cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Timing to antibiotic therapy in septic oncologic patients presenting without hypotension.

Sepsis accounts for only 2% of the hospitalizations worldwide but more than 17% of total in-hospital mortality. Inappropriate antimicrobial selection and delays in appropriate therapy have been associated with reduced survival in severe sepsis and septic shock. No studies to date have exclusively targeted septic oncologic patients without hypotension. This study was a retrospective chart review of 100 adult cancer patients presenting to the emergency department with sepsis without hypotension. We investigated the effect of time to appropriate antibiotics on in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay. It was hypothesized that increased time to antibiotic administration would worsen patient outcomes including in-hospital mortality and length of stay. Each 1-h delay in administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy increased the odds of in-hospital mortality by 16% (adjusted OR 1.16. 95% CI 1.04–1.34, p = 0.04). Time to appropriate antibiotics had no effect on hospital length of stay. Time to appropriate antibiotics and in-hospital mortality were associated in this population of adult oncologic patients with sepsis without hypotension. Clinicians in the emergency department should strive to ensure the timely administration of a complete and appropriate empiric antibiotic regimen in septic patients with active cancer even in the absence of hypotension.
Place satisfaction and perceived recovery after Hurricane Sandy on Staten Island’s East Shore

ABSTRACTIndividuals’ relationships to place play an important role in their interactions with their residential environments. Prior research has suggested that neighbourhood satisfaction is closely related to neighbourhood attachment, and that attachment is linked to disaster recovery. This study uses data from a survey of residents of the East Shore neighbourhoods of Staten Island, New York, an area that experienced severe storm surge flooding during Hurricane Sandy, to test the association between neighbourhood satisfaction and self-reported recovery from the storm. Perceived recovery from Sandy is treated as the dependent variable in several ordinal logistic regression models. The key independent variable measure tested is neighbourhood satisfaction rating. A statistically significant direct positive relationship is found between neighbourhood satisfaction and perceived recovery from Sandy. This finding is robust across multiple models with various controls and other covariates. These results suggest t...
Image-guided magnetic surgery

Catheters, magnetic seeds, untethered endoscopes, and slurries of ferromagnetic particles may be moved, guided, and/or steered in living tissue by the shaped field of a repositionable external magnet for minimally invasive surgical procedures. A magnetic surgery system (MSS) consists of a control processor, a pointing device, a magnet assembly generating a magnetic field, a display, and a 3D medical imaging system. Biplane fluoroscopic images of the patient in which the magnetic delivery vehicle is implanted are shown on a screen, each image representing a projection in space of the operating region. The pointing device is operated to move a cursor from a projection of a present location of the magnetic delivery vehicle to a projection of a desired future location. When the locations are completely specified, the currents applied to multiple magnets in the MSS produce a magnetic field and move or orient the magnetic delivery vehicle. Multiple superconducting magnetic coils are activated simultaneously to move a magnetic object to precisely specified locations within the body under command of a physician-operator observing the motion with live fluoroscopic imaging fused with a more detailed preoperative image. A workstation contains the preoperative images and the fluoroscopic images, as well as the means to effect changes in the coil currents and position the magnetic object motion as desired. The control method operates the coils in pairs on opposite sides of the body to minimize the necessary current changes, thus avoiding the quenching of the superconducting coils. Combinations of these pairs can execute motion of the magnetic object in any direction in an impulsive manner and with high precision. The display provides real-time imaging of the implanted magnetic object in comparison to the desired path as the object is moved. This system has applications in neurosurgery, cardiac electrophysiology mapping and ablation, brachytherapy, and endoscopy that are currently under development. The technical features of an MSS and examples of its applications will be presented.
Model-based dose reconstruction for CT dose estimation.

Purpose Our goal is to develop a model-based approach for CT dose estimation. We previously presented a CT dose estimation method that offered good accuracy in soft tissue regions but lower accuracy in bone regions. In this work, we propose an improved physic-based approach to achieve high accuracy for any materials and realistic clinical anatomies. Methods Like Monte Carlo techniques, we start from a model or image of the patient and we model all relevant x-ray interaction processes. Unlike Monte Carlo techniques, we do not track each individual photon, but we compute the average behavior of the x-ray interactions, combining pencil-beam calculations for the first-order interactions and kernels for the higher order interactions. The new algorithm more accurately models the variation of materials in the human body, especially for higher attenuation materials such as bone, as well as the various x-ray attenuation processes. We performed validation experiments with analytic phantoms and a polychromatic x-ray spectrum, comparing to Monte Carlo simulation (GEANT4) as the ground truth. Results The results show that the proposed method has improved accuracy in both soft tissue region and bone region: less than 6% voxel-wise errors and less than 3.2% ROI-based errors in an anthropomorphic phantom. The computational cost is on the order of a low-resolution filtered backprojection reconstruction. Conclusions We introduced improved physics-based models in a fast CT dose reconstruction approach. The improved approach demonstrated quantitatively good correspondence to a Monte Carlo gold standard in both soft tissue and bone regions in a chest phantom with a realistic polychromatic spectrum and could potentially be used for real-time applications such as patient- and organ-specific scan planning and organ dose reporting.
Microstructural characterization of Al4C3 in aluminum–graphite composite prepared by electron-beam melting

We prepared graphite-infused aluminum composites by electron-beam vacuum melting and electromagnetic stirring with 0% and 4 wt% graphite addition. Bulk density of 2.69 g/cm3 was measured for samples with 0% graphite addition (AlCv0) and 2.66 g/cm3 for samples with 4 wt% graphite addition (AlCv4). Both are > 99% of their theoretical values. X-ray diffraction indicated that AlCv0 is phase pure, while the AlCv4 sample is a composite consisting of aluminum, Al4C3, and graphite. Electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed pockets of carbon-rich phase of 10–50 μm in sizes dispersed in the Al matrix in AlCv4. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed that Al4C3 crystallites of 1–2 μm sizes are mostly located near the outer shell of the pockets of carbon-rich phase and with undissolved graphite at the center. Thermal conductivity of 107.8 W/m K was measured for the AlCv4 and 226.7 W/m K for the AlCv0. Our work demonstrated the feasibility of producing pore-free high-density graphite-infused aluminum composite materials by electron-beam melting and electromagnetic stirring in vacuum.
Cheaper than a goat: U.S. newspaper and television coverage of the southern Sudan conflict:

This study examined how eight U.S. news outlets framed the civil war in Sudan from 1989 through 2005. A textual analysis of 851 reports found the media framed it as a religious and ethnic conflict....
Thermochemistry of Binding of Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) by Saccharides in Aqueous Solution

Solution calorimetry was used to determine enthalpies and stability constants for binding of lead(II) or cadmium(II) by galacturonic acid and several monosaccharides in aqueous solution. New values for enthalpies of solution in water are reported for galacturonic acid and maltose monohydrate. The interaction of water solvent with the reactants is the largest factor in the binding process.
When reference works are not books: The new edition of the guide to reference books

Le Guide to Reference Books, outil professionnel apparu en 1902 et devenu une pierre angulaire de la litterature pour la bibliotheconomie de reference americaine, s'apprete a devenir le Guide to Reference Sources, a l'occasion de sa douzieme edition a paraitre en 2004. Cette douzieme edition sera celle du centenaire, la premiere a inclure les ressources Web et la premiere edition electronique.
Fundamental processes of craze growth and fracture

Recent advances in quantitative microscopy and low-angle electron diffraction methods have made it possible to probe the fundamental processes of craze fibril formation and craze fibril breakdown. Both the scale of fibrillation within the craze and the magnitude of the crazing stress may be successfully described by a variant of the Taylor meniscus instability process. Within this framework, the key parameter in governing craze growth is the craze surface energy Γ. In turn Γ reflects the mechanism by which entangled strands are lost (through either chain scission or chain disentanglement) in producing the surfaces of the craze fibrils. A new model, which describes the temperature, strain rate and molecular weight dependence of the crazing stress is presented. This approach provides a clear rationale for the hitherto confusing data on crazing to shear deformation transitions in a wide variety of polymers. Moreover, the modification of the polymer network during craze formation has important implications for craze breakdown. In particular, at low temperatures where chain scission is the dominant process, the molecular weight of the polymer in the fibrils is markedly reduced. A molecular description of craze fibril breakdown based on microscopic measurements of the scale of the fibrillation in the craze and the statistics of craze fibril breakdown is proposed. Satisfactory agreement between the predictions of this model and the experimental data for a variety of glassy polymers is found.
Bioavailability of various vitamin E compounds for finishing swine.

Relative bioavailabilities of four chemical forms of vitamin E were evaluated when supplemented in diets of finishing swine for 28 d. Forty crossbred pigs (80 kg), individually penned, were divided equally among five treatments. Treatments consisted of corn soybean meal-based diets supplemented with DL-alpha-tocopherol, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, D-alpha-tocopherol, or D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate. A treatment without vitamin E supplementation (negative control) served as the fifth treatment. Each compound was supplemented at 62 IU/kg of diet. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 1, 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. On d 29, half the pigs were slaughtered to obtain tissue samples. Feed samples, taken from feeders, were also collected on d 0, 5, 14, and 21. All vitamin E forms fed increased (P < .01) serum alpha-tocopherol by d 2 and peaked by d 7. Serum alpha-tocopherol in pigs fed either acetate form remained elevated beyond d 7; serum alpha-tocopherol steadily declined and was lower (P < .01) on d 14, 21, and 28 in pigs fed either alcohol form compared with concentrations in the acetate-fed pigs. The decrease was probably a reflection of poor stability of the alcohol forms observed in the feed; the acetate forms were found to be stable in the feed over the 28-d study. Dietary supplementation of D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate resulted in the highest serum alpha-tocopherol throughout the study. A similar trend was observed in tissue (liver, backfat, leaf fat, semimembranosus, rhomboideus) alpha-tocopherol and serum: the liver had the highest concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment - The Last Word

The great series of muon g-2 experiments at CERN has come to an end with final publication1 of the results of the third experiment (Table l). The accuracy of 8 parts per million (ppm) in the anomaly, or 9 parts per billion in the g factor, is better than was forecast in the proposal and, in fact, challenges the accuracy of the purely QED part of the theoretical calculation and equals the accuracy of the calculated hadronic correction (Table 2).2 The g-2 experiments have not yielded clues to new physics but instead have strongly reinforced confidence in the possibility of carrying particle physics of our presently understood type to great heights of subtlety and sophistication. Unconventional effects tend to change the anomaly by an amount proportional to m2, which led to the hope that the muon might reveal something remarkable if pressed hard enough. It now appears that further refinement in the measurement is unlikely for a long time and that the remarkable agreement of theory and experiment will remain at the 10 ppm level.
Properties of Ruthenium Complex-Doped Calcium Phosphate/Porous Silicon Nanostructures

In this work, we focus on the optical properties of the ruthenium complexes [Ru(phen)3]Cl2 and [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 incorporated into biocompatible calcium phosphate films on porous Si substrates to both characterize the distribution of such species in the film as well as analyze their diffusion from the porous matrix upon aqueous exposure. For the latter measurements, photoluminescence spectroscopy is employed to monitor the changes in emission intensity for the both the calcium phosphate surface and surrounding aqueous environment as a consequence of diffusion from the film. In selected cases, visible absorption spectroscopy was also utilized to measure the appearance of a given complex in the surrounding solution. The effects of heating and anodic bias on the calcium phosphate/porous Si/Si substrate on the kinetics and available equilibrium concentrations of a given Ru complex have also been evaluated.
Supply and Demand Selection Problems in Supply Chain Planning

This chapter discusses a class of optimization problems arising in supply chain planning in which a profit-maximizing producer may select from among a set of suppliers and/or customers. On the customer side, a set of potential customer or market demands is available to the producer, who may satisfy some subset of these demands. On the supply side, the producer must determine a subset of available suppliers to which it will allocate orders for production input requirements. We discuss the scope of existing models in this category of supply chain selection problems, as well as the limitations of these models, open problems within this class, and corresponding opportunities for further research in this area.
Normal Fault-Dominated Landscapes

Active and recently active normal faults form perhaps the most conspicuous and widespread landscapes in the Cordillera. Not only are they ubiquitous across the Basin and Range physiographic province, they have infiltrated nearly every province in the Cordillera. This chapter describes normal fault-dominated landscapes, which include the Basin and Range, the Rio Grande Rift, and the Triassic Lowlands. Normal faults form via extension and result in an increase in land area. Basin and Range extension in Nevada and Utah began primarily after about 17 million years ago, intensified less than 10 million years ago, and has completely reincarnated the landscape. Two of the best-known and best-studied normal fault mountain ranges are the Teton Mountains and the Wasatch Range. Both formed primarily within the past 10 million years and both are active. The Rio Grande Rift is an extension of the Basin and Range northward into the Southern Rockies. It too is active. The Triassic Lowlands represent an ancient normal fault landscape within the Appalachian Mountains.
Vicarious Victimization and Support for Iron Fist Crime Control Measures in Guatemala

Authoritarian responses to rising violent crime rates have become a serious political and social problem in Central America. Inspired by theories of agenda setting and media framing, this article argues that high crime rates are not the only source of citizen support for authoritarian crime control measures. Using an original survey experiment conducted in Guatemala, it tests the influence of news media coverage of crime on attitudes towards crime control. It finds that while crime news has a direct effect on only one of the measures of support for authoritarian crime control, it also has an effect on levels of self-reported victimization and trust in criminal justice institutions, both of which influence authoritarian attitudes. These findings not only give us insight into the relationship between crime news and political attitudes but also have implications for the legitimacy of the rule of law and democracy in Central America.
TurtleMCU: A Platform for Teaching a Holistic View Into Embedded Computer Architecture and Security

This Innovative Practice Full Paper introduces an educational tool that combines a simple HDL processor design with a suite of simple, exploitable programs to teach hardware security concepts to students in introductory computer architecture. Recent high profile cyber-attacks that rely on vulnerabilities in computing hardware (including Spectre and Meltdown) have highlighted the need for hardware and software security principles to be taught at all levels of computer architecture and hardware design. Unfortunately, there are currently few tools available that make hardware security concepts accessible to introductory computer architecture students. To address this gap, We propose a new platform called TurtleMCU.TurtleMCU provides introductory students with a holistic view into the security of embedded microcontrollers, allowing them to combine reverse engineering, vulnerability discovery and exploitation, and vulnerability response and mitigation techniques at both the hardware and software level. Notably, where other environments for teaching CPU architecture or software security provide only software simulations, TurtleMCU incorporates a fully synthesizeable HDL view of a basic microprocessor, allowing students to implement the design on FPGA development platforms and incorporate their designs into real hardware and peripherals. This paper discusses the design and proposed educational use cases of TurtleMCU, and provides the entire TurtleMCU platform as an open-source project for inclusion in readers’ curricula.
The Behavioral Development of Two Beluga Calves During the First Year of Life

Currently, very little formal research exists regarding the behavioral development of beluga calves (Delphinapterus leucas). The behaviors and interactions of two beluga calves born into the care of humans were observed consistently from birth to 12 months. Changes in behavior were recorded continuously for 20 minutes for each mother-calf pair 2 to 4 times a week. As expected, the primary calf activity involved swimming with mother, which gradually decreased over the first year of life. Calves initiated the majority of their separations from and reunions with their mothers. Unexpectedly,the calves demonstrated an early independence and primary responsibility for proximity maintenance to their mothers. The calves also engaged in more solitary swims, object play, and interactions with each other across the year. In summary, the two calves followed developmental trends that were similar to each other and to other cetaceans in the care of humans.
Donation After Cardiac Death: A Necessary Expansion for Heart Transplantation

The gold standard and sole curative therapy for advanced stage heart failure is cardiac transplantation. As the population ages, the number of patients diagnosed with advanced heart failure and listed for transplant steadily increases annually. However, there remains a paucity of eligible donation after brain death (DBD) donor hearts which severely limits access to cardiac transplantation and leads to increasing wait-list times and avoidable patient mortalities. Though the first human heart transplant in 1967 was performed using a deceased donor heart, the advent of brain death criteria and the ability to avoid long warm ischemic times led donation after cardiac death (DCD) transplantation to fall out of favor. Due the current state of cardiac transplantation, there has been a resurgence in interest in DCD heart transplantation leading to the development of DCD heart transplantation programs in the UK and Australia after positive reports of successful DCD cardiac transplantation in the pediatric literature. These programs have demonstrated favorable post-transplantation outcomes equivalent to matched traditional DBD transplants with current techniques and strict donor criteria. This technique has been proven safe with favorable outcomes and has been demonstrated to significantly increase transplant volumes and decrease patient mortality. Given these outcomes and the high patient benefit to risk ratio, DCD donor heart transplantation is necessary to expand the donor pool and decrease patient mortality and should be developed in high volume experienced cardiac transplant centers.
Manufactured Exports, Labor Productivity, and Employment in Latin America: A Hypothesis Based on the Clothing Industry in Colombia

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study that was performed on Colombian and East Asian exports of clothing. Two of the main questions tackled in the study were (1) why is it that to date Colombia has been so much less successful at exporting garments than the East Asian countries? and (2) what can be learned from Colombia's experience with exporting clothing concerning the reasons that Latin American nations in general have been less successful at exporting most types of manufactured goods than Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan? Do the East Asians have cheaper labor? Do they work harder? Do they have a transport cost advantage? Do they receive massive government subsidies? Are they better at selling the goods? Or what? In an attempt to elucidate the answers to these questions, the managers of 30 Colombian firms that export or have exported clothing were interviewed, as were the Colombian government and private sector officials and the executives of 14 U.S. corporations that import or have imported clothing from the firms in the sample. The chapter presents a brief summary of some of the main conclusions in the report and expands on one aspect of the study not discussed in it, that is, the relationship between increased exports of clothing and increased employment. The chapter also presents information on the level of protection, the export performance, and the level and growth of labor productivity. It discusses the causes of the rise and fall of Colombia's exports of clothing.
A concise review of current lignin production, applications, products and their environmental impact

Lignin is the second most abundant natural material on the earth. Commercially, it is generated as a waste product from the paper and ethanol production. The worldwide production of lignin is approximately 100 million tonnes/year valued at USD 732.7 million in 2015. It is expected to reach $913.1 million by 2025 with compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.2%. Two principal categories of lignin are ligno-sulphonate (˜88%) and kraft lignins (˜9%), however a new category organosolv (˜2%) is now gaining popularity due to the production of second generation biofuels (bioethanol production). The organosolv lignin segment is expected to experience the highest growth over the coming years, at an estimated CAGR of over 5% from 2016 to 2025. Chemically lignin is a polyaromatic macromolecule. The complexity and richness of its functional groups makes it attractive for converting into a variety of value added products like high performance carbon fiber, bio-oil, vanillin, and phenolic resin to name a few. Over the years lignin has been predominantly burnt as fuel for heat and power. Less than 2% of the available lignin was sold, primarily in the formulation of dispersants, adhesives and surfactants. However, in the last decade lignin-based research and new product development has picked significant momentum due to the bio-refinery concept as aging pulp and paper mills need to diversify their products portfolio to maintain their vitality. The emerging biofuel/bioenergy technologies are working to develop value-added co-products from lignin and bio-oil as a means of making the processes more cost effective. There is a resurgence in the demand for lignin for use in binders, adhesives, bioplastics, concrete admixtures and biomedical applications. Effective “upstream” and “downstream” valorization techniques are facilitating fine tuning of lignin as a building block for high value chemicals. Other market dynamics driving lignin use are stringent regulations for dust control, demand for high quality concrete admixtures and dispersants, and carbon rich products (activated carbon, carbon filer, resins etc.). To further accelerate development of lignin based products consumer awareness and gap between research and development and consumer products need to be reduced.
Mass School Shootings and the Short-Run Impacts on Use of School Security Measures and Practices: National Evidence from the Columbine Tragedy.

ABSTRACTFollowing high-profile school shootings, policymakers and educators seek ways to prevent such shootings, but there has been little research on school-level responses in the immediate afterm...
Clinical Approach to Manage Gastrointestinal Bleeding with a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD).

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are an exceedingly important form of mechanical support for patients with end-stage heart failure. LVADs can be utilized both as a bridge to cardiac transplant and also as a definitive treatment. However, a few complications are associated with LVAD placement, the most common and cumbersome of which is gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding with an incidence of about 30%. These bleeding events often require transfusion therapy, but they are rarely fatal. The etiologies of GI bleeding following LVAD are multifactorial and include unstable hemodynamics, an acquired von Willebrand factor (vWf) deficiency, impaired platelet aggregation, and activation of fibrinolytic systems. The treatment of choice in LVAD implantation-associated GI bleeding is endoscopy, which plays a vital role in both its diagnosis and management. Even so, its effectiveness in controlling post-LVAD implantation GI bleeding is still poorly ascertained. In this article, we will review the use of medication and alterations in the LVAD setting to prevent the occurrence of GI bleeding, as well as the findings of previously reported literature on LVAD implantation-associated GI bleeding.
PET, image-guided HDAC inhibition of pediatric diffuse midline glioma improves survival in murine models

Efforts at altering the dismal prognosis of pediatric midline gliomas focus on direct delivery strategies like convection-enhanced delivery (CED), where a cannula is implanted into tumor. Successful CED treatments require confirmation of tumor coverage, dosimetry, and longitudinal in vivo pharmacokinetic monitoring. These properties would be best determined clinically with image-guided dosimetry using theranostic agents. In this study, we combine CED with novel, molecular-grade positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and show how PETobinostat, a novel PET-imageable HDAC inhibitor, is effective against DIPG models. PET data reveal that CED has significant mouse-to-mouse variability; imaging is used to modulate CED infusions to maximize tumor saturation. The use of PET-guided CED results in survival prolongation in mouse models; imaging shows the need of CED to achieve high brain concentrations. This work demonstrates how personalized image-guided drug delivery may be useful in potentiating CED-based treatment algorithms and supports a foundation for clinical translation of PETobinostat.
Sensory Experience Engages Microglia to Shape Neural Connectivity through a Non-Phagocytic Mechanism

Sensory experience remodels neural circuits in the early postnatal brain through mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. Applying a new method of ultrastructural analysis to the retinogeniculate circuit, we find that visual experience alters the number and structure of synapses between the retina and the thalamus. These changes require vision-dependent transcription of the receptor Fn14 in thalamic relay neurons and the induction of its ligand TWEAK in microglia. Fn14 functions to increase the number of bulbous spine-associated synapses at retinogeniculate connections, likely contributing to the strengthening of the circuit that occurs in response to visual experience. However, at retinogeniculate connections near TWEAK-expressing microglia, TWEAK signals via Fn14 to restrict the number of bulbous spines on relay neurons, leading to the elimination of a subset of connections. Thus, TWEAK and Fn14 represent an intercellular signaling axis through which microglia shape retinogeniculate connectivity in response to sensory experience.
Impact of glucose-lowering medications on bone health in diabetes

Abstract Almost all patients with diabetes mellitus need glucose-lowering medications (GLMs) plus diet and exercise therapy to achieve good glycemic control. There are 13 classes of GLMs for pharmacotherapy (insulins, insulin analogs, sulfonylureas, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, biguanides, sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin analog, dopamine D2 receptor agonist, and bile acid sequestrant) in patients with diabetes. All GLMs improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes; some may have cardiovascular and renal benefits. Some may also impact bone health in patients who take them. In this chapter, we reviewed the preclinical and clinical studies of each of the 13 GLM classes used by patients with diabetes to categorize its impact on bone health as negative, apparent negative, possible positive, probable neutral, and incomplete information groups. Based on preclinical and clinical evidence, thiazolidinediones have negative impact on bone health and fracture risk.
Effects of audit frequency, audit quality, and facility age on environmental compliance

This study explores the effect of environmental self-audits (‘audits’), which represent an important type of environmental management system practice, on the extent of facilities’ compliance with w...
Establishing a Framework for Assessing Teaching Effectiveness

Most institutional practices to evaluate teaching are inadequate, inaccurate, neither improve teaching directly, nor incentivize teaching improvement. This is often because effective teaching is di...
On Transfinite Sequences of Projective Sets with an Application to ∑^1_2 Equivalence Relations

This chapter focuses on transfinite sequences of projective sets with an application to Σ^1_(∼2n) equivalence relations. From the full axiom of determinacy (AD), the chapter demonstrates that the class of Σ^1_(∼2n) sets is closed under well ordered unions. This result is then applied to compute the maximum length of transfinite 1–1 sequences of ^1_(∼2n) sets, from AD again. As a further application, the chapter demonstrates that in the real world, every Σ^1_2 equivalence relation has either ≤_א1k, or 2_0^א equivalence classes. In addition, the cardinality of the maximum length of a transfinite sequence of ^1_(∼2n) sets without repetitions is computed in the chapter.
The primary structure of porcine pancreatic ribonuclease. I. The distribution and sites of carbohydrate attachment.

Abstract Reduced, S-aminoethylated porcine ribonuclease was subjected to tryptic hydrolysis. A sequence of fractionation steps that included gel filtration and chromatography over SE-Sephadex C-50, Dowex 50-X2, and Dowex 1-X2 afforded a series of glycopeptide fractions which were recognized to derive from three separate regions of the molecule. Heterogeneity of the attached polysaccharide chains precluded the isolation of glycopeptides homogeneous with respect to polysaccharide and hampered the preparation of fractions suitable for amino acid sequence determination. However, fractions representative of individual segments of the primary structure of the protein moiety were obtained. Their amino acid sequences were determined by conventional procedures. These fractions represent 35 of the 124 amino acid residues in the molecule. By reference to the amino acid sequence of porcine ribonuclease, determined in concurrent experiments, the three sites of polysaccharide attachment were recognized to be at positions 21, 34, and 76, designated as Sites I, II, and III, respectively. Aspartic acid occupies each of these positions and it is presumed that the carbohydrate-peptide attachment in each is represented by a β-N-aspartamido-2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxyglucopyranoside unit. By reference to the structure of bovine ribonuclease, the three attachment sites are recognized to be at residues which have external side chains in regions of the molecule remote from the active site. The polysaccharides at the three sites have notably different compositions. The side chain at Site II contains 2 N-acetylglucosamine and 6 mannose residues. With respect to composition and site of attachment it is homologous with the single polysaccharide side chain in bovine ribonuclease B. The side chains at Sites I and III are about twice as large as that at Site II and display a more complex composition. In addition to N-acetylglucosamine and mannose, they contain galactose, fucose, and N-glycolylneuraminic acid. All three attachment sites are in sequences of the type: [see PDF for equation] At Sites I and III residue B is serine; at Site II, it is methionine. The present results, considered in relation to data in the literature, suggest the hypothesis that the nature of residue B exerts a determinative influence on the manner in which the polysaccharide is elaborated during glycoprotein biosynthesis: when residue B is polar, the side chain elaborated is of the more complex type; when B is apolar, the elaboration of the simpler mannose—N-acetylglucosamine side chain is favored.
Genomic and Proteomic Profiling of Osteosarcoma

Publisher Summary The primary treatment of osteosarcoma (OS) uses high dose chemotherapy in both the neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings in association with surgery. Despite such aggressive treatment, up to 40% of osteosarcoma patients eventually succumb to their disease. Many of the survivors also suffer from significant acute and long-term side effects from their therapy. Thus, there is a need to identify biomarkers that could predict the therapeutic response of an individual osteosarcoma prior to the initiation of therapy. This would potentially lead to the customization of therapy for each patient; thus allowing the reduction of therapy and their side effects for patients who have more responsive tumors, while choosing a more aggressive or targeted therapy for the more resistant cases. One strategy to determine such biomarkers is to identify the underlying genetic changes of each tumor, which could then be used to predict biological behavior of the tumor cells and the clinical course of the disease. In the past, this type of approach was considered unpractical because of the limited ability to decipher the complexity of the cancer genome, especially that of osteosarcoma. However, with the advent of high throughput genomic and proteomic technologies, it is now possible to generate comprehensive molecular profiles of tumors by using small quantities of tissue or blood samples. This chapter summarizes the different strategies of molecular profiling and illustrates results of genomic and proteomic characterization of osteosarcoma, and how these strategies can refine prognostic assessments.
An investigation into the perceptions of guidance counselors, high school students and parents regarding service-sector careers.

The study investigated the opinions of parents, guidance counselors, and high school students toward selected service-sector careers, including the hospitality, recreation, and tourism industries, ...
Defect in expression of heat-shock proteins at high temperature in xthA mutants.

Abstract Escherichia coli mutants lacking exonuclease III (xthA) are defective in the induction of heat-shock proteins upon severe heat-shock treatment (upshift from 30 to 50 degrees C) but not mild heat-shock treatment (upshift from 30 to 42 degrees C). We show that this defect is due to the xthA mutation by complementation. Furthermore, increasing the gene dosage of xthA+ prolongs the synthesis of heat shock proteins seen after a shift to 42 degrees C. Increasing the gene dosage of htpR+ partially suppresses the defect of xthA mutants in the synthesis of heat-shock proteins at 50 degrees C. When an xthA strain was incubated at 42 degrees C before a shift to 50 degrees C, it was then able to carry out the synthesis of heat-shock proteins at 50 degrees C.
Social Psychology and Crime Control

Considering the limitations of individual, interpersonal, and other partial approaches, open-system theory of organizational psychology is proposed as a framework for effective crime control. Social psychological principles of diversity, cohesiveness, power base, voluntarism, option communication, and modular leadership are presented as functional essentials within the open-system framework. Innovations in evaluation and action research, utilizing public participation and permitting deviation from ideal experimental control, are outlined. Three-way bargaining is seen as a means of achieving constructive social accomodation among potentially criminal groups and others, utilizing coalitions to extend perception and induce cooperation while reducing administrator conflicts.
Sequential conjugate gradient-restoration algorithm for optimal control problems with nondifferential constraints, † Part I

Abstract A sequential conjugate gradient-restoration algorithm is developed in order to solve optimal control problems involving a functional subject to differential constraints, nondifferential constraints, and terminal constraints. The algorithm is composed of a sequence of cycles, each cycle consisting of two phases, a conjugate gradient phase and a restoration phase. The conjugate gradient phase involves a single iteration and is designed to decrease the value of the functional, while satisfying the constraints to first order. During this iteration, the first variation of the functional is minimized, subject to the linearized constraints. The minimization is performed over the class of variations of the control and the parameter which are equidistant from some constant multiple of the corresponding variations of the previous conjugate gradient phase. For the special case of a quadratic functional subject to linear constraints, various orthogonality and conjugacy conditions hold. The restoration phase ...
Community Organizing by African Caribbean People in Toronto, Ontario

This article investigates the efficacy of community organizing by African Caribbean migrants in Toronto, Ontario. The author argues that community organizing was an instinctive initiative of African Caribbean people. Historically, Black community organizational agenda, although owing much to its own resourcefulness and fortitude, was intimately connected to the influence and strength of the larger White population. Racism and social exclusions were the major external factors influencing the majority of African Caribbean institutional building. In recreating community, African Caribbean people were influenced by this political milieu. Nevertheless, they were also influenced by their own internal desires and dreams of a better standard of living and a better life for their children. They were also subjected by, for example, their own ideas regarding class, culture, gender roles, family ties, work ethic, and diasporic connections that influenced how they (re)negotiate community.
In situ synthesis of temperature-sensitive hollow microspheres via interfacial polymerization.

In this communication, a novel one-pot synthetic strategy for preparing hollow PNIPAM microspheres via an interfacial polymerization approach at the interface of an inverse W/O emulsion has been proposed and demonstrated. The results show that the prepared PNIPAM microspheres have real empty core and polymer shell structure, with a size range of 1−3 μm. The hollow microspheres experienced a reversible swelling and deswelling process by mediating the temperature below and above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the PNIPAM. The new approach not only provided a unique technical pathway to prepare hollow PNIPAM microspheres in situ under mild reaction conditions but also opened a platform for helping to understand the mechanism of diffusion, migration of the PNIPAM at an oil/water interface above its LCST, and the polymer layer formation mechanism as well.
Felix A. Theilhaber—pioneer sexologist

Felix A. Theilhaber, a physician, was born in Germany in 1884 and died in Israel in 1956. He was a pioneer sexologist, demographer, and sportsman and an early Zionist. Theilhaber was an original thinker and a prolific writer. He fought courageously against the pervasive reactionary and antisocial attitudes in the Germany of his time and campaigned actively, in his public addresses, books, pamphlets, and papers, for sexual reform, especially for liberalization of abortion and legalization of contraception. He founded the Society for Sexual Reform (Gesex) in 1913 and was cofounder and sexologic adviser of one of the first birth control and sex advisory clinics in Berlin (1930), operating under the patronage of the Gesex. In 1925, he founded the Coalition for Reform of the (German) Criminal Law, and in 1928, the periodical Sexual Hygiene. Among 20 books authored by Theilhaber are The Decline of the German Jews (1911), Das Sterile Berlin(1913), and Goethe, Sexus and Eros(1929). After his emigration to Israel in 1935, he continued his writings and later founded a Health Insurance Company in Tel Aviv, acting as its medical director. He has left a great legacy for sexology.
Secondary reinforcement effects of placement procedures in a runway situation

In Experiment 1 rats were given (a) differentially, (b) nondifferentially, or (c) nonrewarded placements interpolated among nonrewarded runs. Differential placements produced significant increments affecting only start speeds. In Experiment 2 prior continuously- or partially-rewarded placements each produced significant increments in goal speeds, but not in start speeds, and did not differ in their secondary reinforcing effects.
Liver cancer screening in a high-risk population in China fails to reduce mortality☆

Abstract Question Does liver cancer screening reduce mortality from the disease in a high-risk Chinese population? Study design Cluster randomised controlled trial. Main results In people at high risk of liver cancer, screening did not significantly reduce the incidence of primary liver cancer or risk of death compared with no screening (see Table 1), despite earlier detection of the disease (see notes). Table 1 Primary liver cancer incidence and mortality rates in a high-risk Chinese population. Screened ( N=3712 ) Not screened ( N=1869 ) p value Number of primary liver cancer cases 257 (7%) 117 (6%) Incidence rate† 1341 1195 0.30 Deaths from primary liver cancer 218 (6%) 109 (6%) Mortality rate† 1138 1113 0.86 †Per 100,000 person years. Authors’ conclusions Liver cancer screening in a high-risk population in China does not reduce mortality from the disease.
Social and natural interfaces: theory and design

This tutorial will cover issues related to the theory and design of social interfaces. The presentation is based on a long-term research project at Stanford University called Social Responses to Communication Technology (SRCT). This research shows that all people expect computers to obey a wide range of social and natural rules. The tutorial will cover 24 different concepts taken from the social science literature (e.g., personality, politeness, emotions), discussing both experimental results and the implications of results for the design of interfaces. The presentation will include an evaluation of current interfaces. The tutorial is for designers, usability specialists, and anyone interested in creating or assessing interfaces that conform with social and natural rules. No knowledge of programming is necessary.
Thermal and haline variability over the central Bering Sea shelf: Seasonal and interannual perspectives

Abstract We examine multi-year conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) data to better understand temperature and salinity variability over the central Bering Sea shelf. Particular consideration is given to observations made annually from 2002 to 2007 between August and October, although other seasons and years are also considered. Vertical and horizontal correlation maps show that near-surface and near-bottom salinity anomalies tend to fluctuate in phase across the central shelf, but that temperature anomalies are vertically coherent only in the weakly or unstratified inner-shelf waters. We formulate heat content (HC) and freshwater content (FWC) budgets based on the CTD observations, direct estimates of external fluxes (surface heat fluxes, ice melt, precipitation (P), evaporation (E) and river discharge), and indirect estimates of advective contributions. Ice melt, P−E, river discharge, and along-isobath advection are sufficient to account for the mean spring-to-fall increase in FWC, while summer surface heat fluxes are primarily responsible for the mean seasonal increase in HC, although interannual variability in the HC at the end of summer appears related to variability in the along-isobath advection during the summer months. On the other hand, FWC anomalies at the end of summer are significantly correlated with the mean wind direction and cross-isobath Ekman transport averaged over the previous winter. Consistent with the latter finding, salinities exhibit a weak but significant inverse correlation between the coastal and mid-shelf waters. The cross-shelf transport likely has significant effect on nutrient fluxes and other processes important to the functioning of the shelf ecosystem. Both the summer and winter advection fields appear to result from the seasonal mean position and strength of the Aleutian Low. We find that interannual thermal and haline variability over the central Bering Sea shelf are largely uncoupled.
The chaplain's role in bioethical decision-making.

With advances in medical technology, difficult questions of “What should be done?” and “Who should decide?” are a daily occurrence in hospitals. This paper reports the results of a survey of Canadian chaplains with respect to their involvement in bioethical decision-making. The survey suggests that chaplains make a significant contribution to discussion and resolution of bioethical dilemmas. Using a case study, the paper elaborates on the chaplain's role in bioethical decision-making, and indicates how such participation can influence both cost containment and risk management.