cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methods to assess respiratory effects of complex mixtures.

This paper evaluates the influence of exposures on acute and chronic airway obstruction. Clinical, physiological, and immunological aspects are important in evaluating the effects of the pollutant exposures. Aspects of the exposure-response relationships important enough to record are those factors interactive with the pollutants (e.g., smoking and other personal/behavioral factors) and precursor conditions. To determine baseline status and study chronic effects, one uses standardized and modified health questionnaires and standardized pulmonary function. Confirmatory studies of responsive airways, potentially assessed first by diurnal peak flow, can be done using post-bronchodilator maximum expiratory flow volume curves and methacholine challenges. Immunoglobulin determinations for immunological status (a predisposing/susceptibility factor), allergy skin tests (for immediate hypersensitivity status), and blood counts (mostly for eosinophils) are also important. Other tests that could be performed include expired carbon monoxide and/or carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin (for smoking and combustion exposures). Measures of acute effects are symptomatic responses (by questionnaires and diaries), responses of the airways (as measured by spirometry and peak flows), and changes in medication usage or associated medical care (in diaries). Methodologies should also include discussions of protocols and analysis.
A Highly Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Hispidospermidin: Derivation of a Pharmacophore Model

The total synthesis of the title compound has been accomplished. Among the key steps were (i) a conjugate additionRobinson annulation-type sequence (see 4), (ii) intramolecular carbomercuration (see 3), (iii) a reduction−ketonization sequence (see 25), (iv) cycloetherification of an unactivated methylene group (see 28), and reductive amination (see 1). A highly preliminary SAR profile suggests that the functional cytotoxic pharmacophore of hispidospermidin involved a presentation of spermidine derivative 36 via linkage to a ball-like hydrophobic cage to its target.
Neodymium isotopic reconstruction of late Paleocene–early Eocene thermohaline circulation

Abstract High-resolution, fish tooth Nd isotopic records for eight Deep Sea Drilling Project and Ocean Drilling Program sites were used to reconstruct the nature of late Paleocene–early Eocene deep-water circulation. The goal of this reconstruction was to test the hypothesis that a change in thermohaline circulation patterns caused the abrupt 4–5°C warming of deep and bottom waters at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary – the Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) event. The combined set of records indicates a deep-water mass common to the North and South Atlantic, Southern and Indian oceans characterized by mean ϵNd values of ∼−8.7, and different water masses found in the central Pacific Ocean (ϵNd∼−4.3) and Caribbean Sea (ϵNd∼1.2). The geographic pattern of Nd isotopic values before and during the PETM suggests a Southern Ocean deep-water formation site for deep and bottom waters in the Atlantic and Indian ocean basins. The Nd data do not contain evidence for a change in the composition of deep waters prior to the onset of the PETM. This finding is consistent with the pattern of warming established by recently published stable isotope records, suggesting that deep- and bottom-water warming during the PETM was gradual and the consequence of surface-water warming in regions of downwelling.
Thinking outside the box coming of age, little by little

Should the UK's voting age be cut from 18 to 16? Let our knowledge of adolescent brains guide the debate, urges Laurence Steinberg
Particulate isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Biochemical evidence is presented suggesting the particulate nature of some of the glyoxylate cycle enzymes in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . A crude homogenate of freshly grown nematodes was prepared by gentle grinding. Isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation of the supernatant fraction obtained by low-speed centrifugation yielded four protein bands. The glyoxylate cycle enzymes, isocitrate lyase and malate synthase, appeared in the lowermost band at a density of 1.25 g/cm 3 , while the mitochondrial enzymes, fumarase and NADH oxidase, equilibrated at a density of 1.18 g/cm 3 . The glyoxylate cycle and the mitochondrial enzymes were released differentially from the particulate fraction either by sonic treatment or by treatment with 0.1% Triton X-100. The specific activities of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in the supernatant fraction obtained after a sonic treatment of the particulate fraction were always higher than those observed in the parent fraction.
A spectroelectrochemical method for evaluating factors which regulate the redox potential of hemoglobins

Abstract Spectroelectrochemical techniques were used to evaluate the redox potential of various hemoglobins under various experimental conditions. We use Ru(NH 3 ) 6 3+ as a redox mediator, which exchanges electrons with heme iron through an outer-sphere mechanism. Use of this mediator offers the advantage that it does not act as an allosteric effector. Studies of Hb stabilized in varied conformations confirm previous reports that Hb in the high oxygen affinity (R state) conformation is typically more easily oxidized than in the low oxygen affinity (T state) conformation. Accordingly, Nernst plots for Hb show evidence of cooperativity, with redox potentials that are sensitive to T state stabilization by anionic effectors. Alterations of the redox potential that are independent of the protein's conformational equilibrium between R and T states are exemplified by imidazole interactions with Hb. Imidazole binds preferentially to metHb. Changes in the redox potential induced by imidazole are very different from the changes associated with binding of heterotropic anionic effectors. Effectors such as inositol hexaphosphate stabilize the T state, significantly lower cooperativity of the oxidation process, and reduce the ease of oxidation. In contrast, as the imidazole concentration is increased, Hb is more readily oxidized, and cooperativity is maintained. These marked differences make it possible to use spectroelectrochemistry to differentiate between redox changes brought about by conformational shifts and changes brought about by other alterations in the active site.
Electromyographic Latency Changes in the Ankle Musculature During Inversion Moments

Ten uninjured subjects (ages 18 to 30 years) had electromyographic testing of the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and tibialis anterior muscles in response to inversion moments at two speeds (50 and 200 deg/sec) and two joint angles (neutral and 20 degrees of plantar flexion) using a hydraulically controlled tilt platform. Subjects underwent 10 trials of each type of inversion moment on Day 1 testing, which included both legs. On Day 2, subjects again underwent 10 trials of each type of inversion moment, but only on one leg. Reliability was assessed by comparing left and right leg data within muscle groups for Day 1 testing. Repeatability was assessed by comparing Day 1 with Day 2 data. The latency measurements (the time between the beginning of the inversion moment and the onset of first motor response) for the peroneus brevis and tibialis anterior muscles were found to be reliable and repeatable with no significant differences between the same muscle groups. The peroneus longus muscle had a significant difference between legs but was found to be highly repeatable. Speed of inversion moment and plantar flexion angle both caused significant changes in latency response of the peroneus muscles, with increased speed producing a shorter latency response and increased angle causing a longer latency response. Our results indicate a loss of protective reflexes with increasing plantar flexion.
Defining the scope of implied consent in the emergency department: shortchanging patients' right to self determination.

The concept of informed consent for medical treatment has been well established as a necessary element in ensuring compliance with patients' right to self determination and respect of individual au...
QUALITATIVE UND QUANTITATIVE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR AUTOFLUORESZENZ BEI PILZEN

Fluorescence microscopy is an important method in mycology. It is a common procedure used in immunology or histology and more recently in modern techniques of molecular biology like in-situ hybridization. Since several molds and yeasts show autofluorescence, an interference of this phenomenon with the detection method cannot be excluded. Therefore, we studied autofluorescence in fungi in more detail, in particular with respect to the dependence of this phenomenon from growth conditions, fixing method or mounting medium used. Here we show that moulds cultivated in a liquid medium are strongly autofluorescent which could be considerably reduced by repetitive washing. In moulds, we did not find important differences in autofluorescence levels with the three fixing methods under study. However, this finding cannot be generalized. Thus, in the yeast Candida albicans we found the autofluorescence pattern being largely dependent from the fixing method and the excitation wave length, respectively. In particular, with green excitation we could show that aceton fixation resulted in strong fluorescence of individual cells within a vast population of cells showing little or no autofluorescence. In addition, we could demonstrate that mounting media are able to strongly modify autofluorescence in fungi. Using digital image acquisition with a cooled CCD camera we were able to quantify the influence of different mounting media on fluorescence intensities of Aspergillus fumigatus.
Invasive Potential of Melanoma Cells Correlates with the Expression of MT1-MMP and Regulated by Modulating Its Association with Motility Receptors via N-Glycosylation on the Receptors

Matrix remodeling and invasion of basement membrane are the major determinants of malignant progression. Matrix degrading enzymes play a pivotal role in this process and have been shown to be regulated at multiple levels. Using high metastatic B16F10 and its invasive variant B16BL6 cells, we previously demonstrated that the expression of β1,6 branched N-oligosaccharides promotes cellular adhesion on different matrix components which in turn induces secretion of MMP9. The present investigations report that although the two cell lines do not differ in the expression of uPAR, expression of MT1-MMP is significantly higher on B16BL6 cells. Analysis of the transcripts of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) showed that expression of both TIMP1 and TIMP2 correlates negatively with the invasive potential of cells. CD44 and β1 integrin, the two important receptors involved in motility, were identified to carry β1,6 branched N-oligosaccharides in an invasive potential dependent manner. However, their glycosylation status did not appear to influence their surface expression. Although glycosylation on CD44 had no effect, that on β1 integrin significantly affected association of β1 integrin with MT1-MMP. The results thus demonstrate that the cancer cells use multiple mechanisms for degradation of matrix in a controlled manner to couple it with movement for effective invasion.
Calibration of a Digital phased Array for polarimetric Radar

When an active phased array is used for polarimetric radar applications, the system must be calibrated to reflect the fact that polarization of the transmitted and received fields is dependent on the scan angle. This paper discusses the challenges of polarimetric phased array calibration, and demonstrates these techniques using a linear array of eight S-band dual-polarized antennas connected to an active Digital Array Radar (DAR) pro-totype system. The ability to accurately measure polarimetric scattering matrices is demonstrated after using direct far-field measurements to compensate for polarization errors on receive and target reflection measurements to compensate for transmit polarization errors.
Implicit Theories, Unexamined Assumptions and the Status Quo of Educational Assessment

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the basis of evaluative judgments in educational assessment and question some of the tacit assumptions and ideas that seem to underlie them. I begin by considering current purposes and procedures of educational assessment, which suggest that assessment is primarily understood as a technology. In a broader historical perspective, however, assessment should be more appropriately viewed as a practice whose function and purpose are defined within the particular socio-political structure. Consistent with this view, I then propose a conceptual framework that takes into account sociological, philosophical and ethical-political questions that must be considered in defining the purpose, use, means and interpretation of assessment. A case of assessment is analysed to illustrate its implicit assumptions and theories, and the absence of important considerations necessary to the understanding of our practice.
Electrostatic Generation in Dielectric Fluids: The Viscoelectric Effect

Simultaneous energy transfer modes have been known to interact to produce unusual “coupled” effects. This coupling now has its theoretical basis in the concept of entropy production (or dissipation or irreversibility) central to nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamics. Over the years, many examples of coupled phenomena have been identified and studied (thermoelectricity, electrokinetics, piezoelectricity, and so forth). Electrohydrodynamics (the effect of fluid motion on electric fields and the reverse effect of electric fields on fluid motion) can be explained as a thermodynamically coupled phenomenon characterized by the viscous and electrical properties of a fluid that contain mobile charges at the molecular (e.g., ions) or macroscopic (e.g., dust) levels. This is called the “viscoelectric” effect. In the first part of this paper we apply the concepts of irreversible thermodynamics to electrohydrodynamic systems to develop the relevant relationships. The second describes experiments carried out with a new type of Couette electrostatic generator. The resulting experimental data is then discussed in light of the coupled phenomenon relations previously developed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Surgical interventions for idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Purpose of review Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) can present with severe loss of vision or with ongoing vision loss despite maximal medical therapy; these situations require aggressive management with surgical interventions. To date, optimal surgical management has not been clearly defined. A review of the recent literature is undertaken to clarify the role of surgical interventions in IIH. Recent findings To date, no prospective, randomized study has been performed comparing lumboperitoneal shunt, ventriculoperitoneal shunt and optic nerve sheath fenestration/decompression. Procedure choice appears to be based on local availability and expertise, as well as the prominence of presenting symptoms. Delay in surgical intervention for fulminant and medically refractory cases leads to worse visual outcomes. Summary Surgical intervention for IIH will likely be based on local expertise until well designed, multicentered clinical trials clarify which intervention best suits a particular patient.
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (Fenretinide) and nephrectomy alter normal plasma retinol-binding protein metabolism

Abstract We have reported previously that injecting vitamin A-deficient rats with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide causes a significant reduction in the liver retinol-binding protein concentration and a 2 fold rise in the kidney retinol-binding protein concentration. This presumably reflects a rapid translocation of retinol-binding protein from the liver to the kidney through the plasma, although no rise in plasma retinol-binding protein is detected. In the present studies, nephrectomized rats were used to determine if retinol-binding protein accumulating in kidneys passes through the plasma. Bilateral nephrectomy in control rats caused the plasma retinol-binding protein concentration to approximately double by 5 hr postsurgery. However, nephrectomy plus N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide treatment did not result in an increase in the plasma retinol-binding protein concentration. Therefore, the lowering of liver retinol-binding protein concentration in response to N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide treatment was not accounted for by an accumulation of retinol-binding protein in the plasma compartment. Interestingly, the muscle retinol-binding protein concentration increased with nephrectomy plus N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide treatment. The ratio of muscle retinol-binding protein:plasma retinol-binding protein in vitamin A-deficient nephrectomized rats treated with N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide was significantly higher than in comparable rats treated with either carrier or retinol. We conclude that in vivo N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide induces the secretion of retinol-binding protein from the liver. Since the N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-retinol-binding protein complex does not bind with transthyretin it rapidly leaves the plasma. In non-nephrectomized rats this complex is rapidly filtered by the kidney. Nephrectomizing rats causes the retinol-binding protein secreted in response to N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide to diffuse into interstitial fluid.
Who Poaches? Household Economies of Illegal Hunters in Western Serengeti, Tanzania

Illegal hunting or “poaching” is a widespread problem in communities surrounding Serengeti National Park. Poverty is the most commonly cited reason for why people poach (e.g., Kaltenborn, Nyahongo,...
Further evidence on the bank lending process and the capital-market response to bank loan agreements

Abstract This paper investigates the hypothesis that bank loans convey information to the capital market regarding the value of the borrowing firm. Unlike previous researchers, we distinguished between new bank loans and loan renewals. For new loans, the excess stock return for borrowers around the loan announcement is not significantly different from zero. For favorable loan revisions, the excess return is significantly positive: for unfavorable revisions, it is significantly negative. We interpret these results to imply that banks play an important role as transmitters of information in capital markets, but new bank loans per se do not communicate information.
Expression of SV40 T antigen polypeptides in cells biochemically transformed by plasmids containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene and the genome of an SV40tsA mutant

To study the expression of SV40 tsA genomes that had been non-selectively introduced into mouse cells, SV40 tsA207 DNA was cleaved with BamH I and ligated to BamH I-cleaved plasmid pAGO DNA, which contains a functional HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK) gene in the form of 2 kbp Pvu II fragment inserted at the Pvu II site of pBR322. Recombinant plasmids (11-12 kbp) were isolated and amplified in E. coli K12 strain RRI. Restriction nuclease analyses demonstrated that recombinant plasmids pSB15 and pSB10 contained intact SV40 genomes with the polarity of transcription oriented in the same direction (clockwise) or the opposite direction (counterclockwise), respectively, in relation to that of the HSV-1 TK gene. Cla I-cleaved pSB10 and pSB15 DNAs were used to transform LM(TK-) cells to TK+. Serological and disc PAGE analyses showed that clonal lines transformed by these plasmids all expressed the selected marker, HSV-1 TK. Molecular hybridization experiments showed that transformed clonal lines TF pSB10 C7 and TF pSB15 C10 had integrated intact SV40 genomes at one integration site, TF pSB10 C3 had integrated an SV40 genome with a small deletion near the BamH I site, but TF pSB15 Cl had integrated a plasmid from which most of the SV40 nucleotide sequences had been deleted. IF assays with hamster anti-SV40 tumor sera showed that TF pSB10 C7 and TF pSB15 C10 strongly expressed SV40 T antigens in over 90% of the cells, TF pSB10 C3 expressed SV40 T antigens in a minority of the cells, and TF pSB15 C1 did not express SV40 T antigens at all. [35S]-methionine labelling and immunoprecipitation experiments showed that, at 36.5 degrees C: (1) TF pSB10 C7 and TF pSB15 C10 expressed 92K and 20K mol. wt. species of SV40 T antigens and 50-55K cellular protein; (2) expression of all three was reduced in TF pSB10 C3 cells; and (3) TF pSB15 C1 expressed none of the SV40 T antigens, nor did parental LM(TK-) or TF 8-2 transformed cells (which contained the HSV-1 TK gene but not SV40 DNA). At 40 degrees C, labelling of the 50-55K cellular protein was markedly reduced in TF pSB10 C7 and pSB15 C10 cells. The results suggest that SV40 large T antigen (92K) induces and/or stabilizes the 50-55K cellular protein in these mouse cells.
Transforming growth factor-beta stimulates endometrial stromal apoptosis in vitro

Active growth and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells during the decidualization of early pregnancy are followed by programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the antimesometrial region of the decidua. The location and temporal specificity of decidual cell apoptosis and the identification of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) and TGF beta 2 protein and mRNA in the decidua suggested that members of the TGF beta family control stromal apoptosis by autocrine or paracrine mechanisms. To examine this possibility, ovariectomized rats were pretreated sequentially with estradiol (2 days), no treatment (2 days), and medroxyprogesterone acetate 48 h before death. Endometrial stromal cells were selectively isolated by enzymatic digestion and cultured for 48 h before the experiments. The addition of TGF beta 1 (10(-9)-10(-12) M) stimulated a dose-dependent increase in 200-basepair nucleosomal fragmentation of DNA, indicating increased apoptosis. TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 had an equivalent effect in sti...
The informational content of US listed options on foreign equity securities: the case of Telmex and the peso devaluation

Abstract This paper examines US listed options on Telefonos de Mexico ADRs to test whether US capital markets anticipated the 1994 peso devaluation. The paper also examines how quickly the markets impounded news of the devaluation, and whether the markets considered the devaluation effects to be primarily transitory or permanent. The results provide evidence of the markets' anticipation of the devaluation. Moreover, after the government's announcement of a policy change, traders impounded the news swiftly into option prices. The data also show that the markets initially viewed the devaluation as causing a transitory increase in exchange rate risk instead of a permanent change in equity risk.
Forceps and vacuum delivery: A survey of North American residency programs

Objective : To document resident instruction in operative vaginal delivery by forceps and vacuum. Methods : A survey was sent to all 291 obstetrics-gynecology training programs in the United States and Canada. Results : The overall response rate was 72% (210 of 291). Most programs (60%) have an operative vaginal delivery rate of 10% or less. Nearly all of the responding programs (199 of 209, 95%) teach operative vaginal delivery via the vacuum route; metallic cups are used in only 14% of centers. Forceps are the primary instrument in most programs (68%), but nearly one-third of responding centers use the vacuum method more often than forceps. Instruction in midpelvic operative vaginal delivery is offered in 64% of the programs, with forceps being more common by nearly a two-to-one ratio. Deep transverse arrest is handled initially by forceps by half of the respondents, whereas 28 and 22% would proceed with cesarean or attempt a vacuum extraction, respectively. Conclusion : Instruction in both types of operative vaginal delivery is found in most programs. The forceps are used more commonly, but vacuum is the preferred instrument in about one-third of training programs. Instruction in midpelvic delivery is offered in 64% of programs, but we noted a declining trend.
First Report of Bipolaris oryzae Causing Leaf Spot of Switchgrass in Mississippi

‘Alamo’ switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) seedlings growing in a soilless mix exhibiting dark brown, irregular-shaped foliar lesions with black borders were submitted to the Mississippi State University Plant Disease Diagnostic Laboratory in the summer of 2009 from a local forest products company. Symptomatic tissues were plated onto water agar (WA) and incubated for 21 days on a laboratory bench top with a 12-h photoperiod at 22°C. An asexual, sporulating, dematiaceous hyphomycete identified as Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker was observed. Conidiophores were single, mostly straight, multiseptate, brown, and ranging from 138 to 306 × 7.7 to 15.3 μm and averaged 221.6 × 10.7 μm. Conidia were golden brown, multiseptate, ranging from 3 to 10 septa, straight to slightly curved to fusoid, wider midway, and tapering toward the terminal cells. Conidia measured 40.8 to 109.7 × 10.2 to 20.4 μm and averaged 75.8 × 13.8 μm. Morphological characteristics of B. oryzae were similar to those described by Drec...
Reduction of [Ca2+]i Restores Uncoupled β-Adrenergic Signaling in Isolated Perfused Transgenic Mouse Hearts

The effects of alterations in calcium in the perfusion media were studied on β-adrenergic coupling in isolated hearts from 3 different transgenic mice: cardiac-specific overexpressed α 1 subunit of L-type calcium channel, overexpressed Gα q , and phospholamban knockout. Isolated hearts from all 3 models, when studied at [Ca 2+ ] of 2 mmol/L in the perfusate, showed the usual blunted or no response to β-adrenergic stimulation. Lowering [Ca 2+ ] to 0.75 to 1.5 mmol/L unloaded the hearts of calcium and restored to nearly normal the responsiveness to β-agonist stimulation.
Assessments accompanying published textbooks: the extent to which mathematical processes are evident

Assessments accompanying published textbooks are often used by teachers in the USA as a primary means to evaluate students’ mathematical knowledge. In addition to assessing content knowledge, assessments should provide insight into students’ ability to engage with mathematical processes such as reasoning, communication, connections, and representations. We report here an analysis of the extent to which the assessments accompanying published textbooks in the USA at the elementary, middle grades, and high school levels provide opportunities for students to engage with these mathematical processes. Results indicate that in elementary grades, communication, connections, and graphics are not consistently emphasized across grade levels and publishers. In middle grades, students are rarely asked to record their reasoning or translate among representational forms of a concept. In high school geometry, students are given many opportunities to interpret and create graphics, but the same is not true for algebra. With the exception of connections, the results suggest that inconsistent emphasis is placed on the mathematical processes within assessments accompanying commercial textbooks in the USA.
Factors Associated with Different Degrees of Health Insurance Coverage

This study used data from the 1996 National Health Interview Survey to identify families that have full health insurance coverage, have partial coverage, and are uninsured. It examined the socioeconomic and demographic variables that influenced the probability of being in a particular group. The results indicate that the probability of full insurance coverage was positively related to the level of education and age of the reference person, as well as to having children younger than age 6. Families below the poverty level had a lower probability of being fully covered by any type of health insurance compared with other families. A family with a self-employed reference person or living in the South was less likely to have insurance. Implications of the study are discussed.
Universal emergence of the one-third plateau in the magnetization process of frustrated quantum spin chains

We present a numerical study of the magnetization process of frustrated quantum spin-$S$ chains with $S=1,3∕2,2$ as well as the classical limit. Using the exact diagonalization and density-matrix renormalization techniques, we provide evidence that a plateau at one third of the saturation magnetization exists in the magnetization curve of frustrated spin-$S$ chains with $Sg1∕2$. Similar to the case of $S=1∕2$, this plateau state breaks the translational symmetry of the Hamiltonian and realizes an up-up-down pattern in the spin component parallel to the external field. Our study further shows that this plateau exists both in the cases of an isotropic exchange and in the easy-axis regime for spin-$S=1$, $3∕2$, and 2, but is absent in classical frustrated spin chains with isotropic interactions. We discuss the magnetic phase diagram of frustrated spin-1 and spin-$3∕2$ chains as well as other emergent features of the magnetization process such as kink singularities, jumps, and even-odd effects. A quantitative comparison of the one-third plateau in the easy-axis regime between spin-1 and spin-$3∕2$ chains on the one hand and the classical frustrated chain on the other hand indicates that the critical frustration and the phase boundaries of this state rapidly approach the classical result as the spin $S$ increases.
The alteration of behavior in a special classroom situation

Unproductive classroom behavior was eliminated in two emotionally disturbed boys by removing social consequences of the behavior. Behavior which was more adequate and efficient with respect to social and scholastic adjustment was shaped and maintained with social reinforcers.
Rapid evolution of a sexually selected trait following population establishment in a novel habitat.

Colonization of novel environments creates new selection pressures. Sexually selected traits are affected by the physical and social environment and should be especially susceptible to change, but this has rarely been studied. In southern California, dark-eyed juncos, (Junco hyemalis) naturally breed in mixed-coniferous temperate forests, typically from 1500 m to 3000 m in elevation. In the early 1980s, a small population became established in a coastal habitat, the University of California, San Diego campus, which has a mild, Mediterranean climate. I show that a sexually and socially selected signaling trait-the amount of white in the tail-has declined by approximately 22% as compared to mountain juncos. I address three main factors that could explain the difference between mountain and coastal juncos: phenotypic plasticity, genetic drift, and selection. Results indicate that the first two can be ruled out as the sole cause of the plumage change, which implies that selection contributed to the genetic differentiation from the mountain population. The estimated rate of evolution is about 0.2 haldanes, comparable with rates of change in systems where individuals have been artificially introduced into new environments (e.g., guppies and Drosophila). This is the first study to demonstrate evolution of a sexually selected trait after only several generations resulting from a natural invasion into a novel environment.
Combined experimental and mathematical modeling of macrophage driven left ventricle remodeling post MI

Biological complexity and limited quantitative measurements impose major challenges to standard engineering methodologies for modeling of biological pathways. A new approach is presented to describe the dynamics of the left ventricle (LV) remodeling process post myocardial infarction (MI) in terms of the experimental measurements. MI is a leading cause of congestive heart failure, and currently there is a lack of biomarkers to predict how the left ventricle (LV) will respond to injury. The objective of this study is to measure extracellular matrix (ECM) gene levels in the LV post-MI to identify candidate factors that are predictive of remodeling post MI. Left ventricle from unoperated control mice (n=6) and the remote and infarct regions from 7 day post-MI mice (n=7) were studied. Of the 84 genes evaluated, 51 were differentially expressed in the post-MI LV. Significantly up regulated genes included alpha1 collagen I and Spp1 (osteopontin; all pLt0.05). In the plasma, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, and Spp1 (osteopontin) levels increased post-MI (all p<0.05). Data analysis illustrated those changes in expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), osteopontin (Spp1), and collagen correlated with each other. Mathematical simulation further illustrated the interaction among these factors and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). In conclusion, the 5 proteins identified may be useful macrophage-dependent biomarkers for predicting changes in LV remodeling post-MI. The novelty of this study lies in the combination of experimental results with mathematical model.
Not looking while leaping: the linkage of blinking and saccadic gaze shifts

Many vertebrates generate blinks as a com- ponent of saccadic gaze shifts. We investigated the na- ture of this linkage between saccades and blinking in normal humans. Activation of the orbicularis oculi, the lid closing muscle, EMG occurred with 97% of saccadic gaze shifts larger than 33 ~ . The blinks typically began simultaneously with the initiation of head and/or eye movement. To minimize the possibility that the blinks accompanying saccadic gaze shifts were reflex blinks evoked by the wind rushing across the cornea and eye- lashes as the head and eyes turned, the subjects made saccadic head turns with their eyes closed. In this condi- tion, orbicularis oculi EMG activity occurred with all head turns greater than 17 ~ in amplitude and the EMG activity began an average of 39.3 ms before the start of the head movement. Thus, one component of the com- mand for large saccadic gaze shifts appears to be a blink. We call these blinks gaze-evoked blinks. The linkage be- tween saccadic gaze shifts and blinking is reciprocal. Evoking a reflex blink prior to initiating a voluntary
Use of Between-Session Homework in Systems- Oriented Individual Psychotherapy

This article focuses on the use of between-session homework assignments in Unified Therapy, an individual psychotherapy approach that integrates psychodynamic, cognitive‐behavioral, and family systems therapies. Unified therapy theory posits that, in clients with personality disturbances, ongoing and recurrent interpersonal behavior patterns within their family of origin serve as both behavioral triggers to and reinforcers of self-destructive or self-defeating behavior. Family behavior is believed to be the most powerful such environmental factor and is believed to have far more influence on patients than a therapist. Homework assignments are geared toward implementing strategies by which dysfunctional family patterns are altered. Strategies are designed by the patient and therapist, using role-playing techniques, which are described. A case example is presented to demonstrate the use of such homework throughout the arc of psychotherapy.
Alternative, Grassroots, And Rogue Leadership: A Case For Alternating Leaders In Organizations

The article examines traditional understanding of top-down organizational leadership against spontaneous, self-initiated leadership/followership theory. It also denotes the relationship between spontaneous and self-initiated expression of alternative, grassroots, and rogue leadership as a construct of alternating leadership behaviors. The research furthers the leadership research focus that is identified as Alternating Leadership and acknowledges leader/follower dual function within each individual. The constructs are augmented by a matrix that contrasts the strength of the leadership and followership roles among traditional versus non-traditional leadership theories. Conclusions suggest a confirmation of the dual Alternating Leadership role existing within all employees or managers and the creation of worker-centered, real-time interventions to increase employee interaction and synergy. The impact of generational leadership on the Alternating Leadership Model is also examined.
Dental implant placement by predoctoral dental students: a pilot program.

Dental implant education is increasingly becoming part of predoctoral dental curricula. New York University College of Dentistry has developed a pilot dental implant program that trains students in implant restorations for single-tooth restorations and mandibular overdentures. Fourth-year students have the option of applying for an implant honors program, which can include surgically placing posterior implants. Eight students were selected for the implant honors program for the 2010–11 academic year. Seven of the eight students fulfilled the didactic and simulation requirements, performing forty-seven surgeries and placing fifty-two implants. Surgical protocol events were recorded: three implants did not achieve 35 Ncm torque at placement, and ten implants required a change in direction following the initial 8 mm pilot drill. All direction changes were successfully performed and resulted in implant placements. This pilot program suggests that predoctoral dental students can be trained to successfully place posterior implants, which are becoming the standard of care.
Job Characteristics and Well-Being at Midlife: Ethnic and Gender Comparisons.

Lacking in the research on work and well-being is a focus on the characteristics of the employment role that contribute to well-being and their differential relations across ethnicity and gender. White and Black women and men at midlife (ages 40-64) were studied. The samples were drawn from two national surveys and included 186 White women, 202 White men, 254 Black women, and 169 Black men. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the relation of work commitment, job satisfaction, role stress, occupational status and personal income to perceived control, life satisfaction, and happiness. Marital status, age, and hours worked were included as control variables. Results indicate that job satisfaction is positively related to life satisfaction for all four groups, and to happiness for White women and Black men. Personal income is positively related to perceived control for Black women and White men, and to life satisfaction for White women. Occupational status is positively related to perceived control for White and Black women; role stress is negatively related to life satisfaction among White men, and to happiness among Black women. Among the control variable, being married positively related to well-being for all four race-sex groups.
Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in children with hypothyroidism and hypopituitarism.

Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was measured in 9 children with hypothyroidism, and in 7 children with hypopituitarism. Pretreatment enzyme activities were well below normal in all children with hypothyroidism, and in 6 children with hypopituitarism. The administration of thyroid hormone was followed by increased enzyme activity in 5 of 5 subjects studied. The administration of human growth hormone was associated with increased enzyme activity in 4 of 6 patients after short-term administration, and in 2 of 2 subjects after long-term administration. Red cell G-6-PD activity was a sensitive index of the metabolic status of the patient.
Fuzzy rule generation via multi-scale clustering

In designing fuzzy logic controllers, various clustering algorithms have been applied to the input space for the purpose of generating fuzzy rules. These algorithms normally assume that the number of clusters or rules is given or known. This paper presents the use of a clustering algorithm, called multi-scale clustering, for generating fuzzy rules without requiring a prescribed number of clusters or rules. This algorithm partitions a space by examining the number of clusters across fine to coarse scale levels. It then determines an optimal number of clusters by using a measure of structural stability named lifetime. This measure reflects the duration across a range of scale levels for which the number of clusters or configuration of rules remains unaltered. The number of clusters with the longest lifetime or the longest lasting rule configuration is then deployed to create fuzzy rules. The classic problem of an inverted pendulum on a cart is presented to show the steps involved when utilizing this algorithm for fuzzy rule generation. This particular example uses a TSK (Takagi-Sugeno-Kang) controller. The input space consists of four dimensions while the output space has one dimension. The prototypes that the algorithm obtains generate the coefficients needed for the TSK model via fuzzy linear approximation. The success of the clustering outcome is evaluated in terms of the resulting number of rules and the ability to duplicate the response of the original system.
Fetal cardiac intervention: innovative therapy or a technique in search of an indication?

Imaging of the fetal heart to diagnose congenital heart disease has become commonplace during the past 30 years, to the point that institutions such as the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the American College of Radiology, and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine have established, as a standard of care, routine screening for congenital heart disease in the scanning protocol of fetuses undergoing ultrasound study for any reason during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. Article p 1401 Until recently, the parents of fetuses diagnosed with congenital heart disease have had to face the limited but difficult decisions of continuation or termination of the pregnancy for these offspring and, when the pregnancy was continued, the decision of where, when, and how to deliver and whether to seek aggressive medical and surgical therapy during the neonatal period. More recently, however, the option of catheter intervention to alter the natural history of fetal aortic stenosis or pulmonary atresia has been offered at several medical centers.1–5 Although attempting to prevent the progression of aortic stenosis into hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) on its surface might appear to be an obvious choice, it should be noted that by engaging in fetal therapy, the pediatric cardiology community as a group is entering a field with complex and unique legal and ethical underpinnings that have been formulated during a period of more than 35 years. Unless the pediatric cardiology community takes note of the experiences of our colleagues in maternal-fetal medicine and pediatric surgery in the field of fetal intervention, it is likely that we and our patients will be doomed to revisit the errors of judgment that were made in well-intentioned efforts to treat fetal conditions such as diaphragmatic hernia,6–8 obstructive uropathy,9,10 and hydrocephaly.11–13 In those situations, frustration …
Brain activation evoked by perception of gaze shifts: the influence of context

Abstract Prior studies from our laboratory [Journal of Neuroscience 18 (1998) 2188; Cognitive Neuropsychology 17 (2000) 221] have demonstrated that discrete regions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) are activated when a subject views a face in which the eyes shift their gaze. Here we investigated the degree to which activity in the STS and other brain regions is modulated by the context of the perceived gaze shift; that is, when the shift correctly or incorrectly acquires a visual target. Fifteen subjects participated in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment in which they viewed an animated face that remained present throughout each run. On each of 21 trials within each run, a small checkerboard appeared and flickered at one of six locations within the character’s visual field. On “correct” trials, the character shifted its gaze towards the checkerboard after a delay of 1 or 3 s. On “incorrect” trials, the character shifted its gaze towards empty space after the same delays. On “no shift” trials, the character’s eyes did not move. Significantly larger hemodynamic responses (HDR) were evoked by gaze shifts compared to no gaze shifts in primarily right hemisphere STS. The gaze-evoked HDR was significantly delayed in peak amplitude for 3 s compared to 1 s shifts. For 1 s shifts, a strong effect of context was observed in which errors evoked a HDR with extended duration. Although this study focused upon STS, similar effects were also observed in the intraparietal sulcus and fusiform gyrus.
Raman Amplified Wavelength-Time Spectroscopy with Picometer Spectral Resolution and Single-Shot Detection

Wavelength-time spectroscopy (WTS) is a single-shot technique for sensing absorption spectra of bio-chemicals in real-time with an electronic digitizer, eliminating the need for conventional spectrometers. In this paper, we implement distributed Raman amplification in dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) to achieve an extraordinary -11.76 ns/nm "loss-less" dispersive element. By removing the loss-limitation in dispersive optical fiber, both high spectral resolution and single-shot measurements can be achieved simultaneously.
Recalling 40 years of teacher education in the USA: a personal essay

Taking the form of a personal essay, the author describes developments within teacher education in the USA over a 40-year period, since the founding of JET. Beginning with his work within teacher education as a graduate student and moving across time, he describes major movements in teacher education, discusses several of the most influential ideas within the field and, by drawing on publications of the period, notes the influence of certain political and education figures. In many respects, the tale is one of the politicialisation of education and teacher education, the rise of neoliberalism, and the loss of teacher educator control of programmes and programme content and, in some respects, the undermining of educational quality. Yet, it is also a story of remarkable moments of innovation and of the consistent dedication of educators to the cause of better education.
Jesus and Menachem : A Book Review

This article reviews Siegfried E. Van Praag’s Jesus and Menachem: A Historical Novel in the Time of the Second Temple, translated by Lewis Kaplan.
Pose, illumination and expression invariant pairwise face-similarity measure via Doppelgänger list comparison

Face recognition approaches have traditionally focused on direct comparisons between aligned images, e.g. using pixel values or local image features. Such comparisons become prohibitively difficult when comparing faces across extreme differences in pose, illumination and expression. The goal of this work is to develop a face-similarity measure that is largely invariant to these differences. We propose a novel data driven method based on the insight that comparing images of faces is most meaningful when they are in comparable imaging conditions. To this end we describe an image of a face by an ordered list of identities from a Library. The order of the list is determined by the similarity of the Library images to the probe image. The lists act as a signature for each face image: similarity between face images is determined via the similarity of the signatures. Here the CMU Multi-PIE database, which includes images of 337 individuals in more than 2000 pose, lighting and illumination combinations, serves as the Library. We show improved performance over state of the art face-similarity measures based on local features, such as FPLBP, especially across large pose variations on FacePix and multi-PIE. On LFW we show improved performance in comparison with measures like SIFT (on fiducials), LBP, FPLBP and Gabor (C1).