cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age-dependent variation in the density and affinity of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin receptors in mice.

Enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli that produce heat-stable enterotoxin (STa), are a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Resistance to diarrheal disease in human infants and newborn animals has been attributed to a gradual turnover in the intestinal brush border membrane receptors to bacterial pili. In this study, we demonstrated age-dependent variation in the density and affinity of the mouse ente-rocyte receptors specific for STa. Flow cytometry and radiolabeled-STa (125I-STa) assays were used as more reliable quantitative measures for the characterization of STa-enterocyte receptor interaction. These assays indicated a stronger interaction of STa with its putative receptor on the enterocytes of the 2-day-old suckling mice than with enterocytes from 1-week, 2-week and 2-month-old mice. Scatchard plot analysis of 125I-STa-receptor interaction suggested that STa-receptors exist at a higher number on enterocytes from the 2-day-old mice than enterocytes of the older mice. Additionally, receptors from the 2-day-old mice had a greater affinity for STa ligand than receptors from the older mice. Density of STa receptors on enterocytes and their affinity to STa may determine the extent of binding and severity of secretory response. This may further explain the increased susceptibility of newborn animals and human infants to STa-mediated diarrheal disease.
The Teaching of Wisdom: The Platonic Model of Teacher as Learner & Teaching as Inquiry

Socrates believed that the ability to teach necessarily presupposed knowledge of the subject matter. In the Apology, he disavowed his role and capabilities as a teacher (Ap.19e). He regarded teaching as a fine occupation (Ap. 19e) but, disapproved of particular practices of the Sophists,’ such as their use of persuasive techniques (Ap. 20a) and their charge of a fee for services (Ap. 20a). He believed that teachers should be experts in the art of perfecting the human, social, and natural qualities (Ap. 20b). He did not distinguish himself as a teacher because he had not mastered his own art (Ap. 20c); he lacked knowledge of wisdom.
Phylogenetics and seed morphology of African Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae)

We evaluated the boundaries among Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae) species in Africa, a region where the genus has received relatively little attention. We gathered morphological data from seeds using light and scanning electron microscopy, and we conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses using nuclear sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Morphological and molecular features distinguished six species and affirmed their respective geographic ranges. No African specimens were attributable to Nymphoides indica, even though this paleotropical species previously had been understood to grow in Africa. We establish the new combination Nymphoides senegalensis (G. Don) Tippery, based on an established African basionym, to accommodate the specimens formerly identified as N. indica. Phylogenetic analyses resolved two distinct clades containing African species. The majority of African species are closely related to neotropical species, with which they share similar petal ornamentation. The morphologically distinct N. ezannoi shares floral and phylogenetic similarity with species from North America and Asia. Results presented here support prior hypotheses that allopolyploid species in the Americas may have originated from one or more parental lineages in Africa. Seed morphological characters remain some of the most reliable features for identifying species, particularly for herbarium specimens lacking observable floral characters.
Why Johnnie Can't Apply Neuroscience: Testing Alternative Hypotheses Using Performance-Based Assessment

When second year medical students were less successful than expected in solving an OSCE neurologic case, a subsequent performance-based assessment was modified to permit testing of four hypotheses related to knowledge application, ability decay over time, skill performance, and case complexity. Two cohorts of second year medical students were presented with neurologic cases in the context of performance-based assessment. Although many students demonstrated that they had the requisite knowledge, few were able to access the knowledge in less structured testing formats. Students had the skills necessary to conduct a physical examination but were unable to appropriately focus the examination. Case complexity also was related to some performance domains. There was evidence of knowledge and skill decay over time. In summary, it is apparent that multiple factors influence students' performance and are important considerations in designing performance assessments to evaluate competence.
The Psychiatric Patient

Within a healthcare system, a trauma-informed, multidisciplinary treatment team approach may increase the likelihood of resource utilization by trafficked youth and may even serve to prevent them from returning to their traffickers. Physicians trained in the identification of commercially sexually exploited (CSE) youth and sensitive to the mental health consequences of trauma can build alliances with survivors and make the referrals necessary to provide comprehensive treatment. Meeting the biopsychosocial needs of trafficked youth addresses the vulnerabilities that maintain the cycle of exploitation. Commonly, homeless youth are forced to trade sexual services for items of survival (food, shelter, money, etc.) and feel dependent upon their traffickers. Psychological coercion, abuse, and intimidation further block youths’ access to care providers and rescue agencies. Mental health treatment should serve as a primary locus of care for trafficked youth coupled with linkage to community-based anti-trafficking networks. Managing psychiatric sequelae and building an adequate level of trust between patient and provider enable youth to make different decisions that lead to improved treatment outcomes.
Uncertain Spatial Data Management: An Overview

Both the current trends in technology such as smart phones, general mobile devices, stationary sensors, and satellites as we as a new user mentality of using this technology to voluntarily share enriched location information produces a flood of geo-spatial and geo-spatio-temporal data. This data flood provides a tremendous potential of discovering new and useful knowledge. But in addition to the fact that measurements are imprecise, spatial data is often interpolated between discrete observations. To reduce communication and bandwidth utilization, data is often subjected to a reduction, thereby eliminating some of the known/recorded values. These issues introduce the notion of uncertainty in the context of spatio-temporal data management, an aspect raising imminent need for scalable and flexible solutions. The main scope of this chapter is to survey existing techniques for managing, querying, and mining uncertain spatio-temporal data. First, this chapter surveys common data representations for uncertain data, explains the commonly used possible worlds semantics to interpret an uncertain database, and surveys existing system to process uncertain data. Then this chapter defines the notion of different probabilistic result semantics to distinguish the task of enrich individual objects with probabilities rather than enriched entire results with probabilities. To distinguish between result semantics is important, as for many queries, the problem of computing object-level result probabilities can be done efficiently, whereas the problem of computing probabilities of entire results is often exponentially hard. Then, this chapter provides an overview over probabilistic query predicates to quantify the required probability of a result to be included in the result.
Where Teachers Thrive: A Book Review

This article reviews the book Where Teachers Thrive: Organizing Schools for Success written by Dr. Susan Moore Johnson and published in 2019. By describing the content of each chapter as well as the overall contributions of this recent book to knowledge about the interaction between school contexts, policy environments, and teacher experience, this review provides readers with a taste of this groundbreaking work while also offering analysis and minor critiques.
Indication or diagnosis should be required on prescriptions.

Although prospective drug utilization review and patient counseling have long been recognized as professional and ethical responsibilities of pharmacists, the implementation of the Omnibus Budget R...
Cardiometabolic risk: New chronic care models.

Cardiometabolic risk factors and the chronic cardiovascular diseases (CVD) that result from them are highly prevalent in the U.S. and amenable to clinical nutrition interventions. This creates an urgency to develop comprehensive care models that incorporate prevention-based actions by improving lifestyle routines. Such care models should account for social determinants of health, ethnocultural variables, and challenges to sustainability. The relevance of these newly designed chronic care models are to inform and facilitate early intervention, primarily consisting of lifestyle change and healthy nutrition, which mitigates progression from one stage to subsequent, higher morbidity stages to a greater extent than late intervention. In this paper, the mechanistic drivers and ethno-cultural validation of the Cardiometabolic-Based Chronic Disease (CMBCD) model are reviewed. Main findings are that in CMBCD, primary (genetics, environment, and behavior) and metabolic (obesity as Adiposity-Based Chronic Disease [ABCD], type 2 diabetes as Dysglycemia-Based Chronic Disease [DBCD], hypertension, and dyslipidemia) drivers initiate and perpetuate the progression of CVD. Epidemiological findings and molecular mechanisms support intra ABCD/DBCD, as well as ABCD to DBCD stage progression culminating in CVD. The ABCD definition overcomes weight stigma and BMI underperformance by considering adiposity amount, distribution, and function; and the DBCD definition overcomes criticisms of prediabetes and an exclusive glucocentric approach by considering insulin resistance and residual vascular risk along a clinical spectrum. In conclusion, clinicians should approach patients using the CMBCD model to incorporate lifestyle change as early as possible to optimally mitigate the burden of CVD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Clinical Observations and Emerging Questions

I must congratulate our Planning Committee for putting together an interesting and provocative group of people to open our session. Namely, using the format of informed, inquiring clinicians who face the reality of everyday life to pose the problems which they see, and challenge the scientists, including themselves (some of whom are also scientists), with the forced explanations which they are required to use in order to rationalize the basis for their therapy. One of our participants put it all in proper perspective when he described the continuum from fact to fantasy to fiction. I have elaborated on that by trying to understand the differences between fantasy and fiction, and came to the opinion that fantasy is speculation, and essentially what, in scientific terms, is hypothesis formulation. Fiction, on the other hand, is quite often what the clinician is forced to resort to in his efforts at explanation or rationalization, given the few facts he has. He also has the responsibility of applying those facts to a real-life clinical situation which he does not have the prerogative to walk away from--namely, the patient who presents with a real, acute problem.
The effect of a hierarchical task-specific external conceptual model on the learnability and usability of microcomputer applications by novices

This study focuses on how an external conceptual model of a microcomputer system could be constructed which would match problem-solving processes of novice users. The study's premise was that this conceptual model would aid novice users in forming initial mental models, as defined by Norman (1983), that guide them in using and understanding the system. Research findings indicate that the problem-solving process depends upon previously developed mental models of similar systems which novice users lack. Furthermore, the absence of these mental models hinders performance (the ability to use a system and accomplish a task). Researchers have agreed that a hierarchical structure is the basic form of the human problem-solving process. This study investigated the effectiveness of a hierarchically organized external conceptual model of a microcomputer system on novice users' ability to use and understand that system. Two external conceptual models were developed for the study and examined through a laboratory study which compared their effectiveness in aiding novice users to use and understand a database system. The reference manual followed traditional manual design considerations. The hierarchical model was developed using characteristics identified in novice user problem-solving. The results indicated that the hierarchical model group performed better and had a higher understanding of the system than the reference model group. The hierarchical model group was able to complete more of the assigned database tasks, with fewer errors, and spent less time with the model than the reference manual group. Although, no statistically significant result was detected in the amount of time to complete the combined tasks, the hierarchical model group was able to complete the first task faster. No evidence was indicated that the perceived difficulty of the system between the two groups was different. The findings suggest that a hierarchical external conceptual model improves the match between the human problem-solving process among novice users and the representation of microcomputer systems. They contribute to a better understanding of external conceptual model representation for novice users in assisting them to initiate the problem-solving process necessary for mental model formation of microcomputer systems.
The Impact of Sociocultural and Economic Factors in Seeking Fertility Services

Utilization of medical resources by different racial and ethnic groups is dependent on many factors. Lack of appropriate information, racial discrimination, and lack of referrals from primary care physicians may impact the decision to seek fertility care. However, socioeconomic, behavioral, and social influences can also significantly impact decisions regarding medical care at both the individual and the greater racial/ethnic group level. This chapter summarizes the contributions of sociocultural and economic factors that can impact a women’s desire to seek fertility care.
Studies on the Mechanism of Action of Uridine Diphosphate-galactose-4-epimerase I. AN AMBIGUITY IN THE CHEMICAL TRAPPING OF A PROPOSED KETO-INTERMEDIATE BY NaB3H4

When NaB3H4 is added to solutions containing Escherichia coli UDP-galactose-4-epimerase and substrates at equilibrium, substantial amounts of UDP-[3H]hexoses can be isolated if substrates and enzyme are incubated for 2 hours prior to adding NaB3H4. When NaB3H4 is added within 1 min after mixing the enzyme with UDP-glucose, the amount of radioactivity associated with sugar nucleotides is small, although slightly larger than that found in control experiments in which the enzyme is omitted. Incubation of substrates with this enzyme for 2 hours result in more than 70% reduction in catalytic activity; the activity loss is largely reversed when substrates are removed by gel filtration. The data indicate that production of tritiated sugar nucleotides, clearly shown by Maitra and Ankel to be UDP-[4-3H]glucose and UDP-[4-3H]galactose ((1971) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 68, 2660) in similar trapping experiments, may be related to the extensive reduction in catalytic activity resulting from extended preliminary incubation with substrates.
The Durability, Relevance, and Future of American Antitrust Policy

It is clear that American antitrust law, at least in some respects, has made a significant contribution to the performance of the United States' economy. So persuaded, other countries have enacted and expanded competition laws in recent decades. It is also clear that retention of antitrust law limitations on anticompetitive business conduct will continue to be a critically important feature of public economic policy. While increasing foreign competition and other changing economic conditions may oblige us to revise the antitrust bases for prohibiting such agreements as mergers and joint ventures in some markets, such changes do not eliminate the need for antitrust limitations. Moreover, the trend away from direct regulation of prices and entry in such industries as transportation increases the importance of antitrust law as a check on anticompetitive free market conduct. Judicially formulated antitrust approaches and rules have varied over time. While there are extensive disputes as to what their defects have been and are, it is generally recognized that antitrust law still has some unsatisfactory features that courts and Congress should endeavor to correct. The issues that have been raised involve not only substantive rules governing various forms of conduct, but also remedial and procedural issues such as the appropriateness of eliminating mandatory treble damages and jury trials from, and broadening the bases for summary judgment in, private antitrust suits. In Part I, I discuss the proper goals of antitrust law and the problems raised in formulating appropriate substantive rules to effect those goals. In Part II, I set forth my tentative views concerning substantive rule changes that should be made in particular areas, including horizontal and vertical resale restraints, tying arrangements, mergers, and leveraging behavior. Finally, in Part III, I consider several potentially beneficial remedial and procedural changes in the adjudication of private antitrust suits, including restricting the availability of treble damages, eliminating jury trials, and expanding the bases for summary judgment.
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Puberty

Puberty is a developmental phase during which profound hormonal, physical, behavioral, and psychological changes occur. The individual becomes capable of reproduction, that is, viable gametes are produced and transferred through a mature reproductive system.
Polarizing Antiprotons Using DNP‐in‐Flight

This talk will review my “crazy” idea presented at the 1985 Bodega Bay workshop on polarizing antiprotons; I then called the idea “Moving Dynamic Nuclear Polarization”. However, in his historical introduction to this Daresbury Workshop, Erhard Steffens called it “Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in flight”; this name seems better. I will first briefly review the 1985 workshop and then discuss the prospects for “DNP‐in‐flight” 22 years later.
Altered protein binding of quinidine in patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter.

Study Objectives. To determine if α1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations are altered in patients with atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFF), and to establish if fluctuations in AAG change the free fraction of quinidine. Design. Prospective, controlled, nonrandomized. Setting. Tertiary care medical center and outpatient clinics. Patients. Thirty patients with AFF and 16 matched controls. Interventions. Serial blood samples were collected from patients with AFF at baseline and for 28 days after cardioversion. The control group received no treatment and a single blood sample was obtained. Measurements and Main Results. Concentrations of AAG were measured by Laurell-Rocket immunoelectrophoresis. Quinidine concentrations were determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay using the Abbott TDx system. Baseline AAG concentrations in patients with AFF (122 ± 55 mg/dl) were significantly increased compared with the control group (62 ± 28 mg/dl, p 0.2). In patients with AFF, the free fraction of quinidine at the highest AAG concentration was 8.5 ± 2.3%. This was significantly reduced compared with the value in the control group (12.5 ± 3.0%, p<0.05) as well as that in patients with AFF at the lowest AAG concentration (11.0 ± 2.5%, p<0.05). Overall at the highest AAG concentration, patients with AFF had a relative reduction in the quinidine free fraction by 32% compared with controls. Regression analysis showed an indirect relationship between serum AAG concentration and the unbound fraction of quinidine (r=0.56) Conclusions. Concentrations of AAG are increased in patients with AFF and remain elevated for at least 28 days after cardioversion. Elevated AAG concentrations significantly reduce the free fraction of quinidine.
Critical Field for Superconductivity and Low- Temperature Normal-State Heat Capacity of Tungsten*

We have measured the critical magnetic field for superconductivity In tungsten from 5.5 to 15 mK using a {gamma}-ray anisotropy thermometer, and we have measured the heat capacity between 0.35 and 25 K. Analysis of the data gives H{sub 0} = 1.237 Oe for the 0 K critical field, T{sub c} = 16.0 mK for the critical temperature, {gamma} = 1.008 mJ/mole K{sup 2} for the coefficient of the electronic heat capacity, and {Theta}{sub 0} = 383 K for the 0 K Debye temperature. The measured values of the critical field H{sub c} are consistently higher than those reported by Black, Johnson and Wheatley (BJW) on the CMN temperature scale, but the temperature dependence is similar. This discrepancy and the temperature dependence of H{sub c} suggest that both sets of H{sub c} data are affected by magnetic impurities. Use of the calorimetric {gamma} value permits an improved test of the CMN temperature scale with the very low temperature H{sub c} data obtained by BJW.
Fine needle aspiration of male breast lesions.

OBJECTIVE To describe a biinstitutional experience with fine needle aspiration (FNA) of breast lesions occurring in men over a period of over 10 years and to assess the role of FNA in detecting male breast cancer. STUDY DESIGN Computer patient records were searched from January 1990 to September 2007. Male patients who had a diagnosis of carcinoma on breast biopsy or resection were identified, and detailed chart review was done to assess demographics and correlate biopsy and FNA results. RESULTS A total of 346, 792 patients' charts were searched, and 217 male patients were found to have had a breast mass and subsequent FNA. Combined in both institutions, FNA results were positive for carcinoma in 12 (5.5%) cases, negative in 181 (83.4%) cases, suspicious in 5 (2.3%) cases, indeterminate/inconclusive in 3 (1.4%) cases and unsatisfactory in 16 (7.4%) cases. Matching biopsies to confirm FNA results were available in 26 (12%) of the 217 cases. The calculated sensitivity and specificity for the malignant cases reached 100%. When suspicious cases were calculated for diagnostic accuracy, the sensitivity was 67% and the specificity 100%. CONCLUSION This biinstitutional study demonstrates that FNA is a reliable but underutilized procedure for the management of male breast lesions.
Branching and merging in the repository

Two of the most complex operations version control software allows a user to perform are branching and merging. Branching provides the user the ability to create a copy of the source code to allow changes to be stored in version control but outside of the trunk. Merging provides the user the ability to copy changes from a branch to the trunk. Performing a merge can be a tedious operation and one that may be error prone. In this paper, we compare file revisions found on branches with those found on the trunk to determine when a change that is applied to a branch is moved to the trunk. This will allow us to study how developers use merges and to determine if merges are in fact more error prone than other commits.
Low-pressure relativistic electron flow

Most theories of electron flow have involved laminar flows or special flows of a single-orbital type. A general theory of electron flow has been published (C. W. Mendel, Jr., D. B. Seidel, and S. A. Slutz, Phys. Fluids 26, 3628 (1983)). This theory can be used to make some general statements about these flows, but solutions to particular problems are complex and difficult. By constraining the general theory to flows where the electron pressure normal to the flow direction is small compared to the electromagnetic pressure, finite electron orbits can be taken into account in a general manner. An example of the utility of the theory under this assumption is given.
Boundary-layer hydrodynamics and bedload sediment transport in oscillating water tunnels

Oscillating water tunnels are experimental facilities commonly used in coastal engineering research. They are intended to reproduce near-bed hydrodynamic and sediment transport phenomena at a realistic scale. In an oscillating water tunnel, a piston generates an oscillatory motion that propagates almost instantaneously to the whole tunnel; consequently, flow is uniform along the tunnel, unlike the propagating wave motion in the sea or in a wave flume. This results in subtle differences between the boundary-layer hydrodynamics of an oscillating water tunnel and of a propagating wave, which may have a significant effect in the resulting sediment transport. In this paper, we present a zeroth-order analytical model of the turbulent boundary-layer hydrodynamics in an oscillating water tunnel. By using a time-varying eddy viscosity and by accounting for the constraints arising from the tunnel's geometry, the model predicts the oscillating water tunnel hydrodynamics and yields analytical expressions to compute bed shear stresses for asymmetric and skewed waves, both in the absence or presence of an imposed current. These expressions are applied to successfully quantify bedload sediment transport in oscillating water tunnel experiments.
Locomotor stimulant effects of intraventricular injections of low doses of ethanol in rats: acute and repeated administration.

Rationale Low doses of ethanol stimulate locomotion in mice, but in rats the typical response to peripheral ethanol administration is a dose-dependent suppression of locomotion. Moreover, chronic ethanol administration fails to produce signs of locomotor sensitization in rats.
TrilobiteG: A programming architecture for autonomous underwater vehicles

Programming autonomous systems can be challenging because many programming decisions must be made in real time and under stressful conditions, such as on a battle field, during a short communication window, or during a storm at sea. As such, new programming designs are needed to reflect these specific and extreme challenges.TrilobiteG is a programming architecture for buoyancy-driven autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), called gliders. Gliders are designed to spend weeks to months in the ocean, where they operate fully autonomously while submerged and can only communicate via satellite during their limited time at the surface. Based on the experience gained from a seven year long collaboration with two oceanographic institutes, the TrilobiteG architecture has been developed with the main goal of enabling users to run more effective missions. The TrilobiteG programming environment consists of a domain-specific language called ALGAE, a lower level service layer, and a set of real-time and faster-than-real-time simulators. The system has been used to program novel and robust glider behaviors, as well as to find software problems that otherwise may have remained undetected, with potentially catastrophic results. We believe that TrilobiteG can serve as a blueprint for other autonomous systems as well, and that TrilobiteG will motivate and enable a broader scientific community to work on extreme, real-world problems by using the simulation infrastructure.
Immersion microlithography at 193 nm with a Talbot prism interferometer

A Talbot interference immersion lithography system that uses a compact prism is presented. The use of a compact prism allows the formation of a fluid layer between the optics and the image plane, enhancing the resolution. The reduced dimensions of the system alleviate coherence requirements placed on the source, allowing the use of a compact ArF excimer laser. Photoresist patterns with a half pitch of 45 nm were formed at an effective NA of 1.05. In addition, a variable NA immersion interference system was used to achieve an effective NA of 1.25. The smallest half-pitch of the photoresist pattern produced with this system was 38 nm.
Luminescence chronology of late pleistocene loess-paleosol and tephra sequences near Fairbanks, Alaska

Thermoluminescence (TL) and infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) sediment-dating methods have been applied to paleosol- and tephra-bearing loess sequences younger than marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 7 at three important sites. TL ages indicate the development of significant paleosols ∼75,000 and ∼30,000 yr ago in the loess sequence at the Gold Hill site. Relatively minor soil development occurred ∼70,000 and ∼48,000 yr ago. Like the ∼75,000-yr-old soil, the 30,000-yr-old soil is apparently of global extent, and consistent in timing with inferred warm intervals elsewhere (e.g., Greenland, Europe, western and central China). At Birch Hill, replicate TL dating of primary loess combined with two earlier TL results from the same site, and with an earlier mean fission-track-glass-shard age of 140,000 ± 10,000 yr for the associated Old Crow tephra, yield a more precise numeric age of 142,300 ± 6600 yr for this Alaska/Yukon chronostratigraphic marker ash bed. Three of the TL ages at the Halfway House site are difficult to interpret, but combined with other evidence, they indicate: (1) the upper 5–6 m of loess from Halfway House is not part of the Gold Hill Loess (equivalent to pre-MIS 5 age) as long thought by T.L. Pewe, but rather is much younger; (2) the regionally significant variegated tephra, found in the Fairbanks and Klondike areas and previously thought to be older than MIS 5, has an age of 77,800 ± 4100 yr (late MIS 5).
Factors influencing drug and protein transport and release from ionic hydrogels

Abstract The effect of polymer structural parameters of ionic hydrogels on the transport of drugs and proteins has been studied for a number of anionic and cationic hydrogels. Crosslinked anionic hydrogels were composed of acrylic acid and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, whereas cationic hydrogels were based on diethyl aminoethyl acrylate or diethyl aminoethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The hydrogel structure was investigated using dynamic swelling studies to deduce the variation of mesh size available for solute transport as a function of environmental parameters including the pH and ionic strength. For anionic hydrogels, the mesh size increased with increasing pH due to the ionization of the network. The reverse was true for cationic hydrogels. Ionizable drugs and proteins could interact with the ionizable hydrogels during the transport process. The solute size also affected the release behavior, causing additional hindrance and decreased mobility.
The carbonylation of RuCl3·3H2O in ethanol: an infrared spectroscopic study☆

Abstract The carbonylation of a RuCl 3 ·3H 2 O solution in refluxing ethanol was monitored by means of infrared spectroscopy. The spectroscopic characteristics of the various intermediates were identified. Various concentrations of RuCl 3 ·3H 2 O and various rates of CO bubbling were used to determine the dependence of the intermediates upon these parameters. Three main species were postulated to be present in solution during the carbonylation reaction.
Femtosecond frequency comb measurement of absolute frequencies and hyperfine coupling constants in cesium vapor

We report measurements of absolute transition frequencies and hyperfine coupling constants for the 8S{sub 1/2}, 9S{sub 1/2}, 7D{sub 3/2}, and 7D{sub 5/2} states in {sup 133}Cs vapor. The stepwise excitation through either the 6P{sub 1/2} or 6P{sub 3/2} intermediate state is performed directly with broadband laser light from a stabilized femtosecond laser optical-frequency comb. The laser beam is split, counterpropagated, and focused into a room-temperature Cs vapor cell. The repetition rate of the frequency comb is scanned and we detect the fluorescence on the 7P{sub 1/2,3/2{yields}}6S{sub 1/2} branches of the decay of the excited states. The excitations to the different states are isolated by the introduction of narrow-bandwidth interference filters in the laser beam paths. Using a nonlinear least-squares method we find measurements of transition frequencies and hyperfine coupling constants that are in agreement with other recent measurements for the 8S state and provide improvement by 2 orders of magnitude over previously published results for the 9S and 7D states.
Bile Acid Concentrations in Serum, Bile, Jejunal Contents, and Excreta of Male Broiler Chicks During the First Six Weeks Posthatch

Bile acid concentrations in serum, bile, jejunal contents, and excreta of male broiler chicks during the first six weeks posthatch were determined. Bile acid concentrations in serum, jejunum, and excreta declined significantly (P less than .05) during the 1st week after hatch. Serum and jejunal concentrations then rose through week 3, declined during Weeks 4 and 5, and by 6 weeks of age had returned to levels comparable to those seen at Week 3. After the 1st week, no further significant changes were seen in bile acid concentrations in excreta. Concentrations of bile acids in bile were significantly higher at Weeks 1, 3, 5, and 6 than at Weeks 2 and 4. Predictive polynomial equations were calculated for use in modeling applications. This study shows that concentration of bile acids in various body compartments varies significantly during the first 6 weeks posthatch.
T3 Augmentation in Major Depressive Disorder: Safety Considerations

Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1035-1040. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10030402 Many cases of major depression are difficult to treat, and effective options are an urgent priority. Triiodothyronine (T3) has been used to augment or accelerate treatment of major depression, and while there is good evidence for its efficacy in the short term, there is a limited evidence base to guide long-term adjunctive use. In a collaborative case from the endocrinology and psychiatry perspectives, we review the evidence for the safety of this intervention. A case presentation from our clinical practice is used to illustrate issues of efficacy, adherence, and use in the setting of medical comorbidity, and suggested guidelines are presented for monitoring the safety of T3 when used as longer-term augmentation.
Irinotecan in Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Current Data and the Status of Ongoing Trials

Abstract Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a particularly aggressive form of lung cancer and is associated with a poor prognosis, rapid tumor growth, and early metastasis. Currently, the cornerstone of treatment in SCLC consists of combination therapy, with platinum/etoposide being the regimen of choice. Unfortunately, even with these advances in treatment, the median survival for patients with limited-stage disease is 10–15 months and 7–11 months for patients with extensive-stage disease. New treatment mechanisms need to be explored in order to extend the survival of SCLC patients. One such new treatment is the topoisomerase I inhibitor, irinotecan. This drug represents a promising advancement in the treatment of SCLC.
Factors influencing xanthine oxidase activity in rat skin.

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described for preparing skin extracts which show reasonably consistent xanthine oxidase activities. 2. 2. Levels of xanthine oxidase in skin do not change significantly during the first 21 days after birth. A marked increase in skin xanthine oxidase activity occurs during the period from 21 to 28 days, corresponding to the first 7 days on a stock diet. The effect of the change in diet on liver xanthine oxidase activity was less marked, results indicating a gradual increase in activity with increasing age. 3. 3. Fasting for 72 hr. did not affect the level of xanthine oxidase in rat skin extracts. Liver xanthine oxidase was markedly depleted.
Patient, treatment and discharge factors associated with hospital readmission within 30 days after surgical cytoreduction for epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Abstract Objective Hospital readmissions are common, costly and increasingly viewed as adverse events. In gynecologic oncology, data on readmissions are limited. The goal of this study was to examine the patient, treatment and discharge factors associated with unplanned readmission after cytoreductive surgery. Methods We identified all patients with stages II–IV ovarian cancer who underwent surgical cytoreduction at our institution between 2003 and 2011. A retrospective chart review was performed, and clinical variables were extracted. Utilizing linear and logistic regression, these clinical variables were correlated with risk of readmission. Results A total of 460 patients were included in the analysis, with the majority having a stage IIIC high grade serous cancer. Optimal cytoreduction ( Conclusions Readmission after surgical cytoreduction affected 12% of our population. Multivariate analyses suggested perioperative complications, particularly reoperation and cardiopulmonary event, placed the patient at the greatest risk. Age, comorbidities, surgical radicality and discharge with visiting nurse services/rehabilitation facility did not affect the likelihood of readmission.
Focus on ERBB2.

The ERBB2 (HER2) gene codes for a tyrosine kinase receptor that activates pathways involved in cell division, differentiation and apoptosis. Gene amplification, and as a result protein overexpression, are commonly seen in breast tumors and correlate with poor prognosis. The overexpressed protein is the target of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody routinely used in clinical practice. A new tyrosine kinase inhibitor, lapatinib, is already an alternative in women progressing despite treatment with trastuzumab. Using comprehensive tagging approaches, highly-powered association studies concluded that ERBB2 was unlikely to be a breast cancer predisposition gene. ERBB2 pharmacogenomics are of little relevance at present, since we have no knowledge of polymorphisms in the gene that could affect the binding, efficacy or tolerability of trastuzumab or lapatinib. There is minor contribution from hepatic cytochrome CYP2C19 to the metabolism of lapatinib, whereas in vitro studies have shown the drug to be a substrate ...
Conformal, Conducting Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Thin Films Deposited Using Bromine as the Oxidant in a Completely Dry Oxidative Chemical Vapor Deposition Process

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films were obtained through oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) by using a new oxidant—bromine. The use of bromine eliminates any post processing rinsing step required with other oxidants like iron chloride and hence makes the process completely dry. Film properties are further compared with the PEDOT films deposited using iron chloride as the oxidant. Accelerated aging experiments show longer retention of electrical conductivity for the PEDOT films obtained using bromine as the oxidant. Conductivities as high as 380 S/cm were obtained for PEDOT films deposited using bromine as the oxidant at 80 °C, which is significantly higher than that for PEDOT films deposited using iron chloride as the oxidant at the same temperature. Cross-sectional SEM of the PEDOT films deposited using bromine on silicon trench wafers demonstrates high conformal deposition of the films. All the results show the possibility of depositing highly conducting, conformal PEDOT films o...
Roasted Peanuts and Peanut Butter Quality are Affected by Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Roasted peanuts were extracted using supercritical CO2 (413.6 bar, 50–60° for 0, 2 or 4 hr). Peanuts were evaluated for shatter, tristimulus color, shear-compression force, moisture, lipid content, and sensory attributes. Extracted nuts were prepared into peanut butter and evaluated for color, relative torque resistance ratio, and sensory attributes. Lipid content decreased from 51.6 to 40.6% during 4 hr extraction. SFE increased shatter, shear-compression force, and Hunter L-value, but decreased hue angle, roasted aroma intensity, moistness of mass, fracturability, and roasted flavor intensity of peanuts. SFE increased the relative torque resistance ratio, and adhesiveness of peanut butter but had little effect upon flavor. SFE may be useful to reduce peanut contaminants and lipids to produce value-added peanut products.
RELATION OF SPATIAL ABILITIES TO REVERSAL RATES OF NECKER CUBES VARYING IN DEGREE OF COMPLETENESS

One hypothesis was that reported reversal rates of Necker cubes with 6-in. horizontals and verticals that varied in 5° of completeness would correlate significantly with 3 measures of spatial visualization. The second hypothesis was that 6-in. cubes would result in lower reversal rates than did the 3-in. cubes used by Smith, et al. (1968). The first hypothesis proved to be untenable while the second remained tenable. Individual differences in reversal rates were large but fairly consistent since the correlations among reversal scores ranged from .71 to .97, with a median of .88.
Ventricular ectopy in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: should it be treated?

Ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) are commonly encountered in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Frequent ventricular ectopy can be associated with deterioration of cardiac function and may lead to VPC-induced cardiomyopathy. VPC-induced inter- and/or intraventricular dyssynchrony has been postulated as the main mechanism underlying VPC-induced left ventricular dysfunction. For risk stratification, VPCs in the setting of CHF can not be regarded to be a benign arrhythmia as in an apparently healthy subject. However, any potential survival benefits to be derived from suppression of VPCs or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in CHF may be offset by the negative inotropic and proarrhythmic effects of antiarrhythmic drugs and may be masked by the risk of death that is already high in this subgroup of patients. β-Blockers are currently considered to be the first-line therapy, with amiodarone as a back-up. Catheter ablation, although invasive and not without procedural risk, avoids the common adverse effects of currently available antiarrhythmic medications. From a standpoint of preventing or reversing left ventricular dysfunction, frequent VPCs should be treated earlier regardless of their site of origin or the presence of associated symptoms, such as palpitations. Catheter ablation may be the preferable approach in selected patients, particularly when β-blocker therapy has been ineffective or not tolerated.
Simple approach to tunneling using the method of finite elements

We use the method of finite elements to solve the operator field equations for a simple quantum-mechanical model of tunneling. For the case of just one finite element we can express the tunneling in terms of a Borel transform. We obtain excellent numerical results for short times.
Dual-polarized, x-band, flat-panel phased array

A stacked-patch, broadband, dual-polarized, aperture-fed antenna is designed with a center frequency of 10 GHz and a bandwidth greater than 3 GHz. This antenna is then used in a four element array configuration which utilizes digital phase-shifters, controlled by LabVIEW, to steer the beam. The dual-polarized array can provide a ±45° scan angle over a 3 GHz bandwidth.
Fundamental accuracy limitations for pilot-tone time-base correction

Wiener filtering concepts are applied to the problem of determining the accuracy limitations for a pilot-tone time-base correction system. Pilot-tone time-base correction is currently employed in speed control of tape recorder drives, vernier data correction by means of voltage-controlled delay lines in wideband tape recorders, as well as synchronized sound-on-film devices. In this system, the correction is accomplished by the addition of a stable sinusoid in a clear area of the signal baseband. After transmission through a medium with varying time delay and additive noise, the pilot tone is recovered by a tracking filter. The output of the tracking filter can be used to estimate the variations in time delay of the transmission medium. A statistical optimization is then performed to find the minimum residual time-base error in the desired signal after correction by such a system. The theory of parameter estimation indicates that the system described is near optimum and represents a lower bound on achievable accuracy. The results for the special case of white bandlimited time-delay variations are presented in the form of curves.
Pasteurella multocida Tonsillitis: Case Report and Review

Pasteurella multocida is frequently part of the normal flora of the nasopharynx and digestive tract of several wild and domestic animals. Although P. multocida can produce a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, only four previous cases of tonsillitis caused by this organism have been reported. We present a case of pasteurella tonsillitis in a 30-year-old female who was exposed through her cat, which manifested upper respiratory symptoms.
Ubiquitin puts actin in its place

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Yuan et al. (2014) report that the Cul3-KLHL20 E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates protein anterograde transport from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) by facilitating localized actin assembly at the TGN through K33-linked ubiquitination of coronin 7.
Invasive prenatal diagnostic techniques.

As aneuploid screening evolves to the first trimester a complimentary diagnostic procedure becomes increasingly important. Chorionic villus (CVS) sampling has emerged as the only safe invasive prenatal diagnostic procedure prior to the 14 th week of gestation. Over 2 decades of experience have demonstrated the accuracy, efficacy and safety of CVS. The karyotype is identical to that of the fetus in over 98% of cases. In the remaining 1 to 2% confined placental mosaicism (CPM) occurs. Current knowledge of the etiology of CPM allows accurate clinical interpretation, the recognition of cases of fetal uniparental disomy, and identification of pregnancies at risk for poor perinatal outcome. Prospective comparative studies have demonstrated that with equally experienced operators, CVS and second trimester amniocentesis have similar procedure induced miscarriage rates. When CVS procedures are performed after 10 weeks gestation, no increased risk of fetal anomalies has been demonstrated.