cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking Back at the Next 40 Years of ASD Neuroscience Research

During the last 40 years, neuroscience has become one of the most central and most productive approaches to investigating autism. In this commentary, we assemble a group of established investigators and trainees to review key advances and anticipated developments in neuroscience research across five modalities most commonly employed in autism research: magnetic resonance imaging, functional near infrared spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, electroencephalography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Broadly, neuroscience research has provided important insights into brain systems involved in autism but not yet mechanistic understanding. Methodological advancements are expected to proffer deeper understanding of neural circuitry associated with function and dysfunction during the next 40 years.
Introduction to PNAS special issue on evolutionary models of financial markets.

One of the longest debates in economics involves the existence of a rare Hominid “species” known as Homo economicus , the economic human. H. economicus is able to determine the optimal use of its resources to maximize its well-being as defined by the assumptions of neoclassical economics, leading to behavior that has come to be known as economic rationality. When interacting with other members of this species in market settings, such behavior leads to a magical outcome. The participants’ self-interested efforts to exploit their disparate pieces of information aggregates, distills, and compresses their information into a single number: the price. And because no piece of information is left unused or uninterpreted in the process of price discovery, this market is deemed “efficient.” Prices fully reflect all available information, as Eugene Fama concluded in his first articulation of the efficient markets hypothesis (1). Modern financial theory and practice are built on the foundation of H. economicus and efficient markets. However, booms, busts, and financial crises have created stress fractures in that foundation, implying that investors are not fully rational, that markets are not infallible, and that their failure can be catastrophic for the global financial system. Behavioral economists, on the other hand, view investors and markets as fundamentally irrational and inefficient. From their perspective, H. economicus is a case study in cryptozoology, as relevant to scientific discourse as Sasquatch and the Loch Ness monster. Nevertheless, it is an empirical fact that markets behave well most of the time, and when they do break down, it is often for understandable and predictable reasons. In recent years, the two sides of this debate have moved closer as more sophisticated models of investor behavior and macroeconomic dynamics have been developed to rationalize empirical anomalies, such as the equity risk premium, excess stock market … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: slevin{at}princeton.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The Complex Inversion Formula

If s is a complex variable, $$ s = x + iy, $$ and the Laplace transform of the real-valued function f becomes $$ \begin{gathered} F(s) = \int_0^\infty {{e^{ - st}}f(t)dt} \hfill \\\quad \quad = \int_0^\infty {{e^{ - xt}}{e^{ - iyt}}f(t)dt} \hfill \\\quad \quad = \int_0^\infty {{e^{ - xt}}\cos \;yt\;f(t)dt} - i\int_0^\infty {{e^{ - xt}}\sin \;yt\;f(t)\;dt.} \hfill \\\end{gathered} $$ (4.1)
Dependence of the Au-SiC(6H) Schottky Barriers Height on the SiC Surface Treatment

We report the effect of surface preparation on the Schottky barrier potential for Au deposited on silicon carbide. Through repeated etchings, a profile of the barrier height as a function of distance into the material has been measured. For bulk substrates and sublimation epitaxial layers there is a significant variation in the barrier height near the surface. The final value of the barrier height was determined to be approximately 2eV, or 2/3 of the energy gap of 6H SiC. We believe that the variation in the previously reported values of barrier height (from 1.4 to 2.6 eV), are due to different SiC surface treatments.
Water Movement in Saturated Soil

Understanding movement of water in saturated soil is important in drainage and groundwater studies. The French hydraulic engineer Henry Darcy (1803–1858) determined experimentally the law that governs the flow of water through saturated soil (1856), which is called Darcy's law. The chapter uses flow in a vertical soil column to derive and illustrate Darcy's law. However, the law and principles developed in the chapter apply for flow of water in any direction in the soil. Hydraulic conductivity in natural field soil is governed by factors such as cracks, root holes, worm holes, and stability of soil crumbs. Texture, that is, the percent of the primary particles of sand, silt, and clay, usually has a minor effect on hydraulic conductivity, except for disturbed soil materials. The hydraulic conductivity of natural soils in place varies from about 30 m/day for a silty clay loam to 0.05 m/day for clay. To solve groundwater seepage and drainage problems, it is desirable to have a general differential equation, and Laplace's equation, which is a familiar equation occurring in nearly all branches of applied mathematics, applies. Laplace's equation is derived from Darcy's law and the equation of continuity. The equation of continuity states mathematically that mass can neither be created nor destroyed.
Evolving Concepts in Bone Tissue Engineering

The field of tissue engineering integrates the latest advances in molecular biology, biochemistry, engineering, material science, and medical transplantation. Researchers in the developing field of regenerative medicine have identified bone tissue engineering as an attractive translational target. Clinical problems requiring bone regeneration are diverse, and no single regeneration approach will likely resolve all defects. Recent advances in the field of tissue engineering have included the use of sophisticated biocompatible scaffolds, new postnatal multipotent cell populations, and the appropriate cellular stimulation. In particular, synthetic polymer scaffolds allow for fast and reproducible construction, while still retaining biocompatible characteristics. These criteria relate to the immediate goal of determining the ideal implant. The search is becoming a reality with widespread availability of biocompatible scaffolds; however, the desired parameters have not been clearly defined. Currently, most research focuses on the use of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), specifically BMP-2 and BMP-7. These proteins induce osteogenic differentiation in vitro, as well as bone defect healing in vivo. Protein-scaffold interactions that enhance BMP binding are of the utmost importance, since prolonged BMP release creates the most osteogenic microenvironment. Transition into clinical studies has had only mild success and relies on large doses of BMPs for bone formation. Advances within the field of bone tissue engineering will likely overcome these challenges and lead to more clinically relevant therapies.
Fabrication of multi-layer windings in silicon-embedded toroidal inductors

We report a fabrication method for silicon-embedded toroidal inductors with multi-layer windings, based on 3D shadow mask technology. Such multilayer devices boost inductance density within a limited footprint, which is vital for realization of integrated high-power high-frequency power converters. Fabrication of embedded toroidal inductors with double-layer windings is illustrated; characterization shows a 4x inductance increase compared to an embedded inductor with single-layer windings.
The Role of Communication in Thought

Retraction Notice: The Editors-in-Chief retract the article entitled "The Role of Communication in Thought" published in Disability Studies Quarterly , 2011, 31 (4), http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/dsq.v31i4.1717 . Our decision to retract is due to major overlap with a previously published work: Johnson, DMan (2011). "The Role of Communication in Thought." The Communicator 20 (1): 4-5. http://www.autcom.org/pdf/AutcomNLWinter2011.pdf The original article was published on October 25, 2011, and was retracted on April 18, 2017. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, and will be marked as retracted. Keywords facilitated communication, literacy, Pinker, Piaget Abstract If people believe that people who do not talk do not think, they will believe that they have nothing to contribute. People look at facilitated communication users and think that they learned to think only after getting the means to communicate. They are working under the assumption that the only way to learn language is through interaction. I use ideas from Harvard neurologist Steven Pinker, studies of gifted children, and other evidence to demonstrate that people likely use language from the earliest moments of infancy, even before they can talk.
Modeling Scale Attraction E ffects: An Application to Charitable Donations and Optimal Laddering

Charities seeking donations usually employ an "appeals scale," a set of specific suggested amounts presented directly to potential donors. Choosing them well is crucial: if charities select overly high scale points, they risk their being ignored or even alienating donors and receiving nothing, while overly low scale points may encourage donors to give less than they'd have otherwise. Despite their widespread use, little is known about the degree to which the points on such scales affect both whether a donation is made and, if so, its size. Using panel data from a 3.5 year quasiexperiment, we develop a joint model accounting for both donation incidence and amount. The model incorporates heterogeneity across donors in both scale attraction effects and in donation patterns (e.g., seasonality), and allows tests of distinct operationalizations of internal and external reference price theories. Results suggest that scale points do exert substantial attraction effects; that these vary markedly across donors; that donors are more easily persuaded to give less than more; and that there are strong seasonal donation patterns in giving. A significantly negative correlation between error terms in (latent) donation propensity and (observed) donation amount highlights the importance of accounting for selectivity effects. We illustrate the framework with a speculative application to "laddering": how much charities should increase amounts subsequently requested of individual donors, based on their donation histories
Improvement in emotional eating associated with an enhanced body image in obese women: mediation by weight‐management treatments' effects on self‐efficacy to resist emotional cues to eating

Aims To assess effects of cognitive-behavioural weight-loss treatments on self-efficacy to control emotionally cued eating and whether those changes mediate relationships between body satisfaction and emotional eating. Background Emotional eating is common, especially in women with obesity. A better understanding of relationships of its psychosocial correlates might benefit behavioural weight-loss treatments. Design A field-based, quantitative study incorporated two theoretically derived weight-loss treatments using repeated measures analyses that employed validated surveys. Methods Women with obesity volunteered for a community-based weight-loss study and were assigned to either a treatment of a manual plus phone support (n = 47), or in-person contacts emphasizing self-regulation (n = 48), over 6 months. Both emphasized physical activity, healthy eating and building self-efficacy for enabling the health-behaviour changes. Data were collected between 2013–2014. Multiple regression analyses assessed predictors of self-efficacy change. Mixed-model analysis of variances assessed treatment differences in psychosocial changes. Mediation analyses assessed mediation of the relationships between body satisfaction and emotional eating changes. Results Changes in Overall mood and Self-regulation significantly predicted change in Self-efficacy to control emotionally cued eating. Changes in Body satisfaction, Emotional eating, Mood, Self-regulating eating and Self-efficacy were significant overall, and each significantly greater in the in-person treatment. Self-efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between changes in Body satisfaction and Emotional eating total (and Emotional eating when depressed or anxious, but not when frustrated/angry). Conclusion Results clarified mediation of the dynamic relationship between body satisfaction and emotional eating, which might enable behavioural weight-loss treatments to better-address emotional eating.
Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation, 1912–1954

Rebirth of the Blackfeet Nation, 1912–1954. Paul C. Rosier. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001. 352 pp.
The kinetics of phytochrome conversion.

It is shown, by flash technique, that the light-initiated interconversions between the red (Pr) and far red (Pfr) forms of phytochrome occur in a complex series of steps. For the transformation Pr → Pfr at 0°, the initial photoreaction is followed by four dark processes in the interval from 0.1 msec to 5 sec after the flash. The initial photoproduct has a peak at 695 mµ and no far red absorption. In the reverse reaction, Pfr → Pr, two dark processes are observed in the interval from 0.1 msec to 10 msec, and the intermediates show no far red absorption. The transformations are first order in phytochrome. Rate constants and spectra are given for all six distinguishable stages of the interconversion. The effects are attributed to a combination of sequential and parallel processes, involving conformational changes of the chromophore and possibly also of the protein. The kinetic and spectroscopic evidence indicates that in the photoconversion of Pr the photochemical act leads, through an intervening dark step, to three different intermediates, which then react independently to form Pfr. Two such parallel intermediates may appear in the formation of Pr from Pfr. Comparisons are made between the two photoreversible systems, phytochrome and rhodopsin.
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity Limiting Human Performance at Altitude

In 6 internationally successful endurance athletes measurements of oxygen uptake, and pulmonary diffusion capacity at maximal bicycle exercise were performed at sea level and after 3 weeks stay at 2250 m altitude (Mexico City). Maximal oxygen uptake was 10–17 % lower at altitude and this reduction was related to the ratio at sea level between DLCO/max Vo2, The findings demonstrated that there is a physiological basis not only for a more marked reduction of max Vo2 in welltrained groups at altitude but also for the observed large differences in performance at altitude between athletes of equal capability at sea level.
Land Subsidence: AN Economic Analysis

. Land subsidence due to groundwater overdraft has been assumed to be one of Arizona's major water related problems. This paper investigates the premise from an economic point of view and concludes that in the case of Arizona the physical fact of land subsidence has little or no economic significance.
Cation diffusion in glass heated using 2.45 GHz radiation

Etude de la diffusion des ions Co, Na, Ni, Cu, Zn dans un verre pyrex a differentes temperatures par retrodiffusion electronique
Further tests of the approximate double substitution coupled-cluster method

Abstract Comparisons are made between the approximate form (ACCD ) of double substitution coupled-cluster theory and the complete form (CCD) in the evaluation of total correlation energies, molecular structures, vibrational frequencies, bond lengths, dissociation energies, permanent electrical moments, and electric field gradients. Though ACCD may recover as little as half of the higher-order correlation energy when that energy is small, it does recover a very high percentage when that energy is large. ACCD and CCD potential surfaces tend to have similar shape, and for many molecular properties, the results show ACCD to be very nearly equivalent to CCD.
Current status of diversity initiatives in selected multinational corporations

The purpose of this study was to provide information on the status of diversity initiatives in selected multinational corporations, to report on the dimensions of the diversity initiatives, and to interpret the dynamics of the corporate response to workforce diversity. Eight multinational corporations headquartered in the United States were selected for the study. Two methods of data collection were used: semistructured face-to-face interviews and document analysis. Diversity manager-directors were asked to provide information on their diversity initiatives; on the planning, implementation, and evaluation of diversity initiatives; and on plans for future diversity initiatives. The study revealed that multinational corporations are planning, implementing, and evaluating a large number and variety of diversity initiatives not only in the United States but also internationally. © 2000 by Jossey-Bass, A Publishing Unit of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Continuing Clopidogrel During Elective Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: Assessment of Bleeding Risk and Adverse Outcomes

Limited research assessing risks of continued clopidogrel perioperatively in patients undergoing elective orthopedic procedures exists. Patients that underwent elective primary or revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) from 2007 to 2012 while taking clopidogrel at the time of surgical evaluation were retrospectively identified. Patient demographics, last dose of clopidogrel, intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, and presence of 30-day adverse cardiac events (ACE) were collected. Of 142 patients meeting criteria, 24 (16.9%) patients remained on clopidogrel perioperatively. Patients that continued clopidogrel were more likely to receive a blood transfusion within 24 hours of surgery (31.8% vs. 7.7%; P=0.004) and during hospitalization (37.5% vs. 15.3%; P=0.02), but the incidence of 30-day ACE was not significantly different. Continuation of clopidogrel perioperatively for elective THA or TKA should be carefully considered.
Latin Church of the Early Crusades

With the conquest of Jerusalem on July 15, 1099, the preliminary objective of the First Crusade was attained. The victors who owed their astonishing success largely to negative factors—disunion and weakness of the Islamic forces—were thereupon confronted with the formidable task of consolidating their possessions and securing their power against Turkish counter-attacks.
Overview of the Bushland Evapotranspiration and Agricultural Remote sensing EXperiment 2008 (BEAREX08): A field experiment evaluating methods for quantifying ET at multiple scales ☆

Abstract In 2008, scientists from seven federal and state institutions worked together to investigate temporal and spatial variations of evapotranspiration (ET) and surface energy balance in a semi-arid irrigated and dryland agricultural region of the Southern High Plains in the Texas Panhandle. This Bushland Evapotranspiration and Agricultural Remote sensing EXperiment 2008 (BEAREX08) involved determination of micrometeorological fluxes (surface energy balance) in four weighing lysimeter fields (each 4.7 ha) containing irrigated and dryland cotton and in nearby bare soil, wheat stubble and rangeland fields using nine eddy covariance stations, three large aperture scintillometers, and three Bowen ratio systems. In coordination with satellite overpasses, flux and remote sensing aircraft flew transects over the surrounding fields and region encompassing an area contributing fluxes from 10 to 30 km upwind of the USDA-ARS lysimeter site. Tethered balloon soundings were conducted over the irrigated fields to investigate the effect of advection on local boundary layer development. Local ET was measured using four large weighing lysimeters, while field scale estimates were made by soil water balance with a network of neutron probe profile water sites and from the stationary flux systems. Aircraft and satellite imagery were obtained at different spatial and temporal resolutions. Plot-scale experiments dealt with row orientation and crop height effects on spatial and temporal patterns of soil surface temperature, soil water content, soil heat flux, evaporation from soil in the interrow, plant transpiration and canopy and soil radiation fluxes. The BEAREX08 field experiment was unique in its assessment of ET fluxes over a broad range in spatial scales; comparing direct and indirect methods at local scales with remote sensing based methods and models using aircraft and satellite imagery at local to regional scales, and comparing mass balance-based ET ground truth with eddy covariance and remote sensing-based methods. Here we present an overview of the experiment and a summary of preliminary findings described in this special issue of AWR. Our understanding of the role of advection in the measurement and modeling of ET is advanced by these papers integrating measurements and model estimates.
Influence of Feeding Rate on Performance of Atlantic Salmon Fry in an Ozonated Water Reuse System

Abstract A 4-week trial was conducted to determine the optimal feeding level in percent body weight of a commercially prepared, practical diet for early feeding fry of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in an ozonated water reuse system at 17–18°C. Triplicate groups of swimup (0.19-g) fry were fed one of seven levels of Biodiet starter diet calculated for hatchery constants of 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5, and 8.5. Feeding levels (percent body weight) were derived at the start of the study and again at 2 weeks by dividing mean body length, in inches, into the respective hatchery constant. Mean body weight and body fat content increased significantly with each increment in level of feeding through a hatchery constant of 6.5. after which there was no further increase. Body protein decreased as feeding increased through hatchery constant 6.5; ash content decreased through hatchery constant 5.5. Results indicated that young Atlantic salmon fed at low feeding rates (2.47–5.44% body weight) in the water reuse system...
Real-time classification of industrial products based on the photonic-mixer-device sensor technology

During the last years, Time-of-Flight sensors achieved a significant impact onto research fields in machine vision. In comparison to stereo vision system and laser range scanners they combine the advantages of active sensors providing accurate distance measurements and camera-based systems recording a 2D matrix at a high frame rate. Moreover low cost 3D imaging has the potential to open a wide field of additional applications and solutions in markets like consumer electronics, multimedia, digital photography, robotics and medical technologies. This paper focuses on the classification task of typical industrial products in the close-up range. A new approach due to the use of the photonic-mixer-device (PMD) sensor technology is presented which achieves a much simpler real-time classification. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is well suited for machine vision applications.
Spread and non-target effects of Eretmocerus mundus imported into California for control of Bemisia tabaci: 2002–2011

Abstract Concern over non-target effects of imported parasitoids has resulted in much tighter regulations over their release in the United States. Specificity of candidate agents typically rely on small cage studies inside laboratories, which constrains prediction of their ecological host ranges. Few post-release field studies have examined non-target side effects of imported aphelinids (Hymenoptera), or their regional spread. Eretmocerus is one of the more important groups of aphelinids attacking whiteflies worldwide, and several species were imported into the United States for control of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) during the 1990s. Of five species released in California, only Eretmocerus mundus permanently established in the southern San Joaquin Valley. For 10 years a regional survey was conducted to determine their spread and possible alternate whitefly hosts. Over this period of time, Eret. mundus spread throughout the five counties surveyed and continued to be the only candidate that persisted, permanently establishing populations in this largely cotton growing region of central California. Eventually Eret. mundus displaced native Eretmocerus attacking B. tabaci on cotton, and now make up over 95% of the Eretmocerus attacking this pest. Except on one occasion, all Eret. mundus emerging from isolated whitefly nymphs came from B. tabaci (n = 243). Parasitism levels have varied from 7 to 35%, up from less than 1.4% when first measured. The percentage of cotton leaves infested by B. tabaci populations in the San Joaquin Valley has dropped from an average of 28–12.2% during the last three years measured. Most likely this change in infestation level is due to a combination of factors, including the introduction of more selective insecticides, drop in regional cotton acreage, and the permanent establishment of a more specific parasitoid.
Can the European community absorb more immigrants? A general equilibrium analysis of the labor market and macroeconomic effects of east-west migration in Europe

Abstract Largely driven by emigration from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, immigration into Western Europe has recently increased to 1.7 million immigrants per year. In this paper, we analyze the labor market and macroeconomic effects of immigration of 3.5 and 7 million workers from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union into the European Community (EC) in a six-region, 14-sector computable general equilibrium model. Our experiments show that labor immigration does not lead to the catastrophic conditions in EC labor markets feared by EC citizens. This result holds even when ignoring capital stock growth. Experiments that include capital stock and labor force growth in the EC show that the EC can absorb 3.5 million immigrants. Seven million immigrants, however, cause some unemployment and a small loss in per capita income. Other experiments show that cuts in the order of 1 percent in fixed urban wages contribute to easing adjustment problems on EC labor markets substantially. The EC is found to benefit from immigration if wages are flexible.
Verne F. Ray (1905–2003)

Mead, Margaret, and Rhoda Metraux 1954 Themes in French Culture: A Preface to a Study of French Community. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1970 A Way of Seeing. New York: McCall. Mead, Margaret, and Rhoda Metraux, eds. 1953 The Study of Culture at a Distance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Metraux, Rhoda 1943 Qualitative Attitude Analysis: A Technique for the Study of Verbal Behavior. National Research Council Bulletin #108. Pp. 86-94. Washington, DC: National Academy of the Sciences. 1952a Some Aspects of Hierarchical Structure in Haiti. In Acculturation in the Americas. Sol Tax, ed. Pp. 185-194. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1952b Affiliations through Work in Marbial, Haiti. Primitive Man 25:1-22.
Umbilical metastasis (Sister Mary Joseph's nodule) in a child

Metastatic malignancy to the umbilicus, also known as Sister Mary Joseph's nodule, is a rare condition, which to our knowledge has not been reported in a child. We present a case of an umbilical metastasis from carcinoma of the colon in a boy who was also receiving chemotherapy for mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma.
A Scholarly Writing Resource for Counselor Educators and Their Students

Graduate students and new faculty in counselor education are often required to contribute scholarly works. However, graduate schools do not always provide appropriate preparation in scholarly writing. This article outlines the basic components of a scholarly manuscript or paper, identifies prevalent writing errors, and offers suggestions for how counselor educators can teach and mentor new faculty and their students.
Mother-Infant Activities as Providers of Sensory Stimulation

A descriptive study was conducted to determine types and amounts of stimulation to five sensory systems of an infant that occurred as a result of everyday mother-infant activities. The infant studied was between 4 and 6 weeks of age. Results demonstrated that, overall, the baby received more tactile stimulation than any other type, followed by proprioceptive, auditory, visual, and vestibular stimulation. When activities were compared on a daily basis, feeding was found to provide the greatest amount of stimulation followed by playing, holding/carrying, bathing and changing. When compared on a per minute basis, playing was found to provide more stimulation than any other activity, followed by holding/carrying, bathing, changing, and feeding. The manner in which the various activities were carried out had a strong influence on the types and amounts of stimulation that resulted. Characteristics of both the infant and the mother appeared to be important influences on the types and amounts of stimulation the infant received. It was concluded that both mother and infant should be considered in planning therapeutic programs.
Effects of arctic shrub expansion on biophysical vs. biogeochemical drivers of litter decomposition

Climate warming in arctic tundra may shift dominant vegetation from graminoids to deciduous shrubs, whose functional traits could, in turn, alter biotic and abiotic controls over biogeochemical cycling of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). We investigated whether shrub-induced changes in microclimate have stronger effects on litter decomposition and nutrient release than changes in litter quality and quantity. In arctic tundra near Toolik Lake, Alaska, USA, we incubated a common substrate in a snow-addition experiment to test whether snow accumulation around arctic deciduous shrubs altered the environment enough to increase litter decomposition rates. We compared the influence of litter quality on the rate of litter and N loss by decomposing litter from four different plant functional types in a common site. We used aboveground net primary production values and estimated decay constant (k) values from our decomposition experiments to calculate community-weighted mass loss for each site. Snow addition had no effect on decomposition of the common substrate, and the site with the highest abundance of shrubs had the lowest decomposition rates. Species varied in their decomposition rates, with species from the same functional type not always following similar patterns. Community-weighted mass loss was 1.5 times greater in the high shrub site, and only slightly decreased when adjusted for soil environment, suggesting that litter quality and quantity are the primary drivers of community decomposition. Our findings suggest that on a short time scale, the changes in soil environment associated with snow trapping by shrubs are unlikely to influence litter nutrient turnover enough to drive positive snow-shrub feedbacks. The mechanisms driving shrub expansion are more likely to do with shrub-litter feedbacks, where the higher growth rates and N uptake by shrubs allows them to produce more leaves, resulting in a larger litter N pool and faster internal cycling of nutrients.
Role of transesophageal echocardiography in detecting implantable cardioverter defibrillator lead infection.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead infection is a rare condition with reported incidence of 0.2% to 16%. It usually presents with persistent bacteremia or fever of unknown origin and requires high clinical suspicion for diagnosis. Whenever ICD lead infection is suspected, transesophageal echocardiography is the diagnostic technique of choice for detection and characterization of the lesions. Lead infections are extremely difficult to manage conservatively and surgical removal of the entire defibrillator system is recommended along with antimicrobial therapy. We describe a case of recurrent staphylococci bacteremia due to an ICD lead infection in a patient with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 20, April 2003)
Vitamin D receptor expression is required for growth modulation by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the human prostatic carcinoma cell line ALVA-31

Abstract Epidemiological data suggest that vitamin D3, obtained from dietary sources and sunlight exposure, protects against mortality from prostate cancer (PC). In agreement with this, the most active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2 D3] regulates the growth and differentiation of several human PC cell lines. Both genomic and non-genomic signalling pathways for 1,25(OH)2 D3 have been reported, although the mechanism of action in PC cells has not been defined. We now provide data supporting an active role for the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) in mediating the growth-inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 on these cells. In the VDR-rich cell line ALVA-31, the observed changes in growth by 1,25(OH)2 D3 are preceded by significant changes in VDR mRNA expression. In contrast, the cell line JCA-1, containing few VDRs, fails to show both early changes in VDR gene expression and later changes in growth with 1,25(OH)2 D3. To assess the role of the VDR more directly, transfection studies were pursued. ALVA-31 cells were stably transfected with an antisense VDR cDNA construct in an attempt to reduce VDR expression. Antisense mRNA expression among clones was associated with: (a) reduced or abolished sensitivity to the effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 on growth; (b) decreased numbers of VDRs per cell, as measured by radiolabelled-ligand binding; and (c) a lack of induction of the VDR-regulated enzyme 24-hydroxylase in response to 1,25(OH)2 D3. From these studies we conclude that the antiproliferative effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 require expression of the nuclear VDR in this system.
Astrocytes and the regulation of cerebral blood flow.

Moment-to-moment changes in local neuronal activity lead to dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow. Emerging evidence implicates astrocytes as one of the key players in coordinating this neurovascular coupling. Astrocytes are poised to sense glutamatergic synaptic activity over a large spatial domain via activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors and subsequent calcium signaling and via energy-dependent glutamate transport. Astrocyte foot processes can signal vascular smooth muscle by arachidonic acid pathways involving astrocytic cytochrome P450 epoxygenase, astrocytic cyclooxygenase-1 and smooth muscle cytochrome P450 ω-hydroxylase activities, and by astrocytic and smooth muscle potassium channels. Non-glutamatergic transmitters released from neurons, such as nitric oxide, cyclooxygenase-2 metabolites and vasoactive intestinal peptide, might modulate neurovascular signaling at the level of the astrocyte or smooth muscle. Thus, astrocytes have a pivotal role in dynamic signaling within the neurovascular unit. Important questions remain on how this signaling is integrated with other pathways in health and disease.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE APPEARANCE OF EXTRACELLULAR HEMOLYSIN AND PROTEASE IN BATCH CULTURES OF THE OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGEN Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromnas hydrophila, an opportunistic pathogen identified to be the causative agent of disease in many ectothermic animals, was grown in batch culture in a variety of complex and defined media to determine the effects of changes in medium composition on the production of extracellular hemolytic and proteolytic activities. A lag period of 24 hours was seen in cultures in defined media. This lag period was eliminated by adding yeast extract to the medium but was not eliminated by the addition of any of a group of vitamins or major energy and carbon sources. The effects of a group of trace minerals were studied, and it was found that zinc stimulated production of hemolysin, and that iron increased the growth yield and depressed both protease and hemolysin production. Although individual amino acids stimulated or retarded growth, changes in the amino acid composition of the medium did not greatly alter hemolysin production, in the absence of added zinc. In the presence of magnesium and zinc some amino acids stimulated hemolysin production. In view of the effects of the trace metals on toxin production in vitro, it is possible that nutritional immunity involving these metals could be a valuable exploitable defense mechanism in attempts to control Aeromonas-caused disease.
Water Management in a Passive DMFC Using Highly Concentrated Methanol Solution

A two-dimensional, steady state, nonisothermal, nonequilibrium, multifluid, two-phase flow model is employed to investigate fuel delivery characteristics, as well as the strong relation between water transport through the membrane and methanol crossover. A porous layer, called the fuel delivery layer, is used between the anode backing layer and the methanol reservoir to be able to employ high concentration methanol solution at the anode reservoir. A simple analytical model for liquid methanol distribution in the anode is presented to show the significant effect of water crossover through the membrane on the methanol dilution at the anode catalyst layer. A comprehensive numerical model is employed to verify the concept developed by the analytical model. The numerical model also accounts for the dissolved water phase in the Nafion membrane. Using a hydrophobic microporous layer at the cathode decreases methanol crossover due to a reduction in water crossover, as well as attaining a water neutral condition. It is found that thickening of the porous fuel delivery layer cannot alleviate the methanol crossover through the membrane without controlling the water transport. The results also show that a cathode microporous layer can significantly reduce the liquid saturation at the cathode backing layer which, in turn, reduces water flooding at the cathode.
Cyclosporine preserves mitochondrial morphology after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion independent of calcineurin inhibition.

Background Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) has been shown to contribute to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. We sought to demonstrate that the myocardial protective effect of inhibiting MPTP opening with cyclosporine A (CsA) results in stabilization of mitochondrial morphology and is independent of CsA-induced calcineurin inhibition. Methods Thirty-seven rabbits were divided into three groups: control (n = 15), CsA (MPTP and calcineurin inhibitor, n=12), or FK506 (calcineurin inhibitor, n=10). Each group received a 1-hour infusion of either a saline vehicle, 25 mg/kg CsA or 1 mg/kg FK506. All animals underwent 30 minutes of regional ischemia and 3 hours of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was determined using Evans blue dye and triphenyltetrazolium chloride. In situ oligo ligation was used to assess apoptotic cell death. Transmission electron microscopy was used to quantitatively evaluate morphologic differences in the mitochondria between groups. Results Infarct size in the CsA group (39% ± 3%) was significantly reduced compared with the control group (60% ± 2%, p p = 0.001). Apoptotic cell death was also attenuated in the CsA group (1.2% ± 0.5%) compared with the control group (4.3% ± 0.8%, p = 0.01) and FK506 group (4.1% ± 0.9%, p = 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy revealed a preservation of normal mitochondrial morphology and a reduction in the percentage of disrupted mitochondria in the CsA group (20% ± 7%) compared with the control group (53% ± 12%) and FK506 group (47% ± 9%). Conclusions Cyclosporine A–induced MPTP inhibition preserves mitochondrial morphology after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion and limits myocyte necrosis and apoptosis. These effects are independent of calcineurin inhibition.
Intravital imaging of cardiac function at the single-cell level

Knowledge of cardiomyocyte biology is limited by the lack of methods to interrogate single-cell physiology in vivo. Here we show that contracting myocytes can indeed be imaged with optical microscopy at high temporal and spatial resolution in the beating murine heart, allowing visualization of individual sarcomeres and measurement of the single cardiomyocyte contractile cycle. Collectively, this has been enabled by efficient tissue stabilization, a prospective real-time cardiac gating approach, an image processing algorithm for motion-artifact-free imaging throughout the cardiac cycle, and a fluorescent membrane staining protocol. Quantification of cardiomyocyte contractile function in vivo opens many possibilities for investigating myocardial disease and therapeutic intervention at the cellular level.
Effects of biodiesel blends and Arco EC-diesel on emissions from light heavy-duty diesel vehicles.

Chassis dynamometer tests were performed on 7 light heavy-duty diesel trucks comparing the emissions of a California diesel fuel with emissions from 4 other fuels: ARCO EC-diesel (EC-D) and three 20% biodiesel blends (1 yellow grease and 2 soy-based). The EC-D and the yellow grease biodiesel blend both showed significant reductions in THC and CO emissions over the test vehicle fleet. EC-D also showed reductions in PM emission rates. NOx emissions were comparable for the different fuel types over the range of vehicles tested. The soy-based biodiesel blends did not show significant or consistent emissions differences over all test vehicles. Total carbon accounted for more than 70% of the PM mass for 4 of the 5 sampled vehicles. Elemental and organic carbon ratios varied significantly from vehicle-to-vehicle but showed very little fuel dependence. Inorganic species represented a smaller portion of the composite total, ranging from 0.2 to 3.3% of the total PM. Total PAH emissions ranged from approximately 1.8 mg/mi to 67.8 mg/mi over the different vehicle/fuel combinations representing between 1.6 and 3.8% of the total PM mass.
High-spin level structure of the five neutron hole nucleus Pb 203

A pulsed-beam $^{202}\mathrm{Hg}(\ensuremath{\alpha},3n\ensuremath{\gamma})$ experiment has revealed a 0.48-s $^{203}\mathrm{Pb}$ isomer, which deexcites through high-spin positive parity levels to the known ${13/2}^{+}$ state at 825 keV. Comprehensive ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}t$) coincidence measurements have established the complete isomeric decay scheme, and key transition multipolarities have been deduced from prompt $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray angular distribution data and from intensity balance requirements. The results clearly manifest a close structural relationship between the high-spin levels built on the $^{203}\mathrm{Pb}$ ${13/2}^{+}$ isomer and previously known states of the $^{204}\mathrm{Pb}$ core nucleus. The 0.48-s isomeric state is assigned ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={\frac{29}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, with the dominant neutron hole configuration ${(p_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}2})}_{0}f_{\frac{5}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{(i_{\frac{13}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}2})}_{12}$, and the high-spin positive parity levels are interpreted as members of core hole multiplets of the type $i_{\frac{13}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{2}^{+}$ and $i_{\frac{13}{2}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{4}^{+}$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{202}\mathrm{Hg}(\ensuremath{\alpha},3n\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E=38.2$ MeV; measured ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}(\ensuremath{\Theta})$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}t$ relationships; $^{203}\mathrm{Pb}$ deduced high spin levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$.
Uranus after Solstice: Results from the 1998 November 6 Occultation

Abstract We observed a stellar occultation of the star U149 by Uranus from Lowell Observatory and the IRTF on Mauna Kea on November 6, 1998. The temperatures derived from isothermal fits to the Lowell lightcurves are 116.7±7.9 K for immersion, and 124.8±15.5 K for emersion. The secular increase in temperature seen during the period 1977–1983 has reversed. Furthermore, the rate of decrease (≥1.2 K/yr) cannot be explained solely by radiative cooling. Although the temperature structure of Uranus' upper atmosphere may be related to seasonal effects (e.g., the subsolar latitude) or local conditions (e.g., diurnally averaged insolation), these observations suggest nonradiative influences on the temperature, such as adiabatic heating/cooling or thermal conduction.
Temperature and field dependence of the generation of interface states in the Si‐SiO2 system after high‐field stress

We have studied the time dependence of the generation of interface states in the Si‐SiO2 system after metal‐oxide‐semiconductor capacitors were stressed by a 7.4‐MV/cm gate positive electric field for 8 h at 90 K. The interface state density increased logarithmically with time for temperatures between 180 and 300 K with fields between +2 and −2 MV/cm. An analysis based upon a distribution of formation energies is proposed to explain the logarithmic time dependence. We find that there are two peaks in this distribution. One peak at 0.7 eV is field independent while the other at 0.9 eV disappears when a zero or negative bias is applied.
Google Books: primary sources in the public domain

Purpose – This paper strives to examine and draw attention to important printed primary sources available in Google Books through the company's partnership with a growing number of European libraries. It aims to include a brief annotated bibliography and provide an analysis of a select number of digitized works in Google's vast digital library.Design/methodology/approach – The author researched texts published in the early modern era in Google Books, focusing on works with prominent visual elements. Each digitized book was evaluated for its intellectual contribution and narrative, as well as legibility and overall digital quality. This research was supplanted by an examination of pertinent secondary sources.Findings – Despite controversies over metadata and classification Google Books remains an indispensable research tool and offers unprecedented access to works in the public domain in a variety of languages and fields of study.Originality/value – This article encourages librarians, teachers, researchers...
Alternatives to the stages model of the dying process

Abstract Several models of the dying process—the Dying as Stages Model, the Death Trajectory-Phases Model, and the Personality-Repetitive Alternation Model—are reviewed and evaluated. An Interpersonal Reactions Model, based on social psychological concepts, is presented to resolve the differences in findings based on the previous models. The major suggestion of this new model is that dying individuals interpret cues given by interacting others to determine their behavioral response, particularly if there are no objective criteria by which they can assess their own physical condition. Thus, as a result of interaction, dying persons perceive themselves in much the same manner as do the significant others with whom they interact.
SOLAR 2000 : the next critical step towards large-scale commercialization of photovoltaics in the United States

Abstract The US Department of Energy (DOE), in collaboration with key stakeholders, initiated a strategy to accelerate the adoption of photovoltaics, biomass electric, and solar thermal electric technologies. The three major elements include technology development and validation, market conditioning, and joint venture projects. This paper details the activities associated only with photovoltaics, progress towards goals, and expected payoffs. Success is necessary to accelerate renewable technology acceptance and deployment towards meeting the world's demands for environmentally acceptable electricity generation.