across a large, diverse, regional economy. We also consider the role educational qualifications play in the allocation of different migrant groups to jobs. The results show that both native- and foreign-born groups channel into particular industrial sectors. The strength of group channeling, however, varies by national origin and ethnic group. For example, we find that nativeborn, white in-migrants typically take jobs based on their educational qualifications, whereas ethnic group effects dominate the choice of industry for recent Korean immigrants. Overall, white and black native-born residents and Filipino residents have employment distributions most dissimilar from those of recently arrived migrant groups other than their own. The employment distribution of Mexican residents is most like that of Mexican newcomers, but also quite similar to that of other recently arrived groups. The analysis suggests Mexican residents’ experience more labor market competition from migrants than other groups.
LASE: an example-based program transformation tool for locating and applying systematic edits

Adding features and fixing bugs in software often require systematic edits which are similar, but not identical, changes to many code locations. Finding all edit locations and editing them correctly is tedious and error-prone. In this paper, we demonstrate an Eclipse plug-in called Lase that (1) creates context-aware edit scripts from two or more examples, and uses these scripts to (2) automatically identify edit locations and (3) transform the code. In Lase, users can view syntactic edit operations and corresponding context for each input example. They can also choose a different subset of the examples to adjust the abstraction level of inferred edits. When Lase locates target methods matching the inferred edit context and suggests customized edits, users can review and correct LASE's edit suggestion. These features can reduce developers' burden in repetitively applying similar edits to different methods. The tool's video demonstration is available at https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=npDqMVP2e9Q.
Neural computational approaches to clinical male reproductive data analysis problems

Clinical male reproductive medical problems are particularly complex due to the variety of systems that interact to achieve the ultimate reproductive outcome, fertilization. Neural computation offers a robust nonlinear computational modeling tool for andrological data sets. In this mini-symposium, neural computation is reviewed, and aspects of neural computation are discussed, including cross-validation, overlearning and feature extraction. Real world neural computational solutions for clinical andrological problems are given, including modeling outcomes of gamete micromanipulation, testis biopsy, and outcomes after varicocele surgery.
'Liking' and 'wanting' food rewards: Brain substrates and roles in eating disorders

What brain reward systems mediate motivational 'wanting' and hedonic 'liking' for food rewards? And what roles do those systems play in eating disorders? This article surveys recent findings regarding brain mechanisms of hedonic 'liking', such as the existence of cubic-millimeter hedonic hotspots in nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum for opioid amplification of sensory pleasure. It also considers brain 'wanting' or incentive salience systems important to appetite, such as mesolimbic dopamine systems and opioid motivation circuits that extend beyond the hedonic hotspots. Finally, it considers some potential ways in which 'wanting' and 'liking' might relate to eating disorders.
Operating power ICs at 200 degrees

Discrete semiconductor devices rated to operate up to 200 degrees C are discussed. It is shown that some aspects of the design used to achieve high-temperature fail-safe operation have resulted in increased device die area, in particular, the stringent layout rules and use of bipolar structures. One of the few outstanding reliability problems for operating devices continually at 200 degrees C is due to the mold compound, and even here experimental materials are available that show promise for improved reliability. >
High-nonlinearity fiber optical parametric amplifier with periodic dispersion compensation

Theory shows that the maximum gain and bandwidth of one-pump fiber optical parametric amplifiers made from high-nonlinearity fiber, operated with a pump wavelength /spl lambda//sub p/ far from the fiber zero-dispersion wavelength /spl lambda//sub 0/ can greatly be improved by periodic dispersion compensation. We have performed experiments and obtained good agreement with theory: for /spl lambda//sub p/=1542 and /spl lambda//sub 0/=1591 nm, we have increased the bandwidth from 7 to 28 nm, and the maximum gain from 15 to 20 dB, by splicing three pieces of standard fiber at regular intervals in a 40-m long nonlinear fiber.
Age Differences and Social Stratification in the Long-Term Trajectories of Leisure-Time Physical Activity

Objectives. This study assessed how and why the social stratification of leisure-time physical activity changes as adults at different points in the life course, and from different birth cohorts, grow older. Methods. A series of multilevel models were estimated using longitudinal data from a national sample of more than 3,000 adults from the Americans’ Changing Lives study. Results. On average, rates of leisure-time physical activity increased within younger adults and decreased within middleaged and older adults, throughout the study period. Initial Black–White differences in activity converged over time, whereas initial men advantages over women widened, particularly among older adults. Gender-based differences did not remain after accounting for differences in health; however, significant age and race differences in the trajectories of physical activity persisted, even after accounting for the effects of health and social relationships on leisure-time physical activity. Discussion. American adults appear to be reducing their levels of physical activity relatively early in the life course and at increasingly steep rates among older age groups. The changing patterns of stratification in physical activity, as well as the associations between several time-varying predictors and physical activity, provide insight into the forces that may be responsible for these declines.
Capacity of European Animals as Reservoir Hosts for the Lyme Disease Spirochete

The abundance of spirochete-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks naturally derived from endemic rodents was compared to identify the reservoir hosts of the agent of Lyme disease at a series of enzootic sites in Central Europe. Black-striped mice appear to be the most important rodent host for the tick and infect more ticks with Borrelia burgdorferi than do other mice and voles tested. Although rodents infect about half of the ticks that feed on them, lizards infect none. These spirochete-incompetent hosts dilute the force of transmission because many nymphal ticks feed on them. Older male hosts are more heavily infested by subadult ticks than are younger or female hosts. The intensity of transmission of the agent of Lyme disease at particular Central European sites appears to correlate directly with the presence of black-striped mice and inversely with that of lizards.
New Kimberlite Discoveries in Kansas: Magnetic Expression and Structural Setting

Abstract A total of 13 kimberlites have been located in a two-county area in northeastern Kansas along the NNE-trending trace of the Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System, an aborted rift extending from the Lake Superior region southwestward into Oklahoma. The Kansas Geological Survey drilled three new kimberlites in 1999. They are the Baldwin Creek and Tuttle kimberlites located in Riley County and the Antioch kimberlite in Marshall County. They were discovered as part of a systematic ground follow-up of private aeromagnetic data (200–400-m-line spacing) collected by Cominco American Inc. in the early 1980's and donated to the Kansas Geological Survey in 1999. Six exposed kimberlites were discovered prior to 1970 and another four in the early 1980's, one of which is exposed at the surface. Cross-cutting major tectonic elements in NE Kansas are ideal for accommodating the intrusion of kimberlites. The major structural elements are regional NNE-trending, high-angle normal and reverse faults associated with ...
Prolonged maintenance of the corpus luteum of the ewe by continuous infusion of luteinizing hormone.

Continuous intravenous infusion of purified ovine LH into intact normal ewes starting on day 10-12 after heat prolonged the life-span of corpora lutea (CL) to arbitrarily chosen times of 20, 25, or 30 days in 62% of the test animals. The weights and progesterone concentratlons of the maintained CL indicate that they were endocrinologically as active as corpora lutea from nontreated control ewes on days 9-13 of the estrous cycle. Infusion of LH was less effective in maintaining CL to day 20 when begun on days 13 and 14 after heat than when begun on day 12, and totally ineffective when initiated on day 15. Furthermore, CL were not maintained to day 25 if the infusions were discontinued on day 20, indicating that ovine corpora lutea require continuous support by luteotrophic substances. Since the reproductive and endocrine systems of the experimental ewes were intact and presumably functional, we conclude that the continual administration of a pituitary luteotrophin overcame the alleged luteolytic effect of the uterus of the normal ewe. The relative importance of the pituitary gland and the uterus in controlling the maintenance and regression of corpora lutea (CL) of ewes is controversial. Denamur et a!. (1966) concluded that the presence of the pituitary gland is required for luteal maintenance only during the latter portion of the estrous cycle. In contrast, Kaltenbach et a!. (1968a) reported that hypophyseal luteotrophic substances are indispensable
Other cancers in long-term survivor patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

S26 had an alternative diagnosis for their neurologic symptoms identified after tissue biopsy and/or other work-up. On LP, lower glucose levels (median 54 mg/dL, p1⁄40.02), elevated total nucleated cells (TNC)(median 14/mL, p1⁄40.004), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) (median 12/mL, p1⁄40.02), CLL cells percentage (median 5%, p1⁄40.05) and count (median 1.5/mL, p1⁄40.02) significantly associated with a final diagnosis of CNS involvement CLL/RS. Despite this association, none reliably discriminated as to whether the etiologies of patients’ neurologic symptoms were due to clinically significant CNS involvement by CLL/RS or another etiology. Conclusions: Neurological symptoms requiring an LP are rare in patients with CLL/SLL (4% of cases). CNS CLL/RS is a rare condition, and neurologic symptoms in patients with CLL are attributable to other etiologies in w80% of cases. Analysis of the CSF has high sensitivity but limited specificity to distinguish CNS CLL from other etiologies and additional parameters are needed.
Gender, Ethnicity, and Disability

How do educators and children identify with gender and ethnicity? This chapter provides ways for early childhood and elementary educators to promote gender equity in classrooms and in practice. Background information into gender legislation is also presented. The discrimination of women in educational arenas is another major focus of this chapter. Discrimination in teacher education is described in detail. Foundations of education texts continue to focus on dead, white men as the theorists most considered as important sources for teaching and learning practices. However, the majority of those who interact with children are women, mostly women of color. The importance of gender studies is also highlighted.
Discussion of Anna J. Schwartz, 'The Rise and Fall of Foreign Exchange Market Intervention as a Policy Tool'

Anna's analysis focuses on the question of why foreign exchange market intervention has fallen into disfavor in policy circles in most major countries. Only the Bank of Japan continues to intervene, Anna claims. Other central banks, including the Fed, abandoned the practice during the course of the last decade.
Abstract 457: Sulforaphane at Physiological Concentrations Inhibits TNF-α-Induced Monocyte Adhesion to Human Vascular Endothelial Cells and Improves Vascular Inflammation in Mice Through a Nuclear Factor-κB--Mediated Mechanism

Introduction: TNF-α, plays an important role in endothelial dysfunction and is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Aim: We investigated the protective effect of cruciferous vegetable phytochemical sulforaphane at physiological concentrations on TNF-α-induced vascular inflammation. Methods: Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) were pretreated with sulforaphane (0.5 - 8 μM) before addition of TNF-α for 6 h. Cell adhesion was measured with calcein-AM labeled human monocytes. In animal study, ten weeks old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing 0 or 300 ppm sulforaphane for 2 weeks followed by TNF-α administration. The chemokines and adhesion molecules in the serum were measured using ELISA Kit. VCAM-1 and F4/80 expressions in mice aorta were performed using immunohistochemistry. Results: Sulforaphane at physiological concentrations (0.5 - 2 μM) significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs and suppressed TNF-α-induced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein -1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Furthermore, sulforaphane inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity, IκBα degradation and subsequent NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in endothelial cells, suggesting that sulforaphane can inhibit endothelial inflammation by suppressing NF-κB signaling. In animal study, dietary sulforaphane (300 ppm in the diet) significantly suppressed TNF-α-induced increase in circulating chemokines and adhesion molecules in C57BL/6 mice. Sulforaphane treatment also reduced the presence of VCAM-1 and monocytes-derived F4/80-positive macrophages in the aorta of TNF-α treated mice. Histology showed that sulforaphane treatment significantly prevented the eruption of endothelial lining in the intima layer of the aorta and preserved elastin fibers9 delicate organization as shown by Verhoeff-van Gieson staining. Conclusion: sulforaphane at physiological concentrations protects against TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial inflammation, in both in vitro and in vivo models. This anti-inflammatory effect of sulforaphane may be, at least in part, associated with interfering with the NF-κB pathway.
Diamond Quantum and Nonlinear Photonics

Recent progress on fabrication of nanophotonic devices in single-crystal diamond, and their application in generation and manipulation of optical signals at single-photon level will be discussed. Frequency combs realized in diamond will also be presented.
Taxonomic relationships of Neohaematopinus to Johnsonpthirus and Linognathoides (Polyplacidae, Anoplura)

Of the known species of Neohaematopinus s. lat. (sensu Ferris 1951), the 3 genera Johnsonpthirus , Linognathoides and Neohaematopinus s. str. are recognized and redefined on the basis of nymphs and adults. Johnsonpthirus is a senior synonym of Alenapthirus . The adults and 3 nymphal instars of J. spinosissimus are redescribed and illustrated, and the lectotype of J. heliosciuri is designated. The inclusive species for each genus are listed with host and distribution data.
Bacteremic epididymo-orchitis due to hemophilus influenzae type B.

Abstract We report on a 1-year-old child who presented with acute scrotal swelling that was diagnosed as purulent epididymo-orchitis at surgical exploration. Cultures of the purulent exudate were sterile but blood cultures yielded Hemophilus influenzae type B. The clinical features of this child are compared to those of 3 previously reported children. Associated diagnostic and therapeutic problems are discussed.
Association of Specific Traumatic Experiences With Alcohol Initiation and Transitions to Problem Use in European American and African American Women.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to (i) characterize racial differences in alcohol involvement and (ii) examine the risk conferred by specific trauma exposures and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for different stages of alcohol involvement in European American (EA) and African American (AA) women. METHODS: Data are from the Missouri Adolescent Female Twins Study (N = 3,787, 14.6% AA; mean age at most recent interview = 24.5 [SD 2.8]). Trauma exposures (e.g., sexual abuse [SA], physical abuse [PA], witnessing another person being killed or injured, experiencing an accident, and experiencing a disaster) were modeled as time-varying predictors of alcohol initiation, transition to first alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptom, and transition to AUD diagnosis using Cox proportional hazards regression while taking into account other substance involvement, parental characteristics, and commonly co-occurring psychiatric disorders. RESULTS: In EA women only, SA was associated with alcohol initiation prior to the age of 14, PA predicted transition from initiation to first AUD symptom, and PA, witnessing injury or death, and SA predicted transition to AUD diagnosis. No association was discovered between trauma exposures or PTSD for any stage of alcohol involvement in AA women. CONCLUSIONS: Results reveal trauma experiences as important contributors to all stages of alcohol involvement in EA women only, with different trauma types conferring risk for each stage of alcohol involvement. PTSD was not revealed as a significant predictor of AUD in EA or AA women, suggesting trauma, independent of PTSD, directly contributes to alcohol involvement. FINDINGS highlight the importance of considering racial differences when developing etiologic models of the association of traumatic experiences with alcohol involvement.Copyright © 2016 by the Research Society on Alcoholism. Language: en
Recent Animal Disease Outbreaks and Lessons Learned

Foreign animal diseases (FADs) are particularly serious problems because recognition of those diseases may not be as acute among animal health practitioners and there is unlikely to be any herd immunity in the susceptible population of animals. Animal disease outbreaks may occur for several reasons. The origin of the outbreak could be natural, accidental, or intentional. Chapter 9 presents specific FADs and details of some recent outbreaks. Specifically, classical swine fever, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), foot and mouth disease (FMD), and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) are covered herein. As an example, the 2001 FMD outbreak in the United Kingdom provides evidence of the devastating effects of widespread FAD introductions. When finally brought under control, nearly 8 million cattle were slaughtered with an estimated cost of $20 billion. BSE currently threatens the beef industry and has serious implications for human health. This cryptic and debilitating disease affects cattle and human hosts in much the same way, with a long incubation period and no treatment. Officials in the United Kingdom have been battling the presence of BSE in their nation since 1997. HPAI outbreaks have resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of poultry birds in the past 15 years.
Material detection with a CCD polarization imager

We present a novel polarization image sensor by monolithically integrating aluminum nanowire optical filters with CCD imaging array. The CCD polarization image sensor is composed of 1000 by 1000 imaging elements with 7.4μm pixel pitch. The image sensor has a dynamic range of 65dB and signal-to-noise ratio of 60dB. The CCD array is covered with an array of pixel-pitch matched nanowire polarization filters with four different orientations offset by 45°. Raw polarization data is presented to a DSP board at 40 frames per second, where degree and angle of polarization is computed. The final polarization results are presented in false color representation. The imaging sensor is used to detect the index of refraction of several flat surfaces.
Abstract 519: Mineralocorticoid Receptor Agonists and Salt Induce Aortic Aneurysms in C57BL/6 Mice

In an independent study in which we used 10-12 month old male C57BL/6 mice to investigate deoxycorticosterone Acetate (DOCA) and salt (1% saline) induced hypertension, we unexpectedly found that a numbers of mice died of aortic aneurysm rupture. Since aortic aneurysm affects 4-8% elderly men and elevated plasma aldosterone (ALDO) concentrations in patients have been linked to a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases, we therefore tested the possibility that activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) by DOCA and salt may be involved in aortic aneurysm formation. We reported here that that administration of 10-month-old male C57BL/6 mice with DOCA and salt, but neither DOCA nor salt alone, potently induced abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA, 62%), thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA, 44%), and aortic rupture (18%). ALDO and salt also induced similar high rates of AAA (58%), TAA (50%), and aortic rupture (42%). Histological and immunohistological examinations of cross-sections of AAA and TAA at the elastin degradation site demonstrated that DOCA and salt or ALDO and salt induced aortic aneurysm resembled human aortic aneurysm with respect to elastin degradation, macrophage infiltration, smooth muscle cell degeneration and apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Moreover, DOCA and salt also induced aortic aneurysm in 10-week-old mice but with lower incidence and less severe than that in 10-month-old mice. Interestingly, aortic aneurysm formation did not correlate with the increase in blood pressure induced by DOCA and salt. Systemic administration of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, or angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist, losartan, did not affect DOCA and salt-induced aortic aneurysm. In contrast, the MR antagonist spironolactone significantly attenuated DOCA and salt induced aortic aneurysm. In summary, our study describes a novel aortic aneurysm animal model induced by MR agonist and high salt, and reveals a previously unrecognized but potentially significant role of aldosterone in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm. These findings imply that MR antagonists may be effective in the treatment of some aortic aneurysms.
A Pathway to Strengthening Support for Beauty and Joy of Computing Teachers

Computer science education in high school is fundamental for increasing the diversity in computing majors at a university level. However, computer science is not often taught in America before university, and usually, the professionals who teach it are not trained experts in computer science concepts and terminology. In this paper, we introduce a new style of coding rubric, which allows teachers to better understand the fundamentals of the course being taught. In the scope of this research, we focus solely on the Beauty and Joy of Computing, an AP Computer Science Principles course. Coding assignments were collected from two groups of students, and assignments were graded and compiled by raters. After being rated, the rubrics were modified to be better adapted to teachers' expectations.
Differential behavioral effects of nicotine in adult male and female rats with a history of prenatal methamphetamine exposure.

Abstract The goal of the current study was to assess the effects of prenatal methamphetamine (MA)/saline exposure on nicotine-induced stimulant and aversive effects in both male and female adult rats. The aversive effects of nicotine were assessed using the nicotine-induced conditioned taste aversion model (0.4 mg/kg, base), while the stimulant effects of nicotine were measured by assessing changes in spontaneous locomotor activity after subcutaneous administration of different doses of nicotine (0, 0.1 & 0.4 mg/kg, base). The aversive effects of nicotine were significantly decreased in male, but not in female rats with a history of prenatal MA exposure compared to respective saline controls. No influence of prenatal MA exposure was observed on nicotine-induced increase in locomotor activity in either male or female rats. In conclusion, males with a history of prenatal MA exposure may be more vulnerable to nicotine addiction due to a decrease in nicotine-induced aversive effects.
Consensus and consistency: Exposure to multiple discrimination claims shapes Whites' intergroup attitudes

Abstract Research suggests that intergroup disagreement about the prevalence of subtle racial bias in America occurs because Whites are not often exposed to minorities' experiences with this type of discrimination, due to housing, school, workplace, and friendship segregation. Although the objective of social movements (e.g., “ I , too , am Harvard ”) is to illuminate a consistent pattern of bias and to spur social action, it is possible that these movements may exacerbate the derogatory judgments (i.e., as complainers) found in previous research when a single claimant describes experiences with bias. Five studies are the first to draw on the consensus and consistency principles of Kelley's Covariation Model (1973) to investigate how exposure to multiple experiences of subtle bias brought by Black or White claimants affects Whites' perceptions of subsequent discrimination claimants and racial bias prevalence. The results supported the consensus and consistency hypothesis for Black claimants, as increased exposure to Blacks' discrimination experiences mitigated Whites' derogation of Black discrimination claimants as complainers and increased perceptions of the prevalence of anti-Black bias. Conversely, increased exposure to Whites' discrimination experiences supported the derogation hypothesis : exposure exacerbated complainer attributions for those claimants and had no effect on the perceived prevalence of anti-White bias. These results suggest increased exposure may be an effective tool for changing Whites' perceptions of and attitudes toward minorities' subtle bias experiences. We also discuss the contribution of these studies to our understanding of differences between intergroup and intragroup perceptions of discrimination.
Modeling Driver Cognition Delphine Delorme

A discussion of driver modeling is presented along with the design of the PADRIC (PATH DRIver Cognitive) model, and more specifically the perceptive module and its control by a tactical module
REGULATION OF GENETIC EXPRESSION IN BACTERIOPHAGE-HOST SYSTEMS

This chapter discusses the regulation of genetic expression in bacteriophage–host systems. Bacteriophage–host systems have played a prominent role in the formulation of many modern ideas in molecular genetics. One such idea specifies the existence of regulator genes, whose products govern the rate of synthesis of proteins coded by cistrons in the same operon as the regulator gene. The temperate phage lambda (λ) provided correlative evidence to support the data arising from studies on the “lac” operon, which led to the repressor hypothesis. Several other types of control mechanisms in phage–host systems have become apparent. This chapter describes experiments bearing on three types of regulatory mechanisms exhibited during infection of Escherichia coli by T2, T4, and λ. The virulent phages, T2 and T4, shut off host-directed macromolecular synthesis while carrying on their own synthesis of DNA, messenger RNA, and protein. This chapter describes some experiments pertaining to the nature of this virulent control mechanism and shows that the bacterial host, E. coli , differs in its response to lytic infection by the temperate phage λ.
A randomized trial of adjunct testosterone for cancer-related muscle loss in men and women.

Background Cancer cachexia negatively impacts cancer-related treatment options, quality of life, morbidity, and mortality, yet no established therapies exist. We investigated the anabolic properties of testosterone to limit the loss of body mass in late stage cancer patients undergoing standard of care cancer treatment. Methods A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial was undertaken to assess the potential therapeutic role of adjunct testosterone to limit loss of body mass in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix or head and neck undergoing standard of care treatment including chemotherapy and chemoradiation. Patients were randomly assigned in blocks to receive weekly injections of either 100 mg testosterone enanthate or placebo for 7 weeks. The primary outcome was per cent change in lean body mass, and secondary outcomes included assessment of quality of life, tests of physical performance, muscle strength, daily activity levels, resting energy expenditure, nutritional intake, and overall survival. Results A total of 28 patients were enrolled, 22 patients were studied to completion, and 21 patients were included in the final analysis (12 placebo, nine testosterone). Adjunct testosterone increased lean body mass by 3.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0-7%) whereas those receiving placebo lost 3.3% (95% CI, -7% to 1%, P = 0.015). Although testosterone patients maintained more favourable body condition, sustained daily activity levels, and showed meaningful improvements in quality of life and physical performance, overall survival was similar in both treatment groups. Conclusions In patients with advanced cancer undergoing the early phase of standard of care therapy, adjunct testosterone improved lean body mass and was also associated with increased quality of life, and physical activity compared with placebo.
Trends and pathways for ecotourism research in India

India has seen remarkable growth in nature-based tourism. However, the current approach has had limited benefits to conservation, protected areas and local communities. With a surge in ecotourism i...
The Future of the Affinograph

The future of the affinograph depends on its usefulness for imaging diverse and dynamic family structures. Some useful applications of graphic imaging in teaching, research, and clinical practice suggested in this chapter include: 1. modernization of record keeping in child welfare services, 2. research on consequences of prohibition of same-gender marriages, 3. development of assessment techniques for use in counseling and marital therapy, and 4. curriculum development in family life education.
Growth and mortality of cultured bay scallops in the Damariscotta River, Maine (USA)

Growth and mortality of hatchery-reared bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, were determined over an 18 month period (July 1994-December 1995) at two locations in the Damariscotta River, Maine, north of its natural distribution. Growth occurred primarily between May and October when mean water temperature exceeded 10 °C. Final mean shell height (56.3 mm) was significantly greater (p ≤ 0.0005) at the upriver site than at the downriver site in association with a higher mean water temperature. Cumulative mortality (43-49%) over this period occurred primarily over the winter months, in conjunction with mean water temperatures below 5 °C. Although it is possible to rear bay scallops to commercial size in Maine, the short growing season, high winter mortality, and costs associated with over-wintering and fouling will likely deter commercial culture.
Dynamic Urethral Closure Pressure Profiles: Valsalva and Cough Profiles

Dynamic urethral closure pressure profiles are useful tests in the establishment of the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence. By definition, genuine stress incontinence is a condition where an increase in intra-abdominal pressure leads to an increase in bladder pressure that is greater than urethral pressure in the absence of a bladder contraction. This condition is represented by a dynamic change in urethral closure pressure to zero or below known as pressure equalization during dynamic urethral closure pressure profiles.
Problem Drinking, Alcohol Expectancy, and Thalamic Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Nondependent Adult Drinkers

Alcohol misuse is associated with thalamic dysfunction. The thalamus comprises subnuclei that relay and integrate information between cortical and subcortical structures. However, it is unclear how the subnuclei contribute to thalamic dysfunctions in problem drinking. We investigated resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of thalamic subregions in 107 nondependent drinkers (57 women), using masks delineated by white matter tractography. Thalamus was parceled into motor, somatosensory, visual, premotor, frontal association, parietal association, and temporal association subregions. Whole-brain linear regression, each against Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and positive alcohol expectancy (AE) score with age as a covariate, was performed for each seed, for men and women combined, and separately. Overall, problem drinking was associated with increased thalamic connectivities, whereas AE was associated with a mixed pattern of increased and decreased connectivities. Motor, premotor, somatosensory, and frontal association thalamic connectivity with bilateral caudate head was positively correlated with AUDIT score in men and women combined. Connectivity of the right caudate head with frontal association and premotor thalamus was also positively correlated with AE score in men and women combined. In contrast, motor and premotor thalamic connectivity with a number of cortical and subcortical structures showed sex differences in the correlation each with AUDIT and AE score. In mediation analyses, AE score completely mediated the correlation between thalamic caudate connectivity and AUDIT score, whereas the model where AE contributed to problem drinking and, in turn, altered thalamic caudate connectivity was not supported. To conclude, thalamic subregional rsFCs showed both shared and distinct changes and sex differences in association with problem drinking and AE. Increased thalamic caudate connectivity may contribute to problem drinking via enhanced AE. The findings suggest the importance of examining thalamic subdivisions and sex in investigating the functional roles of thalamus in problem drinking.
Information processing deficit in older adults with HIV infection: A comparison with Parkinson’s disease.

Objective Individuals with HIV treated with antiretroviral therapy can expect to reach average life span, making them susceptible to combined disease and aging effects on cognitive and motor functions. Slowed processing speed in HIV is a concern for cognitive and everyday functioning and is sensitive to declines in aging. We hypothesized that information processing (IP) deficits, over and above that expected with normal aging, would occur in older HIV patients similar to those observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, with both conditions affecting frontostriatal pathways. Method Groups comprised 26 individuals with HIV infection, 29 with mild-to-moderate PD, and 21 healthy controls (C). Speed of IP was assessed with the oral version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the color naming condition of the Golden Stroop Task. Results The HIV group was impaired on speed of IP tasks compared with both the C and PD groups. Even after controlling for normal aging effects, older age in the HIV group correlated with IP slowing. Slower IP speed was associated with poorer general cognitive ability and more extrapyramidal motor signs in older HIV-infected individuals. Conclusions The notable effects of impaired IP speed, over and above neurotypical age-related declines, indicate that older HIV-infected individuals may have an enhanced vulnerability for developing nonmotor and motor symptoms despite antiretroviral therapy. Assessing for oral IP speed may provide the unique opportunity to identify early signs of progressive clinical declines in HIV. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Cost Analysis of Pneumatic Retinopexy versus Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment

Purpose To perform a cost-utility analysis and comparison between pneumatic retinopexy (PR) and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. Design A cost-utility analysis using decision analysis. Participants There were no participants. Methods A decision analysis model was constructed based on results from the Pneumatic Retinopexy versus Vitrectomy for the Management of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Outcomes Randomized Trial to calculate the costs, lifetime usefulness, and lifetime cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) for the treatment of RRD with PR or PPV. Data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services were used to calculate the associated adjusted costs in facility and nonfacility practice settings. Main Outcome Measures Cost of intervention, utility gain over natural history, QALY gained, and cost per QALY. Results The total imputed costs (all in 2019 United States dollars) for primary repair of RRD in facility and nonfacility settings were $4451 and $2456, respectively, in the PR group and $7108 and $4514, respectively, in the PPV group. The estimated lifetime QALYs gained were 5.9 and 5.4 in the PR and PPV groups, respectively. The cost per QALY for facility and nonfacility settings was $751 and $414, respectively, in the PR group and $1312 and $833, respectively, in the PPV group. Conclusions Cost-utility analysis of both PR and PPV demonstrated excellent results for both methods for RRD repair, with the metrics for PR somewhat more favorable independent of the practice settings (facility or nonfacility based).
Assessment of an Elekta Versa HD linear accelerator for stereotactic radiosurgery with circular cone collimators.

BACKGROUND Versa HD linear accelerators (linacs) are used for stereotactic radiosurgery treatment. However, the mechanical accuracy of such systems remains a concern. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of an Elekta Versa HD linac. METHODS We performed measurements with a ball bearing phantom to calculate the rotational isocenter radii of the linac's gantry, collimator, and table, and determine the relative locations of those isocenters. We evaluated the accuracy of the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) guidance with a film-embedding head phantom and circular cone-collimated radiation beams. We also performed dosimetric simulations to study the effects of the linac mechanical uncertainties on non-coplanar cone arc delivery. RESULTS The mechanical uncertainty of the linac gantry rotation was 0.78 mm in radius, whereas that of the collimator and the table was <0.1 mm and 0.33 mm, respectively. The axes of rotation of the collimator and the table were coinciding with and 0.13 mm away from the gantry isocenter, respectively. Experiments with test plans demonstrated the limited dosimetric consequences on the circular arc delivery given the aforementioned mechanical uncertainties. End-to-end measurements determined that the uncertainty of the CBCT guidance was≤1 mm in each direction with respect to the reference CT image. CONCLUSIONS In arc delivery, the mechanical uncertainties associated with the gantry and the table do not require remarkable increases in geometric margins. If large enough, the residual setup errors following CBCT guidance will dominate the overall dosimetric consequence. Therefore, the Versa HD linac is a valid system for stereotactic radiosurgery using non-coplanar arc delivery.
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis

Pulmonary stenosis is a common cardiac defect. It is present either in isolation or associated with other congenital heart defects. Obstruction may occur at various levels. The presentation and clinical manifestations depend on the age, severity of the obstruction and associated cardiac defects. The goal of treatment is to relieve obstruction without significant pulmonary regurgitation or residual gradient. Currently catheter-based interventions remain the standard treatment for acute symptoms and to prevent progressive right ventricular failure related to pulmonary stenosis. Surgery is reserved for failed catheter interventions, multi-level obstructions, complex cases or need for additional source of pulmonary blood flow.
Still no solution to non-verbal measures of analogical reasoning: Reply to Walker and Gopnik (2017)

Abstract Walker and Gopnik (2017) suggest they have solved a longstanding problem in comparative and developmental psychology: How to provide an unambiguous measure of analogical reasoning in nonverbal subjects. We argue that this test, much like many others that purport to measure analogical reasoning in nonverbal subjects, does not distinguish between the two competing accounts of successful performance: the use of perceptual variance among stimuli to support higher-order concepts like “same” and “different” versus use of perceptual variance alone.
Experimental Model of Zygomatic and Mandibular Defects to Support the Development of Custom Three-Dimensional--Printed Bone Scaffolds.

Introduction Autologous reconstruction of segmental craniomaxillofacial bone defects is limited by insufficient graft material, donor site morbidity, and need for microsurgery. Reconstruction is challenging due to the complex three-dimensional (3D) structure of craniofacial skeleton. Customized 3D-printed patient-specific biologic scaffolds hold promise for reconstruction of the craniofacial skeleton without donor site morbidity. The authors report a porcine craniofacial defect model suitable for further evaluation of custom 3D-printed engineered bone scaffolds. Methods The authors created a 6 cm critical load-bearing defect in the left mandibular angle and a 1.5 cm noncritical, nonload bearing defect in the contralateral right zygomatic arch in 4 Yucatan minipigs. Defects were plated with patient-specific titanium hardware based on preoperative CT scans. Serial CT imaging was done immediately postoperatively, and at 3 and 6 months. Animals were clinically assessed for masticatory function, ambulation, and growth. At the 6-month study endpoint, animals were euthanized, and bony regeneration was evaluated through histological staining and micro-CT scanning compared to contralateral controls. Results All 4 animals reached study endpoint. Two mandibular plates fractured, but did not preclude study completion due to loss of masticatory function. One zygoma plate loosened while the site of another underwent heterotopic ossification. Gross examination of site defects revealed heterotopic ossification, confirmed by histological and micro-CT evaluation. Biomechanical testing was unavailable due to insufficient bony repair. Conclusions The presented porcine zygoma and mandibular defect models are incapable of repair in the absence of bone scaffolds. Based on the authors' results, this model is appropriate for further study of custom 3D-printed engineered bone scaffolds.
Comparative life cycle assessment of unmanned aerial vehicles, internal combustion engine vehicles and battery electric vehicles for grocery delivery

Abstract Due to the emergence of online grocery shopping, grocery delivery services, and high-payload unmanned aerial vehicles (commonly referred to as drones) there is now more potential than ever for an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based grocery delivery service. This study explores multiple grocery delivery service models involving UAVs, internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). A cradle-to-grave analysis was completed for a suitable high-payload UAV. The analysis showed that the UAV use phase was dominant with respect to several relevant environmental impact categories. For the use phase comparison, the primary delivery service model included UAV operation during optimal weather conditions in tandem with ICEV operation during the remainder of the two-year study period. This delivery model was compared to two other reference models: 1) full-year ICEV operation and 2) full-year BEV operation. This study found that while UAVs have the potential to produce less environmental impacts, such as global warming potential, during the use phase compared to ICEVs, a fleet of ten UAVs consumes more energy per delivery-kilometer than a BEV in the use phase. This results in greater use phase environmental impacts associated with electricity generation. An economic cost comparison for the three different delivery models was also performed and found that high-payload UAVs are not yet an economically-feasible replacement for a long-range BEV in a grocery delivery application in terms of capital and fuel costs.