cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of SiCp size and volume fraction on the high cycle fatigue behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy composites

Abstract High cycle fatigue tests (i.e., stress-controlled, axial) were conducted on monolithic AZ91D and AZ91D magnesinm alloy composites processed via squeeze casting and extrusion to contain either 15 gm or 52 gm size SiC particles, at both the 20% and 25% volume fraction reinforcement level. The effects of changes in SiC particle size and volume fraction on the high cycle fatigue behavior have been determined. In addition, the number of cracked particles on the fatigue fracture surfaces, as well as the level of damage beneath the fatigue fracture surfaces were quantified in order to determine the effects of particle size on the evolution of damage during fatigue and during overload failure. Commercial purity Mg specimens containing a large grain size were also tested in fatigue for comparison with the alloy and composite data.
The Common Gaze: Conversations with Cataloging Instructors about Teaching Online at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Past and present instructors from the Library Education Experimental Program (LEEP) online graduate education program at the Graduate School of Library and Information Science at the University of Illinois discuss their instructional experiences. Topics include: discussion of learning activities that work and those that do not, the differences in participation rates among online students, the challenge of instruction in an environment where visual or physical cues are absent, and the ways in which instructors measure learning outcomes and encourage students to work in groups.
Temperature dependence of vibrational trasition probabilities in H2O-H2O collisions

Abstract Temperature dependence of the probability of vibrational energy transfer in H 2 O-H 2 O collisions is discussed. Formulas for the transition probability for specific molecular orientations and its angle-average are obtained. A numerical illustration shows that at low temperatures the transition probability increases with falling temperature (between 600° and 300°K).
Decomposition and optimization over cycles in binary matroids

Abstract For k = 2 and 3, we define several k-sums of binary matroids and of polytopes arising from cycles of binary matroids. We then establish relationships between these k-sums, and use these results to give a direct proof that a certain LP-relaxation of the cycle polytope is the polytope itself if and only if M does not have certain minors. The latter theorem was proved earlier by Barahona and Grotschel via Seymour's deep theorem characterizing the matroids with the sum of circuits property. We also exploit the relationships between matroid and polytope k-sums to construct polynomial time algorithms for the solution of the maximum weight cycle problem for some classes of binary matroids and for the solution of the separation problem of the LP-relaxation mentioned above.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Influences on cerebral hemodynamic and cerebrospinal fluid pressure-chemical autoregulation

Blood flow in the cerebral gray matter was measured in normal pressure hydrocephalus and Alzheimer disease by 133Xe inhalation. Flow values in the frontal and temporal gray matter increased after lowering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure by lumbar puncture in normal pressure hydrocephalus (p less than 0.05) and also after shunting. One case with cerebral complications did not improve clinically. In Alzheimer disease the reverse (decreases in flow in the gray matter) occurred after removal of CSF. Normal pressure hydrocephalus was associated with impaired cerebral vasomotor responsiveness during 100% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide inhalation. This complication was restored toward normal after CSF removal and/or shunting. Cerebral blood flow measurements appear to be useful for confirming the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus and predicting the clinical benefit from shunting.
Adaptation to three types of water-deprivation schedules in the hooded rat

Rats allowed a 30 min. or a 180 min. daily drinking period with no food present during this period, showed almost identical daily food intakes and body weight losses even though the latter group drank consistently more during the drinking period than the former. Rats allowed a 180 min. daily drinking period with food present with the water showed higher daily food and water intakes than the other two groups and their body weight stabilized immediately. All groups showed a gradual increase in food and water intake during the 25 days on schedule.
Social Skills Deficits and Vocal Characteristics of Children with Social Phobia or Asperger’s Disorder: A Comparative Study

Social skills deficits are commonly reported among children with social phobia (SP) and children with Asperger's Disorder (AD); however, a lack of direct comparison makes it unclear whether these groups, both of which endorse the presence of social anxiety, have similar or unique skills deficits. In this investigation, the social behaviors of children with SP (n=30) or AD (n=30) were compared to a typically developing (TD) peer group (n=30) during structured role play interactions. Data were analyzed using blinded observers' ratings of overt behaviors and digital vocal analysis of verbal communication. Compared to children with AD and TD children, children with SP exhibited less overall social skill, an ineffective ability to manage the conversational topic (pragmatic social behavior), and deficient speech production (speech and prosodic social behavior). There were no differences in observer ratings between children with AD and TD children. However, using digital analysis of vocal characteristics (i.e., intensity, pitch), distinct vocal patterns emerged. Specifically, children with AD spoke more softly than TD children, and had lower vocal pitch and less vocal pitch variability than children with SP. This pattern may be subjectively heard as monotonic speech. Consistent with a vocal pattern associated with heightened anxiety, children with SP spoke more softly and had less voice volume variation than TD children, and had higher vocal pitch and more vocal pitch variability (jitteriness) than children with AD. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Cellular and Biochemical Changes in the Rabbit Corpus Luteum after Withdrawal of 17β-Estradiol. I. Paradoxical Increase in RNA Synthesis

The changes in RNA and protein synthesis in pseudopregnant rabbits in whom 17beta-estradiol was suddenly withdrawn was investigated. Pseudopregnant rabbits were implanted with 17beta-estradiol capsules which raised the serum estradiol 2- to 3-fold. The implants were removed on Day 10 and corpora lutea examined at various times thereafter. Luteal tissue was incubated with radioactive amino acids and their incorporation into RNA evaluated. Histology was performed on luteal tissue as well. Within 48-72 hours luteal RNA and protein contents per unit DNA both declined. Luteal DNA content was however without change during this same period. Incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA demonstrated a 100% increase in RNA synthesis. This increased incorporation of radioactivity into RNA was unattributable to increased uptake of radioactive precursors. Luteal cell structure showed marked regressive changes. Luteal cells in the estradiol-deprived animal were of smaller volume compared to control animals. It is theorized that the observed elevation of RNA synthesis is due to the activation of stromal cells in the regressing corpus luteum.
The rate of crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by differential scanning calorimetry

The value of tmax in differential scanning calorimetry is correlated with the crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The Avrami exponent, n, obtained varies as a result of a change in slope of the curve at the point tn, a secondary crystallization transition. The plot of tn vs. tmax shows a linear relationship. The rate of crystallization depends upon both molecular weight and crystallization temperature. Under a nucleation controlling step, the plot of log tmaxvs.gives a linear relationship. Theoretical concepts of the treatment are discussed.
Distinct neural circuits underlie assessment of a diversity of natural dangers by American crows

Social animals encountering natural dangers face decisions such as whether to freeze, flee or harass the threat. The American crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos ,c onspicuously mobs dangers. We used positron emission tomography to test the hypothesis that distinct neuronal substrates underlie the crow’s consistent behavioural response to different dangers. We found that crows activated brain regions associated with attention and arousal (nucleus isthmo-opticus/locus coeruleus), and with motor response (arcopallium), as they fixed their gaze on a threat. However, despite this consistent behavioural and neural response, the sight of a person who previously captured the crow, a person holding a dead crow and a taxidermy-mounted hawk activated distinct forebrain regions (amygdala, hippocampus and portion of the caudal nidopallium, respectively). We suggest that aspects of mobbing behaviour are guided by unique neural circuits that respond to differences in mental processing—learning, memoryformationandmultisensorydiscrimination—requiredtoappropriately nuance a risky behaviour to specific dangers.
Heteroplasmy and Organelle Gene Dynamics

This study assesses factors that influence the rates of change of organelle gene diversity and the maintenance of heteroplasmy. Losses of organelle gene diversity within individuals via vegetative segregation during ontogeny are paramount to resultant spatial and temporal patterns. Steady-state losses of organelle variation from the zygote to the gametes are determined by the effective number of organelles, which will be approximately equal to the number of intracellular organelles if random segregation prevails. Both rapid increases in organelle number after zygote formation and reductions at germ lines will reduce variation within individuals. Terminal reductions in organelles must be to very low copy numbers (<5) for substantial losses in variation to occur rapidly. Nonrandom clonal expansion and vegetative segregation during gametogenesis may be effective in reducing genetic variation in gametes. If organelles are uniparentally inherited, the asymptotic expectations for effective numbers of gametes and spatial differentiation will be identical for homoplasmic and heteroplasmic conditions. The rate of attainment of asymptote for heteroplasmic organelles, however, is governed by the rate of loss of variation during ontogeny. With sex-biased dispersal, the effective number of gametes is maximized when the proportional contributions of the sex having the higher dispersal rate are low.
Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis Using a Galactomannan Assay: A Meta-Analysis

Background A double-sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent galactomannan assay has been approved for surveillance for invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. We undertook a meta-analysis to assess the accuracy of a galactomannan assay for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Methods Studies of the galactomannan assay that used the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer or similar criteria as a reference standard and provided data to calculate sensitivity and specificity were included. Pooled sensitivity and specificity and summary measures of accuracy, Q* (the upper left-most point on the summary receiver-operating characteristic curve), mean D (a log odds ratio), and Youden index were calculated. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore heterogeneity. Results Twenty-seven studies from 1966 to 28 February 2005 were included. Overall, the galactomannan assay had a sensitivity of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.74) and specificity of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.88-0.90) for proven cases of invasive aspergillosis. The Youden index, mean D, and Q* were 0.54 (95% CI, 0.41-0.65), 2.74 (95% CI, 21.12-3.36), and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74-0.86), respectively, indicating moderate accuracy. Subgroup analyses showed that the performance of the test differed by patient population and type of reference standard used. Significant heterogeneity was present. Conclusions The galactomannan assay has moderate accuracy for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. The test is more useful in patients who have hematological malignancy or who have undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation than in solid-organ transplant recipients. Further studies with attention to the impact of antifungal therapy, rigorous assessment of false-positive test results, and assessment of the utility of the test under nonsurveillance conditions are needed.
Session management for collaborative applications

Session management systems for collaborative applications have required a great deal of reimplementation work by developers because they have been typically created on a case-by-case basis. Further, artifacts of this development process have limited the flexibility of session management systems and their ability to cooperate across applications, resulting in the fairly formalized, heavy-weight session management found in most collaborative systems today. We present a model for a light-weight form of session management, the theoretical foundation for this model (based on the sharing of information about user and system activity), and details of a collaboration support environment which implements our session management model.
Radiative heat transfer effects in chemically reacting nozzle flows

The two-dimensional spatially elliptic Navier-Stokes equations have been used to investigate the radiative effects in chemically reacting compressible flows of premixed hydrogen and air in an expanding nozzle. The radiative heat transfer is simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The nongray model employed is based on the statistical narrow-band model with an exponential-tailed inverse intensity distribution. The spectral correlation has been considered in the Monte Carlo formulations. Results obtained demonstrate that the radiative effects on the wall heat transfer may be significant. Extensive parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effects of equivalence ratio, wall temperature, inlet flow temperature, and the nozzle size on the radiative and convective heat fluxes on the walls.
Adaptive Dynamic Programming algorithm for finding online the equilibrium solution of the two-player zero-sum differential game

This paper will present an Approximate/Adaptive Dynamic Programming (ADP) algorithm for determining online the Nash equilibrium solution for the two-player zero-sum differential game with linear dynamics and infinite horizon quadratic cost. The algorithm is built around an iterative method that has been developed in the control engineering community for solving the continuous-time game algebraic Riccati equation (CT-GARE) that is underlying the game problem. We here show how the ADP techniques will enhance the capabilities of the offline method allowing an online solution without the requirement of complete knowledge of the system dynamics.
Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy at the Time of Surgery is Not Associated with Increased 30-Day Morbidity and Mortality Following Colorectal Resection

In the absence of large randomized trials, the independent contribution of intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) to morbidity and mortality (M+M) from cytoreductive surgery remains uncertain. In a multi-institutional cohort of colorectal surgery patients, we examined the association between M+M and the use of IPC. Patients undergoing an open colorectal resection for cancer with and without administration of IPC were identified using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2005–2012). Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with 30-day M+M. Using a propensity score matching method, patients undergoing IPC were matched 1:3 to non-IPC patients. M+M within the matched cohort was compared using the χ 2 test. Of the 33,912 patients identified, 188 had concurrent IPC. The M+M rates were 41 and 30 % with and without IPC, respectively (p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, IPC was not associated with M+M (odds ratio 0.92; p = 0.62). Using a propensity score match to control for patient and operative factors, patients who received IPC (n = 188) were matched to patients who did not receive IPC (n = 365). The M+M rates in the matched cohort did not significantly differ (41 % with IPC and 45 % without IPC; p = 0.34). Similarly, mortality (1.1 vs. 2.5 %; p = 0.26) and length of stay (12 vs. 11 days; p = 0.27) were not affected by IPC status. After controlling for patient and operative factors, IPC was not associated with increased M+M following colorectal resection. The high morbidity observed in patients receiving IPC appears to be driven by operative factors other than the use of IPC.
Simultaneous droplet impingement dynamics and heat transfer on nano-structured surfaces

This study examines the hydrodynamics and temperature characteristics of distilled deionized water droplets impinging on smooth and nano-structured surfaces using high speed (HS) and infrared (IR) imaging at We = 23.6 and Re = 1593, both based on initial drop impingement parameters. Results for a smooth and nano-structured surface for a range of surface temperatures are compared. Droplet impact velocity, transient spreading diameter and dynamic contact angle are measured. The near surface average droplet fluid temperatures are evaluated for conditions of evaporative cooling and boiling. Also included are surface temperature results using a gold layered IR opaque surface on silicon. Four stages of the impingement process are identified: impact, boiling, near constant surface diameter evaporation, and final dry-out. For the boiling conditions there is initial nucleation followed by severe boiling, then near constant diameter evaporation resulting in shrinking of the droplet height. When a critical contact angle is reached during evaporation the droplet rapidly retracts to a smaller diameter reducing the contact area with the surface. This continues as a sequence of retractions until final dry out. The basic trends are the same for all surfaces, but the nano-structured surface has a lower dissipated energy during impact and enhances the heat transfer for evaporative cooling with a 20% shorter time to achieve final dry out.
A Framework for Determining the Influence of the Corporate Board of Directors in Accounting Studies

Accounting, auditing, and tax professionals constantly evaluate the integrity, competence, and financial performance of clients as factors in practice that influence both client acceptance decisions and the manner in which professional services are rendered. Yet, from an accounting perspective, previous research investigating the corporate board of directors as a governance mechanism has focused only on the representational role of board members. Moreover, many of these studies resulted in conflicting findings according to these attributes. Other disciplines address the particular influence of the board with respect to overall corporate performance, but arrive at little agreement on either the effect of or the most critical of board attributes. This literature review synthesizes the existing research to provide a framework in which to evaluate the effect of the board of directors in accounting settings and, in particular, when conducting future research that employs elements of corporate governance as dependent or independent variables in accounting studies.
Urban Fear: Building the Fortress City

Currently one third of all new homes built in the United States are in gated residential developments, and eight million people already live in such communities. Secured neighborhoods are a logical extension of social and political processes producing the built environment of the late-capitalist city. Although walled and fortified communities are not new, these recent developments are private rather than public, and are exclusively residential. Fortress–like, that is, walled, gated and guarded communities encode fear—materially, not just metaphorically—producing a literal landscape of fear. The study is based upon interviews with residents from gated developments in Los Angeles, New York and San Antonio. [Urban fear, urban studies, suburbs, gated communities, landscapes of fear]
DBSI: DNA-binding site identifier

In this study, we present the DNA-Binding Site Identifier (DBSI), a new structure-based method for predicting protein interaction sites for DNA binding. DBSI was trained and validated on a data set of 263 proteins (TRAIN-263), tested on an independent set of protein-DNA complexes (TEST-206) and data sets of 29 unbound (APO-29) and 30 bound (HOLO-30) protein structures distinct from the training data. We computed 480 candidate features for identifying protein residues that bind DNA, including new features that capture the electrostatic microenvironment within shells near the protein surface. Our iterative feature selection process identified features important in other models, as well as features unique to the DBSI model, such as a banded electrostatic feature with spatial separation comparable with the canonical width of the DNA minor groove. Validations and comparisons with established methods using a range of performance metrics clearly demonstrate the predictive advantage of DBSI, and its comparable performance on unbound (APO-29) and bound (HOLO-30) conformations demonstrates robustness to binding-induced protein conformational changes. Finally, we offer our feature data table to others for integration into their own models or for testing improved feature selection and model training strategies based on DBSI.
Dissolution rates of polyphase mixtures.

The theory for the dissolution rate of polyphase mixtures has been investigated and applied to several situations. Physical models involving simultaneous diffusion and rapid equilibria have led to relationships that describe experimental data rather well for the benzoic acid–salicylic acid, the benzocaine–caffeine, and the benzoic acid–trisodium phosphate mixtures.
Pericentrin anchors protein kinase A at the centrosome through a newly identified RII-binding domain

Centrosomes orchestrate microtubule nucleation and spindle assembly during cell division [1,2] and have long been recognized as major anchoring sites for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) [3,4]. Subcellular compartmentalization of PKA is achieved through the association of the PKA holoenzyme with A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) [5,6]. AKAPs have been shown to contain a conserved helical motif, responsible for binding to the type II regulatory subunit (RII) of PKA, and a specific targeting motif unique to each anchoring protein that directs the kinase to specific intracellular locations. Here, we show that pericentrin, an integral component of the pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome that has been shown to regulate centrosome assembly and organization, directly interacts with PKA through a newly identified binding domain. We demonstrate that both RII and the catalytic subunit of PKA coimmunoprecipitate with pericentrin isolated from HEK-293 cell extracts and that PKA catalytic activity is enriched in pericentrin immunoprecipitates. The interaction of pericentrin with RII is mediated through a binding domain of 100 amino acids which does not exhibit the structural characteristics of similar regions on conventional AKAPs. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that pericentrin is an AKAP in vivo.
Has Culture Theory Lost Its Minds

For most cultural anthropologists, the "native's point of view" remains the paramount object of ethnographic research. Nevertheless, interpretive and psychological anthropologists have come to envision the object differently. Positions on both sides of this blurry divide are varied and complex, but a sketch of ideal types is a useful point of departure.1 By and large, interpretive, or symbolic, anthropologists tend to look at the human situation from the top down, or outside in. Culture makes people: the native's point of view is overwhelmingly a cultural product, the subjective imprint of a collective symbol system. A revisionist wing of interpretive anthropology, sometimes associated with postmodernism or poststructuralism, asserts that public discourses constitute multiple subjectivities, or subjective fragments, within native society. In contrast, psychological anthropologists are more likely to take a bottom up or inside out perspective. The focus shifts to personal experience. A native's point of view, the ideational precipitate of a singular life trajectory, is a compound of culture-ideas and feelings shared with others-and idiosyncratic elements. That is, people (notjust anthropologists) inhabit subjective worlds that are in some ways similar and in others incredibly diverse. To varying degrees, psychological anthropologists also emphasize that people are conscious agents who continually rework personal meanings
Anticipatory Route Selection

Mobile communication technologies enable communication between dispatchers and drivers and hence can enable fleet management based on real-time information. We assume that such communication capability exists for a single pickup and delivery vehicle and that we know the likelihood, as a function of time, that each of the vehicle's potential customers will make a pickup request. We then model and analyze the problem of constructing a minimum expected total cost route from an origin to a destination that anticipates and then responds to service requests, if they occur, while the vehicle is en route. We model this problem as a Markov decision process and present several structured results associated with the optimal expected cost-to-go function and an optimal policy for route construction. We illustrate the behavior of an optimal policy with several numerical examples and demonstrate the superiority of an optimal anticipatory policy, relative to a route design approach that reflects the reactive nature of current routing procedures for less-than-truckload pickup and delivery.
What Does a Deterministic Algorithm Need to Do to Locate a Global Optimizer

Presented in this article is a prototype of a general deterministic algorithm referred to as division-deletion algorithm (DDA) for solving a general class of global optimization problems. DDA shows what a deterministic algorithm needs to do to locate a global optimizer. Four categories of conditions for the convergence of the algorithm are outlined. As an example of its application, we have used an interval algorithm for constrained global optimization
The use of a filter to sort out directions in a short‐crested Gaussian sea surface

The method of stereo pairs may be used to obtain wave records which characterize the sea surface completely at any given place. The three-dimensional aerial photograph thus obtained is divided into 2N + 1 wave records spaced Δy ft apart. The 2N + 1 wave records are combined statistically into one wave record, and the energy spectrum for spectral components within a certain angular band is then computed. A filter function which depends on N and Δy is derived from the averaging process. The filter function operates on the energy spectrum in such a way that, for proper choice of N and Δy, the waves whose spectral directions are any other than that which is desired are eliminated. The energy spectrum which results is composed of the energy of those waves which travel in the desired direction. A sample example illustrates this process.
Practicalities in Applying a Formal Methodology to Data Analysis

This paper draws on the practical experience of CACI consultants in Europe in database design and data analysis over the past three years. It is not intended to explain in detail or to justify the particular methodology, but rather to concentrate on the practical problems that arise when undertaking data analysis and the solutions which we have found to be successful. Further, the emphasis of this paper is on the technical problems, whereas it is the political and organizational aspects which pose the greatest difficulties for the data analyst.
Predictors of Finding Occult Atrial Fibrillation After Cryptogenic Stroke

Background and Purpose—Occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is found in a substantial minority of patients with cryptogenic stroke. Identifying reliable predictors of paroxysmal AF after cryptogenic stroke would allow clinicians to more effectively use outpatient cardiac monitoring and ultimately reduce secondary stroke burden. Methods—We analyzed a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients who underwent 28-day mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry after cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic stroke. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify clinical, echocardiographic, and radiographic features associated with the detection of paroxysmal AF. Results—Of 227 patients with cryptogenic stroke (179) or transient ischemic stroke (48), 14% (95% confidence interval, 9%–18%) had AF detected on mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry, 58% of which was ≥30 seconds in duration. Age >60 years (odds ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–11) and prior cortical or cerebellar infarction see...
Resolution, pattern effects, and range of radio telescopes

Important source parameters and the characteristics of an ideal radio telescope are outlined. The resolution of a telescope antenna is given by Rayleigh's criterion as one-half the beamwidth between first nulls. The effect of source extent on the observed antenna pattern and the inverse problem of determining the source distribution from the measured pattern are considered. The range of a radio telescope is discussed and it is shown that some types of celestial sources could be detected far beyond the celestial horizon if such did not exist. The range of the largest optical telescopes is only half the distance to the celestial horizon, and it is pointed out that observations with large radio telescopes may be vital in determining whether a celestial horizon does in fact exist. The ultimate number of celestial sources that can be resolved with any radio telescope is given by Ko's criterion as numerically equal to the directivity of the telescope antenna.
Efficient numerical techniques for modeling multicomponent ground-water transport based upon simultaneous solution of strongly coupled subsets of chemical components

An iterative solution technique for reactive transport problems is developed, which we call the selective coupling method, that represents a versatile alternative to traditional uncoupled iterative techniques and the fully coupled global implicit method. The chemical formulation studied allows a combination of equilibrium and kinetic reactions, and therefore is a more versatile model formulation than a purely equilibrium-based system. However, this is a very challenging system for obtaining an efficient numerical solution. Techniques that sequentially compute the concentrations of aqueous components possibly ignore important derivatives in the Jacobian matrix of the full system of equations. The selective coupling method developed here allows only the strongly coupled components to be solved together, and the transport iteration consists of solving groups of components simultaneously. We also develop a method denoted as coupled normalization to reduce the computational work and memory requirements for particular types of reactive transport problems. These approaches can result in computational savings relative to the global implicit method by achieving a similar iteration count while reducing the cpu time per iteration. More importantly, the memory requirements of the selective coupling technique are controlled by the maximum number of coupled components, rather than by the total number of components. For complex aqueous chemical systems and grids with a large number of nodes, memory efficiency is the characteristic that makes the selective coupling method particularly attractive relative to the global implicit method. A series of example cases illustrate the efficiency of the new approach. These test problems are also used to address the implementation issues surrounding the most efficient strategy for coupling the aqueous components when carrying out the chemical transport iteration. In-depth knowledge of the behavior of the chemical system is required to select an appropriate solution strategy.
Death roll of the alligator: mechanics of twist feeding in water

Crocodilians, including the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), perform a spinning maneuver to subdue and dismember prey. The spinning maneuver, which is referred to as the ‘death roll’, involves rapid rotation about the longitudinal axis of the body. High-speed videos were taken of juvenile alligators (mean length=0.29·m) performing death rolls in water after biting onto a pliable target. Spinning was initiated after the fore- and hindlimbs were appressed against the body and the head and tail were canted with respect to the longitudinal body axis. With respect to the body axis, the head and tail bending averaged 49.2° and 103.3°, respectively. The head, body and tail rotated smoothly and freely around their individual axes of symmetry at 1.6·Hz. To understand the dynamics of the death roll, we mathematically modeled the system. The maneuver results purely from conservation of angular momentum and is explained as a zero angular momentum turn. The model permits the calculation of relevant dynamical parameters. From the model, the shear force, which was generated at the snout by the juvenile alligators, was 0.015·N. Shear force was calculated to scale with body length to the 4.24 power and with mass to the 1.31 power. When scaled up to a 3·m alligator, shear force was calculated at 138·N. The death roll appears to help circumvent the feeding morphology of the alligator. Shear forces generated by the spinning maneuver are predicted to increase disproportionately with alligator size, allowing dismemberment of large prey. Summary
Hybrid FDG-PET/MR compared to FDG-PET/CT in adult lymphoma patients.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of simultaneous FDG-PET/MR including diffusion compared to FDG-PET/CT in patients with lymphoma. Eighteen patients with a confirmed diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s (NHL) or Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) underwent an IRB-approved, single-injection/dual-imaging protocol consisting of a clinical FDG-PET/CT and subsequent FDG-PET/MR scan. PET images from both modalities were reconstructed iteratively. Attenuation correction was performed using low-dose CT data for PET/CT and Dixon-MR sequences for PET/MR. Diffusion-weighted imaging was performed. SUVmax was measured and compared between modalities and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) using ROI analysis by an experienced radiologist using OsiriX. Strength of correlation between variables was measured using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r p). Of the 18 patients included in this study, 5 had HL and 13 had NHL. The median age was 51 ± 14.8 years. Sixty-five FDG-avid lesions were identified. All FDG-avid lesions were visible with comparable contrast, and therefore initial and follow-up staging was identical between both examinations. SUVmax from FDG-PET/MR [(mean ± sem) (21.3 ± 2.07)] vs. FDG-PET/CT (mean 23.2 ± 2.8) demonstrated a strongly positive correlation [r s = 0.95 (0.94, 0.99); p < 0.0001]. There was no correlation found between ADCmin and SUVmax from FDG-PET/MR [r = 0.17(−0.07, 0.66); p = 0.09]. FDG-PET/MR offers an equivalent whole-body staging examination as compared with PET/CT with an improved radiation safety profile in lymphoma patients. Correlation of ADC to SUVmax was weak, understating their lack of equivalence, but not undermining their potential synergy and differing importance.
Implications of Healthcare Payment Reform for Clinical Psychologists in Medical Settings

Health reform, post the passing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, has highlighted the need to better address critical issues such as primary care, behavioral health, and payment reform. Much of this need is subsequent to robust data showing the seemingly uncontrollable growth of healthcare costs, and the exacerbation of these costs for patients with comorbid behavioral health and medical conditions. There is increasing recognition that incorporating behavioral health in primary care leads to improved outcomes and better care. To address these problems, primary care will play critical roles across the healthcare system, especially in the delivery of behavioral health services. Psychologists are uniquely positioned to take advantage of this propitious moment and can help facilitate the integration of behavioral and primary care by developing competencies in integrated care, training a capable workforce, and advocating for integrated care as the status quo.
Prospects for resonance assignments in multidimensional solid-state NMR spectra of uniformly labeled proteins

The feasibility of assigning the backbone 15N and 13C NMR chemical shifts in multidimensional magic angle spinning NMR spectra of uniformly isotopically labeled proteins and peptides in unoriented solid samples is assessed by means of numerical simulations. The goal of these simulations is to examine how the upper limit on the size of a peptide for which unique assignments can be made depends on the spectral resolution, i.e., the NMR line widths. Sets of simulated three-dimensional chemical shift correlation spectra for artificial peptides of varying length are constructed from published liquid-state NMR chemical shift data for ubiquitin, a well-characterized soluble protein. Resonance assignments consistent with these spectra to within the assumed spectral resolution are found by a numerical search algorithm. The dependence of the number of consistent assignments on the assumed spectral resolution and on the length of the peptide is reported. If only three-dimensional chemical shift correlation data for backbone 15N and 13C nuclei are used, and no residue-specific chemical shift information, information from amino acid side-chain signals, and proton chemical shift information are available, a spectral resolution of 1 ppm or less is generally required for a unique assignment of backbone chemical shifts for a peptide of 30 amino acid residues.
The vasculature within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in mice varies as a function of development, subnuclear location, and GABA signaling.

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) is a cell group that plays important roles in regulating sympathetic vasomotor tone, food intake, neuroendocrine and autonomic stress responses, and cardiovascular function. The developing PVN is surrounded by neuronal elements containing, and presumably secreting, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The vasculature of the adult PVN is notably denser than in other brain regions or in the PVN during perinatal development. To characterize the postnatal angiogenic process in mice, blood vessels were analyzed at P8, 20, and 50 in rostral, mid, and caudal divisions of the PVN in males and females. Vascular changes relative to disruption of the R1 subunit of the GABA B receptor were evaluated at P8 and P20. For defined regions of interest within the PVN there were age dependent increases in blood vessel lengths and branching from P8 to 20 to 50 with the most notable increases in the middle region. Loss of GABA B receptors did not influence vascular characteristics at P8 in any region, but by P20 there was significantly (20%) less blood vessel length and branching in the mid-PVN region vs. wild type. These findings suggest that the loss of GABA B signaling may lead to a late developing defect in angiogenesis. The loss of vascularity with defective GABA B signaling suggests that neurovascular relationships in the PVN may be an important locus for understanding disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis with potential impact for psychiatric mood disorders along with other comorbid disorders that may be regulated by cells in the PVN.
Pseudoleukemia in Down's syndrome. Analysis of immunophenotype and gene rearrangement.

This report demonstrates a case of transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) evolving in a patient with Down’s syndrome. A diagnosis was established after the patient’s blast cell count de-creased considerably three weeks after the initial leukemic phase. The blast population in the authors’ case expressed Leu-9 (CD7), 6D1, and TdT+. Cytochemistries showed some of the blast population to be peroxidase positive and Sudan black positive. Platelet peroxidase by electron microscopic examination showed some positive blasts. Therefore, surface markers and cytochemical studies in this case suggested an abnormal proliferation involving a pluripotential stem cell capable of expressing myeloid and lymphoid characteristics. Cytogenetics was performed at birth and showed 47,XY,+21/48,XY,+21,+mar, confirming the diagnosis of Down’s syndrome. The origin of the chromosomal fragment was uncertain. It was of interest that during the re-mission phase of his pseudoleukemia there was a concomitant decrease in the extra chromosomal fragment. Immunoglobulin and T-cell antigen receptor gene rearrangement studies showed only germline patterns, indicating that the lymphoid cells in the blast population were not clonally expanded. Therefore, immunoglobulin and T-cell antigen receptor rearrangement analysis and immunophenotyping are extremely valuable techniques in distinguishing between TAM and acute lymphoblastic leukemia in patients with Down’s syndrome.
Tensor Triangular Geometry

We survey tensor triangular geometry : Its examples, early theory and first applications. We also discuss perspectives and suggest some problems. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000). Primary 18E30; Secondary 14F05, 19G12, 19K35, 20C20, 53D37, 55P42.
Bureaucratic Partisanship and State Building: The Case of the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry

The bureaucratic recruitment policies of Ukraine's first postcommunist government led to the emergence of a firmly pro-Western, anti-Russian ideological and policy orientation within the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Generational dynamics and lack of adequate financing have maintained it.
A Few Instructive Applications

For someone wishing to become an expert on machine learning, mastering a handful of baseline techniques is not enough. Far from it. The world lurking behind a textbook’s toy domains has a way of complicating things, frustrating the engineer with unexpected obstacles, and challenging everybody’s notion of what exactly the induced classifier is supposed to do and why. Just as in any other field of technology, success is hard to achieve without a healthy dose of creativity.
Research on Dispersion and Molding in Magnetic Field of Ultrafine Hexagonal Barium Ferrite Powders

Ultrafine M-BaFe12O19 powders with high phase purity were synthesized through sol-gel auto-combustion process,which have an average particle size of 200~300nm.Surfactant-assisted(PEG-20000) ball milling of BaFe12O19 ferrite dispersion,with adjusting the PH of the slurry,indicates that the aggregate particles in the slurry disperse and then form a chain or circle.The slurry with pH=4,PEG which is 10% of the slurry and 8~10 hours of ball milling,shows a relatively fine dispersion.With dry-press and suspension-sedimentation under magnetic field,the orientation of the block material is along with orientation of easy-magnetization axis with the effect of pressure and magnetic field.The result of the test of magnetism indicates that specific magnetization intensity(1.5T) rise from 40.3emu/g to 51.5emu/g after ball milling,which approaches to the intensity of magnetization of mono-crystalline hexagonal barium ferrite,and coercive force has risen from 4.1kOe to 4.3kOe.The specific magnetization intensity(1.0T) of suspension-sedimentation molding has reached 48.4emu/g,but coercive force has obviously fallen.
Algorithm for Satellite Detection Capability Based on Fuzzy AHP Assessment

Taking remote sensing satellites as an example,performance assessment techniques of satellite detection were studied.First,a satellite-based practical detection capability assessment hierarchy was established,and then the integrating use of motion simulation,probability theory,and continuous Markov chain and Monte Carlo methods,the corresponding algorithm model was established for assessment of satellite detection of individual targets.Then,based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process,satellite-ship target of evaluation index weights was determined.The final adoption of an application example verifies superiority of the algorithm in the program's priority selection.
POTENTIAL FOR SUSTAINABILITY AND SELF·ENFORCEMENT OF TRANS·BOUNDARY WATER AGREEMENTS

Recent theoretical research on self-enforcing international environmental agreements (IEAs) has yielded rather pessimistic results: IEAs can be sustained only in cases where the outcome of cooperation is only a minor improvement over noncooperation. However, trans-boundary water pollution problems and negotiations have salient differences from previous theoretical representations of IEAs. This chapter discusses these differences and presents some counter-examples where trans-boundary water agreements can achieve significant increases in pollution abatement and abatement benefits over noncooperation.
Biologie und Verhalten

Viele Eltern grubeln ahnlich daruber nach, wie ihre einst musterhaften Kinder zu gedankenlosen, verantwortungslosen, selbstsuchtigen, unhoflichen, schlecht gelaunten Wesen mutieren konnten, nur weil sie in die Pubertat kamen. Nicht nur Eltern wundern sich uber den Verhaltenswandel ihres Nachwuchses; auch die Heranwachsenden selbst sind oft verblufft und ratseln, was in sie gefahren sein mag. Eine 14-Jahrige klagte: Manchmal geht es einfach mit mir durch. […] All dieser Krempel mit Freund und Schule und wie ich aussehe und obendrein meine Eltern. Da gehe ich einfach in mein Zimmer und mache die Tur zu. […] Gemein will ich eigentlich gar nicht sein, aber manchmal muss ich einfach weg von alledem und mich beruhigen, indem ich fur mich bin (Strauch 2003).
Enhanced Grain Size, Photoluminescence, and Photoconversion Efficiency with Cadmium Addition during the Two-Step Growth of CH3NH3PbI3

Control over grain size and crystallinity is important for preparation of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) solar cells. We explore the effects of using small concentrations of Cd2+ and unusually high concentrations of methylammonium iodide during the growth of MAPbI3 in the two-step solution process. In addition to improved crystallinity and an enhancement in the size of the grains, time-resolved photoluminescence measurements indicated a dramatic increase in the carrier lifetime. As a result, devices constructed with the Cd-modified perovskites showed nearly a factor of 2 improvement in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) relative to similar devices prepared without Cd addition. The grains also showed a higher degree of orientation in the ⟨110⟩ direction, indicating a change in the growth mechanism, and the films were compact and smooth. We propose a Cd-modified film growth mechanism that invokes a critical role for low-dimensional Cd perovskites to explain the experimental observations.