cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical Framework to Define Product Architecture

Product design over the past few decades has moved towards shorter life cycles, shorter design cycles while simultaneously having to satisfy multiple market segments. Global companies have responded to this challenge by designing products based on architectures, to meet these new market requirements. However, designing products based on architecture levies a significant tradeoff penalty on the derivative variants when compared to custom requirement-specific design. All derivative variants sharing the common architecture will have to carry the engineering weight of the variant with the most stringent performance requirements. This makes architecture definition a crucial step in achieving market success. The architecture definition process has three primary steps: architecture bandwidth definition, determining the number of variants and definition of the bandwidth of each variant. A study of the current architecture definition process in a large automobile manufacturer determined that the bandwidth and variant decision making process was entirely manual and dependant on the skill & experience of the personnel involved. This paper defines a math-based framework to define, determine and visualize the entire solution space of product variants in an individual architecture. A case study was built around a midsize vehicle architecture; with elemental physics and dynamics determining the performance attributes of each variant solution. A commercial simulation solution provided the marketshare simulation, for all the potential virtual vehicles in the solution space, providing a connection for engineering requirements to market performance. This paper begins with a brief overview of the architecture design space, walks through an analytical framework to define product architecture, and finally, future steps for this line of research.Copyright © 2010 by ASME and General Motors Company
Doing our best: surgery for rectal cancer

For resectable rectal cancer, surgical treatment must safely meet two objectives. The most important goal is to achieve an R0 tumour resection with adequate circumferential margins and a complete regional lymphadenectomy. A secondary objective is to optimise post-surgical quality of life by preserving anal sphincter function. Surgery for rectal cancer is technically demanding and requires sophisticated decision-making to achieve optimal results. How do we as a healthcare community achieve excellence in the performance of surgery for localised rectal cancer? Do quality indicators help achieve excellence, and if so, is the type of operation performed an effective quality indicator for surgery of localised rectal cancer? Four operations encompass the majority of surgery for rectal cancer. Transanal excision is reserved for small, early stage distal tumours and is not the subject of this discussion. Anterior resection (AR) and Hartmann’s resection both involve excision of the tumour and entire mesorectum from an abdominal approach. Abdominoperineal excision (APE), which is utilised for the most distal tumours, requires removal of soft tissues below the levator muscles, an anatomical space also bounded by the fatty tissues of the ischiorectal fossae and the bony pelvis. Complete excision of the mesorectum should also be performed during an APE, although for a minority of cases the nodal drainage may also involve the lateral pelvis. The extent of APR must be broadened if necessary to obtain negative margins, which are defined by the absence of tumour for a distance of 1 mm or more from the resection plane.1 This may require complete resection of the levator muscles, partial resection of sacrum and/or ileum and, when required, reconstruction of the pelvic floor with autologous tissue. A major contribution to improving surgical quality is the careful work of Dr Quirke and colleagues,1 who demonstrated the importance of technique and surgeon–pathologist …
Strain Differences and Laminar Localization of Structural Neurochemical Changes in Aging Rat

To obtain comparisons of age-related microchemical changes in cerebral cortex of two commonly employed rat strains (Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley), neurochemical assays of substances regarded as quantitative indices of structural entities in brain were performed. These included DNA as a marker for cells, lipid sialoganglioside as an index of neuronal membrane mass, and galactocerebroside as an index of myelin. Fischer 344 rats were studied at 3-4 months (young), 14-16 months (middle age) and 25-28 months (old). Sprague-Dawleys were examined at 3-6 months (young), 14-17 months (middle age) and 25-28 months (old). Significant differences in the time courses of changes occurred; Fischer rats increased their brain weight at each aging point, while Sprague-Dawley rats reached stable brain weights by 4 months of age. Neither strain had a significant change in cell packing density of somatosensory cortex as measured by DNA. However, total ganglioside sialic acid declined in both strains, occurring by middle age in the Fischer and not until senescence in the Sprague-Dawley cortex. Cerebroside galactose increased in the Fischer between young and middle age, and was not further elevated in the older group. The Sprague-Dawley had its major increase in this marker between the middle aged and senescent groups. Intralaminar assays of these same markers in young and old Fisher 344 rats again indicated that DNA did not change, and that sialoganglioside was lost from all layers of the cortex in equal amounts. However, the increase in galactocerebroside resulted entirely from increases in the lower lamina of somatosensory cortex (lamina IV and below), suggesting on-going myelination of afferent and efferent axons. The time course of lipid membrane alteration is strain-dependent and selective as to cortical laminar localization. The findings are discussed in reference to human aging change in the same neurochemical indices.
Trisomy 14 and Leukemia

A total of 11 cases with trisomy 14 as the sole abnormality were found in the database of a large cytogenetic reference laboratory from 1993 to the present. Four of the 11 cases had an isochromosome 14q. In 8 cases, the trisomy 14 was a mosaic cell line. Eight cases were diagnosed with myelodysplasia, 2 cases had both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features similar to some atypical chronic myeloid leukemia cases, and 1 case had acute myeloid leukemia of M1 or M2 type. Nine were males and two females. The median age was 77 years. Referring physicians were contacted and clinical information was available in only 8 cases. Survival ranged from 1 month to approximately 3 years. An abnormal red cell morphology, such as elliptocytes or schistocytes or both, was observed in the majority of cases. This study along with the reported cases strengthens the hypothesis that trisomy 14 is a nonrandom cytogenetic abnormality associated with myeloid malignancy.
Psychophysiological and affective correlates of video game play

800x600 Recent research has examined how playing video games affects young adults, with some evidence that playing video games can have a positive effect on cognition. Mixed results have been shown with mood. The present study sought to further examine the effect of video game play, gender, and “gamer” status on physiological functioning, mood, and cognition. Participants were 85 undergraduate students (33 females, mean age 19.18 [ SD = 2.10]) who played one of five video games (human violence, zombie violence, racing, sporting, non-violent) for 30 minutes. Blood pressure, heart rate, and mood were assessed before, during, and after game play. In addition, sustained attention was assessed after video game play. Results indicated that males responded to video game play more negatively than females, and “gamers” had less physiological reactivity to game play than non-gamers. The type of game played did not affect physiological, affective, or cognitive outcomes. Finally, females and “gamers” had better performance on a measure of sustained attention. The results of this study have implications for the use of video games in treatments for depression and social anxiety. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
Risk Identification, Assessment, and Management for the 2006 Virginia Gubernatorial Inauguration

The ability to prevent, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks as well as natural disasters is critical to national security. Successful preparation requires the coordination of many different agencies (local, state, federal, non-governmental and volunteer) in order to obtain optimal utilization of their available resources and capabilities. Currently, there is no standard system for collaboration between agencies to perform risk analysis. In addition, devising a methodology for choosing between various security options can be difficult and typically results in autocratic decision-making. These problems hinder the breadth and depth of contingency planning and should be addressed in order to increase the effectiveness of risk management applications. After the attacks that took place on September 11th , 2001, risk management has become a major concern for the United States. These recommendations outline the intent of the collaborative adaptive multiplayer hierarchical holographic modeling (AMP-HHM) tool. As a case study, the Capstone team, in conjunction with the University of Virginia Center for Risk Management of Engineering Systems (CRMES), deployed the AMP-HHM tool for the 2006 Virginia gubernatorial inauguration. The AMP-HHM framework takes a holistic approach by providing a methodology for identifying most, if not all, of the entities of a system. This allowed participants in the risk analysis process to effectively identify risks associated with the inauguration. They then used this database of scenarios to assess the criticality of each risk in terms of likelihood and consequences. Based on a vast collection of assessments, the threats that posed the largest magnitude of risk were given priority. To mitigate these risks, a multitude of security options were brainstormed and then analyzed to determine which options should be implemented, based on their effectiveness, cost, and consequences. After the risk analysis process was completed, five threat scenarios were selected as the focus for evaluating policy options. It was determined that nine broad security categories could be employed to address the five selected threats. From these security options, four were determined to be superior: security guards, fire prevention, networking, and the fortification of surrounding infrastructures. These results were used by the office of commonwealth preparedness (OCP) to better prevent, prepare for, and respond to catastrophic events through increased awareness and more efficient allocation of resources (personnel, security devices, etc.). The inauguration exercise provided insight on the effectiveness of the AMP-HHM tool as a risk analysis aid. The lessons learned from this exercise are being used to improve the software in order to increase its effectiveness in contingency planning for future risk analysis applications, such as the 2007 Jamestown anniversary
Impact of the Fåhraeus effect on NO and O2 biotransport: a computer model.

Nitric oxide (NO) and oxygen (O2) transport in the microcirculation are coupled in a complex manner, since enzymatic production of NO depends on O2 availability, NO modulates vascular tone and O2 delivery, and tissue O2 consumption is reversibly inhibited by NO. The authors investigated whether NO bioavailability is influenced by the well-known Fahraeus effect, which has been observed for over 70 years. This phenomenon occurs in small-diameter blood vessels, where the tube hematocrit is reduced below systemic hematocrit as a plasma boundary layer forms near the vascular wall when flowing red blood cells (rbcs) migrate toward the center of the bloodstream. Since hemoglobin in the bloodstream is thought to be the primary scavenger of NO in vivo, this might have a significant impact on NO transport. To investigate this possibility, the authors developed a multilayered mathematical model for mass transport in arterioles using finite element numerical methods to simulate coupled NO and O2 transport in the blood vessel lumen, plasma layer, endothelium, vascular wall, and surrounding tissue. The Fahraeus effect was modeled by varying plasma layer thickness while increasing core hematocrit based on conservation of mass. Key findings from this study are that (1) despite an increase in the NO scavenging rate in the core with higher hematocrit, the model predicts enhanced vascular wall and tissue NO bioavailability due to the relatively greater resistance for NO diffusion through the plasma layer; (2) increasing the plasma layer thickness also increases the resistance for O2 diffusion, causing a larger P(O2) gradient near the vascular wall and decreasing tissue O2 availability, although this can be partially offset with inhibition of O2 consumption by higher tissue NO levels; (3) the Fahraeus effect can become very significant in smaller blood vessels (diameters <30 microm); and (4) models that ignore the Fahraeus effect may underestimate NO concentrations in blood and tissue.
Wavelet transform for dimensionality reduction in hyperspectral linear unmixing

In Li et al. (2001), the authors investigated how dimensionality reduction using wavelet-based feature extraction can improve the classification of materials from hyperspectral reflectance. In this paper, a similar approach is suggested for the hyperspectral linear unmixing problem. The paper shows, both experimentally and theoretically, that the abundance estimation using the least squares estimation can be improved through appropriate feature extraction. The discrete wavelet transform is suggested for the feature extraction, and a wavelet-based unmixing system is designed and implemented. Two metrics, the root-mean-square error and the confidence of abundance estimation, are proposed to quantitatively evaluate the unmixing system performance.
Chromatin interaction analysis reveals changes in small chromosome and telomere clustering between epithelial and breast cancer cells

Higher-order chromatin structure is often perturbed in cancer and other pathological states. Although several genetic and epigenetic differences have been charted between normal and breast cancer tissues, changes in higher-order chromatin organization during tumorigenesis have not been fully explored. To probe the differences in higher-order chromatin structure between mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells, we performed Hi-C analysis on MCF-10A mammary epithelial and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines. Our studies reveal that the small, gene-rich chromosomes chr16 through chr22 in the MCF-7 breast cancer genome display decreased interaction frequency with each other compared to the inter-chromosomal interaction frequency in the MCF-10A epithelial cells. Interestingly, this finding is associated with a higher occurrence of open compartments on chr16–22 in MCF-7 cells. Pathway analysis of the MCF-7 up-regulated genes located in altered compartment regions on chr16–22 reveals pathways related to repression of WNT signaling. There are also differences in intra-chromosomal interactions between the cell lines; telomeric and sub-telomeric regions in the MCF-10A cells display more frequent interactions than are observed in the MCF-7 cells. We show evidence of an intricate relationship between chromosomal organization and gene expression between epithelial and breast cancer cells. Importantly, this work provides a genome-wide view of higher-order chromatin dynamics and a resource for studying higher-order chromatin interactions in two cell lines commonly used to study the progression of breast cancer.
Stimulant-induced dopamine increases are markedly blunted in active cocaine abusers.

increases induced by intravenous methylphenidate and in 24 of the cocaine abusers, we also compared dopamine increases when methylphenidate was administered concomitantly with a cocaine cue-video versus a neutral-video. In controls, methylphenidate increased dopamine in dorsal (effect size 1.4; Po0.001) and ventral striatum (location of accumbens) (effect size 0.89; Po0.001), but in cocaine abusers methylphenidate’s effects did not differ from placebo and were similar whether cocaine-cues were present or not. In cocaine abusers despite the markedly attenuated dopaminergic effects, the methylphenidate-induced changes in ventral striatum were associated with intense drug craving. Our findings are consistent with markedly reduced signaling through D2 receptors during intoxication in active cocaine abusers regardless of cues exposure, which might contribute to compulsive drug use.
Behavioral HIV risk reduction among people who inject drugs: Meta-analytic evidence of efficacy

We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate behavioral HIV risk reduction interventions targeting people who inject drugs. We included 37 RCTs evaluating 49 independent HIV risk reduction interventions with 10,190 participants. Compared to controls, intervention participants reduced injection drug use (IDU) and non-IDU, increased drug treatment entry, increased condom use, and decreased trading sex for drugs. Interventions were more successful at reducing IDU when participants were non-Caucasians, when content focused equivalently on drug-related and sex-related risks, and when content included interpersonal skills training specific for safer needle use. Condom use outcomes improved when two intervention facilitators were used instead of one. IDU outcomes did not decay, but condom use outcomes did. Behavioral interventions reduce risk behaviors among people who inject drugs, especially when interventions target both drug risk and sexual risk behaviors, and when they include certain behavioral skills components. Implications for future interventions are presented.
New Forces Shaping the Patient-Physician Relationship

The essential elements of the traditional patient-physician relationship can be preserved and perhaps enhanced even as the one-to-one nature of the relationship changes. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Intersection Forms and CR Geometry for Four-manifolds: The Kirby-Lai Adjunction Formula

This is primarily an expository note showing that earlier work of Lai on CR geometry provides a clean interpretation, in terms of a Gauss map, for an adjunction formula for embedded surfaces in an almost complex four manifold. We will see that if F is a surface with genus g in an almost complex four-manifold M, then 2 - 2 g + F \cdot F - i^{*} c_{1}(M) - 2 F\cdot C = 0, where C is a two-cycle on M pulled back from the cycle of two planes with complex structure in a Grassmannian Gr (2, C^N) via a Gauss map and where i^{*} c_{1}(M) is the restriction of the first Chern class of M to F. The key new term of interest is F \cdot C, which will capture the points of F whose tangent planes inherit a complex structure from the almost complex structure of the ambient manifold M. These complex jump points then determine the genus of smooth representative of a homology class in H_{2}(M, Z). Further, via polarization, we can use this formula to determine the intersection form on M from knowing the nature of the complex jump points of M's surfaces.
Architecture and Design Intent: An Experience Report

As part of a graduate course on software architecture and design intent, we designed a class project in which teams of students performed software engineering tasks that required them to understand the design of an open source project and evolve the architectural design in response to a set of additional functional requirements. The students used intent-based design approaches and notation systems to document intent for architectural design features. We use the students' experiences with these methodologies to explore the potential usefulness of intent-based modeling approaches to system architecture, and also to gain insight into directions for further research.
Davis Press and Meccan Madness

The owner/editor of the small Davis Press encounters a dilemma when she is given the opportunity to publish a novel set in the Islamic holy city of Mecca. Given the events of the last 16 yearsthe angry fallout after Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses, the continuing Iraq War, and the recent controversy of Koran desecration at the U.S. Naval Station Guantanamo Baypublishing the novel presents a host of various ethical dilemmas, including whether she should put her staff at risk. This case discusses the ethics of a free press and challenges the profit motive in the face of jeopardizing political and religious world affairs.
Investigation of superconducting and normal-state properties of the filled-skutterudite system PrPt 4 Ge 12 − x Sb x

We report a study of the superconducting and normal-state properties of the filled-skutterudite system ${\mathrm{PrPt}}_{4}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{12\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$. Polycrystalline samples with Sb concentrations up to $x=5$ were synthesized and investigated by means of x-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat measurements. We observed a suppression of superconductivity with increasing Sb substitution up to $x=4$, above which no signature of superconductivity was observed down to 140 mK. The Sommerfeld coefficient, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$, of superconducting specimens decreases with increasing $x$ up to $x=3$, suggesting that superconductivity may depend on the density of electronic states in this system. The specific heat for $x=0.5$ exhibits an exponential temperature dependence in the superconducting state, reminiscent of a nodeless superconducting energy gap. We observed evidence for a weak ``rattling'' mode associated with the Pr ions, characterized by an Einstein temperature ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Theta}}}_{\mathrm{E}}\ensuremath{\sim}60$ K for $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}5$; however, the rattling mode may not play any role in suppressing superconductivity.
Strategy for modeling eight-harness satin weave carbon/carbon composites subjected to thermal loads

Analysis of textile weave composites is very complicated due to the intricate 3D geometry inherent to them. Complications due to carbon/carbon material properties adds further difficulty to the analysis. The purpose of this paper is to describe a strategy for modeling the response of eight-harness satin weave carbon/carbon composites subjected to thermal loads. Computational requirements for analyzing the satin weave unit cells are shown to be very large and entail an approximate method to lessen these requirements. To this end, a reduced satin weave mesh using approximated boundary conditions was proposed which uses considerably less computational resources than the satin weave unit cell. This approximate technique was studied and compared to results obtained using a complete unit cell. It was determined that accurate predictions of thermally induced stresses within the cross-over regions of the composite could be predicted quite accurately. (Author)
Dietary Composition and Tissue Protein Synthesis I. Effect of Tryptophan Deficiency.

SummaryRate of collagen synthesis, as measured by 1-C14-glycine uptake, by skin and in subcutaneously implanted polyvinyl sponge has been shown to vary with age and diet. A tryptophan-deficient diet significantly reduced the rate of skin collagen synthesis in young animals. However, the greater loss of more labile components of the skin resulted in a relative greater percentage of skin collagen in this group. Rate of synthesis in the sponge was not significantly affected. The deficient animals showed an increased specific activity in liver and serum proteins, suggesting that protein synthesis probably occurs at a faster rate in the liver simultaneously with increased catabolism or utilization.
Toxicity of Pesticides to Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn in Southern California 1962–67

Experiments to control Heliothis zea (Boddie) were continued in southern California during the 6-year period 1962–67. By the individual-ear, paint-brush, dust-treatment method Lannate® ( S -methyl N -[(methylcarbamoyl) oxy]thioacetimidate), Matacil® (4-(dimethylamino)- m -tolyl methylcarbamate), Gardona® (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), and 2 experimental organophosphate materials, GC-6506 (dimethyl p- (methylthio) phenyl phosphate) and SD-8211 (2-chloro-1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate), were equal to or better than DDT, while Banol® (6-chloro-3,4-xylyl methylcarbamate), Furadan® (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate), Bomyl® (dimethyl 3-hydroxyglutaconate dimethyl phosphate), and experimental materials MC-A-600 (benzo[ b ]thien-4-yl methylcarbamate) SD-8530 (3,4,5-trimethylphenyl methylcarbamate), GC-4072 2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate), Ortho 5305 ( m -sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate), and GS-13005 ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with 4-(mercaptomethyl)-2-methoxy-δ2-1,3,4-thiadiazolin-5-one) were slightly less effective than DDT. Sumithion® ( O, O -dimethyl 0-4-nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate), RP-11974 (phosalone) ( O, O-diethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with 6-chloro-3-(mercaptomethyl)-2-benzoxazolinone), Baygon® ( O -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate), Bromodan® (5-(bromomethyl)-1,2,3,4,7,7-hexachloro-2-norbornene), Morestan ® (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic S, S -dithiocarbonate), pyrethrum, Heliothis virus, and 12 experimental materials ranged from 14 to 77% less effective than DDT for earworm control. In replicated commercial tests, Gardona and carbaryl were equal to or better than DDT for corn earworm control. DDT residues are present in large amounts (up to 60 ppm) in the soil in some corn fields. Earworm resistance to DDT has increased 30 to 50-fold since 1954. On sweet corn proper timing of pesticide applications hazardous to honey bees, Apis mellifera L., is important. Lannate, Abate® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O,O -diester with 4,4′-thiodiphenol), and Gardona as hand treatments gave excellent control of the thrips Frankliniella williamsi Hood on corn.
Wake Vortex Detection with UAV Close Formation Flight

Birds fly in formation to benefit from the upwash wake vortices created by their peer leader. Similar strategies can be employed on aircraft for fuel saving or for range extension. However, further understanding of wake vortices in the near field and mid field is needed for close formation flight (< 10 wingspans). This paper introduces a new method for wake vortex detection using small UAV formation. A NonLinear Dynamic Inversion (NLDI) based formation control law is adapted to the WVU Phastball UAV platform. The designed controller showed good tracking performance during close formation flight (5-10 wingspans) with typical errors of less than 3 meters during straight legs. Then, multiple sensor measurements from leader-follower UAV formation flights were used for the wake vortex detection, including angle of attack, angle of sideslip, accelerometers, and gyros. The collected flight data showed the feasibility of using UAV formation for the wake encounter detection.
Polyimide Aerogels by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Polyimide aerogel monoliths are prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a norbornene end-capped diimide, bis-NAD, obtained as the condensation product of nadic anhydride with 4,4′-methylenedianiline. The density of the material was varied in the range of 0.13−0.66 g cm−3 by varying the concentration of bis-NAD in the sol. Wet gels experience significant shrinkage, relative to their molds (28%−39% in linear dimensions), but the final aerogels retain high porosities (50%−90% v/v), high surface areas (210−632 m2 g−1, of which up to 25% is traced to micropores), and pore size distributions in the mesoporous range (20−33 nm). The skeletal framework consists of primary particles 16−17 nm in diameter, assembling to form secondary aggregates (by SANS and SEM) 60−85 nm in diameter. At lower densities (e.g., 0.26 g cm−3), secondary particles are mass fractals (Dm = 2.34 ± 0.03) turning to closed-packed surface fractal objects (DS = 3.0) as the bulk density increases (≥0.34 g cm−3), suggesting a...
Apparel needs and expectations model

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces and evaluates the new holistic model called Apparel Needs and Expectations (ANE) Model. The ANE Model provides a structure for evaluating the target customers ever-changing needs and expectations of apparel. The ANE Model can be used during the product development process to identify target customer's expectations of apparel features and during sales analysis to identify product related features which effected sales. Eighty-six students in apparel product development courses at two US universities evaluated the usefulness of the model. Students found the ANE Model a useful tool for new product development process and plan to use it in the future. This paper introduces further applications of this model in both academia and industry. Uses of the model include teaching in design and product development related courses, apparel research identification, target market evaluation, design of new products, and the examination of underperforming products in the market place.
Ozone primes alveolar macrophage-derived innate immunity in healthy human subjects.

The present study demonstrates that acute ozone exposure of healthy human subjects enhances lung immune responses to subsequent bacterial stimuli. This highlights common air pollutant exposures as modifiers of the intensity of pulmonary immune activation.
Talking about environmental education on the importance of environmental protection of Poyang Lake

Poyang Lake is China's largest fresh water lake,the wetland of international importance.Not long ago,Premier Wen Jiabao on the protection of the ecological environment of Poyang Lake made important instructions to protect this Poyang Lake,"a lake of water." The public's environmental awareness level of Poyang Lake direct bearing on the success or failure of the cause of environmental protection of Poyang Lake.And enhance public environmental awareness,environmental ethics training citizens,the most important way is to carry out effective public education on the environment of Poyang Lake.
Educating Leaders for a Global Century

When I graduated from IIT Bombay in 1984, like almost everyone else in my class, I applied to go to graduate school in America. Indeed, more than two-thirds of my graduating IIT class went to America, and most of us have stayed on to work. We were attracted to America because it was the land of opportunity. It was where the action was—where the best research was being done, where the most interesting innovation was occurring, where the best companies in the world were located, where if you had the raw talent and the hard work to back it up, anything was possible.
Community Protection from Sexual Violence

There is perhaps nothing more frightening for a parent than the prospect of a child being abducted by a stranger motivated by sexually deviant intentions. Such cases receive extraordinary media attention, and though they are, thankfully, rare events, they strike a chord of anger and fear in all of us. The most unfathomable of such crimes are those perpetrated by previously convicted sex offenders, leaving us shaking our heads and wondering "how was this person permitted to victimize another child?" Protecting children from repeat sexual predators has become a priority for U.S. lawmakers over the past two decades. In order to monitor known sex offenders more closely in an effort to prevent them from reoffending, a panoply of federal, state, and local laws now exists in the United States. Anyone convicted of a sexual crime is required to register with law enforcement authorities so that their whereabouts can be verified. This registration information is now available on publicly accessible Internet sites, allowing citizens to easily check for registered sex offenders living nearby. Many jurisdictions also prohibit known sex offenders from living or working near places where children are commonly present. These community protection policies have become some of the most popular and widespread crime prevention policies in contemporary America. But do they work? This chapter will review the history and trends of sex offender registration, community notification, and residence restrictions in the United States. Then, the empirical research regarding the effectiveness of these policies will be reviewed, along with the unintended consequences of such laws. Finally, suggestions for improving policy responses will be offered.
Measuring potential spatial accessibility of home healthcare services

Abstract Home healthcare encompasses a range of services that are provided in the home setting, including skilled nursing, physical therapy, and occupational therapy. In this paper, we study potential spatial accessibility of home healthcare services. Accessibility is a measure of the supply of and demand for home healthcare resources and the interaction between supply and demand within and between geographic regions. Home healthcare is unique in that the spatial interactions result from service regions selected by agencies, rather than from the distances between supply and demand locations. A new measure that simultaneously considers both staffing levels and eligible populations is developed and demonstrated via a case study using the state of Arkansas. To the best of our knowledge, no previous measure has been proposed to quantify potential spatial accessibility of home healthcare services within a geographic region. The results of the case study reveal disparities across the study area for each home healthcare service type.
Tracing the Development of a Haptically-enhanced Simulation for Teaching Phase Change

This paper traces the research-design-develop-test cycle of a haptically-enhanced science simulation designed to teach upper-elementary students core ideas about matter, phase change, and the role of intermolecular forces. We describe our focus group work, usability testing, and small-scale pilot testing. We also detail the technical work behind the creation of our simulation. Our project combines Unity® (a popular cross-platform game engine and integrated development environment) with the Novint Falcon® haptic force-feedback device to reach beyond typical teaching methods in today's classrooms. Most of the opportunities to learn during elementary school science take place at the visible concrete (macro) scale, side-stepping the underlying invisible (micro) scale mechanisms. We share our efforts to pinpoint the cognitive influence of haptic force-feedback and present a novel framework that assesses learners' agility moving between macroscale and microscale representations, along with their mechanistic thinking.
A Critical and Comprehensive Review of Mindfulness in the Early Years

This chapter is a comprehensive and critical approach to exploring mindfulness and its presence in early childhood education settings. Three questions are addressed throughout the chapter: (1) What is mindfulness? (2) What purpose does mindfulness serve in early childhood education settings, and what is its connection to school readiness and schoolification? and (3) What are the implications of standardizing and measuring approaches to mindfulness? Mindfulness, as often described to young children, educators, and families, is the practice of paying attention in a very special way. To some degree, it teaches children to build an awareness of oneself, others, and one’s surroundings. However, because mindfulness is a relatively new phenomenon in early childhood education settings, limited research has been conducted regarding its presence in these environments, as well as the implications it may hold for very young children, educators, and families. In order to provide context, I have examined three popular mindfulness programs that have been introduced in a variety of schools nationwide. These programs include mindful awareness practices (MAP), mindful schools (MS) program, and the MindUP curriculum for K-2. So far, very little criticism has been given to the actual purpose of positioning mindfulness in early childhood settings. In taking a critical approach, I posit that mindfulness programs such as those above aim to provide educators with the tools in order to implement a phenomenon known as “school readiness” and “schoolification”. Recommendations are shared in order to aid educators in implementing a more holistic approach to mindfulness.
Heterogeneous integration of nano devices on Si CMOS platform

This paper outlines the limits on traditional scaling of CMOS and beyond, as well as the possibilities of introducing novel materials, their devices and the organization of these structures. From these organized structures, new local information processing architectures beyond CMOS may be possible. In addition to achieving continuous improvement of performance following Moore's Law, another benefit of integration is to have more functions on a Si platform. Thus, the potential of heterogeneous integration of self-assembly wires, dots,and molecules, with nanometer scale feature sizes on a Si CMOS platform may lead to future integrated nanosystems, incorporating many functions beyond traditional electronics. Nanostructures enable reduction of defects and they may be formed without rigid conformation to the crystalline structure of the substrates, or in other words, they are relatively free from constraint of the crystalline substrates. Thus, high performance devices and circuits may be integrated in a large area. One of the major issues for continuous increase of integration level is the increase of power dissipation per unit area on chip. We examine this critical issue of integrated circuits from a fundamental point of view of power dissipation. In order to alleviate the power dissipation issue, we study locally active devices, which may be built from homogeneous to form computational systems. Systems, such as cellular automata, cellular nonlinear networks, and other similar architectures, may be explored for low power application using nanometer scale devices and their integration.
Complete Genome Sequence of Pigmentation-Negative Yersinia pestis Strain Cadman.

ABSTRACT Here, we report the genome sequence of Yersinia pestis strain Cadman, an attenuated strain lacking the pgm locus. Y. pestis is the causative agent of plague and generally must be worked with under biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) conditions. However, strains lacking the pgm locus are considered safe to work with under BSL-2 conditions.
PFISR observation of intense ion upflow fluxes associated with an SED during the 1 June 2013 geomagnetic storm

The Earth's ionosphere plays an important role in supplying plasma into the magnetosphere through ion upflow/outflow, particularly during periods of strong solar wind driving. An intense ion upflow flux event during the 1 June 2013 storm has been studied using observations from multiple instruments. When the open-closed field line boundary (OCB) moved into the Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar (PFISR) field of view, divergent ion fluxes were observed by PFISR with intense upflow fluxes reaching ~1.9 × 1014 m−2 s−1 at ~600 km altitude. Both ion and electron temperatures increased significantly within the ion upflow, and thus, this event has been classified as a type 2 upflow. We discuss factors contributing to the high electron density and intense ion upflow fluxes, including plasma temperature effect and preconditioning by storm-enhanced density (SED). Our analysis shows that the significantly enhanced electron temperature due to soft electron precipitation in the cusp can reduce the dissociative recombination rate of molecular ions above ~400 km and contributed to the density increase. In addition, this intense ion upflow flux event is preconditioned by the lifted F region ionosphere due to northwestward convection flows in the SED plume. During this event, the OCB and cusp were detected by DMSP between 15 and 16 magnetic local times, unusually duskward. Results from a global magnetohydrodynamics simulation using the Space Weather Modeling Framework have been used to provide a global context for this event. This case study provides a more comprehensive mechanism for the generation of intense ion upflow fluxes observed in association with SEDs.
From Vision to Action: One Campus's Experience with the UC CONSER Funnel

ABSTRACTIn 2006, the University of California launched a Cooperative Online Serials Program (CONSER) Funnel. It paved the way for serials catalogers across UC libraries to work with CONSER records in the OCLC WorldCat database. The first funnel dealing with bibliographic records in a decentralized approach in the Program for Cooperative Cataloging's history, it has had significant impact locally and nationally. The UC Davis Library was one of the early participants. Valerie Bross was instrumental in its establishment and implementation. This article presents the view from a participating library's standpoint and complements Valerie's article which was published here in 2010.
Cloud-based battery condition monitoring platform for large-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems using internet-of-things (IoT)

This paper proposes a novel cloud-based battery condition monitoring platform for large-scale lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery systems. The proposed platform utilizes Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices and cloud components. The IoT components including data acquisition and wireless communication components are implemented in battery modules, which allows a module to communicate with others and cloud. The cloud components include a cloud storage, analytics tools, and visualization. To validate the concept of the proposed cloud-based condition monitoring platform, a small-scale cloud battery management system (BMS) simulator is developed using Raspberry pi boards and Google cloud. Multithreads of the condition monitoring algorithms that estimates battery states and battery model parameters for individual cells are executed in Google cloud. The results show that the cloud-based battery condition monitoring platform can accurately monitor health conditions of battery cells using the high-performance computing resources in the cloud. Therefore, the proposed cloud-based condition monitoring platform can improve scalability, cost-effectiveness, safety, reliability, and optimal operation of the large-scale battery energy storage systems.
How Do Social Interaction Networks Influence Peer Impressions Formation? A Case Study

Due to their lack of physical interaction, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) participants form impressions of their teammates largely based on sociotechnical mechanisms including: code commits, code reviews, mailing-lists, and bug comments. These mechanisms may have different effects on peer impression formation. This paper describes a social network analysis of the WikiMedia project to determine which type of interaction has the most favorable characteristics for impressions formation. The results suggest that due to lower centralization, high interactivity, and high degree of interactions between participants, the code review interactions have the most favorable characteristics to support impression formation among FOSS participants.
African American Female Trajectories of Offending From Youth to Young Adulthood

Using data from the Family and Community Health Survey, the current study explores developmental pathways from age 11 to 24 of African American males and females. This study describes the number and type of trajectories of offending for male and female African Americans, as much research in the past on trajectories has focused on White and/or male samples. We also investigate predictors of offending for the females both between and within trajectory groups. Results indicated that females who experienced higher levels of racial discrimination and greater parental hostility were more likely to be in a late bloomer group, compared with the low-level group. In addition, higher levels of racial discrimination and deviant peer affiliation were predictive of more offending.
Camaraderie, common pool congestion, and the optimal size of surf gangs

This study integrates some of the seminal public choice research on clubs and recent research on prison gangs into an analysis of the formation of surf gangs. More specifically, this study presents a model examining how surf break congestion, localism effort, and surfing camaraderie work to determine the optimal size of a local surf gang. The benefits of surfing in groups fall under the heading of camaraderie, and their presence means that the optimal surf gang size is bounded away from one. The benefits of camaraderie in surfing will likely be exhausted at small numbers owing to crowding of the surf break.
Using Sampling to Understand Parallel Program Performance

Developing scalable parallel applications for extreme-scale systems is challenging. The challenge of developing scalable parallel applications is only partially addressed by existing languages, compilers, and autotuners. As a result, manual performance tuning is often necessary to obtain high application performance. Rice University’s HPCToolkit is a suite of performance tools that supports innovative techniques for pinpointing and quantifying performance bottlenecks in fully optimized parallel programs with a measurement overhead of only a few percent. Many of these techniques were designed to leverage sampling for performance measurement, attribution, analysis, and presentation. This paper surveys some of HPCToolkit’s most interesting techniques and argues that sampling-based performance analysis is surprisingly versatile and effective.
The effects of anterior arcuate and dorsomedial frontal cortex lesions on visually guided eye movements in the rhesus monkey: 1. Single and sequential targets.

Abstract This study examined the effects of anterior arcuate and dorsomedial frontal cortex lesions on visually guided eye movements in three rhesus monkeys. Lesions of the anterior bank of the arcuate, where the frontal eye fields reside, produced major deficits in the execution of saccadic eye movements to sequentially presented targets that did not recover even after 1 year after the lesions. Ablations of the dorsomedial frontal cortex, wherein the medial eye fields reside, produced much smaller and shorter-duration deficits on this task. Deficits after paired lesions of the anterior arcuate and dorsomedial frontal cortex were of approximately the same magnitude as after single anterior arcuate lesions. Anterior arcuate lesions also increased saccadic reaction times to single visual targets and decreased saccadic velocities that recovered gradually over a period of 2–5 months. Dorsomedial frontal cortex lesions produced only small increases in saccadic latencies that recovered rapidly. None of the lesions produced deficits in executing combined saccadic and pursuit eye movements to moving targets. The results suggest that the anterior arcuate area plays a central role in the execution of sequences of eye movements to successively appearing targets.