cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal survival in developing countries: what has been done, what can be achieved in the next decade.

Every year, approximately 600 000 women die of pregnancy-related causes — 98% of these deaths occur in developing countries. For every woman who dies, at least 30 suffer injuries and often, permanent disability. The challenge today is to re-orient programmes on priority interventions, and to mobilize sufficient resources for their implementation. More resources have been put into antenatal care than into delivery care and the management of complications of births and unsafe abortions. This article describes the effective strategies for reducing maternal death, their policy requirements and programmatic implications, and provides examples of successful developing country programmes. Priority interventions include: (1) improving availability and use of essential obstetric care for the management of complications; (2) strengthening family planning services; (3) ensuring skilled attendance at birth; (4) promoting women-friendly health services; (5) increasing district-level planning with community participation; and (6) monitoring process with process indicators. Finally, the promotion of safe motherhood as a right is of crucial importance. Needed now is political commitment as well as coordinated action for the implementation of large-scale programmes in low-income countries.
The admittance of very long cylindrical antennae

The admittances of long cylindrical antennae ranging in electrical half-length from βh = 0.3 to βh = 63.1 have been determined experimentally when the antennae are centre-driven by a 2-wire line. The measured values are in good agreement with the King-Middleton1 second-order theoiy for the shorter antennae and with Wu's theory2 for the longer ones. Particular care has been taken to avoid an unbalanced current on the feeding and measuring line, since such a current can lead to serious errors in the measured driving-point admittance.The measured admittance of the long antenna was extrapolated to infinite length and found to be in agreement with the theoretical values reported by Papas7 and by King and Schmitt.8
Pain management for dying patients. How to assess needs and provide pharmacologic relief.

PREVIEWMany patients have pain at the end of life, but their discomfort may be either unexpressed or met with skepticism by their physicians. A thorough assessment and tailored treatment plan can keep patients with even the most severe pain comfortable in their final days. In this article, Dr Abrahm discusses the evaluation of pain of malignant and nonmalignant origin and a pharmacologic approach to relieving it.
Properties of flagellin from Bacillus megaterium KM and its association with the cytoplasmic membrane

Abstract Flagellin from Bacillus megaterium KM has been isolated and purified. It is similar in composition and properties to flagellin from other bacteria and has a monomeric molecular weight of about 34,000. It does not contain ϵ- N -methyllysine, an unusual amino acid found in flagellin from some other bacteria, nor does it contain tryptophan, cysteine, or cystine. The flagellin runs as a single peak on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 2.3 and 9.2 and corresponds quite clearly to one of the bands seen on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both at pH 2.3 and in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels at pH 7.2 of whole cytoplasmic membranes of B. megaterium KM. The intensity of this band in both systems is qualitatively no different whether flagella are removed prior to isolating the cytoplasmic membrane or not suggesting that substantial quantities of flagellin are present in the cytoplasmic membrane itself. Flagellin also corresponds to one of the bands found in preparations of insoluble membrane proteins made by dissolving cytoplasmic membranes in mixtures of cholate and deoxycholate and precipitating with 12% ammonium sulfate.
Parkin suppresses the expression of monoamine oxidases

Mutations of parkin are linked to early onset Parkinson disease. Here we show that stable transfection of parkin in the human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y markedly reduced the activities of both monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. The amount of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, which is produced during dopamine oxidation by MAO, was greatly reduced by parkin overexpression. Radioligand binding assays showed that MAO binding sites were decreased accordingly. Consistent with these, MAO-B protein level was much lower, whereas the amount of MAO-A protein was not determined due to the lack of a suitable antibody. Co-transfection of either MAO with parkin in HEK293 cells did not significantly alter ubiquitination and degradation of each MAO. When we measured MAO expression by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, marked reductions were seen in SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing parkin compared with the parental cells or a control line stably transfected with luciferase. In addition, parkin mutants defective in E3 ligase activity exhibited different effects on MAO expression. We found that parkin also significantly decreased mRNA levels of both MAOs in the mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3. Furthermore, MAO expression was significantly increased in human B lymphocyte cell lines derived from Parkinson disease patients with homozygous but not heterozygous deletion of exon 4 of parkin. Together these results suggest that parkin suppresses MAO expression. This function may limit the production of reactive oxygen species generated by MAO in dopamine oxidation and would, thus, be beneficial to the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
Effects of attentive encoding on analytic and nonanalytic processing in implicit and explicit retrieval tasks

The least-frequent meanings of homophones were biased by two exposure conditions that varied in the extent to which the processing of biasing information was attentive and effortful. Memory was assessed with both explicit (recognition) and implicit tasks. For the implicit task, scores reflected the extent to which the biased meanings were apparent in subjects’ later spellings of or free associatons to old homophones. The results indicate that attentive processing during encoding is likely to invite analytic processing in both implicit and explicit tasks. Furthermore, unattended exposure may lead to nonanalytic processing across both tasks, with subjects relying on a fluency heuristic for the explicit task. Comparable results were obtained from the spelling and the free-association tasks.
Extensive Rearrangements in the Chloroplast Genome of Trachelium caeruleum Are Associated with Repeats and tRNA Genes

Chloroplast genome organization, gene order, and content are highly conserved among land plants. We sequenced the chloroplast genome of Trachelium caeruleum L. (Campanulaceae), a member of an angiosperm family known for highly rearranged genomes. The total genome size is 162,321 bp, with an inverted repeat (IR) of 27,273 bp, large single-copy (LSC) region of 100,114 bp, and small single-copy (SSC) region of 7,661 bp. The genome encodes 112 different genes, with 17 duplicated in the IR, a tRNA gene (trnI-cau) duplicated once in the LSC region, and a protein-coding gene (psbJ) with two duplicate copies, for a total of 132 putatively intact genes. ndhK may be a pseudogene with internal stop codons, and clpP, ycf1, and ycf2 are so highly diverged that they also may be pseudogenes. ycf15, rpl23, infA, and accD are truncated and likely nonfunctional. The most conspicuous feature of the Trachelium genome is the presence of 18 internally unrearranged blocks of genes inverted or relocated within the genome relative to the ancestral gene order of angiosperm chloroplast genomes. Recombination between repeats or tRNA genes has been suggested as a mechanism of chloroplast genome rearrangements. The Trachelium chloroplast genome shares with Pelargonium and Jasminum both a higher number of repeats and larger repeated sequences in comparison to eight other angiosperm chloroplast genomes, and these are concentrated near rearrangement endpoints. Genes for tRNAs occur at many but not all inversion endpoints, so some combination of repeats and tRNA genes may have mediated these rearrangements.
Renal insufficiency after total body irradiation for pediatric bone marrow transplantation

Abstract Between 1980 and 1987, 59 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or stage IV neuroblastoma (NB) underwent allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Thirty-nine of these patients were alive and in remission 6 months post BMT and were evaluable for this analysis. Sixteen have developed renal dysfunction. Eight were transplanted for relapsed ALL and received an autologous transplant. Preparation included tenopiside (VM 26), cytosine arabinoside, and cyclophosphamide followed by total body irradiation (TBI). One patient received 850 cGy in a single fraction, while all other patients received fractionated TBI (1200–1400 cGy in 6–8 fractions over 3–4 days). Eight of 11 evaluable patients who received a BMT for NB have developed late renal problems (4–7 months after BMT). The preparation for neuroblastoma patients included VM 26, cis-platinum, melphalan, cyclo-phosphamide and fractionated TBI (1200–1296 cGy). All 8 neuroblastoma patients had received cis-platinum as induction treatment prior to transplantation. All patients presented with anemia, hematuria and elevations of BUN and creatinine. Renal biopsies were consistent with radiation nephropathy. In conclusion, a high incidence of renal dysfunction has occurred after BMT in children with neuroblastoma and ALL. The clinical and laboratory features are consistent with either radiation nephropathy or hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The relatively young age of these patients and conditioning with intensive multi-agent chemotherapy may decrease the tolerance of the kidney to radiation injury.
Biodegradation of IMX-101 explosive formulation constituents: 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine.

Abstract Defense agencies are increasingly using insensitive munitions (IM) in place of explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. In this study simultaneous aerobic degradation of the IMX-101 formulation constituents 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ) was observed and degradation products were examined. Degradation products over four days of incubation included: nitrourea, 1,2-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, and 2,4-dinitrophenol. The enrichment culture maximum specific growth rate of 0.12 h −1 and half saturation constant of 288 mg L −1 during degradation of IMX-101 as a sole nitrogen source suggest that enrichment culture growth kinetics may closely relate to those of other explosive and nitroaromatic compounds.
The Role of Surface Condition in the Yields of Secondary Electrons, Backscattered Electrons, and Photoelectrons From Spacecraft

This paper reviews some active research topics of outgoing electron currents in spacecraft charging. The spacecraft potential is determined by the current balance. On a spacecraft, the incoming currents of ambient electrons and ambient ions can be measured, whereas the outgoing currents of secondary electrons (SEs), backscattered electrons (BEs), and photoelectrons (PEs) cannot. The outgoing currents depend on the incoming currents, surface materials, and surface conditions. For SE yields, using the encyclopedia parameters of the materials is not sufficient; surface conditions also need to be taken into account. For BEs, the yield approaches unity as the primary electron energy approaches zero. For PEs, reflectance is important. We conjecture that highly reflective surfaces generate little or no PEs and would charge to negative voltages as if in eclipse. As a consequence, differential charging may develop between adjacent surfaces as they get exposed to sunlight.
Site-specific acylation of GABA-gated Cl- channels: effects on 36Cl- uptake.

Radioligand binding studies indicate that p-isothiocyanato-t-butylbicycloorthobenzoate (p-NCS-TBOB) specifically acylates GABA-gated chloride channels. Preincubation of synaptoneurosomes with p-NCS-TBOB followed by washing resulted in a concentration dependent (63–500 nM) inhibition of both muscimol-stimulated chloride uptake and [355]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding. The extent of acylation (assessed by inhibition of [35S]TBPS binding) was highly correlated (r = 0.89; p < 0.0001) with the inhibition of muscimol-stimulated Cl− uptake. Neither basal Cl− uptake nor [3H]muscimol binding to GABAA receptors were affected by p-NCS-TBOB. Preincubation with the nonacylating ‘cage’ convulsant t-butylbicycloorthobenzoate (500 nM) followed by washing had no effect on either muscimol-stimulated Cl− uptake or [35S]TBPS binding. These findings indicate that p-NCS-TBOB interferes with the efficacy of muscimol promoted channel openings, but does not affect the recognition qualities of GABAA receptors. p-NCS-TBOB should prove useful in electrophysiological and biochemical studies examining the properties of GABA-gated Cl− channels.
Recent Heavy Ion Results with the ATLAS Detector at the LHC

Results are presented from the ATLAS collaboration from the 2010 LHC heavy ion run, during which nearly 10 inverse microbarns of luminosity were delivered. Soft physics results include charged particle multiplicities and collective ow. The charged particle multiplicity, which tracks initial state entropy production, increases by more than a factor of two relative to the top RHIC energy, with a centrality dependence very similar to that previously measured at RHIC. Measurements of elliptic ow out to large transverse momentum also show similar results to what was measured at RHIC. Extensions of these measurements to higher harmonics have also been made, and can be used to explain structures in the two-particle correlation functions that had long been attributed to jet-medium interactions. New hard probe measurements include single muons, jets and high pT hadrons. Single muons at high momentum are used to extract the yield of W bosons and are found to be consistent within statistical uncertainties with binary collision scaling. Conversely, jets are found to be suppressed in central events by a factor of two relative to peripheral events, with no signicant dependence on the jet energy. Fragmentation functions are also found to be the same in central and peripheral events. Updated asymmetry results conrm previous measurements with increased statistics, and multiple jet cone sizes are presented. Finally, charged hadron spectra have been measured out to 30 GeV, and their centrality dependence relative to peripheral events is similar to that found for jets.
Down’s syndrome, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer neuropathogenesis

Down syndrome (DS) is the result of triplication of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) and is the prevailing cause of mental retardation. In addition to the mental deficiencies and physical anomalies noted at birth, triplication of chromosome 21 gene products results in the neuropathological and cognitive changes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Mapping of the gene that encodes the precursor protein (APP) of the β-amyloid (Aβ) present in the Aβ plaques in both AD and DS to chromosome 21 was strong evidence that this chromosome 21 gene product was a principal neuropathogenic culprit in AD as well as DS. The discovery of neuroinflammatory changes, including dramatic proliferation of activated glia overexpressing a chromosome 2 gene product - the pluripotent immune cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) - and a chromosome 21 gene product - S100B - in the brains of fetuses, neonates, and children with DS opened the possibility that early events in Alzheimer pathogenesis were driven by cytokines. The specific chromosome 21 gene products and the complexity of the mechanisms they engender that give rise to the neuroinflammatory responses noted in fetal development of the DS brain and their potential as accelerators of Alzheimer neuropathogenesis in DS are topics of this review, particularly as they relate to development and propagation of neuroinflammation, the consequences of which are recognized clinically and neuropathologically as Alzheimer’s disease.
Selective injection of laser desorbed ions into a quadrupole ion trap with a filtered noise field

We demonstrate the advantages of utilizing a broad-band filtered noise field (FNF) for preferential mass injection of laser desorbed ions into an ion-trap mass spectrometer (ITMS). The FNF waveform is applied to the endcap electrodes of the ITMS during the laser-desorption period, and its amplitude and frequency spectrum are adjusted to resonantly eject all ions except those with selected mass-to-charge ratios. In single-pulse laser desorption, the FNF rapidly ejects desorbed matrix ions without reducing the number of target ions that are trapped. When the FNF is used in conjunction with multipole laser-desorption events, accumulation of target m/z ions results in a 40-fold increase in sensitivity over single-shot laser desorption. In addition, the application of sequential filtered noise fields for multiple stages of mass spectral interrogation is demonstrated.
Video genre detection using a multimodality approach

In this abstract, we introduce the idea of our new multimodality approach towards video genre detection. The two novelties of this algorithm are that firstly it is based on identifying relationships between semantic concepts and genres in videos, which can later help in distinguishing videos in different genres. Secondly, we apply topic level genre detection such as a 'talk show' genre can be further categorized as 'political talk show' or 'economic talk show', etc., which is a more precise categorization.
Molecular dynamics simulations of shear-driven gas flows in nano-channels

Using the recently developed smart wall molecular dynamics algorithm, shear-driven gas flows in nano-scale channels are investigated to reveal the surface–gas interaction effects for flows in the transition and free molecular flow regimes. For the specified surface properties and gas–surface pair interactions, density and stress profiles exhibit a universal behavior inside the wall force penetration region at different flow conditions. Shear stress results are utilized to calculate the tangential momentum accommodation coefficient (TMAC) between argon gas and FCC walls. The TMAC value is shown to be independent of the flow properties and Knudsen number in all simulations. Velocity profiles show distinct deviations from the kinetic theory based solutions inside the wall force penetration depth, while they match the linearized Boltzmann equation solution outside these zones. Results indicate emergence of the wall force field penetration depth as an additional length scale for gas flows in nano-channels, breaking the dynamic similarity between rarefied and nano-scale gas flows solely based on the Knudsen and Mach numbers.
Learning Curve of Emergency Physicians Using Emergency Bedside Sonography for Symptomatic First-Trimester Pregnancy

Objective. The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess the learning curve of emergency physician training in emergency bedside sonography (EBS) for first-trimester pregnancy complications. Methods. This was a prospective study at an urban academic emergency department from August 1999 through July 2006. Patients with first-trimester vaginal bleeding or pain underwent EBS followed by pelvic sonography (PS) by the Department of Radiology. Results of EBS were compared with those of PS using a predesigned standardized data sheet. Results. A total of 670 patients underwent EBS for first-trimester pregnancy complications by 1 of 25 physicians who would go on to perform at least 25 examinations. The sensitivity and specificity of EBS for an intrauterine pregnancy increased from 80% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71%–87%) and 86% (95% CI, 76%–93%), respectively, for a physician’s first 10 examinations to 100% (95% CI, 73%–100%) and 100% (95% CI, 63%–100%) for those performed after 40 examinations. Likewise, the sensitivity and specificity for an adnexal mass or ectopic pregnancy changed from 43% (95% CI, 28%–64%) and 94% (95% CI, 89%–97%) to 75% (95% CI, 22%–99%) and 89% (95% CI, 65%–98%), whereas the sensitivity and specificity for a molar pregnancy changed from 71% (95% CI, 30%–95%) and 98% (95% CI, 94%–99%) to 100% (95% CI, 20%–100%) and 100% (95% CI, 81%–100%). Although detection of an intrauterine or a molar pregnancy improved with training, even with experience including 40 examinations, the sensitivity of EBS for an adnexal mass or ectopic pregnancy was less than 90%. Conclusions. There is an appreciable learning curve among physicians learning to perform EBS for first-trimester pregnancy
The Utility of Exercise Testing after Cardiac Transplantation in Older Patients

Abstract Background. The criteria for cardiac transplantation recipient selection, including the appropriate recipient upper age limit, continue to expand with an increasing number of recipients greater than 60 years of age. While others have reported their transplant experience in older recipients in terms of quality of life assessment, we have examined the role of exercise cardiopulmonary testing post-transplantation in older cardiac transplant recipients. Methods. We reviewed inpatient and outpatient charts of 28 patients 60 years of age or older who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Results. In this population, perioperative mortality of 7.1% and Kaplan-Meier survival at 1 and 5 years of 89 and 77%, respectively, were similar to the institutional 1-year (89%) and 5-year (75%) survival among younger adult transplant recipients. Exercise cardiopulmonary testing results were available in 22/25 patients surviving greater than 1 year. Both peak oxygen consumption and percentage of maximum V O 2 were significantly greater among patients reporting NYHA Class 1 or 2 functional status, in comparison with those NYHA Class 3 or greater. Conclusion. Following cardiac transplantation, survival of patients greater than 60 years of age is equivalent to that of younger patients at our institution. Exercise testing provides an objective measure of performance and correlates with subjective status following heart transplantation. Most patients demonstrate good functional status, with minimal symptoms and good exercise capacity. These results, although retrospective, suggest that cardiac transplantation remains a reasonable therapeutic option for patients greater than 60 years of age with end-stage cardiomyopathy.
Cognitive Factors Involved in Preserving a Phonemic Contrast

Previous research has demonstrated that semantics and pragmatics influence durational modifications in words and segments. The present research investigated specifically how semantics and pragmatics influence preservation of a phonemic contrast. Experiment 1 examined alveolar flapping in American English. Potentially flapped words, for example, writer and rider, were embedded in each of two types of semantic passages: semantically biasing and semantically neutral passages. In addition, these passages were produced in one of two pragmatic conditions: listener-present and listener-absent. The results showed that the phonemic voicing distinction between /t/ and /d/ was preserved in biasing passages and in the listener-present condition. The /t/-/d/ distinction was not preserved in neutral passages or in the listener-absent condition. Experiment 2 examined whether listeners could use the durational differences found to distinguish phonemic voicing in Experiment 1. Our investigation demonstrates that semantics and pragmatics interact with phonological processes in speech production. We speculate that phonological processes may be affected both by speakers' decision processes to adjust their articulation for the benefit of the listener and by speakers' internal structure and interactive activation among linguistic units.
Therapeutic and adverse actions of serotonin transporter substrates.

A variety of drugs release serotonin (5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine) from neurons by acting as substrates for 5-HT transporter (SERT) proteins. This review summarizes the neurochemical, therapeutic, and adverse actions of substrate-type 5-HT-releasing agents. The appetite suppressant (+/-)-fenfluramine is composed of (+) and (-) isomers, which are N-de-ethylated in the liver to yield the metabolites (+)- and (-)-norfenfluramine. Fenfluramines and norfenfluramines are potent 5-HT releasers. (+/-)-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine ((+/-)-MDMA, "ecstasy") and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) are substrate-type 5-HT releasers. Fenfluramines, (+/-)-MDMA, and mCPP release neuronal 5-HT by a common non-exocytotic diffusion-exchange mechanism involving SERTs. (+)-Norfenfluramine is a potent 5-HT(2B) and 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist. The former activity may increase the risk of valvular heart disease, whereas the latter activity is implicated in the anorexic effect of systemic fenfluramine. Appetite suppressants that increase the risk for developing primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) are all SERT substrates, but these drugs vary considerably in their propensity to increase this risk. For example, fenfluramine and aminorex are clearly linked to the occurrence of PPH, whereas other anorectics are not. Similarly, some SERT substrates deplete brain tissue 5-HT in animals (e.g., fenfluramine), while others do not (e.g., mCPP). In addition to the established indication of obesity, 5-HT releasers may help treat psychiatric disorders, such as drug and alcohol dependence, depression, and premenstrual syndrome. Viewed collectively, we believe new medications can be developed that selectively release 5-HT without increasing the risk for adverse effects of valvular heart disease, PPH, and neurotoxicity. Such agents may be useful for treating a variety of psychiatric disorders.
Analysis of the accuracy of p.c.m. cascade coders

The cascade type of p.c.m. coder appears at the present time to provide the most suitable means of high-speed p.c.m. encoding. The paper describes the sources of inaccuracy in such a coder and the nature and relative gravity of the resulting errors. Criteria for error-free operation are developed in the course of an analysis based on both worst-case and statistical approaches. It emerges that the cascade coding process can be regarded as a random-walk problem, facilitating a ready method of attack. The treatment brings to light certain characteristics peculiar to the cascade coder.
Synthesis and Characterization of Non-Fouling Polymer Surfaces: I. Radiation Grafting of Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Polyethylene Glycol Methacrylate onto Silastic Film

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) surfaces have been shown to be resistant to fouling by adsorbed proteins and cells. We have studied radiation induced graft copoly merization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate ...
Stability of Amiodarone in an Oral Suspension Stored under Refrigeration and at Room Temperature

OBJECTIVE:Amiodarone is currently available in a tablet dosage form, which cannot be used in young pediatric patients. The objective of our study was to determine the stability of amiodarone in an oral suspension stored at two temperatures.METHODS:Commercially available amiodarone tablets (200 mg each) were dissolved in purified water and a suspension prepared in methylcellulose 1 % and syrup to yield a concentration of 5 mg/mL. The dosage form was stored in 10 glass and 10 plastic prescription bottles. One-half of the bottles were stored at 4 °C and the others at 25 °C. Three samples were taken from each bottle at 0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56. 70, and 91 days (n = 15). Amiodarone concentrations were measured by a validated and stability-indicating HPLC method; the pH was also determined in each sample. The drug was considered stable if its concentration exceeded 90% of the original concentration.RESULTS:The mean concentration of amiodarone was 90% or more at 4 °C for 91 days and at 25 °C for 42 days. The concent...
Differential Diagnosis of Children with ADHD and ADHD/with Co-Occurring Conduct Disorder:

The WISC-R factors, Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization and Freedom from Distractibility (FFD) were examined for their discriminant validity in diagnosing children with Attention Deficit ...
Flavonoid Antagonism of the Spasmogenic Effect of Angiotensin, Bradykinin, and Eledoisin on Guinea Pig Ileum

Investigation of the antagonism of the spasmogenic effect of three polypeptides by 12 flavonoids revealed that generally, the aglucones were more potent than the glycosides. Against angiotensin the order of potency was homoeriodictyol, quercetin, morin, rhamnetin, and 4-methylesculetin; against bradykinin it was quercetin, rhamnetin, and homoeriodictyol; and against eledoisin it was quercitrin, morin, rhamnetin, and catechin. The other flavonoids showed varying degrees of activity but they tended to show less activity as their doses were increased. Structure-activity evaluation revealed that the most active compounds had free phenolic hydroxyl groups in the 5.7-positions of the γ-benzopyrone nucleus. Other structural requirements were also discussed.
Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents Treated in a Pediatric Emergency Department

ABSTRACTThe current study examined associations between substance use and depressed mood by gender and type of substance used (no use, alcohol, marijuana, or both alcohol and marijuana) in a sample of 713 adolescents (Mage = 15.3) recruited from a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED). Adolescents who reported any marijuana use had higher overall depressed mood scores compared to all other adolescents. When examined by gender, females with both alcohol and marijuana use reported the highest overall depressed mood symptoms. These results suggest the usefulness of screening and identification of depressive symptoms among adolescents presenting to a PED for substance use-related problems.
Measurement of the Nuclear g Factor of Li 8

Observation of the asymmetry in beta emission offers a means of measuring the polarization of very small samples of short-lived nuclei. If established resonance techniques are used to perturb the nuclear polarization due to the capture of polarized neutrons, the precise measurement of nuclear g factors should be possible in several cases which cannot be studied by conventional methods. The successful application of this idea to the case of Li/ sup 8/ is described. The target was a single crystal of LiF enriched in the isotope Li. (W.D.M.)
Compact x-ray light source R&D at Arizona State University

ASU is constructing a hard x-ray ICS source in collaboration with MIT, and conducting R&D toward a compact fully coherent XFEL based on nanopatterning of the electron beam. Article not available.
Submersion of ‘Francis’ Mango in Hot Water as a Quarantine Treatment for the West Indian Fruit Fly and the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Heated water was tested as a quarantine treatment to control infestations of 1- to 6-d-old larvae of the West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), and the Caribbean fruit fly, A. suspense (Loew), in mango, Mangifera indica L., ‘Francis.’ Submersion of infested fruit for 15-60 min at 46.1-46.7°C reduced the number of surviving pupae. Probit analysis of the data estimated submersion time needed to reach 99.9968% mortality (probit 9 security) as 58.0 and 44.3 min for A. obliqua and A. suspensa , respectively. A confirmatory test resulted in no survivors based on adult emergence when 147,993 A. obliqua larvae in 4,738 infested fruits were submerged in water at 46.1-46.7°C for 65 min, and no survivors when 102,509 A. suspensa larvae in 1,892 infested fruits were submerged in water at 46.1-46.7°C for 60 min. ‘Francis’ mangos submerged in water at 46.1-46.7 for 75 min and then stored at 25-27 for 8 d were not damaged. ‘Francis’ submerged in water at 46.1-46.7°C for 2 h and then refrigerated at 11.1°C for 7 d were not damaged. Percentage of acceptable mangos treated with hot water decreased as exposure time in water at 46.1-46.7°C increased to 4 h, when all mangos were damaged and were not acceptable following storage at 11.1°C for 7 d or more.
Summary and Discussion on 2007 IEEE PES General Meeting (Power System Dispatch Automation Part)

This paper is a summary of 2007 IEEE PES General Meeting,power system dispatch automation part.There are many interesting papers presented on this conference,however,we only selected 3 topics to summarize,i.e.large scale power system modeling,utility computer network cyber-security,and power system optimal islanding technique for preventing a blackout.These 3 topics are selected because it is more practical for the readers in China.In the end of this paper some discussions and comments are given.
Publication Productivity and Experience: Factors Associated with Academic Rank Among Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty in the United States.

Background: Many factors play a role in academic promotion among orthopaedic surgeons. This study specifically examined the importance of publication productivity metrics, career duration, and sex on academic rank in orthopaedic surgery programs in the United States. Methods: Faculty at 142 civilian academic orthopaedic surgery departments in 2014 were identified. Geographic region, department size, and 3 specific faculty characteristics (sex, career duration, and academic position) were recorded. The Hirsch index (h-index), defined as the number (h) of an investigator’s publications that have been cited at least h times, was recorded for each surgeon. The m - index was also calculated by dividing the h - index by career duration in years. Thresholds for the h-index and the m - index were identified between junior and senior academic ranks. Multivariate analysis was used to determine whether the 3 physician factors correlated independently with academic rank. Results: The analysis included 4,663 orthopaedic surgeons at 142 academic institutions (24.7% clinical faculty and 75.3% academic faculty). Among academic faculty, the median h - index was 5, the median career duration was 15 years, and the median m - index was 0.37. Thresholds between junior and senior faculty status were 12 for the h - index and 0.51 for the m-index. Female academic faculty had a lower median h-index (3 compared with 5; p < 0.001) and career duration (10 years compared with 16 years; p < 0.001) than male academic faculty, but had a similar median m-index (0.33 compared with 0.38; p = 0.103). A higher h-index and longer career duration correlated independently with an increased probability of senior academic rank (p < 0.001), but sex did not (p = 0.217). Conclusions: This analysis demonstrates that a higher h-index and m - index correlate with a higher academic orthopaedic faculty rank. Although female surgeons had a lower median h - index and a shorter median career duration than male surgeons, their m - index was not significantly different, and thus sex was not an independent predictor for senior academic rank. The identified thresholds (h-index of 12 and m-index of 0.51) between junior and senior academic ranks may be considered as factors in promotion considerations.
Pathological complete response with anti-PD-1 therapy in a patient with microsatellite instable high, BRAF mutant metastatic colon cancer: a case report and review of literature.

Importance Mismatch repair (MMR) and BRAF mutation status are established independent prognostic factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). MMR deficient tumors are considered to have better prognosis whereas BRAF mutation is associated with poor prognosis. Studies evaluating the combined effect of BRAF and MMR status suggest MSI-high and BRAF mutant patients have a poorer prognosis as compared to MSI-high and BRAF wild type patients. Emerging evidence suggests MMR status predicts the immune response to anti-PD-1 therapy in CRC patients; however little is known about combined MMR and BRAF mutation status in this context. Therefore, it is important to identify whether there is a differential response to anti-PD-1 therapy based on BRAF status in the subset of MSI-high CRC patients. Observations We report the first case of MSI-high, BRAF mutant metastatic CRC that had an excellent response (pathologic complete response) to anti-PD-1 therapy. We take this opportunity to review the similar cases in literature and discuss combined MMR and BRAF status as a potential biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy. Conclusion and relevance The case presented illustrates that anti-PD-1 therapy can be effectively used to treat CRC patients with MSI-high and BRAF mutant status which is usually considered a poor prognostic category as opposed to MSI-high and BRAF wild type tumors. Future studies with anti-PD-1 therapy distinguishing these molecular subgroups will improve our knowledge of whether BRAF status can add to MMR status as a predictive biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy in patients with metastatic CRC.
NEUBA®: A Multicolumn, Multidetector Liquid Chromatograph with Electrochemical Detection for Use in the Identification and Determination of Neurochemicals and Related Species

The widespread utilization of liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to the determination of neurochemicals began to prominently appear in the literature following the initial utilization of a thin-layer electrochemical cell (Refshauge et al., 1974). The initial utilization of rather large diameter particles as the packing material for the liquid chromatograph led to what is now considered poor resolution. At best, the original systems accomplished the separation of only 3–4 compounds in 15–20 minutes. Rapid improvements in the area of liquid chromatography led to the development of columns having packings with particles of only 3μ in diameter. These systems have provided the separation of up to 18 compounds in 51/2–71/2 minutes (Lin et al., 1984). This represents a substantial advance in the capabilities of neuroscientists to examine the neurochemical mode of action of a variety of behavioral, psychological, and pharmacological events. However, one would certainly like to obtain even further amounts of information concerning such events at the neurochemical level. A hint at a possible route to obtain such further information was provided in a paper we published in 1976 (Blank, 1976). In this paper, we described a dual amperometric electrochemical detector which could be used in a serial arrangement. This detector, employing different potentials at the two electrodes, allowed for some expanded qualitative information concerning eluting components from a liquid chromatograph. This idea has been expanded upon somewhat and, more recently, many investigators have now used multiple electrochemical detectors in both parallel and series configurations to enhance the qualitative information derived from their chromatograms (Roston and Kissinger, 1982). Similar investigations employing multiple coulometric detectors have been reported by Matson and co-workers (Matson et al., 1984; Matson et al., 1987). Employing an initial screen electrode, the coulometric approach relies upon a series arrangement of flow-through carbon detectors which are placed at a variety of potentials. These potentials can be selectively oxidizing followed by oxidation and reduction aimed for particular chemical species, or can be arranged in a straightforward mathematical array to simply provide an on-line hydrodynamic voltammogram for the eluting species. The resultant output from such a multielectrode system is necessarily three-dimensional in character, since it contains information concerning the time, the current, and the applied potential. As expected, the qualitative information contained in such an approach is considerably enhanced over that one can receive from a simple single electrode, single column LCEC setup.
Gender differences in the experience of loneliness in U.S. Chinese older adults.

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to explore the gender differences in the experiences of loneliness in the U.S. Chinese older population. The data were drawn from the PINE study, a population-based study of U.S. Chinese adults aged 60 years and older. The Revised–University of California at Los Angeles Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA) was used to measure loneliness. Overall, older Chinese women (28.3%) had a higher rate of loneliness than older men (23.3%, p < .001). In particular, women were more likely to sometimes or often experience a lack of companionship than men (22.9% vs. 17.3%, p < .001). Older women living with fewer people, with lower health status, poorer quality of life, and worsening health changes over the past year were more likely than men to experience any loneliness. This study indicates that gender differences exist in the prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of loneliness. Longitudinal studies should be undertaken to understand gender differences in risk factors and outcomes of loneliness.
Cognitive phenotypes in childhood idiopathic epilepsies

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to identify cognitive phenotypes in children with new-onset focal and generalized idiopathic epilepsies and determine their relationship with epilepsy syndrome, brain structure, neurodevelopmental history, and family characteristics. Methods One hundred thirty-eight children with new-onset epilepsy and 95 controls (age: 8–18) underwent neuropsychological, clinical, and quantitative MR evaluations. Control participants' neuropsychological data were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis and then resultant factor scores were applied to participants with epilepsy and subjected to latent class analysis. Identified cognitive phenotypes were examined in relation to epilepsy syndrome, quantitative neuroimaging, and familial and neurodevelopmental variables. Results Confirmatory factor analysis identified five cognitive factors (verbal, perceptual, speed, attention, executive), and latent class analysis identified three clusters of participants with epilepsy: 1) average and similar to controls, 2) mild impairment across multiple cognitive domains, and 3) impairment across all domains with severe attentional impairment, representing 44%, 44%, and 12% of the epilepsy sample, respectively. Cognitive phenotype membership was not associated with epilepsy syndrome but was associated with increasing abnormalities in brain structure, parental IQ, and features of early developmental history. Significance Cognitive phenotypes are present in idiopathic childhood epilepsies that are unassociated with traditional epilepsy syndromes but are associated with measures of brain structure, family history, and neurodevelopmental features.
195 Nurses and antineoplastic agents: factors influencing exposure risk

Background Chemotherapy drugs pose a hazard to those administering them. This study examined the effects of individual, situational, and organisational factors on compliance with personal protective equipment (PPE), use of engineering controls, and exposures in a sample of oncology nurses (n = 1.915). Methods Data came from the web-based NIOSH Health and Safety Practices Survey of Healthcare Workers. Survey measures included demographics, employment situation, safety practices, training, safety climate, antineoplastic drug (AD) administration, and exposures. Results Preliminary descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted. Two stepwise multiple regressions were computed with PPE compliance and engineering controls as outcome variables. For PPE, safety climate and familiarity with guidelines were the strongest predictors of use (both p Conclusions This study highlights the importance of organisational and safety management practices in preventing exposures to antineoplastic agents. Exposures increased with the number of AD administrations, but policies/procedures, associated controls, and safety climate reduced risk.
The Mathematical Theory of Turbulent Dynamical Systems

With the motivation from Chapter 1 and 2, here we build the mathematical theory of turbulent dynamical systems.
A feasibility study of using event-related potential as a biometrics

The use of an individual's neural response to stimuli (the event-related potential or ERP) has potential as a biometric because it is highly resistant to fraud relative to other conventional authentication systems. P300 is an ERP in human electroencephalography (EEG) that occurs in response to an oddball stimulus when an individual is actively engaged in a target detection task. Because P300 is consistently detectable from almost every subject, it is considered a potential signal for biometric applications. This paper presents a feasibility study of using topological plots of P300 as a biometric in subject authentication. The variation in latency and location of P300 response of 24 participants performing the P300Speller task were studied. Data sets from four participants were used for algorithm training; data from the other 20 participants were used as imposters for algorithm validation. The result showed that the algorithm was able to correctly identify three out of these four participants. Validation test also proved that the algorithm was able to reject 95% of the imposters for those three authenticated participants.
Investigational Studies of rHuG-CSF to Promote the Regeneration of Nonhematopoietic Tissues

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a 19.6-kDa glycoprotein hormone secreted by monocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells and is the primary physiologic regulator of neutrophilic granulocyte production. It exerts its earliest actions on myeloid-restricted hematopoietic progenitor cells that reside in the bone marrow, stimulating their proliferation and differentiation through several developmental stages (myeloblasts, promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes), culminating in the release of terminally differentiated neutrophils into the peripheral blood. G-CSF also promotes the survival of mature neutrophils and enhances their effector functions required for a successful immune response against bacterial infection [1].
Mechanisms of Hydrogen-Assisted CO2 Reduction on Nickel

Mechanistic details of catalytic reactions are critical to the development of improved catalysts. Here, we perform high quality Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations of the reaction mechanisms associated with hydrogen-assisted CO2 reduction on Ni(110). The simulation results show direct theoretical evidence for both associative and redox mechanisms in the reaction of atomic hydrogen with CO2. Because H2 is dissociatively chemisorbed on Ni(110) with nearly unit probability, the mechanisms we find are also relevant to the reverse water-gas shift reaction (H2 with adsorbed CO2). Furthermore, we provide the first real-time demonstration of both Eley–Rideal (ER) and hot atom (HA) mechanisms when H impinges on adsorbed CO2, and we show that both occur even for low kinetic energies. The trade-off between ER or HA mechanisms is found to be strongly dependent on CO2 coverage. The results are compared with recent gas/surface measurements.
Designing Crime Risk Management Systems

This chapter discusses how the design of crime risk management systems is concerned with serving the individual place manager in order for that environment to become secure and consistent with particular interests and lifestyle. Also discussed is how this requires the practitioner to look systematically at targets of attack and existing security elements in relation to profit, in the case of business, and lifestyle, in the case of a residence.
A few good photons: unmixing to mitigate high ambient light levels in active imaging

Recent photon-efficient LIDAR methods are effective with 1.0 detected photon per pixel, half from background. With a novel emphasis on unmixing signal and background contributions, we demonstrate accurate imaging with 25 times as much background.
Development of Molecularly Driven Targeted Combination Strategies.

Targeted therapies are often inadequate when used in isolation as single agents. Combining diverse targeted therapies could optimally impact patient care by overcoming cancer resistance mechanisms. This commentary highlights such combinatorial strategies, including discussion on a recent trial.