cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonality of tropical Pacific decadal trends associated with the 21st century global warming hiatus

Equatorial Pacific changes during the transition from a nonhiatus period (pre-1999) to the present global warming hiatus period (post-1999) are identified using a combination of reanalysis and observed data sets. Results show increased surface wind forcing has excited significant changes in wind-driven circulation. Over the last two decades, the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent intensified at a rate of 6.9 cm s−1 decade−1. Similarly, equatorial upwelling associated with the shallow meridional overturning circulation increased at a rate of 2.0 × 10−4 cm s−1 decade−1 in the central Pacific. Further, a seasonal dependence is identified in the sea surface temperature trends and in subsurface dynamics. Seasonal variations are evident in reversals of equatorial surface flow trends, changes in subsurface circulation, and seasonal deepening/shoaling of the thermocline. Anomalous westward surface flow drives cold-water zonal advection from November to February, leading to surface cooling from December through May. Conversely, eastward surface current anomalies in June–July drive warm-water zonal advection producing surface warming from July to November. An improved dynamical understanding of how the tropical Pacific Ocean responds during transitions into hiatus events, including its seasonal structure, may help to improve future predictability of decadal climate variations.
Performance Evaluation Of Advanced Battery Technologies For Electric Vehicle Applications

Advanced battery technology evaluations are performed under simulated electric vehicle (EV) operating conditions at the Argonne Analysis Diagnostic Laboratory (ADL). The ADL provides a common basis for both performance characterization and life evaluation with unbiased application of tests and analyses. This paper summarizes the performance characterizations and life evaluations conducted in 1990 on nine single cells and fifteen 3- to 360-cell modules that encompass six technologies (Na/S, Zn/Br, Ni/Fe, Ni/Cd, Ni-metal hydride, and lead-acid). These evaluations were performed for the Department of Energy and Electric Power Research Institute. The results provide battery users, developers, and program managers an interim measure of the progress being made in battery R D programs, a comparison of battery technologies, and a source of basic data for modelling and continuing R D. 1 ref., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Disjoint Paths in Graphs III, Characterization

Let G be a graph, $ \{a, b, c\}\subseteq V(G) $, and $ \{a', b', c'\}\subseteq V(G) $ such that $ \{a, b, c\}\neq \{a', b', c'\} $. We say that $ (G, \{a, c\}, \{a', c'\}, (b, b')) $ is an obstruction if, for any three vertex disjoint paths from {a, b, c} to {a', b', c'} in G, one path is from b to b'. In this paper we characterize obstructions. As a consequence, we show that no obstruction can be 8-connected, unless b = b' or {a, c} = {a', c'}.
Knowledge Transfer in Organizations: Learning from the Experience of Others☆

Abstract In the introduction to this special issue of Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes on the psychological foundations of knowledge transfer in organizations, we argue that knowledge transfer is becoming increasingly important in organizations. Organizations that are able to transfer knowledge effectively from one unit to another are more productive and more likely to survive than those that are less adept at knowledge transfer. Although organizations are able to realize remarkable increases in performance through knowledge transfer, successful knowledge transfer is difficult to achieve. The articles in this special issue identify factors affecting knowledge transfer in organizations. These articles provide empirical evidence about effective mechanisms for transferring knowledge as well as about barriers to and facilitators of knowledge transfer. By focusing on the psychological processes that underlie knowledge transfer within a unit and between units within a firm, this special issue complements work in cognitive psychology on knowledge transfer at the individual level of analysis as well as work in strategy and organizational theory on knowledge transfer at the firm or industry levels of analysis. This special issue opens up the “black box” of knowledge transfer in organizations by providing new theory and empirical evidence on the psychological processes that are the foundations for knowledge transfer in organizations.
Controlling the morphology and uniformity of a catalyst-infiltrated cathode for solid oxide fuel cells by tuning wetting property

Abstract Infiltration has been widely used in surface modification of porous electrodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The stability and performance of a porous electrode infiltrated with a catalyst depend sensitively on the composition, morphology, and nanostructure of the catalyst. In this contribution, we report our findings on investigation into the effect of wetting property on the formation of catalyst coatings through an infiltration process. It is observed that aqueous solutions containing catalyst precursors wet SOFC electrolyte materials (e.g., yttria-stabilized zirconia or YSZ) better than cathode materials (e.g., La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ or LSCF). Controlling the wetting of catalyst precursor solutions on porous electrode backbones can dramatically improve the uniformity of the infiltrated catalyst layer on porous cathode backbone, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance of infiltrated cathodes, especially at low operating temperatures.
Microfabricated cross-flow chemical reactor for catalyst testing

A novel silicon microfabricated chemical reactor has been developed for testing catalyst particles relevant to chemical process applications. The reactor incorporates a cross-flow design with a short pass multiple flow-channel geometry enabled by microfabrication technology. The cross-flow geometry minimizes pressure drop though the particle bed and yields reaction conditions desirable for the extraction of chemical kinetics. Flow distribution is achieved through an array of 256 shallow pressure drop channels that minimize the influence of the catalyst packing on the flow in the reactor. Combined experiments and modeling confirm the even distribution of flow across the wide catalyst bed with a pressure drop ∼1600 times smaller than typical microfabricated packed-bed configurations. Coupled with the inherent heat and mass transfer advantages at the sub-millimeter length scales achievable through microfabrication, the cross-flow microreactor, with an isobaric catalyst bed free of transport limitations, is an advantageous design for catalyst testing. Kinetic studies with carbon monoxide oxidation as a model reaction demonstrate the usefulness of the microreactor for testing catalysts. When instrumented with sensors, the silicon cross-flow microreactor provides the opportunity for parallel, high-throughput testing of heterogeneous catalysts.
Noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABAergic antagonists injected together into the XII nucleus abolish the REM sleep-like depression of hypoglossal motoneuronal activity.

SUMMARY Recently, we reported that the suppression of hypoglossal (XII) motoneuronal activity that occurs during the carbachol-induced, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep-like state is abolished by the microinjection into the XII nucleus of a drug mix that antagonizes aminergic excitation and amino acid-mediated inhibition (prazosin, methysergide, bicuculline and strychnine). We now assess the role of glycinergic inhibition in the depression of XII motoneuronal activity and estimate the distribution of the antagonists around the XII nucleus at the time when they are effective. Towards the first goal, REM sleep-like episodes were elicited in urethane-anesthetized rats by 10 nl carbachol microinjections into the dorsomedial pons prior to, and at different times after, combined microinjections into the XII nucleus of only three antagonists (strychnine omitted). As in our previous study, the carbachol-induced depression of XII activity was abolished during tests performed 42–88 min after the antagonists, whereas other characteristic effects of carbachol (appearance of hippocampal theta, cortical activation, decreased respiratory rate) remained intact. The depressant effect of carbachol on XII motoneurons partially recovered after 2.5 h. Towards the second goal, using a drug diffusion model, we determined that the tissue concentrations of the antagonists at the time when they were effective were within the range of their selective actions, and the drugs acted within 0.9–1.4 mm from the injection sites, thus within a space containing XII motoneurons and their dendrites. We conclude that antagonism of a-adrenergic, serotonergic, and GABAA receptors are sufficient to abolish the REM sleep-like atonia of XII motoneurons.
Surface integrals and monopole charges in non-abelian gauge theories

We derive a formula which gives all the magnetic charges (topological invariants) of a monopole in the adjoint representation of a non-abelian gauge theory in terms of surface integrals at infinity.
Computed tomography coronary angiography for rapid disposition of low-risk emergency department patients with chest pain syndromes.

Background Patients with recent normal cardiac catheterization are at low risk for complications of ischemic chest pain. Computed tomography (CT) coronary angiography has high correlation with cardiac catheterization for detection of coronary stenosis. Therefore, the investigators' emergency department (ED) incorporated CT coronary angiography into the evaluation of low-risk patients with chest pain. Objectives To report on the 30-day cardiovascular event rates of the first 54 patients evaluated by this strategy. Methods Low-risk chest pain patients (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] score of 2 or less) without acute ischemia on an electrocardiogram had CT coronary angiography performed in the ED. If the CT coronary angiography was negative, the patient was discharged home. The main outcomes were death and myocardial infarction within 30 days of ED discharge, as determined by telephone follow up and record review. Data are presented as percentage frequency of occurrence with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Of the 54 patients evaluated, after CT coronary angiography, 46 patients (85%) were immediately released from the ED, and none had cardiovascular complications within 30 days. Eight patients were admitted after CT coronary angiography: one had >70% stenosis, five patients had 50%–69% stenosis, and two had 0–49% stenosis. Three patients had further noninvasive testing; one had reversible ischemia, and catheterization confirmed the results of CT coronary angiography. All patients were followed for 30 days, and none (0; 95% CI = 0 to 6.6%) had an adverse event during index hospitalization or at 30-day follow up. Conclusions When used in the clinical setting for the evaluation of ED patients with low-risk chest pain, CT coronary angiography may safely allow rapid discharge of patients with negative studies. Further study to conclusively determine the safety and cost effectiveness of this approach is warranted.
Ocular findings in patients treated with PUVA.

This 5-year prospective study of ophthalmologic findings in 1299 patients treated with oral 8-methoxypsoralen photochemotherapy (PUVA) for psoriasis failed to demonstrate a significant dose-dependent increase in the risk of developing symptomatic cataracts. These patients were instructed to wear UVA-blocking eye-glasses when exposed to sunlight and during treatment for a 12-h period beginning from the time of 8-methoxypsoralen ingestion. However, we did observe a small increase in the risk for development of nuclear sclerosis and posterior subcapsular opacities among patients who received at least 100 PUVA treatments, compared to patients with fewer than 100 treatments (relative risk=2.3 and 3.0, respectively; p
The rate of exchange of water between the active site of carbonic anhydrase and solvent

Abstract In the dehydration of HCO−3 to form CO2, carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the removal of an oxygen from substrate. Using an 18O labeling technique, we have determined the rate at which this oxygen is released from the enzyme and appears in solvent as H182O [1]. In this technique, the isotopic content of CO2 in solution is measured with a mass spectrometer From the rate of depletion of 18O in CO2 and from the rate of exchange of 18O between 12C- and 13C-containing species of CO2, the rate of release from the enzyme of substrate oxygen is calculated. This is described by the rate constant kH2O: rate of release = kH2O [Etot]. Although there is no proof from this technique that the site from which oxygen is released is the metal, such an interpretation is the most consistent with current ideas of the mechanism and the metal as the binding site of HCO−3 [2]. We have observed kH2O in the absence of buffer for human carbonic anhydrases I and II obtained from red cells and from cat carbonic anhydrase III obtained from the skeletal muscle of the hindlimb. In the range of pH from 5.7 to 8.2, kH2O = 1.5 × 103 sec−1 for isozyme III and is independent of pH. For isozyme I, kH2O = 3 × 104 sec−1, and is independent of pH from 5.7 to 7.5; data at higher pH are too uncertain to evaluate. In both of these cases the solvent hydrogen isotope effect, kH2O/kD2O, is 2.5 ± 20%. In contrast, we have observed a strong pH dependence of kH2O for isozyme II which reaches a maximum plateau of 5 × 105 sec−1 at pH 6.6 and decreases as pH is increased. The solvent hydrogen isotope effect at this maximum plateau is kH2O/ kD2O = 8.0 ± 10%. We interpret the data for isozyme II to be consistent with an itramolecular proton transfer as the step which determines the rate of oxygen release from the active site. This proton transfer occurs with a rate constant of 106 sec−1 and is likely the same step that determines the steady-state turnover rate. On the other hand, the pH independence of kH2O for isozyme III indicates no rate-limiting proton transfer for oxygen release with kH2O/kD2O determined by secondary isotope effects or solvation changes. The case for isozyme I is less certain because of the smaller pH range of observation: but isozyme I clearly behaves in a manner more similar to isozyme III than to isozyme II.
Insulin Rescues Retinal Neurons from Apoptosis by a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt-mediated Mechanism That Reduces the Activation of Caspase-3 *

Abstract The ability of insulin to protect neurons from apoptosis was examined in differentiated R28 cells, a neural cell line derived from the neonatal rat retina. Apoptosis was induced by serum deprivation, and the number of pyknotic cells was counted. p53 and Akt were examined by immunoblotting after serum deprivation and insulin treatment, and caspase-3 activation was examined by immunocytochemistry. Serum deprivation for 24 h caused ∼20% of R28 cells to undergo apoptosis, detected by both pyknosis and activation of caspase-3. 10 nm insulin maximally reduced the amount of apoptosis with a similar potency as 1.3 nm (10 ng/ml) insulin-like growth factor 1, which acted as a positive control. Insulin induced serine phosphorylation of Akt, through the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase pathway. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase with wortmannin or LY294002 blocked the ability of insulin to rescue the cells from apoptosis. SN50, a peptide inhibitor of NF-κB nuclear translocation, blocked the rescue effect of insulin, but neither insulin or serum deprivation induced phosphorylation of IκB. These results suggest that insulin is a survival factor for retinal neurons by activating the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway and by reducing caspase-3 activation. The rescue effect of insulin does not appear to be mediated by NF-κB or p53. These data suggest that insulin provides trophic support for retinal neurons through a PI 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway.
Shall We Talk? Communications during Crises in the India–Pakistan Conflict

Abstract This article examines selected crises that have arisen between India and Pakistan in the post-independence period and asks if communications between the two sides, whether direct or indirect, have made a difference in whether the crisis has escalated to war or been settled short of it. It finds that both kinds of communication have succeeded in building trust during escalating crises and that this may have led to settlements short of war. It also suggests that the content of communication is important and that positive messages sent through either channel have led to successful outcomes. It calls for the maintenance of sustained and dedicated communication channels that will remain in place and continue to build trust after crises are settled, rather than the ad hoc ways in which the two countries have communicated during crises thus far.
Motor function of the vagally innervated antrum following segmental gastric resection in dogs

Abstract Resection of the corpus of the stomach in the dog with preservation of the distal vagal innervation results in marked slowing of the pacesetter potential. However, the response to an ingested meal is similar in that a comparable increase in associated action potentials occurs. The segmental gastrectomy dogs indicate an increased rapidity of gastric emptying. This is explained by utilizing isolated innervated antral pouch dogs with later division of the seromuscular connection between body and antrum. Although the same slowing of PSP occurs, there's a marked increase in contraction pressure. This latter phenomenon probably accounts for the increased rapidity of gastric emptying.
Mycotic thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm caused by Salmonella cholerasuis

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases (www.bjid.com.br) 2007;11(4):445. © 2007 by The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Contexto Publishing. All rights reserved. A 69-year-old Caucasian male with history of hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease was admitted to a local hospital for diarrhea and dehydration. It was thought that his symptoms were secondary to food poisoning and the patient was discharged 24 hours later after intravenous fluid administration. Three weeks later the patient came to our hospital with mid abdominal pain radiating to his back. The pain was dull, persistent and moderate in intensity. On examination, the patient was febrile and tachycardic. His abdomen was mildly distended, and tender to deep palpation in the mid abdominal area. There was no rebound or guarding. The results of laboratory tests revealed a WBC count of 18,300 cells/mm with a differential cell count of 82% neutrophils, 9% lymphocytes and 9% monocytes. No bands were seen. His hemoglobin, platelet count, chemistry panel and liver function tests did not reveal frank abnormalities. The CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis (Figure 1) showed a type four thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (Crawford classification) of 4.9 cm of diameter with multiple areas of contained aortic rupture (Figure 2). The aneurysm was surrounded by an inflammatory mass with gas, representing a mycotic aneurysm. The infrarenal segment of the aorta extending to the iliac bifurcation was filled with mural thrombus. The patient’s blood cultures grew Salmonella cholerasuis only resistant to penicillin. Treatment with ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin was initiated promptly, and followed by a complex operation for the mycotic aneurysm. Upon entering the retroperitoneal portion of the aorta, a large area of frank purulent collection was encountered (Figure 3). Postoperatively, the patient developed acute renal failure. On postoperative day #14, he suffered a massive episode of aspiration pneumonitis, and succumbed from hypoxemia on the same day.
The dioxanone-to-dihydropyran Claisen rearrangement. Synthesis of C(7)-C(13) fragments of erythronolides A and B

Abstract Iterative applications of the dioxanone-to-dihydropyran Claisen rearrangement have resulted in the efficient conversion of (S)-(−)-ethyl lactate to the erythronolide A and B C(7)C(13) subunits 19, 23, and 27 via the common synthetic intermediates 13 and 22.
P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 inhibition blocks increased leukocyte-endothelial interactions associated with sickle cell disease in mice.

To the editor: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hemoglobinopathy caused by a single amino acid change in the β globin subunit that predisposes hemoglobin to abnormal polymerization leading to stiff, sickled erythrocytes, and microvascular occlusions.[1][1] Although the vascular consequences of SCD
Electrical resistivity-temperature scale of tungsten

Abstract A careful examination of the electrical resistivity-temperature scales for tungsten used in earlier experiments on the quenched-in resistivity of tungsten has shown that a more correct fitting procedure can be used. The results of this fitting are presented.
Periodic solutions of non-linear autonomous systems by approximate point mappings

Abstract An approach for computing an approximation to point mappings of multi-dimensional non-linear autonomous systems is presented. In the proposed approach a truncation scheme and the Runge-Kutta integration method are utilized to obtain an explicit analytical expression of the point map to any order of approximation. The proposed approach may also be used to obtain analytically the dependence of the point mapping on parameters of the system. This method, when combined with analytical techniques, for example the perturbation approach, forms a powerful tool for finding periodic solutions of non-linear systems and the analysis of their stability in closed form. The method is applied to one- and two-degree-of-freedom systems—the van der Pol equation and two weakly coupled van der Pol equations. Periodic solutions of these systems are determined and their stability properties investigated. For low-order approximations, the results are identical to those obtained by using perturbation methods applied directly to differential equations. Periodic solutions based on higher order approximations, difficult to compute by other analytical methods, are also analyzed, demonstrating the power of the proposed approach.
Thermodynamic measurements pertaining to the hysteretic intercalation of lithium in polymer-derived silicon oxycarbide

Abstract Silicon oxycarbide (SiCO), made from the polymer route from siloxane-based precursors, has impressive capacity for serving as anodes in Li+ batteries. However, the voltage–charge cycle exhibits significant hysteresis: the magnitude of the insertion voltages is low, while the extraction voltages are high. Here, we present coulometric titration results on both traverses of the cycle that lead to a measurement of an intrinsic polarization within the half-cell. This polarization-potential, which is measured to be 250–500 mV, is attributed to a differential between the potential of Li ions across the anode–electrolyte interface. In the second set of experiments the polarization was measured after coating the powders of the active anode material with a few monolayers of alumina by atomic-layer deposition (ALD). These results showed a shift of the hysteresis curve by ∼50 mV, which is attributed to a space–charge double layer, most likely at the alumina–electrolyte interface. In the third result, the distribution of the “density of states” at different voltage levels where Li is inserted, and extracted, from SiCO is measured. The distribution is broad reflecting the amorphous nature of SiCO, and consistent with the strongly sloping behavior of the voltage–charge capacity profile of the charge–discharge cycle.
Representation and Realism: Some Reflections on the Way of Ideas

From the scholastic's intelligible species, through the Cartesian's objective reality, to Berkeley and Hume's talk of ideas as the very things themselves, we see writers on perception striving for some way to say that we perceive physical objects. These attempts to formulate what we might term a 'direct realism' were controlled by several principles, some of which were gradually dropped along the way. One of these principles involved a commitment to two kinds of substance, one material, the other immaterial. This principle said that what is known can be known only in terms of the knower. That is, since the knower is immaterial on this metaphysic, and since knowing or cognizing is incorporeal, the object of knowledge, when it is physical, cannot be known in its physicality, but must be translated into an incorporeal form. Hence, for the scholastic, intelligible species are the incorporeal translation of the corporeal, sensible, species; for Descartes and Arnauld, the objective reality of ideas is the cognitive translation of the formal reality of physical objects. If these translations were not to distort the nature of the object, it became important to find a way of saying that the form of the object can equally exist in material or in immaterial substances, for example, or that the objective reality of ideas preserves in a different form what the object has formally. As these doctrines began to be used and modified by seventeenthand eighteenth-century writers, other principles appeared that made the issues complex. Some writers distinguished primary from secondary qualities, others talked of real and nominal essences; real essence and material substance retreated further and further from human perceptual accessibility. But still, the urge was present to say that our perceptual knowledge does reveal some information about the physical world. For some, that information tended to be abstract and geometrical rather than sensuous. Sceptics seized on these abstractions and this limitation of our knowledge as reinforcement of their claims that knowledge is not possible. Critics pointed to these same restrictive features as evidence of the dangerous consequences of these
Reduced virulence of melanized Cryptococcus neoformans in Galleria mellonella

Fungal melanins are important in the virulence of many pathogenic fungi. In this study, we examined the role of melanin in the interaction between Cryptococcus neoformans and the invertebrate host, Galleria mellonella. C. neoformans was able to melanize in the presence of G. mellonella homogenate, indicating the presence of melanin substrates. Melanization was confirmed by the recovery of acid-resistant particles that were recognized by anti-melanin antibodies. In addition, we tested the effect of fungal melanization on virulence. Surprisingly, G. mellonella larvae infected with melanized fungal cells lived longer than those infected with non-melanized fungi. When the cellular immune response of G. mellonella to melanized and non-melanized cells was compared, inflammatory nodules were observed in both groups. However the response was stronger in larvae infected with melanized cells. These results suggest that fungal melanin activates the immune response of G. mellonella, thereby resulting in the decreased virulence observed with melanized cells.
Effect of myriocin on plasma sphingolipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice

Sphingolipids play a very important role in cell membrane formation, signal transduction, and plasma lipoprotein metabolism, all of which may well have an impact on the development of atherosclerosis. To investigate the relationship between sphingolipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, we utilized myriocin to inhibit mouse serine palmitoyl-CoA transferase (SPT), the key enzyme for sphingolipid biosynthesis. We injected 8-week-old apoE-deficient mice with myriocin (0.3 mg/kg/every other day, intraperitoneal) for 60 days. On a chow diet, myriocin treatment caused a significant decrease (50%) in liver SPT activity (p
Methoxychlor-induced alterations in the histological expression of angiogenic factors in pituitary and uterus.

Within the reproductive system, oestrogenic stimulation of uterine and pituitary tissue typically causes a proliferative response accompanied by an angiogenic induction of new blood vessels from existing ones, thereby providing nutrients and oxygen to the growing tissue. The pro-oestrogenic pesticide methoxychlor (MXC), however, has shown a differential effect on proliferative activity. An increase in uterine growth is present, while the pituitary undergoes a decrease in size, even though the effect is accompanied by a characteristic oestrogen-induced elevation in pituitary prolactin concentration. The focus of the current study was whether the observed differences in tissue growth between uterus and pituitary in response to MXC administration were paralleled by a corresponding disparity in the expression of those growth factors (members of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin families and their receptors) that are involved in the angiogenic cascade. Ovariectomized adult Sprague–Dawley female rats were administered MXC (0–200 mg/kg, oral) for 1 or 3 weeks. Immunohistochemical staining of uteri and pituitaries was performed under strictly controlled conditions for VEGF and its receptor VEGFR2, Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 and their tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2, and platelet endothelial adhesion factor (as an index of vascularity). Image acquisition and densitometric assessments of staining intensity were conducted under blind conditions. The results showed uterine MXC-induced increases in the expression of VEGFR2 and Ang1, changes consistent with a normal proliferative response to oestrogenic stimulation. For VEGF, staining tended to be most pronounced in the stromal region, although there did not appear to be a progressive increase with dose. VEGFR2 expression showed significant dose-related trends in luminal and glandular epithelia by 1 week. Similar effects at 1 week were evident for Ang1 in glandular epithelium. In the anterior pituitary, a dose-related increase in VEGF was present for the 1 and 3 week treatments, and the number of pituitary vessels per unit area was also increased after 3 weeks. The effects indicate that even though the insecticide has not been found to cause an augmentation in pituitary growth, a dose-related rise in the expression of at least one principal angiogenic factor is present that may be associated with an increase in vascular density.
On fineness of grain

A central job for propositions is to be the objects of the attitudes. Propositions are the things we doubt, believe and suppose. Some philosophers have thought that propositions are sets of possible worlds. But many have become convinced that such an account individuates propositions too coarsely. This raises the question of how finely propositions should be individuated. An account of how finely propositions should be individuated on which they are individuated very finely is sketched. Objections to the effect that the account individuates propositions too finely are raised and responses to the objections are provided. It is also shown that theories that try to individuate propositions less finely have serious problems.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL PROCESSING OF IMAGES FOR STRAIGHT-LINE DETECTION

The detection of straight lines in images is a common requirement in the recognition of some patterns. Several approaches have been in the use for many years but are computationally intensive. This paper presents a simple algorithm which can make use of the fast fourier transformer (FFT) for rapid computation and has the added feature of being able to detect straight lines of a specified length. The method herein suggests that simply unlacing the image raster before matched filtering can reduce the search range because of the restricted periodicities in the one-dimensional unlaced signal. These matched filters can be applied in the frequency domain through the use of the FFT. This note discusses the algorithm and presents example results.
Interactions of medroxyprogesterone acetate with estrogen on the calcium-parathyroid axis in post-menopausal women

Abstract We studied the effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) as a single agent and in combination with conjugated equine estrogens (E), on the calcium-parathyroid axis in healthy post-menopausal women. Twenty-six subjects, 2–22 yr post-menopause, were studied under basal conditions, and then following 10 days of MPA (10 mg/day), 30 days of E (0.625 or 1.25 mg/day), and an additional 10 days of E+MPA. As predicted, E decreased urinary excretion of calcium and hydroxyproline. MPA did not alter these excretion variables, either when given alone, or when added to E. Cyclic administration of MPA for 10 days is currently advocated to avoid the adverse endometrial consequences of unopposed estrogen. These data indicate that such a program does not interfere with the beneficial effect of estrogen on the calcium-parathyroid axis.
&#x2018;Fraude van de eeuw&#x2019;

Een wereldwijde sensatie was het honderd jaar geleden toen in Engeland resten werden gevonden van een menselijke schedel met de kaak van een mensaap.
Feeding Combinations of Extruded and Pelleted Diets to Channel Catfish in Ponds

Abstract This study investigated the growth, feed conversion and feeding characteristics of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed various combinations of extruded (floating) and pelleted (sinking) diets in the same ration for one growing season in 0.04-ha (0.1 ac) ponds. The extruded and pelleted diets were made from the same ingredient formula. Ratios of extruded to pelleted diets in the rations were 100:0, 45:55, 15:85, and 0:100. The fish fed the all-extruded diet were fed to satiation daily and others were offered the same amount as this group consumed. There was no difference in growth, feed conversion, body composition or size variation among treatments of fish fed the different combinations. This indicated that all fish were consuming all of the feed offered. Fish fed the 15:85 ratio consumed all of the floating feed within about 4 minutes as compared to 15 to 30 minutes for fish fed the all-extruded diet. These results indicate that because extruded diets are significantly more expensive than ...
Water on Mars: Isotopic constraints on exchange between the atmosphere and surface

Using a new measurement of the D/H fractionation efficiency and new estimates of the water loss, we calculate that Mars has the equivalent of a ∼9 m global water layer in a reservoir that exchanges with the atmosphere. The measured D/H enrichment is about 5 times the terrestrial value, but without exchange, the atmosphere converges on an enrichment of 50 in about 0.5 Ma. Due to the large buffering reservoir and the rapid loss rate (10^(−3) pr-µm yr^(−1)), the small atmospheric reservoir, averaging 10 pr-µm, is unlikely to be in continuous isotopic equilibrium with the full 9 m exchangeable reservoir. Instead, it presumably equilibrates during periods of high obliquity; the atmospheric D/H ratio is expected to be enriched in between such periods. If isotopic exchange with a small (4 mm global layer) reservoir occurs under current conditions, it possible for the atmospheric D/H ratio to be within 10% of its long term equilibrium.
Neighbors, networks, and the development of transport systems: Explaining the diffusion of turnpike trusts in eighteenth-century England

Abstract Turnpike trusts were widely employed organizations that improved and maintained toll roads in eighteenth-century England. They were created by acts of Parliament and were promoted by local landowners and merchants. The first turnpike was established in 1663, but they were not widespread until 1770. This paper uses survival analysis to show that network effects and inter-city competition greatly influenced the diffusion of turnpikes. The results show that cities were more likely to adopt turnpikes if other turnpikes were adopted along their route to London and cities were less likely to adopt when their close competitors adopted. More generally, the findings illustrate the importance of interaction effects under decentralization.
Social Workers' Views of the Etiology of Mental Disorders: Results of a National Study

Research on many mental disorders conducted since the 1990s strongly suggests a biological component to etiology. These developments should inform the decisions clinical social workers make regarding their interventions with clients. Several recent research reports, however, suggest that social workers may underestimate the influence of biological factors in some mental disorders. Because the measures of practitioners' views developed for those studies were not sensitive to disorder-specific responses for a range of mental illnesses, the usefulness of their findings may be questioned. The authors present the results of a national study of social workers in which disorder-specific measures of mental illness were used to determine more clearly whether social workers are making research-based assessments of mental illnesses etiology. It was found that social workers attribute causality of four disorders in a manner consistent with current research.
Inorganic superconducting materials formulated in cured polymers

Fine clusters of inorganic compounds (all lowtemperature superconductors) were mixed thoroughly with polymerizing epoxy or urethane monomers. The resulting composites were cured. These polymer composites were formulated at room temperature and pressure. The electrical resistivity of the synthesized composites were measured at room temperature and pressure. Further resistivity measurements were carried out at room temperaturehigh pressure and room pressure–liquid nitrogen temperature. Significant drops in resistivity were found for composites measured at high pressure and liquid nitrogen temperature. Composites in both epoxy and urethane polymers when subjected to pressures of up to 2000 psi had drops in resistivity of up to 6 orders magnitude. Also, composites in urethane when subjected to liquid nitrogen temperature had drops in resistivity of 6 orders in magnitude. In contrast, composites made up in two types of epoxy polymer when subjected to liquid nitrogen temperature had drops of only up to eightfold.
An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs

5'-Noncoding sequences have been compiled from 699 vertebrate mRNAs. (GCC) GCCA/GCCATGG emerges as the consensus sequence for initiation of translation in vertebrates. The most highly conserved position in that motif is the purine in position -3 (three nucleotides upstream from the ATG codon); 97% of vertebrate mRNAs have a purine, most often A, in that position. The periodical occurrence of G (in positions -3, -6, -9) is discussed. Upstream ATG codons occur in fewer than 10% of vertebrate mRNAs-at-large; a notable exception are oncogene transcripts, two-thirds of which have ATG codons preceding the start of the major open reading frame. The leader sequences of most vertebrate mRNAs fall in the size range of 20 to 100 nucleotides. The significance of shorter and longer 5'-noncoding sequences is discussed.
Clinical profiles of primary open angle glaucoma versus normal tension glaucoma patients: a pilot study.

Purpose: To study the health profiles and behavioral differences between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients.Methods: Confidential mail survey of ICD-9 defined POAG (n = 277) and NTG (n = 116) patients was carried out to collect information regarding age, gender, height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), medications [prescription (Rx) and over the counter (OTC)], education, and the Short Health Anxiety Inventory (SHAI).Results: NTG patients (59/116) were significantly more likely to respond to the survey than POAG patients (43/277), p = 0.0001, and to have obtained college level education (70% vs. 42%), p = 0.003. Body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, systolic BP, pulse pressure, and ratio of prescription medications to OTC medications were significantly lower in the NTG group (p < 0.0001). The SHAI score, mean age, and diastolic BP were not different between the two groups. A subgroup analysis of college-educated patients in both grou...
The Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Two-dimensional Hyperbolic Problems Part II: A Posteriori Error Estimation

In this manuscript we construct simple, efficient and asymptotically correct a posteriori error estimates for discontinuous finite element solutions of scalar first-order hyperbolic partial differential problems on triangular meshes. We explicitly write the basis functions for the error spaces corresponding to several finite element spaces. The leading term of the discretization error on each triangle is estimated by solving a local problem. We also show global superconvergence for discontinuous solutions on triangular meshes. The a posteriori error estimates are tested on several linear and nonlinear problems to show their efficiency and accuracy under mesh refinement for smooth and discontinuous solutions.
Lipid rafts determine clustering of STIM1 in endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions and regulation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE).

Store depletion induces STIM1 to aggregate and relocate into clusters at ER-plasma membrane junctions where it functionally interacts with and activates plasma membrane channels that mediate store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). Thus, the site of peripheral STIM1 clusters is critical for the regulation of SOCE. However, what determines the location of the STIM1 clusters in the ER-PM junctional regions, and whether these represent specific sites in the cell is not yet known. Here we report that clustering of STIM1 in the subplasma membrane region of the cell and activation of TRPC1-dependent SOCE are determined by lipid raft domains (LRD). We show that store depletion increased partitioning of TRPC1 and STIM1 into plasma membrane LRD. TRPC1 and STIM1 associated with each other within the LRD, and this association was dynamically regulated by the status of the ER Ca2+ store. Peripheral STIM1 clustering was independent of TRPC1. However, sequestration of membrane cholesterol attenuated thapsigargin-induced clustering of STIM1 as well as SOCE in HSG and HEK293 cells. Recruitment and association of STIM1 and TRPC1 in LRD was also decreased. Additionally STIM1D76A, which is peripherally localized and constitutively activates SOCE in unstimulated cells, displayed a relatively higher partitioning into LRD and interaction with TRPC1, as compared with STIM1. Disruption of membrane rafts decreased peripheral STIM1D76A puncta, its association with TRPC1 and the constitutive SOCE. Together, these data demonstrate that intact LRD determine targeting of STIM1 clusters to ER-plasma membrane junctions following store depletion. This facilitates the functional interaction of STIM1 with TRPC1 and activation of SOCE.
Bulletin Boards That Get Students Involved

In many foreign language classrooms, bulletin boards are merely decorative additions, rather than a part of the learning experience. By actively involving students in their preparation, bulletin boards can become highly motivating learning activities. Examples are given of several activities which have been used successfully at the beginning and intermediate levels in the secondary schools.
Letter matching in the hemispheres: speed-accuracy trade-offs.

Abstract Eight subjects performed physical and nominal letter-matching tasks for pairs of letters presented in the left, right, or central visual fields, using a unimanual two-choice response-time paradigm. Latencies were manipulated by using a cued response procedure, and speed-sensitivity and speed-bias functions were calculated separately for each of the peripheral visual field by response hand conditions. Hemispheric contributions to these tasks were investigated by looking for evidence of exclusive specialization and callosal transfer. The results suggest that both hemispheres are able to perform the tasks and that they do so using similar processing strategies, but that they differ in the response-choice stage of the nominal identity task.
Determination of creatinine and other uremic toxins in human blood sera with micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis

We have been interested in the clinical use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to monitor low-molecular-mass uremic toxins in body fluids. Creatinine, an important clinical marker for renal failure, is zwitterionic over a fairly wide pH range (pH 5-9) and can not be resolved from neutral components using free solution CE under these conditions. We report here a micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method using an sodium dodecyl sulfate-borate buffer system at pH 9.0 to determine creatinine levels in human serum. This method, performed on deproteinized sera, is also suitable for determining multiple ionic components. Moreover, this method compares favorably with an enzymatic method for creatinine performed in a clinical laboratory and thus appears to be a promising method in terms of potential clinical use.
Global reduction in cerebral blood flow and metabolism elicited from intrinsic neurons of fastigial nucleus

We sought to determine whether the global increase in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) produced by electrical stimulation of the rostral cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN) is a consequence of excitation of intrinsic neurons of the FN or of axons of fibers passing through or projecting into it. Studies were conducted in rats anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed and ventilated. rCBF was measured with [14C]iodoantipyrine as tracer and regional cerebral glucose utilization (rCGU) by [14C]2-deoxyglucose in homogenates of 11 brain regions. Neuronal perikarya in FN were excited chemically by local microinjection of the glutamate analogue kainic acid (KA) (5 nmol in 100 nl). KA elicited a transient and significant fall of arterial pressure and heart rate, the fastigial depressor response (FDR). Associated was a significant and symmetrical reduction in rCBF, to 44% of control in all regions except medulla. The response was site- and agent-specific and unrelated to the hypotension. KA also significantly and proportionally reduced, to 52% of control, rCGU in the same 10 areas of brain. In all regions the magnitudes of the reductions in rCBF and rCGU elicited by KA were linearly related. Intrinsic neurons of FN were chronically destroyed by local microinjection of the excitotoxin ibotenic acid (IBO) (10 μg/μl in 0.4 μl). Destruction of intrinsic FN neurons had no effect on resting rCBF nor on the global cerebrovascular vasodilation elicited by electrical stimulation of the FN. We conclude that: (a) excitation of intrinsic neurons of FN elicits a widespread reduction of cerebral metabolism and, secondarily, blood flow; (b) FN neurons do not exert a long-term tonic influence on brain blood flow nor metabolism; (c) the global increase in rCBF elicited by electrical stimulation of the FN is a consequence of excitation of axons projecting into or through the nucleus.
The political economy of sugar legislation

The findings of this paper are a rather straightforward account of the political economy of senatorial voting on the sugar program. In the spirit of Stigler and Peltzman's accounts of interest group activity, voting on sugar is indeed related to the concentration of economic interests in the Senators' states. States with high concentrations of sugar growers and processing tend to vote for the program, those with high concentration of users tend to vote against it. The emergence of corn syrup as a sugar substitute and its subsequent interests in the program further supports this perspective. These concentrated interests are associated with conditions ripe for overcoming the collective action problem and, we infer, use their organizations to influence senatorial behavior. The political variables suggest countervailing forces which can be interpreted, at least in part, as further examples of organized (here, politically organized) influences on the interests of Senators. Thus, while the model is one of opposing interests, those of producers and users tend to influence different Senators. The major group-interest trade-off, then, is between the pull of organized interests in the constituency with that of party organization at the national (or national institutional level), at least for those for whom the pull is in opposite directions.