cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth, motor, and social development in breast- and formula-fed infants of metformin-treated women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objectives To test the hypothesis that metformin during lactation versus formula feeding would have no adverse effects on infants’ growth, motor-social development, or intercurrent illness. Study design Growth, motor-social development, and illness requiring a pediatrician visit were assessed in 61 nursing infants (21 male, 40 female) and 50 formula-fed infants (19 male, 31 female) born to 92 mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) taking a median of 2.55 g metformin per day throughout pregnancy and lactation. Results Within sex, at 3 and 6 months of age, weight, height, and motor-social development did not differ (p ≥.06) between breast- and formula-fed infants. No infants had retardation of growth, motor, or social development. Intercurrent illnesses did not differ. Conclusions Metformin during lactation appears to be safe and effective in the first 6 months of infancy.
A Sensitive Bioassay for Prolactin Based on H3-Methyl-Thymidine Uptake by the Pigeon-Crop Mucous Epithelium

SummaryA simple, sensitive, and entirely objective bioassay for prolactin is described, using H3-thymidine uptake by the pigeon crop-epithelial tissue only. Doses as low as 1-100 mU of highly purified ovine prolactin (NIH-P-S-7, 24.3 IU/mg), dissolved in 0.5% agar solution and intradermally injected as a gel over one side of the pigeon crop resulted in highly significant increase in H3-thymidine uptake ranging between 59% and 905% as compared to the control sides. A good dose response curve was established. The sensitivity and the objectivity of the method are discussed.
Scuba diving accident with near drowning and decompression sickness.

A 40-year-cad male had been scuba dMng at a depth of approximately 40 ft (-12 m) of soft water when he was observed by a partner to be floating on the surface, taco down, and not breathing. Rapkifty of ascent was unknown. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was successfully pertormedfor 5 mm before the arrival of medk s, at wh h time the patient was found to be confused and agitated but w out focal nourobgk findings. After endotracheal intubation, normobanc oxygen therapy at a fraction of inspired 02 of 1.0 was begun, and the patient was airlifted to our trauma center. Initial evaluation within 1 hr ofthe acadent showed an agitated patient with nonfocal neurologic findings. A chest radiograph (portable) showed moderate pulmonary edema (Fig. 1A). CT examination of the head was normal. The patient underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy for the possibility of arterial gas embolization. A chest radiograph (portable) obtained 9 hr after the initial radiograph was obtained showed cornplete resolution of the pulmonary edema (Fig. 1B). Continued cognitive and short-term memory defects prompted repeated hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The patient was extubated on the third hospital day and was discharged on the fifth hospital day, with normal neurologic findings except for retrograde amnesia for the day of the accident.
The EEG Consistency Index as a Psycho-Physiological Marker of ADHD and Methylphenidate Response: Replication of Results

ABSTRACT The current study replicates the design and findings of earlier studies examining an EEG measure called the Consistency Index (CI) as a physiological measure of ADHD (Cox et al., 1998; Cox, Merkel, Kovatchev, & Seward, 2000; Kovatchev et al., 2001) and medication response (Merkel et al., 2000). Six males diagnosed with ADHD between the ages of 16 and 19 were examined in this study. The average CI for participants while off of medication was 26%, indicative of ADHD (CI 50%, which is similar to the CI of an individual with no ADHD (Cox et al., 1998, 2000; Kovatchev et al., 2001). Overall, the average CI when on an effective dose of methyl-phenidate was 57% (CI > 50% strong likelihood of no ADHD). These changes in overall CI were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and demonstrate exciting possibilities for the u...
The crystal structure of the periplasmic domain of the type II secretion system protein EpsM from Vibrio cholerae: the simplest version of the ferredoxin fold.

Abstract The terminal branch of the general secretion pathway (Gsp or type II secretion system) is used by several pathogenic bacteria for the secretion of their virulence factors across the outer membrane. In these secretion systems, a complex of 12–15 Gsp proteins spans from the pore in the outer membrane via several associated signal or energy-transducing proteins in the inner membrane to a regulating ATPase in the cytosol. The human pathogen Vibrio cholerae uses such a system, called the Eps system, for the export of the cholera toxin and other virulence factors from its periplasm into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract of the host. Here, we report the atomic structure of the periplasmic domain of the EpsM protein from V. cholerae, which is a part of the interface between the regulating part and the rest of the Eps system. The crystal structure was determined by Se-Met MAD phasing and the model was refined to 1.7 A resolution. The monomer consists of two αββ-subdomains forming a sandwich of two α-helices and a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. In the dimer, a deep cleft with a polar rim and a hydrophobic bottom made by conserved residues is located between the monomers. This cleft contains an extra electron density suggesting that this region might serve as a binding site of an unknown ligand or part of a protein partner. Unexpectedly, the fold of the periplasmic domain of EpsM is an undescribed circular permutation of the ferredoxin fold.
Hb Baden: Structural and functional characterization†

Hb Baden (β18Val→Met) is a rare variant hemoglobin that has never been functionally or clinically characterized. We describe a Hb Baden heterozygote who exhibits normal growth and development, as well as age- and gender-appropriate hematological values. Surprisingly, in vitro analyses demonstrate that Hb Baden is relatively unstable and exhibits an abnormally high affinity for O₂. These properties are likely to affect the physiologies of individuals who inherit the β(Baden) mutation in trans to a determinant for either a functionally relevant hemoglobinopathy or a mild thalassemia. The data also provide insights into the function of the A-helix/AB-segment of β globin, supporting a structural model in which this poorly understood region serves as a scaffold that fixes the positions of other helices that directly impact β-globin function.
Quadratic programming with one negative eigenvalue is NP-hard

We show that the problem of minimizing a concave quadratic function with one concave direction is NP-hard. This result can be interpreted as an attempt to understand exactly what makes nonconvex quadratic programming problems hard. Sahni in 1974 [8] showed that quadratic programming with a negative definite quadratic term (n negative eigenvalues) is NP-hard, whereas Kozlov, Tarasov and Hacijan [2] showed in 1979 that the ellipsoid algorithm solves the convex quadratic problem (no negative eigenvalues) in polynomial time. This report shows that even one negative eigenvalue makes the problem NP-hard.
UNDERSTANDING AND USING EMOTIONS IN ADVERTISING

Consumers' emotions have a significant influence on purchase and consumption decisions for a wide variety of products. A good example of this phenomenon can be found in the candy and snack market, where consumer responses are a product of a sizable number of emotion‐laden situations that may be exploited in advertising strategy. Candy is often used as a reward for appropriate behavior in childhood, as well as a gift or positive “message” among adults for events such as Valentine's Day, anniversaries, and birthdays. On the other hand, many consumers believe that candy and snacks have negative consequences if they are used excessively. By capitalizing on these and similar past experiences through the firm's advertising efforts, the marketer of confections can either attempt to alleviate negative, or accentuate positive emotional feelings directed toward the brand or product class. Emotions appear to play a similar role in other consumer products such as tobacco, liquor, automobiles as well as many food products. Emotional, experiential, and aesthetic behaviors that normally lie beyond the scope of traditional marketing are currently receiving extraordinary attention. Although some have argued that these aspects of consumption activity are deserving of study in their own right, practitioners have realized that understanding the dynamics of activities such as emotional experience can assist in developing marketing strategy. Although our present knowledge of buyer and consumer emotional experience is relatively limited, this article will provide some structure to what we do know, in an effort to apply it to the advertising area.
Heider's“Anthropological Models of Incest Laws in the United States”: A Comment

In his analysis of U.S. legal prohibitions of marriage with relatives, Heider rejects the Old Testament model as an explanation of the configuration of current state laws. Although Heider's statement is generally accurate, the statutes seem to express two basic models, an attenuated Biblical and a Western American pattern. These patterns are the inverse of each other with regard to prohibition of first-cousin marriage and marriage between affines. Historical review of statutes reveals a trend from Biblical to Western American patterns. The historical perspective suggests that confounding the two models may have weakened Heider's analysis.
Substrate contamination effects in the processing of chemically amplified DUV photoresists

The role of the wafer substrate in processing of chemically amplified DUV photoresists has been examined. Various substrates including silicon, oxide, titanium nitride, silicon nitride and metals were investigated with both positive and negative tone DUV resist systems. A `substrate contamination' effect was observed in some cases, which results in distorted photoresist profiles at the substrate/resist interface. This effect is interpreted in terms of neutralization of the photogenerated acid in the resist, and is dependent upon substrate deposition and clean conditions as well as exposure and post-expose bake processing. In addition, organic antireflective films are seen to act as effective barrier layers in some cases.
Uptake of amino acids by juveniles of Carcinonemertes errans (nemertea)

Abstract 1. 1. Juveniles of the nemertean Carcinonemertes errans are capable of removing amino acids from dilute solution. 2. 2. Decay constants for removal of amino acids from solution ranged from 3.6 (glycine) to 0.43 (aspartate) μmol/g-hr. 3. 3. Seawater from areas on the crab Cancer magister inhabited by the worms contained concentrations of primary amines ranging from 36 to 180 μM glycine equivalents. 4. 4. Seawater from areas of the crabs formerly occupied by worms or from similar areas on crabs lightly infected with worms contained 650–715 μM glycine equivalents. 5. 5. The nemerteans were shown to be capable of removing these naturally occurring primary amines from solution.
Differential Expression and Targeting of K+ Channel Genes in the Lobster Pyloric Central Pattern Generatora

A molecular analysis of motor pattern generation is an essential complement to electrophysiological and computational investigations. In arthropods, A-channels are posttranslationally modified multimeric proteins containing Shaker family alpha-subunits that may interact with beta-subunits, gamma-subunits, and other auxiliary proteins. One consequence of A-channel structure is that several mechanisms could underlie the cell-specific differences in pyloric IAs including differential gene expression, alternate splicing, and posttranslational modifications. Oocyte expression studies, single-cell RT-PCR, and immunocytochemistry suggest that differential alpha-subunit gene expression is not a mechanism for creating pyloric IA heterogeneity, and that the same gene, shal, encodes the alpha-subunits for the entire family of somatic IAs in the pyloric network. Changes in the level of shal gene expression alter A-channel density between cells, but cannot account for the differences in the biophysical properties of the six pyloric IAs. Preliminary data suggest that the shal gene also encodes the A-channel alpha-subunits for the coarse and fine neuropil but not for most axons. A second gene, shaker, encodes the A-channel alpha-subunits in the majority of axons and at the neuromuscular junction. The distinct properties of the two types of A-channels are consistent with the different roles of IA at the different locations. Both the shaker and shal genes are alternately spliced, and investigations are under way to determine whether alternate splicing is a mechanism for generating pyloric IA heterogeneity.
Playing the zero‐sum game with diversity: who's the worthiest of them all?

Purpose – This article confronts the contradictory ideas surrounding diversity and the inconsistent efforts at embracing it. It aims to explore the reasons why marketing, recruitment, and philanthropic efforts differ for various groups, particularly African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans and Native Americans.Design/methodology/approach – This article examines data from published research, personal interviews, and government statistics to have a clearer picture of the myths and facts surrounding each group.Findings – Some groups can be reached more efficiently by marketers than others. Some groups are more likely to receive support motivated by affirmative action efforts than others, particularly those that have been historically underrepresented. Still others may draw greater support from philanthropic organizations. A complex set of factors including stereotypes and misplaced thinking may make some groups appear more “worthy” of support than others.Practical implications – Marketers, employers, re...
Private practice preventive dentistry for the special patient.

SUMMARY A framework for developing and implementing preventive programs for handicapped persons in clinical settings has been described. The first portion of this framework requires a working knowledge of dental epidemiology in terms of reviewing the literature on disease prevalence in persons with handicapping conditions and collecting clinicai data on individual patients. The second aspect requires integration of clinical and historical assessment procedures into the office routine. After all data are analyzed, an individualized preventive program that is feasible, efficient, and cost-effective for the patient and the practice can be developed. A knowledge of preventive approaches for individuais with handicapping conditions reported in the dental literature is essential. The final aspect of the framework is program implementation and follow-up. By using this framework, I believe dental professionals can begin to build a knowledge base about dental disease and appropriate preventive measures for persons with handicapping conditions seeking outpatient dental care. Without this knowledge base, a rational approach to treatment planning will not be forthcoming.
A convenient route to new Cyclopentadienyldinitrosyltungsten compounds

Abstract [C 5 H 5 W(NO) 2 CO]PF 6 has been prepared and shown to be a useful precursor for a variety of new cationic and neutral tungsten nitrosyl compounds.
Two and three dimensional arrays of closed packed microplasma jet devices: Demonstration of large scale arrays having packing density as large as 900/cm 2

Summary form only given. Large scale, close-packed microplasma jet arrays is fabricated and demonstrated in a moldable, resilient and optically transparent polymer. Highest packing density to date of 900/cm2 has been achieved. Each microchannels having the diameter less than 200 μm was driven by a 20 kHz ac waveforms with a lowest breakdown potential of ~ 1 kVRMS, and parallel operation of all the jet devices was observed with high uniformity less than 10%. No evidence of perturbation or interaction was observed even in the closest channel-to-channel (that is jet-to-jet) distance of 100 μm.
Surface oxygen vacancy and oxygen permeation flux limits of perovskite ion transport membranes

The authors would like to thank the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, for partially funding the research reported in this paper through the Center of Clean Water and Clean Energy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and KFUPM under project number R2-CE-08. This work is also supported through funding from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia under project number KUS-L1-010-01. A special thanks is also extended to Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (APCI) for their guidance in this field and for the sharing of knowledge regarding LCF membranes; additionally the cooperative efforts with Ceramatec to produce the LCF membranes for the experimental reactor in this work are gratefully acknowledged.
Revitalization through Self-Regulation: The Effects of Autonomous and Controlled Motivation on Happiness and Vitality

Three studies examined the effects of experimentally induced motivational orientations on the subtly different positive affects of vitality and happiness. We hypothesized, based on self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1991; Ryan & Frederick, 1997), that doing well when autonomously motivated would enhance subjective vitality relative to doing well when controlled in one's motivation, but that doing well under the two motivational states would not have differential effects on happiness. Two experiments in which motivation was induced by instructions to participants about task engagement and a third experiment using an attributional methodology yielded the hypothesized pattern of effects. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of differentiating positive outcomes in terms of their underlying motives and of giving increased attention to understanding restorative environments.
Occurrence of antheraxanthin in two rhodophyceae Acanthophora spicifera and Gracilaria lichenoides

Abstract The carotenoids in two Rhodophyceae, Acanthophora spicifera and Gracilaria lichenoides were examined. β-Carotene and its xanthophyll derivatives accounted for approximately 78 per cent of the total pigments in both organisms. Antheraxanthin, mono-epoxy zeaxanthin, which has not been reported previously in the Rhodophyceae, was a major fraction in both algae.
Detecting and reconstructing subdivision connectivity

, with linear time and space complexity, to detect and reconstruct uniform Loop, Catmull–Clark, and Doo–Sabin subdivision structure in irregular triangular, quadrilateral, and polygonal meshes. We consider two main applications for these algorithms. The first one is to enable interactive modeling systems that support uniform subdivision surfaces to use popular interchange file formats which do not preserve the subdivision structure, such as VRML, without loss of information. The second application is to improve the compression efficiency of existing lossless connectivity compression schemes, by optimally compressing meshes with Loop subdivision connectivity. Our Loop inverse subdivision algorithm is based on global connectivity properties of the covering mesh, a concept motivated by the covering surface from Algebraic Topology. Although the same approach can be used for other subdivision schemes, such as Catmull–Clark, we present a Catmull–Clark inverse subdivision algorithm based on a much simpler graph-coloring algorithm and a Doo–Sabin inverse subdivision algorithm based on properties of the dual mesh. Straightforward extensions of these approaches to other popular uniform subdivision schemes are also discussed.
The differential scanning dilatometer and phase transitions in liquid crystals

The performance of a differential scanning dilatometer is described in terms of the volume changes recorded near the isotropic to cholesteric transition for cholesteryl laurate. The instrument is also applied to a study of crystallization kinetics. The isotropic–nematic phase transition in p-azoxyanisole was also examined by optical microscopy. An instability in the phase boundary is observed at increasing transformation rates. Size effects on this transition are investigated by absorbing the sample in porous silica. The transition is depressed 0.3°K in a 300 A diameter pore.
Exon Sharing of a Novel Human Zinc-Finger Gene, ZIM2, and Paternally Expressed Gene 3 (PEG3)

We have identified a novel human gene, ZIM2 (zinc-finger gene 2 from imprinted domain), located 25 kb downstream of PEG3 (paternally expressed gene 3). ZIM2 produces two different-size transcripts, 2.5 and 9.0 kb in length, with highest levels of expression in adult testis and modest levels in fetal kidney and brain. The 2.5-kb transcript of ZIM2 consists of 11 exons and encodes a Kruppel-type (C2H2) zinc-finger protein with a conserved Kruppel-associated box (KRAB) domain. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends and cDNA sequencing studies showed that ZIM2 and PEG3 transcripts share identical 5'-ends, composed of 7 small exons. Alternative splicing events connect these 7 exons either with the remaining 2 exons of PEG3 or with the remaining 4 exons of ZIM2. Interestingly, the third among the 7 shared exons exhibits sequence similarity to leucine-rich domains that are found at the N-terminal region of a subset of KRAB-containing zinc-finger genes. Sequencing of the 5'-termini of both transcripts indicates that ZIM2 and PEG3 share identical transcription start sites and may also share upstream regulatory elements, although the two genes show distinct patterns of tissue-specific expression.
Incipient hydrothermal alteration of basalts and the origin of martian soil

The martian soil is a fine-grained regolith that is chemically basaltic in character with evidence for both gains and losses of volatile and mobile elements compared to martian basalt compositions. These chemical fractionations provide clues to geochemical processes on the surface of Mars. Geochemical processes contributing to the soil proposed in the past include the chemical and mechanical breakdown of rocks under surface conditions, the addition of volcanic aerosols containing S and Cl compounds, and the alteration of basaltic glass to palagonite. Our studies of terrestrial analogs suggest that hydrothermal alteration processes involving impact craters and volcanism could also contribute to the major element trends observed in martian soil. Data from Viking, Pathfinder, and the current MER missions consistently show that relative to basaltic martian meteorite compositions, the major element compositions of the soils are (1) depleted in the fluid-mobile element calcium, (2) generally similar or somewhat enriched in iron oxide and magnesium but MgO depleted compared to Gusev rocks, (3) locally variable in potassium, (4) possibly poorer in aluminum, and (6) very enriched in chlorine and sulfur. The major element trends, aside from the Cl and S enrichment, could be explained by the formation or addition of palagonite according to McSween and Keil (2000), but the missing CaO remains a problem. The chlorine and sulfur are probably derived from other processes such as volcanic aerosols and hydrothermal fluids. McSween and Keil (2000) also argued that hydrothermal alteration of basalts produce alteration trends that are inconsistent with the Mars soil, but this study concludes otherwise. We have used quantitative mass balance mixing models to investigate possible models involving mixtures of basaltic compositions with different types of alteration materials, including palagonite. We show that the Mars soil composition can be matched with a combination of unweathered basaltic martian meteorites with basaltic FeO-rich, CaO-poor alteration products. Palagonite is a possible, but not a necessary component of successful model mixtures. The hydrothermal alteration materials that form successful model mixtures are formed in low temperature, low water/rock ratio environments, and they can reproduce the required geochemical trends because they are poorer in CaO but not in FeO compared to their respective protoliths. These results argue that material altered by hydrothermal processes could be a plausible component of the soil, and that removal of CaO from the soil into some undiscovered reservoir after its formation is not required. The current soil on Mars, therefore, did not have to undergo an episode of in situ aqueous alteration but could represent a sink for materials that experienced aqueous processes in a different setting before erosion to form the soil. The soil can also represent a sink for mobile elements (e.g., S, Cl, and Br) derived from other sources such as volcanic aerosols and hydrothermal fluids.
Little White Houses: How the Postwar Home Constructed Race in America Dianne Harris. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.

Little White Houses: How the Postwar Home Constructed Race in America Dianne Harris. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2013.Situated between the tradition of scholarship on the history of domestic architecture and the more recent focus on race in suburbia, Dianne Harris's Little White Houses uncovers the ways in which the suburban house constructed race, specifically whiteness, in postwar America. By drawing on a range of sources from suburban homes themselves, to their representations in magazines, promotional literature, and even television, Harris seeks to develop a sense of the ways in which suburbs were constructed-physically, linguistically, and visually-as places for middle class whites and the power of the suburban aesthetic to essentially confer whiteness on previously marginalized ethnic and immigrant groups. That suburbs were largely white is a given. Sources from FHA (Federal Housing Administration) policies to magazine images made sure that both suburbia and its representations were populated almost exclusively by conspicuously white people, but Harris, while beginning from this reality and the now commonplace notion that domestic space influences identity formation, explores the ways that suburban homeownership linked whiteness, affluence, citizenship, and security, offering a means for some immigrant groups to transition into a new categorization of white American, while excluding others completely.While scholars have considered the why of suburbia's whiteness, Harris takes up the interesting and important question of how the suburbs were white. She turns her critical eye on the spatial rhetoric of the house, its many forms of representation, the consumer goods of suburban life, and the yard all to discern racial, ethnic, and class messages. In doing so, she details the lexicon of whiteness including words such as clean, informal, orderly, and private, as opposed to the terminology of urban immigrant and working class quarters as dirty, dilapidated, and crowded. Little White Houses thus complements the newer work of Becky Nicolades, Andrew Weise as well as the classics in the field, including Elaine Tyler May who have looked at suburbia as a space for the maintenance of difference and distance.Harris's is a broad study focusing on nationally circulating imagery and generic examples of suburban homes and lots. This is fitting given that, as the author recognizes, the images of housing were remarkably consistent across magazine genres-including men's, women's, shelter, general interest, and science and technology-as well as on television. …
The 'mechanism' of human cognitive variation

The theory of psychosis and autism as diametrical disorders offers a tractable and testable view of normal and abnormal human cognitive variation as a function of opposing traits grouped by their selection for maternal and paternal reproductive fitness. The theory could be usefully rooted and developed with reference to the lower-level perceptual and attentional phenomena from which social cognitive modules are developmentally refined.
Landau f function for the dilute Fermi gas in two dimensions.

We study the Landau f function for a two-dimensional repulsive Fermi system in the dilute limit. We find the leading terms in the low-density expansion using second-order perturbation theory, following a method of Abrikosov and Khalatnikov. Further, using diagrammatic methods, we determine the essentially singular contribution coming from the two-hole bound state. The absence of a divergence in the f function, together with our earlier results on the quasiparticle lifetime, clearly demonstrates that the system is a Fermi liquid in the low-density regime.
The social, political, and legal construction of the concept of child pornography.

This article examines the construction of the concept of child pornography, developed in several Supreme Court decisions. New York v. Ferber (1982) separated child pornography from adult obscenity, and soon thereafter almost all pictures of nude children became illegal. These images had been common in art and usually signified innocence, although they often had an erotic component. The assumption that images of nude youths can only be viewed erotically is a significant change. The justification—that children were hurt in producing child pornography, and that distribution (even no-cost distribution) and private possession contributed to that harm—does not hold up under analysis. It is statistically flawed and inconsistent with other Court decisions. Justice Kennedy's decision in Ashcroft v. The Free Speech Coalition supports the argument that the images are forbidden because they challenge the ideology of the innocent child. Since erotic images of adults are common, understanding the different treatment of...
Insect sex attractants: XI. analysis ofcis andtrans isomers of fatty alcohol acetates by gas chromatography

A gas chromatographic procedure was devised for the analysis of geometric isomers of dodecenyl acetates, tridecadienyl acetates, tetradecenyl acetates and hexadecenyl acetates. Use of diethylene glycol succinate in a 300 ft capillary column permitted the separation of nine pairs ofcis-trans isomers and four geometric isomers of 5,9-tridecadienyl acetate. Data are presented on the isomeric composition of alkenyl acetates prepared by three different stereospecific reactions and by elaidinization.
Energy Degrading-Focusing of Cyclotron Beam

The ANL 60-inch cyclotron is a fixed 10.8 MeV/nucleon accelerator. To increase machine flexibility, it was desired to obtain variable energy projectiles 25–40 feet from the accelerator without severely reducing particle number and beam definition. Sacrificing energy resolution, a focused variable energy beam can be obtained by using the technique of a foil absorption system close coupled with strong focusing provided by quadrupole magnets. The system to be described can readily degrade a deuteron or alpha beam to about 2.5 MeV/nucleon with about 5% of the original particles focused a distance of 35 feet from the accelerator 1) .
Use of invented algorithms by second graders in a reform mathematics curriculum

Abstract Second-grade students in three schools were individually tested on multidigit addition and subtraction problems and solution procedures observed. The schools were all using a reform mathematics curriculum (UCSMP) with an emphasis on problem solving in broader mathematical contexts. Both contextualized and bare computation problems were included in these interviews. On all but one problem, more students used a mental procedure than used the standard written algorithms, and both methods were used with about the same degree of accuracy. Although the standard school algorithm was the only written algorithm used, a number of different mental procedures were employed by students, and choice appeared to be influenced by characteristics of the problems (magnitude of the numbers or the need for regrouping). Major differences between the three schools were found, which are linked to instruction.
The antimutagenic effect of vanillin and cinnamaldehyde on spontaneous mutation in Salmonella TA104 is due to a reduction in mutations at GC but not AT sites

Vanillin (VAN) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) are dietary antimutagens that, when added to assay plates, reduced the spontaneous mutant frequency in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA104 (hisG428, rfa, uvrB, pKM101) by 50%. To date, no study has demonstrated whether or not the antimutagenic effects of an agent are due to a reduction in all classes of mutations or to a reduction in selective classes of mutations. To explore this issue, we have determined the spontaneous mutation spectrum in TA104 as well as the mutation spectrum after treatment of cells with antimutagens at concentrations that produced approximately a 50% reduction in mutant frequency but only a 10% reduction in survival. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the mutation spectra of VAN- and CIN-treated cells. Relative to untreated cells, treatment with either VAN or CIN produced a significant reduction in mutations at GC sites, whereas neither compound produced a significant reduction in mutations at AT sites. Antimutagenesis experiments in hisG428 strains of Salmonella with varying DNA repair backgrounds showed that VAN and CIN require SOS repair genes to produce an antimutagenic effect against spontaneous mutagenesis. Studies evaluating the effect of VAN and CIN on growth rate showed that neither compound suppressed growth relative to untreated cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine if an antimutagen reduced all or just some classes of mutations that were available for reduction.
Light-induced reduction in specific activity of malate enzyme in Euglena gracilis Z.

When dark grown Euglena are exposed to more than about 400 foot candles of white light, there is an exponential reduction in the specific activity of malate enzyme. The original activity is reduced by more than 90%. This reduction in malate enzyme is not inversely co-ordinate, in an Ames-Garry plot, which the production of chlorophyll.
Recurrent Nephrotic Syndrome in Renal Allografts

We describe the clinicopathologic course of two patients with recurrent focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). In both patients, FSGS was initially demonstrated during the evaluation of proteinuria. After progressing to end-stage renal disease, each patient received a living-related renal transplant. Shortly after transplantation, proteinuria recurred in both patients, progressing to the nephrotic syndrome. Serial renal biopsies were obtained from each patient. These initially demonstrated focal segmental epithelial proliferation (the "cellular lesion"), but focal segmental scars were observed in subsequent biopsies. None of the biopsies demonstrated immunoglobulin, complement deposition, or diffuse epithelial cell foot process fusion. These findings suggest that the scarring lesion in recurrent FSGS may be the result of a primary process involving damage to a limited number of visceral epithelial cells.
Scalable office-based health care

The goal of health care is to provide high-quality care at an affordable cost for its patients. However, the population it serves has changed dramatically since the popularization of hospital-based health care. With available new technology, alternative health care delivery methods can be designed and tested. This study examines scalable office-based health care for small business, where health care is delivered to the office floor. This delivery was tested in 18 individuals at a small business in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The goal was to deliver modular health care and mitigate conditions such as diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, sedentariness and metabolic disease. The modular health care system was welcomed by employees – 70% of those eligible enrolled. The findings showed that the modular health care deliverable was feasible and effective. The data demonstrated significant improvements in weight loss, fat loss and blood variables for at risk participants. This study leaves room for improvement and fur...
A region-based compilation technique for a Java just-in-time compiler

Method inlining and data flow analysis are two major optimization components for effective program transformations, however they often suffer from the existence of rarely or never executed code contained in the target method. One major problem lies in the assumption that the compilation unit is partitioned at method boundaries. This paper describes the design and implementation of a region-based compilation technique in our dynamic compilation system, in which the compiled regions are selected as code portions without rarely executed code. The key part of this technique is the region selection, partial inlining, and region exit handling. For region selection, we employ both static heuristics and dynamic profiles to identify rare sections of code. The region selection process and method inlining decision are interwoven, so that method inlining exposes other targets for region selection, while the region selection in the inline target conserves the inlining budget, leading to more method inlining. Thus the inlining process can be performed for parts of a method, not for the entire body of the method. When the program attempts to exit from a region boundary, we trigger recompilation and then rely on on-stack replacement to continue the execution from the corresponding entry point in the recompiled code. We have implemented these techniques in our Java JIT compiler, and conducted a comprehensive evaluation. The experimental results show that the approach of region-based compilation achieves approximately 5% performance improvement on average, while reducing the compilation overhead by 20 to 30%, in comparison to the traditional function-based compilation techniques.
Carboxypeptidase-mediated enhancement of nitric oxide production in rat lungs and microvascular endothelial cells.

Membrane-bound regulatory carboxypeptidases cleave only COOH-terminal basic residues from peptides and proteins. To investigate whether carboxypeptidase-generated arginine can increase nitric oxide...
Moving Low-Pass Gauss Filter with Automatically Defined Influence Region for Diffusive Studies

b = probe position, m C = heat capacity, kJ= kg C cn = conventional power spectra coefficient d = source parameter, s, Eq. (8b) f = frequency, Hz fc = cutoff frequency, Hz j = time data index, Eq. (5) jo = time data index, Eq. (6) k = thermal conductivity,W= m C kxx = thermal conductivity coefficient in x direction, W= m C kyx = thermal conductivity coefficient in x-y cross direction, kyx kxy, W= m C kyy = thermal conductivity coefficient in y direction, W= m C M = number of data points less one M = kernel function with arguments b; t=u in Eq. (4b) N = number of terms in influence region, Eq. (7d) N = first approximation to N, Eq. (7c) n = number of terms in power spectra nc = cutoff value in power spectra p = derivative order, Eq. (8c) q00 o = dimensional surface heat flux magnitude, W=m, Eq. (8b) q00 x = dimensional heat flux in x direction, W=m 2 rmsg = root-mean-square-error global filter, C, Eq. (10b) rmsl = root-mean-square-error local filter, C, Eq. (10c) rmso = root-mean-square-error original data, C, Eq. (10a) r = variable in Gauss function r1 = asymptotic infinity value T = temperature, C Ttc = thermocouple temperature, C Ttc;j = noisy thermocouple data at time t tj, C, Eq. (9) t = time, s tinfluence = influence time, s tj = discrete time, s tmax = maximum time for experiment, s u = dummy time variable, s x = spatial variable perpendicular to surface, m y = spatial variable parallel to surface, m yo = dummy spatial variable, m = thermal diffusivity, kxx= C or k= C , m=s t = sampling time width, s tmax -width = maximum time width of influence, s tsampling-time-step = sampling time step, s
Variational approach for approximating energy levels.

We present a systematic method for improving any variational wave function. This approach is based on using the variational parameters in a trial wave function to form a family of independent functions that are used to construct a basis for the variational method. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by obtaining fast convergence for the lowest two even-parity energies for Mathieu's equation and the quartic anharmonic oscillator.
Utility of the nuclear protein-coding gene, elongation factor-1 gamma (EF-1γ), for spider systematics, emphasizing family level relationships of tarantulas and their kin (Araneae: Mygalomorphae)

Spider systematics has overwhelmingly relied on morphological characters to resolve higher-level phylogenetic questions. Molecular phylogenetic studies of spiders above the genus level have been rare, partly because of a paucity of characterized genes available for amplification and sequencing. Here we show the phylogenetic utility of a new molecular marker, elongation factor-1 gamma (EF-1γ) for discerning family level relationships in the spider infraorder, Mygalomorphae. We included genomic sequences from 26 mygalomorph genera in 14 families as well as cDNA sequences from 10 families in the infraorder Araneomorphae. We found strong support for the traditional split of mygalomorphs into atypoids (Antrodiaetidae, Atypidae, and Mecicobothriidae) and non-atypoids (all other families). Some families with multiple generic representatives were found to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic, such as the Nemesiidae, Ctenizidae, and Hexathelidae. A small portion of genomic EF-1γ that could be amplified from araneomorphs contained a short intron, suggesting that longer genomic sequences could not be amplified due to the presence of introns. This intron may be useful for intra-familial araneomorph relationships. A tentative timeline for spider evolution is proposed using the evolutionary rate of EF-1γ, estimated to be approximately 0.22% pairwise divergence per million years based on a non-parametric smoothing method (NPRS) and fossil constraints.
Flattening-filter-based empirical methods to parametrize the head scatter factor.

Parametrizing the collimator scatter factor, S c (or head scatter factor), of a linear accelerator by the side of the equivalent square of the collimator setting at the isocenter does not accurately predict the change in S c when the width and length of a rectangular field are exchanged. We have studied two methods based on measurements of square fields to predict S c ’s of rectangular fields more accurately. The first method parametrizes S c by the side of the equivalent square of the flattening filter region visible from the point of calculation. The S c ’s of rectangular fields were predicted to an accuracy of 1% from measurements with square fields. The second method computes S c of rectangular configurations by integrating radiation that can reach the point of calculation from a point source at the target and a second extended source at the flattening filter. The radial distribution of the extended source at the level of the flattening filter is computed from S c of square fields measured at the isocenter. Effects of extended distance are modeled by separately performing inverse square law corrections for the two sources. This method also predicted the measured values to within 1% accuracy.
Pulmonary malignant granular cell tumor.

Malignant granular cell tumor (MGCT) is a rare disease entity. Forty-one well-documented MGCTs have been reported in the world literature. This report describes a patient who presented with a MGCT of the lung and reviews the preoperative evaluation, pathologic features and differential diagnosis of the disease. This case represents the first report of resected primary pulmonary MGCT. Diagnosis of MGCT is based on histology of the primary tumor, immunohistochemistry, and exclusion of tumors that may mimic granular cell tumor.
Induction of the HIV-1 Tat co-factor cyclin T1 during monocyte differentiation is required for the regulated expression of a large portion of cellular mRNAs

P-TEFb, a general RNA polymerase II elongation factor, is composed of CDK9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9) as a catalytic unit and either cyclin T1, T2 or K as a regulatory subunit. The cyclin T1/P-TEFb complex is targeted by HIV to mediate Tat transactivation. Cyclin T1 protein expression is induced during early macrophage differentiation, suggesting a role in regulation of mRNA expression during the differentiation process. To study the functional significance of cyclin T1 induction during differentiation, we utilized the human Mono Mac 6 (MM6) monocytic cell line. We found that cyclin T1 protein expression is induced by a post-transcriptional mechanism following PMA treatment of MM6 cells, similar to its induction in primary monocytes and macrophages. Also in agreement with findings in primary cells, cyclin T2a is present at relatively high levels in MM6 cells and is not induced by PMA. Although the knock-down of cyclin T1 in MM6 cells by shRNA inhibited HIV-1 Tat transactivation, MM6 cell growth was not affected by the depletion of cyclin T1. Using DNA microarray technology, we found that more than 20% of genes induced by PMA require cyclin T1 for their normal level of induction, and approximately 15% of genes repressed by PMA require cyclin T1 for their normal level of repression. Gene ontology analysis indicates that many of these cyclin T1-dependent genes are related to immune response and signal transduction. These results suggest that cyclin T1 serves a critical role in the program of macrophage differentiation, and this raises questions about the feasibility of cyclin T1 serving as an antiviral therapeutic target.
The Assignment Problem: Managing a Management Course

The article discusses a study which examines the sociological and psychological aspects of the assignment problem- the placement of individuals in condition which inspire rather than curb effort- b...
FIRST RECORDS OF DEERMICE (PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS) IN THE COPPER RIVER BASIN, SOUTHCENTRAL ALASKA

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Inter‐temporal economies of scope, organizational modularity, and the dynamics of diversification

The question of whether corporations add value beyond that created by individual businesses has engendered much debate in recent years. Some of this debate has focused on the pros and cons of related vs. unrelated diversification. A standard explanation of the benefits of related diversification has to do with the ability to obtain intra-temporal economies of scope from contemporaneous sharing of resources by related businesses within the firm. In contrast, this paper deals with inter-temporal economies of scope that firms achieve by redeploying resources and capabilities between related businesses over time, as firms exit some markets while entering others. The transfer of resources due to market exit distinguishes our treatment of inter-temporal economies of scope from standard intra-temporal economies of scope. In addition, these inter-temporal economies can benefit from a decentralized and modular organizational structure. This ability to obtain inter-temporal economies of scope via organizational modularity and recombination suggests that corporations do not necessarily need a high degree of coordination between business units in order to benefit from a strategy of related diversification. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.