cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure, behavior, and manipulation of nanoscale biological assemblies

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on three different aspects of biologically derived nanostructured materials. The structure of biological materials is a result of both their chemical composition and their environment. Chemical composition, such as the polypeptide sequence of a protein or the sequence of bases in a nucleic acid strand, is a key determinant of structure. Environment affects the structure of these materials in much more subtle and deterministic ways than most man-made materials. Manipulation of these biomolecular assemblies and the nanomaterials they are used in involves engineering and control at the nanometer-scale. This often means ordering a material by crystallization or confining it to nanometer scale regions through the use of patterning or lithography. The use of scanning probe microscopy in studying biological assemblies, specifically supported biological membranes, nucleic acids, and nucleoprotein complexes have been described. The use of more general protein phospholipid assemblies as nanostructured materials for the study of protein function at interfaces and the development of operational molecular devices is discussed. The use of general surface immobilization techniques to engineer nanostructured materials from functional proteins is also presented. Means of preventing nonspecific interactions must be found if defect-free nanostructures are ever to be achieved. Finally, additional methods must be developed to characterize these systems on the nanometer and angstrom levels if design methods are to be perfected.
The Rural Context of Community Development in Canada

This paper examines contextual conditions that limit or enhance community capacity processes. Four contextual conditions are considered in the analysis: integration to the global economy, stability of the local economy, metro-adjacency, and institutional capacity. Data from rural Canada are used to explore how these contextual characteristics condition the relationship between the use of social capital and four community outcomes: labour force participation, household incomes, employment, and life expectancy. Results from the New Rural Economy Project in Canada suggest that these contextual characteristics place important conditions on the capacity processes considered. In some case, they accentuate the strength of the relationship between social capital and the outcomes, in others they reduce it, and in a few, they reverse the direction of the relationship between the two. The paper concludes with some comments on the implications of the findings for policy development and community development practice.
Investigation of non-traditional transmit waveforms for SAR based target detection

This work investigates techniques of optimizing a sequence of radar waveform transmissions within a synthetic aperture based upon prior radar data. The intent is to maximize target detection performance. It is required to have a priori knowledge of a targets radar cross section (RCS). Two approaches are evaluated, the matched waveform and the variable chirp waveform. Examples are shown for each approach for a synthetically generated target data set.
Predicting Response to Therapy for Graft-vs-Host Disease (GvHD) with a Rapid Immune Function Assay.

Background: GvHD following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) increases morbidity and mortality and is difficult to predict for. We explored the use of a novel immune function assay to determine whether an immunologic response to changes in immunosuppressive therapy for GvHD could predict clinical response. Methods: The FDA-approved Cylex ® Immune Cell Function assay (ICF) measures the response of whole blood CD4+ lymphocytes to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) with as read-out ATP production. The assay is quick and results are available on the same day. Use of this test in solid-organ transplant recipients demonstrated its utility in monitoring changes in immunosuppressive therapy. A retrospective analysis of the ICF assay results from allo-HSCT patients treated at our center for acute or chronic GvHD was conducted. Results: 13 GvHD events (11 chronic, 2 acute) occurring in 8 patients between 35 and 2118 days post-transplant (682 +/− 556 d) were analyzed. At diagnosis of GvHD, the average ICF value was 425 +/− 111 ng/mL ATP. Same day white blood cell (WBC) and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) values were 10.6 +/− 3.2 x 10 3 cells/μL and 9.2 +/− 3.3 x 10 3 cells/μL, respectively. Treatment for GvHD consisted of increasing calcineurin inhibitor dose and addition of prednisone and/or other immunosuppressants. Ten GvHD events responded to therapy within 10 +/−7 days with a corresponding significant decrease of ICF values from 430 +/− 109 ng/mL to 239 +/− 130 ng/mL (p=0.002) and a decrease of WBC from 11.2 to 8.0 x10 3 cells/μL (p=0.027). ANC and C - reactive protein values were not statistically different (p=0.09 and p>0.5 respectively). In contrast, no significant decrease in the ICF values before and after therapy (406 to 465 ng/mL ATP) was observed for the 3 GvHD events that failed to respond to therapy. Conclusion: These preliminary data suggest that the ICF assay is a good predictor of response of GvHD to immunosuppressive therapy and could be used to intensify immunosuppression early in non-responders.
De toekomst van Alzheimer

Allereerst het goede nieuws. Het lijkt erop dat de incidentie (het aantal nieuwe gevallen) van dementie afneemt. Dit komt door de maatregelen van de afgelopen twintig jaar op gebied van cardiovasculair risicomanagement. Het slechte nieuws is dat door de alsmaar stijgende levensverwachting, ook van mensen met dementie, de prevalentie (het absolute aantal mensen) in de toekomst zal stijgen.
SCAMPs for Multimodal Post-Operative Analgesia: A Concept to Standardize and Individualize Care

We discuss the challenges and strategies in delivering post-operative pain relief that is both standardized and individualized as appropriate. Post-operative pain remains under-treated and is frequently complicated by side effects. Guidelines for multimodal analgesia report varying strengths of evidence. Additionally, there are particular evidence gaps in establishing how individual and population subgroups responses vary, due to pharmacogenetic, metabolic, and psychological variation. In cases where evidence is scarce or low quality, Standardized Clinical Assessment and Management Plans (SCAMPs) are an innovative method for healthcare practitioners to integrate available evidence resources and avoid unplanned variations in the quality of care delivered. Implementation of SCAMPs can be facilitated by the sheer volume of relevant information for drug prescribing and monitoring, drug-drug interactions, laboratory tests of organ function, drug metabolism and excretion data, electronic medical record data, and individual pharmacogenetic profile data. Standardization of care using algorithms or computer-assisted prescribing is emerging as a useful tool to raise compliance where guidance does exist. Individualizing care may require computational analysis of vast quantities of individual and population data to support or lead clinician decision-making. Such technology is used widely across diverse fields ranging from meteorology and commerce to agriculture and gene sequencing, but there are particular applications and challenges within medicine. To maximize benefit and reduce harm from post-operative analgesia, standardization and individualization, such as SCAMPs must be balanced and employed as appropriate.
Serious Psychological Distress in an Adult Population

This paper describes the prevalence of serious psychological distress among Oklahoma's adult population and how serious psychological distress relates with chronic illness, unhealthy behaviors, and performance of usual activities. A random-digit dialed telephone survey was administered to Oklahoma's non­institutionalized adult residents (n=7, 463) in 2007. Five percent of Oklahoma adults experienced serious psychological distress (SPD).
Crowd control

Display Omitted Crowdsourcing is an effective method for annotating large EHR datasets.Annotations by unscreened crowd workers are as useful as those by experts for machine learning.Accurate classification of radiology reports is achieved using crowdsourced data. Annotating unstructured texts in Electronic Health Records data is usually a necessary step for conducting machine learning research on such datasets. Manual annotation by domain experts provides data of the best quality, but has become increasingly impractical given the rapid increase in the volume of EHR data. In this article, we examine the effectiveness of crowdsourcing with unscreened online workers as an alternative for transforming unstructured texts in EHRs into annotated data that are directly usable in supervised learning models. We find the crowdsourced annotation data to be just as effective as expert data in training a sentence classification model to detect the mentioning of abnormal ear anatomy in radiology reports of audiology. Furthermore, we have discovered that enabling workers to self-report a confidence level associated with each annotation can help researchers pinpoint less-accurate annotations requiring expert scrutiny. Our findings suggest that even crowd workers without specific domain knowledge can contribute effectively to the task of annotating unstructured EHR datasets.
The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource in Epitope Discovery and Synthetic Vaccine Design

The task of epitope discovery and vaccine design is increasingly reliant on bioinformatics analytic tools and access to depositories of curated data relevant to immune reactions and specific pathogens. The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) was indeed created to assist biomedical researchers in the development of new vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The Analysis Resource is freely available to all researchers and provides access to a variety of epitope analysis and prediction tools. The tools include validated and benchmarked methods to predict MHC class I and class II binding. The predictions from these tools can be combined with tools predicting antigen processing, TCR recognition, and B cell epitope prediction. In addition the resource contains a variety of secondary analysis tools that allow the researcher to calculate epitope conservation, population coverage, and other relevant analytic variables. The researcher involved in vaccine design and epitope discovery will also be interested in accessing experimental published data, relevant to the specific indication of interest. The database component of the IEDB contains a vast amount of experimentally derived epitope data that can be queried through a flexible user interface. The IEDB is linked to other pathogen-specific and immunological database resources.
Binding Characteristics of a Quaternary Amine Analog of Serotonin: 5-HTQ

Because tryptamine derivatives typically bind at multiple populations of 5-HT receptors, they are not normally considered as templates for the design of site-selective serotonergic agents. Taking advantage of the proposal that 5-HT3 receptors are ligand-gated ion channel receptors, and that such receptors usually accept positively charged ligands, we synthesized and evaluated the N,N,N-trimethyl quaternary amine analog of serotonin (5HTQ), 5-HTQ binds at 5-HT3 receptors with ten times the affinity of 5-HT and displays considerable selectivity relative to the other populations of 5-HT receptors. Although 5-HTQ may not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, limiting its application for in vivo investigations, it should be useful for in vitro studies.
Carbon nanotube transistors scaled to a 40-nanometer footprint

The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors challenges the device research community to reduce the transistor footprint containing all components to 40 nanometers within the next decade. We report on a p-channel transistor scaled to such an extremely small dimension. Built on one semiconducting carbon nanotube, it occupies less than half the space of leading silicon technologies, while delivering a significantly higher pitch-normalized current density—above 0.9 milliampere per micrometer at a low supply voltage of 0.5 volts with a subthreshold swing of 85 millivolts per decade. Furthermore, we show transistors with the same small footprint built on actual high-density arrays of such nanotubes that deliver higher current than that of the best-competing silicon devices under the same overdrive, without any normalization. We achieve this using low-resistance end-bonded contacts, a high-purity semiconducting carbon nanotube source, and self-assembly to pack nanotubes into full surface-coverage aligned arrays.
Swimming Programs after the War

(1944). Swimming Programs after the War. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 120-164.
Review of Transmission Line Theory

This chapter will briefly review transmission line theory. This is not intended to be a comprehensive treatment on this topic. However, it will provide the necessary background needed for the understanding of the material in the book. More detailed information on this subject can be found in textbooks on transmission line theory, and some of these are listed in the bibliography [B].
RIGIDITY CONSTRAINTS IN AMORPHIZATION OF SINGLY- AND MULTIPLY-POLYTOPIC STRUCTURES

The irradiation-induced loss of crystallinity--or, more loosely, amorphization--is a common response of many insulating or semi-insulating solids, as well as some ordered alloys, to atomic displacements accumulated to the order of 1 displacement per atom (dpa). Readily amorphizable non-metallic solids are typically simple covalently-bonded solids or more complex ionic compounds in which lattice energy is less critically influenced by atomic correlations more remote than near-neighbor, and in which the structural alternatives for atomic arrangement, which may thus differ little in energy, become an important factor in the ease of amorphization. The basic problem is to understand how and why atoms can rearrange themselves, within the confines of unaffected surrounding crystal, after a local disordering event. Given few enough constraints and sufficient structural options, the rearrangement can be arbitrary and stochastic, so that the transformation is essentially irreversible and the crystal can be recovered only by full-scale recrystallization--for example, epitaxially at the interface with unaffected crystal-given sufficient atomic mobility at higher temperature. There is therefore a strong temperature dependence for amorphization, so that some amorphizable solids will amorphize only at low or cryogenic temperatures, and there is usually a threshold temperature above which amorphization does not occur. There is likewise a critical radiation fluence, representing a critical atom displacement density or bond rupture density, above which amorphization occurs below the critical temperature.
Fertilization in Cats

The domestic cat is a member of the order Carnivora, a taxon consisting of 231 species, most of which exhibit vastly different reproductive strategies. The data base on sperm and oocyte interaction is poor for almost all carnivores. However, the mechanisms of fertilization for the domestic cat are beginning to receive attention because these studies generate new information of both fundamental and applied benefit. Unlike most conventional laboratory species, which ovulate spontaneously during estrus, the cat is an “induced” ovulator. Ovulation occurs only after multiple copulations trigger pituitary release of sufficient amounts of luteinizing hormone (LH), which causes final maturation of follicular oocytes. Therefore, the cat is useful for studying the kinetics of LH effects on oocyte nuclear maturation. It also is possible that induced ovulatory species have different mechanisms for sustaining oocyte viability in the ovarian follicle. If for some reason copulation is delayed in the estrous cat, then, in theory, the intrafollicular oocyte must innately sustain its longevity, moreso than in most mammals, which ovulate spontaneously near the onset of sexual receptivity.
Better Way to Measure fx in the Linear σ Model

It is argued that the zero-momentum two-point function in a finite box can be used to get f x in the linear σ model. The method is based on a soft-pion finite-size theorem which is conjectured to hold if the boundary conditions are periodic. The present procedure is expected to be much more efficient than a previous proposal. PACS numbers: 11.40.Ha, 11.15.Ha, 11.30.Qc
Membrane Dynamics and Protein-Lipid Interactions

All biological structures are dynamic, and the rate and extent of motion are important in considering biological function. This is true for enzymes, for polynucleotides, and most certainly for membranes. The fluid mosaic model (Chapter 1) has helped focus attention on the mobility of membrane components by conceptualizing the membrane as a sea of lipid in which embedded globular proteins are freely floating. Over the past two decades an enormous literature has developed the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the dynamics of membrane components. Much of this utilizes the sophisticated applications of optical and magnetic resonance spectroscopies. From all this has emerged a useful physical picture of the membrane which encompasses the ways in which membrane proteins and lipids move and how they interact with each other. In addition, techniques have been developed to address specifically questions pertinent to membrane dynamics. There are considerable uncertainties remaining, but they point to areas which will be the focus of future research efforts.
Rigorous Polynomial Approximation

Polynomial approximation is a key to implementation of transcendental functions $f: \mathrm{R}\rightarrow \mathrm{R}$, such as $\exp, \log, \sin$. All existing approaches to polynomial approximation are based on a posteriori control of the error made during the approximation process with floating-point numbers F.We perform polynomial interpolation with a priori control of the error: given $x_{j}\, \in \mathrm{F}, j = 0,\ldots,n$ a list of points, $f: \mathrm{R}\rightarrow mathrm{Ra}$ function we can evaluate over F, an interval $I \subseteq\mathrm{F}$ and an error bound $\Delta \in \mathrm{F}^{+}$, we compute $p \sim \in \mathrm{F}[x]$ such that $\mathrm{k}p \sim -p \mathrm{k}_{\infty }^{I}\,\le \Delta$ for $p \in \mathrm{R}[x]$ the unique polynomial satisfying $p(x_{j})=f(x_{j})$ at each $x_{j}$.We implemented our algorithm inside the Sollya tool.
The Way They Did Theory Then

In this article, I take sixteenth-century mathematics as a test case for considering at its most general level what doing theory entails. Ideally, doing theory aims to change rather than merely des...
Genetic Basis of Periodontitis and Tooth Loss

Periodontitis is very common in populations and has a genetic component best defined as complex or multifactorial. Its presentation is dependent on small contributions from multiple genes as well as environmental factors. The challenge of studying the etiology of periodontitis thus lies in the difficulties faced in defining the disease itself. While clinical presentations of the disease vary, treatment is typically approached in a standardized manner amongst clinicians. The ultimate result of untreated periodontitis is tooth loss. Tooth loss is also the ultimate result of untreated dental caries, and similarly to periodontitis, both dental caries and tooth loss can also be defined as traits having a complex or multifactorial mode of inheritance. In general, genetic studies have not provided much insight into the understanding of periodontitis.
A Deep Probabilistic Model for Customer Lifetime Value Prediction

Accurate predictions of customers' future lifetime value (LTV) given their attributes and past purchase behavior enables a more customer-centric marketing strategy. Marketers can segment customers into various buckets based on the predicted LTV and, in turn, customize marketing messages or advertising copies to serve customers in different segments better. Furthermore, LTV predictions can directly inform marketing budget allocations and improve real-time targeting and bidding of ad impressions. One challenge of LTV modeling is that some customers never come back, and the distribution of LTV can be heavy-tailed. The commonly used mean squared error (MSE) loss does not accommodate the significant fraction of zero value LTV from one-time purchasers and can be sensitive to extremely large LTV's from top spenders. In this article, we model the distribution of LTV given associated features as a mixture of zero point mass and lognormal distribution, which we refer to as the zero-inflated lognormal (ZILN) distribution. This modeling approach allows us to capture the churn probability and account for the heavy-tailedness nature of LTV at the same time. It also yields straightforward uncertainty quantification of the point prediction. The ZILN loss can be used in both linear models and deep neural networks (DNN). For model evaluation, we recommend the normalized Gini coefficient to quantify model discrimination and decile charts to assess model calibration. Empirically, we demonstrate the predictive performance of our proposed model on two real-world public datasets.
Development of a rutting index parameter based on the stress sweep rutting test and permanent deformation shift model

The use of index parameters to evaluate the performance of asphalt mixtures has become an important process for making informed pavement material decisions. These index parameters are indicators of...
Study of the Factor Structure, Profiles, and Concurrent Validity of the Mindset Assessment Profile Tool for Elementary Students:

This study explored the underlying latent structure of items on the Mindset Assessment Profile (MAP) tool, explored whether subgroups of students exist based on the latent structure of MAP items, a...
The Positive Functioning at Work Scale: Psychometric Assessment, Validation, and Measurement Invariance

The PERMA framework (Seligman 2011) presents five building blocks of well-being: positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment. However, Seligman (2018) suggested the original five building blocks are highly predictive of well-being but certainly not exhaustive. This research attempted to expand the PERMA model in the workplace with four new building blocks of well-being: physical health, mindset, environment, and economic security. Study 1 utilized nine subject matter experts (SMEs) to content analyze and evaluate an item pool for scale development. In Study 2 (N = 300), an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) extrapolated nine dimensions of positive functioning at work (PF-W) with a random sample of full-time employees recruited on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). The purpose of Study 3 was to validate the PF-W scale and test its ability to predict work outcomes. Findings from 727 full-time employees supported a general factor of PF-W with nine lower-order dimensions. The measure exhibited convergent, discriminant, criterion, predictive, and incremental forms of validity with other well-being (Diener 1985; Luthans, Youssef and Avolio 2007) and performance measures (Griffin, Neal and Parker 2007), as well as measurement invariance across job function. The Positive Functioning at Work Scale provides a comprehensive measurement tool that can inform future workplace programs and interventions. It also predicts important work outcomes, such as turnover intentions, job-related affective well-being, plus individual, team, and organizational adaptivity, proactivity, and organizational proficiency.
Separating fact from fiction: the mythology of cartographic icons

Historical maps play a vital role in modern cartography. They provide exemplars, show us that not much is as new as it might appear, and underpin the canon of work that collectively embodies cartog...
Is fertility preservation a part of comprehensive cancer care in the USA? A study of NCI-designated cancer center websites

The delivery of oncofertility care remains challenging, and cancer patients increasingly utilize online health information to fill knowledge gaps in their fertility care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the website content of NCI-designated cancer centers to assess the quantity and quality of patient-oriented information pertaining to fertility preservation (FP). We systematically abstracted, evaluated, and compared website content for NCI-designated cancer centers (CC) and comprehensive cancer centers (CCC) pertaining to oncofertility and fertility preservation for both male and female cancer patients. Readability of each website was evaluated using the Flesch-Kincaid grade level and Flesch reading ease score. Overall, 72% of websites mentioned the effect of cancer or cancer therapy on fertility potential. Only 56% of websites had a page devoted solely to the effect of cancer on fertility. Information for female patients was more common than for male patients (59% vs. 50%). CCC websites were more likely to include information about the effects of cancer treatment on fertility, the option for FP and details for FP methods. The majority of websites did not address risks and benefits of FP, moral and ethical considerations, or details about the success rates or costs. The median readability score correlated with a 12th grade reading level. Patient-directed information pertaining to oncofertility and FP is inadequate on the majority of websites, and represents a gap in comprehensive cancer care and survivorship planning. Patients who rely primarily on internet-based information regarding oncofertility may not be well-informed about FP options in the critical period between cancer diagnosis and treatment. Cancer patients and survivors interested in future fertility should be referred to reproductive specialists, when possible, for a comprehensive discussion about fertility preservation prior to cancer therapy and fertility options after completing cancer therapy.
Hawaii beef producer animal health and welfare certification training and impact evaluation

In Hawaii, cattle production is among the top agricultural commodities; however, most of the cattle are sent to mainland feedlots for finishing. Along with rising transportation costs and the economic constraints of feed importation, the production of local, grass-finished beef is a viable alternative to shipping feeders to the mainland. Minimizing physiological and psychological stress of cattle is essential for finishing beef cattle in both traditional feedlots and grass-finishing systems; thus, Hawaii ranchers need to be educated on best health and welfare management practices. The purpose of this study was to: ( 1) develop workshops to educate Hawaii ranchers on best health and welfare management practices, (2) determine current knowledge and attitudes regarding health and welfare management practices, (3) use pre- and post-workshop questionnaires to determine whether workshops significantly improved ranchers' knowledge and attitudes, and ( 4) determine if proper health and welfare management practices are important to Hawaii ranchers.
Sampling design workflows and tools to support adaptive monitoring and management

On the Ground • Adaptive land management requires monitoring of resource conditions, which requires choices about where and when to monitor a landscape. • Designing a sampling design for a monitoring program can be broken down in to eight steps: identifying questions, defining objectives, selecting reporting units, deciding data collection methods, defining the sample frame, selecting an appropriate design type, deciding stratification and allocation, and identifying the required sampling effort. • Here, we provide descriptions of each step in the process and identify tools and resources to complete each step.
[Deep Vein Thrombosis in Intensive Care Patients with COVID-19 Infection - Impact of a Standardised Therapeutic Regimen].

Background and objectives It has been reported that the risk of deep vein thrombosis is greater in patients with COVID-19 infection. We have now investigated whether a standardised therapy can reduce the risk of DVT. Materials and methods After establishing standard therapy with anticoagulation, steroids and convalescent plasma, we screened 20 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia for DVT by ultrasound examination. The comparison group contained 20 COVID patients with inconsistent therapy, who were examined for the presence of thrombosis during the first wave. Results In the current patient population with standard therapy, we could not detect any thrombosis, and in the prior patients group only 25% of patients developed DVT. Pulmonary embolism was found in one patient in the first cohort and two in the second. Conclusion The risk of DVT could be reduced through anticoagulation, and administration of steroids and convalescent plasma. The specific significance of the individual components has not yet been clarified. Since bleeding is a rarely observed in SARS-CoV-2 infections, a generous indication for anticoagulation seems to be justified.
Genetic control of bacterial purine phosphoribosyltransferases and an approach to gene enrichment.

Enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium possess three separate genes that control three different phosphoribosyltransferases (PRI). A-PRT (apt gene) is active only for adenine; G-PRT (gpt gene) converts guanine, hypoxanthine and xanthine; and H-PRT (hpt gene) is primarily active for hypoxanthine, poorly for guanine and not at all for xanthine.
Isotachophoresis (displacement electrophoresis. Transphoresis) Theory

Abstract An approximate solution is given for the equations governing the structure of the inter-species ionic interface in discrete sample isotachophoresis (displacement electrophoresis, transphoresis) in an ideal one-dimensional system, in the presence of a common counterion and in the absence of continuous mobility spectrum spacer ampholytes. It is shown that the approximation is reasonably good for values of the Kohlrausch-regulated terminator leader concentration ratio greater than 0.5. The dependence of interface thickness on mobility and concentration ratios is discussed and results are compared to those in previous literature. Interface thickness is found to be inversely proportional to leader voltage gradient.
Trading behavior in a marginal organized market

As increasingly more transactions occur away from open markets, the so-called "thin" market issues arise. This paper analyzes unpublished transaction data from Egg Clearinghouse, Inc. (ECI), a marginal marketplace for eggs that trades 4% of all eggs (80% of eggs available for open trading). Results suggest that marginalized markets can serve as an inventory adjustment mechanism while maintaining the role of price discovery as a check for non-market prices. At ECI, most firms both buy and sell regardless of operational types, participation is balanced across all types of firms in the industry, and sellers in general yield to buyers' preferred terms of trade.
The First Stars

In this review, we outline the current theory for the formation of stars in present-day molecular clouds and then extrapolate this paradigm to earlier generations of stars. We discuss the radiative signature of star formation, gravitational instabilities in circumstellar disks, and the current status of the initial mass function.
LEAD POISONING Review of the Literature and Report on 45 Cases

A review of the recent and some older pertinent literature relative to lead poisoning in childhood is presented. Forty-five cases of lead poisoning from the author9s experience are described. All were treated with intravenous or intramuscular administration of edathamil during the acute stages. Oral administration of edathamil produced no shortening of the prolonged period of coproporphyrinuria following the cessation of intravenous use of edathamil. In the acute stage, oral use of edathamil was less efficient than intravenous or intramuscular administration in returning the aberrant porphyrin metabolism toward normal. The selective effect of intravenous use of edathamil on the urinary excretion of coproporphyrin as opposed to the relatively slight effect on erythrocyte porphyrins confirms the notion that lead interferes with porphyrin metabolism at several physiologically distinct points; and that the hematopoietic marrow is not freed of lead by edathamil. Edathamil given orally in the presence of lead in the intestinal tract is a very dangerous drug, and there is a hint that administration of even intravenous edathamil may promote lead absorption from the intestinal tract and its transport to the brain. Therefore, emptying the intestinal tract by enemata may be an important preliminary to treatment. Dehydration by severe catharsis would be undesirable. With adequate treatment, half or more of the victims of lead poisoning should be returned to competitive life. Those persistently damaged intellectually suffer from acute encephalopathy and have often been re-exposed to lead after treatment of the acute disease.
Politics in the City-Inside-Out

Neoliberal restructuring has engendered significant economic and social changes. The advent of deregulation, diminished role of the state, and the crisis of social contract have meant that a vast number of subaltern groups are now left on their own to survive and better their lives. Consequently, a strong view in the current debates seems to suggest that neoliberal city is a lost city—where capital rules, the affluent enjoy, and the subaltern is entrapped; it is a city of glaring inequality and imbalance, where the ideal of the “right to the city” is all but vanished. While this conclusion enjoys much plausibility, I want to suggest in this paper that there is more to neoliberal urbanity than elite rule and subaltern's failure. For the new realities of these cities tend to engender a new discrete form of politics. Drawing on the recent urban transformation in the Middle East, the paper elaborates on this distinct politics by discussing how a key spatial feature of neoliberal city, what I call the “city-inside-out,” is likely to instigate “street politics” and inform the “political street.”
Remembering Obaid Siddiqi, a pioneer in the study of temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants in Drosophila.

Although Obaid Siddiqi’s major research focus in neurogenetics was on chemosensation and olfaction in Drosophila, he made seminal contributions to the study of temperature-sensitive paralytic mutants that paved the way for research that we and many other investigators have continued to pursue. Here we recount Siddiqi’s investigation and the impact it had on our own studies especially at a formative stage of our careers. We acknowledge our debt to Obaid Siddiqi and remember him fondly as an inspired and inspiring scientist, mentor, role model and human being.
Protons Versus X-rays for CNS Tumors: A Decision Model

assessed by peer review and documented in REDCap. Cases where significant changes are recommended remain on the work list for follow-up and confirmation of outcome. Conclusions: Using freely available software products, an automated system was developed that facilitates the management of physician peer review of treatment plans. The system meets the requirements of patient privacy, confidentiality of peer review, and accessibility across a large, multi-center practice. Minimal manual effort is necessary to track which patients require review or to document that their review was completed. The system provides structured data for tracking the results of reviews, as well as the ability to audit the review process itself to ensure that no cases are missed. Author Disclosure: P.E. Gabriel: None. J.C. Finlay: None. M.G. Weiner: None.
The Underground Railroad and the Struggle Against Slavery

��� We know people, Haitian mothers used to say, by their stories. There is no doubt these stories tend to fade over time. The trick for the teller is to find ways to remember. How to remember is one of the major problems confronting historians keen not just to understand the workings of the Underground Railroad (UGRR), but to reconnect with the enslaved who risked life and limb, who decided to leave the places and the people they knew for an unknown future in unknown places. The act of leaving can tells us a great deal about the many ways they endured and resisted being crushed by the hammer of oppression. But it also tells us something about their passion for freedom and their notion of rights. By zeroing in on those acts, that is by looking at the actions of the enslaved who decided to abandon the plantation, we can glimpse if only for brief periods the reasons behind and the consequences of their actions, or to put it another way: the politics of their action. It is clear, as I hope the evidence will show, that – to borrow an apt phrase from E. P. Thompson – those who took flight had a ‘general notion’ of rights and a passionate desire for freedom. The activities of the UGRR in communities on both sides of the slavery divide are replete with such stories and provide a canvas on which to sketch the broad outlines of the fugitive slaves’ impact on the struggle against slavery. It is in these communities, whether on the Eastern Shore of Maryland or in the capital city of Pennsylvania, where these conflicts played out, that we can come to appreciate nature of this struggle. Ever since Gaul was divided into three by Caesar, historians have felt an obligation to do the same in anything they write. I want to take a different tack and tell four stories which I hope will provide novel insights into the workings of the UGRR, the people who drove it and its impact on the debate over the future of slavery in the United States. One caveat: much of what I have to say is limited to the decade of the 1850s, not because what happened in the years before is unimportant, but rather because the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 changed the terms of the debate over slavery by providing for the first time in the nation’s history a national system of enforcement, one which had the full backing of the federal government. As a result, slave escapes came to assume greater political significance. Recapturing those who ran away became for many a measure of the
Measures of enzyme co-operativity

Abstract A basic component in the regulation of an enzyme's activity is the interaction between active sites or co-operativity. Only non-co-operativity is a well defined mechanism and a number of measures were proposed for assessing deviations from non-co-operativity. In this work we study analytically the performance of the Hill function and Wong coefficients, introduce a third measure that we call the Range and investigate equivalences and implications between these measures and between shapes of velocity curves in relation to the nature and extent of co-operativity.
The 1969 Opposition Effect of Mars. Full Disk, Syrtis Major and Arabia

Mars 1969 opposition effects, describing Syrtis Major, Arabia and disk brightness, color and spectrum
Pretreatment Endorectal Coil Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Predict Biochemical Tumor Control in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Combination Brachytherapy and External-Beam Radiotherapy

Purpose To investigate the utility of endorectal coil magenetic resonance imaging (eMRI) in predicting biochemical relapse in prostate cancer patients treated with combination brachytherapy and external-beam radiotherapy. Methods and Materials Between 2000 and 2008, 279 men with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer underwent eMRI of their prostate before receiving brachytherapy and supplemental intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Endorectal coil MRI was performed before treatment and retrospectively reviewed by two radiologists experienced in genitourinary MRI. Image-based variables, including tumor diameter, location, number of sextants involved, and the presence of extracapsular extension (ECE), were incorporated with other established clinical variables to predict biochemical control outcomes. The median follow-up was 49 months (range, 1–13 years). Results The 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival for the cohort was 92%. Clinical findings predicting recurrence on univariate analysis included Gleason score (hazard ratio [HR] 3.6, p = 0.001), PSA (HR 1.04, p = 0.005), and National Comprehensive Cancer Network risk group (HR 4.1, p = 0.002). Clinical T stage and the use of androgen deprivation therapy were not correlated with biochemical failure. Imaging findings on univariate analysis associated with relapse included ECE on MRI (HR 3.79, p = 0.003), tumor size (HR 2.58, p = 0.04), and T stage (HR 1.71, p = 0.004). On multivariate analysis incorporating both clinical and imaging findings, only ECE on MRI and Gleason score were independent predictors of recurrence. Conclusions Pretreatment eMRI findings predict for biochemical recurrence in intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with combination brachytherapy and external-beam radiotherapy. Gleason score and the presence of ECE on MRI were the only significant predictors of biochemical relapse in this group of patients.
Axotomy-induced changes in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and PACAP receptor gene expression in the adult rat facial motor nucleus.

It has been demonstrated that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) promotes the survival of neurons in culture and can inhibit neuronal cell death after experimental injury. Furthermore, peripheral axotomy results in increased PACAP gene expression in sensory and sympathetic neurons, suggesting that PACAP might be a mediator in the injury response in certain parts of the nervous system. However, changes in PACAP expression have not been reported in injured motor neurons, despite the significant problem of motor neuron degeneration in injury and in several neurological diseases. We examined here changes in gene expression of PACAP and two high-affinity PACAP receptors, PAC(1) and VPAC(2), in adult rat motor neurons after facial nerve axotomy by in situ hybridization. PACAP gene expression was very low in facial motor neurons of normal rats. However, a robust time-dependent increase in PACAP mRNA was observed in the facial motor nucleus in most or all axotomized motor neurons. This induction was detectable 6 hr after axotomy, and peaked at 48 hr, when expression on the injured side averaged more than 20-fold higher than that on the contralateral side. Thereafter, PACAP mRNA levels decreased slightly, but remained more than 10-fold elevated for as long as 30 days after axotomy. In contrast to PACAP, gene expression for both the PAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptor was high in facial motor neurons of normal rats. No significant change was observed for VPAC(2) receptor gene expression in facial motor neurons after axotomy, whereas gene expression for the PAC(1) receptor became significantly decreased. The results indicate that the PACAP ligand receptor system is tightly regulated in the facial motor nucleus after axotomy, providing evidence that PACAP may be involved in motor injury responses.
Educational backgrounds of most-cited scholars

Abstract There are many factors affecting the intellectual terrain of criminal justice. Among these is the educational background of influential scholars. A list of influential scholars was created by using those previously recognized as most-cited in the criminal justice literature. A glimpse at their educational backgrounds was accomplished through Dissertation Abstracts and it was determined that thirteen institutions were the source for the terminal degrees of 65.1 percent of the most-cited scholars in the field. The institutions providing the scholars were located primarily in the east and midwest, and 60.6 percent of the scholars had their terminal degrees in sociology. On the basis of this overview, it was concluded that there has been a concentration in the educational source of scholars in criminal justice. Sociology has been heavily represented among most-cited scholars, and those with degrees in criminal justice and criminology appear much less frequently. In addition, the geographical concentration of institutions from which degrees were received tended to exclude institutions from the southern region of the country.
A critique of the new ST-segment criteria for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle-branch block.

Summary Background: Recently, electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the presence of left bundle-branch block (LBBB). However, clinical experience indicates that such ECG changes indicative of AMI are occasionally noted in clinically stable patients with LBBB, raising concerns about the specificity of the proposed criteria. Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of ST-segment abnormalities suggestive of AM1 in ambulatory patients with cardiovascular disease and chronic LBBB, who did not have an AMI. In addition, the ECG determinants of such ST-segment abnormalities were sought. Methods: The files of all (4,193) patients followed in the outpatient cardiology clinic were reviewed to identify patients with LBBB. Electrocardiograms of these patients were evaluated as to the duration of the QRS complex, frontal QRS axis, amplitude of QRS in leads VI-V~, and the presence and magnitude of ST-segment depression (-ST) in leads VI-V~. and ST-segment elevation (+ST) in leads with predominantly positive or negative QRS complexes. Correlations of these ECG variables were carried out. Results: In 124 patients with LBBB only 1 patient with - ST of I mm in leads V I-V~, and 1 patient with +ST of 1 mm in a predominantly positive ECG lead were found; the latter patient also had +ST of 6 mm in V3. Nine patients were detect
Orthogonalization on a General Purpose Graphics Processing Unit with Double Double and Quad Double Arithmetic

Our problem is to accurately solve linear system son a general purpose graphics processing unit with double double and quad double arithmetic. The linear systems originate from the application of Newton's method on polynomial systems. Newton's method is applied as a corrector in a path tracking method, so the linear systems are solved in sequence and not simultaneously. One solution path may require the solution of thousands of linear systems. In previous work we reported good speedups with our implementation to evaluate and differentiate polynomial systems on the NVIDIA Tesla C2050. Although the cost of evaluation and differentiation often dominates the cost of linear system solving in Newton's method, because of the limited bandwidth of the communication between CPU and GPU, we cannot afford to send the linear system to the CPU for solving during path tracking. Because of large degrees, the Jacobian matrix may contain extreme values, requiring extended precision, leading to a significant overhead. This overhead of multiprecision arithmetic is our main motivation to develop a massively parallel algorithm. To allow over determined linear systems we solve linear systems in the least squares sense, computing the QR decomposition of the matrix by the modified Gram-Schmidt algorithm. We describe our implementation of the modified Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization method using double double and quad double arithmetic for GPUs. Our experimental results on the NVIDIA Tesla C2050 and K20Cshow that the achieved speedups are sufficiently high to compensate for the overhead of one extra level of precision.