cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mammary cancer chemoprevention by inorganic and organic selenium: single agent treatment or in combination with vitamin E and their effects on in vitro immune functions

The chemopreventive efficacies of selenate, selenite, selenium dioxide, selenomethionine and selenocystine were examined during the promotion phase of carcinogenesis in the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced mammary tumor model in rats. Each agent was added to the diet at a final concentration of 3 p.p.m. selenium. In general there was no significant difference in the potency of these five selenium compounds in inhibiting the development of mammary tumors. The interaction of vitamin E (500 p.p.m.) with either selenite or selenomethionine was further characterized in a second carcinogenesis study. Results of this experiment suggested that vitamin E enhanced the protective effect of selenite but not that of selenomethionine. In an attempt to explore the synergistic mechanism of selenium and vitamin E, the effects of these two agents on mitogen-induced blastogenesis and natural killer cytotoxic activity were also investigated. No consistent changes in these in vitro immune functions were detected resulting from supranutritional feeding of either selenite or vitamin E or both. The metabolism of inorganic versus organic selenium was discussed in relation to their role in the control of neoplastic growth as well as to their selective modulation by vitamin E.
Nonparametric Discrete Choice Methods for Measuring Economic Values

The purpose of this research is to use measures of willingness to pay derived from random utility models as the basis for evaluating the properties of parametric and nonparametric estimators with binary choice data. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to evaluate two parametric methods and a nonparametric method. The simulation results indicate that simple parametric methods outperform the nonparametric method for a range of underlying preference structures.
Fusion of gross satellite sensing and laser measurements by skyline map matching for autonomous unmanned vehicle navigation

For autonomous navigation of an unmanned vehicle on a rough terrain such as the surface of Mars, two elevation maps are available: a gross terrain map from aerial surveying or satellite observations, and a local measurement map observed with sensors onboard the vehicle. One can estimate from the gross map the skyline and the visible region of the terrain. It also provides information of what the vehicle’s sensors can not see. However, the sensory measurements yield fine details of the terrain, such as obstacles, in-path and cross-path slopes. The skylines can also be estimated from these measurements. Both maps are used for path selection purposes, to provide it a wider supply of information than is available from either map by itself. The advantages of this are: (1) The “unseen” terrain features on the back of the hills, though only grossly estimated, are provided and can be taken into account by the path selection process. (2) The features “seen” by local measurements provide obstacle avoidance and are given primary consideration in the path selection process. The location of the autonomous vehicle on the gross map is to be estimated by employing the skylines as reference space curves. As the vehicle changes its location on the gross map, different skylines are estimated and are used in the stochastic matching of the two maps.
Hollow glass microsphere HDPE composites for low energy sustainability

The thermal and mechanical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE) can be tailored by using hollow glass microspheres with high crushing strength and low thermal conductivity. In the present study dealing with hollow glass microsphere filled polymers, the results show that sodium borosilicate hollow glass microspheres (HGM) remain intact in HDPE matrix with no sign of crushing during the compounding and injection molding operation. The resultant composites have low thermal conductivity. While polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) used as compatibilizer has a positive impact on some of the mechanical properties, its use does not significantly alter the thermal conductivity of the HGM HDPE composite. Also, the matrix to reinforcement load transfer capability in HGM HDPE composite was found to be insensitive to HGM content and use of compatibilizer.
Progress in measuring subjective well-being

Progress in science requires new tools for measuring phenomena previously believed unmeasurable, as well as conceptual frameworks for interpreting such measurements. There has been much progress on both fronts in the measurement of subjective well-being (SWB), which “refers to how people experience and evaluate their lives and specific domains and activities in their lives” ( 1 ). In 2009, the Sarkozy Commission recommended adding SWB measures as supplements to existing indicators of societal progress such as gross domestic product (GDP). In light of subsequent activity by governments and international organizations, we summarize several important advances and highlight key remaining methodological challenges that must be addressed to develop a credible national indicator of SWB and to incorporate SWB into official statistics and policy decisions.
Staff Development— Guidelines for the Principal:

Principals who have long recognized their role in staff develop ment can turn to recent research for some guidance in exercising this important responsibility. The author focuses on two central questions that will interest many principals.
Inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity: model for the potential involvement of the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway in Parkinson disease.

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays an important role in cell survival by regulating iron, antioxidant defense, and mitochondrial function. Pharmacological inhibitors of the iron-dependent enzyme class prolyl hydroxylases (PHD), which target α subunits of HIF proteins for degradation, have recently been demonstrated to alleviate neurodegeneration associated with stroke and hypoxic-ischemic injuries. Here we report that inhibition of PHD by 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (DHB) protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced nigral dopaminergic cell loss and up-regulates HIF-1α within these neurons. Elevations in mRNA and protein levels of HIF-dependent genes heme oxygenase-1 (Ho-1) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mnsod) following DHB pretreatment alone are also maintained in the presence of MPTP. MPTP-induced reductions in ferroportin and elevations in nigral and striatal iron levels were reverted to levels comparable with that of untreated controls with DHB pretreatment. Reductions in pyruvate dehydrogenase mRNA and activity resulting from MPTP were also found to be attenuated by DHB. In vitro, the HIF pathway was activated in N27 cells grown at 3% oxygen treated with either PHD inhibitors or an iron chelator. Concordant with our in vivo data, the MPP+-elicited increase in total iron as well as decreases in cell viability were attenuated in the presence of DHB. Taken together, these data suggest that protection against MPTP neurotoxicity may be mediated by alterations in iron homeostasis and defense against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction brought about by cellular HIF-1α induction. This study provides novel data extending the possible therapeutic utility of HIF induction to a Parkinson disease model of neurodegeneration, which may prove beneficial not only in this disorder itself but also in other diseases associated with metal-induced oxidative stress.
Anticipation in feedback-delayed manual tracking of a chaotic oscillator

Manual tracking of non-chaotic targets, with and without feedback delay, as well as discrete prediction of chaotic maps have each been demonstrated by humans. Feedback-delayed tracking of chaotic targets, on the other hand, has not been well investigated. To this end, 10 participants were asked to track a chaotically moving target presented on a computer display by means of controlling a similar on-screen object using a pressure sensitive tablet and hand-held stylus. The participants were given delayed visual feedback of their own movements. Task success subsequently required anticipation on the part of the participant. Using 6 values of delay from 20 ms to 1 s, evidence shows that (a) participants are able to synchronize with a chaotic target, even with some amount of applied delay, (b) task performance varies systematically with applied delay, and (c) this same systematic dependence is predicted for systems exhibiting anticipating synchronization.
3-Substituted-2-benzoxazolinones

The preparation of 2-amino-5-trifluoromethylbenzoxazole, 5-trifluoromethyl-2-benzoxazolinone and their chemical precursors are described. The reaction of appropriately substituted 2-benzoxazolinones with substituted alkyl halides provided the 3-substituted 2-benzoxazolinones.
Prospects for emerging nanoelectronics in mainstream information processing systems

The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconduc-tors (ITRS) seeks to stimulate invention and research lead-ing to one or more new nanoelectronics technologies that may extend functional scaling of information processing substantially beyond "ultimately scaled" CMOS. Introduction of such new technologies is envisioned in two phases - first by extending the CMOS platform via heterogeneous integration of new technologies and, later, via a replace-ment for CMOS that would provide the equivalent of sev-eral more technology nodes beyond ultimate CMOS. 1D charge state materials (nanotubes and nanowires) appear to be particularly attractive for the first phase. Ferromagnetic or spin-based logic devices are under investigation for the second phase. Some recent work in both of these areas will be presented.
Near field coupling mitigation for multiple antenna communication systems using feed-forward coupling between adjacent elements

An efficient method is proposed to significantly reduce the near field coupling between elements in a communication antenna array. The idea is based on exiting a current flow through appropriate conductive path between adjacent antennas. The conductive paths are designed and optimized in such a way that the feedforward current (from the conducting path) on the adjacent antenna is approximately equal in magnitude and out-of phase with the induced current on the same antenna due to the near field coupling. Effectively when the deriving antenna element is excited, the total power received at the input matched terminal of the other antenna is reduced remarkably over the entire bandwidth of operation. As the coupling level decreases, the radiation pattern of the deriving antenna element, in the presence of the other antenna tends to be more similar to that of the antenna in isolation. This way each omnidirectional antenna element in an array, if all such mutual couplings is effectively reduced, can observe the waves that are arriving from different directions. Without such provision, the pattern of an antenna element, due to scattering and coupling from other array elements, become directional and therefore the performance of the multiple antenna array degrades. After demonstrating the near-field coupling cancellation approach for two antennas, the method is extended to a circular array where only feed-forward path is applied to circumferentially adjacent elements. It is shown that, the scattering effects of the other antennas on the radiation pattern of each individual antenna cannot be completely eliminated but can be kept below an acceptable level by the proposed technique. By virtue of this method for reducing the mutual coupling, the overall array has the capability to create more directive radiation pattern with lower side-lobes. This technique is utilized to reduce the coupling between biconical antennas in a circular array within 40% bandwidth. It is demonstrated that there is an optimum magnitude and phase weighting for the array with reduced mutual couplings for which the radiation pattern exhibits higher gain and less side-lobe levels compared to the one with higher level of coupling between elements.
Critical Aesthetics and Compositional Informatics

Abstract The author discusses his compositional practice, which relies on the application of information-processing technologies to problematize conventions of musical meaning.
AN INDEX OF DEPENDABILITY FOR MASTERY TESTS

Glaser and Nitko (1971) define a criterion-referenced test as "one that is deliberately constructed to yield measurements that are directly interpretable in terms of specified performance standards" (p. 653). This is probably the best-known definition of a criterion-referenced test, but others have been proposed (e.g., Harris and Stewart, 1971; Ivens, 1970; Kriewall, 1969; and Livingston, 1972). Nothing in the Glaser and Nitko definition, or in most other definitions of "criterion-referenced test," necessitates the existence or use of a single criterion or cutting score as a "specified performance standard." However, much of the literature subsumed under the heading of criterion-referenced measurement does, in fact, postulate the existence of a single cutting score. Since this inconsistency in terminology can lead to confusion, we prefer to reserve the term mastery test for a criterion-referenced test with a single fixed mastery cutting score (see Harris, 1974). Hively (1974) and Millman (1974), among others, suggest using the descriptor "domain-referenced test" rather than "criterion-referenced test." They note that the word "criterion" is ambiguous in some contexts, and they argue that the word "domain" provides a more direct specification of the entir, set of items or tasks under consideration. If one accepts these arguments, a mastery test can be defined as a domain-referenced test with a single cutting score. In this paper we develop and discuss an index of dependability for mastery tests. For reasons discussed later, we choose not to call our index a reliability coefficient, although many of the indices previously developed for mastery tests have been proposed as indices of reliability (see Brennan, 1974, for a review of the literature). For example, Livingston (1972) proposed a reliability coefficient based upon the squared deviations of scores from the cutting score; Swaminathan, Hambleton, and Algina (1974) proposed the use of Cohen's (1960) coefficient K; Marshall and Haertel (1975) suggest using a mean split-half coefficient of agreement; and Carver (1970) suggests two other coefficients.
Reaching at risk groups: The importance of health storytelling in Los Angeles Latino media

Latinos are at high risk for many health problems, but are often missed by traditional health communication campaigns aired through general audience channels. This article explores Latinos’ connect...
On the importance of changes in the gravity field on seismic recording at ultralong periods

Abstract The effect of changes in gravity induced by the Earth's deformation on seismic recording at ultralong periods is studied quantitatively for the low-order spheroidal modes of the Earth. Because this effect can either enhance or reduce the recorded amplitude of a mode, depending on its geometry, it may become nontrivial at the longest free-oscillation periods, and contribute to relative deviations of up to 17%.
Challenges and Conflicts . . . Strengths and Supports A Study of Enduring African American Marriages

Most studies of marriage among African Americans have adhered to a problem-oriented perspective. Consequently, relatively little is known about enduring African American marriages. As marriage confers numerous psychosocial and economic benefits, there is merit in studying the characteristics of African American marriages that stand the test of time. Seventy-one married African American couples (mean length of marriage = 32 years) provided information regarding their religious practices, perceived reasons for their marital longevity, challenges encountered, marital happiness, and common areas of disagreement. Participant couples reported being happily married, attending church frequently, praying frequently, and believing that their faith has played a large role in their marital longevity. Responses also indicated that these couples have faced and overcome challenges and disagreements to remain married.
Health policy analysis and magnetic resonance imaging. The case of the New York State Demonstration Project.

Abstract In the absence of controlled clinical trials, the diffusion of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been driven by market forces and the perceived benefits of this technology. To date, all projective needs for MRI use are based on a consensus impression of a medical panel on the role of MRI for DRG or International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes. Since an impression of future utilization is not particularly precise, the focus of The New York State MRI Demonstration Project, which approved the acquisition of MRIs at 14 medical centers in 1983, was to determine the actual use of MRI in a medical setting. In a 3-year period, all sites performed 16,095 MRI examinations with 6647 subjects also receiving computed tomography (CT). The results of this study were as follows: (1) 88% of MRIs performed were of the central nervous system (CNS), (2) low level of utilization in the chest and abdomen reflects both a problem with MRI motion artifacts and the failure of MRI to compete with established diagnostic modalities such as mammography, CT scanning, and ultrasonography, (3) for the CNS 18% (10375876) studies were positive on MRI but negative by CT, (4) only 1.4% (n = 85) of cases were lesions detected by CT and missed by MRI, and (5) for 81% of the 4754 examinations, MRI and CT were in agreement. Based on the number of lesions observed, the image contrast, and the overall radiologist's impression, MRI was rated superior to CT in 50–60% of the CNS cases . The projected need, based on this study, is for one MRI per 430,000 population in New York State. Also as newer MR imaging protocols evolve, patient use should increase, with the technical cost per study becoming approximately $250 for a scanner performing 3900 studies per year with a $1 million operating expense. At the present time, the best predictive index of MRI utilization is the need for CNS examinations .
Superconductivity Deduced from Deterministic Theory of Atomic Structure

The standard Quantum Mechanics is statistical in nature and cannot provide a detailed picture of an atom. The Deterministic Theory of Atomic Structure, derived from a system of equations that govern the electrodynamics in atoms, can account for the stability of the atoms. We describe the chirality of an atom, the rules for forming molecules, and the assemblies of the superconducting material from Aluminum and Silicon.
UL-PML: constraint-enabled distributed product data model

The global economy has made manufacturing industry more distributed than ever before. Product design requires more involvement from various technical disciplines at different locations. In such a geographically and temporally distributed environment, efficient and effective collaboration on design is vital to maintain product quality and organizational competency. Current standard computer-aided design data formats do not support design collaboration effectively in terms of design information and knowledge capturing, exchange, and integration. Design constraints cannot be represented and transferred among different groups, and design information cannot be integrated efficiently within a distributed environment. A new design data model, the Universal Linkage model, is developed here to represent design-related information for network-based collaborative design. It incorporates geometric and non-geometric constraints with traditional geometric elements, thus allowing more design knowledge sharing in collabo...
Parental Educational Attainment and Sense of Control in Mid- and Late-Adulthood

Sense of control is greater among children who grow up in households of higher socioeconomic status. It is unclear if this childhood advantage persists throughout life or if schooling and adulthood experiences override any early childhood advantage. Using data from 2 nationally representative samples of primarily middle-aged (National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, or MIDUS), and older adults (Health and Retirement Study, or HRS), I tested if personal mastery and perceived constraints in adulthood were associated with the educational attainment of the participant's father or mother, adjusting for participant's education level, income, and other demographic characteristics. In both samples, personal mastery was not associated with either parent's education level, but perceived constraints had a graded inverse association with mother's education level. These results indicate that childhood experiences continue to be associated with perceived constraints, even in later life, and may not be completely overridden by adult experiences.
The Modification of Stuttering in a Public School Setting

The purpose of this article is to share a stuttering program utilized in public schools of Oregon. It is a direct intervention program aimed at the elementary age school population. The program has four stages which combine management and transfer in order to lead to fluent maintenance. The central goal of the program is to teach the child to make appropriate discriminations of muscle tension and air flow. Suggested criteria for movement between stages are included.
Synthesis of 5α-Pregnan-3,20-dione by Submaxillary Glands

Explants of submaxillary glands from male rats were maintained in organ culture for 72 hr. The tissue took up labeled progesterone and converted it to products, one of which has been identified as 5α-pregnan-3,20-dione. (Endocrinology 82: 630, 1968)
Structural and catalytic response to temperature and cosolvents of carboxylesterase EST1 from the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon sulfolobus solfataricus P1

The interactive effects of temperature and cosolvents on the kinetic and structural features of a carboxylesterase from the extremely thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 (Sso EST1) were examined. While dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, and dioxane were all found to be deleterious to enzyme function, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) activated Sso EST1 to various extents. This was particularly true at 3.5% (v/v) DMSO, where k(cat) was 20-30% higher than at 1.2% DMSO, over the temperature range of 50-85 degrees C. DMSO compensated for thermal activation in some cases; for example, k(cat) at 60 degrees C in 3.5% DMSO was comparable to k(cat) at 85 degrees C in 1.2% DMSO. The relationship between DMSO activation and enzyme structural characteristics was also investigated. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and circular dichroism showed no gross change in enzyme conformation with 3.5% DMSO between 50 and 80 degrees C. However, low levels of DMSO were shown to have a small yet significant change in enzyme conformation. This was evident through the reduction of Sso EST1's melting temperature and changes in the microenvironment of the enzyme's tyrosine and tryptophan residues at 3.5% versus 1.2% (v/v) solvent. Finally, activation parameter analysis based on kinetic data, at 1.2% and 3.5% DMSO, implied an increase in conformational flexibility with additional cosolvent. These results suggest the activating effect of DMSO was related to small changes in the enzyme's structure resulting in an increase in its conformational flexibility. Thus, in addition to their use for solubilizing hydrophobic substrates in water, cosolvents may also serve as activators in applications involving thermostable biocatalysts at sub-optimal temperatures.
Use of Chiropractic Spinal Manipulation in Older Adults is Strongly Correlated with Supply

STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of administrative data. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between regional chiropractic supply and both use and utilization intensity of chiropractic services among Medicare beneficiaries. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Numerous studies have documented trends and patterns in the utilization of chiropractic services in the United States, but little is known about geographic variation in the relationship between chiropractic supply and utilization. METHODS We analyzed Medicare claims data for services provided by chiropractic physicians in 2008. We aggregated the data to the hospital referral region level and used small area analysis techniques to generate descriptive statistics. We mapped geographic variations in chiropractic supply, use and utilization intensity (treatments per user), and quantified the variation by coefficient of variation and extremal ratio. We used Spearman rank correlation coefficient to correlate use with supply. We used a logistic regression model for chiropractic use and a multiple linear regression model for chiropractic utilization intensity. RESULTS The average regional supply of chiropractic physicians was 21.5 per 100,000 adult capita. The average percentage of beneficiaries who used chiropractic was approximately 7.6 (SD, 3.9). The average utilization intensity was 10.6 (SD, 1.8). Regional chiropractic supply varied more than 14-fold, and chiropractic use varied more than 17-fold. Chiropractic supply and use were positively correlated (Spearman ρ, 0.68; P < 0.001). A low back or cervical spine problem was strongly associated with chiropractic use (odds ratios, 21.6 and 14.3, respectively). Increased chiropractic supply was associated with increased chiropractic use (odds ratio, 1.04) but not with increased chiropractic utilization intensity. CONCLUSION Both the supply of chiropractors and the utilization of chiropractic by older US adults varied widely by region. Increased chiropractic supply was associated with increased chiropractic use but not with increased chiropractic utilization intensity. Utilization of chiropractic care is likely sensitive to both supply and patient preference.
TRANSPORTATION PLANNING FOR DISASTERS: AN ACCESSIBILITY APPROACH

A methodology is developed in this paper for evaluating and enhancing the performance of urban transportation systems in the aftermath of a disaster. A performance measure is proposed for assessing...
Cosmetic outcomes for accelerated partial breast irradiation before surgical excision of early-stage breast cancer using single-dose intraoperative radiotherapy.

Purpose Determine cosmetic outcome and toxicity profile of intraoperative radiation delivered before tumor excision for patients with early-stage breast cancer. Methods and Materials Patients age 48 or older with ultrasound-visible invasive ductal cancers Results From March 2003 to July 2007, 71 patients were treated with intraoperative radiation therapy. Of those, 56 patients were evaluable, with a median follow-up of 3.1 years (minimum 1 year). Physician and patient assessment of cosmesis was "good or excellent" (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group cosmesis scale) in 45/56 (80%) and 32/42 (76%) of all patients, respectively. Eleven patients who received additional whole breast radiation had similar rates of good or excellent cosmesis: 40/48 (83%) and 29/36 (81%), respectively). Grade 1 or 2 acute toxicities were seen in 4/71 (6%) patients. No Grade 3 or 4 toxicities or serious adverse events have been seen. Conclusion Intraoperative radiotherapy delivered to an in situ tumor is feasible with acceptable acute tolerance. Patient and physician assessment of the cosmetic outcome is good to excellent.
Subxiphoid Surgical Approach for Epicardial Catheter-Based Mapping and Ablation in Patients With Prior Cardiac Surgery or Difficult Pericardial Access

Background— Percutaneous epicardial mapping and ablation are successful in some patients with ventricular epicardial reentry circuits but may be impossible when pericardial adhesions are present, such as from prior cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of direct surgical exposure of the pericardial space to allow catheter epicardial mapping and ablation in the electrophysiology laboratory when percutaneous access is not feasible. Methods and Results— In 6 patients with prior cardiac surgery or failed percutaneous pericardial access, a subxiphoid pericardial window was attempted. In all 6 patients, manual lysis of adhesions exposed the epicardial surface of the heart through a small subxiphoid incision and allowed placement of an 8F sheath into the pericardial space under direct vision. Access to the diaphragmatic surface of the heart with ablation catheters was achieved in all patients, and catheter manipulation to the lateral and anterior walls was possible in 4 patie...
The Role of Negative Emotions on Adolescent Evaluation of Clinical Reproductive Healthcare Services

Despite extensive research on adults, we know relatively little about the factors and processes that influence adolescent satisfaction with clinical reproductive healthcare. In this study, survey responses from 135 adolescent clinic users in the western U.S. support a client-satisfaction model that differs from the traditional coping response framework by featuring negative emotions as a primary antecedent of service-quality evaluations, rather than a consequence. Quality evaluations directly impacted satisfaction, which, in turn, affected word of mouth and intentions to return to the clinic. This research represents an initial step toward better understanding of ways that adolescents may differ from adults on factors influencing satisfaction with clinical reproductive healthcare and, hence, holds both theoretical and managerial significance.
“Cel corn a lunge aleine!” Jehan et Blonde et la Chanson de Roland

Philippe de Remi, a land-holder and professional administrator, was a cultivated man, keenly interested in the literature available in northern France in the first half of the thirteenth century. Not content merely to read or to listen, he took the unusual step of trying his own hand at verse narrative and at lyric composition. The result was a substantial body of work: two full-length narratives as well as a collection of lyric poetry and several songs (with music notated). His second romance, Jehan et Blonde, draws on themes and situations common in medieval tales (young love, a match-making father, the threat of a compelled marriage, an elopement); it also depicts a long fight between the hero and the superior forces of his far nobler rival. Here we find, beyond a general evocation of French epic literature, some specific situational and even verbal borrowings from the Chanson de Roland.
Groundwater chemistry and water-rock interactions at Stripa☆

Abstract Groundwaters from near surface to a depth of 1232 m in the Stripa granite have been sampled and analyzed for major and trace constituents. The groundwater composition consists of two general types: a typical recharge water of Ca-HCO3 type ( 700 m depth) of high pH (8–10) that reaches a maximum of 1250 mg/L in total dissolved solids (TDS). Intermediate depths show mixtures of the two types that are highly fracture-dependent rather than depth-dependent. Any borehole can vary significantly and erratically in TDS for either a horizontal or vertical direction. The general transition from Ca-HCO3 type to Na-Ca-Cl type correlates with the depth profile for hydraulic conductivity that drops from 10−8 m/s to 10−11 m/s or lower. Thermomechanical stress (from heater experiments) clearly shows an effect on the groundwater composition that could be caused by changing flow paths, leakage of fluid inclusions or both. Dissolution and precipitation of calcite, fluorite and barite, aluminosilicate hydrolysis, and addition of a saline source (possibly fluid inclusion leakage) play the major roles in defining the groundwater composition. The low permeability of the Stripa granite has produced a groundwater composition that appears intermediate between the dilute, shallow groundwaters typical of recharge in a crystalline rock terrain and the saline waters and brines typical of cratonic shield areas at depth.
Evaporator Superheat Regulation via Emulation of Semi-Active Flow Control

Proper regulation of evaporator superheat is essential to ensuring safe and efficient operation of vapor compression cooling systems. Typical mechanical control devices may behave poorly under transient disturbances or as operating conditions vary, degrading system performance. Electronic expansion valves partially alleviate these problems by allowing more sophisticated control approaches, but frequent valve adjustments raise concerns about device longevity. A cascaded control approach to superheat regulation has been shown to provide significant improvements in superheat control, utilizing a hybrid of mechanical (passive) and electronic (active) feedback devices. This paper examines the emulation of a semi-active flow control device using a MEMs based actuator with high bandwidth, few moving parts, and no risk of fatigue failure. Experimental evaluation reveals this to be a comparable approach to the hybrid valve design. Moreover, further examination reveals that actuator characteristics are the limiting factor in achieving similar levels of performance using standard electronic valves.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A comparative study of slabe, upper bound and finite element methods for predicting force and torque in cold rolling

Abstract Rolling force and torque are often measured during the rolling process and their magnitudes used in the process control algorithms. Slab, upper bound and rigid-plastic finite element methods have been applied for predicting force and torque in rolling. This paper compares the results of these methods and that of DEFEL (an elastic-plastic finite element code) with experimental data. It is concluded that slab and upper bound results are very approximate. The rigid-plastic finite element method is fairly accurate for low R H 0 (roll radius by sheet half thickness) ratios. However, for large R H 0 ratios (> 100) the elastic response of the roller has to be considered. Elastic-plastic finite element results, on the other hand, are found to have reasonable agreement with experimental data for all R H o ratios.
The Scope of International Relations

Four able and penetrating writers have recently given us their considered views on the nature and scope of international relations as a branch of higher learning.* While each of them starts from a somewhat different intellectual viewpoint, they display a striking similarity of conception of the general place of international relations (hereafter referred to as IR) in the spectrum of human knowledge. I propose here, not to subject these writings to critical scrutiny, but to use them as a starting point for a brief inspection of the scope of international relations as it now seems to be taking form in the work of the leading scholars in the field.It is necessary to note in the beginning that “scope” is a dangerously ambiguous word. It suggests that the subject matter under inquiry has clearly discernible limits, and that all one has to do in defining its scope is to trace out these boundaries in much the manner of a surveyor marking out the bounds of a piece of real property. Actually, it is nothing of the sort. A field of knowledge does not possess a fixed extension in space but is a constantly changing focus of data and methods that happen at the moment to be useful in answering an identifiable set of questions. It presents at any given time different aspects to different observers, depending on their point of view and purpose. The boundaries that supposedly divide one field of knowledge from another are not fixed walls between separate cells of truth but are convenient devices for arranging known facts and methods in manageable segments for instruction and practice. But the foci of interest are constantly shifting and these divisions tend to change with them, although more slowly because mental habits alter slowly and the vested interests of the intellectual world are as resistant to change as those of the social world.
Laboulbeniopsis termitarius, an ectoparasite of termites newly recognized as a member of the Laboulbeniomycetes

Minute fungi associated with termites have caused taxonomic problems in the past due to their autapomorphic and highly reduced morphologies. DNA sequence data from one such enigmatic fungus, Laboulbeniopsis termitarius, supports its phylogenetic position as member of a laboulbeniomycete clade within the Ascomycota. This clade is composed entirely of fungi associated with arthropods, often as parasites, and the inclusion of L. termitarius supports the single origin of thallus development by means of enlargement and division of the spore.
Mid-IR plasmonics and photomodification with Ag films

The optical properties of semicontinuous silver films have been studied in the mid infrared. The film extinction spectra are shown to be well tailored by the deposition conditions and post-fabrication photomodification with both nanosecond and picosecond laser pulses at 10.6 μm. The photomodification results in a decrease of the extinction above the laser wavelength. We find that the induced changes in the optical responses of the films are both wavelength and polarization selective. This technique allows the creation of long-pass filters for the mid-IR range in accord with the earlier theory.
Gas‐adsorbate collisional effects and surface diffusion in porous materials

If gas-adsorbate momentum transfer is ignored, calculated surface fluxes within porous materials often can be grossly incorrect. Methods are introduced for including these interactions when calculating surface fluxes in permeability studies. Developments are carried out for systems with porous materials having both uniform and heterogeneous surfaces. These methods complement one developed earlier for Wicke-Kallenbach experiments, using porous materials with uniform surfaces. Some previous studies are then considered. In one system, including gas-adsorbate momentum transfer changes the proposed surface-diffusion mechanism from a “hopping” phenomenon to the mobility inherent in a two-dimensional gas. Consideration of other systems shows that, while very frequently these collisional interactions are important, experiments can occur where they are not. A criterion is developed for indicating when this momentum transfer is significant and its inclusion in surface-flux determinations is necessary.
Neglected Stories and Progressive Constitutionalism

Neglected Stories and Progressive Constitutionalism first re-articulates the neglected but increasingly recognized view that an antislavery ideology is at the heart of the definitions of liberty and citizenship enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment of our reconstructed Constitution. We in the United States came to a deeper understanding of civil freedom as we experienced chattel slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment should be interpreted to give life to that deeper understanding. The article then asks whether interpreting the reconstructed Constitution as a reflection of antislavery ideology furthers a progressive constitutionalism, where progressivism is understood to entail commitments to social welfare, anti-subordination, and civic empowerment of a free citizenry. The answer is a qualified "yes." An antislavery vision of the concepts of liberty and equal protection easily supports constitutional interpretations that combat subordination and promote civic empowerment, for subordination and "social death" were slavery's hallmarks. An antislavery constitutional vision is related in a more complex, but illuminating way to progressive goals of social welfare. For example, the slave system and its immediate post-emancipation substitutes made clear that unregulated markets were inconsistent with minimally humane conceptions of a universal right to the fruits of one's labor. As a result, the antislavery vision of freedom encompasses fairness in the marketplace rather than absolutist notions of contractual liberty. The methods employed in the essay are contextual, perspective-seeking, critical methods developed within critical race and feminist legal theory, and the essay concludes with a comment on those methods and the persistent attacks to which critical race and feminist legal theory have been subjected.
Chemical polymerization and electrochemical characterization of thiazines for NADH electrocatalysis applications

Electrochemically polymerized azines have been employed frequently as NADH electrocatalysts in biosensors and biofuel cells. However, some applications of these electrocatalysts do not lend themselves to electropolymerization. Therefore, this research investigates the chemical synthesis and application of poly(methylene blue) (PMB) and poly(methylene green) (PMG) in electrocatalysis. In an attempt to develop a simple synthesis for polymerized thiazines that could be immobilized on any surface, we investigated several polymerization protocols that are described in this paper. Structural analyses imply that the chemically synthesized polymers are chemically unique in comparison to the electropolymerized polymers. Amperometric investigations were used to compare the catalytic activity of chemically and electrochemically synthesized polymers as electrocatalysts for the oxidation of NADH and the chemically synthesized polymers were employed at the bioanode of a methanol/air biofuel cell to show their utility for this application.
Human RECQL1 participates in telomere maintenance

A variety of human tumors employ alternative and recombination-mediated lengthening for telomere maintenance (ALT). Human RecQ helicases, such as BLM and WRN, can efficiently unwind alternate/secondary structures during telomere replication and/or recombination. Here, we report a novel role for RECQL1, the most abundant human RecQ helicase but functionally least studied, in telomere maintenance. RECQL1 associates with telomeres in ALT cells and actively resolves telomeric D-loops and Holliday junction substrates. RECQL1 physically and functionally interacts with telomere repeat-binding factor 2 that in turn regulates its helicase activity on telomeric substrates. The telomeric single-stranded binding protein, protection of telomeres 1 efficiently stimulates RECQL1 on telomeric substrates containing thymine glycol, a replicative blocking lesion. Loss of RECQL1 results in dysfunctional telomeres, telomere loss and telomere shortening, elevation of telomere sister-chromatid exchanges and increased aphidicolin-induced telomere fragility, indicating a role for RECQL1 in telomere maintenance. Further, our results indicate that RECQL1 may participate in the same pathway as WRN, probably in telomere replication.
Practical voltage-scaling for fixed-priority RT-systems

In CMOS circuits, power consumption is proportional to the product of the frequency and the square of the supply voltage. Hence, any reductions in the operating frequency of the processor and its supply voltage can lead to significant savings in energy consumption (and heat dissipation) but cause longer execution times. The application of dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) techniques to real-time systems must therefore attempt to minimize energy while guaranteeing the schedulability of the real-time tasks. In this paper we study the effect of limited number of operating frequencies on the performance of voltage-scaling algorithms. The optimal frequency grid which minimizes the effect of discrete operating frequencies is also derived We then propose four alternative voltage-scaling schemes, Sys-Clock, PM-Clock, Opt-Clock and DPM-Clock. Each scheme is suitable for different hardware configuration which may have high or low voltage-scaling overhead and different taskset characteristics. We have implemented our voltage-scaling schemes on CMU's real-time OS, Linux/RK, on the 3700 series Compaq iPAQ and a 733MHz XScale BRH board modified to support voltage-scaling.
Harmful Chemicals and Drugs in Breast Milk

The pediatrician should be aware of the fact that nearly all drugs used in the therapy of lactating women may be found in varying amounts in breast milk. Mothers who must take antithyroid drugs, chloramphenicol, lithium, methadone, most anticancer drugs, radioactive pharmaceuticals and antiinfective agents such as the tetracyclines and metronidazole should not nurse their infants while receiving therapy. It has been our experience that in most instances safer alternative drugs may be selected after discussions with obstetricians, family physicians, and internists. The use of other drugs merits a certain degree of caution; nursing the infant before a dose is given may help to minimize exposure to the infant. Interruption of breast-feeding should be infrequent.
Teaching and the Routes to Learning a Second Language

ABSTRACT Research in second language acquisition supports the notion that learners must have access to meaningful language (Sorenson, 24; Newmark, 15; Krashen, 13). In addition, Piagetian research in intellectual development indicates that learning is an active process of “constructing” knowledge and that there are three basic routes to knowledge: (1) the “perception” of data, (2) “action” with the data, and finally (3) a “conceptual” route consisting of formulas or generalizations about the data (Duckworth, 3). Many language teachers rely mainly on the third route; that is, they teach “correct” forms or generalizations about language and neglect to foster the use and interconnection of the other two routes. In this essay, I present data from observations of two different ESL classes. In one of the classes, the teacher uses a “prescriptive” approach and demands linguistic accuracy from the students at all times. By contrast, in the other class observed, the teacher's role is to motivate the need in the students to constantly use the language in order to share ideas about topics of immediate concern or vital interest. In this setting, students are expected to take risks, err and “construct” language. Much of this “building of language” takes place when students resolve linguistic conflicts which occur in their attempts to understand and make themselves understood. I examine the two classes in light of Piagetian research concerning the routes to knowledge and conclude by supporting the methods used in the latter class because they adequately interassociate the three routes to knowledge and help the students move beyond their current levels of linguistic development.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization among Women Admitted to Labor and Delivery and Their Newborn Infants

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are increasing in frequency and are an emerging problem among pregnant women and newborn infants. 1 The incidence of MRSA vaginal colonization among pregnant women usually ranges from 0.5% to 3.5%. 2,3 However, in a recent study from Tennessee, 10.5% of genital swabs from pregnant women submitted for routine Group B beta
Further Comments on Reliability and Power of Significance Tests

The controversy about the relationship between reliability and the power of significance tests exists because statisticians obtain numerical solutions by varying independently the parameters of the power of statistical tests. In contrast, researchers have empirical limitations placed on them in varying the same parameters. Reliability and power can legiti mately be decoupled by selection of the population from which to sample (Zimmerman & Williams, 1986), but this is an undependable way to increase power (Humphreys, 1991). Reducing population var iance by selection of the sample can be considered a special case of (and a crude approximation to) the analysis of covariance, which is also a more effective way of controlling individual differences in true scores than the use of difference scores. Both the regressed differences and the raw differences are less reliable within treatments than their components, but can have more power in statistical tests. As the reliability of derived scores increases, however,...