cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 201 – Phytophagous Insects

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the phytophagous insects that feed on green plants. They include species that attack roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, either as larvae or as adults or in both stages. Phytophagous insects are highly diverse and the total species number is at least 500,000. This represents about 25% of known multicellular animals. There are phytophagous insect species in the ajority of insect orders, including Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera but there are very large differences in numbers of species in the different groups. All green plants are eaten by one or more species of phytophagous insects. Leaf feeders may be external (exophytic) or they may mine the tissues, sometimes even specializing on a particular cell type. Typically, nectar and pollen feeders are not included. The great diversity of insects feeding on plants is matched by a remarkable diversity of lifestyles, mouthparts and gut morphological adaptations to the food eaten, cuticular morphology and coloration adapted for crypsis or aposematism, and behavioral adaptations for use of particular plants and escape from natural enemies.
TRANSLATION OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS RNA

ABSTRACT. The coat protein gene in TMV-RNA is translated very poorly or not at all when the RNA is supplied to any one of a number of cell-free protein synthesizing systems or to amphibian oocytes. In all of these systems however, a protein of about 130,000 MW is translated. This protein is thought to be the viral replicase or a portion of it. In TMV-infected tissues a small piece of viral RNA, termed the LMC, has been detected; it is associated with polyribosomes in vivo and it can serve as the messenger for viral coat protein in vitro. These findings suggest that full length TMV-RNA per se does not serve as the principal mRNA for coat protein in vivo , but that the smaller LMC mediates that function.
Reward-predictive representations generalize across tasks in reinforcement learning.

In computer science, reinforcement learning is a powerful framework with which artificial agents can learn to maximize their performance for any given Markov decision process (MDP). Advances over the last decade, in combination with deep neural networks, have enjoyed performance advantages over humans in many difficult task settings. However, such frameworks perform far less favorably when evaluated in their ability to generalize or transfer representations across different tasks. Existing algorithms that facilitate transfer typically are limited to cases in which the transition function or the optimal policy is portable to new contexts, but achieving “deep transfer” characteristic of human behavior has been elusive. Such transfer typically requires discovery of abstractions that permit analogical reuse of previously learned representations to superficially distinct tasks. Here, we demonstrate that abstractions that minimize error in predictions of reward outcomes generalize across tasks with different transition and reward functions. Such reward-predictive representations compress the state space of a task into a lower dimensional representation by combining states that are equivalent in terms of both the transition and reward functions. Because only state equivalences are considered, the resulting state representation is not tied to the transition and reward functions themselves and thus generalizes across tasks with different reward and transition functions. These results contrast with those using abstractions that myopically maximize reward in any given MDP and motivate further experiments in humans and animals to investigate if neural and cognitive systems involved in state representation perform abstractions that facilitate such equivalence relations.
From Monetary to Nonmonetary Mechanism Design via Artificial Currencies

Nonmonetary mechanisms for repeated allocation and decision making are gaining widespread use in many real-world settings. Our aim in this work is to study the performance and incentive properties ...
Injection Laryngoplasty and Novel Injectable Materials

Glottic insufficiency (GI) is most often caused by vocal fold atrophy, immobility, hypomobility, or scar. Injection laryngoplasty (IL), the injection of a filler material into the vocal folds to improve glottic closure, has been used to improve clinical outcomes in patients with GI. This paper will provide a review of contemporary practices and injection materials in IL. Most ILs are now performed in an office setting, through a per oral, transnasal, or percutaneous approach. Today, most short-term injections are performed using carboxymethylcellulose. Most intermediate injections are done with hyaluronic acid gels. Long-term injections are done with autologous fat, calcium hydroxyapatite, or polydimethylsiloxane. Silk-hyaluronic acid is a newer material being used for long-term injections. Novel materials under investigation include fibroblast growth factor and autologous fibroblasts. Within the past 15 years, the landscape of injected materials for IL has changed greatly. Newer materials are more similar in composition to native vocal fold tissue and are less likely to migrate from the site of injection and elicit low rates of inflammatory responses.
Quantification of popliteal artery narrowing with QISS MRA during active ankle plantarflexion in healthy, asymptomatic volunteers and its potential application in the diagnosis of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES)

To assess the degree of narrowing of the popliteal artery during active ankle plantar flexion in healthy volunteers using a non-contrast quiescent-interval single-shot (QISS) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) technique. Following IRB approval, 10 healthy volunteers were recruited and following informed consent underwent QISS MRA of the lower extremity at rest and during ankle plantarflexion. Two pediatric musculoskeletal radiologists independently reviewed MR images in random order and recorded a number of subjective and objective anatomic variables including branch pattern, proximity of vessel to bony structures, gastrocnemius bulk, and presence of accessory muscle. Arterial narrowing with plantarflexion was recorded by a subjective assessment of 3D reconstructions (negligible or non-negligible) and objectively by measuring the narrowest diameter during plantarflexion and at rest. Agreement between reader scores was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) for continuous variables, and kappa and the proportion of agreement for categorical variables. Mean reduction in arterial diameter during plantar flexion was 17.1% (min 1.9%, max 64.1%, SD 16.7%) for reader 1 and 17.2% (min 1.7%, max 50.0%, SD 14.3%.) for reader 2 with high agreement between readers: CCC = 0.92 and CI = 0.82, 0.96. Arterial narrowing was described subjectively as “non-negligible” in 7/20 legs by reader 1 and 5/20 legs by reader 2 with proportion of agreement = 0.90, CI (0.77, 1.00). We observed a wide range of popliteal arterial narrowing with plantarflexion in asymptomatic volunteers. Larger studies, for which QISS is well suited, may be invaluable for distinguishing physiologic from pathologic arterial narrowing in patients with suspected popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES).
Understanding the Gender Earnings Gap: Hours Worked, Occupational Sorting, and Labor Market Experience

This article documents life-cycle gender differences in labor market outcomes using longitudinal data of a cohort of individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979. As in other datasets, the gender earnings gap increases with age. We find that hours worked and labor market experience are the most substantial observable variables in explaining the gender pay gap. We also focus on patterns in occupational changes over the life cycle, as a large part of pay growth occurs when workers change jobs. We find that college-educated men, on average, move into occupations with higher task complexity. We further show that women are less likely to change occupations. Moreover, on average, pay grows when workers change occupations, but the growth is smaller for women. Finally, we discuss theories that are consistent with the patterns we document.
Pre-clinical development and molecular characterization of an engineered type 1 regulatory T-cell product suitable for immunotherapy.

Abstract Background aims Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative therapeutic approach for many hematological disorders. However, allo-HSCT is frequently accompanied by a serious side effect: graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The clinical use of allo-HSCT is limited by the inability of current immunosuppressive regimens to adequately control GvHD without impairing the graft-versus-leukemia effect (GvL) conferred by transplanted healthy immune cells. To address this, the authors have developed an engineered type 1 regulatory T-cell product called CD4IL-10 cells. CD4IL-10 cells are obtained through lentiviral transduction, which delivers the human IL10 gene into purified polyclonal CD4+ T cells. CD4IL-10 cells may provide an advantage over standard-of-care immunosuppressants because of the ability to suppress GvHD through continuous secretion of IL-10 and enhance the GvL effect in myeloid malignancies through targeted killing of malignant myeloid cells. Methods Here the authors established a production process aimed at current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) production for CD4IL-10 cells. Results The authors demonstrated that the CD4IL-10 cell product maintains the suppressive and cytotoxic functions of previously described CD4IL-10 cells. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis of CD4IL-10 identified novel transcriptome changes, indicating that CD4IL-10 cells primarily upregulate cytotoxicity-related genes. These include four molecules with described roles in CD8+ T and natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity: CD244, KLRD1, KLRC1 and FASLG. Finally, it was shown that CD4IL-10 cells upregulate IL-22, which mediates wound healing and tissue repair, particularly in the gut. Conclusions Collectively, these results pave the way toward clinical translation of the cGMP-optimized CD4IL-10 cell product and uncover new molecules that have a role in the clinical application of CD4IL-10 cells.
Polynomial-Spline Neural Networks with Exact Integrals

Using neural networks to solve variational problems, and other scientific machine learning tasks, has been limited by a lack of consistency and an inability to exactly integrate expressions involving neural network architectures. We address these limitations by formulating a novel neural network architecture that combines a polynomial mixture-of-experts model with free knot B1-spline basis functions. Effectively, our architecture performs piecewise polynomial approximation on each cell of a trainable partition of unity. Our architecture exhibits both $h$- and $p$- refinement for regression problems at the convergence rates expected from approximation theory, allowing for consistency in solving variational problems. Moreover, this architecture, its moments, and its partial derivatives can all be integrated exactly, obviating a reliance on sampling or quadrature and enabling error-free computation of variational forms. We demonstrate the success of our network on a range of regression and variational problems that illustrate the consistency and exact integrability of our network architecture.
A Spectral Haunting of Society: Longue Durèe Archaeologies of Capitalism and Antimarkets in Colonial Guatemala

This chapter presents an approach to the archaeology of capitalism within Spanish colonial contexts in Guatemala through the archaeology of San Pedro Aguacatepeque, a multicomponent Kaqchikel Maya community occupied from at least 900–1800 AD. I draw on new materialist theories to craft an archaeology of colonial capitalism to challenge trait-based definitions of capitalism as a system of “free” markets. Working from Braudel and De Landa’s conception of capitalism as a system of “antimarkets”—defined as power-manipulated unfree markets and exchanges—I attempt to move beyond the baggage-laden abstract concept of Capitalism by focusing on how unequal power and coerced exchanges structure the changes in market engagement and daily practice that are routinely attributed to an abstract Capitalism, rather than the various actors/actants that catalyze these changes. From this perspective, capitalism, or antimarkets and their effects, are argued to be ever present in human society rather than unique products of the early modern world.
Nondestructive Differentiation of Full-Color Photocopies

There has been a recent increase in the use and availability of full-color copiers. With this increase comes a greater potential for criminal use. Research by the authors has shown that many products of full-color copiers can be differentiated by the use of microscopy, infrared luminescence, infrared reflectance, and laser luminescence.
Mortality after emergency surgery continues to rise after discharge in the elderly: Predictors of 1-year mortality.

Background It is known that emergency surgery in the elderly is associated with high short-term mortality, but longer-term outcomes are not well described. We hypothesized that 30-day mortality may underestimate the true operative mortality experienced in this cohort. The purposes of this study were to characterize postoperative mortality rates extending to 1 year and to identify preoperative predictors of 1 year mortality after emergency abdominal surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients older than 70 years who underwent emergency abdominal surgery at a major teaching hospital between 2006 and 2011. Demographics, preoperative physiology, prehospital status, body mass index, laboratory values, Charlson scores, comorbid conditions, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and operative details were recorded. The primary end point was 1-year mortality. Complementary log-log binary regression was used to determine independent predictors of death. Model discrimination was evaluated using the c statistic. Results A total of 390 patients met our inclusion criteria. The mean age was 79 years, and 56% were women. Postoperative mortality was 16.2% at 30 days and 32.5% at 1 year, reflecting a doubling of mortality over 11 months. Independent preoperative predictors of 1-year mortality were Charlson score of 4 or higher (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-2.34), American Society of Anesthesiologists class of 4 or higher (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.22-2.21), albumin less than 3.5 (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.31-2.28), and body mass index lower than 18.5 (HR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.48-6.86). The c statistic was 0.81. Conclusion The 1-year mortality after emergency surgery in the elderly is significantly higher than that at 30 days. We identified a constellation of preoperative clinical markers that were highly predictive of this poor late outcome. The presence of these findings in the emergency setting should prompt preoperative discussion about treatment goals and encourage surgeons to set realistic expectations about outcomes with the patient and family. Future studies will develop a clinical scoring tool that can be applied at the bedside to provide more effective counseling for this high-risk population. Level of evidence Epidemiologic/prognostic study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV.
ENDOCRINE RELATIONSHIPS OF LEUKOCYTE ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE.

Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity has been noted to be different in men and women. The mean leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity for 74 normal men, aged 19 to 60 years, was 23 mg. of phosphorus per 1010 polvmorphonuclear leukocytes per hour. The corresponding mean value for 75 normal young women, age 19-48 years, was 35 (p < .001). No significant differences between boys and girls occurred until the time of puberty. After the menopause, the values for women approached the values for men. Women treated with androgens had lower leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity than did control women. These results suggest that androgenic hormones inhibit this enzyme, and that other, as yet undefined endocrine influences, also affect its level of activity. In vitro tests with various concentrations of androgens and estrogens failed to provide conclusive evidence of direct effect on leukocytes although some degree of direct inhibition by androgens was suggested. Studies using saponin to effect enzyme release from leukocyte granules did not demonstrate whether the differences between men and women are differences of enzyme release or of content of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase.
The Incidence of Viable Tubercle Bacilli in Tuberculous Lesions following Chemotherapy: Comparison of Two Culture Techniques.

Summary Two culture techniques were compared using 286 lesions obtained from 108 patients. Lesions were divided into two equal portions; one portion was homogenized in saline, cultured on solid ATS medium and incubated for a maximum of three months; the second portion was homogenized in Dubos liquid medium containing 0·5 per cent bovine albumin, cultured in Dubos liquid medium and incubated for a maximum of nine months. The results suggest that the differences are not significant for the 286 lesions as a whole, nor the results obtained separately from the 30 ‘target-point’ and 229 ‘open-negative’ lesions. The differences for the 27 ‘closed-negative’ lesions and those lesions with negative smears or low Gaffky counts on smear, favour the albumin method slightly, but this difference falls considerably short of statistical significance at the 5% level.
Chapter 23 – Fibrosis: A Failure of Normal Repair and a Common Pathway to Organ Failure

Fibrosis is present in all chronic pathologies of the kidney and is found in the glomerulus, interstitium, and arteriolar vessel wall. Recent insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis indicate that it represents a chronic or repetitive wounding response in which normal repair mechanisms are engaged but become maladaptive. Fibrosis is now seen as a central pathological process disrupting nephron and microvascular homeostasis that is amenable to therapeutic targeting. This chapter will highlight new insights into epithelial stress pathways as early drivers of fibrogenesis, recent advances in our understanding of the fibrogenic process and its normal resolution, and finally recently identified cell–cell signaling pathways that are important regulators of the fibrogenic process.
Development of the velocisty field in transient shear flows of viscoelastic fluids

Abstract Laser Doppler velocimetry is used to measure velocities during the development from rest of circular Couette flow. Velocities are measured at two points in the fluid from the inception of the flow until the velocities reach steady state. Three test fluids are investigated, one Newtonian fluid and two viscoelastic solutions of polyisobutylene. In each of the two viscoelastic test fluids, a nearly discontinuous front in velocity propagates from the inner (rotating) cylinder out into the fluid. The speed of propagation is found to be approximately given by [G(0)/ϱ] 1 2 , where G(0), the relaxation modulus at zero time difference, is determined by fitting complex viscosity data. Numerical calculations are also reported for the development of the velocity field and are compared to the experimental data. Good agreement is seen between the data and the calculations for a multimode Giesekus model with parameters fitted to complex viscosity, steady-state viscosity, and steady-state normal stress data for the test fluids. Calculations for a single mode model agree qualitatively with the data, but not as well as those for the multimode models.
THE DURATION OF CONTRACT STRIKES IN U.S. MANUFACTURING

This paper develops new evidence on the hazard function for strike duration, and on cyclical changes in this function, using data on contract strikes in U.S. manufacturing industries. A flexible duration model is estimated, and it is found that the hazard rate is generally a U-shaped function of strike age. The level of industrial production is found to have a significant positive effect on the hazard rate: strike duration is countercyclical. A convenient parametric model of heterogeneity and duration dependence is introduced, in which the logit of the hazard rate is a polynomial function of strike age, up to a random individual effect drawn from a beta distribution. Estimates of this ‘beta-logit’ model indicate that it is difficult to detect the influence of unobserved heterogeneity on the aggregate hazard function for strike duration.
Seeking and Processing Influenza Vaccine Information: A Study of Health Care Workers at a Large Urban Hospital

In response to low influenza vaccination rates among health care workers, health officials have explored determinants of uptake and developed communication interventions. Key to these efforts is how workers seek and attend to vaccine information. We applied a model of risk information seeking and processing to survey 226 physicians and nurses at a large, urban hospital (response rate = 5.7%; cooperation rate = 91.5%). Our goals were to (1) apply the model to a new setting, audience, and issue and (2) explore novel concepts (e.g., source credibility and information usefulness) and moderating relationships among variables. Consistent with previous research, information subjective norms-perceived social pressure to remain informed about vaccination-were a strong predictor of information seeking and systematic processing. Neither source credibility nor information usefulness independently increased explained variance, although they moderated the relationship between norms and communication behavior. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Planar surface orientation from texture spatial frequencies

Abstract This paper presents a computational model and a practical algorithm for determining the three-dimensional orientation of a planar surface from visual texture information. The model consists of three parts: (1) a local spatial frequency based texture representation; (2) a model describing the projection of surface texture to image texture; and (3) a solution of the texture projection model for the surface orientation under an assumption of surface texture homogeneity. The algorithm first measures the dominant frequency at each image point using three wavelet-like transforms, and then finds the surface orientation that minimizes the variance of the image frequencies' backprojections. The algorithm is tested on photographs of real-world surfaces, exhibiting an average accuracy of better than 3° in slant and 4° in tilt. The current model and algorithm are more accurate, yet substantially simpler, than earlier versions of this approach.
Mother-infant interaction during the first year: effects of situation, maternal mental illness, and demographic factors

Home observations of mother-infant interaction were done for 2 hours on 2 consecutive days in a large group of families at 4 and 12 months of age. The observations were analyzed for situation (e.g. caretaking or close). as well as grouping factors of maternal mental illness. social status. sex of child. and birth order. Large main effects for situation were uniformly found for mother-interactive and child-interactive behaviors. Some main effects of social status were found. but not for maternal mental illness. In addition. there were some social status or maternal mental illness by situation interactions. Sex differences were not found to be greater than expected by chance. Mental illness and social status. although related to each other. did not interact in their effect on interactive behavior. Proportion of variance explained by situation far outweighed that for any other factor. These data highlight the importance of considering contextual factors in the design and interpretation of interaction studies.
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis during treatment with etanercept

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. They are associated with an increased risk for infections. We report a case of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis in a patient receiving etanercept and review the literature on TNF-α and TNF-α inhibitors, and their importance in the pathophysiology of herpes simplex encephalitis.
La contrainte mécanique stimule l'adaptation in vitro du cytosquelette de cellules humaines d'ostéosarcome TE-85

Le cytosquelette des osteoblastes participe activement aux changements de la taille et de la forme des cellules lors de l'application d'une stimulation mecanique.Trois types principaux de filaments proteiques constituent ce cytosquelette : les filaments d'actine, les microtubules contenant de la tubuline, et les filaments intermediaires constitues de vimentine.Les auteurs ont etudie les effets dus a la deformation, sur la repartition de l'actine, de la vimentine et des proteines de contact focal telles que la vinculine, la taline et la tensine au sein de cellules de type osteoblastique.Des cellules humaines d'osteosarcome TE-85 ont ete cultivees jusqu'a confluence cellulaire.Une contrainte intermittente a ete exercee sur les cellules pendant 2, 6 ou 24 h et des cellules non soumises a contrainte ont ete utilisees comme controle.Une localisation immunocytochimique des proteines a ete entreprise au sein des cultures experimentales et du groupe de controle.Les resultats ont montre que la contrainte mecanique altere la distribution de toutes les proteines etudiees. Bien que la contrainte ait semble alterer la distribution de la tensine apres deux heures de tension, la distribution des autres proteines etudiees ne fut modifiee de facon significative qu'a partir de la sixieme heure. Les modifications de distribution de la taline et de la vinculine indiquaient un accroissement des contacts focaux apres application de la contrainte.A aucun moment cependant, il n'a ete possible de mettre en evidence une modification concluante de l'orientation des cellules soumises a contrainte.La reponse des cellules HOS demontre que le cytosquelette s'adapte a la contrainte mecanique, par la stimulation de proteines et de recepteurs proteiques specifiques.Ces resultats font penser que les cellules reagiraient a la contrainte en augmentant leurs proprietes d'ancrage au substrat.
Low energy ion bombardment during crystal growth and its effect on structure, composition and physical properties

Abstract Low energy ion bombardment during nucleation and film growth of inorganic and organic materials leads to unusual structures and compositions. Systematic control of the film growth processes can be accomplished with beams or in a plasma environment and can lead to systematic control of any physical property which critically depends on small changes in structure. Examples are cited.
Clinical evaluation of corticotropin therapy in children

Summary Twenty-eight children were treated with corticotropin. Favorable results were obtained in bronchial asthma, non-thrombocytopenic purpura, dermatitis venenata, rheumatic fever, Sydenham's chorea, rheumatoid arthritis, and the nephrotic state. The course of subacute lymphatic leucemia was only temporarily modified. Beneficial results were not obtained in glomerulonephritis, Wilson's disease, polymyositis, and thrombocytopenic purpura. The major untoward effects observed as a consequence of therapy were convulsions and hypertension. Corticotropin represents a valuable and relatively safe addition to the therapy of a number of serious diseases of children.
Approaches to oocyte retrieval for advanced reproductive technology cycles planning to utilize in vitro maturation: a review of the many choices to be made

Purpose To evaluate the minutiae associated with oocyte retrieval for use in human in vitro maturation IVF cycles. Many of the relevant features of oocyte retrieval were identified by the Trounson group in the first publication on successful in vitro maturation using transvaginal oocyte harvesting and these were a major focus of this review.
Robust Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems With Input/Output Delays

Many systems must operate in the presence of delays both internal to the system and in its inputs and outputs. In this paper we present a robustness result for mildly nonlinear systems. We use this result to show that for small unknown input delays, a simple adaptive controller can produce output regulation to a neighborhood with radius dependent upon the size of the delay. This regulation occurs in the presence of persistent disturbances and the convergence is exponential. We conclude with an example to illustrate the behavior of this adaptive control law.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Multiobjective genetic algorithm conjunctive use optimization for production, cost, and energy with dynamic return flow

Summary Many real water resources optimization problems involve conflicting objectives for which the main goal is to find a set of optimal solutions on, or near to the Pareto front. E-constraint and weighting multiobjective optimization techniques have shortcomings, especially as the number of objectives increases. Multiobjective Genetic Algorithms (MGA) have been previously proposed to overcome these difficulties. Here, an MGA derives a set of optimal solutions for multiobjective multiuser conjunctive use of reservoir, stream, and (un)confined groundwater resources. The proposed methodology is applied to a hydraulically and economically nonlinear system in which all significant flows, including stream-aquifer-reservoir-diversion-return flow interactions, are simulated and optimized simultaneously for multiple periods. Neural networks represent constrained state variables. The addressed objectives that can be optimized simultaneously in the coupled simulation–optimization model are: (1) maximizing water provided from sources, (2) maximizing hydropower production, and (3) minimizing operation costs of transporting water from sources to destinations. Results show the efficiency of multiobjective genetic algorithms for generating Pareto optimal sets for complex nonlinear multiobjective optimization problems.
Secure base scripts are associated with maternal parenting behavior across contexts and reflective functioning among trauma-exposed mothers

There is growing evidence that “secure-base scripts” are an important part of the cognitive underpinnings of internal working models of attachment. Recent research in middle class samples has shown that secure-base scripts are linked to maternal attachment-oriented behavior and child outcomes. However, little is known about the correlates of secure base scripts in higher-risk samples. Participants in the current study included 115 mothers who were oversampled for childhood maltreatment and their infants. Results revealed that a higher level of secure base scriptedness was significantly related to more positive and less negative maternal parenting in both unstructured free play and structured teaching contexts, and to higher reflective functioning scores on the Parent Development Interview-Revised Short Form. Associations with parent–child secure base scripts, specifically, indicate some level of relationship-specificity in attachment scripts. Many, but not all, significant associations remained after cont...
Seeking Subjective Dominance in Multidimensional Space: An Explanation of the Asymmetric Dominance Effect

An important example of the influence of context on elicited values and choice is the effect of asymmetrically dominated alternatives, first studied by Huber, Payne, and Puto (1982). A theory of dynamic choice reconstruction is presented to account for this effect. The theory is based on ideas of dominance seeking, in which the decision maker actively looks for ways to simplify the task. Results of three experiments showed that the relationship of an irrelevant alternative to others in the choice set influences the weights of the different dimensions as well as the values of the different items. The results support the claim that values depend on local relationships in a way that is consistent with the theory.
Density functional theory for the stability of icosahedral quasicrystals

Abstract We present a density functional theory for icosahedral “quasicrystals”, a structure postulated as that of the orientationally ordered Mn-Al alloy observed by Shechtman, Blech, Gratias and Cahn. The present theory has no adjustable or unknown parameters. Explicit formulae are presented for the stability of the ordered phase, its density, and the entropy change on formation. All these quantities are shown to be determined, to first order, by the structure factor of the corresponding liquid phase.
Quality as a characteristic of ecological models

Abstract Trade-offs between model characteristics (accuracy, generality, robustness, and so on) should not be accepted as inevitable. Good models manage to combine desirable features, and such a combination constitutes the quality of a model. A good model should reflect the overwhelming importance of reproductive effort to living beings. The quality of a model can also be judged by the constancy of its parameters and the absence of patterns in residuals. A novel (or rather long-forgotten) approach to model construction is proposed. It calls for the simultaneous formulation of two idealized extreme models of the same process prior to quantification of the central tendency. Examples and implications of this approach are discussed.
On the role of reflexivity in economic analysis

Soros' theory of reflexivity is meant to apply to a variety of social processes. In economics, it implies that many processes will be subject to “boom-bust” patterns in which expected outcomes deviate for a considerable time from the actual path, and that the actual path in turn deviates from the underlying fundamentals. This is in sharp contrast to the reigning notions in orthodox economics. The hypothesis of Rational Expectations (RE) requires that the views of all participants will converge to a “single set correct of expectations” and the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) posits that actual outcomes deviate from equilibrium in a random manner save for occasional exogenous shocks. In this paper I show that Soros' argument is similar to the classical and Keynesian notions of equilibration as a turbulent process in which actual and expected variables gravitate around some fundamental value. But Soros makes the important further contribution of emphasizing that the fundamental value itself will generally ...
Significance of histiocytes on otherwise-normal cervical smears from postmenopausal women. A retrospective study of 108 cases.

Objective To evaluate the significance of histiocytes on normal cervical smears from postmenopausal women and correlate them with endometrial pathology. Study design Histiocytes were classified into three types. The clinical history was obtained from cytologic and surgical reports. Results Among 108 cervical smears, 13 had large, foamy histiocytes (type A), 88 had histiocytes resembling superficial endometrial stromal cells (type B), and 7 had variably sized histiocytes alone or in association with inflammatory or multinucleated cells (type C). Endometrial pathology was identified in 13 patients (12.0%): 4/13 with type A histiocytes (2 endometrial adenocarcinomas, 2 endometrial polyps), 8/88 with type B histiocytes (8 endometrial polyps) and 1/7 with type C histiocytes (endometrial polyp). Among 70 patients with no clinical indications for endometrial sampling except for the presence of histiocytes, 4 demonstrated endometrial pathology (all endometrial polyps). In contrast, endometrial pathology was identified in 9/38 with clinical indications for endometrial sampling. Among the 13 patients with endometrial pathology, 9 had a significant clinical history (sensitivity of 69.2%), and 4 had histiocytes as the only indication for endometrial biopsy (sensitivity of 30.8%). Conclusion A significant clinical history is more predictive of endometrial pathology and outweighs the significance of histiocytes as an indication for endometrial biopsy.
Failed antireflux surgery: results after reoperation.

Background Since laparoscopy has become a common surgical approach for antireflux surgery, little is known regarding reoperation for failed antireflux surgery. Methods Records of all patients who underwent reoperation without esophageal resection for symptoms of recurrent gastroesophageal reflux disease or hiatal hernia between July 1, 1995 and April 1, 2004 were reviewed. There were 126 patients. Two patients declined research participation. The remaining 124 patients (71 women and 53 men) formed the basis for this study. Median age was 53 years (range, 19 to 83 years). The initial operation was a laparoscopic antireflux procedure in 76 patients (61.3%) and an open repair in 48 (38.7%). A single previous operation had been done in 100 patients, two operations in 20, and three operations in 4. The median interval between the most recent reoperation and the previous operation was 28 months. All patients were symptomatic. The surgical approach was a thoracotomy in 83 patients, laparotomy in 36, laparoscopy in 4, and thoracoabdominal in 1. A Nissen fundoplication was performed in 86 patients (69.4%), Belsey fundoplication in 31(25.0%), and others in 7. Results There were no operative deaths. Complications occurred in 27 patients (21.7%). Median hospitalization was 6 days (range, 5 to 58 days). Follow-up ranged from 10 days to 10 years (median, 9.7 months). Improvement was observed in 114 patients (91.9%). Functional results were classified as excellent in 69 patients (55.6%), good in 19 (15.4%), fair in 26 (20.9%), and poor in 10 (8.1%). No single operative approach was functionally superior. Conclusions We conclude that reoperation for failed antireflux surgery is safe and effective. Results of reoperation were not affected by the type of reoperation or whether the previous approach was laparoscopic or open.
Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase activity in the rat

The effect of diabetes on rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity was studied in male rats 4 h to 8 days after the ip or iv administration of streptozotocin. Hepatic ODC activity increased 4-fold above control on the fourth day of diabetes. Increased ODC activity was observed with a dose of streptozotocin (70 mg/kg iv) which increased plasma ketones and glucagon and reduced plasma insulin. No change was seen with doses causing only mild hyperglycemia without change in plasma ketones, glucagon, or insulin. Insulin therapy prevented the increase in hepatic ODC activity in diabetic rats. Adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy also prevented the diabetes-associated increase of ODC activity. The studies suggest that insulin deficiency may result in increased hepatic polyamine synthesis.
Anomalous radar backscatter from Titan’s surface?

Abstract Since Cassini arrived at Saturn in 2004, its moon Titan has been thoroughly mapped by the RADAR instrument at 2-cm wavelength, in both active and passive modes. Some regions on Titan, including Xanadu and various bright hummocky bright terrains, contain surfaces that are among the most radar-bright encountered in the Solar System. This high brightness has been generally attributed to volume scattering processes in the inhomogeneous, low-loss medium expected for a cold, icy satellite surface. We can test this assumption now that the emissivity has been obtained from the concurrent radiometric measurements for nearly all the surface, with unprecedented accuracy (Janssen et al., and the Cassini RADAR Team [2009]. Icarus 200, 222–239). Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation relates the radar and radiometric properties in a way that has never been fully exploited. In this paper we examine here how this law may be applied in this case to better understand the nature of Titan’s radar-bright regions. We develop a quantitative model that, when compared to the observational data, allows us to conclude that either the reflective characteristics of the putative volume scattering subsurface must be highly constrained, or, more likely, organized structure on or in the surface is present that enhances the backscatter.
Hiding Checkpoint Overhead in HPC Applications with a Semi-Blocking Algorithm

The HPC community has seen a steady increase in the number of components in every generation of supercomputers. Assembling a large number of components into a single cluster makes a machine more powerful, but also much more prone to failures. Therefore, fault tolerance has become a major concern in HPC. To deal with node crashes in large systems, checkpoint/restart is by far the preferred method. A typical way to implement checkpoints is by using a blocking algorithm, which suspends the execution of the application while the checkpoint is safely stored. One limitation of the blocking algorithm is that it saturates the network bandwidth at the time of checkpoint. This problem will become even more critical because the projected network bandwidth increase will not match the increase in memory per node. To alleviate this problem, we have developed a semi-blocking checkpoint algorithm that overlaps execution of the application with transmission of checkpoints. Our implementation decomposes a checkpoint into small messages that are interleaved with application messages. The experimental results show a dramatic reduction in the checkpoint overhead for various applications. We present a model for our approach and use this model to compute the benefit of the semi-blocking algorithm for different failure rates predicted at Exascale. We estimate our method can reduce up to 22% the total execution time of an iterative scientific application.
Haptic guidance of overt visual attention.

Research has shown that information accessed from one sensory modality can influence perceptual and attentional processes in another modality. Here, we demonstrated a novel crossmodal influence of haptic-shape information on visual attention. Participants visually searched for a target object (e.g., an orange) presented among distractor objects, fixating the target as quickly as possible. While searching for the target, participants held (never viewed and out of sight) an item of a specific shape in their hands. In two experiments, we demonstrated that the time for the eyes to reach a target—a measure of overt visual attention—was reduced when the shape of the held item (e.g., a sphere) was consistent with the shape of the visual target (e.g., an orange), relative to when the held shape was unrelated to the target (e.g., a hockey puck) or when no shape was held. This haptic-to-visual facilitation occurred despite the fact that the held shapes were not predictive of the visual targets’ shapes, suggesting that the crossmodal influence occurred automatically, reflecting shape-specific haptic guidance of overt visual attention.
Detection of bacteriuria in children

Summary Lack of a simple, inexpensive, yet accuratemethod for urine culture has prevented universal, routine office screening of girls and pregnant women for the presence of bacteriuria. The present study demonstrates a high degree of reliability for a miniature culture method (Testuria) when compared with the quantitative pour plate technique in the examination of 8,469 urine specimens. Widespread application of this screening technique will, with a minimum of expense and inconvenience, allow the majority of these females to be reliably assured that they do not have significant bacteriuria. Re-examination of the few patients in whom the single Testuria culture result is suspicious (i.e., 4 or more colonies) with a more definitive bacteriologic method is then required in order to detect those who have significant bacteriuria.
A Developmental Analysis of Performance Ratings

ABSTRACT In this study, we examined the performance appraisal process from a developmental perspective. Components of cognitive structure, measured in terms of differentiation and hierarchic integration, were obtained from 45 American students representing three different academic levels at three times during a 15-week semester. These students' performance evaluations (ratings) of their psychology instructors were collected during the first and final sessions. The results indicated that although both differentiation and hierarchic integration seemed to change systematically, even over a short period of time, there was no corresponding change in the halo inherent in the raters' ratings. We present possible explanations for the failure of developmental changes in cognitive structure to be reflected in the halo inherent in the performance ratings, as would be predicted by Schneier's (1977) cognitive compatibility hypothesis. Increased emphasis on developmental aspects of the performance appraisal process is ...
External Na+ inhibits Ca2+-ionophore activation of Xenopus eggs

Abstract In medium containing 8.25 mM NaCl, eggs of Xenopus laevis can be activated by threshold concentrations (3 to 5 × 10−8 M) of the divalent cation ionophore, A23187. Activation by threshold concentrations of A23187 is reduced substantially when the concentration of NaCl in the medium is raised to 40 mM. Ion substitution experiments with NaI, Na isethionate, and choline chloride demonstrate that the inhibitory effect is due to Na+ rather than Cl−. The inhibitory effect of 40 mM Na+ is blocked by the sodium influx inhibitor, amiloride (1 mM), and by 1 mM verapamil and 1 mM La3+. Elevation of intracellular pH (pHi) with NH4Cl markedly increased the effectiveness of threshold levels of A23187, as evidenced by hypercontraction of the cortex. Neither amiloride nor changes in extracellular Na+ concentration alter pHi, however. Changing the concentration of extracellular Ca2+ had no effect on activation by A23187, regardless of the concentration of Na+ in the extracellular medium. The effect of Na+ on ionophore-induced activation is discussed in terms of alternative hypotheses, including a sodium-calcium exchange mechanism that operates in somatic cells to maintain low intracellular concentrations of Ca2+.
Partial matching of 3D shapes with priority-driven search

Priority-driven search is an algorithm for retrieving similar shapes from a large database of 3D objects. Given a query object and a database of target objects, all represented by sets of local 3D shape features, the algorithm produces a ranked list of the c best target objects sorted by how well any subset of k features on the query match features on the target object. To achieve this goal, the system maintains a priority queue of potential sets of feature correspondences (partial matches) sorted by a cost function accounting for both feature dissimilarity and the geometric deformation. Only partial matches that can possibly lead to the best full match are popped off the queue, and thus the system is able to find a provably optimal match while investigating only a small subset of potential matches. New methods based on feature distinction, feature correspondences at multiple scales, and feature difference ranking further improve search time and retrieval performance. In experiments with the Princeton Shape Benchmark, the algorithm provides significantly better classification rates than previously tested shape matching methods while returning the best matches in a few seconds per query.
On the Accuracy of Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Primary User Behavior in Cognitive Radio Networks

The primary user (PU)'s busy/idle behavior in a cognitive radio network is conventionally modeled using a two-state Markov chain. Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation is widely applied to estimate the state transition probabilities. This letter derives a precise expression of the probability mass function (PMF) for the ML estimator, which has not been reported in the literature. By leveraging the exact PMF expression, the essential relation among the number of samples, transition probabilities, and estimation accuracy is revealed.