cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Atherosclerosis Susceptibility in the C3H and C57BL/6 Mouse Model Evidence for Involvement of Endothelial Cells but Not Blood Cells or Cholesterol Metabolism

Lipids, monocytes, and arterial wall cells are primary components involved in atherogenesis. Using the inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J (B6) and C3H/HeJ (C3H), which have been extensively studied as models of the genetic control of diet-induced atherosclerosis, we examined which of these components determine genetic susceptibility. To test whether dietary responsiveness is involved, a congenic strain of C3H carrying an apoE-null allele (apoE(-/-)) was constructed. Although C3H.apoE(-/-) mice had higher plasma cholesterol levels, they developed much smaller lesions than their B6.apoE(-/-) counterpart on either chow or Western diets. Reciprocal bone marrow transplantation between the strains, with congenics carrying the same H-2 haplotype, was performed to examine the role of monocytes. The atherosclerosis susceptibility was not altered in the recipient mice, indicating that variations in monocyte function were not involved. Endothelial cells isolated from the aorta of B6 mice exhibited a dramatic induction of monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and heme oxygenase-1 in response to minimally modified LDL, whereas endothelial cells from C3H mice showed little or no induction. In a set of recombinant inbred strains derived from the B6 and C3H parental strains, endothelial responses to minimally modified LDL cosegregated with aortic lesion size. These data provide strong evidence that endothelial cells, but not monocytes or plasma lipid levels, account for the difference in susceptibility to atherosclerosis between the 2 mouse strains.
Using Environmental Contours to Predict Extreme Events on Wind Turbines

This paper presents and explores estimating design loads on wind turbines using the environmental contour method. Contours promise to provide both practical reliability estimation and valuable information about the combination of joint environmental variable values, e.g. wind speed and turbulence, most critical to each specific wind turbine. We present the background of the development of environmental contours as applied to wind energy systems, and apply this theory, in three examples, to develop contours based either (1) on design code description of environmental conditions, or (2) on measured data for a site-specific application. The site-specific case is used for both stall and pitch controlled turbine examples. From these contours, and a functional description of the short-term response of the turbine, implicit FORM estimates are made for the turbine response; these estimates are compared with results obtained from numerical integration of the short-term response of the turbine over the joint distribution of wind speed and turbulence. We find that the environmental contour method provides reasonable estimates of the expected extreme load, compared with the full integration method.
Effect of successive lists on the parameters of a paired-associate model

Each of 16 Ss was required to learn four of 16 PA lists differing in the number of stimuli and response alternatives, An effect on the parameters of a duoprocess learning model was found for the number of stimuli, but /lot for response alternatives, or for successive lists. All-or-none mathematical models have typically been unconcerned with the influence of task variables, focus­ ing on the learning process itself. However, recent studies have indicated that certain task parameters may influence the constants in paired-associate (PA) models, e.g., number of stimuli and response alternatives (Nahinsky & Dodd, 1965), and training procedures (Bower, 1962). The particular model of interest in the present inves­ tigation is that of Nahinsky (1964,1967) which postulates an all-or-none association process when a correct re­ sponse occurs, with the learning rate constant c, and an error elimination process when an incorrect response occurs, with the elimination rate constant a. Such a model is called duoprocess (DP), con­ trasted to a uniprocess (UP) model (e.g., Bower, 1961) which would involve only a single constant, very much like the DP case where a = O. The literature indi­ cates that the UP model fares well for correction pro­ cedures (Bower, 1962), while the DP model provides a fit to noncorrection PA procedures (Nahinsky & Dodd, 1965) • The present study is concerned with the DP model in a noncorrection PA task with the number of stimuli and response alternatives varied between lists and with Ss required to learn multiple lists. This will further clarify the effect of the number of stimuli, and determine wheth­ er practice on the task influences these parameters. Method Subjects. Sixteen Ss were recruited from summer session psychology courses at Saint Louis University. No S had previously served in a verbal learning experi­ ment. Four Ss were assigned at random to each of four Latin squares. Apparatus. A Carousel 800 slide projector was used to present the PA lists. It was modified so that a bank of photocells read holes punched in the bottom of the slides. These holes corresponded in binary fashion to the correct numerical response. A panel with numbered switches was used by S to indicate his response, and the bank circuitry then activated a "right" or "wrong" light to inform S. The responding was self-paced, but the response activated a timer which presented the next slide 5 sec later. Response sequences were recorded with an Esterline Angus event recorder
Neurologic injury in snowmobiling.

BACKGROUND: Snowmobiles are increasingly popular recreational, all-terrain utility vehicles that require skill and physical strength to operate given their inherent maneuverability, acceleration, and top speed capabilities. These same characteristics increase the risk of injury with the operation of these vehicles, particularly neurological injury. We characterize our series of 107 patients involved in snowmobiling accidents. METHODS: From January 2004 to January 2012, all snowmobiling-related injuries referred to our regional trauma center were reviewed. Information had been recorded in the hospital's trauma registry and medical records were retrospectively reviewed for data pertaining to the injuries, with particular emphasis on neurological injuries and any associated details. RESULTS: A total of 107 patients were identified. Ninety percent of injured riders were male. The mean age was 34.4 years (range 10-70), with 7% younger than age 16. The mean Injury Severity Score was 12.0 ± 0.69 (range 1-34). Although not documented in all patients, alcohol use was found in 7.5% of the patients and drug use found in one patient. Documentation of helmet use was available for only 31 of the patients; of which 13% were not helmeted. Causes included being thrown, flipped, or roll-over (33%), striking a stationary object (27%), being struck by a snowmobile (9%), striking another snowmobile (5.5%) or a car, train, or truck (5.5%), being injured by the machine itself (9%), other (2%) or unspecified (18%). Head injuries occurred in 35% patients, including concussion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, contusion, and facial/skull fracture. Spinal fractures occurred in 21% of the patients. Fractures to the thoracic spine were the most common (50%), followed by the cervical (41%) and lumbar (36%) spine. There were also three brachial plexus injuries, one tibial nerve injury, and one internal carotid artery dissection. Average length of stay was 4.98 ± 0.56 days. Disposition was home (78%), home with services (12%), rehabilitation placement (9%), and one death. Details regarding other systemic injuries will also be reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Snowmobiles are a significant source of multi-trauma, particularly neurological injury. Neurosurgeons can play key roles in advocating for neurological safety in snowmobiling. Language: en
Interplanetary Crew Dose Rates for the August 1972 Solar Particle Event

Abstract Parsons, J. L. and Townsend, L. W. Interplanetary Crew Dose Rates for the August 1972 Solar Particle Event. Using the coupled neutron–proton space radiation transport computer code (BRYNTRN), estimates of dose rates of protons in the skin, ocular lens and bone marrow, behind various thicknesses of aluminum shielding, for crews on space missions outside the Earth's magnetosphere, are made for the large solar particle event (SPE) of August 1972. Overall, the August 1972 dose rates are significantly higher than those estimated for any of the events that occurred in August–December 1989. The dose rates in the August 1972 SPE are not low dose rates as specified by the major national and international advisory bodies and committees.
Commons Ignorance: The Failure of Environmental Law to Provide the Information Needed to Protect Public Health and the Environment

One of the most significant problems facing environmental law is the dearth of scientific information available to assess the impact of industrial activities on public health and the environment. After documenting the significant gaps in existing information, this Article argues that existing laws both exacerbate and perpetuate this problem. By failing to require actors to assess the potential harm from their activities, and by penalizing them with additional regulation when they do, existing laws fail to counteract actors' natural inclination to remain silent about the harms that they might be causing. Both theory and practice confirm that when the stakes are high, actors not only will resist producing potentially incriminating information but will invest in discrediting public research that suggests their activities are harmful. The Article concludes with specific recommendations about how these perverse incentives for ignorance can be reversed.
Observational Learning of Food Aversions in Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus)

-Recent work has demonstrated that Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) display food preferences as a result of observational leaming. Also, individual birds learn to avoid food the ingestion of which has been paired with sickness. Such preferences or aversions depend on visual cues associated with the food. A related but unanswered question is whether observational leaming is sufficient for birds to associate visual cues with sickness. In the present experiments, Red-wings observed a conspecific consume a food paired with a color cue (CS) and toxin-induced illness (UCS). The observers were subsequently given two-choice preference tests between a food (either the food consumed by the gavaged bird or another food) paired with the CS or with another color. The birds avoided consumption of any food paired with the CS (but not of the other color) during all tests. Such results are consistent with the notion that opportunistic foragers, such as Redwings, readily learn to avoid conspicuous foods paired with aversive consequences. Moreover, the results support the notion that Batesian model-mimic systems could be maintained, at least in part, by observational learning of models and subsequent generalization of that learning to mimics. Observational learning could provide an efficient strategy to protect against the ingestion of potentially dangerous food. Received 15 July 1981, accepted 12 De-
Development of a Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Sulfite in Food

Sulfites are widely used food preservatives that can cause severe reactions in sensitive individuals. As a result, the U.S. FDA requires that sulfites be listed on the label of any food product containing >10 mg/kg (ppm) sulfite (measured as sulfur dioxide). Currently, the optimized Monier-Williams (MW) method (AOAC Official Method 990.28) is the most common approach for determining sulfite concentrations in food samples. However, this method is time-consuming and lacks specificity in certain matrices. An improved rapid, sensitive, and selective method has been developed using electrospray ionization (ESI) high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the determination of sulfite in various food matrices. A total of 12 different types of foods were evaluated. These included dried fruits and vegetables, frozen seafood, sweeteners, and juices. The matrix is extracted with a buffered formaldehyde solution, converting free and reversibly bound sulfite to the stable formaldehyde adduct, hydroxymethylsulfonate (HMS). Extracts are prepared for injection using a C18 SPE cartridge to remove any lipophilic compounds. HMS is then separated from other matrix components using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and detected using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The method was validated at 5 concentrations in 12 food matrices. Accuracy data showed spiked recoveries ranging from 84 to 115% in representative foods. Six commercially available sulfited products were analyzed using the LC-MS/MS method, as well as the MW method, to determine if differences exist.
Insecticide Usage in Panola and Pontotoc Counties, Mississippi, 1977–1980, During the Optimum Pest Management Trial

Results of a study of insecticide usage for cotton insect control in the four-year period from 1977 to 1980 in Panola and Pontotoc Counties, Miss., indicated that insecticides were overemphasized in Panola County in 1977. Better management of insect populations had considerable influence in reducing the amount of insecticides used in that county thereafter. In Pontotoc, an underuse of insecticides was evident, especially when boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, infestations increased in 1979 and 1980. Control materials used in the two counties were two biological agents, Bacillus thuringiensis and Baculovirus heliothis, and 15 insecticides. The compounds used were those generally suited for control of the particular pest involved. The pyrethroids were first used in 1978 for control of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, H. virescens (F.). The addition of the Heliothis spp. ovicides, chlordimeform and methomyl, to other insecticides or mixtures of insecticides was apparent in 1980. Lighter Heliothis spp. infestations and increases in boll weevil infestations in 1979 resulted in a decline in the use of pyrethroids in favor of the use of the EPN or toxaphene plus methyl parathion mixture.
The Role of Anonymity in Determining the Self-Reported Use of Cocaine and Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use Among College Students

ABSTRACTBackground: Nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPSU) is commonly reported by college students and is on the rise. It is possible that increases in NPSU rates may stem from a lack of stigmatization regarding use, given recent evidence that students do not hold strong negative perceptions related to NPSU. Objectives: This study aimed to assess NPSU and cocaine use using a conventional method and a method that assures anonymity. As anonymous data collection has typically found higher prevalence rates for stigmatized behaviors compared to conventional techniques, it was expected that cocaine rates would differ between techniques, while NPSU rates would not. Methods: At a Midwestern university during the Fall 2012 and Spring 2013 terms, groups of college student participants were randomly assigned either to a condition in which the data collection method guaranteed their anonymity (n = 204) or to a condition using a more conventional data collection technique that did not guarantee anonymity (n = 2...
Evaluation on donkey-hide glue oral solution Yunting licensing in improving nutritional anemia in rats

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of donkey-hide glue oral solution Yunting licensing in improving nutritional anemia in rats.Methods:After weaning wistar rats,weighing 60~80 g,were fed the iron deficient diet for six weeks,whole blood was taken from rat's tail to measure Hb,then the rats were randomly divided into four groups by Hb and body weight,that is the low-iron control group and three experimental groups.According to the sample on the recommendation of the human body used for the experimental group 2.5,5.0,10.0 ml/kg BW(equivalent to the human body,respectively,5,10,20 times the recommended dosage) low,middle and high three dose groups;low iron control group to give the corresponding solvent.Each group was fed respective diets for 45 d and indicators related to iron-deficient nutritional anemia were evaluated.Results:Donkey-hide glue oral solution Yunting licensing significantly did improve growth and development of rats,increase the hemoglobin level,and decrease free erythrocyte protoporphyrin(FEP) content in whole blood.Conclusion:Donkey-hide glue oral solution Yunting licensing is effective in improving nutritional anemia.
Analysis of Contents of Fluorine in Drinking Water in Huaibei City

Objective To perfect the background data of fluorine contents in drinking water in Huaibei city and provide a scientific basis for the water-improving and defluoridation.MethodsWe collected the drinking water sanrples of all the administrative villages in Huaibei city and determined the contents of fluorine in water by fluoride selective electrode.ResultsThe excess standard rate of water fluorine was 21.65%.The contents of fluorine in water were unbalanced in the administrative area of Huaibei city;the excess standard rates of water fluorine in deep water wells were significantly lower than those of shallow wells.ConclusionDrilling deep wells is a effective way to improve the water quality and reduce the fluorine.
Analysis on results of PPD test among new students of senior one in Yunmeng County of Hubei in 2012

[Objective]To understand the results of PPD test and infection status of tubercle bacillus among middle school students,provide the basis for carrying out the corresponding intervention measures.[Methods]The medical personnel of Center for Disease Control and Prevention conducted PPD test in 872 new students in senior one of Quyang Senior Middle School and 793 new students in senior one of Mengze Senior Middle School,and the results were analyzed. [Results]There were no significant differences in positive results and strongly positive results between two senior middle schools. In two schools,the differences in positive rate( 55. 8% and 49. 5%) and strongly positive rate( 1.7% and 3. 8%) between boys and girls were significant. There were significant differences in positive rate and strongly positive rate between urban and rural students. [Conclusion]The middle school students should receive PPD test regularly,so as to control the spread of tuberculosis among middle school students.
Diabetes Mellitus During Adolescence

Poorly controlled diabetes may affect the tempo and course of pubertal growth and development. Pubertal changes induce glucose metabolism or specific insulin resistance. Because puberty greatly increases the risk of diabetes complications, the management offered at this transitional age is critically important. An understanding of the environmental and developmental influences on diabetes control and the effect of the physiologic changes of puberty improves the approach to diabetes management in the adolescent with diabetes.
The risk‐outcome‐experience triad: Mortality risk and the hospital consumer assessment of healthcare providers and systems survey

BACKGROUND Studies have shown an association between the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey (HCAHPS) scores and clinical quality. The mortality risk on admission predicts adverse events. It is not known if this risk also portends a suboptimal patient experience. OBJECTIVE To determine if the admission mortality risk identifies an experience of care risk. DESIGN A retrospectively assembled cohort in which individual HCAHPS survey responses were linked to the admission risk of dying. SETTING Five community hospitals of various sizes in Michigan. PATIENTS There were 17,509 HCAHPS medical and surgical respondents; 2513 (14.4%) were at high risk of dying. MEASUREMENTS Odds ratio (OR) (high-risk patients to low-risk patients) for providing a top box score for HCAHPS dimensions, controlling for hospital and the standard HCAHPS patient mix adjustment factors. RESULTS High-risk respondents were less likely to provide the most favorable response (unadjusted) for all HCAHPS domains, although the difference was not significant (P = 0.09) for discharge information. Multivariable analyses indicated that high-risk patients were less likely to report a top box experience for doctor communication (OR: 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77-0.94) and responsiveness of hospital staff (OR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.69-0.85), but were more likely to have received adequate discharge information (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14-1.48). CONCLUSIONS Patients at high risk of dying who completed surveys were less likely to report favorable physician communication and staff responsiveness. Further understanding of these relationships may help design a care model to improve both outcomes and experience. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
Long-term function of human cardiac allografts assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography.

Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated increasing left ventricular mass in cyclosporine-treated cardiac allograft recipients over 30 days after transplantation, but the long-term evolution of this process and possible effects on allograft function are unknown. Accordingly, quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography was performed 2 and 23 days and 15 months postoperatively in 14 recipients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone. Changes in left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic volume, mass, and end-systolic wall stress were analyzed. Comparison of studies at 2 and 23 days revealed significant (p
Screening test recommendations for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surveillance practices: A cost-minimization analysis.

Background To mitigate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections, intensive care units (ICUs) conduct surveillance through screening patients upon admission followed by adhering to isolation precautions. Two surveillance approaches commonly implemented are universal preemptive isolation and targeted isolation of only MRSA-positive patients. Methods Decision analysis was used to calculate the total cost of universal preemptive isolation and targeted isolation. The screening test used as part of the surveillance practice was varied to identify which screening test minimized inappropriate and total costs. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the range of total costs resulting from variation in inputs. Results The total cost of the universal preemptive isolation surveillance practice was minimized when a polymerase chain reaction screening test was used ($82.51 per patient). Costs were $207.60 more per patient when a conventional culture was used due to the longer turnaround time and thus higher isolation costs. The total cost of the targeted isolation surveillance practice was minimized when chromogenic agar 24-hour testing was used ($8.54 per patient). Costs were $22.41 more per patient when polymerase chain reaction was used. Conclusions For ICUs that preemptively isolate all patients, the use of a polymerase chain reaction screening test is recommended because it can minimize total costs by reducing inappropriate isolation costs. For ICUs that only isolate MRSA-positive patients, the use of chromogenic agar 24-hour testing is recommended to minimize total costs.
Active metamaterials based on monolayer titanium carbide MXene for random lasing

We present an approach employing a random metamaterial constructed by dispersing monolayer Ti 3 C 2 nanoflakes into the gain medium for achieving random lasing. The optical feedback is suggested to be provided by Ti 3 C 2 nanoflakes through saturable absorption.
Dabigatran Reversal in a Patient With End-Stage Liver Disease and Acute Kidney Injury.

Dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor and one of the new class of direct oral anticoagulants, is increasingly used in preference to warfarin because of its efficacy and ease of administration. However, because the drug is cleared by the kidneys, it can accumulate in plasma and increase the risk for bleeding in patients with decreased kidney function. We report a patient with end-stage liver disease who developed life-threatening hemorrhage and acute kidney injury while taking dabigatran, 150mg, twice daily. Although the patient received idarucizumab, an anti-dabigatran antibody fragment used as an antidote, hemostasis could not be achieved. Administration of vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, desmopressin, octreotide, and pantoprazole did not arrest bleeding or affect coagulation parameters, and it was not possible to establish vascular access for hemodialysis. In patients with end-stage liver disease, who are at increased risk for both bleeding and acute kidney injury, dabigatran should be prescribed cautiously and at decreased dose.
The Chicago Fed DSGE Model

The Chicago Fed dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model is used for policy analysis and forecasting at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. This article describes its specification and estimation, its dynamic characteristics and how it is used to forecast the US economy. In many respects the model resembles other medium scale New Keynesian frameworks, but there are several features which distinguish it: the monetary policy rule includes forward guidance, productivity is driven by neutral and investment specific technical change, multiple price indices identify inflation and there is a financial accelerator mechanism.
Learning about Causes from People and about People as Causes: Probabilistic Models and Social Causal Reasoning

Abstract A major challenge children face is uncovering the causal structure of the world around them. Previous research on children’s causal inference has demonstrated their ability to learn about causal relationships in the physical environment using probabilistic evidence. However, children must also learn about causal relationships in the social environment, including discovering the causes of other people’s behavior, and understanding the causal relationships between others’ goal-directed actions and the outcomes of those actions. In this chapter, we argue that social reasoning and causal reasoning are deeply linked, both in the real world and in children’s minds. Children use both types of information together and in fact reason about both physical and social causation in fundamentally similar ways. We suggest that children jointly construct and update causal theories about their social and physical environment and that this process is best captured by probabilistic models of cognition. We first present studies showing that adults are able to jointly infer causal structure and human action structure from videos of unsegmented human motion. Next, we describe how children use social information to make inferences about physical causes. We show that the pedagogical nature of a demonstrator influences children’s choices of which actions to imitate from within a causal sequence and that this social information interacts with statistical causal evidence. We then discuss how children combine evidence from an informant’s testimony and expressed confidence with evidence from their own causal observations to infer the efficacy of different potential causes. We also discuss how children use these same causal observations to make inferences about the knowledge state of the social informant. Finally, we suggest that psychological causation and attribution are part of the same causal system as physical causation. We present evidence that just as children use covariation between physical causes and their effects to learn physical causal relationships, they also use covaration between people’s actions and the environment to make inferences about the causes of human behavior.
Defining Design Targets for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Biological tissues are extremely complex three-dimensional (3D) structures with concomitant complicated mechanical function and mass transport characteristics. Tissue engineering seeks to recapitulate this complex structure and function using biomaterial scaffolds delivering therapeutic biologics such as cells, proteins, and genes for tissue reconstruction. It is clear that the biomaterial/biologic construct cannot replicate the complex tissue milieu, including multiple cell types interacting with numerous cytokines to produce extracellular matrices having hierarchical features exhibiting highly nonlinear, biphasic mechanical function. The biomaterial/biologic construct is, at best, a crude approximation to the normal tissue milieu. To improve the clinical potential of tissue engineering/regenerative medicine, we must be able to relate the goodness of this approximation to the success of tissue regeneration. In essence, we must be able to define relevant design criteria for tissue engineering therapies. For the scaffold, the focus of this chapter, the pertinent question becomes: “How closely does a biomaterial scaffold have to approximate the normal tissue structure, mechanical function, mass transport, and cell-matrix interaction as a function of time to achieve desired tissue reconstruction?”
Elements of Law as They Relate to Teacher Education Evaluation

What legal considerations (and constrictions) do personnel need to be aware of as they evaluate teacher education programs? One of the major purposes of this chapter is to provide some answers to that question, as well as to two others: What legal principles apply in the arena of teacher education program evaluation and, is there a checklist of legal issues associated with program evaluation which could be used as a preventive measure against liability?
Public Opinion and the Abolition or Retention of the Death Penalty Why is the United States Different

This paper explores the relationship between public opinion and the abolition or retention of the death penalty, comparing the U.S. experience to that of other nations (with a particular focus on Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Canada). Although the experience of each country includes distinctive elements, several common themes emerge. In each country, political elites led the abolition movement. The structure of the electoral process and the parliamentary party system, moreover, allowed legislators and other public officials a degree of insulation from popular opinion. The elites differed from their electorates in education, experience, and knowledge of the issue. Because of these differences, support for capital punishment was much lower among these elites than among the general public. In abolishing capital punishment, the elites acted in accordance with their own views, rather than those of the median voter or the general public. Some scholars have characterized this type of political behavior as the “elite leadership hypothesis.” Additionally, international agreements and norms played a significant role in Europe, making abolition difficult to reverse once enacted and helping to persuade other nations to abolish capital punishment despite the existence of popular support. Finally, abolition (whether de jure or de facto) has had a tendency over time to reduce public support for capital punishment, thus diminishing popular pressure to reverse course.
Quantafying the Value of Patent Exhaustion Rules

ionsandall aspectsof reconfigurable technology including platforms, programming environments and application successes.
The limitations of relative plausibility theory

The relative plausibility theory advanced by Professors Allen and Pardo is an important contribution to understanding the process of drawing inferences from evidence. It is, to be sure, an incomple...
Medical Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

There are multiple medical treatment modalities for the management of obstructive sleep apnea. In this chapter, various treatment options are discussed. In the first section, positive airway pressure is described in detail, including different modalities of delivery and efficacy. The second section covers positional therapy and medication that are available to assist with the management of OSA. The third section focuses on weight loss and lifestyle modifications in regard to OSA. Finally, the last section describes the use and efficacy of oral appliance, or mandibular repositioning devices, for treating mild-to-moderate OSA.
Implementing efficient data compression and encryption in a persistent key-value store for HPC:

Recently, persistent data structures, like key-value stores (KVSs), which are stored in a high-performance computing (HPC) system’s nonvolatile memory, provide an attractive solution for a number o...
Women’s leadership in renewable transformation, energy justice and energy democracy: Redistributing power

Abstract As women take on more leadership roles in the United States advancing social and political change, analysis of women’s contributions to the transformation occurring within the energy sector is critically important. Grassroots movements focused on energy justice and energy democracy focus on: (1) resisting the power of large multinational fossil fuel energy companies that exacerbate inequities and disparities in energy, (2) reclaiming the energy sector with more community and public control to redisitrbute benefits and risks, and (3) restructuring the energy sector to prioritize equity and justice with community ownership and distributed governance. This research analyzes women’s leadership by focusing on how two women-led, non-profit organizations are advancing the renewable energy transition, operationalizing the concept of energy democracy and contributing to the energy justice movement. The two organizations are Grid Alternatives, a solar installation and workforce training organization, and Mothers Out Front, an advocacy organization focused on addressing climate change by promoting a transition to renewable energy. These organizations differ in their mission and approaches, yet both intentionally link climate and energy action with other forms of social justice activism, by expanding community engagement, strengthening participation, and fundamentally redistributing power to promote a transition to more equitable, resilient and sustainable energy systems. This paper contributes to the theoretical understanding of gender in energy justice and energy democracy movements, and to the practical consideration of the role that women’s leadership is playing in accelerating energy system change and advancing the principles of energy justice and energy democracy.
Abstract WP366: Readmission for an Infection After a Stroke Admission: The Role of Hospital Acquired Infections

Background and Purpose: Stroke patients are at increased risk for acquiring infections in the hospital. This study aimed to examine whether an infection acquired during the initial stroke admission...
Breast conserving therapy is associated with improved overall survival compared to mastectomy in early-stage, lymph node-negative breast cancer.

Abstract Background and purpose Recent retrospective studies suggest improved overall survival (OS) with breast conserving therapy (BCT), including breast conserving surgery and adjuvant whole breast radiotherapy, compared to mastectomy in the modern era. The patient subset most likely to benefit from BCT remains unclear, and the role of Oncotype DX Recurrence Score (RS) in this context is unknown. We compared BCT to mastectomy in early-stage, node-negative breast cancer. We further explored outcomes after stratification by RS and age. Materials and methods We performed a matched-cohort analysis of National Cancer Database (NCDB) patients with pT1-2, pN0, cM0 breast cancer treated between 2006 and 2014 with BCT or mastectomy. Patients were matched for all available baseline characteristics using propensity scores with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) with stabilized weights. Results We identified 144,263 eligible patients treated with BCT and 87,379 patients treated with mastectomy. After IPTW-matching, OS was higher with BCT compared to mastectomy: 5-year OS of 94.4% vs. 91.8% (P 25, but not patients with RS ≤25. When stratified by age, only patients >50 years had improved OS with BCT. Conclusion BCT is associated with improved OS compared to mastectomy in women with early-stage, node-negative breast cancer. The improvement in OS with BCT appears to be most pronounced in patients with high RS and >50 years of age. Prospective validation of these findings is required.
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with a possible paraneoplastic association with melanoma.

A 52-year-old man was referred to our dermatology clinic for a diagnosis of melanoma. At the time, his melanoma was excised he developed an annular, polycyclic, scaling eruption consistent with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). Skin biopsy and laboratory evaluation confirmed this diagnosis. The patient had been using pantoprazole for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease for the last 3 years. The patient’s melanoma was treated surgically, and his SCLE was treated with topical steroids and hydroxychloroquine. His SCLE cleared rapidly, his steroids and hydroxychloroquine were stopped and he remains free of SCLE off of treatment. The parallel course of the patient’s SCLE and melanoma prompted consideration of SCLE as paraneoplastic to melanoma in this case. The clinical picture was complicated by the patient’s use of a proton pump inhibitor, which are common causes of drug-induced SCLE. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of possible paraneoplastic SCLE associated with melanoma.
A Typology of Information Distribution Organizations

Over the past several decades information distribution organizations (IDOs) have increasingly become the subject of law and policy considerations. IDOs are those organizations that play a significant role in the communication of information to news/information seeking audiences. These may include traditional news organizations, but also internet-based entities like Google and Facebook, and those agencies for whom the internet and digital communication technologies have now become indispensable tools. This paper investigates the ways in which IDOs create, use, distribute, and store information to create a taxonomy of these organizations and examine the many different categories of bodies. The purpose of this taxonomy is two-fold. Definitions are important to considerations of privileges and responsibilities under certain laws. For example, many states have created so-called “reporters privilege” or shield laws. Key to many of these statutes is a requirement that the individual claiming the privilege be working for some kind of “news” organization. But the definition of news and that of information can be decidedly different. And conflicts about who may claim the privilege have arisen. Definitional issues also arise with responsibilities required of IDOs by law. In the United States internet service providers, as many IDOs are, must be circumspect with how they handle the information they allow to be posted on their sites to have a safe harbor in libel law. Similarly, ISPs must comply with immediate requests to remove information alleged to violate copyright. These policies, and those like them, reveal the importance of how the organization interacts with information to the rights and responsibilities afforded. Of course, the consideration of how organizations exploit information is not solely a US policy phenomenon. The European Union conceptualization of the right to be forgotten, for instance, considers whether an organization is a data collector, controller, and/or processor, demonstrating, again, the importance of examining how these agencies use information. This study, then is useful for considering the kinds of IDOs that are most subject to policy decisions and requirements. It also provides a deeper understanding of the many ways in which these organizations are and may be regulated.
The Political Viability of Carbon Pricing: Policy Design and Framing in British Columbia and California

The adoption of climate policies with visible, substantial costs for households is uncommon because of expected political backlash, but British Columbia's carbon tax and California's cap‐and‐trade program imposed such costs and still survived vigorous opposition. To explain these outcomes, this article tests hypotheses concerning policy design, framing, energy prices, and elections. It conducts universalizing and variation‐finding comparisons across three subcases in the two jurisdictions and uses primary sources to carry out process tracing involving mechanisms of public opinion and elite position‐taking. The article finds strong support for the timing of independent energy price changes, exogenous causes of election results, reducing the visibility of carbon pricing, and using public‐benefit justifications, as well as some support for making concessions to voters. By contrast, the effects of the use of revenue, industry exemptions/compensations, and making polluters pay are not uniform, because the effects of revenue use depend on how it is embedded in coalition building efforts and a middle path between exempting or compensating industry and burdening it appears to be more effective than pursuing just one or the other approach. 鉴于可预期的政治反对，采用给家庭带来显著成本的气候政策并不常见，然而，不列颠哥伦比亚省实行的碳政策与加利福尼亚州的碳排放总量管制与交易计划却强制施加了这类成本并仍然挺过了强烈反对。为解释这些结果，本文检验了有关政策设计、政策制定、能源价格和选举的假设。本文对这两个管辖区中的三个子案例进行了一般化比较和差异识别比较，并使用原始数据执行一项追踪过程，后者涉及与舆论和精英政治立场相关的机制。本文发现，独立的能源价格变化，选举结果的外部起因，碳定价可见性的减少，使用有益于公众的正当理由等方面存在强烈支持，对选民做出让步也存在部分支持。相反的是，税收使用、产业豁免/补偿机制、以及让污染者买单所产生的效果并不统一，因为前者取决于其如何被置于联盟建构工作，而在豁免或补偿产业及烧碳之间选择一条中间路径似乎比仅追求其中一种方法更为有效。 La adopcion de politicas climaticas con costos visibles y sustanciales para los hogares es poco comun debido a la reaccion politica esperada, pero el impuesto al carbono de la Columbia Britanica y el programa de tope y comercio de California impusieron tales costos y aun sobrevivieron a la oposicion vigorosa. Para explicar estos resultados, este documento prueba hipotesis sobre el diseno de politicas, la elaboracion, los precios de la energia y las elecciones. Realiza comparaciones de universalizacion y busqueda de variaciones en tres subcajas en las dos jurisdicciones y utiliza fuentes primarias para llevar a cabo el rastreo de procesos que involucran mecanismos de opinion publica y toma de posicion de elite. El documento encuentra un fuerte apoyo para el momento de los cambios independientes en los precios de la energia, causas exogenas de los resultados electorales, la reduccion de la visibilidad de los precios del carbono y el uso de justificaciones de beneficio publico, asi como cierto apoyo para hacer concesiones a los votantes. Por el contrario, los efectos del uso de los ingresos, las exenciones / compensaciones de la industria y hacer que los contaminadores paguen no son uniformes, porque el primero depende de como se integra en los esfuerzos de construccion de coaliciones y parece un camino intermedio entre eximir o compensar a la industria y cargarla. para ser mas efectivo que seguir solo uno u otro enfoque.
Ihde's Pragmatism

Anyone who has maintained a sustained philosophical relationship with Don Ihde that includes face-to-face interaction has probably heard him acknowledge a pragmatist bent in his thought. In Experiential Phenomenology: Multistabilities, Ihde characterizes postphenomenology as “pragmatism + phenomenology”; he also provides a brief critical discussion of John Dewey and Richard Rorty in his book Husserl’s Missing Technologies, and titles one chapter “Adding Pragmatism to Phenomenology.” These two late books publicize Ihde’s sympathy to pragmatism, and they respond to ways in which others working in the philosophy of technology have sought to link Ihde’s work to pragmatist philosophy. But there is still work to be done in exposing his pragmatist proclivities. This chapter (a) clarifies how pragmatism should be understood as a philosophical school of thought; (b) introduces and explicates how early pragmatists drew upon evolution to reformulate their approach to epistemology; (c) explains how the naturalism of this approach differs from the lingering idealism of Continental thinkers; and then (d) identifies the threads in Ihde’s work that are most indicative of these two characteristically pragmatist tendencies. The concluding section briefly recounts how this reading of Ihde takes postphenomenology beyond accounts that have been made by others working in the philosophy of technology, and establishes Ihde’s stature as a thinker who avoided some of the most costly philosophical blunders of the twentieth century.
Congenital nephrotic syndrome combined with skull dysplasia: case report and literature review

A case of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) combined with skull dysplasia was confirmed based on clinical findings, laboratory examination and skull CT scan. Hereditary features, clinical manifestations, treatment and prognosis of CNS were reported in this paper after literatm'e review. Key words: Nephrotic syndrome; Bone diseases, development
Concurrent updates to pages with fixed-size rows using lock-free algorithms

Database systems based on ARIES [11] protocol rely on Write Ahead Logging (WAL) to recover the database in the event of a crash. WAL protocol requires changes to the database are recorded to the transaction log before updating the underlying database page. WAL also mandates that the log record corresponding to the change is persisted to disk before the updated page. While WAL allows updates to the databases using in-place updates or using shadow paging, database systems that perform in-place updates typically latch the page exclusively for the entire duration of log generation and the change on the page. The exclusive latch on the page prevents other threads from modifying the page at the same time, reducing the concurrency, and negatively impacting the throughput of the system. While approaches like Segment-Based recovery [16] attempt to solve the contention by pushing the burden of synchronization to the application along with a proposal for recovering parts of pages, this paper takes a different approach by providing a mechanism to support concurrent updates to certain kinds of pages under a shared latch using lock-free algorithms. The pages are recovered using existing ARIES protocol with a few modifications. This approach significantly boosts the throughput of an ARIES based database system, without any application changes. The paper describes in detail the challenges of implementing the mechanism and how the ARIES concepts like page LSN, logging and checkpoint are handled to support concurrent updates on space maintenance pages in Microsoft SQL Server. The paper also presents the experimental results showcasing the impact of the work.