cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive defenses for commodity software through virtual application partitioning

Applications can be logically separated to parts that face different types of threats, or suffer dissimilar exposure to a particular threat because of external events or innate properties of the software. Based on this observation, we propose the virtual partitioning of applications that will allow the selective and targeted application of those protection mechanisms that are most needed on each partition, or manage an application's attack surface by protecting the most exposed partition. We demonstrate the value of our scheme by introducing a methodology to automatically partition software, based on the intrinsic property of user authentication. Our approach is able to automatically determine the point where users authenticate, without access to source code. At runtime, we employ a monitor that utilizes the identified authentication points, as well as events like accessing specific files, to partition execution and adapt defenses by switching between protection mechanisms of varied intensity, such as dynamic taint analysis and instruction-set randomization. We evaluate our approach using seven well-known network applications, including the MySQL database server. Our results indicate that our methodology can accurately discover authentication points. Furthermore, we show that using virtual partitioning to apply costly protection mechanisms can reduce performance overhead by up to 5x, depending on the nature of the application.
The infarct Q wave: foretaste and aftertaste; presentiment and recall

Since acute myocardial infarction involves a progressive disturbance of intramyocardial propagation the process might be regarded as a conduction disturbance: incomplete in the evolving phase; complete with Q wave inscription. Premature atrial excitation (PAE) can induce fascicular or bundle branch conduction delay, or complete functional block. Considered here are the concepts of foretaste: in which PAE reveals the infarct Q before it has appeared in regular sinus beats, and aftertaste: in which, following the healing of the myocardial infarction, the Q wave is recalled by PAE after it has disappeared from regular beats. Foretaste was observed in a small number of acutely infarcted dogs. Aftertaste is substantially more problematic since Q wave inscription is known to occur, however uncommonly, in a small minority of noninfarcted aberration morphologies. Only lateral infarct Q waves appear to be recallable by PAE.
A sub-optimal sensor scheduling strategy using convex optimization

In this paper, we consider a sub-optimal off-line stochastic scheduling of a single sensor that visits (measures) one site, modeled as a discrete-time linear time-invariant (DTLTI) dynamic system, at each time instant with the objective to minimize certain measure of the estimation error. The objective of this paper is to search the optimal probability distributions under two cost functions. We show that the optimal scheduling distribution is computable by solving a quasi-convex optimization problem in the case we focus on the minimization of maximal estimate error among sites. When the cost function is the average estimate error of all sites, the scheduling problem for a set of special DTLTI systems can be casted and efficiently solved as a convex optimization problem by exploiting the structure of the underlying Riccati-like equation. Furthermore, we propose a deterministic scheduling strategy based on the optimal stochastic one. Finally, we show some simulation results to verify our strategies.
Taking care of Dad's DNA

Inheritance of paternal genetic information requires proper sperm development and DNA packaging. A proteomic analysis of sperm chromatin in Caenorhabditis elegans has identified conserved proteins that are important for the transmission of sperm DNA and for male fertility.
Transient stability hierarchical control in multimachine power systems

The authors present the optimal transient stability control problem in a hierarchical structure for multimachine power systems. The two-level structure retains the local closed-loop controls, thereby easing its implementation on existing systems. The formulation accounts for nonlinearities and interconnections, and the optimization of the system transient performance is obtained with less computational effort. Since the computations are distributed among the many local feedback subsystems, the storage and solution times are considerably less than those required by a single overall centralized controller. This advantage becomes much stronger as the system size increases. For illustration purposes, this technique was applied successfully to a four-machine system. >
Intracellular translocation of PKC isoforms in canine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by ANG II.

Our goals were to identify the isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) present in primary cultures of canine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and to determine whether angiotensin II (ANG II...
Mathematical Discourse as Group Cognition

This chapter reviews Anna Sfard’s book, Thinking as communicating: Human development, the growth of discourses and mathematizing (Sfard, 2008). It highlights insights of the book that are relevant to studying virtual math teams as well as calling for further analysis to situate Sfard’s theory within the discourses of CSCL and socio-cultural theory.
A call for new attitudes on infection, vaccination, and childhood stroke

Population-based estimates of the incidence of childhood stroke range from 2.6 to 13 cases per 100,000 children per year. Unlike in adults, conventional stroke risk factors such as arterial hypertension, diabetes, and cigarette smoking make little contribution to the etiology of stroke in children. Developmental, genetic, and environmental factors are major contributors to ischemic stroke in children.
The Varieties of Religious Autonomy

Religious institutional autonomy, properly understood, is an example of legal pluralism and an expression of “sovereignty-talk,” the existential encounter of distinct normative systems trying to recognize and respect each other’s distinct juridical dignity. But “sovereignty” has many dimensions, some of them in deep tension with each other. And some fundamental questions about the proper interpretation of religious institutional autonomy are essentially intractable. The article teases out the complex and often competing meanings of autonomy, the varied ways in which secular legal systems can try to respect religious institutional autonomy, and the doctrinal forms those permutations have taken in the American and other legal systems.
Metodismo e império: os séculos XIX e XX

This article investigates British and North American Methodism and their relations with their respective empires, and the ambivalence between adaptation and resistance. Empires are described as powerful manipulators of religion. However, they are not capable of totally assuming the power of religion. This "theological surplus" is a sign of hope.
RRLC Simultaneous Determination of Chlorogenic Acid and Rutin in Guiling Paste

To establish a RRLC method of simultaneously determining the content of chlorogenic acid and rutin in Guiling Paste. Samples were separated by ZORBAX SB-C18column(150 mm×4.6 mm,1.8 μm). Acetonitrile-0.4 % phosphoric acid was mobile phase with both a gradient elution mode and a variable detecting wavelength in order to determine the concentration of the respective components simultaneously. Chlorogenic Acid and Rutin all had good linearity in the ranges of 0.009 42 μg-0.471 μg(r=0.999 9) and 0.000 85μg-0.044 25 μg(r =0.999 8), correspondingly. The average recoveries were 101.77 %(RSD =1.2 %, n =6); and 99.84 %(RSD=1.4 %, n=6), respectively. Repeatability experiments presented that RSD values of their contents were less than 2.0 %.
A Re-Appraisal of Treatment in Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

AbstractThe pH of normal human expressed prostatic secretion in 136 samples from 93 men was 7.28 ± 04. In 41 samples from 14 patients with documented chronic bacterial prostatitis the alkalinity of prostatic fluid was increased 10-fold (1 pH unit) and was 8.32 ± 0.07. We believe these studies account for the failure of trimethoprim to eradicate human bacterial prostatitis effectively despite the experimental data documenting diffusion anu concentration of trimethoprim in the acidic prostatic fluid of the normal dog. The factors governing drug diffusion into the prostate and the influence of pH on the concentration of trimethoprim in the expressed prostatic secretion are discussed.
Training program for clinical psychologists in general hospital settings

Physicians in hospitals are so exhausted that mental healthcare providers other than physicians, such as psychologists, might be necessary. A clinical education program for psychologists in general hospitals has been developed. Applicants should be at Level 2 of Stoltenberg & McNeil's IDM (Integrated Development Model) model. Seven domains of objectives are introduced. Core competencies are multi-dimensional knowledge, understanding dynamics and collaborating, and communication skills with challenging patients. Sustainable education strategies and evaluation methods are discussed. A TV-based education program is useful for the purpose of acquiring general medical knowledge.
Quantitative Morphology of the Sinusoids of the Hepatic Acinus: Quantimet Analysis of Rat Liver

The transport of solutes from sinusoidal blood into the hepatocyte depends on the interaction of solutes with membranes. Several factors determine the probability of such interaction, among them being the configuration of the solute carrying space, the liver sinusoids. Thus, a quantitative morphologic study of hepatic sinusoids was carried out to determine the structural characteristics of the sinusoids of the hepatic acinus, the microcirculatory unit of the liver. Rat livers were perfusion-fixed, paraffinembedded, and sectioned at 5 µm. The volume fraction and surface/volume ratio of sinusoids were determined in each acinar zone by means of an automatic image analyzing system, the Quantimet 720. In separate experiments, the effect of route and pressure of perfusion on these parameters was studied. The variability associated with instrument stability, thresholding and section thickness was also assessed, and the reproducibility of measurements was determined. It was found that the structure of the sinusoids of acinar zone 1 (periportal) was quantitatively different from that of zone 3 (perivenular). While the volume fraction of sinusoids was significantly greater in the perivenular area of zone 3, the surface/volume ratio of zone 1 sinusoids was significantly larger than that of zone 3. Both findings suggested a structural organization favoring a greater probability of solute-membrane interactions in zone 1, the acinar inlet.
Occurrence of Polyphenols, Organic Acids, and Sugars among Diverse Elderberry Genotypes Grown in Three Missouri (USA) Locations

Elderberry (Sambucus spp.) is an emerging horticultural crop used in a variety of foods, wines, and dietary supplements. A better understanding of the elderberry juice complex including its putative health-promoting compounds in relation to genetic and environmental parameters is needed. A multi-location planting of nine elderberry genotypes was established in 2008 at three geographically-diverse sites in Missouri, USA. Fruits were harvested from replicated plots 2009-2011, frozen, and later prepared for laboratory analysis. Polyphenols, organic acids, and sugars were quantified by HPLC and the results evaluated for response to genotype, site, and year. The American genotypes ‘Ocoee’ and ‘Ozark’ were consistently higher in chlorogenic acids compared to other genotypes, whereas ‘Ocoee’ was significantly higher in rutin than ‘Ozark’. The European ‘Marge’ was significantly higher in isoquercitrin and other flavonoids compared to most North American genotypes. Significant differences in polyphenols were also detected among sites and production years. Malic, citric, and tartaric acids varied significantly among genotypes, sites, and years, whereas succinic, shikimic, and fumaric acids generally did not. Levels of lactic, acetic, and propionic acids were negligible in most samples. The American genotype ‘Ocoee’ was higher in citric and tartaric acids, while lower in malic acid. The sugars glucose and fructose also responded significantly to genotype, site, and year. ‘Ocoee’, ‘Ozark’, and ‘Marge’ perform very well in Missouri horticulturally and appear to have additional potential as cultivars based on their unique juice characteristics.
The limits to magnetic recording

Magnetic recording has been used for high-capacity data storage because it possesses three key attributes: (1) no processing required between writing and reading, (2) infinite reversibility, and (3) the storage density could always be increased as needed. The author examines evidence that the latter is approaching limits to the technology. He shows that the two components of storage density, bits/inch (bpi) measured along the track and tracks/inch (tpi) measured along a radius in the case of disks (or perpendicular to the tracks in a general medium) are entering a period of diminishing improvement over time. >
Novel Concentrated Insulin Delivery Devices: Developments for Safe and Simple Dose Conversions

To aid the burden of large dosing volumes, concentrated insulin products have been available in some form since the 1950s, albeit requiring significant and cumbersome detail in prescribing, converting doses from other products, and educating patients on how to administer. In 2015 and 2016, new concentrated products have been introduced that are available exclusively in pen devices that perform the conversion automatically, and thus, help to bypass the necessity for confusing calculations or administration. Providers and patients accustomed to traditional methods must recognize the differences and utility of these products to avoid dosing errors, as there are major differences in dosing procedures as well as their role in clinical practice. For example, the novel concentrated insulins (aside from U-500 products) are not solely indicated for severe insulin resistance. Use of novel agents may decrease the number of injections required, decrease complexity for patients and providers, reduce errors, and avoid conversion calculations. It is imperative that clinicians appreciate the nuances among the agents to choose an insulin product that is appropriate and fits a patient's needs and preferences.
Kalirin reduction rescues psychosis-associated behavioral deficits in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 transgenic mice.

Psychosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD+P) represents a distinct clinical and neurobiological AD phenotype and is associated with more rapid cognitive decline, higher rates of abnormal behaviors, and increased caregiver burden compared with AD without psychosis. On a molecular level, AD+P is associated with greater reductions in the protein kalirin, a guanine exchange factor which has also been linked to the psychotic disease, schizophrenia. In this study, we sought to determine the molecular and behavioral consequences of kalirin reduction in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice. We evaluated mice with and without kalirin reduction during tasks measuring psychosis-associated behaviors and spatial memory. We found that kalirin reduction in APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice significantly attenuated psychosis-associated behavior at 12 months of age without changing spatial memory performance. The 12-month-old APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mice with reduced kalirin levels also had increased levels of the active, phosphorylated forms of p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinases (PAKs), which function in signaling pathways for maintenance of dendritic spine density, morphology, and function.
Squeezing flow between rigid tilted surfaces: A general solution and case study for MEMS

Squeeze film flow occurs when two surfaces move in a normal direction relative to each other and is a phenomenon of importance to many engineering systems, from macro to microscale. Squeeze film damping is widely used in large-scale rotating machinery but even more so presently in microsystems. In the latter case, for modelling purposes, the two surfaces producing the squeeze film flow are typically assumed perfectly parallel, which is often not the case in practice. This paper presents a general formula for squeezing flow between two rigid surfaces for both parallel and tilted configurations in the 1-dimensional case (2-dimensional flow). The solution is derived from the Reynolds equation. The results in the parallel case compare favorably to previous literature data. A case study is presented for plates with dimensions characteristic of microelectromechanical systems. The important contribution of this paper is to isolate and study this “tilt effect” which can contribute to discrepancies and confusion in interpreting squeeze film behaviour, particularly at the microscale.
Video Games as a Multifaceted Medium: A Review of Quantitative Social Science Research on Video Games and a Typology of Video Game Research Approaches

Although there is a vast and useful body of quantitative social science research dealing with the social role and impact of video games, it is difficult to compare studies dealing with various dimensions of video games because they are informed by different perspectives and assumptions, employ different methodologies, and address different problems. Studies focusing on different social dimensions of video games can produce varied findings about games’ social function that are often difficult to reconcile— or even contradictory. Research is also often categorized by topic area, rendering a comprehensive view of video games’ social role across topic areas difficult. This interpretive review presents a novel typology of four identified approaches that categorize much of the quantitative social science video game research conducted to date: “video games as stimulus,” “video games as avocation,” “video games as skill,” and “video games as social environment.” This typology is useful because it provides an organizational structure within which the large and growing number of studies on video games can be categorized, guiding comparisons between studies on different research topics and aiding a more comprehensive understanding of video games’ social role. Categorizing the different approaches to video game research provides a useful heuristic for those critiquing and expanding that research, as well as an understandable entry point for scholars new to video game research. Further, and perhaps more importantly, the typology indicates when topics should be explored using different approaches than usual to shed new light on the topic areas. Lastly, the typology exposes the conceptual disconnects between the different approaches to video game research, allowing researchers to consider new ways to bridge gaps between the different approaches’ strengths and limitations with novel methods.
Heat Determinant on Manifolds

Abstract We introduce and study new invariants associated with Laplace type elliptic partial differential operators on manifolds. These invariants are constructed by using the off-diagonal heat kernel; they are not pure spectral invariants, that is, they depend not only on the eigenvalues but also on the corresponding eigenfunctions in a non-trivial way. We compute the first three low-order invariants explicitly.
The academic success of undocumented Latino students: School programs, non-profit organizations, and social capital

Based on 29 in-depth interviews with undocumented Latino college students and graduates in Southern California, this study explores how academic high achievers obtain the information, resources, an...
Successful perioperative management in a patient with factor XI deficiency

Factor XI (FXI) deficiency is an autosomal disorder which manifests as bleeding of varying severity. While homozygotes typically experience more dramatic bleeding symptoms, heterozygotes may experience clinically significant bleeding following surgical procedures or trauma, and therefore the condition is not purely recessive. The clinical significance of FXI deficiency is complicated in that FXI levels do not correlate well with bleeding severity, and in fact the bleeding risk is variable even for an individual in response to different haemostatic challenges. We present the case of a 74-year-old man of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage with a family and personal history of bleeding during surgical procedures, who presented with excessive bleeding following total thyroidectomy. He was found to have a FXI level of 52% (low normal). Genetic testing revealed that he was heterozygous for the c.403G>T mutation. This case demonstrates successful work-up and perioperative management of a patient with FXI deficiency.
Testimonies of the Enslaved in the Caribbean Literary History

“The Speech of John Talbot Campo-bell” appeared as a response to the publication “The Speech of Moses Bon Sa’am” (1735). Bon Sa’am’s speech was reported to be that of a Maroon leader exhorting a crowd that included slaves to retaliate against the system on enslavement by attacking Jamaican plantation owners. Though intended to offer a strident and sophisticated defense of colonial slavery, close analysis of the narrative reveals the ways in which its pro-slavery critiques are undermined at several crucial points in the narrative. In addition to revealing some of the elements of what I call, creole testimony, the narrative also reveals the importance of slave voices to early print culture in the Caribbean. The appearance and proliferation of varieties of first-person narratives of Caribbean slavery suggests that both sides realized the importance of marshaling the slave voice, of to quote Ephraim Peabody from his 1849 analysis of the new genre slave narrative, providing “pictures of slavery by slaves.” Narratives such as Campo-bell’s also contributes to the creation of the textual paradigms constructed for carrying the slave voice. Moreover, although the narrative is heavily mediated, it nonetheless communicates important details about slave lives. That the message is “profoundly mediated,” should not inhibit close readings, especially if we focus on the narratives as unique types of documents, rather than the textual representation of the autobiography of a historical individual.
Solvent effect of gamma-valerolactone (GVL) on cellulose and biomass hydrolysis in hot-compressed GVL/water mixtures

Abstract This study employs a semi-continuous reactor system to investigate the solvent effect of gamma-valerolactone (GVL) on cellulose hydrolysis in hot-compressed GVL/water (HCGW) at 250 °C and 10 MPa. The primary liquid products from cellulose hydrolysis in HCGW at various GVL concentrations are collected and characterised. Both hydrolysis reaction rate and final glucose recovery are found to increase with GVL concentration, with a high glucose recovery of 91% achieved in the primary liquid products of cellulose hydrolysis in 10% GVL/water. Further analyses of the primary liquid products using high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection show the reductions in the isomers of glucose oligomers (with reducing end as fructose and mannose) and the increases in the glucose oligomers with low degrees of polymerisation, indicating that GVL addition enhances hydrolysis reactions but suppresses isomerization reactions in the solid phase. Similar effects are also found in the secondary reactions of the primary liquid products during cellulose hydrolysis at reduced flow rates. The experimental results from biomass hydrolysis clearly demonstrate that GVL/water co-solvent is an excellent reaction medium for biomass hydrolysis under acid-free conditions, achieving a near-complete sugar recovery (i.e., 93%) at a low GVL concentration of 5%.
Peritoneal Metastases, a Frontier for Progress.

The treatments for peritoneal metastases have evolved over 30 years. Now the concepts that guided clinicians are being tested in clinical trials to optimize standardized treatment regimens. The essential features of a successful management plan are cytoreductive surgery combined with cancer chemotherapy in a large volume of intraperitoneal fluid administered into the peritoneal space. The cytotoxicity of the cancer chemotherapy is maximized by moderate hyperthermia. The patients must be carefully selected using well-defined prognostic indicators. The efforts to date are multinational with centers of excellence located throughout the world.
Decision Biases, Cognitive Psychology of

Normative analyses of rational decision making dictate how decisions ought to be made. Descriptive analyses of decision making are based on experimental studies and emphasize the role of information processing in people's decisions. The empirical evidence indicates that people's decisions are often at odds with the assumptions of the rational theory. Some of the cognitive mechanisms that underlie decision behavior and cause it to depart from the normative benchmark, yielding systematic decision biases, are described. Normative theory assumes preferences to be clear and stable. Consequently, they are expected to be invariant across normatively equivalent assessment methods (‘procedure invariance’), and across logically equivalent ways of describing the options (‘description invariance’). Instead, preferences appear to be formed, not merely revealed, during their elicitation, and their formation appears to depend, among other things, on how the options are described and on the methods through which preference is elicited. Because people tend to be risk-averse when choosing between gains, and risk seeking when choosing between losses, alternative descriptions of what is essentially the same decision problem can give rise to predictably different choices. This failure of description invariance is known as a ‘framing effect.’ People are also loss averse, which refers to the fact that losses loom larger than corresponding gains. Loss aversion entails a strong tendency to maintain the status quo and a reluctance to make fair trades, which can hinder negotiations. Another important cognitive principle is the principle of compatibility, according to which the weight of a stimulus attribute is enhanced to the extent that it is compatible with the required response. Alternative methods of eliciting preference can thus lead to differential weighings of attributes and, consequently, to different choices, contrary to procedure invariance. In further violation of invariance, independent vs. comparative evaluation procedures also tend to highlight different aspects of options and can thus alter decision. These decision biases, among others, have been observed in numerous settings. Because they emerge from underlying cognitive mechanisms, they form an inherent part of the ways in which we process information and make decisions.
Evaluating quantitative research reports

As a novice reviewer, it is often difficult to trust your evaluation of a research report. You may feel uncertain in your interpretations. These are common concerns and can be remedied by reading and discussing research reports on research listservs, through journal clubs, or with other nephrology nurses. Practice using the criteria for research report evaluation and you too can perfect critiquing a research report!
Anomalous Stability of Two-Dimensional Ice Confined in Hydrophobic Nanopores.

The freezing of water mostly proceeds via heterogeneous ice nucleation, a process in which an effective nucleation medium not only expedites ice crystallization but also may effectively direct the polymorph selection of ice. Here, we show that water confined within a hydrophobic slit nanopore exhibits a freezing behavior strongly distinguished from its bulk counterpart. Such a difference is reflected by a strong, non-monotonic pore-size dependence of freezing temperature but, more surprisingly, by an unexpected stacking ordering of crystallized two-dimensional ice containing just a few ice layers. In particular, confined trilayer ice is found to exclusively crystallize into a well-ordered, hexagonal stacking sequence despite the fact that nanopore exerts no explicit constraint on stacking order. The absence of cubic stacking sequence is found to be originated from the intrinsically lower thermodynamic stability of cubic ice over hexagonal ice at the interface, which contrasts sharply the nearly degenerate...
Towards Impact Scoring of Fake News

Tackling fake news has become one of the highest priority issues in recent years. Its effects are damaging, and urgent attention needs to be paid to find a solution. Although several approaches have been proposed to understand the characteristics of fake news, not much attention has been given to determining its impact. Fake news can also be casual opinions or sarcasm, entertainment-related media stories, which pose no risk. Alternatively, there are some high impact news stories which causes panic, confusion, rumors and is responsible for real damage. Hence, in this paper, we propose a model to calculate the impact score of a given fake news story. The proposed model integrates various factors related to fake news, such as the scope of the news, the reputation of the publishing site, and the popularity of the proliferator. We validate the results of the proposed impact computation model with user surveys.
Which Jobs Are Lost during a Lockdown? Evidence from Vacancy Postings in India

We rely on real-time data from one of India’s largest job portals (Shine.com) to study how COVID-19 (and the associated lockdown measures) impacted the Indian labor market. Detailed firm-level vacancy postings reveal a dramatic contraction in hiring: the number of firms posting jobs, and the number of new vacancies they list decline by 60% and 34%, respectively. Firms react to the lockdown by advertising more jobs that can be completed from home and fewer positions in occupations that can be easily automated. Furthermore, certain job-seekers are more affected than others, as employers post fewer entry-level jobs, and require higher levels of experience and education. Finally, we find that female-dominated industries and occupations are most severely impacted, suggesting the pandemic has a higher burden on women.
To mock a Mocking bird : Studies in Biomimicry.

This paper dwells on certain novel game-theoretic investigations in bio-mimicry, discussed from the perspectives of information asymmetry, individual utility and its optimization via strategic interactions involving co-evolving preys (e.g., insects) and predators (e.g., reptiles) who learn. Formally, we consider a panmictic ecosystem, occupied by species of prey with relatively short lifespan, which evolve mimicry signals over generations as they interact with predators with relatively longer lifespans, thus endowing predators with the ability to learn prey signals. Every prey sends a signal and provides utility to the predator. The prey can be either nutritious or toxic to the predator, but the prey may signal (possibly) deceptively without revealing its true "type." The model is used to study the situation where multi-armed bandit predators with zero prior information are introduced into the ecosystem. As a result of exploration and exploitation the predators naturally select the prey that result in the evolution of those signals. This co-evolution of strategies produces a variety of interesting phenomena which are subjects of this paper.
A semiconductor physics based model for thermal characteristics in electronic electrolytic energy storage devices

A model for ultracapacitor capacitance and ion screening length based on semiconductor physics is presented in this paper. Screening length is related to capacitance as the plate-plate separation in a double-layer, and thus both are related to dissolved ion density in the electrolyte. Furthermore, this dissolved ion density can be expressed in terms of an effective bandgap assigned to the electrolyte/solvent pair. Therefore, by knowing the effective bandgap, we can explain the published experimental measurements of the dependence of capacitance and screening length on temperature. For electrolytes commonly used in ultracapacitor applications, the effective bandgap is estimated to be on the order of a few 100 meV.
Impaired Behavioral Pattern Separation in Refractory Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Objective Episodic memory impairment and hippocampal pathology are hallmark features of both temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Pattern separation (PS), which enables the distinction between similar but unique experiences, is thought to contribute to successful encoding and retrieval of episodic memories. Impaired PS has been proposed as a potential mechanism underling episodic memory impairment in aMCI, but this association is less established in TLE. In this study, we examined behavioral PS in patients with TLE and explored whether profiles of performance in TLE are similar to aMCI. Method Patients with TLE, aMCI, and age-matched, healthy controls (HCs) completed a modified recognition task that relies on PS for the discrimination of highly similar lure items, the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST). Group differences were evaluated and relationships between clinical characteristics, California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition scores, and MST performance were tested in the TLE group. Results Patients with TLE and aMCI demonstrated poorer PS performance relative to the HCs, but performance did not differ between the two patient groups. Neither the side of seizure focus nor having hippocampal sclerosis affected performance in TLE. However, TLE patients with clinically defined memory impairment showed the poorest performance. Conclusion Memory performance on a task that relies on PS was disrupted to a similar extent in TLE and aMCI. The MST could provide a clinically useful tool for measuring hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in TLE and other neurological disorders associated with hippocampal damage.
Rationality of Deviations between Fundamental Valuations and Market Valuations

This study arrives at a well defined mapping for distinguishing of rational valuation bubbles from valuation bubbles that, asymptotically are irrational. In stated respect, the formal theory shows a ranking, in descending order, of publicly quoted firms with respect to intertemporal `dynamism' at management of asset risk maps to a ranking of same firms, in descending order, with respect to risk aversion coefficients of investor clienteles. Conformity, respectively, non-conformity to the mapping robustly evinces presence, respectively absence of rational valuation bubbles. In presence of non-spurious and economically significant realizations for idiosyncratic risk in real sectors - `revealed' non-dynamism at attenuation of asset risk to systemic risk - demand for risk seeking agents explicitly and endogenously is established to be a necessary condition for general equilibrium (risk aversion coefficients for risk seeking agents necessarily are lower than corresponding coefficients for risk averse agents). A novel general equilibrium result is formal theoretical evidence that risk seeking preferences necessarily embed loss aversion, with outcome `safer' estimates for conditional skewness strictly are preferred to `less safe' estimates for conditional skewness. Comparison of a ranking of fundamental valuations that are premised on dynamism of management of asset risk (using only real sector parameters in financial statements) with each of a ranking of market valuations and inferences from implementation of asset pricing models is shown to suffice for implementation of model predictions. Using data for three publicly quoted firms, empirical results provide robust validation for formal theoretical predictions.
Allosteric Modulator Leads Hiding in Plain Site: Developing Peptide and Peptidomimetics as GPCR Allosteric Modulators.

Allosteric modulators (AMs) of G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are desirable drug targets because they can have fewer on-target side effects, improved selectivity, and more precise control over signaling (e.g., biased signaling) than orthosteric drugs. An underappreciated source for identifying AMs are peptides and proteins – many of which were evolutionarily selected as AMs – derived from endogenous protein-protein interactions (e.g., transducer/accessory proteins), intramolecular receptor contacts (e.g., pepducins or extracellular domains), endogenous peptides, and exogenous sources (e.g., nanobodies, or conotoxins). Peptides offer distinct advantages over small molecules, including high affinity, good tolerability, good bioactivity, and modular/automatable synthesis; but specific disadvantages, including poor metabolic stability and pharmacokinetics. Peptidomimetics – small molecules derived from peptides or peptide modifications improving stability and bioavailability – address these limitations by retaining the high affinity and high potency peptide pharmacophore while improving druggability. This review aims to: 1) demonstrate that peptides and peptidomimetics are underexploited in AM drug discovery; 2) review peptidomimetic AMs and design strategies; and 3) critically analyze the advantages, disadvantages, and future directions of peptidomimetic AMs. While small molecules will and should play a vital role in AM drug discovery, peptidomimetics can complement and even exceed the advantages of small molecules, depending on the target, site, lead, etc.
Physics-Based Approach to Efficient Electromagnetic Modeling of Multiscale Antennas with Metasurfaces

This paper presents a novel ‘physics-based’ technique for numerically modeling of multi-scale problems, e.g., antennas with metasurfaces operating at mm wavelengths. The metasurface is replaced by an Equivalent Dielectric (ED) medium, whose use in the numerical simulation significantly reduces the computational resources required to model the problem. Furthermore, the proposed method is accurate and does not need sophisticated new code development but can be used in the existing commercially available software instead.
Nanosheet Width Investigation for Gate-All-Around Devices Targeting SRAM Application

Gate-all-around (GAA) transistor architecture offers more design flexibility in choosing a nanosheet width tailored for a given application. This is a unique advantage of GAA over FinFET, where the channel perimeter (Weff) is quantized, mostly determined by number of fins and fin height per device (Weff=Fin number x (2 x fin height + fin thickness)). In this paper we discuss the GAA NMOS and PMOS nanosheet width optimization to achieve the best SRAM performance. By using 3D process, device and circuit modeling, we investigate the impact of NMOS and PMOS nanosheet widths on different SRAM performance metrics. Finally, we show that implementation of different NMOS and PMOS nanosheet widths can lead to better GAA SRAM performance, significantly higher than their FinFET SRAM counterpart.
C Programming: A Modern Approach

This introduction to the C programming language is based on the C ANSI dialect and is usable with all ANSI-compatible compilers and all operating systems. The three main parts of the text are: basic grounding in C; advanced topics and program writing; and a reference apparatus.
The Logistic Function, Part III

In Chapter 7 we characterized the behavior of the parametrized family of functions hr(x) = rx(1 − x) for 0 2 + \sqrt 5 \). All points of ℝ not in the Cantor set are in the stable set of infinity. Finally, we asked the reader to show that h is chaotic on [0, 1] when r = 4 in exercise 10.5. The analysis of the behavior of h for parameter values between 3 and 4 remains.
Capturing Motion Verb Generalizations in Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammars

This chapter describes the use of verb class memberships expressed as semantic features as a means of capturing generalizations about manner-of-motion verbs in Synchronous Tree Adjoining Grammars, STAGs, (Shieber and Schabes, 1990; Shieber and Schabes, 1991), which characterize transductions between Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars, LTAG, (Joshi, 1985; Schabes et al., 1988). Our approach allows STAGs, which are essentially transfer-based, to take advantage of the same types of generalizations which are generally thought of as wholly the domain of interlingua systems, without giving up any of the lexical specificity unique to transfer-based systems.
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About DTDs, But Were Afraid to Ask (Extended Abstract)

For the last two years, XML has become an increasingly popular data-format unanimously accepted by a lot of different communities. In this paper, we present some preliminary results that explore how XML DTDs are actually being used. By studying some publicly available DTDs, we look at how people are actually (mis)using DTDs, show some shortcomings, list some requirements and discuss possible replacements.
Image Recognition CAPTCHAs

CAPTCHAs are tests that distinguish humans from software robots in an online environment [3,14,7]. We propose and implement three CAPTCHAs based on naming images, distinguishing images, and identifying an anomalous image out of a set. Novel contributions include proposals for two new CAPTCHAs, the first user study on image recognition CAPTCHAs, and a new metric for evaluating CAPTCHAs.
Ecohydrological controls on soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity within a pinyon-juniper woodland

[1] The impact of pinyon-juniper woodland encroachment on rangeland ecosystems is often associated with a reduction of streamflow and recharge and an increase in soil erosion. The objective of this study is to investigate vegetational control on seasonal soil hydrologic properties along a 15-m transect in pinyon-juniper woodland with biocrust. We demonstrate that the juniper tree controls soil water content (SWC) patterns directly under the canopy via interception, and beyond the canopy via shading in a preferred orientation, opposite to the prevailing wind direction. The juniper also controls the SWC and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measured close to water saturation (K(h)) under the canopy by the creation of soil water repellency due to needle drop. We use this information to refine the hydrologic functional unit (HFU) concept into three interacting hydrologic units: canopy patches, intercanopy patches, and a transitional unit formed by intercanopy patches in the rain shadow of the juniper tree. Spatial autoregressive state-space models show the close relationship between K(h) close to soil water saturation and SWC at medium and low levels, integrating a number of influences on hydraulic conductivity.
7 – Gender Differences in Child and Adolescent Behavior

This chapter reviews some of the scientific facts regarding gender differences and the ever-changing social/environmental influences that are operative throughout a child's development. Various studies have revealed that among 2- and 3-year olds, there is little difference between behavioral problems in boys and girls. It is only after age 4 that boys begin to stand out as the aggressive troublemakers in preschool. Adjustment difficulties in males become externalized; while in females they become internalized. After adolescence, girls have twice the number of affective and anxiety disorders than boys. Rates of autistic disorder are four to five times higher in males than in females. Females with the autistic disorder are more likely to exhibit more severe mental retardation. Similarly, the male to female ratio in stuttering is approximately 3:1. Tourette's syndrome is approximately 1.5:3 times more common in males than in females. Girls experience a significant decline in comfort with their physical appearance as they enter adolescence. This phenomenon is fueled by unrealistic social standards as well as by advertising aimed at teenage girls preying on these insecurities.
Hierarchical Self-Assembly

Hierarchical self-assembly Name: David Doty Affil./Addr. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. Supported by NSF grants CCF-1219274, CCF1162589, and 1317694.
Inflation and the wage lag during the American Civil War

Abstract This paper examines the role of inflation in financing the American Civil War, and the effects of that inflation on the level of real wages in the North. A wage determination model is specified in which the equilibrium real wage is determined by real forces and the money wage is allowed to adjust to its equilibrium value with lags. Econometric estimates of the model support Wesley Clair Mitchell's contention that wage movements lagged price movements during the war. Comparison of the estimated equilibrium money wage and the estimated current money wage makes it possible to assess the magnitude and importance of the wartime redistribution of income attributable to inflation.
Identity and the divinities

On 23 November, 1654 the French mathematician, scientist and philosopher, Pascal had an intense religious experience, sometimes called his second conversion. The experience so impressed Pascal, that he wrote a Memorial of the experience and had it sewed into his clothes to constantly remind him. The Memorial in part read, "From ten-thirty to twelvethirty. Fire. The God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob, not the god of the philosophers." This is most frequently paraphrased as, "The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob is not the God of the philosophers." I do not take this common paraphrase to be what Pascal is concerned with in his Memorial, but I want to use this paraphrase to raise the problem of the application of identity to divinities or deities. Since I am not concerned here with the existence of one deity or many deities, let me state my general problem in this way: "Under what conditions do we consider two distinct referring expressions as referring to the same deity?" In referring to deities we commonly use definite descriptions or names. In the above paraphrase of Pascal's Memorial two definite descriptions are used, namely, "The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob" and "the God of the philosophers." What the above paraphrase of Pascal's Memorial is telling us, is that these two definite descriptions do not refer to the same individual. To illustrate with the alternative case with names, let me use the Greek and Roman deities as an example. It is quite popular to see the Greek Zeus identified with the Roman Jupiter, Hera identified with Juno, Athene with Minerva, Aphrodite with Venus, and so forth. In other words, they take the names, "Zeus" and "Jupiter" to refer to the same individual, "Hera" and "Juno" to the same, and so forth. Let us follow William James' suggestion in The Varieties of Religious Experience, that we take polytheism seriously and ask this question of the Greek and Roman gods: What are the general conditions under which one says that, for example, the name "Aphrodite" refers to the same deity as the name "Venus?" The most obvious response that suggests itself is that
Accurate and efficient method for predicting thermochemistry of furans and ortho-arynes: expansion of the bond-centered group additivity method.

The bond-centered group additivity method (BCGA) method for the estimation of the thermochemical properties of polycyclic aromatic molecules is expanded to aromatic molecules containing furan ring(s) and ortho-arynes. The method is based on enthalpies of formation ( ), entropies ( ), and heat capacities ( ) obtained from B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations. The enthalpies of formation were obtained using a set of homodesmic reactions that include only aromatic molecules as the reference. Two new atom-centered groups are defined for the description of furan ring(s) and ortho-arynes, leading to the addition of 17 new bond-centered groups to the BCGA method. The , , and contributions of these bond-centered groups is derived.