cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Power Management Unit With 40 dB Switching-Noise-Suppression for a Thermal Harvesting Array

A high efficiency, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) power management unit (PMU), with 3.6 ${\mmb\mu}{\bf W}$ quiescent power, aimed at a thermoelectric generator (TEG) array is presented. The proposed energy harvesting PMU is made up of a boost converter with a cascaded capacitor-less low drop-out (CL-LDO) voltage regulator. The segmented approach allows the PMU to match the TEG array's changing dynamic series resistance via the boost converter and simultaneously provide voltage regulation with adaptive, high switching noise rejection via the CL-LDO. The boost converter's switching frequency $({f}_{{sw}})$ is tracked via a Sense-and-Control loop which modifies the CL-LDO's power supply rejection (PSR) characteristics to place a notch in the PSR transfer function around the average ${f}_{{sw}}$ . Experimental results show an overall system efficiency better than 57% @ 1.6 V output voltage, PSR of 40 dB at ${ f}_{{sw}}$ , and a notch-tuning range of 15–65 kHz. The total active area is 0.93 ${mm}^{2}$ in 0.5 ${\mu}{m}$ CMOS.
Impact of Operational Planning on Small Business Retail Performance

This study examined operational planning activities (inventory, marketing, financial, and personnel) of successful (n=92) and failed (n= 91) small business apparel and accessory retailers. Results suggest that inventory, marketing, and financial planning activities significantly differed between groups with successful retailers being more likely than failed retailers to engage in such functions. No differences were found between groups in personnel planning. Study implications are discussed for small business practitioners and academic researchers.
Myocardial ATP hydrolysis rates in vivo: a porcine model of pressure overload-induced hypertrophy.

This is the first report to monitor the in vivo ATP hydrolysis rate in hypertrophied hearts induced by pressure overload. The study identified a transient left ventricular failure in the acute phas...
An Empirical Comparison of Progressive and Wavelet Radiosity

This paper presents a comparison of basic progressive and wavelet radiosity algorithms. Several variants of each algorithm were run on a set of scenes at several parameter settings, and results were examined in terms of their error, speed, and memory consumption. We did not compare more advanced variations such as clustering or discontinuity meshing. Our results show that progressive radiosity with substructuring works fairly well for all scenes. Among wavelet methods, the Haar basis works best, while higher order methods suffer because of extreme memory consumption and because poor visibility handling causes discontinuous, blocky shadows.
Transportation Impacts of Fracking in the Eagle Ford Shale Development in Rural South Texas: Perceptions of Local Government Officials

This paper explores the impacts on transportation infrastructure and transportation-related issues associated with the gas and oil boom in the Eagle Ford Shale region in rural south Texas. It begins with a general explanation of fracking and its general impacts along with specifics of the Eagle Ford Shale region. Drawing on data gathered both from crash trends and two surveys administered to public officials in the Eagle Ford Shale region, we present a description of the impacts of fracking on cities and counties. Crash trends between 2009-2013 overall show a 26 percent increase. Fatalities and severe injuries also increased by 49 percent. The survey results show that counties and cities are experiencing significant challenges in meeting increased demands placed on their transportation system by fracking including increased traffic and congestion, deteriorating roads, and increased cost of maintenance. Keywords: fracking, transportation policy, energy resources, rural traffic, oil ----------------------------------------------------- Cet article examine les effets sur les infrastructures de transport et les problemes lies au transport suite au boom economique de l'industrie du petrole et du gaz, dans la region de Eagle Ford Shale, dans le sud rural du Texas. Il debute avec une explication generale de la fracturation, de ses impacts globaux et specifiques a la region de Eagle Ford Shale. En utilisant les donnees recueillies des tendances d'accidents et de deux enquetes administrees a des fonctionnaires dans la region de Eagle Ford Shale, nous presentons une description des impacts de la fracturation sur les villes et les comtes. Les tendances des accidents montrent globalement une hausse de 26%, entre 2009 et 2013. Les fatalites et les blessures graves ont aussi augmente de 49%. Les resultats de l'enquete montre que les comtes et les villes experimentent des defis significatifs face aux demandes croissantes faites dans leurs reseaux de transport par la fracturation, incluant le trafic et la congestion accrus, la deterioration des routes et l'augmentation des couts de maintenance.
Possible Behavioral Avoidance of UV-B Radiation and Sunlight in Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) Tadpoles

Little is known of the ability of amphibian larvae to behaviorally avoid exposure to UV radiation. We examined whether wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles avoid UV-B radiation and, more generally, sunlight. We found that wood frog tadpoles were located more often under a UV-B blocking filter (only after 60 min) or under shade than would be expected if their behavior was random. Our observations suggest that wood frog tadpoles may minimize exposure to UV-B, either by directly avoiding UV-B or coincidentally by choosing shade.
Offsetting Performance Losses Due to Cheating in Unproctored Internet-based Testing by Increasing the Applicant Pool

A concern about unproctored Internet-based testing (UIT) without follow-up verification is that because applicants are able to cheat when completing tests, test validity decreases to an unknown extent. However, this view ignores a potential advantage to UIT: Should UIT increase applicant pool size,an organization with a fixed goal in terms of the number of candidates to advance to the next stage of the hiring process can increase the cutoff score and thus be more selective. In this study, a simulation was conducted to determine if this advantage outweighs the cheating disadvantage in the prediction of job performance.When the applicant pool is increased substantially through UIT, job performance outcomes are often higher even when many applicants increase their test scores through cheating.
mTORC1 controls the adaptive transition of quiescent stem cells from G0 to GAlert

A mouse study reveals that the stem cell quiescent state is composed of two distinct phases, G0 and GAlert; stem cells reversibly transition between these two phases in response to systemic environmental stimuli acting through the mTORC1 pathway. This paper demonstrates that the in vivo stem-cell quiescent state is composed of distinct phases, much like the phases of the cell cycle. Thomas Rando and colleagues studied stem-cell quiescence in muscle stem cells in vivo and identified a quiescent phase that they call GAlert, which is distinct from the familiar G0 state and is stable, reversible and regulated by environmental stimuli through mTORC1. The authors propose that the transition of quiescent stem cells into GAlert functions as an 'alerting' mechanism by which stem cells can rapidly respond to injury and stress without requiring cell cycle entry or a cell fate commitment. A unique property of many adult stem cells is their ability to exist in a non-cycling, quiescent state1. Although quiescence serves an essential role in preserving stem cell function until the stem cell is needed in tissue homeostasis or repair, defects in quiescence can lead to an impairment in tissue function2. The extent to which stem cells can regulate quiescence is unknown. Here we show that the stem cell quiescent state is composed of two distinct functional phases, G0 and an ‘alert’ phase we term GAlert. Stem cells actively and reversibly transition between these phases in response to injury-induced systemic signals. Using genetic mouse models specific to muscle stem cells (or satellite cells), we show that mTORC1 activity is necessary and sufficient for the transition of satellite cells from G0 into GAlert and that signalling through the HGF receptor cMet is also necessary. We also identify G0-to-GAlert transitions in several populations of quiescent stem cells. Quiescent stem cells that transition into GAlert possess enhanced tissue regenerative function. We propose that the transition of quiescent stem cells into GAlert functions as an ‘alerting’ mechanism, an adaptive response that positions stem cells to respond rapidly under conditions of injury and stress, priming them for cell cycle entry.
Spectroscopic study and molecular structure of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine-monoborane

Abstract The i.r. (33–4000 cm −1 ), Raman (0–3100 cm −1 ), 1 H NMR and mass spectra of 1,1-dimethyl-hydrazine-monoborane have been recorded. The data have been interpreted in detail and it is concluded that the borane group is attached to the nitrogen containing the two hydrogen atoms. A relatively complete vibrational assignment is presented.
The Closed Claims Study.

There is a great need to define serious morbidity and mortality attributable to anesthesia, including their incidences and etiologies
Metabolism, thermal conductance, and body temperature in one of the largest species of Peromyscus, P. Pirrensis

Abstract 1. 1.|Body temperature ranged from 36·9 to 38·6°C in quiet animal at ambient temperatures between 5 and 35°C. At lower and higher test temperatures, some animals displayed lower and higher body temperatures, respectively. 2. 2.|Basal metabolic rates of six animals ranged from 0·81 to 0·98 ml O 2 /g,hr. These values are 7–19% lower than those predicted from the Brody equation according to body weight. 3. 3.|Average thermal conductance in seven animals at ambient temperatures below 22°C ranged from 0·078 to 0·094 ml O 2 /g,hr,°C. These values are close to those expected according to body weight.
O(3PJ) formation and desorption by 157-nm photoirradiation of amorphous solid water.

Photodissociation of amorphous solid water (ASW) deposited on a thinly oxidized copper substrate at 82 K was studied by measuring O(3PJ=2,1,0) photoproducts detected with resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. For each spin-orbit state, the oxygen atom time-of-flight spectrum was measured as a function of H2O exposure, which is related to ice thickness, and 157-nm irradiation time. Four Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions with translational temperatures of 10 000 K, 1800 K, 400 K, and 82 K were found to fit the data. The most likely formation mechanisms are molecular elimination following ionization of water and ion-electron recombination, secondary recombination of hydroxyl radicals, and photodissociation of adsorbed hydroxyl radicals. Evidence for O-atom diffusion through bulk ASW was found for H2O exposures of at least 5 Langmuir (1 L = 10−6 Torr s). The cross sections for O(3P2) depletion were 1.3 × 10−19 and 6.5 × 10−20 cm2 for 1 and 5 L, respectively.
Contour Generation Using Fourier Transform Filters

The last decade has seen an increasing inter-est in developing alternatives to manual stereocompilation. These new methods have ranged from electronic cross-correlation to optical cross-correlation and match filtering (Ref. 1-3). This paper discusses a technique of generating a complete set of contours using a relatively simple optical apparatus. Over-lapping stereophotographs are coherently summed using a Mach-Zehnder Interferometer. For vertical photography the y-parallax can be removed by proper orientation of the film plates and the only remaining x-parallax is due to terrain elevation differences. This parallax will result in a grating-like structure that can be bandpass filtered in the Fourier Transform plane to pass some given grating spacing and the corresponding parallax. The filtered image will contain a constant parallax contour, which for vertical photography is a constant height contour. Since the grating-like structure is not sinudoidal, higher order frequencies will be present and harmonic frequencies corresponding to multiples of the parallax associated with the filter frequency will also be present and produce additional contour fringes at a reduced modulation in the image.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of Videotape Feedback Techniques on Performance, Verbalization, and Attitude of Beginning Conductors

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of two videotape feedback techniques on improvement in conducting skills of beginning conductors. One videotape feedback technique consisted of sessions spent with an experienced conducting instructor; the other technique used sessions in which each student independently viewed videotapes with behavioral observation forms and checklists. Pre- and posttests consisted of four-measure examples in 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, and 6/8 conducted by each student and videotaped for subsequent analysis. In addition to the two experimental groups, two control groups were employed. One control group was both pre- and posttested, and the other was posttested only. Judges rated each student's pre- and posttest conducting examples (N= 336) on accuracy of beat pattern, cueing, preparatory beats, cutoffs, tempo, style, dynamics, eye contact, and frequency of mannerisms. Two other dependent measures were used-an instructional rating survey to determine student attitude and a verbal co...
Emergency Medical Technician/Paramedic's Role in Prehospital Drug Delivery

Objective: To describe the role of the medical technician/paramedic and review 2 types of drug storage: the emergency department and prehospital emergency medical services (EMS). Data Sources: Information was obtained from personal experience, personal communication with hospitals, prehospital healthcare providers, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacists. Searches of the Internet were conducted for sites reviewing traditional drug storage systems, as well as those utilized specifically for prehospital EMS. Key words used were advanced cardiac life support, crash cart, drug security, drug storage, emergency department, and emergency medical services. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles identified from the data sources were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included for this review. Data Synthesis: Emergency departments traditionally utilize crash carts for their ease of maneuverability over tiled floors and massive storage capabilities. Prehospital EMS are unable to use crash carts for drug storage and transport. Smaller, more compact types of securable and transportable drug storage units are required for prehospital EMS. Conclusions: The concept of bringing the emergency department to the injured is still a relatively young science. With time and experience come innovations that tailor themselves to the needed specialties. The drug box used by the emergency medical technicians/paramedics bridges that gap between the emergency department and the street.
Preparation and Characterization of Immobilized β-Lactamase for Destruction of Penicillin in Milk

Abstract β -Lactamase I ( Bacillus cereus ) was covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated, crosslinked agarose. An initial 5.00mg of soluble β -lactamase were used in the immobilization reaction for each preparation, and average coupling yield was 80.5%. Of the enzyme immobilized on the matrix, an average 53.4% remained active. To minimize diffusional effects on immobilized enzyme activity, reaction mixtures were rotated at 250rpm throughout the study. The shape of the pH activity curve of the immobilized enzyme was identical to that of the soluble enzyme; both exhibited optimum pH around 7.0. In general, only 2-fold differences in Michaelis constant and maximum volume were observed between native and immobilized enzyme when penicillin G was used as the substrate. However, the Michaelis constant of the immobilized enzyme increased up to 22-fold that of the native enzyme when cephaloridine was used as the substrate. The immobilized enzyme exhibited enhanced stability in the acidic pH region in contrast to the native enzyme, which had superior stability in the alkaline pH region. The heat stability of the immobilized enzyme was about twice that of native enzyme after heat treatment at 60°C for 30min. Approximately a 10% increase of storage stability on immobilization of β-lactamase was observed when stored at room temperature (23±1°C) for up to 6 d in the absence of antimicrobial agents. Little loss of activity (
Virtual machines - an idea whose time has returned: application to network, security, and database courses

Virtual machines provide a secure environment within which students may install, configure, and experiment with operating system, network, and database software. This paper describes experiences teaching three advanced courses in system and network administration, information security and assurance, and database administration using VMware workstation in a shared student laboratory. The paper describes benefits and challenges in course and lab configuration, security, and administration.
NEAR-FIELD APPROXIMATION FOR STRONG GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS.

The essential features of the near-field approximation for strong gravitational fields are elucidated by developing the approximation (i) in first order for quasistatic systems; (ii) to arbitrary order for nonrotating systems with axial symmetry; and (iii) by sketching the approximation for rotating, axially symmetric systems. The restrictions, placed by Einstein's equations, on the time dependence of the "multipole moments" of a system which is isolated from other bodies of empty space are exhibited. These restrictions are statements of the global conservation of energy and linear momentum. In Newtonian theory they would state that, for an isolated system, $(\frac{d}{\mathrm{dt}}){A}_{0}=0$ and $(\frac{{d}^{2}}{d{t}^{2}}){\mathbf{A}}_{1}=0$ where ${A}_{0}$, ${\mathbf{A}}_{1}$ are multipole moments. The principal assumption made in this paper is simply that a near-field zone exists for the systems which we consider (i.e., $\frac{L}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}l1$). We do not, in any sense, assume that the gravitational fields are weak. The contracted Bianchi identity ${{{G}_{0}}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{;\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\equiv}0$ plays a crucial role in the analysis since it implies, for a quasistationary system, that if the empty-space field equations ${G}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}=0$ are obeyed in order $n$, then ${[{(\ensuremath{-}g)}^{\frac{1}{2}}{{G}_{0}}^{i}]}_{,i}=0$ is obeyed in order $n+1$. This in turn implies the existence of a vanishing surface integral which restricts the time dependence of the quasistationary field in each order. It is shown that there are close similarities between strong gravitational fields and electromagnetic fields in the near-field approximation. For example, just as the first effect of a quasistatic electromagnetic field is to induce a magnetic field, so the first effect of a quasistatic gravitational field is to induce a magneticlike field, whose potentials are ${g}_{0i}$.
Gender Inequality in Undergraduate Business Schools: The Glass Door Effects

This study examined female underrepresentation in business schools among undergraduate students and faculty in a sample of universities in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education and compares the findings to other public universities in Pennsylvania. We found that during the 1995–2008 period, when compared with other academic disciplines, female student representation in business programs was lower than in other colleges and actually had declined over time. Similarly, female business faculty representation was lower than the average female representation at their respective universities. The majority of previous studies examined the “glass ceiling effect” to describe the impediments that women face in their quest for executive positions in the business world. This study attempted to shed light on possible obstacles that women face at the entry to the business world and discusses challenges to recruiting and retaining female students and faculty in business programs. The implications of these fin...
Tissue engineering for treatment of vocal fold scar.

Purpose of review Creating a neovocal fold or lamina propria by tissue engineering is a potential scheme for treating severe vocal fold scar. Although still investigational, multiple approaches have recently been described in tissue culture or animal models. Recent findings Proposed cell types for vocal fold application have been native vocal fold fibroblasts, autologous fibroblasts from nonlaryngeal tissues, and adult-derived stem cells. Scaffolds of interest include decellularized matrix, biological polymers, and synthetic or chemically modified biopolymers. Chemical, mechanical, and spatial signals have been applied, such as hepatocyte growth factor, cyclic stretch, and air interface. Cells, matrix, and signals are combined in an effort to replicate normal vocal fold tissue as closely as possible. Each of these components of vocal fold tissue engineering is discussed here. Summary Multiple tissue engineering approaches hold promise for reproducing functional vocal fold tissue. Scar prevention techniques have been the most successful. Modifying existing scar is more difficult and may necessitate complete scar excision and replacement with a three-dimensional neotissue. Functional assessment in vivo is essential to the ongoing evaluation of techniques.
The Cornell Caltech atacama telescope (CCAT)

The CCAT will be a 25 m telescope for submillimeter astronomy located at 5600 m altitude in northern Chile. An international consortium has formed to carry out the project. CCAT will combine high sensitivity, a wide field of view (20acute ), and a broad wavelength range (2 mm-200 mum) to provide an unprecedented capability for deep, large area multi-color submillimeter surveys that complement narrow field, high resolution studies with ALMA. Science objectives include galaxy formation and evolution, star formation, protoplanetary and debris disks, and Kuiper belt objects. Instrumentation will include bolometer cameras, direct detection spectrometers, and heterodyne receiver arrays.
The distribution of osmiophilic lamellae within the alveolar and bronchiolar walls of the mammalian lungs as revealed by osmium‐ethanol treatment

Osmiophilia of the cellular elements of the alveoli and bronchioles was investigated using the new technique of second osmication with a solution containing a mixture of osmium tetroxide and ethanol. Previously this method was used to reveal osmiophilic periodic lamellae of synthetic dipalmitoyl lecithin and the surface film of the acellular alveolar lining layer of the mammalian lung in thin sections. In the present experiments, much of the osmiophilic content of inclusions in type II epithelial cells became visible only after second osmication with osmium-ethanol but was not visible with the initial osmium tetroxide fixation. The osmiophilic content of the inclusions showed 42 A periodicity. These results are in accord with those obtained in the study of dipalmitoyl lecithin and the surface film, suggesting that the inclusions are the precursors of the pulmonary surfactant. Several new observations were made with this technique. These include osmiophilic lamellae within Golgi saccules, within the multivesicular bodies of type II cells, in the vesicles of type I epithelial cells, and in the basement membranes of epithelial cells. These observations are consistent with the idea that the Golgi apparatus and multivesicular bodies are closely related to the production of surfactant and that the surfactant may be disposed of by type I epithelial cells after engulfment by pinocytosis. Thereafter, the surfactant may eventually be cleared through the lymphatics. Clara cell granules behaved differently and were thought to be an unlikely site for the synthesis of the pulmonary surfactant.
Is philosophy off limits

An engineering educator emphasizes the urgent need for philosophical perspectives for the long-range planning of our engineering and scientific futures — and for the preservation of Western civilization
PRELIMINARY STUDY OF FRICTION BETWEEN ICE AND SLED RUNNERS

The effects of runner material and surface conditions on the friction between runners and ice were studied by measuring the velocity of a free-sliding sled. Smooth runners showed lower friction at around -1°C than around -10°C as expected, but the friction of rough runners showed little temperature dependence.
A new developing solvent for paper chromatography of various phenolic compounds, sugars and amino acids.

Abstract A new developing solvent for paper chromatography is described, which is capable of separating the 3-arabinosides and 3-galactosides of cyanidin and peonidin. It is the upper phase of 1-butanol-benzene-formic acid-water (100:19:10:25). The solvent is also applicable to many other classes of compounds and gives excellent separations of sugars in particular. RF or RG values are given for a number of anthocyanins, anthoxanthines, simple phenols, sugars, phenolic and amino acids.
Otherworldly conversations; terran topics; local terms

(1992). Otherworldly conversations; terran topics; local terms. Science as Culture: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 64-98.
The unloading in symmetric longitudinal impact of two elastic-plastic bars

Abstract A numerical method is given to describe the unloading process occurring when two identical elastic-plastic bars of finite length collide longitudinally. The problem is solved for various impact velocities and two variants of a nonlinear stress-strain relation, while a perfectly elastic behaviour is assumed for unloading. The solutions obtained are represented in a number of diagrams showing the variation in time or along the bar of the required functions. Emphasis is mainly placed on various aspects of the unloading process which start from the free ends of the bars. The theoretical results are shown to agree quite closely with experimental data.
Development of bubble chambers with enhanced stability and sensitivity to low-energy nuclear recoils

The viability of using a Bubble Chamber for rare event searches and in particular for the detection of dark matter particle candidates is considered. Techniques leading to the deactivation of inhomogeneous nucleation centers and subsequent enhanced stability in such a detector are described. Results from prototype trials indicate that sensitivity to low-energy nuclear recoils like those expected from Weakly Interacting Massive Particles can be obtained in conditions of near total insensitivity to minimum ionizing backgrounds. An understanding of the response of superheated heavy refrigerants to these recoils is demonstrated within the context of existing theoretical models. We comment on the prospects for the detection of supersymmetric dark matter particles with a large CF{sub 3}I chamber.
On the communication of chirality from furanose and pyranose rings to monosaccharide side chains: anomalous results in the glucose series

Abstract The reactions of allyltrimethylsilane with dialdose derivatives occur, under catalysis by boron trifluoride etherale or titanium tetrachloride, with high stercosclectivity, thereby providing simple routes to the corresponding allyl carbinols. The sense of this Sakurai reaction is very dependent on the nature of the Lewis acid. The same aldehydes react with β-trimethylsilylethylidenetriphenylphosphorane to afford 3-trimethylsilylprop-1-ene-1-yl-furanosides and pyranosides. Reactions of these compounds with osmium tetroxide, followed by elimination of trimcthylsilanol, afford the corresponding vinyl carbinols.
Medullary thyroid cancer in the past, present and future: from bench to bedside

The diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) has changed considerably over the past 40 years, although survival has not improved over the past three decades. From the first clinical descriptions of MTC and the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes to the identification of the RET proto-oncogene, the concept of prophylactic thyroidectomy has become a reality for some families. The surgery is usually performed by high-volume surgeons in specialized centers with results that rarely leave patients with complications but with maximum survival benefit. For patients with unresectable or metastatic disease, many new targeted agents have been developed, some of which have shown great promise and are close to being approved for a disease which hitherto has had no systemic treatment options. This article highlights the important advances in the diagnosis and management of MTC.
Ambient aerosol sampling: Problems, goals and wind tunnel test results of hi-volume samplers

Abstract The area of ambient air sampling and its inherent problems and current goals are discussed in general. In particular, recently completed tests of the collection effectiveness of the Rocky Flats Hi-Volume Sampler are compared to previously completed tests of the Standard EPA Hi-Volume Sampler for a variety of field realistic conditions. Collection effectiveness is defined as the ratio of the aerosol collected on the collection substrates of the sampler to that collected by an isokinetic sampling system. The collection effectiveness of the Standard EPA Hi-Volume Sampler was determined as a function of particle size (5–50 μm) and sampler orientation (0° and 45°) at a base condition wind speed of 4.6 m/s and 8% relative turbulence intensity. The results indicated a strong effect of orientation on collection effectiveness at a sampling rate of 1416 l/min. Wind speed over the range of 1.5–4.6 m/s does not greatly influence the collection effectiveness of 15 μm particles. Free stream turbulence levels of 1 and 8% relative intensity has no effect upon collection characteristics. The collection effectiveness of the Rocky Flats Hi-Volume Sampler was determined as a function of particle size (1–34 μm), wind speed (1.52–12.19 m/s) and sampler orientation to the mean flow (0°, 45°, 180°). The results show the sampler, with an inlet flow rate of 880 l/min, has an inlet effectiveness that was a slight function of orientation angle for particles 1–10 μm with a larger effect seen for 20–34 μm; a strong effect of velocity was seen up to 5 m/s where a further increase showed only a slight decrease in effectiveness. The Microsorban-98 filter that is presently used in the Rocky Flats Sampler was tested for efficiency over the size range of particles from 0.01–1 μm and with three different face velocities using the sampler flow rates of 600, 800 and 1 000 l/min corresponding to pressure drops of 20–24 in. of water (3.74–4.49 cm HaG). The filter paper, which was of the fiber type, was found to be 99.9% efficient over the range of particle sizes and pressure drops tested.
The effects of pentachloronitrobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, and related compounds on fetal development.

Abstract Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) containing a number of contaminants produced renal agenesis and cleft palate in C57B1 6 mice, cleft palate in CD-1 mice, but was not teratogenic in CD rats. The major contaminant was hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which produced cleft palates and some kidney malformations in CD-1 mice. Purified PCNB ( C57B1 6 mice. The tissue distribution of HCB and pentachlorobenzene was studied in pregnant CD-1 mice. Neither PCNB nor pentachlorobenzene accumulated in tissues. This was in contrast to HCB which accumulated in various tissues such as fat, urinary bladder, skin, and thymus.
The analysis and disposition of imipramine and its active metabolites in man.

Single oral and intramuscular (i.m.) doses of imipramine (IMI) were administered to four normal males. Serum and urine concentrations of IMI, desipramine (DMI) and their unconjugated 2-hydroxy metabolites were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Urinary conjugated 2-hydroxy metabolites were also measured after enzyme hydrolysis. Computer analysis of serum concentration and urinary excretion rate data allowed confirmation of drug and metabolite kinetics, and calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The rapid appearance of the metabolites in serum indicates that sequential firstpass metabolism of IMI involves both hydroxylation and demethylation. However, the dose-normalized areas under the serum concentration-time curves indicate that the fractions of the doses converted to metabolites were similar after both routes of IMI administration. Similar total fractions of the i.m. and oral doses recovered in urine indicate complete absorption of the oral doses. Inclusion of the metabolites increased the apparent availability of active components after oral IMI from 22%–50% to 45%–94%. Both the 2-hydroxy metabolites exhibited formation rate-limited kinetics, whereas DMI kinetics were elimination rate-limited. The t1/2 of IMI and 2-hydroxyimipramine (2-OH-IMI) was 6–18 h, while that of DMI and 2-hydroxydesipramine (2-OH-DMI) was 12–36 h. The t1/2 of these compounds was 1.5–2 times longer after the i.m. doses. The metabolite/parent ratios and the disposition of the individual metabolites confirm findings that chronic dosing results in only limited accumulation of hydroxy metabolites.
Thermodynamic properties of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (R141b)

Abstract Defibaugh D.R., Goodwin A.R.H., Morrison G. and Weber L.A., 1993. Thermodynamic properties of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (R141b). Fluid Phase Equilibria 85: 271-284. Thermodynamic properties of 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (R141b) were measured using a vibrating-tube densimeter and two different ebulliometric techniques. The densimeter was used to measure compressed liquid densities, and the ebulliometers were used to study the vapor pressure. Measurements of the density were made between 278 and 369 K and between 100 and 6000 kPa. The vapor pressure was measured from 253 to 355 K at pressures from 10 to 449 kPa. Both the compressed liquid and the vapor pressure results are compared with other published data. Our results for the vapor pressure have been combined with results already published to obtain a correlation for the vapor pressure from 253 K to the critical point.
Perceptual equivalence of two kinds of ambiguous speech stimuli

Stimuli from two synthetic /da/-/ga/ continua were presented in a speeded labeling task. One continuum was generated by parameter interpolation; the other was generated by adding the waveforms of the endpoint stimuli in varying proportions. Both continua showed an increase in latencies at the category boundary, suggesting that the two procedures yield equally ambiguous stimuli.
Flight experiments and evolutionary development of a laser-propelled transatmospheric vehicle

In a series of spectacular experiments conducted at the High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility (HELSTF), White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), NM, using 13- to 15-cm diameter, 40- to 60-g vehicles designed to fly on the 10 kW PLVTS pulsed carbon dioxide laser (1 kJ pulses for 30 microsecond duration at 10 Hz), Prof. Leik Myrabo of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) and Dr. Franklin Mead of the Air Force Research Laboratory's (AFRL) Propulsion Directorate, have been successfully flying laser propelled Lightcraft under a joint Air Force/NASA flight demonstration program. The axisymmetric Lightcraft vehicles are propelled by airbreathing, pulsed- detonation engines with an infinite fuel specific impulse. Impulse coupling coefficients have been measured with ballistic pendulums as well as a piezoelectric load cell and fall in the range of 100 to 200 N/MW. Horizontal wire-guided flights up to 400 ft, using a unique laser beam pointing and tracking guidance system, have demonstrated up to 2.0 G's acceleration measured by a photo-optic array. Spin-stabilized free-flights with active tracking/beam control have been accomplished to altitudes of 15.25 meters. This paper will summarize the progress made to date on the Lightcraft Technology Demonstration flight test program, since the first 12 - 14 July 1996, experiments at HELSTF.
A Three Equation Curvature and Rotation Sensitive Variant of the SST K-Omega Turbulence Model

To date, eddy viscosity models are the most accepted and widely used RANS-based turbulence closures, attributable to their computational efficiency and relative robustness. One notable shortcoming of these models is their insensitivity to system rotation and streamline curvature. In this article, we present a variation of the SST k-ω model properly sensitized to system rotation and streamline curvature. The new model is based on a direct simplification of the Reynolds Stress Model under weak equilibrium conditions. To enhance stability and include history effects, an additional transport equation for a transverse turbulent velocity scale is added to the model. The new transport equation incorporates the physical effect of curvature and rotation on the turbulence structure. The eddy viscosity is then redefined based on the new turbulent velocity scale. The model is calibrated based on rotating homogeneous shear flow and implemented for a number of test cases including rotating channel, U-duct, and hump model flow. Compared to popular two equation models, the new model shows improved performance in system rotation and/or streamline curvature dominated flows.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Spectroscopic diagnostics of T Tauri inner winds

The role of the star-disk interaction region in launching the high velocity component of accretion-driven outflows is examined. Spectroscopic indicators of high velocity inner winds have been recognized in T Tauri stars for decades, but identifying the wind launch site and the accompanying mass loss rates has remained elusive. A promising new diagnostic is He I λ10830, whose metastable lower level results in a powerful probe of the geometry of the outflowing gas in the interaction region. This, together with other atomic and molecular spectral diagnostics covering a wide range of excitation and ionization states, suggests that more than one launch site of the innermost wind is operational in most accreting stars.
Electrochemical processing of metallic nanowire arrays and nanocomposites

Electrochemical methods for surface modification and materials processing play an important role in many modern technologies. Electrochemical fabrication techniques are becoming increasingly attractive for the deposition of new materials and novel microstructures. We report on property enhancements observed for electrochemically deposited Co and Ni nanowire arrays and Ni/Al2O3 nanocomposite films.
Magnetic resonance susceptibility based perfusion imaging of tumors using iron oxide nanoparticles.

Abundant preclinical and preliminary clinical data have convincingly supported antiangiogenic therapy as an effective strategy for the inhibition of tumor growth. This has led to an acute need for developing biological markers (biomarkers) of vascular remodeling that can be monitored in vivo, at repeated intervals in large numbers of patients with a variety of tumors in a noninvasive manner. Recently, magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging with iron oxide nanoparticles has demonstrated the potential to be such a surrogate endpoint, that is, a biomarker intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint and predictive of clinical benefit. Consequently, both US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) have major initiatives underway to improve the development of cancer therapies and the outcomes for cancer patients via biomarker development and evaluation. The biophysical principles, physiological relevance and range of imaging techniques underlying the success of susceptibility based contrast MR perfusion imaging with iron oxide nanoparticles as such a biomarker, are the subject of this review. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
The sodium-calcium relationship in mammalian myocardium: effect of sodium deficient perfusion on calcium fluxes.

Calcium exchange in the isolated, arterially-perfused interventricular septum of the rabbit was studied under conditions of varying levels of sodium deficient perfusion. Reduction of [Na] o was associated with a net gain in tissue Ca. With reduction of [Na] o to 36, 12 and 0 m m the net gain in Ca was respectively, 0.896±0.116 ( s.e.m. ), 1.240±0.057 and 1.546±0.036 mmol kg −1 dry tissue wt. 45 Ca washout experiments revealed that Ca efflux was unaltered during perfusion with 36 m m [Na] o . When [Na] o was reduced to 12 m m a slight depression of Ca efflux was observed and at 0 m m [Na] o there was clear evidence of substantial inhibition of Ca efflux. Studies in heart cell culture confirmed the inhibition of Ca efflux during zero [Na] o perfusion. In these experiments the rate of Ca efflux was depressed by an average 27.8% when [Na] o was reduced to zero. Although the results support the existence, in cardiac muscle, of a component of Ca efflux which is dependent on external Na they also indicate that this mechanism is essentially fully saturated at relatively low [Na] o ( m ). Ca influx, however, appears to be considerably more sensitive to reduction of [Na] o This supports the concept that, in cardiac muscle, alterations in the [Na] 1 /[Na] o ratio modify contractile force through a primary effect on Ca influx.
Synthesis of two position isomers of leukotriene C having the S-peptide at C(12)

Abstract Two positional isomers of leukotriene C(1) (4a,4b), previously considered as possibly being members of the family of slow reacting substances, have been synthesized and found to be biologically inactive.
Thyroid thermogenesis: minimal contribution of energy requirement for protein synthesis.

Abstract Cycloheximide (5.0 μg/ml) had no significant effect on respiration of liver slices prepared from euthyroid rats (i.e., QO2 of 15.5 ± 0.8 vs. 14.9 ± 0.8 μl/mg protein) despite an 83.8 ± 2.1% inhibition of protein synthesis as judged by [3H]leucine incorporation into the trichloroacetic acid precipitable fraction. Injection of triiodothyronine increased the QO2 of rat liver slices to 22.6 ± 1.1 μl/h/mg protein. The QO2 of hyperthyroid slices remained high in the presence of cycloheximide although protein synthesis was inhibited by 84.4 ± 2.0%. These results imply that the energy requirement for protein synthesis contributes little to QO2 of euthyroid liver and does not account for a significant fraction of the increase in hepatic QO2 obtained in the transition from the euthyroid to the hyperthyroid state.
N2O3 enhances the nitrosative potential of IFNγ-primed macrophages in response to Salmonella

Abstract We show here that the nitric oxide (NO)-detoxifying Hmp flavohemoprotein increases by 3-fold the transcription of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) in macrophages expressing a functional inducible NO synthase (iNOS). However, Hmp does not prevent NO-related repression of SPI2 transcription in IFN γ -primed phagocytes, despite preserving intracellular transcription of sdhA sdhB subunits of Salmonella succinate dehydrogenase within both control and IFN γ -primed phagocytes. To shed light into the seemingly paradoxical role that Hmp plays in protecting intracellular SPI2 expression in various populations of macrophages, N 2 O 3 was quantified as an indicator of the nitrosative potential of Salmonella -infected phagocytes in different states of activation. Hmp was found to prevent the formation of 300 nM N 2 O 3 /h/bacteria in IFN γ -primed macrophages, accounting for about a 60% reduction of the nitrosative power of activated phagocytes. Utilization of the vacuolar ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin indicates that a fourth of the ∼200 nM N 2 O 3 /h sustained by IFN γ -primed macrophages is generated in endosomal compartments via condensation of HNO 2 . In sharp contrast, control macrophages infected with wild-type Salmonella produce as little N 2 O 3 as iNOS-deficient controls. Collectively, these findings indicate that the NO-metabolizing activity of Salmonella Hmp is functional in both control and IFN γ -primed macrophages. Nonetheless, a substantial amount of the NO generated by IFN γ -primed macrophages gives rise to N 2 O 3 , a species that not only enhances the nitrosative potential of activated phagocytes but also avoids detoxification by Salmonella Hmp.
Glycine reduction to acetate and ammonia: Identification of ferredoxin and another low molecular weight acidic protein as components of the reductase system

Abstract Protein A, one of the catalytic components of the glycine reductase system of Clostridium sticklandii and related amino acid-fermenting clostridia, was partially purified and characterized as an acidic low molecular weight protein apparently possessing one or more sulfhydryl groups essential for activity. Certain crude extracts unable to reduce glycine unless supplemented with protein A can be shown to require this protein irrespective of the electron donor system employed, i.e., with reduced methyl viologen, a DPNH-generating system or with dimercaptans such as 1,4-dimercaptothreitol. In contrast, ferredoxin and another unidentified factor(s) also removed by treatment of extracts with DEAE-cellulose are required for glycine reduction in the DPNH-linked system but are bypassed when dimercaptans serve as electron donors.
Transposable element insertion location bias and the dynamics of gene drive in mosquito populations

Some vector-borne disease control strategies using transgenic mosquitoes require transgene spread to high frequency in populations. Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that replicate and transpose within the genomes of other organisms and may therefore be represented in the next generation in higher frequencies than predicted by Mendelian segregation. This over-representation has allowed some TEs to spread through natural populations. Transgenes incorporated within a TE sequence are expected to be driven into populations as long as there is a positive balance between fitness costs and over-representation. Models have been used to examine parameters that affect this balance but did not take into account biased insertion of TEs to linked sites in the genome. A simulation model was created to examine the impact of insertion bias on TE spread in mosquito populations. TEs that induce no fitness costs are predicted to increase in frequency over a wide range of parameter values but spread is slower for lower levels of transposition and non-local movement. If TEs are costly, high proportions of local movement can slow or halt spread. To function as a robust transgene drive mechanism a TE should replicate and transpose > 10%/insert/generation, induce < 1% fitness cost/insert, and move preferentially to unlinked sites in the genome.