cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A neural network based diagnostic test system for armored vehicle shock absorbers

Abstract In this paper we describe the development of a neural network based diagnostic system that is being utilized to evaluate the condition of armored vehicle shock absorbers. We begin by providing the motivation behind the development of the Smart Shock Absorber Test Stand (SSATS). We then describe the theory required to evaluate the condition of shock absorbers. This theoretical discussion leads to a description of the type of data that are acquired during a shock absorber test and how it can be analyzed to determine the condition of a shock absorber. The next section describes how the data are transformed and processed in order to develop a neural network classification scheme. The training and testing process of a fully connected feedforward backpropagation neural network is then described. Finally, we explain the integration of the neural network into the SSATS system and the results of utilizing the system to test Bradley Armored Vehicle shock absorbers.
The Cognitive Neurosciences

Each edition of this classic reference has proved to be a benchmark in the developing field of cognitive neuroscience. The fourth edition of The Cognitive Neurosciences continues to chart new directions in the study of the biologic underpinnings of complex cognition -- the relationship between the structural and physiological mechanisms of the nervous system and the psychological reality of the mind. The material in this edition is entirely new, with all chapters written specifically for it. Since the publication of the third edition, the field of cognitive neuroscience has made rapid and dramatic advances; fundamental stances are changing and new ideas are emerging. This edition reflects the vibrancy of the field, with research in development and evolution that finds a dynamic growth pattern becoming specific and fixed, and research in plasticity that sees the neuronal systems always changing; exciting new empirical evidence on attention that also verifies many central tenets of longstanding theories; work that shows the boundaries of the motor system pushed further into cognition; memory research that, paradoxically, provides insight into how humans imagine future events; pioneering theoretical and methodological work in vision; new findings on how genes and experience shape the language faculty; new ideas about how the emotional brain develops and operates; and research on consciousness that ranges from a novel mechanism for how the brain generates the baseline activity necessary to sustain conscious experience to a bold theoretical attempt to make the problem of qualia more tractable.
The calculus of partition sequences, changing cofinalities, and a question of Woodin

We study in this paper polarized infinite exponent partition relations. We apply our results to constructing a model for the theory “ZF+DC+ω1 is the only regular, uncountable cardinal ≤ ωω1+1.” This gives a partial answer to a question of Woodin. In 1994, J. Steel proved what had long been suspected: that assuming AD, the regular cardinals of L(R) below Θ are all measurable, where Θ is the least ordinal onto which the real numbers R cannot be mapped [St3]. This remarkable theorem motivated the work of [A], which showed essentially that the cofinality of any regular cardinal below Θ can be changed to ω without perturbing cardinal structure. Specifically, the following theorem was proved. Theorem 0.1. Assume V′ AD, and let V = L(R)V . Then for any subset A of the regular, uncountable cardinals below Θ, there is a partial ordering P ∈ V and a symmetric inner model N of ZF such that (1) V ⊆ N ⊆ VP , (2) N and V contain the same cardinals, (3) Θ = Θ, (4) for all κ, cof(κ) = ω if cof(κ) ∈ A and cof(κ) = cof(κ) otherwise, and (5) the measurable cardinals not in A remain measurable in N. What was left unanswered is whether similar facts can be proven if the cofinality of κ < Θ is to be made uncountable. Consideration of this question was the genesis of this paper. The principal tool, infinite–exponent partition sequences, proved as interesting as its application. We begin, in the first three sections, with background material on infinite– exponent partition properties of cardinals, their abundance in models of AD, and their use in “Magidor–like” forcing to change cofinalities. The second three sections deal with infinite–exponent partition properties of cardinal sequences. With appropriate notation, the basic theory of partition sequences and the associated Magidor–like forcing exactly parallels the cardinal theory. In “Finite Support,” we apply the theory to show the extent to which possibly uncountable cofinal sequences can be added if we sacrifice DC. In “Countable Support,” we preserve DC. Received by the editors September 30, 1997. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03E15, 03E35, 03E60. The first author’s research was partially supported by PSC–CUNY grant 665337. c ©1999 American Mathematical Society
Potential of Chromium(III) Picolinate for Reproductive or Developmental Toxicity Following Exposure of Male CD-1 Mice Prior to Mating

Chromium(III) picolinate, [Cr(pic)3], is a commonly used nutritional supplement in humans, which has also been approved for use in animals. Health concerns have arisen over the use of [Cr(pic)3]. At high [Cr(pic)3] doses, developmental toxicity tests in female mice have shown a higher litter incidence of split cervical arch in exposed fetuses, but this was not consistently reproducible. In the current study, male CD-1 mice were used to further assess the potential for reproductive or developmental toxicity. Four weeks prior to mating, the males were fed a diet providing 200 mg/kg/day [Cr(pic)3] for comparison with untreated controls. Females were not treated. Each male was mated with two females, which were sacrificed on gestation day 17, and their litters were examined for adverse effects. Mating and fertility indices were not significantly altered by treatment. Male exposure to [Cr(pic)3] also had no effect on prenatal mortality, fetal weight, or gross or skeletal morphology. These results suggest that paternal dietary exposure to chromium(III) picolinate has little potential for adverse reproductive effects, even at exposure levels considerably higher than expected human exposures from nutritional supplements (1 mg of Cr per day or less).
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Complicated by Comorbid Eating Disorders

Purpose: Eating disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) commonly co-occur, but there is little data for how to treat these complex cases. To address this gap, we examined the naturalistic outcome of 56 patients with both disorders, who received a multimodal treatment program designed to address both problems simultaneously. Methods: A residential treatment program developed a cognitive-behavioral approach for patients with both OCD and an eating disorder by integrating exposure and response prevention (ERP) treatment for OCD with ERP strategies targeting eating pathology. Patients also received a supervised eating plan, medication management, and social support. At admission and discharge, patients completed validated measures of OCD severity (the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale—Self Report [Y-BOCS-SR]), eating disorder severity (the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire), and depressive severity (the Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI-II]). Body mass index (BMI) was also measured. Pai...
Scented Guide Ropes as a Method to Enhance Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) Trap Capture Success on Guam

Abstract Current methods for controlling the invasive Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam include a modified minnow trap with a live mouse lure. We investigated the effects on capture success of augmenting these traps with scented guide ropes leading to trap entrances. Initial screening of scent preferences was based on time spent in scented and unscented arms of a Y-maze. Preferences of large and small snakes were scored for six different prey scents (live and carrion gecko, skink, and mouse). Large snakes spent more time in the maze arm scented with live gecko and carrion gecko, whereas small snakes spent more time in the arm scented with carrion mouse and carrion gecko. After the laboratory study, a pilot trapping session was conducted in the field using three treatments (live mouse-scented ropes, carrion gecko-scented ropes, and carrion mouse-scented ropes) and two controls (traps with unscented guide ropes and those with no ropes attached). Contrary to laboratory results, live mouse-scented r...
Metabolism of neutral steroids in the human fetus. I. Distribution of radioactive material in the previable human fetus after administration of progesterone-4-14C.

Abstract Progesterone-4- 14 C was injected into three male fetuses after 13 to 22 weeks gestation via the pulsating umbilical vein within a period of 30 seconds. The first fetus was examined 8 minutes after the injection, the second 12 minutes, and the third 18 minutes after the injection. Much radioactivity present in the free form amounted to 85.1%, 78.6% and 73.1% of the total, respectively. Other tissues of the fetuses, such as the kidney and adrenal, were also examined and the results obtained confirm those of other workers. The radioactivity in the liver was analyzed and the following metabolites were isolated and identified: 20α-dihydroprogesterone (49.0%, 30.6% and 35.5% of the total free steroid, respectively); 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (1.6% 1.5% and 1.5%, respectively); 16α-hydroxyprogesterone (1.8% of the radioactivity in the fetus after 13 weeks gestation); and 5β-pregnane-3α,5α-diol (2.4% in the fetus after 17 weeks, and 2.4% in the fetus after 22 weeks gestation).
Pleiotropic roles of formyl peptide receptors

FPR and FPRL1 belong to the seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor superfamily. Because of their capacity to interact with bacterial chemotactic formylated peptides, these receptors are thought to play a role in host defense against microbial infection. Recently, a variety of novel agonists have been identified for these receptors, including several host-derived endogenous molecules that are involved in proinflammatory responses. Most notably is the use of FPRL1 by at least three amyloidogenic protein and peptide ligands, the serum amyloid A (SAA), the 42 amino acid form of beta amyloid (Abeta(42)), and the prion peptide PrP106-126, to chemoattract and activate human phagocytic leukocytes. These new findings have greatly expanded the functional scope of the formyl peptide receptors and call for more in-depth investigation of the role of these receptors in pathophysiological conditions.
Attempted Prevention or Treatment of Intracranial Arterial Spasm: A Survey

Published accounts of attempts at prevention or treatment of intracranial arterial spasm have been reviewed. These data are summarized in a table according to the agent tested, the dosage used, the route of administration, and the animal species used. Precautions are given concerning the organization and assessment of such studies. The best current management of patients with cerebral vasospasm involves promoting cerebral perfusion and avoiding detrimental factors. It may be possible in the future to identify those patients at risk of developing cerebral vasospasm, perhaps by assessing the location and amount of subarachnoid blood by computerized tomography. This would aid the development of measures to prevent intracranial arterial spasm, which seems to be a more promising approach to the problem than is treatment.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of order-disorder in Cu2AlMn

Abstract A combination of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction has been used to measure the two long range order parameters vs. temperature below the disorder-B2 transition in the ternary alloy Cu 2 AlMn. The results indicate that at temperatures just below the critical point the Al + Mn sublattice is enriched in Al. First-principles calculations based on only the atomic numbers of Cu, Mn and Al support the experimentally-observed preference of Al for the Al + Mn sublattice, and reveal the interplay between the constituent binary systems that gives rise to this behavior.
Holocene relative sea-level changes and ice fluctuations in the South Shetland Islands

Abstract Determining the nature and timing of glacial and climate fluctuations in Antarctica relative to those in the rest of the Southern Hemisphere is prerequisite for understanding the role of the southern high latitudes in climate change. Here, I present relative sea-level data from the South Shetland Islands (62–63°S, 58–61°W) that bear on the timing of Holocene deglaciation and subsequent ice fluctuations. Radiocarbon dates from raised beach sediments indicate that the 18–21 m elevation beach that marks marine limit dates to ~ 7000 cal yr B.P. However, limited evidence from stratigraphic sections and lake cores suggests that initial deglaciation may have occurred more than 2000 yr earlier. Rather than showing an exponential shape, typical of other Antarctic sites, the relative sea-level record of the South Shetland Islands is complex and characterized by what appear to be transgressions at ~ 6000–7000 and ~ 400 cal yr B.P. These transgressions may have been linked to glacial advance.
Ontology management for large-scale enterprise systems

Semantic markup languages such as RDF (Resource Description Framework) [Resource Description Framework (RDF), http://www.w3.org/RDF/] and OWL (Web Ontology Language) [Web Ontology Language (OWL), http://www.w3.org/2004/OWL/] are increasingly being used to externalize meta-data or ontologies about data, software and services in a declarative form. Such externalized descriptions in ontological format are used for purposes ranging from search and retrieval to information integration and to service composition [Resource Description Framework (RDF): Projects and Applications, http://w3c.org/RDF/#projects, Web Ontology Language (OWL): Tools, Projects and Applications, http://w3c.org/2004/OWL/#projects]. Ontologies could significantly reduce the costs of deploying, integrating and maintaining enterprise systems. The barrier to more wide-spread use of ontologies for such applications is the lack of support in the currently available middleware stacks used in enterprise computing. This paper presents our work on developing an enterprise-scale ontology management system that will provide APIs and query languages, and scalability and performance that enterprise applications demand. We describe the design and implementation of the management system that programmatically supports the ontology needs of enterprise applications in a similar way a database management system supports the data needs of applications. In addition, we present a novel approach to representing ontologies in relational database tables to address the scalability and performance issues. The state of the art ontology management systems are either memory-based or use ad hoc solutions for persisting data, and so provide limited scalability.
Stable isotopes of pedogenic carbonates as indicators of paleoecology in the Plio-Pleistocene (upper Bed I), western margin of the Olduvai Basin, Tanzania

Abstract Paleosol carbonates from trenches excavated as part of a landscape-scale project in Bed I of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, were analyzed for stable carbon and oxygen isotopic composition. The ∼60,000-year interval (∼1.845–1.785 Ma) above Tuff IB records evidence for lake and fluvial sequences, volcanic eruptions, eolian and pedogenic processes, and the development of a fluvial plain in the western margin of the basin. Significant temporal variation in the carbonate δ 18 O values records variation of local precipitation and supports the shifts in climatic conditions interpreted from the lithologic record. During this period, carbonate δ 13 C values varied between depositional facies indicating that the paleolandscape supported a local biomass of about 40–60% C 4 plants within a mosaic of grassy woodlands and wooded grasslands. The lithologic and stable isotope record in this small lake basin indicates the area was much wetter, with more woody C 3 plants, during this interval than is the semi-arid area today. The record also reflects the variation in climatic conditions (wet/dry) documented by other global climate proxies for this time.
Post-traumatic stress disorder in physically abused adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective In an investigation of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), other Axis I psychiatric disorders, and social and behavioral difficulties, 27 physically abused adolescents were compared with 27 nonabused controls who were recruited through random-digit dialing procedures. Method The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis (PTSD module), Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, and Youth Self-Report were administered to all subjects; mothers were interviewed regarding their adolescent's behavior using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and Child Behavior Checklist. Results The three physically abused adolescents who received a diagnosis of PTSD on the PTSD module of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnosis reported their PTSD symptoms were in reaction to extrafamilial sexual assaults and not to physical abuse. In contrast, the abused adolescents showed significantly higher prevalence rates of depression, conduct disorder, internalizing and extemalizing behavior problems, and social deficits. Conclusions Findings suggest that physically abused adolescents may be more at risk for behavioral and social difficulties than for PTSD.
Interpreting adjuvant breast cancer data in 2006 and beyond

Abstract Substantial progress has been made in the multidisciplinary management of early stage breast cancer since the introduction of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil in the 1970s. Adjuvant chemotherapy significantly reduces the risk of cancer recurrence and death, and these effects persist for up to 20 years post surgery. Numerous attempts have been made to further improve survival outcomes by varying the dose, dose intensity and sequencing of drug delivery. The Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) conducted a series of trials examining these variations in adjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of node-positive breast cancer patients. In this report, we discuss the major findings from some of these studies and highlight the role of oestrogen-receptor status on survival outcomes of modern chemotherapy.
Ultrastructural changes in heart tissue during hibernation.

Abstract Ultrastructural features of cardiac tissue from hibernating (10 weeks) and nonhibernating ground squirrels (Citellus lateralis) were examined by electron microscopy. Cardiac cells from hibernators contained 217% more lipid droplets, in close association with the mitochondria, than similar cells from nonhibernators. The heart plays a major role in arousal from hibernation and is thought to be a partial heat source during this process. An increased amount of lipid would provide an immediate fuel source for the oxidative processes which support heat production as well as heart function during the initial stages of rewarming when blood flow is limited. In support of work by Rosenquist, the cell coat (basement membrane) was generally thicker in tissue from the hibernating animals.
Composition and Properties of A‐ and B‐type Starch Granules of Wild‐Type, Partial Waxy, and Waxy Soft Wheat

ABSTRACT Starch A- and B-type granules were isolated from soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes representing the four granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) classes, and characterized according to composition and properties. While total (TAM) and apparent (AAM) amylose contents of both granule fractions decreased as starch waxy character increased, the A-type granules possessed higher TAM and AAM contents than B-type granules for a given genotype. From wild-type to waxy, a general transition was observed from B- to A-type starch granule fractions with higher levels of lipid-complexed amylose (LAM) and phospholipid. Within a genotype, A-type (relative to B-type) granules possessed higher gelatinization enthalpies, while B-type granules exhibited higher gelatinization peak and completion temperatures (broader gelatinization ranges) than A-type granules. Normal (wild-type) and waxy A- and B-type starch granule pasting rates were affected by starch granule lipids; the granule type within a genotype wit...
A puzzle about pejoratives

Pejoratives are the class of expressions that are meant to insult or disparage. They include swear words and slurs. These words allow speakers to convey emotional states beyond the truth-conditional contents that they are normally taken to encode. The puzzle arises because, although pejoratives seem to be a semantically unified class, some of their occurrences are best accounted for truth-conditionally, while others are best accounted for non-truth-conditionally. Where current, non-truth-conditional, views in the literature fail to provide a unified solution for the puzzle, this paper motivates a novel, semantic, analysis of pejorative language. The significance of the proposed solution is not only linguistic in nature, but also philosophical, as it both provides a new argument for, and sheds further light on, the nature of semantic externalism.
Extranets: impacts on business practices and relationships

Extranets are extended intranets connecting organizations, which may include personnel, customers, suppliers and strategic partners. An extranet is one way in which a firm can improve their offering and remain competitive. This paper explores extranet linkages and examines how extranets impact business practices and business relationships. Also explores traditional relationship constructs function in an extranet context.
Regulation of proximal tubular osteopontin in experimental hydronephrosis in the rat

Regulation of proximal tubular osteopontin in experimental hydronephrosis in the rat. Background Osteopontin is a tubular-derived glycoprotein with macrophage chemoattractant properties. Our previous observations demonstrate that osteopontin is involved in the accumulation of macrophages within the renal cortex of rats following unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Methods The present study performed Northern and Western blot analyses of isolated proximal tubular cells exposed to exogenous angiotensin II, and cultured rat proximal tubular cells subjected to one hour of cyclic mechanical stretch, which provided insight into mechanisms involving the proximal tubular renin-angiotensin system in the increased expression of cortical osteopontin following hydronephrosis. Results. In situ hybridization, using a 35 S-labeled antisense riboprobe, showed osteopontin mRNA transcription localized to the cortical tubules of the obstructed kidney. Freshly isolated proximal tubules incubated with angiotensin II (10 -5 m) for one hour had increased osteopontin mRNA and protein expression by Northern and Western blot analyses, respectively. Pre-treatment of proximal tubules with losartan (10 -5 m) for one hour prior to the addition of exogenous angiotensin II (10 -5 m) decreased osteopontin mRNA and protein expression. Rat proximal tubule cells subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch for one hour exhibited a 2.1-fold increment in osteopontin mRNA levels, which was normalized following pre-treatment with losartan. Conclusions This study provides evidence that angiotensin II, produced by the proximal tubule in the obstructed kidney as a result of mechanical injury, possibly mechanical stretch, may stimulate angiotensin II type I receptor activation, leading to up-regulated osteopontin expression and secretion by the proximal tubule, thereby facilitating macrophage recruitment into the renal interstitium.
Lactone enols are stable in the gas phase but highly unstable in solution.

2-Hydroxyoxol-2-ene (C5-1), the enol tautomer of γ-butyrolactone, was generated in the gas phase as the first representative of the hitherto elusive class of lactone enols and shown by neutralization−reionization mass spectrometry to be remarkably stable as an isolated species. Ab initio calculations by QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p) provided the enthalpies of formation, proton affinities, and gas-phase basicities for gaseous lactone enols with four- (C4-1), five- (C5-1), and six-membered rings (C6-1). The acid−base properties of C4−C6 lactones and enols and reference carboxylic acid enols CH2C(OH)2 (3) and CH2C(OH)OCH3 (4) were also calculated in aqueous solution. The C4−C6 lactone enols show gas-phase proton affinities in the range of 933−944 kJ mol-1 and acidities in the range of 1401−1458 kJ mol-1. In aqueous solution, the lactone enols are 15−20 orders of magnitude more acidic than the corresponding lactones, with enol pKa values increasing from 5.6 (C4-1) to 14.5 (C6-1). Lactone enols are moderately weak ...
The NASA Engineering and Safety Center (Nesc) Gn and C Technical Discipline Team (Tdt): Its Purpose, Practices and Experiences

This paper will briefly define the vision, mission, and purpose of the NESC organization. The role of the GN&C TDT will then be described in detail along with an overview of how this team operates and engages in its objective engineering and safety assessments of critical NASA projects. This paper will then describe key issues and findings from several of the recent GN&C-related independent assessments and consultations performed and/or supported by the NESC GN&C TDT. Among the examples of the GN&C TDT s work that will be addressed in this paper are the following: the Space Shuttle Orbiter Repair Maneuver (ORM) assessment, the ISS CMG failure root cause assessment, the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technologies (DART) spacecraft mishap consultation, the Phoenix Mars lander thruster-based controllability consultation, the NASA in-house Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) Smart Buyer assessment and the assessment of key engineering considerations for the Design, Development, Test & Evaluation (DDT&E) of robust and reliable GN&C systems for human-rated spacecraft.
Monetary base growth, deposit growth and inflation in the postwar United States

In this article, we present a study of the effects of monetary-base growth and deposit growth on inflation in the postwar United States. The motivation for the study is the need to develop a body of evidence useful in evaluating two competing hypotheses about the role of bank transactions deposits in the inflation process. We denote these two hypotheses as the monetary-base hypothesis and the transactions-aggregate hypothesis. The monetary-base hypothesis emphasizes the sum of currency and reserves as the crucial monetary variable in the determination of the price level and inflation. The transactions aggregate hypothesis focuses on transactions media, which would include some classes of bank deposits, as the relevant monetary variables for fixing nominal prices and inflation. Because inflation is a key macroeconomic variable and deposit creation is a major aspect of banking activity, evidence on these hypotheses is important in understanding whether there is a special relation between banking and macroeconomics. In this article, we examine the impact of monetary-base growth and deposit growth on inflation in the postWorld War II United States. The most significant and stable empirical relationship is between monetary base growth and inflation. However, we also find that non-interestbearing demand deposit growth has an impact on inflation. The relation between demand deposit growth and inflation was strongest during the Bretton Woods era but appafrently remains significant in the postBretton Woods period. Our results indicate that the newer interest-bearing transactions deposits in MI, as well as in M2-category deposits, play no role in inflation. * We thank Leland Yeager, seminar participants at the American Enterprise Institute, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City for suggestions on an earlierversion of this article. Parts of this research project were undertaken while Boschen was Visiting Scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. We have benefited considerably from the suggestions of two anonymous referees.
Pain relief and sedation in the intensive care unit

p , AIN, fear, and anxiety are common and often overlooked problems in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Holland et al 1 have shown that sedative and pain medications are often prescribed to satisfy the expectations of the medical staff or to provide a convenient nursing condition rather than in response to the actual needs and fears of the patient? Pain, fear, and anxiety influence many aspects of the physician-patient relationship. Appropriate relief is often associated with amelioration of the patient's complaints even if the underlying disease is not controlled. Historically, even before the advancement of Western medicine, pain and discomfort have concerned every patient and physician and every attempt was taken to alleviate them, frequently without much success. Despite major advances in technology, pharmacology, and pain management techniques, pain in the ICU patient remains largely underevaluated and poorly treated. Discomfort, pain, fear, anxiety, and sleep deprivation result in physiologic and psychological stress with important sequelae. TM Hemodynamic disturbances from catecholamine release may be manifested as hypertension, tachycardia, and cardiac arrhythmias. A neuroendocrine stress response increases production of adrenocorticoid hormones (corticotropin, cortisol, and aldosterone), angiotensin, antidiuretic hormone, and catecholamines, resulting in hyperglycemia, protein catabolism, fluid retention, and electrolyte disturbances. The negative protein balance can lead to poor wound healing and a depressed immune response. The circadian rhythm is reversed, leading to further neuroendocrine and sleep disturbances, s-7 Psychological consequences of pain include insomnia, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. s-t~ It is not surprising that the posttraumatie stress disorder is increasingly reported among patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome who have been on ventilators. Moreover, patients who are placed on high doses of opiates and benzodiazepines often subsequently develop acute withdrawal states. PROBLEM AREAS IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS
Adsorption from multicomponent liquids effect of the sizes of the molecules on the adsorption isotherms

Abstract Adsorption isotherms are derived from multicomponent liquids which account for the close-packed arrangement of molecules in a liquid and for the sizes of the molecules. In contrast to adsorption from gases, in the case of liquids all the sites of the surface must be occupied, because of their close-packed structure. For this reason, the chemical potentials of the adsorbed phase contain a new term, in addition to the conventional chemical potentials. Statistical thermodynamics is used to derive expressions for the chemical potentials. The resulting adsorption isotherms are applied to various cases, such as adsorption of molecules of equal sizes and the adsorption of a single solute whose size differs from that of the solvent. For more complex cases, conditions are derived under which the differentials of the number of adsorbed molecules with respect to their size or their concentration in solution change sign. Conditions under which a phase transformation occurs in the adsorbed phase as well as those under which the adsorption isotherms have inflexion points are identified.
Analysis of shot noise limitations due to absorption count in EUV resists

Both fundamental measurements of resist exposure events and measurements of line-edge roughness for similar exposure latitude images for e-beam and EUV patterning tools have been used to assess the relative role of exposure shot-noise in lithographic performance. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has been performed to quantify the probability of absorption of 100 keV electrons in two commercially available EUV resists. About 1/3 of the incident electrons lose at least 2 eV in the materials and this absorption probability is larger than that for EUV photons in the two modern EUV resists. Exposure event count densities between EUV and e-beam differ by 11-13%, which results in an expected difference in the variation in exposure shot noise of only 6%. With matched image exposure latitudes and accounting for EUV mask LER contribution the measured LER distributions indicate a high (76% and 94%) confidence that EUV resist performance is currently not dominated by exposure event counts for two leading chemically amplified EUV resists.
Cathepsin B and glutathione peroxidase show differing transcriptional responses in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio following exposure to three xenobiotics.

The common molecular biology techniques, suppressive-subtractive hybridization (SSH) and semi-quantitative real-time PCR (SQRT−PCR), were used to identify differentially expressed genes in the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio following exposure to three different xenobiotics. Lab-acclimated adult male grass shrimp were exposed to empirically derived 96-hr male-specific LC50 concentrations of fipronil (FP, a phenylpyrazole GABA disrupting pesticide), endosulfan (ES, a cyclodiene GABA disrupting pesticide), or cadmium (Cd), as well as a control (CC). An SSH gene expression library was constructed from surviving shrimp from the fipronil and control exposures. Clones obtained by SSH were identified by searching against the NCBI website. A total of 42 genes were identified that were up-regulated by FP exposure, and 47 that were down-regulated. A subset of the affected genes was tested with SQRT−PCR to verify responsiveness to fipronil, as well as to endosulfan and cadmium. Two genes showed strong and significa...
A thermodynamic study of complexion of alkali and alkaline-earth metal ions with low-symmetry cryptands

Abstract Log K, ΔH and TΔS values for interactions of two low-symmetry cryptands, [3.2.1] and [4.2.2], with alkali and alkaline-earth metal ions have been determined at 25°C by calorimetric titration in a 95:5 (vol./vol.) methanol/water (95% M/W) solvent and an aqueous solution. Cryptan [3.2.1] forms very stable complexes with alkali metal ions (except Li+), Sr2+ and Ba2+ in 95% M/W. The log K values have the sequences of K+>Rb+>Na+>Cs+>Li+ and Ba2+>Sr2+. Because of its large size, [4.2.2] forms less stable complexes than [2.2.2], [3.2.1] and [3.2.2] with Na+, K+ and Ba2+ but a highly stable complex with Cs+ is formed. Cryptand [3.2.1] is an isomer of cryptand [2.2.2], but it shows cation-binding properties different from those of [2.2.2] due to its low symmetry, [3.2.1] binds Li+ and Cs+ more strongly but Na+, K+, Rb+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ more weakly than does cryptand [2.2.2]. The decrease in log K values for [3.2.1] interactions with Na+, K+, Rb2+ and Ba2+ results from decreased enthalpic gains suggesting a larger steric strain for the [3.2.1] complexes than for the [2.2.2] ones. The K+/Na+ selectivity factors of [3.2.1] and [4.2.2] are lower than that of [2.2.2]. The study shows that symmetry is an important factor in cryptand complexation and selectivity. Cryptands of high symmetry usually show better complexation and selectivity properties than those of low symmetry. Thermodynamic quantities give some insight into cryptand complexation with the metal ions. The log K values for interaction of [3.2.1] with the cations decrease dramatically in aqueous solution, which is caused by large decreases in enthalpic gains.
Consumer purchase behaviors associated with active and passive deal-proneness

Abstract This research infers deal-proneness using a condition-act choice model estimated at the household level from panel data. Two dimensions of deal-proneness emerge: active and passive. Active deal-proneness is defined as sensitivity to features and coupons; “active” refers to the relatively intensive search required to locate these types of promotions. Passive deal-proneness is defined as sensitivity to in-store displays, which refers to search that may be limited to the store environment. We develop and test hypotheses regarding the distribution of the two types of deal-proneness in our population, as well as correlational hypotheses on the association between a consumer's deal-proneness and purchase behavior. Purchase behaviors of interest include brand choice set size, purchase quantity, and purchase timing. Hypothesis testing reveals several associations. The number of brands purchased only on deal, for example, increases with increases in a consumer's feature sensitivity but is unrelated to display sensitivity.
Radiation damage effects on bipolar and MOS devices in X-ray lithography

Radiation damage effects of bipolar and MOS transistors have been investigated using the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) storage ring of the national synchrotron light source (NSLS). The devices under investigation were exposed to x-ray radiation and electrical measurements were performed to determine the radiation effects on device parameters. It was found for bipolar devices that the current gain is the parameter that is most sensitive to x-ray irradiation. The current gain decreases as the dose increases and the degradation reaches saturation at 1000 mJ/cm2. Upon annealing in forming gas at 400° C for 30 min, the current gain recovered its pre-irradiation value and stress test did not show any reliability problem. Bothn-channel andp-channel MOS devices with polysilicon gates were investigated. Host of the relevant device parameters were measured before and after irradiation and after annealing. Upon irradiation the threshold voltage shows the most obvious shift, which was more negative in both cases. However, thep- channel devices experienced a much larger shift than then-channel ones. The transconductance of the devices also experienced a shift.
Microscopic theory of surface-enhanced Raman scattering in noble-metal nanoparticles

We present a microscopic model for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from molecules adsorbed on small noble-metal nanoparticles. In the absence of direct overlap of molecular orbitals and electronic states in the metal, the main enhancement source is the strong electric field of the surface plasmon resonance in a nanoparticle acting on a molecule near the surface. In small particles, the electromagnetic enhancement is strongly modified by quantum-size effects. We show that, in nanometer-sized particles, SERS magnitude is determined by a competition between several quantum-size effects such as the Landau damping of surface plasmon resonance and reduced screening near the nanoparticle surface. Using time-dependent local density approximation, we calculate spatial distribution of local fields near the surface and enhancement factor for different nanoparticles sizes.
A Simple, Cost-Effective Method to Improve Cell Viability in Microniche Culture Systems

Microfluidic networks are increasingly used to generate custom microenvironmental niches for cell culture and assays of cellular behavior. Perfusion systems are typically required to overcome diffusive limitations associated with culturing cells longer than a few hours when nutrient delivery, oxygen delivery and metabolic waste removal are required to maintain cell viability. In addition to the added complexity of experimental methods, perfusion systems can result in nonuniform nutrient delivery and subject cells to shear stresses, which may alter cell behavior and possibly cause cell death. In particular, when culturing cells within hydrogel scaffold-filled networks, as may be done in micro-tissue engineering, the need for perfusion culture also increases the likelihood of a destructive bubble entering the network. Moreover, analysis of micro-cultures frequently entails labelling with antibodies and/or fluorescent probes, which again requires controlled perfusion of the various reagents through the network. We have developed a simple technique to preserve cell viability and simplify labeling within microscale cultures without the need for perfusion. Instead of bonding a microfluidic network to glass, PDMS, or another impermeable substrate, the network is bonded to a semi-permeable microdialysis membrane, which allows free exchange of oxygen, proteins, nutrients, and waste between the microfluidic channels and culture media in static culture plates.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The hemodynamic inverse problem: Making inferences about neural activity from measured MRI signals

Cognitive events rely on rapid information flow among interdependent brain areas. Estimates from single-unit physiology in monkeys and human electrophysiological scalp recordings suggest communication between brain areas takes place on the order of tens to hundreds of milliseconds (1). A challenge to the study of human cognition has been to develop noninvasive methods to measure the temporal orchestration of information processing. Limitations were initially imposed by the imaging devices themselves. Positron emission tomography (PET) methods based on short-lived isotopes, for example, take about a minute to make a measurement (2). The advent of functional MRI (fMRI) changed the landscape of human brain imaging by providing a tool that can make measurements on the sub-second time scale (3, 4). However, the use of fMRI solves only part of the problem. An even greater challenge surrounds the temporal sluggishness of the correlates of neuronal activity to which modern imaging devices are sensitive. Most fMRI studies measure brain activity indirectly through changes in blood vasculature that accompany neuronal activity. Although the exact origins of these vascular changes are debated (5, 6), they are temporally slow, begin seconds after a neuronal event, and last for tens of seconds (7). For isolated cognitive acts, which can often be completed in under a second, the sluggish nature of the measured response means that a signal is detected after the neuronal event has subsided. It is against this backdrop that the work of Bellgowan et al. in a recent issue of PNAS (8) can be appreciated. Their study uses a modeling approach to make inferences about neural activity timing differences of ≈100 milliseconds. To understand the basis of this surprisingly high temporal resolution, it is important to consider the evolution of fMRI.
OEX - Use of the Shuttle Orbiter as a research vehicle

The Orbiter Experiments Program to provide research instrumentation on the Shuttle Orbiter is discussed. Flight aerodynamic problems such as ground-based data limitations, rarefied flow effects, body flap and control surface effectiveness, and windward surface heat transfer are reviewed. Experiments currently under development are described, including experiments on tile gaps and wall catalytic effects which provide the opportunity to obtain data not available in ground facilities and apply the results to improvements in the Orbiter's thermal protection system. Such experiments combined with other instrumentation on the Orbiter should provide benchmark flight data which can make a significant impact on the design of future space transportation systems.
CONSIDERATION OF PARTICLE EXCHANGE IN QUANTUM KINETIC THEORY.

Abstract A kinetic equation for a charged particle system is derived in a dielectric function formalism. Quantum effects of particle exchange are considered in a systematic way. In the limit of large k (large momentum transfer of h k ) the equation reduces to the Boltzmann equation while in the small k limit one obtains the Balescu-Guernsey-Lenard (BGL) equation appropriate to the random-phase approximation (RPA). The dielectric constant derived in the present formalism reduces to the interpolation form obtained by Hubbard. In addition the RPA kinetic theory is shown to reveal relaxation processes involving particle-excitation scattering as opposed to particle-particle scattering. An outline for formulating transport coefficients is included.
Commentary on meta-analysis in clinical trials.

This paper examines eight published reviews each reporting results from several related trials. Each review pools the results from the relevant trials in order to evaluate the efficacy of a certain treatment for a specified medical condition. These reviews lack consistent assessment of homogeneity of treatment effect before pooling. We discuss a random effects approach to combining evidence from a series of experiments comparing two treatments. This approach incorporates the heterogeneity of effects in the analysis of the overall treatment efficacy. The model can be extended to include relevant covariates which would reduce the heterogeneity and allow for more specific therapeutic recommendations. We suggest a simple noniterative procedure for characterizing the distribution of treatment effects in a series of studies.
Assessing the impact of temporal dynamics on land-use change modeling

Time is a fundamental dimension in dynamic land-use change modeling. An appropriate treatment of time is essential to realistically simulate landscape dynamics. Current land-use models provide little justification of their treatment of time. As a result, little is known about how the time dimension impacts the spatio-temporal patterns produced by land-use simulation models. This paper reports a first exploration on this issue. It examines the impact of the degree of temporal dynamics on the behavior of an urban growth model which is based on a modified Markov random field and probabilistic cellular automata. Experimental results from this case study suggest that the degree of temporal dynamics does have an important impact on the urban morphology produced by the model. Too much or too little dynamics could both lead to unrealistic patterns. However, the impact seems to vary for processes with different levels of change intensity. In the case of a process with moderate changes, the impact of temporal dynamics is also moderate. For a process with high change rate, the degree of temporal dynamics affects the model output significantly. The implication of these findings is discussed in the context of information accessibility and operational land-use modeling.
Pulmonary Valve Replacement in Tetralogy of Fallot

A 32-year-old woman with a history of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) was referred for cardiac evaluation. She was diagnosed with TOF as an infant and at 8 months of age underwent complete repair, including ventricular septal defect closure, resection of right ventricular (RV) outflow tract (RVOT) muscle bundles, and pulmonary valvotomy. She was evaluated by a cardiologist at 17 years of age and was subsequently lost to follow-up because she thought she was “cured.” Overall, she feels well and denies cardiac symptoms. She runs 1 to 2 miles daily, although more slowly than her friends. She is considering having children. On physical examination, her vital signs were normal. She had a well-healed midline sternotomy scar. Her lungs were clear to auscultation. The heart rhythm was regular with a normal S1 and a single S2. There was a low-pitched, delayed diastolic murmur in the pulmonary area. Her ECG demonstrated normal sinus rhythm, a right bundle-branch block, and a QRS duration of 170 milliseconds. A transthoracic echocardiogram showed a dilated and hypokinetic RV, with severe pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and mild tricuspid regurgitation. There was no RVOT obstruction or residual ventricular septal defect. The left ventricle was normal in size and function, with mild mitral regurgitation. Because RV size and function were not well quantified with echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed. The RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were 179 and 109 mL/m2, respectively, and the RV ejection fraction was 39%. A Holter study did not reveal significant ectopy or arrhythmia. A cardiopulmonary exercise test demonstrated a moderately depressed peak o2. Given her severe PR associated with a dilated and hypokinetic RV and moderately reduced exercise tolerance, she was referred for surgical pulmonary valve replacement (PVR). This woman is 1 of ≈1 million adults with congenital heart disease …