cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vehicle-command center communications in a robotic vehicle system

Abstract The U.S. Army Laboratory Command is developing a testbed for cooperative, real-lime control of multiple land vehicles from a remotely located command center. The system requires the development and integration of a variety of elements which allow the vehicles to perform autonomously and under supervisory and teleoperated control. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is supporting this program by designing the overall system control architecture based on experience gained in developing hierarchial control systems in robotics and automated manufacturing. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the communication link between the vehicle and the remote command center. Areas addressed include the communication technology, the information content and required rates, the control system communication requirements, communications support of the development effort and examination of available standards.
The Effects of Lithium on the Human Visual System

(1992). The Effects of Lithium on the Human Visual System. Journal of Toxicology: Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 97-169.
Pharmacokinetic data. Pharmacokinetic parameters estimated from intravenous data by uniform methods and some of their uses.

This article summarizes phamacokinetic parameters of 20 different drugs. The parameters were estimated by uniform methods for an n-compartment open mammillary model in which elimination was assumed to occur only from the central compartment. For various reasons, some of the reported parameters differ appreciably from those reported in the original articles. Some uses of the parameters are discussed.
The Obesity Paradox, Weight Loss, and Coronary Disease

Abstract Purpose Because obesity is a cardiovascular risk factor but is associated with a more favorable prognosis among cohorts of cardiac patients, we assessed this "obesity paradox" in overweight and obese patients with coronary heart disease enrolled in a cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training (CRET) program, making this assessment in patients classified as overweight/obese using both traditional body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat assessments. Additionally, we assessed the efficacy and safety of purposeful weight loss in overweight and obese coronary patients. Patients and Methods We retrospectively studied 529 consecutive CRET patients following major coronary events before and after CRET, and compared baseline and post program data in 393 overweight and obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m 2 ) divided by median weight change (median=−1.5%; mean +2% vs −5%, respectively). In addition, we assessed 3-year total mortality in various baseline BMI categories as well as compared mortality in those with high baseline percent fat (>25% in men and >35% in women) versus those with low baseline fat. Results Following CRET, the overweight and obese with greater weight loss had improvements in BMI (−5%; P P P P P P P P =.02), as well as marked improvements in behavioral factors and quality-of-life scores. Those with lower weight loss had no significant improvements in percent fat, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and fasting glucose. During 3-year follow-up, overall mortality trended only slightly lower in those with baseline overweightness/obesity who had more weight loss (3.1% vs 5.1%; P =.30). However, total mortality was considerably lower in the baseline overweight/obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m 2 ) than in 136 CRET patients with baseline BMI 2 (4.1% vs 13.2%; P P Conclusions Purposeful weight loss with CRET in overweight/obese coronary patients is associated with only a nonsignificant trend for lower mortality but is characterized by marked improvements in obesity indices, exercise capacity, plasma lipids, and inflammation, as well as behavioral factors and quality of life. Although an "obesity paradox" exists using either baseline BMI or baseline percent fat criteria, these results support the safety and potential long-term benefits of purposeful weight loss in overweight and obese patients with coronary heart disease.
History of Physical or Sexual Abuse and Participation in 12-Step Self-Help Groups

Objectives: Although 12-step groups are an important resource for managing substance use problems, their efficacy for patients with a physical or sexual abuse history is unknown. Methods: In the present study, patients with a history of physical or sexual (n = 122) or no (n = 143) abuse were interviewed at entry to outpatient substance use treatment at the Veterans Administration. Results: After adjusting for baseline substance use, physical or sexual abuse was associated with more attendance at and involvement in 12-step groups. Participation in 12-step groups predicted abstinence at one year, regardless of abuse history. Conclusions: Limitations and implications are discussed.
Serial distributed detection for wireless sensor networks

Serial distributed detection for wireless sensor networks is studied in this paper. Unlike the traditional serial distributed detection schemes where it is assumed that the sensor decision at one stage is known exactly to the subsequent sensor node, we assume that the links between the consecutive sensor nodes are subject to fading and additive noise resulting in corruption of the transmitted decisions. Incorporating the effect of fading in the detection process, a decision fusion rule based on likelihood ratio tests is derived. Optimality of likelihood ratio test is also investigated. By numerical examples, we illustrate the performance of the proposed serial detection scheme and compare it with that of the parallel distributed detection
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ELECTROSTATIC COUNTERSTREAMING INSTABILITIES IN ION BEAMS.

We report two-dimensional numerical studies of the nonlinear evolution of the electrostatic instabilities of two interpenetrating ion beams in an electron background, and comparison with the predictions of linear and quasilinear theory.
Altered 40 S ribosomal subunits in omnipotent suppressors of yeast

Abstract The five suppressors SUP35, SUP43, SUP44, SUP45 and SUP46, each mapping at a different chromosomal locus in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suppress a wide range of mutations, including representatives of all three types of nonsense mutations, UAA, UAG and UGA. We have demonstrated that ribosomes from the four suppressors SUP35, SUP44. SUP45 and SUP46 translate polyuridylate templates in vitro with higher errors than ribosomes from the normal strain, and that this misreading is substantially enhanced by the antibiotic paromomycin. Furthermore, ribosomal subunit mixing experiments established that the 40 S ribosomal subunit, and this subunit only, is responsible for the higher levels of misreading. Thus, the gene products of SUP35, SUP44, SUP45 and SUP46 are components of the 40 S subunit or are enzymes that modify the subunit. In addition, a protein from the 40 S subunit of the SUP35 suppressor has an altered electrophoretic mobility; this protein is distinct from the altered protein previously uncovered in the 40 S subunit of the SUP46 suppressor. In contrast to the ribosomes from the four suppressors SUP35, SUP44, SUP45 and SUP46, the ribosomes from the SUP43 suppressor do not significantly misread polyuridylate templates in vitro, suggesting that this locus may not encode a ribosomal component or that the misreading is highly specific.
Observations after human immunodeficiency virus immunization and challenge of human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and seronegative chimpanzees

Abstract Two human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive chimpanzees (A-3 and A-86c) infected 4 yr earlier with HIV, along with one uninfected animal (A-36), were inoculated intramuscularly three times in a year with a gamma-irradiated gp120-depleted HIV immunogen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Both previously infected animals promptly developed an anamnestic humoral antibody response after the first dose, and the uninfected animal developed a primary humoral response to the first dose and then an anamnestic response to the second dose. Although HIV had been recovered repeatedly from the seropositive animals, they became persistently virus-culture negative at the time of or just before the first inoculation of the immunogen. Intravenous challenge with 40 chimpanzee-infectious-doses of a heterologous HIV strain (HIVIIIB) was done 4 mo after the third inoculation in the three treated chimpanzees and in an untreated control animal (A-189a). The immunized naive animal (A-36) and the unimmunized control (A-189a) became infected, and virus has been isolated from their peripheral blood mononuclear cells for greater than 2 yr after challenge. However, the two previously infected chimpanzees (A-3 and A-86c) resisted challenge and have remained virus negative by peripheral blood mononuclear cell cocultivation for greater than 2 yr of observation after challenge; moreover, no evidence of reinfection was detectable by PCR. Despite the in vivo resistance, however, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the resistant animals (A-3, A-86c) remained susceptible to infection by HIV in vitro. These findings reveal that a state of immunity can develop and/or be induced to control and/or prevent HIV infection in the chimpanzees. In the absence of any detectable level of neutralizing antibody in A-3 and a low level in A-86c, the patterns of the responses to challenge seen in the four animals suggest that the cell-mediated immune mechanism must have played a significant role in the resistant chimpanzees both in control of their HIV infection and in their resistance to challenge.
An Examination of Music and Nonmusic Majors' Response to Selected Excerpts from Stravinsky's Le Sacre du printemps

Research suggests that factors such as background and musical experience might affect ability to process information and influence affective responses. This study explored the relationship between music and nonmusic majors' real-time responses to a piece of 20th-century music. Undergraduate nonmusic majors and undergraduate and graduate music majors were asked to manipulate a Continuous Response Digital Interface dial that recorded response data in time to indicate their responses while listening to excerpts from Igor Stravinsky's Le Sacre du printemps (Rite of Spring). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between responses of music and nonmusic majors. Graphic representation and analyses suggest that these response patterns are related to changes in texture, with a moderate inverse relationship for nonmusic majors and a weaker moderate positive relationship for music majors.
Listeria monocytogenes: epidemiology, human disease, and mechanisms of brain invasion

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium that has predilection for causing central nervous systemic infections in humans and domesticated animals. This pathogen can be found worldwide in the food supply and most L. monocytogenes infections are acquired through ingestion of contaminated food. The main clinical syndromes caused by L. monocytogenes include febrile gastroenteritis, perinatal infection, and systemic infections marked by central nervous system infections with or without bacteremia. Experimental infection of mice has been used for over 50 years as a model system to study the pathogenesis of this organism including the mechanisms by which it invades the brain. Data from this model indicate that a specific subset of monocytes, distinguished in part by high expression of the Ly-6C antigen, become parasitized in the bone marrow and have a key role in transporting intracellular bacteria across the blood-brain barriers and into the central nervous system. This Minireview will summarize recent epidemiologic and clinical information regarding L. monocytogenes as a human pathogen and will discuss current in vitro and in vivo data relevant to the role of parasitized monocytes and the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie its formidable ability to invade the central nervous system.
How should modeling and simulation be used to support defense acquisition

This paper investigates the potential for modeling and simulation to contribute to new defense system development, by increasing the productivity of traditional R&D in developing system‐specific technology. Building on a previous optimal control model of defense system R&D, it shows that (1) the optimal use of modeling is related in a natural way to that of traditional R&D, and (2) both have similar optimal profiles over time. Simulated results based on limited historical data suggest that optimal use of modeling could increase the rate of growth in system‐specific technology significantly.
Tumor Regression Model of Cervical Cancer – Response

We appreciate Dr. Mirk's comments on our article recently published in Cancer Research ([1][1]) and the potential value of the positron emission tomography (PET) in the assessment of early response to radiation therapy in cervical cancer. The primary goal of our article ([1][1]) was to establish a
Determination of wrist kinematics using a magnetic tracking device

The objective of this work is to present a method to determine the three-dimensional kinematics of the human wrist joint under physiological loading conditions using a magnetic tracking device. Euler angles were used to determine wrist extension-flexion, radial-ulnar deviation and supination-pronation. The screw displacement axis (SDA) method was used to describe the relative motion between carpal bones. Computer graphics were also used to obtain a better visualization of the three-dimensional motions of the carpal bones. This was accomplished by combining motion data and digitization data describing the geometry of the articular surfaces of the carpal bones. Geometric data included the locations of several points located on the articular surfaces forming the radio-scaphoid and radio-lunate joints. The SDA axes describing the motions of the capitate or the lunate or the scaphoid with respect to the radius during flexion-extension were found almost parallel to the medial-lateral direction. Translations along any SDA did not exceed 2 mm. One can thus consider the motion of each carpal bone as a pure rotation about a screw axis. Also, the SDA axis describing the motion of the capitate with respect to the radius was found to pass through the proximal end of the capitate. The graphical display of carpal motions shows that, as the wrist is flexed, the surface of the lunate within the radio-lunate articulation moves from palmar to dorsal. On the other hand, the palmar-dorsal location of the proximal surface of the scaphoid within the radio-scaphoid articulation remains almost unchanged.
Joining of silicon nitride ceramics by hot pressing

The joining of hot-pressed silicon nitride ceramics, containing Al2O3 and Y2O3 as sintering aids, has been carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere. Uniaxial pressure was applied at high temperature during the joining process. Polyethylene was used as a joining agent. Joining strength was measured by four-point bending tests. The effects of joining conditions such as temperature (from 1400 to 1600°C), joining pressure (from 0.1 to 40 MPa), holding time (from 0.5 to 8 h) and surface roughness (Rmax) of the joining couple (about 0.12, 0.22 and 1.2μm) on the joining strength were examined. The joining strength was increased with increases in joining temperature, joining pressure and holding time. Larger surface roughness caused lower joining strength. The higher joining strength was attributed to a larger true contact area. The area was increased through plastic deformation of the joined couple at elevated temperatures. The highest joining strength attained was 567 MPa at room temperature, which was about half the value of the average flexural strength of the original body. The high temperature strength measured at 1200° C did not differ very much from the room-temperature value.
Residual/thermal stresses in FGM and laminated thermal barrier coatings

The plane strain elasticity problem for a functionally gradient material (FGM) and a multi-layered homogeneous coating bonded to a metal substrate due to a uniform temperature change is considered. The substrate is assumed to be a nickel-based alloy-Rene-41. The FGM coating is a particulate composite of Rene-41 and zirconia with volume fractions continuously varying through the thickness. The multi-layered coating consists of one, two or four homogeneous layers with stepwise changing volume fractions. With a possible failure mechanism of surface cracking or edge debonding in mind, the relevant stresses on the surface of the coating and along the interfaces are evaluated. For the piecewise homogeneous coating the power of singularity and the corresponding stress intensity factors at the points of intersection of the interfaces and the free ends are calculated. It is shown that by using the FGM coating the stress singularities are eliminated and the stress distribution is smoothed considerably. Sample results for the displacements and for the contour plots of an effective stress governing the yield behavior of the material are given and the asymptotic behavior of the stress state around the singular point is examined.
Incorporating inspection decisions in pavement management

Abstract Pavement management systems need to address not only maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) decisions, but also facility inspection decisions. The state of the art in pavement management is lacking of any consistent methodology for making such decisions on a cost-effectiveness basis. Such a methodology must recognize the presence of interactions between M&R and inspection decisions. These interactions argue for a joint decision-making approach, where the sum of inspection and M&R costs is minimized. This paper reviews different possible mathematical formulations to such a joint decision-making model, having various levels of restriction and computational complexity. These formulations are then compared and the effect of the forecast uncertainty on the minimum expected costs produced by each of them is investigated empirically. It is concluded that optimizing inspection decisions jointly with M&R decisions can lead to substantial cost savings, especially for high precisions of forecasting.
Instabilities of longitudinal rolls in the presence of Poiseuille flow

Longitudinal rolls represent the preferred form of convection in a horizontal fluid layer heated from below in the presence of parallel shear flows for sufficiently low Reynolds numbers and for a finite range of the Rayleigh number above the critical value Rac. In this paper properties of the longitudinal rolls and their stability with respect to three-dimensional disturbances are investigated in the case of Poiseuille flow. While the convective heat transport is independent of the Reynolds number, the mass flux through the channel at a given Reynolds number decreases with increasing Rayleigh number. A wavy instability is found to set in at a finite Reynolds number and relatively low Rayleigh numbers, depending on the Prandtl number P. In particular, the stability region for longitudinal rolls is analysed for P = 0.025, 0.1, 0.71, 2.5, and 7. For sufficiently small Reynolds number the oscillatory, the skewed varicose or the knot instability can precede the wavy instability. For P = 7 the wavy instability is preceded by a modified knot instability throughout the Reynolds-number range that has been investigated. In spite of the difference hi symmetry, the results for Poiseuille flow resemble those obtained earlier hi the case of plane Couette flow.
Attribution Retraining for Therapeutic Change: Theory, Practice, and Future Directions

Attribution theory has a rich history of empirical and applied work over more than 50 years. This article draws on literature from social, cognitive, developmental, and clinical psychology to exami...
Analysis of Protein Protein Dimeric Interfaces

We analyzed the structural properties and the local surface environment of surface amino acid residues of proteins using a large, non-redundant dataset of 2383 protein chains in dimeric complexes from PDB. We compared the interface residues and non-interface residues based on six properties: side chain orientation, surface roughness, solid angle, ex value, hydrophobicity and interface cluster size. The results of our analysis show that interface residues have side chains pointing inward; interfaces are rougher, tend to be flat, moderately convex or concave and protrude more relative to non-interface surface residues. Interface residues tend to be surrounded by hydrophobic neighbors and tend to form clusters consisting of three or more interfaces residues. These findings are consistent with previous published studies using much smaller datasets, while allowing for more qualitative conclusions due to our larger dataset. Preliminary results suggest the possibility of using the six the properties to identify putative interface residues.
Using Scale, Cover Type and GIS to Evaluate Nuisance Cattle Egret Colony Site Selection

Abstract. The establishment of large Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) breeding colonies in upland residential areas of east central Texas has been observed since the early 1960s. To help understand why Cattle Egrets choose residential breeding sites and predict where these might occur in the future, the geographic extent and scale-dependent nature of the phenomenon was investigated. In east Texas and along the Texas Gulf Coast, Cattle Egret colonies were found in flooded forests or on islands. However, in east central Texas, colonies were often located in upland areas. A habitat suitability model was constructed at multiple scales, outlining land use classes thought to influence upland colony site selection: water, forest and development/residential. The model classified 79% of upland colony locations in high or very highly suitable habitat and 7% in low or very low suitable habitat. The distribution of classes was significantly different than expected considering the distribution of land cover suitability cl...
Temporal Events Underlying Arterial Remodeling After Chronic Flow Reduction in Mice Correlation of Structural Changes With a Deficit in Basal Nitric Oxide Synthesis

To define the cellular events of vascular remodeling in mice, we measured blood flow and analyzed the morphology of remodeled vessels at defined points after a flow-reducing remodeling stimulus for 3, 7, 14, and 35 days. Acute ligation of the left external carotid artery reduced blood flow in the left common carotid artery (LC) compared with sham and contralateral right common carotid arteries (RCs). In morphometric analyses, the decrease in diameter in LCs was reversible by vasodilator perfusion 3 days after ligation, whereas ligation for 7 days or greater resulted in a permanent diameter reduction. Coincident with structural remodeling at day 7 was an increase in cell death in remodeled LCs. Functionally, rings from remodeled LCs contracted to prostaglandin F2a and relaxed to acetylcholine in a manner identical to that of control arteries. However, remodeled LCs were hypersensitive to the nitrovasodilator sodium nitroprusside (at day 7) and exhibited a marked reduction in basal NO synthesis at 7 and 14 days after ligation. The impairment of endothelial NO synthase function was likely due to post-translational mechanisms, given that endothelial NO synthase mRNA and protein levels did not change in remodeled LCs. These data define the ontogeny of flow-triggered luminal remodeling in adult mice and suggest that endothelial dysfunction occurs during reorgani- zation of the vessel wall. (Circ Res. 2000;86:1160-1166.)
Cascade tuning for nonlinear position control of an electrohydraulic actuator

The nonlinear position control of an electrohydraulic actuator is approached by using two control structures. The first is a direct near IO linearization of the system model with piston position as output. The second is a cascade controller with a near IO linearizing pressure force controller as an inner-loop to a feedback plus feed forward outer-loop position controller. It is shown in this paper that the two control structures are theoretically equivalent. Furthermore, the equivalence is exploited to extract a simple, physically intuitive, tuning procedure for the gains of the two controller structures. This is particularly significant for the near IO linearizing position controller whose gains lack a physically tractable interpretation that guides their selection.
International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli

The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein–coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
Trust And Distrust: New Relationships and Realities

We propose a new theoretical framework for understanding simultaneous trust and distrust within relationships, grounded in assumptions of multidimensionality and the inherent tensions of relationships, and we separate this research from prior work grounded in assumptions of unidimensionality and balance. Drawing foundational support for this new framework from recent research on simultaneous positive and negative sentiments and ambivalence, we explore the theoretical and practical significance of the framework for future work on trust and distrust relationships within organizations.
Inferring surface heat flux distributions guided by a global seismic model: particular application to Antarctica

Abstract We present a method that uses a global seismic model of the crust and upper mantle to guide the extrapolation of existing heat-flow measurements to regions where such measurements are rare or absent. For any chosen spatial point on the globe, the procedure generates a histogram of heat-flow values determined from existing measurements obtained from regions that are structurally similar to the target point. The inferred histograms are based on a “structural similarity functional”, which is introduced to quantify the structural analogy between different regions. We apply this procedure world-wide using the global heat-flow data base of Pollack et al. [Rev. Geophys. 31 (1993) 267] guided by an update of the 3-D shear velocity model of the crust and uppermost mantle of Shapiro and Ritzwoller [Geophys. J. Int. 51 (2002) 88]. The method results in an inferred probability distribution for the heat flux for each geographical region of interest. These distributions are strongly non-Gaussian, but are well approximated by the log-logistic distribution which is completely specified by two parameters. The inferred distributions agree well with observed distributions of heat flux taken in 300-km radius circles regionally in numerous locations. Particular attention is drawn to the inferred surface heat flux distributions across Antarctica, where direct measurements are rare but information about heat flow may be needed to help understand the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets and ice streams. Mean heat flow in West Antarctica is expected to be nearly three times higher than in East Antarctica and much more variable. This high heat flow may affect the dynamics of West Antarctic ice streams and the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
The Role of Private Prayer in Psychological Recovery Among Midlife and Aged Patients Following Cardiac Surgery

Issues related to psychological recovery following coronary bypass surgeries (CABG) have emerged in recent years. Other research has shown the effects of spiritual or religious activities on health and aging. However, little is known about the relationship of spiritual coping, including religious coping, to post-CABG adjustment. This study addressed multifactorial determinants of postoperative psychological recovery and the effects of private prayer, a form of spiritual coping, on the recovery of 151 older patients. Results show that most patients pray about their postoperative problems and that private prayer appears to significantly decrease depression and general distress one year post-CABG.
Cubic harmonic analysis of magnetic anisotropy measurements on single crystal HoxTb1−xFe2 laves phase compounds

Abstract Room temperature magnetic anisotropy measurements have been made on a series of low anisotropy Ho x Tb 1−x Fe 2 compounds, with 0.826 x 4 and κ 6 , both varied linearly with holmium concentrations as predicted by the single ion model; however, κ 8 , the next higher order term, was not consistent with the predicted behavior. The origin of this contribution is believed to be related to the magnetostriction.
The Revolving-Door of Sell-Side Analysts: A Threat to Analysts’ Independence?

The “revolving-door” phenomenon whereby analysts are hired by firms that they cover poses a threat to their independence. In this paper, I document this phenomenon and assess the extent to which it is associated with analysts’ issuance of biased research reports during the year prior to their employment with the covered firms. During this final year, I find that the revolving-door analysts alter their forecasts, target prices and recommendations in a direction which suggests that they are attempting to gain favor with their would-be employers. Specifically, relative to other analysts, they become more optimistic about the firms that end up hiring them while, at the same time, they become more pesimistic about other firms’ prospects. The findings raise concerns about their independence and indicate a potential benefit to tightening employment regulations in this industry.
CVD Growth of Nanostructures from Bi2Te3

Research into thermoelectric materials has recently undergone a push into lower dimensional materials in the hopes that quantum confinement effects will enhance the performance of these structures. It has already been demonstrated that 2D superlattice materials show enhanced properties. More recently, materials known to have good thermoelectric properties, such as Bi2Te3 or PbTe, have been grown in low dimensional morphologies. We investigate synthesis techniques for growing low dimensional structures of Bi-Te materials with the aim of incorporating them into a composite material alongside bulk Bi2Te3.
On the Quantification of Atmospheric Rivers Precipitation from Space: Composite Assessments and Case Studies over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean and the Western United States

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are often associated with extreme precipitation, which can lead to flooding or alleviate droughts. A decade (2003–12) of landfalling ARs impacting the North American west coast (between 32.5° and 52.5°N) is collected to assess the skill of five commonly used satellite-based precipitation products [T3B42, T3B42 real-time (T3B42RT), CPC morphing technique (CMORPH), PERSIANN, and PERSIANN–Cloud Classification System (CCS)] in capturing ARs’ precipitation rate and pattern. AR detection was carried out using a database containing twice-daily satellite-based integrated water vapor composite observations. It was found that satellite products are more consistent over ocean than land and often significantly underestimate precipitation rate over land compared to ground observations. Incorrect detection of precipitation from IR-based methods is prevalent over snow and ice surfaces where microwave estimates often show underestimation or missing data. Bias adjustment using ground obser...
The high field, high frequency permeability of narrow, thin-film magnetic stripes

The authors report measurements of the magnetic response of arrays of narrow Permalloy stripes using a high field permeameter. The permeameter operates in a swept frequency mode from 300 KHz to 30 MHz with a field amplitude of up to 5 Oe. Using this device, two modes of flux conduction, rotation and wall motion, can be observed in narrow Permalloy stripes. The low field-amplitude permeability of narrow unlaminated Permalloy stripes is frequency independent except for eddy current losses as expected for magnetization rotation. At higher fields the magnetic response increases at frequencies below 10 MHz with increasing drive amplitude as domain wall motion becomes significant. Results are consistent with the expected domain wall mobility (around 2*10/sup 3/ cm/(s-Oe) for 2- mu m-thick films). Because of the high density of wall in microscopic structures, wall motion is the dominant flux conduction mechanism below 30 MHz at high drive fields. >
Prevalence of Secondary Causes of Bone Loss Among Breast Cancer Patients With Osteopenia and Osteoporosis

Purpose To determine the prevalence of secondary causes of bone loss among patients with breast cancer with osteopenia and osteoporosis. Patients and Methods All women referred to a bone health clinic over a 6-year period for bone evaluation were included in this retrospective study and stratified based on presence or absence of a breast cancer history. The prevalence of secondary causes of bone loss in the two groups was compared. Results Of the 238 women identified, 64 women had breast cancer. The non–breast cancer group (n = 174) was significantly older (P = .015), had a lower mean weight (P = .019), lower 25 hydroxy-vitamin D level (P = .019), and greater degree of bone loss in both the spine and hip (P < .001 and 0.004, respectively). The presence of at least one secondary cause of bone loss, excluding cancer-related therapies, was seen in 78% of the breast cancer patient group and in 77% of the non–breast cancer group (P = not significant). Newly diagnosed metabolic bone disorders were seen in 58% o...
Electronic manipulation of DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles for potential circuit assembly

Using gold electrodes lithographically fabricated onto microscope cover slips, DNA and proteins are interrogated both optically (through fluorescence) and electronically (through conductance measurements). Dielectrophoresis is used to position the DNA and proteins at well-defined positions on a chip. Quadrupole electrode geometries are investigated with gaps ranging from 3 to 100m; field strengths are typically 10 6 V/m. Twenty nanometer latex beads are also manipulated. The electrical resistance of the electronically manipulated DNA and proteins is mea
Definitive radiotherapy for T1 and T2 squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil

Background. To assess whether survival or local control of early squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil has been compromised by a moderate-dose approach. Methods. Between 1970 and 1989, 185 patients with SCCa of the tonsil were seen at our institution. Fifty-three patients with T1 (30) and T2 (23) lesions treated with definitive radiotherapy were reviewed. Median follow-up was 60 months. The effects of total dose and site of the primary on survival and local regional control were analyzed. Results. Three-year determinate survival was 77%. Mean total dose was 63.1 Gy. Site of the primary significantly affected survival (86% for fossa, 54% for pillars, p < 0.025). Local control at 2 years was 81% and was independent of dose ≥ 63 Gy or site of the primary. Grade 4 complications defined by the RTOG/EORTC Acute Morbidity criteria occurred in three patients. Conclusions. Tumor doses on the order of 63 Gy or less result in excellent local control and survival rates for T1 and T2 carcinomas of the tonsil. Local control rates are better for fossa lesions than for pillar lesions. © 1995 Jons Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cache-coherent distributed shared memory: perspectives on its development and future challenges

Distributed shared memory is an architectural approach that allows multiprocessors to support a single shared address space that is implemented with physically distributed memories. Hardware-supported distributed shared memory is becoming the dominant approach for building multiprocessors with moderate to large numbers of processors. Cache coherence allows such architectures to use caching to take advantage of locality in applications without changing the programmer's model of memory. We review the key developments that led to the creation of cache-coherent distributed shared memory and describe the Stanford DASH multiprocessor, the first working implementation of hardware-supported scalable cache coherence. We then provide a perspective on such architectures and discuss important remaining technical challenges.
A Gray code based ordering for documents on shelves: Classification for browsing and retrieval

A document classifier places documents together in a linear arrangement for browsing or high-speed access by human or computerized information retrieval systems. Requirements for document classification and browsing systems are developed from similarity measures, distance measures, and the notion of subject aboutness. A requirement that documents be arranged in decreasing order of similarity as the distance from a given document increases can often not be met. Based on these requirements, information-theoretic considerations, and the Gray code, a classification system is proposed that can classify documents without human intervention. It provides a theoretical justification for individual classification numbers going from broad to narrow topics when moving from left to right in the classification number. A general measure of classifier performance is developed, and used to evaluate experimental results comparing the distance between subject headings assigned to documents given classifications from the proposed system and the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) system. Browsing in libraries, hypertext, and databases is usually considered to be the domain of subject searches. The proposed system can incorporate both classification by subject and by other forms of bibliographic information, allowing for the generalization of browsing to include all features of an information carrying unit. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Advertising, Individual Consumption Levels, and the Natural Environment, 1900-2000

One central determinant of global environmental change is the continued expansion of personal consumption levels. In order to more fully understand the relationship between consumption and environmental degradation, the determinants of consumption must first be identified. Prior research in this area has focused on economic factors, primarily personal disposable income and population demographic characteristics. The role of cultural factors, including advertising, has been actively mentioned in theoretical analyses of the driving forces of individual consumption. However, this has not been empirically tested. In this article, we conduct an analysis of the impact of advertising on consumption levels in the United States. We start with a theoretical discussion of the literature on advertising and consumption. Based on this literature, we establish three hypotheses regarding the relationship between advertising expenditure and personal consumption. These hypotheses are then tested using time series analysis over the time period 1900‐2000. The results show that advertising significantly impacts overall consumption and that these effects vary by type of consumption. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of this analysis for further research into the driving forces of global environmental change.
Behavioral effects of long-term exposure to magnetic fields in rats

Male rats and pregnant and nonpregnant female rats of the Wistar strain were sham-exposed or exposed to static (0.49 T) or to extremely low frequency (50 Hz) magnetic fields (0.018 T) 2 h per day for 20 consecutive days. Measures of irritability, exploratory activity, and locomotion were made in that order before and after the 4th, 10th, and 17th 2-h exposures. A reliable decrease in the irritability of rats after repeated exposure to a static or undulating field was found. No significant effects of treatment conditions on open-field behavior and locomotor activity were observed. Pregnancy had no influence on the behavioral end points. These results indicate that irritability of rats may be used as a simple behavioral indicant of mammalian sensitivity to magnetic fields.
The Regulation of Hepcidin and Its Effects on Systemic and Cellular Iron Metabolism

Systemic iron homeostasis depends on the regulated expression of hepcidin, a peptide hormone that negatively regulates iron egress from intestinal cells and macrophages by altering the expression of the cellular iron exporter ferroportin. In doing so, hepcidin can control both the total body iron by modulating intestinal iron absorption as well as promote iron available for erythropoiesis by affecting the efficiency with which macrophages recycle iron from effete red blood cells. This review focuses on the systemic and cellular physiology of hepcidin regulation in relation to iron stores, erythropoiesis, inflammation, and hypoxia and how hepcidin regulation and dysregulation contributes to normal iron homeostasis and iron metabolism disorders.
Prediction of Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms in Youth Using a Neuroimaging Decision Rule

Abstract Objective To evaluate the ability of risk strata generated by a neuroimaging rule, developed to assess risk of clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI), to predict postconcussive symptoms in youth with an acute mild traumatic brain injury. Methods We performed a prospective cohort study of youth aged 5 to 17 years presenting to an emergency department (ED) within 24 hours of mild traumatic brain injury. Risk strata (very low, intermediate, and at risk) of ciTBI were determined in ED by criteria set forth by the neuroimaging rule. Postconcussive symptoms were assessed using the Health and Behavior Inventory (HBI) in the ED and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after injury. General linear models were used to examine the relationship between the HBI score at 1 week and risk strata. Repeated measures analysis was used to measure change in HBI over time. Results Of the 120 participants, 46 were categorized by the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) rule as very low risk, 39 as intermediate risk, and 35 as at risk for ciTBI. Adjusted mean HBI scores (95% confidence intervals) at 1 week were 18.0 (13.9, 22.2) for at risk, 13.8 (9.9, 17.6) for intermediate risk, and 17.1 (13.4, 20.8) for very low risk. Risk strata were not significantly associated with the adjusted HBI score at 1 week ( P = .17). While adjusted HBI scores declined significantly over time ( P P = .68). Conclusions Risk of ciTBI as determined by factors within a neuroimaging rule alone is insufficient to predict children with persistent postconcussive symptoms.
Laboratory Handling and Disposal of Chlorinated Dioxin Wastes

The handling and disposal of waste materials containing toxic chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins has become a major problem facing laboratories currently conducting or considering conducting research with TCDD and related chemicals. Much of the dioxin-contaminated waste being generated by these laboratories is currently being stored on-site. The small volume of this waste and the low level of contamination present make laboratory methods of degradation or destruction an alternative option worthy of consideration for many laboratories. Each of the methods or techniques which have been demonstrated to result in the chemical destruction or deactivation of TCDD will be discussed briefly with regard to its use for disposal of laboratory wastes contaminated with these materials. In addition to these directly applicable methods, other techniques which appear to have potential for laboratory-scale dioxin disposal will be identified and discussed briefly. These methods should be evaluated by laboratories handling dioxin-related materials as alternatives to the centralized collection and storage of dioxin-contaminated wastes.
Contemporaneous melatonin administration modifies the circadian response to nocturnal bright light stimuli

We investigated whether the contemporaneous administration of melatonin can modify circadian phase shifts induced by bright light stimuli. After a baseline evaluation, 10 women were exposed for three consecutive nights to a 4-h bright light stimulus (>3,000 lx) initiated at the time of the estimated core body temperature (BT(c)) nadir. Along with light, each woman orally received, randomly and in a double-blind fashion, placebo (n = 5) or melatonin (n = 5; 1 mg 30 min before and 0.75 mg 120 min after the start of light exposure). Daily rhythms were reevaluated at the end of treatment. Bright light phase advanced, by about 90-120 min, BT(c) (P < 0.01), cortisol (P < 0.05), and melatonin (P < 0.01) rhythms. Contemporaneous administration of melatonin antagonized the phase advances of the cortisol and BT(c) rhythms, as well as the melatonin peak and melatonin offset. The phase advance of the melatonin onset was instead enhanced (P < 0.05). Contemporaneous melatonin administration modifies the capability of light to induce circadian phase shifts.
Unexpected ethanol in drug-intoxicated persons

The presence of ethanol, alone or with other chemicals, in drug-intoxicated patients is often overlooked. In this study, ethanol was present in almost 20% of specimens sent from hospital emergency rooms for other toxicologic analyses. By failing to request ethanol determinations, physicians overlook a simple, inexpensive laboratory test that produces a high yield of illuminating data.
Political Economy, Power, and the Erasure of Pastoralist Indigenous Knowledge in the Maghreb and Afghanistan

In the nineteenth century, most people in the Maghreb and Afghanistan were pastoralists. They possessed a sophisticated body of ecological knowledge complemented by indigenous veterinary knowledge. Transformations of the Maghreb political economy under French colonialism had deleterious effects on indigenous ways of life. The French state appropriated land and forests, banned common management techniques like firing for pasture regeneration, and, later, criminalized traditional veterinary medicine. These changes and those in trading systems with the imposition of western veterinary medicine and land-management techniques reduced indigenous knowledge and practice. These trends have continued in the postcolonial Maghreb and have been exacerbated by many “development” projects, especially under neoliberalism. Similar development projects in Afghanistan threaten to destroy the sophisticated indigenous veterinary knowledge of Koochi nomads, especially among women. This knowledge, highly valued by Koochi women, is being eroded and their position marginalized by the implementation of patriarchal, western-led development projects operating in a conservative religious climate during reconstruction.