cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adam Smith and the Prisoners' Dilemma

In ordinary life we engage in many transactions with other people in which there is potential profit for both parties from some kind of cheating. Normally, we do not see much of this cheating. I have no doubt that the merchant will put in the package the merchandise which I buy, or which I ordered, even though if he put in something else cheaper it is quite dubious that I would be able to win a lawsuit. On my part, if I decide I did not like the product and returned it with the remark that it was defective, having first damaged it so that it is indeed defective, I could get a gain. Neither I nor the merchant worries particularly about this kind of behavior, although the merchant worries more than I do for reasons that will become plain below. If we worried about it, we would both take precautions, with the result that socially we would be worse off by the cost of these precautions. We have here what appears to be a prisoners' dilemma matrix, but the two parties are behaving cooperatively. What Adam Smith called "the discipline of continuous dealings" takes care of the matter. The point of this article is to work out Adam Smith's insight in the terminology of a modern game theory. We shall see that Smith was right, and there are some cases, indeed practically very important cases, where what appears to be a prisoners' dilemma in fact leads to cooperative behavior. Consider the prisoners' dilemma game shown in Figure I. It is orthodox that if A and B are playing a single turn of this particular game, they will end up in the lower right-hand corner with a net loss of one dollar each. If we go from a single game to a long series of games played by the same players, however, there is no agreed-upon solution.' Experimental evidence seems to indicate that the players play a mixed strategy with some cooperative plays and some noncooperative plays, and the mixture can be modified by changing the payoffs.2 All of these situations are simplifications of the real world, and it is a point of this article to suggest that if we make the game more like many real world
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: presentation of 2 cases and observations.

Abstract Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma is a rare tumor of primary cutaneous origin representing far + cytotoxic T cells with the presence of cytotoxic proteins, T-cell–restricted intracellular antigen, and granzyme B commonly demonstrated. A number of modalities have been reported in the treatment of this tumor, with varying degrees of success. In this report, we present 2 cases of subcutaneous panniculitislike T-cell lymphoma with variable clinical courses. We also review the literature of this unusual lymphoma.
Angiogenesis in the human heart: Gene and cell therapy

The concept of therapeutic angiogenesis -- stimulation of new vessels growth to restore blood supply to ischemic tissue has been studied in a number of clinical trials in patients with advanced coronary and peripheral arterial disease. This review discusses the main biological processes underlying new vessel growth and addresses applications of growth factor and cell therapy based on the stimulation of angiogenesis. While still very young and controversial, cell therapy has an enormous potential that is yet to be explored. Multiple questions remain unanswered including the choice of the best cell type, patient selection and the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, much should be expected in this area in the next decade with the likely emergence of new therapies for treatment of ischemic diseases.
Phenomenology of scaled factorial moments and future approaches for correlation studies

Abstract We show that the definitions of the exclusive and inclusive scaled factorial moments are not equivalent, and propose the use of scaled factorial moments that reduce to the exclusive moments in the case of fixed multiplicity. We then present a new derivation of the multiplicity scaling law for scaled factorial moment data. This scaling law seems to hold, independent of collision energy , for events with fixed projectile and target. However, deviations from this scaling law indicate that correlations in S-Au collisions are 30 times as strong as correlations in hadronic collisions. Finally, we discuss “split-bin” correlation functions, the most useful tool for future investigations of these anomalously strong hadronic correlations.
MEASURING INDOOR AIRFLOW PATTERNS BY USING A SONIC VECTOR ANEMOMETER

Air-velocity diagrams are used frequently to describe flow patterns into exhaust hoods, but they are applied rarely to problems involving room-scale airflow. This report describes the use of a novel instrument to evaluate airflow patterns associated with dilution ventilation in a test room. Air velocity was measured with a three-dimensional sonic anemometer, which determines velocity by sensing the time of flight of ultrasonic sound pulses. This sonic anemometer can resolve both the magnitude and direction of the vector at low air velocities, making it well suited for large-scale room measurements. Air-velocity measurements were made inside a controlled ventilation test chamber with the anemometer. The time-averaged directional velocity measurements were incorporated into a vector-mapping computer program that provided a visual presentation of the airflow patterns in the chamber. Tests repeated on several different days revealed a reproducible and stable flow pattern. The test results indicate that vector...
Energy Price Reform and Household Welfare: The Case of Turkey

A price reform in Turkey increased the residential electricity tariff by more than 50 percent in 2008. The reform, aimed at encouraging energy efficiency and private investment, sparked considerable policy debate about its potential impact on household welfare. This paper estimates a short-run residential electricity demand function to evaluate the distributional impact of the tariff increase. The analysis allows heterogeneity in households' price sensitivity and the model is estimated using a nationally representative sample of 8,572 Turkish households. The results suggest that rich households in Turkey are three times as responsive in adjusting consumption to price changes as poor households are. In addition, the welfare loss of the poorest income quintile - measured by the change in consumer surplus as a percentage of income - is 2.9 times that of the wealthiest.
Detection of tricuspid regurgitation and estimation of central venous pressure by two-dimensional contrast echocardiography of the right superior hepatic vein

Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was utilized to visualize the right superior hepatic vein (RSHV) for detection of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and estimation of central venous pressure (CVP). Patients were divided into two groups. Eighteen patients were placed in group I on the basis of typical clinical features of TR (five patients) or 2DE contrast evidence of TR (13 patients). Group II included 55 patients without TR. Maximal transverse dimension of RSHV of at least 1.8 cm (range 1.8 to 3.8 cm, mean 2.4 cm) identified all patients in group I (100% sensitivity). One patient in Group II had RSHV width of 2.1 cm (96% specificity). Predictive value was 95%. RSHV width ranged from 0.4 to 2.1 cm (mean 1.3 cm) in group II. Mean values for group I and II were significantly different (p less than 0.001). Linear regression analysis was utilized to compare CVP and maximal RSHV width in 42 patients (15 group I and 27 group II). The slope of the line was significantly different from zero (p less than 0.005); the correlation coefficient was 0.70. In patients with maximal RSHV width greater than 1.5 cm, the predictive value for elevated CVP (greater than 6 mm Hg) was 87% with 69% sensitivity and 78% specificity. In 13 group II patients with technically satisfactory 2DE but no distinctly visible RSHV, CVP ranged from 4 to 12 mm Hg with four elevated values (greater than 6 mm Hg). Predictive value of normal CVP in absence of visible RSHV was 69%. This study suggests that determination of maximal RSHV width is useful in detection of TR and may be helpful in estimation of CVP.
The ARG4 gene of Candida albicans

The DNA sequence of a Candida albicans genomic fragment known to complement the arginine mutation designated arg57 in strain 1006 contains an ORF of 1404 nucleotides (nt) predicting a protein of 468 amino acids (aa). Database searches indicated that the deduced protein shares 75% identity and 85% similarity with the ARG4 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of the percent aa identity between C. albicans and S. cerevisiae sequences included in available databases suggested these values are within the range expected for biosynthetic enzymes from the two organisms which share similar function. Experiments to isolate C. albicans ARG4 by complementation in an arg4 strain of S. cerevisiae yielded a plasmid (pARG4-1) with a restriction map identical to that of the sequenced clone. From these data, we conclude that the gene previously designated ARG57 is in fact ARG4 encoding the enzyme argininosuccinate lyase (ASL). These results were unexpected, since ARG57 had been localized to chromosome 7, while a mutation causing an ASL deficiency had been linked to ade1, which is on chromosome R. Transformation of C. albicans strains with pARG4-1 indicated it complemented the arginine auxotrophy in strains TMSU221 and 1435, a derivative of 1006. Examination of commonly utilized C. albicans arginine auxotrophs by spheroplast fusion analysis indicated these strains comprise two complementation groups: one consisting of 1006 and TMSU221, which are arg4, and the other of A642, hOG318, hOG357, FC18-6 and WC-5-4, which possess an undefined defect in the arginine biosynthetic pathway which we designate arg100.
Detection Loss of the Sample Matrix Inversion Technique

The sample matrix inversion (SMI) technique is used for Doppler and/or array processing. Previous analysis of the technique has been in terms of signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR). For Gaussian statistics, this performance measure gives the same loss values as does a probability of detection analysis for linear-time invariant systems. It is often somewhat less valid for nonlinear or time variant systems. As SMI is a nonlinear technique, a probability of detection analysis has been performed. It is shown that the detection loss is larger than that computed by the SINR measure. It is also shown that though the loss predicted by the SINR measure only depends upon the number of measurements used to estimate the covariance matrix, the detection loss depends upon the false alarm probability and the number of adaptable elements in addition to the number of measurements.
Interpersonal reactions to a depressed, schizotypal, or normal individual: An attributional perspective

Abstract Research on Coyne's interpersonal theory of depression has not adequately examined the attributional process between depressives and others that produces rejection of the depressive and negative mood induction in the other. In the present study, male and female subjects viewed one of six videotapes portraying a normal, depressed, or schizotypal female who recently had either been fired from her job for chronic lateness or permanently laid-off when her plant was sold. Depressed targets were rejected more than normals, but not more than schizotypals, and female subjects rejected all targets more than did male subjects. Schizotypal targets elicited higher reported anxiety in subjects, while depressed targets elicited more fatigue and the depressed-fired individual the most sadness. As a whole, these results provide qualified support for an attributional view of interpersonal reactions to depression and other conditions.
Psychostimulant Treatment of Geriatric Depressive Disorders Secondary to Medical Illness

The records were reviewed for 129 medically ill geriatric inpatients treated with either dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate for secondary depression during a five year period at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eighty-one percent of patients demonstrated at least some improvement following psychostimulant treatment. Sixty-six percent of these experienced marked to moderate amelioration of their depressive symptoms. Improvement was rapid and usually occurred within the first or second day of treatment. No significant difference in efficacy was noted between the two psychostimulants or across diagnostic categories for depression. Only 8% of patients experienced adverse reactions significant enough to warrant termination of the psychostimulant trial. No instances of anorexia due to psychostimulant treatment were observed.
Class and categories: What role does socioeconomic status play in children's lexical and conceptual development?

At one time, academic inquiries into the relationship between socioeconomic class and language acquisition were commonplace, but the past 20 years have seen a decrease in work that focuses on the intersection between class and early language learning. Recently, however against the backdrop of the No Child Left Behind legislation in the United States (which has been criticized as a culturally biased education policy that, through high-stakes testing and broad-based, uniform curricula, discounts the value of non-standard home language varieties largely spoken by working-class children), there has been renewed interest in the relationship between class, language use, and the assessment of academic achievement in the field of education. Despite the inroads that have been made over the past 40 years by linguists in establishing the contrary, recent educational and language policies have served to reignite the difference vs. deficit debate largely attributed to the early work of both Basil Bernstein and William Labov. Unfortunately, much of the language acquisition work upon which policy-makers are relying is founded on outdated information and misrepresentations of the varieties under consideration (African American English in particular); and still the scholastic performance of these children is measured according to class-based rubrics. In order to address the lacuna in the field, in this study, working- and middle-class adults and children aged two through six were shown a series of pictures including 'normal' referents (e.g., a cat), and unfamiliar combinations (e.g., a clock with wheels), which they were asked to identify. There were both age and class dependent differences in terms of naming behaviors (e.g., the number of words and morphemes and linguistic construction types). The older and middle-class participants used more sophisticated linguistic strategies (such as descriptive phrases) than the younger participants, and the working-class children showed a greater reluctance to engage in naming strategies beyond one-word overextensions. These disparities suggested that the participants not only employed different strategies by age, but that there was also a class-linked difference in their understanding of the task. When these results are interpreted in light of the deficit/difference debate, it is clear that linguists and educators continue to face the same issue: non-standard varieties are linguistically adequate, but there remains a societal insistence on furthering the primacy of middle-class linguistic structures and language behaviors which serves to maintain a cycle of educational failure for working-class children.
Smectic Liquid-Crystalline Phases of Quaternary Group VA (Especially Phosphonium) Salts with Three Equivalent Long n-Alkyl Chains. How Do Layered Assemblies Form in Liquid-Crystalline and Crystalline Phases?

The neat phase behavior of 28 phosphonium salts (nPmA), each with three equivalent long n-alkyl chains containing m carbon atoms and one shorter chain containing n carbon atoms or a benzyl group, have been examined. Eighteen form a liquid-crystalline smectic A2 (SmA2) phase, where the lipophilic chains assemble in bilayers that sandwich an “ionic plane” consisting of an array of anions and positively charged phosphorus atoms. Several analogous ammonium salts are examined as well. These are the first structures reported for liquid-crystalline amphiphiles containing three equivalent long n-alkyl chains and a single atom headgroup. In addition, the nPmA demonstrate how the steric interactions of lipophilic chains and electrostatic interactions among the ionic parts must be balanced in layered assemblies when the cross-sectional area of the chains is much larger than that of the headgroups. A model is proposed to explain the dependence of layer thicknesses in the liquid-crystalline phases of the nPmA on m, n,...
Ortho effect in the Bergman cyclization: comparison of experimental approaches and dissection of cycloaromatization kinetics.

Four different experimental sources of kinetic information were combined to study the effect of ortho substituents on the rate of Bergman cycloaromatization. All methods confirm that the cyclization barrier is highly sensitive to the nature of the ortho substituents. However, the measured activation energies strongly depend on the choice of experimental technique: even the relative trends provided by the different methods agree with each other only in the case of acceptor substituents. Both the onset peaks and the activation energies determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC; either in neat enediynes or in their solutions in 10.6 M 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1,4-CHD)) strongly overestimate the reactivity of 1,2-diethynylbenzene, suggesting that DSC cannot be taken as a reliable indicator of enediyne reactivity. This discrepancy is likely to stem from the presence of side reactions with low activation barriers, especially important when the reaction is conducted in neat enediyne. On the other hand, ki...
Mineralocorticoid Modulation of Prolactin Effect on Renal Solute Excretion in the Rat

The effects of ovine PRL (oPRL) on renal solute and water handling were examined in 1) intact, 2) salt-loaded (6 meq NaCl ip × 8 days), 3) adrenalectomized (adx), 4) adx plus corticosterone-treated (133 μg/100 g BW im), and 5) adx plus dexamethasone-treated (10 μg/100 g BW im) male rats. After 7 days treatment rats received a water load (3% BW ip) before a 4-h urine collection. Rats also received 0.9% NaCl im (controls) or 1.0 mg oPRL on days 4–7. Treatments were continued to day 8 for inulin clearance determination. The effects of arginine vasopressin (AVP) (173 μU im, days 4–7) on renal solute and water excretion were also examined in salt-loaded rats to see if renal effects of oPRL treatment were due to AVP contamination of the oPRL preparation. In intact rats drinking tap water, oPRL decreased sodium clearance (CNa) and potassium clearance (CK) (P < 0.05) vs. controls, with no change in free water clearance (CH2O). In intact rats receiving 1.0% NaCl and 1.0% glucose as a replacement for drinking water...
The discursive construction of intelligence in introductory educational psychology textbooks

The meaning(s) of intelligence has varied across time and place, with these varied constructions holding consequences for people and society at large. There is, however, little consensus around what intelligence actually means and how the construct should be applied. Educational discourses, including textbooks used to train teachers, have commonly been the site for the dissemination of ‘authoritative’ information surrounding intelligence. In this article, we present findings from a discourse analysis informed by discursive psychology of passages related to defining and measuring intelligence taken from 10 educational psychology textbooks designed for university students studying to become teachers. Our research question was: How is the dilemmatic nature of the construct of intelligence managed in introductory educational psychology textbooks at the level of discourse? We discuss the function of sequencing and topic displays and how the textbook authors navigated the ideological dilemmas surrounding the co...
Living Without Breathing: A Study in Extrapulmonary Respiration Using a Novel Oxygen Carrier

Pulmonary failure results when the lungs experience significant damage and are unable to supply the body and brain with oxygen. Pulmonary failure has many causes including lung cancer, physical trauma, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), aerosolized bioterrorism agents and diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), pneumonia, and tuberculosis [1,2].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Ocular toxocariasis in mice: distribution of larvae and lesions.

Abstract The distribution of Toxocara canis larvae in the eye was determined for mice given a single challenge dose (C-mice) as compared to mice similarily challenged after 2 or 3 previous infections (SC-mice). Controls were mice given only the 2 or 3 previous infections and uninfected mice. Eyes were observed in situ during a 34 day post-challenge period to compare inflammatory responses in the anterior eye; histologic examination of serial sections of the eyes of these mice was done at the end of this period. In situ observations showed that lesions in the anterior eye converted from hemorrhagic to white cell more rapidly in the SC-mice; white cell lesions were predominant in SC-mice as early as day 5, whereas similar predominance in C-mice was not noted until days 16–21. Histology revealed that approximately 90% of these eyes were infected. Worm burdens per eye correlated more closely with total dose per mouse than with the effects of immunization. Histologic study showed that 90% of larvae observed were in the retina, but that most lesions were in the uveal tissues which harbored only 0·8% of the total number of larvae.
Exinct Superheavy Element in Meteorites: Attempted Characterization

If the unexplained fission xenon component in meteorites is due to a volatile superheavy element, this element must have had a heat of vaporization of 54 ± 3 kilocalories per mole and a normal boiling point of 2500° ± 400°K. The prime candidates are elements 111 and 115, followed by 113, 114, 112, and 116. Elements 105 to 110 are not volatile enough and can therefore be excluded.
Chinese character decoding: a semantic bias?

The effects of semantic and phonetic radicals on Chinese character decoding were examined. Our results suggest that semantic and phonetic radicals are each available for access when a corresponding task emphasizes one or the other kind of radical. But in a more neutral lexical recognition task, the semantic radical is more informative. Semantic radicals that correctly pertain to character meaning facilitated reaction time in semantic categorization tasks (Experiment #1), while radicals that had no immediately interpretable relation to character meaning had a strong inhibitory effect. Likewise, phonetic radicals that accurately indicated a character’s pronunciation facilitated a homonym recognition task (Experiment #2), whereas phonetic radicals that differed significantly in pronunciation from their character inhibited homonym recognition. In a lexical decision task (Experiment #3) where each character had either a blurred semantic radical or a blurred phonetic radical, the characters with a blurred semantic radical elicited a significantly higher error rate and a trend for longer response times. These results are interpreted to indicate that while educated native Chinese speakers have full use of both semantic and phonetic paths to character decoding, there is a slight predisposition to semantic decoding strategies over phonetic ones indicating that the semantic path is the default means of character recognition.
MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF THE HYDROGENOLYSIS OF THIOPHENE WITH COBALT MOLYBDATE CATALYST

Abstract A statistical technique based on a Monte Carlo calculation is applied to modeling the catalytic hydrogenolysis of thiophene on cobalt molybdate. The computational method is described, and the model tested by application to the experimental results of Lipsch and Schuit on this system. Surface activation, reversible and irreversible poisoning, competitive adsorption of reactants and products based on a Langmuir isotherm, and crystallite size and defect structure are considered. It is also shown that some gross distinction between mechanistic proposals may be possible if the proper experimental information on poisoning behavior is available.
Video Game Use in Boys With Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, or Typical Development

OBJECTIVES: The study objectives were to examine video game use in boys with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with those with ADHD or typical development (TD) and to examine how specific symptoms and game features relate to problematic video game use across groups. METHODS: Participants included parents of boys (aged 8–18) with ASD ( n = 56), ADHD ( n = 44), or TD ( n = 41). Questionnaires assessed daily hours of video game use, in-room video game access, video game genres, problematic video game use, ASD symptoms, and ADHD symptoms. RESULTS: Boys with ASD spent more time than did boys with TD playing video games (2.1 vs 1.2 h/d). Both the ASD and ADHD groups had greater in-room video game access and greater problematic video game use than the TD group. Multivariate models showed that inattentive symptoms predicted problematic game use for both the ASD and ADHD groups; and preferences for role-playing games predicted problematic game use in the ASD group only. CONCLUSIONS: Boys with ASD spend much more time playing video games than do boys with TD, and boys with ASD and ADHD are at greater risk for problematic video game use than are boys with TD. Inattentive symptoms, in particular, were strongly associated with problematic video game use for both groups, and role-playing game preferences may be an additional risk factor for problematic video game use among children with ASD. These findings suggest a need for longitudinal research to better understand predictors and outcomes of video game use in children with ASD and ADHD. * Abbreviations: ANOVA — : analysis of variance ADHD — : attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ASD — : autism spectrum disorder PVGT — : Problem Video Game Playing Test SCQ — : Social Communication Questionnaire TD — : typical development VADPRS — : Vanderbilt Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Parent Rating Scale
Teachers Perceptions of the Social Skills of Adolescents with Hearing Impairment in Residential and Public School Settings

The social–emotional behaviors of 76 adolescents with moderate to profound hearing impairment enrolled in residential and public schools were assessed by their classroom teachers. Each student was rated on two instruments: (1) The Meadow Kendall Social-Emotional Assessment and (2) The Social Skill Rating Scale–Teacher Form. Comparisons were made across two settings that included three educational programs (i.e., two total-communication programs and one oral program) located in two public schools and one residential school. No statistically significant differences were found among the three groups. The findings are discussed relative to previous studies and implications for educational programming for students with hearing impairment.
Long‐term safeguards for plutonium in geologic repositories

The level and duration of safeguards for geologic repositories will depend on the relative difficulty of reclaiming fissile material, compared to utilizing alternate sources. Old spent fuel, aged over 300 years, merits particular attention because of its relatively high plutonium concentrations and low radiation levels. Several parameters must be predicted to provide input for current nuclear fuel cycle policy decisions, including future maximum tunneling advance rates, noise generation, and cost; difficulty and cost of plutonium separation; and the utility of separated repository‐grade plutonium for nuclear explosives. Mining of old spent fuel repositories will provide a new class of proliferation risks for future generations: with smaller capital and manpower investments, the potential plutonium production rates exceed significantly the rates possible with dedicated reactors and reprocessing.
Protecting Human Research Participants, IRBs, and Political Science Redux: Editor's Introduction

In the 1990s I testified before a National Science Foundation (NSF) panel headed by Cora Marrett, then assistant director for the NSF Directorate for the Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences. The subject of the panel's inquiry, and this issue's symposium, was social science research and the federally mandated but decentralized human subjects protection program and its principal actors, institutional review boards (IRBs). My testimony addressed the ways in which the regulatory system ill-fit and ill-served political science research. IRBs had expanded their mission to include all research, not just research funded by the federal government, enhancing their scope of authority while slowing the timeliness of reviews. Similarly, and with the same result, IRBs were evaluating secondary research as well as primary research. Although the federal legislation provided for a nuanced assessment of risk, the distinction between potentially risk-laden research necessitating a full IRB review and research posing minimal or no risk that could be either exempted or given expedited review was disappearing. The length of the review process threatened the beginning or completion of course work and degree programs. IRBs were judging the merits of research projects rather than the risks involved. This trend was especially problematic because representation on many IRBs was skewed toward biological and behavioral scientists often unfamiliar with the methods and fields of political science and the other social sciences. And the list went on.
FET fabricated by layer-by-layer nanoassembly

Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) arrays are fabricated on a 4-in silicon wafer by the combination of conventional microelectronic processes and layer-by-layer nanofabrication. The active and insulating layers were self-assembled as organized multilayers of 15-nm diameter SnO/sub 2/ and 45-nm diameter SiO/sub 2/ nanoparticles, respectively. The source, drain, and gate electrodes are made of metal thin films. The threshold voltage is 3 V, on-off current ratio 10/sup 4/, and mobility 2.1/spl times/10/sup -2/ cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s. This prototype leads to a new approach to fabricate low-cost MOSFETs and integrated circuits based on the layer-by-layer self-assembly of nanoparticles and charged macromolecules.
The identification and molecular characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi amastigote surface protein-1, a member of the trans-sialidase gene super-family

Abstract An accumulating body of evidence suggests that T. cruzi -infected host cells are recognized and destroyed by class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted CD8 + T-cells thus contributing to immune control of the infection 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . However, to date, only a few amastigote proteins which could be the target of this response have been described and gene sequence information is available only for the amastins [7] . In order to identify amastigote proteins which could contribute to immune detection of infected host cells, a panel of monoclonal antibodies specific for amastigote proteins was produced and screened. Three mAbs (IIIC4, VIIC1 and IIID4) were identified which recognized amastigote surface proteins of 78, 26 and 53 kDa, respectively. Screening of an amastigote cDNA expression library with mAb IIIC4 resulted in the isolation of a 2.8 Kb clone, pSI2. The derived amino acid sequence indicates that the pSI2 clone encodes an amastigote surface protein belonging to the T. cruzi trans-sialidase super-family. Based on its preferential expression in the amastigote stage we have named this protein amastigote surface protein-1 (ASP-1). ASP-1 contains the third and fourth Asp block motifs, SxDxGxTW and the fibronectin type III-like domain, VTVxNVxLYNR, thus placing it in family II of the T. cruzi trans -sialidases [8] . ASP-1 is the first trans -sialidase family member shown to be preferentially expressed in the amastigote stage of the T. cruzi life cycle. This expression of ASP-1 on parasites in infected cells and its apparent membrane attachment by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor makes it a prime candidate to enter the class I MHC processing and presentation pathway.
Rayleigh Backscattering Noise-Eliminated 115-km Long-Reach Bidirectional Centralized WDM-PON With 10-Gb/s DPSK Downstream and Remodulated 2.5-Gb/s OCS-SCM Upstream Signal

We propose a novel scheme of Rayleigh backscattering noise-eliminated, long-reach, single-fiber, full-duplex, centralized wavelength-division multiplexed passive optical network with differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DPSK) downstream and remodulated upstream using an optical carrier-suppressed subcarrier-modulation (OCS-SCM) technique and optical interleaver. The error-free transmissions of 10-Gb/s downstream and 2.5-Gb/s upstream signals are experimentally demonstrated over 115-km single-fiber bidirectional SMF-28 with less than 0.5 and 1.9 dB power penalties, respectively.
Moral Injury and the Ethics of Educational Injustice.

In this article, Meira Levinson presents a case study of school personnel who must decide whether to expel a fourteen-year-old student for bringing marijuana onto campus. She uses the case to explore a class of ethical dilemmas in which educators are obligated to take action that fulfills the demands of justice but under conditions in which no just action is possible because of contextual and school-based injustices. She argues that under such circumstances, educators suffer moral injury, the trauma of perpetrating significant moral wrong against others despite one's wholehearted desire and responsibility to do otherwise. Educators often try to avoid moral injury by engaging in loyal subversion, using their voice to protest systemic injustices, or exiting the school setting altogether. No approach, however, enables educators adequately to fulfill their obligation to enact justice and hence to escape moral injury. Society hence owes educators moral repair—most importantly, by restructuring educational and ...
Toward sophisticated detection with distributed triggers

Recent research has proposed efficient protocols for distributed triggers, which can be used in monitoring infrastructures to maintain system-wide invariants and detect abnormal events with minimal communication overhead. To date, however, this work has been limited to simple thresholds on distributed aggregate functions like sums and counts. In this paper, we present our initial results that show how to use these simple threshold triggers to enable sophisticated anomaly detection in near-real time, with modest communication overheads. We design a distributed protocol to detect "unusual traffic patterns" buried in an Origin-Destination network flow matrix that: a) uses a Principal Components Analysis decomposition technique to detect anomalies via a threshold function on residual signals [10]; and b) efficiently tracks this threshold function in near-real time using a simple distributed protocol. In addition, we speculate that such simple thresholding can be a powerful tool for a variety of monitoring tasks beyond the one presented here, and we propose an agenda to explore additional sophisticated applications.
An implementable digital adaptive flight controller designed using stabilized single stage algorithms

Adaptive flight control systems are of interest because of their potential for providing uniform stability and handling qualities over a wide flight envelope despite uncertainties in the open-loop characteristics of the aircraft. Because of the potential for actual implementation of adaptive control algorithms using contemporary, small digital computer equipment, a study has been made to define an implementable digital adaptive control system which can be used for a typical fighter aircraft. Towards such an implementation, an explicit adaptive controller, which makes direct use of on-line parameter identification, has been developed and applied to both the linearized and nonlinear equations of motion for the F-8 aircraft. This controller is composed of an on-line weighted least squares parameter identifier, a Kalman state filter, and a real model following control law designed using single-stage performance indices. The corresponding control gains are readily adjustable in accordance with parameter changes to ensure asymptotic stability if the conditions of perfect model following are satisfied, and stability in the sense of boundedness otherwise. Simulation experiments with realistic measurement noise indicate that the controller was effective in compensating for parameter variations and capable of rapid recovery from a set of erroneous initial parameter estimates which defined a set of destabilizing gains.
Discovery and Validation of Barrett's Esophagus MicroRNA Transcriptome by Next Generation Sequencing

Objective: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is transition from squamous to columnar mucosa as a result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The role of microRNA during this transition has not been systematically studied. Design: For initial screening, total RNA from 5 GERD and 6 BE patients was size fractionated. RNA ,70 nucleotides was subjected to SOLiD 3 library preparation and next generation sequencing (NGS). Bioinformatics analysis was performed using R package ‘‘DEseq’’. A p value,0.05 adjusted for a false discovery rate of 5% was considered significant. NGSidentified miRNA were validated using qRT-PCR in an independent group of 40 GERD and 27 BE patients. MicroRNA expression of human BE tissues was also compared with three BE cell lines. Results: NGS detected 19.6 million raw reads per sample. 53.1% of filtered reads mapped to miRBase version 18. NGS analysis followed by qRT-PCR validation found 10 differentially expressed miRNA; several are novel (-708-5p, -944, -224-5p and -3065-5p). Up- or down- regulation predicted by NGS was matched by qRT-PCR in every case. Human BE tissues and BE cell lines showed a high degree of concordance (70–80%) in miRNA expression. Prediction analysis identified targets that mapped to developmental signaling pathways such as TGFb and Notch and inflammatory pathways such as toll-like receptor signaling and TGFb. Cluster analysis found similarly regulated (up or down) miRNA to share common targets suggesting coordination between miRNA. Conclusion: Using highly sensitive next-generation sequencing, we have performed a comprehensive genome wide analysis of microRNA in BE and GERD patients. Differentially expressed miRNA between BE and GERD have been further validated. Expression of miRNA between BE human tissues and BE cell lines are highly correlated. These miRNA should be studied in biological models to further understand BE development.
Gigabit age microelectronics and their manufacture

The benefits of gigabit chips, which will enter production around the year 2000, are discussed. These chips will be enablers for smart and brilliant systems. The systems will be ultralow power. The design and software productivity enhancements needed are described. The numerous manufacturing challenges that lie ahead in the 1990s represent opportunities to implement advanced concepts currently under development in the industry. It is predicted that software-driven concepts such as flexible manufacturing and distributed computer integrated manufacturing will evolve. Processing concepts using cluster tools, real-time process control, all-dry processing, and wafer microenvironments should be ready for manufacturing in the gigabit age. The costs of electronics should continue to decrease, concomitant with extraordinary increases in functionality and performance. >
Librarians’ Role as Part of the Care Team for Alzheimer’s Patients

Consumer health librarians can assume a role on the Alzheimer’s care team, similar to that of art and music therapists, by promoting the direct use of books and other library materials by persons diagnosed with dementia. A growing body of resources is emerging online that provides support for this new role.
Memory-efficient hash joins

We present new hash tables for joins, and a hash join based on them, that consumes far less memory and is usually faster than recently published in-memory joins. Our hash join is not restricted to outer tables that fit wholly in memory. Key to this hash join is a new concise hash table (CHT), a linear probing hash table that has 100% fill factor, and uses a sparse bitmap with embedded population counts to almost entirely avoid collisions. This bitmap also serves as a Bloom filter for use in multi-table joins.We study the random access characteristics of hash joins, and renew the case for non-partitioned hash joins. We introduce a variant of partitioned joins in which only the build is partitioned, but the probe is not, as this is more efficient for large outer tables than traditional partitioned joins. This also avoids partitioning costs during the probe, while at the same time allowing parallel build without latching overheads. Additionally, we present a variant of CHT, called a concise array table (CAT), that can be used when the key domain is moderately dense. CAT is collision-free and avoids storing join keys in the hash table.We perform a detailed comparison of CHT and CAT against leading in-memory hash joins. Our experiments show that we can reduce the memory usage by one to three orders of magnitude, while also being competitive in performance.
Microcomputer-Interfaced Flight Mill System for Large Moths Such as Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A flight mill system developed for large, heavy, and strong flying moths such as the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), is described. Flight mills have specially constructed pivots and bearings that effectively control flight direction of tethered moths. The system uses infrared sensors interfaced with a microcomputer to monitor and record flight mill operation. Parameters recorded include distance flown and flight duration used to calculate speed, resting time, and number of flights. Two types of tethers are compared. The semirigid tether provides a limited amount of flexibility such that the moth supports its own weight and is free to adjust to its posture during flight. The rigid tether fixes the orientation of the moth to a horizontal posture. Results of flight tests indicate that laboratory-reared black cutworms are comfortable in a horizontal posture and energy utilization of moths attached to the two tethers are comparable.
EVOLUTIONARY TRANSITION FROM AMMONITE SUBPRIONOCYCLUS TO REESIDITES-PUNCTUATED OR GRADUAL?

indicate that the foraging pattern of bees and consequently the neighborhood size in plant populations may be density related. The number of individuals comprising a neighborhood at high density would be greater than at very low densities. Neighborhood area would be greater at the low densities. (This is a direct consequence of the greater frequency of near neighbor moves at low densities.) This result must, however, be modified somewhat since at very low densities pollinator foraging trip length is quite short in relation to the high density population. At extremely low plant densities one may expect neighborhood size to again increase. The proportion of long distance flights is increased. The results of this study indicate that genetic structure in an entomophilous plant may be density related. A final aspect of this study is related to the attractiveness of a population to pollinators. Populations of high density are presumably more attractive to pollinators since they offer more reward per unit area than populations of low densities. The data from the average number of plants visited per bee foraging trip are consistent with this hypothesis. The denser the population the greater is the proportion of the flower population visited per bee. At very low densities the experimental population attracted few bees and only few plants were visited while at high densities many bees were attracted and each plant was repeatedly visited. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Fantasies of Valor: Legends of the Samurai in Japan and the United States

I want to talk today broadly about Hollywood, its images of samurai and the Japanese, and how those images contrast with Japanese images of the samurai. But more narrowly, I want to talk about one particular film: the 2003 Warner Brothers film The Last Samurai, starring Tom Cruise. The reception of this film was so different in Japan and the United States that it seems as though the two audiences were watching two different movies. I think exploring those differences can provide substantial insight into cross-cultural perceptions.
Reconstruction of the Urinary Tract by Extraordinary Measures

Abstract A case of urinary tract reconstruction in a child is presented in which extreme mobilization and downward displacement of the kidneys were used to bridge long ureteral defects.
Adjuvant Treatment of Older Patients with Lung Cancer

Although advances in the molecular biology of lung cancer have rapidly impacted management of patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the principal treatment in the adjuvant setting of early stage NSCLC remains platinum-based chemotherapy regimens. The evidence available from clinical trials demonstrates a similar benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in fit, older patients as well as younger patients. Observational studies suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy for older patients provides comparable survival benefit, along with increased toxicity. The lower use of chemotherapy in the older population also suggests that the selection of appropriate patients remains an important part of the decision process. Carboplatin therapy may be substituted for cisplatin in selected older patients, and different options exist for the second cytotoxic chemotherapy agent. As in all patients, and particularly in this vulnerable population receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, supportive care is vital. Increasing enrollment of the older population in clinical trials will be important to improve the evidence for our decision-making in the future.
Comparative biology of tissue repair, regeneration and aging

The Symposium on the Comparative Biology of Tissue Repair, Regeneration and Aging, held 26 June to 28 June 2015 at the MDI Biological Laboratory in Salisbury Cove, Maine, brought together a diverse group of biologists with a common interest in understanding why regenerative capacity varies among animal species, why it is progressively lost in senescence, and how answers obtained from studies that address those questions might be applied in regenerative medicine.
There Is a Better Way

This chapter explains that with a proper choice of control one can not only modify but also improve the performance of a system. The upright equilibrium of the pendulum is asymptotically stable if the lateral movement is properly chosen and the optimal control belongs to linear feedback u that make x(t) tend to the equilibrium state of zero as t goes to infinity. One recognizes that instead of discounting the future, a future gain have some value in the present. A given final value x T is generally unreachable unless the orbit is able to switch its direction at some intermediate time and this can only happen if σ passes through zero along the way. The chapter also explains bang–bang controls, with suitable examples, which illustrates that whenever control functions are required to satisfy a constraint of the form a≤ u(t)≤β , there is a possibility that an optimal u switches back and forth between the two values a and s .