cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gas evolution kinetics of two coal samples during rapid pyrolysis

article i nfo Quantitative gas evolution kinetics of coal primary pyrolysis at high heating rates is critical for developing predictive coal pyrolysis models. This study aims to investigate the gaseous species evolution kinetics of a low rank coal and a subbituminous coal during pyrolysis at a heating rate of 1000 °C s −1 and pressures up to 50 bar using a wire mesh reactor. The main gaseous species, including H2, CO, CO2, and light hydrocarbons CH4 ,C 2H2 ,C 2H4 ,C 2H6 ,C 3H6 ,C 3H8, were quantified using high sensitivity gas chromatography. It was found that the yields of gaseous species increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature up to 1100 °C. The low rank coal generated more CO and CO2 than the subbituminous coal under similar pyrolysis conditions. Pyrolysis of the low rank coal at 50 bar produced more gas than at atmospheric pressure, especially CO2, indicating that the tar precursor had undergone thermal cracking during pyrolysis at the elevated pressure. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Proteomic Analysis of Anoxia Tolerance in the Developing Zebrafish Embryo

While some species and tissue types are injured by oxygen deprivation, anoxia tolerant organisms display a protective response that has not been fully elucidated and is well-suited to genomic and proteomic analysis. However, such methodologies have focused on transcriptional responses, prolonged anoxia, or have used cultured cells or isolated tissues. In this study of intact zebrafish embryos, a species capable of >24 h survival in anoxia, we have utilized 2D difference in gel electrophoresis to identify changes in the proteomic profile caused by near-lethal anoxic durations as well as acute anoxia (1 h), a timeframe relevant to ischemic events in human disease when response mechanisms are largely limited to post-transcriptional and post-translational processes. We observed a general stabilization of the proteome in anoxia. Proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant defense, transcription, and translation changed over this time period. Among the largest proteomic alterations was that of muscle cofilin 2, implicating the regulation of the cytoskeleton and actin assembly in the adaptation to acute anoxia. These studies in an intact embryo highlight proteomic components of an adaptive response to anoxia in a model organism amenable to genetic analysis to permit further mechanistic insight into the phenomenon of anoxia tolerance.
Gendered Hate Speech and Political Discourse in Recent U.S. Elections and in Postsocialist Hungary

In her article "Gendered Hate Speech and Political Discourse in Recent U.S. Elections and in Postsocialist Hungary" Louise O. Vasvari illustrates gendered political discourse in the U.S. through a case study of the 2008 presidential campaign. While the campaign turned into a plebiscite on gender and sexual politics with Hillary Clinton and other female political figures depicted in the most traditionally misogynist terms, Barack Obama has in some leftist circles been seen as an empathetic figure who transcends both race and gender, although from the political right he has been attacked with racist and feminizing stereotyped invectives. In turn, in Hungary, deep-seated gender stereotypes continue not only unchallenged in post-socialist society but in public discourse have actually gone backwards. While the rise of masculinism is the primary characteristic of gender relations in Hungary today, ironically it also forms the bedrock of Western liberal democracy where gender stereotypes are deep-seated and where the backlash against women in the public sphere has been ongoing
Nanotubes as nanoprobes in scanning probe microscopy

SINCE the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope1, the value of establishing a physical connection between the macroscopic world and individual nanometre-scale objects has become increasingly evident, both for probing these objects2–4 and for direct manipulation5–7 and fabrication8–10 at the nanometre scale. While good progress has been made in controlling the position of the macroscopic probe of such devices to sub-angstrom accuracy, and in designing sensitive detection schemes, less has been done to improve the probe tip itself4. Ideally the tip should be as precisely defined as the object under investigation, and should maintain its integrity after repeated use not only in high vacuum but also in air and water. The best tips currently used for scanning probe microscopy do sometimes achieve sub-nanometre resolution, but they seldom survive a 'tip crash' with the surface, and it is rarely clear what the atomic configuration of the tip is during imaging. Here we show that carbon nanotubes11,12 might constitute well defined tips for scanning probe microscopy. We have attached individual nanotubes several micrometres in length to the silicon cantilevers of conventional atomic force microscopes. Because of their flexibility, the tips are resistant to damage from tip crashes, while their slenderness permits imaging of sharp recesses in surface topography. We have also been able to exploit the electrical conductivity of nanotubes by using them for scanning tunnelling microscopy.
Bayesian Evaluation of Engineering Models

This paper deals with the development of simulation-based design models under uncertainty, and presents an approach for building surrogate models and validating them for their efficacy and relevance from a design decision perspective. Specifically, this work addresses the fundamental research issue of how to build such surrogate models that are computationally efficient and sufficiently accurate, and meaningful from the viewpoint of its subsequent use in design. Towards this goal, this work presents a Bayesian analysis based iterative model building and model validation process leading to reliable and accurate surrogate models, which can then be invoked in the final design optimization phase. The resulting surrogate models can be expected to act as abstractions or idealizations of the engineering analysis models and can mimic system performance in a computationally efficient manner to facilitate design decisions under uncertainty. This is accomplished by first building initial models, and then refining and validating them over many stages, in line with the iterative nature of the engineering design process. Salient features of this work include the introduction of a novel preference-based design screening strategy nested in an optimally-selected prior information set for validation purposes; and the use of a Bayesian evaluation based model-updating technique to capture new information and enhance model’s value and effectiveness. A case study of the design of a windshield wiper arm is used to demonstrate the overall methodology and the results are discussed.© 2002 ASME
202 The Reduced and Altered Activities of PAX5 are Linked to the Protein-Protein Interaction Motif (Coiled-Coil Domain) of the PAX5-PML Fusion Protein in t(9;15)-Associated Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract 1022 The paired box domain of PAX5 was reported to fuse with the sequence of promylocytic leukemia (PML) to produce PAX5-PML chimeric protein in two patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). In the present studies, we found, by gel-shift assays, that PAX5-PML bound to a panel of PAX5-consensus sequence as a homodimer with reduction of its DNA-binding affinities in comparison with wild-type PAX5. In transient transfection assays using 293T and HeLa cells, and retrovirus transduction of murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells together with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) analysis, PAX5-PML inhibited wild-type PAX5 target gene transcriptional activity. Studies comparing PAX5-PML with PAX5-PML(ΔCC) demonstrated that the coiled-coil protein interaction domain located within PML moiety was required for PAX5-PML homodimer complex formation and partial transcriptional repression of genes controlled by PAX5. Fluorescent microscopic examination of transiently expressed YFP-tagged proteins in HeLa and 293T cells demonstrated that YFP-PAX5-PML and YFP-PAX5-PML(ΔCC) exhibited a diffuse granular pattern within the nucleus, similar to PAX5 but PML. By fluorescent recovery after photobleach (FRAP), we have shown that PAX5-PML fusion protein has reduced intranuclear mobility compared to wild-type PAX5. Furthermore, the dimerization domain (coiled-coil) of PML was responsible for the reduced intranuclear mobility of PAX5-PML. These results indicate that the coiled-coil domain of PAX5-PML is important for each of the known activities of PAX5-PML fusion proteins. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Agricultural extension as an economic investment

In the spring of 1971, I was asked the following questions in connection with the rice programme in the highlands of Madagascar: how can the value added and the fiscal return of extension be assessed and worked out in such a way that the results are comparable with the profit and loss account of capital investments; under what conditions are extension projects credit-worthy; when should they be begun; how intensive should they be; when should the expenditure on extension begin to be reduced; when should a project cease? The following brief exposition of an economic theory of extension attempts to provide a basic answer to these questions.
Years of productivity lost among injured workers in Washington state: modeling disability burden in workers' compensation.

Background Few studies have examined the impact of disability from nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses. We developed Years of Productivity Lost (YPL) as a measure of the burden of disability. Methods YPL was calculated for incident workers' compensation claims with compensable injuries filed in 1986 in Washington State. Final work disability status was determined in June, 1993. We estimated YPL by adding actual accumulated time loss and future lost productivity predicted from permanent partial disability awards and pensions. Results Back and neck sprains were associated with the highest YPL followed by sprains of the lower and upper extremities. Using actual accumulated time loss, we calculated 14,624 years of productivity lost for compensable injuries in 1986. After including predicted lost productivity, YPL ranged from 28,017 to 33,502 years. Conclusions YPL can be used to quantify the burden of disability due to occupational injuries and illnesses and to prioritize efforts to prevent long-term disability. Am. J. Ind. Med. 37:656–662, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wire Breakage Detection Using Relative Strain Variation in Unbonded Posttensioning Anchors

Recent problems with grouted posttensioning tendons in U.S. bridges have led to interest in tendons that are not grouted, but rather filled with a pliable corrosion protection system such as grease or wax. The use of a flexible filler material in place of cementitious grout results in an unbonded tendon, which not only affects the structural behavior but also enables the application of new methods for improved monitoring and maintenance. This paper outlines a novel continuous monitoring approach that aims to detect wire breakage in unbonded tendons based on relative strain variation in the anchor head (or wedge plate). The feasibility of the method is investigated using a finite-element model calibrated with experimental data from a seven-strand anchor head. The model is subsequently extended to a 19-strand anchor head to assess the method’s performance on detection, localization, and quantification of tendon damage. The numerical results confirm the correlation between wire breakage and relative strain variation among the monitoring points and illustrate the method’s effectiveness in determining the location and severity of damage.
Disasters and transport systems: loss, recovery and competition at the Port of Kobe after the 1995 earthquake

In the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake, the Port of Kobe (Japan) suffered severe damage that essentially shut it down and required over two years to fully repair. This paper explores the impact of the disaster on the Port, focusing on international container traffic. Prior to the disaster, Kobe had ranked sixth among container ports worldwide; in 1997, it ranked 17th. Analysis reveals that foreign transhipment cargo was especially vulnerable to loss. This loss must be seen in the context of Asian port competition; indeed, the earthquake served to highlight and accelerate pre-disaster economic trends. Implications for seismically vulnerable ports in the US and Canada are discussed.
Art Psychotherapy, second edn

Harriet Wadeson, Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010, 555 pp., hardback and CD-ROM, US$55.00, ISBN 13: 978-0-470-41700-3 The second edition of Harriet Wadeson's innovative work, Art Psychoth...
Adrenal cortical carcinoma associated with venous tumour thrombus extension

Objective To report the diagnosis and treatment of six patients with adrenocortical adenocarcinoma and venous tumour thrombus extension. Patients and methods All six patients (four female and two male, age range 14–83 years) were approached surgically through a thoracoabdominal incision and all underwent radical ablative surgery with removal of the primary tumour, regional retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy and en bloc extraction of the venous tumour thrombus. Results Five patients with right-sided tumours had vena caval tumour thrombus involvement and one patient with a left-sided tumour had extension of tumour thrombus into the splenic vein. All patients had appropriate radiographic evaluation pre-operatively and all underwent successful radical surgery with en bloc resection of the venous tumour thrombus. Conclusion For optimal management of this rare neoplasm, it is paramount that accurate diagnostic imaging be performed pre-operatively to help dictate the ideal surgical approach and to optimize successful treatment of this disease.
Intraoperative duplex scanning after carotid artery reconstruction: A valuable tool☆

The operative management of extracranial cerebrovascular occlusive disease requires meticulous surgical technique. Intraoperative duplex imaging (10 MHz B-mode ultrasound combined with 7.5 MHz Doppler spectrum analysis) was used in an attempt to recognize technical problems that might result in serious neurologic injury. Eighty-four carotid arteries were studied in 76 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy or reconstruction. Indications for operation included carotid territory transient ischemic attack (n = 36 [43%]), amaurosis fugax (n = 16 [19%]), stroke (n = 11 [13%]), asymptomatic stenosis (n = 11 [13%]), vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attack (n = 7 [8%]), recurrent stenosis (n = 2 [2%]), and trauma (n = 1 [1%]). Arterial anatomy was assessed ultrasonographically and duplex-derived velocity measurements were obtained to assess hemodynamics. Increased velocity measurement was noted to correlate with ultrasound image of stenosis. Technical errors were identified in 17 patients (22%), including six persons with residual internal carotid artery stenoses, three persons with hemodynamically significant stenoses caused by "kinked" internal carotid arteries, eight persons with debris or intimal flaps in their external carotid arteries, and one person with an occluded external carotid artery. The intraoperative duplex scan led to corrective measures during the surgical procedure in eight patients (11%). No new ipsilateral brain injury was noted in the 76 patients postoperatively. Intraoperative duplex scanning accurately identified residual stenosis, intraluminal thrombus, and loose debris. Duplex scanning altered intraoperative decision making in a significant proportion of patients studied.
Dynamic System Synthesis With a Bond Graph Approach: Part II—Conceptual Design of an Inertial Velocity Indicator

This work develops the conceptual design of an inertial velocity sensor drawing upon the impedance synthesis method in Part I of this paper. Specifications are frequency based impedances and resulting designs are configurations of dynamic energy storing and dissipation elements. The design procedure can be extended to a class of systems design problems where frequency response performance is of primary importance. A key to this work is that the method designs system from scratch; initial configurations are unknown
School Psychologists’ Role Concerning Children With Chronic Illnesses in Schools

The authors examined the role of school psychologists in working with children with chronic illnesses in the schools. A total of 300 practicing school psychologists in public schools, drawn from the National Association of School Psychologists membership directory, completed a standard mail survey. The survey solicited information on (a) graduate program and workplace training received, (b) professional experience in the schools, and (c) future training needs of school psychologists to work effectively with students with chronic illnesses. In general, school psychologists in the public schools, independent of level of education, feel undertrained, and are interested in receiving more training specifically devoted to pediatric chronic illness.
Transverse focusing for a broad-range spectrograph

Abstract To enhance the solid angle of our broad-range spectrograph, we have added a transverse-focusing quadrupole-singlet to the system. Depending on position along the focal plane, a gain in solid angle of a factor of 6–10 has been realized. Other properties of the new system are presented.
Effects of aeration and organic loading rates on degradation of trichloroethylene in a methanogenic-methanotrophic coupled reactor.

The effects of four aeration and four organic loading (OLR) rates on trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation in methanogenic-methanotrophic coupled reactors were studied using ethanol as the carbon source for the methanogens. Microcosm and PCR studies demonstrated that methanotrophs capable of mineralizing TCE and methanogens were present in the biomass throughout the study. The gene for the particulate form of methane monooxygenase (pMMO) was detected by PCR, but not that for the soluble form (sMMO). TCE mineralization by methanotrophs was therefore due primarily to pMMO activity. Low TCE concentrations were measured in effluent and off-gas samples in all cases. Volatilization losses were 0–5%. Dichloroethylene (DCE) was also observed, but vinyl chloride and ethylene were never detected. Changes in the aeration rate had no effect on TCE removal, but did influence DCE degradation. Reductive dechlorination of TCE to DCE was favored at low and no-aeration conditions, and DCE accumulation occurred due to slow DCE degradation. Low DCE levels were observed at the higher aeration rates, which indicated that conditions in these reactors were amenable to the aerobic co-metabolism of TCE and DCE. The OLR did have an effect on TCE removal. TCE and DCE removal were negatively affected when the OLR was increased. An OLR of 0.3 g COD lrx −1day−1 or lower with an aeration rate of 3 lO2 lrx −1day−1 and higher is the recommended operating condition of a coupled reactor for removal of TCE.
Sampling procedures in function spaces and asymptotic equivalence with shannon's sampling theory

We view Shannon's sampling procedure as a problem of approximation in the space S = {s: s (x) = (c * sinc)(x)c e l 2}. We show that under suitable conditions on a generating function λ e L 2, the approximation problem onto the space V = {v:v(x) = (c * λ)(x)c e l 2} produces a sampling procedure similar to the classical one. It consists of an optimal prefiltering, a pure jitter-stable sampling, and a postfiltering for the reconstruction. We describe equivalent signal representations using generic, dual, cardinal, and orthogonal basis functions and give the expression of the corresponding filters. We then consider sequences λn, where λn denotes the n-fold convolution of λ. They provide a sequence of increasingly regular sampling schemes as the value of n increases. We show that the cardinal and orthogonal pre- and postfilters associated with these sequences asymptotically converge to the ideal lowpass filter of Shannon. The theory is illustrated using several eamples.
The halfway vector disk for BRDF modeling

We present a mathematical framework for enforcing energy conservation in a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) by specifying halfway vector distributions in simple two-dimensional domains. Energy-conserving BRDFs can produce plausible rendered images with accurate reflectance behavior, especially near grazing angles. Using our framework, we create an empirical BRDF that allows easy specification of diffuse, specular, and retroreflective materials. We also present a second BRDF model that is useful for data fitting; although it does not preserve energy, it uses the same halfway vector domain as the first model. We show that this data-fitting BRDF can be used to match measured data extremely well using only a small set of parameters. We believe that this is an improvement over table-based lookups and factored versions of BRDF data.
Survey of directors of emergency departments in California on overcrowding.

There are more than 5,000 emergency departments in the United States, and 470 are in California. One of the key functions of the emergency department is as a public “safety net,” providing care to patients who do not have access to primary care physicians and clinics.1 Recently there has been increasing discussion regarding the ability of emergency departments to provide timely care to patients with emergency medical conditions.2,3,4,5 The inability to provide timely service is often attributed to the overcrowded conditions that have developed in emergency departments across this country. Anecdotal evidence suggests that patients are subject to long delays compared with many years ago. The California State Department of Health has investigated some hospitals in recent years over incidents in which prolonged waits for patients have led to poor outcomes.3 Although overcrowding has been the topic of discussion among many emergency physicians and legislators, there are few documented studies. Overcrowding in emergency departments in some metropolitan academic centers was described more than 8 years ago.1,5 It is also an international problem, affecting countries with socialized health care and extensive primary care networks.6,7,8 Several articles in the lay press have brought attention to the problem, but despite dramatic headlines and photos of congested emergency departments, these have been largely ignored by the state and federal government.9,10 To further investigate the factors associated with overcrowding and estimate the extent of the problem, we conducted a survey study of directors of emergency departments in California.
Mechanisms of field-aligned current formation in magnetic reconnection

[1] Satellite observations provide strong evidence for the generation of significant field-aligned currents (FACs) during magnetic reconnection. Reconnection of antiparallel magnetic field does not generate FACs in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) due to coplanarity in MHD shocks. However, a guide magnetic field and a sheared velocity component are almost always present at the magnetopause and their absence is a singular case. It is illustrated that the presence of these noncoplanar fields requires FACs. Contrary to intuition, such currents are generated more efficiently for a small guide field and are more likely to be a result of the redistribution of already present FACs for large guide fields. It is demonstrated that moderate values of shear flow can generate significant ionospheric FACs. Similar to shear flow, the presence of Hall physics leads to significant FACs and we examine the scaling of these current with the ion inertia length.
Antineoplastic effects of an Aurora B kinase inhibitor in breast cancer

Aurora B kinase is an important mitotic kinase involved in chromosome segregation and cytokinesis. It is overexpressed in many cancers and thus may be an important molecular target for chemotherapy. AZD1152 is the prodrug for AZD1152-HQPA, which is a selective inhibitor of Aurora B kinase activity. Preclinical antineoplastic activity of AZD1152 against acute myelogenous leukemia, multiple myeloma and colorectal cancer has been reported. However, this compound has not been evaluated in breast cancer, the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women. The antineoplastic activity of AZD1152-HQPA in six human breast cancer cell lines, three of which overexpress HER2, is demonstrated. AZD1152-HQPA specifically inhibited Aurora B kinase activity in breast cancer cells, thereby causing mitotic catastrophe, polyploidy and apoptosis, which in turn led to apoptotic death. AZD1152 administration efficiently suppressed the tumor growth in a breast cancer cell xenograft model. In addition, AZD1152 also inhibited pulmonary metastatic nodule formation in a metastatic breast cancer model. Notably, it was also found that the protein level of Aurora B kinase declined after inhibition of Aurora B kinase activity by AZD1152-HQPA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Investigation of the underlying mechanism suggested that AZD1152-HQPA accelerated protein turnover of Aurora B via enhancing its ubiquitination. It was shown that AZD1152 is an effective antineoplastic agent for breast cancer, and our results define a novel mechanism for posttranscriptional regulation of Aurora B after AZD1152 treatment and provide insight into dosing regimen design for this kinase inhibitor in metastatic breast cancer treatment.
'We are survivors too': African-American youths' experiences of coping with parental breast cancer.

Objective: To explore how African-American youth cope with the diagnosis and treatment of parental breast cancer, and to identify culturally sensitive ways to recruit and sustain participation of this vulnerable population in intervention programs. Methods: Three qualitative focus groups which were part of a larger study were conducted with 12 African-American youth between the ages of 11 and 18, currently coping with parental breast cancer from the Northeastern part of the United States. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis. Results: African-American youth described fear and uncertainty about the mortality of their parent, their unpredictable future, and discomfort in negotiating breast cancer's relationship with the entire family. Four primary themes emerged which were coping with cancer, it affects us too, changes in family functioning, and growth through pain. African-American youth described feeling overlooked by their families and oncology staff treating their parents, often being in the role of protecting their parents physically and emotionally. Conclusions: This study suggests that clinicians can improve the care of African-American breast cancer patients and their adolescent children by being more family-centered. Adolescents need more developmentally appropriate preparation for the family changes likely to occur when a parent is diagnosed and treated for breast cancer. Developing a support group comprised of other youth coping with parental breast cancer from diagnosis throughout treatment was described as a preferred intervention to promote a shared understanding in order to overcome feelings of isolation, worry, and fear. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Genus Crotalaria (Fabaceae) in Alabama

ABSTRACT The primary objectives of this project were to determine which species of Crotalaria (Fabaceae) occur in Alabama and the county distribution of each species. Crotalaria, known commonly as rattlebox, is recognized as consisting of seven species in Alabama. The most common species are Crotalaria sagittalis, C. rotundifolia, and C. spectabilis. The less common species are C. purshii, C. lanceolata, C. pallida, and C. ochroleuca. In Alabama, introduced species of Crotalaria (C. lanceolata, C. ochroleuca, C. pallida, and C. spectabilis) generally have showier inflorescences and reach greater maximum heights than native species (C. purshii, C. rotundifolia, and C. sagittalis). The dichotomous key and descriptions we present are modifications from earlier authors; however, all measurements are based on morphological features of the vegetative and reproductive structures of the more than 460 specimens studied during this project. Data for the county-level distribution maps were compiled entirely from h...
Differences Among Latino Students in Precollege Multicultural Exposure and the Transition Into an Elite Institution

This study examined the within-group differences in adjustment to college among Latino college students. Surveys measured participants for degree of precollege multicultural exposure, current conce...
Biochemical and Physical Signal Gradients in Hydrogels to Control Stem Cell Behavior

Three-dimensional (3D) gradients of biochemical and physical signals in macroscale, degradable hydrogels have been engineered that can regulate photoencapsulated human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) behavior. This simple, cytocompatible and versatile gradient system may be a valuable tool for researchers in biomaterials science to control stem cell fate in 3D and guide tissue regeneration.
“God made beautiful things”: Proper faith and religious authority in a Jordanian high school

Outside the formal and intended curriculum in Jordanian schools, the efforts of students and instructors to teach about religion and living piously as Muslim women span a myriad of spaces and approaches. At the al-Khatwa Secondary School for Girls, tensions surrounding religious authority were enmeshed with struggles outside school, specifically with a local piety movement and with a politics of authenticity that has women at its center. Competing interpretations of Islamic orthodoxy, and contests for moral authority, come to the fore in schools in unique ways, and schools provide a space and tools for young women to negotiate these tensions. [women, education, Islam, schools, Jordan, religion]
Spin-lattice coefficients for substitutionaL Gd3+ in CaF2

Abstract For the purpose of evaluating the spin-lattice coefficients C 11 and C 44 , for CaF 2 :Gd 3+ in cubic sites, uniaxial stress studies were conducted at room temperature on a single crystal of CaF 2 doped with 0.02 at. % Gd 3 . From the measured shifts of the magnetic field positions of certain of the fine structure components, corresponding to known increments in applied stress, the spinlattice coefficients were evaluated in magnitude and sign. Taking compressive stress as negative, the experimentally determined values are C 11 = −2.4 ± 0.8 × 10 −13 cm dyn and C 44 = −5.5 ± 1.1 × 10 −13 cm dyn .
Coordinating the DC Power Injections of a Multiterminal HVDC System for Dynamic Control of AC Line Flows

As more dc terminals, in the form of links or multiterminal systems, come into operation, the opportunity for controlling ac line flows using the injected dc powers increases. This paper describes a study undertaken to determine the feasibility of using an on-line method to coordinate the dc injections of a multiterminal dc system to dynamically control the power flows in certain ac lines of an integrated ac-dc power system. The proposed controller can be used to steer and to regulate the power flows, and also to damp the power oscillations in these ac lines. The effectiveness of the controller is demonstrated using a transient simulation program.
Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas

Infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is a real enigma. On one hand, it is one of the most deadly of all of the solid malignancies. On the other hand, the neoplastic glands can be remarkably well-differentiated, and it can be difficult to distinguish between a reactive non-neoplastic gland and a gland of invasive adenocarcinoma. In this review, we will present diagnostic criteria that one can “hang your hat on” when establishing the diagnosis of infiltrating ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. We will also review clinically important features of the disease, and, with the impending incorporation of molecular genetics into everyday practice, we will emphasize clinical applications of cancer genetics.
An Efficient Discontinuous-Mode Model of a Switch Pole

Simulating switching power supplies presents many challenges. A variety of switch pole models is available, from the physics-based to the behavioral. The present work develops and demonstrates a behavioral model that works well in discontinuous mode. The new model eliminates the extremely fast time constants normally associated with switches in a high impedance state. Simulation time is improved and fixed-time-step algorithms are now stable with reasonable step size
A review of substrate coupling issues and modeling strategies

This tutorial paper reviews the technologies behind substrate coupling and modeling. The key focuses throughout are the importance of suitable substrate models and a sufficient understanding of the substrate coupling in the circuit being designed. Discussions include Radio Frequency (RF) and Mixed-Signal (MS) designs, but also touch upon System-on-Chip (SoC). An example RF circuit is simulated with a substrate model and the effect of substrate process variations on the circuit's performance is discussed.
Capturing and managing decision making rationale

Rationale management is a technique for tracking decision making during the design process. Having a process for documenting the rationale for design decisions can help in quality control and in providing useful information to people who may seek to reuse solutions. A number of tools and approaches have been developed in the past to facilitate rationale management. The main approaches to rationale management are described as a prelude to examining the features of an organizational analysis prototype. The unique feature of this prototype is that it embeds rationale management into a more general analysis and solution selection tool. The tool facilitates a number of mechanisms for the automated collection of relevant data.
Experimental Substrate Affects Rate of Seed Removal in Assays of Invertebrate Seed Predation1

Postdispersal seed predation by ground beetles may be an important form of biological weed control. Field experiments conducted in 2002 and 2003 determined invertebrate seed predators' ability to detect and remove seeds from different experimental substrates. Predation of wild mustard and common lambsquarters was greater when seeds were presented on sand compared with the two types of synthetic finishing pads; however, predation of velvetleaf, redroot pigweed, and hairy galinsoga was unaffected by substrate. Predation rates were not consistent across all experimental substrates. Estimates of invertebrate predation of common lambsquarters, yellow foxtail, and velvetleaf were greater for seeds offered on sand or synthetic pads than for seeds offered on soil or double-sided tape covered with soil. Although each substrate would be useful to estimate treatment effects on relative predation rates, the weed species by substrate interaction should be considered when comparing predation rates across experiments or...
Making Experimental Rules Work

Both theory and practice suggest that there are potentially significant gains associated with an experimental approach to lawmaking, that is to say, adopting laws on a pilot basis in order to generate empirical data that can be used to inform decisions about the optimal long-term policy. Yet, with few exceptions, those legislative entities that are best positioned to engage in experimentation – administrative agencies – rarely do so, probably at least in part because of interest group opposition. This article suggests that a somewhat obscure, though significant, rulemaking by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) holds important clues about how one might make policy experimentation happen more often and work better when it does. The case study involves the SEC’s efforts to remove the longstanding rules that regulate short sales, whereby investors seek to profit from a stock price decline by selling borrowed stock that gets returned to the lender, with interest, at a later point in time. This case study represents one of the few instances where the SEC has adopted an experimental approach to rulemaking. The case study yields two important insights about policy experimentation more generally. First, the substantive challenges to policy experimentation (including sampling issues and concerns over data mining) are probably surmountable, as long as agencies are particularly attuned to potential biases created by the experiment. Second, the procedural challenges to policy experimentation (which include possible interest group opposition and the costs that judicial review places on experimental agency rulemakings) are more problematic. This second insight suggests that it might be necessary to take steps to encourage greater experimentation. The article sketches the outlines of one such approach under which agency experiments would get special judicial deference and the notice-and comment process would be re-conceptualized in the experimental context to allow for public participation and scrutiny only after the experiment has run its course. This approach would effectively subsidize experimentation while at the same time respecting the principles of transparency and accountability that underlie the administrative process.
The Civilian Conservation Corps in Tucker County, West Virginia, 1933–1942

Abstract In 1933, during the first 90 days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's term, Congress passed the Emergency Conservation Work Act, which established the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). Parts of Tucker County, WV, are located in the Monongahela National Forest, where the US Forest Service operated 3 CCC camps between 1933 and 1942 in the towns of Parsons, Dry Fork, and Lead Mine. In this paper, I present a history of the CCC in the Canaan Valley region and discuss some of the its achievements.
Evaluation of 11C-ABP688 and 18F-FPEB for imaging mGluR5 receptors in the human brain

390 Objectives 11C-ABP688 and 18F-FPEB are promising PET tracers for quantifying metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype5 (mGluR5) for greater understanding of CNS disorders and drug development. This study is to compare two radioligands for reproducibility and regional BPND. Methods Healthy subjects were each studied twice with either 11C-ABP688 (n=8; 6 male, 2 female; age: 44±9 years; 19±1.3mCi; mass: 0.5±0.3μg) or 18F-FPEB (n=8; all males; age: 41±8 years; 4.8±0.4mCi; mass: 0.2±0.1μg). Distribution volume (VT) and binding potential (BPND) in MRI-defined volumes of interest were obtained by two-tissue compartment model (TTC, setting the K1/k2 ratio to the cerebellar estimate), plasma reference graphical analysis (PRGA; Logan et al., 1990), reference tissue graphical analysis (RTGA; Logan et al., 1996), and multi-linear reference tissue method with 2 parameters (MRTM2; Ichise et al., 2002), using cerebellum as reference region. Test-retest variability (TRV) of each region was given by mean across subjects of absolute difference divided by mean of the two corresponding measurements. Results Among plasma input methods (PIMs), PRGA yielded more robust estimates of VT and BPND (i.e.fewer outliers, and lower TRV estimates) than TTCM for both radioligands. Reference tissue methods showed TRV estimates that were lower than those with PIMs: MRTM2 using data at 0-60min for 11C-ABP688 (TRV Conclusions 18F-FPEB appears to show better reproducibility and higher regional BPND values than 11C-ABP688. Hence, 18F-FPEB may be superior for quantifying mGluR5 in the human brain, particularly to estimate target engagement in drug development settings employing within-subjects design
Toward ion-free polyelectrolyte multilayers: cyclic salt annealing.

Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMUs) are made from various combinations of polyanions and polycations. It is now understood that these ultrathin films of polyelectrolyte complex may also incorporate counterions derived from the solutions from which the PEMU was deposited or exchanged into the film postassembly. If these ions are required to compensate nonstoichiometric ratios of polycation and polyanion they cannot leave the film and exert considerable influence on film properties, such as modulus and permeability. These “extrinsic” charges also complicate fundamental studies on PEMUs. We report a method to remove almost all ionic content from a PEMU made of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), PDADMAC, and poly(styrenesulfonate), PSS. In this method, a high salt concentration plasticizes the multilayer past its glass transition, dispersing all the buried excess PDADMA throughout the film. Exposure to a solution of PSS in a lower salt concentration consumes excess PDADMA near the surface without overcom...
Perceptions and Receptivity of Nonspousal Family Support A Mixed Methods Study of Psychological Distress Among Older, Church-Going African American Men

The purpose of this study was to explore the role of nonspousal family support on mental health among older, church-going African American men. The mixed methods objective was to employ a design that used existing qualitative and quantitative data to explore the interpretive context within which social and cultural experiences occur. Qualitative data (n = 21) were used to build a conceptual model that was tested using quantitative data (n = 401). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an inverse association between nonspousal family support and distress. The comparative fit index, Tucker–Lewis fit index, and root mean square error of approximation indicated good model fit. This study offers unique methodological approaches to using existing, complementary data sources to understand the health of African American men.
The effect of interrupted sexual activity upon the well-rehearsed feeding response

Adult male albino rats were given preliminary opportunity to engage in sexual interaction with the female and then trained to eat daily during a fixed two-hour interval. On test evenings, just prior to the regularly scheduled feeding period, each S was given interrupted sexual experience with a receptive female. A reliable diminution in subsequent food intake was observed. This finding was interpreted as possessing relevance to Cofer & Appley’s invigoration hypothesis.
Evaluating measurement of dynamic constructs: defining a measurement model of derivatives.

While measurement evaluation has been embraced as an important step in psychological research, evaluating measurement structures with longitudinal data is fraught with limitations. This paper defines and tests a measurement model of derivatives (MMOD), which is designed to assess the measurement structure of latent constructs both for analyses of between-person differences and for the analysis of change. Simulation results indicate that MMOD outperforms existing models for multivariate analysis and provides equivalent fit to data generation models. Additional simulations show MMOD capable of detecting differences in between-person and within-person factor structures. Model features, applications and future directions are discussed.
Microstructure - Stress - Property Relationships in Nanometer Ge/C Multilayers

A series of sputtered as-prepared and annealed Ge/C multilayer structures with periods ranging from 2 to 8 nm has been studied with high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), x-ray scattering, and stress measurement techniques. Ge/C multilayers have potential applications as normal incidence reflective mirrors near 4.4 nm wavelength. The reflectivity and stress in these structures depend on the microstructural evolution of the component layers. The as-prepared structure of both Ge and C layers appear amorphous from TEM imaging and diffraction. Annealing at 500°C for 60 minutes leads to crystallization of the Ge layers. As the phase diagram indicates, no carbide compound has been found. X-ray scattering reveals that the multilayer period expands by as much as 10% after annealing. Both TEM images and x-ray profiles suggest that the layer structures remain well-defined upon annealing. In-situ stress-temperature measurements directly show the Ge/C multilayer microstructure evolution path. X-ray measurements show that the structures with periods near 2 nm undergo a significant improvement on optical performance with annealing. The physical mechanisms that may have caused the optical enhancement are discussed. Correlation of the stress evolution in the multilayers and in individual layers during annealing, and their relationships to the microstructures and optical properties are examined.
A reversal of the PRE following complex stimulus training

Greater resistance to extinction was observed if the extinction stimulus had been the positive discriminandum during discrimination training with two 50% reinforced irrelevant stimuli also present than if it had been a 50% reinforced irrelevant stimulus during discrimination training on another pair of stimuli. Compared to the more usual training conditions, the data seem more likely to reflect an increase in resistance to extinction for the former group than a decrease for the latter.
Frozen Protein Concentrations and Survival of Information during Shifts in Bacterial Growth

Because of the relative stability of most proteins in bacteria, the degradation rate is typically dominated by growth-mediated dilution. We have identified a critical manifold in relative protein production/degradation timescales where the coefficient of variation, σ/μ, diverges in growth arrested populations at the critical point. Near the critical threshold, proteins can become frozen in semi-random concentrations depending on the initial protein concentration and the rate of entry into growth arrest. Therefore, the relative timescales of synthesis and degradation rate shifts during the growth arrest transition have a strong effect on protein concentrations, and potentially, on the performance of network functions in stationary phase or biofilm-inhabiting bacteria. We explored implications of this effect in bacterial microcolonies whose growth rate is driven by a cytoplasmic toxin fluctuating around the antitoxin-exceeding threshold where it has the effect of slowing growth. Experimental time-lapse analysis of growth arresting microcolonies and multiscale branching process simulations show a strong relationship between the propensity for growth arrest and lineage relationship. That is, closely related cells are likely to end up with strongly correlated growth rates. We explore the implications of growth arrest statistics on the ability of stationary phase or biofilm-inhabiting bacteria to respond to environmental stresses.
Factors Contributed to Retention of HIV seroconversion in a 2-Year Prospective Cohort Study among Injection Drug Users

Objective: To investigate the HIV seroconversion and cohort retention in a 2-year follow-up study among injection drug users (IDUs). Methods: In November 2002, a community-based baseline survey was conducted to recruit 333 HIV-seronegative IDUs for a prospective cohort study in Xichang City of Sichuan Province. Follow-up visits were conducted every 6 months to analyze risk factors associated with cohort retention for subjects' baseline demographic and behavioral characteristics, and blood specimens were also collected to test for antibodies against HIV. Results: During the 24-month follow-up period, HIV incidence and cohort retention rate were 2.53 per 100 person-year (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.10, 3.97) and 75.7%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression model showed that risk factors were significantly associated with cohort retention included Yi nationality (OR, 0.52; 95%CI, 0.29-0.91), appearing at the 6-month follow-up visit (OR, 4.72; 95%CI, 2.69-8.28), and drug injection in the past 3 months ≥ 6 times/day (OR, 2.06; 95%CI, 1.12-3.80). Conclusion: The study showed HIV seroconversion was high and cohort retention of Yi nationality was low in this cohort, respectively.