cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Nature from a Georgist Perspective

George's view of human nature was also deeply rooted in the Judeo-Christian tradition. Since God's creation was good, so too were humans intended for good—not evil. Through creation, each person was accorded dignity by God and equal status with all other humans, regardless of the accidents of birth. God established people as stewards rather than owners of the world; they were entrusted with the special labor of enacting just and eternal laws that would perpetuate creation itself and dispense God's bounty for all. He intended them to be rational beings, seekers of justice, communitarian and free. By allowing, participating in, and often benefitting from unjust structures regarding land ownership, Christians engaged in theft. It was thus up to George and others in “the movement” to build consensus, to persuade, to become politically involved, and ultimately to inaugurate, practice, and enforce land laws allowing equal opportunity to all.
Applying Markus and Robey's Causal Structure to Examine User Technology Acceptance Research: A New Perspective

In this paper, we examine prior research on user technology acceptance from the perspective of theoretical structures based on Markus and Robey’s causal structure. Prior studies usually take a technology imperative perspective, use variance theories, and emphasize the micro level of analysis. We argue that this combination is limited. This may lead to some inconsistencies and limited explanatory powers in the existing studies. We propose an alternative “emergent perspective – process theories – mixed level of analysis” approach to study technology acceptance phenomena. To demonstrate how the new approach can be used to guide research, a new research model is proposed and several propositions are derived and discussed. This study draws on several prior theories and models but reassembles them in a novel way. The paper concludes with implications for both research and practice.
The neurobiology of cognition

Perhaps the deepest mysteries facing the natural sciences concern the higher functions of the central nervous system. Understanding how the brain gives rise to mental experiences looms as one of the central challenges for science in the new millennium.
Modeling with Nonliving Objects to Enhance Understanding of Phylogenetic Tree Construction

Abstract Understanding how to read and interpret phylogenetic trees is an essential skill for biology students. We tested an alternative approach in which students draw trees showing the evolution of familiar nonliving objects, such as cell phones and vehicles, rather than unfamiliar species. We surveyed students in a two-semester biology sequence for majors to determine whether this approach increased engagement, and we found that they preferred the alternative approach. Another group of students performing the activity with nonliving objects showed that performance on a content assessment was not changed before and after the activity. A final group showed that students who had drawn trees of nonliving objects beforehand were able to draw phylogenetic trees of living species more accurately than classmates who did not draw them previously. Although drawing trees of nonliving objects rather than living species did not affect students' content-learning outcomes, it did improve their ability to draw phyloge...
Tutorial on tandem mass spectrometry database searching

Identifying peptides, and ultimately proteins, by searching sequence databases with tandem mass spectra of peptides is one of the most widely used proteomics techniques. The steps by which a user actually performs a search are fairly straightforward and are described in this article. Although this article goes through the identification process of searching a single tandem mass spectrum to identify a single peptide, most users will not usually selective search only one spectrum but would query the full set of tandem mass spectra acquired in an entire LC-MS/MS run. The underlying steps and analysis considerations outlined here are relevant in either scenario. Keywords: database searching; peptide fingerprinting; tandem mass spectrometry; MS/MS; proteomics; tutorial
A multimodal imaging analysis of subcortical gray matter in fragile X premutation carriers.

Approximately 40% of males with the fragile X premutation develop fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome after age 50. Although the thal- amus and basal ganglia play a crucial role in movement disorders, their involvement in fragile X premutation carriers has not been systematically investigated. The current study characterized structural abnormalities associated with fragile X premutation carriers (with and without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome) in the thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus using T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imag- ing. Male premutation carriers with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome showed significant volume at- rophy and diffusion-weighted signal loss in all 4 struc- tures compared with the control group. They also exhibited volume atrophy and diffusion-weighted signal loss in the thalamus and striatum compared with the premutation carriers without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Importantly, many of the meas- urements exhibited robust correlations with symptom severity, with volume and diffusion-weighted imaging measurements displaying negative correlations and fractional anisotropy measurements displaying positive correlations. The current study demonstrated involve- ment of all 4 subcortical gray matter structures in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, with significant volume atrophy, and possible iron deposition indicated by the diffusion-weighted signal loss. The significant correlation between the subcortical measurements and symptom severity suggests the benefits of tracking structural changes in subcortical gray matter in future longitudinal studies for early detection and disease monitoring. V C 2013 Movement Disorder Society
Let mother earth wrap her arms around you: The use of poetry and nature for emotional healing

Blending the healing qualities of both nature and poetry opens up a wealth of therapeutic pathways for the therapist and client. The use of both poetry and nature provides opportunities for connection, insight, structure and healing.
Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome among African Americans as compared with whites: a population-based study.

Background & Aims:We studied the prevalence as well as the sociodemographic characteristics and quality of life of African American patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) among the population at large and compared them with those of whites. Methods:A total of 990 adults from 9 different sites in the Jackson, Mississippi metropolitan area (670 African Americans and 320 whites) completed self-administered questionnaires providing sociodemographic information and details regarding bowel habits and associated symptoms for diagnosing IBS on the basis of Rome II criteria. Quality of life was assessed by the SF-12 questionnaire. Results:Ninety-five of the 990 participants had IBS, giving a total sample prevalence of 9.6% (African Americans, 7.9%; whites, 13.1%). Adjusting for other risk factors in a reduced logistic regression model, we found race ( P = .0004) and education ( P = .0049) to be important correlates of IBS prevalence. The household income showed a trend toward statistical significance ( P = .0845). With the adjusted odds ratio as an estimate of relative risk, whites were 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.5–4.0) more likely than African Americans to have IBS. In terms of an index for quality of life (possible score, 1–44), the adjusted mean score was lower for adults with IBS compared with non-IBS adults (IBS mean, 29.8; no IBS, 34.2; P
Effects of diphenylamine on carotenoids and menaquinones in bacterial membranes.

Abstract When Micrococcus lysodeikticus was grown in the presence of 12.5, 25 and 50 μg diphenylamine per ml medium, the formation of the more conjugated carotenoids in the membranes was inhibited to the extent of 66–97%; the corresponding percentage inhibition values for Sarcina lutea membranes ranged from 83% to 98%. Menaquinone-9 was identified in the membranes of M. lysodeikticus and S. lutea and the contents of this compound in the isolated membranes were 7.8–12.1 μmoles/g and 3.8–4.4 μmoles/g, respectively, thus constituting up to about 4% of the membrane lipid. Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis possessed menaquinone-7 in their membranes and the contents were 3.2, 8.4 and 10.0 μmoles per g membrane, respectively. At diphenylamine concentrations of 25–50 μg per ml medium, which reduced the carotenoid contents by 90% or more, the effects on the menaquinone contents of M. lysodeikticus and S. lutea membranes were variable, showing a reduction of 3–23% at a diphenylamine concn. of 50 μg per ml while at the 12.5 μg diphenylamine per ml level the contents were 12–34% higher than those of the control preparations. With the non-pigmented B. megaterium , diphenylamine concentrations of 12.5 and 25 μg per ml medium reduced the content of menaquinone-7 by about 10%. Diphenylamine was taken up by both growing cells and washed cell suspensions and was detected in the membrane lipid fraction. Diphenylamine was specifically localized in the membrane fractions isolated from cells grown in its presence and from washed cells incubated in buffer containing diphenylamine. B. megaterium grown in the presence of 25 μg diphenylamine per ml contained up to 1 mg diphenylamine per g membrane.
Introduction: Elucidating the neural basis of the self

In this special issue, leading neuroscientists and neurologists present comprehensive review papers and empirical studies on the topic of the neural basis of self-identification. Winston Chiong beg...
Photolabile Carbonyl Protecting Group: A New Tool for Light-Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents

A new type of photolabile carbonyl-protecting group was utilized in releasing anticancer agents upon irradiation at 350 nm in an aqueous environment. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Optimum extrapolation and interpolation designs II

For regression problems where observations may be taken at points in a set X which does not coincide with the set Y on which the regression function is of interest, we consider the problem of finding a design (allocation of observations) which minimizes the maximum over Y of the variance function (of estimated regression). Specific examples are calculated for one-dimensional polynomial regression when Y is much smaller than or much larger than X. A related problem of optimum estimation of two regression coefficients is studied. This paper contains proofs of results first announced at the 1962 Minneapolis Meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. No prior knowledge of design theory is needed to read this paper.
Nonlinear Models for Optimal Placement of Magnetically-Actuated Cilium

Artificial cilia systems are used for microfluidic manipulation. By analogy to the biological cilia, such systems seek to mix, separate, or propel fluids, particularly in the low-Reynolds-number regime, without damaging sensitive samples. An important category of artificial cilia systems is magnetically-actuated artificial cilia, since the driving magnetic field does not interact with many samples of interest. Simulation results are presented to show that linear modeling fails to adequately predict the optimal location due to strong nonlinear effects; using the linear result to select magnet placement results in amplitudes 84% lower than the amplitude with the optimal placement found using the nonlinear model. This represents a substantial loss in efficacy. Since large amplitudes are desirable to enhance flow manipulation, the results illustrate the importance of nonlinear dynamics models in the design of magnet-cilia devices.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Spontaneous Talkers Among Students with Learning Disabilities Implications of Right Cerebral Dysfunction

Experimental studies and clinical observations have indicated that right-hemisphere lesions produce impulsive talkative behavior. An exploratory study was conducted to investigate whether right-cerebral dysfunction would be evident in the intelligence test scores of talkative students with learning disabilities. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.
From Interviews to Social Network Analysis: An Approach for Revealing Social Networks Embedded in Narrative Data:

This article describes the process of discovery used to convert interview data into a format readable into MultiNet for social network analysis. Based on the 2005 doctoral dissertation research of Willie McKether, the authors describe the steps used to collect and store interview data in Microsoft Word, the preparation process for exporting the interviews to ATLAS.ti for coding, the coding process, and the conversion path that allowed them to export the coded qualitative data from ATLAS.ti to SPSS and ultimately to MultiNet for social network analysis. This study is significant because it describes a replicable conversion technique that can be used by experienced scholars and those unfamiliar with the range of network analysis programs and conversion possibilities.
White to Brown Fat Phenotypic Switch Induced by Genetic and Environmental Activation of a Hypothalamic-Adipocyte Axis

Living in an enriched environment with complex physical and social stimulation leads to improved cognitive and metabolic health. In white fat, enrichment induced the upregulation of the brown fat cell fate determining gene Prdm16, brown fat-specific markers, and genes involved in thermogenesis and β-adrenergic signaling. Moreover, pockets of cells with prototypical brown fat morphology and high UCP1 levels were observed in the white fat of enriched mice associated with resistance to diet-induced obesity. Hypothalamic overexpression of BDNF reproduced the enrichment-associated activation of the brown fat gene program and lean phenotype. Inhibition of BDNF signaling by genetic knockout or dominant-negative trkB reversed this phenotype. Our genetic and pharmacologic data suggest a mechanism whereby induction of hypothalamic BDNF expression in response to environmental stimuli leads to selective sympathoneural modulation of white fat to induce "browning" and increased energy dissipation.
LES GRENADES (POMEGRANATES): Valéry's Muse of Many Seeds

Paul Valery's (1871–1948) octosyllabic, Petrarchan sonnet “Les grenades” (“Pomegranates”) celebrates the pomegranate as a muse of many seeds and uses it as a metaphor for both poetry and the human ...
Integrated routing and channel arbitration in overlaid mesh WiNoC

Unequal RF nodes are properly deployed to improve network performance of wireless network-on-chip benefited from the greatly reduced network diameter, forming the so called overlaid mesh WiNoC. However traffic can be severely congested at big nodes which serves as the access points to long links. To optimize system performance, a cross-layer design solution is delivered which integrates a dynamic routing selection scheme and a handshaking based multi-channel arbitration method. In dynamic routing, the routing decision is dynamically selected in a way that temporarily detours the routing path when a default overlaid routing path gets congested. Integrated seamlessly with the routing scheme, a multi-channel assignment and arbitration scheme is developed to enhance bandwidth usage and reduce contention overhead. Our simulation studies highlight the optimization effectiveness and performance impact of the cross-layer approach over the layered design.
Multiturn Injection into the Converted AGS

A description is given of the status and performance of the AGS multiturn injection system. Experimental results are presented and compared with analytical predictions. Details are given concerning on-line computer emittance-acceptance matching and multiturn stacking in either the "horizontal only" mode or "horizontal-vertical" mode. In addition, a description is given of specific components such as the "horizontal-vertical" inflector and the emittance measurement device.
Relative ventilation and perfusion of left versus right lung in mitral stenosis

Abstract We measured relative ventilation, perfusion and ventilation/perfusion ratio of the left versus the right lung using a radioactive xenon method in 15 seated patients with mitral stenosis. The relative ventilation/perfusion ratio of the left lung was significantly less in these patients than in 11 normal subjects and there was a significant negative correlation between the ventilation/perfusion ratio of the left lung and pulmonary intravascular pressure. There was little difference between relative perfusion of the two lungs, and the reduced ventilation/perfusion ratio of the left lung seems to be mainly due to relative hypoventilation, perhaps the result of compression or distortion of the left main stem bronchus. None of the patients had more than a slight reduction in the ventilation/perfusion ratio of the left lung, and it is not likely that between lungs differences in regional function significantly affect the efficiency of gas exchange. We found no significant correlation between the relative ventilation/ perfusion ratio of the left lung and pulmonary intravascular pressure in 10 patients with mitral stenosis studied in the supine position.
The Church History Deputation to the Orient

The Managing Editor of C hurch H istory has sent me a peremptory summons demanding at once an account in one thousand words—no more, no less—of the work of the Church History Deputation to the Orient. In view of the probability that a full report will in due time appear as a separate publication, the present statement may quite appropriately be confined within the limits set by the Editor.
Analogs of cyclic AMP that elicit the biochemically defined conformational change in catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) but do not stimulate binding to DNA.

Abstract We have measured the effects on catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) of 22 synthetic analogs of cAMP. Each analog was assayed to test three parameters: (1) binding to CAP; (2) induction of the conformational change in CAP; and (3) activation of transcription. Thus we have identified seven cAMP analogs that bind to CAP as well or better than does cAMP, cause the assayed conformational change in CAP, yet exhibit no ability to activate transcription. We designate these analogs class D. The conformational change elicited in CAP by the class D analogs was further investigated by: (1) sensitivity to the proteolytic enzymes chymotrypsin, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, subtilisin and trypsin; (2) formation of inter-subunit covalent crosslinks by 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); and (3) degree of labeling of cysteine by [3H]N-ethylmaleimide. These experiments failed to detect a conformational difference between the CAP-class D and CAP-cAMP complexes. Filter binding and nuclease protection experiments indicate that the class D analogs do not efficiently support the binding of CAP to DNA. From these results, we suggest that there exists a hitherto undetected event dependent on cAMP, and required for CAP to bind to DNA. We suggest that this event involves a change that takes place in proximity to the N6 atom of cAMP. Three possible interpretations are discussed.
Effect of urban environment on visual curiosity behavior in rhesus monkeys

Two groups of rhesus monkeys, one captured in bazaar areas of Indian cities and the other in jungle areas, were compared for visual curiosity responses to several stimulus displays of varying complexity. In comparison to the jungle monkeys, urban monkeys showed greater responsiveness to the stimulus displays of higher complexity value. The results were interpreted as suggesting that monkeys from urban areas, as a result of their more varied visual and motor experiences, become psychologically more complex than those from jungle areas.
Mother's milk programs offspring's cognition.

A study finds that immune factors transmitted through breast milk regulate the cognitive function of offspring. Changes in milk composition alter hippocampal development and have effects on memory that last into adulthood.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis: Natural history, prognostic factors and survival analysis

The natural history of primary sclerosing cholangitis was assessed in 174 patients; 37 were asymptomatic and 137 had symptoms related to underlying liver disease. At the time of diagnosis, the mean age was 39.9 years, 66% of the primary sclerosing cholangitis patients were male and 71% had associated inflammatory bowel disease, most commonly chronic ulcerative colitis. Long-term follow-up (mean: 6.0 years; range: 2.7 to 15.5 years) was available in all patients. During follow-up, 59 (34%) of the patients died: 55 in the symptomatic group and four in the asymptomatic group. Median survival from the time of diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis at the Mayo Clinic was 11.9 years. Survival in the asymptomatic group was significantly decreased compared with that in a control population matched for age, race and sex. Multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards regression modeling) revealed that age, serum bilirubin concentration, blood hemoglobin concentration, presence or absence of inflammatory bowel disease and histologic stage on liver biopsy were independent predictors of high risk of dying. The development of a multivariate statistical survival model is a major step in identifying individual primary sclerosing cholangitis patients at low, moderate and high risk of dying. Such models will be useful for stratifying patients in therapeutic trials, in patient counseling and in patient selection and timing of liver transplantation.
The equilibria and evolutions of magnetized, rotating, isothermal clouds. V. The effect of the toroidal field

The structures of magnetized clouds are studied from a standpoint of magnetohydrostatic equilibrium between the self-gravity and magnetic and thermal pressure forces. Toroidal as well as poloidal magnetic field is taken into account. Poloidal current flowing along the poloidal magnetic field forms a toroidal field which causes the cloud to be pinched toward the symmetric axis. In contrast to the poloidal field, which plays a role in supporting the cloud, the toroidal field has the effect of shrinking the cloud. A cloud that is pinched by the toroidal field but has a low central density often shows a prolate spheroidal shape. With increasing central density the cloud becomes a concaved oblate spheroid. The maximum mass of the cloud supported by magnetic field and thermal pressure decreases with increasing toroidal field strength. Assuming that a cloud encounters a torsional Alfven wave, and the magnetic field begins to be wound up, the cloud begins dynamical collapse if the cloud mass exceeds the marginally supported maximum mass. This indicates a new mode triggering star formation: toroidal field-induced collapse.
The Occurrence of a Toe Abnormality in Chicks Fed Propylene Glycol

Abstract Propylene glycol (1, 2-dihydroxy propane) is unique among the glycols because its low toxicity permits it to be taken internally. In recent years it has been shown to be effective in the prevention of bovine ketosis (Maplesden, 1954). Bayley et al. (1967) reported that up to 8% propylene glycol could replace an equivalent amount of corn starch in the diet of chicks. During the course of feeding trials conducted at this laboratory to evaluate propylene glycol as a feed ingredient for poultry diets, a peculiar deformity of the toe was observed (Figure 1). The toes turned outward at each joint with the incidence of the condition increasing as the level of propylene glycol increased in the diet (Table 1). These chicks were maintained in electrically heated battery brooders with raised wire floors and a small incidence of deformed or crooked toes were observed even in the control group with no . . .
Plant genome research outreach portal. A gateway to plant genome research "outreach" programs and activities.

Plant genome outreach programs increasingly play an important role in providing opportunities for the community at large to participate more fully in the latest developments in plant genomics. In particular, the National Science Foundation (NSF; ) strongly encourages outreach
Rebooting Democracy: How politics can be saved from itself

Our democracy is broken, writes Manuel Arriaga. Voters have lost faith in their representatives and the systems that select them. But there is an opportunity to revitalise politics – if we are brave enough to take it.
Strategic planning--financial performance relationships in banks: A causal examination

An integrative model of relationships among managerial, environmental, and organizational factors, strategic planning intensity, and financial performance was developed and tested using data from 112 banks. The results suggested that the intensity with which banks engage in the strategic planning process has a direct, positive effect on banks’ financial performance, and mediates the effects of managerial and organizational factors on banks’ performance. Results also indicated a reciprocal relationship between strategic planning intensity and performance. That is, strategic planning intensity causes better performance and, in turn, better performance causes greater strategic planning intensity. Finally, the results hold implications for other financial services institutions subject to similar conditions that banks must operate under. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Strat. Mgmt J. Vol. 18, 635‐652 (1997) No of Figures: 2. No of Tables: 3. No of References: 103.
Spatial congregation of STAT binding directs selective nuclear architecture during T-cell functional differentiation

Higher-order genome organization shows tissue-specific patterns. However, functional relevance and the mechanisms shaping the genome architecture are poorly understood. Here we report a profound shift from promiscuous to highly selective genome organization that accompanies the effector lineage choice of differentiating T cells. As multipotent naive cells receive antigenic signals and commit to a T helper (Th) pathway, the genome-wide contacts of a lineage-specific cytokine locus are preferentially enriched for functionally relevant genes. Despite the establishment of divergent interactomes and global reprogramming of transcription in Th1 versus Th2, the overall expression status of the contact genes is surprisingly similar between the two lineages. Importantly, during differentiation, the genomic contacts are retained and strengthened precisely at DNA binding sites of the specific lineage-determining STAT transcription factor. In cells from the specific STAT knock-out mouse, the signature cytokine locus is unable to shed the promiscuous contacts established in the naive T cells, indicating the importance of genomic STAT binding. Altogether, the global aggregation of STAT binding loci from genic and nongenic regions highlights a new role for differentiation-promoting transcription factors in direct specification of higher-order nuclear architecture through interacting with regulatory regions. Such subnuclear environments have significant implications for efficient functioning of the mature effector lymphocytes.
Theoretical study of a high-extraction efficiency undulator for a free electron laser oscillator☆

Abstract Theoretical issues in designing a high-extraction efficiency undulator for a free electron laser oscillator are discussed. Assuming that an undulator system consists of a prebuncher undulator and a main undulator separated by a drift, design criteria of the untapered prebuncher are studied. The main undulator is designed parabolically tapered in wave number from no taper to a 30% taper. A small signal gain is enhanced at the low taper section, and the large signal gain is enhanced at the high taper section. To optimize the operation of this prebuncher system, electron dynamics in phase space from the prebuncher to the main undulator is studied. To demonstrate the advantage of having the prebuncher, comparisons of the extraction efficiency and the gain are performed between the prebuncher system and the system with the prebuncher removed. The optimized prebuncher system is then tested for the sideband instability with more complex one-dimensional FEL codes that assume a finite electron pulse and a finite laser pulse length. The electron beam emittance requirement is studied using a three-dimensional FEL simulation code.
Critical Review of Behavioral Interventions to Preserve the Environment: Research Since 1980

This review integrates and evaluates the environmental-preservation research published during the 1980s. The focus is environmental behavior change as targeted by behavior analysts and others designing interventions to encourage environmental-preservation behavior. A modified taxonomy of behavioral interventions, based on a taxonomy presented by Geller et al., categorizes these reported interventions by antecedent and consequence conditions. Fifty-four studies were categorized and evaluated according to which of these taxonomic interventions were reported. The conclusions were that (a) antecedent conditions using commitment, demonstration, and goal-setting strategies were generally most effective in encouraging environmentally responsible behavior, and (b) consequence conditions were effective in producing behavior change during the experiment's duration. However, some other important findings were that (a) much of the research in this field during the 1980s did not directly compare interventions, (b) few...
Indirect determination of cations by ion chromatography and anions by atomic emission spectroscopy

Abstract A method for the indirect determination of cations by Ion Chromatography (IC) and anions by Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (DCP) is described. The method allows for quantification of suspected impurities in aqueous systems where multiple analyses are desired. The described method is based on the selection of a precipitating agent for the desired analyte and subsequent indirect determination of the precipitating species from the unreacted analyte. In this study, silver(I) and barium(II) were analyzed indirectly by IC, and chloride and sulfate, by DCP.
Analysis of Embedded Package Capacitors for High Performance Components

The ever increasing power requirements of processors and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) impose stringent requirements on the design of Power Distribution Networks (PDNs). This paper highlights a power analysis methodology and discusses the decoupling requirements of high performance components. The advantages of embedded package capacitors in core and I/O decoupling will be highlighted.
Pathogenesis of tomato spotted wilt virus in peanut plants dually infected with peanut mottle virus

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) plants dually infected with tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) and peanut mottle potyvirus (PMV) exhibited a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from PMV-like symptoms of transient mild leaf mottle to TSWV-like symptoms of severe leaf distortion and stunting of the plant. Dual infection did not cause greater symptom severity than infection with either virus alone. In the early stages of disease development, PMV symptoms were similar to the first leaf symptoms of TSWV infection, suggesting that identification of TSWV in field-grown peanuts should not depend on visual observation. The virus titer, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indicated a delay in TSWV disease progress in doubleinfected plants, compared to plants infected with TSWV alone. In the later phase of disease progress, the virus titer in dually infected plants was not significantly different from that of singly infected plants. Infection with TSWV and PMV alone and with both viruses in combination was consistent among commercially grown peanut cultivars. In plants inoculated with TSWV or PMV alone or with both viruses in combination, the length of the latent period and final disease incidence, as measured by the number of plants showing symptoms, did not depend on the cultivar.
Hybrid Incompatibility Despite Pleiotropic Constraint in a Sequence-Based Bioenergetic Model of Transcription Factor Binding

Hybrid incompatibility can result from gene misregulation produced by divergence in trans-acting regulatory factors and their cis-regulatory targets. However, change in trans-acting factors may be constrained by pleiotropy, which would in turn limit the evolution of incompatibility. We employed a mechanistically explicit bioenergetic model of gene expression wherein parameter combinations (number of transcription factor molecules, energetic properties of binding to the regulatory site, and genomic background size) determine the shape of the genotype-phenotype (G-P) map, and interacting allelic variants of mutable cis and trans sites determine the phenotype along that map. Misregulation occurs when the phenotype differs from its optimal value. We simulated a pleiotropic regulatory pathway involving a positively selected and a conserved trait regulated by a shared transcription factor (TF), with two populations evolving in parallel. Pleiotropic constraints shifted evolution in the positively selected trait to its cis-regulatory locus. We nevertheless found that the TF genotypes often evolved, accompanied by compensatory evolution in the conserved trait, and both traits contributed to hybrid misregulation. Compensatory evolution resulted in "developmental system drift," whereby the regulatory basis of the conserved phenotype changed although the phenotype itself did not. Pleiotropic constraints became stronger and in some cases prohibitive when the bioenergetic properties of the molecular interaction produced a G-P map that was too steep. Likewise, compensatory evolution slowed and hybrid misregulation was not evident when the G-P map was too shallow. A broad pleiotropic "sweet spot" nevertheless existed where evolutionary constraints were moderate to weak, permitting substantial hybrid misregulation in both traits. None of these pleiotropic constraints manifested when the TF contained nonrecombining domains independently regulating the respective traits.
Cannabis Use, Employment, and Income: Fixed-Effects Analysis of Panel Data

Uncertainty exists regarding the direction and magnitude of the association between cannabis use and labor market outcomes. Using panel data from waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, the current paper estimates the associations between several patterns of cannabis use during the past year, current employment, and annual personal income. In the single-equation models (wave 2 data), nearly all patterns of cannabis use are significantly associated with worse labor market outcomes (p < 0.05). However, when using fixed-effects techniques to address unobserved and time-invariant individual heterogeneity, the estimates are generally smaller in magnitude and less likely to be statistically significant vis-a-vis the benchmark estimates. These findings suggest that unobserved individual heterogeneity is an important source of bias in models of cannabis use and labor market outcomes. Moreover, cannabis use may be less detrimental in the labor market than other studies have reported.
French Existentialism and American Popular Culture, 1945–1948

(1998). French Existentialism and American Popular Culture, 1945–1948. The Historian: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 327-340.
Management of Emergency Department Patients With Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Needle Aspiration or Tube Thoracostomy?

Study objective The emergency management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax is controversial. This evidence-based emergency medicine review evaluates the existing evidence about the efficacy and safety of needle aspiration in comparison to tube thoracostomy for management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and other databases. We selected studies for inclusion in the review if the authors stated that they had randomly assigned hemodynamically stable patients with no underlying lung disease to needle aspiration or tube thoracostomy. The outcome measures of interest included admission rate, length of hospital stay, recurrence rate, failure rate of the procedure, dyspnea score during or after the procedure, pain score during or after the procedure, and complications. Results Three randomized trials with acceptable quality standards met the inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference between needle aspiration and tube thoracostomy when outcomes of immediate failure, 1-week failure, risk of complication, and 1-year recurrence rate were measured. Only 2 trials reported the rate of hospitalization; needle aspiration was associated with lower rates of hospitalization in both trials: relative risks of 0.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.17 to 0.39) and 0.51 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.74). Length of hospital stay was lower in the needle aspiration groups in all 3 trials, with mean differences of −2.15 days (95% CI −0.99 to −3.30), −2.10 days (95% CI −0.57 to −3.63), and −1.10 days (95% CI −2.28 to 0.08), respectively. Needle aspiration was associated with less analgesia requirement in one trial and lower pain scores in another. Conclusion The existing evidence indicates that needle aspiration is at least as safe and effective as tube thoracostomy for management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax. Additionally, needle aspiration carries the benefit of fewer hospital admissions and shorter length of hospital stay.
Spatial and temporal distributions of prochlorophyte picoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean

Over the past several years red-fluorescing picoplankton, believed to be prochlorophytes, have been shown to be extremely abundant in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The dim fluorescence of these tiny cells initially limited studies to the relatively highly pigmented cells near the bottom of the euphotic zone; however, improvements in sensitivity of flow cytometry now enable us to detect the prochlorophytes in surface waters as well. In the Sargasso Sea in May 1988 and May 1989 prochlorophytes were present throughout the upper water column, and we observed the highest concentrations in surface waters within the Gulf Stream. Further south, the prochlorophytes formed subsurface maxima; the median depth of prochlorophyte (but not Synechococcus) populations followed the deepening of the nitracline. Prochlorophytes were not present in waters north of the Gulf Stream in May, although we had observed them there on a previous September cruise. They were present year round near Bermuda, with lowest concentrations in the winter, when Synechococcus was most numerous; the prochorophytes appear to “bloom” later than the Synechococcus, after the onset of seasonal stratification. The latitudinal variations in prochlorophyte and Synechococcus distributions during spring resembled the seasonal pattern near Bermuda.
Using Authentic Assessment to Evidence Children’s Progress Toward Early Learning Standards

The increasing emphasis on accountability in early care and education has created an opportunity for programs to revisit their child assessment practices. This article presents a model for using authentic assessment practices to document children’s progress toward a set of program standards, specifically the Head Start Child Outcomes Framework, as well as describe how authentic assessment processes can inform curriculum planning. Programmatic implementation issues are discussed and a case study is presented.
Leiomyoma of the uterus with multiple extrauterine smooth muscle tumors: a case report suggesting multifocal origin.

Abstract A 17-year-old woman 2 underwent hysterectomy for removal of a "mitotically active" (six to seven mitoses per 10 high-power fields) yet otherwise benign-appearing cellular smooth muscle tumor. Eleven years later, she developed multiple histologically benign smooth muscle tumors in the posterior mediastinum, deep soft tissues of the neck, paravertebral region, incisional scar, and mesentery. The distribution and histologic appearance of the tumors, as well as the protracted clinical course, suggest multifocal origin rather than widespread metastases from a low-grade uterine leiomyosarcoma. This case raises the possibility that some similar cases reported as so-called benign metastasizing leiomyoma may be more satisfactorily explained by the concept of multifocality.
Paleomagnetism of the Devonian Kennett Limestone and the rotation of the eastern Klamath Mountains, California

The Devonian Kennett Limestone in the Eastern Klamath terrane in northern California has a stable magnetization that was acquired after the folding of the formation apparently in the very early Cretaceous. The mean paleomagnetic vector has the direction I = −49°, D = 219°, A95 = 7.2° and the parameters of the corresponding paleomagnetic pole are latitude = 57°, longitude = 332°, A95 = 7.4°. All of the stably magnetized specimens have a single polarity. We propose that the magnetization be associated with the emplacement of the Shasta Bally batholith during the M17 reversed interval at 134 Ma. The firmest conclusion that can be drawn from these data is that the Eastern Klamath terrane has undergone 70 ± 11° of clockwise rotation, since the Early Cretaceous. This result does not support earlier tectonic models in which either the entire Klamaths or terranes on the south side of the Klamaths rotated in a counterclockwise sense. The close agreement between the amount of clockwise rotation and that observed in the Oregon Coast Range to the north of the Klamaths suggests that both may reflect the same tectonic process. The data may suggest a few hundred kilometers of northwestward translation of the terrane since the Early Cretaceous.
Bandgap calculations for conjugated polymers

Various molecular and solid state quantum chemical methods are compared for their performance in predicting the bandgaps of conjugated polymers. Extrapolations based on oligomers provide an alternative way to calculate bandgaps. A combination of semi-empirical geometry optimization followed by a hybrid functional density functional theory (DFT) calculation for the energy levels of molecular oligomers provides a reliable and computationally efficient method for predicting bandgaps of a group of diverse conjugated polymers.
Predicting Mexican youths' intention to engage in risky behaviors: Applying moral norms to the theory of planned behavior

This study explored if moral norms as applied to the theory of planned behavior (TPB) account for additional variance in predicting intention to consume alcohol, smoke cigarettes, and engage in sexual activity among youth at a high school in Mexico. Additionally, it investigated if moral norms provide a moderating influence on the constructs of the theory: attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control for prediction of risky behavior intention. Multiple regression analyses identified predictive power of constructs; interactions of moral norms with the theory constructs were studied. Moral norms only significantly predicted sexual activity. Significant interactions were found between moral norms and the theory constructs for the three behaviors. Interventions aimed at preventing risky conduct among youth would benefit from strategies targeting beliefs in the moral order, especially because of its interaction with the other theoretical mechanisms.
Rat serum stimulates serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in pineal monolayer cultures.

The effect of rat serum on serotoninN-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and indole synthesis in monolayer cultures of neonatal rat pineal glands was examined. The addition of 5% rat serum to these cultures resulted in stimulation of NAT activity equal to that obtained with optimal concentrations of the adrenergic agonist norepinephrine (NE). Rat serum also increased the synthesis of bothN-acetylserotonin and melatonin from tryptophan. Stimulation of NAT activity by rat serum was partially blocked by metoprolol and propranolol, but not by phentolamine or butoxamine. The serum factor responsible for the stimulation was stable to both freezing and boiling. No significant amounts of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine were detected in the serum.
Willows: a memory efficient tree and forest construction package

Existing tree and forest methods are powerful bioinformatics tools to explore high dimensional data including high throughput genomic data. However, they cannot deal with the data generated by recent genotyping platforms for single nucleotide polymorphisms due to the massive size of the data and its excessive memory demand. Using the recursive partitioning technique, we developed a new software package, Willows, to maximize the utility of the computer memory and make it feasible to analyze massive genotype data. This package includes three tree-based methods – classification tree, random forest, and deterministic forest, and can efficiently handle the massive amount of SNP data. In addition, this package can easily set different options (e.g., algorithms and specifications) and predict the class of test samples. We developed Willows in a user friendly interface with the goal of maximizing the use of memory, which is critical for analysis of genomic data. The Willows package is well documented and publicly available at http://c2s2.yale.edu/software/Willows .
Assessing the vulnerability of wind energy to climate change and extreme events

This article presents a review of the status and basis of wind-generated electricity production, the state of knowledge regarding possible changes in the spatio-temporal characteristics of the wind resource and wind turbine operating conditions, the principal extreme events that are of relevance to the wind energy industry, and the major potential vulnerabilities of the wind energy industry to climate change, with a specific focus on extreme events. Generally, the magnitude of projected changes over Europe and the contiguous USA are within the ‘conservative’ estimates embedded within the Wind Turbine Design Standards. However, more research is needed to quantify (i) how global climate evolution may influence the operation of wind turbines outside these regions, (ii) events causing coincident extreme wind speeds, gusts, and vertical wind shear, and (iii) combined wind-wave loading on offshore turbines.
Complementary variational principle for density-functional theories

A method for determining complementary energy functionals within a density-functional framework is derived. In particular, if $H[P]$ is defined as a functional of the density equal to an energy functional ${E}_{U}[P]$ less a Coulomb energy term $(\frac{\ensuremath{\nu}}{2})\ensuremath{\int}{1{R}^{3}}^{}\ensuremath{\int}{1{R}^{3}}^{}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{|x\ensuremath{-}y|}^{\ensuremath{-}1}P(x)P(y){d}^{3}y{d}^{3}x$ with $\ensuremath{\nu}$ a positive constant, then the functional ${E}_{L}[P]\ensuremath{\equiv}H[P]\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\int}\stackrel{}{1{R}^{3}}\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}H[P]}{\ensuremath{\delta}P(x)}P(x){d}^{3}x\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{8\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\int}\stackrel{}{1{R}^{3}}{\left|\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\nabla}}\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}H[P]}{\ensuremath{\delta}P(x)}\right|}^{2}{d}^{3}x+N[P]limit of\text{}\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}H[P]}{\ensuremath{\delta}P(x)}\text{as}|x|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ with $N[P]=\ensuremath{\int}{1{R}^{3}}^{}P(x){d}^{3}x$ is complementary to ${E}_{U}[P]$ whenever the second variation of $H[P]$ is positive. Explicit forms of ${E}_{L}[P]$ for the Thomas-Fermi and the Thomas-Fermi\char22{}Dirac\char22{}von Weizs\"acker theories are given and used to obtain both lower and upper bounds to the atomic energies of these theories. A discussion on the corresponding Hohenberg-Kohn complementary functional is also presented.