cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medicinal Cannabis – The Green Fairy Phenomenon

Frustration at the restrictions to access prescribed cannabinoids in New Zealand has resulted in a black market of home-made cannabis-based products for medicinal use. These products are being made, and marketed illegally, by individuals calling themselves ‘Green Fairies’. The products take many forms and are being used to treat a range of illnesses and symptoms including pain, insomnia, anxiety, and seizures. Analytical extraction methods were developed to determine the cannabinoid content in a variety of matrices, principally those that are soluble in methanol and those that are soluble in hexane. An LC-MS/MS method was developed that detected THC, THCA, CBD, CBDA, CBG, CBGA, CBN, THCV, and CBC with lower detection limits around 0.001 mg of cannabinoid per gram (mg g−1) of product. One hundred ‘Green Fairy’ samples have been analysed to determine the cannabinoid content, including 12 fully extracted cannabis oil (FECO) samples, 12 ethanolic tinctures, 6 vape juices, 39 oily liquids with olive oil, hemp seed oil, or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as a base, and 31 waxy solids made using coconut oil. Nine named cannabis plant cultivars purported to be used to make these products have also been analysed. The results of the analyses show that these Green Fairy products contain a wide range of cannabinoid concentrations and the claim that a product was high in CBD was often not correct. The proposed dose size was not specified for these products, but few would provide what is considered an effective dose when compared with the administration of commercially purified cannabinoid products available by prescription. For many products the manufacturer had specified which cannabis cultivar had been used but a comparison of cannabinoid ratios showed a lack of consistency within products said to be made from the same strain. Analysis of named cannabis cultivars available showed little variation in the relative amounts of THC and CBD.
Circulating IL-10 is compromised in patients predisposed to developing and in patients with severe knee osteoarthritis

The purpose of this investigation was to identify if serum interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations and their ratio (IL-10/TNF-α) are altered in subjects predisposed to developing knee osteoarthritis following ligamentous injury and in those with severe knee osteoarthritis. Serum IL-10 and TNF-α concentrations were measured in four groups of subjects (n = 218): (1) reportedly-healthy and non-injured control subjects (CON; n = 92), (2) subjects scheduled to undergo anterior cruciate ligament surgery (ACL; n = 42), (3) non-surgical subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA; n = 60), and (4) subjects with knee osteoarthritis scheduled to undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA; n = 24). X-ray images were used to grade the severity of knee osteoarthritis. Serum IL-10 and the serum IL-10/TNF-α ratio were significantly lower while serum TNF-α was not significantly perturbed with severe compared to moderate knee osteoarthritis (i.e., Kellgren-Lawrence grade 4 vs. 3, respectively). Serum IL-10 was significantly lower in the absence of serum TNF-α alterations in the ACL group. We conclude that serum IL-10 concentrations are compromised in subjects predisposed to developing knee osteoarthritis following ligamentous trauma and in subjects with radiographic evidence of severe knee osteoarthritis.
Investigation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as thermal barrier and strengthening agents in pigment-based paper coatings

In response to food packaging improvements, this study investigates changes in mechanical and thermal barrier properties of pigment-based paper coatings when cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) are added to the formulation. Stable dispersions of all coating components were formed between pH 7–9 (zeta potential > |30 mV|) except CNF, which favored stable dispersions at higher pH. Hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) of CNC and CNF decreased when interacting with calcium carbonate ions (Ca2+ and CO32-); however, latex binder and dispersant diameters were unaffected by the presence of CaCO3 in solution. Thermal barrier performance was quantified by measuring ΔT across coated samples, with and without nanoparticle additives. Both CNC and CNF additives significantly contributed to the ΔT measured, with the best result recorded for 2 wt% CNF, pH 7, and a drying rate of 25 °C/min. This sample recorded 37 ± 6 °C higher than the ΔT for baseline coatings (without additive). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed a higher storage modulus for all samples containing CNC and/or CNF compared with the baseline coating, suggesting a material with greater resistance to deformation from applied load. Higher dissipation energy was also observed; however, lower tan delta values suggest improved mechanical properties with both additives.
ULF waves in other magnetospheres - observations and possible source mechanisms

Five other planets besides the Earth (Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) in our solar system are now known to possess internal magnetic fields. The exploration of these planets by the Mariner, Pioneer, Voyager and Ulysses spacecraft has revealed that all of them possess fully expressed magnetospheres which share several similarities in their structures with the Earth's magnetosphere. This paper presents an overview of the work done so far in the field of the ULF waves in the magnetospheres of Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus. To give an idea of the expected wave periods, gyroperiods of the dominant ion species and the fundamental periods of the standing Alfven waves are presented as functions of L parameter in these magnetospheres. In the magnetosphere of Mercury, ULF waves were observed in the vicinity of the magnetopause and in the inner magnetosphere with frequencies in the range of 0.1-0.5 Hz. In the magnetosphere of Jupiter, at least three different types of wave sources are observed. Near the dayside and the dawn magnetopause, waves with periods 5-20 min and amplitudes between 5 and 10 nT are observed which may be caused by an interaction between the corotating outflowing plasma and the antisunward moving plasma from the magnetosheath. In Saturn's magnetosphere, ULF waves have been observed to be strongly confined to the plasma sheet and have wave periods in the range of 5-60 minutes. The calculated fundamental has a wave period of 5-6 hours in the region where these waves were observed. The ULF waves have extremely small amplitudes (approximately = 0.3 nT) in the magnetosphere of Uranus. These waves were also seen to be confined to the low magnitude latitudes and have periods much shorter than that of the fundamental of a standing Alfven wave.
Curriculum and the Role of Research

The survey team collected information on the development and use of curriculum from 11 diverse countries around the world. The data show that a common set of mathematics learning goals are established in almost all countries. However, only a few countries report a substantial role for research in designing and monitoring the development of their curriculum. The data also suggest great variation among countries at the implementation level.
Retrospective evaluation of the efficacy of isolating bacteria from synovial fluid in dogs with suspected septic arthritis.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of synovial fluid culture in obtaining the causative organism from dogs with suspected septic arthritis. Methods In this retrospective evaluation, synovial fluid cytology and microbiology submissions from dogs with suspected septic arthritis from March 2007 to August 2011 were reviewed. Synovial fluid cytology consistent with joint sepsis was identified. Cultures of synovial fluid from dogs with clinical histories and abnormalities consistent with septic arthritis were used to evaluate the efficacy of bacterial isolation. Results In total, 36 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Initial aerobic cultures of joint fluid yielded bacterial growth in 44% of these dogs. All anaerobic cultures were negative. In 19% of the dogs with positive cultures, antibiotics had been administered prior to arthrocentesis compared with 10% of dogs with negative cultures. There was no association between culture efficacy and the administration of antimicrobial treatment prior to synovial fluid culture or recent surgery involving the affected joint (P = 0.637 and P = 0.106, respectively). Conclusion Culture of synovial fluid from dogs with suspected septic arthritis has a low yield, necessitating a more effective means of identifying bacteria from suspected septic joints in dogs.
The role of social networking technologies in sociomaterial ecology

This poster reports preliminary findings from our ongoing research project that empirically investigates the role of various social networking technologies (SNTs) in informal knowledge sharing practices within and across organizations. In this research the definition of SNT includes corporate social networking platforms, weblogs, wikis, and social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. To explain the role of SNTs along with other communication tools in organizations we draw on the concept of communicative ecology and sociomateriality. By integrating the two theoretical positions, we treat SNTs and people symmetrically and as members of the same sociomaterial ecology. The primary outcome of the initial stage of research is a holistic understanding of how various SNTs fit into the organizational members' sociomaterial ecology, facilitating disparate forms of knowledge sharing.
Microstructures of YBCO Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed Organometallic Beam Epitaxy

The microstructure of Y1Ba2Cu3Oy films and Y1Ba2Cu3Oy / Pr1Ba2Cu3Oy multilayers prepared by a pulsed organometallic beam epitaxy (POMBE) technique have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The microstructure of the films is observed to vary as a function of substrate temperature. At low temperatures, films are polycrystalline and exhibit some impurity phases. At higher substrate temperatures, films grow epitaxially with smooth surfaces and few impurities. Controlled growth at sufficiently high substrate temperatures allows uniform growth of alternating Y1Ba2Cu3Oy and Pr1Ba2Cu3Oy layers.
Does it take a miracle? Negotiating knowledges, identities, and communities of traditional Chinese medicine

Author(s): Zhan, M | Abstract: Zhan traces the multiple trajectories and meanings of 'clinical miracles' in the everyday practice and discourse of traditional Chinese medicine in Shanghai and the San Francisco Bay Area. The marginality of Chinese medicine is constructed and constantly transformed through a set of uneven, interactive sociohistorical processes of knowledge, identity and community formation, and is itself a set of heterogeneous processes that mediate the transfiguration of various knowledges, identities and communities.
Simple method to control a cerebrospinal fluid gusher during cochlear implant surgery.

OBJECTIVE: : Perilymph/cerebrospinal fluid gushers are reported at the time of cochleostomy during the performance of cochlear implant surgery. Anatomic conditions are discussed. Surgical methods of control with tissue seals have varied results. A simple technique using bone-waxed silk suture is described. PATIENTS: : Three patients with perilymph/cerebrospinal fluid gushers were encountered during cochlear implant surgery in the Louisiana State University Cochlear Implant Project. A simple method for control of these leaks is described using lengths of bone-waxed silk suture. CONCLUSIONS: : This safe and rapid technique is a useful addition to the armamentarium of the cochlear implant surgeon.
Single Cell Force Spectroscopy Analysis for Acinetobacter Baylyi Mutation Aggregation

Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 is an ideal bacterial strain for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering due to its high natural transformability and capability for processing diverse chemical compounds. For the production of compounds within industrial bioreactors, it is optimal to have a uniform dispersal of bacterial cells within solution, but mutations in bacterial cells may generate surface properties leading to cell aggregation. During long-term culture in the laboratory, mutants of the bacterium A. baylyi ADP1 originated a distinctive phenotype of cell aggregation. Genome sequencing and the analysis of gene knockouts showed this aggregation to be due to mutations in the per and pgi genes, and a reduction in bioemulsifier production. Qualitative analysis of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) visualizations identified altered appearances of cell surfaces correlating with the difference in cell aggregation phenotype. AFM force spectroscopy experiments were then conducted to compare the adhesive and viscoelastic properties of aggregating cells to non-aggregating cells. The most distinctive difference found for force spectroscopy measurements was for a four-fold difference in nN in adhesion that was attributable to pgi. Overall, this experiment has resulted in a multilevel approach for the evaluation and detection of a cell aggregation phenotype in mutant strains of A. baylyi ADP1.
The effect of transcendental meditation on iconic memory.

Three experiments investigated the effects of transcendental meditation (TM) on iconic memory. The task involved reporting of digits shown tachistoscopically, using Sperling's partial-report technique. Experiment 1 was a pilot study involving a meditation group and a nonmeditation group. All subjects were run in a pretest/treatment/posttest design. During the treatment phase the meditation group practiced TM for a 20-minute period and the nonmeditation group relaxed with eyes closed. The results showed that the treatment increased performance in meditators, but not in nonmeditators. In this experiment important controls such as individual administration of the task, extrinsic rewards, subject pacing, and adequate practice were lacking. Experiment 2 was a replication of the first, with these controls added. The results no longer showed a superiority for the meditation treatment. In fact, the meditation group performed worse on each day of running. Experiment 3 was a replication of Experiment 1, to assess whether the meditation effect of Experiment 1 was due to (a) differential increased attention of the meditators (minimized in subject-paced Experiment 2), (b) a gain early in learning for the meditators that was eliminated due to practice in Experiment 2, or (c) a lack of proper control procedures in Experiment 1. The performance of the meditators was, again, significantly lower. This research illustrates the importance of careful control when investigating the effects of meditation on behavior. It also suggests that the effects of meditation may depend on which hemisphere is dominant in performing the task.
Understanding Constraints and Residential Satisfaction Among Low-Income Single-Parent Families

Housing adjustment models theorize that demographic and personality characteristics of families combine to explain residentfal satisfaction. This article reports the operationalization of several personality characteristics. The Leford Test of Tenant Locus of Control, measures of household planning styles, an index measuring willingness to work to improve residential conditions, an index measuring participation in community activities, measures of expected and of experienced discrimination, and selected demographic characteristics are hypothesized to predict residential satisfaction. Two components of residential satisfaction, housing and neighborhood, are tested in separate regression models. The results suggest that personality characteristics are powerful predictors of housing satisfaction, whereas residental characterstics, feeling safe, and having friends in the neighborhood are powerful predictors of neighborhood satisfaction.
Investigation of AlC bond reactivity in a bidentate ligand system: structure and reactivity studies of [Al(8-quinolinol)(C2H5)2]2

Abstract The reaction of triethyl aluminum, Al 2 (C 2 H 5 ) 6 with 8-quinolinol yields the dimeric dialkyl aluminum complex [Al(8-quinolinol)(C 2 H 5 ) 2 ] 2 . The X-ray crystal structure, monoclinic, P 2 1 / c , a =18.132(3), b =9.784(5), c =15.191(2) A, β=112.06(1)°, V = 2497.6(22) A 3 , Z =4, shows that the complex dimerizes through the oxygen atoms, forming a four membered ring. The 8-quinolinol moiety functions as a bidentate ligand and the coordination environment about the aluminum center is a distorted trigonal-bipyramid. The 1 H NMR spectrum indicates that the complex undergoes a conformational rearrangement in solution, removing the equivalence of the alkyl protons. This complex is reactive in both the solid state and solution to air and moisture.
Organic matter concentrations and textural properties of muds from different depths in four fish ponds

Percentages of small particles and organic matter in pond muds increased along transects from shallow to deep water in four fish ponds which had never been drained. Gradients in texture and organic matter were similar to those reported for nearby ponds which had been drained periodically.
Bending Contributions to Hydration of Phospholipid and Block Copolymer Membranes: Unifying Correlations between Probe Fluorescence and Vesicle Thermoelasticity

The temperature-dependent hydration of several pure, net-neutral membranes was studied by spectroscopic shifts of the amphiphilic probe 6-dodecanoyl-2-(dimethylamino)-naphthalene (LAURDAN). A calibration scale for local polarity was first established with LAURDAN in various organic solvents. For phosphatidylcholine membranes above the gel-phase temperature, the log(local polarity) was found to be inversely related to the bending-renormalized area elastic moduli. A novel self-assembled polymer membrane broadens the correlation, and the absence of any discontinuity in local polarity with temperature indicates that the polymer membrane is in a suitable fluid phase. Separate correlations between the log(hydraulic permeability × membrane thickness) and the bending modulus, but not the area elastic moduli, strongly suggest that local bending fluctuations of a membrane are coupled to membrane hydration. The results identify the importance of a collective response, membrane flexure, to a molecular-scale property,...
The association of physical activity and diabetic complications in individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The epidemiology of diabetes complications study—VII

The relationship between leisure-time physical activity and diabetes complications was examined in 628 individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Neuropathy was based upon clinical exam; retinopathy by fundus photographs; nephropathy by urine samples and macrovascular disease by clinician diagnosis. Past week physical activity was found to be inversely related to complication status but since current inactivity could be the result of the complications, historical activity (estimated leisure activity during ages 14-17) was also examined in relation to complication status. Males reporting higher levels of historical physical activity had a significantly lower prevalence of nephropathy and neuropathy but not retinopathy as demonstrated by multivariate analysis (controlling for duration of disease, age, and current activity levels). The lack of similar findings in women may be due to their low levels of reported physical activity. The consistent relationship between historical leisure physical activity and development of complications in males suggests that activity may be protective or at least not detrimental to the individual with insulin-dependent diabetes.
Evaluation of an automated system for non-radiometric detection of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis in bovine feces.

Abstract Cultivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis ( M. paratuberculosis ) from feces remains the most reliable method to detect infected animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a broth-based automated system used for cultivation of mycobacteria such as M. tuberculosis from human hosts, for the detection of M. paratuberculosis in bovine feces. Bovine feces was spiked with tenfold serial dilutions of M. paratuberculosis (5×10 5 to 5×10 −1 organisms), then processed with a double-centrifugation technique that included disinfection prior to inoculation into broth tubes. The same pathogen dilution series was also inoculated directly into broth and broth with uninfected processed feces. All of the system signal-positive bottles were identified within 30 days, with the highest concentration of M. paratuberculosis detected by the system in as few as 8 days. The presence of the pathogen was confirmed with acid-fast staining and an IS 900 -based PCR assay when growth of M. paratuberculosis was indicated by the system. However, some of the signal-negative cultures inoculated with the equivalent of 0.5 organisms tested PCR-positive 56 days post-inoculation, indicating that longer culture periods may lead to detection of small quantities of the organisms. Additionally, it was indicated that the processing step had a detrimental effect on detection of the organism. Comparison of the broth- and Herrold's egg yolk medium (HEYM) solid media-based culture methods with defined check test specimens corroborated the experimental evaluation of this system, indicating that broth-based detection could provide a more rapid assay for M. paratuberculosis . These results suggest that this automated system could be used to detect this organism in bovine feces, but that new approaches to processing the feces for culture should be explored.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films Using Nonhalogenated Precursors

This article describes a new atomic layer deposition (ALD) method for preparing indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films using nonhalogenated precursors. The indium oxide (In2O3) was deposited using alternating exposures to cyclopentadienyl indium (InCp) and ozone, and the tin oxide (SnO2) used alternating exposures to tetrakis(dimethylamino) tin (TDMASn) and hydrogen peroxide. By adjusting the relative number of In2O3 and SnO2 ALD cycles, we deposited ITO films with well-controlled SnO2 content. The ITO films were examined using four-point probe and Hall probe measurements, spectrophotometry, ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray diffraction. The lowest resistivity (3 × 10-4 Ωcm) and highest optical transparency (92%) were obtained for films containing 5% SnO2. The ITO films were slightly thinner and contained more SnO2 than expected on the basis of rule-of-mixtures predictions. In situ measurements revealed that these discrepancies result from an inh...
Ra: future policy directions and a strategic framework for solar research and applications

Abstract The authors and 50 other students from around the world participated in the International Space University's (ISU) 1996 Summer Session Solar Probe Design Project. The main product of this was a 349-page text on the future of solar exploration and applications entitled Ra: The Sun for Science and Humanity . This article condenses and highlights the policy directions, organizational initiatives and strategic framework presented in that work. In particular, these include the proposed creation of a working group on international solar exploration and applications to act as a forum for mission planning, and a model for facilitating interagency/international exchanges regarding solar missions.
Laser altimetry measurements from aircraft and spacecraft

The techniques involved in the design and application of laser altimeter instruments are reviewed, including a description of the instrument subsystems required for the range and waveform measurements. Laser pulse transmitters based on the relatively novel technology of diode-pumped solid-state lasers are considered. Various factors affecting laser altimeter instrument performance are discussed. These include the receiver signal-to-noise ratio, atmospheric propagation, and altimeter platform effects. Some examples of laser altimeter data are presented to illustrate the variety of possible instrument applications. >
Cell lineage conversion in the sea urchin embryo

The mesoderm of the sea urchin embryo conventionally is divided into two populations of cells; the primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), which produce the larval skeleton, and the secondary mesenchyme cells (SMCs), which differentiate into a variety of cell types but do not participate in skeletogenesis. In this study we examine the morphogenesis of embryos from which the PMCs have been removed microsurgically. We confirm the observation of Fukushi (1962) that embryos lacking PMCs form a complete skeleton, although in a delayed fashion. We demonstrate by microsurgical and cell marking experiments that the appearance of skeletogenic cells in such PMC-deficient embryos is due exclusively to the conversion of other cells to the PMC phenotype. Time-lapse video recordings of PMC-deficient embryos indicate that the converting cells are a subpopulation of late-ingressing SMCs. The conversion of these cells to the skeletogenic phenotype is accompanied by their de novo expression of cell surface determinants normally unique to PMCs, as shown by binding of wheat germ agglutinin and a PMC-specific monoclonal antibody. Cell transplantation and cell marking experiments have been carried out to determine the number of SMCs that convert when intermediate numbers of PMCs are present in the embryo. These experiments indicate that the number of converting SMCs is inversely proportional to the number of PMCs in the blastocoel. In addition, they show that PMCs and converted SMCs cooperate to produce a skeleton that is correct in both size and configuration. This regulatory system should shed light on the nature of cell-cell interactions that control cell differentiation and on the way in which evolutionary processes modify developmental programs.
Shock Capturing with Higher-Order, PDE-Based Artificial Viscosity

Artificial viscosity can be combined with a higher-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretization to resolve a shock layer within a single cell. However, when a piecewiseconstant artificial viscosity model is employed with an otherwise higher-order approximation, element-to-element variations in the artificial viscosity arising at the shock induce oscillations in state gradients and pollute the downstream flow. To alleviate these difficulties, this work proposes a new higher-order, state-based artificial viscosity with an associated governing PDE. In the governing PDE, the shock sensor acts as a forcing term, driving the artificial viscosity to a non-zero value where it is necessary. The decay rate of the higher-order solution modes and edge-based jumps are both shown to be reliable shock indicators. This new approach leads to a smooth, higher-order representation of the artificial viscosity, that evolves in time with the solution. Additionally, an artificial dissipation operator that preserves total enthalpy is introduced. The combination of higher-order, PDE-based artifical viscosity and enthalpy-preserving dissipation operator is shown to overcome the disadvantages of the piecewise-constant artificial viscosity, while achieving greater robustness on flows with strong shocks.
Native and recombinant ASIC1a receptors conduct negligible Ca2+ entry.

Acid Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) are a family of proton-gated cation channels that play a role in the sensation of noxious stimuli. Of these, ASIC1a is the only family member that is reported to be permeable to Ca2+, although the absolute magnitude of the Ca2+ current is unclear. Here, we used patch-clamp photometry to determine the contribution of Ca2+ to total current through native and recombinant ASIC1a receptors. We found that acidification of the extracellular medium evoked amiloride and psalmotoxin 1-sensitive currents in isolated chick dorsal root ganglion neurons and human embryonic kidney cells, but did not alter fura-2 fluorescence when the bath concentration of Ca2+ was close to that found in normal physiological conditions. Further, activation of recombinant ASIC1a receptors also failed to produce measurable changes in fluorescence despite of the fact that the total cation current through the over-expressed receptor was ten-fold larger than that of the native channels. Finally, we imaged a field of intact DRG neurons loaded with the Ca2+-sensing dye Fluo-4, and found that acidification increased [Ca2+]i in a small population of cells. Thus, although our whole-field imaging data agree with previous studies that activation of ASIC1a receptors can potentially cause elevations in intracellular free Ca2+, our single cell data strongly challenges the view that Ca2+ entry through the ASIC1a receptor itself contributes to this response.
Quality control as a management method

As a consideration of quality control as a management method, rather than a discussion of the technical approaches to the subject, this article points out that improved product quality, reduced manufacturing losses and costs, and better product designs are among the benefits which management can gain from a modern, co-ordinated quality control program.
Direct measurement of through-plane thermal conductivity of partially saturated fuel cell diffusion media

Abstract An experimental study to investigate the through-plane thermal conductivity of three different diffusion media (DM) used in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) as a function of compression (from 0.1 MPa to 2 MPa) and saturation (from 0 to 25%) was performed. Additionally, measurements to determine the stress–strain relationship for the materials were made using an optical microscope. Both compression and water content had a significant impact on the through-plane thermal conductivity, which should be accounted for in multiphase modeling efforts. An analytical expression for the theoretical maximum of the through-plane thermal conductivity, as a function of both compression and saturation, was developed to help understand the nature of liquid connectivity in saturated pores. Additionally, a relationship was developed to predict actual thermal conductivity of the tested materials as a function of both compression and saturation based on experimentally measured data.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GROWTH PREPARATIONS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NITROGEN STORAGE AND OTHER CRITERIA OF ACTIVITY

RESULTS of early experiments with anterior pituitary growth preparations led to a series of well correlated findings. In spite of a large increase in the metabolic rate, nitrogen storage was produced with the food intake constant. The increased caloric requirement was met by oxidation of fat (Gaebler, 1933). Storage of nitrogen was accompanied by increase in weight, and by diminished excretion of inorganic sulfate and phosphate (Gaebler and Price, 1937), suggesting synthesis of proteins, of other compounds containing nitrogen and sulfur, or of phosphorus compounds. Moreover, results in the absence of the thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas, and adrenals (Gaebler and Robinson, 1942) indicated that part of the effect on nitrogen storage might well be produced in the tissues themselves. On the basis of this experience it appeared to us that growth preparations, as distinct from purified growth hormone, might continue to be of value in studying the mechanism by which nitrogen storage is produced.
A BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE HATCHING PROCESS IN FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS.

Abstract The chemical composition and behavior of the chorion and some properties of the hatching cnzyme (chorionase) of Fundulus heteroclitus were investigated. The amino acid composition of the chorion was determined quantitatively. At least three types of carbohydrate components were detected in the chorion by colorimetric methods. These components were nonamino sugar, 1.4%; hexosamine, 1.0%; and sialic acid, 1.5%. From the studies on its solubility and chemical composition, it was concluded that the chorionic protein is not stabilized by disulfide bonds. Attempts to digest the chorion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, collagenase, ribonuclease, lysozyme, and hyaluronidase failed. Although the chorion was slowly dissolved by pepsin and papain, the action of chorionase could not be duplicated. Chorionase has been purified by gel filtration and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The latter procedure gave a molecular weight between 15,000 and 40,000. Chorionase was shown to be a protease. The enzyme hydrolyzed peptide bonds in the B chain of insulin between tyrosine and threonine and between threonine and proline, and was active against dyed elastin. All observed activities of chorionase were inhibited by DFP; the inhibitor was bound covalently to the enzyme. A fingerprint of a partial acid hydrolyzate of DFP32-treated enzyme showed that the binding site of chorionase differed from that of other DFP-sensitive proteases. It was concluded that chorionase digests the chorion by proteolytic action although other activities could not be ruled out completely.
Neural network low authority threshold control of linear and nonlinear mechanical systems: theory and experiment

Low Authority Threshold Control (LATC) is an active control strategy resulting in a piecewise continuous, with respect to time, constant gain control law which may be used for the vibration control of flexible structures. The LATC optimal control law gains are dependent on the state vector at the time the gains are applied and are defined by a two-point boundary value problem and a set of integral equality constraints. Because an iterative solution technique is required to determine the optimal gains, the real-time implementation of this control law presented certain difficulties. In this work, a neural network system is trained to determine the optimal gains in real-time for each of two experiments: a cantilevered beam and a nonlinear Duffing oscillator. The optimal gains generated by the neural network system are utilized in an LATC rate feedback control law for the vibration control of these systems.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reflection coefficients of permeant nonelectrolytes for dog and beef red cell membranes.

The reflection coefficient, σ, for several small permeant nonelectrolytes was determined for dog and beef blood cell membranes. Our σ values were considerably higher than those previously reported for dog cells; e.g., our σurea was 87% higher than the σurea of Rich, Sha'afi, Barton and Solomon (J. Gen. Physiol. 50: 2391, 1967). Our σ values for urea were only slightly greater in beef cells than previously reported by Farmer and Macey (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 290: 290, 1972). We found that a trend exists when (1−σ) is plotted against the log of the permeability coefficient, ω. This observation is also consistent with our previously reported σ data for human red cell membranes (Owen & Eyring,J. Gen. Physiol. 66: 251, 1975). This trend suggests that small hydrophilic molecules interact highly with cell membrane water. The exceptions to this trend were lipophilic molecules, indicating they do not interact with water while penetrating the red cell membrane.
Addressing Sequelae of Trauma and Interpersonal Violence in Military Children: A Review of the Literature and Case Illustration

Research has documented increases in child maltreatment at times when caregivers are deployed and rates have increased among military families since 2002, despite remaining stable among civilian families. Military youth also are susceptible to traumatic events that are nonmilitary related. Despite the prevalence of various forms of trauma exposure in military children and need for evidence-based interventions with traumatized military youth, there is no model for providing specialized mental health care with military youth. To date, reviews of evidence-based interventions for traumatized youth have not addressed their dissemination with traumatized military children. This paper aims to address this gap by: (a) providing an overview of the rates of trauma exposure factors that increase risk among military children; (b) reviewing the literature on evidence-based treatments for traumatized youth; (c) presenting a collaborative model for providing evidence-based treatment with traumatized military youth; and (d) presenting a case illustration of the model implementing an evidence-based treatment for traumatized children. The model has utility for disseminating evidence-based trauma treatments, which appear to be readily applicable for military families, as well as serving as a framework for implementing other types of specialized child mental health treatments (e.g., generalized anxiety, depression).
Complementation of adeno-associated satellite viral antigens and infectious DNA by temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus.

Abstract Production of type 4 adeno-associated satellite virus (ASV) structural antigens and infectious DNA was studied using temperature-sensitive ( ts ) mutants of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2. Seven of the eight mutants studied were unable to synthesize HSV DNA at the nonpermissive temperature. Mutants belonging to three HSV-1 and two HSV-2 complementation groups complemented ASV antigen production while members of two other HSV-1 groups did not. Infectious satellite virus DNA was isolated from the HSV-1 ts -1 complementing system.
n‐Octyl mercaptan as modifier for emulsion polymerization at high temperature

n-Octyl mercaptan has been found to be a better modifier for emulsion copolymerization of butadiene and styrene at 110° than is either n-butyl mercaptan or n-dodecyl mercaptan. Physical test data on vulcanized copolymers modified with n-octyl mercaptan are presented.
Impact of aerosol optical depth on seasonal temperatures in India: a spatio-temporal analysis

The third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) describes the clear modulating effect of aerosols both directly and indirectly on the prevailing climatic conditions on the Earth's surface. Several studies have noted higher than average concentrations of aerosols over the densely populated Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions. The study focuses on seasonal-level spatial patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) concentrations and their relationship with near-surface air temperatures. The period of analysis includes the years 2000 to 2005 for the summer monsoon season, and 2001 to 2005 for the winter season. The overall patterns of AODs show higher concentrations over the densely populated and highly industrialized Gangetic basin for bot9h seasons. The AOD-temperature relationship was predominantly negative, meaning that higher AOD concentrations resulted in lower temperatures for both seasons over northeastern India and the west coast, in the vicinity of Mumbai. Temperatures in the interior northwestern sector of the subcontinent, extending northwards towards Kashmir, experienced positive forcing during the summer season. The winter-season relationship was predominantly negative, whereas during the summer monsoon season it was neutral to positive. The differences in responses may be attributed to the impact of overcast skies and heavy precipitation during the summer monsoon season, leading to longwave radiation being trapped inside the Earth's atmosphere, producing higher minimum temperatures. However, predominantly clear skies during the winter season resulted in a negative forcing by aerosols on the surface temperatures.
Identifying Optimal Gaussian Filter for Gaussian Noise Removal

In this paper we show that the knowledge of noise statistics contaminating a signal can be effectively used to choose an optimal Gaussian filter to eliminate noise. Very specifically, we show that the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) contaminating a signal can be filtered best by using a Gaussian filter with specific characteristics. The design of the Gaussian filter bears relationship with the noise statistics in addition to some basic information about the signal. We first derive a relationship between the properties of the Gaussian filter, the noise statistics and the signal and later show through experiments that this relationship can be used effectively to identify the optimal Gaussian filter that can effectively filter noise.
Turbulent mixing generated by Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities

Abstract We apply the Canuto-Goldman (CG) analytical model to turbulence generated by the class of instabilities which have a power-law growth rate. For the case of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) instability we compare the results of the model with the experiments of Read and Youngs and find reasonable agreement on the scale size of large eddies: they are predicted to be 40% of the mixing length and are at least an order of magnitude larger than the smallest eddies. We interpret this as chunk mix. Based on the experiments of Read and Youngs we develop a simple model for turbulence generated by Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) instabilities. The CG method applied to our model predicts that the relative sizes of large eddies and small eddies do not vary by more than 60%. We interpret this as atomic mix. Independently of the CG model we find that the ratio of turbulent to directed energy is about 2% and 9% for RT and RM respectively, and varies as the square of the Atwood number in both cases.
A Forward-Looking High-Resolution GPR System

A high-resolution ground penetrating radar system was designed to help define the optimal radar parameters needed for the efficient standoff detection of buried and surface- laid antitank mines. The design requirements call for a forward-looking GPR capable of detecting antitank miens in a 5 to 8 meter wide swath, 7 to 60 meters in front of a mobile platform. The system has a resolution goal of 15 cm both in range and azimuth. The range and azimuthal resolutions are achieved by using a 2.7 GHz bandwidth and a 4 meter synthetic aperture, respectively. The system uses a fully coherent homodyne stepped-frequency approach with a modulation scheme that produces range dependent power gain to partially offset range losses. Transmit power of 1 to 10 W is available over the entire band, and a large effective dynamic range was built into the receiver. The antennas are mounted on separate transmit and receive computer-controlled high-precision linear drives for creating the synthetic aperture. A data scan entails stepping through all the frequencies, polarizations, and antenna positions before the van is driven forward for the next scan. Preliminary data, the resulting images, and preliminary work on automatic target detection will be presented.
Biological effects of singlet delta oxygen on respiratory tract epithelium.

Exposure of hamster tracheal organ cultures to gas phase singlet delta oxygen,1O2, at atmospheric pressure produced significant alterations in the mucociliary epithelium resulting in changes in ciliary activity and cellular morphology.
Structural changes accompanying deformation in pyrolytic graphite.

Structural changes in pyrolytic graphite accompanying deformation produced by applying stress parallel to substrate examined by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction
Genome wide analysis of DNA methylation and nucleosome positioning

DNA methylation and nucleosome positioning work together to generate chromatin structures that regulate gene expression. Nucleosomes are typically mapped using nuclease digestion but we have developed a method (NOMe-Seq) that uses a GpC methyltransferase (M.CviP1) and next generation sequencing to generate high resolution footprints of nucleosome positioning genome wide using less than 1 million cells while retaining endogenous DNA methylation information from the same strand. We have developed a novel bioinformatics pipeline that shows a striking anti-correlation between nucleosome occupancy and DNA methylation at CTCF regions that is not present at promoters. The extent of nucleosome depletion of promoters is directly correlated with expression level and can accommodate multiple nucleosomes. Genome wide evidence also shows that expressed non-CpG island promoters are nucleosome depleted. Because the method obtains DNA methylation and nucleosome positioning information from the same DNA molecule we can also use this method to track the relationship between nucleosome occupancy and DNA methylation during differentiation and mitosis. These experiments have shown that nucleosome occupancy precedes DNA methylation in the OCT4 promoter which is consistent with the idea that nucleosomal DNA is the preferred substrate for de novo DNA methylation. We have also used this approach to show that nucleosomes shift during mitosis to cover the transcription start sites of genes. This may be a mechanism to bookmark genes for expression in the following G1 phase of the cell cycle.
Nucleotide sequence of the respiratory d‐lactate dehydrogenase gene of Escherichia coli

The structural gene for the respiratory d-lactate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli, a membrane-bound flavoenzyme, has been subcloned from a 7 × 103-base-pair chromosomal HindIII fragment containing the gene [Young, I. G., Jaworowski, A., and Poulis, M. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 2092–2095]. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 2340-base-pair PstI-SmaI subclone has been determined on both strands by the dideoxy chain termination method. A single large open reading frame is present in the nucleotide sequence. The reading frame is preceded by a good ribosome binding site and numerous possible promoter sequences, and is followed by a typical rho-independent termination sequence. The reading frame predicts that the d-lactate dehydrogenase polypeptide consists of 571 amino acids (including the initiating methionine residue) with Mr= 64613. The protein does not have a low overall polarity, nor does it contain unusually hydrophobic stretches. It appears to contain a short repeat which is homologous with the well characterized l-lactate dehydrogenases in the vicinity of the ‘essential’ cysteine residue. Apart from this, homology with other proteins of known sequence has not been detected.
Conformational characterization of human angiogenin by limited proteolysis.

The primary structure of angiogenin is 33% identical to that of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase), but the enzymatic activities of the two proteins differ markedly. Similarly, their susceptibilities to limited proteolysis differ as well. In contrast to RNase, angiogenin totally resists proteolysis by subtilisin. Indeed, among 16 proteases examined, only endoprotease Lys-C, trypsin, and pepsin are able to cleave angiogenin. Even with prolonged incubation, endoprotease Lys-C selectively cleaves the Lys-60-Asn-61 bond; the product retains full ribonucleolytic activity. Initially, trypsin also cleaves this same bond, but with time it causes extensive degradation. Pepsin, atpH 2, cleaves the Phe-9-Leu-10 bond, to give angiogenin (10–123), which displays ∼15% of the native activity toward ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The susceptibility to proteolysis and/or the sites of cleavage of angiogenin and bovine RNase differ markedly despite their structural homology. These differences are considered in terms of the amino acid sequences of the two proteins.