cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Rhenium Thiolate Complexes. Crystal and Molecular Structures of [NBu4][ReO(H2O)Br4)]·2H2O, [Bu4N][ReOBr4(OPPh3)], [ReO(SC5H4N)3], [ReO(SC4H3N2)3][ReO(OH)(SC5H4N-3,6-(SiMe2But)2)2], [Re(N2COC6H5)(SC5H4N)Cl(PPh3)2], and [Re(PPh3)(SC4H3N2)3]

The syntheses and characterizations of six monomeric rhenium thiolate complexes and the structural characterization of two useful rhenium starting materials are presented. Pyridine-2-thiol (1) and its derivatives 3-(trimethylsilyl)pyridine-2-thiol (2), 3,6-bis(dimethyl-tert-butylsilyl)pyridine-2-thiol (3), and pyrimidine-2-thiol (4) were reacted with [Bu4N][ReOBr4(H2O)]·2H2O (5), [Bu4N][ReOBr4(OPPh3)] (6), [ReO2(C5H5N)4], and [Re{N2CO(C6H5)}Cl2(PPh3)2] to give [ReO(C5H4NS)3] (7), [ReO(C8H12NSiS)3] (8), [ReO(OH)(C11H20NSi2S)2] (9), [Re{N2CO(C6H5)}Cl(PPh3)2(C5H4NS)] (10), [ReO(C4H3N2S)3] (11), and [Re{P(C6H5)3}(C4H3N2S)3] (12). Crystal data: 5, C16H42NO4Br4Re, tetragonal, I4, a = 8.779(2) A, b = 11.614(2) A, c = 9.397(2) A, β = 114.67(3)°, V = 870.7(4) A3, Z = 2, 422 reflections, R = 0.0457; 6, C34H51NO2PBr4Re, triclinic, P1, a = 14.437(3) A, b = 16.589(3) A, c = 16.783(3) A, α = 94.87(3)°, β = 97.62(3)°, γ = 93.80(3)°, V = 3957(2) A3, Z = 4, 6141 reflections, R = 0.0758; 7, C15H12N3OS3Re, monoclinic, P2...
Relationship of Host Tree Diameter to Within-Tree Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Population Dynamics

Relationships of host-tree diameter and season to within-tree southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, population parameters (successful attack, egg, and emerging brood adult densities, attacking adult and within-tree brood mortality, and brood increase ratio) were studied in 2 infestations. Relationship of tree diameter at breast height to beetle population parameters differed considerably between infestations. Beetles were not adversely affected by host trees as small as 15.2-cm diameter at breast height. Values of beetle population parameters varied widely among trees. Season was as influential as host-tree diameter on beetle population parameters. Winter and spring values of brood increase ratio in each of the infestations corresponded with spot growth patterns in the infestations. Winter or spring, or both, values of brood increase ratio were higher than summer values.
Rats Remember Items in Context Using Episodic Memory

Summary Vivid episodic memories in people have been characterized as the replay of unique events in sequential order [1–3]. Animal models of episodic memory have successfully documented episodic memory of a single event (e.g., [4–8]). However, a fundamental feature of episodic memory in people is that it involves multiple events, and notably, episodic memory impairments in human diseases are not limited to a single event. Critically, it is not known whether animals remember many unique events using episodic memory. Here, we show that rats remember many unique events and the contexts in which the events occurred using episodic memory. We used an olfactory memory assessment in which new (but not old) odors were rewarded using 32 items. Rats were presented with 16 odors in one context and the same odors in a second context. To attain high accuracy, the rats needed to remember item in context because each odor was rewarded as a new item in each context. The demands on item-in-context memory were varied by assessing memory with 2, 3, 5, or 15 unpredictable transitions between contexts, and item-in-context memory survived a 45 min retention interval challenge. When the memory of item in context was put in conflict with non-episodic familiarity cues, rats relied on item in context using episodic memory. Our findings suggest that rats remember multiple unique events and the contexts in which these events occurred using episodic memory and support the view that rats may be used to model fundamental aspects of human cognition.
Giant idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistula managed by coils and amplatzer device: Case report and literature review.

Giant idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistula managed by coils and amplatzer device: Case report and literature review
Comparative Growth of Spoilage and Pathogenic Organisms on Modified Atmosphere-Packaged Cooked Beef

The influence of CO2 atmospheres on the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms on cooked, sliced roast beef was investigated. An atmosphere containing 75% CO2, 15% N2 and 10% O2 was identified as the most effective in the simultaneous inhibition of Pseudomonas fragi , Salmonella typhimurium , Staphylococcus aureus , and Clostridium perfringens . Inoculated roast beef was exposed to two temperature abuse regimes to observe the resultant microbiological changes in air and three modified atmospheres containing 75% CO2 and O, 5 or 10% O2 (balance N2). The modified atmospheres inhibited the growth of S. aureus during abusive storage, and atmospheres containing 5 or 10% O2 inhibited the outgrowth of C. perfringens . The modified atmospheres were less effective in inhibiting the growth of S. typhimurium . However, high Salmonella counts were accompanied by high Pseudomonas counts. The concept of a Safety Index, which compares numbers of spoilage and pathogenic organisms, was developed to aid in the evaluation of modified atmospheres.
Topoisomerases and Anthracyclines: Recent Advances and Perspectives in Anticancer Therapy and Prevention of Cardiotoxicity

Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes involved in maintaining genomic stability of the cell by regulating the over- or underwinding of DNA strands. Besides their customary functions, topoisomerases are important cellular targets of widely used anticancer drugs. In particular, topoisomerase IIα (Top2α) has been postulated as the primary molecular target of anthracycline's anticancer activity, whereas topoisomerase IIβ (Top2β), the only Top2 present in heart tissue, seems to be involved in the development of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Noteworthy, cardiotoxicity is the most frequent adverse effect of both conventional and modern anticancer targeted therapy, representing the leading noncancer-related cause of morbidity and mortality in long-term survivors. The molecular mechanisms of anthracyclineinduced cardiotoxicity have been investigated for decades and, despite the numerous mechanistic hypotheses put forward, its aetiology and pathogenesis still remain controversial. This review is aimed at focusing on the double edge sword of topoisomerase-anthracycline interaction, and, in particular, on the potential role of topoisomerases in anthracyclines anticancer activity as well as in the pathogenesis of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
Discrete Consensus Achievement in Artificial Systems

In this chapter, we focus on consensus achievement problems. We define the best-of-n problem and a taxonomy of its possible variants. Using this problem-oriented taxonomy, as well as a second taxonomy based on the design methodology, we review the literature of swarm robotics and provide a complete overview of the current state of the art.
Plain radiography may underestimate the burden of body packer ingestion: A case report

Body packing refers to the intracorporeal concealment of illicit drugs. Here we report the case of a 55-year-old body packer who presented with palpitations, visual hallucinations, and a sense of impending death. Abdominal radiography demonstrated five ovoid foreign bodies overlying the rectum. At subsequent gastrotomy and cecotomy, thirty-eight cocaine-containing packets were retrieved from the stomach and ascending colon as well as from the rectum. As the contraband market evolves new techniques to evade detection, evaluation of the burden of body packer ingestion has become increasingly challenging. As demonstrated in this case, plain radiography can grossly underestimate the burden of ingestion.
Long-Delay Arterial Spin Labeling Provides More Accurate Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements in Moyamoya Patients: A Simultaneous Positron Emission Tomography/MRI Study.

Background and Purpose— Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI is a promising, noninvasive technique to image cerebral blood flow (CBF) but is difficult to use in cerebrovascular patients with abnormal, long arterial transit times through collateral pathways. To be clinically adopted, ASL must first be optimized and validated against a reference standard in these challenging patient cases. Methods— We compared standard-delay ASL (post-label delay=2.025 seconds), multidelay ASL (post-label delay=0.7–3.0 seconds), and long-label long-delay ASL acquisitions (post-label delay=4.0 seconds) against simultaneous [ 15 O]-positron emission tomography (PET) CBF maps in 15 Moyamoya patients on a hybrid PET/MRI scanner. Dynamic susceptibility contrast was performed in each patient to identify areas of mild, moderate, and severe time-to-maximum (Tmax) delays. Relative CBF measurements by each ASL scan in 20 cortical regions were compared with the PET reference standard, and correlations were calculated for areas with moderate and severe Tmax delays. Results— Standard-delay ASL underestimated relative CBF by 20% in areas of severe Tmax delays, particularly in anterior and middle territories commonly affected by Moyamoya disease ( P P =0.02). Long-label long-delay ASL scans showed the strongest correlation relative to PET, and there was no difference in mean relative CBF between the modalities, even in areas of severe delays. Conclusions— Post-label delay times of ≥4 seconds are needed and may be combined with multidelay strategies for robust ASL assessment of CBF in Moyamoya disease.
A network-based classification framework for predicting treatment response of schizophrenia patients

Abstract Knowledge-based systems including expert systems are one of the core components of clinical decision support systems. Nonetheless, modeling the uncertainty in medical knowledge is one of the main challenges of developing and employing such systems. Among various disorders, mental disorders are especially difficult to model because of their interconnected symptoms that give rise to complex outcomes such as resistance to different treatments. Here, we propose a network-based classification framework to distinguish treatment resistant schizophrenia patients from treatment responsive ones. Within this network-based framework, different antipsychotic medications are considered as external agents that change different properties of a symptoms interaction network where each node of the network represents one symptom. The overall goal of this study is to identify the symptoms that play a major role in responsiveness of the patients to antipsychotic medications. The proposed framework was tested using Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) dataset and compared with three other commonly used feature selection methods: reliefF, Support Vector Machine (SVM) weights, and information gain. According to the results, features selected based on information gain and network analysis provided better classification performance, while the latter also considered the interactions of symptoms and is more interpretable.
Aktuelle Tendenzen des Märchenfilms: Erweiterte Gratifikationen und Adressierungen am Beispiel Schneewittchen

Im Jahr 2005 erfand der Fantasyfilm Brothers Grimm / The Brothers Grimm die Sprachwissenschaftler und Volkskundler Jacob (1785–1863) und Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859) neu, als Actionhelden in einem Patchwork der Grimm’schen Marchenwelt. Neben dem Glamour und dem Abenteuer, die der marchensammelnden Philologie hier zukommen, ist die Umdeutung des Marchens an sich bemerkenswert.
A framework for virtual disassembly analysis

Product reuse or recyclability is enhanced by designing the product for inexpensive and efficient disassembly. However, accomplishing enhanced product design requires design for disassembly (DFD) tools. This paper presents a disassembly framework that consists of design modules; both of these are embodied in the geometric DFD tool. These modules consist of different tasks including: selection of the appropriate disassembly method; producing an optimized disassembly sequence; evaluating a disassembly sequence for cost; producing design change recommendations. These considerations make a product easier to disassemble and therefore have potential benefit to the environment.
Service Science and Network Science

Service in knowledge-based economies represent a new mode of production: value co-creation between customers and providers. This mode inflates as the digital connections of persons, organizations, and resources reach every corner of the society. Hyper-networks result, representing the eco-system of the collection of such connections. The Internet is a prime example. Traditional boundaries of business strategies, such as cost minimization vs. product differentiation, may no longer hold in hyper-networks, since the latter allow the population orientation (standardization) to co-exist with personalization (differentiation). Or, more fundamentally, the accumulation of assets (one for all) can also maximize their custom reuse for persons (all for one). This nyper-network nature of new service indicates a promising approach to developing new service science: the network science.
Strings in Space

String theory was originally invented to describe hadrons.* Ultimately this idealized mathematical theory of hadrons failed, owing in part to the inability to couple strings to the external local fields, such as the electromagnetic field. The reason for this failure is the infinity of normal mode zero point fluctuations spreading the string over all space [2]. In this chapter we will examine in detail the spatial properties of fundamental strings. We will also speculate on how they compare with the strings of large-N color gauge theory.† We will be particularly interested in the following characteristics of the ground state of the fundamental string: 1. What is the average size of the spatial region occupied by the string? 2. What is the average length of the string? 3. Is the string smooth on small scales or does it exhibit rough or fractal-like behavior? 4. How densely is space filled with string?
Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD)

As of now, the Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD) is a national leader in the implementation and development of sustainable building and renewable energy technology. The colleges and satellites of the district feature numerous Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified buildings, and more importantly 100% of the energy need will be met through the use of cutting-edge renewable energy generation and energy storage technology. The story of the transition from being an aging educational colossus to a gleaming example of the best that architecture and technology can offer follows.
Management of Bariatric Complications for the General Surgeon

Bariatric and metabolic surgery has received global acceptance as a treatment for obesity and its comorbidities. Although bariatric surgery procedures are safe and complication rates are low, a small subset of patients present urgently for management of complications related to these procedures. In this chapter, we aim to give an overview of the issues and complications a general surgeon may face when called to treat a bariatric surgery patient.
Engaging Students in Academic Literacies: Genre-based Pedagogy for K-5 Classrooms

The Common Core State Standards require schools to include writing in a variety of genres across the disciplines. Engaging Students in Academic Literacies provides specific information to plan and carry out genre-based writing instruction in English for K-5 students within various content areas. Informed by systemic functional linguistics—a theory of language IN USE in particular ways for particular audiences and social purposes—it guides teachers in developing students’ ability to construct texts using structural and linguistic features of the written language. This approach to teaching writing and academic language is effective in addressing the persistent achievement gap between ELLs and "mainstream" students, especially in the context of current reforms in the U.S. Transforming systemic functional linguistics and genre theory into concrete classroom tools for designing, implementing, and reflecting on instruction and providing essential scaffolding for teachers to build their own knowledge of its essential elements applied to teaching, the text includes strategies for apprenticing students to writing in all genres, features of elementary students’ writing, and examples of practice.
Coaching college students who have expressed an interest in leaving: A pilot study

Coaching programmes have become increasingly popular among institutions seeking to increase retention rates. The purpose of this experimental study is to examine the effects of a brief coaching int...
“Side Effects” Observed Within ~1–90 Days After Cannabis Onset: Epidemiological Estimates for the United States, 2004‐2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Among newly incident cannabis users, fewer than 4% develop cannabis dependence syndromes within 12 to 24 months, but earlier cannabis side effect (SE) incidence and early syndrome formation remains understudied. We estimate cannabis SE incidence within ~1 to 90 days after first use, and estimate odds ratios (OR) for SE pairs to quantify potential syndromic "running together." METHODS Each year, 2004 to 2014, the US populations under study consisted of noninstitutionalized civilian residents age 12-years-and-older, sampled for National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. Computerized self-interviews identified 3710 newly incident cannabis users and asked about SEs. Analysis-weighted year-specific SE and SE-SE pair incidence proportions were estimated. Analysis-weighted odds ratio (OR) estimates quantify SE-SE co-occurrences, judged as "greater than chance" when lower bounds (LB) of 95% confidence intervals (CIs) exceed 1.0. Meta-analysis is used to summarize and to check reproducibility. RESULTS Illustrative of estimates on 17 SEs, roughly 1/2 of cannabis initiates experienced "wanting or trying to cut down or stop using," but 80% of these cut back, such that less than 7% had symptom-like inability to cut back or stop. An estimated 25% had "spent a lot of time getting or using cannabis." The SE-SE paired estimate is 2.8% for those who had spent a lot of time and also had wanted/tried to cut down (95% CI = 2.0, 4.0). OR estimation suggests no syndromic co-occurrence of this SE-SE pair (OR = 0.9; 95% CI = 0.5, 1.6). In contrast, "cannabis causing serious problems at home/work/school" and "continuing to use despite physical problems" were more rare, but had strong SE-SE co-occurrence (OR = 14.8, LB = 2.4). For 78 of 136 possible SE-SE pairs, meta-analysis LB estimates exceeded the 1.0 threshold. CONCLUSION AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE In these US community samples of cannabis initiates studied soon after first use, the vast majority were free of individual SE experiences counted toward Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition cannabis use disorder diagnoses. For a minority, SE-SE pairs might indicate syndrome formation. These epidemiological meta-analysis estimates might find use in refinement of clinical practice guidelines for fast effective syndrome screens when primary care patients are seen soon after cannabis onset, akin to clinical screening guides designed for newly incident drinkers (Am J Addict 2019;00:1-9).
Laparoscopy Versus Open Colorectal Surgery: How Strong Is the Evidence?

The quality of data determines the ability to make a decision in the era of evidence-based medicine. A discussion around the level of evidence provided by an individual study is helpful in this process. Laparoscopic treatment of colorectal disease has been subjected to all levels of scrutiny from Levels 1 to 4, and there is enough data in the recent decade alone to determine that laparoscopic approaches to colorectal disease should be considered standard of care.
Family planning trends among community‐dwelling African refugee women

Purpose From 2009 to 2019, more than 175,000 refugees were admitted into the United States from African countries. What is known about sexual and reproductive health in this population is focused on perinatal outcomes; beliefs and attitudes towards family planning and related behaviors, which can impact perinatal health, have not been explored. Understanding these beliefs and attitudes can guide future work with this population. Study design A cross-sectional, convenience survey of 100 community-dwelling African refugee women was conducted. Results The following research questions guided analysis: What are African refugee women's family planning attitudes (pregnancy intention, desired timing, perceived fecundity)? What are African refugee women's family planning behaviors (use vs. non-use of methods, type of methods used)? and What socio-demographic factors and family planning attitudes are related to family panning behaviors (use or non-use of methods)? Almost 49% of participants reported ever using a method of family planning and 35% reported current use. Reasons for non-use included desire for more children (28.8%), infrequent intercourse (22.0%), and fear of side effects (16.9%). Nearly two thirds expressed a desire for a future pregnancy (63.4%), but the majority reported wanting to become pregnant in two or more years (25.7%) or "when God wants" (24.8%). No significant relationship was found between family planning method use and future pregnancy intention, desired timing of future pregnancy, perceived fecundity, marital status, religious affiliation, number of years in the US. Having had any formal schooling decreased the likelihood of using a family planning method. Implications for practice and research Low family planning method use rates among African refugee women are not completely explained by desires for future pregnancy, perceived fecundity, marital status, or other sociodemographic factors. Concern for future fertility and fear of side effects were identified as potentially modifiable reasons appropriate for community based culturally congruent educational interventions on family planning use.
Development of Neurotransmitter Systems in the Goldfish Retina

In the adult vertebrate retina, aminobuteric acid (GABA), glycine and dopamine have been localized in particular cell types and their role implicated as neurotransmitter for those cells. The cells have been shown to contain high concentrations of neurotransmitter and its synthetic enzymes and they accumulate the putative transmitter or its precursors. These retinal neurons are also capable of releasing the transmitter in response to an appropriate stimulus (Hall et al., 1974; Robert et al., 1976, for review). In the retina of adult Xenopus laevis, GABA accumulates predominantly in horizontal cells and in certain amacrine cells of the inner nuclear layer (Hollyfield et al., 1979). Similar cell types in the adult goldfish retina also contain GABA; specifically, GABA has been localized in H-l type cone horizontal cells and Ab type pyri-form amacrine cells (Marc et al., 1978).
Visualising Multilingual Lives: More Than Words: by Kalaja, P. and Melo-Pfeifer, S., Bristol, UK; NBN, Blue Ridge Summit, PA, USA, Multilingual Matters, 2019, 312 pp., 39.95 GBP/59.95 USD/54.95 EUR, ISBN: 9781788922593

This is a book review of Visualising Multilingual Lives: more than words by Paula Kalaja and Silvia Melo-Pfeifer published by Multilingual Matters in 2019. This groundbreaking volume brings togethe...
Retrospective analysis of a pilot pharmacist-led hospice deprescribing program initiative.

Context Medication deprescribing in palliative care settings has been insufficiently studied. Objective To determine the feasibility of a deprescribing program in hospice patients with limited life expectancy. Design Pharmacist-led, single arm, single-centered, retrospective analysis of a pilot deprescribing program in an integrated healthcare delivery organization between 9/1/2018 to 1/31/2019. Outcome measures The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved ≥50% reduction of the recommended medications to deprescribe. Results A total of 97 patients were included in the analysis. The average age was 77.5 ± 23.7 years, with 53.6% being women and 54.6% white. The most common primary diagnosis was cancer (58.8%), with cardiovascular disease the next most common (15.5%). The mean number of baseline comorbidities was 2.0 ± 1.6. Of 698 prescriptions at the start of hospice enrollment, 79.4% of patients achieved a ≥50% reduction in medications recommended for deprescribing. This success was seen mostly in cardiovascular and other nonspecific medications. We found that every 1-unit increase in the number of patient encounters with hospice pharmacists was associated with a 3.2-fold higher odds of achieving a ≥50% reduction in medications that were recommended for deprescribing. Conclusion The findings from this pilot study revealed that a collaborative, pharmacist-led, collaborative medication deprescribing program initiative was associated with a 79% success in ≥50% medication reduction. More frequent patient encounters had higher odds of success. Future studies, utilizing a control group, should focus on determining the effectiveness of the program and the impact on quality of life.
Albumin-binding Aptamer Chimeras for Improved siRNA Bioavailability

Abstract Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are potent nucleic acid-based drugs designed to target disease driving genes that may otherwise be undruggable with small molecules. However, the potential of administering therapeutic siRNA in vivo is limited by poor pharmacokinetic properties, including rapid renal clearance and nuclease degradation. Nanocarriers have traditionally been explored as means to overcome these challenges, but they have intrinsic downsides such as dose-limiting toxicity and synthetic complexity. Backpacking on natural carriers such as albumin, which is present at high concentration and has a long half-life in serum, is an effective way to modify pharmacokinetics of biologic drugs that otherwise have poor bioavailability. In this work, we sought to develop albumin-binding aptamer-siRNA chimeras to improve the bioavailability of siRNA. We used a Systematic Evolution of Ligands through Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) approach to obtain RNA aptamers with modified bases that bind albumin with high affinity. We then fused the aptamers directly to an siRNA to generate the chimera structure. These aptamer-siRNA chimeras are stable in serum, exhibit potent gene knockdown capabilities in vitro, and display extended circulation time in vivo. We suggest that this albumin-binding aptamersiRNA chimera approach is a promising strategy for drug delivery applications.
Hypoglossal Nerve Monitoring During Sleep Surgery: Methodology, Utility Optimization

The effectiveness of hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) depends upon selective stimulation of nerve fibers that innervate muscles that produce tongue protrusion and stiffening, without activating those that innervate muscles that produce tongue retraction. This selective stimulation can be optimized by use of intraoperative hypoglossal nerve stimulation and monitoring during stimulator implantation. This article describes the methodology for applying nerve monitoring during HGNS surgery and reviews evidence supporting its utility in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Intraoperative nerve stimulation and monitoring can successfully and reliably isolate hypoglossal nerve fibers that innervate muscles that produce tongue protrusion (to be included within the implanted electrode cuff) from those that innervate muscles that produce retraction (to be excluded from the cuff). This minimizes post-implantation mixed activation (both tongue protrusion and retraction), which can inhibit therapeutic responses to HGNS. The efficacy of HGNS in the treatment of OSA can be optimized by using intraoperative nerve stimulation and monitoring.
On the Representation of Boolean Magmas and Boolean Semilattices

A magma is an algebra with a binary operation \(\cdot \), and a Boolean magma is a Boolean algebra with an additional binary operation \(\cdot \) that distributes over all finite Boolean joins. We prove that all square-increasing (\(x\le x^2\)) Boolean magmas are embedded in complex algebras of idempotent (\(x=x^2\)) magmas. This solves a problem in a recent paper [3] by C. Bergman. Similar results are shown to hold for commutative Boolean magmas with an identity element and a unary inverse operation, or with any combination of these properties. A Boolean semilattice is a Boolean magma where \(\cdot \) is associative, commutative, and square-increasing. Let \(\mathsf {SL}\) be the class of semilattices and let \(\boldsymbol{\mathsf S}(\mathsf {SL}^+)\) be all subalgebras of complex algebras of semilattices. All members of \(\boldsymbol{\mathsf S}(\mathsf {SL}^+)\) are Boolean semilattices and we investigate the question which Boolean semilattices are representable, i.e., members of \(\boldsymbol{\mathsf S}(\mathsf {SL}^+)\). There are 79 eight-element integral Boolean semilattices that satisfy a list of currently known axioms of \(\boldsymbol{\mathsf S}(\mathsf {SL}^+)\). We show that 72 of them are indeed members of \(\boldsymbol{\mathsf S}(\mathsf {SL}^+)\), leaving the remaining 7 as open problems.
A flexible polymer waveguide platform with low-loss optical interfaces

Single-mode polymer photonics is important to short-reach data communications, photonic packaging, sensing, and biophotonic light delivery. Mechanical flexibility and manufacturing scalability (e.g., roll-to-roll fabrication compatibility) are among other advantages often cited for these polymer materials. Here we report here experimental demonstration of mechanically flexible waveguides fabricated by using commercial off-the-shelf biocompatible polymers that claim a record low propagation loss of 0.11 dB/cm near 850 nm wavelength ( Fig. 1a ). In addition to their low optical loss, the waveguides also exhibit excellent mechanical flexibility and ruggedness, capable of withstanding over 1,000 bending cycles at 2 mm bending radius [1] .
Complementary Occupancy of Semi-permanent Wetlands by Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) Larvae and Fishes as Indicated by Zooplankton Size and Color: How Respiratory Physiology Explains Community Ecology

Hydrology and dissolved oxygen (DO) availability drive wetland occupancy by zooplantivorous predators in the Prairie Pothole Region of the northeastern Great Plains, as follows. Permanent wetlands favor fishes, while the shallow waters of seasonal wetlands favor invertebrates and the larvae of the amphibian spring-breeding guild, including Tiger Salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum). Semi-permanent wetlands fluctuate between these two extremities, holding water during wet years but drying during droughts, which means the aquatic vertebrate occupancy of these wetlands typically switches between fishes (wet periods) and amphibian larvae (droughts). Further, the shallow water of wetlands promotes hypoxic/anoxic conditions, creating “summerkills” and “winterkills,” primarily of fishes, which obligately breathe DO. Spring-breeding amphibian larvae avoid summerkills by air gulping—using their lungs to access atmospheric oxygen—and avoid winterkills by metamorphosing. Zooplankton, in turn, have several responses to these wetland conditions and their predators. In reaction to visually mediated, size-selective fish predation, small and semi-transparent zooplankton are selected for, and they undertake daily vertical migrations; the literature on this ecological interaction is vast. In response to intense invertebrate predation pressure, zooplankton become large. In response to wetland hypoxia, zooplankton upregulate hemoglobin (i.e., create blood), which makes them conspicuously red. Nocturnally active Tiger Salamander larvae use senses other than vision (likely lateral line mechano- and electroreceptors) to detect prey, permitting zooplankton to be large and red. The presence or absence of fishes or amphibians, combined with zooplankton morphology (small/large, semi-transparent/red), therefore create hypotheses regarding recent wetland conditions. This variability, while characterizing semi-permanent wetlands, is much more dramatic and dynamic than has previously been reported for palustrine basins. As such, by this and other criteria, I offer a synthesis built upon an understanding of respiratory physiology to explain the ecological communities observed in prairie wetlands.
A Model Theory for Sentential Quantification

The ideas of the previous chapter can be used to give a semantic account of sentential qualification. The key thought is to use sentential quantification in our metalanguage to set out the semantics of sentential quantification in the object language.
Urinary porphyrins as biological indicators of oxidative stress in the kidney. Interaction of mercury and cephaloridine.

Reduced porphyrins (hexahydroporphyrins, porphyrinogens) are readily oxidized in vitro by free radicals which are known to mediate oxidative stress in tissue cells. To determine if increased urinary porphyrin concentrations may reflect oxidative stress to the kidney in vivo, we measured the urinary porphyrin content of rats treated with mercury as methyl mercury hydroxide (MMH) or cephaloridine, both nephrotoxic, oxidative stress-inducing agents. Rats exposed to MMH at 5 ppm in the drinking water for 4 weeks showed a 4-fold increase in 24-hr total urinary porphyrin content and a 1.3-fold increase in urinary malondialdehyde (MDA), an established measure of oxidative stress in vivo. Treatment with cephaloridine alone (10-500 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-related increase in urinary MDA and total porphyrin levels up to 1.6 and 7 times control values, respectively. Injection of MMH-treated rats with cephaloridine (500 mg/kg) caused a synergistic (20-fold) increase in urinary porphyrin levels, but an additive (1.9-fold) increase in the MDA concentration. Studies in vitro demonstrated that cephaloridine stimulated the iron-catalyzed H2O2-dependent oxidation of porphyrinogens to porphyrins in the absence of either microsomes or mitochondria. Additionally, porphyrinogens were oxidized to porphyrins in an iron-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation system. Moreover, porphyrinogens served as an effective antioxidant (EC50 approximately 1-2 microM) to lipid peroxidation. These results demonstrate that MMH and cephaloridine synergistically, as well as individually, promote increased oxidation of reduced porphyrins in the kidney and that this action may be mechanistically linked to oxidative stress elicited by these chemicals. Increased urinary porphyrin levels may, therefore, represent a sensitive indicator of oxidative stress in the kidney in vivo.
Consecutive Up-Down Patterns in Up-Down Permutations

In this paper, we study the distribution of the number of consecutive pattern matches of the five up-down permutations of length four, $1324$, $2314$, $2413$, $1432$, and $3412$, in the set of up-down permutations. We show that for any such $\tau$, the generating function for the distribution of the number of consecutive pattern matches of $\tau$ in the set of up-down permutations can be expressed in terms of what we call the generalized maximum packing polynomials of $\tau$. We then provide some systematic methods to compute the generalized maximum packing polynomials for such $\tau$.
Characterization of Profilaggrin Endoproteinase 1 A REGULATED CYTOPLASMIC ENDOPROTEINASE OF EPIDERMIS

Profilaggrin, an insoluble precursor of the intermediate filament-associated protein filaggrin, contains multiple internal repeats (PIRs). At terminal differentiation of epidermis, proteolytic processing within a "linker" region of each PIR releases soluble filaggrin in a two-stage process. The first stage endoproteinase (PEP1, profilaggrin endoproteinase 1) cleaves mouse profilaggrin at a subset of the linkers, yielding processing intermediates consisting of several filaggrin repeats. An epidermal endoproteinase that cleaves the requisite linker subset has been purified 4,966-fold from mouse epidermal extracts. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated a band of molecular mass of 29.5 kDa that correlated with the activity. Labeling with [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate identified PEP1 as a serine protease; inhibitor studies suggest that it is similar to chymotrypsin, as expected from previous in vivo studies. The purified PEP1 cleaved a peptide derived from profilaggrin (P1) at three residues within and adjacent to a multiple tyrosine sequence, consistent with the in vivo processing sites. No exopeptidase activity was detected. PEP1 is only active toward insoluble profilaggrin, resulting in partial solubilization, consistent with a role in dispersal of profilaggrin during terminal differentiation. In contrast to the specific cleavage of mouse profilaggrin, PEP1 cleaved all linker regions of rat profilaggrin. Studies with phosphorylated P1 suggest that PEP1 specificity may be partly regulated by profilaggrin phosphorylation.
The biological passport: closing the net on doping

This article examines the development of the biological passport as a method of combating doping in sport through and analysis of the case involving speedskater Claudia Pechstein as it went to the Court of Arbitration for Sport and then on to the Swiss Federal tribunal. The article also rasies questions as to whether the development of the passport may lead to a fundamental shift in the approach to fighting the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport.
TMT Potency and Strategic Decision‐Making in High Technology Firms

Confidence is necessary for effective top management team (TMT) functioning, however overconfidence or hubris has been associated with poor outcomes. Researchers have struggled to untangle questions of how much confidence is functional and whether there are different forms of confidence. Using data from a field study of 54 public high-technology firms we provide a richer understanding of the complex influence of one type of confidence, TMT potency on strategic decision-making. Specifically, using a field study of TMTs of 54 public high technology firms we find potency at least partially mediates the relationship between TMT experience and knowledge, TMT interaction process, and strategic decision speed. Post-hoc analysis of high potency teams suggests that potency may be either functional – leading to high performance, or dysfunctional – resulting in low performance. Potency appears to be a multi-faceted construct consisting of both level and domain boundedness. We offer propositions that begin to untangle the origins of functional versus dysfunctional potency or hubris.
On the Two-Way Customer Service Model in HRD Practice

Through a discussion on “customer services” in the higher education setting, this article argues that human resource development (HRD)pr actice should follow a similar two-way customer service mode...
Prevalence and functional consequence of PHOX2B mutations in neuroblastoma

PHOX2B is a homeodomain-containing protein that is involved in the development of the peripheral nervous system and is the major disease gene for the rare congenital breathing disorder congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS). Germline PHOX2B alterations were also recently discovered in neuroblastoma cases with CCHS and/or Hirschsprung disease, but a comprehensive survey for mutational frequency and functional consequence has not been performed. We therefore studied a large panel of hereditary neuroblastomas to understand the frequency and functional effects of PHOX2B mutations. Three of 47 individuals with presumed genetic predisposition to neuroblastoma showed a germline PHOX2B mutation (6.4%). Mutations were also discovered in 2 of 30 human neuroblastoma-derived cell lines, but none of 86 primary tumors from patients with sporadically occurring neuroblastoma. The vast majority of primary tumors showed abundant PHOX2B mRNA expression relative to the remainder of the transcriptome. Consistent with its role as an important neurodevelopmental gene, forced overexpression of wild-type PHOX2B in neuroblastoma cell lines suppressed cell proliferation and synergized with all-trans retinoic acid to promote differentiation. Patient-derived mutant PHOX2B constructs retained the ability to suppress cellular proliferation, but were not able to promote differentiation or activate expression of a known PHOX2B target gene in vitro. These findings show that PHOX2B alterations are a rare cause of hereditary neuroblastoma, but disruption of this neurodevelopmental pathway can interfere with transcription-dependent terminal differentiation. These data also suggest that the genetics of neuroblastoma initiation are complex, and highlight genes involved in normal noradrenergic development as candidate predisposition genes.
Radar Data Assimilation with WRF 4D-Var. Part I: System Development and Preliminary Testing

AbstractThe major goal of this two-part study is to assimilate radar data into the high-resolution Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF) for the improvement of short-term quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) using a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique. In Part I the development of a radar data assimilation scheme within the WRF 4D-Var system (WRF 4D-Var) and the preliminary testing of the scheme are described. In Part II the performance of the enhanced WRF 4D-Var system is examined by comparing it with the three-dimensional variational data assimilation system (WRF 3D-Var) for a convective system over the U.S. Great Plains. The WRF 4D-Var radar data assimilation system has been developed with the existing framework of an incremental formulation. The new development for radar data assimilation includes the tangent-linear and adjoint models of a Kessler warm-rain microphysics scheme and the new control variables of cloud water, rainwater, an...
Why the standard view is standard: people, not machines, understand patients' problems.

The 'Standard View' regarding computer-based medical diagnostic decision support programs is that, while such systems may be useful adjuncts to human decision-making, they cannot replace human diagnosticians. Mazoue (1990) disputes this viewpoint. He notes that human diagnosis is prone to a variety of errors, and claims that the processes of data collection for diagnosis and the intellectual task of making a diagnosis are independent. Mazoue believes that recent progress in computer-based diagnosis has been encouraging enough to consider the concept of "human-assisted computer diagnosis". This commentary explains why the Standard View should remain standard. Diagnosis is a complex process more involved than producing a nosological label for a set of patient descriptors. Efficient and ethical diagnostic evaluation requires a broad knowledge of people and of disease states. The state of the art in computer-based medical diagnosis does not support the optimistic claim that people can now be replaced by more reliable diagnostic programs.
HERMITIAN POINTS IN MARKOV SPECTRA

Let Hn be the upper half-space model of the n-dimensional hyperbolic space. For n=3, Hermitian points in the Markov spectrum of the extended Bianchi group Bd are introduced for any d. If ν is a Hermitian point in the spectrum, then there is a set of extremal geodesics in H3 with diameter 1/ν, which depends on one continuous parameter. It is shown that ν2 ≤ |D|/24 for any imaginary quadratic field with discriminant D, whose ideal-class group contains no cyclic subgroup of order 4, and in many other cases. Similarly, in the case of n = 4, if ν is a Hermitian point in the Markov spectrum for SV(Z4), some discrete group of isometries of H4, then the corresponding set of extremal geodesics depends on two continuous parameters.
Quantifying sources of error in McPAT and potential impacts on architectural studies

Architectural power modeling tools are widely used by the computer architecture community for rapid evaluations of high-level design choices and design space explorations. Currently, McPAT [31] is the de facto power model, but the literature does not yet contain a careful examination of its modeling accuracy. In addition, the issue of how greatly power modeling error can affect architectural-level studies has not been quantified before. In this work, we present the first rigorous assessment of McPAT's core power and area models with a detailed, validated power modeling toolchain used in current industrial practice. We find that McPAT's predictions can have significant error because some of the models are either incomplete, too high-level, or assume implementations of structures that differ from that of the core at hand. We demonstrate that large errors are possible when using McPAT's dynamic power estimates in the context of voltage noise and thermal hotspots, but for steady-state properties, accurately modeling leakage power is more important. Based on our analysis, we are able to provide guidelines for creating accurate McPAT models, even without access to detailed industrial power modeling tools. We conclude that in spite of its accuracy gaps, McPAT is still a very useful tool for many architectural studies, and its limitations can often be adequately addressed for a given research study of interest.
Earth tide‐earthquake correlation

The concept that there may be a causal relationship between solid-earth tide stresses and earthquakes and volcanic eruptions has been aired for some time, but without sufficient example in the field. Recently, S.R. McNutt and R.J. Beavan have been able to demonstrate such a correlation at the Pavlof volcano located along the Alaska peninsula. The three criteria required to evaluate such a correlation are the following. A statistical number of events, a constant accumulated strain, and a limited focal region are the criteria noted by A. Ryal et al. (Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer, 66, 1821–1846, 1976), and McNutt and Bevan think the first and last of these are met at Pavlof.
Evaluation, characterization, and communication of uncertainty by the intergovernmental panel on climate change—an introductory essay

Since its inception in 1988, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has worked with the growing recognition that uncertainty is pervasive in our understanding of the climate system: what drives climate change, what will determine its future course, and what influence it will have on important social and ecological aspects of our world. It is not news that the IPCC has struggled, with varying degrees of success, in its efforts to describe these uncertainties and to judge the confidence with which it can offer its major conclusions. Richard Moss and Stephen Schneider (Moss and Schneider 2000) were the lead authors of IPCC’s first attempt to provide some guidance for authors in this regard, during the preparation of the Third Assessment Report (the TAR). A second guidance document was created by an author team headed by Martin Manning and Rob Swart (Manning et al. 2004) after an expert meeting to support the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), and yet another version was produced after another expert meeting by a crossworking group team (Mastrandrea et al. 2010) as chapter authors assembled to begin their work on the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). This most recent attempt, informed by the history of previous assessments, is the point of departure for the papers in this special issue of Climatic Change. AR5 authors must do their work in a world that is marked by several recent, major changes in the climate change landscape that present larger challenges and opportunities. First of all, the Inter-Academy Council (IAC 2010) review of IPCC emphasized the treatment of uncertainty and, among other things, called for improvement in the way IPCC describes and communicates uncertainty with particular emphasis on increased consistency Climatic Change (2011) 108:629–639 DOI 10.1007/s10584-011-0176-8