cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The measurement of expectancies and other cognitions in depressed individuals

The aim of the study was to clarify the dimensionality and the degree of interrelatedness of measures of cognitions hypothesized by Beck (expectancies),Ellis (irrational beliefs),and Rehm (self-reinforcement)to be important for depression. Depressives were found (a)to have higher expectancies for negative and lower expectancies for positive events pertaining to the self but not for “world” events, (b)to report experiencing a greater number of negative and a fewer number of positive thoughts pertaining to the self but not the “world,” and (c)to subscribe to specific irrational beliefs but not to others. In addition, relatively specific expectancies, thoughts, and irrational beliefs which appear to be uniquely related to depression were identified.
Heights, algebraic dynamics and Berkovich analytic spaces

The present paper is an exposition on heights and their importance in the modern study of algebraic dynamics. We will explain the idea of canonical height and its surprising relation to algebraic dynamics, invariant measures, arithmetic intersection theory, equidistribution and p-adic analytic geometry. AMS Classification 2000:Primary: 14G40; Secondary: 11G50, 28C10,14C17. Keywords: height function, algebraic dynamics, analytic spaces.
HOMICIDAL AND SUICIDAL IMPULSES IN THE NAZI LEADERS

Miale and Selzer (1975) have published the Rorschach protocols of 16 Nazi leaders who were tried at Nuremberg. Kendra (1974) and Lester, ec al. (1975) have derived linear discriminant functions which utilize scores from the Rorschach Ink Blot test to discriminate completed suicides from attempted suicides and nonsuicidal persons and to discriminate murderers from other criminals. These linear discriminant functions were applied to the published Rorachach protocols of the Nazi leaders to categorize them. Twelve of the Nazi leaders1 were classified as murderers (Fritzsche, Funk, Go-ring, Hess, Keitel, von Neurath, von Papen, von Ribbentrop, Rosenberg, Sauckel, von Schirach, and Seyss-Inquart) and four as non-murderers (Frank, Kaltenbrunner, Schachc, and Speer) (binomial p = 0.04). Eleven of the Nazi leaders were classified as completed suicides (Frank, Fritzsche, Goering, Hess, Keitel, von Papen, von Ribbentrop, Rosenberg, Sauckel, von Schirach, and Seyss-Inquart), two as attempted suicides (Funk and Echacht) and three as non-suicides (Kaltenbrunner, von Neurath, and Speer) (y-' = 9.13, d f = 2, p < 0.02) . The presence of homicidal impulses in the Nazi leaders is perhaps not surprising. The presence of suicidal impulses is of interest. Hitler, Himmler, and Goebbels completed suicide before they could be captured, Goering killed himself prior to his execution, and Frank attempted to kill himself after capture. It may be that the suicidal impulses detected were a result of the capture, trial and impending sentencing, or alternatively perhaps the brutality of the Nazi regime may be atrributed to the displacement of the self-destructive impulses combining with the homicidal impulses.
The effects of therapist breathing style on subject's inhalation volumes

This study explored how the clinicians'/experimenters' breath patterns affected subjects' inhalation volume. 20 volunteer subjects inhaled 20 sequential breaths (10 normal and 10 paced) with their eyes closed. During the paced exhalation, the experimenter audibly exhaled in phase with the subjects' exhalation. The subjects's inhalation volumes significantly increased during the paced as compared to the initial normal breathing phase, F(1,19)=8.82, p<.01, repeated measures ANOVA. These findings confirm that the clinician's breathing style directly affects the client's breath pattern.
Caffeine does Not Affect the Rate of Gain in Spine Bone in Young Women

The effect of nutrition and dietary caffeine consumption and physical activity on bone gain in women during the third decade of life was determined in a longitudinal, descriptive study of 145 healthy college-aged women. Estimates of caffeine and other dietary intakes were determined by repeated 7-day diet diaries. Measurements of bone mineral in the spine and total body mineral content were determined by dual-photon absorptiometry. Measures of physical activity were ascertained by physical activity monitor. The mean estimated caffeine, calcium and protein intakes for the young women students were 103 +/- 106 mg/day (mean +/- SEM), 831 +/- 334 mg/day (mean +/- SEM) and 66 +/- 16 g/day (mean +/- SEM) respectively. The median rates of bone gain were 5.9% for spine bone mineral content, 6.8% for spine bone mineral density and 12.5% for total body bone mineral. In a multiple regression analysis the significant predictors (+ or -) of the rate of gain were age (-), activity (+), calcium intake (+) and protein intake (-). Caffeine consumption was not associated with significant reduction in rates of bone gain. While calcium and protein nutrition affect bone gain in the third decade of life in women, moderate caffeine intake (one cup of coffee per day, or 103 mg) appears to be safe with respect to bone health in this age group.
Substrate specificity of the streptococcal cysteine protease.

The streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B (SpeB) is an important factor in mediating Streptococcus pyogenes infections. SpeB is the zymogen of the streptococcal cysteine protease (SCP), of which relatively little is known regarding substrate specificity. To investigate this aspect of SCP function, a series of internally quenched fluorescent substrates was designed based on the cleavage sites identified in the autocatalytic processing of SpeB to mature SCP. The best substrates for SCP contain three amino acids in the nonprimed position (i.e. AIK in P(3)-P(2)-P(1)). Varying the length of the substrate on the primed side of the scissile bond has a relatively lower effect on activity. The highest activity (k(cat)/K(M) = 2.8 +/- 0.6 (10(5) x m(-1)s(-1)) is observed for the pentamer 3-aminobenzoic acid-AIKAG-3-nitrotyrosine, which spans subsites S(3) to S(2)' on the enzyme. High pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses show that the substrates are cleaved at the site predicted from the autoprocessing experiments. These results show that SCP can display an important level of endopeptidase activity. Substitutions at position P(2) of the substrate clearly indicate that the S(2) subsite of SCP can readily accommodate substrates containing a hydrophobic residue at that position and that some topological preference exists for that subsite. Substitutions in positions P(3), P(1), and P(1)' had little or no effect on SCP activity. The substrate specificity outlined in this work further supports the similarity between SCP and the cysteine proteases of the papain family. From the data regarding the identified or proposed natural substrates for SCP, it appears that this substrate specificity profile may also apply to the processing of mammalian and streptococcal protein targets by SCP.
Isolating purely-leptonic signals for strong W scattering using anti-tagging, jet-tagging and lepton isolation☆

Abstract We explore in depth several techniques for detecting the l+l+ mass spectrum coming from W+W+ scattering at a hadron collider. We focus on the signal, due to enhanced production of longitudinally polarized W+'s, that arises in the Standard Model when the Higgs boson has mass ⪆ 1 TeV . We demonstrate that anti-tagging against energetic centrally produced jets must be combined either with our earlier-proposed cut (requiring single-jet tagging) on the minimum jet-lepton invariant mass or with a cut on the isolation of the leptons in order to adequately suppress all backgrounds. In particular, we identify cuts that are sufficient to suppress the t t - induced backgrounds below the level of the signal. Effects due to production of an extra gluon in association with the t t are included. Sensitivity to distribution functions and scale choices is explored. Event rates at the LHC, SSC and Eloisatron energies are given. Use of the isolation requirement along with staged implementation of the other cuts is proposed as a means for verifying the Standard Model expectation for the W+W+ spectrum in the case where the Higgs boson is light. Applicability of the proposed cut procedures to the purely leptonic decay modes of the W+W−, ZZ and W±Z channels is outlined.
The Role of Value‐at‐Risk in Purchasing: An Application to the Foodservice Industry

SUMMARY Value-at-Risk (VaR) estimates the downside risk of a portfolio of market-priced assets at a particular confidence level over a specified time horizon. This article is a tutorial that introduces purchasing managers to the concept of VaR and its potential applications in the purchasing process. It discusses estimation alternatives and issues, and then examines and highlights the role of VaR in the context of a commodity end user with a specific example for a foodservice business. Further, the practical implementation issues of VaR in a corporate environment in general and the purchasing function in particular are discussed. The example and discussions are widely applicable to any commodity end user (e.g., energies, metals, or food-related commodities), providing potential applications to practitioners and research ideas to academics.
Towards a chemistry of cohesion and adhesion

Abstract Modern chemistry frequently describes the structure and reaction dynamics of molecules in terms of the general principle of “competition for bonds”; consequently, bonding forms the basis of the language of chemistry. The actual models used to represent these bonds are frequently system specific. Organic reactions are described in terms of bonds based on pairs of atomic valence electrons. Reactions of inorganic coordination complexes are described in terms of bonds based on a molecular orbital representation. In analogy to those chemistries, a representation for a bond and bond strength, suitable for describing the cohesive and adhesive properties of all classes of materials, is introduced. This representation proves to yield an explanation for the observed cohesive properties of a specific class of materials (cleavage in bcc metals), and it also provides a framework for exploring and analyzing the more complex phenomena of cohesion and adhesion, such as environmentally-induced embrittlement. A complete chemistry of cohesion and adhesion will require the demonstration that the specific bonding model used can form the basis for consistent interpretations for a wealth of experimental phenomena beyond environmentally-induced embrittlement; thus, as presented, this model does not provide a complete chemistry of cohesion and adhesion, but does embody the first steps in that direction.
Diffusivity of methyl bromide in water

ELSEVIER Marine Chemistry Diffusivity of methyl bromide in water Warren J. De Bruyn, Eric S. Saltzman Rosmstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, lhticersity of Miami, Miami, FL 33149. USA Received 10 January 1996; accepted 7 November Abstract The oceans are important in the geochemical cycle of methyl bromide, as both a source of natural methyl bromide and a sink for anthropogenic methyl bromide. Air-sea exchange rate calculations are based on measured concentration differences across the air-sea surface, on various gas exchange-wind speed relationships, and on the diffusivity of methyl bromide in seawater. In this study, the diffusivity of methyl bromide in pure water has been experimentally determined over the temperature range 5-20°C. The diffusivity varied from 9.85 X 10e6 cm2 s-’ at 5°C to 1.50 X lo-’ cm2 s-’ at 19.4”C. The values obtained in this study are w 8-35% higher than those derived from semi-empirical estimates. The diffusivity of methyl bromide in 3.5% NaCl solution was also measured at 13°C and found to be the same as the diffusivity measured in pure water. This is a surprising result given the viscosity differences between these two media. Schmidt numbers (SC) for seawater have been calculated as a function of temperature from the pure water diffusivities. Schmidt numbers varied from 1585 at 5°C to 700 at 20°C. Ke?;words: methyl bromide; diffusion; air-sea exchange; geochemical 1. Introduction The transport of tropospheric methyl bromide into the stratosphere and its subsequent photolysis is thought to have a significant impact on the concen- tration and lifetime of stratospheric ozone (Wofsy et al., 1975; Mellouki et al., 1992). The oceans are both a source of natural methyl bromide and a sink for anthropogenic methyl bromide and are believed to have a strong influence on tropospheric methyl bro- mide concentrations and lifetime (Butler, Lobert et al., 1995). Air-sea exchange rates are therefore important to our understanding of the cy- ~ Corresponding author. Copyright PII SO304-4203(96)00092-S cycle cling of methyl bromide through the atmosphere (Anbar et al., 1996; Pilinis et al., 1996; Yvon and Butler, 1996). Air-sea exchange calculations are based on mea- sured concentration gradients across the air-sea sur- face, various gas exchange-wind speed relation- ships, and liquid-phase diffusivities in seawater. For low-solubility gases the gas-liquid flux can be ex- pressed as (Liss and Slater, 1974): F=k,(C, - c,(Y) where k, is the gas transfer velocity; C, is the concentration of the species in the liquid phase; Cp is the concentration in the gas phase; and cy is the Ostwald solubility (Reid et al., 1987) of the species. The gas transfer velocity is a strong, but poorly 0 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved,
Effects of density on goldfish blood—II cell morphology

Abstract 1. 1. Significant changes in morphology and distribution of red blood cells were observed in blood from adult goldfish held at two loading densities (0.80 and 4.19 fish cm/1 water). 2. 2. Changes associated with fish held at high density included decreased counts of red blood cells and thrombocytes and an increase in lymphocytes and total leucocytes. 3. 3. Smaller red blood cells were also found in fish held at high density.
Quantitative Doppler tissue imaging as a correlate of left ventricular contractility

Doppler tissue imaging is a new noninvasive imaging modality that allows quantitation of the low intensity, high amplitude Doppler shifts in the range of myocardial tissue motion. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that Doppler tissue imaging may provide unique information reflecting left ventricular systolic function, and to test the relationship between myocardial tissue velocity and noninvasive measures of ventricular contractility. Nine patients with mild or moderate mitral insufficiency and no regional wall motion abnormality were studied during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Left ventricular ejection fraction and peak systolic velocity of the sub-endocardial left ventricular posterior wall were quantified at baseline and at peak stress and compared with estimated peak dP/dt. During dobutamine infusion, ejection fraction increased from 41.7 +/- 22.2 (range 14 to 70) % to 56.6 +/- 27.9 (range 17 to 84)% (p = 0.001), peak systolic velocity increased from 22.7 +/- 4.2 (range 18 to 28) mm/sec to 35.3 +/- 10.1 (range 20 to 47) mm/sec (p = 0.004), and dP/dt increased from 1050 +/- 322 (range 613 to 1574) mm Hg/sec to 1766 +/- 768 (range 936 to 3000) mm Hg/sec (p = 0.01). Although there were good correlations between left ventricular dP/dt and both ejection fraction (R = 0.75) and peak systolic velocity (R = 0.81), the correlation between change in dP/dt and change in myocardial velocity (R = 0.75) was better than that between change in dP/dt and change in ejection fraction (R = 0.36). These data support the hypothesis that myocardial velocity determined with Doppler tissue imaging reflects myocardial contractility, and that catecholamine-induced alteration in contractility is better reflected by changes in myocardial velocity than by changes in ejection fraction.
Calcium Channel Blocker Class Heterogeneity: Select Aspects of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) comprise a heterogeneous group of compounds with unique structures and pharmacologic characteristics. These agents are employed in the treatment of hypertension, coronary ischemia, and/or supraventricular arrhythmias. CCBs are both substrates for, and in the instance of verapamil and diltiazem inhibitors of, cytochrome P450 3A4. In the case of verapamil and diltiazem, this inhibitory effect increases the likelihood of drug-drug interactions with other compounds similarly metabolized by cytochrome P450 3A4. Much of the debate with reference to a cardiovascular risk for CCBs has been quieted with the advent of sustained-release delivery systems that offer a more gradual rate of drug delivery. The most common side effects with CCBs are vasodilatory in nature and include peripheral edema, flushing, and headache. Despite the potential for side effects with CCBs, their potent blood pressure-lowering effect makes them a prerequisite for blood pressure control in many patients.
An Assessment of the Impact of an Increase in the Tobacco Excise Tax on the U.S. Economy

The analysis in this study examines the effects on the U.S. economy of a proposed $1 per pack equivalent increase in the tobacco products excise tax as a means to partially finance a program of health care reform. The analytical approach used in this study consisted of a general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, and six household categories classified by income and a government. Data suggest that as a result of an increase in the excise fax, there will be a decrease in output by all producing sectors of 0.21 percent, a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.49 percent, a decline in total utility by 0.47 percent, and a net increase in government revenue of 1.74 percent. Moreover, as a consequence of this fax increase, tobacco consumption will decline by 12.15 percent. Clearly, an increase in the federal excise tax on tobacco products is a potent policy for curtailing smoking.
Inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by 3-nitropropanoate☆

Abstract 3-Nitropropanoate (3-NPA) has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of rat heart muscle succinic dehydrogenase. The dissociation constant Ki 3-NPA has been determined to be 184–200× 10 −4 . 3-NPA is approximately one-twentieth as powerful an inhibitor of this enzyme as malonate.
Modulation classification based compressed sensing for communication signals

The theory of compressed sensing (CS) has shown that compressible signals can be accurately reconstructed from a very small set of randomly projected measurements. Sparse representation of the signals plays an important role in the signal reconstruction of compressed sensing. In this paper, we propose to use signal modulation information to obtain a better sparse representation for communication signals in compressed sensing. In our approach, a tree-structured modulation classification system is used to classify five types of signal modulations: Amplitude Modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM), Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK). The tree-structured classification system uses four signal features to classify the five modulation types, and all features are computable in the analog domain. To select a sparse transformation for the input signal, we propose a pre-trained Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT) based CS, in which a set of KLT transformation matrices is obtained by an offline learning process for all modulation types. In an online real-time process, the modulation information of the input signal is classified and then used to select one of the pre-trained KLT matrices for providing a better sparse representation of the signal for CS-based signal reconstruction. Our experimental results show that our modulation classification technique is effective in identifying the five modulation types of noisy input signals, and our KLT based CS reconstruction has much better performances than Fourier and wavelet packet based CS for the communication signals we tested.
Alkalinity to calcium flux ratios for corals and coral reef communities: variances between isolated and community conditions

Calcification in reef corals and coral reefs is widely measured using the alkalinity depletion method which is based on the fact that two protons are produced for every mole of CaCO3 precipitated. This assumption was tested by measuring the total alkalinity (TA) flux and Ca(2+) flux of isolated components (corals, alga, sediment and plankton) in reference to that of a mixed-community. Experiments were conducted in a flume under natural conditions of sunlight, nutrients, plankton and organic matter. A realistic hydrodynamic regime was provided. Groups of corals were run separately and in conjunction with the other reef components in a mixed-community. The TA flux to Ca(2+) flux ratio (ΔTA: ΔCa(2+)) was consistently higher in the coral-only run (2.06 ± 0.19) than in the mixed-community run (1.60 ± 0.14, p-value = 0.011). The pH was higher and more stable in the mixed-community run (7.94 ± 0.03 vs. 7.52 ± 0.07, p-value = 3 × 10(-5)). Aragonite saturation state (Ω arag) was also higher in the mixed-community run (2.51 ± 0.2 vs. 1.12 ± 0.14, p-value = 2 × 10(-6)). The sediment-only run revealed that sediment is the source of TA that can account for the lower ΔTA: ΔCa(2+) ratio in the mixed-community run. The macroalgae-only run showed that algae were responsible for the increased pH in the mixed-community run. Corals growing in a mixed-community will experience an environment that is more favorable to calcification (higher daytime pH due to algae photosynthesis, additional TA and inorganic carbon from sediments, higher Ω arag). A paradox is that the alkalinity depletion method will yield a lower net calcification for a mixed-community versus a coral-only community due to TA recycling, even though the corals may be calcifying at a higher rate due to a more optimal environment.
A New Species of Arapona (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Gyponinae) from French Guiana

ABSTRACT One new species is added to the genus Arapona DeLong. This species Arapona egeri is from French Guiana.
Enzymatic browning and its inhibition in new apple cultivars slices using 4-hexylresorcinol in combination with ascorbic acid / Pardeamiento enzimático y su inhibición en rodajas de manzanas de nuevas variedades utilizando 4-hexilresorcinol en combinación con ácido ascórbico

Enzymatic browning in minimally processed apples of new cultivars (i.e. Braeburn, Criterion, Fuji, Gala, Jonagold) was investigated at 2.5, 12 and 20 °C, and compared with traditional cultivars (Golden Delicious and McIntosh). Browning inhibition by ascorbic acid (AA) and a mixture of ascorbic acid and 4-hexylresorcinol (AH) was also studied. Among the new cultivars, Jonagold had the slowest browning rate and Braeburn had the fastest rate. Of the two traditional cultivars, McIntosh had the faster browning rate. The temperature sensitivity of the browning varied among cultivars, where Q10 ranged from 1.3 to 4.4 (calculated from colour parameter a*), and the acti vation energy (Ea) ranged from 8.0 to 18.3 kcal/mol. The browning rate dependence on temper ature was as follows: Fuji < McIntosh < Criterion < Braeburn and Gala < Golden Delicious < Jonagold. Browning was inhibited significantly using AH and AA. The AH treatment resulted in a better inhibition of enzymatic browning for most of the cultivars.
Flame Structure Dynamics and Buoyancy Effects in Pulsed Turbulent Diffusion Flames

The dynamics of large-scale structures in strongly-pulsed, turbulent jet diffusion flames were investigated by conducting experiments in microgravity (2.2 Second Drop Tower) and in normal gravity. The flames were fully-modulated, with the fuel flow completely shut off between injection pulses, resulting in the generation of puff-like flame structures. Unheated ethylene fuel was injected using a 2 mm diameter nozzle into a combustor with an oxidizer co-flow at atmospheric pressure. Diagnostics included highspeed imaging of the visible flame and thermocouple temperature measurements. The celerity of large scale flame structures was determined from the cross-correlation of temperature measurements. The celerity increases markedly as the off-time between pulses is decreased and the degree of interaction between individual flame puffs correspondingly increases. The celerity is also generally higher for shorter injection times, which yield more compact flame puffs. The removal of buoyancy in microgravity results in a decrease in the flame puff celerity in all cases, amounting to as much as 40%. A dimensionless parameter relates the celerity of both buoyant and non-buoyant puffs to the injection time and mean flame length. The mean flame length of the fully-modulated flames was not strongly impacted by buoyancy. For the shortest injection time the increase in flame length due to the removal of buoyancy in microgravity amounted to less than 20%; the steady flame length in microgravity was within 6% of that of the normal-gravity steady flame. The observed increases in the flame puff celerity and the mean flame length with increased flame puff interaction are consistent with a decreased rate of oxidizer entrainment into the individual turbulent flame structures.
Wormhole routing algorithms for twisted cube networks

The hypercube can be "improved" by "twisting" or rearranging edges to create new networks with smaller diameter and average distance. There are two criticisms of these twisted cube networks. First, these networks have not been shown to have deadlock-free routing algorithms. Second, while they can sometimes provide a better performance for a store-and-forward routing strategy, they have not been shown to be efficient when using a wormhole routing strategy. In this paper, we introduce a new network, the Bent Cube, and examine one recently published network, the Generalized Twisted Cube to address these issues. >
COLLATERAL INCREASES IN PERFORMANCE OF LONG DIVISION RESULTING FROM ON-TASK GAINS USING TOKEN REINFORCEMENT AND SELF-RECORDING

Szmzmary.-The present study wm designed to assess the collateral increases in one underachieving srudent's accuracy rate of completing assignments as a result of gains in on-task behavior. A second purpose was to evaluate the maintenance potential of self-recording on the student's on-task behavior gains. Initially, a combined external reinforcement and self-recording procedure was utilized to effect increases in the student's task-oriented responses. These treatments, however, were not related to accuracy. During a subsequent phase, the external reinforcers were faded, leaving self-recording as the sole treatment. The results showed gains in accuracy as a result of large increases in the student's task-oriented responses. However, whereas the self-recording procedures did not effectively maintain on-task gains, increases in accuracy of completion of assignments were sustained.
Characterizing the Infection-Induced Transcriptome of Nasonia vitripennis Reveals a Preponderance of Taxonomically-Restricted Immune Genes

The innate immune system in insects consists of a conserved core signaling network and rapidly diversifying effector and recognition components, often containing a high proportion of taxonomically-restricted genes. In the absence of functional annotation, genes encoding immune system proteins can thus be difficult to identify, as homology-based approaches generally cannot detect lineage-specific genes. Here, we use RNA-seq to compare the uninfected and infection-induced transcriptome in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis to identify genes regulated by infection. We identify 183 genes significantly up-regulated by infection and 61 genes significantly down-regulated by infection. We also produce a new homology-based immune catalog in N. vitripennis, and show that most infection-induced genes cannot be assigned an immune function from homology alone, suggesting the potential for substantial novel immune components in less well-studied systems. Finally, we show that a high proportion of these novel induced genes are taxonomically restricted, highlighting the rapid evolution of immune gene content. The combination of functional annotation using RNA-seq and homology-based annotation provides a robust method to characterize the innate immune response across a wide variety of insects, and reveals significant novel features of the Nasonia immune response.
Total refraction at oblique incidence by a transparent bilayer coating on a high-index transparent or absorbing substrate.

Transparent bilayer coatings that produce total refraction (TR) of obliquely incident monochromatic light into an underlying substrate are considered. When the substrate is transparent, it is shown that TR takes place without any accompanying change of polarization. Totally refracting bilayers are realizable in the IR where high-refractive-index substrates are available. This is illustrated by a BaF2–ZnSe bilayer on a Ge substrate at a 10.6-μm (CO2 laser) wavelength and 45° angle of incidence. Limited changes of the angle of incidence, wavelength, and refractive indices and thicknesses of the two films of the bilayer are introduced, and their effects on the condition of TR are determined. TR (hence absorption) is also possible for absorbing (semiconductor or metallic) substrates using transparent bilayers of films of nonquarter-wave optical thickness, as is further demonstrated in this paper.
Nanocrystal formation and polymorphism of glycine

The surface of a crystal may play an important role in its physical and chemical properties. The percentage of molecules that are exposed on surfaces increases significantly as the crystal size decreases. However, the role of surface molecules and crystal size on the physiochemical properties of crystals is poorly understood. Here, using glycine as a model compound, nano-sized crystals were obtained by two different methods – nano spray drying and bi-functional self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The surface structures of these nanocrystals were examined and the solubility was measured as a function of size for both the α-form and β-form. In addition, our results indicate that the solubility ratio of β-form/α-form changes as size decreases.
DNA microarrays for malaria

DNA microarrays are a powerful tool for the analysis of RNA and DNA composition on a whole-genome scale. The first applications of this technology in parasitology are in place. This review examines the various approaches to Plasmodium transcript-profiling that are being adopted using DNA microarray analysis and discusses additional strategies for obtaining and collating information relevant to the search for drug and vaccine candidates in malaria.
Extended Telephone-Based Continuing Care for Alcohol Dependence: 24 Month Outcomes and Subgroup Analyses

Aims Determine whether 18 months of telephone continuing care improves 24 month outcomes for patients with alcohol dependence. Subgroup analyses were done to identify patients who would most benefit from continuing care.
Response: The Circle Without a Center: Rethinking Religious Authority in India

This response offers a context within which to expand one’s reading of the previous four articles. Those four articles are representative works in the study of religion as an instrument of social hegemony. Taken from the lexicon of Marxist sociology, the term hegemony highlights the importance of consent in the constitution of hierarchical societies. Hegemony marks the differential between the coercive power of an institutional elite and the active acceptance of that elite’s authority, wisdom, values, and goals by those who are outside it. This term has received its most nuanced explication in the writings of Ernesto Laclau, who offers a neat four-part schema for the structure and inner working of a hegemonic articulation. I use Laclau’s schema to illuminate the matter of hegemony in conjunction with the subject matters of Orr, Kaimal, Sanford, and Dempsey’s individual articles. EACH OF THE FOUR preceding articles takes a swatch from the fabric of South Asian religious life and inspects the orthodoxies from which it is woven. Or, to use a more appropriate metaphor given that these articles are less textual than cartographic, each maps the topography of hegemonic interests (western and Indian) onto the terrain of South Asian lives. These articles teach us about yoginis, yak5as, yak5is, goddesses, and saints: superhuman beings usually relegated to the margins in scholarship on South Asia. Each asks: what do we make of that marginalization if the circle has no center?
Modeling the Pre-Euroamerican Landscape with Government Land Office Surveys and Geostatistics

Forested areas in the United States have been altered since the time of European settlement. There is increasing interest in comparing present day vegetation with that of the Pre-Euroamerican era to understand what changes have occurred in some of our more outstanding natural areas. Studies have been conducted using Government Land Office (GLO) notes to understand historic vegetation surveys, but past studies focused on species present/absent lists. The GLO surveys included information about tree species, tree diameter and other physical features. This study used indicator kriging to interpolate the probability of tree species on the landscape using the GLO data from 62 townships. Once continuous probability models were developed, vegetation spatial patterns were analyzed throughout the sub-basin. This technique provided insight into what the vegetation pattern (spatially) was like prior to Euroamerican settlement within the Buffalo River sub-basin. It provided the base information necessary to quantify vegetation change and the spatial extent of that change. Based on this research it appears that post-Euroamerican fire suppression and agricultural practices with other human activities have been major contributors to change. Eastern Redcedar (Juniperious virginiana) and hickory (Carya sp.) have increased, while oak species (Quercus sp.) have decreased. Additionally 19% of the sub-basin has changed to non-forest.
In vivo transcription of the bovine leukemia virus tax/rex region in normal and neoplastic lymphocytes of cattle and sheep.

Abstract Expression of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has been considered to be blocked at the transcriptional level in vivo, since viral RNA species are not readily detected in freshly isolated leukocytes from BLV-infected animals. However, the presence of a persistent antiviral antibody response in infected animals suggests that some degree of virus expression must occur in vivo. The purpose of this study was to determine whether BLV RNA species could be detected by using the polymerase chain reaction in normal or neoplastic lymphoid cells freshly isolated from naturally or experimentally BLV-infected cattle and sheep, respectively. Primers designed to detect a 2.1-kb doubly spliced BLV tax/rex-specific mRNA were used to amplify cDNA copies of RNA derived from infected animals. The amplified viral product was then detected with a radiolabeled BLV tax/rex-specific probe. BLV-specific RNA was detected readily in freshly isolated peripheral blood leukocytes derived from BLV-seropositive cattle or sheep with persistent lymphocytosis and less readily in peripheral blood leukocytes from BLV-seropositive but hematologically normal animals. BLV-specific RNA was also detected in fresh samples of BLV-induced lymphosarcomas. Normal and neoplastic lymphoid cells from BLV-seronegative animals were uniformly negative under similar conditions. These primers also amplified the same viral product from genomic DNA derived from BLV-seropositive animals, providing further evidence for in vivo transcription and suggesting that BLV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase is capable of reverse transcribing the 2.1-kb mRNA in vivo. The demonstration of transcriptional products of BLV in vivo proves that viral latency in BLV infection is incomplete.
Trust in the Construction Industry: A Literature Review

While tremendous focus in management research is placed on new construction technologies, the social and human factors through which these technologies are implemented are often neglected. An increasing trend in construction management research is seen in soft management aspects such as trust. This basically developed from the fact that construction projects involve individuals and their beliefs. Construction projects are based on collaboration among contracting parties to accomplish project goals. Thus, it is crucial to quickly build teams and establish good communications between team members. Trust has been determined by many studies as an excellent determinant to successful projects and crucial to build integrated project teams. The aim of this paper is to present a literature review of research on trust in construction, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest recommendations for future research. More than 50 peer-reviewed publications were reviewed through which six main lines of research were identified. Research in trust in construction seems to primarily focus on four main areas; trust types, factors affecting trust development, trust effect on project success, and relational contracting, yet there still exists knowledge gap in areas of non-relational agreements, North American construction markets, and project cost, risk, and contracts’ relations to trust.
A composite cell-multiresolution time-domain technique for the design of antenna systems including electromagnetic band gap and via-array structures

In this paper, the Haar-wavelet multiresolution time-domain (MRTD) scheme is modified in a way that enables the modeling of arbitrarily positioned metals within a cell, leading to the development of composite cells that are useful for the simulation of highly detailed structures. The technique is applied through the use of wavelet reconstruction and deconstruction matrices to explicitly set field values at perfect electrical conductor interfaces. Using this scheme, MRTD can be used to drastically reduce the number of cells needed to simulate complex antenna geometries including radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems, electronic bandgaps, and via arrays, while taking full advantage of the technique's inherent time- and space-adaptive gridding.
Tissue-engineered skin in the healing of wound stumps from limb amputations secondary to purpura fulminans

Currently wound treatment options of amputation stumps due to purpura fulminans include healing by secondary intention from wound debridement, split-thickness skin grafting, tissue and muscle flaps, plantar skin free transfer, skin expansion, artificial skin, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. We saw a 6-month-old girl with purpura fulminans as a complication of meningococcemia. She developed necrosis of the distal extremities resulting in bilateral amputation of the lower limbs. Shortly thereafter the leg stumps also became necrosed and she underwent unsuccessful split-thickness grafts of lower limb ulcers. The patient's difficult-to-heal wounds made her an excellent candidate for treatment with tissue-engineered skin. At 10 months of age, this was applied to her previously nonhealing wounds. The tissue-engineered skin induced rapid healing of the patient's chronic amputation stump ulcers and provided her with substantial pain relief. In conclusion, tissue-engineered skin appears to be a potential beneficial treatment for chronic wounds in children with nonhealing amputation stumps.
Modulation of neurotransmitter release by NO is altered in mesenteric arterial bed of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with catecholamines resulting in their deactivation. In the present study with the use of the perfused mesenteric arterial bed as a model of the sympathetic neuroeffector j...
Growth kinetics of Lactobacillus acidophilus under ohmic heating

Lactobacillus acidophilus OSU133 was inoculated into MRS broth in a fermenter vessel and incubated at 30, 35, or 45°C with agitation. Incubation temperatures were attained by conventional or ohmic heating. An electrical current at low (15 V) or high (40 V) voltage was used to heat the culture directly during fermentations under ohmic heating. The growth parameters (lag period, minimum generation time, and maximum growth) and changes in pH were determined during fermentation. Metabolic activities (consumption of glucose and production of lactic acid and bacteriocin) were determined during fermentation at 35°C under both heating methods. Lag period for L. acidophilus was affected appreciably by the method of heating, but the magnitude of these changes depended on the fermentation temperature. When fermentation was done at 30°C, lag period decreased by 94% under low-voltage ohmic, compared with conventional, heating methods. Ohmic heating did not change the generation time significantly and caused slight, but significant (p < 0.01) decrease in maximum growth. Therefore, the electric current enhances the early stages, but it inhibits the late stages of growth. Ohmic, compared with conventional, heating resulted in higher final pH and lower bacteriocin activity in the fermented medium. However, ohmic heating at 35°C had minimal effect on glucose utilization and lactic acid production by L. acidophilus. Results show that measurement of the electric current when ohmic heating is done at a constant voltage may be used in monitoring such fermentations. In conclusion, ohmic heating is potentially useful in certain applications related to fermented foods. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The meeting project at ICSI

In collaboration with colleagues at UW, OGI, IBM, and SRI, we are developing technology to process spoken language from informal meetings. The work includes a substantial data collection and transcription effort, and has required a nontrivial degree of infrastructure development. We are undertaking this because the new task area provides a significant challenge to current HLT capabilities, while offering the promise of a wide range of potential applications. In this paper, we give our vision of the task, the challenges it represents, and the current state of our development, with particular attention to automatic transcription.
The Mechanisms of Derivatives Market Efficiency

These are not your parents’ financial markets. A generation ago, the image of Wall Street was one of floor traders and stock brokers, of opening bells and ticker symbols, of titans of industry and barbarians at the gate. These images reflected the prevailing view in which stock markets stood at the center of the financial universe. The high point of this equity-centric view coincided with the development of a significant body of empirical literature examining the efficient market hypothesis (EMH): the prediction that prices within an efficient stock market will fully incorporate all available information. Over time, this equity-centric view became conflated with these empirical findings, transforming the EMH in the eyes of many observers from a testable prediction about how rapidly new information is incorporated into stock prices into a more general – and generally unexamined – statement about the efficiency of financial markets.In their seminal 1984 article The Mechanisms of Market Efficiency, Ron Gilson and Reinier Kraakman advanced a causal framework for understanding how new information becomes incorporated into stock prices. Gilson and Kraakman’s framework provided an institutional explanation for the empirical findings supporting the EMH. It has also played an influential role in public policy debates surrounding securities fraud litigation, mandatory disclosure requirements, and insider trading restrictions. Yet despite its enduring influence, there have been few serious attempts to extend Gilson and Kraakman’s framework beyond the relatively narrow confines in which it was originally developed: the highly regulated, order-driven, and extremely liquid markets for publicly-traded stocks. This article examines the mechanisms of derivatives market efficiency. These mechanisms respond to information and other problems not generally encountered within conventional stock markets. These problems reflect important differences in the nature of derivatives contracts, the structure of the markets in which they trade, and the sources of market liquidity. Predictably, these problems have led to the emergence of very different mechanisms of market efficiency. This article describes these problems and evaluates the likely effectiveness of the mechanisms of derivatives market efficiency. It then explores the implications of this evaluation in terms of the current policy debates around derivatives trade reporting and disclosure, the macroprudential surveillance of derivatives markets, the push toward mandatory central clearing of derivatives, the prudential regulation of derivatives dealers, and the optimal balance between public and private ordering.
Cervicovaginal fistula as a result of saline abortion.

A 17-year-old woman, gravida 1, para 0, last menstrual period January 14, 1971, was admitted on May 6, 1971, for a therapeutic abortion. The patient denied past history of pelvic infection, use of an intrauterine device, or cervical instrumentation. The only significant past history was the use of “hard drugs” up to six months prior to admission. Laboratory results were normal with the patient being Rh negative. The physical examination was unremarkable. The pelvic examination revealed that the uterus was compatible with 16 weeks’ gestation, and the cervix was nulliparous and without visible lesions. At 5 P.M. on May 6, 1971, 150 C.C. of normalappearing amniotic fluid was easily removed transabdominally on the initial attempt, and 200 C.C. of 20 per cent saline was injected without difficulty. Nineteen hours later, uterine contractions began, and 20 units of synthetic oxytocin was added to the 1,000 C.C. of DSW, infused at 125 C.C. per hour. The patient was medicated with meperiFig. 1.
Verifiable associated processes from radiative lepton masses with dark matter

If leptons do not couple directly to the one Higgs doublet of the standard model of particle interactions, they must still do so somehow indirectly to acquire mass, as proposed recently in several models where it happens in one loop through dark matter. We analyze the important consequences of this scenario in a specific model, including Higgs decay, muon anomalous magnetic moment, $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\gamma}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}eee$, and the proposed dark sector.
The Institutional Sources of Military Doctrine: Hegemons in Peripheral Wars

This article examines the formation of military doctrine by the United States during Vietnam and by Britain during the Boer War to test the prevailing literature on military doctrine. Finding the literature inadequate, The paper offers an institutional model of the forces shaping military doctrine. The institutional model is based on the broader literature concerning the delegation of power in organizations. The logic of the delegated power depends as much on the structure governing the superior (the civilian authorities) as that governing the specialized subordinate (the military organizations). This model proposes that the differences in adaptability demonstrated by British and American military organizations in response to similar threats can be explained by the distinct structure of civilian institutions and their effect on the development of military organizations.