cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DETECTION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS IN SINGLE LIVING CELLS USING OPTICAL NANOPROBES

Exposure of mammalian cells to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) such as the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) leads to the formation of DNA adducts N2-deoxyguanosine (dG) and N6-deoxyadenosine (dA) with adenine and guanine nucleotides, which are integral parts of DNA, RNA, and ATP. DNA adduct formation causes alteration of the DNA (RNA) sequence since neither adenine nor guanine can normally bind to its complementary nucleotide base, thymine (uracil) and cytosine respectively. The inability to form these bonds leads to mutations in the DNA double-helix structure during DNA replication, and eventually carcinogenesis. Therefore, the capability to detect and measure PAC species such as BaP in single living cells is important for studies required to establish the limits of BaP exposure necessary for carcinogenesis. Along these lines, we have developed antibody-based optical nanoprobes capable of detecting and measuring BaP in single living cells. The results obtained in this work demonstrate the practical a...
Non-linear flutter of a buckled shear-deformable composite panel in a high-supersonic flow

Abstract The non-linear dynamic behavior of a uniformly compressed, composite panel subjected to non-linear aerodynamic loading due to a high-supersonic co-planar flow is analyzed. The effects of in-plane edge restraints, small initial geometric imperfections, transverse shear deformation, and transverse normal stress are considered in the structural model which satisfies the traction-free condition on the panel faces. The panel flutter equations, derived via Galerkin's Method, are solved using Arclength Continuation for the static solution and a predictor-corrector type Shooting Technique to obtain periodic solutions and their bifurcations. The possibility of hard flutter is demonstrated when considering non-linear aerodynamics. Furthermore, edge compression could yield multiple buckled states or coexistence of multiple periodic solutions with the stable static solution, that is, the panel could either remain buckled or flutter. Edge restraints normal to the flow appear to stabilize the panel, whereas those parallel to the flow may result in a buckled-flutter-buckled transition. Quasi-periodic and chaotic motions and associated Lyapunov exponents are also obtained. For perfect panels, results obtained by the Shooting Technique and the Method of Multiple Scales are in agreement only within the immediate post-flutter regime. Results indicate that a shear deformation theory is required for moderately thick composite panels.
HIV-1/Cocaine Induced Oxidative Stress Disrupts Tight Junction Protein-1 in Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells: Role of Ras/ERK1/2 Pathway

Intravenous drug use (IVDU) is the major risk factor in the development of HIV-related pulmonary arterial hypertension (HRPAH); however, the pathogenesis of HRPAH in association with IVDU has yet to be characterized. Endothelial injury is considered to be an initiating factor for pulmonary vascular remodeling in animal models of PAH. Our previous study shows that simultaneous exposure to HIV-Trans-activator of transcription (Tat) and cocaine exacerbates both disruption of tight junction proteins and permeability of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells compared with either treatment alone. We here now demonstrate that this HIV-Tat and cocaine mediated endothelial dysfunction accompanies with increase in hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals generation and involves redox sensitive signaling pathway. Pretreatment with antioxidant cocktail attenuated the cocaine and Tat mediated disassembly of Zonula Occludens (ZO)-1 and enhancement of endothelial monolayer permeability. Furthermore, inhibition of NADPH oxidase by apocynin or siRNA-mediated knockdown of gp-91phox abolished the Tat/cocaine-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting the NADPH oxidase mediated generation of oxidative radicals. In addition, ROS dependent activation of Ras and ERK1/2 Kinase was observed to be mediating the TJP-1 disassembly, and endothelial dysfunction in response to cocaine and Tat exposure. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Tat/cocaine -mediated production of ROS activate Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 pathway that contributes to disruption of tight junction protein leading to pulmonary endothelial dysfunction associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling.
Reliability at the lower limits of HIV-1 RNA quantification in clinical samples: a comparison of RT-PCR versus bDNA assays.

Introduction To explore whether an assay change was responsible for an increasing proportion of patients with undetectable HIV viral loads at our urban HIV clinic, we selected highly stable patients, examining their viral loads before and after changing assays. We compared the proportion with detectable viremia during RT-PCR vs. bDNA periods. Methodology/Principal Findings We selected patients with ≥1 viral loads assessed during both RT-PCR and bDNA periods. We included patients with stable CD4 counts, excluding patients with viral loads ≥1,000 copies/ml or any significant changes in therapy. Out of 4500 clinic patients, 419 patients (1588 viral loads) were included. 39% of viral loads were reported as detectable by RT-PCR vs. 5% reported as detectable by bDNA. The mean coefficient of variation was higher before vs. after assay change. We found an odds' ratio of 16.7 for having a viral load >75 copies/ml during the RT-PCR vs. bDNA periods. Discussion These data support previous reports, suggesting that bDNA may more reliably discriminate between viral suppression and low level viremia in stable patients on therapy. Low-level viremia, noted more with RT-PCR, may promote unneeded testing, while differences in viral load reliability may impact antiretroviral trial and quality assurance endpoints. Commonly used plasma separator tubes may differentially affect RT-PCR and bDNA results.
Peasant movements and communal property during the French Revolution

The rural history of the French Revolution is a history of movement. Drawn into a revolutionary process, peasants blocked some reform strategies and formulated others, protected and redefined custom, resisted and created. Among the most original activists of the period were the "sharers" (partageux) who advocated the partition of communal property. Their program was not a "dying wail," but an overture; rural rebels of the twentieth century continue to strive for rights that they were the first to define and enforce.1
Low power very large scale integration prototype for three-dimensional discrete wavelet transform processor with medical applications

We present a low-power 3-D discrete wavelet transform processor for medical applications. The main focus is the compression of medical resonance image (MRI) data, although the system could be used as a generic compression chip. The architecture eliminates redundant filter banks by using a central control unit to dynamically adjust filter parameters. An on-chip cache is used to process block inputs minimizing result throughput. Power consumption has been kept to a minimum by placing constraints throughout the entire design process. The modular processor has been prototyped using 0.6-μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (three metal) technology. It has been simulated at the functional, circuit, and physical levels. The performance measures of the prototype, area, time delay, power, and utilization have been evaluated. The prototype operates at an estimated frequency of 272 MHz and dissipates 0.5 W of power.
Urban growth and the world polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: a research agenda.

The impact of political factors on urbanization is considered. The scope of the study is worldwide. The authors outline how political power particularly the rise of the nation-state can influence the growth and characteristics of urban systems. Comparisons are made between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. (ANNOTATION)
A Script-Assisted Microscopy (SAM) package to improve data acquisition rates on FEI Tecnai electron microscopes equipped with Gatan CCD cameras.

Abstract High throughput methods of data acquisition are advantageous for cryoelectron microscopy and single particle reconstruction as high-resolution structure determination requires thousands of particle images. We have developed a semi-automated data collection method that utilizes the scripting languages provided by FEI for their Tecnai User Interface (TUI) and by Gatan for their Digital Micrograph package. Our Script-Assisted Microscopy (SAM) method allows for the selection of multiple locations within a low magnification, search mode, micrograph and for subsequent automated imaging of these locations at a higher exposure magnification. The SAM approach permits the user to retain control over the microscope, while streamlining the most repetitive steps of collecting and evaluating micrographs. With SAM, we have found an average of 1000 micrographs can be collected per day on any grid type, either irregular homemade grids or prefabricated grids with regularly spaced holes. This rate of data collection represents a fivefold improvement over our manual collection rates. SAM provides an example of an individually tailored approach to data acquisition utilizing the scripting interfaces provided by the equipment manufacturers. The SAM method has proven valuable for determination of a subnanometer resolution cryoEM structure of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), a 469 kDa protein.
The characterization and outcome of stereotypic movements in nonautistic children

Stereotypies are patterned, repetitive, purposeless movements that are performed the same way each time. They are commonly seen in individuals with autism, schizophrenia, or mental retardation, and also occur as a feature of tardive dyskinesia and as movements in those with akathisia. We studied 10 children who had stereotypies but were not autistic or mentally retarded. Although most had an uneventful delivery, seven had mild to moderately delayed developmental milestones. Five had hyperactive behavior or attention-deficit problems. All appeared to be of normal intelligence. The median age of onset of stereotypies was 12 months. The stereotypies including arm flapping, arm and hand posturing, finger wiggling, body rocking, leg shaking, facial grimacing, involuntary noises, neck extension, and eye blinking. Of the 10 children, only two stopped having stereotypies eventually without medications.
BMI and fracture risk in older men: The osteoporotic fractures in men study (MrOS)

Low body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for fracture, but little is known about the association between high BMI and fracture risk. We evaluated the association between BMI and fracture in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS), a cohort of 5995 US men 65 years of age and older. Standardized measures included weight, height, and hip bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA); medical history; lifestyle; and physical performance. Only 6 men (0.1%) were underweight (<18.5 kg/m2); therefore, men in this category were excluded. Also, 27% of men had normal BMI (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), 52% were overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2), 18% were obese I (30 to 34.9 kg/m2), and 3% were obese II (35 to 39.9 kg/m2). Overall, nonspine fracture incidence was 16.1 per 1000 person-years, and hip fracture incidence was 3.1 per 1000 person-years. In age-, race-, and BMD-adjusted models, compared with normal weight, the hazard ratio (HR) for nonspine fracture was 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–1.25] for overweight, 1.29 (95% CI 1.00–1.67) for obese I, and 1.94 (95% CI 1.25–3.02) for obese II. Associations were weaker and not statistically significant after adjustment for mobility limitations and walking pace (HR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.84–1.23, for overweight; HR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.86–1.46, for obese I, and HR = 1.44, 95% CI 0.90–2.28, for obese II). Obesity is common among older men, and when BMD is held constant, it is associated with an increased risk of fracture. This association is at least partially explained by worse physical function in obese men. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cognitive assessment of the psychotic child. A Piagetian framework.

Abstract Piaget's concepts of cognitive stages provide a useful framework for the evaluation of cognitive organization of severely disturbed children. This cognitive developmental perspective complements the psychosexual developmental sequence and the traditional emphasis on the underlying emotional dynamics. A combined use of these frameworks helps to formulate various ways of dealing with behavioral deviations, whether they originate in the child, the family, the teacher, or the school situation. The consulting child psychiatrist serves to synthesize the several perspectives in order to help the teacher develop teaching strategies and tactics consistent with the child's cognitive competence.
Serotonin transporter candidate gene studies in affective disorders and personality: promises and potential pitfalls.

Serotonin transporter candidate gene studies in affective disorders and personality: promises and potential pitfalls
Developing a Data-Driven Assessment for Early Childhood Candidates

One hundred forty-nine teacher candidates participated in a yearlong study to investigate what a well-prepared early childhood teacher candidate knows about teaching and learning. This study provid...
INCLUDING TRANSITION PROBABILITIES IN NEST SURVIVAL ESTIMATION: A MAYFIELD MARKOV CHAIN

Mayfield estimates of daily survival are the most commonly available nest survival estimates in the ecological and ornithological literature. However, application of the Mayfield technique requires assumptions about the distributions of hatching and fledging events that are violated in most empirical data sets. We unified several variants of the Mayfield model using a discrete Markov chain formulation and used this formulation to study the effects of assumptions about transition probabilities under varying distributions of discovery probability. In general, bias in estimated survival was greatest when nests were most likely to be discovered late in the nesting cycle. Assuming that hatching and fledging events occur at the midpoint of an observation, or with uniform probability during an observation, also resulted in large biases. Estimates of standard error of daily survival and overall success were much more accurate and consistent. Knowing the nest age can greatly reduce bias but increases the invasiveness of monitoring and requires incorporation of transition probabilities in the Mayfield likelihood function. Based on our simulation results, we suggest that traditional Mayfield models are likely to provide adequate estimates for most applications if nests are monitored at intervals of no longer than three days.
Anatomical specificity within rat striatum for the dopaminergic modulation of DRL responding and activity.

Abstract The direct application of microgram quantities of crystalline dopamine, d -amphetamine, or scopolamine to the ventral anterior region of the neostriatum of rats decreased response efficiency on a ‘differential reinforcement of low rate’ 10 sec schedule of reinforcement. Similar applications to the dorsal globus pallidus or posterior striatum either did not alter or increased response efficiency. A comparison of dose-response functions for injections of dopamine in solution into ventral anterior, central and posterior striatum confirmed that only injections into ventral anterior striatum (VAS) decreased response efficiency on the DRL schedule. The same striatal map was found for the dopamine-induced increase in spontaneous locomotor activity in tilt boxes. It was concluded that dopaminergic transmission in ventral anterior striatum, in contrast to the other striatal and pallidal sites tested, is involved in the modulation of behavioral arousal.
Pseudoneoplastic proliferation of endocrine cells in pancreatic fibrosis.

Twenty cases of florid pancreatic endocrine neoformation and hyperplasia in a background of pancreatic fibrosis were culled from a review of 70 cases of pancreatic fibrosis, atrophy, chronic inflammation, and duct obstruction and 29 cases of pancreatic islet cell hyperplasia and neoplasia. Three of these cases had morphologic features suggestive of neoplasia. The phenomenon of endocrine tissue proliferation in a setting of exocrine tissue destruction and fibrosis, especially that secondary to major exocrine duct obstruction is reviewed. The criteria for diagnosis of endocrine neoplasia vs. hyperplasia and the attendant biologic continuum, including applicability of immunohistochemical studies, are discussed.
Leading and Working Together in a World of Diversity: Unity Through Communication:

Lack of effective leadership leads to a world filled with "haves" and "have nots". We always feel some uneasiness when interacting with someone whose background differs from our own. The fact is that the injustice of prejudicial acts toward those different from ourselves hurts everyone. Leaders cannot afford to be complacent. Until we get out of our comfortable "shells" and explore the diversity in our surroundings, little will change in the world and social injustice will live and flourish in the workplace. We must drive out fear. The more we can dialogue with diverse groups the better off we will be. It is fear that keeps us apart. Rather than live "in fear" of someone different from us or a group from another culture, seek to learn though communication about the person or group.
Electron Transference in Free Radical Chain Transfer Reactions

THE mechanism of free radical chain transfer reactions has been discussed recently by Kenner1 and Russell2 with regard to the question of the importance of electron transfer in a free radical abstraction process. Kenner1 advocates a two-step treatment1: in which a proton transfer step (b) follows an initial electron transfer (a). That electron transfer would precede atom transfer is not unreasonable in view of the general acceptability of the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. An alternative approach by Russell is to consider the reaction as proceeding via a transition state which encompasses both factors2,3.
Toxicological assessment of biodegraded pentachlorophenol: Microtox and fish embryos.

A Gram-negative bacterium,Pseudomonas sp. strain SR3, was isolated from soil at a former wood treatment plant in north central Florida. The ability of this bacterium to degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP) was confirmed by growing cells in a basal salts medium in which PCP was the only source of carbon and energy. Degradation from a measured concentration of 39–40 μg PCP/ml to 0.0006 μg PCP/ml was observed within 120 h of incubation in the presence of PCP-induced cells ofPseudomonas sp. strain SR3. The initial cell density in these cultures was 6 x 106 cfu/ml. Microtox® 5 min EC50 toxicity tests revealed that aqueous solutions of PCP, measured concentrations 39–40 p μ/ml were toxic but that final biodegraded samples, 0.0006 μ/g PCP/ml were nontoxic. However, bioassays with embryonic inland silversides,Menidia beryllina, showed that the biodegraded samples were embryotoxic or teratogenic. Water containing added PCP at concentrations up to 30 times higher than measured in the final biodegraded samples was less toxic/teratogenic. These results indicate that while biodegradation of PCP was nearly complete, intermediate metabolites of the degradation process or undegraded impurities in PCP were toxic or teratogenic. Thus, theM. beryllina bioassay allows extremely sensitive assessment of toxicity associated with biodegraded environmental pollutants and may be a useful criterion for determining whether bioremediated water or soil is safe for discharge back into the environment.
Differential expression of α, μ and π classes of isozymes of glutathione S-transferase in bovine lens, cornea, and retina

Abstract Isozyme characterization of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isolated from bovine ocular tissue was undertaken. Two isozymes of lens, GST 7.4 and GST 5.6, were isolated and found to be homodimers of a Mr 23,500 subunit. Amino acid sequence analysis of a 20-residue region of the amino terminus was identical for both isozymes and was identical to GST ψ and GST μ of human liver. Antibodies raised against GST ψ cross-reacted with both lens isozymes. Although lens GST 5.6 and GST 7.4 demonstrated chemical and immunological relatedness, they were distinctly different as evidenced by their pI and comparative peptide fingerprint. A corneal isozyme, GST 7.2, was also isolated and established to be a homodimer of Mr 24,500 subunits. Sequence analysis of the amino-terminal region indicated it to be about 67% identical with the GST π isozyme of human placenta. Antibodies raised against GST π cross-reacted with cornea GST 7.2. Another corneal isozyme, GST 8.7, was found to be a homodimer of Mr 27,000 subunits. Sequence analysis revealed it to have a blocked amino-terminus. GST 8.7 immunologically cross-reacted with the antibodies raised against cationic isozymes of human liver indicating it to be of the α class. Two isozymes of retina, GST 6.8 and GST 6.3, were isolated and identified to be heterodimers of subunits of Mr 23,500 and 24,500. Amino-terminal sequence analysis gave identical results for both retina GST 6.8 and GST 6.3. The sequence analysis of the Mr 23,500 subunit was identical to that obtained for lens GSTs. Similarly, sequence analysis of the Mr 24,500 subunit was identical to that obtained for the cornea GST 7.2 isozyme. Both the retina isozymes cross-reacted with antibodies raised against human GST ψ as well as GST π. The results of these studies indicated that all three major classes of GST isozymes were expressed in bovine eye but the GST genes were differentially expressed in lens, cornea, and retina. In lens only the μ class of GST was expressed, whereas cornea expressed α and π classes and retina expressed μ and π classes of GST isozymes.
Morphological variation in the interhemal areas of chorioallantoic placentae

Summary The cellular and extracellular matrix layers intervening between fetal and maternal blood in definitive chorioallantoic placentae of eutherian mammals are highly varied. Some patterns, such as reduced distance between blood streams and direct bathing of trophoblast by maternal blood, have obvious advantages. Others, such as the prevalence of hypertrophy of maternal endothelium and the interstitial lamina in endotheliochorial placentae and the tendency of processes from the maternal endothelium to abut processes from the cytotrophoblast through a thickened interstitial lamina, have no apparent advantage. Individual cells within the placental stroma that exhibit features of endocytosis (Hofbauer cells) or protein synthesis (rER-rich cells) do not correlate with chorioallantoic placental type. Further comparative studies may help unravel the functional roles of the different layers in the kaleidoscope of placental types. In this rather rapid romp through comparative placentation, we have deliberately chosen a number of species that might not be familiar to the majority of placentologists. We have done this both to illustrate the diversity of morphological relationships, to hopefully encourage more studies using these species, and because of a personal fascination with the variations in the structures that successfully cope with the peculiar problems of intrauterine gestation. With the current increase in availability of antibodies for labeling specific moieties and improvements in antigen retrieval methods, it should be possible to not only extend our knowledge of placental diversity but also to obtain clues to the positional significance of some of the placental structures.
Precise control of atomic nitrogen production in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma using N2/noble gas mixtures

The atomic nitrogen flux and impacting ion kinetic energy are two important parameters which influence the quality of deposited nitride films using reactive growth. In this letter, a method is described to control the flux and kinetic energy of atomic and molecular nitrogen ions using an electron cyclotron resonance plasma with N2/Ar and N2/Ne gas mixtures. The results clearly show that the addition of neon to nitrogen plasma can remarkably enhance the production rate of atomic nitrogen due to Penning ionization involving the metastable state of Ne. In contrast, the addition of argon significantly decreases the rate.
Encoding and Retrieval Factors in Adult Memory for Implicational Sentences.

In three experiments, young and old adults performed an encoding task on implicational sentences and were given a subsequent recall test. Experiments 1 and 2 utilized a within-subject design in which subjects performed a pleasantness-rating or word-estimation (number of words) task followed by either free or cued recall. Although there was no age difference in free recall of sentences, the young generally recalled more than the old in response to implicational cues. The pattern was similar for pleasantness-rating sentences and word-estimation sentences, despite a large main effect of encoding task. Furthermore, the age differences were not attributable to differences in education, sex, vocabulary skill, or arousal (as measured by electrodermal responsivity). In Experiment 3, a comprehension-response task replaced the word-estimation task in a between-subjects design. The earlier findings with pleasantness rating were replicated. However, no age differences in cued recall were observed with the comprehension-response task, suggesting that the older adults benefit from explicit attention to sentence implications. Age-related differences in recall are discussed in terms of deficiencies at encoding and retrieval.
Probing Subglacial Environments Under the Whillans Ice Stream

Water and wet sediments under ice sheets can play an important role in regulating the rate of ice stream flow in Antarctica, particularly over short time scales. Indeed, the discharge of subglacial lakes has been linked to an increase in ice velocity of Byrd Glacier by 10% for 14 months [Stearns et al., 2008], and studies in West Antarctica have shown that subglacial water can significantly influence overall ice stream dynamics [Fricker and Scambos, 2009], particularly at the seaward margin [Pollard and DeConto, 2009]. The subglacial environment of Antarctica also is an unexplored component of the biosphere. Low temperatures, complete darkness, and direct isolation from the atmosphere for millions of years make this one of the most extreme environments on the planet [Priscu et al., 2008]. Additionally, microorganisms beneath the ice sheet may play an important role in mineral weathering of basement rock and sediments, making them likely contributors to geochemical inputs into the surrounding ocean.
Numerical evaluation of contact and hybrid condensers for geothermal power plants

Abstract The transport and partitioning of gases in two contact condensers in use at The Geysers has been modelled numerically. Improvements on these designs have been investigated. Adding a surface type vent condenser between the main condenser and the first stage gas ejectors improves hydrogen sulphide partitioning dramatically. This “hybrid condenser” can match the performance of a surface condenser. Adding a contact type gas cooler allows 90% partitioning to be attained with steam that contains little ammonia. (This has been demonstrated in practice by Glover and Hart.)
LCIS: a boundary hierarchy for detail-preserving contrast reduction

High contrast scenes are difficult to depict on low contrast displays without loss of important fine details and textures. Skilled artists preserve these details by drawing scene contents in coarseto-fine order using a hierarchy of scene boundaries and shadings. We build a similar hierarchy using multiple instances of a new low curvature image simplifier (LCIS), a partial differential equation inspired by anisotropic diffusion. Each LCIS reduces the scene to many smooth regions that are bounded by sharp gradient discontinuities, and a single parameter K chosen for each LCIS controls region size and boundary complexity. With a few chosen K values (K1 > K2 > K3:::) LCIS makes a set of progressively simpler images, and image differences form a hierarchy of increasingly important details, boundaries and large features. We construct a high detail, low contrast display image from this hierarchy by compressing only the large features, then adding back all small details. Unlike linear filter hierarchies such as wavelets, filter banks, or image pyramids, LCIS hierarchies do not smooth across scene boundaries, avoiding “halo” artifacts common to previous contrast reducing methods and some tone reproduction operators. We demonstrate LCIS effectiveness on several example images. CR Descriptors: I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/image generation Display algorithms; I.4.1 [Image Processing and Computer Vision]: Enhancement -Digitization and Image Capture
Herpes simplex virus DNA and mRNA sequences in acutely and chronically infected trigeminal ganglia of mice.

Trigeminal ganglia of mice infected with Herpes simplex virus were examined for the presence of viral-specific DNA and mRNA sequences at both acute (4–5 days postinoculation) and chronic (6–10 weeks postinoculation) stages of the infection. Ganglionic DNA and RNA were mixed at vast mass excess with a trace of high specific activity, 125I-labeled viral DNA and the reassociation kinetics of the probe was followed. Viral DNA sequences are detected at a level of 1.2–2.0 genome equivalents per cell during the acute stage and at a level of 0.11 ± 0.03 genome equivalents per cell during the chronic stage. Viral mRNA is found at the level of 0.1–0.2 RNA equivalents per cell during the acute stage, but cannot be found during the chronic stage by techniques that would have detected the presence of 1 equivalent per 2000 cells.
Using discrete event computer simulation to improve patient flow in a Ghanaian acute care hospital.

Abstract Objectives Crowding and limited resources have increased the strain on acute care facilities and emergency departments worldwide. These problems are particularly prevalent in developing countries. Discrete event simulation is a computer-based tool that can be used to estimate how changes to complex health care delivery systems such as emergency departments will affect operational performance. Using this modality, our objective was to identify operational interventions that could potentially improve patient throughput of one acute care setting in a developing country. Methods We developed a simulation model of acute care at a district level hospital in Ghana to test the effects of resource-neutral (eg, modified staff start times and roles) and resource-additional (eg, increased staff) operational interventions on patient throughput. Previously captured deidentified time-and-motion data from 487 acute care patients were used to develop and test the model. The primary outcome was the modeled effect of interventions on patient length of stay (LOS). Results The base-case (no change) scenario had a mean LOS of 292 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI], 291-293). In isolation, adding staffing, changing staff roles, and varying shift times did not affect overall patient LOS. Specifically, adding 2 registration workers, history takers, and physicians resulted in a 23.8-minute (95% CI, 22.3-25.3) LOS decrease. However, when shift start times were coordinated with patient arrival patterns, potential mean LOS was decreased by 96 minutes (95% CI, 94-98), and with the simultaneous combination of staff roles (registration and history taking), there was an overall mean LOS reduction of 152 minutes (95% CI, 150-154). Conclusions Resource-neutral interventions identified through discrete event simulation modeling have the potential to improve acute care throughput in this Ghanaian municipal hospital. Discrete event simulation offers another approach to identifying potentially effective interventions to improve patient flow in emergency and acute care in resource-limited settings.
Treatment of Post-traumatic Simmonds' Disease with Methyl Testosterone Linguets

IN 1942 Escamilla and Lisser (3) published a clinical study of Simmonds's disease including a statistical analysis of 595 cases, 101 of which were proved pathologically. A multiplicity of synonyms has been employed in reporting cases, especially the term “hypophyseal cachexia;” more recently, and now more frequently used, is the term “panhypopituitarism,” introduced by Fuller Albright. I t is reminiscent of the term, “hypopituitarismus totalis,” used by Berblinger in 1934. This severe endocrinopathy results from a more or less complete destruction of the pituitary gland, especially of the anterior lobe. This may be caused by a tumor, infarction with necrosis, infection, or it may be consequent to a traumatic injury. The cardinal features of this malady are: (a) a marked loss of weight, often progressing to cachectic emaciation; (b) loss of sexual function—amenorrhea in the female, loss of libido and potentia in the male—and usually sterility in both sexes; (c) a low basal metabolic rate; (d) low excretion...
Simulation optimization using frequency domain methods

Simulation programs can be quite complex, sometimes involving a great number of input factors and parameters. Conventional experiments where each setting of the input values requires a separate simulation run can be quite time consuming and expensive; such experiments will be referred to as “run oriented” simulation experiments. An alternative approach is to allow the input variables in a simulation to vary according to specific patterns during a single run. Various output spectra can then be analyzed to gain information about the simulation; such experiments will be referred to as “frequency-domain” simulation experiments. This technique was initially developed primarily to aid in factor screening and to perform a global sensitivity analysis of the input parameters in a simulation. It has since been developed into a method for identifying a meta-model for the simulation response surface.In this paper an overview of frequency domain simulation experiments is first presented. A new technique for including discrete factors in frequency domain experiments will also be discussed. Recently frequency domain optimality criteria have been discovered that can be used to identify local optima in the simulation response. The focus of this paper is on these optimality criteria. A brief discussion of how optimization algorithms might be designed using frequency domain simulation experiments is presented. This last topic is the subject of current research in frequency domain simulation experiments.
Breeding performance of captive-born cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) females: Proposed explanations for colony differences.

Successful breeding by captive-born Saguinus oedipus females has now been reported from several colonies, but a marked parity effect (ie, differences in infant survival with the number of litters produced) is usually observed; survival of infants of primiparous females is extremely low but increases with subsequent litters. This parity effect was not observed in the captive-born breeding females in the Oak Ridge Associated Universities colony, with survival of offspring of primiparous females at 58.6%. Two explanations are proposed for this difference: (1) pairing with a male having previous experience in siring and rearing offspring may improve infant survival for primiparous females; and (2) postponing mating to a later age may increase infant survival for primiparous mothers.
Wittgenstein and contemporary theories of word learning

Abstract Wittgenstein's positions on word learning, rules of use, and the impossibility of a private language, as expounded in his Philosophical Investigations , are examined in relation to issues of early child word learning. Current theoretical positions in the cognitivist mode are contrasted with the social cultural pragmatic approach, and each is compared to the principles that Wittgenstein advanced. Bloom's [(2000). How children learn the meanings of words . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press] version of the cognitivist theory rejects most of the principles that Wittgenstein advanced, relying on innate cognitive endowments to explain children's success in word learning, using the word-referent mapping paradigm. Nelson's “use without meaning” and Tomasello's [(2003). Constructing a language: A usage-based theory of language acquisition . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press] social-pragmatic model of learning from use are presented as representative of Wittgensteinian principles that meaning exists in and is inferred from the uses of words within communal activities (“language games” in “forms of life”).
Low frequency oscillations in turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection

A locally time-periodic flow in Rayleigh-Benard convection in the range of Rayleigh number R of 107 to 108, Prandtl number 7, and aspect ratio 12 is reported. This time periodicity is associated with organized clusters of tilted plumes travelling steadily across the fluid layer. A scavenging plume model is presented in which prior passage of a plume has depleted the thermal boundary layer in a history-dependent way: The boundary layer is very thin where the plume has just passed, but has had time to thicken where the plume passed some time ago. Thus at any moment there is a thermal boundary layer of varying thickness, and the pressure gradient in it drives flow towards the thicker regions. There is then a shear and a down-gradient momentum flux at the wall. This boundary layer is supposed to erupt when and where its thickness reaches some critical value. Then, assuming that the interior momentum flux is entirely by Reynolds stresses, we can, by matching interior and boundary layer heat and momentum fluxes, determine the period which is shown to be in reasonable agreement with the observations.
Regional development of acetylcholinesterase activity in the maternally reared and maternally deprived cat.

Abstract The regional development of AChE in six areas of cat brain from the 43rd gestational day to adulthood has been studied. Consistent increases were found in the course of development in all areas, the greatest percent increase occurring from the 43rd gestational day to birth. No significant sex differences were found. Comparison of AChE values for cat with other species reveals a close similarity for subcortical structures but less so for the cortex. Cats reared in social isolation showed no consistent differences in regional AChE activity at 20, 30 and 60 days of age as compared with their maternally reared littermates.
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) 3'- untranslated region: a novel molecular sensor for environmental stress

Eukaryotic gene expression is a complex process that can be controlled at the level of transcription, post-transcription or translation and post-translation. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in understanding the role of 3'-untranslated region (UTR) in regulating mRNA turnover and translation. The 3'-UTR harbors the poly(A) signal and post-transcriptional regulatory sequences, like miRNA and AU-rich elements (AREs). The presence of multiple poly(A) sites often results in multiple transcripts; shorter transcripts correlating with more protein abundance. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a nuclear encoded and mitochondrial matrix localized antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Human MnSOD has two poly(A) sites resulting in two transcripts: 1.5 and 4.2 kb. We hypothesize that the 3'-UTR of MnSOD regulates its mRNA and protein levels as well as activity in response to growth states and environmental stress. Results from a Q-RT-PCR assay showed a preferential accumulation of the shorter MnSOD transcript during quiescence, which correlated with an increase in MnSOD activity. The accumulation of the longer MnSOD transcript during proliferation was associated with a decrease in MnSOD activity. Log transformed expression ratio of the longer to shorter transcript was also higher in proliferating epithelial non-cancerous (mammary: MCF-10A) and cancer cells (mammary: MB-231, SUM 159; oral squamous: SQ20B, FaDu, Cal27; and lung: A549, H292), suggesting that the abundance of the longer transcript is independent of cellular transformation status, instead it is dependent on cellular growth state. Interestingly, the abundance of the longer transcript directly correlated with percent Sphase (R=0.86). The shorter transcript was enriched in irradiated MB-231 cells. MCF10A cells exposed to 2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzo-1,4-quinone (4-Cl-BQ), a metabolite of the environmental pollutant polychlorinated biphenyl 3, showed a significant decrease in the abundance of the 4.2 kb transcript due to a faster mRNA turnover, 14 h compared to
Use of Discrete Sonic Jets as Boundary- Layer Trips in Hypersonic Flow

Discrete sonic jets as boundary layer trips producing turbulent hypersonic flows with negligible intrinsic drag and downstream distortions
Rudolf Otto and the politics of Utopia

Abstract In 1920 Rudolf Otto founded an international league to work for right, justice and peace. Known as the Religioser Menschheitsbund, the league was a deliberate attempt to provide a necessary moral and non-political complement to the League of Nations. The article examines the history of the Religioser Menschheitsbund, its ideology and practice and its contexts. Its aim is to show that in significant respects Otto's mature work reflects his convictions as a religious left liberal. We resolutely cherish the ‘Utopia’: we are convinced that through arousing and uniting human consciences it is possible to sever the course of history from the dark sway of blind ‘social laws’ and from the demonic powers of ‘group-egoism’ and to rationalize it, to subject it to the idea of common interest and justice. 1
Statistical inference and entropy

We construct an entropy function such that statistical inference with respect to a partial measurement and a given a priori distribution is characterized by maximal entropy.
Eruption time of teeth among Whites, Negroes, and Indians

Abstract 1. 1. A table of mean eruption time of males and females for four races is given. 2. 2. The eruption time of the left and right sides is the same. 3. 3. There are racial differences in eruption time. The early eruption time of teeth is in the following order: Navajo, Negro, Maya, and White. 4. 4. There are sex differences in eruption time of teeth, most marked in the canine teeth. 5. 5. Difference in eruption time of maxillary and mandibular teeth is greatest in the canine. 6. 6. The order of eruption is the same in all races but is different in maxilla and mandible and in the sexes. 7. 7. In the male maxilla the canine erupts after, and, in the mandible, before the second premolar. In the female maxilla the canine erupts after, and, in the mandible, before the first premolar.
Spectroscopic flame temperature measurements and their physical significance—I. Theoretical concepts—A critical review

Abstract In this review the basic theoretical principles of temperature measurements of completely uniform flames (with no temperature or concentration gradients of the thermometric species) by the line reversal, emission-absorption, slope, and two-line Spectroscopic techniques are first presented. Since there have been no unifying accounts on the extension of the basic theoretical concepts to more realistic non-isothermal, non-homogeneous flames, a major portion of this review is devoted to a systematic examination of the validity of temperature data obtained by Spectroscopic techniques for these flames. This examination reaffirms several well known, as well as several less familiar, limitations of the temperature values obtained for real flames. Thus, the values obtained depend on: (a) the measurement method employed; (b) the energy of the quantum states involved in the line producing transition (s); (c) the particular temperature gradient in the flame; and (d) the concentration distribution of the thermometric species. Moreover, the values observed do not represent either the average or a weighted average flame temperature, but correspond to an apparent temperature that yields the ratio of the total number of particles in the relevant quantum states found within the viewing field of the spectrometer, i.e., where T app is the apparent temperature, q and p refer to the two quantum states, g is the degeneracy, n x is the particle density and E is the energy of the quantum level. This result is quite different from the Boltzmann equation which defines the temperature T x at the point x in the flame.
Interspecific Hybrid Fiber Characteristics of Cotton Altered by Unconventional Gossypium barbadense L. Fiber Genotypes

Although fiber traits of interspecific hybrids of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. × G. barbadense L.) have been manipulated through choice of parent cultivar, the potential range of fiber trait expression in hybrids remains unclear due to limited trait variation in improved G. barbadense germplasm. This study was conducted to determine the effects of unconventional G. barbadense fiber genotypes on hybrid fiber. A second goal was to alter the fiber of interspecific hybrids from a fiber resembling an extra-long staple (35 mm) cotton to a fiber possessing long staple (30 nm), Acala-type parameters (.)
Serum prolactin and LH responses to photoperiod in bull calves.

Two bull calves were subjected to changes in daily illumination over a 12-week interval, with ambient temperature maintained at 22 C. When photoperiod was shortened from 16 to 8 h, serum prolactin decreased from a maximum of 57 ng/ml to a minimum of 8 ng/ml. Conversely, with another 4 bulls, increasing the photoperiod from 8 to16 h of lightcaused serum prolactin concentrations to increase from 25 to 100 ng/ml. The increase in serum prolactin in response to increasing photoperiod was delayed approximately 7 weeks, whereas the response to decreasing photoperiod was delayed only about 1 week. Changes in photoperiod had no effect on serum LH concentrations. We conclude thatchanges in photoperiod account, at least partially, for the seasonal changes in serum prolactin previously noted in cattle.(Endocrinology 97: 473, 1975
Sequence-independent helical wrapping of single-walled carbon nanotubes by long genomic DNA.

Because of their nanometer sizes and molecular recognition capabilities, biological systems have garnered much attention as vehicles for the directed assembly of nanoscale materials.1-6 One of the greatest challenges of this research has been to successfully interface biological systems with electronic materials, such as semiconductors and metals. As a means to address some of these issues, Sarikaya, Belcher, and others have used a combinatorial technique called phage display7-9 to discover new families of peptides that showed binding affinities to various substrates. More recently, Zheng and co-workers used combinatorial DNA libraries to isolate short DNA oligomers (30−90 bases) that could disperse single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in water.10 Through a systematic analysis, they found that short oligonucleotides having repeating sequences of gunanines and thymines (dGdT)n could wrap in a helical manner around a CNT with periodic pitch.11 Although helix formation around SWCNTs having regular pitches ...
Physics of plasmas with short pulse lasers

The development of the short pulse laser capabilities described in the first part of this conference provides opportunities to study new phenomena in plasmas. Some phenomena that require laser pulses there are short Cr (1) and relativistic I C 1) are described here including plasma wakefield excitation, relativistic self-focusing of light, remote guiding of lasers in plasmas (without optical elements), harmonic generation, and photon acceleration (frequency upshifting).