cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Safety and immunogenicity in human volunteers of a chloroform-methanol residue vaccine for Q fever.

Abstract Current Q fever vaccines, consisting of Formalin-inactivated phase I whole Coxiella burnetii, are highly efficacious in preventing disease in high-risk settings but are associated with a risk of unacceptable local reactions in previously immune individuals and require cumbersome preliminary immunologic evaluation of potential vaccinees. A vaccine prepared from the residue of chloroform-methanol extraction of phase I Henzerling strain C. burnetii (CMR) has been shown to be less reactogenic but still immunogenic and protective in small animals and sheep. In a placebo-controlled trial, we immunized 35 healthy adults unscreened for markers of prior C. burnetii immunity with a single subcutaneous CMR dose of 30, 60, 120, or 240 micrograms. None of those receiving the 30- or 60-micrograms CMR dose and none of the placebo recipients experienced any adverse effects. Five of 15 120-micrograms dose CMR recipients complained of transient discomfort in the inoculated arm; erythema or induration of > or = 100 mm2 was noted in three and four, respectively, and two had malaise and low-grade fever ( or = 100 mm2 (P < 0.001 versus placebo). Two reported malaise, and one had low-grade fever. All adverse effects were self-limited. Serum immunoglobulin M responses were optimally detected with CMR antigen and occurred in 50, 60, 73, and 90% of recipients of the 30-, 60-, 120-, and 240-micrograms doses, respectively; results with phase I whole-cell antigen were similar. Serum immunoglobulin G responses were best detected with phase II antigen and were seen in 20, 20, and 40% of those receiving the 60-, 120-, and 240-micrograms doses, respectively. Peripheral blood T-cell proliferative responses to C. burnetii recall antigens were transient and of low magnitude but were seen with CMR antigen in 33% of 120-micrograms dose recipients and 40% of 240-micrograms dose recipients. Data from this study and those from comparative-efficacy trials in primates should provide the basis for field trials of the CMR vaccine.
Transformations of sugars in alkaline solutions : Part II. Primary rates of enolization

Abstract A method has been developed for studying the enolization of sugars in D2O, and determining by infrared absorption the DOH formed. The method does not require isotopically labeled substrates and does not involve a primary isotope-effect. It can be applied to reducing sugars in general and to diverse reaction-systems. By use of radioactivity measurements in conjunction with measurements of infrared absorption, the isotope effect kT/kH, for the release of hydrogen atoms from deuterated d -glucose-2-t, was measured and found to be 0.13.
Media and group cohesion: relative influences on social presence, task participation, and group consensus

Organizations deploy advanced communication media such as audio and videoconferencing to enhance and extend group communication interactions. However, established groups (i.e., groups with a history of working together) can view and use the same technology differently from groups without any past experiences of working together. This study examines the relative influences of media condition and group cohesion on social presence, task participation, and group consensus. Results from a controlled laboratory experiment with 45 triads of college students working on a decision-making task showed that media condition (audio conferencing vs. desktop videoconferencing) has significantly smaller influences on social presence and task participation than group cohesion in established groups. The study found that influence of group cohesion over social presence is additive, rather than substitutive, to that of media condition. The study also established that task participation played a more important role than social presence in determining the degree of consensus among group members in computer-mediated communication environments.
On the optimal two-block H/sup /spl infin// problem

This paper provides the duality structure of the optimal two-block H/sup /spl infin// problem. The dual description leads naturally to a numerical solution based on convex programming for LTI (including infinite dimensional) systems. Alignment conditions are obtained and show that the optimal solution is flat in general, and unique in the SISO case. It is also proved that under specific conditions, a well-known Hankel-Toeplitz operator achieves its norm on the discrete spectrum, therefore generalizing a similar result obtained formerly for finite-dimensional (rational) systems. The norm of this Hankel-Toeplitz operator corresponds to the optimal two-block H/sup /spl infin// performance.
The Magical Self: Body Society and the Supernatural in Early Modern Rural Finland

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Laura Stark Year: 2006 Pages: 524 Publisher: Academia Scientiarum Fennica/Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia ISBN: 951-41-0998-8 (soft cover).
Efficient methods for large‐scale linear inversion using a geostatistical approach

[1] In geophysical inverse problems, such as estimating the unknown parameter field from noisy observations of dependent quantities, e.g., hydraulic conductivity from head observations, stochastic Bayesian and geostatistical approaches are frequently used. To obtain best estimates and conditional realizations it is required to perform several matrix-matrix computations involving the covariance matrix of the discretized field of the parameters. In realistic three-dimensional fields that are finely discretized, these operations as performed in conventional algorithms become extremely expensive and even prohibitive in terms of memory and computational requirements. Using Hierarchical Matrices, we show how to reduce the complexity of forming approximate matrix-vector products involving the Covariance matrices in log linear complexity for an arbitrary distribution of points and a wide variety of generalized covariance functions. The resulting system of equations is solved iteratively using a matrix-free Krylov subspace approach. Furthermore, we show how to generate unconditional realizations using an approximation to the square root of the covariance matrix using Chebyshev matrix polynomials and use the above to generate conditional realizations. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method on a few standard test problems, such as interpolation from noisy observations and contaminant source identification.
Inferential Meta‐Themes in Organizational Science Research: Causal Inference, System Dynamics, and Computational Models

Current theoretical, empirical, and methodological efforts in organizational science are increasingly concerned with causal inference and system dynamics. The strengths and weakness of recent approaches to causal inference are reviewed. It is demonstrated that causal inference techniques derived from both the graph-theoretic and potential outcomes perspectives provide only limited support for the majority of focal inferences in organizational science. System dynamic methods such as state space and computational modeling are then presented as viable inferential methods for advancing organizational science. Keywords: causality; dynamics; systems theory; potential-outcomes; computational modeling
Once again: once again—tidal friction

Topex/Poseidon (T/P) altimetry has reopened the problem of how tidal dissipation is to be allocated. There is now general agreement of a M2 dissipation by 2.5 Terawatts (1 TW = 1012 W), based on four quite separate astronomic observational programs. Allowing for the bodily tide dissipation of 0.1 TW leaves 2.4 TW for ocean dissipation. The traditional disposal sites since Jeffreys (1920) have been in the turbulent bottom boundary layer (BBL) of marginal seas, and the modern estimate of about 2.1 TW is in this tradition (but the distribution among the shallow seas has changed radically from time to time). Independent estimates of energy flux into the marginal seas are not in good agreement with the BBL estimates. T/P altimetry has contributed to the tidal problem in two important ways. The assimilation of global altimetry into Laplace tidal solutions has led to accurate representations of the global tides, as evidenced by the very close agreement between the astronomic measurements and the computed 2.4 TW working of the Moon on the global ocean. Second, the detection by Ray and Mitchum (1996) of small surface manifestation of internal tides radiating away from the Hawaiian chain has led to global estimates of 0.2 to 0.4 TW of conversion of surface tides to internal tides. Measurements of ocean microstructure yields 0.2 TW of global dissipation by pelagic turbulence (away from topography). We propose that pelagic turbulence is maintained by topographic scattering of barotropic into baroclinic tidal energy, via internal tides and internal waves. Previous estimates by Baines (1974); Baines, (1982)) of this conversion along 150,000 km of continental coastlines gave a negligible 0.02 TW; evidently the important conversion takes place along mid-ocean ridges. The maintenance of the abyssal global stratification requires a much larger expenditure of power. 2 TW versus 0.2 TW. This is usually attributed to wind forcing. If tidal power is to play a significant role here, then the BBL estimates need to be reduced. The challenge is to estimate dissipation from the energy flux divergence in the T/P adjusted tidal models, without prior assumptions concerning the dissipation processes.
1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3- disilacyclobutane and its 1,3-digerma and 1,3-distanna analogs: Unexpected products from the reaction of bis(trimethylsilyl)bromomethyllithium with dimethyldihalo derivatives of silicon, germanium and tin

Abstract The reaction of bis(trimethylsilyl)bromomethyllithium with the dimethyldihalo derivatives of silicon, germanium and tin in each case gave the respective 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-2,2,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1,3-dimetallacyclobutane as the major product. Since the tin compound was the first 1,3-distannacyclobutane to be prepared, its structure was confirmed by ring cleavage reactions with bromine in CCl4, to give BrMe2SnC(SiMe3)2SnMe2C(SiMe3)2Br, and with methyllithium, to give, after hydrolysis, Me3SnC(SiMe3)2SnMe2C(SiMe3)2H and (Me3Si)2(Me3Sn)CH. Trapping experiments with trimethyltin chloride and bromine showed intermediates of type (Me3Si)2C(Li)MMe2Cl to be involved in 1,3-dimetallacyclobutane formation.
Abstract 1110: Differential expression of cholecystokinin receptors and their ligands in normal and neoplastic pancreas

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: The gastrointestinal peptide gastrin has been identified in fetal pancreas up until week 14 where it is thought to play a role in growth and differentiation. Gastrin has also been identified as an important growth factor that stimulates pancreatic cancer through the CCK-B and CCK-C receptors by an autocrine mechanism. Hypothesis: It is hypothesized that gastrin re-expression is important to pancreatic carcinogenesis. Methods: The mRNA from normal human pancreas tissue was isolated and endpoint RT-PCR was performed to detect RNA levels of gastrin and CCK peptide, using gastrin specific and CCK peptide specific primers, respectively. PCR products were visualized on an ethidium bromide stained gel after electrophoresis. Normal human pancreatic tissue samples were evaluated for gastrin and CCK by immunohistochemistry. Tissues were flash frozen and sectioned at a thickness of 8-10uM. Non-specific sites were blocked, followed by exposure to either gastrin or CCK antisera. Peptide presence was assessed using AF568 (Alexa Fluor) goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody. Results: The end-point RT-PCR showed significant levels of CCK-B receptor and CCK peptide in normal pancreas samples. The gastrin end-point RT-PCR showed extremely low levels in all of the normal pancreas samples. Gastrin immunoreactivity was not detected in normal pancreas, however, staining of the positive control, an islet cell tumor, was reactive. The negative control, a GIST tumor, showed no staining as well. Conclusions: Normal pancreas possesses the receptor CCK-B and the peptide CCK. Gastrin is not present in normal pancreatic tissues, but is detected in neoplastic pancreatic samples. Therefore, the re-expression of gastrin plays a pivotal role in the development of pancreatic cancer and could be a potential trigger to pancreatic carcinogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1110. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1110
Values and the future in Marx and Marxism

Abstract This article re-examines from a futurist's perspective the values and images of the future in Marxist thought and assesses their validity and viability over the decades to come. It concludes that Marxist thought was not simply betrayed in action by incompetent, corrupt or power-mad leaders, although it is reasonable to question whether any regime calling itself socialist actually constituted what Marx had in mind. The theory itself as a vision of a desirable future society and as a blueprint for attaining it is inherently flawed. None the less, Marxism was based on some values that have universal validity and that will continue to have worldwide appeal. Thus, people calling themselves Marxists can be expected to continue to produce revisions of theory and political practice. Additionally, it specifies some implications of Marxism for modern futurists.
ICI 181,037: a novel eukalemic diuretic with antiarrhythmic activity.

ICI 181,037, the most active compound from a series of 1,1-diarylcarbin-1-ol-2 amines, was evaluated for diuretic and cardiovascular activity. In saline-loaded rats, the magnitude of water diuresis and saluresis produced by ICI 181,037 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) was equal to that of hydrochlorothiazide. Water diuresis and saluresis produced by ICI 181,037 were enhanced with SKF 525A, ampicillin or neomycin plus lincomycin, suggesting that ICI 181,037 is an active diuretic. In conscious dogs, the saluretic activity of ICI d-181,037 (5 mg/kg, p.o.) was about 80% of the corresponding hydrochlorothiazide value, whereas the l-isomer demonstrated only minimum saluretic activity. In both rats and dogs, the concurrent kaliuresis after ICI 181,037 or its enantiomers was minimal as compared to hydrochlorothiazide. Following chronic dosing with diuretic doses, the basal levels of plasma potassium in dogs were not altered. In amphibian in vitro models for mimicking mammalian nephron, ICI 181,037 and its enantiomers demonstrated antinatriferic and antichloriferic activities, suggesting multiple renal sites of action for this agent. Racemic ICI 181,037 and its isomers reversed ouabain-induced arrhythmia in dogs and/or reduced the ouabain-induced mortality in mice after intravenous administration. It is concluded that ICI 181,037, particularly its d-isomer, is a novel eukalemic diuretic and possesses antiarrhythmic activity.
A proposal to use real time pricing to manage the electrical grid as a step toward distributed control

An alternative method of managing the electrical grid is presented. Rather than using a centralized control paradigm to balance generation against the load, a distributed approach is proposed. It is believed that this design improves the robustness of the grid by using an architecture that allows for the automatic formation of local micro grids. The selforganization of these micro-grids makes it possible to identify participants in an ad hoc fashion after a storm for purposes of disaster recovery. The micro-grid can automatically grow to encompass all participants, and join with other grids to encompass the entire region.
CO2 chemoreception in cardiorespiratory control.

Considerable progress has been made elucidating the cellular signals and ion channel targets involved in the response to increased CO2/H+ of brain stem neurons from chemosensitive regions. Intracel...
Intrabronchial Infection of Rhesus Macaques with Simian Varicella Virus Results in a Robust Immune Response in the Lungs

UNLABELLED Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the etiological agent of varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (shingles). Primary VZV infection is believed to occur via the inhalation of virus either in respiratory droplets or from shedding varicella lesions or by direct contact with infectious vesicular fluid. However, the ensuing immune response in the lungs remains incompletely understood. We have shown that intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques with simian varicella virus (SVV), a homolog of VZV, recapitulates the hallmarks of acute and latent VZV infection in humans. In this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the host immune response to acute SVV infection in the lungs and peripheral blood. We report that acute SVV infection results in a robust innate immune response in the lungs, characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors as well as an increased frequency of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) that corresponded with alpha interferon (IFN-α) production and a rapid decrease in viral loads in the lungs. This is followed by T and B cell proliferation, antibody production, T cell differentiation, and cytokine production, which correlate with the complete cessation of viral replication. Although terminally differentiated CD8 T cells became the predominant T cell population in bronchoalveolar lavage cells, a higher percentage of CD4 T cells were SVV specific, which suggests a critical role for these cells in the resolution of primary SVV infection in the lungs. Given the homology between SVV and VZV, our data provide insight into the immune response to VZV within the lung. IMPORTANCE Although primary VZV infection occurs primarily via the respiratory route, the host response in the lungs and its contribution to the cessation of viral replication and establishment of latency remain poorly understood. The difficulty in accessing lung tissue and washes from individuals infected with VZV has hampered efforts to address this knowledge gap. SVV infection of rhesus macaques is an important model of VZV infection of humans; therefore, we utilized this animal model to gain a comprehensive view of the kinetics of the immune response to SVV in the lung and its relationship to the resolution of acute infection in respiratory tissues. These data not only advance our understanding of host immunity to VZV, a critical step in developing new vaccines, but also provide additional insight into immunity to respiratory pathogens.
Intellectual property rights protection and the surge in FDI in China

Abstract There is scarcity of empirical studies focusing on the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) in attracting FDI into developing nations, especially large economies with relatively strong threat of imitation. This paper examines the contribution of IPR to the recent surge in China’s inward FDI. We consider two alternative measures of IPR and explore the possibility that the effect of IPR protection on FDI may vary by the level of economic development. Using a panel data for 38 countries, the empirical results indicate that the strengthening of IPR protection in China has a positive and significant effect on FDI. The results also show that FDI from Hong Kong and Taiwan behaves differently from the FDI originating from other high-income countries.
Screened perturbation theory to three loops

The thermal physics of a massless scalar field with a ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ interaction is studied within screened perturbation theory (SPT). In this method the perturbative expansion is reorganized by adding and subtracting a mass term in the Lagrangian. We consider several different mass prescriptions that generalize the one-loop gap equation to two-loop order. We calculate the pressure and entropy to three-loop order and the screening mass to two-loop order. In contrast with the weak-coupling expansion, the SPT-improved approximations appear to converge even for rather large values of the coupling constant.
How Unique Are the Price–Anderson Limitations on Nuclear Accident Liability?

In this paper we extend the work reported in prior studies. The conclusion drawn from the aggregate of those studies was that the limitation on liability imposed by the Price–Anderson Act for a catastrophic accident at a nuclear power plant ($560 million) is comparable to de facto limitations on recovery following catastrophic events in many other industries. The analysis in those reports was at a high level of abstraction, comparing almost exclusively the potential loss from high consequence accidents with the current assets of major firms in relevant industries. We found that potential loss exceeded assets.
The mechanism, function and regulation of depolymerizing kinesins during mitosis

Kinesins are motor proteins that use the hydrolysis of ATP to do mechanical work. Most of these motors translocate cargo along the surface of the microtubule (MT). However, a subfamily of these motors (Kin-I kinesins) can destabilize MTs directly from their ends. This distinct ability makes their activity crucial during mitosis, when reordering of the MT cytoskeleton is most evident. Recently, much work has been done to elucidate the structure and mechanism of depolymerizing kinesins, particularly those of the mammalian kinesin mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK). In addition, new regulatory factors have been discovered that shed light on the regulation and precise role of Kin-I kinesins during mitosis.
Collapsars, infrared disks and invisible secondaries of massive binary systems.

The supergiant primary of the eclipsing binary system ɛ Aur is probably a star of high mass burning helium in its core. Cameron's suggestion that the invisible secondary is a massive collapsar surrounded by a cool disk of solid particles is thus given further support. A similar object with a disk may be in orbit around the supergiant 89 Her, which has a large infrared excess of unknown origin. The disk could be formed during the initial stage of collapse of the secondary.
Report of Joint Committee for Stroke Facilities-- IX. Strokes in Children (Part 1)

The study group assigned the task of reviewing what is known about strokes in children has performed an outstanding service in bringing to the attention of readers of Guidelines for Stroke Care an important but little-publicized subject. They have given an analysis in depth, covering epidemiology, neuropathology, diagnosis and medical treatment, neurosurgical management, neuroradiology, rehabilitation, and psychological and educational problems. Strokes occur in children much less frequently than in the adult population. Nevertheless their significance should not be underestimated or underemphasized, for they have unusual features because their impact affects the developing nervous system. The Strokes in Children section of the Report of the Joint Committee for Stroke Facilities is being published in two parts of which this is the first; the second part will appear in the November-December issue of this Journal.
On-Line Processing of Unidirectional Fiber Composites Using Radiative Heating: II. Radiative Properties, Experimental Validation and Process Parameter Selection

Experimental validation is presented for a detailed thermal model (described in Paper I) for on-line processing of unidirectional fiber composites by surface or volumetric radiative heating. Surface and volumetric radiative properties of unidirectional graphite/epoxy and glass/epoxy are presented: measurements of the complex refractive index of an uncured and cured 3501-6 epoxy resin as a function of wavelength; semi-empirical extinction and scattering coefficients and phase functions for graphite/epoxy and glass/epoxy as a function of wavelength and incident angle, assuming independent scattering; model predictions of the effects of dependent scattering (i.e. electromagnetic wave interference) in graphite/epoxy and glass/epoxy; and measurements of the directional-hemispherical reflectance of AS4/3501-6 as a function of wavelength, incident angle, unidirectional composite orientation, and degree of cure. Experimental temperature histories for in-situ (or continuous) curing of graphite/epoxy, hoop-wound cylinders using infrared (IR) heating at power levels of 5 and 7kW and mandrel winding speeds of 0.1 and 0.15m/s are presented. Good qualitative agreement is found between the experimental results and model predictions for AS4/3501-6. Recommended manufacturing process windows for graphite/epoxy and glass/epoxy are presented for several process parameters, such as radiant-source emissive power level and winding speed. Due to their higher radiation absorptivity and lower heat capacity, graphite composites generally have narrower process windows.
Diterpenoids from Calceolaria hypericina

Four new diterpenoids were isolated from the aerial parts of Calceolaria hypericina. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. One of them has a dehydroabietane skeleton, and the others a pimarane skeleton.
Research on Types of Oil Reservoirs and Character of Oil-Water Distribution in Heidimiao Layer

This paper takes Yingtai area which is located in the south of Qijia-Gulong sag and part of central sag area in the north of the Songliao Basin as the research area. Then combining all information of core, logging, three-dimensional seism and well testing data, it studies the reservoir type and oil-water distribution characteristics of Heidimiao by analyzing the comparison charts of sandstone, profile map of reservoir, T07 structure diagram, well testing data, stratum thickness, sandstone thickness, ratio of sandstone thickness to stratum thickness, porosity values, permeability contour maps. The reservoir lithology of Heidimiao oil layer is siltstone-oriented with poor physical property. The main controlling factor of oil-water distribution is the lithology, followed by the structure. Heidimiao oil layer mainly includes three types, lithological oil reservoir, lithological - structural oil reservoir and structural oil reservoir, among which lithological reservoir plays a dominant role. Its oil-water distribution is characterized by the pattern of upper-water and bottom-oil; when the fault acts as the pathway for the longitudinal migration of oil and gas, the pattern changes to the upper-oil and bottom-water. This research could provide reliable geological basis for the research of old well re-examination, favorable area evaluation and horizontal well drilling design.
Treatment of Nightmares With Prazosin: A Systematic Review

Nightmares, frequently associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and clinically relevant in today's world of violence, are difficult to treat, with few pharmacologic options. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the evidence for the use of prazosin in the treatment of nightmares. A comprehensive search was performed using the databases EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, from their inception to March 9, 2012, using keywords prazosin and nightmares/PTSD or associated terms (see text). Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts and selected relevant studies. Descriptive data and outcomes of interest from eligible studies were extracted by 1 author, and checked by 2 others. The risk of bias of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed independently by 2 reviewers. Articles met criteria for inclusion if prazosin was used to treat nightmares, and outcome measures included nightmares or related symptoms of sleep disorders. Our search yielded 21 studies, consisting of 4 RCTs, 4 open-label studies, 4 retrospective chart reviews, and 9 single case reports. The prazosin dose ranged from 1 to 16 mg/d. Results were mixed for the 4 RCTs: 3 reported significant improvement in the number of nightmares, and 1 found no reduction in the number of nightmares. Reduced nightmare severity with use of prazosin was consistently reported in the open-label trials, retrospective chart reviews, and single case reports.
Pešek lecture: SETI and society—decision trees☆

Abstract This paper presents a simplified decision tree diagram for SETI (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) and society. It deals with the series of steps and circumstances that follow from the quest for evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations, with the major goal of including those branch points which involve decisions that are societal rather than scientific or technological. Since SETI is based on science and technology these factors are also included in the decision diagram, but more in a summary fashion. A condensed list of the relevant societal disciplines is given. The most difficult decisions are those related to issues of transmitting communications from Earth to ETI. The diagram may be useful as a new way of looking at the subject of Communication with Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CETI), and how it inevitably blends into SETI. Arguments are made for vigorous pursuit of studies in all the societal, cultural and behavioral domains involved, and it is shown that many of these studies can profitably be undertaken now, before an ETI signal has been detected. Not least, it is argued that the newly emerging field of CETI and Society would benefit materially from the application of formal decision theory and analysis, and from game theory and utility theory.
Relationship between ethylene response manipulation and volatile production in Jonagold variety apples.

The ripening of Jonagored Jonagold apple fruit (Malus × domestica Borkh.) during development was manipulated with preharvest applications of ReTain or a combination of ReTain plus Ethrel. The fruits, harvested preclimacteric at approximately the same stages of maturity, were stored in refrigerated air (RA) for 45 days or in controlled atmosphere (CA) for 180 days at 0 °C. Volatile evolution, ethylene production, and respiration of stored fruit were studied during poststorage holding at 22 °C. ReTain reduced volatile production by 19%, but application of Ethrel to ReTain-treated fruit increased production to control levels. The inhibition of volatile production by ReTain appears to be independent of respiration but may be related to the ethylene-producing capacity of the fruit. Although ReTain reduced flavor-related volatile esters, it did not affect levels of the compound responsible for the typical spicy flavor in Jonagored Jonagold fruit, 4-methoxy-2-propenylbenzene. The CA-stored fruit had a much reduc...
Cloning and Expression of Human Core 1 β1,3-Galactosyltransferase

The common core 1 O-glycan structure Galβ1→ 3GalNAc-R is the precursor for many extended mucin-type O-glycan structures in animal cell surface and secreted glycoproteins. Core 1 is synthesized by the transfer of Gal from UDP-Gal to GalNAcα1-R by core 1 β3-galactosyltransferase (core 1 β3-Gal-T). Amino acid sequences from purified rat core 1 β3-Gal-T (Ju, T., Cummings, R. D., and Canfield, W. M. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 169–177) were used to identify the core 1 β3-Gal-T sequences in the human expressed sequence tag data bases. A 1794-bp human core 1 β3-Gal-T cDNA sequence was determined by sequencing the expressed sequence tag and performing 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The core 1 β3-Gal-T predicts a 363-amino acid type II transmembrane protein. Expression of both the full-length and epitope-tagged soluble forms of the putative enzyme in human 293T cells generated core 1 β3-Gal-T activity that transferred galactose from UDP-Gal to GalNAcα1-O-phenyl, and a synthetic glycopeptide with Thr-linked GalNAc and the product was shown to have the core 1 structure. Northern analysis demonstrated widespread expression of core 1 β3-Gal-T in tissues with a predominance in kidney, heart, placenta, and liver. Highly homologous cDNAs were identified and cloned from rat, mouse, Drosophila melanogaster, andCaenorhabditis elegans, suggesting that the enzyme is widely distributed in metazoans. The core 1 β3-Gal-T sequence has minimal homology with conserved sequences found in previously described β3-galactosyltransferases, suggesting this enzyme is only distantly related to the known β3-galactosyltransferase family.
T cell receptors adapt by spacing out.

The detection of antigenic major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes by T lymphocytes has been likened to vision (1). In both cases, there is sensitivity to activation of single receptors. As with vision, the dynamic range of the stimuli can cover several orders of magnitude. The eye must be able to adapt to working in a starlit night or in noon sunshine and T cells must be able to respond to one MHC-peptide complex or thousands without undergoing activation-induced death. In this issue, Perica et al. (2) identify a mechanism by which T cells can transiently reduce their sensitivity to MHC-peptide complexes a few days after exposure to a “blinding” stimulus—effectively by spacing out receptors on the cell surface. The organization of T cell receptors (TCRs) and coreceptors on the cell surface has been an area of increasing interest. Evidence for preclustering of TCRs has come from biochemical analysis and direct microscopic observations (3). The molecular ruler of Forster resonance energy transfer has also been utilized to study the relationship between TCRs and coreceptors (4). Fahmy et al. (5) determined earlier that naive T cells are unable to bind soluble dimeric MHC-peptide complexes, whereas activated T cells bind these MHC-peptide dimers with high avidity. These results correlate with the relative ability of naive and activated T cells to detect low doses of antigen on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and provides a much more tractable assay. Variations in clustering could account for these results on theoretical grounds (6), but experiments to test this were lacking and the field has been in some disarray due to confusion about whether antigen exposure increased or decreased subsequent polyvalent ligand binding. In their report, Perica et al. (2) compare co-receptor-dependent MHC-peptide dimer binding to T cells a few days after activation by high and low doses of MHC-peptide complexes. Using high and low doses of antigens at relatively short times was key to capturing conditions in which activated cells display strong or weak ligand dimer binding. They find that cells activated at low doses bind the dimer avidly as they previously reported, whereas those activated with high doses cannot bind the dimers despite having the same surface density of TCRs and CD8. Analysis of TCR clustering and TCR-CD8 Forster resonance energy transfer demonstrated that TCRs on cells activated by high doses of MHC-peptide complex for short times are more spaced out, both from each other and from CD8, compared to TCRs on cells activated with low dose MHC-peptide complexes for short times. Later the high-dose-activated T cells recover ligand dimer binding and TCRs and CD8 come back together on the surface. These findings identify a new, to our knowledge, mechanism by which T cells control their sensitivity to antigens. These apparently new findings provide a framework for understanding disparate observations in the field and establishes an assay to pursue a molecular basis for how TCR clustering and TCR-CD8 spacing are controlled to adjust T cell sensitivity.
Myo1 localizes to phagosomes, some of which traffic to the nucleus in a Myo1‐dependent manner in Tetrahymena thermophila

Myo1 is one of 13 myosins in Tetrahymena thermophila. Initially, twelve of the myosins in Tetrahymena were assigned to Class XX in the myosin superfamily but recently re-assigned to a subclass within Class XIV. In a previous study, we reported that genomic knockout of MYO1 affected phagocytosis and macronuclear amitosis. These two phenotypes have appeared disparate because a possible mechanism linking phagocytosis and amitosis was unknown. In the present study, Myo1 localization was investigated in order to further link machinery for phagocytosis and amitosis. Antibodies directed against the Myo1 motor domain detected an immunospecific polypeptide at 175-180 kDa on immunoblots of wild-type proteins. The 175-180 kDa polypeptide was not detected on immunoblots of proteins from the knockout strain. For immunofluorescence microscopy, cells were allowed to internalize fluorescent beads as markers for phagosomes. In wild-type cells, anti-Myo1 and anti-actin antibodies co-localized to the periphery of phagosomes and the macronucleus. In the MYO1-knockout strain only background fluorescence was observed with anti-Myo1 antibody. Confocal x-z series through macronuclei revealed fluorescent beads within the nucleoplasm. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the mean distributions of fluorescent beads in the nucleoplasm of wild-type and MYO1-knockout cells. A fluorescent dye was used to label plasma membrane in living cells. Dye-labeled vacuoles trafficked to the macronucleus. Trafficking of phagosomes to the macronucleus in a myosin-dependent manner is a novel finding and a possible mechanism for targeting myosin and actin to the nucleus.
Sleep states and wakefulness in human infants: Profiles from motility monitoring☆

Abstract Wakefulness and sleep states were determined from a single-channel analog recording of motility, including body movements and respiration. The subjects were normal infants ranging from 2 days to 4 months of age. First, one observer recorded behavioral states; at the same time respiration and motility was recorded from a pressure sensor under the baby. Subsequently, 4 judges used only the motility recordings to identify wakefulness and states of active, quiet, and active-quiet transitional sleep, for each successive 30-sec epoch. Inter-judge reliability ranged from a mean of 74.9 to 93.1 percent, assessed separately for each individual subject. Judge-observer validity was assessed over all subjects with agreement of r =0.90 for active sleep and r =0.92 for quiet sleep, and complete agreement on the occurrence and relative amount of wakefulness. Judge-observer validity was also assessed based on exact epoch-by-epoch agreement for each subject. Over the total observation agreement ranged from 70.3 to 89.0 percent, from 67.0 to 87.6 percent for active sleep, and from 59.3 to 93.0 percent for quiet sleep. Motility recording makes it possible to study the sequencing of states in infants during prolonged observational periods without instrumentation of the baby for the purpose of making the observations.
The Effects of Rate Regulation on Demand for Supplemental Health Insurance

Many developed countries have a market for private health insurance that supplements publicly funded, universal coverage. Government regulation of the supplemental market, including the extent to which insurers are permitted to adjust premiums based on individual characteristics such as age, sex, and health status, varies across countries (OECD, 2004). Proponents of rate regulation argue that the resulting crosssubsidization from low to high risks is necessary to maintain the affordability of coverage for high risks. Economic theory, however, raises the concern that the inability to adjust premiums to reflect individual risk could create adverse selection by driving low risks from the market (Michael Rothschild and Joseph Stiglitz, 1976). Little empirical evidence exists to determine the optimal role of rate regulation in private, supplemental insurance markets. Existing studies of the consequences of rating restrictions focus on markets for primary health insurance and find that these laws have had surprisingly little effect on overall rates of coverage (Simon, 2004). In this paper, we study the effects of rate regulation in supplemental health insurance markets by examining the market for individually purchased coverage that supplements Medicare among the elderly in the United States. While the publicly financed Medicare program provides nearly universal coverage of a standard set of benefits for those 65 and over, beneficiaries are exposed to significant financial risk due to the cost sharing associated with covered services and a lack of coverage for some important services. The vast majority of Medicare beneficiaries obtain supplemental coverage through a complex system of publicly and privately funded sources. State Medicaid programs provide publicly financed supplemental coverage for low-income and disabled beneficiaries, and employers provide highly subsidized retiree supplemental health insurance for other beneficiaries, but the remainder rely on highly regulated, private insurance markets. Medicare’s Part C managed care plans are a voluntary, private replacement for traditional Medicare, while “Medigap” coverage is a private policy, bought by about 30 percent of Medicare beneficiaries, that provides only supplemental benefits (Franklin J. Eppig and George S. Chulis, 1997). Our study examines the effects of regulations limiting the information on individual characteristics insurers can use in setting premiums for Medigap coverage.
Environmental Cognitions in a Dual-Product Marketplace: A Participant-Observation Perspective on the U.S. Broadcast Television Industry

This study employs participant observation methodology to examine the U.S. broadcast industry’s cognitions of its external environment. Previous research has documented a tendency among industry participants to operate under outdated mental models of their environment. This tendency - labeled ‘cognitive inertia’ - provides the analytical framework for this study. The results provide indications that broadcasters operate under what appear to be outdated mental models of their external environment, with broadcasters appearing to pay inadequate attention to competing program sources and failing to account for the changing demographic composition of the television audience. However, these conclusions are tempered by the broadcast industry’s dual product marketplace characteristics, wherein cognitions that would appear to reflect inadequate assessment of the content market may in fact reasonably reflect the contemporary realities of the audience market.
Concurrent levels of 11‐ketotestosterone in fish surface mucus, muscle tissue and blood

Summary A rapid, reproducible method is described for extracting and comparing levels of the ether-soluble fish androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) in blood serum, muscle tissue and surface mucus. Because widely different volumes of extract were recovered after centrifugation from the three sources, it was important to express androgen levels as pg 11-KT/mg of total soluble protein (TSP). For six male and four female sexually-staged freshwater Koi (Cyprinus carpio), the method yielded similar pg 11-KT/mg TSP ratios in blood serum and extracts of muscle tissue and surface mucus, with the strongest correlation between blood serum and surface mucus. While male Koi were distinguishable from females based on the magnitude of 11-KT levels, reproductive stage and gonadosomatic index levels were not correlated with the 11-KT levels of either sex. Similar pg 11-KT/mg TSP ratios were also found for autologous muscle tissue and surface mucus extracts of 37 captured and sexed wild marine fishes representing seven genera. However, high 11-KT levels were not restricted to mature males. Collectively, results suggest that surface mucus collection (followed by 11-KT assay) is a useful alternative to more invasive methods of determining systemic hormone levels in fish. Without knowledge of seasonal variation in levels of this and other sex hormones, however, reliance on 11-KT levels alone may lead to spurious identification of gender, let alone reproductive stage.
To See Coming: Augustine and Heidegger on the Arising and Passing Away of Things

For both Augustine and Heidegger, the temporality of things leads to a formidable problem in the history of philosophy. If our understanding of ‘what is’ depends on the enduring presence of something, then what are we to make of the fact that the world appears to us as an ever-changing flux? If the universe is the sum of all things arising and passing away, then we should come to see those things as utterly temporal, without thereby ascribing to them a lesser ontological status. But how can we see the world ‘temporally?’ By sketching out these thinkers' treatment of this question alongside one another, we should be able to get a sense of what it means to view the world in a manner more adequate to its temporality.
The quasi-peak voltmeter

THE metering system commonly used in radio noise meters includes a special type of voltmeter, the development of which is one of the steps leading toward practical instruments for evaluating the influence of electric power apparatus on radio reception. Early developments in this field were introduced through the efforts of groups representing the electric-apparatus manufacturers, power companies, radio apparatus manufacturers and services. Radio noise meters and test methods have been gradually improved as a result of experience, and progress reported from time to time. General features of radio noise meters and test methods were discussed in 1943.1 The over-all performance of a representative type of noise meter, using square wave input voltage to simulate noise, was analyzed in 1945.2 Several meter circuits of the type applied to radio noise meters are analyzed in this paper.
A comparison of 4 epinephrine autoinjector delivery systems: usability and patient preference.

Background Prefilled epinephrine autoinjectors are sometimes improperly used by patients, caregivers, and physicians. A user-centered design process led to the development of 2 prototype epinephrine autoinjectors (INT01 and INT02) that have a unidirectional perceived injection end, a self-retracting needle, and, with INT02, voice instructions to assist in guiding users through administration. Objective To compare the usability and patient preference among 4 epinephrine autoinjectors: EpiPen, TwinJect, INT01, and INT02. Methods A total of 48 participants were divided equally among 3 age groups: 7 to 10, 11 to 15, and 16 to 55 years. In each group, half had prior TwinJect or EpiPen training. In 1-hour sessions, without training, participants performed simulated-use testing under observation for all 4 epinephrine delivery systems. Usability (ie, the ability to perform the manufacturer's labeled instructions), task completion time, and preferences were assessed and analyzed based on device, age, previous experience, sex, device malfunction, and testing order. Results More participants correctly followed all device instructions with INT02 (22 [46%]) than with INT01 (13 [27%]), EpiPen (6 [12%]), or TwinJect (0 [0%]). The difference among devices was significant ( P P Conclusion The user-centered device design may have a significant impact on correct epinephrine autoinjector use and patient preference.
Solvable points on genus one curves

A genus one curve defined over Q which has points over Qp for all primes p may not have a rational point. It is natural to study the classes of Q-extensions over which all such curves obtain a global point. In this article, we show that every such genus one curve with semistable Jacobian has a point defined over a solvable extension of Q.
Anterior resection for complete rectal prolapse.

One hundred thirteen patients underwent anterior resection for complete rectal prolapse betwen 1968 and 1980. These patients were followed for an average of seven years; recurrence developed in eight patients (9 percent). Recurrences were found to occur at three months to eight years postoperatively, and the probability of a recurrence at two, five, and ten years was 3 percent, 6 percent, and 12 percent, respectively. Operative mortality was 1 percent and morbidity was 29 percent. Low anterior resectioin, with anastomosis in the deperitonealized portion of the colon, was found to increase morbidity without significantly decreasing recurrence when compared with high anterior resection. The effects of repair on patient continence were unpredictable. High anterior resection is preferable to low anterior resection in the treatment of rectal prolapse and offers results comparable to those of other repairs currently being performed.