cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A31: Human prostate cancer transcriptome reveals distinct signaling pathway dysregulations associated with TMPRSS2:ERG fusion

Introduction: The gene rearrangement leading to the fusion of the TMPRSS2 and ERG genes on chromosome 21 occurs in about 50% of prostate cancer cases. TMPRSS2:ERG fusion is believed to contribute to prostate tumorigenesis in mice and has been shown to be associated with aggressive disease in patients with prostate cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the clinical aggressivity of fusion‐positive prostate cancer remain unknown. Hypothesis: We postulate that dissecting the molecular events taking place in prostate tumors with or without ERG fusion might lead to the discovery of novel targets for prostate cancer therapy. Methods: RNA was purified from benign (n=8) and malignant (n=13) human prostate specimens. Malignant specimens were previously tested for the occurrence of ERG fusion and included 6 fusion(+) and 7 fusion(−) samples. We performed gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays, and conducted in silico analysis of gene expression data, followed by detailed canonical pathway analysis and regulatory network identification. Results: Gene expression data revealed differential expression of 3039 genes in fusion positive cancer, while only 2386 genes were differentially expressed in fusion negative cancer. Among these genes, 1096 were differentially expressed regardless of the fusion status of the tumor. Pathway analysis performed on differentially expressed genes showed that fusion positive tumors showed the highest impact occurred on genes classified in the Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Cardiovascular System Pathway and the Cardiac β‐Adrenergic Signaling Pathway, while the most impacted pathways in the fusion negative tumors were the Ephrin Receptor Signaling Pathway and the Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Pathway. Conclusion: TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion highlights a distinct molecular subtype of prostate cancer. A better understanding of the molecular consequences of the fusion will lead to the identification of new molecular targets for diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A31.
Winter lightning along the East Coast

More than 150,000 cloud-to-earth lightning flashes were recorded along the East Coast during the period 15 January–15 March 1986 in the region bounded by 25°N–40°N and 90°W–70°W. The majority of the flashes for the two month period occurred over the Atlantic Ocean in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream where a peak flash density of 0.7 flashes/km2 was observed approximately 270 km from the Carolina Coast. This relatively sharp peak in the spatial distribution of lightning flashes to earth over the Gulf Stream occurs with a width at half-maximum of approximately 130 km. In the February 1986 data, a close correlation is observed of the maximum lightning flash density contours with the maximum sea surface temperature contours.
Anonymous sources hurt credibility of news stories across cultures: A comparative experiment in America and China:

This cross-cultural experiment (N = 620) tested the impact of the use of anonymous sources on perceived news story credibility in America and China, two countries with assumed different journalisti...
On the use of Bayesian Approach, Experimental Data, and Articially Designed Data, for the Identication of Missing Reactions

We propose and analyze the use of a Bayesian approach for the investigation of missing reactions, considering both modeling and experimental uncertainties. The main idea is the use of two calibration data sets: one is experimental and the other is articially designed
Assessing the Impact of L-Band Observations on Drought and Flood Risk Estimation: A Decision-Theoretic Approach in an OSSE Environment

AbstractObserving system simulation experiments (OSSEs) are often conducted to evaluate the worth of existing data and data yet to be collected from proposed new missions. As missions increasingly require a broader “Earth systems” focus, it is important that the OSSEs capture the potential benefits of the observations on end-use applications. Toward this end, the results from the OSSEs must also be evaluated with a suite of metrics that capture the value, uncertainty, and information content of the observations while factoring in both science and societal impacts. This article presents a soil moisture OSSE that employs simulated L-band measurements and assesses its utility toward improving drought and flood risk estimates using the NASA Land Information System (LIS). A decision-theory-based analysis is conducted to assess the economic utility of the observations toward improving these applications. The results suggest that the improvements in surface soil moisture, root-zone soil moisture, and total runof...
Thermal instability of nanofluids in natural convection

Abstract Thermal (Benard) instability in nanofluids is investigated in this work. Emphasizing the combined behaviors of Brownian motion and thermophoresis of nanoparticles, the critical Rayleigh number is shown to be lower by one to two orders of magnitude than that for regular fluids. The highly promoted turbulence increases the energy bearing capacity of nanofluids, which could result in higher overall heat transfer coefficient than the increase of the effective thermal conductivity alone. The dominating groups are extracted from the nondimensional analysis. Close form solutions for the Rayleigh number are derived from the method of eigenfunction expansions and the weighted residual method.
Effect of plasmapheresis and steroid treatment on thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulins in a patient with exophthalmos and a patient with pretibial myxedema

The effect of prednisone treatment and plasmapheresis was studied in two patients with Graves' disease complicated by severe exophthalmos and/or pretibial myxedema. Titers of Thyrotropin Binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulins (TBII), Long Acting Thyroid Stimulator (LATS), antithyroid antibodies, and serum gammaglobulin concentrations, as well as clinical changes in exophthalmos and pretibial myxedema, were observed during the course of treatment. Steroid treatment lowered all of the abnormal antibody titers. Plasmapheresis did not change the TBII activity when determined using a fixed amount of immunoglobulin G fraction. However, serum gammaglobulin concentration was reduced by plasmapheresis, and therefore, total TBII activity in a unit of serum was reduced. Plasmapheresis also partially and temporarily resolved the pretibial myxedema, whereas no significant change in exophthalmos was observed. These results suggest that both steroid and plasmapheresis treatment are useful for lowering abnormal antibody titers in sera of patients with Graves' disease, and that plasmapheresis can be of some value in the treatment of pretibial myxedema.
Postdicting Arrests for Proactive and Reactive Aggression With the PICTS Proactive and Reactive Composite Scales

The criminal arrest histories of 262 medium-security male inmates were correlated with the Proactive (P) and Reactive (R) composite scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS). As predicted, only scores on the P scale correlated significantly with prior arrests for proactive aggression (robbery, burglary) and only scores on the R scale correlated significantly with prior arrests for reactive aggression (assault, domestic violence) when age, education, race, and marital status were controlled in a series of negative binomial regression analyses. The P and R scales also predicted the total number of arrests received by participants in this sample after these same four demographic measures were controlled. The implications of these results for the construct validity of the PICTS composite scales and for matching offenders to interventions are discussed.
Intrapartum amnioinfusion for meconium-stained fluid: meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of intrapartum prophylactic amnioinfusion in pregnancies complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Data Sources: We identified prospective clinical trials of amnioinfusion in pregnancies complicated by meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AF) published in English by using computerized databases, references in published studies, and index reviews. Methods of Study Selection: We analyzed prospective studies of intrapartum amnioinfusion for meconium-stained AF. In every case, group allocation was based exclusively on meconium in AF. Only published studies with clearly documented outcome data were included. The trials were evaluated for meconium below the vocal cords, meconium aspiration syndrome, fetal acidemia, cesarean delivery, and postpartum endometritis. Each trial was evaluated for the quality of its methodology, inclusion and exclusion criteria, adequacy of randomization, amnioinfusion protocols, definition of outcomes, and statistical analyses. Tabulation, Integration, and Results: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria for our systematic review. Odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each outcome. Estimates of ORs and risk differences for dichotomous outcomes were calculated using random and fixed-effects models. We tested for homogeneity across the studies. We found that intrapartum amnioinfusion significantly reduced the frequency of meconium aspiration syndrome (OR 0.30; 95% CI 0.19, 0.46), of meconium below the vocal cords, and neonatal acidemia. Subjects allocated to receive amnioinfusion also had a significantly lower overall cesarean rate (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.59, 0.93) without increased postpartum endometritis. Conclusion: Amnioinfusion in cases of meconium-stained fluid significantly improves neonatal outcome, lowers the cesarean delivery rate, and does not increase the postpartum endometritis rate.
Effects of particles with large gyroradii on resistive magnetohydrodynamic stability

Fast ions in tokamaks are known to have a significant influence on global plasma instabilities. In normal mode analyses for tokamaks, the perturbed electric and magnetic fields have been evaluated at the position of the particle’s guiding center. The effect of spatial variation of the perturbed fields within the gyroradius for resistive internal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes is considered in the present paper. The resulting tearing mode stability for the reversed field pinch (RFP) is investigated. Such effects are important for neutral beam injected particles in current RFP experiments and for fusion-generated alpha particles. The fast particle dielectric response is evaluated from the linearized Vlasov equation, and inserted into a cylindrical MHD model for the bulk plasma. The response is found for the simplified particles distribution function assuming that equilibrium magnetic field is uniform within the gyro-orbit. The effect of large gyroradii is strong, and can be either stabilizing or destabiliz...
Potential impact of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors on cardiovascular pathophysiology in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AbstractCardiovascular (CV) disease remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenesis of CV disease in T2DM is complex and multifactorial, and includes abnormalities in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, myocardium, platelets, and the coagulation cascade. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a newer class of agents that act by potentiating the action of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. This review summarizes CV disease pathophysiology in T2DM and the potential effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on CV risk in patients with T2DM. Preclinical and small observational studies and post hoc analyses of clinical trial data suggest that DPP-4 inhibitors may have beneficial CV effects. Some effects of DPP-4 inhibitors are GLP-1 dependent, whereas others may be due to GLP-1–independent actions of DPP-4 inhibitors. Analyses of major adverse CV events occurring during clinical development...
Systems Analysis of Accelerator and Storage Ring Systems for Inertial Fusion

A computerized systems model is being developed to help assess the relative merits of the various accelerator systems that appear able to meet the requirements for inertial fusion with high energy heavy ion beams. Assessment involves calculating the total cost and parameters that are critical to technical feasibility. Current results showing cost trends and important technical parameters for rf linac/storage ring systems using ions of different mass, charge state, and kinetic energy are presented.
Strategies for automated placement of cells for microscopy.

Computer-software-controlled placement of cells onto microscope slides is advantageous for quantitative optical microscopy. Cell detection, identification, and placement have been implemented on a software-controlled flow sorter. Computer hardware timing latencies that comprise the dead times of the system are sufficiently short (10 μs) to allow adequate delay of cells for sorting. Operating system timing latencies (150 μs) are also short enough for low flow-rate sorting. As a result of the low cost of computers and because formats for cell placement are still controversial, software control is desirable since it provides the flexibility to implement multiple variations for cell detection, identification, and sorting.
A computer simulation of children’s arithmetic word-problem solving

ARITHPRO is a computer simulation of children’s arithmetic word-problem solving behavior. It is an instantiation of a recently proposed cognitive model of the knowledge and procedures required to solve such problems. The program solves word problems by (1) comprehending the story text in which the problem is embedded, (2) comprehending numerical information as sets of objects, (3) building superstructures from these sets, thereby specifying their logical relations, and (4) using a counting procedure to derive the answer to the problem. This report describes ARITHPRO and its architecture and knowledge base. A few comparisons of ARITHPRO’s performance with that of children are also provided.
Diagnosis and management of pineocytomas.

OBJECTIVE: Pineocytomas are associated with the most favorable prognosis of all pineal tumors. However, a subset of pineocytomas may have a predilection for recurrence and therefore behave aggressively. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Records of nine patients (five men, four women; mean age, 44 yr; range, 24-63 yr) with histologically diagnosed pineocytomas consecutively treated between 1900 and 2001 were reviewed retrospectively to identity factors predictive of aggressiveness. Eight patients presented with hydrocephalus and four with tectal compression. Three patients underwent gross total resection, and six underwent subtotal resection or biopsy. RESULTS: Three local recurrences necessitated reoperation. One recurrence involved the obex of the fourth ventricle. The mean time to recurrence was 3.5 years (range, 1-7 yr). There was no correlation between histological features and tumor recurrence. Patients undergoing radiosurgery showed stable or attenuated local disease (mean follow-up, 19.3 mo; range, 6-36 mo). Mean radiographic follow up was 34 months (range, 6 mo to 10 yr). Mean clinical follow-up was 36 months (range, 1 mo to 10 yr). CONCLUSION: A subset of pineocytomas demonstrates the potential for symptomatic recurrence. We advocate an attempt at gross total tumor resection for all symptomatic patients with tectal plate compression, reserving radiosurgery for small, subtotally resected, or recurrent lesions. Patients must be followed closely for recurrence. Radiosurgery seems to be beneficial for local tumor control. Further investigation is needed to identily histological markers for pineocytomas that behave aggressively.
Models for the fluid-solid interaction force for multidimensional single phase flow within tube bundles

Abstract Several models for single phase flow resistance over yawed tube bundles are summarized and evaluated against available experimental data. The models are based on one dimensional parallel and cross flow correlations. The data base includes both inline and staggered rod arrangements and yaw angles of 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75°. New data are presented for laminar flow at yaw angles of 30° and 45°. A simple model based on the principle of independence was confirmed for prediction of the total flow resistance in turbulent flow and for the drag component in laminar flow. However, none of the models evaluated satisfactorily predicted the lift component in laminar flow.
Maternal style of emotional expression

Abstract This research describes the development of a semantic differential technique for rating nonverbal style of expressiveness in a population of expectant mothers. Nonverbal features (facial expression, gesture, voice quality) were emphasized as uniquely valid indices of emotional reactions towards parenthood and as the principal forms of interpersonal stimulation to which preverbal infants would be exposed. In the final trimester of pregnancy 46 primiparous mothers, representing a range of age, ethnic, and social-class backgrounds, were interviewed on videotape discussing childhood, marital adjustment, and expectations about parenthood. Interview selections were then presented to judges under three stimulus conditions: total videotape, videotrack, or audiotrack. Each mother's expressive style was rated on 12 bipolar adjective scales pertaining to affective tone, energy level, and involvement. Analyses demonstrated significant associations between nonverbal expressive style variables and measures of parent and child functioning over the first 2 years of life.
The role of hepatic artery ligation and dearterialization with infusion chemotherapy in advanced malignancies in the liver.

Because of limited benefits derived with the use of systemic chemotherapy, 15 patients with metastatic malignancy of the liver or hepatoma were treated by hepatic artery ligation [6] or dearterialization [9] and regional infusion chemotherapy. There were two post operative deaths and three patients required surgical drainage of hepatic tumor liquefaction necrosis. The median survival was 14 months with two patients still living. The longest survivors were those patients with visceral leiomyosarcoma or carcinoid tumor. Five of the patients had failed to respond to previous chemotherapy, all showed a favorable response to this therapy. Rigid criteria for proper case selection have been developed which should reduce the operative mortality. Hepatic artery ligation is a therapeutic modality that can be of benefit to patients for whom no other satisfactory treatment is available.
Nonresonant semileptonic heavy quark decay

In both the large N{sub c} limit and the valence quark model, semileptonic heavy quark decays are dominated by resonant final states. Using Bjorken's sum rule in an ``unquenched'' version of the quark model, the author demonstrates that nonresonant final states should also be produced at a significant rate in the heavy quark limit. By calculating the individual strengths of a large number of exclusive two-body nonresonant channels, he shows that the total rate for such processes is highly fragmented. He also describes some very substantial duality-violating suppression factors which reduce the inclusive nonresonant rate to a few percent of the total semileptonic rate for the finite quark masses of {anti B} decay, and comment on the importance of nonresonant decays as testing grounds for very basic ideas on the structure, strength, and significance of the q{anti q} sea and on quark-hadron duality in QCD.
Update on Epidural Scar Prevention and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Dural Repair

This article seeks to update the practicing spine surgeon on new technologies employed by products recently released (or in development) that facilitate dural repair and grafting, or that seek to prevent epidural fibrosis. An understanding of the attributes and biologic properties that these products utilize will serve to highlight current thinking and techniques. To this end, the surgeon should be able to make critical distinctions about risk/benefit options when selecting products and adopting new techniques.
Tesla-Ortigalita Fault, Coast Range Thrust Fault, and Franciscan Metamorphism, Northeastern Diablo Range, California

Fault contacts in the northeastern Diablo Range, California, between the partially melanged late Mesozoic Franciscan Complex and the broadly coeval, less deformed sedimentary rocks of the Great Valley sequence have been called, by definition, the Tesla-Ortigalita fault. “Coast Range thrust” is the name applied by Bailey and others (1970a) to the fault of regional extent that originally separated subducted oceanic crust and sedimentary rock of the Franciscan Complex from structurally overlying ophiolite plus shelf-slope facies sedimentary rock of the Great Valley sequence. The two faults are not equivalent. High-angle Neogene segments of the Tesla-Ortigalita fault truncate older fault surfaces of the Coast Range thrust-fault system. Franciscan metamorphic rocks contain low-to high-pressure, low-temperature mineral parageneses characterized by the phases pumpellyite, prehnite, aragonite, lawsonite, glaucophane, and jadeitic pyroxene. Metamorphism has been variously ascribed to metastable re-crystallization, metasomatism by fluids generated in and around serpentinite, structural burial produced by subduction of an oceanic lithospheric plate, and burial plus tectonic overpressures generated beneath the Coast Range thrust fault. Suppe (1970) and Ernst (1971a) argued against metastable recrystallization and metasomatism on the basis of available field and laboratory evidence. If metamorphism is related to serpentinization, a metamorphic aureole should surround ultramafic bodies undergoing present-day ser-pentinization. Metamorphism resulting from tectonic overpressures generated beneath the Coast Range thrust fault will be revealed by an increase in metamorphic grade toward the thrust, whereas structural burial would result in an increase in metamorphic grade with structural depth. Distribution of mineral parageneses in the northeastern Diablo Range, revealed by analyses of more than 300 thin sections of metaclastic rocks, shows no spatial relation between highest grade rocks and either exposed segments of the Coast Range thrust fault or the margins of ultramafic masses undergoing present-day serpentinization. Thus the available evidence fails to support the metastable recrystallization, metasomatic, and tectonic overpressure concepts. Only the hypothesis of structural burial is not negated by the observed relations.
Delegation of Computation with Verification Outsourcing Using GENI Infrastructure

In the new cloud computing paradigm, outsourcing computation is a fundamental principle. Among its various aspects, the correctness of the computation result remains paramount. This motivates the birth of verifiable computation, which aims at efficiently checking the result for general-purpose computation. Although significant progress has been made in verifiable computation towards practice, the verifier's workload still remains too high. Only through batching or amortizing the very expensive investment over a large number of computation instances, can the verifiers cost be less than re-computing the computation task from the scratch. In the work of delegation of verification (PODC'13), Xu et al. proposes that the client can also outsource (again) the verification to a third party. However, whether this idea is feasible in large scale network is not clear. In this paper, we propose to adopt the Global Environment for Network Innovation (GENI) infrastructure, which is known as a mature virtual laboratory for exploring future Internet to investigate the feasibility of outsourcing computation/verification in large scale networks.
Digital representation and Occupy Wall Street’s challenge to political subjectivity

This article considers the ways in which practices of digital representation were deployed in the Occupy Wall Street movement, arguing that acts of self-representation render intelligible not just the politics of a movement like Occupy Wall Street but also make sensible the relations of power such projects are immersed within. Building upon the notion that the specific power of the movement was exercised via a situated understanding of representation, this essay investigates how a digitally mediated sensibility made the broader critiques at the core of the Occupy movement not only intelligible to those inside and outside the movement but also offered a mode of subject constitution that pushed against liberal notions of political subjectivity.
Image reconstruction with a half-detector in single-photon emission computed tomography with nonuniform attenuation

In parallel beam computed tomography, measured projections at conjugate views are mathematically identical. This symmetry can be exploited for either reducing the scanning angle or the size of the detector arrays. In single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), because the gamma rays in the conjugate views suffer different photon attenuation, measured projections at conjugate views are generally different. Therefore, it had been widely considered that projections covering 360 deg and the whole detector face are required for exact reconstruction of the distributions of gamma-ray emitters. In this work, we show that projections covering 360 deg, but acquired with a half-detector viewing half of the image space, provide the necessary information to reconstruct a unique image in SPECT with nonuniform attenuation.
Introduction of the 305Arg→305Ser mutation in the large extrinsic loop E of the CP43 protein of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 leads to the loss of cytochrome c550 binding to Photosystem II

CP43, a component of Photosystem II (PSII) in higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria, is encoded by the psbC gene. Previous work demonstrated that alteration of an arginine residue occurring at position 305 to serine produced a strain (R305S) with altered PSII characteristics including lower oxygen-evolving activity, fewer assembled reaction centers, higher sensitivity to photoinactivation, etc. [Biochemistry 38 (1999) 1582]. Additionally, it was determined that the mutant exhibited an enhanced stability of its S2 state. Recently, we observed a significant chloride effect under chloride-limiting conditions. The mutant essentially lost the ability to grow photoautotrophically, assembled fewer fully functional PSII reaction centers and exhibited a very low rate of oxygen evolution. Thus, the observed phenotype of this mutation is very similar to that observed for the Delta(psb)V mutant, which lacks cytochrome c550 (Biochemistry 37 (1998) 1551). A His-tagged version of the R305S mutant was produced to facilitate the isolation of PSII particles. These particles were analyzed for the presence of cytochrome c550. Reduced minus oxidized difference spectroscopy and chemiluminescence examination of Western blots indicated that cytochrome c550 was absent in these PSII particles. Whole cell extracts from the R305S mutant, however, contained a similar amount of cytochrome c550 to that observed in the control strain. These results indicate that the mutation R305S in CP43 prevents the strong association of cytochrome c550 with the PSII core complex. We hypothesize that this residue is involved in the formation of the binding domain for the cytochrome.
Anxiety Disorders and Disability Secondary to Urinary Incontinence among Adults over Age 50

Objective:No previous research has investigated whether there is an association between anxiety disorders and urinary incontinence. We hypothesized that anxiety disorders would be associated with increased urinary incontinence related disability.Method:Continuing participants who were aged 50 years and older in a longitudinal study of community-dwelling adults who were initially living in East Baltimore in 1981 (n = 787). Participants were classified as incontinent if any uncontrolled urine loss within the 12 months prior to the interview was reported. Urinary incontinence related functional loss was further assessed based on a series of questions relating directly to participants' inability to engage in certain activities due to their urinary incontinence. Anxiety disorders were assessed with standardized interviews.Results:Persons meeting criteria for an anxiety disorder were no more likely to have urinary incontinence than were persons without anxiety disorders (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.36, 95 pe...
Bidirectional scattering distribution functions of maple and cottonwood leaves

We present our investigations into the optical scattering properties of both sugar maple (Acer saccarum) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves in the near-IR wavelength regime. The bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) describes the fractions of light reflected by and transmitted through a leaf for a given set of illumination and observation angles. Experiments were performed to measure the BSDF of each species at a discrete set of illumination and observation angles. We then modeled the BSDFs in such a way that other researchers may interpolate their values for scattering in any direction under illumination at any angle.
The effect of As, Co, and Ni impurities on pyrite oxidation kinetics: An electrochemical study of synthetic pyrite

Abstract Synthetic pyrite crystals doped with As, Co, or Ni, undoped pyrite, and natural arsenian pyrite from Leadville, Colorado were investigated with electrochemical techniques and solid-state measurements of semiconducting properties to determine the effect of impurity content on pyrite’s oxidation behavior. Potential step experiments, cyclic voltammetry, and AC voltammetry were performed in a standard three-electrode electrochemical cell setup. A pH 1.78 sulfuric acid solution containing 1 mM ferric iron, open to atmospheric oxygen, was chosen to approximate water affected by acid drainage. Van der Pauw/Hall effect measurements determined resistivity, carrier concentration and carrier mobility. The anodic dissolution of pyrite and the reduction of ferric iron half-reactions are taken as proxies for natural pyrite oxidation. Pyrite containing no impurities is least reactive. Pyrite with As is more reactive than pyrite with either Ni or Co despite lower dopant concentration. As, Co, and Ni impurities introduce bulk defect states at different energy levels within the band gap. Higher reactivity of impure pyrite suggests that introduced defect levels lead to higher density of occupied surface states at the solid–solution interface and increased metallic behavior. The current density generated from potential step experiments increased with increasing As concentration. The higher reactivity of As-doped pyrite may be related to p-type conductivity and corrosion by holes. The results of this study suggest that considering the impurity content of pyrite in mining waste may lead to more accurate risk assessment of acid producing potential.
Dynamic plasma screening effects on semiclassical inelastic electron–ion collisions in dense plasmas

In dense plasmas, dynamic plasma screening effects are investigated on 1s→2p dipole transition probabilities for electron-impact excitation of hydrogenic ions. The electron–ion interaction potential is considered by introduction of the plasma dielectric function. A semiclassical straight-line trajectory method is applied to the path of the projectile electron in order to visualize the semiclassical transition probability as a function of the impact parameter, projectile energy, and plasma parameters. The transition probability including the dynamic plasma screening effect is always greater than that including the static plasma screening effect. When the projectile velocity is smaller than the electron thermal velocity, the dynamic polarization screening effect becomes the static plasma screening effect. When the projectile velocity is greater than the electron thermal velocity, then the interaction potential is almost unshielded. The difference between the dynamic and static plasma screening effects is mo...
Sound propagation through parallel jets exhausting from ducts

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is employed to construct the solution for the propagation of sound through parallel jets which exit from long ducts and are surrounded by a uniform parallel stream. Parts of the duct walls are lined with acoustically absorbent material. The small parameter for the expansion is the ratio of the inner jet thickness to the acoustic wavelength. The problem is further simplified when we impose the condition that the speed of the outer stream, which accounts for the forward motion speed of the ducts, is much smaller than the speeds of the jets. This condition is valid during landing and takeoff operations. Farfield pressure distributions are obtained for the case in which the inner jet is much faster than the outer jet and the case in which the two jets are the same.
Selected Trends in the Economic Status of American Women (1900-1986): Implications for Employment Counselors.

The author compares selected data since the turn of the century to identify trends that affect the economic status of women in a changing world economy and the implications for counselors.
Lattice Boltzmann Algorithm for Simulating Thermal Flow in Compressible Fluids

An algorithm has been developed for incorporating the effects of temperature into lattice Boltzmann simulations. Instead of modeling the internal energy as a moment of the distribution describing the flow of mass and momentum, the internal energy is modeled as a scalar field using a second distribution. The energy is then coupled to the density and momentum via the partition between moving and nonmoving particles in a conventional two-speed model. The algorithm is tested against a number of systems for which analytic results are available. These include nonuniform conductivity between two plates, entry length behavior for flow in a channel between two parallel plates, and critical Rayleigh number behavior in Rayleigh?Benard convection. Quantitative agreement is found in all cases.
Analysis of deep bed filtration data: Modeling as a birth-death process

To simulate the performance of a deep bed filter in terms of the pressure drop dynamics under a constant flow condition, a fairly general stochastic model, namely, the birth-death process, which takes into account both blockage of the pores by suspended particles and scouring of deposited particles, is combined with the Carman-Kozeny equation. This model is relatively simple in that the entire bed is spatially lumped and it contains only two parameters, α and β, which are fairly easy to identify. In spite of this simplicity, the model is capable of representing the majority of the available experimental data.
Optical gain-bandwidth product of vertical-cavity amplifiers

Summary form only given. Vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifiers (VCSOAs) have recently attracted increasing interest. They are potentially low-cost alternatives to in-plane SOAs and they have the inherent advantage of polarization insensitivity, high fiber coupling efficiency, and low noise figure. Two-dimensional arrays of VCSOAs are attractive for parallel applications. We have recently demonstrated the first VCSOA that operates at 1.3 /spl mu/m signal wavelength. In our undoped and optically pumped device, two AlAs/GaAs distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) are wafer bonded to an InP based active region. The active region contains three stacks of 7 compressively strained InAsP quantum wells that are placed at the three central peaks of the standing optical wave. The effective cavity length is 2.2 /spl mu/m including light penetration into the mirrors. The quantum wells are the only layers to allow for band-to-band absorption of the 980 nm pump laser beam. Up to 13 dB fiber-to-fiber gain, -3.5 dBm saturation output power, and 0.6 nm optical bandwidth (100 GHz) are measured in reflection mode. Low optical bandwidths are desirable for filter applications whereas larger bandwidths are needed for wavelength division multiplexing. Due to the trade-off between gain and bandwidth, we use here the gain-bandwidth product as figure of merit.
Remarks on the finite energy condition in additive white noise filtering

For the nonlinear filtering problem y ( t ) = ∫ 0 t h ( x ( s ) ) d s + w ( t ) , the finite energy condition, E ∫ 0 T h 2 ( x ( s ) ) d s ∞ , and state—observation noise independence imply that the martingale L ( t ) = exp { ∫ 0 t h ( x ( s ) ) d y ( s ) - 1 2 ∫ 0 t h 2 ( x ( s ) ) d s } is an H 1 -martingale with respect to the transformed measure. This fact is used to obtain a direct proof of Zakai's equation and to prove that the total mass of the unnormalized conditional density is also an H 1 -martingale.
Lipoma of the oral labial vestibule

Abstract Lipomas of the oral cavity are rare and when discovered should be removed in toto because they can attain tremendous size. A case has been reported of a lipoma in which the location is considered rare. The tumor was a true lipoma not combined with another connective tissue, which is uncommon.
Pediatric delirium and associated risk factors: a single-center prospective observational study.

Objective:To describe a single-institution pilot study regarding prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill children.Design:A prospective observational study, with secondary analysis of data collected during the validation of a pediatric delirium screening tool, the Cornell Assessmen
A novel fabrication method for semiconductor ring lasers that ensures optimal electrical pumping

Infrared semiconductor ring laser fabrication typically involves planarization of ridge waveguide device structures and deposition of metal electrodes for electrical pumping. Uniform planarization across large samples is difficult to achieve. This leads to inadequate electrical contact between portions of the ring resonator and the deposited metal electrode layer whereby the devices are not optimally pumped. This can lead to high threshold currents and device failure. The problem of inadequate electrical pumping on account of non-idea planarization has been addressed by utilizing a metallic etch mask instead of the commonly used photoresist 'soft' mask. The metallic mask remains intact after ridge etching and the other ensuing fabrication steps to form a continuous metallic cover above the entire device structure. This metallic cover ensures proper electrical contact between the ring resonator and the deposited metal electrode layer even when planarization imperfections render only certain portions of the resonator in proper electrical contact with the metal electrode layer. The proposed fabrication process has led to large diameter ring lasers with high yield and low threshold current levels. These devices are robust and exhibit stable operation over large current ranges in addition.
Effects of polyethylene glycol-linked superoxide dismutase and catalase during in vivo lung ischemia and reperfusion☆

We have previously demonstrated that reperfusion of a rabbit lung following 24 hours of in vivo pulmonary artery occlusion results in bilateral lung edema and lung inflammation and in systemic leukopenia. We tested whether this in vivo ischemia/reperfusion lung injury in the rabbit could be prevented by the administration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Polyethylene glycol-linked SOD (PEG-SOD) and CAT (PEG-CAT) were administered to five rabbits, PEG-SOD alone to four rabbits, and neither to nine untreated control rabbits, and the left pulmonary artery was then occluded with a microvascular clamp. Enzyme activity measured at the time of reperfusion 24 hours later demonstrated plasma CAT activity of 1,127 ± 601 U/mL for SOD/CAT-treated rabbits versus 193 ± 25 U / mL for untreated rabbits (P < .05) and SOD activity of 97 ± 25 U/mLfor SOD-treated rabbits versus no measurable activity in untreated rabbits. Following 4 hours of reperfusion, wet to dry ratios were 6.15 ± 0.27 for the reperfused left lungs and 5.55 ± 0.20 for the right lungs. Analysis of variance demonstrated a significant effect of reperfusion on left versus right wet to dry ratios (P < .05) but no effect of enzyme treatment. Lung sections scored by a blinded observer for histologic evidence of lung injury similarly showed a left-to-right difference but no difference between treated and untreated animals in degree of injury to the reperfused left lung. However, the contralateral lung was relatively less injured in treated rabbits. The two groups also differed in that an immediate leukopenia developed following reperfusion in the untreated and PEG-SOD-treated rabbits but not in the rabbits treated with both PEG-SOD and PEG-CAT. We conclude that SOD and CAT prevent the systemic leukopenia that accompanies pulmonary artery reperfusion, but do not prevent the injury to the reperfused lung. The sparing effect on the contralateral lung suggests that the mechanism of injury for that lung differs from the mechanism of injury to the occluded lung.
Optimized generation capacity expansion using a further improved screening curve method

Abstract As more renewable resources are integrated into the grid, non-dispatchable renewable energy and more detailed considerations of short-term operation should be represented in generation planning models. In this paper, the screening curve method is utilized to model these details for generation capacity expansion. In addition to previous studies, we further develop the screening curve method with more detailed consideration of thermal cycling. Computational results performed on a real system case are compared and analyzed.
Vmax Regulation through Domain and Subunit Changes. The Active Form of Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase

An active conformation of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) from Escherichia coli has been obtained using X-ray crystallography. The X-ray crystal structure is used to examine the potential intermediates for V(max) regulation, for the redox reaction, and for cooperative effects of serine binding. The crystal structure at 2.2 A resolution contains bound NAD(+) cofactor, either sulfate or phosphate anions, and alpha-ketoglutarate, a nonphysiological substrate. A PGDH subunit is formed from three distinct domains: regulatory (RBD), substrate (SBD), and nucleotide binding (NBD). The crystal conformation of the homotetramer points to the fact that, in the absence of serine, coordinated movement of the RBD-SBD domains occurs relative to the NBD. The result is a conformational change involving the steric relationships of both the domains and the subunits. Within the active site of each subunit is a bound molecule of alpha-ketoglutarate and the coenzyme, NAD. The catalytic or active site cleft is changed slightly although it is still solvent exposed; therefore, the catalytic reaction probably involves additional conformational changes. By comparing the inhibited with the uninhibited complex, it is possible to describe changes in conformation that are involved in the inhibitory signal transduction of serine.
Prospective elementary teachers' motivation to participate in whole-class discussions during mathematics content courses for teachers

Prospective elementary teachers’ (N = 148) motivation to participate in whole-class discussions during mathematics content courses for teachers, as expressed in their own words on an open-ended questionnaire, were studied. Results indicated that prospective teachers were motivated by positive utility values for participating (to achieve a short-term goal of learning mathematics or a long-term goal of becoming a teacher), to demonstrate competence (to achieve performance-approach goals), or to help others (to achieve social goals). Negative utility values for participating were expressed by those who preferred to learn through actively listening. Five motivational profiles, as composed of interactions among motivational values, beliefs, goals and self-reported participation practices, were prevalent in this sample. Self-reported variations among participants’ utility values and participation practices suggested that prospective teachers engaged differentially in opportunities to learn to communicate mathematically. Results provide pedagogical learner knowledge for mathematics teacher educators.
TLR4 signaling augments B lymphocyte migration and overcomes the restriction that limits access to germinal center dark zones

B lymphocyte–intrinsic Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals amplify humoral immunity and can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. We identify a new mechanism by which TLR signals may contribute to autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. We show that TLR4 signaling enhances B lymphocyte trafficking into lymph nodes (LNs), induces B lymphocyte clustering and interactions within LN follicles, leads to sustained in vivo B cell proliferation, overcomes the restriction that limits the access of nonantigen-activated B cells to germinal center dark zones, and enhances the generation of memory and plasma cells. Intravital microscopy and in vivo tracking studies of B cells transferred to recipient mice revealed that TLR4-activated, but not nonstimulated, B cells accumulated within the dark zones of preexisting germinal centers even when transferred with antigen-specific B cells. The TLR4-activated cells persist much better than nonstimulated cells, expanding both within the memory and plasma cell compartments. TLR-mediated activation of B cells may help to feed and stabilize the spontaneous and ectopic germinal centers that are so commonly found in autoimmune individuals and that accompany chronic inflammation.
Polymeric multilayers that localize the release of chlorhexidine from biologic wound dressings.

Abstract Biologic wound dressings contain animal-derived components and are susceptible to high infection rates. To address this issue, we report an approach that permits incorporation of non-toxic levels of the small molecule antiseptic ‘chlorhexidine’ into biologic dressings. The approach relies on the fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEMs) films containing poly(allylaminehydrochloride) (PAH), poly(acrylicacid) (PAA), and chlorhexidine acetate (CX) on elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheets. The PEMs (20–100 nm thick) are subsequently stamped onto the wound-contact surface of a synthetic biologic dressing, Biobrane, which contains collagen peptides. Chlorhexidine loading in the PEMs was tailored by tuning the number of (CX/PAA) bilayers deposited, providing burst release of up to 0.98 ± 0.06 μg/cm 2 of CX over 24 h, followed by zero-order release of 0.35 ± 0.04 μg/cm 2 /day for another week. Although the CX concentrations released were below the reported in vitro cytotoxicity limit (5 μg/mL over 24 h) for human dermal fibroblasts, they killed 4 log 10 counts of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in solution. The CX/PEMs could be stamped onto Biobrane with high efficiency to provide CX release kinetics and in vitro antibacterial activity similar to that on PDMS stamps. In a full-thickness ‘splinted’ dermal wound-model in normal wild-type mice, the CX-functionalized Biobrane showed no decrease in either its adherence to the wound-bed or wound closure rate over 14 days. The murine wounds topically inoculated with ∼10 5 CFU/cm 2 of S. aureus and treated with CX-functionalized Biobrane demonstrated a 3 log 10 decrease in the wound’s bacterial burden within 3 days, compared to persistent bacterial colonization found in wounds treated with unmodified Biobrane ( n = 10 mice, p
Structural Variation in Porphyrin Pillared Homologous Series: Influence of Distinct Coordination Centers for Pillars on Framework Topology

A new series of porphyrin paddlewheel frameworks (PPFs) has been assembled from 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyl)-21H,23H-porphine (TCPP), Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, and organic pillars such as N,N′-di-(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxydiimide (DPNI) and 3,6-di-4-pyridyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DPT). Here we report the synthesis and structural characterization of five new PPFs based on 2D porphyrin paddlewheel grid. In this homologous series, the stacking patterns of such 2D porphyrin sheets are varied and exhibit two new structures, namely, bilayer and interpenetrated AA stacking pattern, in addition to the ABBA pattern previously observed.