cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditions of Learning in Novice Programmers

Under normal instructional circumstances, some youngsters learn programming in BASIC or LOGO much better than others. Clinical investigations of novice programmers suggest that this happens in part...
Differential effects of adenosine on pulmonary vein ectopy after pulmonary vein isolation: implications for arrhythmogenesis.

Background— The mechanism of pulmonary vein (PV) triggers of atrial fibrillation remains unclear. We performed adenosine (ADO) testing after PV isolation to characterize spontaneous dissociated PV rhythm and ADO-induced PV ectopy. Methods and Results— Seventy-four patients (61 men; age, 61±10 years) undergoing PV isolation for atrial fibrillation were studied. For each isolated PV, dissociated ectopy was recorded and ADO was administered. After isolation of 270 PVs, 50 PVs with dissociated ectopy were identified. In 42 PVs exhibiting PV rhythm, ADO resulted in PV rhythm suppression in 35 (83%) PVs, with all occurring during ADO-induced bradycardia, and in PV rhythm acceleration in 13 (31%) PVs, with all occurring after resolution of ADO-induced bradycardia. In 11 PVs, both ADO-induced PV rhythm acceleration and suppression were seen. Among 220 electrically silent PVs, ADO induced PV ectopy in 28 (13%) veins. The timing of ADO-induced PV ectopy with respect to ADO effects on heart rate varied. ADO induced PV ectopy during the early phase of ADO effect only in 12 PVs, during the late phase of ADO effect only in 8 PVs, and during both early and late phases of ADO effect in 8 PVs. Conclusions— The mechanism of spontaneous PV rhythm after isolation is likely automaticity, given the close association of ADO effects on PV rhythm with its chronotropic and dromotropic effects. However, ADO can induce PV ectopy in electrically silent PVs in a manner not closely tied to its effects on heart rate and may be because of the activation of autonomic triggers.
Effect of Surface Structural Modifications on Absorptivity of Platinum in Multi-Pulse Femtosecond Laser Ablation

Change in absorptivity of platinum caused by surface modifications in multi-pulse femtosecond laser ablation is studied as a function of the number of applied laser pulses at various values of laser fluence and ambient gas pressure. We show that laser-induced surface modifications enhance significantly the absorptivity due to nano.. micro.., macro-structures produced by ablation. At a sufficiently high fluence and large number of applied pulses the absorptance of ablated platinum surface can reach a value close to 100. The absorptivity enhancement caused by surface structural modifications produced by ablation in vacuum is greater then that in air.
Polarization splitter/combiner in high index contrast Bragg reflector waveguides

Novel designs of polarization devices based on Bragg reflector waveguides in a high index contrast silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform have been proposed. Brewster angle condition is incorporated in the periodic structures. Numerical simulations with a 3D semivectorial beam propagation method demonstrate the device performance as TE mode polarizer with high TE to TM extinction ratio and TE/TM mode polarization splitter and combiner with high polarization splitting efficiency.
Beam dynamics in the spiral line induction accelerator

Simulation studies of the spiral line induction accelerator (SLIA) experiments have been performed. Equilibrium in the solenoidal field has been studied and a generalization of the K-V distribution has been found which gives a better equilibrium for the SLIA parameters, though these qualities are not likely to be produced experimentally. Hoop force corrections in the bends of the SLIA have been calculated and it is shown that the achromatic properties of the design are preserved. Diamagnetic effects on the vertical field index are not important. A scheme for matching the beam on and off the stellarator windings has been devised which uses a single thick quadrupole lens on each end of the stellarator, greatly reducing emittance growth. >
Assimilation of Interorganizational Business Process Standards

Organizations have not fully realized the benefits of interorganizational relationships (IORs) due to the lack of cross-enterprise process integration capabilities. Recently, interorganizational business process standards (IBPS) enabled by information technology (IT) have been suggested as a solution to help organizations overcome this problem. Drawing on three theoretical perspectives, i.e., the relational view of the firm, institutional theory, and organizational inertia theory, we propose three mechanisms---relational, influence, and inertial---to explain the assimilation of IBPS in organizations. We theorize that these mechanisms will have differential effects on the assimilation of IBPS in dominant and nondominant firms. Using a cross-case analysis based on data from 11 firms in the high-tech industry, we found evidence to support our propositions that relational depth, relationship extendability, and normative pressure were important for dominant firms while relational specificity and influence mechanisms (coercive, mimetic, and normative pressures) were important for nondominant firms. Inertial mechanisms, i.e., ability and willingness to overcome resource and routine rigidities, were important for both dominant and nondominant firms.
The FRS-68010-a new ground station concept for the acquisition and analysis of NOAA HRPT data from a spatially limited area of interest

A concepts for NOAA (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) ground station using a pointing array of Yagi-type antenna instead of a tracking disk is presented. The antenna configuration provides a sufficient signal level for the reliable acquisition of high resolution picture transmission (HRPT) data of spatially limited area of interest. A 68010-based microcomputer system is used to store, retrieve, and display the data. The author's original intent was to process the data on the FRS-68010 system, but in light of the recently greatly increased availability, in Australia, of PC-type microcomputer hardware and software it was decided to transfer the data to one of these machines and utilize commercially available software for data processing. >
Challenges of governing groundwater in U.S. western states

Over the last several decades, water users in the western United States have increasingly turned to groundwater resources to support economic development, but few institutional arrangements were in place to govern groundwater use. Over time, numerous groundwater problems have emerged. Two closely related explanations for this are explored. Surface water sources were the first to be developed, and institutional arrangements to allocate surface water were the first to be devised. These arrangements are not particularly well suited for governing groundwater. Furthermore, the physical differences between rivers and aquifers lead to differences in the development of each type of water, and in production and organization costs. Groundwater development involves low upfront production costs, which individual water users can cover. Once groundwater users have individually invested in productive activities problems emerge, such as declining water tables. Thus, unlike surface water users, groundwater users are faced with devising institutional arrangements to coordinate their water uses after they have invested in and developed productive economic activities. Most western states regulate pumping, although groundwater users, in general, resist pumping limits. The discussion concludes with proposals for modifying the prior appropriation doctrine to better accommodate the active management of groundwater basins for long-term sustainability.
Euclidean Path Modeling from Ground and Aerial Views

We address the issue of Euclidean path modeling in a single camera for activity monitoring in a multi-camera video surveillance system. The paper proposes a novel linear solution to auto-calibrate any camera observing pedestrians and uses these calibrated cameras to detect unusual object behavior. The input trajectories are metric rectified and the input sequences are registered to the satellite imagery and prototype path models are constructed. During the testing phase, using our simple yet efficient similarity measures, we seek a relation between the input trajectories derived from a sequence and the prototype path models. Real-world pedestrian sequences are used to demonstrate the practicality of the proposed method.
Decentralized supply chains subject to information delays

We consider a supply chain whose members are divisions of the same firm. The divisions are managed by different individuals with only local inventory information. Both the material and information flows in the supply chain are subject to delays. Under the assumption that the division managers share a common goal to optimize the overall performance of the supply chain (i.e., they act as a team), we characterize the optimal decision rules for the divisions. The team solution reveals the role of information leadtimes in determining the optimal replenishment strategies. We then show that the owner of the firm can manage the divisions as cost centers without compromising the systemwide performance. This is achieved by using an incentive-compatible measurement scheme based on accounting inventory levels. Finally, we investigate the impact of irrational behavior on supply chain performance and demonstrate that it is important for the upstream members of the supply chain to have access to accurate customer demand information.
Morphological implications of phase transitions in polymer solutions: Study of polyacrylonitrile‐based solutions

Solution-based processing of infusible polymers usually involves large quantities of undesirable solvents and transport-limited morphological evolution that is often difficult to control. The present study constitutes a rational exploration of the phase transitions in polymer solutions to form the basis for new processes that would diminish the abovementioned problems and also identify appropriate mechanisms for controlled generation of useful morphologies. The fundamental concepts in this regard are exemplified through solutions of acrylonitrile-based homopolymer and copolymers, with important inferences drawn regarding their potential implications for the formation of fibers, films, and membranes. Thermodynamic and kinetic manipulation of transitions such as liquid–liquid phase separation and crystallization is shown to be effective in controlled generation of morphologies ranging from microporous to dense. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reform in Lieu of Change: Tastes Great, Less Filling

In this response to Light, Koppell argues that the increasing frequency of reform may reflect Congress's inability to make significant changes to the substance of entrenched government programs. Moreover, he observes that the more profound evolution in government has been the movement toward market-based provision of services, which has created demand for new competencies in the public sector.
Sometimes more is more: iterative participatory design of infographics for engagement of community members with varying levels of health literacy

Objective To collaborate with community members to develop tailored infographics that support comprehension of health information, engage the viewer, and may have the potential to motivate health-promoting behaviors. Methods The authors conducted participatory design sessions with community members, who were purposively sampled and grouped by preferred language (English, Spanish), age group (18–30, 31–60, >60 years), and level of health literacy (adequate, marginal, inadequate). Research staff elicited perceived meaning of each infographic, preferences between infographics, suggestions for improvement, and whether or not the infographics would motivate health-promoting behavior. Analysis and infographic refinement were iterative and concurrent with data collection. Results Successful designs were information-rich, supported comparison, provided context, and/or employed familiar color and symbolic analogies. Infographics that employed repeated icons to represent multiple instances of a more general class of things (e.g., apple icons to represent fruit servings) were interpreted in a rigidly literal fashion and thus were unsuitable for this community. Preliminary findings suggest that infographics may motivate health-promoting behaviors. Discussion Infographics should be information-rich, contextualize the information for the viewer, and yield an accurate meaning even if interpreted literally. Conclusion Carefully designed infographics can be useful tools to support comprehension and thus help patients engage with their own health data. Infographics may contribute to patients’ ability to participate in the Learning Health System through participation in the development of a robust data utility, use of clinical communication tools for health self-management, and involvement in building knowledge through patient-reported outcomes.
Counting on Determinants

1. THE PROBLEM OF THE DETERMINED ANTS. Imagine four determined ants who simultaneously walk along the edges of the picnic table graph of Figure 1. The ants can move only to the right (northeast, southeast, and sometimes due east) with the goal of reaching four different morsels.
Anterior lenticonus detected by wavefront aberrometry.

Purpose To illustrate the utility of wavefront aberrometry in delineating a subtle lenticular abnormality responsible for decreased best-corrected visual acuity in a patient. Design Case report. Methods Clinical data, corneal topography, and wavefront aberrometry with separation of corneal and lenticular components of the higher-order aberrations are analyzed in a patient who presented for refractive surgery evaluation. Results Clinical evaluation indicated that the cause of visual loss was lenticular, and wavefront aberrometry indicated high negative spherical aberration, leading to the diagnosis of anterior lenticonus. Conclusions Wavefront aberrometry has an adjunctive and distinctive role in the preoperative screening process for refractive surgery candidates and in those with subtle unexplained loss of best-corrected visual acuity.
Impact of segregation energetics on oxygen conductivity at ionic grain boundaries

In pursuit of whether nanocrystallinity could lead to higher anion conductivity, research has revealed contradicting results exposing the limited understanding of point defect energetics at grain boundaries (GBs)/interfaces. By disentangling and addressing key GB energetics issues related to segregation, migration and binding energies of oxygen vacancies in the presence and absence of dopants at the GBs, as well as the segregation energetics of dopants, we use atomistic simulations of doped nanocrystalline ceria to elucidate that dopant segregation is the key factor leading to degradation of oxygen conductivity in nanocrystalline materials. A framework for designing enhanced conducting nanocrystalline materials is proposed where the focus of doping strategies shifts from the bulk to segregation at GBs.
Distance Education in Geographic Information Science: Symposium and an Informal Survey

The US National Center for Education Statistics (NCES, 2002) defines distance education as “education or training courses delivered to remote (off-campus) location(s) via audio, video (live or prerecorded), or computer technologies, including both synchronous and asynchronous instruction” (NCES, 2000, p. 2). This definition excludes correspondence courses, by which colleges, universities and commercial enterprises have delivered educational opportunities via postal services to distant learners in many parts of the world for a century or more. While such a definition may seem too exclusive, it does highlight the technological innovations that, combined with unprecedented economic challenges faced by higher education institutions, have led to rapid growth in distance education over the past decade. Educators are not of one mind about distance education, of course. Some celebrate the potential to expand access to higher education to lifelong learners not well served by traditional place-bound courses (e.g. Kellogg Commission, 1999). Others foresee revolutionary impact not only in expanding access to higher education but also in reforming it, by leveraging computers and networks potentially to create a new, more active more student-centered pedagogy (e.g. Benyon et al., 1997; Browning & Williams, 1997). Still others view distance education as evidence of a regressive trend toward the automation of higher education and the commercialization of the academy (e.g. Gober, 1998; Noble, 1998). While a recent study has found that equivalent learning activities can be equally effective for both online and face-to-face courses (Neuhauser, 2002),
R-based MPPT method for smart converter PV system

Recent research and industrial accomplishment has revealed the advantages of smart converter PV system over traditional centralized and string PV system. Analytical comparisons have shown great improvement in energy harvesting of smart converter PV system. However, despite the verified improvement, no literature has demonstrated the power optimizing issues associated with smart converter PV system. This paper presents detailed discussion and analysis of the power generation patterns of smart converter PV system. The critical issue of the system is pointed out that abrupt power drop will occur when system running from MPPT region into voltage limit region which will cause instability if traditional MPPT methods are used. To solve this problem, a simple MPPT method is proposed with simulation and experiment result which verifies the feasibility of this concept.
How Much Is Enough … What More Is Needed?

Optimal care for the fortunate few resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains uncertain. An aggressive approach to simultaneously cool and cath such patients on arrival at the hospital is favored by some interventional cardiologists.1–11 Others remain unconvinced that such therapy is beneficial or needed.12–14 See Article by Waldo et al See Article by Geri et al See Article by Vyas et al See Article by Staer-Jensen et al In this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions are 4 reports regarding immediate coronary angiography and its role in postresuscitation care.15–18 Vyas et al report on 4029 postcardiac arrest patients from the Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) database between January 2010 and December 2013.15 CARES is a large national prospective emergency medical systems-based registry involving over 800 emergency medical service agencies in 21 states with a catchment area of over 80 million people. The emphasis of this registry has been in-field cardiac arrest and resuscitation variables, but some postresuscitation variables were added in 2010 as optional data elements, including data on the performance of coronary angiography post arrest. A small number of patients treated at hospitals without cardiac catheterization facilities were excluded. The final study population consisted of 4029 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients resuscitated from an initial rhythm of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia and admitted to 374 hospitals in the United States. This is the largest cohort published to date which examines the association of coronary angiography post arrest and survival. Nearly half (48.5%) underwent early coronary angiography, as directed by the attending cardiologist’s preference, though no other information was provided about the decision for or against angiography. Because the database concentrates on resuscitation variables, information about the postresuscitation electrocardiographic presence of ST-segment–elevation was not available on about half …
Intramolecular bicyclization of hydroxypentynyliodonium triflate derivatives to furnish cyclopentannelated tetrahydrofurans: The first examples of cyclopentene formation following alkoxide addition to alkynyliodonium salts

Abstract Several hydroxyalkynyliodonium triflates can be bicyclized with KNTMS2 to provide cyclopentannelated tetrahydrofuran derivatives in modest to good yields. The diastereoselectivity of CH insertion by the intermediate carbene is better than that observed with the corresponding NTs analogs. Product lability and an electronic mismatch between hydroxide nucleophile and iodonium electrophile likely contribute to the modest yields.
Exploring the limits of language modeling

In this work we explore recent advances in Recurrent Neural Networks for large scale Language Modeling, a task central to language understanding. We extend current models to deal with two key challenges present in this task: corpora and vocabulary sizes, and complex, long term structure of language. We perform an exhaustive study on techniques such as character Convolutional Neural Networks or Long-Short Term Memory, on the One Billion Word Benchmark. Our best single model significantly improves state-of-the-art perplexity from 51.3 down to 30.0 (whilst reducing the number of parameters by a factor of 20), while an ensemble of models sets a new record by improving perplexity from 41.0 down to 23.7. We also release these models for the NLP and ML community to study and improve upon.
Clethrionomys gapperi (Gapper’s red-backed mouse)

The X chromosomes are among the largest elements of the complement, and the Y, smallest. Other than the single pair of small submetacentrics, pairing of the autosomes is arbitrary. The karyotypes of C. gapperi are indistinguishable from those of C. rufocanus bedfordi of the Orient (Vol. 3, Folio No. 119). Recent studies on the chromosomes of another species, C. occidentalis, revealed again identical karyotypes. The karyotypes of C. occidentalis will, therefore, not be presented in the future.
Antibody response to tetanus toxoid in glomerulonephritis

Many forms of human glomerulonephritis (gn) are considered to be caused by deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli resulting in an inflammatory response. The considerable variability in individual susceptibility to the disease suggests that differences in host immune responses are important in determining development of the glomerular lesion. Animal experiments have suggested that immune complex renal disease is associated with production of low affinity antibody inefficient in promoting antigen elimination. 1 In human SLE, however, it has been suggested that patients with gn have antibody with higher avidity for dsDNA than lupus patients without renal involvement. 2,3 If we assume that aberrations of immune response to antigens involved in gn may be reflected in the response to other antigens, we could obtain relevant information by comparing the effects of immunization in patients with normal controls. This paper reports such a study. Patients with gn and normal controls were immunized with 5Lf alum precipitated tetanus toxoid subcutaneously, and antibody was measured pre- and 14 d post-immunization. Glutaraldehyde fixed, tanned group 0 human red cells were used in passive haemagglutination. Tetanus toxoid was radio-labelled with 125 I by the chloramine T method, and used in determining avidity by modification of the Farr assay. Patients with gn had a suboptimal haemagglutinating antibody response in respect of numbers failing to respond (P These results suggest that the various histological appearances in gn may result from different pathogenetic mechanisms. Raised serum creatinine (>0.2mmol 1) did not affect avidity or haemagglutinating antibody response.
Nonprofit Organizations in Governance Arrangements: Adding Democratic Value to Community Reinvestment Act Agreements?

This article examines the democratic contribution of nonprofit organizations to governance arrangements. Conceptualizations of governance focus on the multisector arrangements between public, for-profit, and nonprofit organizations that emerge to create public value. Nonprofit organizations have been found to contribute efficiency and effectiveness to these arrangements; however, less is understood about the democratic contribution nonprofits make. It is hypothesized that nonprofits contribute democratic value when they pursue the public interest in accordance with their civil society function. A binary logistic regression analysis is performed on negotiated Community Reinvestment Act agreements from 2000 to 2009 to predict the types of nonprofits that participate in agreements. The results show that nonprofits involved in agreements represent the public interest, as measured by their organizational purpose, representation in communities of need, and organizational capacity. The article suggests that the ...
Attitude Data Fusion Using a Modified Rodrigues Parametrization

Data fusion in the presence of unknown correlations is an expanding area of research as many space related applications move toward smaller, distributed systems. While nontrivial by nature, the problem is further compounded when one considers fusion of attitude estimates where singularities and constraints must be accounted for. Prior work in this area has considered fusion when the attitude is parameterized using the four-dimensional quaternion. While the quaternion has many advantages, its norm constraint provides some added difficulty to the fusion process which may render it unsuitable for onboard spacecraft attitude fusion systems. This work provides an alternative means for data fusion by parameterizing the attitude using the three-dimensional modified Rodrigues parameters. Because they represent a minimally parameterized set, modified Rodrigues parameters fall victim to a singularity which must be considered during fusion. Two algorithms, a global and a local approach are developed within the Covariance Intersection framework for fusing modified Rodrigues parameters while avoiding the singularity. Simulation results validate the approach and show a computational advantage over previous quaternion based algorithms.
Study on drug loading properties of rare earth magnetic nano-microspheres Dy:Fe_3O_4@PHEMA-Tb

Rare earth magnetic drug-microspheres MMC-PHEMA-FMPMs with biocompatibility and low poisoness were prepared under a certain condition by taking rare earth magnetic nano-microspheres Dy:Fe3O4@PHEMA-Tb as carrier and mitomycin C as pharmaceutical model.The design of orthogonal experiment detected the effect of process conditions of preparation on drug loading and embedding ratio,which of MMC-PHEMA-FMPMs was measured by HPLC and magnetic responsibility by solid permanent magnet.The results show that the rare earth magnetic nano-microspheres has a high drug loading and embedding ratio,a great effect of relaxation ability in vitro on pH,a very remarkable magnetic responsibility and therefore can be used as high-quality drug carrier.
Evaluation of the Responsible, Engaged, and Loving (REAL) Fathers Initiative on Physical Child Punishment and Intimate Partner Violence in Northern Uganda

Violence against women and violence against children in Uganda are recognized as significant public health concerns. Exposure to violence at home as a child can increase the likelihood of perpetrating or experiencing violence later in life. These two forms of violence share similar risk factors and often, but not always, co-occur at the household level. Parenting programs have shown promise in reducing physical child punishment. Targeting men has also been proven effective in transforming attitudes related to gender roles and expectations and intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. The REAL Fathers Initiative is a 12-session father mentoring program implemented by volunteers that is designed to reduce child exposure to violence at home, breaking the cycle of intergenerational violence. Evaluation results comparing survey data among men exposed to the intervention and those unexposed demonstrate significant reductions in IPV at end line (aOR 0.48, CI 0.31, 0.76, p < 0.001) and over the longer term follow-up (aOR 0.47, CI 0.31, 0.77, p < 0.001) and significant reductions in physical child punishment at long-term follow-up (aOR 0.52, CI 0.32, 0.82, p < 0.001).
Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of San Diego Bay marinas

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have garnered much attention due to their bioaccumulation, carcinogenic properties, and persistence in the environment. Investigation of the spatial distribution, composition, and sources of PAHs in sediments of three recreational marinas in San Diego Bay, California revealed significant differences among marinas, with concentrations in one site exceeding 16,000 ng g − 1 . ‘Hotspots’ of PAH concentration suggest an association with stormwater outfalls draining into the basins. High-molecular weight PAHs (4–6 rings) were dominant (> 86%); the average percentage of potentially carcinogenic PAHs was high in all sites (61.4–70%) but ecotoxicological risks varied among marinas. Highly toxic benzo( a )pyrene (BaP) was the main contributor (> 90%) to the total toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) in marinas. PAHs in San Diego Bay marina sediments appear to be derived largely from pyrogenic sources, potentially from combustion products that reach the basins by aerial deposition and stormwater drainage from nearby streets and parking lots.
“Let Them Eat Stuffed Peppers”: An Argument of Images on the Role of Food in Understanding Neoliberal Austerity in Greece: Edited transcript of a talk given by David Sutton on March 16, 2016, at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

This paper focuses on how discourses of food have shaped understandings of what is at stake in the Greek crisis. Drawing from Karl Polanyi9s concept of “embeddedness,” I argue that food is central to Greek interpretations of neoliberal policies and processes because of its centrality to Greek culture and identity. Food has also been a site of contested practices of “solidarity” and “charity” by which new social experiments are emerging in the wake of the breakdown of the welfare state. In arguing for food9s centrality in the reshaping of Greek sociability, I will suggest that food be thought of not simply as a “topic” for anthropological investigation, but as a master-concept on the level of “kinship,” “ritual,” or “exchange” in any anthropological analysis of contemporary life.
Balancing engineering and religious identities

How can engineering educators support students that seek to integrate their multiple identities? More specifically, how can engineering educators teach students to integrate their engineering identity into their current sense of self? Previous research found that African-American college students integrate their religious and professional identities by using religion as a lens to make meaning of other identity dimensions. This research, through the theoretical lens of multiple identities, seeks to understand the experience of a single engineering student that expressed the challenges he faced as an African-American male integrating his Christian and engineering identities during his student team project. The interview data presented here was part of a larger phenomenological study design, which included a thematic analysis process. The results of the current analysis suggests that this engineering student perceived an intersection between his engineering and religious identities where his religious identity impacted his team experience. His story provides insight for engineering educators to understand the benefits and barriers that emerge at the intersection of religious beliefs and the development of an engineering identity.
Feedback: What's New and Different?

Although giving feedback has been frequently discussed in the supervision literature, there has been little attention given to two other important aspects, namely receiving and inviting feedback. T...
Establishing Effective Mentoring Networks: Rationale and Strategies.

Introduction Mentoring networks constitute an effective mentoring model in academic medicine and significantly add to the traditional dyadic mentor-mentee relationship. There is an unmet educationa...
Respiration in the African lungfish Protopterus aethiopicus. I. Respiratory properties of blood and normal patterns of breathing and gas exchange.

1. Respiratory properties of blood and pattern of aerial and aquatic breathing and gas exchange have been studied in the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus . 2. The mean value for haematocrit was 25%. Haemoglobin concentration was 6.2 g% and O2 capacity 6.8 vol. %. 3. The affinity of haemoglobin for O2 was high. P 50 was 10 mm. Hg at P COCO2, 6 mm. Hg and 25 °C. The Bohr effect was smaller than for the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus , but exceeded that for the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren . The O2 affinity showed a larger temperature shift in Protopterus than Neoceratodus . 4. The CO2 combining power and the over-all buffering capacity of the blood exceeded values for the other lungfishes. 5. Both aerial and aquatic breathing showed a labile frequency. Air exposure elicited a marked increase in the rate of air breathing. 6. When resting in aerated water, air breathing accounted for about 90% of the O2 absorption. Aquatic gas exchange with gills and skin was 2.5 times more effective than pulmonary gas exchange in removing CO2. The low gas-exchange ratio for the lung diminished further in the interval between breaths. 7. Protopterus showed respiratory independence and a maintained O2 uptake until the ambient O2 and CO2 tensions were 85 and 35 mm. Hg respectively. A further reduction in O2 tension caused an abrupt fall in the oxygen uptake. 8. Gas analysis of blood samples drawn from unanaesthetized, free-swimming fishes attested to the important role of the lung in gas exchange and the high degree of functional separation in the circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. This work was supported by grant GB 4038 from the National Science Foundation and grant HE-08405 from the National Institute of Health. Established Investigator, American Heart Association. Work supported by Northeastern Chapter, Washington State Heart Association.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid conjugate vaccines in five endemic low- and middle-income settings.

Abstract Background Typhoid fever remains endemic in low- and middle-income countries. Programmatic use of existing vaccines is limited, but upcoming typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) could warrant wider use. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of five TCV delivery strategies in three urban areas (Delhi and Kolkata, India and Nairobi, Kenya) and two rural settings (Lwak, Kenya and Dong Thap, Vietnam) with varying incidence. Methods and findings We evaluated routine infant vaccination with and without catch-up campaigns among older individuals. We used a dynamic model of typhoid transmission to simulate cases, hospitalizations, deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) lost, treatment and intervention costs. We estimated cost-effectiveness (in terms of cost in international dollars (I$) per DALY averted) from the healthcare payer perspective, and assessed how it was influenced by uncertain model parameters. Compared to no vaccination, routine infant vaccination at I$1/dose was cost-saving in Delhi and Dong Thap, “very cost-effective” in Kolkata and Nairobi, and “cost-effective” in Lwak according to World Health Organization thresholds. However, routine vaccination was not the optimal strategy compared to strategies that included a catch-up campaign, which yielded the highest probability of being cost-saving in Delhi and Dong Thap and were most likely to provide a return on investment above a willingness-to-pay threshold of I$1440 in Kolkata, I$2300 in Nairobi, and I$5360 in Lwak. Vaccine price impacted the optimal strategy, and the number of doses required and rate of hospitalization were the primary sources of uncertainty. Conclusion Routine vaccination with TCV would be cost-effective in most settings, and additional one-time catch-up campaigns would also be economically justified.
Physical Education Graduate Students’ Perceptions of Institutional and Relational Factors

ABSTRACTUnderstanding physical education graduate students’ perceptions of their educational experiences has implications for the design and conduct of training program experiences. Occupational socialization theory presents one perspective through which these experiences can be understood and interpreted. Due to differences in disciplinary norms, specific research related to physical education graduate student socialization is warranted. The purpose of this study was to identify institutional and relational factors that influence graduate student satisfaction and perceptions of program quality. Participants included 90 physical education graduate students (47 female, 43 male) who responded to a cross-sectional online survey that included forced-choice and open-ended questions about their experience with various aspects of graduate education. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, and moderation analyses. Results indicated that, while perceived program quality and stu...
Palladium and Lewis-Acid-Catalyzed Intramolecular Aminocyanation of Alkenes: Scope, Mechanism, and Stereoselective Alkene Difunctionalizations

An expansion of methodologies aimed at the formation of versatile organonitriles, via the intramolecular aminocyanation of unactivated alkenes, is herein reported. Importantly, the need for a rigid tether in these reactions has been obviated. The ease-of-synthesis and viability of substrates bearing flexible backbones has permitted for diastereoselective variants as well. We demonstrated the utility of this methodology with the formation of pyrrolidones, piperidinones, isoindolinones, and sultams. Furthermore, subsequent transformation of these motifs into medicinally relevant molecules is also demonstrated. A double crossover 13C-labeling experiment is consistent with a fully intramolecular cyclization mechanism. Deuterium labeling experiments support a mechanism involving syn-addition across the alkene.
What is the appropriate health policy content in a program curriculum

Faculties of graduate health administration programs have considerable flexibility in applying curriculum guidelines established by the Accrediting Commission on Education for Health Services Administration (ACEHSA) to help achieve their self-determined missions. When a program's mission includes preparing graduates for eventual careers at the strategic levels of healthcare organizations, specific health policy content is appropriate. In determining this curriculum content, faculties can be guided by the need to prepare graduates to accomplish three policy-related activities that are vital to successful strategic management: 1. comprehend and understand relevant governmental health policy aspects of a healthcare organization's external environment, including assessing the impact of these aspects of the environment on the organization; 2. lead strategic responses to the challenges and opportunities emanating from the governmentalhealth policy aspects of an organization's external environment; and 3. participate in shaping, to the organization's benefit, the governmental health policy aspects of its external environment. Curriculum design options for providing this content are discussed.
Detection of Bifurcation Points Along a Curve

Up to this point we have always assumed that zero is a regular value of the smooth mapping H : RN+1 → R N . In the case that H represents a mapping arising from a discretization of an operator of the form ℌ : E1 × R → E2 where E1 and E2 represent appropriate Banach spaces, it is often of interest to approximate bifurcation points of the equation ℌ = 0. It is often possible to choose the discretization H in such a way that also the resulting discretized equation H = 0 has a corresponding bifurcation point. Under reasonable non-degeneracy assumptions it is possible to obtain error estimates for the bifurcation point of the original problem ℌ = 0. We shall not pursue such estimates here and refer the reader to the papers of Brezzi & Rappaz & Raviart and Beyn.
Archaic classification of barbiturates.

The classification of barbiturates as long-, intermediate-, short-, or ultrashort-acting, based on findings in animals, has been shown to be scientifically unsound when tested in carefully controlled studies in human subiects. The spectrum of barbiturate effects extends in dose-dependent fashion from sedation to hypnosis to anesthesia to poisoning to death. Any of these effects can be achieved deliberately or accidentally by any barbiturate given in appropriate dosage, although differences in physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic behavior do tend to confer some degree of specialization upon individual barbiturates in therapeutic usage. For clinical purposes it would be more logical to classify this family of drugs as “sedative-hypnotic barbiturates” or “anesthetic barbiturates,” recognizing that the members can be moved from one group to the other as desired by the prescribing physician.
Plato's Ideal and the Perversity of Politics

Educational Policy Making and the Courts, as its subtitle suggests, is much less concerned with demarcating the boundaries of judicial intervention in public school controversies than it is with exploring, from an empirical perspective, the competing assertions frequently made by proponents and opponents of judicial activism. The education sphere, in the light of the controversial nature of many judicial decisions involving teacher seniority, school finance, student rights, bilingual education, and the like, provides a convenient and appropriate context in which to test various hypotheses on the capabilities of courts and the legitimacy of their decisions (p. xi).2 The authors are extremely ambitious. They seek to close the "gap between theoretical debates about judicial activism and empirical research into actual trial court behavior" (p. xii). If the book does not entirely succeed, and it does not, this does not detract from the pathbreaking nature of the enterprise. Others may build on their research, refining the methodology and more carefully delineating the limits of empirical research with respect to the vexing normative issues of judicial activism.
Concentrated Disadvantage, the Persistence of Legal Cynicism, and Crime: Revisiting the Conception of “Culture” in Criminology

Ruth Rosner Kornhauser's powerful critique of cultural deviance and culture of poverty steered much of criminology toward structural, situational, and individual explanations for crime and far away from cultural approaches. The two important changes in sociological thinking have spurred a resurgence of cultural thinking about social problems. First, poverty itself has changed. The deindustrialization and globalization of the United States economy, which were unfolding just as Kornhauser was writing, dramatically reshaped the ecology of urban environments. Second, and related to this first change, the sociological and criminological understanding of culture has changed dramatically since the 1960s. In this chapter, the authors illustrate how the reconceptualization of culture as a frame or lens allows for a cultural explanation of crime without the necessity of arguing that criminals are all morally bankrupt. They approach this objective by reviewing and extending their prior work on cultural frames and legal cynicism.
Against the Socratic Method

The Socratic Method (e.g. argumentative questioning, answering and refutation) is a limited and potentially a bad pedagogical practice because it is authoritarian and hierarchical. Often praised as neutral, open and welcoming, I make the case that it is not. The Socratic Method may have a future but it would require what I call the dialectical radicalization of it. This would lead to a greater awareness and sensitivity to the contexts of power pertaining to pedagogy that instructor led forms of the Socratic Method have occluded. Hence, I recover the Socratic Method as a mode of intellectual emancipation based on egalitarianism and challenging all forms of authority, especially the instructors. I connect this to a defense of democracy in the classroom.
Fidelity Measures for Risk-Need Assessment (RNA) Tools Usage in Case Plans

Risk-need assessment (RNA) tools are considered the gold standard of probation and parole supervision. The value of having an RNA tool is that the information can be used in case plans and supervis...
Comparison of Active Learning Techniques: Audience Response Questions Versus Small Group Discussion on Immediate- and Long-term Knowledge Gain.

Objectives Active learning techniques help with motivation, involvement, and retention during didactics. There are few studies comparing different active learning methods, and these have yielded mixed results. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of two active learning methods-small-group discussion and audience response system (ARS)-on immediate- and long-term knowledge gain. Methods This was a prospective experimental study of emergency medicine (EM) subinterns and residents. Participants were randomized into two groups, and baseline knowledge was assessed with a multiple-choice pretest. Didactic sessions on salicylate toxicity and ocular trauma were given to both groups utilizing either small-group discussion or ARS. A crossover design was utilized to ensure that both groups received instruction by each method. A multiple-choice posttest was administered following the didactics and again 2 months later. Pre- and posttests were identical. All test items were written by an academic faculty member with advanced training in medical education and item writing and were based on the goals and objectives of the session. Test items were piloted with a reference group of learners. Didactic instructors were blinded to test items. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Results Thirty-eight subinterns and residents participated in the study. Both instructional methods showed immediate- and long-term knowledge gain. The linear mixed-effects model did not demonstrate any significant difference between instructional methods on immediate knowledge gain (mean difference = 0.18, p = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.52 to 0.88) or long-term knowledge gain (mean difference = -0.42, p = 0.36, 95% CI = -1.32 to 0.47). Conclusion In this small study, there was no significant difference between instructional methods on immediate- and long-term knowledge gain in EM subinterns and residents.
Characterization of Retinol Stabilized in Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles with and without Antioxidants.

Retinol stability has been reported to be improved by encapsulation in liposomes, both with and without cholesterol. However, this improvement is limited because of lipid peroxidation. In this stud...
A regulatory pathway that selectively up-regulates elongasome function in the absence of class A PBPs

Bacteria surround themselves with peptidoglycan, an adaptable enclosure that contributes to cell shape and stability. Peptidoglycan assembly relies on penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) acting in concert with SEDS-family transglycosylases RodA and FtsW, which support cell elongation and division respectively. In Bacillus subtilis, cells lacking all four PBPs with transglycosylase activity (aPBPs) are viable. Here, we show that the alternative sigma factor σI is essential in the absence of aPBPs. Defects in aPBP-dependent wall synthesis are compensated by σI-dependent upregulation of an MreB homolog, MreBH, which localizes the LytE autolysin to the RodA-containing elongasome complex. Suppressor analysis reveals that cells unable to activate this σI stress response acquire gain-of-function mutations in the essential histidine kinase WalK, which also elevates expression of sigI, mreBH and lytE. These results reveal compensatory mechanisms that balance the directional peptidoglycan synthesis arising from the elongasome complex with the more diffusive action of aPBPs.