cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Differential Impact of Wealth Versus Income in the College-Going Process

College is increasingly essential for economic and social mobility. Current research and public policy devotes significant attention to race, income, and socioeconomic factors in college access. Yet, wealth’s role, as differentiated from income, is largely unexplored. This paper examines the differences between wealth and income in the college-going process, specifically applying to college, attending college, and what type of college attended (2-year, 4-year, and more or less selective). To examine these relationships, the National Longitudinal Study of Youth (1997) is linked to the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to create a nationally representative dataset. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions reveal that wealth is consistently more significant in the college choice process than income. Wealth’s significance as a predictor for college application and attending a 2-year college versus no college disappears when controls for human capital, habitus, social capital, and cultural capital are added. However, wealth’s significance persists for less selective and more selective 4-year college attendance, even after including these controls. K-12 and postsecondary institutions and policymakers, looking to level the playing field and make college more accessible, must address wealth’s impact on the college-going process.
Laminar Natural Convection in Internally Finned Horizontal Annuli

An analysis is made of the laminar natural convection in two internally finned horizontal annuli. The governing equations were solved numerically by a control-volume-based finite difference method. Information about the flow patterns and temperature distributions is presented through velocity vectors, streamlines, and isotherm plots. The effects of Rayl1eigh number and fin height on the Nusselt numbers are presented for two selected fin orientations. Variations of the local Nusselt numbers along the inner cylinder are also presented. In the cases studied, orientations of the internal fins are found to have insignificant effects on the average Nusselt number.
Induced Adhesion in Crassostrea virginica Larvae

Normal motile veliger larvae of the oyster, Crassostrea virginica, were observed swimming in pairs or trios. Adhesion between animals is firm and has a specific orientation. This adhesion can be induced in low frequencies by culturing larvae at high densities, and in much higher frequencies by inclusion of an antibiotic mix in the seawater culture medium.
Architecture of Power Markets

Liberalization of infrastructure industries presents classic economic issues about how organization and procedure affect market performance. These issues are examined in wholesale power markets. The perspective from game theory complements standard economic theory to examine effects on efficiency and incentives.
A computational study of the role of particle size standard deviation on the collision frequency in differential settling

Abstract The results of a simple computational model for differential settling are presented illustrating the significant role that particle size distribution plays in collision frequency and sedimentation rate of particles in a quiescent environment. The model tracks a large number of particles (order 105) with log-normally distributed diameters, as they settle at their Stokes settling velocities. Particle collisions are detected and result in larger particles that fall more rapidly. A number of simplifying assumptions are made in the model in order to avoid empirical correlations for phenomena such as collision efficiency and particle shape. These simplifying assumptions were needed to isolate and quantify the role of the particle size distribution. Simulated concentration profiles indicate that, even in the absence of collisions, the standard deviation (σD) of the particle size strongly influences the bulk mass settling rate as, for larger σD, more mass is concentrated in larger, faster falling particles. The collision frequency is also a strong function of σD. For a given mass concentration the collision frequency first increases linearly with increasing σD as greater variation in particle size leads to greater variation in particle velocity, and shorter times for particles to catch each other. For larger σD more mass is concentrated in larger particles, so, for a given mass concentration, there are fewer particles per unit volume, increasing the mean distance between the particles and reducing the collision frequency. The implications of these results for sedimentation measurement using optical attenuation techniques are discussed.
Studies of autonomic functions in practitioners of Yoga in India.

Dr. Wenger, one of the authors, explains this article as follows: In 1933, a student from India first stimulated my interest in Yoga. In an experiment on muscular relaxation his performance far exceeded that of any other subject. He explained that he employed a Yogic method which was commonly used in India, and I made a mental note to go to India someday. The note got unburied over twenty years later when I discovered an article by Therese Brosse, a French cardiologist who had taken a portable electrocardiograph to India in 1935 and measured a few yogis as they at- tempted to control their heart action. One of her published EKG records was amazing. It showed a gradual reduction in heart potentials to near zero. She concluded that the heart could be controlled voluntarily. A review of the literature disclosed similar claims, and other claims off voluntary control over other visceral muscles—none, however, so objectively documented. Claims of fire walking, pit burials of many hours' duration, and needle penetration without bleeding are fairly common. Less common are reports of voluntary control of regurgitation and defecation, of great increases in body heat, and of relaxation of the sphincters of the anus and urethra so that water or other fluids can be sucked into the bowel or bladder with the aid of another practice (uddiyana) that apparently creates negative pressure in the abdomen. Testing these various claims of voluntary control of autonomic functions and recording physiological changes during Yogic meditation were our major purposes in going to India.
Thickness dependence of the elastic modulus of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium

The intrinsic flexibility of organic molecular films has been suggested to enable bendable electronics in comparison to their stiffer, inorganic counterparts. However, very little is known regarding the mechanical properties of these molecular glasses that are commonly utilized in organic electronics. To begin to address these issues, the elastic modulus of vapor deposited tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminium (Alq3) films, commonly used in organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), is determined as a function of thickness from 10 nm to 100 nm using a wrinkling-based metrology. These thicknesses correspond well with the range actually utilized in OLEDs. The direct deposition of Alq3 onto a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer results in anomalous results due to diffusion of Alq3 into the PDMS substrate. Conversely, a thin polystyrene (PS) film can be used as a diffusion barrier, enabling the elastic moduli to be accurately measured. Similar to most organic glasses, the Young's modulus of Alq3 is on the order of 1 GPa and is statistically invariant for thicknesses >20 nm. Interestingly, there is a significant increase in the Young's modulus for thinner films. The modulus of a 10 nm Alq3 film is found to be nearly twice that of a thicker film. Corresponding to this change in modulus is a loss of the optical adsorption peak associated with aggregation of Alq3, which suggests that the modulus change is related to the local packing of the molecule. This result illustrates that the thickness of active layers in OLEDs impacts not only the device performance but also their elastic properties, both of which are important for use in flexible devices.
The interpersonal basis of psychiatric symptoms

This paper concerns the kinds of complaints that are commonly identified and treated when psychiatric patients receive psychotherapy. Most patients in a first interview report both psychiatric symptoms’ (like anxiety, depression, and tension) and interpersonal problems (like problems with assertiveness, independence, and intimacy). Some investigators have emphasized the high frequency of symptoms (e.g., Siegel & St. Clair, 1977), while others have emphasized the high frequency of interpersonal problems (e.g., Horowitz, 1979). These two kinds of complaints, however, have different roles in treatment. Therapists seem to classify disorders and evaluate the severity of disorders in terms of symptoms (APA, 1980),2 but the actual work of treatment usually focuses on interpersonal events, conflicts, and goals (Weissman & Klerman, 1973). Researchers have been able to measure the severity of symptoms (Derogatis, Lipman, & Covi, 1973), but not that of interpersonal problems. Part of the problem is that instruments that help patients systematically describe specific interpersonal
Catheter modification for transrenal temporary total ureteral obstruction: The “occlusive” nephroureteral catheter

Abstract When temporary diversion of urine is desired and a simple nephrostomy catheter is insufficient or passage of a ureteral stent cannot be achieved, a standard 8 or 10 F nephroureteral catheter can be modified to provide a single nephrostomy drainage catheter with an occluded ureteral segment that provides total diversion of urine. The “occlusive” nephroureteral catheter is exchangeable over a guide wire as necessary. When healing of the ureteral or bladder process has occurred, the catheter is removable, allowing restoration of normal urine flow.
Prognostic factors in bladder and bladder-prostate rhabdomyosarcoma

Abstract In order to examine surgical factors predictive of fatal outcome in patients presenting with histologically verified rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder, we performed a retrospective analysis of cases presenting between the years 1970 and 1985 and treated by protocol. Twenty-five patients were identified and data were complete for univariate and multivariate analysis on all. Staging was done according to the criteria of the international Union Against Cancer (TNM). Median age at presentation was 14.7 years and 10 patients were younger than 10 years. Median follow-up was 4.8 years overall and 8.4 years in survivors. Four patients presented with involvement of regional lymph nodes and three with distant metastases. Complete surgical resection, defined as negative microscopic margins, was accomplished by total cystectomy in 14 patients, and partial cystectomy in two. In this group cystectomy was performed prior to chemotherapy and radiation in five and after in 10 (persistent disease). Three salvage cystectomies were performed in patients who recurred after initial complete responses to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Thirteen patients received a median of 3,000 cGy (range, 1,800 to 5,000 cGy) of external beam pelvic irradiation, and two received brachytherapy. All patients received multiple agent chemotherapy according to either the T2 or T6 protocol. There are 11 disease-free survivors (44%) and 10 of these have been followed for more than 6 years. One patient is alive with disease 6.5 years after diagnosis. Four variables were analyzed to determine their predictive effect on survival: (1) completeness of surgical resection; (2) prostatic involvement; (3) involvement of the urethral-trigonal area independent of the prostate; and (4) Primary tumor size (≤5 cm or >5 cm). In univariate analysis, using the maximum likelihood ratio test, prostatic involvement was the most significant predictor of mortality ( P ≤ .04), whereas resectability ( P ≤ .07) and tumor size ( P ≤ .06) showed evidence of effect on survival. Urethral-trigonal origin of the primary was not associated with worsened prognosis. The associated relative risk of fatal outcome was 6.5 for prostatic involvement. Prostatic involvement was the most significant predictor of fatal outcome in multivariate analysis. We conclude that patients with rhabdomyosarcome of the urinary bladder originating in the prostate comprise a high-risk group.
High-strain-rate deformation of granular silicon carbide

Silicon carbide powders with three particle size distributions (average sizes of 0.4, 3 and 50 {micro}m) were subjected to strain-controlled, high-strain-rate deformation ({dot {var_epsilon}} {approx} 3 {times} 10{sup 4}/s) in a cylindrical geometry which imposed simultaneous compressive stresses. The experiments involved two explosive stages to (a) densify the powder and to (b) subject the densified granules to large deformation. The powder, with initial density of 33--59% of theoretical density, was densified to densities between 73 and 94% of theoretical density in the first stage. The densified powders were subjected to a global effective strain of {approx}{minus}0.27 in the second stage. Their response to be imposed constraints occurred through both homogeneous deformation (82--100%) and shear localization (0--18%), depending on the particle size. In the coarse powder (50 {micro}m), the shear localization process was primarily due to particle break-up (comminution) and rearrangement of the comminuted particles, through a similar mechanism to the bulk and prefractured SiC (Shih, C.J., Nesterenko, V.F. and Meyers, M.A., Journal of Applied Physics, 1998, 83, 4660). Comminution was observed in the medium powder (3 {micro}m), but was never seen in the fine powder (0.4 {micro}m). In medium and fine granular SiC, the shear localization at sufficiently high displacementmore » (>150 {micro}m) leads to the formation of a thin layer (5--20 {micro}m) of well-bonded material. Calculated temperatures in the centers of the bands are up to 2300 C (using an assumed shear strength of 2 GPa and linear thermal softening), which explain the bonding. An analytical model is developed that correctly predicts break-up of large particles and plastic deformation of the smaller ones. It is based on the Griffith fracture criterion and Weibull distribution of strength, which quantitatively express the fact that the fracture is generated by flaws the size of which is limited by the particle size.« less
EFFECT OF IMMEDIATE FEEDBACK AND REVISION ON PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF OPEN‐ENDED GRE® SUBJECT TEST ITEMS

Registered examinees for the GRE® Subject Tests in Biology and Psychology participated in a Web-based experiment where they answered open-ended questions that required a short answer of 1-3 sentences. Responses were automatically scored by natural language processing methods (the c-rater™ scoring engine) immediately after participants submitted their responses. Based on natural language processing methods (the c-rater scoring engine), participants received immediate feedback on the correctness of their answers and an opportunity to revise their answers. A significant revision effect was found. Participants were able to correct many of their initial incorrect answers, resulting in higher revised scores. In addition, the reliability of revised scores was higher than initial scores, although the correlations of the initial and revised scores with the GRE Subject Test scores were similar.
Permeability for cross flow through columnar-dendritic alloys

Experiments for measuring permeability in columnar-dendritic microstructures have provided data only up to a volume fraction of liquid of 0.66. Hence, the permeability for flow perpendicular to the primary dendrite arms in columnar-dendritic microstructures was calculated, extending our data base for permeability to volume fractions of liquid as high as 0.98. Analyses of the dendritic microstructures were undertaken first by detecting the solid-liquid interfaces with a special computer program and then by generating a mesh for a finite-element fluid flow simulation. Using a Navier-Stokes solver, the velocity and pressure at the nodes were calculated at the microstructural level. In turn, the average pressure gradient was used to calculate the Darcy permeability. Permeabilities calculated by this versatile technique provided data at high volume fractions of liquid that merged with the empirical data at the lower volume fractions.
Short-term satiety signals generated by saccharin and glucose solutions.

Abstract Four groups of rats were deprived of water for 24 hr and first allowed to drink 6 ml either of water, 0.25% saccharin solution, 3% glucose solution, or a mixture of 0.25% saccharin 3% glucose solution, subsequently they were given a 3% glucose solution for 20 min. The glucose solution was given either immediately or 30 min after the intake of 6 ml of the 4 experimental liquids. With immediate presentation the glucose intake was lowest following ingestion of the saccharin-glucose solution, next lowest, following ingestion of the saccharin solution and third lowest, following the glucose solution. The glucose intake was highest following water ingestion. However, with the 30-min delay period the differences dissipated. Saccharin and glucose solutions appear to generate a short-term satiety effect which inhibits subsequent intake of glucose solution.
Preparative solvent partition chromatography of butyrylated cyclic AMP analogues

Abstract A simple and effective separation of cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and its butyryl-substituted analogues using partition chromatography on columns of Sephadex gel in isopropanol/0.5 m ammonium acetate (4:1) is described. The technique is suitable for preparative separations as demonstrated by revised uv spectral data obtained on butyrylated cAMP's purified by this technique. In addition, it has analytical utility in that it allows complete separation of N6-monobutyryl cAMP from O2′-monobutyryl cAMP, thereby permitting simultaneous and independent assessment of the rate of acyl substituent hydrolysis from the disubstituted derivative (N6,O2′-dibutyryl cAMP), and this is demonstrated under several conditions.
Measurement of small-angle elastic scattering of pions and protons by nuclei

Targets made of C, Al, Cu, Pb, and U were exposed to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, and proton beams of 9.92 and 19.85 GeV/c (for $p$-Pb only) at the Brookhaven AGS. A magnetic spectrometer with spark chambers was used to detect elastically scattered particles in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region (5-35 mrad). Differential cross sections are presented and compared with an optical model, taking full account of multiple scattering in the target.
Gene fragmentation in bacterial draft genomes: extent, consequences and mitigation

Ongoing technological advances in genome sequencing are allowing bacterial genomes to be sequenced at ever-lower cost. However, nearly all of these new techniques concomitantly decrease genome quality, primarily due to the inability of their relatively short read lengths to bridge certain genomic regions, e.g., those containing repeats. Fragmentation of predicted open reading frames (ORFs) is one possible consequence of this decreased quality. In this study we quantify ORF fragmentation in draft microbial genomes and its effect on annotation efficacy, and we propose a solution to ameliorate this problem. A survey of draft-quality genomes in GenBank revealed that fragmented ORFs comprised > 80% of the predicted ORFs in some genomes, and that increased fragmentation correlated with decreased genome assembly quality. In a more thorough analysis of 25 Streptomyces genomes, fragmentation was especially enriched in some protein classes with repeating, multi-modular structures such as polyketide synthases, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases and serine/threonine kinases. Overall, increased genome fragmentation correlated with increased false-negative Pfam and COG annotation rates and increased false-positive KEGG annotation rates. The false-positive KEGG annotation rate could be ameliorated by linking fragmented ORFs using their orthologs in related genomes. Whereas this strategy successfully linked up to 46% of the total ORF fragments in some genomes, its sensitivity appeared to depend heavily on the depth of sampling of a particular taxon's variable genome. Draft microbial genomes contain many ORF fragments. Where these correspond to the same gene they have particular potential to confound comparative gene content analyses. Given our findings, and the rapid increase in the number of microbial draft quality genomes, we suggest that accounting for gene fragmentation and its associated biases is important when designing comparative genomic projects.
Exploring the deep

While autonomous underwater vehicles are reasonably mature when it comes to survey applications 'mowing the lawn', as it's called they aren't quite as advanced when it comes to other applications, such as intervention. Justin Manley, senior research scientist at Battelle, explains the UAV environment, and the applications we can expect to see from them.
MULTIPRODUCT C‐V‐P ANALYSIS AND UNCERTAINTY: A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH

The most general extension of the traditional one product C-V-P model incor- porates a multiproduct setting under uncertainty. This study utilizes LP to address both components (product mix and uncertainty of resource prices) to obtain the best product mix available in an ex ante sense. The results provide a benchmark for the evaluation of future operations and enable one to calculate the probability of any level of contribution margin. The study also serves as a useful educational tool by providing a mathematical and graphical depiction of the complexity of the problem, and by explicitly demonstrating the role of uncertain resource costs and uncertain selling prices in a simple LP formulation.
A novel MONOS-type nonvolatile memory using high-/spl kappa/ dielectrics for improved data retention and programming speed

This paper presents a novel metal-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (MONOS)-type nonvolatile memory structure using hafnium oxide (HfO/sub 2/) as tunneling and blocking layer and tantalum pentoxide (Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/) as the charge trapping layer. The superiorities of such devices to traditional SiO/sub 2/-Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/-SiO/sub 2/ stack devices in obtaining a better tradeoff between faster programming and better retention are illustrated based on a band engineering analysis. The experimental results demonstrate that the fabricated devices can be programmed as fast as 1 /spl mu/s and erased from 10 ns at an 8-V gate bias. The retention decay rate of this device is improved by a factor more than three as compared to the conventional MONOS/SONOS type devices. Excellent endurance and read disturb performance are also demonstrated.
Characterizing frequency stability: a continuous power-law model with discrete sampling

This paper examines several aspects of the Allan variance and the modified Allan variance. New expressions for these variances are derived for noise processes that produce power spectral densities with both integer and noninteger powers (/spl alpha/) in their functional dependence on f. A single expression, continuous over /spl alpha/, is presented for each of these variances. Also investigated are the effects of discrete sampling and finite data length. Discrete equations are developed and compared with more familiar continuous expressions. In addition, the uncertainty of the estimates for the Allan variance and the modified Allan variance for fully overlapping data usage is presented. The uncertainties can be calculated for arbitrary /spl alpha/. The results presented are compared with computer simulations and found to be in excellent agreement. >
Mischief: supporting remote teaching in developing regions

Mischief is a system to support traditional classroom practices between a remote instructor and a group of collocated students. Meant for developing regions, each student in the classroom is given a mouse and these are connected to a single machine and shared display. We present observations of teaching practices in rural Chinese classrooms that led to Mischief's design. Mischief's user interface, with which scores of collocated students can interact simultaneously, supports anonymous responses, communicates focus of attention, and maintains the role of the instructor. Mischief is an extensible platform in which Microsoft PowerPoint slides, used commonly in developing regions, are made interactive. We setup a controlled environment where Mischief was used by classrooms of children with a remote math instructor. The results from the study provided insight into the usability and capacity of the system to support traditional classroom interactions. These observations were also the impetus for a redesign of several components of Mischief and are also presented. These findings contribute both a novel system for synchronous distance education in an affordable manner and design insights for creators of related systems.
A summary of the status of the EOS Terra mission Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and attendant data product development after one year of on-orbit performance

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is well. The signal-to-noise (S/N) performance meets or exceeds specifications, band-to-band registration meets specifications, and geodetic registration of observations is near or at 50 meters (one sigma). Some problems with electronic noise, optical leaks, etc. have been identified and solutions to compensate or eliminate these effects have been successful. All /spl sim/40 data products are at "beta" status.
Novel Approaches to Identify Low-Penetrance Cancer Susceptibility Genes Using Mouse Models

Studies of cancer predisposition have largely concentrated on the role of high-penetrance susceptibility genes. Less than 10% of the total human tumor burden, however, is accounted for by mutations in these genes. More genetic variation in cancer risk is likely to be due to commoner but lower penetrance alleles. In man, such modifier genes will be difficult to find since they do not segregate as single Mendelian traits. The mouse offers a powerful system for studying polygenic traits such as cancer and has been widely used for this purpose. Novel approaches that might accelerate the identification of these low-penetrance cancer susceptibility genes by using mouse models will be discussed.
Availability and range of tobacco products for sale in Massachusetts pharmacies

Objective New tobacco control policies have been introduced in Massachusetts which restrict tobacco product sales in pharmacies. The purpose of this investigation was to outline the scope of pharmacy involvement in the tobacco market by assessing the availability and range of tobacco products sold in Massachusetts pharmacies. Methods Public listings of licenced pharmacies and tobacco retailers in Massachusetts were examined to determine the proportion of pharmacies licenced to sell tobacco, and the proportion of tobacco retailers possessing a pharmacy licence. Telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample (n=70) of pharmacies possessing a tobacco licence to assess the availability and range of tobacco products for sale. The availability of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products was assessed as a comparison. Results The majority of pharmacies in Massachusetts possessed a tobacco licence (69%), and pharmacies made up 9% of licenced tobacco retailers. Among pharmacies surveyed that reported selling tobacco (90%), cigarettes were the most available tobacco product for sale (100%), followed by cigars (69%), little cigars/cigarillos (66%), moist snuff (53%), pipe tobacco (49%), roll-your-own tobacco (34%), snus (14%), dissolvable tobacco (11%) and electronic cigarettes (2%). Nearly all pharmacies selling tobacco offered the nicotine patch (100%), gum (100%) and lozenge (98%). Conclusions Tobacco-free pharmacy policies would affect a majority of Massachusetts pharmacies and remove a variety of tobacco products from their store shelves. Further, nearly one in ten tobacco retailers would be eliminated by prohibiting tobacco sales in Massachusetts pharmacies statewide.
North—South Relations and the Ecological Debt: Asserting a Counter-Hegemonic Discourse:

We examine position papers by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) arguing for recognition of the ecological debt. We utilize Toulmin's (2003[1958]) model of argument analysis to outline the major claims advanced. The results illustrate the argument is comprised of four interrelated claims: 1) Northern historical development and present disproportionate production and consumption are founded on a socio-ecological subsidy or the underpayment and, at times, explicit looting of the natural resource assets of Southern countries; 2) the Southern external financial debt should be cancelled because it promotes the socio-ecological subsidy; 3) levels of Northern production and consumption are unsustainable over the long term because they are predicated on the North—South socio-ecological subsidy; 4) equity for present and rational obligations to future generations demands Northern countries begin paying back the accrued socio-ecological subsidy, an obligation defined as the ecological debt.
Spatial interpolation of the moment matrix for efficient analysis of microstrip circuits

An efficient moment method technique, based on spatial interpolation of the moment matrix, is developed for the analysis of microstrip circuit elements of arbitrary shape. Redundant calculations in the moment matrix are eliminated by utilizing various symmetries. The quasi-dynamic approximations of the Green's functions and closed-form analytical approximations of the Sommerfeld integrals are invoked to simplify the analysis. Sample computed results are presented on the current distribution obtained by interpolation of the moment matrix and agree very well with those evaluated without interpolation. >
“Then I Learned about Positive Thinking”: The Genre Structuring of Narratives of Self‐Transformation

This article brings together research on genre and the self to investigate personal narrative as a “technology of the self” (Foucault 1988) in the context of a Japanese public speaking course. In the Tokyo Speech Center, the goal of learning to give effective speeches is used as a method for transforming selves, culminating in narratives that position the speaker as someone who has made positive changes, whether in communication skills or interpersonal relationships. In narrating how they were changed by taking the course, speakers display an “enterprising self” (Rose 1992), demonstrating agency, self-management, and reflexivity.
Taking the stand : issues and strategies in forensic neuropsychology

Abstract Neuropsychologists are participating in the legal process with increasing frequency. Simultaneously, attorneys are becoming more sophisticated about the limitations of the field, leaving the expert neuropsychologist vulnerable to increasingly rigorous cross-examination. Five substantive areas in which common assumptions are vulnerable to the weight of scientific evidence are reviewed in an effort to enhance the preparedness and credibility of the neuropsychological expert witness. These include: (1) the lack of uniformity in neuropsychological assessment; (2) research on training, experience, and judgment accuracy; (3) the modest capacity to predict everyday and work functioning from neuropsychological test results; (4) evidence indicating an inability to detect malingering; and (5) the problems clinicians have with complex data integration. When appropriate, suggestions for corrective strategies in forensic evaluations and expert testimony are provided.
Histiocytosis X—an analysis of prognostic factors*

A retrospective analysis of data garnered from the study of 83 patients with histiocytosis X suggests that evaluation of the function of certain organs and the histologic appearance of the lesions may be quite valuable in determining the prognosis and treatment of affected patients.
Stromal cell-derived factor 1-α (SDF)-induced human T cell chemotaxis becomes phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-independent: role of PKC-θ

Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF- 1) is the exclusive ligand for the chemokine re- ceptor CXCR4. This receptor plays a pivotal role in immune responses, the pathogenesis of infection such as HIV, and cellular trafficking. However, the signaling mechanisms regulating SDF-driven T cell migration are not well defined. In this study, we determined the role of PI3K and protein kinase C- (PKC-) in SDF-induced human T cell migra- tion in fresh versus cultured T cells. Purified h-T cells (fresh vs. 48 h in media, unstimulated or activated by anti-CD3anti-CD28) were used. Western blots showed that SDF induced phospho- (p)-Akt (threonine (Thr)308 and serine 473), a proxy for PI3K activity, in fresh cells and p-PKC- in 48 h unstimulated cells. LY294002 (PI3K in- hibitor) reduced SDF-induced chemotaxis in fresh cells by 51%, whereas it minimally affected che- motaxis in 48 h unstimulated or activated cells. However, a specific PKC- inhibitor, pseudosub- strate for PKC-, reduced chemotaxis in 48 h un- stimulated and stimulated T cells by 72% and 87%, respectively. Thus, chemotaxis becomes in- dependent of PI3K signaling in human T cells cul- tured for 48 h. Under these conditions, PKC- is phosphorylated (Thr538) by SDF, and chemotaxis becomes largely PKC--dependent. J. Leukoc. Biol. 83: 000-000; 2008.
Snap-Through of Initially Buckled Beams Under Uniform Random Pressure*

Abstract : Aircraft structural components such as engine air intake ducting and rear fuselage and empennage structures which are located in the vicinity of jet engine exhausts experience combined heating and random dynamic excitation which result from the acoustic or pseudoacoustic noise emitted by the jet efflux.
The drug treatment court as a form of restorative justice

The drug treatment court as a response to addiction, and restorative justice as a theoretical paradigm, have both emerged as significant influences upon criminal justice and societal and governmental responses to criminal behavior. The drug treatment court includes elements and features of restorative justice. The concept of restorative justice, with its focus on the reintegration of offenders, victims, and community, may be considered a theoretical construct within which to examine, evaluate, and further develop the drug treatment court model of addressing the problem of drug addiction. This examination also raises the question: what is restorative justice? This paper considers the restorative features of drug treatment courts, the limits of restorative justice, and ways in which the drug treatment court may benefit from restorative justice.
Real-Time Computation and Recursive Functions Not Real-Time Computable

As an attempt to investigate a general theory of real-time computability in digital computers, a subclass of Turing machines is formally introduced together with some classes of functions that are computable by them in real time. Then the existence is established of a class of recursive functions that are not computable in real time by use of a class of machines, no matter how general we make the machines subject to a given constraint.
Nonlinear TE waves of coupled waveguides bounded by nonlinear media

The dispersion relations for TE nonlinear guided waves of a coupled waveguide system bounded by nonlinear media are derived and evaluated numerically. The coupled waveguide system, which is a useful model for a planar nonlinear directional coupler, consists of two parallel dielectric films separated by a linear layer and bounded on both sides by media with an intensity-dependent refractive index. The features of both the TE/sub 0/ and TE/sub 1/ waves of the coupled waveguide system are discussed and compared to the TE modes of a single nonlinear waveguide with one and two nonlinear bounding media. Possible implications to a nonlinear directional coupler are also discussed. >
Mechanisms of Cognitive Development

NEURAL MECHANISMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Synaptogenes is . . . . .. . .. .. .... . ... 355 Segregation of Neural Input . . . .... . . . .. .. . . . 356 Experience·Expectant and Experience·Dependent Processes 357 ASSOCIATIVE COMPETITION 359 Connectionist Models .... . . .... ..... . . 360 Associative Competition and Language Development 361 ENCODING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Recent Empirical Findings 363 How New Encodings Are Formed . . . . .... . . . . . . . .. . .. . .... 364 ANALOG y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Recent Empirical Findings 365 How Analogies Are Generated 366 STRATEGY CHOICE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Recent Empirical Findings 369 How Strategy Choices Change . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .... 372 CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 374
Developing Language and Mastering Content in Heterogeneous Classrooms

In this chapter, I describe what teachers need to do to set up classroom conditions that support development in English, the language of instruction, as well as mastery of subject matter content in academically and linguistically hetero- geneous classrooms. To support my argument, I use data from a study conducted in six diverse 7th grade social studies classrooms in California's Central Valley where teachers used complex instruction, a pedagogical approach that supports teaching at a high intellectual level in classrooms with a wide range of previous academic achievement and linguistic proficiency. Students from different language proficiency levels benefited similarly from the intellectually rigorous curriculum and from the quality of interactions with peers during group work. Based on this study, we suggest that schools rethink linguistic segregation and ensure access to challenging and grade-appropriate curricula and equitable instruction for all students. Furthermore, I present to teachers a model of effective, research-based practice that could expand their repertoire of strategies for heterogeneous classrooms.
Examining the Spatially Non- Stationary Associations Between the Second Demographic Transition and Infant Mortality: A Poisson GWR Approach

Based on ecological studies, second demographic transition (SDT) theorists concluded that some areas in the US were in vanguard of the SDT compared to others, implying spatial nonstationarity may be inherent in the SDT process. Linking the SDT to the infant mortality literature, we sought out to answer two related questions: Are the main components of the SDT, specifically marriage postponement, cohabitation, and divorce, associated with infant mortality? If yes, do these associations vary across the US? We applied global Poisson and geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) models, a place-specific analytic approach, to county-level data in the contiguous US. After accounting for the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic compositions of counties and prenatal care utilization, we found (1) marriage postponement was negatively related to infant mortality in the southwestern states, but positively associated with infant mortality in parts of Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee, (2) cohabitation rates were positively related to infant mortality, and this relationship was stronger in California, coastal Virginia, and the Carolinas than other areas, and (3) a positive association between divorce rates and infant mortality in southwestern and northeastern areas of the US. These spatial patterns suggested that the associations between the SDT and infant mortality were stronger in the areas in vanguard of the SDT than in others. The comparison between global Poisson and GWPR results indicated that a place-specific spatial analysis not only fit the data better, but also provided insights into understanding the non-stationarity of the associations between the SDT and infant mortality.
Cerebrovascular Reactivity Alterations in Asymptomatic High School Football Players

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is impaired following brain injury, increasing susceptibility to subsequent injury. CVR was tracked in football and non-collision athletes throughout one season. CVR transiently decreased in football athletes during the first half of the season. Results indicate the brain adapts slowly to increases in loading, increasing risk for injury.
Assessment of hypertension control and clinical course of patients excluded from the SYMPLICITY HTN-3 trial

The screening of patients referred for the Symplicity Renal-Denervation Catheter Therapy on Resistant Hypertension (SYMPLICITY HTN-3) trial was rigorous, with many found not eligible to participate. We investigate patients who were not included in the trial and evaluate their current hypertensive (HTN) therapy, control and clinical status. A retrospective review and telephone interview was performed 8-10 months postscreening on 45 patients and their referring providers who were ultimately not included. Patients were grouped into 4 categories: (1) noninterest; (2) excluded (not meeting inclusion criteria); (3) screen failure (excluded during screening visits due to adequate blood pressure control guided by HTN specialist); or (4) referred after enrollment closure. Primary outcomes evaluated included current anti-HTN management and clinical outcomes. This population consisted of 42% males, mean age 65 ± 5 years, 78% African American, 64% diabetic, and 21% chronic kidney disease. Primary referral basis included cardiology (44%), nephrology (30%), and primary care (26%). At time of follow-up, 20% had continued resistant HTN while most of the patients had controlled HTN (60%); with highest success rates among the screen failure group (88%) who also had the lowest average systolic blood pressure (137 ± 11 mm of Hg) when compared to other groups (P = .04). Average number of medications was lowest in the screen failure group (2.8 ± 1.6, P = .07). Resistant and/or uncontrolled HTN was most prevalent in the noninterest or excluded groups, as were hospitalization for cardiovascular and HTN urgency/emergency. This study highlights the disparity of HTN control and treatment in daily practice compared with clinical trials, and confirms a need for vigilant screening of those considered candidates for renal denervation.
A detection-based pattern recognition framework and its applications

The objective of this dissertation is to present a detection-based pattern recognition framework and demonstrate its applications in automatic speech recognition and broadcast news video story segmentation. Inspired by the studies of modern cognitive psychology and real-world pattern recognition systems, a detection-based pattern recognition framework is proposed to provide an alternative solution for some complicated pattern recognition problems. The primitive features are first detected and the task-specific knowledge hierarchy is constructed level by level. Then, a variety of heterogeneous information sources are combined together and the high level context is incorporated as additional information at certain stages. A detection-based framework is a “divide-and-conquer” design paradigm for pattern recognition problems, which will decomposes a conceptually difficult problem into many elementary subproblems that can be handled directly and reliably. Some information fusion strategies will be employed to integrate the evidence from a lower level to form the evidence at a higher level. Such a fusion procedure continues until reaching the top level. Generally, a detection-based framework has many advantages: (1) more flexibility in both detector design and fusion strategies, as these two parts can be optimized separately; (2) parallel and distributed computational components in primitive feature detection. In such a component-based framework, any primitive component can be replaced by a new one while other components remain unchanged; (3) incremental information integration; (4) high level context information as additional information sources, which can be combined with bottom-up processing at any stage. This dissertation presents the basic principles, criteria, and techniques for detector design and hypothesis verification based on the statistical detection and decision theory. In addition, evidence fusion strategies were investigated in this dissertation. Several novel detection algorithms and evidence fusion methods were proposed and their effectiveness was justified in automatic speech recognition and broadcast news video segmentation system. We believe such a detection-based framework can be employed in more applications in the future.
“I don’t know what fun is”: examining the intersection of social capital, social networks, and social recovery

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand how people with problematic drug use access positive social capital. Social capital is defined as relations that provide valuable resources to individuals through participation in social networks. People with low-socioeconomic status remain at a disadvantage for acquiring positive social capital, a component of recovery capital. The concept of social recovery emphasizes the relational processes of recovery. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth life history data were collected from 29 individuals who used heroin, cocaine, crack, or methamphetamine for at least five years, have less than a high-school education, and unstable employment and housing. Qualitative data were coded for social networks accessed throughout the life course, distinguished by bonding, bridging, and linking social capital. Findings – Social networks included drug treatment programs; non-drug-using family and friends; religious/spiritual groups; workplace networks; and social clubs/...
Physician-patient race concordance from the physician perspective.

Background The benefits of racial/ethnic physician-patient concordance have been cited to support increasing the number of minority physicians. Few studies have examined the rates at which physicians of different race/ethnicity groups or specialties see concordant visits. We aim to determine whether differences exist in rates at which physicians of different race/ethnicity groups and physician specialties see visits by patients of concordant race/ethnicity. Methods We used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 2001-2006, a nationally representative survey of visits to private physician's offices. For physicians of each race/ethnicity group, the percentage of visits by patients in each race/ethnicity group was calculated. A concordant visit was defined as one in which a physician in a particular race/ethnicity group saw a patient of the same race/ethnicity group. Concordance rates were calculated overall, and for visits to primary care, medical specialties, and surgical specialties individually. Results White physicians see a higher percentage of concordant visits than any other race/ethnicity of physician (84.3%, p 0.05 for comparison), with non-Hispanic Asian physicians having the lowest rate of concordant visits (14.5%, p Conclusions Concordance rates from the physician perspective differ by physician race/ethnicity and by physician specialty.