cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery and Identification of Viable Bacteria Immured in Glacial Ice

An extraction system has been constructed that melts ice from the interior of ice cores and collects the resulting water aseptically. Using this system, bacteria entrapped in ice cores from different geographic locations, that range in age from 5 to 20,000 years old, have been isolated and characterized. Ice cores from the Guliya ice cap on the Tibetan Plateau (China) contained the highest number of colony-forming units per milliliter (∼180 cfu ml−1) and representatives of many different bacterial species. Much lower numbers of bacteria (>20 cfu ml−1) were recovered from Sajama (Bolivia) ice cores, although in general such nonpolar ice cores contained more culturable bacteria than samples of polar ice, presumably due to the closer proximity of major biological ecosystems. More bacteria were recovered from Late Holocene ice from the Taylor Dome region than from ice of the same age from the Antarctic peninsula or from Greenland. Bacterial isolates were identified, in terms of their closest phylogenetic relatives, by determining small-subunit ribosomal RNA-encoding DNA sequences (16S rDNAs), and most were related to spore-forming Bacillus and Actinomycetes species, or to nonsporulating Gram positive bacteria. The numbers of recoverable bacteria did not correlate directly with the age of the ice, indicating that most bacteria were deposited episodically in snowflakes and/or attached to larger particles of inorganic and organic debris. By identifying the features that facilitate microbial survival within terrestrial ice, extrapolations to the likelihood of microorganisms surviving frozen in water ice on Mars, Europa, or within comets will be improved.
Ground‐Motion Simulation and Validation of the 2008 Chino Hills, California, Earthquake Using Different Velocity Models

Abstract We present a set of ground‐motion simulations of the 2008 M w 5.4 Chino Hills earthquake using different seismic‐velocity models available for southern California. The simulations are tailored for a maximum frequency of 4 Hz and a minimum shear‐wave velocity of 200 m/s. We use the community models developed by the Southern California Earthquake Center, CVM‐S and CVM‐H. In the case of CVM‐H, we use two available alternatives, with and without considering the geotechnical layers (GTL). We compare the simulation results obtained with the models against each other and validate the synthetics with recordings obtained at more than 300 stations. The comparisons are used to gain insight into the sensitivity of the results to differences in the models and to make conclusions about the strengths of each model’s description of the crustal structure and the GTL in the region. The validation is done using a goodness‐of‐fit (GOF) criterion. We find the GOF values show a better match at frequencies below 1 Hz, within the basins, and below 0.5 Hz in general. The models, however, do not converge at frequencies lower than 0.5 Hz, and the areas where each model leads to better results do not always coincide. The synthetics start to deviate significantly from observations at frequencies above 1 and 2 Hz, although very good agreement with data can still be found at individual locations, even at the higher frequencies. CVM‐S yields the best results at frequencies up to 0.25 Hz. Our results reveal significant sensitivity of the ground motion to the differences in the structural representation of basins and shallow layers in the models. This indicates the models need to be cross referenced. We close by offering suggestions on the type of improvements that could be adopted in the future.
Monoclonal antibody to carnosine synthetase identifies a subpopulation of frog olfactory receptor neurons.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody directed against the synthetic enzyme for the dipeptide carnosine was used on cryostat sections of olfactory epithelium from the glass frog Rana pipiens . A subpopulation of what morphologically resembled olfactory receptor neurons were immunolabelled by this antibody. Labelled cells were completely stained, including the cell body, axonal and dendritic processes, dendritic knobs and cilia-like projections from the knobs.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION: THE SERVICES OF THE COMMONWEALTH BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

The need for an information service in agricultural economics and rural sociology is apparent from the quantity of publications. The Bureau has evolved in response to progressive recognition of this need and from earlier attempts to meet it. An information service must provide for awareness of contents of current publications, and for retrieval of information from accumulated stores. The Bureau's journal, World Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Abstracts (WAERSA), is designed to provide these services mainly by citation of classified literature together with abstracts and author, subject and geographical indexes. Classification and subject indexing raise conceptual problems which are being handled by empirical methods. A work flow line is designed to deal smoothy with current world publications. Review articles provide complementary information. Editors and authors can facilitate the work of the Bureau by attention to form and substance of primary publications. The present situation is hardly appropriate for use of computer-based services except possibly for inter-disciplinary linkages. It is hoped that the Bureau will eventually operate in conjunction with a comprehensive international library, around which research, teaching, editorial and information services will interact.
Ambient temperature effects on thermoregulation and endurance in anticholinesterase-treated rats

In sedentary animals, physostigmine (PH) administration resulted in a decreased core temperature that is ambient temperature (Ta) dependent. PH administration in rats exercising on a treadmill (26 degrees C, 50% rh, 11m/min, 6 degrees incline) decremented endurance and increased rate of rise of core temperature (heating rate, HR). This study was undertaken to examine the effects of Ta on the endurance and thermoregulatory decrements of PH-treated running rats. Adult male rats (510-530g) were given either 0.2ml saline (C) or 100 ug/kg physostigmine salicylate in 0.2 ml saline via tail vein 15 min prior to the start of running to exhaustion at 10, 15, 26, or 30 degrees C. In both C- and PH-treated groups, endurance decreased and HR increased with increasing Ta from 15 to 30 degrees C. At 15 and 26 degrees C the C rats ran significantly (p < .05) longer and had significantly lower HR than the PH rats: C15 = 90 +/- 8 min, 0.022 +/- 0.006 degrees C/min; C26 = 67 +/- 6, 0.051 +/- 0.007; PH15 = 57 +/- 5, 0.052 +/- 0.008; and PH26 = 43 +/- 6, 0.092 +/- 0.007. At 10 and 30 degrees C there were no significant differences between C and PH-treated rats. A Ta of 30 degrees C was too high for effective cooling in either group, and at 10 degrees C both groups were able to dissipate heat despite the increased metabolic rate of the PH-treated rats. The PH-treated rat model of cholinergic drug effect is useful at a Ta of 15 and 26 degrees C.
A Biophysical Analysis of the CDK5R2 mRNA G-Quadruplex Secondary Structure and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Fragile X Syndrome

In silico energy modeling has shown that guanine-rich regions of certain nucleic acids are capable of forming secondary structures known as G-quadruplexes. These structures are subject to unique protein binding and therefore partake in gene regulation by mediating translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). Such regulation suggests that G-quadruplex-containing mRNAs may play a role in the development of certain genetic diseases. We have selected a guanine-rich portion of the mouse cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit 2 (CDK5R2) mRNA 3’ untranslated region for the study of these regulatory G-quadruplexes, as this gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a particular inherited disorder, fragile X syndrome (FXS).
Solution to the assortment problem via the genetic algorithm

The assortment problem considers what standard sizes of material should be maintained in an inventory from which to cut required bills of material of smaller pieces. An example could come from an industry utilizing steel pipe where it is required to cut a bill of material of various pipe lengths out of standard lengths of pipe kept in inventory. This paper introduces the use of genetic algorithms in the solution of the assortment problem, and a comparison is made between the results obtained with the genetic algorithm and the results of an existing heuristic method. It is shown under what circumstances each of the two methods should be applied.
SIDS prevention--good progress, but now we need to focus on avoiding nicotine.

UNLABELLED Chong et al. examined risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) before and after the start of the Swedish campaign to reduce the risk of SIDS. They found that maternal smoking was the strongest risk factor for SIDS in the post-campaign compared to the pre-campaign period. CONCLUSION After successful results of the SIDS campaigns to prevent prone sleeping, strong efforts need to be undertaken to eliminate maternal smoking during pregnancy altogether without replacing cigarette smoking with other nicotine delivery devices such as snuff, gum or patches.
Instability of exogenous lava lobes during intense rainfall

On many volcanoes, there is evidence of a relationship between dome collapse and periods of high precipitation. We propose a mechanism for this relationship and investigate the conditions that optimize failure by this process. Observations of elongate lobes that evolve through exogenous growth of lava domes reveal that they commonly develop tensile fractures perpendicular to the direction of motion. These cracks can increase in depth by localized cooling and volumetric contraction. During periods of high rainfall, water can fill these cracks, and the increase in fluid pressure on the base of the lobes and within the crack can trigger the collapse of the hot exogenous lava domes. Using limit-equilibrium analysis, it is possible to calculate the water and vapor forces acting on the rear and base of the potentially unstable part of the lobe. The model presented is rectangular in cross-section, with material properties representative of andesitic dome rocks. Vapor pressures at the base of cracks are sealed by the penetrating rainfall, which forms a saturated cap within the lobe. This leads to an increase in fluid pressurization both through the underlying gas pressure and the downslope component of the liquid water cap. Fluid pressurization increases as the penetration depth increases. This rainfall penetration depth is dependent on the thermal properties of the rocks, antecedent temperature, lobe geometry, and the intensity and duration of precipitation. Dominant parameters influencing the stability of the lobe are principally lobe thickness, duration and intensity of rainfall, and antecedent lobe temperature. Our modeling reveals that thicker lobes are intrinsically more unstable due to the amplification of downslope forces in comparison to cohesive strength. The increase in the duration and intensity of rainfall events also increases the potential for collapse, as it leads to deeper liquid penetration. Deeper penetration depths are also achieved through lower antecedent temperatures since less fluid is lost through vaporization. Thus, the potential for rain-triggered collapse increases with time from emplacement.
High-field measurement of the 129 X e − R b spin-exchange rate due to binary collisions

We have measured the binary spin-exchange rate coefficient for collisions between Rb and ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms at a magnetic field $B=9.4\mathrm{T}$ and in the temperature range $160lTl200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}.$ The longitudinal spin-relaxation rate ${1/T}_{1}$ of ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ is dominated by ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Rb}$ binary collisions. We measured ${1/T}_{1}$ using the methods of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance, with no spin enhancement by optical pumping. At the high magnetic field and large gas pressures used in this work, the contribution of ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Rb}$ molecules to the spin-exchange rate was less than 0.1% of the binary-collision rate. The Rb atomic number density [Rb] was measured directly from the large Faraday rotation of the polarization of near-resonant light passing through the sample cells. The rate coefficient is $\ensuremath{\kappa}{=d(1/T}_{1})/d[\mathrm{Rb}]=(1.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}/\mathrm{s}.$
Human Cathepsins F and W: A New Subgroup of Cathepsins

Human cathepsin F is a recently described papain-like cysteine protease of unknown function. To investigate the evolutionary relatedness to other human cathepsins, we determined the genomic organization and the chromosomal localization of cathepsin F and isolated its putative promoter region. The gene of human cathepsin F (CTSF) is composed of twelve exons and eleven introns and was found to be similar to that of cathepsin W but different from the cathepsins K, S, L, O, B, and C. The splice sites of nine out of the eleven introns were identical to those determined in the cathepsin W gene (CTSW), whereas introns one and ten were unique for CTSF. The 4. 7 kb gene was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 11 at position q13.1-3, a locus shared with CTSW. Phylogenetic analysis of human cathepsin protein sequences demonstrated that (i) cathepsins F and W are evolutionarily separated from other human cathepsins, and (ii) cysteine proteases closely related to human cathepsin W and F are also expressed in parasites and mammals. Based on these phylogenetic findings, on the presence of a particular protein motif ("ERFNAQ") in the propeptides of cathepsins F and W as well as the genomic organization and chromosomal localization of their genes, we concluded that F and W form a novel subgroup of cathepsin proteases. We suggest the naming "cathepsin F-like" proteases distinct from the previously described cathepsins "L- and B-like" subgroups.
A comparative study of nucleases exhibiting preference for single-stranded nucleic acid

Abstract We present here a comparative study of three ss-preferential nucleases of class EC 3.1.30.1 commonly used to probe nucleic acid secondary structure (S 1 nuclease, mung bean nuclease and Neurospora crassa endonuclease) and SC nuclease, an enzyme we have isolated from the fungus Schizophyllum commune . In the accompanying paper (Martin, S.A., Ullrich, R.C. and Meyer, W.L. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 867, 67–75) we report the sensitivity of SC nuclease activity to various anions and to zinc (required for activity). These characteristics have not been reported for other enzymes of this class. We find that these properties hold for commercial preparations of mung bean and Neurospora nucleases but not S 1 nuclease. In addition, we find that S 1 , mung bean and SC nucleases have a molecular weight of 34 000 and 35 000 whereas Neurospora nuclease has a molecular weight of 47 000. Finally, we have determined that mung bean nuclease has the highest preference for ssDNA (there is no measurable activity on dsDNA) followed by S 1 nuclease, SC nuclease and Neurospora nuclease. We suggest that SC nuclease may be the the best enzyme to use in studies of nucleic acid secondary structure where physiological conditions are required. SC nuclease and Neurospora nuclease are active at neutral (physiological) pH, whereas S 1 and mung bean nucleases are active at acid pH. Between SC and Neurospora nucleases SC nuclease would be the enzyme of choice, since it has a higher preference for ssDNA than Neurospora nuclease. In addition, SC nuclease activity can be inhibited by fluoride, which could be a more useful way to inhibit enzyme activity than the addition of chelators for studies of nucleic acid structure where metals are required.
The effect of storage and processing on antimicrobial activity of Tulbaghia violacea

Abstract Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is a perennial plant native to South Africa. Various preparations made of this plant are extensively used for the treatment of microbial infections. It was shown that the key antimicrobial compound of T. violacea is the thiosulfinate marasmicin (2,4,5,7-tetrathiaoctane-4-oxide) enzymatically formed upon tissue disruption. Antimicrobial activity of marasmicin was evaluated (MIC 4–64 μg/ml) and compared with that of allicin (MIC 4–32 μg/ml), the prominent bioactive compound of garlic ( Allium sativum ). An HPLC method was developed and used for quantification of marasmicin in various Tulbaghia preparations. It was found that the content of marasmicin can be dramatically affected by storage conditions and subsequent treatment of the plant material. To achieve significant antimicrobial effects, it is essential to avoid exposing the plant to elevated temperatures (e.g., during drying). To maximize marasmicin formation, it is advisable to use freshly gathered plants and homogenize them in water as finely as possible. Extracts of T. violacea should be kept at low temperatures to retain their antimicrobial activity.
Comparison of early hemodynamic performance of 3 aortic valve bioprostheses.

Objective The study objective was to determine whether the new-generation Trifecta (St Jude Medical Inc, St Paul, Minn) bovine aortic valve bioprosthesis, which is designed for supra-annular positioning, produces early postoperative hemodynamic results comparable to or better than those of the Mitroflow (Sorin Group, Milan, Italy) or Perimount Magna (Edwards Lifesciences Corp, Irvine, Calif) bovine aortic valve bioprostheses. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent aortic valve replacement with a Trifecta, Mitroflow, or Perimount Magna bovine pericardial prosthesis at Mayo Clinic between June 2007 and December 2012 and analyzed early postoperative hemodynamic performance by Doppler echocardiography. Results A total of 1436 patients underwent aortic valve replacement (Trifecta in 196, Mitroflow in 1135, Perimount Magna in 105). Preoperative characteristics and early clinical outcomes were similar among the 3 valve groups. The average mean gradients were lower and valve areas were greater with the Trifecta valves. For the Trifecta, Mitroflow, and Perimount Magna valves, the average mean gradient was 11.4 mm Hg, 16.9 mm Hg, and 14.1 mm Hg, respectively; the effective orifice area was 2.22 cm 2 , 1.85 cm 2 , and 2.09 cm 2 , respectively; and the indexed effective orifice area was 1.14 cm 2 /m 2 , 0.96 cm 2 /m 2 , and 1.07 cm 2 /m 2 , respectively (all P 2 /m 2 ) was detected in 1.3% of patients (n = 2/150) with the Trifecta, 5.8% of patients (n = 44/758) with the Mitroflow, and 3.2% of patients (n = 3/95) with the Perimount Magna ( P = .048). Conclusions Early hemodynamic postoperative performance of the Trifecta bioprosthesis is favorable. Additional follow-up should determine whether these small hemodynamic differences will persist and influence later clinical outcomes.
Threading a database of protein cores

We present an analysis of 10 blind predictions prepared for a recent conference, "Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction." The sequences of these proteins are not detectably similar to those of any protein in the structure database then available, but we attempted, by a threading method, to recognize similarity to known domain folds. Four of the 10 proteins, as we subsequently learned, do indeed show significant similarity to then-known structures. For 2 of these proteins the predictions were accurate, in the sense that a similar structure was at or near the top of the list of threading scores, and the threading alignment agreed well with the corresponding structural alignment. For the best predicted model mean alignment error relative to the optimal structural alignment was 2.7 residues, arising entirely from small "register shifts" of strands or helices. In the analysis we attempt to identify factors responsible for these successes and failures. Since our threading method does not use gap penalties, we may readily distinguish between errors arising from our prior definition of the "cores" of known structures and errors arising from inherent limitations in the threading potential. It would appear from the results that successful substructure recognition depends most critically on accurate definition of the "fold" of a database protein. This definition must correctly delineate substructures that are, and are not, likely to be conserved during protein evolution.
Doppler echocardiographic assessment of fetal descending aortic and umbilical blood flows. Validation studies in fetal lambs.

BACKGROUNDDoppler ultrasound has been used to assess abdominal aortic and umbilical blood flows in the human fetus, but the accuracy of this approach has not been demonstrated in an animal model.METHODS AND RESULTSWe compared abdominal aortic and umbilical blood flows determined by Doppler echocardiography in 12 fetal lambs with invasive flow measurements using radionuclide-labeled microspheres and electromagnetic flow transducers. We varied fetal blood flow from 100 to 950 ml/min in the abdominal aorta and from 130 to 610 ml/min in the umbilical vein. Invasive and Doppler echocardiographic flow measurements correlated well at both sites (y = 68 + 1.02x, r = 0.94, and y = 33 + 1.1x, r = 0.91, respectively). A slight overestimation of flow using the Doppler method may require a correction factor to assess actual flow. The degree of overestimation was not systematically related to measurements taken in smaller vessels or at larger angles of incidence.CONCLUSIONSThe present study demonstrates that determinat...
Filamentation of beam shaped femtosecond laser pulses in gases and liquids

In this talk, we will review recent and on-going experiments on femtosecond laser filametation at the University of Arizona. Our overall approach is based on the utilization of various beam shapes for controlling filamentation in gases and liquids. In particular, Bessel beams with their extended linear foci facilitate the creation of longitudinally extended filaments [1,2]. Femtosecond Airy beams allow the generation of curved filaments that follow bent trajectories of the main intensity features of these beams [3]. The broadband conical emission by curved filaments in this case allows for the detailed study of pulse evolution along the optical path [4]. We currently extend this work onto the generation of regular arrays of filaments by using intense femtosecond Bessel beams of higher order.
A Five‐Year Clinical Experience with 112 Blalock‐Taussig Shunts

In spite of recent advances in neonatal open repair for complex cyanotic heart disease, some patients require palliation with a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. We report a 5-year experience (1985–1990) with 112 Blalock-Taussig shunts. Forty-six of the 92 patients had some variant of tetralogy of Fallot, with a wide spectrum of diagnoses in the remainder. The median age at surgery was 3 months. A classic Blalock-Taussig shunt was done in 26% (group I), and a 4- or 5-mm PTFE graft was utilized in the remainder (group II). The technical aspects of each of the procedures are reviewed. There were three early deaths in the entire group, none of them related to Blalock-Taussig shunt function. There was no incidence of early shunt insufficiency, bleeding, infection, limb ischemia, or pulmonary artery distortion. There was a 21% incidence of clinical congestive heart failure, seen somewhat more commonly in group I. The overall need for reshunting/open repair was similar in both groups, but there was a statistically longer interval between the initial Blalock-Taussig shunt and the second procedure in group I (21.6 vs 12.4 months). The Blalock-Taussig shunt remains a safe, reliable, and effective means of increasing pulmonary flow. (J Card Surg 1993; 8:9–17)
Comparison of the durability of cadaveric and autologous fascia using an in vivo model

Abstract Objectives. To assess the durability of both autologous and cadaveric fascia using an animal model. The pubovaginal sling procedure can be performed using autologous, cadaveric, or synthetic materials. Few data are available about the strength and durability of these materials. Methods. Rectus abdominus fascia harvested from 6 female Sprague-Dawley rats was processed by Tutogen Medical. In 20 female Sprague-Dawley rats, three different types of fascia were implanted subcutaneously into each animal: autologous rectus abdominus fascia harvested at the time of surgery; rat cadaveric fascia processed by Tutogen; and human cadaveric fascia (Tutogen). The rats were killed at 2 months (10 rats) and 4 months (10 rats) after implantation. The mechanical properties of the tissue were assessed using the trouser tear test, and the fracture toughness was calculated. Results. Compared with the fracture toughness before implantation, the implanted rat autologous fascia decreased in toughness from 1763 to 1243 J/m2 (P = 0.12), the implanted rat cadaveric fascia decreased in toughness from 1539 to 1022 J/m2 (P = 0.02), and the implanted human cadaveric fascia decreased in toughness from 2120 to 1145 J/m2 (P = 0.09). The fracture toughness of the implanted rat cadaveric fascia and rat autologous fascia did not differ significantly (P = 0.29). Conclusions. The changes in strength or elasticity can be detected using the trouser tear test to calculate the fracture toughness. Both cadaveric and autologous fascial grafts may decrease in toughness with time. The long-term durability of the graft may only be a minor factor in determining the success of the pubovaginal sling procedure.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor is Required for Normal Gonadotropin Responsiveness in the Mouse Ovary

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates the toxicity of a variety of environmental chemicals. Although little is known about the physiological role of the AHR, studies suggest that it plays an important role in regulating ovulation because Ahr deficient (AhRKO) mice have a reduced number of ovulations compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The reasons for the reduced ability of AhRKO mice to ovulate are unknown. Normal ovulation, however, requires estrous cyclicity, appropriate luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and LH and FSH responsiveness. Thus, the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that Ahr deletion regulates ovulation by altering cyclicity, FSH and LH levels, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr) and luteinizing hormone receptor (Lhcgr) levels and/or gonadotropin responsiveness. The data indicate that AhRKO and WT mice have similar levels of FSH and LH, but AhRKO mice have reduced Fshr and Lhcgr mRNA levels compared to WT mice. Furthermore, AhRKO ovaries contain fewer corpora lutea compared to WT ovaries after 5 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) treatment. Lastly, both AhRKO and WT mice ovulate a similar number of eggs in response to 5 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), but AhRKO mice ovulate fewer eggs than WT mice in response to 2.5 IU and 1.25 IU hCG. Collectively, these data indicate that AhRKO follicles have a reduced capacity to ovulate compared to WT follicles and that this is due to reduced responsiveness to gonadotropins. Thus, in addition to mediating toxicity of environmental chemicals, the Ahr is required for normal ovulation.
Moving finishing pigs in different group sizes: Cardiovascular responses, time, and ease of handling

Abstract Current educational literature based on experience suggests that moving pigs in small group sizes is preferred because pigs may experience less stress. This study sought to determine the optimal group size of pigs in a simulated move from home pens to a transport vehicle. Group sizes of pigs ranging from 1 to 10 pigs/group were handled through a standard handling course. During handling, cardiovascular responses, time, and handling measures were collected. Group size significantly influenced heart rate. As group size was increased, a linear increase ( P P P > 0.10) when ten pigs were moved at a time as when 5 or 6 pigs were moved at a time. Moving pigs in groups of 5 or 6 caused less ( P
Self-compassion, empathy, and helping intentions

The trait of self-compassion has three components: (1) kindness toward oneself when facing pain or failure; (2) perceiving one’s experiences as part of a larger human experience rather than feeling isolated; and (3) holding painful thoughts and feelings in balanced awareness. The present research explores if self-compassion predicts willingness to help others and empathy for others in need of help. Study 1 found that self-compassion predicted greater willingness to help a hypothetical person while simultaneously reducing empathy for that person. Study 2 used a more nuanced measure of empathy and found that self-compassion was only related to feeling less personal distress in response to someone else’s emergency. In addition, in Study 2, self-compassion only predicted greater helping intentions when the target was at fault for the emergency. Lastly, both self-compassion and empathy were uniquely related to participants’ willingness to help an individual in need.
Botox for the Neurogenic Bladder

OnabotulinumtoxinA has been shown to be a safe, successful and cost effective treatment option for neurogenic detrusor overactivity improving clinical parameters and quality of life in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity. The most common side effects are urinary tract infections and elevated post-void residual requiring clean intermittent catheterization. The median time to retreatment is approximately 8-9 months. There appears to be little difference in efficacy or duration of treatment at 200 Units compared to 300 U and the lower dose has shown a moderately improved safety profile. Patients with multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease have shown benefit starting a 100 U. OnabotulinumtoxinA has also been shown to benefit patients with low detrusor compliance and those with recurrent UTIs. Treatment benefits have been shown to be durable without increased fibrosis to the detrusor.
Distributed care and the evolution of mutual understanding

How do you get a planet dominated by 6.7 billion people who interact for the most part in mutually agreeable ways? This question, which for a long time has interested demographers, philosophers, economists, and anthropologists, lies at the core of Hrdy's deeply engaging book. Hrdy suggests that the answers to questions about our population size and our unique ability to engage in prosocial behavior lie in exploring the interactions between infants and alloparents who are embedded within a cooperative breeding system.
The running time-frequency distributions

This paper introduces the running kernels that yield recursive structures for time-frequency distributions (TFDs). The running kernels offer important properties not possessed by the commonly used block distribution kernels. The introduced kernels allow an invariance in computations with respect to the extent of the kernel in the time or the lag variable. However, contrary to the wide class of block kernels that satisfy the desired timefrequency (t-f) properties, most recursive (running) time-frequency distributions (RTFDs) violate the marginal and the support properties. This paper considers both the direct and the indirect types of recursion and presents examples for illustration.
Hormonal Control of Enzyme Synthesis: On the Mode of Action of Gibberellic Acid and Abscisin in Aleurone Layers of Barley

Gibberellic acid (GA) enhances the synthesis of alpha-amylase and ribonuclease in isolated aleurone layers and this process is inhibited by abscisin. Removal of gibberellic acid in mid-course of alpha-amylase production results in a slowing down of alpha-amylase synthesis, suggesting a continued requirement of GA for enzyme synthesis. This is paralleled by a continuous requirement for RNA synthesis. Addition of 6-methylpurine or 8-azaguanine in mid-course results in an inhibition of alpha-amylase synthesis within 3 to 4 hours. However, actinomycin D added in mid-course is almost without effect. This is not due to its failure to enter the cells, because it does inhibit (14)C-uridine incorporation at this stage. Addition of abscisin to aleurone layers which are synthesizing alpha-amylase results in an inhibition of this synthesis within 2 to 3 hours. Cycloheximide on the other hand inhibits enzyme synthesis immediately upon its addition. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the expression of the GA effect requires the synthesis of enzyme-specific RNA molecules. The similarity in the kinetics of inhibition between abscisin on the one hand and 8-azaguanine or 6-methylpurine on the other suggests that abscisin may exert its action by inhibiting the synthesis of these enzyme-specific RNA molecules or by preventing their incorporation into an active enzyme-synthesising unit.
2005 Futures Assembly Focus: Recreating America's Community Colleges

ABSTRACT For over a decade, the Community College Futures Assembly has provided a learning environment where tough questions are raised, critical issues are discussed, and policy implications are challenged. The Community College Futures Assembly convenes annually as a national policy forum for key opinion leaders to work as a think tank in identifying critical issues facing the future of community colleges. The 2005 Community College Futures Assembly, themed “Recreating America's Community Colleges,” held to its tradition of providing an “edutainment” setting where higher education leaders could attend inspiring Bellwether presentations and collaboratively debate substantive policy issues. This special issue highlights the best practices of thirty Bellwether trend-setting institutions who competitively presented their lessons learned to representatives of colleges interested in replicating their programs. In each of the three award categories, 10 Bellwether finalists were competitively selected and featu...
Sex Differences in Neointimal Hyperplasia Following Endeavor Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation

Inconsistent results in outcomes have been observed between the genders after drug-eluting stent implantation. The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences in neointimal proliferation for the Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES) and the Driver bare-metal stent (BMS). A total of 476 (n = 391 ZES, n = 85 BMS) patients whose volumetric intravascular ultrasound analyses were available at 8-month follow-up were studied. At 8 months, neointimal obstruction and maximum cross-sectional narrowing (CSN) were significantly lower in women than in men receiving ZES (neointimal obstruction 15.5 ± 9.5% vs 18.2 ± 10.9%, p = 0.025; maximum CSN 30.3 ± 13.2% vs 34.8 ± 15.0%, p = 0.007). Conversely, these parameters tended to be higher in women than in men receiving BMS (neointimal obstruction 36.3 ± 15.9% vs 27.5 ± 17.2%, p = 0.053; maximum CSN 54.3 ± 18.6% vs 45.6 ± 18.3%, p = 0.080). There was a significant interaction between stent type and gender regarding neointimal obstruction (p = 0.001) and maximum CSN (p = 0.003). Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that female gender was independently associated with lower neointimal obstruction (p = 0.027) and maximum CSN (p = 0.004) for ZES but not for BMS. Compared to BMS, ZES were independently associated with a reduced risk for binary restenosis in both genders (odds ratio for women 0.003, p = 0.001; odds ratio for men 0.191, p <0.001), but the magnitude of this risk reduction with ZES was significantly greater in women than men (p = 0.015). In conclusion, female gender is independently associated with decreased neointimal hyperplasia in patients treated with ZES. The magnitude of risk reduction for binary restenosis with ZES is significantly greater in women than in men.
A Transient Model for Parallel Flow and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers

The transient and steady-state response of single pass constant-flow (concentric parallel flow, concentric counter flow) heat exchangers was investigated using a finite volume method. Heat exchanger transients initiated by both step-change and sinusoidally varying hot stream inlet temperatures were investigated. The wall separating the fluid streams was modeled by conduction with thermal mass; hence the heat exchanger transient behavior is dependent on the thermal mass of the fluid streams as well as the internal wall. The outer wall is approximated as fully insulating. The time dependent temperature profiles were investigated as a function of heat exchanger dimensionless length and dimensionless time for both fluids. It was found that the transient response of the heat exchanger is controlled by a combination of the residence time and thermal capacitance of the fluid streams, the overall heat transfer coefficient between the fluid streams, and the thermal capacitance of the internal wall.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Innate and adaptive immune responses of the central nervous system.

The central nervous system (CNS) is an immunologically specialized organ. The blood-brain barrier regulates the passage of molecules and cells into the CNS. Robust immune responses occur in the CNS even though there is normally an absence ofMHC molecules, lack of normal lymphatic drainage, and reduced immune surveillance. This review discusses the immunological elements of the healthy CNS and the pattern of responses that evolve during innate and adaptive immunity in this organ. We also discuss the contribution of astrocytes, cerebrovascular endothelial cells, microglia, macrophages, and dendritic cells to the integrity and pathology of the CNS during CD4 + T-cell autoimmune responses directed against neuroantigens.
TGFβ signaling in myeloid cells regulates mammary carcinoma cell invasion through fibroblast interactions.

Metastasis is the most devastating aspect of cancer, however we know very little about the mechanisms of local invasion, the earliest step of metastasis. During tumor growth CD11b+Gr1+ cells, known also as MDSCs, have been shown to promote tumor progression by a wide spectrum of effects that suppress the anti-tumor immune response. In addition to immunosuppression, CD11b+Gr1+ cells promote metastasis by mechanisms that are currently unknown. CD11b+Gr1+ cells localize near fibroblasts, which remodel the ECM and leave tracks for collective cell migration of carcinoma cells. In this study we discovered that CD11b+Gr1+ cells promote invasion of mammary carcinoma cells by increasing fibroblast migration. This effect was directed by secreted factors derived from CD11b+Gr1+ cells. We have identified several CD11b+Gr1+ cell secreted proteins that activate fibroblast migration, including CXCL11, CXCL15, FGF2, IGF-I, IL1Ra, Resistin, and Shh. The combination of CXCL11 and FGF2 had the strongest effect on fibroblast migration that is associated with Akt1 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Analysis of subsets of CD11b+Gr1+ cells identified that CD11b+Ly6ChighLy6Glow cells increase fibroblast migration more than other myeloid cell populations. Additionally, tumor-derived CD11b+Gr1+ cells promote fibroblast migration more than splenic CD11b+Gr1+ cells of tumor-bearing mice. While TGFβ signaling in fibroblasts does not regulate their migration toward CD11b+Gr1+ cells, however deletion of TGFβ receptor II on CD11b+Gr1+ cells downregulates CXCL11, Shh, IGF1 and FGF2 resulting in reduced fibroblast migration. These studies show that TGFβ signaling in CD11b+Gr1+ cells promotes fibroblast directed carcinoma invasion and suggests that perivascular CD11b+Ly6ChighLy6Glow cells may be the stimulus for localized invasion leading to metastasis.
The distribution of glutamate receptors in cultured rat hippocampal neurons: Postsynaptic clustering of AMPA selective subunits

The distribution of several glutamate receptor subunits was investigated in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The AMPA/kainate-selective receptors GluR1-6 exhibited two patterns of mRNA expression: most neurons expressed GluR1, R2, and R6, whereas only about 20% expressed significant levels of GluR3, R4, and R5. By immunocytochemistry, the metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR1 alpha was detectable only in a subpopulation of GABAergic interneurons. GluR1 and GluR2/3 segregated to the somatodendritic domain within the first week in culture, even in the absence of synaptogenesis. Glutamate receptor-enriched spines developed later and were present only on presumptive pyramidal cells, not on GABAergic interneurons. Clusters of GluR1 and GluR2/3 completely colocalized and were restricted to a subset of postsynaptic sites. Thus, glutamate receptor subunits exhibit both a cell type-specific expression and a selective subcellular localization.
Lung resistance-related protein (LRP) expression in malignant ascitic cells as a prognostic marker for advanced ovarian serous carcinoma.

Ovarian serous carcinoma is an aggressive cancer that often presents with metastatic disease. Although primary tumor and established metastatic foci in the omentum are generally compared to identify proteins involved in drug resistance, we investigated a potential bridge, the malignant cells from ascites, as facilitator of drug resistance and recurrence. We evaluated the expression of drug resistance markers P-glycoprotein (P-gp), canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (MRP2), and lung resistance-related protein (LRP) in malignant cells from ascites and matched omental metastasis from 25 patients with advanced-stage ovarian serous carcinoma who were chemotherapeutic naive and undergoing initial cytoreductive surgery. Cell viability in vitro, patient response to chemotherapy, and patient survival were correlated with these biomarkers. Of the 25 patients evaluated for a correlation of LRP to 1-year recurrence, we correctly predicted the 1-year recurrence of 24 patients based solely on the presence of LRP in ascitic tumor cells (p = 0.01). P-gp and MRP2 were not expressed in malignant cells of ascites or omental metastases. Malignant cells from ascites had higher expression of LRP and were found to be more resistant to carboplatin treatment than cells from omental metastasis (p = 0.00375) by in vitro assay. LRP expression in the malignant cells of ascites correlated with carboplatin resistance (p = 0.001) by in vitro assay and recurrence at 1 year (p = 0.0125). LRP expression in malignant cells of ascites is a promising marker to predict response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian serous carcinoma.
Examination of a pre-exercise high energy drink on exercise performance

Methods Twelve male strength/power athletes (21.1 ± 1.3 y; 179.8 ± 7.1 cm; 88.6 ± 12.1 kg; 17.6 ± 3.3% body fat) underwent two testing sessions administered in a randomized and double-blind fashion. During each session, subjects reported to the Human Performance Laboratory and were provided either 120 ml of a high energy drink (S), commercially marketed as Redline® or 120 ml of a placebo (P). The placebo was similar in taste and appearance but contained no active ingredients. Following consumption of the supplement or placebo subjects rested quietly for 10minutes prior to completing a 4-question survey and commencing exercise. The survey consisted of 4 questions asking each subject to describe their feelings of energy, fatigue, alertness and focus at that moment. Following the completion of the questionnaire subjects performed a 2minute quickness and reaction test on the Makoto testing device (Makoto USA, Centennial CO) and a 20-second Wingate Anaerobic Power test. Following a 10-minute rest subjects repeated the testing sequence and after a similar rest period a third and final testing sequence was performed. The Makoto testing device consisted of subjects reacting to both a visual and auditory stimulus and striking one out of 30 potential targets on three towers.
p-4He ELASTIC SCATTERING AT 788 MeV

J. FONG 1, T.S. BAUER, G.J. IGO, G. PAULETTA, R. RIDGE i, R. ROLFE l, j. SOUKUP 2, C.A. WHITTEN, Jr. Department of Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA G.W. HOFFMANN University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, and Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM87545, USA N. HINTZ, M. OOTHOUDT Department of Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA G. BLANPIED, R.L. LILJESTRAND Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA and T. KOZLOWSKI Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA Received 20 June 1978 The p-4He elastic cross section at 788 MeV has been measured for laboratory angles between 13.3 ° and 165.5 ° corre- sponding to a range of four-momentum-transfer, -t, from 0.11 to 4.19 GeV2/c 2 . Evidence is presented for a backward diffraction-like structure not previously observed (3.4 < -t < 4.22 GeV2/c2). In the region 1.6 < -t < -3.4 GeV2/c 2 a smooth fall off from the shoulder due to triple scattering is observed with no evidence for quadruple scattering. In the present letter we present the measurement of essentially the entire angular distribution for p-4He elastic scattering at 788 MeV. For the first time da/dt has been systematically studied in the intermediate range of angles as well as for the far backward angles, thus allowing a connection to be made between the direct amplitude and exchange amplitudes which may be important at back angles. In recent years there has been considerable exper- imental and theoretical work on the elastic scattering of protons on 4He at intermediate energies (order of 1 GeV). From an experimental point of view, this 1 Present address: Formal Computers Inc., 925 Westwood Boulevard, Los Angeles, Calif 90024. 2 Present address: Department of Physics, University of Al- berta, Edmonton T6G2J 1, Canada. elastic scattering process is relatively easy to study since the ground state of 4He is separated from a mul- tibody continuum by at least 20 MeV. With regard to theoretical interpretation of the data, the nuclear structure of 4He is reasonably well known so that proton:He elastic scattering is a good test for theo- ries of nucleon-nucleus elastic scattering at interme- diate energies. The experimental data can be used to study various effects on the reaction mechanism such as two body correlations in the nuclear wave func- tion [1], effects due to the spin dependence of the nucleon-nucleon amplitudes [2], the effects of iso- bar intermediate states [3], non-eikonal effects in the reaction mechanism [4-6], and exchange effects at backward angles [7]. Most of the past experimen- tal data, which include both cross section [8] and polarization measurements [9], have been taken for 205
French for Specific Purposes: The Case for Spoken Corpora

This paper argues that the increasing number of non-specialist students of French in British universities requires us to investigate with some urgency the adequacy of 'general purpose' syllabi, grammars, and methodologies. Drawing on the work of researchers of ESP, of corpus-based approaches, of autonomous learning, and of the exploitation of authentic text, the paper illustrates its thesis by reference to the detailed analysis of a small corpus of spontaneous spoken French video-recorded at a horticultural research station in Normandy. This serves to highlight not only the lexical features associated with a particular field but also the syntactic features which characterize spoken French. Two difficulties of analysis are raised, relating to the indeterminacy of language and the non-discreteness of grammatical categories. A fuzzy' approach is recommended to the attribution of functional descriptors to syntactic elements and to the categorization of grammatical forms. The conclusion is reached that the effective design of syllabi and methodologies for Specific Purposes students is substantially enhanced through the detailed analysis of a spoken corpus which should be examined as a communicative event, not solely as an assemblage of linguistic items.