cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A histochemical study of postnatal differentiation of skeletal muscle with reference to functional overload.

Abstract Postnatal differentiation and growth of the fibers comprising the tonic soleus and phasic plantaris muscles, were investigated histochemically in kittens. Compensatory hypertrophy was induced by ablation of the synergistic gastrocnemius muscle. At birth both muscles consist of relatively homogeneous fiber populations as demonstrated by myosin ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activities and glycogen content (PAS method). Differential myosin ATPase activities become evident during the first week (soleus and plantaris), while diversification of fiber types according to SDH and glycogen develop gradually and independently during the first 2 mo of life (plantaris). Compensatory hypertrophy is associated with a substantial enlargement of both dark and light fibers (incubated for myosin ATPase) and, with increases in SDH activity which are most notable in fibers that normally are low in this enzyme. The normal growth associated reduction in the percentage of fibers with high myosin ATPase activity is significantly accelerated in the hypertrophic soleus, while the hypertrophic plantaris, which normally undergoes only a slight reduction in the percentage of such fibers, is unaffected. These results underline the paramount role of the nerve fiber in the process of differentiation but also indicate that functional overload exerts a modifying influence on this process.
Comparative Study on the Growth of Silver Nanoplates on GaAs Substrates by Electron Microscopy, Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction, and Optical Spectroscopy

We have recently developed a simple and efficient approach involving the galvanic reaction between a pure aqueous solution of AgNO3 and GaAs wafers to directly grow high-quality Ag nanoplates with chemical clean surfaces on the GaAs wafers [Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 5845; Small 2007, 3, 1964]. The capability to finely control the dimensions (i.e., size and thickness) of the Ag nanoplates and the time-dependent characterizations have not been explored yet. In this article, time-dependent evolutions of the Ag nanostructures grown on highly doped n-type GaAs wafers through the reactions with AgNO3 solutions, which have concentrations varying in the range of 1−10 M, for different times have been systematically investigated by employing various powerful techniques including electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopy. The results indicate that the sizes of Ag nanoplates can be tuned in the range from tens of nanometers to half a micrometer and their thicknesses can be varied from ∼2...
Mechanism of potential-dependent light absorption changes of lipid bilayer membranes in the presence of cyanine and oxonol dyes.

The mechanism by which the light absorption of cyanine and oxonol dyes changes in response to changes in transmembrane electrical potential has been studied. Trains of membrane potential steps produce changes in the intensity of light passing through glycerylmonooleate (GMO) bilayer lipid membranes (BLM) in the presence of these dyes. The size of the signal-averaged absorbance change for one of the cyanine dyes diS-C2-(5) is ∼10−5. The response time for the absorbance change of all of the dyes was ≦10 μsec. In order for an absorption signal to be observed, the concentration of dye on both sides of the membrane must be different. Since GMO bilayer membranes are permeable to the charged dyes that were studied, the dye concentration asymmetry necessary for the optical signal had to be maintained with a constant dc membrane potential, onto which the trains of potential steps were superimposed. The more hydrophobic dyes were the most permeant. Inclusion of cholesterol in the GMO bilayers decreased the permeance of the positively charged cyanine dyes, but increased the permeance of the negatively charged oxonol dyes. The magnitude and the size of the BLM absorbance change depended on the wavelength of illumination. Comparisons of the wavelength dependence of the BLM spectra with absorption difference spectra obtained with model membrane systems allow us to postulate a mechanism for a BLM absorbance change. For the cyanine and oxonol dyes, the data are consistent with an ON-OFF mechanism where a quantity of dye undergoes a rapid potential-dependent movement between a hydrocarbon-like binding site on the membrane and the aqueous salt solution near the membrane. For some dyes, which readily aggregate on the membrane, part of the absorbance change may possibly be explained by a potential dependent change in the state of aggregation of dye molecules localized on the membrane. Mechanisms involving a potential dependent change in the polarizability of the environment of membrane-localized dye molecules cannot be excluded, but seem unlikely.
Formability of Steel Tubes in Corner Fill Hydroforming

Corner fill is a benchmark test intended to gain knowledge of tube hydroforming and to evaluate hydroforming parameters. The tests are used to compare steel grades, tube thickness and lubricants in tube hydroforming in this paper. The performance of the above variables were assessed by the final corner radius, radial displacement, burst pressure, burst location and thickness variations attained at burst. The formability of the tubes were indicated by the final corner radius and radial displacement attained at burst. The tests were simulated by finite element analysis using the measured coefficients of friction and mechanical parameters of the steel tubes. It was found that the pressure-expansion relations can be accurately predicted. However, burst pressures predicted by forming limit diagram and plastic strain criterion are too low for the AKDQ steel tubes compared to the experimental results. The discrepancy is due to the fact that the burst criteria used are not developed for tube hydroforming in a die where the radial stress and shear deformation can not be neglected. The need of better prediction methods is addressed.© 2006 ASME
Pairs of operators with trivial range intersection

Abstract Let A and B be positive operators on a complex Hilbert space H . The parallel sum A : B of A and B is the strong operator limit (as e ↓ 0) of the net ( A + e )( A + B + 2 e ) −1 ( B + e ). If this net converges in norm, then we say that the pair ( A , B ) is of class UUP . If Range A ⊆ Range( A + B ), then ( A , B ) is a UUP pair. The author has shown that if AB + BA + B 2 ⩾ 0, then Range A ⊆ Range( A + αB ) for all real α with α ⩾ 1 and that if AB + BA ⩾ 0, then Range A ⊆ Range( A + αB ) for all α > 0. In this paper we show that when Range( A ) ∩ Range( B ) = 0, then the condition that Range( A ) + Range( B ) should be closed is equivalent to several other sets of conditions involving the class UUP . We also prove that if T and K are operators on H satisfying Range( T ) ∩ Range( K ) = 0, and if A and B are the positive operators which appear in the polar decompositions of T and K , respectively, then Range( T ) + Range( K ) is closed if and only if A and B have closed ranges and ( A , B ) is UUP .
An optically-pumped proton maser☆

Abstract The nuclear polarization of protons in a Yb-doped yttrium ethyl sulfate crystal is found to invert by simply illuminating the crystal with near-infrared radiation. A nuclear enhancement of −15 is observed at 1.4 K and H = 15 kOe. This novel dynamic polarization effect is apparently caused by optical pumping of the paramagnetic Yb 3+ spin. When the crystal is placed in a high- Q NMR circuit at 60 MHz, maser oscillations are induced by the incident light.
Complications of shoulder dislocation

Dislocations of the shoulder are the most common joint dislocations seen in the emergency department, and complications of shoulder dislocations are more frequent than is generally believed. It is vital that emergency physicians have current knowledge of complications associated with shoulder dislocations because of their important role in recognition and prevention. Delayed recognition of complications can have an impact on the long-term outcome of patients. Prompt recognition and follow-up are essential. Most references address reduction methods rather than recognition of specific complications. Emergency physicians have few opportunities to update their knowledge of complications of shoulder dislocations. This article briefly reviews mechanisms of shoulder dislocation and discusses complications in light of the mechanisms of injury.
A Work-Nonwork Interactive Perspective of Stress and Its Consequences

This paper examines the intersection of work and non-work roles as related to stress, and proposes an integrative framework for understanding the relationships among stressors, stress, and strains in the work and nonwork domains. The sources and consequences of work-nonwork stress are delineated, and directions for future research are identified.
Nonlinear-optical loop mirror demultiplexer using a random birefringence fiber: comparisons between simulations and experiments

A numerical simulation of the switching characteristics of a polarization multiplexed nonlinear-optical loop mirror demultiplexer is presented and compared with experiment. The model assumes that the optical fiber that composes the loop has a randomly varying birefringence, that the signal and the control pulses have the same frequency, and that these pulses are nearly solitons. Factors that affect the shape and the width of the switching window curve are discussed. A phase-dependent modulation of the switching window curve, which is due to incomplete averaging of the light polarization state, is observed both experimentally and numerically. Models in which the randomness is neglected are not able to describe this modulation adequately.
Breastfeeding behaviors and experiences of adolescent mothers.

The purpose was to examine the breastfeeding experiences and related behaviors of adolescent mothers after discharge from the hospital. Descriptive telephone survey with both open- and closed-ended questions. Outcome variables included breastfeeding experiences and infant feeding practices. A convenience sample of mothers (N = 53) ranging in age from 14 to 19 years were interviewed by telephone 5 months to 2 years post-delivery. Over one half (60.3%) of the adolescent mothers breastfed for 2 months or longer (average 3.15 months) only 22.6% breastfed for 6 months or more and 39.6% breastfed for 1 month or less. Friends families and healthcare professionals were supportive of breastfeeding but participants found prenatal and postpartum education about breastfeeding to be limited. Many indicated that they were not plainly informed about the superiority of breast milk and the health advantages of breastfeeding. One mother stated “They just asked if I wanted to bottle or breastfeed and didn’t tell me about the benefits of breastfeeding.” Nurses and physicians who provide care for childbearing women need to promote breastfeeding among adolescents in a better way. Prenatal anticipatory guidance related to the physical aspects of breastfeeding support after adolescent mothers are discharged from the hospital and advocacy for breastfeeding in the school and workplace setting are warranted. Nurses should consider establishing postpartum education programs for breastfeeding adolescents for almost all of the participants in this study expressed the need for more postnatal breastfeeding support as indicated by this representative statement: “I think that it would help you to be able to breastfeed if nurses could phone call you more than just once; my baby latched on good in the hospital; I had trouble later after we went home.” (authors)
Mismatch repair deficiency in hematological malignancies with microsatellite instability.

Mutations in human mismatch repair (MMR) genes are the genetic basis for certain types of solid tumors displaying microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI has also been observed in hematological malignancies, but whether these hematological malignancies are associated with MMR deficiency is still unclear. Using both biochemical and genetic approaches, this study analysed MMR proficiency in 11 cell lines derived from patients with hematological malignancies and demonstrated that six out of seven hematological cancer cell lines with MSI were defective in strand-specific MMR. In vitro complementation experiments, using characterized MMR mutant extracts or purified proteins, showed that these hematological cancer cells were defective in either hMutSα (a heterodimer of hMSH2 and hMSH6) or hMutLα (a heterodimer of hMLH1 and hPMS2). Furthermore, cell lines deficient in hMutSα showed large deletions or point mutations in hMSH2, while those deficient in hMutLα exhibited point mutations in hMLH1 or a lack of expression of hPMS2. From these results, we conclude that, as in solid tumors, hematological malignancies with MSI are also associated with MMR deficiency, and that the cause of MMR deficiency in these cell lines is due to a defective MutSα or MutLα. We also report here, for the first time, that an MSI-positive cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma is proficient in MMR.
The philosophy of chemistry: ten years later

It has been exactly 10 years since the last special issue of Synthese was devoted exclusively to the philosophy of chemistry, which itself marked a first in the field. At that time (in 1997) philosophy of chemistry was still struggling for recognition and it was in no small part the boost in visibility that Synthese provided that helped to found the discipline. A lot has changed in the last 10 years. For one thing, it no longer seems valid to claim that work in the philosophy of chem istry is neglected. As the work of its practitioners has demonstrated the philosophical merits of turning our attention to the special problems of reduction, emergence, laws, supervenience, and explanation as they exist in chemistry, so the reputation of the field has grown. Correspondingly, the venues for work in the philosophy of chemistry have multiplied. There are now not just one but two journals that are specifically devoted to work in the philosophy of chemistry: Foundations of Chemistry1 and Hyle2 (both of which are available both in print and on-line). Several excellent monographs and anthologies have recently been published3 and more are on the way (Scerri, 2006). The International Society for the Philosophy of Chemistry (ISPC) now boasts a mem bership of 145 people from 28 countries and its 10th annual meeting is due to be held in Split, Croatia from August 6th-10th, 2006.4 Philosophers of chemistry no longer have to beg for a place on the biennial program of the Philosophy of Science Associ ation (PSA) either. The prestigious Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science just devoted its first title to work in the philosophy of chemistry (Baird, Scerri, & Mclntyre, 2006). And there are now various small conferences and symposia at colleges and
States on Orthomodular Amalgamations Over Trees

An amalgamation of bounded involution posets over a strictly directed graph is introduced and states on this amalgamation are studied. We introduce conditions under which the amalgamation induces a structure that is of the same type as that of the amalgamated structures. We also study circumstances under which common properties of the state spaces (such as unital, full, and strongly order determining) of the amalgamated structures are inherited by the amalgamation.
Conditional disruption of mouse Klf5 results in defective eyelids with malformed meibomian glands, abnormal cornea and loss of conjunctival goblet cells

Members of the Kruppel-like family of transcription factors regulate diverse developmental processes in various organs. Previously, we have demonstrated the role of Klf4 in the mouse ocular surface. Herein, we determined the role of the structurally related Klf5, using Klf5-conditional null (Klf5CN) mice derived by mating Klf5-LoxP and Le-Cre mice. Klf5 mRNA was detected as early as embryonic day 12 (E12) in the cornea, conjunctiva and eyelids, wherein its expression increased during development. Though the embryonic eye morphogenesis was unaltered in the Klf5CN mice, postnatal maturation was defective, resulting in smaller eyes with swollen eyelids that failed to separate properly. Klf5CN palpebral epidermis was hyperplastic with 7-9 layers of keratinocytes, compared with 2-3 in the wild type (WT). Klf5CN eyelid hair follicles and sebaceous glands were significantly enlarged, and the meibomian glands malformed. Klf5CN lacrimal glands displayed increased vasculature and large number of infiltrating cells. Klf5CN corneas were translucent, thicker with defective epithelial basement membrane and hypercellular stroma. Klf5CN conjunctiva lacked goblet cells, demonstrating that Klf5 is required for conjunctival goblet cell development. The number of Ki67-positive mitotic cells was more than doubled, consistent with the increased number of Klf5CN ocular surface epithelial cells. Co-ablation of Klf4 and Klf5 resulted in a more severe ocular surface phenotype compared with Klf4CN or Klf5CN, demonstrating that Klf4 and Klf5 share few if any, redundant functions. Thus, Klf5CN mice provide a useful model for investigating ocular surface pathologies involving meibomian gland dysfunction, blepharitis, corneal or conjunctival defects.
Comparative activity of seven extended-spectrum cephalosporins against Gram-negative bacilli from blood cultures

One hundred sequential Gram-negative rod isolates from patients with hospital-acquired bloodstream infections were tested against seven new cephalosporins. Duplicate broth microdilution tests indicated superior activity for ceftazidime with 97% of strains susceptible to 16 mg/l. Less in-vitro activity was demonstrated cefotaxime (91% susceptible to 16 mg/l, P = 0.07), latamoxef (moxalactam) (90%, P = 0.04), cefoperazone (90%, P = 0.04), ceftriaxone (87%, P = 0.008), cefmenoxime (80%, P = 0.0001), and ceftizoxime (79%, P less than 0.0001). With the exception of cefoperazone, the newer drugs had mean MICs of less than or equal to 0.6 mg/l against Enterobacteriaceae. Ceftazidime and cefoperazone had highest activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MIC90S of 4 and 16 mg/l, respectively. A comparison of recently published data shows important geographic differences in MIC90 data for the new cephalosporins against specific species.
Parasomnias in childhood

Common childhood parasomnias, including those occurring at sleep onset and during rapid eye movement sleep or non-rapid eye movement sleep and their ontogeny are discussed. The events may be distressing to both the patient and family members. Stereotypic movements characteristic of some parasomnias most likely arise from disinhibition of subcortical central pattern generators. Genetic predisposition, an inherent instability of non-rapid eye movement sleep and underlying sleep disturbances such as obstructive sleep apnea may predispose to the activation of confusional arousals, sleep walking or sleep terrors. Many parasomnias can be recognized by history alone, but some require nocturnal polysomnography for appropriate diagnosis and management. A scheme to distinguish non-rapid eye movement sleep parasomnias from nocturnal seizures is provided. Behavioral therapy has a role in the management of many childhood parasomnias, but evidence based recommendations are as yet unavailable.
Nanoscale water capillary bridges under deeply negative pressure

Abstract Negative Laplace pressure inside water capillary bridges between two bodies contributes to the pull-off adhesion force that can be measured with the atomic force microscope (AFM). We measure the pull-off force between a nanoscale AFM tip and a silicon wafer in air and in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). The difference gives us the capillary force contribution, which yields the pressure drop when divided by the foundation area of the bridge. We show that the pressure can be deeply negative, down to −160 MPa.
Traumatic Bilateral Knee Dislocations, Unilateral Hip Dislocation, and Contralateral Humeral Amputation: A Case Report:

Bilateral traumatic knee dislocations are a rarity. We report a case of bilateral traumatic knee dislocations with concomitant right hip dislocation and complete traumatic amputation of the left, nondominant upper extremity at the level of the proximal one-third of the humerus. Angiograms revealed no evidence of popliteal artery injury. Orthopedic treatment consisted of immediate reduction of the dislocations and urgent revision amputation of the upper extremity. Staged, bilateral knee ligamentous reconstructions were performed on hospital days 24 and 29, respectively. Despite this constellation of devastating injuries, the patient had a satisfactory outcome. In patients with high-energy hip or knee dislocations, the bilateral hips and knees should be carefully examined to check for associated fractures and/or dislocations.
The behavioral control of tardive dyskinesia: Evaluation of three types of feedback

Abstract The effectiveness of binary feedback, self-monitoring, and videotape feedback in suppressing buccolingual movements characteristics of tardive dyskinesia was evaluated. Two psychiatric patients undergoing long-term antipsychotic drug therapy participated in the research. Each experimental phase included trials alone (i.e., only the patient) and discussion (i.e., the patient and another individual). The order of presentation of the three experimental variables differed across clients in each of two single-subject withdrawal designs. Results showed that binary feedback and self-monitoring were associated with marked decreases in buccolingual movements for both clients, and videotape feedback for only one client. Lower rates of buccolingual movements occurred during trials alone relative to discussion trial. Although these results are preliminary in nature, they provide a basis for the development of a behavior therapeutic approach to the treatment of a neurological disorder.
ColE1 replication control circuitry: Sense from antisense

L'etude de la replication de ColE1 a revele un nouveau systeme de regulation. Le controle de la replication type ColE1 differe fondamentalement de la replication des chromosomes superieurs puisqu'une seule initiation par molecule a chaque cycle cellulaire est possible pour le plasmide
Chyloptysis causing plastic bronchitis

Chyloptysis is a rare clinical problem that is associated with conditions affecting lymphatic channels in the thorax. Diagnosis is usually made when the patients present with expectoration of milky-white sputum or of thick tenacious mucus in the shape of smaller bronchi (bronchial cast). Typically the symptoms resolve after coughing up of the bronchial casts. Pleural, mediastinal, pulmonary or lymphatic abnormalities result in chyloptysis. Lymphangiography and detection of lipids (cholesterol or triglycerides) in sputum help to establish the diagnosis. However, lymphangiography may not be positive in all patients. We report 2 patients with chyloptysis and bronchial casts with different etiologies. Abnormal lymphatics were demonstrated in one of our cases, but the second patients lymphangiogram was normal. In this patient we suspect that high venous filling pressures due to congestive heart failure had a causative effect in the setting of compromised lymphatic drainage in the thorax due to a prior history of radiation therapy to the chest for lymphoma.
The uses of mathematics in the social sciences

Abstract Applications of mathematics to the social and behavioral sciences have burgeoned since the Second World War. Classical techniques of analysis have found wide application, particularly in economics; and in recent years applications of combinatorial mathematics have become increasingly common. Methods of analysis that depend upon only ordinal properties of the variables are particularly useful in the social sciences outside economics. Over the past twenty years, the techniques of computer simulation have been developed to complement classical mathematics. Many theories in contemporary cognitive psychology are expressed in the form of computer programs, and are tested by comparing the behavior of the programs with the behavior of human subjects in identical task environments.
Life without gangliosides

Gangliosides are sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids that are present on all plasma cell membranes. Although they represent the major sialoconjugates in the central nervous system, their precise functions remain obscure. We have generated a series of knockout mice with gene disruptions in the ganglioside biosynthetic pathway. Individually these mice lack subsets of gangliosides allowing investigations into their specific functions. By breeding mice to contain multiple mutations in the biosynthetic pathway we have now produced mice without neuronal gangliosides. These mice display an extremely severe phenotype and neuronal pathology highlighting the essential function of gangliosides in the central nervous system.
The Impact of Program Design on Enrollment in State Children's Health Insurance Programs

The success of State Children's Health Insurance Programs (SCHIP) in expanding insurance coverage among low-income children varies considerably across states. Scholars have looked to different program characteristics to explain this variation, but have arrived at disparate conclusions regarding the impact of one of the most significant design choices—the decision to create a new program or to pursue increased child health insurance rates through an expansion of the existing Medicaid program. This study suggests that understanding the impact of programmatic choices requires a more careful consideration of the mechanisms through which these different program designs might influence enrollment than has been offered in previous research. Employing a multilevel governance framework, it suggests that there is a hitherto unexplored indirect impact, where design choices influence administrative behavior, which in turn influences enrollment success in SCHIP programs. It is important to understand the effect of administrative design choices because this is one of the key areas in which states exercise discretion in the implementation of many federal programs.
Min-Max Load Model for Optimizing Machining Fixture Performance

Spherical-tipped locators and clamps are often used for the restraint of castings during machining. For structural rigid castings, contact region deformation and micro-slippage are the predominant modes of workpiece displacement. In turn contact region deformation and micro-slippage are heavily influenced by contact region loading. Maximum loading magnitude has been shown to be a good indicator of workpiece displacement. This paper presents an algorithm which uses the min-max loading criteria as a basis for determining the optimal layout of locators and clamps as well as clamp actuation intensifies. The experimentation used for model validation is also discussed along with experimental results
The Pathway of Us11-Dependent Degradation of Mhc Class I Heavy Chains Involves a Ubiquitin-Conjugated Intermediate

The human cytomegalovirus protein, US11, initiates the destruction of MHC class I heavy chains by targeting them for dislocation from the ER to the cytosol and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. We report the development of a permeabilized cell system that recapitulates US11-dependent degradation of class I heavy chains. We have used this system, in combination with experiments in intact cells, to identify and order intermediates in the US11-dependent degradation pathway. We find that heavy chains are ubiquitinated before they are degraded. Ubiquitination of the cytosolic tail of heavy chain is not required for its dislocation and degradation, suggesting that ubiquitination occurs after at least part of the heavy chain has been dislocated from the ER. Thus, ubiquitination of the heavy chain does not appear to be the signal to start dislocation. Ubiquitinated heavy chains are associated with membrane fractions, suggesting that ubiquitination occurs while the heavy chain is still bound to the ER membrane. Our results support a model in which US11 co-opts the quality control process by which the cell destroys misfolded ER proteins in order to specifically degrade MHC class I heavy chains.
Fuzzy Control of a Tensegrity Based Morphing UAV Wing

This paper investigates the behavior of a four section spar structure to evaluate the possible advancements in biomimetics made by utilizing tensegrity structures. A SimMechanics model was constructed to study the behavior of the proposed design. It is observed in four separate configurations to see if it can support its own weight. Dynamic responses to a small shock load are also measured. A fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is developed to allow the spar to alter its configuration and maintain stable flight under varied angles of attack, sideslip, and velocities by altering the sweep angle
Geosmin, an Earthy-Smelling Substance Isolated from Actinomycetes

Geosmin, an earthy-smelling substance, has been isolated from several actinomycetes. Production of 1 mg per liter of whole broth was obtained from Streptomyces griseus LP-16. After preliminary separations, pure geosmin was isolated in milligram amounts by gas chromatography. Geosmin is a neutral oil, with an approximate boiling point of 270 C, which contains carbon and hydrogen, but no nitrogen. It undergoes a reaction with acid to give odorless argosmin, a neutral oil, with an approximate boiling point of 230 C, which contains only carbon and hydrogen. Specific rotation and ultraviolet- and infrared-absorbtion spectra were determined for both.
Sex and Gender and the Impaired Therapist

A brief review of the problem of impaired therapists is followed by a more comprehensive review of sexual relationships arising in and following psychotherapy. The prevalence of this latter problem is approximately 10%. Offenders are predominantly male, one half are said to be “ruthless” and “exploitative”, whilst the remainder are often “lovesick”. The author relates these phenomena to processes of repudiation of the relational/feminine self of the highly masculinised clinician. Characteristics of offenders and consequences for patients are presented and issues of detection, sanctions, legislation, and prevention are addressed. Studies suggest that the vast majority of patients are harmed by the experience and that neither improved training, licensing, personal therapy, nor supervision of therapists will guarantee against its occurrence.
FTA analysis for river-traversing oil pipeline

The particularity of river-traversing oil pipeline in the process of design, construction and maintenance is always ignored in the integrity assessment of the total pipeline. The pipeline tends to be wrecked, eroded or misoperated by the third party. Once the pipeline is naked or half-hanged, it can be easily dragged by anchors or impact by river current. While the whorl-aroused vibration caused by the over-permitted stride of the hanging pipeline can finally leads to the failure. The special FTA model is established, in which the failure probability, the probability and the danger importance degree of the basic event are calculated. Analyzing the failure model of the leaked or ruptured traversing pipeline in qualitative and quantitative pattern, 22 minimal cut sets of 1st rank, one of 2nd rank and 39 of 3rd rank are acquired The calculation shows that: the total failure probability of the traversing pipeline is 3.791 55 × 10-3. The influence factors can be sorted with danger level from high to low as follow: bareness or hanging, wrecking by the third party, misoperation, erosion and defects. Since the FTA analyzing results of the traversing pipeline and common pipeline are sharply different, the traversing pipeline should be assessed individually in the integrity assessment of pipeline corporations.
A comparison of the acute neuroactive effects of dichloromethane, 1,3-dichloropropane, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene on rat flash evoked potentials (FEPs)

Abstract Previous research showed that acute exposure to dichloromethane (DCM) produced a selective reduction in peakN30of flash evoked potentials (FEPs) in rats. In contrast, acute exposures top-xylene or toluene selectively reduced FEP peakN160. The present experiments compared the effects of DCM (logP= 1.25; oil:water partition coefficient), 1,3-dichloropropane (DCP; logP= 2.00), and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB; logP= 3.38) on FEPs recorded from adult Long–Evans rats. Before administration of test compounds, FEPs were recorded for five daily sessions to develop FEP peakN160. Test compounds were dissolved in corn oil and administered ip at doses based on proportions of their LD50 values. The doses were: DCM, 0, 57.5, 115, 230, or 460 mg/kg; DCP, 0, 86, 172, 343, or 686 mg/kg; and DCB, 0, 53, 105, 210, or 420 mg/kg. Testing times after dosing varied among compounds and were based on pilot studies to measure both the times of peak effect and recovery. Each solvent produced significant changes in the latency and amplitude of multiple components of the FEP waveforms. However, the predominant effect of DCM was to reduce the amplitude of peakN30(ED50 = 326.3 mg/kg), that of DCP was to reduce both peaksN30(ED50 = 231.0 mg/kg) andN160(ED50 = 136.8 mg/kg), and that of DCB was to reduce peakN160(ED50 = 151.6 mg/kg). There was no consistent relationship between logPvalues and the potency of the compounds to alter FEP peaksN30andN160. The results suggest that organic solvents have multiple acute effects on the function of the central nervous system, which are not predictable solely by the compound's lipid solubility.
Time trends in the use of anti‐hypertensive medications: results from the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background Previous reports have suggested that new evidence of the comparative effectiveness of different medication classes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) does not always alter treatment decisions for first-line anti-hypertensive therapy. Objectives To evaluate the association of RCT evidence in December 2002 from the Anti-hypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) on use of anti-hypertensive medications in a multi-ethnic cohort. Methods The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) study, a prospective cohort study of 6814 adults from four ethnic groups, had four separate assessments of drug use. Users of anti-hypertensive medications at baseline were excluded. We evaluated temporal changes in the medication class reported by new users of anti-hypertensive medications. Results After the exclusion of anti-hypertensive drug users at baseline, 32% of new users of anti-hypertensive drugs seen at exam 2 were prescribed a diuretic. The publication of ALLHAT was associated with a subsequent increase in the proportion of new users taking diuretics at exam 3 compared with exam 2 (relative risk (RR): 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–1.59). After the report from ALLHAT, the proportion of users of diuretics seen at exam 3 rose to 44% (starting in 2004) and 39% in exam 4 (starting in 2005). This increase in the proportion of diuretic use among new users of anti-hypertensive medications declined slightly but could still be detected at exam 4 as compared to exam 2 (RR: 1.28; 95%CI: 1.04–1.57). Conclusions The randomized trial evidence from the ALLHAT study was temporally associated with a moderate increase in diuretic use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Uptake by Recipient Host Macrophages Is Influenced by Environmental Conditions in the Granuloma of the Infectious Individual and Is Associated with Impaired Production of Interleukin-12 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha

Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from one individual to another usually is associated with episodes of coughing. The bacteria leave the environment of the lung cavity of the infected person and travel in droplets to reach the recipient's respiratory tract. Therefore, at the time that the bacteria encounter alveolar cells (macrophages and epithelial cells) in the new host, they express virulence determinants that are regulated by the environmental conditions in the infected person. To determine if those environmental conditions encountered in the lung cavity (hyperosmolarity, acidic pH, and low oxygen tension, among others) would influence the uptake of M. tuberculosis by the recipient's alveolar macrophages, M. tuberculosis H37Rv was incubated under several conditions for different periods of time, washed at 4°C, and used to infect human monocyte-derived macrophages. While increased osmolarity had no effect on M. tuberculosis uptake compared to the uptake of bacteria grown on 7H10 Middlebrook medium, both acidic pH and anaerobiosis increased the uptake of the H37Rv strain four- to sixfold. Using anti-CD11b receptor blocking antibodies or mannoside to inhibit the uptake of M. tuberculosis by macrophages, we determined that while uptake of M. tuberculosis cultured on 7H10 medium was inhibited 77% ± 6% in the presence of anti-CD11b antibody, the antibody had no effect on the uptake of M. tuberculosis incubated at pH 6.0 and was associated with 27% inhibition of M. tuberculosis previously exposed to anaerobic conditions. The mannose receptor was also not involved with invasion after exposure to acidic conditions, and mannoside resulted in only 32% inhibition of uptake by macrophages of M. tuberculosis exposed to anaerobiosis. Uptake by macrophages also resulted in the secretion of significantly lower amounts of interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha than that by macrophages infected with a strain cultured under laboratory conditions. M. tuberculosis cultured under the pH and oxygen concentration found in the granuloma expresses a large number of proteins that are different from the proteins expressed by bacteria grown under laboratory conditions. The results suggest that M. tuberculosis in vivo may be adapted to gain access to the intracellular environment in a very efficient fashion and may do so by using different receptors from the complement and mannose receptors.
TMJ Disc Removal Comparison between Pre-clinical Studies and Clinical Findings

The debate continues surrounding the use of disc removal (discectomy) as the primary surgical treatment for patients suffering from severe temporomandibular joint disorders. Furthermore, the effectiveness of pre-clinical animal models for predicting the response of the joint to discectomy in humans remains uncertain. This review compares the results of animal models with the most recent clinical findings while also focusing on investigations that use imaging as an assessment tool. After a review of the literature from well-established animal studies to clinical findings, it was found that the results of animal models for discectomy corresponded to the clinical findings seen in patients. Overall, there is adaptive remodeling or degeneration of the TMJ following discectomy. Additionally, there is some reduction in pain but with various amounts of dysfunction remaining following disc removal. Noteworthy, in the most recent clinical studies, imaging was not used as an outcome to assess the success of discectomy at preventing further joint degeneration.
SCHEDULE CONTROL OF THE VOCAL BEHAVIOR OF CEBUS MONKEYS1

The vocal behavior of three Cebus monkeys was maintained by fixed-ratio schedules of response dependent reinforcement at values between fixed-ratio 1 and fixed-ratio 15. In one monkey that was exposed to variable-interval, fixed-interval, and conjunctive fixed-ratio fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement, vocal responding occurred at a low rate, but schedule-appropriate patterns were maintained. The rates and patterns of responding engendered indicated that the vocal operant can be brought under schedule control in the monkey by the use of response-dependent reinforcement.
Heat-ray: combating identity snowball attacks using machinelearning, combinatorial optimization and attack graphs

As computers have become ever more interconnected, the complexity of security configuration has exploded. Management tools have not kept pace, and we show that this has made identity snowball attacks into a critical danger. Identity snowball attacks leverage the users logged in to a first compromised host to launch additional attacks with those users' privileges on other hosts. To combat such attacks, we present Heat-ray, a system that combines machine learning, combinatorial optimization and attack graphs to scalably manage security configuration. Through evaluation on an organization with several hundred thousand users and machines, we show that Heat-ray allows IT administrators to reduce by 96% the number of machines that can be used to launch a large-scale identity snowball attack.
T cells helping GVHD: take-away lessons

Using double cytokine knockout donor CD4 cells, in this issue of Blood , Yi and colleagues help clarify the complex role of IFN-γ and the tissue specificity of Th1, Th17, and Th2 subsets in murine GVHD.[1][1] Murine models investigating the role of functionally defined donor T-cell subsets in
Analytic approach to weak-coupling SU(2) Hamiltonian lattice gauge theory

We discuss a variational Hamiltonian approach to pure lattice SU(2) gauge theory in the weak-coupling limit. Our variational wave function is similar to the perturbative wave function, but differs in that it is mapped from the perturbative manifold R/sub 3/ onto the correct group manifold S/sub 3/. The mapping generates nonperturbative contributions similar to those predicted by the renormalization group. The paper develops the tools required to complete the calculation, but the requisite lattice sums are not performed in this paper.
Trust Assessment Wheel

This exercise is designed to help students identify patterns of trust within their network of work and/or personal relationships. The exercise examines three types of trust (coomunication-based, contractual-based, and competence-based), and is intended to help students gain insight into their own propensity to trust others, as wellas their perception of the trustworthiness of the important people with whom they interact most often. The exercise is a self-assessment tool and may be used with MBA and executive audiences.
Mechanisms of Leukocyte-Mediated No-Reflow and Tissue Injury in the Microcirculation

Even though the number of leukocytes in the circulation, is small compared to red cells, evidence from molecular, biochemical, biophysical, cell biological, microcirculatory, physiological, pharmacological, and epidemiological studies suggests that they may be involved in a range of cardiovascular diseases. This adds a new dimension to the usual view of an inflammatory response by leukocytes, I. e., that leukocytes react to tissue injury like a fireman reacts to a fire after it has been started. Instead, there is the possibility that leukocytes may initiate tissue injury even to innocent bystanders, in such a way that they may in fact be the arsonists. In the following, we will summarize some of the underlying mechanisms that lead to leukocyte-mediated cytotoxicity with special emphasis to cerebra l ischemia. In light of the rapidly increasing body of evidence to support this hypothesis, it is necessary to limit the discussion to the underlying mechanisms and the number of citations. The focus here will be on neutrophils and monocytes at the microvascular level since their role in ischemic conditions is currently best defined. We will discuss first basic biophysical and biochemical properties of leukocytes, their kinetics in the microcirculation, and then explore the current evidence for a leukocyte involvement in acute and chronic cardiovascular complications.
Real Options Applied to Consumer Goods: Maximizing Profits and Fan Welfare

This paper demonstrates that both consumer utility and event organizer profits increase when tournaments played at neutral sites sell tickets via options, which are exercisable only if the desired team reaches a given round of the tournament, and advanced selling; rather than just utilizing an advance selling strategy. This approach yields a separating equilibrium pricing strategy. Through this ticket pricing strategy, the organizer can realize a significant increase in profits as a result of a separating equilibrium. Simultaneously consumer welfare increases as fans know, with certainty, they have tickets to the game if their team makes it. If these options were offered by participants instead of organizer it allows them to smooth their revenues over time.
Smart Grid Vulnerability under Cascade-Based Sequential Line-Switching Attacks

Recently, the sequential attack, where multiple malignant contingencies are launched by attackers sequentially, has revealed power grid vulnerability under cascading failures. This paper systematically analyzes properties and features of N-k cascaded- based sequential line-switching attacks using a DC power flow based cascading failure simulator (DC- CFS). This paper first explains the key factors behind cascade-based attacks, then compares three adopted metrics with an original line-margin metric to compute vulnerability indexes and design sequential attacks. Two target search schemes, i.e., offline and online target search in sequential attacks, are also presented. Simulation results of N-2 to N-4 line-switching attacks have suggested that the proposed line margin metric produces stronger sequential attacks, and online target search is more effective than offline search. Reasons behind counter-intuitive load loss resulting from different metrics are also analyzed to facilitate future study on the risk of sequential attacks.
Flight and Dispersal Behavior of the Black Walnut Curculio, Conotrachelus retentus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The flight and dispersal behavior of the black walnut curculio, Conotrachelus retentus (Say) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was found to be consistent between spring and summer adult populations. Female curculios flew to greater height along the bole of a walnut tree than did the males. Curculios dispersed rapidly within the crown of the black walnut tree in which they were released, but little intertree dispersal was observed.
Symptom outcomes important to women with anal incontinence: a conceptual framework.

Author(s): Sung, Vivian W; Rogers, Rebecca G; Bann, Carla M; Arya, Lily; Barber, Matthew D; Lowder, Jerry; Lukacz, Emily S; Markland, Alayne; Siddiqui, Nazema; Wilmot, Amanda; Meikle, Susan F; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network | Abstract: ObjectiveTo develop a framework that describes the most important symptom outcomes for anal incontinence treatment from the patient perspective.MethodsA conceptual framework was developed by the Pelvic Floor Disorders Network based on four semistructured focus groups and confirmed in two sets of 10 cognitive interviews including women with anal incontinence. We explored: 1) patient-preferred terminology for describing anal incontinence symptoms; 2) patient definitions of treatment "success"; 3) importance of symptoms and outcomes in the framework; and 4) conceptual gaps (defined as outcomes not previously identified as important). Sessions were conducted according to grounded theory transcribed, coded, and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed to identify relevant themes. Content and face validity of the framework were further assessed using cognitive interviews.ResultsThirty-four women participated in focus groups and 20 in cognitive interviews. Overall, 29 (54%) were aged 60 years or older, 42 (78%) were white, and 10 (19%) had a high school degree or less. Two overarching outcome themes were identified: "primary bowel leakage symptoms" and "ancillary bowel symptoms." Subdomains important in primary bowel leakage symptoms included leakage characteristics (symptom frequency, amount of leakage, symptom bother) and conditions when bowel leakage occurs (predictability, awareness, urgency). Subdomains important under ancillary bowel symptoms included emptying disorders (constipation, obstructed defecation, and wiping issues) and discomfort (pain, burning). New outcomes identified included predictability, awareness, wiping issues, and discomfort.ConclusionWomen with anal incontinence desire a wide range of symptom outcomes after treatment. These are captured in our conceptual framework, which can aid clinicians and researchers in assessing anal incontinence. LEVEL OF EVIEDENCE: II.