cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prostaglandin E2 Increased Rat Cortical Bone Mass When Administered Immediately Following Ovariectomy

To investigate the effects of ovariectomy and the simultaneous administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on rat tibial shaft cortical bone histomorphometry, thirty-five 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were either ovariectomized (OVX), or sham ovariectomy (sham-OVX). The OVX rats were divided into three groups and treated with 0, 1 and 6 mg PGE2/kg/day for 90 days. The double fluorescent labeled undecalcified tibial shaft cross sections (proximal to the tibiofibular junction) of all the subjects were used for histomorphometry analysis. No differences in cross-sectional area and cortical bone area were found between sham-OVX and OVX controls, but OVX increased marrow area, intracortical porosity area and endocortical eroded perimeter. Periosteal and endocortical bone formation rates decreased with aging yet OVX prevented these changes. These OVX-induced increases in marrow area and endocortical eroded perimeter were prevented by 1 mg PGE2/kg/day treatment and added bone to periosteal and endocortical surfaces and to the marrow cavity. At the 6 mg/kg/day dose level, PGE2-treated OVX rats increased total tissue area, cortical bone area, marrow trabecular bone area, minimal cortical width and intracortical porosity area, and decreased marrow area compared to basal, sham-OVX and OVX controls. In addition, periosteal bone formation was elevated in the 6 mg PGE2/kg/day-treated OVX rats compared to OVX controls. Endocortical eroded perimeter increased from basal and sham-OVX control levels, but decreased from OVX control levels in the 6 mg PGE2/kg/day-treated OVX rats. Our study confirmed that ovariectomy does not cause osteopenia in tibial shaft cortical bone in rats, but it does stimulate endocortical bone resorption and enlarges marrow area. The new findings from the present study demonstrate that PGE2 prevents the OVX-induced increases in endocortical bone resorption and marrow area and adds additional bone to periosteal and endocortical surfaces and to marrow cavity to increase total bone mass in the tibial shaft of OVX rats when given immediately following ovariectomy.
Sham drinking of glucose solutions in rats: Some effects of hydration ☆

Abstract Sham-drinking patterns were observed in rats with oesophageal fistulae and gastric cannulae. In rats both food- and water-deprived at test, first-session sham intake was an inverted U-shaped function of glucose concentration (the preferenceaversion pattern). Sham intake at low and high extremes rose with repeated exposure, so that the function flattened. When the rats were hydrated by a gastric water preload, sham intake of glucose at low concentrations was much reduced, whereas sham intake at high concentrations was little affected, so that the function became monotonic increasing. This time sham intake rose with repeated testing at high concentrations, but not low ones, so that the function steepened. At low concentrations, the low sham intakes reflected a rapid termination of the sham-drinking bout. This does not reflect a delayed effect of the gastric water load, for introducing a further delay between load and drinking test did not enhance the effect. Finally, an intragastric load of isotonic NaCl was less effective than water in suppressing sham drinking, just as it is less effective in inhibiting thirst. We conclude: (1) sham drinking is terminated by an accumulation of orosensory feedback; and (2) the taste presented to the mouth, and the animal's hydrational status, jointly determine the amount of such feedback that is necessary to end the ingestive bout.
Oxygen and nitrogen diffusion in vanadium

A method for the analysis of elastic after-effect curves that employed a non-linear least squares computer optimization technique was used to obtain new data on the diffusion coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen in vanadium. Torsion pendulum experiments were also performed at two different vibration frequencies. The resultant internal friction spectra were analyzed by the non-linear least squares optimization technique so as to separate the data corresponding to the overlapping oxygen and nitrogen peaks in vanadium.
The Reaction of Metals with Weak Acids in Liquid Ammonia and Methylamine

Kinetic data for the reactions of sodium with water, ethanol, and t-butyl alcohol in liquid ammonia are consistent with the mechanism: Analysis of the data for these reactions yields values for k1 and k2/k3. k3 has been measured directly at -35°C by reacting solutions of sodium and ammonium bromide in liquid ammonia using the stopped-flow technique. Rate data for the reaction of cesium with water in ethylenediamine have been analyzed on the assumption that two parallel second-order reactions are operative. Kinetic data for the reaction of cesium with water in methylamine at -70°C could best be explained in terms of Equation (1) and (2) where NH3 is replaced by CH3NH2. The reaction of sodium with water in methylamine was found to be consistent with observed second-order kinetics. Recent data for the metal-ammonia-alcohol reduction of benzene suggest that a steady-state concentration of ammonium radicals is established. Kinetische Daten fur die Reaktionen von Natrium in flussigem Ammoniak mit Wasser, athylalkohol und Butylalkohol werden beschrieben durch den Mechanismus Die Auswertung der experimentellen Daten ergibt Werte fur k1 und k2/k3. Daneben wurde k3 durch direkte Reaktion von Natrium- und Ammoniumbromid-Ammoniak-Losungen mit der stopped flow-Methode bestimmt. – Die Geschwindigkeitsdaten der Reaktion von Casium mit Wasser in athylendiamin konnen gedeutet werden unter der Annahme zweier Parallel-Reaktionen zweiter Ordnung, wahrend in Methylamin bei -70°C der fur Ammoniak angegebene Mechanismus gultig sein durfte. Einige Ergebnisse fur die Reduktion von Benzol mit Metall-Ammoniak-Alkohol-Mischungen fuhren zu dem Schlus, das Ammonumradikale intermediar gebildet werden, deren Konzentration im quasi-stationaren Zustand konstant ist.
THE DIMENSIONALITY OF CHARISMA

The lack of conceptual and operational definitions has proved to be a stumbling block to empirical research on charismatic leadership. In this study, a scale is created measuring House's (1977) nine “charismatic effects”. Factor analysis of the scale yields three dimensions analogous to expert power, referent power, and job involvement. These three constructs are then used to predict subordinate ratings of leaders' charisma.
Trigeminal nerve neurofibroma: Case report

Summary A case of left trigeminal nerve neurofibroma is presented. The location of the lesion required a multidisciplinary surgical effort for total excision. A vertical ramus osteotomy allowed access to the infratemporal space and base of skull. The frequency and clinical features of trigeminal nerve tumors are discussed.
There's More Than Meets the Eye: The Nuances of Case Management

In this exploratory study, 50 mental health case managers from 2 Midwestern states were interviewed to capture their observations about the consumers they serve; aspects of the job they like and dislike; and their beliefs about the concept, process, and possibility of recovery from mental illness. The nature of the professional relationship in case management is described from the perspective of these professionals, as well as the methods these informants identify as key to the helping process. It is argued that effective case management requires complex and nuanced professional skills that might go unrecognized and underappreciated in community mental health.
2'-deoxycytidines carrying amino and thiol functionality: synthesis and incorporation by Vent (exo-) polymerase.

The synthesis of 2‘-deoxycytidine nucleosides bearing amino and thiol groups appended to the 5-position of the nucleobase via a butynyl linker is described. The corresponding triphosphates were then synthesized from the nucleoside and incorporated into oligonucleotides by Vent (exo-) DNA polymerase. The ability of Vent (exo-) polymerase to amplify oligonucleotides containing these functionalized cytidine derivatives in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was demonstrated for the amino-functionalized derivative.
721-6 Pulmonary Balloon Valvuloplasty: Effective Palliation for Infants with Tetralogy of Fallot and Small Pulmonary Arteries

Infants with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and small pulmonary arteries (PAs) may need palliation to improve pulmonary blood flow and allow growth of the PAs prior to complete repair. Shunts may become occluded, distort the PAs or cause pulmonary overcirculation. As an alternative palliation, we performed pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (PBV) on infants with TOF and small PAs. 20 infants, ages 1.8 ± 1.5 mo and weights 4.1 ± 1.6 kg, undervvent PBV as initial palliation for persistent cyanosis or “spells”. 4/20 pts were intubated prior to or for PBV All pts had pre and post-PBV angiograms. In all pts, single balloon valvuloplasty was performed. The ratio of balloon: pulmonary valve annulus (PVA) diameter was 1.51 ± 0.32. Post-PBV, there was no change in the PYA diameter (5.2 ± 1.1 mm vs 5.6 + 1.1 mm; p = 0.1) or PA branch diameter(4.1 ± 1.6 mm vs 4.5 ± 1.7 mm, p g 0.05). The systemic 02 saturation increased from 81 ± 8% to 93 ± 6%. (p l 0.001) 7/20 pts undervvent follow-up (F/U) cath 8.2 ± 2.4 mo post-PBV Compared to pre-PBV measurements, the PYA diameter increased from 5.2 ± 1.1 mm to 7.1 ± 1.4 mm (p l 0.03) and the McGoon ratio increased from 1.4 ± 0.4 to 2.1 ± 0.3 (p l 0.02). Of the 20 pts, 11 pts undervvent corrective surgery 8.0 ± 3.1 mo post-PBV with no surgical deaths; 5 pts remain in stable condition awaiting surgery; 3 pts required shunt placement 9-66 days post-PBV; 1 pt died due to other congenital anomalies. Conclusions Pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty promotes growth of the PAs and PYA in infants with TOF and small PAs, offering a safe and effective alternative palliation for infants who are not yet candidates for complete repair.
Converting fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics study of the mechanism and energetics

We studied the energetics of the closed-ring mechanism of the acid-catalysed dehydration of d-fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by carrying out canonical ensemble free-energy calculations using bias-sampling, hybrid Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Molecular Dynamics simulations with explicit water solvent at 363 K. The quantum mechanical calculations are performed at the PM3 theory level. We find that the reaction proceeds via intramolecular proton and hydride transfers. Solvent dynamics effects are analysed, and we show that the activation energy for the hydride transfers is due to re-organization of the polar solvent environment. We also find that in some instances intramolecular proton transfer is facilitated by mediating water, whereas in others the presence of quantum mechanical water has no effect. From a micro-kinetic point of view, we find that the rate-determining step of the reaction involves a hydride transfer prior to the third dehydration step, requiring an activation free energy of 31.8 kcal/mol, and the respective rate is found in good agreement with reported experimental values in zeolites. Thermodynamically, the reaction is exothermic by ΔF=20.5 kcal/mol.
Alloys from Anau: The Manipulation of Metallic Properties in 3 rd Millennium B.C. Southern Central Asia

Metallography, chemical analysis, and microhardness testing of copper-alloy objects from Anau, Turkmenistan (c. 3000-2400 B.C.), were undertaken to determine how technological choices influenced the properties of the finished objects. Additionally, this analytical program assessed the position of the Anau metals in the development of metallurgy in southern Central Asia. Metallographic analysis of three bladed objects, all copper-arsenic alloys with 1% to 5% arsenic, showed that their edges had been cold-worked to a greater or lesser degree to create a blade that maintained a sharp edge, but also had flexibility to withstand impacts. Microhardness testing confirmed that the blade edges had a higher hardness than the interior metal. One of the objects had sulfur-rich inclusions in the metal matrix, suggesting the original charge had at least some sulfide ore. Conversely, a curved rod, made from a copper-lead-tin alloy, was cast to shape and showed no additional working of the metal. Lead, visible as black particles in the microstructure, was likely added to make the molten metal flow more easily. The metallographic and chemical analyses showed that the Anau objects fit into the tradition of Southern Central Asian metallurgy, though the presence of tin in objects of this period is more rare here than in later periods. Anau smiths displayed an ability to manipulate both physical and chemical properties of metal in order to produce functional objects with optimal characteristics.
Guidelines in implementing enantioselective indicator-displacement assays for α-hydroxycarboxylates and diols

Enantioselective association events between boronic acid receptors and bifunctional substrates such as α-hydroxycarboxylates and vicinal diols were exploited to develop enantioselective indicator-displacement assays. It was found that the sensitivity of the assay could be tuned by using either colorimetric or fluorescent indicators. Mathematical principles were established for concurrent determination of concentration and enantiomeric excess (ee) of a chiral analyte, which has been a challenge to the high-throughput analysis of chiral samples. Furthermore, experimental protocols were optimized to maximize the chiral resolution of the assay and to improve the accuracy of the ee measurements.
Bio- and Immunoactive Luteinizing Hormone Responses to Low Doses of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH): Dose-Response Curves in GnRH-Deficient Men*

Previous investigations of the effects of GnRH on pituitary LH responses in normal men required pharmacological doses of GnRH to avoid the confounding effects of endogenous GnRH secretion and employed nonphysiological dose intervals. To examine the role of GnRH in determining both the qualitative and quantitative nature of physiological LH responses, we studied five GnRH-deficient men in whom pituitary and gonadal function had been normalized with GnRH replacement. Both bio- and immunoactive LH responses were evaluated in these men after a wide range of GnRH doses (7.5–250 ng/kg) administered at a physiological frequency (every 2 h), while gonadal steroid levels were within the normal adult male range. In addition, the amplitude and contour of the immunoactive LH pulses were compared to those of 15 normal men to assure that these experiments achieved physiological pituitary responses. The relationship between bio- and immunoactive LH was compared between patients, between doses as the amount of GnRH was i...
A study of abrasive wear mechanisms using diamond and alumina scratch tests

Abstract Scratch tests using alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) abrasive particles and Vickers diamond pyramids were employed to study material removal mechanisms in the abrasion of cobalt-base powder metallurgy alloys 6 and 19. The alloys were specially prepared to produce either fine or coarse carbides in order to study the effects of carbide size. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the scratch grooves, the scratch tools and the wear debris particles. Comparison of scratch tests with Al 2 O 3 and diamond pyramids shows that many features produced by the extremely hard regularly shaped diamond tools are different from those produced by irregular Al 2 O 3 particles. Except for differences produced by tool wear, multiple-pass Al 2 O 3 scratch tests provide excellent reproduction of the material removal processes which occur in low stress Al 2 O 3 abrasion. Al 2 O 3 scratches produced both chip-like and fine irregular debris particles similar to those extracted from spent abrasive used in wear testing. Material removal in the fine carbide alloys is facilitated by the direct removal of entire carbides within the volume of micromachining chips removed from the scratch groove. In coarse carbide alloys, machining chips from large carbides are observed, but the depth of cut in the carbide phase is less than that in the f.c.c. matrix and this leads to a decrease in the volume of material removed. Direct comparison of chips removed from fine and coarse carbide alloys by the same Al 2 O 3 particle shows larger chips from the fine carbide material. The effects of subsurface deformation and surface irregularities on material removal were studied by carrying out scratch tests on specimens subjected to prior abrasion and by investigating multiple-pass scratches in the same scratch groove.
Neuroblastoma in a pediatric patient with a microduplication of 2p involving the MYCN locus.

Neuroblastoma is the most common solid tumor of infancy, and mutations in several genes have been implicated as playing a role in tumor development. Here, we describe a pediatric patient with a constitutional microduplication of 2p24.3 who developed Stage 4 neuroblastoma at age 11 months. He represents the sixth patient described in the literature with partial trisomy 2p and neuroblastoma. All previous cases had duplication events spanning two genes implicated in neuroblastoma, MYCN and ALK. Our patient is unique because his duplicated region includes the MYCN gene only; the ALK gene is unaffected. These data, combined with the relatively high incidence of neuroblastoma reported in partial trisomy 2p patients, support the notion that MYCN duplication should be added to the growing list of genetic factors associated with an increased risk of neuroblastoma. The mechanism of increased risk is unclear, but the fact that our patient had dramatic amplification of MYCN in his tumor suggests that a germline duplication might predispose to further amplification. Additionally, our patient has several morphologic features common to patients with partial trisomy 2p including high forehead, hypertelorism, postaxial polydactyly, and developmental delay despite having a microduplication spanning approximately 1 Mb and including just three intact genes. This case may therefore help further delineate the genotype-phenotype correlations associated with partial trisomy 2p.
Petroleum Geology and Resources of Afghanistan

Afghanistan consists largely of a series of continental fragments that, moving northward, docked and accreted to the southern proto-Asia continent. The tectonization of the accreted terranes is generally severe and petroleum prospects are limited essentially to the 48,000 mi2 (124,000 km2) North Afghanistan basin. This basin represents the Afghan portion of the Turanian platform, plus the orogenic belt around its southern and eastern perimeter. Exploration to date is judged to be preliminary in character, with some 5 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas and 80 million barrels of oil being discovered by 1980. There are two types of traps: Mesozoic low-amplitude drapes or tilted fault blocks, and Neogene highamplitude folds. Appreciable reservoirs are limited to three horizons—Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Paleogene—of which the Lower Cretaceous is considered to be the best. Source rock is confined largely to the Lower and Middle Jurassic shales. Upper Jurassic evaporites form a barrier between the Jura...
Maturation of long-term potentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of the freely moving rat.

The ability of the perforant path/dentate granule cell synapse of the hippocampal formation to establish and maintain enhanced levels of synaptic transmission in response to tetanization (long-term potentiation, LTP) was investigated in freely moving rats at 15, 30, and 90 days of age. Measures of (1) the slope of the population excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), and (2) the population spike amplitude (PSA) obtained before, and at several times following tetanization, were used to evaluate the magnitude and duration of LTP as a function of age. Significant enhancement of both EPSP slope and PSA measures was obtained from animals of all three ages in response to perforant path tetanization. The initial degree of enhancement was essentially the same across the age groups, ranging from +27% to +38% of pretetanization levels for EPSP slope measures and +60% to +75% of pretetanization levels for PSA measures, obtained 15 min after tetanization. The duration of this enhancement obtained from animals of the preweaning group was significantly longer than that obtained from either 30- or 90-day-old animals. Enhanced measures of both EPSP slope and PSA decayed to baseline levels in these older animals 18 to 24 h after tetanization, while animals tetanized at 15 days of age maintained potentiated levels of both measures for a period of 5 days following tetanization. Tetanization of 15-day-old animals resulted in a significant reduction in the latency to EPSP onset without affecting the time-based relationships among the other measured parameters, which included latency of the population spike onset, population spike minimum, and population spike offset. Tetanization had no effect on the latency measure of any of these parameters in either of the two older age groups. The primarily postnatal development of the dentate granule cell population suggests that both functionally immature GABAergic modulation of granule cell activity and the differential development of components of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex may be involved in the age-related differences in the induction and expression of the LTP phenomenon. This study represents the first developmental characterization of LTP in the perforant path/dentate granule cell synapse in freely moving rats during early development. The results indicate that LTP can be reliably established and maintained in behaving rats as young as 15 days of age. Whereas the degree of potentiation at this age is equivalent to that obtained from juveniles and young adults, the duration of the effect significantly outlasts that obtained from older animals in which development of the dentate gyrus is more functionally mature. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coccidia in cows and calves on pasture in north Georgia (U.S.A.).

The prevalence and abundance of coccidian oocysts were determined in a herd of beef cows and calves on fescue pastures in the Piedmont area of Georgia during 4-consecutive grazing seasons. Twelve species of Eimeria were found in the feces of the calves and 10 species were found in the feces of the cows. Eimeria bovis was the most prevalent species found in both the calves and cows. It occurred in 72.5% of 1090 samples from the calves and 10.2% of 719 samples from cows. Eimeria bovis also comprised the majority of oocysts present in the fecal samples from the calves and cows. The greatest number of E. bovis in a sample was 45 800 oocysts per gram of feces (OPG) from a calf and 1900 OPG from a cow. No cases of clinical coccidiosis were seen in any of the animals sampled during the survey.
Geographic variation in the circadian system controlling photoperiodism in Ostrinia nubilalis

1. The critical daylength for diapause induction is temperature dependent in three geographic strains ofOstrinia nubilalis. Critical daylength increases as the temperature is lowered, as does the general level of diapause. 2. The critical daylength and general level of diapause are also strain dependent at two constant temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C). The northern strain shows a longer critical daylength than the southern strains. The northern strain also shows a greater tendency to diapause at both temperatures. 3. Whether or not Nanda-Hamner experiments yield positive (induction of diapause rising and falling approximately every 24 h) or negative (nonrhythmic) results is a function of the strain being examined and the temperature of the experiment. The northern strain shows a nonrhythmic hourglass response at 20 °C but circadian periodicity at 30 °C. Conversely, southern strains show a nonperiodic pattern at 30 °C but circadian periodicity at 20 °C. 4. The results from Nanda-Hamner experiments are compatible with the pacemaker-slave model for circadian rhythmicity and photoperiodism recently proposed by Pittendrigh (1981).
Production Profile and Organ Weights of White Leghorn Hens Which Lay Soft-Shelled and Shell-Less Eggs

Abstract Individual daily egg records were maintained for a commercial strain of White Leghorns during 13 mo of production to determine the incidence of soft-shelled (SS) and shell-less (SL) egg production. The incidence of SS and SL eggs remained relatively stable (2.1 to 3.4%) during the first 10 mo of production with significant increases during the 11th, 12th, and 13th mo of lay. The highest hen-day production of SS + SL eggs occurred during the 13th mo of production (8.5%). The overall hen-day production of SS + SL eggs when averaged over 13 mo of lay was 3.4%. Hens were killed at 73 and 78 weeks of age to determine if organ weights differed between hens which laid a high incidence of SS + SL eggs (18 + %) and those which produced no SS + SL eggs (0%). Relative and absolute organ weights of the thyroid, adrenal, ovary, oviduct, and uterus were not significantly different between the two groups with two exceptions. Birds which laid a high incidence of SS + SL eggs had significantly lower relative adrenal weights in the 73-week-old age group only and lower relative ovarian weights in the 78-week-old group only. Due to the inconsistency between age groups, it was concluded that these organ weights are normal in birds which lay a high incidence of SS + SL eggs.
Key distribution for a MLS network architecture

Multilevel Secure (MLS) systems require mandatory access control (MAC) including a linear lattice (total order) for information flow security. This paper describes an architecture for MLS networking that provides for MAC through key distribution. Tradeoffs in different communication modes are described, with attendant mechanisms.
Plant Hsp70 molecular chaperones: Protein structure, gene family, expression and function

The Hsp70 molecular chaperones of plants are encoded by a multi-gene family whose members are developmentally regulated and differentially expressed in response to temperature stress and other conditions that interrupt normal protein folding or favor protein denaturation. Under non-stressful conditions, Hsp70 cognates function in concert with a variety of co-chaperones to facilitate folding of de novo synthesized proteins, assist in transport of precursor proteins into organelles and to help target damaged proteins for degradation. Stress-induced Hsp70s function to mitigate aggregation of stress-denatured proteins and to refold non-native proteins restoring their biological function through iterative cycles of adenine nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent peptide binding and release. Much of what is known about how plant Hsp70s function comes from the study of Hsp70s from other types of organisms. Owing to their unique biology, much remains to be learned about the many functions Hsp70s play in plants.
Reproducible electrodeposition of biomolecules for the fabrication of miniature electroenzymatic biosensors

Abstract A technique has been developed for reproducibly depositing an enzyme or other biomolecule onto the surface of a conductor. Specifically, glucose oxidase has been electrodeposited onto the surface of an electrode previously electroplated with platinum black. This deposition takes place without the assistance of an electropolymerizable matrix material such as polypyrrole. The deposition process does not require a time-consuming alignment step, characteristic of some deposition techniques utilizing photoimageable matrix materials; yet it results in the enzyme being precisely deposited only on the working electrode. The thickness of the resulting enzyme layer can be varied from Angstroms to microns by varying the deposition parameters. With proper fixturing, potentially hundreds of sensors can be simultaneously coated with enzyme.
Burrowing in marine muds by crack propagation: kinematics and forces

SUMMARY The polychaete Nereis virens burrows through muddy sediments by exerting dorsoventral forces against the walls of its tongue-depressor-shaped burrow to extend an oblate hemispheroidal crack. Stress is concentrated at the crack tip, which extends when the stress intensity factor ( K I ) exceeds the critical stress intensity factor ( K Ic ). Relevant forces were measured in gelatin, an analog for elastic muds, by photoelastic stress analysis, and were 0.015±0.001 N (mean ± s.d.; N =5). Measured elastic moduli ( E ) for gelatin and sediment were used in finite element models to convert the forces in gelatin to those required in muds to maintain the same body shapes observed in gelatin. The force increases directly with increasing sediment stiffness, and is 0.16 N for measured sediment stiffness of E =2.7×10 4 Pa. This measurement of forces exerted by burrowers is the first that explicitly considers the mechanical behavior of the sediment. Calculated stress intensity factors fall within the range of critical values for gelatin and exceed those for sediment, showing that crack propagation is a mechanically feasible mechanism of burrowing. The pharynx extends anteriorly as it everts, extending the crack tip only as far as the anterior of the worm, consistent with wedge-driven fracture and drawing obvious parallels between soft-bodied burrowers and more rigid, wedge-shaped burrowers (i.e. clams). Our results raise questions about the reputed high energetic cost of burrowing and emphasize the need for better understanding of sediment mechanics to quantify external energy expenditure during burrowing.
Endoscopic and three-dimensional radiographic imaging of the pterygopalatine and infratemporal fossae: improving surgical landmarks.

Objectives:We sought to define the surgical endoscopic anatomy of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) and infratemporal fossa (ITF) through endoscopic cadaver dissections and radiographic imaging analysis.Methods:Eleven fresh cadavers were submitted to computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic dissection. We used 3-dimensional (3-D) CT reconstruction and endoscopic video imaging for analysis of the bony and soft tissue landmarks. One fixed cadaver head was grossly dissected to confirm the endoscopic anatomic findings.Results:The CT and 3-D CT reconstruction measurements between the pterygoid canal and the foramen rotundum averaged 4.36 mm and 5.09 mm, respectively. An osseous ridge (pterygoid ridge) was identified on the anterior face of the pterygoid process as a novel identifiable anatomic landmark in all of the specimens. The average length of the pterygoid ridge on 3-D CT reconstruction was 7.84 mm. The internal maxillary artery entered the PPF posteromedial to the temporalis tendon and anterolateral to the...
Perfect Matchings of Generalized Polyomino Graphs

In this paper necessary and sufficient conditions are given for a generalized polyomino graph to have a perfect matching and to be elementary, respectively.
An SV40 mutant oncoprotein has a nuclear location

Abstract T147 is an SV40 mutant that makes a normal small t antigen and a large T antigen that is only 147 amino acids long. We have introduced a second mutation into the genome of T147 which eliminates its ability to encode small t antigen. We show that this double mutant is able to transform C3H10T1 /2 mouse cells in a focus assay and F111 rat cells in an agar suspension assay, demonstrating that the transforming domain of T antigen is located within its amino-terminal 147 amino acids. We also show that the T147 mutant T antigen, like wild-type T antigen, has a nuclear location. However, in contrast to wild-type T antigen, which is also found in the plasma membranes of wild-type transformed cells, we fail to detect any mutant T antigen associated with the plasma membranes of T147 transformants.
Elevated levels of growth-related hormones in autism and autism spectrum disorder

Summary Objective Children with autism are known to have larger head circumferences; whether they are above average in height and weight is less clear. Moreover, little is known about growth-related hormone levels in children with autism. We investigated whether children with autism were taller and heavier, and whether they had higher levels of growth-related hormones than control children did. Design A case-control study design was employed. Patients Boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or autism (n = 71) and age-matched control boys (n = 59) were evaluated at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Measurements Height, weight and head circumference were measured. Blood samples were assayed for IGF-1 and 2, IGFBP-3, growth hormone binding protein (GHBP) and for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulphate (DHEAS). Results Subjects with autism/ASD had significantly (P = 0·03) greater head circumferences (mean z-score 1·24, SD 1·35) than controls (mean z-score 0·78, SD 0·93). Subjects with autism also had significantly (P = 0·01) greater weights (mean z-score 0·91, SD 1·13) than controls (mean z-score 0·41, SD 1·11). Height did not differ significantly between groups (P = 0·65); subjects with autism/ASD had significantly (P = 0·003) higher body mass indices (BMI) (mean z-score 0·85, SD 1·19) than controls (mean z-score 0·24, SD 1·17). Levels of IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP-3 and GHBP in the group with autism/ASD were all significantly higher (all P ≤ 0·0001) than in controls. Conclusions Children with autism/ASD had significantly higher levels of many growth-related hormones: IGF-1, IGF-2, IGFBP-3 and GHBP. These findings could help explain the significantly larger head circumferences and higher weights and BMIs seen in these subjects. Future studies should examine the potential role of growth-related hormones in the pathophysiology of autism.
Advances in positron tomography for oncology

Development of PET instrumentation over the past 42 years has moved from simple dual-detector coincidence scanners, to proposed systems having 60,000 detectors and simultaneous coverage of 15-cm regions of the body with spatial resolutions better than 4 mm. The principal determinants of positron emission tomography (PET) instrumentation advances are positron range, noncollinearity of the annihilation photons, scattering, random event rates, detector size, efficiency, speed and light output; capability to correct for depth of crystal interaction, attenuation compensation, axial coverage, and rapid data analysis and presentation. While general-purpose systems with 2-mm resolution are expected, special-purpose PET devices are being built for breast and brain tumor studies with resolutions from 1.7 to 5 mm.
Content-based assessment of the credibility of online healthcare information

Currently, a large amount of data is produced in healthcare informatics due to the growth of web technologies like social networks, wikis, blogs and RSS feeds. However, not all health information provided online is trustworthy. Even though many experts are involved in publishing trusted information, it is difficult for the general population to determine the credibility of the information. Therefore, a reliable mechanism to automatically determine the trustworthiness of online healthcare information is highly desired. In this paper, we propose two novel approaches based on Topic Modeling and Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), that can be applied over a large volume of online healthcare data to assess its trustworthiness. Traditional Topic Modeling is solely based on the “bag-of-words” model, however, we also consider the semantics of the content to identify the underlying topics in a sentence. For the HMM approach, we built our trustworthy and suspicious models after analyzing the characteristics of sentences from such websites. Both methods perform well to assess the trustworthiness, however HMM is less sophisticated to capture the semantics of sentences. We evaluated our method on randomly chosen real dataset and are able to achieve about 90% accuracy in identifying the trustworthiness of the content.
Dynamic quenching of 5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) by charge transfer to a C60 derivative in solution

The fluorescence of 5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) quenched in solution in 1,2-dichlorobenzene by a soluble derivative of C60 [1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)propyl-1-phenyl[6,6]C61; [6,6]PCBM] is studied by changing the concentration of the quencher and by varying the temperature. For MEH-PPV and PCBM dissolved in 1,2-dichlorobenzene, the Stern–Volmer constant (KSV) is 2 × 103M−1. At high temperature, KSV is enhanced because thermal energy facilitates the diffusion of PCBM. The results show that dynamic quenching (rather than static quenching) is the basic mechanism. Comparison with data obtained from quenching studies of trans-stilbene indicates that a single acceptor in contact with an MEH-PPV macromolecule quenches the luminescence from hundreds of repeat units. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2553–2557, 2001
Kinetics of copper catalyzed oxidation of 2, 3-dimercapto-1-propanol by molecular oxygen.

The rate of disappearance of the sulfhydryl groups of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol (BAL) in aqueous solutions in the presence of molecular oxygen and catalytic quantities of copper has been shown to depend directly on hydroxyl ion and BAL concentrations and on oxygen pressure. The concentration of BAL decreases logarithmically following a short induction period. The dependency on copper concentration was found to be approximately linear at low concentrations but showed an apparent limiting zero-order dependency at high levels of the metal. These findings suggest that some mechanism other than that proposed by Barron, et al. (1), must be responsible for the overall reaction.
First ply failure of G/E laminates under biaxial loadings

Abstract Thin-walled [0/90] s and [±45] s tubes of T300/1034 graphite/epoxy were subjected to static and fatigue biaxial loadings for the purpose of experimentally detecting first ply failure (FPF). FPF envelopes were determined using a replication technique and compared with ultimate strength envelopes and lamination theory predictions of FPF using a maximum strain criterion and accounting for initial strains due to curing. The FPF envelopes compared rather well with lamination theory predictions and lay well within the ultimate strength envelopes. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the influence of FPF on fatigue strength. Although some fatigue failures were found at stress ranges within the FPF envelope, the fatigue life of specimens at stress ranges penetrating the FPF envelope were dramatically less.
Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues

Abstract The hypothesis that the DSM-III-R personality disorders are sex biased is a co ntroversial issue of considerable importance. The effort to resolve this issue empirically, however, has been flawed by conceptual and methodological problems that have contributed to a misinterpretation of research findings and to a perpetuation of inadequate research methodologies. This review emphasizes in particular the failure to distinguish between various types and sources of sex bias, including etiologic, sampling, diagnostic, assessment, and criterion bias. The importance of these distinctions is illustrated in a review of studies concerned with the relationship of patient sex to the diagnosis of personality disorders and to the assessment of personality disorder criteria. The optimal methodology to identify criterion sex bias is discussed. It is suggested that in order for the sex bias controversy to be resolved, future research needs to delineate the nature of personality disorder pathology and the boundaries between abnormal and normal personality functioning.
Coordination characterization of zinc metalloproteins

Background Zinc metalloproteins play a key role in all three domains of life. Prior studies have explored the use of zinc coordination characteristics for the prediction of functions in metalloproteins. However, prediction methods have been hampered by the inaccuracy in characterizing the zinc coordination environment. In order to minimize the impact of this factor, we improved our method to better characterize zinc coordination.
Effect of low dose aspirin on platelet adherence after carotid endarterectomy in dogs.

The study was undertaken to determine the influence of various doses of aspi rin (ASA) therapy on platelet adherence to injured endothelium. Twenty-four mongrel dogs were assigned to one of four treatment groups in a randomized, blinded fashion. Each group received ASA in one of three doses: 1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg or no ASA therapy (control group). After five days of ASA therapy, the dogs underwent unilateral carotid endarterectomy (CEA), in a ran domized fashion, with the contralateral carotid artery serving as control within each dog. Indium 111 oxine-labeled autologous platelets were injected into the dogs twenty minutes before the reestablishment of flow through the endarterec tomized carotid artery. Platelet scintigraphy was performed at hours 3, 24, 48 and 72 postoperatively. ASA therapy was continued postoperatively for seventy- two hours. Data were analyzed by comparing the mean platelet uptake ratios (operative to nonoperative sites) between groups. When all ASA groups were combined and co...
Thermal conversion efficiency of an ideal thermoelastic marmem cycle

The thermal conversion efficiency of an ideal stress-strain-temperature cycle based on the mechanical shape memory effect associated with a thermoelastic martensite transformation (thermoelastic marmem cycle) has been studied. A relationship between the upper limit of the thermal efficiency and a set of materials properties has been derived. It is shown that a higher thermoelastic marmem efficiency and a closer approach to the corresponding Carnot efficiency are favoured by: (1) higher yield stress of the high-temperature phase, (2) larger recoverable strain, (3) smaller transformation temperature range and thermal hysteresis associated with the transformation, and (4) smaller transformation latent heat. The thermal efficiency has been calculated for a cycle utilizing a Ti-50.4 at % Ni alloy. The highest efficiency for this particular alloy was found to be about 9%; this amounts to 45% of the corresponding Carnot efficiency. Thus it is concluded that efficiencies can be obtained which are comparable with those of cycles operating at small temperature differences with fluids as working media.
Unemployment and civil commitment: a test of the intolerance hypothesis.

We theorize that the reported association between economic indicators and the incidence of civil commitment for mental illness may result, at least in part, from reduced tolerance in the community for impaired behavior among minorities. Earlier work suggests that economically induced intolerance will be focused primarily on minority males. Based on this literature, we hypothesize that the median level of functioning among African-American males subjected to civil commitment will vary positively with earlier changes in the unemployment rate. The test applies Box-Jenkins methods to 156 months (August 1985–July 1998) of data from California. Consistent with theory, results support the hypothesis. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–9, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Alkene hydrogenation catalyzed by rhenium carbonyls bonded to highly dealuminated Y zeolite: spectroscopic characterization of the working catalyst

Abstract Rhenium carbonyls bonded to dealuminated zeolite Y calcined at 300 and at 500 °C were tested as catalysts for hydrogenation of ethylene and of propylene and characterized by infrared (IR) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies, even under catalytic reaction conditions. The initially formed rhenium tricarbonyls bonded to the zeolite were converted into rhenium dicarbonyls during catalysis, as shown by IR and EXAFS spectra, and the coordination of the Re to the support changed, as shown by EXAFS results. Consequently, there were bonding positions on the Re centers for reactive ligands, including those identified by IR spectroscopy as alkyls and π-bonded alkenes. The catalysis is suggested to proceed via reaction of alkyl and hydride ligands on rhenium centers incorporating two CO ligands.
Prolonged membrane oxygenator support in a child with severe respiratory insufficiency

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) systems are now available in many centers for treatment of respiratory insufliciency unresponsive to conventional therapy.’ 4 Very little Itnformatton is available thus far, however, regarding the potential reversibility of pulmonary fibrosis present prior to beginning ECMO. The patient reported in detail here is a 3.8 year old child with presumed viral pneumonia supported by ECMO for 21 days. The preECM0 open lung biopsy revealed severe pulmonary fibrosis and tibroblastic proliferation. The autopsy findings consisted of even more extensive pulmonary fibrosis. Additional data is needed in order to better define the extent of early fibrosis that can be considered reversible.
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM IN THE STEMS OF THE NYMPHAEACEAE. III. VICTORIA AND EURYALE

Organization of the stem vascular system was analyzed in Victoria species and Euryaleferox. The stem vascular system consists of a number of concentrically-organized continuing axial stem bundles. At the node each leaf is supplied with a root trace, two lateral leaf traces, and a median leaf trace. A peduncle fusion bundle is also present at each node. The peduncle fusion bundle supplies vascular tissue to the median leaf trace and to the peduncle trace. Flowers are nonmedian axillary but have specific vascular, spatial, and developmental relationships to leaves in a manner that resembles the genus Nymphaea. On the basis of the analysis of the stem vascular system, Victoria and Euryale are more similar to each other than to Nymphaea. However, the vascular system in Victoria and Euryale is similar enough to Nymphaea to suggest that Nymphaea, Victoria, and Euryale form a natural taxon of unique angiosperms. The organization of the stem vascular system in Victoria and Euryale is dicotyledonous.
Inhibition of various mammalian amylases by beryllium and aluminum

Abstract Beryllium and aluminum salts in concentrations from 10 −2 to 10 −5 M will inhibit amylases from man, hog, rat, and dog to varying degrees. Magnesium, barium, and strontium salts do not inhibit these amylases. Certain proteins or salts of various carboxylic acids reduce the inhibiting effects of beryllium and aluminum. It is postulated that beryllium and aluminum produce these effects by complexing the free carboxyl groups of the amylases in such fashion that the structure of the original molecule is deformed and the enzyme activity is reduced.
Glutamine B16 insulin: Reduced insulin-like metabolic activity with moderately preserved mitogenic activity

An analogue of insulin in which the naturally occurring tyrosine residue in position B16 is replaced by a glutamine residue has been synthesized. Glutamine appears in the corresponding position in the B-domain of the insulin-like growth factors. This analogue displays 9% of the potency of insulin in binding to the insulin receptor from rat liver plasma membranes, 17% in stimulating the conversion of [3-3H] glucose into lipids in rat adipocytes, and 23% in insulin radioimmunoassay, but 40% of the potency of insulin in stimulating DNA synthesis in cultured chick fibroblasts. The analogue is a more potent mitogen than is a hybrid molecule which contains the A-chain of insulin and the entire B-domain sequence of IGF-I.