cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovery and optimization of 5-(2-((1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy)pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as novel gpr119 agonists.

Abstract We describe the discovery and optimization of 5-(2-((1-(phenylsulfonyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy)pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles as novel agonists of GPR119. Previously described aniline 2 had suboptimal efficacy in signaling assays using cynomolgus monkey (cyno) GPR119 making evaluation of the target in preclinical models difficult. Replacement of the aniline ring with a tetrahydroquinoline ring constrained the rotation of the aniline C–N bond and gave compounds with increased efficacy on human and cyno receptors. Additional optimization led to the discovery of 10, which possesses higher free fraction in plasma and improved pharmacokinetic properties in rat and cyno compared to 2.
Do sleep-deprived adolescents make less-healthy food choices?

Short sleep duration among children and adolescents has been reported to be associated with elevated BMI and other adverse health outcomes. Food choices are one proposed mechanism through which this association may occur. In the present study, we examined whether self-reported habitual sleep duration is associated with vegetable and fruit consumption and fast food consumption. Using cross-sectional data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n 13,284), we estimated three nested logistic regression models for two outcome variables: daily vegetable and fruit consumption and previous week's fast food consumption. The adjusted models included demographic and social/behavioural covariates. Self-reported habitual short sleep duration ( 8 h/night) (OR 0·66, P <0·001), even after adjusting for demographic and social/behavioural factors (OR 0·75, P <0·001). Short sleep duration was also associated with increased odds of fast food consumption (OR 1·40, P <0·001) even after adjustment (OR 1·20, P <0·05). Food choices are significantly associated with sleep duration and may play an important role in the mediation of the association between sleep and health among adolescents.
Increased Risk of Functional Gastrointestinal Sequelae After Clostridium difficile Infection Among Active Duty United States Military Personnel (1998-2010)

Background & Aims Some acute enteric infections are associated with the development of functional gastrointestinal disorders, most commonly irritable bowel syndrome but also other functional and organic gastrointestinal sequelae. Clostridium difficile infection has increased in incidence and severity, however, few studies have evaluated functional disorders after this infection. Methods We evaluated the epidemiology and sequelae of C difficile in the US military population by using the US Department of Defense's Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center Defense Medical Ecounter Database. We then performed a retrospective cohort study of 891 active-duty US military personnel who developed C difficile from 1998 to 2010 and 3231 matched subjects who had not been exposed to C difficile . Subjects were identified based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, Clinical Modification codes for C difficile disease. Results C difficile was associated independently with increased rate ratios (RRs) for incident irritable bowel syndrome (RR, 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9–12.9), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (RR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4–2.6), dyspepsia (RR, 3.3; 95%, 1.4–7.7), and constipation (RR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.3–3.7). Approximately 14.1% of subjects with C difficile later were identified with one of these functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGDs), compared with 6% of controls. Community- and health care–associated C difficile were associated at similar rates with these sequelae. Patients were at increased risk for FGDs within 3 months of a C difficile episode, with one additional case of FGD developing for every 12 diagnoses of C difficile . Conclusions The incidence of community- and health care–associated C difficile has increased in the US military population from 1998 through 2010. As for other gastrointestinal infections, C difficile disease is associated with clinically relevant functional sequelae in this military population.
Reading like a historian: a document-based history curriculum intervention with adolescent struggling readers

In this mixed-methods study, five history teachers' urban classrooms implemented a seven-month documents-based history curriculum with eleventh-grade struggling readers. The study asks whether the findings on expert historical reading can be brought to bear in urban public school classrooms, where students read well below grade level. With five treatment and five control classrooms, and over 200 eleventh grade students, this study was the first of its kind in any major U.S. school district.
Experience with the LAMPF Line D Fast Kicker System

In a paper presented at the 1977 Particle Accelerator Conference, R. Faulkner and R. Cooper outlined the design of the LAMPF Line D Fast Kicker System. At that time the prototype had been constructed and initial tests were complete. After the Kicker was reassembled in final operating configuration, some components were extensively modified, and considerable operational experience has since been obtained. The system has now operated in production for over 500 hours. The modifications made to the original design were few but important in terms of reaching the system design objectives. Much of the continuing component development program has centered on upgrading reliability at sustained high average power levels. The Kicker is presently capable of delivering 7-?s-long pulses at a 120-Hz repetition rate with a peak current of 5800 A. It has operated for complete LAMPF prodtuction cycles without maintenance. Continued development work has concentrated on the high power load resistor, the pulse forming network (PFN) capacitor bank, the charging inductor, and the elimination of component failure caused by high voltage/current discharges. This paper discusses Kicker problem areas and solutions.
A Coaxial Stub Microfluidic Impedance Transformer ( COSMIX )

This letter proposes a coaxial stub microfluidic impedance transformer and discusses its design, theory, and operation. Electrostatically-stabilized colloidal dispersions using non-aqueous fluids facilitate its electromagnetic agility by altering their effective medium properties. Theoretical, simulated, and measured results at 400 MHz, 800 MHz, and 1.6 GHz using 0%, 25%, and 50% volume fractions of colloidal barium strontium titanate dispersed in a low-loss severely hydrotreated mineral oil are included to demonstrate the operation of the device. Simulated results for non-spherical nanoparticles are included to show the potential of different material systems.
Climate Impacts Already Affect Every Region of the United States, Report Warns

“Climate change, once considered an issue for a distant future, has moved firmly into the present,” according to the third iteration of the U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), issued by the White House on 6 May. “The observed warming and other climatic changes are triggering wide-ranging impacts in every region of our country and throughout our economy,” states the report, titled Climate Change Impacts in the United States, issued through the federal interagency U.S. Global Change Research Program.
Women's voices on recovery: a multi-method study of the complexity of recovery from child sexual abuse.

Objective: The current study was exploratory and used multiple methods to examine patterns of stability and change in resilient functioning across 7 years of early adulthood. Second, qualitative data were used to examine in greater detail survivors’ own narratives about correlates of healing. Method: This study was longitudinal and used both structured and open-ended interviews. Eighty women with documented hospital records of child sexual abuse were interviewed at two time points 7 years apart in early adulthood. Structured interviews including investigator-based questions and standardized measures of trauma exposure and functioning were conducted. A subset of 21 survivors participated in in-depth, open-ended interviews about coping with sexual abuse. Results: Quantitative findings showed patterns of both stability and change on an index of resilient functioning across multiple domains in the 7 years between interviews with 76% of participants showing less than a one standard deviation change in scores. Lower resilience was associated with exposure to additional trauma between the two interviews (r = −.44) while positive functioning was related to social role satisfaction and positive sense of community. Qualitative data permitted examination of the dynamic quality of recovery over time including the role of “turning points” across the lifespan.
Weight Gain Mitigation with Topiramate in Mood Disorders

OBJECTIVETo review the evidence of weight loss with use of topiramate in patients with mood disorders.DATA SOURCESLiterature search included MEDLINE (1966—December 2003), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–December 2003), and EMBASE (1980—December 2003). Search terms included topiramate, weight loss, adverse effect, mood disorders, bipolar disorder.DATA SYNTHESISWeight gain is a common adverse effect of many agents used to treat mood disorders. Topiramate has been evaluated in the management of some mood disorders, and weight loss may be a beneficial side effect in these patients. Case reports, letters to the editor, prospective investigations, and retrospective observational studies were reviewed to identify evidence of weight loss with topiramate use in patients with mood disorders.CONCLUSIONSCurrent evidence suggests an association between topiramate and weight loss. Based on the limited data, controlled studies need to be conducted to define the role of topiramate in patients with mood disor...
Detection of infectious bursal disease virus from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue by immunohistochemistry and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction

Formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues blocks are used routinely to diagnose the economically important immunosuppressive infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in chickens. Immunohistochemical detection of viruses in tissue blocks has been done with varying results between laboratories. Extraction of IBDV RNA from tissue blocks allows IBDV strain identification at a molecular level. This allows correlation between virus identity and histological lesions present in the tissue. Experimentally reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detectable IBDV RNA could always be extracted from tissue blocks with acute +3 or higher histological lesion scores. However, many blocks from diagnostic field cases did not yield detectable IBDV RNA, in spite of having severe IBDV histological lesion scores. The reason for this can be the effect different formalin fixation conditions have on RNA detection from tissue blocks. To study the effect of various fixation parameters on RNA extraction and immunohistochemical detection of IBDV, bursas with maximum histological lesion score of 4 for IBDV were fixed in formalin under various conditions (different pH levels, temperatures, concentrations of formalin, and fixation duration). Only tissues fixed in formalin with a pH of 7.0, concentration of 5 or 10% formaldehyde, storage temperature of 25 degrees C or less, and kept for up to 2 weeks in formalin yielded detectable IBDV RNA upon extraction. No RNA could be detected from tissues fixed under extreme temperature, pH, or formalin concentrations. Optimal fixation conditions for IHC detection of IBDV were 10% formalin concentration, pH 7.0, and temperature of 4 degrees C, where maximum intensity of immunostaining was observed.
Visual Dysfunction Associated with Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness and is commonly viewed as a vascular complication of diabetes mellitus. However, diabetes mellitus causes visual dysfunction before the onset of clinically visible microvascular changes associated with diabetic retinopathy. Thus, viewing diabetic retinopathy more generally as a neurovascular disease may lead to an improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for vision loss. This article reviews the impact of diabetes mellitus on inner and outer retinal visual and electrophysiologic function and advocates for a multimodal approach to the study of diabetic retinopathy.
Biogeographic synthesis of secondary succession rates in eastern North America

Aim Mechanistic models of old-field plant succession have generally lacked a broader biogeographic context in which climate, soils and species pools could play a significant role in mediating succession rates. We examine broad-scale patterns in old-field succession and introduce a hierarchical conceptual model to incorporate potential mechanisms operating at multiple spatial scales. Location We reviewed secondary succession studies across the Eastern Deciduous Forest (EDF) of North America. Methods We collected data from all published studies that reported the time necessary for woody species to reach either 10% or 50% cover in old-field systems throughout the EDF. We used regression approaches to determine whether rates of succession are controlled by climatic and edaphic factors that vary at broad spatial scales. Results We found that the rate at which woody species colonize and dominate old fields decreases significantly with latitude. Rates of woody succession were highly correlated with both annual temperature (growing degree-days for years to 10% and 50% cover) and measures of soil fertility (cation exchange capacity and reported pre-agroindustrial (1930) maize yields for years to 10% cover), all of which show a significant latitudinal trend across the EDF. Main conclusions We suggest that the driver of this pattern is geographic variation in the intensity of competition between herbaceous and woody species, which we relate to the effects of (1) temperature regime, (2) edaphic factors related to soil fertility, and (3) plant traits, which may vary latitudinally in response to climate and edaphic factors. Although insufficient data exist to evaluate the relative importance of these factors, we argue that research in this area is necessary to gain an understanding of how future landscapes will be affected by global climate and land use change.
Effects of nitric oxide donors on the afferent resting activity in the cephalopod statocyst.

Abstract The effects of bath applications of the nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP), diethylamine sodium (DEA), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) on the resting activity (RA) of afferent crista fibers were studied in isolated statocysts of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis. The NO donors had three different effects: inhibition, excitation, and excitation followed by an inhibition. The SNAP analog N-acetyl- dl -penicillamine (xSNAP; with no NO moiety) had no effect. When the preparation was pre-treated with the NO synthase inhibitor N G -nitric- l -arginine methyl ester HCl ( l -NAME), the NO donors were still effective. When the preparation was pre-treated with the guanylate cyclase inhibitors methylene blue (M-BLU) or cystamine (CYS), NO donors had only excitatory effects, whereas their effects were inhibitory only when pre-treatment was with the adenylate cyclase inhibitors nicotinic acid (NIC-A), 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (DDA), or MDL-12330A. When pre-treatment was with a guanylate and an adenylate cyclase inhibitor combined, NO donors had no effect; in that situation, the RA of the afferent fibers remained and the preparation still responded to bath applications of GABA. Selective experiments with statocysts from the squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana and the octopod Octopus vulgaris gave comparable results. These data indicate that in cephalopod statocysts an inhibitory NO–cGMP and an excitatory NO–cAMP signal transduction pathway exist, that these two pathways are the key pathways for the action of NO, and that they have only modulatory effects on, and are not essential for the generation of, the RA.
Ozonation of aquatic organic matter and humic substances: An analysis of surrogate parameters for predicting effects on trihalomethane formation potential

Abstract Ozone represents a potential oxidant for controlling trihalomethanes (THMs) during water treatment. The results presented herein indicate that partial oxidation of THM precursors by ozone produces by‐products which are lesa reactive in forming THMs upon chlorination. It is demonstrated that surrogate parameters such as nonvolatile total organic carbon, UV absorbance, and fluorescence are capable of monitoring the performance of the ozonation process in reducing the THM formation potential of waters containing THM precursors.
Handling occlusion with an inexpensive array of cameras

The topic of computer vision is of interest due to its ability to provide a great deal of information about the physical world. One problem that plagues many vision applications is that of occlusion. Occlusion is the situation where the view of an object is being blocked by one or more other objects. In this work, a multi-view approach was taken to solve the problem. The tool used was a low-cost array of cameras that was designed and built in house. Results of the project are reviewed and it is shown that the algorithm used has the potential to recover many details that would otherwise be lost due to occlusion.
A Variational Level Set Approach to Multiphase Motion

A coupled level set method for the motion of multiple junctions (of, e.g., solid, liquid, and grain boundaries), which follows the gradient flow for an energy functional consisting of surface tension (proportional to length) and bulk energies (proportional to area), is developed. The approach combines the level set method of S. Osher and J. A. Sethian with a theoretical variational formulation of the motion by F. Reitich and H. M. Soner. The resulting method uses as many level set functions as there are regions and the energy functional is evaluated entirely in terms of level set functions. The gradient projection method leads to a coupled system of perturbed (by curvature terms) Hamilton?Jacobi equations. The coupling is enforced using a single Lagrange multiplier associated with a constraint which essentially prevents (a) regions from overlapping and (b) the development of a vacuum. The numerical implementation is relatively simple and the results agree with (and go beyond) the theory as given in 12. Other applications of this methodology, including the decomposition of a domain into subregions with minimal interface length, are discussed. Finally, some new techniques and results in level set methodology are presented.
Gonadotropin secretion, synthesis, and gene expression in human growth hormone transgenic mice and in Ames dwarf mice.

The expression of the mouse metallothionein-I (MT) promoter/human GH (hGH) fusion gene leads to reduced fertility and increased plasma LH levels in male MT/hGH transgenic mice. To determine the effects of hGH on gonadotropin synthesis and release, we have examined basal and GnRH stimulated LH and FSH release in pituitary incubations and perifusions; and pituitary content of LH, FSH, LH-beta messenger RNA (mRNA), and FSH-beta mRNA in MT/hGH transgenic males and in their normal littermates. For comparison, similar studies were performed in GH and PRL deficient Ames dwarf mice in which plasma gonadotropin levels are known to be reduced. We have also measured the LH and FSH release from normal pituitaries transplanted under the kidney capsule of MT/hGH transgenic or normal mice. We found that in MT/hGH transgenic mice, there were parallel increases in unstimulated and GnRH stimulated LH release from pituitary incubation, in pituitary LH content and in LH-beta mRNA levels. In pituitary perifusion, the basal LH...
Vitamin D and pancreatic cancer risk in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention cohort.

In this issue, Stolzenberg-Solomon et al. report that higher circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations are associated with a higher risk of pancreatic cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) cancer prevention cohort. Based on the large literature on vitamin D and cancer,
NONEQUILIBRIUM PATTERN FORMATION INVOLVING BOTH CONSERVED AND NONCONSERVED ORDER PARAMETERS AND EFFECT OF LONG-RANGE INTERACTIONS

Recent progress in the computer simulation of nonequilibrium and nonlinear morphological pattern formation involving two or more order parameters is reviewed. A computer simulation technique based on microscopic diffusion theory is presented and applied to the dynamics of simultaneous atomic ordering and compositional clustering in crystalline solid solutions. The effects of long-range elastic and Coulomb interactions on the morphological patterns are discussed.
Iterative demodulation, demapping, and decoding of coded non-square QAM

It is shown that a non-square (NS) 2/sup 2n+1/-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can be decomposed into a single parity-check (SPC) block encoder and a memoryless modulator in such a way that the inherent block encoder has a recursive nature. When concatenated with a forward-error-correcting (FEC) code, iterative demodulation, demapping, and decoding of the FEC code and the inherent SPC code of NS-2/sup 2n+1/-QAM is then possible. Simulation results show that coded NS-8QAM performs nearly 2 dB better than standard 8QAM and star-8QAM, and nearly 1 dB better than 8-ary phase-shift keying when the FEC code is a rate-1/2, 16-state convolutional code, while coded NS-32QAM performs 0.75 dB better than standard 32QAM.
P04-45. Characterization of the plasma cell repertoire in acute HIV-1 infection (AHI)

Methods Blood PCs from three AHI subjects obtained approximately 17, 20 and 30 days after HIV-1 transmission were sorted into 96-well plates for amplification of VH and VL genes by RT/PCR. The isolated VH and VL genes were expressed as recombinant IgG1 mAbs in 293T cells by transfection using linear Ig expression cassettes, The specificity of produced mAbs was determined by ELISA and luminex bead immunoassays against a panel of HIV-1 and non-HIV-1 antigens.
Architecture and Compiler Optimizations for Data Bandwidth Improvement in Configurable Processors

Many commercially available embedded processors are capable of extending their base instruction set for a specific domain of applications. While steady progress has been made in the tools and methodologies of automatic instruction set extension for configurable processors, the limited data bandwidth available in the core processor (e.g., the number of simultaneous accesses to the register file) becomes a potential performance bottleneck. In this paper, we first present a quantitative analysis of the data bandwidth limitation in configurable processors, and then propose a novel low-cost architectural extension and associated compilation techniques to address the problem. Specifically, we embed a single control bit in the instruction op-codes to selectively copy the execution results to a set of hash-mapped shadow registers in the write-back stage. This can efficiently reduce the communication overhead due to data transfers between the core processor and the custom logic. We also present a novel simultaneous global shadow register binding with a hash function generation algorithm to take full advantage of the extension. The application of our approach leads to a nearly optimal performance speedup
Charting a Future Course for Organic Residue Analysis in Archaeology

Working hypotheses, which draw upon as many relevant disciplines as possible to derive the maximum information from a very limited database, are key to the highly interdisciplinary field of organic residue analysis in archaeology, a branch of biomolecular archaeology. Archaeology and chemistry are most important for effectively developing and testing such hypotheses, but botany, zoology, geology, etc. also need to be taken into account. Archaeologically, the goal is to obtain as many relevant samples as possible from the best preserved and dated contexts, which have been subjected to the least degradation and disturbance by later natural processes and human handling, including washing and conservation treatment. Chemically, molecular biomarkers of natural products need to be defined and identified by the best and most appropriate techniques, together with bioinformatics searches and assessment of degradation. With ever-improving techniques and new data, previously analyzed samples need to be retested and hypotheses possibly reformulated. Consideration of three case studies illustrates this holistic approach to inductive hypothesis generation and deductive testing: (1) new chemical findings that attest to grape wine in amphoras on board the 14th c. B.C. Uluburun ship, the earliest recorded Mediterranean wreck; (2) recently published research on beeswax/mead in Chalcolithic Israel and Neolithic China and Poland; and (3) recent articles on milk products from 2nd millennium B.C. Central Asia and Neolithic Poland. Potential pitfalls leading to weak hypotheses and mistaken conclusions are described, and a more productive approach is proposed.
The Sponge Family Guadalupiidae in the Texas Permian

New and old species and genera of the family Guadalupiidae (spherulitic hypercalcified demosponges of the order Agelasida) are described or redescribed from the West Texas Permian. The entire family is reviewed and observations are made on the epibionts, growth patterns, functional morphology, ecological relationships, morphologic variability, modular structure, and evolutionary history of these largely reef-dwelling sponges. The stratigraphic distribution of species is also noted; many are limited and can define zones. The new genera Exovasa and Incisimura and the new species Guadalupia auricula, G. cupulosa, G. ramescens, G. microcamera, G. vasa, Cystothalamia megacysta, Lemonea simplex, Incisimura bella, and Exovasa cystauletoides are described. Almost all previously published taxa are redescribed and in some cases redefined. The Guadalupiidae are unique among hypercalcified sponges in having a modular thalamid layer (thalamidarium) covered on the exhalant surface by a non-modular stromatoporoid-like layer (trabecularium).
Assessing narrative comprehension in young children

This article explains the creation and validation of the Narrative Comprehension of Picture Books task (NC task), an assessment of young children's comprehension of wordless picture books. Study 1 explored developmental changes among 158 K-2 children in narrative comprehension and the correlations among children's performance on the NC task and other measures of early reading. There was significant improvement with increasing age on NC task measures. Significant concurrent validity was found between the NC task and oral reading comprehension for readers and between the NC task and several prereading skills for prereaders. Study 2 tested the generalizability of the NC task by giving a sub-sample of students (n = 91) two additional picture books using the NC task procedures. Intertask correlations showed that children were consistent on each of the NC task dependent variables across the three books. The same developmental trends by grade and reading ability were evident on all three versions of the task. Study 3 confirmed the generalizability of the NC task across children, books, and testers, and it revealed sensitivity to longitudinal growth in children's comprehension skills. There was little evidence of practice effects influencing NC scores. Study 3 also revealed significant concurrent and predictive validity between NC measures and other assessments of early reading skills such as the Gates McGinitie Reading Test and the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. The NC task is a valid quantitative measure of young children's comprehension that is sensitive to developmental changes and adaptable to various books. We discuss how narrative comprehension is fundamental to beginning reading and how the NC task may be used for classroom instruction and assessment.
The Convective Cold Top and Quasi Equilibrium

To investigate dominant vertical structures of observed temperature perturbations, and to test the temperature implications of the convective quasi-equilibrium hypothesis, the relationship of the tropical temperature profile to the average free-tropospheric temperature is examined in Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) satellite data, radiosonde observations, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP–NCAR) reanalysis. The spatial scales analyzed extend from the entire Tropics down to a single reanalysis grid point or radiosonde station, with monthly to daily time scales. There is very high vertical coherence of free-tropospheric temperature perturbations. There is also fairly good agreement throughout the free troposphere between observations and a theoretical quasi-equilibrium perturbation profile calculated from a distribution of moist adiabats. The boundary layer is fairly independent from the free troposphere, especially for smaller scales. A third vertical feature of the temperature perturbation profile is here termed the “convective cold top”—a robust negative correlation between temperature perturbations of the vertically averaged free troposphere and those of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The convective cold top is found for observations and reanalysis at many temporal and spatial scales. Given this prevalence, the literature is reviewed for previous examples of what is likely a single phenomenon. One simple explanation is proposed: hydrostatic pressure gradients from tropospheric warming extend above the heating, forcing ascent and adiabatic cooling. The negative temperature anomalies thus created are necessary for anomalous pressure gradients to diminish with height.
Increased erythrocytic osmotic fragility in anemic domestic shorthair and purebred cats

ObjectivesIncreased erythrocytic osmotic fragility and splenomegaly have been reported in anemic Abyssinian and Somali cats. Here we report on this condition in anemic domestic shorthair cats and two other breeds, and describe common features of the clinicopathological profiles, management and outcomes.MethodsAnemic cats, other than Abyssinians and Somalis, were included. The erythrocytic osmotic fragility test was performed, known causes of anemia were excluded, the illness was followed and medical records were reviewed.ResultsTwelve neutered cats were first found to be anemic between 0.5 and 9.0 years of age. Pallor, lethargy, inappetence, pica, weight loss and splenomegaly were commonly observed. A moderate-to-severe macrocytic and hypochromic anemia with variable regeneration was noted. Infectious disease screening, direct Coombs’ and pyruvate kinase DNA mutation test results were negative. Freshly drawn blood did not appear hemolysed but became progressively lysed during storage at 4°C. The sigmoid o...
Incorporating Applied Undergraduate Research in Senior to Graduate Level Remote Sensing Courses

An Arthur Temple College of Forestry and Agriculture (ATCOFA) senior spatial science undergraduate student engaged in a multi-course undergraduate research project to expand his expertise in remote sensing and assess the applied instruction methodology employed within ATCOFA. The project consisted of performing a change detection land-use/land-cover classification for Nacogdoches and Angelina counties in Texas using satellite imagery. The dates for the imagery were spaced approximately ten years apart and consisted of four different acquisitions between 1984 and 2013. The classification procedure followed and expanded upon a series of concrete theoretical remote sensing principles, transforming the four remotely sensed raster images into corresponding classified vector maps. The progression of the research project is layed out in a step-by-step process identifying settings and addressing issues that may commonly be encountered. The results indicate that the digital imagery acquired by the Landsat 8 sensor may have resulted in more precise and consistent spectral recognition of the image pixels, and distributed them more accurately in their clusters. The results from the study validate the applied instruction methodology employed in the remote sensing curriculums and reinforce ATCOFA’s mission by guiding and empowering undergraduate students with the capability of employing sophisticated remote sensing technology to accurately quantify, qualify, map, and monitor natural resources.
A Child Perspective on Juvenile Justice System

American children in juvenile detentions are often victims of severe human rights abuses, especially international child rights codified in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Suicide in children and adolescents.

The suicidal child and adolescent present significant diagnostic and dispositional problems. The diagnosis and treatment of such patients by emergency room physicians are likely and essential. As precise a diagnosis as possible is critical to the appropriate treatment. Consultation with a psychiatric resource should be sought when any uncertainty exists. Language: en
Identifying digital records in business systems: the definition of a problem

Before digital records can be preserved or managed, they need to be identified first. However, records identification is not a clearly defined process. Given the multi-faceted information system environment in organisations, large quantities of potential records are created and stored in systems not designed for records management. This leads to liabilities and risks on par with the non-preservation of digital records because those potential records are not identified and managed properly to begin with. A possible solution is the identification of records via business process analysis coupled with a thorough understanding of the information system environment.
Confused Dichotomies: A Response to Ducharme, Earl, and Poplin

In their presentation of the constructivist view, DuCharme, Earl, and Poplin raise several good points, many of which I agree with wholeheartedly. They cite several authors who point out the importance of function and meaning to writing. Writing, by its very nature, is a communicative function and should be taught as such. We agree that developing fluency is important for the beginning writer and that emphasizing form will frustrate initial writing attempts. However, DuCharme, Earl, and Poplin draw a distinction between the reductionist view presented in my article and the constructivist model they claim I have omitted. This distinction is theirs, not mine. To the extent that constructivists, as well as reductionists, use col
How Do I Assess If My Supervisor and Organization are Fair? Identifying The Rules Underlying Entity-Based Justice Perceptions

Researchers have suggested that employees assess the fairness of important social entities such as supervisors and organizations, but little empirical research has examined the rules used in forming such justice judgments. Utilizing a qualitative design, we asked new job entrants to assess the fairness of their supervisor and organization, and to elaborate on the reasons underlying their assessments. Our results reveal that, although individuals did use rules reflecting the four traditional justice dimensions in assessing entity-based fairness, they more frequently used other rules, drawing on such information as the entity's attributes, their own affective state, and social information.
Behavioral Time Budget for Larvae of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Artificial Diet

A behavioral time budget was constructed for larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) held at 26 ± 1°C from egg hatch through the final feeding bout of the ultimate instar. Within the confines of 31-ml cups with artificial diet, larvae spent the majority of time resting (41.5%), followed by molting (23.4%), feeding (23.3%), pivoting (i.e., grooming, depositing silk, sampling the environment, and miscellaneous activities; 11.4%), and moving (0.4%). Time allocated to each behavior varied within an instar, with larvae resting less and feeding more as they approached the molting period. The duration of molting increased with instar, reaching a maximum of ca. 17 h for the molt from penultimate to ultimate instar. There were no statistically significant differences in larval behavior between sexes. The complete time budget provides a baseline for assaying behavioral changes caused by environmental factors.
Genetics and Etiology of Human Cancer

One of the highest national priorities that has been established for biomedical science in the United States is the control of cancer. Whether that control be achieved through prevention or through treatment, it will probably necessitate a better understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology of cancer than is current. In the process of investigation we should also be aware of man’s mortality and the possibility that cancer is an intricate part of that larger, uncontrollable problem. To the extent that cancer is caused by spontaneous, time-dependent changes, such as may accumulate from somatic mutation, prevention is a cruel dream; to the extent that cancer is accelerated by controllable environmental agents, prevention is a realistic hope. Clearly, we need to have a firm understanding of the etiology of cancer and of the interaction of genetic and environmental factors involved therein.
Type 4a myocardial infarction: Incidence, risk factors, and long-term outcomes.

Objectives To assess the incidence of and outcomes related to periprocedural (Type 4a) myocardial infarction (MI) in a cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable coronary disease or non ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome with stable or falling cardiac troponin levels. Background The 2012 Third Universal Definition for Type 4a MI has not been prospectively studied in routine clinical practice. Methods The study included 516 patients undergoing eligible PCI at a single institution. Data were extracted from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry, review of electronic medical records, and telephone interviews. Clinical outcomes assessed at one year included all-cause mortality, recurrent MI, or any repeat coronary revascularization. Results Based on the Third Universal Definition of MI, 53 (10.3%) patients met criteria for Type 4a MI and 116 (22.5%) had myocardial injury. The Type 4a MI and myocardial injury groups each had significantly higher numbers of stents, longer stent lengths, and more use of rotational atherectomy than the control group. Type 4a MI was not associated with one-year mortality. The composite endpoint of death or recurrent MI at one year was similar between the Type 4a MI and myocardial injury groups (12 vs. 11%; P > 0.05), which were both higher compared with the control group (3%; P = 0.02, 0.03). Conclusions Type 4a MI and myocardial injury were frequent, and were associated with more complicated index PCI and more frequent death or recurrent MI at one year as compared with the control group. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hemiarthroplasty for the treatment of distal humeral fractures: midterm clinical results

Background Total elbow arthroplasty is a treatment for unreconstructable distal humeral fractures; however, longevity of the implant remains a concern in younger, more active patients. Distal humeral hemiarthroplasty (DHH) offers an alternative with multiple advantages. Methods This is a retrospective study of 10 patients who underwent DHH for distal humeral fractures during a 4-year period (2008-2012) by a single surgeon. Patients underwent testing of range of motion, Mayo Elbow Performance Score, Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand, visual analog scale, Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation, and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores. Average patent age at surgery was 71.9 years (range, 56-81 years); average follow-up was 73.2 months (range, 36-96 months). Results Patients maintained improvements in Mayo Elbow Performance Scores (mean, 89.23; range, 75-100) and Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores (mean, 33.71; range 11.2-55.1), along with no significant decrease in range of motion compared with 1 year after surgery. Mean visual analog scale was 2.43 (range, 0-5), Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation was 74.14 (range, 50-100), and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 72.14 (range, 48.33-100). Participants had an average flexion of 128.7° (range, 95°-142°), extension deficit of 27.1° (range, 0°-45°), supination of 79.1° (range, 45°-90°), and pronation of 73.3° (range, 50°-90°). No heterotopic ossification, elbow dislocations, or subluxations were observed. Complications included 1 fracture and 1 complaint of prominent hardware. Two patients died, and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. Conclusion This midterm review suggests that DHH may be an effective treatment for certain distal humeral fractures. The data suggest that elbow range of motion and functional use are maintained from comparison with short-term studies. Additional studies must be conducted to further define the role of DHH for complex fractures of the distal humerus.
Development of a Food Allergy Knowledge Test for Parents

Objective To create a measure of food allergy (FA) knowledge for parents of children with FA. Methods The food allergy knowledge test (FAKT) was developed following rigorous test-construction guidelines. The preliminary 110-item pool content was developed in consultation with FA experts. After cognitive interviews and revisions, an 88-item preliminary version was administered to 370 parents of children with FA who were recruited online and from an allergy clinic. After item difficulty, discrimination, item-scale correlations analyses, and assessment of internal consistency, a revised 57-item version was administered to a new clinic-based sample (77 parents). Results The revised FAKT was highly reliable (α =.86). Validity analyses revealed positive correlations ( r = .23-.57) between FAKT scores and parent age, education, insurance status, access to FA information, and auto-injector use. Conclusions The FAKT was determined to have strong psychometrics and be appropriately reliable and valid, with clinical and research applications.
Professionalism and Politics in the Procurement Process: United States Civil War Early Years

ABSTRACT: The start of the United States Civil War in 1861 necessitated an increase in the U.S. military force from a population of approximately 16,000 men just prior to the beginning of the war to 700,000 men in less than one year. By the completion of the war four years later, an estimated 2,000,000 soldiers fought for the Union. The dramatic increase in manpower required a rapid response to supply the soldiers with clothing, equipment, and food. This paper analyzes the procurement process and its challenges during the early years of the war, from the initial rush to obtain a large number of supplies when established purchasing procedures were ignored, to the implementation of formalized internal controls and the adoption of the False Claims Act that was used to punish frauds carried out by procurement officers and outside contractors. This paper considers the political influences affecting procurement and finds that politics played only a small role in procurement, although a greater role in oversight...
The Role of Epigenomics in Aquatic Toxicology

Over the past decade, the field of molecular biology has rapidly incorporated epigenetic studies to evaluate organism-environment interactions that can result in chronic effects. Such responses arise from early life stage stress, the utilization of genetic information over an individual's life time, and transgenerational inheritance. Knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms provides the potential for a comprehensive evaluation of multigenerational and heritable effects from environmental stressors, such as contaminants. Focused studies have provided a greater understanding of how many responses to environmental stressors are driven by epigenetic modifiers. We discuss the promise of epigenetics and suggest future research directions within the field of aquatic toxicology, with a particular focus on the potential for identifying key heritable marks with consequential impacts at the organism and population levels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2565-2573. © 2017 SETAC.
Water System Organization and Financial Decision Making

Water distribution is a natural monopoly, in which a single entity can supply each geographic service area at a much lower cost that any group of two or more competitive water providers. Dual water systems exist but are generally owned by the same utility in order to deliver different qualities of water. A potable water delivery system may be augmented by a reclaimed water delivery system for industrial or commercial customers.
History of verification and validation of simulation models

This paper gives the history of verification and validation of discrete-event simulation models as seen through the eyes of its authors and their experiences. The history is divided into three time periods: the early era covering years up to 1970, the awareness era covering the years of the 1970s and 1980s, and the modern era covering the years of 1990 to the present.
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Minimally invasive (MIS) Tönnis osteotomy- A technical annotation and review of short term results.

Abstract Aims We detail a modified single incision approach to perform the Tonnis triple pelvic osteotomy by a minimally invasive approach. Patients and Methods 12 children underwent minimally invasive Tonnis Osteotomy. There were five boys and seven girls in this study group. Average age was 11 years (9–15 years) at the time of surgery. Mean follow-up was 20.5 months (13–39 months). Results The average preoperative Antero-Posterior (AP) Centre Edge (CE) angle was -8.8° (-38.6°–18°), the average post-operative AP CE angle was 29.7° (25.1°–43.7°). The average preoperative lateral CE angle was -4.7° (-16°–0°), the average postoperative Lateral CE angle was 28.5° (21.3°–37.4°). The Sharp’s angle before and after surgery were 55.7° (51.3°–66°) and 32.4° (16.1°–40.1°) respectively. The mean Tonnis angle before and after the osteotomy were 28.86° (19.7°–43.4°) and 6.3° (0.5°–9.4°) respectively. There was one major complication with sciatic nerve palsy which is in the recovery phase on followup and six minor complications including two cases of transient lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury, two cases of ischial non-union, over granulation of the wound in one case, and metalwork irritation in one case. Conclusion We have described a minimally invasive Tonnis osteotomy as a viable option based on our results. This technique is recommended for those who are conversant with the traditional pelvicosteotomies.