cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral electrical potentials evoked by balloon distention of the human esophagus

Abstract Cerebral evoked potentials provide a technique for evaluation of central nervous processing of information derived from a variety of sensory modalities. Evoked potentials associated with balloon distention of the smooth muscle esophagus were studied in 14 adult volunteers. Stimulation was applied via repeated inflation and deflation of a balloon attached to a pressure pump that cycled at 0.2 Hz. Cortical electrical responses were recorded from scalp electrodes at C z , C z ′, and P z of the international 10–20 System for electroencephalographic recording. The recording electrodes were referenced to F pz and averaged over a 1-s period for 100 repetitions. Latencies, amplitudes, and waveforms of the evoked potentials were compared with controls consisting of pump on/balloon detached, auditory masking, and conventional somatosensory posterior tibial nerve stimulation. Polyphasic evoked potentials were obtained in all subjects, and maximum positive deflections occurring with latencies of 202–396 ms. Maximal amplitudes ranged from 2.5–8.3 μV. Latencies and amplitudes of the evoked responses were highly reproducible in each subject with considerable variation among subjects. Conclusions: (a) Reproducible evoked potentials with distinctive waveforms can be recorded in response to esophageal balloon distention in humans; (2) long latency of the evoked potentials suggests involvement of nonmyelinated visceral afferent pathways; (3) the evoked potentials are probably specific to mechanical stimulation rather than being nonspecific arousal responses; and (4) the results support this as a promising new method for investigation of the neurobiology of gastrointestinal sensation in humans that may help clarify pathological conditions of the irritable esophagus syndrome and esophagus-related chest pain.
Effect of Copper on the Oxidation Behavior of Ti–48Al–2Cr–2Nb

Titanium-aluminide intermetallic alloys are candidate materials for some components in aerospace gas-turbine engines. Oxidation resistance and suitable joining techniques are two critical factors limiting the application of these materials. Transient-liquid-phase (TLP) bonding has been used successfully to join gamma TiAl-base alloys, but results in small amounts of copper being introduced into the alloy near the joint and this change in composition can affect oxidation resistance. The results of this investigation show that large copper additions (>2 at.%) to Ti–48Al–2Nb–2Cr result in the formation of copper-rich second phases, which can degrade oxidation resistance. On the other hand, smaller amounts of copper (1–2 at.%) improve the oxidation resistance of the alloy. Fortunately, the amount of copper in the alloy after completion of a successful TLP bond is relatively low (<1 at.%), so that the oxidation resistance of a TLP joint should be at least as good as that of the base alloy.
Metacognitive Strategy Instruction that Highlights the Role of Monitoring and Control Processes

In this chapter we discuss the role metacognitive strategy instruction plays in learning as well as the effects of metacognitive strategy interventions on learning outcomes. We begin with a brief review of the literature regarding metacognitive strategy instruction followed by a succinct explanation of various conceptual models used in metacognitive strategy instruction research. Next, we survey how the body of literature has treated metacognitive strategy instruction, particularly with respect to monitoring and control processes, and propose a hybrid model of strategy instruction. We end the chapter by discussing implications for metacognitive strategy instruction research and practice and identifying gaps in the research literature and areas that merit further investigation.
Ebola virus matrix protein trafficking and cellular innate immune response (VIR9P.1149)

Ebola virus (EBoV), a negative sense ssRNA virus (NSV) of family Filoviridae , causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans, with case mortality rates up to 90%. Recent outbreak in 2014 of Ebola virus disease resulted in over 7500 deaths in West Africa. The viral matrix protein (VP40), is a structural protein involved in virus assembly and budding. Several studies have shown NSV matrix proteins are capable of nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling (Newcastle disease, Nipah and Influenza) and modulate host innate immune response (Influenza and Marburg). Role of EBoV VP40 in disease pathogenesis remains elusive. Here, we analyzed the trafficking of VP40 and cellular innate immune response using wild type and mutant VP40 fused to EGFP. Our data shows that VP40 gets transiently localized to the nucleus at 6-10 h post-transfection with subsequent transport to the plasma membrane by 16-24 h. Blocking tyrosine phosphorylation by inhibiting phosphokinases or mutating tyrosine phosphorylation sites or blocking ubiquitination by a proteasome inhibitor prevent VP40 nuclear export, transport to the membrane and virus-like particle formation. We also found that VP40 expression lead to activation and nuclear translocation of pIRF3, STAT1 and NFkB (p50), and induced increased expression of LC3b at 24 h post-transfection. Our results suggest EBoV VP40 does not inhibit type I interferon pathway, and may have a potential role in disease pathogenesis by enhancing host inflammatory response and autophagy.
“7/12” patient touch point strategy: a novel method to increase patient attendance and recommendation

The US dental system is not likely to see major expansions in dental care use in the foreseeable future. The rise of dental care utilization among low-income children as well as wealthy seniors did not offset flat dental utilization among adults since the Great Recession. Similarly in Spain, the increase in the number of dental practitioners surpasses the rate of population growth. Hence, in order to remain economically viable in this competitive market, one important aspect for every dental office is to retain patients besides attracting new ones. Patients may be lost to follow-up due to a number of factors, including a lack of attention from the dental practice or a lack of trust in the provider. The “7/12" patient touch point strategy of marketing builds consumer loyalty as a result of a strong patient–provider relationship. Furthermore, this method aims to facilitate the patient’s decision to visit their dentist when it is time for preventative treatments. The purpose of this study was to measure the efficacy of a “7/12” patient touch point strategy when compared to the traditional annual recall with respect to number of active patients, percentage of word-of-mouth-recommended patients, and overall number of first-visit patients. We executed the relationship marketing concept through a novel “7/12” patient touch point approach, in which the patient was exposed to seven separate exposures in a period of 12 months. The efficacy of the “7/12” patient touch point was analyzed for 48 months across 10 clinics (24 months before and 24 months after the “7/12” strategy implementation). The “7/12” patient touch point strategy resources consisted of online and printed materials with a focus on oral health knowledge. fter analyzing the efficacy of the “7/12” patient touch point, we found an average increase of 86.91% in the number of active patients, 24.12% in the number of word-of-mouth-recommended patients, and 38.05% in the number of first visits across all clinics. This novel “7/12” patient touch point approach may be successful in increasing the retention of existing patients and generating new patients. Furthermore, this method promotes preventative care and oral health maintanance for patients and economic progress for the dental clinic.
An integrated course in Architecture and Compilers

During an overhaul of our department's curriculum in the summer of 2002 we designed a new course, Architecture and Compilers. As a small department, we have difficulty fitting into the curriculum all the topics we feel should be included while still leaving room for innovation in upper-level classes. Having over time removed courses in architecture, compilers and programming languages, we saw the opportunity to introduce an innovative course which combined aspects of all three. The resulting course improves use of curricular time, presents a compelling narrative for students, and provides a cohesive integration of material from traditionally separate classes.We recently added this course as a requirement for the major and have taught it twice, once in each of the last two years, and once by each of the two co-authors. In this paper we present the context in which the course was proposed, our goals and rationale, and our approach to the syllabus. In addition, we highlight examples which demonstrate that not only is it possible to combine these subject areas, but that they can be combined to pedagogical advantage
Finding a common path to the assessment of persons with intellectual development disorders

Intellectual developmental disorders (IDDs) encompass a group of conditions with onset in childhood that are characterized by substantial limitations in both intellectual functioning (learning, reasoning, and problem solving) and adaptive behavior (the collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills to carry out age-appropriate daily life activities).1
Institutional Design and Complexity: Protocol Network Structure in Response to Different Collective-Action Dilemmas

Network governance scholarship has demonstrated connections between the structure of networks and the types of problems actors face. However, much of this scholarship is highly social in focus and has traditionally not incorporated how rules and governance protocols shape collective action. This chapter bridges that gap by analyzing the design of formal rules using a network analysis framework, testing whether collective action problems are addressed through different rule structures. The analyzed case is an inter-governmental agreement created to secure New York City’s access to unfiltered drinking water sources. The analysis relies on hypergraph, bipartite, and unipartite networks to identify variations in graph subcomponents, clustering and centralization, and redundancy and closeness. Findings show that actors design rules anticipating that different kinds of collective action problems require different governance structures.
Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia: outcomes before and after the implementation of an inpatient multidisciplinary team.

OBJECTIVE Severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (sBPD) can lead to long term morbidity. We created a sBPD multidisciplinary team in 2011 to optimize care and improve outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review of three groups between 2008 and 2016: patients with sBPD born before 2011, patients with sBPD born after 2011, and patients with moderate BPD born after 2011. RESULTS Infants with sBPD after 2011 had a shorter NICU length of stay compared with children born before 2011 (mean 140 days vs 170 days p < 0.007), weighed more at discharge (z-score -0.8 vs -1.35 p = 0.01), had less failure to thrive post discharge (32% vs 51% p = 0.05) and had more well visits in the first six months of life (mean 6.7 vs 5.3 p = 0.04). No difference was observed in the rate of readmissions in the first two years of life. CONCLUSION Our multidisciplinary team has improved the inpatient management of patients with sBPD.
Editorial: Interfaces/INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics Hall of Fame Contributors

As Interfaces/INFORMS Journal on Applied Analytics (INT/IJAA) celebrates its 50th anniversary, the journal would like to recognize its biggest contributors over its history. This article reports th...
Detailed design of a deployable tertiary mirror for the Keck I telescope

Motivated by the ever increasing pursuit of science with the transient sky (dubbed Time Domain Astronomy or TDA), we are fabricating and will commission a new deployable tertiary mirror for the Keck I telescope (K1DM3) at the W.M. Keck Observatory. This paper presents the detailed design of K1DM3 with emphasis on the opto- mechanics. This project has presented several design challenges. Foremost are the competing requirements to avoid vignetting the light path when retracted against a sufficiently rigid system for high-precision and repeatable pointing. The design utilizes an actuated swing arm to retract the mirror or deploy it into a kinematic coupling. The K1DM3 project has also required the design and development of custom connections to provide power, communications, and compressed air to the system. This NSF-MRI funded project is planned to be commissioned in Spring 2017.
Does reliable electrification reduce gender differences? Evidence from India

Abstract This study examines the effect of reliability of electricity on gender differences in socio-economic status using a comprehensive set of labor and non-labor market outcomes in India. Using the temporal variation in household electricity hours from a large gender-disaggregated data set, we examine the effects of electricity reliability with individual fixed effects and instrumental variable regressions. Our analysis reveals contrasting trends with significant progress at the extensive margin of electricity access, but little progress at the intensive margin of reliability, hours of electricity. We find that reliable electrification improves the status of women relative to men through increased employment opportunities and reduced time allocation to home production. For instance, 10 more hours of electricity increases the likelihood of employment in the ‘usual status’ by 2.8 percentage points (pp) for men, and 4.2 pp for women. The analysis is robust to the use of piece-wise linear regression approaches, as well as alternate specifications of the outcome variables. The study recommends considering electricity as a right, and as part of the broader strategy for reducing gender disparities in India.
Synovial Metaplasia, A Specialized Form of Repair A Case Report and Review of the Literature

c Synovial metaplasia is a change seen most frequently in the tissues surrounding silicone breast prostheses and in healing tissue adjacent to joint prostheses. It has also been described in skin and soft tissues, most frequently in healing or healed traumatic or surgical wounds. We report a case of synovial metaplasia occurring in a hitherto unreported location, namely, adjacent to a silicone low-pressure voice prosthesis. A review of cases of synovial metaplasia reported in the literature revealed that in most cases, spaces that form adjacent to foreign material (most commonly silicone breast prostheses) and the smooth gliding surfaces of the foreign material that resist penetration by fibroblast processes are frequent associated findings that precede the occurrence of synovial metaplasia. Thus, synovial metaplasia might represent a specialized form of healing in cases that have this combination of physical features. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002;126:727‐730)
Cochlear implants in genetic deafness

Abstract Genetic defects are one of the most important etiologies of severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss and play an important role in determining cochlear implantation outcomes. While the pathogenic mutation types of a number of deafness genes have been cloned, the pathogenesis mechanisms and their relationship to the outcomes of cochlear implantation remain a hot research area. The auditory performance is considered to be affected by the etiology of hearing loss and the number of surviving spiral ganglion cells, as well as others. Current research advances in cochlear implantation for hereditary deafness, especially the relationship among clinic-types, genotypes and outcomes of cochlear implantation, will be discussed in this review.
Historical Aspects of Intracranial Aneurysms

In 1958 Bull (27) noted that the Oxford English Dictionary defined a stroke as “an apoplectic or paralytic seizure, formerly ‘the stroke of God’s hand’.” Wilks (183) first suggested the term spontaneous with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH): “spontaneous sanguineous meningeal effusion” as opposed to traumatic SAH. We now know that subarachnoid hemorrhage is a common cause of stroke. An intracranial aneurysm rupture is the culprit in over half of the cases of nontraumatic (spontaneous) SAH (106,106a).
Feasibility of Firing an Industrial Gas Turbine Using a Bio-Mass Derived Fuel

This paper describes a development program aimed at determining the technical feasibility of utilizing a biomass derived fuel in an industrial gas turbine engine. The fuel addressed is a flammable liquid derived from wood waste through flash pyrolysis or “bio-fuel”. The fuel has a heating value of approximately 18 MJ/kg, a density of 1.2 kg/l and a moisture content of 25%.
Improved-throughput networks of basic on-line arithmetic modules for DSP applications

On-line arithmetic modules were proposed as a way to explore parallelism in arithmetic operations at digit level. By using serial operators that always receive inputs and compute the outputs from most-significant to least-significant digits, on-line arithmetic makes it possible to overlap all arithmetic operations. However, on-line arithmetic modules have an intrinsic on-line delay that impacts the maximum throughput of networks using these modules. The problem is particularly serious for small precision calculation or deep-pipelined networks. This work presents a solution to the problem. Results of an actual implementation of the solution for some basic arithmetic operators are shown and demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach. The developed modules are also tested within the framework of an image processing application.
Suppression of the isospin-1/2, three-body photodisintegration of /sup 3/He

The suppression of the isospin-1/2, three-body photodisintegration of /sup 3/He is shown to result from two facts: (1) For the S = 1/2, I = 1/2 states of three nucleons, the spin-isospin symmetries lead to integral equations dominated by a single effective interaction V/sup +/, which is the average of the NN s-wave spin-singlet and spin-triplet interactions and (2) This V/sup +/ supports a bound state due to the nature of the NN effective-range parameters. In the approximation that the (1/2,1/2) states are generated from V/sup +/ alone, it is clear that a fraction of the isospin-1/2 bremsstrahlung-weighted sum rule must come from two-body photodisintegration with a corresponding reduction of the three-body channel contribution, since the total isospin-1/2 sum rule is fixed. The substantial reduction of the actual physical isospin-1/2, three-body photodisintegration is directly related to the strength of V/sup +/.
Novel molecular targets for the therapy of urothelial cancer

First-line platinum-based chemotherapy combinations are considered standard-of-care in locally advanced and metastatic urothelial cancer. However, long-term outcomes, including disease-specific and overall survival, remain poor. In addition, a number of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma have co-existing medical issues that preclude the use of conventional chemotherapy. Improvements in our understanding over the molecular mechanisms of urothelial cancer have led to first-generation clinical trials evaluating novel agents targeting molecular pathways that may be relevant, at least in sub-populations. Emerging information regarding outcome with agents targeting novel molecular targets in advanced urothelial cancer is discussed in this review.
Phosphorylated Pol II CTD recruits multiple HDACs, including Rpd3C(S), for methylation-dependent deacetylation of ORF nucleosomes

Methylation of histone H3 by Set1 and Set2 is required for deacetylation of nucleosomes in coding regions by histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs) Set3C and Rpd3C(S), respectively. We report that Set3C and Rpd3C(S) are cotranscriptionally recruited in the absence of Set1 and Set2, but in a manner stimulated by Pol II CTD kinase Cdk7/Kin28. Consistently, Rpd3C(S) and Set3C interact with Ser5-phosphorylated Pol II and histones in extracts, but only the histone interactions require H3 methylation. Moreover, reconstituted Rpd3C(S) binds specifically to Ser5-phosphorylated CTD peptides in vitro. Hence, whereas interaction with methylated H3 residues is required for Rpd3C(S) and Set3C deacetylation activities, their cotranscriptional recruitment is stimulated by the phosphorylated CTD. We further demonstrate that Rpd3, Hos2, and Hda1 have overlapping functions in deacetylating histones and suppressing cotranscriptional histone eviction. A strong correlation between increased acetylation and lower histone occupancy in HDA mutants implies that histone acetylation is important for nucleosome eviction.
Probing the shape of atoms in real space

The structure of single atoms in real space is investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Very high resolution can be obtained by a dramatic reduction of the tip-sample distance. The instabilities which are normally encountered while using small tip-sample distances are avoided by oscillating the tip of the scanning tunneling microscope vertically with respect to the sample. The surface atoms of Si(111)-(7×7) with their well-known electronic configuration are used to image individual samarium, cobalt, iron, and silicon atoms. The resulting images resemble the charge density corresponding to 4f, 3d, and 3p atomic orbitals.
p-type quantum well infrared photodetectors covering wide spectrum

Using a set of p-type GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well infrared photodetectors, a wide spectral coverage is demonstrated. Photoresponses at wavelengths as short as 1.4 µm and as long as 15 µm are shown. The shortest wavelength device with a high Al fraction (95%) peaks at 1.9 µm and covers a range of 1.4 to 3 µm.
Gauge theory and effective lagrangians

Abstract We extend our previous methods to show how to find the effective lagrangian for non-abelian gauge theories quantized in the covariant gauge for arbitrary gauge parameter α. We explicitly calculate the effective lagrangian to the two-loop level. The inductive algorithm used to carry out this calculation is applicable to any quantum field theory, evaluated to any finite order of perturbation theory.
The Nutrition Analysis Tool: Comparing Perceived vs Actual Nutrient Consumption in the Elderly Diet

Nutrition education with regard to increasing or decreasing consumption of nutrients to improve health may not produce the desired effect if consumers incorrectly perceive their intake of individual nutrients. The objective of this study was to determine if the elderly are cognizant of their nutrient intake. Subjects (n = 16), averaging 68 years of age, recorded their food intake for one day. Subjects examined their food record and estimated intake of seven nutrients (vitamin A, calcium, iron, cholesterol, saturated fat, total fat and fiber) as a percentage of the Recommended Dietary Allowances or the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. The elderly accurately perceived their calcium intake. They estimated 89% and consumed 91% of the recommended level. However, subjects underestimated total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. They consumed 21%, 65%, and 30% more total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, respectively, than estimated. Iron and vitamin C intakes were both significantly (P ≤ 0.05) underestimated, while fiber was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) overestimated. Internet-based nutrition analysis software may provide a cost-effective way to evaluate the degree to which the elderly and other population groups comprehend the nutritional quality of their present diets. Le but de cette etude est de determiner si les vieillards sont conscients de leur consommation alimentaire: 16 personnes agees de 68 ans en moyenne ont enregistre la consommation alimentaire d'une journee. Ils ont estime en pourcentage des prises journalieres recommandees, leur consommation en vitamine A, calcium, fer, cholesterol, graisses saturees, lipides totaux et fibres. La consommation de calcium est estimees justement, par contre celle des lipides est sousestimee et celle de la vitamine A, du fer et des fibres est surestimee. Un logiciel d'analyse nutritionnelle permet d'evaluer le degre de comprehension de la qualite des regimes alimentaires par les personnes agees et autres groupes.
Anarchy and Public Discourse: Emerson, Lincoln and the “Mobocratic Spirit” of the 1830s

Abstract In January 1838, Emerson and Lincoln each gave a lecture on the public violence that reached a crisis with the killing of Elijah Lovejoy. For both men, mobbing represented instabilities in the process of democratization that had structural implications for public discourse. In his Lyceum Address, Lincoln argues that if mobbing became conventionalized it could legitimize an extralegal politics of force and coercion. To counterbalance the pressure he saw mobbing place on civil society, Lincoln asserts the importance of developing a culture of reverence for standards of civility in the public sphere. For Emerson, in his lecture “Heroism,” mobbing marked irrational but intentional efforts to suppress dissenting speech and thought. Especially through attacks on political reformers and other individualists, public violence distorted civil discourse and enforced both conformity and silence. For both Lincoln and Emerson, the experience of mob action challenging civil society in the 1830s marked the proxi...
PLANT-ANIMAL INTERACTIONS AND FRUIT PRODUCTION IN A NEOTROPICAL HERB: A PATH ANALYSIS'

We used path analysis to estimate the direct and indirect effects of antguards, an ant-tended herbivore, and pollinators, on flower and fruit production in Calathea ovan- densis, a neotropical herb. The natural variation in these plant-animal interactions was quantified for individual plants in Veracruz, Mexico in 1984 and 1985. We conclude that variation in plant-animal interactions has significant, and complex, effects on flower and fruit production in this species. Antguards had a positive direct effect on flower number in both years, and because of the positive effect of flower number on fruit number, had a positive indirect effect on mature fruit number. The herbivore had a negative direct effect on flower number and mature fruit number in both years. Thus, direct and indirect effects contribute to the large negative effect of herbivores on mature fruit number. The composition of the pollinator community was very different in the two years, with a marked increase in the number of visits by efficient pollinators in 1985. This change was reflected in between-year differences in the effects of pollinators on number of initiated fruits. In 1984, pollinators had no significant effect on initiated fruit number, while the two pollinators that increased in abundance in 1985 had significant effects on initiated fruit number in that year. These results are consistent with experimental data for 1985, which indicate that supplemental pollination causes a significant increase in the number of fruit initiated. While pollinators may limit the number of fruit initiated in some years, our observational and experimental data suggest that number of mature fruits is primarily limited by resources, not by pollination.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DUST IN A COMETARY COMA: APPLICATION TO COMET 67P/CHURYUMOV-GERASIMENKO

The Rosetta spacecraft is en route to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for a rendezvous, landing, and extensive orbital phase beginning in 2014. With a limited amount of available observational data, planning of the mission as well as the interpretation of measurements obtained by instruments on board the spacecraft requires modeling of the dusty/gas environment of the comet. During the mission, the collision regime in the inner coma will change starting from transitional to fully collisionless. As a result, a physically correct model has to be valid at conditions that are far from equilibrium and account for the kinetic nature of the processes occurring in the coma. A study of the multi-species coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is presented in our previous paper, where we describe our kinetic model and discuss the results of its application to cases that correspond to the different stages during the mission. In this work, we focus on numerical modeling of the dust phase in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and its interaction with the surrounding gas. The basic phenomena that govern the dynamics and energy balance of the dust grains are outlined. The effect of solar radiation pressure and the nucleus gravity in limiting the maximum liftable mass of the grains is discussed. The distribution of the terminal velocity of the dust grains as a function of subsolar angle is derived in the paper. We have found that in the regions with high gradients of the gas density, spike-like features can form in the dust flow. The obtained results represent the state of the coma in the vicinity of the nucleus for a series of stages throughout the Rosetta mission. The implications of the model results for future measurements by the GIADA instrument are discussed.
Overview of Optical Remote Sensing Systems for Environmental Studies (TUTORIAL)

This presentation will review some of the fundamental principles employed in active and passive environmental remote sensing systems, ranging from passive radiometric imaging to active range-gated laser scattering measurements. The principles will be illustrated with examples of real sensor systems.
Experimental measurements of the energetics of surface reactions

Abstract Microcalorimetric measurements of the adsorption energies of well-defined surface species are reviewed, using selected examples mainly from our own group to demonstrate the types of information that can be achieved with this technique. The adsorption energies of molecules on single crystal transition metal surfaces to produce well-characterized molecular or dissociated adsorbates allow determination of the standard enthalpies of formation of key catalytic reaction intermediates. The adsorption energies for metal atoms during metal thin-film growth allow quantitative estimates of metal-substrate bond energies, metal film/substrate adhesion energies and the energetic costs associated with lattice mismatch during thin film growth. Results for several metals on MgO(1 0 0) reveal that they bind weakly to terrace sites. Metals from the right side of the periodic table also bind weakly to step and kink sites (although more strongly than on terraces), whereas alkali and alkaline earth metals bind very strongly to these defects. At 300 K, metals tend to form 2D or 3D clusters nucleated on MgO(1 0 0) defects, via a transiently adsorbed precursor (mobile adatoms on terraces). Calorimetric measurement of the energy of metal atoms in supported 3D metal nanoparticles as a function of particle size reveals a very strong size dependence below 6 nm diameter. Metal atoms also adsorb weakly on polymer surfaces and nucleate 3D metal particles, sometimes in kinetic competition with migration to and strong reaction with the more reactive, subsurface organic functional groups. Measurements of the energies for adsorbed proteins on calcium phosphate crystals, which have been structurally characterized by NMR, reveal extremely weak binding dominated by the entropy gained from release of organized water. These experimental measurements of the energies of well-defined adsorbates serve as benchmarks against which to compare theoretical computations for accuracy, thus enabling improvement upon quantum mechanical methods. Comparisons of calorimetric adsorption energies on single crystal surfaces with state-of-the-art DFT calculations show that the latter can often be in substantial (⩾20%) error.
Challenges associated with exposure to chronic trauma:Using a public health framework to foster resilient outcomes among youth

For many children, trauma exposure is a common and chronic experience. Chronic trauma exposure during childhood significantly increases the risk for emotional/behavioral disorders and academic failure. There is a critical need for school psychologists, and the schools in which they work, to understand the unique needs of students with or at risk for emotional disorders or academic difficulties secondary to trauma exposure. This article reviews the effects of trauma exposure on the psychosocial and academic functioning of children and discusses a public health framework for building social-emotional protective factors into the school setting to foster resilience to trauma. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
STABILIZATION OF NONHOLONOMIC SYSTEMS USING HOMOGENEOUS FINITE-TIME CONTROL TECHNIQUE

Abstract This research focuses on the problem of finite-time stabilization of chained-form nonholonomic systems using discontinuous homogeneous feedback and introduces the discontinuous homogeneous (with dilation) controller. The proposed controller has no singular point, stabilizes the system in finite-time, and is not complicated. Moreover, we demonstrate an exponentially stable controller.
SU‐FF‐T‐500: A Digital Monte Carlo Tumor Phantom to Study the Collective Cell Responses to Radiation Therapy

Purpose: To evaluate the response of a solid tumor to fractionated radiation therapy, a digital Monte Carlotumor phantom is created to model the collective behavior of tumorcells based on their individual radiobiological characteristics. Methods and materials:Tumors with total number of 2×106cells each were created as ones in two dimensional matrices. Varying tumor shapes were described by a geometrical factor defined as the ratio between the circumference and the area. Hypoxic tumorcells were defined as cells with a minimum cellular distance of 400 cells to the tumor surface. The digital tumors underwent regression with the fractionated radiation therapy. The viability of an individual tumorcells was determined by Monte Carlo simulation and its microenvironment. Hypoxic tumorcells were more radioresistive but did not proliferate. The treatment continued for different tumors until all cells were eliminated. Ten histories were run for each differently shaped tumor.Results: For a given shaped tumor, the logarithm survival followed the same slope for the first 15–17 fractions, where the survival started to separate, resulted in a relatively large statistical spread in the total number of fractions to sterilize the tumor among the 10 histories. For a round tumor, the number of fractions required to eliminate all cells ranged from 24 to 32, with an average of 26.3 and standard deviation of 2.71. The numbers needed to sterilize the tumor are nonlinearly decreased as the geometrical factor increased. Conclusions: A Monte Carlotumor phantom was used to simulate collective biological responses to radiation therapy. Results indicate large statistic fluctuation in the total dose required to completely sterilize a solid tumor. It was also indicated that on average, tumors with higher surface to volume ratio require less radiationdose to kill.
Contingency Valuation and Preferences of Health States Associated With Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medications in Schizophrenia

The purpose of this study was to investigate the construct validity and the test-retest reliability of the willingness to pay (WTP) method for estimating health state preferences associated with side effects of antipsychotic medication. Ninety-six schizophrenia patients on antipsychotics were asked (1) how much they would be willing to pay to get rid of side effects with 100 percent probability, (2) a standard gamble (SG) question measuring utilities of patient's health state associated with side effects, and (3) their WTP to get rid of side effects based on the utility found with SG. Patients were divided into three groups based on severity of side effects. There was a significant difference between side effect severity groups for (1) the utility associated with side effects (Kruskal-Wallis [K-W] chi-square = 8.48, p = 0.014), and (2) their WTP to get rid of side effects with either 100 percent probability (K-W chi-square = 14.32, p = 0.001) or based on the utility associated with side effects (K-W chi-square = 5.96, p = 0.051). There was a significant correlation between utility and the WTP based on utility (Spearman r = -0.42, p = 0.003). Because of a wide variation in side effects at the 1-month interval, we were unable to assess the test-retest reliability of SG and WTP. Our results suggest that WTP has some construct validity in valuating and measuring preferences of health states associated with side effects of antipsychotics in schizophrenia.
Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on the phagocytic and bactericidal capacities of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Studies on phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and bactericidal capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring a pump oxygenator reveal no significant abnormalities in these separate and distinct events. Furthermore, these cells reveal no differences from normal polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the morphological changes following phagocytosis. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes from heparinized fresh blood used for transfusions also demonstrated normal function. It is doubtful if impaired function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from these patients contributes significantly to their apparently increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Comment on "numerical treatment of two-center overlap integrals".

The subject paper by H. Safouhi (J Mol Model 12:213–220, 2006) presents a scheme based on a nonlinear convergence acceleration transformation for the numerical evaluation of two-center overlap integrals of Slater-type orbitals. In this comment we argue that there is no reason to adopt such an approach, as well-known methods for these integrals are substantially superior both in speed and in accuracy.
Mode coupling in coplanar waveguide bends: a simple four-port model

This paper presents a novel four-port model for a 90/spl deg/ coplanar waveguide bend based on the decomposition of the waveguide into two coupled slot lines. The effect of the bend discontinuity is that of a non-uniform coupled line system due to the different slot lengths in the structure. The new model consists of uniformly coupled lines and cascaded uncoupled transmission line sections. The parameters for the coupled line system are obtained from the geometry of the bend. The modal transmission coefficients obtained with the model match well with full-wave simulations. The salient feature of the model is the simplified illustration of the frequency-dependent effects of the bend discontinuity. The occurrence of mode-conversion in the two-mode system and its effects on two-port measurements are also described.
Renal and cardiovascular actions of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids.

SUMMARY 1. Arachidonic acid (AA) is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent pathways to epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EET) and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) in the kidney and the peripheral vasculature. 2. The present short review summarizes the renal and cardiovascular actions of these important mediators. 3. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are vasodilators produced by the endothelium that hyperpolarize vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells by opening Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid is a vasoconstrictor that inhibits the opening of KCa channels in VSM cells. Cytochrome P450 4A inhibitors block the myogenic response of small arterioles to elevations in transmural pressure and autoregulation of renal and cerebral blood flow in vivo. Cytochrome P450 4A blockers also attenuate the vasoconstrictor response to elevations in tissue PO2, suggesting that this system may serve as a vascular oxygen sensor. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide inhibit the formation of 20-HETE and a fall in 20-HETE levels contributes to the activation of KCa channels in VSM cells and the vasodilator response to these gaseous mediators. 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid also mediates the inhibitory actions of peptide hormones on sodium transport in the kidney and the mitogenic effects of growth factors in VSM and mesangial cells. A deficiency in the renal production of 20-HETE is associated with the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. 4. In summary, the available evidence indicates that CYP metabolites of AA play a central role in the regulation of renal, pulmonary and vascular function and that abnormalities in this system may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
Projected increased growth rate of anesthesia professional–delivered sedation for colonoscopy and EGD in the United States: 2009 to 2015

Background Anesthesia professional–delivered sedation has become increasingly common when performing colonoscopy and EGD. Objective To provide an estimate of anesthesia professional–participation rates in colonoscopy and EGD procedures and to examine rate changes over time and geographic variations for both procedures. Design Retrospective sample design. Setting National survey data from i3 Innovus for the period 2003 to 2007 on the use rate of anesthesia professionals in both procedures. Patients A sample of 3688 observations included 3-digit zip code–level information on anesthesia professional use rates. Interventions Data were linked to the Bureau of Health Professions' Area Resource File to control for sociodemographic factors and provider supply characteristics for anesthesia professional use rates. Main Outcome Measurements Multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify factors predicting the use rate of anesthesia professionals in these procedures and to forecast use rates for the years 2009 to 2015. Results For colonoscopy and EGD, anesthesia professional participation is projected to grow from 23.9% and 24.4% in 2007 to 53.4% and 52.9% by 2015, respectively. Average growth rates were highest in the northeast for colonoscopy (145.8%) and EGD (146.6%). Anesthesia professional use rates were significantly greater in areas having a higher percentage of older subjects (45 years and older), higher per capita income and lower unemployment rates, and higher per capita inpatient admissions and were significantly lower in areas having more per capita outpatient visits for both procedures. Limitations Nonexperimental retrospective sample study design. Database sample may not be nationally representative. Market area characteristics were used to control for socioeconomic and demographic factors. However, there may remain some important market factors that we were unable to control. Conclusions Anesthesia professional–delivered sedation is projected to grow substantially for both procedures.
Analysis of the structure of human papilloma virus DNA

Human papilloma virus DNA has been examined for heterogeneity by electron microscopy, reassociation kinetics, and restriction endonuclease digestion. No heterogeneity in contour length was detected. The reassociation rate of papilloma DNA isolated from pooled warts was consistent with that expected for a homogeneous, unique DNA of molecular weight 5 X 10(6). Restriction endonuclease digestions of five papilloma DNA preparations isolated from pooled warts yielded predominantly fragments of the expected sizes, but significant quantities of fragments atypical in size were also commonly produced.
Deep-Sea Bacteria: Isolation in the Absence of Decompression

Sampling and pure culture isolation of deep-sea bacteria without loss of in situ pressure is required in order to determine the viability of decompressionsensitive strains. This was achieved by using a pressure-retaining sterilizable seawater sampling system in connection with a prepressurized hyperbaric isolation chamber. Rates of growth and substrate uptake of the majority of isolates showed highly barotolerant characteristics, while the remainder (4 out of 15) exhibited barophilic characteristics.
Demethylation and excretion of methyl mercury by the guinea pig

Abstract Female guinea pigs were dosed po with 1.0 mg CH 3 203 Hg/kg as methylmercuric chloride, 10 times over a 3-week period. Tissue distribution, excretion, and accumulation of inorganic and organic mercury were studied. The highest concentration of mercury was found in the kidney. The greatest decreases of mercury levels were observed in the small bowel, red blood cells, liver, and cerebrum. The half-life of whole body clearance, based on a single compartment model, was 31.6 days. Mercury in the kidney, liver, and cerebrum was bound mainly by nuclear and soluble fractions. The highest ratio of inorganic to total mercury was seen in the kidney, 60% of this being as inorganic mercury. Excretion of mercury in the feces was measured throughout the experiment. The relationship of organic to inorganic mercury was relatively constant at about 1:3. Data on the effects of methyl mercury on tissue concentrations of zinc and copper show that the only change in the copper content was a marked increase in the kidney.
Wavelets feature aided tracking (WFAT) using GMTI/HRR data

This paper presents a research development of wavelets feature aided tracking, which effectively combines information from both high-resolution range (HRR) radar profiles and ground moving target indication (GMTI) radar reports. The state-of-the-art wavelets-based statistical signal processing technique: wavelets domain hidden Markov trees is used to extract robust features from HRR profiles. With the assistance of HRR wavelets features, a GMTI tracker based on a probabilistic data association logic can effectively track ground moving targets in confusing scenarios.
Minimal Hydronephrosis in the Fetus: Clinical Significance and Implications for Management

AbstractPurpose: We further define the natural history and management of minimal fetal hydronephrosis.Materials and Methods: Experience with minimal fetal hydronephrosis (renal pelvic diameter 4 to 10 mm. before 20 weeks of gestation and 5 to 10 mm. from 20 to 24 weeks) was reviewed for 18 months at New England Medical Center.Results: The incidence of minimal fetal hydronephrosis was 2.2 percent in the 5,900 fetuses screened by ultrasound. In 63 percent of cases prenatal ultrasound was done more than once, and revealed that dilatation of the urinary tract was stable during gestation in 31 (25 percent), and became normal in 35 (29 percent) and worse in 11 (9 percent). A total of 63 patients (103 renal units) followed for up to 1 year underwent postnatal sonography. Those with abnormalities were screened with a voiding cystourethrogram and renal scan, including 40 with normal postnatal ultrasound and no changes on subsequent evaluation. Of the 23 patients with abnormal findings 4 had functionally significan...
CuInS2 films deposited by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition using ternary single-source precursors

Polycrystalline CuInS2 films were deposited by aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition using both solid and liquid ternary single-source precursors (SSPs) which were prepared in-house. Films with either (112) or (204/220) preferred orientation, had a chalcopyrite structure, and (112)-oriented films contained more copper than (204/220)-oriented films. The preferred orientation of the film is likely related to the decomposition and reaction kinetics associated with the molecular structure of the precursors at the substrate. Interestingly, the (204/220)-oriented films were always In-rich and were accompanied by a secondary phase. From the results of post-growth annealing, etching experiments, and Raman spectroscopic data, the secondary phase was identified as an In-rich compound. On the contrary, (112)-oriented films were always obtained with a minimal amount of the secondary phase, and had a maximum grain size of about 0.5 micron. Electrical and optical properties of all the films grown were characterized. They all showed p-type conduction with an electrical resistivity between 0.1 and 30 Omega-cm, and an optical band gap of approximately 1.46 eV +/- 0.02, as deposited. The material properties of deposited films revealed this methodology of using SSPs for fabricating chalcopyrite-based solar cells to be highly promising.