cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CaMeRa: A Computational Model of Multiple Representations

This research aims to clarify, by constructing and testing a computer simulation, the use of multiple representations in problem solving, focusing on their role in visual reasoning. The model is motivated by extensive experimental evidence in the literature for the features it incorporates, but this article focuses on the system's structure. We illustrate the model's behavior by simulating the cognitive and perceptual processes of an economics expert as he teaches some well-learned economics principles while drawing a graph on a blackboard. Data in the experimental literature and concurrent verbal protocols were used to guide construction of a linked production system and parallel network, CaMeRa (Computation with Multiple Representations), that employs a “Mind's Eye” representation for pictorial information, consisting of a bitmap and associated node-link structures. Propositional list structures are used to represent verbal information and reasoning. Small individual pieces from the different representations are linked on a sequential and temporary basis to form a reasoning and inferencing chain, using visually encoded information recalled to the Mind's Eye from long-term memory and from cues recognized on an external display. CaMeRa, like the expert, uses the diagrammatic and verbal representations to complement one another, thus exploiting the unique advantages of each.
Factors Affecting Nesting Success of Smallmouth Bass in a Regulated Virginia Stream

Abstract We examined the influences of habitat, temperature, stream discharge, and the timing of spawning on the nesting success of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. Smallmouth bass began spawning when temperatures reached 15°C, and high flow disrupted spawning five times. Larger males spawned earlier than smaller males; a log-linear relation between male length and degree-days accumulated was significant (r = –0.63, P 305 mm total length) accounted for the highest production of free-swimming larvae and also made the most renesting attempts, which suggests that large males can have a strong influence on year-class strength. Stepwise discriminant analysis distinguished successful nests from unsuccessful nests by higher flow at time of nest construction, higher mean temperatur...
Weight and its relationship to adolescent perceptions of their providers (WRAP): a qualitative and quantitative assessment of teen weight-related preferences and concerns.

Purpose To examine the relationship of body weight to satisfaction with care in adolescents, and to obtain qualitative data on preferences for general and weight-related medical care in normal weight and overweight adolescents.
Corticosteroids, immune suppression, and psychosis.

The role of the immune system in psychiatric symptoms has been an area of much interest for many years. This review discusses medications and medical illnesses associated with immune system dysfunction, and their relationship to psychiatric symptoms, particularly psychosis. Medical illnesses including HIV infection, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Cushing’s disease are all associated with psychiatric symptoms. In addition, high dosages of prescription corticosteroids (eg, prednisone and dexamethasone) are associated with mood changes, cognitive deficits, and even psychosis. However, the role of the immune system in mediating the psychiatric disturbances with each of these conditions is not clear. Directions for further research and treatment considerations are discussed.
Parastenocaris texana, New Species (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Parastenocarididae) from an East Texas Sandy Stream with Notes on Its Ecology

ABSTRACT Parastenocaristexana, new species, from submerged sands of Mill Creek, Newton County, Texas, is described. It is distinguished from the known species of the genus by the features of legs 3 and 4 of the male. Parastenocaris texana is the first Nearctic member of this genus described from stream sands, and its occurrence greatly extends the southern range for North American Parastenocaris. Most specimens were found at 20-30 cm depths in submerged riffle sands.
Plant water deficits and insect responses: the preference of Corythucha arcuata (Heteroptera: Tingidae) for the foliage of white oak, Quercus alba

, ABSTRACT. 1. The preference of Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heterop- tera: Tingidae) for the foliage of Quercus alba L. (Fagaceae) grown under water deficit was examined. Potted Q.alba saplings were grown under controlled levels of water deficit in a glasshouse. Adult C. arcuata were exposed to excised Q.alba foliage under controlled conditions in a growth chamber ,and feeding preference assessed by recording the percentage of individuals feeding on leaves from each level of water deficit. 2. Two experiments were performed. In the first, all foliage was supplemented with water (via the petiole) to alleviate physical changes in the leaves that accompany plant water deficits. In the second experiment, leaves were not supplemented with water. 3. C.arcuata had no preference when presented water supplemented leaves, but preferred leaves that were fully hydrated when presented leaves that were not supplemented with water. 4. These results suggest that plant water deficits are important in determining the feeding preference of C.arcuata because they lead to avoidance of drought grown foliage. This avoidance may be caused by an increase in the metabolic cost to the herbivore of maintaining water balance when ingesting drought grown foliage or to an increase in foliage toughness.
Ultrasensitive Elemental Analysis of Materials Using Sputter Initiated Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy

Sputter Initiated Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (SIRIS) is a technique being developed by Atom Sciences, Inc. to perform ultrasensitive elemental analysis of materials. SIRIS uses sputtering to atomize a solid sample and resonance ionization (RIS) to selectively ionize an element of interest. The SIRIS technique is capable of detecting impurities at the 0.1 ppb level (5 × 1012/cm3) in a routine analysis time of 5 minutes. RIS and the SIRIS technique are briefly reviewed. We report a detection efficiency for SIRIS of 2 ppb sensitivity and recent results are given for standard well-characterized samples of boron-doped silicon. Current progress is described for the development of depth profiling and the analysis of silicon in gallium arsenide. The SIRIS detection of silicon in standard reference materials certified by NBS is presented.
Ensuring relaxed atomicity for flexible transactions in multidatabase systems

Global transaction management requires cooperation from local sites to ensure the consistent and reliable execution of global transactions in a distributed database system. In a heterogeneous distributed database (or multidatabase) environment, various local sites make conflicting assertions of autonomy over the execution of global transactions. A flexible transaction model for the specification of global transactions makes it possible to deal robustly with these conflicting requirements. This paper presents an approach that preserves the semi-atomicity (a weaker form of atomicity) of flexible transactions, allowing local sites to autonomously maintain serializability and recoverability. We offer a fundamental characterization of the flexible transaction model and precisely define the semi-atomicity. We investigate the commit dependencies among the subtransactions of a flexible transaction. These dependencies are used to control the commitment order of the subtransactions. We next identify those restrictions that must be placed upon a flexible transaction to ensure the maintenance of its semi-atomicity. As atomicity is a restrictive criterion, semi-atomicity enhances the class of executable global transactions.
An Alternative Method Of Accounting For Stock Options

Currently, the grant date fair value of employee stock options is expensed over the vesting period. Our study introduces a new valuation approach for stock options and examines the impact of this change on earning per share (EPS) for a sample of firms over the period 2002-2011. The new valuation approach provides data useful to the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) as it determines whether to revise the current option accounting rules. Under the proposed approach, options are valued at their intrinsic value on the grant date (i.e., the opportunity cost or the economic promise associated with the difference between the exercise price of the option and the market price of the stock at each measurement date) and further revalued each reporting date until the options are exercised.
Acceleration and stabilization properties of minimal residual smoothing technique in multigrid

We analyze the standard multigrid method accelerated by a minimal residual smoothing (MRS) technique. We show that MRS can accelerate the convergence of the slow residual components, thus accelerates the overall multigrid convergence. We prove that, under certain hypotheses, MRS stabilizes the divergence of certain slow residual components and thus stabilizes the divergent multigrid iteration. The analysis is customarily conducted on the two-level method.
An efficient feedback method for MIMO systems with slowly time-varying channels

The capacity of a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel can be improved if the transmitter has a knowledge of the channel. In this paper, we propose an efficient and practical feedback method based on parameterization and quantization of channel parameters. The spatial information of the channel at the transmitter, which is represented as a matrix with orthonormal columns, has a geometrical structure. In parameterization, the geometrical structure is exploited to extract a set of parameters that has a one-to-one mapping to the original matrix. In slowly time-varying channels, the parameters are also found to he smoothly changing in time. We employ adaptive delta modulation to quantize and feed back each parameter. The results show that the proposed feedback scheme has a channel tracking feature and achieves a capacity very close to the perfect feedback case with a reasonable feedback rate.
What Does It Take to Make the Perfect Clot

The coagulation process has been conceptualized as being primarily dependent on adequate levels of the coagulation proteins. This concept was based on the clear relationship between the bleeding tendency and factor levels in hemophilia. The field is now evolving toward conceptualizing coagulation as being actively regulated by the specialized cellular components of the process. Rather than conceiving coagulation as only a "cascade" of proteolytic reactions, the coagulation reactions occur as overlapping steps on cell surfaces. Components of the old "extrinsic'" and "intrinsic" pathways of coagulation can be thought of as participating in the initiation and propagation of coagulation reactions, respectively. Thus, these pathways are not redundant as they are portrayed in the cascade model, but play distinct and complementary roles. Our understanding of how specific cellular features control the processes of hemostasis and thrombosis is developing rapidly. This review discusses some aspects of the cellular control of coagulation.
Large-amplitude hydromagnetic waves

Several aspects of the theory of large-amplitude hydromagnetic waves and their behavior in the interplanetary medium are examined. The characteristic modes of the full (i.e., nonlinearized) MHD equations and their modification by collisionless and finite-frequency effects are considered. Special attention is paid to the transverse Alfven mode, which is undamped and characterized by strictly constant pressure, density, and B; this seems to be the predominant propagating fluctuation at 1 AU. It is shown that its propagation in the small-wavelength (WKB) approximation is essentially identical to that of the small-amplitude Alfven wave of linearized theory. It is also suggested that its presence at 1 AU may provide a natural explanation of the observed power anisotropy of the fluctuations. A second-order analysis is used to study fluctuations that are not characteristic modes. It is found that for a small range of propagation directions, and subject to third-order effects, a finite-amplitude wave can exist that is linearly polarized with delta B perpendicular to both B sub zero and k; such a wave can damp nonlinearly.
Learning Phoneme Mappings for Transliteration without Parallel Data

We present a method for performing machine transliteration without any parallel resources. We frame the transliteration task as a decipherment problem and show that it is possible to learn cross-language phoneme mapping tables using only monolingual resources. We compare various methods and evaluate their accuracies on a standard name transliteration task.
Transgenic mouse model of intestine-specific mucosal injury and repair.

Most studies of injury and repair to mucosal tissue have used nonspecific mediators to induce injury. Damage to the mucosal epithelium resulting from chemical or radiation treatment associated with cancer therapy may fallinto this category of injury. When such treatments are applied, it is generally not possible to predict or control the extent of possible injury. This fact makes analysis of inductive and reparative processes difficult. In addition, the role of the immune system in the etiology and subsequent healing of mucosal tissue following cancer therapy with or without bone marrow transplantation remains unclear. To study tissue- and antigen-specific immune damage of intestinal mucosal tissue, we generated transgenic mice that express a nominal antigen exclusively in intestinal epithelial cells. The transfer of antigen-specific CD8 T cells with concomitant virus infection resulted in the destruction of intestinal epithelial cells and disease. The destructive phase in some cases was followed by complete recovery and tolerance induction. This model will provide a system that can be regulated for analysis of the mediators of mucosa-specific tissue damage and repair.
Media Dependency, Bubonic Plague, and the Social Construction of the Chinese Other

There is no other city in Europe or America that has met the peril of plague in the way San Francisco has done, there is no place where press and public have so persistently fought the necessary me...
Origin of the superior performance of (thio)squaramides over (thio)ureas in organocatalysis.

The Diels-Alder cycloaddition of anthracene and nitrostyrene catalyzed by the squaramide-derived aminocatalysts (Sq) recently reported by Jorgensen and co-workers (Angew. Chem. 2012, 124, 10417; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 10271) has been studied by using modern tools of computational quantum chemistry. This catalyst is compared with analogous urea-, thiourea-, and thiosquaramide-derived aminocatalysts. Ultimately, a thiosquar-amide-derived catalyst is predicted to result in the lowest free-energy barrier, while retaining the same high degree of enantioselectivity as Sq. This stems in part from the superior hydrogen-bonding ability of thiosquaramides, compared to squaramides and (thio)ureas. We also examine the hydrogen-bonding ability of (thio)ureas and (thio)-squaramides in model complexes. In contrast to previous work, we show that aromaticity does not contribute significantly to the enhanced hydrogen-bonding interactions of squaramides. Overall, thiosquaramide, which has not been explored in the context of either organocatalysis or molecular recognition, is predicted to lead to strong, co-planar hydrogen bonds, and should serve as a potent hydrogen-bonding element in a myriad of applications.
Experimental and ab initio dynamical investigations of the kinetics and intramolecular energy transfer mechanisms for the OH + 1,3-butadiene reaction between 263 and 423 K at low pressure.

The rate constants for the reaction of the OH radical with 1,3-butadiene and its deuterated isotopomer has been measured at 1-6 Torr total pressure over the temperature range of 263-423 K using the discharge flow system coupled with resonance fluorescence/laser-induced fluorescence detection of OH. The measured rate constants for the OH + 1,3-butadiene and OH + 1,3-butadiene-d6 reactions at room temperature were found to be (6.98 ( 0.28) × 10 -11 and (6.94 ( 0.38) × 10 -11 cm 3 molecule -1 s -1 , respectively, in good agreement with previous measurements at higher pressures. An Arrhenius expression for this reaction was determined to be k1 II (T) ) (7.23 ( 1.2) ×10 -11 exp[(664 ( 49)/T ]c m 3 molecule -1 s -1 at 263-423 K. The reaction was found to be independent of pressure between 1 and 6 Torr and over the temperature range of 262- 423 K, in contrast to previous results for the OH + isoprene reaction under similar conditions. To help interpret these results, ab initio molecular dynamics results are presented where the intramolecular energy redistribution is analyzed for the product adducts formed in the OH + isoprene and OH + butadiene reactions.
Semi-rearrangeably nonblocking operation of Clos networks in the multirate environment

We study the semi-rearrangeably nonblocking (SRN) operation of asymmetrical three-stage Clos (1953) switching networks in the multirate environment. We develop a basic algorithm that balances the established connections among middle-stage switches by performing a small number of rearrangements per disconnection. For this algorithm, we first derive general conditions under which rearranging from a single middle-stage switch is sufficient to achieve SRN operation. In the most general case, however, a sequence of rearrangements from several middle-stage switches may be required for SRN operation. An algorithm to achieve this sequence of rearrangements is presented and its correctness is proved. The minimum resource requirements to achieve SRN operation, in terms of the number of middle-stage switches, are derived for various cases.
The MYB46 Transcription Factor Is a Direct Target of SND1 and Regulates Secondary Wall Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis

We demonstrate that the Arabidopsis thaliana MYB46 transcription factor is a direct target of SECONDARY WALL-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN PROTEIN1 (SND1), which is a key transcriptional activator regulating the developmental program of secondary wall biosynthesis. The MYB46 gene is expressed predominantly in fibers and vessels in stems, and its encoded protein is targeted to the nucleus and can activate transcription. MYB46 gene expression was shown to be regulated by SND1, and transactivation analysis demonstrated that SND1 as well as its close homologs were able to activate the MYB46 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that SND1 binds to the MYB46 promoter. Dominant repression of MYB46 caused a drastic reduction in the secondary wall thickening of fibers and vessels. Overexpression of MYB46 resulted in an activation of the biosynthetic pathways of cellulose, xylan, and lignin and concomitantly led to ectopic deposition of secondary walls in cells that are normally nonsclerenchymatous. In addition, the expression of two secondary wall-associated transcription factors, MYB85 and KNAT7, was highly upregulated by MYB46 overexpression. These results demonstrate that MYB46 is a direct target of SND1 and is another key player in the transcriptional network involved in the regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
Inhibition of rot translation by RNAIII, a key feature of agr function

RNAIII is a 514 nt regulatory RNA that is the effector molecule of the staphylococcal agr quorum-sensing system, regulating a large set of virulence and other accessory genes at the level of transcription. RNAIII was discovered nearly 20 years ago and we long ago hypothesized that it would function by regulating the synthesis or activity of one or more intermediary transcription factors. We have finally confirmed this hypothesis, showing that Staphylococcus aureus RNAIII regulates the synthesis of a major pleiotropic transcription factor, Rot, by blocking its translation. RNAIII has a complex secondary structure with several stable hairpins that have highly C-rich end loops, unusual in an AT-rich organism. We noted that these loops are complementary to two G-rich stem loops of the rot mRNA translation initiation region (TIR). Pairing of the complementary RNAs would be predicted to occlude the rot Shine-Dalgarno (SD) site and to block rot translation. Through a combination of transcriptional and translational fusions and Northern and Western blot hybridization analyses, we show that RNAIII does, indeed, block rot translation. Through alterations in the C-rich loops of RNAIII and the G-rich loops of rot, we show that the sequences of these loops are critical for inhibition of rot translation and suggest that this inhibition is affected by pairing between the complementary stem loops, followed by the cleavage of rot mRNA. We propose that the RNAIII-rot mRNA interaction plays a key role in agr regulation of staphylococcal virulence.
Observability of discrete event dynamic systems

A finite state automaton is adopted as a model for discrete event dynamic systems (DEDS). Observations are assumed to be a subset of the event alphabet. Observability is defined as having perfect knowledge of the current state at points in time separated by bounded numbers of transitions. A polynomial test for observability is given. It is shown that an observer may be constructed and implemented in polynomial time and space. A bound on the cardinality of the observer state space is also presented. A notion of resiliency is defined for observers, and a test for resilient observability and a procedure for the construction of a resilient observer are presented. >
A new species of flea beetle, genus Pedilia Clark (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae), from Osa Pennisula, Costa Rica

A new species of Pedilia Clark, P. sirena , from Costa Rica is described and illustrated. This species is monophagous on Passiflora pittieri HBK, and known only from the Sirena area of Parque National Corcovado, Costa Rica, for which it is named. Previous scientific reports mentioning this species are discussed, specifically those treating its ecological interaction with Heliconius hewistoni Staudinger, (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). This species is also notable for the two distinctly textured areas of its mandibular mola.
Communication in Neural Circuits: Tools, Opportunities, and Challenges

Communication, the effective delivery of information, is fundamental to life across all scales and species. Nervous systems (by necessity) may be most specifically adapted among biological tissues for high rate and complexity of information transmitted, and thus, the properties of neural tissue and principles of its organization into circuits may illuminate capabilities and limitations of biological communication. Here, we consider recent developments in tools for studying neural circuits with particular attention to defining neuronal cell types by input and output information streams—i.e., by how they communicate. Complementing approaches that define cell types by virtue of genetic promoter/enhancer properties, this communication-based approach to defining cell types operationally by input/output (I/O) relationships links structure and function, resolves difficulties associated with single-genetic-feature definitions, leverages technology for observing and testing significance of precisely these I/O relationships in intact brains, and maps onto processes through which behavior may be adapted during development, experience, and evolution.
On fluttering modes for aircraft wing model in subsonic air flow.

The paper deals with unstable aeroelastic modes for aircraft wing model in subsonic, incompressible, inviscid air flow. In recent author’s papers asymptotic, spectral and stability analysis of the model has been carried out. The model is governed by a system of two coupled integrodifferential equations and a two-parameter family of boundary conditions modelling action of self-straining actuators. The Laplace transform of the solution is given in terms of the ‘generalized resolvent operator’, which is a meromorphic operator-valued function of the spectral parameter λ, whose poles are called the aeroelastic modes. The residues at these poles are constructed from the corresponding mode shapes. The spectral characteristics of the model are asymptotically close to the ones of a simpler system, which is called the reduced model. For the reduced model, the following result is shown: for each value of subsonic speed, there exists a radius such that all aeroelastic modes located outside the circle of this radius centred at zero are stable. Unstable modes, whose number is always finite, can occur only inside this ‘circle of instability’. Explicit estimate of the ‘instability radius’ in terms of model parameters is given.
Psychosocial factors and surgical outcomes: are elderly depressed patients less satisfied with surgery?

Study design Longitudinal cohort study. Objective In this study, we set out to assess the effect of preoperative depression on patient satisfaction after revision lumbar surgery. Summary of background data Patient satisfaction ratings are increasingly being used in health care as a proxy for quality of care. In the elderly, affective disorders such as depression have been shown to influence patient-reported outcomes and self-interpretation of health status. Methods A total of 69 patients aged 65 years or older undergoing revision neural decompression and instrumented fusion for same-level recurrent stenosis-associated back and leg pain were included in this study. Preoperative Zung self-rating depression score, comorbidities, and postoperative satisfaction with surgical care and outcome were assessed for all patients. Baseline and 2-year visual analogue scale (VAS)-leg pain, VAS-back pain, Oswestry Disability Index, Short Form-12 physical component score and Short Form-12 mental component score, as well as health-state utility (EuroQol 5D) were assessed. Factors associated with patient satisfaction after surgical procedures were assessed via multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Compared with baseline, there was a statistically significant improvement in VAS-back pain 2.76±2.73 (pseudarthrosis [1.94±2.81], adjacent segment disease [4.35±3.16]), same-level recurrent stenosis [2±2.23]), VAS-leg pain 2.66±4.12, (adjacent segment disease [2.24±4.46] and same-level recurrent stenosis [3±3.78]). Two-year Oswestry Disability Index improved after surgery for pseudarthrosis (4.05±7.65), adjacent segment disease (6±13.63) and same-level recurrent stenosis (4.54±5.97). In a multivariate logistical regression model, increasing preoperative Zung self-rating depression scale scores were independently associated with patient dissatisfaction 2 years after revision lumbar surgery, (P Conclusion This study demonstrates that independent of surgical effectiveness, baseline depression influence patient satisfaction with health care, 2 years after revision lumbar surgery. Quality improvement initiatives using patient satisfaction as a proxy for quality of care should account for patients' baseline depression as a potential confounder especially in this age group. Level of evidence 3.
Nucleation and Growth of Sputter Deposited Zno:Al Thin Films on Soda-Lime Glass Substrates

Degenerately doped thin films of zinc oxide are useful in a variety of applications, including front transparent contacts to Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells and flat panel displays. To gauge the influence of the interface on the performance of sputter deposited ZnO:AI transparent electrodes, the structure and electrical properties of the interfacial region has been investigated during nucleation and growth of the thin films. RF magnetron sputter deposited films with thicknesses ranging from ∼20 to 1580 A were characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Hall measurements, and four point probe. AES spectra of the films with thickness between ∼20 and 60 A exhibited clear Si (1619eV) peaks suggesting the thin films were discontinuous islands on the substrate. AFM micrographs indicated a distribution of hillocks on the surface which agrees with AES results, and suggest a Volmer-Webber nucleation and growth mechanism. Hall measurements indicated that the films had electron carrier concentrations on the order of 1019 to 1020/cm−3, mobilities of <10cm2V.s, and resistivities on the order of 10−2 to10−3Ω-cm depending on the film thickness. The possible impact of these results on solar cell performance is discussed.
Inhibitive effect of total alkaloids from Pinellia ternate on the proliferation of human hepatic carcinoma cells

Objective To investigate the inhibitive effect of total alkaloids from Pinellia ternate( TAPT) on the proliferation of human hepatic carcinoma strain QJY-7703. Methods The proliferation inhibition of human hepatic carcinoma cells treated with TAPT was measured with methyl thiazolil tetracolium colorimetic( MTT) method and plate clone formation assay to detect the inhibitive effect of different concentrations of TAPT on the growth of QJY-7703 strains. Single cell gel electrophoresis( SCGE) was used to detect QJY-7703 cell DNA damage induced by TAPT. Results When compared with the control group,in vitro proliferation of QJY-7703 cells treated with TAPT was decreased significantly,and it was positively correlated with drug dosage and medication time,and statistical significance could be seen,when comparisons were made( P 0. 01,P 0. 05). In SCGE detection,significant differences could be seen in cell tail DNA content,tail length and tail movement in the TAPT experimental group,when compared with those of the control group( P 0. 01),and a dose-dependent relationship was quite marked. Conclusion In vitro,a certain dosage of TAPT could obviously inhibit the proliferation of QJY-7703 cells,the mechanism of which might be correlated to DNA damage induced by TAPT.
Immunohistochemical analysis of the distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in Hodgkin's disease

We studied the histologic distribution of lymphocyte subpopulations in Hodgkin's disease. Involved tissues from 15 patients were stained by an indirect immunoperoxidase procedure for a variety of lymphocyte surface antigens using monoclonal antibodies. In most cases, there were more T cells than B cells, and Reed-Sternberg cells were found in T-cell rich areas. Except in lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease, helper-T antigen-positive (TH) cells greatly outnumbered cytotoxic-suppressor antigen-positive cells. Moreover, TH cells showed a preferential association with Reed-Sternberg cells. Lymphocytes surrounding Reed-Sternberg cells often expressed the transferrin receptor, a marker of cell activation. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the lymphocytes in Hodgkin's disease represent a cytotoxic T-cell response to neoplastic cells, except perhaps in the lymphocyte-depleted subtype.
A fully isolated delta-sigma ADC for shunt based current sensing

This paper presents the world's first chip-level 5kV isolated delta-sigma ADC architecture which realizes the isolation in both the power and signal domains. The IC package contains an integrated isolated power converter (including an on-chip transformer, oscillator and rectifier), three analog to digital converters, a voltage reference, a temperature transducer, on-chip data transformers, and a controller/communication chip. This solution displaces the need for isolation using opto-couplers or costly, bulky and frequency dependent current transformers, and enables lower cost shunt-based current sensing for domestic and industrial energy metering applications. It also enables new portable industrial current sensing applications where voltage isolation is necessary. The whole system-in-a-package draws 12.5mA from a 3.3V supply and achieves 74.4dBFS SNDR and 80.8dBFS SFDR in a bandwidth of 3.3 kHz. It also achieves an insulation voltage rating of 5000Vrms over a 1 minute duration.
Symptoms and Signs of Pseudotumor

A review of charts of 30 children with idiopathic intracranial hypertension, seen in a 30 year period between 1960 and 1990, is reported from the University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics.
Reduced Snow Cover Increases Wintertime Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Emissions from an Agricultural Soil in the Upper U.S. Midwest

Throughout most of the northern hemisphere, snow cover decreased in almost every winter month from 1967 to 2012. Because snow is an effective insulator, snow cover loss has likely enhanced soil freezing and the frequency of soil freeze–thaw cycles, which can disrupt soil nitrogen dynamics including the production of nitrous oxide (N2O). We used replicated automated gas flux chambers deployed in an annual cropping system in the upper Midwest US for three winters (December–March, 2011–2013) to examine the effects of snow removal and additions on N2O fluxes. Diminished snow cover resulted in increased N2O emissions each year; over the entire experiment, cumulative emissions in plots with snow removed were 69% higher than in ambient snow control plots and 95% higher than in plots that received additional snow (P < 0.001). Higher emissions coincided with a greater number of freeze–thaw cycles that broke up soil macroaggregates (250–8000 µm) and significantly increased soil inorganic nitrogen pools. We conclude that winters with less snow cover can be expected to accelerate N2O fluxes from agricultural soils subject to wintertime freezing.
Investigating the cultural conception of race in Puerto Rico: residents’ thoughts on the U.S. Census, discrimination, and interventionist policies

ABSTRACTNationalist discourse concerning race in Puerto Rico generally states that residents are of the same racially mixed heritage – a combination of Spanish, African, and indigenous ancestry. However, literature suggests that the population is characterized by greater variation in physical appearances than what is posited by ‘admixture’ discourse. Moreover, and further complicating the understanding of race, 2010 United States Census data show that over 75 per cent of Puerto Ricans self-identified as ‘White, alone.’ Researchers, employers, and governmental agencies attempting to address issues of inequality and discrimination have had to rely on existing US Census data for analysis. Thus, the need for an alternative data collection process that can be used for various forms of socioeconomic analysis has become paramount. In this paper, two alternative instruments that emphasized a locally suited and standardizable approach to establishing more representative racial statistics in Puerto Rico were admini...
Vortex cutting in superconductors

Vortex cutting and reconnection is an intriguing and still-unsolved problem central to many areas of classical and quantum physics, including hydrodynamics, astrophysics, and superconductivity. Here, we describe a comprehensive investigation of the crossing of magnetic vortices in superconductors using time dependent Ginsburg-Landau modeling. Within a macroscopic volume, we simulate initial magnetization of an anisotropic high temperature superconductor followed by subsequent remagnetization with perpendicular magnetic fields, creating the crossing of the initial and newly generated vortices. The time resolved evolution of vortex lines as they approach each other, contort, locally conjoin, and detach, elucidates the fine details of the vortex-crossing scenario under practical situations with many interacting vortices in the presence of weak pinning. Our simulations also reveal left-handed helical vortex instabilities that accompany the remagnetization process and participate in the vortex crossing events.
Impact of Massage Therapy on Fatigue, Pain, and Spasticity in People with Multiple Sclerosis: a Pilot Study

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory disease that leads to fatigue, pain, and spasticity, as well as other sensorimotor and cognitive changes. Often traditional medical approaches are ineffective in alleviating these disruptive symptoms. Although about one-third of surveyed individuals report they use massage therapy (MT) as an adjunct to medical treatment, there is little empirical evidence that MT is effective for symptom management in people with MS. Purpose: To measure the effects of MT on fatigue, pain, spasticity, perception of health, and quality of life in people with MS. Setting: Not-for-profit long-term care facility. Participants: Twenty-four of 28 enrolled individuals with MS (average age = 47.38, SD = 13.05; 22 female) completed all MT sessions and outcome assessments. Research Design: Nonrandomized, pre–post pilot study. Intervention: Standardized MT routine one time a week for six weeks. Main Outcome Measure(s): Modified Fatigue Index Scale (MFIS), MOS Pain Effects Scale (MOS Pain), and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Secondary outcome measures: Mental Health Inventory (MHI) and Health Status Questionnaire (HSQ). Results: There was a significant improvement in MFIS (p < .01), MOS Pain (p < .01), MHI (p < .01), and HSQ (p < .01), all with a large effect size (ES) (Cohen’s d = -0.76, 1.25, 0.93, -1.01, respectively). There was a significant correlation between change scores on the MFIS and the MOS Pain (r = 0.532, p < .01), MHI (r = -0.647, p < .01), and subscales of the HSQ (ranging from r = -0.519, to -0.619, p < .01). Conclusions: MT as delivered in this study is a safe and beneficial intervention for management of fatigue and pain in people with MS. Decreasing fatigue and pain appears to correlate with improvement in quality of life, which is meaningful for people with MS who have a chronic disease resulting in long-term health care needs.
Chlorine-induced degradation in SOFCs operating with biogas

Experiments described in this work examine degradation mechanisms of nickel-based anodes in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operating with a biogas surrogate and exposed to 110 ppm Cl (delivered either as CH3Cl or HCl). Chlorine present in green and synthetic fuels such as biogas and syngas can accelerate degradation of high temperature nickel anodes. Chlorine contamination has been studied in SOFCs where H2 was the primary fuel but little attention has focused on deleterious, cooperative effects that result from Cl-contamination in predominantly carbon containing fuels. Operando Raman spectroscopy is used to directly observe the anode's catalytic activity as evidenced by observable carbon accumulation, and electrochemical impedance and voltammetry measurements report on overall cell performance. Studies performed at 650 °C and 700 °C show that Cl immediately suppresses carbon accumulation and causes slow but steady cell degradation. Prolonged exposure to Cl results in abrupt and irreversible device failure. These results differ markedly from recent reports of Cl contamination in SOFCs operating independently with H2 and CH4.
Hepatic arterial infusion for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: An update on survival from two prospective clinical trials.

4116 Background: Patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHC) experience poor survival. This study summarizes the long-term outcome of two previously reported clinical trials us...
The history of IFOMPT: paving the way to global leadership in OMPT excellence

Since its establishment, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT) has played a critical role in representing orthopaedic manual physical therapy (OMPT) ...
Risk factors for severe malaria among hospitalized patients in the United States, 2000–2014

Abstract Background Factors associated with the development of severe malaria have not been well described for cases occurring in the United States (US). Methods Severe malaria hospitalizations data from the 2000–2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample were analyzed. Frequencies were reported by demographic, clinical, species, financial, geographic, and institutional characteristics, and trends and disparities were identified. Logistic regression models were used to identify potential predictors for severe disease among those with malaria. Results From 2000 to 2014, there were an estimated 4823 severe malaria cases, representing 21.9% of all malaria-related hospitalizations, including 182 severe malaria deaths. Severe malaria was most common among inpatients who were male, Black, aged 45–64 years, and hospitalized in the South Atlantic division of the US. Older age was associated with higher odds of severe malaria, cerebral malaria, ARDS, severe anemia, and renal failure. Males had higher odds of developing renal failure and jaundice, while females had higher odds of developing severe anemia. HIV infection was associated with increased odds of severe malaria, severe anemia, and renal failure. Conclusion Primary and secondary prevention measures, such as pre-travel consultations, chemoprophylaxis, and early diagnosis and treatment, should be emphasized and improved among high-risk prospective travelers to malaria endemic countries.
Optical-nonlinearity-enabled nonreciprocal propagation: what works and what does not (Conference Presentation)

Optical Isolators are important components of photonic circuits and require breaking of time inversion symmetry. Usually it is achieved with magnetic field but recent years have seen an effort directed toward development of magnetic –field –free optical isolators, based on temporal modulation and/or optical nonlinearity. In this talk various non-magnetic schemes will be compared and the case will be made for the optical isolator based on second and third order nonlinearities that have high degree of isolation and dynamic range
Improved Learning Conditions in the Establishment of Reading Skills with Disabled Readers.

Learning conditions were individually programed in a group setting to provide sequential arrangement of reading material and systematic presentation of reinforcing events to optimize each child's performance. Arrangements of reinforcing events were designed first to accelerate performance rate, then to maintain the high rate. When learning conditions were individually appropriate, each child averaged between 100 and 200 more correct responses every day and spent very few minutes avoiding reading. The students not only made more correct responses daily and worked longer, but also progressed in instructional reading levels from one and one-half to 4 years over 5 months of instruction.
Sampling, Sample Moments, Sampling Distributions, and Simulation

Beginning with this chapter, we turn our attention toward concepts and procedures that are explicitly related to the problem of statistical inference. Prior to this point, our study of probability theory and its implications has essentially addressed questions of deduction: “Given a probability space, what can we deduce about the characteristics of outcomes of an experiment?” Our study of statistical inference will turn this question around: “Given the characteristics of outcomes of an experiment, what can we infer about the probability space?”
Assistive Technology for Students with Visual Impairments: A Research Agenda

Abstract This research synthesis examined the literature on assistive technology in education for individuals with visual impairments from September 2009 to May 2013 and is a replication of a previous study by Kelly and Smith (2011) . To identify changes in the types, methodology, and rigor of research since August 2009, we located and analyzed 141 articles in English peer-reviewed publications. Only 2 of the 141 articles met the standards for scientific research developed by the What Works Clearinghouse. While only two studies met criteria for group research, there was an increase in the quantity of published articles, including a number of qualitative and single-subject research studies, suggesting that more and higher quality research is being conducted. A succinct summary of notable studies is provided as well as possible strategies to advance research on assistive technology for students with visual impairments to promote more rigorous and robust standards/competencies.
Gene family phylogenetics: tracing protein evolution on trees

How have proteins taken on the remarkable diversity of biochemical and physiological functions necessary to create and maintain complex organisms? The majority of proteins are organized hierarchically into families and superfamilies, reflecting an ancient and continuing process of gene duplication and divergence. The techniques of molecular phylogenetics, developed to recover the nested hierarchy of taxa from character information in their gene sequences, can also reconstruct the evolutionary relationships among genes and provide a conceptual foundation for comparative evolutionary analysis of proteins and their functions. In this review, I outline the application of phylogenetic approaches to issues in gene family studies, beginning with the inference of phylogeny and the assessment of the two types of homology by which genes in a family can be related: orthology (common descent from a cladogenetic event) and paralogy (common descent from a gene duplication event). I show how the phylogenetic approach makes possible novel kinds of comparative analysis, including detection of exon shuffling, reconstruction of the evolutionary diversification of gene families, tracing of evolutionary change in protein function at the amino acid level, and prediction of structure-function relationships. A marriage of the principles of phylogenetic systematics with the copious sequence data being generated by molecular biology and genomics promises unprecedented insights into the nature of biological organization and the historical processes that created it.
Quantification of Cardiac Function by Computerized 2-Dimensional Echocardiography

One of the promising developments in two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) has been its use in quantitating global cardiac function and mapping segmental ventricular contraction. Considering the very large amount of spatial and temporal measurements to be processed, it is not surprising that efforts are underway to computerize the acquisition and analysis of 2DE images (1–5). This paper will indicate recent progress at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (Los Angeles) in the development and validation of real-time 2DE computerization.
Drawing inferences from cyber espionage

To survive a confrontation, it helps to understand other side's capabilities and intensions. Estimates of opposing capabilities rest on an empirical basis but understanding the other side's intentions is inferred from words and deeds. Therein lies a dilemma common across all military domains: acts to alter the balance of a confrontation can also shape the inferences that the other side draws about one's intentions. The dilemma also operates in cyberspace, but in unique ways. First, efforts by one side to acquire information on the other can be read by the other side as preparations for a cyber attack prefatory to a military attack. Second, others may draw inferences from the fact of cyber espionage alone, even though the basis for believing in a cyber security dilemma is weak. Third, there are ways of carrying out cyber espionage that can mitigate inferences that others draw about the imminence of cyber attack by, for example, limiting which components within a network are targeted for eavesdropping or by using penetration methods that do not leave arbitrary code behind. Fourth, defenders themselves can also modulate their reactions in ways that limit drawing unnecessary inferences. Fifth, expectations of how well modulating cyber espionage can convey peaceful intentions should be very modest. All these are complicated by difficulties in the target's ascertaining a penetration's date, characterization, and authorship. We conclude with a call for those who would penetrate military-related systems to think about the inferences that the other side may draw if such penetrations are discovered.