cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Justifying Antitrust: Prediction, Efficiency, and Welfare

Scholars and enforcement officials debate the merits and implications of “behavioral antitrust” — the application of empirical evidence showing how human behavior departs systematically and predictably from strict rationality (“bounded rationality”) to antitrust law. Notwithstanding their many disagreements, both sides in this debate recognize that consumers — as opposed to business firms and their managers — are boundedly rational. This article shows, however, that the bounded rationality of consumers poses for antitrust law three distinct, if related, challenges, only the first and most obvious of which has received substantial scholarly attention and analysis to date. The first challenge is the prediction challenge — that is, the concern that antitrust rules and practices that assume consumer rationality mistakenly may condone anticompetitive behavior or prohibit procompetitive business practices because they misinterpret or mispredict the behavior of boundedly rational consumers or the reactions of firms to such behavior. Second and more fundamental is the efficiency challenge, which surfaces where consumer bias weakens the causal link between competition and efficiency. For instance, consumers who systematically overestimate the value of a given product or service will manifest excessive demand for it, generating inefficiencies in both allocation and production. The third, least noted but most troubling of all, is the welfare challenge. Behavioral and consumer research both show that consumer choice is often constructed ad-hoc during the process of choice and shaped by context-specific influences. Yet if consumer choice and the resulting aggregate demand do not reflect consumers’ authentic, preexisting preferences — and thus do not maximize individual and aggregate welfare — is there an economic justification for antitrust law? The Article examines these three challenges closely, finding that current doctrine and policy can accommodate the prediction challenge with some modifications. Most importantly, a substantially more modest version of the standard economic justification for antitrust law largely weathers the thorny efficiency and welfare challenges alike.
Exceptional running and turning performance in a mite

The Southern California endemic mite, Paratarsotomus macropalpis , was filmed in the field on a concrete substrate and in the lab to analyze stride frequency, gait, and running speed under different temperature conditions and during turning. At ground temperatures ranging from 45°C to 60°C, mites ran at a mean relative speed of 192.4±2.1 BL s −1 (body lengths per second), exceeding the highest previously documented value for a land animal by 12.5%. Stride frequencies were also exceptionally high (up to 135 Hz), and increased with substrate temperature. Juveniles exhibited higher relative speeds than adults and possess proportionally longer legs, which allow for greater relative stride lengths. Although mites accelerated and decelerated rapidly during straight running (7.2±1.2 ms −2 and −10.1±2.1 ms −2 , respectively), the forces involved were comparable to those found in other animals. P. macropalpis employs an alternating tetrapod gait during steady running. Shallow turns were accomplished by a simple asymmetry in stride length. During tight turns, mites pivoted around the tarsus of the inside third leg (L3), which thus behaved like a grappling hook. Pivot turns were characterized by a 42% decrease in turning radius and 40% increase in angular velocity compared to non-pivot turns. The joint angle amplitudes of the inner L2 and L3 were negligible during a pivot turn. While exceptional, running speeds in P. macropalpis approximate values predicted from inter-specific scaling relationships.
Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Pediatrics

As the incidence of tuberculosis in the United States has increased over the past 10 years, the number of cases caused by drug-resistant organisms has risen dramatically. The genetic mechanisms of resistance, which could lead to better methods of diagnosis and treatment, are being determined. Treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis is complex, requiring the use of several toxic drugs over 9 to 18 months. At present, drug resistance is fairly localized and can be avoided in most communities if appropriate public health measures are taken. Stronger attention to treatment regimens and adherence with treatment will prevent further emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.
The functional organization of the crayfish lamina ganglionaris. I: Nonspiking monopolar cells

The light responses of the second order lamina monopolar neurons were examined in the crayfish compound eye. 1. Single cartridge monopolar neurons (M1–M4) (Fig. 2) exhibited nonspiking hyperpolarizing light responses; for M1; M3 and M4 the transient ‘on’ response operated over the same intensity range as the receptor, 3.5 log units (Fig. 3). M2 operated in a much narrower intensity range (1.5 log unit). The ‘on’ responses were associated with a 19% increase in conductance (Fig. 6). 2. The hyperpolarizing ‘on’ response can be reversed at 18 mV below the resting membrane potential (Fig. 4). 3. The half-angular sensitivity width of monopolar cells (in partially dark-adapted eyes) is 15°×8° (horizontal by vertical) (Fig. 5). Off axis stimuli elicit attenuated hyperpolarizing responses associated with a diminished conductance increase or depolarizing responses associated with a net decrease in conductance. The latter result is consistent with the presynaptic inhibition of a ‘background’ transmitter release which normally persists in the dark. 4. Lateral inhibition is elicited from the area immediately surrounding the excitatory field, and it is associated with diminished transient responses and an accelerated decay of the response (Fig. 5). Inhibitory stimuli decrease the conductance change associated with the hyperpolarizing response (Fig. 7). The surround stimuli can also elicit depolarizing ‘off’ responses with reversal potentials positive to the membrane resting potential. It is concluded that the rapidly repolarizing monopolar cell response (Table 1) is modulated by both pre- and postsynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. 5. A compartment model indicates that signal attenuation along a 500 μm length of monopolar cell axon is 22–34% (Fig. 8). Simulation of steady-state signal transmission suggests that passive (decremental) conduction is sufficient to convey 66 to 78% of the monopolar cell signal from lamina to medulla. The current-voltage relation in current clamp is linear over the physiological operating range, and there is no evidence for rectification (Fig. 6). 6. Hyperpolarization of single monopolar cells (M1–M4) provides a polysynaptic excitatory signal to the medullary sustaining fibers (Fig. 9).
Spin-orbit coupling and its effects in organic solids

We present a detailed analysis of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated organic materials and its effects on spin characteristics including the spin-relaxation time, spin-diffusion length, and $g$ factor. While $\ensuremath{\pi}$ electrons are responsible for low-energy electrical and optical processes in $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated organic solids, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ electrons must be explicitly included to properly describe the SOC. The SOC mixes up- and down-spin states and, in the context of spintronics, can be quantified by an admixture parameter in the electron and hole polaron states in $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated organics. Molecular geometry fluctuations such as ring torsion, which are common in soft organic materials and may depend on sample preparation, are found to have a strong effect on the spin mixing. The SOC-induced spin mixing leads to spin flips as polarons hop from one molecule to another, giving rise to spin relaxation and diffusion, which are examined by the time-dependent perturbation theory and density-matrix theory. The spin-relaxation rate is found to be proportional to the carrier hopping rate, or equivalently, carrier mobility. The spin-diffusion length depends on the spin mixing and hopping distance but is insensitive to the carrier mobility. An applied electric field causes spin drift and gives rise to upstream and downstream spin-diffusion lengths in the hopping-conduction regime. The SOC influences the $g$ factor of the polaron state and makes it deviate from the free-electron value. The deviation is due to the mixing of different orbitals in the polaron state, which does not include the spin mixing within the same orbital, and therefore underestimates the SOC strength. In particular, the $g$ factor is not sensitive to the molecular geometry fluctuations, where the spin mixing within the same orbital is dominant. The SOCs in tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq${}_{3}$) and in copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) are particularly strong, due to the orthogonal arrangement of the three ligands in the former and Cu $3d$ orbitals in the latter. The theory quantitatively explains the recent measured spin-diffusion lengths in Alq${}_{3}$ from muon spin rotation and in CuPc from spin-polarized two-photon photoemission.
Mink Response to Ultrasound in the Range Emitted by Prey

Grâce a un labyrinthe en Y, les reponses de Mustela vison aux ultra-sons sont examinees. La gamme d'emission d'ultra-sons testes correspond a celle emise par les proies potentielles de ces animaux
Characterizing the damage potential of ricochet debris due to an oblique hypervelocity impact

All long-duration spacecraft are susceptible to impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbiting space debris. Such impacts are expected to occur at extremely high speeds and are expected to strike the spacecraft structure at oblique angles. High obliquity impacts have an especially high potential to cause damage to external spacecraft systems because of the extremely large volume of ricochet debris that they produce. It is found that the diameter of the most damaging ricochet debris particle can be as large as 40% of the original projectile diameter and can travel at speeds between 24% and 36% of the original projectile impact velocity. It is concluded that obliquity effects of high-speed impacts must be considered in the design of any structure exposed to the meteoroid and space debris environment.
Perinatal services in the era of managed care: a Kaiser Permanente physician's perspective.

Abstract Evolving market forces are reshaping current patient, parent, provider, insurer, and hospital relationships. The traditional individualistic focus for accountability and responsibility is being supplemented by population-wide responsibilities and accountabilities. These changes, often lumped together as "managed care", are being implemented with evolving ideas on how best to manage an organize collaborative activity. In this article it is reasoned that perinatal services will improve as objective outcome measures guide the development, evolution, and operation of competing managed care networks. The article illustrates how a managed perinatal care network works with experiences drawn from the perinatal service programs of Kaiser Permanente's Southern California Region.
Website credibility and deceiver credibility

Deception is a common part of everyday discourse, and while much is known about deception and traditional face-to-face communication, relatively little is known about deception and its detection when the communication is computer-mediated. A recent meta-analysis (Bond & DePaulo, 2008) showed that the largest determinant of deception detection success in traditional non-mediated communication was the perceived credibility of the sender. Does this conclusion also hold for computer-mediated communication and deception detection? Using Prominence-Interpretation Theory (PIT; Fogg, 2003) and Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT; Buller & Burgoon, 1996), we investigated the relationships among media, credibility and its antecedents, and deception detection. We expanded PIT using key concepts from IDT, resulting in what we call expanded PIT (EPIT). We created a model of EPIT and derived seven propositions from it. We argue that EPIT is a useful approach to investigating deception detection in a computer-mediated communication context and that it also has potential as a more general purpose theory. The relationship between media and deception detection is mediated by sender credibility.Prominence-Interpretation Theory helps explain the relationship between media and credibility.We expand Prominence-Interpretation Theory and call it EPIT.
X-ray Structures of 1-Ethynyl-2-Nitrobenzene and 1-Ethynyl-4,5-Dimethyl-2-Nitrobenzene: Correlation to the Enhanced Rate of Hydration and Investigation of the C–H···O Alkyne-Nitro Hydrogen Bonding

The single crystal X-ray structures of 2-nitrophenylacetylene, 1, and 4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenylacetylene, 2, are presented. In both structures the nitro moiety is essentially coplanar with the benzene ring and interacts with the proximal alkyne which is slightly distorted. The crystal packing of both compounds is dominated by intramolecular alkyne-nitro C–H···O hydrogen bonds that are supplemented by weak arene C–H···O (nitro) hydrogen bonds. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 3.7874(5), b = 13.0673(16), c = 13.98174(17) A, β = 90.587(2) and Z = 4. The molecule is disordered over two sites with occupancy ratio of 88:12. Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1 with a = 7.6080(5), b = 9.8811(6), c = 12.8240(8) A, α = 108.1760(10), β = 102.4170, γ = 96.6480(10) and Z = 4. The intermolecular interactions in both structures were dominated by alkyne-nitro and arene-nitro C–H···O hydrogen bonds. The structures of 2-nitrophenylacetylene and 4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenylacetylene display a strong nitro-alkyne intramolecular O···C interaction resulting in distortion of the alkyne and terminal alkyne-nitro CH···O intermolecular interactions.
A Virtual Hope Box: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Smartphone App for Emotional Regulation and Coping With Distress.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the Virtual Hope Box (VHB), a smartphone app to improve stress coping skills, suicidal ideation, and perceived reasons for living among patients at elevated risk of suicide and self-harm.Methods:The authors conducted a parallel-group randomized controlled trial with two groups of U.S. service veterans in active mental health treatment who had recently expressed suicidal ideation. Between March 2014 and April 2015, 118 patients were enrolled in the study. Participants were assigned to use the VHB (N=58) or to a control group that received printed materials about coping with suicidality (N=60) to supplement treatment as usual over a 12-week period. Three measures—the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation, and Brief Reasons for Living Inventory—were collected at baseline (before randomization) and three, six, and 12 weeks. Secondary measures—the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, and Columbia-Suicid...
Lipopolysaccharide Outer Core Is a Ligand for Corneal Cell Binding and Ingestion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

5/well) for 3 hours, nonadherent bacteria were washed away, and extracellular bacteria were killed with gentamicin. The antibiotic was then washed away, and epithelial cells were lysed with 0.5% Triton X-100 to release internalized bacteria. Bacterial association (sum of bound and internalized bacteria) was measured by the omission of gentamicin. Similar assays were carried out with whole mouse eyes in situ. Results. A lipopolysaccharide core with an exposed terminal glucose residue was found to be necessary for maximal association and entry of P. aeruginosa into corneal cells. Bacterial pili and flagella were not involved. Mutants of P. aeruginosa strains that do not produce an LPS core with a terminal glucose residue had a significantly lower level of association with (~50%) and ingestion by (>90%, P < 0.01) corneal cells than did strains with this characteristic. Complementation of the LPS production defect by plasmid-borne DNA returned association and ingestion to near parental levels. Lipopolysaccharides and delipidated oligosaccharides with a terminal glucose residue in the core inhibited bacterial association and entry into corneal cells. Experiments using P. aeruginosa LPS mutants and corneal cells on whole mouse eyes confirmed the role of the LPS core in cellular entry.
Targeting practitioners: A review of guidelines, training, and policy in pain management

This paper reviews the current literature on clinical guidelines, practitioner training, and government/payer policies that have come forth in response to the national rise in prescription opioid overdoses. A review of clinical opioid prescribing guidelines highlights the need for more research on safe and effective treatment options for chronic pain, improved guidance for the best management of post-operative pain, and evaluation of the implementation and impact of guideline recommendations on patient risk and outcomes. Although there is increasing attention to training in pain management in medical schools and medical residency programs, educational opportunities remain highly variable, and the need for additional clinician training in the recognition and treatment of pain as well as opioid use disorder has been recognized. Mandated use of private, federal and state educational and clinical initiatives such as Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS) and Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) generally increase utilization of these initiatives, but more research is needed to determine the impact of these initiatives on provider behaviors, treatment access, and patient outcomes. Finally, there is an acute need for more research on safe and effective treatments for chronic pain as well as an increased multi-level focus on improving training and access to evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder as well as non-pharmacologic and non-interventional chronic pain treatments, so that these guideline-recommended interventions can become mainstream, accessible, first-line interventions for chronic pain and/or opioid use disorders.
Instructional and Historical Controls of Autonomic Patterns

Lie detection and relaxation therapies generally assume patterns of respiration, circulation, and perspiration. Lack of evidence for any such pattern is attributed here to the atomistic tradition with only two laboratory situations, e.g., experimental and control. Six mean behaviors during-minus-before visual instructions to tell a lie, feel a specified emotion, etc., were factored into three bipolar stimulus factor patterns. A replication (N = 31) with 14 responses to these 20 plus 29 other experimental and historical stimuli showed bipolarity was an artifact. By analyzing (14 x 49) mean behavior differences instead of (6 x 20) mean z scores, the first bipolar factor becomes two orthogonal factors, Act and Look. Instructions to look and a history of having been told one has high blood pressure both elicit the same pattern. Instructions to do arithmetic elicit Look plus (muscle) Act (ion). Instructions to lie and to listen elicit an orthogonal pattern, particularly in hesitant liars. Not only such sets of equivalent inputs but also sets of covarying outputs are identified.
Realizing team receptivity: Newcomer identity strategies and future prospects

This research examined whether the future prospects of newcomers may condition the effects of language-based identity strategies on team receptivity. The paper reports two experiments (an interacti...
An imperfect storm: Fat-tailed tropical cyclone damages, insurance, and climate policy

Abstract We perform two tests that estimate the mass of the upper tail of the distribution of aggregate US tropical cyclone damages. Both tests reject the hypothesis that the distribution of damages is thin tailed at the 95% confidence level, even after correcting for inflation and growth in population and per capita income. Our point estimates of the shape parameter of the damage distribution indicate that the distribution has finite mean, but infinite variance. In the second part of the paper, we develop a microfoundations model of insurance and storm size that generates a fat tail in aggregate tropical cyclone damages. The distribution of the number of properties within a random geographical area that lies in the path of a tropical cyclone is shown to drive fat tailed storm damages, and we confirm that the distribution of coastal city population is fat tailed in the US. We show empirically and theoretically that other random variation, such as the distribution of storm strength and the distribution of damages across individual properties, does not generate a fat tail. We consider policy options such as climate change abatement, policies which encourage adaptation, reducing subsidies for coastal development, and disaster relief policies, which distort insurance markets. Such policies can reduce the thickness of the tail, but do not affect the shape parameter or the existence of the fat tail.
Protease activated receptor 4: a backup receptor or a dark horse as a target in antiplatelet therapy?

Platelets are the primary component of pathological arterial thrombi. As such, antiplatelet therapy is a key strategy for treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The recent publication by Wong and colleagues earlier this year reported a compound, BMS-986120, that targets protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) in a reversible manner (1). BMS-986120 effectively inhibits thrombus formation with minimal bleeding complications in their animal model (1). Their paper demonstrates the potential of targeting PAR4 as a promising antiplatelet therapeutic approach (1).
The Wiki Quality Instrument: The Development of the Wiki Quality Instrument and its Protocols

This is the second in a series of three white papers introducing the Wiki Quality Instrument (WQI), an instrument for measuring opportunities to develop 21st Century Skills in Wiki Learning environments. The WQI is a coding instrument used by trained researchers that measures the presence or absence of 24 behaviors that provide opportunities for students to develop skills in expert thinking, complex communication, and new media literacy. It has been used to evaluate excellence and equity in the use of wikis in K-12 settings.In Part III, I describe the three research programs involved in the development of the WQI, including a literature review, field work in wiki using classrooms, and content analysis of wiki learning environments. In Part IV, I describe the quantitative research, including growth modeling of edits and survival analysis of wiki lifetimes, used to develop the WQI protocols. In Paper Number 1 of this white paper series, I present the coding manual of the WQI and describe the training guidelines and instrument protocols. In Paper Number 3 of this series, I share suggested adaptation guidelines and ideas for educators and researchers who might be interested in using the WQI in their own practice.
Cultivating Health in Landscapes of Uncertainty: Mystery Kidney Disease and Agrarian Transformation in Dry Zone Sri Lanka

Since the first reports of a mysterious new form of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKDu) emerged in the early 1990s, Sri Lanka's dry zone has become the epicenter of an epidemic that is slowly crippling agricultural communities across the island's rice belt. In this field report, I provide a detailed description of my fieldwork in two "CKDu hotspots" including an overview of my research design and some preliminary research findings. This work is grounded in feminist methodology and integrates ethnographic and archival fieldwork conducted in the United Kingdom and Sri Lanka over the summers of 2013 and 2015 as well as eleven months of research in Sri Lanka over 2016-17. This article elaborates on fieldwork that I undertook across a range of sites including libraries, farmers' fields, kidney screening clinics, and government offices. Collectively, an analysis of this data provides a deeper understanding of how the problem of CKDu reconfigures human-environment interactions, subjectivities, and relations of expertise in areas where the disease is endemic.
Social Transmission in Acute Somatoform Epidemics

This chapter considers the social origins of acute somatoform illnesses, such as so-called hysterical epidemics and mass psychogenic illnesses. For the purposes of this chapter, somatoform illnesses are clusters of one or more complaints from individuals and typically accompany bodily, or somatic, illness—that is, in the disease model, symptoms—and one or more behaviors that typically accompany physical illness—that is, in the disease model, signs. There is evidence for social and psychological causes in these clusters (as is true in many, or even most, somatic illnesses), but they are distinct in combining the social and psychological causation with an absence of obvious physical cause.
Practical Considerations for High Concentration Protein Formulations

Practical issues that arise for high concentration protein formulations can complicate manufacturing and affect injectability/device compatibility. High concentration protein formulations have an increased tendency for high solution viscosity, physical stability sensitivities (aggregation/particulation), and non-Newtonian solution behavior (shear thinning) due to high shear rates. Process unit operations can be negatively impacted by these factors, and it is critical to understand how they influence process performance. Device compatibility can be affected by changes in protein concentration and temperature that will impact product viscosity and injectability. Complete characterization of the solution physical properties (viscosity and shear thinning profile) as well as the stability profile must be understood to ensure efficient processing, delivery, and efficacy of the therapeutic product. If potential candidates with impeding viscosity values are not identified early in development, subsequent mitigation efforts to reduce viscosity likely pivot from a protein engineering approach to changes in formulation.
How the Prospect of Non-Compliance Affects Elite Preferences for InternationalCooperation: Evidence from a 'Lab in the Field' Experiment

Uncertainty about a state’s own capacity to comply with an international agreement makes countries wary of international cooperation. There are a variety of possible explanations. That screening effect could result from the decision to avoid the costs associated with formal institutional enforcement. Alternatively, it could result from fear of informal retaliation, reputational loss, or the desire to abide by international norms. The empirical record of extensive treaty membership and high compliance offers little variation with which to evaluate these explanations. We develop an experimental survey conducted on 95 actual high level policy elites in the United States that allows us to look causally at the link between formal enforcement and decision maker preferences for cooperation under different conditions of uncertainty about their country’s future compliance. We provide the first elite-level evidence that uncertainty about future compliance with treaty obligations decreases policy makers’ willingness to cooperate by joining treaties. However, we also demonstrate that compliance uncertainty makes decision makers wary of cooperation more out of concern for the shadow of the future than for immediate threats of punishment imposed by institutional enforcement of treaty obligations. Uncertainty, rather than the costs associated with institutional enforcement, may be the driving force behind the screening effect, which is at least in part a matter of the personal dispositions of decision makers.
A case of indirect superior rectus pulled-in-two syndrome during superior oblique tenectomy.

A 67-year-old white man with a history of right orbital trauma and restrictive strabismus underwent right superior oblique tenectomy for superior oblique restriction. Bleeding was noted from the superior rectus intraoperatively, despite the fact that the muscle was neither exposed nor hooked for the procedure. Subsequent exploration of the muscle revealed a full-width tear across the superior rectus muscle approximately 5 mm posterior to its insertion. The remaining residual distal muscle was removed from the insertion and the proximal end of the torn superior rectus muscle was identified and reattached to the insertion. We postulate that shearing forces exerted by a taut superior oblique tendon were sufficient to tear the overlying superior rectus muscle.
Frozen-Section Checklist Implementation Improves Quality and Patient Safety.

OBJECTIVES An intraoperative consultation (IOC) checklist was developed and implemented aimed at standardizing slide labeling and monitoring metrics central to quality and safety in surgical pathology. DESIGN Data were collected for all IOC cases over a 9-month period. Slide labeling defect rates and IOC turnaround time (TAT) were recorded and compared for the pre- and postimplementation periods. RESULTS In total, 839 IOC cases were analyzed. Preintervention slide labeling showed that 85% of cases contained at least one defect (n = 565). Postintervention data revealed that 27% of cases contained at least one defect (n = 274). The improvement was statistically significant (P < .001). Mean TAT was 21.6 minutes preintervention vs 23.2 minutes postintervention, and the change was insignificant (P = .071). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of a standardized IOC reduced slide labeling error. This improvement did not affect mean TAT and may have the increased quality of IOC TAT data reporting. Other metrics affecting patient safety and quality were monitored and standardized.
Arterial Stiffness : Different Metrics, Different Meanings

Findings from basic science and clinical studies agree that arterial stiffness is fundamental to both the mechanobiology and the biomechanics that dictate vascular health and disease. There is, therefore, an appropriately growing literature on arterial stiffness. Perusal of the literature reveals, however, that many different methods and metrics are used to quantify arterial stiffness, and reported values often differ by orders of magnitude and have different meanings. Without clear definitions and an understanding of possible inter-relations therein, it is increasingly difficult to integrate results from the literature to glean true understanding. In this paper, we briefly review methods that are used to infer values of arterial stiffness that span studies on isolated cells, excised intact vessels, and clinical assessments. We highlight similarities and differences and identify a single theoretical approach that can be used across scales and applications and thus could help to unify future results. We conclude by emphasizing the need to move towards a synthesis of the many disparate reports, for only in this way will we be able to move from our current fragmented understanding to a true appreciation of how vascular cells maintain, remodel, or repair the arteries that are fundamental to cardiovascular properties and function.
Current Observer Based Predictive Decoupled Power Control Grid-Interactive Inverter

This paper presents a sensor-less current model predictive control (MPC) scheme via a full state observer based current estimator. The grid interactive inverters' control schemes require current and voltage sensors. Elimination of current sensor enhances the inverter reliability. This paper leverages the inherent characteristics of MPC towards robust current sensor-less grid interactive inverter with LC filter. The observer for inductor current is developed based on the existing capacitor voltage measurement. The estimator dynamic state-space matrices are then obtained through reconstruction of the inverter model with the capacitor voltage and inductor current being the state variables. The controller objectives are to regulate active and reactive power in a decoupled manner. The theoretical expectation, controller performance, and accuracy of the current estimation are verified by conducting a real-time simulation via Typhoon HIL.
Advances in Mechanisms of Anti-cancer Effects by Genistein

Genistein,a natural isoflavone,is a major metabolite of soy.Both in vivo and in vitro studies have found that genistein Can inhibit the growth of various cancer lines.It has been shown that genistein can modulate the genes which are related to cell cycle and apoptosis.It has also been reported that genisten in hibits the activation of NF-KB and Akt signaling pathway.Genistein is found to be a potent inhibitor of ansiogenesis and metastasis,and it is known to sensitize the antitumor effects of chemotherapies.In this review,we try to introduce the current state of knowledge about genistein's application and its mechanism on cancer chemoprevention. Key words: Genistein; Soy isoflavone; Apoptosis; NF-κB; Akt
A Distributed Approach for Secondary and Tertiary Layer Control in DC Microgrids

Localized droop control has been established to be a preferable approach for realizing primary layer control for ac and dc microgrids. On the other hand, centralized control for secondary and primary layers is used to maintain the balance between energy supply and demand to keep microgrids in a stable operating window for the primary layer. However, ensuring reliable and real-time communications for centralized control systems in normal and critical scenarios (disasters) can be challenging. In addition, energy systems deployed for remote and rural electrification often face the issue of intermittent connectivity due to geographical and infrastructure constraints. This paper presents a distributed approach for realizing secondary and tertiary control layers called SOLEEN (self-organizing local electrical energy networks). It addresses the challenges of unreliable and non real-time central communication and computing systems often used in microgrid control. SOLEEN ensures grid stability in the absence of central control layer failure through a scalable distributed framework based on self-organizing principles. It also allows for easy integration of other layers of control. Operating principles, simulation, and experimental results are presented in the paper.
Ordinary Parts and Their Complements: Together They Rise, Together They Fall

A recent solution to the Body-Minus problem, which is a problem of material constitution, claims that ordinary proper parts (such as left feet) exist, but the complements of these objects (such as left-foot complements) do not exist. In this paper, I examine a defense of this solution from the worry of arbitrariness and from its ineffectiveness against a revised version of the problem that focuses on the head, and I show that this defense fails.
Cd4+ T cell-specific proteomic pathways identified in progression of hypertension across postmenopausal transition

Background Menopause is associated with an increase in the prevalence and severity of hypertension in women. Although premenopausal females are protected against T cell‐dependent immune activation ...
The Interaction of the Division Order and the Lease Royalty Clause

Because lease royalty clauses, which establish the obligation of the lessee to pay royalties to the lessor, generally fail to include the details necessary to calculate a lessor’s royalty, lessee or third party purchasers historically have implemented a division order. An additional document in the payment process, the division order protects against a lessee or third party purchaser’s liability for conversion or failure to account properly. Recent court of appeals and Supreme Court of Texas opinions provide an analysis of the interaction of the lease royalty clause and the division order under Texas statutory and case law. The awkward wording and internal inconsistencies of the current division-order statute will spawn litigation over its meaning and effect. Also, for division orders executed before 1991, when existing case law applies, questions about the interpretations of those cases will persist as a source of dispute. Resolving the many controversies will require courts, and likely the legislature, to revisit division-order case law and statutory provisions, and to reconsider the competing policies of royalty owners and oil and gas producers.
Exploring Our “Deltas”: A Training Tool for Conceptualizing Systemic Theory of Change

Systematically utilizing theory to guide clinical practice is integral to developing and maintaining therapist competency. However, helping Marriage and Family therapist trainees develop their own theory of change can be a challenging training component and more educational guides are needed to help facilitate the learning process. This paper introduces the Delta Model for conceptualizing systemic change as such a tool. The proposed Delta Model is introduced and guidelines for specifically teaching trainees at each level of the Delta are provided. The proposed model will be applied to a case vignette and discussion of additional considerations for applying the Delta Model beyond clinical practice will be reviewed.
Centhaquine Restores Renal Blood Flow and Protects Tissue Damage After Hemorrhagic Shock and Renal Ischemia.

Background: Centhaquine (CQ) (Lyfaquin®) is in late stage clinical development as a safe and effective first-in-class resuscitative agent for hemorrhagic shock patients ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02408731","term_id":"NCT02408731"}}NCT02408731, {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04056065","term_id":"NCT04056065"}}NCT04056065, and {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT04045327","term_id":"NCT04045327"}}NCT04045327). Acute kidney injury (AKI) is known to be associated with hemorrhagic shock. Hence, effect of CQ on protection of kidneys from damage due to hemorrhagic shock was investigated. Methods: To assess effect of CQ on AKI in shock, we created a rat model with hemorrhagic shock and AKI. Renal arteries were clamped and de-clamped to induce AKI like ischemia/reperfusion model and hemorrhage was carried out by withdrawing blood for 30 min. Rats were resuscitated with CQ (0.02 mg/kg) for 10 min. MAP, heart rate (HR), and renal blood flow (RBF) were monitored for 120 min. Results: CQ produced a significant improvement in RBF compared to vehicle (p< 0.003) even though MAP and HR was similar in CQ and vehicle groups. Blood lactate level was lower (p = 0.0064) in CQ than vehicle at 120 min post-resuscitation. Histopathological analysis of tissues indicated greater renal damage in vehicle than CQ. Western blots showed higher HIF-1α (p = 0.0152) and lower NGAL (p = 0.01626) levels in CQ vs vehicle. Immunofluorescence in the kidney cortex and medulla showed significantly higher (p< 0.045) expression of HIF-1α and lower expression of Bax (p< 0.044) in CQ. Expression of PHD 3 (p< 0.0001) was higher, while the expression of Cytochrome C (p = 0.01429) was lower in the cortex of CQ than vehicle. Conclusion: Results show CQ (Lyfaquin®) increased renal blood flow, augmented hypoxia response, decreased tissue damage and apoptosis following hemorrhagic shock induced AKI, and may be explored to prevent/treat AKI. Translational Statement: Centhaquine (CQ) is safe for human use and currently in late stage clinical development as a first-in-class resuscitative agent to treat hemorrhagic shock. In the current study, we have explored a novel role of CQ in protection from hemorrhagic shock induced AKI, indicating its potential to treat/prevent AKI.
Recombinant Expression and Purification of Cannabinoid Receptor CB 2, a G Protein-Coupled Receptor

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) are integral membrane proteins that regulate multiple cellular processes. To obtain insights into structural properties of GPCR and mechanism of activity, these proteins should be isolated in significant (milligram) quantities, in a pure, homogenous, and stable form. Here we describe the expression and purification of type II human cannabinoid receptor CB2, a class A GPCR, in two different types of expression hosts: in Escherichia coli and in mammalian suspension cell culture Expi293. Our method allows preparation of milligram quantities of the purified receptors suitable for a wide array of downstream applications including high-resolution structural studies and functional assays.
Predicting mortality among patients with liver cirrhosis in electronic health records with machine learning.

Objective Liver cirrhosis is a leading cause of death and effects millions of people in the United States. Early mortality prediction among patients with cirrhosis might give healthcare providers more opportunity to effectively treat the condition. We hypothesized that laboratory test results and other related diagnoses would be associated with mortality in this population. Our another assumption was that a deep learning model could outperform the current Model for End Stage Liver disease (MELD) score in predicting mortality. Materials and methods We utilized electronic health record data from 34,575 patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis from a large medical center to study associations with mortality. Three time-windows of mortality (365 days, 180 days and 90 days) and two cases with different number of variables (all 41 available variables and 4 variables in MELD-NA) were studied. Missing values were imputed using multiple imputation for continuous variables and mode for categorical variables. Deep learning and machine learning algorithms, i.e., deep neural networks (DNN), random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR) were employed to study the associations between baseline features such as laboratory measurements and diagnoses for each time window by 5-fold cross validation method. Metrics such as area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate models. Results Performance of models comprising all variables outperformed those with 4 MELD-NA variables for all prediction cases and the DNN model outperformed the LR and RF models. For example, the DNN model achieved an AUC of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.85 for 90, 180, and 365-day mortality respectively as compared to the MELD score, which resulted in corresponding AUCs of 0.81, 0.79, and 0.76 for the same instances. The DNN and LR models had a significantly better f1 score compared to MELD at all time points examined. Conclusion Other variables such as alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and hemoglobin were also top informative features besides the 4 MELD-Na variables. Machine learning and deep learning models outperformed the current standard of risk prediction among patients with cirrhosis. Advanced informatics techniques showed promise for risk prediction in patients with cirrhosis.
ePiC: Employing Proverbs in Context as a Benchmark for Abstract Language Understanding.

While large language models have shown exciting progress on several NLP benchmarks, evaluating their ability for complex analogical reasoning remains under-explored. Here, we introduce a high-quality crowdsourced dataset of narratives for employing proverbs in context as a benchmark for abstract language understanding. The dataset provides fine-grained annotation of aligned spans between proverbs and narratives, and contains minimal lexical overlaps between narratives and proverbs, ensuring that models need to go beyond surface-level reasoning to succeed. We explore three tasks: (1) proverb recommendation and alignment prediction, (2) narrative generation for a given proverb and topic, and (3) identifying narratives with similar motifs. Our experiments show that neural language models struggle in our tasks compared to humans, and the tasks pose multiple learning challenges.
Effective Interaction Potentials of Colloids from Structural Data: The Inverse Problem

We present here an examination of a method based on perturbation theory for extracting effective interaction potentials from static structure factors of monodispersed colloids and simple fluids. Experience with forward theories, namely, statistical mechanical theories that attempt to predict the structure from known pair-potentials, appears to indicate that the resulting structure is not very sensitive to the details of the pair-potential. However, it is also known that both the radial distribution function and the static structure factor must be examined together to determine the effect of the pair-potential on the structure. Although the past attempts on the development of solutions to the inverse problem have been largely unsuccessful, the inverse problem has attracted considerable attention in view of the potential benefits that can be derived from successful theories. Using a perturbation approach, which assumes that the large-scale structure is determined by the excluded-votume effect of the core of the potential and that the finer details are supplied by the rest of the potential, we show that the essential details of the effective pair-potential can be extracted from the static structure factor. The performance of this approach is examined for two model potentials for which the structure factors are first obtained using an independent theory and computer simulations.
Bounds on solutions to H ∞ algebraic Riccati equations and H 2 properties of H ∞ central solutions

Abstract In this paper we give upper bounds on the stabilizing solutions of the algebraic Riccati equations arising in standard H ∞ estimation and control problems for continuous time finite dimensional linear time invariant systems. Using these bounds we show that in H ∞ estimation or H ∞ feedback control (via state-feedback), the so-called central solution satisfies an interesting H 2 norm bound. This bound may be readily used to find a central solution (i.e. estimator or feedback controller) that guarantees an equal comprise between H 2 and H ∞ objectives.
The Brief Intervention for School Clinicians (BRISC): A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of Feasibility, Acceptability, and Contextual Appropriateness

To maximize impact across the broad spectrum of mental health needs exhibited by youth in school settings, interventions must be designed to be effective, efficient, and demonstrate good fit with the educational context. The current paper reports on the second phase of an iterative development process for a short-term, "Tier 2" intervention for use by school-based mental health providers - the Brief Intervention for School Clinicians (BRISC) - using mixed qualitative and quantitative analyses to evaluate feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness while emphasizing student experiences. This phase was intended to yield information to drive further protocol refinement and testing across subsequent phases. We describe the rationale for, development of, and formative testing of the BRISC intervention. Results suggest that BRISC may be feasible to deliver, acceptable to students, and appropriate to the school context. In particular, the BRISC process appears to be effective in enhancing student engagement in the intervention and identifying and addressing individualized student needs. These findings and directions for further enhancing BRISC's potential for positive impact highlight how treatment development may benefit from initial, small-scale evaluations focused both on client and implementation outcomes.