cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DARIA: Designing Actuators to Resist Arbitrary Attacks Against Cyber-Physical Systems

In the past decade we have seen an active research community proposing attacks and defenses to Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Most of these attacks and defenses have been heuristic in nature, limiting the attacker to a set of predefined operations, and proposing defenses with unclear security guarantees. In this paper, we propose a generic adversary model that can capture any type of attack (our attacker is not constrained to follow specific attacks such as replay, delay, or bias) and use it to design security mechanisms with provable security guarantees. In particular, we propose a new secure design paradigm we call DARIA: Designing Actuators to Resist arbItrary Attacks. The main idea behind DARIA is the design of physical limits to actuators in order to prevent attackers from arbitrarily manipulating the system, irrespective of their point of attack (sensors or actuators) or the specific attack algorithm (bias, replay, delays, etc.). As far as we are aware, we are the first research team to propose the design of physical limits to actuators in a control loop in order to keep the system secure against attacks. We demonstrate the generality of our proposal on simulations of vehicular platooning and industrial processes.
Efficacy of Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography for the de Novo Detection of Chronic Total Occlusion Prior to Coronary Angiography: A Preliminary and Retrospective Study

Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) offers high-resolution anatomic characterization of the coronary vasculature but may be suboptimal for lesions dependent on real-time visualization of flow including chronic total occlusion (CTO). In CTOs, heavy calcification and distal vessel opacification from collateralization may confound luminal assessment. Several studies have examined the role of CCTA in characterizing known CTOs to guide percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, the efficacy of CCTA in the de novo diagnosis of CTOs prior to coronary angiography (CAG) has not been demonstrated. A total of 233 consecutive patients who presented for CAG within a 3-month period of having CCTA were retrospectively reviewed. Those patients with prior diagnosis of CTO or prior bypass of the occluded vessels were excluded. Sensitivity and specificity analysis of CCTA in identifying CTOs using CAG as the gold standard was performed. The prevalence of CTO was 21.11% in the population that met criteria for analysis (n = 199). The sensitivity of CCTA in predicting CTO was 57.1%, while the specificity was 96.8%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CCTA in detection of CTO were 82.8 and 89.4%, respectively. Our study shows that CCTA has excellent specificity but poor sensitivity in the detection of CTO thus limiting its clinical use in de novo diagnosis. Further studies to determine the effect of de novo CTO diagnosis on clinically important procedural factors, such as radiation exposure, contrast use, and need for repeat procedures, are warranted and may implicate a role for CCTA in this setting.
Providing A Person-Centred View: Applying Linked Data to Government Policy Reform and Service Design

The application of linked data by government has limited visibility due to complexities in publishing details of the analysis and interventions. The Victorian Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) acknowledges the value of linked data in the department’s strategic plan, and linked data has been used in many policy reform and service design activities over the past three years. IntroductionIn 2016 the Centre for Victorian Data Linkage (CVDL), located in DHHS, developed the Victorian Linkage Map (VLM) of 20 plus health and human services datasets linked with births and deaths data. The VLM has since been expanded to include education, justice and police data. DHHS has been an “early adopter” in applying linked data to policy development, service reforms and departmental operations to improve the health and wellbeing of the Victorian population. Objectives and ApproachThe presentation will provide an overview of multi-sector data linkage in Victoria, and the value of frequent collaborations between CVDL and DHHS staff in applying linked data to priority projects and reforms. It will consider the challenges of cross-jurisdictional linkage in Australia, highlighting initiatives which are expanding linked datasets available to DHHS. ResultsDHHS has undertaken a broad range of linked data projects which have provided an evidence base for departmental activities, including provision of hospital, housing, health surveillance and child protection services. Linked data has also been used to develop an integrated demand model, which forecasts impact of investment in one program area on other parts of the service system. Conclusion / ImplicationsThe active use of linked data by DHHS provides a model for other government departments to improve service design and delivery to vulnerable populations. DHSS is expanding linked-data use to additional areas, and further imbedding in departmental operations.
Analyzing cross-validation for forecasting with structural instability

Abstract When forecasting with economic time series data, researchers often use a restricted window of observations or downweight past observations in order to mitigate the potential effects of parameter instability. In this paper, we study the problem of selecting a window for point forecasts made at the end of the sample. We develop asymptotic approximations to the sampling properties of window selection methods, and post-window selection point forecasts, where there is local parameter instability of various sorts. We examine risk properties of point forecasts made after cross-validation to select the window, and compare this approach to some alternative methods of selecting the window. We also propose a quasi-Bayesian form of cross-validation that we find to have good risk properties.
RFClock: timing, phase and frequency synchronization for distributed wireless networks

Emerging applications like distributed coordinated beamforming (DCB), intelligent reflector arrays, and networked robotic devices will transform wireless applications. However, for systems-centric work on these topics, the research community must first overcome the hurdle of implementing fine-grained, over-the-air timing synchronization, which is critical for any coordinated operation. To address this gap, this paper presents an open-source design and implementation of 'RFClock' that provides timing, frequency and phase synchronization for software defined radios (SDRs). It shows how RFClock can be used for a practical, 5-node DCB application without modifying existing physical/link layer protocols. By utilizing a leader-follower architecture, RFClock-leader allows follower clocks to synchronize with mean offset under 0.107Hz, and then corrects the time/phase alignment to be within a 5ns deviation. RFClock is designed to operate in generalized environments: as standalone unit, it generates a 10MHz/1PPS signal reference suitable for most commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) SDRs today; it does not require custom protocol-specific headers or messaging; and it is robust to interference through a frequency-agile operation. Using RFClock for DCB, we verify significant increase in channel gain and low BER in a range of [0 -- 10--3] for different modulation schemes. We also demonstrate performance that is similar to a popular wired solution and significant improvement over a GPS-based solution, while delivering this functionality at a fractional price/power point.
The Application of Cation Exchange Membranes in Electrochemical Systems for Ammonia Recovery from Wastewater

Electrochemical processes are considered promising technologies for ammonia recovery from wastewater. In electrochemical processes, cation exchange membrane (CEM), which is applied to separate compartments, plays a crucial role in the separation of ammonium nitrogen from wastewater. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the application of CEM in electrochemical systems for ammonia recovery from wastewater. Four kinds of electrochemical systems, including bioelectrochemical systems, electrochemical stripping, membrane electrosorption, and electrodialysis, are introduced. Then we discuss the role CEM plays in these processes for ammonia recovery from wastewater. In addition, we highlight the key performance metrics related to ammonia recovery and properties of CEM membrane. The limitations and key challenges of using CEM for ammonia recovery are also identified and discussed.
Testemunhos e reflexões para a compreensão de Timor-Leste

Resenha de:NYGAARD-CHRISTENSEN, Maj; e BEXLEY, Angie. Fieldwork in Timor-Leste: Understanding Social Change through Practice. Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2017. 261p.
Targeting Tumor-Stromal IL6/STAT3 Signaling through IL1 Receptor Inhibition in Pancreatic Cancer.

A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the presence of a dense, desmoplastic stroma and the consequent altered interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) that promote disease progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. We have previously shown that IL6 secreted from pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) stimulates the activation of STAT3 signaling in tumor cells, an established mechanism of therapeutic resistance in PDAC. We have now identified the tumor cell–derived cytokine IL1α as an upstream mediator of IL6 release from PSCs that is involved in STAT3 activation within the TME. Herein, we show that IL1α is overexpressed in both murine and human PDAC tumors and engages with its cognate receptor IL1R1, which is strongly expressed on stromal cells. Further, we show that IL1R1 inhibition using anakinra (recombinant IL1 receptor antagonist) significantly reduces stromal-derived IL6, thereby suppressing IL6-dependent STAT3 activation in human PDAC cell lines. Anakinra treatment results in significant reduction in IL6 and activated STAT3 levels in pancreatic tumors from Ptf1aCre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+; Tgfbr2flox/flox (PKT) mice. Additionally, the combination of anakinra with cytotoxic chemotherapy significantly extends overall survival compared with vehicle treatment or anakinra monotherapy in this aggressive genetic mouse model of PDAC. These data highlight the importance of IL1 in mediating tumor–stromal IL6/STAT3 cross-talk in the TME and provide a preclinical rationale for targeting IL1 signaling as a therapeutic strategy in PDAC.
High-Risk Features Are Prognostic in dMMR/MSI-H Stage II Colon Cancer

Background High-risk features, such as T4 disease, bowel obstruction, poorly/undifferentiated histology, lymphovascular, perineural invasion, and Methods Univariate (UVA) and multivariate (MVA) Cox proportional hazards (Cox-PH) models were built to assess the association between clinical and demographic characteristics and overall survival. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated with log-rank tests to evaluate the association between adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk and low-risk cohorts separately. Results A total of 2,293 stage II CC patients have dMMR/MSI-H; of those, 29.5% (n = 676) had high-risk features. The high-risk dMMR/MSI-H patients had worse overall survival [5-year survival and 95%CI, 73.2% (67.3-78.1%) vs. 80.3% (76.7-83.5%), p = 0.0001]. In patients with stage II dMMR/MSI-H CC, the high-risk features were associated with shorter overall survival (OS) along with male sex, positive carcinoembryonic antigen, Charlson-Deyo score >1, and older age. Adjuvant chemotherapy administration was associated with better OS, regardless of the high-risk features in dMMR/MSI-H (log-rank test, p = 0.001) or not (p = 0.0006). When stratified by age, the benefit of chemotherapy was evident only in patients age ≥65 with high-risk features. Conclusion High-risk features are prognostic in the setting of dMMR/MSI-H stage II CC. Adjuvant chemotherapy may improve survival specifically in patients ≥65 years and with high-risk features.
Solvolysis of medium ring size cycloalkenyl triflates : A comparison of relative rates vs ring size

Abstract Cyclononenyl ( 5 ), cycloundecenyl ( 6 ) and cyclododecenyl ( 7 ) triflates were solvolyzed in 70% aqueous trifluoroethanol. A comparison of the relative rates of these and other previously reported solvolytic studies were made from the cyclopentenyl system to the cyclododecenyl system. A “saw tooth” effect analogous to that found in the cyloalkyl system was observed. Furthermore product studies to determine the possibility of transannular hydride migration resulted in no evidence of rearrangement in the cyclododecenyl system and very small amounts in the cyclononeyl system.
Improving availability in distributed systems with failure informers

This paper addresses a core question in distributed systems: how should applications be notified of failures? When a distributed system acts on failure reports, the system's correctness and availability depend on the granularity and semantics of those reports. The system's availability also depends on coverage (failures are reported), accuracy (reports are justified), and timeliness (reports come quickly). This paper describes Pigeon, a failure reporting service designed to enable high availability in the applications that use it. Pigeon exposes a new abstraction, called a failure informer, which allows applications to take informed, application-specific recovery actions, and which encapsulates uncertainty, allowing applications to proceed safely in the presence of doubt. Pigeon also significantly improves over the previous state of the art in the three-way trade-off among coverage, accuracy, and timeliness.
Triose Phosphate Isomerase from Bakers' Yeast PRELIMINARY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA

Abstract Triose phosphate isomerase from bakers' yeast has been crystallized in a form which gives x-ray diffraction data to 3 A spacings. The crystals are orthorhombic with space group P212121 and unit-cell dimensions a = 161.2, b = 62.2, c = 47.3 A. The unit cell contains 4 protein molecules of molecular weight approximately 56,000 and has a solvent content of roughly 42% by volume.
The Bootstrap is Inconsistent with Probability Theory

This paper proves that for no prior probability distribution does the bootstrap (BS) distribution equal the predictive distribution, for all Bernoulli trials of some fixed size. It then proves that for no prior will the BS give the same first two moments as the predictive distribution for all size trials. It ends with an investigation of whether the BS can get the variance correct.
Eiszeit Tankred Dorst’s Hamsun: "alt, taub, und tod"

In this paper I will take a closer look at Tankred Dorst’s play and show how it uses well-known motifs from the Hamsun legend and weaves them together to create a provocative new image of him.
Games: Principal–Agent

Principal–agent games address the situation where one party (the agent) can take an action unobserved by the other party (the principal), who bears the full consequences for that action. Anticipating that the agent may not act in the principal's best interest, the principal offers the agent incentives to influence the agent's actions. Keywords: moral hazard; incentive compatibility; risk sharing; reciprocity
Meconium Tenofovir Concentrations and Growth and Bone Outcomes in Prenatally Tenofovir Exposed HIV-Uninfected Children.

Background:Maternal tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) treatment among HIV-infected pregnant women results in fetal tenofovir (TFV) exposure. Fetal TFV toxicity was demonstrated in animals, but most clinical investigations have not observed toxicity in humans.Methods:We evaluated HIV-exposed, uninf
The plane mixing layer flow visualization results and three dimensional effects

Abstract : The turbulent mixing layer between two streams of different velocities continues to play a central role in research aimed at improved understanding of turbulent shear flows in general. At present, not all researchers are in agreement as to what various experiments imply about the structure of mixing layers at high Reynolds number. The views which are held differ on the question as to how and to what extent three dimensionality develops in these flows and whether the characteristic spanwise organized large vortex structures (rollers) continue to be a dominant feature. The traditional view, as extended to the contemporary scene, is that ultimately (i.e., sufficiently far downstream or at sufficiently high Reynolds number) the flow will be completely disorganized. The view put forward by 'eddy chasers' is that such vortex structures are primary elements, characteristic of the underlying mean vorticity field, which is particularly simple for the mixing layer, and that, as long as the velocity difference is maintained, there is a mechanism to regenerate these primary structures by what, for convenience, may be called a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. The heart of the controversy then is whether, or to what extent, secondary and higher instabilities will ultimately break down, completely disorganize or prevent formation of organized primary structures. In a plane mixing layer, the primary structures would, ideally, be two dimensional, containing the basic single component of vorticity while secondary and higher modes of instability would introduce three dimensionality and the other two components of vorticity into the flow. (Author)
Modified Sierpinski gasket patch antenna for multiband applications

In this paper we present an investigation of the Sierpinski gasket patch antenna and propose a novel technique to improve the multiband behavior of this patch antenna.
Lung function, asthma symptoms, and quality of life for children in public housing in Boston: a case-series analysis

Children in urban public housing are at high risk for asthma, given elevated environmental and social exposures and suboptimal medical care. For a multifactorial disease like asthma, design of intervention studies can be influenced by the relative prevalence of key risk factors. To better understand risk factors for asthma morbidity in the context of an environmental intervention study, we conducted a detailed baseline evaluation of 78 children (aged 4–17 years) from three public housing developments in Boston. Asthmatic children and their caregivers were recruited between April 2002 and January 2003. We conducted intake interviews that captured a detailed family and medical history, including questions regarding asthma symptom severity, access to health care, medication usage, and psychological stress. Quality of life was evaluated for both the child and caregiver with an asthma-specific scale. Pulmonary function was measured with a portable spirometer, and allergy testing for common indoor and outdoor allergens was conducted with skin testing using the prick puncture method. Exploratory linear and logistic regression models evaluating predictors of respiratory symptoms, quality of life, and pulmonary function were conducted using SAS. We found high rates of obesity (56%) and allergies to indoor contaminants such as cockroaches (59%) and dust mites (59%). Only 36% of children with persistent asthma reported being prescribed any daily controller medication, and most did not have an asthma action plan or a peak flow meter. One-time lung function measures were poorly correlated with respiratory symptoms or quality of life, which were significantly correlated with each other. In multivariate regression models, household size, body mass index, and environmental tobacco smoke exposure were positively associated with respiratory symptom severity (p < 0.10). Symptom severity was negatively associated with asthma-related quality of life for the child and the caregiver, with caregiver (but not child) quality of life significantly influenced by caregiver stress and whether the child was in the intensive care unit at birth. Given the elevated prevalence of multiple risk factors, coordinated improvements in the social environment, the built environment, and in medical management would likely yield the greatest health benefits in this high-risk population.
Environmental Scanning and Its Effect Upon Firm Performance: An Exploratory Study of the Foodservice Industry:

The chief executive officers and members of their top management teams of 65 foodservice firms were surveyed to ascertain the extent of environmental scanning in support of the firm's intended stra...
HIGH SPECIFIC INDUCTION OF SPERMIDINE/SPERMINE N1-ACETYLTRANSFERASE IN A HUMAN LARGE CELL LUNG CARCINOMA

The cytotoxic response of the human large cell lung carcinoma line NCI H157 to exposure to the polyamine analogue N1 N12-bis(ethyl)spermine (BESpm) is preceded by an extremely high induction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT). The human enzyme has now been purified greater than 300-fold to apparent homogeneity and found to cross-react with antisera raised against rat liver SSAT. Although other acetylases are capable of acetylating polyamines using acetyl-CoA as the acetyl donor, the greater than 600-fold induction within 24 h was found to be specifically SSAT, since essentially all activity was precipitable by the specific antisera. The human enzyme appears to be similar to the rat enzyme in subunit size under reducing conditions (approximately 20 kDa), substrate specificity and kinetic parameters. Preliminary results using actinomycin D and cycloheximide suggested that the unusually high induction by N1 N12-bis(ethyl)spermine in the human lung cancer line result from new mRNA and protein synthesis. This hypothesis is further substantiated here by 'in vitro' translation experiments comparing poly(A) mRNA from control and treated cells. The large cell lung carcinoma line NCI H157 represents a useful system to produce large amounts of the SSAT protein and to study the molecular events responsible for the induction and control of this important polyamine-metabolic enzyme. By using this rich source of SSAT protein, a partial amino acid sequence was determined by N-terminal sequencing of endoproteinase Lys-C digestion fragments. Further, this system should be useful in determining whether there is an association between the unusually high induction of the acetylase and the observed cytotoxicity in the NCI H157 cells.
Severe sepsis management are we doing enough

Cardiac resynchronization therapy provides a new adjunct in the armamentarium of therapies available to patients who remain symptomatic despite optimized standard therapies. It does not cure heart failure; patients must maintain evidence-based therapies promoted by the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology. Therapy benefits can be influenced by lead placement and device programming, so it is essential that qualified personnel are consulted to initiate and monitor therapy. While we await final analysis of COMPANION and other studies that definitively answer the question of mortality benefits, substantial data support CRT in reversing left ventricular remodeling, providing hemodynamic benefits, and most importantly, imparting clinical benefits related to functional status, symptoms, quality of life, and morbidity. Acute and critical care nurses can take an active role in promoting this intervention for patients with wide QRS and cardiac dyssynchrony who are likely to benefit through improvement in cardiac function and efficiency.
A Preliminary Investigation: History, Physical, and Isokinetic Exam Results Versus Arthroscopic Diagnosis of Chondromalacia Patella *

The purpose of this pilot study was to identify those clinical exam findings most often seen in patients with a positive chondromalacia patella (CMP) arthroscopic exam. Twenty patients with a clinical diagnosis of CMP or meniscal lesions (M) or both (CMP+M) were evaluated by two physical therapists using the history, physical, and Cybex II® isokinetic testing data. More than 50% of the patients with arthroscopically confirmed CMP complained of peripatellar pain, pain with ascending and descending stairs, and pain with prolonged flexion. At least 50% of these patients also demonstrated pain with a patellar grinding test and crepitus during the active knee extension test. Chi square analysis of the clinical exam data between the arthroscopically diagnosed CMP+M patients and 20 age- and sex-matched normal subjects revealed a significant difference in response to the three history questions analyzed. No significant differences were found on the physical exam, including Cybex II isokinetic testing results. Our...
Explaining nutrition outcomes of food-based interventions through an analysis of women's decision-making power

Community-based nutrition program interventions have yielded measurable nutrition results. These interventions engage community members in and throughout the process to ensure that the interventions are acceptable and appropriate. Despite this, hunger and other forms of malnutrition continue to be problematic-- for some individuals, in some communities and in some regions. Current development discourse on agency and capabilities, and power and choices suggests an approach for achieving further improvements. Five community-based intervention research studies that strengthened women's contributions to nutrition by reducing their resource constraints are reviewed in light of this discourse. All five used food-based strategies that yielded improvements in micronutrient dietary intake or status in a timely fashion. Although the studies were guided by standard development practices including participatory approaches and methods, and addressed women's resource needs, they differed significantly in terms of the l...
Electron spin resonance studies of the effects of naturally-occurring excitotoxic amino acid analogues on the physical state of membrane proteins in human erythrocytes.

Abstract The interaction of the neurotoxic natural products, kainic and ibotenic acids, both of which are also excitatory neurotransmitters and amino acid analogues of glutamic acid, along with the latter compound, with human erythrocyte membranes has been investigated by electron spin resonance methods. Only ibotenic acid caused a statistically significant alteration in the physical state of membrane proteins (P = 0.01) while none of these excitotoxins measurably affected motion of membrane lipids. In order to further investigate some of the molecular characteristics of ibotenic acid that may have contributed to its effect on the conformation of membrane proteins, similar spin labeling studies were performed employing the decarboxylation product and parent ring compound of this excitotoxin, muscimol and isoxazole, respectively. No effect of either of these latter compounds was observed suggesting that the carboxylic acid group of ibotenic acid is essential for its interaction with membrane proteins. These results are discussed in relation to the known different neurotoxic and physiological effects of kainic and ibotenic acids and muscimol.
The role of cyanide in the removal of type 2 copper from laccase

We have improved a method for the removal of the type 2 copper from tree laccase under anaerobic reducing conditions and developed a mechanistic model. We identify two key steps in the reaction: (i) dissociation of copper(I) catalyzed by trace levels of cyanide in a weakly acidic medium and (ii) sequestration of the released metal by an appropriate chelator such as 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline. We maintain a steady-state concentration of cyanide in a pH 5.5 acetate buffer under a constantly exchanging nitrogen atmosphere by introducing a cyanometalate ion as a cofactor or by continuously injecting the ion into the protein solution. The type 2-depleted product is identical to previous preparations as regards its spectral properties, activity level and ability to recombine with copper(I). The mechanistic insights appear to be quite general and should form the basis for the development of methods for removing the type 2 copper from other related systems.
Techniques for analyzing literature search results

Abstract This short communication describes ways in which the raw transcript of searches in the literature, including patents, can be processed to make the results easier to assimilate and more informative. This is achieved by techniques of search and processing on the on-line databases and then by work on the user’s own software. The subsequent analysis includes such techniques as the creation of a searchable database, and statistical and semantic analysis and visualization.
Remembering the Kwangju uprising

(2000). Remembering the Kwangju uprising. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 85-107.
Evidence for selective microRNAs and their effectors as common long-term targets for the actions of mood stabilizers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) translation in a sequence-specific manner and are emerging as critical regulators of central nervous system plasticity. We found hippocampal miRNA level changes following chronic treatment with mood stabilizers (lithium and valproate (VPA)). Several of these miRNAs were then confirmed by quantitative PCR: let-7b, let-7c, miR-128a, miR-24a, miR-30c, miR-34a, miR-221, and miR-144. The predicted effectors of these miRNAs are involved in neurite outgrowth, neurogenesis, and signaling of PTEN, ERK, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Interestingly, several of these effector-coding genes are also genetic risk candidates for bipolar disorder. We provide evidence that treatment with mood stabilizers increases these potential susceptibility genes in vivo: dipeptidyl-peptidase 10, metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (GRM7), and thyroid hormone receptor, β. Treatment of primary cultures with lithium- or VPA-lowered levels of miR-34a and elevated levels of GRM7, a predicted effector of miR-34a. Conversely, miR-34a precursor treatment lowered GRM7 levels and treatment with a miR-34a inhibitor enhanced GRM7 levels. These data confirm that endogenous miR-34a regulates GRM7 levels and supports the notion that miR-34a contributes to the effects of lithium and VPA on GRM7. These findings are the first to demonstrate that miRNAs and their predicted effectors are targets for the action of psychotherapeutic drugs.
Atypical mechanism of NF-κB activation during reoxygenation stress in microvascular endothelium: a role for tyrosine kinases

Abstract The transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) regulates genes that contribute to acute inflammatory reactions in cytokine-activated endothelium. Tumor necrosis factor activates NF-κB through serine phosphorylation, induced by inhibitor κB kinases (IKK), and subsequent degradation of inhibitor κB (IκB). In contrast to cytokine stress, our studies show that oxidative stress, generated by exposure to hypoxia followed by reoxygenation (H/R), failed to activate IKK in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). We report an alternative mechanism for NF-κB activation during H/R stress without IκBα degradation. This mechanism involves activation of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) that phosphorylate IκBα with peak phosphorylation occurring after 30 min of reoxygenation. Involvement of PTK was reinforced by the demonstration that the PTK inhibitor, herbimycin A, prevented H/R-mediated NF-κB activation. Tyrosine phosphorylation alters the association between IκBα and NF-κB with sufficient intensity to allow transient NF-κB translocation to the cell nuclei within 45 min of onset of reoxygenation stress. Immunofluorescence imaging of NF-κB protein reveals it to be shuttled between the nucleus and cytoplasm within 90 min of reoxygenation. Furthermore, IκBα appears to be associated with NF-κB during the nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and is thus protected from degradation. Overall, these studies suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of IκBα represents a proteolysis-independent mechanism of NF-κB activation that can be targeted for preventing H/R-mediated injury without affecting normal inflammatory responses.
Catholic Social Teaching and the Gospel

The documents that represent Catholic Social Teaching are primarily papal and clerical. Following the approach of Herbert McCabe that CST is not a body of doctrine but is a response to concrete social circumstances, this paper notes the absence of serious engagement with the Bible in CST and particularly the teaching of Jesus. Using two parables as paradigms, we can see that Jesus was using the social and economic circumstances of his day to provoke debate and an imaginative response that might lead his listeners towards the kingdom of God. In developing the current state of CST, the Church must draw on the practical wisdom of already existing Church groups and must collaborate with groups outside the Church.
Mission to the sun: The Solar Pioneer

Abstract The Solar Pioneer is a mission concept developed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) to do exploratory science in the inner heliosphere and outer solar corona. The concept is derived from the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft now being built by JHU/APL for NASA and draws upon that design to the maximum extent possible. The primary purpose, to conduct an exploratory in situ basic science investigation, has been focused to emphasize in situ particles and fields measurements of the outer solar corona and inner solar wind region. The purpose of the Solar Pioneer is to deliver a payload of scientific instruments to approximately 4 solar radii. The basic characteristics of the JHU/APL baseline concept provide for delivery of 30 to 50 kg of scientific payload to 4 R s while maintaining a high data rate. Life-cycle cost control is obtained by: (1) focusing on prime science objectives, (2) applying advanced technology where it makes sense, and (3) capitalizing on developed subsystems derived from the NEAR spacecraft. By implementing a focused strategy from science goals through all stages of program management, such a mission can be carried out for less than one quarter of previous Solar Probe mission cost estimates.
Heterogeneity of human T-cell growth factor(s) due to variable glycosylation☆

Abstract T-cell growth factor (TCGF) prepared from human tonsil cells was shown to separate into multiple peaks of activity on isoelectric focusing gels and SDS-PAGE. Treatment with neuraminidase and glycosidases or inhibition of glycosylation, however, demonstrated that this heterogeneity was primarily due to sialylation and, to a lesser extent, differences in other sugar residues. In contrast, TCGF prepared from a human T-leukemia cell line was uniform in charge and size and indistinguishable from the asialo form of tonsil-derived activity. Both sialylated and asialo-TCGF mediated continuous in vitro T-cell proliferation over successive passages. Thus, the evidence is consistent with a variably glycosylated protein as the entity responsible for T-cell growth.
DNA relatedness, karyotyping and gene probing of Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans and its synonyms Candida stellatoidea and Candida Claussenii

Isolates of Candida albicans with varied phenotypes, including sucrose-negative variants (C. stellatoidea, serotypes A and B) and avirulent germ tube-negative forms (C. claussenii) showed significant (greater than 90%) DNA relatedness to classical C. albicans, but insignificant relatedness to C. tropicalis and sucrose-negative C. tropicalis. A transverse alternating-field gel electrophoresis procedure (TAFE) showed discrete karyotype patterns among the phenotypic variants of C. albicans including the sucrose-negative C. stellatoidea. The number of chromosome-sized DNA bands for C. tropicalis (7 bands) were within the range of bands observed for C. albicans (5 to 10 bands). The general DNA-migration pattern for C. albicans appeared distinct from that of C. tropicalis. An aspartyl proteinase (PrA) gene probe from C. albicans hybridized with chromosomal DNA from C. albicans, C. claussenii and C. stellatoidea but not with that from C. tropicalis.
Phylogeny Disambiguates the Evolution of Heat-Shock cis-Regulatory Elements in Drosophila

Heat-shock genes have a well-studied control mechanism for their expression that is mediated through cis-regulatory motifs known as heat-shock elements (HSEs). The evolution of important features of this control mechanism has not been investigated in detail, however. Here we exploit the genome sequencing of multiple Drosophila species, combined with a wealth of available information on the structure and function of HSEs in D. melanogaster, to undertake this investigation. We find that in single-copy heat shock genes, entire HSEs have evolved or disappeared 14 times, and the phylogenetic approach bounds the timing and direction of these evolutionary events in relation to speciation. In contrast, in the multi-copy gene Hsp70, the number of HSEs is nearly constant across species. HSEs evolve in size, position, and sequence within heat-shock promoters. In turn, functional significance of certain features is implicated by preservation despite this evolutionary change; these features include tail-to-tail arrangements of HSEs, gapped HSEs, and the presence or absence of entire HSEs. The variation among Drosophila species indicates that the cis-regulatory encoding of responsiveness to heat and other stresses is diverse. The broad dimensions of variation uncovered are particularly important as they suggest a substantial challenge for functional studies.
Diatomic Molecule Electronic Structure beyond Simple Molecular Constants

Molecules with partly filled 3d or 4f shells have a surprisingly large number of low lying electronic states, resulting in incredibly complex spectra. This paper attempts to show that, although the spectra are complicated, the explanation of the global electronic structure is quite simple. Ligand Field Theory displays all of the important relationship between the dN or fN structures in the free-atomic-ion and the molecule. The splitting of the core into numerous substates causes a gratuitous repetition and intermingling of the usual ϱ, π-valence structures which are so familiar for molecules with filled-shell cores. The 4f electron is shown to be a useful probe of the unknown structures of more diffuse valence orbitals. A semi-empirical theory is described which allows important features of the molecular level diagram to be predicted using atomic energy level tables and a scrap of paper. The same theory provides a basis for detailed numerical parametrization and quantitative predictions of energy levels, perturbation matrix elements, hfs splittings, and transition intensities.
Construct Validity of a Measure of Affective Communication in Psychotherapy

The present study evaluates the psychometric properties of a therapist measure for evaluating the affective communication created between the patient and therapist during the initial stages of treatment. The Affective Communication Questionnaire (ACQ) was administered to a sample of 81 therapists, each rating a single patient, and principal component analysis indicated the measure has coherent dimensions with strong internal consistency. The construct validity of the ACQ was then established in a sample of 16 therapists rating 73 patients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). The measure was found to have a strong relationship to the related constructs of transference, countertransference, and affect experience in predicted directions. The measure also was found to have a modest relationship to independent assessments of patient functioning; most notably more negative affect was significantly related to more odd/eccentric (cluster A) and less anxious/fearful (cluster C) personality disorder symptoms, and greater narrative coherence. Differences in affective communication as a function of treatment type were also evaluated. The clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed.
Convergent syntheses of carbon-13 labeled midazolam and 1'-hydroxymidazolam

Abstract For the purpose of drug interaction studies, the stable-isotope labeled [ 13 C 3 ]midazolam and its metabolite, 1′-hydroxy-[ 13 C 3 ]midazolam were synthesized in four and five steps in overall yields of 25.5% and 14.2%, from 7-chloro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-( N -nitrosomethylamino)-3 H -1,4-benzodiazepine, respectively, by a convergent synthesis, in which a key imidazoline ring formation was achieved by the facile reaction of [ 13 C]2-aminomethyl-7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1 H -1,4-benzodiazepine with varying ethyl imidate hydrochlorides. The scrambling of C-3 and C-4 labeling in intermediate diamine, and consequently in the final products, as well as the formation of a Δ 4,5 isomer of 1′-hydroxy-[ 13 C 3 ]midazolam was observed and explained.
Size Effects in the Electrochemical Alloying and Cycling of Electrodeposited Aluminum with Lithium

The electrochemical alloying and cycling of electrodeposited aluminum films, electron-beam deposited aluminum films, and template-synthesized aluminum nanorods with lithium is presented here. Electrodeposition of aluminum is performed at room temperature using ionic liquid solutions and is shown to exhibit high faradaic efficiency. To study the dependence of lithium-aluminum cycling on size, the thickness of these films is varied between 0.25 μm and 6.2 μm by varying the electrodeposition time. Electrochemical alloying and de-alloying of these films with lithium is observed in lithium half-cells at room temperature. The films reach theoretical capacity for the formation of LiAl (1 Ah g−1). The performance of electrodeposited aluminum films is dependent on film thickness, and the thinnest films exhibit the worst cycling behavior. Cycling of aluminum films formed by electron-beam deposition is in quantitative agreement with that of films formed by electrodeposition, and the two types of films have a similar appearance in SEM images taken after cycling. Synthesis of aluminum nanorod arrays on stainless steel substrates is also demonstrated using electrodeposition into anodic aluminum oxide templates followed by template dissolution. Unlike nanostructures of other lithium-alloying materials, the electrochemical performance of these aluminum nanorod arrays is worse than that of bulk aluminum.
Effect of Halogenated Benzoic Acids on Elodea densa

A WIDE variety of plants have been treated with halogenated benzoic acids since the effect of these compounds as plant growth regulators was first reported by Zimmerman and Hitchcock1. A search of the literature has revealed no information on the effects of such compounds on aquatic plants. Accordingly, an experiment was set up to discover the effect of halogenated benzoic acids on Elodea densa.
Determination of permeability of soils using the multiple piezo-element penetrometer

The current method of determining the hydraulic properties of soils using piezocone penetration test (PCPT) requires the advancement of the piezocone penetrometer to the desired depth and holding (or arresting) it for the dissipation test. In order to obtain the hydraulic properties, one analyses the pore water dissipation test results by two-dimensional or three-dimensional radial drainage consolidation. This conventional procedure is methodologically simple and presents relatively reliable values of permeability compared to other field test methods. However, it is still challenging for field engineers and needs to be improved. The piezocone penetrometer intrudes into the ground with the speed of 2 cm/s. Thus, the test mechanism is a kind of strain-controlled condition with partial drainage. Therefore, the excess pore pressure during the piezocone penetration is a function of the permeability of the soil as well as the stress–strain parameters. Thus, with the proper coupled theory of mixtures which can take into account the coupling of solid and pore water flow, one can predict the permeability of the soil from the pore pressure response during PCPT. In this study, the coupled theory of mixtures of the soil grains and the pore water is used in order to predict the permeability of the soil from the excess pore pressure generated from the multiple piezo-element PCPT ‘on the fly’. An elasto-plastic, finite strain constitutive equation in an updated Lagrangian reference frame is used in this work. Using the proposed method, a reliable value of the permeability of soil is obtained conveniently without the use of the pore pressure dissipation tests. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fast voltammetric sensors for the measurement of soil water activity

Small inexpensive soil water sensors and the necessary electronics package for fast voltammetry (l04 V/s scan rate) are described. The sensor consists of a blunt ended hypodermic needle cathode containing a concentric PTFE insulating tube and therein, a Pt-wire anode. The sensing film is formed by dip-coating a 1:7 blend of a perfluorosulfonate and a polyestersulfonate polymer at the tip of the needle. Atop this sensing film is a composite protective film of cellulose acetate and nylon that inhibits the passage of ionic or low MW constituents and allows the transport of water. The sensor is sheathed in a PTFE tube that protrudes beyond the sensor tip and the protrusion gap is filled with a paste of talc and BaSO4 which serves as a water conduit between the soil and the sensor proper. The sensor is capable of making reliable moisture measurements between the wilting point and the field capacity of the soil sample; the response behavior consists of the combination of two nearly linear segments, the sensor output increasing steeply between the wilting point and ca. 60% of the field capacity and then much more gradually to the field capacity. The sensors have been field tested. No effect on sensor performance is observed even after burial under soil for several months.
Exposure to solar radiation increases damage to both host tissues and algal symbionts of corals during thermal stress

Elevated seawater temperatures have long been accepted as the principal stressor causing the loss of symbiotic algae in corals and other invertebrates with algal symbionts (i.e., “bleaching”). A secondary factor associated with coral bleaching is solar irradiance, both its visible (PAR: 400–700 nm) and ultraviolet (UVR: 290–400 nm) portions of the spectrum. Here we examined the synergistic role of solar radiation on thermally induced stress and subsequent bleaching in a common Caribbean coral, Montastraea faveolata. Active fluorescent measurements show that steady-state quantum yields of photosystem II (PSII) fluorescence in the zooxanthellae are markedly depressed when exposed to high solar radiation and elevated temperatures, and the concentration of D1 protein is significantly lower in high light when compared to low light treatments under the same thermal stress. Both photosynthetic pigments and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are also depressed after experimental exposure to high solar radiation and thermal stress. Host DNA damage is exacerbated under high light conditions and is correlated with the expression of the cell cycle gene p 53, a cellular gatekeeper that modulates the fate of damaged cells between DNA repair processes and apoptotic pathways. These markers of cellular stress in the host and zooxanthellae have in common their response to the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species during exposure to high irradiances of solar radiation and elevated temperatures. Taking these results and previously published data into consideration, we conclude that thermal stress during exposure to high irradiances of solar radiation, or irradiances higher than the current photoacclimatization state, causes damage to both photochemistry and carbon fixation at the same time in zooxanthellae, while DNA damage, apoptosis, or necrosis are occurring in the host tissues of symbiotic cnidarians.