cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SYMPOSIUM: Voices for Peace: Educators Respond to the Virginia Tech Shootings: Peace Education in a Violent Culture

The horror of the shootings on the campus of Virginia Tech challenges people to think about how to reduce levels of violence in the United States. Violence is a hallmark of American culture. A recent ranking of countries from peaceful to violent places the United States ninety-sixth in the world, out of 2 countries (Global Peace Index, 2007). Each day, eight children in the United States are murdered by gunfire (Children’s Defense Fund, 2004). Three million children each year are abused or neglected (Lamberg, 998). Young people in the United States typically watch tens of thousands of simulated murders by the time they reach adolescence (Lamberg, 998). In a society where the use of violence is viewed as legitimate — armed police provide security, parents use corporal punishment to discipline their children, popular culture praises violent heroes, and vast amounts of resources go to maintaining military superiority — children will learn to resort to violence to resolve their conflicts. Young people like Seung-Hui Cho, the shooter on the Virginia Tech campus, who act out violently in schools have learned well the lessons taught on the news and in the violent entertainment they watch. In response to the carnage of shootings that have taken place in U.S. schools during the past decade, educators are turning to a fresh approach, peace education, to quell incidents of school violence. Some have turned to the growing field of peace studies to gain insights into what they can do to empower students to resolve conflicts nonviolently. Peace theory teaches that there are three approaches to peace — peace through strength, peacemaking, and peace-building (Berlowitz, 994; Galtung & Jacobsen, 2000). Peace through strength relies on force and threats of force to deter violence or punish aggressors. Peacemaking uses communication skills to resolve conflicts,
Hypernets for metroarea networks: A deadlock free routing technique

Hypernets are emerging as a possible solution to communication difficulties in networks with a very large number of nodes, such as in a metropolitan area network, or in a massively parallel computer system. An overview of hypernets is presented, together with a deadlock free routing algorithm which can make these hypernets practical for metropolitan communication. This new routing method is developed using the concept of a channel dependency graph and the presence or absence of cycles in this graph. Simulation results demonstrate the success of this deadlock-free routing strategy. >
Continuous flow models: modeling, simulation and continuity properties

The paper presents a generic modeling tool for networks of continuous flow models (CFMs). The elemental building block, called the basic CFM, can be used in the modeling, simulation and sample path analysis of a large class of flow networks. Under certain conditions it constitutes a discrete event dynamic system (DEDS); for simulation thereof there exists a Lindley-like equation. Following the presentation of the basic CFM as a general modeling device, the paper discusses some continuity properties of the attendant flow processes, and points out the possible unbiasedness of LPA for various performance measures.
Role of Microbial Iron Transport Compounds in the Bacterial Spoilage of Eggs

Microbial iron transport compounds, belonging either to the hydroxamate family excreted by pseudomonads, or to the phenolate family excreted by salmonellae, reverse the bacteriostatic effect of conalbumin on the growth of these bacteria in egg white. The presence of microgram quantities of these compounds permits both salmonellae and pseudomonads to reach dense populations in egg white. The role of these iron transport compounds in bacterial egg spoilage is discussed.
Salem comes to the National Institutes of Health: notes from inside the crucible of scientific integrity.

Many readers of Pediatrics may have only a dim idea of the combative arena in which environmental research is conducted. Probably, very few have had the experience of being investigated for scientific misconduct. My aim in reviewing these two topics is to provide a preventive road map to others and to reveal some inadequacies and inequities in the investigative process. It is necessary, to accomplish this, to be direct and specific. Tact is sacrificed here for the sake of clear instruction. In 1972 I published 700 words in Nature reporting that Philadelphia inner-city children had higher dentine lead levels than suburban children.1 The paper suggested that the tooth might be a useful marker to estimate body lead burden after exposure had ended. I did not know then that I was taking the first step toward being investigated for scientific misconduct by my university and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Scientific Integrity. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) asked me to present the 1972 tooth lead paper in Amsterdam at an international meeting on lead. I was unprepared by my past attendance at pediatric meetings for what I encountered there. This was no scholarly debate on the toxicology and epidemiology of lead; this was war. The speakers did not behave like academics hoping to embellish their reputations by parading the results of their last 6 months in the lab. These stakes were much higher. Arrayed against each other were a small and defensive group of environmentalists and health scientists on one side, and on the other the representatives of the gasoline companies, including such formidable entities as EI DuPont, Associated Octel, Dutch Shell, and Ethyl Corporation of America.
From Ipa To Ilea Change and Continuity in U.S. International Police-Training Programs

The political contexts, goals and activities of two international police acad emies operated by the United States are described and evaluated. Conti nuities and changes between the International Po...
Chromosomal position effects determine transcriptional potential of integrated mammary tumor virus DNA

We have investigated two mammary tumor virus proviruses that are integrated at different chromosomal sites in the genomes of two clonal isolates of cultured rat hepatoma cells. One of these cell lines, J2.17, expresses MTV† RNA only in the presence of glucocorticoid hormones. In contrast, the proviral genes in the other line, J2.15, fail to be transcribed in the presence or absence of glucocorticoids, despite the fact that the viral genes and the cellular components that mediate hormone responses appear intact and normal. Low-level DNAase I digestion of chromosomes in isolated nuclei reveals that the J2.17 MTV DNA sequences are packaged in chromatin that is highly sensitive to DNAase I attack, whereas the chromatin of the J2.15 provirus is relatively resistant to DNAase I. These results demonstrate that the same genetic element located at two different chromosomal loci within a single cell line can differ in both chromatin structure and gene expression. Analysis of the chromatin structure of the appropriate DNA sequences in uninfected HTC cells suggests that the difference in the chromatin structure of the two proviruses may reflect a “spreading effect”, in which heterologous integrating DNA is packaged into chromatin that is similar in configuration to the surrounding chromatin. Thus, we propose that chromosomal position determines the folding pattern of the newly introduced DNA sequences, and that this pattern in turn determines whether the genes can subsequently be expressed in response to the hormonal inducing signal.
Evidence of predictability in the cross-section of bank stock returns

In this paper, we examine the predictability of the cross-section of bank stock returns by taking advantage of the unique set of industry characteristics that prevail in the financial services sector. We examine predictability in the cross-section of bank stock returns using information contained in individual bank fundamental variables such as income from derivative usage, previous loan commitments, loan-loss reserves, earnings, and leverage. We find that variables related to non-interest income, loan-loss reserves, earnings, leverage, and standby letters of credit are all univariately important in forecasting the cross-section of bank stock returns. Surprisingly, neither book-to-market nor firm size is important in our sample. We examine whether this cross-sectional predictability is due to increased risk, or another explanation, such as investor under or overreaction. Our results suggest that this predictability is not due to increased risk, but rather is consistent with investor underreaction to changes in banks fundamental variables. Furthermore, out-of-sample testing demonstrates this underreaction appears to be exploitable using simple cross-sectional trading strategies. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Electron-Optical Study of Hydrothermal Fringe Alteration of Plagioclase in Quartz Monzonite, Butte District, Montana

Plagioclase feldspar is one of the outermost minerals destroyed in the hydrothermal alteration of quartz monzonite of the Butte district, Montana. Single grains of andesine plagioclase showing varying stages of fringe alteration were selected to show the sequence of events leading from the fresh plagioclase tectosilicate to the phyllosilicate montmorillonite, and to evaluate the role of petrographically-identified allophane in the alteration process. Replicas of fresh, incipiently, and thoroughly montmorillonitized grains reveal a complex sequence of events which may follow alternate equivalent paths. Quantitatively most important is the formation of a hobnail texture composed of sparse to dense ~0.5 μ discoids of amorphous material on feldspar cleavage surfaces. These discoids appear to fuse laterally to form amoeboid or lobate amorphous clusters. Some assume progressively more polygonal outlines characterizing the montmorillonite morphology, or their fringes become flake-like montmorillonite which peels away in wisps from the pitted feldspar surface. Wisps may persist singly, they may form minute ropy granules, they may develop into wispy ridges, or the entire surface may convert to ragged, wispy, or compact montmorillonite. Far less commonly, plagioclase appears to develop without a discernible amorphous stage. The alternative paths are probably influenced by the chemical activity of magnesium in the system.
Effect of selected phenolic compounds on the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract The effect of selected phenolic compounds on the membrane-bound ATPase activity of two strains of Staphylococcus aureus was studied. These phenolic compounds were: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), p-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic acids, methyl paraben and propyl paraben. Cytoplasmic membrane-bound ATPase activity was measured in the presence of 0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 μg ml −1 of each phenolic compound. Among all the compounds studied, only BHA was found to significantly stimulate the activity of the enzyme. In contrast, some of the compounds were found to significantly inhibit the activity of the enzyme as was the case of TBHQ, PG, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid. The remaining compounds did not influence the activity of the ATPase at any of the concentrations tested. Strain LP ATPase as stimulated less by BHA and inhibited to a greater extent by TBHQ and PG than was the enzyme from strain A100. In contrast, LP ATPase was less inhibited by p-coumaric acid and not affected by either ferulic or caffeic acid.
Impact of Prior Prostate Radiation on Complications After Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: Salvage radical prostatectomy is associated with a higher complication rate than radical prostatectomy without prior radiotherapy but the magnitude of the increase is not well delineated.Materials and Methods: A total of 3,458 consecutive patients underwent open radical prostatectomy and 98 underwent open salvage radical prostatectomy from January 1999 to June 2007. Data were collected from prospective surgical and institutional morbidity databases, and retrospectively from billing records and medical records. Medical and surgical complications were captured, graded by the modified Clavien classification and classified by time of onset.Results: Median followup after salvage radical prostatectomy and radical prostatectomy was 34.5 and 45.5 months, respectively. Patients with salvage had significantly higher median age, modified Charlson comorbidity score, clinical and pathological stage, and Gleason score. They were less likely to have organ confined disease and more likely to have seminal vesicle...
Systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Purpose The literature was reviewed to determine whether data support current treatment guideline recommendations regarding the use of systemic corticosteroids in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations. Summary Exacerbations of COPD are common and can be detrimental to both patient health and health care costs. Corticosteroids are recommended by consensus guidelines for patients during exacerbations of COPD. Although guidelines make very specific recommendations, clinical data are conflicting and inconsistent. A search of the English-language medical literature was performed, and all randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials or meta-analyses that examined the use of systemic corticosteroids in COPD exacerbations were included. Trials that included nebulized corticosteroids were also included as long as they were compared to a systemic corticosteroid and a placebo. Recommendations regarding the use of systemic corticosteroids are not optimal or completely supported. Data support recommendations if patients are treated on an outpatient basis. However, hospitalized patients might also benefit from higher doses of systemic steroids initially, followed by an oral taper dose. Conclusion In the treatment of COPD exacerbations, systemic corticosteroids improve airflow limitations, decrease treatment failure rates, decrease the risk of relapse, and may improve symptoms and decrease the length of hospital stay. Because of the risks of adverse effects, the lowest dose and shortest duration of corticosteroid therapy that will provide therapeutic benefit should be chosen. The literature suggests that hospitalized patients should benefit from a higher initial dosage of systemic corticosteroids than the 30–40 mg of i.v. or oral prednisolone for 7–10 days recommended in current guidelines.
Autoimmune Response in Rabbits Injected with Rat and Rabbit Liver Ribosomes

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and leukopenia, circulating autoantibodies for erythrocytes, leukocytes, and ribosomes; pathological changes in liver, spleen, heart, brain, and kidneys were produced in rabbits injected with rat or rabbit liver ribosomes. The hematologic and pathologic changes were reproduced by injection of anti-ribosomal serum into normal rabbits. The autoantibody specificity was related primarily to nucleotides and nucleosides.
Extrapleural pneumonectomy versus pleurectomy/decortication in the surgical management of malignant pleural mesothelioma: results in 663 patients.

Objective The optimal procedure for resection of malignant pleural mesothelioma is controversial, partly because previous analyses include small numbers of patients. We performed a multi-institutional study to increase statistical power to detect significant differences in outcome between extrapleural pneumonectomy and pleurectomy/decortication. Methods Patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma who underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy or pleurectomy/decortication at 3 institutions were identified. Survival and prognostic factors were analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards analysis. Results From 1990 to 2006, 663 consecutive patients (538 men and 125 women) underwent resection. The median age was 63 years (range, 26–93 years). The operative mortality was 7% for extrapleural pneumonectomy (n = 27/385) and 4% for pleurectomy/decortication (n = 13/278). Significant survival differences were seen for American Joint Committee on Cancer stages 1 to 4 ( P P P P P P Conclusion Patients who underwent pleurectomy/decortication had a better survival than those who underwent extrapleural pneumonectomy; however, the reasons are multifactorial and subject to selection bias. At present, the choice of resection should be tailored to the extent of disease, patient comorbidities, and type of multimodality therapy planned.
Electrical properties and hopping transport in amorphous silicon carbide films

Abstract Thin films of amorphous SiC are prepared by rf-sputtering and the conductivity studied in the temperature range 300 K ⩾ T ⩾ 80 K both as a function of temperature and as a function of the applied field. Although a few other mechanisms of current transport were observed, much of the dc conductivity was found to be due to hopping between localized states. Mott's exp (T − 1 4 ) law is obeyed at lower temperatures and the values of the significant Mott's parameters obtained from the results are quite realistic. The dc conduction at room temperature, at applied fields of the order of 105 V/cm, is explained by field-assisted hopping. The ac conductivity obeys the ω0.8 law at lower frequencies and saturates at frequencies above 100 kHz. It also shows a T1 dependence. The effect of isothermal annealing is systematically studied.
The palpable breast nodule. A cost-effectiveness analysis of alternate diagnostic approaches

Background. Traditionally, open biopsy has been considered the optimal procedure for the diagnosis of breast nodules. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has been proposed as an alternate method for the diagnosis of many palpable breast lesions. Methods. The authors compared the diagnostic utility of open biopsy and FNAB using decision tree and cost-effectiveness analyses. Results. When compared with two-step excisional biopsy, FNAB achieved a savings of over $700 at the cost of 0.1% decrease in 10-year overall survival. Conclusions. These data indicate FNAB to be a reasonable alternative to open biopsy for the diagnosis of palpable breast lesions in many patients.
Information based medicine: a new era in patient care

The healthcare and pharmaceutical industries have been buzzing with the promise of personalized medicine since the inception of the human genome project. As this decade unfolds, continued advances in science, technology and information technology will accelerate the translation of research discoveries into clinical practice. In order to achieve this goal of information based medicine, an advanced information infrastructure will be required across the healthcare continuum. This presentation will explore the factors and technologies enabling the move towards information based medicine. Specifically, it will explore the emerging area of Clinical Genomics, where the integration of phenotypic and genotypic data will present a host of opportunities for identifying and validating novel disease markers, enabling more focused clinical research and ultimately transforming the delivery of healthcare.
Human A1 expression in acute myeloid leukemia and its relationship to Bcl-2 expression.

Konopleva et al[1][1] describe the expression of Bcl-2 in 2 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, HL-60 and HL-60-doxorubicin–resistant, and in fresh AML cells obtained from patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent AML. The focus of their study was to investigate the effect of liposomal Bcl-2
Censored, Forbidden and Underground Czech Novelists: A Selective Review

ABSTRACT Severe Communist repression from the 1960s to 1989 forced many of Czechoslovakia's major novelists to emigrate to foreign countries, where several continued to produce impressive fictional works. Those novelists who remained in their homeland were forced to either submit their novels for state censorship prior to official publication or to circulate their manuscripts through underground means. Despite continued crackdowns, banned and censored novelists produced not only some of Czechoslovakia's greatest literature, but many world class novels as well. This article identifies major Czech novelists from this period and their works, as well as anthologies, full-length critical studies and background resources.
Pulsed carbon dioxide and long pulse 10-ms erbium-YAG laser resurfacing: a comparative clinical and histologic study

BACKGROUND: The recent introduction of pulsed erbium-YAG laser technology has been accompanied by relatively few clinical studies with widely varying claims regarding postoperative healing, clinical side-effects and efficacy. We evaluated a new long (10 ms) pulsed pulsed erbium-YAG laser in order to determine safety and clinical efficacy in comparison with a pulsed carbon dioxide laser. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to comparatively evaluate a pulsed CO 2 and long-pulsed erbium-YAG laser with regard to clinical side-effects, postoperative healing and efficacy in the reduction of rhytids. METHODS: Bilateral periocular or perioral sites were treated using a pulsed CO 2 (UltraPulse ® ) laser on one side and long-pulsed erbium-YAG laser (CO 3 ® ) on the opposite side. Histologic specimens were also studied in order to compare tissue effects of both lasers. RESULTS: Results showed equivalent postoperative healing and lack of complications. In addition, the long-pulsed erbium-YAG laser showed significant efficac...
Precision grips in young chimpanzees

A precision grip, thumb-finger opposition, has been regarded as an uniquely human trait. Napier’s conclusion that chimpanzees were incapable of precision grip was based on two subjects and prehension of a single object (i.e., a grape). The purpose of the present study was to specify grip type and hand use by 13 young chimpanzees to prehend three different sized food objects. The subjects were laboratory raised (eight males and five females) and ranged in age from 27 to 58 months. An ethogram was devised that comprised 43 different grip types: ten configurations of precision grips were found, in addition to imprecise or inefficient grip types (nine types), thumb-to-finger opposition (10 types), power grips (two types), and a variety of other grips (12 types). Subjects most often prehended were very small-sized (5 mm x 5 mm x 3 mm) or small-sized (10 mm x 10 mm x 3 mm) food objects with precision and imprecise grips. An analysis of latency to prehend, i.e., efficiency, revealed (1) precision grips were equally efficient for all object sizes; (2) power grips were most efficient with the largest object (a grape); (3) with imprecise grips, the left hand was more efficient than the right with small objects, and with power grips the right hand was more efficient than the left for medium-sized objects. No population handedness was observed, but individual handedness was seen in nine subjects for some grip types and some object sizes. This study provides evidence that young chimpanzees preferentially use a true precision grip to prehend small and very small objects.
Dynamic control of inhibition improves performance of a hippocampal model

Abstract Adding synaptic modification to the inhibitory interneuron in a minimal computational model of hippocampal region CA3 improves average performance of the simulations. After training on two partially overlapping sequences, simulations are tested on a sequence completion problem that can only be solved by using context dependent information. Simulations with dynamic autonomously scaling (DAS) inhibition are more robust than those without. In the DAS model, scaling factors for inhibition are adjusted gradually over time to compensate for the original model's tendency to move away from a pre-set activity level. This variable inhibition modifies more slowly than the local, associative synaptic modification of the excitatory synapses. As a result, activity fluctuations from one time-step to the next continue to occur, but average activity levels show small variability across training. These results suggest that restricting long term activity fluctuations can be beneficial to recurrent networks that must learn context dependent sequences.
Response to Reviews of Prophetic Jesus, Prophetic Church

This essay is a response to my Pentecostal dialogue partners around their review of my Prophetic Jesus Prophetic Church. The piece is structured around the book’s general framework, our points of basic agreement, and points where we disagree.
Quantitative analyses of osteoclast changes in resorbing bone organ cultures.

The stimulation of bone resorption, assessed by the release of45Ca from prelabeled bones, was associated with an increase in number of osteoclasts per bone section in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-treated bones, but not in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated bones. By contrast the number of nuclei per osteoclast increased following LPS treatment, but was not affected by PTH. LPS-treated bones had more multinucleated cells, some having as many as 27 nuclei per osteoclast. More osteoclasts were adjacent to the bone collar in bones treated with LPS or PTH than in control bones. In LPS-treated bones this area also contained the largest osteoclasts, as determined by the greatest number of nuclei per osteoclast. The results suggest that LPS and PTH stimulate osteoclastic resorption by different mechanisms.
Poverty Point Adaptive Systems in the Lower Mississippi Valley: Subsistence Remains from the J. W. Copes Site:

Faunal and floral remains from the J. W. Copes Site in northeast Louisiana provide a basis for examining the nature of prehistoric adaptive systems during the Poverty Point Period (1500–500 B.C.) in the Lower Mississippi River Valley. Local subsistence strategies are inferred, as well as the settlement context from which they were recovered. These provide a basis for making several propositions regarding regional demography and social integration.
Frontiers in Neuropharmacotherapy Part I: Alzheimer’s Disease and Epilepsy

Cholinesterase inhibitors, and particularly donepezil, are the standard of care in the management of Alzheimer’s disease. Newer agents, such as rivastigmine, galantamine, and metrifonate, provide t...
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6) and CD1: inhibitors of immunosurveillance against primary tumors and metastatic disease

Many tumor immunologists favor the hypothesis that optimal anti-tumor activity is mediated by type 1 CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and that the production of type 2 CD4(+) T cells may be counterproductive for effective anti-tumor immunity. Since Stat6-deficient or "knockout" mice lack the signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 protein and are unable to transmit signals initiated by the type 2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, they have been studied to confirm the T(h)1 vs T(h)2 paradigm. Using transplantable tumor cells that cause primary solid tumors and metastatic disease, as well as a spontaneous transgenic tumor model, multiple studies have demonstrated that Stat6(-/-) mice are able to reject or delay primary tumor growth, prevent recurrence of primary tumors, and/or reject established, spontaneous metastatic disease. Deletion of the Stat6 gene, therefore, provides significantly enhanced immunosurveillance. Comparable experiments with CD1-deficient mice, which lack NKT cells and hence are deficient for IL-13, give similar results and suggest that removal of NKT cells also enhances immunosurveillance. Because immunity is enhanced in the absence of Stat6 or CD1, it has been hypothesized that these deletions result in the removal of an inhibitor that blocks constitutive immunosurveillance. Several mechanisms have been tested as potential inhibitors, including CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells, IL-13, a T(h)2 shift, and myeloid suppressor cells. Although the first three mechanisms do not appear to be relevant, regression of myeloid suppressor cells in Stat6-deficient and CD1-deficient mice may be responsible for enhanced immunosurveillance. Although additional studies are clearly needed to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying improved anti-tumor immunity in Stat6(-/-) and CD1(-/-) mice, deletion of these genes results in a potent anti-tumor immunity and may be a basis for an immunotherapy strategy.
Glossopharyngeal long-term facilitation requires serotonin 5-HT2 and NMDA receptors in rats.

Abstract Although the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is mainly a sensory nerve, it innervates stylopharyngeus and some other pharyngeal muscles, whose excitations would likely improve upper airway patency since electrical IX stimulation increases pharyngeal airway size. As acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces hypoglossal and genioglossal long-term facilitation (LTF), we hypothesized that AIH induces glossopharyngeal LTF, which requires serotonin 5-HT2 and NMDA receptors. Integrated IX activity was recorded in anesthetized, vagotomized, paralyzed and ventilated rats before, during and after 5 episodes of 3-min isocapnic 12% O2 with 3-min intervals of 50% O2. Either saline, ketanserin (5-HT2 antagonist, 2 mg/kg) or MK-801 (NMDA antagonist, 0.2 mg/kg) was (i.v.) injected 30–60 min before AIH. Both phasic and tonic IX activities were persistently increased (both P
Inter- and Intramolecular Hydroamination with a Uranium Dialkyl Precursor

The same uranium dibenzyl complex supported by a ferrocene-diamide ligand was used as a precatalyst for both inter- and intramolecular hydroamination reactions. Mechanistic and reactivity studies were undertaken to determine whether the two types of reactions follow the same pathway. The experimental results indicate that more than one mechanism may be operating and that the change in mechanism may be dependent on the type of reaction (inter- versus intramolecular) and/or the type of substrate (primary versus secondary amine). In addition, the synthesis and characterization of a bridging-imide diuranium(IV) complex and of benzyl- and anilide-aryloxide uranium(IV) complexes are reported, and their role in hydroamination reactions is discussed.
Reflections and Insights on Teaching Social Entrepreneurship: An Interview With Greg Dees

Greg Dees is often referred to as the “Father of Social Entrepreneurship Education.” Over the past 20 years, he has taught social entrepreneurship courses in some of the United States' top business...
Primordial composite particle production mechanisms

Abstract The generalization of the standard quantum reaction theory method of treating composite production to fluid dynamics is discussed. Results based on a simple fluid dynamic model are presented and indicate a lower production of primordial deuterons than would be obtained using naive versions of the coalescence model.
Utility of Screening Ultrasound After First Febrile UTI Among Patients With Clinically Significant Vesicoureteral Reflux

Objective To assess the sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of screening renal and bladder ultrasound (RBUS) after initial febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) among patients with clinically significant vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Methods A retrospective review was performed of all children Results One hundred forty-four patients with febrile UTI were identified; available RBUS, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and DMSA results for each kidney were reviewed. One hundred fifty-eight kidneys had evidence of VUR on VCUG, and initial RBUS demonstrated abnormality in 25 (sensitivity 0.17). Forty-five kidneys had high-grade VUR and RBUS revealed abnormality in 16 (sensitivity 0.36). One hundred seventy-eight kidneys had no evidence of abnormality on initial RBUS, and 136 (76%) were found to have VUR (NPV 0.24), of which 31 had high-grade VUR (NPV 0.83). Seven kidneys had scarring on DMSA and initial RBUS was normal in 4 (57%). Twelve of 19 patients (63%) who eventually underwent surgical intervention had a normal initial RBUS. Conclusion RBUS has poor sensitivity and NPV for detecting high-grade VUR in patients
Infections diagnosed in the first year after pediatric stem cell transplantation.

Background. Cumulative incidence of infections in the first year posttransplantation in adult patients has been well-described. Such description is less than complete for pediatric stem cell transplantation (SCT) patients. Further among those patients who have been infected, analysis of risk factors for infection has not been well-described for a large cohort of pediatric SCT patients. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of infections in the first year after SCT at Duke University Medical Center. We recorded all infections in the first year after transplantation. We determined incidences for 6 categories of infection: Gram-negative rods; Gram-positive cocci; yeast species; Aspergillus sp.; adenovirus; and cytomegalovirus. We determined incidences based on type of transplant and days post transplantation. We also completed bivariable and multivariable analysis of risk factors [neutropenia, graft vs. host disease (GVHD) and GVHD treatment] for infection type among those children who were infected. Results. We evaluated 510 transplants in 485 children. There were 584 infections in the first year after transplantation. During the first 30 days posttransplantation, type of transplantation did not predict incidence of infection or type of infection. After 30 days children who received unrelated cord blood transplant and matched unrelated donor transplant were at much higher risk of infection than were patients who received autologous, matched sibling or haploidentical transplant (P < 0.001). Patients who received unrelated cord blood or matched unrelated donor transplantation were at higher risk of aspergillosis (P = 0.002), candidiasis (P = 0.005) and adenovirus (P < 0.0001) but not cytomegalovirus (P = 0.18). In analysis of risk factors among those infected, patients with aspergillosis were more likely to have severe GVHD: multivariable 1 year risk ratio, 7.5; 95% confidence interval, 3.0,18.4. Neutropenia was more strongly associated with Gram-negative rod infection than any other type of infection. Conclusions. The incidence of infection immediately after transplantation did not differ significantly by type of transplant in this pediatric population. Type of transplant predicted increased incidence of infection 30 days posttransplantation and increased incidence of infection with several organisms traditionally associated with a high mortality rate in the transplant population.
Constrained regularization in nuclear spectroscopy

Abstract A brief review of existing mathematical methods for unfolding nuclear radiation spectra shows that there are significant deficiencies in all of these (as is, of course, generally known). The authors introduce in this article a method which incorporates the a priori information of the non-negativity of the spectral sample values into the mathematical regularization technique for solution of operator equations. The resulting “constrained regularization” method is found to yield both stable computations and good resolution levels in typical applications encountered to date. Sample results are given and a number of further research questions are posed.
MO-D-108-10: 3D Reconstruction of Scintillation Light Emission From Mono-Energetic Proton Beams Using a Limited Projection Approach: A Simulation Study

Purpose: Large‐volume scintillator detectors show promise for fast, highresolution measurements of proton treatment fields, but previous work has been limited to observing 2D projections of the 3D scintillation light distribution. The purpose of this work is to develop a 3D reconstruction method for a scintillation dosimetry system consisting of a tank of liquid scintillator imaged by CCD cameras. Methods: To reconstruct the scintillation light produced by proton beams in 3D, we applied the maximum‐a‐posteriori (MAP) algorithm using projections from three views (2 orthogonal side projections and 1 forward projection). However, the small number of viewing angles in our system limits the efficiency of this approach. In this study, we exploited the axial symmetry of proton beams to create an improved initial estimation of the light distribution. Monte Carlo calculations were performed to simulate the light emission from a volume of liquid scintillator irradiated with proton pencil beams. Projection images of the light emission were calculated from the simulated data with known camera and scintillator artifacts. We compared the MAP reconstructed emissions obtained using a standard backprojection initial estimate with those using our proposed profile‐based initial estimation. Results: From our simulations, the root mean square (RMS) error of the MAP reconstruction was 5.6% using the backprojection estimate. It was reduced to 4.9% using the profile‐based estimate. In addition, our new approach also reduced visual artifacts in the low dose region. Using the profile‐based estimate, reconstruction converged at about 6 iterations. Using the backprojection estimate, 14 iterations were required for convergence. Conclusion: The proposed method allows more accurate 3D reconstruction with fewer artifacts and requiring fewer iterations. The application is useful in proton beam calibration and has the potential to make 3D quality assurance possible for intensity modulated proton therapy.
Enhancing Human-Computer Interaction Design Education: Teaching Affordance Design for Emerging Mobile Devices

The evolution of human-computer interaction design (HCID) over the last 20 years suggests that there is a growing need for educational scholars to consider new and more applicable theoretical models of interactive product design. The authors suggest that such paradigms would call for an approach that would equip HCID students with a better under- standing of the social context of technology design and development. An intrinsic part of the proposed pedagogical model is the concept of affordance or that which implicitly suggests to the user a particular kind of functionality of the product. According to cognitive theory, people approach multi-functional mobile devices by building mental models of their functions, starting with physical appearance. A case study of an HCID teaching strategy, based upon the primacy of affordance, highlights how students can be taught a range of knowledge domains for product design to support creative problem-solving and critical thinking skills.
Hydroclimatology of Illinois: A comparison of monthly evaporation estimates based on atmospheric water balance and soil water balance

Here we describe the regional-scale hydrological cycle of Illinois, including both the land and atmospheric branches, using a data set on most of the hydrological variables, i.e., precipitation, streamflow, soil water content, snow depth, groundwater level, and atmospheric flux of water vapor. Since direct observations of evaporation are not available, two different approaches, soil water balance and atmospheric water balance, were applied to estimate the regional evaporation over Illinois from 1983 to 1994. The availability of a comprehensive hydrological data set covering the large area of Illinois facilitated a comparison between these two approaches for estimation of evaporation. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a comparison has been made. The climatologies of the monthly evaporation estimates from the two approaches agree reasonably well and within a 10% error; however, substantial differences exist between the two estimates of evaporation for individual months. The seasonal variability of the evaporation estimates based on soil water balance is largely balanced by the seasonal pattern of subsurface storage, whereas the seasonal variability of evaporation estimates from the atmospheric water balance is almost entirely balanced by the seasonal pattern of lateral fluxes of water vapor. This contrast reflects a fundamental difference in the hydrology of the land and atmospheric branches of the regional water cycle. In light of the fact that independent data sets were used in the two approaches, our results are encouraging: The atmospheric water balance approach has the potential for the accurate estimation of the climatology of regional evaporation, at least for humid regions at a scale similar to that of Illinois (∼10 5 km -2 ). However, sensitivity analysis suggests that the accuracy of atmospheric water balance computations is rather poor for the scale smaller than 10 5 km 2 . For the calculation of evaporation using the soil water balance approach in regions where the groundwater table is rather shallow, the incorporation of the change in groundwater storage is indispensable since groundwater aquifers provide a significant portion of water storage at the monthly timescale.
An evaluation of radar as a crop classifier

Abstract Results of an investigation to specify the parameters of a space-borne imaging radar for use in crop identification are discussed. The study relied upon scaltering data acquired with a groundbased radar which were degraded to simulate the performance of a system similar to the proposed Space Shuttle Orbiter Imaging Radar. Data acquired from fields sown in corn, milo, soybeans, wheat and alfalfa were employed. The results of this study suggest that for best classification accuracy, a K-band (approximately 14 GHz), dual polarized system viewing fields at an off nadir angle in the 40° to 60° range should be employed. However it is emphasized that to attain classification accuracies exceeding 90%, multi-date acquisition is required. As best as can be determined, four target revisits at an interval of ten days is adequate for 90% accuracy.
Inflammation as a target for prostate cancer chemoprevention: pathological and laboratory rationale.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We review the literature addressing a potential causal role for chronic or recurrent inflammation or infection in the development of prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE to identify articles on chronic inflammation as a risk factor for cancer, particularly prostate cancer.Results: A causal role for chronic or recurrent inflammation or infection in the development of prostate cancer has yet to be proven. Inflammation may contribute to carcinogenesis by 1 or more of several potentially interrelated mechanisms, including 1) the elaboration of cytokines and growth factors that favor tumor cell growth, 2) induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in macrophages and epithelial cells, and 3) generation of mutagenic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Chronic inflammation in the form of stromal and epithelial infiltrates of lymphocytes and histiocytes is extremely common in the peripheral zone of the prostate where most cancers arise. Although differences i...
The most likely path on series-parallel networks

In this article, we present a stochastic shortest path problem that we refer to as the Most Likely Path Problem (MLPP). We demonstrate that optimal solutions to the MLPP are not composed of optimal subpaths, which limits the computational tractability of exact solution methods. On series-parallel networks, we produce analytical bounds for the MLPP's optimality indices, the probabilities of given paths in the network being shortest, and compute these bounds efficiently via numerical integration. These bounds can also be used independently of the MLPP to gain further understanding for paths of interest that are identified by other stochastic shortest path frameworks, e.g., robust shortest paths or expected shortest paths. Additionally, we present a heuristic method that uses dynamic programming and ordinal optimization to identify an MLP on series-parallel networks. Our computational study shows our bounds to be tight in a majority of test networks and shows our heuristic to be both efficient and highly accurate for identifying an MLP in all test networks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 58(1), 68–80 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A method of testing the effect of antibacterial compounds on bacterial soft rot of potatoes, and results for preparations of dichlorophen and sodium hypochlorite

A product containing dichlorophen as the main active ingredient was bacteriostatic against, strains ofErwinia carotovora and pectolytic clostridia in culture at concentrations equivalent to 25 mg/litre and 30 mg/litre respectively of dichlorophen. An aqueous solution of the product containing 200 mg/litre dichlorophen was rapidly bactericidal toE. carotovora var.atroseptica but a solution containing 2.3 g/litre a.i. failed to kill spores of a pectolytic clostridium. Immersion of tubers in a solution containing 200 mg/litre dichlorophen gave a concentration of about 53 mg/kg in the peel. Formulations applied as dips or sprays at concentrations of up to 2.3 g/litre dichlorophen failed to reduce the incidence of soft rot in tubers stored under <1% O2 in N2 at 100% relative humidity and 20 C for up to 11 days. BothE. carotovora and pectolytic clostridia were isolated from rots occurring after treatment of tubers with 2 g litre dichlorophen. Solutions of sodium hypochlorite (0.6–2 g litre free chlorine, pH 9.4–9.7) reduced the incidence of soft rot in unwounded tubers stored in the above conditions.
A Fluorous Capping Strategy for Fmoc‐Based Automated and Manual Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis

Just add water: Peptides synthesized by the use of standardized Fmoc protocols with commercial automated synthesizers can be purified from deletion products by simple centrifugation of aqueous solutions. The deletion products are capped with fluorous trivalent iodonium salts. At the end of the synthesis, the crude peptide is dissolved in water and centrifuged, and the deletion products precipitate leaving only the full length peptide in solution. Protocols for generalized use of this strategy are reported. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Path hierarchies in interconnection networks

Les reseaux consideres sont caracterises par une reparation entre le transport des donnees et les commandes et par un sous-reseau tel, que ses ressources peuvent etre allouees par un ensemble de controleurs independants
A Meta-Analysis Examining the Impact of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Postsecondary Statistics Education: 40 Years of Research

AbstractThe present meta-analysis is a comprehensive investigation of the effectiveness of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) on student achievement in postsecondary statistics education across a forty year period of time. The researchers calculated an overall effect size of 0.566 from 70 studies, for a total of 219 effect-size measures from a sample of n = 40, 125 participants. These results suggest that the typical student moved from the 50th percentile to the 73rd percentile when technology was used as part of the curriculum. This study demonstrates that subcategories can further the understanding of how the use of CAI in statistics education might be maximized. The study discusses implications and limitations.