cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detailed Energy Model of the NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility: Development, Modification, and Validation.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility is a highly instrumented, highly configurable, single-family, net-zero energy house occupied by a virtual family of four. A detailed transient model of the Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility and the accompanying mechanical equipment was created using information available before construction; the model incorporated building geometric details and construction material properties, as well as manufacturers’ specifications for HVAC, water heating, solar photovoltaic and other equipment. This model represents the typical design paradigm, where actual building performance and detailed equipment operation are not known. This original model underpredicted the measured annual energy consumption by 13.8%. The measured data were used to understand and correct the sources of error at the component level; modifications to the heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning system, interior thermal capacitance, and domestic h...
High-Content Screening Comparison of Cancer Drug Accumulation and Distribution in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Culture Models of Head and Neck Cancer

Abstract High cancer drug development attrition rates have provoked considerable debate about whether the two-dimensional tumor growth inhibition high-throughput screening assays used in pre-clinical lead discovery adequately reflect solid tumor complexity. We used automated high-content screening image acquisition and analysis methods to compare fluorescent drug uptake, accumulation, and distribution in Cal33 and FaDu head and neck cancer (HNC) monolayer and multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) models. Ellipticine, idarubicin, daunorubicin, and doxorubicin were studied because of their fluorescent properties and broad anti-tumor activities. HNC MCTSs were generated in 384-well ultra-low attachment plates where compound exposure, image acquisition, and analysis could be performed in situ. Fluorescent drug accumulation in Cal33 monolayer and MCTS cultures was linear with respect to concentration, and appeared to achieve steady-state levels within 10–15 min of drug exposure, which were maintained through 30–...
The Schwarzschild Metric Adapted to Radially Symmetric Anti-Gravity

A hypothesis of anti-gravity between matter and antimatter is presented that results in an alternative to the conventional Einstein field equations. Using the vacuum metric relationships identified by Schwarzschild in 1916, the radially symmetric vacuum anti-gravity metric is derived for the vacuum between a spherical core of either matter or anti-matter and an enclosing spherical shell of the other type of matter; anti-gravity prevents the shell from collapsing. Candidate black holes are hypothesized to consist of such a shell and core, and the gravitational behaviors of such a composite body are approximated. Observations of kinematics consistent with these behaviors would validate the existence of anti-gravity. (Version 4: Corrected equations 11 and 18a; added equation 18b, showing that the formulation of gRR is unchanged by the alternate boundary conditions.) (Version 3: Revised discussion before equation 16.) (Version 2: Revised 2nd paragraph section II; edits to equations 15a, 16, 18a.)
Experimental and Computational Investigation of Blunt Trailing-Edge Airfoils with Splitter Plates

Experimental and computational examinations of the effect of splitter plate length on the aerodynamic performance and vortex shedding behavior of a blunt trailing-edge airfoil are presented along w...
65% of Americans believe they are above average in intelligence: Results of two nationally representative surveys.

Psychologists often note that most people think they are above average in intelligence. We sought robust, contemporary evidence for this “smarter than average” effect by asking Americans in two independent samples (total N = 2,821) whether they agreed with the statement, “I am more intelligent than the average person.” After weighting each sample to match the demographics of U.S. census data, we found that 65% of Americans believe they are smarter than average, with men more likely to agree than women. However, overconfident beliefs about one’s intelligence are not always unrealistic: more educated people were more likely to think their intelligence is above average. We suggest that a tendency to overrate one’s cognitive abilities may be a stable feature of human psychology.
Recruitment of Rural Physicians in a Diabetes Internet Intervention Study: Overcoming Challenges and Barriers

Purpose This paper highlights a descriptive study of the challenges and lessons learned in the recruitment of rural primary care physicians into a randomized clinical trial using an Internet-based approach. Methods A multidisciplinary/multi-institutional research team used a multilayered recruitment approach, including generalized mailings and personalized strategies such as personal office visits, letters, and faxes to specific contacts. Continuous assessment of recruitment strategies was used throughout study in order to readjust strategies that were not successful. Results We recruited 205 primary care physicians from 11 states. The 205 lead physicians who enrolled in the study were randomized, and the overall recruitment yield was 1.8% (205/11 231). In addition, 8 physicians from the same practices participated and 12 nonphysicians participated. The earlier participants logged on to the study Web site, the greater yield of participation. Most of the study participants had logged on within 10 weeks of the study. Conclusion Despite successful recruitment, the 2 major challenges in recruitment in this study included defining a standardized definition of rurality and the high cost of chart abstractions. Because many of the patients of study recruits were African American, the potential implications of this study on the field of health disparities in diabetes are important.
Detecting Rapid Changes in Carbon Transport and Partitioning with Carbon-11 ( 11 C)

Noninvasive techniques to measure phloem transport of carbon will be crucial to efforts to engineer improved crop yields, which are highly dependent on carbon partitioning. Phloem, which is buried in the interior of the plant, is highly sensitive to tissue damage. Here we describe nondestructive methods using carbon-11, fed to leaves as 11CO2, as a tracer to track export of recently fixed carbon from leaves, transport speed through the phloem, and distribution or partitioning throughout the plant.
Medical-Legal Partnerships and Mental Health: Qualitative Evidence that Integrating Legal Services and Health Care Improves Family Well-Being

Medical-Legal partnerships are an innovative health care delivery model that integrates lawyers into primary care clinical settings. The objective is to preventively address patients’ legal needs that also have an adverse impact on their health outcomes. Since the first medical-legal partnership formally opened at the Boston Medical Center in 1993, nearly 300 of these entities have formed around the country. The empirical evidence that they improve health, however, is still emerging. This essay contributes results of interviews conducted among families who received medical legal partnership help as an intervention in Colorado. The evidence supports the conclusion that addressing patients’ legal stressors improves their mental health and family well-being.
Violence, Criminalization, and the Homeless

Homeless people are sometimes the perpetrators and quite often the victims of crime and violence. This article reviews the available research on this topic, focusing mainly on studies conducted in the United States. Homeless teens, women, the mentally ill, and the substance-abusive are shown to be especially high-risk subpopulations. Random acts of violence committed against homeless people are evidently on the rise, both in the United States and around the world. Around the world, many communities have responded to the rise in homelessness by criminalizing homeless behaviors. Unfortunately these measures do not assist people in exiting homelessness.
Analysis on immunity to rubella among healthy people in Shanghai

Objective To evaluate the immunity to rubella in healthy people and predict epidemic trend of rubella. Methods In 2005,714 serum samples from healthy people in the surburbs of Shanghai were tested for IgG antibodies against rubella by quantitative ELISA. Results The lowest antibody level was seen in children aged 8 months-2 years old,with the seropositive rate being 35.00%,and the highest level was seen in the age group of 15-19 years, with the seropositive rate being 92.59%.There were significant differences in seropositive rate and antibody geometric mean titer between each age group (F=11.35,P=0.000;χ2=73.39,P=0.000). Conclusions Integrated steps must be taken to prevent rubella in pregants and congenital rubella syndrome.The immunization rate of rubella in children of the right age must be guaranteed to reach more than 85%.The rubella immunization in adults,especially in the childbearing women.are suggested to be added in rubella immunization programme as soon as possible. Key words: Rubella; Monitoring,immunologic; Rubella vaccine
Improving Language Preference Identification for Limited English Proficient Families of Hospitalized Patients

Background: In 2009-2013, over 25 million Americans self-reported themselves as speaking English less than “very well,” defined as Limited English Proficiency (LEP) by the US Census Bureau. Reliably identifying language preference in order to appropriately utilize interpreter services is essential for patient safety, equity, and patient and family satisfaction. Objectives: We aimed to achieve in 6 months a 75% concordance rate between language preference screened at intake and language preference obtained on confirmatory screening, for patients and their caregivers admitted to the Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM) service at a …
Prioritization of prostate cancer to immune checkpoint therapy by ranking tumors along IFN-γ axis and identification of immune resistance mechanisms

We propose priotirization of prostate cancer patients to PD-L1 checkpoint therapy by assessing activity of IFN-{gamma}/PD-L1 signaling in tumor from transcriptional profile. To this end, we introduced a new approach for inferring pathway activity and suppression (IPAS) by assessing significance of positioning pathways genes expression levels at top (activation) or bottom (suppression) in gene expression profile of a given tumor. By ordering tumors along IFN-{gamma}/PD-L1 axis, we determined distinct "IFN-{gamma}-depleted" and "IFN-{gamma}-enriched" immune subtypes, genes involved in immune evasion and potential targets for combination therapy. Using IPAS scoring method, we proposed biomarker panels for accurate ranking tumors along IFN-{gamma}/PD-L1 axis.
A Systematic Review of How Peer-Mediated Interventions Impact Students Without Disabilities:

Peer-mediated interventions (PMIs) offer substantial academic and social benefits to adolescents served under the special education categories of intellectual disability, autism, and multiple disab...
Lost and Found!: associating target persons in camera surveillance footage with smartphone identifiers

We demonstrate an application of finding target persons on a surveillance video. Each visually detected participant is tagged with a smartphone ID and the target person with the query ID is highlighted. This work is motivated by the fact that establishing associations between subjects observed in camera images and messages transmitted from their wireless devices can enable fast and reliable tagging. This is particularly helpful when target pedestrians need to be found on public surveillance footage, without the reliance on facial recognition. The underlying system uses a multi-modal approach that leverages WiFi Fine Timing Measurements (FTM) and inertial sensor (IMU) data to associate each visually detected individual with a corresponding smartphone identifier. These smartphone measurements are combined strategically with RGB-D information from the camera, to learn affinity matrices using a multi-modal deep learning network.
Neural Holography

Holographic displays promise unprecedented capabilities for direct-view displays as well as virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) applications. However, one of the biggest challenges for computer-generated holography (CGH) is the fundamental tradeoff between algorithm runtime and achieved image quality, which has prevented high-quality holographic image synthesis at fast speeds. Moreover, the image quality achieved by most holographic displays is low, due to the mismatch between physical light transport of the display and its simulated model. Here, we develop an algorithmic CGH framework that achieves unprecedented image fidelity and real-time framerates. Our framework comprises several parts, including a novel camera-in-the-loop optimization strategy that allows us to either optimize a hologram directly or train an interpretable model of the physical light transport and a neural network architecture that represents the first CGH algorithm capable of generating full-color holographic images at 1080p resolution in real time.
Responses of Cochlear Nucleus Cells and Projections of their Axons

The advent of intracellular recording using horseradish peroxidase-filled glass electrodes offered a new and exciting approach to the in vivo cochlear nucleus (CN) preparation. Sharp glass microelectrodes, filled with a standard salt solution containing positively charged HRP molecules, made it feasible to record and characterize supra- and subthreshold intracellular responses of individual neurons to auditory stimuli, inject and subsequently recover the same HRP-labeled cell and ask the following basic questions; 1) Do morphologically defined cell types in the cochlear nucleus respond in a certain way to simple auditory stimuli at both the sub- and suprathreshold level? 2) Are the synaptic inputs of different cell types different, in terms of location, type and concentration, and are they arranged in ways that might help to explain the cell type’s unique responsiveness? 3) What is the projection pattern of individual axons originating from a given cell type, what are the shapes of vesicles within the terminals of these axons and can we make educated guesses about their influence on other cell populations based on this information?
The Effect of Sewage Effluents on the Flocculation of Major and Trace Elements in a Stratified Estuary

In order to study the effects of sewage effluents on the flocculation of trace elements in a stratified estuary, water samples were collected from the Duwamish River Estuary at stations located above and below the Renton Sewage Disposal Site. The water samples were filtered through 0.2-µm pore size Nuclepore filters, the filtrate mixed with various amounts of filtered sea water from Elliott Bay, and the products refiltered onto 0.2-µm filters and analyzed for major and minor elements by x-ray secondary emission spectrometry. The results show that the downstream samples produced two to three times more flocculated material and three to five times more P, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn than the upstream samples. In contrast, little differences were found for Al and Ti. Similar experiments utilizing the effluent from the Renton Sewage Treatment Plant also showed the same trends, suggesting that the sewage effluent enhanced the flocculation of these elements in the estuary. Major element analysis of the flocculated material indicates that it is mainly composed of organic material.
Outsourcing the Filth: Privatizing Brownfield Remediation in New Jersey

Environmental cleanup for contaminated properties is a complicated process, with liability existing at both state and federal levels. For many years, the federal government has largely deferred responsibility for the cleanup of contaminated properties to the states. New Jersey has recently privatized several aspects of its environmental cleanup process. Prior to privatizing the state cleanup process, New Jersey had refined the typical state model of a Voluntary Cleanup Program by creating the Brownfield Developmental Area initiative. The Brownfield Developmental Area initiative was extremely effective, yet it was expensive to administer. As a result, New Jersey implemented the Site Remediation Reform Act, which totally eliminated the state’s Voluntary Cleanup Program, and privatized the cleanup process. This note argues against some of the policies associated with the privatization of environmental cleanup, and suggests several courses of action that can be implemented to maximize privatized site
Recounting a genetic story.

The DNA sequence of human chromosome 21, now published, provides indications that the total number of human genes has been overestimated, and is a valuable resource for research into Down syndrome.
Staufen‐mediated mRNA decay

Staufen1 (STAU1)-mediated mRNA decay (SMD) is an mRNA degradation process in mammalian cells that is mediated by the binding of STAU1 to a STAU1-binding site (SBS) within the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of target mRNAs. During SMD, STAU1, a double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding protein, recognizes dsRNA structures formed either by intramolecular base pairing of 3'-UTR sequences or by intermolecular base pairing of 3'-UTR sequences with a long-noncoding RNA (lncRNA) via partially complementary Alu elements. Recently, STAU2, a paralog of STAU1, has also been reported to mediate SMD. Both STAU1 and STAU2 interact directly with the ATP-dependent RNA helicase UPF1, a key SMD factor, enhancing its helicase activity to promote effective SMD. Moreover, STAU1 and STAU2 form homodimeric and heterodimeric interactions via domain-swapping. Because both SMD and the mechanistically related nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) employ UPF1; SMD and NMD are competitive pathways. Competition contributes to cellular differentiation processes, such as myogenesis and adipogenesis, placing SMD at the heart of various physiologically important mechanisms.
Behavioral Economics and Public Policy 102: Beyond Nudging †

The United States, despite its affluence, faces a number of daunting policy challenges. We rank last among 16 wealthy peers in life expectancy, infant mortality, and obesity, and have taken very little action on climate change, despite the extremity of the threat it poses not only to future generations but even those alive today. 1
Skills Methods to Prevent Smoking

School health educators have devoted much attention to cigarette smoking. Recent years have seen the testing of interventions to prevent smoking. To date, controlled studies have not evaluated the added value of skills methods for preventing smoking. This article describes such an evaluation with sixth-grade students from two schools. Subjects were pretested and randomly assigned to receive conventional health education methods or to receive skills intervention. Both conditions included films, peer testimonials, discussions, and homework. Health education condition subjects additionally participated in oral quizzes, games, and debates. Skills condition subjects additionally learned problem-solving, self-instruction, and interpersonal communication methods. At postintervention, skills condition subjects, more than health education condition subjects, had better scores on measures of smoking-related knowledge, attitudes, and intentions. In addition, reported cigarette use, validated by biochemical data coll...
Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter-3 (hENT3) Spectrum Disorder Mutations Impair Nucleoside Transport, Protein Localization, and Stability

Accumulating evidence reveals that sole mutations in hENT3 cause a spectrum of human genetic disorders. Among these include H syndrome, characterized by scleroderma, hyperpigmentation, hypertrichosis, hepatomegaly, cardiac abnormalities and musculoskeletal deformities, pigmented hypertrichotic dermatosis with insulin-dependent diabetes syndrome, characterized by autoantibody-negative diabetes mellitus and skin deformities, familial Rosai-Dorfman disease, characterized by short stature, familial histiocytosis and sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (SHML), characterized by severe tissue infiltration of immune cells and swollen lymph nodes. hENT3 spectrum disorders share a common mutation and share overlapping clinical manifestations that display many intriguing resemblances to mitochondrial and lysosomal disorders. Although earlier studies identify hENT3 as a mitochondrial and a lysosomal nucleoside transporter, the precise connections between hENT3 and the pathophysiology of these disorders remain unresolved. In this study, we performed functional and biochemical characterization of these mutations in hENT3. We report severe reductions/losses of hENT3 nucleoside transport functions of hENT3 syndrome mutants. In addition to transport alterations, we provide evidence for possible loss of hENT3 functions in all H and pigmented hypertrichotic dermatosis with insulin-dependent diabetes syndromes due to either mistrafficking or altered stability of mutant hENT3 proteins.
WE-D-342-03: Fast Imaging with Sparse Sampling

Spatiotemporal imaging embodies a large class of imaging problems, which involve collecting a sequence of data sets to resolve both the spatial and temporal (or spectral) distributions of some physical quantity. Some popular examples of spatiotemporal imaging include cardiacimaging, functional neuroimaging, and spectroscopic imaging. To obtain high spatiotemporal resolution, many methods have been proposed in the last two decades, which include fast‐scan methods, reduced‐encoding methods, and parallel imaging methods. Sparse sampling is emerging as another effective means to further accelerate various imaging experiments. Encouraging results have been obtained utilizing the compressibility of natural images based on the compressive sampling theory developed by Donoho et al. and Candes et al. We have recently proposed a new method that can sample (k, t)‐space very sparsely for spatiotemporal (or spatial‐spectral) imaging. The new method is based on the theory of partially separable functions and preliminary results demonstrate significant improvements in spatiotemporal resolution for cardiacimaging, functional brainimaging, to spectroscopic cancerimaging. This lecture will provide an overview of sparse sampling theories and discuss how these new theories can be used to significantly speed up the various imaging schemes. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the basic principle of sparse sampling. 2. Understand the theory of partially separable functions and its application to sparse sampling. 3. Understand the issues related to fast imaging using sparse sampling.
A “quantal” Hilbert space formulation for nonlinear dynamical systems in terms of probability amplitudes

Abstract Statistical dynamics of a finite-dimensional autonomous dynamical system is reformulated in the Hilbert space of square-integrable complex functions that specify the probability densities, and it is shown that the resulting formalism is structurally the same as that of the quantum mechanics corresponding to a particular Hamiltonian system.
Should otolaryngologists perform pH probe studies

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This commentary discusses recent developments in the methods available to pediatric otolaryngologists in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS The development of detachable wireless monitoring allows the otolaryngologists to perform their own pH monitoring. It can be deployed while performing other procedures, such as laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. The procedure to insert the probe and collect data is described. SUMMARY It is hoped that the pH probe will play an important role in understanding the pathological role of pharyngeal reflux in terms of laryngeal, pharyngeal, sinus and ear pathology.
Teacher ratings of student engagement with educational software: An exploratory study

The quality of students' learning engagement may significantly influence their learning. Can teachers accurately judge student learning engagement with educational software? In this exploratory study, 3 fifth-grade teachers used a seven-level taxonomy to rate the frequency of different forms of engagement among 42 students interacting with different types of educational software. Teachers spontaneously treated the seven levels of engagement as a continuum, rating students highest on one level or a set of contiguous levels. Teachers generally agreed when ranking students by their typical levels of engagement, but disagreed regarding the actual frequencies of different engagement types. Ratings of software engagement conceived of as interpretive activity were correlated significantly with student reading test scores. Given the authentic classroom conditions in which this study took place, the results are promising for the classroom utility of the seven-level conception of student engagement with software.
The 2004 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Engineering presented to Robert E. Newnham

The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, awarded the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Engineering to Robert E. Newnham for his invention of multiphase piezoelectric transducers and their spatial architecture which revolutionized the field of acoustic imaging. The background and significance of his research is presented. Attention is focused on the impact his research prompted in the field of medical imaging, in particular non-invasive, real-time visualization of internal tissue and organs of human body using ultrasound energy. Societal impact of Dr. Newnham's work is also pointed out.
Methodological issues related to age of onset of obesity

Abstract Research related to age of onset of obesity may be hampered by two methodological problems: (a) inconsistencies across studies in the criteria used to define early-onset and maturity-onset obesity and (b) the failure to control for other differences between early-onset and maturity-onset obese patients. Analyzing data from 178 applicants to a behavioral weight control program, this study found that almost twice many patients were classified as early-onset obese when the division was based on their answer to the question, “Were you overweight as a child or teenager?” than when the division was based on self-reported weight at age 21. Moreover, early-onset obese patients were younger and heavier than those with maturity-onset obesity. Further studies are needed to determine the most reliable and valid means of classifying patients as early- or maturity-onset obese.
Neuroleptics and conditional discrimination tasks: cholinergic mediation of the accuracy- and response rate-altering effects of chlorpromazine and clozapine but not haloperidol.

The effects of the neuroleptic compounds clozapine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol were examined alone and in combination with the muscarinic cholinergic agonist oxotremorine in pigeons responding under a fixed-consecutive-number schedule. Under this procedure, nine or more consecutive responses on one response key followed by a single response on a second response key produced 3sec access to grain. In one component of this schedule (FCN 9-SD), an external discriminative stimulus was presented following the completion of the response requirement on the first response key, whereas no stimulus change was programmed in the other component (FCN 9). When administered alone, clozapine (0.1-5.6mg/kg) and chlorpromazine (3.0-170mg/kg) decreased accuracy (i.e. increased the mean number of response runs per reinforcer) under the FCN 9 at doses that had no effect under the FCN 9-SD. In contrast, haloperidol (0.03-1.7mg/kg) and oxotremorine (0.001-0.1mg/kg) had no effect on accuracy under either variant of the FCN schedule. Under both variants of the FCN schedule, clozapine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and oxotremorine produced dose-related decreases in rates of responding. When administered in combination, oxotremorine (0.01 and 0.03mg/kg) antagonized the accuracy- and response rate-decreasing effects of both clozapine and chlorpromazine. Although neither haloperidol or oxotremorine decreased accuracy when administered alone, these drugs produced large decreases in accuracy when administered in combination. In most instances, the magnitude of these decreases in accuracy was larger than those obtained following the administration of clozapine or chlorpromazine. The effects of the co-administration of oxotremorine and haloperidol on rate of responding were generally additive. These findings indicate that both the accuracy- and response rate-decreasing effects of clozapine and chlorpromazine are, in part, mediated by their antagonist actions at muscarinic cholinergic receptors. In addition, the finding that the co-administration of haloperidol and oxotremorine decreased accuracy provides support at the behavioral level for an interaction of the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems.
Multiple defects and perinatal death in mice deficient in follistatin

FOLLISTATIN, an activin-binding protein and activin antagonist in vitro1,2, can bind to heparan sulphate proteoglycans3 and may function in vivo to present activins to their receptors. In the mouse, follistatin messenger RNA is first detected in the deciduum (on embryonic day 5.5), and later in the developing hindbrain, somites, vibrissae, teeth, epidermis and muscle4–11. In Xenopus laevis, over-expression of follistatin leads to induction of neural tissue12. Here we use loss-of-function mutant mice to investigate the function of follistatin in mammals. We find that follistatin-deficient mice are retarded in then* growth, have decreased mass of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, shiny taut skin, skeletal defects of the hard palate and the thirteenth pair of ribs, their whisker and tooth development is abnormal, they fail to breathe, and die within hours of birth. These defects are more widespread than those seen in activin-deficient mutant mice, indicating that follistatin may modulate the actions of several members of the transforming growth factor-β family.
A quantitative model for age-dependent expression of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor.

Recent work has shown that expression of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor increases with chronological age. Expression is accelerated by gerontogenic behaviors such as tobacco use and physical inactivity, and is also influenced by allelic genotype of a polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10757278 that is physically linked with the p16INK4a ORF. To understand the relationship between p16INK4a expression, chronologic age, subject characteristics and host genetics, we sought to develop a mathematical model that links p16INK4a expression with aging. Using an annotated dataset of 170 healthy adults for whom p16INK4a expression and subject genotypes were known, we developed two alternative stochastic models that relate p16INK4a expression to age, smoking, exercise and rs10757278 genotype. Levels of p16INK4a increased exponentially and then saturated at later chronologic ages. The model, which best fit the data, suggests saturation occurs because of p16INK4a-dependent attrition of subjects at older chronologic ages, presumably due to death or chronic illness. An important feature of our model is that factors that contribute to death in a non p16INK4a-dependent manner do not affect our analysis. Interestingly, tobacco-related increases in p16INK4a expression are predicted to arise from a decrease in the rate of p16INK4a-dependent death. This analysis is most consistent with the model that p16INK4a expression monotonically increases with age, and higher expression is associated with increased subject attrition.
School-Smart and Mother-Wise: Working-Class Women's Identity and Schooling

School-Smart and Mother-Wise: Working-Class Women's Identity and Schooling. WENDY LUTTRELL New York: Routledge, 1997. xv +164 pp., notes, references, index.
Factors promoting vitellogenic competence and yolk deposition in the cockroach ovary: Larval-adult transition

Abstract Experimental manipulation of juvenile hormone and ecdysone during larval-adult transition in Periplaneta americana provided evidence that during this period the absence of juvenile hormone and the presence of ecdysone is required for ovarian competence. Inhibition of follicle cell DNA synthesis or juvenile hormone administration during larval-adult transition precluded vitellogenic competence, suggesting that follicle cell DNA synthesis is required for ovarian follicles to later engage in yolk deposition, and that the requisite DNA synthesis occurs only when ecdysone is present in the absence of juvenile hormone.
The magnitude of heating of the Diffuse Ionized Gas of the interstellar medium by Landau damping of turbulence

I consider the dissipation of interstellar magnetohydrodynamic turbulence by Landau damping, and the associated heating of the interstellar gas, as a function of the wave distribution function and the plasma . The paper particularly addresses the contention of Lerche & Schlickeiser (2001, LS) that previous treatments of these features were incorrect, and produced expressions which were substantially in error, leading to qualitatively incorrect estimates for turbulent heating of the interstellar medium. Lerche and Schickeiser are correct in noting that the exact expression for the heating rate by dissipation through Landau damping requires integration of the product 2dPB over all wavenumber space, whered is the fast magnetosonic wave damping rate, and PB is the magnetic turbulence spatial power spectrum. However, this exact expression yields numerical results which dier little from the previously used expressions, when evaluated for the same turbulence properties. If turbulence in the Diuse Ionized Gas (DIG) phase of the interstellar medium consisted of fast mode magnetosonic waves, the heat input due to dissipation would exceed the cooling rate by at least 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. This fact may be demonstrated by the formulas in LS as well as previous papers on this topic. Lowering the theoretical rate for heat input requires rather extreme assumptions about the nature of this turbulence, such as very large and seemingly improbable anisotropy factors.
Formation of {[HIPTN3N]Mo(III)H}− by Heterolytic Cleavage of H2 as Established by EPR and ENDOR Spectroscopy

MoN2 (Mo = [(HIPTNCH2CH2)3N]Mo, where HIPT = 3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3) is the first stage in the reduction of N2 to NH3 by Mo. Its reaction with dihydrogen in fluid solution yields “MoH2”, a molybdenum−dihydrogen compound. In this report, we describe a comprehensive electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 1/2H/14N electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) study of the product of the reaction between MoN2 and H2 that is trapped in frozen solution, 1. EPR spectra of 1 show that it has a near-axial g tensor, g = [2.086, 1.961, 1.947], with dramatically reduced g anisotropy relative to MoN2. Analysis of the g values reveal that this anion has the Mo(III), [dxz, dyz]3 orbital configuration, as proposed for the parent MoN2 complex, and that it undergoes a strong pseudo-Jahn−Teller (PJT) distortion. Simulations of the 2D 35 GHz 1H ENDOR pattern comprised of spectra taken at multiple fields across the EPR envelope (2 K) show that 1 is the [MoH]− anion. The 35 GHz Mims pulsed 2H ENDOR spectra of 1 prepared wit...
The distribution of the glycosaminoglycans in the anatomic components of the lung and the changes in concentration of these macromolecules during development and aging.

Abstract The glycosaminoglycans of the normal human and bovine lungs and of the major structural components of these organs (pleura, ‘alveoli’, peripheral and central bronchi, arteries and veins) were investigated. To carry out this study, a micromethod for the separation and quantitative determination of these macromolecules, namely two-dimensional electrophoresis on cellulose acetate plates, was employed. This procedure made it possible to measure the content of each glycosaminoglycan present in the mentioned anatomic components. In the human lung the distribution of the glycosaminoglycans varies considerably from one component to another: dermatan sulfate was the predominant mucopolysaccharide of the pleura, chondroitin 6-sulfate that of the central bronchi, and herapan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate those of the alveoli. Heparin and keratan sulfate were not detected in any of the structural components. Significant changes in the mucopolysaccharide levels were found during maturation and aging. Further age-related changes were noted between 22 and 39 years. In the bovine lung significant changes in the glycosaminoglycan levels were also observed during growth and aging. Heparin appeared in the lung at an age between 1 and 16 months. Similarities and differences in the total contents and compositions of the glycosaminoglycans between the human and bovine lung were noted.
Time- and tape-bounded turing acceptors and AFLs

Complexity classes of formal languages defined by time- and tape-bounded Turing acceptors are studied. Sufficient conditions for these classes to be AFLs are given. Further, it is shown that a time-bounded nondeterministic Turing acceptor need have only two storage tapes.
Inelastic e − p Scattering Data and a New Parton Model

We elaborate on the application of the parton concepts to inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering. We propose a series of sum rules connecting the structure function $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}(\ensuremath{\nu},{Q}^{2})$ and the properties of the partons. In particular, a sum rule is derived relating the structure function of the neutron and the proton which depends only on the charge distribution of the partons. We then attempt to generalize the quark-parton model of Bjorken and Paschos (BP) so as to fit the data on inelastic $e\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering which are presently available. We find that we are unable to fit the data with this model. A new model is therefore developed in which the partons are not identified with quarks, and the minimum number of partons is four (whereas in the BP model it is three). It is found that this model gives an excellent fit to the data in the approximation that the scale invariance is true. It is pointed out that the minimum number of partons plays an important role in parton models. Our fits also show that the mean square charge per parton is very small, which rules out any reasonable possibility of associating individual quarks with partons.
Semiconductor nanomembranes: a platform for new science and technology

Semiconductor nanomembranes, extremely thin (<10 to ~1000 nm) single-crystal sheets, promise considerable new science and technology. They are flexible, they are readily transferable to other hosts and conform and bond easily, and they can take on a large range of shapes (tubes, spirals, ribbons, wires) via appropriate strain engineering and patterning. The ready ability to stack membranes allows the integration of the properties of different materials and/or orientations. A brief review of nanomembrane fabrication and manipulation with a view toward different types of applications is provided.
Characterization of 3-phenylpropenes as mechanism-based inhibitors of dopamine β-hydroxylase

Abstract An extension of the characterization of a series of 3-phenylpropenes as mechanism-based inhibitors of dopamine β-hydroxylase was made to include 2-CH3-3-(p-HO-phenyl)-1-propene (4). Kinetic data with 4 establish that this compound has all of the inactivation characteristics of other 2-substituted 3-phenylpropenes previously studied in this laboratory [ P. F. Fitzpatrick, D. R. Flory, Jr., and J. J. Villafranca (1985) Biochemistry 24, 2108–2114]. Comparison of the inactivation rate constants and partition ratios of 2-H, 2-Cl, 2-CH3, and 2-Br-3-(p-HO-phenyl)-1-propenes leads to the conclusion that there is a steric contribution to the magnitude of the inactivation rate parameters exerted by substitution at the 2-position. The 2-Br- and 2-CH3-containing compounds have slower inactivation rates than the 2-H congener and the partition ratios are lower than that found with 3-(p-HO-phenyl)-1-propene. The radiolabeled compound 2-[3H]-3-(p-HO-phenyl)-1-propene (8c) was synthesized and used to determine the stoichiometry of inhibitor bound to the enzyme. A stoichiometry of 1.0 mol of inhibitor/mol of enzyme monomer was found. The bound inhibitor is labile to conditions of protein denaturation and reaction with hydroxylamine preventing further isolation and identification of the modified amino acids.
RECENT ADVANCES IN FTIR-IMAGING AND TIME-RESOLVED INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY AT NIST

Novel methods for obtaining infrared chemical images of materials and biological samples will be introduced and briefly reviewed.
Topoisomerase 1 inhibition reversibly impairs synaptic function

Topotecan is a topoisomerase 1 (TOP1) inhibitor that is used to treat various forms of cancer. We recently found that topotecan reduces the expression of multiple long genes, including many neuronal genes linked to synapses and autism. However, whether topotecan alters synaptic protein levels and synapse function is currently unknown. Here we report that in primary cortical neurons, topotecan depleted synaptic proteins that are encoded by extremely long genes, including Neurexin-1, Neuroligin-1, Cntnap2, and GABAAβ3. Topotecan also suppressed spontaneous network activity without affecting resting membrane potential, action potential threshold, or neuron health. Topotecan strongly suppressed inhibitory neurotransmission via pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms and reduced excitatory neurotransmission. The effects on synaptic protein levels and inhibitory neurotransmission were fully reversible upon drug washout. Collectively, our findings suggest that TOP1 controls the levels of multiple synaptic proteins and is required for normal excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission.
Proving programs correct: Some techniques and examples

Proving the correctness of computer programs is justified as both advantageous and feasible. The discipline of proof provides a systematic search for errors, and a completed proof gives sufficient reasons why the program must be correct. Feasibility is demonstrated by exhibiting proofs of five pieces of code. Each proof uses one or more of the illustrated proof techniques of case analysis, assertions, mathematical induction, standard prose proof, sectioning and a table of variable value changes. Proofs of other programs, some quite lengthy, are cited to support the claim that the techniques work on programs much larger than the examples of the paper. Hopefully, more programmers will be encouraged to prove programs correct.
An energy-efficient fault-tolerant monitoring system for sensor networks

Because sensors are often deployed in harsh and/or adversarial environments, the sensors or the communication links may fail and hence endanger the mission of the sensor network. Although using more redundant sensors can tolerate some sensor failures, in most cases, only limited sensors are awake to extend the network life time. Therefore, sensor status (such as liveness, density estimation, residue energy, etc.) has to be closely monitored and made known to the sink, which can promptly react to the sensor status changes.
Reply to Reijmerink et al

We appreciate the comments from Reijmerink et al on our IL18R1 genetic association results published in the European Journal of Human Genetics.1 As we had pointed out in the paper, ours was a candidate gene study specifically exploring the hypothesis of genetic association between IL18R1 and asthma, as IL18R1 is a plausible candidate based on the available biological information. The observation that the SNPs in IL1RL1, IL18RAP and IL18R1 are associated with asthma in the Dutch asthma cohorts is interesting. We did not discuss the possibility of association with this gene cluster in our paper, as we were focused on IL18R1's association with asthma. A recent GWAS study to identify sequence variants affecting blood eosinophil counts reported significant association with the LD block containing IL1RL1, IL18R1, IL18RAP and SLC9A4, and this region is significantly associated with asthma (P=5.5 × 10−12) in a collection of 10 different populations.2 This study, along with the results pointed out by Reijmerink et al3 and our study,1 highlights the importance of this region in asthma-related phenotypes. As IL1RL1, IL18R1, IL18RAP and SLC9A4 are in tight linkage disequilibrium, we agree with Reijmerink et al's suggestion to take a closer look at this region in large asthma populations. Considering the LD pattern in this gene cluster, genotyping and analyzing additional SNPs may not resolve the questions raised here. We suggest deep sequencing of this region in a large population to identify functional variants and also suggest undertaking functional studies to pinpoint the biological association with the disease. We agree with the comments of Reijmerink et al on the significance of this region and highlight the importance of examining the flanking regions in all candidate gene studies. Recent efforts in setting up large databases for genetic association studies in asthma (GABRIEL consortium) and other diseases will be helpful to solve some of these questions.
Static Stability and the 300 mb Isotach Field in the Colorado Cyclogenetic Area

Abstract The static stability and 300 mb isotach fields for 102 cases of Colorado cyclogenesis during spring and fall are studied. The data sample is divided into cases that develop into either major or minor storms (developing cases) and casts which fail to develop into significant cyclones (non-developing cases). Two stability indices are used: the 800–300 mb temperature difference and a slightly modified form of the Showalter index. The seasonal means, based on a sample of 915 days, show relatively weak stability in the lee of the southern Rockies, which is accentuated in developing cyclones situations. The mean 300 mb isotach field for conditions that lead to developing cyclones shows a well developed jet core propagating eastward into the Colorado region. Contingency tables relating the 300 mb wind speeds at two upstream stations to static stability at two downstream stations show a statistically significant joint occurrence of strong 300 mb winds and weak stability in cases of developing cyclones. S...
Metal-Bound Histidine Modes in UV Resonance Raman Spectra of Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutase

Ultraviolet resonance Raman [UVRR] spectra of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase [SOD] contain bands arising from vibrations of metal-bound histidine ligands. Spectra in H2O solution reveal several modes of the His61 side chain, which bridges the Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions as imidazolate. The disappearance of these bands signals disruption of the bridge when the pH is lowered to 3.0, or the Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+. Binding of hydroxide [pH 12] or cyanide to the Cu2+ perturbs the imidazolate modes, reflecting geometry changes induced by these strong-field ligands. In D2O solution several additional bands become enhanced which arise from histidine ligands that have undergone NH/D exchange. Some of these are attributed to Cu-bound ligands and others to Zn-bound ligands, on the basis of selective changes accompanying removal and replacement of the metals. Excitation profiles are similar for these bands, and for the bridging imidazolate bands; they are red-shifted relative to nonligating histidine. The detection of site-speci...
Microscale Measurements of the Electrical Conductivity of Doped LiFePO4

Electrical conductivity at the microscopic grain level has been measured in densely sintered polycrystalline samples of LiFePO 4 and Li 0 . 9 9 Nb 0 . 0 1 FePO 4 , using a four-point microcontact technique. The absolute value of conductivity as well as its spatial variability have been measured, and are consistent with previously reported bulk measurements. The results support the interpretation of the conductivity increase upon doping of LiFePO 4 as a lattice effect.