cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic properties of organically templated new layered vanadates: [C4H8NH2]V3O7, [(CH3)2NH2]V3O7, [C5H10NH2]V3O7 and [C2H5NH3]V3O7

Four new layered mixed-valance vanadium oxides, which contain the interlamellar organic cations pyrolidinium, dimethylammonium, piperidinium, and ethylammonium, have been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and their structures determined. All four structures contain vanadium oxide layers constructed from V5+O4 tetrahedra and pairs of V4+O5 square pyramids with the protonated organic amines occupying the interlayer space. The materials are further characterized by thermal analysis, FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. Magnetic susceptibility studies of the first three compounds reveal a spin-gap behavior explained by an isolated antiferromagnetic dimers model. Large values of the exchange constants J = 325 − 480 K were found and the dependence of J upon the structural parameters was analyzed assuming a kinetic exchange mechanism.
Application of a liquid extraction based sealing surface sampling probe for mass spectrometric analysis of dried blood spots and mouse whole-body thin tissue sections.

The utility of a liquid extraction based sealing surface sampling probe (SSSP) for the direct mass spectrometric analysis of targeted drugs and metabolites in dried blood spots (DBSs) and whole mouse thin tissue sections was demonstrated. The accuracy and precision for the quantitative analysis of a minimum of 50 ng/mL sitamaquine or acetaminophen in DBSs on paper were well within the required 15% dictated by internationally recognized acceptance criteria for assay validations. Analysis of whole-body mouse thin tissue sections from animals dosed with propranolol, adhered to an adhesive tape substrate, provided semiquantitative information for propranolol and its hydroxyproranolol glucuronide metabolite within specific organs of the tissue. The relative abundances recorded for the two compounds in the brain, lung, kidney, and liver were in nominal agreement with previously reported amounts based on analysis using a liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (LMJ-SSP), whole-body autoradiography (WBA), and...
Ground-state exciton emission of InAs quantum dots produced by focused-ion-beam-directed nucleation

Abstract We report on scanning micro-photoluminescence measurements on InAs quantum dots that were patterned using an in vacuo focused ion beam. The focused ion beam produced a square array of holes with an array spacing of 2 μm, upon which multiple layers of InAs and GaAs were deposited. Two-dimensional mapping of the luminescence spatially and spectrally resolves the emission from individual dots. At some positions, multiple emission peaks are observed, which could have originated from (i) different exciton transitions of the same quantum dot, or (ii) different quantum dots. Power dependence measurements reveal that the emission increases linearly with power, and maps of the emission show that the positions of each peak are spatially separated, suggesting that the peaks are ground-state exciton emission from different dots.
Complexes of amine cations with lasalocid A, a microbial ionophore

Abstract Complexes having the stoichiometry [R-NH3+][lasalocid A-] have been prepared and characterized, where R represents a series of organic substituents with diverse steric and electronic properties. The crystalline complexes dissolve readily in solvents of low polarity such as chloroform and are characterized in this solvent by molecular weight data and 13C nmr spectroscopy. NMR data indicate that the cations bind the lasalocid A anion via hydrogen bonds to O3, O6, and O8. Molecular weight data show that none of these complexes are appreciably dissociated in chloroform solution.
BUILDING REGIONAL CAPACITY: THE NEW ALLIANCE PROCESS IN PENNSYLVANIA

This article offers a summary of events and circumstances surrounding the implementation of the American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations' New Alliance program in Pennsylvania. Focusing on the challenges involved in establishing and operating the state's five new Area Labor Federations (ALFs), the article documents the emerging success of Pennsylvania's ALFs in building the capacity for and strategically minded use of local and regional power by and for the statewide labor movement's affiliates and their allies.
The capacity planning problem in make-to-order enterprises

This paper addresses the short-term capacity planning problem in a make-to-order (MTO) operation environment. A mathematical model is presented to aid an operations manager in an MTO environment to select a set of potential customer orders to maximize the operational profit such that all the selected orders are fulfilled by their deadline. With a given capacity limit on each source for each resource type, solving this model leads to an optimal capacity plan as required for the selected orders over a given (finite) planning horizon. The proposed model considers regular time, overtime, and outsourcing as the sources for each resource type. By applying this model to a small MTO operation, this paper demonstrates a contrast between maximal capacity utilization and optimal operational profit.
Assessment of test data for selection of 3‐D failure criterion for sand

Data from three-dimensional experiments performed on sand in true triaxial equipment have been reviewed to sort out apparent disarray resulting from their interpretation. This has been done based on analyses made possible by recent developments and understanding of factors influencing sand behaviour: occurrence of shear banding, boundary conditions and/or specimen slenderness ratio, cross-anisotropy, and stability of experimental technique. These factors are reviewed and test data from the literature are evaluated. Experimental data are divided into three groups in which: (a) homogeneous behaviour controls the sand strength; (b) shear banding affects the shape of the three-dimensional failure surface in the midrange of values of b=(σ2−σ3)/(σ1−σ3), and (c) the data has been misinterpreted. Appropriate interpretation of three-dimensional strength data for sand exhibiting isotropic, homogeneous behaviour is represented by a smoothly rounded triangular failure surface expressible in terms of the first and third stress invariants. Shear banding effects will cause the failure surface to be ‘indented’ in the midrange of b-values in all sectors of the octahedral plane. Effects of cross-anisotropy will result in lower strengths in sector III than in sector I of the octahedral plane, and the failure surface will appear as rotated around the stress origin in principal stress space. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal muscle microcirculatory structure and hemodynamics in diabetes.

Within skeletal muscle, insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes produces straighter, narrower capillaries. To test the hypothesis that these microvascular alterations would be associated with impaired capillary hemodynamics, intravital microscopy techniques were used to study the in vivo spinotrapezius muscle microcirculation of age-matched control (C) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic (D) rats. D rats exhibited a marked reduction in body weight (C, 266±5 g; D, 150±6 g; P<0.001). At resting sarcomere lengths (i.e. ≈2.7 μm), the additional capillary length arising from tortuosity and branching was less in D muscle (C, 10.5±0.8%; D, 5.3±1.0%, P<0.01). Capillary diameter was reduced in D muscle (C, 5.4±0.1 μm; D, 4.6±0.1μm; P<0.001), and was positively correlated (r=0.71) with the decreased proportion of capillaries sustaining flow (C, 85±5%; D, 53±3%; P<0.001). Within those ‘flowing’ capillaries, red blood cell (RBC) velocity and flux were reduced 29 and 43%, respectively in D muscle (both P<0.05). This reduced calculated O2 delivery by 57% per unit tissue width and 41% per unit muscle mass. Capillary ‘tube’ hematocrit was unchanged from control values (C, 0.22±0.02; D, 0.22±0.02). We conclude that, in the diabetic state, microvascular remodeling is associated with a reduced proportion of ‘flowing’ capillaries and a reduction in RBC velocity and flux in these vessels such that skeletal muscle O2 delivery is markedly reduced.
Effects of exogenous adenosine deaminase and erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine on intracellular cyclic AMP levels in C1300 murine neuroblastoma in tissue culture.

Abstract The cyclic AMP content of dense cultures of C1300 murine neuroblastoma cells (clone N2a) was elevated after incubation for short periods of time in minimal volumes of serum-free medium (SFM) containing Ro 20 1724, a potent nonxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor. This elevation was prevented by theophylline, an adenosine antagonist, and was retarded by dipyridamole or benzylthioinosine, inhibitors of nucleoside transport. Cyclic AMP was also elevated by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl) adenine (EHNA), a potent adenosine deaminase inhibitor. This effect of EHNA was more pronounced in dense cultures, in small volumes of bathing medium, and was antagonized by dipyridamole. The addition of adenosine deaminase to growth medium or SFM lowered the cyclic AMP levels attained after the addition of Ro 20 1724. We conclude that N2a cells continually release adenosine into the growth or bathing medium via the nucleoside transport system and that sufficient concentrations may be achieved to tonically stimulate adenylate cyclase and influence processes controlled by the cyclic AMP:cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase system.
An electrochemical investigation of the adsorption of octyl hydroxamate on chalcocite

Abstract The electrochemical aspects of octyl hydroxamate adsorption on chalcocite were investigated through linear potential sweep voltammetry, contact angle measurements, and flotation tests in a polarizable Hallimond tube. The adsorption of octyl hydroxamate was found to coincide with an oxidation shoulder, just prior to the primary anodic peak. The electrode reaction associated with this peak has been explained as an oxidation/complexation/adsorption process which accounts for the interaction between octyl hydroxamate and chalcocite.
Educational effectiveness of a personal digital assistant-based geriatric assessment tool.

Background: Although personal digital assistant use among residents is common, few outcomes-based studies have examined the impact of this technology on medical education.Aims: We evaluated the educational effectiveness of a personal digital assistant-based geriatric assessment tool.Methods: Internal medicine residents were enrolled as subjects. Personal digital assistant users were randomly assigned to receive or not receive a geriatric assessment tool for use on their device. Outcome measures included pretest/posttest performance and tabulation of geriatric functional issues on hospital dismissal summaries.Results: Seventy-two residents participated. Of these, 38 (53%) reported personal digital assistant use. Twenty were assigned to receive the geriatric assessment tool. Average change between pretest and posttest scores was highest for the group using the geriatric assessment tool on a personal digital assistant (2.8, P = 0.01). This group also had the highest average posttest score and the highest ave...
A discussion of the Pseudo-Weyl-type metrics

We discuss the “pseudo-Weyl” vacuum field for which the two metric functions, ψ and λ, depend on the three coordinatesρ, z, andt. It is shown that no solutions exist that depend on all three coordinates. Consideration is given to the time-dependent metric of Einstein and Rosen and the same (null) result is shown to hold for that case. Thus, the most general solutions to the Weyl-type metric appear to be those already found by Weyl and by Einstein and Rosen.
Recruitment and growth of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in North Carolina

The effects of location, salinity, and depth on recruitment and growth of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica in Pamlico and Core sounds, North Carolina, were investigated from 1988 to 1990. We measured length and density of spat settling on oyster cultch deployed at deep (∼3 m) and shallow (∼1 m) depths at six sites in areas with low salinity and six sites in areas with high salinity. These data were compared with similar data taken at some of these sites by the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries since 1981 as part of their cultch planting program. Recruitment was generally greater in the high salinity sites, compared to the low salinity sites. Recruitment was less at shallow depths compared to deeper depths. In all three years the highest recruitment occurred in August and September, corresponding to the months of maximum water temperature. Recruitment was highly variable in space and time, but appeared to diminish from 1988 to 1990. Recruitment was reduced by sedimentation and a variety of sessile organisms. All sites appeared to have a similar potential for growth.
T.g.a. and drop-tube reactor studies of the combustion of coal blends

Abstract The combustion behaviour of blends of coals of different rank was studied with a thermogravimetric analyser (t.g.a.) and a drop-tube reactor (DTR). T.g.a. reactivities at constant temperature were determined in air at 1 atm and 450 °C. The reactivities of the blends were predictable from the reactivities of the individual coals. Characteristic temperatures were determined from the t.g.a. burning profiles. The temperature corresponding to the maximum reactivity and the burnout temperature of a coal did not change when it was blended with another coal. However, the initial temperature decreased linearly with an increase in the content of the more reactive coal in the blend. Combustion efficiencies in the drop-tube reactor were determined at 900 °C and 25% air excess. Combustion efficiencies of the blends were linearly predictable from the combustion efficiencies of the individual coals in the blends. In summary, blending of high- and low-rank coals did not affect the combustion behaviour of the component coals in the t.g.a. or DTR.
Twentieth-Century Gems from MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE

Would we turn to MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE today for a seminal research paper in analysis by one of the current giants of mathematics? Perhaps not. It would have been a good idea in 1948, though, when Marshall H. Stone published in the MAGAZINE [10] what came to be known as the general Stone-Weierstrass theorem. Though this may be the most striking example of a new and important result to appear first in MATHEMATICS MAGAZINE, there are many other examples of interesting articles written for the MAGAZINE by eminent mathematicians. The MAGAZINE has also been a rich resource of gems by less well-known mathematicians, and its backlog can be mined for all sorts of purposes. In the following pages we'll sample some of the items that we found attractive and interesting. They are highly personal choices, of course. The emphasis will be on the earlier years of the MAGAZINE, in part because many readers will be familiar with more recent material. In addition, the first author was Editor of the MAGAZINE from 1986 to 1990 and finds it too difficult to choose
A 10 year climatology of Arctic cloud fraction and radiative forcing at Barrow, Alaska

[1] A 10 year record of Arctic cloud fraction and radiative forcing has been generated using data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska site and the nearby NOAA Barrow Observatory (BRW) from June 1998 to May 2008. The cloud fractions (CFs) derived from ARM radar-lidar and ceilometer measurements increase significantly from March to May (0.57→0.84), remain relatively high (∼0.80–0.9) from May to October, and then decrease from November to the following March (0.8→0.57), having an annual average of 0.76. These CFs are comparable to those derived from ground-based radar-lidar observations during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment and from satellite observations over the western Arctic regions. The monthly means of estimated clear-sky and measured all-sky shortwave (SW)-down and longwave (LW)-down fluxes at the two facilities are almost identical with the annual mean differences less than 1.6 Wm−2. Values of LW cloud radiative forcing (CRF) are minimum (6 Wm−2) in March, then increase monotonically to reach maximum (63 Wm−2) in August, then decrease continuously to the following March. The cycle of SW CRF mirrors its LW counterpart with the greatest negative impact occurring during the snow-free months of July and August. On annual average, the negative SW CRFs and positive LW CRFs nearly cancel, resulting in annual average NET CRF of about 3.5 Wm−2 on the basis of the combined ARM and BRW analysis. Compared with other studies, we find that LW CRF does not change over the Arctic regions significantly, but NET CRFs change from negative to positive from Alaska to the Beaufort Sea, indicating that Barrow is at a critical latitude for neutral NET CRF. The sensitivity study has shown that LW CRFs increase with increasing cloud fraction, liquid water path, and radiating temperature with high positive correlations (0.8–0.9). Negative correlations are found for SW CRFs, but a strong positive correlation between SW CRF and surface albedo exists.
Exploratory Analysis of Children's Daily Time-Use and Activity Patterns: Child Development Supplement to U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics

This paper examines the weekday and weekend activity participation characteristics of schoolchildren. The research focuses on the overall time use of children in different types of activities as well as on several dimensions characterizing the context of participation in activities. These include the temporal (day of week and participation duration), spatial (location), with-whom (i.e., accompanying individuals), and episode-sequencing dimensions. The data for the analysis are drawn from the 2002 Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
Mitral-septal separation: New echocardiographic index of left ventricular function

An echocardiographic measurement of the minimal separation between the anterior mitral valve leaflet at its E point and the Interventricular septum was evaluated as an index of left ventricular function. Mitral-septal separation was found to be easily measured, reproducible and independent of patient position or heart rate changes of up to 32 beats/min. In a group of 30 normal subjects, E point-septal separation was absent in 25 and minimal (less than 4 mm) in the remaining 5. The relation of this variable to biplane angiographic ejection fraction was examined in 125 patients with a variety of cardiac diseases. After the 15 patients with mitral stenosis and aortic insufficiency (conditions that affect anterior leaflet motion) were excluded, a strong negative correlation ( r = −0.87, P r = −0.86, P
Non-Null Implication

An implication A ⊃ B is said to be null in case A is false in all instances. This note describes several formal systems for first-order predicate logic and arithmetic in which null implications do not occur. In fact, the most restrictive systems avoid the occurrences of any formulas which represent null predicates. The precise sense of this avoidance is explained below.An intuitionistic negation is a statement of the form A ⊃ F where F is a contradiction. The absence of null implications among true statements entails the absence of intuitionistic negations, and hence systems described here might be called negationless intuitionistic systems.
Origin of rhythmic layering in the Calamity Peak satellite pluton of the Harney Peak Granite, South Dakota: The role of boron☆

Abstract The Calamity Peak satellite granite pluton on the flanks of the Harney Peak Granite, South Dakota, displays prominent mineral and textural layering, the latter defined by alternating fine-grained and pegmatitic granite. Superimposed on the fine-grained granite layers is a fine-scale, 0.1–5 cm, rhythmic layering defined by modal differences in tourmaline, microcline, albite and muscovite. There is very little variation in the major element mineral compositions in the whole complex. Analyses by Prompt-Gamma Neutron Activation gave a B2O3 content of 0.07% in the light layers (albite, quartz, and muscovite) and 0.65% in the dark layers (tourmaline, microcline, quartz, and albite); these contents are essentially proportional to tourmaline abundance in each layer. The textural and mineralogic layering is the result of the interplay of tourmaline crystallization and shifts in phase equilibria due to changes in B concentration in the melt. Initial cotectic crystallization of albite, quartz and muscovite increased the activity of Fe and Mg in the adjacent melt to levels sufficient for tourmaline to form. Tourmaline crystallization depleted B and decreased the solubility of H2O in the melt, causing exsolution of H2O from the melt and further removal of B due to high fluid melt partition coefficient. This process also resulted in the precipitation of K-feldspar, partly at the expense of muscovite and partly due to a slight increase in the solidus temperature. Once the crystallization front moved to an Fe and Mg-poor region of the melt, tourmaline precipitation ceased and the equilibrium shifted back toward quartz, muscovite, and albite. The pegmatitic layers, some of which cut across previously formed rhythmic layers and commonly have tourmaline along their borders, appear to have crystallized from melt enriched in the exsolved fluid phase.
The Nuclear Orphan Receptor COUP-TFI Is Required for Differentiation of Subplate Neurons and Guidance of Thalamocortical Axons

Abstract Chicken ovalbumin upstream promotor–transcription factor I (COUP-TFI), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is highly expressed in the developing nervous systems. In the cerebral cortex of Coup-tfI mutants, cortical layer IV was absent due to excessive cell death, a consequence of the failure of thalamocortical projections. Moreover, subplate neurons underwent improper differentiation and premature cell death during corticogenesis. Our results indicate that the subplate neuron defects lead to the failure of guidance and innervation of thalamocortical projections. Thus, our findings demonstrate a critical role of the subplate in early corticothalamic connectivity and confirm the importance of afferent innervation for the survival of layer IV neurons. These results also substantiate COUP-TFI as an important regulator of neuronal development and differentiation.
Stenotic glomerulotubular necks in radiation nephropathy

Fibrosis of the renal interstitium is well correlated with kidney function and a greater extent of fibrosis predicts renal failure. Recent work has shown striking fibrotic constrictions at the glomerulotubular neck in porcine radiation nephropathy and in Wegener's granulomatosis in man. The present studies were designed to identify stenotic necks in a third species and to evaluate the effect of captopril treatment. Experimental radiation nephropathy was established with 17 Gy total body irradiation of barrier-maintained rats. Kidneys were obtained at 99 and 203 days for histology, using perfusion fixation. There was renal injury, with a rise in BUN, as expected, which was attenuated by captopril treatment. There was stenotic neck formation at 99 and 203 days. Captopril did not influence the absolute fraction of necks that were stenotic but it did prevent the evolution of glomeruli with necks to atubular glomeruli. It is concluded that stenosis of the glomerulotubular neck is a general phenomenon of any scarring kidney disease; that stenotic necks are probably an intermediate step in the evolution towards atubular glomeruli; and that timely use of captopril may prevent the progression of a stenotic neck towards an atubular glomerulus.
Parabolic approximations to the time‐independent elastic wave equation

A splitting matrix method is used to derive two parabolic‐approximation partial differential equations to the three‐dimensional, linear, elastic wave equation in isotropic, inhomogeneous media. The derivation is valid for media whose Lame parameters vary slowly on the length scale of the wavelength of the elastic waves. Next an integral form of the full wave equation is derived based on the splitting matrix and the parabolic approximation solution. Iteration of this equation gives a three‐dimensional vector‐valued series which generalizes the one‐dimensional Bremmer series (which was used in the study of second‐order ordinary differential equations). These results are expected to have applications to geophysical modeling and nondestructive evaluation.
Arrhythmia mechanisms in the failing heart.

Background:Heart failure (HF) claims over 200,000 lives annually in the United States alone. Approximately 50% of these deaths are sudden and unexpected, and presumably the consequence of lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electrical remodeling that occurs at the cellular and tissue network levels predisposes patients with HF to malignant arrhythmias. Our limited understanding of fundamental arrhythmia mechanisms has hampered the development of effective treatment strategies for these patients. Methods and Conclusions:In this review, we outline recent advances in our understanding of arrhythmia mechanisms in the failing heart, highlighting various aspects of remodeling of ion channels, calcium handling proteins, and gap junction-related molecules. As will be discussed, these changes promote the prolongation of the action potential, the enhancement of spatio-temporal gradients of repolarization, the formation of calcium-mediated triggers and conduction abnormalities, all of which combine to form an electrophysiological substrate that is ripe for the genesis of lethal arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Development and evaluation of the Gender Role Conflict Scale Short Form (GRCS-SF).

Within the literature on the psychology of men, the gender role conflict (GRC) paradigm has been one of the most productive research programs explaining the impact of restrictive gender roles in men’s lives. Despite recent efforts aimed at understanding GRC from a multicultural perspective, few studies have examined the factor structure of the primary measure of GRC, the Gender Role Conflict scale (GRCS), using diverse samples of men. That was one goal of this research; the second is the development of a short form of the GRCS, the GRCS-SF, designed to address concerns about item content of the GRCS. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the four-factor model of the GRC construct, both as experienced by men of color as well as replicated within the GRCS-SF. Items used in the GRCS-SF reflect greater conflict, increased situational focus, and potential clinical use. The meaning of these findings, as well as their implications for therapy with men, is discussed.
Two neutrinos or one

We discuss the value, in the light of recent «two-neutrino» experiments (1), of giving meaning to the neutrino charge or lepton number independent of helicity;i.e., of giving up the two-component neutrino theory and reverting to a single four-component neutrino whose left- and right-helicity states are coupled to e− and μ+, respectively. It is shown that, in fact,only by such experiments, involving muonsand electrons or their neutrinos, can a nontrivial meaning be given to lepton conservation. This Dirac neutrino theory is compared with the conventional theory of two two-component neutrinos from the conceptual and experimental points of view. Some remarks are made about the possibility of explaining the μ—e mass difference.
Existence and Uniqueness of Azimuthal Shear Solutions in Compressible Isotropic Nonlinear Elasticity

The authors consider the two-point boundary-value problem resulting from the equations of nonlinear elastostatics for azimuthal shear of a Blatz-Ko tube. Previous work on this problem by Simmonds and Warne includes a numerical study of these equations and indicates that smooth radial deformation solutions (no kinks) should exist regardless of the aspect ratio of the tube, provided that the dimensionless applied torque r is small enough (r -0.72 depends on the geometry of the tube, and that for r = A, no smooth solution exists. Motivated by this numerical work, the authors prove via a topological shooting argument the existence and uniqueness of smooth solutions to this problem for r < tr, = 3/44 S 0.69, and the nonexistence of smooth solutions for r = a.
A comparative study of Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotium delphinii

(1931). A Comparative Study of Sclerotium Rolfsii and Sclerotium Delphinii. Mycologia: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 204-222.
Methane release from a brackish intertidal salt-marsh embayment of Chesapeake Bay, Maryland

Gaseous methane loss from a brackish, intertidal salt marsh sediment was measured in April, June, August, and October 1977. Twenty-four sediment cores were taken on each date. Annual loss of methane carbon from the mud flats was 10.7 g CH4−C per m2 per year, a value closer to freshwater values than marine systems. Loss of methane fromSpartina peat was low.
Regioisomerism displayed by the 6-chloro-2-oxopyridinate complexes of Ru24+ and Ru25+

Abstract Three new compounds containing either the Ru 2 4+ or the Ru 2 5+ core surrounded by four chp − ligands (where chp − represents the anion of 2-hydroxy-6-chloropyridine) have been prepared and structurally characterized. 2,2- Trans -[Ru 2 (chp) 4 ] ( 1 ) was obtained by reaction of Ru 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 Cl with molten Hchp (via the unisolated intermediate 0,4-[Ru 2 (chp) 4 Cl]). It crystallizes in space group Pbca (No. 61) with a = 16.073(5), b = 18.603(5), c = 15.594(2) A , V = 4663(2) A 3 , Z = 8 . The RuRu distance is 2.248(1) A. 0,4-[Ru 2 (chp) 4 (THF)]·THF ( 2 ) was obtained by reduction of 0,4-[Ru 2 (chp) 4 Cl] with zinc. It forms monoclinic crystals in space group P 2 1 / c (No. 14) with a = 13.616(2), b = 12.820(3), c = 18.673(2) A , β = 97.39(4)°, V = 3233(1) A 3 , Z = 4 . The RuRu distance is 2.261(1) A. The compound {0,4-[Ru 2 (chp) 4 ]} 2 (BF 4 ) 2 ( 3 ) was obtained from 0,4-[Ru 2 (chp) 4 Cl] by removal of Cl − with Ag(CH 3 CN) 4 BF 4 . It crystallizes in space group P 1 (No. 2) with a = 12.995(3), b = 13.459(3), c = 10.640(3) A , α = 106.54(2), β = 93.48(2), γ = 65.78(2)°, V = 1623.5(7) A 3 , Z = 1 . The RuRu distance is 2.254(1) A.
Radiocarbon Dates from a Tomb in Mexico.

The first series of radiocarbon dates to be obtained from a deep shaft-and-chamber tomb of the type restricted in Mesoamerica to parts of Nayarit, Jalisco, and Colima in western Mexico ranges from 2230 ± 100 years to 1710 ± 80 years. Examination of the evidence indicates that for the present a date equivalent to A.D. 250 should be accepted for at least one phase, possibly a late phase, of the shaft tomb culture and for the hollow, polychrome figurines associated with the tombs.
Methods to Improve Coding Efficiency of SP Frames

SP-frame is a new picture type supported by H.264, and supports functions such as rate-switching and random-access. In this paper, we investigate several complementary methods to improve the coding efficiency of SP-frames. We show that by appropriately choosing reference pictures, the size of secondary SP frames can be reduced by up to 40% and 2% for random-access and rate-switching, respectively. We also demonstrate that a simple rule exists that allows the joint selection of the two quantization parameters associated with SP frames to minimize "requantization" error. Results shows 0.1 dB PSNR improvement over comparable choices.
The Empirical Evaluation of Family Therapy Training

As the first substantive use of the FTCS, some useful information about the coding system emerged from this study. Its unitization and categorization reliability proved to be excellent. The results supported the discriminant validity of certain subscales, which confirmed predicted differences and distinguished trainees at varied levels of experience. In general, the continued use of the FTCS for the evaluation of therapy and training appears to be highly desirable. Three hypotheses were examined to account for the failure to find more significant training effects. The hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and seem quite plausible in light of the nature of the trainees and the two-year training program. The analysis of the second year of the program will, it is hoped, further illuminate our understanding of the current results.
Kinetic theory of geomagnetic pulsations: 4. Hybrid gyrokinetic simulation of drift‐bounce resonant excitation of shear Alfvén waves

[1] A one-dimensional linear hybrid gyrokinetic-magnetohydrodynamic δf particle in cell simulation code is developed to study the detailed mechanisms of energetic particle drift-bounce resonant destabilization of Alfven modes in the ring-current region of the magnetosphere. The model plasma is composed of a cold (10–100eV) component which provides inertia plus a tenuous energetic (∼10 keV) “ring-current” component which provides both resonant destabilization and compressional stabilization of MHD modes. Full kinetic effects such as finite Larmor radii and particle magnetic bounce and precessional drift motions are retained nonperturbatively. A simple finite β dipolar equilibrium model is assumed (β is the ratio between plasma and magnetic pressures). Simulations show excellent agreement with earlier perturbative analyses. Results show that when the energetic ion thermal velocity is super-Alfvenic, the ions destabilize both odd and even parity shear Alfven MHD modes via the drift-bounce resonances. The growth rates of the resulting modes scale linearly with plasma β. The most unstable of these modes are found to be drift-bounce resonance destabilized modes with odd parity, with wave numbers such that k⟂ρ ≈ 0.5 at the equator (ρ is the energetic ion Larmor radius). The destabilization typically occurs at a critical wave number k⟂ρ ≈ 0.3. When the wave number is close to this critical value and the plasma β is close to the ideal MHD critical value, the mode frequency is determined by the energetic particle dynamics, similar to the energetic particle modes (EPMs) observed in laboratory fusion plasma experiments. When the energetic particles have Alfvenic or sub-Alfvenic thermal velocity, they contribute to damping of the MHD modes via the bounce resonance.
Numerical solutions to shock reflection and shock interaction problems for the self-similar transonic two-dimensional nonlinear wave systems

Abstract We discuss numerical results for two dimensional Riemann problems for the nonlinear wave system. We consider four sectorial Riemann data and present the numerical results for two configurations. The first configuration is that incident shocks create reflected shocks, and the state behind the reflected shocks becomes subsonic. The second configuration is an interaction between two transonic shocks; one is created by an interaction with the sonic circle, and the other is created by the shock reflection. We implement Lax–Liu positive schemes and Strang splitting, and obtain linear correlations of the incident shock strength and the reflected shock strength for the first configuration. Furthermore we present intriguing numerical results on interactions of two transonic shocks for the second configuration.
Yellow Pages Advertising Strategy for Attorneys

ABSTRACT Attorneys are the top revenue category for the yellow pages and the yellow pages arc the most popular form of attorney advertising. We studied over 14,000 attorney yellow page ads from three cities including a detailed analysis of all display ads. We compared the advertising strategy used in attorney yellow page ads with the literature on the information consumers desire from attorney ads. This comparison of consumer desires with the actual advertising strategy used by attorneys in the marketplace led to several recommendations for improving attorney yellow page advertising.
Biochemical identification of base and phosphate contacts between Fis and a high-affinity DNA binding site.

Abstract Fis (factor for inversion stimulation) is a nucleoid-associated protein in Escherichia coli and other bacteria that stimulates certain site-specific DNA recombination events, alters DNA topology, and serves as a global gene regulator. DNA binding is central to the functions of Fis and involves a helix–turn–helix DNA binding motif located in the carboxy-terminal region. Specific DNA binding is observed at a number of sites exhibiting poorly related sequences. Such interactions require four critical base pairs positioned − 7, − 3, + 3, and + 7 nucleotides relative to the central nucleotide of a 15-bp core-binding site. To further understand how Fis interacts with DNA, we identified the positions of 14 DNA phosphates (based on ethylation interference assays) that are required for Fis binding. These are the 5′ phosphates of the nucleotides at positions − 8, − 7, − 6, + 1, + 2, + 3, and + 4 relative to the central nucleotide on both DNA strands. Another five phosphates located in the flanking regions from positions + 10 through + 14 can serve as additional contact sites. Using a combination of biochemical approaches and various mutant Fis proteins, we probed possible interactions between several key Fis residues and DNA bases or phosphates within a high-affinity binding site. We provide evidence in support of interactions between the R85 Fis residue and a highly conserved guanine at position − 7 and between T87 and the critical base pairs at − 3 and + 3. In addition, we present evidence in support of interactions between N84 and the phosphate 5′ to the base at + 4, between R89 and the − 7 phosphate, between T87 and the + 3 and + 4 phosphates, and between K90 and the + 3 phosphate. This work provides functional evidence for some of the most critical interactions between Fis and DNA required for a high binding affinity and demonstrates the large contribution made by numerous phosphates to the stability of the Fis–DNA complex.
Inclusion illusions: Fuzzy-trace theory and perceptual salience effects in cognitive development

Abstract We reopen discussion of perceptual salience effects in cognitive development using the superordinate-set cuing manipulation in class inclusion (making the superordinate set more visually distinctive improves reasoning) as a forum for the discussion. According to fuzzy-trace theory, inclusion illusions are intrinsic to any numerical comparison in which the target numbers are linked by set-subset relationships, and such illusions are not unique to immature cognition. The theory interprets mature inclusion reasoning as fundamentally nonnumerical, despite the fact that class-inclusion problems demand inferences that are supposedly numerical. Specifically, mature inclusion reasoning is assumed to involve the representation of simple patterns (nested hierarchies) and the processing of those patterns via qualitative rules (cardinal ordering principle). Within this framework, salience manipulations improve reasoning primarily by allowing stored gist to be so configured as to facilitate its processing by appropriate qualitative rules. Six experiments are reported whose results were generally consistent with this interpretation. In Experiments 1 and 2, the efficacy of superordinate-set cuing was found to increase as retrieval of the cardinal ordering principle became more probable. In Experiment 3, children who were not normally susceptible to superordinate-set cuing displayed cuing effects when retrieval of the cardinal ordering principle was ensured. Absence of relevant processing operations was ruled out as an explanation. In Experiment 4, encoding failures were eliminated as sources of superordinate-set cuing effects. In Experiments 5 and 6, a superordinate-set cuing was found to have a more pronounced influence when retrieval of the cardinal ordering principle was prompted than when it was not. In Experiment 6, a surprising reversal of the superordinate-set cuing effect was obtained under conditions of purely memorial problem solving, a reversal that was predicted by the theory. A new perspective on perceptual salience effects in cognitive development is discussed that is based on fuzzy-trace theory.
Performance characteristics of the Mayo/IBM PACS

Abstract The Mayo Clinic and IBM (at Rochester, Minnesota) have jointly developed a picture archivingsystem for use with Mayo's MRI and Neuro CT imaging modalities. The communicationsbackbone of the PACS is a portion of the Mayo institutional network: a series of 4 Mbps tokenrings interconnected by bridges and fiber optic extensions. The performance characteristics ofthis system are important to understand because they affect the response time a PACS usercan expect, and the response time for non-PACS users competing for resources on theinsiffutional network. The performance characteristics of each component and the averageload levels of the network were measured for various load distributions. These data were usedto quantify the response characteristics of the existing system and to tune a model developedby North Dakota State University Department of Computer Science for predicting responsetimes of more complex topologies. Introduction and Project Background This paper reports on the performance characteristics of Phase One of this project whichbegan in late 1989 following a year of work in the successful development of a prototypesystem for archival of MR images. Phase One had the following project development goals: 1)LAN-based archival of MR and CT images, 2) centralized optical archive, 3) centralizedrelational database and image management system, 4) attachment of networked viewstations, 5) design and affachment of networked image servers, 6) integration of diagnosticreports, and 7) support for wide area networking via ISDN.A distributed cooperative processing system was designed to meet these goals. Reliability wasa cornerstone of the design objectives. The system was designed to allow most of
Trust and development

In this paper we examine linkages between social trust and economic development using, for the first time, a panel of data. We confirm earlier cross-sectional studies finding that trust is a significant factor in development and also show for the first time that trust significantly interacts with both investment in physical and human capital. We provide a robustness analysis of our results via a set of jackknife experiments on our main equations, and the trust coefficients and interactions are very tightly distributed, indicating that the results are not highly sample dependent. We also consider whether trust directly influences investment and find that in a panel framework it does not unless we allow for a trust–education interaction in the investment equation.
The effects of gravity modulation on fluid mixing. Part 1. Harmonic modulation

We study the effects of gravity modulation on the mixing characteristics of two interdiffusing miscible fluids initially in two vertical regions separated by a thin diffusion layer. We formulate the case of general gravity modulation of arbitrary orientation, amplitude $g$ and characteristic frequency $\omega$ . For harmonic vertical modulation in two dimensions, the time-dependent Boussinesq equations are solved numerically and the evolution of the interface between the fluids is observed. The problem is governed by six parameters: the Grashof number, $\hbox{\it Gr}\,{=}\,({\Delta\rho}/{\bar{\rho}})g({l^{3}_{\nu}}/{\nu^{2}})$ , based on the viscous length scale, $l_{\nu}\,{=}\,\sqrt{{\nu}/{\omega}}$ ; the Schmidt number, $\hbox{\it Sc}\,{=}\,{\nu}/{D}$ ; the aspect ratio, $A$ ; the non-dimensional length of the domain, $l$ ; the steepness of the initial concentration profile, $\delta$ ; and the phase angle of the harmonic modulation, $\phi$ . When $\phi\,{=}\,0,\;\pi$ , we observe four different flow regimes with increasing $\hbox{\it Gr}$ : neutral oscillations at the forcing frequency; successive folds which propagate diffusively; localized shear instabilities; and both shear and convective instabilities leading to rapid mixing. In the last regime, the flow is disordered but not chaotic. By varying $\hbox{\it Sc}$ , it was determined that the mechanism for the formation of these shear and convective instabilities is inertial. When $\phi \neq 0$ or $\pi$ , the flow is similar to a modulated lock exchange flow.
Feasibility of Power and Particle Handling in an ST-FNSF and the Effects of Divertor Geometry

A spherical tokamak (ST) configuration is attractive as the basis for a fusion nuclear science facility (FNSF), due to its small size and relatively low cost. However, the compactness of the ST also exacerbates the power and particle handling problems anticipated in next-step devices, since local fluxes are higher and less space is available for optimizing plasma-facing components. On the other hand, novel divertor geometries that have recently been developed such as the snowflake and super-X divertors can be especially effective at reducing heat fluxes in an ST, helping to meet the exhaust challenge. Here, we present an analysis of the power and particle handling requirements of a candidate ST-FNSF, based on 0-D exhaust projections as well as 2-D edge plasma modeling using the SOLPS code. Both conventional and novel divertor geometries are considered. These show that, for reasonable assumptions on cross-field transport, operating points can be identified that are consistent with both core plasma operation and power and particle exhaust requirements, and these operating points are more easily accessible with novel divertors.
Elastic wave diffraction by elliptical cracks: Theory and experiment

Analytical solutions to the diffraction of elastic waves by elliptical cracks in titanium are compared with experimental results. The analysis is based on physical elastodynamic theory and is valid forka≫1 and in the far field. A digitized ultrasonic spectrum analysis system is used to measure the frequency components of broadband waves diffracted from elliptical cracks with aspect ratios (ratio of major to minor axes) ranging from 1 to 8. The amplitude spectra show good agreement between experiment and theory.
Assessing map accuracy in a remotely sensed, ecoregion-scale cover map

Abstract Landscape- and ecoregion-based conservation efforts increasingly use a spatial component to organize data for analysis and interpretation. A challenge particular to remotely sensed cover maps generated from these efforts is how best to assess the accuracy of the cover maps, especially when they can exceed 1000 s/km 2 in size. Here we develop and describe a methodological approach for assessing the accuracy of large-area cover maps, using as a test case the 21.9 million ha cover map developed for Utah Gap Analysis. As part of our design process, we first reviewed the effect of intracluster correlation and a simple cost function on the relative efficiency of cluster sample designs to simple random designs. Our design ultimately combined clustered and subsampled field data stratified by ecological modeling unit and accessibility (hereafter a mixed design). We next outline estimation formulas for simple map accuracy measures under our mixed design and report results for eight major cover types and the three ecoregions mapped as part of the Utah Gap Analysis. Overall accuracy of the map was 83.2% (SE= 1.4). Within ecoregions, accuracy ranged from 78.9% to 85.0%. Accuracy by cover type varied, ranging from a low of 50.4% for barren to a high of 90.6% for man modified. In addition, we examined gains in efficiency of our mixed design compared with a simple random sample approach. In regard to precision, our mixed design was more precise than a simple random design, given fixed sample costs. We close with a discussion of the logistical constraints facing attempts to assess the accuracy of large-area, remotely sensed cover maps.