cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Complications of Posterior Ankle and Hindfoot Arthroscopy

Background: Posterior ankle and hindfoot arthroscopy, performed with use of posteromedial and posterolateral portals with the patient in the prone position, has been utilized for the treatment of various disorders. However, there is limited literature addressing the postoperative complications of this procedure. In this study, the postoperative complications in patients treated with posterior ankle and hindfoot arthroscopy were analyzed to determine the type, rate, and severity of complications. Methods: The study included 189 ankles in 186 patients (eighty-two male and 104 female; mean age, 37.1 ± 16.4 years). The minimum duration of follow-up was six months, and the mean was 17 ± 13 months. The most common preoperative intra-articular diagnoses were subtalar osteoarthritis (forty-six ankles), an osteochondral lesion of the talus (forty-two), posterior ankle impingement (thirty-four), ankle osteoarthritis (twenty), and subtalar coalition (five). The most common extra-articular diagnoses were painful os trigonum (forty-six), flexor hallucis longus tendinitis (thirty-two), and insertional Achilles tendinitis (five). Results: The most common intra-articular procedures were osteochondral lesion debridement (forty-four ankles), subtalar debridement (thirty-eight), subtalar fusion (thirty-three), ankle debridement (thirty), and partial talectomy (nine). The most common extra-articular procedures were os trigonum excision (forty-eight), tenolysis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon (thirty-eight), and endoscopic partial calcanectomy (five). Complications were noted following sixteen procedures (8.5%); four patients had plantar numbness, three had sural nerve dysesthesia, four had Achilles tendon tightness, two had complex regional pain syndrome, two had an infection, and one had a cyst at the posteromedial portal. One case of plantar numbness and one case of sural nerve dysesthesia failed to resolve. Conclusions: Our experience demonstrated that posterior ankle and hindfoot arthroscopy can be performed with a low rate of major postoperative complications. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Impact of range dependent propagation on classification of underwater objects by their sonar backscatter

Propagation effects, such as dispersion, absorption and multi-path, can adversely impact classification of underwater objects from their sonar backscatter. One approach to handling this problem is to extract features from the wave that are minimally affected by propagation effects, if possible. In previous work, a signal processing and feature extraction method was developed to obtain moment-like features that are invariant to dispersion and absorption. The method was developed based on linear wave propagation in range- independent environments. However, most ocean environments, especially littoral environments, exhibit range dependence. Deriving propagation invariant features for such environments remains an especially challenging task. In this paper, we explore the classification utility of the previously developed range-independent features in a range-dependent environment, via simulation of the propagation of the backscatter from two different cylinders in an ideal wedge. Our simulation results show that, while performance does drop off for increasing distances in a range dependent environment, the previously developed invariant moment features do provide better classification performance than ordinary temporal moments.
Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the macula densa.

Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the macula densa. Background There is evidence that macula densa nitric oxide (NO) inhibits tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF). However, TGF response is not altered in mice deficient in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) (-/-). Furthermore, nNOS expression in the macula densa is inversely related to salt intake, yet micropuncture studies have shown that NOS inhibition potentiates TGF in rats on high sodium intake but not in rats on a low-salt diet. These inconsistencies may be due to confounding systemic factors, such as changes in circulating renin. To further clarify the role of macula densa nNOS in TGF response, independent of systemic factors, we tested the hypothesis that ( 1 ) TGF response is inversely related to sodium intake, and ( 2 ) during low sodium intake, NO produced by macula densa nNOS tonically controls the basal diameter of the afferent arteriole (Af-Art). Methods Af-Arts and attached macula densas were simultaneously microperfused in vitro. TGF response was determined by measuring Af-Art diameter before and after increasing NaCl in the macula densa perfusate. TGF response was studied in wild-type (+/+) and nNOS knockout mice (-/-), as well as in juxtaglomerular apparatuses (JGAs) from rabbits fed a low-, normal-, or high-NaCl diet. Results TGF responses were similar in nNOS +/+ and -/- mice. However, in nNOS +/+ mice, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) perfused into the macula densa significantly potentiated the TGF response ( P = 0.001), while in nNOS -/- mice, this potentiation was absent. In rabbits on three different sodium diets, TGF responses were similar and were potentiated equally by 7-NI. However, in JGAs from rabbits on a low-NaCl diet, adding 7-NI to the macula densa while perfusing it with low-NaCl fluid caused Af-Art vasoconstriction, decreasing the diameter by 14% (from 21.7 ± 1.3 to 18.6 ± 1.5 μm; P Conclusions First, in this in vitro preparation, chronic changes in macula densa nNOS do not play a major role in the regulation of TGF. Compensatory mechanisms may develop during chronic alteration of nNOS that keep TGF relatively constant. Second, nNOS regulates TGF response acutely. Third, the results obtained in the +/+ and -/- mice also confirm that the effect of 7-NI is due to inhibition of macula densa nNOS. Finally, during low sodium intake (without induction of TGF), the regulation of basal Af-Art resistance by macula densa nNOS suggests that NO in the macula densa helps maintain renal blood flow during the high renin secretion caused by low sodium intake.
Natural history of crop-related wild species: Uses in pest habitat management

The natural histories of crop-related wild species in their native habitats can be used to develop novel pest management strategies. Traditionally, such information has provided insights for biological control, plant breeding, crop management, and applied ecology Further insights can be garnered.
Phonological Priming in Picture Naming of Young Children Who Stutter.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of phonological priming on the speech reaction time (SRT) of children who do (CWS) and who do not (CWNS) stutter during a picture-naming task. ...
Spinal arachnoid calcifications

Arachnoid calcifications have been imaged on axial-CT and MRI. These often clinically asymptomatic deposits have been attributed to trauma, myelography (particularly with the use of oil-based contrast), subarachnoid hemorrhage, and spinal anesthesia. This report describes calcified arachnoid plaques in an 86-year-old male cadaver located in the dorsal thoracic level. A laminectomy from C4 to the lumbo-sacral junction was performed and the dura mater was transected and pinned aside. Three plaques between T2-T3, 3 at T7, 2 at T9 were noted. Plaques were 1.0 mm in thickness and ranged from 0.5 cm to 1.0 cm in diameter. The spinal cord or nerve roots were not displaced. The plaques stained positively with Von Kossa and Alizarin Red S staining, confirming that the deposits included calcium phosphate and calcium. Arachnoid calcifications are an incidental finding in cadavers and typically do not compress the spinal cord or nerve roots. However such plaques may be precursors to spinal arachnoid ossificans, a more serious condition that may cause spinal cord or nerve root compression.
Electromagnetic crystal (EMXT) based THz waveguide and horn antenna fabricated by polymer jetting quick prototyping

All dielectric THz waveguide and horn antenna designed utilizing hollow core electromagnetic crystal (EMXT) structures are presented here. Very low loss (0.03 dB / mm) waveguide above 100 GHz has been achieved. Flared horn antenna based on this waveguide has also been investigated. Simulation shows that the horn antenna works around 114, 132, and 162 GHz, with a return loss below −29 dB and a highly directional radiation pattern. These EMXT based components may be very useful in implementing integrated THz systems for many applications including imaging, biological and chemical detection and communication.
Automobile Modeling Evaluations Based on Electrophysiology

Electroencephalogram (EEG) and event-related potential (ERP) were conducted, in order to research brain functions associated with the effect of design for car models. The results demonstrated enhanced alpha and beta power of EEG by looking at the favorite car model. The ERP powers were strongly blocked (reduced) by looking at the un-favorite car model. EEG/ERP could be the electrophysiological index for automobile modeling evaluations.
Imaging tumors of the central nervous system and extracranial head and neck

Both CT and MRI address the pertinent clinical issues in the management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract and neck, and are crucial to staging, treatment, and follow-up. By combining the clinical assessment of primary mucosal extent with the objective information provided by CT or MRI about deep tissue extension of the primary tumor and any nodal metastases, accurate assessment of the actual pretreatment primary tumor and nodal stages is possible. With this objective picture of tumor extent, decisions about surgery and radiotherapy can be made for primary and recurrent tumors, as well as for nodal metastases.
Part-Time Work and the Gender Division of Labor

In response to the incompatible demands of work and motherhood, many mothers seek out part-time work schedules. Although many mothers consider this option "the best of both worlds," scholars are divided about whether part-time work is in women's best interest because it is linked to the gender division of labor in the home, and hence, to gender inequality. In this paper, we investigate the mostly unintended consequences of part- time work on the gender division of labor within the household. Drawing on 54 in-depth interviews with mothers who voluntarily work part-time, we explore how mothers experience household work and child care arrangements when they work part-time. Three factors emerged as most important in understanding how part-time work can shape mothers' experiences of the gender division of labor: pathway to part-time work, work location, and work schedule. Depending on these factors, part-time work may be experienced as either enhancing or undermining of the gender division of labor, and thus, as promoting or undermining gender equality in their families.
Re-use of existing system protection concerns and interconnection rules for integration of future Distributed Generation

Interconnection of Distributed Generation (DG) to the distribution system results in some significant system protection related impacts. Existing interconnection rules and standards such as the State of California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) Rule 21 address some of the existing concerns. This paper attempts to highlight information about major protection related concerns and associated Rule 21 criteria. The information may be re-used for the future integration of DG. Implementation problems and issues associated with the presently used methods and rules will be discussed. Known problems due to relay desensitization will be simulated using industry level software and analysis will be produced. The paper summarizes problems and issues with the interconnection of increasing levels of DG.
Moving Toward Personalized Medicine in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Recent advances in research technologies have allowed improved molecular characterization of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). These efforts hold promise for development of therapies that target alterations unique to an individual patient's prostate cancer. Targets include androgens and the androgen receptor pathway, pathways associated with hormone-resistant disease, and the immune system. In aggregate, this will allow physicians to choose treatments based on a particular tumor profile. As these approaches are developed, CRPC treatment is becoming an example of truly personalized medicine.
A device for the electrostatic precipitation of bacteria and fungus spores upon culture plates.

Abstract 1.1. A portable electrostatic precipitator is described for the volumetric sampling of air-borne bacteria and fungus spores. 2.2. There is a very marked increase in the sampling efficiency by electrostatic precipitation as compared with impingement. 3.3. On the basis of the experimental conditions cited, it is believed there is nearly a one hundred per cent sampling efficiency for both bacteria and fungus spores.
Simulation of the Polarizable-Ion Dynamics of Rb 2 ZnCl 4

The promotion yet prevention of structural stability in the paraelectric phase of ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{2}$${\mathrm{ZnCl}}_{4}$ by ionic polarizability is explored with both constant-lattice and variable-lattice simulations. As many as 168 ions (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 cells) under periodic boundary constraints are allowed to polarize in nonlinear response to forces which are obtained from the electron-gas model of Gordon and Kim. No assumption about the rigidity of the ${\mathrm{ZnCl}}_{4}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ion is made. The cause of polarization catastrophe in linear models is examined, and a cure is implemented via nonlinearity of the dipole moment versus field strength. Among the observations are a soliton and cell-multiplying instabilities against rotations and translations of the ${\mathrm{ZnCl}}_{4}^{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ ions.
Consistent estimation of the random structural coefficient distribution from the linear simultaneous equations system

Abstract For the linear simultaneous equations model (LSEM) with random structural coefficients, it is sometimes of interest to identify the distribution of those structural coefficients. It is shown that the structural parameter distribution can be identified if the distribution of the exogenous variables is reasonably smooth.
Differences in Cerebral and Myocardial Perfusion During Closed.Chest Resuscitation

Substantial differences in cerebral and myocardial blood flow occur during cardiac arrest and artificial circulatory support using closed-chest techniques. This inequality can be explained by differences in generated driving pressures across the cerebral resistance vessels and the coronary vascular bed. The cerebral perfusion gradient appears more easily manipulated/improved by newer closed-chest CPR techniques, and regional cerebral blood flows of ⩾30% of normal can be produced. Myocardial perfusion pressure (aortic minus right atrial pressure difference) is more difficult to manipulate, and reported myocardial blood flow in canine CPR studies is usually
Refashioning No-Man's-Land: Urban Image Politics and the Visual Dimensions of Democracy

Abstract The occupation and redefinition by outsiders of a profoundly emblematic no-man's-land surrounding a most famous conduit from one world to another would be problematic under the best circumstances. Against the backdrop of dramatic political upheaval, social displacement, and economic uncertainty that has characterized post-Wall Berlin, the American Business Center at Checkpoint Charlie encapsulates the complex interaction of private and public decisions that have shaped the process of re-forming – some would say deforming – Berlin, during the past decade. Checkpoint Charlie Bauprojekt which today, ten years after inception, is only partially complete, provides a platform for a discussion about the city's long and fractious tradition of urbanism, and the boom and bust atmosphere of the last decade, which trapped architects between the forces of central planning and those of the free market. The author, who was Project Manager for Das Business Center at Checkpoint Charlie from 1993 to 1994, describes the excess of means over ends, and questions sacrifices made to the intention to create a grand capital city in the shortest possible time.
Psychology on a Disk: Then What?

Psychology On A Disk is a set of 13 computer-assisted exercises designed for the introductory student. The generally interesting exercises are easy to use and instructors can grade them by checking off a software-generated printout. The exercises are pedagogically sound and could add significantly to student learning, but instructors must make several decisions about how to integrate them into their courses.
Ab initio potential energy curves for the low‐lying electronic states of the argon excimer

Configuration interaction calculations are reported for the potential energy curves of the argon excimer that arise due to excitation to the 4s and 4p Rydberg molecular orbitals. Effective core potentials were employed to replace the core electrons of the Ar atoms thereby reducing the computational procedure to one for a 16 valence system. Potential energy curves for three excimer states of each of the symmetries 1Σ+g, 1Σ+u, 3Σ+g, 3Σ+u, 1Πu, 3Πu, 1Πg, and 3Πg are reported and compared with those previously computed. Spectroscopic constants and curve maxima are reported where appropriate.
Factors associated with bicycling to high school: insights from Davis, CA

Abstract Rates of walking and bicycling to school in the US have been declining for decades, with implications for public health and the environment. Planners and policy makers are looking for ways to reverse the trend through such programs as Safe Routes to School. However, the research on school travel mirrors the policies in leaving important gaps: most studies focus on elementary students rather than high school students, and many focus on walking rather than bicycling. This study addresses both of these gaps. Our goal is to provide a better understanding of what encourages or discourages bicycling among high school students using data from a 2009 survey of students at Davis High School in Davis, CA. The analysis points to individual, social-environment, and physical-environment factors as important in explaining bicycling to school for high school students. Parental encouragement and the student’s comfort with bicycling are key factors, and perceived distance is more strongly associated with bicycling than actual distance. These results suggest the need for multi-pronged efforts to increase bicycling among high school students.
Kaluza-Klein Monopole

By adding the trivial term $\ensuremath{-}d{t}^{2}$ one can convert the four-dimensional (positive-definite) Newman-Unti-Tamburino line element into a static solution of the five-dimensional vacuum Einstein equations. Interpreted $\stackrel{`}{a}\mathrm{la}$ Kaluza and Klein, the solution describes a monopole with a charge-to-mass ratio of $\sqrt{2}$ in rationalized Planck units. Although it is a perfectly regular five-geometry it appears singular from a four-dimensional perspective.
Prophylactic antibiotics for ophthalmic surgery

Preoperative or immediately postoperative antibiotics have been used by ophthalmic surgeons routinely as prophylaxis for postoperative endophthalmitis. The rationale for such prophylaxis, as the evidence which supports its efficacy are well founded. The optimal choice of antibiotics, however, from the standpoints of efficacy, delivery (route, dosage, and frequency of administration), adverse reactions, and cost is far less well established. This review considers these issues in the context of a critical evaluation of the pertinent literature.
Adaptation of protein oxidation to protein intake in the domestic cat

It is well-accepted that cats require more dietary protein than omnivores and herbivores. Work on hepatic enzyme activities showed that cats lack the ability to regulate the urea cycle enzymes in response to the dietary supply of protein. It was thus hypothesized that the high protein requirement of cats is due to an inability to regulate these enzymes, limiting adaptation to a low protein diet. We used indirect respiration calorimetry to assess the in vivo ability of cats to adapt substrate oxidation to different levels of dietary protein, including one below their protein requirement. In random order, eight cats consumed each of four semi-purified diets containing 7.7% (LP), 14.6% (AP), 27.3% (MP) and 51.1% (HP) of ME from protein. Cats consumed each diet for at least 14 days and then completed a 5-day nitrogen balance trial and at least 2, 12-hour indirect calorimetry measurements. The data were analyzed by anova using the Mixed procedure of SAS and are expressed as mean ± SEM. There was a significant effect of diet on protein oxidation (p < 0.0001), measuring 9.8 ± 0.5%, 13.4 ± 0.9%, 23.5 ± 0.8% and 49.0 ± 1.8% of total energy expenditure on the LP, AP, MP and HP diets, respectively. The ratio of protein oxidation/protein intake was significantly higher with the LP diet (1.27 ± 0.07) than the other three diets (AP, 0.92 ± 0.06; MP, 0.86 ± 0.03; HP, 0.96 ± 0.04; p < 0.0001), indicating a net loss of protein on the LP diet. Thus, cats adapted to a wide range of dietary protein concentrations, but were unable to fully adapt to the LP diet.
A remark on the multiparameter law of the iterated logarithm

Abstract Let B(s, t), s, t > 0, be a Brownian sheet. In contrast to the usual law of the iterated logarithm for B, we prove that lim inf T→+∞ sup 1⩽s⩽T B(s,T/s) (2T log log T) 1 2 =a a.s. There is no analog of this limit for the Brownian motion. Generalizations of this are also discussed.
Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation on sea ice breeding habitats of harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) across the North Atlantic

Abstract Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) are an abundant and commercially exploited species of phocid seal in the North Atlantic. Harp seals are entirely dependent on annual sea ice for breeding purposes and the distribution, abundance, and constitution of sea ice in this region are subject to tremendous interannual variability. As such, harp seal population dynamics are likely intimately tied to climate variability and global change. We used satellite-derived images of sea ice cover to determine trends in available habitat at the four major harp seal breeding areas in the North Atlantic, and assessed linkages amongst sea ice conditions and variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during 1978–2006. The White Sea breeding area had the highest annual ice concentrations, while the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Front regions were the most variable over time. We confirmed a consistent positive correlation between the NAO index and the amount of sea ice cover in Western North Atlantic breeding areas off Canada. Furthermore, we found an opposite and consistent negative correlation between the NAO and sea ice cover in the eastern-most breeding areas, leading to an out-of-phase signal between the Western and Eastern (particularly the White Sea) North Atlantic. These results indicate that sea ice dynamics in the breeding regions of harp seals are controlled, to some extent, by the phase of the NAO and its effects on weather across the North Atlantic. Previous studies indicate that poor ice conditions can have negative effects on harp seal survival and the consistent relationships between breeding habitat and NAO conditions that are described here have implications for both the biology and management of harp seal populations.
Patients' Subjective Experience as a Component of Psychiatric Assessment: Where Does It Fit?

(2010). Patients' Subjective Experience as a Component of Psychiatric Assessment: Where Does It Fit? Psychiatry: Vol. 73, No. 4, pp. 315-317.
Role of antigen-presenting cells in the polarized development of helper T cell subsets: evidence for differential cytokine production by Th0 cells in response to antigen presentation by B cells and macrophages

Immune challenges can elicit polarized responses skewed towards the development of T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 T cell subsets. To determine if distinct antigen-presenting cells (APC) populations might selectively influence Th subset development, we studied the role of two key APC populations, B cells and macrophages, in the differentiation of effector Th populations from naive precursor Th in vitro. Antigen (Ag)-specific, naive CD4+ T cells were enriched from a mouse strain, AND, bearing a transgenic alpha/beta T cell receptor (TCR) encoding reactivity with pigeon cytochrome c peptide 88-104. Peptide Ag was used throughout these studies so that differences in the uptake and processing by the two APC populations would not influence the results. Both APC populations, activated B cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages, supported the development of effector Th having the capacity to secrete high levels of cytokines when restimulated. Regardless of APC population present during effector development, exogenous interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) had dominant effects on Th subset development. Thus, with both APC populations, effector Th generated in the presence of IFN-gamma acquired a Th1-type cytokine profile, Th generated with IL-4 acquired a Th2-type cytokine profile, and Th generated without IFN-gamma or IL-4 acquired a Th0-type cytokine profile. B cells and macrophages also had equivalent APC function in the restimulation of Th1 and Th2-like effectors, since only minor differences in cytokine production were noted for these effector populations when restimulated with the two APC populations. However, in 8 of 19 experiments, the Th0-like effector population generated in the presence of IL-2 differentially responded to restimulation with B cells and macrophages, secreting significantly more IFN-gamma when restimulated with B cells, and significantly more IL-4 when restimulated with macrophages. We also found that Th effector populations recultured in IFN-gamma or IL-4 assumed a more Th1 or Th2-like phenotype, respectively, regardless of their initial cytokine profile. We conclude that through a subtle capacity to skew cytokine production by a Th0 subset, different APC may selectively influence Th subset development under conditions of prolonged or chronic stimulation in an autocrine fashion.
Using time-series analysis to evaluate the impact of policy initiatives in child welfare

Abstract This paper discusses how a unique outcome evaluation approach was applied in the field of child welfare. This time-series approach was used to analyze the impact of Senate Bill 2669 (SB2669), commonly known as the Presely Bill, on child maltreatment reports. California's Presely Bill requires California's counties to identify and intervene in cases involving perinatal substance use or exposure. It also requires that cases not be reported as suspected abuse or neglect solely because of a positive toxicology screen. The paper describes the factors that influenced the researchers’ decisions concerning the method of evaluation and the selection of outcome and exogenous measures. Recommendations are made that can be useful to stakeholders, including policy makers and social service administrators that would facilitate the implementation of evaluations of this sort. Some of the recommendations include designing social policy objectives which are justified on the basis of social science findings and developing useful and credible databases which provide uniform and detailed information about children's experiences in the child welfare system.
A NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS OF A SUBLITTORAL DIATOM ASSEMBLAGE EPIPHYTIC ON ENTEROMORPHA FROM A LONG ISLAND SALT MARSH1,2

SUMMARY The diatom population structure of a salt marsh epiphytic community growing on Enteromorpha intestinalis was studied at one station throughout the summer. A total of 218 species or varieties were recognized. Six species— Fragilaria construens, Cocconeis scutellum, Cocconeis placentula, Achnanthes hauckiana varieties, Achnanthes pinnata, and Amphora coffeaeformis (var. acutiuscula)–dominated the Enteromorpha epiphytic community during the summer months and comprised ∼ 40% of the total populations. Melosira nummuloides, Opephora martyi, Synedra fasiculata var. tabulata, S. affinis, Navicula platyventris, and N. pavillardi were also very common species (13% of the total population). The distribution of many species in the community was seasonal. A series of differential media have been developed which are effective as tools for the isolation and nutritional characterization of the algae and bacteria from the community. Many diatom species can be recognized by their colony type or growth pattern on solidified media. A key and illustrated plates aid in identification. Changes in population structure of the community were reflected by changes in the nutritional patterns as judged by differences in the growth of diatoms and bacteria on the differential media tested. The nutritional requirements, selectivity, and rank order of media for individual species is given. Almost half of the colony types (32–33) grew on either unenriched seawater from the collection site or basal synthetic seawater. Erdschreiber was a poorer medium for the isolation of algae than seawater alone. Few algal colonies grew on either marine nutrient agar or trypticase soy agar. Nitrite inhibited algal growth. Media enriched with thiamine, biotin, or nitrate, phosphate, and B12 were stimulatory. Soil extract or an acetone extract of Enteromorpha tripled growth; a complex vitamin mixture, or glycerol, or mannitol, or an autoclaved extract of Enteromorpha doubled colony numbers. The greatest numbers of diatom types (43) and total colonies (655) were recovered on media enriched with acetone extract of Enteromorpha, suggesting a possible nutritional relationship between Enteromorpha and its epiphytes. The representativeness of the isolations from the natural community as a function of time was also considered. Concentrations of selected dissolved potential growth-stimulating nutrients were measured within and external to Enteromorpha communities. We conclude that the algal assemblage growing epiphytically on Enteromorpha intestinalis has a diverse auxotrophic profile which contributes to the productivity and stability within this important component of the epiphytic community and that much of the organic substrates used by individual species originate within and are recycled among the community members.
Optimal Risk-Sharing When Risk Preferences are Uncertain

In many cases, a firm or agency needs a product that only one vendor can supply and for which the final cost is uncertain. An optimal risk-sharing arrangement is sought when the buyer and contractor agree on the probability distribution of cost but the buyer is uncertain of the contractor's risk-preferences. We find that when the buyer and contractor have exponential utilities, the optimal profit arrangement for the higher risk-averse contractor is no longer linear but concave in the costs. The degree of concavity is affected by the probabilistic beliefs on the contractor's risk-preferences. As the more risk-averse contractor becomes more likely, her chosen profit arrangement becomes less concave approaching the ideal, linear arrangement. The less risk-averse contractor is provided a profit arrangement with a certainty equivalent above her reservation price. This is the price the buyer must pay in order to entice a less risk-averse contractor into agreeing to accept a more risky profit arrangement.
The association of psoriasiform rash with anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a single academic center case series.

Abstract Background & Aims Anti-tumor necrosis factors (anti-TNF) including infliximab, adalimumab and certolizumab pegol are used to treat Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Paradoxically, while also indicated for the treatment of psoriasis, anti-TNF therapy has been associated with development of psoriasiform lesions in IBD patients and can compel discontinuation of therapy. We aim to investigate IBD patient, clinical characteristics, and frequency for the development of and outcomes associated with anti-TNF induced psoriasiform rash. Methods We identify IBD patients on anti-TNFs with an onset of a psoriasiform rash. Patient characteristics, duration of anti-TNF, concomitant immunosuppressants, lesion distribution, and outcomes of rash are described. Results Of 1004 IBD patients with exposure to anti-TNF therapy, 27 patients (2.7%) developed psoriasiform lesions. Psoriasiform rash cases stratified by biologic use were 1.3% for infliximab, 4.1% for adalimumab, and 6.4% for certolizumab. Average time on treatment (206.3 weeks) and time on treatment until onset of psoriasiform lesions (126.9 weeks) was significantly higher in the infliximab group. The adalimumab group had the highest need for treatment discontinuation (60%). The majority (59.3%) of patients were able to maintain on anti-TNFs despite rash onset. Among patients that required discontinuation (40.7%), the majority experienced improvement with a subsequent anti-TNF (66.7%). Conclusion 27 cases of anti-TNF associated psoriasiform lesions are reported. Discontinuation of anti-TNF treatment is unnecessary in the majority. Dermatologic improvement was achieved in the majority with a subsequent anti-TNF, suggesting anti-TNF induced psoriasiform rash is not necessarily a class effect.
Social Security, Unanticipated Benefit Increases, and the Timing of Retirement

Between 1969 and 1972, real U.S. social security retirement benefits rose by 20%. The rise was unanticipated and followed over 15 years of relatively constant real benefits. This paper proposes a model of retirement behaviour in which workers respond differently, although in a theoretically consistent manner, to the anticipated and unanticipated components of the social security benefit they can receive upon retirement. The retirement age decision in the presence of unanticipated benefit changes is shown to be a special case of utility maximization under a nonlinear budget constraint. The model is estimated using the Longitudinal Retirement History Survey. Between 1969 and 1973 real social security benefits for U.S. workers with fixed earnings histories were raised by more than 20%. These increases were the first significant increases in social security since the early 1950's. At the same time that retirement benefits were rising, the trend toward early retirement among older American men accelerated. In the period from 1965 to 1970, the labour force participation rate of men aged 55 to 64 fell 1 6 percentage points, from 84X6% to 83'0%. But in the five years after 1970, the rate fell an additional 7 4 points to 75 6%. The participation rate of men over 65 fell by 1 1 points in the five years after 1965 but by 5-2 points during the mid 1970's.1 Not surprisingly, a large share of this labour force decline has been attributed to the effects of the social security increases enacted in 1969 and 1972. The purpose of this paper is to determine the precise effect of the unanticipated benefit increases on the timing of retirement. The effect of social security on the age at retirement has been the subject of lively debate in recent years. The literature has been reviewed in two recent papers by Mitchell and Fields (1982) and Hurd (1983), who reach nearly opposite conclusions about the lessons that can be drawn from past empirical research. Mitchell and Fields find that no definite judgment can be reached about the effects of social security on retirement, while Hurd argues that more careful studies have all found a significant and meaningful effect of social security on early retirement. Certainly the earlier studies, by Boskin (1977) and Boskin and Hurd (1978) found very large social security effects, with Boskin concluding that ". . . the social security system has been the major factor in the explosion in earlier retirement" (Boskin (1977), p. 1). Very recent studies by Burkhauser and Quinn (1983), Burtless and Moffitt (1984), Diamond and Hausman (1984), Fields and Mitchell (1984) and Hausman and Wise (1985) have found smaller social security effects. However, none of them dealt explicitly with the rapid rise in real benefits during the early 1970's. The approach taken in this paper differs significantly from that in the earlier research just cited. The proposed econometric model takes full account of the nonlinear relationship between goods consumption and the age at retirement introduced by social security.
Senator George Wharton pepper and labor issues in the 1920s

(1968). Senator George Wharton pepper and labor issues in the 1920s. Labor History: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 163-183.
CO2 Injection for Geological Storage: A series of Activities for Training Professionals and Educating Students in Geological Carbon Storage☆

Many in the geological carbon storage (GCS) arena are hopeful that the recent acceptance of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in the clean development mechanism will accelerate the implementation of new CCS projects around the world. Engineers and scientists trained in disciplines dealing with the deep subsurface will be needed to implement these carbon storage projects. In 2009, we initiated a program funded by the United States Department of Energy to increase workforce capacity for the GCS industry. One of our completed deliverables is the development and utilization of inquiry-based GCS teaching materials, CO2 Injection for Geological Storage, to cross-train professionals at workshops, to educate undergraduate and graduate students as part of a formal university curriculum and to provide professional development for pre-university science and math educators.
Improving the angular resolution of EGRET and new limits on supersymmetric dark matter near the galactic center

Abstract Using the EGRET data and an improved point source analysis, including an energy-dependent point spread function and an unbinned maximum likelihood technique, we have been able to place considerably lower limits on the γ-ray flux from the galactic center region. We also test this method on known sources, the Crab and Vela pulsars. In both cases, we find that our method improves the angular precision of EGRET data over the 3EG catalog. This new limit on γ-rays from the galactic center can be used to test models of annihilating supersymmetric dark matter and galactic halo profiles. We find that the present EGRET data can limit many supersymmetric models if the density of the galactic dark matter halo is cuspy or spiked toward the galactic center. We also discuss the ability of GLAST to test these models.
Intrastriatal folic acid mimics the distant but not local brain damaging properties of kainic acid

Abstract Folic acid (pteroyl- l -glutamic acid, PGA), when injected into the rat striatum, has the kainic acid (KA) property of inducing sustained seizures and a disseminated pattern of distant brain damage, but lacks the KA property of destroying neurons locally at the injection site. This suggests the interesting possibility that one component of KA neurotoxicity (seizure-related distant damage) may involve interaction with a folate system. Folates are promising tools for exploring the neurotoxic properties of KA and, more importantly, for studying mechanisms of epilepsy and epileptic brain damage.
Space-filling models for coal: a molecular description of coal plasticity

Abstract Space-filling models for four proposed coal molecules have been constructed. Of the four, only one could be built without alteration; the others contained spatially or sterically inaccessible moeities. A primary conclusion of this study is that the three-dimensional aspects of proposed structures should be considered along with other parameters. Based on the molecular models, a mechanism for thermal decomposition and plasticity is proposed. The essential features of the mechanism include thermolysis of aliphatic, alicyclic, and hydroaromatic groups which protrude from aryl planes. These smaller fragments act as spacers and lubricants, enabling the resultant parallel aryl planes to flow in two dimensions, unhindered and protected from cross-linking. It is this mobility which is suggested to cause thermoplastic behaviour in bituminous coals.
Prolactin-induced cytologic changes in the mucosa of the pigeon crop during crop-“milk” formation

Light and electron microscope observations reveal two basic histo- and cytologic changes which take place in the pigeon crop during the course of prolaction administration to both sexes; (1) an increase in mitotic activity resulting in hyperplasia of the lateral lobes of the crop and (2) the accumulation of lipid in cells of these lobes. The latter process begins about twelve hours following prolactin injection. Histologic and cytochemical tests, as well as thin layer chromatographic analysis, reveal that these lipids may be classified as neutral unsaturated triglycerides. Tissues of control and prolactin-treated groups examined during the course of this study do not reveal any striking changes in organelle systems — aside from the accumulation of large lipid droplets. It does appear, however, that while ribosomes exist primarily as single units in non-stimulated cells, they appear primarily as polysomes in stimulated cells actively engaged in lipid synthesis. The origin of the cytoplasmic lipid inclusions is of interest. Morphologic evidence suggests that (1) they are not the result of cyto-pathologic changes, (2) they do not result from mitochondrial transformation and (3) they are not incorporated as discrete triglyceride micelles into these cells. The availability of precursors to the cell is dicussed in light of the observation that intercellular channels increase in width, and microvilli and desmosomes decrease in number throughout the experimental series. The incorporation of possible precursors into the cytoplasm may occur via two distinct classes of vesicles. One class is thought to arise through micropinocytotic activity. These vesicles have filamentous boundaries which are thought to render them specific for certain classes of compounds. The second class is somewhat larger in size and differs morphologically from micropinocytotic vesicles. These are thought to arise by the fusion of tips of microvilli and the plasma membrane, thus inpounding and internalizing materials from the intercellular canals into the cytoplasm.
Nilotinib protects the murine liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury

Background & aims The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38, mediate liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via cell death and inflammatory cytokine expression, respectively. Nilotinib is an orally available receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for chronic myelogenous leukemia that also has in vitro activity against JNK and p38. In this study, we examine its therapeutic potential against hepatic I/R injury. Methods The effects of nilotinib on liver I/R injury were tested using a murine model of warm, segmental liver I/R. Serum ALT was measured and livers were analyzed by histology, RT-PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometry. The in vitro effects of nilotinib on hepatocyte and non-parenchymal cell (NPC) MAPK activation and cytokine production were also tested. Results Mice receiving nilotinib had markedly lower serum ALT levels and less histologic injury and apoptosis following liver I/R. Nilotinib did not inhibit its known receptor tyrosine kinases. Nilotinib lowered intrahepatic expression of IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and MIP-2 and systemic levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF. Nilotinib reduced NPC activation of p38 MAPK signaling and decreased the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and their production of TNF. Nilotinib attenuated JNK phosphorylation and hepatocellular apoptosis. In vitro, nilotinib demonstrated direct inhibition of JNK activation in isolated hepatocytes cultured under hypoxic conditions, and blocked activation of p38 MAPK and cytokine production by stimulated NPCs. Conclusions Nilotinib lowers both liver JNK activation and NPC p38 MAPK activation and may be useful for ameliorating liver I/R injury in humans.
Biomechanics important to interpret radiographs of the hip

Biomechanic principles have important implications to film interpretation. Angulation of the femoral neck results in four different types of forces: compression on the medial side, tension on the lateral side, shear stress in the center, and torque forces at the neck-shaft angle. The body's response to these forces results in recognizable trabecular patterns which respond in a predictable manner to disease states. Surgical intervention in the form of hip replacement or fracture fixation must reflect these engineering considerations.
Thermal C–H borylation using a CO-free iron boryl complex

New CO-free iron boryl complexes, CpFe(PR3)2(Bpin), are described. The CpFe(PEt3)2(Bpin) derivative is uniquely capable of UV-free arene borylation at 70 °C via a dissociative pathway. Catalytic C–H borylation does not proceed using either monometallic or heterobimetallic schemes, and this failure is rationalized through analysis of relative pKa values for the corresponding iron hydride species.
Interactions between dietary nitrogen and simulated autumn conditions on diet consumption and reproductive development in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis

. Dietary nitrogen content and short-day, cool scotophase temperature were investigated for effects on diet consumption and reproductive development in the female boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Experimental weevils were maintained from the day of adult eclosion on cottonseed flour diets on a LD10:14 h, 27:15dC cycle. Control weevils were maintained under long-day conditions (LD13:11) at a constant 27dC. Diets containing 4% and 1.7% N were labelled with a 14C-amino acid mixture and fed to individual females for 24 h to permit determinations of diet consumption rate, amino acid absorption, and reproductive allocation of the assimilated amino acids. Females fed the 1.7% N diet under long-day, 27dC laid 50% fewer eggs than females fed the 4% N diet under the same regimen. Egg production was depressed further by the 1.7% N diet when combined with short-day, and cool scotophase temperatures. These latter conditions delayed, but did not prevent, attainment of a high rate of egg production by females fed the 4% N diet. The short-day, cool temperature regimen also stimulated diet consumption but reduced the allocation of absorbed 14C amino acids towards oogenesis.