cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Divalent Cations on the Reduction and Re-formation of the Disulfide Bonds of Deoxyribonuclease

Abstract The availability of stable, purified preparations of bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease (mol wt 31,000) has prompted study of the reduction and re-formation of the two disulfide bonds cross-linking its single polypeptide chain. The two disulfide bonds of DNase are quantitatively reduced by mercaptoethanol and similar reagents in minutes at pH 7.2 and room temperature, without need for 8 m urea or any other denaturing agent. The reduced protein is inactive. The unusual ease of reduction of the disulfide bonds is accompanied by remarkable stability of the reduced form of the protein in the absence of divalent cations. After 24 hours of exposure to air oxidation at pH 7.5 in 1 mm EDTA, 95% of the half-cystine residues remain as cysteine. The situation changes if 4 mm Ca++ is added; re-formation of disulfide bonds and full regain of activity occurs in minutes. If Ca++ is present during the reduction, the product contains one disulfide bond and two —SH groups. The molecule is fully active and remains so even after the two —SH groups are carboxymethylated. The same half-reduced, half-oxidized molecule can be obtained by adding Ca++ to the fully reduced protein providing the reducing agent is still present. These experiments, and the requirement for a divalent cation-DNA complex as the substrate for DNase, demonstrate an ion-protein interaction. However, simple gel filtration at neutral pH removes 45Ca++ completely from both the native enzyme and the active form containing only one disulfide bond; thus, the divalent metal is not bound strongly in either case. The primary sequence of DNase is not sufficient to direct a rapid refolding of the reduced protein under conditions which are similar to those that are effective with RNase and a number of other proteins; in order for the information resident in the amino acid sequence of DNase to be fully expressed, and the native three-dimensional structure to be formed, divalent cations are required.
EFFECTS OF IN VIVO HYPEROXIA ON ERYTHROCYTES. II. HEMOLYSIS IN A HUMAN AFTER EXPOSURE TO OXYGEN UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

During the course of an investigation of the effects of in vivo hyperoxia on erythrocytes, one patient developed hemolytic anemia following a relatively brief exposure to oxygen under high pressure. Special studies carried out on his erythrocytes revealed them to be normal in terms of the usual oxido-reduction transformation system components. However, his cells did demonstrate an unusual in vitro sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and formed unusually high levels of lipid peroxides during incubation with hydrogen peroxide. The similarities between his erythrocytes and those from vitamin E-deficient rodents were noted and the implications of these findings in terms of mechanisms for hyperoxic hemolysis were discussed.
CD8+ effector cells.

Publisher Summary The term “effector cell” best describes differentiated T cells with immediate TcR-triggered cytotoxicity or cytokine secretion, as detected in short-term assays, which are currently only feasible in vitro. Investigators agree that antigen recognition by naive CD8+ T cells does not result in either type of effector function (the IL-2 produced by naive T cells is not considered an effector cytokine). After an initial encounter with antigen, a differentiation process occurs enabling an effector function in subsequent antigen encounters. However, different effector functions have different differentiation pathways, and some subsets of post-naive CD8+ T cells have potent TcR-triggered secretory function for some cytokines but not for cytotoxic effector function. Major cellular and molecular questions about these differentiation pathways remain unanswered.
Ionizing radiation induced attachment reactions of nucleic acids and their components

This paper is concerned with reactions which are initiated by ionizing radiations (γ-rays, X-rays, etc.) and which result in the formation of new bonds involving nucleic acids or nucleic acid constituents. These reactions may differ from those initiated by near-UV radiation because identity of the substances affected by the radiation, the nature of the primary chemical species, and their distribution in the irradiated volume all differ. With ionizing radiations the amount of energy deposition in various molecules depends on their electron fraction, not their absorption spectra, and results in formation of significant yields of electrons separated from their parent molecules, cation radicals, and excited states ranging from the lowest excitation levels to superexcited states. These primary species are distributed along the path of each ionizing particle in small clusters in which the probability of interactions within the clusters is comparable to the probability of escape from the clusters. If escape occurs, reaction may occur at a considerable distance (1–100 nm) from the site of energy deposition. Many of the secondary and subsequent reactions started by the cation radicals and electrons involve free radicals similar to those frequently observed following absorption of near-UV radiation. There is thus a large overlap between ionizing and UV radiation chemistry in spite of the differences noted above, and the fields contribute to a large degree to one another.
Policymaking Under the Bush II National Labor Relations Board: Where Do We Go from Here?

This lead article considers the legacy of the National Labor Relations Board during the Bush II Presidential administration. Finding that the nomination process evolved into a partisan platform, the author traces Board’s decisions through this period and suggests that the Board failed to implement the animating purpose of the National Labor Relations Act. Finally, the author suggests strategies to revitalize the Board starting with the appointments of neutral non-partisan administrators, decisionmakers and staff members. Training must be for the purpose of decisionmaking for the purpose of promoting the public interest in ways that are meaningful for all stakeholders including workers, businesses and the general public. Noting that the National Labor Relations Act has not been amended in 50 years during which time the labor markets have dramatically changed, the author encourages amendments to the National Labor Relations Act to formalize these goals.
Goldstone radar imaging of near-Earth Asteroid 2003 MS2

Abstract We report radar observations of near-Earth Asteroid (NEA) 2003 MS2 with Goldstone (8560 MHz, 3.5 cm) on June 28, 29, and July 4, 2003, shortly after the asteroid’s discovery. Delay-Doppler images with resolutions as fine as 19 m/pixel reveal an unusually angular object with pronounced facets. The longest sequence of images was obtained on July 4 when the asteroid rotated ∼140 deg in 2.7 h. During this interval, bandwidths varied by a factor of ∼1.5 and indicate that 2003 MS2 is an elongated object. The rotation and bandwidth variations evident in the radar images are consistent with the 7 h rotation period and the 0.7 magnitude lightcurve amplitude reported by Muinonen et al. (Muinonen, K. et al. [2007]. Spins, shapes, and orbits for near-Earth objects by Nordic NEON. In: Milani, A., Valsecchi, G.B., Vokrouhlický, D. (Eds.), Near Earth Objects, our Celestial Neighbors: Opportunity and Risk. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 309–320). If we adopt the 7 h period, then the maximum and minimum bandwidths place lower bounds on the pole-on dimensions of (0.33 × 0.19) km/cos δ , where δ is the unknown subradar latitude. The radar and photometric observations by Muinonen et al. constrain the pole directions to ( λ , β ) = (20 ± 20 deg, 0 ± 40 deg) and (200 ± 20 deg, 0 ± 40 deg). The circular polarization ratio of 0.31 ± 0.02 is comparable to that of 25143 Itokawa, suggesting a similar degree of near-surface roughness at decimeter spatial scales.
Environmental perturbations: Obesity

Obesity currently affects about one-third of the U.S. population, while another one-third is overweight. The importance of obesity for certain conditions such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes is well appreciated. The effects of obesity on the respiratory system have received less attention and are the subject of this article. Obesity alters the static mechanical properties of the respiratory system leading to a reduction in the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). There is substantial variability in the effects of obesity on FRC and ERV, at least some of which is related to the location rather than the total mass of adipose tissue. Obesity also results in airflow obstruction, which is only partially attributable to breathing at low lung volume, and can also promote airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma. Hypoxemia is common is obesity and correlates well with FRC, as well as with measures of abdominal obesity. However, obese subjects are usually eucapnic, indicating that hypoventilation is not a common cause of their hypoxemia. Instead, hypoxemia results from ventilation-perfusion mismatch caused by closure of dependent airways at FRC. Many obese subjects complain of dyspnea either at rest or during exertion, and the dyspnea score also correlates with reductions in FRC and ERV. Weight reduction should be encouraged in any symptomatic obese individual, since virtually all of the respiratory complications of obesity improve with even moderate weight loss.
Los niños como actores culturales en las interpretaciones arqueológicas: grafitis del siglo XIX en San Salvador, Bahamas

Evidence of children in the material record can be both elusive and ambiguous, and most typical and comfortable interpretations of the archaeological record create a view of the past where adults are the only cultural actors. Literature on the archaeology of childhood presents a challenge for archaeologists to rethink their assumptions about childhood and to approach the archaeological record in a way that enables the social, economic, and symbolic contributions of children to become viable parts of the stories we tell about life in the past. This paper presents and engages this particular aspect of the literature on the archaeology of childhood using the case of graffiti identified at a former 19th century plantation site on the island of San Salvador, The Bahamas. Initial interpretations of graffiti in these contexts focused on the symbolic meanings and archival functions of such artwork in the world of adults. A careful examination of the graffiti, however, indicates that children were likely responsible for the creation and consumption of this artwork, and that a different set of symbolic meanings and social functions may have been the motivation behind its creation.
Conditional 3D simulation of lithofacies with 2D seismic data

Abstract This paper presents a new methodology and the corresponding GSLIB-type program to integrate 2D average information, such as vertically-averaged lithofacies proportions, into estimation/simulation of 3D lithofacies distributions. Seismic information, available in 2D, is used in the cokriging of the 2D average lithofacies proportions. A data set related to a siltstonedolomite carbonate reservoir in W. Texas is used for case study. Three steps were taken: first, a co-located cokriging is used to incorporate 2D seismic information into the estimation of vertical lithofacies proportions; second, indicator kriging is used to derive the facies conditional probabilities at each of the 3D simulation grid node; this 3D indicator kriging uses the hard well data and the previously estimated vertical proportions; last, a p -field simulation algorithm is used to draw simulated lithofacies indicators from the previously obtained distributions. Results showed that even with limited well data, the input vertical lithofacies proportions (which carry the seismic information) is honored quasi-exactly.
A Shortened “Basic English” Version (Form C) of the 16 PF Questionnaire

(1956). A Shortened “Basic English” Version (Form C) of the 16 PF Questionnaire. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 257-278.
The effect of schedules of reinforcement upon the response rates of turtles

Two turtles each were trained on variable interval, fixed interval, variable ratio, and fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement. Two additional turtles were run on fixed ratio schedules because the response rates could not be maintained. The remaining schedules produced levels of performance which were similar to each other with the variable ratio schedule appearing to be the most stable and effective.
Out of the woods or in the eye of the storm

As of 4 July 2003 there have been 8439 cumulative cases of SARS-CoV globally, which were identified in over 28 countries resulting in 812 deaths (a case fatality proportion of 9.6%).1 With the most recent date of onset of probable cases of SARS in Taiwan and Canada 16 and 19 days ago respectively, in four days’ time 20 days (two incubation periods) would have passed, the time required for the chain of human to human transmission to be considered broken.2 With the rapid decline in new probable cases there is jubilation that perhaps the scourge has been conquered. Fear prevails among researchers and scientists that the virus will persist in humanity indefinitely and will re-emerge with a vengeance during the winter of 2003. The reason for this fear is valid and based upon past experiences …
Role of granulocyte/neutrophil transfusions for haematology/oncology patients in the modern era

Summary Infections continue to be a serious problem for severely neutropenic oncology and haematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplant patients. Although it is now possible to collect much larger numbers of neutrophils (PMNs) from donors stimulated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor + corticosteroids, the efficacy of these ‘modern’ granulocyte/PMN transfusions, with higher doses of PMNs, has not been established by convincing randomized control trials. Accordingly, they cannot be recommended for standard therapy at this time.
Direct determination of UDP-glucuronic acid in cell extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A simple and sensitive method for the direct determination of UDP-glucuronic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography with simultaneous measurement of UDP-glucose was developed. Optimal resolution and separation of UDP-glucuronic acid was attained under isocratic conditions with the ion-pairing agent n-octylamine. Quantitation was sensitive down to 5 pmol for standards and for liver cell extracts. Because this method directly measures UDP-glucuronic acid, it can be used for quantitation in the presence of drugs that interfere with enzymatic methods.
Independent electron approximation for atomic scattering by heavy particles

Scattering from a multielectron target by a heavy particle is approximated in terms of amplitudes for scattering from individual target electrons. By treating the motion of the projectile classically and ignoring correlations, the wave function for the system is expressed as a product of single-electron wave functions. The probability amplitude for scattering into specific states is then a product of single-electron scattering amplitudes. In this approximation, cross sections for excitation and ionization involving many electrons are expressed in terms of a binomial distribution of single-electron probabilities. The standard connection of this amplitude for multiple excitation and ionization, ${A}^{\mathrm{if}}(B)$, to the corresponding scattering amplitude, $f(\ensuremath{\theta})$, is given, and the validity of this approximation is discussed.
Anxiety and Asthma Symptoms in Urban Adolescents with Asthma: The Mediating Role of Illness Perceptions

Twenty to 40% of adolescents with asthma experience significant symptoms of anxiety. This study examined the mediational role of illness perceptions in the relationship between anxiety and asthma symptoms in adolescents. One hundred fifty-one urban adolescents (ages 11-18) with asthma completed measures of illness perceptions, and anxiety and asthma symptoms. Using the Baron and Kenny approach and Sobel tests, we examined whether illness perceptions mediated the anxiety-asthma symptom relationship. Three illness perceptions significantly mediated the relationship between anxiety and asthma symptoms, z = 1.97-2.13, p < .05; adjusted R(2) = 0.42-0.51, p < .05. Greater anxiety symptoms were associated with perceptions that asthma negatively impacted one's life and emotions and was difficult to control. These negative illness perceptions were, in turn, related to greater asthma symptoms. Illness perceptions helped explain the anxiety-asthma symptoms link in adolescents. Results suggest that targeting illness perceptions in adolescents with asthma and anxiety may help reduce asthma symptoms.
Predictive Dynamic Simulation for Large-Scale Power Systems through High-Performance Computing

Power system dynamic simulation solves a set of differential-algebraic equations to determine the time-series trajectory when the system is subject to disturbances such as a short-circuit fault, generator tripping, or line switching. Due to computational inefficiency, dynamic simulation, though widely used for off-line studies, has not been used in real-time operation. That limits the ability to operate a much-evolved power system with significant dynamic and stochastic behaviors introduced by the increasing penetration of renewable generation and the deployment of smart grid technologies. The need for performing dynamic simulation in real-time or faster than real-time for power grid operation becomes apparent. And such predictive dynamic simulation can enable many new power grid operation functions such as real-time path rating. To improve the computational efficiency of dynamic simulation requires parallel computing implementation of the solution methods, as computers no longer have only a single core. This paper examines the equations and implements a parallel version of power system dynamic simulation. The testing results clearly show a significant improvement in performance. Dynamic simulation of a largescale power system with a size equivalent to the Western U.S. power grid achieves a performance of three times faster than real time for the first time. This makes the simulation predictive in time. Applying such predictive dynamic simulation for real-time path rating is discussed as well.
Effects of theophylline and cyclohexyladenosine on brain injury following normo- and hyperglycemic ischemia: a histopathologic study in the rat.

Summary: The present study was designed to determine the effects of theophylline, an adenosine receptor antagonist, and cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), an adenosine receptor agonist, on ischemic brain injury following normo-and hyperglycemic ischemia and reperfusion in fasted male Wistar rats. Moderate hyperglycemia was achieved by administering 17% D-glucose (3 g/kg i.p.), whereas normoglycemic animals received an equal volume of saline. The animals were further divided into two groups: One group was pretreated with either theophylline (0.20 |xmol/g i.p.) or an equal volume of saline; the second group received either intraventricular CHA (6.25 nmol) or mock CSF prior to the onset of ischemia. During ischemia, pericranial temperature was maintained at 36°C and EEG was monitored. Cerebral ischemia was induced for 15 min, after which flow was restored and the animals were allowed to recover completely. There were no significant differences in physiologic parameters among the groups studied. Five days following the ischemic episode, the rats were perfused with formalin and the brains sub-serially sectioned (8 \xm) in the coronal plane and stained with celestine blue/acid fuchsin. Histopathologic analysis was performed in a blinded fashion to determine percentage of dead neurons. Hyperglycemic animals had significantly greater ischemic injury in CA1? cortex, and caudate than the normoglycemic group (p < 0.01). Moreover, rats pretreated with theophylline had a significantly (p < 0.01) higher percentage of dead neurons in CA1? cortex, and caudate than corresponding controls. On the other hand, rats treated with CHA exhibited significantly (p < 0.01) less cerebral ischemic injury than corresponding controls, in either normo- or hyperglycemic conditions. These data confirm previous studies showing the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, our results illustrate a protective effect of adenosine on both normo- and hyperglycemic ischemia-reperfusion injury and thus support the hypothesis that attenuated cerebral ischemic production of adenosine contributes to increased tissue injury observed under hyperglycemic conditions.
Initial anisotropy in demineralized bovine cortical bone in compressive cyclic loading-unloading.

Abstract The mechanical properties of demineralized bovine cortical femur bone were investigated by cyclic loading–unloading compression in three anatomical directions (longitudinal, radial, transverse) within the physiological strain range. The loading responses in the radial and transverse directions were nearly linear up to 2% strain, while the response in longitudinal direction was strongly non-linear in that range. The unloading responses were non-linear for each anatomical direction, giving rise to overall loading–unloading hysteresis and cyclic dissipation of energy. The mechanical properties were observed to be anisotropic: the radial direction was found to be the most energy dissipative, while the longitudinal direction appeared to be the stiffest bone direction. The cyclic loading mostly affects the bone stiffness in the radial and transverse directions, while the longitudinal direction was found to be the least affected. These anisotropic properties can be attributed to the differences in collagen fibers alignment and different microstructural architecture in three different anatomical bone directions.
Sources of Scattering from Vegetation Canopies at 10 GHz

High-resolution backscatter measurements were made at X-band, with vertical polarization, and incidence angles of 30° and 50°, for winter wheat, soybeans, and corn during the summer of 1984. Plants were observed both under natural conditions and with partial-to-complete defoliation. The resolution volume of the measurement system is better than 20 × 20 × 11.25 cm3 within the entire range of measurements. Results are presented as a radar image, which also provides information on the spatial distribution of the (attenuated) scattering inside the canopy observed under natural conditions. Measured results indicate that: 1) for the full-grown wheat plants, heads are the dominant scatterers at the early heading stage and the ground is the dominant scatterer at the later growth stages; 2) for the soybeans, returns are mostly from the upper 30-cm portion of the plants, and leaves and stems dominate the radar signal at 30° and 50° incidence angles, respectively; 3) for the corn plants, leaves are the single dominan scatterers at both angles of incidence; and 4) ground returns are relatively unimportant as they are highly attenuated by the vegetation cover.
Stability of Elliptical Cylinders in Two-Dimensional Channel Flow

The flow around rigid cylinders of elliptical cross section placed transverse to Poiseuille flow between parallel plates was simulated to investigate issues related to the tumbling of red blood cells and other particles of moderate aspect ratio in the similar flow in a Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) channel. The torque and transverse force on the cylinder were calculated with the cylinder freely translating, but prevented from rotating, in the flow. The aspect ratios (long axis to short axis) of the elliptical cylinders were 2, 3, 4, and 5. The cylinder was placed transversely at locations of y 0 /H=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4, where y 0 is the distance from the bottom of the channel and H is the height of the channel, and the orientation of the cylinder was varied from 0 to 10 deg with respect to the axis of the channel for a channel Reynolds number of 20. The results showed that equilibrium orientations (indicated by a zero net torque on the cylinder) were possible for high-aspect-ratio cylinders at transverse locations y 0 /H<0.2. Otherwise, the net torque on the cylinder was positive, indicating that the cylinder would rotate. For cylinders with a stable orientation, however, a transverse lift force existed up to about y 0 /H=0.25. Thus, a cylinder of neutral or low buoyancy might be lifted with a stable orientation from an initial position near the wall until it reached y 0 /H<0.2, whereupon it would begin to tumble or oscillate. The dependence of lift and torque on cylinder orientation suggested that neutral or low-buoyancy cylinders may oscillate in both transverse location and angular velocity. Cylinders more dense than the carrier fluid could be in equilibrium both in terms of orientation and transverse location if their sedimentation force matched their lift force for a location y 0 /H<0.2.
Quark exchange in nuclei and the European Muon Collaboration effect.

Quark exchange between nucleons bound in a nucleus can cause a shift in the momentum distribution of quarks relative to free nucleons. This is true even if nucleon properties, including size, remain unchanged in the nuclear environment. This shift in momentum leads to a contribution to the matrix elements of single-quark operators which is nonadditive, and therefore cannot be incorporated into a convolution model. For A = 3 nuclei investigated here, such exchange contributions were found to be important, perhaps even dominant, in calculating the deviation from unity of the ratio of the nuclear structure function to that of the free nucleon (European Muon Collaboration ratio).
Post-Traumatic stress disorder as a disorder of arousal

Abstract Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may represent one of the most under-rated and underdiagnosed of the major psychiatric clinical syndromes. While its phenomenology is clearly a manifestation of an exquisite interaction of biological and social factors. the biology of &TSD has attracted considerable attention within recent years. This paper integrates extant neurological formulations with recent theoretical speculations to offer a theoretical reformulation of the biological bases of PTSD. PTSD is herein reformulated and viewed within the context of the “disorders of arousal” pathophenomenological genre.
Some coadsorption effects on Rh(111)

Abstract ESD energy analysis is used to study the reaction products produced during coadsorption of CO-O2 and CH4-O2 on Rh(111). Residence of CO2 on the surface is confirmed by detection of a CO2+ ionic component with energy of 1.8 eV. Adsorption and dissociation of CH4 on oxygen- covered Rh(111) is inferred as a result of a low energy component present in the energy spectra of desorbed O+.
Reimbursement policy of hospitals in the Federal Republic of Germany

The factors that have contributed to an overhaul of German hospital policy in the last 12 months are both numerous and highly interrelated. Rising health expenditures and inflexible mechanisms for implementing hospital policy are major culprits, as are the considerably changed political and economic circumstances over the last 15 years. Although this overhaul does embody some changes in the direction of German health care policy, they can best be understood as a further manifestation of the continuity that has characterized policy in this area for the past 100 years; a continuity rooted in the widely shared belief that disease, whatever its nature, is beyond the control of individuals. The key to cost containment is considered to lie in the reduction of the average length of stay and in the better utilization of hospital facilities. Payment remains directly related neither to specific diagnoses of individual patients nor to occupancy rates in individual departments, which vary greatly across disciplines and specialities. In the era that is unfolding, one political phenomenon requires close watching in the future: policy coalitions at the Land-level will become even more important as prime movers than they have been in the past. Demands for Strukturreform are a regular feature of many governmental systems. Yet the capacity of political bodies--whether ministries or parliaments--is severely limited by the distribution of power and control over resources and by the political dynamics which they generate. In the FRG, major reforms will not take place until after the 1987 federal elections, and it is essential to remember that the realms of campaign rhetoric and of policy choice and implementation are governed by entirely different sets of rules and constraints.
Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN): Will It Bring Order to Chaos?

The diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the endometrium remains unstandardized because existing World Health Organization classification categories do not correspond to distinctive biologic groups and are inadequately supported by reproducible histopathologic criteria. A group of gynecologic pathologists was convened to consider revised diagnostic classification and criteria based on newly available information. We propose the terms endometrial hyperplasia (EH), endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), and adenocarcinoma to define distinctive subgroups that are functionally relevant to clinical management of patients with endometrial disease. Endometrial precancers are collectively designated EIN in recognition of their monoclonal growth. At present there is no effective strategy for constructive subdivision of EIN lesions into grades or subgroups. EIN is to be distinguished from adenocarcinoma and the diffuse hormonal changes of EH seen in anovulation. An archive of genetically and morphologically classified endometrial precancers at www.endometrium.org provides a resource for centralized review of the histopathology of EIN lesions. A new architectural criterion for EIN diagnosis, diminution of stromal volume to less than approximately half of the total sample volume, will also assist in discriminating between EH and EIN. Implementation of this proposal will bring diagnostic terminology into agreement with current concepts of premalignant endometrial disease and facilitate more uniform patient management.
Soluble HL-A antigens in serum. I. Isolation and Purification

A new method was developed which utilizes fractional salting out, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the isolation and purification of soluble HL-A antigens from serum. The method produced purified antigens possessing HL-A 5,9 specificities with yield up to 60% of that detected in the original serum. Up to 150-fold increase in specific HL-A antigenic activity above that in the starting material could be achieved as measured by the ability of the purified antigens to specifically inhibit the cytotoxic activity of HL-A alloantisera against selected target cells. Electrophoretically purified HL-A antigens with different specificities appear to have a similar molecular size, i.e. 33 000, but differ in their electric charge properties, beta2-microglobulin (beta2m) seems to be noncovalently associated with HL-A antigens present in serum, but during purification beta2m in progressively lost until at the final purification by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the material is completely devoid of beta2m.
The Geospatial Dimension in Urban Design

There is a growing interest in the creative merger of geography and urban design. This is driven, in part, by a renewed openness to connecting design to social, environmental and other related goals via geospatial analysis. This paper explains how the design-geospatial connection is made and what it means for the achievement of social and other goals. Through five examples, the paper shows how the geospatial dimension—the analysis of what is where—can be an essential part of the urban design process. The five examples provide practical applications of how these linkages could be appropriately structured.
Hydrogen Transfer to Carbonyls and Imines from a Hydroxycyclopentadienyl Ruthenium Hydride: Evidence for Concerted Hydride and Proton Transfer

Reaction of {[2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4CO)]2H}Ru2(CO)4(μ-H) (6) with H2 formed [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COH)Ru(CO)2H] (8), the active species in catalytic carbonyl reductions developed by Shvo. Kinetic studies of the reduction of PhCHO by 8 in THF at −10 °C showed second-order kinetics with ΔH‡ = 12.0 kcal mol-1 and ΔS‡ = −28 eu. The rate of reduction was not accelerated by CF3CO2H, and was not inhibited by CO. Selective deuteration of the RuH and OH positions in 8 gave individual kinetic isotope effects kRuH/kRuD = 1.5 ± 0.2 and kOH/kOD = 2.2 ± 0.1 for PhCHO reduction at 0 °C. Simultaneous deuteration of both positions in 8 gave a combined kinetic isotope effect of kOHRuH/kODRuD = 3.6 ± 0.3. [2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η5-C4COSiEt3)Ru(CO)2H] (12) and NEt4+[2,5-Ph2-3,4-Tol2(η4-C4CO)Ru(CO)2H]- (13) were unreactive toward PhCHO under conditions where facile PhCHO reduction by 8 occurred. PhCOMe was reduced by 8 30 times slower than PhCHO; MeNCHPh was reduced by 8 26 times faster than PhCHO. Cyclohexene was reduced to cycl...
Polymorphism in solid mercury—A correction

Abstract Solid mercury is now known to undergo a phase transformation from the familiar rhombohedral structure to a tetragonal body-centred form. This transition occurs at 79°K, and is of the same martensitic type observed for lithium and sodium discovered by Barrett . The existence of this polymorphic form was predicted by Bridgman , from high pressure measurements, in about 1935, but was verified only in the work of Swenson in 1958.
Traumatic extratemporal facial nerve compression injury in a pediatric patient

Abstract Facial nerve paralysis in the pediatric population is rare. We describe a 2-year old child who was found with his head hanging between the railings of his bed. As a result he suffered a compression injury to his facial nerve; the only reported case that did not occur at the time of forceps delivery. The management of this type of injury is discussed, with a review of the literature. We find that this type of extratemporal injury to the facial nerve almost always results in complete recovery. The necessity of the generally accepted treatment of oral corticosteroid treatment is explored.
300 MHz proton NMR study of the differentiation of diploid human epidermal keratinocytes.

The nuclear magnetic resonance spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times are closely related to the molecular motions of the molecules in a liquid sample. T1 and T2 of human epidermal cells were measured at 300 MHz as functions of harvesting methods (i.e., scraping vs trypsinization) and age in culture. It was found that T1 and T2 values have smaller variances when the cell is harvested by trypsinization rather than scraping. The correlation coefficients for both T1 and T2, obtained from cells harvested by trypsinization, are much higher than those obtained from cells harvested by scraping. More importantly, this is the first report to monitor in vitro aging through relaxation times measurement. There is a significant increase in the values of T1 and T2 from the third to seventh passages. Human keratinocytes slowed down and even ceased to grow the seventh passage. Therefore, the cellular water molecules of human keratinocytes have higher mobility in a more differentiated state. The factors contributing to the change in relaxation times as cells progress toward senescence are discussed.
A new regional perfusion system.

The development of an in situ perfusion system utilizing a new pulsatile pneumatic pump (Starling-Fields pump) is described. Experiments with dogs demonstrated that kidneys perfused in situ for 4–6 hr by this system maintained life when transplanted into bilaterally nephrectomized recipients. The pump is automatic and incapable of pumping a gas. A technician is not required for its operation. Hemolysis is less than with roller or peristaltic pumps. The pulsatile flow provided is in the physiologic range. Chemotherapeutic agents may be added easily and directly into the pump. The pump's small size, inability to pump air emboli, autoregulation, low hemolysis, and ease of operation offer advantages that make it especially suitable for regional perfusion use.
Responding to families' questions about the meaning of physical movements in critically ill patients.

Abstract Background Families may have questions about the meaning of physical movement in critically ill patients for whom movements are likely involuntary. If unresolved, these questions may contribute to difficult communication around end-of-life care. This study used qualitative methods to describe physicians' responses to families' questions about the meaning of patients' movements in critically ill patients. Methods Fifty-one family conferences in which withdrawal of life support or discussion of bad news was addressed were audiotaped and analyzed with a limited application of grounded theory techniques. Patients were identified from intensive care units in 4 Seattle area hospitals. Two hundred twenty-seven family members and 36 physicians participated in the study. Results Family members' questions indicating lack of resolution about the meaning of patients' movements that were likely involuntary occurred in 6 (12%) of the 51 conferences. Physicians used 3 approaches to respond to the following questions: (1) providing clinical information, (2) acknowledging families' emotions, and (3) exploring the meaning of families' emotions. Physicians were most likely to provide clinical information in these situations and infrequently explored the meaning of families' emotions. Conclusions Physicians' responses to family questions indicating lack of resolution about the meaning of patients' movements that were likely involuntary can be categorized into 3 types. Physicians may be better able to respond to and resolve these questions by using all 3 types of communication approaches. Future studies should determine if such responses can improve families' experiences and other outcomes.
Nematode diversity, food web condition, and chemical and physical properties in different soil habitats of an organic farm

The aim of this paper was to assess biodiversity among different habitats of an organic farm and the relationships between some soil properties, nematode taxonomic diversity, and soil food web condition. Eight habitats were studied in the farm: ponds, ditches, a riparian corridor, hedgerows, and four agricultural fields (mustard, oats, fallow, and legumes). The undisturbed riparian corridor had higher soil $${\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - - {\text{N}}$$ and $${\text{NH}}_4^ + - {\text{N}}$$ concentrations, and potentially mineralizable N and higher abundances of bacterivore nematodes and longer food webs. Canonical correlation analysis showed associations between habitats and nematode trophic groups: predatory and bacterial-feeding nematodes in the riparian corridor and hedgerows, omnivore nematodes in the ponds and ditches, and fungal-feeding nematodes in the legume field. Soil chemical and physical properties mirrored the aboveground farm patterns and were more similar among habitats that were or had been cultivated, compared to the riparian corridor. Soil food web indices, based on functional analysis of nematode faunal composition, reflected the aboveground landscape heterogeneity. Discriminant analysis indicated that soil food web indices separated the two most disturbed habitats (ponds and tailwater ditches) from the two least disturbed habitats (the riparian corridor and hedgerows). The indices correlated with soil functioning as inferred by soil properties. Abundance of nematode taxa was not associated with aboveground landscape patterns. The complexity of the soil food web may have been influenced by (1) environmental factors that differed between years, (2) different time periods since disturbance in the various habitats, and (3) movement of nutrients and organisms by water flow between habitats in the farmscale.
Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice in African Cities

The rhetoric of sustainable development has substantive impacts in African cities, through programs like the United Nations Sustainable Cities Program. Discussions of urban environmental justice are comparatively rare in African cities, with notable exceptions in South African policy and research. I examine the sustainable development and environmental justice literatures in African urban studies, largely around South African and Tanzanian cases. My goals are to understand the out-sized presence of sustainable development rhetoric and the general absence of environmental justice debates in sub-Saharan African urban studies, and to speculate on possibilities for regional cross-fertilization in research and movements for urban environmental justice.
Solitary metastasis of renal cellcarcinoma to urethra

A case report of a solitary metastasis to the urethra from previously resected renal cell carcinoma is reported. The patient presented with total gross painless hematuria. We believe this is the first such case to be reported.
ORIGINS AND RELATIONSHIPS OF TROPICAL NORTH AMERICA IN THE CONTEXT OF THE BOREOTROPICS HYPOTHESIS

The boreotropics hypothesis postulates a preferential tropical biotic interchange between North America and Eurasia during the early Tertiary that was directed by Eocene thermal maxima and the close proximity of these two continental plates. This preferential interchange occurred at a time when South America was geologically and biotically isolated. A prediction of this hypothesis posits that a taxon with a present-day center of diversity in tropical North America, and with an early Tertiary fossil record from any region there, has a high probability of having sister-group relatives in the Paleotropics and derived relatives in South America. We propose a test of this prediction with phylogenetic studies of two pantropical taxa of Leguminosae that have early Tertiary North American fossil records. Our findings are consistent with the boreotropics hypothesis, and additional evidence suggests that many tropical elements in North America could be descendants of northern tropical progenitors. Ramifications of this hypothesis include the importance of integrating the fossil record with cladistic biogeographic studies, theoretical bases for recognizing tropical taxa with such disjunct distributions as Mexico and Madagascar, identification oftaxa that may be most useful for testing vicariance models of Caribbean biogeography, and integrating the study of disjunct distributions in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere with those in the neoand paleotropics.
Laboratory studies of sources of HONO in polluted urban atmospheres

Laboratory studies reported here and in previous work show that the reaction of NO(g) with surface adsorbed HNO3 may be a significant source of HONO in polluted urban atmospheres. If these laboratory studies can be extrapolated to ambient conditions, this heterogeneous reaction may generate HONO to about the same extent as the hydrolysis of NO2 on surfaces, which is greater than the heterogeneous reaction of NO, NO2 and water. It may also be involved in generating HONO in snowpacks, and important in reconciling the discrepancy between measured and modeled HNO3/NOx ratios in the troposphere.
Strategies to implement a therapeutic hypothermia program

In this presentation we will review the process used for developing a therapeutic hypothermia program and our outcomes during the first year. Despite the fact that therapeutic hypothermia has been shown to improve survival and neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest [1], it is underused [2] and has been only slowly introduced in many institutions. One of the reasons that it is not more widely used may be the difficulty of implementation of a program.
The SML language for structured modeling: levels 3 and 4

This is the second of two articles on the principal features of SML, a language for expressing structured models. The prior article covered levels 1 and 2. The present article covers the remaining levels, with special attention to the characteristics of SML that, collectively, make it unique. The intended audience includes evaluators of other modeling languages, designers of modeling languages and systems, and those following the development of structured modeling.
Faddeev Equations for Atomic Problems. IV. Convergence of the Separable-Expansion Method for Low-Energy Positron-Hydrogen Problems

The separable-expansion method for solving the Faddeev equations is applied to the positron-hydrogen system at energies below the positronium-formation threshold. The results for the scattering length and phase shift are compared with those obtained by other methods. The three-body bound state and resonance obtained using only the first few terms in the separable expansion are shown to disappear when more terms are included in the expansion. The problem of convergence of the separable-expansion method in the Sturmian-function representation is discussed.
Myristoyl-based transport of peptides into living cells.

Translocation of membrane-impermeant molecules to the interior of living cells is a necessity for many biochemical investigations. Myristoylation was studied as a means to introduce peptides into living cells. Uptake of a myristoylated, fluorescent peptide was efficient in the B lymphocyte cell line BA/F3. In contrast, this cell line was resistant to uptake of a cell-penetrating peptide derived from the TAT protein. In BA/F3 cells, membrane association was shown to be rapid, reaching a maximum within 30 min. Cellular uptake of the peptide lagged the membrane association but occurred within a similar time frame. Experiments performed at 37 versus 4 °C demonstrated profound temperature dependence in the cellular uptake of myristoylated cargo. Myristoylated peptides with either positive or negative charge were shown to load efficiently. In contrast to TAT-conjugated cargo, pyrenebutyrate did not enhance cellular uptake of the myristoylated peptide. The myristoylated peptide did not adversely affect cell viab...
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography of small molecules: characterization of the retention of acyl coenzyme a homologues

The hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) of C2C10 acyl coenzyme A (CoA) homologues was investigated in the isocratic mode. Retention of the homologues and of CoA fragments is well described by the empirical salting-out equation, log k′ log k′0 + mMs. Both slope and intercept in this equation increase with carbon number of the homologous series. Simple additivity with carbon number was not found for either slope or intercept. Each additional methylene group had a greater effect on increasing retention than the preceding methylene group. Comparison of the retention of structural fragments of CoA to that of acyl CoA homologues shows that the alkyl moiety of the homologues dominates their retention. The average free energy of transfer of a methylene group from water to a propyl HIC stationary phase was estimated as − 280 cal/mol. The dependence of this free energy of transfer on salt concentration is found to be − 50 cal/mol per 1 M increase in ammonium sulfate concentration.