cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the ultrastructure of cortical and retinal terminals in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate and lateral posterior nuclei.

We compared the ultrastructure and synaptic targets of terminals of cortical or retinal origin in the rat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and lateral posterior nucleus (LPN). Following injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into cortical area 17, two types of corticothalamic terminals were labeled by anterograde transport. Type I terminals, found throughout the LGN and LPN, were small, drumstick-shaped terminals that extended from thin axons. At the ultrastructural level in both the LGN and LPN, labeled type I corticothalamic terminals were observed to be small profiles that contained densely packed round vesicles (RS profiles) and contacted small-caliber dendrites. In tissue stained for gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) using postembedding immunocytochemical techniques, most dendrites postsynaptic to type I corticothalamic terminals did not contain GABA (97%). Type II corticothalamic terminals, found only in the LPN, were large terminals that sometimes formed clusters. At the ultrastructural level, type II terminals were large profiles that contained round vesicles (RL profiles) and contacted large-caliber dendrites, most of which did not contain GABA (98%). Retinogeniculate terminals, identified by their distinctive pale mitochondria, were similar to type II corticothalamic terminals except that 26% of their postsynaptic targets were vesicle-containing profiles that contained GABA (F2 profiles). Our results suggest that type I corticothalamic terminals are very similar across nuclei but that the postsynaptic targets of RL profiles vary. Comparison of the responses to retinal inputs in the LGN and to layer V cortical inputs in the LPN may provide a unique opportunity to determine the function of interneurons in the modulation of retinal signals and, in addition, may provide insight into the signals relayed by cortical layer V.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: interim results of a prospective phase II clinical trial.

Purpose The radiobiology of prostate cancer favors a hypofractionated dose regimen. We report results of a prospective Phase II clinical trial of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Forty-one low-risk prostate cancer patients with 6 months' minimum follow-up received 36.25 Gy in five fractions of 7.25 Gy with image-guided SBRT alone using the CyberKnife. The early ( 6 months) urinary and rectal toxicities were assessed using validated quality of life questionnaires (International Prostate Symptom Score, Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite) and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) toxicity criteria. Patterns of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response are analyzed. Results The median follow-up was 33 months. There were no RTOG Grade 4 acute or late rectal/urinary complications. There were 2 patients with RTOG Grade 3 late urinary toxicity and none with RTOG Grade 3 rectal complications. A reduced rate of severe rectal toxicities was observed with every-other-day vs. 5 consecutive days treatment regimen (0% vs. 38%, p = 0.0035). A benign PSA bounce (median, 0.4 ng/mL) was observed in 12 patients (29%) occurring at 18 months (median) after treatment. At last follow-up, no patient has had a PSA failure regardless of biochemical failure definition. Of 32 patients with 12 months minimum follow-up, 25 patients (78%) achieved a PSA nadir ≤0.4 ng/mL. A PSA decline to progressively lower nadirs up to 3 years after treatment was observed. Conclusions The early and late toxicity profile and PSA response for prostate SBRT are highly encouraging. Continued accrual and follow-up will be necessary to confirm durable biochemical control rates and low toxicity profiles.
Change in phase composition of high-alumina refractories

The phase composition was investigated of sinters (1500, 1600 and 1700°C) of clay (kaolin) — technical alumina with a value of the ratio Al2O3∶SiO2 from 0.4 to 2.4. The results obtained enable one to distinguish a region of phase compositions on a mullite — corundum — glass ternary phase diagram which includes the compositions of industrial high-alumina products. The diagram can be used for predictions in a first approximation of the amount of basic component phases of the products, given the chemical composition. The formation of solid solutions of mullite, 3Al2O3·2SiO2 with alumina was established. The mullite composition is determined by the firing temperature, the value of the ratio Al2O3∶SiO2, and the amount of impurities.
Significance of the nitroglycerin-flicker fusion response in normal subjects and patients with cardiovascular disease.

The Krasno-Ivy nitroglycerin-flicker fusion test was carried out in normal persons, and in patients with arterial hypertension and/or coronary disease. A positive test was obtained more often in patients with cardiovascular abnormalities than in normal individuals. In the former group the frequency of negative results and the inconstancy of response to multiple tests indicate the unreliability of this procedure for "the early detection of heart disease tendency." No correlation could be demonstrated between the results of the flicker fusion test, the Master two step or the cold pressor test. The evidence does not support the, alleged clinical usefulness of the nitroglycerin-flicker fusion test.
Endoneurial lipid composition of normal human sural nerve

The endoneurial lipid composition was determined in 7 human sural nerves from subjects without known neurological disease. The nerves were morphologically normal, with myelinated fiber density of 7,710 +/- 1,210/mm2 (mean +/- SD). Endoneurium contained 30.7 +/- 1.5 mg total lipid per 100 mg of dry weight. Cholesterol was the predominant lipid (9.1 +/- 1.0 mg). Cholesterol ester was present only in very small quantities (0.2 +/- 0.1 mg). Cerebroside concentration was 4.5 +/- 0.3 mg, and sulfatide was 1.5 +/- 0.3 mg. The most abundant phospholipid was sphingomyelin (4.3 +/- 0.3 mg), followed by phosphatidylethanolamine (4.1 +/- 0.2 mg), phosphatidylcholine (3.8 +/- 0.2 mg), and phosphatidylinositol-phosphatidylserine (1.7 +/- 0.2 mg). Eighty-one percent of cerebroside nonhydroxy fatty acids were long chain (C20 to C26), and 67% were saturated. Technological advances now permit microchemical lipid analysis of human sural nerve biopsies in cases of neuropathy. When compared with our normative data, such studies may further the understanding of peripheral nerve disorders.
PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF RHOMBIC, CALCITE PSEUDOMORPHS FROM MID-TERTIARY MUDSTONES OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST, U.S.A.

Marine, mid-Tertiary mudstones and siltstones of northwestern Oregon and western Washington contain unusual calcite pseudomorphs that commonly form the nuclei of carbonate concretions. These pseudomorphs typically have the shape of rhombic prisms, with dipyramidal terminations, that are much elongated due to multiple twinning (?). They appear similar to the glendonite pseudomorphs of New South Wales, however, their rhombic (orthorhombic?), prismatic form is at variance with the reported monoclinic form of the glendonite pseudomorphs. Internally, the pseudomorphs consist of granular calcite that takes the form of large ovoid crystals, radial or spherulitic crystals, fibrous but non-radiating crystals, and mosaic crystals of clear spar. The original mineral, believed to be aragonite or one of the hydrated carbonates, probably formed in soft, organic-rich mud, possibly in the burrows of marine organisms. Changes in physico-chemical conditions caused early solution of the original mineral, leaving hollows or molds that quickly filled by precipitation of granular calcite. Judging from the low δC13 values of the pseudomorphs, the carbonate carbon of this granular calcite was supplied from CO2 produced through decay of local masses of organic matter. Concretionary calcite, supplied from a different source as shown by much higher δC13 values, formed around the pseudomorphs. The entire pseudomorphic and concretionary process took place only a short distance below the depositional interface, prior to compaction and lithification of the host mudstone.
The AXS battery and "neurological fingerprints": meeting the challenge of individual differences in human brain/behavior relations.

A new test battery, the Auditory Cross-Section (AXS) Battery, offers a relatively inexpensive, noninvasive means of describing a “neurological fingerprint” for each individual. The battery’s “access to axes” combines physiological and behavioral measures so that a large set of dependent variables can be used to profile an individual and can serve as a context for additional anatomical, behavioral, and physiological data for the same subject. Physiological tests included in the battery described here include (1) otoacoustic emissions (OAEs); (2) the repeated evoked potentials version of the auditory brainstem response (REPs/ABR); and (3) quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Complementary behavioral tests were chosen to assess capabilities related to functional asymmetries, such as phonemic awareness and fine motor control, and/or to demonstrate temporal correlations that link behavioral and neural function. Applications of the AXS battery include (1) documentation of individual differences and similarities in neural organization that are related to specific behaviors, such as learning styles or clinical symptoms; (2) provision of contextual data for neuroimaging studies that aid in interpreting individually specific patterns of activation; and (3) development of a neurotypology of human brain/behavior relations, linking characteristics of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology with features of behavior, and general body health.
The regulation of collagen in fetal skin wounds: mRNA localization and analysis

The deposition of collagen in fetal skin wounds has been shown in several animal models. The authors used a radiolabeled RNA antisense probe, complementary to the mRNA for the alpha-1 chain of human procollagen type I, to assess regulation of this collagen species in fetal and adult rabbit wounds. Dorsal skin wounds were placed on fetal and maternal animals at the beginning of the third trimester, and were harvested 3, 5, and 7 days later. In situ RNA/RNA hybridization was performed on suitable specimens, and morphometric analysis was carried out with a computerized LECO image analyzer. Fetal wounds exhibited an inflow of mesenchymal cells that produced collagen type I at levels higher than the surrounding tissue; this activity was highest on days 3 and 5 after wounding. Adult wounds had increased fibroblast presence by day 7, producing collagen type I at levels higher than those of adjacent unwounded tissue. Morphometric analysis of the signal produced by in situ hybridization and of the number of cells producing the signal in a given field showed that fetal wounds appear to produce collagen type I by an increase in the number of cells in the area of the wound--not by induction of the gene for procollagen type I. In contrast, adult wounds had both fibroblast migration and induction of procollagen type I mRNA synthesis. These findings imply multilevel regulation of collagen production in the adult and posttranslational regulation in the fetus.
A molecular description of brain trauma pathophysiology using microarray technology: an overview.

It has been estimated that 50% of human transcriptome, the collection of mRNA in a cell, is expressed in the brain, making it one of the most complex organs to understand in terms of genomic responses to injury (1). The availability of genome sequences for several organisms coupled with the increasing affordability of microarray technologies makes it feasible to monitor the mRNA levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. In this paper, we provide an overview of findings using both cDNA- and oligonucleotide-based microarray analyses after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Specifically, the utility of this methodology as a means of cataloging the biochemical sequelae of brain trauma and elucidating novel genes or pathways for further study is discussed. Furthermore, we offer future directions for the continued evaluation of microarray results and discuss the usefulness of microarray techniques as a testing format for determining the efficacy of mechanism-based therapies.
Differences in the Way Broadcast, Cable and Public TV Reporters Used Women and Non-White Sources to Cover the 2008 Presidential Race

TV evening news coverage of the 2008 presidential election by broadcast, cable, and public networks was predominately male and Caucasian in terms of reporters and sources. However, according to our content analysis of 888 campaign stories, viewers saw the least amount of source diversity if they watched the evening news on broadcast networks ABC, CBS, and NBC. Cable networks FOX and CNN, and the PBS evening news had more female and non-White sources. This pattern also holds true for reporter use of nonpartisan sources. Findings on the 2008 election for the traditional broadcast networks are not consistent with those for the 2000 and 2004 elections, when female reporters at these networks had more female and nonpartisan sources in their election coverage than did their male colleagues. Reporters at PBS provided the greatest overall source diversity, regardless of their race or gender, compared to what was observed on broadcast and cable networks. Differences in the way reporters used women and non-White so...
Lithic Use‐Wear Evidence for Hunting by Neandertals and Early Modern Humans from the Levantine Mousterian

Microwear analysis of stone tools from Levantine Mousterian sites provides evidence for the use of hafted stone spear points by Neandertals and early modern humans. Differences in the frequency of technologically assisted hunting may account for significant aspects of Levantine Mousterian variability. The ability to make and use hafted stone spear points is probably behaviorally “primitive” and one of many areas in which Neandertals and early modern humans did not differ from each other.
Decomposition of phase D in the lower mantle and the fate of dense hydrous silicates in subducting slabs

AbstractHigh pressure, high temperature quench-type experiments were carried out on serpentine to pressures of 53 GPa andtemperatures between 800–1800oC. X-ray analyses show that recovered phase assemblages varied considerably for thedifferent high pressure and high temperature studies. The dense hydrous magnesium silicate phases decompose sequentiallyas the pressure increases and appear to serve as reservoirs for H 2 O in the mantle, eventually releasing it at the highestpressure. Superhydrous phase B is stable up to pressure equivalent to the boundary between the transition zone and lowermantle. Phase D decomposes at pressures of 44 GPa, equivalent to about 1250 km depth. This may deﬁne the lower depthlimit for the presence of dense hydrous magnesium silicates. Beyond this pressure, only nominally anhydrous phases havebeen recovered in high-pressure experiments. This may indicate a lack of stoichiometric-hydrogen bearing silicate phasesat higher pressure. 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: X-ray diffraction analysis; lower mantle; serpentine; high pressure
Are maternal antiplatelet antibodies a prothrombotic condition leading to miscarriage

Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a condition characterized by thrombocytopenia in the newborn. If severe, the thrombocytopenia can lead to intracranial hemorrhage. FNAIT arises when maternal antibodies specific for platelet antigens, most commonly β3 integrin, cross the placenta and destroy fetal platelets. Surprisingly, few cases of FNAIT are associated with antibodies specific for the platelet antigen GPIbα, which is a common target in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. In this issue of the JCI, Li et al. have identified a potential reason for this — they find that in the majority of pregnant mice, anti-GPIbα antibodies enhance platelet activation and accelerate thrombus formation in the placenta and that this leads to miscarriage.
Alkali metal promoted transfer of dimethylsilylene from dodecamethylcyclohexasilane to silanes and dienes

Abstract Addition of sodium/potassium alloy to THF solutions containing dodecamethylcyclohexasilane and a diene or a silane, affords silacyclopentenes and disilanes, respectively.
Anisotropic surface segregation in AlMg alloys

Abstract A set of embedded-atom method (EAM) potentials for AlMg alloys are developed using the “force matching” method. The potentials are fitted to both experimental data and a massive quantum mechanical database of atomic forces at finite temperatures. Using the potentials, Monte Carlo simulations are performed to study Mg segregation at different low-index surfaces of an Al alloy with 1–10 at% Mg. Surface enrichments of Mg of the order of 80% are found, and the segregation behavior is generally anisotropic. A set of discrete lattice-plane calculations, based on the nearest-neighbor broken-bond model corrected for strain energy, are shown to drastically reduce the anisotropy of surface segregation.
Psychology Reconstructs The Female: 1968–1988:

Recent work on the psychology of gender is pluralistic, stemming from varied specialty areas within psychology, grounded in several intellectual frameworks, and reflecting a spectrum of feminist perspectives. This article is a critical appraisal of diverse approaches to the study of women and gender. It first describes prefeminist or “womanless” psychology, then analyzes four co-existing frameworks that have generated recent research. The four frameworks are: Exceptional Women, in which empirical research focuses on the correlates of high achievement for women, and women's history in the discipline is re-evaluated; Women as Problem (or Anomaly), in which research emphasizes explanations for female “deficiencies” (e.g., fear of success); the Psychology of Gender, in which the focus of inquiry shifts from women to gender, conceived as a principle of social organization that structures relations between women and men; and a (currently relatively undeveloped) Transformation framework that reflexively challeng...
Anaphylactoid reaction to intravenous sodium ferric gluconate complex during pregnancy

We report the first case of a severe anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction to sodium ferric gluconate complex in a pregnant patient. Sodium ferric gluconate complex is felt to be one of the safest forms of iron therapy during pregnancy. This case highlights the need for extreme caution and vigilance in pregnant patients receiving any type of parenteral iron therapy.
Geometry and Spatial Interaction

Abstract This paper explores the relations between regional shape geometry and internal regional geometry affiliated with spatial interaction. Because properties of these two geometries are difficult to measure, various indices are calculated. Using the canonical correlation technique, the study then analyzes the relationship between these two geometries. This yields two interesting findings: (1) that a relationship does exist between the two types of geometry, and (2) that a connectivity matrix depicting geographic configuration can, in part, measure the regional shape involved. The research employs data for the journey to work in 24 selected Canadian urban areas.
Light competition for invasive species control: A model of cover crop–weed competition and implications for Phalaris arundinacea control in sedge meadow wetlands

Since resource competition plays a critical role in many plant invasions, controlling invasive vegetation may require managing the supply of limiting resources. For example, lowering light availability with a cover crop might prevent invasions during community establishment in light-limited restored ecosystems. However, most cover crops evaluated for invasive species control either do not adequately suppress invasives or equally suppress desired species. To improve our ability to predict cover crop effectiveness, we use a theoretical model of plant competition to identify potential mechanisms by which cover crops might favor desired species over invasives. In addition, we consider the model's implications for controlling an invasive forage, Phalarisarundinacea, in restored sedge meadows. The model suggests that cover crops will improve the outcome of competition between desired and invasive species only when (1) desired species have lower minimum light requirements than invasive species and (2) invasive species dominance results from rapid establishment and resource preemption. Cover crops in the model favor desired species over faster-growing invasives because faster-growing invasives are positioned higher in the canopy. Invasive species higher in the canopy shade desired species more than desired species shade invasives. Consequently, by reducing invasive species biomass, cover crops give desired species a competitive advantage. The simple requirements for cover crop success in the model suggest that cover crops may be effective for invasive species control in light-limited restored ecosystems. The available information on P. arundinacea responses to shade suggests, however, that cover crops are unlikely to favor sedge meadow species over P. arundinacea.
Oxidative addition and C–H activation chemistry with a PNP pincer-ligated cobalt complex

The bis(phosphino)pyridine (PNP) cobalt(I) methyl complex, (iPrPNP)CoCH3 is a rich platform for the oxidative addition of non-polar reagents such as H2, the C–H bonds of arenes and terminal alkynes. Rare examples of hexacoordinate cobalt(III) compounds including a trihydride, a bis(acetylide) hydride and a trimethyl complex have been isolated and two examples structurally characterized. These findings demonstrate that when placed in an appropriately strong ligand field, two-electron oxidative addition chemistry is possible with first row transition metals.
Comparative Study of Corrosion-Fatigue in Aircraft Materials

Corrosion-fatigue is one of the damage mechanisms affecting the structural integrity of the aging aircraft. Simple analytical and probabilistic models for predicting pitting corrosion and corrosion-fatigue life in aluminum alloy 2024/T3 used in aircraft structures is presented. The developed model includes the effect of the interaction of cyclic load and the corrosive environment on the fatigue life, and considers all stages of the corrosion-fatigue process. The probabilistic model investigated considers the uncertainties in initial pit size, corrosion pitting current, and material properties due to scatter found in the experimental data. The analytical model shows very good quantitative agreement with the existing experimental data and analytical models over a wide range of parameters. The results predicted that the crack initiation life varies approximately 10-40% as compared to crack propagation life in corrosion-fatigue problems.
Lack of glia-axon transfer of proteins in the normal optic system of goldfish

Abstract An ultrastructural autoradiographic study of the goldfish optic tectum was carried out to determine whether proteins synthesized in glial cells are transferred into adjacent optic axons. Goldfish were injected intracranially over the optic tecta with [3H]leucine and fixed by perfusion 30 min, 4 and 24 h later. All unincorporated precursors were removed by repeated washings with fixatives, and tissue slices from the optic tecta were embedded and processed for electron microscopy autoradiography (EMA). The densities of the silver grains were determined over optic axons and their myelin sheaths. The densities over the axons were lower than those over the myelin sheaths at all time intervals. The density of the intraaxonal grains, in absolute terms as well as relative to that of the myelin, was highest in the 4 h experiment. Analysis of the distribution of the grain densities over the myelin sheath and over concentric axonal compartments was carried out at this time interval to determine whether the grain density over the axon represented intraaxonal [3H]proteins or was only the result of grains ‘scattered’ from [3H]proteins located in the surrounding myelin sheaths. When the experimental distribution of the grain densities over the axon was compared with the theoretical distribution expected over the axon if only the myelin sheaths were labeled, no significant difference was found. This indicates that the silver grains present in the axons were scattered from the adjacent myelin sheath and did not represent intraaxonal radioactivity. It is therefore concluded that in our system there is not a quantitatively significant transfer of proteins between glial cells and adjacent axons.
The validity of the continuum limit in the gravitational N -body problem

This paper attempts to give quantitative as well as qualitative answers to the question of the analogy between smooth potentials and N-body systems. A number of simulations were performed in both integrable and nonintegrable smooth environments and their frozen N-body analogues, and comparisons were made using a number of different tools. The comparisons took place on both statistical and pointwise levels. The results of this study suggest that microscopic chaos associated with discreteness effects is always present in N-body configurations. This chaos is different from the macroscopic chaos which is associated with the bulk potential and persists even for very large N. Although the Lyapunov exponents of orbits evolving in N-body environments do not decrease as N increases, comparisons associated with the statistical properties, as well as with the power spectra of the orbits, affirm the existence of the continuum limit.
Antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer of helper virus-free HSV-1 vectors to rat neocortical neurons that contain either NMDA receptor 2B or 2A subunits

Because of the numerous types of neurons in the brain, and particularly the forebrain, neuron type-specific expression will benefit many potential applications of direct gene transfer. The two most promising approaches for achieving neuron type-specific expression are targeted gene transfer to a specific type of neuron and using a neuron type-specific promoter. We previously developed antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1) vectors by modifying glycoprotein C (gC) to replace the heparin binding domain, which mediates the initial binding of HSV-1 particles to many cell types, with the Staphylococcus A protein ZZ domain, which binds immunoglobulin (Ig) G. We showed that a chimeric gC--ZZ protein is incorporated into vector particles and binds IgG. As a proof-of-principle for antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer, we isolated complexes of these vector particles and an anti-NMDA NR1 subunit antibody, and demonstrated targeted gene transfer to neocortical cells that contain NR1 subunits. However, because most forebrain neurons contain NR1, we obtained only a modest increase in the specificity of gene transfer, and this targeting specificity is of limited utility for physiological experiments. Here, we report efficient antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer to NMDA NR2B- or NR2A-containing cells in rat postrhinal cortex, and a neuron-specific promoter further restricted recombinant expression to neurons. Of note, because NR2A-containing neurons are relatively rare, these results show that antibody-mediated targeted gene transfer with HSV-1 vectors containing neuron type-specific promoters can restrict recombinant expression to specific types of forebrain neurons of physiological significance.
Changing the Subject: Gender and Welfare Regime Studies

This essay takes as its point of departure a central question of social politics: What and how does gender contribute to the analysis of states and social provision? I address the question of why feminist critics have had so little effect on mainstream welfare regime studies. Resistance to feminist claims persists despite the largely unthreatening notions of gender and welfare characteristic of the genre, of which I provide a critical exposition. I then use one of the categories proposed by Julia Adams and Tasleem Padamsee’s reconceptualization of regime to elaborate an example of the limits and possibilities of current practice in gendered welfare regime studies. I explore some of the causes and consequences of the dominance of the working mother (and by extension the conflicts between earning and caring) as the privileged subject of gendered welfare regime studies. I conclude by recommending we change the subject of social politics. Feminists seek ways to research variation, comprehend policy, and theorize social politics, all while placing gender and women’s emancipation at the center of scholarship and action. I focus this essay on how this search plays out in the idiom I call gendered welfare regime studies .I follow in the footsteps of Julia Adams and Tasleem Padamsee, who provide a compelling rereading of selected feminist work on welfare regimes in a recent issue of Social Politics (2001; hereinafter AP see also Mahon 2001).
In vivo optical molecular imaging and analysis in mice using dorsal window chamber models applied to hypoxia, vasculature and fluorescent reporters

Optical techniques for functional imaging in mice have a number of key advantages over other common imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography or computed tomography, including high resolution, low cost and an extensive library of available contrast agents and reporter genes. A major challenge to such work is the limited penetration depth imposed by tissue turbidity. We describe a window chamber technique by which these limitations can be avoided. This facilitates the study of a wide range of processes, with potential endpoints including longitudinal gene expression, vascular remodeling and angiogenesis, and tumor growth and invasion. We further describe several quantitative imaging and analysis techniques for characterizing in vivo fluorescence properties and functional endpoints, including vascular morphology and oxygenation. The procedure takes ∼2 h to complete, plus up to several weeks for tumor growth and treatment procedures.
Using users: When does external knowledge enhance corporate product innovation?

Prior research on corporate innovation highlights the importance of accessing external knowledge from other firms and universities. However, survey evidence indicates that product users are perhaps the most important source of external knowledge. We build on existing theory to identify the conditions under which user knowledge contributes to corporate innovation and when the benefits will be greatest. Using a panel dataset of medical device companies and their collaborative efforts with innovative physicians, we find evidence that inventive collaborations with users enhance corporate product innovation and that the benefits are greatest in new technology areas and in the generation of radical innovations
Costodesis and Contralateral Rib Release in the Management of Progressive Scoliosis

This paper reports on 41 immature patients whose scoliosis was treated by fixation of ribs on the convexity. All had progressive scoliosis, the curve deteriorating at more than 10° p.a., or the rib-vertebra angle difference being greater than 20°. Of the 24 with infantile idiopathic scoliosis examined 5 years after operation, 10 maintained the improvement obtained at operation and in a further 19 the rate of deterioration had been slowed.Factors leading to a favourable outcome included: 1) An initial rib-vertebra angle difference of less than 30°. 2) Success in achieving convex rib fusion. 3) The use of the operation in patients with infantile idiopathic scoliosis. There was a less favourable outcome in congenital and adolescent scoliosis. Spirometric volumes were diminished immediately after operation. Costodesis is therefore contraindi-cated in patients with precarious respiratory function.
Risk propagation of security SLAs in the cloud

For organizations with mission critical systems, moving data or functionality to the cloud introduces a risk of additional exposed vulnerabilities associated with cloud service providers not implementing organizationally selected security controls. When internal system details are abstracted away as part of the cloud architecture, the organization must rely on contractual obligations embedded in service level agreements (SLAs) to assess service offerings for security risk. Whenever an SLA is formed, the level of risk incurred is based on how well the offered service terms meet the organizational security demands. In the cloud, additional SLAs between third party cloud service providers are formed to federate cloud resources, effectively distributing organizational risk among the various providers involved in the negotiated federations or service compositions. At runtime, whenever a cloud or service violates its SLA with respect to security controls or cancels any security offerings, the risk of noncompliance with organizational security policies increases. This paper provides a process to adapt to the propagated changes of service provider security risks within a service composition or federation due to SLA violations. The process is based on a distributed risk-aware renegotiation algorithm that replaces services if they violate SLAs.
The solubilities of thorium and neodymium in liquid lithium-bismuth solutions☆

Abstract The solubility of neodymium in bismuth and the solubilities of thorium and neodymium in several liquid lithium-bismuth alloys have been determined between the solidus temperature of each alloy and about 700 ° C. The solubility of thorium in lithium-bismuth solutions increased regularly as the lithium concentration in solution increased from 0 to about 40 at.%. The apparent heat of solution was 14.8 ± 0.4 kcal / g -at. Th for each lithium-bismuth solution. Similarly, the solubility of neodymium increased regularly as the lithium concentration increased from 0 to 25 at. %, with an apparent heat of solution of 11.7 ± 0.8 kcal / g - at . Nd. However, when the lithium concentration was increased from 25 to 38 at.%, the heat of solution decreased to about 8.6 kcal/g-at. Nd. Activity coefficients for neodymium and thorium in the lithium-bismuth solutions have been estimated from the solubility data.
Molecular Probes for the A2A Adenosine Receptor Based on a Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine Scaffold

Abstract Pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidin-5-amine derivatives such as SCH 442416 display high affinity and selectivity as antagonists for the human A2A adenosine receptor (AR). We extended ether-linked chain substituents at the p-position of the phenyl group using optimized O-alkylation. The conjugates included an ester, carboxylic acid and amines (for amide condensation), an alkyne (for click chemistry), a fluoropropyl group (for 18F incorporation), and fluorophore reporter groups (e.g., BODIPY conjugate 14, Ki 15 nM). The potent and A2AAR-selective N-aminoethylacetamide 7 and N-[2-(2-aminoethyl)-aminoethyl]acetamide 8 congeners were coupled to polyamidoamine (PAMAM) G3.5 dendrimers, and the multivalent conjugates displayed high A2AAR affinity. Theoretical docking of an AlexaFluor conjugate to the receptor X-ray structure highlighted the key interactions between the heterocyclic core and the binding pocket of the A2AAR as well as the distal anchoring of the fluorophore. In conclusion, we have synthesized a family of high affinity functionalized congeners as pharmacological probes for studying the A2AAR.
Organophosphate-Sensitive Cholinergic Receptors

Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are commonly used throughout the world (Marquis, 1986). These pesticides work by inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), allowing acetylcholine to accumulate in central and peripheral synapses and overstimulate postsynaptic cells (Ecobichon, 1991). Recent reports indicate that some of these OP compounds can also bind directly to cholinergic receptors and these direct OP-receptor interactions may participate in the expression of toxicity (Katz and Marquis, 1989; Jett et al., 1991; Chaudhuri et al., 1993; Huff et al., 1994).
The Role of Hyperactive and Aggressive Symptomatology in Predicting Adolescent Outcome Among Hyperactive Children

Reviews the literature, noting that hyperactive adolescents are at risk for a variety of academic, emotional, and societal difficulties, which apparently develop regardless of whether the child was successfully treated with medication. This is true despite the fact that in short-term studies stimulant medication repeatedly has been found to reduce hyperactive symptomatology. The authors believe that the reason for this seeming inconsistency is that neither the nature nor the degree of primary symptomatology (e.g., childhood hyperactivity and inattention) plays a role in predicting adolescent outcome. Thus, research that has concentrated on the effects of (drug) treatment on hyperactivity has little relevance for predicting or explaining adolescent outcome. Instead, those variables often considered as secondary or resultant symptomatology (e.g., aggressivity) have been found to have predictive utility. It is suggested that research effort might be more profitably spent investigating the role of such secondary variables. Language: en
A fully integrated multi-standard power amplifier in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS for IEEE 802.11 a/b/g WLANs

In this paper, a fully integrated multistandard power amplifier in a standard 0.18 mum CMOS technology for IEEE 802.11 a/b/g WLAN applications is presented. Apart from the other power amplifiers for the 802.11 a/b/g standards, this PA adopts a broadband approach to cover both 2.4/5 GHz bands. A new broadband architecture used in this PA employing multiple gain compensation stages and low-Q resonators is also presented. The simulation results show that a three-stage cascode PA using this new architecture delivers 18/24 dB power gain for the 2.4/5 GHz band with a bandwidth larger than 3.5 GHz and an output 1 dB compression point of 14/18 dBm. The peak PAE is estimated to be 10/14% for 2.4/5 GHz band and the saturated power as 15/19 dBm. An experimental prototype PA was fabricated and the initial measurement results are included
Characterization and Localization of Ventricular Arrhythmias Resulting from Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction

Electrocardiograms and electrograms were recorded in 18 dogs anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Using endocardial and epicardial plunge wire electrodes in normal and ischemic or infarcted areas, activation of Purkinje and regular muscle tissue was studied within the first 20-30 minutes and 24 hours after anterior descending coronary artery ligation. The ventricular arrhythmias in the first 20 minutes were abolished during vagally induced atrial arrest, but ventricular automaticity was unchanged from that during the control period. These rate-related arrhythmias were uniformly associated with marked diminution and delay of epicardial activation in the ischemic zone. Slowing of the heart rate caused recovery of the timing, form, and duration of these epicardial potentials with the coincident disappearance of ventricular arrhythmias. The ventricular arrhythmias of the early phase spontaneously subsided with time 20-30 minutes after ligation; concurrently, epicardial activation in the ischemic zone improved. The ventricular arrhythmias noted 24 hours after coronary artery ligation were revealed by vagally induced atrial slowing and suppressed by rapid atrial pacing, indicating the existence of enhanced ventricular automaticity. There was a loss of endocardial muscle activation; Purkinje tissue was depressed but viable in the infarcted zone. The sequence of firing during many of the multifocal ventricular ectopic beats showed that the earliest activation arose from Purkinje tissue in the infarcted zone. However, other ectopic beats appeared to arise from infarcted epicardial muscle.
Uptake and Distribution of Three PCB Congeners and Endosulfan by Developing White Leghorn Chicken Embryos (Gallus domesticus)

The distributions of PCB 105, 156, 189, and endosulfan in incubating, maternally exposed, viable white leghorn chicken eggs (Gallus domesticus) were investigated. Hens were subcutaneously injected every 4 days with a mixture of the above chemicals. One group of five eggs was removed from the incubator at each of 9, 14, and 19 days of incubation; dissected into three compartments (embryo, chorioallantoic membrane, and yolk + albumin); weighed; frozen; and then later analyzed for the dosing chemicals. Through 19 days of development (90% of incubation), greater than 70% of the total chemical mass in the whole egg remained within the yolk + albumin, whereas, depending on the chemical, 17% to 30% was absorbed by the embryo and 0.2% to 9% was transported into the chorioallantoic membrane. As a percentage of total PCB mass within the respective compartment, PCB 105 composition in the embryo and chorioallantoic membrane decreased significantly throughout development while PCB 156 and 189 composition increased significantly throughout development. Though endosulfan composition within any of the compartments was highly variable, it did not change significantly during development. The results of this study indicate that the majority of avian chick exposure to contaminants occurs posthatch as the chick continues to utilize the residual yolk.
Use of ultrasound attenuation and velocity to estimate Young's modulus in trabecular bone

Measurements were made of ultrasound transmission velocity (UTV) and attenuation (BUA) in cores of human trabecular bone. The Young's modulus and apparent density were also determined for each specimen. Analysis of the correlation between the ultrasonic parameters and the mechanical property was conducted. The highest coefficient of determination was found for a linear combination model of UTV and BUA. It is hypothesized that the improvement in the predictive ability of this model in comparison to the univariate models is due to the two ultrasonic parameters measuring different components of the trabecular bone. >
Significance of Methicillin Tolerance in Experimental Staphylococcal Endocarditis

Abstract Methicillin-tolerant staphylococci are organisms that are inhibited by low concentrations of the drug but are resistant to its bactericidal effects. The clinical significance of this in vitro phenomenon is unknown. An experimental model of staphylococcal endocarditis in rabbits was used to determine whether methicillin-tolerant staphylococci are particularly difficult to eradicate from infected heart valves. In vitro sensitivity testing was used to identify a tolerant and a nontolerant strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Rabbits prepared by the insertion of a polyethylene catheter into the left ventricle and injected with a tolerant strain survived significantly longer than those injected with a nontolerant strain. No significant differences were demonstrated in the prevention of endocarditis with a single prophylactic dose of methicillin, or in the treatment of established endocardial infection with multiple doses of methicillin. In this study, methicillin had the same activity against experimental endocarditis caused by a tolerant and a nontolerant strain of S. aureus.
Computer Analysis of Flow Visualization Records Obtained by the Smoke-Wire Technique

A technique utilizing a “smoke-wire” for introducing controlled sheets of smoke streaklines has been developed over the last two years for flow visualization in wind tunnels. The smoke-wire, which is mounted on a portable probe, has been used to generate vertical or horizontal sheets of smoke streaklines in several regions of interest in various flow fields. Recently, smoke-wire visualization records of the flow downstream of cylinders and turbulence generating grids, and in turbulent boundary layers have been studied with the aid of digital image processing. The photographic records were digitized on an optical drum scanner and stored on digital tape for analysis. Extensive software packages have been developed by our group for studies of turbulence and are available for array processing, statistical computation, and two- and three-dimensional plotting of results on drum and CRT media. Typical processing of the photographs includes multiple image averaging, thresholding, edge and texture detection, streakline following and spectral analysis of the intensity distribution. This paper outlines the first stages of a long range program and reports on preliminary results obtained from computer analysis of records of grid turbulence with mesh Reynolds numbers ranging from 1,500 to 4,000, the far and near wakes of circular cylinders for the Reynolds number ranges 50 to 150 and 5,000 to 10,000 and turbulent boundary layer flow with Reynolds numbers based on momentum thickness from 600 to 3,300.
Novel structures by microlayer coextrusion-talc-filled PP, PC/SAN, and HDPE/LLDPE

Numerous examples in the literature illustrate how the coextrusion of film with three or more polymeric layers is economically used to achieve a desirable mix of end-use characteristics. More recently, layer-multiplying devices permit two polymers of widely dissimilar solid-state properties to be combined into unique microlayer and nanolayer structures with hundreds or thousands of alternating layers. If the layers are thin enough, the key properties of the constituents can combine synergistically. The microlayer structure is also an effective research tool. Because the microlayer and nanolayer structures contain large specific interfacial areas, they are ideal for fundamental studies of phenomena such as interdiffusion and adhesion. Three examples of microlayered materials with up to 1024 layers illustrate the versatility of this coextrusion process: talc-filled PP. PC/SAN, and HDPE/ LLDPE.
Mental Health Problems and Alcohol Abuse: Co-occurrence and Gender Differences

A growing body of research has demonstrated that alcohol abuse co-occurs with a broad range of mental health problems. To date, however, there is a scarcity of data concerning the co-occurrence of alcohol abuse and other problems in people who seek mental health outpatient services and, consequently, about gender differences among them. The present study surveyed 376 clients receiving outpatient services at a mental health center. Results demonstrate that women self-reported significantly more psychophysiological distress and family pathology and men reported more community problems and health concerns. Men drank significantly more than women, were more likely to have had a problem with alcohol over the past year, and were more likely to have been treated for substance abuse. For both men and women, the level of alcohol consumption varied directly with the severity of psychophysiological symptoms and community and health problems.
The South as a Developing Area

Wx T HILE THIS SYMPOSIUM on the American South is largely focused on the period 1950-70, economic development (whether national or regional) is a longrun historical process which cannot appropriately be examined without reference to the more distant past. For this reason, the present paper takes 1930 as the historical turning-point between the South's long period of economic lag and the more recent period in which it has closed much of the gap in material well-being between itself and the rest of the nation. We shall therefore begin by examining the relative status of the Southern economy in 1930. We shall then discuss the historical, social,, and political factors which help to account for the South's lag behind the national economy. We shall then turn to a statistical documentation of the substantial spurt in the South's rate of economic development during 1930-60. We shall conclude with a discussion of the job that remains if the South is finally to achieve full economic parity with the other regions of the United States.