cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility-diffusion mismatch in middle cerebral artery territory acute ischemic stroke: clinical and imaging implications.

Background Recent studies have suggested a correlation between susceptibility-diffusion mismatch and perfusion-diffusion mismatch in acute ischemic stroke patients. Purpose To determine the clinical and imaging associations of susceptibility-diffusion mismatch in patients with acute ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. Material and Methods Consecutive patients with MCA territory acute ischemic stroke, who had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed with susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) within 24 h of symptom onset or time last-seen-well, were included. Two neuroradiologists reviewed SWI scans for SWI-DWI mismatch defined by regionally increased vessel number or diameter on SWI extending beyond the DWI hyperintensity territory in the affected hemisphere. The stroke severity at admission was evaluated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. Poor clinical outcome was defined by a 3-month modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score >2. Results The SWI-DWI mismatch was identified in 44 (29.3%) of 150 patients included in this study. Patients with SWI-DWI mismatch had smaller admission infarct volumes (31.2 ± 44.7 versus 55.9 ± 117.7 mL, P = 0.045) and were younger (60.4 ± 18.9 versus 67.1 ± 15.5, P = 0.026). After correction for age, admission NIHSS score, and infarct volume, the SWI-DWI mismatch was associated with a 22.6% lower rate of poor clinical outcome using propensity score matching ( P = 0.032). In our cohort, thrombolytic therapy showed no significant effect on outcome. Conclusion The presence of SWI-DWI mismatch in acute MCA territory ischemic infarct is associated with smaller infarct volume. Moreover, SWI-DWI mismatch was associated with better outcome after correction for infarct size, severity of admission symptoms, and age.
Charting the Development of Human Rights Law Through the CRPD

International human rights law is an increasingly articulate legal regime that applies core human rights principles to populations subject to historic disadvantage and to thematically focused areas. Since the adoption of the International Bill of Human Rights, the human rights system has evolved not only in content but also in institutional structures and mechanisms. Consequently, the human rights system has witnessed an increase in its attendant lawmaking potential. The adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD or Convention) reflects this accretion. One of its core mandates is to channel and make applicable existing human rights obligations to the specific lived experiences of persons with disabilities. Indeed, the call for a disability-specific treaty arose largely due to the eliding—explicitly or programmatically—of disability rights from the scope and content of otherwise universal protection accorded to all persons under the international human rights system.
Effect of Footwear on Dynamic Stability during Single-leg Jump Landings

Barefoot and minimal footwear running has led to greater interest in the biomechanical effects of different types of footwear. The effect of running footwear on dynamic stability is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to compare dynamic stability and impact loading across 3 footwear conditions; barefoot, minimal footwear and standard running shoes. 25 injury free runners (21 male, 4 female) completed 5 single-leg jump landings in each footwear condition. Dynamic stability was assessed using the dynamic postural stability index and its directional components (mediolateral, anteroposterior, vertical). Peak vertical ground reaction force and vertical loadrates were also compared across footwear conditions. Dynamic stability was dependent on footwear type for all stability indices (ANOVA, p
Developmental control of enzyme modification during fruiting of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune.

Abstract The basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune produces a modifier of its own phosphoglucomutase. The enzyme-like modifier is found in mature fruit bodies but not in the vegetative mycelium. The modifier causes an increase in phosphoglucomutase cold lability.
AN INDIVIDUALIZED APPROACH TO THE EVALUATION OF CUSHING SYNDROME.

ABSTRACT Cushing syndrome (CS) is caused by chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids. Early recognition and treatment of hypercortisolemia can lead to decreased morbidity and mortality. The diagnosis of CS and thereafter, establishing the cause can often be difficult, especially in patients with mild and cyclic hypercortisolism. Surgical excision of the cause of excess glucocorticoids is the optimal treatment for CS. Medical therapy (steroidogenesis inhibitors, medications that decrease adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] levels or glucocorticoid antagonists) and pituitary radiotherapy may be needed as adjunctive treatment modalities in patients with residual, recurrent or metastatic disease, in preparation for surgery, or when surgery is contraindicated. A multidisciplinary team approach, individualized treatment plan and long-term follow-up are important for optimal management of hypercortisolemia and the comorbidities associated with CS. Abbreviations: ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; BIPSS = bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling; CBG = corticosteroid-binding globulin; CD = Cushing disease; CRH = corticotropin-releasing hormone; CS = Cushing syndrome; Dex = dexamethasone; DST = dexamethasone suppression test; EAS = ectopic ACTH syndrome; FDA = U.S. Food & Drug Administration; HDDST = high-dose DST; IPS/P = inferior petrosal sinus to peripheral; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; NET = neuroendocrine tumor; PET = positron emission tomography; UFC = urinary free cortisol
Piecing It Together: The Effect of Background Music on Children's Puzzle Assembly.

This study explored the effects of background music on cognitive (puzzle assembly) task performance in young children. Participants were 87 primarily European-American children (38 boys, 49 girls; ...
Long-Term Treatment of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene Alleviates Dystrophic Phenotype and Enhances Muscle Functions of FKRP Dystroglycanopathy

The third most common form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophies is caused by mutations of the Fukutin-related protein ( FKRP ) gene, with no effective therapy available. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen and raloxifene, have been widely used for human conditions for their anti-inflammatory, antifibrosis, prevention of bone loss, and muscle building effects (essential features for muscular dystrophy therapies). We evaluated therapeutic values of tamoxifen and raloxifene in FKRPP448L mutant mouse with severe dystrophic phenotype. The mice were treated with the drugs for 1 year through daily gavage. We demonstrate that tamoxifen and raloxifene significantly ameliorated the disease progression. The improvement includes increase in grip force production, extended running time and distance in treadmill test, and enhancement in cardiac and respiratory functions. Significant reduction in muscle pathology includes diminished fibrosis and fiber degeneration. Tamoxifen and raloxifene also significantly mitigated bone loss. Tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, caused severe adverse effects on male reproductive organs. The results demonstrate that tamoxifen and raloxifene hold significant potential for treating FKRP -related muscular dystrophy and probably other muscular dystrophies. Sex-related differential effects of the drugs call for a careful consideration for the drug and dosage selection in male and female patient populations.
Nitrifying trickling filters and denitrifying bioreactors for nitrogen management of high-strength anaerobic digestion effluent.

Abstract The treatment of high-strength anaerobic digester effluent in laboratory-scale trickling filters for nitrification and then anaerobic filters for denitrification is reported. Five media types were investigated in the trickling filters: biochar, granular activated carbon (GAC), zeolite, Pall rings, and gravel. Three media were tested in five denitrifying filters: sand (S), bamboo wood chips (B), eucalyptus wood chips (E), bamboo with sand (B+S), and eucalyptus with sand (E+S). The different wood chips served as a supplemental electron donor for denitrification. From six months of operation, biochar, GAC, zeolite, Pall rings, and gravel media had turbidity (NTU) removal efficiencies of 90, 91, 77, 74, and 74%, respectively, and ammonia removal efficiencies of 83, 87, 85, 30, and 80%, respectively, which was primarily by nitrification to nitrate. For the anaerobic filters, S, B, B+S, E, and E+S had nitrate removal efficiencies of 30, 66, 53, 35, and 35%, and turbidity removal efficiencies of 88, 89, 84, 89, and 88%, respectively. Biochar and bamboo were selected as the best combination of media for trickling filter and anaerobic filter sequential treatment. Based on an average initial influent of 600 mg NH3-N L−1, 50 mg NO3-N L−1, and 980 NTU, the biochar filter's effluent would be 97 mg NH3-N L−1, 475 mg NO3-N L−1, and 120 NTU. The bamboo filter's final effluent would be 82 mg NH3-N L−1, 157 mg NO3-N L−1, and 13 NTU, which corresponds to 63% removal of total N and 99% removal of turbidity. These filter media thus present a simple option for sustainable post-treatment for nitrogen management and effluent polishing in low-resources settings.
Toward the accurate prediction of soot in engine applications

Soot emissions from internal combustion engines represent a major challenge to engine manufactures with ever most stringent emission regulations, not only in soot mass yielded but also in soot part...
Improving cancer therapy by combining cell biological, physical, and molecular targeting strategies

Successful cancer therapy depends on selective killing of tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Selectivity can be achieved through treatment strategies that target tumor cells. A recent report from the Li laboratory (1) describes an elegant strategy to selectively kill tumor cells by combining several targeting strategies based on cell biological, physical, and molecular (genetic) properties of tumor and normal cells that enhances tumor cell killing in vitro and in an in vivo tumor xenograft model. The idea of using a multiplex targeting approach is reminiscent of strategies in which several antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections while minimizing the chance that rare antibiotic-resistant mutants will arise within a population.
Classification and analysis of instructional illustrations

PROBLEM It is almost indisputable that the lavish use of illustrations makes modem textbooks more attractive, and some research with younger children supports this view. However, the case for older learners is much less well established, and one wonders what essential educational role is served by the illustrations in many of the current printed materials. Illustrations certainly add to the size and cost of books, but what evidence is there that they add proportionately to learning? No satisfactory answers are available to this question, though a recent study by Albert Hickey (2) was a promising beginning. OBJECTIVES This study was conceived as a necessary preliminary to the systematic investigation of learning as a function of instructional illustrations. As such, its objectives were as follows:
Photo-realistic conversation agent

Image-based facial animation (IBFA) techniques allow us to build photorealistic talking heads. In this chapter, we address two important issues in creating a conversation agent using IBFA. First, we show how to make a conversation agent appear to be alive during the conversation. Second, we present techniques for lip-syncing different languages in the same IBFA system. Using these techniques, we built two conversation agents, an English speaker and a Mandarin Chinese speaker, in our E-Partner system.We also present a geometry-driven facial expression synthesis system, which is very important to make talking head more naturally in the future. Given the feature point positions (geometry) of a facial expression, our system automatically synthesizes the corresponding expression image which has photo-realistic and natural looking expression details. This technique can be used to enhance the traditional expression mapping technique, or let user edit facial expression directly by moving feature points in our expression editing system.
Spatial and Statistical Analyses of Clifftop Retreat in the Gulf of Morbihan and Quiberon Peninsula, France: Implications on Cliff Evolution and Coastal Zone Management

Abstract This chapter aims at analyzing the clifftop retreat of two different cliff systems located in South Brittany (France): the sheltered and weathered low cliffs of the Gulf of Morbihan, and the rocky cliffs of the Quiberon Peninsula, exposed to the prevailing winds and waves. The study combines GIS, and spatial and statistical analysis to assess the role of both natural and anthropogenic factors likely to drive clifftop retreat. Using this approach, the main factors controlling the rate of clifftop retreat are identified in order to understand the observed variations in clifftop evolution. From the results, interactions between vegetation cover, the intensity of anthropogenic pressures, and cliff morphology that produce specific conditions leading to major and local intensification of weathering processes and clifftop retreat along the coastline of South Brittany are documented. Along the Gulf of Morbihan coastline, clifftop retreat induced by human activities is mainly related to the type of vegetation established on the clifftop. Along the Quiberon Peninsula coastline, the cliff evolution is likely to be strongly controlled by cliff morphology and aspect. However, higher footpath density and degradation of clifftop vegetation cover tend to favor an acceleration of clifftop retreat. The method adopted in this study allows us to map areas likely to be affected by such changes, hence providing an efficient tool for coastal managers.
Fixed That for You: Generating Contrastive Claims with Semantic Edits

Understanding contrastive opinions is a key component of argument generation. Central to an argument is the claim, a statement that is in dispute. Generating a counter-argument then requires generating a response in contrast to the main claim of the original argument. To generate contrastive claims, we create a corpus of Reddit comment pairs self-labeled by posters using the acronym FTFY (fixed that for you). We then train neural models on these pairs to edit the original claim and produce a new claim with a different view. We demonstrate significant improvement over a sequence-to-sequence baseline in BLEU score and a human evaluation for fluency, coherence, and contrast.
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes of Varying Size Lead to DNA Methylation Changes That Correspond to Lung Inflammation and Injury in a Mouse Model.

Diversity in physicochemical properties of engineered multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) increases the complexity involved in interpreting toxicity studies of these materials. Studies indicate that epigenetic changes could be at least partially involved in MWCNTs-induced pro-inflammatory and fibrotic lung pathology. Therefore, we examined distinct methylation changes in response to MWCNTs of varied sizes to identify potential epigenetic biomarkers of MWCNTs exposure and disease progression. C57BL/6 mice were exposed via oropharyngeal instillation to a single dose (50 μg) to one of three differently sized MWCNTs: "narrow short" (NS), "wide short" (WS), and "narrow long" (NL). Vehicle-treated control mice received dispersion media (DM) only. Whole lung lavage fluid (LLF) and lung tissue were collected 24 h and 7 days postexposure to evaluate pro-inflammatory cytokines, epigenetic, or histological responses at acute and subchronic intervals, respectively. Luminometric methylation assay and pyrosequencing were used to measure global DNA methylation as well as promoter methylation of inflammation and fibrosis-related genes, respectively. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1s, IL-6, and TNF-α, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, while airway thickening and interstitial collagen accumulation were measured in 7-day lung tissue using laser scanning cytometry. Distinct patterns of methylation (i.e., IL-1s, IL-6, and TNF-α) among the different sized MWCNTs at 24 h postexposure corresponded to some pro-inflammatory cytokine measurements from whole LLF. Fibrosis-related gene, Thy-1, was significantly hypermethylated after exposures to WS and NL MWCNTs, while only NL MWCNTs induced significantly lower global DNA methylation. After 7 days, a hierarchy in airway thickness and interstitial collagen deposition was observed: NS < WS < NL. However, only airway thickness was significantly greater in the WS and NL MWCNTs-exposed groups than the DM-exposed group. These data suggest that methylation changes could be involved in the initial immune response of inflammation and tissue remodeling that precedes lung disease in response to different MWCNTs sizes.
The Role of Social Assistance in Reducing Poverty and Inequality in Asia and the Pacific

This working paper analyzes the role and contribution of social assistance to reducing poverty and inequality and supporting inclusive growth in Asia and the Pacific. It is based on an assessment of current trends in social assistance provision against the main policy challenges faced by developing member countries (DMCs) in the region, informed by the international experience.
On Weak Projectivity in Arithmetic

In the 19 th century, non-Euclidean geometries were discovered and studied. In the 20 th century, non-Diophantine arithmetics were discovered and studied. Construction of non-Diophantine arithmetics is based on very general mathematical structures, which are called abstract prearithmetics, as well as on the projectivity relation between abstract prearithmetics. In a similar way, as set theory gives a foundation for mathematics, the theory of abstract prearithmetics provides foundations for the theory of the Diophantine and non-Diophantine arithmetics. In this paper, we study relations between operations in abstract prearithmetics exploring how properties of operations in one prearithmetic impact properties of operations in another prearithmetic. In addition, we explore how to build new prearithmetics from existing ones.
The Impact of Priority School Designation Under ESEA Flexibility in New York State

Prior to the 2012–13 school year, New York and many other states underwent changes to their accountability systems as a result of applying for and being granted waivers from the requirements of the...
Research on Emergency Power Control Method for Hybrid DC Grid and Its Effect

Based on the closed-loop control theory of power system transient stability, this paper studies the influence of emergency power control of hybrid DC grid on AC/DC system transient stability under AC fault conditions. The emergency power control margin of hybrid DC grid is investigated, and the collaboration method of hybrid DC grid emergency power control and generation shedding is proposed. Based on DIgSILENT, a AC/DC hybrid network topology with a 5-terminal hybrid DC grid embedded into the IEEE 39-node system is developed, and the simulation results verified the effectiveness as well as the economic efficiency of the proposed method.
44191 As Food Insecurity Worsens During COVID-19, Negative Mental Health Impact on Community Members Increases

ABSTRACT IMPACT: For community engagement to be impactful and reduce health inequity, it needs to address timely needs in the community, including COVID-19 impacts. Here, we describe how pre- and post-COVID-19 food insecurity worsened mental health among community members served by HealthStreet University of Florida community engagement program. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: COVID-19 impacts the economic vitality and the mental health of communities; research and engagement activities must consider the context in which we are practicing and the needs of our community members. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: HealthStreet, the University of Florida community engagement program, sends Community Health Workers (CHWs) where people congregate to assess social determinants of health and medical histories, used to make referrals to services and research opportunities. CHWs conducted follow-up COVID-19 assessments measuring perceived stress, loneliness, depression, anxiety, binge drinking, and opioid use, as well as high blood pressure and food insecurity. Here, we consider mental health outcomes among 1,300 adults who reported being food insecure either at some time in the past 12 months at baseline, or at the COVID-19 follow-up assessment, and completed both. Chi-Square Test was used to determine p-values. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Overall, at the COVID-19 follow-up assessment, 37.1% (of 1,300) were still food insecure during COVID-19 (same), 20.3% (had become food insecure during COVID-19 (worse) and 42.6% were no longer food insecure (better). Those who were no longer food insecure were more likely to report less stress, while those still food insecure were more likely to report the highest stress and loneliness (p<0.0001), while the worse off group was in the middle. Those who stayed food insecure were most likely to report depression and anxiety, and also high blood pressure and using opioids (p<.05) compared to those getting worse or better. Binge drinking behavior was not significantly different across groups. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: Community engagement activities across CTSIs must be sensitive to the needs of their communities. HealthStreet findings show that new and continuing food insecurity negatively influence mental health problems, pointing to the need for engagement to address multiple problems.
Attitudes and beliefs of little league baseball parents regarding sport specialization and college scholarship availability.

Previous studies of parents of adolescent athletes identified a belief among parents of the importance of early specialization for skill development. However, it is unclear if these attitudes and b...
Phage and Bacterial Genetics at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory

One of the ways John Roth influenced many scientists was through teaching the Cold Spring Harbor Advanced Bacterial Genetics course. The course had a long tradition, evolving from earlier phage courses but retaining the core teaching approaches. Since its inception, the Phage course and subsequently the Advanced Bacterial Genetics course have trained many of the leaders in these fields. The molecular dissection of phage provided many important clues into central biological processes, but there were some questions that could not be answered with phage-questions that required studying cells directly. In 1950 Milislav Demerec began an offshoot of the Phage course that emphasized bacterial genetics. When both were consecutively taught, the Bacterial Genetics course immediately followed the Phage course, and many students took the two courses sequentially to obtain training in both phage and bacterial genetics. Over time many of the concepts and techniques from the Phage course were integrated into the Bacterial Genetics course until the two courses merged into a single course in 1971. A lab manual was published, which emphasized how genetics can be used to study pathogenic bacteria, a growing field with a dramatic need for researchers trained in bacterial genetics. Genetic characterization of diverse bacteria is important because they have practical applications and because the diversity of the organisms is likely to yield exciting new biological insights.
Effects of Vitamin B-6 Deficiency on Morphological Changes in Dendritic Trees of Purkinje Cells in Developing Cerebellum of Rats

The effect of maternal vitamin B-6 deficiency on the morphological changes in the dendritic growth of Purkinje cells of progeny was studied at four different ages (12, 15, 21, and 50 days) of postnatal development. By day 10, rat pups in the deficient groups (0.6 or 1.0 mg pyridoxine . HCl/kg diet) began to show gross neurological symptoms of the deficiency and before weaning approximately 12% of the pups in the 0.6 group had died. At each age studied, body weights were less and brain-body weight ratios were greater in the deficient groups compared to control (7.0 mg pyridoxine . HCl/kg diet) groups. Morphological changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic field, as determined from camera lucida drawings of Golgi-Cox impregnated cells of the mid-sagittal vermis, indicated significantly smaller width, height and area in the deficient groups compared to the control. Stereological measurements showed that dendritic branching density was significantly less in the 0.6 group compared with the 1.0 and 7.0 groups. The total length of Purkinje cell dendrites per cell was significantly reduced in the deficient groups compared to the 7.0 group. Qualitative analyses of photomicrographs of Purkinje cells indicated more dendritic and somatic aberrations in the deficient groups than in the control. Dendritic trees were larger in size and more complex in the 7.0 group compared to the deficient groups. The findings indicate that maternal vitamin B-6 deficiency interferes with normal development of the Purkinje cell dendrites.
Hospitalization for pneumonia in the Cardiovascular Health Study: incidence, mortality, and influence on longer-term survival.

Objectives: To estimate the rate of hospitalization for pneumonia in community-dwelling older adults and to assess its risk factors and contribution to mortality. Design: Prospective observational study. Setting: The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) in four U.S. communities. Participants: Five thousand eight hundred eighty-eight men and women aged 65 and older who were followed for a median 10.7 years. Measurements: Participants were interviewed about medical history and demographics; evaluated for lung, physical, and cognitive function; and followed for hospitalizations, cardiovascular disease, and death. Results: Nearly 10% of the cohort was hospitalized for pneumonia, for a rate of 11.1 per 1,000 person-years (95% confidence interval (CI)=10.2–12.0). Risk factors included older age, male sex, current and past smoking, poor physical and lung function, and history of cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ten percent of participants died during their incident pneumonia hospitalization, and death rates were high in those who survived to discharge. Compared with participants who had not been hospitalized for pneumonia, the relative risk of total mortality was 4.9 (95% CI=4.1–6.0) during the first year after hospitalization and 2.6 (95% CI=2.2–3.1) thereafter, adjusted for age, sex, and race. The respective relative risks were 3.9 (95% CI=3.1–4.8) and 2.0 (95% CI=1.6–2.4) after further adjustment for baseline history of cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; smoking; and measures of lung, physical, and cognitive function. Conclusion: In older people, hospitalization for pneumonia is common and is associated with an elevated risk of death, as shown in this population-based, prospective cohort.
Relative intensity calculations for carbon dioxide. IV - Calculations of the partition function for isotopes of CO sub 2.

Relative intensities of lines in vibration and rotation bands of isotopic carbon dioxide in planet Venus, tabulating partition functions
What's Critical Feminism doing in a field like Teacher Education?

This manuscript looks at the role that critical feminism may have within the teacher education community. The author looks at the many components that are incorporated within critical feminism, and how we may look to such a scholarship as a way to think differently about ourselves as prospective and current teachers. Throughout the manuscript, the author brings in many diverse scholars, and demonstrates how their work complements the many components of critical feminism. Specifically, the author looks to the practice of self -reflexivity, and how this practice can be strengthened through the many characteristics that encompass a critical feminist theory. The manuscript concludes with a brief discussion of considering the potential contributions that critical feminism may have within the field of teacher education.
Cannabinoid activity curtails cocaine craving.

Behavioral studies demonstrate that the central mechanism involved in cocaine relapse is closely linked to the sites where marijuana has its effect, suggesting that cannabinoid receptor antagonists may be used as anti-craving agents. (pages 1151–1154 )
Automated determination of organic sulfur compounds: I. Spectrophotometric measurement of inorganic sulfate by low-pressure exchange chromatography

A method for determination of inorganic sulfate is described which represents the terminal step of an automated assay of organic sulfur compounds in biological fluids. Nanomole quantities of inorganic sulfate were applied to a barium chloranilate column. Corresponding amounts of chloranilate ion, released as a result of an exchange reaction, were then measured by uv absorption at 313 nm. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the method and a calibration curve are reported.
The Evolution and Practice of Acute Pain Medicine

Background. In recent years, the field of acute pain medicine (APM) has witnessed a surge in its development, and pain has begun to be recognized not merely as a symptom, but as an actual disease process. This development warrants increased education of residents both in the performance of regional anesthesia as well as in the disease course of acute pain and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that define interindividual variability. Review Summary. We reviewed the organization and function of the modern APM program. Following a discussion of the nomenclature of acute pain-related practices, we discuss the historical evolution and modern role of APM teams, including the use of traditional, as well as complementary and alternative, therapies for treating acute pain. Staffing and equipment requirements are also evaluated, in addition to the training requirements for achieving expertise in APM. Lastly, we briefly explore future considerations related to the essential role and development of APM. Conclusion. The scope and practice of APM must be expanded to include pre-pain/pre-intervention risk stratification and extended through the phase of subacute pain.
Citizens Abroad: Emigration and the State in the Middle East and North Africa

Despite the fact that the majority of emigration today originates in the global south, most research has focused on the receiving states of Europe and North America, while very little attention has been paid to the policies of the sending states toward emigration or toward their nationals abroad. Taking the country cases of Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon and Jordan, this work explores the relationship between the government of the sending states, the outmovement of their citizens and the communities of expatriates that have developed. By focusing on the evolution of government institutions charged with various aspects of expatriate affairs, this work breaks new ground in understanding the changing nature of the relationship between expatriates and their home state. Far from suggesting that the state is waning in importance, the conclusions indicate that this relationship provides evidence both of state resilience and of new trends in the practice of sovereignty.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Molybdenum sound velocity and shear modulus softening under shock compression’ ”

We respond to the Comment by Errandonea et al. [Phys. Rev. B 92, 026101 (2015)] on their reinterpretation of our published data [Nguyen et al., Phys. Rev. B 89, 174109 (2014)]. In the original paper, we argued that there is no solid-solid phase transition along the Hugoniot at 2.1 Mbars. There is, however, a softening of the shear modulus starting at 2.6 Mbars. Errandonea et al. [Phys. Rev. B 92, 026101 (2015)] reinterpreted our data and concluded that there is a structural change near 2.3 Mbars on the Hugoniot. We will explore the differences and agreements in the two interpretations of our data.
Efficient photoconductive terahertz source using line excitation

We report significant improvement in terahertz (THz) power and efficiency using photoconductive sources by use of a spatially extended line source excitation and the trap enhanced field effect that occurs in sources made on semi-insulating GaAs. The combination of high electric fields and reduced screening effects allows 10??W of THz power to be generated with 14?mW of absorbed optical power, demonstrating nearly 0.1% optical-to-THz conversion efficiency.
Evaluating the Impact of the Number of Satellite Altimeters Used in an Assimilative Ocean Prediction System

Abstract The impact of the number of satellite altimeters providing sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) information for a data assimilation system is evaluated using two comparison frameworks and two statistical methodologies. The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) dynamically interpolates satellite SSHA track data measured from space to produce high-resolution (eddy resolving) fields. The Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System (MODAS) uses the NLOM SSHA to produce synthetic three-dimensional fields of temperature and salinity over the global ocean. A series of case studies is defined where NLOM assimilates different combinations of data streams from zero to three altimeters. The resulting NLOM SSHA fields and the MODAS synthetic profiles are evaluated relative to independently observed ocean temperature and salinity profiles for the years 2001–03. The NLOM SSHA values are compared with the difference of the observed dynamic height from the climatological dynamic height. The syntheti...
Visual representation of knowledge networks: A social network analysis of hospitality research domain

Abstract Intellectual relationships and collaboration networks are the basis for the development of a knowledge domain. The visual representation of such “knowledge networks” contributes to the overall understanding of intellectual collaborations in a particular knowledge domain. Based on the co-authorship data from recent journal publications over a period of five years, the authors applied social network analysis to explore the network structures and identify their network properties in the hospitality research domain. The analysis revealed the core and peripheral networks where the power law distribution was observed on the pattern of publishing academic papers. The overall network was further examined by nine research streams in both “global” and “contextual” views to understand a broad variety of the collaboration patterns of hospitality researchers.
Using Lagrangians of Hypergraphs to Find Non-Jumping Numbers (I)

Let r ≥ 2 be an integer. A real number $$\alpha \in [0, 1)$$ is a jump for r if for any $$\varepsilon > 0$$ and any integer m, m ≥ r, any r-uniform graph with $$n > n_0(\varepsilon ,m)$$ vertices and density at least $$\alpha + \varepsilon$$ contains a subgraph with m vertices and density at least α + c, where c = c(α) does not depend on $$\varepsilon$$ or m. It follows from a result of Erdős, Stone, and Simonovits that every $$\alpha \in [0, 1)$$ is a jump for r = 2. Erdőos asked whether the same is true for r ≥ 3. Frankl and Rodl gave a negative answer by showing an infinite sequence of non-jumping numbers for r ≥ 3. However, there are a lot of unknowns on determining whether a number is a jump for r ≥ 3. In this paper, we first find two infinite sequences of non-jumping numbers for r = 4, then we extend one of the results to every r ≥ 4. Our approach is still based on the approach developed by Frankl and Rodl.
Amniotic fluid index and single deepest pocket: weak indicators of abnormal amniotic volumes ☆

Abstract Objective: To compare amniotic fluid index (AFI) with the single deepest pocket in the identification of actual abnormal amniotic fluid (AF) volumes. Methods: One hundred seventy-nine women with singleton pregnancies at the University of Mississippi between March 1994 and June 1999 had ultrasound estimations of AF volume sequentially using the AFI and single deepest pocket techniques. Each woman subsequently had ultrasound-directed amniocentesis with dye-dilution and spectrophotometric calculation of actual AF volume. Results: Actual AF volumes were low (under 5% by volume for gestational age) in 62 women, normal (5–95%) in 100 women, and high (more than 95%) in 17 women. An AFI up to 5 cm (sensitivity 10%, specificity 96%) and a single deepest pocket up to 2 cm (sensitivity 5%, specificity 98%) were similarly inadequate in identifying dye-determined low AF volumes. Likewise, AFI above 20 (sensitivity 29%, specificity 97%) and a single-deepest pocket above 8 cm (sensitivity 29%, specificity 94%) were poor in identifying dye-determined abnormally high volumes. Conclusion: There was no difference between AFI and single deepest pocket techniques for identifying truly abnormal AF volumes. Both techniques were unreliable for identifying true AF volumes.
ダストプラズマの基礎物理とその広がり 7.宇宙空間におけるダストプラズマ

Ionized gases contaminated with small particulates ranging in size from nanometers to micrometers (loosely referred to as dusty plasmas) appear in a wide variety of space environments. These include planetary and cometary magnetospheres, the heliosphere, supernova shells and a variety of interstellar regions. The interaction between the dust and the plasma leads to a variety of novel physical and dynamical processes. The systematic study of these processes, which was stimulated by the spacecraft observations of novel dust phenomena in Saturn's rings in the early eighties, is presently in an intensive phase, supported by theory, simulation, and dedicated laboratory experiments. The following is an overview of this area. While it is brief by necessity, it is hoped that it conveys to the reader both the scope and the vitality of field.
A program behavior matching architecture for probabilistic file system forensics

Even the most secure computing system can be successfully attacked by a sufficiently motivated entity. To investigate the means of entry, the victim machine will come under the scrutiny of forensic analysis tools. In this era where system compromises occur on a regular basis, the design and implementation of operating systems should consider the necessity of computer forensics. Additionally, forensics techniques should take advantage of existing system capabilities such as the journaling feature of the Ext3 file system. With our forensics enabling architecture, we provide a means of using the metadata inherent in the Ext3 file system to reconstruct probable sequences of events that occurred during the journaling process. The reconstruction procedure is achieved by generating program behavior signatures. These signatures allow forensic investigators to perform probabilistic analysis by using information theory models to extract a more significant set of data.
Direct activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channels by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX) and 1,3-diallyl-8-cyclohexylxanthine (DAX).

8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPX) and 1,3-diallyl-8-cyclohexylxanthine (DAX) are xanthine adenosine antagonists which activate chloride efflux from cells expressing either wild-type or mutant (ΔF508) cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These drugs are active in extremely low concentrations, suggesting their possible therapeutic uses in treating cystic fibrosis. However, knowledge of the mechanism of action of these compounds is lacking. We report here that the same low concentrations of both CPX and DAX which activate chloride currents from cells also generate a profound activation of CFTR channels incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. The process of activation involves a pronounced increase in the total conductive time of the incorporated CFTR channels. The mechanism involves an increase in the frequency and duration of channel opening events. Thus, activation by these drugs of chloride efflux in cells very likely involves direct interaction of the drugs with the CFTR protein. We anticipate that this new information will contribute fundamentally to the rational development of these and related compounds for cystic fibrosis therapy.
Meshfree co‐rotational formulation for two‐dimensional continua

In this paper, a meshfree co-rotational formulation for two-dimensional continua is proposed. In a co-rotational formulation, the motion of a body is separated into rigid motion and strain-producing deformation. Traditionally, this has been done in the setting of finite elements for beams and shell-type elements. In the present work every node in a meshfree discretized domain has its own co-rotating coordinate system. Three key ingredients are established in order to apply the co-rotational formulation: (i) the relationship between global and local variables, (ii) the angle of rotation of a typical co-rotating coordinate system, and (iii) a variationally consistent tangent stiffness matrix. An algorithm for the co-rotational formulation based on load control is provided. Maximum-entropy basis functions are used to discretize the domain and stabilized nodal integration is implemented to construct the global system of equations. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the meshfree co-rotational formulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex role orientations, attributions for achievement, and personal goals of Chinese youth

The role of women in the People's Republic of China has changed dramatically in the last 40 years. This study assesses what impact these changes have had on the attitudes of Chinese youth. The sample consisted of 164 subjects (77 men and 87 women) who completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory, the Objective Fear of Success Measure, a locus of control scale, and a personal goals questionnaire. They also evaluated a painting attributed to artists of different gender and status. The results indicate that the sex role orientations of Chinese students were similar to those of American students. On the Bem inventory, the direction of the sex differences on the sex role scales was the same for U.S. and Chinese students, but the latter had a sex role orientation that, in our culture, is regarded as more “traditional.” Chinese women were significantly more likely to endorse statements expressing fear of success than were Chinese men. On the locus of control measures, Chinese women were more likely than men to attribute their achievement successes to luck and failures to a lack of ability. The women students also attributed affiliation outcomes more to luck than did the men. The most important personal goal cited by both men and women was that of career success. Chinese men placed greater importance than women on achieving wealth, and their expectancy of actually becoming wealthy was higher. Finally, in an evaluation of a painting, Chinese men, but not the women, devalued a painting when it was supposedly the work of a female student artist.
How sales managers control unethical sales force behavior

Researchers have studied marketing ethics from several perspectives. Few studies, however, have analyzed supervisory reactions to unethical behavior by salespeople. The results of this study using a 2 × 3 factorial design showed that the performance level of the salesperson and the consequences of the salesperson's actions influenced some types of discipline used by a sample of 246 sales managers. The findings both support and contradict prior research on how sales managers respond to unethical sales force behavior.
The Pima County approach: you call this a system?

Many factors play a role in the success of complicated mental health care delivery systems. The Pima County system is an example of strong leadership making a decisive difference.
Improving Tolerance to Variations in Memristor-Based Applications Using Parallel Memristors

Memristors are being explored for a wide variety of applications such as neuromorphic computing, memory and digital logic. However, they suffer from process variations like any other nanodevice, which in turn impacts their applicability. The effect of process variations, specifically variation in thickness, is highly non-linear on memristors; the effect is greater near the lower memristance region (near M $_{\rm on}$ ) than in the higher memristance region (near M $_{\rm off}$ ). Due to this non-linear effect, many applications do not use the lower memristance values. Consequently, the application's functionality and performance is affected. In this work, we propose a technique called parallel memristors. In this technique, instead of using a single memristor, the application uses several memristors connected in parallel. Each memristor in this parallel structure is programmed to a higher memristance value to tolerate variations. Since many memristors are connected in parallel, the effective memristance value can be near the M $_{\rm on}$ value, thereby achieving high-speed operation. We evaluate the parallel memristor technique in two different applications—memristor-based threshold logic and memristor-based memory. We also perform various optimizations to tradeoff between variation tolerance, power, delay, and area.
Tumourigenesis in Ovaries of Mice Transplanted to the Liver, Kidney and Adjacent Tissues

OVARIAN tumours, though rare in normal mice, occur with high frequency under a variety of experimental conditions: low doses of total body X-radiation1, transplantation to the spleen2, application of 9:10-dimethyl–l:2-benzanthracene to nearby skin3 return to normal site after a short sojourn in the spleen4, in mice hereditarily deficient with respect to reproductive function5, and in ovaries transplanted to the testes of intact mice6.
Studies in the pathogenesis of lupus erythematosus; experimental production of hematoxyphil bodies in the kidney.

Hematoxyphil bodies, both in appearance and staining characteristics resembling those seen in the kidney of the patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, have been produced in experimental animals. Kidneys examined from 15 minutes to 4 hours following intra-aortic injection of L.E. cells and L.E. bodies have exhibited these Feulgen-positive bodies in the glomerular capillaries. Control injections have given completely negative results.
ADOLESCENT FRIENDSHIPS AS ACADEMIC RESOURCES: THE INTERSECTION OF FRIENDSHIP, RACE, AND SCHOOL DISADVANTAGE

Research on adolescent friendships has typically treated these social ties differently from friendships at other stages of life or from other relationships during adolescence. To draw parallels among these literatures, this study focuses on two largely neglected aspects of adolescent friendships: their role in positive adjustment and the way in which this role varies by social structural and institutional context. In an analysis of data from 9,223 adolescents in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we found that those who had friends who liked school or did well in school had fewer academic problems than did those whose friends were less academically oriented. This potential protective role of friends did not differ by race, but it did differ by level of school disadvantage. Moreover, this moderating role of school disadvantage differed by race. These results suggest that adolescent friendships serve as social capital, the value of which is context-specific.