cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Yield surfaces and loading surfaces. Experiments and recommendations

Abstract The concepts of yield surface and loading surface at room temperature and elevated temperature are discussed and experimental results on pure aluminum in support of these concepts are presented. Recommendations for future experimental research are presented.
An Examination of the Role of Online Technology in School Counseling.

A national study conducted with the members of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) database examined school counselors’ utilization of online technologies. The researchers also explored beliefs and practices and examined mitigating factors such as school counselors’ background, training, and experience. Training impacted counselors’ belief in the advantages of technology and their level of comfort. Females were significantly more likely to blur personal and professional boundaries irrespective of their training. The article discusses implications for school counselors.
NGOs and Constructive Engagement: Promoting Civil Society, Good Governance and the Rule of Law in Liberia

This article explores ethical and strategic consideration of efforts by international NGOs to promote civil society, good governance and the rule of law in authoritarian and transitional political systems. Our critical reflection upon The Carter Center's experiences in Liberia during the 1990s yields several insights. First, the failure of a government to respect human rights norms creates a misleading impression of inefficacy on the part of local NGOs. Second, perhaps the best index of near-term progress is capacity building, rather than institutional change and policy reform. Third, external actors should take their cues from organizations on the ground—to do otherwise would needlessly expose individuals with the most at risk. Fourth, although outside support to local NGOs can justifiably seek to improve the efficacy of what appears to be chaotic efforts, attempts to impose strategic coordination of activism may be at odds with the organic development of civil society.
Metabolism of the α-amino nitrogen of glutamine in rat lens

Abstract Rat lenses were cultured 4–24 h at 37°C in balance salt medium containing 5 m m [ 15 N]-(amino)-glutamine or 5 m m [ 15 N]-glutamate. Free amino acids were extracted with 6% trichloroacetic acid containing α-aminoisobutyrate as an internal standard, and trifluoroacetyl- n -butyl (TAB) derivatives were prepared. Amino acids were quantified by gas chromatography, and 15 N enrichment in amino groups of several lenticular free amino acids was determined by mass spectrometry. Culture of lenses with [ 15 N]-(amino)-glutamine resulted in more rapid [ 15 N]-labeling of the lenticular glutamate-glutamine pool than with [ 15 N]-glutamate. The [ 15 N]-(amino)-glutamine entered the lenses, and within 4 hr the lenticular glutamine-glutamate pool contained 70% amino-[ 15 N] and had more than doubled in concentration. In contrast, [ 15 N]-glutamate entered the lenses more slowly and lenticular glutamate-glutamine reached 30% 15 N in 4 hr and 60% in 24 hr, with little change in concentration. The more rapid entry of [ 15 N]-(amino)-glutamine resulted in more labeling of other amino acids than with [ 15 N]-glutamate. For example, after 8 hr of culture, the lenses in [ 15 N]-(amino)-glutamine contained a % 15 N enrichment of 31 in alanine, 8 in glycine, 44 in proline, 24 in serine, 62 in aspartate-asparagine, and 78 in glutamate-glutamine, compared to values of 15, 5, 20, 13, 38, and 37 respectively for the lenses in [ 15 N]-glutamate. The results indicate that in rat lenses the two-step process of glutamine transport and deamidation is more rapid than direct transport of glutamate. Lenses cultured with glutamine released sufficient ammonia into the culture medium to account for most of the added glutamine amido nitrogen. The data indicate that the amido nitrogen of glutamine is not utilized by the lens, but is lost to the surrounding medium. In contrast, the α-amino nitrogen can serve as a source of nitrogen for many important pathways of lens amino acid metabolism.
Bacterial characterization by flow cytometry

Bacteria were analyzed in a dual-beam flow cytometer after double staining with the fluorescent dyes chromomycin A3 and Hoechst 33258, which bind preferentially to DNA that is rich in guanine-cytosine and adenine-thymine, respectively. The measurements were indicative of the cellular DNA content and base composition, cell concentration, and proliferative state of the population. The ratio of the chromomycin A3 signal to the Hoechst 33258 signal increased with the guanine-cytosine content of the cellular DNA for the six cultured species measured, following expectation. Bacteria in urine from patients with urinary tract infections were characterized without interference from host cell DNA, debris, or other particulates.
Management of multivendor networks

Technical advances in multivendor network management capabilities allow customers to effectively manage their networks. Packaged offerings such as NetView® Extra simplify the ability to take advantage of these new capabilities. This paper describes the multivendor environment, customer network management requirements, IBM's initial approach to responding to these requirements, and enhancements needed to provide additional management offerings that automatically handle failures, including detection, bypass and recovery, vendor notification, and restoration of the repaired resource into service.
NORTH AMERICAN INTERSTATE WEATHER MODIFICATION COUNCIL: NEED, GOALS, PURPOSE, AND ACTIVITIES

: A need for the prudent design and critical analysis of all weather modification efforts was expressed by the attendees of the June 1974 Governors' Weather Modification Conference in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The attendees also expressed a need for an organization to coordinate and cooperate in intrastate, interstate and possible international weather modification activities, particularly in view of the growing importance of agricultural production, energy demand and domestic water supply. The North American Interstate Weather Modification Council (NAIWMC) was ratified on January 17, 1975, in Denver, Colorado, with its main purpose to achieve and maintain state and local control of such activities while endeavoring to attain a high degree of legislative uniformity and an effective information exchange mechanism. The need, goals, and objectives of the newly-created Council are summarized herein. The by-laws of the Council are presented according to the articles adopted at the organizational meeting. Membership in the Council is available to all states of the United States of America, Mexico, and all provinces of Canada. The officers of the Council are elected from its membership according to the regions of weather modification activities. A summary of the Council's progress at performing the purposes is presented in this paper. Definition of the users involved in the North American Interstate Weather Modification Council has been achieved during the early activities of the Council. The Council's views on federal and state weater modification legislation are presented according to position statements that have been adopted by the member states and provinces.
Skin temperature changes caused by smoking and other sympathomimetic stimuli

Abstract Within relatively recent years there has accumulated an extensive literature concerning the effects of tobacco on the circulatory system. Generally, such phenomena as changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, and the behavior of peripheral blood vessels, as indicated by changes in the temperature of the skin of the extremities, have been taken as qualitative and quantitative criteria of the nature of these effects. Agreement among the various investigators is by no means perfect, particularly with respect to changes in skin temperature. Also, many investigators seem to have overlooked certain physical and physiologic factors in the production of skin temperature changes which may be of crucial importance in so far as they concern interpretation of these changes. The purpose of this investigation is threefold: first, to add further information, either in confirmation of, or in contradiction to, that already reported; second, to report observations not previously mentioned in the literature; and, third, to interpret these data as carefully as possible, with due consideration for the physical and physiologic environment in which the experiments were conducted. Most of the very extensive bibliography on the subject is omitted for the purpose of conserving space.
Demystifying Men's Emotional Behavior: New Directions and Implications for Counseling and Research

Using a tripartite framework focusing on the causes, modes, and consequences of men’s emotional expression and nonexpression, this article provides a critical review of the theories and research relevant to men’s emotional behavior. It is argued that current conceptualizations of male emotional behavior do not adequately capture its multidimensional nature and would be enriched through integration with theories and research from the science of emotion. Implications for counseling and suggestions for research are outlined.
Surface Criticality at a Dynamic Phase Transition

In order to elucidate the role of surfaces at nonequilibrium phase transitions, we consider kinetic Ising models with surfaces subjected to a periodic oscillating magnetic field. Whereas, the corresponding bulk system undergoes a continuous nonequilibrium phase transition characterized by the exponents of the equilibrium Ising model, we find that the nonequilibrium surface exponents do not coincide with those of the equilibrium critical surface. In addition, in three space dimensions, the surface phase diagram of the nonequilibrium system differs markedly from that of the equilibrium system.
Lost in space: The impact of sensorimotor difficulties on emotional and social development in early childhood

This article examines the impact of sensorimotor deficiencies on social and emotional development in childhood. Children who have impairments in processing and coordinating sensory experience are unable to sufficiently develop sensorimotor schemas. Sensorimotor learning, in part, creates the experimential domain of the emergent self and is also a necessary component of core self development as outlined by Daniel Stern. The impact of deficiencies on the core self and, therefore, on social and emotional development are demonstrated with a complicated case example. The treatment process highlights the possibility of reworking core self issues and their effects on self concept and relationships. Multidisciplinary treatment is required to fully address all deficits. The child psychotherapist's role is to attend to the emotional and relational issues, as well as to coordinate the work with family and school.
Extrapolation of in vitro enzyme induction data to humans in vivo

Enzyme induction generally increases the rate and extent of xenobiotic metabolism in vitro, but physiological constraints can dampen these effects in vivo. Biotransformation kinetics determined in hepatocytes in vitro can be extrapolated to whole animals based on the hepatocellularity of the liver, since the initial velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is directly proportional to the total enzyme present in the cell. The biotransformation kinetics of various xenobiotics determined with isolated hepatocytes in vitro have been shown to accurately predict pharmacokinetics in whole animals. Analysis of the kinetic data, using physiologically based pharmacokinetics, allows extrapolation of xenobiotic biotransformation across dose routes and species in a biologically realistic context. Several fold variations were observed in the bioactivation of the hepatotoxicant furan by isolated human hepatocytes, due to induction of cytochrome P450 2E1. Extrapolation of these data to humans in vivo showed that furan bioactivation was limited by hepatic blood flow delivery of the substrate. One important consequence of hepatic blood flow limitation is that the amount of metabolite formed in the liver is unaffected by increases in Vmax due to enzyme induction. Therefore, interindividual variations in cytochrome P450 2E1 among human populations would not affect the bioactivation of many rapidly metabolized hazardous chemical air pollutants. The hepatic blood flow limitation of biotransformation is also observed after oral bolus dosing of rapidly metabolized compounds. More slowly metabolized xenobiotics, such as therapeutic agents, are only partially limited by hepatic blood flow and other processes.
The news about comedy Young audiences, The Daily Show, and evolving notions of journalism

Recent survey data suggest that at the same time as young Americans are abandoning traditional news media, they are more likely to identify late-night comedy programs, particularly Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, as a destination for learning about election campaigns. In order to explore how journalists are responding to the idea of a comedy program as a news source, this article analyzes discourse about The Daily Show as it appeared in the trade and popular presses between January 1999 and March 2004. Emerging from this analysis is the way in which journalists are using The Daily Show as an occasion to reflect upon the nature of their work and the current state of their profession. For many journalists, The Daily Show has prompted reconsideration of the once rigid distinction between news and entertainment and of the historical conventions used to enforce this distinction.
Novel actin crosslinker superfamily member identified by a two step degenerate PCR procedure

Abstract Actin-crosslinking proteins link F-actin into the bundles and networks that constitute the cytoskeleton. Dystrophin, β-spectrin, α-actinin, ABP-120, ABP-280, and fimbrin share homologous actin-binding domains and comprise an actin crosslinker superfamily. We have identified a novel member of this superfamily (ACF7) using a degenerate primer-mediated PCR strategy that was optimized to resolve less-abundant superfamily sequences. The ACF7 gene is on human chromosome 1 and hybridizes to high molecular weight bands on northern blots. Sequence comparisons argue that ACF7 does not fit into one of the existing families, but represents a new class within the superfamily.
Ensemble calibration and sensitivity study of a surface CO2 flux scheme using an optimization algorithm

[1] Carbon exchange between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem is a key component affecting climate changes. Because the in situ measurements are not dense enough to resolve CO2 exchange spatial variation on various scales, the variation has been mainly simulated by numerical ecosystem models. These models contain large uncertainties in estimating CO2 exchange owing to incorporating a number of empirical parameters on different scales. This study applied a global optimization algorithm and ensemble approach to a surface CO2 flux scheme to (1) identify sensitive photosynthetic and respirational parameters, and (2) optimize the sensitive parameters in the modeling sense and improve the model skills. The photosynthetic and respirational parameters of corn (C4 species) and soybean (C3 species) in NCAR land surface model (LSM) are calibrated against observations from AmeriFlux site at Bondville, IL during 1999 and 2000 growing seasons. Results showed that the most sensitive parameters are maximum carboxylation rate at 25°C and its temperature sensitivity parameter (Vcmax25 and avc), quantum efficiency at 25°C (Qe25), temperature sensitivity parameter for maintenance respiration (arm), and temperature sensitivity parameter for microbial respiration (amr). After adopting calibrated parameter values, simulated seasonal averaged CO2 fluxes were improved for both the C4 and the C3 crops (relative bias reduced from 0.09 to −0.02 for the C4 case and from 0.28 to −0.01 for the C3 case). An updated scheme incorporating new parameters and a revised flux-integration treatment is also proposed.
Exposure to a workday environment results in an increase in anterior tilting of the scapula in dental hygienists with greater employment experience

Abstract Background Dental hygienists suffer a high incidence of shoulder pathology that seems to increase with job longevity. It has been hypothesized that occupational injuries could be due to local muscle fatigue caused by repetitive low level work and awkward and constrained working postures. In the laboratory, scapular kinematics can be temporarily altered using fatiguing protocols. It is unknown whether or not workday fatigue causes changes to scapular kinematics. The aim of this study was to examine if changes in scapular tilt and rotation occurs after a workday in dental hygienists. Methods The pre and post workday scapular kinematics were recorded from dental hygienists using an electromagnetic tracking system. All data were recorded within the place of employment of the dental hygienist. Results Following the workday, there was significantly more scapular anterior tilt in dental hygienists ( P Interpretation The increase in scapular anterior tilting could be due to post workday fatigue. Anterior tilting of the scapula may have an influence on the development of subacromial impingement syndrome. Hygienists with greater duration of work experience may be at greater risk for developing shoulder injuries as they have more anterior tilting of the scapula post workday.
Challenges to religious legal pluralism in 21st-century America: the case of Shari'ah

The relationship between religion and law – and between religion and government – has always been a challenge for the American legal system. Born of religious tolerance, the country has long strugg...
A hierarchical Bayesian approach for estimating freshwater mussel growth based on tag-recapture data

Abstract In fisheries stock assessment and management, the von Bertalanffy growth model is commonly used to describe individual growth of many species by fitting age-at-length data. However, it is difficult or impossible to determine accurate individual ages in some cases. Mark-recapture survey becomes an alternative choice to collect individual growth information. In mark-recapture studies, some tagged animals can be recaptured more than one time and ignorance of the autocorrelations for each individual may result in substantial biases in estimations of growth parameters. To investigate the existence of individual and sex variability in growth, we designed an experiment to collect mark-recapture data for one endangered freshwater mussel species ( Epioblasma capsaeformis ) and one common, non-imperiled species ( Actinonaias pectorosa ) by using a passive integrated transponder (PIT) technique. Models with individual and sex variability (M1), sex-related differences (M2), individual variability (M3) and nonhierarchy (M4) were developed to estimate growth of E. capsaeformis and A. pectorosa . Deviance information criterion (DIC) was used to measure the performance of these models. For E. capsaeformis , female mussels tended to have higher means of asymptotic length (44.96 mm) and growth rate coefficient (0.283/year) than males (42.18 mm and 0.213/year). The model M3 yielded the lowest DIC value for both species, indicating individual differences should be considered in parameter estimation. Thus, we suggest that a hierarchical approach be used to consider individual variability for modeling growth of mussels with mark-recapture data, especially when there is a high percentage of multiple recaptures.
The role of negatively charged lipids in lysosomal phospholipase A2 function.

Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2) is characterized by increased activity toward zwitterionic phospholipid liposomes containing negatively charged lipids under acidic conditions. The effect of anionic lipids on LPLA2 activity was investigated. Mouse LPLA2 activity was assayed as C2-ceramide transacylation. Sulfatide incorporated into liposomes enhanced LPLA2 activity under acidic conditions and was weakened by NaCl or increased pH. Amiodarone, a cationic amphiphilic drug, reduced LPLA2 activity. LPLA2 exhibited esterase activity when p-nitro-phenylbutyrate (pNPB) was used as a substrate. Unlike the phospholipase A2 activity, the esterase activity was detected over wide pH range and not inhibited by NaCl or amiodarone. Presteady-state kinetics using pNPB were consistent with the formation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate. C2-ceramide was an acceptor for the acyl group of the acyl-enzyme but was not available as the acyl group acceptor when dispersed in liposomes containing amiodarone. Cosedimentation of LPLA2 with liposomes was enhanced in the presence of sulfatide and was reduced by raising NaCl, amiodarone, or pH in the reaction mixture. LPLA2 adsorption to negatively charged lipid membrane surfaces through an electrostatic attraction, therefore, enhances LPLA2 enzyme activity toward insoluble substrates. Thus, anionic lipids present within lipid membranes enhance the rate of phospholipid hydrolysis by LPLA2 at lipid-water interfaces.—Abe, A., and J. A. Shayman. The role of negatively charged lipids in lysosomal phospholipase A2 function.
Progressive Trends and Impact of the Journal of Career Development: A Citation Analysis

As one of the four premier journals in vocational psychology, the Journal of Career Development (JCD) has published over 830 articles over the past three decades. This study examined the performance of JCD through a citation analysis and provided evaluative data for scholars publishing in the field of vocation psychology. Articles published by JCD between 1986 and 2007 were analyzed. Additional data pertaining JCD’s performance were also collected through the Journal Citation Reports. The analyses revealed a strong and growing impact of articles published by JCD on researchers and professionals. Specifically, results provided (a) the frequency and trends of JCD’s citations overtime, (b) the journals where JCD’s articles were most often cited, (c) the most frequently cited JCD’s articles, (d) JCD’s impact data in applied psychology, and (e) JCD’s citation information among the other three vocational psychology journals. Implications of the results for the journal are discussed.
Efficient DNA sensing with fabricated silicon nanopores: diagnosis methodology and algorithms

Novel advances in fluidic MEMS sensor/sensor electronics design utilizing silicon nanopores have opened the possibility of accurate and "portable" field diagnosis of DNA molecules. Currently, a DC stimulus is used to "push (translocate)" each molecule through a silicon nanopore and the translocation time of the molecule through the nanopore is used to estimate its length. In this paper, it is shown that polymer transport models, combined with knowledge of the electrical forces exerted on each molecule by application of a (calibrated) stimulus to the sensor electrodes, allows much more fine-grained diagnosis of DNA molecules than it is currently possible. Hence, by proper stimulus design, the efficiency of the DNA sensing using silicon sensors can be improved significantly without incurring any additional hardware overhead.
CLINICAL CONDUCT AND NURSING QUALITY OF LIFE IN PROSTATE CANCER

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy among American men, with approximately 180,400 new cases expected to occur this year. 1 According to the American Cancer Society, 79% of these men will present with early stage disease at the time of diagnosis; however, a fair number of men will present with incurable metastatic disease. 2 Treatment options for this disease are often diverse with similar response outcomes, but different side effects. With therapy that is accompanied by side effects and either equivocal or doubtful benefits, evaluating quality of life (QOL) becomes increasingly important. Clinical trials are currently being conducted in patients with various stages of prostate cancer across the country. Increased efforts are being made to cure or control the disease, improve survival, and provide palliation with the highest possible QOL. This article presents important aspects in patient management with regard to clinical conduct of trials and QOL.
Some notes on grid circuit and diode rectification

The equivalent input resistance of a grid leak and condenser in parallel and the combination in series with a diode or the grid-cathode circuit of a triode are calculated for various combinations by means of the static I g -E g , characteristics and an extension of the work of Colebrook and Peterson and Llewellyn. The equivalent internal resistance of the diode is also calculated and an expression for the equivalent generator is also derived. The relations between X, the grid condenser modulation frequency reactance, R, the grid leak, and m, the percentage modulation, to give good quality are considered theoretically and experimentally. The part played by the values of X, R, and m in the quality of the audio-frequency output was first considered by Terman and Morgan. Limiting values of X and R for the cases of the triode and diode are also estimated.
Long-acting coronary vasodilator drugs: metamine, paveril, nitroglyn and peritrate.

Recognition of the value of glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerine) in the treatment and prevention of anginal attacks has confirmed the belief that coronary blood flow may be influenced favorably by drug therapy and has led to a search for vasodilators capable of more prolonged action. The most popular of the newer agents which are alleged to have this desirable effect are Metamine, Paveril, Nitroglyn and Peritrate. In order to evaluate these drugs, the modifying action of each agent on the electrocardiographic response to standard exercise (Master two-step test) was recorded and compared in 21 carefully selected patients with coronary disease. Analysis of the results obtained with varying dosage administered from one to six hours prior to exercise disclosed that Peritrate was vastly superior to the other three drugs and that it alone was worthy of the designation "long-acting coronary vasodilator."
Case studies of a camera-aided imaging method for evaluation of interior luminous environments

This paper introduces a camera-aided imaging method to help lighting practitioners, especially students and beginners, to evaluate the quality of interior luminous environments. This imaging method adopts the high dynamic range photography to acquire millions of luminance values across an interior luminous environment, stores the data on a high dynamic range (HDR) image, and then uses a MatLab code (http://people.ku.edu/∼h717c996/research.html) to plot two-dimensional luminance and luminance gradient maps of the luminous environment for further evaluation. Four case studies were conducted to validate this imaging method. The HDR image of each test scenario and its luminance and luminance gradient maps were analysed to evaluate the lighting quality in light of four visual concepts, including hierarchy of focal accents, glare and reflectance, entry of daylight, and lighting the walls. Information extracted from those images could be used to improve problematic lighting conditions. The method is useful for v...
Homological illusions of persistence and stability

In this thesis we explore and extend the theory of persistent homology, which captures topological features of a function by pairing its critical values. The result is represented by a collection of points in the extended plane called persistence diagram. We start with the question of ridding the function of topological noise as suggested by its persistence diagram. We give an algorithm for hierarchically finding such e-simplifications on 2-manifolds as well as answer the question of when it is impossible to simplify a function in higher dimensions. We continue by examining time-varying functions. The original algorithm computes the persistence pairing from an ordering of the simplices in a triangulation and takes worst-case time cubic in the number of simplices. We describe how to maintain the pairing in linear time per transposition of consecutive simplices. A side effect of the update algorithm is an elementary proof of the stability of persistence diagrams. We introduce a parametrized family of persistence diagrams called persistence vineyards and illustrate the concept with a vineyard describing a folding of a small peptide. We also base a simple algorithm to compute the rank invariant of a collection of functions on the update procedure. Guided by the desire to reconstruct stratified spaces from noisy samples, we use the vineyard of the distance function restricted to a 1-parameter family of neighborhoods of a point to assess the local homology of a sampled stratified space at that point. We prove the correctness of this assessment under the assumption of a sufficiently dense sample. We also give an algorithm that constructs the vineyard and makes the local assessment in time at most cubic in the size of the Delaunay triangulation of the point sample. Finally, to refine the measurement of local homology the thesis extends the notion of persistent homology to sequences of kernels, images, and cokernels of maps induced by inclusions in a filtration of pairs of spaces. Specifically, we note that persistence in this context is well defined, we prove that the persistence diagrams are stable, and we explain how to compute them. Additionally, we use image persistence to cope with functions on noisy domains.
A review of: "High Resolution Spectroscopy by J. Michael Hollas Butteworths; Boston 638 Pages xv Price: $115.00"

(1982). A review of: “High Resolution Spectroscopy by J. Michael Hollas Butteworths; Boston 638 Pages + xv Price: $115.00”. Spectroscopy Letters: Vol. 15, No. 12, pp. 1017-1017.
Tetanus and Tetanus Immunization in Long-Term Care Facilities

Although tetanus is rare, elderly residents of LTCFs are at risk for this disease. Assessment of residents' immunization histories, followed by appropriate updating, can prevent tetanus in this population. Many questions, however, remain unanswered.
Micro and macro statistical/scientific database management

In this extended abstract we will discuss some of the difficulties of managing statistical/scientific databases (SSDBs) using most of the commercially available database management systems (DBMSs)and statistical packages. The most important requirements of SSDB management will also be presented.
What Third-Grade Students of Differing Ability Levels Learn about Nature of Science after a Year of Instruction

This study explored third-grade elementary students' conceptions of nature of science (NOS) over the course of an entire school year as they participated in explicit-reflective science instruction. The Views of NOS-D (VNOS-D) was administered pre instruction, during mid-school year, and at the end of the school year to track growth in understanding over time. The Young Children's Views of Science was used to describe how students conversed about NOS among themselves. All science lessons were videotaped, student work collected, and a researcher log was maintained. Data were analyzed by a team of researchers who sorted the students into low-, medium-, and high-achieving levels of NOS understandings based on VNOS-D scores and classwork. Three representative students were selected as case studies to provide an in-depth picture of how instruction worked differentially and how understandings changed for the three levels of students. Three different learning trajectories were developed from the data describing t...
Microtubule-dependent transport and dynamics of vimentin intermediate filaments

We studied two aspects of vimentin intermediate filament dynamics-transport of filaments and subunit exchange. We observed transport of long filaments in the periphery of cells using live-cell structured illumination microscopy. We studied filament transport elsewhere in cells using a photoconvertible-vimentin probe and total internal reflection microscopy. We found that filaments were rapidly transported along linear tracks in both anterograde and retrograde directions. Filament transport was microtubule dependent but independent of microtubule polymerization and/or an interaction with the plus end-binding protein APC. We also studied subunit exchange in filaments by long-term imaging after photoconversion. We found that converted vimentin remained in small clusters along the length of filaments rather than redistributing uniformly throughout the network, even in cells that divided after photoconversion. These data show that vimentin filaments do not depolymerize into individual subunits; they recompose by severing and reannealing. Together these results show that vimentin filaments are very dynamic and that their transport is required for network maintenance.
Does leaf chemistry differentially affect breakdown in tropical vs temperate streams? Importance of standardized analytical techniques to measure leaf chemistry

Comparisons of the effects of leaf litter chemistry on leaf breakdown rates in tropical vs temperate streams are hindered by incompatibility among studies and across sites of analytical methods used to measure leaf chemistry. We used standardized analytical techniques to measure chemistry and breakdown rate of leaves from common riparian tree species at 2 sites, 1 tropical and 1 temperate, where a relatively large amount of information is available on litter chemistry and breakdown rates in streams (La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, and Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina, USA). We selected 8 common riparian tree species from La Selva and 7 from Coweeta that spanned the range of chemistries of leaf litter naturally entering streams at each site. We predicted that concentrations of secondary compounds would be higher in the tropical species than in the temperate species and that high concentrations of condensed tannins would decrease breakdown rates in both sites. Contrary to our predictions, mean concentration of condensed tannins was significantly greater (2.63, p , 0.001) for species at Coweeta than for species at La Selva. Concentration of condensed tannins was negatively correlated with breakdown rate among Coweeta species (r ¼� 0.80), not among La Selva species, and negatively correlated when the 2 sites were combined (r ¼� 0.53). Concentrations of structural compounds were strongly correlated with breakdown rate at both sites (Coweeta species, lignin r ¼� 0.94, cellulose r ¼� 0.77; La Selva species, cellulose r ¼� 0.78, C r ¼� 0.73). The chemistries of 8 riparian species from La Selva and 7 riparian species from Coweeta were not as different as expected. Our results underline the importance of standardized analytical techniques when making cross-site comparisons of leaf chemistry.
Mcardle's & Hers' Diseases: Glycogen Phosphorylase Transcriptional Expression In Human tissues

We have cloned the cDNA encoding human liver glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenosis type VI) from a fetal brain cDNA library. Liver (L) and muscle (M) phosphorylase cDNA probes were used to determine the relative abundance of mRNA encoding the L- and M-isozymes of phosphorylase in human fetal and adult tissues. The transcript encoding the M-isozyme is 3.4 kb; the L-isozyme transcript is 3.3 kb. Transcriptional expression of the L-isozyme in human and primate tissues was found to differ from the isozyme's reported tissue specificity in non-primate mammals. Furthermore, using degenerate oligonucleotide probes to two different coding regions of M-phosphorylase, a novel 4.1-kb transcript was demonstrated to be present in human fetal and adult brain.
Spectral Description of Low Frequency Oceanic Variability

A synthesis is made of simple dynamics with a wide variety of observations to produce a zero-order approximate analytical spectral description of low-frequency oceanic variability in the Northern Hemisphere oceans. Because the spatial inhomogeneity is so great, one must account for it at lowest order, rendering a power density spectrum only a first step toward to a full statistical description. The fundamental hypothesis is that there exists, for each vertical mode of variability, n, a function F(k, l, v ,n ,f, l), where (k, l) are local horizontal wavenumbers; v is frequency; and (f, l) are latitude and longitude, respectively, and that can, as a first approximation, be represented in a simple factored form. Data from altimetry, moored current and temperature sensors, acoustic tomography, and XBTs are used to find a first guess form forF(k, l, v ,n ,f, l), which is at least semiquantitatively accurate. A useful model spectrum proves to be representable as a product of separate factors for wavenumber, frequency, mode number, and a function of latitude and longitude. The results raise dynamical questions concerning the forms that emerge, and present a challenge for improvement of the representation by existing and future observations. Numerous improvements can be made to the detailed structure. A number of illustrative applications are then made, including calculation of an unobserved spectrum (velocity wavenumber) and the detection of climate-scale shifts in ocean property fluxes.
Current Choices—Good or Bad—for the Proactive Management of Postoperative Ileus: A Surgeon’s View

Postoperative ileus (POI) is frequently experienced by many patients undergoing abdominal operations and other surgical procedures. Postoperative ileus causes physical discomfort and may increase risk for prolonged hospital length of stay. Despite its prevalence, there is currently no accepted standard definition of POI and, consequently, no standardized mode of prevention or treatment; it is no wonder that a variety of management approaches for POI have been developed. Some of these include alternative surgical techniques such as laparoscopic or endoscopic procedures to minimize trauma and help lessen the release of endogenous mediators of POI. Others have evaluated alternate analgesic regimens such as thoracic epidural anesthetics to avoid stimulating opioid receptors in the gut. These approaches have had varying results. Other pharmacologic attempts to reduce POI have focused on the blockade of opioid receptors to prevent opioid-induced GI-related adverse effects. A new class of agents, peripherally acting mu-opioid-receptor antagonists such as methylnaltrexone and alvimopan, may improve the pharmacologic management of POI and reshape the current paradigm of multimodal management of POI. Protocols that incorporate these agents may offer yet another avenue to mitigate the adverse effects of POI, and thus help improve surgical outcomes. To date, alvimopan has been shown in phase 3 clinical trials to significantly reduce the duration of POI while maintaining satisfactory analgesia and reducing length of hospital stay. Combinations of strategies with demonstrated effectiveness such as early feeding, epidural analgesia, laparoscopic surgery, and peripherally acting mu-opioid-receptor antagonists may help transform the management of POI into an effective multimodal paradigm that targets the diverse etiologic factors leading to this common clinical problem. Clearly, all surgical team members are crucial in the optimal implementation of such multimodal approaches.
Integrating Practice Guidelines Into Professional Training: Implications for Diversity Competence

The authors present the findings of a special task group (STG) organized to explore effective training strategies for the practice guidelines focused on diverse populations. They provide a brief literature review and summarize survey data from academic training directors regarding current use of practice guidelines. The authors then describe the Integrative Training Model (ITM), developed by the STG, as a framework for students and professionals to incorporate the complex array of information contained in each set of guidelines. Unique challenges associated with incorporating the ITM are described, as well as pedagogical considerations for both students and current professionals. The authors believe the ITM may help students and professionals increase their diversity competence by developing a more holistic understanding of the various dimensions and social group experiences that affect their clients and themselves.
Tomographic imaging of material property variations in polymers

The use of tomographic imaging to map out material property variations in polymeric media is explored. A set of target samples was prepared with known variations in cure state. Ultrasonic transit times for multiple ray paths were measured and, from these data, tomographic images were created using a modified algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) algorithm. These data were compared with simulated data in order to evaluate the spatial-resolution capability of the approach. Qualitative agreement between the actual sample image and that computed using the ART algorithm is good. However, image smoothing at the boundary between the core region and the sample exterior precludes a sharp transition. This effect tends to make it difficult to identify anomalies in material properties when the property difference is small ( >
Periarterial sympathectomy in scleroderma patients: Intermediate-term follow-up

The use of periarterial sympathectomy (PAS) to manage chronic digital ischemia caused by scleroderma remains controversial. The duration of efficacy of PAS in managing scleroderma symptoms was evaluated by examining microvascular physiology, health-related quality of life, and patient satisfaction. Twenty-two patients (29 hands) with scleroderma, chronic vascular insufficiency, and a history of nonhealing digital ulcers unresponsive to nonsurgical treatment were evaluated. Isolated cold stress testing and laser Doppler fluxmetry measurements were used to evaluate microvascular perfusion before surgery and after a mean follow-up period of 31 months (range, 7-108 months). Digital temperatures did not change after surgery, but microvascular perfusion had increased significantly at a mean of 31 months in 22 hands. Health-related quality-of-life data were collected at a mean of 46 months (range, 11-108 months) after surgery. Subjective improvement (fewer ulcers, faster ulcer healing, and decreased pain) was reported for 18 of 22 patients (24 of 29 hands) at a mean follow-up period of 46 months; 6 patients remained ulcer free. Follow-up of scleroderma patients after PAS documented improved microvascular perfusion as evaluated by laser Doppler fluxmetry and by variable clinical results.
Recent Developments in Semiconductor Thermoelectric Physics and Materials

Recent advances in semiconductor thermoelectric physics and materials are reviewed. A key requirement to improve the energy conversion efficiency is to increase the Seebeck coefficient (S) and the electrical conductivity (σ) while reducing the electronic and lattice contributions to thermal conductivity (κe + κL). Some new physical concepts and nanostructures make it possible to modify the trade-offs between the bulk material properties through changes in the density of states, scattering rates, and interface effects on electron and phonon transport. We review recent experimental and theoretical results on nanostructured materials of various dimensions: superlattices, nanowires, nanodots, and solid-state thermionic power generation devices. Most of the recent success has been in the reduction of lattice thermal conductivity with the concurrent maintenance of good electrical conductivity. Several theoretical and experimental results to improve the thermoelectric power factor (S2σ) and to reduce the Lorenz ...
Perceptual selectivity and information processing by fast and slow learners in paired-associate learning

Utilizing a design requiring perceptual rather than verbal discrimination in a compound-stimulus, P-A learning task, two hypotheses related to individual differences in perceptual selection of a functional stimulus cue and the processing of information were explored. The hypothesis that fast learners (determined by pretest) would “process” more information than slow learners in P-A learning was supported. Slow learners consistently ignored the random shape to which instructions specifically directed them and selected instead the context color as the functional cue. A second hypothesis that negative transfer due to proactive inhibition would be greater for slow learners was also supported.
Invasive capacity of Tamarix ramosissima in a Mojave Desert floodplain: The role of drought

Tamarix ramosissima (Tamaricaceae) is a woody phreatophyte that has invaded thousands of hectares of floodplain habitat in the southwestern U.S. In this study, we examined the response of gas exchange and stem sap flow of Tamarix and three co-occurring native phreatophytes (Pluchea sericea (Asteraceae), Prosopis pubescens (Fabaceae) and Salix exigua (Salicaceae)) to drought conditions in an early successional floodplain community in the Mojave Desert of southern Nevada. In an analysis of a size/age series of each species across the whole floodplain (both mature and successional stands), stem growth rate was lowest for Tamarix. However, along the same successional chronosequence, Tamarix came to dominate the 50+ year old stands with dense thickets of high stem density. Xylem sap flow, when expressed on a sapwood area basis, was highest in Tamarix under early drought conditions, but comparable between the four species toward the end of the summer dry season. Multivariate analysis of the gas exchange data indicated that the four species differentiated based on water use under early drought conditions and separated based on plant water potential and leaf temperature (indices of drought effects) at the end of the summer dry season. This analysis suggests that the invasive Tamarix is the most drought tolerant of the four species, whereas Salix transpires the most water per unit leaf surface area and is the least tolerant of seasonal water stress. Therefore, Salix appears to be well adapted to early successional communities. However, as floodplains in this arid region become more desiccated with age, Tamarix assumes greater dominance due to its superior drought tolerance relative to native phreatophytes and its ability to produce high density stands and high leaf area.
PERFORMANCE AND HEAT RELEASE ANALYSIS OF A PILOT-IGNITED NATURAL GAS ENGINE

AbstractThe influence of engine operating variables on the performance, emissions and heat release in a compression ignition engine operating in normal diesel and dual-fuel modes (with natural gas fuelling) was investigated. Substantial reductions in NOx emissions were obtained with dual-fuel engine operation. There was a corresponding increase in unburned hydrocarbon emissions as the substitution of natural gas was increased. Brake specific energy consumption decreased with natural gas substitution at high loads but increased at low loads. Experimental results at fixed pilot injection timing have also established the importance of intake manifold pressure and temperature in improving dual-fuel performance and emissions at part load.
Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control in High Tunnel Production

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. disease control, pests, insects, IPM SUMMARY. Crops grown inhigh tunnels arejust as susceptibleto pests and diseases as those grown under greenhouse and field conditions. Crops that lend themselves economically to this type of production system are edible and/or minor crops. Therefore, labeled pesticides for these crops are limited and sometimes nonexistent. However, there is a wide range of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies available to high tunnel producers. These strategies include biological control, which is often left out of traditional IPM programs when labeled pesticides are available. High tunnel production is very conducive to the inclusion of biological controls and allows for a truly IPM system. This article provides a selective overview of common arthropod pests and diseases encountered in high tunnels, as well as strategies that have potential for becoming best management practices in high tunnels with additional research.