cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perturbation method in gas-assisted power-law fluid displacement in a circular tube and a rectangular channel

In this paper the two dimensional flow of a power-law fluid is studied analytically using a singular perturbation method in order to determine the residual liquid film thickness of power-law fluids on the wall of a circular tube or a rectangular channel when displaced by another immiscible fluid. Inner and outer expansions are developed in terms of a small parameter CA1/3 (modified capillary number). A differential equation for the shape of gas bubble is solved numerically in order to determine the inner solution. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to match the inner and outer solutions. This approach indicated that the residual liquid film thickness of non-Newtonian fluids increases with decreasing power-law index.
NSF Graduate Fellowships

Of the 540 college students offered fellowships by the National Science Foundation (NSF) this year for graduate study in 1984–1985 in the natural and social sciences, mathematics, and engineering, 34 plan to pursue graduate studies in the earth, ocean, or space sciences. In addition, of the 60 NSF Minority Graduate Fellowships awarded this year, 2 were offered to students who plan graduate studies in the earth, ocean, and space sciences. Each fellowship, awarded for 3 years of graduate study, provides a stipend of $8,100 per year for full-time graduate study. An annual cost-of-education allowance of $4,900 is provided by NSF in lieu of all tuition and fees to the institution selected by each fellow for graduate study. The fellowships may be used over 5 years to permit students to incorporate teaching or research assistantships into their education during periods in which they are not receiving their fellowship stipends.
Phototherapy increases hemoglobin degradation and bilirubin production in preterm infants.

Objective To compare hemoglobin degradation and bilirubin production before and during phototherapy in preterm infants. Background Hemoglobin is catabolized into globin and heme, which is degraded by microsomal heme oxygenase into equimolar carbon monoxide and biliverdin. Biliverdin is then reduced into bilirubin. CO is excreted exclusively by the lungs; therefore, end-tidal carbon monoxide, corrected for inhaled CO (ETCOc), reflects hemoglobin degradation and total bilirubin production. Method A prospective study design was used, including a study group of 24 preterm infants requiring phototherapy. Infants with hemolytic diseases, sepsis, recent blood transfusion, and infants on mechanical ventilation were excluded. ETCOc was measured in preterm infants before and during phototherapy. Hemoglobin degradation and bilirubin production were calculated by measuring ETCOc. Results The (mean +/- SD) birth weight of 24 preterm neonates was 1975 +/- 613 gm, gestational age was 32.7 +/- 2.3 weeks, hematocrit was 47.5 +/- 6.2 volume%, and peak bilirubin was 13.1 +/- 3.2 mg/dl. First ETCOc measurements were done at 59.6 +/- 22.2 hours of age immediately before starting phototherapy. The second ETCOc measurements were taken at 13.7 +/- 7.9 hours after starting phototherapy. The second measurement of 2.6 +/- 0.6 ppm (mean +/- SD) was significantly higher than the first ETCOc of 2.1 +/- 0.6 ppm (p Conclusion Phototherapy increases hemoglobin degradation and bilirubin production in preterm infants.
Cine film replacement: Digital archival requirements and remaining obstacles

The acceptance of the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) standard and the Compact Disk-Recordable (CD-R) as the interchange medium have been critical developments for laboratories that need to move forward on the cine replacement front, while at the same time retain a means to communicate with other centers. One remaining essential component which has not been satisfactorily addressed is the issue of how digital image data should be archived within an institution. Every laboratory must consider the diverse issues which affect the choice of a digital archiving system. These factors include technical and economic issues, along with the clinical routines prevailing in their laboratory. A complete understanding of the issues will lead to the formulation of multiple options which may prove acceptable and will help to overcome the last obstacle which remains for the complete replacement of cine film in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 44:346–356, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
IRRADIATION EFFECTS OF HT-9 MARTENSITIC STEEL

High-Cr martensitic steel HT-9 is one of the candidate materials for advanced nuclear energy systems. Thanks to its excellent thermal conductivity and irradiation resistance, ferritic/martensitic steels such as HT-9 are considered for in-core applications of advanced nuclear reactors. The harsh neutron irradiation environments at the reactor core region pose a unique challenge for structural and cladding materials. Microstructural and microchemical changes resulting from displacement damage are anticipated for structural materials after prolonged neutron exposure. Consequently, various irradiation effects on the service performance of in-core materials need to be understood. In this work, the fundamentals of radiation damage and irradiation effects of the HT-9 martensitic steel are reviewed. The objective of this paper is to provide a background introduction of displacement damage, microstructural evolution, and subsequent effects on mechanical properties of the HT-9 martensitic steel under neutron irradiations. Mechanical test results of the irradiated HT-9 steel obtained from previous fast reactor and fusion programs are summarized along with the information of irradiated microstructure. This review can serve as a starting point for additional investigations on the in-core applications of ferritic/martensitic steels in advanced nuclear reactors.
Analysis of Environmental Data with Censored Observations

The potential threats to humans and to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems from environmental contamination could depend on the sum of the concentrations of different chemicals. However, direct summation of environmental data is not generally feasible because it is common for some chemical concentrations to be recorded as being below the analytical reporting limit. This creates special problems in the analysis of the data. A new model selection procedure, named forward censored regression, is introduced for selecting an appropriate model for environmental data with censored observations. The procedure is demonstrated using concentrations of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), deethylatrazine (DEA, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), and deisopropylatrazine (DIA, 2-amino-4-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-triazine) in groundwater in the midwestern United States by using the data derived from a previous study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey. More than 80% of the observations...
683: Local anesthesia and pain perception during amniocentesis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial

682 Could routine repeat cesarean delivery at 38 weeks gestation be a cost-effective alternative to 39 weeks: a cost-utility analysis Sherrine Ibrahim, Erika Werner, Sammy Tabbah, Sangini Sheth, Cynthia Shellhaas, Stephen Thung Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Maternal Fetal Medicine, Columbus, OH, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Baltimore, MD OBJECTIVE: To determine if repeat cesarean delivery (CD) at the recommended 39 wks gestational age (GA) is cost-effective as compared to 38 wks GA. STUDY DESIGN: We developed a decision analysis model comparing the cost-utility of 2 strategies for women with a history of CD who plan on repeat surgery: 1) routine care with repeat CD at 39 wks GA, & 2) repeat CD at 38 wks GA. Assumptions included: 1) unremarkable pregnancy course at 38 wks GA with no immediate need for delivery, 2) modest increased risks of preeclampsia, fetal demise, uterine rupture with 39 wk delivery, 3) reduced risks of neonatal death, respiratory complications, & NICU admissions with 39 wk delivery, 4) proportion of neonates with immediate respiratory complications develop chronic respiratory disease. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Univariate sensitivity analysis & Monte Carlo simulations were performed. A costeffective strategy was defined as an ICER of $50,000/QALY gained. RESULTS: Our model demonstrates that for every 100,000 women planning repeat CD, routine delivery at 38 wks would cost an additional $19,183,000, improve overall health by 1029 QALYs; & result in an ICER of $18,642/QALY gained. We estimate that 38 wk delivery would prevent 50 perinatal losses but result in 156 additional offspring with chronic lung disease. These results were robust in the sensitivity analysis & only sensitive to the probability of fetal demise between 38 & 39 wks (if 0.02%). Monte Carlo simulation found that delivery at 38 wks was cost saving in 20% of simulations & cost-effective in 80% of simulations. CONCLUSION: Our findings support that elective repeat cesarean delivery at 38 wks GA may be cost-effective option when compared to 39 wks when including a variety of adverse outcomes that may develop between 38 & 39 wks.
Sources of CO2 evasion from two subtropical rivers in North America

We directly measured the partial pressure of dissolved CO2 (pCO2) in two humid subtropical rivers in coastal Texas, one highly urbanized (Buffalo Bayou) and one relatively undeveloped (Spring Creek), and analyzed carbon isotopic signatures (Δ14C and δ13C) of riverine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to determine carbon sources sustaining river respiration. Both rivers were highly supersaturated with CO2 at all study sites and on all dates sampled from June 2007 to February 2009. Mean riverine pCO2 values are 3,052 ± 1,364 and 4,702 ± 1,980 μatm for Buffalo Bayou and Spring Creek, respectively. Calculated CO2 emission fluxes per ha of water surface area from these rivers are intermediate between those in tropical and temperate rivers, indicating that globally, humid subtropical rivers may be a significant source of atmospheric CO2. Carbon isotopic signatures revealed that CO2 supersaturation is supported by different carbon sources for the two rivers. In the relatively undeveloped river (Spring Creek), young terrestrial organic matter (OM) is the predominant C source fueling river heterotrophic respiration. In the highly urbanized river (Buffalo Bayou), the high concentration of riverine CO2 is additionally supported by dissolution of CaCO3 likely from pedogenic carbonate, and crushed limestone/dolomite and oyster shells imbedded in old roads in the watershed. Because urban sources of acidity can include HNO3 and H2SO4, whether the limestone/dolomite and shells used by humans act as a net sink or source of atmospheric CO2 needs further study.
Sequencing of the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 3' untranslated region (UTR): conservation of five hypoxia-inducible RNA-protein binding sites.

Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor whose mRNA expression is induced by hypoxia. This induction is due in large part to an increase in the stability of its mRNA. The RNA sequences and cognate proteins responsible for this increased stability with hypoxia are not well understood. In order to identify regions of functional importance in the 3′UTR of VEGF mRNA, we have sequenced the human VEGF 3′UTR and compared it to the rat sequence. Overall sequence homology was 82% with complete conservation of all four potential polyadenylation signals and both nonameric instability elements. Five hypoxia-inducible RNA protein-binding (HI-RPB) sites were identified by RNA electromobility shift assay (EMSA) in the human and rat genes. EMSA and competition studies suggest that these sites bind a similar or related protein complex. On average, the five sites were 95% conserved at the nucleotide level between the rat and corresponding human sequence. This conservation taken together with several previously described, independent correlations between the presence of these RNA-protein complexes and an increase in VEGF mRNA stability suggest an important functional role for these sites in mediating hypoxia-inducible VEGF mRNA stability.
Linear Trend with Fractionally Integrated Errors

We consider the estimation of linear trend for a time series in the presence of additive long-memory noise with memory parameter d∈[0, 1.5). Although no parametric model is assumed for the noise, our assumptions include as special cases the random walk with drift as well as linear trend with stationary invertible autoregressive moving-average errors. Moreover, our assumptions include a wide variety of trend-stationary and difference-stationary situations. We consider three different trend estimators: the ordinary least squares estimator based on the original series, the sample mean of the first differences and a class of weighted (tapered) means of the first differences. We present expressions for the asymptotic variances of these estimators in the form of one-dimensional integrals. We also establish the asymptotic normality of the tapered means for d∈[0, 1.5) −{0.5} and of the ordinary least squares estimator for d∈ (0.5, 1.5). We point out connections with existing theory and present applications of the methodology.
The First Month Out: Post-Incarceration Experiences in New York City

This article is excerpted from Marta Nelson, Perry Deess, and Charlotte Allen9s longer article of the same name published by the Vera Institute of Justice in 1999. The report is an account, issue by issue, of what the authors learned from participants about life in the first thirty days after getting out of prison or jail. Those first days and weeks appear to be critical, with arrest rates for released prisoners highest soon after release and declining over time. The study showed that the first month is not only a period of difficulties but also a period of opportunities to get people started on the path to employment, abstinence from drugs, good family relations, and crime-free living.
Enumeration operators and modular logic programming

Abstract An operational and a minimal model semantics for logic programming modules is introduced. It is shown that this semantics corresponds to the recursion theoretic notion of enumeration operator. Basic operations on modules, such as composition and recursion, are discussed. The adequacy of these operations is established by showing that all logic programming can be done, in principle, by combining certain elementary modules using these basic operations.
Insulin inhibition of proteasome activity in intact cells

Cellular homeostasis requires regulation of protein turnover. Protein degradation is an essential component of this process and is inhibited by insulin. The importance of cytosolic proteolysis in overall cellular protein degradation is increasingly apparent and an insulin effect on this system has been suggested but not proven. The present study shows that a membrane permeable substrate of the proteasome is degraded in HepG2 cells and that insulin inhibits its degradation both by isolated proteasomes and by intact cells. Inhibitors of the proteasome suppress degradation, and in the presence of these inhibitors insulin has no further effect. This is the first demonstration that insulin inhibition of cellular protein degradation is due to an effect on proteasomes.
Alkali metal ion extraction using lariat ethers possessing a chromogenic group

Abstract Chromogenic lariat ethers have been prepared which show improved extraction of alkali metals compared to their benzo analogues.
Detection of N-Nitrosodimethylamine by Gas Chromatography-Methane Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Single Ion Monitoring

Abstract N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has been detected at below 50 ppb (50 pg injected) in aqueous solutions by gas chromatography-methane chemical ionization mass spectrometry with single ion monitoring. At lower levels, detection of NDMA is not possible probably because of its irreversible adsorption on the column and interface lines.
A phase II trial of pyrazoloacridine (PZA) in squamous carcinoma of the cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group Study

Purpose: The Gynecologic Oncology Groupperformed a Phase II study to determine the response rate ofPyrazoloacridine (PZA) in patients with advanced, persistentor recurrent squamous carcinoma of the cervix.Methods: PZA was administered at a dose of 750mg/m2 intravenously over three hours every threeweeks. Results: Among 21 evaluable patients, therewere no complete and one (4.2%) partial response. Themajor toxicities were hematologic. Conclusion: PZA atthe dose and schedule employed has insignificant activity inthis population.
Total Knee Replacement with Prenavigation and Custom Cutting Blocks

Total knee arthroplasty using prenavigation and patient-specific instrumentation is becoming increasingly popular. Some studies have demonstrated decreased operative times and improved implant alignment when using these techniques, and several major orthopedic device manufacturers now offer this technology in conjunction with their implant systems. Custom cutting guides are manufactured based on preoperative imaging and require careful surgical planning by the surgeon. This article will discuss our methods of presurgical planning and surgical technique using a commercially available system.
Equilibrium model selection: dTTP induced R1 dimerization.

Background Biochemical equilibria are usually modeled iteratively: given one or a few fitted models, if there is a lack of fit or over fitting, a new model with additional or fewer parameters is then fitted, and the process is repeated. The problem with this approach is that different analysts can propose and select different models and thus extract different binding parameter estimates from the same data. An alternative is to first generate a comprehensive standardized list of plausible models, and to then fit them exhaustively, or semi-exhaustively.
Ripple structures associated with ordered surface defects in dielectrics

Laser-induced ripple structures on material surfaces have been observed by a number of workers for various materials including metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. A model has been proposed [1] which correctly accounts for the spacing and polarization dependence of the ripples, and the association of the ripples with material defects. In this letter, experimental results which unambiguously show the association of these features with defects are presented. Quantitative measurements of laser-induced damage thresholds show a reduction of damage thresholds for surfaces with controlled linear defects aligned orthogonal to the incident laser field (as predicted in [1]).
Determination of an unknown function in parabolic problems with standard and non-standard boundary data

Abstract This paper aims at identifying an unknown function occurring in a boundary condition of a heat-conduction problem from an overspecification of boundary data measured over some time interval. The measured data, however, range over a variety of standard and non-standard boundary types. In fact, the latter-type data include the integral (energy) and convolution boundary conditions. Under certain restrictions on the initial and boundary data, the proposed identification problems are proven to be well-posed in the classical sense.
Periodic billiard trajectories in regular polygons and closed geodesics on regular polyhedra

We consider the relations between the lengths of periodic billiard trajectories in regular triangles, squares, and regular pentagons and those of closed geodesics on the surfaces of regular polyhedra. The cases of regular tetrahedra and octahedra are fully resolved in [3]. The cases of cubes and regular icosahedra are treated below. In the case of regular dodecahedra we can present only preliminary partial results.
Low dark current, back-illuminated charge coupled devices

Dark current for back-illuminated (BI) charge-coupled-device (CCD) imagers at Lincoln Laboratory has historically been higher than for front-illuminated (FI) detectors. This is presumably due to high concentrations of unpassivated dangling bonds at or near the thinned back surface caused by wafer thinning, inadequate passivation and low quality native oxide growth. The high dark current has meant that the CCDs must be substantially cooled to be comparable to FI devices. The dark current comprises three components: frontside surface-state, bulk, and back surface. We have developed a backside passivation process that significantly reduces the dark current of BI CCDs. The BI imagers are passivated using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to grow a thin heavily boron-doped layer, followed by an annealing step in hydrogen. The frontside surface state component can be suppressed using surface inversion, where clock dithering reduces the frontside dark current below the bulk. This work uses surface inversion, clock dithering and comparison between FI and BI imagers as tools to determine the dark current from each of the components. MBE passivated devices, when used with clock dithering, have dark current reduced by a factor of one hundred relative to ion-implant/laser annealed devices, with measured values as low as 10-14 pA/cm2 at 20°C.
Variation in the Dorsal gradient distribution is a source for modified scaling of germ layers in Drosophila

Summary Specification of germ layers along the dorsoventral axis by morphogenetic gradients is an ideal model to study scaling properties of gradients and cell fate changes during evolution. Classical anatomical studies in divergent insects (e.g., flies and grasshoppers) revealed that the neuroectodermal size is conserved and originates similar numbers of neuroblasts of homologous identity [1–3]. In contrast, mesodermal domains vary significantly in closely related Drosophila species [4]. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms of scaling of germ layers across Drosophila species, we quantified the Dorsal (Dl)/NF-κB gradient, the main morphogenetic gradient that initiates separation of the mesoderm, neuroectoderm, and ectoderm [5–7]. We discovered a variable range of Toll activation across species and found that Dl activates mesodermal genes at the same threshold levels in melanogaster sibling species. We also show that the Dl gradient distribution can be modulated by nuclear size and packing densities. We propose that variation in mesodermal size occurs at a fast evolutionary rate and is an important mechanism to define the ventral boundary of the neuroectoderm.
Observations Concerning Patients With Suspected Impending Macular Holes

Between September 1987 and April 1989, 18 patients (21 eyes) with suspected impending Stage 1 macular holes were referred to the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute. Only one patient had a Stage 1 hole. The others had an aborted stage of macular hole formation (eight eyes), Stage 2 holes (four eyes), a Stage 3 hole (one eye), or other lesions unrelated to hole formation. We believed that most of the apparently incorrect referring diagnoses were the product of incorrect interpretation of the biomicroscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings, and were not caused by changes occurring before our examination.
Tetracyanoethylene oxide- functionalized graphene and graphite characterized by Raman and Auger spectroscopy.

The tetracyanoethylene oxide (TCNEO) functionalization of chemical vapor deposition grown large area graphene and graphite was performed using reaction of TCNEO with carbon surface in chlorobenzene. The successful functionalization has been confirmed by Raman and Auger spectroscopy, and by numerical modeling of the structure and vibrational modes of TCNEO-functionalized graphene. Raman spectra of TCNEO-functionalized graphene and graphite show several groups of lines corresponding to vibrations of attached carbonyl ylide. Lastly, one of key signatures of TCNEO attachment is the high intensity Raman band at ~1450 cm₋1, which represents the C-C=C in plane vibrations in functionalization-distorted graphene. We find Raman spectra indicate the existence of central (pristine) attachment of TCNEO to graphene surface.
Thyroid metabolism in two south american teiid lizards, Ameiva ameiva and Ameiva bifrontata

Abstract 1. 1. Thyroidal uptake of 125 I injected as [ 125 I]-thyroxine and 125 NaI was monitored in the lizards Ameivu ameiva and A. bifrontata kept in thermal gradients. 2. 2. Uptake curves of thyroidal accumulation of radioactive iodine by A. ameiva reached maxima of 8.5–14.0% of the injected dose in 17–24 days. Tests with small samples of A. bifrontata provide similar results; a maximum of 21.0% was reached in 21 days. 3. 3. Uptake of radioiodide in the two species of Ameiva is quite slow relative to literature values for other reptiles.
Dynamic mechanical compression of devitalized articular cartilage does not activate latent TGF-β

A growing body of research has highlighted the role that mechanical forces play in the activation of latent TGF-β in biological tissues. In synovial joints, it has recently been demonstrated that the mechanical shearing of synovial fluid, induced during joint motion, rapidly activates a large fraction of its soluble latent TGF-β content. Based on this observation, the primary hypothesis of the current study is that the mechanical deformation of articular cartilage, induced by dynamic joint motion, can similarly activate the large stores of latent TGF-β bound to the tissue extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, devitalized deep zone articular cartilage cylindrical explants (n=84) were subjected to continuous dynamic mechanical loading (low strain: ±2% or high strain: ±7.5% at 0.5Hz) for up to 15h or maintained unloaded. TGF-β activation was measured in these samples over time while accounting for the active TGF-β that remains bound to the cartilage ECM. Results indicate that TGF-β1 is present in cartilage at high levels (68.5±20.6ng/mL) and resides predominantly in the latent form (>98% of total). Under dynamic loading, active TGF-β1 levels did not statistically increase from the initial value nor the corresponding unloaded control values for any test, indicating that physiologic dynamic compression of cartilage is unable to directly activate ECM-bound latent TGF-β via purely mechanical pathways and leading us to reject the hypothesis of this study. These results suggest that deep zone articular chondrocytes must alternatively obtain access to active TGF-β through chemical-mediated activation and further suggest that mechanical deformation is unlikely to directly activate the ECM-bound latent TGF-β of various other tissues, such as muscle, ligament, and tendon.
Simultaneous Turbine Speed Regulation and Fuel Cell Airflow Tracking of a SOFC/GT Hybrid Plant With the Use of Airflow Bypass Valves

This paper studies a novel control methodology aimed at regulating and tracking turbo machinery synchronous speed and fuel cell mass flow rate of a SOFC/GT hardware simulation facility with the sole use of airflow bypass valves. The hybrid facility under consideration consists of a 120kW auxiliary power unit gas turbine coupled to a 300kW SOFC hardware simulator. The hybrid simulator allows testing of a wide variety of fuel cell models under a Hardware-in-the-Loop configuration. Small changes in fuel cell cathode airflow have shown to have a large impact on system performance. Without simultaneous control of turbine speed via load or auxiliary fuel, fuel cell airflow tracking requires an alternate actuator methodology. The use of bypass valves to control mass flow rate and decouple turbine speed allows for a greater flexibility and feasibility of implementation at the larger scale, where synchronous speeds are required. This work utilizes empirically derived Transfer Functions (TF) as the system model and applies a Fuzzy Logic (FL) control algorithm that can be easily incorporated to nonlinear models of direct fired recuperated hybrid plants having similar configurations. This methodology is tested on a SIMULINK/MATLAB platform for various perturbations of turbine load and fuel cell heat exhaust.
The Child's Control of his Kindred in View of Geographical Mobility and its Effects

In the effort to discover what, if any, effect the dispersion of children's near relatives had on their conception of the composition of their family, we set ninety-eight boys and girls between the ages of five and thirteen the task of naming and identifying their parents' siblings and their spouses and then looked at the accuracy of these answers in terms of present location of these persons. Speaking generally, it is apparently clear that geographic distance improves only the likelihood of the older child's remembering his aunts and uncles, and may have an inverse effect on the younger boys especially. These boys are the most "childish," in their answers; that is to say, the most often wrong. The younger girls present a pattern of responses more like the older boys than like the older girls, whose answers are nearly perfectly adult.
Laboratory Evaluation of Two Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors, Hexaflumuron and Diflubenzuron, as Bait Toxicants Against Formosan and Eastern Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Two chitin synthesis inhibitors, hexaflumuron and diflubenzuron, were evaluated in a laboratory choice test for their potential as bait toxicants against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Concentrations of hexaflumuron that elicited feeding deterrence were >125 ppm for C. formosanus and >62.5 ppm for R. flavipes , whereas concentrations required to cause >90% mortality at 9 wk were > 15.6 ppm and >2 ppm for C. formosanus and R. flavipes , respectively. Diflubenzuron deterred feeding of C. formosanus at such low concentrations (>2 ppm) that the highest recorded mortality was only 50% and is not likely to be effective in a bait against this termite species. More than 80% of R. flavipes workers died after feeding on diflubenzuron at >7.8 ppm, whereas feeding deterrence was recorded at >31.3 ppm. We conclude that hexaflumuron is superior to diflubenzuron as a bait toxicant because it is effective over a concentration range of 15.6-62.5 ppm. This concentration range is lethal and nondeterrent for both C. formosanus and R. flavipes . Diflubenzuron is efficacious against R. flavipes over a fairly narrow range of concentrations (7.8-31.3 ppm) and does not appear to be useful as a bait toxicant against C. formosanus .
Testing for tumor promoters in Euphorbia lathyris: analysis of possible health hazards.

A sensitive test system for the detection of unknown tumor promoters is reported. A description is given of the use of the system in detecting promoter activity in Euphorbia lathyris extracts before and after treatment with organic solvents in the preparation of synthetic fuels. Using both normal and ts-virus infected cells, tumor promoter-like activities were detected and identified as ingenol esters in the active fraction of the latex of E. lathyris. These activities were shown to be inactive after extraction of potential sources of fuel. Results indicate that there should be no toxicological dangers after mechanical harvesting and drying. This finding has much potential significance, both for the further processing of E. lathyris and for other possible sources of energy. (JMT)
Digit Naming Speed Performance among Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

This study compared the Digit Naming Speed Test (DNS) performance of 20 children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) to 20 carefully matched peers without ADHD. Matching variables included age, grade, gender, and word reading ability. Sample construction included procedures that allowed for the identification and removal from the sample those children with reading disabilities (RD) and those children with ADHD who had predominantly hyperactive symptoms. Despite similar word identification and word attack test scores, contrary to previous research, and contrary to the researchers’ expectations, children with ADHD were significantly slower at naming numbers than were children without ADHD. Explanations for these findings, theoretical and practical implications, and limitations and future study are discussed.
Sp1 Cooperates with the ets Transcription Factor, GABP, to Activate the CD18 (β2 Leukocyte Integrin) Promoter

CD18, the β chain of the leukocyte integrins, plays a crucial role in immune and inflammatory responses. CD18 is expressed exclusively by leukocytes, and it is transcriptionally regulated during the differentiation of myeloid cells. Theets factors, PU.1 and GABP, bind to three etssites in the CD18 promoter, which are essential for high level myeloid expression of CD18. We now identify two binding sites for the transcription factor, Sp1, that flank these ets sites. Sp1 is the only factor from myeloid cells that binds to these sites in a sequence-specific manner. Mutagenesis of these sites abrogates Sp1 binding and significantly reduces the activity of the transfected CD18 promoter in myeloid cells. Transfection of Sp1 intoDrosophila Schneider cells, which otherwise lack Sp1, activates the CD18 promoter dramatically. GABP also activates the CD18 promoter in Schneider cells. Co-transfection of Sp1 and GABP activates CD18 more than the sum of their individual effects, indicating that these factors cooperate to transcriptionally activate myeloid expression of CD18. These studies support a model of high level, lineage-restricted gene expression mediated by cooperative interactions between widely expressed transcription factors.
Mesh-based motion estimation and compensation in the wavelet domain using a redundant transform

A technique is presented that incorporates an irregular triangle mesh into wavelet-domain motion-estimation and motion-compensation using a shift-invariant redundant wavelet transform. Triangle vertices are identified by a simple correlation operator locating image edges in the wavelet subbands, while motion compensation takes place through an affine transformation mapping triangles from one frame to the next. The motion-compensated residual is downsampled to a non-redundant form which is then coded using any wavelet-based still-image coder. Experimental results indicate that the combined approach outperforms either technique applied separately,, in addition, the proposed method outperforms a variety of motion-estimation and motion-compensation approaches operating in both the spatial and wavelet domains.
The Numerical Simulation of Nonsupercell Tornadogenesis. Part III: Parameter Tests Investigating the Role of CAPE, Vortex Sheet Strength, and Boundary Layer Vertical Shear

Abstract Nonsupercell tornadogenesis has been investigated in a three-part numerical study. Building on the results of Parts I and II, Part III addresses the sensitivity of nonsupercell tornadogenesis to variations in convective available potential energy (CAPE), outflow boundary vortex sheet strength, and boundary layer vertical shear. A three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, quasi-compressible convective cloud model has been employed to examine nonsupercell tornado (NST) development in an environment typical of the Colorado high plains. A strong relationship was shown to exist between the magnitude of the environmental CAPE and the structure and intensity of the misocyclones and nonsupercell tornadoes that developed. As CAPE was increased from 0 to 1700 J kg−1, the simulated vortices markedly contracted and intensified. Multiple CAPE thresholds were identified that yielded markedly different vortex intensity. The highest CAPE runs produced NST families with peak ground-relative surface winds of ∼47 m s−1. V...
Mining Cytochrome b561 proteins from plant genomes

Cytochrome b561 (Cyt-b561) proteins are important for plant growth, development, and prevention of damage to plants. Because of their high sequence divergence, thorough mining of Cyt-b561 proteins from plant genomes are not easy. Currently there is only one Cyt-b561 gene found in the maize and none in the soybean genome. However, 22 have been identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. We tested alignment-free protein classifiers based on partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machines to identify Cyt-b561. These classifiers performed better than profile hidden Markov models and PSI-BLAST. Using these classifiers we identified new Cyt-b561-related proteins from four plant genomes.
Bayesian blind equalization for coded waveforms

The authors present a novel blind equalization algorithm for coded waveforms received in the presence of intersymbol interference (ISI). The algorithm is an approximation to the optimum maximum a posteriori (MAP), symbol-by-symbol detector for a priori unknown channels, and consists of a bank of Kalman filter channel estimators, each conditioned on a subsequence of code symbols. For convolutional codes, a separate channel estimate is computed for every effective state in the convolution of the encoder and channel. It is shown that the MAP decoding metrics can be computed using the Kalman filter innovations, which are combined in a suboptimum Bayesian formula. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using simulations and comparisons of channel estimation error. >
A Gain-of-Function Mutation in IAA28 Suppresses Lateral Root Development

The phytohormone auxin is important in many aspects of plant development. We have isolated an auxin-resistant Arabidopsis mutant, iaa28-1, that is severely defective in lateral root formation and that has diminished adult size and decreased apical dominance. The iaa28-1 mutant is resistant to inhibition of root elongation by auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene, but it responds normally to other phytohormones. We identified the gene defective in the iaa28-1 mutant by using a map-based positional approach and found it to encode a previously uncharacterized member of the Aux/IAA gene family. IAA28 is preferentially expressed in roots and inflorescence stems, and in contrast to other Aux/IAA genes, IAA28 transcription is not induced by exogenous auxin. Studies of the gain-of-function iaa28-1 mutant suggest that IAA28 normally represses transcription, perhaps of genes that promote lateral root initiation in response to auxin signals.
Conceptualizations of God by Lutheran laypeople

God concept researchers have used quantitative methodology exclusively. The Likert Scale combined with the Adjective Rating of God Scale is the most common measurement used in God concept research. The Adjective Rating of God Scale (Gorsuch, 1968) measures conceptualizations of God through a list of adjectives describing God. Combined with the Likert scale, researchers have measured relationships between adjectives, sex, and religious denomination. Although research that has employed these methods has yielded intriguing information, it has not been able to fully explore the area of God concept research. It is argued this scheme ignores three important topics in God concept research. First, the fact that Christians believe in the Trinity. Second, how the God concepts are formed, and finally, how people know God. After providing a brief summary of the primary survey instruments used followed by a brief account of the historical and contemporary studies associated with God concept research, this paper will discuss four familiar God concepts: (1) God is Loving and Nurturing, (2) God is Distant, (3) God is a Friend and Companion, and (4) God is Controlling and Judging. These are followed by two unfamiliar concepts: (1) God has physical human attributes (2) and God is ultimately unknowable. Three sources of how people know God are discussed: (1) the Bible as a source, (2) personal experience, and (3) through others. Finally, findings are presented indicating the Trinity allows for a
“A Matter of Vocabulary”: Performances of Low-Income African American Head Start Children on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—III

Forty-nine 3- to 5-year-old African American children enrolled in Head Start were assessed using the third edition of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Dunn & Dunn, 1997). Their mean score (86.84, SD = 10.96) was significantly lower than the mean for the normative sample, despite the fact that the test's normative sample included minority children. An item analysis revealed that few items were systematically missed by most children. Instead, performance seemed reflective of socioeconomic and/or ethnic patterns of vocabulary usage. Educational and clinical implications are discussed.
Treating the cystine stone former presents a singular clinical challenge.

Cystinuria represents a relatively rare hereditary condition leading to impairment of the renal proximal tubule’s dibasic amino acid transporter. The only manifestation of this disease is calculi formation. Unlike other nephrolithiasis disease processes, cystine stone formation is due directly to supersaturation of an insoluble solute precipitating out of the urinary milieu. The genes responsible for this are SLC3A1 and SLC7A9 which encode for the protein heterodimer that is responsible for reabsorption of filtered dibasic amino acids.
Effects of substrate supply, pH, and char on net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification along a wildfire-structured age gradient in chaparral

Abstract Mediterranean-type ecosystems are structured by fire. In California chaparral, fires uncouple inorganic nitrogen (N) production and consumption by enhancing nitrification and reducing plant uptake. Nitrate (NO3−) that accumulates after fire is vulnerable to leaching. However, the controls over N metabolism can change as chaparral ecosystems recover from fire, and these mechanisms are not well understood. To evaluate how ammonium (NH4+) availability, pH, and char influence N cycling, we measured inorganic N concentration and microbial biomass in chaparral soils that burned 1.5, 4, 23, and 49 years prior to sampling. We then experimentally adjusted NH4+ concentration, pH, and char content for all soils in a factorial design, and incubated them for 8 weeks. Each week, we measured respiration, exchangeable NH4+ and NO3− content, nitrification potential, microbial biomass, and pH. Within each watershed, NO3− was higher in soils collected from recently burned sites, than in soils from neighboring mature sites. Also, NO3− concentrations increased over the course of incubation in soils from all sites, especially with the addition of NH4+. When NH4+ was sufficiently high, pH determined the relative proportion of inorganic N that was nitrified. Char did not have a strong impact on N cycling, but in soils from 23- and 49-year-old sites, char treatments reduced the decline of microbial biomass C and N relative to control and fertilized treatments, perhaps by supplying C to soil microbes. These findings suggest that under some circumstances char may decelerate N cycling if it promotes immobilization and limits NH4+ supply to nitrifiers.
Red edge spectral measurements from sugar maple leaves

Many sugar maple stands in the northeastern United States experienced extensive insect damage during the 1988 growing season. Chlorophyll data and high spectral resolution spectrometer laboratory reflectance data were acquired for multiple collections of single detached sugar maple leaves variously affected by the insect over the 1988 growing season. Reflectance data indicated consistent and diagnostic differences in the red edge portion (680-750 nm) of the spectrum among the various samples and populations of leaves. These included differences in the red edge inflection point (REIP), a ratio of reflectance at 740-720 nm (RE3/RE2), and a ratio of first derivative values at 715-705 nm (D715/D705). All three red edge parameters were highly correlated with variation in total chlorophyll content. Other spectral measures, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Simple Vegetation Index Ratio (VI), also varied among populations and over the growing season, but did not correlate well with total chlorophyll content. Leaf stacking studies on light and dark backgrounds indicated REIP, RE3/RE2 and D715/D705 to be much less influenced by differences in green leaf biomass and background condition than either NDVI or VI.
On The Performance of Turing's Formula: A Simulation Study

ABSTRACTTuring's formula is an amazing result that allows one to estimate the probability of observing something that has not been observed before. After a brief review of the literature, we perform a simulation study to better understand how well this formula works in a variety of situations. We also compare the performance of Turing's formula with several modifications that have appeared in the literature. We find that these modifications tend to outperform Turing's formula, but usually not by very much. We further find that Turing's formula and its modifications tend to work better for heavy-tailed distributions than for light-tailed ones.
Tether Length Control of Topology in Cadmium 4-Methylphthalate Two-Dimensional Coordination Polymers: An Acentric Buckled Grid and a Rare Self-Catenated Layer

Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded a pair of dual-ligand divalent cadmium 4-methylphthalate (mph) two-dimensional (2-D) coordination polymers, wherein the length of the dipyridyl co-ligand plays a...
Assessment of risk of late rectal bleeding for patients with prostate cancer started on anticoagulation before or after radiation treatment.

AIM To evaluate the risk of late rectal bleeding and its association with the timing and type of anticoagulation use in patients receiving dose-escalated radiation therapy (RT) (≥ 7,560 cGy) for prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between 2003-2010, 465 patients were treated at our Institution with dose-escalated RT and included in this analysis. Patients were placed into the following categories: no anticoagulation use, aspirin during RT, clopidogrel/warfarin during RT, aspirin after completion of RT, clopidogrel/warfarin after completion of RT. RESULTS The overall bleeding rate was 7.5%. For those on aspirin during RT, the 4-year freedom from rectal bleeding (FFBS) rate was 91%, compared to 94.7% for patients who were never on anticoagulation (p=0.16). For those on warfarin/clopidogrel during RT the 4-year FFBS rate was 78.2%, compared to 94.7% in those never on anticoagulation (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, use of warfarin/clopidogrel during radiation treatment were strongly associated with an increased risk of rectal bleeding (multivariate HR=4.84, 95% CI=1.84-12.68, p=0.001). However, initiation of anticoagulation after completion of radiation treatment did not significantly increase the risk of rectal bleeding (multivariate HR=0.78, 95% CI=0.21-2.91, p=0.71). CONCLUSION The use of clopidogrel or warfarin during radiation is associated with significantly increased risk of rectal bleeding. However, initiation of these medications after completion of radiation does not appear to impact such risk.