cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relative and absolute changes in skin collagen mass in the rat.

Abstract 1. 1. Whole skins of male and female Fischer rats from 2 weeks to 26 months old were analyzed for relative and total collagen mass. 2. 2. Total collagen mass of skin increased throughout life until a decrease was seen in the oldest male animals at 26 months of age. The collagen mass of skin was twice as large in males as compared to females. The relative content of collagen as a percent of skin weight reached a maximum value at 4 months after which it declined. As a percent of body weight, the collagen concentration became constant by 10–12 weeks. 3. 3. Relative and absolute changes in skin collagen are not parallel throughout life, due to alterations in the mass of noncollagenous proteins and lipids. Thus, relative measurements of skin collagen cannot be used as indices of the metabolic state. 4. 4. A comparison was made between the increase of collagen mass in skin, tendon and bone of male rats. Tendon and bone increased rapidly in collagen mass prior to the rapid increase of skin collagen mass.
Transvenous pacemaker placement in a dog with atrioventricular block and persistent left cranial vena cava

The case reported herein describes the placement of a permanent transvenous pacemaker in an older dog with a previously undiagnosed persistent left cranial vena cava (PLCVC) and recent onset symptomatic third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. On presentation the dog was found to have atrial flutter and third-degree AV block and echocardiography demonstrated evidence of chronic valvular disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The persistent left cranial vena cava was discovered via angiography when difficulties were encountered with pacemaker placement. Successful right ventricular pacing necessitated passage of the lead through the coronary sinus. The attendant complications in pacemaker placement in the presence of a PLCVC are well-described in man but, to the authors' knowledge, have not been described in companion animals.
A Numerical Method for Predicting the Pressure History of a Sonic Boom Wave Incident on Arbitrarily Oriented Plane Walls

Sonic boom wave pressure history prediction on arbitrarily oriented plane walls by explicit fixed mesh time dependent numerical method
The effects of hydrogen peroxide on steroidogenesis in mouse Leydig tumor cells

It has previously been reported that treatment of rat luteal cells and human granulosa luteal cells with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) results in a significant inhibition of steroid production. The mechanism of inhibition in the former was found to be at the level of cholesterol transport into the mitochondria, whereas in the latter it was found to be a result of inhibition of one or more enzymes in the steroidogenic pathway. In the present study we examined the effects of H2O2 on hormone-stimulated steroid production in another steroidogenic cell type, the Leydig cell. Our results demonstrate that treatment of either LH- or cAMP analog [(Bu)2cAMP]-stimulated MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells with H2O2 results in a dose-dependent inhibition of the production of progesterone (the major steroid produced in MA-10 cells). It was also observed that similar concentrations of H2O2 resulted in a significant inhibition of protein synthesis, a finding which could in part be responsible for the observed decrease in steroid production. Furthermore, although H2O2 resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of (Bu)2cAMP-stimulated pregnenolone production, addition of the hydroxylated intermediate 22R-hydroxycholesterol and inhibitors of further pregnenolone metabolism demonstrated that cholesterol side-chain cleavage complex activity was unaffected by H2O2. Conversely, incubation of H2O2-treated cells in the presence of pregnenolone resulted in a very significant inhibition of progesterone synthesis. These data indicate that H2O2 inhibits steroidogenesis in Leydig tumor cells primarily by inhibiting the activity of the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, but that other effects of H2O2 such as inhibition of protein synthesis and the transfer of cholesterol to the cholesterol side-chain cleavage complex may also be involved.
Deformation of the Long Valley Caldera, California: inferences from measurements from 1988 to 2001

Abstract Two periods of volcanic unrest occurred between 1989 and 1998 in the Long Valley Caldera, eastern California. Numerous earthquakes were recorded, and these periods of unrest were documented with high-precision geodetic measurements. The first round of unrest started rapidly in late 1989 and slowly decreased in rate through the early 1990s. For this interval there are both leveling and two-color electronic distance meter (EDM) measurements. The second round of unrest started slowly in mid-1997, climaxed in late 1997, and rapidly returned to quiescence by mid-1998. Deformation was recorded by both the two-color EDM and continuous GPS. Both episodes require inflation at 6–7 km beneath the resurgent dome, and both episodes had roughly 0.1 m extension across the resurgent dome. In addition, the data presented here suggest that there is a deeper, 10–20 km, inflation source beneath the south moat of the caldera. For both episodes, the better-resolved inflation beneath the resurgent dome is a near-vertical, prolate spheroid rather than an isotropic source, which suggests that magma came up through vertical cracks. However, the modeling suggests that the location changed with the depth from 6.0 to 6.7 km for the later episode. In contrast to the earlier episode, the 1997–1998 episode has additional deformation in the south moat, where the simplest model is that of a right-lateral slip on a steeply dipping plane that is defined by the location of earthquakes in the south moat. Models of the time-dependent behavior suggest that slip on this fault occurred from late November through December 1997, corresponding to the time of greatest moment release by the earthquake swarm in the south moat. Confounding the interpretation of these data is an active geothermal field near the center of the EDM network and adjacent to the south moat and resurgent dome. Additional modeling of leveling and EDM data within the geothermal field during a period of low rate of inflation of the dome suggests some methods of adjustments to the EDM data during the inflation episodes.
From the Field: A Proposal for Educating Leaders for Social Justice

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to suggest the structure and content of an educational leadership program whose aim is to prepare principals for social justice work. Research Design: The authors have conceptualized foundational components for a comprehensive principalship program focused on social justice. They assert that educational leaders for social justice must have three goals at the forefront of their efforts: (a) They must raise the academic achievement of all the students in their school, that is, high test scores do matter; (b) they must prepare their students to live as critical citizens in society; and (c) both of these goals can only be achieved when leaders assign students to inclusive, heterogeneous classrooms that provide all students access to a rich and engaging curriculum. The components addressed for this social justice–oriented principalship preparation program include (a) how students should be selected for such a program and (b) an outline of the knowledge and content for educating social justice leaders. The importance of induction/praxis after students graduate from these programs is discussed. Conclusions: The aim of this article is to provoke a discussion in the field and spark faculty to engage in ongoing conversations and thinking about their own programs and to imagine new avenues for future research in this area. Faculty also can use these suggestions as a guide to assess their efforts and to bolster program quality, sensitive to the unique needs and schooling contexts of their particular students.
Identification of iron ligands in tyrosine hydroxylase by mutagenesis of conserved histidinyl residues

Tyrosine hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of tyrosine and other aromatic amino acids using a tetrahydropterin as the reducing substrate. The enzyme is a homotetramer; each monomer contains a single nonheme iron atom. Five histidine residues are conserved in all tyrosine hydroxylases that have been sequenced to date and in the related eukaryotic enzymes phenylalanine and tryptophan hydroxylase. Because histidine has been suggested as a ligand to the iron in these enzymes, mutant tyrosine hydroxylase proteins in which each of the conserved histidines had been mutated to glutamine or alanine were expressed in Escherichia coli. The H192Q, H247Q, and H317A mutant proteins contained iron in comparable amounts to the wild-type enzyme, about 0.6 atoms/sub-unit. In contrast, the H331 and H336 mutant proteins contained no iron. The first three mutant enzymes were active, with Vmax values 39, 68, and 7% that of the wild-type enzyme, and slightly altered V/Km values for both tyrosine and 6-methyltetrahydropterin. In contrast, the H331 and H336 mutant enzymes had no detectable activity. The EPR spectra of the H192Q and H247Q enzymes are indistinguishable from that of wild-type tyrosine hydroxylase, whereas that of the H317A enzyme indicated that the ligand field of the iron had been slightly perturbed. These results are consistent with H331 and H336 being ligands to the active site iron atom.
Hemodynamics of the inferior mesenteric arterial circulation

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of collateral supply from the hypogastric arteries (HGAs) to the inferior mesenteric arterial (IMA) bed. Peak systolic "stump" IMA and radial arterial pressures were obtained before and after clamping the right HGA, the left HGA, both HGAs, the middle colic artery (MCA) only, or the MCA plus right HGA, MCA plus left HGA, and MCA plus both HGAs in patients with aortoiliac aneurysm or occlusive disease. Six patients (four with aneurysms and two with occlusive disease) had patent IMAs. Five patients (four with aneurysms and one with occlusive disease) had chronically occluded IMAs. In the six patients with patent IMAs, clamping of the HGAs decreased the IMA-stump pressure index (IMA-SPI) from 0.61 ± 0.20 to 0.56 ± 0.17, 0.54 ± 0.17, and 0.54 ± 0.19, respectively ( p > 0.05) whereas clamping only the MCA decreased the IMA-SPI from 0.61 ± 0.20 to 0.32 ± 0.15 ( p p > 0.05), whereas clamping the MCA decreased the IMA-SPI from 0.60 ± 0.11 to 0.34 ± 0.04 ( p
Spatial and temporal variability of Antarctic ice sheet microwave brightness temperatures

[1] Annual and interannual variability of 21 years of passive microwave brightness temperatures on the Antarctic ice sheet is documented through principal component analysis. The leading modes show that brightness temperatures are dominantly forced by the annual temperature cycle, with surface melting signals explaining about 5% of the total variance of the data. Analysis of the data with the annual cycle and melting signals removed results in two significant interannual modes. The first is consistent with the Antarctic Oscillation and its influence on Antarctic surface temperatures, while the second reflects regional scale variability that appears to be linked to sea-ice anomalies and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation. The expression of these characteristic patterns of Southern Hemisphere climate variability on the Antarctic continent provides a framework for interpreting modern climate records, as well as a basis for reconstructing past climate variability with ice cores.
Update on Familial Pancreatic Cancer

It has been suggested that ~10% of pancreatic cancer has a familial basis 1, 2. Individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer have an increased risk of developing both pancreatic and extrapancreatic malignancies, and an individual’s risk of developing pancreatic cancer can now be quantified based on their family cancer history 1, 3, 4. While some of the aggregation of pancreatic cancer in families is due to chance, and some to shared environmental exposures such as cigarette smoking, it is now clear that much of this aggregation has a genetic basis 5. Several of the genes responsible for the familial clustering of pancreatic cancer have been discovered. For example, germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene cause familial breast cancer, and individuals with germline BRCA2 gene mutations have an approximately 3.5-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer 6–12. Germline mutations in the p16/CDKN2A gene cause the Familial Atypical Multiple Mole Melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome, and these individuals have a 13 to 37-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer 10, 13–23. Inherited mutations in the STK11 gene cause the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and individuals with Peutz-Jeghers have a 130-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer 24–30. The discovery of these familial pancreatic cancer genes has helped identify cellular pathways important for the development of pancreatic cancer, it has provided a basis for genetic counseling of individuals with a family history of pancreatic cancer, and it has established a foundation for prioritizing patients for screening for early pre-invasive disease 21, 29, 31–33. In addition, the discovery of familial pancreatic cancer genes has also lead to the development of gene-specific therapies as demonstrated by the remarkable sensitivity of pancreatic cancers harboring mutations in the BRCA2 gene to Poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and to mitomycin C 34–41. The field of familial pancreatic cancer is getting even more exciting as we enter the era of whole genome sequencing. For example, this year the PALB2 gene was discovered to be a familial pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene through complete, unbiased, sequencing of all of the protein-coding genes in a single patient’s cancer 42, 43. As the speed of “next generation” sequencing technologies rises and the costs fall, we can foresee the discovery of a number of new familial pancreatic cancer genes in the coming years. The known genetic syndromes account for less than 20% of the observed familial aggregation of pancreatic cancer, and the discovery of additional familial pancreatic cancer genes remains one of the most exciting opportunities in pancreatic cancer research 1, 2. As these genes are discovered, the challenge will be to use these scientific breakthroughs to improve clinical care.
A new method for bottleneck detection

This paper presents a new method to identify and rank the bottlenecks in a manufacturing system. The proposed method is based on performance related data that are easy to capture, offers low computational burden and less prone to be in error due to its simplicity. The proposed method analyzes inter-departure time from different machines to identify and rank the bottlenecks. In a follow-up paper the authors plan to present a method to allocate loss of production to different machines based on analysis of inter-departure time. This paper also proposes a set of rules that may be used to improve data integrity. The proposed method may be used to analyze both steady state as well as non-steady state data and can be extended easily to analysis of a job shop.
Activation of Antioxidant Pathways in Ras-Mediated Oncogenic Transformation of Human Surface Ovarian Epithelial Cells Revealed by Functional Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry

Cellular transformation is a complex process involving genetic alterations associated with multiple signaling pathways. Development of a transformation model using defined genetic elements has provided an opportunity to elucidate the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the initiation and development of ovarian cancer. To study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of Ras-mediated oncogenic transformation of ovarian epithelial cells, we used a proteomic approach involving two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to profile two ovarian epithelial cell lines, one immortalized with SV40 T/t antigens and the human catalytic subunit of telomerase and the other transformed with an additional oncogenic ras(V12) allele. Of approximately 2200 observed protein spots, we have identified >30 protein targets that showed significant changes between the immortalized and transformed cell lines using peptide mass fingerprinting. Among these identified targets, one most notable group of proteins altered significantly consists of enzymes involved in cellular redox balance. Detailed analysis of these protein targets suggests that activation of Ras-signaling pathways increases the threshold of reactive oxidative species (ROS) tolerance by up-regulating the overall antioxidant capacity of cells, especially in mitochondria. This enhanced antioxidant capacity protects the transformed cells from high levels of ROS associated with the uncontrolled growth potential of tumor cells. It is conceivable that an enhanced antioxidation capability may constitute a common mechanism for tumor cells to evade apoptosis induced by oxidative stresses at high ROS levels.
Mouse models address key concerns regarding autophagy inhibition in cancer therapy

With multiple clinical trials under way targeting autophagy against cancer, Yang and colleagues and Karsli-Uzunbas and colleagues address important concerns regarding autophagy inhibition in patients with cancer, using genetically engineered mouse models that more accurately represent the tumor biology found in human patients with pancreatic and lung cancers.
Large antral odontoma as the cause of acute maxillary sinusitis: report of case

The compound odontoma contained osseous tissue and was accompanied by a large dentigerous cyst. A physician’s diagnosis of sinusitis and treatment by antibiotics and decongestants resulted in complete remission of the symptoms for several months. Radiographs should always be considered for recurring maxillary sinusitis or pain, and all odontomas should receive histopathologic examination. The odontoma in this patient was large, confined to the bony antrum, and the thick capsule showed areas of bone formation.
Perturbations of ground support alter posture and locomotion coupling during step initiation in Parkinson's disease

During the initiation of stepping, anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) for lateral weight transfer and propulsion normally precede the onset of locomotion. In Parkinson's disease (PD), impaired step initiation typically involves altered APA ground force production with delayed step onset and deficits in stepping performance. If, as in stance and gait, sensory information about lower limb load is important for the control of stepping, then perturbations influencing loading conditions could affect the step initiation process. This study investigated the influence of changes in lower limb loading during step initiation in patients with PD and healthy control subjects. Participants performed rapid self-triggered step initiation with the impending single stance limb positioned over a pneumatically actuated platform. In perturbation trials, the stance limb ground support surface was either moved vertically downward (DROP) or upward (ELEVATE) by 1.5 cm shortly after the onset of the APA phase. Overall, PD patients demonstrated a longer APA duration, longer time to first step onset, and slower step speed than controls. In both groups, the DROP perturbation reinforced the intended APA kinetic changes for lateral weight transfer and resulted in a significant reduction in APA duration, increase in peak amplitude, and earlier time to first step onset compared with other conditions. During ELEVATE trials that opposed the intended weight transfer forces both groups rapidly adapted their stepping to preserve standing stability by decreasing step length and duration, and increasing step height and foot placement laterally. The findings suggested that sensory information associated with limb load and/or foot pressure modulates the spatial and temporal parameters of posture and locomotion components of step initiation in interaction with a centrally generated feedforward mode of neural control. Moreover, impaired step initiation in PD may at least acutely be enhanced by augmenting the coupling between posture and locomotion.
Outcome of wheezing in early childhood.

In Acta Paediatrica 50 y ago Boesen published a follow-up of children with "asthmatic bronchitis". Recent reinvestigations of children hospitalized because of wheezing in early childhood are remarkably consistent with Boesens observations. Young children admitted to hospital because of wheezing have a clearly increased risk of subsequent asthma. Recent studies confirm Boesens observations of the prognostic importance of eosinophilia and an inverse relation between age at admission with wheezing and risk of subsequent asthma. Allergy or atopic dermatitis is predictive of subsequent asthma whereas family history of allergy has low predictive value in infants. (authors)
A new proof of 3-colorability of Eulerian triangulations

Using the existence of noncrossing Eulerian circuits in Eulerian plane graphs, we give a short constructive proof of the theorem of Heawood that Eulerian triangulations are 3-colorable.
A bloat-aware design for big data applications

Over the past decade, the increasing demands on data-driven business intelligence have led to the proliferation of large-scale, data-intensive applications that often have huge amounts of data (often at terabyte or petabyte scale) to process. An object-oriented programming language such as Java is often the developer's choice for implementing such applications, primarily due to its quick development cycle and rich community resource. While the use of such languages makes programming easier, significant performance problems can often be seen --- the combination of the inefficiencies inherent in a managed run-time system and the impact of the huge amount of data to be processed in the limited memory space often leads to memory bloat and performance degradation at a surprisingly early stage.This paper proposes a bloat-aware design paradigm towards the development of efficient and scalable Big Data applications in object-oriented GC enabled languages. To motivate this work, we first perform a study on the impact of several typical memory bloat patterns. These patterns are summarized from the user complaints on the mailing lists of two widely-used open-source Big Data applications. Next, we discuss our design paradigm to eliminate bloat. Using examples and real-world experience, we demonstrate that programming under this paradigm does not incur significant programming burden. We have implemented a few common data processing tasks both using this design and using the conventional object-oriented design. Our experimental results show that this new design paradigm is extremely effective in improving performance --- even for the moderate-size data sets processed, we have observed 2.5x+ performance gains, and the improvement grows substantially with the size of the data set.
B Physics at the Tevatron

We review the contributions of the Tevatron experiments, CDF and D0, to our present understanding of B physics. The Tevatron has by now delivered data corresponding to more than 6 fb−1 of integrated luminosity to each of the two experiments. Although the physics involving B+ and B0 mesons is still dominated by the B factory experiments, Tevatron has taken the lead in B0s and b baryon analyses. All measurements are in good agreement with the expectations, and physics beyond the Standard Model is constrained by the data. In the future, due to increasingly large data samples and excellent detector precision, we expect that CDF and D0 will begin to impact more areas in B+ and B0 measurements, as long as they are based on decays involving only charged particles.
High E-O Coefficient Polymers Based on a Chromophore Containing Isophorone Moiety for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics

A high -μβ chromophore APII utilizing isophorone as π-conjugation bridge was processed into both PMMA guest host and crosslinked (XL) polyurethane network with various loading densities. High electro -optic coefficients, r 33 = 30 pm/V (in PMMA) and r 33 = 32 pm/V (in polyurethane) at 1.06 μm were obtained. Alignment temporal stability ranged from 90 to 120°C for XL polymer network. There is virtually no intrinsic absorption loss at 1.3 μm (solution measurement). Also noteworthy is that high optimum loading densities of this chromophore are attainable in both cases without detectable chromophore aggregation due to intermolecular electrostatic interactions.
Innocent Until Proven Guilty: Reducing Robot Shaping From Polynomial to Linear Time

In evolutionary algorithms, much time is spent evaluating inferior phenotypes that produce no offspring. A common heuristic to address this inefficiency is to stop evaluations early if they hold little promise of attaining high fitness. However, the form of this heuristic is typically dependent on the fitness function used, and there is a danger of prematurely stopping evaluation of a phenotype that may have recovered in the remainder of the evaluation period. Here a stopping method is introduced that gradually reduces fitness over the phenotype's evaluation, rather than accumulating fitness. This method is independent of the fitness function used, only stops those phenotypes that are guaranteed to become inferior to the current offspring-producing phenotypes, and realizes significant time savings across several evolutionary robotics tasks. It was found that for many tasks, time complexity was reduced from polynomial to sublinear time, and time savings increased with the number of training instances used to evaluate a phenotype as well as with task difficulty.
Chapter 8 – Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a gastric pathogen that was once thought to affect only gastric physiology. More recently, H. pylori has been found in a variety of tissues, including nasal polyps, skin, and middle ear. Several investigators have found H. pylori DNA and antigens within atherosclerotic plaques, raising the possibility that H. pylori can influence vascular disease through direct or indirect mechanisms. The hypothesis that H. pylori causes cardiovascular disease remains to be further tested due to the inconsistency of epidemiological studies. Nonetheless, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that H. pylori influences many biomarkers that are important for cardiovascular disease, including the lipid profile, Th1/Th2 balance, platelet activation, oxidative stress, and autoimmunity. This chapter will review available evidence and highlight questions that remain to be answered.
Becca Brothers: Jandie Griffin

This series of short cases (see also UVA-QA-0631) is written for use with high-school students. Da Click is a successful local rap band that has attracted the attention of the national recording company Becca Brothers. The series presents a multi-issue negotiation over the groups first recording contract. There are congruent, distributive, and integrative issues that provide an opportunity for creating and claiming value.
Humanity and Paternal Eros: The Father-Son Relationship in Comparative Perspective

This paper examines the human relational patterns presented in the philosophical writings of the Confucian thinker Dai Zhen (戴震1724–77) and the Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas’s (1906–95) Totality and Infinity to uncover the ethical significance of the father-son relationship. I argue that for both thinkers the father-son relation is not just one type of human relationship among other social dyads, but rather, of greater significance, serves as the paradigmatic model of the ethical human relationship in bringing to light the idea of the ethical self as a responsible being in relation to others.
Studies of North American Species of Ravenelia

This paper presents a taxonomic study of 9 species of Ravenelia occurring on Cassia, Mimosa and Brongniartia in North America. Ravenelia fragrans Long, R. mimosae-sensitivae P. Henn., R. mesillana Ell. & Barth. and R. arthuri Long are redescribed. R. miinosae-albidae Diet., R. mimosae-caeruleae Diet. and R. mimosicola Arth. are reduced to synonymy with R. mimosae-sensitivae, and R. cassiae-covesii Long & Goodd. is reduced to synonymy with R. mesillana. This paper also describes a new species of Ravenelia on Brongniartia sp. from Sinaloa, Mexico and a new variety of R. fragrans. Most of the specimens examined during this study were obtained from the Arthur Herbarium. Purdue University, and included material recently collected by Dr. G. B. Cummins in the southwestern United States and Mexico.
Performance enhancement of TiSi2 coated Si nanocrystal memory device

Self-aligned TiSi2 coated Si nanocrystal nonvolatile memory is fabricated. This kind of MOSFET memory device is not only thermally stable, but also shows better performance in charge storage capacity, writing, erasing speed and retention characteristics. This indicates that CMOS compatible silicidation process to fabricate TiSi2 coated Si nanocrystal memory is promising in memory device applications.
Epidemiology of extraspinal fractures associated with acute spinal cord injury.

Study design: A descriptive study of concurrent extraspinal fractures collected prospectively during initial hospital care. Objectives: To examine the frequency and related characteristics of concurrent extraspinal fractures among patients with a new onset of spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Model SCI care systems throughout the United States. Methods: A consecutive sample of 5711 subjects admitted to the National SCI Database between 1986–1995 was recruited to estimate the incidence of extraspinal fractures associated with acute SCI, stratified by anatomic sites, demographics, and injury related characteristics. Results: Of 5711 subjects, 1585 (28%) patients had extraspinal fractures; 580 (37%) patients had more than one fracture site. The most common region of fractures was chest, followed by lower extremity, upper extremity, head, others, and pelvis. The overall incidence rate was higher for women than men, for whites than non-whites, for paraplegics than tetraplegics, and for those injured in motor vehicle crashes than others. Compared with patients having single fracture, those who had multiple fractures were likely to be white, paraplegic, and injured in motor vehicle crashes. There was no age difference in the incidence of concurrent fractures, single or multiple. Conclusions: Extraspinal fractures are not uncommon at the same time as SCI. The fracture occurrence varies by gender, race, injury level, and etiology of injury. The knowledge of these associated factors will aid in early recognition of fractures, preventing complications, and facilitating rapid mobilization and rehabilitation outcomes among persons with SCI. Spinal Cord (2001) 39, 589–594.
Irinotecan and Paclitaxel in Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and Gastric Cardia

Both irinotecan (CPT-11, Camptosar) and paclitaxel have been shown to have single-agent activity in adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. A phase I trial of the combination at UCLA established the dose as irinotecan at 225 mg/m2 and paclitaxel at 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Preliminary data from a phase II trial of this regimen in adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction show good tolerability and promising activity (response rate of 27%), even in previously treated patients.
Prostaglandin E2-induced interleukin-6 release by a human airway epithelial cell line

Human airway epithelial cell release of interleukin (IL)-6 in response to lipid mediators was studied in an airway cell line (BEAS-2B). Prostaglandin (PG) E2 (10−7 M) treatment caused an increase i...
Location of the Physical Mechanism in the Cell

A complete understanding of the biomechanics of cell division has been considered a noble goal for over a century. At any one time during that period, the number of investigators actively contributing new data to the field has been, by present standards, small, and progress has been slow. Cytokinesis in animal cells, the aspect of the process that will be the subject of this paper, has always been a subject of intense speculation. Many of the early cell and developmental biologists appeared very willing to publish their ideas on the subject, even though it might not be in their area of expertise. Speculation or theorization usually took the form of models that could be either physical or verbal. To be considered feasible, models had to replicate the normal events of cytokinesis and because of the apparent simplicity of the phenomenon, the same effect could be achieved by models based upon different physical mechanisms. In this circumstance, the workability of a model revealed little about the possibility that it accurately resembled the events that take place in the cell.
Environmental Influences on the Structure of Primate Vocalizations

Under natural conditions vocal signals are embedded in background noises, and are degraded by the action of diffraction, reflection, frequency-dependent absorption, and refraction. A fuller appreciation of the evolution of communication systems may be achieved by developing an understanding of the impediments to communication which occur in the natural environment, and investigating possible adaptations in the structure of either productive and receptive systems which may act to counter these impediments. The idea that characteristics of vocal signals have evolved a form acting to counter ecological impediments to communication has received increasing attention over the past 2 decades. Although most investigators have addressed questions pertinent to the structure of bird song (Morton 1970, 1975; Chappuis 1971; Jilka and Leisler 1974;Notte- bohm 1975; Marten and Marier 1977; Marten et al. 1977; Bowman 1979; Hunter and Krebs 1979; Wasserman 1979; Gish and Morton 1981; Brenowitz 1982; Heuwinkel 1982; Wiley and Richards 1982; Shy 1983; Cosen and Falls 1984; McGregor and Falls 1984; McGregor and Krebs 1984; Ryan and Brenowitz 1985), other investigators have focused on the vocalizations of diverse groups of vertebrates including bats (Griffin 1971), frogs (Ryan 1986), whales (Payne and Webb 1971; Payne and Guinee 1983), ground squirrels (Brown and Schwagmeyer 1984), and nonhuman primates (P. M. Waser and M. S. Waser 1977; P. M. Waser and Brown 1984,1986).
Comparing Levels of Anti-Fat Bias between American and Mexican Athletes and Undergraduate Physical Education and Exercise Science Students.

Stigmatization consequent to anti-fat bias (AFB) may affect the services people who are obese receive from health professionals, including physical education and exercise science (PEX) professionals. In this study, we compared AFB levels of American and Mexican PEX students and Mexican athletes. We also investigated if socially desirable (SD) response tendencies threaten the validity of the explicit AFB measure used in this study. Participants (N = 118) completed measures of explicit and implicit AFB. Explicit AFB scores were not different between groups, but there were some subsample differences and interactions on the implicit AFB measure. Most implicit AFB subsample scores were significantly different from 0, indicating the participants were, to some extent, implicitly biased against fat people. The correlations between SD scales and the explicit AFB scales indicated no substantive threat to the validity of those scales. These results indicate AFB may be an issue with future PEX professionals, and thus, further research on incidence levels and prevention strategies is warranted. Also, because explicit and implicit AFB scores were not significantly correlated, researchers should investigate whether implicit bias affects an individual’s explicit bias.
Chapter 27, Clinical Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common, overlooked, expensive, serious, and under-reported. For the most part, our understanding of adverse reactions is based on anecdotal information that is reported on a voluntary basis, and these reports are commonly incomplete and even inaccurate. Unfortunately, the frequency of ADRs remains unaffected by more than 10 years of process improvements such as use of order sets, care plans, computerized prescriber order entry, or other types of decision support systems. Given the general lack of understanding of ADRs, clinicians may attribute a patient’s symptoms to his or her underlying illness and not consider that these symptoms may be due to a potential ADR. By failing to consider an adverse drug reaction, even when faced with objective evidence to the contrary, clinicians may end up by adding a new agent to manage these symptoms instead of modifying the offending medication regimen.
An In Vivo Model To Investigate the Identity of the Cell-of-Origin of Multiple Myeloma.

Multiple myeloma (MM) and related plasma cell dyscrasias are characterized by monoclonal expansion of terminally differentiated plasma cells. However, it is puzzling how the quiescent plasma cell can be the source of often aggressive and relapsing neoplasms. We and others have postulated that the myeloma clonogenic progenitor may reside in a more immature compartment with greater self-renewal capacity, most probably a maturing plasmablast precursor in the germinal center. To investigate the nature of cell-of-origin for these diseases and the genetic requirements for pathogenesis, we have created a novel flexible mouse model system that enables the delivery of stochastic, sequential, somatic mutations to precisely defined compartments of the germinal center in secondary lymphoid tissues. To this end, we have used BAC transgenic technology to express distinct types of avian leukosis virus (ALV) receptors, TVA and TVB, in the expanding centroblast of the dark zone and the committed plasmablast of the light zone, respectively. Mammalian tissues are refractory to transduction by retroviruses of the ALV family unless they ectopically express the cognate avian-derived receptors. Thus, the coding sequences for the TVA receptor, fused to a fluorescent protein tag were placed under the control of transcription factor A-myb, expressed in centroblasts of the dark zone. Similarly, sequences encoding a fluorescent-tagged TVB receptor were placed under the control of transcription factor Blimp1, expressed in the earliest committed plasmablasts as well as mature plasma cells. Analysis of the Blimp1: TVB mice showed that expression of the avian retroviral receptor in the hematopoietic system is limited to the light zone of germinal centers, extrafollicular collections of CD138+ cells in the spleen and lymph nodes as well as long-lived bone marrow plasma cells. Analysis of A-myb: TVA transgenic mice demonstrated expression of the fusion receptor to be restricted to B cells in the immunized spleen but not T cells. Both transgenic systems have been crossed into an Ink4a/Arf-deficient background. We have been transducing plasma cell precursors generated in the course of immune responses to T-dependent antigens with retroviral vectors carrying genes important in myelomagenesis, such as cyclin D1 or c-Myc. Animals are being monitored for development of plasma cell dyscrasias by periodical serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and other assays.
NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: APPLICATIONS OF CEREBRAL AND RENAL OXIMETRY IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Traditional vital signs in the neonatal patient include temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood pressure. Invasive monitoring in the neonate is technically challenging. Shock often remains underrecognised and treated late, with resultant ischaemic end-organ damage, which may lead to death. Cerebral and somatic oximetry measures mixed venous and capillary oxygenation, reflective of end-organ (regional) oxygenation. By measuring cerebral and somatic saturation, early aberrations in regional blood flow can be identified, allowing for interventions before the development of the major manifestations of shock. Objectives To utilise cerebral and somatic oximetry for early detection of shock states, guidance and assessment of therapeutic interventions and predicting complications and outcomes. Methods Following the purchase of five cerebral/somatic oximeters, health practitioner education was undertaken and single and multisite near infrared spectroscopy monitoring begun. A registry was formed to allow for data collection, including patient demographic data and oximetry data. Results To date, approximately 70 patients have been monitored. Individual cases illustrate the potential benefits of cerebral and somatic oximetry in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Conclusions As cerebral and somatic oximetry becomes more commonplace in the NICU, patient management and outcomes should improve. As a research tool, the use of regional oxygenation monitoring will provide valuable insights into the unique physiology of the term and preterm infant.
“What are women’s prisons for?” Gendered states of incarceration and history as an agent for social change

As the exhibition States of Incarceration: A National Dialogue of Local Histories travels the nation, visitors will explore the roots of mass incarceration in our communities. While mass incarcerat...
Lidar Sensors from Space

Light Detection and Ranging, or lidars, are similar to radars but at optical wavelengths. They have the unique advantages of high temporal and spatial resolution and high measurement efficiency because of the much shorter wavelengths. Lidars have been used to map Mars, Mercury, and the Moon, with unprecedented precision and accuracy. There have been several Earth-orbiting lidar missions which measured the surface elevation, atmosphere backscattering profiles, and vegetation coverage. Several Earth remote-sensing lidars are being developed at present. Here we give a brief description of various types of lidar sensors for remote sensing from space and a summary of the space lidar missions by various space agencies over the years.
Developing Librarian Competencies for the Digital Age: Coghill, Jeffrey G., and Roger G. Russell, ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017, 166 pp., $39.00, ISBN: 978-1-4422-6444-1

Developing Librarian Competencies for the Digital Age, although a part of the Medical Library Association Book Series, has as its target audience not just medical librarians but all library profess...
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Hypnotherapy and Skin Disorders.

Mindfulness-based cognitive hypnotherapy integrates mindfulness, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and hypnotherapy to improve physical, emotional, mental, and/or spiritual aspects of skin disorders. Meditation, including mindfulness meditation, and hypnosis both utilize trance phenomena to help produce focalization and specific improvements in skin disorders through psycho-neuro-endocrine-immunologic mechanisms. Hypnosis, cognitive hypnotherapy, focused meditation, and mindfulness meditation are discussed with respect to improving various skin disorders including acne, acne excoriee, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, dyshidrotic dermatitis, erythema nodosum, erythromelalgia, furuncles, glossodynia, herpes simplex, hyperhidrosis, ichthyosis vulgaris, lichen planus, neurodermatitis, nummular dermatitis, postherpetic neuralgia, prurigo nodularis, pruritus, psoriasis, rosacea, trichotillomania, urticaria, verruca vulgaris, and vitiligo. Their integration into mindfulness-based cognitive hypnotherapy is then discussed and illustrated with improvement in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus.
On the evolution of visual female sexual signalling.

A long-standing evolutionary puzzle surrounds female sexual signals visible around the time of ovulation. Even among just primates, why do some species have substantial sexual swellings and/or brig...
Table Look-Up Decoding

It is desirable to develop a decoding scheme with speed comparable to that of majority-logic decoding, and error-correcting capability approaching that of Viterbi or sequential decoding. For a given encoding rate and constraint length, this requirement can be met by using table look-up decoding. For systematic encoders, it achieves the full feedback error-correcting capability t min without any requirements such as orthogonalizability. Hence, encoders with much smaller constraint lengths can be used. For instance, rate one-half completely orthogonalizable encoders with the same d min have larger m than rate one-half OMD encoders, and rate one-half self-orthogonal encoders have even larger m. Table look-up decoding can also be used with nonsystematic encoders, and error-correcting capability t j ≥ t min is achievable if received subsequences larger than one output constraint length are used in each decoding step.
Optimal Control of Systems Described by Equations of Hyperbolic Type

Hitherto, the general method of Chapter 2 has been illustrated by examples of elliptic optimization problems. The method also works effectively in hyperbolic optimization problems; the investigation of problems of this class presents a number of particular features which will be considered in the present chapter.
Efferent inhibition of the cochlea

Cholinergic efferent neurons originating in the brainstem innervate the acoustico-lateralis organs (inner ear, lateral line) of vertebrates. These release acetylcholine (ACh) to inhibit hair cells through activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. In the mammalian cochlea, ACh shunts and suppresses outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility, reducing the essential amplification of basilar membrane motion. Consequently, medial olivocochlear neurons that inhibit OHCs reduce the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of afferent neurons driven by cochlear vibration of inner hair cells (IHCs). The cholinergic synapse on hair cells involves an unusual ionotropic ACh receptor, and a near-membrane postsynaptic cistern. Lateral olivocochlear (LOC) neurons modulate type I afferents by still-to-be-defined synaptic mechanisms. Olivocochlear neurons can be activated by a reflex arc that includes the auditory nerve and projections from the cochlear nucleus. They are also subject to modulation by higher-order central auditory interneurons. Through its actions on cochlear hair cells, afferent neurons, and higher centers, the olivocochlear system protects against age-related and noise-induced hearing loss, improves signal coding in noise under certain conditions, modulates selective attention to sensory stimuli, and influences sound localization.
Integrating the psychological and physiological aspects of sport injury rehabilitation: rehabilitation profiling and phases of rehabilitation

Over the last 20 years, the use of psychological interventions to speed recovery has become increasingly popular and vital in ensuring an athlete’s a successful recovery and return to play (Ievleva and Orlick, 1991; Kamphoff et al., 2010;Williams and Scherzer, 2010).The same psychological interventions that are used to help athletes to be successful in sports are being recommended to be implemented in the rehabilitation process (Williams and Scherzer, 2010). For non-injured athletes, psychological interventions like goal setting, positive self-talk, relaxation and imagery can be used consistently to enhance performance, increase enjoyment and achieve greater satisfaction in sport (Weinberg and Gould, 2007). Injured athletes may use psychological interventions for similar reasons, such as to increase enjoyment and satisfaction with the rehabilitation process, but they can also use psychological interventions to improve recovery time, facilitate physical recovery following surgery, buffer immune system deterioration, manage pain, prevent future injuries and improve adherence to rehabilitation (Ievleva and Orlick, 1991; Petrie and Hamson-Utley, 2011).
Automated Sequence Design of 3D Polyhedral Wireframe DNA Origami with Honeycomb Edges

3D polyhedral wireframe DNA nanoparticles (DNA-NPs) fabricated using scaffolded DNA origami offer complete and independent control over NP size, structure, and asymmetric functionalization on the 1...
Time Spent in Sedentary Activity Is Related to Gross Motor Ability During the Second Year of Life.

Sedentary activity occupies a substantial amount of time during early childhood, with these habits influenced by changing trends in screen time for very young children. Among school-aged children, ...