cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, and glaucoma after Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy.

Abstract A series of 897 Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomies were reviewed for the complications of cystoid macular edema, retinal detachment, new onset of glaucoma, and worsened preexisting glaucoma. After Nd:YAG capsulotomy, 11 patients (1.23%; 95% confidence interval, 0.51% to 1.95%) developed cystoid macular edema and eight patients (0.89%; 95% confidence interval, 0.28% to 1.5%) developed a retinal detachment. The new onset of glaucoma was observed in seven patients (0.78%; 95% confidence interval, 0.20% to 1.36%). Five patients (0.56%; 95% confidence interval, 0.07% to 1.05%) with preexisting glaucoma had persistent worsening of their glaucoma. Most patients with a complication had no identifiable risk factors in common. The numbers of laser pulses and energy delivered were not risk factors. Retinal detachment and cystoid macular edema developed most often many months after capsulotomy and many months to years after the cataract surgery. Patients undergoing Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy therefore require ongoing medical observation to detect and treat these serious complications.
A smart dust biosensor powered by kinesin motors

Biosensors can be miniaturized by either injecting smaller volumes into micro- and nanofluidic devices or immersing increasingly sophisticated particles known as 'smart dust' into the sample. The term 'smart dust' originally referred to cubic-millimetre wireless semiconducting sensor devices that could invisibly monitor the environment in buildings and public spaces, but later it also came to include functional micrometre-sized porous silicon particles used to monitor yet smaller environments. The principal challenge in designing smart dust biosensors is integrating transport functions with energy supply into the device. Here, we report a hybrid microdevice that is powered by ATP and relies on antibody-functionalized microtubules and kinesin motors to transport the target analyte into a detection region. The transport step replaces the wash step in traditional double-antibody sandwich assays. Owing to their small size and autonomous function, we envision that large numbers of such smart dust biosensors could be inserted into organisms or distributed into the environment for remote sensing.
Representing approximate ordering and equivalence relations

Abstract The central question considered is: given appropriate precisations of the ideas of an empirical system's approximately satisfying laws of measurement with error at most ϵ (for some ϵ ≥ 0), and of a real-valued function over its domain providing an approximate representation of its basic operations and relations with error at most δ, can it be shown that satisfaction of the laws with ‘sufficiently small’ error insures numerical representability with arbitrarily small error? Positive answers are given in the cases of ordinal and nominal measurement, together with some indications of the sizes of the errors involved. Problems of extending the theory to more complex types of measurement are discussed, some open problems and conjectures are formulated, and a relation between the ‘approximate representation’ and ‘stochastic choice model’ approaches to measurement with fallible data is established.
Behavioral contrast for key pecking as a function of component duration when only one component varies.

Abstract Pigeons pecked keys for food reinforcers delivered by multiple variable-interval 2-min variable-interval 2-min schedules. Positive behavioral contrast was created by changing one component to extinction; negative contrast was achieved by changing one component to a variable-interval 15-s schedule. The duration of each component was varied independently of the other from 5 to 960 s. The size of positive contrast was greatest when the extinction component was 30 or 60 s long. It did not change significantly with changes in the duration of the variable-interval 2-min component. The absolute size of negative contrast decreased with increases in the duration of the variable-interval 2-min component. It did not change significantly with changes in the duration of the variable-interval 15-s component. These results show that the size of contrast is determined primarily by the duration of the component that provides the less favorable conditions of reinforcement. These results are not predicted by current theories.
The Human Subjects Protection Committee: an experiment in decentralized federal regulation.

The human subjects protection committee is the principal legal mechanism for protecting the rights and welfare of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research. In this article the author explores the influence of variations in the structure of the review process and in the composition and operating procedures of the committees on committee performance. He also assesses revisions in the review process proposed by the National Commission on the Protection of Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.
Photon energy analysis by reflectivity modulation

Abstract X-ray mirror reflectivity versus energy is approximately a step function. By dithering the orientation of an X-ray mirror and phase detecting the reflected photons, one obtains a response function which is the derivative of this step function. A photon response function with a narrow energy resolution is thus produced. This photon energy analysis by reflectivity modulation is analogous to a modulated retarding grid electron energy analyzer. The energy resolution and the peak efficiency of the response function are determined by the optical constants or the mirror, the amplitude of the dither and the collimation of the photons, so the signal can be increased at the expense of energy resolution by altering the dither amplitude. Although the resolving power is low compared with what can be achieved with crystals, reflectivity modulation has several advantages over crystal based monochromators and spectrometers. Reflectivity modulation can be used over a very large energy range, including soft X-rays. For focused applications, the surface of an X-ray mirror is more easily figured than the diffracting planes of a crystal. The response function of a mirror is harmonic free and most importantly, the signal amplitude can be much higher than from crystals.
Effects of immunosuppressive therapy on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) during cardiac allograft rejection

Abstract Recent studies have indicated a role for nitric oxide (NO) in alloimmune responses and in allograft rejection. iNOS mRNA, protein and enzyme activity are induced in myocardium during cardiac allograft rejection. NO produced by iNOS is negatively inotropic and has the potential to be cytotoxic to cardiac myocytes. To investigate whether immunosuppressive agents would alter the expression of iNOS during cardiac allograft rejection, hearts from Wistar-Furth rats were transplanted into the abdomen of Lewis recipients. At day 5 allografts from treated and untreated animals were removed for pathological and biochemical examination. At day 5 the untreated allografts exhibited histological evidence of marked rejection (edema, infiltration with macrophages and lymphocytes, necrosis of cardiac muscle fibers). Abundant iNOS mRNA was apparent in Northern blots and iNOS enzyme activity was increased in ventricular homogenates and in cardiac myocytes purified from the untreated rejecting allografts. Incubation of isolated purified cardiac myocytes from normal rats for 24 h with cytokines known to be present during allograft rejection (IL-1 β, TNF-α and IFN-γ) was also associated with increased iNOS mRNA and enzyme activity. When Wistar-Furth to Lewis allografts were treated from time of transplantation with FK 506, cyclosporine A, dexamethasone or a combination of all three drugs, histological evidence of rejection and the levels of iNOS mRNA and enzyme activity in ventricular homogenates were reduced significantly below those observed in the untreated allografts. The data in a rat model indicate that immunosuppressive drugs reduce myocardial iNOS mRNA and enzyme activity in rejecting cardiac allografts. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the alloimmune response and cytokine release are involved in the expression of iNOS during cardiac transplantation rejection.
Data mining and knowledge discovery in proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR) spectra using frequency to information transformation (FIT)

Recent rapid development of research in the fields of structural genomics and bioinformatics has stressed the need for the development of effective methods of data mining and knowledge extraction from complex and convoluted signals. In this paper we introduce frequency to information transformation (FIT) as a novel method of extracting information content of complex signals. Because FIT uses a priori knowledge and is a comparative technique, it is well suited for data mining and knowledge discovery from complex data. In this paper, we introduce FIT and compare it to established methods used in automated conditioning and knowledge discovery in proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra. FIT transformation was applied to a collection of 80 one-dimensional (1D) 1H-NMR spectra of 23 N-linked oligosaccharides. Three classification methods, namely, cluster analysis, Bayesian analysis and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to demonstrate the advantages of FIT in information and knowledge extraction in comparison with classical methods such as frequency-based filtering, nonlinear and piecewise linear curve fitting, and correlation coefficient analysis.
Recollections of Spermarche: An Exploratory Investigation

Only a couple of previous investigations have examined the possibility that spermarche, or the first male ejaculation of seminal fluid, could serve as a salient biological marker in adolescent development. Since investigations of spermarche with adolescent males are virtually impossible to conduct, retrospective reports from adult males appear to be the only viable option for studying the phenomenon. Fortunately, strong arguments have been advanced for the retrospective approach to this area. A diverse group of 412 adult men completed a demographic inventory and the Spermarche Questionnaire that was designed for this study. The results indicated that most men recalled spermarche as a clear and distinct event. Men tended to not be aware that spermarche was going to occur prior to its occurrence, and usually told no one that it had occurred afterward. Men reported that following spermarche, they tended to be moderately happy, excited, curious, and felt more grown up. They didnot tend to experience pride, upset, embarrassment, shame, fear, or feelings of becoming a man. Men also reported that they were very surprised by the occurrence of spermarche, but did not believe that they had hurt themselves or that they were either physically or mentally ill. Some differences emerged based on the ages and ethnic backgrounds of the men. The results are discussed and suggestions for additional research are offered.
Conceptual dimensions of crowding: a North Carolina study

In order to assess the dimensions distinguishing people's perceptions of crowded situations, a three-part, multidimensional scaling experiment was undertaken. In Phase 1, free descriptions of crowding instances were collected. Phase 2 involved a new set of respondents who made similarity judgments of the descriptions. The analysis revealed that respondents discriminated among the stimuli on three dimensions and suggested that women and men use different salience weights. Phase 3 sought to find objective measures of the attributes defining the three-dimensional space and found that the dimensions could be termed physicaFpsychological, familiar-unfamiliar, and reo sultant stress. The predominant view of crowding, as represented in the current literature, portrays it as an experiential state whose antecedent conditions are not solely defined by high degrees of density. Despite this growing consensus, wide divergences exist concerning the variables that constitute the necessary and sufficient conditions for inducing the subjective state of feeling crowded. An impressive variety of definitions of crowding have been suggested, including such variables as perceived inadequacy of space (Stokols, 1972), excessive stimulation from The technical details of the research described in this article were previously reported by the authors in a paper presented atthe symposium on Human Consequences of Crowding, November 6-I 0, 1977, Antalya, Turkey and will not be repeated here. We gratefully acknowledge the generous assistance of Forrest Young in counseling us on
Using Syndromic Emergency Department Data to Augment Oral Health Surveillance

Using the chief complaint field from our established syndromic ED system, we developed definitions for potentially preventable oral health visits (OHV) and examined patterns in 2009-2011 data. Under the widest definition, OHV comprised about 1% of ED visits. Adults ages 18 to 29 had markedly higher OHV than other ages, as did certain neighborhoods/EDs. We found more than half of OHV occurred during daytime hours, suggesting opportunities for targeted outreach and education. With some caveats, syndromic ED data provide a useful complement to other oral health surveillance strategies.
Absorption and Distribution of Ethanol during altered Portal Dynamics in the Dog

SummaryAbsorption and distribution of ethyl alcohol was studied in dogs with altered portal blood flow and in control animals. Portal venous obstruction in association with extrahepatic portal hypertension retards absorption of alcohol from the gastrointestinal tract. Hepatic venous outflow obstruction in association with intrahepatic portal hypertension does not appreciably change absorption or distribution of alcohol. End-to-side portacaval shunt does not affect the rate of alcohol absorption but as in dogs with portal vein obstruction decreases extraction by the liver. These findings may be applicable to patients with hepatic cirrhosis who have ingested large quantities of ethanol and continue to do so after portacaval shunt.
Utilizing Emergent Levels to Facilitate Complex Systems Design: Demonstrated in a Synthetic Biology Domain

Designing complex systems often requires consideration of many components interacting across vast scales of space and time, thus producing highly challenging design spaces to search. In particular, nano-based technologies may require considerations of how nanoscale (10−9) embodiments affect macroscale (∼100) systems and typically have multiple layers of emergent behavior. It is frequently cited that counter-intuitive properties of emergence complicates design tasks; however, we investigate whether some multiscale emergent systems have organizational levels that may inform more effective design methods and searches.Investigations are conducted by extending an agent-based simulation that predicts the emergent interactions of myosin motors interacting with a motile actin filament. Both the behaviors of individual motors and an ensemble of motors are stochastic, therefore analytical methods are often unable to form accurate design evaluations and computationally intensive simulations are required for investigation. Our modification of the simulation enables the prediction of the duration of time that motors will carry an actin filament before system dissociation (termed its processive life-time), which is a vital performance metric for future nanotechnology designs such as molecular sorters.Virtual experiments were conducted that determines how perturbations of synthetic myosin design configurations, and the number of myosins present, affects emergent ensemble performance with respect to run-length and energy usage. It is found that all systems have nearly identical average processive life-times for a given input energy regardless of how much energy individual myosins utilize. Such a finding reduces the total information that a designer must consider, since it is a fundamental relationship that holds regardless of lower level component configurations. Such relationships may occur in complex systems in additional domains, and knowledge of these emergent relationships could greatly facilitate the efficiencies of design methods and automated searches for future technologies.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The Design of the NAL Booster

Many types of injection systems have been studied extensively both at CERN and LRL. These studies were revived and extended at NAL during the latter half of 1967. Many people drawn from almost all accelerator laboratories both in the USA and in Europe contributed to the conceptual design. Although the whole question of booster type was reexamined from the beginning, the conclusions reached by this study group were in complete agreement with those reached in the LRL and CERN studies. Namely, that within the framework of existing technology, the most desirable type of injector is a fast-cycling synchrotron having a radius of a fraction of that of the main ring.
Pediatric Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder

Chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is a systemic disorder of mineral and bone metabolism that has deleterious consequences on skeletal and cardiovascular health. Nowhere is the morbidity of this disorder more telling than in children. During childhood and adolescence, CKD-MBD may result in poor growth and skeletal deformities, while the mineral dysregulation can manifest in cardiovascular disease in early adulthood, a development that places the patients at high risk for severe morbidity and early mortality. Unfortunately, management of CKD-MBD has been less than satisfactory in children despite recent advances and is limited by the lack of evidence-based treatment guidelines. More positive are ongoing research efforts, such as the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children and the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with CKD (4C) studies that are currently providing important insights which should help better elucidate the pathogenesis and progression of mineral dysregulation and its clinical impact in children. Data from these studies and others will undoubtedly also help formulate clinical trials and the generation of evidence-based therapeutic options designed to provide more effective management of CKD-MBD in the pediatric population.
Comparative (Dis?) Advantage in Russian Agriculture

The economic reform that began in Russia in the early 1990s has spurred major changes in the structure and volume of the country’s agricultural production and trade. This paper examines whether Russia has a comparative advantage in agricultural outputs compared to agricultural inputs, and whether it has a comparative advantage in bulk crops versus meat. The paper also investigates whether the changes in Russia’s agricultural production and trade during transition have been consistent with the country’s agricultural comparative advantage, as indicated by the empirical results.
Uremia due to occult lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys.

An unusual case of uremia due to lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys is described. The kidneys were of normal size and the diagnosis of lymphoma was made only at the time of open renal biopsy.
ATTEND: Toward a Mindfulness-Based Bereavement Care Model

Few, if any, mindfulness-based bereavement care models exist. The ATTEND (attunement, trust, touch, egalitarianism, nuance, and death education) model is an interdisciplinary paradigm for providers, including physicians, social workers, therapists, nursing staff and others. Using a case example to enhance the breadth and depth of understanding, this article focuses on attunement as a means to moderate the negative effects of traumatic bereavement, support the framework for posttraumatic growth in the bereaved, improve psychological outcomes for providers, and set the stage for the other aspects of the ATTEND model.
The US Geological Survey's national coal resource assessment: the results

Abstract The US Geological Survey and the State geological surveys of many coal-bearing States recently completed a new assessment of the top producing coal beds and coal zones in five major producing coal regions—the Appalachian Basin, Gulf Coast, Illinois Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. The assessments, which focused on both coal quality and quantity, utilized geographic information system technology and large databases. Over 1,600,000 million short tons of coal remain in over 60 coal beds and coal zones that were assessed. Given current economic, environmental, and technological restrictions, the majority of US coal production will occur in that portion of the assessed coal resource that is lowest in sulfur content. These resources are concentrated in parts of the central Appalachian Basin, Colorado Plateau, and the Northern Rocky Mountains.
Sensitivity of the concussion assessment battery.

OBJECTIVE: Sports medicine clinicians commonly use multiple tests when evaluating patients with concussion. The specific tests vary but often include symptom inventories, posturography, and neurocognitive examinations. The sensitivity of these tests to concussion is vital in reducing the risk for additional injury by prematurely returning an athlete to play. Our study investigated the sensitivity of concussion-related symptoms, a postural control evaluation, and neurocognitive functioning in concussed collegiate athletes. METHODS: From 1998 to 2005, all high-risk athletes completed a baseline concussion-assessment battery that consisted of a self-reported symptom inventory, a postural control evaluation, and a neurocognitive assessment. Postconcussion assessments were administered within 24 hours of injury to 75 athletes who had physician-diagnosed concussion. Individual tests and the complete battery were evaluated for sensitivity to concussion. RESULTS: The computerized Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing and HeadMinder Concussion Resolution Index (neurocognitive tests) were the most sensitive to concussion (79.2 and 78.6%, respectively). These tests were followed by self-reported symptoms (68.0%), the postural control evaluation (61.9%), and a brief pencil-and-paper assessment of neurocognitive function (43.5%). When the complete battery was assessed, sensitivity exceeded 90%. CONCLUSION: Currently recommended concussion-assessment batteries accurately identified decrements in one or more areas in most of the athletes with concussion. These findings support previous recommendations that sports-related concussion should be approached through a multifaceted assessment with components focusing on distinct aspects of the athlete’s function.
Scattering of low-energy K--mesons by nuclei

Nuclear scattering of K- mesons of an average energy of 21 MeV has been measured inG5 nuclear emulsion. An optical model calculation of the differential and total reaction cross-sections has been performed. Comparison of experiment and theory supports the conclusion reached at higher K- meson energies that the nuclear optical potential is attractive.
Comparative studies of synthesis, phosphorylation, DNA binding and proteolytic characteristics of a novel protein during phases of the mouse spleen cell cycle.

Abstract 1. 1. Cultured mouse spleen cells were exposed to the mitogen Concanavalin A followed by isoproterenol, and nuclei were electronically sorted from seven partitions of the cell cycle. 2. 2. Several nuclear proteins, including stress proteins, which were cell-cycle-stage specific, were elicited by isoproterenol as determined by micro-electrophoresis and fluorography. 3. 3. Two novel S-phase proteins (X 0 and X′) demonstrated differing synthesis and phosphorylation patterns during the cell-cycle phases. 4. 4. X′ showed DNA binding characteristics and proteolytic properties (hydrolyzing X 0 or β-galactosidase); both proteins were cell-cycle regulated.
Design strategies for bioorthogonal smart probes

Bioorthogonal chemistry has enabled the selective labeling and detection of biomolecules in living systems. Bioorthogonal smart probes, which become fluorescent or deliver imaging or therapeutic agents upon reaction, allow for the visualization of biomolecules or targeted delivery even in the presence of excess unreacted probe. This review discusses the strategies used in the development of bioorthogonal smart probes and highlights the potential of these probes to further our understanding of biology.
Augmentative and alternative communication for adults following glossectomy and laryngectomy surgery

This article describes a collaborative approach to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) assessment and intervention for persons who undergo radical head and neck cancer surgery. Included is a description of the demographics and characteristics of surgical patients who undergo total glossectomy and total laryngectomy and how those characteristics may affect AAC assessment and intervention. Emphasis is given to the grief response that surgical patients experience and to the challenges placed on the intervention team by that response. The unique characteristics of grief following loss of communication are discussed in the context of a case study. The case study illustrates AAC intervention strategies with a focus on patient empowerment and flexibility.
Oxidative Degradation of Organophosphorous Pesticides by N-Halamine Fabrics

Cotton and cotton/polyester fabrics containing halamine structures were able to react with certain organophosphorus pesticides upon contact. The reaction occurred at thione group in methyl parathion and malathion, and reaction products were oxon compounds. The fabric containing imide and amide halamine structures were able to oxidize 90% of methyl parathion in less than 2 h of contact time under room temperature, while the amine halamine structure needed longer time to reach the same level of oxidation. The reaction was endothermic, and the oxidation rate was in first order to the concentrations of the pesticides.
The 75th anniversary of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

How far the American Academy of Pediatrics and pediatrics as a medical discipline have advanced during the last 75 years is eloquently evidenced in our 75th anniversary meeting, with thousands of attendees and hundreds of speakers, discussing an extraordinarily broad range of scientific, public health, socioeconomic, and governmental issues. My task is to explore with you how American pediatrics and the academy have evolved and especially some of the social, professional, and scientific forces and personalities that shaped the pediatrics of today. Knowing where we came from may give us insights into where we are likely to go in the next 75 years. It was not until the late 1800s that pediatrics began to emerge as a separate specialty in the United States, largely because of the influence and efforts of 4 physicians: Drs Abraham Jacobi, Job Lewis Smith, and L. Emmett Holt of New York, New York, and John Howland of Baltimore, Maryland. Jacobi, an immigrant from Germany, established a children’s clinic in the New York Medical College and was appointed as professor of infantile pathology and therapeutics in 1860. It was largely because of Jacobi that pediatrics became recognized as a specialty separate from obstetrics, and because of his effective leadership and eloquence, he has been appropriately called the father of American pediatrics. Guided by Jacobi, a unique aspect of pediatrics evolved. In the rest of medicine, specialization encouraged physicians to focus their attention on a particular body part or disease, but pediatrics did the opposite. Pediatric expertise was holistic, age specific, and emphasized growth and development, prevention, and, especially, nutrition. It is important to describe some sea changes that occurred in the United States during the first half of the 19th century, which altered American society and indirectly determined the structure of American pediatrics. With increasing industrialization, … Address correspondence to Howard A. Pearson, MD, FAAP, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208064, New Haven, CT 06520-8064. E-mail: howard.pearson{at}yale.edu
Surface compaction and poultry litter effects on corn growth, nitrogen availability, and physical properties of a claypan soil

Abstract Soils with clay subsoil layers or “claypans” encompass a large global area and may be more susceptible to surface compaction and N losses due to perched water in the surface horizons caused by the relatively low hydraulic conductivity of the claypan. Addition of an organic amendment, such as animal manure, may reduce the negative effects of soil compaction on crop growth because of its effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The objectives of this study were to determine the first year and residual effects of surface compaction on soil physical properties, crop yield, and N availability in a claypan soil; and to evaluate the use of poultry litter to manage surface compaction. A field trial planted to corn ( Zea mays L.) was conducted on a Mexico silt loam claypan soil in North Central Missouri for 2 years (2000 and 2001). Treatments consisted of two levels of surface compaction (0 and 2 passes with a filled water wagon) and four rates (0, 4.8, 9.6 and 16 Mg ha −1 ) of turkey litter in a split block design with four replications. Surface compaction in unamended soils increased soil bulk density (an average of 0.19 Mg m −3 in the 0–10 cm depth and 0.09 Mg m −3 in the 10–20 cm depth) and penetrometer resistance (an average of 3.11 MPa in the 0–5 cm depth, 2.18 MPa in the 5–10 cm depth, and 0.98 MPa in the 10–20 cm depth) over the 2 years of the experiment. Addition of 16 Mg ha −1 of turkey litter significantly lowered soil penetrometer resistance an average of 1.04 MPa at the 0–5 cm depth in 2000 and 2001. Surface compaction decreased soil inorganic N regardless of whether it received turkey litter. Silage and grain yield and N uptake increased with increasing rates of turkey litter in 2000 and 2001. Surface compaction reduced both silage and grain yield approximately 470 g kg −1 in 2000, 200 g kg −1 in 2001 and 180 g kg −1 in the following season after compaction occurred. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was reduced from 290 to 140 g kg −1 by compaction in 2000. This study suggests that single applications of an organic amendment applied at agronomic rates may have several initial and residual effects on the compactability and remediation of claypan soils, including beneficial effects on soil physical properties and N availability.
Motile behaviour of the bloom-forming ciliate Mesodinium rubrum

Abstract Mesodinium rubrum (Lohman) (=Myrionecta rubra Jankowsky) swims backwards in jumps of short duration interspersed by longer periods of rest. Cells attain a velocity of up to 1.2 cm s–1 during jumps and this is probably a speed record for ciliates. The ciliate carries long cirri that serve as mechanoreceptors and for orientating the cell at the initiation of jumps, while the ciliary rows on the posterior part of the cell are responsible for propulsion. The cirri are sensitive to shear so that they can orientate themselves against the current in a siphon flow (such as generated by filter-feeding copepods). Mesodinium cells do not reorientate their body axis during sinking, but they reorientate their direction during the initiation of jumps so that they always tend to move upwards. Because the cells sink between jumps they can regulate their vertical position by modulation of the frequency of jumps. The cells’ tendency to drift vertically up or down is light dependent. The jumps are so rapid that the...
Torque, Power Requirement and Stir Zone Geometry in Friction Stir Welding Through Modeling and Experiments

The torque, power requirement and stir zone geometry during friction stir welding of AA2524 aluminum alloy were modeled by solving the equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy. The model predictions agreed well with the corresponding measured values for a wide range of welding speeds and tool rotational speeds when the heat transfer coefficient and the friction coefficient values were adjusted.
Deoxyribonuclease I is essential for DNA fragmentation induced by gamma radiation in mice.

Abstract Gamma radiation is known to induce cell death in several organs. This damage is associated with endonuclease-mediated DNA fragmentation; however, the enzyme that produces the latter and is likely to cause cell death is unknown. To determine whether the most abundant cytotoxic endonuclease DNase I mediates γ-radiation-induced tissue injury, we used DNase I knockout mice and zinc chelate of 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid (Zn-DIPS), which, as we show, has DNase I inhibiting activity in vitro. The study demonstrated for the first time that inactivation or inhibition of DNase I ameliorates radiation injury to the white pulp of spleen, intestine villi and bone marrow as measured using a quantitative TUNEL assay. The spleen and intestine of DNase I knockout mice were additionally protected from radiation by Zn-DIPS, perhaps due to the broad radioprotective effect of the zinc ions. Surprisingly, the main DNase I-producing tissues such as the salivary glands, pancreas and kidney showed no effect of DNase I...
Distortion-invariant composite filter for detecting a target in nonoverlapping scene noise.

A composite filter is designed for distortion-invariant detection of a target in the presence of nonoverlapping scene noise. The performance of the filter is illustrated by the use of computer simulation for the in-plane rotation of a target in nonoverlapping scene noise.
Comparison of the osmoregulatory capabilities of two portunid crabs, Callinectes sapidus and C. similis

An investigation of the osmoregulatory capabilities of two portunid crabs, Callinectes sapidus and C. similis, was conducted to determine if their differences in distributional patterns were reflected in their capacity to adjust physiologically to changes in salinity. After acclimation to 5, 20 and 35‰ S, measurements of hemolymph and muscle concentrations of Na+, Cl- and K+ and muscle-free amino acids indicated that C. sapidus is a better osmoregulator at low salinity than C. similis, while both species osmoregulate equally well at high salinity. This difference in osmoregulatory capacity corresponds well with their distribution in coastal-plain estuaries.
Multifarious initiatives in cybersecurity education

According to the nAtionAl Security council, “president obama has identified cybersecurity as one of the most serious economic and national security challenges we face as a nation, but one that we as a government or as a country are not adequately prepared to counter [2].” in may of 2009, the president supported the recommendations from his commissioned cyberspace policy review that, among other endorsements, included promoting cybersecurity awareness and building the digital workforce of the 21st century. the recommendations from the cyberspace policy review were based upon the 2008 comprehensive National cybersecurity initiative (cNci), which consists of 12 individual initiatives designed to help secure the united States in cyberspace. this column will focus on initiative 8 – expand cyber education – as it relates to two-year college programs. First a little background on cNci initiative 8. presently, an insufficient number of cybersecurity practitioners and professionals exist to protect and defend the united States in cyberspace. the current cybersecurity training and education programs are limited in focus and lack unity of effort. Evolving from cNci initiative 8, the National initiative for cybersecurity Education (NicE) was established with the goal of creating “operational, sustainable and continually improving” cybersecurity education that will enhance the nation’s security [8]. the Department of Education and the National Science Foundation (NSF) are serving as co-leads for this NicE component called Formal Cybersecurity Education. the mission of this component is to bolster cybersecurity education programs from kindergarten through graduate school, with an emphasis on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (StEm) disciplines to fill the pipeline with technologicallyskilled and cyber-savvy personnel. During the summer of 2011, an acm innovation and technology in computer Science Education (iticSE) working group studied 16 associate-degree programs in information assurance (a.k.a. cybersecurity). the findings are revealing and in concert with cNci initiative 8. “a lack of consensus of what constitutes information assurance (ia) education has led to ia degree programs with widely varying curricula [10].” associate degree ia programs vary in their particular emphases, their curricular structure, and whether they are meant to place graduates into the workforce or to matriculate students into baccalaureate degree programs. of the 16 associate-degree programs examined by the 2011 working group, 14 were associate of applied Science (a.a.S.) degrees and 2 were associate of Science (a.S.) degrees. of the a.a.S. career programs, two areas of concentration emerged, network security and computer forensics. Figure 1 depicts the composition of a typical network security degree, while Figure 2 illustrates the composition of a typical computer forensics
Tunable ceramic phase shifters and their applications

There is considerable interest in the development of microwave ceramic phase shifters because of limitations of currently available ferrite and PIN diode phase shifters regarding cost and reliability and complexity. Ceramic phase shifters may provide a cost breakthrough for the phased array antenna designer while maintaining low insertion losses and low drive power and high power handling capacity. This paper describes ceramic phase shifters which utilize a ferroelectric material [(Ba-Sr)TiO3 series] for obtaining phase shifts from changes in dc biasing fields. Also, the dielectric properties are measured as a function of dc biasing fields, frequency and temperature for a few compositions of barium-strontium titanate material. For the frequency range of 400 MHz to 5 GHz, differential phase shift is obtained by a dc voltage-controlled lumped barium-strontium titanate capacitor in a coaxial line or stripline medium. For 5 to 18 GHz frequency range, a barium-strontium titanate material which partially or completely fills the rectangular waveguide is required for the construction of a ceramic phase shifter.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Antibacterial Fluoride-Releasing Monomer and Dental Composite

A new dimethacrylate chelating monomer containing a BisGMA-like backbone structure and a bis(carboxymethyl)-l-lysine chelating group and its ternary zirconium–fluoride complex (antibacterial fluoride-releasing monomer) have been synthesized. The monomer structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and ES-MS analysis. Several experimental fluoride-releasing dental composites containing different quantities of the new antibacterial fluoride-releasing monomer were formulated and tested for fluoride release, fluoride recharge, compressive and flexural strengths, water sorption, and solubility. These composites displayed high fluoride release and recharge capabilities, as well as good physical and mechanical properties.
Hemodynamic effects of the intraventricular administration of angiotensin II and renin in awake dogs

This study was undertaken to investigate the hemodynamic changes induced by intraventricular injections of angiotensin II (A-II), 1 to 100 ng/kg/min, and renin in doses of 0.025 to 0.3 units (u) in conscious instrumented dogs. Angiotensin II produced a dose-related increase in mean arterial pressure; however, only the highest dose produced a significant increase of 23 +/- 6 mmHg. In contrast, renin did not significantly alter mean arterial pressure in the doses administered but 0.1 and 0.3 u induced a significant increase in systolic arterial blood pressure of 10 +/- 2 and 17 +/- 4 mmHg, respectively. Neither A-II nor renin affected heart rate, dP/dt or carotid, coronary or renal blood flows. These data suggest that in conscious dogs, the threshold level of A-II necessary to induce substantial hemodynamic changes is greater than the amount of A-II that can be acutely generated by activation of angiotensinogen. In addition, the present data suggest that the magnitude of the response is dependent on the availability of the substrate rather than the dose of renin injected centrally into conscious dogs.
Kinetic and spectroscopic studies of vinyl acetate synthesis over Pd(100)

A kinetic study of vinyl acetate (VA) synthesis over a Pd(100) catalyst is described, and the effect of particle-size on this reaction ascertained by comparing the single crystal data with data from supported Pd catalysts (5 wt% Pd/SiO2, dPd = 4.2 nm, and 1 wt% Pd/SiO2, dPd = 2.5 nm). A negative reaction order with respect to ethylene and a positive order with respect to oxygen were found for the model and supported catalytic systems, whereas the catalytic stability was strongly dependent on the particle size. The mechanism for VA synthesis is proposed to be identical on all catalysts studied based on the similarities of the kinetic parameters. Carbon-containing species on the poisoned Pd(100) catalyst were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the coverage was estimated to be approximately 1.5 ML after VA synthesis.
Flexible, durable printed electrical circuits

This study investigates the screen printing of transmission lines into a variety of nonwoven substrates using different conductive inks for durable and wearable electronic textile applications. The viscosity of the ink dictated the performance of the printed media during washing trials. The printed inks begin to degrade and display lower conductivity after 25 wash cycles. A method to control the durability of the printed circuits, which includes coating of the printed lines with a meltblown layer, has been developed.
Quality and Accuracy of Sexual Health Information Web Sites Visited by Young People

We assessed online sexual health information quality and accuracy and the utility of web site quality indicators. In reviewing 177 sexual health web sites, we found below average quality but few inaccuracies. Web sites with the most technically complex information and/or controversial topics contained the most inaccuracies. We found no association between inaccurate information and web site quality.
Do duties to outsiders entail open borders? A reply to Wellman

Wilcox focuses on the second stage of Wellman's argument, specifically, his rejection of the egalitarian argument for open borders. According to this argument, aflfuent societies have stringent egalitarian duties to outsiders and these duties require such societies to maintain open borders. In response, Wellman grants that affluent societies have egalitarian duties to outsiders, but denies that these duties entail open borders. He considers two types of egalitarian duties: luck and relational. In his view, luck egalitarian duties to outsiders are too weak to outweigh the right to freedom of association, and although relational egalitarian duties are stringent enough to require action, they may be discharged by exporting justice in the form of material aid instead of opening borders
Sequence and analysis of the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium smegmatis

The rpoB gene encodes the beta subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of bacteria. Mutations in defined areas result in resistance to rifampin. Mycobacterium smegmatis is naturally resistant to rifampin, but analysis of the rpoB gene revealed no identifiable rifampin resistance mutations. Another mechanism of resistance may be present.
Reliability and Validity of Measures of Attitudes toward Writing and toward Writing with the Computer

The reliability of secondary students' scores from a previously published measure of attitudes toward writing, Daly and Miller's Writing Apprehension Scale (WAS), and a newly developed Attitudes To...
Government expenditures on imported inputs and the goals of food self-sufficiency and food security in the Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference

Food security and food self-sufficiency are important regional goals for the Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC). In the long run, success in these areas would reduce the incidence of drought-related mass starvation and the epidemic of malnutrition and undernutrition that exists among some tribal groups. For food production to improve, the governments must commit themselves to increasing the access of peasant farmers to critical agricultural inputs. If they do not take proper action in this area of development planning, domestic food production is likely to stagnate or decline. This study is a broad examination of the relationship between government expenditures on imported inputs and the performance of the domestic food subsector. Because much data on government spending and agricultural production in Africa are unavailable, and those in published form are of suspect validity, the study is undertaken largely as a conceptual overview. The empirical analyses are conducted, therefore, largely to provide a staging ground for the conceptual arguments.
The International Monetary System: Forty years after Bretton Woods: Review essay

In May 1984 a distinguished group of central bankers and economists gathered for a conference at Bretton Woods to consider the evolution of the world monetary system that was born at that location forty years earlier. This volume contains nine essays, with accompanying discussion, on issues of performance and reform of current international monetary arrangements. These papers deal with problems facing the industrialized and the lessdeveloped countries, and assess the institutions that have been set up to accommodate these problems. The major accomplishments of the original Bretton Woods Conference were, of course, the establishment of the system of payments based on fixed exchange rates and the organization of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. As the order developed in the late 40’s and early 50’s, each central bank saw it as its duty to intervene in foreign exchange markets to ensure an essentially fixed parity of their currency with respect to the dollar. The role of the U.S. was to guarantee the dollar price of gold at $35 an ounce. The system has been called a ‘dollar standard’ because the dollar played the role of a reserve currency. One of the paradoxes of the system, as Robert Triffin pointed out in the early 60’s, is that in order to produce. a continuing and rapid enough expansion of world reserves, the U.S. had to run balance of payments deficits, yet continued deficits by the U.S. threatened the convertibility of the dollar into gold. As it happened, the system of fixed parities broke down in the early 70’s not because of a lack of reserves, but because a glut of dollars made the Bretton Woods dollar exchange rates untenable. The system eventually evolved into one in which most of the industrialized countries’ currencies more or less are determined by the market, while the currencies of most second and third world countries are pegged to a major currency. The floating period has been