cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influences of wind bursting on radar return

Wind bursting events associated with intermittent and violent momentum transfers in the marine surface layer are identified with a three-axis sonic anemometer. Simultaneous measurements of X-band radar returns, airlows and sea-surface displacements are investigated during these events. Localizations of bursts, with respect to the underlying dominant waves, are estimated. Energies of surface elevations and radar returns during burstings are also estimated. The conditional sampling of the data during bursting events does not reveal any link among the enhanced air-sea momentum transfers, surface elevations and the radar returns.
Engineering growing tissues

Regenerating or engineering new tissues and organs may one day allow routine replacement of lost or failing tissues and organs. However, these engineered tissues must not only grow to fill a defect and integrate with the host tissue, but often they must also grow in concert with the changing needs of the body over time. We hypothesized that tissues capable of growing with time could be engineered by supplying growth stimulus signals to cells from the biomaterial used for cell transplantation. In this study, chondrocytes and osteoblasts were cotransplanted on hydrogels modified with an RGD-containing peptide sequence to promote cell multiplication. New bone tissue was formed that grew in mass and cellularity by endochondral ossification in a manner similar to normal long-bone growth. Transplanted cells organized into structures that morphologically and functionally resembled growth plates. These engineered tissues could find utility in treating diseases and injuries of the growth plate, testing the effect of experimental drugs on growth-plate function and development, and investigating the biology of long-bone growth. Furthermore, this concept of promoting the growth of engineered tissues could find great utility in engineering numerous tissue types by way of the transplantation of a small number of precursor cells.
Schizophrenia Patients Show Deficits in Shifts of Attention to Different Levels of Global-Local Stimuli: Evidence for Magnocellular Dysfunction

Abnormalities of attention and visual perception are well documented in schizophrenia. The global-local task is a measure of attention and perceptual organization that utilizes visual stimuli comprised of large letters (global level) made up of smaller letters (local level). Subjects identify target letters appearing at either the global or local level of the stimulus. In this study, we used a version of the global-local task specifically designed to examine lateralized hemispheric processing and attention shifting in 30 schizophrenia patients and 24 normal controls. Global-local stimuli were presented in couplets (consecutive pairs). Reaction time for the second target in a couplet was compared under conditions in which the target remained at the same level (global-global, local-local) and when the target changed levels (global-local, local-global). Level-specific priming (ie, global to global and local to local) and the local-to-global level shift were similar in both groups. Schizophrenia patients were significantly slower, however, shifting attention from the global to the local level. These results implicate an impairment in shifting attentional resources from predominantly right lateralized magnocellular/dorsal stream processing of global targets to predominantly left lateralized parvocellular/ventral stream processing of local targets. Local interference effects in global processing provide further support for impaired magnocellular processing in schizophrenia patients.
Fibroblast growth factor 18 gives growth and directional cues to airway cartilage

Objectives/Hypothesis The majority of congenital airway anomalies arise from deficits in the respiratory tract cartilage, emphasizing the importance of this cartilage to the form and function of the upper airway. The primary objective of this study was to characterize molecular mechanisms that regulate rate and direction of chondrocyte growth in the larynx and trachea. Our specific hypothesis for this study was that fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) provides proliferative and directional cues to the developing laryngeal and tracheal cartilage in the mouse by up-regulating the cartilage specifying gene, Sox9.
Development of an Instrument to Measure Student Use of Academic Success Skills: An Exploratory Factor Analysis.

This article describes the development of the Student Engagement in School Success Skills instrument including item development and exploratory factor analysis. The instrument was developed to meas...
Genes and Junk in Plant Mitochondria—Repair Mechanisms and Selection

Plant mitochondrial genomes have very low mutation rates. In contrast, they also rearrange and expand frequently. This is easily understood if DNA repair in genes is accomplished by accurate mechanisms, whereas less accurate mechanisms including nonhomologous end joining or break-induced replication are used in nongenes. An important question is how different mechanisms of repair predominate in coding and noncoding DNA, although one possible mechanism is transcription-coupled repair (TCR). This work tests the predictions of TCR and finds no support for it. Examination of the mutation spectra and rates in genes and junk reveals what DNA repair mechanisms are available to plant mitochondria, and what selective forces act on the repair products. A model is proposed that mismatches and other DNA damages are repaired by converting them into double-strand breaks (DSBs). These can then be repaired by any of the DSB repair mechanisms, both accurate and inaccurate. Natural selection will eliminate coding regions repaired by inaccurate mechanisms, accounting for the low mutation rates in genes, whereas mutations, rearrangements, and expansions generated by inaccurate repair in noncoding regions will persist. Support for this model includes the structure of the mitochondrial mutS homolog in plants, which is fused to a double-strand endonuclease. The model proposes that plant mitochondria do not distinguish a damaged or mismatched DNA strand from the undamaged strand, they simply cut both strands and perform homologybased DSB repair. This plant-specific strategy for protecting future generations from mitochondrial DNA damage has the side effect of genome expansions and rearrangements.
Anatomical variation in Cactaceae and relatives: Trait lability and evolutionary innovation

The cacti have undergone extensive specialization in their evolutionary history, providing an excellent system in which to address large-scale questions of morphological and physiological adaptation. Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that (1) Pereskia, the leafy genus long interpreted as the sister group of all other cacti, is likely paraphyletic, and (2) Cactaceae are nested within a paraphyletic Portulacaceae as a member of the "ACPT" clade (Anacampseroteae, Cactaceae, Portulaca, and Talinum). We collected new data on the vegetative anatomy of the ACPT clade and relatives to evaluate whether patterns in the distributions of traits may provide insight into early events in the evolutionary transition to the cactus life form. Many traits had high levels of homoplasy and were mostly equivocal with regard to infraclade relationships of ACPT, although several characters do lend further support to a paraphyletic Pereskia. These include a thick stem cuticle, prominent stem mucilage cells, and hypodermal calcium oxalate druses, all of which are likely to be important traits for stem water storage and photosynthesis. We hypothesize that high lability of many putative "precursor" traits may have been critical in generating the organismal context necessary for the evolution of an efficient and integrated photosynthetic stem.
A model selection approach to analysis of variance and covariance

An alternative to analysis of variance is a model selection approach where every partition of the treatment means into clusters with equal value is treated as a separate model. The null hypothesis that all treatments are equal corresponds to the partition with all means in a single cluster. The alternative hypothesis correspond to the set of all other partitions of treatment means. A model selection approach can also be used for a treatment by covariate interaction, where the null hypothesis and each alternative correspond to a partition of treatments into clusters with equal covariate effects. We extend the partition-as-model approach to simultaneous inference for both treatment main effect and treatment interaction with a continuous covariate with separate partitions for the intercepts and treatment-specific slopes. The model space is the Cartesian product of the intercept partition and the slope partition, and we develop five joint priors for this model space. In four of these priors the intercept and slope partition are dependent. We advise on setting priors over models, and we use the model to analyze an orthodontic data set that compares the frictional resistance created by orthodontic fixtures.
Three-dimensional holographic image sensing and Integral imaging display

In this paper, we propose three-dimensional (3-D) holographic sensing, and computational/optical 3-D integral imaging reconstruction. We demonstrate experimentally that through the integral imaging technique, it is possible to reconstruct a full 3-D scene which has been obtained by digital holograms. Three-dimensional color objects can also be displayed optically in 3-D without convergence-accommodation conflict using a microlens array, and a two-dimensional (2-D) display panel illuminated by incoherent light. The proposed approach takes advantages of high resolution holographic sensing and robust 3-D integral imaging visualization.
Phased-Array Intracardiac Echocardiography Monitoring During Pulmonary Vein Isolation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Impact on Outcome and Complications

Background— The objective of this study was to assess the impact of intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) on the long-term success and complications in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and Results— Three hundred fifteen patients underwent PVI for treatment of AF. Each patient underwent ostial isolation of all PVs using a cooled-tip ablation catheter. PVI was performed using circular mapping (CM) alone (group 1, 56 patients), CM and ICE (group 2, 107 patients), and CM and ICE with titration of radiofrequency energy based on visualization of microbubbles by ICE (group 3, 152 patients). After a mean follow-up time of 417±145 days, 19.6% (11 of 56), 16.8% (18 of 107), and 9.8% (15 of 152) of patients in groups 1, 2, and 3 experienced recurrence of AF, respectively. Moreover, whereas no group 3 patient experienced severe (>70%) PV stenosis, severe PV stenosis was documented in 3 (3.5%) of 56 patients in group 1 and in 2 (1.8%) of 107 patients i...
Evidence that Surface Proteins Sn14 and Sn16 of Sarcocystis neurona Merozoites Are Involved in Infection and Immunity

Sarcocystis neurona is the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Based on an analysis of 25,000 equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples, including samples from horses with neurologic signs typical of EPM or with histologically or parasitologically confirmed EPM, four major immunoblot band patterns have been identified. Twenty-three serum and CSF samples representing each of the four immunoblot patterns were selected from 220 samples from horses with neurologic signs resembling EPM and examined for inhibitory effects on the infectivity of S. neurona by an in vitro neutralization assay. A high correlation between immunoblot band pattern and neutralizing activity was detected. Two proteins, Sn14 and Sn16 (14 and 16 kDa, respectively), appeared to be important for in vitro infection. A combination of the results of surface protein labeling, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and trypsin digestion suggests that these molecules are surface proteins and may be useful components of a vaccine against S. neurona infection. Although S. neurona is an obligate intracellular parasite, it is potentially a target for specific antibodies which may lyse merozoites via complement or inhibit their attachment and penetration to host cells.
Prenatal Sonographic Detection of Symelic Bipodia Sirenomelia

Presented is the prenatal sonographic detection of a case of symelic bipodia sirenomelia associated with bilateral renal agenesis. This is the rarest form of sirenomelia (mermaid syndrome), and the diagnosis is important as the condition is lethal. Termination of the pregnancy is generally recommended for these cases, regardless of gestational age.
Chloride Stabilization of Unpaved Road Aggregate Surfacing

There are few alternatives for improving long-term performance of aggregate surfacing materials in dry climates other than annual dust abatement treatments. In-place stabilization of properly graded aggregate with chloride additives is cost-effective and provides performance and intangible benefits. Similar results are achieved by mixing additives with aggregate during crushing. This 2-year study identifies conditions in which chloride-stabilized roads have a projected life of 10 years or more if properly maintained. The greatest benefits are realized in projects with high aggregate surfacing replacement costs and average daily traffic volumes that exceed 100. Stabilization provides a higher standard of road surface performance by improving ride quality and reducing dust, corrugations (washboarding), and raveling (loose aggregate). Other intangible benefits include reduced sedimentation in streams, reduced aggregate resource depletion, reduced health hazards from dust, and increased road-user safety. This...
Autoinducer-2 and QseC Control Biofilm Formation and In Vivo Virulence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

Biofilm formation by the periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is dependent upon autoinducer-2 (AI-2)-mediated quorum sensing. However, the components that link the detection of the AI-2 signal to downstream gene expression have not been determined. One potential regulator is the QseBC two-component system, which is part of the AI-2-dependent response pathway that controls biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Here we show that the expression of QseBC in A. actinomycetemcomitans is induced by AI-2 and that induction requires the AI-2 receptors, LsrB and/or RbsB. Additionally, inactivation of qseC resulted in reduced biofilm growth. Since the ability to grow in biofilms is essential for A. actinomycetemcomitans virulence, strains that were deficient in QseC or the AI-2 receptors were examined in an in vivo mouse model of periodontitis. The ΔqseC mutant induced significantly less alveolar bone resorption than the wild-type strain (P < 0.02). Bone loss in animals infected with the ΔqseC strain was similar to that in sham-infected animals. The ΔlsrB, ΔrbsB, and ΔlsrB ΔrbsB strains also induced significantly less alveolar bone resorption than the wild type (P < 0.03, P < 0.02, and P < 0.01, respectively). However, bone loss induced by a ΔluxS strain was indistinguishable from that induced by the wild type, suggesting that AI-2 produced by indigenous microflora in the murine oral cavity may complement the ΔluxS mutation. Together, these results suggest that the QseBC two-component system is part of the AI-2 regulon and may link the detection of AI-2 to the regulation of downstream cellular processes that are involved in biofilm formation and virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Swimming serenely in a sea of words: Sexism, communication, and precarious couples

When critical, verbally disinhibited women pair with verbally inhibited men, relationship quality suffers, rendering the relationship precarious. The interpersonal and personal antecedents of this precarious couple effect were examined. It was found that the precarious couple effect was partially mediated by unhealthy communication patterns, specifically, the absence of mutual constructive criticism and the presence of a woman-demand/man-withdraw pattern. It is proposed further that such unhealthy communication patterns emerge because inhibited men who endorse traditional conceptions of sex roles are dissatisfied with relatively disinhibited women who are also critical, setting in motion a chain of unhealthy communication patterns. Results were generally consistent with this prediction. Implications for understanding the role of sexism and personality mismatch in relationships are discussed.
Respiratory Care of the Newborn: What Does the Future Hold?

Some of the most notable gains in neonatology since its origin as a subspecialty have come from advances in respiratory care. A sound understanding of the pathophysiology of lung disorders fueled the evolution of cutting-edge new therapies, many of which have withstood the test of time. Indeed, physiology of the developing lung was an essential element in any neonatology training curriculum and one could not pass the Neonatal-Perinatal Board exams in the United States without a flawless knowledge of LaPlace’s Law, Poiseuille’s Law, Bohr and Haldane equations, and various nerve-wracking calculations of dead space, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, etc. Continuous positive airway pressure, surfactant, nitric oxide, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, to name a few, all owe their origin to diligent observations in the laboratory with rigorous clinical trials to show safety and efficacy. Add to these antenatal steroids, better perinatal management of the at-risk fetus, and a consistent approach to neonatal resuscitation: the gains in preventing neonatal deaths are truly outstanding (Fig. 1). This is not to say that other areas of neonatal care have not contributed to the drop in mortality. Indeed, from elements of basic neonatal care such as temperature regulation and cord care to advances in anesthesia and surgical care, it would be impossible to create a rank list of winning interventions. This discussion is relevant though, since significant gaps still persist in our knowledge of physiology and have surely contributed to shortfalls in our therapeutic armamentarium. For example, more than 50 years after the initial recognition of retinopathy of prematurity (and its relationship to high ambient oxygen), we are still grappling with what hemoglobin saturations to shoot for and how much oxygen to give to our tiniest neonates. Chronic lung disease has found a permanent home in our NICUs and we still deal with ventilator-dependent infants who are several months old and refuse to wean off support. Steroids came and left with a lot of fanfare. The
Evaluation of isolated and integrated prairie reconstructions as habitat for prairie butterflies

Abstract Reconstructing prairie habitat is one of the most promising techniques for conserving the imperiled prairie ecosystem and its associated organisms. However, the degree to which reconstructed prairies function like remnant prairies has not been fully examined. We evaluated the effect of restoration planting prescriptions, as well as vegetative quality on butterfly communities inhabiting prairie reconstructions in central Iowa, USA. Twelve isolated reconstructed prairies (small, surrounded by agriculture), 12 integrated reconstructions (planting units in a larger matrix of reconstructed and remnant prairies), and 12 remnant prairies were surveyed for butterfly and plant diversity, abundance and composition. Remnant prairies supported significantly higher richness and abundance of habitat-sensitive butterfly species. Butterfly richness on integrated reconstructions was intermediately positioned between remnant and isolated reconstructions. The best vegetative predictors of butterfly richness (R2 = 0.38) and abundance (R2 = 0.13) were the availability of nectar and the percent cover of litter (which is related to management issues such as time since burning). Most significantly, we found that the response of the butterfly community to vegetation in a reconstructed prairie is more complex than simply a response to vegetation diversity. Both management within the reconstruction and the landscape context around the reconstruction affect local patterns of butterflies species distribution and abundance. Integrated reconstructions develop richer butterfly communities than isolated reconstructions.
The Whittier Narrows, California Earthquake of October 1, 1987—Preliminary Assessment of Strong Ground Motion Records

Abstract More than 250 strong‐motion accelerograph stations were triggered by the Whittier Narrows, California, earthquake of 1 October 1987. Considering the number of multichannel structural stations in the area of strong shaking, this set of records is one of the more significant in history. Three networks, operated by the U.S. Geological Survey, the California Division of Mines and Geology, and the University of Southern California produced the majority of the records. The excellent performance of the instruments in these and the smaller arrays is attributable to the quality of the maintenance programs and their funding and personnel requirements. Readiness for a magnitude 8 event is directly related to these maintenance programs. Prior to computer analysis of the analog film records, a number of important structural resonant modes can be identified, and frequencies and simple mode shapes have been scaled. The structural records form a basic performance measurement for comparison with larger earthquake...
FID: feature interaction detection tool

Intelligent Network (IN) is a standard architecture developed by ITU-T and applicable to all telecommunications networks including PSTN, ISDN and PLMN. IN aims to ease the development and deployment of new telecommunications services. However, the problem of feature interaction hinders it from easily reaching this goal. In this paper, we discuss the feature interaction problem before introducing our tool for Feature Interaction Detection (FID). The FID tool takes as input features modeled with object-oriented templates. These features are described in terms of necessary resources and actions instead of detailed behaviors. The FID tool implements a new pragmatic detection technique and provides all the necessary components for using this technique as well as the necessary parts for its evolution in order to take into account new features and new causes of feature interactions. We validate our approach and tool against existing feature interaction benchmarks. q 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
A convenient synthesis of [2,6-14C]-2-chloroisonicotinic acid

[2,6- 14 C]-2-chloroisonicotinic acid (1) was prepared by kinetically controlled lithiation and carbonation of [2,6- 14 C]-2,6-dichloropyridine, followed by reduction using hydrazine and potassium hydroxide.
Expensive Function Optimization with Stochastic Binary Outcomes

Real world systems often have parameterized controllers which can be tuned to improve performance. Bayesian optimization methods provide for efficient optimization of these controllers, so as to reduce the number of required experiments on the expensive physical system. In this paper we address Bayesian optimization in the setting where performance is only observed through a stochastic binary outcome - success or failure of the experiment. Unlike bandit problems, the goal is to maximize the system performance after this offline training phase rather than minimize regret during training. In this work we define the stochastic binary optimization problem and propose an approach using an adaptation of Gaussian Processes for classification that presents a Bayesian optimization framework for this problem. We propose an experiment selection metric for this setting based on expected improvement. We demonstrate the algorithm's performance on synthetic problems and on a real snake robot learning to move over an obstacle.
Effects of resin chemistry on redox polymerization of unsaturated polyester resins

Unsaturated polyester resins are the most widely used thermoset resins in the composite industry. In this study, three well-defined unsaturated polyester resins were used. These resins have similar number-average molecular weights, and they have different numbers of CC bonds per molecule. The reaction kinetics of unsaturated polyester resins was studied using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The glass transition temperature of the isothermally cured resin was also measured. Trapped radicals were observed in the cured polyester resin from electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Considering the diffusion-limitation effect, a simple kinetic model was developed to simulate the reaction rate and conversion profiles of polyester vinylene and styrene vinyl groups, as well as the total reaction rate and conversion. Experimental results from DSC and FTIR measurements compare favorably with the model prediction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 211–227, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10317
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Secondary to Ethanol Sclerotherapy for Renal Artery Embolization

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been reported as a major complication to consider and promptly manage in the use of ethanol sclerotherapy. Most of the available data on the development of PAH is derived from the use of ethanol for embolization of arteriovenous malformation, but it has been rarely reported in its other fields of application. We describe a case of outpatient renal artery embolization using ethanol, in which respiratory failure develops secondary to PAH despite adhering to safe practice protocols. We highlight the importance of pulmonary arterial pressure monitoring and the treatment steps to follow in order to avoid irreversible fatal outcomes.
Global convergence properties of first-order homogeneous systems of rational difference equations

We establish the global convergence properties of the homogeneous system for all non-negative coefficients and C 2, and for all positive initial conditions. In order to prove these results, we reduce the problem to the study of a first-order rational difference equation of one variable that is quadratic in the numerator and the denominator. We also prove the convergence properties for a more general class of first-order equations, which we apply to our rational difference equation.
Comparison of Adult and Geriatric Psychiatric Practice Patterns: Findings From the American Psychiatric Association's Practice Research Network

OBJECTIVE The authors explored diagnostic and treatment patterns for patients under and over age 65 seen by a nationally representative sample of psychiatrists participating in the American Psychiatric Association's Practice Research Network. METHODS Detailed patient information, including demographic and financial characteristics, diagnoses, service utilization, and treatment, was collected by 383 psychiatrists on 1,026 patients to assess the impact of patient age on pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy service use as well as treatment outcomes. RESULTS Approximately 15% of the patient sample was over age 65. Compared with patients ages 19–64, a lower percentage of geriatric patients had Axis I comorbidity, but a higher percentage had Axis III comorbidity. Geriatric patients were more often treated in hospital settings, and older patients were less likely to have their visits adversely affected by financial pressures of the healthcare system. Over 60% of patients in both age-groups received antidepressants, but there was a disproportionately increased use of antipsychotics and antianxiety/benzodiazepine medications among geriatric patients. Being age 65+ was a strong predictor for "improved" clinician rating on general assessment scores, but failed to be a predictor of receiving psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSION There were important differences between subject groups. Overall, American psychiatrists treat a complex group of geriatric patients suffering from major mental disorders complicated by medical comorbidity. Additional studies would further enhance our understanding of the delivery of mental health services to elderly patients and improve training of psychiatrists who help care for our aging population.
Characteristics of Operational Displacement and Curvature Shapes and Their Effect on Curvature Based Damage Detection Algorithms

Structural damage often results in a localized stiffness change, which affects the dynamic characteristics of the structure. It is well documented that structural damage causes little change to displacement-based mode shapes, Yuen [1]. Therefore, experimental damage detection methods solely based on the analysis of experimentally determined mode shapes, e.g. Liang et al. [2] and Chang et al. [3], often are not overly sensitive in their location abilities. This is especially the case when damage is located near nodes of displacement. The sensitivity of these procedures is also affected by the errors typically introduced during modal analysis curve fitting.
Life Stages of Creativity

Creativity develops through age-related stages. Children and adolescents explore ranges of creative skills, but rarely contribute professionally to any discipline. Disciplinary creativity is often dependent on prior childhood play and learning, but is manifested mainly in maturity. Total creative productivity tends to increase until middle age and declines thereafter. Effective (high impact) creative productivity is usually limited to a few years and rarely correlates with total productivity. Exceptions such as prodigies, late bloomers, ‘persisters,’ field changers, and polymaths fit into six patterns of creative development involving various combinations of early, mature, and serial or concurrent focus or breadth.
What Impact Would CEDAW Have in the US

The Convention to End All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international bill of rights for women. CEDAW has set the standard for eliminating legal and cultural obstacles to the achievement of equality between men and women around the world. One hundred eighty seven countries have ratified CEDAW since the United Nations' General Assembly approved it on December 18, 1979. Seven member-states of the United Nations have yet to ratify it: Iran, Palau, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Tonga — and the United States. This makes the US the only industrialized democracy in the world that has not ratified CEDAW. What impact would CEDAW have in the United States? More precisely, what effect would CEDAW have on domestic women’s rights policy that is not possible, or less likely, otherwise? Activists on both sides of the debate make a series of claims about the impact of CEDAW. Advocates maintain that the Convention will strengthen US foreign policy but will have relatively little impact in the United States because American women already enjoy all the rights that CEDAW guarantees. Opponents, on the other hand, predict that dire consequences will ensue if the US ratifies CEDAW. I demonstrate that CEDAW could strengthen the rights that American women enjoy, especially in the area of violence against women. CEDAW guarantees women from protection from discrimination whether public or private actors cause the harm — but the American constitution does not protect US citizens from harm caused by private individuals.
How Children in Cults May Use Emancipation LawsTo Free Themselves

The author examines how children who are born into cults or brought into them at a young age can use state emancipation laws to gain independence when they are in their mid-teens, so long as they can demonstrate criteria that their states have established. Commonly, states require a showing that the minor has achieved some level of economic self-sufficiency and can live emotionally and physically independently from his or her parents. There are some difficulties for cultic children in demonstrating these criteria, but the obstacles are not insurmountable.
The anemia of chronic renal failure: Overview and early erythropoietin experience

One of the most important deficiency states associated with chronic renal failure is profound anemia. While it has been possible to identify differing types of anemia in patients receiving dialysis support, and thus correct the secondary causes, most patients continue to exhibit symptoms and signs of the anemic state. This review of the anemias associated with renal failure explores the diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities that may help the physician in evaluating the anemic patient with chronic renal failure. Also described is the early clinical experience with a new genetically engineered hormone, recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPo), which has been under investigation for nearly two years at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation as part of a multi-center trial. An orderly approach to the anemic patient with renal dysfunction is suggested, and conjectures about the impact of newer therapies are made.
Pink Bollworm Resistance to DDT in the Laguna Area of Mexico

Insecticide experiments conducted in the Laguna area of Mexico in 1961 established that DDT alone is no longer effective against the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in that region. Carbaryl and a mixture of Guthion®, O,O -dimethyl S -(4-oxo-1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4 H )-ylmethyl) phosphorodithioate, plus DDT gave excellent pink bollworm control and were slightly more effective than a mixture of benzene hexachloride plus DDT.
Classical over-the-barrier model for neutralization of highly charged ions above thin dielectric films

We apply the classical over-the-barrier (COB) model to charge transfer between highly charged ions (HCIs) and targets consisting of thin dielectric films on metals. Distances for the onset of classically allowed above-surface electron capture are obtained as a function of HCI charge state, film thickness, film permittivity, and film-metal electron binding energies. The model describes the crossover between the previously existing COB model for bulk metals and bulk dielectrics as the thickness of a dielectric film on a metal substrate increases through three distinct regimes. For ultrathin films with low permittivity and positive electron affinity, over-the-barrier charge transfer initiates from the metal electrons behind the film and critical distances are greater than those from bare metal targets. This result is consistent and compared with the recent observation of potential emission enhancement above thin C${}_{60}$ films on Au(111) with increasing film thickness [Bodewits, Hoekstra, Kowarik, Dobes, and Aumayr, Phys. Rev. A 84, 042901 (2011)].
Abstract ED03-03: CXC chemokines in cancer

Abstracts: Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research 2008 ED03-03 The biology of CXC chemokines in cancer has expanded beyond their role in mediating migration of specific subsets of leukocytes. CXC Chemokines have been found to display pleiotropic effects for enhancing immunity to tumor associated antigens, regulating angiogenesis, promoting proliferation/anti-apoptosis of tumor cells; and mediating tumor cell invasion and trafficking in an organ-specific manner that leads to metastases. In this presentation, we will discuss the importance of CXC chemokines in regulating angiogenesis and promoting metastases; and demonstrate why they can be seen as important therapeutic targets for intervention in a variety of cancers. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):ED03-03.
Collective responsibility amplifies mitigation behaviors

How can individuals be convinced to act on climate change? It is widely assumed that emphasizing personal responsibility for climate change is effective at increasing pro-climate behavior whereas collectively framing the causes of climate change diffuses responsibility and dampens the incentive for individual action. We observe the opposite result. Here we find, across three experiments, that emphasizing collective responsibility for the causes of climate change increases pro-climate monetary donations by approximately 7 % in environmental group members and by 50 % in the general public. Further, highlighting collective responsibility amplifies intent to reduce future carbon emissions. In contrast, focusing on personal responsibility for climate change does not significantly alter donations to climate change advocacy or the intent for future pro-climate behavior. These effects replicate and persist multiple days after treatment.
Abstract 439: REV-ERB--Mediated Regulation of Cholesterol Biosynthesis and Atherosclerosis

Despite significant research efforts in the field of cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality. Current treatment options available to lower lipids are less than optimal in their ability to alter the progression of atherosclerosis. Therapies that can target both metabolic and inflammatory aspect of this disease have significant potential in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Recent work from our lab and others suggests that the nuclear receptor REV-ERB plays important role in regulating both lipid levels and inflammatory processes. We hypothesize that synthetic REV-ERB ligands can be used as tools to investigate the biology of the REV-ERBs in the regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis and that these ligands have therapeutic potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis. Eight week old mice (n=11 per group) with deficient LDL receptor were fed high cholesterol diet and treated with vehicle (15% cremophor) or REV-ERB agonist, SR9009 (100mg/kg, I.P.) for a period of eight weeks. We demonstrate that treatment of ldlr-deficient mice with SR9009 significantly reduces the expression of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis pathway in liver and considerably lowers plasma lipid levels - 45% reduction in LDL and 25% reduction in total cholesterol levels. In differentiating macrophages treated with SR9009, significant changes were observed in expression of genes involved in inflammatory responses. These results suggest that REV-ERBs have important role in the regulation of cholesterol synthesis and macrophage biology with therapeutic potential in the treatment of metabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis.
Application of Genetic Algorithm in Water-injection System

This paper briefly discourses fundamental principle and solving procedures of a genetic algorithm, and then introduced its application in water-injection system. Several optimization mathematical models of water-injection systems are given, such as the optimal model of optimal distribution of pipe networks, optimal model of pipe network parameters, and optimal model of pumps connected in parallel in water injection station.
Studies on Factors Affecting Potential Market Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process

The market of breakthrough technological innovations is of great potential,and studies on factors affecting the market is beneficial for the prediction and incubation of the market,which in turn will further development of breakthrough techno1ogical innovations.Based on the studies on the innate rules of potential market,this paper has sequenced the order of factors according to their importance through establishing a hierarchical structure model and applying analytic hierarchy process in order to provide the basis for market policy making.
SIMS Depth Profiling of Thin and Ultrathin Films of Covalently Bonded Organic Overlayers

The feasibility of carrying out analyses of thin and ultrathin films of organic and organometallic species bonded to conductive carbon and semi-conductive tin oxide substrates using SIMS depth profiling has been preliminarily evaluated. In certain cases thin film analyses using SIMS detection appear to be superior to Auger electron spectroscopic (AES) detection in terms of definition of the location of the overlayer-substrate interface. This is presuned to be a consequence of the increased sensitivity of the SIMS technique.
Comparison of noninvasive pulse transit time estimates as markers of blood pressure using invasive pulse transit time measurements as a reference

Pulse transit time (PTT) measured as the time delay between invasive proximal and distal blood pressure (BP) or flow waveforms (invasive PTT [I‐PTT]) tightly correlates with BP. PTT estimated as the time delay between noninvasive proximal and distal arterial waveforms could therefore permit cuff‐less BP monitoring. A popular noninvasive PTT estimate for this application is the time delay between ECG and photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms (pulse arrival time [PAT]). Another estimate is the time delay between proximal and distal PPG waveforms (PPG‐PTT). PAT and PPG‐PTT were assessed as markers of BP over a wide physiologic range using I‐PTT as a reference. Waveforms for determining I‐PTT, PAT, and PPG‐PTT through central arteries were measured from swine during baseline conditions and infusions of various hemodynamic drugs. Diastolic, mean, and systolic BP varied widely in each subject (group average (mean ± SE) standard deviation between 25 ± 2 and 36 ± 2 mmHg). I‐PTT correlated well with all BP levels (group average R 2 values between 0.86 ± 0.03 and 0.91 ± 0.03). PPG‐PTT also correlated well with all BP levels (group average R 2 values between 0.81 ± 0.03 and 0.85 ± 0.02), and its R 2 values were not significantly different from those of I‐PTT. PAT correlated best with systolic BP (group average R 2 value of 0.70 ± 0.04), but its R 2 values for all BP levels were significantly lower than those of I‐PTT ( P < 0.005) and PPG‐PTT ( P < 0.02). The pre‐ejection period component of PAT was responsible for its inferior correlation with BP. In sum, PPG‐PTT was not different from I‐PTT and superior to the popular PAT as a marker of BP.
The Function, Structure, Form, and Content of Environmental Knowledge

Abstract Although decades of research have illuminated the psychological mechanisms underlying spatial behavior, there is currently no comprehensive theory that contextualizes them or that provides a framework for integrating our understanding of the various aspects of an animal's knowledge of its environment. Here, we examine and elaborate on four dimensions that such a comprehensive framework must possess: the function, structure, form, and content of an organism's knowledge. Collectively, these dimensions address the why (function), how (structure and form), and what (content) questions of our knowledge of the environment. We illustrate these dimensions with empirical findings that may serve to constrain future theory, as well as highlight contentious, unresolved, or otherwise as yet unanswered questions in the field.
Surgical Approaches for Sperm Harvest in the Azoospermic Cancer Patient

Approximately 50 % of men will develop cancer in their course of their lifetimes. While the vast majority of these men will live greater than 5 years after the completion of their cancer therapy, some will be left afterward with azoospermia, a severe form of male fertility impairment. Over the ensuing months and years following the completion of cancer treatment, some of these patients will have return of sperm to the ejaculate. For those who do not have the return of ejaculated sperm, surgical sperm extraction techniques can be used to facilitate attempts to obtain sperm for use in future assisted reproductive techniques.
DSB-SEIS: a deduplicating secure backup system with encryption intensity selection

Cloud computing is an emerging service that enables users to store and manage their data easily at a low cost. We propose a Deduplicating Secure Backup System with Encryption Intensity Selection (DSB-SEIS) that combines features to amend security and performance of cloud-based backup services. Our scheme introduces the concept of encryption intensity selection to cloud backup systems, which allows users to select the encryption intensity of their files. We also combine features such as deduplication, assured deletion, and multi-aspect awareness to further enhance our scheme. The DSB-SEIS performance is measured over an OpenStack cloud installed on CloudLab resources demonstrating that DSB-SEIS can improve the backup service.
Influence of leaf and canopy characteristics on rainfall interception and urban hydrology

ABSTRACTConsidering the rapid expansion of urban populations and the corresponding urbanization of landscapes, a dearth of knowledge exists regarding the role of urban vegetation in modulating urban ecosystem functioning. In response to the need for the development of new approaches to quantify ecohydrological processes along urban-to-rural gradients at alternate scales, this study explores the relationship between individual plant selection choices in landscaping and changes in urban hydrological functioning. This research examines differences in the variation of rainfall interception, leaf hydrophobicity, canopy structure, and water storage, between 13 species in an urban, semi-arid location. The species studied were selected based on resident preferences, and hence this research considers the role that urban residents play, through individual choices, in modifying the ecohydrology of an urban watershed. Rainfall interception, canopy surface storage, leaf hydrophobicity, and water droplet retention were...
A radically different model for NBTI in nitrided oxide MOSFETs

This paper discusses a model of NBTI which does not involve hydrogen diffusion or hydrogen bond breaking or hydrogen bond generation. (The model is almost completely different from the reaction diffusion models which dominate the current NBTI literature.) The proposed model is consistent with recent magnetic resonance measurements as well as many NBTI observations in the literature. The model is relevant to nitrided oxide pMOS devices. The model accounts for the observed NBTI power law response, provides a reasonably accurate prediction for the exponent, provides qualitative/semi quantitative explanations for recovery as well as a simple explanation why nitrogen enhances the NBTI phenomena.
Plague, Demographic Upheaval and Civilisational Decline: Ibn Khaldūn and Muḥammad al-Shaqūrī on the Black Death in North Africa and Islamic Spain

ABSTRACTThis article considers the response of two influential figures of the medieval Islamic west, the historian ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Ibn Khaldūn and the court physician Muḥammad al-Shaqūrī, to the onset of the Black Death in 1348. Both men experienced the Black Death at first hand, and elucidating how the trauma of plague influenced their work forms a significant portion of this paper. Furthermore, understanding how the profound transformation brought about by the Black Death on the physical and demographic landscape of North Africa and Islamic Spain actively shaped the ideas articulated by Ibn Khaldūn and al-Shaqūrī is a topic of signal interest for the article.
Expression and activity of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein in human peripheral blood lymphocytes [see comments]

P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the product of the MDR1 (multidrug resistance) gene, is a transmembrane efflux pump for different lipophilic compounds, including many anticancer drugs and fluorescent dyes. We have previously reported that the efflux of fluorescent dyes from lymphoid cells of human bone marrow was directly correlated with the cellular P-gp content. In the present study, we show that human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) also express P-gp, and that P-gp expression correlates with the efflux of fluorescent dyes from PBL. This efflux was suppressed not only by chemical inhibitors of P-gp but also by a P-gp-specific monoclonal antibody UIC2, thus providing direct evidence that it was mediated by P-gp. We have also characterized dye efflux and UIC2 reactivity in specific PBL subsets. P-gp was expressed in the majority of CD56+, CD8+, and CD20+ lymphocytes, but in less than one half of CD4+ cells. P-gp-mediated dye efflux was highly heterogeneous relative to the expression of CD56RA, CD56RO, Leu-8, and HLA-DR antigens. No significant P-gp activity was detectable in CD14+ monocytes. MDR1 expression in normal lymphocytes may be a determinant of multidrug resistance in the corresponding malignancies.