cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor dormancy of primary and secondary cancers

Tumor dormancy is a phenomenon whereby cancer cells persist below the threshold of diagnostic detection for months to decades. This condition may arise due to either cell cycle arrest or a dynamic equilibrium state in which cell proliferation is in balance with cells undergoing apoptosis. Tumor dormancy is usually a reference to occult cancer cells that persist for an extended period of time after treatment, but primary cancers can also exhibit extended growth plateaus below the limits of detection. For example, autopsies of individuals who died of trauma reveal that most individuals harbor microscopic primary cancers. Mechanisms that operate independently or successively may restrict tumor expansion throughout tumor progression from incipiency to late-stage cancer. Proposed mechanisms include cell cycle withdrawal, immune surveillance, and blocked angiogenesis. The precise mechanisms underlying dormancy remain to be established, and relevant models will have an important impact on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for treating cancer. This review summarizes the phenomenon of tumor dormancy, experimental models, and potential mechanisms.
Salmeterol does not cause tolerance during long-term asthma therapy.

Controversy regarding tolerance to [32-agonist asthma therapy has surfaced periodically over the past 20 years, and recently it has again become a focus of attention. Although there is evidence that tolerance develops to the nonpulmonary effects of [3z_agonist,1,2 there is still uncertainty among many clinicians who treat patients with asthma as to whether any clinically significant tolerance develops to the pulmonary effects of these drugs, particularly to the recently introduced long-acting 132-agonist salmeterol. This report, which represents results from the largest database of patients receiving salmeterol in clinical studies in the United States, supports the growing body of evidence that patients with asthma do not show any loss of bronchodilator effect after regular exposure to 132-agonist, 3-~ although some loss of the bronchoprotectiv e effect has been reported in a few exercise-induced bronchospasm and methacholine challenge studies. 6, 9
Home Economics Research Supported by SAES‐OCI Funds, 1970‐71

The addition of coding, based on the home economics research goals and problem areas, to the SAES-OCI (State Agricultural Experiment Stations and other Cooperating Institu tions) reports in CRIS (Current Research Information Service) makes possible computer identification of the portion of the research program conducted in home economics departments. The information can also be analyzed for the amount of effort being devoted to each area within a fiscal year. Analysis reported in this paper of the 1970-71 data shows the areas of greatest and least emphasis in the portion of the total home economics research supported by such funds.
Measurements of transport properties of silver between 20 mK and 4.2 K

Abstract The thermoelectric ratio, thermopower and resistivity of as-cast and oxygen annealed silver have been measured to temperature for the Ag (Fe) system ∼ 1.5 K.
Occurrence of Lithothamnion in the South Indian Cretaceous

In two previous communications1 one of us reported the discovery of abundant algae, chiefly Lithothamnion, in some of the limestones of Upper Cretaceous age from the Trichinopoly and Pondicherry areas of South India.
Real-time traveler information for optimal adaptive routing in stochastic time-dependent networks

Real-time information can enable travelers to adapt to changing traffic conditions and make better routing decisions in uncertain networks. In this paper, a generic description of real-time online information is provided based on three schemes using partial online information and one scheme with no online information. A theoretical analysis shows that more error-free information is always better than (or at least as good as) less information for optimal adaptive routing in flow-independent networks. A heuristic algorithm is designed for the optimal adaptive routing problem for all the four information schemes, based on a set of necessary conditions for optimality. The effectiveness of the heuristic algorithm is shown to be satisfactory over the tested random networks. This study is of interest for traveler information system evaluation and design.
‘Fore Brain: A Hint of the Ancestral Cortex

By combining gene expression profiling with image registration, Tomer et al. (2010) find that the mushroom body of the segmented worm Platynereis dumerilii shares many features with the mammalian cerebral cortex. The authors propose that the mushroom body and cortex evolved from the same structure in the common ancestor of vertebrates and invertebrates.
Methyl-branched fatty acids and their biosynthesis in the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Abstract Eighteen methyl-branched fatty acids from the housfly, Musca domestica were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after reduction to the corresponding hydrocarbons. A deuterium was inserted on what was the carboxyl carbon and the straight chain components were removed by molecular sieve. The deuterium allowed the mass spectral determination of the methyl branch position with respect to the carboxyl end of the parent fatty acid methyl-branched fatty acids were characterized as n-2, n-3, n-4, n-5, n-6, n-7, n-8, and n-9 monomethyl fatty acids of 15—19 carbons and a n-3, 7 dimethyl fatty acid of 18 total carbons. These methyl-branched fatty acids have similar branching patterns and are presumed to the precursors to the methyl-branched hydrocarbons, some of which function as an arrestant in the female sex pheromone. With increasing concentrations of methylmalonyl-CoA, its incorporation into methyl-branched fatty acids increased in both day 1 and day 4 males and females using both microsomal and soluble fatty acid synthases (FAS). Methylmalonyl-CoA inhibited both the soluble and microsomal FAS in a competitive manner. The data on the incorporation of methylmalonyl-CoA into methyl-branched fatty acids by day 1 and day 4 males and females indicate that the regulation of methyl-branched hydrocarbon synthesis does not reside at the level of fatty acid synthesis, but must occur during the process of the fatty acyl-CoA elongation or reductive conversion of very long chain fatty acyl-CoAs to hydrocarbons.
Exogenous Human Recombinant Interleukin-10 Attenuates Hindlimb Ischemia - Reperfusion Injury

Abstract Proinflammatory cytokines have been found to mediate part of the local and distant organ injury after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin - 10 (IL-10) inhibits both TNF - α and IL-1, and we hypothesized that exogenous human IL-10 may decrease lung and soleus muscle injury after hindlimb I/R. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly assigned to I/R (n= 10); I/R + IL-10 (10 μg iv,n= 10), SHAM (n= 4); or SHAM + IL-10 (10 μg iv,n= 4). Bilateral hindlimb ischemia was produced by tourniquet occlusion for 4 hr and all animals were sacrificed after 4 hr of reperfusion or at comparable times for the SHAMs. Soleus muscle cellular injury was determined by uptake of99Tc pyrophosphate while soleus muscle capillary permeability, and lung capillary permeability were assessed by uptake of125I-labeled albumin. Soleus muscle and lung neutrophil infiltration were measured with the myeloperoxidase assay. Serum samples were assessed for TNF - α production with the WEHI bioassay. Hindlimb I/R caused significant soleus muscle cellular injury, soleus muscle capillary injury, lung capillary injury, and lung neutrophil infiltration. Pretreatment with exogenous IL-10 significantly reduced soleus muscle capillary permeability and also reduced soleus muscle cellular injury, but not to a statistically significant degree. IL-10 administration also reduced pulmonary capillary permeability despite significantly increased lung neutrophil infiltration. Elevated TNF - α levels were found in 66% (4/6) rats in the I/R group versus 30% (3/10) rats in the I/R + IL-10 group. Exogenous IL-10 attenuates both local and distant organ injury after hindlimb I/R potentially independent of neutrophil infiltration.
The spatial correlation of backscattered ultrasonic grain noise: theory and experimental validation

In ultrasonic pulse/echo inspections of metals, backscattered grain noise signals observed at different nearby transducer positions will be correlated. Such correlations have important practical implications. For example, the spatial correlation length (SCL) of the backscattered noise is a crucial quantity in designing denoising algorithms for image processing, and in inspection simulations of the probability of detection (POD) of a defect. In this paper an existing theory for the average backscattered grain noise level, based on the single scattering assumption and the Born approximation, is extended to obtain a formal theory for the spatial correlation of the backscattered grain noise. A special form of the theory for an incident Gaussian sound beam is also presented to demonstrate that the specimen microstructure and an overlap integral for the incident sound field are the important physical parameters controlling the grain noise level and spatial correlation, respectively. To validate the theory, a series of experiments are performed to collect backscattered grain noise signals from nickel alloy specimens having equiaxed microstructures. Good agreement between measured and predicted correlations is generally found. Further model computations are performed to better illustrate how amplitude and phase variations within the incident sound field control the dependence of the grain noise spatial correlation upon transducer separation.
Thermoelectric Determination of Cation Distributions in

Thermoelectric coefficient measurements in the system Fe3O4-Fe2TiO4 were used to determine the cation distributions from 600° to 1300°C. The cation distributions obeyed the relation -RT In K=-9.61+2(-0.0154T)b+0.0256T (kJ/mol) where KFecd is the iron distribution constant and b is the tetrahedral Fe3+ concentration. Low-temperature extrapolations agreed with experimental magnetometry and lattice parameter results. With the incorporation of a subregular size-mismatch term, agreement with high-temperature thermodynamic data was achieved. A solvus at intermediate temperatures was correctly predicted by the model.
Educational requirements for a student-subject matter interface

The problem of communicating knowledge, skills, and attitudes to students has concerned educators for centuries. Earlier debates centered around the use of lecture versus discussion methods, the use of the textbook, workbooks, etc. In general, these earlier "media" of instruction were passive display devices requiring relatively little response involvement on the part of the learner. Recent advances in communications technology have revived interest in the question of the media of instruction and have broadened the avenues through which the learner may come into contact with his subject. In general, the newer instructional display and response devices are "active" as opposed to earlier more passive media. They provide for the adaptation of the instructional materials to the characteristics of the individual learner as contrasted with earlier "static" display devices, and require active response involvement by the learner in the process of instruction. These devices allow the learner to interact overtly with his subject.
Binding of Bile Acids to Cholestyramine at Gastric pH Conditions

The binding of bile salts to cholestyramine was studied under varying conditions of pH and added electrolyte. The taurine-conjugated bile salts were strongly absorbed by the anion-exchange resin at low pH and in the presence of chloride anions. Glycocholic acid binding was very weak at low pH but increased strongly with increasing pH. The presence of chloride ions strongly decreased the amount of glycocholate bound by the anion-exchange resin.
k-Nearest neighbor searching in hybrid spaces

Little work has been reported in the literature to support k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) searches/queries in hybrid data spaces (HDS). An HDS is composed of a combination of continuous and non-ordered discrete dimensions. This combination presents new challenges in data organization and search ordering. In this paper, we present an algorithm for k-NN searches using a multidimensional index structure in hybrid data spaces. We examine the concept of search stages and use the properties of an HDS to derive a new search heuristic that greatly reduces the number of disk accesses in the initial stage of searching. Further, we present a performance model for our algorithm that estimates the cost of performing such searches. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm and the accuracy of our performance estimation model. HighlightsDeveloped algorithm for searching multi-dimensional hybrid data spaces.Introduced the method of improving search performance by examining search stages.Suggested new search heuristic to improve initial stage of searching by 33%.Derived theoretical model accurately predicts the performance of algorithm.
Three-Dimensional Simulation of Crack Growth in Notched Laminates:

This paper discusses the matrix cracking sequence in a [02/90 2]s graphite epoxy laminate with double-side notches. Experiments were performed on specimens loaded in uniaxial, quasi-static tension. The specimens were inspected at ascending load increments by x-radiography for patterns of matrix cracks caused by stress concentration near the notched region.
Many Specialists for Suppressing Cortical Excitation

Cortical computations are critically dependent on GABA-releasing neurons for dynamically balancing excitation with inhibition that is proportional to the overall level of activity. Although it is widely accepted that there are multiple types of interneurons, defining their identities based on qualitative descriptions of morphological, molecular and physiological features has failed to produce a universally accepted ‘parts list’, which is needed to understand the roles that interneurons play in cortical processing. A list of features has been published by the Petilla Interneurons Nomenclature Group, which represents an important step toward an unbiased classification of interneurons. In this direction, some essential features have recently been studied quantitatively and their association was examined using multidimensional cluster analyses. These studies revealed at least 3 distinct electrophysiological, 6 morphological and 15 molecular phenotypes. This is a conservative estimate of the number of interneuron types, which almost certainly will be revised as more quantitative studies will be performed and similarities will be defined objectively. It is clear that interneurons are organized with physiological attributes representing the most general, molecular characteristics the most detailed and morphological features occupying the middle ground. By themselves, none of these features define classes of interneurons. The challenge will be to determine which features belong together and how cell type-specific feature combinations are genetically specified.
Biology, life history, and laboratory rearing of Spathius galinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of the invasive emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae).

ABSTRACT Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac is a recently described parasitoid of the emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, in the Russian Far East, and is currently being considered for biocontrol introduction in the United States. Using A. planipennis larvae reared with freshly cut ash (Fraxinus spp.) sticks, we investigated the biology, life cycle, and rearing of S. galinae in the laboratory under normal rearing conditions (25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 [L:D] h). Our study showed that S. galinae took approximately 1 mo (29 d) to complete a single generation (from egg to adult) under the laboratory rearing conditions. After eclosion from eggs, larvae of S. galinae molted four times to reach the fifth instar, which then spun cocoons for pupation and development to adults. Adult female wasps had a median survival time of 7 wk with fecundity peaking 3 wk after emergence when reared in groups (of five females and five males) and 2 wk in single pairs. Thr...
Collaborating PDE solvers

Abstract Collaborating PDE solvers refers to a methodology for solving sets of partial differential equations (PDEs) by iteratively solving one PDE on one domain at a time. The set of PDEs are related through interface conditions which, in their simplest form, are shared boundary conditions. For example, two rectangles with a common edge might have the requirement that the solutions across the edge be continuous and have a continuous first derivative. Schwartz splitting is a classic method of this nature and in recent years other instances have been found which are effective. In this paper we explore the possibilities that (a) the methodology might be effective for a wide range of PDE problems, (b) it might be one of the more effective methods for the enormously complex PDE problems (e.g., complete simulation of a vehicle) that will be attempted in this decade. The paper consists of three parts: a brief discussion of potential applications, a discussion of the interface relaxation problem, and description of the RELAX system for experimenting with this methodology.
Evolution of sex-biased maternal effects in birds: I. Sex-specific resource allocation among simultaneously growing oocytes

Females in species that produce broods of multiple offspring need to partition resources among simultaneously growing ova, embryos or neonates. In birds, the duration of growth of a single egg exceeds the ovulation interval, and when maternal resources are limited, a temporal overlap among several developing follicles in the ovary might result in a trade-off of resources among them. We studied growth of oocytes in relation to their future ovulation order, sex, and overlap with other oocytes in a population of house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) where strongly sex-biased maternal effects are favoured by natural selection. We found pronounced differences in growth patterns between oocytes that produced males and females. Male oocytes grew up to five times faster and reached their ovulation size earlier than female oocytes. Early onset and early termination of male oocytes’ growth in relation to their ovulation resulted in their lesser temporal overlap with other growing ova compared with female oocytes. Consequently, ovulation mass of female but not male oocytes was strongly negatively affected by temporal overlap with other oocytes. In turn, mass of male oocytes was mostly affected by the order of ovulation and by maternal incubation strategy. These results provide a mechanism for sex-biased allocation of maternal resources during egg formation and provide insights into the timing of the sex-determining meiotic division in relation to ovulation in this species.
Rhetorical Sovereignty in the Composition Classroom

This essay examines the results of a cross-disciplinary experiment at Auburn University in 2008 and illustrates how the guiding theory of rhetorical sovereignty (from Native American Studies) created new storyalities for students in Auburn University's freshman-level core composition class.
Abstract A45: Understanding the roles of extracellular matrix proteins in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma progression and metastasis

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death, and is characterized by accumulation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM). Although the ECM of tumors, such as PDAC, has long been known to have major effects on behavior of both tumor and stromal cells, including invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy, the detailed composition of the ECM in PDAC tumor progression and metastasis are not understood. To study the involvement of ECM proteins in PDAC primary tumor growth and the tissue-specific metastasis program, I modified the comprehensive ECM proteomic approach by Mass Spectrometry (MS) recently developed in our lab to profile the ECM changes during PDAC progression in both the LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R127H/+; Pdx-1-Cre (KPC) mouse models of PDAC and human patient samples. We will compare ECM profiles from normal pancreas, pancreatitis, early and late pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) stages, and PDAC. Initial MS identified between 100 and 140 ECM proteins in samples representing each stage. The combination of mouse models and human samples will allow me to uncover critical ECM changes during PDAC progression and metastasis and, furthermore, to investigate and understand the functional consequences of such changes. The ongoing studies will characterize the ECM of PDAC in detail and provide novel insights into diagnosis, prognosis and treatments of this very difficult disease.
Increased Resistance to Deformation of Clay Caused by Repeated Loading

Influence of stress history, in form of series of repeated stress applications, in increasing resistance to deformation of compacted specimens of silty clay is described and possible causes of effect are presented; significance of results in assessing design life of highway pavements.
Impact of Hurricane Sandy on CH4 Released from Vegetated and Unvegetated Wetland Microsites

Hurricane Sandy was one of the largest tropical storms to pass over the Atlantic basin, causing destruction along its path as it made landfall in Jamaica, Cuba, the Bahamas, and the United States [...
Ba11La4Br34: a new barium lanthanum bromide

The structure of the title compound, barium lanthanum bromide (11/4/34), can be derived from the fluorite structure. The asymmetric unit contains two Ba sites (one with site symmetry 4/m..), one La site (site symmetry 4..), one mixed-occupied Ba and La site (ratio 1:1, site symmetry m..) and six Br sites (one with site symmetry \=4.., one with 2.., one with m.., the latter being disordered over two positions with a 0.86:0.14 ratio). The fundamental building units of the structure are edge-sharing polyhedral clusters made up of Ba and La bromide clusters inter­connected to BaBr8 square prisms and BaBr10 groups.
"Winning Isn't Everything: Entrepreneurial Orientation, Emotions, and Narratives"

The current study explores how failure in the form of the first lost game of a season influences specific content within the narratives that are constructed regarding that loss, and how those narra...
Detection and characterization of circumstellar material with a WFIRST or EXO-C coronagraphic instrument: simulations and observational methods

The capabilities of a high (∼10−9 resel−1) contrast narrow-field coronagraphic instrument (CGI) on a space-based WFIRST-C or probe-class EXO-C/S mission are particularly and importantly germane to symbiotic studies of the systems of circumstellar material from which planets have emerged and interact with throughout their lifetimes. The small particle populations in “disks” of co-orbiting materials can trace the presence of planets through dynamical interactions that perturb the spatial distribution of light-scattering debris, which is detectable at visible wavelengths and resolvable with a WFIRST-C or EXO-S/C CGI. Herein, we (1) present the scientific case to study the formation, evolution, architectures, diversity, and properties of the material in the planet-hosting regions of nearby stars; (2) discuss how a CGI under current conception can uniquely inform and contribute to those investigations; (3) consider the applicability of CGI-anticipated performance for circumstellar debris system studies; (4) investigate, through WFIRST CGI image simulations, the anticipated interpretive fidelity and metrical results from specific representative zodiacal debris disk observations; (5) comment on specific observational modes and methods germane to and augmenting circumstellar debris system observations; and (6) present a case for augmenting future CGI instrumentation with the capability to obtain full linear-Stokes imaging polarimetery, which greatly benefits characterization of the material properties of circumstellar dust and exoplanet atmospheres (discussed in other studies).
Isolation and identification of the pathogen associated with skin canker of Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica)

Bacterial strain 322A was isolated from the sick Japanese eel(Anguilla japonica) with skin canker,its pathogenity was tested by muscle injection test.The strain was identified by physiological and biochemical method.16S rRNA and gyrase subunit beta(gyrB) genes sequences were determined,and phylogenetic trees were seperately based on the two genes.Strain 322A was proved to be a pathogen by infection test,and belonged to genus Aeromonas by physiological and biochemical identification method.Analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that strain 322A exhibited 99%～100% similarity to Aeromonas sp..Phylogenetic tree indicated that strain 322A showed the highest level of similarity to A.hydrophila(FJ462702).Analysis of gyrB genes showed that strain 322A exhibited 96%～98% similarity to A.hydrophila,and 94%～95% similarity to the other species in genus Aeromonas.Phylogenetic tree showed that strain 322A clustered together with A.hydrophila(FJ608553,FJ608552,AF208259).Based on the results obtained,strain 322A was identified as A.hydrophila.
Pathobiology of Plaque Modeling and Complication

The artery wall adapts to changes in wall tension and wall shear stress by means of enlargement and changes in both thickness and composition. The intima may participate in these changes, and these compensatory adaptive-reactive modifications continue in the presence of atherogenesis. Further understanding of the interaction of the evolving plaque with the artery wall and the associated effects of the physical forces associated with the circulation should provide new insights into the nature of plaque instability and into the outcome of direct interventions.
Combining Predicate Abstraction with Fixpoint Approximations

In this paper we consider combining two techniques that have been effective in analyzing infinite-state systems: predicate abstraction and fixpoint approximations. Using a carefully crafted model of Airport Ground Network Control, we show that when predicate abstraction in a CEGAR loop fails to verify temporal logic properties of an infinite-state transition system, a combination of predicate abstraction with fixpoint approximations may provide improved performance for both safety and liveness property verification.
Solubility constants of hydroxyl sodalite at elevated temperatures evaluated from hydrothermal experiments: Applications to nuclear waste isolation

Abstract In this study, solubility constants of hydroxyl sodalite (ideal formula, Na8[Al6Si6O24][OH]2·3H2O) from 25 °C to 100 °C are obtained by applying a high temperature Al—Si Pitzer model to evaluate solubility data on hydroxyl sodalite in high ionic strength solutions at elevated temperatures. A validation test comparing model-independent experimental data to model predictions demonstrates that the solubility values produced by the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. The equilibrium constants obtained in this study have a wide range of applications, including synthesis of hydroxyl sodalite, de-silication in the Bayer process for extraction of alumina, and the performance of proposed sodalite waste forms in geological repositories in various lithologies including salt formations. The thermodynamic calculations based on the equilibrium constants obtained in this work indicate that the solubility products in terms of m Σ A l × m Σ S i for hydroxyl sodalite are very low (e.g., ∼10–13 [mol·kg–1]2 at 100 °C) in brines characteristic of salt formations, implying that sodalite waste forms would perform very well in repositories located in salt formations. The information regarding the solubility behavior of hydroxyl sodalite obtained in this study provides guidance to investigate the performance of other pure end-members of sodalite such as chloride- and iodide-sodalite, which may be of interest for geological repositories in various media.
Modelling heterogeneous interfaces for solar water splitting

Hydrogen generation from water and sunlight offers a promising way to produce carbon-free energy. Recent progress in predicting properties of heterogeneous interfaces for solar water splitting using first-principles approaches is now reviewed.
A Factorization Approach for Enabling Structure-from-Motion/SLAM Using Integer Arithmetic

SLAM and SfM algorithms typically involve minimization of a cost-function by non-linear least-squares methods. The matrices involved are typically very poorly conditioned, making the procedure sensitive to numerical precision effects. Ensuring accuracy therefore entails the use of high-precision floating-point data-types for representation and compute. In this paper, a square-root filtering approach to EKF-based SfM is presented and is shown to be capable of operating with lower-precision arithmetic than the EKF, while sacrificing only a little in accuracy. Specifically, we demonstrate a prototype that is capable of operating with integer arithmetic rather than floating-point - the first such implementation to the best of our knowledge. This is important given the increasing need to implement advanced vision-based capabilities on low-power embedded and mobile processors, some of which might not even support floating-point arithmetic for reasons of cost and power. Furthermore, an evaluation of the computational complexity shows that the proposed approach typically requires fewer computations than the EKF in practice, resulting in an algorithm that is both numerically more robust and computationally less intensive.
Interferon regulatory factor 4/5 signaling impacts on microglial activation after ischemic stroke in mice.

Microglial activation is a key element in initiating and perpetuating inflammatory responses to stroke. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and IRF4 signaling have been found critical in mediating macrophage pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, respectively, in peripheral inflammation. We hypothesize that the IRF5/4 regulatory axis also mediates microglial activation after stroke. C57BL6 mice of 8-12 weeks were subject to a 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion, and the brains evaluated at 24 h, 3, 10 and 30 days after reperfusion. Flow cytometry was utilized to examine microglial activation and cytokine expression. RT-PCR was performed for mRNA levels of IRF5/4 in sorted microglia. Microglial expression of IRF5/4 was examined by immunohistochemistry, and brain cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Our results revealed that the IRF5 mRNA level in sorted microglia increased at 3 days of stroke; whereas IRF4 mRNA level exhibited biphasic increases, with a transient rise at 24 h and a peak at 10 days. The same pattern was seen in IRF5/4 protein colocalization with Iba-1+ cells by IHC. Intracellular levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in microglia peaked at 3 days of stroke, and IL-4+ IL-10+ double-positive microglia significantly increased at day 10. Brain levels of these cytokines were consistent with microglial cytokine changes. Worse behavior test results were seen at 3 days vs. 10 days of stroke. We conclude that microglia phenotypes are dynamic to ischemic stroke, and IRF5/4 signaling may regulate microglial M1/M2 activation and impact on stroke outcomes.
White Supremacism and Racial Conflict in the Trump Era

The white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia in August 2017 was one of the largest to occur in the United States during recent decades, and mirrored the severe social and racial conflic...
Plasmonic Control of Multi-Electron Transfer and C–C Coupling in Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Reduction on Au Nanoparticles

Artificial photosynthesis relies on the availability of synthetic photocatalysts that can drive CO2 reduction in the presence of water and light. From the standpoint of solar fuel production, it is desirable that these photocatalysts perform under visible light and produce energy-rich hydrocarbons from CO2 reduction. However, the multistep nature of CO2-to-hydrocarbon conversion poses a significant kinetic bottleneck when compared to CO production and H2 evolution. Here, we show that plasmonic Au nanoparticle photocatalysts can harvest visible light for multielectron, multiproton reduction of CO2 to yield C1 (methane) and C2 (ethane) hydrocarbons. The light-excitation attributes influence the C2 and C1 selectivity. The observed trends in activity and selectivity follow Poisson statistics of electron harvesting. Higher photon energies and flux favor simultaneous harvesting of more than one electron from the photocharged Au nanoparticle catalyst, inducing the C–C coupling required for C2 production. These f...
The Trials of Lu Genrong: The Criminal Law Reform and Women’s Agency in Late 1920s China

The trials of Lu Genrong afford a rare opportunity to investigate the transformation of the criminal law as it took place at the juncture of China’s legal reform in 1928. Under the new criminal law promulgated in 1928, Lu was not legally prosecutable for his extramarital sexual intercourse with Huang Huiru, a woman over twenty, but received a two-year jail time whatsoever. The trials indicate that old legal conception and practices continued to affect judicial officers’ decisions despite a sea change in the criminal law. Hence, I call attention to the discrepancy between the policy pronouncements and legal practices in Republican China. In addition, as the new criminal code stipulated the unpunishability of consensual intercourse with women over twenty, the new law unintendedly redefined womanhood by regrouping women as underage (with no agency) and adult ones (with full agency).
Can Worsnip's strategy solve the puzzle of misleading higher-order apparent evidence?

It is plausible to think that we're rationally required to follow our total evidence. It is also plausible to think that there are coherence requirements on rationality. It is also plausible to thi...
Graph polynomials for a class of DI-pathological graphs

Abstract Let G = V , E be a simple graph. A dominating set D ⊆ V is a set such that the closed neighborhood of D is the entire vertex set. An independence set of a graph G is a subset of vertices that are pairwise non-adjacent. A DI-pathological graph is a graph where every minimum dominating set intersects every maximal independent set. Let d ( G , i ) denote the number of dominating sets of G of size i . The domination polynomial of a graph G is defined by D ( G , x ) = ∑ i = γ ( G ) V d ( G , i ) x i . Let s ( G , i ) denote the number of independent sets of size i in a graph G . The independence polynomial is defined by I ( G , x ) = ∑ i = 0 α ( G ) s ( G , i ) x i . In this paper, we will examine the domination polynomial and the independence polynomial of a family of extremal DI-pathological graphs. We will further define an independent dominating set and examine the corresponding independent domination polynomial for these graphs.
Low protein diets and diabetic nephropathy.

ULTIPLE metabolic and hormonal abnormalities contribute to the early functional changes and late morphological complications that characterize diabetes mellitus. Recent advances in the understanding of risk factors for diabetic nephropathy have generated optimism that such interventions as improved metabolic control and optimal antihypertensive therapy may ultimately influence the natural history of the disease. Long term prospective studies, currently in progress, will yield valuable insight into potential therapeutic strategies. The impact of glycemic control and antihypertensive therapy are discussed elsewhere in this issue. This article will focus on another promising protective intervention: dietary protein restriction.
Benign Reactive Proliferations vs. Malignancy

One of the most frequent questions at frozen section of pleural tissue is whether or not a pleural lesion is benign or malignant. Differentiating benign reactive mesothelial hyperplasia or organizing pleuritis from a malignancy on frozen section may be a more difficult and a more immediately important differential than determining the type of cancer that a patient has on frozen section (Figs. 6.1-6.3). Immediate treatment decisions by the surgeon may depend on the frozen section diagnosis of benign reactive process vs. malignancy as discussed in the “Introduction” of Chap. 1. Conditions associated with benign reactive mesothelial hyperplasia and organizing pleuritis are listed in Table 6.1. As discussed in the “Introduction” of Chap. 1, reactive, inflammatory processes can potentially produce clinical, radiographic, gross, and microscopic features that mimic those of malignancy (Figs. 6.4-6.10).
SELF-NORMALIZED BOUNDED LAWS OF THE ITERATED LOGARITHM IN BANACH SPACES

1. Introduction. Let {X n n=1 ∞} be a sequence of independent symmetric random variables defined on the probability space (Ω,ℑ, P) and taking values in the real separable Banach space (B,∥ • ∥). In this note, we will investigate the validity of the bounded law of the iterated logarithm, in both the usual (BLIL) and self-normalized (SNBLIL) forms, for such variables, where the normalizer will often depend on the type of the Banach space in question. One of our goals will be to drop the standard boundedness assumption that has been made in such a situation ever since Kolmogorov’s fundamental LIL was proved; see, for example, (1977) and (1991). This will not be possible without self-normalization in the absence of an additional real-valued almost sure boundedness condition (Corollaries 1 and 2). Our main result (Theorem 2) also yields a characterization of a class of Banach spaces in a manner similar to that in (1976), (1975-76): A Banach space B is of “(LLn)p-1 — type p” if and only if each independent symmetric B-valued sequence X n n-1 ∞ satisfying a mild real-valued almost sure boundedness condition verifies a SNBLIL.
Single-channel permeability and glycerol affinity of human aquaglyceroporin AQP3

Abstract For its fundamental relevance, transport of water and glycerol across the erythrocyte membrane has long been investigated before and after the discovery of aquaporins (AQPs), the membrane proteins responsible for water and glycerol transport. AQP1 is abundantly expressed in the human erythrocyte for maintaining its hydrohomeostasis where AQP3 is also expressed (at a level ~30-folds lower than AQP1) facilitating glycerol transport. This research is focused on two of the remaining questions: How permeable is AQP3 to water? What is the glycerol-AQP3 affinity under near-physiological conditions? Through atomistic modelling and large-scale simulations, we found that AQP3 is two to three times more permeable to water than AQP1 and that the glycerol-AQP3 affinity is approximately 500/M. Using these computed values along with the data from the latest literature on AQP1 and on erythrocyte proteomics, we estimated the water and glycerol transport rates across the membrane of an entire erythrocyte. We used these rates to predict the time courses of erythrocyte swelling-shrinking in response to inward and outward osmotic gradients. Experimentally, we monitored the time course of human erythrocytes when subject to an osmotic or glycerol gradient with light scattering in a stopped-flow spectrometer. We observed close agreement between the experimentally measured and the computationally predicted time courses of erythrocytes, which corroborated our computational conclusions on the AQP3 water-permeability and the glycerol-AQP3 affinity.
Autonomous Navigation and Mapping in Underground Mines Using Aerial Robots

In this work we present an integrated approach for autonomous navigation and mapping in underground mines using aerial robots. Underground mines present a set of critical challenges as they are not only GPS-denied by nature, but their environmental circumstances also lead to severe sensor degradation (due to combinations of darkness, dust, and smoke), localizability problems (due to textureless surfaces and locally self-similar structure), while also presenting stringent navigation conditions as a result of certain very narrow geometries. To address these issues, the presented robotic systems integrate a multi-modal sensing suite and a set of associated fusion algorithms that enable simultaneous localization and mapping in the GPS-denied and visually-degraded environment of underground mines. More specifically, the fusion of visual and thermal cameras, LiDAR, as well as Inertial Measurement Unit cues is investigated in order to provide informative data in textureless, dark, and obscurants-filled settings. Provided the capacity for reliable pose estimation and mapping the surroundings despite the sensing degradation, autonomous navigation then becomes possible. Model Predictive Control is used to enable precise trajectory tracking and robustness against disturbances. Path planning for collision-avoidance and autonomous exploration is facilitated through a receding horizon sampling-based algorithm that further accounts for the vehicle dynamic constraints and its limited endurance. The integrated system is tested in field experiments inside underground metal mines in Northern Nevada. The presented results correspond to the navigation and mapping of mine drifts and headings and involve environments that are completely dark, dust-filled, and particularly textureless. As shown, the proposed approach ensures the robust and reliable autonomous navigation of aerial robots in underground mines, alongside consistent mapping.
Louder and Faster: Pain, Joy, and the Body Politic in Asian American Taiko

Louder and Faster is a cultural study of the phenomenon of Asian American taiko, the thundering, athletic drumming tradition that originated in Japan. Immersed in the taiko scene for twenty years, Deborah Wong has witnessed cultural and demographic changes and the exponential growth and expansion of taiko, particularly in Southern California. Through her participatory ethnographic work, she reveals a complicated story embedded in memories of Japanese American incarceration and legacies of imperialism, Asian American identity and politics, a desire to be seen and heard, and the intersection of culture and global capitalism. Exploring the materialities of the drums, costumes, and bodies that make sound, analyzing the relationship of these to capitalist multiculturalism, and investigating the gender politics of taiko, Louder and Faster considers both the promises and pitfalls of music and performance as an antiracist practice. The result is a vivid glimpse of an Asian American presence that is both loud and fragile. “Louder and Faster is a remarkable work of astounding breadth and originality. It is sure to become an instant classic.” SHAWN BENDER, author of Taiko Boom “Illuminating how taiko is an instrument for Asian American community activism, this book provides a rare opportunity for readers to get inside a taiko player’s body and mind to experience her journey.” MASUMI IZUMI, author of The Rise and Fall of America’s Concentration Camp Law “Deborah Wong’s new book is a model of the very best in ethnomusicological love and care. It forges many new directions built respectfully from, and with full acknowledgement of, fruitful directions forged by others.” SHERRIE TUCKER, author of Dance Floor Democracy “A deeply moving account, Louder and Faster is a revelatory book.” GRACE WANG, author of Soundtracks of Asian America DEBORAH WONG is Professor of Ethnomusicology at the University of California, Riverside. She is the author of Sounding the Center and Speak it Louder. American Crossroads, 55
A Multicenter Network Assessment of Three Inflammation Phenotypes in Pediatric Sepsis-Induced Multiple Organ Failure.

OBJECTIVES Ongoing adult sepsis clinical trials are assessing therapies that target three inflammation phenotypes including 1) immunoparalysis associated, 2) thrombotic microangiopathy driven thrombocytopenia associated, and 3) sequential liver failure associated multiple organ failure. These three phenotypes have not been assessed in the pediatric multicenter setting. We tested the hypothesis that these phenotypes are associated with increased macrophage activation syndrome and mortality in pediatric sepsis. DESIGN Prospective severe sepsis cohort study comparing children with multiple organ failure and any of these phenotypes to children with multiple organ failure without these phenotypes and children with single organ failure. SETTING Nine PICUs in the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. PATIENTS Children with severe sepsis and indwelling arterial or central venous catheters. INTERVENTIONS Clinical data collection and twice weekly blood sampling until PICU day 28 or discharge. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of 401 severe sepsis cases enrolled, 112 (28%) developed single organ failure (0% macrophage activation syndrome 0/112; < 1% mortality 1/112), whereas 289 (72%) developed multiple organ failure (9% macrophage activation syndrome 24/289; 15% mortality 43/289). Overall mortality was higher in children with multiple organ and the phenotypes (24/101 vs 20/300; relative risk, 3.56; 95% CI, 2.06-6.17). Compared to the 188 multiple organ failure patients without these inflammation phenotypes, the 101 multiple organ failure patients with these phenotypes had both increased macrophage activation syndrome (19% vs 3%; relative risk, 7.07; 95% CI, 2.72-18.38) and mortality (24% vs 10%; relative risk, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.35-4.08). CONCLUSIONS These three inflammation phenotypes were associated with increased macrophage activation syndrome and mortality in pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. This study provides an impetus and essential baseline data for planning multicenter clinical trials targeting these inflammation phenotypes in children.
Rapid Fabrication of Anatomically-Shaped Bone Scaffolds Using Indirect 3D Printing and Perfusion Techniques

Fused deposit modeling (FDM) 3D printing technology cannot generate scaffolds with high porosity while maintaining good integrity, anatomical-surface detail, or high surface area-to-volume ratio (S/V). Solvent casting and particulate leaching (SCPL) technique generates scaffolds with high porosity and high S/V. However, it is challenging to generate complex-shaped scaffolds; and solvent, particle and residual water removal are time consuming. Here we report techniques surmounting these problems, successfully generating a highly porous scaffold with the anatomical-shape characteristics of a human femur by polylactic acid polymer (PLA) and PLA-hydroxyapatite (HA) casting and salt leaching. The mold is water soluble and is easily removable. By perfusing with ethanol, water, and dry air sequentially, the solvent, salt, and residual water were removed 20 fold faster than utilizing conventional methods. The porosities are uniform throughout the femoral shaped scaffold generated with PLA or PLA-HA. Both scaffolds demonstrated good biocompatibility with the pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) fully attaching to the scaffold within 8 h. The cells demonstrated high viability and proliferation throughout the entire time course. The HA-incorporated scaffolds demonstrated significantly higher compressive strength, modulus and osteoinductivity as evidenced by higher levels of alkaline-phosphatase activity and calcium deposition. When 3D printing a 3D model at 95% porosity or above, our technology preserves integrity and surface detail when compared with FDM-generated scaffolds. Our technology can also generate scaffolds with a 31 fold larger S/V than FDM. We have developed a technology that is a versatile tool in creating personalized, patient-specific bone graft scaffolds efficiently with high porosity, good scaffold integrity, high anatomical-shaped surface detail and large S/V.