cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An adiabatic and angular-momentum dependent potential for 16O-16O scattering

Abstract The statistical model of Brueckner et al . is used to calculate adiabatic potentials for elastic 16 O- 16 O scattering. A rotational-energy term is added to the energy functional in order to include angular-momentum effects in the potential. This also allows consideration of the energy and density of yrast levels in 32 S.
The 1978 shift in the NCEP reanalysis stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation

[1] The National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP) reanalysis exhibits interdecadal changes in the structure of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and annual mean fields in the tropical stratosphere during 1958–2001. A sudden temperature increase occurred around 1978, with equatorial maxima of ∼3 K at 10 hPa and near the tropopause. When this 1978 jump is removed, a moderate cooling trend is found throughout the tropical lower stratosphere, with an equatorial maximum cooling of 3 K over 40 years near 30 hPa. While the QBO in zonal wind is similar in both the 1958–1978 and 1979–2001 periods, the QBO in temperature is significantly reduced in amplitude and latitudinally contracted after 1978, and the QBO meridional circulation is stronger. Vertical temperature variations in the annual mean and QBO have been underestimated since the introduction of nadir-sounding satellites. A mechanism is suggested for how this may affect meridional circulations in data assimilation models.
Impaired Left Ventricular Stroke Volume Reserve During Clinical Dobutamine Stress Predicts Future Episodes of Pulmonary Edema

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine whether dobutamine-induced abnormal stress changes in left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) and aortic stiffness predict future pulmonary edema. Background Increased aortic stiffness that decreases LVSV during adrenergic stress may serve as a marker for future pulmonary edema (PE). Methods We measured LVSV, ventriculovascular stiffness (pulse pressure/LVSVindex), and aortic distensibility at rest and during intravenous dobutamine administration using cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Personnel blinded to dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance followed participants longitudinally over time to identify those admitted to the hospital with PE. Data for 44 participants who had a hospital admission for PE were compared with data for 72 participants of similar age, sex, and resting left ventricular ejection fraction who remained PE free. Results Expressed as median and interquartile range, participants with and without PE exhibited a decreased stress/rest LVSV ratio (0.9 [range 0.7 to 1.1] vs. 1.0 [range 0.9 to 1.2], respectively; p = 0.002), an increased ventriculovascular stiffness stress/rest ratio (1.4 [range 1.0 to 1.6] vs. 1.0 [range 0.8 to 1.3], respectively; p ≤ 0.001); and a decreased stress-induced measure of aortic distensibility (0.8 mm Hg−3 [range 0.3 to 1.3 mm Hg−3] vs. 1.6 mm Hg−3 [range 1.2 to 3.2 mm Hg−3], respectively; p = 0.002). After accounting for age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, risk factors for PE, and the presence of dobutamine-induced ischemia, LVSV reserve and the stress/rest ventriculovascular stiffness ratio still differed (p Conclusions In patients without inducible ischemia during dobutamine stress testing in whom one might otherwise assume a favorable prognosis, the failure to increase LVSV or an increase in ventriculovascular stiffness indicates patients at risk of subsequent PE.
The influence of temperature on the behaviour of the Mexican jumping bean

Abstract 1. 1.|The jumping behaviour of the Mexican jumping bean (Laspeyresia solitans) is stereotyped and predictable and has the characteristics of behaviour which is under the control of a central programme. 2. 2.|Temperatures above and below about 25°C decrease the length of time that movements occur. The movements stop relatively abruptly and not gradually. The duration of movements is apparently controlled by an internal timer whose duration of operation is influenced by temperature. 3. 3.|The frequency of movements show instantaneous temperature compensation from about 21 to 45°C (Q10 = 1.23), whereas between 15 and 21°C there is a large temperature dependence (Q10 = 21.9).
Nutrient and population dynamics in a subglacial reservoir: a simulation case study of the Blood Falls ecosystem with implications for astrobiology

Subglacial ecosystems have recently become of interest within the astrobiological community, as they represent a potentially habitable location in otherwise uninhabitable environments. We used data from Blood Falls, particularly the periodic discharge from the subglacial reservoir beneath Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, to construct an ecosystem model of the putative subglacial microbial community residing there using system dynamics modelling. The model results were, for the most part, within an order of magnitude of the geochemical field data. Productivity was quite low, at 6.4×10−5 g carbon l−1 yr−1. Based on the results, we draw the following conjectures for the search for life on Mars: A similar ecosystem would require a continual supply of oxidized iron for energy and generate significant amounts of reduced iron as a waste product, be relatively resilient to temporary disturbances, and, thermodynamically, would require at least 0.003 kJ mol l−1 of energy to survive at that level of productivity. These results may help to better identify the constraints and boundaries of ecosystems in extreme environments, on Earth and other planetary bodies.
Plant Regulators alter Translocation of Photosynthetic Products

KININS have been shown to be strong mobilizing agents1–3, and a spot of kinin on a leaf can attract substances such as amino-acids from, adjacent untreated tissue. We are aware, however, of no investigations in which kinin-induced mobilization and concomitant alteration of translocation patterns have been demonstrated in shoots of perennial plants such as grapes and tree fruits.
Increased alcohol intake in low alcohol drinking rats after chronic infusion of the β-carboline harman into the hippocampus

Abstract Harman (1-methyl-β-carboline) has been shown to induce volitional drinking of ethyl alcohol in the rat. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term effect of sustained delivery of harman into the dorsal hippocampus on the subsequent preference for alcohol in the genetically bred low alcohol drinking (LAD) rat. The individual pattern of preference for alcohol was first determined following a standard 3–30% alcohol self-selection test for 10 days. Thereafter, a cerebral cannula for constant infusion was implanted stereotaxically into the dorsal hippocampus. The cannula was attached to an osmotic minipump implanted subcutaneously, which was filled with either an artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) vehicle or harman. Harman was delivered at a rate of 1.0 or 3.0 μg/h (i.e., 5.5 or 16.5 nmol/h, respectively) for a period of 14 days. Four days after surgery, the rats underwent a second 3–30% alcohol preference test for 10 days. Both doses of arman induced a threefold increase in the voluntary consumption of alcohol, expressed as g/kg per day. This effect of the β-carboline seems to be specific for ethanol because its intake by the LAD rats was increased significantly only when concentrations from 11% to 30% were presented. Harman also enhanced the daily intake of food in a dose-dependent manner, but did not affect body weights or the volumes of water and total fluid consumed. These results, thus, demonstrate that the long-term exposure of hippocampal neurons to harman induces a preference for high concentrations of alcohol even in a line of rats lacking such a genetic predisposition.
Biopressured carbonate turbidite sediments: A mechanism for submarine slumping

Submarine slump masses and intraformational breccias at the type Devonian Devils Gate Limestone in central Nevada originated because of fluidization of selected layers in a partially lithified, turbidite-dominated sediment column. Fluidization and the development of shear planes that border the slumps resulted from increased microbially generated gas pressures in a sediment column sealed on top. In an incipient slump mass, thin ductile beds above and behind the slump nose were stretched and thinned between more fluid layers. In some cases, a sag may have formed in the surface sediments, but not necessarily an actual scarp. We suggest that the mechanism of mass movement described herein is a common diagenetic process in the carbonate-slope environment, particularly where sediments and organic decay products have been moved catastrophically from one environment to another.
The Impact of Internal and External Characteristics on the Adoption of Climate Mitigation Policies by US Municipalities

Many US municipalities are engaged in climate mitigation planning, or efforts to reduce their communities' greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through land-use, transportation, and energy planning. However, they face a number of procedural and institutional obstacles that limit the adoption and implementation of those plans. The literature identifies some of the factors that lead municipalities to join relevant policy networks, but provides little guidance for overcoming the aforementioned obstacles and adopting policies to reduce community-wide GHG emissions. With this study I increase the understanding of climate mitigation planning by examining whether the adoption of these plans and policies is driven primarily by local demographic, economic, environmental, or political – institutional characteristics. My research is based upon a survey of 255 US municipalities. I combine the survey responses with secondary data and use multiple regression techniques to estimate the impact of fifteen demographic, political...
Federal support of basic research: Some economic issues

There is no necessary connection between leadership in basic science and leadership in the applications of science, because scientific progress is a cooperative endeavour and not a competitive game; indeed, there may be a conflict between basic research and applied science. The notion of “a position of leadership”; in science raises questions of what leadership consists in and what its value is to the nation. The two main arguments for government support of science are cultural-social, and economic. The cultural-social argument stresses scientific activity as a form of social consumption of wealth and raises the question of whether other uses of the resources employed would contribute more to the greatness of the society. The economic argument stresses basic scientific research as a form of investment for the future, and raises the questions of what the rate of return on such investment is and whether and to what extent government support is called for. Relevant economic research results bearing on this problem are scarce. Economic theory suggests that competition in the market will supply less than the optimal amount of basic research; but our society substantially supplements the market through private contributions to and government support of science, and the question is whether this supplementation is deficient or excessive. Here difficult problems arise, on which more economic research is needed; one of these concerns the relative merits of government and private support of science. The rule-of-thumb procedures generally recommended for determining the volume and allocation of government support to basic scientific research generally ignore these problems, and amount to endorsing the present level of government support or recommending that it be increased. Allocation of federal support of science should take account of the possibility of stimulating the economic development of poor regions of the country by locating scientific research facilities in them.
Search for a narrow resonant transfer and excitation resonance of titanium projectiles channeled in a gold crystal.

Transfer and excitation, resulting from simultaneous electron capture and {ital K}-shell excitation in a single collision, has been measured 280--310-MeV Ti{sup 20+} ions channeled in the {l angle}100{r angle} axis of a thin Au single crystal. The 19+ charge-state fraction of the Ti ions exiting the Au crystal was measured as a function of ion energy and showed no narrow peak attributable to resonant transfer and excitation (RTE). The number of Ti {ital K}{alpha} x rays, emitted by the Ti ions due to RTE, in coincidence with Ti{sup 19+} was also measured at two energies, on and off the previously reported narrow resonance, and again no evidence for a narrow resonance was observed.
Laser Driven Subnanosecond Blast Shutter

We have measured the opening time of the so-called "blast shutter", presently used as an isolator in high-power laser systems. The shutter consists of a 275 A thick aluminum film deposited on a transparent plastic film 12 4 thick. The aluminum film is suddenly removed by exposing it to high-power pulses from a Nd:glass laser (X = 1.06 4). We have used pulses 50 ps in duration that delivered between 0.5 and 3 J/cm2 of energy onto the aluminum film. The absorbed energy superheats the film and turns it into a rapidly expanding cloud of aluminum vapor. A blue laser beam from a CW argon laser passes through the shutter and is detected by an ultrafast streak camera, set for 50 ps resolution. With this arrangement 10-90% shutter opening times varying from 0.8 to 4 ns have been measured, the former occurring at laser pulse energy densities of ≈ 2 J/cm2.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A novel mitochondriotoxic small molecule that selectively inhibits tumor cell growth

Tumorigenesis results from events that impinge on a variety of collaborating metabolic pathways. To assess their role in this process, we utilized a cell-based assay to perform a high-throughput, chemical library screen. In so doing, we identified F16, a small molecule that selectively inhibits proliferation of mammary epithelial, neu-overexpressing cells, as well as a variety of mouse mammary tumor and human breast cancer cell lines. F16 belongs to a group of structurally similar molecules with a delocalized positive charge. The compound is accumulated in mitochondria of responsive cells, driven by the membrane potential, and it compromises their functional integrity. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization is a shared feature of many tumor cell lines, explaining the broad action spectrum of this novel delocalized lipophilic cation.
Sonographic Detection of Monoamniotic Twins

The true incidence of monoamniotic twinning has been almost impossible to determine accurately because it requires closer inspection of the membranes and placenta at delivery than is usually performed. Sonography of 3440 patients presenting for genetic amniocentesis identified 39 twin gestations, one of which was monoamniotic (0.026%). Prospectively with ultrasound, four of the twin gestations had been thought to be monoamniotic. A more recent case of suspected monoamniotic twinning revealed two sacs when newer computer-based real-time equipment with variable focusing capability and improved spatial resolution was used. Sonographic diagnosis of monoamniotic twinning must be accurate since it identifies patients at higher risk for cord accidents. These patients need obstetrical care appropriate for a pregnancy at high risk. In addition, failure to identify a second sac that could harbor a chromosomally abnormal fetus has both medical and legal implications. State-of-the-art ultrasound equipment and attention to detail is required.
Audio system vibration isolation arrangement for photographic viewer

A vibration isolating mounting arrangement for a sound accessory for a motion picture viewer is provided. The mounting arrangement includes an accessory mounting plate which precisely engages a portion of the viewer for locating the plate with respect to a film cassette receiving well in the top of the viewer. An audio component arrangement is provided which includes an audio transducer and means for advancing the audio tape past the transducer. These audio components are mounted to an audio component plate which is supported in overlying relationship with respect to the accessory mounting plate and the audio components carried thereby. The mounting between the two parallel plates is designed to effect vibration isolation between the plates, thus isolating the audio components carried by the upper plate from vibrations present in the viewer during its operational modes.
The use of second generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A summary of the AHRQ comparative effectiveness review

Second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) can be effective in treating mood disorders in pediatric patients; however, these medications also present with a risk of serious adverse effects. A recent review by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) evaluated the use of SGAs in pediatric patients. This article summarizes the findings of the review, with a focus on bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.
Exploring the risks of substantiated physical neglect related to poverty and parental characteristics: A national sample

Abstract This paper uses data from the National Study of Protective, Preventive, and Reunification Services Delivered to Children and Their Families, 1994 to estimate the effects of several indicators of poverty and parental characteristics associated with substantiated physical neglect. Results suggest there is a high correlation between substantiated physical neglect and several indicators of poverty (i.e. AFDC, food stamps, Medicaid, unemployment, and WIC). After controlling for family characteristics in a logistic regression, those indicators of poverty were not found to be predictive of substantiated physical neglect. Only WIC recipients had an association, and they were less likely to have physical neglect substantiated. The two strongest predictors of physical neglect were related to primary caretakers who were twice as likely to have physical neglect substantiated if they had mental health or substance abuse problems.
Does risk for major adverse cardiac events in patients undergoing vasodilator stress with adjunctive exercise differ from patients undergoing either standard exercise or vasodilator stress with myocardial perfusion imaging

In patients with functional limitations, the use of adjunctive exercise with vasodilator stress has advantages over vasodilator stress alone in single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) for technical reasons and with regards to more effective cardiac risk stratification. Whether patients who undergo vasodilator with adjunctive exercise stress MPI possess clinical characteristics and cardiac risk that differs from those who undergo standard exercise or vasodilator stress MPI is unknown. Prospectively collected data on 19,367 consecutive patients referred for stress MPI to a tertiary care center (9,331 [48%] underwent exercise-only, 3,793 [20%] underwent vasodilator plus exercise, and 6,243 [32%] underwent vasodilator-only) were analyzed. Perfusion data were scored using the ASNC 17-segment with a summed stress score (SSS) 8 = moderate to severely abnormal. Patients were followed a mean of 1.96 ± 0.95 years. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) were compared between the three stress modality groups. Comparison of demographics and clinical characteristics revealed significant differences in gender, age, cardiac risk factors, and stress MPI between the three stress modality groups (P < .001). In follow-up, cardiac event-free survival of patients in the vasodilator plus exercise stress group was significantly higher than those in the vasodilator-only group but lower than those in the exercise-only group (P < .001). Annualized cardiac event rates of patients in the vasodilator plus exercise stress group were significantly lower than those in the vasodilator-only group for all three categories of the SSS (P < .001). After multivariable adjustment, with exercise-only as reference category, vasodilator plus exercise and vasodilator-only stress emerged as independent predictors (more likely occurrence) of cardiac death, while vasodilator-only stress emerged as an independent predictor (more likely occurrence) of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. With vasodilator-only as the reference category, exercise-only and vasodilator plus exercise stress emerged as independent predictors (less likely occurrence) of cardiac death as well as of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Patients undergoing vasodilator plus exercise stress MPI possess clinical characteristics and cardiac risk that differs significantly from those undergoing either standard exercise or vasodilator stress MPI and places them in a lower risk category compared to vasodilator stress alone.
End-to-end approach to large-scale multimedia dissemination

We address the problem of realizing large scale dissemination services across a high-speed wide area network. Examples of such dissemination services include media storage services and on-demand multimedia services such as accessing CATV or an on-line video rental store across a network. Unlike the conventional request-response paradigm, such applications involve a single source sending delay-sensitive information to a large number of users scattered across a high-speed wide area network. Communication requirements of such applications are distinct from those based on conventional client-server interactions because the multimedia information demands certain Quality-of-Service (QoS) guarantees in terms of delay constraints and error tolerance. In this paper, we address some of the research issues that must be resolved before we can realize large scale dissemination services across a high-speed WAN. In particular, we argue for an end-to-end approach in which transport and upper-layer protocol cooperate to provide a large scale dissemination service using a best-effort multicast delivery service provided by the underlying network layer. Under an end-to-end approach, a transport protocol takes into account application-level error recovery semantics in its flow and error control strategies to ensure delivery of multimedia information within the QoS constraints of a given distributed multimedia application. We have designed QMTP, a new multicast transport protocol that provides a simplex (unidirectional), rate controlled, quasireliable multicast transport mechanism for large scale dissemination of multimedia information. The paper describes our goals, the research issues that must be solved, our information dissemination model, QMTP flow and error control policies, and results of our performance evaluation.
EXTENDED EPIDEMIC OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE IN HIGH-SCHOOL STUDENTS

Abstract Four students in a high school de Summary veloped Hodgkin's disease. Inquiry amongst relatives and friends demonstrated an interrelationship of nine cases of Hodgkin's disease in more than two decades. The outbreak suggested an infective disease condition with a carrier state and a long incubation period.
Poster: MRMPath: A web-based tool that identifies peptide transitions for LCMRM- MS analysis and its application to biological pathways

We have developed, MRMPath, a system which processes protein sequences to create theoretical masses of peptide and their peptide fragments following digestion of the protein. Experimentally, these fragments are created using enzymes prior to being processed in a mass spectrometer. In MRMPath, these fragments are created theoretically using established.
ZnCl2-catalysed cycloadditions between ketene acetals and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. A simple route to 2,2-dialkoxy-3,4-dihydropyrans†

2,2-Dialkoxy-3,4-dihydropyrans (3) can be obtained under mild conditions and in good yields from ketene acetals (1) and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds (2) in the presence of ZnCl2. At low temperatures (< −20°C) the reaction between 1 and 2 proceeds as a (2 + 2)-cycloaddition, leading to an oxetane (4), which can sometimes be isolated by neutralisation of the Lewis acid. At higher temperatures, however, the oxetanes decompose into the starting compounds, eventually leading to the thermodynamically more stable dihydropyrans. The cycloadditions of tetramethoxyethene (1a) with 2, having no substituents at the β-carbon atom, yield a cyclobutane derivative as the low temperature product; in cycloadditions of α,β-unsaturated esters this is the final product. Cycloadditions of 2-chloroketene acetal (1e) lead in some cases to 2:1 adducts. The deviating behaviour of 1a and 1e is discussed.
The S2 → S1 Internal Conversion of Benzophenone and p-Iodobenzophenone1

Two modes of excitation (S0 → S2 and S0 → S1) of benzophenone (BP) and p-iodobenzophenone (p-IBP) in acetonitrile have been examined by ultrafast pump−probe experiments. The S1 states (λmax ∼ 575−580 nm) of BP and p-IBP were observed to be generated with lifetimes of 0.53 and 0.59 ps, respectively, following excitation at 267 nm, and this has been attributed to the S2 → S1 internal conversion. The rates of the S1 → T1 ISC have been observed to be similar following either 267 or 335 nm excitation for both BP (∼1 × 1011 s-1) and p-IBP (∼2.3 × 1011 s-1).
Educational aspects of cosmology Global Cosmology Teachers Academy

This IAU–UNESCO Symposium 260 ‘The role of Astronomy in Society and Culture’ celebrates the 400th anniversary of the beginning of modern astronomy marked by when Galileo turned a telescope to the sky making so many astounding discoveries that changed our perceived position in the solar system. This talk celebrates that cosmology has entered this era in an even deeper and profound discoveries that have changed our perception of the universe and our place in it. As such cosmology is a great interest and educational tool for capturing the attention of the young and broadening their perspective. The first portion of the talk outlines and reveals some of these observations and the second with examples and vision of how this can provide an encompassing storyline for STEM learning. This proceedings also emphasizes the key role that partnerships including the private sector are valuable, critical, and rewarding part of the effort.
Regional atrophy of the corpus callosum in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia.

Regional areas of the corpus callosum (CC) were evaluated in subjects with dementia. The area of the CC and seven distinct subdivisions were measured in subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 162), multi-infarct dementia (MID) (n = 28), and in a healthy comparison group (n = 36). There were significant differences in the regional areas of the CC for both the AD and MID patients relative to values for the comparison subjects. When mildly demented (MMSE ≥ 21), subjects with AD had significantly smaller posterior midbody, isthmus, and splenium and subjects with MID had significantly smaller genu relative to comparison subjects. This study reports different patterns of regional CC area loss in subjects with AD and MID.
Monoaminergic mediation of the antinociceptive effect of vaginal stimulation in rats.

Abstract In rats, probing against the vaginal cervix with a glass rod elevated the current threshold required to elicit vocalization in response to tail shock. This elevation in vocalization threshold was significantly attenuated by depletion of norepinephrine (NE) with synthesis inhibitors, blockade of alpha-NE receptors, and systemic or central administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Furthermore, NE receptor stimulation significantly increased vocalization thresholds prior to and during vaginal stimulation. In contrast, dopamine (DA) receptor stimulation reduced, while DA receptor blockade enhanced, this antinociceptive effect of vaginal stimulation. Similarly, serotonin (5-HT) receptor stimulation reduced, and 5-HT depletion enhanced, this antinociceptive effect. Vaginal stimulation also induced an elevation in current threshold for leg withdrawal in response to foot shock. However, this threshold was completely unaffected by the monoamine synthesis inhibitors. In rats pretreated with a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor, two minutes of vaginal stimulation further reduced NE levels in the spinal cord, but did not affect telencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus or midbrain. In addition, vaginal stimulation inpeded the depletion of striatal DA, with no effect on telencephalic DA. These findings suggest that vaginal stimulation activates NE neurons and decreases activity in DA neurons. At least part of this apparently analgesic effect of genital tract stimulation may be mediated by supraspinal monoaminergic mechanisms, some of which have a descending component that inhibits transmission in spinal pain pathways.
PHOTICALLY AND ELECTRICALLY ELICITED RESPONSES IN THE CENTRAL VISUAL SYSTEM OF THE SQUIRREL MONKEY.

This survey was undertaken to determine whether the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) might serve as an appropriate and economical substitute for macaques or baboons in electrophysiological investigations of the primate visual system, and to explore how the neuroanatomical differences between Saimiri and the commonly studied cat might be manifested in differing physiological characteristics. Saimiri have highly developed fovea and area striata, and a separation of parvocellular and magnocellular elements in the lateral geniculate nucleus. Responses in anesthetized animals were compared with those in alert animals with chronically implanted electrodes. Reflecting the small size of the retinal ganglion cells, conduction velocities in the optic tract are relatively slow, most commonly about 7 m/per sec, with a faster group at about 17 m/per sec occasionally demonstrable. The fastest fibers conducting the photic response go to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. There is an abrupt increase in velocity with the optic radiation, the two distinct components at 35 and 20 m/per sec being attributable to magnocellular and parvocellular elements of the geniculate nucleus. Synchronous, electrically elicited volleys pass poorly through the nucleus so that by this criterion there is little synaptic security in this highly specialized system. Illumination, or “attention” (even in the dark), dramatically augments electrical excitability. Anesthesia abolishes such effects and severely depresses responses seen at striate cortex. In lightly anesthetized animals the striate response begins with oscillations at 160–210/per sec, developing a much larger potential shortly after tract and geniculate oscillations “cease.” Responses also appear in limited prestriate and superior temporal regions, the latter probably being the homologue of the middle suprasylvian area of the cat. Most features so far examined in both macaques and squirrel monkeys have been highly similar, and significantly different from comparable phenomena in cats.
Assessing Alzheimer's support group particpation: A retrospective follow-up

Conflicting findings have been reported on whether attending an Alzheimer's disease (AD) support group is a positive or negative experience. As a result, the present study provides the results from a retrospective analysis of the effects of caregiver support groups over an eight year period. The results suggest that those in distress are the most likely to attend support groups, and the benefits of attending become more apparent over time. The primary reason given by participants for having stopped attending support groups was the lack of a program for those who no longer are active care providers. Many of these same individuals indicated a marked interest in caregiver issues, but felt that most of the information provided was for those providers early in the care process. Thus, support groups that consider caregiver transitions may prove of interest.
Reading Performance and Verbal Short-Term Memory: A Twin Study of Reciprocal Causation.

Abstract Although a significant relationship between reading performance and verbal short-term memory (VSTM) has been well documented, the etiology of this relationship has not been fully explored. In the study presented here, the genetic and environmental causes of the phenotypic association between reading and VSTM were analyzed using twin data from the Colorado Reading Project. Results of bivariate behavioral genetic analyses indicate that both reading ability and VSTM are highly heritable, and that a substantial proportion of their phenotypic correlation is due to common genetic influences. Moreover, results of analyses of direction of causation suggest that differences in reading performance (or reading component processes) may influence performance on VSTM tasks, but that differences in VSTM are not an important cause of variation in reading performance. However, the possibility of a common cause of both reading performance and VSTM is not precluded.
A comparison of X and Y zeolite-supported rhodium as propylene hydroformylation catalysts

Abstract A direct comparison of rhodium-exchanged zeolites X and Y as vapor-phase propylene hydroformylation catalysts is reported. Hydrogenation and hydroformylation occur simultaneously over these catalysts in a reactant stream consisting of propylene:H2:N2:CO (3:3:2:1) at atmospheric pressure. Selectivity to n-butyraldehyde versus iso-butyraldehyde is 2.0:1 and 1.9:1 for rhodium on X and rhodium on Y, respectively. Similar hydroformylation activation energies are obtained, while hydrogenation activation energies are somewhat different. Infrared spectroscopy shows the presence of a geminal dicarbonyl, Rh(CO)2+, on zeolite X and Rh6(CO)16 on zeolite Y after hydroformylation.
A simple time-sharing monitor system for laboratory automation

Abstract The requirements for time-sharing a computer to control and monitor multiple experiments in a solid state physics and physical chemistry laboratory are discussed. A monitor system, which has been implemented on the IBM 1800, to control multiple spectroscopic experiments and collect their data is described. It provides flexible analog and digital input/output routines which, using a multilevel interrupt system, operate in a background mode once they have been initiated from a foreground program, and a priority queuing system to sequence these foreground programs. In addition, provision is made for the utilization of the computer on problems not associated with any connected experiment. A simplified sample application is presented.
Developmental Advocacy: Twenty‐First Century School Counseling

Characteristics of current and emerging school counseling program models are reviewed, and their limitations and challenges in serving students' needs in the 21st century are enumerated. The authors discuss the implications for these models of recent advances in developmental theory and research and in positive psychology, along with the integration of nontraditional counseling functions. Developmental Advocacy is described and offered as a way to enhance the effectiveness of the contemporary school counselor.
Parity reversion in real exchange rates during the post-Bretton Woods period

Abstract A common view among recent studies on purchasing power parity is that the post-Bretton Woods period is far too short to reveal any significant parity reversion in individual series of real exchange rates. Is this really so? The answer, this study shows, depends very much on the statistical test being used. Two efficient univariate unit-root tests are applied to uncover parity reversion. These tests require much shorter sample sizes than conventional tests to attain the same statistical power. Empirical results show that parity reversion can be unveiled over the modern float if an efficient unit-root test is applied.
A comprehensive community nursing center model: maximizing practice income: a challenge to educators

The potential role of community nursing centers to generate revenue through faculty practice is critical for the survival of nursing centers in the future. A nursing center entrepreneurial model for faculty practice within the University of Rochester School of Nursing uses sound business principles to enhance financial success and challenges current paradigms in education, practice, and research.
Calculating Clifford classes for characters containing a linear character once

Abstract Given a finite group G, a normal subgroup N of G and an irreducible character χ of G, the Clifford class of χ describes the Clifford theory including Schur indices of χ with respect to the normal subgroup N. Assume there is a subgroup U of N and a linear character θ of U with multiplicity 1 in the restriction of χ to U. We describe a method to calculate the Clifford class of χ in certain cases. This method helps, in particular, in the calculation of the Schur indices of the irreducible characters of the groups contained between the general linear and the special linear groups.
Comparison of Lipoprotein Lipase and Clotting Activity in Lymph and Plasma after Heparin.

SummaryLipoprotein lipase was found in the post-heparin thoracic duct lymph of the 7 dogs studied and in the post-heparin lymph aspirated from the chest in a patient with chylothorax. This enzyme reached a maximal concentration later and remained longer in lymph than in the blood. Post-heparin lymph also reflected the presence of heparin by greatly prolonged coagulation times. Evidence was given that lipoprotein lipase should be determined by measuring its lipolytic activity and not by “clearing” technics alone.
Shielding implications for secondary neutrons and photons produced within the patient during IMPT.

Purpose: Intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) uses a combination of computer controlled spot scanning and spot-weight optimized planning to irradiate the tumor volume uniformly. In contrast to passive scattering systems, secondary neutrons and photons produced from inelastic proton interactions within the patient represent the major source of emitted radiation during IMPT delivery. Various published studies evaluated the shielding considerations for passive scattering systems but did not directly address secondary neutron production from IMPT and the ambient dose equivalent on surrounding occupational and nonoccupational work areas. Thus, the purpose of this study was to utilize Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the energy and angular distributions of secondary neutrons and photons following inelastic proton interactions within a tissue-equivalent phantom for incident proton spot energies between 70 and 250 MeV. Methods: Monte Carlo simulation methods were used to calculate the ambient dose equivalent of secondary neutrons and photons produced from inelastic proton interactions in a tissue-equivalent phantom. The angular distribution of emitted neutrons and photons were scored as a function of incident proton energy throughout a spherical annulus at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 m from the phantom center. Appropriate dose equivalent conversion factors were applied to estimate the total ambient dose equivalent from secondary neutrons and photons. Results: A reference distance of 1 m from the center of the patient was used to evaluate the mean energy distribution of secondary neutrons and photons and the resulting ambient dose equivalent. For an incident proton spot energy of 250 MeV, the total ambient dose equivalent (3.6 × 10−3 mSv per proton Gy) was greatest along the direction of the incident proton spot (0°–10°) with a mean secondary neutron energy of 71.3 MeV. The dose equivalent decreased by a factor of 5 in the backward direction (170°–180°) with a mean energy of 4.4 MeV. An 8 × 8 × 8 cm3 volumetric spot distribution (5 mm FWHM spot size, 4 mm spot spacing) optimized to produce a uniform dose distribution results in an ambient dose equivalent of 4.5 × 10−2 mSv per proton Gy in the forward direction. Conclusions: This work evaluated the secondary neutron and photon emission due to monoenergetic proton spots between 70 and 250 MeV, incident on a tissue equivalent phantom. Example calculations were performed to estimate concrete shield thickness based upon appropriate workload and shielding design assumptions. Although lower than traditional passive scattered proton therapy systems, the ambient dose equivalent from secondary neutrons produced by the patient during IMPT can be significant relative to occupational and nonoccupational workers in the vicinity of the treatment vault. This work demonstrates that Monte Carlo simulations are useful as an initial planning tool for studying the impact of the treatment room and maze design on surrounding occupational and nonoccupational work areas.
Reliability of VCSELs for >25Gb/s

The next individual-channel VCSEL (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser) node for data communications is 25 Gbps or higher. Providing the required reliability becomes ever more challenging as the speeds increase, but possible with proper design.
Humanitarian Action: Harming Those in Need

The Golden Fleece: Manipulation and Independence in Humanitarian Action. Edited by Antonio Donini. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press, 2012. 318 + xviii pp., $29.95 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-1-565-49488-6). How effective is humanitarian action in helping those in need? This is one of the most important and enduring questions in discussions of humanitarianism. On the one hand, there is the pull to “do something” to assist those who are suffering from man-made and natural disasters. At the same time, there is the very real possibility that efforts to help those in need could actually generate unintentional and perverse outcomes, further harming those who are already suffering. This excellent volume, edited by Antonio Donini of the Feinstein International Center at Tufts University, is a recent and welcome contribution to the literature attempting to answer this question. The volume consists of 12 chapters, including introductory and concluding chapters. In the Introduction, Donini defines “instrumentalization,” which is the central concept underpinning the volume. Instrumentalization refers to “the use of humanitarian action or rhetoric as a tool to pursue political, security, military, development, economic, and other non-humanitarian goals” (p. 2). Donini and the other contributors to the volume illustrate …
Action-Independent Subjective Expected Utility without States of the World

This paper develops an axiomatic theory of decision-making under uncertainty that has no state-space. The choice setting follows Karni [1,2]: a set of effects (outcomes), a set of actions which induce these effects, and a set of real-valued bets over effects. In Karni’s representation, a preference over action/bet pairs yields utility, which is action-dependent. In our representation, utility is action-independent. This is achieved by augmenting Karni’s choice set with lotteries over actions. Identification is achieved similarly to Anscombe-Aumann [3], in which there are objective “roulette” lotteries over subjective “horse race” lotteries.
Absolute brightness temperature measurements at 2.1-mm wavelength

Absolute measurements of the brightness temperatures of the Sun, new Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, and of the flux density of DR21 at 2.1-mm wavelength are reported. Relative measurements at 3.5-mm wavelength are also preented which resolve the absolute calibration discrepancy between The University of Texas 16-ft radio telescope and the Aerospace Corporation 15-ft antenna. The use of the bright planets and DR21 as absolute calibration sources at millimeter wavelengths is discussed in the light of recent observations.
Differential modes of chemical decay for early and late lambda messenger RNA.

Abstract In the presence of rifampicin, chemical decay of pulse-labeled phage λ “early” messenger RNA occurred exponentially, with a half-life of 2.2 minutes at 42 °C, compared to 1.3 minutes for the host mRNA. In contrast, mRNA synthesized late during λ development exhibited a characteristic complex decay curve not previously observed for microbial mRNA; initial slow decay of about 25% during 4 to 4.5 minutes was followed by rapid exponential decay of the remainder with a half-life of 1.5 minutes. Sucrose density-gradient analyses of the RNA revealed that during the phase of slow decay, the λ-specific mRNA was progressively fragmented.
Absorbed dose determination for interstitial 125I boost therapy

Iodine-125 implants are being used to boost external beam treatments of unresectable pancreas and lung tumors. Calculations of the 125I activity required to achieve a specific average peripheral dose are presented as a function of the average tumor dimension for spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical implants. Both uniform and random seed spacings are investigated. The results indicate that the average peripheral dose is relatively insensitive to the seed distribution as well as to the seed activity. The average tumor dose is typically 20% greater than the average peripheral dose.
Searching for a wrench to throw into the splicing machine.

Many macromolecular complexes function as nanoscale machines performing important cellular jobs. However, their complex and dynamic natures pose challenges for detailed structure-function analysis. Small-molecule inhibitors, which can be identified by high-throughput screening, provide important leverage into the study of macromolecular assemblies by allowing researchers to capture transient intermediate states and probe important functional components.
Early Diagenesis of Plant Pigments in Hudson River Sediments

Abstract Plant pigment concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography in Hudson River sediments. Sedimentation rates and mixing characteristics were determined from depth profiles of the naturally occurring radionuclides 7Be, 210Pb. Previous estimates of the mean-lives (1/λ) of plant pigments (chlorophylls a and b, fucoxanthin) from laboratory experiments, indicate a range of c. 20-40 days. However, in the field, we observed that these pigments decreased less rapidly with depth and penetrated deeper than 7Be (mean-life 77 days) in Hudson sediments 95% of the time. Assuming similar mixing processes for particles carrying 7Be and pigments, this indicates that pigment decay rates in the field are slower than the 0·013 day-1 decay rate of 7Be, hence, more than 2-fold slower than the derived laboratory rates. We believe that high inputs of vascular plant detritus in the Hudson may increase the complexation of humic substances with pigments resulting in slower decay rates. While most pigments showed an exponential decrease with sediment depth, lutein concentrations generally increased with depth. This pattern of decay resistance is in agreement with laboratory experiments which show that lutein is the most decay resistant among dominant pigments. These data along with other studies demonstrate that the carotenoids lacking the 5,6-epoxide group (i.e., lutein) are more decay resistant than pigments that contain it (i.e., fucoxanthin).
There's (still) plenty of room at the bottom

Abstract For more than a century, scientists and engineers have focused their efforts on improvements to large-scale heat engines. This paper argues that global climate change and public health considerations suggest that significant effort should be directed to the improvement of biomass-burning cook stoves used by billions in the developing world.