cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological Diversity in Metabolism in Marine and Terrestrial Crustacea

Two aspects of metabolic adaptation to increased terrestrialism are considered: (1) respiratory adaptations as reflected by comparative cytochrome c oxidase activity in tissues of crabs from aquatic and terrestrial habitats, and (2) thermal acclimation patterns in cytochrome c oxidase activity in tissues from these crabs. Enzymatic assays were done spectrophotometrically on gill, muscle, and mid-gut gland tissues from two aquatic species, Libinia emarginata and Callinectes sapidus , and the terrestrial Ocypode quadrata . Cytochrome c oxidase was chosen for this study since it is generally believed that the more aerobic the cells or tissues become, the more fully developed the cytochrome system will be. This enzyme is also thought to have a role in thermal acclimation. In gill tissue the activity of cytochrome c oxidase is enhanced with the advent of aerial respiration. Enzymatic activity of gill tissue from Ocypode quadrata was significantly greater than it was in tissue from the aquatic species. No correlation was observed with increased terrestrialism and enzymatic activity of muscle or mid-gut gland tissue. The thermal acclimation patterns of tissues of these three species of crabs indicate a clear-cut tendency for less enzymatic adaptation to temperature at the tissue level as these crabs evolve toward a land habitat.
Probing O VI Emission in the Halos of Edge-on Spiral Galaxies

We have used the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer to search for O VI λλ1031.926, 1037.617 emission in the halos of the edge-on spiral galaxies NGC 4631 and NGC 891. In NGC 4631, we detected O VI in emission toward a soft X-ray bubble above a region containing numerous Hα arcs and filaments. The line-of-sight component of the motion of the O VI gas appears to match the underlying disk rotation. The observed O VI luminosities can account for 0.2%-2% of the total energy input from supernovae (assuming a full O VI- emitting halo) and yield mass flux cooling rates between 0.48 and 2.8 M☉ yr-1 depending on the model used in the derivations. On the basis of these findings, we believe it is likely that we are seeing cooling, galactic fountain gas. No emission was detected from the halo of NGC 891, a galaxy in a direction with considerably high foreground Galactic extinction.
Compounds that inhibit chymotrypsin and cell replication

Abstract Several compounds have been tested for their ability to inhibit bovine pancreatic α-chymotrypsin (Ki) and their ability to inhibit cell replication (IC50). There is good agreement over three orders of magnitude between the Ki and the ic 50 values of these compounds. The data support the hypothesis that a cellular, chymotrypsin-like activity is necessary for cell replication.
Co‐teaching: a faculty development strategy

It has been stated that faculty development programmes which are closely linked to particular teaching contexts are most likely to be effective. Over the past 10 years we have developed a model of 'co-teaching' for faculty development which is based upon this premise and which can be applied to any clinical rotation. In this paper we describe our model, in which paired physicians focus on developing their teaching skills while sharing the clinical supervision of residents and medical students. Through iterative phases of teaching, debriefing and planning, co-teachers gain experience in analysing teaching encounters and develop skills in self-evaluation. Teaching occurs in the usual clinical settings such as attending (consultant) teaching rounds, clinic precepting, and case conferences. We discuss our model in the context of educational theory and related literature. We support our positive assessment of the co-teaching model through the precepts of collaborative inquiry and case study methodology. Vignettes, taken from the experiences of the authors, are used to demonstrate how the model is used to develop effective solutions to problems and to help in the maturation of one's skill as an educator. Successful implementation of the model is predicated on the development of a truly collaborative process between co-teachers. We share lessons we have learned from our experience of implementing the model in different clinical venues, such as the contrast between teaching on a hospital ward or in the clinic. This collaborative process has been well received by junior and senior faculty participants in our institution for more than a decade.
Reactions of [(CO)3(P-P)Mn]2 with primary alcohols, where, P-P is dppe {Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}, dppp {Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2}, dppb {Ph2P(CH2)4PPh2}, dpppe {Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2}, dtpe {(p-tol)2P(CH2)2P(p-tol)2}, or dcpe {(chex)2P(CH2)2P(chex)2}. Synthesis of fac-(CO)3(P-P)MnH and the X-ray structure of fac-(CO)3(dtpe)MnH

Abstract Treatment of the manganese(tricarbonyl)diphosphine dimers [(CO)3(P-P)Mn]2 (where, P-P is dppe {Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}, dppp {Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2}, dppb {Ph2P(CH2)4PPh2}, dpppe {Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2}, dtpe {(p-tol)2P(CH2)2P(p-tol)2}, and dcpe {(chex)2P(CH2)2P(chex)2}), with 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, or 1-hexanol yielded fac-(CO)3(dppe)MnH (1), fac-(CO)3(dppp)MnH (2), fac-(CO)3(dppb)MnH (3), fac-(CO)3(dpppe)MnH (4), fac-(CO)3(dtpe)MnH (5), and fac-(CO)3(dcpe)MnH (6), respectively, and the corresponding aldehydes. Also treatment of Mn2(CO)10 with P-P in 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, or 1-hexanol yielded the corresponding manganese(I) hydrides (1–6) and aldehydes. Structural characterization of 5 demonstrates a manganese–hydrogen (Mn–H(1)) bond length of 1.57(3) A which is in close agreement with the manganese–hydrogen bond length of 1.60(2) A observed in (CO)5MnH by neutron diffraction analysis.
Molecular characterization of mutation and comparison of mutation profiles in the hprt gene of Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with benzo[a]pyrene trans‐7,8‐diol‐anti‐9,10‐epoxide, 1‐nitrobenzo[a]pyrene trans‐7,8‐diol‐anti‐9,10‐epoxide, and 3‐nitrobenzo[a]pyrene trans‐7,8‐diol‐anti‐9,10‐epoxide

Both 1- and 3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (nitro-8aP) are environmental contaminants, potent mutagens in Salmonella, and moderate mutagens in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The mutagenicity of their oxidized metabolites, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-1-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (1-nitro-Bap-DE) and trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-3-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene (3-nitro-Bap-DE), together with trans-7,8-dihydroxy-anti-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BaP-DE), was determined in CHO-K1 cells, and the resulting mutations at the hprt locus were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of reverse-transcribed hprt mRNA, followed by DNA sequence analysis. The mutant frequencies, in mutants/106 clonable cells, at 30 and 100 ng/ml, were BaP-DE, 248 and 456; 1-nitro-BaP-DE, 68 and 260; 3-nitro-BaP-DE, 81 and 232, respectively. In general, the three diolepoxides exhibited similar mutational spectra: 1) 64% (23/36 sequenced mutants) of BaP-DE, 53% (19/36) of 1-nitro-BaP-DE, and 64% (23/36) of 3-nitro-BaP-DE mutants resulted from simple base pair substitution, with the predominant mutation being GT transversion; 2) 90%, 100%, and 100% of mutations at G:C had the mutated dG on the nontranscribed DNA strand; and 3) about one quarter of the mutants produced by each mutagen had one or more PCR products with partial or complete exon deletions. The mutagens induced few frameshifts or complex mutations. Among the differences in mutational specificity for the three diolepoxides, the proportion of substituted dGs with 3′ purines was significant (P 0.05). Also, high proportions of BaP-DE and 3-nitro-BaP-DE base pair substitutions at G:C occurred in DNA sequence contexts of 5′-GG-3′, 5′-GGA-3′, and 5′-TGGA-3′, while the proportions of 1-nitro-BaP-DE mutants in these contexts were often lower. The results indicate that nitro substitution at C1 or C3 of BaP-DE reduces mutational potency in CHO cells and appears to have only subtle effects upon the mutational pattern in the hprt gene. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A transient analytical model for predicting the redistribution of injected interstitials

A general formal transient solution to the linear boundary value problem which governs the transport of interstitials injected into an arbitrary bounded domain from oxidizing segments on the surface is presented. An explicit expression for the Green's function which appears as the kernel in the integral representation of the general transient solution is given for a simple domain of interest in the study of oxidation-enhanced diffusion (OED). By combining this explicit expression for the Green's function with the general formal solution, a transient analytical model for predicting the redistribution of interstitials injected into the simple domain from a single oxidizing segment is obtained. An illustrated example important to OED is considered and results obtained with the model and by approximations to the model are compared. Also, the results obtained with the SUPREM-IV program are presented for comparison. >
The influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 in Sri Lanka: its demographic cost, timing, and propagation

Background As an island and a former British colony, Sri Lanka is a case of special interest for the study of 1918–1919 influenza pandemic because of its potential for isolation from as well as integration into the world epidemiologic system. Objectives To estimate population loss attributable to the influenza pandemic and weekly district-level excess mortality from the pandemic to analyze its spread across the island. Methods To measure population loss, we estimated a population growth model using a panel of 100 district-level observations on population for five consecutive censuses from 1891 to 1931, allowing for a one-time drop in population in 1918–1919. To estimate weekly excess mortality from the pandemic, we estimated a seasonally adjusted weekly time series of district-specific mortality estimates from vital registration records, ranked them, and plotted the ranks on weekly maps to create a picture of the geographic pattern of propagation across Sri Lanka. Results Total loss of population from the influenza pandemic was 307 000 or approximately 6·7% of the population. The pandemic peaked in two discrete (northern and southern) regions in early October of 1918 and in a third (central) region in early March 1919. Conclusions The population loss estimate is significantly higher than earlier estimates of mortality from the pandemic in Sri Lanka, suggesting underreporting of influenza-attributable deaths and a role for influenza-related fertility declines. The spatial pattern of peak mortality indicates the presence of two distinct entry points and three distinct epidemiologic regions, defined by population density and ethnicity, in colonial Sri Lanka.
Comparative effects of glycerol and dextrose on porphyrin precursor excretion in acute intermittent porphyria.

The effects of dietary manipulations on excretion of the porphyrin precursors, δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and porphobilinogen (PBG) were studied in eight patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Three diet periods of 9–17 days comprised each study. In each patient, a “baseline” protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake was kept constant throughout. In addition, during the first diet period each patient received 150 g dextrose; during the second, this was replaced by an isocaloric amount of neutral fat; and during the third, the fat was replaced by 150 g glycerol. In each of the patients, three comparisons of the effect of diet on both ALA and PBG excretion were made: (1) 300 g carbohydrate versus 150 g carbohydrate (dextrose versus fat), (2) 150 g carbohydrate + 150 g glycerol versus 150 g carbohydrate (glycerol versus fat), and (3) 300 g carbohydrate versus 150 g carbohydrate + 150 g glycerol (dextrose versus glycerol). For each of these three diet comparisons, there are sixteen individual comparisons possible for the effect of diet on porphyrin precursor excretion, eight for ALA and eight for PBG. Thus, the mean values for ALA and PBG excretions during each of the diet periods are statistically compared internally within each individual patient. Increasing carbohydrate intake from 150 g to 300 g by isocaloric substitution of dextrose for fat produced a significant (p < 0.05) decline in eight of the sixteen comparisons of ALA and PBG excretion. Addition of 150 g glycerol by isocaloric substitution for fat caused a significant (p < 0.05) decline in nine of the sixteen possible comparisons. In the sixteen comparisons of isocaloric dextrose and isocaloric glycerol-substituted diets, dextrose produced significantly (p < 0.05) lower porphyrin precursor excretion in four cases and glycerol pruduced significantly (p < 0.05) lower values in five. One patient showed no significant change on any of the diets. Of the four patients having symptoms believed referrable to porphyria during the study, three reported an improvement in symptoms during the high glycerol intake. The effects of dietary perturbations on porphyrin precursor excretion in acute intermittent porphyria are variable, but glycerol appears to be capable of decreasing the excretions and may prove useful in treating some of these patients.
Feasible Operations on Proofs: The Logic of Proofs for Bounded Arithmetic

This paper presents a semantics for the logic of proofs $\mathsf{LP}$ in which all the operations on proofs are realized by feasibly computable functions. More precisely, we will show that the completeness of $\mathsf{LP}$ for the semantics of proofs of Peano Arithmetic extends to the semantics of proofs in Buss’ bounded arithmetic $\mathsf{S}^{1}_{2}$. In view of applications in epistemology of $\mathsf{LP}$ in particular and justification logics in general this result shows that explicit knowledge in the propositional framework can be made computationally feasible.
Turning efficiency prediction for skid steering via single wheel testing

Abstract Wheel design can be enhanced through experimentation, testing, and iteration. Unfortunately, the time and money needed to test full vehicles is costly. A cheaper, less conflated alternative could be to incorporate single wheel testing. The algorithm discussed in this paper uses single wheel testing to predict the full vehicle performance in a skid steer turn. With this prediction algorithm, skid steering can be easily enhanced by iterating on the design of a single wheel without the cost of vehicle testing. To validate this algorithm and explore skid steering enhancement several single wheel skid steering experiments were done and the results were compared to a full vehicle’s turning performance.
Multi-Dimensional Approach to the Experimental Study of Interpersonal Attraction: Effect of a Blunder on the Attractiveness of a Competent other

Factor-analysis was used to explore the feasibility of a multidimensional approach to the study of interpersonal attraction in an experimental context. S completed a battery of attraction items concerning an O he heard on tape. In a 2 × 2 × 2 design, O either blundered or not, was the same age or older than 5, and held similar or different opinions. These attraction ratings were then factor-analyzed and factor scores later used in analyses of variance for experimental conditions. The two factors extracted were related to socio-emotional and task-related aspects of interpersonal attraction. Interestingly enough, the Similarity dimension was significant on both of these independent factors. The study provides support for a multi-dimensional conceptualization of interpersonal attraction.
Weight-training injuries. Common injuries and preventative methods

The use of weights is an increasingly popular conditioning technique, competitive sport and recreational activity among children, adolescents and young adults. Weight-training can cause significant musculoskeletal injuries such as fractures, dislocations, spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, intervertebral disk herniation, and meniscal injuries of the knee. Although injuries can occur during the use of weight machines, most apparently happen during the aggressive use of free weights. Prepubescent and older athletes who are well trained and supervised appear to have low injury rates in strength training programmes. Good coaching and proper weightlifting techniques and other injury prevention methods are likely to minimise the number of musculoskeletal problems caused by weight-training.
Polysulfone membranes. V. Poly(phenyl sulfone) (Radel R)–poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) membranes†

Ultrafiltration membranes were prepared from mixtures of poly(phenyl sulfone) (Radel R5000) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) dissolved in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The effects of the casting solution composition on membrane performance and morphology are presented. Radel R5000 membranes showed higher productivity for a given pore size when compared to other polysulfone membranes. The biphenyl group in Radel R5000 makes it more rigid in comparison to other polysulfones. This may result in more ordered packing, which resulted in the higher productivities and smaller pore sizes observed in the membranes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RPMDrate: Bimolecular chemical reaction rates from ring polymer molecular dynamics ☆

United States. Dept. of Energy (Office of Basic Energy Sciences under the Energy Frontier Research Center for Combustion Science (Grant No. DE-SC0001198))
The pricing of interest rate swaps

Interest rate swaps have become an important tool for financial institutions because they provide a convenient way to reduce interest rate risk. Swaps allow financial institutions to obtain short-term deposits in the local deposit market and then transform these into longer-term liabilities. The growth of swaps has been explosive, with the swap market growing from nothing in 1981 to an estimated $889 billion in 1987. In addition to their role in managing interest rate risk, swaps have become important to financial managers for other reasons, and as a result the swap market is monitored by financial managers as are money and capital markets. Because of its growing importance, an empirical perspective on how swaps are priced is needed. This article develops a simple market model and then estimates the model using data provided by three major swap market participants.
Prostaglandin E2 released from activated microglia enhances astrocyte proliferation in vitro.

Abstract Microglial activation has been implicated in many astrogliosis-related pathological conditions including astroglioma; however, the detailed mechanism is not clear. In this study, we used primary enriched microglia and astrocyte cultures to determine the role of microglial prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the proliferation of astrocytes. The proliferation of astrocytes was measured by BrdU incorporation. The level of PGE2 was measured by ELISA method. Pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of COX-2 in microglia were also applied in this study. We found that proliferation of astrocytes increased following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in the presence of microglia. Furthermore, increased proliferation of astrocytes was observed in the presence of conditioned media from LPS-treated microglia. The potential involvement of microglial PGE2 in enhanced astrocyte proliferation was suggested by the findings that PGE2 production and COX-2 expression in microglia were increased by LPS treatment. In addition, activated microglia-induced increases in astrocyte proliferation were blocked by the PGE2 antagonist AH6809, COX-2 selective inhibitor DuP-697 or by genetic knockout of microglial COX-2. These findings were further supported by the finding that addition of PGE2 to the media significantly induced astrocyte proliferation. These results indicate that microglial PGE2 plays an important role in astrocyte proliferation, identifying PGE2 as a key neuroinflammatory molecule that triggers the pathological response related to uncontrollable astrocyte proliferation. These findings are important in elucidating the role of activated microglia and PGE2 in astrocyte proliferation and in suggesting a potential avenue in the use of anti-inflammatory agents for the therapy of astroglioma.
Regulation of Iron Metabolism by Pyrococcus furiosus

Iron is an essential element for the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus, and many of its iron-containing enzymes have been characterized. How iron assimilation is regulated, however, is unknown. The genome sequence contains genes encoding two putative iron-responsive transcription factors, DtxR and Fur. Global transcriptional profiles of the dtxR deletion mutant (ΔDTXR) and the parent strain under iron-sufficient and iron-limited conditions indicated that DtxR represses the expression of the genes encoding two putative iron transporters, Ftr1 and FeoAB, under iron-sufficient conditions. Under iron limitation, DtxR represses expression of the gene encoding the iron-containing enzyme aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase and a putative ABC-type transporter. Analysis of the dtxR gene sequence indicated an incorrectly predicted translation start site, and the corrected full-length DtxR protein, in contrast to the truncated version, specifically bound to the promoters of ftr1 and feoAB, confirming its role as a transcription regulator. Expression of the gene encoding Ftr1 was dramatically upregulated by iron limitation, but no phenotype was observed for the ΔFTR1 deletion mutant under iron-limited conditions. The intracellular iron concentrations of ΔFTR1 and the parent strain were similar, suggesting that under the conditions tested, Ftr1 is not an essential iron transporter despite its response to iron. In contrast to DtxR, the Fur protein appears not to be a functional regulator in P. furiosus, since it did not bind to the promoters of any of the iron-regulated genes and the deletion mutant (ΔFUR) revealed no transcriptional responses to iron availability. DtxR is therefore the key iron-responsive transcriptional regulator in P. furiosus.
GSFC robotics research for space applications

Abstract The robotics research programs at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is structured to increase the scope and efficiency of what man can accomplish in space through the use of robotics. In particular, the main objective is to study the feasibility of assembling and servicing Space Station Freedom and its payloads using a Flight Telerobotic Servicer in teleoperated or autonomous modes. This paper will present in an overview fashion two major robotics research facilities at GSFC, the Development, Integration and Test Facility and the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory.
Magnetic interactions and weak ferromagnetism in the rare-earth orthochromites

Abstract The magnetic properties of the rare-earth orthochromites have been intensively studied by neutron diffraction and inelastic scattering, bulk magnetization, optical absorption spectroscopy, specific heat, acoustic velocity, and resonance measurements. These materials process a variety of different magnetic structures, and several undergo spontaneous spin reorientation phase transitions. The properties of these compounds are reviewed with emphasis on the key role played by the coupling between the chromium and rare spin systems.
Electrocatalysis and amperometric detection of organic peroxides at modified carbon-paste electrodes.

Abstract Cobalt-phthalocyanine modified carbon-paste electrodes are shown to catalyze the electro-oxidation of organic peroxides. Cyclic voltammetry offers useful insights into the catalytic behavior. Such behavior is exploited for developing an effective amperometric detection scheme for butanone peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide with optimum response at a potential of +0.70 V ( vs . Ag/AgCl). Highly sensitive and stable flow injection measurements, with detection limits of 2.4–8.3 ng and relative standard deviations of 1.7–1.8% ( n = 30), are reported. Applicability to measurements in drinking water is illustrated.
Philanthropy for the middle class: vocational education for girls and young women in mid-Victorian Europe

1 Within a 20-year period from the late 1850s to the late 1870s, most European countries created programmes in response to what appeared as a new social problem: unwed daughters of the middle classes in need of jobs. Taking off from the 150th anniversary of the English Society for Promoting the Employment of Women, this paper examines the diffusion of such courses across Europe and the very similar occupations that most thought appropriate for their clientele. It also highlights variations in structures, leadership and funding that emerged, and in particular how the English pacesetter remained much smaller than many later creations. Sponsors seldom sought public funding, but they had no problem seeking charitable contributions to help middle-class young women avoid being ‘de-classed’. 1An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the International Standing Conference for the History of Education in Utrecht in August 2009. I would like to thank the audience for comments at that t...
Collision-induced Hanle resonances in four-wave light mixing

First, some historical comments on the Hanle effect and Kastler-type optical pumping are made. Next the recent history of the phenomenon of collision-induced coherences in optical four-wave light mixing experiments is briefly reviewed New experimental results on collision-enhanced Hanle-type resonances in the 3 2S1/2 ground state configuration of Na atoms in a buffer gas at high pressure are presented. The relationship between these optical fourwave experiments and Kastler-type optical pumping is pointed out.
Local Food: Revolution and Reality

A food revolution is emerging in America out of growing concerns about obesity and other diet-related health problems. The revolution is most visible today in the local food movement, which is a continuation of the organic food movement, which in turn has its roots in the natural food movement of the 1960s. The revolution is spreading through and beyond mainstream food markets, taking a variety of forms and structures in the process of creating a new sustainable food network of local food systems.
Neutron activation cross-sections of 96Ru and 102Ru

Abstract Measurements of the activities of 2·88 day 97 Ru and 39·7 day 103 Ru from ( n ,γ) reactions on natural Ru showed that the thermal neutron activation cross-sections of 96 Ru and 102 Ru are 0·210 and 1·50 barns, respectively. The intensities of 2·70 day 198 Au in gold monitors were used as standards. That 196 Ru has at least one large resonance in the epithermal region is indicated by cadmium difference measurements. Duplicate runs were reproducible to about 3 per cent but the absolute accuracy is estimated as ± 15 per cent.
Ego‐involvement: A confusing variable in speech communication research

(1971). Ego‐involvement: A confusing variable in speech communication research. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 429-436.
The potential role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr virus associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a complication of Epstein-Barr vims infection occurring in immunosuppressed transplant recipients. Non-clonal lesions with a polymorphous histology have the potential of regressing, if the degree of immunosuppression is reduced, thereby giving the immune system a chance to recuperate. In contrast, clonal tumors with a monomorphous histology portend a bad clinical outcome. This review summarizes evidence that the biological behavior of PTLD may be predicated on intercellular interactions involving multiple cytokines. With further investigations to clarify the nature of these interactions, it should be possible to design rational strategies for the cytokine therapy of human PTLD.
Application of artificial neural networks for reservoir characterization with limited data

Abstract The production performance of a heterogeneous reservoir cannot be realistically predicted without accurate reservoir characterization. Lack of detailed permeability data often hampers the reservoir characterization efforts. In this study, artificial intelligence techniques were successfully utilized to predict the missing information. More specifically, the objective of this study was to develop an accurate reservoir description with the aid of artificial neural networks (ANN) utilizing available geophysical well log data and limited core data. The superior ability of ANN for pattern recognition makes it a prime candidate for permeability prediction from well log data. The most complete reservoir description is generally provided through identification and characterization of the flow units. The presence of flow units suggests that separate permeability-log data relationship exists for each unit. The flow units in the wells with core data were first defined using self optimizing (Kohonen) neural network to cluster core-log data in a systematic manner. Utilizing the flow unit definition, a back-propagation artificial neural network to predict the flow units in the wells without core data was trained and tested. A second back-propagation artificial neural network was then trained and tested to predict the permeability profile within each flow unit. However, the use of limited permeability measurements to train and test the second network resulted in inconsistent predictions due to sensitivity to the arrangement of the data. An innovative approach for training and testing of the ANN was then developed to overcome the problem and to provide consistent and reliable predictions. The two networks which predicted the flow units and their attributes were utilized to develop the description of the reservoir. Primary and secondary production data were utilized to evaluate the reservoir description. The reservoir description substantially improved the simulation of the secondary recovery performance. The simulation results confirmed the presence of heterogeneities which have had profound impact on the performance of the reservoir. The methodology presented in this paper can serve as a guideline for the characterization of reservoirs with limited data.
Risk factors for stroke after acute coronary syndromes in the Orbofiban in Patients with Unstable Coronary Syndromes--Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (OPUS-TIMI) 16 study.

Background Previous reports have associated acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) with cerebrovascular disease but in general have not included long-term patient follow-up or have not analyzed ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular events separately. Methods We analyzed stroke outcomes from the OPUS-TIMI 16 study, a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were randomized to aspirin plus either orbofiban or placebo and followed for up to 1 year. Cerebrovascular events were prospectively identified and classified by a committee of cardiologists and neurologists blinded to treatment assignment. Results During 10 months of follow-up, there were 150 (1.5%) patients with cerebrovascular events. Risk factors for ischemic stroke (n = 67) and transient ischemic attack (TIA) (n = 44) were age, prior ischemic stroke, history of hypertension, and increased heart rate. Prior ischemic stroke and history of hypertension were not risk factors for 30-day ischemic stroke or TIA. Risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) (n = 14) were age, history of hypertension, history of TIA, and coronary angiography with evidence of coronary artery disease. Compared with placebo, treatment with orbofiban was associated with a nonsignificant increased risk of ischemic stroke or TIA (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.76-1.74, P = .51) and ICH (HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.39-4.00, P = .70). Conclusions The overall incidence of cerebrovascular events after ACS was highest in the first 30 days then declined; risk factors for cerebrovascular events may be different in the different periods. Orbofiban, despite no significant excess risk of ICH, was not effective in preventing ischemic stroke or TIA.
Racial disparities in resource utilization for cystectomy

Abstract Objectives To examine the association of race with mortality and resource use among patients requiring cystectomy for bladder cancer, given the known racial differences with regard to bladder cancer incidence and survival. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (a nationally representative data set), 22,088 patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer from 1988 to 2000 were identified using the International Classification of Disease , Ninth Revision, codes. The outcomes included in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and discharge status. Multivariable models were developed to perform risk-adjusted analyses and identify factors associated with these outcomes. Results The overall mortality rate after cystectomy was 2.9%. Unadjusted analyses revealed significant racial differences with respect to in-hospital mortality, LOS, and discharge disposition. Whites had a mortality rate of 2.8% compared with 4.2% for blacks and 3.9% for Hispanics ( P = 0.006). Whites had a prolonged LOS 24.9% of the time compared with 38.2% for blacks and 24.6% for Hispanics ( P P Conclusions Black patients undergoing cystectomy for bladder cancer had greater mortality and greater LOS than did white patients. Additional study using detailed clinical data is necessary to identify the underlying causes of these differences.
Assessing and restoring competency to be executed: Should psychiatrists participate?

Ford v. Wainwright (1986) is one among several recent U. S. Supreme Court decisions granting psychiatrists a distinct but awkward role in the capital punishment process. Ford affirms the right of the condemned to be spared execution while mentally incompetent, and validates state laws requiring psychiatric evaluation and treatment of capital inmates who plead that they have become insane while awaiting execution. The ruling raises troublesome questions for psychiatry, including whether it is ethical for psychiatrists to assess or treat prisoners, thereby enabling their execution. This article argues that evaluation and treatment of capital inmates is in accordance with medical practice standards that emphasize respect for patients' autonomy and rationality.
Spatial Ecology of Pre –Euro-American Fires in a Southern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Forest Landscape

Natural disturbances such as fires have been widely studied, but less is known about their spatial ecology than about other aspects of them. We reconstructed and mapped pre–Euro-American fire history in a subalpine forest landscape in southeastern Wyoming, and analyzed the fires using GIS. Mean fire interval varies little with topography (elevation, aspect, slope) and is spatially autocorrelated at distances of at least 2 km. Fires often spread downslope, and spread more than expected from the north and south and less than expected from the west, under the influence of particular synoptic climatic conditions. The landscape of 1868 a.d., at the time of Euro-American settlement, was strongly influenced by fires. However, it contained large patches of connected forest and few high-contrast edges, unlike the modern landscape, which is fragmented by industrial forestry and roads. The spatial ecology of the natural fire regime may be a useful guide for management.
Synthetic Biology Needs A Synthetic Bioethics

Recent developments in synthetic biology are described and characterized as moving the era of biotechnology into platform technologies. Platform technologies enable rapid and diffuse innovations and simultaneous product development in diffuse markets, often targeting sectors of the economy that have traditionally been thought to have little relationship to one another. In the case of synthetic biology, pharmaceutical and biofuel product development are occurring interactively. But the regulatory and ethical issues associated with these two applications share very little overlap. As such, there is some risk that focus on traditional medical applications, for which the ethical expertise is highly developed, will overshadow the ethical issues that arise in connection with land use and its attendant socioeconomic consequences, especially in the developing world. The 2010 report of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethics exhibits this tendency.
Photo-field-emission: A new probe of electron states between the Fermi and vacuum levels

Abstract A new experiment, combining photo and field emission techniques, is suggested. It should be particularly useful as a probe of bulk and surface electron states in the energy range between the Fermi and the vacuum levels.
A method of preparing Escherichia coli 16 S RNA possessing previously unobserved 30 S ribosomal protein binding sites.

Abstract A method of preparing 16 S RNA has been developed which yields RNA capable of binding specifically at least 12, and possibly 13, 30 S ribosomal proteins. This RNA, prepared by precipitation from 30 S subunits using a mixture of acetic acid and urea, is able to form stable complexes with proteins S3, S5, S9, S12, S13, S18 and possibly S11. In addition, this RNA has not been impaired in its capacity to interact with proteins S4, S7, S8, S15, S17 and S20, which are proteins that most other workers have shown to bind RNA prepared by the traditional phenol extraction procedure (Held et al. , 1974; Garrett et al. , 1971; Schaup et al. , 1970,1971). We have applied several criteria of specificity to the binding of proteins to 16 S RNA prepared by the acetic acid-urea method. First, the new set of proteins interacts only with acetic acid-urea 16 S RNA and not with 16 S RNA prepared by the phenol method or with 23 S RNA prepared by the acetic acid-urea procedure. Second, 50 S ribosomal proteins do not interact with acetic acidurea 16 S RNA but do bind to 23 S RNA. Third, in the case of protein S9, we have shown that the bound protein co-sediments with acetic acid-urea 16 S RNA in a sucrose gradient. Additionally, a saturation binding experiment showed that approximately one mole of protein S9 binds acetic acid-urea 16 S RNA at saturation. Thus, we conclude that the method employed for the preparation of 16 S RNA greatly influences the ability of the RNA to form specific protein complexes. The significance of these results is discussed with regard to the in vitro assembly sequence.
Dropping in and dropping out: judicial decisionmaking in the disposition of felony arrests

Abstract This article presents a sequential analysis of the ways in which prosecutors and judges have made decisions about the disposition of felony arrests from the initial screening to final sentencing in the Superior Court of Los Angeles. Theoretical models of judicial processing decisions have been formulated mainly within the framework of the organizational perspective. Analyzed with the logistic model, the data indicate that prosecutors and judges tended to sort out cases with a low degree of convictability or involving less defendant criminality in the judicial stages before conviction. After conviction, judges were more likely to impose a severe sentence on those defendants who showed greater offense seriousness, lower cooperation with the court, less amenability to rehabilitation, or who presented potential danger to the community if released. The effects of defendants' social and demographic characteristics such as race and sex, especially in early court proceedings, were somewhat different from those predicted by conflict and labelling theorists.
Regulation of focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase by both cellular adhesion and oncogenic transformation

Increasing evidence indicates that the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors can transduce biochemical signals from the extracellular matrix to the cell interior to modulate cell growth and differentiation. We have shown that integrin/ligand interactions can trigger tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of M(r) 120,000 (pp120), so it is possible that signal transduction by integrins might involve activation of intracellular protein tyrosine kinases as an early event in cell binding to the extracellular matrix. Here we report that pp120 is identical to the focal adhesion-associated protein tyrosine kinase pp125FAK (refs 3, 4). We show that tyrosine phosphorylation of this protein is modulated both by cell adhesion and transformation by pp60v-src, and that these changes in phosphorylation are correlated with increased pp125FAK tyrosine kinase activity. A model is proposed to relate these findings to the molecular basis of anchorage-independent growth of transformed cells.
Teacher Inquiry: A Vehicle to Merge Prospective Teachers' Experience and Reflection during Curriculum-Based, Technology-Enhanced Field Experiences

This study describes and analyzes a four-year effort to provide curriculum-based, technology-enhanced field experiences for prospective teachers. These field experiences and this associated study espouse the notion that experiences and reflective activity must coalesce to yield professional growth for prospective teachers. The study suggests that teacher inquiry, a process that scaffolds prospective teachers to systematically and intentionally study their use of technology, may (1) counter many shortcomings associated with traditional strategies designed to promote reflective activity, (2) focus prospective teachers’attention on student learning outcomes, and (3) facilitate more desirable integration strategies during curriculum-based, technology-enhanced field experiences. The study notes that teacher inquiry is widely recognized in the general teacher education literature, yet novel within the context of curriculum-based, technology-enhanced field experiences, and encourages educational technolo...
The Ionisation Potential of O 11

PROF. A. FOWLER has worked out (Proc. Roy. Soc., 110, 476, 1926) with much elaboration the main spectral characteristics of O 11, but has not been able to obtain the fundamental levels because the jumps to them produced lines which were below 700 A.U. With our high resolution hot-spark spectroscopy for the extreme ultra-violet and assisted by the new methods of identification of multiplet structure recently worked out by Russell, Hund, Heisenberg, and Pauli, and applied by R. H. Fowler and D. R. Hartree (Proc. Roy. Soc.) to the classification of Fowler's O 11 terms, we have succeeded in accurately fixing these fundamental levels as is shown in the accompanying table. Russell assisted us in this search by placing at our disposal his unpublished identification of the quartet p level, which should replace the x3 level in Fowler and Hartree's classification.
Junction Transistors with Alpha Greater than Unity

This paper describes briefly charge-carrier multiplication, avalanche breakdown, and the effect of a greater than unity in junction transistors. The electrical characteristics in the ?> 1 region and for the transition from ? 1 are discussed. One example of the useful applications is included in order to discuss some of the effects of the transistor parameters on circuit performance and to show the order of magnitude of the operating parameters. If the variation of a with emitter current is considered, it is found that even without base connection (IB=0) the transistor can have a region of negative differential resistance. Such a two-terminal device with nonthermal negative resistance is useful in various circuits.
Ellipsometric study of the nucleation of (2 1 1) HgCdTe on CdZnTe(2 1 1)B

We have grown numerous samples under Hg-deficient conditions, in order to study the formation of void defects. The surface morphology of all samples grown was characterized using optical and SEM microscopy. At the same time, the substrates were studied prior to nucleation using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). We find a correlation between the ellipsometric signal prior to nucleation and the final morphology of the layers grown. We studied the Hg layer present at the surface before nucleation by RHEED, XPS and SE. A better model is proposed, which reflects the physical characteristics of the substrate surface.
EDA for extreme scale systems: design abstractions, metrics, and benchmarks

The context for EDA research is rapidly changing thanks to enhanced and novel switching devices, manufacturing technologies, new application targets, and the increasing soft- ware development effort required for new ICs. These trends continue to expand the gap between the capabilities of systems and what can be utilized by designers. To address these problems requires a collaborative effort with indus- try researchers, academics, and funding agencies working together in close partnership. This talk describes recommendations from the recent CCC workshop series on EDA in the Extreme Scale era for improving the collaboration between IC designers and EDA. There remains a continued importance of effective design abstractions that facilitate research on EDA advances that can be effectively translated to actual design flows for relevant technologies. Further, these abstractions must be accompanied by (i) effective design metrics, especially for new technologies where optimization objectives may not be obvious, and (ii) appropriate benchmarks, especially for more established technologies where alternative optimization techniques must be carefully compared. Focus on these research directions for EDA will have direct impact to reduce the existing capabilities gap between tools and designers.
The Reflective Practitioner and the Curriculum of Teacher Education

Abstract This article reviews the theories and described practices which emerge from recent literature on reflective teacher education. The author argues that underlying the apparent consensus suggested by widespread use of the phrase reflective practice, lies a diversity of meanings and intentions. Current usages are distinguished and placed in social and historical contexts in order to lend clarity to the embedded assumptions which underly these usages.
Comparative reconstructions of THz spectroscopic imaging for non-destructive testing and biomedical imaging

Imaging with electromagnetic radiation in the THz frequency regime, between 0.2 THz and 10 THz, has made considerable progress in recent years due to the unique properties of THz radiation, such as being non-ionizing and transparent through many materials. This makes THz imaging and sensing promising for a plethora of applications; most notably for contraband detection and biomedical diagnostics. Though many methods of generation and detection terahertz radiation exist, in this study we utilize Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy (THz TDS) and THz digital holography using a coherent, tunable CW THz source. These methods enable access to both the amplitude and phase information of the traveling THz waves. As a result of the direct time-resolved detection method of the THz electric field, unique spectroscopic information about the objects traversed can be extracted from the measurements in addition to being able to yield intensity imaging contrast. Utilizing such capabilities for THz based imaging can be useful for both screening and diagnostic applications. In this work, we present the principles and applications of several reconstruction algorithms applied to THz imaging and sensing. We demonstrate its ability to achieve multi-dimensional imaging contrast of both soft tissues and concealed objects.