cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early Enteral Nutrition Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Critically Ill Children

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of early enteral nutrition (EEN), defined as the provision of 25% of goal calories enterally over the first 48 hours of admission, with mortality and morbidity in critically ill children. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective study of patients in 12 pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). We included patients aged 1 month to 18 years who had a PICU length of stay (LOS) of ≥96 hours for the years 2007–2008. We obtained patients’ demographics, weight, Pediatric Index of Mortality–2 (PIM2) score, LOS, duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), mortality data, and nutrition intake data in the first 4 days after admission. Results: We identified 5105 patients (53.8% male; median age, 2.4 years). Mortality was 5.3%. EEN was achieved by 27.1% of patients. Children receiving EEN were less likely to die than those who did not (odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.34–0.76; P = .001 [adjusted for propensity score, PIM2 score, age,...
Emergency Medicine Pharmacy Practice

Emergency medicine (EM) pharmacy practice has existed for over 30 years. In recent years, however, the specialty has grown significantly. A large number of health care systems have either a dedicated EM pharmacist or other clinical pharmacist presence in the Emergency department (ED). Over the past decade, the role of the EM pharmacist as a critical member of the health care team has expanded significantly and many innovative practices have evolved throughout the country. There is also some heterogeneity between different EM pharmacy practice sites. This article reviews the history and general concepts of EM pharmacy practice as well as illustrate some of the established benefits of an EM pharmacist.
Generalized Laplacian roughening model on a triangular lattice

We consider a generalized Laplacian roughening model with isotropic interactions. It is shown that depending on the range of interaction, the model can have a variety of phases, all of which can be classified by the ${\mathit{Z}}_{6}$ group. Critical exponents are calculated for an arbitrary range of interactions.
Experimental investigation of an American five-string banjo

An experimental investigation of an American five-string banjo is reported. The acoustic spectra of the strings are analyzed and it is found that in many ways banjo strings behave in a manner similar to those on a piano. The terminating impedance presented to the strings at the bridge is reported and it is found to be generally much lower than the characteristic impedance of the strings. It is also shown that, for a properly tuned banjo, the mode shapes of the membrane are symmetric about the center even though there is a large asymmetric force due to the off-center placement of the bridge. Finally, high-speed electronic speckle-pattern interferometry was used to study the motion of the membranic head after a string is plucked, and it is found that the motion is dominated by a rocking motion of the bridge.
Altered pharmacokinetics of soil-adsorbed benzene administered orally in the rat

We consider whether the changes in the pharmacokinetics of benzene are due to differences in absorption and elimination rates as well as differences in dosages absorbed.Model based estimates of the half-lives of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract are derived.
SERS of Surfactants in Monolayer and Multibilayer Forms on an Electrified Ag Surface

The Raman spectra of several surfactants such as didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP), and sodium laurate (NaL) have been investigated in the solid, multilayer, micellar, and multibilayer forms. The first four are cationic surfactants while DHP and NaL are anionic. Raman spectra show that they all exist in an all-trans configuration in the crystalline state while their structure in the micellar, monolayer, and multibilayer (film) forms is a mixture of gauche and trans configurations. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of the above surfactants (with the exception of CPC) show an unexpected enhancement for C−H stretching modes at potentials more negative than −0.8 V versus the saturated calomel electrode along with the appearance of two new SERS vibration bands at 2710 and 2815 cm-1. In the multibilayer film, the SERS spectra of some of these surfactant...
Two distinct developmentally regulated lectins in chick embryo muscle

EXTRACTS of embryonic chick muscle contain a carbohydrate-binding protein assayed as an agglutinin of treated erythrocytes1–4. Because agglutination is blocked by specific saccharides, the agglutinin is referred to as a lectin by analogy with similar proteins from other sources5. Lectin activity changes strikingly with muscle differentiation3,4 and is detectable on the surface of muscle cells6, suggesting a role in developmentally regulated cell interactions. The lectin has been purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography6. Lactose is a potent inhibitor of this lectin (50% inhibition at 0.3 mM) whereas N-acetyl-D-galactosamine is not (no inhibition at 150 mM). We now report a second distinct lectin activity discovered during studies with developing chick muscle. This activity is not detectable with the test erythrocytes used in previous studies, but is readily detectable if the erythrocytes are kept in the refrigerator for 2–3 months. The lectin activity identified by these altered erythrocytes is inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine but not by lactose. Like the lactose-sensitive lectin activity, it changes with muscle development.
Toxicity of noradrenaline, a novel anti-biofouling component, to two non-target zooplankton species, Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia.

Abstract Noradrenaline (NA) is the active component of novel antifouling agents and acts by preventing attachment of fouling organisms. The goal of this study was to examine the toxicity of NA to the non-target zooplankton D. magna and C. dubia. Neonates were exposed to one of five concentrations of NA and effects on survival, reproduction and molting were determined. Calculated LC50 values were determined to be 46 and 38 μM in C. dubia and D. magna, respectively. A 10-day C. dubia study found that reproduction metrics were significantly impacted at non-lethal concentrations. In D. magna, concentrations greater than 40 μM significantly impacted molting. A toxicity test was conducted with D. magna using oxidized NA, which yielded similar results. These data indicate that both NA and oxidized NA are toxic to non-target zooplankton. Results obtained from this study can be used to guide future ecological risk assessments of catecholamine-based antifouling agents.
Partial purification of endo- and exo-β-D-glucanase enzymes from Zea mays L. seedlings and their involvement in cell-wall autohydrolysis

The proteins dissociated from isolated Zea seedling cell wall using high-ionic-strength salt solutions have been found to include a number of enzymes which appear to participate in autolytic reactions of the cell wall. These enzymes caused extensive degradation of enzymatically inactive cell wall, liberating as much as 100 μg/mg dry weight over a 48-h period. Lithium chloride (3M) was shown to be most effective in yielding protein and wall-degrading activities.
Haemoglobin management in acute brain injury.

Purpose of reviewAnaemia is common among patients in the neurocritical care unit (NCCU) and is thought to exacerbate brain injury. However, the optimal haemoglobin (Hgb) level still remains to be elucidated for traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and acute ischaemic stroke (
Response kinetics of doped CuO/ZnO heterocontacts

In this work, the effects of doping on hydrogen sensitivity and sensor response of CuO/ZnO heterocontacts were examined. Both current−voltage and current−time measurements were utilized in hydrogen/air and hydrogen/nitrogen atmospheres at 400 °C. The addition of Ni to p-type CuO and Ga to n-type ZnO were observed to enhance the sensor properties. Through analysis of the time-dependent current data, it was shown that the sensor response of the heterocontact can be modeled via a two-site Langmuir adsorption model. The response times of the two sites were calculated using this model. While one of the sites showed a significant decrease in response time when the p-side was doped with Ni, the response time of the other site changed only slightly. The highest sensitivity was obtained by doping the n-side with Ga at the expense of the response rate. The fastest response times were achieved when both sides of the heterocontact were doped. This suggests that carrier density may play a significant role in the senso...
CD8+ T cells cause disability and axon loss in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.

Background The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that CD8+ T cells directly mediate motor disability and axon injury in the demyelinated central nervous system. We have previously observed that genetic deletion of the CD8+ T cell effector molecule perforin leads to preservation of motor function and preservation of spinal axons in chronically demyelinated mice. Methodology/Principal Findings To determine if CD8+ T cells are necessary and sufficient to directly injure demyelinated axons, we adoptively transferred purified perforin-competent CD8+ spinal cord-infiltrating T cells into profoundly demyelinated but functionally preserved perforin-deficient host mice. Transfer of CD8+ spinal cord-infiltrating T cells rapidly and irreversibly impaired motor function, disrupted spinal cord motor conduction, and reduced the number of medium- and large-caliber spinal axons. Likewise, immunodepletion of CD8+ T cells from chronically demyelinated wildtype mice preserved motor function and limited axon loss without altering other disease parameters. Conclusions/Significance In multiple sclerosis patients, CD8+ T cells outnumber CD4+ T cells in active lesions and the number of CD8+ T cells correlates with the extent of ongoing axon injury and functional disability. Our findings suggest that CD8+ T cells may directly injure demyelinated axons and are therefore a viable therapeutic target to protect axons and motor function in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Persistent dust cloud activity on Mars near Echus Chasma in 1978

The Echus Chasma clouds of Mars, which are the first to be observed by spacecraft in the equatorial canyon region of the planet, extend the geographic and seasonal ranges in which dust stoms are known to occur. Viking camera observations of these clouds in red and violet filters are presently noted to imply their composition to be partly dust and partly condensate. Drainage winds, part of a diurnal wind system driven by thermal and elevation contrasts, are seen as a plausible interpretation of the observed phenomena.
Amphetamine: Effects on meal patterns and macronutrient selection

Abstract Catecholaminergic systems, specifically in the region of the lateral perifornical hypothalamus (PFH), have been linked to the inhibition of feeding behavior. The present studies examined the effects of d-amphetamine (AMPH), which is believed to act through the release of endogenous catecholamines (CAs), on spontaneous feeding and appetite regulation in rats. Injection of AMPH directly into the PFH caused a marked suppression of food intake; changes in computer-monitored meal patterns were characterized by an increase in the latency to meal onset and a consequent reduction in meal size and duration. This suggests that hypothalamic AMPH administration may influence primarily the initiation, rather than the termination, of feeding. In other experiments, chronic infusion of AMPH directly into the PFH was shown to suppress 24 hr food intake and body weight gain, indicating the effectiveness of lateral hypothalamic CA stimulation in overriding normal long-term patterns of feeding. The effect of hypothalamic CA stimulation on macronutrient selection was also investigated in groups of rats injected either centrally or peripherally with AMPH, or centrally with the CA agonists, dopamine and epinephrine. Each of these manipulations caused a strong inhibition of protein intake with no effect on carbohydrate and only a mild suppression of fat ingestion after peripheral AMPH. These selective effects of AMPH on feeding patterns and diet choice, provide support for a role of CA innervation to the lateral hypothalamus in the modulation of natural feeding behavior and macronutrient selection.
Radio-wave heating of iron oxide nanoparticles can regulate plasma glucose in mice.

Medical applications of nanotechnology typically focus on drug delivery and biosensors. Here, we combine nanotechnology and bioengineering to demonstrate that nanoparticles can be used to remotely regulate protein production in vivo. We decorated a modified temperature-sensitive channel, TRPV1, with antibody-coated iron oxide nanoparticles that are heated in a low-frequency magnetic field. When local temperature rises, TRPV1 gates calcium to stimulate synthesis and release of bioengineered insulin driven by a Ca 2+ -sensitive promoter. Studying tumor xenografts expressing the bioengineered insulin gene, we show that exposure to radio waves stimulates insulin release from the tumors and lowers blood glucose in mice. We further show that cells can be engineered to synthesize genetically encoded ferritin nanoparticles and inducibly release insulin. These approaches provide a platform for using nanotechnology to activate cells.
Phase transitions for the anisotropic Heisenberg model

Abstract The long-range, anisotropic Heisenberg model is solved exactly for quantum spin- 1 2 and classical spin systems with constant couplings between all spins and for classical spin systems with Kac-couplings. The resulting thermodynamic behavior is discussed.
On Accelerating Path Delay Fault Simulation of Long Test Sequences

In this paper, we propose an approach to accelerate path delay fault simulation of long test sequences. Several key ideas, namely judicious selection of path delay faults to be simulated, extraction of a compact set of necessary conditions to detect selected faults at primary inputs, and an on-demand selective simulation of input vectors based on their satisfaction of these necessary conditions, are proposed. We demonstrate the benefits of our methodology via experiments on benchmark circuits, with one large test case (S9234) showing a 114X speed-up over a traditional approach.
Visualizing writing activity as knowledge work: challenges & opportunities

Digital environments enable distributed work. Though they pose challenges for research, they also provide affordances for addressing these difficulties including opportunities to capture and visualize writing activity in significant detail. This paper surveys sources of visualizations of writing processes and practices, focusing on attempts to deal with writing as a distributed activity. We then ask: what qualities of visualizations seem desirable and help to render writing visible as knowledge work for the purpose of providing mediational support to writers
Mechanical design of DNA nanostructures

Structural DNA nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging field that has demonstrated great potential for applications such as single molecule sensing, drug delivery, and templating molecular components. As the applications of DNA nanotechnology expand, a consideration of their mechanical behavior is becoming essential to understand how these structures will respond to physical interactions. This review considers three major avenues of recent progress in this area: (1) measuring and designing mechanical properties of DNA nanostructures, (2) designing complex nanostructures based on imposed mechanical stresses, and (3) designing and controlling structurally dynamic nanostructures. This work has laid the foundation for mechanically active nanomachines that can generate, transmit, and respond to physical cues in molecular systems.
TIME-HARMONIC WAVES TRAVELING OBLIQUELY IN A PERIODICALLY LAMINATED MEDIUM.

Abstract : The dispersion relation is presented for time-harmonic waves propagating in an arbitrary direction in a periodically laminated medium. The analysis is based on two-dimensional equations of elasticity. Limiting phase velocities are presented for infinite wavelength for any angle of propagation in the form of a fourth-order determinant that illustrates the influence of an arbitrary angle. For the cases when the propagation is along or across the layers, the determinant reduces to two determinants of second order that yield the limiting phase velocities directly. Numerical results are presented to indicate the dependence of dispersion upon the angle of propagation. Also, a comparison with an approximate continuum theory is included; agreement is satisfactory for those angles where the dispersion is the strongest. (Author)
Fluorescence activation with photochromic auxochromes

The inherent reversibility of photochromic transformations can be exploited to switch on and off the fluorescence of appropriate organic chromophores under optical control. In turn, the photoactivation of fluorescence permits the monitoring of dynamic processes in real time as well as the reconstruction of images with spatial resolution at the nanometer level. Thus, the identification of viable structural designs to construct and operate photoactivatable fluorophores on the basis of photochromic processes can translate into the realization of valuable analytical tools for biomedical research. In this context, a strategy was designed to connect a simple photochromic oxazine to essentially any fluorescent chromophore with a pendant formyl group. In the resulting fluorophorephotochrome dyads, the photoinduced interconversion of the photochromic component between its two states controls that ability of the fluorescent component to absorb exciting radiation and emit as a result. Under these conditions, the interplay of two illuminating beams, designed to operate the photochromic component and excite the fluorescent one, respectively, offers the opportunity to switch fluorescence reversibly for multiple cycles. Furthermore, the fluorophorephotochrome dyads described herein can be entrapped within the hydrophobic core of polymer micelles and operated under these conditions in aqueous solutions and within the intracellular environment.
Prelunate, occipitotemporal, and parahippocampal projections to the basis pontis in rhesus monkey.

We used tritiated amino acids to study projections to the basilar pons from prestriate cortices in 18 rhesus monkeys to determine how connectional and functional heterogeneity of these regions are reflected in corticopontine circuitry. Fibers travelled with those from other parasensory associative cortices before terminating in the pontine nuclei. Prelunate projections were derived from area 19 (OA) at the medial convexity (including areas V3 and PO) and from the lateral convexity dorsal to the caudal tip of the Sylvian fissure (including areas DP and the dorsal part of area V4d). Pontine projections also arose from area 19 (OA), and areas TF, TL, and TH in the posterior aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus. No pontine projections arose from the prelunate convexity ventral to the caudal tip of the Sylvian fissure (ventral part of area V4d and area V4v), area TEO, the inferior temporal gyrus, or the lateral ventral temporal region. Terminations in the pons were distributed in the dorsolateral and lateral nuclei, and the lateral part of the peripeduncular nucleus. Medial convexity injections produced more extensive rostrocaudal pontine labeling, as well as terminations in the extreme dorsolateral nucleus and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis. Dorsal prelunate injections had additional terminations in the ventral pontine nucleus. Posterior parahippocampal gyrus injections resulted in discrete label in the lateral and dorsolateral nuclei. Corticopontine projections destined for the cerebellum appear to be derived from extrastriate areas concerned mainly with visual spatial parameters, visual motion, and the peripheral field of vision, but not from areas subserving visual object identification and the central field of vision. Pontine afferents from the posterior parahippocampal gyrus may facilitate a cerebellar contribution to visual spatial memory, particularly when invested with motivational valence. © 1993 Wiley-Liss,Inc.
Magnetic stress anisotropy field in plated cylindrical permalloy films

An analysis is made of the magnetic stress anisotropy field H ks , arising from internal and external stress sources in plated-wire memory elements. The analysis takes into consideration circumferential composition variation and cylindrical geometry of the Permalloy film. Expressions are derived relating H ks to uniaxial film stress, average composition, and amplitude of composition variation. A result of particular importance is that even for average zeromagnetostrictive composition (ZMC) films, H ks may still make an appreciable contribution to the total anisotropy field if the composition is not uniform. Calculated H ks characteristics are shown to correlate with anisotropy field changes observed in annealing experiments. Examples are given to show the importance of composition uniformity in determining the stability of the anisotropy field. The utility of the analysis is extended by the inclusion of data expressing the inverse relation between anisotropy field and easy-axis dispersion in the film.
Noise figure definition valid from RF to optical frequencies

Two noise figure definitions are developed that are consistent with the IEEE Standard and shown to cover the entire frequency range from RF to optical frequencies. In the classical regime, the two definitions merge. In the optical domain, they differ in value, but provide the same information. A simple way of computing the noise figure of a distributed amplifier, such as a Raman amplifier, is presented.
The use of target cost techniques to achieve market dominance with new technology

This paper reviews the application of target costing and value engineering techniques by a multifunctional new product development team developing a new communications product at an industry-leading cost point. The team met their target cost goal and designed out 30% of the product cost before the first product shipped.
A framework for specifying and monitoring user tasks

Abstract Interrupting users engaged in tasks typically has negative effects on their task completion time, error rate, and affective state. Empirical research has shown that these negative effects can be mitigated by deferring interruptions until more opportune moments in a user’s task sequence. However, existing systems that reason about when to interrupt do not have access to models of user tasks that would allow for such finer-grained temporal reasoning. To enable this reasoning, we have developed an integrated framework for specifying and monitoring user tasks. For task specification, our framework provides a language that supports expressive specification of tasks using a concise notation. For task monitoring, our framework provides an event database and handler that manages events from any instrumented application and a task monitor that observes a user’s progress through specified tasks. We describe the design and implementation of our framework, showing how it can be used to specify and monitor practical, representative user tasks. We also report results from two user studies measuring the effectiveness of our existing implementation. The use of our framework will enable attention aware systems to consider a user’s position in a task when reasoning about when to interrupt.
SWATCS65: Sentiment Classification Using an Ensemble of Class Projects

This paper presents the SWATCS65 ensemble classifier used to identify the sentiment of tweets. The classifier was trained and tested using data provided by Semeval-2015, Task 10, subtask B with the goal to label the sentiment of an entire tweet. The ensemble was constructed from 26 classifiers, each written by a group of one to three undergraduate students in the Fall 2014 offering of a natural language processing course at Swarthmore College. Each of the classifiers was designed independently, though much of the early structure was provided by in-class lab assignments. There was high variability in the final performance of each of these classifiers, which were combined using a weighted voting scheme with weights correlated with performance using 5-fold cross-validation on the provided training data. The system performed very well, achieving an F1 score of 61.89.
Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat

In a previous study (Watts et al., '87) we reexamined the projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh) with the PHA-L method and found that they could be divided conveniently into six groups of fibers. By far the densest projection ends just dorsal to the SCh in a comma-shaped region designated the "subparaventricular zone," although some fibers continue on through the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to end in the overlying midline thalamus, and others continue on to end in the dorsomedial nucleus, the region around the ventromedial nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area. Other relatively sparse projections from the SCh were also described to the preoptic region, lateral septal nucleus, parataenial and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus, and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus. In addition, the same method was used to show that the subparaventricular zone projects in turn massively to these same regions, as well as back to the SCh itself and to the periaqueductal gray. The present series of experiments was designed to confirm these observations with retrograde tracer injections and to investigate the cellular and possible neurotransmitter organization of the major projections from the SCh and subparaventricular zone with a combined retrograde tracer-immunohistochemical method. For this, the distribution of neuronal cell bodies within the SCh that stain with antisera to vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), corticotropin-releasing factor, bombesin, substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and angiotensin II was described in detail first. Then the distribution of retrogradely labeled neurons that were also stained for one or another of these peptides was described after injections of true blue, or in some cases SITS, into the regions of the subparaventricular zone, the paraventricular and parataenial nuclei of the thalamus, the ventromedial nucleus, the dorsomedial nucleus, and the periaqueductal gray. The results confirm previous immunohistochemical and anterograde tracing studies and in addition indicate that cells in dorsal as well as ventral parts of the SCh project to each of the terminal fields examined, as do many cells in surrounding areas, including the subparaventricular zone. Our results also suggest that, at the very least, vasopressin-, VIP-, and neurotensin-stained cells in the SCh project to the subparaventricular zone, midline thalamus, and dorsomedial nucleus, and that the vasopressin and VIP-stained fiber systems are partially segregated at the level of the subparaventricular zone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Abnormalities of serotonin metabolism and nonpsychotic psychiatric disorders.

AbstractAbnormalities of brain serotonin (5-hydroxytrypamine; 5-HT) metabolism have been proposed as the neurobiological basis of a vulnerability to depression and of a long-standing tendency toward impul-sivity and aggression. Results from studies that have employed a variety of 5-HT measures, including the assessment of cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations, 5-HT uptake site densities, and 5-HT2 receptor densities in brain tissue and on platelets, and prolactin increases following fenfluramine administration, provide support for these two hypotheses. The goal of future research should be to better define the pathophysiological role of 5-HT dysfunction for both mood instability and impulsivity, in the service of developing improved treatments for these psychopathological conditions.
First WTO Case on Transitional Product-Specific Safeguard Measure Under Section 16 of the Protocol of China's Accession to the WTO: Affirming Discriminatory Safeguard Measure by the WTO?

On 5 September 2011, the WTO issued the Appellate Body report for the first WTO case on a transitional product-specific safeguard measure, United States – Measures Affecting Imports of Certain Passenger Vehicle and Light Truck Tyres from China (U.S. − Tyres). Transitional product-specific safeguard measures (TSMs) are controversial primarily on two grounds. First, unlike a general safeguard measure (GSM) which must be applied non-discriminatorily to all imports regardless of their source, a TSM is applicable only to the imports from a single country, China. Second, a TSM is applicable under more relaxed conditions than those stipulated for a GSM, subjecting imports from China to a more vulnerable condition against the protectionist pressure from competing domestic producers of the importing countries.The core principle of the WTO disciplines, including those for safeguard measures, is the most-favored-nation (MFN) principle which stipulates the requirement of non-discrimination among nations, and the inherently discriminatory nature of TSM undermines this core principle. This article examines the TSM provisions in comparison to the general safeguard provisions and discusses the implications of the first WTO case, U.S. – Tyres, for the TSM regime.
Mitigation of Adaptive Antenna Induced Bias Errors in GNSS Receivers

Antenna arrays equipped with adaptive filtering allow global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers to operate in environments with harsh, sustained interference. However since these antennas utilize spatial and temporal filters, they have the potential to introduce significant bias errors into the code and carrier phase measurements made by GNSS receivers. For precision navigation applications, these biases must be mitigated. A novel bias estimation and correction technique is described in which additional logic is added to the receiver in order to provide runtime compensation for these antenna-induced biases. The technique is general in the sense that it can be applied to a wide variety of adaptive antenna and receiver implementations. It utilizes a computationally efficient bias estimation equation that incorporates stored antenna data, the adaptive filter weights, and the receiver discriminator function. After estimating the bias, the receiver can compensate for the bias errors either in the navigation processor or in the tracking loop of the GNSS receiver. Simulations demonstrate centimeter-level bias correction accuracy for a variety of signals using an adaptive antenna array in an environment with interference.
Bias in Template-to-Product Ratios in Multitemplate PCR

Bias introduced by the simultaneous amplification of specific genes from complex mixtures of templates remains poorly understood. To explore potential causes and the extent of bias in PCR amplification of 16S ribosomal DNAs (rDNAs), genomic DNAs of two closely and one distantly related bacterial species were mixed and amplified with universal, degenerate primers. Quantification and comparison of template and product ratios showed that there was considerable and reproducible overamplification of specific templates. Variability between replicates also contributed to the observed bias but in a comparatively minor way. Based on these initial observations, template dosage and differences in binding energies of permutations of the degenerate, universal primers were tested as two likely causes of this template-specific bias by using 16S rDNA templates modified by site-directed mutagenesis. When mixtures of mutagenized templates containing AT- and GC-rich priming sites were used, templates containing the GC-rich permutation amplified with higher efficiency, indicating that different primer binding energies may to a large extent be responsible for overamplification. In contrast, gene copy number was found to be an unlikely cause of the observed bias. Similarly, amplification from DNA extracted from a natural community to which different amounts of genomic DNA of a single bacterial species were added did not affect relative product ratios. Bias was reduced considerably by using high template concentrations, by performing fewer cycles, and by mixing replicate reaction preparations.
The Role of ASCE in Influencing Public Policy on Controversial Technical Issues

The role ASCE takes in influencing public policy on controversial technical issues should be an active one. When the issue at hand is the safety of a nuclear power plant or some other question involving the use of technology, ASCE should not just be silent, but should be involved in informing the public on the controversies at hand. Professional organizations such as ASCE have a duty to aid in the formulation, presentation, and solution of these problems. The formulation and presentation of recommendations to the public is the role ASCE has in influencing public policy. Further involvment in the process can be realized by communicating with legistative bodies, agencies of government, and others influential in the determination of public policy.
Corrosion and solubility in a TSP-buffered chemical environment following a loss of coolant accident: Part 4 – Integrated chemical effects testing

Abstract This paper presents the results of an integrated chemical effects experiment executed under conditions representative of the containment pool following a postulated loss of coolant accident (LOCA) at the Vogtle nuclear power plant, operated by the Southern Nuclear Operating Company (SNOC). This test was conducted for closure of a series of bench scale experiments conducted to investigate the effect of the presence of trisodium phosphate (TSP) on the corrosion and release of aluminum ( Howe et al., 2015 ) and zinc ( Pease et al., 2015 ) from metallic surfaces, and calcium from NUKON fiberglass insulation ( Olson et al., 2015 ) . The integrated test was performed in the Corrosion/Chemical Head Loss Experimental (CHLE) facility with representative amounts of zinc, aluminum, carbon steel, copper, NUKON fiberglass, and latent debris. The test was conducted using borated TSP-buffered solution under a post-LOCA prototypical temperature profile lasting for 30 days. The results presented in this article demonstrate trends for zinc, aluminum, and calcium release that are consistent with separate bench scale testing and previous integrated tests under TSP conditions. The release rate and maximum concentrations of the released materials were slightly different than the separate effect testing as a result of different experimental conditions (temperature, surface area-to-water volume ratio) and/or the presence of other metals and chemicals in the integrated test. Samples of metal coupons and fiberglass were selected for analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).
Reversal of cortisone inhibition of wound healing by tissue culture media.

Summary1. Local applications of tissue culture extracts will completely reverse cortisone inhibition of wound healing. 2. The granulation tissues of these wounds are histochemically similar.
Antigenic requirements for stimulation and target cell recognition by immune and non-immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Antigenic requirements for stimulation and target cell recognition by immune and non-immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Emission Characterization and Efficiency Measurements of High-Efficiency Wood Boilers

Detailed gaseous and particle emissions along with thermal efficiency measurements were made on three mid-sized high-efficiency wood boilers with thermal output capacities of 150 kW (514 000 Btu h–1) (n = 2) and 500 kW (1.7 mmBtu h–1) (n = 1). Wood chips and commercial wood pellets were used as fuel. Continuous emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, fine particle mass (PM2.5), and ultrafine particle number distributions were determined using a dilution tunnel sampling system. PM2.5 and semivolatile organic compound characterization was performed. Low concentrations of CO, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) during steady-state boiler operation indicated good combustion conditions. Fine particle mass from wood pellets was predominantly K+ and SO42–, with <8% OC and <2% EC. Inorganic emissions (PM2.5, NOx, and SO2) were found to depend upon fuel quality, which indicates the need for wood pellet fuel standards in the U.S. Cd, Pb, Ti, Rb, and Zn were found to be enriched in PM2.5, which is of concern for human...
History of Subsection Ea: Extension

As the Entomological Society of America celebrates its centennial as a professional organization, several other birthdays are being celebrated that have relevance to extension entomologists in the United States. 1Wohundred years ago, this young nation inaugurated its first president, George Washington; 75 years ago the Smith–Lever act (1914) passed Congress to create the Extension Service; and 61 years ago the Section of Extension officially became a functional organization within the American Association of Economic Entomologists. Each has proven its value over time, has strengthened its resolve to better serve humanity with each new challenge, and must continue to change if we are to fulfill the expectations of our clientele in the 1990s and the next century—as a nation, as a professional society, and as the disseminator of technology for the land grant system.
Determinationof 12 kinds of metals in water of Yushatan area by ICP-MS

Objective:To establish a method for determination of 12 kinds of metals in water by inductive coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) and investigate the water quality of Yushatan area.Methods:The samples were measured and quantified by ICP-MS directly,with internal standard to adjust the matrix interference and drift.Results:The detection limit of the method was between 0.017 μg/ L and 0.229 μg/ L,with the relative standard deviations(RSD) blow 5.6% and the recoveries of 92.0%-106.9%.The analysis results of standard reference materials was satisfactory.Conclusion:This method is proved to be simple,fast and accurate,it can be used to determine 12 kinds of metals in water simultaneously.
Export programs and SME market choice: evidence from North West England

Exporting, despite its potential for fostering increased overall sales, presents substantial obstacles for firms when compared to serving domestic or spatially proximate markets. Some of these problems center on accessing market information and selecting export destinations. Such challenges become even more demanding for small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), given their resource constraints and in many cases, relative inexperience with global markets. Export promotion programs are a way by which firms can potentially explore new markets. If firms take part in such programs, how do they access global markets and with which countries do they choose to engage? This research note examines the results of a recent export promotion program for SMEs located in North West England. It explores how firms utilized this program and more importantly, it explores market choice for firms participating in two types of direct buyer interaction: onsite visits and trade fair attendance. The results suggest that firms, even in light of trade promotion assistance, often choose to explore proximate or similar markets.
Pose Hashing with Microlens Arrays

We design and demonstrate a passive physical object whose appearance changes to give a discrete encoding of its pose. This object is created with a microlens array that is placed on top of a black and white pattern; when viewed from a particular viewpoint, the lenses appear black or white depending on the part of the pattern that each microlens projects towards that viewpoint. We analyze different design considerations that impact the information gained from the appearance of microlens array. In addition, we introduce the process through which the discrete microlens pattern can be turned into a viewpoint and a pose estimate. We empirically evaluate factors that impact viewpoint and pose estimation accuracy. Finally, we compare the pose estimation accuracy of the microlens array to other related fiducial markers.
A Lean-Server Approach to Enabling Collaboration Using Advanced Design Methods

Proceedings of the ASME Design Technical Conferences, September 12-15, 1999, Las Vegas, NV.
Avoiding spoilers: wiki time travel with Sheldon Cooper

A variety of fan-based wikis about episodic fiction (e.g., television shows, novels, movies) exist on the World Wide Web. These wikis provide a wealth of information about complex stories, but if fans are behind in their viewing they run the risk of encountering “spoilers”—information that gives away key plot points before the intended time of the show’s writers. Because the wiki history is indexed by revisions, finding specific dates can be tedious, especially for pages with hundreds or thousands of edits. A wiki’s history interface does not permit browsing across historic pages without visiting current ones, thus revealing spoilers in the current page. Enterprising fans can resort to web archives and navigate there across wiki pages that were live prior to a specific episode date. In this paper, we explore the use of Memento with the Internet Archive as a means of avoiding spoilers in fan wikis. We conduct two experiments: one to determine the probability of encountering a spoiler when using Memento with the Internet Archive for a given wiki page, and a second to determine which date prior to an episode to choose when trying to avoid spoilers for that specific episode. Our results indicate that the Internet Archive is not safe for avoiding spoilers, and therefore we highlight the inherent capability of fan wikis to address the spoiler problem internally using existing, off-the-shelf technology. We use the spoiler use case to define and analyze different ways of discovering the best past version of a resource to avoid spoilers. We propose Memento as a structural solution to the problem, distinguishing it from prior content-based solutions to the spoiler problem. This research promotes the idea that content management systems can benefit from exposing their version information in the standardized Memento way used by other archives. We support the idea that there are use cases for which specific prior versions of web resources are invaluable.
Innocent But Deadly: Nontoxic Organoiridium Catalysts Promote Selective Cancer Cell Death.

We demonstrate that nontoxic organoiridum complexes can selectively chemosensitize cancer cells toward platinum antiproliferative agents. Treatment of human cancer cells (breast, colon, eye/retina, head/neck, lung, ovary, and blood) with the iridium chemosensitizers led to lowering of the 50 % growth inhibition concentration (IC50 ) of the Pt drug carboplatin by up to ∼30-50 %. Interestingly, non-cancer cells were mostly resistant to the chemosensitizing effects of the iridium complexes. Cell culture studies indicate that cancer cells that were administered with Ir show significantly higher reactive oxygen species concentrations as well as NAD+ /NADH ratios (oxidized vs. reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) than Ir-treated non-cancer cells. These biochemical changes are consistent with a catalytic transfer hydrogenation cycle involving the formation of iridium-hydride species from the reaction of the iridium catalysts with NADH and subsequent oxidation in air to generate hydrogen peroxide.
Mysticism in the history of mathematics

We examine the relationship between mysticism and mathematical creativity through case studies from the history of mathematics.
Essentialism Promotes Racial Prejudice by Increasing Endorsement of Social Hierarchies

Why do essentialist beliefs promote prejudice? We proposed that essentialist beliefs increase prejudice toward Black people because they imply that existing social hierarchies reflect a naturally occurring structure. We tested this hypothesis in three studies (N = 621). Study 1 revealed that racial essentialism was associated with increased prejudice toward Blacks among both White and Black adult participants, suggesting that essentialism relates to prejudice according to social hierarchy rather than only to group membership. Studies 2 and 3 experimentally demonstrated that increasing essentialist beliefs induced stronger endorsement of social hierarchies in both Black and White participants, which in turn mediated the effect of essentialism on negative attitudes toward Black people. Together, these findings suggest that essentialism increases prejudice toward low-status groups by increasing endorsement of social hierarchies and existing inequality.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Phase-Engineered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayer Heterostructures.

Heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer the attractive prospect of combining distinct physical properties derived from different TMD structures. Here, we report direct chemical vapor deposition of in-plane monolayer heterostructures based on 1H-MoS2 and 1T′-MoTe2. The large lattice mismatch between these materials led to intriguing phenomena at their interface. Atomic force microscopy indicated buckling in the 1H region. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy showed mode structure consistent with Te substitution in the 1H region during 1T′-MoTe2 growth. This was confirmed by atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy, which also revealed an atomically stitched, dislocation-free 1H/1T′ interface. Theoretical modeling revealed that both the buckling and absence of interfacial misfit dislocations were explained by lateral gradients in Te substitution levels within the 1H region and elastic coupling between 1H and 1T′ domains. Phase field simulations predicted 1T′ morphologies with ...
Service robots in the field: The BratWurst Bot

Service robotics has recently been a growing field as well in research as in industrial contexts. It offers adaptive robotic systems that allow direct human-robot interaction and cooperation. However these systems are often only used inside research labs. In this paper we present the BratWurst Bot, a service robotic system that demonstrates the combination of many different robotic skills to create a powerful application. With ROS as a software framework and standard robotic components this system also shows the short ramp-up time modern service robotics can provide. The BratWurst Bot offers an intuitive tablet interface and was extensively tested “in the field” on public events where it proved its reliability and effectiveness.
The Moral Rights of the Terminally ILL

The care of dying patients is a major concern of medical ethics. There are problems about how to keep up their morale; problems about how to reduce their suffering in a way that does not dull their remaining time; and moral problems about what treatment to undertake or terminate, and what information about it to give the patient and family. My main concern here will be with these moral problems. I shall explore them by examining certain of the important moral rights of people who are dying, but I shall also consider some of the moral rights of physicians and of a patient’s family. Of course, the moral issues raised by terminal illness may be approached differently, for instance by exploring the relevant moral principles; and the same substantive results might be reached by a quite different route. But talk of rights is pervasive in current discussions of these issues; and I believe that by clarifying certain of the rights of terminal patients, their doctors, and their families, we should achieve some insights into how a person in any one of these groups should treat people in each of the others. We should also learn something about the physician-patient relationship in general, and perhaps something about rights, which are not nearly so well understood as one would expect from the frequency and confidence with which many people invoke them to support their moral judgments.