cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on phase retrieval and phase diversity in astronomy

We review the theory and use of phase retrieval and phase diversity in astronomy. Phase retrieval (PR) uses the image of a star to estimate T, the phase aberration introduced by the atmosphere and the telescope. Phase diversity (PD) is an extension of PR in which changes (diversities) are added to T so that both T and an extended object under observation can be estimated. In 1990, when the Hubble Space Telescope was found to have an optical flaw both PD and PR were used to help scientists determine a prescription to fix the flaw. A more recent use includes fine phasing of the test bed for the James Webb Space Telescope. Proposed uses include exoplanet imaging and sequential diversity imaging, in which sequential changes in the AO are the diversities. The major advantage of these methods is that they need no auxiliary hardware, like a guide star or a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor.
Effects of Expanding or Pelleting upon Feed Digestibility and Heifer Growth

Abstract The effects of processing feed by expanding or pelleting were evaluated. Ration digestibilities and growth of 12 eight-month-old Guernsey heifers when fed rations so processed were compared with the response to a control ration containing nonexpanded grain (50% yellow corn and 50% raw soybeans) and long hay. The digestibilities of nutrients in the complete rations were determined by the chromic oxide method. Digestion coefficients were highest in the expanded and lowest in the pelleted ration. Mineral matter was retained to the greatest extent in the pelleted ration. The effects on growth were studied over an 8-wk period using a randomized block design. Ad libitum daily total dry matter consumption in pounds was: 9.17 of the expanded, 8.66 of the control, and 6.51 of the pelleted ration. Daily weight gain in pounds was: 1.68, 1.47, and 1.19, respectively. Increase in heart girth was greatest in the group fed the expanded grain. Chronic bloating and a significantly lower rumen pH were associated with the feeding of the completely pelleted ration.
Cellular therapy and bioartificial approaches to liver replacement.

Purpose of review The success of liver transplantation has increased over the past 20 years due to improved immunosuppressive medications, surgical technique and donor-recipient selection. To date, the number of patients waiting for a liver transplant exceeds the number of transplants performed yearly by over a 2 : 1 ratio. Despite efforts to expand the donor pool, mortality of patients waiting for a liver remains high due to the shortage of donor organs. Herein, we discuss options for liver replacement that are currently under development. Recent findings Extracorporeal bioactive liver perfusion devices were investigated in the late 1990s and preliminarily demonstrated safety but failed to show clinical efficacy. Current research is ongoing, but the focus has shifted to xenotransplantation of whole organs, organ engineering and cell transplantation. These new modalities are limited to small and large animal studies and each present unique advantages and limitations. Summary Discovery of new sources of organs or cells to replace a damaged liver may be the only long-term solution to provide definitive therapy to all patients who require transplantation. The past 2 years have seen notable achievements in xenotransplantation, tissue engineering and cell transplantation. Though challenges remain, now identified, they may be readily solved.
'Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place': Anti-discrimination Legislation in the Liberal State and the Fate of the Australian Disability Discrimination Act

This article offers a critical analysis of some of the practical implications for disabled people of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992. Specifically, it raises questions about politics and the role of the law as an instrument of social changetaking greater account of the interests of disabled peopleon the one hand, and of the reliance of the social model of disability on a strategy based upon legal rights on the other. The article also suggests that the constraining effects of Australia's constitutional protections of rights and its federal system of government hinder the mildly progressive elements of the Disability Discrimination Act. To illustrate this, the paper employs empirical evidence to suggest that these effects have been exacerbated by the passage of the Human Rights Legislation Amendment Act in 1999.
Beam Phase Lock Using Amplitude Limited Pulse Comparison for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron (ZGS)

Solid state high frequency limiter amplifiers and fast rise time voltage comparators for pulse shaping make zero crossing time a meaningful phase reference. A circuit based on these principles was developed and is in use in the beam phase feedback loop of the ZGS. It has excellent linearity for voltage out vs delay for up to 50° with a phase error of < 8° for the following input condition: input voltage amplitude from 0.1 - 2.0 V and beam bunch rate from 4.4 - 14.0 MHz. A detector is included to insure a zero output reference when there is no beam or when beam levels are below the phase-lock threshold.
A Study of Cerium–Manganese Mixed Oxides for Oxidation Catalysis

Cerium–manganese mixed oxides with compositions of Ce0.5Mn0.5O1.75 and Ce0.8Mn0.2O1.9 were prepared by the citric-acid (Pechini) method and their catalytic properties were compared to CeO2 and Mn2O3. The mixed oxides exhibited higher specific rates than either CeO2 or Mn2O3 for oxidation of both methane and n-butane. While XRD measurements of the mixed oxides suggested that the materials had primarily the fluorite structure, oxygen isotherms, measured by coulometric titration at 973 K, exhibited steps associated with MnO–Mn3O4 and Mn3O4–Mn2O3 equilibria, implying that manganese oxide must exist as separate phases in the solids. The P(O2) for the MnO–Mn3O4 equilibrium is shifted to lower values in the mixed oxides, indicating that the manganese-oxide phase is affected by interactions with ceria.
Frequency of Dental Trait Anomalies in Cleft, Sibling, and Noncleft Groups

The incidence and types of dental trait anomalies found in individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate or both (cleft group), in siblings of the cleft group, and in a group of individuals without cleft lip or cleft palate (noncleft group) were compared. The cleft group had 1.02 anomalies per individual, the sibling group, 0.38; and the noncleft group, 0.17. The frequency of occurrence of thick-curved maxillary central incisors, incisal fissures, and missing teeth were significantly different among the three groups.
Insulin receptors in the developing fetal lung

Fetal lung insulin receptor numbers and affinities were studied in rat pregnancies from 15 to 22 days gestation. Insulin receptor binding capacities were found to increase six-fold from approximately 100 fmoles insulin bound/mg lung DNA at 15 days gestation to approximately 600 fmoles bound/mg DNA at 22 days gestation. However, the affinity constants of the receptors were unchanged during this same period (high affinity, 1.9 +/- 0.4 S.E. and low affinity, 0.03 +/- 0.01 S.E.). The results suggest that the lung may become increasingly more sensitive to insulin as development progresses.
On the centralizer of a semigroup of group endomorphisms

In this paper we continue the investigation of centralizer near-rings C(S;G) where S is a semigroup of endomorphisms of the group G. We consider two situations. In Part I we take G=Sx for some x∈G and in Part II we take S to be a union of groups. In each case we study the structure of C(S;G).
Simulation Analysis of Kinematics and Dynamics of 3-TPS Hybrid Robot

The paper aims at the questions of electromotor selection and mechanism design, which is effectively solved by the virtual prototype technology. Firstly, the three-dimensional model of hybrid machine tool is built by using SolidWorks software. Secondly, the assembled model is channeled into ADAMS/View, and then formed the virtual prototype simulation model with mute-body dynamics. Velocity and driving force curve of each driving shaft is got by analyzing the kinematics and dynamics of the hybrid machine tool. Maximum velocity and maximum driving force each driving shaft can find out by the method of space search. Therefore, the kinematics and dynamics properties of 3-TPS hybrid machine tool is obtained, which provide proof for machine electromotor selection, framework design and control system design. Key words: Hybrid robot; Kinematics; Dynamics; ADAMS; Simulation
Extremely cold electrons in the January 1997 magnetic cloud

The 3D Plasma and Energetic Particle (3DP) instrument on the WIND spacecraft detected extremely cold solar wind electrons in the January 10–11, 1997 magnetic cloud, ∼4 times lower temperature than any previously reported measurement. Detailed fits to the electron distributions show that the core electron temperature, Tec, generally ranged from ∼1 to 4.5 eV through the cloud, dropping to a low of ∼0.7 eV in an unusually dense (n>∼150 cm−3) region in the trailing portion of the cloud. Due to the extremely low average electron temperature Te and high density, the ions and electrons are collisionally coupled as confirmed by Te=Tp, the first such observation in the solar wind. For most of the cloud the halo density is very low (neh<∼0.1 cm−3), implying magnetic disconnection from the Sun. Correlations in Te and Tp are observed throughout the cloud and are particularly evident when neh is low. We suggest the diminished halo density has reduced a significant heat source to the core population, thus allowing the electrons to cool more thoroughly. Furthermore, we show that Coulomb collisions are a significant mechanism of energy transfer between the halo and core distributions under normal solar wind conditions.
The origin, function, and diagnostic potential of RNA within extracellular vesicles present in human biological fluids

We have previously demonstrated that tumor cells release membranous structures into their extracellular environment, which are termed exosomes, microvesicles or extracellular vesicles depending on specific characteristics, including size, composition and biogenesis pathway. These cell-derived vesicles can exhibit an array of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids derived from the originating tumor. This review focuses of the transcriptome (RNA) of these extracellular vesicles. Based on current data, these vesicular components play essential roles as conveyers of intercellular communication and mediators of many of the pathological conditions associated with cancer development, progression and therapeutic failures. These extracellular vesicles express components responsible for angiogenesis promotion, stromal remodeling, signal pathway activation through growth factor/receptor transfer, chemoresistance, and genetic exchange. These tumor-derived extracellular vesicles not only to represent a central mediator of the tumor microenvironment, but their presence in the peripheral circulation may serve as a surrogate for tumor biopsies, enabling real-time diagnosis and disease monitoring.
Frequency-domain scattering by nonuniform truncated arrays: wave-oriented data processing for inversion and imaging

We previously presented an asymptotic diffraction theory for time-harmonic and transient scattering by arbitrarily illuminated truncated nonuniform thin-wire gratings [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A11, 1291 ( 1994)]. We parameterized and interpreted the results in terms of scattered truncated Floquet modes (FM’s) and Floquet-modulated edge diffraction, which generalize the constructs of the conventional geometric theory of diffraction (GTD). We also demonstrated that numerical implementation of the FM–GTD algorithm yields results that compare very well with data computed from rigorously based numerical reference solutions. We enlarge the previous frequency-domain numerical data base for gratings to scattering by truncated arrays whose elements are arbitrarily oriented strips rather than thin-wire filaments and also to arrays whose element locations depart from truncated periodicity in a random rather than an orderly manner. We show that the FM–GTD parameterization of the scattered field remains applicable under these generalized conditions. With a view toward inversion and imaging, our principal purpose is the application of space-wave-number phase-space processing techniques to extract the footprints of truncated nonuniform periodicity from the scattered-field data. Because the processing is tied to the wave physics, we refer to this procedure as wave-oriented data processing. Implementation involves projection onto appropriate phase-space subdomains and the generation of space–wave-number phase-space distributions by windowed Fourier transforms. It is found that this form of processing in the frequency domain highlights effects of truncation and perturbed periodicity but is not very sensitive to the structure of the array elements (i.e., wires versus strips). In a companion paper [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A11, 2685 ( 1994)] we perform phase-space processing in the time domain, show how the time-domain FM-GTD phenomenology is revealed through time-frequency distributions, and show also how short-pulse excitation enhances the sensitivity with respect to element structure by means of spatial–temporal resolution.
Quantum-dots-FRET nanosensors for detecting unamplified nucleic acids by single molecule detection.

Evaluation of: Zhang CY, Yeh HC, Kuroki MT, Wang TH: Single-quantum-dot-based DNA nanosensor. Nat. Mater. 4(11), 826–831 (2005) [1]. Quantitative and sensitive detection of minute copies of nucleic acid sequences is critical in diagnosing disease and in understanding biomolecular processes. An inorganic–organic hybrid fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanosensor based on quantum dots (QDs) was developed to overcome the limitations of conventional FRET-based probes. Functionalized QDs served as FRET donors and as nanoassemblies that can couple to multiple targets hybridized as a sandwich between a capture probe and a reporter probe. Target sequences are detected directly in solution by single molecule detection (SMD) without prior separation or amplification. This system is sensitive enough to detect approximately 50 or fewer copies and to discriminate point mutations. QD-FRET and SMD are platform technologies that will find many applications for detecting biomarkers or studying various biomole...
Electroplated and screen-printed magnetic materials applicable to micromachined magnetic devices

In this research, electroplated magnetically isotropic and anisotropic soft alloys and screen-printed soft ferrites applicable to micromachined micromagnetic devices are fabricated and characterized using in-situ measurement techniques. Appropriate magnetic materials and deposition methods, such as electroplating and screen-printing techniques, are examined and material test structures are fabricated. Following material characterization, micromachined inductors with three-dimensional structure are fabricated to determine the usefulness of the magnetic materials and deposition methods. The micromachined inductor is a key component and geometry for realizing micromagnetic devices such as amplifiers, filters, sensors, and actuators. Three different material types are studied in this work. Electroplated magnetically isotropic soft alloys, permalloy (Ni80Fe20), orthonol (Ni50Fe50), and amorphous cobalt-iron- copper (CoFeCu) alloys, are studied, followed by electroplated magnetically anisotropic soft alloys of permalloy (Ni80Fe20) and supermalloy (NiFeMo), which have magnetically easy and hard axes. Finally, screen-printed polymers filled with soft ferrite (NiZn and MnZn) powders, are fabricated and characterized.
DNA replication and recombination

Knowledge of the structure of DNA enabled scientists to undertake the difficult task of deciphering the detailed molecular mechanisms of two dynamic processes that are central to life: the copying of the genetic information by DNA replication, and its reassortment and repair by DNA recombination. Despite dramatic advances towards this goal over the past five decades, many challenges remain for the next generation of molecular biologists.
Relational spirituality, differentiation of self, and virtue as predictors of intercultural development

The present study tested the relationships between spirituality, differentiation of self (DoS), virtue (gratitude and forgiveness), and intercultural development among graduate trainees in the helping professions. A relational model of spiritual dwelling and seeking and the Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity were used to conceptualise the study. Data were collected in a sample (N = 174) of graduate students in counselling psychology, marriage and family therapy, ministry professions, and theology at a Protestant-affiliated university. Results supported the hypotheses that quest religiosity, DoS, and gratitude would be positively associated with intercultural development and spiritual grandiosity would be negatively associated with intercultural development. Intrinsic religiosity was not related to intercultural development. DoS mediated the relationship between gratitude and intercultural development. Contrary to hypotheses, forgiveness was largely uncorrelated with intercultural development...
Fluid flow through seamounts and implications for global mass fluxes

Seamounts contribute to globally significant hydrothermal fluxes, but the dynamics and impacts of fluid flow through these features are poorly understood. Numerical models of coupled heat and fluid flow illustrate how seamounts induce local convection in the oceanic crust. We consider idealized axisymmetric seamounts and calculate mass and heat fluxes by using a coupled heat- and fluid-flow model. By using P. Wessel's global database of ∼15,000 seamounts identified through satellite gravimetry, we estimate that the mass flux associated with seamounts is ∼10 1 4 kg/yr, a number comparable to estimated regional mass fluxes through mid-ocean ridges and flanks. In addition, the seamount-generated advective heat flux may be locally significant well beyond the 65 Ma average age at which advective lithospheric heat loss on ridge flanks ends. These flows may be important for facilitating geochemical exchange between the crust and ocean and may affect subseafloor microbial ecosystems.
Ecological characterization of steinernema rarum

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematodes are used for inundative biological control of insect pests but also have potential for use in augmentative and/or inoculative biological control. Numerous new species are being described but generally, little information is provided on their ecology. Moreover, many species have been described previously without subsequent ecological information. This paper presents a number of simple experiments examining a nematode's physiological host range, host-foraging behavior, thermal activity range, and soil moisture activity range that provides the basic information necessary for further studies of a new species as a biological control agent. We suggest that any taxonomic description of new species should be combined with such an ecological study. This kind of information should also be generated for species in which no ecological studies have been done. In our study, we found that the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema rarum which was described in 1986 infected a wide range of arthropod species under laboratory conditions but appeared to be best adapted to lepidopteran larvae as hosts. It used an intermediate foraging strategy infecting both mobile hosts on the soil surface and sedentary hosts below the soil surface efficiently. The range of soil moisture at which S. rarum was effective suggested an adaptation to the fluctuating soil moisture in the upper soil layers. Its temperature optimum of 25°C corresponded well to the warm temperate climate of its area of origin in Argentina. The optimal storage temperature was around 15°C. Our study suggests that S. rarum is well adapted to lepidopteran hosts with larvae spending part of their live on the soil surface and/or that pupate in the soil.
Bishop Martínez Compañón's Practical Utopia in Enlightenment Peru

“Bishops, because they are bishops, cannot stop being vassals of their kings, and functionaries of their states. Nor are they exempt from practicing with all those around them, especially with their diocesans, works of mercy, physically as well as spiritually. I gave [the miners] as proof of this truth one of the soliloquies of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, in which he said: “You are a man, you are a citizen of the world.” —Bishop Martinez Companon recounting his experiences with the Hualgayoc miner's guild in a letter to Viceroy Teodoro de Croix of Peru, May 1786.
Methods for Detecting Disulfiram in Biologic Fluids: Application in Studies of Compliance and Effect of Divalent Cations on Bioavailability

Studies regarding the efficacy of disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholism have not included a method of evaluating compliance to the prescribed regimen. This article outlines current methods used to detect disulfiram in blood, breath, and urine.
Learning rates and their impacts on the optimal capacities and production costs of biorefineries

Industry statistics indicate that technology-learning rates can dramatically reduce both feedstock and biofuel production costs. Both the Brazilian sugarcane ethanol and the United States corn ethanol industries exhibit drastic historical cost reductions that can be attributed to learning factors. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to estimate the potential impact of industry learning rates on the emerging advanced biofuel industry in the United States. Results from this study indicate that increasing biorefinery capital and feedstock learning rates could significantly reduce the optimal size and production costs of biorefineries. This analysis compares predictions of learning-based economies of scale, S-Curve, and Stanford-B models. The Stanford-B model predicts biofuel cost reductions of 55 to 73% compared to base case estimates. For example, optimal costs for Fischer-Tropsch diesel decrease from $4.42/gallon to $2.00/gallon. The optimal capacities range from small-scale (grain ethanol and fast pyrolysis) producing 16 million gallons per year to large-scale gasification facilities with 210 million gallons per year capacity. Sensitivity analysis shows that improving capital and feedstock delivery learning rates has a stronger impact on reducing costs than increasing industry experience suggesting that there is an economic incentive to invest in strategies that increase the learning rate for advanced biofuel production. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Occurrence of Primary Open-angle Glaucoma in the Fellow Eye of Patients with Unilateral Angle-cleavage Glaucoma

The late onset of glaucoma occurs in approximately 7% of eyes with traumatic angle cleavage. We studied 13 patients who developed glaucoma in the angle-cleavage eye at an average of 34 years following trauma. Ten of the 13 patients had 270 degrees or more of angle cleavage. At the time of the initial diagnosis of angle cleavage glaucoma, there were no optic disc or visual field abnormalities in the fellow eyes. After a mean follow-up of 7.7 years, all 13 patients were reevaluated. In addition to standard examination techniques, all underwent disc photos, goniophotos, and Octopus perimetry. Seven of 13 patients (55%) had either frank glaucomatous or suspicious Octopus visual field abnormalities in the fellow eyes. Patients with angle-cleavage glaucoma appear to have at least a 50% chance of developing open-angle glaucoma in the non-traumatized fellow eyes.
A generalization of stimulus sampling theory

A modification of stimulus sampling theory is presented. The restriction that each stimulus element is conditioned to one and only one response is replaced with the notion of a scale of conditioning for each element. This variation provides a context in which such variables as reward magnitude and motivation can be viewed as determiners of behavior. Some experimental results on multiple response problems also have a natural interpretation in terms of these ideas.
Promotional Methods Used by Hospitality-Related Firms in Close Proximity to Pennsylvania Rail-Trails

ABSTRACT Rails-to-Trails Conservancy is a nonprofit organization that was established to facilitate the conversion of railroad beds into trails for recreational use. This study examines the promotional techniques used by hospitality-related firms located close to Pennsylvania rail-trails. Emphasis was placed on assessing the extent to which businesses choose to list their property in the Conservancy's guidebook and/or have a link through RTC's trail-link web site. Respondents to a mail survey generally felt that being located close to a rail-trail generates traffic and revenue and that it is valuable to list through RTC. Firms not listing through RTC cited a lack of awareness. Study participants indicated that the Internet and word of mouth are their top two promotional methods.
Deposition of circulating streptococcal lipoteichoic acid in mouse tissues

The tissue binding properties of streptococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) were studied using normal and passively immunized BALB/c mice. After intraperitoneal injection in non-immunized mice, 3H-LTA concentrations in blood, heart, kidney and liver were highest between 24 and 30 h post-injection. LTA deposits in heart remained high for the next 24 h, whereas other tissue levels decreased. Constant amounts of 3H-LTA were detected in urine throughout the 48 h period. In passively immunized mice, the amount of tissue deposition of 3H-LTA was inversely proportional to the ratio of antibodies to LTA. Autoradiography revealed focal deposits of 3H-LTA in heart, kidney and liver. These observations indicate that LTA, released by streptococci growing at remote body sites, can be carried by the blood to internal organs where it can accumulate and participate in pathogenesis.
Evaluation of MicroScan Autoscan for Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Accurate identification of gram-negative bacilli from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential. Only 57% (108 of 189) of nonmucoid strains and 40% (24 of 60) of mucoid strains were definitively identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa with MicroScan Autoscan. Most common misidentifications were Pseudomonas fluorescens-Pseudomonas putida (i.e., the strain was either P. fluorescens or P. putida, but the system did not make the distinction and yielded the result P. fluorescens/putida) and Alcaligenes spp. Extending the incubation to 48 h improved identification, but 15% of isolates remained misidentified. The MicroScan Autoscan system cannot be recommended for the identification of P. aeruginosa isolates from CF patients.
Spatiotemporal expression and localization of matrix metalloproteinas-9 in a murine model of thoracic aortic aneurysm.

Objective Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been widely described to play a critical role in aneurysm development. The goal of this study was to determine the spatiotemporal changes in MMP-9 expression and abundance in the early stages of aortic dilatation during the course of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) formation in a mouse model. Methods In this study, TAAs were surgically induced in a transgenic reporter mouse strain expressing the β-galactosidase (β-gal) gene under control of the MMP-9 promoter. Terminal studies were performed during the early stages of TAA development at 1 week (n = 6), 2 weeks (n = 6), and 4 weeks (n = 6) post-TAA induction surgery. Changes in aortic outer diameter were determined in vivo by video micrometry. MMP-9 transcriptional activity (β-gal staining) and protein content (immunohistochemistry) were quantified at each time point and expressed as a percentage of unoperated reference control mice (n = 6). Results Aortic dilatation was evident at 1 week and reached maximal size at 2 weeks (21% ± 6% increase from baseline, P P = .19), reached a maximum within the adventitia at 2 weeks (1770% ± 505%, P P = .21). MMP-9 transcription at 2 weeks colocalized with fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. MMP-9 protein content within the aortic adventitia was increased at 2 weeks post-TAA induction (413% ± 124%, P P Conclusions These findings demonstrate a unique spatiotemporal pattern of MMP-9 transcriptional activation and protein content in the developing TAA. Colocalization studies suggest that early dilatation may be driven in part by MMP-9 produced by endogenous cells residing within the aortic vascular wall.
Cross-validation and other criteria for estimating the regularizing parameter

The application of regularization to ill-conditioned problems necessitates the choice of a regularizing parameter which trades fidelity to the data for smoothness of the solution. Methods based on the properties of the residuals and on the generalized cross-validation have been proposed for estimating the regularizing parameter. Alternative methods to compute the regularizing parameter are proposed. The resulting values of the regularizing parameter are compared with the values obtained from the above-mentioned methods. Furthermore, it is shown that under certain conditions all the above-mentioned methods result in the same value for the regularizing parameter. Experimental results are presented which verify theoretical results. >
Tetracycline accelerates the temporally-regulated invasion response in specific isolates of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium

Background Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella isolates are associated with increased morbidity compared to antibiotic-sensitive strains and are an important health and safety concern in both humans and animals. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a prevalent cause of foodborne disease, and a considerable number of S. Typhimurium isolates from humans and livestock are resistant to three or more antibiotics. The majority of these MDR S. Typhimurium isolates are resistant to tetracycline, a commonly used and clinically and agriculturally relevant antibiotic. Because exposure of drug-resistant bacteria to antibiotics can affect cellular processes associated with virulence, such as invasion, we investigated the effect tetracycline had on the invasiveness of tetracycline-resistant MDR S. Typhimurium isolates.
Visceral adiposity, C-peptide levels, and low lipase activities predict HIV-dyslipidemia

Protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy (PI-HAART) has been implicated in dyslipidemia, peripheral insulin resistance, and abnormal adipose tissue deposition in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. In vitro evidence indicates that some PIs reduce adipocyte lipoprotein (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) expression and activities. We examined whether LPL and HL activities are reduced in HIV-infected patients with dyslipidemia. Fasting serum lipids, glucoregulatory hormones, and postheparin LPL and HL activities, as well as whole body and regional adiposity, were measured in 19 HIV-seronegative controls, 9 HIV+ patients naive to all anti-HIV medications, 9 HIV+ patients naive to PIs, 9 HIV+ patients with prior PI experience but not currently receiving PIs, and 47 HIV+ patients receiving PI-HAART. The PI-HAART group had low LPL and HL activities. However, multiple linear regression analysis indicated that low postheparin LPL activity contributed only partially to HIV-dyslipidemia. Central adiposity and high C-peptide levels (an indicator of high insulin secretion) were stronger predictors of HIV-dyslipidemia. Low LPL and HL activities, by themselves, were insufficient to explain HIV-dyslipidemia because the PI-naive group had low LPL and HL activities but had normal adiposity, C-peptide levels, and serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. HDL-cholesterol was lower in PI-HAART and PI-naive groups than seronegative controls and was directly associated with LPL activity. These findings suggest that HIV-dyslipidemia is mediated primarily by factors that influence triglyceride and lipoprotein synthesis (e.g., central adiposity and hyperinsulinemia) and mediated only partially by factors that influence triglyceride clearance (e.g., lipase activity).
Exploiting locality of interest in online social networks

Online Social Networks (OSN) are fun, popular, and socially significant. An integral part of their success is the immense size of their global user base. To provide a consistent service to all users, Facebook, the world's largest OSN, is heavily dependent on centralized U.S. data centers, which renders service outside of the U.S. sluggish and wasteful of Internet bandwidth. In this paper, we investigate the detailed causes of these two problems and identify mitigation opportunities. Because details of Facebook's service remain proprietary, we treat the OSN as a black box and reverse engineer its operation from publicly available traces. We find that contrary to current wisdom, OSN state is amenable to partitioning and that its fine grained distribution and processing can significantly improve performance without loss in service consistency. Through simulations of reconstructed Facebook traffic over measured Internet paths, we show that user requests can be processed 79% faster and use 91% less bandwidth. We conclude that the partitioning of OSN state is an attractive scaling strategy for Facebook and other OSN services.
Recent advances in nutrient sensing and signaling.

Nutrient sensing and signaling is an important area of plant biological research because of the role of plant nutrition in crop production and the constraints that nutrient limitations put on plant growth and optimal yields. The increasing cost, the limited supplies, and the negative impacts of excess application of fertilizer on the environment have all led to more research into understanding how plants acquire, sense, and utilize nutrients. Approximately two and a half years ago, Molecular Plant published a special issue (March 2010) with a series of review articles and original research papers on nutrient sensing and signaling.
Multitemporal censusing of a population of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) from remotely sensed imagery using an automated segmentation and reconciliation procedure

Large-scale (1:3000) color aerial images of a population of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) were collected in the early spring of 1997, 1998, and 1999. An automated spatial segmentation procedure was developed to identify and measure individual population objects or blobs within the forest population. To ensure the comparability of multiyear segmentation maps, an automated blob reconciliation procedure was also developed to make certain that no hemlock pixels were assigned to different blobs in different years. The automated segmentation and reconciliation procedures were applied to a population of naturally occurring hemlock. Following spatial segmentation, a large majority of hemlock blobs (~66–71%) were found to be closely associated with ground referenced, manually delineated individual hemlock crowns. The remaining blobs consisted of spatially distinct parts of a crown or closely clumped multiple crowns. Similar overall classification accuracies (~63–72%) were found following the reconciliation of multitemporal image pairs. The development of these spatially explicit multitemporal population data sets should prove useful to further investigations of the dynamics of and environmental influence on plant populations.
Market-based Multirobot Coordination Using Task Abstraction

In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to multirobot coordination that works by simultaneously distributing task allocation, mission planning, and executio n among members of a robot team. By combining traditional hierarchical task decomposition techniques with recent de velopments in market-based multirobot control, we obtain an efficient and robust distributed system capable of solving complex problems. Essentially, we have extended the TraderBots market-based architecture to include a mechanism that distributes tasks among robots at multiple levels of abstractions, represented as task trees. Results are pre sented for a simulated area reconnaissance scenario.
Respuestas de política a la crisis financiera global: ¿Qué hicieron diferente las economías emergentes?

En contraste con el pasado, muchos paises emergentes enfrentaron la crisis financiera mundial de 2008-2009 con la credibilidad y capacidad requerida para conducir politicas contraciclicas. Ello les permitio enfrentar mejor la caida mundial y asi comportarse de manera similar a paises desarrollados. Este estudio documenta las respuestas de politica y discute otros factores que permitieron a estos paises absorber parcialmente los choques externos negativos. En particular se caracterizan (i) las politicas monetarias y cambiarias, (ii) las politicas fiscales y (iii) las posiciones financieras domesticas y externas.
High performance mid-temperature selective absorber based on titanium oxides cermet deposited by direct current reactive sputtering of a single titanium target

This article reports the design and fabrication of a new double cermet-based low-mid temperature solar selective absorber based on TiOx cermet layers, which were deposited with a single Ti target by varying O2 partial pressure in sputtering chamber as reactive gas. High metal volume fraction cermet 1 and low metal volume fraction cermet 2 were deposited with O2 partial pressure of 0.15 mTorr and 0.25 mTorr, respectively, with direct current power density of 6.58 W cm−2. The complex refractive indices from ellipsometry were used to design solar selective absorber. The reflectance, thermal stability, and morphology were studied in absorbers on Cu and stainless steel. The effect of TiO2 and SiO2 as anti-reflective coating layers was investigated. The absorber on Cu substrate has high absorptance of 90.8% and low emittance of 4.9% (100 °C), and changed to 96.0% and 6.6%, respectively, after annealing at 300 °C for 4 days.
Turning science to account: Chicago and the general science movement in secondary education, 1905-1920.

ABSTRACT In the second decade of the twentieth century a new subject appeared in American high schools, aimed at providing citizens with an understanding of the essential nature of scientific thinking. “General science,” as it was called, was developed and promoted by an emerging class of professional educators who sought to offer a version of science that they believed would both excite public interest and prove useful in the everyday lives of the masses of students streaming into the rapidly expanding institution of secondary education. It was to be a course with real utility that would transcend the boundaries of the specialized, abstract disciplinary subjects like chemistry and physics—subjects with identities tied to the practices and standards of the colleges and universities, which had long exerted control over the content of secondary schooling. This essay recounts the origins of general science and, in particular, examines how the intellectual and material environment of the city of Chicago at th...
Resource Questions in Social and Economic Rights Enforcement: A Preliminary View

A growing number of constitutions guarantee judicially enforceable social and economic rights (SER). This book chapter examines whether courts, when asked by claimants to give positive effect to such rights, consider and take into account limitations on national resources and constraints on the government’s budget. The chapter surveys 32 leading SER cases from eight jurisdictions: Argentina; Canada; Colombia; India; Venezuela; Germany; the United States; and South Africa. This pilot study reveals that judicial thinking and behavior with respect to resource limitations on the fulfillment of SER is remarkably diverse, not only between but even within jurisdictions. The principal finding is that courts often pay strikingly little attention to concerns that agitate academics and jurists wedded to traditional theories of separation-of-powers and judicial deference. There is evidence of emerging consensus on two points. First, most if not all courts studied hold that financial constraints on government do not justify infringement of constitutional rights (including SER) barring a situation that can be identified as a serious economic emergency. Second, most if not all courts studied hold that while legislative and executive budgetary allocations and fiscal trade-offs are entitled to respect, beyond a certain point such a trade-off can so badly disserve as to infringe a constitutionally guaranteed right. Accordingly, prudential trade-offs made by the political branches in the course of giving effect to SER are in principle subject to judicial review.
Neutrophil hypersegmentation and folic acid deficiency in pregnancy.

Quantified neutrophil hypersegmentation, expressed as the elevated lobe average, is suggested as a specific, accurate, and reasonably sensitive method to detect and define folic acid deficiency of pregnancy prior to overt manifestations of the disease state. The statistical norm for neutrophil nuclear segmentation in pregnant and nonpregnant members of a clinic population is derived. Thirty-seven patients with megaloblastic marrow change are discussed with emphasis on certain biochemical parameters, infant outcome, and obstetric and medical complications. The lobe average can be utilized to investigate the importance of folic acid in antepartum care and to determine if deficiency of this vitamin can be implicated as a proximate cause of specific reproductive casualty.
Eternal Sunshine: Are U.S. Analysts More Optimistic than Foreign Analysts?

A vast literature has documented an optimistic bias of U.S. analysts. This study compares the optimistic bias of U.S. analysts to that of foreign analysts. Using the implied rate of return in target prices, i.e., the ratio of the target price to the stock price one day before the target price announcement, we show that U.S. analysts are significantly more optimistic than their foreign peers, even after controlling for the same set of firms and the same economic conditions. Furthermore, we find U.S. analysts to be more optimistic for foreign-listed stocks, and not only for U.S.-listed stocks. Similar results are obtained for stock recommendations. In subsequent analysis, we find that investors are potentially aware of this bias, reacting more strongly to earnings forecast revisions of foreign analysts than to those of U.S. analysts.
Monkey genomes: A paradigm shift for advancing preclinical research and medications development for addictions

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (2015) e34–e117 e41 also increases. Given this prior research, it would be important to identify strategies to prevent early opportunities to use ATOD. This study aims to understand the impact of neighborhood disorder on opportunities to use alcohol and how neighborhood environment influences the transition from opportunity to use to initial use. Methods: Data were obtained from the Baltimore Prevention Project, a longitudinal study of 678 predominately African American young adults who have been assessed longitudinally from first grade into young adulthood. Perceived neighborhood environment wasmeasured using four items for the Neighborhood Environment Scale (NES) during 6th–9th grade (e.g. every fewweeks, some adult gets beat-up or mugged in my neighborhood). Growth mixture modeling (GMM) was used to the association between neighborhood trajectories, age of alcohol initiation, and age of first alcohol use. Results: GMM produced a two-class model of neighborhood environment, high neighborhood disorder (76.8%) and low neighborhood disorder (24.2%). There was a marginally significant relationshipbetweenneighborhood trajectoryandopportunities to use alcohol (p=0.067). Additionalmodels will examine howneighborhood environment effects the progression from opportunity to use alcohol to initiation of alcohol use. Conclusions: This study found a trend between neighborhood environment trajectory and age of alcohol initiation and age of first alcohol use. These results suggest that preventing children’s early exposure to deleterious neighborhood and/or providing children with strategies to “cope” with deleterious environments may reduce early exposure to and eventual use of alcohol. Financial support: NIAAA R01AA015196; CDC 5U01CE00195403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.482 Monkey genomes: A paradigm shift for advancing preclinical research and medications development for addictions Gregory M. Miller, Eric J. Vallender NEPRC, Harvard University, Southborough, MA,
A New Tetracanthella from North Carolina, with a Key to the Known Species (Collembola: Isotomidae)

In 1891 Schott erected the genus Tetracanthella to receive the newly described pilosa from Norway. In 1900 Wahlgren records as T. pilosa a somewhat similar insect but which differed by having a shorter, incomplete furcula, which was later described by Axelson as T. wahlgreni . At this time the genus was placed either in the Lipuridae or the Poduridae and its position was indefinite. In 1901 Carl described a new form ( T. alpina ) from Switzerland and in his paper placed the genus in the subfamily Isotomini of the family Entomobryidae. Since then research has shown its affinities with Isotoma Bourlet and the genus is now placed near Anurophorus Nicolet in the Isotominae.
Horizontal Transmission of Salmonella enteritidis in Molted and Unmolted Laying Chickens

The impact of induced molting on the horizontal transmission of S. enteritidis was studied. In Expt. 1, every other hen in rows of either molted or unmolted hens was infected with S. enteritidis (1 x 10(6) bacteria/hen). S. enteritidis was transmitted more rapidly to the unchallenged hens in the adjacent cages of molted hens than in unmolted hens, and these molted hens shed significantly more of the organism than unmolted hens. In Expts. 2 and 3, the center hen in two rows each of 11 molted and unmolted hens was infected with S. enteritidis (dose of 6-8 x 10(4) in Expt. 2 and 1 x 10(3) in Expt. 3). In both trials of Expt. 2, the rate of transmission was significantly higher in molted hens than in unmolted hens, and the molted hens shed significantly more of the organism. In Trial 1 of Expt. 3, molting had little effect on S. enteritidis shedding. In Trial 2 of Expt. 3, however, molted hens had significantly higher shed rates and shed more S. enteritidis than the unmolted hens. Individual hens in Expts. 2 and 3 frequently shed more S. enteritidis than the original challenge. The amplification of intestinal S. enteritidis in the molted hens plus their previously described higher susceptibility to S. enteritidis infection accelerated transmission of the organism to the uninfected hens in neighboring cages. These results indicate that induced molting can have substantial effects on transmission of S. enteritidis to uninfected hens, which could affect the overall S. enteritidis status of a flock.
Relation Between Toxicity of Malathion Analog and Organophosphate Resistance in the Two-Spotted Spider Mite1

Studies were made on the susceptibility of an organophosphate- susceptible and a resistant strain (Blauvelt) of Tetranychus telarius L: toward various malathion analogs. This resistant strain which had been already shown to have developed 60-fold malathion resistance by means of extra carboxyesterase and phosphatase showed a remarkably wide range of cross resistance against the carboxyester substituents of malathion and malaoxon, but the resistance factor quickly diminished upon increase of the diphosphoroester group beyond the propyl chain length. Examination of all the LC50 data showed that the change in the resistance factor was directly related to the toxicity of the compound to the susceptible strain, i.e. the more toxic the compound, the more pronounced the level of resistance became. An attempt was made to explain this phenomenon by determining the inhibitory potential( I50) of the analog toward the cholinesterase of the mite and correlating it with the hydrolysability of the compound. The nature of malathion-resistance in this mite strain was compared with that of the house fly Musca domestica L., and the mosquito Culex tarsalis (Coquillct).