cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic Response of Composite Overwrapped Cylinders

Creep and stress relaxation behavior of composite overwrapped cylinders are investigated based on anisotropic viscoelasticity. The analysis accounts for ply-by-ply variations of material properties, ply orientations, and temperature gradients through the thickness of cylinders. Fiber-reinforced composite materials generally illustrate extreme anisotropy in viscoelastic behavior. The viscoelasticity exists mainly in matrix-dominant properties such as transverse and shear, while the fiber-dominant properties behave more like elastic media. The study of thermal and mechanical stress relaxation in an overwrapped composite cylinder shows that the viscoelastic characteristics of composite cylinders are quite different from those of isotropic cylinders. Poisson effects from the creep behavior in the transverse properties of the composite can result in a drastic change of stress and strain state of the cylinder.
Enhancing Spirit Cultural Construction,Pushing Hospital to Develop Continuously

The spirit cultural construction of hospital is the core content of the hospital cultural construction,also is strong motive to push hospital to keep on development.Along with the reform of medical system carried out gradually,the intension and extension of spirit culture construction becomes enrich and expanding gradually,and the function that pushing hospital to develop is also increasingly standing out.This article elaborates the spirit cultural construction of southwest hospital including topic construction,hospital proverb,hospital badge etc,which enhance the centripetal force of staff,strengthen the attraction of hospital and promote comprehensive competition ability.
Classification of Helpful Comments on Online Suicide Watch Forums

Among social media websites, Reddit has emerged as a widely used online message board for focused mental health topics including depression, addiction, and suicide watch (SW). In particular, the SW community/subreddit has nearly 40,000 subscribers and 13 human moderators who monitor for abusive comments among other things. Given comments on posts from users expressing suicidal thoughts can be written from any part of the world at any time, moderating in a timely manner can be tedious. Furthermore, Reddit's default comment ranking does not involve aspects that relate to the "helpfulness" of a comment from a suicide prevention (SP) perspective. Being able to automatically identify and score helpful comments from such a perspective can assist moderators, help SW posters to have immediate feedback on the SP relevance of a comment, and also provide insights to SP researchers for dealing with online aspects of SP. In this paper, we report what we believe is the first effort in automatic identification of helpful comments on online posts in SW forums with the SW subreddit as the use-case. We use a dataset of 3000 real SW comments and obtain SP researcher judgments regarding their helpfulness in the contexts of the corresponding original posts. We conduct supervised learning experiments with content based features including n-grams, word psychometric scores, and discourse relation graphs and report encouraging F-scores (≈ 80-90%) for the helpful comment classes. Our results indicate that machine learning approaches can offer complementary moderating functionality for SW posts. Furthermore, we realize assessing the helpfulness of comments on mental health related online posts is a nuanced topic and needs further attention from the SP research community.
Specificity of executive functioning and processing speed problems in common psychopathology.

OBJECTIVE Interest continues in neuropsychological measures as cross-disorder intermediate phenotypes in understanding psychopathology. A central question concerns their specificity versus generalizability to particular forms of psychopathology, particularly for executive functioning (EF) and response speed. Three conceptual models examining these relationships were tested to clarify this picture at different levels in the diagnostic hierarchy. METHOD Participants (total n = 641, age 18-60) yielded complete structured diagnostic interviews and a neuropsychological test battery comprising measures of executive function, processing speed, and IQ. Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance, linear regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to test (a) a specificity model, which proposes that individual disorders are associated with component EF processes and speed; (b) a severity model, which proposes that the total number of comorbid disorders explain poor EF and/or slow speed; and (c) a higher-order dimensional model, which proposes that internalizing versus externalizing disorders are differentially related to EF or speed. RESULTS EF effects were best explained by a specificity model, with distinct aspects of EF related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder versus antisocial substance use disorders. Speed, on the other hand, emerged as a general indicator of externalizing psychopathology in the dimensional model, as well as overall severity of psychopathology in the severity model. CONCLUSIONS Granular approaches are likely to be most productive for linking EF to psychopathology, whereas response speed has underused potential as an endophenotype for psychopathology liability. Results are discussed in terms of an integrated conceptualization of neuropsychological processes and putative neural systems involved in general and specific aspects of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record
Investigation of muscle activity during loaded human gait using signal processing of multi-channel surface EMG and IMU

Human gait is a complex process resulting from contraction of various muscle groups with different sizes. With the loss of a lower limb, amputees use passive prosthetics to replace the lost limb and regain function. Operating a prosthetic leg, requires more metabolic energy expenditure and greater pressure on the residual limb. In order to understand the muscle activity during human gait, a set of loads were used to model the amputated gait on normal subjects. The loads comprised of sandbags with weights of 5, 10, and 15 lbs. Using 10 Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) alongside 20 Electromyography (EMG) sensors, physiological and kinetic signals were recorded with non-invasive sensors placed on the lower body. Trials were comprised of recording gait from 8 voluntary subjects, and this data was analyzed in the following steps. First, the data was pre-processed using signal processing techniques and, the steps were extracted using a local extrema detection technique from IMU signal as time stamps. Next, to have a numerical measure for the ease of analysis, several features extracted from the EMG signal for each step. The distribution of the features extracted from the signals while subjects performed gait in different states were compared. The results were obtained using students' t-test and the hypothesis of having the same distribution was rejected with a p-value of less than 0.005. The results revealed that the muscles on the intact limb had more activity and sensitivity as a result of compensation for the loaded leg. Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis and Biceps Femoris for the left leg provided escalation in activity according to the features for 100% of the subjects, even with the addition of the smallest load (5 lbs.). Results of this study will determine the sensitivity of muscles to deviation from normal gait and, fewer number of inputs will be used to calibrate and control an active prosthetic limb. This will reduce the complexity and increase the speed of computation.
A comparison of a homemade central line simulator to commercial models

Abstract Background Simulation is quickly becoming vital to resident education, but commercially available central line models are costly and little information exists to evaluate their realism. This study compared an inexpensive homemade simulator to three commercially available simulators and rated model characteristics. Materials and methods Seventeen physicians, all having placed >50 lines in their lifetime, completed blinded central line insertions on three commercial and one homemade model (made of silicone, tubing, and a pressurized pump system). Participants rated each model on the realism of its ultrasound image, cannulation feel, manometry, and overall. They then ranked the models based on the same variables. Rankings were assessed with Friedman's and post hoc Conover's tests, using alphas 0.05 and 0.008 (Bonferroni corrected), respectively. Results The models significantly differed ( P P P = 0.134). Ultrasound image and manometry measurement received the lowest ratings across all models, indicating less realistic simulation. The cost of the homemade model was $400 compared to $1000-$8000 for commercial models. Conclusions Our data suggest that an inexpensive, homemade central line model is as good or better than commercially available models. Areas for potential improvement within models include the ultrasound image and ability to appropriately measure manometry of accessed vessels.
Social Contract on Elderly Caregiving in Contemporary Chile

This paper explores the definitions of social contract on elderly caregiving among a group of seven Chilean aging experts. The data show that for Chileans, family remains a strong institution that should provide care of its members, with daughters or daughters-in-law being the preferred person to provide care. Also, age segregation, along with the gradual privatization of services such as health care and the pension system, promotes individuality: this can become a problem for future generations because they are no longer concerned with helping others.
CRISPRi repression of nonhomologous end-joining for enhanced genome engineering via homologous recombination in Yarrowia lipolytica

In many organisms of biotechnological importance precise genome editing is limited by inherently low homologous recombination (HR) efficiencies. A number of strategies exist to increase the effectiveness of this native DNA repair pathway; however, most strategies rely on permanently disabling competing repair pathways, thus reducing an organism's capacity to repair naturally occurring double strand breaks. Here, we describe a CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system for gene repression in the oleochemical-producing yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. By using a multiplexed sgRNA targeting strategy, we demonstrate efficient repression of eight out of nine targeted genes to enhance HR. Strains with nonhomologous end-joining repressed were shown to have increased rates of HR when transformed with a linear DNA fragment with homology to a genomic locus. With multiplexed targeting of KU70 and KU80, and enhanced repression with Mxi1 fused to deactivated Cas9 (dCas9), rates of HR as high as 90% were achieved. The developed CRISPRi system enables enhanced HR in Y. lipolytica without permanent genetic knockouts and promises to be a potent tool for other metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and functional genomics studies.
Recent Studies on Fate and Degradation of Hydrocarbons Dispersed Subsea

ABSTRACT The goal of applying dispersants as an oil spill response technique whether at the surface or subsea is to minimize surface oil impacts to people, wildlife, and shorelines and to facilitat...
A Human-in-the-Loop System for Sound Event Detection and Annotation

Labeling of audio events is essential for many tasks. However, finding sound events and labeling them within a long audio file is tedious and time-consuming. In cases where there is very little labeled data (e.g., a single labeled example), it is often not feasible to train an automatic labeler because many techniques (e.g., deep learning) require a large number of human-labeled training examples. Also, fully automated labeling may not show sufficient agreement with human labeling for many uses. To solve this issue, we present a human-in-the-loop sound labeling system that helps a user quickly label target sound events in a long audio. It lets a user reduce the time required to label a long audio file (e.g., 20 hours) containing target sounds that are sparsely distributed throughout the recording (10% or less of the audio contains the target) when there are too few labeled examples (e.g., one) to train a state-of-the-art machine audio labeling system. To evaluate the effectiveness of our tool, we performed a human-subject study. The results show that it helped participants label target sound events twice as fast as labeling them manually. In addition to measuring the overall performance of the proposed system, we also measure interaction overhead and machine accuracy, which are two key factors that determine the overall performance. The analysis shows that an ideal interface that does not have interaction overhead at all could speed labeling by as much as a factor of four.
The Genetics of Cardiac Channelopathies: Implications for Therapeutics

Reviews of clinical cases have led to identification of risk factors predisposing individual patients to proarrhythmia. However, in an individual patient, these risk factor predictions are imperfect and the reaction has been generally termed unpredictable (or idiosyncratic). As a result, we and others have suggested that a variable genetic context may contribute to risk of proarrhythmia on exposure to specific drugs. This research is most advanced in studies of drug-induced long QT syndrome, and it is on this area that this review will focus.
The new environmental paradigm scale: Reassessing the operationalization of contemporary environmentalism

AbstractResearchers have long aimed to quantify environmental attitudes, subsequently incorporating them into more comprehensive models of values, attitudes, and behaviors. However, many metrics, notably the New Environmental Paradigm scale, conflate a situated, incomplete set of environmental attitudes with pro-environmental worldviews generally. Further, the measurement of environmental worldviews is often used instrumentally to engender pro-environmental behaviors, proving problematic both theoretically and pragmatically. Three dimensions are suggested to better explain the diversity of contemporary environmentalism—view of technology, view of societal response, and view of nature. This article argues that any multi-item scale will be limited in its ability to capture a dynamic concept like environmentalism, but when used appropriately quantitative scales can engender individual and community empowerment; therefore, reassessment rather than rejection is the appropriate way forward.
Differences in Cardiovascular Mortality Risk among African Americans in the Minnesota Heart Survey: 1985-2015 vs The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Cohort: 1987-2015.

Geographic differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among African Americans (AAs) are well-established, but not well-characterized. Using the Minnesota Heart Survey (MHS) and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, we aimed to assess whether CVD risk factors drive geographic disparities in CVD mortal­ity among AAs. ARIC risk factors were measured be­tween1987-1989 from a population-based sample of AAs, aged 45 to 64 years, living in Jackson, MS and Forsyth County, NC. Simi­lar measures were made at MHS baseline, 1985, in AAs from Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN. CVD mortality was identified using ICD codes for underlying cause of death. We compared MHS and ARIC on CVD death rates using Poisson regression, risk factor prevalences, and hazard ratios using Cox regression. After CVD risk factor adjustment, AA men in MHS had 3.4 (95% CI: 2.1, 4.7) CVD deaths per 1000 person-years vs 9.9 (95% CI: 8.7, 11.1) in ARIC. AA women in MHS had 2.7 (95% CI: 1.8, 3.6) CVD deaths per 1000 person-years vs 6.7 (95% CI: 6.0, 7.4) in ARIC. A 2-fold higher CVD mortality rate remained in ARIC vs MHS after additional adjustment for education and income. ARIC had higher total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, and BMI, as well as less education and income than MHS. Risk factor hazard ratios of CVD death did not differ. The CVD death rate was lower in AAs in Minnesota (MHS) than AAs in the South­east (ARIC). While our findings support maintaining low risk for CVD preven­tion, differences in CVD mortality reflect unidentified geographic variation. Ethn Dis . 2019;29(1):47-52; doi:10.18865/ ed.29.1.47
Care of the Critically Ill Pediatric Sickle Cell Patient

Sickle cell disease is the most common inherited disease in the United States. Through the effects of hemolysis and vaso-occlusion, it has the potential to incite critical illness involving multiple organ systems. Children with sickle cell disease are at risk of multiple types of shock resulting in a need for ICU care. Our youngest patients with sickle cell disease are at highest risk of infection due to lack of splenic function, and this can present with septic shock. Hypovolemic shock can occur secondary to severe acute anemia as seen with splenic sequestration or a delayed transfusion reaction. As one ages, the risk of cardiac dysfunction – diastolic and systolic dysfunction as well as pulmonary hypertension – can result in cardiogenic shock. In addition to shock, patients with sickle cell disease are at risk for respiratory failure from acute chest syndrome as well as acute neurologic deterioration from stroke. For these reasons, critical care physicians must be familiar with the unique management of sickle cell complications in order to provide the best possible care for this vulnerable population.
Utility of the Compensatory Tracking Task for Objective Differentiation of Hypersomnolence in Depression: A High-Density EEG Investigation.

Hypersomnolence is a common and debilitating symptom in mood disorders. However, objective differentiation of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) from non-EDS in depression has not yet been achieved. This study compared performance on the Compensatory Tracking Task (CTT) and concurrently recorded high-density (hd)EEG theta power in 22 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and co-occurring EDS against 22 age- and sex-matched patients with MDD but no EDS, as well as 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Though depressed hypersomnolent participants endorsed feeling sleepier than depressed non-hypersomnolent and healthy control participants prior to starting the CTT, no group differences in CTT performance were observed. Average hdEEG theta power was higher during periods of high error on the CTT compared to periods of low error, but did not differ between the groups. Though the CTT still holds promise as an objective neurobehavioral measure, these results do not indicate a capability to differentiate EDS from non-EDS in mood disorders.
Traumatic Brain Injury in Victims of Domestic Violence

ABSTRACTThe article serves as the introduction to a special issue of the journal focused on traumatic brain injury in the context of domestic and intimate partner violence. The scope of the problem...
Stephanie Nohelani Teves. Defiant Indigeneity: The Politics of Hawaiian Performance.

Defiant Indigeneity is a compelling illumination of contemporary performances that defy and resist settler-colonial politics and their appropriation of aloha as a performance of acquiescence. Throu...
“Their Leaves Shall Be for Healing”: Ecological Trauma and Recovery in Ezekiel 47:1–12

In this article, I expand trauma hermeneutics to encompass ecological trauma, as well as human trauma. I then apply the resulting ecological trauma hermeneutics to Ezekiel in order to offer an alte...
Emergency department and inpatient utilization among U.S. older adults with multiple chronic conditions: a post-reform update

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was enacted to enhance access to care primarily among nonelderly and low-income populations; however, several provisions addressed key determinants of emergency department (ED) and inpatient visits among Medicare beneficiaries over age 65 years. We take stock of the overall changes in these visits among older Medicare beneficiaries, focusing on those with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs), and provide a nationally representative post-reform update. We analyzed a sample of 32,919 older adults (65+) on Medicare from the 2006–2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Using a survey-weighted two-part model, we examined changes in ED visits, inpatient visits, and length of stay (LOS) by MCC status, before (2006–2010), during (2011–2013), and after the ACA (2014–2015). Prior to the ACA, 18.1% of Medicare older adults had ≥1 ED visit, whereas 17.1% had ≥1 inpatient visits, with an average of 5.1 nights/visit. Following ACA reforms, among those with 2+ chronic conditions, the rate of ever having an ED visit increased by 4.3 percentage points [95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.5, 6.1, p < 0.01], whereas the rate of inpatient visits decreased by 1.4 percentage points [95%CI: − 2.9, 0.2, p < 0.1], after multivariable adjustment. We found sizable increases in ED visits and nontrivial decreases in inpatient visits among older Medicare beneficiaries with MCCs, underscoring the continuing need for improving access to and quality of care among older adults with MCCs to decrease reliance on the ED and reduce preventable hospitalizations.
Development via Administrative Redistricting: Evidence from Brazil

We exploit a large redistricting episode in Brazil to examine if, and how, administrative unit splits impact local development. Using a rich panel of administrative and spatial data, our difference-in-differences strategy compares municipalities whose re- quests to split were approved to those whose requests were left unapproved due to a unique policy change that curbed the creation of new municipalities. We find that splitting leads to an expansion of the public sector, growth in economic activity, and improvements in public service delivery in new municipalities. Original municipalities remain unaffected. Results suggest that new municipalities adapt policies to local preferences. Our findings inform the equity-efficiency trade-off embedded in decentralization reforms worldwide.
Transcriptome analysis of alternative splicing-coupled nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in human cells reveals broad regulatory potential

Abstract To explore the regulatory potential of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) coupled with alternative splicing, we globally surveyed the transcripts targeted by this pathway via RNA-Seq analysis of HeLa cells in which NMD had been inhibited. We identified putative NMD-targeted transcripts as those with a termination codon more than 50 nucleotides upstream of an exon-exon junction (premature termination as defined by the ‘50nt rule’) and that significantly increased in abundance upon NMD inhibition. We additionally controlled for potential transcriptional up-regulation by requiring the putative NMD targets to increase in abundance substantially more than the isoforms from the same gene that do not contain a premature termination codon. This resulted in a conservative set of 2,793 transcripts derived from 2,116 genes as physiological NMD targets (9.2% of expressed transcripts and >20% of alternatively spliced genes). Our analysis identified previously inferred unproductive isoforms and numerous heretofore-uncharacterized ones. NMD-targeted transcripts were derived from genes involved in many functional categories, and are particularly enriched for RNA splicing genes as well as for those harboring ultraconserved elements. By investigating the features of all transcripts impacted by NMD, we find that the 50nt rule is a strong predictor of NMD degradation while 3’ UTR length on its own generally has only a small effect in this human cell line. Additionally, thousands more transcripts without a premature termination codon in the main coding sequence contain a uORF and display significantly increased abundance upon NMD inhibition indicating potentially widespread regulation through decay coupled with uORF translation. Our results support that alternative splicing coupled with NMD is a prevalent post-transcriptional mechanism in human cells with broad potential for biological regulation.
Does heterozygosity for UGT1A1 *28 convey increased risk for severe neonatal jaundice?

Bosma PJ, Chowdhury JR, Bakker C, Gantla S, de Boer A, Oostra BA, et al. The genetic basis of the reduced expression of bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1 in Gilbert’s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1171–5. CAS Article Google Scholar Riera P, Salazar J, Virgili AC, Tobena M, Sebio A, Gallano P, et al. Relevance of CYP3A4*20, UGT1A1*37 and UGT1A1*28 variants in irinotecan-induced severe toxicity. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84:1389–92. CAS Article Google Scholar Kaplan M, Beutler E, Vreman HJ, Hammerman C, Levy-Lahad E, Renbaum P, et al. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient heterozygotes. Pediatrics. 1999;104:68–74. CAS Article Google Scholar Zangen S, Kidron D, Gelbart T, Roy-Chowdhury N, Wang X, Kaplan M. Fatal kernicterus in a girl deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: a paradigm of synergistic heterozygosity. J Pediatr. 2009;154:616–9. Article Google Scholar Roy-Chowdhury N, Deocharan B, Bejjanki HR, Roy-Chowdhury J, Koliopoulos C, Petmezaki S, et al. Presence of the genetic marker for Gilbert syndrome is associated with increased level and duration of neonatal jaundice. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91:100–2. CAS Article Google Scholar Bahr TM, Christensen RD, Agarwal AM, George TI, Bhutani VK. The neonatal acute bilirubin encephalopathy registry (NABER): background, aims, and protocol. Neonatology. 2019;115:242–6. CAS Article Google Scholar Rets A, Clayton AL, Christensen RD, Agarwal AM. Molecular diagnostic update in hereditary hemolytic anemia and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Int J Lab Hematol. 2019;41:95–101. Article Google Scholar 1000 Genomes Project Consortium, Auton A, Brooks LD, et al. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature. 2015;526:68–74. Article Google Scholar Download references Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Timothy M. Bahr & Robert D. Christensen Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health and ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Archana M. Agarwal Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Robert D. Christensen You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Correspondence to Timothy M. Bahr. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions Bahr, T.M., Agarwal, A.M. & Christensen, R.D. Does heterozygosity for UGT1A1 *28 convey increased risk for severe neonatal jaundice?. J Perinatol (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-00826-5 Download citation Received: 15 June 2020 Revised: 17 August 2020 Accepted: 11 September 2020 Published: 21 September 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41372-020-00826-5
Setting the stage for evolution of a new enzyme.

Abstract The evolution of novel enzymes has fueled the diversification of life on earth for billions of years. Insights into events that set the stage for the evolution of a new enzyme can be obtained from ancestral reconstruction and laboratory evolution. Ancestral reconstruction can reveal the emergence of a promiscuous activity in a pre-existing protein and the impact of subsequent mutations that enhance a new activity. Laboratory evolution provides a more holistic view by revealing mutations elsewhere in the genome that indirectly enhance the level of a newly important enzymatic activity. This review will highlight recent studies that probe the early stages of the evolution of a new enzyme from these complementary points of view.
Improved Short-circuit Ruggedness for 1.2kV 4H-SiC MOSFET using a Deep P-well implemented by Channeling Implantation

The trade-off relationship between specific on-resistance and short-circuit withstand time in 1.2 kV 4H-SiC MOSFETs was drastically increased using a novel device structure. MOSFETs with deep P-well formed using channeling implantation were firstly demonstrated to improve short-circuit ruggedness (~4 times longer than conventional MOSFET) with no negative impact on specific on-resistance. Proposed MOSFETs achieved short-circuit withstand time of 8 μs. Channeling implant with low energy was conducted to form deep P-well junctions. Fabrication of a deep P-well using channeling implantation is demonstrated using no additional nor complicated processes when compared to the conventional MOSFET fabrication process. A comparison between the conventional and novel designs was performed in terms of the output characteristics, blocking behaviors, and short-circuit ruggedness.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter FlatSat

This viewgraph presentation reviews the use of FlatSat as a platform for use during flight integration and testing (I&T) of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO). Included in the presentations are requirements for the facility, a diagram of the LRO FlatSat lab, and discussion of the operational documentation, facility scheduling, and issues and lessons learned.
Nonlinear Waves and the 1:1:2 Resonance

In this paper we discuss the existence of periodic solutions to nonlinear wave equations in the form $$ \partial _{t}^{2}u = \partial _{x}^{2}u - g(x,u),{\text{ }}0 \leqslant x \leqslant \pi , $$ (1.1) imposing either periodic or Dirichlet boundary conditions at the endpoints x = 0, π.
A Framework for Evaluation of Composite Memento Temporal Coherence

Most archived HTML pages embed other web resources, such as images and stylesheets. Playback of the archived web pages typically provides only the capture date (or Memento-Datetime) of the root resource and not the Memento-Datetime of the embedded resources. In the course of our research, we have discovered that the Memento-Datetime of embedded resources can be up to several years in the future or past, relative to the Memento-Datetime of the embedding root resource. We introduce a framework for assessing temporal coherence between a root resource and its embedded resource depending on Memento-Datetime, Last-Modified datetime, and entity body.
Rapid Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Fresh Vegetables and Fruits with Electrochemically Treated Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

This study demonstrates a new electrochemical method for rapid determination of ascorbic acid in real samples with electrochemically pretreated screen-printed carbon electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry results indicated that the electrochemically activated electrodes possessed an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward ascorbic acid oxidation and can be successfully used for its selective and sensitive determination in fresh vegetables and fruits. The proposed method was further validated by means of specificity assay with ascorbate oxidase and a comparison with an accurate method such as high-performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection. The electrodes presented the advantages over other existing methods such as mass production and without artificial modification. This study essentially offers a facile and reliable method for rapid determination of ascorbic acid in food analysis with high selectivity and sensitivity as well as low cost.
Understanding biological timing using mechanistic and black‐box models

Summary The use of mathematical modelling in understanding and dissecting physiological mechanisms in plants has seen many successes. Notably, studies of the component interactions of the Arabidopsis circadian clock have yielded multiple insights into the roles of specific regulators at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. In this article, I review the use of mathematical techniques in dissecting the Arabidopsis clock mechanism, covering first the well-established use of mechanistic models implemented as systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. In situations where mechanistic models are not appropriate, I describe how linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, a type of black-box model, can offer quantitative descriptions of biological systems that provide a systems-level understanding without detailed descriptions of the underlying mechanism. A comparison of the two approaches is provided to exemplify when LTI systems modelling might offer advantages for interpreting biological measurements. In particular, formal analysis of large datasets with LTI systems can offer genome-scale inferences, which is of timely relevance as novel experimental techniques are generating increasingly large quantities of data.
Abstract P080: Fructose Acutely Increases Size of Very Low Density Lipoprotein In Adolescents With Hepatic Steatosis

Introduction: Cardiovascular complications are a leading cause of mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Fructose has been reported to be associated with dyslipidemia and increased cardiovascular risk in adults but its impact on adolescents with NAFLD is not well understood. We previously demonstrated that fructose disproportionately increased postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in pediatric NAFLD as compared to healthy children. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that fructose would contribute to hypertriglyceridemia in pediatric NAFLD by increasing the size of VLDL particles. Methods: We examined the acute response to a single dose of fructose beverage in 50 Hispanic-American obese adolescents with varying degrees of hepatic steatosis. Those with hepatic fat >5% on MRI imaging were designated as presumed NAFLD. Subjects consumed a 12oz drink containing 33g of fructose and plasma samples were collected at baseline and 30, 60, and 90 minutes afterwards. Plasm...
In Defense of Some `Cartesian' Assumptions Concerning the Brain and Its Operation

I argue against a growing radical trend in current theoretical cognitive science that moves from the premises of embedded cognition, embodied cognition, dynamical systems theory and/or situated robotics to conclusions either to the effect that the mind is not in the brain or that cognition does not require representation, or both. I unearth the considerations at the foundation of this view: Haugeland's bandwidth-component argument to the effect that the brain is not a component in cognitive activity, and arguments inspired by dynamical systems theory and situated robotics to the effect that cognitive activity does not involve representations. Both of these strands depend not only on a shift of emphasis from higher cognitive functions to things like sensorimotor processes, but also depend on a certain understanding of how sensorimotor processes are implemented - as closed-loop control systems. I describe a much more sophisticated model of sensorimotor processing that is not only more powerful and robust than simple closed-loop control, but for which there is great evidence that it is implemented in the nervous system. The is the emulation theory of representation, according to which the brain constructs inner dynamical models, or emulators, of the body and environment which are used in parallel with the body and environment to enhance motor control and perception and to provide faster feedback during motor processes, and can be run off-line to produce imagery and evaluate sensorimotor counterfactuals. I then show that the emulation framework is immune to the radical arguments, and makes apparent why the brain is a component in the cognitive activity, and exactly what the representations are in sensorimotor control.
U.S. trade remedy law and agriculture: trade diversion and investigation effects

We study U.S. agricultural antidumping and countervailing duty cases from 1980 to 2005, and gauge the effectiveness of trade remedy law as a form of protection. The purpose is to measure the resulting investigation and trade diversion effects. Previous research on trade in manufactured products has shown that the domestic protection offered by AD and CV duties is largely offset by trade diversion. In contrast, we find that for agriculture, trade diversion is relatively unimportant. So AD and CVD cases are very effective forms of protection for U.S. agriculture. Les auteurs etudient les cas de tarifs antidumping et de tarifs compensatoires dans l'agriculture aux Etats-Unis entre 1980 et 2005, et evaluent l'efficience de cette forme de protection. L'objectif est de mesurer les effets resultant des enquetes et de la diversion de commerce. Des etudes anterieures sur le commerce de produits manufacturiers ont montre que la protection offerte par ces mesures antidumping et compensatoires etait largement contrebalancee par la diversion de commerce. A contrario, il appert qu'en agriculture la diversion de commerce est relativement peu importante. Voila qui fait que les mesures antidumping et compensatoires sont des formes de protection efficientes pour l'agriculture americaine.
Effect of competitive terminal electron acceptor processes on dechlorination of cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene and 1,2‐dichloroethane in constructed wetland soils

Thermodynamic calculations were coupled with time-series measurements of chemical species (parent and daughter chlorinated solvents, H(2), sulfite, sulfate and methane) to predict the anaerobic transformation of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-1,2-DCE) and 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) in constructed wetland soil microcosms inoculated with a dehalorespiring culture. For cis-1,2-DCE, dechlorination occurred simultaneously with sulfite and sulfate reduction but competitive exclusion of methanogenesis was observed due to the rapid H(2) drawdown by the dehalorespiring bacteria. Rates of cis-1,2-DCE dechlorination decreased proportionally to the free energy yield of the competing electron acceptor and proportionally to the rate of H(2) drawdown, suggesting that H(2) competition between dehalorespirers and other populations was occurring, affecting the dechlorination rate. For 1,2-DCA, dechlorination occurred simultaneously with methanogenesis and sulfate reduction but occurred only after sulfite was completely depleted. Rates of 1,2-DCA dechlorination were unaffected by the presence of competing electron-accepting processes. The absence of a low H(2) threshold suggests that 1,2-DCA dechlorination is a cometabolic transformation, occurring at a higher H(2) threshold, despite the high free energy yields available for dehalorespiration of 1,2-DCA. We demonstrate the utility of kinetic and thermodynamic calculations to understand the complex, H(2)-utilizing reactions occurring in the wetland bed and their effect on rates of dechlorination of priority pollutants.
Computational simulation and interpretation of the low-lying excited electronic states and electronic spectrum of thioanisole

Three singlet states, namely a closed-shell ground state and two excited states with 1ππ* and 1nσ* character, have been suggested to be responsible for the radiationless decay or photochemical reaction of photoexcited thioanisole. The correct interpretation of the electronic spectrum is critical for understanding the character of these low-lying excited states, but the experimental spectrum is yet to be fully interpreted. In the work reported here, we investigated the nature of those three states and a fourth singlet state of thioanisole using electronic structure calculations by multireference perturbation theory, by completely-renormalized equation-of-motion coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations and noniterative inclusion of connected triples (CR-EOM-CCSD(T)), and by linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). We clarified the assignment of the electronic spectrum by simulating it using a normal-mode sampling approach combined with TDDFT in the Tamm–Dancoff approximation (TDA). The understanding of the electronic states and of the accuracy of the electronic structure methods lays the foundation of our future work of constructing potential energy surfaces.
Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Process of Drug Discovery and Development

Continuous innovation is one of the pharmaceutical industry’s most defining characteristics. New medications can be crucial for maintaining the quality of human life, and may even affect its duration. The sales potential is staggering: the global pharmaceutical market is expected to reach $1.1 trillion by 2015. The pressure to succeed is tremendous. Yet, pharmaceutical innovation is hardly an orderly, predictable process. It follows a technology-push model dependent on a meandering path of scientific breakthroughs with uneven timing and hard to foresee outcomes. Technological competency, decades of rigorous research, and profound understanding of unmet customer needs, while necessary, may prove insufficient for market success as the critical decision for commercialization remains outside the firm.
LOVE, RESPECT, AND INTERFERING WITH OTHERS

The fact that Kantian beneficence is constrained by Kantian respect appears to seriously restrict the Kantian's moral response to agents who have embraced self-destructive ends. In this paper I defend the Kantian duties of love and respect by arguing that Kantians can recognize attempts to get an agent to change her ends as a legitimate form of beneficence. My argument depends on two key premises. First, that rational nature is not identical to the capacity to set ends, and second, that an agent's conception of her happiness is not identical to the satisfaction of her ends.
Defending the Validity of Pragmatism in the Classification of Emotion

I critically analyze Kagan’s claim that in order to advance the science of emotion we should abandon the practice of referring to emotions with common folk psychological names, such as fear and anger. Kagan recommends discovering more homogenous constructs that are segregated by the type of evidence used to infer those constructs. He also argues that variable origins, biological implementations, and psychological and sociocultural contexts may combine to create distinct kinds of emotional states that require distinct names. I acknowledge that such a splitting strategy will provide increased validity, but also claim that atomizing alone may not give us everything we want from a scientific classification.
The Analysis of XUV Emission Lines

A technique for analyzing measurements of XUV spectral-line intensities is described. Application of the technique to OSO-4 and OSO-6 spectra indicates that the mean coronal temperature is 2.1 million K in typical active solar regions and that the mean coronal temperature in typical quiet regions ranges from 1.5 to 2.1 million K. One active-region spectrum shows evidence for substantial quantities of coronal material with temperatures between 2 and 3.5 million K. Measurements from limb spectra show evidence that (1) coronal abundances of N and O are low relative to heavier elements; or (2) that the ionization-equilibrium calculations used may contain systematic errors; or (3) that the XUV intensity measurements may be incorrectly calibrated.
Temperature-dependent magnetization reversal in (Co/Pt)/Ru multilayers

Antiferromagnetically coupled $(\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Pt})∕\mathrm{Ru}$ multilayers with perpendicular anisotropy have been shown to exhibit both vertically and laterally correlated magnetization reversal modes. In this work, the magnetization reversal of a multilayer film whose layer thicknesses have been tuned to be at the phase boundary between the two reversal modes has been investigated as a function of temperature, using the first-order reversal curve (FORC) method. At high temperatures, reversal via vertically correlated stripe domains throughout the film thickness is observed, similar to that in $\mathrm{Co}∕\mathrm{Pt}$ films without the Ru spacers. At low temperatures, antiferromagnetic (AF) interlayer exchange coupling dominates, and laterally correlated reversal is observed with an AF coupled remanent state. Under magnetic field cycling, dipolar fields can transform the sample back into a vertically correlated domain state, thus leading to an exotic behavior with FORC's existing outside the major hysteresis loop. Calculations show that the laterally correlated reversal mode is indeed slightly more stable, and the crossover to vertically correlated reversal can be induced by temperature as well as magnetic field.
SDLC protocol throughput analysis

A mathematical model is presented to determine large message throughput utilizing Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) protocol in local or long haul networks. The model includes provisions for wait time which includes processor service times, plus satellite and/or land based propagation delays. Other inputs include the probability of ACK/NAK timeout, block size, and assumed bit error rate.Bit errors may be precipitated by electromechanical equipment malfunctions, lightning, power surges, crosstalk, thermal noise, and numerous other causes. Although bit errors are, therefore, bursty in nature, this analysis assumes that the bit error rate is random rather than bursty which will provide conservative results.Basic feedback theory is applied to both clarify and simplify the analysis. A detailed example illustrates use of the model in a Communication Satellite application to illustrate large message throughput degradation caused by the Satellite propagation delay for various bit error rates.An empirically derived simple expression to determine optimum block size for maximum throughput as a function of bit error rate is presented for the stated assumptions.
Description of mixing with diffusion and reaction in terms of the concept of material surfaces

The essence of fluid-mechanical mixing of diffusing and reacting fluids can be traced back to kinematics, connectedness of material volumes and transport processes occurring across deforming material surfaces. Descriptions based on kinematics of homoeomorphic deforming material surfaces (tracers) are restricted solely to continuous motions and conveniently analysed by transport equations in Lagrangian frames.Connectedness of material volumes restricts the mixing topology and generates bicontinuous structures characterized by intermaterial-area and striation-thickness distributions. Upper bounds for area generation and material-line elongation are related to mean values of viscous dissipation and govern the average reaction rate in diffusion-controlled reactions. Two concepts are introduced: micromixing, related to local flows, rate of stretching and local viscous dissipation, and macromixing, associated with connectedness of isoconcentration surfaces, vorticity and average viscous dissipation.Several small-scale flows can be used to typify the interplay between fluid mechanics, mass and energy transport, and chemical reactions: elliptically symmetrical stagnation flows, vortex decay, and swirling flow with uniform stretching. It is proposed that complex fluid motions might be interpreted in terms of integrated behaviour of populations of small-scale flows distributed in space and time to simulate mixing behaviour.The objective of this work is to present the foundations of a continuum mixing description making reference to earlier approaches to demonstrate computational applicability and practical significance.
A study of the reaction NO3 + NO2 + M N2O5 + M(M = N2, O2)

The gas-phase reaction of the NO3 radical with NO2 was investigated, using a flash photolysis-visible absorption technique, over the total pressure range 25–400 Torr of nitrogen or oxygen diluent at 298 ± 2 K. The absolute rate constants determined (in units of 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1) at 25, 100, and 400 Torr total pressure were, respectively, (4.0 ± 0.5), (7.0 ± 0.7), and (10 ± 2) for M = N2 and (4.5 ± 0.5), (8.0 ± 0.4), and (8.8 ± 2.0) for M = O2. These data show that the third-body efficiencies of N2 and O2 are identical, within the error limits, and that previous evaluations for M = N2 are applicable to the atmosphere. In addition, upper limits were determined for the rate constants of the reactions of the NO3 radical with methanol, ethanol, and propan-2-ol of ⩽6 × 10−16, ⩽9 × 10−16, and ⩽2.3 × 10−15 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively, at 298 ± 2 K.