cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of damage in a suspension component using narrowband and broadband nonlinear signal processing techniques

Fatigue tests on a stabilizer bar link of an automotive suspension system are used to initiate a crack and grow the crack size. During these tests, slow sine sweeps are used to extract narrowband restoring forces across the stabilizer bar link. The restoring forces are shown to characterize the nonlinear changes in component internal forces due to crack growth. Broadband frequency response domain techniques are used to analyze the durability response data. Nonlinear frequency domain models of the dynamic transmissibility across the cracked region are shown to change as a function of crack growth. Higher order spectra are used to show the increase in nonlinear coupling of response frequency components with the appearance and growth of the crack. It is shown that crack growth can be detected and characterized by the changes in nonlinear indicators.
Consistency in performance among primary care practitioners.

OBJECTIVESThe authors studied the consistency of performance of individual physicians to evaluate the identification of outlier practitioners as a strategy for improving patient care.METHODSThe authors used a data base containing information on 430 practitioners caring for 6,090 patients in 16 group
Health Value, Perceived Social Support, and Health Self-Efficacy as Factors in a Health-Promoting Lifestyle

During their college years, students may adopt healthpromoting lifestyles that bring about long-term benefits. Objective and Participants: The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of health value, family/friend social support, and health self-efficacy in the health-promoting lifestyles of a diverse sample of 162 college students. Methods: Participants completed an Assessment Battery consisting of the following instruments: (1) a demographic questionnaire, (2) the Multi-Dimensional Support, (3) the Value on Health Scale, (4) the Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices, (5) the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and (6) the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Results: Correlational analyses indicated that health value, perceived family/friend social support, and health self-efficacy were significantly associated with engagement in a health-promoting lifestyle. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that health value and health self-efficacy significantly predicted the level of eng...
Comparison of adult schizophrenics with matched normal native speakers of English as to “acceptability” of English sentences

This study tried to make some determinations as to whether the distortions observed occasionally in speech in chronic schizophrenics was, at root, a thought disturbance or a problem of comprehension and use of standard English speech. We compared 25 normal college students with 25 educationally matched inpatients at Camarillo State Hospital, Camarillo, California, who had been diagnosed as chronic undifferentiated schizophrenics in the judgment of sentences as being either relatively “acceptable” or “unacceptable.” The sentences (from Maher's 1972 study) varied in the degree to which they violated Chomsky's selection restriction rules: animate versus inanimate, human versus animal, and concrete verus abstract. Using Tuley's comparison test, we found no significant difference between normal and schizophrenic subjects in determining sentence acceptability or in the detection of sentence rule violations. The performance of chronic schizophrenics in rating sentences as relatively ungrammatical was not significantly different from that of normals. In addition, schizophrenics did not turn out to be significantly less sensitive to the number and types of selection rule violations in sentences. It seems probable that distortion in thought processes, rather than inability to use the semantic and syntactic rules of English speech, might be the underlying cause of the bizarre speech patterns which occur at times in the language of schizophrenics.
Atmospheric and Wake Turbulence Impacts on Wind Turbine Fatigue Loading: Preprint

Large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layers under various stability and surface roughness conditions are performed to investigate the turbulence impact on wind turbines. In particular, the aeroelastic responses of the turbines are studied to characterize the fatigue loading of the turbulence present in the boundary layer and in the wake of the turbines. Two utility-scale 5 MW turbines that are separated by seven rotor diameters are placed in a 3 km by 3 km by 1 km domain. They are subjected to atmospheric turbulent boundary layer flow and data is collected on the structural response of the turbine components. The surface roughness was found to increase the fatigue loads while the atmospheric instability had a small influence. Furthermore, the downstream turbines yielded higher fatigue loads indicating that the turbulent wakes generated from the upstream turbines have significant impact.
Comparison of Three Immunoassays for Immune Complexes in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Three widely used radioassays that depend on different principles for the measurement of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in biologic fluids are the monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF), Raji cell, and C1q binding tests. A comparison of the ability of these methods to measure immune complex-like material in 71 sera and 30 synovial fluids of 91 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was carried out by a group working in adjacent laboratories in a single institution. The highest number of abnormal levels in the seropositive group was detected by the C1q binding assay (91%). Levels of CIC by the mRF and Raji cell tests were elevated in 81% and 76% of the patients, respectively. The closest correlation was between the Raji and mRF cell tests (r = 0.44 and P = 0.002) although one depends on complement fixation and one does not. Though significant correlations between the levels of CIC determined by the Clq test and either the mRF (P = 0.2) or Raji cell (P = 0.3) assay were not found in this group, 59% of the samples had elevated levels by all three tests. The frequency of CIC in the sera of patients with seronegative RA was much lower, with the Clq test again giving the highest number of abnormal results (29% versus 16% and 12% for the Raji and mRF tests). In view of the technical problems associated with these tests, particularly lack of a uniform reliable standard, it is likely that all three tests measure the same material in most RA sera and that some of the differences observed are related to inherent variability in the tests themselves rather than intrinsic differences among the CIC detected in these samples.
Could Vagus Nerve Stimulation Target Hippocampal Hyperactivity to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia

Despite the fact that cognitive function is the best predictor of functional outcome and quality of life in schizophrenia (1), cognitive symptoms remain poorly treated in the illness. A myriad of cognitive domains are affected, including selective and sustained attention, working memory, episodic memory, processing speed, executive function, and social cognition (2). Patients consequently suffer from high unemployment rates (80%) and most are unable to live independently (30%) (3). Clearly, new treatments are needed.
The effect of diabetes on α2-adrenergic receptor activity in the reproductive centers of the female rat brain

Abstract Objective: We hypothesized that known diabetes-induced deficits in female rat reproduction may result in part from decreased central α 2 -noradrenergic receptor density or affinity. Study Design: Female rats were oophorectomized and divided into 2 groups; one group received streptozocin during the operation to induce diabetes, and the other served as a nondiabetic control group. Random blood glucose levels were measured. Half the rats in each group were killed on postoperative day 10, and half were killed on postoperative day 14. Direct radioligand binding assays were performed on tissue prepared from the hypothalamus, preoptic area, and cortex of each rat. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate intergroup differences in receptor concentration or equilibrium constant. Results: We detected no significant difference in the mean receptor concentration or equilibrium constant between the groups with and without diabetes in the hypothalamus, the preoptic area, and the cortex on postoperative day 10 or 14. Conclusion: Diabetes-induced impairments in female rat reproduction do not involve alterations in α 2 -receptor density or affinity in the hypothalamus, preoptic area, or cortex. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1096-8.)
Investigation of Small-Scale Preferential Flow with a Forced-Gradient Tracer Test

A new tracer experiment (referred to as MADE-5) was conducted at the well-known Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site to investigate the influence of small-scale mass-transfer and dispersion processes on well-to-well transport. The test was performed under dipole forced-gradient flow conditions and concentrations were monitored in an extraction well and in two multilevel sampler (MLS) wells located at 6, 1.5, and 3.75 m from the source, respectively. The shape of the breakthrough curve (BTC) measured at the extraction well is strongly asymmetric showing a rapidly arriving peak and an extensive late-time tail. The BTCs measured at seven different depths in the two MLSs are radically different from one another in terms of shape, arrival times, and magnitude of the concentration peaks. All of these characteristics indicate the presence of a complex network of preferential flow pathways controlling solute transport at the test site. Field-experimental data were also used to evaluate two transport models: a stochastic advection-dispersion model (ADM) based on conditional multivariate Gaussian realizations of the hydraulic conductivity field and a dual-domain single-rate (DDSR) mass-transfer model based on a deterministic reconstruction of the aquifer heterogeneity. Unlike the stochastic ADM realizations, the DDSR accurately predicted the magnitude of the concentration peak and its arrival time (within a 1.5% error). For the multilevel BTCs between the injection and extraction wells, neither model reproduced the observed values, indicating that a high-resolution characterization of the aquifer heterogeneity at the subdecimeter scale would be needed to fully capture 3D transport details.
Flow visualization and residual microstructures associated with the friction-stir welding of 2024 aluminum to 6061 aluminum

The friction-stir welding (FSW) of 0.6 cm plates of 2024 Al (140 HV) to 6061 Al (100 HV) is characterized by residual, equiaxed grains within the weld zone having average sizes ranging from 1 to 15 μm, exhibiting grain growth from dynamically recrystallized grains which provide a mechanism for superplastic flow; producing intercalated, lamellar-like flow patterns. These flow patterns are visualized by differential etching of the 2024 Al producing contrast relative to 6061 Al. The flow patterns are observed to be complex spirals and vortex-like, among others, and to change somewhat systematically with tool rotation (stirring) speed between 400 and 1200 rpm; depending on tool orientation. The equiaxed grain and sub-grain microstructures are observed to vary according to estimated temperature profiles (varying from 0.6 to 0.8 TM, where TM is the absolute melting temperature) referenced to the rotating tool axis. Dislocation spirals and loops are also observed in the 2024 Al intercalation regions within the weld zones at higher speeds (>800 rpm) corresponding to slightly elevated temperatures introducing dislocation climb, and residual microhardness profiles follow microstructural variations which result in a 40% reduction in the 6061 Al workpiece microhardness and a 50% reduction in the 2024 Al workpiece microhardness just outside the FSW zone.
The Inhalation Hazard from Dust-Producing Operations in the Repair of Ships with Low-Level Radioactive Contamination.

(1960). The Inhalation Hazard from Dust-producing Operations in the Repair of Ships with Low-level Radioactive Contamination. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 71-79.
Lung xenotransplantation: recent progress and current status.

Xenotransplantation has undergone important progress in controlling initial hyperacute rejection in many pre-clinical models, with some cell, tissue, and organ xenografts advancing toward clinical trials. However, acute injury, driven primarily by innate immune and inflammatory responses, continues to limit results in lung xenograft models. The purpose of this article is to review the current status of lung xenotransplantation – including the seemingly unique challenges posed by this organ – and summarize proven and emerging means of overcoming acute lung xenograft injury.
Cognitive and personality characteristics of worriers

Worriers and nonworriers from a college population were compared on the Imaginal Processing Inventory, the Self-Consciousness scale, and the Sandler-Hazari Obsessionality Inventory. Subjects from both groups also engaged in either brief relaxing or stressful imagery. Before the imagery task, measures of cognitive activity were obtained from periods of relaxed wakefulness, focused attention and anagram performance. After the imagery task, focused attention and anagrams measures were repeated. Worriers reported a more negative daydreaming style, greater difficulty with attentional control, and greater obsessional symptoms, public self-consciousness and social anxiety. On thought sampling measures obtained during relaxed wakefulness periods and rated by objective judges, and on self-report measures obtained during the focused attention task, worriers evidenced significantly more negatively affect-laden cognitive intrusions. No differences were found on anagram performance, and imagery condition did not influence any measure, suggesting that instructed fear images are insufficient to initiate worrisome episodes.
REACTION WOOD AND THE REGULATION OF TREE FORM

JONES, D. F. 1941. Somatic segregation. Bot. Rev. 7: 291. 307. KOSTOFF, D. 1935. On the increase of mutation frequency following interspecific hybridization in Nicotiana. Curr. Sci. 3: 302-304. LEWIS, E. B. 1950. The phenomenon of position effect. Advances in Genetics 3: 73-115. MCCLINTOCK, BARBARA. 1932. A correlation of ring-shaped chromosomes with variegation in Zea mays. Proc. National Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 18: 677-681. 1939. The behavior in successive nuclear divisions of a chromosome broken at meiosis. Proc. National Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 25: 405-416. . 1950. The origin and behavior of mutable loci in maize. Proc. National Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 36: 344-355. RHOADES, M. M. 1938. Effect of the Dt gene on the mutability of the Al allele in maize. Genetics 23: 377-397. STEBBINS, G. L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press. New York. STEPHENS, S. G. 1942. Colchicine produced polyploids in Gossypium. I. An autotetraploid Asiatic cotton and certain of its hybrids with wild diploid species. Jour. Genetics 44: 272-295. . 1944. Meiosis of a triple species hybrid in Gossypium. Nature 153: 82-83. . 1949. The cytogenetics of speciation in Gossypium. I. Selective elimination of the donor parent genotype in interspecific backerosses. Genetics 34: 627-637. 1950. The internal mechanism of speciation in Gossypium. Bot. Rev. 16: 115-149. STINO, K. R. 1940. Inheritance in Nicotiana tabacumXV. Carmine-white variegation. Jour. Heredity 31: 19-24.
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally

T he goals of the Rockefeller Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) include both transforming clinical and translational research at Rockefeller University and contributing to CTSA-wide efforts to reengineer the clinical research enterprise at the national and international levels. In this article, I will highlight some of the national initiatives Rockefeller University in New York, New York, is pursuing.
Tibia and fibula stature formulae for modern female populations based on digital radiographic measurements.

: This study demonstrates the feasibility of creating bone lengths and stature databases of significant size for modern living human populations from digital radiographic archives and medical records. Tibia and fibula lengths were taken from digital radiographic images of 250 women. The images, drawn from the University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center’s Radiology Department’s General Electric Picture Archiving and Communication System, were taken between 2003 and 2007. Stature measurements were obtained from medical records on 83 individuals, 50 of which were used to regress stature equations for the tibia and fibula. Bone lengths obtained from radiographic images are almost 3 cm longer than those obtained from skeletalized collections. The formulae produce ranges up to 10 cm lower than current formulae. Accuracy could be improved as methods are developed to correct for the small magnification produced by digital images.
Effects of DC Current on the Mechanical Behavior of AlMg1SiCu

The effect of an electron wind on the mechanical properties of aluminum is investigated with the ultimate goal of establishing a technique by which the mechanical energy associated with the deforma...
Does the Möbius Function Determine Multiplicative Arithmetic

(1995). Does the Mobius Function Determine Multiplicative Arithmetic? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 102, No. 4, pp. 354-356.
Why Justice and Holiness are Similar: Pro tago ras 330-331

As the first step in his attempt to demonstrate the "unity of the virtues", Socrates argues at Protagoras 330-331 that "Justice is like Holiness and Holiness like Justice". It is clear that the claimed similarity between Justice and Holiness is supposed to follow from four premises: Justice is just, Holiness is holy, Justice is holy, and Holiness is just. I will be concerned in this paper with understanding how Socrates gets from his four premises to his conclusion. (I will not consider his arguments for the premises themselves.) Not only do recent commentaries disagree on the nature of Socrates' argument, they suggest that the argument cannot be taken both literally and seriously. On the one hand, Vlastos (1981) manages to construct a sensible argument, but at the cost of reinterpreting Socrates' statements as Pauline predications, contrary to an intuitive reading of the text.' On the other hand, Gallop (1961) and Taylor (1976) stick close to the literal content of the text in their similar analyses, but conclude that the argument is grossly fallacious.2 The account offered here will take the assertions in the text more at face value than does Vlastos, while yielding an argument with more force than allowed by Gallop and Taylor. Aside from its intrinsic interest, such an account has implications for the broader debate about the nature of Socrates' unity thesis, and I will come back to this point at the end. A brief critique of the Gallop-Taylor view will suggest what an improved account should accomplish. Gallop and Taylor hold that Socrates uses his
Adipogenic differentiation state-specific gene expression as related to bovine carcass adiposity.

Genetic regulation of the site of fat deposition is not well defined. The objective of this study was to investigate adipogenic differentiation state-specific gene expression in feedlot cattle (>75% Angus; 0.10) were observed between IM and SQ adipose tissue depots for any of the variables measured. Therefore, only the main effects of high and low accretion within a depot and the effects of depot are reported. Steers with LIM had smaller mean diameter IM adipocytes (P 0.10) in any of the genes measured due to high or low adipose accretion. Preadipogenic delta-like kinase1 mRNA was greater in the IM than the SQ adipose tissue; conversely, differentiating and adipogenic genes, lipoprotein lipase, PPARγ, fatty acid synthetase, and fatty acid binding protein 4 were greater (P < 0.001) in the SQ than the IM depot. Intramuscular adipocytes were smaller than SQ adipocytes and had greater expression of the preadipogenic gene, indicating that more hyperplasia was occurring. Meanwhile, SQ adipose tissue contained much larger (P < 0.001) adipocytes that had a greater expression (P < 0.001) of differentiating and adipogenic genes than did the IM adipose tissue, indicating more cells were undergoing differentiation and hypertrophy. Adipogenic differentiation state-specific gene expression was not different in cattle with various phenotypes, but adipogenesis in the SQ and IM adipose tissues seems to occur independently.
Severe nondominant hereditary spherocytosis due to uniparental isodisomy at the SPTA1 locus

Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common inherited hemolytic anemia in people of North European ancestry, although people of every ethnic background are affected. Inheritance is autosomal dominant in approximately two-thirds of cases, the remaining cases represent autosomal recessive
Patient completion of laboratory tests to monitor medication therapy: a mixed-methods study.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the contribution of patient behavior to incomplete laboratory monitoring, and the reasons for patient non-completion of ordered laboratory tests remain unclear.
Configuration space Faddeev continuum calculations: N-d s -wave scattering lengths with tensor-force interactions

Formulation of the $s$-wave, zero-energy Faddeev-type scattering equations for a model which includes a spin-triplet tensor-force nucleon-nucleon interaction and a Coulomb force between two protons is discussed. Numerical solution of the equations for the Reid-soft-core, Argonne ${V}_{14}$, and super-soft-core $C$ potential models is obtained using spline techniques. Kohn variational estimates are also presented, and comparison is made with other previously published results. The inclusion of a tensor force does not alter our previous conclusions about the Coulomb force effects on the p-d scattering length, which were based upon $s$-wave nucleon-nucleon potential model studies.
Associations between health risk behaviors and symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review.

Abstract Objective To systematically review the literature to determine if health risk behaviors in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder are associated with subsequent symptom burden or level of functioning. Method Using the PRISMA systematic review method we searched PubMed, Cochrane, PsychInfo and EMBASE databases with key words: health risk behaviors, diet, obesity, overweight, BMI, smoking, tobacco use, cigarette use, sedentary lifestyle, sedentary behaviors, physical inactivity, activity level, fitness, sitting AND schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, bipolar illness, schizoaffective disorder, severe and persistent mental illness, and psychotic to identify prospective, controlled studies of greater than 6 months duration. Included studies examined associations between sedentary lifestyle, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity and subsequent symptom severity or functional impairment in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Results Eight of the 2130 articles identified met inclusion criteria and included 508 patients with a health risk behavior and 825 controls. Six studies examined tobacco use, and two studies examined weight gain/obesity. Seven studies found that patients with schizophrenia or bipolar illness and at least one health risk behavior had more severe subsequent psychiatric symptoms and/or decreased level of functioning. Conclusion Tobacco use and weight gain/obesity may be associated with increased severity of symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder or decreased level of functioning.
Response to epinephrine in children receiving oral β-agonists

• Physicians are sometimes concerned that the regular use of oral β-agonists in the outpatient management of childhood asthma will result in decreased sensitivity or tachyphylaxis to these agents. While tachyphylaxis might not be clinically important during outpatient treatment, it could become significant during the emergency treatment of acute asthmatic attacks. We compared the increase in peak flow measurements before and 20 minutes after the injection of subcutaneous epinephrine hydrochloride in children with acute asthma and found no significant differences between those patients taking and those not taking oral β-agonists. (AJDC1986;140:122-123)
Ecohydrology: Darwinian Expression of Vegetation Form and Function

Interactions among available energy, water dynamics, and nutrients are clearly critical to defining ecosystem function. The linkage between water and carbon dioxide exchanges in the plant and atmosphere continuum is at the heart of this dynamic. In forested systems, a strong relationship between carbon uptake and transpiration is understood to be a function of available energy and aerodynamic and canopy conductances. Holistically linking ecosystem properties to stand development and selection of community composition has long been a topic of theoretical discussion. However, few mechanistic means exist to assess these relationships. This, in turn, challenges the ability to characterize forest response to anthropogenic or natural variability, as such analyses require robust quantitative models.
Infrared perturbation spectra of weakly absorbing bands in the presence of strong solvent absorptions in biological samples

The need to extract spectral information from biological samples has led to the use of photoperturbation spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures, which selectively extracts only those vibrational modes that are perturbed. When the desired bands are overlapped by strong solvent absorptions, ultrathin transmission paths must be used. The desired bands must then be distinguished from atmospheric absorptions, phase errors, and instrumental non-linearities. Applications to biological problems are presented.
Pulsed laser deposition of carbon nanotube and polystyrene–carbon nanotube composite thin films

Abstract In this work, we report on the fabrication of carbon nanotube thin films via pulsed laser deposition using a pulsed, diode pumped, Tm:Ho:LuLF laser with 2 μm wavelength. The thin films were deposited on silicon substrates using pure carbon nanotube targets and polystyrene–carbon nanotube composite targets. Raman spectra, scanning electron micrographs, and transmission electron micrographs show that carbon nanotubes are present in the deposited thin films, and that the pulsed laser deposition process causes minimal degradation to the quality of the nanotubes when using pure carbon nanotube targets.
Electromagnetic strangeness production at CEBAF

Abstract This is a summary of the presently approved experiments at CEBAF that involve the production of strangeness. These experiments cover the study of hyperon electromagnetic decays, the elementary photo- and electro-production of hyperons on nucleons and light nuclei, and the electroproduction of light hypernuclear species. Experiments involving hidden strangeness are briefly discussed. Advances made possible by the CLAS spectrometer in Hall B, and the HMS and SOS spectrometers in Hall C are emphasized.
Effect of Installation Geometry on Turbulent Mixing Noise from Jet Engine Exhaust

Understanding the complex turbulent mixing noise sources for jet exhaust nozzles is critical to delivering the next generation of "green" low-noise jet engines. A scalable, compressible Large Eddy Simulation (LES)-based Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA) solver is used to study the impact of the wing installation geometry on the turbulent mixing noise from jet exhaust nozzles in an installed configuration.
Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.16e Handover with RSA-Based Authentication

The Wireless Broadband (Wibro) specified by IEEE 802.16e has gained great popularity in the next generation mobile telecommunication networks. However, as mobility is supported, handover procedure especially the authentication mechanism becomes a critical part in system performance. In this paper, we present an analytical evaluation for MAC layer handover procedure with RSA-based authentication which is a security standard in IEEE 802.16e specification. Our analysis consists of differentiated considerations between mobile subscribers (MS) and base stations (BS) in signaling message transmission, queueing model and computing process for the authentication and key establishment process during handover procedure. We have observed that the major portion of the handover delay is the authentication process due to heavy computing operations. The analysis provides deep insights into the system performance of the handover procedure in a Wibro network.
Spectrally queued feature selection for robotic visual odometery

Over the last two decades, research in Unmanned Vehicles (UV) has rapidly progressed and become more influenced by the field of biological sciences. Researchers have been investigating mechanical aspects of varying species to improve UV air and ground intrinsic mobility, they have been exploring the computational aspects of the brain for the development of pattern recognition and decision algorithms and they have been exploring perception capabilities of numerous animals and insects. This paper describes a 3 month exploratory applied research effort performed at the US ARMY Research, Development and Engineering Command's (RDECOM) Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) in the area of biologically inspired spectrally augmented feature selection for robotic visual odometry. The motivation for this applied research was to develop a feasibility analysis on multi-spectrally queued feature selection, with improved temporal stability, for the purposes of visual odometry. The intended application is future semi-autonomous Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) control as the richness of data sets required to enable human like behavior in these systems has yet to be defined.
A benefit-cost assessment of new vehicle technologies and fuel economy in the U.S. market ☆

Abstract Increasingly stringent fuel economy and emissions regulations alongside efforts to reduce oil dependence have accelerated the global deployment of advanced vehicle technologies. In recent years, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and consumers have generally been successful in mutually deploying cleaner vehicle options with little sacrifice in cost, performance or overall utility. Projections regarding the challenges and impacts associated with compliance with mid- and long-term targets in the U.S., however, incur much greater uncertainty. The share of existing new vehicles that is expected to comply with future regulations, for example, falls below 10% by 2020. This article explores advanced technologies that result in reduced fuel consumption and emissions that are commercially available in 2014 Model Year compact and midsize passenger cars. A review of the recent research literature and publicly available cost and technical specification data addressing correlations between incremental cost and fuel economy is presented. This analysis reveals that a 10% improvement in the sales-weighted average fuel economy of passenger cars has been achieved between 2011 and 2014 at costs that are at or below levels anticipated by the regulations by means of reductions in weight, friction, and drag; advancements in internal combustion efficiency; turbocharging combined with engine downsizing; transmission upgrades; and the growth of hybrids. Benefit-cost analyses performed on best-selling models in the selected classifications reveal that consumers thus far are not substantially incentivized to purchase fuel economy. Under baseline conditions, benefit-cost ratios are above a breakeven value of unity for only 6 of 28 models employing improved fuel-economy technologies. Sales-weighted data indicate that the “average” consumer that elected to invest in greater fuel economy spent $1490 to realize a 17.3% improvement in fuel economy, equating to estimated savings of $1070. Thus savings were, on average, insufficient to cover technology costs in the baseline scenario. However, a sensitivity analysis reveals that a majority of new technologies become financially attractive to consumers when average fuel prices exceed $5.60/gallon, or when annual miles traveled exceed 16,400. The article concludes with techno-economic implications of the research on future fuel economy regulations for stakeholders. In general, the additional cost consumers incur in exchange for a given level of fuel economy improvement in the coming years will need to be steadily reduced compared to current levels to ensure that the expected benefits of fuel savings are financially warranted.
Size effects on stress relaxation across the metal-insulator transition in VO2 thin films

We report on in situ stress relaxation behavior of vanadium dioxide thin films across the thermally driven metal–insulator transition (MIT) and size effects. Although the residual stress follows an inverse relationship with film thickness, the metal–insulator phase transition-induced stress varies nonmonotonically with increase in film thickness and grain size. Maximum transformation stress of −447 MPa is observed across the MIT for ∼170-nm-thick film with an average grain size of ∼70 nm. The interplay between constraint effects and nanostructure leads to nontrivial stress relaxation trends and provides insights into design of phase transition materials for switching devices.
Netrin signal is produced in leech embryos by segmentally iterated sets of central neurons and longitudinal muscle cells

Netrins are secreted molecules capable of attracting or repelling growing axons. They and their receptors, along with other netrin-interacting proteins, are widely conserved among animals from a broad range of phyla. We have raised and purified an antibody against a recently cloned leech netrin, which has allowed us to characterize embryonic netrin expression by cells in peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system. During early gangliogenesis, netrin expression was detected at particularly high levels in five bilateral pairs of central neurons. Towards the end of the period of axonal outgrowth, netrin expression was observed to be restricted to only six central neurons, comprising two bilateral pairs and two unpaired cells. A pair of netrin-producing central neurons, the bipolar cells, was identified by their expression of the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody Laz1–1. Double staining of sensory afferents from segmental sensilla with the monoclonal antibody Lan3–2 and the bipolar cells with the netrin antibody revealed that the terminals of these afferents grow up to the bipolar cells and turn anteriorly or posteriorly, without extending any further medially. Peripheral netrin expression was found to be restricted to longitudinal muscle cells in the ventral half of the body wall. Extracellular, secreted netrin was detected in a broad longitudinal stripe located symmetrically with respect to the ventral midline. The pattern of expression of netrin in leech embryos is consistent with observed expression patterns in other animals, suggesting that developmental netrin functions are conserved among all bilateral animals.
Respiratory symptoms secondary to aortopulmonary collateral vessels in tetralogy of Fallot absent pulmonary valve syndrome

Hemodynamically significant systemic-to-pulmonary artery collaterals may represent an underappreciated cause of cardiorespiratory compromise in tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve (TOF/APV). We retrospectively reviewed the angiographic, magnetic resonance imaging, operative, and autopsy reports of the 50 patients with TOF/APV managed at our institution in the past 10 years and demonstrated that at least 7 of 50 patients (14%) had significant aortopulmonary collaterals.
Investigating lasp-2 in cell adhesion: new binding partners and roles in motility

Focal adhesions are intricate protein complexes that facilitate cell attachment, migration, and cellular communication. Lasp-2 (LIM-nebulette), a member of the nebulin family of actin-binding proteins, is a newly identified component of these complexes. To gain further insights into the functional role of lasp-2, we identified two additional binding partners of lasp-2: the integral focal adhesion proteins vinculin and paxillin. Of interest, the interaction of lasp-2 with its binding partners vinculin and paxillin is significantly reduced in the presence of lasp-1, another nebulin family member. The presence of lasp-2 appears to enhance the interaction of vinculin and paxillin with each other; however, as with the interaction of lasp-2 with vinculin or paxillin, this effect is greatly diminished in the presence of excess lasp-1. This suggests that the interplay between lasp-2 and lasp-1 could be an adhesion regulatory mechanism. Lasp-2's potential role in metastasis is revealed, as overexpression of lasp-2 in either SW620 or PC-3B1 cells-metastatic cancer cell lines-increases cell migration but impedes cell invasion, suggesting that the enhanced interaction of vinculin and paxillin may functionally destabilize focal adhesion composition. Taken together, these data suggest that lasp-2 has an important role in coordinating and regulating the composition and dynamics of focal adhesions.
Design Piracy and Self-Regulation: The Fashion Originators' Guild of America, 1932-1941

The concept of copying or “knocking off” another designer's idea is an accepted practice in the apparel industry. Legally, designers and manufacturers have had tenuous success in proving their work “original and novel” as required by U.S. patent laws, and copyright laws often do not apply to apparel. The speed of fashion change and reliance on repetition of ideas at various price points makes design protection difficult and controversial. Historically, arguments for and against measures to control copying of apparel most frequently divided along price lines. The Fashion Originators' Guild of America (FOGA, 1932-1941) developed one of the more successful attempts to control design piracy in the dress industry. This article examines the ethical, economic, and social considerations in arguments for and against design protection and analyzes the role of designers, manufacturers, retailers, and consumers in the initial success and ultimately the failure of the FOGA.
Critical roles for stx2, eae, and tir in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in infant rabbits.

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a group of food-borne pathogens that can cause diarrhea, colitis, and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The importance of several of the proposed EHEC virulence factors lacks experimental verification in animal models. The limitations of current animal models led us to reexamine the infant rabbit model for the study of EHEC pathogenicity. Here, we report that intragastric inoculation of a Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-producing E. coli O157:H7 clinical isolate into infant rabbits led to severe diarrhea and intestinal inflammation but no signs of HUS. We constructed a set of isogenic derivatives of this isolate with deletions in several putative virulence genes, including stx2, eae, tir, and ehxA, to investigate the contribution of individual virulence factors to EHEC pathogenicity. stx2 increased the severity and duration of EHEC-induced diarrhea. Furthermore, although stx2 had no role in EHEC intestinal colonization nor was it required for EHEC-induced inflammation, stx2 altered how the host responded to EHEC infection by promoting heterophilic infiltration of the colonic epithelium and lamina propria. Intragastric inoculation of purified Stx2 also induced inflammation and diarrhea in this model. Diarrhea and intestinal inflammation were also dependent on EHEC colonization, as EHEC derivatives with deletions in eae and tir did not colonize, form attaching and effacing lesions, or develop clinical signs of disease. Our studies indicate that infant rabbits are a useful model for investigation of the intestinal stage of EHEC pathogenesis and suggest that Shiga toxin may play a critical role in causing diarrhea and inflammation in patients infected with EHEC.
Garbage collection for embedded systems

Security concerns on embedded devices like cellular phones make Java an extremely attractive technology for providing third-party and user-downloadable functionality. However, garbage collectors have typically required several times the maximum live data set size (which is the minimum possible heap size) in order to run well. In addition, the size of the virtual machine (ROM) image and the size of the collector's data structures (metadata) have not been a concern for server- or workstation-oriented collectors.We have implemented two different collectors specifically designed to operate well on small embedded devices. We have also developed a number of algorithmic improvements and compression techniques that allow us to eliminate almost all of the per-object overhead that the virtual machine and the garbage collector require. We describe these optimizations and present measurements of the Java embedded benchmarks (EEMBC) of our implementations on both an IA32 laptop and an ARM-based PDA.For applications with low to moderate allocation rates, our optimized collector running on the ARM is able to achieve 85% of peak performance with only 1.05 to 1.3 times the absolute minimum heap size. For applications with high allocation rates, the collector achieves 85% of peak performance with 1.75 to 2.5 times the minimum heap size. The collector code takes up 40 KB of ROM, and collector metadata overhead has been almost completely eliminated, consuming only 0.4% of the heap.
Structure of attention and the logic of visual composition.

Two groups of subjects were presented with two facade designs, one with the front facade of the existing Atlanta Public Library, an exercise in modern abstract plastic composition by the Bauhaus-trained architect Marcel Breuer, and the other with alteration that toned down its plasticity and enhanced simple relations of its parts like symmetry and repetition. The subjects were asked to recall and copy the facades. The results showed that while significantly more students recalled elements of the altered facade, the performance was equivocal for the facades for the copying task. However, the copying task showed the subjects making greater errors in reproducing elements and relations on the periphery, and those that reflect a reading of depth in the facades. We present an account of the experiment, making the case that the results show the influence of visual design of the facade on the way that an interested and involved viewer attends to it in the course of parsing and comprehending it. The broader implication of this point is to see the visual design of buildings not as simple means to increase its aesthetic value, but as a sophisticated means to lead the viewer to specific forms of imaginative engagement.
To duckweeds (Landoltia punctata), nanoparticulate copper oxide is more inhibitory than the soluble copper in the bulk solution

CuO nanoparticles (CuO-NP) were synthesized in a hydrogen diffusion flame. Particle size and morphology were characterized using scanning mobility particle sizing, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The solubility of CuO-NP varied with both pH and presence of other ions. CuO-NP and comparable doses of soluble Cu were applied to duckweeds, Landoltia punctata. Growth was inhibited 50% by either 0.6 mg L−1 soluble copper or by 1.0 mg L−1 CuO-NP that released only 0.16 mg L−1 soluble Cu into growth medium. A significant decrease of chlorophyll was observed in plants stressed by 1.0 mg L−1 CuO-NP, but not in the comparable 0.2 mg L−1 soluble Cu treatment. The Cu content of fronds exposed to CuO-NP is four times higher than in fronds exposed to an equivalent dose of soluble copper, and this is enough to explain the inhibitory effects on growth and chlorophyll content.
G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Is Required for Rhythmic Olfactory Responses in Drosophila

Summary Background The Drosophila circadian clock controls rhythms in the amplitude of odor-induced electrophysiological responses that peak during the middle of night. These rhythms are dependent on clocks in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), suggesting that odorant receptors (ORs) or OR-dependent processes are under clock control. Because responses to odors are initiated by heteromeric OR complexes that form odor-gated and cyclic-nucleotide-activated cation channels, we tested whether regulators of ORs were under circadian-clock control. Results The levels of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 ( Gprk2 ) messenger RNA and protein cycle in a circadian-clock-dependent manner with a peak around the middle of the night in antennae. Gprk2 overexpression in OSNs from wild-type or cyc 01 flies elicits constant high-amplitude electroantennogram (EAG) responses to ethyl acetate, whereas Gprk2 mutants produce constant low-amplitude EAG responses. ORs accumulate to high levels in the dendrites of OSNs around the middle of the night, and this dendritic localization of ORs is enhanced by GPRK2 overexpression at times when ORs are primarily localized in the cell body. Conclusions These results support a model in which circadian-clock-dependent rhythms in GPRK2 abundance control the rhythmic accumulation of ORs in OSN dendrites, which in turn control rhythms in olfactory responses. The enhancement of OR function by GPRK2 contrasts with the traditional role of GPRKs in desensitizing activated receptors and suggests that GPRK2 functions through a fundamentally different mechanism to modulate OR activity.
Effects of p21(Cip1/Waf1) at both the G1/S and the G2/M cell cycle transitions: pRB is a critical determinant in blocking DNA replication and in preventing endoreduplication

It has been proposed that the functions of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1/Waf1) and p27Kip1 are limited to cell cycle control at the G1/S-phase transition and in the maintenance of cellular quiescence. To test the validity of this hypothesis, p21 was expressed in a diverse panel of cell lines, thus isolating the effects of p21 activity from the pleiotropic effects of upstream signaling pathways that normally induce p21 expression. The data show that at physiological levels of accumulation, p21, in addition to its role in negatively regulating the G1/S transition, contributes to regulation of the G2/M transition. Both G1- and G2-arrested cells were observed in all cell types, with different preponderances. Preponderant G1 arrest in response to p21 expression correlated with the presence of functional pRb. G2 arrest was more prominent in pRb-negative cells. The arrest distribution did not correlate with the p53 status, and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) binding activity of p21 did not appear to be involved, since p27, which lacks a PCNA binding domain, produced similar arrest distributions [corrected], DNA endoreduplication occurred in pRb-negative but not in pRb-positive cells, suggesting that functional pRb is necessary to prevent DNA replication in p21 G2-arrested cells. These results suggest that the primary target of the Cip/Kip family of inhibitors leading to efficient G1 arrest as well as to blockade of DNA replication from either G1 or G2 phase is the pRb regulatory system. Finally, the tendency of Rb-negative cells to undergo endoreduplication cycles when p21 is expressed may have negative implications in the therapy of Rb-negative cancers with genotoxic agents that activate the p53/p21 pathway.