cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
All optical fiber polarization controlling devices fabricated by femtosecond laser irradiation

This paper reports the stress-induced birefringence generated in an optical fiber using femtosecond laser (fs) irradiations and the fabrication of in-fiber waveplates and polarizers. Optical birefringence was created in a single-mode fiber by introducing a series of symmetric cuboid stress rods on both sides of the fiber core and along the fiber axis using a femtosecond laser. The stress-induced birefringence was estimated to be 2.4×10-4 at the optical wavelength of 1550 nm. By controlling the length of the stress rods, waveplates of the desired retardance can be fabricated. The stress-induced birefringence was further explored to fabricate in-fiber polarizers based on the polarization-dependent long-period fiber grating (LPFG) structure. For the in-fiber polarizer based on low order mode LPFG, a polarization extinction ratio of more than 25 dB was observed at the wavelength of 1527.8 nm. A high order mode LPFG based in-fiber polarizer, with a broad bandwidth of 100 nm near 1550 nm, was investigated as well. The in-fiber polarization devices with low insertion loss may be useful in optical communications and fiber optic sensing applications.
Abstract T P400: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Reactive Astrogliosis Is Correlated With Inversion of Neurovascular Coupling

Poor patient outcome following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been linked to delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), presenting several days following aneurysm rupture. Enhanced constriction of the brain vasculature, including intracerebral (parenchymal) arterioles contribute to SAH-induced DCI. Activity-dependent blood flow through parenchymal arterioles is controlled by local neuronal and astrocytic activity, a process known as neurovascular coupling. In response to numerous types of brain insults (e.g. tumors, trauma, and strokes), astrocytes undergo a transformation to a reactive phenotype, reactive astrogliosis, characterized by hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Here, we examined the hypothesis that SAH-induced reactive gliosis of perivascular astrocytes contribute to enhanced parenchymal arteriolar constriction. Astrocyte and vascular changes were assessed in a mouse endovascular perforation SAH model. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), an astrocyte-specific intermediate filament that is upre...
Public Health Benefits of Preventive Nutrition: Global Perspective

Until very recently, most populations had no choice but to consume foods that were produced locally, and availability was often extremely seasonal. This resulted in diets that were highly variable across the globe, and disease rates varied dramatically with these differences in diet. More detailed studies have shown that diets with primarily unsaturated fats, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, abundant fruits and vegetables, and low amounts of refined starches, sugar, and red meat will reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, some cancers, and other conditions. Combined with not smoking and regular physical activity, this dietary pattern can prevent the large majority of many major causes of mortality worldwide.
Morgan Freeman is dead and other big data stories

In the context of the feverish pace in which the social sciences are grappling with the implications for a turn toward ‘big data’, I suggest a different starting point: that big data are not necess...
Solid state structure of (pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)(2,4-dimethylpentadienyl)iron, Fe(C5Me5)(2,4-C7H11), and its incorporation into silica aerogels

Abstract The structure of Fe(C5Me5)(2,4-C7H11) has been determined (C7H11 = dimethylpentadienyl), and found to be isomorphous with its ruthenium analogue. The Fe–C bond distances for the open pentadienyl ligand have been found to be about 0.02 A shorter than those for the aromatic pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligand, whereas for the simple cyclopentadienyl analogue, the Fe–C bond distances for the two ligand types were nearly identical. While the structural data support proposals that the pentadienyl ligand is more strongly bound, the complex reacts readily with silica aerogel, during which it is the nonaromatic pentadienyl ligand which is removed via protonation. Solid state 13C NMR spectra are consistent with incorporation of the metal into one major environment, with lesser degrees of incorporation into alternative environments.
The Logical Structure of Air Combat Control Decision based on BDOTI

By analyzing the thinking methods of air combat decision,the possible world of air combat command control,is described by the CTL*(Computation Tree Logic) according to the features and needs of team cooperative air combat.Second,a BDOTI logic framework,i.e.Belief,Desire,Obligation and Tactical Intention,of airborne command control is constructed by temporal logic and modal logic.Finally,a BDOTI interpreter is given to describe the whole process of air combat.
Setting constraints on the nature and origin of the two major hydrous sulfates on Mars: Monohydrated and polyhydrated sulfates

Monohydrated Mg sulfate (MgSO4·H2O) and polyhydrated sulfate are the most common and abundant hydrous sulfates observed thus far on Mars. They are widely distributed and coexist in many locations. On the basis of results from two new sets of experiments, in combination with past experimental studies and the subsurface salt mineralogy observed at a saline playa (Dalangtan, DLT) in a terrestrial analogue hyperarid region on the Tibet Plateau, we can now set new constraints on the nature and origin of these two major Martian sulfates. Starkeyite (MgSO4·4H2O) is the best candidate for polyhydrated sulfate. MgSO4·H2O in the form of “LH-1w,” generated from dehydration of Mg sulfates with high degrees of hydration, is the most likely mineral form for the majority of Martian monohydrated Mg sulfate. Two critical properties of Mg sulfates are responsible for the coexistence of these two phases that have very different degrees of hydration: (1) the metastability of a substructural unit in starkeyite at relatively low temperatures, and (2) catalytic effects attributed to coprecipitated species (sulfates, chlorides, oxides, and hydroxides) from chemically complex brines that help overcome the metastability of starkeyite. The combination of these two properties controls the coexistence of the LH-1w layer and starkeyite layers at many locations on Mars, which sometimes occur in an interbedded stratigraphy. The structural H2O held by these two broadly distributed sulfates represents a large H2O reservoir at the surface and in the shallow subsurface on current Mars.
Analysis of pneumonoconiosis cases from 2006 to 2013 in Nantong City

Objective To understand characteristics of epidemiological distribution of the cases with pneumoconiosis in Nantong City and provide scientific criteria for preventive measures.Methods Data on pneumoconiosis cases newly diagnosed were retrieved from 2006 to 2013in Nantong City.The information related to the cases were collated and statistically analyzed.Results A total of 76 new cases with pneumoconiosis were diagnosed in Nantong City from 2006 to 2013.The silicosis and welder pneumoconiosis were predominant,accounted for 69.7%.The stage one of pneumoconiosis were dominant,accounted for84.2%.Males occupied 90.8%.The exposure length to dust was most in 10 to 15 years,which was accounted for 28.9%.The average age at diagnosis were concentrated in the over 50 years old,accounted for59.2%.The most cases were found in general specialized equipment manufacturing industry and shippingfloating device manufacturing industry,which was accounted for 44.7%.The number of cases of welding work was the most,accounted for 27.6%.Private economy enterprise had the most cases,which was occupied 55.3%.Conclusions General specialized equipment manufacturing industry and shipping floating device manufacturing industry is the key industries on the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis in Nantong City.The welding work is the target population in prevention and control of pneumoconiosis.More strict supervision should be implemented in private economic enterprises to effectively reduce the incidence of pneumoconiosis.
Managing the Internal Corporate Venturing Process

Examines the process of internal corporate venturing (ICV) and the issues and difficulties that arise. The model developed considers the strategic activities associated with these ventures both simultaneously and sequentially. Using the results of a study of the development of six ICV projects, a model comprised of both core processes and overlaying processes is presented across three levels of management. Four critical problem areas arise in this analysis. Each is explored and the reasons are presented for why these problems occur. These areas are vicious circles in the definition process, managerial dilemmas in the impetus process, indeterminatenesss of the strategic context of ICV development, and perverse selective pressures exerted by the structural context on ICV development. Based on the insights gained from the problem areas of ICV, four recommendations for improving the strategic management of these ventures are highlighted. Included are facilitating the definition process (e.g., facilitating the integration of business and R&D perspectives), moderating the impetus process (e.g., clarifying and expanding management roles as champions and strategists), elaborating the strategic context of ICV (e.g., creating a long term strategy to support new business opportunities), and refining the structural context of ICV (e.g., through appropriate measurement and reward systems). Managers involved in ICV must consider the strategic situation faced by other managers at different levels in order to anticipate and address the problems which will face the internal new venture. (SRD)
Structure-Based Prediction of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Epitopes

Because of the enormous diversity of both MHC proteins and peptide epitopes, computational epitope prediction methods are needed in order to supplement limited experimental data. These prediction methods are useful for guiding experiments and have many potential biomedical applications. Unlike popular sequence-based methods, structure-based epitope prediction methods can predict epitopes for multiple MHC types with highly distinct peptide binding propensities. In this chapter, we describe in detail our previously developed structure-based epitope prediction methods for both class I and class II MHC proteins. We also discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of sequence-based versus structure-based methods and how to evaluate prediction performance.
Injected-drug use : complications and costs in the care of hospitalized HIV-infected patients

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of injected-drug-use complications to the utilization of inpatient care by persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Retrospective chart review was done of all hospital admissions between January 1, 1991, and December 31, 1991, with outpatient records reviewed to establish CD4 counts within 3 months of the date of admission. The participants included 284 consecutive admissions (189 patients); admissions were divided into two groups according to the Center for Disease Control 1993 expanded AIDS definition: those with AIDS (CD4 count, 200 cells/microliters). Thirty percent of admissions occurred among persons with early HIV disease. Among 189 individuals admitted to the hospital, 84% were male, 62% were white, and 48% had injected drugs. Early HIV disease admissions were more likely to involve active injection-drug users (82% vs. 33%; p < 0.01). Admissions related to injected-drug use constituted 60% of early HIV disease hospitalizations, and this number rises to 72% if bacterial pneumonia is included as a substance abuse complication. Admissions related to injected-drug use constituted 27% of AIDS admissions; this number rises to 51% if bacterial pneumonia is included. Early HIV disease admissions were significantly shorter (9.9 vs. 12.6 days) and less expensive (mean charge, $9,592 vs. 12,873) than AIDS admissions but still accounted for 25% of inpatient HIV charges. Hospitalizations among HIV-infected persons early in the course of HIV disease are most often related to the medical complications of injected-drug use and account for a substantial expenditure of hospital resources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Palaeoclimate, environmental factors, and bird body size: A multivariable analysis of avian fossil preservation

Abstract For this study, we abstracted data on 693 avian fossil specimens from 398 publications to determine preservation biases in the avian fossil record. Our results show that dissociated wing and leg bones are the most commonly preserved avian skeletal elements and they are preferentially preserved in environments of high erosion and reworking potential—notably continental shelf marine environments. Using bivariate descriptive displays and multivariable regression analyses, we investigated the trends and associations between well-preserved avian specimens (i.e., fully- or partially-articulated) and a variety of taphonomic factors, including depositional environment, body size, and palaeoclimate. The regression model shows that well-preserved specimens are independently associated with depositional environments of low reworking potential commensurate with low energy systems, warm and humid climates, and smaller bird body size. Our results also indicate that fossils of smaller birds are less common than those of larger birds, but they are more often well-preserved. Bivariate analyses revealed that five times as many articulated specimens are found in warm and humid climates as in cool or dry climates, and this association persists in the multivariable regression model. Warm climates, the strongest predictor of better skeletal preservation, may be underestimated as a source of taphonomic bias in the avian fossil record, possibly because of the indirect nature of climate effects. Rapid burial events, such as volcanic ash accumulations and mudflows, are recognised for their influence on preservation, but climate-related storm events may be more important to avian taphonomy than previously understood. Our analyses indicate that geologic processes leading to high quality preservation of avian fossils are closely associated with climate. Additional studies, based both on fossils and modern taphonomic experiments, with improved collection of climate-related data, are needed to advance our understanding of avian taphonomy.
Isotope effects on pathways of metabolism

In recent studies (Horning et al., 1976) we have shown that the metabolism of a drug may be shifted by deuterium labelling if the drug is metabolised by multiple alternative pathways. Deuterated analogues of caffeine (1-trideuteromethyl3,7-dimethylxanthine and 7-trideuteromethyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine) and antipyrine (2-trideuteromethyl-3-methyl- and 2-methyl-3-trideuteromethyl1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one) were employed. The oxidation of the —CD3 group was depressed and the metabolism was shifted to other pathways that did not involve cleavage of a carbon—deuterium bond. The change in metabolic pathways, like the primary isotope effect, occurs when deuterium is substituted at a principal site of metabolism and when oxidation is a primary mode of metabolism. However, this response, which we have observed in both in vivo and in vitro experiments, is different from the primary isotope effect, which is usually defined as the ratio of rate constants (kH/kD) or ratio of products formed [H]/[D]. For this reason we have used the term ‘metabolic switching’ to describe the effect of deuterium substitution on compounds that are metabolised by multiple alternative pathways rather than sequentially.
A survivor’s response to sacrifice

ABSTRACTContemporary practices of responding to those lost to war violence have, at base, an ethical component constructed around the notion of self-sacrifice as a gift given to survivors. As an expression of gratitude for such gifts, ethical responses to service members honour and repay the sacrifice by picking up the fight where they left off, creating the conditions of possibility for new sacrifices to be made and for more lives to be lost. Through a critical examination of these practices, I interrogate the desirability of this gift-giving function and the indebtedness it implies, arguing that dominant practices focus on the role performed by those who self-sacrifice in ways that divest the individual of their singularity and uniqueness. Drawing on an exchange between Derrida and Levinas, I elaborate a new form of ethical response to those who ‘gave the ultimate gift’ which foregrounds the individual over the characterized abstraction of ‘hero’ they often play. Ultimately, I argue, it is through a fau...
Phase and Thermal Stability Analysis of Al-Fe-V-Si-Y Alloys After Solidification at Intermediate Cooling Rates

Samples of RS-8009 (Al-Fe-V-Si alloy) prepared by both copper mold chill casting and rapid solidification processing were analyzed using SEM and TEM methods including CBED, selected area electron diffraction (SAD), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Diffraction analysis revealed a hexagonal phase identified as h-AlFeSi (P6/mmm a=2.45 nm c=1.25 nm) with evidence of a structural relationship to the icosahedral quasicrystalline (QC) phase and a further relationship with the α-Al-Fe-Si phase (\(\operatorname{Im} \bar 3 a = 1.26 nm\)), which is the desirable intermetallic in this system and also a quasicrystal approximant. The analysis confirmed the findings of earlier studies on the system, which suggested the same structural relationships using different methods. As will be shown, both phases form across a wide range of cooling rates and appear to have good thermal stabilities.
Extending the leisure substitutability concept

Leisure commitment has been studied for several decades now, but few attempts have been made to look at how leisurists benefit from participation in one activity when it comes to selecting another, but related, activity. The concept of leisure substitutability has been helpful in understanding what is entailed in switching activities, but does not address an important issue: how one leisure activity can potentially set up or introduce other leisure activities. The current work seeks to build on the leisure substitutability concept by showcasing the importance of past experience in making future leisure choices. The existence of a high level of participation in a leisure activity can create a space for the development of knowledge, skills or interests which may lead to a more fulfilling activity that better suits the individual’s life circumstances at that particular point in time, and may provide justification for abandonment or lessening of the former activity or affiliation.
EUV extendibility research at Berkeley Lab

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) Lithography remains the preferred technology to replace DUV immersion lithography in high volume production at the 7-nm node and beyond. With numerous 0.33 numerical aperture (NA) tools in the field, EUV has proven itself as technically extremely capable, yet availability remains a gating item for the insertion of EUV into high volume production. With 0.33-NA so close to production, the research and development activity in EUV has now in large part shifted over to high NA (≥ 0.5). High NA EUV significantly stresses several current challenges and gives rise to fundamentally new challenges. The most significant new challenge arises from angular bandwidth limitations of the mask multilayer requiring the use of anamorphic optics [1] or new multilayer material systems. The most significant extended challenge revolves around stochastics in photoresist materials and exposure processes. To address these challenges, a new suite of tools has and is being developed at Berkeley Lab including a variable NA mask imaging microscope [2] and a 0.5-NA microfield exposure tool [3–5]. These tools build on to existing facilities at Berkeley including a 0.3-NA microfield exposure tool [6] and an EUV reflectometer/scatterometer [7].
Standardization of image quality measurements of medical x-ray image intensifier systems

Medical image quality is ultimately gauged by the image’s contribution to an accurate diagnosis. Meaningful comparison of the key elements of diagnostic image quality requires that consistent methods be used to measure them. A NEMA subcommittee is drafting standards to evaluate an x-ray image intensifier (XRII) system—the XRII; lenses linking the XRII output to a camera; video, photofluorographic, and cine cameras; and a video monitor. Image quality parameters include contrast ratio, detective quantum efficiency (DQE), fixed pattern noise, gain, image signal uniformity, limiting spatial resolution, modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectrum, radial distortion, signal-to-noise ratio, and visible entrance field size. An IEC Working Group is dealing with the XRII itself and first addressed MTF and DQE. This paper reviews the work of these two groups developing standards for measuring the image quality parameters of medical XRIIs and systems.
THE USE OF SEASONAL CLIMATE FORECASTING IN POLICYMAKING: LESSONS FROM NORTHEAST BRAZIL

This article examines the use of seasonal climate forecasting in public and private efforts to mitigate the impacts of drought in Ceara, Northeast Brazil. Here, forecasts have been directed towards small scale, rainfed agriculturalists as well as state and local level policymakers in the areas of agriculture, water management, and emergency drought relief. In assessing possibilities and constraints of forecast application in Ceara, the present analysis takes into account three types of variables: (a) characteristics of the forecasts; (b) policymaking systems; and (c) institutional environments. We conclude that, on the one hand, several factors in the Ceara case have limited the effectiveness of seasonal climate forecast use. First, the current level of skill of the forecasts is inadequate for the needs of policy development and farmer decisionmaking. Second, forecast information application has been subject to distortion, misinterpretation and political manipulation. Third, focus on the forecast as a product until recently neglected to take into account end users' needs and decisionmaking behavior. On the other hand, climate forecasting has the potential to offer a dramatic opportunity for state and local level bureaucracies to embark on a path of proactive drought planning.
Counterintuitive Effects of Online Feedback in Middle School Math: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial in ASSISTments.

This study compared the effects of three different feedback formats provided to sixth grade mathematics students within a web-based online learning platform, ASSISTments. A sample of 196 students w...
Maternal Stress and Sensitivity: Moderating Effect of Positive Affect

SYNOPSISObjective. Stress felt by parents is often negatively related to their ability to engage in optimal parenting; however, research on relations of parenting stress to parenting behaviors typically examines negative associations instead of taking a strengths-based approach. The current study examines longitudinally the role of positive affect as a moderator of the relation of parenting stress to later maternal sensitivity, controlling for prior levels of sensitivity. Design. Maternal positive affect and maternal sensitivity were observed for 93 mother–child dyads during free-play sessions when children were 4- to 5-years-old (T1) and 8- to 9-years-old (T2), respectively. Mothers reported on parenting stress felt from dysfunctional parent–child interactions (T1). Results. Maternal positive affect moderated the association of parenting stress to sensitivity at T2, after controlling for prior levels of sensitivity at T1. Mothers who exhibited low positive affect were less likely to respond sensitively a...
Oxygen Plasma Treatment of Fluorinated Polyimide: An X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study

The oxygen plasma induced surface modifications of a fluorinated and conventional polyimide were studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The interaction between polyimides and oxygen plasma resulted in the formation of carbonyl (>C=O) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) sites in both types of polyimides. In the fluorinated polyimide, -CF3 containing polymeric residues were also detected. The plasma induced residues were loosely bound to the polyimide surface and could be removed by vacuum annealing of the plasma treated surfaces restoring the as-cured polyimide surface chemistry in both types of polyimides. The mechanism of interaction of oxygen plasma with both polyimides leading to the observed surface modifications is discussed.
A Highly Adaptable Information Dissemination Strategy

Wireless Sensor Networks have many real world applications. Accordingly, researchers and entrepreneurs are looking for a reliable, real time, and energy-efficient network structures. Traditional techniques of flooding the network with information have proved inept in all of the latter criteria. Others have made specific assumptions of how the network is used and thus make intelligent choices on data dissemination. This paper proposes a non-data centric and thus highly adaptable information dissemination protocol called the Irrigation Algorithm to efficiently route packet to base stations. To evaluate its performance this algorithm is compared with the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol.
A longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on neuronal acquisition and death in the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve: interaction with changes induced by transection of the infraorbital nerve.

The present study determines (1) whether ethanol-induced microencephaly results from reductions in neuronal acquisition (i.e., cell proliferation and neuronal migration) and/or increases in neuronal death and (2) whether ethanol exacerbates death by the same mode as that for naturally occurring or lesion-induced neuronal death. Pregnant rats were exposed to a diet containing 6.7% (v/v) ethanol or an isocaloric control diet during the last two weeks of gestation. At birth, the right infraorbital nerves of the pups were transected. The numbers of neurons in the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve (PSN) on both sides of the pons were examined at various prenatal and early postnatal timepoints. The numbers of pyknotic and argyrophilic PSN cells were also counted. Ethanol delayed and reduced (19.9%) the prenatal acquisition of PSN neurons. The postnatal decline in neuronal number (indicative of neuronal death) was significantly increased (10.6%) by ethanol. Likewise, the numbers of pyknotic and silver-stained cells were significantly higher in ethanol-treated rats. Lesion of the infraorbital nerve induced significant transsynaptic neuronal death in the control rats. Ethanol increased the amount of death caused by the lesion; however, it altered neither the timing of the neuronal loss nor the incidence of pyknosis or silver-staining. Therefore, ethanol affects both neuronal acquisition and survival; the greater effect being on neuronal acquisition. The timing and morphology of dying cells indicate that regardless of the cause (natural processes, ethanol-induced, or lesion-induced), neurons die in the developing PSN by the same mode.
The Future of Synthetic Securitization: A Comment on Bell and Dawson

This comment, written for a symposium on securitization in emerging markets, discusses a short article by Ian Bell and Petrina Dawson on synthetic securitization, a transaction structure by which financial institutions insure on the capital markets credit risks from loans in their portfolios. Synthetic securitization is an exceedingly complex transaction structure; yet, Bell and Dawson manage the impressive feat of describing it accessibly. My comment considers how such a complex transaction structure will be affected by the 'flight to transparency' precipitated by Enron. In that regard, it notes that synthetic securitization is likely to inspire concerns of moral hazard; since its purpose can be achieved far more simply (namely, by selling the underlying loans to traditional loan-participation purchasers), investors may consider synthetic securitization?s complexity to be an end in itself, intended to confuse the inquiry into the caliber of the loans at issue. Synthetic securitization is surely a very important new transaction structure, but its trajectory may be bumpier and its volume of use may be more modest, at least in the moderate term, than Bell and Dawson argue.
Social TV and the Social Soundtrack: Significance of Second Screen Interaction during Television Viewing

The presence of social networks and mobile technology in form of secondary screens used in conjunction with television plays a significant role in the shift from traditional television to social television (TV). In this research, we investigate user interactions with secondary screens during live and non-live transmission of TV programs. We further explore the role of handheld devices in this second screen interaction. We perform statistical tests on more than 418,000 tweets from second screens for three popular TV shows. The results identify significant differences in the social element of second screen usage whilst the show is on air versus after the live broadcast, with the usage of handheld devices differing significantly in terms of the number of tweets during live telecast of TV shows. Desktop devices as second screens are also significant mediums for communication. This research identifies the change in users’ interaction habits in terms of information sharing and interaction for TV broadcasts via the presence of a computing device as a second screen.
High (10−3 s−1) densification rates at <0.25 homologous temperature in pressure assisted densification of nanocrystalline MgO: Effects of water absorption and grain size

Abstract We measured the real-time densification rates in the current activated pressure assisted densification (CAPAD) of nanocrystalline MgO. The rates of samples densified from powders with grain sizes ~40 nm are similar to those measured previously for other nanocrystalline materials while those from 29 nm powder are higher. Exposing the powders to a humid environment increases the densification rates and allows densification at lower temperatures. The densification rate curves of samples with absorbed water display two peaks implying two controlling mechanisms, while the dry samples display one. We attribute lower temperature densification to Mg(OH)2-MgO conversion and the higher to diffusion-controlled densification.
Trio Catalysis Merging Enamine, Broensted Acid, and Metal Lewis Acid Catalysis: Asymmetric Three‐Component Aza‐Diels—Alder Reaction of Substituted Cinnamaldehydes, Cyclic Ketones, and Arylamines.

A trio catalyst system composed of arylamine, BINOL-derived phosphoric acid, and Y(OTf)3, enables the combination of enamine catalysis with both hard metal Lewis acid catalysis and Broensted acid catalysis for the first time.
Bevacizumab in treating the cystic components of pediatric low-grade gliomas: A report of four patients

Low-grade gliomas (LGG) are among the most common types of brain tumors in children and young adults. These tumors often consist of solid and cystic components. Bevacizumab is a documented treatment for progressive LGG, yet the impact of therapy on the cystic component of these tumors is unknown. We present four patients with prominently cystic LGG treated with bevacizumab at the time of progression. In each case, the cystic component responded to treatment. This is the first known study to investigate bevacizumab's impact on the cystic component of low-grade gliomas.
What Is Software Engineering

It is my hope that what you have learned in this book so far will come of great use to you as you grow technically and pursue a career in software engineering. You’ve learned about expressions and variable assignments, data types, basic program control flow, functions, classes, and several programming paradigms. These concepts are all crucial in their relevance to the practical application of programming. But what is software engineering and how is it different from programming?
Contemporary Trends and Outcomes of Percutaneous and Surgical Mitral Valve Replacement or Repair in Patients With Cancer.

In the era of emerging options for mitral valvular intervention, we sought to characterize the relative utilization, outcomes, and posthospital dispositions of patients referred for transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVRepair) and surgical mitral valve procedures (SMVP), by cancer-status. Leveraging the National Inpatient Sample, a representative national dataset, ICD-9 codes for all adults >18 years with co-morbid mitral regurgitation, and cancer without metastatic disease admitted from 2003 to 2015 were queried. TMVRepair was performed in 700 hospitalizations from 2012 to 2015, whereas SMVP was utilized during 12,863 hospitalizations from 2003 to 2015. During follow-up, we observed a proportional increase in TMVRepair utilization among cancer patients (vs noncancer), particularly in 2015 (14.2% vs 8.2%, p <0.0001). There was no difference in in-hospital mortality (1.4% vs 1.8%, p = 0.71), ischemic stroke (0.7% vs 0.6%, p = 0.97), major bleeding (8.6% vs 10.9%, p = 0.36), and home discharge (62.1% vs 65.7%, p = 0.45) by cancer-status among patients who underwent TMVRepair; but, cost of care was increased ($52,325 vs $48,832, p <0.0001). Similarly, there was no difference in in-hospital mortality (3.1% vs 3.4%, p = 0.36), ischemic stroke (2.6% vs 3.1%, p = 0.16) as well as the cost-of-care ($58,106 vs $58,844, p = 0.49) among those who underwent SMVP across the same period; but, cancer was associated with increased major bleeding (34.9% vs 30.5%, p <0.0001), and lower likelihood of home discharge (32.8% vs 38.6%, p <0.0001). In conclusion, TMVRepair and SMVP were associated with comparable in-hospital mortality and outcomes in cancer versus noncancer patients. However, cancer patients treated with SMVP experienced more frequent bleeding related complications compared with noncancer patients.
Fitness Wearables and Exercise Dependence in College Women: Considerations for University Health Education Specialists

Research has elucidated some harmful aspects of fitness wearable devices including their role in exacerbating disordered eating and exercise behaviors in young adults. Purpose: The purpose of this ...
Association of prescription opioid use on mortality and hospital length of stay in the intensive care unit.

Objective Several studies show that chronic opioid dependence leads to higher in-hospital mortality, increased risk of hospital readmissions, and worse outcomes in trauma cases. However, the association of outpatient prescription opioid use on morbidity and mortality has not been adequately evaluated in a critical care setting. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association between chronic opioid use and mortality after an ICU admission. Design A single-center, longitudinal retrospective cohort study of all Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients admitted to a tertiary-care academic medical center from 2001 to 2012 using the MIMIC-III database. Setting Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III database based in the United States. Patients Adult patients 18 years and older were included. Exclusion criteria comprised of patients who expired during their hospital stay or presented with overdose; patients with cancer, anoxic brain injury, non-prescription opioid use; or if an accurate medication reconciliation was unable to be obtained. Patients prescribed chronic opioids were compared with those who had not been prescribed opioids in the outpatient setting. Interventions None. Measurements and main results The final sample included a total of 22,385 patients, with 2,621 (11.7%) in the opioid group and 19,764 (88.3%) in the control group. After proceeding with bivariate analyses, statistically significant and clinically relevant differences were identified between opioid and non-opioid users in sex, length of hospital stay, and comorbidities. Opioid use was associated with increased mortality in both the 30-day and 1-year windows with a respective odds ratios of 1.81 (95% CI, 1.63–2.01; p<0.001) and 1.88 (95% CI, 1.77–1.99; p<0.001), respectively. Conclusions Chronic opioid usage was associated with increased hospital length of stay and increased mortality at both 30 days and 1 year after ICU admission. Knowledge of this will help providers make better choices in patient care and have a more informed risk-benefits discussion when prescribing opioids for chronic usage.
Exercise-induced hypoalgesia and pain reduction following blood flow restriction: A brief review.

Abstracts Objective To review past literature regarding exercise-induced hypoalgesia and pain reduction following blood flow restriction interventions, and to discuss potential mechanisms as well as future considerations towards the efficacy of blood flow restriction in pain reduction following exercise. Methods To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to include acute exercise, or long-term training interventions, with blood flow restriction, along with including pre and post intervention pain measurements. Results A total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. Among these 13 studies, 3 studies examined exercise-induced hypoalgesia after an acute bout of resistance exercise with blood flow restriction, and 10 studies investigated pain reduction following long-term blood flow restriction training. Conclusions Existing literature suggests that low load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction may serve as an effective pain management method for those who are unable or unwilling to train with high loads. Several potential mechanisms have been suggested, however, the roles of these mechanisms are still unclear and require further clarification. Future research should consider implementing different methods of blood flow restriction application, and research study design to clarify the utility and efficacy of blood flow restriction as a pain management tool, by itself or in combination with exercise.
Membrane Stress Caused by Unprocessed Outer Membrane Lipoprotein Intermediate Pro-Lpp Affects DnaA and Fis-Dependent Growth.

In Escherichia coli, repression of phosphatidylglycerol synthase A gene (pgsA) lowers the levels of membrane acidic phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylglycerol (PG) causing growth-arrested phenotype. The interrupted synthesis of PG is known to be associated with concomitant reduction of chromosomal content and cell mass, in addition to accumulation of unprocessed outer membrane lipoprotein intermediate, pro-Lpp, at the inner membrane. However, whether a linkage exists between the two altered-membrane outcomes remains unknown. Previously, it has been shown that pgsA+ cells overexpressing mutant Lpp(C21G) protein have growth defects similar to those caused by the unprocessed pro-Lpp intermediate in cells lacking PG. Here we found that the ectopic expression of DnaA(L366K) or deletion of fis (encoding Factor for Inversion Stimulation) permits growth of cells that otherwise would be arrested for growth due to accumulated Lpp(C21G). The DnaA(L366K)-mediated restoration of growth occurs by reduced expression of Lpp(C21G) via a σE-dependent small-regulatory RNA (sRNA), MicL-S. In contrast, restoration of growth via fis deletion is only partially dependent on the MicL-S pathway; deletion of fis also rescues Lpp(C21G) growth arrest in cells lacking physiological levels of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL), independently of MicL-S. Our results suggest a close link between the physiological state of the bacterial cell membrane and DnaA- and Fis-dependent growth.
Tropidogyne euthystyla sp. nov., a new small-flowered addition to the genus from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber

Tropidogyne euthystyla, described here, is the fourth species of this fossil genus to have been reported from amber deposits in northern Myanmar. The species are alike in features of the calyx, the shape and venation of the inferior ovary, and the absence of petals. They differ in the number and form of the styles, the lobing of the epigynous disc, and whether the flowers are apparently bisexual or unisexual. In the one species for which several flowers are available for study, T. pentaptera, floral diameters vary from 3.5 to 5.0 mm. The present species, known only from a single flower, is the smallest in the genus, with a floral diameter of only 2 mm. It differs from the 3 previously described species in having 2 stout, erect styles bearing a terminal stigma, whereas the other species have 2 or 3 short or long, arching styles that are decurrently stigmatic along the adaxial surface.
The CSN Model vs. The Maslow Hierarchy

In this chapter I compare the Maslow hierarchy with the CSN model built upon the evolutionary neuroscience of Paul MacLean. In case the reader is has forgotten the details from the discussion in Chapter 2, let’s take a quick review.
A Method of Sire Evaluation for Dichotomies

In this paper, the following problems associated with genetic evaluation of categorical traits by linear models are discussed: (1) Scores are arbitrarily assigned to response categories. (2) Mixed model solutions do not incorporate the restriction in the estimation space that the sum of response probabilities must total 1 across categories (3) The variance in the observed scale is not constant and depends on the genotypic value of the candidates for selection. (4) The additive genetic variance in the observed scale depends on the mean incidence of the character in the subpopulations considered in the model. (5) Nonadditive genetic variation is present in the observed scale. (6) Linear relationships fail outside a restricted range of the data. (7) Ranking optimality of best linear predictors is lacking when the conditional expectation of the predictand given the data is not linear. A method of sire evaluation of dichotomies based on a log-linear model is introduced, its properties are discussed and examples are presented.
Somatic O Antigen Relationship of Brucella and Vibrio cholerae

The antigenic relationship between Brucella species and Vibrio cholerae was examined by agglutinin and agglutinin-absorption tests by using rabbit antisera. Brucella antisera agglutinated only the Inaba serotype of V. cholerae and at low titer. Inaba-reactive antibody was absorbed by either heat-stable (100 C, 2 hr) Ogawa or Inaba O antigens. Cholera antisera from rabbits immunized with either O or HO antigens of either Ogawa or Inaba serotypes contained brucella agglutinins. This activity was absorbed completely from Ogawa antisera by either Ogawa or Inaba O antigens but only partially from Inaba antisera by Ogawa O antigen. These findings support the claim of Gallut that the cross-reaction is due to heat-stable O antigens of V. cholerae rather than heat-labile flagellar antigens as described in many text books. The cross-reactive component is more dominant in the Inaba than in the Ogawa serotype of V. cholerae.
Abstract W P38: Rates of ADC and Flair Signal Maturation Depend on Depth of Ischemia and Time: Helpful for Determining Time of Onset?

Background: Imaging biomarkers may be useful to estimate time of stroke onset when it is unknown. We studied FLAIR and ADC signal maturation in acute ischemic stroke patients to understand how the severity of ischemia may influence the rate of signal change. Methods: Ischemic stroke patients with witnessed onset were sequentially imaged with FLAIR, ADC, and PWI (MTT) at 3, 6, and 24 hr after onset. FLAIR and ADC signal intensity (SI) was normalized to the contralesional hemisphere (nFLAIR and nADC). White matter disease was excluded. Regions of stable ischemia between 3-6hr and 6-24hr were stratified based on 6 increments of MTT prolongation (pMTT) ranging from mild to severe ischemia. Rates of nFLAIR and nADC change between 2 time-points (units= /hr and x10-6 mm2/s /hr, respectively) were measured between 3-6hr and 6-24hr for each pMTT increment. % of patients with FLAIR positivity (defined as nFLAIR > 1.15) at 3 and 6 hr was calculated for each pMTT increment. Results: 37 patients were imaged at 2.6, 6.2, and 24 hr after stroke onset. Between 3 and 6 hr (Fig A, blue), rates of SI change for nFLAIR and nADC progressively increased with increasing severity of ischemia (p Conclusions: Rates of FLAIR and ADC change and FLAIR positivity were influenced by time from stroke onset and severity of ischemia. While FLAIR signal continued to demonstrate perfusion-dependent change beyond 6 hrs, ADC signal matured at 6 hrs, showing little change beyond. Understanding the factors influencing rates of FLAIR and ADC change may help refine an imaging biomarker for determining the time of stroke onset.
Staying in Tune: Traditions and Musical Instruments of the Francophonie

Staying in Tune: Traditions and Musical Instruments of the Francophonie. An online exhibition of the Canadian Heritage Information Network and the Virtual Museum of Canada.SUNNIFASS
Superoxide radicals in feline intestinal ischemia

Abstract One hour of regional ischemia significantly increases the permeability of intestinal capillaries. The role of local humoral agents in the genesis of an increased capillary permeability in the ischemic bowel was assessed using specific antagonists to substances commonly believed to be involved in the pathogensis of ischemic states. Capillary permeability estimates in autoperfused segments of cat ileum were derived from the relationship between lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio and lymph flow, Pretreatment of the ileal segments with either benadryl + cimetidine, indomethacin, or methylprednisolone did not significantly alter the permeability increase induced by regional ischemia. Pretreatment with Superoxide dismutase (SOD), a superoxide radical scavenging enzyme, significantly attenuated the capillary permeability change induced by regional ischemia. Intravenous E. coli endotoxin administration in normotensive preparations increased intestinal capillary permeability; however, lethal doses of the endotoxin were required. The results of this study indicate that superoxide radicals are primarily responsible for the increased capillary permeability in the ischemic bowel.
KERATINASE. II. PROPERTIES OF THE CRYSTALLINE ENZYME.

Keratinase conjugate elaborated by Streptomyces fradiae has been resolved into a basic protein and a novel acidic polymer. The basic protein, obtained in crystalline form, exhibits maximum proteolytic activity against wool at its isoelectric point (approx. pH 9.0). Crystalline keratinase was shown to be homogeneous by electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal analysis. No oligopeptide, other than a hydrolytic product of poly-l-lysine, has yet been found to serve as substrate for keratinase. Properties of keratinase are compared with those of certain other microbial proteases. The nature of the linkage between protein and the acidic component of keratinase conjugate is considered.
FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE I: ANALYTIC PROPERTIES MAPPING

The imaginary numbers are a wonderful flight of God's spirit; they are almost an amphibian between being and not being.
Condensation of aldehydes with malonic acid

1. Benzaldehyde and four haloid-benzaldehydes have been condensed with malonic acid, in the presence of a trace of pyridine as well as in the entire absence of any condensing agent. 2. The yields in all cases have been excellent, in some cases almost quantitative. 3. Chlorine and bromine have undoubtedly accelerated the condensation and increased the yields. 4. Compared to the yields obtained by Perkin’s method, these yields are very superior, the condensations quicker and the products cleaner.