cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kin and non-kin foster care—findings from a National Survey

Abstract This article uses national data to look at the differences between children in kinship and non-kinship care arrangements. Three groups are compared: children in non-kin foster care, children in kinship foster care, and children in “voluntary” kinship care. Children in voluntary kinship care have come to the attention of child welfare services, are placed with kin, but unlike those in kinship foster care, these children are not in state custody. Findings suggest that children in the kin arrangements faced greater hardships than those in non-kin care. They more often lived in poor families and experienced food insecurity. They were more likely to live with a non-married caregiver who was not working and did not have a high school degree. And fewer kin than expected received services to overcome these hardships. In addition, nearly 300,000 children lived in voluntary kinship care arrangements; these children are of particular concern because they are not in state custody and therefore may or may not be monitored by a child welfare agency.
Synthesis and characterization of sodium cysteine-S-sulfate monohydrate.

Abstract An improved method for the synthesis and isolation of large amounts of crystalline sodium cysteine-S-sulfate is described. The final product has been characterized as the monohydrate, monosodium salt by elemental analysis and various equivalent weight determinations. The equilibrium constant for the reaction of cysteine-S-sulfate with cysteine, yielding cystine and inorganic sulfite, has been estimated.
Publius Before Kant: Federal-Republican Security and Democratic Peace

Reflecting American and allied ascent, Liberal IR theorists have revived earlier theorists, notably Kant and democratic peace, constructing neoclassical liberalism to challenge Realism. Republican security theory (RST) begins in antiquity and reaches a conceptual watershed in the Enlightenment, not in Kant, but in Publius = Federalist. Pessimistic, RST assumed republics were small and expansion would fatally deform, a conclusion derived from Roman history. In a pivotal advance, Publius advanced federal union, suggesting the federal-republican security hypothesis — federal union enables republican viability in competitive interstate systems. Kant does not address the logically and historically prior question of how democracies come to populate competitive state systems sufficiently to make pacific unions. The historical record of the global industrial state system suggests federal-republican security is more important than democratic peace.
Design and analysis of frame-based fair queueing: a new traffic scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks

In this paper we introduce and analyze frame-based fair queueing, a novel traffic scheduling algorithm for packet-switched networks. The algorithm provides end-to-end delay bounds identical to those of PGPS (packet-level generalized processor sharing), without the complexity of simulating the fluid-model system in the background as required in PGPS. The algorithm is therefore ideally suited for implementation in packet switches supporting a large number of sessions. We present a simple implementation of the algorithm for a general packet switch. In addition, we prove that the algorithm is fair in the sense that sessions are not penalized for excess bandwidth they received while other sessions were idle. Frame-based fair queueing belongs to a general class of scheduling algorithms, which we call Rate-Proportional Servers. This class of algorithms provides the same end-to-end delay and burstiness bounds as PGPS, but allows more flexibility in the design and implementation of the algorithm. We provide a systematic analysis of this class of schedulers and obtain bounds on their fairness.
Basics of a Library Film Collection

This paper discusses the advantages of a film library as compared with other possible methods of providing films to academic programs and individual viewers, and provides information about creating, maintaining, and evaluating such a collection. Many recurrent problems and their solutions are briefly described.
Abstract 3322: Spatio-temporal regulation of epithelial transformation by mistrafficking of EGFR ligand, epiregulin

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand epiregulin (EREG) is delivered preferentially to the basolateral cell surface of polarized MDCK cells. Recently, we showed that EREG basolateral trafficking is regulated by a conserved tyrosine residue within a YXXΦ motif (Y156ERV) in its cytoplasmic domain. Interestingly, a Y156A substitution led to apical mistrafficking of EREG and transformation of polarized MDCK cells (PNAS 110: 8960-5, 2013). We have identified EREG mutations (R147stop) in human tumors that would disrupt the basolateral sorting motif of EREG and now report that EREG harboring these patient mutations mistrafficks to the apical surface. We propose that ligand mistrafficking is a driver of transformation rather than being a mere passenger. To test our proposal wild-type and mutant EREG will be inducibly (Tet-ON) expressed at various stages of MDCK cyst formation and maintenance in 3D Matrigel cultures where we have now recapitulated the transformation phenotype induced by EREG-mistrafficking. Results from these experiments will be presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Bhuminder Singh, Galina Bogatcheva, Mary K. Washington, Robert J. Coffey. Spatio-temporal regulation of epithelial transformation by mistrafficking of EGFR ligand, epiregulin. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3322. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3322
The spin structure of charmonium and the quark-gluon effective interaction☆

Abstract The large S-state hyperfine splittings and the spacing of the P-states of charmonium can be explained qualitatively by an effective quark-gluon anomalous magnetic moment of 1 quark magneton within the context of a nonrelativistic linear potential model.
Correlation of primary breast cancer histopathology and estrogen receptor content

We studied the association of estrogen receptor (ER) with several histologic variables that correlate with breast tumor differentiation and with patient prognosis. Contingency table analysis revealed highly statistically significant correlations between ER content and histologic and nuclear grades, tumor necrosis, and the degree of elastosis and lymphoid cell infiltration. ER positive tumors were more likely than ER negative tumors to demonstrate histological evidence of tumor differentiation. All tumors with histologic grade 1 or nuclear grade 1 (best differentiated) were ER positive or borderline positive. Eighty-nine percent of ER negative tumors were histologic grade 3 and 78.4% were nuclear grade 3 (poor differentiation). ER positive tumors were also correlated with absent tumor necrosis, higher elastic content, and absent lymphoid cell infiltration, all features of good differentiation. Medullary carcinomas were frequently (73%) ER negative, but no relationship between ER and other morphologic types of breast cancer or 9 other morphologic variables was found. ER appears to be a biochemical marker for the degree of differentiation of human breast cancer providing a rationale for the observed differences in biological behavior between receptor positive and negative tumors.
Physics-based modeling and simulation of human walking: a review of optimization-based and other approaches

A review of human walking modeling and simulation is presented. This review focuses on physics-based human walking simulations in the robotics and biomechanics literature. The gait synthesis methods are broadly divided into five categories: (1) inverted pendulum model; (2) passive dynamics walking; (3) zero moment point (ZMP) methods; (4) optimization-based methods; and (5) control-based methods. Features of various methods are discussed, and their advantages and disadvantages are delineated. The modeling, formulation, and computation aspects of each method are reviewed.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia complicating support by the Berlin Heart

Since 1992, miniaturized pulsatile air-driven ventricular assist devices (VADs), "Berlin Heart," have been used at many institutions (36 cases in North America in 19 different institutions) for pediatric use. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT II) is a significant complication rarely reported in the setting of adult VAD support; no similar report exists concerning pediatric VAD support. We report on a 13-month-old, 8.1 kg girl who required LVAD support for cardiogenic shock of unclear etiology. The patient had a history of multiple surgical repairs for correction of complex congenital heart disease consisting of a series of left heart obstructive lesions (Shone's complex). Despite aggressive ventilatory and inotropic support, the patient continued to deteriorate and subsequently required extracorporeal life support. After 7 days of conventional venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, a 10 ml Berlin Heart VAD was implanted. After implantation, the patient developed persistent low-grade fever of unclear etiology, gradual thrombocytopenia, and deterioration of renal function. On postimplant day 10, the pump required replacement because of concerns about an inlet valve thrombus; the explanted device demonstrated a nearly occlusive clot not appreciable from external inspection. Simultaneously, HIT II was diagnosed as a result of hematology workup for persistent thrombocytopenia. We discuss the unique challenges posed by HIT II complicating pediatric VAD support and in relation to the heparin coating of the device.
Essential fatty acids in the chick. II. Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition of blood, heart and liver.

Abstract The polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma, liver, and heart of chicks were determined at intervals during essential fatty acid deficiency. The marked decreases in dienoic and tetraenoic acids, and increase in trienoic, were partially corrected by feeding methyl linoleate. The evidence indicates that dienoic acid is converted to tetraenoic and pentaenoic acids, and possibly also to hexaenoic acid.
The effect of dexamethasone on pyruvate kinase activity in primary cultures of hepatocytes.

Abstract Pyruvate kinase activity in primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from a normal rat was maintained at a constant level similar to that found in vivo (14.0 ± 2.0 units per mg of DNA) for over 6 days when both dexamethasone and insulin were included in the medium. Yet the pyruvate kinase activity decreased 50% when the cells were cultured for 2 days and 4 days, respectively, in the presence of either dexamethasone or insulin alone. A brief, 10 min incubation of hepatocytes in the presence of dexamethasone was sufficient to maintain the enzyme activity of cells subsequently cultured for 4 days in the presence of insulin. The optimal dexamethasone concentration was 1 μM. Three other glucocorticoids were able to maintain the pyruvate kinase activity in cells cultured in medium containing insulin. The presence of the protein synthesis inhibitors, actinomycin D or cyclohexamide in cells cultured in the presence of dexamethasone and insulin resulted in a 25% decrease in the pyruvate kinase activity. Therefore, it is suggested that the synergistic effect of glucocorticoids and insulin to maintain pyruvate kinase activity in primary cultures of hepatocytes is dependent upon the ability of these cells to maintain protein synthesis.
The relationship between instruction and curriculum: A conceptual clarification

It is the intent of this article to provide a basis for reducing the ambiguities and confusions that have been widely acknowledged to surround the use of the terms “instruction” and “curriculum”. A definition for the specialized concept of instruction is offered, together with a parallel definition for the concept of curriculum. These two definitions are distinguished from the general sense of instruction (which is equivalent to teaching or training) and the concept of education.
Iconic Indexing by 2-D Strings

In this paper, we describe a new way of representing a symbolic picture by a two-dimensional string. A picture query can also be specified as a 2-D string. The problem of pictorial information retrieval then becomes a problem of 2-D subsequence matching. We present algorithms for encoding a symbolic picture into its 2-D string representation, reconstructing a picture from its 2-D string representation, and matching a 2-D string with another 2-D string. We also prove the necessary and sufficient conditions to characterize ambiguous pictures for reduced 2-D strings as well as normal 2-D strings. This approach thus allows an efficient and natural way to construct iconic indexes for pictures.
Software and systems engineering process implications of evolutionary development (Keynote Abstract)

The increasingly rapid pace of change in technology, competition, and IT demand have made evolutionary development an attractive alternative to traditional software and systems engineering (SSE) processes. There are several forms of evolutionary development, and there is no one-size-fits-all SSE approach that is best for all situations. For rapid-fielding situations, an easiest-first, get something working, evolutionary SSE approach is best. But for enduring systems, an easiest-first evolutionary SSE approach is likely to produce an unscalable system whose architecture is incompatible with achieving high levels of safety and security. Also, evolutionary development requires much higher sustained levels of systems engineering (SE) effort, earlier and continuous integration and test, pro-active approaches to address sources of system change, greater levels of concurrent engineering, and achievement reviews based on evidence of feasibility vs. evidence of plans, activity, and system descriptions. Many traditional acquisition practices are incompatible with effective SE of evolutionary development. These include assumptions that full-capability requirements can be specified up front along with associated full-capability plans, budgets, schedules, work breakdown structures, and earned-value management targets; that most systems engineers can be dismissed after PDR; and that all forms of requirements change or "creep" should be discouraged. The study also found that other inhibitors to effective SE need to be addressed, such as underbudgeting (SE is the first victim of inadequate budgets); contracting provisions emphasizing functional definition before addressal of key performance parameters; and management temptations to show rapid progress on easy initial increments while deferring the hard parts until later increments.
Applied strategies for improving patient safety: a comprehensive process to improve care in rural and frontier communities.

ABSTRACT: Context: Medical errors and patient safety have gained increasing attention throughout all areas of medical care. Understanding patient safety in rural settings is crucial for improving care in rural communities. Purpose: To describe a system to decrease medical errors and improve care in rural and frontier primary care offices. Methods: Applied Strategies for Improving Patient Safety (ASIPS) was a demonstration project designed to collect and analyze medical error reports and use these reports to develop and implement interventions aimed at decreasing errors. ASIPS participants were clinicians and staff in 2 practice-based research networks: the Colorado Research Network (CaReNet) and the High Plains Research Network (HPRN). This paper describes ASIPS in HPRN. Findings: Fourteen HPRN practices with a total of 150 clinicians and staff have participated in ASIPS. Participants have submitted 128 reports. Diagnostic tests were involved in 26% of events; medication errors appeared in 20% of events. Communication errors were reported in 72%. Two learning groups developed “Principles for Process Improvement” for medication errors and diagnostic testing errors. Several safety “alerts” were issued to improve care, and 2 interventions were implemented to decrease errors. Conclusions: A safe and secure reporting system that relies on voluntary reporting from clinicians and staff can be successfully implemented in rural primary care settings. Information from reports can be used to identify processes that can be improved.
How People Interpret Healthy Eating: Contributions of Qualitative Research

Objective To identify how qualitative research has contributed to understanding the ways people in developed countries interpret healthy eating. Design Bibliographic database searches identified reports of qualitative, empirical studies published in English, peer-reviewed journals since 1995. Data analysis Authors coded, discussed, recoded, and analyzed papers reporting qualitative research studies related to participants' interpretations of healthy eating. Results Studies emphasized a social constructionist approach, and most used focus groups and/or individual, in-depth interviews to collect data. Study participants explained healthy eating in terms of food, food components, food production methods, physical outcomes, psychosocial outcomes, standards, personal goals, and as requiring restriction. Researchers described meanings as specific to life stages and different life experiences, such as parenting and disease onset. Identity (self-concept), social settings, resources, food availability, and conflicting considerations were themes in participants' explanations for not eating according to their ideals for healthy eating. Implications People interpret healthy eating in complex and diverse ways that reflect their personal, social, and cultural experiences, as well as their environments. Their meanings include but are broader than the food composition and health outcomes considered by scientists. The rich descriptions and concepts generated by qualitative research can help practitioners and researchers think beyond their own experiences and be open to audience members' perspectives as they seek to promote healthy ways of eating.
Response of lodgepole pine growth to CO2 degassing at Mammoth Mountain, California

We conducted dendroclimatic and stable isotope analyses of lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) located in high-mortality sites at Mammoth Mountain (California, USA) to test for tree responses to magmatic degassing. Existing climatic and tree-ring data from nearby Yellowstone National Park were used for comparison. Sampled trees were scarcely sensitive to climate, and their growth showed an overall decline during the 20th century. Past growth rates of currently dead and stressed pines plummeted after 1990, when degassing of magmatic CO2 was first reported in the area. No consistent or strong correlation was found with monthly and seasonal climatic parameters. Stable carbon isotopes were measured on holocellulose extracted from annual rings of a dead pine, a stressed pine, and a live pine. The δ13C signature of the dead and stressed pines showed enrichment in heavy carbon beginning in 1990, which could be related to stomatal closure following impairment of root systems by high levels of magmatic CO2 in the soil.
Depression and Alzheimer's disease

Depressive symptoms, due either major depression or clinically significant, subsyndromal depression, occur commonly in the course of Alzheimer's disease. For a variety of clinical and methodological reasons, this remains an area that begs for new investigation. At the very least, these depressive symptoms should be viewed as a cause of significant and treatable "excess disability" (Kramer and Reifler, 1992). Demented patients with clinically significant depression (e.g., depressed mood, significant loss of appetite, insomnia, fatigue, irritability, and agitation) should be considered for a trial of antidepressant therapy, even when they fail to meet full diagnostic criteria for major depression. These symptoms will, in most instances, respond to antidepressant therapy. The "rules" for treatment of depression in dementia are slightly different than for cognitively intact patients: (a) start low, go slower, (b) pay attention to cognitive toxicity of all medication combinations, and (c) depressive symptoms do not persist as long as in cognitively intact patients. Current treatments, especially those SSRI's like fluoxetine and sertraline that have cognitive enhancing effects, should be considered the "first line" antidepressants. We need to emphasize early detection and treatment of depressive symptoms in dementia in all arenas.
Customer‐initiated influence tactics in sales and marketing activities

Purpose – This paper seeks to describe supplier coordination of sales and marketing activities to manage customer relationships.Design/methodology/approach – Six propositions are suggested that examine the drivers dictating how customers initiate influence tactics for their benefit in dealing with their suppliers.Findings – Illustrations are provided to show how and when the marketing and sales functions come close to synergistic efforts and what hinders them from doing so.Research limitations/implications – Although influence tactics have a rich history in social psychology and organizational behavior research, more influence tactics must be tested using various samples and multiple methods in the customer‐supplier realm of selling and marketing activities.Practical implications – Understanding trust, commitment, and cooperation from the supplier's perspective, enhances one's ability to understand why the sales and marketing functions must work together to program a defense mechanism against customers th...
Beginner’s mind and cross-cultural storytelling

I first learned the Japanese phrase shoshin nearly 20 years ago from my mentors, Robyn Hunt and Steve Pearson. As professors of acting, 10-year students of Tadashi Suzuki, and co-founders of the th...
Gait evolution in a family with hereditary spastic paraplegia

Abstract Background The degree of disability in patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia has been reported variable even in members of the same family (same gene mutation). Moreover, it has been established that patients with hereditary spastic paraplegia should be treated differently from cerebral palsy patients due to the progressive nature of this disease. However, the gait evolution of hereditary spastic paraplegia showing onset symptoms at an early age has been described as stable. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the walking ability and the influence of treatments on gait evolution in a family with hereditary spastic paraplegia. Methods Clinical gait analyses were performed in six hereditary spastic paraplegia patients from the same family with a follow-up of 4–15 years. Results Based on the gait deviation index, results showed a large variation of walking ability in these patients and no statistical difference between the first and last examination. In fact, three patients have improved their gait (from childhood to adolescence) whereas three patients worsened their gait. Conclusions Gait alterations in a family with hereditary spastic paraplegia are heterogeneous. Gait evolution in hereditary spastic paraplegia with early symptoms had a tendency to improve gait until adolescence with adapted treatments and to decline in the adulthood.
Accelerator Power Concepts Using Isolated Transmission Lines

This report outlines the rationale and the advantages of using multiple transmission-line sections isolated by transit time and inductance in accelerating high-current (approx. = 10 -kA), short-pulse (less than or equal to 100-ns) particle beams to the multimegavolt level. The main advantages of this system include reducing the number of output switches required per output pulse by nearly an order of magnitude over conventional systems and increasing the system capability for repetition-rate operation. The isolated transmission-line concept is developed, and possible modes of operation are outlined. In addition, a point design of a 10-kA short-pulse accelerator is presented.
Insect pyrethroid-hydrolyzing esterases

Esterases in acetone powder preparations of milkweed bugs, cockroaches, houseflies, cabbage loopers, mealworms, and mouse liver hydrolyze the (+)-trans- and (+)-cis-isomers of resmethrin and tetramethrin but they do not hydrolyze S-bioallethrin. Homogenate fractions are less suitable than acetone powders for assaying the insect esterases due to interfering reactions or inhibitors. The milkweed bug, looper and mouse liver esterases cleave the trans-isomers more rapidly than the cis-isomers of resmethrin and tetramethrin but this isomer specificity is less prominent or not present with the other esterase sources. Pyrethroid-hydrolyzing esterases are much less active in insect than in mouse liver preparations. 1-Naphthyl N-propylcabamate is a more potent inhibitor than S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate for the insect esterases whereas the latter compound is more effective in inhibiting the mouse esterases. Both of these chemicals are noncompetitive inhibitors in each case suggesting that they carbamoylate and phosphorylate the detoxifying enzymes. Esterase inhibitors acting in the nmolar range may be useful synergists in species where pyrethroid detoxification by esterases limits the insecticidal action.
Report of a Workshop: Research Priorities for Immunologic Aspects of Onchocerciasis

Onchocerciasis is a major blinding disease affecting nearly 50 million people and causing blindness in about one million others [1]. It occurs across subSaharan Africa and in a number of more isolated foci in Central and South America. The disease is caused by the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus and is transmitted by blackflies of the Similium spp. The blackflies breed around fast-flowing streams and rivers; thus the disease is also known as river blindness. In hyperendemic areas, the rate of infection nears 100%; almost half of the population >40 years old may be blind [1]. The International Center for Epidemiologic and Preventive Ophthalmology held a workshop, sponsored by the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation, from September 9 to September 14, 1984, to review current knowledge of the immunology of onchocerciasis and to explore areas of potential research. This report summarizes the discussions and conclusions of the meeting and outlines a rational approach for future research.
Responses of neurons in visual cortex (V1 and V2) of the alert macaque to dynamic random-dot stereograms.

Abstract A substantial proportion of both simple and complex neurons in the cortex subserving central vision are differentially sensitive to binocular disparity of isolated line patterns (local stereopsis), a sensitivity based on a positional disparity between the neuron's receptive fields in the two eyes. In addition a subset of cortical neurons, nearly all complex neurons, responds to dynamic random-dot stereograms containing no depth cues other than disparity. These neurons are capable of signalling the correct binocular matches among a multitude of false matches in the stereograms (global stereopsis). The discovery of cyclopean neurons in striate cortex, at early stages of the processing neural network for stereoscopic vision provides a new insight of the basic neural mechanisms underlying binocular depth perception.
Seasonal rhythm in plasma testosterone and luteinising hormone of the male laboratory rat.

SEASONAL reproductive rhythms of animals living in natural conditions1–4 as well as domestic animals5–6 have been the subject of extensive research. Seasonal rhythms in experimental laboratory animals living in a constant laboratory environment, however, have been considered improbable. The first report on seasonal rhythms in laboratory animals was made in 1958 by Gunn and Gould7, who reported a seasonal cycle in the uptake of 65Zn by the dorsolateral prostate of the male rat, with elevations in February–March and June–July. Comments on the possibility of seasonality of androgenic hormones8,9 only emphasise that no study has been reported on the male laboratory rat to determine whether there are seasonal variations in plasma testosterone and luteinising hormone (LH) throughout the year. We began such a study in January 1973 and report data collected up to June 1974, which suggest a circannual rhythm in sex hormones in male laboratory rats living in what is apparently a constant environment.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction: A Powerful Tool for Phase Identification in the SEM

EBSD in the SEM has been developed into a tool that can provide identification of unknown crystalline phases with a spatial resolution that is better than one micrometer. This technique has been applied to a wide range of materials. Use of the HOLZ rings in the EBSD patterns has enabled the reduced unit cell to be determined from unidexed EBSD patterns. This paper introduces EBSD for phase identification and illustrates the technique with examples from metal joining and particle analysis. Reduced unit cell determination from EBSD patterns is then discussed.
Forest structure, composition, and tree diversity response to a gradient of regeneration harvests in the mid-Cumberland Plateau escarpment region, USA

Upland hardwood stands on mesic, escarpment-oriented sites on the Cumberland Plateau region of northeastern Alabama provide a myriad management opportunities. Stands are primarily managed for Quercus, but the high species diversity allows for management that targets multiple species. Stand composition is unique in that dominant species include shade tolerant species such as Acer saccharum, intermediate tolerant Quercus spp. and Carya spp., and intolerant Liriodendron tulipifera. Three replications of five levels of disturbance were created to assess species compositional changes; disturbances included three levels of harvest intensity, a mid-story herbicide treatment, and a control. After eight growing seasons, there were no discernable differences in species richness, diversity or evenness. Importance values based on relative basal area and relative density also changed little, except for clearcuts where L. tulipifera greatly increased. An initial gradient in basal area, canopy cover, and light created by harvesting or thinning dissipated following five growing seasons. Options exist for future stand management, including promoting two-aged or uneven-aged systems. Maintenance of Quercus will require additional tending.
Testing for controlled variables: a model-based approach to determining the perceptual basis of behavior

Perceptual control theory (PCT) views behavior as being organized around the control of perceptual variables. Thus, from a PCT perspective, understanding behavior is largely a matter of determining the perceptions that organisms control-the perceptions that are the basis of the observed behavior. This task is complicated by the fact that very often the perceptions that seem to be the obvious basis of some behavior are not. This problem is illustrated using a simple pursuit-tracking task in which the goal was to keep a cursor vertically aligned with a target set at various horizontal distances from the cursor. The "obvious" perceptual basis of the behavior in this task is the vertical distance between cursor and target. But a control model suggests that a better description of the perceptual basis of the behavior is the angle between cursor and target. The experiment shows how a control model can be used to do the test for the controlled variable, a control-theory-based approach to distinguishing the actual from the apparent perceptual basis of any behavior.
Control of the stability, electron-transfer kinetics, and pH-dependent energetics of Si/H2O interfaces through methyl termination of Si(111) surfaces.

Methyl-terminated, n-type, (111)-oriented Si surfaces were prepared via a two-step chlorination-alkylation method. This surface modification passivated the Si surface toward electrochemical oxidation and thereby allowed measurements of interfacial electron-transfer processes in contact with aqueous solutions. The resulting semiconductor/liquid junctions exhibited interfacial kinetics behavior in accord with the ideal model of a semiconductor/liquid junction. In contrast to the behavior of H-terminated Si(111) surfaces, current density vs. potential measurements of CH_3-terminated Si(111) surfaces in contact with an electron acceptor having a pH-independent redox potential (methyl viologen^(2+/+)) were used to verify that the band edges of the modified Si electrode were fixed with respect to changes in solution pH. The results provide strong evidence that the energetics of chemically modified Si interfaces can be fixed with respect to pH and show that the band-edge energies of Si can be tuned independently of pH-derived variations in the electrochemical potential of the solution redox species.
Recent avian H5N1 viruses exhibit increased propensity for acquiring human receptor specificity.

Abstract Adaptation of avian influenza viruses for replication and transmission in the human host is believed to require mutations in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein (HA) which enable binding to human α2-6 sialosides and concomitant reduction in affinity for avian α2-3 linked sialosides. Here, we show by glycan microarray analyses that the two mutations responsible for such specificity changes in 1957 H2N2 and 1968 H3N2 pandemic viruses, when inserted into recombinant HAs or intact viruses of some recent avian H5N1 isolates (clade 2.2), impart such attributes. This propensity to adapt to human receptors is primarily dependent on arginine at position 193 within the receptor-binding site, as well as loss of a vicinal glycosylation site. Widespread occurrence of these susceptible H5N1 clade 2.2 influenza strains has already occurred in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Thus, these avian strains should be considered high-risk, because of their significantly lower threshold for acquiring human receptor specificity and, therefore, warrant increased surveillance and further study.
Serotonin receptor sensitivity in major depression.

Research on the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) in depression spans well over two decades. The most consistc~t finding is that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of the 5HT metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (SHIAA) is lowered in about ,..10% of patients with major depression (MD) (review: Kalus et al. 1989). The fall of CSF 5HIAA levels suggests a decrease of 5HT metabolism in the CNS, which may be the result of, or lead to, increased 5HT receptor sensitivity. Studies examining 5HT receptor sensitivity, however, have provided conflirting results. One study reported increased 5HT receptor sensitivity in MD, using the 5HT precursor, 5-hy&'oxytryptophan (5HTP) as a 5HT challenger (Meltzer etal. 1984). However, Westenberg et al. (1982), using the same oral dose of 5HTP in combination with a decarboxylase inhibitor, found normal responses in depressed subjects..qty.!dies using tryptophan and fenfluramine as 5HT challenge agents found decreased (Heninger et al. 1984; Siever et al, 1984; Coctaro et al. 1989) or normal (Asnis et al. 1988) 5HT receptor sensitivity in depressed patients. The conflicting findings may be the result of the nonselectivity of these agents and their indirect stimuiation of 5HT receptors (van Praag et al. 1987). in contrast to the studies reviewed above, the
Autoimmune Diseases in Small Animals

There are many autoimmune diseases recognized in humans; many of these have counterparts in companion animals. The diseases discussed in this article do not constitute the entire spectrum of autoimmune disease in these species. They are the common and better-described diseases of dogs and cats that have a well-documented autoimmune etiology. There are myriad autoimmune diseases that affect humans; similar diseases yet unrecognized in companion animals likely will be characterized in the future. The role of genetics in predisposition to autoimmunity is a common characteristic of these diseases in humans and animals. Likewise, the suggested role of environmental or infectious agents is another commonality between humans and their pets.
Reanalysis of Higgs-boson-exchange models of CP violation

We reexamine the value of \ensuremath{\epsilon}'/\ensuremath{\epsilon} in models where CP violation is due to the exchange of charged Higgs bosons. Previous work has been flawed by incorrect treatment of the chiral properties of weak amplitudes. We use the effective-chiral-Lagrangian framework to clear up these aspects. The resultant value of \ensuremath{\epsilon}'/\ensuremath{\epsilon} is estimated to be in the neighborhood of \ensuremath{\epsilon}'/\ensuremath{\epsilon}=-0.006, although this estimate could be off by a factor of two or three in either direction. This value is consistent with the present experimental bounds.
Adolescent Girls' ADHD Symptoms and Young Adult Driving: The Role of Perceived Deviant Peer Affiliation.

Our goal was to examine the role of adolescent perceived deviant peer affiliation in mediating or moderating the association between adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and young adult driving risk in females with and without ADHD. The overall sample included 228 ethnically and socioeconomically diverse girls with or without a diagnosis of ADHD in childhood (Wave 1; 6-12 years) followed through adolescence (Wave 2; 11-18 years) and into young adulthood (Wave 3; 17-24 years). A subsample of 103 girls with a driving license by Wave 3 and with full data for all study variables was utilized in this investigation. In adolescence, mothers and teachers reported on ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity), and participants reported on perceived deviant peer affiliation. In young adulthood, participants reported on driving behavior and outcomes, including number of accidents, number of moving vehicle citations, and ever having driven illegally. Covariates included age and adolescent oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder. Inattention directly predicted citations. Perceived deviant peer affiliation mediated the association between inattention and (a) accidents and (b) citations. In addition, perceived deviant peer affiliation moderated the association between hyperactivity/impulsivity and accidents, with hyperactivity/impulsivity predicting accidents only for those with low perceived deviant peer affiliation. Perceived deviant peer affiliation appears to play an important role in the association between ADHD symptoms and driving outcomes. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that both ADHD symptoms and peer processes should be targeted in interventions that aim to prevent negative driving outcomes in young women with and without ADHD.
Benchmark of UTCHEM reservoir simulator on various Cray computers

The results of a benchmark for a chemical flooding simulator on five Cray computers for a highly vectorized chemical flooding reservoir simulator are reported. The models used are a standard benchmark set used to compare the performance of various computing systems
Optimal designs to improve the power of multiresponse hypothesis tests

In this paper we develop a design criterion to improve the power of the multiresponse hypothesis tests, and give a sequential procedure for generating designs which satisfy the criterion.
Extended Poisson–Nernst–Planck modeling of membrane blockage via insoluble reaction products

A generalized time-dependent mathematical model is developed for a diffusion–migration–reaction system incorporating a pore blockage effect due to generation of insoluble precipitates in a porous membrane. The system behavior is investigated via direct numerical solution of an extended, highly non-linear equation set based on the classical Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations for ion transport. In order to treat the buildup of solid reaction products in the membrane, this novel formulation incorporates both a reaction term and a space- and time-dependent diffusivity expression based on a simple precipitation model. The model is demonstrated for a generalized case and then extended to cover the well-known reaction of silver and chloride ions to form insoluble AgCl. Time-dependent concentration profiles of all ions in the membrane are obtained and the effects of precipitate buildup in the pore space are investigated. The role of counterions in the transient behavior of the system is also clarified.
A hollow beam cathode

The properties of a cathode consisting of an internally coated hollow shell with an aperture have been measured for a variety of geometries. Electrons are emitted from the edge of the aperture at current densities as high as 30 amp/sq cm. The cathode is particularly adapted to producing hollow or odd-shaped electron beams.
Frequency and severity of infections in day care

This study was undertaken to compare prospectively the frequency, nature, and severity of infections experienced by children in three types of child care arragements: home care, group care (two to six children), and day care (seven or more children). Children were enrolled at birth and observed for 12 to 18 months. At entry there were 159 children in home care, 40 in group care, and 45 in day care. The families were telephoned every 2 weeks to record on a standardized form the type and severity of illnesses experienced during the previous interval. Severe illnesses were defined by high fever, duration exceeding 10 days, or physician visit. Children remaining in their original child care group for at least 1 year were compared with regard to the frequency and severity of illness. Children in group care and day care were more likely than children in home care to experience at least six respiratory infections, more than 60 days of illness, and more than four severe illnesses (P
Valued directions: Acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of alcohol dependence

This case study describes the treatment of a middle-aged, Caucasian male for alcohol dependence. Treatment focused on using the valued directions component of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), a relatively new and promising intervention for substance use disorders. Rather than merely setting a treatment goal to “stop drinking,” we helped the client identify valued life directions that promote an environment to support sobriety and put a plan into action for the client to “start living.” Treatment resulted in improved quality of life and near 100% sobriety. The positive results of this clinical case complement the preliminary findings of a randomized clinical trial currently conducted to evaluate ACT in the treatment of polysubstance abuse. We discuss our treatment approach in relation to existing cognitive-behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence.
THE EFFECTS OF BOTULINUM TOXIN ON ACETYLCHOLINE METABOLISM IN MOUSE BRAIN SLICES AND SYNAPTOSOMES

The effects of Type A botulinum toxin on acetylcholine metabolism were studied using mouse brain slice and synaptosome preparations. Brain slices that had been incubated with the toxin for 2h exhibited a decreased release of acetylcholine into high K+ media. Botulinum toxin did not affect acetylcholine efflux from slices in normal K+ media. When labeled choline was present during the release incubation, a‘newly-synthesized’pool of acetylcholine was formed in the tissue. In toxin-treated slices exposed to high K+, both the production and the release of this‘newly-synthesized’acetylcholine were depressed. A possible explanation for these actions of botulinum toxin would be via an inhibition of the high affinity uptake of choline. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the high affinity uptake of [3H]choline into synaptosomes prepared from brain slices. Previous exposure of slices to botulinum toxin caused a significant reduction in the accumulation of label by the synaptosomes. These data are discussed in terms of our current understanding of the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin and the toxin's interaction with the mechanisms regulating acetylcholine turnover.
Optical arrays and pattern recognition in the design of an artificial nose

Array sensors capable of multi-vapor discrimination have been developed that employ fiber optic bundles, CCD cameras, and artificial neural network processing. Sensors have been constructed both through spatial deposition of dye-containing photopolymers on an imaging fiber, and via individual polymer/dye coatings placed on individual single-core fibers and then bundled. Cross-reactive sensing regions are created by using a variety of polymers. The resulting array is then challenged with a variety of analytes. Vapor pulses give rise to temporal response patterns which are used to train a neural network. The final sensor array system can identify subsequent challenges with the analyte over extended periods of time with up to 100% accuracy. The sensor can also characterize analytes on the basis of functional groups and molecular weight, and is capable of identifying components of mixtures.
The Influence of Arginine-specific Reagents on Nitrate Uptake by Corn Seedlings

The effects of three arginine-specific reagents on NO3 uptake were studied using corn seedlings (Zea mays L., Golden Cross Bantam). In the presence of borate, 0-25 mM 2,3-butanedione (BD) and 10 mM 1,2-cyclohexanedione (CHD) inhibited NO3 uptake by 76% and 68%, respectively, compared to the controls. However, in the absence of borate, only 18% and 38% inhibition was observed for 0-25 mM BD and 1-0 mM CHD, respectively. Similarly, 0-5 mM phenylglyoxal (PGO) resulted in 75% inhibition. The degree of inhibition of nitrate uptake exhibited a concentration-dependence with respect to the reagents. Corn seedlings are 2- or 3-fold more sensitive to BD than to PGO and CHD, respectively, presumably due to the unfavourable steric effects of the benzal ring. Uptake of NO3 was partially restored after removal of BD, CHD, and PGO from the uptake medium. No significant differences were observed for the ATPase and plasma membrane-associated vanadate-sensitive H+-ATPase or K+-stimulated ATPase activity in homogenates and microsomal fractions prepared from corn seedlings which had been incubated for 2 h in the presence or absence of 0-5 mM BD or 10 mM PGO. This suggests that inhibition of nitrate uptake by the arginine specific reagents was not caused by the indirect effect of their binding and inhibiting H+-ATPase. The fact that the arginine specific reagents strongly inhibit NOi" uptake indicates that the NO^ transport system has arginine residues at or near the active site.
Private irrigation investment in Colombia: effects of violence, macroeconomic policy, and environmental conditions

Abstract This paper identifies and estimates the effects of several determinants on private investment in irrigation in Colombia. It attempts to quantify macroeconomic policy, environment, and violence variables that have been identified in previous studies as significantly affecting investment in agriculture in general, and in irrigation in particular. Variables such as violence, climate, and governmental price and credit policies are used to explain changes in private investment in irrigation across regions and over time. Violence negatively affects private investment. Climate affects the investment such that in regions with favorable climate conditions, investment in irrigation is less attractive, and appropriate government crop-price and credit policies promote investment in irrigation.