cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Specificity of Infidelity of DNA Polymerase

A complex network of metabolic processes is responsible for the accurate production of progeny DNA. The infidelity of these processes when measured as mutations per base pair in DNA varies dramatically among organisms (1) and seems likely to reflect unique combinations of fidelity determinants. Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible to measure fidelity directly, but instead it is the summation of accurate and inaccurate processes producing a mutation frequency which can be experimentally determined.
Practical Solid and Liquid Phase Markers for Studying Gastric Emptying in Man

This paper presents a method used to evaluate solid and liquid phase markers for radionuclide gastric emptying studies. The authors conducted in vitro and in vivo comparative experiments employing several radiolabeled markers. Among the solid phase markers tested, Tc-99m-sulfur colloid in vivo-labeled liver and I-131-fiber performed optimally. However, Tc-99M sulfur colloid in scrambled egg showed very acceptable performance and it is significantly easier to prepare. Among liquid phase markers, they found In-111-DTPA stabilized with 1% albumin to be a good agent and appropriate for dual isotope emptying studies.
Analysis of the lowest 4f-->5d two-photon transition in Ce 3+ :CaF 2

A theoretical estimate of the two-photon absorption (TPA) cross section for the lowest 4f\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5d zero-phonon transition in ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$:${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}$ is presented. A point-charge crystal-field model is used to calculate the odd component of the ${C}_{4v}$ crystal field which mixes states of opposite parity into the initial and final states participating in the transition. The sum over intermediate states is evaluated by assuming a constant energy denominator and using a closure approximation. The calculated magnitude and polarization anisotropy of the TPA cross section are compared with the experimentally measured values and methods to improve the calculation are discussed.
Quasi-Equilibria and Sintering in the Cobalt Oxide — Zirconia Catalyst — Support System

Catalysts of varying concentrations of cobalt oxide on ZrO2 supports were prepared by impregnation and calcination to 600°C. In very dilute catalysts the cobalt oxide consists of a two-dimensional, dispersed “δ-phase” of as yet undetermined stoichiometry. At higher concentrations, a saturated δ-phase is in equilibrium with bulk, or “β-phase” particles. The latter appear to be Co3O4 spinel particles. The saturated δ-phase has about 4.5 × 1018 Co atoms per m2, i.e., about 60% of the estimated concentration of surface cobalt atoms on polycrystalline Co3O4.
Locke and Whately on the Argumentum ad Hominem

This is an exploration of what Locke and Whately said about the Argumentatum ad Hominem, especially in the context of what they said about the other ad arguments, and with a view to ascertaining whether what they said lends support to the understanding of this argument implicit in Johnstone's thesis that all valid philosophical arguments are ad hominem. It is concluded that this support is forthcoming insofar as Locke and Whately had in mind an argument concerned with principles. The essay ends with a brief reformulation of Johnstone's generalization regarding philosophical arguments.
Predictors of insurance denials for cancer clinical trial participation after ACA mandate.

e14047Background: A recent federal initiative, the Cancer Moonshot, to develop and complete randomized clinical trials in four years for tens of thousands of US cancer patients may face a hurdle. A...
Management of Spontaneous Pneumothorax

Spontaneous pneumothorax should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients who present with acute onset of chest pain and shortness of breath. Imaging should be obtained to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment, including placement of a tube thoracostomy, is guided by the hemodynamic stability of the patient and the size of the pneumothorax. Subsequent surgical management is directed toward the cause of the pneumothorax based on the likelihood of recurrence.
Interaction of protein nutrition and laidlomycin on feedlot growth performance and digestive function in Holstein steers.

Two isonitrogenous diets (12.5% CP) containing 20 (20% NPN) or 40% (40% NPN) of the N as nonprotein N were evaluated with 0 or 10 mg laidlomycin propionate (LP)/kg in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Changes in dietary NPN:N ratio were developed by partial substitution of urea N for fish meal N. In Trial 1, four Holstein steers (349 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used to evaluate treatment effects on digestive function. Total tract OM digestion was slightly greater (1.2%, P .10) on ruminal molar proportions of acetate or propionate. In Trial 2, 120 Holstein steers (122 kg) were used to evaluate treatment effects on growth performance. Decreasing the NPN:N ratio increased ADG (P .10) the NE value of diets. Supplemental LP did not affect DMI (P > .10) but increased ADG (6%, P < .01) and gain efficiency (5%, P < .05) and decreased (11%, P < .05) the maintenance energy requirements. Protein nutrition limited growth performance of calves receiving the 20% NPN diets during the initial 112 d of the trial. With the 40% NPN diets, protein nutrition limited growth performance throughout most of the trial (d 1 to d 224). We conclude that LP will enhance daily weight gain and gain efficiency of calf-fed Holstein steers. Conventional urea-based diets will not diminish response to LP, although they may not meet the metabolizable amino acid requirements of calf-fed Holsteins during the first three-quarters of the feeding period.
Unusual size effects from tilted twin boundaries in nano-twinned metals

Abstract Tilted twin boundaries (TBs), whose plane normals are rotated at an angle from the parent grain axis, naturally occur in columnar-grained, nano-twinned (NT) metals. Here, using a combination of atomistic simulations and analytical modeling, we reveal that NT metals with the ideal, non-tilted TBs exhibit continuously increasing strength with decreasing twin thickness, and hence, no inverse twin thickness size effect on strength. In contrast, NT metals with tilted TBs exhibit an inverse size effect, and the critical twin thickness, below which strength decreases, increases as the TB-tilt angle increases. The analysis also identifies a critical value of TB tilt, for which strength becomes independent of twin thickness and is the weakest. The transition arises from a change in dislocation activity prevailing mostly on planes inclined to TBs to planes parallel to the TBs. These findings reveal a profound influence of TB tilt angle that could redirect the analysis and engineering of nano-twin structures.
Effect of oil plumes on upper-ocean radiative transfer - A numerical study

Abstract Oil plumes released from subsea blowouts can induce strong optical extinction effect and significantly affect radiative transfer in the ocean euphotic zone where photosynthesis occurs. In this paper, the effect of oil plumes on the ocean radiative transfer is studied numerically by modeling the dispersion of oil plume in the ocean mixed layer and the radiative transfer through the oil-contaminated seawater. Due to the interactions with flows in the ocean mixed layer, oil plumes of different droplet diameters exhibit considerable differences in plume size, shape and oil concentration. With the same volumetric release rate, plumes of large oil droplets exhibit highly intermittent local concentration in near-surface regions and cause strong but intermittent extinction effect over relatively small horizontal area; plumes of small oil droplets diffuse more smoothly over large horizontal and vertical extensions, resulting in significant overall extinction effect to the radiative transfer in the ocean euphotic zone.
Fertility Awareness Method/Natural Family Planning

Fertility awareness-based methods, or natural family planning (NFP), is one of the oldest practiced methods of birth control. Also known by the names periodic abstinence, rhythm method, standard days method, and the two-day method, it can be used for either pregnancy prevention or planning and is acceptable to all major religious groups. Fertility awareness-based methods are based on the observation of fertile and infertile periods of the menstrual cycle. Each of the various methods relies on the identification of cervical mucus changes, change in basal body temperature that increases around the time of ovulation, and/or a change in the position and feel of the cervix. There are also commercially available fertility monitoring devices and numerous Internet apps that can be used to assist the couple. If used correctly, reported efficacy rates are between 95% and 98% (Jennings et al. Contraceptive technology, 18th revised edition. New York: Ardent Media 317–329, 2004; Grimes et al. Contraception 72:85–90, 2005).
171 A mixed methods comparison of a national vs. state opioid overdose surveillance definition

Statement of Purpose In 2018, federal opioid epidemic funding doubled to $7.4 billion. National case definitions have been created to expand state-level surveillance efforts; we analyzed a CDC surveillance definition (Opioid V.1) to determine whether or not a state definition (NC DETECT) should be expanded to include additional ICD-10-CM codes and/or chief complaint keywords. Methods/Approach Two clinically-trained independent reviewers retrospectively reviewed North Carolina (NC) ED visits to identify false positives generated by components of the Opioid V.1 definition not currently included in the NC DETECT definition. False positives were defined as any visit where available evidence, including triage notes and disposition diagnosis codes, supported an alternative explanation for patient presentation that reviewers deemed more likely than an opioid overdose. Following individual assessment, reviewers met to reconcile disagreements. Results From 1/01/2018–7/31/2018, 2,296 ED visits were identified by Opioid V.1 but not NC DETECT criteria. Reviewers initially disagreed on 312 observations (13.6%); reconciliation led to 100% agreement. False positive rates ranged from 2.6%-41.4% for codes/keywords uniquely identifying at least 10 visits. Based on uniquely identifying 10+ visits and a false positive rate ≤10.0%, 4 of 16 (25.0%) ICD-10-CM codes evaluated were identified for NC DETECT definition inclusion. Only 2 of 25 (8%) keywords evaluated, ‘OD’ and ‘overdose’, met inclusion criteria. Conclusions A detailed comparison of the CDC Opioid V.1 and NC DETECT opioid overdose case definitions showed significant variability in accuracy of keywords/diagnosis codes used in the federal surveillance definition. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science The human and financial toll of the opioid epidemic produces an urgent need to ensure appropriate resource distribution to areas most in need. Findings from this analysis show the importance of this type of investigation and may prove helpful for further state or national evaluations.
e-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury: Clinical, Radiologic, and Pathologic Findings of 15 Cases

Since mid-2019, > 2,000 cases of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) have been reported. Although initial reports suggested that this entity may be a form of inhalation-related lipoid pneumonia, subsequent studies indicate that EVALI represents various patterns of acute lung injury. Cases of EVALI continue to be reported, and public awareness of the epidemic is increasingly high. However, evidence surrounding optimal management of EVALI remains limited. In this case series, we report 15 cases of EVALI across a spectrum of severity, highlighting key radiologic, pathologic, and cytologic findings, and discuss management implications. In line with national findings, most patients with EVALI in the series vaped liquids containing tetrahydrocannabinol. Our imaging and pathologic findings support the notion that EVALI is a form of acute lung injury.
Spatiotemporal gait characteristics and ankle kinematics of backward walking in people with chronic ankle instability.

Backward walking offers a unique challenge to balance and ambulation. This study investigated the characteristics of spatiotemporal gait factors and ankle kinematics during backward walking in people with chronic ankle instability. Sixteen subjects with chronic ankle instability and 16 able-bodied controls walked on a treadmill at their self-selected speed under backward and forward walking conditions. Gait speed, cadence, double limb support percentage, stride time variability, and three-dimensional ankle kinematics were compared between groups and conditions. During backward walking, both groups had significantly slower gait speed, lower cadence, and greater stride time variability. In addition, under backward walking condition, subjects in both groups demonstrated significant sagittal and frontal kinematic alternations, such as greater dorsiflexion and inversion following initial contact (0–27.7%, 0–25.0% of gait cycle respectively, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between groups in any of the measured outcomes. This indicates that subjects with chronic ankle instability adapt to self-selected speed backward walking similarly to healthy controls. Assessments with more challenging tasks, such as backward walking with dual task and backward walking at fast speed, may be more appropriate for testing gait impairments related to chronic ankle instability.
20. POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASOUND EDUCATION FOR PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS: A MULTICENTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT

Background Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is rapidly growing as a non-invasive imaging modality to enhance procedural safety and efficiently reach diagnoses. Despite established applications in general pediatrics and high value to many pediatric subspecialties, it is not widely used in residency and no national standard currently exists for inclusion of POCUS in training curricula. Objectives To profile the current state of POCUS education in pediatric residencies in the State of Ohio. Methods We defined our population as pediatric residents in the state of Ohio (N=558). We developed an electronic survey with guidance from POCUS content experts, a survey methodologist, and residency program leadership. The survey was piloted locally using family medicine residents. We randomly sampled 369 pediatric residents from the 9 programs in the state; stratifying by level of training and scaled to the relative size of each residency. Results Our response rate was 59.6% (220/369). While 36% of respondents received POCUS education in medical school, only 15% have received it in residency (Table 1). Most respondents (86%) were interested in receiving POCUS education in residency and 67% believed that it should in fact be required. Specifically, they felt that POCUS would be useful for performing procedures (95%), learning clinical topics (94%), and improving patient safety (74%). Most of the residents surveyed (61%) felt that POCUS education would significantly benefit their careers regardless of subspecialty plans. In contrast, 85% had performed zero scans in residency. Barriers to POCUS education include the lack of an established curriculum (75%), competing priorities (58%), and inadequate knowledge and experience of faculty (52%). Conclusions Pediatric residents want POCUS training and consider it beneficial to their future practice. Despite this, more than half receive no POCUS education in residency or medical school. Focusing upon further POCUS-specific curriculum development and faculty education may help address this educational gap.
Reliable 4G/5G-Based Communications in the National Airspace: a UAS C2 use case

This paper describes a research approach and initial results on the potential use of the fourth-generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless network architecture and its fifth-generation (5G) evolution for specific aeronautical communications. A modeling and simulation (M&S) framework that MITRE developed was used to support the technical analyses performed as part of this research effort.Our research is focused on understanding how the performance of LTE-based networks, developed for terrestrial use, will be affected by the introduction of small Unmanned Aircraft (UA). The integration of small UA (sUA) and terrestrial users within the same network could be challenging because of their different communications needs and mobility characteristics.A rapidly increasing number of UA Systems (UAS) operators, especially operators of small UAS (sUAS), are requesting access to the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) for complex UA operations beyond the visual line of sight (VLOS) of the remote pilot in command. To safely support such large-scale, beyond-VLOS (BVLOS) operations, reliable UAS command and control (C2) solutions are needed.This paper describes use case scenarios, analysis methodologies, and results of our analyses on the use of LTE to support sUAS operations. Results are presented for sUA C2 links in rural and urban environments, which have markedly different radio signal propagation characteristics. Also presented and analyzed are scenarios involving wide geographic areas with both sUA and terrestrial users sharing the resources of an LTE-based network. In addition, a few 5G network architecture considerations are discussed in the context of our research.
Charging Infrastructure and Pricing Strategy: How to Accommodate Different Perspectives?

The environmental and economic advantages of renewable-energy technologies inspire efforts to encourage the use of electric vehicles (EVs) by business owners and individuals. Large-scale electric mobility is affected by inadequate charging infrastructure and battery technology. This study formulates a bi-level optimization program that aims to minimize the cost of EV charging facility deployment and utilization considering EV users’ travel and charging expenses. A hybrid methodology is developed that (i) converts the proposed formulation into an equivalent single-level formulation, (ii) implements an active-set based technique, and (iii) estimates travel costs using a macroscopic fundamental diagram (MFD) concept. Numerical experiments on an empirical case study show the performance of the proposed algorithm and some managerial insights. The results are also compared to a benchmark algorithm, which indicate that the proposed methodology can determine near-optimal solutions efficiently.
A Single Case Theory of Causal Explanation

In an article entitled, ‘Are Statistical Hypotheses Covering Laws?’, Levi has presented the provocative argument that a covering law account of statistical explanation encounters a dilemma arising from the theoretical necessity to reconcile the following desiderata (Levi [1969], p. 299), namely: On the one hand, statistical explanation is to be viewed as explanation by law; and, on the other hand, an account of statistical explanation must be based upon an acceptable interpretation of statistical probability.
P-adic L-functions and Congruences

Mazur and Swinnerton-Dyer [30] have shown how to pass from a TD-eigenfunction on (ℚ/ℤ)p,Δ to a p-adic distribution on ℤ p,Δ * . Applying this procedure to the universal modular symbol on a modular curve, X, Mazur [26] defines a p-adic L-function LP (X0(N), χ, s) associated to an Eisenstein prime P for Г0(N), N prime.
Cortical brain atrophy and intra-individual variability in neuropsychological test performance in HIV disease

To characterize the relationship between dispersion-based intra-individual variability (IIVd) in neuropsychological test performance and brain volume among HIV seropositive and seronegative men and to determine the effects of cardiovascular risk and HIV infection on this relationship. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was used to acquire high-resolution neuroanatomic data from 147 men age 50 and over, including 80 HIV seropositive (HIV+) and 67 seronegative controls (HIV-) in this cross-sectional cohort study. Voxel Based Morphometry was used to derive volumetric measurements at the level of the individual voxel. These brain structure maps were analyzed using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM2). IIVd was measured by computing intra-individual standard deviations (ISD’s) from the standardized performance scores of five neuropsychological tests: Wechsler Memory Scale-III Visual Reproduction I and II, Logical Memory I and II, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Letter Number Sequencing. Total gray matter (GM) volume was inversely associated with IIVd. Among all subjects, IIVd -related GM atrophy was observed primarily in: 1) the inferior frontal gyrus bilaterally, the left inferior temporal gyrus extending to the supramarginal gyrus, spanning the lateral sulcus; 2) the right superior parietal lobule and intraparietal sulcus; and, 3) dorsal/ventral regions of the posterior section of the transverse temporal gyrus. HIV status, biological, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) variables were not linked to IIVd -related GM atrophy. IIVd in neuropsychological test performance may be a sensitive marker of cortical integrity in older adults, regardless of HIV infection status or CVD risk factors, and degree of intra-individual variability links with volume loss in specific cortical regions; independent of mean-level performance on neuropsychological tests.
A Complete Circuit is a Complete Circle: Exploring the Potential of Case Materials and Methods to Develop Teachers' Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Science

This study explores the potential of science teaching cases to deepen teachers' content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. Discussions of a single case were facilitated with three separate groups of elementary teachers (18 total). Transcriptions of these discussions were analysed according to what each group talked about, the depth of their discussions, and how and when they explored the meaning of challenging science concepts and related this understanding to their pedagogical reasoning. While many teachers began the discussion without a clear understanding of certain key concepts, after a two-hour case discussion and brief hands-on activities they collaboratively developed a deeper understanding of the content. At the same time teachers refined their pedagogical content knowledge around what makes this content hard or easy for Year 4 students and analysed instructional strategies to help students comprehend these tough concepts. Furthermore, the sequence of topics discussed appeared to influence the depth and richness of the group's pedagogical discourse.
Rhodopsin in the rod surface membrane regenerates more rapidly than bulk rhodopsin in the disc membranes in vivo

Sustained vertebrate vision requires that opsin chromophores isomerized by light to the all-trans form be replaced with 11-cis retinal to regenerate the visual pigment. We have characterized the early receptor potential (ERP), a component of the electroretinogram arising from photoisomerization-induced charge displacements in plasma membrane visual pigment, and used it to measure pigment bleaching and regeneration in living mice. The mouse ERP was characterized by an outward 'R2' charge displacement with a time constant of 215 μs that discharged through a membrane with an apparent time constant of ∼0.6 ms. After complete bleaching of rhodopsin, the ERP recovered in two phases. The initial, faster phase had a time constant of ∼1 min, accounted for ∼20% of the total, and was not dependent on the level of expression of the retinal pigment epithelium isomerase, Rpe65. The slower, complementary phase had a time constant of 23 min in wild-type (WT) mice (C57Bl/6) and was substantially slowed in Rpe65(+/-) mice. Comparison of the ERPs of a mouse line expressing 150% of the normal level of cone M-opsin with those of WT mice revealed that M-opsin contributed 26% of the total WT ERP in these experiments, with the remaining 74% arising from rhodopsin. Thus, the fast regenerating fraction (20%) corresponds approximately to the fraction of the total ERP independently estimated to arise from M-opsin. Because both phases of the ERP recover substantially faster than previous measurements of bulk rhodopsin regeneration in living mice, we conclude that delivery of the highly hydrophobic 11-cis retinal to the interior of rod photoreceptors appears to be retarded by transit across the cytoplasmic gap between plasma and disc membranes.
Dynamical Objects for Cohomologically Expanding Maps

The goal of this paper is to construct invariant dynamical objects for a (not necessarily invertible) smooth self map of a compact manifold. We prove a result that takes advantage of differences in rates of expansion in the terms of a sheaf cohomological long exact sequence to create unique lifts of finite dimensional invariant subspaces of one term of the sequence to invariant subspaces of the preceding term. This allows us to take invariant cohomological classes and under the right circumstances construct unique currents of a given type, including unique measures of a given type, that represent those classes and are invariant under pullback. A dynamically interesting self map may have a plethora of invariant measures, so the uniquess of the constructed currents is important. It means that if local growth is not too big compared to the growth rate of the cohomological class then the expanding cohomological class gives sufficient "marching orders" to the system to prohibit the formation of any other such invariant current of the same type (say from some local dynamical subsystem). Because we use subsheaves of the sheaf of currents we give conditions under which a subsheaf will have the same cohomology as the sheaf containing it. Using a smoothing argument this allows us to show that the sheaf cohomology of the currents under consideration can be canonically identified with the deRham cohomology groups. Our main theorem can be applied in both the smooth and holomorphic setting.
Monitoring of Scoring Using the e‐rater® Automated Scoring System and Human Raters on a Writing Test

This article proposes and investigates several methodologies for monitoring the quality of constructed-response (CR) scoring, both human and automated. There is an increased interest in the operational scoring of essays using both automated scoring and human raters. There is also evidence of rater effects—scoring severity and score inconsistency by human raters. Recently, automated scoring of CRs was successfully implemented with human scoring for operational programs (TOEFL® and GRE® tests); however, there is much that is not yet known about the performance of automated scoring systems. Hence, for quality assurance purposes, there is the need to provide a consistent and standardized approach to monitor the quality of the CR scoring over time and across programs. Monitoring the scoring results will help provide scores that are both fair and accurate for test takers and test users, enabling testing programs to detect and correct changes in the severity of scoring.
Kernels of Replicated Market Games

Our subject is replicated TU economies and the kernels of the cooperative games that they generate. The kernel is a multi-bilateral bargaining equilibrium; it contains the nucleolus and is contained in most bargaining sets. Two players are considered to be in equilibrium if at the given outcome they split their combined payoff equally between what they could claim on the basis of marginal worth to coalitions containing one but not the other. To qualify for the kernel, an outcome must have all pairs of players in equilibrium simultaneously. It is somewhat remarkable that the kernel is never empty.
Breast milk magnesium and calcium concentrations following magnesium sulfate treatment

Abstract Intrapartum magnesium sulfate treatment increases breast milk/colostrum magnesium levels significantly for only 24 hours after discontinuation of the infusion. After 24 hours, milk magnesium levels are the same as those of control subjects. The breast-fed infant of a treated mother would receive only 1.5 mg of magnesium more than the infant of a nontreated mother. Breast milk/colostrum calcium levels are not affected by magnesium sulfate therapy.
Shock Waves from Exploding Wires at Low Ambient Densities

Shock waves from exploding wires at subatmospheric density ρ 0 show considerable deviations from the ρ 0 − 1/4 dependence of shock radius expected on the basis of blast wave theory. The shock trajectory data are consistent with the assumption of time-dependent energy addition, and this fact suggests complexity in the mechanism of shock production. The recently discovered technique of streak interferometry has been applied to study 4-mil Cu wires exploded into argon at reduced pressures. Typical interferograms at 1/16 atm show an intensely luminous, peripheral arc formed in an annulus several millimeters from the wire. When filters are used to diminish the diffuse light from the glow, clear fringes can be reduced in the entire glowing region. Near the tip, measured fringe shifts are negative, indicating the presence of electrons. No shock wave is seen. During an interval of about 1 /µsec fringe shifts near the periphery of the expanding glow change to positive values, and a compressional shock wave can be seen to separate and propagate ahead. Estimates obtained from approximate interferogram reductions indicate electron densities as high as 1018cm−3 in the annular region of the arc. A sequence of interferograms at pressures of 1/16 to 1 atm is presented, and implications for the mechanism of shock production are discussed.
Major histocompatibility complex control of immunity elicited by genetically engineered Eimeria tenella (Apicomplexa) antigen in chickens.

The immunogenicity of a recombinant Eimeria tenella coccidial antigen was studied in 6(1).B congenic chickens derived from B2B2 and B5B5 parents segregating for haplotypes B2 and B5. Five-week-old chickens were immunized with 2.4 micrograms of recombinant protein (designated 5401) in Freund complete adjuvant and challenged with 75,000 oocysts at 28 days postimmunization (DPI) to determine the degree of elicited protective immunity. Serum samples were collected weekly for 5 weeks postimmunization for analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence assay, and Western blotting. Lesion scores following oocyst challenge were significantly reduced in B5B5 chickens compared with those in B2B2 chickens. Immunization induced a sporozoite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) titer in serum detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that peaked at 28 DPI, the day of challenge, in B5B5 chickens and at 42 DPI in B2B2 chickens. After challenge, this titer declined for each genotype. Anti-sporozoite IgG detected by the immunofluorescence assay attained a peak titer at 21 DPI in B2B2 chickens and 28 DPI in B5B5 chickens. Serum from immunized B5B5 chickens reacted strongly in Western blots with several high-molecular-weight (greater than 100,000), soluble proteins prepared from sporozoites. Serum from B2B2 chickens reacted with similar proteins as well as with a 51- to 53-kilodalton protein that was not labeled by serum from B5B5 chickens. These results demonstrate further the role of host genetics on anticoccidial immunity and suggest that a peak anti-sporozoite IgG titer in B5B5 chickens on the day of challenge may signal a state of immunocompetence to that challenge.
Hegemonic Masculinity, Friendship, and Group Formation in an Athletic Subculture

This qualitative study examines the construction of masculinity in a group of adult male athletes. A baseball team was selected consisting of twelve, white, middle-class athletes ranging between the ages of 18 and 30 years. This article examines the way hegemonic masculinity affects the formation of friendships and groups within the team subculture.
Application of Perturbation Methods to the Theory of Nuclear Matter

A generalized perturbation theory is developed in such a way that it can be applied to a many-body problem with strong forces between the particles. The Brueckner expression for the energy is shown to be the first-order term in a particular case of this expansion. Some of the higher-order terms in the expansion are studied, and the importance of self-consistency in the energy denominator of Brueckner's equation and of the use of the exclusion principle in intermediate states is assessed. A possible simplification of the methods used is suggested, which involves solving the Brueckner equation for the hard core, and using normal perturbation theory for the attractive part of the potential. The methods developed are used to analyze some details of previously published calculations.The lack of equality between the Fermi energy and the binding energy in the nuclear matter calculations shows that there must be a rearrangement energy. A simple formula for the rearrangement energy is derived, and its importance for single-particle excited states, such as occur in the optical model, is shown. The relation between the rearrangement energy and the departure of the system from a degenerate Fermi-gas state is shown. The effect of the rearrangement energy on the ground-state energy is indirect, but it is as important as the self-consistency condition. The rearrangement energy seems to come mainly from the hard core, and simple numerical estimates of the rearrangement energy from a hard core potential show that it is somewhat less than 16 Mev at the Fermi surface. The ground-state energy is reduced by perhaps 1 Mev. There seems to be a discrepancy between the calculated and observed energy dependence of the real part of the optical model potential.
Articulating the Evidence Base for Effective Social Work Practices: Building a Database to Support a Geriatric Social Work Policy Agenda

In an era that demands accountability and cost-effectiveness, health care and social service professionals are increasingly expected to demonstrate the effectiveness of their interventions and treatments. Social workers, specifically those serving the elderly, have been markedly slow in embracing the need to measure outcomes and produce evidence of their practices, which stymies efforts at advocacy and policy development for the profession. Using a modified systematic review method, the New York Academy of Medicine's (NYAM's) Center for Aging Policy created an evidence database comprising peer-reviewed journal articles on social work interventions and outcomes research on cost-effectiveness and other measures of effectiveness. The evidence database, though focused on care of the elderly, draws on research studies involving age groups across the lifespan. A key product of this initiative is a series of white papers on cost-effective interventions in areas such as care management. A work group of social work professionals and a team of NYAM staff with diverse expertise reviewed articles based on their content, key topics, and outcomes. This article describes the steps taken, from the conceptualization of the review process to the development and implementation of the Web-based interface for user access to the evidence database. Though originally conceived as a tool for supporting a policy agenda for the Center for Aging Policy, the evidence database is also a useful reference tool for social workers, policy makers, and others interested in quality of care for elderly.
Exact multiplicity of solutions to superlinear and sublinear problems

(f2) lim u→∞ f(u) u =f+ ? 0; lim u→−∞ f(u) u =f− ? 0: For the de5niteness, we assume f+ ?f−, and when f+ =f−, we use f± to represent it. We will consider f being either superlinear or sublinear. f is said to be superlinear if f(u)=u is decreasing in (0;∞) and is increasing in (−∞; 0); and f is said to be sublinear if f(u)=u is increasing in (0;∞) and is decreasing in (−∞; 0): The semilinear equation (1.1) with f satisfying (f1), (f2) has been studied extensively since early 1970s. Several di9erent approaches, like variational methods (Morse
Potentiation of the pressor response to angiotensin by amphetamine and ephedrine.

Abstract Amphetamine and ephedrine were found to potentiate the pressor response to the i.v. injection of angiotensin in vagotomized dogs. Both amphetamine and ephedrine can inhibit the pressor response to common carotid occlusion. However, inhibition of cardiovascular compensatory reflexes was not the sole factor in the potentiation since the response to angiotensin was still augmented by amphetamine and ephedrine in animals pretreated with the ganglionic blocking agent, chlorisondamine. The potentiation was due to an enhanced peripheral vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin rather than to changes in cardiac output. The potentiation was reduced or abolished by pretreatment of the animals with reserpine or with phenoxybenzamine. The i.v. infusion of norepinephrine did not potentiate the pressor response to angiotensin. The possibility is considered that the augmented pressor response to angiotensin may be due to the ability of this peptide to interact synergistically with amphetamine and ephedrine in producing a release of endogenous catecholamines.
Fine subgrain structure adjacent to fatigue cracks

Abstract Deformation microstructures adjacent to fatigue cracks in 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 aluminum and Ti-6A1-4V alloys have been examined by transmission electron microscopy. The data show that material within 1–2 μm of a tensile-mode crack consist of very fine (0.1 μm) subgrains in all three materials. The average misorientation between the subgrains is 2–4°. The presence of this substructure, which seems to be independent of initial metallurgical condition, is used to explain the weak dependence of stage II crack growth rates on the initial condition in high stacking fault energy materials. No evidence of precipitate reversion was observed adjacent to the fatigue cracks in 7075-T6 aluminum.
Synthesis of vitellogenin after long-term ovariectomy in a cockroach

Synthesis of vitellogenin and its release into the haemolymph of vitellogenic and ovariectomized females of Leucophaea maderae were monitored. Six-and-a-half months after ovariectomy, release of vitellogenin from the fat bodies had declined to about 12% of that in normal females. At this time, vitellogenin made up over 70% of the total haemolymph proteins in ovariectomized females, whereas in normal vitellogenic females it represented only 5–6%. Synthesis of vitellogenin on ergastoplasmic membranes of the fat bodies continued in ovariectomized females at nearly the same level as in unoperated ones. Most of this vitellogenin was stored in the fat bodies. From these data it is concluded that a high vitellogenin titre in the haemolymph inhibits its further release from the fat bodies, yet has no or very little effect on vitellogenin production. In this species the ovaries do not exert any control over vitellogenin synthesis.
In situ leaching method for determination of chloride in concrete pore water

In the in situ leaching (ISL) method, pore water ionic content is determined in small cavities drilled in mortar/concrete specimens. Prior investigations have demonstrated the ISL applicability to obtain pH and nitrite ion concentration in concrete/mortar pore water. The application of the method is extended here to determine pore water chloride ion concentration (and pH) within practical test times in mortars and concretes prepared in the laboratory and in concrete cores extracted from a bridge deck in deicing salt service. Spatial resolution for the determination of composition profiles is also illustrated. Modeling of the ISL process indicates that chloride binding accelerates the approach toward a terminal cavity concentration, reducing test duration to practical lengths for moderate permeability concretes. This acceleration can be attributed to maintaining a higher gradient of free chloride near the cavity wall due to the release, during leaching, of previously bound chloride. Consequently, there is a faster chloride buildup in the cavity water compared with the no-binding case. Experimental chloride and pH results obtained by the ISL test in mortar samples show good agreement with those from the pore water expression (PWE) method. Also, examples are presented of application of ISL data to obtain chloride binding isotherms, and pore water chloride to hydroxide ratio relevant to assessing conditions for corrosion of steel reinforcement. The ISL method presents a less costly and less disruptive alternative to PWE for pore water analysis. It is noted, however, that in a few instances ISL could not be implemented because of excessive absorption of cavity water by the surrounding medium.
Radiation characteristics and optical properties of filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica

This study presents experimental measurements of the absorption and scattering cross sections and the spectral complex index of refraction of filamentous cyanobacteria. Filamentous heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica was chosen as a model organism. Its filaments consisted of long chains of polydisperse cells. Their average mass scattering and absorption cross sections were measured from 400 to 750 nm at four different times during their batch growth in medium BG-11(-N) under 3000 lux of white fluorescent light. The effective real (or refraction index) and imaginary (or absorption index) parts of the complex index of refraction were retrieved using an inverse method based on a genetic algorithm. The microorganisms were modeled as infinitely long and randomly oriented volume-equivalent cylinders. The absorption index featured peaks corresponding to chlorophyll a (Chl a) at 436 and 676 nm and phycocyanin (PCCN) at 630 nm and a shoulder around 480 nm, corresponding to photoprotective carotenoids. The absorption peaks of Chl a and PCCN concentrations increased and the shoulder due to carotenoids decreased in response to photolimitation caused by biomass growth. Subsequent nitrogen limitation caused the PCCN absorption peak to decrease significantly due to degradation of PCCN as an endogenous source of nitrogen for nitrogenase maintenance and synthesis, as confirmed by increasing heterocyst differentiation. The results can be used for predicting and optimizing light transfer in photobioreactors for wastewater treatment and ammonia or biofuel production.
Effect of acute ethanol administration and acute allopregnanolone administration on spontaneous hippocampal pyramidal cell neural activity

Abstract We investigated the effect of acute ethanol administration and acute allopregnanolone administration on spontaneous hippocampal pyramidal cell neural activity. Both agents produced significant reductions in spontaneous firing rate of hippocampal pyramidal neurons at a medium and high doses. Furthermore, blockade of allopregnanolone biosynthesis by preadministration of finasteride, a 5α-reductase blocker, prevented ethanol-induced inhibition on hippocampal pyramidal neural activity. The results further demonstrate similar effects of allopregnanolone and ethanol on hippocampal neurophysiology and that allopregnanolone plays a key role in producing ethanol-induced inhibition of hippocampal neural activity.
An Automated Chemical structure Elucidation System (ACES) for mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry data

Abstract Interpretation of the large quantities of multidimensional data produced by modern analytical instrumentation represents a continuing challenge to chemists. Recent developments in computer architecture, speed and memory and advances in artificial intelligence and pattern recognition have allowed the development of expert systems capable of meeting this challenge. The Automated Chemical structure Elucidation System (ACES) consists of several software tools including MAPS (Method for Analyzing Patterns in Spectra), MFG (Molecular Formula Generator), GENOA (a structure generator) and IC (Intelligent Controller). Substructure identification rules are provided by the MAPS software. This software correlates the spectral features found in the mass/mass (MS/MS) spectra of known compounds with the substructures known to be present in these compounds. The rules can then be applied to the MS/MS spectra of unknown compounds. Molecular formula determination can be accomplished by several methods which include the use of the elemental composition of substructures found to be present in the unknown compound by the MAPS rules and ratio measurements of peaks in the daughter spectrum of the M + 1 ion. GENOA is then used to create a list of candidate structures which are consistent with the molecular formula and substructure constraints. This entire process will be automated through the intelligent controller. The intelligent controller will also use MAPS rules generated using MS/MS data acquired under different experimental conditions to infer ancillary experiments which could further resolve the identity of an unknown.
FOLLOW-UP OF PREMATURE INFANTS WITH INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE

Severe developmental delay was observed to correlate with the severity of IVH in a group of premature infants. Twelve infants with IVH were divided into two categories based on extent of involvement. Six infants in Group I (BW: 830-1460g,Ga:26-31 weeks) suffered from Grade I and II IVH, and six infants in Group II (BW: 720-1400, GA: 25-29 weeks) had Grades III and IV. Early evaluation at 5-6 months postconceptual age with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development's motor scale showed Group I to score at 127±19 and Group II at 88±31 age corrected scores (P<0.05). Repeated measures of 3 Group I infants and 4 Group II infants at 14 to 16 months showed a corrected PDI of 118±8 for Group I and 77±32 for Group II infants. Within Group I mean deterioration between the two evaluations was 3.7; within Group II 11.9. In this group of infants, severe delay in motor development significantly correlated with IVH grade and further deterioration was noted with increasing postnatal age.
Microwave transient nutation measurements of relaxation in OCS and NH3

Abstract The phenomenological Bloch equations are solved for transient nutation in optical two-level systems, using the Feynman—Vernon—Hellwarth representation. The resulting solutions display an exponentially damped oscillatory behavior, from which the relaxation times T1 and T2 may be derived. Transient nutation signals were observed using time-resolved microwave spectroscopy with rapid switching of applied Stark fields. Observed collision relaxation rates are (5.25 ± 0.50) MHz/torr for OCS—OCS, (1.96 ± 0.30) MHz/torr for OCS—He and (1.67 ± 0.20) MHz/torr for OCS—Ar. For NH3NH3 relaxation the rate is (23.2 ± 3.5) MHz/torr for the (8,7) inversion line.
The idea of money counteracts ego depletion effects

Self-control draws upon a resource that is limited, such that acts of self-control deplete the resource, causing performance on subsequent acts of self-control to suffer. In this research, we demonstrate that activating the concept of money can buffer this ego depletion effect. Across two experiments using varied operationalizations of self-control, participants completed an initial task that depleted self-control resources or not, were then reminded of money or neutral concepts, and finally, completed a second task requiring self-control. In both experiments, among depleted participants, those reminded of money performed better on the second self-control task than those reminded of neutral concepts. Additional analyses in Experiment 2 suggest that this buffering effect was due to money reducing both the subjective difficulty and effort required on the second self-control task.