cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic Nonstoichiometry in Single‐Phase Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3

Two-phase crucibles made of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 with small additions of either PbO or (ZrxTi1-x)O2, which provide atmospheres of constant PbO activity, permit study of intrinsic nonstoichiometry by thermogravimetry. The width of the single-phase region can be determined by alternate equilibration of a sample with crucible atmospheres of high and low PbO activity. The width of this region for Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3 is 2.48 mol% PbO at 1100°C.
Wdr5 Mediates Self-Renewal and Reprogramming via the Embryonic Stem Cell Core Transcriptional Network

SUMMARY The embryonic stem (ES) cell transcriptional and chromatin-modifying networks are critical for selfrenewal maintenance. However, it remains unclear whether these networks functionally interact and, if so, what factors mediate such interactions. Here, we show that WD repeat domain 5 (Wdr5), a core member of the mammalian Trithorax (trxG) complex, positively correlates with the undifferentiated state and is a regulator of ES cell self-renewal. We demonstrate that Wdr5, an ‘‘effector’’ of H3K4 methylation, interacts with the pluripotency transcription factor Oct4. Genome-wide protein localization and transcriptome analyses demonstrate overlapping gene regulatory functions between Oct4 and Wdr5. The Oct4-Sox2-Nanog circuitry and trxG cooperate in activating transcription of key self-renewal regulators, and furthermore, Wdr5 expression is required for the efficient formation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We propose an integrated model of transcriptional and epigenetic control, mediated by select trxG members, for the maintenance of ES cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming.
Microstructure based evaluation of field aged and new porcelain suspension insulators

Porcelain suspension insulators that were in service for up to 38 years on 115-500 kV transmission lines were evaluated for electrical and mechanical properties. The microstructure of the porcelain and cement was examined using analytical techniques like scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. It has been shown that insulators that performed well in service for many years had microstructural details that were notably different from those that exhibited significant reduction in residual electrical strength and punctured in the laboratory test. This information has been utilized to rank new insulators made presently that were obtained from the users.
Cesium-associated hypokalemia successfully treated with amiloride

Self-treatment of cancer with cesium chloride, despite proven lack of efficacy, continues to produce serious adverse effects. Among these is hypokalemia predisposing to life-threatening arrhythmia. The mechanism of cesium-associated hypokalemia (CAH) has not been described. We report urinary potassium wasting responsive to amiloride therapy in a cancer patient with CAH, and discuss possible mechanisms.
Source and identity of compounds in a thermomechanical pulp mill effluent inducing hepatic mixed‐function oxygenase activity in fish

The source and identity of two mixed-function oxygenase (MFO)-inducing substances present in the primary-treated effluent of a thermomechanical pulp (TMP) mill producing newsprint was determined. The source was pinpointed by exposing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various process effluents sampled throughout the mill. Exposure concentrations were based on the flow of these process streams in relation to the final effluent flow. Contaminated TMP steam condensates were identified as the major process source of MFO-inducing substances. Using conventional extraction and fractionation procedures, an MFO-inducing fraction was isolated. The major gas chromatographic peaks in this fraction were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry as juvabione, dehydrojuvabione, and manool, all naturally occurring extractives in balsam fix (Abies balsamea). These substances were extracted and isolated from balsam fir and TMP condensates. Trout exposed to juvabione and dehydrojuvabione responded by exhibiting significant hepatic MFO inductions. No MFO induction was observed for manool. Secondary treatment in an activated sludge system effectively eliminated the MFO-inducing potential of the combined mill effluent consistent with a corresponding 90% reduction of both juvabione and dehydrojuvabione.
Onco-Nephrology: What the Nephrologist Needs to Know about Cancer and the Kidney

The field of oncology is rapidly changing as new therapies emerge and improve the outcomes for many types of cancer. Not surprisingly, the population with cancer, like the general population, is aging. As a result, patients with cancer are probably receiving diagnoses and treatment in the setting of
The Sociology of Elites

Elites are those with vastly disproportionate control over or access to a resource. We can understand this as a position that a social actor occupies, or we can imagine such resources as a possession of an actor. The study of elites is the study of power and inequality, from above. It involves looking at the distribution of social resources, which can include economic, social, cultural, political, or knowledge capital. It also means exploring the role of institutions such as schools, families, and clubs in how such resources are organized and distributed. Over the past decade, particularly as social power and economic rewards have become increasingly concentrated in the hands of the few, elite sociology has experienced a revival. Empirical observations of these phenomena point to the changing character of American inequality.
Regional detection and monitoring of injection-induced seismicity: Application to the 2010–2012 Youngstown, Ohio, seismic sequence

Increased rates of seismicity in tectonically quiescent regions like the midcontinent region of the United States have been hypothesized to be related to human activities such as oil and gas production and wastewater injection. It can be difficult to establish how human activities relate to earthquakes, particularly when local seismic networks are not available to provide a high-quality characterization of the seismic sequence in question. Here, we use a multistation waveform crosscorrelation approach to evaluate the relationships between earthquakes associated with the 2011–2012 Youngstown, Ohio, seismic sequence and the injection history of a local wastewater disposal well. By using data recorded by four regional seismic stations 50–200 km (31–124 mi) away from Youngstown, we demonstrate that high-resolution results can be achieved without using costly and scientifically focused local seismic deployments. Compared to the number of events recorded using standard detection methodologies, we realize a 25-fold increase in detected seismicity (282 detected events) during the sequence, and allow us with confidence to interpret a direct link between seismicity and well injection volumes. Using a combination of absolute and relative location techniques, we demonstrate that seismicity migrated from below the injection well toward the west, along a line consistent with a nodal plane of the largest earthquake in the sequence. We are able to separate the seismic sequence into three distinct phases, consistent with changes in injection rates and maximum injection pressures. In addition, using daily injection volume records, we can identify two families of similar earthquakes. The first family occurred early in the sequence and close to the injection well and was followed by a recurrence pattern that lagged injection activity by 1 day. The second family. which occurred later in the sequence and farther from the well, displayed a 4-day lag. We interpret these relationships to be related to pore-pressure diffusion rates within the fault network responsible for the seismicity. Collectively, our technique shows the high quality of results possible when only a few regional seismic stations are available for monitoring.
Kinetics of Cell Proliferation and Migration Associated with Orthodontically-induced Osteogenesis

Cell kinetics of rat molar periodontal ligament (PDL) during orthodontically-induced osteogenesis revealed: 1) primary growth fraction of 59%, 2) proliferating cells from throughout the PDL migrate toward the bone surface, 3) preosteoblasts, capable of forming osteoblasts without synthesizing DNA, are present in the PDL, 4) osteoblasts are derived from local PDL cells, and 5) cell death is a characteristic feature of the osteogenic response.
Thrombus Resolution and Hemodynamic Recovery Using Ultrasound-accelerated Thrombolysis in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Purpose: To evaluate retrospectively the safety profile and clinical success of ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) with a standard lytic infusion protocol. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed at a single center treating patients with acute PE between October 2009 and April 2012. On diagnosis of submassive or massive PE by pulmonary computed tomography angiography or ventilation/ perfusion scan, all patients received anticoagulation and treatment using the EkoSonic endovascular system (EKOS Corporation, Bothell, Washington). The ultrasound-accelerated thrombolytic infusion catheters were placed into the affected pulmonary arteries to facilitate administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator at 0.5‐1.0 mg/h/catheter. Results: Treatment of 60 patients (35 men, 25 women; age 61 y 16; 53 bilateral PE; 48 submassive PE) resulted in complete thrombus clearance (Z 90%) in 57% and near-complete (50%‐90%) clearance in 41% of patients after infusion of 35.1 mg 11.1 of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator over 19.6 hours 6.0. Measurements before and after treatment showed a decrease in pulmonary artery pressure (47 mm Hg 15 to 38 mm Hg 12 [systolic], P o .001) and Miller score (25 3t o 17 6, P o .001). There were 57 patients who survived to discharge. All three patients who died in the hospital presented with massive PE. On 90-day follow-up, 56 patients (93%) were alive. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-accelerated thrombolysis in patients with acute PE with a large thrombus burden.
PARSEC-SCALE STRUCTURE OF COMPACT RADIO SOURCES

High-dynamic range imaging and monitoring with Very Long Baseline Interferometry have considerably increased our knowledge of the parsec-scale properties of compact radio sources. I review some of the properties of individual sources in areas where particular progress has been made in the last few years.
Genetic mapping and manipulation: chapter 6--Mapping with deficiencies and duplications.

Copyright: © 2006 David Fay. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: davidfay@uwyo.edu Genetic mapping and manipulation: Chapter 6-Mapping with deficiencies and duplications* David Fay, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-3944 USA
Adolescent Well-Being in Cohabiting, Married, and Single-Parent Families

Cohabitation is a family form that increasingly includes children. We use the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to assess the well-being of adolescents in cohabiting parent stepfamilies (N= 13,231). Teens living with cohabiting stepparents often fare worse than teens living with two biological married parents. Adolescents living in cohabiting stepfamilies experience greater disadvantage than teens living in married stepfamilies. Most of these differences, however, are explained by socioeconomic circumstances. Teenagers living with single unmarried mothers are similar to teens living with cohabiting stepparents; exceptions include greater delinquency and lower grade point averages experienced by teens living with cohabiting stepparents. Yet mother's marital history explains these differences. Our results contribute to our understanding of cohabitation and debates about the importance of marriage for children.
Moving Nursing Science Forward Within the Framework of the Roy Adaptation Model

In 1999, the Boston-Based Adaptation in Nursing Research Society associates published their analysis of Roy adaptation model—based research. This earlier analysis supported the model's conceptual framework, its adaptive processes, and the influences that effect human responses. The purpose of this article is to describe more recent research within the context of the Roy adaptation model's structural framework, and ongoing developments that include expanded research programs, middle-range theory construction, and research that is related to the philosophic assumptions. An additional aim is to present an expanded worldview or an integrated paradigm that includes both sets of the Roy adaptation model's assumptions (scientific and philosophic), as well as a holistic-adaptation inquiry that could be used to derive Roy adaptation model-based nursing knowledge in future research investigations.
Professionalism and Conflict in a Bureaucratic Setting: The Case of a Teachers' Strike

Although teacher militancy has become increasingly prevalent in the United States, little attention has been focused on teachers' political activities, especially their participation in strikes. We studied a school district which experienced a brief but intense teacher strike in 1979 to find out who strikes and how strikers and nonstrikers differ on issues thought to be related to a strike's occurrence. Unlike previous researchers, we used a theoretical perspective which characterizes teachers and those who supervise them as being fundamentally in conflict. Our findings show that strikers are more professionally oriented than non-strikers. Strikers desire more authority, autonomy and control in the workplace.
Does intraoperative monitoring of auditory evoked potentials reduce incidence of hearing loss as a complication of microvascular decompression of cranial nerves

During a 14-month period, 129 individuals underwent 140 operations for microvascular decompression to relieve hemifacial spasm, disabling positional vertigo, tinnitus, or trigeminal neuralgia at our institution. Seven patients were operated upon twice on the same side and 4 were operated upon on both sides at different times. In each case, the brainstem auditory evoked potentials were monitored intraoperatively by the same neurophysiologist. In 75 of these operations, compound action potentials were also recorded from the exposed 8th nerve. Comparison of speech discrimination scores before the operation and at the time of discharge showed that at discharge, discrimination had decreased in 7 patients by 15% or more and increased in 4 patients by 15% or more, in 2 patients by as much as 52%. Essentially similar results were obtained when preoperative speech discrimination scores were compared with results obtained from the 87 patients who returned for a follow-up visit between 3 and 6 months after discharge. Only one patient lost hearing (during a second operation to relieve hemifacial spasm). Another patient (also operated upon to relieve hemifacial spasm) suffered noticeable hearing loss postoperatively, but had recovered nearly normal hearing by 4 months after the operation. Nine patients had an average elevation of the hearing threshold for pure tones in the speech frequency range (500 to 2000 Hz) of 11 dB or more at 4 to 5 days after the operation; 8 of these had fluid in their middle ears that most likely contributed to the hearing loss. Threshold elevations occurred at 4000 Hz and 8000 Hz in 19 and 29 ears, respectively.
Quantifying the energy efficiency of motors fed by adjustable frequency inverters

With ever-increasing focus on energy efficiency, along with the more widespread application of adjustable frequency inverters, it is important to be able to accurately quantify the energy efficiency of motors fed with adjustable frequency power. Three phase AC induction motors demonstrate high efficiency levels and are able to maintain a high efficiency across a substantial range of loading conditions. When fed by inverter power, there are additional losses which occur in these motors, incrementally degrading the energy efficiency. While prior inverter waveforms (such as 6-step) had substantial harmonic content in the motor current, today's PWM inverters are capable of producing waveforms with very little lower order harmonic content. In fact, the majority of the “non-fundamental” frequency content in modern PWM current waveforms is at the switching frequency — which is not really a “harmonic” for the typical asynchronous carrier modulation schemes. This paper will quantify the impact of inverter waveforms on the component losses and overall losses of motors. The effects of various filters which may be applied between the inverter and motor will also be considered. This paper will also address the challenges associated with making accurate efficiency measurements on inverter-fed motors, especially those with extremely high efficiency. Recommendations will be made to allow informed decisions about the economic impact of energy usage in motors fed by adjustable frequency inverters. Both low voltage and medium voltage cases will be included.
Right bundle branch block: a rare manifestation of digitalis toxicity--case report.

A case of intermittent right bundle branch block due to digoxin intoxication is presented. The diagnosis was made by repeated electrocardiograms and ele vated serum digoxin levels. The mechanism of intermittent right bundle branch block is discussed and the pertinent literature is reviewed.
The H-Reflex and F-Response

Common electrophysiological recording modalities applied in the surgical setting include somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), motor evoked potentials (TcMEPs), and electromyography (EMG). Central function is traditionally monitored with SSEPs and TcMEPs. Spinal nerve and nerve root function can be more easily assessed with EMG. While generally accepted to provide complete spinal cord protection, SSEPs are specific for the dorsal white matter tracts and the vascular territory of the posterior spinal arteries. The TcMEP is specific for monitoring descending white matter pathways of the lateral and anterior columns, but is also distinct in being the only routinely applied modality to monitor the integrity of the spinal gray matter. While useful in detecting gross changes in motor function as a result of spinal cord injury, TcMEPs do not monitor more complex spinal circuits including multisegmental, interneuronal, and propriospinal circuitry responsible for the control of voluntary movement. Furthermore, TcMEP monitoring has some contraindications and typically causes considerable patient movement and the risk of bite injury. Two other modalities, the Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) and the F-response, have been proposed as valuable adjuncts to SSEPs and TcMEPs for monitoring spinal cord integrity during neurosurgical spine procedures [1].
Using category theory to model software component dependencies

As the size and complexity of software systems grow, the identification and proper management of interconnection dependencies among various pieces of a system have become responsible for an increasingly important part of the development effort. In today's large systems, the variety of encountered interconnection relationships (such as implements, uses, and extends) is very large, while the complexity of protocols for managing them can be very high. The paper tries to address this problem by using category theory. It also gives a framework of dependency modeling.
The Interaction of Easterly Waves, Orography, and the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Genesis of Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclones

The interaction of an idealized easterly wave with an orographic feature representing the Sierra Madre of Mexico and a large-scale, meridionally sheared zonal flow representing the ITCZ in the eastern North Pacific is examined through numerical integration of the shallow water equations on an equatorial beta-plane channel. The model simulations show that as a wave approaches the orography from the east, the relative vorticity in the lee increases due to the wave being modified by the orography. This relative vorticity maximum increases the northward advection of the ITCZ in the lee of the mountain that occurs due to the influence of the mountain anticyclone. The result of this interaction is the development of a localized region of enhanced cyclonic vorticity that moves parallel to the contours of the model orography. There is a minimal increase in the amplitude of the vorticity occuring during interactions between the wave and orography, ITCZ and orography, and wave and ITCZ. The position of the incident wave upstream of the orography at the time that the disturbance in the lee begins to develop and the subsequent motion of the leeside vorticity maximum are in agreement with an observed case of eastern Pacific tropical cyclogenesis, which is also presented.
Are samples drawn from Mechanical Turk valid for research on political ideology

Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is an increasingly popular tool for the recruitment of research subjects. While there has been much focus on the demographic differences between MTurk samples and t...
State Reconstruction and Noise Reduction by Kalman Filter in the Vertical Position Control on Alcator C-Mod

The main sources of noise and pickups in Alcator C-Mod are identified, and their effects on the measurement and control of the vertical position are evaluated. Broadband noise may affect controllability of C-Mod plasmas at limit elongations and may become an issue with high-order controllers; therefore, two applications of Kalman filters are investigated. A Kalman filter is compared to a state observer based on the pseudoinverse of the measurement matrix and proves to be a better candidate for state reconstruction for vertical stabilization, provided adequate models of the system, the inputs, the process, and measurement noise and an adequate set of diagnostic measurements are available. A single-input single-output application of the filter for the vertical observer rejects high-frequency noise without destabilizing high-elongation plasmas.
Chapter 5 – Environmental Monitoring

Monitoring plans should be based on environmental risk assessments performed early in the mine planning stages. Baseline and reference data collection should begin before the mine is developed and continue throughout the life of the mine. Impact monitoring plans need to be detailed and specifically geared toward each environmental attribute being monitored. Once data has been collected, data analysis needs to provide information on whether or not mining activities have impacted each environmental attribute. If impacts are becoming significant, changes can be made to environmental mitigation measures to reduce impacts. Monitoring plans need to be flexible and adaptable in order to adjust to mining activity changes or changes in environmental mitigation procedures.
GIANT SAPHENOUS VENOUS GRAFT ANEURYSM COMPRESSING THE PULMONARY ARTERY: RARE CAUSE OF HEART FAILURE

Saphenous venous graft aneurysm (SVGA) is a unique complication after aorto-coronary bypass graft surgery (CABG). Atherosclerotic degeneration is the main cause of SVGA formation. Complications of SVGA include fistula formation with other cardiac cambers, various cardiac chambers and great vessels
Double-Wrapped and Disposed: How Efferocytosis Kills M. tuberculosis: Efferocytosis, when host cells consume apoptotic cells, may explain some peculiarities of M. tuberculosis infections

Cell death is continual in multicelluar organisms. During development, vestigial organs and structures appear and disappear. Webbing between our fingers, which is necessary for them to form properly, disappears between the 6th to 8th weeks of fetal development through programmed cell death. Cells typically have limited life spans. Neutrophils, for example, survive for only hours to days after being released into the circulation. Moreover, injury and diseases cause cells to die.
Ultrabroadband plasmonic super absorbers for multiplexed surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

We developed an ultra-broadband super-absorbing metasurface substrate for SERS sensing. In contrast to conventional substrates working for limited excitation wavelengths, this structure can work for almost “all” available laser lines from 450-nm to 1000-nm.
Right and left laparoscopic colectomy. Apropos of 10 cases

Ten successive cases of celioscopic colectomy are reported (5 right and 5 left colons). Colectomies were made for diverticular disease in 6 case and for cancer in the remaining cases. The patients ages range from 52 to 80 years, with an average of 72 years. The average duration of surgery is 92 minutes. The stay in hospital lasted from 5 to 7 days with an average of 6 days. All patients resumed fluid feeding on the 3rd postoperative day and solid feeding on the 4th to 6th day. None of them received analgesics later than 48 hours postoperatively. There was no mortality. Only one complication was noted in the form of urinary retention. In our opinion, colectomy with celioscopic video surgery currently has a definite role to play and, owing to technical and instrumental progress, colectomy can be performed without complementary laparotomy, at least for the left colon.
Percutaneous Diagnostic Cholecystocholangiography

This section provides a comprehensive procedural report for percutaneous diagnostic cholecystocholangiography procedure with up-to-date explanatory notes, synopsis of the indications and contraindications and potential complications in an organized and practical format.
“Ambulance Thieves, Clowns, and Naked Grandfathers”: How PSEs and Their Families Use Humorous Communication as a Sensemaking Device

Using qualitative methods, this study explores humor as an interactional, sensemaking practice and examines how public safety employees (PSEs) and their family members navigate the relationship bet...
Women in leadership and the bewildering glass ceiling

Geraldine Ferraro, a U.S. congresswoman and the first woman to run for U.S. vice president on a major party ticket, once stated that “some leaders are born women.”[1][1] There is little doubt that statement is true. However, former U.S. Senator and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s failed
Formation and Steady-State Sustainment of a Tokamak by Coaxial Helicity Injection

A possible method for steady-state sustainment of a tokamak through coaxial helicity injection is presented. To keep the toroidal flux constant, two insulators are used, one that injects and one that absorbs toroidal flux. The scheme is made attractive by incorporating the toroidal field of the tokamak in the source to raise its impedance.
SUSY Breaking in 5D

The 5D N = 1 SUSY theory, equivalent to N = 2 in 4D, has a non-Abelian SU(2) R symmetry in which the two gauginos, (λ1, λ2), in the N = 2 vector supermultiplet and the two scalars, (h, h c†), in the N = 2 hypermultiplet transform as doublets, while the other states transform as singlets. It was shown that SUSY can be broken via orbifolding and using the holonomy associated with a U(1) R subgroup of SU(2) R [326, 327]. In early versions of this mechanism, the SUSY breaking scale was linked to the compactification scale which is not consistent with SUSY as a solution to the gauge hierarchy problem. However, recently a variation of the Scherk-Schwarz mechanism has been shown to allow for a SUSY breaking scale much below the compactification scale [314, 328]. In addition, it has also been shown in [329, 330] that this mechanism is equivalent to radion F-term SUSY breaking or by SU(2) R Wilson line breaking in [331]. For a nice review on symmetry breaking in extra dimensions, see [332].
Anisotropic Locally Conformal Perfectly Matched Layer for Higher Order Curvilinear Finite-Element Modeling

A perfectly matched layer (PML) method is proposed for electrically large curvilinear meshes based on a higher order finite-element modeling paradigm and the concept of transformation electromagnetics. The method maps the non-Maxwellian formulation of the locally conformal PML to a purely Maxwellian implementation using continuously varying anisotropic and inhomogeneous material parameters. An approach to the implementation of a conformal PML for higher order meshes is also presented, based on a method of normal projection for PML mesh generation around an already existing convex volume mesh of a dielectric scatterer, with automatically generated constitutive material parameters. Once the initial mesh is generated, a PML optimization method based on gradient descent is implemented to most accurately match the PML material parameters to the geometrical interface. The numerical results show that the implementation of a conformal PML in the higher order finite-element modeling paradigm dramatically reduces the reflection error when compared to traditional PMLs with piecewise constant material parameters. The ability of the new PML to accurately and efficiently model scatterers with a large variation in geometrical shape and those with complex material compositions is demonstrated in examples of a dielectric almond and a continuously inhomogeneous and anisotropic transformation-optics cloaking structure, respectively.
Joint Speech Enhancement and Speaker Identiﬁcation Using Monte Carlo Methods

We present an approach to speaker identification using noisy speech observations where the speech enhancement and speaker identification tasks are performed jointly. This is motivated by the belief that human beings perform these tasks jointly and that optimality may be sacrificed if sequential processing is used. We employ a Bayesian approach where the speech features are modeled using a mixture of Gaussians prior. A Gibbs sampler is used to estimate the speech source and the identity of the speaker. Preliminary experimental results are presented comparing our approach to a maximum likelihood approach and demonstrating the ability of our method to both enhance speech and identify speakers.
The integration of magnifications: A novel approach to obtain representative information about the pore space of mudrocks from SEM images

Abstract High resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging has been widely used to characterize the pore space of mudrocks. However, obtaining representative microfabric information has been limited by the highly heterogeneous microstructure of mudrocks, which contains pores and particles spanning several length scales. The integration of magnifications (IOM) method was developed to obtain representative information about the pore space of mudrocks. This method combines information from SEM images acquired at different magnifications to characterize the pore space. High magnification images with high resolution are used to quantify small pores and low magnification images with lower resolution are used to quantify large pores. These different scales are then mathematically combined to obtain a complete pore space representation. The method was validated using 2D Monte Carlo simulations applied on a synthetic 2D microstructure with a prescribed porosity and pore size distribution. The applicability of the method was illustrated by computing the porosity and pore size distribution of two naturally resedimented mudrocks. The IOM method provides a practical and economical alternative to the current cumbersome methodology that stitches together hundreds to thousands of SEM images to obtain large representative mosaics.
Common Values and Themes for Grazed Open Spaces: “Plant Diversity” and “Watershed” as Communication Intersections for Agriculture and Conservation Groups?

ABSTRACTCommunicating about the use and management of open spaces occurs within a complex social environment replete with diverse stakeholder opinions and meta-narratives. For western US rangelands...
Development of Composite Scores for the TBI-QOL.

Abstract Objective To develop a set of composite scores that can be used for interpreting quality of life (QOL) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) using 9 of the patient-reported outcomes measures from the Traumatic Brain Injury Quality of Life (TBI-QOL) measurement system. Design Participants completed 20 item banks from the TBI-QOL as part of a larger assessment. Composite index scores were created with normalized transformation with nonlinear area conversion using scores from 9 of the banks, and are expressed in index score units, with higher composite scores indicating better functioning. For descriptive purposes, associations among composites and individual banks were evaluated using regression, along with patterns of composite scores by injury severity groups using analysis of variance. Setting Three medical centers in the United States. Participants Community-dwelling adults (n=504) with a history of TBI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcomes Measure TBI-QOL. Results Five composite indices were generated: global QOL, physical health, emotional health, cognitive health, and social health. Lookup tables are provided herein. Composite scores were highly intercorrelated (all r>.60, P .50, P Conclusion Researchers and clinicians can use the TBI-QOL global QOL, physical health, emotional health, cognitive health, and social health composite scores to aggregate results from multiple TBI-QOL banks, which is anticipated to ease interpretation and reliability. This work additionally highlights the importance of considering nonphysical symptoms as outcomes variables for TBI research, as cognitive, social, and emotional domains were some of the most strongly correlated banks with the global QOL composite.
Initial Report of Neodymium: Yttrium-Aluminum-Perovskite (Nd: YAP) Laser Use During Bronchoscopy.

BACKGROUND : Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser used during bronchoscopy has been effective in treating airway obstruction. Other lasers with different properties have not been well described during bronchoscopy. The neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-perovskite (Nd:YAP) laser has different characteristics than the Neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser. METHODS : A single center retrospective review was conducted to assess safety and efficacy of the Nd:YAP laser during bronchoscopy. The review encompassed all bronchoscopies using the Nd:YAP laser. The data included the indication (photocoagulation before debulkment or stenting, vaporization of tumor or granulation tissue, stenosis, hemoptysis), laser power settings, airway location, method of delivery (flexible or rigid bronchoscopy), complications (bleeding, death, hypoxia), and outcome of the procedure (successful debulkment and recanalization, stent placement, resolution of bleeding, release of stenosis). RESULTS : Forty-four patients underwent bronchoscopy using the Nd:YAP laser (24 rigid bronchoscopy, 7 flexible bronchoscopy, 5 flexible through a rigid bronchoscope). All patients with an obstructed airway were recanalized. All 18 patients that had mechanical core out of tumor with a rigid bronchoscope with previous photocoagulations were successful. Airway stent deployment was successful after pretreatment with the laser in all but one case (24 of 25 patients). Two patients with attempted tumor vaporization required additional debulking methods. All 4 cases of tracheal stenosis required additional cutting methods for stenosis release. Two patients with hemoptysis resolved their bleeding after treatment. One of 2 patients with granulation tissue was treated successfully with laser alone. There was no mortality or complication directly related to laser application. CONCLUSIONS : The Nd:YAP laser is a safe and effective tool for bronchoscopy.
Matrix changes in the bladder associated with normal aging.

Bladder contractility and varying degrees of bladder distension can be observed sonographically as early as 20 weeks of gestation1. Postnatally, the mechanisms and neural pathways which control voiding are not fully developed. In the infant, micturition occurs spontaneously as a spinal cord reflex2. During the first two years of life, the afferent and efferent innervation necessary for micturition mature and the adult supraspinal voiding reflex emerges. As the cortical fibers mature, the infant develops conscious awareness of bladder activity. By about age 2, children begin to sense bladder fullness and develop daytime and subsequently nocturnal urinary continence3. Most children will maintain normal bladder function unless they develop a dysfunctional voiding pattern typically manifested by daytime incontinence and nocturnal enuresis. Young adults most commonly have normal bladder function but stress incontinence due to bladder neck hypermobility can be seen in the multiparous female. This type of urinary incontinence is a socially embarrassing problem for the active female. The health care expenditures for urinary incontinence are estimated to exceed 10 billion dollars per year4. Incontinence is a major urologic problem in the elderly and affects at least 3 million persons over the age of 65 years. The prevalence of urinary incontinence for females is 37%, and for males 19%. Women have stress incontinence as well as urge incontinence while urge incontinence predominates amongst men5,6. Incontinence occurs in approximately 50% of institutionalized elderly of whom 82% are women. Urodynamic evaluation demonstrates detrusor overactivity in about 60% of these elderly females7,8,9.
Data-driven vision-based inspection for reinforced concrete beams and slabs: Quantitative damage and load estimation

Abstract We show that computer-vision-based inspection can relate surface observations to quantitative damage and load level estimates in common reinforced concrete beams and slabs subjected to monotonic loading. This work is related to an earlier study focused on shear-critical beams and slabs (i.e., specimens lacking shear reinforcement), but here an expanded image database has been assembled to include specimens with both flexural and shear reinforcement such as would be found in practice. Using this expanded data set, a supervised machine learning algorithm builds cross-validated predictive models capable of estimating internal loads (i.e., shear and moment) and damage levels based on surface crack pattern images. The expanded data set contains a total of 127 specimens and 862 images captured in past studies across a range of load and damage levels. Textural and geometric attributes of surface crack patterns were used for feature engineering and tuning of predictive models. The expanded data set enables comparison of the estimation accuracy for shear-critical and shear-reinforced beams and slabs considered separately and in combined form. This includes the capability to categorize whether shear reinforcement is present or not. Estimation models based on surface observations for shear-reinforced elements are found to be comparable to those for shear-critical beams and slabs, with variability observed due to loading type range, member geometries, whether categorization is combined with regression, and the image feature sets used.
Institutional constraints influencing relocation decision making and implementation

Abstract In the aftermath of a disaster there is often a call for mass relocation of exposed populations. The surrounding institutional context, comprised of normative and cultural-cognitive elements in addition to regulations, guides decisions made by relocation organizations. The theory of organizational institutionalism provides a window into beliefs, social norms, and coercive measures, but has not yet been employed to study relocation decision making. We investigated relocation in the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 to illustrate how regulative, normative, and cultural-cognitive ‘pillars’ of institutions affected the who, what, where, when, why, and how of relocation decisions. Results from the analysis of interviews, meeting observations, and documentation highlight areas of both discord and harmony between institutional pillars. Regulative and cultural-cognitive institutional influences often counter each other and can pull implementing organizations in opposite directions, particularly across the national-local divide. For example, in considering who drove implementation decisions, regulatory mandates determined which organizations originally participated but cultural-cognitive views eventually amplified organizational identities and diversified participation. The regulative and cultural-cognitive pillar were only unified in their influence on where to best place relocation development. Normative influences strongly impacted the how of implementation by defining proper behavior and communication both in and between inter-organizational meetings. However, how is increasingly pressured by cultural-cognitive appeals for improved implementation coordination. An emerging trend for future analysis is the need to study how post-disaster relocation motivates institutional change.
Recommendations for Ancillary Testing

Prior to the emergence of targeted therapeutics, conventional ancillary testing in respiratory cytology has included microbiologic culture for infectious agents, special stains and/or immunocytochemistry (ICC) for establishing a cytomorphologic diagnosis, and flow cytometry and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for hematolymphoid neoplasms. With the increasing use of molecular diagnostic assays for predictive, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes in lung carcinoma patients, the need for ancillary testing of lung cytology specimens has also expanded. Biomarker testing for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapies using molecular and immunohistochemical methods now play a pivotal role in the management of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients (Lindeman, Cagle, Aisner, Arcila, Beasley, Bernicker, et al. Updated molecular testing guideline for the selection of lung cancer patients for treatment with targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors: guideline from the College of American Pathologists, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2018). Since a large fraction of these patients present at an advanced stage of disease with unresectable tumors, cytology samples are often the only source of tissue for diagnosis and biomarker testing. Therefore, ancillary testing in lung cytology has expanded beyond its conventional role into a variety of molecular (nucleic acid and protein based) assays that have been integrated into routine cytopathology practice and play a key role in patient care. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Respiratory Cytology has therefore developed some recommendations for the use of ancillary testing in lung cytology (Layfield, Roy-Chowdhuri, Baloch, Ehya, Geisinger, Hsiao, et al. Utilization of ancillary studies in the cytologic diagnosis of respiratory lesions: the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology consensus recommendations for respiratory cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 44:1000–9, 2016).
Examining multi-category cross purchases models with increasing dataset scale – An artificial neural network approach

Abstract Cross purchase modeling (cross model) is a method to simultaneously analyze multiple product categories for their interrelated influences on consumers’ decisions to purchase each category. Traditional econometric modeling methods are hard to compute and complex in model specifications. This paper examines an artificial neural network (ANN) approach in this context. To understand ANN models’ performance in increasing data scale, this paper uses four datasets of 4, 8, 16 and 32 categories to train ANN models and make predictions. Results show that an ANN model of 12 hidden nodes can be trained in about 3 h and make 88% prediction hit rate for the 16-category dataset. In contrast, a traditional econometric model requires more than 300 h to finish computing for the 16-category dataset. A typical critique of ANN technique is that it hides learned knowledge inside its model structure. This is a major obstacle preventing ANN from being more frequently applied in business research and practices. The current study takes two approaches to address this issue, i.e., (1) customizing ANN components to allow prior knowledge plugging in, and (2) using the generalized weight technique to reveal knowledge that is embedded in ANN training results. Findings of this paper help managers understand applicability of ANN technique in cross purchase model. By demonstrating plugging in prior knowledge to ANN model training and extracting knowledge from ANN training results, this paper shows approaches for understanding ANN embedded knowledge.
Abstract TP324: Carbon Monoxide Improves Behavioral and Anatomical Outcomes After Brain Trauma in Middle-Aged Female Mice

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and long-lasting disabilities. After TBI, secondary brain injury processes trigger. Hypothesis: Carbon monoxide (CO), when g...
Theories of conflict and war

Abstract The special issue aims to bring together different perspectives on conflict and war from different disciplines, including economics, psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, political science, and management. By collecting these distinct, but overlapping perspectives in a single issue, we hope to encourage interdisciplinary work on conflict and war.
Applying Reinforcement Learning to Plan Manufacturing Material Handling Part 1: Background and Formal Problem Specification

Applying machine learning to improve the efficiency of complex manufacturing processes, particularly logistics and material handling, can be a challenging problem. The interconnectedness of the multiple components that compose such processes and the typically large number of variables required to specify procedures and plans within those processes combine to make it very difficult to map the details of real-world manufacturing processes to an abstract mathematical representation suitable for machine learning methods. In this paper, we report on the application of machine learning methods, in particular reinforcement learning, to generate increasingly efficient plans for material handling to satisfy temporally varying product demands in a representative manufacturing facility. The essential steps in the research included defining a formal representation of a realistically complex material handling plan, defining a set of suitable two-stage plan change operators as reinforcement learning actions, implementing a simulation-based multi-objective reward function that considers multiple components of material handling costs, and abstracting the many possible material handling plans into a state set small enough to enable reinforcement learning. Extensive experimentation with multiple starting plans showed that the reinforcement learning process could consistently reduce the material handling plans' costs over time. This work may be one of the first applications of reinforcement learning with a multi-objective reward function to a realistically complex material handling process. This paper first provides brief background on material handling and reinforcement learning. It then details the formal mathematical representation of a realistic material handling plan for a manufacturing facility and specifies the reinforcement learning operators to be applied to the plan representation. This paper (part 1 of 2) is the first of two companion papers; the second describes the experimentation and results [1].