cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Right at Home: Freedom and Domesticity in the Language and Imagery of Beer Advertising 1933–1960

Historians have contended that the stigma associated with women’s alcohol consumption was largely eliminated by the 1940s. This paper, building on the work done by those historians, seeks to explore and, hopefully, complicate the concepts of gender, class, beer and American culture in the mid-twentieth century through the lens of beer advertisements. Beer advertisements from the 1930s through the 1950s suggest that the brewing industry didn’t simply offer women uninhibited entry into the masculine world of drink, but rather redefined that world in terms of the domestic sphere and a woman’s role therein. Between the repeal of prohibition in 1933 and industry consolidation at the end of the 1950s, beer advertisements reflected and engaged many broad social questions and concerns. Distinctly gendered, many beer ads reflected debates about the proper role of women, the importance of domesticity, and the aspirations of a consumption-based American middle class. In an effort to create as broad a market as possible without alienating key consumers or giving ground to dry advocates, brewers offered a vision of American society in which the maligned saloon was replaced by the home, in which drinking beer was a man’s (and eventually a nation’s) inalienable right and providing it for him was a woman’s obligation. This paper is based on beer advertisements, newspaper and magazine articles, American brewery archives and other published materials.
GOVERNMENT‐FUNDED R&D: SOME REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

Governmental influences on technological change, unlike private-sector efforts, have received little attention from geographers. A major influence in a regional context is the direct government spending on R&D conduted by private firms. This paper focuses on the agglomeration and linkage effects of federal R&D spending in the United States, isolating defense and space R&D as the largest single sources of federal funds. The empirical findings suggest that federally funded R&D takes place in different agglomerations than private R&D, and that relatively few places are linked into the network of R&D subcontracts.
Telescope crown retainers for removable partial dentures.

Abstract Telescope crowns are used to retain partial dentures. They provide the best possible force distribution to the abutment teeth. These partial dentures have excellent retentive qualities due to the frictional fit of the crown and sleeve coping and the supplemental retention gained by the plunger spring and the bar clip. The telescope crowns have a favorable relationship to the gingival tissues. The esthetic result is better than that of clasp partial dentures.
Evaluation of in-line sensors for selected properties measurements in continuous food processing

Abstract The present investigation deals with the evaluation of five in-line sensors — refractometer, viscometer, density meter, pH meter and power meter — to measure soluble solids, viscosity, density, pH and power respectively in the continuous processing of different food products. The food products used were: apple sauce, banana puree, banana concentrate and a yogurt beverage. The food products were processed in a pilot scale setup consisting of feed tank, pumps, in-line sensors, data logger and other accessories. The variables covered in the present investigation were: temperature (10–60 °C), flow rate (18.92–113.56 l/min) and soluble solids or Brix (5–30%, w/w). These sensors were calibrated off-line by an Abbe refractometer (for soluble solids), pycnometer (for density) and pH meter (for pH). Off-line measurements were also taken for viscosity by Brookfield viscometer and Bostwick viscometer. Total solids were measured by a modified vacuum oven method. An in-line Maselli refractometer gave values of soluble solids within an accuracy of ±0.5%. The in-line density meter gave consistently higher values by about 4%. In-line viscosity values could not be compared with the off-line measurements because of the order of magnitude difference in the shear rate during stationary and flow conditions of the food products. pH values obtained by the in-line sensor were very close to the off-line values (maximum deviation: ±1%). Power values could not be compared, since there was no method available to measure it off-line. The sensors gave satisfactory results under different operating conditions in the range of variables mentioned. Their performance was not affected by prolonged use during continuous operations of about 8 h.
Trends in retail inventory performance: 1982 – 2012

This paper reports on empirical research focused on temporal trends related to the inventory performance of U.S. retailers between 1982 and 2012. Prior research, which reported on temporal trends of inventory performance, investigated only inventory turnover, resulted in somewhat conflicting results, and did not account for the impact of either firm size or net margin on inventory performance. This research accounts for the impact of both firm size and net margin and examines trends of both inventory turnover and inventory to assets. Results related to inventory turnover reconciled the conflicting reports from previous research, showed a significant impact of firm size to trends, and revealed a positive relationship between inventory turnover and net margin. Results related to the inventory to asset ratio revealed an unexpected relationship with gross margin, no relationship with net income or sales surprise, and a decreasing temporal trend. These results suggest that inventory to asset ratio may be a poor measure of inventory performance.
A quantum mechanical conformational search of captopril, a potent inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme

Abstract A full conformational search of the potent angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril is determined at the semiempirical AM1 level with a modified version of ampac (version 2.2). In particular, 216 initial conformations of captopril are optimized, generating 123 unique structures within 10.8 kcal mol −1 of the global minima. The lowest energy conformation is two-fold degenerate, containing both a trans-syn and a cis-syn structure. The lowest trans-anti conformation is 1.2 kcal mol −1 higher and the lowest energy cis-anti structure is 4.3 kcal mol − above the global minima. These results are compared to previous calculated and experimental results.
Intelligent elicitation of military lessons

We introduce LET (Lesson Elicitation Tool), which uses domain and linguistic knowledge to guide users during their submission of lessons learned. LET can detect a user's need for instructions and disambiguates expressions while collecting taxonomic domain knowledge.
Newton-Krylov-FAC methods for problems discretized on locally refined grids

Many problems in computational science and engineering are nonlinear and time-dependent. The solutions to these problems may include spatially localized features, such as boundary layers or sharp fronts, that require very fine grids to resolve. In many cases, it is impractical or prohibitively expensive to resolve these features with a globally fine grid, especially in three dimensions. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is a dynamic gridding approach that employs a fine grid only where necessary to resolve such features. Numerous AMR codes exist for solving hyperbolic problems with explicit time stepping and some classes of linear elliptic problems. Researchers have paid much less attention to the development of AMR algorithms for the implicit solution of systems of nonlinear equations.Recent efforts encompassing a variety of applications demonstrate that Newton-Krylov methods are effective when combined with multigrid preconditioners. This suggests that hierarchical methods, such as the Fast Adaptive Composite grid (FAC) method of McCormick and Thomas, can provide effective preconditioning for problems discretized on locally refined grids. In this paper, we address algorithm and implementation issues for the use of Newton-Krylov-FAC methods on structured AMR grids. In our software infrastructure, we combine nonlinear solvers from KINSOL and PETSc with the SAMRAI AMR library, and include capabilities for implicit time stepping. We have obtained convergence rates independent of the number of grid refinement levels for simple, nonlinear, Poisson-like, problems. Additional efforts to employ this infrastructure in new applications are underway.
Approximate entropy of heart rate as a correlate of postoperative ventricular dysfunction.

BACKGROUND Instantaneous changes in the heart rate, i.e., heart rate variation, traditionally have been quantified by the standard deviation of a series of intervals between successive heart beats. Approximate entropy provides another measure of variability by calculating the logarithmic likelihood that patterns that are similar remain similar on the next incremental comparisons. Approximate entropy is a nonnegative number that will distinguish data sets by their amount of regularity, with larger numbers indicating more randomness. We hypothesized that a decrease in the approximate entropy of heart rate would be associated with postoperative ventricular dysfunction (e.g., myocardial infarction, unstable angina, congestive heart failure, prolonged inotropic support). METHODS Twenty-three high-risk noncardiac patients were continuously monitored by ambulatory electrocardiographic recorders from the evening before surgery up to 80 h during the postoperative period: 9 demonstrated postoperative ventricular dysfunction, and 14 had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Hourly approximate entropy average values were calculated. RESULTS Approximate entropy was high (> 0.7) in all but two patients preoperatively. Postoperative approximate entropy <0.55 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 71% for being associated with postoperative ventricular dysfunction; preoperative approximate entropy values were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that changes in approximate entropy can distinguish between patients who sustained poor outcome and those who had an uncomplicated course.
Tree Dispersion, Abundance, and Diversity in a Tropical Dry Forest

Patterns of tree abundance and dispersion in a tropical deciduous (dry) forest are summarized. The generalization that tropical trees have spaced adults did not hold. All species were either clumped or randomly dispersed, with rare species more clumped than common species. Breeding system was unrelated to species abundance or dispersion, but clumping was related to mode of seed dispersal. Juvenile densities decreased approximately exponentially away from adults. Rare species gave evidence of poor reproductive performance compared with their performance when common in nearby forests. Patterns of relative species abundance in the dry forest are compared with patterns in other forests, and are explained by a simple stochastic model based on random-walk immigration and extinction set in motion by periodic community disturbance.
Microscrew fixation of zygomatic arch fractures.

In select zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures in which severe posterior or lateral displacement is present, we have found that the zygomatic arch serves as a prime point ofalignment. When gross comminution is present at the infraorbital rim or at the zygomaticomaxillary buttress, the zygomatic arch serves as a common denominator for the return of normal anatomic relationships. The necessity for use of the zygomatic arch as a predictable point ofrepair is determined preoperatively, after clinical examination and careful review of axial and coronal computed tomographic scans. It has been observed that the zygomatic arch, in addition to fracturing at the zygomaticotemporal suture line, often fractures in a sagittal fashion at its temporal articulation (Fig 1): In these select cases, to appropriately position the zygoma in its proper anterior-posterior and lateral projection, the fractures at the root of the arch must first be reduced and stabilized, following which the proper anterior-posterior and lateral projection of the zygomatic arch and the zygomatic complex can be achieved. In such cases, the bicoronal approach offerscomplete access to the entire zygomatic arch and zygoma. Descriptions of fixation techniques for the zygomatic arch using miniplates and screws have been reported.':" However, we have noted that the proximal end of the sagittally fractured arch is often too thin and narrow to accommodate 2.0-mm diameter miniscrews (Fig 2). With the recent advent of microplating systems for craniomaxillary fractures.S? we have been using microscrews to rigidly fixate the sagittally fractured zygomatic arch to the temporal bone (Fig 3).
A variable stiffness vibration absorber for minimization of transient vibrations

Abstract An adaptable vibration absorber has been designed and investigated. The objectives of the absorber are to: (a) minimize transient vibrations of rotating machines during start-up and shut-down conditions, and (b) to adapt to changes in steady state operating speeds such as might occur in engines and pumps when load conditions vary. The model on which the design was based is a single-degree-of-freedom main system consisting of constant mass, stiffness and damping ratio, and an absorber consisting of constant mass and damping ratio but a variable stiffness. The excitation investigated is a rotating unbalance which undergoes a period of constant acceleration and then transitions to a steady operating frequency. The system response was found by means of numerical integration. Improvements in root mean squared displacement of 47% and peak displacement of 53% were found with the adjustable absorber tuned to the angular velocity of the unbalance. An optimization of the time-varying-stiffness yielded improvements of 66% and 67% in r.m.s. (root mean square) and peak displacements, respectively. A variable stiffness spring design is investigated, and is shown to provide a sufficient range of stiffness variation to yield the previously mentioned improvements.
A discrete signaling function for an inositol pyrophosphate.

Inositol pyrophosphates were, until recently, without clearly defined functions. Two recent papers in Science have now clearly defined a function for an IP 7 pyrophosphate (inositol hexaphosphate with one pyrophosphate) that is the product of the enzyme encoded by the Vip1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This IP 7 with a pyrophosphate tentatively assigned to be on either the 4 or 6 position is a cofactor that is required for inactivating the cyclin–cyclin-dependent kinase complex of Pho80, Pho81, and Pho85. Inhibition of the kinase results in the nuclear translocation of Pho4, which is a transcription factor that promotes expression of genes required for phosphate assimilation under conditions of low phosphate. When grown in low-phosphate media, IP 7 accumulates, which leads to the expression of genes involved in the acquisition of phosphate.
Whey protein concentrate hydrogels as bioactive carriers

Two sets of heat-induced hydrogels were prepared from whey protein concentrate (WPC), one set at a constant concentration [15% (w/v)] and varying pHs (pH 5.1–10.0) and the other set at a constant pH (10.0) and varying concentrations (12%, 15%, and 18%). At a given pH, the higher the protein concentration, the shorter was the gelation time and the larger were the equilibrium storage modulus (G) and failure stress. For a given protein concentration, the gelation kinetics and mechanical properties of WPC hydrogels were strongly pH dependent. The swelling behavior of WPC gels was studied at 37.5°C ± 0.5°C. The equilibrium swelling ratio (SR) was at the minimum when pH of the swelling medium was close to the isoelectric point (pI) of the whey protein, and when the swelling medium pH was far from the pI (from 6.0 to 10.0), the SR increased. In particular, when the pH was higher than the pI, the swelling was highly pH sensitive. The higher the WPC concentration used in preparing the hydrogel, the lower was the SR. The controlled drug release properties of the WPC hydrogels were studied using caffeine as the model drug. Consistent with the swelling behavior of the gels, release was slower when the pH of the medium was lower (pH 1.8) than when it was higher (pH 7.5). The SR and the drug release rate decreased significantly when the gels were surface-coated with alginate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
A Robust Molecular Porous Material with High CO2 Uptake and Selectivity

We report MPM-1-TIFSIX, a molecular porous material (MPM) based upon the neutral metal complex [Cu2(adenine)4(TiF6)2], that self-assembles through a hydrogen-bonding network. This MPM is amenable to room-temperature synthesis and activation. Gas adsorption measurements and ideal adsorbed solution theory selectivity predictions at 298 K revealed enhanced CO2 separation performance relative to a previously known variant as well as the highest CO2 uptake and isosteric heat of adsorption yet reported for an MPM. MPM-1-TIFSIX is thermally stable to 568 K and retains porosity and capacity even after immersion in water for 24 h.
Straddling mitral valve with hypoplastic right ventricle, crisscross atrioventricular relations, double outlet right ventricle and dextrocardia: morphologic, diagnostic and surgical considerations.

Abstract The clinical, surgical and morphologic findings in five cases of a rare form of straddling mitral valve are presented. Three patients were diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography and two had diagnostic confirmation at autopsy. All five cases shared a distinctive and consistent combination of anomalies: 1) dextrocardia; 2) visceroatrial situs solitus, concordant ventricular D-loop and double outlet right ventricle with the aorta positioned to the left of and anterior to the pulmonary artery; 3) hypoplasia of right ventricular inflow (sinus) with tricuspid valve stenosis or hypoplasia; 4) large right ventricular infundibulum (outflow); 5) malalignment conoventricular septal defect; 6) straddling mitral valve with chordal attachments to the left ventricle and right ventricular infundibulum; 7) severe subpulmonary stenosis with well developed pulmonary arteries; and 8) superoinferior ventricles with crisscross atrioventricular (AV) relations. The degree of malalignment between the atrial and ventricular septa was studied quantitatively by measuring the AV septal angle projected on the frontal plane. The AV septal angle in the two postmortem cases was 150 °, reflecting marked malalignment of the ventricles relative to the atria. This AV malalignment appears to play an important role in the morphogenesis of straddling mitral valve. As judged by a companion study of seven postmortem cases, the more common form of straddling mitral valve with a hypertrophied and enlarged right ventricular sinus had less severe ventricular malposition than did the five rare study cases with hypoplastic right ventricular sinus. A competent mitral valve, low pulmonary vascular resistance and low left ventricular end-diastolic pressure were found at cardiac catheterization in the three living patients who underwent a modified Fontan procedure and are doing well 2.2 to 5.8 years postoperatively.
CORRECTING FOR CELL TILT CAUSED BY DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION OF ROTORS IN THE ANALYTICAL ULTRACENTRIFUGE.

Abstract Because there is a difference in the weight applied against the top and bottom of its cell hole, an analytical rotor expands differentially. This differential expansion causes the cell to tilt so that light enters the solution at various angles to the normal. Two procedures for dealing with cell tilt are described: the first eliminates cell tilt by correcting the disparity in weight; the second compensates for cell tilt by repositioning the light source.
A 35-year history of 90Sr releases from a radioactive-waste burial ground

Data from a radioactive waste disposal area at Oak Ridge National Laboratory suggest that releases depend on site hydrology and waste containment. Loss of packaging integrity has apparently caused episodic increases in 90Sr source strength, followed by gradual reduction as runoff carries contaminants away. Most flow and transport occurs during January–April storms in response to site hydrology. Diversion of runoff from undisturbed areas upstream of the waste site (1983) reduced flow through the site by more than 65% and annual 90Sr release by more than 45%. However, between 1983 and 1994, increases in 90Sr source strength have partially offset the diversion effectiveness. Selective source control in 1996 further reduced annual 90Sr releases by more than 30% in the first two years, compared with pre-treatment conditions. The effectiveness of the grouting treatment should increase over the next 5–10 years, if new 90Sr sources are insignificant.
The neutral hydrolysis of the methyl halides

The rate of hydrolysis of methyl chloride, methyl bromide and methyl iodide have been measured in water over a wide range of temperature by a conductance method. The temperature dependence of the rate was shown to conform to an equation of the general form log$\_{10}$ k = A/T + B log$\_{10}$ T + C within experimental error. This implies that d$\Delta $C$_{p}^{\updownarrow}$/dT = 0. By combining thermodynamic parameters derived from these data for the activation process with the corresponding terms for the gas-solution process and those for the gas phase, 'absolute' parameters for the transition state have been determined. A re-examination of the probable mechanism of hydrolysis is made in terms of a hypothetical gaseous ionization and the probable contribution of interaction of the water with the quasi-ionic transition state.
Line-of-sight signaling and positioning for mobile devices

We are developing an optical line-of-sight signaling technology that enables mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops to identify, locate, and receive information from other devices and infrastructure within their vicinity. Using this technology we can determine where particular devices are with respect to each other in a room - the angles between the devices - and we can use our mobile devices to read light-emitting codes similar to Quick Response (QR) codes in the environment. Our technology uses a robust encoding method and can tolerate shaking due to unsteady hands holding the mobile devices. Experimental results using hand-held cameras show our technology can accurately and robustly locate and decode signals from small LED emitters even at indoor distances of at least 5 meters.
The interaction between permeases as a tool to find their relationship on the membrane

Abstract When cells which are constitutive for galactoside permease are grown in glucose-containing media, permeases for both are synthesized. Substrates for the glucose permease now inhibit the enetry and speed the exit of previously accumulated galactosides. The concentration of α-methylglucoside which half-inhibits o- nitrophenylgalactoside entry into the cell was 5 times lower than the concentration that supported half-maximal uptake of α-methylglucoside. When cells with only galactoside permeases are grown in a medium which induces glucose but not galactoside permease, the sites which had been laid down in the first phase never become sensitive to the action of α-methylglucoside. In the reverse situation, the galactoside permeases that are laid down in the first half generation do interact with the preexisting glucose permeases, but later ones show no interaction. These effects must be due to the spatial arrangement of the elements of the transport system in cell membrane. Although in glucose-grown cells the permease inactivation by N- ethylmaleimide is prevented by thiodigalactoside, α-methylglucoside does not protect the galactoside transport sites. However, it can greatly augment thiodigalactoside protection. All the observations lead to the idea that more than 1 permease molecule can interact with a common transport molecule in the cell membrane and that 2 permease molecules can only interact if they have been affixed cose together on the growing membrane.
Nitrous oxide and tissue thiopental levels in rats

Es wird gezeigt, dass sowohl Gewebemenge wie auch Pentotalverteilung im Rattengewebe von Lachgas nicht beeinflusst wird.
Right upper quadrant ultrasound in emergency radiology

Ultrasound is a key component of emergency radiology when symptoms are referable to the right upper quadrant. This survey of applications touches upon what diagnostic conclusions can be made effectively and expeditiously by sonography.
Nonmonotone interior layer theory for some singularity perturbed quasilinear boundary value problems with turning points

The quasilinear singular perturbation problem $\varepsilon y'' = f(x,y)y' + g(x,y)$, $y( - 1,\varepsilon )A$, $y(1,\varepsilon ) = B$ is studied under the principal assumption that $f(0,y) = 0$ for all y, i.e., that $x = 0$ is a turning point for the function f. Under explicit conditions on f, g, A and B, solutions are shown to exhibit one of two types of nonmonotone interior layer behavior: (i) spike layer behavior or (ii) nonmonotone transition layer behavior. The results are obtained using a method based on the theory of differential inequalities. Applications and examples are discussed in detail.
Unwinding the mechanisms of a DEAD-box RNA helicase in cancer

RNA helicases function in all organisms to manage the conformational states of RNAs of all stripes. The largest family of RNA helicases is the DEAD-box family, with 37 members in humans [1]. DEAD-box proteins interact with and manipulate RNAs that range from rRNAs, as they fold and assemble into ribosomes, to mRNAs as they are exported from the nucleus, prepared for translation, and eventually destroyed. One of the best-studied and versatile DEAD-box proteins is DDX3X (Ded1 in yeast), which is implicated in processes including transcription, mRNA export, translation, storage, and decay [2–4].
Community Power Structures and Methods' Artifacts: a Reinterpretation*

Four previously published data sets are used to reconsider whether the reputational method identifies pyramidal community power structures while non-reputational methods identify non-pyramidal power structures. Further considered is whether results are methodological artifacts. The reanalysis suggests that the reputational method tends to locate pyramidal and non-pyramidal power structures. The data do not indicate methods' artifacts.
Electronic fetal monitoring: a brief summary of its development, problems and prospects

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) was introduced into clinical practice 30 years ago and spread very rapidly in most developed countries. The early optimism that EFM would lead to a marked reduction in fetal neurological injury has not been realized; however, it is now recognized that most such damage is unrelated to perinatal events. Clinical trials have shown that although EFM does reduce the incidence of intrapartum asphyxia, its use is also associated with an increase in cesarean sections. Abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns are poor predictors of fetal depression at birth when used without additional confirmatory information. An additional problem has been inconsistency in the interpretation of EFM tracings even among experts. This has reduced the clinical effectiveness of EFM and has also contributed to an increase in litigation in cases with adverse neonatal outcomes. Despite these shortcomings EFM continues to be used extensively on most obstetrical services, suggesting that obstetrical physicians and nurses find the technique helpful and will continue to use it until a better alternative comes along. The combination of relevant clinical data with EFM by means of intelligen computer systems may improve both the consistency and predictive value of intrapartum fetal assessment in the future.
Screw dislocation driven nanowire growth and its potential applications

Nanowire (NW) and other one-dimensional (1-D) nanomaterials have found many applications in electronics, photonics, chemical and biological sensing, and renewable energy applications. The fundamental understanding of their rational growth is critical important to their applications. I will discuss a “new” nanowire formation mechanism that is different from the well-known metal catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. Axial screw dislocations provide the self-perpetuating steps to enable 1-dimensional crystal growth, unlike previously understood mechanisms that require metal catalysts. This mechanism was first found in hierarchical nanostructures of lead sulfide (PbS) nanowires resembling “pine trees” that were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition.
The effect of composition and ordering on adhesion in some binary solid solution alloy systems

Abstract A twist compression bonding technique is described which is used to determine the coefficient of adhesion in air for alloys of a variety of compositions from the solid solution systems Cu-Au, Cu-Ni, Au-Ag, Ag-Pd and Pt-Co. It is shown that the coefficient of adhesion depends on chemical composition and changes in crystal structure produced by atomic ordering. Data, with the exception of that for the Cu-Ni alloys containing less than 41 at.% Cu, are interpreted in terms of changes in hardness. The changes in hardness are in turn related to the processes of solute and order hardening. It is shown that the apparently anomalous data for the Cu-Ni alloys can be correlated with changes in stacking fault energy produced by changes in copper content.
Why fight? Selective forces favoring between-group aggression in a variably pair-living primate, the white-faced saki (Pithecia pithecia)

Between-group aggression is a common feature of many group-living animals. Yet aggressive behaviors are often costly, involving risk of injury, increased energy expenditure and the potential to reduce feeding time. For aggression to be evolutionarily advantageous these costs must be outweighed by the benefits gained from exclusive access to resources and/or mates, or through committing infanticide. However, the dynamics favoring aggression in species living in small groups may differ from those in larger groups since mating exclusivity is higher and the potential to numerically dominate opponents is lower. We examined the selective factors influencing between-group aggression in a primate that lives in both pairs and small groups, the white-faced saki monkey (Pithecia pithecia). Data were collected on three free-ranging groups at Brownsberg Naturepark (Suriname) over 17 months. Intergroup encounter frequency and intensity of aggression during encounters were compared to temporal changes in diet, variation in ovarian hormones, frequency of copulations and the presence of dependent infants. Participation in between-group aggression was heavily male-biased and the presence of cycling females was a significant predictor of aggression frequency. Percentage of mesocarp in the diet also had a significant effect on the frequency and the intensity of aggression, with high mesocarp consumption corresponding to increased aggression. Presence of dependent infants did not affect between-group aggression. Our results support both the male mate defense and male resource defense hypotheses, suggesting that male reproductive interests are the principle selective pressures acting on between-group aggression in white-faced sakis. White-faced sakis’ rigid conformity to traditional expectations of male intrasexual intolerance appears to be unique among primates living in small groups with variable mating systems.
An urban school renewal program: A case analysis

One of the most gratifying returns was a chance comment offered by a teacher as we walked across the lawn toward a local fast food restaurant. We were chatting about what he had experienced during the preceding two years. “You know,” he said, “when we began this, I didn't see many hopeful signs, but I think that most of us (teachers) feel now that we work in the best high school in the city.” The source may have been biased, and rigorous controls were obviously lacking, but that is the way one teacher perceived the changes. Many gained planning, leadership, problem solving, and other important behavioral and coping skills that contributed in interactively subtle, but nevertheless real ways.
Minimally invasive resection of benign esophageal tumors.

Objective Benign tumors of the esophagus are uncommon. Traditionally, resection has required thoracotomy or laparotomy. In this study we present our experience with resection of these tumors using a minimally invasive approach. Methods A retrospective review of patients who underwent resection of benign esophageal tumors between 1990 and 2005 was conducted. Operative approach, tumor size, and outcomes after surgery were recorded. Results Twenty patients were identified (leiomyoma: n=15; stromal tumor: n=3; granular cell tumor, n=1; schwannoma: n=1). Four patients underwent an open approach (right thoracotomy); the remainder were resected using minimally invasive techniques (thoracoscopy, n=9; laparoscopy, n=7). There were no postoperative leaks or other major complications after surgery. Two patients required repair of a mucosal injury during resection. Mean tumor size in the open group was 8.1 cm (range 7–10 cm) compared with 3.5 cm (range 0.9–8 cm) in the minimally invasive group. Median length of stay was 5.5 days in the open group compared with 2.75 days in the minimally invasive group. Five patients subsequently required fundoplication for worsening (n = 3) or new-onset (n = 2) gastroesophageal reflux disease after tumor resection. Conclusions Minimally invasive resection of benign esophageal tumors is technically safe and associated with a shorter length of stay compared with open approaches. Although no specific cutoff for size could be identified, most tumors greater than 7 cm were removed by thoracotomy. The subsequent development of reflux may be related to the esophageal myotomy required for resection.
Testing a Moderated Mediation Model of Mindfulness, Psychosocial Stress, and Alcohol Use Among African American Smokers

Mindfulness-based strategies have received empirical support for improving coping with stress and reducing alcohol use. The present study presents a moderated mediation model to explain how mindfulness might promote healthier drinking patterns. This model posits that mindfulness reduces perceived stress, leading to less alcohol use, and also weakens the linkage between stress and alcohol use. African American smokers (N = 399, 51 % female, Mage = 42) completed measures of dispositional mindfulness, perceived stress, quantity of alcohol use, frequency of binge drinking, and alcohol use disorder symptoms. Participants with higher levels of dispositional mindfulness reported less psychosocial stress and lower alcohol use on all measures. Furthermore, mindfulness moderated the relationship between perceived stress and quantity of alcohol consumption. Specifically, higher perceived stress was associated with increased alcohol use among participants low, but not high, in mindfulness. Mindfulness may be one strategy to reduce perceived stress and associated alcohol use among African American smokers.
Intraspecific and interspecific chemoattraction inBiomphalaria glabrata andHelisoma trivolvis (Gastropoda: Planorbidae).

A Petri dish bioassay previously used to examine food preferences in planorbid snails was used to study intraspecific and interspecific chemoattraction inBiomphalaria glabrata (albino strain, M-line) andHelisoma trivolvis (Colorado strain) snails.B. glabrata snails showed significant intraspecific chemoattraction in the absence of visual cues and snail thigmotaxis.H. trivolvis snails also showed significant intraspecific chemoattraction. Interspecific chemoattraction between these species occurred in the bioassay, suggesting that the chemoattractants were not species specific. Artificial spring water conditioned by aqueous excretory-secretory products (snail-conditioned water) ofB. glabrata elicited significant intraspecific chemoattraction. However, lipophilic excretory-secretory products ofB. glabrata elicited significant chemorepulsion. Repellant factors in the lipophilic fraction were not characterized.
Detection of monoclonal plasma cells in the peripheral blood stem cell harvests of patients with multiple myeloma

We evaluated the harvest product from 47 patients undergoing peripheral blood (BP) stem cell collections for monoclonal plasma cells (PC) using a sensitive immunofluorescence technique. 60% (28/47) had documented tumour cells in the apheresis product. The 32 patients in plateau had a mean of 1.62 x 10(6) PC/l v 74.64 x 10(6) in 15 relapsed patients (P < 0.01). 32% (6/19) of patients without any tumour cells in the initial sample had them detected on a subsequent apheresis sample. In four cases (all treated with GM-CSF) small numbers of tumour cells were detected initially but became undetectable on a subsequent sample.
Stochastic versus deterministic

Abstract One of the fundamental problems in stochastic modeling of dynamic systems is to what extent the study of stochastic analysis differs with corresponding deterministic analysis. This work focuses the attention of finding estimates on the variation of stochastic solutions and the corresponding solution of the mean of the dynamic system. This is analyzed in the context of random polynomials and differential equations. Certain analytic and computational study is made with regard to random differential equations and algebraic polynomials.
Nonlocal Wigner-like correlation-energy density functional through coordinate scaling

A nonlocal Wigner-like correlation-energy functional for electronic systems is presented. The functional is constructed to satisfy certain uniform, as well as nonuniform, coordinate-scaling requirements and is the simplest nonlocal form to do this. Our numerical results appear to compare favorably with those of other functionals.
Biological interactions of quantum dot nanoparticles in skin and in human epidermal keratinocytes

Quantum dots nanoparticles have novel optical properties for biomedical applications and electronics, but little is known about their skin permeability and interaction with cells. QD621 are nail-shaped nanoparticles that contain a cadmium/selenide core with a cadmium sulfide shell coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and are soluble in water. QD were topically applied to porcine skin flow-through diffusion cells to assess penetration at 1 {mu}M, 2 {mu}M and 10 {mu}M for 24 h. QD were also studied in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) to determine cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential. Confocal microscopy depicted the penetration of QD621 through the uppermost stratum corneum (SC) layers of the epidermis and fluorescence was found primarily in the SC and near hair follicles. QD were found in the intercellular lipid bilayers of the SC by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis for cadmium (Cd) and fluorescence for QD both did not detect Cd nor fluorescence signal in the perfusate at any time point or concentration. In HEK, viability decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 1.25 nM to 10nM after 24 h and 48 h. There was a significant increase in IL-6 at 1.25 nM to 10 nM, while IL-8 increasedmore » from 2.5nM to 10nM after 24 h and 48 h. TEM of HEK treated with 10 nM of QD621 at 24 h depicted QD in cytoplasmic vacuoles and at the periphery of the cell membranes. These results indicate that porcine skin penetration of QD621 is minimal and limited primarily to the outer SC layers, yet if the skin were damaged allowing direct QD exposure to skin or keratinocytes, an inflammatory response could be initiated.« less
Automatic identification of window regions on indoor point clouds using LiDAR and cameras

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to automatically identify window regions on exterior facing facades of buildings using interior 3D point cloud resulting from an ambulatory backpack sensor system, outfitted with multiple LiDAR sensors and cameras. We develop a set of discriminative features for the task, namely visual brightness, infrared opaqueness, and an occlusion indicator, within a Markov Random Field (MRF) framework to provide structured prediction for window or glass regions. A preprocessing classifier is trained on the features to produce node potentials, and large margin parameter training is used to boost performance. Our algorithm has been trained on data taken at the 3rd floor of Cory Hall at UC Berkeley, with a total facade area of 269.1 m2, and has been tested on walls taken on the 2nd floor of Cory Hall, a Walgreens, and an office building in San Francisco, with a total exterior facade area of 454.6 m2. Window regions are successfully identified with 85.5% F 1 -score and 94.2% accuracy.
Measurement and Validation of Dynamic Bending Stresses in Spur Gear Teeth

New steels and novel manufacturing processes require the accurate determination of design allowable stresses for the purpose of optimum gear design. Although many methods are employed to establish the bending strength of spur gear teeth, most rating methods are similar in their simplicity and do not realistically account for dynamic conditions. Various static tests have been used in the past to confirm gear designs and rating capabilities but, generally, do not account for realistic dynamic effects. Tests performed on a power re-circulating test rig are the closest to actual operating conditions as experimentally possible. However, careful calibration of the measurement instrumentation is essential to obtain accurate results. The motivation for this investigation was to accurately measure the dynamic stresses on spur gear teeth with a carefully calibrated power re-circulating test rig. This paper describes the procedure undertaken to measure and characterize the bending stresses experienced at the gear tooth root fillet, during power transmission on a power re-circulating test rig and presents the results obtained. Emphasis was placed on obtaining accurate results using strain gages and digital data acquisition equipment. The data presented in this paper demonstrates the stress state, in a gear tooth under load, with a degree of fidelity that is unavailable in current literature. Additionally, dynamic strain waveforms were rigorously analyzed for repeatability and correlation to the physical phenomenon of a gear tooth mesh to validate the measurements, with significant success. The paper also compares the experimentally obtained stresses to expected values calculated from several existing rating methods.© 2005 ASME
Tradeoffs within costing systems between incentives and measurement objectives

Explains that a common problem of cost control at design stage is the firm’s (manager’s) desire for the lowest cost compatible with supporting innovation and the designer’s preference for the optimal design, which may be unnecessarily sophisticated. Develops a mathematical model to represent this situation, pointing out that the manager is usually unaware of the design alternatives unless they are revealed by the designer, but can use budgetary limits and “load” costs onto certain cost drivers (e.g. number of parts) to influence the designer’s choice and align his/her interests with those of the firm. Suggests that the difference between actual and “loaded” costs is a function of the non‐cost benefits from design choice (e.g. competitive edge) and the degree of information asymmetry between manager and designer. Considers the implications for costing activities and the limitations of the model.
Enhancement of sapovirus recombinant capsid protein expression in insect cells

Human sapovirus (SaV) is uncultivable, but expression of the recombinant capsid protein (rVP1) in insect cells results in the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically similar to the native viruses. However, the SaV rVP1 expression levels are considerably low. We have found that inclusions of short foreign nucleotide sequences inserted directly upstream from the predicted rVP1 AUG start codon lead to increased yield of VLPs. This method allowed us to express a SaV rVP1, which could not have been expressed to measurable or practical levels otherwise.
DESIGN AND FUNCTION OF SUPERFAST MUSCLES: New Insights into the Physiology of Skeletal Muscle

▪ Abstract Superfast muscles of vertebrates power sound production. The fastest, the swimbladder muscle of toadfish, generates mechanical power at frequencies in excess of 200 Hz. To operate at these frequencies, the speed of relaxation has had to increase approximately 50-fold. This increase is accomplished by modifications of three kinetic traits: (a) a fast calcium transient due to extremely high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ pumps and parvalbumin, (b) fast off-rate of Ca2+ from troponin C due to an alteration in troponin, and (c) fast cross-bridge detachment rate constant (g, 50 times faster than that in rabbit fast-twitch muscle) due to an alteration in myosin. Although these three modifications permit swimbladder muscle to generate mechanical work at high frequencies (where locomotor muscles cannot), it comes with a cost: The high g causes a large reduction in attached force-generating cross-bridges, making the swimbladder incapable of powering low-frequency locomotory movements....
Kinematics of 3-D DMO operators in transversely isotropic media

The 3-D dip-moveout (DMO) operator in homogeneous transversely isotropic media with vertical symmetry axis (VTI media), unlike that in homogeneous isotropic media, has an out-of-plane (cross-line) component. In general, this component has a shape that is opposite to that of the cross-line component of the isotropic v(z) saddle-shaped operator. The width of the cross-line component of the VTI operator is also smaller overall than that associated with isotropic v(z) media. When both typical anisotropy and inhomogeneity are combined, the net result is an operator with a smaller cross-line component and a shape that is influenced more by the v(z) behavior. The large cost of a 3-D DMO operator, as well as the generally small cross-line components associated with the DMO operator in VTI media, suggests the possibility, as is usually done for isotropic v(z) media, of just ignoring the contribution of the out-of-plane portion of the operator.
Rapid reduction of Staphylococcus aureus populations on stainless steel surfaces by zeolite ceramic coatings containing silver and zinc ions.

This study demonstrates the anti-Staphylococcus aureus properties of stainless steel surfaces coated with zeolite containing 2.5% silver and 14% zinc ions. Stainless steel panels with and without the heavy-metal-containing coatings were inoculated with S. aureus and incubated at room temperature. Survival of S. aureus was significantly reduced by the silver/zinc coatings within 1 h. Many hospital surfaces could be constructed of stainless steel with silver/zinc zeolite coatings. Such measures may reduce rates of hospital-acquired S. aureus infection.
Opposite-Sex Twins: When They Marry; Research Reviews: Familial Twinning, Twin Study of Food Neophobia, and Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Phenotypic Sex; Human Interest: The Cave of Romulus and Remus, Twin Politicians in Poland, and Parents of Twins in Hong Kong

A case of opposite-sex co-twins who married one another was recently reported. This case raises questions concerning the bases of mate attraction and adopted children's right to know their biological origins. This overview is followed by summaries of recent studies of familial twinning, food neophobia and monozygotic twins discordant for phenotypic sex. Several topics of general interest are also presented.