cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on Dental Education and Dental Care in the Soviet Union

The report o f the 1961 United States Dental Ex­ change Mission to the Soviet Union1 provides an excellent review of the history of dentistry and dental practice in the Soviet Union. Also, the report o f the observations of the eight distin­ guished members o f the mission serves as an authoritative base for comparing the level of Soviet dental education and dental care in 1961 with the level that exists today. The report of one other delegation and the ob­ servations of dentists who have visited the Soviet Union since the US Exchange Mission provide additional information and views regarding den­ tistry in the Soviet Union.2-6 I visited the Soviet Union in October 1968, as a participant in the US-Soviet Health Ex­ change Program, sponsored by the Office of Inter­ national Health of the US Public Health Service. The primary purpose of the trip was to hold pre­ liminary discussions with officials in the Ministry of Health regarding the possibility of an ex­ change of postgraduate dental students and dental researchers. The opportunity to observe firsthand the undergraduate dental education program and the advanced dental education programs, as well as treatment in the polyclinics, provided addi­ tional incentive to spend ten days in the Soviet Union. History of dental education in USSR
Adsorption of iso-butane on ZnO(0 0 0 1)–Zn

Abstract Presented are thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and adsorption probability measurements of iso -butane on the Zn-terminated surface of ZnO. The initial adsorption probability, S 0 , decreases linearly from 0.57 to 0.22 (±0.02) with impact energy, E i = 0.74–1.92 eV, and is independent of adsorption temperature, T s = 91–114 K (±5 K), indicating non-activated molecular adsorption. The coverage, Θ , dependent adsorption probabilities, S ( Θ ), show a cross-over from adsorbate-assisted adsorption ( S increases with Θ ) to Kisliuk-like dynamics at about the desorption temperature of iso -butane bi-layers (∼110 K). Thus, the adsorption dynamics are precursor-mediated. The enhanced (gas-surface) mass-match, caused by forming a second layer of the alkane, leads to adsorbate-assisted adsorption. A direct fitting procedure of the TDS data yields a pre-exponential factor of 2.5 × 10 13 /s and a coverage dependent heat of adsorption of E d ( Θ ) = 39 − 6 ∗ Θ + 2.5 ∗ exp(− Θ /0.07) kJ/mol.
Unusual Phonological Behavior and the Avoidance of Homonymy in Children

Young children sometimes make use of unusual phonological patterns even when they already possess the appropriate sound or a suitable substitute in their phonological systems. In this investigation, we attempted to determine whether in such instances unusual sound changes enable children to avoid potential homonymy with other words in their lexicons. Novel words were presented to children, half serving as potential homonyms, half as unlikely homonyms. The children's acquisition of these words was monitored. For a group of normally developing children, unusual sound changes were found to be more frequent in the words with the potential for homonymy. In contrast, a group of children with specific language impairment showed the same degree of unusual usage for both types of words. The findings suggest that children with specific language impairment are especially limited in their ability to capitalize on the phonetic regularities of the language.
Strategies for creating MIS technology to improve social work practice and research

SUMMARY This paper illustrates the potential for Management Information System (MIS) technology to integrate information collection, management and reporting within a single program or network of organizations. Properly devised and created, MIS applications can improve administration, service delivery and practice evaluation. Three strategies are offered to guide the design and development of MIS software. This paper is based on lessons from the production and implementation of MIS software that serves as a management and evaluation tool for a nationwide policy demonstration. Data from the MIS have helped to shape state and federal policy.
A Detailed study of plastic scintillating strips with axial wavelength shifting fiber and VLPC readout

Abstract The physical properties of a plastic scintillating strip with axial wavelength shifting fiber and VLPC readout have been extensively investigated. Different construction techniques were tried and 18 variations on the basic detector were studied in a cosmic ray test stand. Over 15 000 cosmic rays were recorded per scintillating strip. The high event statistics and the greatly improved photostatistics provided by the VLPC readout allowed us to study the system in much more detail than has been done previously. Results on light yields, signal uniformity, attenuation length, edge effects, and crosstalk are presented. Typical light yields were 18 photons per mm of scintillator traversed for minimum ionizing particles. The detectors had very uniform response at different positions along the strip.
Reinvention of interorganizational systems: A case analysis of the diffusion of a bio-terror surveillance system

Innovation diffusion theory proposed that adopters--whether individuals or organizations--sometimes reinvent an innovation as they gain experience using it. Reinvention can enhance (or impede) the likelihood of an IS innovation's acceptance and further diffusion. This paper reports on a case study of BioSense, an interorganizational system that was designed as an early detection tool for bio-terror attacks and subsequently modified to better serve this need as well as to operate as a public health system for pinpointing geographic clusters of dangerous/acute disease outbreaks. By examining the interplay among the political and organizational dynamics and technical properties of the BioSense system, we shed light on processes affecting reinvention in an interorganizational context. We discuss our findings in light of theories of the diffusion and reinvention of innovations. We use Rogers' (1995) list of factors supporting reinvention to structure the discussion of the fidelity and uniformity of the innovation within the processes it supports in adopting health services organizations.
Photovoltaics for Solar-Energy Applications

The present and future markets for photovoltaic devices are discussed in detail. It is pointed out that such devices are already a major industry rather than just a hope for the future. The existing commercial devices and other near-term possibilities are briefly described and some of the companies involved in research, development, and/or commercial production associated with each class of material are identified.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ACQUIRED WORD VALUE AND VERBAL LEARNING

Summary.-This experiment tested the hypothesis that pairing nonsense syllables with pleasant photographs would make them more learnable subsequently than would pairing them with indifferent photographs. Ss were shown syllablephotograph pairs and instructed to learn their own labels for the photographs as responses ro the syllables. Half the photographs were "very pleasant" and half were "indifferent." Next, the same syllables were made responses to 2-digit numbers in a second paired-associate list. The pleasant photographs were learned faster in Phase 1 and the pleasantly-paired syllables were learned faster in Phase 2. The superiority of the latter syllables was based partly upon greater availability at the end of Phase 1 but partly upon some independent learning effect during Phase 2. This superiority was hypothesized to be the result of greater implicit rehearsal of the pleasantly-paired syllables. A number of recent e:rperiments (Staacs, Staats, & Bigs, 1958; DiVesta 6: Stover, 1762; Yavuz, 1963 1 have shown that the evali~ative meaning of ne~~tral verbal items can be altered in the direction of adjectives with which they are paired. Yavuz (1963) also found that this shift in eval~~ative meaning was retained after the adjectives themselves were forgotten. This suggests that such "conditioned affectivity" might be usable as a parameter in verbal learning. The question is whether or not previously neutral items will become differentially learnable after being paired wirh materials of differing affective rone. Keppel ( 1763 ) found evidence that denies the importance of affectivity as a variable in verbal learning. His study did not suffer from the methodological flaws of earlier experi~netlts on this problem (see Rappaport, 1943), bur it is possible that differences in the affectivity of his materials were not great enough to reveal a relationship berween affectivity and learning. Increasing the affective differences in material might result in confounding by other variables. The use of materials that differ in experimentally-manipulated affectivity offers a way out of this dilemma. In Phase 1 of the present experiment, nonsense syllables were paired with "very pleasant" or "indifferent" photographs. Ss learned to respond with their own labels for the photographs when the appropriate nonsense syllable appeared. Photographs were used rather than adjectives because of the authors' belief that they would be more potent ~lnconditioned stimuli for affective reactions. In Phase 2, Ss were give? a second paired-associate task in which the same non
Magnesium Depletion During Prolonged Fasting of Obese Males

ABSTRACT Prolonged fasting is associated with a continued magnesium excretion. After 2 months of fasting the actual deficit may reach 20% of the total body magnesium content in some subjects. Most of the loss occurs via the kidney but in some subjects the intestine functions as an additional excretory organ for magnesium throughout fasting. The magnesium content of muscle after fasting may be 20% below normal, but the over-all magnesium deficit was greater in some subjects than could be accounted for by lean tissue depletion alone. Despite evident muscle depletion, the concentration of magnesium in plasma remained unchanged. The excess acid load presented for excretion in the urine and the absence of carbohydrate intake might be factors contributing to the persistent loss of magnesium. The magnitude of magnesium excretion parallels the severity of the acidosis and ingestion of glucose brings about a decrease of magnesium loss. No definite evidence could be obtained that magnesium depletion precipitates te...
On the growth rate of crystals from solution

Abstract Both a rigorous calculation and an approximate calculation of the crystal growth velocity as a function of time have been generated for the growth of a crystal layer from solution wherein the solution has been subjected to a variable cooling rate. The similarities and differences between these solutions have been compared and the conditions under which the approximate solution can be used is noted. The approximate solution is shown to be useful for a variety of situations wherein a rigorous solution is not possible; i.e., where fluid convection and interface attachment kinetics affect the crystal growth velocity.
Anthropogenic impact on global geodynamics due to reservoir water impoundment

Water impounded in artificial reservoirs since ∼1950 is by far the largest anthropogenic hydrological change in terms of the mass involved. This mass redistribution contributes to geodynamic changes in the Earth's rotation and gravitational field that have been closely monitored by modern space geodetic techniques. We compute the effect of 88 major reservoirs on length-of-day, polar motion, and low-degree gravitational coefficients. On an individual basis much smaller than geophysical signals in scale and magnitude, these anthropogenic effects prove to be non-negligible cumulatively, especially when considering the fact that our results represent underestimates of the reality. In particular, reservoir water has contributed a significant fraction in the total observed polar drift over the last 40 years.
An alternative method for a global analysis of quadratic programs in a finite number of steps

This paper considers the global analysis of general quadratic programs in a finite number of steps. A procedure is presented for recursively finding either the global minimum or a halfline of the constraint set along which the minimand is unbounded below.
Albuminuria as a predictor of heart failure hospitalizations in patients with type 2 diabetes

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) occurs more frequently and is a significant cause of mortality in diabetic patients. The purpose of the current study is to ascertain risk factors that are predictive of HF hospitalizations in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods Longitudinal observational study of type 2 diabetic patients with baseline diastolic blood pressures ≥80 mm Hg and no history of New York Heart Association class III-IV HF or a serum creatinine ≥2.5 mg/dL nested within a randomized clinical trial. The outcome measure of this study was the first occurrence of HF hospitalization over a 5-year follow-up period. Results Patients with overt albuminuria at baseline had a higher and earlier occurrence of HF hospitalizations than those with micro- or normoalbuminuria (13.6% versus 3.3%, odds ratio [OR] = 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.15–4.60, P Conclusions Overt albuminuria predicts the occurrence of HF hospitalizations in type 2 diabetic patients. Thus early aggressive treatment of diabetic nephropathy should be investigated as a means of preventing of HF.
Adaptor-mediated Recruitment of RNA Polymerase II to a Signal-dependent Activator

The second messenger cAMP stimulates the expression of a number of target genes via the protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of CREB at Ser-133 (Gonzalez, G. A., and Montminy, M. R.(1989) Cell 59, 675-680). Ser-133 phosphorylation enhances CREB activity by promoting interaction with a 265-kDa CREB binding protein referred to as CBP (Arias, J., Alberts, A., Brindle, P., Claret, F., Smeal, T., Karin, M., Feramisco, J., and Montminy, M.(1994) Nature 370, 226-228; Chrivia, J. C., Kwok, R. P., Lamb, N., Hagiwara, M., Montminy, M. R., and Goodman, R. H.(1993) Nature 365, 855-859). The mechanism by which CBP in turn mediates induction of cAMP-responsive genes is unknown but is thought to involve recruitment of basal transcription factors to the promoter. Here we demonstrate that CBP associates specifically with RNA polymerase II in HeLa nuclear extracts. This association in turn permits RNA polymerase II to be recruited to CREB in a phospho-(Ser-133)-dependent manner. As anti-CBP antiserum, which inhibits recruitment of CBP and RNA polymerase II to phospho-(Ser-133) CREB, attenuates transcriptional induction by protein kinase A in vitro, our results demonstrate that the CBP•RNA polymerase II complex is critical for expression of cAMP-responsive genes.
Effects of Seed Color and Growing Locations on Fatty Acid Content and Composition of Two Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Genotypes

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed coat color on oil content and fatty acid composition, as well as the effect of different growing areas on chemical variation. This study was carried out using white and black-spotted chia seeds grown together at five locations of Ecuador. Oil content was not significantly (P < 0.05) different for any of the comparative analyses performed between white and black-spotted seeds at all, although significant differences in oil content among locations were detected. The seeds from the San Pablo location showed the highest oil concentration (34.5%). No significant differences among fatty acids at any of the location were detected between white and black-spotted seeds; however, significant differences in fatty acids composition between sites were found. Overall, significant (P < 0.05) differences in palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic fatty acid compositions among oils from seeds grown in different locations were detected. In conclusion, this paper shows that the larger differences found in oil content and fatty acid composition are due to location (because of the environmental differences) rather than chia seed coat color.
Management accountants express a desire for change in the functioning of internal auditing

This paper outlines the results of a survey designed to compare the opinions of internal auditors to one class of audit customers – namely management accountants. To function effectively, internal auditors and the customers of audit services should possess a similar understanding of what makes internal auditing a value‐added activity. Failure to reach this understanding could result in the perception that internal audit is simply an obstacle to achieving production objectives. This can result in underutilized audit services and ignored audit recommendations. Fortunately, internal auditors and management accountants have similar views, but there are a few areas of difference that should be addressed by internal auditors.
Effect of interferon inducers on superoxide anion generation from rat liver microsomes detected by lucigenin chemiluminescence.

Abstract Microsomal superoxide anion ( O − 2 ) production was detected using the chemiluminigenic probe, bis-N-Methylacridinium nitrate (lucigenin). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibited 55% of the light emission but in the presence of a detergent (Triton X100) SOD inhibited the light emission by 94%. Lucigenin chemiluminescence from rat liver microsomes supplemented with NADPH was found to be selective and sensitive in detecting the O − 2 production. Treatment of rats with poly IC and LPS resulted in a decrease of the hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 content by 44% and 37% respectively. The decrease in the cytochrome P450 contents was accompanied by a decrease in LgC1 from the hepatic microsomal fractions by 61% for the poly IC and by 51% for the LPS treated rats. This is the first report to demonstrate that decreased P450 in the presence of normal amounts of cytochrome P450(c) reductase produce correspondingly less O − 2 from the microsomes.
The Simulated Professional Meeting: A Context for Teaching Oral Presentation in the Technical Communication Course

On decrit le congres simule qui se tient regulierement a l'universite du Texas ou les etudiants adaptent et presentent des rapports ecrits sous forme orale et visuelle
Integration of scheduling and control with online closed-loop implementation: Fast computational strategy and large-scale global optimization algorithm

Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel integration method to solve the scheduling problem and the control problem simultaneously. The integrated problem is formulated as a mixed-integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) problem which contains discrete variables in the scheduling problem and constraints of differential equations from the control problem. Because online implementation is crucial to deal with uncertainties and disturbances in operation and control of the production system, we develop a fast computational strategy to solve the integration problem efficiently and allow its online applications. In the proposed integration framework, we first generate a set of controller candidates offline for each possible transition, and then reformulate the integration problem as a simultaneous scheduling and controller selection problem. This is a mixed-integer nonlinear fractional programming problem with a non-convex nonlinear objective function and linear constraints. To solve the resulting large-scale problem within sufficiently short computational time for online implementation, we propose a global optimization method based on the model properties and the Dinkelbach's algorithm. The advantage of the proposed method is demonstrated through four case studies on an MMA polymer manufacturing process. The results show that the proposed integration framework achieves a lower cost rate than the conventional sequential method, because the proposed framework provides a better tradeoff between the conflicting factors in scheduling and control problems. Compared with the simultaneous approach based on the full discretization and reformulation of the MIDO problem, the proposed integration framework is computationally much more efficient, especially for large-scale cases. The proposed method addresses the challenges in the online implementation of the integrated scheduling and control decisions by globally optimizing the integrated problem in an efficient way. The results also show that the online solution is crucial to deal with the various uncertainties and disturbances in the production system.
Disgraced by Miscarriage: Four and a Half Centuries of Lexicographical Belligerence

This article describes some of the quarrels that have made the history of English dictionaries so fascinating for almost half a millennium. During that time lexicographers have engaged in countless altercations, and they’ve been known to get nasty—their debates are sometimes little more dignified than knife fights. Samuel Johnson himself noted, “Every other authour may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach,” and few even manage that; the usual lot of the dictionary writer is “to be disgraced by miscarriage, or punished for neglect.” The article was delivered as the keynote address on the occasion of the opening of the exhibition “Everything from A to Z: The Edward J. Bloustein Dictionary Collection” (February 6–June 21, 2007). The exhibition featured the historic dictionary collection of Edward J. Bloustein, Rutgers’ seventeenth president. This collection was donated to Rutgers’ Special Collections and University Archives.
Pain, priorities, and prehospital care.

(2002). P AIN , P RIORITIES, AND P REHOSPITAL C ARE. Prehospital Emergency Care: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 486-488.
Tissue sulfate determination by ion chromatography.

Abstract The application of controlled-flow anion chromatography to assay inorganic sulfate in biological fluids and tissues is described. The eluent used in previous methods for analyzing sulfate in biological fluids has been modified by adding 4.5% acetonitrile to separate sulfate from a co-eluting peak. To markedly increase the life of the column, the tissue samples were further diluted, extracted with chloroform, and analyzed at a lower detection range (0.3 μS). The method has been shown to be applicable for determining sulfate in tissues as well as biological fluids.
Vacuum UV photoionization mass spectrometry of small polymers using jet cooling

Abstract Many polymers with short chains and molecular weights up to several thousand atomic mass units can be transferred to the vapor phase whole by pulsed laser desorption, in contrast with the well-known, destructive ablation process encountered with long-chain, high-molecular-weight polymers. However, the vaporized whole polymers are hot and thus fragment extensively when photoionized. For their detection as molecular ions, it is necessary first to cool the vaporized polymers, which is accomplished by entraining them in an Ar jet expansion. Near-threshold, single-photon ionization at 125 nm (9.9 eV) was used in all cases and compared with 193 nm, two-photon ionization for polystyrene. Mass spectra showing oligomeric distributions for samples of poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(isoprene), poly(perfluorotrimethylene oxide) and polystyrene are reported. Application of the technique to samples of increasing average molecular weight shows that, as the chain length increases, thermal decomposition eventually predominates over vaporization. © 1997 Elsevier Science S.A.
POLICY ANALYSIS AND UNCERTAINTY: LESSONS FROM THE IVHS TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Decision models used in support of policy analysis do not handle uncertainty well. A fundamental requirement is the need to identify the sources of uncertainty and the limits of commonly used decision models. The complexity of this process is demonstrated in the context of policy planning for a new generation of transportation technologies generally referred to as Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS).
Variation of collagen fiber alignment in a joint surface: A scanning electron microscope study of the tibial plateau in dog, rabbit, and man

To determine if articular cartilage collagen fiber organization differs with location on the tibial plateau, specimens from dogs, humans, and rabbits were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Joint surfaces were fixed, dehydrated, and fractured radially so that the periphery could be compared with the center on single specimens. Generally, fibers were more tightly packed in the lateral side than in the medial and the periphery as compared with the center, where the cartilage was consistently thicker and the radial zone was dominant and composed of straight vertical fibers. In the periphery, the tangential and transitional zones were better developed and contributed up to 50% of the cartilage depth in comparison to only 5% centrally. The soft, dull, malacic appearance of the center results from lack of a true surface layer of tangential collagen fibers.
Antiendotoxin Agents Share Molecular Homology within Their Lipopolysaccharide Binding Domains

Abstract Background. The purpose of this study was to determine whether antiendotoxin agents exhibit molecular homology within their lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding domains, suggesting a common mechanism of action. We hypothesized that the presence of positively charged basic amino acids or a paucity of negatively charged acidic amino acids, or both, would be a critical characteristic of that portion of the molecule that binds to the highly negatively charged deep core/lipid A (DCLA) region of LPS. Materials and methods. We analyzed the amino acid sequences of the variable light (VL) and heavy (VH) chain complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of anti-DCLA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) 1B6, 5A5, and 7C5 and compared them with (1) the CDRs of three irrelevant control mAbs and (2) the LPS binding region of bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI). We purified and amplified the specific nucleotide sequences of the variable regions using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. DNA was sequenced by dideoxy termination, and protein sequences were deduced and analyzed. The percentages of acidic, basic, polar, and hydrophobic amino acids within VH and VL chain CDRs were determined. Results. We identified a paucity of negatively charged acidic amino acids exclusively within VL chain CDRs of anti-DCLA mAbs (P Conclusions. Our data suggest that the near absence of negatively charged acidic residues is critical for LPS binding. This characteristic appears to reside exclusively in the VL chain CDRs of anti-DCLA mAbs.
Thermodynamics of textures in superfluid 3He

Abstract The contribution of the textures in the B-phase of superfluid 3 He to the specific heat has been calculated. The specific heat is found to be divergent near T c .
Response of the respiratory network of mice to hyperthermia.

Most mammals modulate respiratory frequency (RF) to dissipate heat (i.e., panting) and avoid heat stroke during hyperthermic conditions. During hyperthermia, the RF of intact mammals increases and ...
Expression of the osteoblast differentiation factor RUNX2 (Cbfa1/AML3/Pebp2αA) is inhibited by tumor necrosis factor-α

The transcription factor RUNX2 (Cbfa1/AML3/Pebp2alphaA) is a critical regulator of osteoblast differentiation. We investigated the effect of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) on the expression of RUNX2 because TNF is known to inhibit differentiation of osteoblasts from pluripotent progenitor cells. TNF treatment of fetal calvaria precursor cells or MC3T3-E1 clonal pre-osteoblastic cells caused a dose-dependent suppression of RUNX2 steady state mRNA as measured by reverse transcription-PCR. The IC(50) for TNF inhibition was 0.6 ng/ml. TNF suppression of RUNX2 mRNA was confirmed using Northern analysis. The effect of TNF was studied using isoform-specific primers that flanked unique regions of two major RUNX2 isoforms. TNF suppressed expression of the mRNA coding for the shorter MRIPV isoform by >90% while inhibiting expression of the mRNA for the longer MASNS isoform by 50%. RUNX2 nuclear content was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay using a rat osteocalcin promoter binding sequence as probe and by Western analysis. TNF reduced nuclear RUNX2 protein. Inhibition of new protein synthesis with cycloheximide failed to prevent TNF inhibition of RUNX2 mRNA, suggesting that a newly translated protein did not mediate the TNF effect. RUNX2 mRNA half-life was 1.8 h and reduced to 0.9 h by TNF. The effect of TNF on RUNX2 gene transcription was evaluated using a 0.6-kb RUNX2 promoter-luciferase reporter in MC3T3-E1 cells. TNF caused a dose-dependent inhibition of transcription to 50% of control values. The inhibitory effect of TNF was preserved with deletions to nucleotide -108 upstream of the translational start site; however, localization downstream of nucleotide -108 was obscured by loss of basal activity. Our results indicate that TNF regulates RUNX2 expression at multiple levels including destabilization of mRNA and suppression of transcription. The disproportionate inhibition of RUNX2 nuclear protein suggests that additional post-transcriptional mechanisms may be occurring. Suppression of RUNX2 by TNF may decrease osteoblast differentiation and inhibit bone formation in TNF excess states.
Ro 15-1788 and β-CCE selectively eliminate diazepam-induced feeding in the rabbit

Abstract Food intake was monitored in three female and one male adult rabbits following the administration of three drugs known to result in feeding increases in other species. The drugs, diazepam (1.0 mg/kg), cyprohepadine (0.03 mg/kg) and chlorpromazine (1.0 mg/kg) all produced large increases in food intake; of these, only the effect of diazepam, a benzodiazepine, was reversed by doses of the benzodiazepine antagonists Ro 15-1788 (0.3 mg/kg) and Ethyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCE) (1.0 mg/kg) which, when given alone, did not affect feeding. The results support evidence suggesting that Ro 15-1788 and β-CCE are specific antagonists of the benzodiazepine receptor and of their effects on a wide range of behaviors.
Modality-specific circadian rhythmicities influence mechanisms of attention and memory for interval timing

Abstract Two groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (n's = 10) were trained to discriminate between 2-s and 8-s signal durations at one of two different phases of a 14:10 light:dark (LD) cycle with lights on at 7:00 am . One group of rats was trained beginning at 8:00 am and the other group of rats was trained beginning at 8:00 pm . Signals were composed of either a 2-s or an 8-s duration of light (6-or 7.5-W lamp onset) or sound (80-dB white noise onset) presented with equal probability in a random order during a 2-h session. Five intermediate signal durations, in addition to the two anchor points, were presented by means of the bisection method with discrete trials separated by a random-interval 45-s intertrial interval (ITI). After baseline response functions for both auditory and visual signals were obtained at the two training phases, test sessions were conducted at eight different times during the LD cycle. These test sessions were conducted in order to determine whether any of the psychological processes involved in the discrimination of signal duration in the seconds to minutes' range exhibit a cirdadian rhythm. The results obtained from the test stage revealed no circadian rhythmicity in clock speed (Λ) for either signal modality; whereas, the variability or temporal memory for sound signals ( γ K ∗ | S ) and the probability of attention to light signals (p(A) | L)—as estimated from the application of a scalar expectancy model of temporal bisection—showed circadian rhythmicities that interacted with the circadian phase of initial baseline training.
Young Minds and Marketplace Values: Issues in Children's Television Advertising

This paper reviews research on young children's responses to television commercials in the context of the history of attempts to regulate television advertising directed to children. Concern with regulation emerged in the 1960s, when children were recognized as a market in their own right. The few available and relevant empirical studies played a clear role in shaping early Federal Communications Commission (1974) policy. Subsequent research demonstrated that young children have difficulty distinguishing between programs and commercials, that most manifest little or no understanding of commercials' persuasive intent, and that those who do not understand persuasive intent are highly vulnerable to commercial claims and appeals. These findings led the Federal Trade Commission (1978) to attempt to ban television advertising to children too young to understand persuasive intent. However, the history of regulatory attempts demonstrates that research findings are not a dominant influence on policy decisions. Rather, policy is a result of competing value orientations (e.g., protection of the marketplace or protection of the child) and the political maneuvering they engender.
Undergraduate Assistants as an Integral Factor in an Educational Psychology Course

Highly selected and trained undergraduates become teaching team members whose role is integrated into the teaching model.
Interrupting Augustine: Hermeneutics, Allegory, and Irony in El perro del hortelano

Whatever else El perro del hortelano might be, it is a deeply ironic text about the difficulties of reading. The play not only stages acts of reading and writing where irony disrupts understanding, it is itself an ironic reading of Augustine's moment of conversion that shows the difficulty of allegorical and programmatic readings.
THE WEALTH MAXIMIZING ORDERING QUANTITY: AN EXTENSION

This paper derives a simple analytical expression for the value maximizing economic ordering quantity (EOQ). The traditional EOQ formula can be derived from this expression through a second-order Taylor series expansion. This connection explains McDaniel's recent simulation results showing that the EOQ is an accurate estimator of the optimal ordering quantity.
Gaussian process-based Bayesian nonparametric inference of population size trajectories from gene genealogies.

Summary Changes in population size influence genetic diversity of the population and, as a result, leave a signature of these changes in individual genomes in the population. We are interested in the inverse problem of reconstructing past population dynamics from genomic data. We start with a standard framework based on the coalescent, a stochastic process that generates genealogies connecting randomly sampled individuals from the population of interest. These genealogies serve as a glue between the population demographic history and genomic sequences. It turns out that only the times of genealogical lineage coalescences contain information about population size dynamics. Viewing these coalescent times as a point process, estimating population size trajectories is equivalent to estimating a conditional intensity of this point process. Therefore, our inverse problem is similar to estimating an inhomogeneous Poisson process intensity function. We demonstrate how recent advances in Gaussian process-based nonparametric inference for Poisson processes can be extended to Bayesian nonparametric estimation of population size dynamics under the coalescent. We compare our Gaussian process (GP) approach to one of the state-of-the-art Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) methods for estimating population trajectories. Using simulated data, we demonstrate that our method has better accuracy and precision. Next, we analyze two genealogies reconstructed from real sequences of hepatitis C and human Influenza A viruses. In both cases, we recover more believed aspects of the viral demographic histories than the GMRF approach. We also find that our GP method produces more reasonable uncertainty estimates than the GMRF method.
Divide-and-Conquer Approach to the Parallel Computation of Elementary Flux Modes in Metabolic Networks

Elementary flux modes are an important class of metabolic pathways used to characterize the functioning and behavior of metabolic networks of biochemical reactions in a biological cell. The computation of the elementary flux modes is accomplished by using the so-called Nullspace Algorithm whose high computational cost and memory requirements still limit the computation to relatively small metabolic networks. We combine a "combinatorial'' parallelization with a novel divide-and-conquer paradigm into a new implementation of the Nullspace Algorithm with lower memory requirements. We discuss the disadvantages of the combinatorial parallelization and divide-and-conquer ideas and explain why their combination attains more computational power. The improved parallel Nullspace Algorithm is used to compute up to nearly 50 million elementary flux modes for a metabolic network for yeast, a task which was previously not possible using either of the two approaches individually.
The Appearance of the Medicean Moons in 17 th Century Charts and Books—How Long Did It Take?

Galileo's talents in perspective and chiaroscuro drawing led to his images of the Moon being accepted relatively quickly as the naturalistic portrayal of a truly physical place. In contrast to his resolved views of the Moon, Galileo saw the satellites of Jupiter as only points of light (as with stars). He thus used star symbols in Sidereus Nuncius (1610) for the moons, in constrast to an open disk for Jupiter. In this paper, I describe methods used in subsequent decades to portray objects that could not be seen in any detail but whose very existence challenged the scholastic approach to science. Within fifty years, the existence of the moons was such an accepted component of astronomy that they were depicted in the highly decorative “textbook” Atlas Coelestis seu Harmonia Macrocosmica by Andreas Cellarius (1660). Other symbolic methods, ranging from the routine to the dramatic, were used in subsequent centuries to portray the moons. Actual photographs using ground-based telescopes were not possible until the 20th century, just years before cameras on spaceflight missions captured the true details of the Medicean Stars.
Instability and breakdown of a vertical vortex pair in a strongly stratified fluid

The dynamics of a counter-rotating pair of columnar vortices aligned parallel to a stable density gradient are investigated. By means of numerical simulation, we extend the linear analyses and laboratory experiments of Billant & Chomaz (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 418, p. 167; vol. 419, pp. 29, 65 (2000)) to the fully nonlinear, large-Reynolds-number regime. A range of stratifications and vertical length scales is considered, with Frh 1 are found to be unstable as well, with growth rates only slightly less than those of the zigzag instability but with very different structure. At later times, the large-Reynolds-number evolution diverges profoundly from the moderate-Reynolds-number laboratory experiments as the instabilities transition to turbulence. For the zigzag instability, this transition occurs when density perturbations generated by the vortex bending become gravitationally unstable. The resulting turbulence rapidly destroys the vortex pair. We derive the criterion η/R ≈ 0.2/Frz for the onset of gravitational instability, where η is the maximum horizontal displacement of the bent vortices, and refine it to account for a finite twisting disturbance. Our simulations agree for the fastest growing wavelengths 0.3 1 saturate at low amplitude, preserving the columnar structure of the vortices well after the generation of turbulence. Viscosity is shown to suppress the transition to turbulence for Reynolds number Re ≲ 80/Frh, yielding laminar dynamics and, under certain conditions, pancake vortices like those observed in the laboratory.
Cellular mechanisms for orthovanadate-, phorbol ester-, and calcium ionophore-stimulated prostaglandin production in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) follicles.

Previous studies have shown that prostaglandin (PG) production in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) follicles can be stimulated by sodium orthovanadate, phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate ester (PMA), and the calcium ionophore, A23187. In the present study, the mechanisms by which these activators stimulate PG production in follicles were specifically investigated by examination of their effects on the release of 3 H-labeled arachidonic acid (AA) from prelabeled follicles (AA release) and on the capacity to convert exogenous 3 H-AA into prostanoids (AA conversion) by follicle walls. The release of AA from follicles was significantly stimulated by orthovanadate and A23187 after 4 h of incubation. Although AA release was not stimulated by PMA alone, levels of AA release in incubations with both PMA and A23187 were greater than in those with A23187 alone. In contrast, AA conversion in follicle walls was significantly increased by PMA and orthovanadate but not by A23187 alone. The results showed that 1) the calcium ionophore A23187 stimulated ovarian PG production mainly through its effects on the release of AA from follicles; 2) PMA enhanced follicular PG production through an increase in AA conversion in the follicle walls; and 3) orthovanadate mediated PG production by increasing both AA release and AA conversion. In addition, PMA-, A23187-, and orthovanadate-stimulated increases in AA release or conversion were significantly reduced by the translational inhibitor, cycloheximide, and the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin. These results indicate that PMA-, A23187-, and orthovanadate-stimulated AA release and AA conversion require protein synthesis and pretranslational activation in the follicles. Thus, the inhibition of PMA-, A23187-, and orthovandate-stimulated PG production in trout follicles by actinomycin and cycloheximide, demonstrated in previous studies, may involve the inhibition of both AA release and AA conversion in the follicles.
The Middle Asian Element in the Southern Rocky Mountain Flora of the western United States: a critical biogeographical review

Aim Presentation of an hypothesis suggesting that the extraordinarily similarity of the Russian Altai and the American Southern Rocky Mountain Flora represents an Oroboreal Flora; that had to have had an essential continuity across the northern part of the world in the Tertiary period, constituting a highland and steppe component of the better-known Arcto-Tertiary Flora of eastern and far-western North America and eastern Asia. Location North America and Middle (Altai) Asia. Methods Summarization of the author's field and herbarium studies of whole floras over a period of over 60 years, consisting of successive specializations in vascular plants, lichens, and bryophytes. Main conclusions (1) The modern alpine and associated marginal steppe and montane floras contain taxa of Tertiary age. (2) The floras of the southern mountains antedate those of the present-day Arctic. (3) The Middle Asiatic and the North American floras once enjoyed a contiguous existence over a broad area involving connections between North America and Asia across the North Pole by way of Greenland. Their present disjunctions are products of extinction and attrition of ranges, not of long-distance migration or dispersal mechanisms. (4) North-eastern North American disjunctions of so-called Cordilleran species (the Nunatak hypothesis) need not require explanations involving long-distance dispersal or migration, but represent relictual populations of the once widely distributed Oroboreal flora.
Fronto-parietal regulation of media violence exposure in adolescents: a multi-method study

Adolescents spend a significant part of their leisure time watching TV programs and movies that portray violence. It is unknown, however, how the extent of violent media use and the severity of aggression displayed affect adolescentsbrain function. We investigated skin conductance responses, brain activation and functional brain connectivity to media violence in healthy ado- lescents. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, subjects repeatedly viewed normed videos that displayed different degrees of aggressive behavior. We found a downward linear adaptation in skin conductance responses with increasing aggression and desensitization towards more aggressive videos. Our results further revealed adaptation in a fronto-parietal network including the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC), right precuneus and bilateral inferior parietal lobules, again showing downward linear adaptations and desensitization towards more aggressive videos. Granger causality mapping analyses revealed attenuation in the left lOFC, indicating that activation during viewing aggressive media is driven by input from parietal regions that decreased over time, for more aggressive videos. We conclude that aggressive media activates an emo- tion-attention network that has the capability to blunt emotional responses through reduced attention with repeated viewing of aggressive media contents, which may restrict the linking of the consequences of aggression with an emotional response, and therefore potentially promotes aggressive attitudes and behavior.
‘Watcha Gonna Do when they Cum all Over you?’ What Police Themes in Male Erotic Video Reveal about (Leather) Sexual Subjectivity

This article is a theoretical investigation into the appeal of police themes widespread in gay video pornography. I use this investigation as a pathway to certain broad, if polemical, conclusions a...
Enhanced Natural Visual Perception for Augmented Reality-Workstations by Simulation of Perspective

A novel method is presented for enhancing the natural visual perception afforded by augmented reality (AR) workstations. The approach incorporates a method for simulating perspective viewing using a monitor-based AR workstation that acts as a window to the physical workspace in front of it. Although similar AR workstations are often used in industry, they do not provide natural visual perception. By incorporating user head tracking and a spherical mirror, the method proposed enhances visual perception by simulating the depth cue of perspective viewing. The method interactively adjusts the viewing parameters to provide accurate perspective viewing of both the video stream (representing the physical environment) as well as the virtual objects superimposed within it. Hence, the user gains the impression of 3D viewing of the entire AR scene when moving ones head in front of the monitor. This paper describes the hardware setup and the method for perspective simulation within an AR software application. Finally, an experimental evaluation of the accuracy of the system is described to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.
What is the Contribution of Mexican Immigration to U.S. Crime Rates? Evidence from Rainfall Shocks in Mexico

This paper identifies a causal effect of Mexican immigration on crime using an instrument that leverages temporal variation in rainfall in different regions in Mexico as well as persistence in regional Mexico–U.S. migration networks. The intuition behind the instrument is that deviations in Mexican weather patterns isolate quasi-random variation in the assignment of Mexican immigrants to U.S. cities. My findings indicate that Mexican immigration is associated with no appreciable change in the rates of either violent or property crimes in U.S. cities. (JEL: J15, K42, R10)
Twenty Years of the Hydrogen Movement: 1974–1994

It is now the twentieth anniversary of the beginning of the Hydrogen Energy Movement. Over the twenty years, there have been accomplishments in every front-from the acceptance of the concept as an answer to energy and environment related global problems, to research, development and commercialization. The Hydrogen Energy System has now taken firm roots. Activities towards the implementation are growing.