cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Need, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Multiple Vitamin/Mineral Supplements for Young Children and Considerations for Programs

Undernutrition contributes to the deaths of approximately 5.6 million children under 5 years of age in lowand middle-income countries per year [1] because more than 50% of young children’s deaths from infectious diseases such as malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea, and measles have undernutrition as an underlying cause [2, 3]. In addition, due to undernutrition, many more children suffer from stunted growth and reduced mental capacity and are likely to live a life of poverty and ignorance. In 2000, the eight Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) were endorsed by 189 countries. The first MDG is to halve the proportion of the world’s poor (target 1) and hungry (target 2) by 2015. Bringing an end to child hunger and undernutrition also contributes to achieving five of the other seven MDGs: MDG-2 on universal primary education, MDG-3 on gender equality, MDG-4 on reducing child mortality, MDG-5 on improving maternal health, and MDG-6 on combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases. With regard to progress toward achieving the MDGs, between 1990 and 2000, the number of underweight children younger than 5 years decreased by approximately 1.7% per year. Although the decline is positive, it needs to be accelerated, and there is considerable variation among regions and countries. South Asia has the highest rates of malnutrition, 46%, and the largest numbers, whereas malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa, which stands at 28%, is on the rise. These trends mean that the world is not making adequate progress toward the MDGs. Persistent malnutrition means that MDG-1 is not being achieved but also seriously hampers progress toward the other goals in maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, education, and gender equity. The causes of child hunger are predictable and preventable and can be addressed through affordable means. Investment in nutrition reduces poverty, increases educational outcomes, and boosts productivity throughout the life cycle and across generations. And, not addressing child hunger and undernutrition costs US $20 billion to $30 billion
Designing with Dignity: Social determinants of health and design research

The human residential city environment is the site of our future health as a race, and how the inequities in this environment play out across cultures and countries will be the focus of our next ce...
Gravity waves and gravitino dark matter in μ-hybrid inflation

Abstract We propose a novel reformulation of supersymmetric (more precisely μ-) hybrid inflation based on a local U(1) or any suitable extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM) which also resolves the μ problem. We employ a suitable Kahler potential which effectively yields quartic inflation with non-minimal coupling to gravity. Imposing the gravitino Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) constraint on the reheat temperature ( T r ≲ 10 6 GeV) and requiring a neutralino LSP, the tensor to scalar ratio (r) has a lower bound r ≳ 0.004 . The U(1) symmetry breaking scale lies between 108 and 1012 GeV. We also discuss a scenario with gravitino dark matter whose mass is a few GeV.
The association between pediatric injury risks and parenting behaviours.

Background Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children ages 1-18 years. Many of these injuries to young children occur in their own homes. Although research has explored injury risk prevention strategies, historically, much of this research has focused on environmental changes and teaching safety practices. Currently, there appears to be a gap in current research exploring how parenting influences children's risk of injury. Methods Mothers (n = 119) of children 5 years and younger were recruited from a paediatric clinic as a part of a larger study and completed measures of parenting challenges, developmentally sensitive parenting, child neglect, parental efficacy, and risk of potential injury situations. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to explore the extent to which developmentally insensitive parenting behaviours put parents at higher risk for behaviours that lead to unintentional injury in children and whether developmentally sensitive parenting behaviours protects children from injury. The association between demographic characteristics and injury risk behaviours was also examined. Results Parents who reported more frequent insensitive parenting behaviours (i.e., yelling, spanking, and putting child in time out) were more likely to report putting their child in an incorrect car seat or taking their child out of a car seat while the car is still moving. In addition, younger parents were at greater risk of storing cleaners and medications unsafely. Conclusion Results from this study highlight the importance of supporting younger mothers and educating parents on effective parenting strategies when trying to prevent unintentional injury risks.
Behavioral interactions between terrestrial salamanders and spiders: competition or intraguild predation?

Several studies suggest that small terrestrial salamanders are important regulators of leaf litter arthropod communities, and likely contribute to ecosystem processes such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Despite the recognition that salamanders have the potential to strongly affect ecosystem function through both direct and indirect pathways, little is known regarding the nature of interactions between small vertebrates and the large, predatory arthropods with which they share both microhabitat and prey. Our study was designed to explore interactions between Eastern Red-backed Salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, and spiders in the genus Wadotes in an eastern North American temperate forest ecosystem. We were particularly interested in teasing apart behaviors such as territoriality and intraguild predation in an attempt to determine specifically which interaction is most likely responsible for the observed negative relationship between salamander and spider abundance at our field site. Field data indic...
A mechanistic model to predict effects of cathepsin B and cystatin C on β-amyloid aggregation and degradation

β-Amyloid (Aβ) aggregation is thought to initiate a cascade of neurodegenerative events in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Much effort is underway to develop strategies to reduce Aβ concentration or inhibit aggregation. Cathepsin B (CatB) proteolytically degrades Aβ into non-aggregating fragments but is potently inhibited by cystatin C (CysC). It has been suggested that decreasing CysC would facilitate Aβ clearance by relieving CatB inhibition. However, CysC binds Aβ and inhibits Aβ aggregation, suggesting that an intervention that increases CysC would prevent Aβ aggregation. Both approaches have been tested in animal models, yielding contradictory results, possibly because of the opposing influences of CysC on Aβ degradation versus aggregation. Here, we sought to develop a model that quantitatively predicts the effects of CysC and CatB on Aβ aggregation. Aβ aggregation kinetics in the absence of CatB or CysC was measured. The rate constant for Aβ degradation by CatB and the equilibrium constant for binding of CysC to Aβ were determined. We derived a mathematical model that combines material balances and kinetic rate equations. The model accurately predicted Aβ aggregation kinetics at various CatB and CysC concentrations. We derived approximate expressions for the half-times of degradation and aggregation and show that their ratio can be used to estimate, at any given Aβ, CatB, or CysC concentration, whether Aβ aggregation or degradation will result. Our results may be useful for designing experiments and interpreting results from investigations of manipulation of CysC concentration as an AD therapy.
Utility of international store-and-forward teledermatopathology among a cohort of mostly female patients at a tertiary referral center in Afghanistan.

Abstract Background The variety and complexity of dermatologic diseases in Afghanistan and the associated diagnostic resource constraints have not been previously studied. Moreover, the utility of store-and-forward teledermatopathology in this resource-limited setting has not been investigated. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of 150 store-and-forward teledermatopathology cases that were composed of a clinical history, clinical images, and histologic images that were sent from an academic teaching hospital in Kabul to a dermatology-trained dermatopathologist at Emory University in the United States between November 2013 and June 2017. For each case, the histologic impression of the Emory dermatopathologist was compared with that of the Kabul-based general pathologist and the clinical differential diagnosis and histologic impression of the Kabul-based dermatologist. Results Eighty-one of the cases that were analyzed were from female patients. The diagnosis after telepathology consultation differed from the first entity in the clinical differential diagnosis in 34.7% of cases. The telepathology consultation refined the Afghan general pathologist's histologic impression 45.5% of the time and the Kabul-based dermatologist's histologic impression 24.3% of the time. A clinically significant difference in care was made in 19.3% of cases for which an analysis could take place between the histologic impressions of the Emory dermatopathologist and U.S.-trained dermatologist. The most common resource constraints that limited a definitive diagnosis were the inability to perform infectious stains and cultures to identify specific pathogens (19.3% of cases) and immunofluorescence studies to confirm autoimmune bullous disease (6.7% of cases). Conclusions These results highlight the important diagnostic role that teledermatopathology can serve in resource-limited settings such as in Afghanistan.
Minimal J-trace identities for M(n,n) and queer trace identities for Mn(E)

Abstract It is known, see [2] , that the algebra M ( n , n ) has a J-trace and satisfies J-trace identities and the algebra M n ( E ) has a queer trace and satisfies queer trace identities, and that the degree of the minimal identities is 1 2 ( n + 2 ) ( n + 1 ) for each of them. In this paper we construct all minimal degree identities in one variable. In the case of M n ( E ) there is only one, up to constant multiple: q t r ( x ) q t r ( x 2 ) ⋯ q t r ( x n + 1 ) = 0 .
Mammalian enzyme induction by hydrocortisone: The possible role of RNA

Administration of hydrocortisone to rats resulted in an increase in the rate of synthesis of nuclear RNA in their livers. This effect was analysed by sedimentation studies of the rapidly labeled components in the liver nucleus and cytoplasm and also by studies of amino acid incorporation stimulated by liver nuclear RNA. It is concluded that the synthesis of various types of RNA, including messenger, are stimulated by the hormone. Simultaneous studies on hormone-induced changes in liver enzymes are compatible with these conclusions.
Macropore Filling During Hot Isostatic Pressing of Liquid Phase Sintered Ceramics

Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is an important technique for the final densification of sintered ceramics. Residual pores can be removed effectively by using an additional driving force. A model is presented to describe the process of pore filling during HIP. The driving force of pore filling is the capillarity of the pore and increases with decreasing pore size. Thus, smaller pores are expected to be filled earlier. If a macro-pore is present in the absence of small pores grain-liquid mixture flow can occur. However, a viscous force may exist between solid grains resisting the grain-liquid mixture flow. Thus, a critical radius for grain separation flow exists to overcome the viscous resistance for the flow.
Abstract 699: Pd-l1 gene alterations identify a subset of diffuse large B cell lymphoma harboring a T cell inflamed phenotype

Programmed death – ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression on malignant cells is a dominant immune escape mechanism across a variety of human cancers, and classically occurs as an adaptive response to the presence of activated T cells and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in the tumor environment. Interestingly, a unique genetic mechanism underlying PD-L1 up-regulation has been described in classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and in uncommon variants of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), in which the chromosomal region (9p24.1) encoding the PD-1 ligands is highly amplified. While chromosome 9p24.1 copy number alterations (CNA) are ubiquitous in cHL, which is exquisitely sensitive to PD-1 blockade therapy, they also occur in DLBCL, albeit with a lower incidence. Here, FISH was utilized to identify DLBCLs harboring pd-l1 CNA, thereby enabling a characterization the immunogenomic landscape of these lymphomas compared to those lacking pd-l1 CNA. Among 76 DLBCLs analyzed, 25% harbored pd-l1 CNA (12 copy gain, 6 amplified, 1 translocation). Pd-l1 CNA were highly enriched among DLBCLs with an activated B cell (ABC) phenotype (75%). PD-L1 cell surface expression was strikingly enhanced in DLBCLs with pd-l1 CNA versus those without, as assessed by PD-L1 H score. Furthermore, pd-l1 CNA were associated with a pronounced infiltration of DLBCLs by T cells with a restricted T cell receptor (TCR) – beta (β) repertoire, suggesting that lymphoma antigen-specific T cells had expanded in these samples. RNA-sequencing of pd-l1 gene-altered versus non-altered DLBCLs revealed differential expression of pd-l1, as well as genes involved in T cell and cytokine signaling in the former, indicating that pd-l1 gene-amplified DLBCLs have been subjected to host immune surveillance. Lastly, whole exome sequencing (WES) of pd-l1 gene altered versus non-altered DLBCLs to identify potential differences in mutational loads and profiles is ongoing. Collectively, our results indicate that pd-l1 CNA identify a unique biological subset of DLBCL that has activated an endogenous anti-lymphoma immune response, and that may be more likely to respond to checkpoint blockade therapy with anti-PD-1 antibodies. We propose that a straightforward FISH analysis for pd-l1 gene amplification may be useful as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy responsiveness in DLBCL. Citation Format: Justin Paul Kline, James Godfrey, Sravya Tumuluru, Girish Venkataraman, Riyue Bao, Sonali M. Smith. Pd-l1 gene alterations identify a subset of diffuse large B cell lymphoma harboring a T cell inflamed phenotype [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 699.
A transparent light emitting touch-responsive device (Conference Presentation)

We will present a light emitting touch-responsive device (LETD) for instantaneous visualization of pressure mapping. The LETD integrates an organomental halide perovskite polymer composite emissive layer and a flexible silver nanowire composite transparent electrode. The composite emissive layer contains methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) nanocrystals uniformly dispersed in a polyethylene oxide matrix and emits an intense green luminescence. The polyethylene oxide matrix promotes the formation of small perovskite grains and a pinhole free composite film. The composite transparent electrode is separated from the emissive layer with a spacer. When a local pressure is applied, a Schottky contact is formed instantaneously between the metal and the emissive layer, and electroluminescence is produced at low voltages. The LETD is transparent, and can be bent when polyethylene terephthalate is used as the substrate. The device has fast response and can be pixelated to offer potentially new applications in robotics, motion detection, finger print devices, and interactive wallpapers.
Recurrent Depression and Borderline Personality Disorder in a Patient with Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of connective tissue disorders that most commonly causes joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility, and tissue fragility. Patients diagnosed with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) frequently suffer from chronic pain and other comorbid conditions. In addition, there is an increased incidence of psychiatry conditions in this patient population, such as anxiety, depression, and personality disorders. We present the case of a 25-year-old female who presented to a community hospital with frequent thoughts of suicide and major depression. She was previously diagnosed with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, borderline personality disorder, and major depressive disorder. The patient was treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and gabapentin for pain associated with EDS. However, she was still suicidal and was admitted upon evaluation. Subsequently, she was prescribed lithium in order to augment the effects of the SSRI and reduce her risk of suicide. In addition to pharmacotherapy, patients with these conditions should consider enrolling in some type of therapy.
AD-IoT: Anomaly Detection of IoT Cyberattacks in Smart City Using Machine Learning

In recent years, the wide adoption of the modern Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has led to the invention of smart cities. Smart cities operate in real-world time to promote ease and quality of life in urban cities. The network traffic of a smart city via IoT systems is growing exponentially and introducing new cybersecurity challenges since these IoT devices are being connected to sensors that are directly connected to massive cloud servers. In order to mitigate these cyberattacks, the developers need to enhance new techniques for detecting infected IoT devices. In this paper, to address the IoT cybersecurity threats in a smart city, we propose an Anomaly Detection-IoT (AD-IoT) system, which is an intelligent anomaly detection based on Random Forest machine learning algorithm. The proposed solution can effectively detect compromised IoT devices at distributed fog nodes. To evaluate our model, we utilized modern dataset to illustrate the model’s accuracy. Our findings show that the AD-IoT can effectively achieve highest classification accuracy of 99.34% with lowest false positive rate.
News Stories on the Facebook Platform: Millennials’ Perceived Credibility of Online News Sponsored by News and Non-News Companies

ABSTRACTThis experimental study examined whether stories presented on Facebook that appeared to be from a news organization were rated as higher in perceived credibility than stories that appeared ...
Laurent series over R

A Heyting field is a nontrivial commutative local ring such that each noninvertible element is zero. It is the most popular constructive substitute for the classical notion of a field. The prototyp...
Epidemiological analysis of public health emergencies at Taoyuan from 2005 to 2013

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of public health emergencies at Taoyuan and to provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling public health emergencies. Methods Descriptive epidemiology method was used to analyze the data of the public health emergencies from Emergency Public Reporting System. Results A total of 16 public health emergencies were reported at Taoyuan from 2005 to 2013; which caused 568 cases and 1 death. Infectious disease epidemics constituted the major part of the public health emergencies, accounting for 75%. March and September were the peak seasons. The primary and secondary schools were the main places. Conclusions Prevention of infectious diseases and strengthening food hygiene supervision will be the focus of Taoyuan emergency work in the future. Key words: Public health emergency; Infectious disease; Food poisoning
Adherence of Internet-Based Cancer Risk Assessment Tools to Best Practices in Risk Communication: Content Analysis.

Background: Internet-based risk assessment tools offer a potential avenue for people to learn about their cancer risk and adopt risk-reducing behaviors. However, little is known about whether internet-based risk assessment tools adhere to scientific evidence for what constitutes good risk communication strategies. Furthermore, their quality may vary from a user experience perspective. Objective: This study aims to understand the extent to which current best practices in risk communication have been applied to internet-based cancer risk assessment tools. Methods: We conducted a search on August 6, 2019, to identify websites that provided personalized assessments of cancer risk or the likelihood of developing cancer. Each website (N=39) was coded according to standardized criteria and focused on 3 categories: general website characteristics, accessibility and credibility, and risk communication formats and strategies. Results: Some best practices in risk communication were more frequently adhered to by websites. First, we found that undefined medical terminology was widespread, impeding comprehension for those with limited health literacy. For example, 90% (35/39) of websites included technical language that the general public may find difficult to understand, yet only 23% (9/39) indicated that medical professionals were their intended audience. Second, websites lacked sufficient information for users to determine the credibility of the risk assessment, making it difficult to judge the scientific validity of their risk. For instance, only 59% (23/39) of websites referenced the scientific model used to calculate the user’s cancer risk. Third, practices known to foster unbiased risk comprehension, such as adding qualitative labels to quantitative numbers, were used by only 15% (6/39) of websites. Conclusions: Limitations in risk communication strategies used by internet-based cancer risk assessment tools were common. By observing best practices, these tools could limit confusion and cultivate understanding to help people make informed decisions and motivate people to engage in risk-reducing behaviors.
Intranasal lidocaine sphenopalatine block: a case of unanswered questions versus unquestioned answers.

To the Editor We truly enjoyed reading Dr Narouze’s daring discourse, Topical intranasal lidocaine is not a sphenopalatine ganglion block,[1][1] that attempted to reject the hypothesis that a sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) block cannot be achieved via intranasal lidocaine administration. In our
Evaluation of In Vivo Toxicity of Biological Nanoparticles

Biologically derived nanoparticles such as extracellular vesicles are promising candidates for therapeutic applications. In vivo toxicity of biological nanoparticles can result in tissue or organ damage, immunological perturbations, or developmental effects but cannot be readily predicted from in vitro studies. Therefore, an essential component of the preclinical assessment of these particles for their use as therapeutics requires screening for adverse effects and detailed characterization of their toxicity in vivo. However, there are no standardized, comprehensive methods to evaluate the toxicity profile of nanoparticle treatment in a preclinical model. Here, we first describe a method to prepare bovine milk-derived nanovesicles (MNVs). These MNVs are inexpensive to isolate, have a scalable production platform, and can be modified to achieve a desired biological effect. We also describe two vertebrate animal models, mice and zebrafish, that can be employed to evaluate the toxicity profile of biologically derived nanoparticles, using MNVs as an example. Treatment-induced organ toxicity and immunological effects can be assessed in mice receiving systemic injections of MNVs, and developmental toxicity can be assessed in zebrafish embryos exposed to MNVs in embryo water. Utilizing these animal models provides opportunities to analyze the toxicity profiles of therapeutic extracellular vesicles in vivo. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of milk-derived nanovesicles Basic Protocol 2: In vivo screening for organ toxicity and immune cell profiling using mice Basic Protocol 3: In vivo developmental toxicity screening using zebrafish.
THE EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF CARS WITH EXPERIMENTAL EMISSION CONTROLS

Three production cars and seven cars with various experimental exhaust emission control systems were tested to determine the effect of winter weather ambient temperatures on exhaust emissions. All of the cars were tested at 70, 40, and 20 degrees F, and one was tested at O degrees F using the 1972 EPA test schedule. Modal and bag emission data as well as catalytic converter temperature data were obtained. There was an increase in HC and CO emissions as ambient temperature was reduced. NO emissions emissions did not vary substantially with ambient temperature. /GMRL/
Legal Forms As Rhetorical Transaction: Competency in the Context of Information and Efficiency

The increased production of legal forms by commercial publishers, the electronic availability of lawyer-produced documents through subscription-based and free Internet sites, and the increasing number of institutionally approved forms is creating a paradoxical and challenging environment for principled form use by lawyers. On the one hand, courts, legislatures, and administrative agencies, for example, encourage, and even require, the use of forms in the practice of law. Commercial publishers tout the benefits of form use to sell legal formbooks and to entice lawyers to access subscription databases filled with contracts, pleadings, briefs, and motions. On the other hand, the same entities that encourage form use in some circumstances sternly admonish lawyers for using or relying on forms in others. As the time constraints on lawyers become greater, legal practice becomes more global and multi-jurisdictional, and information increases exponentially and becomes more difficult to manage, lawyers, particularly lawyers new to practice or new to a particular practice area need to develop a principled approach to legal form use to ensure forms are used competently. This article explores legal forms and proposes a rhetorical approach to understanding and using forms. This approach is unique because it uses rhetorical theory to define and categorize legal forms, and it offers specific suggestions for competent legal form use based on rhetorical theory.
Dynamic modeling of laser-ablated plume expansion using time-resolved plasma temperatures

Summary form only given. A model of adiabatic plume expansion confirming theoretical predictions has been obtained for the first time, to our knowledge, based on direct measurements of time-resolved plasma temperatures. An extension of these measurements to the expansion of the plume in a novel dual-laser ablation technique is currently under investigation and is also presented.
Schneider on Schneider: The Conversion of the Jews and Other Anthropological Stories

Schneider on Schneider: The Conversion of the Jews and Other Anthropological Stories. David M. Schneider. as told to Richard Handler. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. 241 pp.
Spatio-Temporal Motion Pattern Models of Extremely Crowded Scenes

Extremely crowded scenes present unique challenges to motion-based video analysis due to the large quantity of pedestrians within the scene and the frequent occlusions they produce. The movement of pedestrians, however, collectively form a spatially and temporally structured pattern in the motion of the crowd. In this work, we present a novel statistical framework for modeling this structured pattern, or steady-state, of the motion in extremely crowded scenes. Our key insight is to model the motion of the crowd by the spatial and temporal variations of local spatio-temporal motion patterns exhibited by pedestrians within the scene. We divide the video into local spatio-temporal sub-volumes and represent the movement through each sub-volume with a local spatio-temporal motion pattern. We then derive a novel, distribution-based hidden Markov model to encode the temporal variations of local spatio-temporal motion patterns. We demonstrate that by capturing the steady-state of the motion within the scene, we can naturally detect unusual activities as statistical deviations in videos with complex activities that are hard for even human observers to analyze.
Sub-barrier reactions measured using a recoil mass separator

Few data exist in the sub-barrier region for reaction channels other than fusion. In particular, our experimental knowledge of quasi-elastic transfer reactions is sparse, despite the belief that this particular channel may be dominant in determining some features of the sub-barrier fusion enhancement. Transfer reactions are governed primarily by the closet approach of the colliding nuclei which, at low energies, results in a strong backward peaking of the angular distribution in the center-of-mass frame. For situations where the projectile has a significant fraction of the target mass, as is so in most cases of interest, the backscattered projectile-like fragment has such low energy that the usual techniques of measurement and identification become invalid. Here, we report on a solution to this problem which allows a systematic study of many aspects of transfer reactions in the energy regime of interest. We exploit the fact that associated with the low-energy backscattered projectile-like fragment is a complementary target-like fragment which recoils to forward angles with a large fraction of the incident beam energy. These target-like fragments were detected and identified using the Daresbury Recoil Mass Separator thus allowing the measurement of quasi-elastic transfer over hitherto inaccessible energy range from the vicinity of themore » barrier to several tens of MeV below. The experiments described here used VYNi beams of energies ranging from 180 to 260 MeV provided by the Daresbury Laboratory Nuclear Structure Facility tandem accelerator. Data on sub-barrier transfer for targets of /sup 116,118,120,122,124/Sn and /sup 144,148,150,152,154/Sm were obtained. 16 refs., 10 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Adolescent Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Adolescence has traditionally been conceptualized as a period of transition between childhood and adulthood. While adolescence is less studied and less understood than other developmental periods, activities that youth begin to experience during this transition have been described as risky behavior predisposing adolescents to injury and illness. Thus, the development of interventions to promote the adoption and maintenance of healthy behaviors requires a careful consideration of the developmental characteristics of adolescence.
Effect of Mild Hypothermia and Hypoxia on Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption of the Fetal Sheep Brain

This study was undertaken to measure the effects of mild hypothermia on cerebral blood flow and metabolism and cardiovascular responses to hypoxia in the fetal sheep. Near-term fetal sheep were chronically instrumented with laser Doppler flowmetry in the parietal cortex for measurement of relative changes in cerebral blood flow, as well as with arterial and sagittal sinus catheters for measurement of oxygen extraction by the brain and a cooling coil around the fetal thorax. Fetuses were studied during cooling alone, cooling with superimposed maternal hypoxia to achieve a fetal arterial Po2 of 1.33 to 1.60 kPa, or hypoxia alone. In response to cooling alone [1.6 degrees +/- 0.1 degrees C (mean +/- SEM) decrease in brain temperature], fetal blood pressure and heart rate both increased significantly whereas cerebral blood flow decreased 14 +/- 4%, commensurate with a 24 +/- 8% decline in cerebral metabolic rate. Administration of moderate hypoxia during cooling resulted in a significant increase in cerebral blood flow, decreased heart rate, and no further increase in blood pressure. In response to hypoxia alone, fetal blood pressure was significantly increased, heart rate was decreased, and cerebral blood flow increased by 24 +/- 8%, whereas cerebral metabolic rate decreased by 38 +/- 13%. Arteriovenous oxygen extraction was unchanged by cooling alone but increased significantly in response to hypoxia administered during cooling. We therefore conclude that oxygen delivery to the fetal sheep brain remains coupled to metabolic rate during hypothermia and that hypothermia does not impair the compensatory cardiovascular responses of the fetus to acute moderate hypoxia.
Silicon in the sun

Abstract A brief survey is given of silicon lines in the spectra of the solar photosphere, chromosphere and corona. These lines arise not only from the spectrum of the neutral atom, but also from the ionic spectra of every stage of ionization, i.e. Si i through Si xiv . The ionization potentials range from 8 to 2673 eV, and the wavelengths of the solar identifications span the interval from 6 A to 25129 A. The wide range of excitation and ionization thus represented makes silicon a suitable element for detailed study of solar models, fluxes, abundances and the like.
Hydrologic properties and leachate nutrient responses of soil columns collected from gypsum-treated fields

Abstract Increased availability of flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) and the recognition of its potential to improve soil–water relationships have stimulated studies of its use on poorly drained soils with high seasonal rainfall, especially on no-tillage (NT) soils. Previous studies have focused on the effects of gypsum on hydrological properties at the soil surface (e.g. infiltration and soil crusting) but little information is available concerning the effects of surface-applied gypsum in profiles of non-sodic NT soils with contrasting drainage classes. To address this lack of information, undisturbed columns from two non-sodic NT soil profiles, characterized as being either moderately well drained or poorly drained, were collected from agricultural fields with historic information regarding number of years of gypsum application (i.e. 0, 4, and 12 yr). Alfalfa was planted in the columns and then plant growth, and soil chemical and hydrologic properties were measured. Higher Ca concentrations were found in both gypsum treated soils compared with control (CT) soils (P
Factor V Leiden mutation : an unrecognized cause of hemiplegic cerebral palsy, neonatal stroke, and placental thrombosis

Activated protein C resistance caused by an Arg506Gln mutation in the factor V gene (factor V Leiden mutation) is the most common cause of familial thrombosis. This mutation is associated with arterial and venous thromboembolic disease in neonates, infants, and children, but is not a significant risk factor for ischemic stroke in adults. We report on 3 babies with different neonatal cerebrovascular disorders including ischemic infarction and hemorrhagic stroke who are heterozygous for factor V Leiden mutation. One infant had multiple thrombi in the fetal placental vasculature. This is the first reported association between hemiplegic cerebral palsy, placental thrombosis, and factor V Leiden mutation. We suspect that activated protein C resistance may be an important cause of in utero cerebrovascular disease and hemiplegic cerebral palsy.
Calibration of gated MCP responses in the x-ray region: spatial gain variation

We will discuss our attempts to measure of the absolute gain and its variation across the face of fast gated multichannel plate [MCP] detectors for 4.75 keV x-rays. We found that some of the gated strips had variations in the gain along and perpendicular to the direction of travel, and significant variation along the time axis that requires these calibrations to obtain the correct time history of gated events. We will also present some of the results on the linearity of such gain with input x-ray signal amplitude.
Effects of Sensory Rhodopsin II Complexation with its Cognate Transducer HtrII on the Local Environment of Internal Water Molecules

Recent studies indicate that internal water molecules play a critical role in membrane protein function. Here we report evidence that the local environment of one or more internal water molecules in sensory rhodopsin II (SRII) is altered by interaction with its cognate transducer HtrII. The SRII-HtrII complex mediates blue-light repellent phototaxis in halophilic archaea, using a signaling pathway similar to that in bacterial chemotaxis. We studied the photocycle of SRII and a SRII-HtrII fusion complex from Natronobacterium pharaonis using low-temperature static and room temperature time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy. When cooled to 80 K, and illuminated the protein is trapped in its K state. A shift of 2 cm−1 between SRII (3626 cm−1) and SRII-HtrII (3628 cm−1) is found for a negative OH stretching band assigned to an internal water molecule, most likely located near the active Schiff base. In contrast, the OH stretching band for this water in the K state appears at the same frequency (3619 cm−1) for both the free and complexed receptor. Similar shifts are observed upon hydration with H2O18 shifted to a lower frequency confirming these bands arise from the OH stretching mode of water. Data are also presented on the effects of lipid environment on structural changes of internal water molecules and the receptor-transducer interactions. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health GrantsR01GM069969 (to K.J.R.) and R37GM27750 (to J.L.S.), U.S. Department of Energy Grant DE-FG02-07ER15867, and the Robert A. Welch Foundation (to J.L.S.).
Monolithic optoelectronic receiver arrays for analogue links

A wideband, optoelectronic receiver array has been demonstrated for analogue photonic links. Each receiver channel consists of a pin photodetector that is AC-coupled to an HBT transimpedance amplifier. The receivers have a 1.2-18 GHz operation band and a large dynamic range.
Elliptic Partial Differential Equations

This volume is based on PDE courses given by the authors at the Courant Institute and at the University of Notre Dame, Indiana. Presented are basic methods for obtaining various a priori estimates for second-order equations of elliptic type with particular emphasis on maximal principles, Harnack inequalities, and their applications. The equations considered in the book are linear; however, the presented methods also apply to nonlinear problems. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and in a new chapter the authors discuss several methods for proving the existence of solutions of primarily the Dirichlet problem for various types of elliptic equations.
Multi-Field Characterization of Single Wall Nano-Tube Composites for Hydrogen Storage

The goal of the present work is three fold. Firstly to create the forward continuum model of a multi-species diffusing system under simultaneous presence of chemical reactivity and temperature as the general case of all hydrogen storage systems. Secondly, cast the problem of hydrogen storage in a pragmatic product-design context where the appropriate design parameters of the system are determined via appropriate optimization methods that utilize extensive experimental data encoding the behavior of the system. Thirdly, demonstrate this methodology on characterizing certain systemic parameters. Thus, the context of the work presented is defined by a data-driven characterization of coupled heat and mass diffusion models of hydrogen storage systems from a multiphysics perspective at the macro length scale. In particular, a single wall nanotube (SWNT) based composite is modeled by coupled partial differential equations representing spatio-temporal evolution of distributions of temperature and hydrogen concentration. Analytical solutions of these equations are adopted for an inverse analysis that defines a non-linear optimization problem for determining the parameters of the model by objective function minimization. Experimentally acquired and model produced data are used to construct the system’s objective function. Simulations to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology and a discussion of its potential extension to multi-scale and manufacturing process optimization are also presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Neocortical capillary flow pulsatility is not elevated in experimental communicating hydrocephalus

While communicating hydrocephalus (CH) is often characterized by increased pulsatile flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cerebral aqueduct, a clear-cut explanation for this phenomenon is lacking. Increased pulsatility of the entire cerebral vasculature including the cortical capillaries has been suggested as a causative mechanism. To test this theory, we used two-photon microscopy to measure flow pulsatility in neocortical capillaries 40 to 500 μm below the pial surface in adult rats with CH at 5 to 7 days (acute, n=8) and 3 to 5 weeks (chronic, n=5) after induction compared with intact controls (n=9). Averaging over all cortical depths, no increase in capillary pulsatility occurred in acute (pulsatility index (PI): 0.15±0.06) or chronic (0.14±0.05) CH animals compared with controls (0.18±0.07; P=0.07). More specifically, PI increased significantly with cortical depth in controls (r=0.35, P<0.001), but no such increase occurred in acute (r=0.06, P=0.3) or chronic (r=0.05, P=0.5) CH. Pulsatile CSF aqueductal flow, in contrast, was elevated 10- to 500-fold compared with controls. We conclude that even in the presence of markedly elevated pulsatile CSF flow in the aqueduct, there is no concurrent increase in microvascular pulsatile flow.
Effect of Extracellular Hydrogen on Organic Acid Utilization by the Ruminal Bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of extracellular H2 on organic acid utilization by two lactate-utilizing strains of Selenomonas ruminantium (HD4, H18). Both strains were able to grow (optical density at 600 nm ≥ after 9 h) on either aspartate, fumarate, or malate in the presence of 1 atmosphere (atm) of H2. Succinate was the major end product produced in these fermentations. When cells were incubated with lactate plus 1 atm H2, growth was minimal and little lactate was fermented. The electron transport inhibitor, acriflavine, was a strong inhibitor of growth when either strain was incubated in the presence of organic acid plus H2. Compared with glucose- or lactate-grown cells, cellular carbohydrate levels were lower for both strains in cells grown on either organic acid plus H2. These results suggest that electron transport plays a role in organic acid utilization by S. ruminantium.
Game-theoretic resilience analysis of Cyber-Physical Systems

We investigate the resilience of cyber physical systems by modeling the interaction between provider and attacker as a simultaneous game that incorporates cyber and physical spaces. Both the provider and attacker aim to maximize their individual utility, which is determined by a trade-off between target revenue and investment cost. The system resilience function is formulated as a power-form product of the survival probabilities of cyber and physical spaces, each with a corresponding correlation coefficient. The contest success functions based on the reinforcement and attack levels are used to estimate the survival probabilities of cyber and physical spaces. We present the provider strategies based on the Nash equilibrium of the game, and analyze the sensitivities with respect to cyber and physical correlation coefficients, target revenues and costs. The results show that these correlation coefficients affect the cyber and physical reinforcement strategies, and also provide new insights into the system resilience.
The Effects of Fading a Strategic Self-Monitoring Intervention on Students’ Academic Engagement, Accuracy, and Productivity

In this study, using a single-case multiple-treatment reversal (A-B-A-B-C) research design, we replicated and extended previous strategic self-monitoring research by teaching five students, with and without disabilities, to use ACT-REACT to increase their academic engagement, productivity, and accuracy across new and previously learned math material. Then, we gradually faded the students’ use of the strategic self-monitoring recording sheet until they were no longer using it. When the ACT-REACT self-monitoring recording sheet was in place the students’ engagement and academic productivity increased; however, when it was faded, the results varied. During fading, the students’ performance generally exceeded baseline conditions and compared adequately to intervention effects. Overall, the results of this study support the advantages of strategic self-monitoring and also point to the mixed benefits of fading these procedures in inclusive environments.
Electromyographic (EMG) amplitude patterns in the proximal and distal compartments of the cat semitendinosus during various motor tasks

Abstract The electromyographic (EMG) signals recorded from the proximal (STp) and distal (STd) compartments of the cat semitendinosus muscle (ST) during treadmill running at various speeds, jumping and paw-shaking were quantified to assess the degree of independence of neural control of the two portions of the muscle. Five adult cats were implanted with intramuscular electrodes in the STp and STd. Raw EMG signals were sampled, rectified and a modified form of their running average was used to calculate the mean EMG every 20 ms. EMG amplitudes of each portion of the muscle were plotted and their relative density distributions were generated. The relative density distribution was used to represent a measure of the probability of any two amplitudes occuring simultaneously (i.e. joint probability density distribution). Based on the probability density distributions of the EMG signals from different movements, the patterns of recruitment from the STp and STd were similar. However, during jumping and paw shaking, two relatively vigorous tasks, some deviations in the pattern were apparent. These data, therefore, suggest that the two ends of the ST are subjected to similar, but not identical, control mechanisms during the motor tasks studied.
Evaluating the safety implications of aprotinin use: The Retrospective Evaluation of Aprotinin in Cardio Thoracic Surgery (REACTS)

Objectives Aprotinin is a drug used to reduce bleeding in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. A recent cohort evaluation found elevated risks of renal, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular events when aprotinin was used. We sought to determine the impact of aprotinin on safety variables among patients receiving cardiothoracic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass from a single US hospital that reserves aprotinin for complex surgeries and Jehovah's Witnesses and does not utilize celite-based activated clotting time determinations. Methods We performed a cohort evaluation with multivariate logistic regression, including propensity score adjustment comprising patients from January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2005. We evaluated 3348 patients having cardiothoracic surgery in a single tertiary care medical center. We observed aprotinin use or lack of aprotinin in cardiothoracic surgery. The main outcome measures were odds (expressed as an odds ratio with 95% confidence interval) of developing myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, and renal dysfunction after cardiothoracic surgery between groups. Results Patients receiving aprotinin were less likely to experience a cerebrovascular event compared with control [0.65 (0.46–0.91)] and did not have an elevated odds of myocardial infarction [1.04 (0.53–2.04)] but were more likely to experience postoperative renal dysfunction [2.03 (1.37–3.01)]. Conclusions Aprotinin was not associated with negative myocardial or cerebrovascular risks but did increase the risk of renal dysfunction. It is not known whether the renal dysfunction reflects renal damage or a transient reduction in glomerular filtration pressure.