cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing religions, citizenship and the liberal paradox

When we refer to the ‘management of religions’, we are primarily referring to the ways in which modern liberal states have responded to ‘public religions’ and in particular to the revival of Islam. The specific issues surrounding Muslim minorities in non-Muslim secular states can be seen as simply one instance of the more general problem of state and religion in modern societies. In this context, there is an increasing awareness of the limitations of the Westphalian constitutional solution, the Hobbesian social contract and Lockean liberalism as political strategies to manage conflicting religious traditions (Spinner-Halevy 2005). Unfortunately, Richard Hooker's ecclesiastical polity (1594–1597) and his plea that we should concentrate on those doctrines that unite rather than divide us has little relevance in societies that are deeply divided by cultural difference. This situation typically confronts the state because religion is often inseparable from ethnic identity, so that debates about secularization...
A third port for Southwest Africa/Namibia?1)

The end of South African control over its former Southwest Africa Mandate and the imminent emergence of an independent Namibia provide opportunity for reorientation of South-Central Africa's export metal trade. How rapid this may occur will depend in some measure upon the political and commercial environment still to evolve in the Walvis Bay exclave. This, in turn, may be related to the future treatment of Namibia's critically placed white minority and to the political rhetoric of a SWAPO government. Any reorientation of the region's export trade will place the strategic CapriviStrip in a new geopolitical perspective, one better resembling that which Imperial Germany had in mind for this sliver of land than had evolved during 75 years of South African rule. Expansion of trade through the Caprivi Corridor should stimulate transportation development in NE Namibia. Were the Walvis Bay situation not to be resolved in a manner conducive to its future use by an independent Namibia or by neighboring states, then pressure to build a new deep water port will accelerate. The strategically placed fishing industry and the use of these waters by large foreign trawler fleets might be the stimuli for the initial financing of the construction of any new port. Luederitz, the country's “true port,” is inadequate to the task of modern commerce and is located too far from the economic and population core of the country.
Cytochrome P-450- and glutathione-associated enzyme activities in freshly isolated enriched lung cell fractions from β-naphthoflavone-treated male F344 rats

Abstract Xenobiotics metabolized in rat pulmonary tissue are often selectively cytotoxic to individual lung cell populations. A non-homogeneous distribution of xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes, e.g., cytochrome P-450- and glutathione (GSH)-associated enzymes, in rat lung tissue may underlie this observed cell-selective pneumotoxicity. To evaluate this hypothesis, the relative activities of P-450- and GSH-associated enzymes were measured in sonicated, freshly isolated preparations containing enriched complements of individual toxicant-sensitive lung cell types, including non-ciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cells (24% pure), alveolar type II cells (86% pure) and pulmonary endothelial cells (identified by membrane-associated angiotensin converting enzyme activity). Lung cell fractions were isolated by centrifugal elutriation from male F344 rats that 48 h earlier received a single i.p. injection of either P-450-inducer s-naphthoflavone (50 mg β-NF/kg body weight) or corn oil vehicle. The enriched Clara cell fraction possessed (per 106 cells) greater P-450 and reduced GSH contents and higher enzyme activities (i.e., NADPH- and NADH cytochrome c reductases, benzyloxy (BROD)-, pentoxy (PROD)- and ethoxyresorufin (EROD)-O-dealkylases, GSH transferase, GSH peroxidase, GSH reductase and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase) than either the enriched type II cell or endothelial cell preparations. However, the relative biochemical activities for the enriched fractions (Clara > type II > endothelial) generally reflected respective sonicate cellular protein content. Treatment of rats with s-NF resulted in: (a) an induction in EROD activity in the enriched preparations of type II cells, Clara cells and endothelial cells (125-, 89, and 35-fold, respectively); (b) higher NADPH quinone oxidoreductase activities, which were increased to the greatest degree (3-fold) in the enriched type II cell fraction and (c) a small elevation in GSH transferase activity measured in the enriched Clara cell fraction. Although the enriched rat lung cell preparations possessed unique biochemical profiles for constitutive and β-NF-inducible P-450- and GSH-associated enzymes, additional studies with higher purity preparations (e.g., Clara cells) will be required to more fully evaluate the relationship between relative cellular complements of xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes and pneumotoxicant susceptibility.
SOME LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHIATRIC RATING SCALES: THE CLINICIAN'S VIEWPOINT.

Summary Using as an example the Lorr Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale, we have mentioned those limitations of rating scales which result from the manner of the patient's participation in the interview, from the manner of the psychiatrist's participation, and those which are inherent in the nature of the scales. In our opinion, these limitations reduce the values of the scales to the point where, in some cases, they measure only the extent to which the patient has suppressed or repressed his symptoms, or the impression he wishes to make on the examiner. We have mentioned some experimental approaches which might throw light on the problem of rating interviews; and have briefly discussed efforts to surmont the limitations of rating scales, including our addition of a narrative to a standard scale. We think that developers of future rating devices should consider not only problems of reliability, but also what means there may be for bringing out the best efforts of the psychiatrist.
IGE MEMORY B CELLS IDENTIFIED BY THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Abstract The existence of memory B cells for IgE was investigated using spleen cells harvested from mice primed and boosted with dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Using the polymerase chain reaction, it was found that mRNA for IgE was already demonstrable in spleen cells taken 1 day after boost. Spleen cells taken from mice 1 day after boost and cultured in vitro without the addition of antigen also produced anti-dinitrophenylated (DNP) IgE antibody. In contrast, mRNA for IgE in spleen cells from mice primed 4 weeks previously, but not boosted, was not demonstrable. Anti-DNP IgE was not produced in cultures of spleen cells from mice primed but not boosted. As mRNA for IgE was demonstrable already 1 day after boost we concluded that mice produce memory B cells not only for IgM, but also for IgE specific for the immunizing antigen.
The TEPMA and the javelin in Pindar, Nemean vii 70–3, and Greek athletics

‘O Sogenes of the Euxenid clan, I swear that I did not, having stepped up to the line, hurl forth my tongue like a bronze-cheeked javelin which sends the neck and strength of limbs without sweat from the wrestling before the limb falls in the glare of the sun.’ Nem. vii 70–3) In the passage given above, Pindar employs the image of the javelin thrower to describe the kind of poet which he is. Within the simile there occurs the participial phrase, τέρμα προβαίς , which I translate as ‘having stepped up to the line’, the line here being the one from which the athlete throws the javelin and over which he cannot step without being penalised. However, before I present my reasons for this interpretation of the phrase, it will be helpful to explain more fully the meaning of the simile. First the image itself. The poet compares himself to a javelin thrower in order to assure the audience that his pronouncements do justice to the merits of the victor. In Greek athletics the javelin throw was one of the five contests which comprised the pentathlon, the other four event being the foot race, discus, long jump, and wrestling.
Red wine prevents homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries.

Background. Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor of coronary artery disease. Clinical studies have indicated that moderate red wine consumption is associated with a reduction of incidence of coronary artery disease. In this study, we determined the effect of red wine on homocysteine- induced endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries. Materials and methods. Porcine coronary arteries were dissected from 6 pig hearts and cut into 5-mm ring segments, which were assigned into 4 groups (9 rings/group): blank control, homocysteine treated (50 μM), red wine treated (0.08% alcohol), and homocysteine plus red wine treated. The rings were cultured in cell culture medium with or without treatment for 24 h. Myograph analysis was performed with U46619 (10−7 M) for contraction and cumulative bradykinin (10−9 to 10−5 M) for endothelium-dependent relaxation. The endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) levels were analyzed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Results. In response to 10−5 M bradykinin, porcine coronary artery rings treated with homocysteine (50 μM) showed a significant reduction of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by 43% as compared to controls (P < 0.05). However, rings treated with red wine (0.08% alcohol) plus homocysteine showed no significant difference as compared to controls. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation was not different between control and red wine treated groups. Furthermore, eNOS mRNA density levels were significantly reduced by 36% in homocysteine treated group as compared to controls (P < 0.05). eNOS protein levels were also substantially reduced in the homocysteine-treated group. However, red wine treatment reversed the effect of homocysteine-induced eNOS downregulation. Conclusions. Homocysteine significantly impaired endothelial functions including endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and eNOS mRNA and protein levels in porcine coronary arteries; and red wine effectively prevented homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. This study suggests that protecting coronary endothelial cells from homocysteine damage may be an important mechanism of red wine for preventing coronary artery disease.
Hurricane Impacts on Coastal Wetlands: A Half-Century Record of Storm-Generated Features from Southern Louisiana

Abstract Temporally and spatially repeated patterns of wetland erosion, deformation, and deposition are observed on remotely sensed images and in the field after hurricanes cross the coast of Louisiana. The diagnostic morphological wetland features are products of the coupling of high-velocity wind and storm-surge water and their interaction with the underlying, variably resistant, wetland vegetation and soils. Erosional signatures include construction of orthogonal-elongate ponds and amorphous ponds, pond expansion, plucked marsh, marsh denudation, and shoreline erosion. Post-storm gravity reflux of floodwater draining from the wetlands forms dendritic incisions around the pond margins and locally integrates drainage pathways forming braided channels. Depositional signatures include emplacement of broad zones of organic wrack on topographic highs and inorganic deposits of variable thicknesses and lateral extents in the form of shore-parallel sandy washover terraces and interior-marsh mud blankets. Deform...
Paradox in Popular Religion: The Limits of Instrumental Faith

How dependent are the alleged benefits of religious faith on one's orientation to religion? How well do believers more focused on faith as an instrument for achieving these benefits succeed by their own account, compared to those more focused on ultimate religious truth and content? Recalling past theoretical work by Merton, Kolb, and Schneider, as well as the classic survey of popular religious literature by Schneider and Dornbuschi, the hiypothesis that instrumental approaches to religion are self-defeating is developed, tested, and sustained using a sample of Methodist-church members. Implications for court cases related to religion in the public schools are explored. The Church for All, All for the Church. The Church is the greatest factor on earth for the building of character and good citizenship. It is a storehouse of spiritual values. Without a strong Church, neither democracy nor civilization can survive. There are four sound reasons why every person should attend services regularly and support the Church. They are: (1) For his own sake. (2) For his children's sake. (3) For the sake of his community and nation. (4) For the sake of the Church itself. (Keister Ad Service, copyrights spanning 1951-1968) The instrumental value of faith for society is dependent upon faith's conviction that it has more than instrumental value. (Neibuhr 193:12) The advertisement above calls to mind the keen observations found in Will Herberg's influential work about the religious "American Way of Life," Protestant, Catholic, Jezw (1960), in which he describes the "extraordinarily high valuation Americans place on religion" and points to a "faith ... not in God but in faith" (Herberg 1960:84).' At about the same time, a lesser known yet classic analysis of seventy-five years of religious literature characterizes elements of this orientation to religion as instruments for meeting personal, familial, and *1 am gratefuil to David Brain, Gerhard Lenski, Phyllis Moen, Ja,nes Wood, anad anonymouls reviewers for their helpfuil cominnents on this article. My intellectual debts to Williain L. Kolb and the late Louis Schneider are apparent in the article itself. Direct correspondence to Robert P. Althautser at the Departinent of Sociology, Ballantine Hall, Indiana University, Bloomnitgton,
Depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among teens.

Context. Although several risk factors for tobacco use have been implicated in the development of depression, smoking progression has typically been viewed as a consequence of depression. The results of limited longitudinal studies are controversial. Objective. To assess the nature and direction of the relationship between cigarette smoking and depression among teens. Design. Prospective analysis of baseline and 1-year follow-up data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Setting. In-home teen and parent interviews. Participants. Two samples were identified. For the first sample, 8704 adolescents who were not depressed at baseline based on CES-D scores were identified for analyses of the effects of cigarette smoking on development of high depressive symptomatology. Baseline smoking status, which could vary in this group, was the predictor of interest in these analyses. For the second sample, 6947 teens who had not smoked cigarettes in the 30 days before the baseline survey (noncurrent smokers) were identified for analyses on the effect of high depressive symptoms on subsequent moderate to heavy cigarette use at 1 year of follow-up. Baseline high depressive symptomatology based on CES-D score was the predictor of interest in this sample. Main Outcome Measures. Among the nondepressed, developing high depressive symptoms at 1 year of follow-up. Among noncurrent smokers, smoking at least 1 pack per week at 1 year of follow-up. Results. For the nondepressed, multivariate modeling revealed that current cigarette smoking was the strongest predictor of developing high depressive symptoms in all models (final model odds ratio [OR]: 3.90; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85,8.20). For noncurrent smokers, although in bivariate analyses, baseline high depressive symptoms increased the risk of heavy smoking nearly threefold, multivariate modeling revealed that baseline high depressive symptoms were not predictive of heavy smoking when controlling for other determinants of smoking in teens. Previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of becoming a heavy smoker (OR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.93,4.88). Conclusions. In contrast to common dictum, depression does not seem to be an antecedent to heavy cigarette use among teens. However, current cigarette use is a powerful determinant of developing high depressive symptoms.
High-Density Photoautotrophic Algal Cultures: Design, Construction, and Operation of a Novel Photobioreactor System

A photobioreactor system has been designed, constructed and implemented to achieve high photosynthetic rates in high-density photoautotrophic algal cell suspensions. This unit is designed for efficient oxygen and biomass production rates, and it also can be used for the production of secreted products. A fiber-optic based optical transmission system that is coupled to an internal light distribution system illuminates the culture volume uniformly, at light intensities of 1.7 mW/cm(2) over a specific surface area of 3.2 cm(2)/cm(3). Uniform light distribution is achieved throughout the reactor without interfering with the flow pattern required to keep the cells in suspension. An on-line ultrafiltration unit exchanges spent with fresh medium, and its use results in very high cell densities, up to 10(9) cells/mL [3% (w/v)] for eukaryotic green alga chlorella vulgaris. DNA histograms obtained form flow cytometric analysis reveal that on-line ultrafiltration influences the growth pattern. Prior to ultrafiltration the cells seem to have at a particular point in the cell cycle where they contain multiple chromosomal equivalents. Following ultrafiltration, these cells divide, and the new cells are committed to division so that cell growth resumes. The Prototype photobioreactor system was operated both in batch and in continuous mode for over 2 months. The measured oxygen production rate of 4-6 mmol/L culture h under continuous operation is consistent with the predicted performance of the unit for the provided light intensity.
Frequency selective channel estimation in time-reversed space-time coding

Time reversed space-time block code (TR-STBC) was originally proposed to handle frequency selective fading channels. Its detection requires accurate channel knowledge at the receiver side. In this work, we present a channel estimation approach that does not require training data under TR-STBC encoding. We provide identification conditions that are based on the known code parameters as well as channel matrix rank. We present a simple subspace algorithm for channel estimation. Additionally, simulations results are presented to highlight the performance of the estimation scheme.
Measuring portfolio salience in Eastern European parliamentary democracies

This article presents the results of an expert survey of 14 Eastern European countries on the subject of portfolio salience. Respondents provided ratings of the relative value of all ministerial portfolios in these countries over the years 1990-2002. The ratings are unique in the study of Eastern Europe and appear to possess the characteristics of compre- hensiveness and reliability. Comparing the results with a similar survey of Western Europe indicates that individual portfolios are rated nearly identically in both regions. Some signifi- cant differences, however, emerge when we look separately at more advanced and less advanced Eastern European countries. Various suggestions are made for how scholars can use these new data in future work. Research on coalition government is one of the most advanced and progres- sive areas in political science. It has identified a large number of nuanced and well-confirmed regularities about how coalition formation occurs. Yet, most of
Editorial Response: Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: A Call for Improved Detection and Control

Extended-spectrum b-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes produced by gram-negative bacilli that have the ability to inactivate b-lactam antibiotics containing an oxyimino group (i.e., thirdgeneration cephalosporins and aztreonam). They are known as “extended-spectrum” because they are able to hydrolyze a broader spectrum of b-lactam antibiotics than the simple parent b-lactamases from which they are derived. ESBLs are plasmidmediated b-lactamases, most commonly found in Klebsiella pneumoniae (but increasingly in Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, and other gram-negative bacilli). They are structurally quite different from the inducible chromosomal b-lactamases produced by organisms such as Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter species, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which also result in inactivation of third-generation cephalosporins.
CT-guided multi-catheter insertion technique for partial breast brachytherapy: reliable target coverage and dose homogeneity.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and dosimetric reliability of a CT-guided method of catheter insertion for accelerated partial breast brachytherapy (APBB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1995 to 2002, 77 patients were treated with APBB using a multi-catheter low-dose-rate or high-dose-rate approach. Within that timeframe, 29 patients with early stage invasive breast cancer were treated with high-dose-rate partial breast brachytherapy and had CT scans of the brachytherapy implant available for analysis. Initially, catheter insertion was accomplished in the operating room at the time of lumpectomy using standard free-hand insertion techniques under fluoroscopic guidance and subsequent orthogonal film dosimetry. To improve the efficiency and quality of the technique, the procedure was moved to the departmental CT-simulation suite where the catheters were placed with CT guidance. Basic guidelines of needle insertion and implant construction were followed to assure appropriate intercatheter and interplanar spacing that allowed optimal dosimetric coverage of the target volume. Target volumes were delineated and a treatment plan generated using a 3D planning system (Varian Brachyvision). PTV 1 cm was defined as the lumpectomy cavity plus 1 cm and PTV 2 cm as the lumpectomy cavity plus 2 cm. Target coverage goals were set as delivery of 100% of the prescribed dose to 95% of PTV 1 cm and 90% of the dose to 90% of PTV 2 cm. Dose homogeneity index (DHI) was defined as (V150%- V100%/V100%) with a goal of achieving 0.75. Fifteen patients were treated using the initial method and 14 patients using the CT-guided technique. Targets were retrospectively entered in the initial group and dose volume histogram analysis completed on all patients. The ability of each technique to achieve the target coverage and homogeneity goals was compared. RESULTS: With the change from traditional techniques to a CT-guided technique, the percentage of patients satisfying all dosimetric goals increased from 42% to 93%. Mean dose coverage (defined as the percentage of PTV 2 cm receiving 90% of the prescribed dose) increased from 89% to 95% (p 0.007) and the mean DHI increased from 0.77 to 0.82 with the new technique (p 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Reproducible target coverage and dose homogeneity were achieved with CT- guided catheter insertion and 3D planning software. Catheters can be optimally placed with intraoperative CT evaluation and 3D planning software allows improved implant visualization resulting in optimized dosimetry. Improvements in target coverage and DHI may translate into optimized local control and improved cosmesis with a corresponding reduction in the risk of complications. 2005 American Brachytherapy Society. All rights reserved.
Review of Hepatitis B Therapeutics

Currently, there are 7 approved therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, an increase from just 3 agents 5 years ago. This review will focus on the pharmacology, potency, and adverse events associated with immunomodulatory agents and nucleos(t)ide analogues, with an emphasis on targets of therapy within the HBV life cycle. We will also offer guidelines for the use of available anti-HBV agents and review the emerging challenges in hepatitis B management, including HBV drug resistance, its management, and the potential role of combination therapy.
Clustering search results. Part I: web‐wide search engines

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine clustering search results. Traditionally, search results from professional online information services presented the results in reverse chronological order. Later, relevance ranking was introduced for ordering the display of the hits on the result list to separate the wheat from the chaff.Design/methodology/approach – The need for better presentation of search results retrieved from millions, then billions, of highly unstructured and untagged Web pages became obvious. Clustering became a popular software tool to enhance relevance ranking by grouping items in the typically very large result list. The clusters of items with common semantic and/or other characteristics can guide the users in refining their original queries, to zoom in on smaller clusters and drill down through sub‐groups within the cluster.Findings – Despite its proven efficiency, clustering is not available, except for Ask, in the primary Web‐wide search engines (Windows Live, Yahoo and Goog...
Multi‐instrument observations of SED during 24–25 October 2011 storm: Implications for SED formation processes

[1] We present multiple instrument observations of a storm-enhanced density (SED) during the 24–25 October 2011 intense geomagnetic storm. Formation and the subsequent evolution of the SED and the midlatitude trough are revealed by global GPS vertical total electron content maps. In addition, we present high time resolution Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar (PFISR) observations of ionospheric profiles within the SED. We divided the SED observed by PFISR into two parts. Both parts are characterized by elevated ionospheric peak height (hmF2) and total electron content, compared to quiet time values. However, the two parts of the SED have different characteristics in the electron temperature (Te), the F region peak density (NmF2), and convection flows. The first part of the SED is associated with enhanced Te in the lower F region and reduced Te in the upper F region and is collocated with northward convection flows. The NmF2 was lower than quiet time values. The second part of the SED is associated with significantly increased NmF2, elevated Te at all altitudes and is located near the equatorward boundary of large northwestward flows. Based on these observations, we suggest that the mechanisms responsible for the formation of the two parts of the SED may be different. The first part is due to equatorward expansion of the convection pattern and the projection of northward convection flows in the vertical direction, which lifts the ionospheric plasma to higher altitudes and thus reduces the loss rate of plasma recombination. The second part is more complicated. Besides equatorward expansion of the convection pattern and large upward flows, evidences of other mechanisms, including horizontal advection due to fast flows, energetic particle precipitation, and enhanced thermospheric wind in the topside ionosphere, are also present. Estimates show that contribution from precipitating energetic protons is at most ~10% of the total F region density. The thermospheric wind also plays a minor role in this case.
ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA : VI. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRIC MOBILITY, CHARGE, AND TITRATION OF PROTEINS

1. By combining the theories of Smoluchowski, Debye and Huckel, and Henry it is possible to state explicitly (making necessary assumptions) under what conditions the following simple rule should be valid for proteins: In solutions of the same ionic strength, the electric mobilities of the same protein at different hydrogen ion activities should be proportional to the number of hydrogen (hydroxyl) ions bound. 2. Data of Tiselius and of the writer confirm this rule for (a) egg albumin, (b) serum albumin, (c) deaminized gelatin and gelatin, and (d) casein. 3. On the basis of the confirmed theory the titration curves of certain proteins are predicted from their mobilities. 4. It is shown that when certain proteins are adsorbed by quartz the apparent dissociation constant of the adsorbed protein is practically unchanged. The mass law must also be valid at the phase boundary. 5. The facts of paragraphs (1) to (4) are discussed in connection with the mechanism of (a) protein adsorption, (b) enzyme activity, (c) immune reactions, (d) the calculation of the electric charge of cells, and (e) criteria of surface similarity.
Dietary impact of food processing

INTRODUCTION 1 1 9 EFFECT of pH ....... ....... 120 Racemization of Amino Acids ... . 120 Lysinoalanine Cross-links . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . . .... . . . . ..... . .... . .. . . .. 122 EFFECT OF HEAT 123 Maillard Browning .... .. . ........ 123 Ascorbate Browning ... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 24 Food Allergenicity ... 125 Inactivation of Inhibitors of Digestive Enzymes .... .... . . . . .... . . . .... . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . .. 126 BIOAVAILABILITY OF AMINO ACIDS 127 Lysine and Derivatives...... . .. . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. . .... . . . . .... 127 Methionine and Derivatives. . . .. ...... ..... . .. ...... ..... . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . 129 Tryptophan and Derivatives 131 PREVENTION OF ADVERSE EFFECTS 13l CONCLUSIONS 132
Asymmetric price competition and store vs national brand choice

Sales and market share of store brands have been growing significantly at the expense of national brands. The decision to purchase a store brand or a national brand has been modeled in this paper. The proposed model provides an explanation for the existence of asymmetric price competition between store brands and national brands. The article proposes and empirically demonstrates the existence of a reference threshold as the key criterion underlying this choice. It also shows that the decision to buy the store/national brand is not influenced by the store brand’s price or price promotions, or the magnitude of the difference between the threshold and the national brand’s price.
Particle Aspect-Ratio Effects on the Thermal Conductivity of Micro- and Nanoparticle Suspensions

The influence of particle anisotropy on the effective thermal conductivity of a suspension is experimentally investigated. Suspensions of micron-sized, silicon-carbide particles with varying aspect-ratio distributions were prepared and measured. It is shown that the conductivity of the silicon-carbide suspensions can be quantitatively predicted by the effective medium theory of Nan et al. (1997, "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Composites With Interfacial Thermal Resistance," J. Appl. Phys. 81(10), pp. 6692-6699), provided the volume-weighted aspect ratio of the particles is used. Recent experimental data on multiwalled-nanotube-in-oil suspensions by Yang et al. (2006, "Thermal and Rheological Properties of Carbon Nanotube-in-Oil Dispersions," J. Appl. Phys., 99(11), 114307) are also analyzed and shown to be in at least qualitative agreement with the effective-medium-theory prediction that the thermal conductivity of suspensions is enhanced by large aspect-ratio particles.
Cortisol secretory parameters in young exercisers in relation to LH secretion and bone parameters

Objective Amenorrhoea and low bone density are common in excessive exercisers, yet endocrine factors that differentiate adolescent amenorrhoeic exercisers (AE) from eumenorrhoeic exercisers (EE) are unclear. We have previously reported that high ghrelin and low leptin predict lower LH secretion in AE. Leptin and ghrelin impact cortisol secretion, and hypercortisolaemia can inhibit LH pulsatility. We hypothesized that higher cortisol secretion in young endurance weight-bearing AE compared with EE and nonexercisers predicts lower LH secretion, lower levels of a bone formation marker and higher levels of a bone resorption marker. Design Cross-sectional. Subjects We studied 21 AE, 18 EE and 20 nonexercisers aged 14–21 years (BMI 10th–90th%iles). Measurements Subjects underwent frequent sampling (11 p.m. to 7 a.m.) to assess cortisol, ghrelin, leptin and LH secretory dynamics. Fasting levels of a bone formation (P1NP) and bone resorption (CTX) marker were measured. Results BMI did not differ among groups. Cortisol pulse amplitude, mass, half-life and area under the curve (AUC) were highest in AE (P = 0·04, 0·007, 0·04 and 0·003) and were associated inversely with fat mass (r = −0·29, −0·28 and −0·35, P = 0·03, 0·04 and 0·007). We observed inverse associations between cortisol and LH AUC (r = −0·36, P = 0·008), which persisted after controlling for fat mass, leptin and ghrelin AUC. Cortisol correlated positively with CTX in EE and inversely with P1NP in nonexercisers. Conclusions Higher cortisol secretion in AE compared with EE and nonexercisers is associated with lower LH secretion. Effects of leptin and ghrelin on LH secretion may be mediated by increased cortisol.
Carbohydrate-Conjugated Hollow Oblate Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Nanoantibiotics to Target Mycobacteria

Engineering nanomaterials with enhanced antibacterial activities remains a critical and practical challenge. Hollow oblate mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HOMSNs) are synthesized by a simple protocol of ammonia hydrothermal treatment of oblate mesoporous silica nanoparticles prepared using dibenzyl ether as a cosolvent. When conjugated with trehalose as the targeting ligand, the antibiotic-encapsulated HOMSNs exhibit high binding affinity and antibacterial efficacy toward mycobacteria.
Variation in costs among surgeons and hospitals in Pediatric tympanostomy tube placement.

Objectives/Hypothesis 1) Identify the major expenses for outpatient pediatric tympanostomy tube placement in a multihospital network. 2) Compare differences for variations in costs among hospitals and surgeons. Methods An observational cohort study in a multihospital network using a standardized activity-based accounting system to determine hospital costs for tympanostomy tube placement from February 2011 to January 2015. Children aged 6 months to less than 3 years old who underwent same-day surgery (SDS) for tympanostomy tubes at 15 hospital facilities were included. Subjects with additional procedures were excluded. Hospital costs were subdivided into categories including operating room (OR), SDS preoperative, SDS postoperative, postanesthesia care unit, anesthesia, pharmacy, and OR supplies. Results The study cohort included 5,623 patients undergoing tympanostomy tube placement by 67 surgeons. Mean cost per surgery was $769 ± $3. Significant variations (P < 0.001) in mean cost per procedure were identified by hospital (range $1212 ± $38 to $509 ± $11) and by surgeon (range $1330 ± $75 to $660 ± $11). Operating room and SDS preoperative were the greatest expenditures; each category accounted for over 30% of overall costs. Pharmacy costs and OR costs were some of the major drivers of cost variation among surgeons. Conclusion This study demonstrates that OR and SDS preoperative costs accounted for the greatest expenditure in tympanostomy tube placement, and significant variation exists among surgeons and hospitals within a multihospital network. Further research is needed to elucidate factors accounting for such variation in cost and the overall impact on patient outcomes. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2015
Postnatal intermittent hypoxia alters baroreflex function in adult rats

Chronic perinatal intermittent hypoxia (IH) could have long-term cardiovascular effects by altering baroreflex function. To examine this hypothesis, we exposed rats (n = 6/group) for postnatal days...
Crime and the Life Course in a Changing World: Insights from Chicago and Implications for Global Criminology

This paper assesses the state of life-course criminology and argues that its major limitation to date is the general failure to incorporate social change. Invoking the concept of cohort differences in aging because of macro-level change, I discuss some of the watershed changes of recent times, including the historic crime decline, the technological revolution, massive immigration and urbanization, rises in inequality, and the Great Recession. I then introduce a new study from Chicago that attempts to link individual development and pathways of crime to some of these large-scale social changes, capitalizing on a cohort sequential design from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. I conclude with implications for global criminology, especially the role of urbanization, ethnic diversity, and inequality in Asia.
Coding and Reimbursement

The rapidly evolving field of molecular pathology is a key component of genomic medicine, and presents unique and substantial challenges for reimbursement, starting with correct CPT® coding (CPT is a registered trademark of the American Medical Association). Reimbursement for all medical services, including clinical laboratory tests, depends on correct coding, payer coverage for the service, and correct payment for the service. The CPT code set is managed by the AMA CPT Editorial Panel. Recent changes in the CPT coding for molecular pathology services have resulted in the addition of over 700 new codes since 2012. The more commonly performed procedures are listed as Tier 1 codes, with each CPT code being unique for a specific test. The less frequently performed procedures are listed as Tier 2 codes, where there are nine complexity level codes, each containing multiple tests with unique descriptors grouped according to the difficulty of performing the test. Beginning with the 2015 CPT code set, there is a new section dealing with genomic sequencing procedures usually performed with next-generation sequencing techniques.
Coming Home in Gold Brocade: Chinese in Early Northwest America . By Bennet Bronson and Chuimei Ho.

Coming Home in Gold Brocade: Chinese in Early Northwest America . By Bennet Bronson and Chuimei Ho. (Seattle: Chinese in Northwest America Research Committee, 2015. xviii + 285 pp. Illustrations, maps, charts, tables, appendices, notes, index. $12.75, paper.) Scholarship on the Chinese in the United States is dominated by studies on California because of the size of the population residing in large communities from San Diego to Sacramento. Bennet Bronson and Chuimei Ho offer a different and important regional perspective by focusing on Northwest America in Coming Home in Gold Brocade . The authors define this region as Chinese communities in southern Alaska, British Columbia, and U.S. towns in western Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Oregon. Bronson and Ho explain and analyze many topics, such as the immigrant connection to China, … rchacon{at}scu.edu
A market approach for handling power emergencies in multi-tenant data center

Power oversubscription in data centers may occasionally trigger an emergency when the aggregate power demand exceeds the capacity. Handling such an emergency requires a graceful power capping solution that minimizes the performance loss. In this paper, we study power capping in a multi-tenant data center where the operator supplies power to multiple tenants that manage their own servers. Unlike owner-operated data centers, the operator lacks control over tenants' servers. To address this challenge, we propose a novel market mechanism based on supply function bidding, called COOP, to financially incentivize and coordinate tenants' power reduction for minimizing total performance loss (quantified in performance cost) while satisfying multiple power capping constraints. We build a prototype to show that COOP is efficient in terms of minimizing the total performance cost, even compared to the ideal but infeasible case that assumes the operator has full control over tenants' servers. We also demonstrate that COOP is "win-win", increasing the operator's profit (through oversubscription) and reducing tenants' cost (through financial compensation for their power reduction during emergencies).
Responses of a teratological crustacean limb to electrical stimulation

An anomalous walking limb of the common lobster, in which a supernumerary movable double daetylus is present, is described. The extra digit induces its musculature from the normal flexor and the latter loses its ability to respond to stimulation through the nerve. The excitability of the normal extensor becomes that characteristic of the flexor
MoS2 P-type Transistors and Diodes Enabled by High Work Function MoOx Contacts

The development of low-resistance source/drain contacts to transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) is crucial for the realization of high-performance logic components. In particular, efficient hole contacts are required for the fabrication of p-type transistors with MoS2, a model TMDC. Previous studies have shown that the Fermi level of elemental metals is pinned close to the conduction band of MoS2, thus resulting in large Schottky barrier heights for holes with limited hole injection from the contacts. Here, we show that substoichiometric molybdenum trioxide (MoOx, x < 3), a high work function material, acts as an efficient hole injection layer to MoS2 and WSe2. In particular, we demonstrate MoS2 p-type field-effect transistors and diodes by using MoOx contacts. We also show drastic on-current improvement for p-type WSe2 FETs with MoOx contacts over devices made with Pd contacts, which is the prototypical metal used for hole injection. The work presents an important advance in contact engineering of TM...
Nineteenth-Century Antitypes

It was Rousseau, according to Aries, who introduced the modern, positive association of childhood with primitivism and irrationalism.1 Yet Rousseau, as Hegel rightly observed, was preceded by Jesus in exalting the child as norm.2 And childhood was virtually hallowed by Romantic poets and theorists who came after Rousseau, most notably Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge in England, and Schiller and Novalis in Germany. Anticipated by both Jesus and Rousseau, as well as the notion of the seventeenth-century English religious poets Thomas Traherne and Henry Vaughan that the child views the world through prelapsarian eyes, the Romantics equated childhood with the innocent condition of Adam in Eden and exalted the child’s ‘freshness of sensation’ (Coleridge) as a norm for adult artistic experience.3
The Creation of the Soviet Reader

It has long been a commonplace to speak of the special role accorded to literature in Russia. From the Decembrist revolt onwards, Russia was remarkable for the contrast between the extreme backwardness of its social and political system and the remarkable intellectual intensity of one section of its educated elite. This Russian intelligentsia was denied any real involvement in social and political institutions; it therefore looked to imaginative literature to provide a forum for debate on all manner of social and political issues, from sex to national identity.
Primordial helium entrained by the hottest mantle plumes

Helium isotopes provide an important tool for tracing early-Earth, primordial reservoirs that have survived in the planet's interior. Volcanic hotspot lavas, like those erupted at Hawaii and Iceland, can host rare, high 3He/4He isotopic ratios (up to 50 times the present atmospheric ratio, Ra) compared to the lower 3He/4He ratios identified in mid-ocean-ridge basalts that form by melting the upper mantle (about 8Ra; ref. 5). A long-standing hypothesis maintains that the high-3He/4He domain resides in the deep mantle, beneath the upper mantle sampled by mid-ocean-ridge basalts, and that buoyantly upwelling plumes from the deep mantle transport high-3He/4He material to the shallow mantle beneath plume-fed hotspots. One problem with this hypothesis is that, while some hotspots have 3He/4He values ranging from low to high, other hotspots exhibit only low 3He/4He ratios. Here we show that, among hotspots suggested to overlie mantle plumes, those with the highest maximum 3He/4He ratios have high hotspot buoyancy fluxes and overlie regions with seismic low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle, unlike plume-fed hotspots with only low maximum 3He/4He ratios. We interpret the relationships between 3He/4He values, hotspot buoyancy flux, and upper-mantle shear wave velocity to mean that hot plumes-which exhibit seismic low-velocity anomalies at depths of 200 kilometres-are more buoyant and entrain both high-3He/4He and low-3He/4He material. In contrast, cooler, less buoyant plumes do not entrain this high-3He/4He material. This can be explained if the high-3He/4He domain is denser than low-3He/4He mantle components hosted in plumes, and if high-3He/4He material is entrained from the deep mantle only by the hottest, most buoyant plumes. Such a dense, deep-mantle high-3He/4He domain could remain isolated from the convecting mantle, which may help to explain the preservation of early Hadean (>4.5 billion years ago) geochemical anomalies in lavas sampling this reservoir.
Packet-Pair Dispersion Signatures in Multihop Networks

Packet-pair technique is a widely used method for characterizing end-to-end network paths. A new analytical model is presented for the packet-pair based signature that accurately describes the behavior of packet-pairs in multihop network paths with multiple tight links. The relationship between the input and output gaps of packet-pairs and the corresponding distribution of end-to-end packet-pair dispersions are derived. This relationship is then used to derive the signature characterizing the path. The model is verified via OPNET® based simulations. We explore how the signature is shaped by factors such as the number of hubs, initial dispersion, and cross traffic. Path signature is an essential tool for applications that need to distinguish between different network paths. The analytical model provides deeper insights to path signatures in the presence of multiple tight links, thus enabling accurate network monitoring, problem diagnosis, and estimation of link and path parameters such as network bandwidths and link capacities.
Treatment of fractures of the tibia and radius-ulna by external coaptation.

Many tibial and radial-ulnar fractures in cattle may be successfully treated by external coaptation with casts or modified Thomas splint-cast combinations. External coaptation is economically feasible for many commercial animals. This article describes indications for external coaptation and methods of applying casts and modified Thomas splint-cast combinations in cattle.
Transforming waste newspapers into nitrogen-doped conducting interlayers for advanced Li–S batteries

Nitrogen-doped conducting (NC) interlayers, derived from waste newspapers, are inserted between a sulfur cathode and a separator to enhance the electrochemical performances of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. A simple strategy transforms wastes into valuable polysulfide trappers that improve the active-material utilization to 77% and accomplish good cycling stability in Li–S batteries.