cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The neurotoxicity of DOPAL: behavioral and stereological evidence for its role in Parkinson disease pathogenesis.

Background The etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) has yet to be fully elucidated. We examined the consequences of injections of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), a toxic metabolite of dopamine, into the substantia nigra of rats on motor behavior and neuronal survival. Methods/Principal Findings A total of 800 nl/rat of DOPAL (1 µg/200 nl) was injected stereotaxically into the substantia nigra over three sites while control animals received similar injections of phosphate buffered saline. Rotational behavior of these rats was analyzed, optical density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase was calculated, and unbiased stereological counts of the substantia nigra were made. The rats showed significant rotational asymmetry ipsilateral to the lesion, supporting disruption of dopaminergic nigrostriatal projections. Such disruption was verified since the density of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase decreased significantly (p<0.001) on the side ipsilateral to the DOPAL injections when compared to the non-injected side. Stereological counts of neurons stained for Nissl in pars compacta of the substantia nigra significantly decreased (p<0.001) from control values, while counts of those in pars reticulata were unchanged after DOPAL injections. Counts of neurons immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase also showed a significant (p = 0.032) loss of dopaminergic neurons. In spite of significant loss of dopaminergic neurons, DOPAL injections did not induce significant glial reaction in the substantia nigra. Conclusions The present study provides the first in vivo quantification of substantia nigra pars compacta neuronal loss after injection of the endogenous toxin DOPAL. The results demonstrate that injections of DOPAL selectively kills SN DA neurons, suggests loss of striatal DA terminals, spares non-dopaminergic neurons of the pars reticulata, and triggers a behavioral phenotype (rotational asymmetry) consistent with other PD animal models. This study supports the “catecholaldehyde hypothesis” as an important link for the etiology of sporadic PD.
Value of Exploratory "Scanning" in the Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Ruptured Chordae Tendineae

Echocardiographic diagnosis of rupture of the chordae tendineae to the anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral valve may be difficult to make. Two patients, one with rupture of chordae tendineae to the posterior leaflet and the other with rupture of chordae tendineae to the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve, are reported to illustrate the use of an exploratory "continuous scanning" technique to facilitate and verify the echocardiographic diagnosis of these disorders. The elimination of confusing echocardiograms is emphasized.
Clinical Management of Cluttering

Cluttering is a fluency disorder that often coexists with stuttering but occasionally occurs in pure form. Individuals with cluttering typically manifest rapid or erratic speech rates, reduced inte...
Carpal Aspergillus osteomyelitis: case report and review of the literature

A spergillus osteomyelitis has been described only sparsely in the literature, predominantly in children’, * or in patients with chronic granulomatous disease.‘, 3 The spine is commonly involved.‘* 4 Other reported sites of infection include the tibia,‘v5 humerus,3 and ribs.’ We describe a case of aggressive carpal aspergillus osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent adult farmer after penetrating trauma to the wrist.
The diversity of stacking fault energy determinations and its significance

Abstract Observations have been made in pure Ag and dilute Ag-Zn alloys of the texture developed after 95% and 97.5% rolling reduction, of the X-ray faulting probability, α, and of the size of extended dislocation nodes. Comparison is made between values of the stacking fault energy, γ, inferred from these results and also with published data obtained using the τ 3 technique. The most reliable results are believed to be those obtained with the node technique, which indicate a gradual decrease of γ with increase of solute content in the range 0–9.1 at.% Zn. Poor correlation between this finding and the results of the indirect techniques indicates that they are in some cases unsuitable for accurate determinations of the stacking fault energy. The very fact that poor correlation has been found indicates that the stacking fault energy is not the sole major factor in determining the mechanical properties of f.c.c. alloys. Nevertheless, all the techniques which have been employed are valuable when it is recognised that they are but partly dependent on γ and in addition sample over a wide range of stresses, and under static and dynamic conditions, the effects of dislocation interactions with lattice inhomogeneities. The degree of correlation between the X-ray faulting probability and node data has been examined in some detail, and the different dependencies of α −1 and γ on alloying in the Ag-Zn series indicate that extrapolation of a plot of α −1 normalised at one point to an established value of γ cannot be considered a reliable procedure. However, very similar differences in the variation of α −1 and γ in AgZn, AgIn and AgSn alloys suggest that a general extrapolation procedure may be devised to permit the determination of reasonable values of γ from measurements of α.
The Father–Daughter Relationship and Intimacy in the Marriages of Daughters of Divorce

This article examines how being the daughter of divorce affects one's marital relationship. We examined this issue by studying the role of the father–daughter relationship in a sample of 90 women, all of whom were currently married and had parents who were divorced, with a Web-based survey. Specifically, this study investigated whether there was a relationship between the strength of these women's relationships with their fathers and the level of commitment, intimacy, and communication in their current marriages. This study produced evidence that the strength of the father–daughter relationship corresponded with current marital intimacy. However, the level of commitment and communication in their own marriages was not linked to the strength of their relationships with their fathers. This study has important implications regarding the work clinicians do to protect and strengthen the father–daughter relationship when working with families who have experienced parental divorce.
Iontophoretically applied dopamine depolarizes and hyperpolarizes the membrane of cat caudate neurons

Dopamine (DA) was applied iontophoretically on intracellularly recorded cat caudate neurons. Ejected approximately 100 micrometers away from the cell soma, it caused slow depolarizations of the membrane while the ongoing firing rate was reduced. This last effect was not due to sodium inactivation. Cortically evoked EPSP-IPSP sequences were inhibited during the depolarizations. The latency of cortically evoked action potentials was consistently increased during DA-ejections. These effects were blocked by fluphenazine, relatively selective blocker of the DA-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Nevertheless, there are serious doubts as to the specificity of these actions of DA as a number of other substances like naloxone, nicotine, acetylcholine or glutamate-diethylester occasionally had very similar effects on membrane potential, firing rate and cortically evoked EPSP-IPSP sequences. If DA was applied nearer to the soma, approximately 50 micrometers away, 70% of the recorded neurons continued to display the slow depolarizations above described, while 30% of the cells now reacted by a hyperpolarization accompanied also by a reduced firing rate. If DA was applied for prolonged periods on such cells, the initial hyperpolarization was followed by the slow depolarization. The observation that during the slow depolarization there is a decrease in firing rate and amplitude of the cortically evoked IPSP is explained by the assumption that the region of the axon hillock is hyperpolarized by DA, and that the slow depolarization is a phenomenon restricted to the distant recording site and possibly to the dendritic region. None of the 74 responsive neurons displayed an increased firing fate when DA was ejected either continuously, i.e. for more than 5 sec, or in short pulses of 50--500 msec.
Single void morphological and grain-boundary effects on overall failure in F.C.C. polycrystalline systems

An investigation of how dislocation-density interactions, such as impedance, transmission, and absorption, with grain-boundaries (GBs) affect and control void growth and porosity evolution in F.C.C. aggregates has been conducted. A multiple-slip rate-dependent crystalline constitutive formulation that is coupled to the evolution of mobile and immobile dislocation-densities, a new internal porosity formulation for microvoid nucleation and growth, and specialized computational schemes have been developed to understand and quantify the interrelated effects of GB orientation, mobile and immobile dislocation-density evolution, and dislocation-density transmission and blockage on microvoid nucleation and growth. The effects of GB structure and orientation on ductile failure have been accounted for by the development of GB interfacial kinematic conditions that account for dislocation-density interactions with GBs, such as full and partial transmission, impedance, blockage, and absorption. Pile-ups and transmission regions are identified and monitored as the deformation and failure evolves. It is shown that mobile dislocation-density saturation, void size and shape, and dislocation-density interactions within the grains and the GBs are the interrelated triggering mechanisms that lead to porosity nucleation, growth, and localization.
Party competition in emerging democracies: representation and effectiveness in post-communism and beyond

Competition among political parties is subject to two demands: representation and effectiveness. This poses a dilemma for democratization, as the political opening creates pressures for the representation of long-suppressed voices, but the strain of socio-economic transformation engenders pressures for greater effectiveness in building market economies and democratic polities. How do new democracies cope with this dilemma? This article extends the author's previously published work on party-system institutionalization by focusing explicitly on this problem, including on how electoral reforms affect the distinct pulls of representation and effectiveness. Based on data from eastern European and former Soviet states compared to western European and Latin American experiences during their initial periods of democratization, the evidence shows that the institutionalization of representation and effectiveness in post-communism is more hazardous. Politics in the post-communist region is characterized by numerous...
A review of fatigue crack growth in high strength aluminum alloys and the relevant metallurgical factors

Abstract The results of 22 different investigations of cyclic crack growth, principally on the 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 alloys, but including results for unalloyed and other 2-, 5-, 6-, and 7-thousand series alloys have been examined and compiled with a view to separating metallurgical effects from other factors. The various crack growth measurements show good agreement when the comparisons involve the same R- value , environment and cyclic frequency. Both the 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 alloy can display widely different rates of growth for the same ΔK- value . The highest growth rates are for tests in humid air, the lowest growth rates for tests in dehydrated air with high cyclic frequencies. These extremes point to a moisture assisted corrosion process capable of producing a 20-fold increase in the growth rate at low ΔK- levels . Crack growth rate- ΔK measurements have also been converted into S-N curves for cracked members. These curves illustrate the influence of flaw size, stress range, R and K c on the cyclic life of the 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 grades. The S-N curves show that the cyclic life of 2024-T3 is about 3 × that of 7075-T6 in laboratory air, about 5 × that of 7075-T6 in humidified air, and 10 × that of 7075-T6 if ΔK is in proportion to the yield strength. Finally, recent studies of the mechanisms of cyclic growth and other observations bearing on the contribution of metallurgical factors are examined. Effects associated with composition, heat treatment, small amounts of cold work, hard particles and inclusions, grain boundaries, the dislocation substracture produced by cyclic straining, and slip offsets are discussed.
Selective recognition of alkyl pyranosides in protic and aprotic solvents.

The design and synthesis of receptors capable of selective, noncovalent recognition of carbohydrates continues to be a signature challenge in bioorganic chemistry. We report a new generation of tripodal receptors incorporating three pyridine (compound 2) or quinoline (compound 3) rings around a central cyclohexane core for use in molecular recognition of monosaccharides in apolar and polar protic solvents. These tripodal receptors were investigated using 1H NMR, UV, and fluorescence titrations in order to determine their binding abilities toward a set of octyl glycosides. Receptor 2 displayed the highest binding affinity reported to date for noncovalent 1:1 binding of an α-glucopyranoside in chloroform (Ka = 212 000 ± 27 000 M−1) and an approximately 8-fold selectivity for the α anomer over the β anomer of the glucopyranoside. Most importantly, 2 retained its micromolar range of affinities toward monosaccharides in a polar and highly competitive solvent (methanol). The quinoline variant 3 also displayed m...
The Successful Treatment of Pain Associated with Scar Tissue Using Acupuncture

In this case report, a 48-year-old female who had suffered severe scar pain for 3 months was treated with acupuncture using the Wei Ci technique (surrounding the dragon). Scar tissue usually forms after deep trauma, such as piercings, burns, and surgery, to the dermis. In Chinese Medicine, scar tissue causes local Qi and blood stagnation which lead to pain. The Wei Ci technique (surrounding the dragon) and distal points Hegu-LI-4, Taichong-LIV-3, Zusanli-ST-36 were used. The patient received a total of eight treatments in 5 weeks. The scar pain decreased from 7 to 1 or 2 on a Likert scale of 0-10, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain. Acupuncture may have a good short-term pain-relieving effect on scar pain but its long-term scar-pain-relieving effects are still unclear.
Comparison of body fat estimates using 3D digital laser scans, direct manual anthropometry, and DXA in men†‡§¶

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of utilizing three dimensional whole body laser surface scanning (3DS) to obtain specific anthropometric measurements to estimate percent body fat (BF). Methods: Percent BF estimates from 37 male volunteers, of age 18–62 yr, were determined by inputting manual anthropometric (MA) and 3DS anthropometric measurements into the current Army BF prediction equation for males. The results were compared with each other and to BF values from Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), employed as a reference method. Results: Mean percent BF estimates (±SD) derived from MA, 3DS and from DXA were 18.4(±3.8), 18.8(±3.9), and 18.9(±4.7), respectively. Analysis of Variance tests revealed no statistical difference between the mean values. Correlation analysis comparing MA and 3DS derived percent BF estimates to each other and to those measured by DXA revealed moderate to strong Pearson correlation coefficients (r), small to moderate standard errors of the estimate (SEE), and were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Correlation coefficients and SEE results for this sample were: (1) DXA vs 3DS; r = 0.74, SEE = 3.2, (2) MA vs DXA; r = 0.82, SEE = 2.8, and (3) MA vs 3DS; r = 0.96, SEE = 1.0. Lin's concordance analysis, including Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LOA), revealed statistically significant measurement agreement among the three measurement modalities (p < 0.05). The application of 3DS scanning to estimate percent BF from commonly used anthropometric measurements are in close agreement with BF estimates derived from analogous MA measurements and from DXA scanning. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:695-701, 2010. Published 2010Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Serum transferrin phenotypes in striped bass,Morone saxatilis, from the Hudson River

Three transferrin phenotypes observed in the serum of striped bass,Morone saxatilis, are described genetically as representing two alleles at a single locus. The distribution of the phenotypes Tf A, Tf B and Tf AB did not differ significantly among samples collected from the Hudson River, suggesting that all fish sampled were of one homogeneous population.
Feminism and Evolutionary Psychology: Allies, Adversaries, or Both? An Introduction to a Special Issue

This special issue on feminism and evolutionary psychology addresses current theory and research from feminist and evolutionary psychologists, focusing on gender differences in mate selection as conceptualized by Sexual Strategies Theory. This introduction begins with feminist critiques of evolutionary psychology as well as attempts by Darwinian feminists to integrate the two. It then reviews the papers, which generally fit into one of three lines of research. One group of papers critiques evolutionary psychology claims and presents research to support alternative theoretical explanations. A second group uses evolutionary psychology to support research on gender differences in alignment with Sexual Strategies Theory. A third group utilizes theory and empirical research to integrate evolutionary psychology and feminist theories. The introduction concludes with a call for furthering our understanding of the relationship between these theories.
Plasma membrane specializations in a trypanosomatid flagellate.

A spiralling cytoskeleton of microtubules closely underlies the plasma membrane of the trypanosomatid Leptomonas collosoma . Links between the membrane and the microtubules can be seen in thin sections of whole cells and in negatively stained isolated membrane-microtubule complexes. Freeze-fracture images of the membrane reveal occasional rows of intramembrane particles on the PF face aligned with the microtubules, but the majority of particles on the cell body are randomly distributed. Organized particles are also found on a membrane fold of the flagellar pocket with which microtubules are closely associated. The basal region of the flagellum possesses a modified flagellar necklace on the PF face and, in the same area, aggregates of large particles that cleave with the EF face and are aligned with flagellar projections. Where the flagellum emerges from the pocket, its membrane contains a patch of particles corresponding to the desmosome between the flagellum and the lip of the pocket. The density and size of the intramembrane particles are different for the body, pocket, and flagellar membrane regions.
124 INCREASED SENSITIVITY OF THE IMMATURE MYOCARDIUM TO ETHANOL

When fed ethanol (Et) from hatch turkeys develop altered Ca++ flux of the isolated cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and depressed LV shortening fraction (SF). This study was done to investigate the effect in turkeys of a modest intake of Et (2½%) on SR Ca++ flux and SF when given for the 1st 28 d of life compared to control (C) fed water. Similar studies were also done at 56 d comparing results of birds fed 2½% Et for 56 d, for the 1st 28 d only, and for the 2nd 28 d and 56 d C. Ingestion of Et for the 1st 28 d of life results in altered SR Ca++ flux and decreased SF which is not enhanced by Et for 56 d. Persistence of altered SR Ca++ flux is observed at 56 d despite abstinence from Et for 28 d. Et(2½%) intake after 28 d of life does not affect SF or SR Ca++ flux.
Alarm Calls of Marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi) to Snakes and Perched Raptors

Communication about the presence of predators is an important benefit of group living. Critical information about the nature of danger can be conveyed through referential alarm calls. Raptors pose a significant predatory threat to callitrichid species. Unlike a raptor in flight, a perched raptor cannot attack suddenly at great speed, and it can be monitored from a safe distance. In this sense a perched bird may pose a threat more similar to that of a terrestrial predator such as a snake. Here we compare predatory contexts by addressing these two questions: 1) Do marmosets produce acoustically distinct alarm calls to snake models and perched raptor models? 2) Do the visual responses of the marmosets to the playbacks of perched raptor–elicited calls differ from those given to the playbacks of calls given in response to snakes? We recorded alarm calls from two groups of outdoor-housed Geoffroy’s marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi) in response to predator models. Later, we played back stimuli created from these recordings to the marmosets and scored their gaze direction. Results show that calls given to models of perched raptors are acoustically distinct from those given to models of snakes. Further, the relative number of upward to downward looks while listening to the playbacks of perched raptor–elicited calls was significantly greater than it was for snake-elicited calls. Reactions to airborne raptors are known to elicit freezing or rapid flight, neither of which occurred in response to our playbacks. Our data suggest a greater complexity in the alarm call repertoire of marmosets than previously demonstrated.
Conditioned taste aversion in anesthetized rats: A reply to Buresova and Bures

In their comment on the paper by B. M. Rabin and J. S. Rabin (1984), Buresova and Bures (1986) suggest that the reported controversy concerning whether or not an LiCIinducedtaste aversion can be acquired by anesthetized rats is more apparent than real. On the basis of the additional information included in their note, indicating that the rats in their Experiment 1 were anesthetized immediately after drinking the CS and maintained under anesthesia while receiving the LiCI injection, we would certainly concur with that conclusion. However, nowhere in the original description of their Experiment 1 do Buresova and Bures (1977) indicate that their rats were anesthetized when the LiCI was administered. Rather, they simply state that the rats were maintained under anesthesia for the 5-h CS-US interval, a procedure similar to that used by Rozin and Ree (1972). The manner in which Buresova and Bures (1977) described their procedure, particularly when combined with the procedural diagram presented in their Figure I, suggests that the LiCI was not administered until the rats had recovered from the anesthetic. This interpretation is strengthened by the fact that in their discussion of the results they refer to the results reported by Rozin and Ree (1972), who administered both CS and US to awake animals, but fail to mention any similarity between their results and those obtained by Roll and Smith (1972). As a result, we did not cite Buresova and Bures's Experiment 1 because, given the description, it did not appear to be relevant. Similarly, we chose to reference only the papers that
Characterization of inductance probe for gauge block measurement by Fizeau interferometer

ABSTRACT Inductance probes are widely used in gauge block comparators. They have to be calibrated by interferometer to fulfillthe traceability. To avoid the nonlinearity of interferometer within one interference fringe, a combination of digital andanalog servo driving device with integer number of fringe orders of Fizeau interferometer is used to provide themovement for probe calibration. The standard deviation of positioning repeatability of the driving device is about 1 nm.Calibration is performed with double probe arrangement to simulate the actual condition of probes used in gauge blockcomparators. Typical sensitivity of probes is about 0.31412 V/jim with standard deviation of 0.087% while nonlinearityis about 9 nm over measuring range of 10 jim. A 0.33% difference of sensitivity is observed if single probe isarranged in the calibration.Keywords: inductance probe, calibration, Fizeau interferometer, sensitivity, nonlinearity 1. INTRODUCTION Gauge blocks are the most precise and practical material used to disseminate the unit of length, the metre, to industryvia gauge block comparators. Inductance probes are the key components of a gauge block comparator, whose linearityand sensitivity directly influence the result of gauge blocks calibration. It is necessary to carry out calibration of theinductance probes periodically to ensure the accuracy of probes. This paper describes an inductance probe calibrationsystem equipped with Fizeau interferometer [1,2,3] for this purpose. The vertical measuring range of the system is 2.5
Efficient structural components using porous metals

Porous metals can now be produced by a variety of techniques. After reviewing the available processes we describe the potential for their use in efficient structural components, including honeycomb beams, sandwich panels and cylindrical shells with porous cores.
Inhibition of lipid peroxide formation by vertebrate blood serum.

Abstract Lipid peroxide formation in incubated rat brain homogenates was inhibited by all vertebrate blood sera tested. Rat and chicken sera contained both dialyzable and non-dialyzable inhibitors, whereas turtle, frog, and fish sera had only nondialyzable inhibitors. Chicken, turtle, and frog sera had two electrophoretically different inhibitors; rat and fish sera had only a single one. The inhibitor in rat was associated with an iron-binding protein believed to be siderophilin, and the mechanism of its action was chelation. The inhibitors of the other sera also seemed to be associated with the iron-binding proteins. More information on these proteins in the lower vertebrates is needed before the mechanism of action of these inhibitors can be established as conclusively as in the rat. The significance of these findings with respect to understanding the differences in radiation sensitivity of tissue antioxidant activity was discussed.
The Centrality of Problem‐Solving

The aim of this paper is to provide the beginnings of a theory of justification. This theory is an alternative to the two currently available and unsatisfactory options: foundationalism and coherentism. Both of these theories, as well as the decisive sceptical objections to them, are committed to the assumption that there is only one context of justification and only one standard of justification. This assumption is mistaken. There are two contexts of justification, each with a standard peculiar to it. The consequence of this is the need for a radical reorientation in epistemology.
Hybrid QM/MM and DFT Investigations of the Catalytic Mechanism and Inhibition of the Dinuclear Zinc Metallo-β-Lactamase CcrA from Bacteroides fragilis

Based on hybrid QM/MM molecular dynamics simulation and density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations, we investigate the mechanistic and energetic features of the catalytic action of dizinc metallo-beta-lactamase CcrA from Bacteroides fragilis. The 200 ps QM/MM simulation of the CcrA enzyme in complex with nitrocefin shows that the substrate beta-lactam moiety is directed toward the active site dizinc center through the interactions of aminocarbonyl and carboxylate groups with the two active site zinc ions and the two conserved residues, Lys167 and Asn176. From the determination of the potential energy profile of a relevant enzymatic reaction model, it is found that the nucleophilic displacement reaction step proceeds with a low-barrier height, leading to the formation of an energetically favored reaction intermediate. The results also show that the high catalytic activity of the CcrA enzyme stems from a simultaneous operation of three catalytic components: activation of the bridging hydroxide nucleophile by zinc-coordinated Asp86; polarization of the substrate aminocarbonyl group by the first zinc ion; stabilization of the negative charge developed on the departing amide nitrogen by the second zinc ion. Consistent with the previous experimental finding that the proton-transfer reaction step is rate-limiting, the activation energy of the second step is found to be 1.6 kcal/mol higher than that of the first step. Finally, through an examination of the structural and energetic features of binding of a thiazolidinecarboxylic acid inhibitor to the active site dizinc center, a two-step inhibition mechanism involving a protonation-induced ligand exchange reaction is proposed for the inhibitory action of a tight-binding inhibitor possessing a thiol group.
Particle radiography and autoactivation

Abstract Two new techniques are being developed using accelerated heavy-ion beams that will allow better localization of deep-seated tumors and diagnostic imaging adjustment of therapy beams. Both depend on the unique physical characteristics of the interaction of heavy particles with matter. Heavy-ion radiography uses monoenergetic particle beams for imaging the distribution of electron densities in tissue with very high sensitivity for small density differences. It is based on the exact range-energy relationship of heavy particles. Images are obtained of the pattern of stopping heavy ions in a stack of plastic nuclear detector foils. Differences as small as 0.2% in tissue stopping power have been detected and measured. Work is in progress on computerized tomography. 260 MeV/nucleon carbon ions give considerably better depth and lateral resolution than protons or helium ions at low doses. When ordinary heavy-ion beams pass through matter, some of the particles become radioactive and form an “autoradioactive” component of the beam. Following deposition of the radioactive particles, γ-ray coincidence techniques have been used to measure the depth penetration of the beam in tissue. Work is in progress on a special γ-ray camera to image the distribution of beam stopping regions; since measurements are made between beam pulses, this technique can be used to alter by feedback methods the range penetration of the therapy beams. 11 6 C, 15 8 O and 19 20 Ne isotopes have been used. In the future, it may be feasible to use pure radioactive heavy-ion beams for therapy with simultaneous imaging of the therapy distribution.
Reactions of calix[4]arenes with 1,3-dibromopropane and 1,5-dibromopentane. Identification of products using 1D and 2D NMR techniques, and X-ray crystallography

Abstract Attempts to bridge a calix[4]arene with a three-carbon bridge using 1,3-dibromopropane and NaH/DMF led to elimination reactions. Using K2CO3/CH3CN, three new calixarenes were obtained: a biscalixarene (8), a novel bridged calixarene (9), and a partial cone calixarene (10). Attempts to bridge a calix[4]arene with a five-carbon bridge using 1,5-dibromopentane and K2CO3/CH3CN led to a (known) biscalixarene (12) and a novel monobridged calixarene (13). To characterize the new calixarenes, a variety of 1D and 2D NMR techniques, mass spectrometry, and in some cases X-ray crystallography were used.
Personal Satisfaction as a Criterion for Evaluating Group Success

Results of combined data for six encounter groups (containing a total of 37 male and 25 female college students) suggested no significant relationship between personal satisfaction and peers' evaluations of interpersonal effectiveness. Within individual groups, however, significant relationships did occur, suggesting that intra-group differences were more powerful than the over-all relationship between the two variables. Implications for group research were discussed.
Increased von Willebrand factor antigen in the plasma of patients with vasculitis

The plasma concentrations of von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) were determined in 101 patients who had the following diagnoses: vasculitis 8 patients, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 51, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 28, asthma 7, hereditary angioedema 7. The greatest mean concentration of vWF:Ag, 469% (normal 100% +/- 50), was observed in patients with vasculitis, often without elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The mean concentration of vWF:Ag was also increased in both SLE (277%) and RA (194%). Twenty-four patients (15 with SLE, 6 with vasculitis, 3 with RA) had vWF:Ag concentrations greater than 300%. Four of these patients died within 1 year of the date of the study. Of the 15 SLE patients, 9 had vasculitis and 2 had active glomerulonephritis. The 3 RA patients had severe disease associated with extraarticular manifestations. Elevated vWF:Ag may reflect vascular damage, while markedly elevated levels of vWF:Ag appear to indicate a poor prognosis.
Embedded method of optoelectronics education in electrical engineering curriculums

Modern electrical engineering students need to learn about any new emerging field that directly impacts and is important to the profession. The development of the low-loss fibers, the miniature laser/detector systems, the photonic switches, the nonlinear optical devices, the optical signal processing, etc., have created the need to incorporate this special new knowledge into electrical engineering curriculum. however, the curriculum is restricted to a specific number of credit hours and, in most cases, it is impossible to add new courses unless other courses, which may be important, are deleted. To alleviate this problem, some 15 years ago Professor Seely and the author proposed the embedded method as a solution to the problem. This method is flexible, can be adopted at any level of instruction, can be incorporated in any field within the electrical engineering discipline, is easily implemented, and can also be adopted by any other field outside engineering which needs such a modification.
Metallization of biologically inspired silica nanotubes

Abstract The desire and need for various types of nanostructures have been met with challenges of feasibility, reproducibility, and long fabrication time. To work towards improved bottom-up methods of nanofabrication, we use bacterial flagella as bio-templates for fabricating silica-mineralized nanotubes, which are ideal for the formation of metal nanoparticles or metal oxide nanoparticles. In this study, we show that silica nanotubes formed from flagella templates can be coated with gold, palladium, and iron oxide nanoparticles under mild aqueous conditions. The process was accomplished through reactions including reductive metallization or oxidative hydrolysis. Morphology and chemical composition were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The results from these studies provide evidence for the complete coating of silica nanotubes with metal nanoparticles using a simple and fast procedure.
An H2-corona theorem on the bidisk for infinitely many functions

We extend the H 2 -corona theorem on the bidisk to infinitely many functions. The main tool is a linear algebra result which simplifies the bookkeeping for estimates of solutions.
MYTHS AND FACTS ABOUT LYME DISEASE

Lyme disease has taken hold in the imagination of the general public and physicians alike. Although the disease is real, the diagnosis is often false. Patients demanding an explanation for feeling out of sorts, and physicians too willing to oblige them with improper use of serologic tests and useless therapies both foster a mythology that conscientious physicians should try to combat. This article debunks the myths and presents the facts.
A note on Halley's method

Abstract Scrutiny of Pickover's representation of Halley's method applied to solving the polynomial equation z∗∗7 = 1 elicits several remarkable features. The nodules are seen to be bilinear conformal mappings of the whole plane which explains the coloration by targets. There are distinguished director nodules that direct the forward orbits out of the chaotic separators to their target basins. There are points of essential complexity where all targets are represented. At sufficiently high root density, separators will web over to form more complex separators.
Ozone Measurements in the Mesosphere and Stratosphere During Two Significant Geophysical Events

Sonde measurement of ozone in mesosphere and stratosphere during two significant geophysical events
Aggressive trichoepithelioma versus keratotic basal cell carcinoma

A 43-year-old white man presented with an infiltrative le-sion on the left nasolabial fold, which had grown slowly over 15 years. There was a history of moderate sun expo-sure. Prior history was negative for cutaneous carcinomas. Family history was negative for trichoepithelioma. Physical examination revealed a patient with a fair complexion, blue eyes, light skin, and light brown hair. There was evidence of severe actinic damage manifested by marked solar elas-tosis of the face. A 1.5 × 1.3 cm infiltrative, depressed, skin-colored plaque, with elevated pearly borders was noted on the left nasolabial fold. There was nodule formation with superficial ulceration in the center of the lesion (Fig. 1). No other skin tumors were present. A punch biopsy showed a deeply infiltrating tumor. Sub-sequently, the tumor was excised by Mohs micrographic surgery in six stages, revealing deep and wide clinically un-detected invasion into the orbicularis oris, zygomaticus minor, and the levator labii superioris muscles. The final size of the defect was 5.0 × 5.0 cm (Fig. 2). Reconstruction was later performed by otolaryngology with satisfactory results. Pathological Study: The tumor was composed of multiple islands of basaloid cells embedded in a dense fibrotic stro-ma. Some islands showed peripheral palisading of their cells (Fig. 3). Other areas contain numerous horn cysts with abrupt and complete keratinization surrounded by basaloid cells (Fig. 4). Areas of calcification and foreign body reac-tion are present secondary to ruptured cysts. Stromal-stro-mal clefting characteristic of trichoepithelioma is seen adjacent to some tumor islands (Fig. 5). The tumor infil-trates into the underlying muscle (Fig. 6). Stromal muco-polysaccharide deposition and stromal-tumor separation as seen in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were not present.
Disseminated Trichosporon asahii Fungemia in a Patient With Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

AbstractNon-Candida yeast have emerged as important causes of disseminated infection in compromised hosts. Invasive trichosporonosis is generally seen in severely immunocompromised patients, especially in neutropenic patients, in stem cell or solid organ transplant recipients, or in patients with un
A quantitative proteomic approach for detecting protein profiles of activated human myeloid dendritic cells.

Abstract Dendritic cells (DC) direct the magnitude, polarity and effector function of the adaptive immune response. DC express toll-like receptors (TLR), antigen capturing and processing machinery, and costimulatory molecules, which facilitate innate sensing and T cell activation. Once activated, DC can efficiently migrate to lymphoid tissue and prime T cell responses. Therefore, DC play an integral role as mediators of the immune response to multiple pathogens. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in DC activation is therefore central in gaining an understanding of host response to infection. Unfortunately, technical constraints have limited system-wide ‘omic’ analysis of human DC subsets collected ex vivo . Here we have applied novel proteomic approaches to human myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) purified from 100 mL of peripheral blood to characterize specific molecular networks of cell activation at the individual patient level, and have successfully quantified over 700 proteins from individual samples containing as little as 200,000 mDCs. The proteomic and network readouts after ex vivo stimulation of mDCs with TLR3 agonists are measured and verified using flow cytometry.
Hydin seek: finding a function in ciliary motility

One of the most surprising discoveries in cell biology in the past 5–10 years is the number of diverse human diseases that result from defects in ciliary assembly and/or motility, so-called ciliopathies (Badano, J.L., N. Mitsuma, P.L. Beales, and N. Katsanis. 2006. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 7:125–148). The results presented by Lechtreck and Witman (see p. 473 of this issue) provide yet another example of how work in the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can reveal important insights into the underlying mechanisms of ciliary assembly/function and the diseases associated with defects in these organelles. By taking advantage of the wide array of experimental approaches C. reinhardtii offers, Lechtreck and Witman determined the precise axonemal location of hydin, a protein that, when mutated, causes hydrocephalus, and defined a unique role for hydin in ciliary motility.
Effects of maternal plane of nutrition and increased dietary selenium in first-parity ewes on inflammatory response in the ovine neonatal gut.

Many areas of the western United States have soils that have increased Se content, and ruminants grazing these rangelands may ingest in- creased quantities of Se. In addition, high-energy diets or increased Se intake may induce gut inflammation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal plane of nutrition and increased dietary Se during gestation on inflammatory responses in neonatal lamb ileal tissue, a major immune organ. Rambouillet ewes (age = 240 ± 17 d; initial BW = 52.1 ± 6.2 kg) were allocated to 4 treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 fac- torial. Factors included Se (adequate Se (ASe, 11.5 µg/ kg of BW) or high Se (HSe, 77.0 µg/kg of BW)) initi- ated at breeding, and nutritional plane (100% (CON) or 140% (HIH) of requirements) initiated at d 40 of ges- tation. Ewes were fed individually from d 40, and lambs were removed at parturition and fed artificial colostrum and milk replacer. Lambs were necropsied at 20 d of age, and ileal tissues were sampled for immunoblotting and real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analyses. The ASe-HIH and HSe-CON treatments had no effect (P = 0.179) on inflammatory signaling com- pared with ASe-CON. However, greater inflammatory signaling was detected in the HSe-HIH group, as shown by increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and chemotaxis IL-8. Consistently, phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, a prima- ry inflammatory signaling mediator, was greater (P < 0.05) in the HSe-HIH group compared with other treat- ments. Consistent with cytokine expression, mast cell density was less in the HSe-CON group than in other treatments. The expression of transforming growth fac- tor β mRNA was greater (P < 0.05) in the HSe-HIH group; consistently, collagen content was increased in the HSe-HIH group compared with the ASe-CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, independently, neither HSe nor HIH had major effects on inflammation, but in combination, these maternal treatments induced an inflammatory response in the neonatal intestine.
Forms of Life: Nature, Culture, and Art in Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship

This article explores the relationship between Goethe's novel Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship and contemporary writings about natural organisms, including Goethe's own botanical studies. The article argues that Goethe's novel should be read as a meditation on the disunity of biological and human form. The defining feature of human as opposed to biological life is the former's dependence on representation, which makes human form both open-ended and malleable. Aesthetic representation achieves in this context a central yet ambiguous role within the economy of human life: While the subject (Wilhelm) is involved in acts of aesthetic self-fashioning, larger social forces (the Tower Society) make use of art to orchestrate their normative interventions. The article ends by situating Goethe's novel in relation to Foucault's lectures on liberalism and biopolitics, arguing that Wilhelm Meister shows what the liberal “art of governing humans” would look like when applied not to populations but to individuals as sel...
STARSIM: an object-oriented simulation model of Space Shuttle ground processing activities

STARSIM (Space Transportation Activities and Resources SIMulation) is an object-oriented, menu-driven, user-friendly, decision support system for simulating and managing Space-Shuttle ground processing activities. The purpose of STARSIM is to permit trade-off studies to be performed for any set of input parameters (e.g., determining the effects on launches per year of adding a bay in the orbiter processing facility). Output is displayed both numerically (for global statistical information, including life-cycle cost estimates) and in Gantt chart form (for visualizing when and where each orbiter vehicle experiences waiting, processing, blocking and maintenance periods, as well as the reasons for blocking). >
Ridge regression:some simulations

An algorithm is given for selacting the biasing paramatar, k, in RIDGE regrassion. By means of simulaction it is shown that the algorithm has the following properties: (i) it produces an aberaged squared error for the regrassion coafficiants that is les than least squares, (ii) the distribuction of squared arrots for the regression coafficiants has a smallar variance than does that for last squares, and (iii) regradless of he signal-to-noiss retio the probability that RIDGE producas a smaller squared error than least squares is greatar than 0.50.
Child Protection in the United States: An Examination of Mandated Reporting of Child Maltreatment

Child protection is one of the key indicators of a society’s health. In the U.S. all states have enacted laws which require certain professionals who regularly come into contact with children to report suspected maltreatment. Passage of these laws has resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of reports of child maltreatment made to U.S. child protective services (CPS), yet this increase has not been systematically studied to determine whether this increase in reports is actually reducing the incidence of child maltreatment. This paper describes and compares the reporting practices of four mandated reporting groups in the U.S. over a 3-year period. Data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Dataset (NCANDS) were analyzed. NCANDS is a national database created by the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) of reports of maltreatment made to child protective services agencies (CPS) in the US. Results indicate that each reporter group has a somewhat unique profile of reports and responses from the child protection agencies to which they report. Significant differences were found related to the type of maltreatment reported and the rate of report substantiation by CPS. While some differences can be easily explained, others require more research and have broad implications for the professional education and training of mandated reporters.
Human exchange techniques for citizen participation in town revitalization

Abstract Citizen participation in design and planning can be regarded as one of the major social movements of the 1970s. Questions such as who should participate, how should they be involved, and when, are significant to designers. This paper illustrates one aspect of the participatory process: environmental awareness and how various human interaction techniques are used in different community settings. Small communities and urban neighbourhoods were selected because they have manageable scales for this type of human activity. Implicit in the examination of various participatory approaches is the recognition of an emerging new role for designers, that of structuring group efforts.