cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Politics and linguistics in the standardization of soviet yiddish

(1973). Politics and linguistics in the standardization of soviet yiddish. Soviet Jewish Affairs: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 71-79.
Immunodiffusion and Agglutination Tests for Candida in Patients with Neoplastic Disease: Inconsistent Correlation of Results with Invasive Infections

A serological study of candidiasis was conducted with use of (1) sera sent to the laboratory by clinicians who suspected infections due to various organisms including Candida species, and (2) sera available in our serum bank from patients with candidiasis proven at autopsy and from those with documented candidemia. With this population of patients, we were able to evaluate both potential false-negative and false-positive results. Microimmunodiffusion and slide agglutination tests were used. In many cases, serial specimens were available for measurement of rises or falls in titers of agglutinating antibody. Sera from less than one-half of the patients with disseminated or invasive gastrointestinal candidiasis exhibited positive immunodiffusion reactions, titers of agglutinating antibody of greater than 1:16, or fourfold rises in titer of agglutinins. Sera from several patients with pharyngitis due to Candida and from several who were only colonized with Candida or for whom clinical or cultural evidence of candidiasis was lacking showed positive immunodiffusion reactions or agglutinin titers of greater than 1:16, and some showed fourfold rises in titer. Conversions from negative to positive immunodiffusion reactions were not consistently correlated with invasive candida infection. Using the methods described, we have not found immunodiffusion tests and titers of agglutinating antibody to be reliable indicators of invasive candida infection, since false-positive as well as false-negative reactions occur. Greater specificity for invasiveness as well as greater sensitivity in immunosuppressed patients are necessary before these tests can become important adjuncts to the evaluation of patients with suspected invasive candidiasis.
Microscale frictional response of bovine articular cartilage from atomic force microscopy.

The objective of this study was to compare micro- and macroscale friction coefficients of bovine articular cartilage. Microscale measurements were performed using standard atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques, using a 5 μm spherical probe tip. Twenty four cylindrical osteochondral plugs were harvested in pairs from adjacent positions in six fresh bovine humeral heads (4-6 months old), and divided into two groups for AFM and macroscopic friction measurements. AFM measurements of friction were observed to be time-independent, whereas macroscale measurements demonstrated the well documented time-dependent increase from a minimum to an equilibrium value. The microscale AFM friction coefficient (μAFM, 0.152±0.079) and macroscale equilibrium friction coefficient (μeq, 0.138±0.036) exhibited no statistical differences (p=0.50), while the macroscale minimum friction coefficient (μmin, 0.004±0.001) was significantly smaller than μeq and μAFM (p<0.0001). Variations in articular surface roughness (Rq =462±216 nm) did not correlate significantly with μAFM, μeq or μmin. The effective compressive modulus determined from AFM indentation tests using a Hertz contact analysis was E* = 45.8±18.8 kPa. The main finding of this study is that μAFM is more representative of the macroscale equilibrium friction coefficient, which represents the frictional response in the absence of cartilage interstitial fluid pressurization. These results suggest that AFM measurements may be highly suited for exploring the role of boundary lubricants in diarthrodial joint lubrication independently of the confounding effect of fluid pressurization to provide greater insight into articular cartilage lubrication.
Atmospheric transmission in the 750–2000 cm-1 region

Infrared solar spectra have been obtained during a series of flights with a balloon borne Fourier Transform Spectrometer system. Major emphasis during these flights was placed on obtaining data during sunset. The spectra thus contain information on the atmospheric transmission over long stratospheric paths. These spectra have been analyzed to obtain information on the constituents responsible for the observed absorptions and the distribution with altitude of several of these constituents of interest in stratospheric chemistry. These spectra have also been used to determine the spectroscopic parameters for several compounds such as O3 which are difficult to study in the laboratory. A description of the instrumentation used to obtain the data, samples of the spectra obtained, and details of the analysis are given.
Torque Converter Clutch Low Slip Speed Detection and Control

A torque converter clutch (TCC) is an important element of automatic transmissions because it affects fuel economy and driveability. Although torque converters are ideal launch devices for transmissions, they are inefficient in steady-state operations. For that reason, a TCC is used to control and minimize the slip between the torque converter pump and turbine, thereby increasing the efficiency of the driveline and improving fuel economy. However, low TCC slip speeds increase the likelihood that disturbances cause the TCC to have zero slip or crash. In the absence of TCC slip, it is essential to quickly restore slip and regain driveline isolation to maintain driveability. To recover TCC slip, pressure to the TCC must be reduced significantly to overcome the effects of clutch material nonlinearities and hydraulic hysteresis. Unfortunately, large pressure reductions can also result in undesirable slip overshoot. In this investigation, the truncated sequential probability ratio test is used to achieve fast and robust detection at the low signal-to-noise ratios caused by the low TCC slip speeds. In the event of a crash, two unique TCC pressure command sequences are presented which maximize the response of the system hydraulics while also minimizing clutch slip overshoot. The effectiveness of the proposed methods are evaluated using experimental results from small and large vehicles equipped with automatic front and rear-wheel drive transmissions.Copyright © 2010 by General Motors
Protein degradation and synthesis in amino-acid deficiencies.

IT is well known that most body proteins are continually degraded and resynthesized. The protein content of various organs must represent the net balance between synthesis and degradation over some period of time. Nutritional or other factors which influence the protein content of tissues might act on either protein synthesis or degradation or both.
A new look at time series of counts

Summary This paper proposes a simple new model for stationary time series of integer counts. Previous work has focused on thinning methods and classical time series autoregressive moving-average difference equations; in contrast, our methods use a renewal process to generate a correlated sequence of Bernoulli trials. By superpositioning independent copies of such processes, stationary series with binomial, Poisson, geometric or any other discrete marginal distribution can be readily constructed. The model class proposed is parsimonious, non-Markov and readily generates series with either short- or long-memory autocovariances. The model can be fitted with linear prediction techniques for stationary series. As an example, a stationary series with binomial marginal distributions is fitted to the number of rainy days in 210 consecutive weeks at Key West, Florida.
Sterol metabolism. XXVI. Pyrolysis of some sterol allylic alcohols and hydroperoxides

Abstract The thermal decomposition of the allylic alcohols 5α-cholest-6-ene-3β,5-diol, cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol, and cholest-5-ene-3β,7β-diol and of the allylic hydroperoxides 3β-hydroxy-5α-cholest-6-ene-5-hydroperoxide, 3β-hydroxycho lest-5-ene-7α-hydroperoxide, and 3β-hydroxycholest-5ene-7β-hydroperoxide to six common major pyrolysis products cholest-5-ene-3β,7α-diol, cholest-5-ene-3β,7β-diol, 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-7-one, cholesta-3,5-dien-7-one, cholesta-4,6-dien-3-one, and cholesta2,4,6-triene was established.
Impact of network sparsity on strategic placement of phasor measurement units with fixed channel capacity

This paper investigates the optimal placement of synchronized phasor measurement units (PMU) in order to fully observe a given power system. Optimal placement methods to account for contingencies, loss of measurements as well as existing conventional measurements and zero injections have already been presented in previous publications. What differentiates this study from those already reported in the literature is the fact that it accounts for the number of available channels for the chosen type of PMU. This is shown to be a critical factor in strategic placement of these devices. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that depending upon the topology of the network, there will be an upper limit on the number of channels for the PMUs beyond which installation costs will not be reduced any further. Results of applying the developed optimization method to systems with different sizes and topologies are presented. The results of this study will be more useful as the number of PMU installations increase to levels that will make the system fully observable based solely on PMUs with different number of channel capacities.
Sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation to surface buoyancy forcing in a two-dimensional ocean model

Abstract The performance of thermal surface boundary conditions based on energy balance models for the atmosphere is tested using a two-dimensional (meridional plane) ocean model. The results are compared to those from an idealized ocean – atmosphere coupled system. The latter consists of a two-dimensional Boussinesq ocean model coupled to a two-layer global atmospheric model. The various thermal boundary conditions are applied to the same ocean model used in the coupled system, and their ability to capture the essential atmospheric feedbacks is investigated. Some of the effects associated with the atmospheric eddy moisture transport are also incorporated by empirically relating variations in the surface freshwater flux to variations in the surface heat flux based on the coupled model results. Comparisons with the coupled results show a considerable improvement in the characteristics of the equilibria of the ocean thermohaline circulation when the alternative thermohaline boundary conditions are used inst...
Silencing nature's narcotics: metabolic engineering of the opium poppy

The opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., and its narcotic and analgesic alkaloids, have an ancient history of use (and abuse) by humankind. A recent article by Allen and co-workers describes the metabolic engineering of morphine biosynthesis to block morphine formation and accumulate a potentially valuable pathway intermediate, (S)-reticuline. This work highlights the potential for modifying the production of pharmaceuticals in plants, but also raises questions about the complex regulation of biosynthetic pathways.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in left ventricular assist device bridge-to-transplant patients.

Background The presence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) increases the risk for thromboembolic events in ventricular assist device (VAD) patients undergoing transplantation. However, cardiopulmonary bypass with alternative anticoagulants is often complicated by bleeding. Owing to this concern, we compared outcomes of HIT-positive versus control bridge-to-transplantation VAD patients; both groups were reexposed to heparin for cardiopulmonary bypass during transplant. Methods From February 2000 to January 2006, data were reviewed on 92 consecutive adult patients who underwent VAD placement as a bridge to transplantation. Patients in whom thrombocytopenia developed after heparin exposure were tested for HIT with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antiheparin/platelet factor-4 (HPF4) antibody (GTI Diagnostics, Waukesha, Wisconsin). During VAD support, heparin was avoided in HIT-positive patients, but all patients were reexposed to heparin during transplantation. Comparisons between HIT-positive and control patients for survival and freedom from thromboembolic events were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Continuous and categorical variables were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum and Student t test. Results Twenty-four of the 92 patients (26.1%) were determined to be HIT positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Survival to transplant was not different between the two groups. When compared with control patients, HIT-positive patients who were reexposed to heparin had a greater decrease in platelet counts immediately after transplant (postoperative days 1 to 4, p Conclusions Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia–positive VAD patients did not experience increased thromboembolism or mortality after heparin reexposure. In light of the risks of using heparin alternatives, heparin reexposure is a safe management strategy for HIT-positive VAD patients.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunction

Abstract This paper presents a critical review of recent work on diagnosis and treatment of male sexual dysfunction. One recent advance has been a focus on low sexual desire in males. Hormonal disorders are relatively uncommon in such men, with family-of-origin and couple-dynamic issues usually cited in the clinical literature as major etiologic factors. Recent work on erectile failure has focused on differential diagnosis of physiological and psychological factors in erectile failure. To date, no simple differential diagnostic procedure has been identified, and a complex and expensive multidimensional evaluation is required for accurate diagnosis. Treatment for premature ejaculation continues to be very effective, but an understanding of the mechanism underlying treatment effectiveness has remained elusive. The cause of inhibited ejaculation also continues to be unclear, although medication side effects have been recognized as a common contributing factor. Across all the male dysfunctions, clinical repor...
Use of chemistry and stable sulfur isotopes to determine sources of trends in sulfate of Colorado lakes

The chemistry of lakes in the Mt. Zirkel Wilderness Area (MZWA) and the Weminuche Wilderness Area (WWA) of Colorado has been monitored since 1985. The initial results indicate that changes have occurred in the chemistry of some lakes in both areas. Increased concentration of sulfate in lakes may be related to increased atmospheric depositon of sulfate or to changes of sulfate released by weathering and to changing dilution of sulfate by snowmelt. Stable S isotopes seem to be capable of separating the fraction of change in sulfate that is related to atmospheric and watershed sources. Because of the short period of record, it is not possible to determine whether the changes are part of a long-term trend or are merely natural fluctuations about some baseline.
Comparison of chelated zinc and zinc sulfate as zinc sources for growth and bone mineralization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed practical diets

Abstract Zinc methionine (ZnMet), zinc proteinate (ZnPr), and zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ) were evaluated as dietary zinc sources for channel catfish. All diets were practical diets and all known dietary nutrient requirements for channel catfish were satisfied except for zinc. Two experiments were conducted in aquaria in which fish were fed twice daily to approximate satiation for 10 or 12 weeks. In experiment 1, there were no significant differences in weight gain, feed consumption, survival, or bone ash between fish fed ZnSO 4 or ZnMet (15 to 90 mg supplemental zinc kg −1 diet) and fish fed the basal diet (no supplemental zinc, but contained about 50 mg endogenous zinc kg −1 ). Bone zinc increased linearly as dietary zinc increased for fish fed either ZnSO 4 or ZnMet. Fish fed 90 mg supplemental zinc kg −1 from ZnMet had slightly lower bone zinc than fish fed the same zinc level supplied as ZnSO 4 . In experiment 2, no significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, and survival of fish fed ZnSO 4 or ZnPr. Bone zinc for fish fed 45 mg supplemental zinc kg −1 from ZnPr was 123.1 μg g −1 , compared to 327.4 μg g −1 for fish fed 200 mg supplemental zinc kg −1 from ZnSO 4 . Overall, the data indicate that the bioavailabilities of ZnSO 4 and ZnMet to channel catfish are similar when the fish are fed a typical practical diet. The data also demonstrated that 45 mg zinc kg −1 from ZnPr is not equivalent to 200 mg zinc kg −1 from ZnSO 4 to channel catfish as anticipated based on information provided by the manufacturer of ZnPr. In addition, the data show that channel catfish do not need supplemental zinc for maximum growth when fed practical diets containing animal protein, but require supplemental zinc for maximum bone zinc deposition.
Moderate hypothermia (30°C) maintains myocardial integrity and modifies response of cell survival proteins after reperfusion

Hypothermia preserves myocardial function, promotes signaling for cell survival, and inhibits apoptotic pathways during 45-min reperfusion. We tested the hypothesis that signaling at the transcript...
The Decline of Sex Segregation and the Wage Gap, 1970-80.

This study makes use of 1970 and 1980 Census of Population employment and earnings data at the detailed occupation and industry level to examine changes in the distribution of the U.S. work force by sex and to assess their impact on relative female earnings. First, we find clear evidence that both occupational segregation and industrial segregation declined during these years. Second, high employment growth within an occupation is associated with declines in segregation. Third, declines in industry segregation within occupation are associated with improvements in relative female earnings independently of other factors which affect relative pay. Fourth, high employment growth is associated with improvements in relative female earnings, independently of its effect on occupational segregation. As a result, employment growth acts to reduce the wage gap directly, possibly by lowering barriers to women finding jobs at high wage firms, and also indirectly by lowering the degree of industrial segregation. These results thus suggest that barriers or discrimination against women tend to be lower in sectors where demand is strong.
Chemical Solution Processing of Strontium Bismuth Tantalate Films

We describe Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) processes by which Strontium Bismuth Tantalate (SBT) thin films can be prepared at temperatures as low as 550 C. In this paper, we will present strategies used to optimize the properties of the films including solution chemistry, film composition, the nature of the substrate (or bottom electrode) used, and the thermal processing cycle. Under suitable conditions, {approximately} 1700 {angstrom} films can be prepared which have a large switchable polarization (2P{sub r} > 10{micro}C/cm{sup 2}), and an operating voltage, defined as the voltage at which 0.80 x 2P{sub r} max is switched, 2.0V. We also describe an all-alkoxide route to SBT films from which SBT can be crystallized at 550 C.
Minimal scrambling sets of simple orders

Abstract : Let 2 < or = k < n be fixed integers, a family F of simple orders on an n element set is said to be k-suitable if of every k elements in the n set, each one is the largest of the k in some simple order in F. Bounds are found on the minimal size of such an F. F is said to be k star-suitable if for every k elements in the n-set each permutation of the k elements is realized in some simple order in F. Again bounds are found on the minimal size of such an F. (Author)
Coverage control for mobile anisotropic sensor networks

Distributed algorithms for (re)configuring mobile sensors to cover a given area are important for autonomous multi-robot operations in application areas such as surveillance and environmental monitoring. Depending on the assumptions about the choice of the environment, the sensor models, the coverage metric, and the motion models of sensor nodes, there are different versions of the problem that have been formulated and studied. In this paper, we consider a system of holonomic mobile robots equipped with anisotropic sensors (e.g., limited field of view cameras) that are required to cover a polygonal region with polygonal obstacles to detect interesting events. We assume a given probability distribution of the events over a region. Motivated by scenarios where the sensing performance not only depends on the resolution of sensing but also on the relative orientation between the sensing axis and the event, we assume that the probability of detection of an event depends on both sensing parameters and the orientation of observation. We present a distributed gradient-ascent algorithm for reconfiguring the system of mobile robots so that the joint probability of detection of events over the whole region is maximized (i.e., positioning the mobile robots and determining their sensor parameters). As an example case study, we use a system of mobile robots equipped with limited field of view cameras with pan and zoom capabilities. We present simulation results demonstrating the performance of our algorithm.
CHO1, a mammalian kinesin-like protein, interacts with F-actin and is involved in the terminal phase of cytokinesis

CHO1 is a kinesin-like protein of the mitotic kinesin-like protein (MKLP)1 subfamily present in central spindles and midbodies in mammalian cells. It is different from other subfamily members in that it contains an extra ∼300 bp in the COOH-terminal tail. Analysis of the chicken genomic sequence showed that heterogeneity is derived from alternative splicing, and exon 18 is expressed in only the CHO1 isoform. CHO1 and its truncated isoform MKLP1 are coexpressed in a single cell. Surprisingly, the sequence encoded by exon 18 possesses a capability to interact with F-actin, suggesting that CHO1 can associate with both microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. Microinjection of exon 18–specific antibodies did not result in any inhibitory effects on karyokinesis and early stages of cytokinesis. However, almost completely separated daughter cells became reunited to form a binulceate cell, suggesting that the exon 18 protein may not have a role in the formation and ingression of the contractile ring in the cortex. Rather, it might be involved directly or indirectly in the membrane events necessary for completion of the terminal phase of cytokinesis.
Modification of Radiation Response in HeLa Cells by Misonidazole

SummaryThe hypoxic radiosensitizer misonidazole decreases survival in dense cultures of HeLa cells irradiated with gamma rays in a non-dose modifying fashion. Survival curves of treated hypoxic cells display a much larger extrapolation number than untreated cells. In oxygenated randomly dividing cells, drug treatment has an effect opposite to that in hypoxic cells, increasing survival. In cultures initiated from mitotic cells and irradiated soon afterwards, a smaller sensitization under hypoxia and no increase in survival of oxygenated cells was observed. It was concluded that metabolic as well as radiochemical events take place in misonidazole-treated and then irradiated HeLa cells which modify survival.
Ultrashort pulse lasers for hard tissue ablation

To date, lasers have not succeeded in replacing mechanical tools in many hard tissue applications. Slow material removal rates and unacceptable collateral damage has prevented such a successful transition. Ultrashort pulses (<10 ps) have been shown to generate little thermal or mechanical damage. Recent developments now enable such short-pulse/high-energy laser systems to operate at high pulse repetition rates (PRRs). Using proper operating parameters, ultrashort pulse lasers (USPLs) could exceed the performance of conventional tissue processing tools and yield significant material volume removal while maintaining their minimal collateral damage advantages. As such, for the first time, USPLs offer real possibility for practical replacement of the air-turbine dental drill or other mechanical means for cutting hard tissues. In this study, the subpicosecond interaction regime was investigated and compared to nanosecond ablation by using a Titanium:Sapphire Chirped Pulse Amplifier (CPA) system with 1.05-/spl mu/m pulses of variable duration. Both 350-fs and 1-ns pulse regimes were studied. Ablation rates (ARs), ablation efficiency, and surface characteristics revealed through electron micrographs were investigated. The study characterized the interaction with a variety of hard tissue types including nail, midear bone, dentin, and enamel. With 350-fs pulses, tissue type comparison showed a remarkably similar pattern of ablation rate and surface characteristics. Negligible collateral damage and highly efficient per-pulse ablation were observed in this pulse regime. These observations should be contrasted with the 1-ns pulse ablation characteristics where strong dependence on tissue type was demonstrated and ablation efficiency was approximately an order of magnitude smaller. With efficient interaction which minimizes collateral damage, and with both cost and size of ultrashort pulse systems decreasing, the implications of this study are far-reaching for the efficient use of USPLs in several fields of medicine that currently apply traditional surgical methods.
Development of auditory event-related potentials in young children and relations to word-level reading abilities at age 8 years

A relationship between brain responses at birth and later emerging language and reading skills have been shown, but questions remain whether changes in brain responses after birth continue to predict the mastery of language-related skills such as reading development. To determine whether developmental changes in the brain-based perceptual skills are systematically related to differences in word-level reading proficiency at age 8 years, brain event-related potentials (ERPs) to speech and nonspeech stimuli were recorded annually at the ages of 1 through 8 years in a sample of 109 typically developing children. Two measures of word-level reading (one that requires decoding of real words and one of pseudowords) were administered at age 8 years. Growth curve analysis, using the hierarchical linear models, related reading performance (average versus low) to the longitudinal maturation in the ERP waveform peak and latencies. Maturational changes (e.g., slope, acceleration, and cubic growth) in N1 amplitude from ages 1 to 4 were related to proficiency in decoding pseudoword stimuli only, with children who were less proficient in decoding pseudowords evidencing more steeply negative declines in amplitude with age, particularly at the frontal and parietal recording sites in response to both speech and nonspeech stimuli. In contrast, proficiency in decoding real words was related to developmental changes in N2 amplitudes from ages 4 to 8 only at the parietal recording site, and only in response to nonspeech stimuli. The early development of biologically based differences in the perception and processing of auditory information contributes to later group differences in reading proficiencies at school age.
Biogeochemical cycling in forest soils of the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA

We review some of the unique features of biogeochemical cycling in forests of the eastern Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA. As is the case for most arid and semi-arid ecosystems, spatial and temporal variability in nutrient contents and fluxes are quite high. “Islands of fertility” are common in these forests, a result of spatial variations in both litterfall and decomposition rates. Dry summer conditions greatly inhibit biological activity in the O horizon, and thus most annual litter decomposition takes place beneath the snowpack when moisture is available. Snowmelt duration is shortened near tree boles because of local warming, resulting in earlier drying of the O horizon, significantly lower decomposition rates, and increased O horizon mass. Water and nutrient fluxes vary spatially because of snowdrift in winter and surface runoff over hydrophobic soils in summer and fall. Moisture variability in the vertical as well as the horizontal dimension has significant consequences for nutrient fluxes. Because of the very dry summers, rooting in the O horizons is absent in these forests, and thus competition between microbes and trees for nutrients in that horizon is non-existent. Nutrients mineralized from the O horizon and not taken up by plants enrich runoff through the O horizons over hydrophobic mineral soils, resulting in very high concentrations of inorganic N and P in runoff waters. Substantial temporal variations in water and nutrient fluxes occur on a seasonal (with snowmelt being the dominant hydrologic event of the year), annual, and decadal basis. The most significant temporal variation is due to periodic fire, which we estimate causes annualized N losses that are two orders of magnitude greater than those associated with leaching and runoff. We hypothesize that fire suppression during the 20th century may have contributed to the deterioration of nearby Lake Tahoe by allowing buildups of N and P in O horizons which could subsequently leach from the terrestrial ecosystem to the Lake in runoff. In general, we conclude that biogeochemical cycling in these forests is characterized by greater spatial and temporal variability than in more mesic forest ecosystems.
The Effect of Moderate Salinity on Nitrate Leaching from Bermudagrass Turf: A Lysimeter Study

A column lysimeter study was conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the impact of moderately saline irrigation water on NO3 leaching from turfgrass. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. ‘NuMex Sahara’) was fertilized at three N levels (25, 50 and 75 kg NH4NO3-N ha−1 month−1) and irrigated with saline water (0, 3.0 and 6.0 dS m−1) in a factorial arrangement. Leachate was analyzed for salinity and NO3, and clippings were collected and analyzed for total N. Nitrate leaching was not affected by either N level or salinity. Nitrate concentrations in the leachate were low, averaging approximately 0.3 mg N L−1; less than 1% of the applied N leached. Longer-term N allocation to leaf growth accounted for up to 98% of applied N, whereas short-term allocation, determined using 15N, ranged from 46–67%. Salinity had no affect on clipping yield, the biomass of root and verdure, or root distribution. These data indicate the potential for moderately saline irrigation water to be used on bermudagrass turf without increasing NO3 contamination of groundwater, as long as leaching is adequate to prevent rootzone salinity reaching damaging levels.
Introduction to Satellite Communications

First of all, satellite communications are vital to our planet’s operation. Did you ever wonder how television programs get to your television set? Or perhaps considered where signals go when you stick a credit card into a gas pump when you buy some gasoline or petrol? Chances are when you see a news item from around the world − even if you watch cable television − that the signal went at least part of the way via satellite. Over 12,000 satellite television channels now routinely fly some 50,000 miles through outer space before they reach a television set or wireless telephone or cable head end. Satellites have changed how interconnected the world is today. Satellites have enabled the Internet to reach countries around the world. Satellites allow better education, better health care, more news, more and better airline connections and, in short, a more vital and democratic world. If you have ever wondered how satellites work, what orbits they fly in, or what services they provide to a contemporary world then this book is for you.
An integrated model describing the toxic responses of Daphnia magna to pulsed exposures of three metals

Some toxicology research in which toxicant exposures are continual (pulsed) rather than continuous have been reported. A number of toxicity models have been developed for pulsed and continuous exposures. Most of these models were developed based on one- or two-compartment, first-order toxicokinetics and were calibrated with organic compounds. In the present study, the relationship between mortality (after 21 d) of Daphnia magna in response to pulsed and continuous exposures to Cu, Zn, and Se was used to develop a model that integrated the effects of single and multiple pulsed metal exposures based on first-order uptake and depuration kinetics. Mortality was a function of exposure concentration, duration, and recovery time between exposures. The model was successfully validated using an independent data set. It is applicable to risk assessment and, potentially, may be incorporated with other models (e.g., the biotic ligand model) to predict the toxicity of pulsed metal exposures under a range of environmental conditions.
Analysis of the trap gene provides evidence for the role of elevation and vector abundance in the genetic diversity of Plasmodium relictum in Hawaii.

Background: The avian disease system in Hawaii offers an ideal opportunity to investigate host-pathogen interactions in a natural setting. Previous studies have recognized only a single mitochondrial lineage of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in the Hawaiian Islands, but cloning and sequencing of nuclear genes suggest a higher degree of genetic diversity. Methods: In order to evaluate genetic diversity of P. relictum at the population level and further understand host-parasite interactions, a modified single-base extension (SBE) method was used to explore spatial and temporal distribution patterns of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (trap) gene of P. relictum infections from 121 hatch-year amakihi (Hemignathus virens) on the east side of Hawaii Island. Results: Rare alleles and mixed infections were documented at three of eight SNP loci; this is the first documentation of genetically diverse infections of P. relictum at the population level in Hawaii. Logistic regression revealed that the likelihood of infection with a rare allele increased at low-elevation, but decreased as mosquito capture rates increased. The inverse relationship between vector capture rates and probability of infection with a rare allele is unexpected given current theories of epidemiology developed in human malarias. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that pathogen diversity in Hawaii may be driven by a complex interaction of factors including transmission rates, host immune pressures, and parasite-parasite competition.
Architectural education: evaluation and assessment

The challenges to architects and educators regarding architectural education are sometimes daunting. General education and specialized study must be balanced to "meet the complex demands of the profession". Boyer and Mitgang concluded in "Building Community: A New Future for Architecture Education and Practice" (1996), "that architectural education is really about fostering the learning habits needed for the discovery, integration, application, and sharing knowledge over a lifetime". Architecture programs often have a variety of accreditation agencies to answer to. Evaluation and assessment are essential to the accreditation process. Additionally, continual assessment of the successes and challenges of any program are essential to its thriving. The University of Hartford's Architecture Program is based on the blending academic-based theoretical studies with industry-based problem solving. Our practice oriented architecture department has developed and implemented an innovative assessment plan. This plan implements both traditional and innovative methods for evaluation.
Multi-Megawatt Gas Turbine Power Systems for Lunar Colonies

A concept for development of second generation 10 MWe prototype lunar power plant utilizing a gas cooled fission reactor supplying heated helium working fluid to two parallel 5 MWe closed cycle gas turbines is presented. Such a power system is expected to supply the energy needs for an initial lunar colony with a crew of up to 50 persons engaged in mining and manufacturing activities. System performance and mass details were generated by an author developed code (BRMAPS). The proposed pilot power plant can be a model for future plants of the same capacity that could be tied to an evolutionary lunar power grid.
Coupling of nitrogen-vacancy centers to photonic crystal resonators in monocrystalline diamond

The zero-phonon transition rate for nitrogen-vacancy centers is enhanced by coupling to photonic crystal resonators fabricated in monocrystalline diamond. Autocorrelation measurements on the spectrally filtered zero-phonon line demonstrate coupling of a single emitter.
Organizing knowledge the Chinese way

This paper examines an approach to knowledge organization that is fundamentally different from the analytic model evolved from ancient Greek philosophy. The classification being studied is the scheme used in a catalog, entitled the Seven Epitomes (Qilue), for organizing the Chinese imperial library collection in the Former Han dynasty over 2,000 years ago. Its knowledge organization model influenced almost all bibliographic classifications throughout imperial China. By applying a multidimensional framework to place the target scheme in its own cultural and historical context, the study identifies and discusses three key aspects of the Chinese classificatory approach. First, the scheme purposefully embraces a ru classicist ideology as its guiding principle. Second, it presents the knowledge universe as an integrated whole. Third, it applies correlative, rather than analytic, thinking to organizing textual categories, with the so-called ru Classics in the center of all major relationships. In conclusion, suggestions are made to identify additional aspects of the Chinese tradition in knowledge organization, to incorporate this way of thinking and test how it can work in constantly evolving information environments, and to understand categories and relationships in cultural contexts.
Spatiotemporal variation in functional and taxonomic organization of stream-fish assemblages in central Texas

Stream ecosystems across the world are dynamic and complex. Biogeographic and historical constraints cause many of these systems to be unique and create difficulty in predicting compositional changes in fish assemblages. However, each system appears to comprise similar functional groupings despite phylogenetic differences. I hypothesized that assemblages within a river would be more similar to one another, regardless of season, than assemblages from other localities based on taxonomic organization; however, assemblages from different rivers but within the same season would be more similar to one another based on functional organization. I assessed functional and taxonomic organizations of fish assemblages from three tributaries of the Colorado River in Texas (Pedernales River, San Saba River, and South Llano River) across all four seasons. Direct ordination methods resulted in assemblages from the same river, regardless of season, clustering together. More specifically, the functional and taxonomic organizations of assemblages from the South Llano River, regardless of season, were noticeably different than that from both the Pedernales River and the San Saba River, at least with respect to the first ordination axis. Current velocity, habitat availability, and temperature were influential in structuring the functional organization of assemblages in central Texas, while current velocity, substrate availability, and stream width were influential in structuring the taxonomic organization.
Spectacled Bears in Peru

Land nationalisation, starting in 1963, brought settlers and cultivation into mountain areas of Peru where hitherto spectacled bears had been disturbed only by occasional hunting. This greatly reduced the numbers of bears, and also habituated those that survived to eating the farm crops and farm animals that replaced their natural foods, thus incurring the wrath of the farmers who replied with guns. Moreover, bears are becoming isolated from each other, in some cases confined to high ridges surrounded by cultivated land. The author, who spent two years studying the spectacled bear in Peru, believes that as a result, fewer bears will be able to breed and that genetic variation will be reduced.
Neoplastic transformation induced by furylfuramide and nitromethylfuran of embryonic hamster cells in tissue culture.

Secondary cultures of Syrian hamster embryonic fibroblasts were tested for transformation and neoplastic properties after exposure in vitro to furylfuramide (AF-2) and other nitrofurans. Typical morphological transformation was seen in five of six cultures between 30 and 186 days following treatment with 5–10 × 106 M AF-2 for 24 h. Transformation was seen in only one of four cultures 145 days after treatment for 6 h with AF-2. Treatment with 5–10 × 10−6 M NMF (5-nitro-2-methylfuran) for 24 h also induced transformation after 50 and 118 days in two cultures. In contrast, untreated cultures, and cultures treated with 5–10 × 10−6 M NFT [4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole] for 24 h were not transformed within 200 days. Three of the six lines transformed by AF-2 and both lines transformed by NMF also became tumorigenic 7–24 days after morphologic transformation. The other three transformed lines produced nodules which regressed within a few weeks of transplantation. Untreated and treated non-transformed lines did not produce tumors during an observation period of 6 months. The tumors were classified as fibrosarcomas. The ability to form colonies in soft agar was acquired by only one tumorigenic line.
Models for Integrating Buprenorphine Therapy into the Primary HIV Care Setting

Opiate dependence among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients has been associated with negative clinical outcomes, yet few affected patients receive appropriate and coordinated treatment for both conditions. The introduction of buprenorphine maintenance therapy into HIV care settings provides an opportunity for providers to integrate treatment for opiate dependence into their practices. Buprenorphine maintenance therapy has been associated with reductions in opiate use, increased social stability, improved adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and lowered rates of injection drug use. We describe the following 4 models for the integration of buprenorphine maintenance therapy into HIV care: (1) a primary care model, in which the highly active antiretroviral therapy-administering clinician also prescribes buprenorphine; (2) a model that relies on an on-site specialist in addiction medicine or psychiatry to prescribe the buprenorphine; (3) a hybrid model, in which an on-site specialist provides the induction (with or without stabilization phases) and the HIV care provider provides the maintenance phase; and (4) a drug treatment model that provides buprenorphine maintenance therapy services with HIV services in the substance abuse clinic setting. The key barriers against effective integration of buprenorphine maintenance therapy and primary HIV services are discussed, and we suggest several mechanisms to overcome such obstacles.
The effect of polymer density on the diffusion of ethane in polyethylene

Diffusion and solubility coefficient were determined by the time-lag method for ethane and some other low hydrocarbons in various polyethylenes. The time-lag method was modified to give significant savings in experimental time and increased precision. Diffusion and solubility coefficients both depend quite strongly on the density and hence on the crystallinity. There is no discernible effect of weight-average molecular weight, and the effect of polymer chain side branches is found to be small or absent. The thermal and fabrication history of the samples has some effect on the diffusion coefficients. The character of the amorphous regions appears to be independent of the overall density as far as the diffusion process is concerned. The effect of the size of the penetrant molecule is analogous to that found by other authors for rubbers. The findings support the view that small molecule diffusion in polymers requires only short range motions, whereas other mechanisms, such as the dissolution of entanglements, are known to be of importance in melt flow and polymer self-diffusion.
Harmonic ultrasound fields through layered liquid media

Harmonic field generation through a layered liquid media is studied experimentally and theoretically. Lateral and axial beam profiles of the fundamental to the 4th harmonic component of the field from a focused, 19-mm diameter transducer were measured using a calibrated hydrophone in a water tank. Measurements were performed before and after the insertion of a cylindrical phantom containing vegetable oil. A frequency domain numerical solution to the "KZK" equation was used to calculate the beam profile, taking into account the acoustic properties of the medium and phantom. Effects of nonlinear propagation, diffraction, attenuation, and reflection are included in the calculation. Agreement within 5% was obtained between measurements and theoretical predictions throughout the mid- and far-field of the transducer for both the uniform path and the layered media. Measurements also were carried out using an unfocused transducer as a receiver. The shape of the axial beam profile using this receiver agreed very well with the theoretical prediction using the "KZK" equation, after accounting for phase variations over the finite-sized detector in the calculated field.
Self-Efficacy and Online Learning for Expelled Students

Expelled students in the Lafayette Public School System are assigned to the Virtual Learning Program, an online program, which they complete at home under parental supervision. Students do not have the assistance of teachers or tutors. There are no monitors, teachers, or tutors available for any of their work.With the already high rate of expulsions increasing, Virtual Learning may be a viable option for school districts such as Lafayette. The program is inexpensive in comparison to the traditional onsite high school. Students enjoy it and appear to do well in the program. Parents approve of the program. There are winners all around.Because so much of students’ progress is based on their own persistence, the concept of self-efficacy becomes complex, nuanced and essential. This study is based on the theoretical foundation developed by Bandura (1994) for the measurement of self-efficacy. The average level of self-efficacy for expelled students is 7.32 on a 9 point scale. Students perceive that they are able to motivate themselves and show persistence in their online classes.Students were assigned to all of the same classes that they would be taking if they were not expelled. The grades earned in Virtual Learning are recognized by the State of Louisiana and become official. The average grade for expelled students is 72 points. On average students are passing their classes.Each student was associated with two variables, self-efficacy score and average grade. A least squares linear regression model established that self-efficacy scores could significantly predict average grades earned in online classes. Self-efficacy scores could be used to explain 38.5% of the variability in average grades. ANOVA results show F(1, 17) = 10.653, p This study gives evidence to the fact that expelled students can and do learn when they are provided with an environment in which distractions are minimized. Furthermore, these scores can be used to predict academic success in the online courses. Students are pleased with the courses. They like the fact that they are not bullied and that they have few distractions. They also like the fact that they can repeat work and work at their own pace with no one to “fuss” at them.
Oceanography: Leading the hiatus research surge

The recent slowdown in global warming challenged our understanding of climate dynamics and anthropogenic forcing. An early study gave insight to the mechanisms behind the warming slowdown and highlighted the ocean's role in regulating global temperature.