cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A185: Menin functions as a gatekeeper of the proliferative MAPK arm of K-Ras signaling.

Activating mutations of the prototypical oncogene KRAS drive proliferation in all pancreatic ductal adenocarcimomas, but have never been found in pancreatic endocrine tumors, which more commonly inactivate tumor suppressors such as MEN1, the gene mutated in the autosomal dominant cancer syndrome Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1, showing that outcomes of K-Ras signaling depend on cellular context. We have shown that K-Ras does not promote but instead strongly suppresses endocrine cell growth and that this paradoxical activity derives from the Men1 gene product Menin. We have proposed a model in which K-Ras activates both the pro-proliferative MAPK pathway, and the anti-proliferative RASSF1 pathway. In tissues susceptible to MEN1 gene mutation, Menin normally prevents the MAPK effector pathway from driving proliferation while leaving the inhibitory RASSF1 effector pathway intact. In this model, loss of Menin causes proliferation due to removal of the block in MAPK-driven proliferation downstream of K-Ras, while loss of K-Ras signaling increases proliferation by decreasing the unopposed RASSF1 activity in susceptible cells. To test this model, we assessed the effect of various inhibitors of the K-Ras pathway on beta cell proliferation in cultured mouse islets. We found that treatment with a combination of farnesyl- and geranyl-geranyl-transferase inhibitors, which block K-Ras signaling, stimulated beta cell proliferation; but blocking MAPK signaling with an inhibitor of Mek1/2 had no effect on proliferation rate. However, in beta-cells with reduced Men1 gene dosage, both K-Ras and Mek1/2 inhibition reduced the increased basal replication rate, consistent with our model that Menin specifically blocks pro-proliferative outputs of the MAPK arm of K-Ras signaling. Remarkably, complete loss of Men1 created a synthetic lethal interaction with Mek1/2 inhibition. Our study suggests that inhibitors of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway offer a rational therapy for tumors with germline or somatic MEN1 mutations. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A185. Citation Format: Chester Chamberlain, Michael German. Menin functions as a gatekeeper of the proliferative MAPK arm of K-Ras signaling. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A185.
Contribution of thermal noise to frequency stability of rigid optical cavity via Hertz-linewidth lasers

We perform detailed studies of state-of-the-art laser stabilization to high finesse optical cavities, revealing fundamental mechanical thermal noise-related length fluctuations. We compare the frequency noise of lasers tightly locked to the resonances of a variety of rigid Fabry-Perot cavities of differing lengths and mirror substrate materials. The results are in agreement with the theoretical model proposed in K. Numata, A. Kemery, and J. Camp [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 250602 (2004)]. The results presented here on the fundamental limits of FP references will impact planning and construction of next generation ultrastable optical cavities.
Low-Temperature Spectroscopy of Biological Compounds

It is well substantiated that the absorption spectra of complex molecules may be sharpened, and in many cases the vibrational and rotational details brought out, by refrigeration of the absorbing material to the temperature of liquid nitrogen or lower. This principle seems of great potential utility for the characterization and differentiation of compounds of biological interest heretofore indistinguishable by their absorption characteristics, and conceivably for the solution of cytochemical problems. However, the techniques that have been employed have only limited application to polar compounds. We have therefore developed new techniques with which we have undertaken a study of the absorption spectra of a number of purines, pyrimidines, amino acids, proteins, etc. at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77° K).
Individualism and Collectivism in America: The Case of Gun Ownership and Attitudes toward Gun Control:

A number of sociologists and cultural psychologists claim that the United States is a predominantly individualistic country. This article uses a unidimensional index of individualism and collectivi...
Time-resolved Studies for the Mechanism of Reduction of Copper Oxides with Carbon Monoxide: Complex Behavior of Lattice Oxygen and the Formation of Suboxides

Temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), synchrotron-based time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD), extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) were employed in this work to systematically study the reaction of CuO and Cu2O with CO gas molecules. Both TPR and isothermal reduction results showed that CuO was easier to reduce than Cu2O under the same reaction conditions. In situ measurements of XRD and XANES showed a direct transformation pathway for CuO reduction (CuO → Cu) when there was a large supply of CO, while they showed a sequential step pathway involving one intermediate (CuO → Cu2O → Cu) with a limited supply of CO. An induction period for CuO reduction was seen and increased with decreasing temperature. O vacancies in CuO were observed during the induction period that could foster formation of a nonstoichiometric metastable copper-oxide species. The metastable species can either react rapidly with CO to form metallic copper during high CO fl...
Detection of potential fractures and small faults using seismic attributes

Often it is difficult to map subtle faults and other trace-to-trace discontinuities hidden in 3D seismic data. They may appear as minor changes in the seismic waveform that are not easily correlated using conventional interpretation of seismic cross-sections. To map these changes we have investigated and computed several different seismic attributes sensitive to the existence of small faults and fractures in our target reservoir, the Late Permian Unayzah sandstone of central Saudi Arabia. In addition to the traditional geometric horizon attributes such as dip and azimuth, we found that both coherence and spectral decomposition were useful in imaging seismic discontinuities.
Events and Observables in Axiomatic Quantum Mechanics

It is shown that in fairly general circumstances the event and observable frameworks for axiomatic quantum mechanics are equivalent.
A Constrained Random Demodulator for Sub-Nyquist Sampling

This paper presents a significant modification to the Random Demodulator (RD) of Tropp for sub-Nyquist sampling of frequency-sparse signals. The modification, termed constrained random demodulator, involves replacing the random waveform, essential to the operation of the RD, with a constrained random waveform that has limits on its switching rate because fast switching waveforms may be hard to generate cleanly. The result is a relaxation on the hardware requirements with a slight, but manageable, decrease in the recovery guarantees. The paper also establishes the importance of properly choosing the statistics of the constrained random waveform. If the power spectrum of the random waveform matches the distribution on the tones of the input signal (i.e., the distribution is proportional to the power spectrum), then recovery of the input signal tones is improved. The theoretical guarantees provided in the paper are validated through extensive numerical simulations and phase transition plots.
Cholesterol Feeding Increases C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Lean Insulin-Sensitive Subjects

Background— Inflammatory markers associated with elevated cardiovascular risk are increased by cholesterol feeding in animal models. However, whether dietary cholesterol increases inflammatory marker levels in humans is not known. Methods and Results— C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and lipoprotein levels were compared in 201 healthy subjects on an American Heart Association–National Cholesterol Education Program step 1 diet at baseline and after addition of 4 eggs per day for 4 weeks. Subjects were classified a priori into 3 groups based on their body mass index (BMI) and insulin sensitivity index (SI): lean insulin sensitive (LIS), mean±SEM BMI, 23.2±0.3 kg/m2, and SI, 6.7±0.3×10−4min−1/(μU/mL), n=66; lean insulin resistant (LIR), BMI, 24.5±0.2 kg/m2 and SI, 2.9±0.1×10−4min−1/(μU/mL), n=76; or obese insulin resistant (OIR), BMI, 31.4±0.5 kg/m2 and SI, 2.1±0.1×10−4min−1/(μU/mL), n=59. Insulin resistance and obesity each were associated with increased baseline levels of both CRP (P for tr...
Studies on Endamoeba HistolyticaII. Observations Concerning Encystation, Maturation, and Excystation of E. Histolytica, and on the Longevity of Culture-Induced Cysts in Various Fluids and at Different Temperatures

histolytica in artificial mediums, extensive studies have been made concerning various phases of the biology of this organism. Although a voluminous literature has accumulated, there have remained many important questions on which different investigators are not in agreement. Utilizing a technic previously described,' the writer has here attempted to study a few important, and as yet unsettled, problems concerning encystation, maturation, and excystation of E. histolytica, and on the longevity of culture-induced cysts in various fluid suspending mediums and at different temperatures. The results thus obtained are presented in this paper.
Molecular electronics: Charges feel the heat

The thermoelectric properties of molecular junctions can now be investigated with scanning tunnelling microscopy. Such experiments provide insights into charge transport in single molecules, which is inaccessible to more standard transport techniques.
Effects of physical deconditioning after Intense endurance training on left ventricular dimensions and stroke volume

To determine the role of preload in maintaining the enhanced stroke volume of upright exercise-trained endurance athletes after deconditioning, six highly trained subjects undergoing upright and supine bicycle ergometry were characterized before and after 3, 8 and 12 weeks of inactivity that reduced oxygen uptake by 20%. During exercise, oxygen uptake, cardiac output by carbon dioxide rebreathing, cardiac dimensions by M-mode echocardiography, indirect arterial blood pressure and heart rate were studied simultaneously. Two months of inactivity resulted in a reduction in stroke volume, calculated as cardiac output/heart rate, during upright exercise (p 0.80) in all subjects. No significant changes in percent fractional shortening or left ventricular end-systolic dimension occurred in either position after cessation of training. Estimated left ventricular mass was 20% lower after 3 and 8 weeks of inactivity than when the subjects were conditioned (p Thus, the endurance-trained state for upright exercise is associated with a greater stroke volume during upright exercise because of augmented preload. Despite many years of intense training, inactivity for only a few weeks results in loss of this adaptation in conjunction with regression of left ventricular hypertrophy.
The mechanism of beta-bungarotoxin action. I. Modification of transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction.

The protein, β-bungarotoxin, a presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the snake Bungarus multicinctus, is known to inhibit mitochondrial function. Within 30 min after adding the toxin to a rat diaphragmphrenic nerve preparation, the quantal content increased tenfold and the frequency of miniature endplate potentials increased fourfold. No increase in miniature endplate potential frequency was seen in the absence of extracellular calcium. Since mitochondria may be involved in regulating intracellular calcium levels, the rate at which the transmitter release is turned off was studied by measuring delayed release in the presence and absence of toxin. Delayed release is elevated about eightfold by the toxin. If delayed release is due to residual calcium, as has been hypothesized, these data may be explained if the toxin does not alter the amount of calcium which enters the terminal, but rather the rate at which that calcium is removed. Alternatively, a calcium-dependent modification of the release process itself might be produced. The eventual reduction in transmitter output did not appear to result from depletion of the terminal of releaseable packets of transmitter, but does require extracellular calcium.
Access and Agency in Elizabeth Cary's The Tragedy of Mariam: Early Modern Closet Drama and the Spatialization of Power1

This essay was runner-up in the 2005 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Renaissance Section. Numerous critics have explored the stoic sentiments in Elizabeth Cary's The Tragedy of Mariam (1613), especially the ways in which female characters negotiate the demands of patriarchal force, while expressing a conscience contrary to those demands. However, this essay examines the material conditions necessary for pursuing stoic ideals, prompted by the fact that Cary uniquely depicts female resistance of tyrannical conditions in distinctly spatial terms. Her closet drama consistently deploys literary representations of space to ask important questions about gendered subjects: How is space an expression and enforcement of power upon women? How can spatial configurations be manipulated to alter or circumvent the effects of tyranny? This essay argues that Cary's closet drama depicts power as a force that organizes environments; that is, spatial arrangements that regulate characters’ behaviors are also the material manifestations of authority through which the discourses expressing female agency are constructed and contained. Since closet dramas were not written for public performance but for consumption within a domestic setting, spatial arrangements are apprehended through, indeed are never prior to, the act of reading. The reader perceives the play's landscape – the play's space – through the characters’ language. This study tests the reciprocity between space and words, specifically the way spatialization in the play facilitates the processes and practices of female speech.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THIN GLASS UNDER BALL DROP IMPACT WITH NEW METRICS

Response of brittle plate to impact loads has been the subject of many research studies [1–7]. Specifically, glass presents a wide variety of applications in daily life, and helps to protect the displays of smartphones, tablets, PCs, and TVs from everyday wear and tear. Therefore, the necessity of glass to resist scratches, drop impacts, and bumps from everyday use leads to the importance of investigation of the glass response under dynamic impact loading. The ball drop test has been applied in the past, specifying an energy threshold as a prediction metric. Use of energy as the key parameter in impact testing is limited, since it does not account for the time spent in contact during the impact event. This study attempts to establish a reliable metric for impact testing based on a momentum change threshold. The deformation and the strain of the glass will be obtained by the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system, while the rebound velocity will be measured with the high speed cameras. The global and local measurements are conducted to verify the accuracy of the experimental results. Finally, the FEA model is developed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic response of the glass. Excellent correlation in deflection is obtained between the measurements and predictions.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Long waves on the continental shelf: an experiment to separate trapped and leaky modes

Random fluctuations in sea level, ζ, in the frequency range 0·1-60 cycles per hour were measured along the coast near Oceanside, California, where the coastline and bottom contours are fairly straight and parallel for 30 km. The two-dimensional covariance was computed for points separated by various distances η along the coast. The Fourier transform gives the contribution towards the ‘energy’ per unit temporal frequency f per unit spacial frequency (long-shore component) n. It is found that most of the energy is confined to a few narrow bands in (f, n) space, and these observed bands correspond very closely to the gravest trapped modes (or edge waves) computed for the actual depth profile. The bands are 0·02 cycles per km wide, which equals the theoretical resolution of the 30 km array. Very roughly S(f,n) ≈ S(f, -n), corresponding to equal partition of energy between waves travelling up and down the coast. Theory predicts ‘Coriolis splitting’ between the lines f± (n) corresponding to these oppositely travelling waves, but this effect is below the limit of detection. The principal conclusion is that most of the low-frequency wave energy is trapped.
After the Bishop–Phelps theorem

We give an expository background to the Bishop–Phelps–Bollobas theorem and explore some progress and questions in recently developed areas of related research.
Impacting chatter and stick in a transmission system with two oscillators

AbstractIn this article, an investigation on non-linear dynamical behaviours of a transmission system with a gear pair is conducted. The transmission system is described through an impact model with a possible stick between the two gears. From the theory of discontinuous dynamical systems, the motion mechanism of impacting chatter with stick is investigated. The onset and vanishing conditions for stick motions are developed, and the condition for maintaining stick motion is obtained as well. The corresponding physical interpretation is given for a better understanding of non-linear behaviours of gear transmission systems. A parameter map is presented to provide a global picture of the relationship between system parameters and corresponding motion. Grazing and stick conditions are utilized to determine the existence of periodic motions. Such periodic motions are predicted analytically through mapping structures, and the corresponding local stability and bifurcation analyses are carried out. Numerical simu...
Deobfuscation of virtualization-obfuscated software: a semantics-based approach

When new malware are discovered, it is important for researchers to analyze and understand them as quickly as possible. This task has been made more difficult in recent years as researchers have seen an increasing use of virtualization-obfuscated malware code. These programs are difficult to comprehend and reverse engineer, since they are resistant to both static and dynamic analysis techniques. Current approaches to dealing with such code first reverse-engineer the byte code interpreter, then use this to work out the logic of the byte code program. This outside-in approach produces good results when the structure of the interpreter is known, but cannot be applied to all cases. This paper proposes a different approach to the problem that focuses on identifying instructions that affect the observable behavior of the obfuscated code. This inside-out approach requires fewer assumptions, and aims to complement existing techniques by broadening the domain of obfuscated programs eligible for automated analysis. Results from a prototype tool on real-world malicious code are encouraging.
The Genotype of Early-Transmitting HIV gp120s Promotes α4β7 –Reactivity, Revealing α4β7+/CD4+ T cells As Key Targets in Mucosal Transmission

Mucosal transmission of HIV is inefficient. The virus must breach physical barriers before it infects mucosal CD4+ T cells. Low-level viral replication occurs initially in mucosal CD4+ T cells, but within days high-level replication occurs in Peyer's patches, the gut lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes. Understanding the early events in HIV transmission may provide valuable information relevant to the development of an HIV vaccine. The viral quasispecies in a donor contracts through a genetic bottleneck in the recipient, such that, in low-risk settings, infection is frequently established by a single founder virus. Early-transmitting viruses in subtypes A and C mucosal transmission tend to encode gp120s with reduced numbers of N-linked glycosylation sites at specific positions throughout the V1-V4 domains, relative to typical chronically replicating isolates in the donor quasispecies. The transmission advantage gained by the absence of these N-linked glycosylation sites is unknown. Using primary α4β7+/CD4+ T cells and a flow-cytometry based steady-state binding assay we show that the removal of transmission-associated N-linked glycosylation sites results in large increases in the specific reactivity of gp120 for integrin- α4β7. High-affinity for integrin α4β7, although not found in many gp120s, was observed in early-transmitting gp120s that we analyzed. Increased α4β7 affinity is mediated by sequences encoded in gp120 V1/V2. α4β7-reactivity was also influenced by N-linked glycosylation sites located in C3/V4. These results suggest that the genetic bottleneck that occurs after transmission may frequently involve a relative requirement for the productive infection of α4β7+/CD4+ T cells. Early-transmitting gp120s were further distinguished by their dependence on avidity-effects to interact with CD4, suggesting that these gp120s bear unusual structural features not present in many well-characterized gp120s derived from chronically replicating viruses. Understanding the structural features that characterize early-transmitting gp120s may aid in the design of an effective gp120-based subunit vaccine.
Role and site of estrogen action in follicular atresia

Subsequent to an initial understanding that estrogen was only stimulatory to folliculogenesis, we have come full circle to the present recognition that many actions of estrogen are inhibitory to follicular function. The development of this interpretation has frequently been associated with the controversial issue o f the likely site o f estrogen action, especially in primates, where much of the evidence has been amassed. The accumulated findings in a variety of species seem to demonstrate clearly that at least part of the atretogenic effect of estrogen is exerted directly on the ovary, apparently by interaction with the nuclear estrogen receptor. Recent observations include identification of messenger RNAs for the estrogen receptor and for creatine kinase in the macaque ovary, and a current focus is to localize messages within specific compartments of the ovary.
Redox Chemistry of Metal Ion Complexes: Preparation of New Materials

An overview of the redox chemistry of fullerenes, of tris-bipy cryptates, and of tris-bipy transition metal complexes with bipy ligands is presented. The focus is directed at the preparation of novel crystalline materials upon cathodic electrocrystallization of some of these compounds. The unifying theme behind these seemingly unrelated systems is the formation of solid-state materials containing an organic network which has well defined cationic binding centers. The organic network is able to conduct electrons. Recent ESR data are presented that show that reduction electrons are delocalized over the three bipy units in reduced tris-bipy cryptates. The process of electron “hopping” in these complexes is thermally activated, with an Ea value of ~2 kJ/mol. An example of a novel crystalline semiconductor is presented, [Ru(binap-2)3](PF6), which has a band gap value of 0.53 eV. Another new single crystalline material is described, [Ru(bipy)3]°, and it is shown that it exhibits metallic conductivity.
Evaluation of Manual Traffic-Signal Control under Oversaturated Conditions Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation

AbstractThis paper quantitatively assesses the performance of manual traffic-signal control by comparing its performance with two optimized traffic-signal controls during oversaturated conditions. To simulate manual traffic-signal control, the VisSim-based hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS), which provides similar manual controls at a field traffic-signal, was implemented. Whereas the normal-day traffic signal-timing plan was obtained from the city of Charlottesville, optimized signal-timing plans were obtained from Synchro. The results obtained from the VisSim-based simulation indicate that benefits can be achieved by utilizing manual traffic-signal control and optimized signal-controls relative to normal-day traffic-signal control during oversaturated conditions. In particular, manual traffic-signal control reduced delays to a greater extent than the two optimized signal-timing plans. Although the reduction in delays achieved by the manual signal-controls was not statistically significant when compa...
Annotations and the collaborative digital library: Effects of an aligned annotation interface on student argumentation and reading strategies

Recent research on annotation interfaces provides provocative evidence that anchored, annotation-based discussion environments may lead to better conversations about a text. However, annotation interfaces raise complicated tradeoffs regarding screen real estate and positioning. It is argued that solving this screen real estate problem requires limiting the number of annotations displayed to users. In order to understand which annotations have the most learning value for students, this paper presents two complementary studies examining the effects of annotations on students performing a reading-to-write task. The first study used think-aloud protocols and a within-subjects methodology, finding that annotations appeared to provoke students to reflect more critically upon the primary text. This effect was particularly strong when students encountered pairs of annotations presenting different viewpoints on the same section of text. Student interviews suggested that annotations were most helpful when they caused the reader to consider and weigh conflicting viewpoints. The second study used a between-subjects methodology and a more naturalistic task to provide complementary evidence that annotations encourage more reflective responses to a text. This study found that students who received annotated materials both perceived themselves and were perceived by instructors as less reliant on unreflective summary strategies than students who received the same content but in a different format. These findings indicate that the learning value of an annotation lies in its ability to provoke students to consider and weigh new perspectives on the primary text. When selected effectively, annotations provide a critical scaffolding that can support students’ critical thinking and argumentation activities. Collaborative digital libraries and applications for the Web 2.0 should be designed with this learning framework in mind.
Defects in O+ implanted silicate glass and reactions with water☆

Corning 015 glass was implanted with 100 keV O+ ions at doses of 5.0 × 1014, 5.0 × 1014, 5.0 × 1015 and 1.0 × 1016 ions/cm2 and their EPR spectra obtained. The spectra show that the defects HC1 and HC2 are formed, and very likely O− interstitials. The relative numbers of these defects is found to depend on dose. Upon exposure of the surface to water, the defects react at different rates, and it is found the entry of water related species is anomalously large and occurs with an anomalously low apparent activation energy.
Assessment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Abstract Anxiety disorders are among the most common comorbid conditions in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), although assessment presents unique challenges. Many symptoms of anxiety appear to overlap with common presentations of autism. Furthermore, deficits in language and cognitive functioning make it difficult for such children to convey their emotional states accurately. A comprehensive review of the recent literature was conducted to assay the types and rates of use of tools for evaluating anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents with ASDs. We identified strengths and weaknesses in existing scales, identified instruments that (although imperfect) seem to have a good coverage for youngsters with ASDs, recommended strategies for studying anxiety in these youth, and offered suggestions for future scale development.
Nuclear tensor polarization in a laser-driven polarized deuterium internal target

Abstract We present the results of the first direct measurement of nuclear polarization in an optically pumped spin-exchange polarized deuterium target. Measurements of the nuclear tensor polarization p zz are made in a storage cell as a function of flow of deuterium nuclei. For these measurements, the optical pumping was performed on atoms in magnetic fields of 600 and 3600 G. These measurements verify that the spin-exchange method is capable of producing polarized deuterium nuclei without the use of rf transitions. The electronic polarization, P e , is also measured. The P e and p zz measurements at 600 G indicate that the system is in spin-temperature equilibrium, whereas the 3600 G measurements show signatures of non-equilibrium effects. P e is also measured with the system operated as a source of polarized atoms, with no storage cell. These measurements are compared with previous measurements using a similar source.
Erectile dysfunction in men with congenital heart disease.

There has been a tremendous focus on gynecologic health with the increasing number of women with congenital heart disease (CHD). Conversely, experience in providing sexual health screening to men with CHD is lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify sexual health issues in men with CHD. An anonymous survey was distributed to men in our adult CHD clinic. Age, type of CHD, medications, detailed sexual history including cardiovascular symptoms with intercourse, erectile dysfunction (ED), and willingness to discuss ED with a physician was obtained. A logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the relation between medications, CHD complexity, and ED; 86 men completed the survey with a mean age of 34 ± 10 years. The prevalence of ED was 38%. Men were treated with cardiac medications including β blockers (BB; 24%), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (8%), calcium-channel blockers (6%), and combination BB and ACE inhibitor therapy (16%). Men on BB were 3.13 times more likely to report ED (p = 0.045). Complexity of CHD did not increase the likelihood of ED symptoms (p >0.10). Although most men attributed symptoms to their underlying CHD, most were willing to discuss issues of ED with their cardiologist. In conclusion, ED is prevalent in young men with CHD. Although an emotional component may contribute, certain medications may exacerbate symptoms.
Sequential development and tissue organization in whole mouse embryos cultured from blastocyst to early somite stage.

The development of mouse embryos in culture from the implantation to the head-fold stage was sequentially examined. Our goal was to compare the morphology of embryos grown in vitro to those developed in vivo, published in standard texts, and to delineate the stages involved in the process of tissue differentiation and organization. Mouse blastocysts (stage 6) were collected at 3.5 days p.c. and cultured. Attachment of the blastocysts occurred on the second day of culture (stage 8). Following the collapse of the blastocyst endoderm cells began to migrate and to encircle the inner cell mass. At 2 days in culture the embryonic and extra-embryonic ectoderm became distinguishable and the proamniotic cavity appeared (stage 9). Egg cylinders began to project above the substrate at 2.5 days in culture (stage 10) and to progress through the stages observed in vivo. At 4 days a posterior amniotic fold began to form (stage 11) and was followed at 5 days by the formation of the chorion, the appearance of mesoderm, exocoelom, and head fold (stage 12). At 6 days in culture the embryo had differentiated longitudinally and developed an allantois, blood islands, Reichert's membrane, head process, and primitive streak. At 7 days somites as well as the neural fold and heart were observed (stage 14) and were followed by further differentiation at 8 days (stage 15). These observations indicate that apparently normal embryo development can be maintained in vitro through the early stages of organogenesis, thus providing a unique opportunity for investigating the regulation of early mammalian development.
MOMENT INEQUALITIES FOR THE BOLTZMANN EQUATION AND APPLICATIONS TO SPATIALLY HOMOGENEOUS PROBLEMS

Some inequalities for the Boltzmann collision integral are proved. These inequalities can be considered as a generalization of the well-known Povzner inequality. The inequalities are used to obtain estimates of moments of the solution to the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation for a wide class of intermolecular forces. We obtain simple necessary and sufficient conditions (on the potential) for the uniform boundedness of all moments. For potentials with compact support the following statement is proved: if all moments of the initial distribution function are bounded by the corresponding moments of the MaxwellianA exp(−Bv2), then all moments of the solution are bounded by the corresponding moments of the other MaxwellianA1 exp[−B1(t)v2] for anyt > 0; moreoverB(t) = const for hard spheres. An estimate for a collision frequency is also obtained.
The Function and Mechanism of Promoters of Carcinogenesis

(1973). The Function and Mechanism of Promoters of Carcinogenesis. CRC Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 419-444.
The clinical significance of vascular calcification in young patients with end-stage renal disease

Mortality statistics of young adults with childhood-onset end-stage renal disease (ESRD) show that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for most deaths on dialysis and after transplantation. This is most likely explained by the presence of a multitude of traditional and non-traditional risk factors in uremia, promoting the combination of classical atherosclerosis, uremic vasculopathy, and uremic cardiomyopathy. Vascular (arterial) calcifications occur with a high prevalence in young adults and their presence correlates with non-traditional risk factors, markers of inflammation, intake of calcium-containing phosphate binders, and the calcium-phosphorus product in serum. This might be explained by a high positive calcium and phosphorus balance in ESRD patients, which may be comparatively higher in the young. In addition, treatment with active vitamin D preparations may enhance the positive calcium and phosphorus balance and have a direct calcifying effect on the arterial wall. The biological process of vascular calcification resembles osteogenesis. These data indicate that vascular calcifications are related to non-traditional risk factors, inflammatory mechanisms, and disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism in uremia. They provide strong evidence for a change in the current management of renal osteodystrophy in children and adolescents with ESRD.
PROLOGUE: RESEARCH ON THE DEMOGRAPHY AND ECONOMICS OF AGING*

of centers and training programs for the demography of aging. At that time, each center and training program was so small and specialized that students and faculty at the various institutions were exposed to only fragments of the research field; there was clearly a need for greater integration of the many perspectives and traditions. The same set of concerns applied to the BSR at the National Institute of Aging (NIA). Some forum, akin to the Gordon Conferences in biology and related fields, was needed to bring together the players in the fields of demography and the economics of aging. The initial focus was on providing faculty and students with the kinds of overviews that appear in annual review compilations, coupled with current research. This endeavor has succeeded far beyond our initial expectations, and significant appreciation is due to RAND and the Demography and Economics of Aging Centers. The 15th Anniversary Conference special issue provides an occasion to review progress in the field since the 10th anniversary, as well as a chance to consider future directions. Six years ago, in "Research on Population Aging at NIA: Retrospect and Prospect," I traced some of the history of population aging within the Behavioral and Social Research Program and speculated on its future (Suzman 2004). The epilogue discussed the influence of organizational structures, individuals, scientific currents in the disciplines, and perhaps lucky happenstance. Throughout the history of the population program in BSR, there has been a constant interplay between BSR staff and members of the scientific community to help chart BSR's future. In some notable cases, this endeavor was assisted by efforts made by the Population Association of America. This fertile set of interchanges has continued. The basic two-branch (population- and individual-level) organizational structure of the BSR division (formerly a program) did not change, except that the boundaries between the branches became noticeably more fluid and permeable as psychology, cognitive science, and genetics became more incorporated into demography and economics. For example, psychologists in the individual branches led initiatives in behavioral economics and neuroeconomics and were also at the forefront of helping to integrate genetics into our longitudinal studies. It has been advantageous to BSR that its recent organizational structure and culture has encouraged fluid and dynamic interdisciplinary interactions. As central National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding, in what was initially called the Roadmap and is now known as the Common Fund, increased, several new NIH-wide initiatives were started in BSR and were
A Comparative Survey of Spectrophotometers in the 210–760 mμ Region*

The absorption spectra of an alkaline solution of potassium chromate and a sample of “Tropex” glass were determined in fifteen cooperating laboratories using the Cary and Beckman DU spectrophotometers under comparable conditions. Simple statistical calculations on the results indicate satisfactory agreement among the several instruments of the same manufacture and also between the two types of spectrophotometers.
The Relationship Between Emotional Resources and Emotional Labor: An Exploratory Study

The study examines the effects of a subtype of personal resources (i.e., emotional resources) on emotional labor strategies. We examined 2 variables, emotional intelligence and negative affectivity, as proxies for emotional resources. Largely consistent with predictions, results indicated that individuals with a high level of emotional resources (indicated by high emotional intelligence) are more likely than others to deep act, and individuals with comparatively low emotional resources (indicated by high negative affectivity) are more likely than others to surface act. The differential effects of surface acting and deep acting on strain and job satisfaction were examined. Depressed mood was found to mediate the relationship between surface acting and job satisfaction.
Introducing dimensionless parameters into the correlation of NMR relaxation time to transport properties of porous media

Dimensionless parameters representing the viscous permeability (k) and NMR relaxation time (T1) of particle beds, while accounting also for the particle size, are shown to improve drastically the accuracy of k-T1 correlations in the slow diffusion regime, in the absence of bulk relaxation effects. The finding is based on a regression analysis of numerical results for k and T1 in both random and ordered isotropic and anisotropic beds of fibers. Use of the formation factor (F) improves further the accuracy of the correlations only for the strongly anisotropic unidirectional arrays of fibers. A survey of related literature reveals an extensive effort in recent years in upgrading k-T1 correlations, driven primarily by applications in petroleum and gas field exploration and recovery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 154–164, 2007.
Bioelectric Considerations in the Design of High-Voltage Power Lines

Public-health considerations require that all practical steps be taken to minimize the environmental electric and magnetic fields of high-voltage power lines. These fields are influenced not only by the line's operating voltage, but also by various design features including line configuration, phase-spacing, line height, and cable diameter. The largest effect is associated with line configuration. Beyond about 50 meters, the fields of a horizontal line are less than that of the equivalent vertical line; they become progressively more so with increasing distance. As a consequence, for a line having a given energy-carrying capacity, the horizontal configuration minimizes the ground-level fields at points beyond the right-of-way. None of the other design features considered had a significant effect on the fields.
A method for combining United States and Canadian bull evaluations.

Abstract Canadian and US genetic evaluations for July 1991 were combined for 3304 Holstein bulls evaluated in Canada that had US progeny or a cross-reference code. Canadian evaluations of the bulls and their sues and dams were converted to US PTA. Combined PTA were weighted averages of progeny information from both countries and parent average. Parent average was recomputed from the sire's combined evaluation and the dam's evaluation with the most daughter equivalents. Bulls were processed in birth year order so that combined evaluation of sire was available. Progeny contribution was adjusted to remove the influence of the bull's evaluation on progeny evaluations through their parent averages, which left only the portion that was due to progeny records and grandprogeny information. A weighted average of adjusted progeny contributions was combined with parent average to form a combined PTA more accurately than possible by averaging domestic and converted PTA. Combined reliability was computed by summing daughter equivalents from progeny and from updated evaluations of parents. Canadian daughter equivalents were multiplied by .9 to approximate US values. Combined evaluations simplify bull selection by providing comparable and complete information for bulls evaluated in two countries.
Enhanced precipitation variability decreases grass- and increases shrub-productivity

Although projections of precipitation change indicate increases in variability, most studies of impacts of climate change on ecosystems focused on effects of changes in amount of precipitation, overlooking precipitation variability effects, especially at the interannual scale. Here, we present results from a 6-y field experiment, where we applied sequences of wet and dry years, increasing interannual precipitation coefficient of variation while maintaining a precipitation amount constant. Increased precipitation variability significantly reduced ecosystem primary production. Dominant plant-functional types showed opposite responses: perennial-grass productivity decreased by 81%, whereas shrub productivity increased by 67%. This pattern was explained by different nonlinear responses to precipitation. Grass productivity presented a saturating response to precipitation where dry years had a larger negative effect than the positive effects of wet years. In contrast, shrubs showed an increasing response to precipitation that resulted in an increase in average productivity with increasing precipitation variability. In addition, the effects of precipitation variation increased through time. We argue that the differential responses of grasses and shrubs to precipitation variability and the amplification of this phenomenon through time result from contrasting root distributions of grasses and shrubs and competitive interactions among plant types, confirmed by structural equation analysis. Under drought conditions, grasses reduce their abundance and their ability to absorb water that then is transferred to deep soil layers that are exclusively explored by shrubs. Our work addresses an understudied dimension of climate change that might lead to widespread shrub encroachment reducing the provisioning of ecosystem services to society.
Uniform Justice: Assessing Women in Combat

War and Gender: How Gender Shapes the War System and Vice Versa. By Joshua S. Goldstein. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001. 523 pages. $40.00 cloth.
Bubble propagation and state control in the access column of a current accessed bubble lattice chip

The on-chip electrical conductor circuits and sequences of current pulses used to propagate bubbles from the nucleator, through the access column, to the MR detector on a 1 Kbit bubble lattice chip are described in detail. The bubble propagation error rate as a function of bias field for both the isolated bubble and the closed-packed bubble regions of the column is described. A bubble logic function was performed on the chip to recover from isolated bubble propagation errors. The writing procedures for reliably encoding the bubbles into S = 0 and S = 1 wall states are described, and the error rates at which unwanted state conversions of the S = 0 and S = 1 bubbles occur in the column are given as a function of a state-stabilizing dc in-plane field. The over-all results tend to indicate that a practical device could be based on the use of bubble wall state encoding for the storage of information, but the bubble propagation bias margins of the present device are not adequate for reliably accessing the stored information.
Surgical Management of the Boxy Tip

Learning objectives The reader is presumed to have knowledge of the basic concepts and surgical procedures of rhinoplasty. After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the anatomic components responsible for the boxy nasal tip appearance. 2. Summarize the principles of suture reformation in converting the lower lateral cartilage convexity into a predictable concavity. 3. Plan the application of additional grafts and maneuvers to enhance nasal tip appearance. Physicians may earn 1 AMA PRA Category 1 credit™ by successfully completing the examination based on material covered in this article. The examination begins on page 306 . ASAPS members can also complete this CME examination online by logging onto the ASAPS Members-Only Web site ( http://www.surgery.org/members ) and clicking on “Online Clinical Education” in the menu bar. The author uses a dome-binding suture to reform the heavy appearance of the boxy nasal tip by reshaping the convex lower lateral cartilage into a more refined concave shape. This procedure is performed with a straight needle and permanent suture, undermining of dome mucosa, meticulous contamination prevention, and incremental lowering of the unitized dome height for tip refinement.
Proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptor mobilizes calcium in human synovial cells

Lowered extracellular pH in a variety of tissues is associated with increased tissue destruction and initiation of inflammatory processes. Although the acid-sensing receptors described previously a...
Turkalytics: analytics for human computation

We present "Turkalytics," a novel analytics tool for human computation systems. Turkalytics processes and reports logging events from workers in real-time and has been shown to scale to over one hundred thousand logging events per day. We present a state model for worker interaction that covers the Mechanical Turk (the SCRAP model) and a data model that demonstrates the diversity of data collected by Turkalytics. We show that Turkalytics is effective at data collection, in spite of it being unobtrusive. Lastly, we describe worker locations, browser environments, activity information, and other examples of data collected by our tool.