cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A results-based process for evaluation of diverse visual analytics tools

With the pervasiveness of still and full-motion imagery in commercial and military applications, the need to ingest and analyze these media has grown rapidly in recent years. Additionally, video hosting and live camera websites provide a near real-time view of our changing world with unprecedented spatial coverage. To take advantage of these controlled and crowd-sourced opportunities, sophisticated visual analytics (VA) tools are required to accurately and efficiently convert raw imagery into usable information. Whether investing in VA products or evaluating algorithms for potential development, it is important for stakeholders to understand the capabilities and limitations of visual analytics tools. Visual analytics algorithms are being applied to problems related to Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), facility security, and public safety monitoring, to name a few. The diversity of requirements means that a onesize- fits-all approach to performance assessment will not work. We present a process for evaluating the efficacy of algorithms in real-world conditions, thereby allowing users and developers of video analytics software to understand software capabilities and identify potential shortcomings. The results-based approach described in this paper uses an analysis of end-user requirements and Concept of Operations (CONOPS) to define Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs), test data requirements, and evaluation strategies. We define metrics that individually do not fully characterize a system, but when used together, are a powerful way to reveal both strengths and weaknesses. We provide examples of data products, such as heatmaps, performance maps, detection timelines, and rank-based probability-of-detection curves.
Structure and solution properties of prepared randomly branched polystyrene as compared to linear polystyrene standards

Samples of divinylbenzene (DVB)-styrene copolymer were prepared by free radical polymerization using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The samples were fractionated and characterized using a light-scattering technique. The expansion and branching factors were calculated from the light-scattering data for the branched copolymer and standard linear samples of the same total molecular weight and were found to be comparable with literature data.
Beyond the Letter of His Master’s Thought : C.N.R. McCoy on Medieval Political Theory

Publie en 1962, le livre de Charles N.R. McCoy, intitule The Structure of Political Thought, demeure un travail important, encore qu’oublie, sur l’histoire de la philosophie politique. Bien que l’ouvrage ait recu de bonnes appreciations, il n’existe pas encore d’examen critique de son traitement de la theorie politique medievale. Dans le present article, j’explore la structure de son argument dans les deux chapitres sur la pensee medievale, en montrant comment McCoy centre sa discussion sur une investigation des differentes methodes interpretatives qu’emploient Thomas d’Aquin et Marsile de Padoue en lisant Aristote. Il le fait dans le dessein de determiner comment l’enseignement aristotelicien — touchant la structure de la pensee politique — est le mieux preserve par (et accompli au sein de) la Revelation.
Work in progress - Gap analysis visualization application for geographic representation of statistical data

The varying purpose of specific geographic data brings with it a need for a more visually representative form beyond traditional graphing and charting. An interdisciplinary team at Purdue University has been developing a dynamic and interactive presentation mechanism for metrics in a given geographic space. A combination of Web technologies was used to graphically interact with and display health departments, districts, and their related metrics. Data collected from 94 health departments within Indiana were analyzed using traditional means, which fell short of fully representing the data in a meaningful display. A Web portal was created to dynamically regenerate a map of Indiana based on data pulled from a database. The application allows for altering of data and display, saves a history of maps, allows viewing and hiding of various data, dynamically generates a JPG image of the current page, and prints to PDF format. By graphically displaying and visually understanding the level of preparedness of each health department, the state can better address gaps in preparation for pandemic influenza and other potentially global disasters. This paper discusses the creation and application of the dynamic Web solution used to generate the geographic representations of this statistical data.
Leopold réthi and laryngeal muscle mechanics

Leopold R6thi belonged to the second generation of Vienna laryngologists succeeding L. T~rck (1810-1868, originally a neurologist) and J. N. Czermak (1828-1873), who advanced that subspecialty in Central Europe through their advocacy of the laryngeal mirror, which made possible adequate examination of the living larynx for the first time (1,2). The epic tale of the batrachomyomachy between Tiirck and Czermak concerning priority in the development of the laryngeal mirror (a priority that rightfully belonged to neither of them) has been told elsewhere (1). Rrthi was born June 18, 1857, in the small market town of Szina on the river Hernad in Eastern Hungary (3,4). His physician father was also a musician, and his great-uncle was the Hungarian composer and violinist Roszavrlgyi Mark. Rrthi finished his secondary education in Eperjes and then undertook medical studies in Vienna, the center of the Austro-Hungarian empire and the intersection of German, Slavic, and Magyar lands. Vienna was at this time the greatest medical center in Europe, as it has been richly portrayed by Lesky (1). Here R6thi was able to study with such distinguished specialists as the physiologist Ernst Br~cke (1819-1892), one of the most illustrious students of Johannes MOiler. Brficke was also the author of a noteworthy monograph of the physiology of speech (5) and a mentor of Sigmund Freud's early work in neurophysiology; Freud called him "the greatest authority that I ever met" and his "supremely revered teacher . " Another distin-
Electromagnetic induction fields in the deep ocean north-east of Hawaii: implications for mantle conductivity and source fields

Summary. We have analysed a thirty-six day recording of the natural electric and magnetic field variations obtained on the deep ocean floor north-east of Hawaii. The electromagnetic fields are dominated by tides which have an appreciable oceanic component, especially in the east electric and north magnetic components. The techniques of data analysis included singular value decomposition (SVD) to remove uncorrelated noise. There are three degrees of freedom in the data set for periods longer than five hours, indicating a correlation of the vertical magnetic field and the horizontal components, suggesting source field inhomogeneity. Tensor response functions were calculated using spectral band averaging with both SVD and least squares techniques and rotated to the principal direction. One diagonal component, determined mainly by the north electric and east magnetic fields, is not interpretable as a one-dimensional induction phenomenon. The other diagonal term of the response function indicates a rapid rise in conductivity to 0.05 mho m−1 near 160 km. No decrease in conductivity below this depth is resolvable. Polarization analysis of the magnetic field indicates moving source fields with a wavelength near 5000 km. Model studies suggest that the two dimensionality in the response function may be caused by motion in the ionospheric current system.
Evaluation of the Constrained Blister Test for Measuring Adhesion

Abstract The constrained blister test (CBT) was evaluated as a method for measuring adhesion using a model system, electrical tape bonded to polystyrene. Pressure is applied through a circular inlet hole in the substrate, causing the adhesive to “blister” up and peel radially away from the substrate. A glass constraint, placed some distance above the adhesive, limits deformation of the adhesive in the vertical direction and promotes radial peel. By operating at low spacer height (the distance of the constraint above the adhesive) and very low growth rates, the energy spent for deformation of the adhesive and viscoelastic dissipation is minimized. Blister radial growth was linear with time, and growth rate increased linearly with the second power of the energy input. An intrinsic, rate-independent adhesion energy was obtained by extrapolation to zero crack growth rate. The CBT was compared with two peel tests. The dependence of the growth rate on energy input was different, but the extrapolation to zero gr...
The dynamic implications of search discrimination

Abstract Blacks have both lower employment rates and lower earnings than whites. Further, the earnings gap increases as workers age. This paper focuses on explaining differences in black/white earnings profiles and how government interventions work in a dynamic environment. Three contributions are made. Firstly, multiple equilibria may exist solely because of a coordination failure by firms. Even without taste discrimination, blacks may play no role in their poor labor market outcomes. Secondly, search discrimination leads to economic discrimination against the non-discriminated group (reverse discrimination). Finally, in response to a quota program, whites may find it optimal to subsidize black investment.
Efficacy and safety of argatroban and bivalirudine in patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

Background: Argatroban is the only commercially available Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved anticoagulant for managing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). However, bivalirudin may be an attractive alternative. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of argatroban and bivalirudin in patients with suspected HIT. Methods: This single-center, retrospective analysis included patients who received argatroban or bivalirudin for at least 24 hours between January 1, 2000, and June 30, 2012. The primary end point assessed anticoagulation goals, specifically time to therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) goal and percentage of aPTT values within therapeutic range. Secondary end points included new thromboembolic events, bleeding, and mortality. Results: Of the 68 patients who met the inclusion criteria, 48 received argatroban and 20 received bivalirudin. Baseline characteristics were similar between the 2 groups except for age, percentage of patients with liver dysfunction, aPTT ...
Steroidogenic factor-1 expression is transiently repressed and c-myc expression and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis are induced in rat granulosa cells during the periovulatory period.

The expression of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), cytochrome P450 aromatase (P450 arom ), and cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage (P450 scc ) was examined during the periovulatory period. Immature rats were injected with eCG to induce development of ovarian follicles to the preovulatory stage. At 48 h after the eCG injection, the LH surge was simulated by an injection of an ovulatory dose of hCG, and RNA was isolated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after hCG injection. The mRNA levels for SF-1, P450 arom , and P45 scc were relatively high in total ovarian RNA samples from eCG-treated rats. Levels of SF-1 and P450 arom mRNA decreased within 2 h after injection of hCG. The SF-1 mRNA levels gradually increased from 4 to 24 h. Aromatase levels remained undetectable until 24 h after hCG. P450 scc mRNA levels increased throughout the 24-h period after hCG. Levels of SF-1 and P450 arom but not P45 scc , mRNA were also reduced in RNA samples from isolated granulosa cells at 4 h after hCG treatment relative to those from eCG-treated rats. In situ hybridization analysis also revealed that hCG uniformly suppressed SF-1 mRNA levels in all granulosa cells compared to those of eCG-treated controls. The relationship of SF-1 expression to immediate/early gene expression and cell cycle traverse was also examined. C-myc mRNA levels were induced by up to 10-fold at 4 h after hCG injection. Similarly, DNA synthesis, as measured by the percentage of granulosa cells that incorporated 5'-bromodeoxyuridine, was increased from 16 ± 4% in eCG-treated rats to 61 ± 7% at 4 h after hCG treatment (p < 0.05). This study provides the novel finding that SF-1 expression is transiently repressed to very low levels in response to the LH surge. Further, these studies suggest that granulosa cells traverse the cell cycle before becoming terminally differentiated luteal cells.
Taxes and Agrarian Life in Early Modern France: Land Sales, 1550–1730

Between 1550 and 1730, privileged investors in France--nobles, officers, and wealthy merchants--bought up enormous quantities of land from peasants. The transfer of property has attracted considerable attention from historians, but it has never been satisfactorily explained. The paper invokes the tax exemptions the privileged enjoyed to account for the transfer--an explanation that fits both the chronology of the land sales and the identity of the purchasers. The paper then examines how the tax system throttled growth in the agricultural sector.
Dose Estimates from the Chernobyl Accident

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability (ARAC) responded to the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident in the Soviet Union by utilizing long-range atmospheric...
Attachment orientations and reactivity to humor in a social support context

In this behavioral observation study, we tested how individuals’ use of affiliative and aggressive humor (observer rated) impacted their romantic partners’ mood in a social support context. We also examined whether the attachment orientations of the humor-receiving partners moderated the humor effects. As predicted, support providers’ use of affiliative humor predicted pre- to post-discussion decreases in support recipients’ negative mood. Providers’ use of aggressive humor predicted increases in recipients’ negative mood. The deleterious effects of more aggressive humor were exacerbated in recipients who were more anxiously attached. Providers who used more affiliative humor were also more empathically accurate, and providers involved with more avoidantly attached partners and who used more aggressive humor were less judgmental and more validating of their avoidant partner’s behavior.
Predictors of early lung function in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Abstract Purpose Long-term pulmonary outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) have demonstrated airflow obstruction in later childhood. We examined pulmonary function data to assess what factors predict lung function in the first three years of life in children with CDH. Methods This was a retrospective study of patients treated for CDH who underwent infant pulmonary function testing (IPFT) between 2006 and 2012. IPFT was performed using the raised volume rapid thoracoabdominal compression technique and plethysmography. Results Twenty-nine neonates with CDH had IPFTs in the first 3years of life. Their mean predicted survival using the CDH Study Group equation was 63%±4%. Fourteen infants (48%) required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). The mean age at IPFT was 85.1±5weeks. Airflow obstruction was the most common abnormality, seen in 14 subjects. 12 subjects had air trapping, and 9 demonstrated restrictive disease. ECMO (p=0.002), days on the ventilator (p=0.028), and days on oxygen (p=0.023) were associated with restrictive lung disease. Conclusion Despite following a group of patients with severe CDH, lung function revealed mild deficits in the first three years of life. Clinical markers of increased severity (ECMO, ventilator days, and prolonged oxygen use) are correlated with reduced lung function.
Optimization of stochastic strategies for spatially inhomogeneous robot swarms: A case study in commercial pollination

We present a scalable approach to optimizing robot control policies for a target collective behavior in a spatially inhomogeneous robotic swarm. The approach can incorporate robot feedback to maintain system performance in an unknown environmental flow field. We consider systems in which the robots follow both deterministic and random motion and transition stochastically between tasks. Our methodology is based on an abstraction of the swarm to a macroscopic continuous model, whose dimensionality is independent of the population size, that describes the expected time evolution of swarm subpopulations over a discretization of the environment. We incorporate this model into a stochastic optimization method and map the optimized model parameters onto the robot motion and task transition control policies to achieve a desired global objective. We illustrate our methodology with a scenario in which the behaviors of a swarm of robotic bees are optimized for both uniform and nonuniform pollination of a blueberry field, including in the presence of an unknown wind.
Structural behavior of single key joints in precast concrete segmental bridges

A group of five full-depth male–female shear key specimens were match cast and tested to examine the shear capacity of epoxy-jointed single keys. Another group of four specimens were match cast using full-scale dimensions of a segmental construction bridge deck system for testing the fatigue and water tightness at a segment joint. Both cold-weather and hot-weather epoxy types were used to join the specimens. In addition to the experimental testing, finite-element analysis was also used to model the static response of the joint specimens. The observed failure mode of all shear-key specimens was fracture of concrete along the joint with shearing of the key. Good agreement was observed between the experimental test results and the finite-element analysis in terms of the failure mode of unreinforced specimen and the load of crack initiation of the specimens. Fatigue loading had a minor effect on the behavior of the posttensioning bars. The contribution of either the cold-weather or hot-weather epoxies to the ...
Race-Specific Policies and the Truly Disadvantaged

On the thirtieth anniversary of the 1954 Supreme Court decision against racial separation and the twentieth anniversary of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, a troubling dilemma confronts proponents of racial equality and social justice. The dilemma is that while the socioeconomic status of the most disadvantaged members of the minority population has deteriorated rapidly since 1965 and especially since 1970, that of advantaged members has steadily improved. This is perhaps most clearly seen in the changes that have occurred within the American black populationin recent years. In several areas, blacks have not only improved their social and economic positions in recent years, but have made those improvements at a faster rate than the reported progress of comparable whites. The most notable gains have occurred in professional employment, income of married couple families, higher education, and home ownership. The number of blacks in professional, technical, managerial and administrative positions increased by 57 percent (from 974,000 to 1,533,000) from 1973 to 1982, while the number of whites in such positions increased by only 36 percent.1 The median annual income for black married couple families in 1982 was $20,586, compared to $26,443 for white married couple families. The gap was even narrower in households where both husband and wife were employed; this was especially true for couples between the ages of 24 and 35 where the difference in annual income between blacks and whites was less than $3,000. And the fraction of black families earning $25,000 or more (in 1982 dollars) increased from 10.4 percent in 1960 to 24.5 percent in 1982.2 Meanwhile, the number of blacks enrolled full-time in American colleges and universities nearly
Application of Oxalic Acid to Preserve the Overall Quality of Rocket and Baby Spinach Leaves during Storage

The effect of postharvest treatment with oxalic acid (OA) on the overall quality of two leafy vegetables, rocket and baby spinach, was investigated for the first time. The leaves of rocket and baby spinach were dipped in 1 mM OA solution for 1 min and then stored for 6 days at 8C. As control, the leaves of rocket and baby spinach were immersed in hypochlorite, as currently practiced by fresh-cut companies. OA treatment significantly delayed deterioration during storage, with clear benefits for overall quality. Specifically, OA reduced the visual quality loss and yellowing of the leaves, slowing down the respiration rate, ammonia production, chlorophyll degradation and electrolyte leakage. In addition, the antioxidant activity and total phenol content were preserved by OA treatment. Finally, OA reduced the mesophilic aerobic count, with a performance similar to that of hypochlorite washing. Thus, OA treatment might be a valid method for preserving the postharvest overall quality of rocket and baby spinach.
P-loop mutations and novel therapeutic approaches for imatinib failures in chronic myeloid leukemia

Imatinib was the first BCR-ABL-targeted agent approved for the treatment of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and confers significant benefit for most patients; however, a substantial number of patients are either initially refractory or develop resistance. Point mutations within the ABL kinase domain of the BCR-ABL fusion protein are a major underlying cause of resistance. Of the known imatinib-resistant mutations, the most frequently occurring involve the ATP-binding loop (P-loop). In vitro evidence has suggested that these mutations are more oncogenic with respect to other mutations and wild type BCR-ABL. Dasatinib and nilotinib have been approved for second-line treatment of patients with CML who demonstrate resistance (or intolerance) to imatinib. Both agents have marked activity in patients resistant to imatinib; however, they have differential activity against certain mutations, including those of the P-loop. Data from clinical trials suggest that dasatinib may be more effective vs. nilotinib for treating patients harboring P-loop mutations. Other mutations that are differentially sensitive to the second-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) include F317L and F359I/V, which are more sensitive to nilotinib and dasatinib, respectively. P-loop status in patients with CML and the potency of TKIs against P-loop mutations are key determinants for prognosis and response to treatment. This communication reviews the clinical importance of P-loop mutations and the efficacy of the currently available TKIs against them.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip: A Retrospective Analysis of the University of Florida Experience

site-specific. No patients received chemotherapy. Median follow-up was 7.0 years (range, 1.5-27.4 years). Toxicity was graded using the CTCAE, v 3.0. Results: The 5-year local control, cause-specific survival, and overall survival rates were 72%, 84%, and 78%, respectively. Six patients with tumors > 5 cm experienced a local recurrence at a median of 2.5 years (range, 0.9-5.6 years). All 3 patients with tumors of the retroperitoneum and pelvis treated with RT alone had a local recurrence, while 1 patient with a 2-cm occipital lobe tumor treated with RT alone was alive without evidence of disease at 13 years after RT. Two patients experienced a distant metastasis at 3.7 and 19.1 years after RT and died at 6.4 and 22.7 years after RT, respectively. Two other patients died of intercurrent illness at 3.8 and 24.2 years after RT. The remaining 9 patients were alive without evidence of disease at most recent follow-up. Two patients experienced > grade 2 toxicity from RT. Conclusions: Our long-term data suggest that the morbidity of aggressive surgery combined with RT is justified due to the likelihood of local recurrence and poor outcome with RT alone, particularly for tumors of the retroperitoneum and pelvis. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of RT alone for CNS hemangiopericytoma. Author Disclosure: M. Scott: None. J.D. Reith: None. W.M. Mendenhall: None. R.B. Marcus: None. R. Zlotecki: None. C.G. Morris: None. D.J. Indelicato: None.
Students with Disabilities How Ready Are They for the 21st Century

Employment success in the 21st century requires that students with disabilities possess career maturity and personal flexibility. Past research, however, has indicated that students with disabiliti...
Tierras y aguas: la propiedad legal de los recursos productivos andinos bajo administración chilena (Tarapacá, norte de Chile 1880-1920)

Este articulo aborda las dinamicas desatadas en el espacio andino de la provincia de Tarapaca respecto de la conformacion legal de la propiedad y el uso de los recursos productivos entre las decadas de 1880 y 1920. De modo particular, se detiene en la descripcion y analisis de los mecanismos superpuestos que se generaron a partir de la actuacion de los campesinos andinos, como de los funcionarios estatales chilenos, en respuesta para solventar y validar la propiedad y el uso de la tierra y el agua en un escenario de alta complejidad como el de la chilenizacion.
DRUG DISTRIBUTION IN THE TRAINING ROOM

Legal and regulatory discrepancies involving compromised pharmaceutical care for athletes gained public attention when research sponsored by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in 1991 revealed deficiencies in drug distribution in collegiate athletic departments. 15 Pharmaceutical care is defined as the direct provision of medication-related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes. 5 Drug distribution is only one component of pharmaceutical care. The individual who provides pharmaceutical care assumes a degree of responsibility for the outcome of the patient. This liability was demonstrated in October, 1996, when a South Carolina court issued a judgment for more than $16 million against a pharmacy for negligence. 6 , 9 The court found that the plaintiff had incurred physical injuries, including brain damage, and suffered severe emotional trauma as a result of a dispensing error. The plaintiffs also alleged that the employer failed to maintain proper policies and procedures for filling prescriptions. The individual providing pharmaceutical care for athletes needs to be knowledgeable in legal and regulatory issues related to medication distribution to reduce the risk of legal penalties, but more important, to reduce the risk of compromised care for athletes that might lead to adverse patient outcomes. In addition, for those individuals engaged in the provision of pharmaceutical care, it is questionable whether malpractice insurance would be effective if the practice is not in compliance with both state and federal laws. 8
Syncables: A Framework to Support Seamless Data Migration Across Multiple Platforms

There is inadequate support for seamless task migration when users use multiple devices to perform a single task. In this paper we present the Syncables framework, a software framework designed to alleviate the problem associated with task migration. The Syncables framework can be used to migrate task data and state information across platforms. In the paper we describe the goals, design and an implementation of Syncables. We highlight features, such as a consistent naming scheme, ability for applications to define their own arbitrary Syncable types and use of transcoders and filters. Syncables will help us develop 'continuous user interfaces' that automatically bridge task disconnects.
An Extension to the Chahine Method of Inverting the Radiative Transfer Equation

An extension of the Chahine relaxation method (1970) for inverting the radiative transfer equation is presented. This method is superior to the original method in that it takes into account in a realistic manner the shape of the kernel function, and its extension to nonlinear systems is much more straightforward. A comparison of the new method with a matrix method due to Twomey (1965), in a problem involving inference of vertical distribution of ozone from spectroscopic measurements in the near ultraviolet, indicates that in this situation this method is stable with errors in the input data up to 4%, whereas the matrix method breaks down at these levels. The problem of non-uniqueness of the solution, which is a property of the system of equations rather than of any particular algorithm for solving them, remains, although it takes on slightly different forms for the two algorithms.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Bioluminescent Marine Bacterium Vibrio harveyi ATCC 33843 (392 [MAV])

Vibrio harveyi is a Gram-negative marine γ-proteobacterium that is known to be a formidable pathogen of aquatic animals and is a model organism for the study of bacterial bioluminescence and quorum sensing. In this report, we describe the complete genome sequence of the most studied strain of this species: V. harveyi ATCC 33843 (392 [MAV]).
Long-term outcome of gamma knife radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma.

Objective We evaluated the long-term outcome of vestibular schwannoma (VS) treated with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) as a primary treatment as well as an adjunct therapy. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective review (2000–2012) of 82 patients with VS who received GKRS. Of 82 patients, 20 patients with prior resection received GKRS treatment as an adjunct therapy. The remainder of the patients (62) received GKRS as a primary treatment. Results GKRS for VS showed significant variations in tumor growth control (decreased in 44 patients [54%], arrested growth in 30 patients [36%], and increased tumor size in 8 patients [10%]). Progression-free survival rates after GKRS at 3, 5, and 10 years were 98%, 95%, and 95%, respectively. Hearing, facial nerve function, and Karnofsky performance scale were significantly improved after GKRS compared with pretreated status (79 versus 90). Two patients (2.5%) required resection again due to tumor progression and worsening of signs and symptoms. Conclusion Long-term follow-up demonstrated that GKRS offers a high rate of tumor control, preservation of multiple nerve functions, and a good quality of life in both new and recurrent patients with VS.
Why Antitrust Should Defer to the Intellectual Property Rules of Standard-Setting Organizations: A Commentary on Teece and Sherry

This essay addresses the intellectual property rules of standard setting organizations (SSOs). Because owners may refuse to license intellectual property (IP) that is essential to the implementation of standards, many SSOs have adopted search, disclosure, and licensing rules that restrict their members' use of IP. In the essay, I agree with the limited antitrust scrutiny of SSOs' IP rules envisioned by David Teece and Edward Sherry. But I arrive at that result not from a one-size-fits-all characterization of antitrust or an emphasis on the delay resulting from applying the discipline. Rather, I focus on the rationales underlying antitrust jurisprudence. In particular, I emphasize the lack of significant anticompetitive effects from the IP rules of SSOs: the organizations do not resemble the collusive cartel-type arrangements that historically have drawn antitrust scrutiny, and membership in the SSO is typically not necessary to practice the standard or to exclude members from access to essential patented inputs. This lack of significant anticompetitive effects is accompanied by powerful procompetitive justifications for the rules, which reduce the likelihood that patentees will hold up the implementation of the standard.
509 EFFICACY OF SKIN CANCER AWARENESS EDUCATION IN ORANGE COUNTY TEENS.

Purpose To longitudinally evaluate Orange County students9 and teachers9 knowledge, attitudes, and sun safety habits immediately before, immediately following, and 3 months after a skin cancer awareness presentation by medical students in local classrooms. Methods As part of their Melanoma Awareness Project, University of California, Irvine (UCI) medical students developed a 55-minute curriculum aimed at 6-12th graders. Interactive throughout, the curriculum targets the culturally diverse students of Orange County, increasing understanding of skin, solar radiation, three major kinds of skin cancer, skin cancer self-screening, and tools for safer sun enjoyment. Beginning in January 2005, 1,200 students and their teachers from 5 Orange County middle and high schools completed a comprehensive baseline survey in their classrooms. The curriculum was presented, and then students completed a post-education survey. Three months later, the same group of students and teachers completed a final follow-up survey in class. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the UCI Institutional Review Board (IRB). Results Of the over 4,000 Orange County students educated using this curriculum in 2005, 1,200 consented to participate in this study and filled out surveys. The results presented will draw links between changes in student and teachers9 sun safety knowledge, attitudes, and habits and epidemiologic factors such as ethnicity, age, gender, complexion, and previous sun exposure. Conclusions Education of high school students to increase awareness of the sun9s effects, and particularly of melanoma, is effective in increasing teens9 knowledge and improving their attitudes regarding sun habits and skin self-screening. Given that melanoma is among the leading causes of life years lost due to preventable cancer, public education beginning with children and teens is clearly a worthwhile endeavor. To date, this work has contributed to adoption of the Melanoma Awareness Project by students at numerous other medical schools nationwide, with anticipated exponential increases in numbers of students reached over the next several years. In addition to teaching youngsters, the project is increasing awareness and suspicion of melanoma among future physicians across a variety of specialty interests. This project is supported by the Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Medical Student Service Project Award.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), also known as polyaromatic hydrocarbons , are a group of more than 100 different chemicals characterized by two or more aromatic or benzene rings connected to each other. Unlike polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides, many PAHs are naturally occurring. Natural PAHs come primarily from combustion of organic materials. Forest, brush, and grassland fires are by far the most productive natural sources of PAHs. In second place are volcanoes, other sources of combustion, and aerobic bacteria. Human-derived or anthropogenic sources of PAHs include industrial combustion, fossil fuel burning, oil spills, vehicular exhausts, asphalts, tars, refuse incineration, and other industrial processes.
First principles materials design of novel functional oxides

We review our efforts to develop and implement robust computational approaches for exploring phase stability to facilitate the prediction-to-synthesis process of novel functional oxides. These efforts focus on a synergy between (i) electronic structure calculations for properties predictions, (ii) phenomenological/empirical methods for examining phase stability as related to both phase segregation and temperature-dependent transitions and (iii) experimental validation through synthesis and characterization. We illustrate this philosophy by examining an inaugural study that seeks to discover novel functional oxides with high piezoelectric responses. Our results show progress towards developing a framework through which solid solutions can be studied to predict materials with enhanced properties that can be synthesized and remain active under device relevant conditions.
Association of COL1A1 and otosclerosis: evidence for a shared genetic etiology with mild osteogenesis imperfecta.

Hypothesis: Otosclerosis is related to mild osteogenesis imperfecta with genetic defects in type I collagen. Background: Otosclerosis is a common bone disease of the human otic capsule that has an underlying hereditary predisposition. The histopathology and clinical manifestations are strikingly similar to the milder forms of osteogenesis imperfecta in which mutations of type I collagen genes have been established as the underlying cause. Methods: The authors investigated the genetic basis of otosclerosis by conducting an association study using polymorphic DNA markers from patients with clinical otosclerosis and random control subjects. Results: This study showed a significant association between clinical otosclerosis and the type I collagen COL1A1 gene using three different polymorphic markers within the gene. Conclusions: Some cases of clinical otosclerosis may be related to mutations within the COL1A1 gene that are similar to those found in mild forms of osteogenesis imperfecta and result in null expression of the mutant allele.
TIME-VARYING COEFFICIENT MODELS FOR JOINT MODELING BINARY AND CONTINUOUS OUTCOMES IN LONGITUDINAL DATA

Motivated by an empirical analysis of ecological momentary assessment data (EMA) collected in a smoking cessation study, we propose a joint modeling technique for estimating the time-varying association between two intensively measured longitudinal responses: a continuous one and a binary one. A major challenge in joint modeling these responses is the lack of a multivariate distribution. We suggest introducing a normal latent variable underlying the binary response and factorizing the model into two components: a marginal model for the continuous response, and a conditional model for the binary response given the continuous response. We develop a two-stage estimation procedure and establish the asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators. We also derived the standard error formulas for estimated coefficients. We conduct a Monte Carlo simulation study to assess the finite sample performance of our procedure. The proposed method is illustrated by an empirical analysis of smoking cessation data, in which the question of interest is to investigate the association between urge to smoke, continuous response, and the status of alcohol use, the binary response, and how this association varies over time.
Aware of the Situation

Situational awareness draws upon ideas and applications that have permeated computing technology from its very inception. The Web extra at https://youtu.be/6j9QmxSvw44 is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he discusses situational awareness as the fundamental application for computing technology.
Abstract 5254: Andrographolide prevents prostate cancer by targeting CXCR3/CXCR7 and regulators of cell cycle

Despite state of the art cancer diagnostics and therapies offered in clinics, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Hence, more robust therapeutic/preventive regimes are required to combat this lethal disease. In the current study, we have tested the efficacy of andrographolide (AG), a bioactive diterpenoid isolated from Andrographis paniculata, against PCa. This natural agent selectively affects PCa cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, without affecting primary prostate epithelial cells. Furthermore, AG showed differential effect on phases of cell cycle in LNCaP, C4-2b and PC3 cell lines compared to retinoblastoma protein (RB-/-) lacking DU-145 cells. This agent blocked the G2/M transition in LNCaP, C4-2b and PC3 whereas DU-145 cells failed to transit G1/S phase. This difference was primarily due to switching of the activation states of cell cycle regulators in these cell lines. AG induced its effect mainly via cyclin A2 and B1 in LNCaP, C4-2b and PC3 cell lines; whereas, cyclin E related regulation was affected in DU-145 cells. Phosphorylation status of Wee1, a nuclear kinase belonging to the Ser/Thr family and CDC2 was also affected by AG. Intriguingly, AG affected cell viability and the ability of PCa cells to migrate via modulating CXCL11 and CXCR3 and CXCR7 expression. The significant impact of AG on cellular and molecular processes involved in PCa progression suggest this agent has potential to be used as a therapeutic and/or preventive modality. Citation Format: Hina Mir, Neeraj Kapur, Rajesh Singh, Guru Sonpavde, James W. Lillard, Shailesh Singh. Andrographolide prevents prostate cancer by targeting CXCR3/CXCR7 and regulators of cell cycle. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5254.
The Impact of Maternal Obesity and Excessive Gestational Weight Gain on Maternal and Infant Outcomes in Maine: Analysis of Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Results from 2000 to 2010

The objective of this study is to understand the relationships between prepregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (PRAMS) data from Maine for 2000–2010 were used to determine associations between demographic, socioeconomic, and health behavioral variables and maternal and infant outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on the independent variables of age, race, smoking, previous live births, marital status, education, BMI, income, rurality, alcohol use, and GWG. Dependent variables included maternal hypertension, premature birth, birth weight, infant admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and length of hospital stay of the infant. Excessive prepregnancy BMI and excessive GWG independently predicted maternal hypertension. A high prepregnancy BMI increased the risk of the infant being born prematurely, having a longer hospital stay, and having an excessive birth weight. Excessive GWG predicted a longer infant hospital stay and excessive birth weight. A low pregnancy BMI and a lower than recommended GWG were also associated with poor outcomes: prematurity, low birth weight, and an increased risk of the infant admitted to ICU. These findings support the importance of preconception care that promotes achievement of a healthy weight to enhance optimal reproductive outcomes.
Survey on the Effectiveness of Dietary Supplements to Treat Tinnitus

Purpose We surveyed the benefit of dietary supplements to treat tinnitus and reported adverse effects. Method A website was created for people with tinnitus to complete a variety of questions. Resu...
Pricing Recovery Risk via a Partial Information Transform

In his seminal paper, Wang ( S. S. Wang, "A Universal Framework for Pricing Financial and Insurance Risks", ASTIN Bulletin, Volume 32, Issue 02 November 2002, pp 213-234) proposes a transform method to price both liabilities and contingent claims, whether traded or not. One application of the Wang Transform is in option pricing, which for example can be used in the structural modeling of defaultable bonds. The classical Merton model (R.C. Merton, "On the pricing of corporate debt: The risk structure of interest rates", The Journal of Finance 29.2, 449-470, 1974.) assumes that default and post-default recoverable values are driven by a common stochastic factor, that of the firm's asset value. However, a single factor for pricing such bonds assumes that bond and equity returns are perfectly correlated, which need not be true. New methods, (A. Cohen and N. Costanzino, "Bond and CDS Pricing with Recovery Risk I and II", SSRN preprints) address the entanglement of recovery risk with default risk in the pricing of defaultable bonds. The authors show that this mixture can lead to errors in estimating the total risk that investors in these bonds have undertaken. The approach taken also considers related instruments such as CDS's and equity as well as solving the related boundary value problems for bond price. The time value of money is another important aspect of bond pricing, and in the same issue that Wang's paper appeared, Buhlmann (H. Buhlmann, "New Math for Life Actuaries", ASTIN Bulletin, Volume 32, Issue 02 November 2002, pp 209-211.) proposed a paradigm shift in thinking about this technology. In his editorial, Buhlmann advocated switching to a "numeraire based approach" for teaching financial risk to actuaries. In our short note, we present a transform for a multifactor bond-pricing model that represents the partial information available to firm managers about recoverable value. In the spirit of Buhlmann's proposal, this approach is dependent on the choice of numeraire as well as the conditions for default. We will recover a version of the Wang Transform in the classical Merton model, and will calculate the transformed default probability in two other related structural models. The effect of this extra uncertainty about post-default recovery, we will see, can be observed through the distortion of the original default risk. Three examples are used to illuminate the approach, including a model that incorporates short-term credit spreads into asset and recovery value evolution.
The anonymization debate should be about risk, not perfection

Focusing on the process of anonymity rather than pursuing the unattainable goal of guaranteed safety.
Psychosocial Aspects of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

The earliest studies dating back to the 1950s have tended to present a more pessimistic view of the psychosocial aspects of JRA patients. More carefully designed studies, however, have shown that these children do not have unique personality characteristics, nor are they necessarily socially maladjusted. Stress may play some role in onset of exacerbation of the disease, although this role is unclear at present. The child's level of cognitive development probably does play a role in the perception of pain and should be considered when undertaking patient education. The long-term psychosocial outcome of JRA patients appears to be quite good, with the majority of patients achieving educational levels at or beyond the level of the population as a whole and with the majority of patients able to support themselves. Future research may provide tools for even better assessment of this and other areas of psychosocial function.
Dislocation theory-based cohesive model for microstructurally short fatigue crack growth

Abstract A continuous representation of dislocations is used to represent a mode-II crack and the associated plastic zone. In the original formulation of dislocation theory, the friction stress that opposes the motion of the dislocations is represented by a constant stress. In our new formulation, we embed a cohesive zone in the plastic region in front of a crack tip by representing the friction stress as a function of the crack displacement. This allows cohesive zone models (obtainable from a lower scale simulation, such as molecular dynamics) to be integrated into a dislocation theory-based model, for the first time, to predict short crack growth. The details of this new formulation are shown for the two cases: the crack and the associated plastic zone inside a grain, and the crack and the associated plastic zone tip at the grain boundary. The main features of this new model are discussed along with an experimental comparison to the case of microstructurally short fatigue crack growth across two grains in a Ni-based CMSX-4 alloy.
An Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Accurate Prediction of Sepsis in the ICU.

OBJECTIVE Sepsis is among the leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and cost overruns in critically ill patients. Early intervention with antibiotics improves survival in septic patients. However, no clinically validated system exists for real-time prediction of sepsis onset. We aimed to develop and validate an Artificial Intelligence Sepsis Expert (AISE) algorithm for early prediction of sepsis.