cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anodische Oxydation und elektrochemische Lumineszenz von 1,3,5-Triphenyl-Δ2-pyrazolin

Die elektrochemische Lumineszenz von 1,3,5-Triphenyl-Δ2-pyrazolin 1 in Dimethyl-formamid besitzt im Unterschied zur blauen Fluoreszenz dieser Verbindung eine grune Farbe. Spektroskopisch und elektrochemisch wurde nachgewiesen, das diese Emission vom 4,4′-Bis-[3,5-diphenyl-Δ2-pyrazolinyl-(1)]-biphenyl 3 herruhrt. 3 wird durch anodische Dimerisierung aus 1 bei der elektrochemischen Anregung der Lumineszenz gebildet. Die potentiostatische Oxydation in Acetonitril fuhrt unter Aufnahme von 1,94 Faraday/Mol zu den zweifach positiv geladenen Kationen 8 des Dimerisierungsproduktes. Wie mit Hilfe der Absorptionsspektren bewiesen wurde, entstehen diese tiefblauen Dikationen in gleicher Weise durch chemische Oxydationsmittel in konzentrierter Schwefelsaure bei der Knorrschen Pyrazolinprobe. Die elektrochemische Reduktion von 8 in Acetonitril verlauft wie die Reduktion mit Zinkstaub uber die Stufe der weinroten Radikalkationen 7 zu 3. Die praparative Darstellung von 3 durch elektrochemische Dimerisierung in einer ungeteilten Elektrolysezelle oder durch Oxydation mit Eisen(III)-chlorid in Acetonitril gelingt mit hoher Ausbeute.
Tax Elasticity and the Growth of Local Public Expenditure

This article examines the hypothesis that more income-elastic tax structures lead to higher levels and rates of growth of public expenditure because of a fiscal illusion effect. Although support for this hypothesis has been garnered at the state and federal level, the effects of tax elasticity on local public expenditures become clouded in light of Tiebout mobility. More elastic tax structures that lead to increased tax burdens over time may result in outmigration and, consequently, lower rates of expenditure growth. Empirical tests of the tax elasticity hypothesis show a negative relation between tax elasticity and local public expenditure levels and growth rates. These results do not deny the validity of the fiscal illusion hypothesis. It may be that the effects of Tiebout mobility outweigh the fiscal illusion effect.
Steamboats and the Rise of the Cotton Kingdom. By Robert Gudmestad. (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2011. Pp. xii, 280. $42.50.)

In a famous, though misleading, old chestnut of American history, Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 is said to have revived slavery and launched the spread of cotton in the American...
An automated fluorescence method for determination of K+-dependent phosphatase.

Abstract An automated fluorescence method for the determination of K+-dependent umbelliferone phosphatase activity is described. This activity is associated with a (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase in brain and kidney microsomal preparations. The ratio of phosphatase activity/ATPase activity is greater in kindney.
Enhancement of the ductility of polycrystalline NaCl by an electric field

Abstract The influence of an electric field E ≈ IkV/cm on the plastic deformation in tension of polycrystalline ( d o = 30 μm ) 99.9% NaCl was determined at 532°C (0.75T m ) using two electrode configurations. The following is a summary of the results and the conclusion derived therefrom: 1. 1. The field produced a decrease in the flow stress and an appreciable increase in the ductility. 2. 2. The magnitude of the stress exponent n from strain rate cycling tests was 9.5, independent of strain and electric field. This suggests that the rate-controlling mechanism did not change with the field. 3. 3. Dynamic grain growth occurred during the tests without a field; grain refinement (dynamic recrystallization) occurred with the field. 4. 4. Turning the field “on” and “off” during the course of a test gave an increase in strain hardening when the field was turned “on” and a decrease when it was turned “off ”. The difference decreased with strain. 5. 5. The results suggest that the field led to the development of a dislocation structure which was conductive to the nucleation of new grains. Moreover, the field retarded the growth of the new grains [10] .
The trauma of spinal cord injury on the adolescent.

Very simply, a traumatic lesion to the spinal cord results in motor paralysis and loss of sensation below the level of the lesion. The previous description omits a myriad of serious and related consequences experienced by the spinal cord injury (SCI) victim. This injury leaves anyone, young or old, devastated, but especially the adolescent who has not yet developed a solid feeling for who he is. The injury interrupts not only his physical development, but emotional development as well, giving the adolescent few resources to fall back on. Therefore, during his hospitalization it is of major importance that the adolescent receive rehabilitation services that address not only the common problems of the injury and its consequences, but also the adolescent's developmental needs as well. This paper deals with the common problems of spinal cord injury which generally are intensified in the adolescent and also highlights those aspects of adolescence which are especially victimized by such an injury. It also makes...
Toward a unified conceptual framework for shear-sense indicators

Abstract The growing lexicon for shear-sense indicators has created a need for a unified conceptual system of classification. Many common shear structures can be described by linear combinations of two kinematic variables which quantify the relative importance of objects vs foliations in controlling the shear-zone velocity field.
A Structural Specialization at Nodes of Ranvier in the Central Nervous System

DURING the course of an electron microscopic study of the hippocampal region in the rat an interesting periodicity associated with the axolemma was observed in the area of termination of the myelin sheaths either at nodes of Ranvier or at the last myelinated segment of an axon. As this would seem to be a constant feature of myelinated axons, not only in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus which we have investigated most intensively, but also in other sites that we have examined, and because it does not appear to have been described elsewhere, a brief account of our findings will be presented.
QWIP characteristics, performance, advantages, opportunities, and issues

This paper addresses the following topics at an easy-to- understand physics level. We present simple analytical formulas in estimating the performance characteristics of quantum well IR photodetectors (QWIPs), including detectivity and temperature for background limited IR performance. We identify key parameters and their relations to the detector performance. We point out possible directions for future work to improve the performance. Features and opportunities of the QWIP technology are also pointed out and discussed. The shortcomings are also discussed, including low operating temperature. A brief comparison with other IR detector technologies is made. Note that all discussions here apply to QWIPs based on GaAs using electron intersubband transitions.
Induction of Metamorphosis in the Asian Shore Crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus : Effects of Biofilms and Substratum Texture

Since its initial invasion in the late 1980s, the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus has spread over 650 km along the Atlantic Coast of the United States. Larvae of this species can live in the water column for over 3 weeks, which provides ample time for transport to new locations. Previous research on the settlement and metamorphosis of H. sanguineus showed that postlarvae (megalopae) accelerate metamorphosis in response to very specific water-soluble cues. However, the response to substratum cues appears to be much broader. The experiments presented here were designed to test the metamorphic response to biofilms and substratum texture. We found that nylon mesh with pore size of 100 and 1,000 μm had a greater effect on mean time to metamorphosis than 10 and 2,000 μm mesh. Results also showed a positive response to natural rock substrata, and this response was most pronounced when megalopae were exposed to substrata with rough texture. In addition, we found that a combination of a textured surface and a natural biofilm accelerated metamorphosis more than either an abiotic substratum or a smooth surface covered with natural biofilm. A final experiment compared the effect of textural cues to that of a water-soluble cue found in exudate from adult H. sanguineus. Results indicated that both types of cue-induced metamorphosis to the same extent.
EXERCISE AND REHABILITATION IN WOMEN: Indications and Outcomes

As with many aspects of cardiovascular disease prevention and intervention, the topic of physical activity for women has not been studied as thoroughly as for men. The full impact of levels of physical activity on disease outcomes, risk factors, and death rate is not definitively established for women, and it is not completely determined for men. Much information, however, is available about health benefits from physical activity derived from information obtained from men, and to some degree from women, to establish the lack of physical activity as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and to permit the development of guidelines for the intensity and duration of physical activity for all individuals. The terms used in a discussion of the indications for and benefits of being physically active are similar but not interchangeable. It is useful to consider the distinctions in the nomenclature applied in the literature and in this article. Caspersen and colleagues 12 define physical activity as "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure." Exercise is a component of physical activity that can be defined as "planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain one or more components of physical fitness." Physical fitness is "a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity." Physical activity and exercise are the topics of interest for the first part of this article, although some information regarding physical fitness is examined. The evidence supporting the health benefits of participation in exercise or physical activities is presented and highlighted when it addresses women in particular. Recommendations for activity levels for the population in general and for sedentary older women are provided. The second portion of this article evaluates the evidence supporting the potential benefits women might obtain from participation in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Some of the areas that pose problems for women participating in rehabilitation programs are identified, and suggestions for program modifications to accommodate the differences in needs and desires of potential female participants are provided.
Cardiac arrest secondary to long QT(C )in a child with propionic acidemia.

In 2006 a case report was published in this journal of a child with known propionic acidemia being diagnosed with the long QTC syndrome [2]. This following case documents the first reported case of a child with this condition suffering a life-threatening event from the associated long QTC syndrome.
Truncated activin type II receptor inhibits erythroid differentiation in K562 cells.

Two receptor serine/threonine kinases (types I and II) have been identified as signaling transducing activin receptors. We studied the possibility of inhibiting activin A-dependent differentiation in K562 cells, using a dominant negative mutant of type II receptor. A vector was constructed expressing activin type II truncated receptor (ActRIIa) that lacks the cytoplasmic kinase domain. Since activin type I and II receptors form heteromeric complexes for signaling, the mutant receptors compete for binding to endogenous receptors, hence acting in a dominant negative fashion. K562 cells were stably transfected with ActRIIa, and independent clones were expanded. The truncated cDNA was integrated into the genome of the transfectants, as shown by polymerase chain reaction; and the surface expression of truncated receptors was shown by affinity cross-linking with (125)I-activin A. In wild-type K562 cells, activin A induced erythroid differentiation and cells started to express hemoglobins. In transfected cells expressing ActRIIa, the induction of erythroid differentiation was abrogated and less than 10% of cells were hemoglobin-containing cells after culture with activin A. Further transfection with wild-type type II receptors rescued the mutant phenotype of these transfectants, indicating that the effect of ActRIIa is dominant negative. In addition, phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic kinase domain of the type II receptor in vitro confirms the autophosphorylation of this portion of the receptor. Therefore, induction of erythroid differentiation in vitro is mediated through the cell surface activin receptor, and interference with this receptor signaling inhibits this process of differentiation in K562 cells.
The effect of attention on conventional automated perimetry and luminance size threshold perimetry.

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of divided attention on conventional automated perimetry (CAP) and luminance size threshold perimetry (LSTP). METHODS Ten healthy subjects, ages 27 to 65, with two perimetry types (CAP and LSTP) were tested in random order. At a later session, these tests were given with a mental workload to simulate the effect of anxiety or distraction on subjects performing visual field testing, also in random order. The mental workload, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), was first administered to each subject, and the score was recorded. During the visual field testing, the PASAT was again administered continuously. Each subject was instructed to attend primarily to the PASAT while taking each visual field test. RESULTS CAP was affected by the addition of the PASAT, with a worsening of sensitivity from an average of 30.0 +/- 0.67 to 24.2 +/- 7.4 dB with a range of -0.04 to -23.2 dB (P = 0.04). LSTP showed a generalized reduction in threshold 1.71 +/- 0.22 to 2.35 +/- 0.72 dB with a range of 0.12 to -2.17 dB (P = 0.25). The percentage of correct responses on the PASAT was not significantly different between CAP (76.9%) and LSTP (74.8%). False-positive and -negative catch trial responses were increased during CAP with PASAT testing (P = 0.009). A substantial increase of fixation losses occurred during CAP with PASAT (3.7-16.2, P = 0.002). LSTP with PASAT showed increases in localization error (P < 0.001) and reaction time (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Divided attention significantly affects performance on conventional automated perimetry with its fixed size stimuli and when the stimuli are scaled (LSTP). The deficits may simulate nerve-fiber-bundle-like defects.
Roots of the Revival: American and British Folk Music in the 1950s

Ronald D. Cohen and Rachel Clare Donaldson present a richly detailed, well-documented overview of the emergence of an international folk music revival during the 1950s. They contend that this mid-c...
Colloidal Graphene Quantum Dots

Graphene is a unique type of semiconductor with zero band gap and zero effective masses of charge carriers. Thus, in graphene quantum dots, we expect many interesting phenomena that are different from those in quantum dots of any other semiconductors. In addition, carbon is an element unique in chemistry and in our society because of well-developed carbon chemistry and the important roles that carbon materials have played in various technologies. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent development and existing challenges regarding colloidal graphene quantum dots. This new quantum-confined system may lead to novel applications, and meanwhile, it can serve as a model system for understanding complex processes in carbon materials.
Time-resolved measurements of scaling behavior in LiCl/H2O near the liquid-glass transition

Abstract Time-domain light scattering experiments on ps-μs timescales permit determination of the complex compressibility modulus in liquids and glasses in the MHz-GHz frequency window. Analysis of mechanical and electrical modulus spectra for a concentrated aqueous LiCl solution yields results consistent with some predictions of mode-coupling theory: simple scaling for α-relaxation peaks and property-independent power-law functional forms for the spectra which are independent of the property described. Preliminary data from salol, recorded with an improved experimental system, are also presented.
The dynamic relationship of volatility, volume, and market depth in currency futures markets.

Abstract This study examines the dynamic interactions among return volatilities, volume, and market depth for five currency futures markets. We use vector autoregressive analysis (VAR) to identify not only the nature of these relations but also the direction and speed of the information flow between variables. We find that return volatility is subject to strong reversal effects from trading volume and market depth. The results also indicate that the volatility appears to have predictive power on volume but not on market depth. Furthermore, this study finds that volume and depth are not endogenously determined, as their lead–lag relationship is asymmetrical. We also observe an increasing trend of integration between offshore and domestic information that affects the movement of currency futures prices.
A Useful Example when Teaching Hypothesis Testing

Summary This article describes an example which is useful when teaching hypothesis testing in order to highlight the interrelationships that exist among the level of significance, the sample size and the statistical power of a test. The example also allows students to see how what they learn in the classroom directly affects the content of some of the commercials that they watch on television.
Properties of Silicon Carbide nanotubes formed via reaction of SiO powder with SWCNTs and MWCNTs

Experiments to synthesize Silicon Carbide (SiC) nanotubes using single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were preformed. Several experiments were conducted under vacuum in a high-temperature furnace varying temperature (1300°C–1450°C) and time. The optimal factors in synthesizing SiC nanostructures with MWCNTs were setting the dwell time to 6hrs at 1450°C. While the optimal factor with SWCNTs was setting the dwell time to 30mins at 1450°C. In general, samples were calcinated for 30mins in 750°C. In both experiments, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicate our predominant polytype of SiC formed was 3C-SiC. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of our 6hr experiment shows SiC nanostructures with polycrystalline layers and exhibiting a unique disk stacking structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of our 30min experiment show fibrous and long nanotubes in which TEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicate to be grains of SiC.
Graphite/epoxy composite mirror for beam-steering applications

A conceptual design and manufacturing program for a lightweight graphite/epoxy steering mirror with a 0.5-2.0-m aperture for use at 10.6 micron is presented. An analysis is performed for the optimization of the mirror natural frequency as a function of component material, structural geometry, and physical dimensions. A 65-m-diameter eggcrate sandwich-core mirror constructed of graphite/epoxy composite material clad on all exposed surfaces with aluminum foil or tin/indium solder is manufactured, and it is indicated that this design can be scaled to larger diameters. Results of a trade study suggest that this type of mirror can be hardened against nuclear X-ray effects given the appropriate choice of cladding materials.
Meristic variation in males of the hydrothermal vent octopus, Muusoctopus hydrothermalis (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)

Intraspecific variation in characters such as arm sucker and gill lamellae counts in octopodids is yet to be thoroughly investigated, potentially hampering our ability to recognize species. In this study, data from 13 specimens of Muusoctopus hydrothermalis collected at four hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise between 8°38′N and 12°48′N are considered. Although the northern and southern octopuses differ minimally in size, mean sucker count by arm in the northern group is 11.7 to 22.8% higher than it is in the southern group; in addition these octopuses typically have an additional gill lamella and bulkier funnel organs. The arms of each individual carry a different number of suckers. The difference is significant on nonadjacent arms, a pattern that merits examination in a broader taxonomic context. Why these differences exist among conspecifics remains unknown, the incidence of parasitic copepods is not different between the groups and the between-group variation in arm suckers seen here compares well with a previous report of variation among 18 specimens from the type locality. Increases in meristic characters (counts) in fish are attributed to lower temperatures during embryonic development following Jordan's rule. Northern and southern vents offer the octopuses a wide temperature range, but vent fluid chemistry differs. Northern vent fluids may be more toxic; if so, developing octopus embryos may survive only minimal vent fluid exposure and therefore develop at low temperatures. At the less toxic southern vents, eggs may survive greater exposure to vent fluids and thus develop at higher temperatures.
Predictions of flow unsteadiness in gas laser flowfields

Theoretical models for the chemical lasers depend on a variety of assumptions and empirical data to provide closure and simplify solution of the governing equations. Among the various assumptions and empirical data built into models for chemical lasers are assumptions regarding steadiness in the time domain and geometric similarity of the computational domain. The work discussed here is directed toward elucidating and increasing the understanding of the assumptions underlying chemical laser models and the implications for the modeled physical processes underlying the chemical laser, driven by current directions in the development of this technology. This is directly linked to efforts to achieve improved chemical laser efficiencies and performance, as excursions outside the assumed to be ‘well understood’ traditional operational parameter space are increasingly necessary.
Chronic Idiopathic Pericardial Effusion without Tamponade

Persistent pericardial effusion in the absence of obvious preceding or concurrent disease presents a baffling problem. In such cases chylopericardium, cholesterol pericarditis, lupus erythematosus, malignant disease, myxedema, severe anemia, and scleroderma, must be considered. Six cases are reported with large effusions present for from 1 to 11 years. The diagnostic measures to be used, the results of histologic examination, and the effects of surgery on the clinical course are discussed.
Nonsurgical Removal of Knotted Pulmonary Artery Catheter

Though controversy exists regarding the utility of pulmonary artery catheters (PAC), their use persists in select patients. Knotting of these catheters upon insertion is a rare but serious complication. We present 2 cases of coagulopathic patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation complicated by PAC knotting on attempted line placement. Both knotted PAC were successfully removed nonsurgically in the operating room, allowing for timely continuation of the planned transplantations. It is essential for the clinician to recognize knotted PAC and understand strategies for safe removal. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc1016e
Highly parallel translation of DNA sequences into small molecules.

A large body of in vitro evolution work establishes the utility of biopolymer libraries comprising 1010 to 1015 distinct molecules for the discovery of nanomolar-affinity ligands to proteins.[1], [2], [3], [4], [5] Small-molecule libraries of comparable complexity will likely provide nanomolar-affinity small-molecule ligands.[6], [7] Unlike biopolymers, small molecules can offer the advantages of cell permeability, low immunogenicity, metabolic stability, rapid diffusion and inexpensive mass production. It is thought that such desirable in vivo behavior is correlated with the physical properties of small molecules, specifically a limited number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a defined range of hydrophobicity, and most importantly, molecular weights less than 500 Daltons.[8] Creating a collection of 1010 to 1015 small molecules that meet these criteria requires the use of hundreds to thousands of diversity elements per step in a combinatorial synthesis of three to five steps. With this goal in mind, we have reported a set of mesofluidic devices that enable DNA-programmed combinatorial chemistry in a highly parallel 384-well plate format. Here, we demonstrate that these devices can translate DNA genes encoding 384 diversity elements per coding position into corresponding small-molecule gene products. This robust and efficient procedure yields small molecule-DNA conjugates suitable for in vitro evolution experiments.
Structural transformation studies on the rare earth containing Heusler alloys Pd2RESn

Abstract The Heusler alloys Pd 2 RESn form for rare-earths (RE) from Tb to Lu and for Sc and Y. Of these, the alloys containing Yb, Tm, Lu, Sc and Y are superconducting. We have carried out structural studies on all these alloys by studying the temperature dependence of the X-ray patterns in the temperature range 5 to 300 K. Some nonstoichiometric compositions were also investigated. Structural transformation is observed only in Tb and Dy containing alloys while none of the superconducting alloys show a transformation. The transformation temperature is lowered by about 50 K in going from stoichiometric Pd 2 TbSn to nonstoichiometric Pd 2 Tb 0.95 Sn while it is completely suppressed in Pd 2 Dy 0.95 Sn. Magnetic and Mossbauer studies on Dy compound are also reported.
The mechanism of energy-dependent ion transport in mitochondria.

The transport of potassium, sodium and various anions in rat-liver mitochondria was studied mainly by analysis of ion content and water compartmentation of the mitochondrial pellet. A comparison of spontaneous transport with valinomycin- or gramicidin-stimulated transport is made. The rate or extent of uptake, the internal concentrations and the concentration ratio (Cin/Cout) are calculated and compared to test existing models for ion transport in mitochondria. Several models of ion transport in mitochondria are based on a cation-pump which is directed inward. This hypothesis is rejected because of the following findings: (1) Valinomycin stimulates the rate of potassium uptake but does not increase the potassium concentration ratio that can be actively maintained in a steady state (in which there is no potassium flow). (2) Valinomycin greatly stimulates the efflux of42K from mitochondria during the process of potassium accumulation. When potassium accumulation is stimulated the flux ratio, i.e. influx/efflux, decreases; in the presence of valinomycin this ratio approaches 1. (3) In the presence of gramicidin, the concentration ratios of potassium and sodium are about the same under a variety of conditions. These findings indicate that potassium and sodium transport are passive processes of relaxation towards electro-chemical equilibrium (of the potassium and sodium). In high external potassium concentrations the extent of potassium uptake is limited by the permeation of anions; of the permeating anions multivalent acids support a higher extent than monovalent acids. It was found that succinate, acetate and oxalate which are transported together with potassium are distributed in accordance with the ΔpH and without any relation to the potassium concentration ratio. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that an outward-directed proton pump creates an electrical potential gradient, which shifts the equilibrium state for the cations and drives sodium and potassium inward, and also creates proton gradient that is the driving force for anion transport.
X-ray fluorescence analysis for oxygen on and in materials

Quantitative analysis for oxygen on the surface and in the bulk of materials has been demonstrated using an energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence system. The system consists of an Al K x-ray source, an ultra-thin-windowed Si(Li) detector and an ion gun for sputter cleaning. Sputter cleaning was required to distinguish between surface and bulk O K x-ray signals. Since beryllium has one of the lowest mass absorption coefficients for O K x-rays, calculations and extensive measurements were made for oxygen on and in beryllium. The 3-α detection limits were 0.22 nm of BeO on beryllium and 98 atomic parts per million (appm) of oxygen in beryllium. Measurements of surface oxides on other materials indicated detection limits of 1.9 nm of SiO2 on silicon and 2.0 nm of Ta2O5 on tantalum. The corresponding detection limits for oxygen in silicon and tantalum were 0.39 and 4.3 at.-%, respectively.
Heat transfer to large objects in large pool fires

Abstract A series of large pool fires has provided temperature and heat flux data for a large, thermally massive object. Tower temperatures were obtained at 4 elevations. Temperature measurements on a large calorimeter were used to obtain heat flux levels at 3 axial stations and 4 angular locations. The tests show large spatial and temporal variations for each test that seem to be largely driven by wind effects. A conditioning analysis was used to extract data at periods of lower wind velocities to allow a comparison between test data and simplified fire models. The conditioned data shows a significantly lower variance and better symmetry around the large calorimeter.
Accessible Online Learning

With the majority of public postsecondary institutions offering online or hybrid credit courses and 11 percent of postsecondary students having a documented disability, the accessibility of online courses cannot be ignored.
Void distributions in bubbly flow through yawed rod arrays

In this communication observations of void distribution in bubbly flow through an array of rods inclined relative to the average flow direction are presented. The experiments reveal a strong dependence of void distribution on bubble size and rod arrangement. It is postulated that this dependence is due to the entrapment and migration of bubbles in vortices behind the rods. Not surprisingly, attempts to simulate the experimental results with a six-equation porous body model, in which localized phenomenon such as vortices have been averaged out, were unsuccessful. 2. EXPERIMENTS Figure 1 is a sketch of the flow field considered in this study, an air-water bubbly mixture flowing vertically upward through an inclined rod array. The inclination angle of the rods relative to the vertical was 45 °. The flow through arrays of two rod arrangements, inline square and rotated square was considered. Rod arrangements are defined according to the average direction of the transverse (normal to the rod axis) component of flow relative to the layout of the rod array, as illustrated in figure 2. Characteristics of each rod array and the experimental conditions are listed in table 1. The superficial velocities JL and Jo are defined by rhk J* 7, Ax,' [1] where k represents phase (L for liquid, G for gas), mk is the mass flow rate of phase k, A,, is the total cross-sectional area of the bundle and Yv is the bundle porosity, defined as the ratio of fluid volume to total volume. 2.1. Inline square array Void distributions in the inline 45 ° test section were observed for a range of gas and liquid flow rates (0 <JG < 0.3 m/s, 0 <JL < 1 m/s). Details of the study are given in Ebeling-Koning (1983). Figures 3 and 4 show the flow development through the test section for two liquid flow rates. Figures 5 and 6 are photographs of the exit plenum for a range of gas and liquid flow rates. The most striking observation from these plates is the influence of bubble size on void distribution. At low liquid flow rates a wide distribution of bubble sizes is generated. The large bubbles drift to the right wall across the rods, as predicted by the porous body model. However, the smaller bubbles migrate along the rod axis to the left wall. At high liquid flow rates only small bubbles exist. These also move along the rod axis until they meet the left wall.
Conditional-outcome choice behavior in squirrel monkeys.

Six naive squirrel monkeys were given conditional-outcome choice training with two equally-often rewarded alternatives. One was a soluble two-choice color discrimination while the other was a pair of identically-colored stimuli. At regular intervals the monkeys were allowed to choose between them. Two Ss were trained on only one pair of problems, and one of these Ss displayed a temporary preference for the conditional-outcome alternative.
The actions of interferon and antiinflammatory agents on induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human peripheral blood monocytes

Interferon substantially induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and increased L-tryptophan metabolism in human peripheral blood monocytes. The induction of dioxygenase by gamma-interferon was significantly higher than that observed with alpha-interferon. This cytokine-dependent induction of the enzyme was markedly and differentially altered by antiinflammatory drugs (i.e., acetaminophen, 3-deazaadenosine, indomethacin and dexamethasone). Dexamethasone potentiated the effect of gamma-interferon and resulted in "super-induction" of the enzyme. This is the first demonstration of the interferon-elicited induction of the dioxygenase in the cells of the immune system and of a novel mechanism for regulating tryptophan metabolism in the cells.
Phase Diagram and Thermodynamic Properties of Disodium Cromoglycate-Water Lyomesophases

Abstract Differential scanning calorimeter measurements have defined the phase diagram and enthalpic values of the disodium cromoglycate-water lyomesophase transitions. Addition of ethylene glycol and glycerol (up to 43.5 weight %) modifies these phases, extending significantly the temperature range of recently reported smectic-like Phase III.
Toward a learned project-specific fault taxonomy: application of software analytics

This position paper argues that fault classification provides vital information for software analytics, and that machine learning techniques such as clustering can be applied to learn a project- (or organization-) specific fault taxonomy. Anecdotal evidence of this position is presented as well as possible areas of research for moving toward the posited goal.
Some Physical and Thermophysical Properties of Clathrate Hydrates

Oxygen, nitrogen and air, like argon and krypton (1), are found to preferentially form gas hydrates of structure II, rather than structure I as previously expected for gas hydrates of small guest molecules. Lattice parameters from X-ray diffraction are given in the Table.
Aggressive Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL Lowering by Gene Transfer of the VLDL Receptor Combined with a Low-Fat Diet Regimen Induces Regression and Reduces Macrophage Content in Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice

Very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL plasma levels are associated with cardiovascular mortality. Whereas VLDL/LDL lowering causes regression of early atherosclerotic lesions, less is known about the effects of aggressive lipid lowering on regression of advanced complex lesions. We therefore investigated the effect of VLDL/LDL lowering on pre-existing lesions in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet for 16 weeks developed advanced lesions with fibrous caps, necrotic cores, and cholesterol clefts in the brachiocephalic artery. After an additional 14 weeks on a low-fat diet, plasma cholesterol levels decreased from 21.0 ± 2.6 to 8.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L, but lesions did not regress. Levels of VLDL/LDL were further lowered by using a helper-dependent adenovirus encoding the VLDL receptor (HD-Ad-VLDLR) under control of a liver-selective promoter. Treatment with HD-Ad-VLDLR together with a low-fat diet regimen resulted in reduced lesion size (cross-sectional area decreased from 146,272 ± 19,359 to 91,557 ± 15,738 μm 2 ) and an 89% reduction in the cross-sectional lesion area occupied by macrophages compared to controls. These results show that aggressive VLDL/LDL lowering achieved by hepatic overexpression of VLDLR combined with a low-fat diet regimen induces regression of advanced plaques in the brachiocephalic artery of LDL receptor-deficient mice.
Case Report of Subacute Cerebellar Ataxia of Adolescence With Long-Term Sequelae:

Acute ataxia is not an uncommon childhood complaint. It most commonly occurs in young patients secondary to a postinfectious cerebellitis, which is typically associated with a very good prognosis and recovery. In adolescence, acute cerebellar ataxia is more often the product of an etiology likely to progress into a chronic disorder without recovery to preillness baseline. In the present case, the authors describe a 15-year-old girl with subacute cerebellar ataxia of presumed immune-mediated etiology that advanced into a chronic cerebellar ataxia. Due to a family history, celiac disease was suspected as the origin of the ataxia; biopsy ruled out enteropathy, and the severe, abrupt radiological changes to the patient's cerebellum are inconsistent with the reported sequelae of gluten ataxia. This case serves as a discussion for diagnostic challenges in adolescent patients with acute cerebellar ataxia with long-term sequelae as well as providing an adjunct discussion on the neurological complications of celiac disease.
Potential for the improvement of Salicornia bigelovii through selective breeding.

Abstract Salicornia bigelovii Torr. is an annual salt marsh plant that produces seed oils, protein meal, fresh salad greens and forage on seawater irrigation. We compared S. bigelovii lines produced in two breeding programs with wild germplasm in greenhouse trials on brackish water (10 ppt NaCl) irrigation. S. bigelovii is an out-crossing species that is also capable of selfing, and the breeding programs showed it is possible to use both hybridization and pedigree breeding to improve the germplasm. Lines selected in a breeding program carried out in Eritrea, Africa, had smaller plant size and lower biomass yields than the starting germplasm, due to the need to compress the growth cycle within the cool months of the year in that hot climate, but seed yields and harvest index were improved. Lines produced from wild germplasm by mass selection and hybridization in Tucson, Arizona had higher biomass yield than starting germplasm. We conclude that S. bigelovii has sufficient genetic diversity among wild accessions and cultivars to support a crop improvement program.
A High-Resolution Image of Atomic Hydrogen in the M81 Group of Galaxies

It has long been recognized that interactions between galaxies are important in determining their evolution. The distribution of gas—out of which new stars are formed—is strongly affected; in particular, gas may be concentrated near the nucleus, leading to a burst of star formation. Here we present a map of atomic hydrogen (H I) in the nearest interacting group of galaxies (that dominated by M81), obtained by combining 12 separate fields observed with the Very Large Array. The H i that surrounds M81, M82 and NGC3077 (the most prominent galaxies in the group) is dominated by filamentary structures, clearly demonstrating the violent disruption of this system by tidal interactions. These observations should have detected all H I complexes more massive than 106 solar masses, meaning that our map contains all structures that might evolve into new dwarf galaxies.
Supporting Scientists' Everyday Work: Automating Scientific Workflows

An action research project involving scientists from the National Research Council Canada and the Institute for Ocean Technology analyzed difficulties in using software to collect data and manage processes. The project identified three requirements for increasing research productivity: ease of use for end users, managing scientific workflows, and facilitating software interoperability. On the basis of these requirements, the researchers developed Sweet, a software framework, to help automate scientific workflows.
Endovascular treatment of an abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm as a late complication of inferior vena cava filter placement

Pseudoaneurysms of abdominal aorta after inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement are uncommon, with associated morbidity and mortality. We report a case in which an abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm resulted from erosion of a Bird's Nest (Cook, Bloomington, IN) IVC filter into the wall of the abdominal aorta. A 64-year-old woman with an IVC filter placed 10 years prior presented to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed a 1.4-cm x 2.0-cm infrarenal aortic pseudoaneurysm adjacent to the IVC filter site. A Zenith endograft (Cook) was used via an open femoral artery exposure to successfully treat the pseudoaneurysm.
Health related quality of life patterns in patients treated with interstitial prostate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer--data from CaPSURE.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We measured the impact brachytherapy monotherapy (BMT) has on general and disease specific health related quality of life (HRQOL) compared to patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP).Materials and Methods: We studied 419 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer who enrolled in CaPSURE (Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor) data base whose primary treatment was brachytherapy monotherapy (92) or radical prostatectomy (327). The validated RAND 36-Item Health Survey and the UCLA Prostate Cancer Index were used to measure HRQOL before treatment and at 6-month intervals during the first 2 years after treatment.Results: Patients treated with BMT or RP did not differ greatly in general HRQOL after treatment. Both treatment groups showed early functional impairment in most general domains with scores returning to or approaching baseline in most domains 18 to 24 months after treatment. Patients treated with BMT had significantly higher urinary function scores at 0 t...
Inhibition of clonal expansion by Foxp3 expression as a mechanism of controlled T‐cell responses and autoimmune disease

The essential role of the transcription factor Foxp3 in the development and function of Treg has been well documented. The role of Foxp3 in non-Treg, however, is not fully understood. Emerging evidence indicates that Foxp3 expression is not confined to CD4+CD25+ Treg. The present study shows that in Foxp3 transgenic (Foxp3-Tg) mice, in which the transgene is driven by the lck distal promoter, CD4+CD25- T cells that express the Foxp3 transgene do not upregulate the expression of CD25-, GITR, or CTLA-4, and do not have suppressive function; however, the Foxp3-Tg+CD4+CD25- T cells exhibit significantly reduced proliferative response to TCR engagement. Foxp3-Tg mice are resistant to collagen-induced arthritis via reduced cellular proliferation of activated T cells. These findings indicate that Foxp3 upregulation in activated non-Treg may be a mechanism to suppress immune responses by reduced clonal expansion of activated T cells.
Genetic control of the inflammatory response induced by oxidized lipids

Abstract The fatty streak begins with entrapment of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins in the subendothelial space at susceptible sites in the arterial wall. Minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein (MM-LDL) induces endothelial cells to bind monocytes and produce message and protein for monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. In culture, human endothelial and smooth muscle cells in arterial wall configuration sequester LDL, protecting it from antioxidants and giving rise to MM-LDL-like species. In mice, MM-LDL induces monocyte binding at susceptible aortic sites athe monocytes may then differentiate into macrophages that release reactive oxygen and active aldehydes, resulting in highly oxidized LDL leading to foam cell formation. Feeding mice and atherogenic diet induces expression of several inflammatory and oxidative stress genes, including serum amyloid A, which binds exclusively to HDL. This may contribute to a decrease in protective HDL levels seen in mice susceptible to fatty streak formation.
Evidence for directed self-assembly of quantum dots in a nematic liquid crystal.

Assembling quantum dots (QDs) into nanoscale configurations over macroscopic dimensions is an important goal to realizing their electro-optical potential. In this Rapid Communication, we present a detailed study of a pentylcyanobiphenyl liquid crystal (LC) and a CdS QD colloidal dispersion by probing the dielectric property epsilon and relaxation as a function of an applied ac electric field Eac. In principle, dispersing QDs in a nematic LC medium can direct the dots to align in nearly one-dimensional chainlike structures along the nematic director and these assemblies of QDs can be directed by external electric fields. In a uniform planar aligned cell, the Freedericksz switching of the LC+QDs appears as a two-step process with the same initial switching field as the bulk but with the final epsilon value larger than that for an aligned bulk LC. The relaxation of epsilon immediately following the removal of Eac follows a single-exponential decay to its original value that is slower than the bulk but becomes progressively faster with increasing Eac, eventually saturating. These results suggest that the arrangement of the QDs is mediated by the LC.
Spatial differencing of the transport equation: Positivity vs. accuracy

Positive spatial difference schemes for the Boltzmann equation are derived and compared in x -y geometry. It is found that none of the positive schemes are as accurate as the most commonly used nonpositive scheme. A variable weighted difference scheme in which the weights are chosen depending on the space-angle mesh is shown to give results similar to those obtained with difference schemes based on the method of characteristics. A version of the variable weight scheme in which weights depend not only on the space-angle mesh but also on particle sources and fluxes is suggested as a means of obtaining the highest accuracy consistent with a positive difference scheme, but it is noted that such schemes are computationally more expensive than available corrective recipes used in conjunction with nonpositive schemes.
Prenatal nicotinic exposure augments cardiorespiratory responses to activation of bronchopulmonary C-fibers

Rat pups prenatally exposed to nicotine (PNE) present apneic (lethal ventilatory arrest) responses during severe hypoxia. To clarify whether these responses are of central origin, we tested PNE eff...
Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters

Because synaptic vesicles and secretory granules are simple in composition and easy to purify, many of their protein components have been identified and often sequenced. Attempts are underway to link the small number of membrane proteins to the small number of functions the vesicles perform. The discovery of sequence homologies has helped greatly with this. In addition, techniques that have begun to prove successful involve microinjection, identification of proteins that bind synaptic vesicle proteins, DNA transfection into cells and oocytes, and more recently, in vitro reconstitution of exocytosis, endocytosis, and vesicle biogenesis. Advances in the latter areas have been strongly influenced by the breakthroughs in our knowledge of membrane traffic in nonneuronal cells. The budding reactions involved in making synaptic vesicles and secretory granules resemble in many ways the generation of carrier vesicles from the ER and the Golgi complex. Finally, exocytosis in neurons may closely resemble fusion of carrier vesicles with target organelles in nonneuronal cells, using complexes of peripheral membrane proteins, GTP hydrolysis, and integral membrane proteins with fusogenic domains. The usefulness of in vitro reconstitution, reverse genetics, and the parallels with better understood systems compensates in part for a major weakness in the field, namely the difficulty in obtaining viable mutants that are defective in the storage and release of secretory vesicle content.