cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Collision of Excitation Waves in the Dog Purkinje System EXTRACELLULAR IDENTIFICATION

The ventricular conduction system of the dog was explored with a 50µ extracellular electrode in an in vitro preparation with an intact right and left ventricular bundle branch system connected at the bundle of His. Two pacing electrodes at opposite ends of a functionally single strand produced collision of excitation waves with a distinctive extracellular wave form (uniphasic and positive instead of biphasic). The only changes in the intracellular potential associated with collision were a decrease in the time constant of the foot and an increase in the maximum rate of rise of the action potential, changes not uniquely produced hy collisions. During pacing at one point, collisions were detected at many places throughout the conduction system. The peripheral Purkinje system consisted of fine strands forming a network of interconnecting swirls, each covering 2-25 mm2 Collisions were found in all swirls and their sites often shifted with a shift in the pacemaker site. Collisions also shifted in location between basic and premature beats which originated from a single point on the bundle of His.
Water uptake of humic and fulvic acid: measurements and modelling using single parameter Köhler theory

Environmental context. Humic and fulvic acids are macromolecular, multifunctional, polyacidic compounds that are important proxies for humic-like substances (HULIS), which are ubiquitous components of tropospheric particulate matter. The hygroscopic nature of these substances suggests that they can contribute to direct and indirect climate forcing. Thus, the effects of water uptake in humic-like particles in the atmosphere must be well understood. Abstract. The water uptake of humic and fulvic acid aerosols was determined by hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analysis (hTDMA) and extinction Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Water uptake on humic and fulvic acid thin films was also investigated using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy. The hygroscopic growth of monodisperse, 100-nm (dry) Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) and humic acid sodium salt (NaHA) aerosols was determined and modelled using Kohler theory. A single parameter, the ionic density (ρion), which contains physical properties that are not well established for these substances, was determined for SRFA and NaHA to be 2.1 × 10–3 and 7.0 × 10–3 mol cm–3 respectively. The hygroscopic growth was then modelled using the ρion-Kohler equation and the critical parameters determined. The critical percent supersaturation of SRFA and NaHA was determined to be 0.60 and 0.33% respectively using the surface tension of water; and 0.35 and 0.19% respectively using the surface tension of aqueous HULIS. κ-Kohler theory, was also used to calculate the critical supersaturation and was found to be in good agreement with the ρion representation. Both extinction FTIR of aerosols and ATR-FTIR absorption measurements of thin films confirm enhanced water uptake with increasing relative humidity (RH).
Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors in malignant gliomas

Glioblastomas are highly vascularized tumors. Treatment strategies targeting angiogenesis have demonstrated promising results in preclinical studies and clinical trials in patients with malignant gliomas. Anti-VEGF agents, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have been associated with reduction in vasogenic brain edema, and prolonged progression-free survival. Larger prospective clinical trials are needed to validate these results, and to assess the impact of these agents on overall survival. Unfortunately, antiangiogenic treatment inevitably fails in most patients. Further studies are needed to understand the molecular pathways that enable a tumor to evade antiangiogenic therapy.
A STEREOCOMPARATOR WITH COMPUTER CONTROLLED CORRECTING DEVICES

An automatic plotting instrument development is described where the coordinate corrections are introduced in the optical system and not at the photograph. It is suggested that the opto-mechanical devices used for correction and the proposed use of microprocessors for control of these devices offer the possibility of producing a low cost automatic plotter and stereocomparator. Resume On decrit une solution au probleme de la correction des coordonnees cliche pour le restituteur analytique et le stereocomparateur: ces corrections sont introduites dans la partie optique du systeme et commandees par l'intermediaire de microprocesseurs. Ceci devrait permettre d'abaisser le cout de ce type d'appareil. Zusammenfassung Beschreibung eines automatischen Auswertegerates, bei dem die Koordinatenkorrekturen nicht den Bildtragern, sondern dem optischen System zugefuhrt werden. Es wird angenommen, dass die zur Korrektur verwendeten optisch-mechanischen Vorrichtungen und die vorgeschlagene Verwendung von Mikroprozessoren zu deren Steuerung die Moglichkeit zum Bau eines billigen automatischen Auswertegerates und Stereokomparators bieten.
Adherence to acitretin and home narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy in patients with psoriasis

Background In the treatment of psoriasis, patient adherence to oral medications is poor and even worse for topical therapy. However, few data exist about adherence rates to home phototherapy, adding to concerns about the appropriateness of home phototherapy as a psoriasis treatment option. Objective We sought to assess adherence to both oral acitretin and home ultraviolet B phototherapy for the treatment of psoriasis. Methods In all, 27 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis were treated with 10 to 25 mg of acitretin daily, combined with narrowband ultraviolet B, 3 times weekly at home, for 12 weeks. Adherence to acitretin was monitored by an electronic monitoring medication bottle cap, and to phototherapy by a light-sensing data logger. Results Adherence data were collected on 22 patients for acitretin and 16 patients for adherence to ultraviolet B. Mean adherence to acitretin decreased steadily during the 12-week trial (slope −0.24), whereas mean adherence to home phototherapy remained steady at 2 to 3 d/wk. Adherence was similar between patients who reported side effects and those who did not. Limitations Small sample size and lack of follow-up on some patients were limitations of this study. Conclusions Adherence rates to home phototherapy were very good and higher than adherence rates for the oral medication. Side effects of treatment were well tolerated in this small group and did not affect use of the treatment. Home phototherapy with acitretin may be an appropriate option for some patients with extensive psoriasis.
A local inequality for Hankel operators on the sphere and its application

Abstract Let H 2 ( S ) be the Hardy space on the unit sphere S in C n . We establish a local inequality for Hankel operators H f = ( 1 − P ) M f | H 2 ( S ) . As an application of this local inequality, we characterize the membership of H f in the Lorentz-like ideal C p + , 2 n p ∞ .
An Exploratory Investigation of Knowledge Sharing and Cooperative Marketing in Tourism Alliances

It has become a common practice for tourism organizations to form alliances in cooperative marketing efforts. The purpose of this exploratory study is to examine some of the specific motivations and constraints for tourism organizations to share knowledge and participate in tourism alliances. These results suggest that tourism professionals that feel positively towards tourism alliances still may feel uncomfortable sharing knowledge because of the possibility of loss of profit or confidentiality. The respondents with more industry experience report participating in strategic alliances more frequently than those respondents with little experience.
Molecular engineering of the herpes simplex virus genome: Insertion of a second L-S junction into the genome causes additional genome inversions

We have developed a technique for the insertion of any DNA fragment into the herpes simplex virus (HSV) genome at specific sites. This technique was used to resolve a specific problem concerning the isomerization of the HSV genome. Briefly, HSV DNA consists of four isomers differing in the orientation of two covalently linked components, L and S, relative to each other. Each component consists of unique sequences flanked by inverted repeats. To determine whether the isomerization of HSV DNA is the result of generalized recombinatin between homologous reiterated sequences in the inverted repeats or the result of site-specific recombination, we constructed plasmids in which DNA fragments derived from various regions of the viral genome were inserted in both orientations into the thymidine kinase gene, rendering it nonfunctional. The HSV DNA sequences in the plasmids were then recombined into the viral genome, and viral recombinants were selected for their thymidine kinase-deficient phenotype. The insertion of these fragments by homologous recombination was highly efficient in that all the viral clones isolated contained the inserted fragment at the expected location. The only fragments that promoted additional inversions of the viral genome were those spanning the junction between the L and S components. Furthermore, analysis of isomers formed by these recombinants indicates that the inversions occur only when sequences in the inserted fragment are in inverted orientation in relation to homologous sequences at the termini or at the authentic junction.
Dopamine D1 heteroreceptors on striatonigral axons are not stimulated by endogeneous dopamine either tonically or after amphetamine: evidence from terminal excitability

The role of dopamine D1 heteroreceptors located on the axon terminals of striatonigral neurons was investigated. Local infusion of the direct acting, specific dopamine D1 agonist, R-SKF 38393, into the substantia nigra terminal field of antidromically identified neostriatal projection neurons decreased the electrical excitability of these axons. This effect was dose-dependent and could be partially reversed by subsequent infusion of the specific D1 antagonist, R-SCH 23390. In contrast, excitability was not affected by the systemic administration of SCH-23390 (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, iv), or the non-specific antagonist haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, iv). Since activation of the D1 heteroreceptors by R-SKF 38393 decreased excitability, the inability of these antagonists to modify excitability indicates that endogenous dopamine does not tonically activate these receptors. Systemic administration of the indirect acting agonist, amphetamine (1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, iv) also failed to change terminal excitability suggesting that, even when unnaturally high levels of dopamine are released in the substantia nigra, endogenous dopamine does not affect neostriatal axons terminating in the substantia nigra. Thus it is unlikely that endogenous dopamine modulates neostriatal control of the substantia nigra through these presynaptic terminal D1 heteroreceptors.
Phase I trial of docetaxel and vinorelbine in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma.

BACKGROUND With preclinical evidence of synergy, this dose-finding trial examining the combination of docetaxel and vinorelbine given with prophylactic filgrastim for the treatment of patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma was undertaken. METHODS Twenty-seven patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma received vinorelbine as an intravenous push immediately followed by docetaxel as a 1-hour intravenous infusion once every 2 weeks at 1 of 7 different dose levels. Vinorelbine was escalated from 15 mg/m2 (Level I) to 45 mg/m2 (Level VII) and docetaxel was increased from 50 mg/m2 (Level I) to 60 mg/m2 (Level VII). Prophylactic corticosteroids and filgrastim were employed prospectively. RESULTS After completion of dose Level VII, accrual was terminated because Phase II dose intensity of both agents had been reached and further escalation was believed to be unsafe. At dose Level VII, one episode of first-cycle febrile neutropenia and a death after three treatment cycles due to Haemophilus influenzae sepsis (Grade 5 toxicity according to the Common Toxicity Criteria of the National Cancer Institute) without neutropenia were noted. In all, 209 treatment cycles were administered and febrile neutropenia was observed in only 4 of these treatments (1.9%). Bacteremia occurred in three patients (four episodes) in the absence of neutropenia. Symptomatic onycholysis was observed in three patients. Clinically significant peripheral neuropathy and fluid retention were rare. Confirmed partial responses were noted in 10 patients for a response rate of 37% (95% confidence interval, 20–57%). CONCLUSIONS Docetaxel at a dose of 60 mg/m2 and vinorelbine at a dose of 45 mg/m2, both given every 2 weeks, can be combined safely to achieve Phase II dose intensity of both agents. An ongoing Phase II trial will define the activity of this treatment combination. Cancer 2000;88:1045–50. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
P2-067: PIB binding in Alzheimer's disease and nonhuman primate brain

Background: The amyloid cascade hypothesis implicates the Abeta peptide as an upstream effector in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neurodegeneration. However, the deposition of Abeta in the human brain is not always associated with frank dementia, inasmuch as abundant Abeta lesions are sometimes found in the brains of aged humans without overt cognitive impairment. Furthermore, age-related accumulation of cerebral Abeta is commonly observed in nonhuman primates, yet no nonhuman species has been shown to exhibit the full behavioral or pathological characteristics of AD. Because of their close biological relationship to humans, nonhuman primates are a unique model of nonpathologic Abeta accumulation. We have extensively characterized cerebral Abeta populations in AD, aged chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and squirrel monkeys. Methods: Using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, immunoprecipitation/ MALDI-TOF MS and in vivo Abeta-seeding assays, we found that Abeta populations are quantitatively and qualitatively similar in AD and nonhuman primate brain. To explain the pathological differences between humans and other primates, we hypothesized that higher-order structural features distinguish toxic Abeta in AD brain from the relatively benign Abeta in nonhuman primates. Recent reports show that Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB), a radioligand used for in vivo PET imaging of amyloid, binds with high affinity and stoichiometry to AD brain but with low stoichiometry to synthetic Abeta and to the Abeta deposits in transgenic mouse brain. We measured the binding of 3H-PIB to cortical homogenates from AD and nonhuman primate cases, all of which had been characterized for total soluble and insoluble Abeta levels. Results: We found that 3H-PIB binds with low stoichiometry to Abeta in nonhuman primate cortical homogenates, even in cases with levels of Abeta equal to those in AD. Conclusions: These data suggest that cerebral beta-amyloid deposits in aged nonhuman primates, which naturally develop cerebral beta-amyloidosis over the course of many years, are structurally distinct from those in humans with AD, and that high-affinity PIB binding may be relatively selective for pathogenic Abeta in the AD brain.
Aluminum-27 and Silicon-29 Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Silicon Carbide/Aluminum Nitride Systems: Effect of Silicon/Aluminum Ratio and Pyrolysis Temperature

Three series of SiC/AlN samples were prepared by pyrolysis of “poly(aluminosilazane)”, the product of the reaction between hexamethylcyclotrisilazane and triethylaluminum. The Si/Al ratio was varied for one series (with constant pyrolysis temperature) and the pyrolysis temperature was varied for the other two series, with Si/Al = 1 and 3. 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning NMR were used to analyze these samples in terms of coordination number, nearest neighbor atoms, and crystallinity. NMR results indicate that higher crystallinity and phase separation into discrete SiC and AlN crystallites accompany an increase in pyrolysis temperature. Disorder and increased heterogeneity in connectivity are observed with increasing Si/Al ratio of the initial reactants.
Diffstrat: An analytical procedure for generating optimal new product concepts for a differentiated-type strategy

Abstract Firms are likely to consider employing multiple products in markets where competition and heterogeneity of consumer preferences suggest the use of market segmentation. The problem of identifying the optimal multiple new product concepts for such a market may be considered in either a sequential (one product at a time) or a simultaneous fashion. We show that the ‘optimal’ new product concepts generated sequentially are different from, and generality inferior to, those generated simultaneously. In this paper we present a new procedure, Diffstrat , which solves this problem of generating simultaneously optimal multiple new products for a wide range of consumer preference models. This procedure utilizes a fundamental insight called the augmented space approach to solve this problem.
Seismic waves from elephant vocalizations: A possible communication mode?

[1] We conducted experiments with trained African elephants that show that low-frequency elephant vocalizations produce Rayleigh waves. We model a potential range for these seismic waves, under ideal conditions, of c. 2 km. In appropriate conditions, surface waves from an elephant's infrasonic vocalizations might propagate further than airborne sound and provide advantages over acoustic communication. However, if we use the detection capabilities of the human ear as a benchmark for the signal-detection thresholds of elephants, our estimates of attenuation and ambient seismic noise suggest that the seismic detection range is unlikely to exceed the acoustic detection range under normal atmospheric conditions. We conclude that elephants may benefit from seismic detection in circumstances where the range of acoustic communication is limited, or in cases where multimodal communication is advantageous. Given our current understanding, elephants are unlikely to rely on seismic waves as their primary mode for long-range communication.
Structural models of the reconstructed W?001? surface

Abstract A LEED intensity analysis of 5 beams from the low-temperature W{001}c(2×2) structure indicates that the surface reconstruction involves shifts of the surface atoms along 〈110〉 directions within the plane of the surface, as suggested by Debe and King. At temperatures 100–140K the shifts are in the range 0.15–0.3 A, with the first interlayer spacing 1.48–1.58 A (bulk value 1.58 A). Similar analysis of the room-temperature W{001}c(2×2)-H phase indicates: (i) none of the models proposed, which ascribe the c(2×2) structure directly to ordered hydrogen adsorption, can explain the experimental data; (ii) the W{001}c(2×2)-H structure is probably impurity stabilized by H at room temperature in the same W lattice as the low-temperature reconstructed phase.
Fall Diapause, Winter Mortality and Spring Emergence of the Tobacco Budworm in the Delta of Mississippi

Late 5th-instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), collected in the field, primarily in cotton and soybeans, at Stoneville, MS in the fall of 1976 and 1977 and held in field cages produced diapausing pupae that survived the winter. Of 837 and 490 larvae caged in these years, 3.6 and 3.9%, respectively, emerged as adults in the following year. In 1977 and 1978, the period and pattern of adult emergence from the overwintered pupae indicated that adult emergence is controlled primarily by soil temperature during late winter and spring and that day length during this period has little if any influence. Low temperatures and excessive rainfall during the normal emergence period may delay emergence of some individual insects.
The hypothenar hammer syndrome

A 54-year-old truck driver presented with a tender swelling in the palmar aspect of his right hand. He regularly used the right palm as a “hammer” to secure loads onto his truck. Examination showed a 2-cm pulsatile swelling at the hypothenar eminence. The clinical diagnosis of a distal ulnar artery aneurysm was confirmed with duplex ultrasound imaging. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography with three-dimensional reconstruction (A, Cover) was used for further anatomic assessment. The aneurysm (B) was surgically excised under general anesthesia with end-to-end anastomosis of the healthy artery (C) using 6-0 Prolene (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ). Postoperatively the hand was well perfused, with intact neurologic and motor function. The patient made an uneventful recovery, and histologic analysis of the specimen confirmed a true aneurysm.
Time-resolved circularly polarized phosphorescence studies of horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase

Using a combination of time-resolved room temperature phosphorescence and time-resolved circularly polarized phosphorescence (TR-CPP, demonstrated in proteins for the first time), we provide strong evidence supporting the existence of conformational heterogeneity in the apo form of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH). Using extensive photon counting and correspondingly improved statistics, we show a clear biexponential decay in the phosphorescence of deoxygenated LADH in contrast to earlier studies where monoexponential decay was reported. Under extensively deoxygenated conditions, the protein shows long lifetime components of 510 and 765 milliseconds (pre-exponentials vary with conditions). TR- CPP studies of LADH show that the emission anisotropy factors (a measure of the local chirality associated with the excited state) associated with the two decay components are identical (gem equals 0.004; where the fractional anisotropy is given by gem equals {2*[Ileft-Iright)/Itotal]}. This indicates that the chirality of the environment of the phosphorescent tryptophan is the same for both lifetimes. Upon binding the coenzyme fragment adenosine-diphosphoribose (ADPR), LADH phosphorescence decay becomes essentially monoexponential (1285 milliseconds) with a time independent gem comparable to the gem of apo LADH. The quenching rates of the long lifetime components of apo-LADH by the electron acceptor TEMPOL were found to be similar, suggesting that the conformational states of LADH have nearly equal susceptibility to oxidation by TEMPOL.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Urban land use and transportation models: A state-of-the-art summary☆

Abstract The paper assumes that the general relationship between transportation and land-use may be defined in terms of three primary components: (1) Economic activity (i.e. employment), (2) Demographic activity and (3) Transportation facilities. After a brief introductory section, the second section of the paper contains a review of the state of the art models of economic activity location i.e. intra-urban employment forecasting. The third section of the paper contains a review of the state of the art of models of demographic activity location, i.e. intra-urban population forecasting. The final section of the paper begins with a brief description of urban transportation network models. The section and paper are then concluded with a discussion of possible integrated land-use and transportation model packages.
Welfare Reform and Household Survival: The Interaction of Structure and Network Strength in the Rio Grande Valley, Texas

The 1996 welfare reform act created 50 state “workfare” systems. This study analyzes the impacts of reform on the survival strategies of single-female headed families in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The findings indicate that variation in outcomes results from the interaction of structural conditions with private network strength and that access to state support services is determined less by need than by the political-organizational goals of workfare states. The findings suggest that studies of welfare reform incorporate analyses of workfare state policies and practices into explanations of how reform affects household survival strategies and well-being.
Tillage effects on near-surface soil hydraulic properties

The processes for the formation of porosity are thought to differ between tilled and non-tilled cropping systems. The pores are created primarily by the tillage tool in the tilled systems and by biological processes in non-tilled systems. Because of the different methods of pore formation, the pore size distribution, pore continuity and hydraulic conductivity functions would be expected to differ among tillage systems. The objective of this study was to determine effects of three tillage systems — mold-board plow (MP), chisel plow (CP), and no-till (NT) — on hydraulic properties of soils from eight long-term tillage and rotation experiments. Tillage effects on saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, pore size distribution, and moisture retention characteristics were more apparent for soils with a continuous corn (CC) rotation than for either a corn-soybean (CS) rotation or a corn-oats-alfalfa (COA) rotation. Pore size distributions were similar among tillage systems for each soil except for three soils with a CC rotation. The MP system increased volume of pores >150 μm radius by 23% to 91% compared with the NT system on two of the soils, but the NT system increased the volume of the same radius pore by 50% on one other soil. The NT system had 30 to 180% greater saturated hydraulic conductivity than either the CP or MP systems. The NT system with a CC rotation showed a greater slope of the log unsaturated hydraulic conductivity; log volumetric water content relationship on two of the soils indicating greater water movement through a few relatively large pores for this system than for either the CP or MP systems.
Decline of PCB concentrations in North Atlantic surface water

POLYCHLOROBIPHENYL (PCB) concentrations in North Atlantic surface waters have declined fortyfold since 1972, following the cessation of certain industrial uses of those compounds. Industrial sales of PCB for use in products which would allow leakage to the environment, for example in plastics, inks and paints were stopped in the United States and Sweden during 1970–711; and in 1972–73 other European countries and Japan initiated a similar action2. In 1971 and 1972 average surface concentrations of PCB in the open North Atlantic Ocean were about 30 ng l−1 (ref. 3 and C. E. Olney and J. J. Quinn, unpublished). By April of 1973 the concentration in the Sargasso Sea had been reduced to 1 ng l−1 (ref. 4); five months later we found that the decline had levelled at 0.8 ng l−1, a concentration which was still present in February 1974 in the north-west Atlantic. The accumulated data are presented in Table 1. These observations revealing a reduction in surface water concentrations of PCB compare well with our February 1974 measurements of a tenfold decrease of PCB in the atmosphere over the north-west Atlantic since 1973 (ref. 5), and a fivefold decrease since 1972 in the PCB content of mixed plankton collected along 09°N latitude in September of 1973 (ref. 6).
Tandem addition reactions of dialkoxyanthracenes with C60. Thermal vs. electrochemical stability of Diels–Alder adducts

In order to improve the ability to follow the events occurring in retro-cyclopropanation reactions, new methanofullerenes that incorporate fluorescent anthracene malonates were prepared using the Bingel cyclopropanation reaction. Since anthracene groups undergo thermal [4 + 2] cycloadditions with the [6,6] bonds of C60, the formation of the corresponding side products, along with the Bingel adducts, was confirmed by 1H NMR, HPLC, and cyclic voltammetric studies. When the anthracene malonates were reacted with C60 following a Diels–Alder protocol, the corresponding monoadducts were obtained. The mono-Diels–Alder derivative 5 was investigated under controlled potential electrolysis conditions and does not exhibit decomposition when approximately two electrons per C60 derivative were transferred. In contrast, upon heating to temperatures of 50 to 90 °C the monoadducts 5 and 6 decomposed to [60]fullerene and the corresponding anthracenes.
ALL ORIENTABLE 2-MANIFOLDS HAVE FINITELY MANY MINIMAL TRIANGULATIONS

We show that for every orientable 2-manifold there is a finite set of triangulations from which all other triangulations can be generated by sequences of vertex splittings.
Temporal studies of a MWPC at high pressures

Abstract We report on results achieved by recording the waveforms produced by a common multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC). Data were taken using a 90Sr source at pressures between 6 and 43 atm and voltages over a range of gains allowing the current signal to be viewed directly into 50 ω on a Tektronix CSA 803 digital processing oscilloscope. A systematic study was made using an argon methane (90-10) gas mixture. A fastest rise time per amplitude of 40 ps/mV was observed at 22 atm. Faster signals have been observed by mixing a small fraction of freon 13B1 in an argon-methane (90-10) gas mixture, thus limiting the charge transport efficiency to a region near the anode wires. This yielded a rise time per amplitude of ≈5 ps/mV. In this way, average rise times in the raw signals of a few hundred picoseconds have been observed at 20 atm. Time spectra acquired with the use of an external scintillator trigger are also shown.
Anticholinergic central blockade of salt-aroused and deprivation-induced drinking.

Abstract Intracerebral injection of micro quantities of methyl atropine nitrate into chronically implanted cannulae significantly reduced water intake of rats following either subcutaneous injection of hypertonic NaCl solution or following periods of water deprivation. Control injections had no effect. We suggest that a central cholinergic mechanism is operative during both salt-aroused and deprivation-induced drinking behavior.
Spontaneous atherosclerosis in the rabbit.

Microscopic lesions interpreted as representing early atherosclerosis were found in the aortas of most suckling rabbits. This is a period characterized by relatively high plasma lipid levels. In the postweaning period the lesions regressed. Fresh lesions reappeared in a significant number of adult rabbits of both sexes. Correlation with plasma lipid levels in the adult is less conclusive.
ZigZag neighbor discovery in wireless networks

We introduce a new neighbor discovery method called “ZigZag”. We present two versions of ZigZag, namely, deterministic and random. We show a close connection between performance of ZigZag and message passing decoding of low density parity check codes over an erasure channel.
Learning to Teach: Developing Assessment Skills When Program and Placement Are Aligned

This study investigates the development of prospective teachers' observation skills and understanding of assessment in two teacher education programs that integrate information about performance assessment in varying degrees into their preparation and field experiences. Focusing on eight student teachers, we used interview data to investigate the influence of exposure to principles of a curriculum-embedded performance assessment—the Work Sampling System™—through use of a handbook for teacher educators and student teaching placements. We found that when the preparation experiences were supported by placements in which assessment was ongoing and curriculum-embedded, student teachers demonstrated strengths in their assessment skills and understanding. Implications for future research and teacher preparation programs are discussed.
Acute responses to estradiol replacement in the olfactory system of apoE-deficient and wild-type mice

Epidemiological studies suggest that estrogen therapy protects against clinical expression of chronic neurological diseases. These beneficial effects of estrogen therapy are highly modified by apolipoprotein E (apoE) through an unknown mechanism. We examined the short-term effects of estradiol replacement in ovariectomized mice on apoE expression and markers for cell proliferation, reactive gliosis, neuronal maturation, and synaptogenesis in the primary olfactory pathway of wild-type (WT) and apoE knockout (KO) mice. Three days of estradiol replacement increased apoE expression in the olfactory nerve and in the glomerular layer. Estradiol treatment also increased cell proliferation, total cell numbers, number of mature neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and reactive astrocyte numbers in the olfactory bulb (OB) in both WT and KO mice. We also found that estradiol increased glomerular synaptophysin (Syn), but the magnitude of increase was potentiated by the presence of apoE. These data suggest that apoE may be necessary to elicit the complete effect of estradiol on Syn upregualtion.
Epilithic cyanobacterial flora of Mohelenská hadcová steppe Nature Reserve (western Moravia, Czech Republic) 70 years ago and now.

The epilithic cyanobacteria are a much less studied group than those cyanobacteria in aquatic habitats. One of the few studies on these organisms, performed within the Czech Republic, was a very comprehensive one by Novacek (1934) which focused on the epilithic cyanobacterial flora of a serpentinic xerotherm area near Mohelno (western Moravia, Czech Republic). This current paper gives information of the current state of these epilithic cyanobacterial communities, as well as comparisons with the historic data.
Reduction in cold ischemia time of renal allografts in the United States over the last decade.

Abstract A reduction in cold ischemia time (CIT) can be associated with better renal allograft outcomes. However, few published surveys of CIT of deceased donor kidneys transplanted in the United States are available. We therefore surveyed the CIT using the United Network for Organ Sharing data of the last decade. A reduction in CIT was observed during the 10-year period with an overall reduction of 4.8 hour ( n = 75,072; mean ± SD, 24.4 ± 10.9 hour in 1990 vs 19.6 ± 8.4 hour in 2000, P P P P
Comparison of helical and cine acquisitions for 4D-CT imaging with multislice CT

We proposed a data sufficiency condition (DSC) for four-dimensional-CT (4D-CT) imaging on a multislice CT scanner, designed a pitch factor for a helical 4D-CT, and compared the acquisition time, slice sensitivity profile (SSP), effective dose, ability to cope with an irregular breathing cycle, and gating technique (retrospective or prospective) of the helical 4D-CT and the cine 4D-CT on the General Electric (GE) LightSpeed RT (4-slice), Plus (4-slice), Ultra (8-slice) and 16 (16-slice) multislice CT scanners. To satisfy the DSC, a helical or cine 4D-CT acquisition has to collect data at each location for the duration of a breathing cycle plus the duration of data acquisition for an image reconstruction. The conditions for the comparison were 20 cm coverage in the cranial-caudal direction, a 4 s breathing cycle, and half-scan reconstruction. We found that the helical 4D-CT has the advantage of a shorter scan time that is 10% shorter than that of the cine 4D-CT, and the disadvantages of 1.8 times broadening of SSP and requires an additional breathing cycle of scanning to ensure an adequate sampling at the start and end locations. The cine 4D-CT has the advantages of maintaining the same SSP as slice collimation (e.g., 8 x 2.5 mm slice collimation generates 2.5 mm SSP in the cine 4D-CT as opposed to 4.5 mm in the helical 4D-CT) and a lower dose by 4% on the 8- and 16-slice systems, and 8% on the 4-slice system. The advantage of faster scanning in the helical 4D-CT will diminish if a repeat scan at the location of a breathing irregularity becomes necessary. The cine 4D-CT performs better than the helical 4D-CT in the repeat scan because it can scan faster and is more dose efficient.
Integration and optimization of the DUV ALTA pattern generation system using a CAR process with the Tetra photomask etch system

Etec Systems, the Mask Business Group of Applied Materials, is in a unique position within the mask making industry - Etec has the opportunity to integrate individual parts of the overall mask manufacturing process to provide a more complete solution. Here we present the integration of the DUV ALTA laser pattern generator and the Tetra TM photomask etch system with advanced CAR resist processes. Dry etch process effects of flow, overetch, and oxygen content (in a Cl 2 /O 2 /He plasma) are discussed for the baseline POR resist in terms of etch rate, selectivity, etch bias, CD uniformity and micro-loading; the optimized etch process space was then implemented for advanced CAR resists. Iso-dense bias, football pattern loading and other pattern transfer results influencing mask manufactureability are also presented. Within the synthesis and optimization of the pattern generation system, process, and dry etch sub 13 nm range process uniformity has been achieved. The integrated ALTA / Tetra / Advanced-CAR solution set is characterized on both Etec test patterns and customer demonstrations.
Mouse and large-animal toxicology studies of twelve antitumor agents: relevance to starting dose for phase I clinical trials.

Large-animal toxicology is presently used to establish a starting dose for clinical trials with new cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The relevance of dog, monkey, and mouse data for Phase I clinical trials has been retrospectively analyzed with twelve diverse agents (chlorozotocin, maytansine, anguidine, tritylcysteine, piperazinedione, Baker's antifol, thalicarpine, 3-deazauridine, gallium nitrate, cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DDP), 4′-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-manisidide (AMSA), and N-phosphonacetyl-l-aspartic acid (PALA). Schedules studied clinically included a daily x 5 schedule and a single dose schedule (three drugs), a daily x 5 schedule only (three drugs), and a single dose schedule only (six drugs). One-thrid of the toxic dose low (TDL) in the most sensitive large-animal species (dog or monkey), expressed in mg/m2, was a tolerable starting dose in humans in all instances for the schedules employed. The number of dose escalation steps to reach the human maximum tolerated dose (MTD), according to the commonly used Fibonacci dose escalation scheme, varied from 2 to more than 12. Had one-third the LD10 in mice, expressed in mg/m2 been applied, this would also have yielded safe starting dose levels, and would actually have required a lesser number of dose escalations to reach the human MTD. This analysis confirms that mouse data may be quite useful in determining safe starting doses for Phase I trials with anticancer chemotherapeutic agents.
Comparison of fumaric acid production by Rhizopus oryzae using different neutralizing agents.

Fumaric acid fermentation in a 10-L bubble column fermenter using different neutralizing agents [CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, NaHCO3] by Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344 was examined. It was found that in the fermentation using CaCO3 as the neutralizing agent the highest fumaric acid weight yield and volumetric productivity were obtained, 53.4% and 1.03 g/L×h–1 respectively. In the NaHCO3 case, the fumaric acid weight yield and volumetric productivity were 33.7% and 0.69 g/L×h–1, respectively, much lower than the CaCO3 case. However, the NaHCO3 alternative has advantages of cell reuse and simple downstream processing because of the high solubility of sodium fumarate. These advantages may offset the disadvantages of using NaHCO3 as the neutralizing agent, and the overall fumaric acid weight yield and volumetric productivity will increase.
Energy-efficient issue queue design

The out-of-order issue queue (IQ), used in modern superscalar processors is a considerable source of energy dissipation. We consider design alternatives that result in significant reductions in the power dissipation of the IQ (by as much as 75%) through the use of comparators that dissipate energy mainly on a tag match, 0-B encoding of operands to imply the presence of bytes with all zeros and, bitline segmentation. Our results are validated by the execution of SPEC 95 benchmarks on a true hardware level, cycle-by-cycle simulator for a superscalar processor and SPICE measurements for actual layouts of the IQ in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process.
Spatiotemporal activity estimation for multivoxel pattern analysis with rapid event-related designs.

Despite growing interest in multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) methods for fMRI, a major problem remains—that of generating estimates in rapid event-related (ER) designs, where the BOLD responses of temporally adjacent events will overlap. While this problem has been investigated for methods that reduce each event to a single parameter per voxel (Mumford et al., 2012), most of these methods make strong parametric assumptions about the shape of the hemodynamic response, and require exact knowledge of the temporal profile of the underlying neural activity. A second class of methods uses multiple parameters per event (per voxel) to capture temporal information more faithfully. In addition to enabling a more accurate estimate of ER responses, this allows for the extension of the standard classification paradigm into the temporal domain (e.g., Mourao-Miranda et al., 2007). However, existing methods in this class were developed for use with block and slow ER data, and there has not yet been an exploration of how to adapt such methods to data collected using rapid ER designs. Here, we demonstrate that the use of multiple parameters preserves or improves classification accuracy, while additionally providing information on the evolution of class discrimination. Additionally, we explore an alternative to the method of Mourao-Miranda et al. tailored to use in rapid ER designs that yields equivalent classification accuracies, but is better at unmixing responses to temporally adjacent events. The current work paves the way for wider adoption of spatiotemporal classification analyses, and greater use of MVPA with rapid ER designs.
A PDE Perspective of the Normalized Infinity Laplacian

The inhomogeneous normalized infinity Laplace equation was derived from the tug-of-war game in [21] with the positive right-hand-side as a running payoff. The existence, uniqueness and comparison w...
Feminizing adrenal tumor in a six-year-old boy.

A case of feminizing adrenal tumor in a 6-year-old boy is presented. This is the third case reported in the pediatric age group, and the first with associated masculinization. Both estrogens and androgens were elevated. Hormone excretion values returned to normal following removal of the tumor, but death due to metastases occurred 8 years postoperatively
Disability as a Diversity Factor: Implications for Human Resource Practices:

Based on important findings from the four investigations in this special issue, this article discusses strategies that Human Resource Development (HRD) and Human Resource Management (HRM) personnel can use to minimize the unlawful termination of employees with disabilities and thereby preserve the diversity they bring to the workforce. HRD and HRM practitioners are constantly faced with the challenges of managing diversity given the rationale that a diverse workforce is more productive and more representative of the American population (Selden & Selden, 2001). Lack of awareness of the various forms of disability and of diversity management skills—key skills a good HRD practitioner ought to have—often results in conflict and mistrust, all of which can lead to failure to achieve individual, process, and organizational performance goals (Kochan et al., 2002). Diversity management, therefore, must take into consideration the various forms of disability—physical (mobility impairment and chronic illness), senso...
Combined epicardial-endocardial approach to ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia.

A combined epicardial-endocardial approach to ablation of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in a highly symptomatic patient who failed to respond to medical therapy and endocardial ablation is described. The anatomy and physiology of the sinus node is discussed, providing a basis for performing this procedure. This case provides an additional therapeutic option for a condition that often is difficult to manage. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 15, pp. 237-240, February 2004)
Investigation of Attitude Tracking Using an Integrated Inertial and Magnetic Navigation System for Hand-Held Surgical Instruments

Due to the need for accurate navigation in minimally invasive surgery, many methods have been introduced to the operating room for tracking the position and orientation of instruments. This paper considers the subproblem of using integrated inertial and magnetic sensing to track the attitude (orientation) of surgical instruments. In this scenario, it is usually assumed that the sensor is quasi-static and the surrounding magnetic field is steady. For practical hand-held surgical instruments, perturbations exist due to intended and unintended (e.g., tremor) motion and due to distortion of the surrounding magnetic field. We consider the problem of estimating the gravity and magnetic field in the inertial sensor frame with small perturbations. The dynamics of the gravity and magnetic field is studied under perturbations, their relationships to gyroscope measurements are analyzed, and Kalman filters (KFs) are formulated to reduce these perturbations. The estimated gravity and magnetic values (outputs of the KFs) are subsequently used in an extended KF for attitude estimation. In this filter, the prediction model is given by the system dynamics, formulated using quaternions, and the observation model is given by vector analysis of the estimated gravity and magnetic field. Experiments are performed to validate the algorithms under clinically realistic motions. The complete system demonstrates an improvement in the accuracy of the attitude estimate in the presence of small perturbations, and satisfies the specified accuracy requirement of 1°.
Work in progress - Using tablet PCs to strengthen problem-solving skills in an upper-level engineering physics course

We present a description and preliminary results of our use of Tablet PCs to strengthen problem-solving skills in an upper-level course. This design is a modification of well-established steps used to teach increased competency in problem-solving strategies in engineering courses. Novelly, however, these steps are facilitated by the use of Tablet PCs by the students, which allows the instructor to receive real-time formative assessment as the class works through the problem-solving strategy. Used in conjunction with InkSurvey (free, web-based software), students respond to open-format questions posed by the instructor; digital ink allows the responses to include handwriting, diagrams, graphs, equations, etc. The instructor receives the student responses instantaneously and both students and instructor are guided by understandings and misconceptions revealed in these responses. Preliminary results indicate that this method is effective; it could be applied to any advanced STEM course that seeks to improve the problem-solving abilities of the students.