cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchical, Distributed Architecture of Command and Control

Command and control of a joint air campaign are to plan, execute and control operations of a joint air campaign that may be necessary to resolve a crisis and conflict.i¾ i¾ Command and control must quickly respond to changes in a dynamic battlefield environment.i¾ i¾ This paper presents a hierarchical, object-oriented model of a joint air campaign as a dynamic system and a hierarchical, distributed architecture of command and control.i¾ i¾ The hierarchical, object-oriented model of a joint air campaign system is defined based on system engineering principles. The hierarchical, distributed architecture of command and control is established based on control theory.i¾ i¾ The model of a joint air campaign system and the architecture of command and control tighten links of C2 activities between different stages, levels and areas for coordinated, agile responses.
A comparison of methods for calculating a severe discrepancy

Abstract Given the substantial rise in the number of students identified as learning-disabled, increasing attention has centered on methods for determining a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement. Using scores from 86 learning disabilities referrals, we compared four such methods (a z-score discrepancy, an estimated true score discrepancy, an unadjusted regression procedure, and an adjusted regression procedure). Each student was evaluated with the WISC-R, PIAT, and K-ABC. A high degree of agreement was found between z-score and estimated true score difference approaches. Less agreement was found between the unadjusted regression procedure and the other methods. It was concluded that the four methods cannot be used interchangeably in the calculation of severe discrepancies. Of the four methods that were analyzed, the unadjusted regression procedure selected the smallest percentage of students.
Displacement and Reinforcement Effects of the Internet and Other Media as Sources of Advertising Information

ABSTRACT This study measured to what extent consumers used the Internet to displace or reinforce the use of other media as sources of advertising information. The sample was 2,032 households from 5,031 households randomly selected from a midwestern state. The results showed that although internet advertising provided many unique features, it has not displaced most media as sources of advertising information. Many consumers found that internet advertising was a complementary medium based on their favorable attitudes or frequent use of other media advertising. The research also indicated that the reinforcement effects will be likely more evident for the future use of internet advertising associated with the use of billboards, direct mail, magazines, and television. However, the displacement effects may continue to occur for the future use of internet advertising associated with the future use of free community papers and weekly paid papers as advertising sources.
Ramoplanin: A Lipoglycodepsipeptide Antibiotic

OBJECTIVE:To review the pharmacology, antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, clinical applications, and safety of ramoplanin, a lipoglycodepsipeptide antibiotic.DATA SOURCES:Information was obtained from MEDLINE and BIOSIS databases (1984–August 2004) and Oscient Pharmaceu ticals using the key words ramoplanin, A 16686, A 16686A, and MDL 62198.STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:Available English-based articles and abstracts were reviewed, along with information from Oscient Pharmaceuticals.DATA SYNTHESIS:Ramoplanin exerts its bactericidal activity against gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria by blocking peptidoglycan synthesis via lipid II. In vitro susceptibility reports have demonstrated efficacy against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Cross-resistance has not been documented with vancomyin and other glycopeptides. Clinical trials are investigating ramoplanin's oral administration for treatment of Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea. Previous clinical trials had evaluated...
Disentangling the Moral Integrity Construct Values Congruence as a Moderator of the Behavioral Integrity–Citizenship Relationship

Research on the relationship between integrity and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has been inconsistent and confusing. We trace some of the confusion to the way that the integrity construct has been defined in the literature. Some researchers have conceptualized integrity as word-action consistency and congruence between the actor’s values and the values of observers judging that action, often through a moral lens (moral integrity [MI]). More recently, a second group of researchers has restricted the domain of integrity to word-action alignment alone (behavioral integrity [BI]), separating out the values congruence component. In this article, we consider word-action consistency and values congruence as separate but linked constructs that interact when predicting OCBs. Across two samples, we present evidence that the positive relationship between BI and certain OCBs is strengthened when values congruence is higher. We elaborate on the implications of these findings for both theory and practice.
Effectiveness of nutrition counseling in young adult males

The purpose of this project was to determine if the addition of a laboratory measurement, i.e., measurement of serum cholesterol, would increase the effectiveness of nutrition counseling in young men. Subjects were a random sample of 45 healthy male students from a Midwestern university, between the ages of 20 and 25 who were consuming >30% of kcal from fat. Men were randomly assigned to one of four groups; nutrition counseling and measurement of serum cholesterol (NC + SC), nutrition counseling only (NC), measurement of serum cholesterol only (SC), or control (C). At weeks 1 and 6, participants completed a 24-hour recall, a 2-day food record, and a food frequency questionnaire. Analysis of variance and least squares means were used to compare change in dietary intake (percent calories from fat) from pre- to post-assessment. Fat intake decreased by 3.2% kcal from fat in the NC + SC group (P < 0.02), and by 2.7% kcal from fat in the NC group (P < 0.06). There were no significant changes in the SC or C groups. These results suggest that measurement of serum cholesterol may enhance the effectiveness of nutrition counseling in young adult males somewhat, however, the primary impact on reducing fat intake is from the nutrition counseling alone.
Rethinking Public Health: Promoting Public Engagement Through a New Discursive Environment.

I reexamine the notion of public health after reviewing critiques of the prevalent individualistic conception of health. I argue that public health should mean not only the health of the public but also health in the public and by the public, and I expound on the social contingency of health and highlight the importance of the interpersonal dimensions of health conditions and health promotion efforts. Promoting public health requires activating health-enhancing communicative behaviors (such as interpersonal advocacy and mutual responsibility taking) in addition to individual behavioral change. To facilitate such communicative behaviors, it is imperative to first construct a new discursive environment in which to think and talk about health in a language of interdependence and collective efforts.
The Transit System

Abstract : The history, use, and accuracy of the Transit navigational satellite are described.
Theories and Practice

Appreciation of the major conceptual frameworks of developmental theory is important both in terms of defining a behavioral problem and providing models for intervention (Simeonsson & Rosenthal, 1999). The best overall approach that is used to treat behavioral problems must be pragmatic and eclectic, but it should contain strong behavioral underpinnings. That said, it is valuable for the practitioner to be aware of the major premises of the most prominent developmental models. Because in-depth discussion of these developmental theories is beyond the scope of this book, a brief overview is provided.
Two Takes on Truth in Normative Discourse

Dworkin’s critique of judicial restraint in judicial review has long depended on his critique of a “no-right-answer” thesis among judges like Learned Hand and William Rehnquist. Dworkin has boldly offered a “right answer thesis” and an ambitious conception of judicial review in response, even where hard cases involving disputed moral questions are involved. The key to the argument has long been his critique of “external skepticism” in law and, relatedly, certain forms of “status skepticism” in metaethics. And the most powerful line of attack on those ideas has emerged from Dworkin’s use of sophisticated Twentieth Century epistemology and philosophy of language demonstrating that external skepticism depends on robust but ultimately indefensible conceptions of truth in metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophy of language – conceptions that are indefensible not only in normative discourse, but in scientific discourse and across the board. In short, jumping onto a bandwagon of modest truth theorists in philosophy of language more generally, Dworkin developed a powerful challenge to the “no-right-answer” contingent in legal theory generally and constitutional theory in particular. His new book’s discussion of “status skepticism” carries forward a similar project within moral and ethical theory more generally. However, Dworkin’s new book also contains a broad discussion of truth in interpretation, suggesting that truth in interpretation is quite different from truth in scientific discourse, and gesturing in the direction of constructive theories of truth in some domains but not others. While the latter discussion certainly resonates with Law’s Empire and a great deal of Dworkin’s other work, there is a great deal of tension between the modest, across-the-board approach to truth in earlier parts of the new book and the distinctive, non-homogenizing approach to truth in interpretation, developed in later sections. I suggest that Dworkin cannot have it both ways, and that the more non-homogenizing approach leaves his defense of judicial review more vulnerable.
The Strange & Beguiling Relationship of Pakistan & India

There is a familiar narrative of Pakistan and India that for some years has gripped the common imagination around the world and has recently become virtually unassailable. If mainstream Hindi cinema, now known by the designation "Bollywood," has hogged much limelight while the cinema of Pakistan—is there such a thing, some would ask—remains almost entirely unknown, then it is particularly apposite that this narrative should perhaps be captured by one of Bollywood's most enduring motifs. Countless films have embodied this narrative, none so brilliantly as Yash Chopra's Deewar (1975): two brothers, Vijay (Amitabh Bachchan) and Ravi (Shashi Kapoor), arrive in Bombay from the Indian hinterland with their mother and spend their childhood on footpaths. Vijay labors so that the younger Ravi can join school; as they graduate into adulthood, Vijay drifts into the Bombay underworld and rises to become a mafia don. Ravi finds himself on the other side of the law: in him, a policeman who respects the dignity of his u...
A cruel angel's thesis: A quantitative study of online privacy values dependent on social factors

Online privacy is an idea that is difficult to quantify, and simply asking people how they feel about their privacy often yields answers that are vague at best and do not give an overall look into how people view their own privacy or security online, much less a way to quantify it. The purpose of this study was to find a way to quantify how different societal factors may have an effect on computer and internet privacy. Five social factors were compared against seven privacy factors in order to determine if there was any correlation between them. To meet this requirement, a survey was created and sent out to individuals who were also asked to share the survey. The survey stayed open for approximately six months before it was closed and the results were aggregated, and then graphs were created in order to examine the results of the survey. There were a total of 464 active participants, and their responses were aggregated into graphs. After examination of the graphs, it would appear that while there is not a correlation between every social factor and privacy aspect, there are some aspects that have a definite correlation. In addition, there were some social factors that had larger tendencies to produce strong correlations than others. Likewise, there were some privacy factors that tended to produce stronger correlations than others. Overall, future research considerations could include finding the mean and median of how people view privacy, looking into specific social media items, and finally, determining whether any of the correlations that were found have causations behind them.
Taking the Pennsylvania Constitution Seriously When it Protects the Environment: Part II - Environmental Rights and Public Trust

The first part of this Article suggests a framework for understanding Article I, Section 27 of the Pennsylvania constitution. This second and final part of the Article outlines ways in which that framework should be applied.The Article argues that the environmental rights and public trust provisions of Article I, Section 27 are self-executing against the government. The public trust clause requires an understanding of the trust corpus (publicly-owned natural resources), the trustee (state), the beneficiaries (the public, including future generations), and the substantive obligations of the trustee (to conserve and maintain these resources). Because the state's obligation to conserve and maintain public natural resources for the benefit of all the people is stated in the Amendment itself, this obligation should be the basic benchmark against which state decisions concerning management of these resources are judged. Courts should read the environmental rights clause to prohibit the state, including any state agency or municipality whose decisions affect these resources or values, from interfering with their protection. In addition to its substantive application, Article I, Section 27 has also been used by the courts to reinforce the application of other rules or principles. Article I, Section 27 confirms and extends the application of the police power to environmental matters, provides guidance in statutory interpretation, and supports the constitutionality of laws whose constitutionality has been challenged on other grounds.Finally, the public trust clause suggests the need for judicial recognition of several subsidiary rules that reinforce the state's substantive obligations. In private trust law, the trustee is obliged to keep track of the trust corpus, to report to the beneficiary at the beneficiary's request on the status of the trust corpus, and to permit third-party auditing of the trustee's accounts. Such obligations would reinforce the state's substantive obligations under Article I, Section 27 and would also force the state to deal with its trust responsibilities in a more holistic manner.
Diffusion approximations for open multiclass queueing networks: sufficient conditions involving state space collapse

Certain diffusion processes known as semimartingale reflecting Brownian motions (SRBMs) have been shown to approximate many single class and some multiclass open queueing networks under conditions of heavy traffic. While it is known that not all multiclass networks with feedback can be approximated in heavy traffic by SRBMs, one of the outstanding challenges in contemporary research on queueing networks is to identify broad categories of networks that can be so approximated and to prove a heavy traffic limit theorem justifying the approximation. In this paper, general sufficient conditions are given under which a heavy traffic limit theorem holds for open multiclass queueing networks with head-of-the-line (HL) service disciplines, which, in particular, require that service within each class is on a first-in-first-out (FIFO) basis. The two main conditions that need to be verified are that (a) the reflection matrix for the SRBM is well defined and completely-\mathcal{S}, and (b) a form of state space collapse holds. A result of Dai and Harrison shows that condition (a) holds for FIFO networks of Kelly type and their proof is extended here to cover networks with the HLPPS (head-of-the-line proportional processor sharing) service discipline. In a companion work, Bramson shows that a multiplicative form of state space collapse holds for these two families of networks. These results, when combined with the main theorem of this paper, yield new heavy traffic limit theorems for FIFO networks of Kelly type and networks with the HLPPS service discipline.
Principles for the Future

The previous chapters have shown that by downplaying or ignoring the issues of distribution, multiple equilibria, and dynamics, the economic analysis of climate policy has missed (or mischaracterized) essential aspects of the problem. Most analysis has concentrated on matters of efficiency that are more suitable for small-scale environmental problems (such as where to locate a landfill or what to do about pollution of a river by an industrial plant) than for a global issue like climate change. By implicitly taking the existing definitions and distribution of property rights for granted, policy advice has been skewed towards the status quo. Some of the possibilities that are opened up by the creation of climate rights or alternative evolutionary paths for the economy have been ruled out arbitrarily, when they may actually offer the most hopeful potential routes to climate stabilization.
OUTCOMES OF ELDERHOSTEL PARTICIPATION

A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted to determine in what ways and to what extent elderly women perceived a change in their knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors as result of participation in an Elderhostel program. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 12 participants of five Elderhostel programs in a western state. Glaser and Strauss's (1967) method for developing grounded theory was used to analyze the interview information. Interviews produced six general‐outcome themes and 11 subthemes. General‐outcome themes were appreciations, Elderhostel support, social contact, travel, learning, and follow‐up activities. The 11 subthemes were cultural appreciation, other appreciation, self‐appreciation, historical appreciation, Elderhostel loyalty, recruitment of others, social contact, travel, content learning, general learning, and follow‐up activities. The particular educational needs of the elderly described by McCluskey (1971)—coping, influence, expressive, and contributive needs—were met for th...
DOES GLOBAL COOLING REDUCE RELIEF

The erosion of a mountain range can lead to reduced or increased topographical relief. In both cases, the Earth's crust rises in response to this erosion, producing potentially higher peaks, which might drive the climate to a more erosive (and cooler) state. A new analysis suggests that changes in erosion from global cooling actually produce lower peaks, which are less likely to cause further cooling.
Regulation of Gastric Carcinogenesis by Inflammatory Cytokines

Chronic inflammation caused by infection with Helicobacter pylori and autoimmune gastritis increases an individual's risk of developing gastric cancer. More than 90% of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas, which originate from epithelial cells in the chronically inflamed gastric mucosa. However, only a small subset of chronic gastritis patients develops gastric cancer, implying a role for genetic and environmental factors in cancer development. A number of DNA polymorphisms that increase gastric cancer risk have mapped to genes encoding cytokines. Many different cytokines secreted by immune cells and epithelial cells during chronic gastritis have been identified, but a better understanding of how cytokines regulate the severity of gastritis, epithelial cell changes, and neoplastic transformation is needed. This review summarizes studies in both human and mouse models, describing a number of different findings that implicate various cytokines in regulating the development of gastric cancer.
Biomechanical differences during a jump cut motion in those with and without a concussion history

Objective To evaluate differences in biomechanics between young adult participants with and without a history of concussion during a jump cut manoeuvre. Design Case control Setting Laboratory Subjects 7 controls (4 males, 3 females) and 7 concussed (4 males, 3 females) subjects, between the ages of 18 and 26, capable of engaging in a jump cut motion. Concussed subjects were tested on average 2.4 years post injury (SD=0.23 years). Intervention Participants jumped forward with both feet onto a force platform landing on their dominant leg, and directed their cut in response to the centre arrow of the Flanker task. A total five trials were performed. Kinematic variables were captured during the manoeuvres via motion capture. Outcome measures Peak knee flexion, abduction, and axial rotation Results Concussed subjects showed lower peak flexion of the knee on their non-dominant leg [F=25.455, p Conclusions There is a growing body of literature linking orthopaedic injury in those no longer displaying the acute signs and symptoms of concussion. This is the first study evaluating kinematic changes with findings demonstrating kinematic abnormalities long after clinical signs and symptoms have passed. Competing interests This project was funded by the Carl and Joan Kreager research fund. None.
An application of the Continuous Opinions and Discrete Actions (CODA) model to adolescent smoking initiation.

We investigated the impact of peers’ opinions on the smoking initiation process among adolescents. We applied the Continuous Opinions and Discrete Actions (CODA) model to study how social interactions change adolescents’ opinions and behaviors about smoking. Through agent-based modeling (ABM), we simulated a population of 2500 adolescents and compared smoking prevalence to data from 9 cohorts of adolescents in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) from year 2001 till 2014. Our model adjusts well for NSDUH data according to pseudo R2 values, which are at least 96%. Optimal parameter values indicate that adolescents exhibit imitator characteristics with regard to smoking opinions. The imitator characteristics suggests that teenagers tend to update their opinions consistently according to what others do, and these opinions later translate into smoking behaviors. As a result, peer influence from social networks plays a big role in the smoking initiation process and should be an important driver in policy formulation.
Observations and operational model simulations reveal the impact of Hurricane Matthew (2016) on the Gulf Stream and coastal sea level

Abstract In October 7–9, 2016, Hurricane Matthew moved along the southeastern coast of the U.S., causing major flooding and significant damage, even to locations farther north well away from the storm’s winds. Various observations, such as tide gauge data, cable measurements of the Florida Current (FC) transport, satellite altimeter data and high-frequency radar data, were analyzed to evaluate the impact of the storm. The data show a dramatic decline in the FC flow and increased coastal sea level along the U.S. coast. Weakening of the Gulf Stream (GS) downstream from the storm’s area contributed to high coastal sea levels farther north. Analyses of simulations of an operational hurricane-ocean coupled model reveal the disruption that the hurricane caused to the GS flow, including a decline in transport of ∼20 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1). In comparison, the observed FC reached a maximum transport of ∼40 Sv before the storm on September 10 and a minimum of ∼20 Sv after the storm on October 12. The hurricane impacts both the geostrophic part of the GS and the wind-driven currents, generating inertial oscillations with velocities of up to ±1 m s−1. Analysis of the observed FC transport since 1982 indicated that the magnitude of the current weakening in October 2016 was quite rare (outside 3 standard deviations from the mean). Such a large FC weakening in the past occurred more often in October and November, but is extremely rare in June-August. Similar impacts on the FC from past tropical storms and hurricanes suggest that storms may contribute to seasonal and interannual variations in the FC. The results also demonstrated the extended range of coastal impacts that remote storms can cause through their influence on ocean currents.
Characterizing Crystalline Materials in the SEM

While amorphous substances such as glass are encountered both in natural and artificial materials, most inorganic materials are found to be crystalline on some scale, ranging from sub-nanometer to centimeter or larger. A crystal consists of a regular arrangement of atoms, the so-called «unit cell,» which is repeated in a two- or three-dimensional pattern. In the previous discussion of electron beam–specimen interactions, the crystal structure of the target was not considered as a variable in the electron range equation or in the Monte Carlo electron trajectory simulation. To a first order, the crystal structure does not have a strong effect on the electron–specimen interactions. However, through the phenomenon of channeling of charged particles through the crystal lattice, crystal orientation can cause small perturbations in the total electron backscattering coefficient that can be utilized to image crystallographic microstructure through the mechanism designated «electron channeling contrast,» also referred to as «orientation contrast» (Newbury et al. 1986). The characteristics of a crystal (e.g., interplanar angles and spacings) and its relative orientation can be determined through diffraction of the high-energy backscattered electrons (BSE) to form «electron backscatter diffraction patterns (EBSD).
Change Agent Training in Behavior Analytic Procedures for People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis

This paper reports a meta-analysis to evaluate procedures to train change agents in discrete trial teaching, preference assessment, and mand training. Behavioral skills training packages were the most commonly used and were consistently and highly effective in changing change agent behavior. Procedural variation in training overlapped in effectiveness. Training was slightly less effective for parents than for staff and university students. The effect size for the behavior of the individuals with whom the change agents applied behavioral procedures was slightly smaller than for change agents and was reported in only about one third of papers. Behavioral skills training is a highly effective and robust approach to delivering change agent training for different skills training procedures.
Voice of Customer: A Tone-based Analysis System for Online User Engagement

Comprehensive analysis of online conversations is important for effective user engagement in customer care. However, conventional approaches are not effective in analyzing customer care conversations frequently and thoroughly. In this work, we introduce computational tone-based metrics derived from online conversations for customer care managers to quantify customer satisfaction, customer concerns and agent performance. We present a computational approach that seamlessly incorporates domain-specific tone analysis with product features to enable multi-faceted conversation analysis. These computational results are integrated with interactive visualizations for visual aggregation, summarization and explanation of user engagement in online customer care. We demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of our approach through user studies with customer care managers in an enterprise context.
P55: Effect of hematocrit and oxygen saturation on nitric oxide and nitrite interactions with red blood cell in a single RBC: A computational analysis

Background Nitrite acts as a reservoir of nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity in the vasculature. Catalytic reduction of nitrate, diet and in vivo NO production are major sources of nitrite. Nitrite reaction with RBC-encapsulated deoxy-hemoglobin can lead to formation of NO or vasoactive species that can be further exported to cause vasodilation. Quantification of nitrite formation from NO, NO–RBC interactions metabolites and nitrite–RBC interaction metabolites is necessary to understand the nitrite reductase activity of deoxyHb. Methods We developed an unsteady state model to quantify the formation of NO-RBC and nitrite-RBC reaction metabolites such as methemoglobin (metHb) and nitrosyl hemoglobin (HbNO) under oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions. The model geometry consists of two concentric spheres. The outer sphere represents plasma surrounding the RBC and the inner sphere represents the RBC. We estimated the concentrations of all the NO–RBC and nitrite–RBC reaction metabolites by solving the mass balance equations for each metabolite over a period of 1 min. Results and conclusions Using this model, we studied the effects of hematocrit and fractional oxygen saturation on NO–RBC and nitrite–RBC interactions. Our results showed that metHb, HbNO and nitrite concentrations increased with time. MetHb concentrations increased whereas HbNO and nitrite concentrations decreased with increase in fractional oxygen saturation. For a given oxygen saturation, MetHb, HbNO and nitrite increased with hematocrit. The results obtained from this model will assist in quantifying the amount and the distribution of NO or NO active species resulting from nitrite reductase activity in RBC, which can be exported to smooth muscles for vasodilation. Disclosure Supported by NIH Grant R01 HL084337.
Operations in the presence of multivalvular defects

Currently, one occasionally encounters an organically altered rheumatic tricuspid defect with severe insufficiency. On the echocardiogram one finds severe fibrotic changes and coaptation gaps of the tricuspid valve.
300 Cities - An Exploration in Characterizing US Cities

Abstract : The goal of the 300-Cities Project is to support IRS policy decisions by finding a small number of city clusters, where the cities within each cluster will respond similarly to IRS interventions. This report describes two types of analyses based on U.S. Census 2000 data. The first is an agent-class analysis. In this analysis city clustering operations are based on the correspondence of population profiles for pairs of cities. Extensive effort using this analysis framework in conjunction with the SAS statistical package demonstrates that although the framework is conceptually straightforward, it is computationally impractical and conceptually impoverished. The second analysis framework, the city-matching analysis, combines city summary and population heterogeneity metrics with information access constraints and taxpayer categories to create a city-matching index for each pair of cities. The city-matching analysis thus shifts the basis of analysis from a city's population profile to its information diffusion characteristics, and provides "hooks" to IRS classification schemes to make the findings more actionable. City clustering operations in this framework are based on city-matching indices, which were analyzed by traditional social network analysis techniques using the Organizational Risk Analyzer (ORA). Although the issue of how best to integrate the various components of the city-match index remain unresolved, exploratory results show promise by yielding actionable city clusters. The city clusters, however, only account for 95 of the 297 cities in the Census 2000 data. Together, the two analysis frameworks raise questions as to whether canonical city types exist.
Direct Cloning and Sequencing of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) Insert Ends Based on Double Digestion

Conventional digestion and ligation was developed into a novel and efficient approach for directly cloning and sequencing the two ends of bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone inserts. Most BAC vectors have two Not I sites. This end isolation method is based on double digestion of the BAC clone DNA with Not I and any blunt-end restriction enzyme for which there is not a restriction site located within the small fragment (containing the cloning site) between the two Not I sites on the BAC vector. Digestion is followed by ligation of the double-digested mixture with a suitable plasmid vector. The pBeloBAC11 and pBlueScriptII SK vectors were used in the present study. The two ends of the BAC insert can be amplified and sequenced with three specific primers, i.e., amplification of the left end with the pBeloBAC11 LF1 and pBlueScriptII KS primers, and the right end with the pBeloBAC11 RR4 and KS primers. They may be directly recovered by transformation if the end fragments are used as probes. More significantly, this simple strategy generally can be applied to any BAC vector with any cloning site.
The 3D Sagittal Profile of Thoracic Versus Lumbar Major Curves in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Abstract Study Design Retrospective. Objective To compare the 3D sagittal profile of patients with main thoracic or thoracolumbar/lumbar adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) to a normal cohort. Summary of Background Information Thoracic AIS is often associated with a loss of kyphosis. Classically, this measure has been made in 2D, which may underestimate the true sagittal deformity. Methods Biplanar upright radiographs were obtained on 152 primary thoracic (TH: Lenke 1–4), 50 primary thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L: Lenke 5–6) curves, and 89 normal controls (NC). 3D spinal reconstructions were created using sterEOS software. MATLAB code was used to create segmental measurements of kyphosis/lordosis for each vertebral and disc segment from T1 to S1 in the local coordinate system of each motion segment. Comparisons were made between groups for the 3D summed segmental measures (T1–T5, T5–T12, T12–S1), pelvic incidence, sacral slope, and pelvic tilt. Results Mean 2D Cobb was 57°±12° (range 40°–115°) for TH curves and 52°±9° (range 37°–75°) for TL/L curves. Significant differences in 3D sagittal measures were found between the 3 groups. Post hoc tests revealed significant differences at T1–T5, TH Conclusions There is a substantial average loss of thoracic kyphosis (∼15°–25°) for both primary thoracic and primary thoracolumbar/lumbar AIS curves compared to normal adolescents. Three-dimensional assessment of scoliosis allows the “true” deformity to be measured by correcting for error due to out-of-plane measurement associated with conventional 2D measurements. Level of Evidence Level II, prognostic.
Effect of a Statewide Media Campaign on Smoking Cessation Among Florida Adults

Introduction Since December 2010, Florida's Bureau of Tobacco Free Florida has aired a statewide tobacco education campaign to encourage smoking cessation. The Tobacco Free Florida campaign consists of evidence-based advertisements primarily characterized by strong emotional content and graphic imagery designed to increase awareness of the health risks of tobacco use. We evaluated the effect of the media campaign on population-level quit attempts by using a statewide representative sample of Florida adults aged 18 or older. Methods We examined data from 5,418 Florida adult cigarette smokers and recent quitters aged 18 or older from the Florida Adult Tobacco Survey, an annual, cross-sectional survey conducted from 2011 through 2018. The primary outcome was incidence of quit attempts in the previous 12 months. We used multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the odds of making a quit attempt as a function of advertising levels across state media markets. Rates of quit attempts in Florida were also estimated. Results Approximately 66% of smokers in the study made at least 1 quit attempt. Exposure to the campaign was associated with increased odds of a quit attempt in the previous 12 months (odds ratio = 1.25; P = .02) among smokers and recent quitters. The Tobacco Free Florida campaign was associated with an estimated 332,604 additional smokers making quit attempts per year during the study period. Conclusion The Tobacco Free Florida campaign affected cessation-related behaviors in Florida over an 8-year period. Evidence-based state tobacco education campaigns can accelerate progress toward the goal of reducing adult smoking.
Meeting U.S. Nursery and Greenhouse Growers’ Needs with Water Conservation Extension Programs

This 5-page document presents results of a study designed to understand the knowledge level, adoption rate, and levels of continuance associated with eight water conservation technologies among nursery and greenhouse growers. Written by Laura A. Sanagorski Warner, Alexa J. Lamm, Sarah A. White, Paul R. Fisher, and Peyton N. Beattie and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, January 2019. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc327
Frank Press, A life of magnitude

Frank Press, 19th president of the National Academy of Sciences, died on Wednesday, January 29, 2020, at his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, at the age of 95. His career spanned the golden age of postwar science, and its arc took him to the highest levels of leadership in academia and government. Frank served in many roles with great distinction and is remembered for his sharp intellect and steady leadership and for his self-composure, fair-mindedness, and good judgment. Few scientists of the past century have had such an enduring impact on United States science policy and the organization of the federal scientific enterprise. Frank Press. Image credit: Ohio History Connection/Joseph Munroe. Frank was born in New York City, the child of Russian emigres, graduating from the Samuel J. Tilden High School in the East Flatbush section of Brooklyn in 1941. He received his bachelor’s degree in physics from the City College of New York in 1944 and enrolled as a graduate student at Columbia University. Frank married Billie Kallick in 1946, when he was 21 years old. She was the love of his life and constant companion until her death in 2009. At Columbia, Frank studied sound propagation in oceans under the supervision of the geophysicist and oceanographer Maurice “Doc” Ewing. He received his doctorate in 1949, the same year that Ewing founded the Lamont Geological Observatory on a cliff overlooking the Hudson River. With generous funding from the Defense Department, Ewing and his two assistant professors, Frank and Joe Worzel, quickly developed Lamont into a world-class research laboratory. Frank learned a lot from Ewing’s hard-driving style and quoted his advice, “Make a better instrument or measure in a place where no one else has been and a great discovery will come your way.” Following this dictum, Frank expanded … [↵][1]1Email: tjordan{at}usc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Isomeric State of Po-212

An isomer of ${\mathrm{Po}}^{212}$ with a half-life of (45.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.6) sec and an excitation energy of 2.93 MeV has been positively identified by chemical and nuclear spectroscopic techniques. The isomer decays to known states of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{208}$ by the emission of alpha particles with energies and intensities of (11.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)MeV-97%, (9.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015)MeV-(1.00\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04)%, and (8.52\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015)MeV-(2.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.09)%. In coincidence with ${\mathrm{Po}}^{212m}$ alpha particles we found gamma rays with energies and intensities of (2.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)MeV-(2.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)% and (0.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015)MeV-\ensuremath{\sim}2%. An immense alpha-decay hindrance factor for the 11.65-MeV group of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ is explained by spin and parity assignments of 18+ for ${\mathrm{Po}}^{212m}$ in conjunction with a theoretical shell-model analysis made by Glendenning.The alpha-particle energies and intensities of previously known alpha groups of ${\mathrm{Po}}^{211m}$ [(25.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)sec] were measured yielding values of (8.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01)MeV-(7.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.14)%, (7.99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015)MeV-(1.66\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)%, and (7.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015)MeV-91%. A new alpha group was found with an energy and intensity of (8.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015) MeV-(0.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)%. In coincidence with ${\mathrm{Po}}^{211m}$ alpha particles was a gamma ray of (0.90\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015)MeV-(1.65\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11)%. These ${\mathrm{Po}}^{211m}$ radiations are all consistent with the known energy level scheme of ${\mathrm{Pb}}^{207}$.
Effects of partial- or whole-body exposures to 56Fe particles on brain function and cognitive performance in rats

Abstract On exploratory class missions, such as a mission to Mars, astronauts will be exposed to particles of high energy and charge (HZE particles). Exposure to HZE particles produces changes in neuronal function and can disrupt cognitive performance. Cells throughout the entire body, not just the brain, will be impacted by these particles. To determine the possible effects that irradiation of the body might have on neuronal function and cognitive performance, rats were given head-only, body-only or whole-body exposures to 56Fe particles. Cognitive performance (novel object recognition, operant responding) was tested in one set of animals; changes in brain function (oxidative stress, neuroinflammation) was tested in a second set of rats. The results indicated that there were no consistent differences in either behavioral or neurochemical endpoints as a function of the location of the irradiation. These results suggest that radiation to the body can impact the brain, therefore it may be necessary to re-evaluate the estimates of the risk of HZE particle-induced changes in neuronal function and cognitive performance.
Psychological sense of community and motivation toward collective social change among community coalition members of color in the southwestern United States.

Drawing on McMillan and Chavis's psychological sense of community framework among southwestern community coalition members (N = 18), data were examined for narratives of how psychological sense of community and experiences of community manifest among coalition members. We were also interested in knowing how coalition members make meaning of social change. Findings illustrate that dimensions of psychological sense of community (e.g., membership, emotional connection, needs' fulfillment, and influence) are important in how members made meaning of community needs and their own participation in the coalition. Implications are put forward for theory and community programming.
Forensic dye analysis in cultural heritage: Unraveling the authenticity of the earliest Persian knotted-pile silk carpet.

The use of forensic dye analysis in the field of cultural heritage is introduced, and a case study is presented determining the dating of a potentially important textile fragment from the Cleveland Museum of Art. The fragment, attributed on stylistic grounds to the 15th century, is purportedly the oldest surviving example of a Persian knotted-pile silk carpet. Raman spectroscopy combined with liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry determined the dyes used in the fragment include Metanil yellow, Congo red, and indigo, possibly in its synthetic form. Based on the dates of introduction for these dyes (1879, 1884, and 1897, respectively) and the first appearance of the textile fragment in 1928, the object is shown to be almost certainly a late 19th or early 20th century creation. Furthermore, impurities found in the red dye are suggested as potential markers of a pre-1970s synthetic route for manufacturing Congo red or possibly degraded Congo red due to environmental pollutants.
Effects of Peroxyacetic Acid on Postharvest Diseases and Quality of Blueberries.

Postharvest diseases are a limiting factor in the storage of fresh blueberries. Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria spp. are important postharvest diseases ...
Biochemical Function of the Respiratory Tract: Metabolism of Xenobiotics

Previous chapters in this volume have delineated the complexity of the lung and the unique, selective responses of cells within the respiratory tract to xenobiotic exposure. In many cases lung-selective injury is simply related to the levels of toxicant reaching the respiratory tract. However, there are numerous, well-documented instances where selective exposure is not the underlying basis for target organ injury in the lung, and many of the agents that are capable of producing highly selective Clara cell or type II cell injury are discussed in later chapters of this volume. At the time of the publication of the first edition of Comprehensive Toxicology, there was a substantial body of information demonstrating the presence of several xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the respiratory tract that were capable of substrate metabolism, which consequently resulted in downstream toxicities. In the intervening 10 years since the publication, considerable new information demonstrating the presence of additional P450s in the lung and the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in these genes with the susceptibility of the lung to environmental toxicants has emerged. New information has been obtained that shows differences in specific activities of orthologous P450s in humans and animals, and while this has mainly been focused on hepatic drug metabolism, the introduction of humanized mice may yield better rodent models for assessing the long-term impacts of exposure to environmental and industrial chemicals that require biotransformation in the lung either as a clearance mechanism for substances that are biologically active or to activate chemicals that are inactive to biologically active derivatives. Generally, the high degree of localization of these proteins in cells of the respiratory tract is a key component of the susceptibility of the lung to certain metabolically activated toxicants, and metabolic activation of biologically inert chemicals remains the most likely role for these proteins in the lung. Thus, this chapter will enhance our understanding of the enzymes responsible for xenobiotic metabolism in the lung with special attention to species differences in metabolism that result in dramatic differences in the susceptibility of the respiratory tract to bioactivated toxicants. The ability to generate lung-selective, targeted deletions of cytochrome P450 reductase has been used to address directly the importance of pulmonary enzymes in the metabolic activation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines such as 4-(methylnitrosamine)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Such studies provide an important piece of evidence for the in situ metabolic activation of some substrates in the lung.
Making maps of records: what cartography can teach us about archival description

This article explores maps as a conceptual metaphor for archival description. Drawing on insights from some classic works in the field of critical cartography, we examine five ways in which maps ca...
Purkinje (Purkinyé), Jan Evangelista

1787–1869 Czech physiologist whose pioneering investigations made important contributions to areas ranging from visual perception, functional anatomy (brain and heart), histology, embryology, botany to pharmacology. Keywords: embryology; germinal vesicle; brain; functional anatomy; histology; microscopy; physiology; heart; pharmacology; vision; eye; image formation; Goethe; Helmholtz; Schwann