cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
And now for a little deconstruction: A response to Kurtzman

Howard Kurtzman’s paper on psychology and deconstruction is a well-written, intelligent, though inordinately partial, introduction to post-structuralist thought for psychologists. It is an important and valuable paper because it places psychological theory and research within the larger discourse of a prominent strand of contemporary social thought. Its explicit aims are to free psychological theory from metaphysics and to show that underneath the cybernetic structuralism of the current psychology of mind cognitivism is the same field of multiple and unstable differences by which post-structuralism differentiates itself from structuralism. Kurtzman does not, however, realize the disruptive, cutting potential of poststructuralism, of deconstruction as a critical discursive practice that interrupts, dereifies, and disperses disciplinary knowledges like “psychology.” The discursive practice of post-structuralism is neither simply an abstract anti-metaphysical argument nor a conceptual clarification and addition to the disciplinary knowledges of the human sciences. Rather, it is discourse as post-modern weaponry, poised to pulverize the pretensions of only apparently natural objects, the essential centers of concepts and things, so-called human “being” (especially liberal Humanism’s abstract “Man”) and lasting and transcendent ideals, even of capital “H” History itself. Derrida’s decentering of Saussure’s structuralism in favor of the free play of chains of signifiers is not, as the happy consciousness of the liberal human sciences would, with Kurtzman, like to pretend, a disinterested invitation to a doit-yourself language game. Rather, it is destructive, aiming to knock out any selfcongratulatory respite in the cognitive confidence of the Enlightenment and to pull up the ontological anchors of a restful metaphysics of presence. For Derrida, “difference” indicates not just an empirical observation that meaning is made in an indeterminate dynamic system of relational differences among signs. Kurtzman does see the dynamic relationism of post-structuralism, but not the significatory historicity that difference-as-deferral implies. As Derrida (1982) notes “Language, or any code . . . is constituted ‘historically’ as a weave of differences” (p. 12).
COSTS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ABATEMENT UNDER THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM

This paper examines the costs of emissions abatement through various types of projects financed under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. Using project data, cost functions are estimated applying alternative functional forms. Results show that the average cost of abatement decreases with the volume of abatement, showing economies of scale and suggesting that reducing emissions through small projects is relatively expensive. Results also show significant variation in the costs of abatement by project type and location. Nevertheless, the observed distribution of project investments does not closely match the relative cost structure, either by location or project type. Renewable energy projects accounted for 62% of the projects even though they had the second highest cost. Most of the CDM projects are located in emerging economies, principally China, India, and Brazil, even though the fixed costs of establishing CDM projects in these countries are higher than in many other developing countries. Significantly, while much of the conceptual and applied numerical literature concerning greenhouse gas abatement policies relies on presumptions about the structure of abatement cost curves, these findings suggest that comparative advantage is only one of several factors driving CDM investments and that investors hold additional preferences about project location and project type. Finally, results indicate a general, though noncontinuous, downward trend in the costs of abatement for new CDM projects.
A Prospective Examination of the Association of Stimulant Medication History and Drug Use Outcomes among Community Samples of ADHD Youths.

A continuing debate in the child psychopathology literature is the extent to which pharmacotherapy for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in particular stimulant treatment, confers a risk of subsequent drug abuse. If stimulant treatment for ADHD contributes to drug abuse, then the risk versus therapeutic benefits of such treatment is greatly affected. We have prospectively followed an ADHD sample (N = 149; 81% males) for approximately 15 years, beginning at childhood (ages 8 to 10 years) and continuing until the sample has reached young adulthood (ages 22 to 24 years). The sample was originally recruited via an epidemiologically derived community procedure, and all youths were diagnosed with ADHD during childhood. We report on the association of childhood psychostimulant medication and subsequent substance use disorders and tobacco use. The substance use outcomes were based on data collected at three time points when the sample was in late adolescence and young adulthood (age r...
Cytosolic and localized inhibition of phosphodiesterase by atrazine in swine tissue homogenates

Atrazine (ATR) significantly inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE) in crude homogenates of swine heart, brain, and lung, but not liver or kidney tissues. Except for heart, PDE activities in the cytosolic fraction of the tissue homogenates were not affected by ATR. The inhibition of the PDE activity in the cytosol from heart homogenate was not significantly different between ATR and a non-specific PDE inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Dixon plots of the crude tissue homogenates showed that heart and brain were inhibited via two different mechanisms (competitive or mixed inhibition, and noncompetitive inhibition, respectively), suggesting that ATR may be a semi-specific PDE inhibitor. Furthermore, in crude tissue homogenates, ATR did not inhibit PDE as effectively as IBMX suggesting that there are ATR-susceptible and ATR-nonsusceptible forms of PDE. Association constants for ATR were 55 microM for heart and 310 microM for brain. The stability of the activity of PDE was affected by freezing, requiring the use of only freshly prepared tissue homogenates.
Practice Behaviors of Eighth-Grade Instrumental Musicians

The purposes of the current study were to (1) determine the relationship between the number of practice strategies students could articulate and their performance improvement scores, (2) identify trends in students'5-minute practice behaviors, and (3) compare students' achievement based on their practice procedures. Participants were 65 eighth-grade students from five middle schools. Results documented a positive correlation between performance improvement and number of verbalized practice techniques. Based on the participants' 5-minute practice behaviors, four categories of practicers were determined: holistic, noncorrective practicers, who did not stop for errors in their run-throughs; holistic, corrective practicers, who stopped only for errors in their run-throughs; analytic, reactive practicers, who stopped to remediate sections of music; and analytic, proactive practicers, who jumped around in the music to fix errors. There were significant differences between the holistic and analytic practicers, a...
Analysis of toxic anthraquinones and related compounds with a fused silica capillary column

In this study, application of a fused silica capillary column for analysis of toxic anthraquinones and related compounds found in plants was investigated.
41 Temporary gastric electrical stimulation and the EGG: the SENSA phenomenon.

Introduction: We previously reported that temporary gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is associated with an increase in EGG frequency (IEGGS 2005). We now report further on this phenomenon, which we have labeled Submucosal Enteric Nervous System Activation or SENSA. Patients: We studied 121 patients (18 m, 103 f, mean age 39 years with dx: 71 Idiopathic, 37 diabetes mellitus and 13 post-surgical disorders) who underwent temporary endoscopic GES. All patients had complete data for baseline cutaneous EGG (Base) and a repeat cutaneous EGG (Temp) after 3 day of temporary GES. Methods: Patients had cutaneous EGGs at baseline and again after temporary GES, performed with high-frequency, low-energy stimulation parameters, as previously described (GIE, 2005). Temporary GES mucosal electrode placement was near the submucosal plexus, confirmed by endoscopy. EGGs, performed at a standard time in relation to a low-fat meal, were reported as average frequency (F, in cpm), were compared by t-tests with baseline, reported as mean ± SE. Results: For the whole group EGG done with Temporary GES revealed a slight increase in frequency over baseline, but the results were not statistically significant. However, when stratified at baseline as Low (average F < 3.3) or High (≥3.3) a number of differences were present: the patients with Low EEG increased significantly (2.7 (0.1) at Base to 4.5 (0.2) with Temp , p = 0.001) but not for high EGG (4.7 (0.1) to 4.4 (0.1), p = 0.67). See the results detailed in the table below. Conclusion: The occurrence of the phenomena of Submucosal Enteric Nervous System Activation (SENSA) appears dependent on the characteristics of the baseline EGG. As with gastric emptying, careful characterization of baseline values is important when reporting the effects of GES on the EGG. The SENSA phenomena, when occurring, may give important clues to the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of temporary gastric electrical stimulation. Group All Low DM Low ID Low PS Low High DM High ID High PS High Base 4.3 (0.1) 2.8 (0.1) 2.8 (0.1) 2.8 (0.1) 2.1 (0.7) 4.7 (0.1) 4.4 (0.2) 4.8 (0.2) 4.7 (0.3) Temp 4.4 (0.1) 4.5 (0.2) 3.8 (0.3) 5.3 (0.6) 6.0 (0.1) 4.3 (0.1) 4.4 (0.4) 4.9 (0.3) 4.9 (1.7) p value >0.05 0.001 0.05 >0.05 >0.05
A rapid method for direct detection of metabolic conversion and magnetization exchange with application to hyperpolarized substrates.

Abstract In this work, we present a new MR spectroscopy approach for directly observing nuclear spins that undergo exchange, metabolic conversion, or, generally, any frequency shift during a mixing time. Unlike conventional approaches to observe these processes, such as exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), this rapid approach requires only a single encoding step and thus is readily applicable to hyperpolarized MR in which the magnetization is not replenished after T 1 decay and RF excitations. This method is based on stimulated-echoes and uses phase-sensitive detection in conjunction with precisely chosen echo times in order to separate spins generated during the mixing time from those present prior to mixing. We are calling the method Metabolic Activity Decomposition Stimulated-echo Acquisition Mode or MAD-STEAM. We have validated this approach as well as applied it in vivo to normal mice and a transgenic prostate cancer mouse model for observing pyruvate–lactate conversion, which has been shown to be elevated in numerous tumor types. In this application, it provides an improved measure of cellular metabolism by separating [1-13C]-lactate produced in tissue by metabolic conversion from [1-13C]-lactate that has flowed into the tissue or is in the blood. Generally, MAD-STEAM can be applied to any system in which spins undergo a frequency shift.
Resume of the status and benefits of the two-segment approach and its applicability to the jet transport fleet

NASA, in cooperation with the FAA, is evaluating the two-segment approach as a routine procedure for reducing aircraft noise. The program calls for separate flight evaluations using a 727 and a DC-8, and an extrapolation of these results to determine the adaptability of the technique to the rest of the fleet. The total program is reviewed. The profile and procedures developed and the noise reduction achievable are presented. The vortex characteristics behind an aircraft on a two-segment path is covered. Finally, cost estimates for retrofitting aircraft with two-segment avionics are presented.
Differential effects of estrogen treatment on bone mineral density of the spine, hip, wrist and total body in late postmenopausal women

It is commonly believed that estrogen is effective only in preventing menopause-related loss of bone mineral. However, recent studies found significant increases in bone mineral density (BMD) of the spine in response to estrogen, particularly in older women. The degree to which estrogen can restore BMD of the hip is uncertain. In the present study, changes in BMD of the lumber spine (L2–4), hip (neck, trochanter and Ward's triangle), wrist (ultradistal) and total body in response to 1 year of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in women 10 or more years past menopause. Twelve women, aged 61–74 years, received conjugated estrogens 0.625 mg and cyclic medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 mg; 12 women who did not receive HRT were controls. Calcium intake was adjusted to approximately 1500 mg/day in all subjects. There were no differences between the groups in BMD prior to treatment. Increases in BMD of the lumbar spine (mean±SD, 0.041±0.030 g/cm2), hip (neck, 0.019±0.018 g/cm2; trochanter, 0.017±0.012 g/cm2; Ward's triangle, 0.026±0.029 g/cm2) and total body (0.013±0.016 g/cm2) occurred in response to HRT, and these changes were significantly different from those in controls (spine, 0.005±0.020 g/cm2; neck, −0.007±0.026 g/cm2; trochanter, 0.002±0.014 g/cm2; Ward's triangle, 0.003±0.019 g/cm2; total body, −0.001±0.017 g/cm2). HRT appears to be most effective at weight-bearing sites that have a high cancellous bone content. This study demonstrates that HRT significantly increases bone mass of the lumbar spine and proximal femur in osteopenic, late postmenopausal women, and may, therefore, be effective in preventing osteoporotic fractures at these sites in this population.
Crypts of Hélène Cixous’s Past

Through a reading of Cixous’s Inside (1986), Or: Les lettres de mon pere (1997), Reveries of the Wild Woman (2006) and Si Pres (2007), this article explores the diverse allegories of “enclosure” in the figure of the crypt containing Cixous’s father. Part of the allegory entails a process of mourning not only for the defunct father but for Algeria as well where he is encrypted. The crypt (father’s cave or tomb) as the place and the process of writing imposes the de-cryption of the secret cavities of Cixous’s texts where she is enclosed, inside the father’s cave, in the cavity of his tuberculous lungs, the imagined site from where she writes. The essay focuses on how, with the passage of time, the rapport with the dead father evolves in Cixous’s work and how the figuration of Algeria linked to the disease and death of the father undergoes transformations. The father is described in great detail in Inside and Or, Les lettres de mon pere. However in these two early texts, Cixous invents a majestic father incarnating the Law and phallogocentric power as opposed to his condition of a Jew during the Vichy regime, which banned him from practicing his profession and left him powerless. But Cixous never recurs specifically to either identitarian ( Jewish) or political (Vichy and Algeria) values. I assert in this essay that it will not be until her later texts that the father’s tuberculosis becomes a foreshadowing of a Jewish condition in occupied Algeria during the Vichy period. This article is available in Studies in 20th & 21st Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol33/iss1/3 Crypts of Helene Cixous’s Past Nathalie Debrauwere-Miller Vanderbilt University My life begins with graves. They go beyond the individual, the singularity. I see a sort of genealogy of graves. When I was little, it seemed to me that the grave of my father came out of that grave of the north. My father’s grave is also a lost grave. It is in Algeria. No one ever goes there any more or will ever. (Cixous
Trans-vastus Intermedius Transfer of the Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh Flap for Posterior Thigh Reconstruction.

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has become one of the workhorse flaps in reconstructive surgery for wounds all over the body, as a pedicled or free flap. Its use as a pedicled flap has been described at length in the reconstructive literature for a variety of indications including trochanteric pressure ulcers, groin defects, perineal reconstruction, abdominal wall reconstruction, and lateral thigh defects.1–7 When confronted with an upper posterior thigh defect, the reconstructive surgeon has limited local tissue flap options. Utilization of the ALT flap in resurfacing wounds of the posterior thigh and distal buttock is limited by its arc of rotation, even when the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) is dissected up to its origin. To circumvent these obstacles, the authors describe 2 cases (oncologic and traumatic) in which a pedicled myocutaneous ALT flap is dissected to the origin of the LCFA and a tunnel is created medial to the femur through the vastus intermedius (Fig. 1). The flap is then passed in transmuscular fashion from the anterior muscle compartment to the posterior muscle compartment (Fig. 2). There are several advantages to this approach. The direct transmuscular tunneling through the vastus intermedius allows for a shorter pedicle length required to reach the defect when compared with lateral subcutaneous tunneling of the flap to reach the posterior thigh. In addition, it potentially allows for shorter pedicle length to be dissected. Moreover, decreasing the distance to the recipient site allows for a more comprehensive and efficient use of the flap surface area. This approach mitigates the loss of a significant portion of the flap in a more circuitous lateral subcutaneous route to the recipient site and maximizes the surface area of the flap within the defect during inset. Fig. 1. A coronal illustration of the anterior thigh with a pedicled ALT flap dissected to its origin, with creation of a transmuscular tunnel through the vastus intermedius. Fig. 2. An axial illustration of the proximal thigh demonstrating the anatomy of the transmuscular tunnel through which the pedicled ALT flap is passed to decrease the distance to the defect, allowing greater flexibility with insetting of the flap in the posterior ...
A new category of ovulation inhibitors linear LH-RH analogues having more than ten residues

Abstract A linear analogue of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, longer than a decapeptide, is described for the first time, which is equivalent in potency to the best known inhibitors of ovulation, and which constitutes an important new lead to the design of inhibitors of even greater potency. At a dosage of 200 μg/rat, the undecapeptide [( 1 , D -Phe 2 , D -Trp 3 , D -Trp 6 ]-LH-RH caused 100% inhibition of ovulation. The related analogues, [( 1 , D -Phe 2 , D -Trp 3 , D -Trp 6 ]-LH-RH and [(Gly-Pro) 1 , D -Phe 2 , D -Trp 3 , D -Trp 6 ]-LH-RH, were less active, in vivo . All of these undecapeptides inhibited the action of 0.6 ng/ml of LH-RH by greater than 50% at the very low level of 10 ng/ml.
A function of metaphor in poetry

Because poetic metaphor, as contrasted with everyday ‐metaphor, stresses relationships of disparateness as well as of similarity between tenor and vehicle, it is particularly suited to creating paradoxical similarities out of differences, with a resulting restructuring of experience important to the preparing oral interpreter; poetic metaphor thus “says the unsayable” by providing new “names” for new experiences.
A New Method for the Treatment of False Femoral Aneurysms

A new technique for repairing anastomotic femoral aneurysms is de scribed.The procedure consists of initial exposure and control of the graft limb through a suprainguinal incision, and control of the common femoral artery and its branches by insertion of Fogarty catheters into the individual lumens. This technique has been used successfully in 3 patients.
Accuracy of finite element eigenproblems

Abstract The accuracy of the eigenvalues λ r , and eigenvectors u r of the elliptic eigenproblem of the 2 m th order discretized by an arbitrary mesh of simplex finite elements has been studied. It is established as a function of r , of m , of the order of the elements and of the geometrical characteristics of the elements. Comparison with other theoretical results and with experimental results shows the present estimates to be realistic.
Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin on pregnancy rate in dairy cattle.

This study was to determine if gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, or their interaction would affect pregnancy rate or milk progesterone profiles in dairy cattle. Cows and heifers eligible for first, second, and third services were assigned to four treatments: 1) saline i.m. within 5 min after AI (d 0) and saline 15 d after AI (n = 222 AI); 2) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (100 micrograms) i.m. within 5 min after AI and saline on d 15 (n = 223); 3) saline after AI and human chorionic gonadotropin (3500 IU) i.m. on d 15 (n = 196); 4) gonadotropin-releasing hormone at AI and human chorionic gonadotropin on d 15 (n = 195). Progesterone was quantified in milk samples collected twice weekly for 5 wk from all cows. Neither gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone x human chorionic gonadotropin interaction, age, nor service number affected pregnancy rate, which averaged 46.2%. Pregnancy and human chorionic gonadotropin affected milk progesterone profiles. Pregnancy maintained progesterone concentrations and human chorionic gonadotropin on d 15 increased them. This study does not support the general use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at AI or human chorionic gonadotropin 15 d after AI as methods for enhancing pregnancy rates of dairy cattle.
Resource management for scalable disconnected access to Web services

Disconnected operation, in which a client accesses a service without relying on network connectivity, is crucial for improving availability, supporting mobility, and providing responsive performance. Because many web services are not cachable, disconnected access to web services may require mobile service code to execute in client caches. Unfortunately, (a) this code is untrusted, (b) this code may have nearly limitless resource demands due to prefetching, and (c) a large number of competing code modules must coexist. Thus, resource management is a key problem both for preventing denial of service attacks and for providing good performance across many services. This paper addresses the feasibility of meeting the resource management needs of an environment where service code is shipped to clients, proxies, or content distribution intermediaries. It rst examines the requirements of such a system and then develops a resource-management strategy to meet these requirements by (a) providing isolation across services to prevent denial of service attacks, (b) automatically providing appropriate allocations to di erent services to provide good global performance, and (c) requiring no hand tuning across a wide range of system con gurations and workloads.
Management Science Update Column---The Past, Present and Future Histories of an Old Paper

One of my University of Pennsylvania professors, Kenneth D. MacKenzie now at the University of Kansas, sent in this update of his December 1970 Management Science article “Analysis of a Decision Making Investigation.” Once I saw Ken's title above for this update. I knew we were in for some fun. I've cut the essay a little and I've knocked out Ken's lengthy bibliography of related articles and books which you may want to write him about because Marty Starr likes to run some new stuff in this journal, too.
Assessing Convergence and Mixing of MCMC Implementations via Stratification

Some posterior distributions lead to Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chains that are naturally viewed as collections of subchains. Examples include mixture models, regime-switching models, and hidden Markov models. We obtain MCMC-based estimators of posterior expectations by combining different subgroup (subchain) estimators using stratification and poststratification methods. Variance estimates of the limiting distributions of such estimators are developed. Based on these variance estimates, we propose a test statistic to aid in the assessment of convergence and mixing of chains. We compare our diagnostic with other commonly used methods. The approach is illustrated in two examples: a latent variable model for arsenic concentration in public water systems in Arizona and a Bayesian hierarchical model for Pacific sea surface temperatures. Supplementary materials, which include MATLAB codes for the proposed method, are available online.
Single-station integral measures of atmospheric stagnation, recirculation and ventilation

Abstract Mathematical definitions of integral quantities used to characterize the stagnation, recirculation and ventilation potential of various airsheds are proposed. These integral quantities can be calculated from wind data collected at fixed time intervals and at fixed heights in the atmosphere, and could be calculated, for example, from data from ground-based remote wind profilers. These integral quantities, since they are calculated from data at single stations, provide useful characterizations of the flow at individual measurement points, but are true measures of the transport of a plume only under idealized homogenous wind conditions. The utility of these single-station measures for characterizing the air pollution transport potential of an airshed is illustrated using three months of hourly surface and radar profiler measurements of horizontal wind speed and direction collected at three locations in the Colorado Plateaus Basin region of Arizona during the winter of 1990. A surface station at Bullfrog Basin, located on a sheltered basin floor and exposed to diurnal wind systems, experienced stagnations 62% of the time, recirculations 34% of the time, and ventilations 8% of the time. A surface station at Desert View, located on the south rim of the Grand Canyon and exposed to synoptic-scale wind systems, experienced stagnations 8% of the time, recirculations 4% of the time, and ventilations 35% of the time. A radar profiler station at Page, Arizona, experienced stagnations about 20% of the time and recirculations about 25% of the time during the winter at heights below ∼ 400 m a.g.l.; above this height, to levels near 1100 m a.g.l. (the approximate height of surrounding plateaus), the frequency of stagnations and recirculations dropped rapidly, and the frequency of ventilations ranged from 40 to 70%.
Discriminative stimulus properties of the benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil.

Rats were trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of the benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor antagonist flumazenil using a conditioned taste aversion procedure. On drug trials, fluid-restricted rats were injected with flumazenil (32 mg/kg), given access to a 0.25% saccharin solution for 30 min, and injected with LiCl (1.8 mEq/kg IP). On saline trials, injections of saline bracketed the period of saccharin consumption. Acquisition of the discriminated taste aversion, as measured by differential effects of drinking between saline and drug trials, developed after only five pairings of flumazenil with the LiCl injections. Flumazenil did not alter saccharin consumption in unconditioned controls (N=9) that never received LiCl. The discrimination was also measured by flumazenil's ability to reduce the preference for saccharin over tap water using two-bottle choice tests. Flumazenil demonstrated dose-dependent generalization upon decreasing the training dose as low as 1 mg/kg. Two other BZ receptor antagonists of different chemical structure, CGS 8216 and ZK 93426, substituted completely for the flumazenil stimulus. Partial generalization was exhibited to the partial inverse agonists FG 7142 and beta-CCE, while the full inverse agonists DMCM and PTZ failed to substitute for the flumazenil stimulus. The BZ receptor agonists diazepam and alprazolam failed to substitute for the flumazenil stimulus, although partial generalization was shown with CDP. The results suggest that the BZ receptor antagonist flumazenil may produce intrinsic discriminative stimulus effects that are independent from those of BZ receptor agonists or inverse agonists.
A Note On The Equation Of Radiative Transfer For A Model Of Uncorrelated, Isotropic, Point Scatterers

On the basis of a phase-space approach utilizing the Wigner distribution function, a systematic derivation is undertaken of the equation governing scattering-dominated radiative transfer for a model of uncorrelated, isotropic, point scatterers.
Design Optimization of Ultra-Low Flying Head-Disk Interfaces Using an Improved Elastic-Plastic Rough Surface Model

Sub-5 nm flying head-disk interfaces (HDIs) designed to attain extremely high areal recording densities of the order of Tbit/in 2 are susceptible to strong adhesive forces, which can lead to subsequent contact, bouncing vibration, and high friction. Accurate prediction of the relevant interfacial forces can help ensure successful implementation of ultra-low flying HDIs. In this study, an improved rough surface model is developed to estimate the adhesive, contact, and friction forces as well as the mean contact pressure relevant to sub-5 nm HDIs. The improved model was applied to four different HDIs of varying roughness and contact conditions, and was compared to the sub-boundary lubrication rough surface model. It was found that the interfacial forces in HDIs undergoing primarily elastic-plastic and plastic contact are more accurately predicted with the improved model, while under predominantly elastic contact conditions, the two models give similar results. The improved model was then used to systematically investigate the effect of roughness parameters on the interfacial forces and mean contact pressure (response). The trends in the responses were investigated via a series of regression models using a full 3 3 factorial design. It was found that the adhesive and net normal interfacial forces increase with increasing mean radius R of asperities when the mean separation is small (≈0.5 nm), i.e., pseudo-contacting interface, but it increases primarily with increasing root-mean-square (rms) surface height roughness between 2 and 4 nm, i.e., pseudo-flying interface. Also, increasing rms roughness and decreasing R, increases the contact force and mean contact pressure, while the same design decreases the friction force. As the directions of optimisation for minimizing the individual interfacial forces are not the same, simultaneous optimization is required for a successful ultra-low flying HDI design.
Everett's pure wave mechanics and the notion of worlds

Everett (1957a, b, 1973) relative-state formulation of quantum mechanics has often been taken to involve a metaphysical commitment to the existence of many splitting worlds each containing physical copies of observers and the objects they observe. While there was earlier talk of splitting worlds in connection with Everett, this is largely due to DeWitt’s (Phys Today 23:30–35, 1970) popular presentation of the theory. While the thought of splitting worlds or parallel universes has captured the popular imagination, Everett himself favored the language of elements, branches, or relative states in describing his theory. The result is that there is no mention of splitting worlds or parallel universes in any of Everett’s published work. Everett, however, did write of splitting observers and was willing to adopt the language of many worlds in conversation with people who were themselves using such language. While there is evidence that Everett was not entirely comfortable with talk of many worlds, it does not seem to have mattered much to him what language one used to describe pure wave mechanics. This was in part a result of Everett’s empirical understanding of the cognitive status of his theory.
Research on Employee Recruitment: So Many Studies, So Many Remaining Questions

Over the last thirty years, the amount of research on recruitment topics has increased dramatically. Despite this increase, recent reviews of the recruitment literature often have had a somewhat pessimistic tone. Reviewers have concluded that we still do not know a great deal about why recruitment activities have the effects they do. In particular, recent reviews have criticized many of the studies conducted for being poorly designed, narrow in focus, and not grounded in theory. We believe that many of these criticisms are legitimate. We also believe that, in order for future studies to result in a better understanding of the recruitment process, such studies need to be designed with an appreciation of the complexity of the recruitment process (i.e., the number of variables involved and the nature of their relationships). In this regard, we offer an organizing framework of the recruitment process. In introducing this framework, we draw upon theories from a variety of research domains and give considerable...
Commentary on the emerging Guide to Community Preventive Services from a health promotion perspective.

It probably could not have happened much sooner: the need for a systematically evidence-based guide to community preventive services was widely felt, but without the methodologic developments in community research, program evaluation, and data synthesis of recent years, it might have been a futile exercise in attempting to replicate the Cochrane-style reviews of randomized clinical trials. Without the explosion of community studies of health promotion and disease prevention programs in recent years, the pool of data would have been too shallow to produce much depth of understanding or breadth of generalizability. The timing of the exercise reported in the pages of this issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine could not have been much better from these developmental perspectives on the state of the art and science of community and population health. The field of public health has had time to mature beyond the communicable-disease paradigm. It has built substantially on its successes and its lessons for community and population health, but now it integrates with increasing utility the social and behavioral science theories and methods needed to encompass a wider and more entangled web of health determinants and interventions. So we approach the request to comment on this guide with the sense of adventure that comes with being on the shore of a new exploration, a new thrust on the frontiers of knowledge and health development.
QRON: QoS-aware routing in overlay networks

Recently, many overlay applications have emerged in the Internet. Currently, each of these applications requires their proprietary functionality support. A general unified framework may be a desirable alternative to application-specific overlays. We introduce the concept of overlay brokers (OBs). We assume that each autonomous system in the Internet has one or more OBs. These OBs cooperate with each other to form an overlay service network (OSN) and provide overlay service support for overlay applications, such as resource allocation and negotiation, overlay routing, topology discovery, and other functionalities. The scope of our effort is the support of quality-of-service (QoS) in overlay networks. Our primary focus is on the design of QoS-aware routing protocols for overlay networks (QRONs). The goal of QRON is to find a QoS-satisfied overlay path, while trying to balance the overlay traffic among the OBs and the overlay links in the OSN. A subset of OBs, connected by the overlay paths, can form an application specific overlay network for an overlay application. The proposed QRON algorithm adopts a hierarchical methodology that enhances its scalability. We analyze two different types of path selection algorithms. We have simulated the protocols based on the transit-stub topologies produced by GT-ITM. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms perform well in providing a QoS-aware overlay routing service.
Rodent Models of Nicotine Reward: What do they tell us about tobacco abuse in humans?

Tobacco products are widely abused in humans, and it is assumed that nicotine is the key substrate in these products that produces addiction. Based on this assumption, several pre-clinical studies have utilized animal models to measure various aspects of nicotine addiction. Most of this work has focused on behavioral measures of nicotine and how other variables contribute to these effects. Here we discuss the most commonly used animal models including, self-administration (SA), place conditioning (PC), and the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigms in rodents. The strengths, limitations and procedural variables of these models are reviewed, followed by a discussion of how the animal models have been used to study factors such as age, sex, stress, and the effects of tobacco products other than nicotine. These factors are discussed in light of their influences on human tobacco abuse. The rodent models are evaluated in the context of face, predictive, and construct validity, and we propose that inclusion of factors such as age, sex, stress and other constituents of tobacco aside from nicotine can increase the utility of these animal models by more closely mimicking human tobacco abuse.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS : V. THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFITY OF AN ANTIGEN PREPARED BY COMBINING THE CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS WITH FOREIGN PROTEIN

1. Type-specific antipneumococcus immunity has been induced in rabbits by immunization with antigen prepared by combining a specific derivative of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus with globulin from horse serum. 2. Rabbits immunized with this antigen acquire active immunity against infection with virulent Type III pneumococci. 3. The sera of the immune rabbits contain type-specific antibodies which precipitate the Type III capsular polysaccharide, agglutinate Type III pneumococci, and specifically protect mice against Type III infection. 4. The experimental data are discussed with reference to: (1) the concurrence in the immune sera of type-specific antibodies for Pneumococcus and precipitins for horse globulin; (2) the determining influence of the capsular polysaccharide on the specificity of the antigen as a whole; (3) the unity of the type-specific precipitins, agglutinins, and protective antibodies induced by a single component of the pneumococcus in chemical union with an unrelated, animal protein.
High-speed addition in CMOS

A fully static complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) implementation of a Ling-type 32-bit adder is described. The implementation saves up to one gate delay and always reduces the number of serial transistors in the worst-case critical path over the conventional carry look-ahead (CLA) approach with a negligible increaser in hardware. >
The effect of artificial light on escapement beneath a survey trawl

An underwater video system is under investigation by the National Marine Fisheries Service for use in studying the capture efficiency of a survey bottom trawl’s footrope in diverse habitats commonly sampled during surveys. This system utilizes a 50-watt quartz halogen light since most survey stations are at depths greater than natural light can penetrate for low-light camera use. One potential shortcoming to this approach is that the light emitted might alter fish behaviour and thereby bias estimates of escapement. The light effect on escapement was examined by attaching the video system onto a trawl fitted with an auxiliary capture bag to retain those fish which would have otherwise escaped beneath. A paired towing experiment (unlit vs. lit) was conducted to test the hypothesis that there is no effect on capture proportion due to the addition of artificial light. ANOVA was used to test for the effect both fish length and water depth had on escapement. Since neither length nor depth were significant, a paired t test (α=0.05) was used to test the null hypothesis. For five of the six species examined, we found no effect of the light on fish escapement. Only flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon) showed a statistically significant difference in capture proportion due to artificial light, the proportion decreasing by 0.0698.
Towards A Computational Assessment of Freewriting Quality

This study examines the linguistic features of freewrites and how those features relate to human scores of freewrite quality. Freewriting is a common prewriting strategy that has received little attention by researchers, particularly in terms of the linguistic features of good and poor freewrites. To address this issue, we developed a scoring rubric to assess the qualities of freewrites and how they are correlated with linguistic features. The results showed that many linguistic features positively correlated with human scores (e.g., referential cohesion, syntactic complexity, lexical difficulty), but the only significant predictors in a regression analysis were, number of words and noun overlap. Better freewrites are longer ones with lexical overlap between sentences. While these results fail to conclusively exclude other potentially important features of higher quality freewrites, this study is a first step toward computationally defining freewrite quality.
Perceived causes of success and failure: Are women's attributions related to persistence in engineering majors?

This study explored the influence of attributional style on women's persistence in engineering majors, after controlling for academic ability. Female students (N = 255) previously or currently enrolled in the engineering college of a large midwestern university completed measures assessing their (a) attributions for science, mathematics, and engineering academic events; and (b) thoughts of changing career goals. Results revealed that, after controlling for academic ability, two attributional style dimensions were related to persistence in engineering majors. Among persisters in engineering, those attributional style dimensions were also related to thoughts of changing career goals. Implications for research are discussed, and recommendations for educators and advisors are presented. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 663–676, 1999
Special Educators and Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Behavior: Self-Injury Training, Exposure, and Self-Efficacy

Nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSIB) is one of the most perplexing and challenging behaviors special educators come across in their schools. Thus, there is a need for special educators to be equipped with information regarding NSSIB to help identify students with disabilities who engage in these behaviors and provide them with appropriate support or referrals. This study examined the effectiveness of training received by 390 special educators on NSSIB and their self-efficacy regarding the training. Results revealed that although many special educators serve students who engage in self-injurious behaviors, many did not receive training on how to implement strategies for students who self-injure. Those special educators who received training were more confident in their abilities to work with students who self-injured compared with those special educators who did not receive training. Implications, limitations, and future research areas are discussed.
introduction to Hamiltonian Dynamics in Economics

Economics during the fifties and sixties was marked by a substantial resurgence of interest in the theory of capital. While the advances during this period were very impressive, there was also an uneveness in the development of the subject. One-good models were studied in detail, as were many-good models of production-maximal growth and many-good models of consumption-optimal growth for the special case in which there is no social impatience. When treating heterogeneous capital, the literatures on decentralized or descriptive growth and consumptionoptimal growth with positive time discounting were dominated by special cases and examples. Reliance on examples and special cases proved to have some unfortunate consequences. The Battle of the Two Cambridges, ostensibly an argument over approaches to modeling distribution and accumulation, often seemed to focus on the robustness (or lack of robustness) of certain “fundamental” properties of the one-sector model and other worked-out examples when extended to more general heterogeneous-capital models. Furthermore, in large part because growth theory appeared to be an enterprise based only on proliferating special cases, the attention of the young able minds in the profession turned elsewhere, for example, to theat least seemingly-more evenly-developed general equilibrium tradition. This is a shame. Intertemporal allocation and its relationship with the wealth of societies is one of the most important problems in our discipline. Growth models are natural vehicles for the study of what is called “temporary equilibrium.” Dynamic models of multi-asset accumulation provide the theoretically most satisfactory environment for modeling the macroeconomics of income determination, employment, and inflation. The papers in this volume can be thought of as attempts at providing some unification of the theory of heterogeneous capital. The major
Radar Analysis of Precipitation Initiation in Maritime versus Continental Clouds near the Florida Coast: Inferences Concerning the Role of CCN and Giant Nuclei

A method of analyzing radar data is developed and applied to determine whether the X-band radar reflectivity evolution of clouds observed during summertime on the northeast Florida coast during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study (SCMS) shows distinct differences in precipitation development that can be associated with the clouds’ maritime or continental characteristics. For this study, the entire National Center for Atmospheric Research CP2 radar dataset from SCMS was examined, and 38 clouds were used. For these clouds the evolution in X-band radar reflectivity, from the clouds’ earliest detection through precipitation, was clearly documented and met specific requirements concerning the clouds’ location relative to the coastline and direction of movement. Since cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and giant and ultragiant nuclei (GN) measurements were not available for the specific clouds used in this study, proxies were used to partition the clouds into four groups based on the cloud location and direction of movement. Specifically, it was assumed that clouds forming over the ocean during onshore flow had maritime characteristics (group 1: low CCN, high GN), clouds forming over land during onshore flow would have modified maritime characteristics (group 2: high CCN, high GN), clouds forming over land during offshore flow would have continental characteristics (group 3: high CCN, low GN), and clouds forming over the ocean during offshore flow would have modified continental characteristics (group 4: high CCN, high GN). These assumptions are based on past measurements presented by Sax and Hudson. Then, these populations were statistically compared using the nonparametric multiresponse permutation procedure developed by Mielke et al. A comparison of groups 1 and 2 provided a test of the role of CCN concentrations in precipitation development in these cloud populations. A comparison of groups 3 and 4 provided a test of the role of GN concentrations in precipitation development in these cloud populations. The two cloud populations that were disjoint at a statistically significant level were groups 1 and 2. For these groups, the analysis showed that the median characteristic total water content of the truly maritime clouds (group 1) was about half that of the modified maritime clouds (group 2) at the time of precipitation formation. The characteristic time to precipitation formation was about 60% smaller for the truly maritime clouds. Thus, the characteristic reflectivity threshold for precipitation development was reached at a much lower altitude above cloud base in a much faster time in the truly maritime clouds. This result supports the conclusions of Hudson and Yum that precipitation development in the SCMS clouds was primarily controlled by CCN concentrations rather than GN concentrations.