cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave Light Modulation by an Optically Pumped Rb 87 Vapor

We have observed appreciable light modulation at the 6.835-GHz hfs transition frequency of optically pumped ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ vapor. The frequency separation between the levels involved in the transition exceeded the total spectral width of the initial lamp profile. These observations indicate that persistent doubts as to the feasibility of a transmission-light-modulation experiment under such conditions are groundless.
Childhood Urinary Symptoms Predict Adult Overactive Bladder Symptoms

Purpose: A relationship between childhood urinary symptoms and adult lower urinary tract symptoms in women is often clinically suspected. In this analysis we investigated the relationship between childhood and adult urinary symptoms in middle-aged women.Materials and Methods: A population based cohort of 2,109 women 40 to 69 years old who were members of a large health maintenance organization was randomly selected from age and race strata. Through self-reported questionnaires, women recalled a childhood history of and current urinary lower urinary tract symptoms, including frequent daytime urination, nocturia, urinary incontinence, nocturnal enuresis and UTIs. Current incontinence was also classified as urge or stress incontinence. Multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the association between childhood and current lower urinary tract symptoms controlling for age, race, hysterectomy status, parity, oral estrogen use, body mass index and diabetes.Results: Women who reported childhood daytime frequency...
The relationship between mating system and penis morphology in ischnuran damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

Zygopterans belonging to the genus Ischnura are unusual amongst damselflies because of the variety of mate guarding techniques employed by males of different species. The lack of post-copulatory guarding combined with lengthy copulations in one group of ischnuran species suggest that these males guard females in copula. An examination of the accessory penes of species in this group indicates that all but one species have considerable microspination on the distal end (the flagella) of their penes that can function in sperm displacement. The flagella of these species are long and thin compared to those of other ischnurans. This is likely an adaptation to gain access to the spermatheca of the female. Two species tandem guard their mates during ovipositing. These species are the only ischnurans missing a stout pair of basal spines on the penultimate segments of their penes. They have considerable microspination over much of their penes but their flagella are of only moderate length and stout. Ischnurans that do not mate guard have short, stout flagella and most species examined from this group (5 of 7) have litde microspination on their flagella tips. It is proposed that females of these species mate only once and therefore their males do not displace sperm.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings after laparoscopic renal cryoablation

Abstract Objectives To assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of renal masses after laparoscopic cryoablation. Methods Between October 2000 and June 2004, 33 patients underwent laparoscopic cryoablation of 34 renal masses, 24 of whom (25 renal masses, size range 1.5 to 3.7 cm, mean 2.4) were followed up with MRI postoperatively. Postoperative MRI was done at 1, 3, and 6 months after ablation and every 6 months thereafter using a 1.5-T MRI scanner. T1-weighted dual-phase, coronal T1-weighted fat-saturated, and T2-weighted coronal and axial MRI was done before contrast administration. Postenhancement images were obtained in the coronal and axial planes during the arterial, venous, and delayed phases. Results Patient follow-up data were available for at least 6 months and up to 48 months for 18 patients. On the first follow-up MRI study, six lesions had increased in size, five had decreased in size, and seven showed no change. Of the 18 patients, 7 had peripheral rim enhancement within 3 months of follow-up. Four resolved. One patient developed rim enhancement at 7 months postoperatively. Subsequent images revealed lesion enlargement with heterogeneous enhancement. Biopsy was positive for renal cell carcinoma. One patient developed nodular enhancement at 10 months with a decrease in lesion size. Watchful waiting was chosen because the patient had significant medical comorbidities. Conclusions Peripheral rim enhancement is a common finding on MRI immediately after laparoscopic renal cryoablation. Rim enhancement with an increase in lesion size or nodular enhancement is of more concern than rim enhancement alone. More data are necessary to understand the progression of renal lesions after cryoablation.
Transition densities in 30Si studied by electron scattering and coupled-channel calculations of 650 MeV proton scattering.

Proton and neutron transition densities in $^{30}\mathrm{Si}$ are examined by a combination of intermediate energy (e,e') and (p,p') reactions and mirror electromagnetic transition rates. This analysis is performed for the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ and ${2}_{2}^{+}$ states at 2.234 and 3.499 MeV in $^{30}\mathrm{Si}$. Electron scattering data are presented for these states. Shell-model calculations for the proton and neutron transition matrix elements and proton transition densities are compared with the electromagnetic results. The proton transition densities are reasonably predicted for the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ state but are not adequately predicted for the ${2}_{2}^{+}$ state. A microscopic coupled-channel calculation of 650 MeV (p,p') is used to test the shell-model isoscalar transition densities. Given the uncertainties present in the reaction calculation and interaction, the isoscalar density for the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ state is found to be adequate, but the density for the ${2}_{2}^{+}$ state is less accurate. The coupled-channel effect is shown to be important for the ${2}_{2}^{+}$ state. This dependence increases with energy but should be taken into account for an accurate description of (p,p') reactions at all energies.
Effects of vagotomy and glossopharyngectomy on respiratory response to dopamine-agonists.

In normal rats lightly anesthetized with halothane apomorphine increased both resting and CO2--dependent minute ventilation (VM) by stimulating respiratory frequency (RF) whereas tidal volume (VT) was slighly decreased. Acute bilateral glossopharyngectomy, which impaired carotid body function, did not change the apomorphine effects in contrast to bilateral vagotomy, which abolished the RF response of the drug, but now increased VT. Intravenous infusion of dopamine increased VM, by elevating RF, and this effect was only slightly blunted by bilateral glossopharyngectomy but nearly abolished by vagotomy and totally eliminated by the combined procedures. The respiratory response to dopamine was depressed in rats with chronically destroyed central catecholaminergic neurons. These findings indicate that there may be two different dopaminergic stimulatory mechanisms that modulate RF—one peripheral and one central—and both depend upon afferent vagal activity. With impaired vagal function, however, two other dopaminergic stimulatory mechanisms effecting V., are evident—one central, and one peripheral which involves the carotid body.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of zebrafish ATM.

Abstract Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is the gene product mutated in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), which is an autosomal recessive disorder with symptoms including neurodegeneration, cancer predisposition and premature aging. ATM is thought to play a pivotal role in signal transduction in response to genotoxic DNA damage. To study the physiological and developmental functions of ATM using the zebrafish model system, we cloned the zebrafish homolog cDNA of human ATM (hATM), zebrafish ATM (zATM), analyzed the expression pattern of zATM during early development, and further developed the system to study loss of zATM function in zebrafish embryos. Employing information available from the zebrafish genomic database, we utilized a PCR-based approach to isolate zATM cDNA clones. Sequence analysis of zATM showed a high level homology in the functional domains of hATM. The putative FAT, phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like, and FATC domains of zATM, which regulate ATM kinase activity and functions, were the most highly conserved regions, exhibiting 64–94% amino acid identity to the corresponding domains in hATM, while exhibiting approximately 50% amino acid identity outside these domains. The zATM gene is expected to consist of 62 coding exons, and we have identified at least 55 exons encompassing more than 100 kb of nucleotide sequence, which encodes about 9 kb of cDNA. By in situ hybridization, zATM mRNA was detected ubiquitously with a dramatic increase at the 18-somite stage, then more specifically in the eye, brain, trunk, and tail at later stages. To inhibit zATM expression and function, we designed and synthesized splice-blocking antisense-morpholino oligonucleotides targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like domain. We demonstrated that this knockdown of zATM caused abnormal development upon ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage. Our data suggest that the ATM gene is structurally and functionally conserved in vertebrates from zebrafish to human.
The Flux of Select NSAIDs through Silicone Membranes from Mineral Oil

Here we report the experimental log maximum fluxes of n = 9 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) through silicone membranes from the lipid mineral oil (experimental (Exp.) log JMPMO) and correlate those Exp. log JMPMO values with their experimental log maximum fluxes through human skin in vivo from mineral oil (Exp. log JMHMO). The correlation was only fair (r2 = 0.647) for n = 9 but improved dramatically if Nabumetone was removed from the correlation (n = 8, r2 = 0.858). Non-linear regression of the n = 8 Exp. log JMPMO values as the dependent variable against their log solubilities in mineral oil (log SMO) and in pH 7.4 or 1.0 buffers (log S7.4 or S1.0, respectively), and their molecular weights as independent variables in the Roberts–Sloan (RS) equation gave a new set of coefficients for the independent variables in RS. Those coefficients have been used to calculate log JMPMO values which have been correlated with the Exp. log JMPMO values to give r2 = 0.911 if log S7.4 and r2 = 0.896 if log S1.0 were used as aqueous phases. Thus, silicone membranes appear to be good surrogates for predicting flux through human skin if the vehicle is a lipid such as mineral oil.
Structures of glide-set 90° partial dislocation cores in diamond cubic semiconductors

Two core reconstructions of the 90° partial dislocations in diamond cubic semiconductors, the so-called single- and double-period structures, are often found to be nearly degenerate in energy. This near degeneracy suggests the possibility that both core reconstructions may be present simultaneously along the same dislocation core, with the domain sizes of the competing reconstructions dependent on temperature and the local stress state. To explore this dependence, a simple statistical mechanics-based model of the dislocation core reconstructions is developed and analyzed. Predictions for the temperature-dependent structure of the dislocation core are presented.
Collisional relaxation of excited-state Zeeman coherences in atomic ytterbium vapor.

We present the results of an experiment designed to probe the collision-induced relaxation of excited-state Yb Zeeman coherences. Our experiment is sensitive not only to the depolarization-type relaxation mechanisms often observed in optical-pumping experiments, but also to the effects of collisionally induced velocity changes. Our measurements were performed in the 6s6p /sup 3/P/sub 1/ excited state of the even (I = 0) isotopes of gas-phase atomic Yb by means of a trilevel photon-echo technique. Depolarization rates, velocity-change spectra, and total scattering cross sections of Yb-He (Yb-Ar) collisions were measured (deduced). Both rank-1 and rank-2 spherical tensor components of the /sup 3/P/sub 1/ state play a role in our experiment, and our results represent averages of potentially different relaxation rates attributable to these quantities. Comparison of our results with rank-0 results obtained elsewhere reveals interesting similarities as well as differences.
Comparing two blind relevance feedback techniques

Query expansion based on Blind Relevance Feedback (BRF) has been demonstrated to be an effective technique for improving retrieval results. There are two types of BRF-based query expansion. BRF Type 1 (BRFT1) is the original version of BRF, where query expansion is performed on the BRF information extracted from top N documents selected from an initial search on the same collection that the target documents are in [1]. This collection is called “target collection” in this paper. BRF Type 2 (BRFT2) has been explored as an alternative to BRFT1. The query expansion is performed based on the BRF information of the top N documents selected from the initial search on a DIFFERENT collection. Such a collection is called “expansion collection” in this paper. The expanded query is then used to search on the target collection to find the relevant documents. The effectiveness of BRF depends on two key factors: 1) the documents selected from the initial search for BRF should contain reasonable number of topically relevant documents to the query; and 2) those selected documents should share the similar genre with the target relevant documents so that there is high chance that the important content terms used in these two sets of documents are the same[2]. Both BRFT1 and BRFT2 may encounter situations that at least one of the two conditions cannot be satisfied. For example, there are not enough truly relevant documents in the target collection for many topics in Robust track of TREC evaluation, which makes it difficult to utilize BRFT1 based query expansion techniques to improve the search results. However, with the amount of electronic resources available, it is often possible that both BRFT1 and BRFT2 can
The perivenous technique of resection of arteriovenous malformations from vital areas of the brain

Abstract A total of 17 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in sensitive areas of the brain were operated on and the AVMs were completely resected using perivenous techniques. No patient suffered a new neurological deficit following surgery. The perivenous surgical technique is most suitable for small AVMs in sensitive cortex. It differs from the standard approach in that it places emphasis on perivenous microsurgical dissection, identification of the nidus before major arterial feeders, and early ligation of selected venous channels. Three different types of venous drainage-single, multiple, and dual-were identified. Each different type of venous drainage requires a different surgical approach for the best results.
Crystal structure and thermoelectric properties of clathrate, Ba8Ni3.5Si42.0: Small cage volume and large disorder of the guest atom

Samples with the type-I clathrate composition Ba{sub 8}Ni{sub x}Si{sub 46-x} have been synthesized and their structure and thermoelectric properties characterized. Microprobe analysis indicates the Ni incorporation to be 2.62{<=}x{<=}3.53. The x=3.5 phase crystallizes in the type-I clathrate structure (space group: Pm-3n) with a lattice parameter of 10.2813(3) A. The refined composition was Ba{sub 8}Ni{sub 3.5}Si{sub 42.0}, with small vacancies, 0.4 and 0.5 atoms per formula unit, at the 2a and 6c sites, respectively. The position of the Ba2 atom in the large cage was modeled using a 4-fold split position (24j site), displaced 0.18 A from the cage center (6d site). The volume of the large cage is calculated to be 146 A{sup 3}, smaller than other clathrates with similar cation displacement. The sample shows n-type behavior with a maximum of -50 {mu}V/K at 823 K above which the Seebeck coefficient decreases, suggesting mixed carriers. Lattice thermal conductivity, {kappa}{sub l}, is 55 mW/K above 600 K. - Graphical abstract: Seebeck coefficient and resistivity of the type-I clathrate Ba{sub 8}Ni{sub 3.5}Si{sub 41.0}. Structure show's large displacement of the Ba cation in the large cage (6c site). Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Crystal structure of the Ba{sub 8}Ni{sub 3.5}Si{sub 41.0} reported. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Vacancies at themore » 2a and 6c sites. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Large disorder of Ba guest atom, 0.18 A from cage center. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Structure is compared to Ba{sub 8}Si{sub 46} and other type-I clathrates. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Max Seebeck of -50.7 {mu}V/C at 798.4 K, thermal conductivity {approx}55 mW/K.« less
Defective stimulus set attention in generalized epilepsy.

Abstract This study examined auditory selective attention in primary generalized and complex-partial (temporal lobe) epileptics using binaural and dichotic versions of the Continuous Performance Test. The patient groups did not differ from normal controls when only one channel was presented or when divided attention (simultaneously monitoring two channels) was required. However, generalized epileptics had significantly depressed hit rates when directed attention (responding to critical stimuli in only one channel) was required. These results suggest a contribution of brain stem “arousal” mechanisms to stimulus set attention. In addition, right ear perceptual advantages were found on these dichotic monitoring tasks, lending support to the contention that short-term auditory memory and verbal report are not required for the dichotic ear effect.
Conditioning and extinction of conforming behavior

Comparisons were made of the conformity conditioning of four experimental groups: conformers reinforced for conformity, conformers reinforced for nonconformity, independents reinforced for conformity, and independents reinforced for nonconformity. Both conforming and independent Ss were conditioned and extinguished to nonconformity by the reinforcement treatment, but neither was conditioned to greater conformity. It was concluded that further empirical description and analysis of social conformity in conditioning terms may be warranted.
Behavioral modeling and testing of a CMOS-MEMS parametric resonator governed by the nonlinear Mathieu equation

Modeling and simulation of complex phenomena in environments that emulate end applications demonstrate the effectiveness of MEMS composable design methodologies. A CMOS-MEMS nonlinear resonator featuring parametric excitation driven by an oscillating voltage applied across the non-interdigitated comb fingers has been targeted as a demonstration vehicle. This paper reports the schematic-based parameterized behavioral modeling and vibration testbed of parametric resonators governed by the nonlinear Mathieu equation. The linear and cubic stiffness of the electrostatic force and the folded flexure are modeled by Verilog-A MEMS behavioral models. The transition frequencies and the jump amplitudes are characterized optically by sweeping the frequency bi-directionally. The observed parametric resonance, occurring near excitation frequency of twice the resonant frequency, is verified by perturbation solution of Mathieu equation, and validated by circuit-level behavioral model simulation matching to 0.6%. The dynamic behavior and its dependence on system parameters are also analyzed.
Pathogenesis of abortion in acute nitrite toxicosis in guinea pigs.

Abstract A series of experiments were designed to study acute nitrite toxicosis in guinea pigs during the last 15 days of pregnancy. Fetal mortality was recorded following nitrite administration and tissue sections were evaluated. Maternal and fetal methemoglobin, plasma nitrite, and PO2 values were determined following sc NaNO2 administration to the dam. The protective effect of methylene blue on NaNO2 toxicosis in the pregnant female was evaluated. Pregnant guinea pigs given NaNO2, 50 mg/kg, underwent normal parturition, whereas in those given 60 mg/kg, fetal mortality occurred and was followed by abortion in 1–4 days. The fetal deaths generally occurred approximately 1 hr after NaNO2 administration to the dam when the maternal and fetal methemoglobin concentrations were at their peak. Fetal methemoglobin concentrations were always significantly lower than in the dams. At the time of fetal death there were no noticeable changes in the placenta; pathologic changes developed after death of the fetuses. The necrotic changes observed in the placentas were therefore a consequence rather than a cause of the fetal deaths. In pregnant guinea pigs given NaNO2, 60 mg/kg, and treated simultaneously with methylene blue, 10 mg/kg, ip, no fetal deaths occurred. There were lower PO2 values in the fetuses of the guinea pigs treated with NaNO2, 60 mg/kg, than in fetuses of the control animals. The data suggest that fetal deaths resulted from hypoxia induced mainly by maternal methemoglobinemia.
Slender-body theory for slow viscous flow

Slow flow of a viscous incompressible fluid past a slender body of circular crosssection is treated by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The main result is an integral equation for the force per unit length exerted on the body by the fluid. The novelty is that the body is permitted to twist and dilate in addition to undergoing the translating, bending and stretching, which have been considered by others. The method of derivation is relatively simple, and the resulting integral equation does not involve the limiting processes which occur in the previous work.
Effects of Ethanol, Tannin, and Fructose Concentrations on Sensory Properties of Model Red Wines

The effects of ethanol (0, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16% v/v), tannin (500, 1000, and 1500 mg/L), and fructose (200 and 2000 mg/L) on 20 sensory attributes of model wines were investigated in a full-factorial design. Descriptive profiling of the 36 model wines was performed by a trained panel. Analysis of variance showed few significant interaction effects dominated largely by the main effects. Generally, an increase in ethanol concentration had significant effects ( p ≤ 0.05) on a majority of the attributes by either increasing (chemical, woody, spicy aroma and flavor, bitter taste, burning sensation) or decreasing (fruity, floral, caramel aroma and flavor) perception. Similarly, tannin concentration induced significant effects on some ( p ≤ 0.05) but not all attributes. Increasing tannin concentration tended to increase woody aroma and flavor, bitter taste, and burning sensation and reduced fruity and spicy aroma and flavor. However, not all of the sensory attributes were significantly influenced by varying fructose concentration ( p > 0.05), suggesting that fructose was the least important wine component among the studied variables. These findings provide further information to better understand the changes in the sensory properties of wines brought about by modifications in wine components.
Acute rhabdomyolysis as a complication of cytarabine chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia: Case report and review of literature

Rhabdomyolysis is an unusual complication of chemotherapy that can lead to substantial morbidity through such complications as renal failure, infections, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. The syndrome has been described after treatment with cyclophosphamide, 5-azacytidine, interleukin-2, and interferon and after bone marrow transplantation. We report a patient with acute myeloid leukemia who developed fulminant rhabdomyolysis after treatment with a cytarabine-containing regimen. The syndrome was complicated by acute renal failure requiring hemodyalisis, respiratory insufficiency, and pancreatitis. We suggest that the muscle damage might be related to the known ability of cytarabine to trigger the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, which could lead to uncoupling of the oxidative phosphorylation with subsequent depletion of ATP reserves at the skeletal muscle and rhabdomyolysis. Am. J. Hematol. 70:320–323, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Commentary on the safety of red cells preserved in extended-storage media for neonatal transfusions.

Red cells preserved in extended-storage media are the standard product dispensed by many regional blood centers. When the red cells are intended for neonatal transfusion, concern exists about the safety of the relatively high quantities of additives present in these media. Definitive studies to address these concerns are not available. Therefore, to estimate the effects of additives and to delineate circumstances in which they might be harmful, the quantities transfused in defined clinical settings were calculated, and the following recommendations are offered for transfusing infants less than 4 months of age. First, red cells preserved in extended-storage media should present no substantive risks when used for small-volume (approximately 10 mL/kg) transfusions of premature infants and can be used without additional processing. Second, the risks of the most premature neonatal patients or those with severe renal and/or hepatic insufficiency cannot be defined clearly, and, because data are not available to ensure safety for these infants, removal of the additive medium and resuspension of the red cells in saline or albumin solution immediately before transfusion are recommended. Third, following a similar rationale, it seems prudent to avoid using entire units of red cells preserved in extended-storage media in massive transfusion settings (e.g., exchange transfusion, cardiac surgery, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation). In these settings, the preservative medium should be removed and the red cells resuspended in the fluid that is most appropriate for the procedure that is planned. It must be emphasized that these recommendations are based on calculations and hypothetical settings, not actual data. Accordingly, they are tentative and should be altered as definitive information becomes available.
High energy QCD scattering, the shape of gravity on an IR brane, and the Froissart bound

High-energy scattering in nonconformal gauge theories is investigated using the AdS/conformal field theory (CFT) dual string-gravity theory. It is argued that strong-gravity processes, such as black hole formation, play an important role in the dual dynamics. Further information about this dynamics is found by performing a linearized analysis of gravity for a mass near an infrared brane; this gives the far field approximation to black hole or other strong-gravity effects, and in particular allows us to estimate their shape. From this shape, one can infer a total scattering cross section that grows with center of mass energy as ln(2) E, saturating the Froissart bound.
Correlating heat transfer and friction in helically-finned tubes using artificial neural networks

An artificial neural network (ANN) approach was used to correlate experimentally determined Colburn j-factors and Fanning friction factors for flow of liquid water in straight tubes with internal helical fins. Experimental data came from eight enhanced tubes with helix angles between 25° and 48°, number of fin starts between 10 and 45, fin height-to-diameter ratios between 0.0199 and 0.0327, and Reynolds numbers ranging from 12,000 to 60,000. The performance of the neural networks was found to be superior compared to the corresponding power-law regressions. The ANNs were subsequently used to predict data of other researchers but the results were less accurate. The ANN training database was therefore expanded to include experimental data from two independent investigations. The ANNs trained with the combined database showed satisfactory results, and were superior to algebraic power-law correlations developed with the combined database.
Improved local control with stereotactic radiosurgical boost in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Abstract Purpose: Treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using conventional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) alone is associated with a significant risk of local recurrence. Stereotactic radiosurgery (STR) was used to boost the tumor site after EBRT to improve local control. Methods and materials Forty-five nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients received a STR boost after EBRT at Stanford University. Seven had T1, 16 had T2, 4 had T3, and 18 had T4 tumors (1997 American Joint Commission on Cancer staging). Ten had Stage II, 8 had Stage III, and 27 had Stage IV neoplasms. Most patients received 66 Gy of EBRT delivered at 2 Gy/fraction. Thirty-six received concurrent cisplatin-based chemotherapy. STR was delivered to the primary site 4–6 weeks after EBRT in one fraction of 7–15 Gy. Results At a medium follow-up of 31 months, no local failures had occurred. The 3-year local control rate was 100%, the freedom from distant metastasis rate was 69%, the progression-free survival rate was 71%, and the overall survival rate was 75%. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed N stage (favoring N0-N1, p = 0.02, hazard ratio HR 4.2) and World Health Organization histologic type (favoring type III, p = 0.002, HR 13) as significant factors for freedom from distant metastasis. World Health Organization histologic type ( p = 0.004, HR 10.5) and age ( p = 0.01, HR 1.07/y) were significant factors for survival. Late toxicity included transient cranial nerve weakness in 4, radiation-related retinopathy in 1, and asymptomatic temporal lobe necrosis in 3 patients who originally had intracranial tumor extension. Conclusion STR boost after EBRT provided excellent local control in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. The incidence of late toxicity was acceptable. More effective systemic treatment is needed to achieve improved survival.
MULTITRIAL FREE RECALL AND SEQUENTIAL ORDERING OF ITEMS HAVING HIGH VARIANCE OF MEANINGFULNESS

Two matched lists of 10 CVCs of high variance in meaningfulness (M) were presented to Ss for 21 input-output trials of MTFR. While the lists elicited differing recall and sequential ordering, ITR, other analyses indicated consistencies in the two sets of data. Thus item-pairs, ITR-units, ordered in recall tended to have similar M-values. Furthermore, the tendency of individual items to serve as anchor points for individual ITR-units was positively related to their memorability. of special interest was the nature of the relationship between the M-values of items and errors of non-recall. Along with a negative relationship between M-value and non-recall there was an error peak for items with intermediate M-values. The tentative theoretical explanation of this result was based mainly upon Murdock's theory of varying distinctiveness of quantitatively ordered items.
Developing a plant-based vole repellent: screening of ten candidate species.

Voles are a major pest in orchards and coniferous plantations. Currently, vole control relies primarily on the use of rodenticides and herbicides. Our goal was to identify a plant species that could be used to develop a non-lethal and effective repellent. No-choice feeding trials with prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster, Wagner) were used to assess the relative ability of 10 plant species to deter voles from consuming a preferred food, applesauce. Two highly preferred forage plants were included in the trials for comparative purposes. Finely ground leaves of each of the 12 species were mixed with applesauce at three concentrations of plant material (14%, 25% and 50%), giving 36 mixes. Each mix was offered once to each of 20 male/female pairs of adult voles. Plant species that resulted in the lowest mean consumption were assumed to be the most repellent. Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis Sieb. and Zucc.), boxwood (Buxus sempervirens L.), daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.), and crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) were the best feeding deterrents at the lowest plant: applesauce concentration, and were among the most effective at the higher concentrations. At the lowest concentration (14%), mean intake of the plant/applesauce mix was 85% less with pachysandra than with the most preferred species, dandelion (Taraxicum officinalis Weber ex Wiggers).
Determinants of biodiversity regulate compositional stability of communities

The world is witnessing a decline in biodiversity which may be greater in magnitude than even previous mass-extinction events1,2,3. This has rekindled interest in the relationships between biodiversity and the stability of community and ecosystem processes4 that have been reported in some empirical studies5,6,7. Diversity has been linked with community and ecosystem processes8,9,10,11,12,13,14, but disputes remain over whether it is diversity, environmental factors or the variety of functional groups in a community that drive these patterns15,16,17,18,19,20,21. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether variation in diversity resulting from species loss within communities has similar effects on stability as natural variation in diversity associated with gradients in factors that regulate diversity. We believe that, across larger ecological scales, extrinsic determinants of biodiversity such as disturbance regimes and site history may be the primary determinants of certain measures of community stability. Here we use controlled field experiments in savanna grasslands in southern India to demonstrate and explain how low-diversity plant communities can show greater compositional stability when subject to experimental perturbations characteristic of their native environments. These results are best explained by the ecological history and species characteristics of communities rather than by species diversity in itself.
IMPURITY CONTROL BY NEUTRAL-BEAM INJECTION

A recently developed generalization of neoclassical theory is applied to study the use of neutral-beam injection to drive impurities out of a tokamak plasma. The theory accounts for the direct momentum exchange between beam and plasma, which has been studied previously, and also for the effects of the beam in altering the first-order particle flows and the ambipolar potential. Conditions are established for which co-injection drives impurity fluxes outward. It is estimated that order-unity changes of the radial impurity flow should be found in current experiments and that modest levels of neutral-beam injection should suffice for impurity control in reactors. In the course of this work, the general theory of particle transport in the presence of particle and momentum sources is evaluated for a two-species plasma with arbitrary plasma geometry and beta.
Sparse distributed associative memory for the identification of aerospace acoustic sources

A pattern recognition system has been developed to classify five different aerospace acoustic sources. The system consists of one microphone for data acquisition, a preprocessor, a feature selector, and a classifier. In this paper the performances of an associative memory classifier and a neural network classifier are compared with the performance of a previously designed system. Source noises are classified using features calculated from the time and frequency domain. Each classifier is trained to classify source noises correctly using a set of known sources. After training, the classifier is tested with unknown sources. Results show that over 96% of the sources were identified correctly with the new associative memory classifier. The neural network classifier identified over 81% of the sources correctly.
Interdisciplinary research and integration: The case of CO2 and climate

The possibility that increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations may lead to significant climate changes poses a problem of unusual breath and complexity to society. Research on this problem, and on ways society can respond to it, needs to be carefully organized and managed in an interdisciplinary and flexible manner. New means of integrating research results and ensuring their usefulness for policy decisions must be explored. Research on the CO2 problem should also be closely ‘tied-in’ with research on other social and environmental issues.
On the modification of conalbumin by acid. II. Effect of pH and salt concentration on the sedimentation behavior, viscosity and osmotic pressure of conalbumin solutions.

Abstract 1. 1. The sedimentation constant of conalbumin is independent of pH over the range from 8.1 to about 4.2, but it decreases continuously when the pH is changed from 4.2 to 2.0, ionic strength 0.1. 2. 2. At pH 5.3 sedimentation behavior is independent of salt concentration, but at pH 3 it is strongly dependent on salt concentration. 3. 3. The intrinsic viscosity of conalbumin increases on going from pH 5.3 to 3 and on decreasing the salt concentration at pH 3. 4. 4. The effect of pH on the hydrodynamic properties of coanlbumin is reversible provided that the protein concentration is not too low and that the protein is not exposed to acidic media for prolonged lengths of time at room temperature. 5. 5. Molecular weights under various conditions of pH and salt concentration have been determined by osmotic-pressure measurements. 6. 6. An attempt is made to interpret the changes in sedimentation behavior and viscosity of conalbumin with pH in terms of changes in the dimensions of the molecule and changes in degree of aggregation, which are evoked by electrostatic interactions with components of the medium.
Increased risk of heart disease and stroke among foreign-born females residing in the United States.

Abstract Background: Although the number of foreign-born people residing in the United States is at its highest point in 80 years, a mortality analysis of the foreign born has not been conducted since 1989. This article provides an update of mortality rates among the foreign born in the United States and, in particular, examines mortality rates from heart disease among foreign-born females. Methods: We calculated mortality rates for U.S.-born and foreign-born people for all causes—ischemic heart disease, stroke, neoplastic disease, hypertensive diseases, diabetes, accidents, infectious disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—for 1997. Death data were obtained from the 1997 Multiple Cause of Death data file, and population data were obtained from the 1997 Current Population Survey. Results: While all-cause, age-adjusted mortality rates for foreign-born people are significantly lower than for native-born people, deaths due to ischemic heart disease and stroke are significantly higher among foreign-born females than native-born females (161.63 and 58.24 deaths, respectively, per 100,000 foreign-born females vs 122.01 and 49.39 deaths per 100,000 native-born females). Conclusions: Foreign-born females appear to be at greater risk of death from ischemic heart disease and stroke than native-born females. Future research efforts are needed to determine which foreign-born groups are most at risk for heart disease and stroke so that targeted prevention efforts can be initiated.
Use of hypertonic saline solutions in treatment of cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension.

ObjectivesTo review the literature on the use of hypertonic saline (HS) in treating cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension.Data SourcesReview of scientific and clinical literature retrieved from a computerized MEDLINE search from January 1965 through November 1999.Study SelectionPertinent lite
Vitreous modulation of gene expression in low-passage human retinal pigment epithelial cells.

PURPOSE In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells enter the vitreous and proliferate. They become fibroblast-like and participate in the formation of contractile membranes, which can lead to retinal detachment. Vitreous treatment of RPE cells in vitro results in similar morphologic changes. This study was conducted to examine vitreous-induced modulation of gene expression in RPE cells. METHODS Low-passage human RPE cell lines derived from three donors were each treated for 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours with complete medium or complete medium containing 25% vitreous. Changes in mRNA levels were examined by using microarrays. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to measure mRNA expression of a subset of genes in cells from three additional donors. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analysis were used to examine protein expression. RESULTS Vitreous treatment caused a progressive reprogramming of gene expression. qPCR confirmed vitreous modulation of mRNA levels of 10 of 10 genes. Changes consistent with a transition from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype were observed. Downregulated genes included genes associated with differentiated RPE cells. Upregulated genes included genes associated with stress and inflammation. Pathway analysis indicated that the transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway and the focal adhesion pathway may play a role in this process. BMP-2 protein and mRNA were increased. CONCLUSIONS Despite the biological variation in vitreous and RPE donors, vitreous reproducibly modulated a limited number of mRNAs. Many of these changes were consistent with the more fibroblast-like appearance of vitreous-treated cells and with the pathobiology of PVR. TGF-beta and BMP-2 may be important modulators of vitreous-induced changes in gene expression.
Boiling effects on the performance of Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound

Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI) for Focused Ultrasound (HMIFU) is a recently developed high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment monitoring method with feasibilities demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. However, successful application of HMIFU requires monitoring of local tissue mechanical property changes, i.e., the estimation HMIFU displacement under both thermal and mechanical effects (i.e., boiling, cavitation, nonlinearity etc). The present study aims at assessing the performance of HMI monitoring during HIFU. We show here that HMI gives a good contrast when a lesion is formed even during strong boiling.
Pollution prevention as a market-enhancing strategy: a storehouse of economical and environmental opportunities.

Abstract EPA's (Environmental Protection Agency) Green Lights Program for energy-efficient lighting illustrates the economic benefits and the market-transforming value of a pollution prevention philosophy. Using technologies available today, and assuming current prices, this program is expected to reduce air pollution 5%, while saving the nation's businesses up to 20 billion in electric bills every year. However, these pollution prevention and savings estimates may be low. As Green Lights transforms the market for lighting services by creating a higher demand for better technologies at lower costs, the program will likely achieve even larger pollution reductions and electricity savings.
Comparison of classical approximations to free carrier absorption in semiconductors

Abstract Because of the recent interest in infrared techniques for the measurement of semiconducting material properties, a theoretical model of free carrier absorption is needed. This paper presents a comparison of some classical approximations to free carrier absorption using the minimum in reflectivity associated with plasma resonance as a criteria. Four approximations together with some numerical integrations are compared with old and new experimental data for n - and p -type silicon, n -type germanium and n -type gallium arsenide.
Fiber interactions in the multi-fiber composite fragmentation test

The single-fiber fragmentation test has been extended to a multi-fiber fragmentation test that demonstrates the fiber/fiber interactions that are present in real composites. The model composites are of Nicalon fibers embedded in an epoxy resin and have a controlled inter-fiber separation. An important qualitative result is that the interfacial failure in each fiber in an array is correlated with that of its neighbors, even when the individual fiber breaks are not at the same location. The fiber bundle as a whole thus has well defined regions of interfacial failure. Quantitatively, fibers in an array have a larger mean fragment length than a single fiber, and the fragment length increases with smaller inter-fiber separation or more embedded fibers. Shear-lag theory predicts the opposite effect. The results suggest that the presence of neighboring fibers prevent failure at some flaws. The flaw density function changes as a result of fiber/fiber interactions and this affects the fiber fragmentation process. Multi-fiber fragmentation tests show that the embedded single fiber test is insufficient to model fiber behavior within real composites.
pH-dependent perforation of macrophage phagosomes by listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes.

The pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) is a major virulence factor implicated in escape of Listeria monocytogenes from phagocytic vacuoles. Here we describe the pH-dependence of vacuolar perforation by LLO, using the membrane-impermeant fluorophore 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) to monitor the pH and integrity of vacuoles in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages. Perforation was observed when acidic vacuoles containing wild-type L. monocytogenes displayed sudden increases in pH and release of HPTS into the cytosol. These changes were not seen with LLO-deficient mutants. Perforation occurred at acidic vacuolar pH (4.9–6.7) and was reduced in frequency or prevented completely when macrophages were treated with the lysosomotropic agents ammonium chloride or bafilomycin A1. We conclude that acidic pH facilitates LLO activity in vivo.
Acceleration of Solar-Energetic Particles by Shocks

Our current understanding of the acceleration of solar-energetic particles is reviewed. The emphasis in this paper is on analytic theory and numerical modeling of the physics of diffusive shock acceleration. This mechanism naturally produces an energy spectrum that is a power law over a given energy interval that is below a characteristic energy where the spectrum has a break, or a rollover. This power law is a common feature in the observations of all types of solar-energetic particles, and not necessarily just those associated with shock waves (e.g. events associated with impulsive solar flares which are often described in terms of resonant stochastic acceleration). Moreover, the spectral index is observed to have remarkably little variability from one event to the next (about 50%). Any successful acceleration mechanism must be able to produce this feature naturally and have a resulting power-law index that does not depend on physical parameters that are expected to vary considerably. Currently, only diffusive shock acceleration does this.
Electron microscopy of micro‐focal necrosis in malignant melanomas

Malignant melanoma often undergoes spontaneous focal necrosis and ulceration. In conjunction with this gross and microscopic necrosis there appears a wide spectrum of subcellular changes, accompanied by hydrolytic enzyme activity in the cytoplasm of malignant melanoma cells. In die present study, these subcellular changes are described and differentiated from die accelerated subcellular melanogenic activity also occurring in the malignant melanoma cell. Three types of Fortner's hamster melanoma, whose ontogenies include focal necrotic changes like those of their human counterparts, have been investigated electron microscopically and histochemically. The electron microscopic acid phosphatase reaction confirms that the hydrolytic activity occurring in malignant cells of both melanotic and amelanotic melanoma is localized within autophagic vacuoles which are thus shown to be lysosomes. Electron microscopy reveals that the occurrence of microfocal degradation by the segregation of ergastoplasm and mitochondria within lysosomes is closely related to the spontaneous necrosis seen in malignant melanomas. This lysosomal engulfment is also involved in the segregation and degradation of premelanosomes and melanosomes. Increased tyrosinase activity and melanosome production characteristic of malignant melanoma cells proceed concomitantly with the appearance of lysosome formation and hydrolytic activity until the melanoma cells complete their own ontogeny and the ontogeny of the melanosomes which they have synthesized.