cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Solubilization of α- Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin into Reversed Micelles from Their Mixtures

Phase transfer experiments were performed, involving contact between an aqueous 1:1 solution of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin and an AOT-in-isooctane reversed micellar phase. The resulting extraction and separation of the two proteins were analyzed as functions of pH, ionic strength and total protein concentration using SDS-PAGE, and compared with extractions from pure solutions. At low protein concentrations, the extent of reversed micellar solubilization of the two pure proteins predicted well the extraction from mixtures. However, at higher protein concentrations β-lactoglobulin appeared to be excluded from the micellar droplets. Because of the significantly different partitioning behavior of the two proteins, reversed micellar extraction from an initially equal weight mixture led to an effective separation of the proteins.
Systematic regionalization of stroke care.

In January, the Multicenter Randomized CLinical trial of Endovascular treatment for Acute ischemic stroke in the Netherlands (MR CLEAN) trial, demonstrated an unambiguous benefit of intra-arterial therapies (IATs) for the treatment of patients with emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO).1 The results of MR CLEAN were reinforced by the early cessation of EXTEND-IA and ESCAPE. These two additional randomized controlled trials (yet to be published) showed similarly improved outcomes in patients receiving IAT rather than medical management (Goyal M, Campbell B, personal communication). Furthermore, a meta-analysis including all six prospective, randomized controlled trials published to date comparing IAT with standard medical care in patients with ELVO confirmed better outcomes in those undergoing IAT.2 The overwhelming evidence provided by these recently completed studies has eliminated clinical equipoise between IAT and medical therapy for a large number of patients.3 Nonetheless, much remains to be done. While MR CLEAN supports better outcomes in patients undergoing IAT, the collective data on stroke outcomes remain sobering. Despite early presentation, treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA), and subsequently IAT …
Pulled, Pushed and Persuaded: Explaining Women’s Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army

Using a rare representative sample of grassroots activists and nonactivists, this study identifies three paths that consistently led Salvadoran women to involvement in the FMLM guerrilla army: politicized guerillas, reluctant guerillas, and recruited guerillas. These mobilization paths arose from the patterned intersections of individual‐level biographies, networks, and situational contexts. The implications of these findings extend beyond studies of revolutionary activism to analyses of microlevel mobilization in general. Activists are heterogeneous and often follow multiple paths to the same participation outcome. Capturing these multiple paths is imperative for generating theoretically sound explanations of mobilization that are also empirically effective in distinguishing activists from nonactivists.
Accurate D0 value for NF

Abstract An accurate D 0 value is computed for NF + using the RCCSD(T) approach. The value is refined by extrapolation to the basis set limit and by accounting for core-valence correlation and spin–orbit effects. The best estimate for the dissociation energy ( D 0 ) at 0 K is 127.61±1.0 kcal/mol and for the dissociation energy ( D 0 ) at 298 K is 128.79±1.0 kcal/mol.
Chemical-assisted bonding of thermoplastics/elastomer for fabricating microfluidic valves.

Thermoplastics such as cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) have been increasingly used in fabricating microfluidic devices. However, the state-of-the-art microvalve technology is a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based three-layer structure. In order to integrate such a valve with a thermoplastics-based microfluidic device, a bonding method for thermoplastics/PDMS must be developed. We report here a method to bond COC with PDMS through surface activation by corona discharge, surface modification using 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA), and thermal annealing. The method is also applicable to PMMA. The bonding strength between thermoplastics and PDMS was represented by the peeling force, which was measured using a method established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The bonding strength measurement offered an objective and quantitative indicator for protocol optimization, as well as comparison with other PDMS-associated bonding methods. Using ...
Challenges in teaching the mechanics of breathing to medical and graduate students

The mechanics of breathing has always been a difficult topic for some medical and graduate students. The subject is very quantitative and contains a number of concepts that some students have trouble with, including physical principles such as pressure, flow, volume, resistance, elasticity, and compliance. Apparently, present-day students find the subject more difficult than students of 20 years ago. A possible reason for this is that the teaching of elementary physics in high school and college is now given less emphasis, whereas other topics, such as molecular biology, receive a great deal of attention. Another factor may be that many of us grew up building radios and other such devices, whereas modern students tend to plug in an electronic unit with little idea of its function. Some examples of misconceptions of present-day students who have taken our course are given. To help the weaker students, we now include a primer at the beginning of our handout for the course that covers simple physical principles. Examples of some of the most difficult concepts for students are given.
The chemistry of naturally occurring polyamines. A total synthesis of thermospermine

Abstract methodology for distinguishing the similar basic sites in spermidine has led to the first synthesis of thermospermine 1 .
Pain in infancy: Conceptual and methodological issues

The concept of pain in infancy was explored. It was suggested that our every day usage of the term pain be applied to infants. Essentially this suggestion is that we infer that an infant has a subjective experience that is unpleasant when there is evidence of tissue damage and the infant responds with signs of distress, such as crying, increased heart rate, facial expression consistent with distress or other signs. Conceptualizations of adult clinical pain and infant emotions were compared. It was proposed that our concept of infant pain should be multivariate and should include the ecological context in which pain occurs. In section 2 methodological issues were discussed. Ethical concerns for the protection of infant rights were voiced. Numerous opportunities for studying infant pain produced by necessary medical procedures were pointed out. A number of response systems which offer promise in understanding infant pain were reviewed with respect to their proven applicability to infant emotional and cognitive processes or to adult pain processes. This paper attempted to organize information which will be helpful to the researcher interested in infant pain or developmental processes in pain. From the preceding it should be obvious how remarkably little data we have which bears directly on the issue. The close association between the study of pain and the study of emotion has been shown. The study of emotional development, while ahead of the study of developmental aspects of pain, still lags far behind the study of cognitive development. Recently there has been a call for increased study of the development of emotion. The study of the development of pain might well proceed hand in hand. The present state of the field of infant pain is such that almost any data will add to our knowledge base. The complexity of the concept and the wide range of response systems would suggest that multidisciplinary research teams may develop some of the best research efforts. A multidisciplinary approach has been found to be essential in the treatment of chronic pain, for example. A listing of some of the types of professionals who would contribute would include: physicians, nurses, psychologists, biologists (including those trained in neurophysiology, ethology and endocrinology), sociologists and anthropologists. University medical centers seem an ideal environment for conducting such research, given the close proximity of various specialists and an available subject population.
Central European EU accession and Latin American integration: Mutual lessons in macroeconomic policy design

Abstract Design options in exchange rate, monetary and fiscal policies, are explored for economies in Central Europe and Latin America that aspire to engage in monetary unification. Recent experience in these regions suggests that, absent a model of institutional harmonization and a road map for policy convergence, Latin American economies would benefit from following internally consistent macroeconomic policies—possibly in the context of a rules-based framework—and from adopting widely accepted standards of best practice. Unilateral adoption of a hard currency (dollarization or euroization) tends to be counterproductive unless it is supported by fiscal discipline and wage flexibility. Empirical evidence is presented on the effect of expected monetary unification on sovereign risk.
HIV-associated Prospective Memory Impairment Increases Risk of Dependence in Everyday Functioning

HIV infection is associated with impairments in prospective memory (ProM), an aspect of episodic memory that refers to the ability to execute a future intention, such as remembering to take a medication at a specific time. The current study sought to examine the relationship between HIV-associated ProM impairment and the successful management of independent activities of daily living (IADLs). In a cohort of 66 HIV-infected individuals, ProM accounted for a significant proportion of variance in self-reported IADL dependence over and above that which was explained by retrospective memory and current affective distress. Analysis of component cognitive processes revealed that the relationship between HIV-associated ProM deficits and IADL dependence was driven by impaired cue detection and self-initiated intention retrieval. Results were not better explained by demographic factors, HIV disease severity, psychiatric comorbidity, or substance use. Collectively, these data support the potential incremental ecological validity of ProM as a predictor of dependence in IADLs among persons living with HIV infection.
Fostering Academic Development and Learning: Implications and Recommendations for Middle School Counselors:

Within the systemic framework of comprehensive school counseling programs, this article explores middle school counselors’ vital role in collaborating with other educators to promote the academic d...
Disk Harmonic Functions for Adaptive Optics Simulations

We investigate the disk harmonic basis functions as an alternative to the Zernike basis functions and their application to fast, analytic adaptive optics simulations which require a large number of degrees of freedom.
Pyridine hydrogenation and piperidine hydrogenolysis on a commercial hydrocracking catalyst I. Reaction and deactivation kinetics

Abstract The vapor phase kinetics of pyridine hydrogenation over a commercial fresh hydrocracking catalyst were studied in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor and the feasibility of this reaction as a probe for characterizing the catalyst was examined. Kinetic experiments at total pressures of 13.01 to 13.48 atm, temperatures of 312 to 334°C, and initial pyridine partial pressures of 0.116 to 0.483 atm indicated that pyridine hydrogenation to piperidine was the predominant reaction and that the reaction rate was first order in pyridine. The feasibility of piperidine hydrogenolysis as a probe for characterizing dual-functional catalysts was also examined and the reaction and deactivation kinetics of this system were studied in the above reactor operating at integral conversions. The kinetic studies were conducted at total pressures of 15.86 to 16.14 atm, temperatures ranging from 281 to 321°C, and initial concentrations of piperidine from 4.03 to 11.84 × 10−3 mol/liter. Product distributions revealed that the predominant reactions were only those converting piperidine to other nitrogen-containing compounds. Both the metallic and acidic catalyst functions were active simultaneously in the conversion reactions and both were deactivated under conditions of the experiments. To offset catalyst deactivation effects, the conversion data were extrapolated to zero time on stream. The kinetic parameters were determined using a reaction-deactivation model based on separable kinetics. The reaction rate data were best fit to Langmuir-Hinshelwood type expressions proposing two different catalytic sites for hydrogen and nitrogen compound adsorption.
COMMON MISTAKES IN OUR FRENCH TEXTBOOKS I. ON SO-CALLED DIRECT-METHOD EXERCISES

newer French grammars as well as in readers and editions of texts. To what extent they are a habit of the classroom is problematical. Students generally report that all the books they have read in high school had direct-method exercises; many, however, admit that their teacher never paid any attention to the questions in French listed at the end of a play or novel. It would seem, therefore, that one certain effect of the institution has been to increase the shortage of printing paper. Yet there are other teachers, and many of them, who make excellent use of the questions in French, and the results they obtain amply justify the institution. Whether used or not, the direct-method exercise is a fact, a printed fact, and as such it is fit subject for a critical examination. The present article will occasionally quote a grammar or "French Course," but in the main it considers the editions of well known French texts.
Into the Loops: Practical Issues in Translation Validation for Optimizing Compilers

Translation Validation is a technique for ensuring that the target code produced by a translator is a correct translation of the source code. Rather than verifying the translator itself, translation validation validates the correctness of each translation, generating a formal proof that it is indeed a correct. Recently, translation validation has been applied to prove the correctness of compilation in general, and optimizations in particular. Tvoc, a tool for the Translation Validation of Optimizing Compilers developed by the authors and their colleagues, successfully handles many optimizations employed by Intel's ORC compiler. Tvoc, however, is somewhat limited when dealing with loop reordering transformations. First, in the theory upon which it is based, separate proof rules are needed for different categories of loop reordering transformations. Second, Tvoc has difficulties dealing with combinations of optimizations that are performed on the same block of code. Finally, Tvoc relies on information, provided by the compiler, indicating which optimizations have been performed (in the case of the current ORC, this instrumentation is fortunately part of the compiler). This paper addresses all the issues above. It presents a uniform proof rule that encompasses all reordering transformations performed by the Intel ORC compiler, describes a methodology for translation validation in the presence of combinations of optimizations, and presents heuristics for determining which optimizations occurred (rather than relying on the compiler for this information).
Long term aging and irreversible losses at elevated temperatures of Nd-Fe-B magnets with cobalt and dysprosium additions

Abstract The long term, elevated temperature performance of Nd-Fe-B magnets prepared by conventional powder processing and containing 0–10 wt% Dy substitutions for Nd and 0–15 wt% Co substitutions for Fe are reported. Irreversible and long term aging losses at 150°C for periods up to 10 000 h were measured. Ranked on the basis of total flux available during the aging period, the best magnets contained 5–7 wt% Dy and 8–9 wt% Co.
Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite disinfectant on the viability and allergenic properties of household mold

Abstract Rationale Many fungi colonize indoor environments and produce allergenic proteins that cause adverse health symptoms in sensitive individuals. The effect of sodium hypochlorite (2.4% NaOCl) disinfectant on fungal growth and the presence of allergenic properties was evaluated. Methods Environmental and laboratory isolates of common indoor mold contaminants ( Penicillium , Cladosporium , Mucor , Rhizopus , Stachybotrys , Alternaria , Aspergillus , Helminthosporium , and Trichophyton ) were grown to sporulation, purified, dried on sterile ceramic porous and non-porous carriers, and treated with 2.4% NaOCl for up to 10 min. Volunteer's showers were monitored, for 2 weeks to determine the rate of mold regrowth following disinfectant treatment. ELISA tests measured the ability of NaOCl to reduce the allergenic properties of Aspergillus fumigatus following 30 sec, 1 min, and 5 min exposures. Results 2.4% NaOCl reduced total mold counts in home showers by >4 logs after 5 min exposures. In controlled laboratory studies, home mold isolates were reduced by >5 logs following 5 min exposures with 2.4% NaOCl. Test organisms were not culturable in 10 out of 10 trials after 5 and 10 min contact times in non-porous and porous ceramic carriers, respectively. NaOCl treatment reduced A. fumigatus allergen levels by >90% in as little as 30 seconds. Conclusions Low concentrations (2.4%) of NaOCl, common to household disinfectants, are effective at reducing mold from indoor surfaces, to undetectable levels, in both real-time and seeded laboratory studies. In addition, NaOCl effectively fragments the proteins responsible for the allergenic properties of indoor mold.
Recreational Niches & Their Management Implications

The Red River Gorge in central Kentucky lies approximately fifty miles southeast of Lexington and is probably best known for its natural features. It is a place of remarkable scenic beauty characterized by extremely rugged topography. Until the late 1960's, it was considered one of the more beautiful parts of the Daniel Boone National Forest. At this time, however, the United States Army Corps of Engineers submitted a proposal to dam the river for flood control, water supply and recreational purposes. Although the project was to be located just under the Gorge, it would have resulted in flooding the area and some of the more unique geological formations found there, as well as forcing the relocation of fifty-five families. There was intense opposition to the dam by local landowners and local and national conservation groups. In 1968, Justice William O. Douglas made a highly-publicized visit to the area to indicate his opposition to the project. This resistance generated considerable publicity for the area...
Analysis of Hillslope Erosion Rates Using Dated Colluvial Deposits

Hollows are sites of long-term deposition of colluvium and contain a valuable record of the timing and rates of hillslope erosion. A model is presented that uses measured depositional rates of colluvium in hollows to calculate transport rates of colluvium and bedrock lowering rates on the surrounding slopes. This model has been applied to eight dated colluvial deposits in the Clearwater River basin of western Washington. The calculated average transport rate is about $$34 cm^{3}/cm/yr$$, and the calculated average bedrock lowering rate is about 0.04 mm/yr, equivalent to an average sediment yield of $$90 t/km^{2}/yr$$ for the Holocene. There is significant variability in erosion rates between sites, which may be due to local lithologic variations, although the average values are similar to an independent estimate of modern erosion rates for this area. Multiple stratigraphic levels have been dated in five deposits and document that the deposits are cumulative and that deposition has been active through the ...
Development of an acoustic current meter: Lessons taught by clients and colleagues

In development of the Modular Acoustic Velocity Sensor [1, 2], MAVS, from a research instrumentation project under an NSF grant to a commercial product, I have been taught lessons by clients and colleagues that have led to changes in the product and improved the instrument made and marketed by Nobska Development, Inc. The lessons and their resulting improvements can be grouped by application and by clients who have been willing to share their successes and their difficulties. These applications range from hydrothermal vents to a coral reef, from breaking wave measurements to a very quiet lake, from near-surface wave measurements under a pier to cable connected observatory measurements, and from moored measurements to a profiler tethered to a drifting buoy.
Fishery Science: Its Methods and Applications

Abstract George A. Rounsefell and W. Harry Everhart John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1953, ix + 444 pp., illus. $7.50
Determination of N-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidinone (NVP) in Rat and Dog Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract A method for the determination of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NVP) in both rat and dog plasma is described. The method involves the addition of an internal standard, a solution containing sodium lauryl sulfate, and an ultrafiltration step through a micropartition system which is subjected to centrifugation at 2000 × g for 15 minutes. The ultrafiltrate is then analyzed by an HPLC system with UV detection at 235 nm. The assay is linear in the concentration range of (0.2–8.0 μg/mL) for rat plasma with a minimum sensitivity of 100 ng/mL and a day to day variation of 3.0%. In the case of dog plasma, the assay is linear in the concentration range of (0.05–4.0 μg/mL) with a minimum sensitivity of 50 ng/mL when 100 μL aliquots of plasma are extracted. Application of this method to the protein binding studies of NVP to both rat and dog plasma is illustrated.
Sleep EEG studies during early and late partial sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects

In this study of 23 patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and 18 normal comparison (NC) subjects, we examined sleep EEG measures during baseline midfollicular (MF) and late luteal (LL) menstrual cycle phases and after early sleep deprivation (ESD), in which subjects slept from 03.00 to 07.00 h, and late sleep deprivation (LSD), in which subjects slept from 21.00 to 01.00 h. Each sleep deprivation night was followed by a night of recovery sleep (ESD-R, LSD-R) (sleep 22.30-06.30 h) and was administered in the late luteal phase of separate menstrual cycles. During baseline studies, sleep EEG measures differed significantly by menstrual cycle phase, but not group. Both PMDD and NC groups showed longer REM latencies and less REM sleep (minutes and percent) during the luteal compared with the follicular menstrual cycle phase. PMDD subjects, however, did not show sleep architecture changes similar to those of patients with major depressive disorders. Sleep quality was better during recovery nights of sleep in PMDD compared with NC subjects. REM sleep measures changed in association with clinical improvement in responders to sleep deprivation. Both early and late sleep deprivation may help to correct underlying circadian rhythm disturbances during sleep in PMDD, although differential sleep changes during ESD vs. LSD did not correlate with clinical response. Further sleep studies addressing additional circadian variables may serve to elucidate mechanisms mediating the therapeutic effects of sleep deprivation in PMDD.
Active Vibration Control of Meso- and Microstructures via Piezoelectric Films

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of active vibration control for meso- and microstrucutres through use of PZT (Lead-Zirconium-Titanium Oxide) thick films. This paper consists of two parts. The first part is to develop a sol-gel process to fabricate crack-free PZT thick films with thickness of 2 microns and area of 4 mm × 4 mm. The PZT thick film has a Pt/Ti bottom electrode and a gold top electrode. Moreover, the PZT thick film is fabricated on a silicon cantilever, whose dimensions are 20 mm × 15 mm × 0.4 mm. The second part is an experimental demonstration of active vibration control using the PZT thick film. In the experiment, a tiny bulk PZT patch is first glued to the silicon cantilever. A function generator drives the bulk PZT simulating a source of disturbance exciting the silicon cantilever. In the meantime, a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) measures velocity of the cantilever tip. With a phase shifter as the controller, the LDV measurement is fed back to the PZT thick-film actuator to actively control the cantilever vibration. To evaluate the effectiveness of the active vibration control, a spectrum analyzer measures the frequency response functions (FRF) from the bulk PZT voltage to the LDV response. Experimental results show that the simple active vibration control scheme can reduce resonance amplitude of the first bending mode by 66%.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Nuclear polyhedrosis virus replication in epithelial cell cultures of lepidoptera

Etude au microscope electronique a transmission de l'utilisation de nouvelles lignees cellulaires (IAL-TNDI de Trichoplusia ni et IAL-SFDI de Spodoptera frugiperda) pour la replication de virus de polyedrose nucleaire TnNPV, AcNPV et AgNPV
Automated Debugging: Are We There Yet?

Software debugging is a notoriously difficult, extremely time consuming, and human-intensive activity. For this reason, researchers have invested a great deal of effort in developing automated techniques and tools for supporting various debugging tasks. Although potentially useful, most of these techniques have yet to fully demonstrate their practical effectiveness. Moreover, many current debugging approaches suffer from some common limitations. In particular, many techniques rely on a set of strong assumptions on how developers behave when debugging, fail to leverage the rich source of information represented by the user population, and focus mainly on trying to reduce the number of statements to examine, mostly ignoring the importance of identifying relevant inputs. This talk will provide an overview of the state of the art in the area of software debugging, discuss strengths and weaknesses of the main existing techniques, present a set of open challenges in the area of debugging, and sketch future research directions that may help address these challenges.
Predicting the Occurrence of Stalking in Relationships Characterized by Domestic Violence

A high correlation has been found between domestic violence and stalking. However, very few studies have examined what factors predict the occurrence of stalking in relationships characterized by domestic violence. Using in-depth interviews with victims of domestic violence whose cases have gone through the criminal justice system, this article explores this issue. It was found that experiences of stalking by their abusers were very prevalent in this group of domestic violence victims. In terms of predicting stalking, domestic violence victims who were not in a relationship with their abuser, whose abusers had an alcohol or drug problem, who experienced more controlling behaviors by their abusers, and who had experienced prior stalking by their abusers were at the greatest risk of experiencing more severe stalking. Implications for intervention are discussed.
Combined Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Investigation of Nextel‐720 Fiber/Alumina Ceramic‐Matrix Composite in Air and Water Vapor at 1100°C

The high-temperature performance of a Nextel-720 fiber/ Al 2 O 3 composite in air and water vapor at 1100°C was investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermodynamic calculations. In the presence of water vapor, the formation of volatile Si(OH) 4 was responsible for the loss of mullite phase in the fiber of the ceramic-matrix composite (CMC). XPS analysis revealed the formation of surface aluminosilicates for the water-vapor-exposed CMC for 1000 h.
Calculation of activity coefficients of conduction electrons in metals and in semiconductors

Abstract Previous work has demonstrated that an important thermodynamic property of the conduction electrons, their partial enthalpy h, can be calculated from experimental data on thermopower. It is shown here that useful approximate values of the activity coefficient, ƒ, can be deduced for both metals and semiconductors from data on h. The validity of this deduction is verified by comparison with published experimental data on the variation of electrical potential with the amount of doping of n-type silicon. These data are also employed to estimate that the partial excess entropy makes a contribution of about 15% (compared to h) to the value of ƒ.
Ethics, evolution, and the psychology of William James

William James's psychology is here examined in the context of his normative ethics and his concern for evolution. James's notion of the strenuous life, the core of his normative vision, is shown to be crucial to his psychology of consciousness, self, attention, and will. Moreover, James's ethical concerns were not only implicit in his psychological writings, but his psychology delineated the human capacities which enable a person to engage in vigorous moral agency for the improvement of the community.
Morphine effects on escape in the rhesus monkey

Abstract The effects of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg of morphine were determined in three rhesus monkeys engaged in escaping noxious electrical cutaneous shock. Morphine reduced escape responding in two subjects and increased responding in one.Analysis of these data by signal detection theory (SDT) revealed that d' was increased in two subjects and reduced in one.It was concluded that: (1) morphine has effects on behavior which vary qualitatively between subjects and are similar to those of diazepam, and (2) that SDT may be of limited value for assessing narcotic analgesia because of its inability to discriminate between narcotic and antianxiety drugs.
Diagnostics of the oceanic thermohaline circulation in a coupled climate model

Abstract Two century-scale integrations of a global coupled model consisting of the GISS atmospheric model and the HYCOM ocean model are carried out: a control run assuming fixed atmospheric composition, and a perturbation run assuming gradual doubling of CO 2 . The model does not use flux corrections at the air–sea interface, nor is the ocean “spun up” prior to coupling. When increasing CO 2 at the rate of 1% per year to twice its original level and keeping it constant thereafter, the model responds with a 2 °C increase in 200 years in the global mean surface air temperature and a virtually unchanged Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Due to the predominantly isopycnic character of HYCOM, geographic details of the 3-D thermohaline circulation in potential density space can be extracted from the model output with relative ease. The analysis confirms that even regional details of the MOC in this experiment are rather insensitive to the climate change brought on by CO 2 doubling. Furthermore, the analysis reveals strong similarities between the simulated and the observed MOC.
Consequences of benzodiazepine receptor occupancy

The pharmacological consequences of the occupancy of benzodiazepine receptors have been a recent area of active research. There is good agreement between the electrophysiological effects of benzodiazepines and their binding to benzodiazepine receptors when both are studied in vitro under identical conditions. Compounds of different structure from the benzodiazepines can occupy the receptor in a way, which produces little overt effect (imidazodiazepines) or actually causes actions opposite to the benzodiazepines (beta-carbolines, inverse agonists). Several biochemical tests (GABA-shift, photo-shift) for distinguishing these different behavioral properties are described. A model is described for the interactions at membranes of agonists, antagonists and inverse agonists with benzodiazepine receptors in the GABA receptor complex.
The theory of the firm: An epistemological analysis

Is the theory of the firm equipped to answer questions about contemporary society? By a systemic examination of the nature of laws and facts assumed in the theory of the firm, we find that while the theory of the firm has found its Descartes and its Hume, it is not yet clear whether it has found its Kant. We speculate that a pragmatism-inspired theory of the firm, which incorporates the science of ethical management, is needed for the theory to become relevant for contemporary society.
The design and synthesis of polymers for eukaryotic membrane disruption

The intracellular trafficking of drugs is critical to the efficacy of drugs that are susceptible to attack by lysosomal enzymes. It is therefore an important goal to design and synthesize molecules which can enhance the transport of endocytosed drugs from the endosomal compartments to the cytoplasm. The pH of an endosome is lower than that of the cytosol by one to two pH units, depending on the stage of endosomal development. This pH gradient is a key factor in the design of membrane-disruptive polymers which could enhance the endosomal release of drugs. Such polymers should disrupt lipid bilayer membranes at pH 6.5 and below, but should be non-lytic at pH 7.4. We have designed and synthesized pH-sensitive synthetic polymers which efficiently disrupt red blood cells within a sharply defined pH range. One of these polymers, poly(ethyl acrylic acid) (PEAAc) has been previously shown to disrupt synthetic vesicles in a pH-dependent fashion. PEAAc hemolyzes red blood cells with an activity of 10^7 molecules per red blood cell, which is as efficient on a molar basis as the peptide melittin. The mechanism of RBC hemolysis by PEAAc is consistent with the colloid osmotic mechanism. PEAAc’s hemolytic activity rises rapidly as the pH decreases from 6.3 to 5.0, and there is no hemolytic activity at pH 7.4. A related polymer, poly(propyl acrylic acid) (PPAAc), was synthesized to test whether making the pendant alkyl group more hydrophobic by adding one methylene group would increase the hemolytic activity. PPAAc was found to disrupt red blood cells 15 times more efficiently than PEAAc at pH 6.1. PPAAc was also not active at pH 7.4 and displayed a pH-dependent hemolysis that was shifted toward higher pH’s. Random 1:1 copolymers of ethyl acrylate (EA) and acrylic acid (AAc) (which contain random –COOH and –C_2H_5 groups that are present and regularly repeat in PEAAc) also displayed significant hemolytic activity, with an efficiency close to PEAAc. These results demonstrate that pH-sensitive synthetic polymers can be molecularly engineered to efficiently disrupt eukaryotic membranes within defined and narrow pH ranges. Thus, these polymers might serve as endosomal disruptive agents with specificities for early or late endosomes.
Mapping of strain-piezopotential relationship along bent zinc oxide microwires

Abstract Piezoelectric nanowire based nanogenerator is a promising technology to harvest ambient mechanical energy. It is essential to experimentally quantify the strain–piezopotential relationship on nanowires for the development of high-output nanogenerators. In this paper, 3D Kelvin probe microscopy (3DKPM) is applied to precisely mapping the piezopotential along a bent ZnO microwire (MW). In order to remove the charge screening effect and recover the actual piezopotential generated by the MW, an external DC bias was applied along the axial direction of the bent MW. This external field drove charged species in and outside of the MW to the two oppositely-biased ends, respectively, and thus minimized the screening effect. We also developed a numerical method to calculate the strain distribution along the bent ZnO MW based on its scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image, with which the strain–piezopotential relationship was obtained. The overall theoretical and experimental relationships showed a good match, indicating 3DKPM under biased condition can be an effective approach for quantifying piezopotential from strained nanomaterials. The detected piezopotential is independent of screening charge and external screening effect, and is not affected by the sharp topography variation along the edge of wires. It could serve as an important methodology for revealing nanoscale piezoelectric and flexoelectric properties.
Effects of surface baroclinicity on frontal overrunning along the central Gulf coast

Along the United States Gulf coast and over the northern Gulf of Mexico, frontal overrunning occurs frequently. Cyclogenesis over the Gulf is often associated with this type of weather system. Effects of baroclinic fields on frontal overrunning are investigated from synoptic and climatological points of view. It is found that, from October through April, the orientation of the shelf break is a very important baroclinic characteristic because fronts tend to stall there rather than at the physical coastline. To further substantiate this deduction dynamically, the local geostrophic vorticity field over the western Louisiana-upper Texas shelf region is estimated monthly. The correlation coefficient between the vorticity field and the frequency of frontal overrunning along the central Gulf coast was 0.86. For forecasting applications, a simple formula is provided to estimate this local vorticity from the temperature difference between Lake Charles, Louisiana, and buoy station 42002 in the deep Gulf.
Basin-scale population genetic structure of the planktonic copepod Calanus finmarchicus in the North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract Pelagic marine invertebrates have extensive potential for gene flow, although barriers to gene flow and entrainment in ocean currents may lead to reproductive isolation or drift, and thus to genetic differentiation of populations. The planktonic calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus shows significant geographic variation in life history traits across subarctic zones of the N. Atlantic Ocean. Population genetic analysis of C. finmarchicus examined allelic variation at 24 single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) sites in three nuclear protein-coding genes: citrate synthase, heat-shock protein-70, and AMP-activated protein kinase. Samples were collected during 2005 from 10 areas representing the Northwest (NW), North Central (NC), and Northeast (NE) Atlantic gyres. Hypotheses of two or more distinct populations of C. finmarchicus were examined based on SNP variation within the three genes analyzed both separately and together using AMOVA ( Arlequin Ver. 3.11), CLUMPP (Ver. 1.1), GENALEX (Ver. 6.2), Genepop (Ver. 4.0.10), and Structure (Ver. 2.3). All analyses revealed evidence of small but significant differentiation among areas within gyres (e.g., F SC = 0.0306, p F SC = 0.0344, p F ST values for all 10 areas ranged from 0.0000 to 0.2400), which may reflect ecologically-important, short-term (on the order of months) variation driven by geographic variation in life history traits. Support for underlying large-scale differentiation, which may reflect persistent barriers to gene flow associated with entrainment in ocean gyres, was provided by various analyses, with numbers of distinct C. finmarchicus populations ranging from two to four. Analysis of molecular variation supported two populations, while clustering and population assignment supported two, three, or four populations. The Barents Sea sample was especially distinctive: one test using AMOVA was non-significant among gyres without this sample and differentiation among area populations within gyres was reduced. Analysis of additional genes, higher resolution sampling, and comparisons across different years are needed to resolve the spatial limits and number of distinct C. finmarchicus populations across the N. Atlantic Ocean basin.
Expression from cloned cDNA of cell-surface secreted forms of the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus in eucaryotic cells

Abstract A cDNA clone of the mRNA encoding the glycoprotein (G) of vesicular stomatitis virus was inserted into plasmid vectors under the control of either the SV40 early promoter (pSV2G) or the SV40 late promoter (pSVGL). Synthesis of G protein was observed in mouse L cells injected with pSV2G DNA or in COS1 cells transfected with pSVGL DNA. Immunofluorescent staining of G protein produced in both cell types showed a pattern of internal and cell-surface staining indistinguishable from that seen in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus. The G protein produced in transfected COS1 cells was the size of normal G protein and was glycosylated. Expression of a G protein lacking 79 amino acids from the COOH terminus was also examined. This G protein lacks the transmembrane domain and the hydrophilic COOH terminus, which, we postulated, anchor G protein in the lipid bilayer. This "anchorless" protein is glycosylated and is secreted, albeit slowly.
Bankrupting the jammer in WSN

The high vulnerability of the wireless sensor nodes to jamming arises from the low resilience and easy differentiability of protocol control messages, and the high predictability of node wakeup schedules. In this paper, we propose Jam-Buster — a jam-resistant solution for WSN, orthogonal to the existing antijamming solutions, that increases resilience by using multi-block payloads, eliminates differentiation by using equal size packets and reduces predictability by randomizing the wakeup times of the sensors. While each of these individual components is quite simple, the combination of the three components results in a jam-resilient system that forces the jammer to transmit more enabling faster detection of the jammer by the sensors, and to spend more energy to be effective and so reduce its own lifetime. By modeling our system using game theory and then evaluating the system in a TmoteSky testbed, we show that Jam-Buster reduces the overall efficiency of an intelligent jammer.
Investigating the Effects of Product Type on Online Decision-Making Styles

Decision-making styles have received attention from consumer behaviour researchers as a factor that influences consumer purchasing behaviour. This study explored whether online decision-making styles vary for different products, specifically tangible, standardized products (consumer electronics) and intangible, non-standardized products (accommodations). The findings showed a statistically significant effect for product type on perfectionism consciousness, brand consciousness, novelty and variety consciousness, as well as confusion by over-choice. The study concludes that online shopping for travel accommodation involves specific decision-making styles which need to be recognized by marketers and system designers.
A Critical Examination of Current Minimum Grading Policy Recommendations

In an effort to reduce failure and attrition rates and to increase on-time program completion and graduation rates, many schools are adopting a policy of assigning minimum grades. While justifications supporting the policy are often mathematical in nature, some proponents also claim the practice works to keep students motivated, hopeful, confident and optimistic. This paper explores these claims by comparing the stated reasons for grading practices and policies against several theories of learning and the secondary effects grades have on students. Key concepts from the models of achievement motivation, locus of control and self-efficacy, as well as consideration of the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, lead to conclusions that there may be certain sub-populations of students who could benefit greatly from minimum grading practices and policies, particularly in certain (“high-risk”) courses and subject-matters. Ways to identify these students, courses and subject matters are presented and discussed, as are the general outlines of the formal exploratory and confirmatory studies that are needed to clarify and more precisely answer the several questions about minimum grading policies identified in this paper.
WALRASIAN EQUILIBRIUM IN MATCHING MODELS

Abstract We analyze trading in a model in which the agents and their preferences are the same as in the main models of matching and bargaining, but in which trade is centralized rather than decentralized. We characterize equilibrium when trade is centralized and, by comparing our results with results from the matching literature, we show conditions under which decentralized trading processes reproduce the allocations of our centralized one. We establish that the competitive price as defined in the matching literature (i.e., relative to the stocks, flows, or totals) coincides, in the appropriate setting, with the equilibrium price in our model.
Lavas of the African Rifts, their chemistry and tectonic setting

The state of knowledge and opinion as to the African Rift valleys and their lavas was, a decade ago, such as to suggest that a definite correlation might be made between the tectonics and the chemistry of the lavas. The Western Rift Valley seemed to have been formed as a result of compressive stresses in the crust and to have associated with it lavas of potash-rich character. The Eastern Rift Valley seemed to have been formed as a result of tensional stresses and to have associated with it lavas of soda-rich character. The picture now presented is less simple. As a result of further investigation there has arisen much diversity of opinion as to the tectonic forces controlling the formation of both Rift valleys and there seems therefore no adequate basis, for an attempt to correlate lava-chemistry with contrasted tectonics. In addition, recent studies of the lavas have brought to light many exceptions to the general tendency towards preponderance of potash in the Western Rift and preponderance of soda in the Eastern Rift Some new analyses are given which illustrate these exceptions and emphasize the fact that, as in the case of the tectonic relations, no simple picture of the chemistry of the lavas can be outlined at the present time. Indeed, when the question of the origin of the dominant lavas of the Western Rift is reviewed in the light of latest knowledge, their potash-rich character seems to be a relatively accidental circumstance. This question is discussed and the lack of any convincing relation between lava chemistry and tectony in the Rift valleys is emphasized.
Optimizing power allocation in analog joint source-channel coding

We propose an analog joint source-channel coding scheme for the transmission of analog Gaussian sources over AWGN channels. The key idea is the combination of a 1:1 uncoded system in which source symbols are directly sent through the noisy channel and a 2:1 non-linear system in which two source outputs are mapped to one channel symbol using spacefilling curves. By doing so, the proposed scheme can achieve any bandwidth reduction ratio between 1:1 and 2:1. The main contribution of this paper is the derivation of the optimal power allocation between the two constituent systems in order to maximize the overall signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR).
Applications of Covariance Structure Modeling in Psychology: Cause for Concern?

Methods of covariance structure modeling are frequently applied in psychological research. These methods merge the logic of confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression, and path analysis within a single data analytic framework. Among the many applications are estimation of disattenuated correlation and regression coefficients, evaluation of multitrait-multimethod matrices, and assessment of hypothesized causal structures. Shortcomings of these methods are commonly acknowledged in the mathematical literature and in textbooks. Nevertheless, serious flaws remain in many published applications. For example, it is rarely noted that the fit of a favored model is identical for a potentially large number of equivalent models. A review of the personality and social psychology literature illustrates the nature of this and other problems in reported applications of covariance structure models.