cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Purkinje cell neurotransmission patterns cerebellar basket cells into zonal modules that are defined by distinct pinceau sizes

Ramon y Cajal proclaimed the neuron doctrine based on circuit features he exemplified using cerebellar basket cell projections. Basket cells form dense inhibitory plexuses that wrap Purkinje cell somata and terminate as pinceaux at the initial segment of axons. Here, we demonstrate that HCN1, Kv1.1, PSD95 and GAD67 unexpectedly mark patterns of basket cell pinceaux that map onto Purkinje cell functional zones. Using cell-specific genetic tracing with an Ascl1CreERT2 mouse conditional allele, we reveal that basket cell zones comprise different sizes of pinceaux. We tested whether Purkinje cells instruct the assembly of inhibitory projections into zones, as they do for excitatory afferents. Genetically silencing Purkinje cell neurotransmission blocks the formation of sharp Purkinje cell zones and disrupts excitatory axon patterning. The distribution of pinceaux into size-specific zones is eliminated without Purkinje cell output. Our data uncover the cellular and molecular diversity of a foundational synapse that revolutionized neuroscience.
Both/And: Tier 2 Interventions with Transdiagnostic Utility in Addressing Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in Youth.

The extant literature suggests that a shared set of deficits (e.g., emotion dysregulation) underlies both internalizing and externalizing emotional and behavioral disorders (EBDs) among youth. As s...
The Current State of Communication of Urgent and Significant, Unexpected Diagnoses in Anatomic Pathology.

Context.— The concept of critical diagnoses in anatomic pathology is relatively recent and rigorous study of the issue is quite limited. The College of American Pathologists and Association of Dire...
Temporal Trends in Testing for Respiratory Pathogens Among Infants ≤ 60 Days of Age Who Undergo Lumbar Puncture in the Emergency Department

Purpose Febrile young infants often undergo an evaluation for serious bacterial infection with lumbar puncture in the emergency department setting yet a viral infection is often the source of fever. Since the advent of rapid laboratory testing for respiratory pathogens, little has been published regarding the prevalence of such testing and frequency of infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate temporal trends in prevalence of testing for respiratory pathogens (RP) among infants ≤ 60 days who undergo lumbar puncture in the ED and describe the …
Zwei kleine Geschichten zur Aktionsforschung

In diesem Beitrag werfe ich einen Blick auf die Historie eines Teilbereichs der qualitativen Forschung. Ich setzte mich mit zwei Entstehungsmomenten der Aktionsforschung auseinander. Ich verfolge hier die Arbeiten von Kurt Lewin und Jacob Levy Moreno, die unabhangig voneinander die Begriffe action research bzw. auch inter-action research eingefuhrt haben. Auch erscheint es mir wichtig, ein paar Worte zur Einordnung der partizipativen Forschung im grosen Haus der qualitativen Forschung zu verlieren. Denn die partizipative Forschung hat aus meiner Sicht mit vielen Methoden der qualitativen Forschung nicht mehr gemein, als dass sie eben nicht primar auf quantitativen Daten beruht. Ziel meines Beitrages ist es dabei nicht so sehr, eine bestimmte Methode vorzustellen, als vielmehr einen Kommentar zum Nachdenken uber qualitative Methoden aus der Perspektive politisch motivierter Forschung zu liefern.
Interpersonal attraction as a function of sex differences and saliency of verbal and nonverbal information

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE METHOD RESULTS DISCUSSION SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCE NOTES REFERENCES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B TABLE OF CONTENTS Page iii
Assessment of Population Abundance by Hydroacoustics

AbstractThe extensive application of hydroacoustics to commercial fisheries provides a background for evaluation of its potential application to micronekton studies. Hydroacoustics has several advantages over other fishery resource assessment techniques, including high sampling power and capability for absolute population estimates, but also suffers from poor species discrimination, high complexity, and potential bias from target strength uncertainties. Application to micronekton encounters similar or even greater species identification problems and greater uncertainty associated with target characteristics, but even presently hydroacoustics offers a valuable tool for studies of patchiness and other behavioral characteristics.
Thinking about You: Perspective Taking, Perceived Restraint, and Performance

Conflict often arises when incompatible ideas, values, or interests lead to actions that harm others (Opotow, 2016, this volume). From rudeness to aggressive bullying, organization members routinely experience or witness acts of harm that can induce emotional pain, psychological distress, feelings of disconnection, and a sense of violation (Aquino & Douglas, 2003; Fraser, 2010; Kanov et al., 2004; Miner-Rubino & Cortina, 2007; Pearson & Porath, 2009; Porath & Erez, 2009). Betrayals by other individuals, for example, can be extremely emotionally painful and also provoke vengeful thoughts and actions (Molden & Finkel, 2010; Pearson and Porath, 2009). Because all interpersonal relationships carry with them the risk of disrespectful behavior, broken promises, and self-interested behavior, the harm experienced by organizational members may not reflect isolated incidents perpetrated by a few “bad apples,” but rather a pervasive aspect of organizational life (Lilius, Kanov, Dutton, Worline & Maitlis, 2011) that generates and is generated by conflict.
In Water Wheel, the Ninth Circuit Corrects a Limitation on Tribal Court Jurisdiction

On June 10, 2011, in Water Wheel Camp Recreational Area, Inc. v. LaRance, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that a tribal court had jurisdiction over a non-Indian corporation and its non-Indian president through the tribe’s inherent authority to exclude and manage its land. The Ninth Circuit limited the application of Montana v. United States, a case restricting tribal authority, to situations involving non-tribal land or to situations in which competing state interests are at play. In so doing, the court gave tribal courts the breadth of power Congress intended.
Oxidative insults to neurons and synapse are prevented by aged garlic extract and S‐allyl‐l‐cysteine treatment in the neuronal culture and APP‐Tg mouse model

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia in the elderly. In AD patients, β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are common features observed in the CNS. Aβ deposition results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to the hyperphosphorylation of tau that are associated with neuronal damage. Cholinesterase inhibitors and a partial NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) have been identified as potential treatment options for AD. However, clinical studies have found that these drugs fail to prevent the disease progression. From ancient times, garlic (Allium sativum) has been used to treat several diseases. By 'aging' of garlic, some adverse reactions of garlic can be eliminated. Recent findings suggest that 'aged garlic extract' (AGE) may be a therapeutic agent for AD because of its antioxidant and Aβ lowering properties. To date, the molecular properties of AGE have been sparsely studied in vitro or in vivo. The present study tested specific biochemical and molecular effects of AGE in neuronal and AD rodent models. Furthermore, we identified S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC) as one of the most active chemicals responsible for the AGE-mediated effect(s). We observed significant neuroprotective and neurorescue properties of AGE and one of its ingredients, SAC, from ROS (H(2)O(2))-mediated insults to neuronal cells. Treatment of AGE and SAC were found to protect neuronal cells when they were independently co-treated with ROS. Furthermore, a novel neuropreservation effect of AGE was detected in that pre-treatment with AGE alone protected ∼ 80% neuronal cells from ROS-mediated damage. AGE was also found to preserve pre-synaptic protein synaptosomal associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25) from ROS-mediated insult. For example, treatment with 2% AGE containing diet and SAC (20 mg/kg of diet) independently increased (∼70%) levels of SNAP25 and synaptophysin in Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein-transgenic mice, of which the latter was significantly decreased in AD. Taken together, the neuroprotective, including preservation of pre-synaptic proteins by AGE and SAC can be utilized in future drug development in AD.
Analogues of arachidonic acid used to evaluate structural determinants of prostaglandin receptor and enzyme specificities.

Using 14C-labeled fatty acids (19:4 ω6, 19:4 ω5, 21:4 ω6, and 21:4 ω7), radiochemical evidence of the formation of α-nor-, ω-nor-, α-homo-, and ω-homoprostaglandin endoperoxides (PGH2), prostacyclins (PGI2), and thromboxanes (TA2) was obtained. Investigation of the biological activities of these compounds indicates that, although 21:4 ω6 is a substrate for cyclooxygenase and its endoperoxide, α-homo-PGH2, is a substrate for prostacyclin synthetase and thromboxane synthetase, α-homo-PGH2, α-homo-PGI2, and α-homo-TA2 are inactive on all receptors studied. In contrast, 19:4 ω5, precursor to ω-nor-PGs, and 19:4 ω6, precursor to α-nor-PGs, form endoperoxides which are not only substrates of prostacyclin synthetase and thromboxane synthetase, but also aggregate platelets and contract rabbit aorta spiral strips. Surprisingly, both α-nor-TA2 and ω-nor-TA2 are partial agonists at vascular smooth muscle receptors but, unlike their respective endoperoxides, do not aggregate washed human platelets. In contrast, 21:4 ω7 is converted to ω-homo-PGH2 and ω-homo-TA2, which aggregate platelets and are full agonists of vascular smooth muscle receptors. In addition to the radiochemical studies, the thromboxanes are identified by their lability in aqueous solution and the inhibition of their formation by the thromboxane synthetase inhibitor imidazole. Bovine aorta microsomes synthesize ω-nor-PGI2, which is a partial agonist, and ω-homo-PGI2, which is a full agonist when evaluated for the ability to relax bovine coronary artery spirals. Although we found radiochemical evidence for the synthesis of α-nor-PGI2 and α-homo-PGI2, these compounds appear to be biologically inactive. The prostacyclin synthetase inhibitor 15-hydroperoxy-arachidonic acid blocks the formation of α-nor-PGI2, ω-nor-PGI2, α-homo-PGI2, and ω-homo-PGI2 as measured by either radiochemical or biological assay.
Attitudes toward Women as Managers in Library and Information Science.

This study reviewed the current literature for attitudes toward women as managers, level of managerial attainment by women, and the promotion/evaluation process in the field of library and information science (LIS). Eighty percent of the LIS work force consists of women, but 80% of management positions are held by men in the LIS profession. One reason could be the sex stereotypical view of women by evaluators. Another reason could be the attribution of women's successful performance to luck rather than to effort and ability. Thus women are not given an equal chance for promotion. A survey questionnaire was administered to the LIS students currently enrolled in master's degree programs (MSLS/MLS) in the 11 southeastern United States LIS schools. Data were collected on the Women As Managers Scale designed by Terborg and others. Personal data were also gathered on sex, age, marital status, parental influence, etc., to assess the attitudes of students toward women as managers. This study showed that a vast majority of both male and female students felt women are capable of being good managers. They felt women are emotionally stable, responsible, adventurous, objective, aggressive, and as capable of handling managerial situations as men.
Small animal restraint and movement detection apparatus

Abstract A restraint and movement detection device for use in behavioral studies with small animals is described. The apparatus consists essentially of a hinged 2-piece circular neck collar attached to a platform stabilimeter, which records motion by means of a sensitive d.c. bridge circuit designed around strain gauges mounted on flexible supports. An optional tail clamp further restricts body movements. The device is simple, inexpensive, and easy to use.
Parametrically guided generalised additive models with application to mergers and acquisitions data

Generalized nonparametric additive models present a flexible way to evaluate the effects of several covariates on a general outcome of interest via a link function. In this modeling framework, one assumes that the effect of each of the covariates is nonparametric and additive. However, in practice, often there is prior information available about the shape of the regression functions, possibly from pilot studies or exploratory analysis. In this paper, we consider such situations and propose an estimation procedure where the prior information is used as a parametric guide to fit the additive model. Specifically, we first posit a parametric family for each of the regression functions using the prior information (parametric guides). After removing these parametric trends, we then estimate the remainder of the nonparametric functions using a nonparametric generalized additive model, and form the final estimates by adding back the parametric trend. We investigate the asymptotic properties of the estimates and show that when a good guide is chosen, the asymptotic variance of the estimates can be reduced significantly while keeping the asymptotic variance same as the unguided estimator. We observe the performance of our method via a simulation study and demonstrate our method by applying to a real data set on mergers and acquisitions.
Measurements of relative angular distributions for the 2H

High-accuracy angular distribution measurements relative to that at 90° were performed for the 2(γ,n)H reaction throughout the energy range of 4–18 MeV and for reaction angles of 45°, 135°, and 155°. The results indicate a significant departure from existing theoretical calculations below a photon energy of 10 MeV.
Rural health care looks to the future. Issues in the institutionalization and management of rural health care: making technology appropriate.

Experimental projects have demonstrated the technical feasibility of systems of accessible, affordable health care. These projects have relied extensively on non-professional community health workers. However, large-scale implementation of these schemes will require new management procedures that are both responsive to rural health needs and congruent with national institutions. This paper identifies the need to establish institutional mechanisms to mobilize essential inputs, promote acceptance by beneficiaries, maintain quality standards, recruit and retain field staff, and achieve accountability for resources. It then outlines methods for developing these institutions. It stresses the need for both formal, bureaucratic organizations and informal organizations of clients. It also identifices the need to consider administrative and institutional resources in determining the appropriateness of a health care technology.
Urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites in pheochromocytoma.

Abstract Twenty-four-hourspecimens of urine from 23 patients with pheochromocytoma and a large group of hypertensive subjects were assayed for free catecholamines (norepinephrine plus epinephrine), total metanephrines (metanephrine plus normetanephrine), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid. Twenty of the 23 patients with tumors had a diagnostic increase in the urinary excretion of all catecholamine metabolites. In the other 3 patients the assay of free catecholamines was the single most reliable test. Because of its over-all reliability and ease of performance, the assay of total metanephrines is favored for screening hypertensive patients for the presence of pheochromocytoma. In the occasional patient whose value is equivocal by this assay, the determination of free catecholamines is considered to be the most helpful test in confirming or excluding the diagnosis.
Class 3 association schemes whose symmetrizations have two classes

Abstract For a given commutative association scheme L , by fusing all the non-self-paired relations pairwise with their symmetric counterparts, we can obtain a new symmetric association scheme L. In this paper, we investigate when a symmetric association scheme L of class 2 admits a symmetrizable commutative fission scheme L of class 3. By studying the feasible parameter sets obtained from the acceptible fission character tables of given symmetric schemes, we discover that there are infinitely many symmetric association schemes of class 2, each of which admits one or two symmetrizable commutative fission schemes of class 3. We then characterize and classify some such symmetric schemes and their symmetrizable commutative fission schemes. Also we prove that none of the Hamming schemes H(2, q) with q ≥ 3, and none of the Johnson schemes J(ν, 2) with ν ≥ 5 and ν ≢ 7(mod 8) have such commutative fission schemes of class 3. H(2, 2) has a symmetrizable commutative fission scheme which is isomorphic to the group scheme L ( Z 4), and J(4, 2) has one such fission scheme coming from the action of the alternating group A 4 on the set of two-element subsets from a four-element set.
Facile one-step solid-phase synthesis of multitopic organic–DNA hybrids via “click” chemistry

A broad range of synthetically challenging-to-access small molecule–DNA hybrids can be readily synthesized in “one pot” and in high yields by coupling multi-azide cores to alkyne-modified DNAs on a solid support using click chemistry. The multi-functional products can be obtained in pure forms and on large scales (1 μmol) in a facile fashion. In addition, the distribution of the products can be controlled by changing the concentration of the azide core in solution and the strand-loading density on the solid-supports.
The supersensitivity of isolated rabbit atria and aortic strips produced by 6-hydroxydopamine

Abstract The effect of chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the sensitivity of isolated rabbit atria and aortic strips to several catecholamines and other nonspecific stimuli has been examined. After 6-OHDA treatment, the inotropic and chronotropic responses of the isolated atria to noradrenaline and adrenaline were potentiated, the potentiation for noradrenaline being greater than that for adrenaline. 6-OHDA failed to potentiate the phenylephrine and isoprenaline responses of atria. In aortic strips, 6-OHDA treatment potentiated the response not only to a specific vascular stimulant (noradrenaline), but also to nonspecific stimuli (phenylephrine, potassium and barium). The supersensitivity for noradrenaline was several times greater than that for nonspecific stimuli. The potentiation of noradrenaline responses in aortic strips from old rabbits (4 kg, 1 year) was much less than that of strips from young rabbits (1.3 kg, 5–6 weeks). This difference was not observed in the potentiation of potassium response. These results indicated that chemical sympathectomy by pretreatment with 6-OHDA produced the presynaptic type of supersensitivity for isolated atria and seemed to induce not only presynaptic but also postsynaptic supersensitivity for aortic strips.
Local culture and governmental change: The endurance of culture in the face of structural change

: As part of a larger exploration of local civic culture, this article seeks to answer the following questions: Is there one culture across policy arenas? Is there a unified perspective on civic culture? Do cities with demographic and ethnic diversity have a single culture? Recent research has focused, or perhaps re-focused, attention on the importance of culture in determining public policy at the local level. These efforts have classified different types of local culture in an attempt to develop an operationally sound and replicable definition of civic culture that can also delineate cities based on their cultural profile. The ultimate goal of such research is to explore how civic cultures affect public policies to not only provide researchers with a theoretical understanding of how communities are governed but also to identify the forces affecting ultimate policy choices. Using a triangulation of methods technique, this research employed a citizen phone survey along with five years of elite interviews in the City of Ottawa, Ontario. The focus on Ottawa provides an understanding of civic culture in light of significant governmental structural change, namely the provincially mandated amalgamation of seven cities, four townships, and the Ottawa-Carleton Regional Municipality in 2001. Sommaire: Dans le cadre d'une etude plus approfondie de la culture municipale locale, le present article cherche a repondre aux questions suivantes: Y a-t-il une culture propre a toutes les spheres de politiques? Existe-t-il une perspective unifiee sur la culture municipale? Est-ce que les villes qui ont une diversite demographique et ethnique ont une seule et meme culture? Des recherches recentes ont porte leur attention - ou peut-etre porte leur attention a nouveau - sur l'importance de la culture pour determiner la politique publique a l'echelle locale. Ces efforts ont classe differents types de culture locale, afin d'essayer de mettre au point une definition de la culture municipale valable, pouvant etre reproduite dans la pratique et qui puisse aussi delimiter les villes d'apres leur profil culturel. Le but ultime d'une telle recherche est d'examiner a fond comment les cultures municipales influent sur les politiques publiques. Non seulement elles fournissent aux chercheurs une compre-hension theorique de la maniere dont les communautes sont gouvernees, mais elles permettent d'identifier les forces qui influent sur les choix politiques ultimes. Utilisant une methode de triangulation, cette recherche a ete menee par le biais d'un sondage telephonique de citoyens ainsi que d'interviews de membres de l'elite dans la ville d'Ottawa, Ontario, sur une periode de cinq annees. Le fait de se pencher sur Ottawa fournit une comprehension de la culture municipale a la lumiere d'importants changements structuraux gouvernementaux, a savoir le regroupement prescrit par la province de sept villes, quatre cantons et la municipalite regionale d'Ottawa-Carleton en 2001.
Microhabitat evaluation and utilization by a foraging predator

Sit-and-wait foraging is a distinct strategy that involves significant investments prior to prey encounters. However, the complexity of decisions involved in selecting, maintaining and abandoning ambush sites provides considerable opportunity for learning and flexibility, particularly for trap-building predators, such as web-building spiders. Most research into the behaviour of trap-building predators has focused on the initiation and completion of foraging bouts (site selection and site abandonment, respectively), and less consideration has been given to the ecological significance of behaviours that occur between these end points. In this study, we sought to determine whether an interim behaviour, flexible trap-construction, is a means of real-time decision making during foraging, and test a new hypothesis that site selection is not a single decision, but a cumulative series of several, distinct decisions based on evaluation of relevant site characteristics. In a laboratory assay, web-building spiders were allowed to choose between microhabitats with and without prey, and site utilization and web construction behaviours were evaluated over a foraging period, to determine how prey cues impact the evaluation and selection of foraging sites by predators. Spiders responded to prey availability across successive phases of site searching and web construction, demonstrating that multiple, distinct decision-making steps are involved in foraging site selection. These results indicate that site maintenance behaviours, such as multiple phases of trap construction, are an integral part of the decision-making framework of foraging predators.
Local Delivery of Gene Vectors From Bare-Metal Stents by Use of a Biodegradable Synthetic Complex Inhibits In-Stent Restenosis in Rat Carotid Arteries

Background— Local drug delivery from polymer-coated stents has demonstrated efficacy for preventing in-stent restenosis; however, both the inflammatory effects of polymer coatings and concerns about late outcomes of drug-eluting stent use indicate the need to investigate innovative approaches, such as combining localized gene therapy with stent angioplasty. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that adenoviral vectors (Ad) could be delivered from the bare-metal surfaces of stents with a synthetic complex for reversible vector binding. Methods and Results— We synthesized the 3 components of a gene vector binding complex: (1) A polyallylamine bisphosphonate with latent thiol groups (PABT), (2) a polyethyleneimine (PEI) with pyridyldithio groups for amplification of attachment sites [PEI(PDT)], and (3) a bifunctional (amine- and thiol-reactive) cross-linker with a labile ester bond (HL). HL-modified Ad attached to PABT/PEI(PDT)-treated steel surfaces demonstrated both sustained release in vitro over 30 days a...
Persistent Urinary Benzoylecgonine Following Cocaine Use

The authors examine the utility of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (the ADx Cocaine Metabolite Assay) for the determination of benzoylecgonine in 41 patients (28 women and 13 men) admitted to a inpatient substance abuse treatment unit following recent cocaine use. The assay remained positive (i.e., exceeded 300 ng/ml) in urine for a mean of 84.4 hours from the last reported use. There was no difference by gender or route of administration either for grams used or hours of positivity. Cocaine use in the week prior to admission was the only significant predictor of hours of positivity; age, gender, and weight did not contribute significantly to the variance. The implications of these findings for both cocaine pharmacokinetics and for treatment of cocaine abuse are discussed.
The role of recipient perspective in giving and following wayfinding directions

We examined how recipient perspective and descriptive features affect direction giving and following during wayfinding. In Experiment 1, participants provided directions from starting locations to destinations for fictional recipients driving through a town (route perspective) or looking at a map of the town (survey perspective). As expected, participants included left-right and landmarks more frequently when addressing a person driving in the town and cardinal descriptors more frequently when addressing a person looking at a map. In Experiment 2, participants rated the effectiveness of directions. Effective directions contained significantly more left-right references than did less effective directions. In Experiment 3, participants followed the best- and worst-rated directions. Unexpectedly, they navigated significantly faster when following the worst-rated directions. In Experiment 4, participants gave wayfinding directions for destinations in a familiar town. Again, direction features depended on recipient perspective, highlighting the dynamic nature of wayfinding processes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered hypothalamic leptin, insulin, and melanocortin binding associated with moderate-fat diet and predisposition to obesity.

Rats with a genetic predisposition to develop diet-induced obesity (DIO) have a preexisting reduction in central leptin and insulin sensitivity. High-fat diets also reduce sensitivity to leptin, insulin, and melanocortin agonists. We postulated that such reduced sensitivities would be associated with decreased binding to the hypothalamic leptin, insulin, and melanocortin receptors in selectively bred DIO rats and in rats fed a high-energy (HE; 31% fat) diet for 7 wk. On HE diet, DIO rats gained 15% more weight and had 121% heavier fat pads and 70% higher leptin levels than low fat chow-fed DIO rats. Diet-resistant (DR) rats gained no more weight on HE diet but had 48% heavier fat pads and 70% higher leptin levels than chow-fed DR rats. Compared with DR rats, DIO 125I-leptin binding was 41, 36, and 40% lower in the hypothalamic dorsomedial, arcuate, and dorsomedial portion of the ventromedial nuclei, respectively, and arcuate 125I-insulin binding was 31% lower independent of diet. In contrast, hypothalamic...
Mitochondrial disorder with OPA1 mutation lacking optic atrophy

OPA1 is highly expressed in retina and optic nerve. OPA1 mutations were first identified in patients with non-syndromic autosomal dominant optic atrophy. Recently, OPA1 mutations were detected in a multisystemic disorder which has optic atrophy as the core clinical feature and multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions in muscle. We report a patient with a multisystemic disorder and multiple muscle mtDNA deletions, carrying an in-frame deletion in OPA1 in the absence of optic atrophy. This patient provides evidence that optic atrophy is not the main clinical manifestation of OPA1-related disorders. OPA1 analysis should be considered in mitochondrial disorders despite the lack of optic atrophy.
Progression of Barrett's mucosa to adenocarcinoma after antireflux surgery: radiologic-pathologic correlation.

A patient with Barrett's esophagus progressed to adenocarcinoma, despite antireflux operation, adequate medical therapy, and regular yearly surveillance by esophageal function tests and endoscopic biopsy. This case stresses the need for closer follow-up of patients with Barrett's esophagus even after adequate control of gastroesophageal reflux by anti-reflux surgery.
Equation-free implementation of statistical moment closures

We present a general numerical scheme for the practical implementation of statistical moment closures suitable for modeling complex, large-scale, nonlinear systems. Building on recently developed equation-free methods, this approach numerically integrates the closure dynamics, the equations of which may not even be available in closed form. Although closure dynamics introduce statistical assumptions of unknown validity, they can have significant computational advantages as they typically have fewer degrees of freedom and may be much less stiff than the original detailed model. The numerical closure approach can in principle be applied to a wide class of nonlinear problems, including strongly coupled systems (either deterministic or stochastic) for which there may be no scale separation. We demonstrate the equation-free approach for implementing entropy-based Eyink-Levermore closures on a nonlinear stochastic partial differential equation.
Phenotypic similarities of sibling zebra finches

Abstract Four phenotypic attributes of male zebra finches were investigated to determine if observed variability predicts relatedness. Traits studied included three secondary sexual traits (bill colour, breast band and throat stripes), and one species-specific character (eye stripes). To score similarities, two series of pairs were created, with half of all pairs containing same-clutch siblings, the other half non-siblings (r≤1/8). Sibling were found to be more similar than non-siblings with respect to eye and throat stripe attributes, but not with regard to breast band size and bill colour. A human observer predicted which sets contained siblings with considerable accuracy. Results suggest that family resemblances for some visual traits are sufficiently great that they could be used by zebra finches in the process of phenotype matching. In birds, visual similarities may be more reliable indicators of relatedness than auditory similarities, due to the important role of learning in the acquisition of bird song.
Response surface methodology as a sensitivity analysis tool in decision analysis

This paper proposes the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a sensitivity analysis tool for single attribute and multi-attribute decision analysis (DA). It is shown that any single or multi-attribute decision analysis value (or utility) function can be transformed to a response function of the uncertain variables. A sensitivity analysis framework designed to facilitate simultaneous perturbation of a number of uncertain variables is proposed. Specifically, RSM is used with influence diagrams, but the methodology can also be used with decision trees. This approach is illustrated with the well-known Oil Wildcatter Problem. This new framework exceeds the current sensitivity analysis capability of decision analysis software tools. The approach is shown to be more efficient than current DA sensitivity analysis techniques and can provide improved insights for decision makers. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclodextrins in nasal delivery of low-molecular-weight heparins: in vivo and in vitro studies.

Purpose. To test the hypothesis that cyclodextrins reversibly enhance nasal absorption of low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) and to investigate the mechanisms by which cyclodextrins enhance LMWH absorption via the nose.
A genetic algorithm application for sequencing operations in process planning for parallel machining

Parallel numerically controlled machines can perform multiple machining operations simultaneously using combinations of interacting workholding and tool holding devices. One type of parallel machine, the Mill/Turn, also has the ability to perform both turning and milling operations in the same setup. These machines, in addition to being suitable for large volume machining, also have the potential for efficiently producing small batch sizes. Consequently, Mill/Turns can be used as a rapid prototyping tool. One of the major hurdles to integrating Mill/Turns into manufacturing environments is the absence of computer-aided processing planning systems. This problem is more acute in the parallel-machining domain because process plans for parallel machining are more complicated than their sequential counterparts. In this paper we discuss various aspects of parallel machining that influence the generation of process plans, and describe a process planner that uses a genetic algorithm for sequencing operations. Imp...
Regulatory challenges: Lessons from recent West Nile virus trials in the United States

Delays in research on emerging infections could deprive the public of appropriate therapies. This report describes challenges encountered in implementing two multicenter protocols of West Nile virus (WNV) infections in the United States during 2003. Protocol development times, federal regulatory approvals, and local Institutional Review Boards (IRB) approvals were compiled. Twenty eight institutions participated in a natural history study and 27 in a therapeutic trial of WNV developed through the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Collaborative Antiviral Study Group (CASG). The CASG compiled protocol development times, federal regulatory approvals, and local IRB approvals. Additional information on the local IRB process was obtained by survey of the investigators. Because of the lengthy development and approval process, protocols were distributed after the start of the epidemic season, most sites were unable to enroll subjects at the peak of the season, and a number of sites lacked IRB approval at the end of the season.
The Voice of Experience

Whistleblowing is recognized as an important function in promoting scientific integrity, and there is a recognized need to protect whistleblowers. There is not much information available in the literature about scientific whistleblowing. Because it appears that frequently scientific misconduct is uncovered by a whistleblower, it is useful to obtain more information about the activity. This paper is about whistleblowing from the perspective of the person blowing the whistle. Information about a few selected cases of whistleblowing is presented in an attempt to augment the experiential aspect of the activity.
Two-fiber laser Doppler velocimetry in blood: Monte Carlo simulation in three dimensions.

Laser Doppler velocimetry in blood when fiber-optic catheters are used is limited by the effects of multiple scattering and flow disturbance produced by the catheter. To minimize the effects of flow disturbances, the system should be designed to project the velocity-sensing region as far as possible from the surface of the catheter. Because of multiple scattering, determining the region of sensitivity requires the use of transport theory. We present numerical results of Monte Carlo simulations of the spatial Doppler sensitivity field of a two-fiber velocimeter. The simulations show that a peak of sensitivity can be projected ~0.5 mm from the fiber tips (at 685 nm); the use of longer wavelengths would increase this distance somewhat. The generation of such a peak requires overlapping the partially spatially coherent propagation regions of the two fibers, which in turn depends strongly on the relative orientation of the fibers, even though much of the scattered light is diffuse.
Controlling neural clustering using delayed inputs

Abstract Coupled Hodgkin-Huxley neurons are considered when finite-speed signal propagation introduces time delays into the coupling. Bifurcations of the fully synchronous and partially synchronized cluster states are studied by varying the coupling delay. Based on these investigations a controller is constructed that uses delayed inputs to destroy full synchrony and stabilize clustering. A generalization of such a controller may be useful to drive neural systems away from pathological synchronous states associated with Parkinson's disease.
Why and how do surge protective devices (SPD) fail: a safety article

Due to the wide spread use of power system surge protective devices (SPDs) to protect the proliferation of electronic equipment, a more thorough understanding of potential failure modes of SPDs is essential for safety reasons. The intent of this article is to provide the reader with SPD failure concepts and appropriate mitigation techniques.
Reports and communications

A pressing issue for many undergraduate instructors in the social sciences is the dissemination of their students' work. Although students at many institutions in many disciplines perform original research in the process of learning research skills and being socialized into their professions, these research projects, unfortunately, are often performed and presented in isolation (from the rest of the college, as well as the rest of the world). The National Undergraduate Research Clearinghouse provides a means for student papers to gain national (international) exposure through an automated submission process. Although all sponsored manuscripts are accepted, the quality of submissions is controlled through a faculty sponsorship mechanism. In addition, a mechanism for review of submitted manuscripts and the nomination of manuscripts as outstanding is integrated into the clearinghouse.
Two NF1 Translocations Map Within a 600-Kilobase Segment of 17q11.2

Balanced translocations, each involving chromosome 17q11.2, have been described in two patients with von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1). To better localize the end points of these translocation events, and the NF1 gene (NF1) itself, human cosmids were isolated and mapped in the immediate vicinity of NF1. One cosmid probe, c11-1F10, demonstrated that both translocation breakpoints, and presumably NF1, are contained within a 600-kilobase Nru I fragment.
THE EVOKED MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE HUMAN BRAIN

Abstract : Instrumentation and procedures for detecting neuromagnetic fields evoked by sensory stimuli in an unshielded environment are described. Latencies of somatosensory and visually evoked neuromagnetic responses are compared with simple reaction times. Assuming a serial model, the RT can be divided into motor and sensory components. The latter is reflected in the neuromagnetic response. The visual neuromagnetic response has revealed two functionally distinct components that may reflect activity of sustained channels. It has also permitted isolation of two distinct cortical regions with different response properties. Latencies of resopnse of each of the two hemispheres were studied and revealed marked individual differences.
Fabrication of quantum dots on the InSb (110) surface

Abstract Using a scanning tunneling microscope, quantum dots with diameters of order 25 A have been fabricated on the cleaved InSb (110) surface in UHV. Both In and Sb atoms were clearly resolved on the cleaved surface.
Identity of daniellic acid with illurinic acid

Abstract African copaiba balsam is the product of Daniellia olliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. and Dalz. Daniellic acid is identical with illurinic acid.
Recent Outbursts from the Transient X-Ray Pulsar Cepheus X-4 (GS 2138+56)

We report on X-ray observations of the 66 s period transient X-ray pulsar Cep X-4 (GS 2138+56) with the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). Two outbursts from Cep X-4 were observed with BATSE in 1993 June-July and in 1997 July. Pulse frequencies of v = 15.0941 + or - 0.0002 mHz on 1993 June 25 (MJD 49,163) and v = 15.0882 + or - 0.0002 mHz on 1997 July 12 (MJD 50,641) were each measured from 2-day spans of BATSE data near each outburst's peak. Cep X-4 showed an average spin down rate of dot-v = (-4.14 + or - 0.08) x 10(exp -14) Hz s(exp -1) between the 1993 and 1997 outbursts. After BATSE could no longer detect Cep X-4, public observations were performed on 1997 July 18 and July 25 with the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) on RXTE. A pulse frequency of v = 15.088 + or - 0.004 mHz was measured from observations on 1997 July 18 (MJD 50,647). Significant aperiodic noise, with an rms variance of about 18% in the frequency range 0.01 - 1.0 Hz, was observed on both days. Energy- and intensity-dependent pulse shape variations were also seen in these data. Recently published optical observations associate Cep X-4 with a Be companion star. If all four outbursts observed from Cep X-4 are assumed to occur at the same orbital phase, we find that the orbital period is between 23 and 147.3 days.
Wilms' Tumor Gene Product WT1 Arrests Macrophage Differentiation of HL-60 Cells Through Its Zinc-Finger Domain

Wilms' tumor is associated with mutations of WT1, a zinc-finger transcription factor that is essential for the development of the metanephric kidney and the urogenital system. High levels of WT1 expression also have been detected in myeloid leukemia cells, suggesting that WT1 may be important in other neoplasms as well. To seek a role of high level expression of WT1 in the differential arrest characteristic of myeloid leukemia, WT1 or its zinc-finger domain alone was stably expressed in human promyeloid leukemia (HL-60) cells and the ability of 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to induce macrophage differentiation was examined. HL-60 cell differentiation was completely arrested in TPA treated cells that expressed WT1 or its zinc-finger domain alone whereas TPA fully induced macrophage differentiation in control HL-60 cells, indicating that high level expression of WT1 is capable of differentiation arrest of myeloid cells and that its effect may be mediated through its zinc-finger domain. To determine if the zinc-finger domain of WT1 directly influences transcription, it was brought to promoter DNA as a fusion protein with the Gal4 DNA binding domain. The fusion protein failed to regulate transcription of a reporter gene but when the zinc-finger domain of WT1 was brought to DNA with a promoter containing two upstream WT1-binding sites, reporter gene expression was activated approximately threefold, suggesting that WT1 interferes with myeloid differentiation through the ability of its zinc-finger domain to compete with other transcription factors for common promoter elements.
Therapeutic potentials of a novel method of dual-pulse gastric electrical stimulation for gastric dysrhythmia and symptoms of nausea and vomiting.

Abstract Background The aims of this study were to investigate the effects and mechanisms of a novel method of gastric electrical stimulation on the prevention of vasopressin-induced emetic response and gastric dysrhythmias. Methods Fifteen dogs (10 normal, 5 vagotomized) chronically implanted with gastric serosal electrodes were used in a 3-session study (vasopressin, vasopressin plus 2-channel stimulation [DCS], and vasopressin plus dual-pulse stimulation [DPS]). Results Vasopressin induced gastric dysrhythmias and motion sickness–like symptoms ( P P P Conclusions DCS and DPS are able to reduce vasopressin-induced gastric dysrhythmia and symptoms of nausea and vomiting. The vagal pathway is involved in the antiemetic effect but not the antidysrhythmic effect of the proposed methods of stimulation.
Beam-Profile Monitoring and Analysis by Television

The usefulness of the pepper-pot emittance device for performing quantitative beam diagnostics has been extended to real time by employing a video analyzer to analyze the pepper-pot scene as viewed by a television system. The video analyzer produces a display of the intensity as a function of position and directly recognizable angular information. A television monitor displaying this information is located near the beam controls. The pepper-pot scenes, complete with beam data, can be stored on video tape for later analysis. Means are also provided for generating a three-dimensional plot of the pepper-pot scene on an x-y plotter. Time dependence of the beam emittance is obtained by placing an image intensifier ahead of the television camera.
Diurnal depression in leaf hydraulic conductance at ambient and elevated [CO2] reveals anisohydric water management in field-grown soybean and possible involvement of aquaporins

Abstract Diurnal cycles of photosynthesis and water use in field-grown soybean ( Glycine max ) are tied to light intensity and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). At high mid-day VPD, transpiration rates can lead to a decline in leaf water potential (Ψ leaf ) if leaf hydraulic conductance ( K leaf ) is insufficient to supply water to intercellular airspaces in pace with demand. K leaf is determined by leaf xylem conductivity to water, as well as extra-xylem pathways that are likely mediated by aquaporin water transport proteins. When transpiration demand exceeds the maximum capacity of K leaf to supply water, high tension in the water column can cause cavitation in xylem, and these emboli-blocked xylem vessels reduce water transport and thus lower K leaf . Stomatal conductance typically remains high at mid-day for soybean, suggesting either a mid-day increase in K leaf or that photosynthesis may be maintained at the cost of leaf water status, indicative of an anisohydric water management strategy in soybean. This study examined diurnal fluctuations in K leaf and Ψ leaf , showing a mid-day depression in K leaf in a pattern closely reflecting that of Ψ leaf , indicating that K leaf depression is the result of cavitation in leaf xylem. The diurnal depression of K leaf was not prevented by growth at elevated [CO 2 ], which lowered stomatal conductance. Diurnal transcription patterns of aquaporin genes showed that a total of 34 genes belonging to 4 aquaporin families were expressed in soybean leaves, of which 22 were differentially expressed between at least two time points. These data suggest that mid-day K leaf depression was driven primarily by cavitation at increasing xylem water tensions, but that aquaporins are also likely involved in diurnal regulation of soybean leaf water status. It is further concluded that because soybean photosynthesis is typically sustained at mid-day, K leaf even at the depressed level was in excess of that needed to sustain a stomatal conductance sufficient to prevent depression of photosynthesis in soybean.