cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing risk and consumption-saving decisions: Some comparative statics results

Abstract In the two-period, consumption–savings model with uncertain returns on savings, increasing relative risk aversion in the sense of Ross and boundedness of the utility function will unambiguously sign the response of the optimal savings rate to a mean-preserving increase in risk.
Right to Confrontation: Application of Crawford v. Washington to Documents

In 2004, the Supreme Court decided Crawford v. Washington, which “breathed new life” into the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause, precluding testimonial hearsay, except under limited circumstances. In 2009 and 2010, the Supreme Court addressed the Crawford prohibition against testimonial hearsay, in the context of forensic analysis laboratory reports, in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts and Briscoe v. Virginia. This five-page 2010 CLE (continuing legal education) brochure is titled “Right to Confrontation: Application of Crawford v. Washington to Documents.” It examines those two Supreme Court cases, as well as 12 post-Melendez cases from around the country (ten state cases and two federal cases), in the context of (1) CDS analysis, (2) breathalyzer results, (3) medical reports, (4) DNA testing, (5) autopsy reports, (6) business records, and (7) driving records.
Steroid synthesis in abnormal ovaries

Abstract 1.1. A case of a granulosa cell tumor, found unexpectedly during laparotomy for confirmed acute appendicitis and associated with polypoid endometrial hyperplasia, is presented. 2.2. In vitro incubation studies of this tumor utilizing precursor pregnenolone-7H 3 and progesterone-7H 3 reveal small quantities of radioactivity incorporation in estrone and estradiol. The bulk of this biosynthetic transformation appears to have proceeded via the intermediary production of dehydroepiandrosterone. 3.3. Comparison of in vitro data from a variety of estrogen producing tissues suggests that whereas nonluteinized tissue forms estrogen via dehydroepiandrosterone without significant elaboration of intermediary progesterone, the reverse is true of the biosynthetic processes of the corpus luteum. 4.4. The considerable inefficiency of this tumor's steroid production as opposed to similar processes in the normal follicle is noted.
Cooling of Turbine Blade Surface With Extended Exit Holes: Parametric Study

Turbine blade surface is cooled by jet flow from extended exit holes (EEH). Cooling effectiveness is defined as temperature difference (TD) between the hot gas flow and the blade surface as a fraction of temperature difference between the hot gas flow and the coolant flow through EEH. Computational research using a commercial code has been done to predict performance of EEH for different design and operating conditions. Effectiveness has been determined over the blade surface when geometric conditions such as: angle between EEH and blade surface, location of EEH on the blade surface and exit-to-throat area ratio of EEH. Predicted effectiveness distributions agree well with available experimental results, confirming usefulness and advantage of computational approach to optimizing turbine blade cooling with EEH.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Establishing Logical Connectivity between Query Keywords and Database Contents

Recent advances in Internet and client-server technology provide unprecedented opportunities for users to directly access multiple databases. One major problem in this environment is that users suffer difficulties in formulation query expressions due to their unfamiliarity with the target database schemas and contents. It seems imperative that the query interface should exhibit some intelligent behavior in assisting user's query formulation process. In this work, we present a query formulation assistance system, called Qassist, which was designed to map input query keywords or phrases into various components of the database constituents. Once the mapping is performed, Qassist generates skeletons of query expressions that can be considered as plausible interpretations of the input phrases. At the core of the mapping process is the use of database schema modeling knowledge. We present an example illustrating how use of such a modeling knowledge enables us to generate the interpretations of query phrases.
A Portable Programming Interface for Performance Evaluation on Modern Processors

The purpose of the PAPI project is to specify a standard application programming interface (API) for accessing hardware performance counters available on most modern microprocessors. These counters exist as a small set of registers that count events, which are occurrences of specific signals and states related to the processor's function. Monitoring these events facilitates correlation between the structure of source/object code and the efficiency of the mapping of that code to the underlying architecture. This correlation has a variety of uses in performance analysis, including hand tuning, compiler optimization, debugging, benchmarking, monitoring, and performance modeling. In addition, it is hoped that this information will prove useful in the development of new compilation technology as well as in steering architectural development toward alleviating commonly occurring bottlenecks in high performance computing.
Yohimbine — facilitated acoustic startle reflex in humans

Preclinical studies have suggested the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) may be a useful animal model to investigate the neurochemical basis of anxiety and fear states. This work has revealed that the anxiogenic alpha-2 receptor antagonist, yohimbine, increases the amplitude of the ASR in laboratory animals. The present investigation evaluated the effects of yohimbine on the ASR in healthy subjects. Seven healthy subjects received IV yohimbine (0.4 mg/kg) or saline placebo on two separate days in a randomized double blind placebo control design. A trial of 2 tone frequencies with varied intensity (90, 96, 102, 108, 114 dB) white noise, instantaneous rise time, was delivered binaurally through headphones. Tones were delivered every 25–60 sec, for a 30 ms duration. Startle testing was done 80 minutes post infusion and lasted 15–20 minutes. Sign rank testing indicated yohimbine caused an overall increase in startle amplitude, as well as significant augmentation of startle amplitude at 96, 102, 108, 114 decibels but not at the 90 dB intensity. Sign rank tests indicated a significant reduction of startle latency by yohimbine at only the 96 dB intensity. Significant correlations were observed between startle and peak anxiety, startle and plasma MHPG, peak anxiety and plasma MHPG. This study demonstrates in healthy human subjects an excitatory effect of yohimbine on the mangnitude of the ASR and a decrease in its latency. In the context of the key role of this reflex in the alarm response, this finding adds to the array of documented behavioral, biochemical and cardiovascular effects of yohimbine in humans which support the relationship between increased noradrenergic function and anxiety states.
New Zealand's risk premium

Interest rates in New Zealand are generally higher than in other industrialized economies. Do these higher interest rates imply lower investment and slow growth? I find that high interest rates in New Zealand, through much of the inflation targeting period, appear to have represented compensation for the risk of rare and extreme events, during which the New Zealand dollar was expected to depreciate. Similar factors appear to explain Australia's risk premium, yet Australia has had a higher level of investment and stronger growth. Therefore, I attribute the differing economic performance of the two countries to other structural differences.
Rat CNS in experimental chronic serum sickness: integrity of the zonulae occludentes of the choroid plexus epithelium and brain endothelium in experimental chronic serum sickness.

Rat CNS in experimental chronic serum sickness: integrity of the zonulae occludentes of the choroid plexus epithelium and brain endothelium in experimental chronic serum sickness The present study is an extensive systematic immunofluorescence and labelled electron microscopic investigation of chronic rat serum sickness brains. It is specifically directed at discerning effects of chronic serum sickness upon the zonulae occludentes of both the choroid plexus epithelium and the intra-cerebral endothelium. Although the choroid plexus is a known site of complex entrapment in systemic immune complex disorders, comprehensive immune studies of the CNS parenchymal vasculature have not yet been reported in either experimental or spontaneous immune complex disease. We examined by direct immunofluorescence techniques over 70 blocks of experimental chronic serum sickness brains taken from 16 animals with severe glomerular disease and found them to be uniformly negative for the presence of immune deposits. No horseradish peroxidase was seen beyond the restricting zonulae occludentes of either the choroid plexus or the cerebral endothelium in tissue from three seriously affected animals. These structural barriers retained their integrity despite the extensive cizculation and deposition of complexes and complement induced in the experimental model and the associated release of vasoactive substances.
Compliance calibrations of a contoured and face grooved double cantilever beam specimen

Abstract The contoured double cantilever beam specimen was reexamined to determine the effect of rigid extensions of the cantilever arms. The relationships between the apparent compliance, measured on the extension arm. and the true compliance, measured at the load points, are determined experimentally and compared with corrections estimated from beam theory and a ‘linear correction’ method. It is shown that the correction factors required are large and can only be adequately determined by direct experiment.
CXC chemokines play a critical role in liver injury, recovery, and regeneration.

Abstract Background Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a principal consideration of trauma, resectional liver surgery, and transplantation. Despite improvements in supportive care, hepatic I/R injury continues to negatively impact patient outcomes because of significant tissue damage and organ dysfunction. CXC chemokines have been implicated as key mediators in the deleterious inflammatory cascade after hepatic I/R and also as important, beneficial regulators of liver recovery and regeneration. As such, their potential to mediate both beneficial and detrimental effects on hepatocytes makes them a key target for therapy. Herein, we provide a review of the inflammatory mechanisms of hepatic I/R injury, with a focus on the divergent functions of CXC chemokines in this response compared with other liver insults, and offer an explanation of this apparent paradox. Data sources MEDLINE and PubMed. Conclusions CXC chemokines are key mediators of both the inflammatory response to hepatic I/R as well as the recovery from this injury. Their contrasting functions in the regeneration of liver mass after an ischemic insult indicates that therapeutic manipulation of these mediator pathways should differ depending on the surgical milieu.
Spontaneous eyelid behavior in the sleeping cat.

Abstract Recordings of the movements of the cat's eyelids were made to determine the nature of the closure process at sleep onset and whether or not the eye movements of REM sleep were accompanied by associated lid movements as in wakefulness. After 16 hr of treadmill deprivation, cats with chronically implanted electrodes were atraumatically restrained and their head immobilized. Lid movements were recorded by attaching to the lids levers of mechanically operated, variable apertures which controlled the amount of light striking a phototransistor. The results revealed that closure was a complex process consisting of a series of simultaneous downward movements of the upper lid and upward movements of the lower lid and that this closure was necessarily, in part, an active process. At REM onset, the palpebral fissures widened as the lower lid underwent a slow descent to the open position. In REM there were also phasic twitches of the lids, predominantly upward twitches of the lower lids, and there were periods in which the upper lid demonstrated movements similar to the lid movements associated with waking eye movements.
Influence of blood incompatibilities on measurement of blood volume by cell-tagging methods.

SummaryA study of the blood volume of the dog as measured simultaneously by the Dye T-1824, by carbon monoxide and by radioactive iron, Fe55, has shown that the values measured by the cell-tagging methods are distinctly lower than the value given by the dye method whenever the donor blood tagged with CO or Fe55 shows incompatibility with the blood of the recipient animal. However, when the bloods of the donor and the recipient animals show no incompatibility, the results by the three methods show improved agreement. These results suggest that the cell-dumpings occurring in the reaction of incompatibility, by making the smaller vessels inaccessible to the clumped cells, reduce the volume measured by the tagged cells.
Sexual behavior in aged, noncycling female rats

Abstract Sexual behavior of 19 month old, noncycling, female rats was evaluated for a period of 8 days. The sexual behavior of 11 aged females revealing constant vaginal cornification (CVC) for 30 days prior to, and during the observation period was variable. Eight of the CVC females showed consistently high lordosis quotients (LQ), whereas 3 showed no lordosis. A significant negative correlation was found between food intake and LQ over the 8 day period. In 8 other aged females, the vaginal smear was characterized by a mixture of both leucocytes and cornified cells, each day, for a period of 30 days prior to, and during the observation period. Lordosis behavior was absent in all females revealing this mixed type (MX) smear when they were tested. At random times after the test period, 3 CVC and 2 MX females showed a vaginal cycle. As the vaginal cycle was observed each female was again tested for sexual behavior. All 5 females were highly receptive when placed with the male during the evening of vaginal proestrus, but not at other times. It is concluded that despite disruptions of regular ovarian cyclicity, aged female rats are still capable of showing a lordosis response.
Thermal aspects, material considerations and cooling strategies in cryogenic machining

Conventional machining prolongs tool life by using cutting oils to cool the metal cutting process. Unfortunately, the cutting fluid contaminates the environment, and endangers the health of humans. Cryogenic machining offers an environmentally safe alternative to conventional machining by using liquid nitrogen, which can be naturally recycled. However, for the cryogenic machining process to be effective and economical, manufacturers must select the correct cooling approach. This paper describes our experimental study to investigate the cryogenic properties of some common cutting tool materials and five workpiece materials of industrial interest: low carbon steel, AISI 1010, high carbon steel AISI 1070, bearing steel AISI 52100, titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, and cast aluminum alloy A390. The paper addresses the major aspects of heat generated in metal cutting in terms of its effects on chip formation, tool wear, and on the functional integrity of the machined component. The paper then discusses the cooling strategies for cryogenic machining each material based on the thermal effects and material properties. The investigators conclude that the cooling approach must be finely adjusted for different materials to obtain the optimum effectiveness in cryogenic machining. The goal of our study is to provide a basis for designing the cryogenic machining system.
Seismic resurfacing by a single impact on the asteroid 433 Eros

Impact cratering is a fundamental process on planets and asteroids. Many aspects of crater formation have been examined on the Earth and with spacecraft but one phenomenon that has been difficult to identify clearly is the seismic effect of large impacts. The detailed mapping of the entire asteroid Eros, orbited by the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft in 2000–01, has revealed a striking pattern of destruction of small craters. The creation of one large crater, for example, erased most smaller craters from nearly 40% of the asteroid's surface. This finding will allow inferences of interior and surface characteristics of asteroids and satellites. Impact cratering creates a wide range of topography on small satellites and asteroids. The population of visible craters evolves with impacts, and because there are no competing endogenic processes to modify the surface, determining the various ways younger craters add to or subtract from the population is a fundamental aspect of small-body geology1,2. Asteroid 433 Eros, the most closely studied small body, has regions of substantially different crater densities3,4,5 that remain unexplained. Here we show that the formation of a relatively young crater (7.6 km in diameter) resulted in the removal of other craters as large as 0.5 km over nearly 40 per cent of the asteroid. Burial by ejecta cannot explain the observed pattern of crater removal. The limitation of reduced crater density to a zone within a particular straight-line distance through the asteroid from the centre of the large crater suggests degradation of the topography by seismic energy6 released during the impact. Our observations indicate that the interior of Eros is sufficiently cohesive to transmit seismic energy over many kilometres, and the outer several tens of metres of the asteroid must be composed of relatively non-cohesive material.
The i486 CPU: executing instructions in one clock cycle

The author discusses the design goals of the i486 development program, which were to ensure binary compatibility with the 386 microprocessor and the 387 math coprocessor, increase performance by two to three times over a 386/387 processor system at the same clock rate, and extend the IBM PC standard architecture of the 386 CPU with features suitable for minicomputers. A cache integrated into the instruction pipeline lets this 386-compatible processor achieve minicomputer performance levels. The design and performance of the on-chip cache and the instruction pipeline are examined in detail. >
Preferred Temperatures of Juvenile Lake Whitefish

Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) supported valuable commercial fisheries in all of the Great Lakes until the 1950s to 1960s when their populations collapsed due to overfishing, pollution, and predation by the exotic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Reduction of these population stresses has permitted significant recovery of the lake whitefish in the upper three Great Lakes since the 1980s, and limited but encouraging recovery is now apparent in Lakes Erie and Ontario. In the present study the thermal preferences of age-0 and age-1 lake whitefish were measured in the laboratory to provide a basis for determining thermal habitat use by juvenile lake whitefish and thermal niche overlap with exotic fishes that might prey on them. Final thermal preferenda of young lake whitefish varied inversely with fish size ranging from 16.8°C for fish averaging 1.9 g to 15.6°C for age-1 fish averaging 3.9 g. Final thermal preferenda were in agreement with the limited published information on temperature selection of juvenile lake whitefish in the laboratory and on thermal habitat use by wild, free-ranging populations in the Great Lakes.
New energy technologies for power generation

Abstract Intensive R&D activity in the recent years is responsible for the development of various new technologies for power generation including fluidized bed combustion systems, gasifier-combined cycle plants, fuel cells and magneto-hydrodynamic power plants, advanced nuclear technologies such as fast-breeder reactor and fusion technology and renewable technologies such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and ocean-thermal conversion plants. In this paper, the technical and economic facts regarding some of these technologies are briefly presented for the purpose of consistent technology evaluation and future planning for power generation. Most of these technologies are not yet commercialized or demonstrated and much uncertainty lies in any projections of their cost and performance data. For these technologies, the projections of cost and performance assume that the technology has already been successfully developed and is in a mature state of commercial use.
Advertising Effectively Influences Older Users: How Field Experiments Can Improve Measurement and Targeting

Does advertising measurably affect sales? New technologies for tracking individuals’ sales and ad exposure facilitate studying a nationwide retailer’s online brand advertising effectiveness. A controlled experiment on 1,577,256 existing customers measures the causal effect of advertising on purchases, overcoming the attribution problem by exogenously varying ad exposure. The advertising produced a statistically and economically significant effect on in-store sales. The experiment permits a demographic breakdown. Surprisingly, the effects are large for the elderly. Customers aged 65+, comprising only 5 % of customers, increased purchases by 20 % due to the advertising. This represented 40 % of the total effect among all ages.
Hospital length of stay on a diabetes cluster unit.

Objective: To determine whether the length of hospital stay for patients with either a primary or a secondary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus can be reduced by use of a diabetes cluster unit. Method...
Tritium as a Tracer for Reducing Equivalents in Isolated Liver Cells

1 Isolated liver parenchymal cells were incubated with lactate or other glucogenic substrates together with tracer levels of various tritiated substrates. The tritium yields in glucose and water were determined, as well as the distribution of tritium in the glucose molecule. 2 Substrates of mitochondrial dehydrogenases give lower specific yields in glucose and a higher percentage of glucose tritium on C-6, than do cytosolic substrates. d-[3-3H]- and l-[3-3H]-hydroxybutyrate and l-[2-3H]glutamate represent typical mitochondrial substrates while l-[2-3H]-lactate, [2-3H]glycerol and [2-3H]sorbitol represent typical cytosolic substrates. 3 The results with [1R-3H]ethanol and [1S-3H]ethanol indicate that ethanol is oxidized mainly by the cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde, which then is oxidized predominantly in the mitochondria. However, a significant proportion of ethanol oxidation may also occur via a system not involving alcohol dehydrogenase.
Evolution and the ecosystem.

Long-range stability in natural communities is mediated through avenues of communication. One of the most important pathways of communication involves nutrient exchange, although other types of communication are suspected as being of considerable importance. The potential role of special “regulator species” in community stabilization is discussed and illustrated with two original examples, one dealing with brackish-water communities of the North Carolina coast, and the other dealing with communities of the piedmont streams of eastern Mexico. The significance of multi-species groups in evolution is also considered in the second example. It is suggested that the functional ecosystem is the fundamental seleclional unit of evolution and that evolution proceeds by mutual adjustment of ecological entities into harmonious systems with some degree ot permanence.
The best FEM

Abstract Consideration is given to the problem of obtaining the best finite element method, in the sense of the technology that delivers a given level of accuracy with a minimum of unknowns. More specifically, this paper addresses the question: Beginning with an initial FEM approximation, how can the element sizes and spectral orders be re-distributed or changed throughout the mesh to produce the best improvement of the solution with the least number of additional unknowns?
Dystrophia myotonia: why focus on foci?

Dystrophia myotonia type 1 (DM1; Steinert's disease; myotonic dystrophy) is an autosomal dominant disorder due to a large CTG expansion in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the DM protein kinase (DMPK) gene. Transcription of this gene yields a long CUGn-containing mutant (mut) RNA, in which clinical disease is associated with repeats of n=100–5000. Phenomenologically, the expression of mut RNA is correlated with the morphologic observation of ribonucleoprotein precipitates (‘foci') in the nuclei of DMPK-expressing cells. The prevailing view is that the identification of proteins in these foci is the sine qua non of protein–mut RNA interactions. In this viewpoint, I contend that this is an unwarranted inference that falls short in explaining published data. A new model of mut RNA–protein interactions is proposed with distinct binding properties for soluble and insoluble (focus) mut RNA that accommodate these data without exclusions.
Cyberinfrastructure Enabling Personalized Production

The Internet has facilitated the development of e-businesses using web-based services leveraging back-end database systems, inventory systems and payment processing systems. Online retail businesses can be set up in a relatively short period of time. In contrast, set-up of a manufacturing system takes much longer; the system design involves various stages from gaining an understanding of the product and its market to machine selection, layout, control logic, part flow analysis and so on. Cyberinfrastructure has the potential to revolutionize the design and operation of manufacturing systems by creating a collaborative environment distributed across a number of physical locations through web-based virtual communities, thereby simplifying and streamlining the manufacturing system design and integration. This paper describes how current technologies could facilitate the implementation of a cyberinfrastructure for manufacturing. A case study describing a current manufacturing system architecture and how a future one would use cyberinfrastructure is used to describe major gaps that exist and standards that need to be developed.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Dynamic spin response for Heisenberg ladders

We employ the recently proposed plaquette basis to investigate static and dynamic properties of isotropic two-leg Heisenberg spin ladders. Simple noninteracting multiplaquette states provide a remarkably accurate picture of the energy/site and dynamic spin response of these systems. Insights afforded by this simple picture suggest a very efficient truncation scheme for more precise calculations. When the small truncation errors are accounted for using recently developed contractor renormalization techniques, very accurate results requiring a small fraction of the computational effort of exact calculations are obtained. These methods allow us to determine the energy/site, gap, and spin response of 2{times}16 ladders. The former two values are in good agreement with density-matrix renormalization-group results. The spin-response calculations show that nearly all the strength is concentrated in the lowest triplet level and that coherent many-body effects enhance the response/site by nearly a factor of 1.6 over that found for 2{times}2 systems. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Narrow QRS Complex Tachycardias

Regular narrow QRS complex tachycardias are a common problem encountered by general internists or family practitioners. Although such tachycardias often occur in patients with a normal heart and seldom represent life-threatening conditions, they may cause bothersome symptoms. The key to approaching the diagnosis of these arrhythmias is identifying atrial activity (P waves) on the surface electrocardiogram and classifying the tachycardia as long RP or short RP. On the basis of that information, a differential diagnosis can be generated, logical therapy can be delivered for termination of the tachycardia, and a plan can be developed to prevent recurrence. Because intravenously administered adenosine alleviates 90% of the episodes of supraventricular tachycardias and has minimal side effects, it has become the drug of choice for termination of most types of narrow QRS complex tachycardias.
Collective Chain Dynamics in Lipid Bilayers by Inelastic X-Ray Scattering

We investigated the application of inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) to lipid bilayers. This technique directly measures the dynamic structure factor S(q,ω) which is the space-time Fourier transform of the electron density correlation function of the measured system. For a multiatomic system, the analysis of S(q,ω) is usually complicated. But for multiple bilayers of lipid, S(q,ω) is dominated by chain-chain correlations within individual bilayers. Thus IXS provides a unique probe for the collective dynamics of lipid chains in a bilayer that cannot be obtained by any other method. IXS of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine + cholesterol at two different concentrations were measured. S(q,ω) was analyzed by three-mode hydrodynamic equations, including a thermal diffusive mode and two propagating acoustic modes. We obtained the dispersion curves for the phonons that represent the collective in-plane excitations of lipid chains. The effect of cholesterol on chain dynamics was detected. Our analysis shows the importance of having a high instrument resolution as well as the requirement of sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to obtain meaningful results from such an IXS experiment. The requirement on signal-to-noise also applies to molecular dynamics simulations.
Composite Yb:YAG/SiC-prism thin disk laser

We report the first demonstration of a Yb:YAG thin disk laser wherein the gain medium is intracavity face-cooled through bonding to an optical quality SiC prism. Due to the particular design of the composite bonded Yb:YAG/SiC-prism gain element, the laser beam impinges on all refractive index interfaces inside the laser cavity at Brewster's angles. The laser beam undergoes total internal reflection (TIR) at the bottom of the Yb(10%):YAG thin disk layer in a V-bounce cavity configuration. Through the use of TIR and Brewster's angles, no optical coatings, either anti-reflective (AR) or highly reflective (HR), are required inside the laser cavity. In this first demonstration, the 936.5-nm diode pumped laser performed with approximately 38% slope efficiency at 12 W of quasi-CW (Q-CW) output power at 1030 nm with a beam quality measured at M(2) = 1.5. This demonstration opens up a viable path toward novel thin disk laser designs with efficient double-sided room-temperature heatsinking via materials with the thermal conductivity of copper on both sides of the disk.
Lenders' Decision Strategies and Loan Structure Decisions

Abstract Loan structure is an important component of the credit granting process. Loan structure establishes the monitoring relationship between the borrower and lender, affects accounting choices made by the borrower, and influences perceptions of the riskiness of the borrower and lender. Inappropriate loan structures, particularly those that are too restrictive, are noisy signals that could have economic consequences for borrowers and lenders. Based on the theory of cost-benefit tradeoff in decision process selection, this article proposes that the level of decision process effort applied by a lender may affect loan structure restrictiveness. To test this hypothesis, professional loan officers analyzed financial and nonfinancial information of candidate borrowers and set preferred levels of collateral and covenants while their decision processes were captured using computerized process tracing. Consistent with the theory, results showed a negative association between loan structure restrictiveness and two aspects of decision process: the time spent evaluating information and the order in which information was examined (i.e., information search pattern). Loan structure restrictiveness was not associated with the amount of information examined, nor with lenders' risk preferences or years of lending experience. These findings suggest that loan structure decisions may be contingent on the way loan officers analyze information. The implications of these findings for lending research and practice are discussed.
Squeezed vacuum from amplitude squeezed states

Squeezed vacuum permits adjustment of its relative phase to a chosen signal. If the signal is used as the probe in an interferometric measurement, the signal-to-noise ratio can be improved. We propose a system that generates squeezed vacuum, which consists of a laser diode that produces amplitude squeezed states and is phase-locked to a coherent signal, and an alternate system consisting of two phase-locked laser diodes.
Species preservation versus development: An experimental investigation under uncertainty

The safe minimum standard (SMS) is a decision rule to preserve renewable resources, unless the social costs of doing so are intolerable. While unpersuasive to many, support for the SMS has been advocated by some economists for settings involving irreversibility and a high degree of uncertainty. The objective of this paper is to explore decision-making involving species preservation versus development within an experimental laboratory setting, and involving uncertainty. The experimental design implements a number of prior game-theoretic investigations of the SMS (Bishop, 1978; Ready and Bishop, 1991; Palmini, 1999), involving insurance, and lottery or combined games against nature. The choices are between species preservation, which possibly provides a cure for a disease, or developing habitat, leading to irreversible depletion. Econometric results from a random parameters logit model, using responses from 117 participants (across both U.S. and Mexican university student samples) and 9 treatment choices, indicate that support for the SMS varies across the type of game, the imposed maximum regret condition concerning the relative magnitude of the costs of disease and net benefits of development, a constructed measure of respondents' risk aversion, and other factors. There is also strong evidence of unobservable heterogeneous preferences for preservation within our sample.
Exploring stereotypes of popular and unpopular occupations among women-in-general

Abstract To find clues to cultural meanings of highly popular and highly unpopular occupations from SVIB-W, 227 women-in-general subjects judged nine popular and nine unpopular titles on 26 semantic-differential scales. The ranges of prestige and femininity judgments were deliberately restricted, in the hope that less understood stereotypes would stand out independently of these familiar variables. Eleven scales effectively differentiated popular from unpopular occupations. These 11 polarities (a) both confirmed and disconfirmed common-sense predictions; (b) suggested themes that were not “WIG-bound,” themes probably relevant to parallel judgments in a male subculture; and (c) often echoed variables that have been treated elsewhere as “work-adjustment” needs, such as “variety,” “independence,” and “security.” Scale intercorrelations were low, with only a sprinkling of moderate relationships present; many scales helpfully tapped stereotypes that emerged independently of status perceptions. The role of a “femininity” variable remained ambiguous. Inspection of scale interrelationships suggested that factor structures of meaning in an occupational context will differ importantly from well-known structures displayed by general semantic judgments.
Crime victims’ satisfaction with police services: An assessment in one urban community

A 3‐month study examined crime victims’ satisfaction with police response to calls for service. Respondents were asked to rate officers with whom they interacted in overall satisfaction, and in courtesy/politeness, speed of response, concern, and helpfulness. Results indicate consistently high overall ratings. Nonparametric statistics indicate that female respondents rated officers significantly higher than male respondents, but no other demographic (age, race, education) or experiential variables (reason for call, location of problem, prior contact with police) significantly impacted ratings. Nonparametric correlations indicated that an officer's perceived helpfulness was the strongest correlate of overall satisfaction, while speed of response was the weakest.
Employment and Skills in Financial Services: A Comparison Of Banks and Insurance Companies in Five OECD Countries

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, financial services remained among the fastest growing sectors in most OECD countries. Since the early 1980s however, the pace of employment growth in financial services has slowed in several countries. In a few of them, such as France, there even have been warnings by industry executives of subsranrial employment losses in the years ahead as result of both market saturation and large productivity increases due to the widespread diffusion of computerised technologies [Le Monde, 1986]. A study recently completed by the authors for the OECD's Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (19871 arrives a conclusions that are at once more optimistic and more complex.
Retinoic Acid and Polyriboinosinic Acid Act Synergistically to Enhance the Antibody Response to Tetanus Toxoid during Vitamin A Deficiency: Possible Involvement of Interleukin-2 Receptor-β, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1, and Interferon Regulatory Factor-1

Antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens are reduced during vitamin A (VA) deficiency and restored by retinoids. To test whether retinoic acid (RA) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC), an inducer of interferons, can increase specific antibody production, VA-deficient rats were treated with all-trans-RA, PIC, or both at the time of primary immunization with tetanus toxoid. VA-deficient rats produced low primary and secondary anti-tetanus IgG responses (P<.001 vs. VA-sufficient controls). Both responses were increased synergistically by RA plus PIC (P<.0001). In VA-deficient spleens, mRNAs were low for interleukin (IL)-2 receptor-β, interferon regulatory factor-1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Each, however, was induced by RA plus PIC (P<.0001 vs. controls). Conversely, IL-12 and IL-10 mRNAs were elevated in VA deficiency and were induced by PIC and suppressed by RA. Thus, RA plus PIC appears to be a promising combination for stimulating antigen-specific immunity. Several molecular factors identified here may partially account for the observed enhancement.
The Characterization of a Cerebroside Sulfate from the Mycelia of Glomerella cingulata

A sulfur-containing lipid with chromatographic properties in several systems equal to the commercial sulfolipid (extracted from bovine spinal cord, Applied Science) has been isolated in 0.6 % yield (dry weight basis) from the mycelia of Glomerella cingulata. About 35 % of exogenous Na35SO4 incubated with the mycelial medium for 72 hours was recovered in the cerebroside sulfate fraction, with only traces of 35S activities in other lipid fractions.
Secondary Prevention of Stroke in the Elderly: Focus on Drug Therapy

Secondary stroke prevention in the elderly in many cases requires the use of drug therapy to maximize risk factor control. However, the elderly (≥65 years) are most likely to receive care that is not evidence-based, because of concerns for adverse events. In this review, we provide evidence to the practitioner in support of the value of blood pressure control with drug therapy to decrease recurrent stroke risk. This review also highlights evidence for the importance of statin therapy in stroke prevention among the elderly. Finally, the appropriate use of antiplatelet therapy and oral anticoagulation is addressed.
Female health, attractiveness, and desirability for relationships: Role of breast asymmetry and waist-to-hip ratio

Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of ordinarily bilaterally symmetrical traits in humans has been proposed to indicate developmental anomaly. Recent research has shown that individuals with minimal FA are judged to be attractive, and preferred as sexual partners (Thornhill and Gangestad 1993). Waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) have been also shown to reflect health and reproductive capability of woman and those with low WHRs are judged more attractive and healthy (Singh 1993a,b). The present study examines the relative roles of WHR and FA in female breasts in judgments of female attractiveness, health, and desirability for short-term and long-term relationships. Male college students were asked to judge attractiveness of female figures that differed in WHR (high and low) and breast symmetry (none, low, or high). In the first test, paired comparison method was used in which each figure was paired one at a time with all other figures. In the second test, subjects examined all figures simultaneously, estimated their age, and rated each figure for attractiveness, feminine looks, health, overall degree of body symmetry, and willingness to engage in short- and long-term relationship. Results from both tests show that figures with low WHRs were judged to be more attractive than figures with high WHRs, regardless of their degree of breast asymmetry. The figure with low WHR and symmetrical breasts was judged to be most attractive and youngest of all other figures. It appears that men use both WHR and breast asymmetry in judging attractiveness and being willing to develop romantic relationships. It is proposed that WHR and breast asymmetry may signal different aspects of overall female mate quality.
Die Anwendung der Kobaltinitritmethode zur Bestimmung des Kaliums in Böden

Eine gewogene Menge des trocknen Bodens wird auf dem Wasserbade mit uberschussiger Salzsaure ausgezogen. Den Uberschufs der Saure vertreibt man aus der Losung durch Verdampfen. Sodann entfernt man die Basen, die die weiteren Operationen storen konnten, mit Natriumcarbonat oder Ammoniumhydroxyd und Ammoniumoxalat. Ammoniumsalze und organische Stoffe werden durch Gluhen entfernt. Den Ruckstand lost ma in wenig Wasser mit einigen Tropfen Essigsaure, dampft das Gemisch mit einem Uberschufs von Natrium-Kobaltinitrit ein, bis es dickflussig wird, ruhrt den Ruckstand mit kaltem Wasser an und filtriert durch Asbest im Filtertiegel. Das gefallte Kalium-Natrium-Kobaltinitrit wascht man mit halbgesattigter Chloridlosung und behandelt es mit uberschussigem Permanganat in heisser, verdunnter Losung. Die Permanganatfarbe zerstort man durch uberschussige saure Normal-Oxalsaure, deren Uberschufs mit Permanganat zurucktitriert wird.
ON PREFERENCE STRUCTURE IN DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

The paper studies the result of Zhu21 and establishes a relationship between the efficiency in data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the pareto optimality under multiple objective linear programming (MOLP). It is shown that the DEA/preference structure models in Zhu21 can be derived by traditional MOLP techniques. Incorporation of tradeoffs or value judgments is a direct result of using MOLP techniques. New uses of DEA are developed and described. The approach is applied to a set of Chinese cities.
Chung-type functional laws of the iterated logarithm for tail empirical processes

Abstract We obtain functional laws of the iterated logarithm for the tail empirical process analogue to the Chung (1948) and Csaki (1980) limit laws for the Wiener process. The tail empirical process is defined by hn−1/2αn(hnu) for 0≤u≤1 , where αn denotes the uniform empirical process based upon n independent uniform (0,1) random variables. Under appropriate assumptions on hn→0 , Mason (1988) showed that the sequence of functions fn=(2hnlog logn)−1/2αn(hn·) is almost surely compact with respect to the topology defined by the sup-norm ‖·‖ , and gave a characterization of the corresponding limit set K . In this paper, we obtain an estimate of the rate of this limit law by evaluating lim inf n→∞ ( log log n)‖f n −f‖ for each f∈ K .
Diagnostic yield, safety, and efficacy of push enteroscopy in pediatrics.

Background Push enteroscopy has not been compared to standard endoscopy in children. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of push enteroscopy in children with suspected proximal small bowel disease, and to compare its diagnostic yield and safety with standard endoscopy. Design/Setting Database review. Patients A database analysis was performed on all children who underwent push enteroscopy at The Johns Hopkins Children's Center from 2001 to 2005. Patient demographics, clinical history, and indication for push enteroscopy were all recorded. Clinical utility was qualified based on the influence of PE on therapy. Main Outcome Measurements Diagnostic yield and safety of push enteroscopy in children. Results Push enteroscopy was performed on 44 children (27 M; 17 F) with a median age (range) of 10 (2-18) years. The most common indications for push enteroscopy were suspected proximal small bowel disease based on radiological criteria (21), and bleeding (9). Push enteroscopy confirmed the diagnosis of proximal small bowel Crohn's disease (CD) in 23, polyps in 5, eosinophilic gastroenteritis in 4, celiac disease in 1, microvillous inclusion disease in 1, and lymphoproliferative disease in 1 patient. An isolated non-Crohn's related gastric (1) and jejunal ulcer (1) was also identified. Just 9 of these identifiable lesions were within reach by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Seven patients had a normal push enteroscopy. The clinical management was modified in 34 patients. Push enteroscopy was not shown to significantly alter the time of procedure when compared to EGD. Conclusions Push enteroscopy is a safe diagnostic tool with proven clinical utility in children with suspected proximal small bowel disease. Larger studies are needed to establish the widespread application of push enteroscopy in pediatrics.
MONOCLONAL ANTI-HLA-B27 ANTIBODY (B27M1): PRODUCTION AND LACK OF DETECTABLE TYPING DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS, REITER'S SYNDROME, AND NORMAL CONTROLS

Abstract A monoclonal murine anti-HLA-B27 antibody (designated anti-B27M 1 ) has been produced by the technique of somatic cell hybridisation. When tested by standard lymphocytotoxicity against panels of normal controls and patients with spondyloarthropathies, anti-B27M 1 showed as good a correlation with the HLA-B27 alloantigen as did conventional typing alloantisera (r= 0·9). No differences were detected between the typings of patients and of controls, suggesting that the B27 alloantigens of each group share a common epitope and that this specificity may not be divisible into normal and disease-associated variants. These results show that specified hybridoma antibodies of reagent quality can be produced and applied to HLA typing