cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Retropharyngeal Pseudomeningocele with Atlanto-Occipital Dislocation in a Neurologically Intact Patient

SUMMARY - Traumatic retropharyngeal pseudomeningoceles occur rarely, are associated with se- vere trauma, and have been reported in patients with significant neurologic deficits at presentation. We report the rare occurrence of a pseudomeningocele following a high-speed motor vehicle accident. Neurological examination showed the patient to be briskly following commands, with intact cranial nerve, motor, and sensory function. CT/MR imaging showed subarachnoid hemorrhage involving the interpeduncular cistern, a clivus fracture, a right occipital condyle fracture, an atlanto-occipital subluxation, aortic arch transection (stable and contained on CT angiogram), multiple rib fractures on the right side with associated pneumothorax, hemothorax and pulmonary contusions. His cervi- cal spine was stabilized in a halo. He was subsequently managed in the intensive care unit and re- mained neurologically intact. A repeat MRI showed the interval development of a 2×1.5 cm pseudo- meningocele at the craniocervical junction medial to the left occipital condyle communicating with the left anterolateral aspect of the spinal canal. Traumatic pseudomeningoceles are associated with large deceleration forces at the time of injury and are usually associated with significant neurologic deficits at presentation. However, they can arise and give rise to symptoms in a delayed fashion in trauma patients who are neurologically intact at initial presentation.
Relocalization in Floppy Free Radicals: Ab Initio Calculations of the C3H3O Isomers

Several isomers with molecular formula C3H3O may exhibit unusual properties by virtue of a configurational isomerization pathway that changes the localization of an unpaired electron. A series of ab initio calculations was undertaken at the UHF, B3LYP, MCSCF, and QCISD levels with the 6-311G(d,p) basis set to ascertain the geometries, relative energies, isomerization barriers, and relevant spectroscopic properties of the lowest energy structural and configurational C3H3O isomers. The most stable structures, with QCISD relative energies (kJ mol-l) of the stable configurations given in parentheses, are H2C2HCO (0, 8, 8), H3C3O (47), H2C3HO (87, 100), and HC2HCHO (94, 95, 101, 107). The H2C2HCO and H2C3HO structures are found to have distinct isomers connected by relocalization pathways. The H3C3O structure possesses two favorable canonical geometries, but the single optimized structure is an average of these. Potential surfaces have been calculated along two vibrational bending coordinates for H2C2HCO and H...
Recycling Endosomes and TLR Signaling— The Rab11 GTPase Leads the Way

The ability of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate innate immunity depends on their transport to pathogen-containing organelles. In this issue of Immunity, Husebye et al. (2010) report that delivery of TLR4 to phagosomes occurs via a recycling endosome intermediate, which is controlled by the GTPase Rab11a.
Mediating functions of maternal anxiety and participation in care on young children's posthospital adjustment.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal anxiety and mothers' participation in their children's care during hospitalization mediated the effects of a child behavior informational intervention for mothers on their children's posthospital negative behavioral change. Participants were 49 mothers and their young children, ages 24-68 months, who were unexpectedly hospitalized with unplanned medical or surgical conditions. These participants were drawn from a larger study of the separate and combined effects of child behavior information and parent role information on the process and outcomes of maternal and child coping with unplanned hospitalization. Findings indicated that the effects of child behavior information on children's posthospital negative behavioral change were mediated by maternal anxiety and participation in their children's care during hospitalization. Results of this study provide support for targeting mothers with informational interventions in order to enhance outcomes in hospitalized children.
Full-Scale Validation of a Flaw Assessment Methodology for Welded and Reeled Pipes

Pre-existing weld flaws in pipes subjected to high strains resulting from reeling installation may extend by combined ductile tearing and low-cycle fatigue (LCF). The increase in flaw sizes from this process will reduce the flaw tolerances of reeled pipes subjected to subsequent service high-cycle fatigue (HCF) exposure compared to the tolerances determined ignoring the reeling process. This paper describes a flaw assessment methodology that includes the synergy between ductile tearing and LCF flaw growth due to reeling. The methodology utilizes the Level 3C (J-based) failure assessment diagram (FAD) approach of BS 7910 to explicitly account for the effects of flaw and pipe geometries, as well as material stress-strain behavior, on the crack tip driving force, J. The Level 3C FADs used herein are derived from and validated against the results of a matrix of J-based finite element analyses (FEA) of pipes. They have been incorporated into the computer program FlawPRO™ developed for the offshore industry that enables a comprehensive engineering critical assessment (ECA) for flawed reeled pipes to be performed. The methodology incorporated into FlawPRO is validated against the results of full-scale tests on reeled pipes containing weld flaws subjected to a variety of reeling scenarios. The validation includes investigations into the effects on predicted flaw growth of using J-resistance curves measured on SENB and SENT specimens and of assuming strain versus load controlled reeling. The best agreement with the flaw extensions measured in the full-scale tests is obtained when an SENT J-R curve is used together with assuming reeling occurs under strain controlled conditions. It is concluded that the reeling methodology in FlawPRO is successfully validated by the full-scale test results.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Rodent community change at the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition in southwestern Kansas and identification of the Microtus immigration event on the Central Great Plains

Abstract A dense fossil rodent database and new paleomagnetic data from the Meade Basin of southwestern Kansas document the transition from a Pliocene community characterized by cricetids of southern aspect and archaic arvicolids with rooted molars to a Pleistocene community with cricetids of temperate aspect and arvicolids with ever-growing molars. This new information suggests a revised date for the Blancan–Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age boundary between 2.06 and 1.95 Ma, coincident with the extinction of the Sigmodon minor lineage and the immigration of Microtus . Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of paleosol carbonates indicate the faunal changes occurred during the final expansion of C 4 grasses in the Great Plains to modern abundance and a strong cooling trend reflecting the end of the early Pliocene warm interval and onset of northern hemisphere glaciation. Although extinctions balance originations through the study period, pulses of enhanced extinction and origination occurring near the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary strongly suggest environmental change as the likely forcing mechanism for rodent community compositional shifts. The Meade Basin rodent sequence provides the most complete history of any terrestrial vertebrate group in North America for this period of time.
Harnessing the bonanza: economic liberalization and capacity building in the mineral sector

Over the past decade many developing and transition economies have liberalized their investment regimes for mining and privatized formerly state-owned mineral assets. In response, these economies have witnessed increased foreign investment in exploration and development, growth in the number and diversity of mineral projects, and the opening up of new channels for harnessing increased economic and social benefits from development in the minerals sector. The restructuring of fiscal and regulatory regimes to encourage foreign investment, and the associated influx of mining capital, technology and skills, is transforming traditional relationships between mining firms, local communities and the government. This transformation necessitates a re-evaluation of the most effective policy approaches to capture increased economic and social benefits from mineral production. This article considers effective mechanisms for improving the capacity of developing and transition countries to maximize the economic and social benefits of mineral production. Common challenges associated with minerals economies are reviewed. Consideration is given to the opportunities for harnessing foreign direct investment and the possibilities for creating new partnerships between local communities, industry, government, and multilateral development agencies through social investment projects. The article concludes with a series of recommendations for the design and implementation of policy approaches towards harnessing mineral production for economic and social benefit following the liberalization of investment regimes for mining.
Theory of Nonlinear Transport Processes: Nonlinear Shear Viscosity and Normal Stress Effects

Formally exact equations of motion satisfied by the gross variables of a macroscopic system valid far from thermal equilibrium are obtained with the aid of the new projection operator in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. These equations are used to study nonlinear shear viscosity and normal stress effects of a model incompressible fluid in the presence of a shear flow which is not necessarily small. We find that the mode-coupling mechanism responsible for the long-time tails in time-correlation functions becomes very important here also and that a simple power-series expansion in the rate of shear $D$ therefore fails. The part of shear viscosity dependent upon the rate of shear and the normal stress effect are found to vary as ${|D|}^{\frac{1}{2}}$ and ${|D|}^{\frac{3}{2}}$, respectively.
Some notes on disorganized joints.

Disorganized joints seem to have become more common in recent years among patients in geriatric units. Most of the affected patients have either chronic rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthrosis. Descriptions are given of subluxated shoulders, perforated elbows, wandering hips, and disorganized knees.
Comparison of the NH2-Terminal Sequences of Chick Type I Preprocollagen Chains Synthesized in an mRNA-Dependent Reticulocyte Lysate

RNA was extracted from 17-day-old chick embryo calvaria and translated by an mRNA-dependent reticulocyte lysate. Procedures were developed for purifying intact proα1(I) and proα2 translation products from the lysate. These products were identified by comparing tryptic peptide elution patterns of the translation products with those obtained from secreted proα chains. Partial sequence data from the amino terminus of each translation product demonstrated that each chain begins with a sequence that is different from that of the corresponding proα chain, and that the two sequences are not the same. Also, the bacterial collagenase-resistant peptide from the amino terminus of preproα1(I) had an apparent molecular weight which was 10000 greater than the peptide from proα1(I).
Low-temperature spatially resolved micro-photoluminescence mapping in CdZnTe single crystals

We utilized a low-temperature spatially resolved micro-photoluminescence mapping technique to investigate the spatial variation of photoluminescence- and electronic-defect states in areas of CdZnTe (CZT) single crystals containing structural-imperfections. Photoluminescence mapping of the donor-bound-exciton emission reveals an unexpected blue-shift of the CZT bandgap at Te inclusions, which indicates that for optical measurements the localized strain field needs to be considered for accurate calculation of Zn composition and energy levels near micro-scale defects. We observed that the line widths of the donor-bound-exciton peak and defect-related D band are broadened in regions with a high density of dislocations; in contrast, the donor-acceptor-pair peak is narrowed.
Random hole optical fibers

Conventional telecommunications fibers rely on a refractive index difference between the core and cladding region to confine light to the central core region. The refractive index difference is produced by different compositions of glass in the core and cladding regions. In contrast, holey optical fibers rely on an array of air holes in the cladding to confine light to the fiber core. Ordered hole fibers have been fabricated in the past by many groups by drawing an array of glass tubes stacked around a solid central core. These holes are ordered carefully into a predetermined array. In this paper, we describe a new technique to produce holes (or pores) in the cladding region, which are randomly distributed around the solid central core. These new fibers have been made by drawing a preform, consisting of a porous outer cladding region surrounding a solid central core region, into a fiber. A gas producing powder has been incorporated into the preform such that during the fiber drawing process, the pores are formed in-situ in the preform cladding region. This in-situ gas production method produces small diameter, long, thin tubular pores in the fiber. Controlling the processing parameters can control the physical dimensions and distribution of the pores in the fiber. In some of the preforms that have been prepared, the porous cladding region has been prepared by sol gel techniques. In other preforms, the pores have been introduced by a variety of different techniques. The preform fabrication process and fiber drawing process used to produce these new holey fibers as well as the results of the morphological study elucidating the size, shape and distribution of the porous phase are presented.
The seasonal dynamics of amino acids and other nutrients in Alaskan Arctic tundra soils

Past research strongly indicates the importance of amino acids in the N economy of the Arctic tundra, but little is known about the seasonal dynamics of amino acids in tundra soils. We repeatedly sampled soils from tussock, shrub, and wet sedge tundra communities in the summers of 2000 and 2001 and extracted them with water (H2O) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) to determine the seasonal dynamics of soil amino acids, ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and phosphate (PO42−). In the H2O extractions mean concentrations of total free amino acids (TFAA) were higher than NH4+ in all soils but shrub. TFAA and NH4+ were highest in wet sedge and tussock soils and lowest in shrub soil. The most predominant amino acids were alanine, arginine, glycine, serine, and threonine. None of the highest amino acids were significantly different than NH4+ in any soil but shrub, in which NH4+ was significantly higher than all of the highest individual amino acids. Mean NO3− concentrations were not significantly different from mean TFAA and NH4+ concentrations in any soil but tussock, where NO3− was significantly higher than NH4+. In all soils amino acid and NH4+ concentrations dropped to barely detectable levels in the middle of July, suggesting intense competition for N at the height of the growing season. In all soils but tussock, amino acid and NH4+ concentrations rebounded in August as the end of the Arctic growing season approached and plant N demand decreased. This pattern suggests that low N concentrations in tundra soils at the height of the growing season are likely the result of an increase in soil N uptake associated with the peak in plant growth, either directly by roots or indirectly by microbes fueled by increased root C inputs in mid-July. As N availability decreased in July, PO42− concentrations in the K2SO4 extractions increased dramatically in all soils but shrub, where there was a comparable increase in PO42− later in the growing season. Previous research suggests that these increases in PO42− concentrations are due to the mineralization of organic phosphorus by phosphatase enzymes associated with soil microbes and plant roots, and that they may have been caused by an increase in organic P availability.
Triple trouble: Alcohol abuse by women with disabilities

Using data from a multi-state survey on substance use among people with disabilities, this study provides a primary examination of alcohol use patterns and drinking related problems for women with disabilities. An inspection of patterns of use reveals evidence that alcohol use is at least as prevalent among women with disabilities as in the general female population. It is also found that health and family problems are more likely to be reported by female drinkers with disabilities than other consequences. In the discussion section, authors address the issues of social stigma and pressures to provide a better understanding of alcohol abuse among women with disabilities.
Epitaxial FePt thin films and nanodots integrated with Si (1 0 0)

We present findings on the synthesis and processing of various FePt nanostructures using pulsed laser deposition. FePt was deposited as (a) continuous thin films, (b) single layered nanodots and (c) multi-layered nanodots. Integration of these FePt nanostructures with Si (1 0 0) was achieved by using epitaxial TiN as a template buffer layer. Epitaxy and L10 order in the FePt structures were investigated in detail by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Remarkably, we achieved 0 0 1 c-axis growth orientation and L10 ordering at a low processing temperature of 500 °C. The following epitaxial relationship was obtained in the FePt structures: FePt (0 0 1) 0 0 1 ∥ TiN (1 0 0) 0 0 1 ∥ Si (1 0 0) 0 0 1. The 9.5% misfit strain between FePt and TiN is relaxed by domain matching epitaxy where 10/19 and 11/10 domains alternate across the interface. The composition of the nanostructures was determined by Rutherford backscattering and was found to be Fe41Pt59. The magnetic properties of each of the three nanostructured systems were studied individually and then compared to evaluate them as potential information storage media. Room temperature perpendicular coercivity of 3200 Oe for the single layered FePt nanodot sample was much improved when compared with the continuous epitaxial FePt film sample showing a coercivity of 2250 Oe. In the FePt nanodot system, each nanodot acts as a single domain and assuming one bit of information is stored in each nanodot, magnetic storage density can exceed one terabit per square inch, corresponding to 250 million pages of information per chip.
RELIGION IN AMERICA

THE STUDY OF RELIGION IN AMERICA (OR ANYWHERE ELSE) IS guided not by a single method but by a single, albeit bafflingly complex, subject matter. "Religious Studies," like "American Studies," draws from or adapts itself to many disciplines, methodologies, and perspectives. Three are singled out here for special attention: religion and history (a discipline mediating-some would say vacillating-between the arts and the sciences), religion and dynamic psychology (relating religion to the social sciences), and religion and literature (reflecting more explicitly the perspective of the humanities).
Experimental Investigation of Rotor-Inlet Guide Vane Interactions in Transonic Axial-Flow Compressor

Experiments are performed in an advanced-design multistage axial- ow compressor to investigate rotor-inlet guide vane (IGV) unsteady aerodynamic blade-row interaction phenomena at both transonic and subsonic rotor operating conditions. Nonlinear interaction effects were signi cant at the transonic design speed, with very high levels ofunsteady loadingoccurring in the vanetrailingedge regionbecause of interactionswith the rotor-generated shock waves. The impact of these shocks with the vane pressure surface resulted in a re ected shock segment that traveled across the vanepassageas it propagatedupstream, eventually impactingthe suction surface of the adjacent vane. Increasing the IGV-rotor axial spacing did not signi cantly reduce the unsteady aerodynamic loadingcaused by these interactions, with harmonics as high as 8 £ blade pass frequency still present in the vane response. These nonlinear interactions did not occur at the part-speed operating condition in which the rotor  ow was subsonic, with both the forcing function and vane response predominantly  rst harmonic.
Recent progress on monotone integrated large eddy simulation of free jets

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of shear flows driven by Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities such as mixing layers, wakes, and jets is of great interest because of their crucial role in many practical applications. The Monotone Integrated LES (MILES) approach is motivated here for these studies, and the basic components involved in a typical MILES jet model are described. Examples from MILES jet studies are used to address major aspects of transition to turbulence from laminar conditions at the nozzle exit including, the occurrence of global instabilities, complex three-dimensional vorticity geometries, and their impact on jet entrainment. Quantitative analysis of the small-scale features of the transitioning simulated jets is presented, and convergence issues are addressed in this context.
Hybridization and regional sex ratios in Nemophila menziesii

I tested whether a region of high female frequencies in the gynodioecious plant, Nemophila menziesii, may be due to hybridization between regionally distributed populations with different corolla colours. I crossed plants in the greenhouse from populations with different corolla colours and found that hybrid crosses yielded higher frequencies of females than within-colour crosses. In the field, I found that populations with high female frequencies had intermediate mean corolla colours and higher variance in corolla colour, two traits suggesting hybridization. Nemophila menziesii has nuclear–cytoplasmic sex inheritance, thus if populations with different corolla colours are fixed for different male-sterile cytoplasms and matching nuclear restorer alleles, hybridization between populations with different corolla colour should yield high frequencies of females. Two populations that are all hermaphroditic in the field segregated females in hybrid crosses suggesting that field populations may contain sex ratio distorters but appear undistorted, a prediction of genomic conflict theory.
A twin study of the association of post-traumatic stress disorder and combat exposure with long-term socioeconomic status in vietnam veterans

This study examines the association between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and combat exposure with the socioeconomic status of 2210 male monozygotic veteran twin pairs in 1987. In the unadjusted analysis on individuals, modest correlations indicated that those with PTSD were more likely to have been divorced, and less likely to be currently employed or to achieve high status in income, education or occupation. In the crude analysis of veterans not suffering from PTSD, there were small positive correlations between combat level experienced and the likelihood of ever being married, ever being divorced, and the number of years employed at the current job. However, when we examined identical twins discordant for PTSD, and adjusted for pre-military and military service factors, only unemployment remained significant. Likewise, in combat-discordant twins, no significant effects on the socioeconomic indicators were seen. We conclude that PTSD and combat experience in Southeast Asia have not had a major impact on the socioeconomic status of veterans.
Characterization of SiO2-Overcoated Silver-Island Films as Substrates for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Vapor deposition of a 45-A layer of silver and a subsequent 50−65-A layer of SiO2 onto a glass slide is shown to be a viable substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and a model of the silica surface suitable for adsorption kinetic studies. The chemistry of the silica is characterized by UV absorption and contact angle measurements. The physical structure is probed by atomic force microscopy to compare the surface roughness of the silver-island film and its SiO2 overcoat. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are used to probe the silica layer for exposure of silver through gaps in the overcoat. Comparison of SERS of dibenzyl disulfide bound to a silver-island film versus that of a silver film protected by the SiO2 overlayer tests the continuity of the SiO2 film and its ability to block access of adsorbates to the underlying silver surface. The model silica surface is used to detect the Raman spectrum of adsorbed pyridine and its adsorption isotherm; the adsorbat...
Hologram fixing in lithium niobate by laser heating

Fixing of holograms recorded in a Fe-doped LiNbO3 crystal of 5 mm in thickness was achieved by heating with a CO2 laser. A series of 4 laser pulses at a power level of 7 watts and a total fixing time of 80 seconds was used. In this first demonstration of in situ postrecording fixing by laser heating a fixing efficiency of 30% was obtained.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Single protein production (SPP) system in Escherichia coli

Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the single protein production (SPP) system, which is designed to produce only a single protein of interest in living Escherichia coli cells. Induction of MazF, an mRNA interferase that cleaves RNA at ACA nucleotide sequences, results in complete cell growth arrest. However, if mRNA encoding a protein of interest is engineered to be devoid of ACA base triplets and is induced at 15 °C using pCold vectors in MazF-expressing cells, only the protein from this mRNA is produced at a yield of 20–30% of total cellular protein; other cellular protein synthesis is almost completely absent. In theory, any protein can be produced by the SPP system. Protein yields are typically unaffected even if the culture is condensed up to 40-fold, reducing the cost of protein production by up to 97.5%. The SPP system has a number of key features important for protein production, including high-yield and prolonged production of isotope-labeled protein at a very high signal-to-noise ratio. The procedure can be completed in 7 d after cloning of an ACA-less target gene into the expression system.
Hypothalamic and suprachiasmatic uptake of serotonin in vitro: twenty-four-hour changes in male and proestrous female rats.

Twenty-four-hour changes in the in vitro serotonin (5-HT) uptake capacity of hypothalamic homogenates and of “Vibratome” slices of the suprachiasmatic nuclear region (SNR) of the hypothalamus were studied in 60–90-day-old Holtzman (albino) rats. Animals acclimated to artificially illuminated (fluorescent, LD 12:12) and temperaturecontrolled (22 ± 2C) rooms were killed 6 per each of 8 time points. Synaptosomal fractions from homogenates of whole hypothalamus, and slices of the SNR were incubated for 20 min in Krebs-Henseleit buffer with [3H]5-HT. Males showed a single daily peak in SNR uptake at the start of darkness, and a minimum near the onset of light, while a more complex pattern containing 3 peaks and minima occurred in uptake by hypothalamic homogenates. Proestrous females showed a single high amplitude peak SNR uptake during the critical period, just prior to the plasma LH peak determined in the same animals by radioimmunoassay. It is suggested that this shortterm and 4-fold increase in SNR uptake ...
Analytic ethics in the central period

Analytic ethics in the central period – extending from the beginning of the twentieth century to post-World War II linguistic analysis – is too often construed by historians and philosophers alike in monolithic terms as the emotivism of A. J. Ayer. In contrast, we argue that a multiplicity of ethical doctrines were developed by analytic philosophers at this time of which Ayer's emotivism was just one. Moreover, we maintain that this multiplicity of ethical doctrines was itself the result of a multiplicity of conceptions of analysis and that connecting these two sets of beliefs makes for the best understanding of analytic ethics.
Support for both touch sensing and fingerprint scan with in-cell capacitive LCD

The need for touch based authentication is growing rapidly in smartphones and tablets. Historically, fingerprint has served at its fullest capacity in establishing the uniqueness of an individual’s identity. In this paper we present a novel design of capacitive in-cell TFT-LCDs that supports both fingerprint scan and touch sensing by extending the in-cell capacitive sensing scheme. We discuss a novel readout circuit design that drives the capacitive sensors for touch interactions in low resolution and for fingerprint scan at higher resolution. Furthermore, we propose to enhance the low resolution fingerprint data with image super resolution. Evaluation results show that with super resolution, the proposed touch-fingerprint in-cell TFT-LCD design can support fingerprint verification with sensor pitch of 0.15mm.
The impact and effectiveness of advertisements in a sports arena

Explores the effects of advertising in a sports arena on message recall, purchase intentions, and actual purchase behavior. The findings from this study suggest that consumers can recall at least some of the ads they are exposed to in these captive situations but most do not produce any lasting memory trace. The data also indicate that several independent variables, most notably frequency of exposure to the advertising message, are positively associated with recall, purchase intentions and actual purchasing behavior. The findings from this study indicate that advertisements in this setting can have an impact on the behavior of consumers. However, more research is needed in this setting to identify specific execution variables which differentiate between ads which create an impact, and those that do not.
A STUDY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIZED DURING THE ECLIPSE PHASE OF POLIOVIRUS GROWTH: AN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND PUROMYCIN ANALYSIS.

Poliovirus-infected cells registered as infectious centers when plated on monkey kidney monolayer cultures under agar overlay. The sensitivity of infectious centers to ultraviolet light decreased progressively throughout the virus developmental cycle. The UV inactivation curves were exponential at all stages of infection. The development of resistance to UV irradiation could be blocked by puromycin at any time during the eclipse period. The effect of the drug was reversible. Prior infection of Hep-2 cells by one strain of poliovirus did not confer radiation resistance to a second virus strain added 2 hours later. Growth of the superinfecting virus occurred at a normal rate.
Antagonism of ultraviolet-light mutagenesis by the methyl-directed mismatch-repair system of Escherichia coli.

Previous studies have demonstrated that the Escherichia coli MutHLS mismatch-repair system can process UV-irradiated DNA in vivo and that the human MSH2.MSH6 mismatch-repair protein binds more strongly in vitro to photoproduct/base mismatches than to "matched" photoproducts in DNA. We tested the hypothesis that mismatch repair directed against incorrect bases opposite photoproducts might reduce UV mutagenesis, using two alleles at E. coli lacZ codon 461, which revert, respectively, via CCC --> CTC and CTT --> CTC transitions. F' lacZ targets were mated from mut(+) donors into mutH, mutL, or mutS recipients, once cells were at substantial densities, to minimize spontaneous mutation prior to irradiation. In umu(+) mut(+) recipients, a range of UV fluences induced lac(+) revertant frequencies of 4-25 x 10(-8); these frequencies were consistently 2-fold higher in mutH, mutL, or mutS recipients. Since this effect on mutation frequency was unaltered by an Mfd(-) defect, it appears not to involve transcription-coupled excision repair. In mut(+) umuC122::Tn5 bacteria, UV mutagenesis (at 60 J/m(2)) was very low, but mutH or mutL or mutS mutations increased reversion of both lacZ alleles roughly 25-fold, to 5-10 x 10(-8). Thus, at UV doses too low to induce SOS functions, such as Umu(2)'D, most incorrect bases opposite occasional photoproducts may be removed by mismatch repair, whereas in heavily irradiated (SOS-induced) cells, mismatch repair may only correct some photoproduct/base mismatches, so UV mutagenesis remains substantial.
Abrasion and Lint Loss Properties of Fabrics Containing Crosslinked Polyethylene Glycol

The attrition and wear characteristics of woven cotton and cotton/polyester blend fabrics were substantially improved (relative to untreated and conventional durable press control fabrics) when they contained crosslinked polyethylene glycols. Nonwoven cellulosic (pulp)/polyester fabrics (normally used in biomedical clean room environ ments) also generated substantially fewer particles when they contained the crosslinked polyols. Attrition and particle measurements using previously described techniques indicated that nonwoven fabrics derived from treatment with PEG-1,000 had fewer particles released at higher RH (75%) than at lower RH (25%). Conversely, nonwoven fabrics derived from treatment with PEG-1,450 had fewer particles released at lower RH (20%) than at higher RH (75%). Reduced attrition and lint loss/particle generation of modified woven and nonwoven fabrics make them candidates for use in a variety of clean room environments.
Antihypertensive drugs decrease risk of Alzheimer disease: Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether use of diuretics, angiotensin-1 receptor blockers (ARB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I), calcium channel blockers (CCB), or β-blockers (BB) was associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia in participants with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: Secondary longitudinal data analysis of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study in older adults at least 75 years of age with normal cognition (n = 1,928) or MCI (n = 320) over a median 6.1-year period using Cox proportional hazard models after adjusting for confounders. Results: Diuretic use was reported by 15.6%, ARB 6.1%, ACE-I 15.1%, CCB 14.8%, and BB 20.5%. Of the 2,248 participants, 290 (13%) developed AD dementia. Hazard ratio for incident AD dementia among participants with normal cognition was 0.51 in diuretic (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31–0.82), 0.31 in ARB (95% CI 0.14–0.68), 0.50 in ACE-I (95% CI 0.29–0.83), 0.62 in CCB (95% CI 0.35–1.09), and 0.58 in BB (95% CI 0.36–0.93) users and was not significantly altered when mean systolic blood pressure was above 140 mm Hg. In participants with MCI, only diuretic use was associated with decreased risk (hazard ratio = 0.38, 95% CI 0.20–0.73). Conclusions: Diuretic, ARB, and ACE-I use was, in addition to and/or independently of mean systolic blood pressure, associated with reduced risk of AD dementia in participants with normal cognition, while only diuretic use was associated with reduced risk in participants with MCI.
Effect of Locus of Control, Work Knowledge, and Mentoring on Career Decision-Making Difficulties: Testing the Role of Race and Academic Institution

Knowledge of the working world and career locus of control are associated with career decision making. Racial minorities may experience an external locus of career control and greater career decision-making concerns resulting from limited exposure to mentors or other sources of career information. Access to information may be facilitated by academic setting type, with smaller colleges facilitating career decision making. The present study explored racial and academic type group differences on career locus of control, career-related mentoring, and workrelated knowledge. African American students reported greater work knowledge but a more external locus of control than White students did. Race and type of academic institution did not moderate the relationships between locus of control, work knowledge, and career decision-making difficulties. An external career locus of control was associated with decision-making difficulties; however, White students reported greater career decision-making difficulty. Clinic...
Purchasing Professionals' Perceived Differences between Purchasing Materials and Purchasing Services

SUMMARY This research addresses a gap in the current literature by examining the differences between the process of purchasing services and the process of purchasing materials. Four hypotheses concerning the possible differences were developed based on a review of the relevant literature. These hypotheses were then tested using qualitative focus studies and a quantitative survey involving 82 purchasing managers with an average of 9.8 years' purchasing experience. Also, 14 interviews were conducted with purchasing executives to gain a better understanding of perceived differences. The results indicate that perceived differences exist between the processes of purchasing services and purchasing materials, especially in terms of the complexity of these processes. These perceived differences vary by the number of years of purchasing experience and the type of purchasing experience (services versus materials). Fifteen individual process steps were examined to determine the exact nature of the differences between these two processes. Managerial and research implications are discussed throughout the article.
Cord factor trehalose 6,6'-dimycolate (TDM) mediates trafficking events during mycobacterial infection of murine macrophages.

The persistence of tuberculosis within pulmonary granulomatous lesions is a complex phenomenon, with bacterial survival occurring in a focal region of high immune activity. In part, the survival of the organism may be linked to the ability of the surface glycolipid trehalose 6,6′-dimycolate (TDM; cord factor) to inhibit fusion events between phospholipid vesicles inside the host macrophage. At the same time, TDM contributes to macrophage activation and a cascade of events required for initiation and maintenance of granulomatous responses. This allows increased sequestration of organisms and further survival and persistence within host tissues. Bacterial viability, macrophage cytokine and chemokine response, and intracellular trafficking were investigated in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from which TDM had been removed. Removal of surface lipids led to enhanced trafficking of organisms to acidic compartments; reconstitution of delipidated organisms with either pure TDM or the petroleum ether extract containing crude surface lipids restored normal responses. Use of TDM-coated polystyrene beads demonstrated that TDM can mediate intracellular trafficking events, as well as influence macrophage production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Thus, the presence of TDM may be an important determinant for successful infection and survival of M. tuberculosis within macrophages.
The Scaling of Plant Height: A Comparison Among Major Plant Clades and Anatomical Grades

Abstract The scaling plant height h (m) with respect to stem diameter d (m) was determined for a total 610 species (mosses, n = 40; pteridophytes, n = 16; dicotyledonous herbs, n = 117; palms, n = 17; gymnosperms, n = 105; dicotyledonous trees, n = 315); axial length or mass vs. d was determined for the pteridophyte Psilotum nudum ; and the scaling of critical buckling height hcrit of gymnosperm and dicotyledonous trees was calculated based on the record trunk d and average Young's modulus E and density p of 33 wood species. The scaling exponents (based on least squares and reduced major axis regressions; αLS and αRMA, respectively) of these relations were compared to expected values for three scaling models: elastic similarity, α = 0·666; stress similarity, α = 0·500; and geometric similarity, α = 1·00. Least squares regression of the data from all species yielded h = 22 d0·91 (r2 = 0·955, n = 610; αRMA = 0·93). The scaling exponent of this formula complied best with the geometric similarity model (α ≈ 1·00). However, α differed among plant clades and anatomical grades: mosses, αLS = 1·10 (r2 = 0·974; αRMA = 1·12); pteridophytes, αLS = 1·69 (r2 = 0·847; αRMA = 1·83; herbaceous dicotyledons, αLS = 1·26 (r2 = 0·742; αRMA = 1·46); palms, αLS = 1·76 (r2 = 0·940; αRMA = 1·82); gymnosperm trees, αLS = 0·430 (r2 = 0·247; αRMA = 0·87); dicotyledonous trees, αLS = 0·488 (r2 = 0·515; αRMA = 0·69); woody species (gymnosperm and dicotyledonous trees, αLS = 0·538 (r2 = 0·541; αRMA = 0·73); and non-woody species, αLS = 1·29 (r2 = 0·949; αRMA = 1·32). Based on αRMA, the interspecific scaling of woody species complied neither with the stress or elastic similarity model. Regression of hcrit yielded the formula hcrit = 97·7 d0·689 (r2 = 0·969; αRMA = 0·70), which was interpreted to support the assumption that E/p ≈ a constant among gymnosperm and dicotyledonous woods. Intra- and interspecific variations in αRMA caution against using any of the three scaling models to predict h based on d across a broad taxonomic spectrum of species, although, on the average, αRMA 1·0 for woody and non-woody species, respectively.
Thalamo-cortical interactions modeled by forced weakly connected oscillatory networks

In this paper we do not discuss what a thalamo-cortical system modeled by a weakly connected oscillators can do, but we rather discuss what it cannot do. Interactions between any two cortical columns having oscillatory dynamics crucially depend on their frequencies. When the frequencies are different, the interactions are functionally insignificant (i.e., they average to zero) even when there are synaptic connections between the cortical columns. We say that there is a frequency gap that prevents interactions. When the frequencies are equal (or close) the oscillators interact via phase deviations. By adjusting the frequency of oscillations, each cortical column can turn on or off its connections with other columns. This mechanism resembles that of selective tuning in frequency modulated (FM) radios. A weak non-constant thalamic input can remove the frequency gap and link any two oscillators provided the input is chosen appropriately. In the case of many cortical columns with incommensurable frequency gaps the thalamic forcing will be chaotic. By adjusting its temporal activity, the thalamus has complete control over information processing taking place in important parts of the cortex.
Geometric Sensing in Cells - a Molecular Approach

Cells sense changes in substrate geometry and respond by modifying their behavior. Finding the dimensions and characteristics that elicit a response is crucial to understand this phenomenon. To analyze this, grooves and ridges with width = 1.2 μm, pitch = 3μm and varying heights (1μm to 50 nm) were fabricated in fused silica using photolithography and dry etching. Fused silica was used as material as the roughness post etching is very little (less than 8 nm). Also, to probe the effect of curvature on the cells, the grooves and ridges were given a curvature using shallow trench fabrication process. In this method the grooves and ridges are made using photolithography and dry etching, which is followed by controlled oxide deposition leading to curved sidewalls. Fibroblasts were seeded and fixed after 75 min of spreading. DIC and actin immunofluorescence was used to image the cells. Plots of spreading area and anisotropy ratio v/s different heights revealed that a height of 100 nm is the minimum feature height that the cells can detect. Below this height, they tend to spread isotropically as on a plane glass coverslip. Above 100 nm the cells tend to align in the direction of the grooves and show strong alignment with increased heights of ridges. Currently we are looking at the effect of curvature on the cells.
Response of vegetation and birds to severe wind disturbance and salvage logging in a southern boreal forest

Vegetation and birds were inventoried on the same plot before and after a severe windstorm in 1999 disturbed a mature black spruce (Picea mariana)–jack pine (Pinus banksiana) forest in northern Minnesota. Following the storm, another plot was established in an adjacent portion of the forest that was salvage-logged. Birds were inventoried on both plots through 2002. The original unsalvaged plot was prescribed-burned in 2004, but vegetation was surveyed through 2003, and through 2005 on the salvaged plot. We examined the effects of wind disturbance by comparing the pre-storm bird and vegetation communities with those developing afterwards through 2002 and 2003, respectively, and the effects of salvage logging by comparing vegetation and the bird community on the unsalvaged plot with those in the salvaged area. Wind reduced the canopy of the forest by over 90% with a temporary increase in the shrub layer, mostly resulting from tip-ups. Several plant species, including jack pine and beaked hazel (Corylus americana), appeared temporarily in the ground layer (<1 m height), but did not persist through 2003. Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) root sprouts were abundant in 2001, but decreased dramatically by 2003. Delayed mortality of tipped trees resulted in reduction of the shrub layer to pre-storm levels, and release of advanced regeneration black spruce and balsam fir (Abies balsamea). Bird species using the forest changed from dominance by canopy-foraging species to groundbrush foraging species, with an overall increase in bird diversity. Salvage logging resulted in significant reduction in coarse woody debris, and successful recruitment of jack pine seedlings. Quaking aspen sprouts were nearly 30 times more abundant in the salvage-logged area compared to the unsalvaged control. Ruderal species, especially red raspberry (Rubus ideaus), fringed bindweed (Polygonum cilinode), and several sedges (Carex spp.), were significantly more abundant after salvage logging. The bird community, on the other hand, was greatly diminished by salvage logging, with a reduction in diversity, density, and overall richness of species. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Complications associated with cleft lip and palate repair.

Cleft lip and palate is the most common facial birth defect, occurring in 1 in 750 newborns. Although the deformity is localized to a small anatomic area, it requires specialized care from many disciplines. It is a three-dimensional anomaly that involves soft and skeletal tissue that changes in the fourth dimension with growth and movement. Complications and long-term problems occur in the management of patients with clefts because of lack of understanding of principles and ill-advised techniques. Equally important is the variable complexity of the deformity and unpredictable midfacial growth. Poor outcomes have been shown to be related to nonexistent protocols, fragmented care, lack of periodic assessment, and low patient volume [2,3].
Head up versus head down: the costs of imprecision, unreliability, and visual clutter on cue effectiveness for display signaling.

We conducted 2 experiments to investigate the clutter-scan trade-off between the cost of increasing clutter by overlaying complex information onto the forward field of view using a helmet-mounted display (HMD) and the cost of scanning when presenting this information on a handheld display. In the first experiment, this tradeoff was examined in terms of the spatial accuracy of target cuing data in a relatively sparse display; in the second, the spatial accuracy of the cue was varied more radically in an information-rich display. Participants were asked to detect and identify targets hidden in the far domain while performing a monitoring task in the near domain using either an HMD or a handheld display. The results revealed that on a sparse display, the reduced scanning from the HMD presentation of cuing outweighed the costs of clutter for cued targets, regardless of cue precision, but no benefit was found for uncued targets. When the HMD displayed task-irrelevant information, however, target detection was ...