cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Population screening for carrier status: Effects of test limitations on precision of carrier prevalence rates

Because of genetic heterogeneity and ambiguity of test results, only rarely will carrier screening identify all carriers of a given autosomal recessive disorder. However, the fraction of carriers identified by the test can be estimated in a case frequency study. The population carrier rate then is the rate observed in a population screening study divided by the fraction of all defective alleles detected by the screening test, estimated in the case frequency study. For example, suppose 3% of a population are found to carry the AF508 mutation for cystic fibrosis (CF) during population screening. If a case frequency study in this same population finds that 75% of the alleles of CF cases represent the ΔF508 mutation, then the estimated population carrier rate is 4% (= .03/.75). The precision of this estimate involves the precision of both the fraction of carriers detected in the case frequency study and the proportion of carriers observed in the population screening study. Standard formulae for estimating the confidence interval and sample size consider only the variability in the population screening study. Since these formulae underestimate the true variability of the estimate of the population carrier rate, the sample size calculated for a population screening study is also underestimated. We present formulae which incorporate the variability in both factors, and illustrate the effect of this additional variability on confidence limits for estimtes and sample size when planning a study. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Virtual Humans and Persuasion: The Effects of Agency and Behavioral Realism

Two studies examined whether participant attitudes would change toward positions advocated by an ingroup member even if the latter was known to be an embodied agent; that is, a human-like representation of a computer algorithm. While immersed in a virtual environment, participants listened to a persuasive communication from a digital representation of another student. The latter was actually an embodied agent (a computer-controlled digital representation of a human). Study 1 examined the extent to which gender of the virtual human, participant gender, and the agent's behavior affected attitude change. Results revealed gender-based ingroup favoritism in the form of greater attitude change for same gender virtual humans. Study 2 examined behavioral realism and agency beliefs; that is, whether participants believed the other to be an agent or an avatar (an online representation of an actual person). Results supported Blascovich and colleague's model of social influence within immersive virtual environments. ...
Outcomes Using Predominantly Single-Stage Approach to Interrupted Aortic Arch and Associated Defects

Background Neonatal repair of interrupted aortic arch (IAA) involves an early choice between a single-stage or two-stage strategy. Risk factors for each are not yet fully investigated, especially as they relate to major associated cardiac malformations. We aimed to assess the outcome of neonates undergoing biventricular repair of IAA and associated congenital heart defects. Methods Preoperative assessment, operative management, and outcome were retrospectively reviewed for 18 consecutive patients undergoing biventricular IAA repair at Starship Children's Hospital from 2000 to 2005. Results Seventeen patients underwent a single-stage procedure and one patient weighing 970 g underwent a two-stage procedure. All but one had a ventricular septal defect. Major associated cardiac defects were present in 7 and included aortopulmonary window (1), truncus arteriosus (3), transposition of the great arteries (1), and aortic valve atresia (2). Those with major associated cardiac defects had longer procedural times but similar early mortality and intensive care unit and hospital stay. One patient required a pacemaker for complete heart block. Mean follow-up was 4.5 years with one late death and all survivors reporting normal functional status. Developmental delay was present in 5 (27%), 4 of whom had 22q deletion. Late reoperation was required in 4, including two Konno procedures and two pulmonary conduit changes. Conclusions A good functional outcome and low reoperation rate can be achieved with a single-stage repair regardless of the presence of major additional cardiac abnormalities. Neonates with risk factors such as low birth weight and prematurity require an individualized approach.
Exploiting the Unique ATP-Binding Pocket of Toxoplasma Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 To Identify Its Substrates

Apicomplexan parasites rely on calcium as a second messenger to regulate a variety of essential cellular processes. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPK), which transduce these signals, are conserved among apicomplexans but absent from mammalian hosts, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Despite their importance, the signaling pathways CDPK regulate remain poorly characterized, and their protein substrates are completely unknown. In Toxoplasma gondii, CDPK1 is required for calcium-regulated secretion from micronemes, thereby controlling motility, invasion, and egress from host cells. CDPK1 is unique among parasite and mammalian kinases in containing glycine at the key “gatekeeper” residue, which results in an expanded ATP-binding pocket. In the present study, we use a synthetic ATPγS analogue that displays steric complementarity to the ATP-binding pocket and hence allows identification of protein substrates based on selective thiophosphorylation. The specificity of this approac...
The Relationship of the Exchange Risk Premium to Net Foreign Assets and Central Bank Intervention

This paper takes another look at the portfolio theory of exchange rate behavior, using a survey-based definition of the risk premium and measuring the portfolio variable by the net stock of foreign assets. The model relates the risk premium to net foreign assets, together with related equations for expectations, the current account, and central bank intervention. Estimation from weekly data relating to the US dollar and the German mark over the period 1983-1988 shows significant effects of the current account and central bank intervention on the exchange rate. Alternative specifications do not fare as well.
A modified technique to treat oropharyngeal obstruction: The uvulopalatal flap

Surgical treatment for pediatric sleep disordered breathing on rare occasions requires modification of the palate. Traditionally, the low-hanging palatal tissue has been resected. An alternative approach is to suture the uvula to the palate.
Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease in an American patient with lymphoma and macroamylasemia.

Abstract The current case report describes an American patient who had immunoproliferative small intestinal disease complicated by B-cell lymphoma.
A hybrid model for electromagnetic scattering from forest canopies

The radiative transfer (RT) theory is the most widely used method for characterizing electromagnetic scattering behavior of a forest stand. Although this method is computationally rather efficient, it suffers from a number of shortcomings when applied to the forest problem. A fundamental problem in application of RT to a forest problem stems from the fact that the trunk layer extends through a large portion of the random medium. In this case derivation of the extinction and phase function based on the single scattering properties of an isolated trunk renders erroneous results. In this paper a hybrid method for forest-like media having a lower layer consisting of long vertical cylinders above a dielectric ground plane and an upper layer consisting of smaller weakly scattering particles is developed. The lower layer is treated using an analytical solution and the upper layer is treated using RT theory. The two concepts are combined through the use of an analytically derived extinction through the cylinder layer. Issues related to multiple scattering, coherence and integration of the RT source functions are also discussed in the context of the hybrid model. Finally, application of the model to a simple two-component random medium consisting of dielectric cylinders and small metallic spheres is presented and the results are compared with results derived from RT theory and a second order Monte Carlo simulations.
Intelligible Crosstalk in Multiple-Carrier FM Systems with Amplitude Limiting and AM-PM Conversion

Intelligible crosstalk will occur in a multiple-carrier FM system when a gain slope versus frequency characteristic is followed by AM-PM conversion. This phenomenon can be particularly serious in a communication satellite repeater that utilizes a traveling-wave tube for output power amplification. A model that includes both amplitude saturation and AM-PM conversion is developed and the two-carrier intelligible crosstalk is calculated.
PIKE: peer intermediaries for key establishment in sensor networks

The establishment of shared cryptographic keys between communicating neighbor nodes in sensor networks is a challenging problem due to the unsuitability of asymmetric key cryptography for these resource-constrained platforms. A range of symmetric-key distribution protocols exist, but these protocols do not scale effectively to large sensor networks. For a given level of security, each protocol incurs a linearly increasing overhead in either communication cost per node or memory per node. We describe peer intermediaries for key establishment (PIKE), a class of key-establishment protocols that involves using one or more sensor nodes as a trusted intermediary to facilitate key establishment. We show that, unlike existing key-establishment protocols, both the communication and memory overheads of PIKE protocols scale sub-linearly (O(/spl radic/n)) with the number of nodes in the network yet achieving higher security against node compromise than other protocols.
Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion

Chronic OME, which arises from a complex series of inflammatory events in the middle ear, affects approximately 5% to 30% of children. The mean duration of MEE is 16 to 20 weeks during the first 2 years of life. This condition is diagnosed best with pneumatic otoscopy and tympanometry. The risk of chronic OME is increased by environmental factors and characteristics of the child, including disease history. Approximately 70% of MEE are culture-positive, with approximately 50% of these yielding S pneumoniae, H influenzae, or M catarrhalis. However, antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media and OME has only a minimal effect on the long-term resolution of MEE. Research has shown that 70% of children who have chronic OME suffer mild-to-moderate hearing loss, so a child who has bilateral MEE for 3 months should undergo hearing evaluation. If the child has hearing impairment, referral to an otolaryngologist for myringotomy and tympanostomy tube insertion is a treatment option that the AHCPR recommends after 4 months of effusion with hearing loss. Sequelae of chronic OME include deficient expressive language and poorer attention skills due to the temporary hearing loss associated with OME, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss, tympanic membrane atrophy, perforation, retraction, atelectasis, and cholesteatoma.
Vitamin D and the Occurrence of Depression: Causal Association or Circumstantial Evidence?

While recent laboratory-based studies have substantially advanced our understanding of the action of vitamin D in the brain, much is still unknown concerning how vitamin D relates to mood. The few epidemiological studies of vitamin D and depression have produced inconsistent results and generally have had substantial methodological limitations. Recent findings from a randomized trial suggest that high doses of supplemental vitamin D may improve mild depressive symptoms, but important questions persist concerning how vitamin D may affect monoamine function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to stress, whether vitamin D supplementation can improve mood in individuals with moderate-to-severe depression, and whether vitamin D sufficiency is protective against incident depression and recurrence. At this time, it is premature to conclude that vitamin D status is related to the occurrence of depression. Additional prospective studies of this relationship are essential.
Child Disobedience and Noncompliance: A Review

Child disobedience and noncompliance is a recurring problem frequently brought to the attention of pediatricians and others working with children and their parents. This article reviews empirical studies concerning childhood noncompliance. Definitions of noncompliance (also called disobedience) are presented, and observational studies that have measured noncompliance in the laboratory and at home are reviewed. Studies show considerable variability in the prevalence of noncompliance, but demonstrate that it is a frequent problem for parents. Longitudinal data from the Pittsburgh Youth Study are presented to more closely examine the onset and stability of noncompliance in childhood and adolescence. Evidence suggests that extreme childhood noncompliance is relatively stable over time, peaking slightly during early adolescence and decreasing during late adolescence. Studies indicate that for some children noncompliance predicts aggression and externalizing problems. Antecedents of noncompliance including parental discipline techniques and child characteristics are reviewed. Parent training programs designed to reduce noncompliance are described, and the effectiveness of such programs is examined.
The Dialectical Nature of Argument

In a dialogical situation, a plurality of participants propound, defend, attack, and modify their views. In a dialectical situation, the participants in addition are committed to the critical testing of their viewpoints. In a basic dialectical situation, exactly one participant propounds a viewpoint and responds to the critical questions of exactly one challenger. The situation is dialectical since opposition is involved, the participants proceeding through questions and answers, playing specifically defined roles. We may model how arguments are generated through the exchanges in a basic dialectical situation. An argument is logically good if the challenger’s comprehensive critical questions are all appropriately answered. We argue that this dialectical model gives a full picture of argument faithful to its purpose. This view has distinct points of agreement with those of Johnson and Blair (1987) and of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca (1969). We address objections based on Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca’s concept of demonstration, Johnson and Blair’s understanding of inference, and Finocchiaro’s conception of what being dialectical involves.
Somatic Agglutination Reactions with Pure Cultures of Rhizobia

This chapter will describe relatively simple serological procedures for estimating the concentration of antibodies in a serum by agglutination. The rhizobial antigen is heat treated to inactivate the flagellar antigens and to illustrate the granular clumps characteristic of the insoluble somatic antigen reaction. The highest dilution of the serum at which positive agglutination occurs is used to define the titer.
Building community, real and virtual

In a University of San Francisco course on Building Christian Community videotapes of weekly sessions were exchanged with students in Taiwan and students communicated over the internet. Students learned how to report on the content, critique the process, and to apply principles. They grew more and more comfortable in class discussions, interrupting and contradicting each other and the teacher. Their discussions via e-mail grew in breadth of interest and in depth of content. Goals, strategies, and results of the course are critically assessed. Several advantages of distance learning via the internet emerged.
The policing of youth on the U.S.-Mexico border: a law enforcement perception of leniency

The study of disproportionate minority contact (DMC) has encountered at least three obstacles: the lack of research on policing, the difficulty of expanding research beyond Blacks and Whites, and the absence of research focused on different regions of the country. The authors of this article seek to fill these three gaps by exploring the reasons why Hispanic juveniles have a greater number of arrests for delinquent and nondelinquent behavior than White youth. The geographic context for this study is the Southern New Mexico border with Mexico, which is one of the poorest regions in the United States. Using various sources of data, both qualitative and quantitative, the authors contribute to the theory of minority group threat to explain how law enforcement officers participate in reinforcing DMC despite a perception of juvenile justice leniency in minority majority communities. We devote special focus toward the policing of poor communities, school discipline, and internal divisions regarding punishment-oriented strategies. Keywords: Juvenile justice; Language: en
The Synthesis of an Interstratified Layered Oxide from Exfoliated Precursors

Aqueous suspensions of exfoliated Li0.25MoO3 and Na-montmorillonite have been combined and dried to form interstratified solids. X-ray diffraction patterns of ethylene glycol treated films show that the d-spacing of restacked materials varies with composition between the limits established by the two end members. Based on these data, we conclude that the new materials are composed of individual layers from each of the precursor compounds, arranged in a random fashion. It is likely that other layered solids can be exfoliated and restacked to form new interstratified materials.
Statesmanship and Scholarship

“[Policy] is like a play in many acts which unfolds inevitably once the curtain is raised. To declare then that the performance will not take place is an absurdity. The play will go on, either by means of the actors... or by means of the spectators who mount the stage.... Intelligent people never consider this the essence of the problem, however. For them it lies in the decision whether the curtain is to be raised at all, whether the spectators are to be assembled, and in the intrinsic quality of the play….” With these words of Metternich, Dr. Henry A. Kissinger begins the chapter on the definition of the political equilibrium in his book on problems of peace in Europe between 1812–1822.
Patterns of Antibodies to SV40, in Children Following the Last Booster with Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccines

SummaryThe antibody patterns to SV40 were studied in 190 sequential sera obtained from 40 vaccinees, following their last booster dose with formalin-inactivated poliomyelitis vaccines. None of 10 subjects, immunized with vaccines prepared in cultures of minced rhesus kidney cells, developed detectable neutralizing antibodies to SV40. Seventeen of 30 subjects who received vaccines prepared in monolayer cultures of rhesus kidney cells, developed significant levels of neutralizing antibodies to SV40. In 6 of these cases, the antibody levels to SV40, remained constant for at least 3 years, while the antibody titers to Type II poliovirus showed a progressive decline. None of the sera tested contained detectable antibodies to SV40 tumor antigens.
Variable Plasma Propranolol Levels in Thyrotoxicosis

PROPRANOLOL has been widely used in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for operation,1 2 3 in the treatment of thyroid storm,4 5 and as adjunct6 or sole7 therapy in the symptomatic management o...
Transitions of Double-Stranded DNA Between the A- and B-Forms

The structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is sensitive to solvent conditions. In solution, B-DNA is the favored conformation under physiological conditions, while A-DNA is the form found under low water activity. The A-form is induced locally in some protein-DNA complexes, and repeated transitions between the B- and A-forms have been proposed to generate the forces used to drive dsDNA into viral capsids during genome packaging. Here, we report analyses on previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on B-DNA, along with new MD simulations on the transition from A-DNA to B-DNA in solution. We introduce the A-B Index (ABI), a new metric along the A-B continuum, to quantify our results. When A-DNA is placed in an equilibrated solution at physiological ionic strength, there is no energy barrier to the transition to the B-form, which begins within about 1 ns. The transition is essentially complete within 5 ns, although occasionally a stretch of a few base pairs will remain A-like for up to ∼10 ns. A comparison of four sequences with a range of predicted A-phobicities shows that more A-phobic sequences make the transition more rapidly than less A-phobic sequences. Simulations on dsDNA with a region of roughly one turn locked in the A-form allow us to characterize the A/B junction, which has an average bend angle of 20-30°. Fluctuations in this angle occur with characteristic times of about 10 ns.
Circling Up with The Assembly: A Theatre Collective Comes of Age

The Assembly is alive and well and living in New York (since 2008), creating group-devised theatre that interrogates The Weather Underground’s activism (HOME/SICK); economic and racial inequalities in the 21st century (That Poor Dream); and aging, art, and self-expression in America (I Will Look Forward To This Later). This young company of directors, designers, dramaturgs, writers, and performers celebrates the legacies of their avantgarde forebears by collectively making visually, aurally, and physically inventive political art that strives to build community.
PET performance evaluation of a RF-penetrable PET insert for simultaneous PET/MR imaging

Integrated PET/MRI enables simultaneous measurement of molecular, functional and anatomical information of the body in one combined scan, providing physicians and researchers with multi-parameter information. However, the long-term impact of integrated PET/MRI is limited by the high cost of the current commercial systems, which require the users to purchase both PET and MR subsystems, which are permanently integrated. We are developing a RF-penetrable PET insert technology to address this challenge, and a prototype brain-dedicated insert system has been built to evaluate the technology. The insert system consists of 16 detector modules assembled into a ring of an inner diameter of 32 cm. A total number of 2,048 3.2 mm × 3.2 mm × 20 mm LYSO crystals coupled one-to-one to 2,048 SiPM pixels are implemented in the system. An intrinsic spatial resolution of below 2.3 mm has been achieved by measuring the coincidence point spread functions of a 500 μm positron-emitting point source with two electronically collimated detectors. A custom resolution phantom with hot rods ranging from 2.8 to 5.2 mm diameter has been acquired and reconstructed to evaluate the image spatial resolution of the system. The sizes of the smallest resolvable hot rods in the reconstructed images were 2.8 mm and 4.2 mm, when the phantom was placed at the center of the fleld-of-view and 9-cm off-center trans-axially, respectively. An energy resolution of 15.6 % FWHM at 511 keV and a coincidence time resolution of 5.2 ns FWHM have been achieved, limited by the outdated 2008 SiPM technology employed. The variation of the energy resolution and coincidence time resolution stays within a range of 0.5 % and 80 ps over 3 hours, demonstrating the stability of the system.
Intracellular trafficking of a pH-responsive drug metal complex

We previously developed a pH-responsive copper-doxorubicin (CuDox) cargo in lysolipid-based temperature-sensitive liposomes (LTSLs). The CuDox complex is released from the particle by elevated temperature; however, full release of doxorubicin from CuDox requires a reduced pH, such as that expected in lysosomes. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of the drug-metal complex in comparison with intact liposomes and free drug. We found that the CuDox complex was efficiently internalized by mammary carcinoma cells after release from LTSLs. Intracellular doxorubicin and copper were 6-fold and 5-fold greater, respectively, after a 0.5h incubation with the released CuDox complex, as compared to incubation with intact liposomes containing the complex. Total cellular doxorubicin fluorescence was similar following CuDox and free doxorubicin incubation. Imaging and mass spectrometry assays indicated that the CuDox complex was initially internalized intact but breaks down over time within cells, with intracellular copper decreasing more rapidly than intracellular doxorubicin. Doxorubicin fluorescence was reduced when complexed with copper, and nuclear fluorescence was reduced when cells were incubated with the CuDox complex as compared with free doxorubicin. Therapeutic efficacy, which typically results from intercalation of doxorubicin with DNA, was equivalent for the CuDox complex and free doxorubicin and was superior to that of liposomal doxorubicin formulations. Taken together, the results suggest that quenched CuDox reaches the nucleus and remains efficacious. In order to design protocols for the use of these temperature-sensitive particles in cancer treatment, the timing of hyperthermia relative to drug administration must be examined. When cells were heated to 42°C prior to the addition of free doxorubicin, nuclear drug accumulation increased by 1.8-fold in cancer cells after 5h, and cytotoxicity increased 1.4-fold in both cancer and endothelial cells. Endothelial cytotoxicity was similarly augmented with mild hyperthermia applied prior to treatment with released CuDox. In summary, we find that the drug-metal complex formed in temperature-sensitive particles can be internalized by cancer and endothelial cells resulting in therapeutic efficacy that is similar to free doxorubicin, and this efficacy can be enhanced by elevated temperature.
Physical activity levels and counseling by health care providers in cancer survivors

Physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors issued by the American Cancer Society and the American College of Sports Medicine emphasize the essential role of a health care provider (HCP) in counseling cancer survivors to achieve healthier lifestyles. However, research has not established whether HCP's recommendations to engage in physical activity are associated with increased physical activity levels of cancer survivors. The study examines this potential association using the 2005 and 2010 National Health Interview Survey data. The final analytic sample consisted of 3320 cancer survivors and 38,955 adults without cancer who reported seeing or talking to a HCP and if or not they had received a physical activity recommendation in the prior year. Consistent with the aforementioned guidelines, physical activity levels were categorized as inactive, insufficiently active, and sufficiently active (i.e., meeting guidelines). Average adjusted predictions and marginal effects were estimated from generalized ordered logit models. Multivariable regressions controlled for socio-demographic and health-related characteristics and survey year. On average, receipt of a HCP's physical activity recommendation was associated with a lower adjusted prevalence of inactivity by 8.3 percentage points and a higher adjusted prevalence of insufficient and sufficient activity by 4.6 and 3.7 percentage points, respectively, regardless of cancer diagnosis (P's<0.05). A HCP's recommendation is associated with higher levels of leisure-time aerobic physical activity among cancer survivors and adults without cancer. The communication between cancer survivors and their HCPs may act as a 'window' of opportunity to increase physical activity levels among the U.S. cancer survivors.
CD38 as a PET Imaging Target in Lung Cancer

Daratumumab (Darzalex, Janssen Biotech) is a clinically approved antibody targeting CD38 for the treatment of multiple myeloma. However, CD38 is also expressed by other cancer cell types, including lung cancer, where its expression or absence may offer prognostic value. We therefore developed a PET tracer based upon daratumumab for tracking CD38 expression, utilizing murine models of non-small cell lung cancer to verify its specificity. Daratumumab was prepared for radiolabeling with 89Zr (t1/2 = 78.4 h) through conjugation with desferrioxamine (Df). Western blot, flow cytometry, and saturation binding assays were utilized to characterize CD38 expression and binding of daratumumab to three non-small cell lung cancer cell lines: A549, H460, and H358. Murine xenograft models of the cell lines were also generated for further in vivo studies. Longitudinal PET imaging was performed following injection of 89Zr-Df–daratumumab out to 120 h postinjection, and nonspecific uptake was also evaluated through the injec...
Field-Assisted Splitting of Pure Water Based on Deep-Sub-Debye-Length Nanogap Electrochemical Cells

Owing to the low conductivity of pure water, using an electrolyte is common for achieving efficient water electrolysis. In this paper, we have fundamentally broken through this common sense by using deep-sub-Debye-length nanogap electrochemical cells to achieve efficient electrolysis of pure water (without any added electrolyte) at room temperature. A field-assisted effect resulted from overlapped electrical double layers can greatly enhance water molecules ionization and mass transport, leading to electron-transfer limited reactions. We have named this process “virtual breakdown mechanism” (which is completely different from traditional mechanisms) that couples the two half-reactions together, greatly reducing the energy losses arising from ion transport. This fundamental discovery has been theoretically discussed in this paper and experimentally demonstrated in a group of electrochemical cells with nanogaps between two electrodes down to 37 nm. On the basis of our nanogap electrochemical cells, the elec...
Implicit identification with death predicts change in suicide ideation during psychiatric treatment in adolescents.

Background Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are major public health concerns in youth. Unfortunately, knowledge of reliable predictors of suicide risk in adolescents is limited. Promising research using a death stimuli version of the Implicit Association Test (Death IAT) indicates that stronger identification with death differs between adults with and without a history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors and uniquely predicts suicide ideation and behavior. However, research in adolescents is lacking and existing findings have been mixed. This study extends previous research by testing whether implicit identification with death predicts changes in suicide ideation during psychiatric treatment in adolescents. Methods Participants included 276 adolescents, ages 13–19, admitted to a short-term residential treatment program. At hospital admission and discharge, adolescents completed the Death IAT and measures of recent suicidal thoughts. Results At admission, implicit identification with death was associated with recent suicide ideation, but did not differ between those who engaged in prior suicidal behavior and those who did not. Prospectively, adolescents' implicit identification with death at admission significantly predicted their suicide ideation severity at discharge, above and beyond explicit suicide ideation. However, this effect only was significant for adolescents with longer treatment stays (i.e., more than 13 days). Conclusions Implicit identification with death predicts suicidal thinking among adolescents in psychiatric treatment. Findings clarify over what period of time implicit cognition about death may predict suicide risk in adolescents.
Synthesis of Au38(SCH2CH2Ph)24, Au36(SPh-tBu)24, and Au30(S-tBu)18 Nanomolecules from a Common Precursor Mixture

Phenylethanethiol protected nanomolecules such as Au25, Au38, and Au144 are widely studied by a broad range of scientists in the community, owing primarily to the availability of simple synthetic protocols. However, synthetic methods are not available for other ligands, such as aromatic thiol and bulky ligands, impeding progress. Here we report the facile synthesis of three distinct nanomolecules, Au38(SCH2CH2Ph)24, Au36(SPh-tBu)24, and Au30(S-tBu)18, exclusively, starting from a common Aun(glutathione)m (where n and m are number of gold atoms and glutathiolate ligands) starting material upon reaction with HSCH2CH2Ph, HSPh-tBu, and HStBu, respectively. The systematic synthetic approach involves two steps: (i) synthesis of kinetically controlled Aun(glutathione)m crude nanocluster mixture with 1:4 gold to thiol molar ratio and (ii) thermochemical treatment of the purified nanocluster mixture with excess thiols to obtain thermodynamically stable nanomolecules. Thermochemical reactions with physicochemically...
Galician Studies, Language, and Linguistics in US Academic Curricula

This chapter argues for the importance of the study of Galician topics (such as migration, diaspora, or linguistic identity) within the US curricula as bridges between US students and European cultures. Galician culture and history naturally encourage an interdisciplinary view of the humanities: Galicia’s vital relation to its maritime environment brought about an early understanding of sustainable fisheries and ecological concerns seen in the ecocritical discourse of Galician literature and film. Moreover, the Galician sociolinguistic situation deeply resonates with US students who are heritage speakers of Spanish, since it shows the difference between language competence and actual use, which depends on prestige, and has ramifications for attitudes toward immigration, ideology, power, and education rights. This chapter contends that Galician Studies contribute to enhancing our critical thinking in terms of promoting cultural and linguistic diversity.
Unsupervised multiview learning with partial distribution information

We consider a training data collection mechanism wherein, instead of annotating each training instance with a class label, additional features drawn from a known class-conditional distribution are acquired concurrently. Considering true labels as latent variables, a maximum likelihood approach is proposed to train a classifier based on these unlabeled training data. Furthermore, the case of correlated training instances is considered, wherein latent label variables for subsequently collected training instances form a first-order Markov chain. A convex optimization approach and expectation-maximization algorithms are presented to train classifiers. The efficacy of the proposed approach is validated using the experiments with the iris data and the MNIST handwritten digit data.
Effect of short-term water restriction on oxidative and inflammatory status of sheep (Ovis aries) reared in Southern Italy

Abstract Water restriction (WR) may impair productive and reproductive performances in livestock. Our major aim was to assess physiological changes associated with a short-term WR in sheep reared in Southern Italy, in order to develop novel methods for evaluating/monitoring the biological implications of such environmental stress. Control animals received water ad libitum (24 h/day) throughout the experimental period. Treated animals were exposed to progressive water restriction (WR) (days 0–4: 12–6 h/day; days 4–8: 3 h/day), followed by a re-adaptation phase (days 9–10). Plasma concentrations of nitro-tyrosine (N-Tyr) and carbonyl (PC) derivatives were measured as markers of protein oxidation. Lipid hydroperoxides (LPOs) were titrated as index of lipid oxidation. Haptoglobin (Hpt) and cortisol were titrated as markers of systemic inflammation and endocrine stress, respectively. Polypeptide profiling of serum samples was performed by MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Plasma N-Tyr concentration was higher in WR group at day 8 and 10, and significantly increased from day 4–8. Both PC and LPOs levels were higher in WR animals at each time point, and increased until day 8. The concentration of the inflammatory marker Hpt was higher in WR at day 4 and 8, and progressively increased until day 8. MALDI-TOF-MS ascertained decreased levels of apolipoprotein A-II (ApoA-II) and increased levels of platelet factor 4 (PF4) in WR animals at day 8. Taking into consideration the limitations due to the involvement of these redox status and inflammatory biomarkers in other stressing events, these results suggest that N-Tyr concentration might contribute to assess whether a condition of severe WR is occurring, while PC and LPOs may be used for identifying WR animals, and for evaluating the extent of deprivation. The concentration of Hpt, PF4 and ApoA-II might be used in combination for identifying dehydrated animals, and for monitoring the restoring of homeostasis.
Structure of the acetylcholinesterase gene regulation of its expression

The predominant degeneration of cholinergic neurons extending from the nucleus basalis of Meynert suggests that retarding the loss of cholinergic function may prove palliative in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Use of selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors which are retained within the central nervous system is one widely considered approach. An alternative approach would be regulation of expression of proteins critical to cholinergic nervous system function. However, this approach, to be most effective, would require adjustment of subtle differences in gene expression. For example, enhancement of the transport and enzymatic processes involved in acetylcholine biosynthesis concomitant with a decrease in AChE expression might be therapeutically beneficial in facilitating the availability of neurotransmitter. However, AChE may play a role in the development of the nervous system (Layer and Sporns, 1987) and in the maintenance of synaptic and heterologous cell contacts (DeLa Escalera et al., 1990). Thus, a rational approach to therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer’s disease requires a detailed knowledge of the potential target. Recombinant DNA technology should prove useful in this regard. Already expression of cloned genes provides sources of human AChE (Soreq et al., 1990; Li et al., 1991) and site-directed mutants (Gibney et al., 1990; Soreq et al., 1991) add a new dimension to structure-activity relationships. Moreover, recombinant techniques should define selective trophic factors and trans-activating factors which influence expression of gene products essential to neurotransmission. In this chapter we describe a target of therapeutic attack, AChE, and how expression of its gene is regulated.
Catalytic activity of a large Rhodium metallaborane towards the [2+2+2] cycloaddition of alkynes

Abstract Rhodadecaborane [6-( η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )- nido -6-RhB 9 H 13 ] ( 1 ) was found to be able to catalyze the [2+2+2] cycloaddition of a series of terminal and internal alkynes to yield mixtures of 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-substituted benzene. The reactivity of compound 1 with alkynes demonstrates that decaborane based metallaborane can be used as the catalyst for [2+2+2] cycloaddition of alkynes. All compounds are characterized by NMR spectroscopy and MS spectrometry methods.
FIM Studies of Surface Migration of Single Adatoms and Diatomic Clusters with and without a Driving Force

Surface diffusion, a concept adopted by M. Volmer and I. Esterman1 as early as 1921, is an important phenomena related to the kinetics of crystal growth, surface reactivity, adsorption and desorption, sintering, two-dimensional phase transformation, and other phenomena requiring transport of atoms from one location to another on a surface.
Changing Trends in Etiology-Based Annual Mortality From Chronic Liver Disease, From 2007 Through 2016.

Background & Aims Although treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has improved, the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) has been increasing, so we need an updated estimate of the burden and etiology-specific mortality of chronic liver diseases. We studied trends in age-standardized mortality of chronic liver diseases in adults at least 20 years old in the United States from 2007 through 2016. Methods We collected data from the US Census and National Center for Health Statistics mortality records and identified individuals with HCV infection, ALD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, or hepatitis B virus infection using ICD-10 codes. We obtained temporal mortality rate patterns using joinpoint trend analysis with estimates of annual percentage change (APC). Results Age-standardized HCV-related mortality increased from 7.17 per 100,000 persons in 2007 to 8.14 per 100,000 persons in 2013, followed by a marked decrease in the time period at which patients began receiving treatment with direct-acting antiviral agents (from 8.09 per 100,000 persons in 2014 to 7.15 per 100,000 persons in 2016). The APC in HCV mortality increased 2.0%/year from 2007 through 2014 but decreased 6.4%/year from 2014 through 2016. In contrast, age-standardized mortality increased for ALD (APC 2.3% from 2007 through 2013 and APC 5.5% from 2013 through 2016) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (APC 6.1% from 2007 through 2013 and APC 11.3% from 2013 through 2016). Mortality related to hepatitis B virus decreased steadily from 2007 through 2016, with an average APC of −2.1% (95% CI −3.0 to −1.2). Etiology-based mortality in minority populations was higher. HCV-related mortality (per 100,000 persons) was highest in non-Hispanic blacks (10.28) and whites (6.92), followed by Hispanics (5.94), and lowest in non-Hispanic Asians (2.33). Non-Hispanic Asians had higher mortality for hepatitis B virus infection (2.82 per 100,000 vs 1.02 for non-Hispanic blacks and 0.47 for non-Hispanic whites). Conclusion In our population-based analysis of chronic liver disease mortality in the United States, the decrease in HCV-related mortality coincided with the introduction of direct-acting antiviral therapies, whereas mortality from ALD and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increased during the same period. Minorities in the United States have disproportionately higher mortality related to chronic liver disease.
Phase Ib study of cabozantinib plus panitumumab in KRAS wild-type (WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

3548Background: Anti-EGFR therapy improves survival for patients (pts) with RAS WT mCRC, but nearly all pts develop therapeutic resistance. MET amplification (amp) is a well-described driver of acq...
Nut of Juglans bergomensis (Balsamo Crivelli) Massalongo in the Miocene of North America

A new occurrence of fossil butternut is recognized based on a permineralized highly scabrate walnut from the middle Miocene of western Washington, USA. The specimen fits the circumscription of Juglans bergomensis (Balsalmo Crivelli) Massalongo, a species that was widespread in Europe and Asia during the Neogene. The occurrence near Brady, Washington, supplements the previously recognized occurrence from Banks Island, Canada, indicating a distribution in mid-latitude western North America as well as Europe and Asia during the Miocene.
Building facade multi-objective optimization for daylight and aesthetical perception

Abstract In recent years, especially in a building envelope, parametric design provides a method of continuous deformation of facade patterns until the architect finds interesting patterns or shapes that satisfy the desired aesthetics. However, these new design methods pose a question regarding the reasoning behind them, and sometimes the aesthetic interest dominates the true function of the envelope system and contrasts it. In opposite, too much engineering in the envelope system creates a problem with the identity of the facade. The purpose of this paper is to propose a method to integrate two different performances, quality and quantity, into one measurable goal. Using an existing building's facade as a case study, the building's facade was analyzed to understand the architect's logic behind its design. Then the found logic was programmed into the tool that allowed for the morphing of the facade into a different configuration, which can be evaluated by both quality and quantity performance to find the better solution to satisfy both goals. For the purpose of this paper, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms were considered to find solutions. For a quantitative objective, the indoor daylight availability was used as a measurement to allow for the best daylighting performance envelope system. For a qualitative objective, a matrix was developed to find the user's design preference and used it to evaluate and find a quantitative performance goal. The proposed method provides building facades that satisfy daylighting performance, and most importantly, it allows users to match their aesthetic sensibilities with the design preference.
Can we trust profiling results?: understanding and fixing the inaccuracy in modern profilers

Profilers are an indispensable component in modern software stack of data centers and supercomputers. Profilers collect detailed performance data during program execution and guide code optimization across the entire software stack. The accuracy of the profiling result proves to be vital for one to effectively gain performance insights. Unfortunately, inaccuracy may arise due to measurement techniques or hardware limits, which can waste optimization efforts. However, there are few studies in evaluating the accuracy of modern profiling techniques. In this paper, we study performance monitoring units (PMU) based statistical sampling, one of the profiling techniques widely adopted by many state-of-the-art profilers. While PMU sampling based profilers are efficient in collecting performance data, they suffer from inaccurate instruction measurement due to the intrinsic limit in the PMU design. To understand and fix the instruction profiling inaccuracy, we propose a novel 3-step approach. First, we investigate multiple modern architectures and quantify the PMU instruction profiling inaccuracy in these architectures with mathematical modeling. Second, we design a systematic framework to evaluate the impact of PMU inaccuracy to the profiling results. Finally, we propose a software-based technique to rectify the measurement inaccuracy raised by PMU and demonstrate its effectiveness.
The architecture of the avian retina following exposure to chronic 2 G.

Rhode Island Red female chicks at 2 weeks posthatch were subjected, for 7 d, to either earth gravity of 1 G or a 2-G hypergravity environment by chronic whole-body centrifugation. Animals were sacrificed at 3 weeks posthatch and the eyes were enucleated, fixed in 10% BNF, doubly embedded, sectioned at 7-8 microns and routinely processed with H & E for histological examination. Compared to normogravity controls, animal exposure for 1 week to the chronic effects of 2-G resulted in a significantly decreased mean width of the photoreceptor, inner nuclear, and inner plexiform retinal layers. The outer nuclear, outer plexiform, and ganglion cell layers of the retina appeared minimally affected by the hypergravity state since the mean width of these layers showed no noticeable differences from earth gravity control animals. The present anatomic findings suggest a reduction in the detection of motion or rapid changes in illumination by the avian retina when the animal is exposed at a 2-G environment.