cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glycosylation of Specific Notch EGF Repeats by O-Fut1 and Fringe Regulates Notch Signaling in Drosophila.

Summary Fringe glycosyltransferases differentially modulate the binding of Notch receptors to Delta/DLL versus Serrate/Jagged ligands by adding GlcNAc to O-linked fucose on Notch epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats. Although Notch has 22 O-fucosylation sites, the biologically relevant sites affecting Notch activity during animal development in vivo in the presence or absence of Fringe are not known. Using a variety of assays, we find important roles in Drosophila Notch signaling for GlcNAc-fucose-O glycans on three sites: EGF8, EGF9, and EGF12. O-Fucose monosaccharide on EGF12 (in the absence of Fringe) is essential for Delta-mediated lateral inhibition in embryos. However, wing vein development depends on the addition of GlcNAc to EGF8 and EGF12 by Fringe, with a minor contribution from EGF9. Fringe modifications of EGF8 and EGF12 together prevent Notch from cis-inhibiting Serrate, thereby promoting normal wing margin formation. Our work shows the combinatorial and context-dependent roles of GlcNAc-fucose-O glycans on these sites in Drosophila Notch-ligand interactions.
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 Regulates Host B Cell MicroRNA-155 and Its Target FOXO3a via PI3K p110α Activation

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with potentially fatal lymphoproliferations such as post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD), a serious complication of transplantation. The viral mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of EBV+ B cell lymphomas remain elusive but represent attractive therapeutic targets. EBV modulates the expression of host microRNAs (miRs), non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, to promote survival of EBV+ B cell lymphomas. Here, we examined how the primary oncogene of EBV, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), regulates host miRs using an established model of inducible LMP1 signaling. LMP1 derived from the B95.8 lab strain or PTLD induced expression of the oncogene miR-155. However, PTLD variant LMP1 lost the ability to upregulate the tumor suppressor miR-193. Small molecule inhibitors (SMI) of p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K p110α inhibited upregulation of miR-155 by B95.8 LMP1; no individual SMI significantly reduced upregulation of miR-155 by PTLD variant LMP1. miR-155 was significantly elevated in EBV+ B cell lymphoma cell lines and associated exosomes and inversely correlated with expression of the miR-155 target FOXO3a in cell lines. Finally, LMP1 reduced expression of FOXO3a, which was rescued by a PI3K p110α SMI. Our data indicate that tumor variant LMP1 differentially regulates host B cell miR expression, suggesting viral genotype as an important consideration for the treatment of EBV+ B cell lymphomas. Notably, we demonstrate a novel mechanism in which LMP1 supports the regulation of miR-155 and its target FOXO3a in B cells through activation of PI3K p110α. This mechanism expands on the previously established mechanisms by which LMP1 regulates miR-155 and FOXO3a and may represent both rational therapeutic targets and biomarkers for EBV+ B cell lymphomas.
Discovery and Instrumentation: How Surplus Knowledge Contributes to Progress in Science

An important fact about human labor is that it can result not just in reproduction of what it started with, but in something new, a surplus product. When the latter is a means of production, it mak...
Cholla cactus frames as lightweight and torsionally tough biological materials.

Abstract Biological materials tested in compression, tension, and impact inspire designs for strong and tough materials, but torsion is a relatively neglected loading mode. The wood skeletons of cholla cacti, subject to spartan desert conditions and hurricane force winds, provide a new template for torsionally resilient biological materials. Novel mesostructural characterization methods of laser-scanning and photogrammetry are used alongside traditional optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and micro-computed tomography to identify mechanisms responsible for torsional resistance. These methods, in combination with finite element analysis reveal how cholla meso and macro-porosity and fibril orientation contribute to highly density-efficient mechanical behavior. Selective lignification and macroscopic tubercle pore geometry contribute to density-efficient shear stiffness, while mesoscopic wood fiber straightening, delamination, pore collapse, and fiber pullout provide extrinsic toughening mechanisms. These energy absorbing mechanisms are enabled by the hydrated material level properties. Together, these hierarchical behaviors allow the cholla to far exceed bamboo and trabecular bone in its ability to combine specific torsional stiffness, strength, and toughness. Statement of Significance The Cholla cactus experiences, due to the high velocity desert winds, high torsional loads. Our study has revealed the amazingly ingenious strategy by which the tubular structure containing arrays of voids intermeshed with wood fibers resists these high loads. Deformation is governed by compressive and tensile stresses which are greatest at 45 degrees to the cross section. It proceeds by stretching, sliding, and bending of the wood fibers which are coupled with the pore collapse, resulting in delayed failure and a high torsional toughness.
A cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy of a telehealth-based train-the-trainer mealtime intervention delivered by respite care center volunteers to caregivers of persons with dementia to improve nutritional outcomes and quality of life

Persons with dementia with mild to moderate cognitive impairment are at risk for developing impairments with activities of daily living such as the ability to feed oneself, that negatively influence health. Lack of caregiver skills related to mealtime planning for persons with dementia and the ability to cope with dysfunctional behaviors are well-documented factors that influence nutritional status outcomes, lead to weight loss, poor quality of life, and impact their ability to remain at home. A cluster randomized controlled trial with a parallel mixed methods evaluation processes will be conducted to examine the efficacy of a train-the-trainer program using non-paid volunteers in respite care centers to deliver a telehealth mealtime intervention guided by the theory-based C3P Model—Change the Person, Change the People, Change the Place (C3P). In this six-month study, dyads of caregivers and persons with mild to moderate dementia receiving respite care services will be randomized to receive either the telehealth intervention or enhanced usual care. Within the intervention group, dyads will be partnered with a C3P trained volunteer who will work with caregivers via videoconference to devise and implement mealtime plans. Under usual care, dyads will receive standardized educational materials modified from The Savvy Caregiver Program for Alzheimer’s disease. The primary outcomes include weight maintenance or gain of the person with dementia and quality of life of the caregiver. A multi-level evaluation process utilizing respite center administrators and directors, volunteers, and caregivers will explore intervention fidelity, acceptability and sustainability. Using both the CONSORT and SPIRIT checklists as guidance, the comprehensive study design is more fully described in this manuscript. In this trial, we will lay the groundwork to examine the efficacy and sustainability of a train-the-trainer telehealth program that could be widely disseminated by national Alzheimer’s organizations and readily adopted by community agencies to provide additional resources to assist families in managing mealtimes at home, while promoting the quality of life of both the caregiver and the person with dementia. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03622814 on August 9, 2018..
Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Mechanical Circulatory Support Patients

As the use of mechanical circulatory support increases in the heart failure population, complications following device implantation have also increased in frequency. The accurate diagnosis and management of these complications can help further advancement in the care of these patients. One particularly common complication following ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation is gastrointestinal bleeding. In this chapter we focus on the etiology, diagnosis, management, and impact that gastrointestinal bleeding has on VAD patients. Additionally, we address the role of pulsatility in development of gastrointestinal bleeding.
Method for Selecting Rotor Suspension Design Criteria

A method for selecting rotor suspension design criteria that allow rotors with internal friction to negotiate critical speeds and avoid subsynchronous internal friction instabilities is described. A rotor model of a test rotor with internal friction is created and used to calculate the test rotor’s critical speeds, mode shapes, Campbell plots, and the rotational speed corresponding to the stability boundary for a nominal set of suspension parameters. The test rotor model is then used to demonstrate the suspension design criteria selection method.
Mapping recovery from sleep deprivation

Abstract Sleep timing is based on the interactions between circadian and homeostatic processes. However, sleep deprivation perturbs the time of sleep onset, and the timing and duration of the following recovery sleep may differ from that of baseline sleep. Here we show that the responses to 0–24 h of sleep deprivation can be approximated by a one-dimensional, discontinuous map computed from a physiologically-based ordinary differential equation model for human sleep-wake regulation. The map relates the circadian phase of sleep onset to the circadian phase of the previous sleep onset and reproduces sleep patterns seen in experimental data for the timing and duration of recovery sleep when sleep onset occurs 8 or 20 h after the usual sleep onset. In addition, the durations of recovery sleep predicted by the map for sleep deprivations of 0 to 24 h are consistent with numerical simulations of recovery sleep using the full (nonautonomous, 8-dimensional) model. Our results demonstrate that the circadian phase of sleep onset affects the duration of recovery sleep more strongly than the homeostatic sleep drive for most durations of sleep deprivation. In addition, the map establishes a lower bound for the length of recovery sleep. As a result, the map provides a computationally-efficient way of incorporating sleep dynamics into new technologies that allow users to predict the effects of sleep deprivation and identify optimal sleep schedules.
COVID-19 Conferences: Resident Perceptions of Online Synchronous Learning Environments.

Author(s): Weber, William; Ahn, James | Abstract: Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic forced a rapid transition of in-class residency conferences to online residency conferences; little is known about learners’ perceptions of this new didactic environment. Understanding learners’ perceptions of virtual classrooms can help inform current and future best practices for online, synchronous, graduate medical education.Methods: We surveyed emergency medicine and internal medicine residency programs at a large urban academic medical center about their perceptions of synchronous online residency conferences.Results: Residents reported a preference for in-class interactions with peers (85%) and lecturers (80%), with 62% reporting decreased levels of engagement with lecturers during online conferences. Residents reported performing nearly twice as many non-conference-related activities (eg, email, exercise) during online conferences vs in-class conferences. Residents felt that the following methods improved engagement during online conferences: lecturers answering chat questions; small group sessions; and gamification of lectures.Conclusion: Synchronous online residency conferences were associated with decreased engagement and attention by learners. Simple methods to increase interactivity may help improve the online classroom experience and cultivate novel teaching environments that better support current learning styles.
Outcomes in Revision Stapes Surgery.

ObjectivesTo compare audiometric outcomes and complication rates between primary and revision stapes surgical cases.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingLarge single-institution database.M...
Design of a code-agnostic driver application for high-fidelity coupled neutronics and thermal-hydraulic simulations

While the literature has numerous examples of Monte Carlo and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupling, most are hard-wired codes intended primarily for research rather than as standalone, general-purpose codes. In this work, we describe an open source application, ENRICO, that allows coupled neutronic and thermal-hydraulic simulations between multiple codes that can be chosen at runtime (as opposed to a coupling between two specific codes). In particular, we outline the class hierarchy in ENRICO and show how it enables a clean separation between the logic and data required for a coupled simulation (which is agnostic to the individual solvers used) from the logic/data required for individual physics solvers. ENRICO also allows coupling between high-order (and generally computationally expensive) solvers to low-order “surrogate” solvers; for example, Nek5000 can be swapped out with a subchannel solver.ENRICO has been designed for use on distributed-memory computing environments. The transfer of solution fields between solvers is performed in memory rather than through file I/O.We describe the process topology among the different solvers and how it is leveraged to carry out solution transfers. We present results for a coupled simulation of a single light-water reactor fuel assembly using Monte Carlo neutron transport and CFD.
Neural and behavioral effects of perceptual load on auditory selective attention

Abstract Healthy adults performed an auditory version of the flanker task under low versus high perceptual load while behavioral and electrophysiological measures were recorded. Participants experienced less attentional interference under low load than high load, whether analyses were performed between tasks (Garner interference; found in accuracy and RT), between stimuli (flanker congruity; found in accuracy), or between sequences (Gratton effect; found in accuracy). Analysis of event-related potentials to the distractor (flanker), which was physically identical across load conditions, revealed load modulation of tasks effects in the P1 component (peak amplitude and latency), an early perceptual component peaking approximately 75 ms after distractor onset. As in behavioral performance, ERP analyses showed that auditory attentional disruption in P1 was significantly smaller under low perceptual load. Dipole source analysis suggested activation of prefrontal inhibitory control during low load and default mode network during high load. The results are in keeping with the predictions of tectonic theory (Melara & Algom, 2003), but inconsistent with expectations derived from perceptual load theory (Lavie, 1995).
Changes in children's schoolyear and summer sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: In spring 2020, elementary schools closed to minimize the spread of COVID-19. Questionnaire data suggest children's sleep was impacted during the pandemic, yet device-based data (i.e. accelerometry) on this topic is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine children's sleep during the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e. spring and summer 2020) compared to previous data collected from the same children during each of the two previous years (spring and summer 2018 and 2019). Methods: 68 children (age = 9.9±1.2 years, 56% Black, 53% male) previously recruited for an observational cohort study wore a Fitbit Charge 2 on their wrist during the spring and summer from 2018- 2020 (i.e. six 30-day measurement periods). We used multilevel mixed models to examine how children's sleep patterns changed during the pandemic accounting for previous trajectory (i.e. 2018 to 2019). Models included age, sex, and race as covariates. Results: Children had an average of 84 nights of sleep data across all six 30-day measurement periods. In the spring of the pandemic, children slept 24.6 minutes more (95%CI = 11.6, 37.5) compared to previous springs. During the pandemic summer, they slept 40.0 minutes more (95%CI = 24.6, 58.5) compared to previous summers. Sleep midpoint was 117.1 minutes later (95%CI = 103.6, 130.6) in the spring during the pandemic and 46.0 minutes later (95% CI = 26.9, 65.2) in the summer during the pandemic compared to previous years. Sleep efficiency improved slightly by 1.3% (95% CI = 0.7, 1.9) and 3.6% (95% CI = 2.7, 4.5) in spring and summer, respectively, during the pandemic compared to previous years. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, children slept longer after accounting for previous developmental trends. Notably, the shift in sleep timing during the pandemic was nearly two hours later in the spring compared to previous years, potentially due to the lack of structure usually provided by school. Later sleep timing is independently associated with poor health behaviors (e.g., nutrition, physical activity, screen time). Future studies should examine if these changes in sleep persist over time and have potential long-term effects on children's health.
Preventing the School-to-Prison Pipeline with a Few Research-Based Methods

The disproportionate discipline of students of color leads to many negative outcomes. The use of exclusionary school discipline contributes to this problem. This form of discipline has been shown t...
Adverse Cardiovascular Events Following Severe Maternal Morbidity.

Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) affects 50,000 women annually in the US, but its consequences are not well understood. We aimed to estimate the association between SMM and risk of adverse cardiovascular events during the 2 years postpartum. We analyzed 137,140 deliveries covered by Pennsylvania Medicaid, 2016-2018, weighted with inverse probability of censoring weights to account for nonrandom loss to follow-up. SMM was defined as any of the CDC list of diagnoses and procedures and/or intensive care unit admission occurring at any point from conception through 42 days post-delivery. Outcomes included heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack up to 2 years postpartum. We used marginal standardization to estimate average treatment effects. We found that SMM is associated with increased risk of each adverse cardiovascular event across follow-up. Per 1,000 deliveries, relative to no SMM, SMM was associated with 12 (95% confidence interval 6.2, 18) excess cases of heart failure, 6.4 (1.7, 11) excess cases of ischemic heart disease, and 8.2 (3.2, 13) excess cases of ischemic heart disease at 26 months of follow-up. These results suggest that SMM identifies a high-risk group after delivery. Women who survive SMM may benefit from more comprehensive postpartum care linked to well-woman care.
Catalyst Health Solutions: A Script for Success?

In February 2011, David Blair, CEO of Catalyst Health Solutions, was considering another acquisition. Catalyst was already the fastest-growing pharmacy benefit management company in the United States, and Blair had his eye on a subsidiary of Walgreen Co., the second-largest retail drugstore chain in the country. Walgreen Co. was focusing its corporate strategy on the retail business and had just purchased 258 Duane Reade pharmacies in New York for over $1 billion. Walgreen Co.'s subsidiary, WHI, managed pharmacy benefits and was a relatively small part of the overall company, contributing less than 2% of its bottom line. Might Walgreen Co. be interested in selling WHI? Excerpt UVA-F-1666 Rev. Jun. 21, 2012 CATALYST HEALTH SOLUTIONS: A SCRIPT FOR SUCCESS? In February 2011, David Blair, CEO of Catalyst Health Solutions (Catalyst), was considering another acquisition. Catalyst was already the fastest-growing pharmacy benefit management (PBM) company in the United States, and Blair had his eye on a subsidiary of Walgreen Co., the second-largest retail drugstore chain in the country. Walgreen Co. was focusing its corporate strategy on the retail business and had just purchased 258 Duane Reade pharmacies in New York for over $ 1 billion. Walgreen Co.'s subsidiary, Walgreens Health Initiatives (WHI), managed pharmacy benefits and was a relatively small part of the overall company, contributing less than 2% of its bottom line. Might Walgreen Co. be interested in selling WHI? Pharmacy Benefit Management Companies PBMs acted as intermediaries between pharmaceutical companies and consumers by managing the distribution of prescriptions (“scripts”). Most buyers of prescription drugs were enrolled in plans offered by their employers. Large corporations offered prescription drug plans administered by managed care organizations (MCOs), while municipal governments normally self-insured their employees. Enrollees in the plans typically purchased medications through pharmacies or by mail-order. In both instances, the PBM was responsible for ensuring that the individual received the prescription in accordance with the terms of his or her benefit plan. Because PBMs could use their purchasing power to negotiate discounts with pharmacies, it was estimated that PBMs actually reduced prescription drug costs for payers by up to 25%. . . .
Identifying Microbial Interaction Networks Based on Irregularly Spaced Longitudinal 16S rRNA sequence data

Though being vital for human health, microbial interactions with their host and with each other are still largely obscure for researchers. To deepen the understanding, the analyses based on longitudinal data are a better choice than the cross-sectional data since the information provided by the former is usually more stable. To this end, in this paper, we first propose an EM-type algorithm to identify microbial interaction network for the irregularly spaced longitudinal measurements. Correlation functions are employed to account for the correlation across the temporal measurements for a given subject. The algorithms take advantage of the efficiency of the popular graphical lasso algorithm and can be implemented straightforwardly. Simulation studies show that the proposed algorithms can significantly outperform the conventional algorithms such as graphical lasso or neighborhood method when the correlation between measurements grows larger. In second part of the paper, based on a 16S rRNA sequence data set of gut microbiome, module-preserving permutation test is proposed to test the independence of the estimated network and the phylogeny of the microbe species. The results demonstrate evidences of strong association between the interaction network and the phylogenetic tree which indicates that the taxa closer in their genomes tend to have more/stronger interactions in their functions. The proposed algorithms can be implemented through R package lglasso at \url{https://github.com/jiezhou-2/lglasso
20 Bioprocess Engineering

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on bioprocessing, which is defined as processing that involves cells or biological molecules as products, as raw materials, or as integral components of the process itself. The central problems of bioprocess engineering derive from lack of knowledge concerning the intrinsic behavior of cells and proteins. High-leverage opportunities for chemical engineering contributions to bioprocessing involve systematic manipulation of these intrinsic characteristics, often employing genetic methods. Present process use of biological activities is limited by their inability to conduct the desired step; by rates that are too small; by requirements for low substrate, product, or antigen concentrations; by rapid loss of activity; by excessive costs; or by some combination of these factors. There has been an explosive growth in research, development, and recently in sales of new products based on biological processes. This new industrial activity is a direct consequence of the emergence—in the late 1970s—of two new genetic technologies-recombinant DNA and cell fusion that have made possible the construction of new types of cells with new characteristics. To date, biochemical engineers have concentrated heavily on modeling and analysis of the enzyme synthesis process and have almost completely ignored the enzyme decomposition processes that are important in many types of cells. Long-term genetic drift is important in recently conceived processes for manufacturing valuable proteins using mammalian cells. Although only anecdotal observations are available at present, it is clear that the important engineering properties of these cells can change significantly over numerous generations.
Transference-countertransference issues with adolescents: personal reflections.

The concept of transference-countertransference is an important theoretical construct and critical for therapists to understand and utilize when working psychotherapeutically with adolescents. Freud introduced the concept, hypothesizing that the patient "transferred onto the analyst feelings and thoughts resulting from a reactivation of previous psychological experiences, usually a recapitulation of early unconscious libidinal impulses." Jung included sociocultural aspects by stating that "by virtues of the collective content and symbols, transference transcends the individual's personality and extends into the social sphere." Fromm-Reichmann viewed transference as "transferring onto the therapist as a present-day partner, early experiences of interpersonal relatedness," and Sullivan believed that in any therapeutic interaction "two ... persons come to deal with the issues of one." It is my position that transference-countertransference is a phenomenon that exists in every encounter with a child and adolescent patient and includes the full spectrum of emotions and reactions--eager anticipation, dreaded waiting, envy, joy, anger, love, and hate. Working with and through this phenomenon creates a corrective emotional experience for the patient and the opportunity for him or her to mature in a more normative healthy fashion.
Parting with illusions in evolutionary ethics

I offer a critical analysis of a view that has become a dominant aspect of recent thought on the relationship between evolution and morality, and propose an alternative. An ingredient in Michael Ruse's 'error theory' (Ruse 1995) is that belief in moral (prescriptive, universal, and nonsubjective) guidelines arose in humans because such belief results in the performance of adaptive cooperative behaviors. This statement relies on two particular connections: between ostensible and intentional types of altruism, and between intentional altruism and morality. The latter connection is problematic because it makes morality redundant, its role having already been fulfilled by the psychological dispositions that constitute intentional altruism. Both behavioral ecology and moral psychology support this criticism, and neither human behavioral flexibility nor the self-regard / other-regard distinction can provide a defense of the error theory. I conclude that morality did not evolve to curb rampant selfishness; instead, the evolutionari- ly recent 'universal law' aspect of morality may function to update behavioral strategies which were adaptive in the paleolithic environment of our ancestors (to which our psychological dispositions are best adapted), by means of norms more appropriate to our novel social environment.
Thermally Induced Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Heat Shock Protein Expression in Three-Dimensional Culture

This study was conducted to compare the heat shock responses of cells grown in 2D and 3D culture environments as indicated by the level of heat shock protein 70 expression and the incidence of apoptosis and necrosis of prostate cancer cell lines in response to graded hyperthermia. PC3 cells were stably transduced with a dual reporter system composed of two tandem expression cassettes-a conditional heat shock protein promoter driving the expression of green fluorescent protein (HSPp-GFP) and a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter controlling the constitutive expression of a "beacon" red fluorescent protein (CMVp-RFP). Two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures of PC3 prostate cancer cells were grown in 96-well plates for evaluation of their time-dependent response to supraphysiological temperature. To induce controlled hyperthermia, culture plates were placed on a flat copper surface of a circulating water manifold that maintained the specimens within ±0.1°C of a target temperature. Hyperthermia protocols included various combinations of temperature, ranging from 37°C to 57°C, and exposure times of up to 2 h. The majority of protocols were focused on temperature and time permutations, where the response gradient was greatest. Post-treatment analysis by flow cytometry analysis was used to measure the incidences of apoptosis (annexin V-FITC stain), necrosis (propidium iodide (PI) stain), and HSP70 transcription (GFP expression). Cells grown in 3D compared with 2D culture showed reduced incidence of apoptosis and necrosis and a higher level of HSP70 expression in response to heat shock at the temperatures tested. Cells responded differently to hyperthermia when grown in 2D and 3D cultures. Three-dimensional culture appears to enhance survival plausibly by activating protective processes related to enhanced-HSP70 expression. These differences highlight the importance of selecting physiologically relevant 3D models in assessing cellular responses to hyperthermia in experimental settings.
Architectures for lattice structure based orthonormal discrete wavelet transforms

This paper presents efficient single-rate architectures for the orthonormal discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Folded and digit-serial architectures are derived from an efficient lattice implementation of two-channel FIR paraunitary systems known as the quadrature mirror filter (QMF) lattice. Folded architectures are derived by applying systematic folding techniques to multirate systems. For digit-serial architectures, we show that any two-channel subband system can be implemented using digit-serial processing techniques by utilizing the polyphase decomposition. Using this result, we describe an orthonormal DWT architecture which uses the QMF lattice structure and digit-serial processing techniques. The number of multipliers and adders required for both the folded and digit-serial lattice-based architectures approaches one-half the number required to implement similar systems based on direct-form filter implementations as the order of the FIR filters becomes large. This makes folded and digit-serial QMF lattice structures attractive choices for applications of the orthonormal DWT which require low area and low power dissipation. >
On Working Memory Capacity and Implicit Associations between Advanced Age and Dangerous Driving Stereotypes

Despite a large literature on implicit stereotypes, no one has scientifically documented the stereotype that older adults are dangerous drivers, even though its existence may impact older adults' driving performance through stereotype threat. The present studies are the first to use implicit tests to document the stereotype that older adult drivers are dangerous drivers. Experiment 1 (N = 159) documented a negative stereotype of older adult drivers in young and older adults by using a novel driving and age Implicit Association Test (IAT). Experiment 2 (N = 216) demonstrated that individual differences in working memory capacity moderate the degree to which young adults can willfully change this IAT score such that higher working memory capacity was associated with greater control of this negative stereotype of age and driving. This finding illustrates the potential utility of working memory capacity in interventions designed to reduce the impact of implicit stereotypes and negative attitudes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
A theory of scandal: Victorians, homosexuality, and the fall of Oscar Wilde.

Oscar Wilde is considered to be the iconic victim of 19th‐century English puritanism. Yet the Victorian authorities rarely and only reluctantly enforced homosexuality laws. Moreover, Wilde’s sexual predilections had long been common knowledge in London before his trials without affecting the dramatist's wide popularity. Focusing on the seemingly inconsistent Victorian attitudes toward homosexuality and the dynamics of the Oscar Wilde affair, this article develops a general theory of scandal as the disruptive publicity of transgression. The study of scandal reveals the effects of publicity on norm enforcement and throws into full relief the dramaturgical nature of the public sphere and norm work in society.
An all-round view of eukaryotic transcription

A report of the Keystone Symposium 'Regulation of Eukaryotic Transcription: From Chromatin to mRNA', Taos, USA, 21-26 April 2006.
Penetration of ambient submicron particles into single‐family residences and associations with building characteristics

Abstract This work improves knowledge of particle penetration into buildings by (i) refining a particle penetration test method that minimizes the duration and invasiveness required by individual tests without sacrificing accuracy, (ii) applying the method in an unoccupied manufactured test house and 18 single-family homes in Austin, Texas, USA, and (iii) exploring correlations between particle penetration and building characteristics, including results from blower door air leakage tests. The mean (±s.d.) measured penetration factor of submicron particles (20–1000 nm, not size-resolved) was 0.47 ± 0.15 in 19 residences that relied on infiltration for ventilation air, ranging from 0.17 ± 0.03 to 0.72 ± 0.08. Particle penetration factors (P) and outdoor particle source terms (P × air exchange rates) were both significantly and positively correlated with results from blower door air leakage tests. Outdoor particle source terms were also significantly and negatively correlated with the year of construction. These results suggest that occupants of leakier and older homes are exposed to higher indoor concentrations of outdoor submicron particles than those in tighter and newer homes, and that simple air leakage tests may be able to provide an approximate prediction of outdoor particle infiltration into single-family residences. Practical Implications Results from this work suggest that knowledge of simple building characteristics (i.e., the year of construction and blower door test results) may be used to predict the ability of outdoor particles to infiltrate into single-family residences, which could facilitate easier estimates of indoor exposures to outdoor particulate matter across the building stock. The methods within can also be extended to other buildings and can be used to assess possible changes in penetration factors because of envelope retrofits. Because outdoor particle size distributions were not measured during this study, these tests should also be repeated with size-resolved particle instrumentation.
Models of management of velopharyngeal valve incompetence in developing countries. Tasks of the otolaryngologist and phoniatrician in multidisciplinary care

Abstract On the basis of the experience with 5300 various types of orofacial cleft operations, including 1130 velopharyngoplasties performed during 1959–2001, and of the 60–70 cases with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) without cleft examined yearly, the author stresses that all functional consequences of velopharyngeal valve incompetence (respiratory, sucking, swallowing, speech, hearing and maxillofacial developmental disorders) should be properly assessed and managed by a multidisciplinary team. In cases with Robin-sequence, polysomnography is recommended to predict prognosis, risks and optimal time of palatoplasty which may increase respiratory problems. For assessment of oropharyngeal dysphagia due to facial clefts and VPI, cinefluoroscopy and videonasopharyngoscopy are appropriate. In the diagnosis of speech disorders, the auditive–perceptive evaluation, articulatory, speech intelligibility and teachability tests with five-point rating scale are fundamental. Among the instrumental procedures, endoscopic and radiological methods and nasometry are the most informative; to detect neuromyogen causes, electrophysiological examinations are indicated. The development of the maxillofacial complex may be followed by lateral cephalometry. Hearing disorders should be revealed continuously with subjective and objective methods (ERA, OAE, tympanometry). The management of VPI depends on the etiology. Phoniatric/logopedic and phonosurgical therapy is indicated only when neuromyogen processes are undoubtedly excluded. Regarding ear and hearing disorders, grommet and adenoidectomy may be considered as alternative methods. In developing countries, the assessment and management of VPI are recommended on three levels. On the first level basic diagnostic methods; on the second level nasopharyngo-endoscopy, X-ray methods and speech therapy; on the third level nasometry, genetic evaluation and phonosurgical interventions could be performed.
Integrating the Medieval Iberian Peninsula and North Africa in Islamic Architectural History

How do Islamic art survey texts present the architecture of the Islamic West, and how does this presentation shape the perception of the Maghrib in university classrooms? Examining the Great Mosque of Qayrawān and the Great Mosque of Cordoba as they appear in four representative and widely used art history survey texts, this article argues that a common art historical narrative characterises the art of early medieval North Africa as ultimately derivative of and artistically inferior to the art of early Islamic Iraq, Egypt, and the Iberian Peninsula. The article points to a shared chronological moment, which witnessed the expansion of the Cordoba prayer hall during the reign of ‘Abd al-Raḥmān II and several building projects undertaken around the same time by the Aghlabid emirs of Ifrīqiya. Examining these two building programmes in relation to one another leads to different conclusions about these monuments of the Islamic West than are offered in the art history texts, which privilege formalist readings. ...
CAREER SELF‐MANAGEMENT: A QUASI‐EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF A TRAINING INTERVENTION

A growing trend is to encourage employees to become actively involved in the management of their own careers. Career self-management, the degree to which one regularly gathers information and plans for career problem solving and decision making, includes two main behaviors: developmental feedback seeking and job mobility preparedness. Although career self-management training is a commonly used employer intervention to re-socialize individuals to increase their own career management activity, it is rarely rigorously evaluated. Relying on an expectancy theory framework, the goal of this study was to evaluate the general effects of career self-management training using a quasi-experimental design. Based on data from several hundred professionals at a major U.S. employer, the results showed formal training efforts were generally not successful in resocializing people to engage in career self-management activities, and when done as an isolated human resource strategy, decreased trainees' likelihood of engaging in career self-management behaviors. To the extent that Time 2 expectancy perceptions got worse, the results showed that an individual's attitudes toward feedback seeking mediated the relationship between the training intervention and the level of preparation for job mobility conducted 6-8 months following the training.
An uncommon highly oxidized multiple bonded Re28+ species

A long-sought metal–metal bonded species with an M28+ core has been structurally characterized. The diamagnetic compound {[Re2(hpp)3(OH)(O3SCF3)]2(μ-O)2}(O3SCF3)2, 2, has two σ2π4 electron-poor triple-bonded Re28+ units embraced by three bicyclic guanidinate ligands (hpp) and axial OH and triflate groups; the two dimetal units are held together by bridging oxo-groups.
Damage modeling for Taylor impact simulations

G. I. Taylor showed that dynamic material properties could be deduced from the impact of a projectile against a rigid boundary. The Taylor anvil test became very useful with the advent of numerical simulations and has been used to infer and/or to validate material constitutive constants. A new experimental facility has been developed to conduct Taylor anvil impacts to support validation of constitutive constants used in simulations. Typically, numerical simulations are conducted assuming 2-D cylindrical symmetry, but such computations cannot hope to capture the damage observed in higher velocity experiments. A computational study was initiated to examine the ability to simulate damage and subsequent deformation of the Taylor specimens. Three-dimensional simulations, using the Johnson-Cook damage model, were conducted with the nonlinear Eulerian wavecode CTH. The results of the simulations are compared to experimental deformations of 6061-T6 aluminum specimens as a function of impact velocity, and conclusions regarding the ability to simulate fracture and reproduce the observed deformations are summarized.
Mountain Rivers Revisited

Published in 2000, the original Mountain Rivers was written to provide a concise summary of the scientific understanding of the distinct subset of rivers that gave the book its name. Spurred by developments in the field in the past decade, the book's author, Ellen Wohl, produced Mountain Rivers Revisited, an updated edition aimed at graduate students and professional researchers. In this interview, Eos talks to Wohl about steep channels, climate change, and opportunities for future research.
Development of the practice environment scale of the nursing work index

Five subscales were derived from the Nursing Work Index (NWI) to measure the hospital nursing practice environment, using 1985-1986 nurse data from 16 magnet hospitals. The NWI comprises organizational characteristics of the original magnet hospitals. The psychometric properties of the subscales and a composite measure were established. All measures were highly reliable at the nurse and hospital levels. Construct validity was supported by higher scores of nurses in magnet versus nonmagnet hospitals. Confirmatory analyses of contemporary data from 11,636 Pennsylvania nurses supported the subscales. The soundness of the new measures is supported by their theoretical and empirical foundations, conceptual integrity, psychometric strength, and generalizability. The measures could be used to study how the practice environment influences nurse and patient outcomes.
Using Multilayer Precursors to Create Nanoporous Gold and Nanoporous Iridium Thin Films with Layered Architecture

Although dealloying is commonly used to fabricate nanoporous (np) metals, with precursor alloy composition and dealloying conditions determining the length scale of ligaments and pores, the technique typically allows limited control over ligament/pore size and design of np geometry. This paper presents a novel approach to creating np metal films with layered structure through the film thickness. This method is demonstrated for Au and Ir alloy films and can successfully control ligament size, spacing, and even orientation.
Embryonic development of the Drosophila brain. I. Pattern of pioneer tracts.

The neuropile of the late embryonic Drosophila brain can be subdivided into a vertical component (cervical connective), a transverse component (supraesophageal commissure), and a horizontal component for which we propose the term protocerebral connective. The core of each neuropile component is formed by numerous axon fascicles, the trajectory of which follows an invariant pattern. In the present study we have used an antibody against the adhesion molecule Fasciclin II (FasII) that is expressed in a large number of early differentiating neurons of the Drosophila embryo to follow the development of the axon tracts of the brain. The FasII antigen appears on the surface of clusters of neuronal somata prior to axon outgrowth. These clusters, for which we propose the term fibre tract founder clusters, are laid out in a linear pattern that forms an almost uninterrupted longitudinal track reaching from the ventral nerve cord to the “tip” of the brain. After expressing FasII on their soma, neurons of the fibre tract founder clusters extend axons that grow along the surface of the founder clusters and form a simple system of pioneer tracts for each of the components of the brain neuropile. We have reconstructed the FasII-positive fibre tract founder clusters and their axons from optical sections and generated digital 3-D models that illustrate the spatial relationships of the pioneer tracts. Three fibre tract founder clusters, D/T, P1, and P3m, pioneer the cervical connective. P2l and P2m form a transverse track that pioneers the supraesophageal commissure. P4m and P4l/P5l/P5m form two tracts that pioneer a medial and a lateral component of the protocerebral connective, respectively. Because FasII expression continues uninterruptedly into the larval period when the “rudiments” of many parts of the adult neuropile are readily identifiable, it was possible to assign several of the embryonic pioneer tracts to definitive neuropile components, including the median bundle, antennocerebral tract, mushroom body, and posterior optic tract. J. Comp. Neurol. 402:10–31, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A coherent biochemical basis for increased reactivity to contrast material in allergic patients: a novel concept

Bradykinin, the end product of activation of the plasma contact system, may play a significant role in reactions to contrast material and in other forms of anaphylactoid and anaphylactic responses to drugs or antigens. Activation of factor XII initiates activity in the plasma contact system, and we have identified factors (negatively charged surfaces) present in elevated concentrations in the plasma of patients who are asthmatic or allergic that can "prime" their plasma for the initiation and/or potentiation of factor XII activation. In other studies, we have shown that persons who react to contrast material and persons who are asthmatic or allergic share both a potential for accelerated contact system activity and evidence of an increased mean concentration of low-level contact system products. Recently, we have found that contrast media can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, the substance that hydrolyzes bradykinin and limits its systemic effects. Thus, a number of factors suggest that it is the potential for increased production of bradykinin in persons who are allergic or asthmatic that may account for the greatly increased susceptibility of these patients to contrast material. This susceptibility may be critically triggered by the contrast media-induced inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme. In view of these findings, the possibility exists that most, if not all, significant reactions to contrast material require an underlying allergic diathesis that may, or may not, be apparent by history and conventional diagnostic testing.
Lipoprotein patterns in acrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Lipoproteins of serum stained before electrophoresis gave distinct patterns in acrylamide gel of 3-percent concentration. Samples compared in parallel on gel slabs showed qualitative differences in migration rates of β-lipoprotein bands.