cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of vitamin E succinate on smokeless tobacco-induced production of nitric oxide by rat peritoneal macrophages and J774A.1 macrophage cells in culture

Previous studies have shown that an aqueous smokeless tobacco extract when administered in a single oral dose to rats results in an enhanced induction of hepatic lipid peroxidation, hepatic DNA single strand breaks, and a marked increase in the urinary excretion of the lipid metabolites malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone. These observations strongly suggest that STE induces the production of reactive oxygen species. We have therefore examined the effects of STE in vivo in rats on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by isolated peritoneal exudate (macrophage) cells and when incubated with cultured J774A.1 macrophage cells. In both cases, a significant increase in NO production was observed. When the antioxidant vitamin E succinate was preadministered to rats, a marked decrease in NO production in response to STE by isolated peritoneal macrophages was observed. Similar results were observed when J774A.1 macrophages were cultured in the presence of vitamin E succinate and STE. When vitamin E succinate alone was cultured with macrophages, an increase in NO production was observed. A similar increase was observed when the vitamin E succinate was administered to rats, and NO production by isolated peritoneal macrophages was assessed. The results demonstrated that the increase in NO production by macrophages in response to vitamin E succinate was due to a succinate moiety. Taken together with previous studies, the results indicate that STE activates macrophages, which result in the production of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species may be responsible for tissue damaging effects including lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, which may be associated with the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smokeless tobacco products.
Absorption and Multiple Scattering by Biological Suspensions

We first specialize multiple-scattering theory for uncorrelated distributions of large, low-refracting, absorbing particles to similarly and randomly aligned spheroids. The theory takes into account backscattering interface effects, but neglects the smaller coherent reflection effects. Then we illustrate how the results can be used in optical diagnostics on suspensions of cells for biomedical purposes. We consider the isolation of molecular absorption coefficients for transmission and reflection oximetry on whole blood, scattering-shifted absorption extrema, cell-membrane fragilometry and the effects of osmotic swelling, and some asymmetrical scattering effects for optical monitoring of cell alignment in fluid-transport processes. In measurements on thin samples at wavelengths corresponding to relatively small absorption, pronounced minima in transmission and maxima in reflection have been observed for suspensions about half-full of cells; we discuss simple approximations that indicate the essentials of the phenomena.
Projections and weak maps in combinatorial geometries

Abstract A construction in a combinatorial geometry G is introduced, which generalizes truncations, and corresponds to the projection of an arbitrary set X on a given flat F of G . This projection is minimal among all weak maps which reduce the rank of F ∪ X to that of F . The hyperlane projections, i.e. when F is a hyperlane of G , form a lattice for the weak map order, and provide a characterization of the simple weak maps of G which preserve all independent sets of G except possible bases.
Temporal Change in Nitrous Oxide and Dinitrogen from Denitrification Following Onset of Anaerobiosis

Similar temporal patterns were found in three mineral soils for the composition of the gaseous products of denitrification following the onset of anaerobic conditions. During the early period of anaerobiosis (0 up to 1 to 3 h), N2 was the dominant product of denitrification. The NO3− → N2O activity then increased, but was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in N2O-reducing activity. This resulted in a relatively extended period of time (1 to 3 up to 16 to 33 h) during which N2O was a major product. Eventually (after 16 to 33 h), an increase in N2O-reducing activity occurred without a comparable increase in the N2O-producing activity. The increase in the rate of N2O reduction did not occur in the presence of chloramphenicol and required the presence of N2O or NO3− during the preceding anaerobic incubation. During the final period (16 to 33, up to 48 h), N2 was generally the sole product of denitrification, since the rate of N2O reduction exceeded the rate of N2O production. A similar sequential pattern was also found for a culture of a denitrifying Flavobacterium sp. shifted to anaerobic growth. A staggered synthesis of the enzymes in the denitrification sequence apparently occurred in response to anoxia, which caused first a net production of N2O followed by consumption of N2O.
The legacy of S Chandrasekhar (1910–1995)

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, known simply as Chandra in the scientific world, is one of the foremost scientists of the 20th century. In celebrating his birth centenary, I present a biographical portrait of an extraordinary, but a highly private individual unknown to the world at large. Drawing upon his own “A Scientific Autobiography,” I reflect upon his legacy as a scientist and a great human being.
A prospective controlled study of kidney donors: baseline and 6-month follow-up.

Background Most previous studies of living kidney donors have been retrospective and have lacked suitable healthy controls. Needed are prospective controlled studies to better understand the effects of a mild reduction in kidney function from kidney donation in otherwise healthy individuals. Study Design Prospective, controlled, observational cohort study. Setting & Participants Consecutive patients approved for donation at 8 transplant centers in the United States were asked to participate. For every donor enrolled, an equally healthy control with 2 kidneys who theoretically would have been suitable to donate a kidney also was enrolled. Predictor Kidney donation. Measurements At baseline predonation and at 6 months after donation, medical history, vital signs, measured (iohexol) glomerular filtration rate, and other measurements were collected. There were 201 donors and 198 controls who completed both baseline and 6-month visits and form the basis of this report. Results Compared with controls, donors had 28% lower glomerular filtration rates at 6 months (94.6 ± 15.1 [SD] vs 67.6 ± 10.1 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ; P P P P P P P = 0.03) levels. There were no differences in albumin-creatinine ratios (5.0 [IQR, 4.0-6.6] vs 5.0 [IQR, 3.3-5.4] mg/g; P = 0.5), office blood pressures, or glucose homeostasis. Limitations Short duration of follow-up and possible bias resulting from an inability to screen controls with kidney and vascular imaging performed in donors. Conclusions Kidney donors have some, but not all, abnormalities typically associated with mild chronic kidney disease 6 months after donation. Additional follow-up is warranted.
Note-On Optimizing Field Repair Kits Based on Job Completion Rate

In a recent paper, Mamer and Smith Mamer, J. W., S. A. Smith. 1982. Optimizing field repair kits based on job completion rate. Management Sci.28 11 1328-1333. presented a formulation for determining the optimal kit of parts and tools for on-site equipment repairs under a job completion criterion. The optimal kit minimizes the sum of expected broken job costs plus the annual inventory holding cost for those parts stocked. A broken job occurs whenever a repair cannot be completed because one or more of its required parts are not included in the field repair kit. Assuming equal penalties for all broken jobs, an algorithm developed by Eisner and Severance Eisner, M. J., D. G. Severance. 1976. Mathematical techniques for efficient record segmentation in large shared databases. J. Assoc. Comput. Mach.23 4 619-635. in a different context can be used to determine a set of optimal policies and a range on the penalty cost for which each policy is optimal. The ranges cover all penalty costs from 0 to ∞. This is significant for the repair kit problem since the actual penalty cost of broken jobs may be difficult to determine exactly.
Tevatron optics measurements using an ac dipole

The AC dipole is a device to study beam optics of hadron synchrotrons. It can produce sustained large amplitude oscillations with virtually no emittance growth. A vertical AC dipole for the Tevatron is recently implemented and a maximum oscillation amplitude of 2sigma (4sigma) at 980 GeV (150 GeV) is achieved [1]. When such large oscillations are measured with the BPM system of the Tevatron (20 mum resolution), not only linear but even nonlinear optics can be directly measured. This paper shows how to measure beta function using an AC dipole and the result is compared to the other measurement. The paper also shows a test to detect optics changes when small changes are made in the Tevatron. Since an AC dipole is nondestructive, it allows frequent measurements of the optics which is necessary for such an test.
Effects of Joint Space Use and Group Membership on Contact Rates Among White-Tailed Deer

Abstract Establishment and spread of infectious diseases are controlled by the frequency of contacts among hosts. Although managers can estimate transmission coefficients from the relationship between disease prevalence and age or time, they may wish to quantify or compare contact rates before a disease is established or while it is at very low prevalence. Our objectives were to quantify direct and indirect contacts rates among white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and to compare these measures of contact rate with simpler measures of joint space use. We deployed Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on 23 deer near Carbondale, Illinois, USA, from 2002 to 2005. We used location data from the GPS collars to measure pairwise rates of direct and indirect contact, based on a range of proximity criteria and time lags, as well as volume of intersection (VI) of kernel utilization distributions. We analyzed contact rates at a given distance criterion and time lag using mixed-model logistic regression. Dire...
Using a forest of gold nanowires to reduce the reflectivity of silicon

The optical reflectivity of polished silicon covered by a forest of vertically standing gold nanowires (grown inside the pores of an anodic alumina matrix) is found to be considerably smaller than that of bare polished silicon and strongly influenced by scattering of light by the nanowires. We propose a phenomenological modification to the Maxwell–Garnett effective medium theory formula to account for this effect. We also find that the gold nanowire/alumina film has interesting optical properties, such as transparency in the mid-infrared and high absorbance in the visible, and may be used as a low reflectivity coating and a low-pass filter.
Electrically wired mitochondrial electrodes for measuring mitochondrial function for drug screening

In the continual search of new therapeutics, many possible drug candidates are excluded, because they are found to negatively affect mitochondrial function. We have developed an approach for directly, electrochemically assaying mitochondrial metabolic activity as a function of metabolic substrate to determine drug toxicity. By wiring mouse mitochondria to a carbon electrode surface, electrons can be intercepted before they reach Complex IV, the terminal step of electron transport chain. The electrons are rerouted, to a separate electrode of the electrochemical cell, the cathode. This allows for the direct measurement of electrical current and potential of the mitochondria during their oxidation of substrates such as pyruvate and fatty acids when there are different concentrations of drug present. This analytical technique has been shown to reliably assay several classical mitochondrial toxins and exhibits potential for the further development of a drug candidate screening technique, as well as other applications where the quantitative study of mitochondrial dysfunction is important.
Évolution différente de deux traits de contact interdialectal en français louisianais : les cas de quoi et j'avons

Le francais louisianais contemporain est une koine, fruit d'un contact interdialectal prolonge au cours des 18e et 19e siecles. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d'examiner deux variables illustrant des parcours differents : les interrogatifs qui et quoi avec reference [-humain], et le type J'AVONS (p. ex. j'avons, je parlons). Les interrogatifs qui et quoi sont encore largement attestes en Louisiane, bien que dans des regions differentes. Nous reprendrons l'hypothese de Byers (1988), qui a attribue quoi aux Acadiens et qui aux Creoles du 18e siecle. Le type J'AVONS, inconnu aujourd'hui, est atteste dans une douzaine de textes de la fin du 19e et du debut du 20e siecles, habituellement avec une interpretation au singulier. Nous proposons d'interpreter ce fait comme une reanalyse de J'AVONS, precipitee par le contact dialectal. Le type J ' AVONS finira par disparaitre completement, contribuant a la situation de nivellement des paradigmes qui caracterise la plupart des parlers louisianais d'aujourd'hui.
Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets. By Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001. 368p. $54.00 cloth, $18.00 paper.

This is surely the most ambitious and the most accomplished study of affluent post-World War II democratic welfare states. It uses statistical, case study, and comparative historical methods to describe and explain the course of social welfare policy over the second half of the twentieth century in 16 nations. Quantitatively, the study examines social insurance and service programs, major public expenditure and revenue aggregates, and an array of fine-grained indicators of state redistributive and safety net outcomes, from 1960 through 1994. Somewhat more qualitatively, the study extends its reach to encompass job and gender, labor market, and educational policies over the whole 1945–1996 period. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods of explanatory analysis, the work assesses various accounts of welfare state development and crisis, in particular, its authors' institutionally amplified, class-analytical political resource theory.
Limitations with activity recognition methodology & data sets

Human activity recognition (AR) has begun to mature as a field, but for AR research to thrive, large, diverse, high quality, AR data sets must be publically available and AR methodology must be clearly documented and standardized. In the process of comparing our AR research to other efforts, however, we found that most AR data sets are sufficiently limited as to impact the reliability of existing research results, and that many AR research papers do not clearly document their experimental methodology and often make unrealistic assumptions. In this paper we outline problems and limitations with AR data sets and describe the methodology problems we noticed, in the hope that this will lead to the creation of improved and better documented data sets and improved AR experimental methodology. Although we cover a broad array of methodological issues, our primary focus is on an often overlooked factor, model type, which determines how AR training and test data are partitioned---and how AR models are evaluated. Our prior research indicates that personal, hybrid, and impersonal/universal models yield dramatically different performance [30], yet many research studies do not highlight or even identify this factor. We make concrete recommendations to address these issues and also describe our own publically available AR data sets.
A single morphogenetic field gives rise to two retina primordia under the influence of the prechordal plate

Two bilaterally symmetric eyes arise from the anterior neural plate in vertebrate embryos. An interesting question is whether both eyes share a common developmental origin or they originate separately. We report here that the expression pattern of a new gene ET reveals that there is a single retina field which resolves into two separate primordia, a suggestion supported by the expression pattern of the Xenopus Pax-6 gene. Lineage tracing experiments demonstrate that retina field resolution is not due to migration of cells in the median region to the lateral parts of the field. Removal of the prechordal mesoderm led to formation of a single retina both in chick embryos and in Xenopus explants. Transplantation experiments in chick embryos indicate that the prechordal plate is able to suppress Pax-6 expression. Our results provide direct evidence for the existence of a single retina field, indicate that the retina field is resolved by suppression of retina formation in the median region of the field, and demonstrate that the prechordal plate plays a primary signaling role in retina field resolution.
Neonatal Estrogen Exposure Up-Regulates Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Developing and Adult Rat Prostate Lobes

Neonatal exposure to estrogens results in permanent imprints of the rat prostate gland. To delineate the direct target of estrogen action within that tissue, the present study examined estrogen receptor (ER) expression by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. ER were confined to mesenchymal cells in the urogenital sinus and proximal regions of the budding prostate lobes of newborn control rat prostates, and this expression declined after morphogenesis. Exposure to estradiol benzoate on days 1, 3, and 5 resulted in induction of ER expression in periductal smooth muscle cells from the proximal regions out to the distal tips of the developing prostate lobes. This ER expression was associated with the appearance of ER messenger RNA in those cells; thus, it was concluded that the up-regulation of ER by estrogens is mediated at the message level. Autoregulation of ER expression was next examined in adult prostates that had been exposed to oil or estrogens neonatally. Day 70 rats were castrated and give...
Statins for Stroke: The Second Story?

In the 100 years since Ignatovski demonstrated that high-fat diets promote atherosclerosis in rabbits,1 cardiologists have witnessed an extraordinary evolution in our understanding of atherothrombosis and lipid reduction, culminating in the publication of 5 landmark trials of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition within the past 6 years.2 3 4 5 6 In each of these trials, statin therapy was shown to significantly reduce the risks of coronary heart disease in populations with progressively lower degrees of overall risk. These data have had profound effects on preventive medicine and established the first clear success story for this class of therapy. Despite these triumphs, questions remain in our understanding of statins, how they work, and in what settings. As a result, clinical paradigms regarding cholesterol reduction continue to shift. In this sense, the large meta-analysis from the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project, which was published in this issue of Circulation , addresses a question that may represent a second success story for the statins.7 Does statin therapy lower the risk of stroke and, if so, why, given the controversy over the role of LDL cholesterol as a risk factor for stroke? These are some of the issues that Byington and colleagues7 address in their analysis of cerebrovascular events in the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project, a carefully performed systematic overview including 19 768 patients enrolled in the Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) trial, the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) study, and West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), each of which randomly allocated study participants between 40 mg of pravastatin or placebo. As outlined in their article, a reduction in stroke events was observed in all 3 of …
Vibration of Orthotropic Circular Plates with a Concentric Isotropic Core

insured that contact between the tube and wall occurred at the shoulder of the bevel. Very light contact could be detected by a change in electrical resistance with no bending of the tube. A micrometer attached to the tube-traversing mechanism could be set at zero at this point. Velocities in the boundary layer were determined from pitot pressure and tunnel supply pressure assuming constant total temperature. The data for all five surveys are tabulated in Ref. 4. The velocity profiles shown on Figs. 2 and 3 were obtained with the D = 0.020-in. and D = 0.095-in. tubes. The curve faired through the D = 0.020-in. data of Fig. 2 is reproduced on Fig. 3 for comparison with the D = 0.095-in. data. The D = 0.020-in. tube gives very nearly the correct results. Figure 3 demonstrates that the interference effects with a tube as large as D = 0.095 in. are quite small. The boundary-layer momentum thickness, 0, and displacement thickness, 6*, were determined from the data for each survey. In order to carry the integrations all the way to the wall, the velocity was assumed to vary with the |th root of distance in the region between the wall and the first survey point. Values of 0 and H = 6*/0 from Ref. 4, nondimensiona lized by values for zero tube diameter, are plotted on Fig. 4. Even with the largest tube (about 25% of the boundary-layer thickness), the error in 0 is only 2% and the error in H only 1%. In plotting the data from Ref. 4 vs D/S, it should be noted that S was taken as the thickness of a boundary layer with the entire velocity profile given by a ^th-root distribution. This fictitious boundary layer had the same 9 as the boundary layer surveyed.
The Prevention of Early Asthma in Kids study: design, rationale and methods for the Childhood Asthma Research and Education network

Pediatric asthma remains an important public health concern as its prevalence and cost to the health care system is rising. In order to promote innovative research in asthma therapies, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute created the Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network in 1999. As its first study, the steering committee of the Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network designed a randomized clinical trial to determine if persistent asthma could be prevented in children at a high risk to develop the disease. This communication presents the design of its first clinical trial, the Prevention of Asthma in Kids (PEAK) trial and the organization of the Childhood Asthma Research and Education Network that developed and implemented this trial. Studies of the natural history of asthma have shown that, in persistent asthma, the initial asthma-like symptoms and loss of lung function occur predominately during the first years of life. Therefore, in the Prevention of Asthma in Kids study, children 2 and 3 years old with a positive asthma predictive index were randomized to twice daily treatment with fluticasone 88 microg or placebo via metered-dose inhaler and Aerochamber for 2 years. The double blind treatment period was followed by a 1-year observational period. Lung function was measured by spirometry and oscillometry technique at 4-month intervals throughout the study. Bronchodilator reversibility and exhaled nitric oxide (ENO) studies were performed at the end of the treatment and observation periods. The primary outcome measure was the number of asthma-free days. Other secondary outcomes included number of exacerbations, use of asthma medications and lung function. These measures were chosen to reflect the progression of the disease from intermittent wheezing to persistent asthma and measurement of the extent of airflow limitation and airway reactivity.
A Schedule for Chromosome Counts M Some Plants with Small Chromosomes

A schedule is given which produced excellent results for somatic chromosome counts on some British species of Galium, These species present great difficulties owing to the small size of the chromosomes (ca. 1.5μ long), the large somatic numbers (up to 96) and the slenderness of the root tips. Special features of the schedule, which is the result of much experiment with various technics, are: fixation with Belling's Navashin type fixative, which was quite the best tried; the modification of Randolph's card mount method to overcome the difficulty of the small diameter of the root tips by mounting together a number from the same plant, so that they can be embedded and sectioned almost as easily as much larger root tips; staining with dilute (0.1%) crystal violet, the most critical stain used, after mordanting with 1% aqueous chromic acid to intensify the stain in the small chromosomes; and the addition of an extra stage of differentiation in absolute alcohol diluted with xylol to remove strands of stain, whi...
Large‐scale real‐time hybrid simulation of a three‐story steel frame building with magneto‐rheological dampers

SUMMARY A series of large-scale real-time hybrid simulations (RTHSs) are conducted on a 0.6-scale 3-story steel frame building with magneto-rheological (MR) dampers. The lateral force resisting system of the prototype building for the study consists of moment resisting frames and damped brace frames (DBFs). The experimental substructure for the RTHS is the DBF with the MR dampers, whereas the remaining structural components of the building including the moment resisting frame and gravity frames are modeled via a nonlinear analytical substructure. Performing RTHS with an experimental substructure that consists of the complete DBF enables the effects of member and connection component deformations on system and damper performance to be accurately accounted for. Data from these tests enable numerical simulation models to be calibrated, provide an understanding and validation of the in-situ performance of MR dampers, and a means of experimentally validating performance-based seismic design procedures for real structures. The details of the RTHS procedure are given, including the test setup, the integration algorithm, and actuator control. The results from a series of RTHS are presented that includes actuator control, damper behavior, and the structural response for different MR control laws. The use of the MR dampers is experimentally demonstrated to reduce the response of the structure to strong ground motions. Comparisons of the RTHS results are made with numerical simulations. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that RTHS can be conducted on realistic structural systems with dampers to enable advancements in resilient earthquake resistant design to be achieved. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification integration and reclassification using constraint databases

Objective: We propose classification integration as a new method for data integration from different sources. We also propose reclassification as a new method of combining existing medical classifications for different classes. Background: In many problems the raw data are already classified according to a set of features but need to be reclassified. Data reclassification is usually achieved using data integration methods that require the raw data, which may not be available or sharable because of privacy and legal concerns. Methodology: We introduce general classification integration and reclassification methods that create new classes by combining in a flexible way the existing classes without requiring access to the raw data. The flexibility is achieved by representing any linear classification in a constraint database. Results: The experiments using support vector machines and decision trees on heart disease diagnosis and primary biliary cirrhosis data show that our classification integration method is more accurate than current data integration methods when there are many missing values in the data. The reclassification problem also can be solved using constraint databases without requiring access to the raw data. Conclusions: The classification integration and the reclassification methods are applied to two particular data sets. Beside these particular cases, our general method is also appropriate for many other application areas and may yield similar accuracy improvements. These methods may be also extended to non-linear classifiers.
Burning Out Faculty at Doctoral Research Universities.

The present study examined the importance of time allocation, pressure and support variables together as determinants of faculty burnout. Using a large sample of university faculty (N = 1439), we were able to show that time allocation variables and perceived pressure contribute to faculty burnout. As expected, decreased social support, family, sleep and leisure time were related to higher levels of burnout. Grantsmanship and service activities appeared as the most critical factors associated with faculty burnout. Faculty burnout is an important topic, and the insights provided here help offer some directions for future research as well as the development of effective institutional policies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic mountain sickness

Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a poorly understood syndrome, characterized by hypoxemia and polycythemia and occurring in persons residing at high altitude. To better characterize the disorder, we have reviewed measurements in more than 750 men and 200 women living at altitude as published and as submitted by colleagues. In men, blood hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) related to altitude (r=0.72). There was greater variability in both SaO2 and hemoglobin above than below 3000 m, largely due to inter-individual variations in effective ventilation. For the entire cohort, a linear relationship (r=0.72) of an index of hematopoietic response (Hb) to an index of stimulus (SaO2) was independent of age, altitude, duration of altitude residence greater than one year, ethnic origin, geographic location, presence or absence of CMS and nearly independent of gender. A potentially important and usually unrecognized variation in the hypoxic stimulus was desaturation during sleep. Contributions to variation in response include ingested toxins, such as cobalt, and nutritional deficiencies, including iron. Pulmonary hypertension was related to chronic hypoxia, with an uncertain contribution from polycythemia. In CMS there were profound hypoxemia at night, decrease in cerebral blood flow, and loss of cerebral blood flow regulation, possibly causing the cerebral symptoms. We speculate that the relationship of Hb to SaO2 is more useful than of hemoglobin to altitude, that hypoventilation awake and asleep are the primary causes accentuating altitude-hypoxia, and that the brain is the primary target organ in the disorder.
Determination of Isomaltooligosaccharides in Milk Powder by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

ABSTRACTIsomaltooligosaccharides are widely used in food with health benefits. A sensitive and selective method for the determination of three isomaltooligosaccharides is reported using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated by characterization of the linearity, accuracy, precision, and the limits of detection and quantification. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration relationships were linear for the analytes with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.998. The recoveries were from 91.5% to 107.6% with coefficients of variation below 9.0%. The limits of detection and quantification were 1.20 µg mL−1 and 3.60 µg mL−1 for isomaltose, 0.15 µg mL−1 and 0.50 µg mL−1 for panose, and 0.55 µg mL−1 and 1.80 µg mL−1 for isomaltotriose. The validated method was employed for the determination of isomaltooligosaccharides in milk powder.
Scattering strength of potassium on a carbon nanotube with known chirality

We have measured the scattering strength of charged impurities on a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube with known chirality. The resistivity of the nanotube is measured as a function of the density of adsorbed potassium atoms, enabling the determination of the resistance added by an individual potassium atom. Holes are scattered 37 times more efficiently than electrons by an adsorbed potassium atom. The determined scattering strength is used to reveal the spatial extent and depth of the scattering potential for potassium, a model Coulomb adsorbate. Our result represents an essential experimental input to understand adsorbate-induced scattering and provides a crucial step for paving the way to rational design of nanotube-based sensors.
Uncertainty Measurement of Cetermination of Acesulfame K,Sodium Saccharin and Caffeine in Drinks by HPLC

Objective To evaluate the uncertainty of determination of acesulfame K,sodium saccharin and caffeine in drinks by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and determine the main source of uncertainty in order to attention and get corrected.Methods Sources of measurement uncertainty were analyzed,a mathematical model was established and calculate the uncertainty introduced by each component,composed standard uncertainty and expanded uncertainty.Results The expanded uncertainty introduced by acesulfame K,sodium saccharin and caffeine HPLC determination in drinks was 0.43 mg/kg,0.44 mg/kg and 0.31 mg/kg.Conclusion The main causes of measurement uncertainty were the replicates and recovery rate of standards and samples,which should be controlled during the determination.
What the homemaker knows about nutrition. I. Description of studies in Rochester and Syracuse, New York.

Why are some people less well fed than might he wished? Is one possible reason that the homemaker does not know what constitutes an adequate diet? This paper describes a study of homenlakers in two cities of Upstate New York
Licensing: A Tri-State Survey

Although usually regarded as a feature of big business, licensing now appears to be of wide interest to small business as well. The dollar potential of that interest suggests that greater attention to this fascinating aspect of marketing would not be amiss.
Continuous dependence in L2 for discontinuous solutions of the viscous p-system

Abstract We prove that discontinuous solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for isentropic or isothermal flow depend continuously on their initial data in L2. This improves earlier results in which continuous dependence was known only in a much stronger norm, a norm inappropriately strong for the physical model. We also apply our continuous dependence theory to obtain improved rates of convergence for certain finite difference approximations.
Non-Warfarin Oral Anticoagulants in Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome

Introduction: Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (APS) is a serious and deadly disorder leading to a significant risk of thrombi, requiring lifelong therapeutic anticoagulation. Traditionally, the vitamin K antagonist (VKA) warfarin has been considered standard of care in this patient population. However, the VKAs require frequent laboratory monitoring, have a narrow therapeutic window, numerous drug interactions and dietary restrictions. Due to these factors, many patients suffer recurrent thrombi and/or major bleeding, warranting therapy modification or switching to parenteral anticoagulants. The non-warfarin oral anticoagulants (NOACs), specifically the direct Xa inhibitors apixaban and rivaroxaban, have been approved for the treatment of venous thromboembolism and represent attractive options for these patients. Methods: We designed a retrospective analysis of all patients at the University of Virginia with APS that were treated with either apixaban or rivaroxaban since September 2011. All patients were required to have a definitive diagnosis of APS [defined by the Sydney criteria as an arterial or venous thrombosis and IgM and/or IgG anti-cardiolipin antibody >40GLP, IgG and/or IgM beta-2 glycoprotein >99th percentile, and/or positive lupus anticoagulant (e.g. prolonged silica clot time or dilute Russell viper venom time)]. Patients were reviewed for recurrent thrombi, severe bleeding or other complications that led to changes in their management. Results: Sixty-six patients were identified with suspected APS, with 18 being treated with a NOAC. Of these, 10 had definitive APS per the Sydney criteria and were analyzed. 6/10 (60%) were treated with apixaban and 4/10 (40%) were treated with rivaroxaban. No patients developed severe bleeding or thrombotic complications and none required changes of their therapy. 30% started a NOAC as the first line outpatient regimen with the remaining 70% being previously treated with other anticoagulants. 7/10 (70%) were treated with warfarin and 3 patients were treated with fondaparinux before changing to a NOAC. Reasons for stopping warfarin were difficulty managing INRs (33%) or thrombi while on warfarin (66%). Of those previously on fondaparinux, reasons for changing therapy were transient ischemic attack (33%), difficulty with injections (33%) and cost (33%). Of these 10 patients, safe and effective anticoagulation with a NOAC was noted for up to 36 months without adverse effects. Conclusion: Apixaban and rivaroxaban showed to be a safe and effective first line outpatient regimen for patients with APS or patients with APS who develop recurrent thrombi on warfarin or parenteral anticoagulation. Further prospective studies are needed before their use should be considered standard of care. Disclosures Off Label Use: Apixaban and rivaroxaban use in patients with Anti-phospholipid Syndrome.
Longitudinal Associations between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Severity and Personality Disorder Features among Female Rape Survivors

This study evaluated how change in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms was associated with residualized change in comorbid personality disorder (PD) features and vice versa over the course of 5-10 years. The sample was comprised of 79 female rape survivors who met criteria for PTSD and who were a part of a larger study examining the effects of trauma-focused therapy. PTSD was assessed with the DSM-IV version of the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV; Blake et al., 1995) and PD features were assessed with the DSM-IV dimensional PD scales on the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; Clark, 1996). PTSD symptom severity and PD features were assessed at baseline and between 5-10 years after completing treatment. Multiple regression analyses revealed that PTSD symptom change was related to residualized change in PD severity for paranoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, avoidant, and dependent PD (βs ranged from -.23 to -.33; all ps < .05). In addition, for borderline and antisocial PDs, longitudinal stability of the PD was attenuated among those with greater PTSD symptom improvement (i.e., the relationship between these PDs over time was altered as a function of PTSD symptom change; βs ranged from -.27 to -.29; all ps < .05). Similarly, change in severity of paranoid, schizotypal, antisocial, avoidant, and obsessive compulsive PD was associated with residualized change in PTSD symptoms (βs ranged from -.32 to -.41; all ps < .05), and the longitudinal stability of PTSD was attenuated as a product of change in obsessive compulsive PD (β = -.27; p < .02). These findings suggest that these two sets of disorders may impact one another substantially, altering the course of even chronic, characterological conditions. This carries important clinical implications for the treatment of both PTSD and PDs.
Evaluation of the radiation dose exposure and associated cancer risks in patients having preoperative parathyroid localization.

OBJECTIVE The study aimed to evaluate the total effective and organ absorbed radiation doses associated with three- and four-phase parathyroid computed tomography (CT) and sestamibi scans used for the preoperative localisation of parathyroid adenomas in a cohort of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism at a single institution. We aimed to assess the risk of cancer incidence for the organs demonstrating the highest absorbed doses for the different imaging techniques, and more specifically determine the risk for our cohort of patients. METHODS Fifty patients with primary hyperparathyroidism had both multiphase CT and sestamibi scans. The Imaging Performance Assessment of CT Scanners (ImPACT) calculator was used to estimate the patient-effective and organ-absorbed radiations doses for all the CT examinations. For sestamibi scans, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR-6345 publication was used to estimate the dose for each patient. The attributable risks of cancer were calculated using the Health ...
On euclidean rings of algebraic functions

A large class of rings of algebraic functions are shown to be principal ideal domains but not Euclidean with respect to any possible algorithm.
The Physics Underlying the Langreth-Mehl Scheme for Non-Uniform Systems

Simple physical arguments as well as a solvable model Hamiltonian are used to understand the nature of the approximate exchange-correlation functional developed by Langreth and Mehl for application to extended systems as well as atoms and molecules. Although the Langreth-Mehl cutoff procedure is crude, it is argued on the basis of simple physics that it is basically correct. Despite the rather widespread qualitative success of this functional, in application, it is argued that improvements are necessary, and methods for making such improvements are explored.
The Earth's Record of Climate: A Focused-topic Introductory Course

The Earth's Record of Climate is an introductory geology course offered at the University of St. Thomas that explores the science of paleoclimatology and its relevance to the climate change of the last century. Most undergraduate students that enroll in the course believe that climate change is a significant concern, but lack knowledge of the scientific basis or express important misconceptions about the problem. Students build the necessary skills to work with different forms of earth science data including oxygen isotopic data, fossils, and sediment descriptions. They also read and respond to articles on climate change. Students demonstrate their learning with: 1) a final project in which they complete a detailed paleoclimate reconstruction 2) a final exam essay in which they respond in a substantive fashion to a climate change skeptic, and 3) the results of a Knowledge Survey. Knowledge Survey results show a significant increase (1.17 points on a 3 pt scale) in student confidence by the end of the cour...
Mechanisms of ciliary movement: contributions from electron microscopy

A brief review of important contributions of electron microscopy to the study of ciliary motility is presented. The electron microscope was used to show the universality of axonemal structure of cilia, and to develop the sliding microtubule model of ciliary motility and later the switch point hypothesis to explain the conversion of sliding into bending. Unexpectedly, insights into the importance of cilia in human health have stemmed from these studies.
Spectroscopic fingerprints of many-body renormalization in 1 T − TiSe 2

We have investigated many-body renormalizations of the single-particle excitations in $1T\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{TiSe}}_{2}$ by employing high resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements. The energy distribution curves (EDCs) of the ARPES data reveal an intrinsic single band peak-dip-hump (PDH) feature. Furthermore, the renormalized electronic dispersion extracted from the momentum distribution curves (MDCs) highlights a well-defined kink structure. These are canonical signatures of many-body correlations in the system. Theoretical modeling of the electrons coupled to an Einstein mode illustrates that a study of the renormalized dispersion from the MDCs enable direct access to the characteristic features of these many-body correlations, such as the energy scale of the relevant collective mode and the strength of its coupling with the electrons in the system. This model also demonstrates the difficulty to determine these features in a straightforward way from the PDH structure of the EDCs. The self-energy analysis of our ARPES data suggest compelling evidence for a bosonic mode having energy $\ensuremath{\sim}26\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$, with which the electrons in $1T\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{TiSe}}_{2}$ couple to. This correlates with the ab initio phonon-dispersion calculations and the observation of breathing (${A}_{1g}$) phonon mode in Raman scattering experiments.
Abstract PR16: Multiplatform analysis of paired primary and recurrent well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma samples defines copy number alterations as dominant drivers of initiation and progression

Objective: Initiation of well-differentiated (WD) and dedifferentiated (DD) liposarcoma is driven by 12q13-15 amplification and consequent MDM2 and CDK4 overexpression, but mechanisms that regulate the variable biologic behavior of WD/DD tumors remain poorly understood. We used a multiplatform analysis of paired WD and DD samples to identify genomic events with potential to contribute to liposarcomagenesis. Methods: From serial tumor resections performed on the same patient, we collected paired WD/DD (n=7) or WD/WD (n=2) test samples and normal tissue. Samples were analyzed using whole-exome sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), Solexa small RNA sequencing, and, in a subset, RNA-seq. Findings were validated in WD/DD cohorts analyzed by custom capture array (n=201), aCGH (n=210), Affymetrix U133A microarrays (n=146), and Solexa (n=118). Lentivirus was used to deliver shRNA to WD cells in vitro; proliferation was assayed by CyQuant, differentiation by immunoblot/oil red O staining, and gene expression by Illumina microarrays. Results: 12q13-15 amplification was observed in all WD/DD test and validation samples. Among WD samples, 1q21-24 and 6q23-25 amplifications were found in test samples and in 28% and 18% of the validation set, respectively. Of genes upregulated in WD vs. normal fat test samples, 465 were validated in the larger cohort [≥2-fold change (FC), FDR 90%. Comparison of matched WD/DD samples showed retained amplification of 12q13-15 and 6q23-25 after progression. In contrast to WD, DD showed strong association of the 6q23-25 CNA with increased expression of 6q genes TCF21 and HBS1L (16- and 4-FC, FDRs Conclusions: Genes upregulated during WD initiation are commonly located in regions of CNA or regulated by 12q23-25 oncogenes MDM2 and CDK4 (e.g., AURKA, a potential therapeutic target). 6q23-26 amplification, observed in subsets of both WD and DD, associates with LR of WD, but expression of 6q23-26 genes with potential to modulate oncogenesis (e.g., TAB2 vs TCF21) differs in WD and DD tumors, suggesting that the CNA may differentially modulate early and late disease. Losses affecting broad chromosome regions such as 13q likely mediate progression by affecting multiple regulators of adipogenesis pathways (e.g., insulin signaling), while mutations have little effect on dedifferentiation. Citation Format: Aimee M. Crago, Nicholas D. Socci, Li-Xuan Qin, Fatima Wilder, Rachael O9Connor, Amanda Craig, Willem van Houdt, Nils Weinhold, Cyriac Kandoth, Agnes Viale, Cristina Antonescu, Sam Singer. Multiplatform analysis of paired primary and recurrent well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma samples defines copy number alterations as dominant drivers of initiation and progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr PR16.
The Chemical Element Hydrogen

This chapter provides a basic understanding in the form of a fact sheet for the element hydrogen—the oldest and cleanest element in the world—including its characteristics and physical properties, uses, sources, and other data. Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe; approximately 75% of the mass of the Sun, but only a tiny fraction of the Earth, is comprised of hydrogen. A hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron and it is the first element on the periodic table. One of the most serious gases we use is hydrogen—in our cars, buses, space launches from the Cape, and so on.