cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological Features of Measles in Nanning City in 2005～2011

Objective:To study the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Nanning city in order to provide basis of preventive measures.Methods:Epidemiological information in Nanning city between 2005 and 2011 were analyzed.The number of patients is inquiried according to the report of the region.Results:The incidence of measles rebound in 2008.The mumber of children patient are increased.Urban morbidity was significantly higher than counties;Majority of measles has obvious cyclical time,which increase in February ,and concentrat in march to August.The strengthen immune rate is more than 95%.The vaccination rate of average annual measles remained at 98.3% ～99.1% Since 2005.Conclusion:The methods of measles vaccination as the leading measue,intermittently immunization are carried out,strengthen the management and analysis of the measles epidemic monitoring,particular to improve EPI management of migrant children,protection of vulnerable populations are line with the city of measles prevention and control strategies.
Interaction with proteoglycans enhances the sterol efflux produced by endogenous expression of macrophage apoE.

Endogenous expression of apolipoprotein (apo)E in macrophages facilitates cholesterol efflux in the presence and absence of extracellular sterol acceptors. A proteoglycan- associated pool of apoE has also been described. The re- lationship between a proteoglycan-associated pool of apoE and enhanced cholesterol efflux was investigated in these studies. Inhibition of proteoglycan expression reduced cho- lesterol efflux from apoE-expressing cells ( J774E � ) in the presence and absence of HDL, but did not do so from non- expressing cells ( J774E � ). The effect of proteoglycan de- pletion on sterol efflux from J774Ecells was confirmed by measuring differences in cell sterol mass, secreted sterol mass, and sterol efflux rates. Furthermore, apoE-containing particles secreted from proteoglycan-depleted J774Ecells were denser than those secreted from J774Ecells with intact proteoglycan expression. Also, in J774Ecells with intact pro- teoglycans, apoE particles isolated from the cell surface proteoglycan layer were denser than secreted particles. The apoE-lipid particles isolated from the cell surface proteogly- can layer had a lower lipid-to-apoE and cholesterol-to-apoE ratio compared with secreted particles. In distinction, pro- teoglycan depletion of J774Ecells did not reduce sterol efflux produced by the exogenous addition of apoE. These observations indicate that one mechanism by which endogenous expression of apoE facilitates effective choles- terol efflux from macrophages is related to its retention at the cell surface in a proteoglycan-associated pool. Further, our data suggest that apoE arrives at the cell surface in a rel- atively lipid-poor state, and that a proximate source of lipid available to the proteoglycan-bound apoE at the cell surface resides in the plasma membrane. —Lin, C-Y., Z. H. Huang, and T. Mazzone. Interaction with proteoglycans enhances the sterol efflux produced by endogenous expression of macrophage apoE . J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 1125-1133.
Effect of PAF receptor antagonism on cardiopulmonary alterations during coinfusion of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha in pigs.

We examined the possibility that platelet-activating factor (PAF) might be a mediator of cardiopulmonary alterations induced by a 6-h coinfusion of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) in anesthetized pigs. Our hypothesis was tested by pretreating TNF-alpha + IL-1 alpha-infused pigs with WEB 2086 (3 mg/kg from -0.5 to 0 h + 0.75 mg.kg-1.h-1 from 0-6 h), a specific PAF receptor antagonist. Each cytokine was infused intravenously at 0.5 microgram/kg from 0-0.5 h + 5 ng.kg-1.min-1 from 0.5-6 h. WEB 2086 attenuated the early (0.25 h) cytokine-induced increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance and blocked or markedly attenuated the later occurring (4-6 h) systemic hypertension and increased systemic vascular resistance. WEB 2086 lessened the severity of TNF-alpha + IL-1 alpha-induced hemoconcentration and airway constriction, but did not modify leukopenia, granulocytopenia, or the cytokine-induced increases in plasma concentrations of thromboxane B2, prostaglandin F2 alpha, and 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha. Microscopically, WEB 2086 did not modify the increased number of granulocytes present in lung tissue derived from pigs infused with TNF-alpha + IL-1 alpha. We conclude that PAF occupies a physiological role in modulating TNF-alpha + IL-1 alpha-induced hemoconcentration, the early changes in pulmonary hemodynamics, and the later alterations in systemic hemodynamics.
Isolation of an Immunoreactive Thymosin Fraction by Chromatofocusing and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract Thymosin fraction 5 (TSN-5), a partially purified thymic preparation, was active in enhancing a murine mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) at a concentration of 10-100 μg/ml. To isolate the polypeptide(s) responsible for the MLR activity, TSN-5 was fractionated by column chromatography on CM-cellulose. Further purification was achieved by chromatofocusing on polybuffer exchanger PBE 94 and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a μBondapak C 18 reversed phase column. The active fraction consists of two main polypeptide components (β 2 and β 2a ) separable by HPLC. These two polypeptides are indistinguishable by amino acid analysis and HPLC tryptic peptide mapping. Each of them contains all tryptic peptides expected to be derived from polypeptide β 1 except for the absence of the C-terminal dipeptide-Leu-Arg. Polypeptide β 2 and β 2a are not active in the MLR assay individually. Whether the activity is attributed to a yet undefined minor component or to the binding of β 2 and/or β 2a to such minor component remains to be investigated.
Preseismic and coseismic elevation changes in the epicentral region of the Point Mugu earthquake of February 21, 1973

abstract Comparisons among five repeated level surveys between Santa Monica and Ventura during the period 1960-73 indicate that the epicentral region of the 1973 Point Mugu earthquake ( M L = 6.0) sustained measurable vertical crustal movements that preceded and may have accompanied or even followed the main shock. These crustal movements, which have been referred chiefly to bench mark Tidal 3, Santa Monica, as invariant in elevation, were largely episodic and commonly oscillatory. Interpretation of the data is complicated by the relatively intense compaction-induced subsidence developed within the Oxnard Plain and by the fact that the apparent movements are only marginally above possible survey error. Elevation changes disclosed through comparisons of 1960 with 1968 surveys show that the upper (northern) plate of the west-trending Santa Monica fault rose by 30 to 40 mm at least as far west as Point Mugu, whereas still farther to the west any such positive movements were apparently overwhelmed by differential subsidence within the Oxnard Plain. The 1960-68 uplift is consistent with continuing thrusting along the north-dipping southern frontal fault system of the Transverse Ranges. Between 1968 and 1971 the 1960-68 vertical movement pattern was crudely reversed in both form and magnitude; down-to-the-west tilting between a point about 20 km west of Santa Monica and Point Mugu was accompanied by the cessation of differential subsidence and the development of up to 35 to 40 mm of localized uplift within the Oxnard Plain. The 1968-71 movements suggest left-lateral reverse creep at depth, the possible onset of dilatancy, or some combination of these. Between 1971 (pre-earthquake) and 1973 (post-earthquake) the upper plate of the Santa Monica fault underwent uplift that nearly restored the 1971 surface to its 1968 configuration within the area east of Point Mugu characterized by the 1968-71 anomalous downwarping. Because the maximum measured rebound of more than 30 mm during the period 1971-73 was approximately an order of magnitude greater than the coseismic uplift calculated from dislocation modeling, this uplift may have been principally preseismic and perhaps indicative of an evolving dilatant volume.
Relationship Between Midlife Cardiovascular Health and Late-Life Physical Performance: The ARIC Study.

Objectives To examine the association between midlife cardiovascular health and physical performance 25 years later. Design Cohort study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study); multinomial logistic and logistic regression adjusted for demographic characteristics and clinical measures. Setting Four U.S. communities: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Washington County, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Jackson, Mississippi. Participants: Individuals aged 54.2 ± 5.8 at baseline (N = 15,744; 55% female, 27% black). Measurements Cardiovascular health was measured at baseline using the American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score (0–14) and LS7 component categories (poor, intermediate, ideal) for each risk factor. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to quantify physical function as ordinal (0–12) and categorical (low (0–6), fair (7–9), good (10–12) outcomes. Results Mean baseline LS7 score was 7.9 ± 2.4; 6,144 (39%) individuals returned 25 years later for the fifth ARIC examination, at which point the SPPB was administered. Of 5,916 individuals who completed the SPPB, 3,288 (50%) had good physical performance. Each 1-unit increase in LS7 score was associated with a 17% higher SPPB score (rate ratio (RR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15–1.19) and a 29% greater chance of having a late-life SPPB score of 10 or greater compared to SPPB score of less than 10 (RR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.25–1.34). Ideal baseline glucose (RR = 2.53, 95% CI = 2.24–2.87), smoking (RR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.81–2.15), blood pressure (RR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.54–1.88), body mass index (RR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.37–1.66), and physical activity (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.20–1.43) had the strongest associations with late-life SPPB score, adjusting for other LS7 components. Conclusion Better cardiovascular health during midlife may lead better physical functioning in older age.
Evaluation of Timing and Route of Epinephrine in a Neonatal Model of Asphyxial Arrest

BackgroundEpinephrine administered by low umbilical venous catheter (UVC) or endotracheal tube (ETT) is indicated in neonates who fail to respond to positive pressure ventilation and chest compress...
Nutritional Regulation of Phenotypic Plasticity in a Solitary Bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Phenotypic plasticity involves adaptive responses to predictable environmental fluctuations and may promote evolutionary change. We studied the regulation of phenotypic plasticity in an important agricultural pollinator, the solitary alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata F.). Specifically, we investigated how larval nutrition affects M. rotundata diapause plasticity and how diapause plasticity affects adult female reproductive behavior. Field surveys and laboratory manipulations of aspects of larval diet demonstrated nutritional regulation of M. rotundata diapause plasticity. Manipulation of larval diet quality through the addition of royal jelly, the caste-determining substance of the honey bee Apis mellifera L., increased the probability of diapause in M. rotundata. We also found that larval nutrition and diapause status affected M. rotundata adult female reproductive behavior. Nutritional effects on larval diapause that also impact adult fitness have intriguing implications for the evolution of developmental plasticity in bees. In particular, as the solitary lifestyle of M. rotundata is considered to be the ancestral condition in bees, nutritionally regulated plasticity may have been an ancestral condition in all bees that facilitated the evolution of other forms of phenotypic plasticity, such as the castes of social bees.
Antiphospholipid syndrome presenting as acute mesenteric venous thrombosis involving a variant inferior mesenteric vein and successful treatment with rivaroxaban

Acute mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is the rarest cause of acute mesenteric ischaemia, so thrombosis of a variant inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) is especially uncommon in the setting of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Here, we present such a case of seronegative APS initially manifesting as an anomalous IMV thrombosis in a 76-year-old woman. Although guidelines support anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists in these patients, we anticoagulated with rivaroxaban (a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)) due to patient preference, which resulted in complete clinical and endoscopic resolution. IMV thrombosis is a rare form of MVT, only two case reports describe successful anticoagulation with DOACs in the setting of MVT and none report APS as an underlying aetiology. Therefore, this case provides the opportunity to review the pathophysiology of MVT, APS and their medical management including current trends in anticoagulation.
Probabilities in Decision Rules

Principles of rational decision making are important in the behavioral sciences such as economics (especially microeconomics) and psychology (especially cognitive psychology). The principles use subjective probabilities because these probabilities are accessible. This paper explains how the requirement of accessibility regulates probability laws and decision principles. It proposes relativizing probabilities to ways of grasping propositions (in addition to relativizing them to times and agents). The relativization promotes psychological realism. Pronouns, demonstratives, proper names, and other expressions refer directly without the intermediary of a concept. Hence two sentences may express the same proposition although an ideal agent who understands both sentences is unaware of their synonymy. An ideal agent may thus assign two probabilities to a proposition. Relativization to ways of grasping propositions resolves the inconsistency. It generalizes the usual version of the probability laws and yields it as a special case. Relativizing probabilities to ways of grasping propositions makes a decision’s rationality relative to the way the agent frames the decision. Most framing effects arise from logical mistakes and misunderstanding propositions. However, because of multiple ways of grasping the same proposition, they may also arise from lack of empirical information. Then they influence the rationality of decisions made by cognitively ideal agents. Acknowledging this influence revolutionizes normative decision theory.
Proceedings of the 44th annual Design Automation Conference

Welcome to San Diego and the 44th Design Automation Conference! San Diego is an excellent venue for DAC, with its proximity to many high-tech companies, its beautiful location in southern California, and a wide variety of activities and sights. For those of you bringing families and friends you should enjoy some of the attractions of San Diego, like a cruise on the bay, a visit to Old Town, Balboa Park and Zoo, or Mission Bay Park including Sea World. At the convention center, thousands of us including executives, managers, designers, developers, academics, journalists, and others, will learn about the latest in design tools and methodologies for verification and test, design for manufacturing, IP, design libraries, RF/wireless, analog and mixed-signal designs, embedded software in SoCs, and other drivers in today's designs. That is because DAC is the largest and most prestigious event focused on the design of electronic circuits and systems. This year, we have 240 exhibitors, 201 technical presentations (including 8 on "Wild And Crazy Ideas"), plus 8 technical program panels, 18 pavilion panels, 7 full day tutorials, 6 hands-on tutorials, 7 workshops on Sunday and Monday, and various co-located events including the Design Automation Summer School, the International Conference on Microelectronic Systems Education, and the International Workshop on Logic and Synthesis. Of particular interest to many of us will be the Automotive Theme, which showcases design challenges that stem from embedding electronic systems in engine control, driver interfaces, communications, entertainment, navigation, and safety critical systems in our automobiles. Design beyond traditional EDA will also be highlighted in special sessions on multi-core systems, virtual automotive platforms, the future of interconnects, and synthetic biology. New this year, DAC will feature a special Executive Management Seminar exploring the theme of managing innovation. The speakers will be management guru and best-selling author Geoffrey Moore, EDA veteran Raul Camposano and venture partner Jim Smith. On the exhibit floor we will again have our Pavilion with 18 pavilion panels of interest to both attendees and exhibitors. We will have two advanced technology cars: one from one of the largest automobile manufacturers in the world, the Sequel Hydrogen powered car from General Motors and another from one of the smallest car makers, the X1Prototype electric car from Wrightspeed. On Thursday we will have a tribute to the legacy of A. Richard Newton, Professor and Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley, with a keynote by Jan Rabaey, the Donald O. Pederson Distinguished Professor at the University of California at Berkeley.
Cortical Models for Movement Control

Plausible models of voluntary movement generation in humans must satisfy stringent data constraints arising from neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, biomechanical and psychophysical observations. Abundant evidence of all four types indicates that the desired kinematics of reaching movements are computed on—the—fly, in a way that maximizes the ability to respond to revised goals or to late—arriving information regarding such variables as target location, tool orientation, obstacles, loads on limb segments, or effects of fatigue on muscle function. Flexible response to such variables requires a highly differentiated neural circuit structure and a correspondingly large inventory of functionally distinct cell types. Extensive computer simulation studies demonstrate that vector integration to endpoint (VITE) models provide a natural basis for explaining how neuronal circuits of the cerebral cortex and the associated inventory of cell types interact with subcortical circuits and the arm to enable on—the—fly composition of goal—directed reaching movements.
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Component Score Prediction of In-hospital Mortality From Sepsis:

Objectives:Early organ dysfunction in sepsis confers a high risk of in-hospital mortality, but the relative contribution of specific types of organ failure to overall mortality is unclear. The obje...
Vibratory Characteristics of Diplophonia Studied by High Speed Video and Vibrogram Analysis.

Summary Diplophonia can occur in patients with polyps, atrophy, paralysis, or scars. Its vibratory patterns have not been well characterized. High-speed video (HSV) analysis can contribute to their understanding. Twenty subjects with a diplophonic voice quality were studied by HSV. Diplophonia was due to medical causes including vocal fold paresis (n = 7), vocal atrophy (n = 5), polyps (n = 5), and scars/sulci (n = 3). The HSV was analyzed using a multislice digital videokymography (DKG). The DKG tracing was analyzed qualitatively and then transformed into a vibrogram waveform signal for frequency analysis. Results Vibratory abnormalities seen on HSVs explained the diplophonia. Subharmonics to the fundamental frequency can be visualized by DKG. None could be resolved by stroboscopy. One can stratify diplophonia as symmetric or asymmetric based on the involvement of one or both vocal folds. Scars and atrophy showed symmetric subharmonic production with ectopic beats every 4–10 beats. Some subjects showed anterior and posterior independent vocal fold oscillators. Asymmetric causes of diplophonia are common in patients with paralysis. Two different oscillation frequencies of each vocal fold generate in and then out of phase interaction between the two sides. Vibrogram analysis documents the frequent presence of interharmonic energy peaks above the dominant fundamental frequency. Eighteen of the 20 subjects have obvious subharmonic peaks. Conclusion Patients with diplophonia have vibratory abnormalities arising from the vocal folds. HSV and vibrogram analysis followed by frequency analysis of the vibrogram can resolve vibratory abnormality into symmetric versus asymmetric causes and can document the type of vibratory abnormality.
Ghana Banking System Failure: The Need for Restoration of Public Trust and Confidence.

The recent bank failures in Ghana are the results of a combination of factors such as regulatory lapses, ineffective corporate governance, lack of ethics, and the value system. These deficiencies, which are not in line with the core values of banking operations, are not isolated occurrences. These deficiencies are punctuated events in a spectrum of behaviors that exist in a complex culture with competing and conflicting values and interest that create a moral dilemma for bankers and employees throughout the banking system. From mainstream commercial banks to microfinance institutions, there has been an opulent display of incompetence, unethical behavior, and sheer disregard of precise regulations and operational procedures causing loss of depositors’ funds. This paper explains failure of regulation in Ghana banking industry, lack of corporate governance, and lack of ethical practice. This paper also provides some recommendations that may be considered when restructuring the banking system in Ghana.
Abstract MP16: Incremental Diagnostic Yield of 4 Weeks versus 2 Weeks of Ambulatory Heart Rhythm Monitoring for the Detection of Subclinical Atrial Fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Introduction: Subclinical atrial fibrillation (AF) has been associated with greater stroke risk; however, subclinical AF can be intermittent, and hence hard to detect. Little is known about the dia...
Anthropogenic litter cleanups in Iowa riparian areas reveal the importance of near-stream and watershed scale land use

Abstract Volunteer cleanup operations collect large datasets on anthropogenic litter that are seldom analyzed. Here we assess the influence of land use in both near-stream and watershed scale source domains on anthropogenic litter concentration (standing stock, kg km−1) in riparian zones of Iowa, USA. We utilized riparian litter concentration data on four classes of anthropogenic litter (metal, recyclable, garbage, and tires) from volunteer cleanup operations. Anthropogenic litter data were tested for correlation with near-stream and watershed scale land uses (developed, road density, agricultural, and open lands). Road density (road length/area) and developed land use (% area) were significantly correlated to anthropogenic litter, but agricultural (% area) and open lands (% area) were not. Metal objects correlated to near-stream road density (r = 0.79, p = 0.02), while garbage and recyclable materials correlated to watershed scale road density (r = 0.69, p = 0.06 and r = 0.71, p = 0.05 respectively). These differences in the important spatial scales of land use may be related to differences in transport characteristics of anthropogenic litter. Larger, denser metal objects may be transported more slowly through the watershed/channelized system and thus, dependent on more proximal sources, whereas smaller, less dense garbage and recyclable material are likely transported more rapidly, resulting in concentrations that depend more on watershed scale supply. We developed a linear regression model that used near-stream road density and the total amount of observed litter to predict an average anthropogenic litter density of 188 kg km−1 and a standing stock of 946 t in all Iowa streams (>4th Strahler order). The techniques employed in this study can be applied to other professional and volunteer litter datasets to develop prevention and cleanup efforts, inform investigations of process, and assess management actions.
Adenosine receptor expression in the adult zebrafish retina.

Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside in the central nervous system that acts on adenosine receptors. These are G protein-coupled receptors that have four known subtypes: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors. In the present study, we aimed to map the location of the adenosine receptor subtypes in adult wild-type zebrafish retina using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. A1R, A2AR, and A2BR mRNA were detected in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), the inner nuclear layer (INL), the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and the outer segment (OS). A3R mRNA was detected in the GCL, ONL, and OS. A1R-immunoreactivity was expressed as puncta in the INL and in the outer plexiform layer (OPL). A1Rs were located within the cone pedicle and contiguous to horizontal cell tips in the OPL. A2AR-immunoreactivity was expressed as puncta in the GCL, inner plexiform layer (IPL), INL, and outer retina. A2AR puncta in the outer retina were situated around the ellipsoids and nuclei of cones, and weakly around the rod nuclei. A1Rs and A2ARs were clustered around ON cone bipolar cell terminals and present in the OFF lamina of the INL but were not expressed on mixed rod/cone response bipolar cell terminals. A2BR-immunoreactivity was mainly localized to the Muller cells, while A3Rs were found to be expressed in retinal ganglion cells of the GCL, INL, ONL, and OS. In summary, all four adenosine receptor subtypes were localized in the zebrafish retina and are in agreement with expression patterns shown in retinas from other species.
Codifying African dance: the Germaine Acogny technique and antinomies of postcolonial cultural production

The French-Senegalese choreographer Germaine Acogny is deemed to be the first to develop a dance technique that is both ‘African’ and ‘universal.’ Following her teaching certification training from...
Identification of potent pyrazole based APELIN receptor (APJ) agonists.

The apelinergic system comprises the apelin receptor and its cognate apelin and elabela peptide ligands of various lengths. This system has become an increasingly attractive target for pulmonary and cardiometabolic diseases. Small molecule regulators of this receptor with good drug-like properties are needed. Recently, we discovered a novel pyrazole based small molecule agonist 8 of the apelin receptor (EC50 = 21.5 µM, Ki = 5.2 µM) through focused screening which was further optimized to initial lead 9 (EC50 = 0.800 µM, Ki = 1.3 µM). In our efforts to synthesize more potent agonists and to explore the structural features important for apelin receptor agonism, we carried out structural modifications at N1 of the pyrazole core as well as the amino acid side-chain of 9. Systematic modifications at these two positions provided potent small molecule agonists exhibiting EC50 values of <100 nM. Recruitment of β-arrestin as a measure of desensitization potential of select compounds was also investigated. Functional selectivity was a feature of several compounds with a bias towards calcium mobilization over β-arrestin recruitment. These compounds may be suitable as tools for in vivo studies of apelin receptor function.
Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in hypertensive kidney transplant recipients: A cross-sectional study.

Due to high prevalence of primary aldosteronism (PA) in the general hypertensive population, and its association with worse cardiovascular and renal outcomes, the 2016 Endocrine Society Guidelines explicitly recognize PA as a major public health issue requiring urgent attention. Its prevalence in hypertensive kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) is unknown. In this cross-sectional study, we screened KTRs with hypertension who were on ≥4 antihypertensive medications, on 3 antihypertensive medications with BP ≥ 140/90, and on potassium supplements, or were hypokalemic. 172 of 280 eligible patients successfully completed the testing. A positive screen for PA defined by an aldosterone-to-renin ratio of ≥20 and a plasma aldosterone concentration of >15 ng/dL yielded a prevalence of 15.7%. Potassium supplement requirement (52% vs 27%, P = .01) and hypokalemia (25.9% vs 4.8%, P < .01) were more common in patients who screened positive compared with those who screened negative. 67% of patients who screened positive were on potassium supplements and/or were hypokalemic. Our study is the first to systematically explore the prevalence of PA among the hypertensive KTR population, which has inherently high cardiovascular risk. Further studies are needed to determine the cardiovascular and renal risk attributable to PA, and define optimal therapy for KTRs with PA.
The Embodiment of “English-only” in Social Work Education and Practice in the United States

Despite a strong commitment to strengths-based language and cultural diversity, social work education and practice in the United States (U.S.) continues to embody a monolingual, assimilationist ass...
Masked features of task states found in individual brain networks

Completing complex tasks requires flexible integration of functions across brain regions. While studies have shown that functional networks are altered across tasks, recent work highlights that brain networks exhibit substantial individual differences. Here we asked whether individual differences are important for predicting brain network interactions across cognitive states. We trained classifiers to decode state using data from single person "precision" fMRI datasets across 5 diverse cognitive states. Classifiers were then tested on either independent sessions from the same person or new individuals. Classifiers were able to decode task states in both the same and new participants above chance. However, classification performance was significantly higher within a person, a pattern consistent across model types, datasets, tasks, and feature subsets. This suggests that individualized approaches can uncover robust features of brain states, including features obscured in cross-subject analyses. Individualized approaches have potential to deepen our understanding of brain interactions during complex cognition.
Rate of change of curvature as metric for optical fabrication difficulty in precision aspheres

Freeform optics have had a significant impact in airborne systems and other applications and are a key enabler for spaceborne systems. Their complex shapes allow the production of optical systems with reduced physical size and weight, together with improved performance. The sophisticated fabrication technologies that have enabled freeform optics also give rise to manufacturing challenges not encountered in the production of traditional, rotationally symmetric spherical and aspheric optics. Since manufacturing complexity has both a cost and lead time impact, it’s useful to have some means to predict how readily a specific design can be fabricated. This paper shows how an analysis of low- and mid-spatial frequency errors on various types of aspheric components leads to the use of rate of change of surface curvature as an easily derived and useful predictive metric to manufacturing complexity.
50th Anniversary of the Mariological Society of America: Evolution in Mariology, 1949-1999

Les six articles presentes sous la rubrique «50e anniversaire de la Societe mariologique d'Amerique» situent, pour l'un d'entre eux, l'histoire de cette Societe, pour un autre, l'evolution en mariologie pendant ces cinquante annees ; et les quatre derniers sont des etudes mariales au titre, tour a tour, de l'Ecriture, de la doctrine, de l'oecumenisme et de la liturgie.
Relationship Between Porosity, Permeability, and Grain-Size Distribution of Sands and Sandstones

Publisher Summary This chapter illustrates that the porosity, permeability, and grain size distribution of 610 sandstone cores (dry and containing an irreducible minimum of interstitial water) from various parts of the U.S. were determined. Porosity (in %) versus the logarithm of permeability (in md) was then plotted separately for (a) very coarse-grained, (b) coarse- and medium-grained, (c) fine-grained, (d) silty, and (e) clayey sandstones. Correlation has been found to exist between the porosity and permeability of sandstone cores containing interstitial formation water.
Generating Economic Growth by Harmonizing State Regulatory Laws

The principal focus of this paper is the achievement of more uniform state regulatory statutes and administrative regulations by five non-judicial and non-preemptive means: Reciprocity statutes, uniform state laws, interstate compacts, federal-state compacts, and interstate administrative agreements. The paper also identifies actions Congress can initiate to encourage states to utilize the above means to promote economic development and the vitality of the federal system while preserving state regulatory powers. The reader should note the U.S. Constitution contains many silences allowing interstate experimentation in resolving multistate problems.
Chapter 23 Sleep and epilepsy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses sleep and epilepsy. The complex interaction between sleep and epilepsy is important from both a neurophysiologic and a clinical perspective. Neurophysiologically, the techniques most important in both epilepsy and sleep disorders rely (at least in part) on recordings of normal and abnormal brain activity. Electroencephalography and polysomnography are complementary techniques, and some understanding of both is essential for optimal interpretation of either. A few centers now have the capacity to perform video–EEG polysomnography, where simultaneous recording of parameters is performed. Three techniques are useful in the study of the interactions between sleep and epilepsy: electroencephalography (EEG), polysomnography (PSG), and (in a few specialized centers) a combination known as video–EEG/polysomnography. Each is discussed extensively elsewhere in this book. In this chapter the author reviews only the aspects most relevant to the sleep/epilepsy interaction. EEG is best suited to determining abnormal brain patterns occurring in epilepsy, both interictally and ictally. The chief distinction between this and polysomnography is the number of EEG channels. Although polysomnography does of course include EEG, the few channels in a typical setup are not generally sufficient to reliably detect highly focal discharges.
An approximate analytic solution for scattering from a frequency selective surface composed of conducting rectangular plates

Summary form only given. A new approximate solution has been obtained for scattering from a frequency selective surface (FSS) composed of thin rectangular plates. The solution is found by using conformal mapping methods to estimate the current density on the FSS elements. The new current density shows the proper edge mode behavior and becomes the physical-optics solution when the FSS elements completely fill each cell. The magnitude of the new current estimate is found by enforcing the boundary conditions. The resulting current provides an analytic solution for scattering from the array and demonstrates the geometry/scattering dependence. The solution has reasonable accuracy for both small and large elements but loses accuracy for intermediate-sized elements. The solution also is much faster than standard moment method (MM) techniques and poses a 3-D edge mode term that can augment future MM solutions. >
Analysis, Design and Implementation of Distributed Java Business Frameworks Using Domain Patterns

The Java Business Frameworks are a convergence of 00 Framework development methods, Java implementation best-practices and business system domain patterns in a distributed environment. They teach the concepts of, develop designs for and describe the step-by-step implementation of GUI patterns, Domain patterns and persistence patterns in an object-oriented framework using the Java language.The emphasis is on designing a distributed architecture for your business, then seeing how you can build or plan to build a framework of reusable components; how to handle the analysis, design, development and deployment of CORBA/RMI-based services within the context of a business system.Two case studies are presented and the participants are taken step by step through the issues and design decisions that make developing robust, industrial-strength application a complex process.
Cardiopulmonary changes in respiratory distress. Clinical observation and physiological exploration.

TWO PAPERS in this issue add to an impressive list of recent investigations of the pathophysiology of respiratory distress, presumably due to atelectasis with hyaline membranes, in newborn infants. Such publications do not fully reveal the difficulties involved in getting this significant information. Perhaps first among these is the technical feat of collecting blood and gas samples and measuring pressure changes in critically ill infants. This requires a team accustomed to handling infants and apparatus, and available at all hours. A corollary of good technique is the achievement of these measurements without jeopardizing the condition of the infant. Of secondary importance, but nonetheless significant, is the creation of an enviornment favorable to the performance of investigations on sick infants.
Optimizing clinical DaTscan imaging

2711 Objectives DaTscan (Ioflupane I-123) is a radiopharmaceutical used to differentiate Parkinson’s disease from disorders presenting similar symptoms. Current clinical imaging practices are largely based on research protocols and studies conducted prior to DaTscan’s clinical availability, including the use of low-energy, high-resolution collimators (LEHR) and detector rotations of 360°. The use of medium energy collimators (ME) has been reported to improve image quality in other imaging studies utilizing I-123 (i.e. MIBG) by decreasing septal penetration and down-scatter from I-123’s high-energy gamma emissions. The objective of this study is to examine the optimization of current clinical DaTscan imaging parameters. Methods A phantom was constructed using a Hoffman brain phantom tank and fillable polypropylene spheres (PPS) grouped to simulate the uptake of DaTscan in the striatum. A known activity standard was imaged and compared with clinical DaTscan images to estimate a comparable PPS activity of 4.75 µCi/ml of I-123. Approximately 0.04 uCi/ml was loaded into the surrounding tank to simulate background. The phantom was imaged using the current clinical protocol; LEHR, detector rotation of 360° and 15sec/view. Subsequent scans were performed with the following: LEHR, 180°, 30sec/view; ME, 360°, 15sec/view; ME, 180°, 30sec/view. The current clinical reconstruction parameters (OSEM-3D; 8-iterations, 8-subsets, 6mm Gaussian post-filter and CT attenuation correction) were utilized for each acquisition. Results Utilizing the current clinical reconstruction parameters, visual inspection determined ME imaging improved the contrast of the PPS to background, but with degraded resolution. Resolution also decreased slightly when considering a 360°, 15sec/view vs. 180°, 30sec/view for both collimators. Conclusions Maintaining current clinical reconstruction parameters, introduction of ME alone did not improve overall image quality. However, further investigation is warranted as a limited evaluation of modified reconstruction parameters for the ME data sets indicated potential improvements in resolution, along with improved contrast, over LEHR.
Sex differences in death anxiety: Testing the emotional expressiveness hypothesis

Abstract Several researchers have reported sex differences in death anxiety, but such differences have not been systematically investigated. This study attempts to test the generality of elevated death anxiety of women in a heterogeneous, racially mixed adult sample (h = 117). Moreover, we tested the viability of one explanation of this apparent gender difference. We statistically controlled for potential sex differences in self-disclosure or “social desirability” response bias. As predicted, women scored higher than men on the affectively oriented Death Anxiety Scale, but not on the more cognitively oriented Threat Index. However, in conflict with the emotional expressiveness hypothesis, this pattern of findings remained unchanged once we statistically controlled self-disclosure and social desirability. These findings suggest that sex differences in death attitudes are real rather than artifactual, and deserve more empirical study.
Clinical and theoretical implications of a possible link between obsessive-compulsive and impulse control disorders

Studies examining the phenomenology, comorbidity, treatment response, family history, and biology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were compared with similar studies of DSM-III-R impulse control disorders (ICDs) (intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pathological gambling, pyromania, and trichotillomania) and other possible ICDs to examine the relationship of these disorders to one another and to other psychiatric disorders. These studies suggest that OCD and the ICDs share a number of features. These include: 1) phenomenologic similiarities between the obsessions and compulsions of OCD and the irresistible impulses and impulsive actions of ICDs; 2) a strong association with anxiety, psychoactive substance use, and eating disorders; 3) frequent co-occurrence of OCD and ICDs; 4) apparent preferential response to thymoleptic agents and behavioral therapy; 5) high familial rates of mood disorders; and 6) probable abnormalities in central serotonergic neurotransmission. However, OCD and ICDs differ in some important respects: 1) OCD symptoms are more frequently associated with harm avoidance, insight, resistance, and lack of gratification, whereas ICD symptoms are more frequently associated with sensation seeking, lack of insight and resistance, and gratification; 2) certain ICDs may show stronger associations with bipolar disorders, alcohol and substance abuse, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and antisocial behavior; and 3) OCD responds preferentially to serotonin reuptake inhibitors whereas ICDs may respond to a wider variety of antidepressant and mood-stabilizing agents. Although the differences between OCD and ICDs might be attributable to distinct etiologic mechanisms, many differences could be caused by variation along a bidimensional continuum of different combinations of compulsivity versus impulsivity, with “pure” compulsive states (prototypic OCD) at one extreme, pure impulsive states (the protoypic ICD) at the other extreme, and various combinations of these pure states (mixed compulsive-impulsive conditions) located in between. Depression 1:121–132 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Melanoplus lanthanus (Orthoptera: Acrididae), a New Montana Grasshopper of the M. artemisiae Group

Melanoplus lanthanus , a new species from Montana, is described, and comments are made concerning its habitat and relationship to the M. artemisiae group.
Climate impacts on net primary productivity trends in natural and managed ecosystems of the central and eastern United States

Abstract The central and eastern United States is an important food and timber production region and could potentially be a large-scale carbon sink. These characteristics are functions of the human management of the landscape and favorable soil and climate conditions. Large-scale assessments of carbon uptake and trends in net primary productivity (NPP) have been previously reported for this region using satellite observations, but they cannot quantify the contributions from changes in management and technology independently from climate effects. To address this shortcoming, we used the Agro-IBIS dynamic ecosystem model to examine the relationship of temperature and precipitation trends to NPP changes from 1950 to 2002 and 1982 to 2002 over both natural and managed ecosystems. In order to isolate the vegetation growth response to climate trends, we minimized the representation of management for agroecosystems and forested ecosystems by removing nitrogen stress and irrigation from the model. Simulated NPP trends were larger during 1982–2002 than during 1950–2002 and were positive across most of the domain. For the 1982–2002 period, corn had the largest NPP trend of 6.43 g C m−2 year−2 (p = 0.22), followed by soybean, spring wheat, deciduous forest, and grassland with 4.06 (p = 0.30), 4.05 (p = 0.42), 1.98 (p = 0.17), and 0.84 g C m−2 year−2 (p = 0.73), respectively. Winter wheat had a trend of −0.64 g C m−2 year−2 (p = 0.55) and evergreen needleleaf forest had a negligible NPP trend. Trends in NPP in grasslands, deciduous forest, spring wheat, and winter wheat were associated with trends in precipitation, while trends in corn and soybean were attributed to a combination of longer growing periods, decreased summer average temperatures, and increased precipitation. We found that 19% of corn and 11% of soybean NPP trends could be explained by temperature trends while 23% of corn and 44% of soybean trends could be explained by precipitation trends. Our results provide further evidence supporting observational results that suggest 20–25% of recent crop yield trends can be explained by changing climate, and suggest that over the past several decades climate changes have favored increased crop productivity in most agroecosystems of the central United States with the exception of winter wheat.
Generation of Three-Dimensional Networks through Aliphatic Chain Disorder in a Divalent Metal Dicarboxylate/Organodiimine Coordination Polymer System

Hydrothermal synthesis has afforded coordination polymers incorporating the kinked dipodal organodiimine 4,4′-dipyridylamine (dpa) and the flexible aliphatic dicarboxylate suberate dianion, with a general formulation of [M(sub)(dpa)(H2O)]n (sub = suberate, M = Co, 1; M = Ni, 2). Both 1 and 2 exhibit crystallographically disordered suberate ligands, producing a three-dimensional “ligand vacancy” α-Po coordination polymer network composed of two different types of [M(sub)(dpa)(H2O)]n idealized layers.
Pathways into Risk: Temperament and Behavior Problems in Three‐ to Five‐Year‐Old Sons of Alcoholics

Evidence suggests that a child with a difficult temperament, reared in an alcoholic family, is at high risk for the development of behavior problems that antedate the emergence of antisocial behavior, alcoholism, and coactive psychopathology. However, the causal linkage between difficult temperament and problem behavior in childhood, and antisociality and alcohol abuse in adulthood is far from certain, in part because few studies assess emergent behavior patterns in young children of alcoholics. In this study, we investigated the temperament-behavior problem relationship in 191 3- to 5-year-old boys, 149 of whom were being reared in high-risk alcoholic, low socioeconomic environments. Boys were classified as high in problem behavior or not based on standardized clinical cut-off scores for Total Behavior Problems from the Child Behavior Checklist. Results indicated that boys rated in the clinical range for total behavior problems exhibited more characteristics of difficult temperament than boys who were not rated in the clinical range. Parents of the boys in the clinical group had significantly more alcohol-related problems, higher levels of antisociality, and significantly lower levels of socioeconomic status, income, and education. Results are consistent with the supposition that the difficult temperament-behavior problem relationship flourishes in the context of an antisocial, alcoholic family environment.