cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lagrangian shock hydrodynamics on tetrahedral meshes: A stable and accurate variational multiscale approach

In the past, a number of attempts have failed to robustly compute highly transient shock hydrodynamics flows on tetrahedral meshes. To a certain degree, this is not a surprise, as prior attempts emphasized enhancing the structure of shock-capturing operators rather than focusing on issues of stability with respect to small, linear perturbations. In this work, a new method is devised to stabilize computations on piecewise-linear tetrahedral finite elements. Spurious linear modes are prevented by means of the variational multiscale approach. The resulting algorithm can be proven stable in the linearized limit of acoustic wave propagation. Starting from this solid base, the approach is generalized to fully nonlinear shock computations, by augmenting the discrete formulation with discontinuity-capturing artificial viscosities. Extensive tests in the case of Lagrangian shock dynamics of ideas gases on triangular and tetrahedral grids confirm the stability and accuracy properties of the method. Incidentally, the same tests also reveal the lack of stability of current compatible/mimetic/staggered discretizations: This is due to the presence of specific unstable modes which are theoretically analyzed and verified in computations.
Triphasic Randomized Clinical Trial: Comparison of effects on carbohydrate metabolism.

One hundred thirty women were randomly assigned to treatment with one of three triphasic oral contraceptives, and 43 women using nonhormonal methods served as controls for a 6-month study of the metabolic effects of these formulations. One of the oral contraceptives contained ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel, and the other two contained ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone. Compared with pretreatment assessment, all three triphasic oral contraceptives produced small increases in the mean plasma glucose levels that were statistically significant but clinically unimportant. No subjects had abnormal glucose response curves in glucose tolerance test results. Compared with pretreatment assessment, all of the oral contraceptive preparations produced small increases in the mean insulin levels at 3 months but not at 6 months. Overall there were no statistically significant differences among the three formulations in their effects on carbohydrate metabolism as measured by glucose or insulin levels after 6 months of treatment.
Crystal structure and solid-state fluorescence of an oxomolybdenum(V)-benzylviologen electron donor-acceptor salt

Solutions containing benzylviologen and the fluorescent oxo-d1 ion MoOBr4(CH3CN)− in acetonitrile slowly deposit crystals of the electron donor-acceptor complex (BV)[MoOBr4(H2O)]Br·CH3CN: C26H27Br5MoN3O2, triclinic, space group P1; a=11.349(1), b=16.1048(8), c=18.720(1) A; α=71.961(5), β=76.375(7), γ=82.484(6)°; Z=4; R(F)=0.048, Rw(F)=0.046 for 4135 reflections and 668 parameters. The two independent Mo complex anions in the structure show MoO distances of 1.62(1) and 1.629(9) A. The fluorescence spectrum of the solid complex is similar in shape and intensity to those of other salts of MovOBr4(H2O)− with non-quenching cations. The relatively intense fluorescence of solid (BV)[MoOBr4(H2O)]Br·CH3CN suggests that electron transfer from MovOBr4(H2O)−*(2E) to BV2+, although slightly favorable thermodynamically, does not compete effectively with its rapid fluorescence.
Integrating OB Mod with Cognitive Approaches to Motivation

Cognitive and behaviorist theories of work behavior typically have been discussed separately and conceptualized as sharing little, if anything, in common. While this may not be a particularly disconcerting state of affairs for the theoretician, it can be for the practitioner who is attempting to bring behavioral science research and theory to bear on organizational problems. Our purpose here is to provide an integration of divergent perspectives and to develop a supportive rationale and legitimization for organizational behavior modification (OB Mod). In the process, by pointing out new avenues for organizational research, we intend to provide the practitioner with practical tools that can be applied in organizational settings.
Enhanced leukocyte binding by intestinal microvascular endothelial cells in inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Microvascular endothelial cells mediate leukocyte homing, angiogenesis, and inflammation and healing and show tissue- specific adhesion molecules and functions. The activation of human intestinal mucosal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMECs) was studied in vitro to uncover possible abnormalities associated with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS: HIMECs were isolated from normal and inflammatory bowel disease mucosa and assessed for phenotypic and morphological features, proliferative response, leukocyte binding capacity, and adhesion molecule expression. RESULTS: Basal proliferation by HIMECs was less than that of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) but increased proportionally more in response to vascular endothelial growth factor. Proinflammatory stimuli induced an activated, spindle-shaped morphology in HIMEC monolayers. Compared with HUVECs, unstimulated HIMECs showed less adhesiveness for U937 and MOLT4 cells and neutrophils, but cytokines and lipopolysaccharide substantially increased the binding capacity of HIMECs. HIMECs derived from inflammatory bowel disease mucosa showed a markedly greater leukocyte-binding capacity than normal mucosal HIMECs. Patterns of intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and E-selectin messenger RNA expression were distinct in HIMECs, HUVECs, and mucosal mesenchymal cells. CONCLUSIONS: HIMECs represent differentiated endothelial cells with unique functional properties. Their dramatically enhanced capacity to bind leukocytes in inflammatory bowel disease suggests that HIMECs play an important role in initiating or maintaining inflammation. (Gastroenterology 1997 Jun;112(6):1895-907)
Optimizing the pathology workstation "cockpit": Challenges and solutions

The 21(st) century has brought numerous changes to the clinical reading (i.e., image or virtual pathology slide interpretation) environment of pathologists and it will continue to change even more dramatically as information and communication technologies (ICTs) become more widespread in the integrated healthcare enterprise. The extent to which these changes impact the practicing pathologist differ as a function of the technology under consideration, but digital "virtual slides" and the viewing of images on computer monitors instead of glass slides through a microscope clearly represents a significant change in the way that pathologists extract information from these images and render diagnostic decisions. One of the major challenges facing pathologists in this new era is how to best optimize the pathology workstation, the reading environment and the new and varied types of information available in order to ensure efficient and accurate processing of this information. Although workstations can be stand-alone units with images imported via external storage devices, this scenario is becoming less common as pathology departments connect to information highways within their hospitals and to external sites. Picture Archiving and Communications systems are no longer confined to radiology departments but are serving the entire integrated healthcare enterprise, including pathology. In radiology, the workstation is often referred to as the "cockpit" with a "digital dashboard" and the reading room as the "control room." Although pathology has yet to "go digital" to the extent that radiology has, lessons derived from radiology reading "cockpits" can be quite valuable in setting up the digital pathology reading room. In this article, we describe the concept of the digital dashboard and provide some recent examples of informatics-based applications that have been shown to improve the workflow and quality in digital reading environments.
Reliability based inspection of nickel-based alloy welds in boiling water reactor environment

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) problems are routinely observed in boiling water reactor (BWR) units. Nickel-based alloy welds are commonly used in BWR units; the nickel content of the material improves resistance to stress corrosion cracking. However, stress corrosion cracking is still a problem for these welds. When a crack is detected, a decision whether an immediate repair in needed has to be made. A model for estimating reliability of BWR nickel-based alloys welds subjected to SCC using non-destructive inspection techniques is introduced. The proposed methodology and model has been illustrated through a numerical example to estimate the required re-inspection interval in order to keep the target reliability level.
The nuclear exportin Msn5 is required for nuclear export of the Mig1 glucose repressor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract Background: Mig1 is a transcriptional repressor responsible for glucose repression of many genes in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Glucose regulates Mig1 function by affecting its phosphorylation, which is catalyzed by the Snf1 protein kinase. Phosphorylation alters the subcellular localization of Mig1, causing it to be nuclear when glucose is present, and cytoplasmic when glucose is absent. Results: Here, we report that Msn5, a member of the importin β family of nuclear transport receptors, is required to export Mig1 from the nucleus when glucose is removed. Mig1 and Msn5 interacted in a yeast two-hybrid assay. Within the portion of Mig1 that regulates its nuclear transport, we found a region that directed its nuclear export. Within this region, two leucine-rich sequences similar to known nuclear export signals were not required for Mig1 export. The corresponding domain of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis Mig1 conferred glucose-regulated Msn5-dependent protein export from the nucleus in S. cerevisiae . Sequence comparison with S. cerevisiae Mig1 revealed short patches of homology in K. lactis and K. marxianus Mig1 that might be Msn5-interaction domains. These regions overlapped with the serine residues predicted to be Snf1 phosphorylation sites, suggesting that Msn5 and Snf1 recognize similar sequences in Mig1. Altering these serines abolished glucose-dependent phosphorylation of Mig1 and caused it to be a constitutive repressor that was retained in the nucleus. Conclusions: Mig1 contains a new nuclear export signal that is phosphorylated by Snf1 upon glucose removal, causing it to be recognized by the nuclear exportin Msn5 and carried out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it contributes to derepression of glucose-repressed genes.
Iron chelators as therapeutic agents against Pneumocystis carinii.

analogs CP51,CP94,andCP96onthegrowth ofP.carinii in vitro wereassessed. DFO suppressed thegrowth ofP.carinii invitro inadose-dependent manner, anddaily injections ofDFO markedly reduced theintensity ofP.carinii infection inbothmiceandrats. Cellcultures treated withironchelators thatareadministered orally tohumansalsoshowedsubstantial P.carinii growth inhibition. Reduction ofP.carinii numbers after ironchelator therapy correlated withalterations inP.carinii morphology, asviewed bytransmission electron microscopy. Since theuseofcurrent anti-P. carinii drugsis limited bytoxicity orincomplete efficacy, orboth, theroleofironchelation asadjunctive anti-P. carinii chemotherapy merits additional investigation. Intheabsence ofspecific antimicrobial prophylaxis, Pneumocystis carinii causes pneumonia inthemajority ofindividuals infected withhumanimmunodeficiency virus andremains an important pathogen inpersons treated withimmunosuppressivetherapy formalignancy andafter organtransplantation
Examining Efforts to Infuse Diversity within One College of Education

As part of a college-wide commitment to infusing diversity into educator preparation, focus groups were conducted to determine (a) faculty efforts to infuse diversity, (b) instructional approaches used, (c) factors that facilitate or hinder infusion, and (d) supports needed to enhance efforts. Results are presented highlighting personal professional development needs, contextual factors, and student-centered challenges that affect the extent to which diversity is addressed, along with future steps to improve efforts and implications for other institutions of higher education.
English in Europe: whose language, which culture?

In the context of European integration, language and culture generally are discussed with reference to the individual languages and cultural identities of the European Community (EC) member states. Often implicit and explicit in these discussions is concern with the spread of English and the impact of American culture on the cultures of the EC. This paper approaches these issues from a broad sociolinguistic perspective. Rather than identify English solely with speakers from Great Britain or with artifacts of American culture, it is argued that English belongs to those who use it and therefore has the potential to be a means of expression of European identity. It is further suggested that these social and political issues are related to communicative competence and models of language, central concerns in the decisionmaking of English language teaching specialists in Europe.
On the linearization of Volterra integral equations.

Volterra integral equations linearization, discussing integral kernels, integrodifferential equations and reactor dynamics
The equity and efficiency of runway pricing

Abstract This paper poses and answers the following question: If an airport authority is assumed to choose landing fees that maximize a weighted sum of airline consumers' surpluses subject to a revenue requirement, what set of weights is implied by currently observed fees? The model is loosely applied to San Francisco International Airport. The main result is that commuter airlines are much more favored than others.
Microfiltration of humic-rich water coagulated with cationic polymer: The effects of particle characteristics on the membrane performance

Abstract The main issue explored was the effects of different coagulation conditions on the particle characteristics that would also significantly affect the performance of membranes when filtering coagulated humic-rich water. The size distribution and morphological properties of flocs formed through the coagulation of natural organic matter (NOM) were characterized and the impact of Ca2+ on these characteristics and on the performance of the MF membrane was determined. The multi-cycle MF experiments with hydraulic wash between cycles were conducted for raw and coagulated humic-rich water, and the performance was evaluated by measuring the permeate water quality, resistance to filtration, and permeability recovery with cleaning. Coagulant (polydiallyldimethyl-ammonium chloride) additions from 50% to 100% of the charge neutralization dose substantially decreased fouling compared to when filtering raw humic-rich water. Short-term fouling was increased when 1 mM Ca2+ was added, but the charge neutralization coagulation removed almost all of the fouling tendency that had occurred when filtering Ca-NOM and resulted in the highest permeability recovery. The median diameter and the two-dimensional fractal dimension of flocs produced were increased as the zeta potential reached close to zero, which resulted in the formation of a cake layer that was easily removed from the surface of the membrane.
Small networks and selectivity bias in the analysis of survey network data

Abstract Selectivity bias is a danger whenever observations are systematically excluded from a data set on the basis of a dependent variable, whether this exclusion is explicit or implicit. If present, the problem has severe consequences for the validity of statistical estimates of effects. The problem is of importance to the analysis of survey network data, since many network measures (such as density) are available only for persons having networks of size two or larger, while others (such as percent kin) are defined only for those having networks of size one or more. Analysts can adjust for selectivity bias by estimating the risk of exclusion (in this case, of having a network of size 0 or 1), and including the modeled risk as a control in substantive equations. Such estimates are presented for the 1985 General Social Survey network data; in the course of this results of Fischer and Phillips on social isolation are replicated. Other ways of guarding against selection bias are also discussed; at a minimum, network size should be included among the set of regressors in analyses of survey network data, as a methodological control if not as a substantive variable.
Land-grant university governance: an analysis of board composition and corporate interlocks

This paper was inspired by the intersection of Tom Lyson’s interest in how power is concentrated in society’s institutions and his concern for the role of the land-grant system in revealing and addressing inequities that occur as a result of such concentration. This study examines the power structure that governs land-grant universities by presenting social and demographic information on 635 trustees at the 50 US land-grant universities established by the Morrill Act of 1862. Along with these data, Fortune 1000 companies with which land-grant universities are connected through board member interlocks are listed and charted out. The research found that land-grant governing boards are characterized by some degree of demographic homogeneity, but they are less corporately interconnected than their private university counterparts.
Numerical solutions for systems of `qualitative' nonlinear algebraic equations by fuzzy logic☆

Abstract This paper presents a fuzzy logic approach for determining a numerical solution to a consistent system of algebraic equations F ( x ) = 0 in which the function F ( · ) is not explicitly defined and may be underdetermined. Such systems arise frequently in many engineering design problems where design parameters must be chosen using qualitative information by the designer to meet a set of desired performance constraints. The proposed method also can be used for a consistent system of nonlinear equations in which F ( · ) is explicitly defined and may have fewer independent equations than the number of unknowns. However, this method is very computationally demanding; hence, it is not advisable to apply it to problems involving explicit functions that can be solved using other existing numerical methods. It is seen that this method works quite well and numerical solutions for such problems can be obtained, although it is much slower than Newton's method when employed to consistent, explicit nonlinear equations.
Trendspotting in the Protein Data Bank.

The Protein Data Bank (PDB) was established in 1971 as a repository for the three dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. Since then, more than 85 000 biological macromolecule structures have been determined and made available in the PDB archive. Through analysis of the corpus of data, it is possible to identify trends that can be used to inform us abou the future of structural biology and to plan the best ways to improve the management of the ever-growing amount of PDB data.
Development of a Novel Screening Strategy Designed to Discover a New Class of HIV Drugs

Current antiretroviral treatments target multiple pathways important for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) multiplication, including viral entry, synthesis and integration of the DNA provirus, and the processing of viral polyprotein precursors. However, HIV is becoming increasingly resistant to these "combination therapies." Recent findings show that inhibition of HIV Gag protein cleavage into its two structural proteins, matrix (MA) and capsid (CA), has a devastating effect on viral production, revealing a potential new target class for HIV treatment. Unlike the widely used HIV protease inhibitors, this new class of inhibitor would target the substrate, not the protease enzyme itself. This approach offers a distinct advantage in that inhibitors of MA/CA would only need to affect a subset of the Gag molecules to disable viral replication. To discover MA/CA-specific inhibitors, we constructed a modified MA/CA fusion peptide (MA/CAΔ) that contains the HIV protease (PR) cleavage site as well as a tetracysteine motif for fluorescent labeling. The HIV PR cleavage of MA/CAΔ can then be monitored via fluorescence polarization (FP). We have adapted this FP assay for high-throughput screening and validated it according to industry standards using a 384-well plate format. We have currently tested 24,000 compounds in this assay and here detail the screening methodology and the results of this screening campaign.
Testing Gbps interfaces without a gigahertz tester

As device manufacturers scale their silicon technology, and processor speeds rise above 1 GHz, it's becoming common for every processor company to tout gigahertz processors. To continually improve system-level performance, system designers have begun increasing I/O performance. Some of these changes are evolutionary; some are revolutionary. The latter necessitate a change in test methodology and in the subsequent DFT. Intel's changing its processors' front-side bus from common-clock to source-synchronous (SS) signaling and increasing their bus transfer rate from less than 100 MHz to 800 megatransfers/second (1 MT/s= 1 Mbyte/s/pin). On the chipset side, Intel has upgraded its universal serial bus from 48 Mbps to 400 Mbps and has transitioned to the serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) standard at a 1.25-Gbps data rate. we show how we've solved the testing problem of the SS interface and how this self-test scheme is extendable to other high-speed I/O circuits, including high-speed serial (HSS) signaling.
Physician‐Patient Congruence Regarding Medication Regimens

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the degree of disparity between physicians' perceptions of older patients' medication regimen and patients' perceptions of their regimen. DESIGN: Prospective observational. Physicians and patients were blinded at index visit; after, trained medical students made home visits, collecting information about medications that was compared with physician questionnaires. SETTING: Community family medicine residency program. PARTICIPANTS: Patients age 65 and older presenting for routine visit, taking at least four prescription medications, and seen by index physician three or more times in the past year. Physicians were family medicine faculty and second- and third-year residents. MEASUREMENTS: Fifty physician-patient pairs were analyzed. Average age was 75 (standard deviation (SD) ±5.5); patients averaged 7.0 prescription medications (range 3–17, SD ±2.89). Three hundred seventy-five prescription medications were identified; the most commonly prescribed were antihypertensives (134/375; 36%). RESULTS: Congruence, defined as agreement between physician and patient regarding all prescription medications, dosages, and frequency, averaged 70% for faculty (range 53–89%) and 58% for residents (range 41–81%) (P = .08). Fourteen percent (7/50) demonstrated complete congruence; 74% (37/50) had at least one medication that either the physician was unaware the patient was taking or the physician thought the patient was taking but that was not part of the patient's regimen; 12% (6/50) had dose and/or frequency discrepancies. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates significant disparity in a population where it is crucial for healthcare providers and patients to be in close agreement about intended medication regimens. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:1353–1357, 2001.
Correlates for Healthful Snacking among Middle-income Midwestern Women

Abstract Objective To assess snacking patterns, self-efficacy, barriers, stage of change, and awareness of healthful snacks among middle-income midwestern women. Design Self-administered questionnaire. Setting An urban church. Participants Convenience sample of 56 women, mean age 43.9 years and mean body mass index (BMI) 25.9 kg/m 2 . Main Outcome Measures A snack quality index (SQI) assessed healthfulness of snack choices; subscales identified self-efficacy and barriers; and a test measured knowledge of healthful snacks. Analysis SQI scores were based on energy density and frequency of consumption. Correlations identified associations between SQI scores and self-efficacy and barriers. Analysis of variance identified significant differences between subscale scores for self-efficacy and barriers. Statistical significance was P Results The mean SQI score was 64.9%. Participants felt least confident to choose healthful snacks when experiencing negative emotions, and the most important barrier to healthful snacking was an unfavorable taste perception. The majority of the women (86%) were in the pre-action and 14% in the action stages of change for healthful snacking. The mean score on the snack knowledge test was 84.2%. Conclusions and Implications These women need information concerning snacks high in fiber and low in trans fat, and interventions for enhancing self-confidence for healthful snack selection under challenging circumstances and for overcoming barriers.
Incomplete U -statistics of permanent design

A class of incomplete U -statistics based on what we call a "permanent design" is investigated. It is shown that the design is balanced and has minimal variance in a certain class of designs as well as is asymptotically efficient, i.e. , its asymptotic variance equals that of a complete U -statistic. Several examples of applications of our results to obtaining limiting distributions of certain statistics as well as to sub-sampling theory are discussed.
Nonrecursive Tilings of the Plane. II

We show that there is a finite set of tiles which can tile the plane but not in any recursive way. This answers a natural sequel to Hao Wang's problem of the existence of a finite set of tiles which can tile the plane but not in any periodic way. In the proof, an elaboration of Robinson's method of transforming origin-constrained problems into unconstrained problems is applied to Hanf's origin-constrained tiling of Part I. We will assume familiarity with §§2, 3, and 7 of [3]. Following Robinson, we will mark the edges of our tiles with symbols and configurations of arrow heads and tails as well as with colors. The matching condition for abutting tiles will be that the symbols on adjacent edges must be identical, every arrow head must match with a tail, every tail with a head, and the colors must be the same. This is, of course, mathematically equivalent to the original condition which involved only colors. A tiling of the plane by a set of tiles is a covering of the plane with translated copies of the tiles such that adjacent edges of abutting tiles satisfy the above matching condition. A set of tiles is consistent if the plane can be tiled by the set. A set of tiles with a designated origin tile is origin-consistent if there is a tiling of the plane with the origin tile at the center. A square block of tiles is a tiling if every pair of abutting tiles satisfies the above matching condition. If an origin tile has been designated, a block of tiles is an origin-constrained tiling if it is a tiling with the origin tile at the center. Two blocks have the “ same ” center row if the blocks are of the same size and have identical center rows or if the smaller block's center row is a centered segment of the larger block's center row.
Capping the Mortgage Interest Deduction

In this paper we examine the economic implications of several policy options for capping the mortgage interest deduction (MID). We extend the standard user-cost model of owner-occupied housing to i...
Cells in Micropatterned Hydrogels: Applications in Biosensing

Here we will discuss the development of arrays of mammalian cells of differing phenotype integrated with microfluidics and microsensors for applications such as drug screening and used to monitor cellular effects of multiple chemical and biological candidates. To fabricate these arrays, we immobilized either single or small groups of cells in 3-dimensional poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microstructures fabricated on plastic or glass surfaces. These microstructures were created using either photolithography or printed using microarray robots. The resulting hydrogel microstructures were fabricated to dimensions as small as 10 microns in diameter with aspect ratios as high as 1.4. The gels were highly swollen with water to permit mass transfer of nutrients and potential analytes to the cells, and cell adhesion molecules were immobilized in the gel to allow cell attachment and spreading. Cell viability was confirmed using fluorescent assays and ESEM used to verify complete cell encapsulation. The specific and non-specific response of these cells to target molecules was monitored using optical or electrochemical detectors and analyzed to quantify the effect of these agents on the different phenotypes present in the array.
Some factors influencing nucleic acid purine renewal in the rat.

Abstract The utilizations of labeled ammonia, glycine, adenine, and guanine for the synthesis of nucleic acid purines have been investigated in the rat. It has been observed that: 1. 1. The purine antagonist, 8-azaguanine, is without effect on either the utilization of adenine or the synthesis of purines from glycine-1-C14. 2. 2. Contrary to other reports, the rat is capable of utilizing guanine-2-C 14, but only to a small extent as compared to adenine-2-C14. 3. 3. RNA/DNA turnover ratios obtained with ammonia-N15, glycine-N 15 and glycine-1-C14 were found to be similar to reported P32 ratios for both liver and intestine. 4. 4. When purines were administered together with glycine the utilization of glycine was inhibited even in cases where the purine utilization was negligible. The possible reasons for this are discussed together with the effects of added purine on the RNA/DNA turnover ratios.
Combating Good Word Attacks on Statistical Spam Filters with Multiple Instance Learning

Statistical spam filters are known to be vulnerable to adversarial attacks. One such adversarial attack, known as the good word attack, thwarts spam filters by appending to spam messages sets of "good" words, which are common in legitimate e-mail but rare in spam. We present a counter attack strategy that first attempts to differentiate spam from legitimate e-mail in the input space, by transforming each e- mail into a bag of multiple segments, and subsequently applies multiple instance logistic regression on the bags. We treat each segment in the bag as an instance. An e-mail is classified as spam if at least one instance in the corresponding bag is spam, and as legitimate if all the instances in it are legitimate. We show that a spam filter using our multiple instance counter-attack strategy stands up better to good word attacks than its single instance counterpart and the commonly practiced Bayesian filters.
Functional domains in nuclear import factor p97 for binding the nuclear localization sequence receptor and the nuclear pore.

The interaction of the nuclear protein import factor p97 with the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) receptor, the nuclear pore complex, and Ran/TC4 is important for coordinating the events of pro...
Hidden overhead costs: is Canada's system really less expensive?

Prologue: Canada’s provincial health insurance scheme is a source of endless fascination to policymakers advocating health system reform. Whether one is an advocate or a or a detractor of Canada’s plan us a model for the United States, an important issue that engages the antagonists is how much it costs to operate compared with America’s pluralistic and mostly private health insurance approach. The measurement of such administrative expenses by various parties has brought to policymakers attention the trade-offs that exist whichever way a system is organized. However, there is no consensus on the nature and magnitude of these trade-offs. In this paper, Patricia Danzon, the Celia Moh Professor of Health Care Systems and Insurance at the University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School, examines the overhead costs of alternative health care systems, asserting that existing comparisons are grossly misleading. She compares overhead costs under monopoly public insurance and competitive private insurance markets in general but draws on actual experience in Canada and the United States for empirical evidence. Darzon concludes that private health insurance has built-in incentives to minimize its total overhead costs, while public health insurance constrains total budgets but ignores real social costs, including the time patients must wait for treatment and the lost productivity that results. Darzon holds a doctorate in economics from the University of Chicago. She turned to health economics while working at The RAND Corporation from 1973 to 1979. Danzon is the author of a book entitled Medical Malpractice: Theory, Evidence, and Public Policy (Harvard University Press). She also coauthored a paper published in Health Affairs (Spring 1991) entitled “A Plan for ‘Responsible National Health Insurance’.”
Fiftieth William Bowie Medal presented to Hannes Alfven

The oldest and most prestigious award of AGU is its Bowie Medal. We recognize and honor a lifetime of momentous achievements in space physics by Hannes Alfven by naming him our 1988 Bowie Medalist. But more than that, with this award, we honor the underdog, one who has stood up to a powerful scientific establishment, suffered, persisted, and finally prevailed. By making Hannes Alfven our Bowie Medalist, we do more than recognize a worthy recipient—we make ourselves feel good. Our innate sense of justice is indulged. We bask in the self-satisfied glow that comes from witnessing truth win over the forces that would lead us astray.
Detection and selective avoidance of near ultraviolet radiation by an aquatic annelid: the medicinal leech.

Medicinal leeches are aquatic predators that inhabit surface waters during daylight and also leave the water where they might be exposed to less screened light. Whereas the leech visual system has been shown to respond to visible light, leeches in the genus Hirudo do not appear to be as negatively phototactic as one might expect in order to avoid potential ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced damage. I used high intensity light emitting diodes to test the hypothesis that leeches could detect and specifically avoid near UVR (395–405 nm). Groups of unfed juvenile leeches exhibited a robust negative phototaxis to UVR, but had no behavioral response to blue or red and only a slight negative phototaxis to green and white light. Individual leeches also exhibited a vigorous negative phototaxis to UVR; responding in 100% of trials compared with modest negative responses to visible light (responding in ~8% of the trials). The responses in fed and unfed leeches were comparable for UVR stimuli. The responses depended upon the stimulus site: leeches shortened away from UV light to the head, and extended away from UV light to the tail. Electrophysiological nerve recordings showed that the cephalic eyes responded vigorously to UVR. Additionally, individual leech photoreceptors also showed strong responses to UVR, and a higher-order neuron associated with shortening and rapid behavioral responses, the S-cell, was activated by UVR, on both the head and tail. These results demonstrate that the leech can detect UVR and is able to discriminate behaviorally between UVR and visible light.
Adjuvant Use of Taxanes for Patients with Breast Cancer: We See the Tip of the Iceberg

Abstract Advances in screening techniques for breast cancer have led to the diagnosis of more patients at earlier disease stages at which time the possibility of a cure is more likely. Adjuvant chemotherapy with anthracyclinebased regimens has proven to reduce the risk of relapse and cancer-related death in women with early-stage breast cancer. Recent studies have aimed at integrating the taxanes, paclitaxel and docetaxel, into the adjuvant setting, but to date, we are still in the earliest stages of the study of patients with operable breast cancer. Adjuvant trials now require thousands of patients and many years to reach maturity. Many of the trials began in the late 1990s and are not yet mature. For node-positive patients, the available evidence supports the use of taxanes as adjuvant treatment since they are safe and appear to provide benefit. Going forward, docetaxel holds significant promise in the adjuvant setting, and further trials as well as further follow-up of existing trials are eagerly awaited to help us determine whether docetaxel is best given sequentially to, or concurrently with, doxorubicin or epirubicin.
Starting a large scale software development project using the SEI CMM as the guiding vision

How does a company successfully start-up a large scale software development program? How do you use the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) Capability Maturity Model (CMM) as the guiding metric? This paper describes the Unisys GSG Canada, formerly Paramax Systems Canada, experience in succeeding in this endeavor. >
Epitaxial crystallization of homopolymers on single crystals of alkali halides

Epitaxial deposition of homopolymers from solution [polyethylene, isotactic polystyrene, poly-3,3-bischloromethyloxacyclobutane (Penton) and polypropylene] was found on the (001) faces of cleaved alkali halide single crystals. Electron and optical microscopy studies have shown that the polymer usually grew from small, rodlike crystallites which were oriented in (110) directions of the halide crystal. Large oriented, four-leaved, “rose” structures also were observed for polyethylene. Electron diffraction studies indicate that the polymer chain axes for polyethylene, isotactic polystyrene, and Penton generally lie parallel to the (001) faces of the halide crystal and are also oriented in the 〈110〉 directions of the crystal face. Investigations on the effect of various halide substrates upon the epitaxial crystallization habit of polyethylene inferes that lattice matching does not play the major role in orientation. Two possible explanations are offered for this epitaxial behavior.
Molecular analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi isolates obtained from raccoons in Warren and Barren counties of Kentucky

Methods DNA samples were prepared from 15 T. cruzi -i solates using a Qiagen mini kit, and PCR amplification was performed using published primers for the 24S a rDNA sequence (D71 and D72), the non–transcribed spacer of the mini–exon genes (TC, TC1, and TC2), the 18S rDNA sequence (V1 and V2), and TCZ1 and TCZ2 primers that amplify a 188–base pair segment of the repetitive 195–bp nuclear DNA sequence of T. cruzi. DNA sequencing (ABI 3130 Genetic Analyzer) was performed on all amplification products obtained from the PCR analysis of the RW2 and RB12 isolates (randomly selected to represent both Warren and Barren counties of Kentucky). The resulting sequences were edited before analysis using the BLAST database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genbank. Results All 15 isolates were positively confirmed as T. cruzi based upon PCR amplification of a195 bp repetitive genomic DNA sequence, and all 15 isolates showed identical PCR amplification results with all 4 sets of T. cruzi–specific primers. Two positive PCR samples were randomly selected for further DNA sequence analysis, and all samples were positively identified as the type IIa genotype of T. cruzi with max identities ranging from 94%-99%. Conclusions The results of this study confirmed that all hemoculture isolates obtained from raccoons trapped in Warren and Barren counties of Kentucky are T. cruzi. Furthermore, all BLAST comparisons of amplicon DNA sequences showed high sequence identity to Type IIa strains of T. cruzi .T he Type IIa strain ofT. cruzi is the most commonly reported genotype reported from raccoons trapped in the U.S.A.
Interaction of the interferon-induced PKR protein kinase with inhibitory proteins P58IPK and vaccinia virus K3L is mediated by unique domains: implications for kinase regulation.

Expression of the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is induced by interferons, with PKR activity playing a pivotal role in establishing the interferon-induced antiviral and antiproliferative states. PKR is directly regulated by physical association with the specific inhibitor, P58IPK, a cellular protein of the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) family, and K3L, the product of the corresponding vaccinia virus gene. P58IPK and K3L repress PKR activation and activity. To investigate the mechanism of P58IPK- and K3L-mediated PKR inhibition, we have used a combination of in vitro and in vivo binding assays to identify the interactive regions of these proteins. The P58IPK-interacting site of PKR was mapped to a 52-amino-acid aa segment (aa 244 to 296) spanning the ATP-binding region of the protein kinase catalytic domain. The interaction with PKR did not require the C-terminal DNA-J homology region of P58IPK but was dependent on the presence of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2-alpha homology region, mapping to the 34 aa within the sixth P58IPK TPR motif. Consistent with other TPR proteins, P58IPK formed multimers in vivo: the N-terminal 166 aa were both necessary and sufficient for complex formation. A parallel in vivo analysis to map the K3L-binding region of PKR revealed that like P58IPK , K3L interacted exclusively with the PKR protein kinase catalytic domain. In contrast, however, the K3L-binding region of PKR was localized to within aa 367 to 551, demonstrating that each inhibitor bound PKR in unique, nonoverlapping domains. These data, taken together, suggest that P58IPK and K3L may mediate PKR inhibition by distinct mechanisms. Finally, we will propose a model of PKR inhibition in which P58IPK or a P58IPK complex binds PKR and interferes with nucleotide binding and autoregulation, while formation of a PKR-K3L complex interferes with active-site function and/or substrate association.
Airway management and perioperative concerns in acromegaly patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors.

ObjectivesPatients with acromegaly present unique challenges to cranial base surgery and anesthesia teams in the perioperative period, especially with regard to airway management. Abnormal airway a...
A Study of the Stratospheric Major Warming and Subsequent Flow Recovery during the Winter of 1979 with an Isentropic Vertical Coordinate Model

The principal goal of this paper is to gain further insight into the dynamical processes during the stratospheric major warming of February and early March 1979, with a special emphasis on the recovery stage. To achieve this goal, first the entire evolution of the warming event is numerically simulated using an isentropic vertical coordinate model. Then the results from the following complementary points of view are quantitatively analyzed: wave effects on the mean flow, potential enstrophy conversion and transport, and potential vorticity redistribution on a synoptic chart. There is an indication that wavenumber 1 during the recovery stage amplifies through a mechanism within the stratosphere and propagates downward. The simulated Eliassen‐Palm flux field shows that the amplified wave 1 is responsible for the mean flow acceleration in the recovery stage. It is therefore concluded that the in situ amplification mechanism for wave 1 plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the flow recovery. In order to examine the mechanism, detailed analyses of the simulated eddy potential enstrophy budget are performed. It is found that there is an ‘‘anticascade’’ of potential enstrophy in the recovery stage through which wave 1 amplifies in the midstratosphere. This result is consistent with a synoptic description of the event in terms of potential vorticity distribution on isentropic surfaces.
Urbanization and cancer: changing mortality patterns?

Analysis of the relationship between cancer rates and urbanization for United States counties for the period 1950-54 reveals the expected urban/rural differences for many digestive urinary and respiratory organ cancers and for female breast cancer. Similar urban/rural differences existed in many other Western countries. By 1970-75 however urban/rural differences in the United States had substantially narrowed. It is noted that "available data do not allow formal tests of the relationship between these changes and specific etiological factors but the data suggest that the spatial convergence is related to the changing geography of such risk factors as smoking alcohol consumption manufacturing and socioeconomic status and to the diminished size and role of the white foreign-born population as well as to such confounding factors as medical practices and population migration." (EXCERPT)
A comparison of three avidin-biotin complex immunoenzyme systems for detection of African swine fever virus antigen in paraffin-embedded tissues.

The sensitivity and specificity of 3 avidin-biotin complex (ABC) immunostaining systems were compared on paraffin-embedded tissues from African swine fever virus (ASFV)-infected pigs. Results were also compared with immunofluorescent detection on cryosections of the same tissue for optimal detection of ASFV antigen. The ABC-alkaline phosphatase (ABC-AP) and ABC-peroxidase (ABC-PO) systems were at least as sensitive as direct fluorescent antibody (FA) and 10-fold more sensitive than the ABC-glucose oxidase system. Three ABC-AP and 2 ABC-PO chromagens with different counterstains were compared. In addition, 2 fixatives, 2 biotinylation procedures, 7 endogenous peroxidase blocking regimes, 6 tissue adhesives, and 3 mounting media were compared. The ABC-AP system with a red chromagen and hematoxylin counterstaining was preferred and most closely approximated routinely stained pathologic sections. Fixation in paraformaldeh yde- lysine-periodate fixative preserved ASFV antigen for research studies for at least 3 years. Formalin-fixed tissues retained some staining for up to 10 years. The fluorescent antibody (FA) technique for antigen localization in tissue sections has been the mainstay of microbiologic diagnostics and research for decades. An FA procedure for detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigen was developed in 1966, 11 and methods have changed little since then. Using this technique, the pathogenesis of ASFV was elucidated, and cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system were shown to be primarily infected. Recent pathogenesis studies 17 using FA and histopathology have found monocytic cells in the paracortex of the mandibular lymph node to be the earliest cells infected. Further characterization of these cells was hampered by the inherent limitations of FA immunostaining, including poor morphology of cryosections and poor antigen de- tection by FA on paraffin sections. These problems have limited the usefulness of the FA technique for further characterization of these cells. The avidin-biotin complex (ABC) immunoenzyme system provides higher amplification than other im- munostaining systems. Early uses of the ABC system were for detection of immunoglobulins, 12,19 cell mark- ers 8,10,13 and hormones. 2-5,15 These antigens are often abundant and relatively stable in tissue as compared with viral antigens. We have developed an ABC system for the detection
Pyridoxine-dependency seizure: Report of a rare presentation

A child developed minor motor seizures at the age of 14 months accompanied by an abnormal electroencephalogram showing single spikes and polyspikes over the vertex and frontocentral regions. Seizures continued until the age of 22 months despite administration of several standard anticonvulsants. At age 22 months, pyridoxine, 75 mg daily, was initiated and anticonvulsants were discontinued. Both the seizures and the electroencephalographic abnormality have disappeared over the ensuing 20 months with pyridoxine therapy.