cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF COTTONSEED AND SOY PRODUCTS ON THE GROWTH OF Clostridium perfringens

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of cottonseed and soy products on the growth of Clostridium perfringens. Cultures of C perfringens were inoculated into liquid media and enumerated on egg yolk-free tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar. In autoclaved media containing cottonseed or soy products as the sole source of protein, there were no significant differences in generation times due to the protein sources. However, a significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed between the generation times of C. perfringens strains ATCC 3624 and NCTC 8238. In another series of experiments, C. perfringens ATCC 3624 was grown in autoclaved media containing ground beef, chicken or turkey, alone or in combination with cottonseed and soy products. The substitution of one-half of the meat protein with cottonseed protein resulted in significant increases in generation times (decreases in growth rates) when compared to meat alone. Also, the carbohydrate fractions of cottonseed products retarded the growth of C. perfringens. Substitution with soy protein did not significantly affect the generation times. The results of this investigation show that cooked cottonseed and soy products added to meat systems have a variable effect on the growth of C. perfringens.
Branched chain and aromatic amino acids change acutely following two medical therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Objective Elevated circulating levels of branched chain and aromatic amino acids (BCAA/AAAs) are associated with insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D). BCAA/AAAs decrease acutely during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), a diagnostic test for T2D. It is unknown whether changes in BCAA/AAAs also signal an early response to commonly used medical therapies for T2D. Materials and Methods A liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry approach was used to measure BCAA/AAAs in 30 insulin sensitive (IS) and 30 insulin resistant (IR) subjects before and after: 1) one dose of a sulfonylurea medication, glipizide, 5 mg orally; 2) two days of twice daily metformin 500 mg orally; and 3) a 75-g OGTT. Percent change in BCAA/AAAs was determined after each intervention. Results Following glipizide, which increased insulin and decreased glucose in both subject groups, BCAA/AAAs decreased in the IS subjects only (all P Conclusions BCAA/AAAs changed acutely during glipizide and metformin administration, and the magnitude and direction of change differed by the insulin resistance status of the individual and the intervention. These results indicate that BCAA/AAAs may be useful biomarkers for monitoring the early response to therapeutic interventions for T2D.
Collaboration with a robotic scrub nurse

Surgeons use hand gestures and/or voice commands without interrupting the natural flow of a procedure.
Innate and guided C–H functionalization logic

The combustion of organic matter is perhaps the oldest and most common chemical transformation utilized by mankind. The generation of a C–O bond at the expense of a C–H bond during this process may be considered the most basic form of C–H functionalization. This illustrates the extreme generality of the term “C–H functionalization”, because it can describe the conversion of literally any C–H bond into a C–X bond (X being anything except H). Therefore, it may be of use to distinguish between what, in our view, are two distinct categories of C–H functionalization logic: “guided” and “innate”. Guided C–H functionalizations, as the name implies, are guided by external reagents or directing groups (covalently or fleetingly bound) to install new functional groups at the expense of specifically targeted C–H bonds. Conversely, innate C–H functionalizations may be broadly defined as reactions that exchange C–H bonds for new functional groups based solely on natural reactivity patterns in the absence of other direc...
Hydrology and chemistry of groundwater and seasonal ponds in the Atlantic Coastal Plain in Delaware, USA

Abstract The hydrochemistry of small seasonal ponds was investigated by studying relations between ground-water and surface water in a forested Coastal Plain drainage basin. Observation of changes in the water table in a series of wells equipped with automatic water-level recorders showed that the relation between water-table configuration and basin topography changes seasonally, and particularly in response to spring recharge. Furthermore, in this study area the water table is not a subdued expression of the land surface topography, as is commonly assumed. During the summer and fall months, a water-table trough underlies sandy ridges separating the seasonal ponds, and maximum water-table altitudes prevail in the sediments beneath the dry pond bottoms. As the ponds fill with water during the winter, maximum water-table altitudes shift to the upland-margin zone adjacent to the seasonal ponds. Increases in pond stage are associated with the development of transient water-table mounds at the upland-margin wells during the spring. The importance of small local-flow systems adjacent to the seasonal ponds also is shown by the similarities in the chemistry of the shallow groundwater in the upland margin and water in the seasonal ponds. The upland margin and surface water samples have low pH (generally less than 5.0), and contain large concentrations of dissolved aluminum (generally more than 100 μg 1−1), and low bicarbonate concentrations (2 mg l4 or less). In contrast, the parts of the surficial aquifer that do not experience transient mounding have higher pH and larger concentrations of bicarbonate. These results suggest that an understanding of the hydrochemistry of seasonally ponded wetlands requires intensive study of the adjacent shallow groundwater-flow system.
Enhancing Academic Achievement in a Hispanic Immigrant Community: The Role of Reading in Academic Failure and Mental Health

This field project examines Camp Sharigan, a group-centered approach to reducing academic failure. This study examines the program's benefit to children of Mexican descent from an inner-city immigrant neighborhood. The treatment group improved significantly more than the control group in all the three areas tested: spelling, reading, and sight words. Follow-up testing one year later indicated that the Camp Sharigan students continued to perform better in spelling and sight words. The findings indicate that the Camp Sharigan intervention may be more effective than one-to-one tutoring or classroom-style interventions.
Time dependent response of polycarbonate and microcellular polycarbonate

Microcellular polycarbonate is a novel cellular material with cells on the order of 10 μm in diameter and a cell density on the order of 10 9 cells per cm 3 . In this study the room temperature creep response of microcellular polycarbonate is experimentally determined and compared with the creep behavior of polycarbonate. The viscoelastic response of polycarbonate and microcellular polycarbonate is characterized using Schapery's theory of nonlinear viscoelasticity. Polycarbonate exhibited a nonlinear creep response at stress levels above 24.13 MPa, while the nonlinear behavior in microcellular polycarbonate was initiated at lower stress levels. Creep strains of microcellular polycarbonate contain a significantly higher viscoplastic component compared with the unfoamed material
Recalcitrant onychomycosis of the toenails successfully treated with fluconazole.

REPORT OF CASES CASE 1.— A 40-year-old male physician presented with onychomycosis of several toenails of many years' duration. He was treated several years ago with 660 mg/d of ultramicrosized griseofulvin for 5 months. No response to treatment was noted, and the patient found the mild headaches induced by griseofulvin therapy annoying. He discontinued the therapy and was not interested in further therapy at that time. Recently, he became interested in treatment of his onychomycotic toenails. Findings from his physical examination showed moderate-to-severe involvement with yellowing and destruction of the toenails and absence of the small toenails bilaterally. Culture of nail clippings and curettings yielded Trichophyton rubrum . CASE 2.— A 29-year-old physician's wife presented with onychomycosis of the left great toenail. This was previously treated with griseofulvin for over a year with concurrent removal of the nail. The nail grew normally while she received griseofulvin, but the infection recurred within
The Effect of the Fuel-Cell Unit Size on the Efficiency of a Fuel- Cell-Topped Rankine Power Cycle

Dunbar, Lior and Gaggioli (1991) proposed a configuration of a fuel-cell-topped electrical Rankine power generating station and analyzed its performance. That study revealed that the fuel-cell topping improved plant efficiency to values up to 62 percent, versus the conventional plant efficiency of 41.5 percent. This work lays the foundation for a thermoeconomic analysis of such systems by relating energy consumption to fuel-cell unit size, as follows: (1) the relationship between system efficiency (and hence fuel consumption) and fuel-cell unit size is presented for a number of fuel-cell operating conditions; (2) the relationship between fuel flow rate and fuel-cell unit size is shown; and (3) the exergetic effects of the major plant components are discussed as a function of fuel-cell unit size. The results revel that specific fuel consumption may be reduced by as much as 32 percent when incorporating fuel-cell units into electrical power plants.
Studies on Avian Erythrocyte Metabolism 5. Relationship between the Major Phosphorylated Metabolic Intermediates and Whole Blood Oxygen Affinity in Embryos and Poults of the Domestic Turkey (Meleagris Gallopavo)

Abstract The changes in organic phosphates of turkey erythrocytes (RBC) have been determined in relation to the changes in oxygen affinity of whole blood during growth of the embryo and poult. On a molar basis, 2,3 diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) is the predominant organic phosphate of erythrocytes from turkey embryos during the last week of incubation. However, on the basis of relative % phosphate, 2,3-DPG is the major organic phosphate of the erythrocytes from turkey embryos on day 23 and 25 of incubation only. With the exception of day 23 and 25 of incubation, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) represents the major organic phosphate of the erythrocytes of the turkey embryo and poult during the last week of embryonic development and through the first 29 days after hatching. The whole blood P50 during the last week of incubation and the first 8 days after hatching correlates best with the amount of ATP in the erythrocytes. The effects of inositol pentaphosphate on P50 of the whole blood is much more gradual and appears to become of major influence after 2–3 weeks post-hatching.
Bridges to Understanding: Reading and Talking about Children's Literature in Teacher Education.

Children's literature holds potential as texts for teacher preparation. Preservice teachers are frequently asked to read children's novels as they explore teaching, learning, students and classroom...
Fracture along planar slip bands

Abstract The conditions for the propagation of a crack along a coplanar slip hand are considered. Allowing slip to occur in the plane of the crack but restricting the plastic displacement to shear parallel to the crack plane results in a relaxed ‘elastic-plastic’ state of stress near the crack-tip. Calculations of the resulting crack-tip flow behavior indicate that once a crack with a coplanar slip band has formed, it becomes difficult to activate secondary slip with a shear displacement inclined to the crack plane and localized, coplanar slip prevails. The difficulty of activating non-coplanar secondary slip results in large normal stresses near the crack-tip. The combination of large, local shear strain due to the planar slip band and large normal or hydrostatic stresses present near the crack-tip leads to easy crack propagation along such bands. Fracture along slip bands in Ni-, Al-, and Ti-base alloys is briefly discussed in terms of the model.
Balloon dilation angioplasty of peripheral pulmonary stenosis associated with Williams syndrome.

Background—Experience of balloon dilation of peripheral pulmonary stenosis (PPS) in Williams syndrome (WS) is limited. Methods and Results—Catheterizations in all patients with WS undergoing therapy for PPS from 1984 to 1999 were reviewed. Criteria for successful dilation included an increase >50% in predilation diameter and a decrease >20% in ratio of right ventricular (RV) to aortic (Ao) systolic pressure. Median age and weight were 1.5 years and 9.5 kg. There were 134 dilations during 39 procedures in 25 patients. The success rate for initial dilations was 51%. In multivariate analysis, successful dilation was more likely (1) in distal than in central pulmonary arteries (P=0.02), (2) if the balloon waist resolved with inflation (P=0.001), and (3) with larger balloon/stenosis ratio (P<0.001). RV pressure was unchanged after dilation (96±30 versus 97±31 mm Hg), primarily because of failure to enlarge central pulmonary arteries. The Ao pressure increased (102±14 versus 109±19 mm Hg, P=0.03), and the RV/Ao...
Some preliminary results of brush seal/rotor interference effects on leakage at zero and low RPM using a tapered-plug rotor

Some preliminary brush seal leakage results for ambient temperature air are presented. Data for four nominal brush rotor radial clearances of -0.09, -0.048, -0.008, and 0.035 mm were taken by using a tapered plug rotor at 0 and 400 rpm with rotor runout of 0.127 mm peak to peak. The brush seal nominal bore diameter was 38 mm with 0.05 mm bristles at 200 bristles/mm of circumference and a 0.61 mm fence height. Leakages were greater than predicted, but agreement was reasonable. Leakage rates were not significantly altered by hysteresis or inlet flow variations. Visualization studies showed that the bristles followed the 400 rpm excitation, and loading studies indicated that bristles slid relative to one another.
Compact form of DNA induced by spermidine.

RECENT studies have revealed that the packaging of DNA into phage heads is an ordered sequence of structural and biochemical events rather than a simple, spontaneous self-assembly of component molecules. In the assembly of T7 for example1, heads containing the products of genes 8–10 and 14–16 are apparently formed first. Gene 9 protein is removed from the heads before or during the incorporation of DNA. At least two other gene products which play no direct structural role are required for the maturation of the heads. A somewhat similar situation exists for phage λ, which has been shown to require ATP for the in vitro packaging of DNA into preformed heads (petite λ)2.
Proton transfer chemical ionization mass spectrometry of fatty acid methyl esters separated by gas chromatography: quantitative aspects

The propensity of esters to accept protons in the gas phase during chemical ionization (Cl) mass spectrometry (MS) has been well known for some time. This proton transfer Cl almost exclusively produces the [M + H] + quasimolecular ion for most esters. While it has been suggested that this could serve as the basis for particularly sensitive quantitation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) separated by gas chromatography (GC), the application of this approach to quantitate FAME has not been fully explored. Here, we briefly address some considerations pertinent to the application of GC with proton transfer CI-MS to quantitative analysis of FAME. Limits of detection and relative response factors (RF) for a number of FAME separated by GC and detected by CI-MS are presented and discussed. While the detection limits are comparable or superior to other detection methods, it was noted that the RF for unsaturated FAME were dramatically reduced with increasing degree of unsaturation.
The use of esmolol, nicardipine, or their combination to blunt hemodynamic changes after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.

Laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation (LTI) often provoke an undesirable increase in blood pressure (BP) and/or heart rate (HR). We tested the premise that nicardipine (NIC) and esmolol (ESM) in combination (COMB) would oppose both. Adult surgical patients received pretreatment (randomized) with IV bolus NIC 30 mg/kg (n 5 31), ESM 1.0 mg/kg (n 5 34), or COMB (one-half dose each, n 5 32). Peak BP and HR after LTI were compared with controls (CONT; n 5 35) with no pretreatment. Anesthetic induction was standardized: IV thiopental (5‐7 mg/kg), fentanyl (1‐2 mg/kg), and succinylcholine (1.5 mg/kg). Systolic (S), diastolic (D), and mean (M) BP and HR awake before pretreatment (baseline) were similar in all test groups. No patient was treated for hypotension, bradycardia, or tachycardia after pretreatment or anesthetic induction. Peak HR after LTI was increased versus baseline in CONT and all test groups, but did not differ from CONT among the test groups. Peak SBP and DBP increased versus baseline in CONT, and with ESM and NIC, but not COMB. Peak SBP, DBP, and MBP were increased with ESM versus COMB, and peak DBP with ESM versus NIC. Compared with no pretreatment before the IV induction of general anesthesia, the peak increase in BP after LTI is best blunted by the combination of nicardipine and ESM, compared with either drug alone. No single drug or combination in the doses tested opposed increased HR. Implications: Compared with no pretreatment before the IV induction of general anesthesia, the peak increase in blood pressure after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation is best blunted by the combination of nicardipine and esmolol, compared with either drug alone. No single drug or combination in the doses tested opposed increased heart rate.
Glia Co-Culture with Neurons in Microfluidic Platforms Promotes the Formation and Stabilization of Synaptic Contacts

Two novel microfluidic cell culture schemes, a vertically-layered set-up and a four chamber set-up, were developed for co-culturing central nervous system (CNS) neurons and glia. The cell chambers in these devices were separated by pressure-enabled valve barriers, which permitted us to control communication between the two cell types. The unique design of these devices facilitated the co-culture of glia with neurons in close proximity (∼50–100 μm), differential transfection of neuronal populations, and dynamic visualization of neuronal interactions, such as the development of synapses. With these co-culture devices, initial synaptic contact between neurons transfected with different fluorescent markers, such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and mCherry-synaptophysin, was imaged using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. The presence of glial cells had a profound influence on synapses by increasing the number and stability of synaptic contacts. Interestingly, as determined by liquid chromatography-ion mobility-mass spectrometry, neuron-glia co-cultures produced elevated levels of soluble factors compared to that secreted by individual neuron or glia cultures, suggesting a potential mechanism by which neuron-glia interactions could modulate synaptic function. Collectively, these results show that communication between neurons and glia is critical for the formation and stability of synapses and point to the importance of developing neuron-glia co-culture systems such as the microfluidic platforms described in this study.
BIAX high speed magnetic computer element

Abstract The BIAX digital computer elements are completely new magnetic memory and logic elements. They are multi-aperture devices fabricated out of conventional ferrite materials and are, generally speaking, an order of magnitude faster than present magnetic devices. To attain these speeds, they employ a fundamentally different principle of operation than is used with existing ferrite core and multi-aperture units. The BIAX principle employed is one of flux interference, not flux steering as is common in most multi-aperture devices. In addition to increased speeds, the BIAX elements also have important environmental advantages and are capable of operation at high temperatures. Another important advantage of the elements is their non-destructive read characteristic. Important cost savings also appear to be achievable with these units, particularly in terms of the logic elements. These BIAX memory and logic elements are the result of approximately two and one half years of work conducted in Aeronutronic's Computer Research Laboratory. The elements have been reduced to practice and are currently in production. Aeronutronic is applying these BIAX techniques to a number of commercial and military projects where multi-megacycle data processing is a requirement.
The epitome Troporum ac Schematum: The genesis of a renaissance rhetorical text

(1960). The epitome Troporum ac Schematum: The genesis of a renaissance rhetorical text. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 59-71.
Mining fine-grained code changes to detect unknown change patterns

Identifying repetitive code changes benefits developers, tool builders, and researchers. Tool builders can automate the popular code changes, thus improving the productivity of developers. Researchers can better understand the practice of code evolution, advancing existing code assistance tools and benefiting developers even further. Unfortunately, existing research either predominantly uses coarse-grained Version Control System (VCS) snapshots as the primary source of code evolution data or considers only a small subset of program transformations of a single kind - refactorings. We present the first approach that identifies previously unknown frequent code change patterns from a fine-grained sequence of code changes. Our novel algorithm effectively handles challenges that distinguish continuous code change pattern mining from the existing data mining techniques. We evaluated our algorithm on 1,520 hours of code development collected from 23 developers, and showed that it is effective, useful, and scales to large amounts of data. We analyzed some of the mined code change patterns and discovered ten popular kinds of high-level program transformations. More than half of our 420 survey participants acknowledged that eight out of ten transformations are relevant to their programming activities.
A scale of student teaching concerns #opSSTC#cp

The reliability and validity of a Scale of Student Teaching Concerns #opSSTC#cp, developed to assess the progress of teacher development among early childhood teachers in training, based on Katz's #op1972#cp theoretical ideas, were tested using 107 student teachers enrolled at two different levels #opi.e., beginning and advanced#cp of similar teacher training programs in seven universities and community colleges across the western U.S.A. Application of factor analyses to subjects’ responses to items in the SSTC led to the emergence of four major factors, including Survival, Consolidation, Renewal, and Maturity Concerns. Item‐total score correlation and Cronbach alpha coefficients computed for each factor were relatively high, indicating the items within each factor to be relatively homogeneous. In addition, application of a one‐way #opi.e., training levels#cp multivariate analysis of variance applied to the data revealed all four of the SSTC factors significantly discriminated between beginning and advanc...
Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate-mediated prolactin secretion in GH4C1 cells involves Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels

Abstract In normal anterior pituitary cells adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-mediated prolactin (PRL) secretion requires Ca 2+ influx. However, the role of Ca 2+ in cAMP-induced secretion in the clonal rat pituitary tumor-derived GH 4 C 1 cells remains uncertain. We examined in GH 4 C 1 cells the effects of forskolin (FSK), an adenylate cyclase activator, and dibutyryl cAMP (DB-cAMP) on PRL secretion and intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) dynamics. Ca 2+ depletion of the medium inhibited FSK and DB-cAMP stimulated PRL secretion approximately 50%. Both FSK and DB-cAMP increased [Ca 2+ ] i in a dose-dependent fashion. The peak amplitude in [Ca 2+ ] i in response to each concentration of these stimuli was achieved in 3 min, corresponding to the peak PRL response to the same stimuli. Either Ca 2+ depletion of the medium or addition of 2 μM nifedipine (NF) abolished the increase in [Ca 2+ ] i caused by FSK or DB-cAMP. Our data indicate that an increase in intracellular c-AMP in GH 4 C 1 cells produces an elevation of [Ca 2+ ] i by opening L-type Ca 2+ channels and that c-AMP-mediated PRL secretion is augmented by Ca 2+ influx in GH 4 C 1 cells as in normal pituitary cells.
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON AND H2 EMISSIONS IN THE ULTRAVIOLET-DOMINATED REGION IN NGC 2316

NGC 2316 is a young star cluster embedded in a dense cloud containing a central H II region powered by a B3 star. The ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by this young star affects the physical conditions and the chemical composition of the surrounding cloud. We present Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) spectral maps of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features and H2 lines in the 9-14 μm (SL1) and 15-20 μm (LL2) bands obtained using multiple slit positions. We show the distribution of 7.7 μm, 8.6 μm, 10-14 μm, 16-18 μm, and 19.0 μm PAH bands and the spatial variations among the bright narrow PAH features at 11.2, 12.0, 12.7, 16.4, 17.4, and 17.7 μm with distance from the ultraviolet (UV) source. We show that the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) 8 μm emission is primarily due to the 7.7 and 8.6 μm PAH features. The IRAC 8 μm image of the entire cloud containing the cluster and the B3 star shows PAH emission on a large scale, not covered by IRS spectral data. We have also mapped the line intensities of three pure rotational H2 transitions: 0-0 S(1) Ortho 17.0 μm, 0-0 S(2) Para 12.3 μm, and 0-0 S(3) Ortho 9.7 μm. We detect a limb-brightened shell of H2 line emission at 15'' radius from the star. This H2 line emission in NGC 2316 is consistent with UV-pumped fluorescence in an H2 production zone. The correlation between the H2 and PAH emissions in the H2 shell suggest efficient formation of H2 by chemisorption on PAH surfaces. The intensities of all PAH features increase toward the UV source, but their relative contributions to the overall band emissions differ with the distance from the UV source. The detection of PAH emissions closest to the UV source implies the survival of PAHs in the intense, but softer UV radiation field of the B3 star. Using the radial intensities and a phenomenological model for PAH destruction as a function of distance from the UV source, we estimate the relative survival of the emitters (PAH components) in each spectrally resolved PAH emission feature. We identify four distinct PAH emission zones in NGC 2316 with a central UV source embedded in nearly spherical dense cloud with an average Av ~ 4.5 mag. Their emission characteristics and variations add new constraints to the PAH composition and excitation modes.
77 Sequence features and chromatin structure around the genomic regions bound by 119 human transcription factors

Chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) has become the dominant technique for mapping the transcription factor (TF) binding regions genome-wide. We performed an integrative analysis centered around 457 ChIP-seq data sets on 119 human TFs generated by the ENCODE Consortium. We identified highly enriched sequence motifs in most data sets, revealing new motifs and validating known ones. The motif sites (TF binding sites) are evolutionarily highly conserved and show distinct footprints upon DNase I digestion. We frequently detected secondary motifs in addition to the canonical motifs of the TFs, indicating tethered binding and cobinding between multiple TFs. We observed significant position and orientation preferences between many cobinding TFs. Genes specifically expressed in a cell line are often associated with a greater occurrence of nearby TF binding in that cell line. We observed cell-line-specific secondary motifs that mediate the binding of the histone deacetyl...
A serendipitous discovery of antifreeze protein-specific activity in C-linked antifreeze glycoprotein analogs.

Structurally diverse carbon-linked (C-linked) analogs of antifreeze glycoprotein (AFGP) have been prepared via linear or convergent solid phase synthesis. These analogs range in molecular weight from approx 1.5–4.1 KDa and do not possess the β-d-galactose-1,3-α-d-N-acetylgalactosamine carbohydrate moiety or the l-threonine-l-alanine-l-alanine polypeptide backbone native to the AFGP wild-type. Despite these dramatic structural modifications, the 2.7-KDa and 4.1-KDa analogs possess antifreeze protein-specific activity as determined by recrystallization-inhibition (RI) and thermal hysteresis (TH) assays. These analogs are weaker than the wild-type in their activity, but nanoliter osmometry indicates that these compounds are binding to ice and affecting a localized freezing point depression. This is the first example of a C-linked AFGP analog that possesses TH and RI activity and suggests that the rational design and synthesis of chemically and biologically stable AFGP analogs is a feasible and worthwhile endeavor. Given the low degree of TH activity, these compounds may prove useful for the protection of cells during freezing and thawing cycles.
Projective Fourier analysis for patterns

Abstract Identifying PSL (2, C ) as a projective group for patterns in the conformal camera model, the projective harmonic analysis on its double covering group SL (2, C ) is presented in the noncompact and compact pictures — the pictures used to study different aspects of irreducible unitary representations of semisimple Lie groups. Bypassing technicalities of representation theory, but stressing the motivation and similarities with Euclidean Fourier analysis, each constructed picture of the projective Fourier analysis includes the Fourier transform, Plancherel's theorem and convolution property. Projectively covariant characteristics of the analysis in the noncompact picture allow rendering any of image projective transformations of a pattern (after removing conformal distortions) by using only one projective Fourier transform of the original pattern, what is demonstrated in a computer simulation. The convolution properties in both pictures must by used to develop algorithms for projectively invariant matching of patterns. Work in progress on fast algorithms for computing with projective Fourier transforms and for rendering image projective transformations is discussed. Efficient computations of the convolutions would follow from the both fast projective Fourier transforms and their inverses.
Relationship of plasma volume to sympathetic tone in nulliparous women.

Abstract Objective: We sought to determine whether resting supine plasma volume is related to sympathetic tone in healthy young nulligravid normotensive women. Study Design: Forty women were examined in the midfollicular phase. α-Adrenergic tone was estimated by an examination of the late phase II blood pressure response to the Valsalva maneuver. Resting heart rate was examined to evaluate the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic input. Plasma catecholamines were measured during supine rest. Plasma volume was estimated by Evans blue dilution. Results: Plasma volume corrected for body surface area was correlated inversely to late phase II blood pressure response to the Valsalva maneuver ( r = −0.31, P r = 0.41, P r = −0.13, P not significant). We found no significant relationship of plasma epinephrine concentration ( r = −0.05, P =.76) or plasma norepinephrine ( r = −0.09, P =.60) with plasma volume corrected for body surface area. Conclusion: We conclude that plasma volume is related inversely to both an estimate of α-adrenergic activation and heart rate. These findings are consistent with an adaptive physiologic response that is aimed at the maintenance of blood pressure in the face of reduced plasma volume. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:938-42.)
A circadian clock regulates the process of ERG b- and d-wave dominance transition in dark-adapted zebrafish.

Abstract In zebrafish, during dark adaptation following bright light adaptation, the dominance of electroretinogram (ERG) b- and d-waves switches. In the early dark adaptation, when visual sensitivity is cone-dominant, both the b- and d-waves are readily recorded. In the late dark adaptation, along with the increase of rod sensitivity, the b-wave becomes dominant whereas the d-wave is gradually lost. The time for the ERG b- and d-wave dominance transition varies between the day and night. The transition requires a longer amount of time in the night and early morning than in the afternoon. This pattern of timing for ERG b- and d-wave dominance transition persists in constant light and can be reversed after exposure to a reversed light–dark cycle. The data suggest that the transition of the dominance of ERG b- and d-waves is regulated by an endogenous circadian clock.
A Review of “Coping With the Effects of Deprivation: Development and Upbringing of Romanian Adoptees in the Netherlands”

International adoption is a popular way for couples and individuals to add a child or children to their families. This statement is true both nationally and globally. Focusing on the United States,...
What should a college classroom look like in a digital age?: invited talk

The internet has made available to students a huge range of resources that can be accessed without ever leaving home. Courses can be taken online, and some universities have even made all of their lectures available for free download. What then should the role of a college professor be? Do we continue with the traditional lecture? If so, why is an experience in our classrooms more valuable than an online course or a downloaded lecture? Do we believe our lectures are more scintillating than others? Perhaps instead we should abandon the lecture and use a constructivist approach where we simply guide students in their exploration. Or is the best approach a balance of the two? We'll discuss techniques for having a more dynamic classroom, where students are more prepared and more engaged. Most importantly, there is evidence that these techniques yield greater learning!
Examining Contextual Influences on Fall-Related Injuries Among Older Adults for Population Health Management

Abstract The objectives were to assess the associations between fall-related injuries (FRIs) treated in the emergency department (ED) among older adults in California and contextual county-level physical, social, and economic characteristics, and to assess how county-level economic conditions are associated with FRIs when controlling for other county-level factors. Data from 2008 California ED discharge, Medicare Impact File, and County Health Rankings were used. Random effects logistic regression models estimated contextual associations between county-level factors representing economic conditions, the built environment, community safety, access to care, and obesity with patient-level FRI treatment among 1,712,409 older adults, controlling for patient-level and hospital-level characteristics. Patient-level predictors of FRI treatment were consistent with previous studies not accounting for contextual associations. Larger and rural hospitals had higher odds of FRI treatment, while teaching and safety net ...
The GMAP: a versatile tool for physical data independence

Physical data independence is touted as a central feature of modern database systems. It allows users to frame queries in terms of the logical structure of the data, letting a query processor automatically translate them into optimal plans that access physical storage structures. Both relational and object-oriented systems, however, force users to frame their queries in terms of a logical schema that is directly tied to physical structures. We present an approach that eliminates this dependence. All storage structures are defined in a declarative language based on relational algebra as functions of a logical schema. We present an algorithm, integrated with a conventional query optimizer, that translates queries over this logical schema into plans that access the storage structures. We also show how to compile update requests into plans that update all relevant storage structures consistently and optimally. Finally, we report on experiments with a prototype implementation of our approach that demonstrate how it allows storage structures to be tuned to the expected or observed workload to achieve significantly better performance than is possible with conventional techniques.
A network simulation of thalamic circuit operations in selective attention

The ability of a thalamic circuit to process information selectively from a spatial location was investigated in neural network models. Starting with the known general structure of the thalamic circuit, we considered three variations of the projections from the inhibitory cells of the reticular nucleus onto the cells of the pulvinar nucleus of the dorsal thalamus. The three circuits were modeled as systems of difference equations, and their operations were simulated by computer-based numerical integration. In all three circuits, when input from a target location was slightly larger than the input from neighboring locations, the time evolution of principal (relay) cell outputs showed substantial selective enhancement at the target location compared with neighboring locations. The selective enhancement effect was produced not only on ascending inputs but also on descending cortical inputs. Simulations separating the lateral inhibitory and feedback-enhancement components of the circuits suggested that the fe...
Formation, intracellular distribution and efflux of glutathione-bimane conjugates in drug-sensitive and -resistant MCF-7 cells.

The rate of reaction of monochlorobimane with glutathione (GSH) was measured in native human mammary MCF-7 adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7wt) and sublines displaying resistance to 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (MCF-7hc) and adriamycin (MCF-7adr) prior to examination by epifluorescence and confocal microscopy. After a 60-min incubation period at 37 °C, essentially all GSH was conjugated in the MCF-7wt and MCF-7adr cell lines whereas only 80% of the GSH was conjugated in the MCF-7hc line. All three lines displayed significant export of the conjugate from the cell during this period, with the MCF-7adr line displaying the most rapid efflux with 85% of the conjugate exported within 60 min. Epifluorescence microscopy detected an approximately 20% increase in integrated fluorescence intensity in the nuclear region in all three lines. Confocal microscopy however, indicated that most of the cells examined showed a homogeneous fluorescence distribution. The cells grown in monolayers were found to be thicker in the nuclear region suggesting that the observed increase in fluorescence intensity in the nuclear region in the images from epifluorescence microscopy was probably derived from fluorescence from an out-of-focus plane. Cells depleted of GSH with buthionine sulfoximine followed by treatment with mBCl showed significant fluorescence intensity resulting from nonspecific binding of this probe. These studies illustrate the need for measuring the rate of GSH conjugate export and for determining probe specificity, and emphasizes the need for using confocal techniques for the quantitative evaluation of the distribution of intracellular fluorescence.
Mutations in the dynein regulatory complex alter the ATP-insensitive binding sites for inner arm dyneins in Chlamydomonas axonemes.

To understand mechanisms of regulation of dynein activity along and around the axoneme we further characterized the "dynein regulatory complex" (drc). The lack of some axonemal proteins, which together are referred to as drc, causes the suppression of flagellar paralysis of radial spoke and central pair mutants. The drc is also an adapter involved in the ATP-insensitive binding of I2 and I3 inner dynein arms to doublet microtubules. Evidence supporting these conclusions was obtained through analyses of five drc mutants: pf2, pf3, suppf3, suppf4, and suppf5. Axonemes from drc mutants lack part of I2 and I3 inner dynein arms as well as subsets of seven drc components (apparent molecular weight from 29,000 to 192,000). In the absence of ATP-Mg, dynein-depleted axonemes from the same mutants bind I2 and I3 inner arms at both ATP-sensitive and -insensitive sites. At ATP-insensitive sites, they bind I2 and I3 inner arms to an extent that depends on the drc defect. This evidence suggested to us that the drc forms one binding site for the I2 and I3 inner arms on the A part of doublet microtubules.
On statistical equilibrium among the sublevels of hydrogenic atoms and ions

Criteria are given as a function of electron density Ne, temperature T, nuclear charge number Z and principal quantum number n for the validity of the assumption of statistical equilibrium among the sublevels l, j of level n in a hydrogenic atom or ion. Essentially all values of Z and impact ion charge eZi are considered, but only small values of n(n<or=5) are considered.
The spectral evolution of sedimentary bed forms

A potential-flow based analytical model is developed for the temporal development of the spectra of ripples and dunes generated on an initially flattened bed by an open-channel flow. The analysis predicts the occurrence of two distinct spectral peaks at small times; the physical origin of each is explained. One of the peaks has spatial frequency equal to that given by the Airy relation for a small amplitude stationary free-surface wave. These results are confirmed by Jain's (1971) experimental data. Jain's data also are used to determine quantitativevalues of the lag distance andHayashi's (1970) inclination factor, α, which appear in the sediment-transport relation used in the analysis. A variance-cascade model is used to derive the ‘minus-three-power law’ that describes the spatial spectra of rippIes and dunes at higher wavenumbers. Finally, the relation between the Froude number and dominant wavelength implied by Jain & Kennedy's (1971) non-dimensionalized spectra is discussed and compared with data presented by Jain (1971) and Nordin (1971).
Knowledge of Grammar and Concept Possession

AbstractThis article deals with the cognitive relationship between a speaker and her internal grammar. In particular, it takes issue with the view that such a relationship is one of belief or knowl...
Reduced Infectivity of Adenovirus Type 5 Particles and Degradation of Entering Viral Genomes Associated with Incomplete Processing of the Preterminal Protein

To investigate further the contribution of the adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E1B 55-kDa protein to genome replication, viral DNA accumulation was examined in primary human fibroblasts and epithelial cells infected with Ad5 or the E1B 55-kDa-null mutant Hr6. Unexpectedly, all cell types were observed to contain a significantly higher concentration of entering Hr6 than of Ad5 DNA, as did an infectious unit of Hr6. However, the great majority of the Hr6 genomes were degraded soon after entry. As this unusual phenotype cannot be ascribed to the Hr6 E1B frameshift mutation (J. S. Chahal and S. J. Flint, J. Virol. 86:3064–3072, 2012), the sequences of the Ad5 and Hr6 genomes were compared by using high-throughput sequencing. Seven previously unrecognized mutations were identified in the Hr6 genome, two of which result in substitutions in virion proteins, G315V in the preterminal protein (preTP) and A406V in fiber protein IV. Previous observations and the visualization by immunofluorescence of greater numbers of viral genomes entering the cytosol of Hr6-infected cells than of Ad5-infected cells indicated that the fiber mutation could not be responsible for the low-infectivity phenotype of Hr6. However, comparison of the forms of terminal protein present in purified virus particles indicated that the production of mature terminal protein from a processing intermediate is impaired in Hr6 particles. We therefore propose that complete processing of preTP within virus particles is necessary for the ability of viral genomes to become localized at appropriate sites and persist in infected cells.
Identification and characterization of infiltrating macrophages in acetaminophen-induced liver injury

The role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury remains controversial, as it has been demonstrated that these cells display pro-toxicant and hepato-protective functions. This controversy may stem from the heterogeneity and/or plasticity of macrophages and the difficulty in distinguishing and differentially studying subpopulations of macrophages in the liver. In the present study, using flow cytometric analysis and fluorescence-labeled antibodies against specific cell surface macrophage markers, we were able to, for the first time, identify an APAP-induced macrophage (IM) population distinct from resident Kupffer cells. The data demonstrated that the IMs were derived from circulating monocytes that infiltrated the liver following APAP-induced liver injury. The IMs exhibited a phenotype consistent with that of alternatively activated macrophages and demonstrated the ability to phagocytize apoptotic cells and induce apoptosis of neutrophils. Furthermore, in the absence of the IMs, the resolution of hepatic damage following APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was delayed in CCR2(-/-) mice compared with wild-type mice. These findings likely contribute to the role of the IMs in the processes of tissue repair, including counteracting inflammation and promoting angiogenesis. The present study also demonstrated the ability of separating populations of macrophages and delineating distinct functions of each group in future studies of inflammatory disease in the liver and other tissues.