cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Free amino acid levels during lactation in rats: effects of protein quality and protein quantity

Free amino acid levels were determined in serum, mammary gland, liver and muscle during lactation in rats fed diets varying in protein. Using a 3 X 2 factorial design, after conception female rats were fed purified diets varying in protein quality (wheat, wheat + lysine + threonine or casein + methionine) and in protein level (11.6% vs. 22.3%). On d 15 of lactation dams were decapitated; blood was collected, and the serum was quickly frozen. Samples of mammary gland, liver and calf muscle were also removed and quickly frozen. After deproteinization, free amino acids were determined on an LKB 4400 Amino Acid Analyzer. As the protein nutritional value of the diet increased, milk yield increased threefold and the level of free lysine in the mammary gland increased six- to eightfold. With protein quality or quantity improvement, the level of free methionine increased two- to threefold, and no consistent changes were seen in the levels of free threonine, aromatic and branched chain amino acids in mammary glands. Free lysine concentrations in mammary gland, liver and muscle were highly correlated with free lysine in serum (r2 = 0.94, 0.96, 0.93, respectively). Under the conditions of this experiment, a direct relationship between dietary lysine, free lysine in the mammary gland and milk secretion was observed.
A Comparison of Perceptions, Reported Abstinence, and Completion Rates of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Clients in Substance Abuse Treatment

A convenience sample of 120 gay, lesbian, and bisexual (gay/ bisexual) former clients of traditional substance abuse programs (i.e., programs with no specialized groups for the gay/bisexual population) and 107 heterosexual former clients of substance abuse programs, completed questionnaires regarding their perceptions of their treatment, outcomes, and reasons for leaving the programs they had attended in the previous six years. Gay/bisexual respondents reported lower levels of “connection” and “satisfaction with treatment” than did heterosexual participants, and gay/bisexual men reported far lower abstinence levels at the end of treatment and at the current time than did heterosexual men, heterosexual women, and gay/bisexual women. Gay/bisexual men were significantly less likely to have completed treatment and were more likely to have left treatment either because their needs were not being met or because they were discharged (for not meeting goals or breaking rules) than were the heterosexual men. In a q...
A multi-level explicit rate control scheme for ABR traffic with heterogeneous service requirements

The Available-Bit-Rate (ABR) service that is being standardized by the ATM Forum dynamically determines the maximum transmission rate, so-called explicit rate, of a connection. A drawback of the ABR control scheme for calculating the explicit rates is that it tries to allocate the same bandwidth to all ABR connections regardless of the application type of the connection. In this study a multi-level explicit rate scheme is proposed that can allocate different explicit rates for different classes of connections. ABR traffic is controlled at three levels. At the topmost level, bandwidth is dynamically regulated between CBR, VER, and ABR traffic sources. At the next level, bandwidth is controlled between different classes of ABR traffic. At the lowest level bandwidth is distributed among connections belonging to the same ABR traffic class. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated in simulation experiments.
Sonographic diagnosis of myositis ossificans.

We report a case of nontraumatic localized myositis ossificans in which diagnosis was suggested on the basis of sonographic findings prior to the development of ossification
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Reductions in Food Intake Do Not Decrease the Efficiency of Lysine and Threonine Utilization for Protein Accretion in Chickens

Exposure of animals to infectious agents induces immune responses that result in reductions in food consumption and weight gain. The effect of these changes on amino acid requirements and utilization remains unclear. Three assays were conducted with young chicks with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) used to stimulate the immune system. An initial study was conducted to evaluate the effects of LPS on animal performance. In a daily or alternate day injection regimen for 9 d, chicks were given intraperitoneal injections of sterile saline containing 0, 100 or 400 microgram LPS. Administration of 100 or 400 microgram LPS daily, or every other day, decreased both weight gain and food consumption. In two subsequent growth assays, chicks were fed graded levels of lysine or threonine and injected with either 0 or 400 microgram LPS every other day to evaluate the effect of LPS administration on the efficiency of amino acid utilization. At the three lowest amino acid doses, whole-body protein accretion was a linear function of supplemental lysine or threonine intake, and slopes of the accretion curves were not altered by LPS administration. The dietary lysine concentration required to maximize protein accretion was unaffected by LPS, but the absolute lysine intake required to maximize chick performance was lower in LPS-injected chicks than in saline-injected chicks. These results show that LPS administration reduces weight gain, food intake, efficiency of food utilization and the absolute quantity of lysine required to maximize these criteria. However, LPS administration does not affect the efficiency of amino acid utilization, nor does it affect the concentration of dietary lysine required to maximize performance.
Glycohemoglobin measured by automated affinity HPLC correlates with both short-term and long-term antecedent glycemia.

We evaluated glycohemoglobin (GHb) and glycated plasma protein (GPP) by automated affinity HPLC for their ability to monitor both short-term and long-term antecedent glycemia in 70 diabetic subjects. We placed 30 subjects on an intervention protocol in which insulin and (or) dietary changes were made twice weekly to acutely decrease glycemia. We monitored 40 subjects at 6-week intervals; changes in the clinical regimen were made at that time only. Despite weekly changes in mean blood glucose in the subjects who received more intensive intervention. GHb concentrations correlated significantly with the weekly (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), 2-week (r = 0.70, P < 0.001), 3-week (r = 0.72, P < 0.001), and 6-week (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) mean glucose concentrations. GPP correlated significantly with measured glycated albumin determined by boronate affinity columns (r = 0.83, P < .001) and correlated best with the 1-week (r = 0.66, P < 0.001), 2-week (r = 0.64, P < .001) and 3-week (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) mean antecedent glucose concentration. Thus, GHb, traditionally considered a marker for only long-term diabetic control, correlated significantly with both short-term and long-term antecedent glycemia.
Designing a writing intensive course with information literacy and critical thinking learning outcomes

Purpose – The paper aims to describe the process of redesigning the American Cultural Studies 499 course in order to integrate information literacy (IL) and critical thinking outcomes into specific assignments. Since this research and writing proficiency course at Western Washington University have traditionally been taught by a librarian with background in the discipline, the paper also considers the challenges in communication between librarians and discipline instructors about the concepts of IL and critical thinking.Design/methodology/approach – Reviews of the literature on IL across the curriculum and on partnerships between librarians and discipline instructors will be combined with an analysis of the structure of the 499 course and the relevance of various sets of learning outcomes to the course.Findings – With more pressure on higher education to demonstrate the relevance and benefits of educational programs, this paper has the potential of enhancing communication among librarians and discipline i...
Exploring the relation between family involvement and firms' financial performance: A meta-analysis of main and moderator effects

Abstract The present work summarizes the theoretical foundations and empirical findings regarding the relation between family involvement and firm performance. From a theory-based perspective we integrate evolutionary psychology and agency theory and describe how conflicting predictions can be made regarding the relation between family involvement and firm performance. Similarly, we describe how the empirical landscape is equally conflicted. Findings from this meta-analysis summarize the observed effects from multiple studies and provide an estimate of the relation across the entire population. Results illustrated that family involvement did not significantly impact firms' financial performance ( r = .006). Based on these data, there is no relation between family involvement and a firm's financial performance. Furthermore, we examined multiple conceptual and methodologically-based potential moderating influences—none was statistically significant. Overall, these findings provide the foundation for multiple new areas of inquiry as the domain of family business studies evolves. Moving forward, we advise future research in this area to search for additional moderator effects and explore the defining characteristics, other than performance, that make family businesses distinct from non-family businesses.
Gas chromatographic retentions as identification criteria

Abstract On high-resolution wall-coated open tubular glass capillary columns, retention data are realistic criteria for identifying compounds. Two-dimensional plots of Kovats indices measured on two columns of different polarity are particularly useful in this regard. Temperature usually exercises only minor effects on Kovats indices, but because the magnitude and direction vary with the nature of the compound and the liquid phase, temperature shifts may affect the elution order of components of complex mixtures.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Partial Monolayer Ordering of Chain Molecules

We present the results of a molecular dynamics study of a partial monolayer of self-assembled octadecanethiol molecules. The correlations between various statistical measures of surface induced chain ordering are examined. These include the density profile, chain morphology, tilt angle distributions, and gauche defect distributions. Particular attention is focused on the significance of the strength of the alkane chain surface interaction, as well as the role of temperature, on the type and degree of disorder which we observe. Our simulations are in accord with experimental evidence which indicates that the quality, in the sense of reproducibility in the laboratory, of dense films increases as the coupling of the chain molecules with the surface decreases. We believe that our findings have general implications for the establishment of experimental protocols for self-assembled surface films of organic molecules with varying degrees of prescribed disorder.
Gain observations at 204.2 A in Ni-like Nb

Intensity versus length experiments showed some exponentiation in Ni-like Nb at 204 angstroms, at pump energies of 1 to 2 Joules per pulse of 1 (mu) pump radiation. The largest total gain observed in these experiments is about (alpha) L approximately equals 3 as determined by a Linford fit. Streak camera results indicate that emission at 204 angstroms can persist for u to a nanosecond. More recent experiments indicate that the pump pulse width was variable during this campaign, and that the pump energy calibration was imprecise. Ni-like Nb appears to require on the order of 1013 watts/cm2 to drive gain, and we plan to increase our ump intensity to improve total gain.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effects of Healthy Steps on discipline strategies of parents of young children

Abstract The Healthy Steps Initiative is a national demonstration project to provide support for parents of young children through the pediatrician's office. We report data from 432 families who were visited in their homes when the target child was between the ages of 16 and 18 months (Time 1), and 34 and 37 months (Time 2). Parents reported on their discipline strategies for the month prior to the interview. The program showed significant effects in increasing inductive/authoritative forms of discipline when the target child was a toddler. By the time of the pre-school-age assessment, the effect of Healthy Steps participation on the use of inductive/authoritative discipline strategies was moderated by maternal race/ethnicity. White mothers who participated in Healthy Steps reported higher use of inductive/authoritative discipline strategies than white mothers who were in the control group, whereas black mothers and Hispanic mothers reported lower use of inductive/authoritative discipline than their control group counterparts. We also found that treatment effects were moderated by birth order as well as family socioeconomic status. By the time the children were pre-school-age, the effects of Healthy Steps on the use of inductive/authoritative discipline were more dramatic for families living near or below poverty than for families in more secure economic circumstances. For the families with first born children, Healthy Steps participation was associated with lower use of inductive/authoritative discipline at preschool age, with an inverse association seen for families of later born children.
Factors Determining Large-Strain (Fracture) Rheological Properties of Model Processed Cheese

Abstract Torsional fracture was used to map changes in large-strain rheological properties of a model processed cheese that contained 20% protein (rennet casein), 27% anhydrous milk fat, 1.5% NaCl, and 1 to 3% Na 2 HPO 4 . Processing time (10, 20, or 30min), Na 2 HPO 4 (1, 2 or 3%), and pH of the Na 2 HPO 4 -NaCl solution (5.4, 5.6, or 5.8) were adjusted to alter the extent of casein micelle solubilization and heat-induced protein-protein interactions. A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed, and results were analyzed using response surface regression and ridge analysis techniques. Further investigation employed a single factorial design in which Na 2 HPO 4 increased from 1 to 4%. Model processed cheeses had fracture stress, fracture strain, and fracture modulus (fracture stress/fracture strain) values ranging from 25.1 to 79.7 kPa, 0.66 to 1.88 kPa, and 15.2 to 96.0 kPa, respectively. The properties of fracture modulus and fracture strain formed a master curve, independent of the processing variable. Conditions favoring increased protein solubilization and heat-induced protein-protein interactions increase fracture modulus and decreased fracture strain. This finding coincided with an increase in slope ratio (fracture modulus/modulus at 30% of the fracture strain), indicating a change in fracture mechanism from strain weakening to elastic fracture. These results suggested that large-strain (fracture) rheological properties could be used to characterize the effects of processing variables important to processed cheese quality.
Increased gene copy number of VAMP7 disrupts human male urogenital development through altered estrogen action

Despite the fact that genitourinary defects are among the most common birth defects in newborns, little is known about their etiology. Here we analyzed children born with congenital genitourinary tract masculinization disorders by array-comparative genomic hybridization, which revealed in 1.35% of cases the presence of de novo copy number gains at Xq28 encompassing the VAMP7 gene, which encodes a vesicle-trafficking protein that is part of the SNARE complex. Transgenic mice carrying a bacterial artificial chromosome encoding human VAMP7 mimicked the defective urogenital traits observed in boys with masculinization disorders such as cryptorchidism, urethral defects and hypospadias. Transgenic mice also exhibited reduced penile length, focal spermatogenic anomalies, diminished sperm motility and subfertility. VAMP7 colocalized with estrogen receptor α (ESR1) in the presence of its cognate ligand, 17β-estradiol. Elevated levels of VAMP7 markedly intensified ESR1-potentiated transcriptional activity by increasing ESR1 protein cellular content upon ligand stimulation and upregulated the expression of estrogen-responsive genes including ATF3, CYR61 and CTGF, all of which have been implicated in human hypospadias. Hence, increased gene dosage of VAMP7, and thus higher expression levels of its protein product, enhances estrogen receptor action in male genitourinary tissues, affects the virilization of the reproductive tract and results in genitourinary birth defects in humans.
Liquid chromatographic assay of moxidectin in human plasma for application to pharmacokinetic studies.

Abstract A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is presented for the analysis of moxidectin in human plasma. Solid phase extraction using Oasis® HLB cartridges is used for sample preparation. The fluorescent derivative is obtained by a dehydrative reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole. Separation is achieved on a Bondapak C18 reversed-phase column with a mobile phase composed of tetrahydrafuran–acetonitrile–water (40:40:20, v/v/v). Detection is by fluorescence, with excitation at 365 nm and emission at 475 nm. The retention times of moxidectin and internal standard, ivermectin are approximately 10.7 and 18.6 min, respectively. The assay is linear over the concentration range 0.2–1000 ng/ml for moxidectin in human plasma (r=0.9999, weighted by 1/concentration). Recoveries at concentrations 0.2, 400, 1000 ng/ml are 94, 75, and 71%, respectively. The analysis of quality control (QC) samples for moxidectin (0.2, 400, and 1000 ng/ml) demonstrates excellent precision with relative standard deviations of 11.9, 5.7, and 2.7%, respectively (n=6). The method is accurate with all intra- (n=6) and inter-day (n=18) mean concentrations within (5.0%) from nominal at all QC sample concentrations. Moxidectin was found to be stable after three free-thaw cycles, and with storage at −20 and −80 °C for 12 weeks. The method is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of moxidectin after oral administration to humans.
Choice in a self-control paradigm with human subjects: Effects of changeover delay duration ☆

Abstract The present experiment examined the choices of human subjects as a function of changeover delay (COD) duration. A self-control paradigm was used; subjects chose between larger, more delayed and smaller, less delayed reinforcers. The COD durations were 1 s, 15 s, and 30 s. The results indicated that at the 1-s COD, the subjects distributed their responses approximately equally between the two response alternatives. However, at the 15-s and 30-s COD durations, the subjects tended to demonstrate virtually exclusive preference for the larger, more delayed reinforcer. Furthermore, increasing the COD duration significantly increased the subjects' sensitivity to variation in reinforcer delay. Increasing the COD duration also increased the subjects' sensitivity to reinforcer amount, but this effect was not significant. The results are qualitatively consistent with an interpretation that the subjects followed a strategy which attempted to maximize overall amount of reinforcement.
Synthesis, characterization and photochemistry of [Rh2 (diisocyanide)4 Re2 (CO)10] (PF6)2 complexes (diisocyanide 1,3-diisocyanopropane; 2,5-diisocyano-2,5-dimethylhexane; 1,8-diisocyano-p-menthane)

Abstract The syntheses, characterization and photochemistry of a series of tetranuclear complexes of the form [Rh 2 (diisocyanide) 4 Re 2 (CO) 10 ] 2+ (diisocyanide = 1,3-diisocyanopropane (bridge), 2,5-diisocyano-2,5- dimethylhexane (TM4), or 1,8-diisocyano- p - menthane (dimen)) are reported. The syntheses of Rh 2 (dimen) 4 Mn 2 (CO) 10 (PF 6 ) 2 and Rh 2 (bridge) 4 Mn 2 (CO) 10 (BF 4 ) 2 were successful, but the complexes could not be purified. The syntheses of similar tetra- nuclear complexes with [MoCp(CO) 3 ] 2 (Cp  cyclopentadienyl) and [FeCp(CO) 2 ] 2 as the terminal metal groups were not successful. All of the complexes exhibit an intense allowed (ϵ > 50000 M −1 cm −1 ) electronic transition in the visible spectral region attributable to a metal localized transition in the linear tetranuclear core. Shifts in the energy of this transition with changes in the tetranuclear species accord with the predictions of simple Huckel MO theory for a highly delocalized, four orbital, four metal atom system. Photochemical studies of [Rh 2 (TM4) 4 Re 2 (CO) 10 ](PF 6 ) 2 that address three types of potential photochemical reactivity are reported: stability in the absence of substrates, terminal metal group radical exchange and ligand substitution. The complex is inert upon σ → σ* excitation in the absence of substrates and does not exhibit radical exchange of the terminal metal groups. Photochemical ligand substitution occurs in the presence of phosphine ligands, but the complex undergoes primary diisocyanide substitution at Rh rather than CO substitution at Re. These results contrast the photochemical behavior of binuclear species (M 2 (CO) 10 ) that contain a single metalmetal bond.
2,3,4,5,6-Pentanitroaniline 1,2-dichloroethane disolvate: 'push-pull' deformation of aromatic rings by intramolecular charge transfer.

The title compound, C6H2N6O10·2C2H4Cl2, forms layered stacks of penta­nitro­aniline mol­ecules, which possess twofold symmetry. The voids between these stacks are occupied by dichloro­ethane mol­ecules, which reside near a 2/m symmetry element and display pseudo-inversion symmetry. The C atoms in one of the two solvent mol­ecules are threefold disordered. In the penta­nitro­aniline mol­ecule, considerable distortion of the benzenoid ring, coupled with the short C—N(H2) bond and out-of-plane NO2 twistings, point to significant intra­molecular `push–pull' charge transfer at the amino- and nitro-substituted (ortho and para) positions, as theoretically quantified by natural bond orbital analysis of the π-electron density.
Carcinogenesis bioassay data system.

Abstract The Carcinogenesis Bioassay Data System (CBDS) provides for the collection, maintenance, and reporting of bioassay information. CBDS was developed for the Carcinogenesis Area of the Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention of the National Cancer Institute. System design and programming were provided by the Data Management Branch of the Division of Computer Research and Technology at NIH. Bioassay investigators provide input data to CBDS. Background data is collected about the chemicals and chemical preparations, the experimental environment, the animal colonies, and groups. Throughout the experiments, observation data is gathered. A complete pathology report is submitted following the death of each individual animal. This data is essential when evaluating the carcinogenicity of the substances under test. Computer programs edit and maintain the data base and prepare reports. CBDS reports are used by NCI in contract administration and both investigators and NCI use the output to assist in evaluation of the bioassays.
Optimal Semistable Control in Ad Hoc Network Systems: A Sequential Two-Stage Approach

Motivated by various problems such as distributed computation, multiagent coordination, wireless communication, and online search algorithms, a time-varying optimal coordinated information load balancing problem has been solved by means of a sequential, two-stage, optimal semistable control approach. Technically we formulate this information load balancing problem into a linear, time-varying quadratic semistabilization problem with time-dependent iterative algorithms for information load balancing in peer-to-peer networks. To solve this problem, we propose a novel, sequential two-stage design. The first stage is to guarantee the convergence of the optimal policy while the second stage is to derive the explicit recursive formulas for optimal strategies under a finite set of convergence-guaranteed candidate policies.
Light-scattering cross sections of Ca 2 + and the calcium – cation-vacancy complex in KBr

Measurements of a scattering ratio eta/sub T/ as a function of total calcium concentration were used to estimate the scattering cross section sigma of Ca/sup 2+/ and the calcium--cation-vacancy complex as impurities in KBr. As theory predicts, no difference in sigma for these species was detected. The experimental sigma for these species was 5.9 x 10/sup -26/ cm/sup 2/, about an order of magnitude larger than the theoretical value.
Molecular mapping and identification of soybean fatty acid modifier quantitative trait loci

Altering FA content in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil for improved functionality is a research goal of many soybean breeders. Several of the genes that alter palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids are modifier genes with small effects, causing these FA traits to act as quantitative traits. The objective of this study was to identify modifier FA quantitative trait loci (QTL) in soybean. A recombinant inbred line population was created from two prominent ancestors of currently available U.S. cultivars (Essex and Williams) and grown in five environments. One hundred simple sequence repeat markers spaced throughout the genome were mapped in this population. QTL were found for all five FA traits on the soybean linkage groups C2, D2, D1b, F, K, and L. A single marker interval on linkage group L contained the largest QTL for palmitic (r 2=13.1%), oleic (r 2=35.3%), linoleic (r 2=50.5%), and linolenic acids (r 2=24.8%); however, this interval also contained the gene for growth habit (Dt1) and was significantly associated with maturity. Other modifier QTL found in this study may be of use in marker-assisted selection to enable breeders to increase genetic gains for desirable FA composition of soybean.
Left Ventricular Function Before and After Reaching the Anaerobic Threshold

Simultaneous pulmonary gas exchange analysis and exercise radionuclide angiography were performed in 24 normal patients (14 supine and ten upright). Left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) were measured at rest, anaerobic threshold (point of nonlinear increase in ventilation relative to oxygen uptake), and peak exercise. The anaerobic threshold occurred at a similar heart rate for supine vs upright exercise, 78 percent and 77 percent of peak heart rate, respectively. The anaerobic threshold occurred at a similar workload for supine vs upright exercise, 60 percent and 56 percent of peak workload, respectively. The anaerobic threshold also occurred at a similar oxygen uptake for supine vs upright exercise, 69 percent vs 69 percent of peak oxygen uptake, respectively. For both exercise modes, mean LVEF increased (p 0.68). Therefore, for both supine and upright exercise, the major augmentation in LVEF occurs at earlier stages of exercise, prior to the anaerobic threshold. After the anaerobic threshold, the LVEF response may be highly variable, and a uniform increase is not necessarily expected even in normal subjects.
Evidence against phosphorylation of ADP by oleoyl phosphate catalyzed by submitochondrial particles.

Abstract When oleoyl phosphate and ADP were incubated with heart submitochondrial particles in the presence of glucose-hexokinase trap according to a reported procedure [Griffiths, D.E. (1976) Biochem. J. 160: 809–812], a 10% yield of glucose-6-phosphate was detected by chemical analysis. Although lower concentration of oleoyl phosphate improved the yield to 80–85%, the mode of formation of glucose-6-phosphate was not clear under the experimental condition used to improve the yield. In order to test decisively whether the phosphoryl group of oleoyl phosphate was transferred to ADP to form ATP which was estimated in the form of glucose-6-phosphate, [ 32 P]oleoyl phosphate was synthesized. The use of isotopically labelled oleoyl phosphate showed only about 5% yield of [ 32 P]glucose-6-phosphate by paper chromatographic analysis, whereas chemical analysis of the same system gave 80% yield of glucose-6-phosphate. Such an observation demonstrated that glucose-6-phosphate estimated by chemical assay is not the result of phosphorylation of ADP with oleoyl phosphate catalyzed by the submitochondrial particles.
Brain damage and paraphilia: Treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate

Brain damage, due to cortical atrophy, brain tumor, epileptic foci, temporal lobectomy, or concussion, is most frequently associated with hyposexuality in males. Sometimes, hypersexuality and atypical sexual interests may be present, as exemplified in a case of a man who developed a paraphilia for his stepdaughter's breasts following traumatic frontal brain injury. Treatment with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera ®) was successful in ameliorating symptoms over a followup period of two years. Prior treatment with anticonvulsant medication, cognitive and behavioral retraining, individual and family psychotherapy had been unsuccessful.
Do Children's Maps Differ for Younger and Older Friends?

Children can communicate spatial information with maps. This study investigated whether children alter their maps to fit user characteristics. Sixty children from kindergarten, 2nd, and 4th grades used street maps to direct an older or younger friend to their house. When they chose a route from pairs of alternatives, children from all grades were more likely to select more complicated, though shorter, routes for the older friend than for the younger one. When task conditions required children to draw their own maps, only 4th graders produced maps that varied in ways that appeared to complement the age of the intended user.
The corrected nucleotide sequences of the TaqI restriction and modification enzymes reveal a thirteen-codon overlap.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the genes encoding methyltransferase Taq I (M·T aq I) and restriction endonuclease Taq I (R· Taq I) with the recognition sequence, TCGA, were analyzed in clones isolated from independent libraries. The genes, originally reported as 363 and 236 codons long [Slatko et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 15 (1987)9781-9796] were redetermined as 421 and 263 codons long, respectively. The C terminus of the taqIM gene overlaps the N terminus of the taqIR gene by 13 codons, as observed with the isoschizomeric Tth HB8I restriction-modification system [Barany et al., Gene 112 (1992) 13–20]. Removal of the overlapping codons did not interfere with in vivo M· Taq I activity. We postulate the overlap plays a role in regulating taqIR expression.
The Human Costs of Worker Displacement

This study addresses the personal and familial consequences associated with the worker displacement that followed the closing of the Bridegstone/Firestone tire production plant in Decatur, Illinois, in December of 2001. A series of three surveys were sent to the last known addresses of all former Firestone workers. The first was sent immediately after the closure of the Decatur plant; the others went out six months and one year later. The surveys solicited job search information as well as personal and familial costs associated with the plant closing. Focus group interviews were held throughout the year and provided a rich context for the survey data. The results of this two-pronged approach reveal the human costs faced by displaced workers. I argue that economic development plans need to prioritize enhancing worker productivity through ongoing training programs and prioritize direct assistance of displaced and dislocated workers and their families. I conclude with recommendations about how to diminish th...
AvantGuard: exploring the distribution of autonomy

Every war introduces a new round of tactics and technologies. Our present war might be characterized as a confrontation between the Suicide Bomber and the Unmanned Air Vehicle. AvantGuard models this confrontation and exposes it to study. It is a computer game in which UAVs are used to protect a convoy in hostile urban terrain. Adversaries hide among the residents and prepare an ambush. The operator directs small UAVs and studies the resulting sensor stream. He must find the ambush before the convoy arrives. AvantGuard serves those who seek to improve the effectiveness of the UAV mission. It is an instrument with which researchers can measure performance as they develop new systems. AvantGuard is particularly designed to study the interplay of human supervisor and autonomous UAVs. Its cognitive challenges are organized into distinct tasks. For each task, the autonomy level of the UAV is set independently. Calibrated to established standards, results are easily compared to one another and to the findings of other researchers. By addressing real-world problems, such as battlefield constraints on bandwidth and the limits of machine vision, AvantGuard presents a credible approach to mission simulation, training and eventual execution. By employing sophisticated game techniques, AvantGuard advances an innovative design. By considering the post-combat role of the military, it prepares an instrument to advance the goals of peace as well as those of war.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cross-Shelf Transport at Huntington Beach. Implications for the Fate of Sewage Discharged through an Offshore Ocean Outfall

In this study, we evaluate the potential for internal tides to transport wastewater effluent from the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD) ocean outfall toward Huntington Beach. Results of plume tracking studies show that OCSD effluent occasionally moves shoreward into water less than 20 m deep. Analyses of current and temperature observations indicate cold water is regularly advected cross-shelf, in to and out of the nearshore, at both semi-diurnal and diurnal frequencies. Isotherms typically associated with the waste field near the outfall are observed just outside the Huntington Beach surf zone, where the total depth is less than 6 m, highlighting the extent of the cross-shelf transport. This advection is attributed to a mode 1 internal motion, or internal tide. On the basis of the analyses presented here, the OCSD plume cannot be ruled out as a contributor to poor bathing-water quality at Huntington Beach.
Bichromatic pulsed source in the visible and infrared

A source of bichromatic coherent radiation is described with independent tunability in wavelength, energy and pulse duration. The system is able to deliver pulses in the visible to infrared region with possible extension into the ultraviolet. Pulse durations can be tailored to be from 15 ps to 310 fs with collimated beam fluences of several mJ/cm2.
Land‐atmosphere coupling and diurnal temperature range over the contiguous United States

[1] Soil moisture influences on daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures, and thus the diurnal temperature range (DTR) in summer, are statistically quantified across the contiguous Unites States using soil moisture from the Global Land Data Assimilation System and observational temperatures. A soil moisture feedback parameter is computed based on lagged covariance ratios. Over the zone from California through the Midwest to the Southeast, the soil moisture exhibits a negative feedback on DTR mainly through its damping effect on Tmax. In contrast, a positive feedback on DTR dominates Arizona and New Mexico as the soil moisture exerts a stronger negative forcing on Tmin relative to Tmax. The feedback-induced variability accounts for typically 10–20% of the total DTR variance over regions where strong feedbacks are identified. The results provide a useful benchmark for evaluating climate model simulations, although the employed data and method have limitations that should be recognized.
Estimating the effect of gang membership on nonviolent and violent delinquency: a counterfactual analysis.

This study reconsiders the well-known link between gang membership and criminal involvement. Recently developed analytical techniques enabled the approximation of an experimental design to determine whether gang members, after being matched with similarly situated nongang members, exhibited greater involvement in nonviolent and violent delinquency. Findings indicated that while gang membership is a function of self-selection, selection effects alone do not account for the greater involvement in delinquency exhibited by gang members. After propensity score matching was employed, gang members maintained a greater involvement in both nonviolent and violent delinquency when measured cross-sectionally, but only violent delinquency when measured longitudinally. Additional analyses using inverse probability of treatment weights reaffirmed these conclusions. Language: en
Programmable Photonic Filters from Monolithically Cascaded Filter Stages

A monolithic programmable photonic filter structure is constructed from cascaded single filter stages individually capable of producing poles or zeros. Flat-topped 2nd and 3rd order filters with pass-band rejection exceeding 30 dB are demonstrated.
The practical view of employee rights

Advocates of employee rights, relying upon moral and legal perspectives, have used moral appeals and the threat of legal sanctions to persuade managers to act responsibly. Drawing on a behavioral perspective and analyzing interviews and literature about employee complaints, this paper develops the “practical view.” This view emphasizes employees' perceptions of their rights, as represented by eight broad categories of asserted rights, and the subtle costs that employees can impose when their standards of proper treatment are violated. While important differences between the behavioral, legal, and moral perspectives are identified, a general standards-setting framework is presented that indicates the complementarity of the three perspectives and the advantages of a multidisciplinary combination.
Modulation of chemical-induced lung and liver toxicity by all-trans-retinol in the male Sprague-Dawley rat

We have previously shown that retinol pretreatment limits the amount of pulmonary injury caused by 1-nitronaphthalene in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The main objective of this study was to determine if retinol pretreatment can protect the lung from the toxicity of other systemic pneumotoxicants. Furthermore because retinol has been shown to alter the hepatotoxicity of several chemicals, a secondary objective was to evaluate its effects on the liver injury caused by these toxicants. Rats were pretreated with all-trans-retinol (75 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 1 week, and given 2-nitronaphthalene (200 mg/kg, i.p.) or paraquat (25 mg/kg, i.p.). At 24 h after 2-nitronaphthalene treatment, pulmonary morphological changes associated with the bronchiolar epithelium, as well as a moderate pneumonitis were observed. Pretreatment of rats with retinol inhibited the majority of 2-nitronaphthalene-induced pulmonary damage including the infiltration of inflammatory cells and associated edema. However, these animals possessed limited lesions associated with their non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells. Interestingly, pretreatment with retinol also caused a significant potentiation of 2-nitronaphthalene-induced liver damage. The potentiated hepatotoxicity consisted of centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), an inhibitor of Kupffer cell function, significantly decreased the potentiated hepatocellular injury. In paraquat-treated rats focal areas of damage to the alveolar parenchyma, consisting of inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar sac remodeling, were observed at 48 h. Pretreatment with retinol caused significant protection from the pulmonary damaged caused by paraquat. Specifically, there was a lack of alveolar parenchymal cell damage and inflammatory cell infiltration in these animals. From these experiments, we conclude that retinol pretreatment decreases the severity of 2-nitronaphthalene and paraquat-induced pulmonary toxicity, apparently by inhibiting the inflammatory responses associated with the progression of toxic injury. In the liver, retinol potentiated 2-nitronaphthalene-induced hepatotoxicity by a mechanism which directly involves Kupffer cells.
Separation orthogonality in temperature-programmed comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.

In a comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatograph, a thermal modulator serially couples two columns containing dissimilar stationary phases. The secondary column generates a series of high-speed secondary chromatograms from the sample stream formed by the chromatogram eluting from the primary column. This series of secondary chromatograms forms a two-dimensional gas chromatogram with peaks dispersed over a retention plane rather than along a line. The method is comprehensive because the entire primary column chromatogram is transmitted through the secondary column with fidelity. One might expect that a two-dimensional separation in which both dimensions are basically the same technique, gas chromatography, would be inefficient because the two dimensions would behave similarly, generating peaks whose retentions correlate across dimensions. Applying a temperature program to the two columns, however, can tune the separation to eliminate this inefficiency. The temperature program reduces the retentive powe...
Genetic programming for association rules on card sorting data

Personal Construct Theory [2] describes the basic notions behind a constructivist theory of understanding and learning. The theory suggests learning is a process of building constructs that link concepts together in a way that satisfies current knowledge about the concepts and that allows them to deduce new ideas from the construct. For researchers seeking to understand how people view or understand the world, eliciting these constructs is important. Card sorting is one technique used to elicit conceptual constructs. Used in a variety of studies ranging from Human Computer Interaction [8] to requirements engineering [3] to computer science education [7], the technique elicits conceptual structures from participants by asking them to sort a group of cards with concepts written on them. After the participants sort the cards, they are asked to give a name to each group and to the overall sorting criteria they used. Researchers study a variety of data resulting from the sorts, including the number of sorts and the number of groups within sorts, the similarity in group or criteria names across subjects, and the sense of distance of concepts from each other when examining how concepts are grouped together in the sorts. Most card sort studies have been relatively small, allowing researchers to examine the sorts completely by hand . We are interested in helping researchers study card sort data in much larger studies, motivated by a recent study by Petre et al [7]. This study on conceptual understanding of programming involved twenty schools, 275 subjects, 1258 sorts (criteria) and approximately 5000 groups. In a dataset of this size it is easy to get basic information on the number of sorts and groups, but it is particularly difficult to get a meaningful sense of linked concepts.
Recent Trends in the Size Distribution of Household Wealth

Based on the Survey of Consumer Finances, the distribution of wealth in the United States became much more unequal in the 1980s and that trend continued, albeit at a slower pace, in the 1990s. The only households that saw their mean net worth rise in absolute terms between 1983 and 1995 were those in the top 20 percent and the gains were particularly strong for the top one percent. All other groups were particularly strong for the top one percent. All other groups suffered real wealth losses, including the median household, and declines were particularly precipitous at the bottom. Racial disparities widened, and young households also lost out over this period.
A Mechanism for Evolving Novel Plant Sesquiterpene Synthase Function

Plant sesquiterpene synthases, a subset of the terpene synthase superfamily, are a mechanistically diverse family of enzymes capable of synthesizing hundreds of complex compounds with high regio- and stereospecificity and are of biological importance due to their role in plant defense mechanisms. In the current report we describe a large-scale, high-resolution phylogenetic analysis of ∼200 plant sesquiterpene synthases integrated with structural and experimental data that address these issues. We observe that all sequences that cluster together on the phylogenetic tree into well-defined groups share at least the first reaction in the catalytic mechanism subsequent to the initial ionization step and many share steps beyond this down to proton transfers between the enzyme and substrate. Most significant is the previously unreported high conservation of an Asp-Tyr-Asp triad. Due to its high conservation, patterns in the phylogenetic tree as well as experimental and modeling results, we suggest that this Asp-Tyr-Asp triad is an important functional element responsible for many proton transfers to and from the substrate and intermediates along the plant sesquiterpene synthase catalytic cycle and whose position can be tuned by residues outside the active site that can lead to the evolution of novel enzyme function.
Targeting Fatty Acid Metabolism in the Treatments of Obesity and Disorders of CNS Cellular Energy Balance

The regulation of cellular energy homeostasis within the CNS is crucial not only to neuronal survival, but to the brains function as an integrator of hormonal and neural inputs that regulate many functions, such as feeding behavior. The sensing and regulation of CNS cellular energy balance is altered in many diseases. Recent studies have suggested that fatty acid metabolism plays a significant role in regulating cellular energy balance in the brain. This hypothesis is supported by observations that the pharmacological manipulation of fatty acid metabolism alters food intake and causes weight loss. Fatty acid levels are determined by fatty acid synthase (FAS), which catalyzes the de novo synthesis of longchain fatty acids that are stored as triglycerides during energy surplus, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), the rate-limiting enzyme for entry of long-chain acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for fatty acid oxidation during energy deficit. Most recently, it has been reported that pharmacological manipulation of fatty acid metabolism can also alter cellular energy balance in a stroke model, thus providing neuroprotection. While the physiological contribution of fatty acid metabolism is a hypothesis that awaits further testing, here, we review studies from a number of laboratories investigating fatty acid metabolism as a therapeutic approach for obesity and disorders of CNS energy balance such as stroke.