cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revision and Recodification of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure Concerning the Jury Charge

The primary purpose of this article is to discuss and explain why the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure concerning the trial court's charge to the jury should be replaced by a new set of procedural rules initially developed by a Jury Charge Task Force appointed by the Texas Supreme Court in 1991. As seminared, amended, and recommended for adoption to the Texas Supreme Court by the Supreme Court Advisory Committee in 1996, these proposed rules, or comparable ones,should be promulgated by the Texas Supreme Court. Revision of the jury charge rules is desirable because the procedures for preserving complaints about the court's proposed charge are unsatisfactory and inconsistent with current standards for submitting cases to juries. More significantly, the main focus of the existing rules concerning the methods for making charge complaints is on the technical sufficiency of a complaint to preserve a party's complaint for appellate review, rather than providing trial judges with reasonable guidance in fashioning the jury charge. The method in which charge complaints are presented, in whatever form, should be sufficiently specific to apprise the trial court of the charge problem and to enable trial judges to prepare proper jury charges, not merely to lay the basis for an appeal. Reinterpretation of the existing rules during the last decade has eliminated some problems, but the current rules, even as reinterpreted in a common-sense manner, are unworkable as well as philosophically wrongheaded.
Study on index system for evaluation on rural informationization

This paper set up the index system for evaluation on rural informationization with collecting twenty indicators from six aspects: development of information resources,talents for informationization,construction of information network,application of information technology,consumptive level of information,and development level of information industry.
Power system load forecast based on a combination of particle swarm optimization and support vector machine

In the paper,a method based on the least square support vector machine(LS-SVM) and PSO algorithm is proposed for power system load forecast.By this method,a daily load forecast model is developed by using structure risk minimization(SRM) instead of the traditional ERM to mine the original data for more information,adopting SVM parameters optimized by PSO algorithm to improve the training speed and forecast ability,and taking model inputs of historical loading and atmospheric data.Forecasting results show that this method is feasible and effective and that the robustness and forecast accuracy of the model are better than the method of BP neural network.
Patient attitudes and understanding about biosimilars: an international cross-sectional survey

Objective To understand the levels of awareness, usage, and knowledge of biosimilars among patients, caregivers, and the general population in the US and the European Union; perceptions of biosimilars compared to originator biologics; perceived benefits and drawbacks of clinical trials; and whether advocacy groups impact patients’ willingness to try a biosimilar.
Implications of Kir/Nav1.5 Reciprocity for Propagating Action Potentials in Cardiac Cells

The main ion channels involved in the propagation of action potentials in cardiac cells are the voltage-gated sodium channels, the inward rectifier potassium channels, and the inter-cellular gap junction channels. Sodium channels have been shown to be localized to the intercalated disks along with Cx43 channels. Recent evidence of reciprocity in the co-localized expression of Kir2.1 and Nav1.5 channels in cardiac myocytes suggest that ionic currents due to these two channels are in some way calibrated to each other. In isolated cells, the fast sodium current is much larger than IK1 resulting in a large depolarization reserve. Using simulations of chains of cardiac cells, we show that the depolarization reserve for conducting action potentials is significantly smaller than in isolated cells. We also studied the changes in the depolarization reserve with variations in gap junction channel density and explored the conditions under which propagation slowed or failed. These insights will allow a better understanding of the effects of Na channel blockers as well as regional differences in action potential conduction in the heart.
Dr. Un Settled: Negotiation and Middle-Age Dysphoria

Dr. Un Settled is a tenured associate professor in infectious diseases, and her name has just begun to be circulated as a potential division head candidate at a few well-respected programs. She has been happy in her current position but would like something more. While being successful in maintaining grant support, she feels overwhelmed by the prospect of having to keep doing this for another 20 or more years. She feels the pace is just too much. Also she was recently put on some medical school-wide committees and found herself pleasantly surprised at enjoying thinking at that level. She has always been a mentor and has enjoyed that part of her job. Her current division head has no intention of giving up the job.
Race and risk behaviors: The mediating role of school bonding

Abstract This study tests the hypotheses that school bonding mediates the relationship between adolescents' racial background and key risk behaviors (substance use, failing grades, and fighting). Data sources include an epidemiological survey administered at 50 urban schools to 16,169 students, linked to information about school context (socioeconomic composition, attendance rate, and grade-level). Results indicate that school bonding partially mediates the relationship between race and risk behavior. Findings suggest that culturally responsive efforts to strengthen educational attachment, connection, commitment, and involvement among youth of color may reduce gaps in outcomes that are perceived to be distal from schooling. Further development and testing of multi-level interventions that increase school bonding among youth from non-dominant racial groups are needed.
Building a student-centered classroom with AR

Service learning, team-based projects, flipped classrooms, and high impact learning have come to dominate the discourse of innovative pedagogies in higher education in recent years. Unfortunately, in an era of difficult budgets, increasing class sizes, and canonization of knowledge through standardized assessment, teachers face many difficulties implementing these new pedagogies in today's classrooms. With the ideal classroom far removed from today's political realities, online and mobile technologies offer recourse for educators to teach more effectively for increasing numbers of students. This was my own goal, in integrating Augmented Reality Interactive Storytelling (ARIS) into the course Introduction to Folklore between 2011 and 2013. I developed two separate uses of augmented reality technologies for the course. The first involved having students use augmented reality on a mobile device for the purpose of ethnographic data collection, research sharing, and subsequent analysis. The second involved student curation of their own ethnographic fieldwork into a narrative-driven, place-based game for a mobile device. In this book chapter, I will relate my motives for integrating these two projects into the classroom, explore the successes and shortcomings of each project, and examine some of the needs folklorists and other humanists have for mobile technologies in the coming years.
CD133-positive dermal papilla-derived Wnt ligands regulate postnatal hair growth

Active Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the dermal papilla (DP) is required for postnatal hair cycling. In addition, maintenance of the hair-inducing ability of DP cells in vitro requires external addition of Wnt molecules. However, whether DP cells are a critical source of Wnt ligands and induce both autocrine and paracrine signaling cascades to promote adult hair follicle growth and regeneration remains elusive. To address this question, we generated an animal model that allows inducible ablation of Wntless (Wls), a transmembrane Wnt exporter protein, in CD133-positive (CD133+) DP cells. CD133+ cells have been shown to be a specific subpopulation of cells in the DP, which possesses the hair-inducing capability. Here, we show that ablation of Wls expression in CD133+ DP cells results in a shortened period of postnatal hair growth. Mutant hair follicles were unable to enter full anagen (hair growth stage) and progressed toward a rapid regression. Notably, reduced size of the DP and decreased expression of anagen DP marker, versican, were observed in hair follicles when CD133+ DP cells lost Wls expression. Further analysis showed that Wls-deficient CD133+ DP cells led to reduced proliferation and differentiation in matrix keratinocytes and melanocytes that are needed for the generation of the hair follicle structure and a pigmented hair shaft. These findings clearly demonstrate that Wnt ligands produced by CD133+ DP cells play an important role in postnatal hair growth by maintaining the inductivity of DP cells and mediating the signaling cross-talk between the mesenchyme and the epithelial compartment.
Modeling of evolution of signaling networks in living cells by evolutionary computation

This work models the emergence of signaling pathways in living cells using techniques borrowed from genetic and evolutionary computation. It uses five-level GA: five cooperating GAs working in parallel on different levels of abstraction.
Clozapine for Treatment-Refractory Mania

Objective: The efficacy of clozapine for treatment-resistant mania was examined iz a pro- spective trial for patients with bipolar or schizoaffective disorder. Method: The subjects were 25 acutely manic patients with either bipolar disorder (N=l 0) or schizoaffective disorder-hi- polar subtype (N= 15) for whon lithium, antico,zvulsants, and neuroleptics had heeiz i,zeffec- tive, had produced intolerable side effects, or both. After a 7-day washout, the patients were treated with clozapine monotherapy. They were evaluated over 13 weeks with the Young Mania Rating Scale and the BriefPsychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Results: Ofthe 25 patients, I 8 (72 %) exhibited marked improvement on the Young Mania Rating Scale, and eight (32%) exhibited marked improvement on the BPRS. The bipolar patients as compared to schizo- affective patients, and the nonrapid as compared to rapid cyclers, had significantly greater improvement in total BPRS score. Conclusions: These results suggest that clozapine is an effective therapy for treatment-resistant bipolar and schizoaffective mania. (Am J Psychiatry I 996; 153:759-764) C linical experience accumulated over the last two decades indicates that 20%-40% of patients in the acute phase of bipolar disorder fail to respond to lithium and that 72%-82% of patients with the rapid-
Effects of educational music therapy on state hope for recovery in acute care mental health inpatients: A cluster-randomized effectiveness study

Background: There has been an increasing emphasis on recovery as the expectation for people with mental health disorders. Purpose: The purpose of this effectiveness study is to determine if group-based educational music therapy can immediately impact state hope for recovery in acute care mental health patients. Research questions included: Will acute care mental health inpatients who participate in a single music therapy session have higher agency and pathway aspects of state hope for recovery than patients in a control condition? Will there be differences in state hope for recovery as a result of hope-oriented songwriting or lyric analysis interventions? Method: Participants (N = 169) were cluster randomized to one of three single-session conditions: lyric analysis, songwriting, or wait-list control. Results: There was no significant between-group difference. However, both music therapy conditions tended to have slightly higher mean pathway, agency, and total state hope scores than the control condition even within the temporal parameters of a single music therapy session. There was no between-group difference in the songwriting and lyric analysis interventions. Conclusions: Although not significant, results support that educational music therapy may impact state hope for recovery within the temporal parameters of a single session. The specific type of educational music therapy intervention did not affect results. Implications for practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.
Yawning induced by focal electrical stimulation in the human brain

Abstract The primary function of yawning is not fully understood. We report a case in which electrical stimulation of the putamen in the human brain consistently elicited yawning. A 46-year-old woman with intractable epilepsy had invasive depth electrode monitoring and cortical stimulation mapping as part of her presurgical epilepsy evaluation. The first two contacts of a depth electrode that was intended to sample the left insula were in contact with the putamen. Stimulation of these contacts at 6 mA and 8 mA consistently elicited yawning on two separate days. Engagement in arithmetic and motor tasks during stimulation did not result in yawning. When considering the role of the putamen in motor control and its extensive connectivity to cortical and brainstem regions, our findings suggest that it plays a key role in the execution of motor movements necessitated by yawning. Furthermore, given the role of the anterior insula in attention and focused tasks, activation of this area while engaged in arithmetic and motor tasks could inhibit the putaminal processing necessary for yawning. Many have hypothesized the function of yawning; however, it remains debatable whether yawning serves a primarily physiological or communicative function or perhaps both.
Murine cytomegalovirus IE3-dependent transcription is required for DAI/ZBP1-mediated necroptosis

DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors/Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI/ZBP1) is a crucial sensor of necroptotic cell death induced by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in its natural host. Here, we show that viral capsid transport to the nucleus and subsequent viral IE3-dependent early transcription are required for necroptosis. Necroptosis induction does not depend on input virion DNA or newly synthesized viral DNA A putative RNA-binding domain of DAI/ZBP1, Zα2, is required to sense virus and trigger necroptosis. Thus, MCMV IE3-dependent transcription from the viral genome plays a crucial role in activating DAI/ZBP1-dependent necroptosis. This implicates RNA transcripts generated by a large double-stranded DNA virus as a biologically relevant ligand for DAI/ZBP1 during natural viral infection.
Suicidality and Sexual Orientation in Five Continents: Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America

This study examined the relation between suicidality and sexual orientation in an intercontinental sample (Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America). Participants responded to a survey hosted on the Internet Website of an international news organization. Categorical analyses compared homosexual and bisexual respondents' history of suicide attempts and suicide ideations to those of heterosexual respondents, by total sample, males only, and females only. A relation between male sexual orientation and suicide attempts was found for every continent except Europe (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.3, 6.9). A relation between female sexual orientation and suicide attempts was not found in any continent except North America (OR = 2.1; 95% CI % 1.7, 2.5). These data provide preliminary evidence of intercontinental variation in the relation between suicidality and sexual orientation.
Stray and scattered light properties of the Juno ultraviolet spectrograph

We describe the stray and scattered light properties of the Juno Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Juno-UVS). Juno-UVS is a modest-powered (9.0 W) instrument that is designed to characterize Jupiter’s auroral emissions and relate them to in situ measurements made by Juno’s particle and wave instruments. A notable scattered light feature has been discovered during UVS operations; a minor solar glint that reveals itself during specific spacecraft orientations when the spin axis is pointed a certain angle away from the sun. This scattered light feature has become more important now that the Juno mission has decided to stay in its 53-day parking orbit instead of transitioning to the planned 14-day science orbit. The impact of the scattered light feature on future instrument operations is discussed.
Anomalous Panleukocytic Granulation

Anomalous panleukocytic granulation is described in the peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen of a 3 year old girl. Myeloid leukocytes showed giant peroxidase and Sudan Black B-positive granules. Lymphocyte corpuscles were positive in the periodic acid-Schiff test. Deviations in the structure and segmentation of the neutrophil nuclei were observed. Increase of gamma globulins and decrease of lipoproteins were found in the blood serum. Hepatosplenomegaly, psychomotor underdevelopment, respiratory tract infections, roentgenologic changes of bones, lungs and heart were also found. The parents were first cousins, and anomalous corpuscles were seen in the father’s lymphocytes. At necropsy diffuse or focal infiltration of the organs by lymphoid, plasma and reticular cells suggested a systemic condition.
Commentary: Sexism, Sex Stereotyping, and the Technical Writer.

La redaction technique est une des fonctions du redacteur technique dans une organisation. Son efficacite doit etre consideree independamment des stereotypes sur l'ecriture masculine ou feminine
Abstract A30: Gene regulatory mechanisms governing invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung (IMA)

Background: Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung (IMA) comprises 5-10% of lung adenocarcinoma. IMA is pathologically characterized as lung tumor cells with goblet cell morphology containing abundant intracytoplasmic mucin. Recent advances using next-generation sequencing technology revealed driver oncogenes (e.g., KRAS mutation and NRG1 fusions) and a gene expression signature (e.g., NKX2-1 negative and SPDEF positive) inducing IMA. However, the genetic mechanism governing the pathogenesis of IMA is not fully understood. Here, we report the mechanism of the gene regulatory network regulating mucins and immune checkpoints in IMA. Methods: Using lentiviral vectors expressing the anti-mucous transcription factor NKX2-1 (also known as TTF-1) and the pro-mucous transcription factor SPDEF, we assessed their functions in regulating the expression of mucins and immune checkpoints in multiple lung cancer cell lines. Using ChIP-seq datasets, we further identified genome-wide binding sites of NKX2-1 and SPDEF in A549 lung carcinoma cells that carry a KRAS mutation and produce mucins. We further deleted such binding sites in the genome using CRISPR/Cas9 to assess the function of the sites. Results: NKX2-1 influenced the expression of immune checkpoints, including PD-L1, and mucin-related genes, including MUC5AC and SPDEF. Notably, NKX2-1 bound to the same noncoding region upstream of MUC5AC as SPDEF. The genomic deletion study using CRISPR/Cas9 indicated that both NKX2-1 and SPDEF bound to the enhancer region (but not the silencer region) of MUC5AC, suggesting that NKX2-1 suppresses mucin gene expression by blocking the activity of the enhancer region but not by recruiting a co-repressor complex such as HDAC to the region. Conclusion: Transcription factors NKX2-1 and SPDEF function as yin and yang to affect the pathogenesis of IMA. Citation Format: Minzhe Guo, Koichi Tomoshige, Iris Fink-Baldauf, Yutaka Maeda. Gene regulatory mechanisms governing invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma of the lung (IMA) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR-IASLC International Joint Conference: Lung Cancer Translational Science from the Bench to the Clinic; Jan 8-11, 2018; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(17_Suppl):Abstract nr A30.
Hierarchical Modulation Classification Using Deep Learning

Recent work in modulation classification using deep learning has produced promising results in classifying a diverse set of signals with only 128 IQ samples having undergone common radio impairments and frequency selective fading. Using deep learning as an approach differs significantly from established methods in classification where a set of expert features are derived and justified for specific channel conditions and computational resources. Instead, deep learning provides a way to efficiently identify features that are best suited for any set modulations, channel conditions, or available resources that may be of interest. However, deep learning approaches have only recently been used in this area and many questions about its limitations still exist. In this work, an expanded set of signals that include radar signals, multi -carrier signals, and higher order modulations are used with architectures presented in previous work to gain further insight into the flexibility of this approach. With a total of 29 signals to classify, it's shown how previous approaches can be augmented by training the network to classify signals on several hierarchical levels simultaneously with improved classification accuracy and a more flexible network architecture. Branch convolutional neural networks (B-CNN), which have been used to identify the subject of a body of text within a large hierarchy of subjects, are adapted to the problem of modulation classification to improve classification accuracy and facilitate the development of networks that can classify an even more diverse set of signals.
Deep learning for classifying and characterizing atmospheric ducting within the maritime setting

Abstract Real-time characterization of refractivity within the marine atmospheric boundary layer can provide valuable information that can potentially be used to mitigate the effects of atmospheric ducting on radar performance. Many duct characterization models are successful at predicting parameters from a specific refractivity profile associated with a given type of duct; however, the ability to classify, and then subsequently characterize, various duct types is an important step towards a more comprehensive prediction model. We introduce a two-step approach using deep learning to differentiate sparsely sampled propagation factor measurements collected under evaporation ducting conditions with those collected under surface-based ducting conditions in order to subsequently estimate the appropriate refractivity parameters based on that differentiation. We show that this approach is not only accurate, but also efficient; thus providing a suitable method for real-time applications.
Analysis of clinical characteristics, pathogen distribution and drug resistance in early-onset and late-onset neonatal sepsis

目的 分析新生儿早发型败血症与晚发型败血症的临床特点、病原菌分布及耐药情况。 方法 选取2011年1月至2018年1月于沈阳市儿童医院住院的新生败血症患儿216例，根据发病时间分为早发组和晚发组，分析两组的临床特点、病原菌分布及耐药情况。 结果 早发组多发生于足月儿[70/86(81.4%)]，晚发组多发生于早产儿[42/130(32.3%)]，差异有统计学意义(χ2＝3.340，P<0.05)；早发组在胎膜早破、羊水混浊、窒息、母孕期感染、喂养困难、皮肤硬肿、血小板异常比例分别为[40/86(46.5%)]、[52/86(60.5%)]、[24/86(27.9%)]、[33/86(38.4%)]、[52/86(60.5%)]、[38/86(44.2%)]和[28/86(32.6%)]，高于晚发组的[24/130(18.4%)]、[28/130(21.5%)]、[10/130(7.7%)]、[31/130(23.8%)]、[32/130(24.6%)]、[13/130(10.0%)]及[18/130(13.8%)]，差异均有统计学意义(χ2＝19.532、33.630、15.947、5.238，27.991、33.538、10.813，均P<0.05)；晚发组在医院感染、体温异常、反应低下、贫血、并发细菌性脑膜炎比例分别为：[15/130(11.5%)]、[67/130(51.5%)]、[50/130(38.5%)]、[84/130(64.6%)]及[26/130(20.0%)]，高于早发组的[3/86(3.5%)]、[19/86(22.1%)]、[22/86(25.6%)]、[36/86(41.9%)]及[7/86(8.1%)]，差异均有统计学意义(χ2＝4.391、12.476、18.728、10.854、5.625，均P<0.05)。早发组致病菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，占58.1%，对头孢唑林、头孢西丁钠及氨曲南耐药率大于47%，对头孢他啶及呋喃妥因耐药率较低，未发现对美罗培南耐药菌株；晚发组致病菌以革兰阳性球菌为主，占66.2%，对青霉素、红霉素耐药率达95%以上，对克林霉素、头孢他啶、头孢唑林、头孢西丁钠耐药率超过60%，对庆大霉素、环丙沙星、呋喃妥因及利奈唑安耐药率较低，未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。 结论 新生儿早发型及晚发型败血症临床特点无特异性，病原菌分布不同，临床上应根据具体情况，合理应用抗菌药，减少耐药性。
Nanoelectrochemistry Concepts in Desalination Energy Harvesting and Analysis

This talk will provide an overview of the research in GWang's group at Georgia State centered around the electrochemical processes at the nanometer scale. Three examples will be discussed in two research topics. The first is the development of new analytical method/toolbox for actively controlled nucleation and crystal growth. By controlling charge transport through a single nanopore, a single crystal is synthesized while the whole process is monitored by combined electroanalytical and optical methods. In the second topic, ion transport through a single asymmetric nanopipette is studied by experiments and simulation. The solution-substrate interface confined inside the conical nanopore is viewed as structurally-defined unit elements in ensemble porous membrane/electrode/materials. The surface electric field direction is separated from the through-transport ion flux which affects both the structure and dynamics of the electrical double layer (EDL). Selective and efficient transport of ions is the fundamental process in 1. the desalination with energy input; and a retrospective process of 2. energy harvesting from salinity when fresh and brackish/sea water mix. Novel time-dependent current-potential features are captured in electrochemical experiments due to the polarization of the nanoscale EDL or selective transport of ions. Characteristic signatures include a non-zero cross point in I-V curves separating pinched hysteresis loops. Finite element simulations by solving the Poisson, Nernst-Planck and Navier-Stokes equations reveal the respective transport of cations and anions driven by migration, diffusion and electroosmotic flow. The transport selectivity and efficiency under time- and space- confined conditions provide fundamental insights to better transport related applications such as desalination separation and energy harvesting from salinity gradients. Financial supports from NSF (CHE-1610616) and DOE (DE-SC0019043) are acknowledged.
Use and non-use value of nature and the social cost of carbon

Climate change is damaging ecosystems throughout the world with serious implications for human well-being. Quantifying the benefits of reducing emissions requires understanding these costs, but the unique and non-market nature of many goods provided by natural systems makes them difficult to value. Detailed representation of ecological damages in models used to calculate the costs of greenhouse gas emissions has been largely lacking. Here, we have expanded a cost–benefit integrated assessment model to include natural capital as a form of wealth. This brings benefits to people through non-use existence value and as an input into the production of ecosystem services and market goods. In our model, using central estimates for all parameters, optimal emissions reach zero by the year 2050, limiting warming to 1.5 °C by the year 2100. We used Monte Carlo analysis to examine the influence of several key uncertain model parameters, and examined the effect of adaptive investments in natural systems that partially offset climate damages. Overall, we show that accounting for the use and non-use value of nature has large implications for climate policy. Our analysis suggests that better understanding climate impacts on natural systems and associated welfare effects should be a high priority for future research. Models used to calculate the costs of carbon emissions do not include ecological damages. This study expands an integrated assessment model to include natural capital as a form of wealth, and shows that accounting for the use and non-use value of nature has large implications for climate policy.
Book Review Note: Don't Go Breaking My Hart

This book review note responds to two contributions to the book The Rule of Recognition and the U.S. Constitution. The two articles, one by Mitchell N. Berman and another by Matthew D. Adler find flaw in Hart’s legal positivism on the basis that it cannot account for features of U.S. constitutional theory. I argue that a deeper understanding of Hartian legal positivism resolves these concerns.
Structure of the master regulator Rns reveals an inhibitor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli virulence regulons.

Enteric infections caused by the gram-negative bacteria enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Vibrio cholerae, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella enterica are among the most common and affect billions of people each year. These bacteria control expression of virulence factors using a network of transcriptional regulators, some of which are modulated by small molecules as has been shown for ToxT, an AraC family member from V. cholerae. In ETEC the expression of many types of adhesive pili is dependent upon the AraC family member Rns. We present here the 3 A crystal structure of Rns and show it closely resembles ToxT. Rns crystallized as a dimer via an interface similar to that observed in other dimeric AraC’s. Furthermore, the structure of Rns revealed the presence of a ligand, decanoic acid, that inhibits its activity in a manner similar to the fatty acid mediated inhibition observed for ToxT and the S. enterica homologue HilD. Together, these results support our hypothesis that fatty acids regulate virulence controlling AraC family members in a common manner across a number of enteric pathogens. Furthermore, for the first time this work identifies a small molecule capable of inhibiting the ETEC Rns regulon, providing a basis for development of therapeutics against this deadly human pathogen.
A Qualitative Approach to Explore the Experiences of Health Care Providers who Treat Patients for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

iv Background 5 Health Impact of PTSD 6 PTSD in the General Public 8 PTSD in the Military 9 Review of Research of Military Personnel 10 A. Ind ividuals 10 B. Families 11 Theoretical Framework 12 A. Str ess and Coping Model 12 B. Pro posed Study Model 13 C. Exp anded Scope of Practice 15 Study Design 17 A. For mative Study 17 B. Me thodology 18 C. Par ticipant Recruitment 19 Discussion 19 A. Les sons learned 19 B. Lim itations 21
The effect of manipulator gripper stiffness on teleoperated task performance

During robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery, surgeons perform challenging dexterous tasks, including the manipulation of soft tissue and suture tying. In the absence of environment force sensing of tool-tissue interaction forces to provide force feedback, surgeons must rely on visual feedback to modulate the grip force they apply on the environment. Clinical systems, like the da Vinci Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical, Inc.), use physical springs to provide closing resistance on the gripper degree-of-freedom (DOF) of the master manipulator. This feedback provides increasing force resistance as the gripper is closed. To determine the effect of master manipulator gripper stiffness on performance in a teleoperated manipulation task, we designed a new and open source gripper, the OmniGrip. The OmniGrip attaches to a SensAble Phantom Omni (now available as Geomagic Touch), replacing the stylus end effector, and providing the ability for user programmable force characteristics. We conducted a study in which participants used an OmniGrip to teleoperate a Raven II surgical robotic system in a pick-and-place task. Increasing the stiffness of the OmniGrip resulted in reduced interaction forces at the slave-side environment. Additionally, these interaction forces were significantly lower when the OmniGrip as compared to when using the Phantom Omni stylus.
Class C β-Lactamases Operate at the Diffusion Limit for Turnover of Their Preferred Cephalosporin Substrates

It has been suggested that class C beta-lactamases have evolved to carry out a metabolic reaction other than hydrolysis of beta-lactam antibiotics. It is demonstrated in the present study that the class C beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae P99 has reached the diffusion limit in its ability to hydrolyze its preferred cephalosporin substrates. The increase in the solution viscosity by addition of a microviscogen (sucrose) caused the decline in the parameter kcat/Km for hydrolysis of cephaloridine and cephalosporin C (approximately 2.5-fold at a relative viscosity of 2.9). A similar increase in viscosity has no effect on the turnover rate of the poorer substrates cefepime and penicillin G. Addition of a macroviscogen (polyethylene glycol) to the reaction mixture did not change the rate of turnover for any of the substrates tested because in this case the viscogen would not interfere with the motion of small molecules, as was expected. Therefore, it would appear that the driving force behind the evolution of this class C beta-lactamase and, in principle, other enzymes of this class is indeed the functional reaction of this enzyme as a drug resistance factor.
Race, American literature and transnational modernisms

Introduction: towards a comparative American poetics 1. Transnational topographies in Poe, Eliot, and St.-John Perse 2. Hybridity and the New World: Laforgue, Eliot, and the Whitmanian poetics of the Frontier 3. From Harlem to Haiti: Langston Hughes, Jacques Roumain, and the Avant-Gardes 4. Signifying modernism in Wilson Harris's Eternity to Season 5. Beyond apprenticeship: Derek Walcott's passage to the Americas Epilogue Bibliography.
Venus cloud models

Remote observations of Venus are reviewed. The strongest inferences of cloud properties can be drawn from the polarization data which provide information about the cloud particles near 68 km. Particle properties are not as well determined at higher and lower levels. If the clouds are generated photo-chemically from reduced sulfur species, the supply of O2 may be an important constraint on cloud production. Finally, vapor-pressure data are reviewed. Deep clouds cannot be H2SO4-H2O aerosols unless the mixing ratios of both H2SO4 and H2O approach 10-3 below 50 km.
The 26S Proteasome

The 26S proteasome is a large ATP-dependent protease composed of more than 30 different polypeptide chains. Like the ribosome, the 26S proteasome is assembled from two “subunits”, the 19S regulatory complex and the 20S proteasome. The 19S regulatory complex confers the ability to recognize and unfold protein substrates, and the 20S proteasome provides the proteolytic activities needed to degrade the substrates. The 26S proteasome is the only enzyme known to degrade ubiquitylated proteins, and it also degrades intracellular proteins that have not been marked by ubiquitin. The 26S proteasome is located in the nucleus and cytosol of eukaryotic cells, where the enzyme is responsible for the selective degradation of a vast number of important cellular proteins. Because rapid proteolysis is a pervasive regulatory mechanism, the 26S proteasome is essential for the proper functioning of many physiological processes. Originally published in: Protein Degradation, Volume 1. Edited by R. John Mayer, Aaron Ciechanover and Martin Rechsteiner. Copyright © 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3-527-30837-8 The sections in this article are Introduction The 20S Proteasome Structure Enzyme Mechanism and Proteasome Inhibitors Immunoproteasomes The 26S Proteasome The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System Ultrastructure of the 26S Proteasome and Regulatory Complex The 19S Regulatory Complex ATPases of the RC The non-ATPase Subunits Biochemical Properties of the Regulatory Complex Nucleotide Hydrolysis Chaperone-like Activity Proteasome Activation Ubiquitin Isopeptide Hydrolysis Substrate Recognition Substrate Recognition by Proteasomes Degradation Signals (Degrons) Ubiquitin-dependent Recognition of Substrates Substrate Selection Independent of Ubiquitin Proteolysis by the 26S Proteasome Presumed Mechanism Contribution of Chaperones to Proteasome-mediated Degradation Substrate Binding to the 26S Proteasome Translocation of the Polypeptide Substrate to the Central Proteolytic Chamber Processing by the 26S Proteasome Proteasome Biogenesis Subunit Synthesis Biogenesis of the 20S Proteasome Biogenesis of the RC Post-translational Modification of Proteasome Subunits Assembly of the 26S Proteasome Proteasome Activators REGs or PA28s REGs PA200 Hybrid Proteasomes ECM29 Protein Inhibitors of the Proteasome Physiological Aspects Tissue and Subcellular Distribution of Proteasomes Physiological Importance Conclusions Keywords: protein degradation; 26S proteasome; 20S proteasome; substrate recognition by proteasomes; proteolysis by the 26S proteasome; proteasome biogenesis; proteasome activators; protein inhibitors of the proteasome; physiological aspects
Alkyl-2,3-epoxypropylamines: Cyclodimerization and related eight-membered ring closures

Abstract An improved procedure yielded new alkyl-2,3-epoxypropylamines ( 2 ), ranging from very unstable (n-alkyl) to exceptionally stable (t-alkyl)types. Kinetics and other data relating to the stabilities of 2 are discussed. Cyclodimerization of 2 gave 1,5-disubstituted-1,5-diazacycloo¨ctane-3,7-diols ( 4 ). An alternative synthesis, which also yielded 4 with unlike substituents, employed diglycidylamines and primary amines. Conformational factors in these novel ring closures are discussed. Condensations of diglycidylamines with sulfide ion gave substituted 1-aza-5-thiacycloo¨ctane-3,7-diols ( 5 ).
Guidelines for Collaborative Supply Chain System Design and Operation

Over the past decade, firms have adopted supply chain management as a critical element of their corporate strategies. Despite these efforts, it is our observation that many firms do not realize the anticipated benefits of constructing collaborative operating relationships with supply chain partners. Our purpose in this paper is to establish a set of guiding principles for the effective design and execution of supply chain systems. These principles suggest why, what, and how collaborative relationships should be constructed. While constructing and operating a competitive supply chain is the primary objective of supply chain management, we have observed several impediments to achieving this goal. First, demand uncertainty is so substantial in most supply chain environments that if it is not adequately addressed, it can severely degrade the anticipated performance of the supply chain as measured in terms of unit cost, speed, quality, and responsiveness to changing conditions. Second, supply chains with poor physical characteristics that operate with long and variable response times cannot take full advantage of collaborative relationships due to their inability to respond to changes in the environment. Third, firms with poor information infrastructures lack the capabilities necessary to acquire, store, manipulate, and transmit data effectively and quickly. Fourth, business processes are often not designed properly, both intra- and inter-organizationally, to adapt to evolving supply chain conditions. Finally, decision support systems and operating policies that guide day-to-day operating decisions may not be adequately designed to contend with supply chain uncertainty. We also suggest that the strategic and tactical modeling paradigms employed in supply chain decision support systems are inadequate in many operational environments because of the manner in which uncertainty is treated. Furthermore, collaborative relationships that focus on reducing the uncertainty in operating environments by employing improved information systems and business processes will result in more efficient allocation of key resources, faster response times to market forces, and more reliable supply chain performances however, these collaborative arrangements by themselves cannot compensate for fundamentally flawed and operationally ineffective manufacturing and distribution environments.
Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology.

Abstract Plasma amino acids were measured in 18 patients with hepatic encephalopathy on a protein-restricted diet of 20 g or less daily. Plasma aminograms tended to group into two distinct patterns depending on the etiology, of the patients' hepatic pathology. Patients with chronic liver disease with superimposed acute insults, i.e., gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, alcoholic hepatitis, had elevated levels of the aromatic amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as methionine, glutamate, and aspartate, whereas levels of the branched chain amino acids, valine, leucine, and isoleucine, were consistently depressed. Those patients with previously normal livers and acute hepatic necrosis, i.e., "fulminant hepatitis," had grossly elevated levels of all amino acids except the branched chain amino acids, which were normal. Elevations of amino acid levels in this patient group tended to correlate with extent of hepatic necrosis and hence had prognostic significance. Additionally, the different patterns seen in these two groups tend to suggest the indicated therapy as well as predict its efficacy.
Evolution of Paternal Investment

REPRODUCTION INVOLVES TRADE-OFFS between mating and parenting (Trivers, 1972; Williams, 1966), and attendant conflicts between males and females and parents and offspring (Hager & Johnstone, 2003; Trivers, 1974). Conflicts arise because the ways in which each sex and each parent distribute limited reproductive resources is not always in the best interest of the other sex or offspring. Still, males and females have overlapping interests, as do parents and offspring, and thus the evolution and proximate expression of reproductive effort reflects a coevolving compromise between the best interest of the two sexes and of parents and offspring. For the majority of species, the evolutionary is males invest more in mating (typically competition for access to reproductive females) than in parenting, and females invest more in parenting than in mating (Andersson, 1994; Darwin, 1871), although there are readily understandable exceptions (Reynolds & Szekely, 1997). Females benefit from male-male competition and the male focus on mating, because their offspring are sired by the most fit males, and successful males benefit because they produce more offspring by competing for access to multiple mates than by investing in parenting. The basic pattern is especially pronounced in mammals, where male parenting is found in less than 5% of species and where females invest heavily in offspring (Clutton-Brock, 1991). The reasons for the large mammalian sex difference are related to the biology of internal gestation and obligatory post-partum suckling, and the associated sex differences in the opportunity and poten-tial benefits of seeking multiple mating partners (Clutton-Brock & Vincent, 1991; Trivers, 1972). Given this, the phenomenon of human paternal investment is extraordinary and the focus of this chapter (see also Draper & Harpending, 1988; Flinn & Low, 1986; Geary, 2000; Geary & Flinn, 2001; Marlowe, 2000). Human paternal investment is considered in terms of the benefits of providing care to children and the costs of investment from the males’ perspective, as well as cost-benefit tradeoffs from the females’ perspective. In the first section, I provide an introduction to these trade-offs in nonhuman species, and discuss them in relation to human paternal investment in the second section. In the third section, I discuss the
Hepatic Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Oxidative Capacity in Riboflavin Deficiency: Effect of Age, Dietary Fat and Starvation in Rats

The effects of riboflavin deficiency on mitochondrial and peroxisomal substrate oxidation were examined in young (treatment begun at weaning) and adult Sprague-Dawley rats that were fed diets low and high in fat. State 3 respiration rates (ADP-stimulated) were used as an estimate of mitochondrial oxidation rates. The oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoylcarnitine, and to a lesser extent, glutamate, pyruvate and succinate, by hepatic mitochondria isolated from the young rats was depressed with riboflavin deficiency. There was no effect of dietary fat level on mitochondrial substrate oxidation. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-A (CPT-A) Vmax was increased with riboflavin deficiency and with increasing dietary fat. Cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation was used to estimate peroxisomal palmitate oxidation. Expressed as total hepatic capacity, peroxisomal palmitate oxidation was depressed with riboflavin deficiency. This effect was the result of the reduced feed intake rather than riboflavin deficiency per se. Increasing dietary fat resulted in increased peroxisomal palmitate oxidation. Starvation of young rats did not change mitochondrial oxidation rates, although riboflavin-deficient starved rats exhibited increased rates of palmitoyl-CoA oxidation as well as increased CPT-A Vmax. In adult rats, after 5 wk of deficiency, only palmitoyl-CoA and palmitoylcarnitine oxidation rates were depressed. Dietary fat level did not interact with riboflavin deficiency. However, CPT-A Vmax was increased with riboflavin deficiency and with increased dietary fat level. Further, depressed hepatic fatty acid oxidation can occur in adult rats as a sequel to the feeding of riboflavin-deficient diets.
Mutational inactivation of the xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene confers predisposition to 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced liver and lung cancer and to spontaneous testicular cancer in Trp53(-/-) mice

Mice that are genetically engineered to mimic the human hereditary cancer-prone DNA repair-defective disease xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) are highly predisposed to UV radiation-induced skin cancer. It is not clear, however, whether XP mice or humans are predisposed to cancers in other tissues associated with exposure to environmental carcinogens. To test the importance of nucleotide excision repair in protection against chemical carcinogenesis in internal organs, we treated XPC mutant (XPC−/−) mice with 2-acetylaminofluorene and NOH-2-acetylaminofluorene. We observed a significantly higher incidence of chemically induced liver and lung tumors in XPC−/− mice compared with normal and heterozygous littermates. In addition, the progression of liver tumors in XPC−/−Trp53+/− mice is accelerated compared with XPC−/−Trp53+/+ animals. Finally, we demonstrate a higher incidence of spontaneous testicular tumors in XPC−/−Trp53−/− double mutant mice compared with XPC+/+Trp53−/− mice.
Walter Pitts and “A Logical Calculus”

Many years after the publication of “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity,” Warren McCulloch gave Walter Pitts credit for contributing his knowledge of modular mathematics to their joint project. In 1941 I presented my notions on the flow of information through ranks of neurons to Rashevsky’s seminar in the Committee on Mathematical Biology of the University of Chicago and met Walter Pitts, who then was about seventeen years old. He was working on a mathematical theory of learning and I was much impressed. He was interested in problems of circularity, how to handle regenerative nervous activity in closed loops....For two years Walter and I worked on these problems whose solution depended upon modular mathematics of which I knew nothing, but Walter did. (McCulloch 1989, pp. 35–36, cf. McCulloch, 1965a, pp. 9–10).
Farnesylcysteine Lyase is Involved in Negative Regulation of Abscisic Acid Signaling in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis FCLY gene encodes a specific farnesylcysteine (FC) lyase, which is responsible for the oxidative metabolism of FC to farnesal and cysteine. In addition, fcly mutants with quantitative decreases in FC lyase activity exhibit an enhanced response to ABA. However, the enzymological properties of the FCLY-encoded enzyme and its precise role in ABA signaling remain unclear. Here, we show that recombinant Arabidopsis FC lyase expressed in insect cells exhibits high selectivity for FC as a substrate and requires FAD and molecular oxygen for activity. Arabidopsis FC lyase is also shown to undergo post-translational N-glycosylation. FC, which is a competitive inhibitor of isoprenylcysteine methyltransferase (ICMT), accumulates in fcly mutants. Moreover, the enhanced response of fcly mutants to ABA is reversed by ICMT overexpression. These observations support the hypothesis that the ABA hypersensitive phenotype of fcly plants is the result of FC accumulation and inhibition of ICMT.